cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of emission of Si I, Si II, and Si III from Si which is ion-bombarded in the presence of oxygen

Abstract The statistical model for the formation of sputtered excited states has been strongly tested by comparing theory with experiment for a newly obtained ensemble of yields of Si I, Si II, and Si III having internal energies of 5–54 eV. The Si target was bombarded with 30 keV Ar + in the presence of O 2 and may therefore be assumed to have had a prominent band gap. Because of this band gap, electron-exchange processes did not have to be considered. The agreement between theory and experiment was satisfactory over the entire span of internal energies.
An existence theorem for optimal control systems with state variable in C , and stochastic control problems

We consider an existence theorem for controi systems whose state variables for every t are in C, the set of continuous functions varying over a given set L The dependence of the state variables upon a ~/is induced by their dependence upon the initial state and the state equation governing the system. In contrast, the control u ---- u(t) is taken as a measur- able function of t alone. The usual space constraints and boundary conditions are also allowed to vary over a ~l, and the cost functional is now taken to be a continuous functional over a suitable class of continuous functions. We also discuss an application of these results to control systems with stochastic boundary conditions.
Factors Associated With Adherence to Follow-up Colposcopy

Background Understanding the gaps in knowledge about human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, transmission, and health consequences and factors associated with the knowledge gap is an essential first step for the development of interventions to improve adherence to follow-up among women with abnormal Pap smears. Purpose To examine the relationship between knowledge about HPV and adherence to scheduled colposcopic evaluation and variables related to lack of knowledge among women with abnormal Pap tests. Methods Telephone surveys were conducted with women who attended their scheduled appointments (adherers) and women who did not attend their appointments (nonadherers). Results The multivariable analyses indicate that lower HPV knowledge was independently associated with nonadherence to follow-up, controlling for race and education level. Factors related to lower knowledge scores included non-white race, lower education, and lack of health insurance at the time of the scheduled appointment. Conclusion Lack of ...
The Grapes of Class: Teaching Chemistry Concepts at a Winery

Nonscience majors often believe that the concepts and techniques in chemistry have little relevance to someone outside the “ivy-covered walls of academia”. The challenge for science instructors is to develop and implement lessons that present science in a way that will capture the interest of the nonscience major, while remaining rigorous enough to satisfy the college’s and program’s student-learning outcomes. We have used an activity, a trip to the vineyard, to engage nonscience-major college students in a “laboratory” using scientific instruments in a real-world setting. Students were given a tour of the vineyard and shown the process of wine making. At various points on the tour, each student was guided in the usage of laboratory equipment to determine sugar content, pH, specific gravity, alcohol content, and to perform random sampling. This activity introduced the students to chemistry instrumentation as well as general science concepts.
ORGANIZATIONAL ADAPTATION TO INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

This paper examines the nature and extent of organisational adaptation of international marketing involvement. The domestic and international marketing strategies of firms are compared. The results demonstrate significant differences between the domestic and international marketing operations of firms, including the product market strategies and the commitment of human resources.
Human Sensor Networks for Improved Modeling of Natural Disasters

In this paper, we present a novel approach that views social media (SM) data as a human sensor network. These data can serve as a low-cost augmentation to an observing system, which can be incorporated into geophysical models together with other scientific data such as satellite observations and sensor measurements. As a use case scenario, we analyze the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster. We gather SM data that mention sightings of oil from Flickr, geolocate them, and use them as boundary forcings in the General NOAA Oil Modeling Environment (GNOME) software for oil spill predictions. We show how SM data can be incorporated into the GNOME model to obtain improved estimates of the model parameters such as rates of oil spill, couplings between surface winds and ocean currents, diffusion coefficient, and other model parameters.
A second example of mutually isolated medical literatures related by implicit, unnoticed connections.

Compte rendu d'une deuxieme experience de recherche documentaire, en medecine, sur deux sujets a priori non interactifs: la migraine, le magnesium. Un lien implicite entre ces deux sujets est decouvert grâce a un parcours aleatoire, dans MEDLINE, des titres qui revelent des themes de connection entre ces deux sujets. Le parcours des conclusions de 11 articles portant sur ces themes, explicitent ce lien. L'importance de ce mode de recherche (dit par exploration/exclusion, ou par essai-et-erreur) pour les connaissances medicales, est de nouveau prouve
US AND UK HEALTH ECONOMICS : TWO DISCIPLINES SEPARATED BY A COMMON LANGUAGE?

Victor Fuchs recently conducted two survey questionnaires of American health economists, showing substantial consensus among them on positive questions and much less consensus on policy questions. I attempted to replicate Fuch's surveys for members of the HESG. I dropped some items that were specific to an American context and added some new questions. Overall there was less agreement on positive questions and more on policy questions than among the US economists. Alan Williams' 1985 article ‘Economics of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting’ was deemed the most influential by a British author on health economics as a discipline and British health policy.
Effects of acidity and methylation on the UV and fluorescence spectra of poly(pyridine)s in aqueous acidic solutions and in the solid state

Poly(2,5-pyridine) and poly(3,5-pyridine) were synthesized by coupling polymerization of 2,5- and 3,5-dibromopyridine, respectively. Partially N-methylated poly(2,5-pyridine)s were prepared with a degree of N-methylation per repeating unit from 10 to 25%. UV spectra and fluorescence were studied in aqueous acidic solutions and in the solid state. The UV absorption maximum of poly(2,5-pyridine) is blue-shifted with increasing acidity and/or degree of N-methylation; however, the UV absorption maximum of poly(3,5-pyridine) does not change with the acidity of the solution. Fluorescence emission intensities of poly(2,5-pyridine) and poly(3,5-pyridine) increase with increasing acidity sharply up to Ho (Hammett acidity function) = −10.1. The fluorescence emission of poly(2,5-pyridine) is also enhanced by N-methylation. Protonated and N-methylated pyridines in poly(pyridine) are the fluorescence active species. The fluorescence emission maximum of poly(2,5-pyridine) shifts from 420 nm in dilute HCOOH solution to ...
Continuous Measurements of Left Ventricular Dimensions in Intact, Unanesthetized Dogs

Left ventricular dimensions have been directly measured for extended periods of time in intact unanesthetized dogs under various conditions. The diameter of the left ventricle during diastole is very large in relation to the change in diameter during each cycle. Thus, considerable quantities of blood remain within the chamber at the end of systolic ejection. The stroke output can be increased by either more complete systolic ejection during exercise or by greater diastolic filling during a startle reaction. Accelerated heart rate occurs in both cases. Changes in left ventricular diameter occur very rapidly, often being manifest within the duration of a single cardiac cycle. Mechanisms by which changes in ventricular size can be directly affected by neural and hormonal influences are briefly considered.
Ozonolysis of β-Pinene: Temperature Dependence of Secondary Organic Aerosol Mass Fraction

The SOA formation from β-pinene ozonolysis at modest precursor concentrations (2−40 ppb) was investigated in the temperature range of 0−40 °C. The presence of inert seeds and high ozone concentrati...
Variational calculations of resonant states in 4He

Abstract We present a modified R -matrix method which allows microscopic calculations of nucleon-nucleus scattering at low energies. This method may be applied in conjunction with any of the commonly used methods for the ground states of few-body systems, i.e. the Green function Monte Carlo, Faddeev and variational techniques. We then report results of variational calculations of low-energy tp scattering in the region of 0 + , 0 − and 2 − resonances in 4 He. The energies and widths of these resonances are calculated using realistic two- and three-nucleon interactions; but, the Coulomb interaction is neglected. The three-nucleon interaction is found to have a much smaller effect on the energies of the resonances than on the ground-state energy.
A case for reconfigurable parallel architectures for information retrieval

As the volume of data and computational requirements of modern information retrieval systems continue to expand, it is inevitable that parallel systems will be necessary to meet these demands. In this research, we provide a conceptual model of a reconfigurable parallel information retrieval system in a multicomputer environment. We develop strategies for scheduling queries in such systems, provide simulation results for implementing these strategies under various different theoretical situations, and present an analytical model of the system behavior.
Progressive failure of coronary flow during reperfusion of myocardial infarction: Documentation of the no reflow phenomenon with positron emission tomography

Abstract During reperfusion of a myocardial infarct, development of microvascular occlusion may result in regional hypoperfusion (“no reflow”) despite a patent infarct-related artery. This study examined the extent and time course of no reflow with use of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography. In 12 anesthetized dogs, the left anterior coronary artery was occluded for 90 min and then freely reperfused. Regional myocardial perfusions was imaged by serial rabidium-82 positron emission tomography during coronary occlusion and every 30 min during reperfusion. After 4 h of reperfusion, infarct size and no reflow zone were measured postmortem by triphenyltetrazolium and thioflavin staining, respectively. Perfusion defects evident on rubidium-82 images during coronary occlusion rapidly resolved during the early reflow period. However, a recurrent perfusion defect appeared after 1 to 2 h of reflow in all dogs. The severity of recurrent perfusion defects progressed with time; after 5 min of reflow, relative perfusion in the left anterior descending artery territory was 97 ± 6% of that in the normal circumflex artery region, but perfusion decreased progressively to 68 ± 5% after 2 h (p Thus, serial positron emission tomography with rabidium-82 demonstrates a progressive loss of infarct perfusion, beginning 1 to 2 h after initial restoration of blood flow despite patency of the infarct-related artery. This phenomenon is probably a manifestation of progressive microvascular occlusion within the reperfused myocardium.
Inflammatory Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis

Abstract Recent advances in our understanding of the inflammatory response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa )-induced keratitis have revealed a critical role for the cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β in up-regulation of other cytokines/chemokines and promoting neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Studies using antibody neutralization, knockout of caspase-1 (ICE), the enzyme that processes IL-1β from the pro- to the active form, as well as use of an inhibitor of the enzyme, have provided evidence that decreasing levels of IL-1β in the cornea improves disease outcome. When combined with antibiotic, the caspase-1 inhibitor provided better disease outcome than either the inhibitor or antibiotic alone, supporting the possibility of alternate therapy for this disease.
EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER IN SYSTEMS OF MANY MOLECULES

— Forster's theory of energy transfer in condensed systems is re-examined in the light of recent criticisms. It is concluded that his approach is correct and holds for a wide range of donor and quencher concentrations as long as there is no transfer among donor molecules. In contrast, the modified result of Tweet, Bellamy and Gaines, holds only for complete delocalization of the excitation among the donor molecules.
Modeling of microscale gas flows in transition regime Part I: Flow over backward facing steps

Design of thermal management solutions for future nanoscale electronics or photonics devices will require knowledge of flow and transport through micron-scale ducts. This article concentrates on a typical flow process, namely flow over a backward-facing step with pressure boundary conditions at inlet and exit. Discrete simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) is used as the simulation tool. An IP method is used to separate the macroscopic velocity from the molecular velocity, thus reducing statistical noise as typical in DSMC calculation of low-speed flows. Simulation is conducted for Re of 0.03 to 0.64, Ma of 0.013 to 0.083, and Kn of 0.24 to 4.81. For these parameter values no recirculating region is observed, and the high heat flux associated with reattachment is also absent.
(1¯012) Twinning nucleation mechanisms in hexagonal-close-packed crystals

Abstract Mechanisms for ( 1 ¯ 0 1 2 ) twinning in hexagonal-close-packed crystals at an atomic scale were studied using topological analysis and atomistic simulations. Two twinning mechanisms were found: a normal-twinning mechanism in which a stable twin nucleus is created by simultaneous nucleation of multiple twinning dislocations; and a zonal-twinning mechanism in which a stable twin nucleus is created by simultaneous nucleation of a partial dislocation and multiple twinning dislocations. The twinning direction, dependent on the ratio of lattice parameters c/a, is along [ 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ] when c / a 3 , but along the opposite direction when c / a > 3 . Atomistic simulations, using density function theory for Mg, Zr and Zn and an empirical potential for Mg, were performed to study the kinetics and energetics associated with the two twinning mechanisms. The results show that the zonal-twinning mechanism is energetically favorable relative to the normal-twinning mechanism, because the zonal dislocation has a smaller Burgers vector.
Comparative pharmacological properties and autoradiographic distribution of [3H]ethylketocyclazocine binding sites in rat and guinea pig brain.

Abstract [3H]Ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) binds to a single class of sites under various incubation conditions in both rat and guinea pig brain. Ligand selectivity patterns strongly suggest that [3H]EKC binds to kappa opiate receptors in both species and under both incubation conditions. Moreover, the autoradiographic distribution of [3H]EKC binding sites is very similar under both incubation conditions. In guinea pig brain, [3H]EKC binding sites are highly concentrated in deep layers of the cortex, caudate-putamen, and nucleus accumbens. In rat brain, kappa opiate receptors are mainly found in caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and thalamus. [3H]EKC binding sites are not concentrated in deep layers of the cortex in rat brain. Thus, the autoradiographic distribution of kappa opiate receptors is species-dependant.
Differential effects of acute clozapine and haloperidol on the activity of ventral tegmental (A10) and nigrostriatal (A9) dopamine neurons

Extracellular single-unit recording techniques were used to evaluate the effects of acute intravenous (i.v.) clozapine (CLOZ) and haloperidol (HAL) on the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA or A10) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC or A9). CLOZ increased the firing rate of A10 but not A9 cells, and drove 9/23 (39%) of A10 cells into an apparent depolarization blockade. HAL, on the other hand, produced a rate elevation and, at higher doses, depolarization inactivation in both subpopulations of DA neurons. Cell firing was restored in inactivated cells with i.v. apomorphine (APO) or iontophoretic GABA. CLOZ always fully reversed APO-induced suppression of A10 DA activity, but in many cases only partially reversed suppression of A9 DA neurons. Scopolamine did not mimic the effects of CLOZ on A10 neurons, and it also failed to block the activating effect of HAL on A9 units, indicating that the selective action of CLOZ cannot be interpreted simply by its anticholinergic properties. After hemi-transections of the diencephalon, which severed the medial forebrain bundle and other feedback pathways to the DA somata, CLOZ was still ineffective in altering A9 DA activity. This suggests that the lack of effect on CLOZ on A9 cells is not due to the inhibitory influence of forebrain feedback pathways. This hemi-transection also left intact the activation of A10 neurons produced by HAL and CLOZ, but it did prevent the excitatory action of HAL on most A9 neurons sampled. This indicates that forebrain feedback pathways are less critical in mediating the action of APDs on A10 DA neurons. Finally, iontophoretic application of CLOZ and HAL into the vicinity of DA cell bodies blocked the rate-reducing effects of locally applied DA, but not those of GABA. This suggests that both APDs block somatodendritic DA autoreceptors. However, HAL was considerably more potent than CLOZ in producing this blockade. It is suggested that the different pharmacological and clinical properties of HAL and CLOZ may be partially explained by a differential mode of action on the A10 and A9 subpopulations of DA cells. The data also provide pharmacological evidence that these 2 groups of DA cells are regulated by different mechanisms.
Visual Diagnosis: A Febrile Child Who Has “Red Eyes” and a Rash

1. Muhammad Waseem, MD* 2. Heidi Pinkert, MD* 1. *Lincoln Hospital, Bronx, NY A 20-month-old girl presents to the emergency department with a 5-day history of fever, “red eyes,” and a rash. Three days ago she was given amoxicillin for an ear infection. The morning after starting amoxicillin, she developed a rash. She had been in good health and has had no exposure to other drugs, illness, or insect bites. Her past medical history and review of systems are unremarkable. On physical examination, she appears fussy and irritable. She has a temperature of 103°F (39.4°C), heart rate of 167 beats/min, and respiratory rate of 48 breaths/min. The neck is supple, and there is bilateral conjunctival injection without discharge. Her tongue is red, as are her lips, which are fissured (Fig. 1). A 1-cm lymph node is palpable on the left side of her neck. Skin examination reveals a red, blanching, slightly raised, polymorphous rash over her extremities (Fig. 2). She has mild nonpitting edema of her hands and feet (Fig. 3). Findings on the remainder of her examination are normal. Figure 1. Red, fissured lips. Figure 2. Polymorphous red rash over extremities. Figure 3. Nonpitting edema of hand. A complete blood count demonstrates: hematocrit, 30% (0.30); white blood cell count, 13.7×103/mcL (13.7×109/L) with 59% neutrophils and 33% lymphocytes; and platelet count, 563×103/mcL (563×109/L). Serum electrolytes, glucose, and creatinine concentrations and findings on urinalysis are normal. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals: white blood cell count, 84/mm3; glucose, 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L); protein, 84 mg/dL (840 g/L); and no organisms on Gram stain. The patient is given intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 2 g/kg and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 100 mg/kg per day divided in four equal doses. She is afebrile 8 hours later. Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures remain sterile after 72 hours. An echocardiogram does not reveal any cardiac involvement. …
Preoperative and postoperative hemopump support for patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation

The Hemopump (Johnson & Johnson Interventional Systems, Rancho Cordova, CA) can be used successfully as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in patients with advanced cardiogenic shock that proves to be irreversible. Some patients, however, may also benefit from maintaining Hemopump support for a period of time after transplantation. A technique has been developed for continuing Hemopump support after transplantation that does not require repositioning of the device.
Narrowband high-selectivity active bandpass filters using open-loop multiple-ring resonators

This article presents a narrowband high-selectivity active bandpass filter that is constructed by two passive bandpass filters and one amplifier. The bandpass filters with two transmission zeros provide a sharp cutoff frequency response to suppress adjacent channel interferences. The amplifier coupling to the passive bandpass filters not only compensates for the insertion loss of the passive filters, but also provides gain for the active filter. Since the amplifier uses only one transistor, the active filter can lower the cost, minimize the noise, and be easily designed to operate in a stable region. Moreover, the complete active filter consisting of a filter placed in front of the amplifier can suppress unwanted signals in order to reduce the noise floor of the active filter and achieve a wide dynamic range. The active filter has a 6.8-dB gain at 2 GHz, a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 2.4p, and stopband rejection better than 40 dB within 1–3 GHz. The minimal noise figure of the active filter is 2.6 dB at the passband. This high-performance active filter can be used in many wireless communication systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2005.
A heparin derived oligosaccharide normalizes the fear response of old Brown Norway rats.

Old animals exhibit impaired spatial learning and an exaggerated response to stress. It was predicted that the heparin derived oligosaccharide (HDO), C3, would reverse these age-related deficits. Young (4-5 months) and old (19-20 months) Brown Norway male rats ingested C3 (25 mg/kg per day, p.o.) or vehicle (drinking water) daily for 42-44 days. Two weeks after the initiation of drug treatment, the rats were examined using a series of behavioral tests. The old control rats evidenced: (1) increased neophobia and reduced exploratory behavior in a novel open field (OF); and (2) exaggerated freezing during the acquisition and retention of a conditioned response (CR) to a Pavlovian light-shock pairing ("foreground" conditioning). C3 treatment attenuated or reversed this age-related impairment of emotional behavior. Analysis of spatial learning using the Morris water maze (MWM), and of CR formation to the place in which the foreground conditioning was conducted ("background" conditioning) during context dependent fear conditioning (CDFC) did not reveal major age or drug effects on memory processes. It is hypothesized that C3 repairs damage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occurs during the aging process and thereby normalizes age-related exacerbated fear behaviors without affecting mnestic processes.
Collaborative innovation for future mobile applications

Advanced mobile applications are the predominant driver for semiconductor technology innovations both at the leading edge and at the mature nodes. The short life-cycles of mobile products and the need for SoC level differentiation imposes significant challenges on technology architecture and time-to-volume. We foresee a move towards much closer collaboration, in fact a virtual IDM-like model, on both technical and business levels. With daunting technical challenges like 3D stacking, 450mm fabs, new transistor architectures, multi-patterning, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, collaboration - early, often and deep - is really the only practical approach given the cost and complexities involved. Early eco-system enablement with accurate models and silicon proven IP ensures first pass design success, which is an important step for faster Time-to-volume (TTV). We refer to this close collaborative model as Foundry 2.0.
Comparison of Two Anticonvulsants in a Randomized, Single-Blind Treatment of Hypomanic Symptoms in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Objective: Oxcarbazepine was compared to divalproex to assess clinical effectiveness of a proven agent, divalproex, against a newer, less studied agent, oxcarbazepine, in the treatment of hypomania.Method: Thirty patients with bipolar disorder, currently hypomanic, were randomized to receive oxcarbazepine or divalproex as add-on or monotherapy for 8 weeks. A rater blind to treatment assignment performed all symptom ratings. Hypomania and depression were rated using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms–Clinician Version (IDS-C). Random regression models were used to assess clinical symptom scores.Results: There were no significant differences of YMRS or IDS-C scores between groups. Mean YMRS scores at baseline were 22.07±5.86 and 20.53±6.02 for the oxcarbazepine and the divalproex groups, respectively. Mean percent reduction from baseline to week 8 for the YMRS was 63.8% and 79.0% for oxcarbazepine and divalproex groups, respectively. Mean percent reduction from base...
A simple and rapid approach for measurement of dissociation constants of DNA aptamers against proteins and small molecules via automated microchip electrophoresis

Automated microchip electrophoresis was used as a simple and rapid method to measure effective dissociation constants (K(d,eff)) of aptamers against both large and small molecule targets. Human thrombin, immunoglobulin E (IgE), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were selected as model analytes to validate the method, with four ligands including two DNA aptamers for thrombin (two distinct epitopes), an IgE aptamer, and an ATP aptamer. The approach is based on a microchip version of a DNA mobility shift assay. Non-denaturing microchip gel electrophoresis separations of DNA could resolve and quantify unbound from target-bound aptamers when using large molecules as targets. To extend the technique to small molecule targets such as ATP, an aptamer/competitor strategy was used, in which a DNA competitor complementary to the aptamer could be displaced by ATP and electrophoretically resolved. Using an automated microchip electrophoresis platform, parallel separations of 11 titration samples were completed in ~0.5 h. Analytical performance comparisons show that our approach provides significant advantages in minimized reagent consumption (typically tens of pmol of aptamer and target), reduced analysis time, and minimized user interaction when compared to previously reported methods for aptamer K(d) measurement. Moreover, the flexibility and ease of K(d,eff) measurement for aptamers against large and small targets make this a unique and valuable approach that should find widespread use. Finally, the feasibility of using this method during aptamer selection processes (e.g. SELEX) was shown by accurate bulk K(d,eff) measurement of a known thrombin aptamer (THRaptA) spiked into a random-sequence DNA pool at as low as 5.0% (molar %) of the total pool; only ~825 fmol of total binding sequences were needed for an 11-point titration curve.
Expression of c‐met is a strong independent prognostic factor in breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND The c-met protooncogene encodes the met protein, the receptor for scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor, a growth factor that modulates the motility and stable interaction of the epithelial cells. This study assesses the expression of met receptor in breast carcinoma and its prognostic value with respect to survival. METHODS Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate 91 archival breast carcinoma specimens using a polyclonal antibody to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. Cases were scored by two pathologists on a percentage basis and then converted to binary scores (positive or negative) on the basis of a bimodal distribution. RESULTS Strong expression of met was found in 20 invasive ductal breast tumor specimens (22%). The 5-year survival of patients whose tumors showed decreased met expression was 89%, in contrast to a 52% 5-year survival rate in patients whose tumors expressed met (P = 0.008). This trend also was observed in patients without lymph node metastases at presentation, in whom met negative patients had a 95% 5-year survival compared with only 62% for met positive patients (P = 0.006) Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed met expression to be an independent predictor of survival, with a predictive value nearly equivalent to that associated with lymph node status. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that expression of met in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is a strong, independent predictor of decreased survival and may be a useful prognostic marker with which to identify a subset of patients with more aggressive disease. Cancer 1998;82:1513-20. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy during coronary thrombolysis.

Abstract Plasminogen activators reduce mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction primarily by inducing reperfusion at a time when the myocardium is still viable. Consequently, important determinants of the clinical response to thrombolytic therapy include the patency rate, the timing of reperfusion, and the frequency of coronary reocclusion. With present thrombolytic agents, coronary patency is not achieved in 30%–50% of patients and reperfusion is often delayed for more than 60 min after initiating thrombolytic therapy. Even in those that achieve patency, reperfusion flow, an important determinant of myocardial salvage, may be limited by incomplete clot lysis and residual coronary stenosis. Finally, reocclusion has been reported in 15%–25% of patients and has serious clinical consequences. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that many of these problems reflect ongoing platelet activation and thrombosis. Thus, there is a rational basis to assume that the clinical benefit of thrombolytic therapy will be enhanced by the addition of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents.
High-performance vertical-power DMOSFETs with selectively silicided gate and source regions

A power FET (field-effect transistor) structure with selectively silicided gate and source region is described. This structure simultaneously lowers the gate sheet-resistance and the source contact resistance. The gate-source isolation was provided by plasma etching conformally deposited chemical vapor deposition (CVD) oxide using a photoresist mask. This structure has resulted in an order of magnitude improvement in the gate sheet resistance and about 25% improvements in the device's on-resistance (the resistance when conducting in the on-state) compared to previously reported nonsilicided conventional power FETs. Extremely low-resistance Al-TiW-TiSi/sub 2/ metallurgy with in situ sputter etching of the silicide surface prior to TiW deposition contributed to the reduction in the on-state resistance. Vertical-power DMOSFETs (double-diffused MOSFET) fabricated using this technology have a specific on-resistance of 0.53 Omega cm/sup 2/ for devices capable of blocking 50 V in the off state. >
The Ideal Sweatshop? Gender and Transnational Protest

This article explores the role of women in transnational labor organizing. It examines the extent to which transnational protest, based in global cities like New York, Amsterdam, and San Francisco, grants agency to women employed in garment factories throughout the world. It analyzes how the cognitive and material spaces of sites of production are transformed through their connections with other sites—through flows, shifts, and concentrations of capital, bodies, commodities, and in this case, political activities. Throughout, it examines the ways in which women garment workers, garment factories, and sweatshops are employed, defined, and reproduced as a category in varlious contexts of transnational production and protest.
Tn602: A naturally occurring relative of Tn903 with direct repeats

Abstract We report the characterization of Tn602, a transposon encoding resistance to kanamycin and related aminoglycosides present on the R-plasmid pGD10. Tn602 is highly homologous to the previously characterized Tn903, present on the R-plasmid R6, in that it consists of a gene for aminoglycoside-phosphotransferase-3′-I (homologous to that of Tn903) flanked by copies of an IS-element homologous to IS903. Tn602 differs from Tn903 in the following respects: the flanking IS-elements (IS602) are in direct rather than inverted orientation as in Tn903; the fusion points between the IS-elements and the central region are different from those in Tn903; and several sequence changes, detected by the loss and acquisition of restriction sites, show the two repeats of IS602 to be nonidentical and different from IS903, IS102, and IS903.B. These structural details suggest that Tn602 and Tn903 evolved separately from related modules.
1,5-Anhydro-d-glucitol 6-phosphate and its use for the specific inhibition of the hexokinase reaction in tissue homogenates

Abstract The enzymic preparation of 1,5-anhydro- d -glucitol 6-phosphate and its crystallization as the dicyclohexylamine salt are described. Tests with this compound on enzymes concerned with transformations of glucose 6-phosphate show that it is without influence on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, that it has a variable influence on phosphoglucomutase, and that, at high concentrations, it inhibits phosphoglucose isomerase to a moderate degree. Tests on heart muscle homogenates show complete inhibition of glucose oxidation but no inhibition of glucose 6-phosphate oxidation by this compound.
Evidence for Post-Cementation Migration of High-Temperature, High-Pressure Fluids--Siluro-Devonian Helderberg Group, Central Appalachians: ABSTRACT

Fluid inclusion data and fracture-filling cements in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks of the Siluro-Devonian Helderberg Group, central Appalachians, indicate post-cementation, late Paleozoic migration of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids. Void-filling quartz and calcite cements contain secondary, 2-phase fluid inclusions that give freezing temperatures of -20 to -25°C (-4 to -13°F) (salinity > 22 wt.% NaCl). Homogenization temperatures are 200 to 300 + °C (392 to 572°F) (temperatures calibrated and pressure corrected) and greatly exceed maximum paleotemperatures (120 to 160°C; 248 to 320°F) given by conodont color-alteration index values or calculated from known sedimentary overburden. High homogenization temperatures suggest rapid movement of metamorphic fluids so that ambient burial temperature was not raised for long enough periods of time to affect conodont CAI values. These fluids probably came from Blue Ridge-Piedmont thrust sheets that were undergoing metamorphism during late Pal ozoic deformation. These fluids migrated more than 75 km (47 mi) during thrusting. Well-cemented sandstone and limestone have multiple crosscutting trains of secondary hydrocarbon inclusions. Some trains crosscut cement-filled fractures. Hydrocarbons also occur as thin films along cement crystal boundaries and as secondary inclusions trapped along calcite deformation twins. These inclusions indicate geopressured fluids moved along intercrystalline boundaries and along deformation twin planes in calcite under deep burial conditions either during or after deformation. Rare fractures contain transported skeletal grains, "exotic" clasts, recemented clasts of fracture-filling cement, and mud. Cement clasts contain included mud and skeletal grains, and indicate several episodes of particle transport, cementation, and refracturing prior to final fracture filling. Primary(?) 2-phase fluid inclusions in vein-filling calcite give homogenization temperatures of 120 to 150°C (248 to 302°F). Coarse-grained "clastic" fracture fills indicate migration of rapidly moving fluids capable of transporting clasts through fracture conduits under deep burial conditions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 471------------
T Cell Receptor Vβ Usage in Murine Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Abstract Mouse thyroglobulin (MTg)-sensitized spleen cells activated in vitro with MTg induce experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in which the thyroid infiltrate consists primarily of mononuclear cells (MNC) (lymphocytic EAT). MTg-sensitized spleen cells cultured with MTg together with anti-IL2R antibody induce a granulomatous form of EAT in which the thyroid is infiltrated by MNC in addition to PMNs, histiocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. CD4 + T cells are the primary effector cells for both forms of EAT. The presence of specific T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ families in the thyroid infiltrate was examined by flow cytometry and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) amplification of mRNA. At the time of maximal disease severity, cells infiltrating the thyroid expressed primarily Vβ8, Vβ4, Vβ11, and Vβ14 as determined by flow cytometry. RT–PCR confirmed these findings and also detected several additional Vβ gene families, including Vβ1, Vβ2, Vβ6, Vβ13, and Vβ15; Vβ3, Vβ10, and Vβ12 were also detected in some, but not all, experiments. There were no differences in the Vβ T cell repertoires in thyroids of mice with lymphocytic vs granulomatous EAT. RT–PCR analysis of intrathyroidal MNC 11 days after cell transfer showed TCR Vβ mRNA transcripts to be primarily restricted to Vβ4, Vβ11, and Vβ14, whereas the predominant thyroid-infiltrating T cell 21 days after cell transfer was Vβ8 + . Depletion of Vβ8 + T cells in recipient mice did not reduce EAT severity. TCR Vβ usage shifted predominantly to Vβ4 + , Vβ11 + , or Vβ14 + T cells of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets. These results indicate that multiple Vβ TCR are expressed in thyroids of mice with EAT.
What Can Tracking Fluctuations in Dozens of Sensory Neurons Tell about Selective Attention

The brain possesses limited resources and utilizes selective attention as the mechanism to manage the massive influx of sensory information into the cortex. Selective attention strengthens the impact of behaviorally relevant information and diminishes distractions from irrelevant inputs. For instance, in visual discrimination or detection tasks, proper allocation of attention improves performance and shortens response times. At the neural level, there are many different effects of attention on the response of sensory neurons: receptive field shrinkages, modulation of neural synchronization and mean activity, variability reduction, interneuronal decorrelations, and more (Reynolds and Chelazzi, 2004). Yet few experiments have attempted to determine how attentional correlates subserve behavioral benefits (Womelsdorf et al., 2006).
Hel-N2: a novel isoform of Hel-N1 which is conserved in rat neural tissue and produced in early embryogenesis.

Abstract Hel-N1 is a neural-specific RNA-binding protein which is highly conserved over evolution. The data presented here demonstrate alternative 5' splicing of Hel-N1 mRNA, characterized by the insertion of a novel 91-bp exon. The resultant isoform, Hel-N2, has a potentially expanded N-terminal region of 29 amino acids when compared to Hel-Nl. Reverse transcription (RT) -PCR cloning data indicate that homologues (Rel-N1 and Rel-N2) exist in rat neural tissue where there is 96% conservation at the nucleotide level. RT-PCR analysis of rat embryonic tissue RNA indicates that this splicing event occurs as early as day 12 of embryogenesis. The temporal pattern of expression of Rel-N1 and Rel-N2 resembles that of the Drosophila melanogaster homologue, elav, and supports the prior notion that these mammalian counterparts participate in early neural development.
Strength and toughness of beryllium-niobium intermetallic compounds

Abstract Bend and compression strengths, fracture toughness, and high-temperature microhardness of BeNb intermetallic compounds were measured at temperatures up to 1200 °C. Be12Nb and Be17Nb2 materials exhibited brittle behavior at temperatures below 1100 °C in bending and below 800 °C in compression. Hot isostatically pressed (HIP) Be12Nb had the highest low-temperature strengths (250 MPa in bending and 2750 MPa in compression) resulting from its greater fracture toughness (KIC = 4 MPa m1/2) compared with the other BeNb materials, vacuum hot pressed (BHP) Be12Nb, and HIP Be17Nb2, which had K IC = 2.5 MPa m 1 2 . Measured strengths for the HIP Be12Nb were more than twice that measured for the VHP Be12Nb or for HIP Be17Nb2. The HIP Be12Nb also exhibited good high-temperature mechanical properties, having a bend strength of 250 MPa at 1200 °C, compared with less than 100 MPa for the VHP Be12Nb. However, intergranular embrittlement was observed at intermediate temperatures, reducing the HIP Be12Nb bend strength and fracture toughness below those measured for the other materials. HIP Be17Nb2 exhibited poor low-temperature properties, but high-temperature bend strengths of 740 MPa at 1100 °C and 400 MPa at 1200 °C were measured. Strength in compression was similar for all materials above 800 °C, decreasing sharply to about 600 MPa at 1000 °C and to 200 MPa at 1200 °C. Microhardness and indentation creep tests also revealed similar high-temperature behavior among the materials. Power-law creep exponents ranging from 4.1 to 6.6 and activation energies of 220–290 kJ mol−1 were measured for the beryllides, with the HIP Be12Nb having the highest activation energy for creep.
Methamphetamine-induced decrease in neural glucocorticoid receptors: relationship to monoamine levels.

Abstract Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent psychostimulant drug which is neurotoxic to dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons. It has been previously reported that acute MA administration to adrenalectomized rats produced large dose-related decreases in hippocampal and striatal glucocorticoid receptors (GR). The present study was designed to determine if MA could decrease neural and peripheral GR when administered to adrenal-intact rats using a neurotoxic dosing regimen which produces depletions of brain DA and 5-HT levels. MA (0, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg) was administered to adrenal-intact rats every 2 h for a total of 4 doses. Rats were adrenalectomized (ADX0 6 days later and subsequently sacrificed 24 h later. GR and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) were measured using radioligand binding assays. Tissue levels of 5-HT and DA were measured in order to confirm the neurotoxic effects of MA and also to relate corticosteroid receptor levels to monoamine concentrations. MA produced dose-related decreases in GR levels in the hippocampus, striatum, frontal cortex and hypothalamus. Hippocampal MR were not affected by MA. 5-HT was also decreased in all of these same 4 brain regions, whereas DA was significantly decreased only in the striatum. MA did not decreases GR in cerebellum and similarly had no effect on DA and 5-HT in this region. MA also did not decrease GR or 5-HT levels in the spleen. These results demonstrate that MA produces a decrease in GR in a variety of brain areas, which is related primarily to 5-HT depletions. There is however a certain degree of tissue specificity in the effects of MA on GR and 5-HT levels. MA-induced decreased in neural GR may have important implications for the rewarding and neurotoxic effects of this abused drug.
Spindle size: small droplets and a big step forward.

Summary The spindle is a micron-scale structure that assembles from nanometer-sized tubulin building blocks. How does the spindle know what size to be? Changes in cytoplasmic volume are shown to be sufficient to modulate the size of the spindle.
Computational literacy for everyone: opening a dialogue between STEM and the digital arts and humanities (abstract only)

Much has been said about the need to teach computer programming and the fundamental ideas of computer science in STEM education. Initiatives aimed at this audience propose new requirements, curricula, tools, and teaching methodologies to encourage widespread computational literacy. But what is being done in non-STEM disciplines to promote literacy? The goal of this panel is to open a discussion about advancing computer science education within the digital arts and humanities and how this might relate or combine with similar efforts in STEM. What can members of the digital arts and humanities community learn from each other about starting new curricula and teaching these subjects, and what can be learned and borrowed from STEM education? To begin the discussion, we will present a report on a computational methods course we developed for beginning architecture students and how this has led to an ongoing collaboration with our computer science department.
The impact of social inequalities in child health on health visitors' work

Background Preventive and health promotion work by health visitors ought to reduce social inequalities in child health. However, the increased health and developmental problems among disadvantaged children may constrain health visitors' ability to carry out effective preventive work. This paper measures the impact of socioeconomic inequalities in children's health on the work of health visitors and the amount of preventive work they can provide, with emphasis on 'parenting' programmes. Methods Data collected for health visitors' profiles were analysed in an ecological cross-sectional study. Individual caseloads were classified according to the proportions of families in social class IV or V and families headed by an unemployed person. A range of measures of young children's health and development indicated the demands on health visitors' time. Preventive work was divided into postnatal support, parenting programmes, special clinics and other preventive work. Results All the outcome measures were poorer in the most disadvantaged caseloads. Odds ratios between the most and least disadvantaged 20 per cent of caseloads were 0.6 for breast feeding at birth, and at seven months, 1.9 for postnatal depression, 3.2 for mothers under 18,10for lone parent families, 2.6 for families needing high intervention, 4.5 for families with a smoker, 11 for domestic violence, 4.4 for parents with a chronic health problem, 2.7 for children on the child protection register and 2.8 for children with developmental problems. There was 30 per cent greater health visitor time provided in the most disadvantaged caseloads than in the most advantaged. There was no consistent difference in the amount of preventive work carried out; in particular, parenting programmes were delivered at a similar rate in all caseloads. Conclusions Large differences in demands on health visitors' time exist between affluent and disadvantaged caseloads which are barely reflected in the provision of extra time to poorer caseloads. There is no consistent pattern to the delivery of preventive programmes designed to ameliorate the effects of disadvantage on children's health and development.
Solving multi-leader-common-follower games

Multi-leader-common-follower games arise when modelling two or more competitive firms, the leaders, that commit to their decisions prior to another group of competitive firms, the followers, that react to the decisions made by the leaders. These problems lead in a natural way to equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints (EPECs). We develop a characterization of the solution sets for these problems and examine a variety of nonlinear optimization and nonlinear complementarity formulations of EPECs. We distinguish two broad cases: problems where the leaders can cost-differentiate and problems with price-consistent followers. We demonstrate the practical viability of our approach by solving a range of medium-sized test problems.