cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical modeling of polycrystalline SMAs under cyclic loading, Part IV: modeling of minor hysteresis loops

A thermomechanical model for the hysteretic response of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) is proposed in this paper by expanding a previous model developed by Bo and Lagoudas (Z. Bo, D.C. Lagoudas, International Journal of Engineering Science, accepted) to include minor hysteresis loops. The constitutive model for SMAs previously developed by Bo and Lagoudas is reviewed first, and a simplification for the case of fully trained SMAs with a stable major hysteresis loop is then presented. An evolution equation for the energy dissipation is proposed based on the theoretical analysis and experimental observations. A connection between the Preisach hysteresis model and the present thermomechanical model is also investigated. The memory (wiping out) property for the present model is determined in a way similar to that of the Preisach model. Comparisons between the present model predictions and the experimental results show that the present model accurately predicts the minor loop hysteresis response of SMAs, even when such minor loops are close to the transformation start and finish points. Compared with the Preisach model, the present hysteresis model follows a thermodynamic formulation, which makes it easier to account for the effects of changing loading paths and two-way memory effect induced by cyclic loading. The developed numerical implementation algorithm can also be easily incorporated in conjunction with other existing thermomechanical constitutive models, thus providing a general scheme for the modeling of hysteretic response of SMAs, based on physical parameters.
Random walks in random media with random signs

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the transverse displacement and free energy fluctuations of 1 + 1 dimensional directed random walks in media with sign randomness are characterized by the same exponents as directed walks in ordinary random media, with positive statistical weights.
Extinction and Radial Distribution of Supernova Properties in Their Parent Galaxies

We use a Monte Carlo technique and assume spatial distributions of dust and supernova (SN) progenitors in a simple model of a characteristic SN-producing disk galaxy to explore the effects of extinction on the radial distributions of SN properties in their parent galaxies. The model extinction distributions and projected radial number distributions are presented for various SN types. Even though the model has no core-collapse SNe within 3 kpc of the center, a considerable fraction of the core-collapse SNe are projected into the inner regions of inclined parent galaxies owing to their small vertical scale height. The model predicts that because of extinction, SNe that are projected into the central regions should, on average, appear dimmer and have a much larger magnitude scatter than those in the outer regions. In particular, the model predicts a strong deficit of bright core-collapse events inside a projected radius of a few kiloparsec. Such a deficit is found to be present in the observations. It appears to be a natural consequence of the characteristic spatial distributions of dust and core-collapse SNe in galaxies, and it leads us to offer an alternative to the conventional interpretation of the Shaw effect.
The classification of children and their emotional problems

Abstract Classification of children and their emotional problems is part of a general scientific procedure. In such classifying, differences among “symptoms,” “syndromes,” and “ types” must be recognized. Limiting itself to the elementary school age primarily, the review covers attempts from about 1925 until 1952 to encompass behaviors, from very specific to very general, in research on both nonclinical and clinical children as different investigators tried to put these into a system and develop instruments to assess them. Most prominent among the early attempts were those of Haggerty and Wickman; Ackerson from whom a great deal of modern behavioral taxonomy developed; Kanner whose classification appears to be the most comprehensive of early endeavors; Jenkins whose influence has been extensive in psychiatric child nosology; Cummings in Great Britain, the psychoanalytically-oriented Pearson; and Schonell, also in Great Britain, who codified others' including Burt's classificatory efforts. DSM-I culminated this period, not because it was so adequate but because of its “official” status.
Ethnicity, Ideology and Geopolitics in Crimea

Abstract This paper considers the ethnic, ideological, and geopolitical crises that have engulfed the Crimean peninsula since 1991 and provides a preliminary explanation for the region's success in averting violent conflict to date. Focusing on the role of political entrepreneurs in mobilizing key social constituencies, it argues that the failure of competing elites to correctly identify and skillfully manipulate existing ethnic, ideological, and geopolitical cleavages in society significantly limited the effectiveness of their mobilizational appeals. The existence of cross-cutting cleavages and the failure of political entrepreneurs to bring these cleavages into alignment have played a central role in deterring violent conflict in the region.
Effect of reactive core mat application on bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds

Sediment remediation techniques to limit the bioavailability of contaminants are of special interest due to related acute or chronic toxicities associated with sediment contaminants. Bioavailability in aquatic sediments can be particularly problematic due to their accessibility to food chain biota, and interactions with surface and ground water. The effect of a reactive core mat (RCM) containing organoclay on the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) (i.e., PCBs and naphthalene) was studied using oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus variegatus). Sediment sampled from the Neponset River (Milton, MA) with 10 ppm background PCB contamination was used in the experimental study. The objective of this study is to investigate the difference in HOC concentration of worms exposed to: a) a grab sample of contaminated sediment (10.4% total organic carbon); and b) an initially clean mixture of sand and organic matter (the so-called biouptake layer), placed on top of the RCM-capped sediment during consolidation coupled solute transport experiments. In addition to the experimental data, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) database was validated and used to model biouptake of contaminants for certain cases. Results indicate that RCM capping reduced the average bioavailability of both PCBs and naphthalene by a factor of about 50. In fact, worms exposed to the RCM-protected biouptake layer show virtually the same HOC concentrations as those measured in the control worm samples.
Study of TMV assembly with heterologous RNA containing the origin-of-assembly sequence.

Abstract The assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is initiated by a specific reaction between a capsid protein oligomer and an origin-of-assembly region (OAS) located 900 nucleotides from the 3′ terminus of virion RNA. Packaging is then completed by rod elongation both in the 5′ and 3′ directions. The temporal order of the direction of elongation and the characteristics of the reaction were studied by analysis of the in vitro assembly reaction between strain U1 protein oligomers and transcripts containing a strain U1 OAS embedded at different positions in heterologous RNA. The results confirm that elongation in the 5′ direction starts very soon after the initiation reaction and is completed rapidly, within minutes. Packaging in the 3′ direction is slower and does not appear to commence until 5′ rod formation is complete. The reaction of strain U2 protein with the strain Ul OAS initiates rapidly, but elongation occurs only in the 5′ direction; 3′ packaging does not occur except when the OAS is at or near the 5′ terminus, in which case elongation in the 3′ direction initiates without delay with either the U1 or U2 protein. Pauses occur during elongation in the 3′ direction at an average of 320 nucleotides, indicating a packaging periodicity of about six to eight helical turns.
Volatile profiles and lipid oxidation of irradiated cooked chicken meat from laying hens fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid oxidation, volatile profiles, and sensory characteristics of irradiated cooked chicken meat. Forty-eight 27-wk-old White Leghorn hens were fed a diet containing 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0% CLA. After 12 wk of feeding trial, hens were slaughtered, and boneless, skinless breast and thigh muscles were separated. Meats of three birds from a dietary treatment were pooled and ground together through a 9-mm and a 3-mm plate, and patties were prepared. Patties were individually packaged and cooked in a water bath at 85 C for 15 min. After cooling to room temperature, patties were repackaged in oxygen-permeable or oxygen-impermeable bags, irradiated at 0 or 3 kiloGray (kGy) with an electron beam irradiator, and analyzed for lipid oxidation, volatile profiles, and sensory characteristics at 0 and 5 d of storage at 4 C. Cooked meat patties from hens fed CLA diets had lower TBA-reactive substances values and produced less hexanal and pentanal than the control. The irradiated and nonirradiated cooked chicken meat with aerobic packaging developed severe lipid oxidation during the 5-d storage at 4 C. Irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation in aerobic-packaged cooked chicken meat, but its effect was not as significant as that of the packaging. No odor differences were found among the cooked chicken meats from the different dietary CLA treatments. The increased storage stability of cooked meat from hens fed CLA diets was caused by the increased saturated fatty acids and CLA content in meat lipids. Tissue CLA was stable from oxidative changes and had minimal effect on volatile production in irradiated and nonirradiated cooked chicken meat during storage.
Permeability of rodent junctional epithelium to exogenous protein.

It has generally been assumed that oral sulcular epithelium, being nonkeratinized, is a vulnerable region which allows bacterial products to pass from the gingival sulcus to the subjacent connective tissue. It has also been suggested that inducing keratinization of the oral sulcular epithelium might create a better barrier to such material. However, this approach ignores the effect of a permeable junctional epithelium, for if exogenous material penetrates this epithelium then the presence of keratinization may be unimportant. Rats possess an orthokeratinized oral sulcular epithelium and so represent what might be considered as an ideal sulcus lining. The protein tracers horseradish peroxidase or microperoxidase were instilled into the gingival sulcus of anesthetized rats. After 1 h, the animals were killed and fixative applied topically and by perfusion. The mandibles were detached, decalcified in EDTA to permit removal at the gingival attachment and sectioning, reacted with diaminobenzidine and H2O2 to visualize the tracer, and prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. Controls consisted of: a) animals that had not been treated with horseradish peroxidase, and b) horseradish peroxidase-treated animals incubated without H2O2. Microscopic examination revealed penetration of the tracers through the junctional epithelium and into the underlying connective tissue, but never through the adjacent oral sulcular and gingival epithelium. These results suggest that material placed in the sulcus can enter the connective tissue via the junctional epithelium even when the adjacent oral sulcular epithelium forms a keratinized barrier.
Structure and water-barrier properties of vanadate-based corrosion inhibitor films

Uniform, crack-free vanadium-based corrosion inhibitor films were grown on aluminum alloy 2024. Neutron and X-ray reflectivity were utilized to investigate the structure, water-barrier properties and speciation of the inhibitor film. The top part of the alloy participates in the formation of vanadate film. The similarity of films prepared from H2O and D2O implies the vanadate film is not hydrated. The film has a layered structure with vanadium enriched at the alloy interface. The film behaves as an effective water barrier when the thickness is greater than 800 A. Films grown without K3Fe[CN]6 accelerator are found to be extremely thin.
Enhanced production of stratospheric OH from methane oxidation at elevated reactive chlorine levels in northern midlatitudes

Examination of odd-hydrogen production and loss processes in the lower stratosphere reveals that the large abundances of midlatitude ClO recently measured requires a reassessment of the OH yield from methane oxidation due to a more rapid initiation of the methane oxidation sequence by atomic chlorine. Using a steady state calculation for OH and an iterative procedure for evaluating odd-hydrogen production from the methane oxidation sequence, we demonstrate that both OH and reactive chlorine are amplified below 25 km. The amplified values of OH and ClO are found to be consistent with recent measurements of ClO concentrations and of OH column abundances.
Effect of Solvent Isotopic Replacement on the Structure Evolution of Gold Nanorods

We report the effect of solvent isotopic replacement on the structure evolution of gold nanorods synthesized in aqueous solution using the Ag(I)-mediated seeded-growth method (see Nikoobakht, B.; El-Sayed, M. A. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 1957). With increasing replacement of water by deuterium oxide, both higher yields and aspect ratios are observed. With increasing reaction time the variance of particle anisotropy is found to decrease in deuterium oxide and increase in regular aqueous solution. The effect is interpreted as a consequence of the reduced solubility of the surfactant and metal salts that extends a complex and multifaceted effect on the reaction process, including mass transport and chemical potential, but also on surface reconstruction processes that have been related to the shape evolution in gold nanorod solutions. The increase in efficiency of the seeded-growth process in D2O solution furthermore is shown to facilitate the reduction of the surfactant concentration during particle synthesis b...
Microstructure and deformation behavior of biocompatible TiO2 nanotubes on titanium substrate.

Abstract Titanium oxide coatings have been shown to exhibit desirable properties as biocompatible coatings. We report on the quantitative microstructure characterization and deformation behavior of TiO2 nanotubes on Ti substrate. Nanotubes were processed using anodic oxidation of Ti in a NaF electrolyte solution. Characterization of the as-processed coatings was conducted using scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam milling. Increases in anodization time had no significant effect on tube diameter or tube wall thickness. Coating thickness, however, increased with time up to 2 h of anodization, at which point an equilibrium thickness was established. Nanoindentation was used to probe the mechanical response in terms of Young’s modulus and hardness. Progressively higher values of elastic modulus were obtained for thinner films consistent with increasing effects of the Ti substrate. A possible deformation mechanism of densification of the porous oxide and wear of the dense surface is suggested and discussed.
Molecular genetics of human color vision

The significant advances in our understanding of color vision has been due to the convergence of information from behavioral and molecular genetic analyses. The molecular biology of the visual pigments; molecular genetic basis of variation in normal and abnormal color vision, and regulation of the genes at the LWS-MWS pigment gene locus are discussed.
Alternative perspectives on consumer–resource dynamics: a reply to Ginzburg

Summary 1.Ginzburg (1998) proposes that models of predator–prey interactions should conform to what he calls the ‘biomass conversion principle’, that consumer reproduction should be directly linked to resource consumption. 2. I argue that consumer–resource models can be built from two different perspectives – biomass conversion or individual survival – and that, as Ginzburg's principle only applies to the first, it should not be used to judge the plausibility of individual survival models. 3. I also suggest that a failure to understand and preserve the distinction between biomass consumption and individual survival may be responsible for much of the confusion and controversy in predator–prey theory.
Unified quantification of variation in passive knee joint constraint

The interrelationship that exists between multiple degrees of freedom to produce a net constraint across the range of passive motion of the knee is not fully understood. Manual joint laxity assessments were performed on 28 cadaveric specimens and used to develop a unified description of the passive laxity envelope that incorporated multiple degrees of freedom into a single analysis using radial basis functions. The unified envelopes were then included in a principal component analysis to identify the primary modes of variation. The first three modes of variation constituted 82% of the variation. The first principal component (36.5% explained variation) correlated with changes to the relationship between varus–valgus and internal–external rotation and had the largest impact on internal–external laxity. The second principal component (27.2% explained variation) correlated with a shift in the internal–external envelope. The third principal component (18.3% explained variation) correlated with a shift in the ...
A theoretical examination of tangential signal to noise ratio

A theory based on the physiology of the human eye is presented, shoring the observed consistency of tangential signal to noise ratio (TSNR) to be a simple means for measuring receiver sensitivity. It is found that under a wide range of conditions, TSNR corresponds to a signal to noise ratio of 7.5+or-1 dB. This result compares well with a generally accepted empirical value of 8 dB. >
Correctional Orientations of Prison Staff

Beliefs about the purpose and goals of incarceration are important determinants of how policy makers and practitioners perceive correctional operations. Drawing on survey data from 554 corrections ...
Experimental performance evaluation of batch means procedures for simulation output analysis

We summarize the results of an extensive experimental performance evaluation of selected batch means procedures for building a confidence interval for a steady-state expected simulation response. We compare the performance of the well-known ABATCH and LBATCH procedures versus ASAP, a recently proposed variant of the method of nonoverlapping batch means (NOBM) that operates as follows: the batch size is progressively increased until either (a) the batch means pass the von Neumann test for independence, and then ASAP delivers a classical NOBM confidence interval; or (b) the batch means pass the Shapiro-Wilk test for multivariate normality, and then ASAP delivers a correlation-adjusted confidence interval. The latter correction is based on an inverted Cornish-Fisher expansion for the classical NOBM t-ratio, where the terms of the expansion are estimated via an autoregressive-moving average time series model of the batch means. Applying ABATCH, ASAP, and LBATCH to the analysis of a suite of twenty test problems involving discrete-time Markov chains, time-series processes, and queueing systems, we found ASAP to deliver confidence intervals that not only satisfy a user-specified absolute or relative precision requirement but also frequently outperform the corresponding confidence intervals delivered by ABATCH and LBATCH with respect to coverage probability.
3-mm double-heterojunction microwave power HEMT fabricated by selective RIE

Current-voltage and initial RF measurements are presented on a double-heterojunction HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor) structure designed for power MMIC applications. The device structure is grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and uses a spatially variant superlattice to improve the performance of the inverted AlGaAs/GaAs interface. Gate recessing is achieved using a hybrid wet-chemical selective dry etching process. For selective dry etching, reactive ion etching with a >600:1 selectivity for GaAs over AlGaAs is used to control the recess depth. The room temperature DC characteristics for a 3-mm power FET (0.7- mu m gate) display an I/sub dss/ of 370 mA/mm, a peak transconductance of 180 mS/mm, and a maximum gate-to-drain breakdown of 22 V. Large-signal microwave measurements at 5.5 GHz yielded a saturated output power of 1.3 W (31.2 dBm), 8.3-dB large-signal gain, and a peak power-added efficiency of 55%. >
The Enhancement of Altruistic Behaviors in Children through the Implementation of Language Conditioning Procedures

In this experiment, 48 fifth grade children were randomly divided into three groups. The 17 children in the language conditioning group observed slides of altruistic scenes paired with positive wor...
A study of oscillator jitter due to supply and substrate noise

This paper investigates the timing jitter of single-ended and differential CMOS ring oscillators due to supply and substrate noise. We calculate the jitter resulting from supply and substrate noise, show that the concept of frequency modulation can be applied, and derive relationships that express different types of jitter in terms of the sensitivity of the oscillation frequency to the supply or substrate voltage. Using examples based on measured results, we show that thermal jitter is typically negligible compared to supply- and substrate-induced jitter in high-speed digital systems. We also discuss the dependence of the jitter of differential CMOS ring oscillators on transistor gate width, power consumption, and the number of stages.
Experiments in group decision making: Communication process and outcome in face-to-face versus computerized conferences.

A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to explore the process and outcome of small group problem-solving discussions for two modes of communication (face-to-face and computerized conferencing) and two types of tasks (a qualitative human relations task and a scientific ranking test with a criterion solution). Interaction process was coded using Bales Interaction Process Analysis. There were two to three times as many communication units in the face to-face groups consisting of five members each as in the computerized conferencing mode of communication during the same elapsed time. Group decisions were equally good in the two modes, but the groups were less likely to reach agreement in the computerized conferencing mode. There were proportionately more of the types of task-oriented communication associated with decision quality in the computerized conferences.
A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE CYLINDRICAL STICKY TRAP FOR FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract A sticky trap for fruit flies was developed that is 2.5× more effective than yellow panel traps of equal surface area for capture of Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens (Loew)). The trap consists of a slightly conical yellow cardboard cylinder coated on the outside surface with trapping adhesive. In trapping efficacy, these stand-alone cylinders were equivalent to plastic Liquibaitor trap tops with similar cylinders fitted over the trap top with the sticky surface facing outward. Liquibaitor trap tops with cylinders mounted on the inside with their sticky surfaces facing inward were ineffective, and Liquibaitor tops with cylinders both inside and outside were not more effective than those with the sticky surface only on the outside. Besides the increased attractiveness of the stand-alone cylinders with the sticky surface outside, advantages of this design are that lures can be suspended from the trap hanger inside the cylinder where they do not contact the sticky surface, sticky cylinders can ...
Quantitative imaging of lymph function.

Functional lymphatic imaging was demonstrated in the abdomen and anterior hindlimb of anesthetized, intact Yorkshire swine by using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging following intradermal ad...
Experimental Research on Cone Penetration Resistance

Cone penetration in soil is a complex process. The complexity arises partly from the boundary-value problem itself, in which a penetrometer with a conical tip is pushed down at constant rate through a (likely heterogeneous) soil mass of infinite extent in the horizontal direction but with a free horizontal surface, partly from the nature of the soil, a particulate material with strongly non- linear mechanical response. Because of the value of using cone penetration as a means of characterizing a soil site, the problem of linking the cone penetration re- sistance to fundamental properties of the soil has received considerable attention in research. This paper examines contributions towards understanding of this problem from experimental mechanics. Experimental research has included most- ly field tests and tests in test chambers and geotechnical centrifuges. Experimental work using half chambers and centrifuges with half cones penetrating a soil sam- ple next to a Plexiglass wall with simultaneous collection of images during pene- tration has allowed use of digital image correlation (DIC) methods to understand the displacement field around a penetrating cone. Collectively, these techniques have generated a body of knowledge that generally allows effective interpretation of cone penetration tests both in sandy and clayey soils.
Physiological studies on supercooled killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). III. Carbohydrate metabolism and survival at subzero temperatures

The previously reported hyperglycemia induced in Fundulus heteroclitus by exposure to the subzero cold was investigated in more detail. It was found that the hyperglycemic response was elicited immediately when fish were transferred to water at − 1.5°C and that the striking increase in serum glucose was accompanied by a progressive depletion of hepatic glycogen. Muscle glycogen occasionally, but not always, showed a slight depletion after long exposure to the subzero cold. Serum glucose was not maintained at high levels indefinitely in the subzero cold. After hepatic glycogen was totally depleted, serum glucose levels began to drop. When serum glucose levels fell to normal, the fish began to die. Addition of glucose to the water elevated serum glucose levels and enhanced survival in the subzero cold. Winter fish, which produce higher levels of serum glucose in the subzero cold than do summer fish, survived the subzero cold almost twice as long as did summer fish. Serum nonglucose free carbohydrate levels were unaffected by the length of exposure to subzero temperatures. Liver protein levels were unaffected by temperatures from 20°C to − 1.5°C and muscle protein levels decreased slightly only after long exposure to the subzero cold.
Situation awareness for violence prevention on campuses

The choice of appropriate actions by university administrators to prevent violence threat on campuses requires an in-depth understanding of the current situation. For an administrator to take an appropriate action to prevent an impending violence, an analysis of the situation is needed. The analysis consists of higher-level reasoning techniques to estimate the consequences for executing actions. This paper presents a work on campus violence prevention through situation awareness. The approach uses case-based reasoning to predict the evolution of the current violence and to select the appropriate action. Case-based reasoning (CBR) helps in using past experiences to assess situations for an impending violence.
Improving evolutionary models of protein interaction networks

Motivation: Theoretical models of biological networks are valuable tools in evolutionary inference. Theoretical models based on gene duplication and divergence provide biologically plausible evolutionary mechanics. Similarities found between empirical networks and their theoretically generated counterpart are considered evidence of the role modeled mechanics play in biological evolution. However, the method by which these models are parameterized can lead to questions about the validity of the inferences. Selecting parameter values in order to produce a particular topological value obfuscates the possibility that the model may produce a similar topology for a large range of parameter values. Alternately, a model may produce a large range of topologies, allowing (incorrect) parameter values to produce a valid topology from an otherwise flawed model. In order to lend biological credence to the modeled evolutionary mechanics, parameter values should be derived from the empirical data. Furthermore, recent work indicates that the timing and fate of gene duplications are critical to proper derivation of these parameters. Results: We present a methodology for deriving evolutionary rates from empirical data that is used to parameterize duplication and divergence models of protein interaction network evolution. Our method avoids shortcomings of previous methods, which failed to consider the effect of subsequent duplications. From our parameter values, we find that concurrent and existing existing duplication and divergence models are insufficient for modeling protein interaction network evolution. We introduce a model enhancement based on heritable interaction sites on the surface of a protein and find that it more closely reflects the high clustering found in the empirical network. Contact: Debra@Colorado.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Trends in illness severity and length of stay in inner-city adolescents hospitalized for pelvic inflammatory disease

Abstract Background In 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) changed their guidelines for treatment of adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), no longer recommending hospitalization of all teenagers. Study Objectives (1) To determine the proportion of adolescents with PID who were admitted for failed outpatient treatment after the CDC guideline change. (2) To determine if adolescents admitted for PID after the guideline change needed longer hospital stays and/or were more likely to be “very ill” [as measured by inflammation markers, e.g. fever] or to have tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) than those admitted before the change. Design Retrospective chart review Setting/Participants All 12-21-year-old females with the diagnosis of PID admitted to an adolescent inpatient unit in an inner-city teaching hospital during a two-year period before [T1=1995-1997 (54 cases)] and after [T2=1998-2000 (91 cases)] the CDC guideline change. Interventions None Main Outcome measures Reason for admission (failed outpatient treatment; TOA; or admission at the time of diagnosis of PID); clinical toxicity at admission, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Results During T2, 22% of PID admissions were for failure of outpatient therapy. However, those admitted after failure of outpatient therapy (n=20) in T2 were less likely to be “very ill” than those who were admitted at the time of PID diagnosis in either T1 or T2 (n=123) [RR:0.30; 95% CI:0.09-0.94]. Mean LOS for females admitted to the adolescent unit with all diagnoses other than PID did not change between T1 and T2 but mean LOS for those diagnosed with PID decreased significantly from 6.3 ± 3.7 days to 4.7 ± 2.7 days, respectively (P = 0.002). LOS for PID was longer for younger ( Conclusion At our medical center, after the CDC guideline change many adolescents with PID were admitted because of failure of outpatient therapy but they were not sicker than those admitted at the time of diagnosis and overall LOS for PID was shorter. These findings are reassuring because they suggest that an initial trial of outpatient therapy for PID is unlikely to harm adolescents and may lead to significant cost savings.
The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's Unrecognized States

Within international relations, discussions about how civil wars end have focused mainly on the qualities of the belligerents (ethnicity, commitment to the cause) or on the strategic environment of decision making (security dilemmas). Work in sociology and development economics, however, has highlighted the importance of war economies and the functional role of violence. This article combines these approaches by examining the mechanisms through which the chaos of war becomes transformed into networks of profit, and through which these in turn become hardened into the institutions of quasi states. The first section offers a brief overview of current research on civil war endings. The second section outlines the course of four Eurasian wars and identifies the de facto states that have arisen after them: the republic of Nagorno-Karabakh (in Azerbaijan), the Dnestr Moldovan republic (in Moldova), and the republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (in Georgia). The third section analyzes the pillars of state building in each case: the political economy of weak states, the role of external actors, the mythologizing function of cultural and educational institutions, and the complicity of central governments. The concluding section suggests lessons that these cases might hold for further study of intrastate violence.
Ultrasound-guided first annular pulley injection for trigger finger.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to develop an ultrasound-guided first annular (A1) pulley injection technique for trigger finger with documentation of outcomes at 1 year. Methods. We performed a short-axis injection into a triangle bordered by the A1 pulley, the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons and volar plate, and the distal metacarpal bone with a 10-mg median dose of triamcinolone acetonide and 2% lidocaine. This was a prospective study of 50 of 52 consecutive trigger fingers from 24 patients recruited from a physical medicine and rehabilitation private practice. Results. All patients were available for follow-up, with 94% (47 of 50) of fingers having complete resolution of symptoms at 6 months, 90% (37 of 41) at 1 year, 65% (17 of 26) at 18 months, and 71% (12 of 17) at 3 years after a single injection. Conclusions. Our ultrasound-guided A1 pulley injection technique is a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment option for trigger finger with a 90% success rate at 1 year for complete resolution of symptoms after a single injection. Assuming similar patient populations, our results were statistically significant (P < .01) compared with the 56% to 57% success rates recently reported for blind injections. Key words: first annular pulley; injection; triamcin olone acetonide; trigger finger; ultrasound.
Explicit Reconstructions in QPAT, QTAT, TE, and MRE

Photo-acoustic Tomography (PAT) and Thermo-acoustic Tomography (TAT) are medical imaging modalities that combine the high contrast of radiative properties of tissues with the high resolution of ultrasound. In both modalities, a first step concerns the reconstruction of the radiation-induced source of ultrasound. Transient Elastography (TE) and Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) combine the high elastic contrast of tissues with the high resolution of ultrasound and magnetic resonance, respectively. In both modalities, a first step concerns the reconstruction of the elastic displacement. The result of this first step, which is not considered in this paper, is the availability of internal functionals of the unknown tissue properties. All imaging modalities are recast as the reconstruction of parameters in elliptic equations from knowledge of solutions to such equations. This paper provides a characterization of the parameters that may or may not be reconstructed from such internal functionals. We provide explicit reconstruction procedures and indicate how stable they are with respect to errors in the available measurements. The modalities PAT, TAT, TE, and MRE allow us to reconstruct high-contrast optical and elastic properties of tissues with the high resolution of ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. They provide a means to reconstruct second-order tensors modeling tissue anisotropy as well as complex-valued coefficients modeling absorbing and dissipative effects.
Why are we here? Managing the meaning of an organizational mission statement

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify and test the influences that lead individuals to actively manage the meaning of a company Mission Statement. Communication about a company Mission Statement was hypothesized to be a function of an individual's information environment, level of work unit commitment, trust in management, and organizational role. The Management of Meaning Scale (MMS) was developed to assess specific meaning management behaviors. The MMS was cast as the chief dependent variable in a path analysis using LISREL. The general model was well supported. Implications for practices associated with Mission Statement implementation are discussed.
Equilibrium Phase Formation by Ion Implantation

This chapter examines the fundamental processes involved in the formation of equilibrium phases in metals by ion implantation. These processes will be described within the framework of conventional solid state behavior and special emphasis will be given to those aspects which are uniquely modified by implantation. It is convenient in this regard to consider three major sequences of events indicated schematically in Fig. 1: (1) the migration of implanted atoms, (2) the formation of precipitates, and (3) the dissolution of the precipitated layer. These processes are dealt with in turn and form the overall outline of the present chapter. The primary objective here is to give a qualitative overview of the processes involved and the degree to which they are understood. For more detailed discussions or surveys of the literature, the reader should consult recent conference proceedings and reviews [1–6].
Radioresponse of the Pre-puberal Porcine Ovary

SummaryTo determine the effects of γ-radiation on the pre-puberal porcine ovary, either whole-body or localized exposures were used. With whole-body irradiation, 115 gilts of mixed breeding were apportioned to age-groups of 20, 40, 80, and 100 days and dosage groups of either 200 or 350 R of 60Co γ-radiation (1·5 R/min). Ovaries of 19 miniature pigs of the Pitman-Moore strain, aged 30 to 50 days, were exteriorized and exposed locally to 137Cs γ-radiation in doses of 200 to 1000 R (27 R/min).At 30 days after irradiation, a super-follicular effect was induced by 200 R in ovaries of animals aged either 40 or 80 days at irradiation; but follicular growth was universally suppressed by 350 R. Numbers of primordial follicles were unaffected by 200 R, but a reduction of 26 per cent unrelated to age was induced by 350 R. In general, radiation reduced follicular quality, and in ovaries excised at 9 to 11 months after irradiation this continued as one of the principal evidences of a radiation effect. At slaughter, 1...
Analysis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in an underserved, inner-city cohort shows a significant five year overall survival that is not affected by choice of tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become the first-line treatment of choice for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after imatinib was shown to offer improved and durable responses.[1,2] Second...
Squamous Cell Carcinoma

There are a variety of molecular alterations that are associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), including altered expression and gain of function of oncogenes, loss of tumor suppressor gene function, and epigenetic alterations, such as tumor-acquired aberrant promoter methylation. SCC often has a variety of chromosome gains and losses. Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancers and preneoplastic airway lesions. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized first-line pulmonary adenocarcinoma therapy for patients with an EGFR mutation; however, little progress has been made in treatment of SCC, which are usually nonresponsive to EGFR TKI and may be associated with fatal complications if treated with anti-vascular epithelial growth factor therapies. Loss of heterozygosity, the loss of a single parent’s contribution to part of the cell’s genome, frequently indicates in cancers the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in the lost region, for which the remaining copy of the tumor suppressor gene has been inactivated, often by a point mutation. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 3p, an important early molecular event in lung carcinogenesis, is found in more than 90% of SCCs. There are distinct regions, thought to contain multiple tumor suppressor genes that are frequently lost. p53 gene dysfunction is the most common and important genetic alteration in lung cancer development, with p53 gene inactivation by mutations or loss of heterozygosity at 17p13 resulting in loss of p53 tumor suppressor functions, thus promoting tumor cell proliferation. p53 loss occurs in the majority of non-small cell lung cancers, and more commonly in SCC than in adenocarcinomas. p53 gene mutations are associated with cigarette smoking, and inactivating p53 gene mutations have been found very early in the carcinogenesis of SCC. Because p53 gene mutations arise in squamous preneoplastic lesions, it is thought that most p53 gene mutations occur before SCC invasion. Telomerase is expressed in most human cancers, including lung cancers. Germ cells and cancer cells maintain telomere length using the enzyme telomerase and are able to divide indefinitely; and the loss of telomere function is thought to accelerate carcinogenesis. Increased telomerase activity in lung cancer and bronchial epithelial dysplasia has been found.
Abstract WP444: Older Age, Hypertension and Diabetes Influence the Proportion of Salvageable Ischemic Tissue Following Stroke

Objective: Increasing age, hypertension (HTN), diabetes (DM), hyperlipidemia, smoking and chronic kidney disease are implicated in endothelial dysfunction. Our hypothesis was that endothelial dysfunction would decrease the amount of salvageable ischemic tissue (penumbra) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Patients with ischemic stroke that underwent perfusion computed tomography (PCT) at admission from August 2011 to March 2012 were reviewed. Demographics and risk factors were abstracted. PCT protocol included 4 supratentorial slices, 8 mm thick. Areas of increased mean transit time were traced and marked as ischemic area. Corresponding area of preserved cerebral blood volume was labeled as penumbra area. The ischemic and penumbra areas in four slices were added and multiplied by the slice thickness (0.8 cm) to give ischemic volume (IV) and penumbra volume (PV) respectively. The proportion of penumbra (penumbra/ischemia volume) was calculated and compared across the different risk factors. Results: Of the 47 patients that underwent PCT, 43 (22 males; mean age 61.6 ±12.6 years) had perfusion abnormalities. Subjects younger than 45 years had significantly higher median IV (118.8 cm 3 vs. 58.4 cm 3 ; p=0.01) and median PV (97.9 cm 3 vs. 38.7 cm 3 ; p Conclusion: Older patients and those with HTN or DM are less likely to have a large proportion of salvageable penumbra. While endothelial dysfunction may be a common denominator to these risk factors, the biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon need to be elucidated.
Toxicity and Acceptance of Some Pesticides Fed to Parasitic Hymenoptera and Predatory Coccinellids

A survey of our present knowledge of the most suitable pesticides and their most effective use in integrated chemical and biological control has indicated that stomach poisons have several advantages. A review of the processes through which the favorable selectivity of stomach poisons on pests and natural enemies may arise suggested the possibility of transforming contact pesticides into stomach poisons to increase their specificity and advantageous selectivity to natural enemies. A method of measuring stomach-poison activity exclusive of contact effect was developed and used to assess the effects of commercial formulations of 61 common pesticides as food contaminants to 2 representative species of parasitic Hymenoptera and 2 coccinellids. Data on the acceptance and toxicity of 2 concentrations of each pesticide are presented, most materials were at least in part gustatory repellents. Mortality was often unexpectedly rapid, sometimes occurring following tasting and immediate rejection. Many chlorinated hydrocarbons were innocuous as stomach poisons to the natural enemies tested. The most toxic materials were usually among those most poorly accepted. Since a taste of a violent poison was fatal, distastefulness of a very toxic material afforded no protection. Specificity recognizable among contact poisons was exaggerated with ingestion. A probable source of favorable natural-enemy selectivity seemed to lie in the high degree of inactivation of some pesticides in the digestive tracts of the natural enemies tested.
Predicting Drug Synergy and Antagonism from Genetic Interaction Neighborhoods

Although drug combinations have proven efficacious in a variety of diseases, the design of such regimens often involves extensive experimental screening due to the myriad choice of drugs and doses. To address these challenges, we utilize the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to evaluate whether drug synergy or antagonism is mediated through genetic interactions between their target genes. Specifically, we hypothesize that if the inhibition targets of one chemical compound are in close proximity to those of a second compound in a genetic interaction network, then the compound pair will exhibit synergy or antagonism. Graph metrics are employed to make precise the notion of proximity in a network. Knowledge of genetic interactions and small-molecule targets are compiled through literature sources and curated databases, with predictions validated according to experimentally determined gold standards. Finally, we test whether genetic interactions propagate through networks according to a ``guilt-by-association'' framework. Our results suggest that close proximity between the target genes of one drug and those of another drug does not strongly predict synergy or antagonism. In addition, we find that the extent to which the growth of a double gene mutant deviates from expectation is moderately anti-correlated with their distance in a genetic interaction network.
The neurodevelopment of social buffering and fear learning: integration and crosstalk

In humans and other altricial species, parental care in early life has profound influences on brain development (Tang, Reeb-Sutherland, Romeo, & McEwen, 2014), gene transcription (Champagne, 2012),...
Generalized Compact Modeling of Nanoparticle-Based Amperometric Glucose Biosensors

Amperometric glucose sensors with nanoparticle (NP) electrodes promise fast and highly sensitive detection of glucose concentration in both in vivo and in vitro applications. Unfortunately, the performance of the sensors, as a function of NP geometry and glucose oxidase distribution, is not fully understood, making it difficult to optimize the sensors generally. In this paper, we derive an analytical relationship that explicitly correlates sensor performance to the elementary properties of the electrodes and oxidase. The compact model quantitatively reproduces the redox current associated with NP-based glucose sensors based on carbon nanotube and graphene-petal substrates that have previously been reported in the literature. The model will facilitate predictive design and optimization of NP-based amperometric biosensors that can eventually be integrated into wearable platforms.