cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological characterization of histamine H2 receptors on clonal cytolytic T lymphocytes. Evidence for histamine-induced desensitization.

Abstract Cultured cytolytic T lymphocytes of clonal origin were screened for histamine-stimulated cyclic AMP production. Histamine caused a 2- to 8-fold elevation of cyclic AMP levels in five independent clones. The EC 50 for histamine of 1.7 × 10 −5 M and the rank order of potencies of H 1 and H 2 agonists [impromidine > histamine > dimaprit > 4-methylhistamine > 2-methylhistamine > 2-(2-aminoethyl)-thiazole] were characteristic of the conventional histamine H 2 receptor. H 1 and H 2 antagonists inhibited histamine-stimulated cyclic AMP elevation with inhibition constants typical for those found on other H 2 receptor systems. Prior incubation of cells with histamine resulted in a marked loss in responsiveness to subsequent histamine challenge. We demonstrate that this desensitization is dose and time dependent and results in a change in the efficacy and not the potency of histamine. Although cyclic AMP increases could also be elicited with isoproterenol, prostaglandin E 1 or forskolin, desensitization of histamine had no effect on the ability of these agents to stimulate cyclic AMP production. In contrast to the rapid rate of histamine-induced desensitization, recovery of histamine responsiveness could not be detected for several hours.
Endogenous Monetary Policy: A Leviathan Central Bank in a Lagos-Wright Economy

This paper studies the nature of optimal monetary policy under a Leviathan monetary authority in a microfounded model of money based on ?. Such a monetary authority is a reality whenever and wherever fiscal policy is a primary driver of the monetary policy. Under no commitment, we characterize and solve for a Markov perfect equilibrium as well as for equilibrium with reputation concerns. For the Markov equilibrium, a generalized Euler equation is derived to characterize optimal policy that trades off the current benefit of increasing consumption against the reduced ability to do so in the future. Under reputation equilibrium, centralized market interaction is modeled as an infinitely repeated game of perfect monitoring, between a Leviathan monetary authority (a large player) and the economic agents (small players). Such a game has multiple equilibriums but the large-small player dynamics pins down the equilibrium set of payoffs and features less than maximum inflation tax. Depending on how we interpret the Leviathan central bank, the factors determining the realized equilibrium differ. Higher fiscal profligacy of the underlying political authority leads to a higher monetary growth rate and inflation tax, while existence of threat of competition in case of a private money supplier or threat of external aggression in case of a self interested sovereign leads to a lower one. The realized equilibrium monetary growth rate and the associated inflation tax is thus, affected by the intensity of context contingent factors. Concentrating only on Markov strategies in this repeated game shows that the Markov perfect equilibrium features maximum inflation tax.
The effect of UV variability on stratospheric thermal structure and trace constituents

The paper examines the effect of observed UV flux variability in the spectral region of 0.175-0.3 microns on: (1) atmospheric concentrations of O3, O(1 D), OH, NO2, HNO3, and N2O; (2) stratospheric temperature structure; and (3) the calculated surface temperature. It is shown that perturbations in the number densities of the above constituents may be as large as 90 percent and that temperature deviations may range from 2 to 8 K for the altitude interval 20-40 km. These results have been determined using a 1-D radiative-convective-photochemical model.
Current Issues in Science Teacher Education

(1988). Current Issues in Science Teacher Education. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 61, Trends in Teacher Education, pp. 309-311.
Differences between the two myelin basic proteins of the rat central nervous system. A deletion in the smaller protein.

Abstract Myelin of the rat central nervous system contains two highly basic proteins which differ in molecular size, amino acid composition, and encephalitogenic activity. The larger rat protein is very similar to the myelin basic proteins of beef and human in total polypeptide chain length, amino acid composition, encephalitogenic activity, and length of the polypeptide chain between the two methionyl residues. The length of polypeptide chain between the two methionyl residues of the smaller rat protein is considerably less than the corresponding segment of the larger. Both proteins contain 1 mole of tryptophan per mole of protein. The difference in amino acid compositions of the two rat proteins, together with the amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides present in the larger rat protein but missing in the smaller indicate a deletion in the smaller protein corresponding to bovine and human residues 117–156 or 118–157. The new tryptophan-containing peptide created by the deletion has the composition (Phe, Ser, Trp, Gly 2 ) Arg. This deletion removes a major part of the peptide reported to be encephalitogenic in the guinea pig. Loss of the Gln-Lys portion of this latter peptide explains our observation that the smaller protein is much less encephalitogenic in the guinea pig than the larger.
Relationship Between EEG Sleep Measures and Clinical Ratings of Depression A Revisit

The relationship between clinical and behavioral ratings and EEG sleep variables has been controversial, leading to a possible premature abandonment of the possible significance for these interrelationships. Instead, our reexamination of this issue in 62 depressed patients suggests that while the strength of these relationships do not account for the majority of variance, correlations between EEG sleep and behavioral measures should not be disregarded as trivial, for the degree of these relationships is commensurate with other behavioral-biological relationships.
Enoyl coenzyme A hydratase (crotonase). Catalytic properties of crotonase and its possible regulatory role in fatty acid oxidation.

Abstract The substrate specificity of bovine liver crotonase has been examined with seven Δ2, 3-trans-enoyl-CoA substrates, containing an even number of carbon atoms. The Vmax for this series decreases progressively from a value of about 340,000 moles per min per mole of enzyme for crotonyl-CoA, the C4 derivative, to 2,300 for the C16 derivative. The action of several CoA derivatives on crotonase has been tested. None were found to stimulate the enzyme and only one derivative, acetoacetyl-CoA, was found to be markedly inhibitory. Evidence was obtained that the enolate form of acetoacetyl CoA was the inhibitory species and acted as a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 1.6 x 10-6 m, a value about ten times lower than the Km for the best substrate, crotonyl-CoA. The interaction of acetoacetyl-CoA with crotonase was studied by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and it was found that 6 molecules of inhibitor were bound per molecule of enzyme, or an average of one per subunit. This suggests that there are six active sites per molecule of native enzyme. The binding constant for the inhibitor was about equal to the kinetically determined value for Ki. The catalytic properties of crotonase have been compared with the turnover numbers and substrate specificities of the other enzymes acting in β oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives. This comparison suggests that crotonase, by virtue of its substrate specificity and its sensitivity to feedback inhibition by acetoacetyl-CoA, may play a regulatory role in fatty acid oxidation. The effects of acetoacetyl-CoA on the rate of oxidation of butyric, octanoic, and palmitic acids by heart muscle or liver mitochondria were those expected if crotonase is acting, at least in part, to regulate fatty acid oxidation.
The Role of Death Romanticization in the Dynamics of Suicide

Suicide is an emotional, complex event, the causes of which are not well understood. Hence, the subject of suicide cannot be adequately treated in an objective, simplified, scientific discussion without ignoring its essentially personal nature. In an attempt to add some insights into the personal dimension of suicide to analytical theory considered in the following pages, subjective, spontaneous thoughts, both philosophical and indulgingly emotional, have been included. The subjective thoughts have been separated from the theoretical discussions and will be found in the sections labeled with a letter a (e.g., iii a and v a) following the theory sections to which they most closely relate. A reading of these extra sections is extraneous to the understanding of the suicidal theory presented here, and they have been included only for the reader's interest.
The Rule of Law

This essay explores the problem of establishing the rule of law in the developing world. Democracies in the developing world have regular elections yet lack the rule of law. The solution, it is believed, lies in adopting the best practices of Western democracies by reforming judicial systems and strengthening constitutional judicial review. This argument rests on the view that new democracies lack the rule of law because political actors have the power to trump the legal system and the solution, therefore, is to strengthen the formal institutions that support judicial independence. The essay argues that this view is incomplete because it fails to take into account the difficulties that new democracies face in implementing the rule of law. These polities enjoy the un-rule of law where nearly all power is given one individual. The un-rule of law is not an aberration but a logical response to the problem of development. For a poor nation faced with a myriad of social and economic difficulties, the logical response is to give nearly all power to one individual to deal with those problems. Rule of law reforms often fail, therefore, because there is considerable political support for this concentration of power. The key to effectuating the rule of law lies not in adopting rules borrowed from developed democracies but in crafting a constituency for a legal system. Courts are the least dangerous branch. They lack power unless other actors are willing to implement judicial decisions. The reason why the rule of law has proven difficult to implement in the developing world is that there is little political support for the judicial system. Courts are marginal to the politics of developing nations. Developed nations, on the other hand, have effective mechanisms for implementing judicial decisions and political and economic actors, therefore, can use the courts to achieve their aims. This essay argues that establishing the rule of law requires the construction of an effective transmission belt from courts to society. The conventional view that the developing world needs to borrow the best practices of the West by separating law from politics fails to comprehend the processes by which the rule of law is realized. Understanding the rule of law requires that we reverse this paradigm. It is not the developing world that needs to learn from the West but scholars in the developed world who need to study the un-rule of law. The rule of law does not rest on negating politics but on facilitating the development of the proper linkages between courts and society.
Factorization of Nonlinear Systems

A basic result of Bart, Gohberg, Kaashoek, and Van Dooren parameterizes factorizations of the transfer function of a linear system in terms of the state space equations of the system. This paper extends their result to nonlinear systems.
High submuscular placement of urologic prosthetic balloons and reservoirs via transscrotal approach.

ABSTRACT Introduction Traditional placement of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reservoirs and/or artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) balloons into the space of Retzius may be challenging following major pelvic surgery. Aim The aim of this study is to report our 1‐year experience using a novel technique for high balloon/reservoir placement beneath the rectus abdominus muscle, thus completely obviating deep pelvic dissection during prosthetic urologic surgery. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent IPP and/or AUS placement between June 2011 and June 2012 was performed. All had AUS balloons and/or IPP reservoirs placed in a submuscular location by bluntly tunneling through the external inguinal ring into a potential space between the transversalis fascia and the rectus abdominus muscle using a long, angled, lung grasping clamp. Main Outcome Measures Patient demographics, perioperative outcomes, and initial follow‐up patient‐reported outcomes were reviewed. Results During the study period, 120 submuscular balloons/reservoirs were inserted in 107 consecutive patients who underwent placement of an IPP (61 patients), AUS (33 patients), or both (13 patients). Among our 48 most recent patients, 41 (85%) reported they were totally unable to feel their balloon/reservoir, and all but two patients reported no bother from the submuscular balloon/reservoir placement. Of the 120 total submuscular balloons and reservoirs, surgical time and outcomes of the prosthetic procedures appeared similar to those placed using traditional methods; two reservoirs required revision surgery for repositioning. Conclusions High submuscular placement of genitourinary prosthetic balloons and reservoirs via a transscrotal approach is both safely and effective, while avoiding deep retropubic dissection. Morey AF, Cefalu CA, and Hudak SJ. High submuscular placement of urologic prosthetic balloons and reservoirs via transscrotal approach. J Sex Med 2013;10:603-610.
Revision septoplasty: review of sources of persistent nasal obstruction.

BackgroundPatients with nasal obstruction from septal deviation commonly undergo septoplasty to improve nasal airflow. Some patients suffer from persistent obstruction after their primary septoplas...
Improved recovery of (1->3),(1->4)-β-D-glucan synthase activity from Golgi apparatus of Zea mays (L.) using differential flotation centrifugation.

The synthesis of (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan (MG) is associated with the Golgi apparatus of maize. Identification of in vitro reaction products by enzymic hydrolysis and separation of diagnostic oligosaccharides by HPLC was used as a specific assay for MG synthase activity. Large quantities of highly enriched membrane are needed to study the enzyme components of MG synthesis. We directly obtained highly enriched Golgi apparatus in a single flotation centrifugation, without the necessity of an initial downward centrifugation. This new procedure has improved the yield of Golgi apparatus, and has improved recovery of MG synthase activity. The substrate in glucan synthase reactions is UDP-Glc, but UDP-Glc is also a substrate in many other reactions, including the production of simple glucosides. In addition, much of the labeled Glc from UDP-Glc is broken down to Glc-1-P and Glc under MG synthase reaction conditions. We have explored some inhibitors of phosphatase, phosphorylase, phosphodiesterase, and glucosidase activities in order to minimize these competing reactions and increase the activity of MG synthase.
Ionic effects on self-reactivation of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate-inhibited lactate dehydrogenase.

Abstract During the course of an investigation of ionic effects on the structure and recombination of beef heart lactate dehydrogenase (BHLDH), it was observed that, following treatment with the sulfhydryl reagent, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB), to reduced enzyme activity by 90%, the enzyme would spontaneously reactivate when placed in neutral 0.1 m sodium phosphate buffer. As much as 87% of the enzyme activity was restored by this process. During self-reactivation the quantity of PMB bound to the enzyme (i.e., moles of inhibitor per mole of enzyme) remains essentially constant. The rate and magnitude of self-reactivation for enzyme which has been inactivated in the presence of phosphate ions differ in different ionic environments. In the presence of 0.1 m arsenate, the rate and magnitude of self-reactivation are identical to those attained in phosphate buffer. However, relatively little self-reactivation occurs when PMB-inactivated enzyme is incubated in neutral 0.1 m Tris-HCl. In the presence of nitrate and borate ions no reactivation occurs and residual activity of the inhibited enzyme is rapidly destroyed. From these studies on PMB inhibition and binding to LDH it appears that, in different ionic environments, different—SH groups become available for interaction with sulfhydryl reagents. Moreover, the effects of different ions on enzyme activity, inhibition, and recovery indicate that LDH exists in several different enzymically active conformations.
Distribution, biomass and size of grooved Tanner crabs (Chionoecetes tanneri) from annual bottom trawl surveys (2003-2010) along the U.S. west coast (Washington to California)

Catch and distribution of grooved Tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri Rathbun, 1893) from the Northwest Fisheries Science Center's bottom trawl survey (55–1280 m) were examined along the U.S. west coast (lat. 32°30′N–48°30′N). Grooved Tanner crabs were present in 28% of tows and occurred primarily at depths from 300 to 1280 m. Annual biomass (metric tons, mt) indices and density (kg km−2) estimates for the population varied significantly throughout the study area and within five International North Pacific Fisheries Commission (INPFC) statistical areas. Highest estimates occurred in the Monterey INPFC area (lat. 36°N–40°30′N) and within the 601–800 m depth interval. Depth distribution varied by year and coast-wide catch-weighted average depths (m) were significantly correlated with average annual Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices (2003–2010), a measure of Pacific climate variability. Annual mean carapace widths (CW), measured from 2005 to 2010, were always greater for males (96.9–113.9 mm) relative to females (85.3–95.8 mm). Size frequency distributions varied by year with strong recruitment for both sexes apparent in 2010. Grooved Tanner crabs were partially segregated by depth and stage. Males and females were found in all depth intervals but the average depth of adult females was significantly shallower (756 m) than adult males (837 m); adults were significantly shallower than subadult female (907 m) and subadult male (927 m) crabs.
Kokumi Substances, Enhancers of Basic Tastes, Induce Responses in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expressing Taste Cells

Recently, we reported that calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a receptor for kokumi substances, which enhance the intensities of salty, sweet and umami tastes. Furthermore, we found that several γ-glutamyl peptides, which are CaSR agonists, are kokumi substances. In this study, we elucidated the receptor cells for kokumi substances, and their physiological properties. For this purpose, we used Calcium Green-1 loaded mouse taste cells in lingual tissue slices and confocal microscopy. Kokumi substances, applied focally around taste pores, induced an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in a subset of taste cells. These responses were inhibited by pretreatment with the CaSR inhibitor, NPS2143. However, the kokumi substance-induced responses did not require extracellular Ca2+. CaSR-expressing taste cells are a different subset of cells from the T1R3-expressing umami or sweet taste receptor cells. These observations indicate that CaSR-expressing taste cells are the primary detectors of kokumi substances, and that they are an independent population from the influenced basic taste receptor cells, at least in the case of sweet and umami.
Learning sciences principles that can inform the construction of new approaches to diagnostic training.

The author suggests that the ill-defined nature of human diseases is a little appreciated, nonetheless important contributor to persistent and high levels of diagnostic error. Furthermore, medical education's con- tinued use of traditional, non-evidence based approaches to diagnostic training represents a systematic flaw likely perpetuating sub-optimal diagnostic performance in patients suffering from ill-defined diseases. This manu- script briefly describes how Learning Sciences findings elucidating how humans reason in the face of the uncer- tainty and complexity posed by ill-defined diseases might serve as guiding principles in the formulation of first steps towards a codified, 21st century approach to training and assessing the diagnostic capabilities of future health care providers.
How Principals Can Strengthen School Performance.

The research efforts on effective schools have heen extensive, states this writer, who Prresents a checklist that principals can easily use to help improve their schools.
Visual Circuits: Mouse Retina No Longer a Level Playing Field

Unlike humans, monkeys, or carnivores, mice are thought to lack a retinal subregion devoted to high-resolution vision; systematic analysis has now shown that mice encode visual space non-uniformly, increasing their spatial sampling of the binocular visual field.
The role of memory for past test in the underconfidence with practice effect

According to the Memory for Past Test (MPT) heuristic, judgments of learning (JOLs) may be based, in part, on memory for the correctness of answers on a previous test. The authors explored MPT as the source of the underconfidence with practice effect (UWP; A. Koriat, L. Sheffer, & H. Ma'ayan, 2002), whereby Trial 1 overconfidence switches to underconfidence by Trial 2. Immediate and delayed JOLs were contrasted because only immediate JOLs demonstrate UWP. Consistent with MPT for immediate JOLs, Trial 1 test performance better predicted Trial 2 JOLs than did Trial 2 test performance. Delayed JOLs showed the reverse. Furthermore, items forgotten on Trial 1 but remembered on Trial 2 contributed disproportionately to UWP, but only with immediate JOLs.
Action versus animal naming fluency in subcortical dementia, frontal dementias, and Alzheimer's disease

Accumulating evidence indicates action naming may rely more on frontal-subcortical circuits, and noun naming may rely more on temporal cortex. Therefore, noun versus action fluency might distinguish frontal and subcortical dementias from cortical dementias primarily affecting temporal and/or parietal cortex such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized patients with subcortical dementia, e.g., normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and patients with dementias predominantly affecting frontal cortex, e.g., behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bv-FTD) and progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) have more difficulty on action fluency versus noun fluency (e.g., animal naming). Patients with AD, who have temporo parietal cortical dysfunction, should have more difficulty on noun versus verb fluency. A total of 234 participants, including healthy controls (n = 20) and patients diagnosed with NPH (n =144), AD (n = 33), bv-FTD (n = 22) or PNFA (n =15) were administered animal fluency, action fluency, and letter fluency tasks, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, to control for dementia severity). NPH and bv-FTD/PNFA patients had significantly higher MMSE scores and animal fluency than AD patients (after adjusting for age), but their action fluency tended to be lower than in AD. Only NPH and bvFTD/PNFA patients showed significantly lower action verb than animal fluency. Results provide novel evidence that action naming relies more on frontal-subcortical circuits while noun naming relies more on temporoparietal cortex, indicating action verb fluency may be more sensitive than noun fluency, particularly for detecting frontal-subcortical dysfunction.
Wordsworth's Ethics; Wordsworth's Vagrants: Police, Prisons, and Poetry in the 1790s

Adam Potkay's Wordsworth's Ethics and Quentin Bailey's Wordsworth's Vagrants both participate in the recent ethical turn in criticism and theory. The poet at the center of these studies is deeply i...
Cluster Abundance Constraints for Cosmological Models with a Time-varying, Spatially Inhomogeneous Energy Component with Negative Pressure

The abundance of rich clusters is a strong constraint on the mass power spectrum. The current constraint can be expressed in the form ? -->8 ?${γ}m$ -->=0.5?0.1, where ?8 is the rms mass fluctuation on 8 h-1 Mpc scales, ?m is the ratio of matter density to the critical density, and ? is model dependent. In this paper, we determine a general expression for ? that applies to any models with a mixture of cold dark matter plus cosmological constant or quintessence (a time-evolving, spatially inhomogeneous component with negative pressure) including dependence on the spectral index n, the Hubble constant h, and the equation of state of the quintessence component w. The cluster constraint is combined with COBE measurements to identify a range of best-fitting models. The constraint from the evolution of rich clusters is also discussed.
Computer-aided analysis of reconfigurable fixtures and sheet metal parts for robotic drilling

Abstract This paper presents an automated manufacturing system for drilling sheet metal parts. All stand-alone systems such as the robot, a set of reconfigurable fixtures and the CAD/CAM workstation have been integrated into a flexible manufacturing system. This system analyzes and evaluates a given fixturing layout and assembles the reconfigurable fixtures automatically using a robot manipulator. An optimum fixturing layout and assembly are achieved by examining the workpart from a stress-strain point of view. In addition, issues such as geometric constraints, yielding and buckling, database design, collision detection, fixturing sequential control and the automatic assembly of fixture elements are considered. The computational and analytical concepts for the reconfigurable fixturing and drilling system are also presented in this paper.
ESR and electrochemical studies of self assembled oligoimide monolayers on gold

It is shown herein that thiol-terminated-molecular-lines, which have lengths up to 9 nm, self assemble into monolayers on a gold surface. Using electrochemistry, as many as eight electrons can be added to each molecule in the monolayer without desorption. Coulometry revealed the number of molecules in the monolayer, the time required for self-assembly and the replacement of surface bound dodecyl mercaptan by a thiol-terminated-molecular-line. Electron spin resonance (ESR) gave information about anion radicals in a reduced monolayer
Iterative control approach to high-speed force-distance curve measurement using AFM : Time-dependent response of PDMS example

Abstract Force–distance curve measurements using atomic force microscope (AFM) has been widely used in a broad range of areas. However, currently force-curve measurements are hampered the its low speed of AFM. In this article, a novel inversion-based iterative control technique is proposed to dramatically increase the speed of force-curve measurements. Experimental results are presented to show that by using the proposed control technique, the speed of force-curve measurements can be increased by over 80 times—with no loss of spatial resolution—on a commercial AFM platform and with a standard cantilever. High-speed force curve measurements using this control technique are utilized to quantitatively study the time-dependent elastic modulus of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The force-curves employ a broad spectrum of push-in (load) rates, spanning two-order differences. The elastic modulus measured at low-speed compares well with the value obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) test, and the value of the elastic modulus increases as the push-in rate increases, signifying that a faster external deformation rate transitions the viscoelastic response of PDMS from that of a rubbery material toward a glassy one.
Effects of azimilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic drug, on reentrant circuits causing ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in a canine model of myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION Azimilide blocks the slow (I(Ks)) and fast (I(Kr)) components of the delayed rectifier potassium channel. It also has blocking effects on sodium (I(Na)) and calcium currents (I(CaL)). Its effects on reentrant circuits in infarct border zones causing ventricular tachyarrhythmias are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Activation in reentrant circuits causing sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) and the initial polymorphic tachycardia that leads to ventricular fibrillation (VF) was mapped in the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of 4-day-old canine infarcts. Azimilide prolonged the effective refractory period (ERP) in both normal myocardium and EBZ, but reverse use-dependence in EBZ was prominent. Azimilide abolished SVT initiation by programmed electrical stimulation by prolonging the ERP at the site of stimulation either in normal or EBZ, preventing the occurrence of early premature impulses and the formation of lines of block in the EBZ necessary for formation of reentrant circuits. Azimilide prevented VF initiation by programmed electrical stimulation by causing conduction block of reentrant impulses in the EBZ during the initial beats of rapid polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, despite the reverse use-dependent effects on ERP. CONCLUSION Azimilide has antiarrhythmic effects to prevent reentry causing SVT and VF in a canine infarct model.
Secondary Electron Emission from Niobium

Summary form only given. A novel ultra high vacuum secondary electron emission test stand supporting an electron gun, a charged particle position detector with controlling grid, and a cryostat assembly is used to conduct electron emission studies. The controlling grid aids in collecting the true secondary electrons. The particle position grid provides an incomplete picture of the final state of the secondary electron collected. With the aid of particle tracking codes, initial states of a family of secondary electrons leading to the final measured state are identified. A sample calculation will be presented and compared against results from a secondary electron emission Monte Carlo code originally developed by Dr. David Joy at the University of Tennessee and significantly modified at UNLV.
The geoepidemiology of autoimmune intestinal diseases.

Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic diseases of the intestinal tract which principally are composed of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The prevalence and incidence of both forms of IBD have historically been higher in developed countries with decreasing North–South gradient. However, more recent evidence demonstrate changing demographics as countries become more developed and immigration increases from underdeveloped countries to developed countries. Typically these changes are marked by an increase in ulcerative colitis followed by an increase in CD. Thus, most if not all human populations appear to be susceptible to IBD under certain environmental influences. Several hypothesis have been advanced to explain these changing demographics including alterations in the bowel microflora, but direct experimental evidence is lacking in most cases. Celiac disease or gluten-sensitive enteropathy is a related inflammatory condition which is induced in susceptible individuals when exposed to gluten-containing foods. Similarly, the prevalence of celiac disease is increasing as the consumption of gluten-containing foods is increasing worldwide.
Effect of anti-carrier antibody on carrier-determined tolerance.

These experiments were originally designed to determine whether an anti-carrier antibody, e.g., anti-allotype could break hapten-specific tolerance in vivo. Tolerance to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) was induced in C57BL/6J mice using DNP-BALB/c IgG2a conjugate. When anti-allotype serum was injected in C57BL/6J mice one day after a single injection of DNP-IgG2a the mice were not tolerant. In contrast, when tolerance was induced by four weekly injections of tolerogen, the anti-allotype serum had no effect on the tolerant state. This effect was specific for tolerance-inducing carrier. Anti-carrier antibody injected in C57BL/6J mice one day after DNP-IgG2a produced a small but significant anti-DNP response without administration of the immunogen, whereas the tolerogen (DNP-IgG2a) by itself was not immunogenic. Similarly, despite multiple injections of DNP-IgG2a, bearing the foreign allotype, only one out of 7 C57BL/6J mice showed a weak anticarrier response. In contrast, a marked anti-carrier (IgG2a) response was obtained when the anti-allotype antibody was passively administered in C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, these experiments suggest that tolerance to an antigenic determinant may be broken by an antibody directed not to this determinant, but to another on the same molecule. The significance of this finding in relationship to the mechanism of the carrier-determined tolerance and the breakdown of self-tolerance is discussed.
Capillary electrophoresis of cationic surfactants with tetrazolium violet and of anionic surfactants with adenosine monophosphate and indirect photometric detection

Abstract The compounds tetrazolium violet (TZV) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are characterized as electrolyte components for the respective capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations of quaternary ammonium compounds and sulfonated or carboxylated surfactants with indirect photometric detection (IPD). TZV is particularly effective for the visualization of C12-C18 dialkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium compounds and cis/trans adamantane isomers. Detection limits are in the 0.25-1 mg/l range at 300 nm. Improved IPD of C6-C18 sarcoine-type surfactants is found with AMP as compared to naphthalene monosulfonate. Detection limits for alkane sulfates and alkane sulfonates are in the 0.5-3 mg/l range. Both TZV and AMP are deemed particularly well suited for CE with IPD detection of long chain (>C12) nonchromorphoric surfactants.
Chromodynamics and the Feynman-x dependence of lepton pairs in hadron collisions

Quantum chromodynamics predicts simple counting rules for the Feynman-${x}_{F}$ dependence of the transverse momentum of lepton pairs produced in hadron collisions. We discuss their origin and their experimental consequences. Our main conclusions are that (i) the QCD contribution to $〈{{p}_{T}}^{2}〉$ decreases linearly as ${x}_{F}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{x}_{F}^{max}$, regardless of the shape of the quark or gluon structure functions, and (ii) the ${p}_{T}$ spectrum of the lepton pair is given by $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dmd}{x}_{F}d{{p}_{T}}^{2}}\ensuremath{\propto}{({x}_{F}^{max}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{x}_{F})}^{n}$. The slope of the spectrum ($n$) increases for increasing ${p}_{T}$ values and is determined by the quark and gluon structure of the colliding hadrons when ${p}_{T}$ becomes large.
On the semiring of cone preserving maps

Abstract If K is a proper cone in Rn, then the cone of all linear operators that preserve K, denoted by π(K), forms a semiring under usual operator addition and multiplication. Recently J.G. Horne examined the ideals of this semiring. He proved that if K1, K2 are polyhedral cones such that π(K1) and π(K2) are isomorphic as semirings, then K1 and K2 are linearly isomorphic. The study of this semiring is continued in this paper. In Sec. 3 ideals of π(K) which are also faces are characterized. In Sec. 4 it is shown that π(K) has a unique minimal two-sided ideal, namely, the dual cone of π(K∗), where K∗ is the dual cone of K. Extending Horne's result, it is also proved that the cone K is characterized by this unique minimal two-sided ideal of π(K). The set of all faces of π(K) inherits a quotient semiring structure from π(K). Properties of this face-semiring are given in Sec. 5. In particular, it is proved that this face-semiring admits no nontrivial congruence relation iff the duality operator of π(K) is injective. In Sec. 6 the maximal one-sided and two-sided ideals of π(K) are identified. In Sec. 8 it is shown that π(K) never satisfies the ascending-chain condition on principal one-sided ideals. Some partial results on the question of topological closedness of principal one-sided ideals of π(K) are also given.
Statistical Study of the Primary Causes of Extractions

This study was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the relative importance of the common dental disorders. Caries and pyorrhea are considered the most common dental diseases, but the literature is somewhat confusing as to their comparative importance. Caries is said to be the most prevalent of all diseases (1), even more common than the common cold (2). Very few individuals escape its attack, its occurrence ranging from 75% to 95% in the civilized nations (3). Yet the fact has been emphasized that periodontal disease is extremely prevalent (4), with an estimated prevalence of 80% among adults (2). And it has been suspected as the cause of more extractions than any other disease (5). It is hoped that this study will present a clearer picture of the problem. METHOD
Tracking the imaginary, postcolonial subject in West Africa

Beginning with the author’s subjective and imaginative dream experience, the article explores an unfolding itinerary through historical accounts, colonial literary texts, and postcolonial and sociological theory to examine the dream’s putative central object—a malnourished child living in Mali, West Africa. The layered contexts of the focal ethnography provide a reflective compass enabling writer and audience to examine subjective and objective significations that crowd, then expand to illuminate the experience. Oral and written narratives, as they absorb and elaborate human imagination, are envisioned as pivotal to the demarcation and disruption of categorical boundaries that shape and liberate sociological inquiry and social lives.
TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) causes an increase in protein tyrosine kinase activities at an early stage of poisoning in vivo in rat hepatocyte membranes

TCDD was found to cause a significant rise in protein tyrosine kinase levels at an early stage of poisoning in rat liver membrane preparations. The results of sephadex G-150 column chromatographic analysis on rat hepatocyte membranes indicate that there are at least three tyrosine kinases of which activities increase as a consequence of TCDD treatment in vivo. The TCDD-evoked rise in such protein tyrosine kinase activity precedes the down-regulation of the EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor in the plasma membrane in vivo.
Three-dimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy is essential for resolution of resonances from in-plane residues in uniformly (15)N-labeled helical membrane proteins in oriented lipid bilayers.

Uniformly (15)N-labeled samples of membrane proteins with helices aligned parallel to the membrane surface give two-dimensional PISEMA spectra that are highly overlapped due to limited dispersions of (1)H-(15)N dipolar coupling and (15)N chemical shift frequencies. However, resolution is greatly improved in three-dimensional (1)H chemical shift/(1)H-(15)N dipolar coupling/(15)N chemical shift correlation spectra. The 23-residue antibiotic peptide magainin and a 54-residue polypeptide corresponding to the cytoplasmic domain of the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu are used as examples. Both polypeptides consist almost entirely of alpha-helices, with their axes aligned parallel to the membrane surface. The measurement of three orientationally dependent frequencies for Val17 of magainin enabled the three-dimensional orientation of this helical peptide to be determined in the lipid bilayer.
Phylogeny By Top Down Clustering Using a Given Multiple Alignment

We present a new phylogenetic tree construction algorithm. Our algorithm takes as input an alignment of multiple sequences. We assume that the sequences in the given alignment are closely related by evolution, and that the given alignment is biologically correct. Our approach has some similarities with the well-known clustering procedure UPGMA in that we define the distance between two clusters similarly, and we can build the tree using vertical distances to denote evolutionary distances. However, our approach is fundamentally different in choosing the clusters since it works from top to bottom. We select a pair of clusters with the maximum distance first, and then recursively create clusters for each. Since trying all possible clusterings is impractical, as an approximation to this approach, we examine all conserved segments in the given multiple sequence alignment, and for each we try two clusters: one in which the conserved region is identical in each sequence in this cluster, and the cluster composed of the rest of the sequences. Our main hypothesis is that the top-down approach will perform better compared to a bottom-up UPGMA method, in separating large cluster pairs from each other, and this will not prevent very close sequences from appearing in near leaves. We tested our algorithm using a multiple sequence alignment given in a recent paper that builds a phylogenetic tree of amino acid sequences from the Runt domain of RUNX genes from a set of species using existing techniques. Our tree has a few differences compared to this tree. We believe that our approach provides alternative valuable information for phylogeny.
Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome with Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation: A Rare Presentation

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare vascular congenital anomaly affecting less than 200,000 people in the United States. Vascular malformations associated with KTS tend to affect slow flow systems: venous, capillary, and lymphatic systems. The nature of the syndrome leads to a higher risk for the development of arteriovenous malformations. Our case presentation describes a patient with KTS and an associated rare presentation of intraventricular arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
A 5GHz, 108Mb/s 2×2 MIMO CMOS Transceiver

MIMO wireless transceivers employ multiple antennas and advanced digital signal processing to achieve higher data rates and superior link reliability compared to their single-antenna counterparts. This paper presents a 2times2 MlMO 5 GHz WLAN transceiver implemented in 90 nm CMOS. Crosstalk between the different MIMO channels is shown to have a detrimental effect on MIMO performance. Such crosstalk can occur at the radio channel, between the antennas, and at the radio IC. Several architectural and circuit techniques are described that minimize crosstalk between the multiple radio chains co-existing on the same silicon die. Measurements results demonstrate the increased data rate of the fabricated system compared with a conventional single-antenna system
INVARIANT KAPPA DISTRIBUTION IN SPACE PLASMAS OUT OF EQUILIBRIUM

Recent advances in Space Physics theory have shown the connection between non-extensive Statistical Mechanics and space plasmas by providing a theoretical basis for the empirically derived kappa distributions commonly used to describe the phase-space distribution functions of these systems. The non-equilibrium temperature and the kappa index that govern these distributions are the two independent controlling parameters of non-equilibrium systems. The significance of the kappa index is primarily given by its role in identifying the non-equilibrium stationary states and measuring their "thermodynamic distance" from thermal equilibrium, while its physical meaning is connected to the correlation between the system's particles. The classical, single stationary state at equilibrium is generalized into a whole set of different non-equilibrium stationary states labeled by the kappa index. This paper addresses certain crucial issues about the physical meaning and role of the kappa index in identifying stationary states. The origin of the emerged inconsistencies is that the kappa index is not an invariant physical quantity, but instead depends on the degrees of freedom of the system's particles. This leads in several misleading conclusions, such as (1) only large kappa index, practically infinite, can characterize the many-particle kappa distribution, and (2) the correlation between particles depends on the total number of the system's particles. Here we show that a modified kappa index, invariant for any number of degrees of freedom, can be naturally defined. Then, we develop and examine the relevant corrected formulation of many-particle multidimensional kappa distribution, and discuss the physical meaning of the invariant kappa index.
Evolution of a Swash Zone Berm Nourishment and Influence of Berm Elevation on the Performance of Beach-Nearshore Nourishments along Perdido Key, Florida, USA

ABSTRACT Brutsche, K.E.; Wang, P.; Rosati, J.D., and Beck, T.M., 2015. Evolution of a swash zone berm nourishment and influence of berm elevation on the performance of beach-nearshore nourishments along Perdido Key, Florida, USA. A nourishment was placed within the swash zone along eastern Perdido Key, Florida, in 2011–2012 using maintenance-dredged material from nearby Pensacola Pass, referred to here as a “swash zone berm nourishment.” The study area was divided into three sections, the swash zone berm project and two adjacent areas to the west and east, and was monitored with time series beach surveys. The performance of the 2011–2012 nourishment with a constructed berm elevation of +0.91m North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88) was compared with two previous nourishments in 1985 and 1989–1991, with +3.0 m NAVD88 and +1.2 m NAVD88 elevations, respectively. The low elevation for the 2011–2012 nourishment allowed natural overwash processes to occur frequently, which resulted in net onshore sediment t...
A Pilot Study of Partial Unweighted Treadmill Training in Mobility-Impaired Older Adults

Background. Partial unweighted treadmill training is a potentially effective modality for improving fitness and function in frail elders. We tested the feasibility of partial unweighted treadmill training in older, mobility-impaired veterans. Methods. Eight mobility-impaired elders participated in partial unweighted treadmill training three times/week for twelve weeks. Outcome measures included gait speed, performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA), eight foot up and go, and the SF-36 physical functioning short form. Results. There was significant improvement in treadmill walking time (+8.5 minutes; P < 0.001), treadmill walking speed (+0.14 meters/second; P = 0.02), and percent of body weight support (−2.2%; P = 0.02). Changes in physical performance included usual gait speed (+0.12 meters/second; P = 0.001), rapid gait speed (+0.13 meters/second; P = 0.01), POMA (+2.4 summary score; P < 0.001), and eight foot up and go (−1.2 seconds; P = 0.05). Conclusions. Partial unweighted treadmill training is feasible in mobility-impaired elders. Improvements in treadmill training capacity resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in fitness levels and improved mobility.
A sampler for quantitatively assessing the macrobenthic epifaunal community of a hard substrate

Abstract A quick and effective underwater quantitative quadrat sampler was designed for sampling macrobenthic epifauna on hard substrates. Using a 400 cm2 quadrat, divers could take samples quickly and with little or no loss of organisms. The sampler can be used successfully in adverse conditions in the open ocean on any relatively flat substrate, regardless of its orientation.
Features based on quasi-sinudoidal modeling for tremor detection in Parkinsonian voice

This paper aims defining features to characterize Parkinsonian voice affected by tremor. It uses quasi-sinusoidal modelling of signals which assumes that speech signal is a sum of sinusoids with time-linearly varying instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies permits. The parameters of this model are calculated and their behavior is analyzed. The statistical analysis using box-plots permits to show the ability of this model to discriminate the Parkinsonian voice from the healthy voice.