cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High spatial and spectral resolution 10-μm observations of jupiter

Ten-micrometer spectra of the North Tropical Zone, North Equatorial Belt, and Great Red Spot at a spectral resolution of 1.1/cm are compared to synthetic spectra. These ground-based spectra were obtained simultaneously with the Voyager 1 encounter with Jupiter in March, 1979. The NH3 vertical distribution is found to decrease with altitude significantly faster than the saturated vapor pressure curve and is different for the three observed regions. Spatial variability in the NH3 mixing ratio could be caused by changes in the amount of NH3 condensation or in the degree of the NH3 photolysis. The C2H6 emission at 12 microns has approximately the same strength at the North Tropical Zone and North Equatorial Belt, but it is 30% weaker at the Great Red Spot. A cooler temperature inversion or a smaller abundance of C2H6 could explain the lower C2H6 emission over the Great Red Spot.
The state of suspended sediment in the freshwater fluvial environment : a method of analysis

Abstract Primary particles in rivers are frequently and perhaps characteristically transported as larger flocculated particles. Typically floc size has been determined by destructive, indirect laboratory methods or by laborious microscopic measurements. A unique direct observation digitizing method of floc characteristic analysis was developed and applied to suspended solids from Sixteen-Mile Creek in Southern Ontario. Suspended sediment particles in the creek are strongly flocculated, and the flocs are relatively stable within the realms of the sampling and analytical method. The digitizing method allowed for direct observation of floc structures which is impossible with conventional methods of sediment sizing. The method provides reasonable results with good precision on floc equivalent spherical diameter, surface area, perimeter and circularity. It is limited, however, by its labour intensive nature, possibility of sediment overlap, the individual investigator's criteria and by the photographic and microscopic instruments and techniques used. Other sizing techniques, or the use of the digitizing method by other investigators, may produce different results.
Origins of Charge Noise in Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors

Determining the major noise sources in nanoscale field-effect transistor (nanoFET) biosensors is critical for improving bioelectronic interfaces. We use the carbon nanotube (CNT) FET biosensor platform to examine the noise generated by substrate interactions and surface adsorbates, both of which are present in current nanoFET biosensors. The charge noise model is used as a quantitative framework to show that insulating substrates and surface adsorbates are both significant contributors to the noise floor of CNT FET biosensors. Removing substrate interactions and surface adsorbates reduces the power spectral density of background voltage fluctuations by 19-fold.
Verb-first declaratives introduced by et and the position of pro in old and middle French

L'auteur analyse les occurrences des formes et + verbe dans les constructions syntaxiques de l'ancien Francais et du moyen Francais. L'analyse proposee ici maintient une position postverbale pour la forme pro.
THE USE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNALS, 1956–1986*

Ninety mainstream quantitative methods used in 14 major geographical journals are analyzed for four selected years: 1956, 1966, 1976, and 1986. Mainstream methods are used in 53% of all articles in 1986, as opposed to 3% in 1956. Both the intensity and variety of methods used also increased, particularly in physical and techniques articles compared to human articles. Major methods that dominate the entire period include bivariate correlation and regression, multiple regression, factor analyses, and chi-square. The use of nonparametric methods is increasing, although their frequency of occurrence is still low. Spatial autocorrelation and advanced multiple regression appear to be strong newcomers to the discipline.
Noradrenergic innervation of the adult rat hippocampal formation

The noradrenaline (NA)-containing innervation of the hippocampal formation arises exclusively in the brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus. The projection is 75--90% ipsilateral, originating predominantly in the large, multipolar cells of the compact component of the nucleus. The axons course into the hippocampal formation by three pathways. Ammon's horn receives its NA innervation principally through the ventral amygdaloid bundle-ansa peduncularis, with smaller contributions from the fornix and ipsilateral fasciculus cinguli. The innervation of the area dentata is to a larger extent bilateral, with the greatest contribution arising from the ipsilateral fasciculus cinguli and approximately equal proportions of fibers traveling via the contralateral cingulum, fornix, and the ventral path. In general, the endogenous content of NA is greater in the area dentata than in Ammon's horn, and in both structures is greater in the temporal than in the septal ends. The pattern of NA innervation is similar at all septotemporal levels, however. The dense plexuses of preterminal and terminal elements appear in the infragranular hilus of the area dentata, stratum lucidum of CA3, and in the molecular layer of the subiculum. Fluorescent varicosities often appear in perisomatic clusters, or, closely apposed to dendrites of granule and pyramidal cells.
Marine Algae as a CO2 Sink

The most effective ways to reduce CO2 emissions are to improve the energy efficiency of each economic sector and to reduce the cutting of tropical and temperate forests around the world. These options, however, may not fully reach their technical and economic potential due to various political and socioeconomic barriers. Other more innovative and less well developed mitigation measures therefore will be required. The most practical of these is to increase CO2 sinks through photosynthesis in both standing tree biomass and in ocean primary producers. In this paper, the use of marine algae as CO2 sinks is reviewed from a technical, engineering/economic, and environmental perspective. Two open ocean options are considered for large-scale CO2 mitigation: the use of phytoplankton through Fe fertilization and macroalgal (kelp) farms, which can be used for both C sequestering and energy production. It has been estimated that these two approaches can sequester from 0.7 to 3 Gt C yr−1 from the atmosphere at an estimated cost of $5 to 300 t−1 C yr−1. Other options currently under study are also mentioned. Numerous questions remain to be answered pertaining to the use of both microalgae and macroalgae for CO2 assimilation before credible estimates of costs of C removal can be made for either system. In addition, there are several key environmental issues raised by the use of algae. A detailed discussion of these variables, including cost estimates, is presented.
Negative effective permeability in metal cluster photonic crystal

We report a new metamaterial design made of a periodic array of metal nanowire clusters. For transverse-electric polarization, the metal nanowire supports an electric-dipole-like Mie resonance. When the nanowires are arranged into a regular array with sufficiently small spacing, the array exhibits a resonant behavior in effective permittivity. Furthermore, when the nanowires are arranged into a finite size cluster, they can support a magnetic Mie resonance in which magnetic field is strongly localized inside the cluster. Array of such clusters with sufficiently small spacing can then exhibit a resonant behavior in effective permeability. When the magnetic resonance is strong enough, permeability can become negative. The mechanism of producing negative permeability is similar to the ferroelectric and polaritonic photonic crystals but the metal cluster photonic crystal can exhibit stronger magnetic activity at optical frequencies. The availability of extensive synthesis and fabrication techniques for metal nanostructures makes the metal cluster photonic crystal a promising metamaterial platform for optical frequency operation.
Modeling of pulsed-laser cleaning of a gold mirror surface

A detailed model is presented for the pulsed-laser cleaning of a gold mirror surface. Temperature dependencies of the substrate thermal and optical constants were considered since these constants are sensitive to thermal variations, particularly at cryogenic temperatures. Computations of the heating of the substrate were done in order to ascertain damage thresholds. Calculations were also done for the heating of films on the metallic substrate that were either totally absorbing or totally transparent to the laser radiation. Comparisons of theory with experiments are made.
Photophysical induction of dual fluorescence of quercetin and related hydroxyflavones upon intermolecular H-bonding to solvent matrix

Abstract Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) in contrast to many hydroxyflavonols exhibits very little or no fluorescence in 298 K liquid solution or in the rigid glass protic solvents at 77 K. However, in the UV beam of the spectrofluorimeter a strong dual fluorescence builds up in a protic solvent on a time scale of 5–30 min. This is demonstrated to be a photophysical induction of fluorescence in the thermally annealed solvent matrix at 77 K. The 5-OH group in the vibrationally excited molecule can execute a motion converting its H-bond from an intramolecular to an intermolecular one, activating the 3-OH intramolecular proton transfer fluorescence.
An automated method for polyamine analysis

Abstract A method is described for the rapid, sensitive analysis of spermidine, spermine, and related compounds. The procedure consists of chromatography on a cation-exchange column, followed by quantitative analysis using an amino acid analyzer.
Prevention of a wrong-location misadministration through the use of an intradepartmental incident learning system.

Purpose: A series of examples are presented in which potential errors in the delivery of radiation therapy were prevented through use of incident learning. These examples underscore the value of reporting near miss incidents. Methods: Using a departmental incident learning system, eight incidents were noted over a two-year period in which fields were treated “out-of-sequence,” that is, fields from a boost phase were treated, while the patient was still in the initial phase of treatment. As a result, an error-prevention policy was instituted in which radiation treatment fields are “hidden” within the oncology information system (OIS) when they are not in current use. In this way, fields are only available to be treated in the intended sequence and, importantly, old fields cannot be activated at the linear accelerator control console. Results: No out-of-sequence treatments have been reported in more than two years since the policy change. Furthermore, at least three near-miss incidents were detected and corrected as a result of the policy change. In the first two, the policy operated as intended to directly prevent an error in field scheduling. In the third near-miss, the policy operated “off target” to prevent a type of error scenario that it was not directly intended to prevent. In this incident, an incorrect digitally reconstructed radiograph(DRR) was scheduled in the OIS for a patient receiving lung cancertreatment. The incorrect DRR had an isocenter which was misplaced by approximately two centimeters. The error was a result of a field from an old plan being scheduled instead of the intended new plan. As a result of the policy described above, the DRR field could not be activated for treatment however and the error was discovered and corrected. Other quality control barriers in place would have been unlikely to have detected this error. Conclusions: In these examples, a policy was adopted based on incident learning, which prevented several errors, at least one of which was potentially severe. These examples underscore the need for a rigorous, systematic incident learning process within each clinic. The experiences reported in this technical note demonstrate the value of near-miss incident reporting to improve patient safety.
DEFCAM: A design and evaluation framework for defect-tolerant cache memories

Advances in deep submicron technology call for a careful review of existing cache designs and design practices in terms of yield, area, and performance. This article presents a Design and Evaluation Framework for defect-tolerant Cache Memories (DEFCAM), which enables processor architects to consider yield, area, and performance together in a unified framework. Since there is a complex, changing trade-off among these metrics depending on the technology, the cache organization, and the yield enhancement scheme employed, such a design flow is invaluable to processor architects when they assess a design and explore the design space quickly at an early stage. We develop a complete framework supporting the proposed DEFCAM design flow, from injecting defects into a wafer to evaluating program performance of individual processors on the wafer. Using DEFCAM, interesting interactions between architectural, organizational, and layout/defect related parameters can be easily evaluated. Moreover, we propose practical set remapping schemes to contain hard faults in cache memory. In a set remapping scheme, accesses that would go to an unusable faulty set are directed to a sound set. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design flow and developed tools. Experimental results show that a set remapping is the most efficient fault covering method among prevailing strategies.
Borrower Credit and the Valuation of Mortgage‐Backed Securities

We study the valuation of mortgage-backed securities when borrowers may have to refinance at premium rates because of their credit. The optimal refinancing strategy often results in prepayment being delayed significantly relative to traditional models. Furthermore, mortgage values can exceed par by much more than the cost of refinancing. Applying the model to an extensive sample of mortgage-backed security prices, we find that the implied credit spreads that match these prices closely parallel borrowers' actual spreads at the origination of the mortgage. These results suggest that models that incorporate borrower credit into the analysis may provide a promising alternative to the reduced-form prepayment models widely used in practice.
Levo-Alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM): Clinical, Research, and Policy Issues of a New Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Addiction

A number of issues are relevant to the development and use of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) as a treatment alternative to methadone. A brief history of methadone maintenance treatment is provided and variants of standard methadone treatment are discussed. The history and current status of LAAm are discussed, as well as its advantages over methadone. In addition, relevant clinical, research, and policy issues are addressed. LAAm has advantages over methadone specifically with regard to thrice-weekly dosing, potential to reduce HIV/AIDS risk, possible cost savings, and possible improved clinic-community relations. The effective and cost-effective implementation of LAAM as a new treatment for opioid addiction requires attention to a number of issues: (1) LAAM as an HIV prevention measure through its potential risk-reduction effects, (2) the sue of LAAM with specific high-risk subgroups, (3) causes of differential rates of treatment dropout and their amenability to intervention, (4) the role fo patient choice in long-term maintenance treatment, (5) the impact of LAAM on clinic operations, (6) the potential for LAAM as a take-home medication, and (7) the costs of implementing and sustaining LAAM maintenance services.
Cesium-133 NMR longitudinal relaxation study of ion binding to the Gramicidin transmembrane channel

Abstract Cesium ion interaction with the Gramicidin transmembrane channel is studied using cesium-133 NMR. The channel system provides unusual insight into the use of spin - 7 2 nuclei to obtain ion interaction information. In spite of the small quadrupole moment for 133Cs, the absolute magnitude of which is 1 40 that of 23Na, the change in longitudinal relaxation rate for 133Cs interaction with channels is twice that observed for 23Na under identical conditions. Also, only small positive ion resonance chemical shifts are experimentally observed which are of opposite sign to those observed for the other alkali metal ions. The possibility of the cesium ion pairing with chloride ion in the channel binding site is explored as explanation for the small positive chemical shift and large T1 changes. The large T1 changes provide values for both tight and weak binding constants, i.e., Kbt ≈ 60/M and Kbw ≈ 4/M. In the null region of the partially relaxed spectra two narrow lines (separated by 20 Hz at 13 MHz) and a broad line were observed and the longitudinal relaxation rates were faster for the narrow components than for the broad component. Evidence is presented indicating that all resolvable lines were derived from a single equilibrated pool of spin - 7 2 nuclei. The null region demonstrates that a single, intense, narrow resonance line dominates the longitudinal relaxation in accordance with the analyses of Bull, Forsen, and Turner.
The expectant treatment of “asymptomatic” supratentorial epidural hematomas

Seventy-four patients with a traumatic epidural hematoma (EDH) and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of more than 12 received expectant treatment; 14 subsequently underwent surgical evacuation of the EDH. A patient with initial brain computed tomograms (CT) showing an EDH volume of more than 30 ml, a thickness of more than 15 mm, and a midline shift beyond 5 mm tended to require surgery within 3 days of the injury when the brain had exhausted its compensatory mechanism and yielded to the expanding EDH. After the 3-day period, in the absence of neurological symptoms, the presence of the EDH may not be an indication for surgical evacuation or hospitalization beyond 7 days. In our patients, the presence of a skull fracture in the temporal bone, the heterogeneous density of the EDH in the CT scan, or the 6-hour period between the CT study and the injury did not significantly increase the failure rate of nonsurgical treatment. Although a zero mortality was achieved in this series, these guidelines may not be applicable to the management of an infratentorial EDH.
Noninierceptive Techniques for the Measurement of Longitudinal Parameiers for Intense H- Beams

With increasing brightness, beam diagnostic techniques requiring interception of the beam become impractical. For H- particle beams, solutions for this problem based on the phenomenon of photodissociation are currently under investigation at the Los Alamos National laboratory accelerator test stand (ATS). A laser can be used to selectively neutralize portions of the beam that can be characterized after the charged particles have been swept away. We have used this technique for the measurement of current density versus longitudinal phase and the longitudinal phasespace distribution at the output of the ATS radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ). The results of our measurement are compared with the predictions of the particle-dynamics code, PARMIEQ.
Transendoscopic axial division of epiglottic entrapment

Abstract Transendoscopic laser axial division of epiglottic entrapment can be performed in the standing horse with sedation and a local anesthetic, obviating the need for general anesthesia. The diode or Nd:YAG laser energy can be transmitted via a flexible fiber through the biopsy channel of the videoendoscope and can provide excellent cutting and hemostasis. Division of the membrane is performed with controlled strokes over the dorsal aspect of the membrane from the caudal edge of the entrapment toward the rostral tip, until the epiglottis is freed. Approximately 1,000 to 3,000 J are required to perform the procedure. Postoperative management consists of antimicrobial and systemic, as well as local anti-inflammatory, medication. The horse will require approximately 2 weeks of convalescence before returning to exercise.
Digital Simulation of Prepress Proofing Systems

During the 1930s and 1940s a number of light reflection models were proposed and validated with experimental data. Of particular note are the 2 flux model of Kubelka and Munk (1931) and the color reproduction model of Neugebauer (1937). The manual measurement and data processing capabilities available at the time these models were proposed were adequate to prove model validity. However, the time required to make the measurements and calculations for all but the simplest applications made the wide spread use of these models impractical. Most of the potential applications for these models had to wait some 30 to 50 years to be realized.
From backlash to the “business case”: recasting Affirmative Action and diversity management

Using in-depth interviews with diversity and human resource managers across the United States, I explore the role of affirmative action in current corporate diversity management strategies and prac...
Teaching medical ethics. Future challenges.

While the mechanics and the immediate goals of setting up programs for teaching medical ethics to medical students are reasonably well established, there are a number of important conceptual issues that have so far received insufficient attention in the literature. These include writing behavioral objectives and formal evaluations for an ethics program; deciding on the proper placement of ethics in the student's academic career; defining a health care team ethic to replace a strictly individual ethic; maintaining a critical tension between the individual and the bioethical dimensions; and preparing for ethical issues of the future. These issues are raised here not to provide answers, but rather to stimulate increased discussion and intellectual interchange in the medical-educational community. ( JAMA 229:177-179, 1974)
Laser Application To Resistor Trimming

The adjustment of film resistors to specified value by selective removal of film material with a programmed laser beam has been practiced since 1966. Evolution of systems to perform not only passive resistor trim but adjustment of operating circuit parameters has led to sophisticated multipurpose machines. This paper describes such a trimmer and correlates the utilization of its various configurations with trim requirements of several types of product. Precautions and suggestions on adjustment of system parameters are discussed to optimize results with respect to accuracy and stability of trimmed resistors.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE VOLUME AS A PREDICTOR OF EMBOLIC STROKE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Stroke prevention in AF is guided by clinical factors with inadequate predictive power. Most thrombi observed in AF are observed in the left atrial appendage (LAA). This study was designed to 1) determine the LAA volume among patients with AF and a history of stroke compared to AF patients without a
Inference for the Lognormal Mean and Quantiles Based on Samples With Left and Right Type I Censoring.

Interval estimation of the mean and quantiles of a lognormal distribution is addressed based on a Type I singly censored sample. A special case of interest is that of a sample containing values below a single detection limit. Generalized inferential procedures which use maximum likelihood estimation based approximate pivotal quantities, and some likelihood based methods, are proposed. The latter include methodology based on the signed log-likelihood ratio test (SLRT) statistic and the modified signed log-likelihood ratio test (MSLRT) statistic. The merits of the methods are evaluated for a left-censored sample using Monte Carlo simulation. For inference concerning the lognormal mean, the SLRT is to be preferred for left-tailed testing, generalized inference for right-tailed testing, and all three approaches provide nearly the same performance for two-tailed testing. These conclusions hold even when the proportion of censored values is as large as 0.70. For inference concerning quantiles, both the generali...
Images in cardiovascular medicine. Unusual angiographic appearance of scimitar syndrome associated with primitive hepatic venous plexus.

An asymptomatic 16-year-old girl presented for a diagnostic cardiac catheterization because of right heart enlargement. On chest radiograph, she had 2 scimitar-shaped shadows in the right lung field. The right lung and airways appeared to be of normal size. Abnormal pulmonary venous drainage from the right lung was confirmed on the levophase of the right pulmonary artery angiogram, which demonstrated that all venous return from the right lung was directed via 2 anomalous veins to the inferior vena cava (IVC) (Figure 1). The left pulmonary veins …
USABILITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR THE GRID — AND HOW VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS CAN HELP

Initial tools developed for grid administrators and users have built on the technology and representational techniques of large parallel systems. Like their predecessors, grid tools must cope with extreme variations in scale, rapidly evolving hardware and software environments, and the competing demands of operating systems and middleware. Computational grids present several unique challenges, however, that go well beyond the lessons we have learned from parallel and distributed tools: the volatile nature of grid resources, their extreme heterogeneity, and the lack of coordinated management. Because they define a new and unfamiliar computing environment, there is a significant human challenge as well. Grid users will be extremely diverse, including resource providers, resource managers, users of data and derived data products, etc., as well as application developers. The future usability of the grid will depend on how well grid tools can capture information on grid resources and synthesize a higher-level perspective that helps users make sense of this complex new environment. This article identifies the tool requirements that will have most impact on the usability. It then explores recent advances in information visualization, demonstrating that many of the techniques grid tools will need already exist in preliminary form. A series of examples illustrates how those techniques can be applied to portray grid landscapes (graphical representations of grid resources, activities, behavior, costs, etc.) in useful and meaningful ways.
Flow pattern changes influenced by variation of viscosities of a heterogeneous gas–liquid mixture flow in a vertical channel

Abstract In the steady-state flow of a heterogeneous mixture such as an air–liquid mixture, the velocity and void fraction are space- and time-dependent parameters. These parameters are the most fundamental in the analysis and description of a multiphase flow. The determination of flow patterns in an objective way is extremely critical, since this is directly related to sudden changes in spatial and temporal changes of the random like characteristic of concentration. Flow patterns can be described by concentration signals in time, amplitude, and frequency domains. Despite the vital importance and countless attempts to solve or incorporate the flow pattern phenomena into multiphase models, it has still been a very challenging topic in the scientific community since the 1940’s and has not yet reached a satisfactory solution. This paper reports the experimental results of the impact of fluid viscosity on flow patterns for two-phase flow. Two-phase flow was created in laboratory equipment using air and liquid as phase medium. The liquid properties were changed by using variable concentrations of glycerol in water mixture which generated a wide-range of dynamic viscosities ranging from 1 to 1060 MPa s. The in situ spatial concentration vs. liquid viscosity and airflow velocity of two-phase flow in a vertical ID = 50.8 mm pipe were measured using two concomitant computer-aided measurement systems. After acquiring data, the in situ special concentration signals were analyzed in time (spatial concentration and RMS of spatial concentration vs. time), amplitude (PDF and CPDF), and frequency (PSD and CPSD) domains that documented broad flow pattern changes caused by the fluid viscosity and air velocity changes.
Arhyssus confusus Chopra and A. Parvicornis (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae): Apparent Specialists on Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp.; Malvaceae), with Notes on their Seasonality

Abstract. Collection records from plants of several families have been reported for the rhopalids Arhyssus confusus Chopra and Arhyssus parvicornis (Signoret), but the hosts they use for nymphal development have remained unknown. During fieldwork in the southwestern United States from 2003 to 2009, mating pairs and nymphs of both rhopalids were found on globemallow, Sphaeralcea species (Malvaceae). Arhyssus confusus was collected at 37 sites from eight species of Sphaeralcea (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Utah), and A. parvicornis was collected at 18 sites from seven species of globemallow (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas). Although both Arhyssus species might develop on other malvaceous genera or even on plants of other families, evidence based on extensive field collections suggests they are Sphaeralcea specialists. Notes on seasonal history and photographs of the adult dorsal habitus of the rhopalids are provided.
Docetaxel, estramustine, plus trastuzumab in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Abstract The incidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein overexpression and its prognostic value are not well characterized in patients with prostate cancer. A phase I study was designed to evaluate docetaxel/estramustine plus trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the HER2 receptor, in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). HER2 positivity was not required because safety was the primary endpoint. Patients received oral estramustine 280 mg three times daily (days 1 to 5); docetaxel, 70 mg/m 2 intravenously (day 2); and trastuzumab, 2 mg/kg intravenously (days 2, 9, and 19), every 21 days until the disease progressed or toxicity became unacceptable. This regimen was well tolerated among the first 13 treated patients. Grade 4 neutropenia was seen in 10% of administered cycles. There were two episodes of febrile neutropenia and two thrombembolic events. Of the 13 patients evaluable for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, nine (69%) experienced a decrease in PSA level of >50%. Two (33%) of six patients with measurable disease had objective responses, and one complete response was seen on bone scan. Docetaxel/estramustine/trastuzumab appears to be a safe combination when used in the treatment of metastatic AIPC. The response data are too preliminary for speculation about the relative benefits of this 3-drug regimen compared with the combination of only docetaxel and estramustine in this clinical setting.
The Drift of Midocean Jets

Abstract The migration of nonlinear frontal jets is examined using an inviscid “reduced gravity” model. Two cases are considered in detail. The first involves the drift of deep jets situated above a sloping bottom, and the second addresses the zonal β-induced migration of meridional jets in the upper ocean. Both kinds of jets are shallower on their left-hand side looking downstream (in the Northern Hemisphere). For the first case, exact nonlinear analytical solutions are derived, and for the second, two different methods are used to calculate the approximate migration speed. It is found that deep oceanic jets migrate along isobaths (with the shallow ocean on their right-hand side) at a speed of g′S/f0 (where g′ is the reduced gravity, S the slope of the bottom, and f0 the Coriolis parameter). This speed is universal in the sense that all jets migrate at the same rate regardless of their details. By contrast, upper-ocean meridional jets on a β plane drift westward at a speed that depends on their structure...
Determinants of probation and parole officer professional orientation

Abstract Sources of probation and parole officer professional orientation (attitudes toward offenders and toward interaction with offenders) were analyzed using a recently developed instrument: the Klofas-Toch measure. A review of the literature suggested that certain individual-characteristic and organizational-condition variables might be considered as determinants of orientation. Although regression analysis showed that little of the variation was explained, participation in decisionmaking appeared to be an important determinant of officer orientation, and officers were high on rehabilitation orientation and low on punishment.
Role of l-Carnitine in Apnea of Prematurity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Objective: Carnitine is thought to be a conditionally essential biologic cofactor for premature infants. A preliminary study suggested that carnitine could significantly reduce apnea of prematurity. The objective of this study was to evaluate critically the role of carnitine in idiopathic apnea of prematurity and to determine whether the use of carnitine would facilitate discontinuation of mechanical ventilatory support, shorten the duration of ventilatory support, and reduce the amount of time that such infants are exposed to both mechanical ventilation and oxygen. We also wanted to determine the effects of supplemental carnitine on weight gain, time to regain birth weight, time to achieve full enteral feedings, and length of hospital stay. Methods: A prospective, randomized, blinded trial was conducted on 44 preterm infants who were from the same neonatal intensive care unit and who were ≤32 weeks' gestational age with a postnatal age <48 hours and a birth weight <1500 g and required total parenteral nu...
Abatacept use in graft-versus-host disease after orthotopic liver transplantation: A case report

Abstract Background Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a rare, serious, fatal disease that occurs after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Case Report We treated a 60-year-old man who underwent OLT owing to familial amyloidosis. The patient developed fever on postoperative day 16. The fever was persistent and did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Cultures and radiologic studies were done and excluded infection as a potential cause. On postoperative day 26, a skin rash appeared on his chest, accompanied by diarrhea and persistent fever. The rash spread all over the trunk, neck, and arms, but spared the palms of his hands and soles of his feet. In the meantime, his blood cell count revealed pancytopenia. Skin biopsy was done and showed interface lymphocytic infiltrate that are largely centered on the dermal–epidermal junction, is consistent with GVHD (this pattern of rash distribution is unique and different from the rash of GVHD after hematopoietic stem cell transplant, which is confined to palms of the hands and soles of the feet; Fig 1 ). The diagnosis was confirmed by colonoscopy and multiple forceps biopsies, which revealed extensive crypt loss. After hematology consultation, the patient was treated by withdrawal of all immunosuppressive therapy coupled with abatacept infusion. Abatacept is a chimeric protein that inhibits T-lymphocytes and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, after second dose of abatacept the patient showed marked clinical and laboratory improvement. The patient was discharged after 47 days in a stable condition. Conclusion Because of the lack of a consensus for treatment of these patients, we report our experience with a male patient who had post-OLT GVHD and showed a marked improvement in response to abatacept.
Borohydride reduction of the pertechnetate ion

Abstract The borohydride ion, in an acetic acid medium, reduces the pertechnetate ion to the free metal, Tc°. The average number of electrons transferred per pertechnetate ion was found to be 7·7; values in excess of seven are due to trace amounts of unreacted borohydride ion. This behavior is different from that reported earlier for the perrhenate ion, where the average number of electrons transferred per perrhenate ion was found to be between 4 and 5. Both the reduction by borohydride ion and the subsequent reoxidation by Ce(IV) do not proceed directly from the VII⇄0 oxidation states. An intermediate oxidation state species is formed in both cases. In investigating the redox chemistry of technetium by a procedure involving oxidation of a lower oxidation state to Tc(VII) by Ce(IV), it is recommended that at least 24 hr be allowed for the reaction to proceed to completion.
Nurse Overestimation of Patients' Health Literacy

Patient education and effective communication are core elements of the nursing profession; therefore, awareness of a patient's health literacy is integral to patient care, safety, education, and counseling. Several past studies have suggested that health care providers overestimate their patient's health literacy. In this study, the authors compare inpatient nurses' estimate of their patient's health literacy to the patient's health literacy using Newest Vital Sign as the health literacy measurement. A total of 65 patients and 30 nurses were enrolled in this trial. The results demonstrate that nurses incorrectly identify patients with low health literacy. In addition, overestimates outnumber underestimates 6 to 1. The results reinforce previous evidence that health care providers overestimate a patient's health literacy. The overestimation of a patient's health literacy by nursing personnel may contribute to the widespread problem of poor health outcomes and hospital readmission rates.
Comparison of glucocorticoid receptor depletion and the suppression of ACTH secretion in the AtT-20 cell.

Abstract Glucocorticoids exert two effects on the cloned AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cell: they inhibit its production of ACTH and decrease its content of glucocorticoid receptors. In this paper the time courses of these two processes are compared to ascertain whether there is a link between them. The initial part of the time course of glucocorticoid receptor depletion was measured during an incubating of intact cells with 10nM tritiated glucocorticoid. This showed that receptor depletion commenced at 4–6 h, but the half time of depletion was 30 h. Cell fractionation studies demonstrated that the decrease in receptor number occurred proportionately in both the nuclear and cytosolic fractions. The time course of dexamethasone suppression of ACTH secretion was measured under similar conditions. These studies showed that suppression was complete within 24 h. Comparison of these results led to the conclusion that although dexamethasone's effect on both receptor depletion and ACTH secretion is rapid, its effect on ACTH secretion is complete clearly before its effect on receptor depletion. Long term (3 week) dexamethasone incubations showed that even after dexamethasone had depleted the cell's receptor content to only a fraction of its initial value, its inhibitory effect on ACTH was undiminished. These results suggest that agonist action is not dampened with time. Taken together, these studies suggest that depletion is not a step in the mechanism of steroid-hormone action in the AtT-20 cell nor is it involved in diminishing the magnitude of agonist action. Instead, more likely, depletion is the process which removes redundant, spare glucocorticoid hormone receptor complexes.
Rotor Profiles Synthesis for Lobe Pumps With Given Flow Rate Functions

In this paper we present a complete synthesis procedure for lobe pumps with required flow rate functions. A dimensionless flow rate expression, called the specific flow rate, is is used for our pump synthesis. This specific flow rate depends only on the pitch and deviation functions of the pump rotor, and it is independent of the individual pump size, neither pumping frequency. Another important design parameter used is the lobe noncircularity, which is defined as the ratio of the lobe length to the rotor center distance. It is found that the lobe noncircularity is linearly dependent on the ratio of maximum to minimum flow rate regardless of the type of flow rate function. As a result, our synthesis procedure can be simplified as (1) select a type ofdesirable flow rate function, (2) from the flow rate function derive the corresponding deviation function, (3) based on the deviation function generate the desired rotor profile, and (4) calculate the real pump size. Another advantage is that by using this method wide classes of lobe pumps can be designed. A detailed design example is presented for illustration. In addition, new lobe profiles are invented based on some typical flow rate functions.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains obtained from patients with tracheal, urinary tract and wound infection: variations in virulence factors and virulence genes

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces several virulence factors including exotoxin A, exoenzyme S and elastase. In previous reports we have analysed several clinical isolates for the production of these three virulence factors and for possible heterogeneity within the genes that code for these factors (toxA, lasB and the exoS genes). The isolates were obtained from three specific sites (trachea, urinary tract and wounds). Although the isolates produced variable levels of these factors, isolates that were obtained specifically from urinary tract and wound infections produced increased levels of exotoxin A and exoenzyme S. In addition, a prolonged infection with P. aeruginosa appears to enhance exoenzyme S production. Restriction site polymorphism was very limited within the toxA, lasB, and exoS structural genes; however, the upstream region of toxA showed restriction site polymorphisms between the different isolates. The observed polymorphisms did not correlate with any variations in the levels of the virulence factors. In this article, we provide a short review of these studies.
Production of Negative Ions and Noise in Negative Ion Beams

In a search for high current sources of low energy (\ensuremath{\approx}100 ev) negative atomic ions of hydrogen and oxygen, five types of sources were examined. The most promising practical source for both ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ was found to be the dc glow discharge from which beams of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ampere of either ion could be drawn. Hot cathode arc discharges yielded ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ currents of 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ampere. Rf discharges, hollow cathode discharges, and sources involving the Arnot effect seem inferior as high current sources.Two results were found which are of interest both for the mechanism of the discharge and for the production of negative ions. First, the most copious source of negative ions seems to be the anode side of well-formed striations such as are present in the two superior sources. Second, when either of these sources is used, the beam noise in the low audiofrequency range is much greater than shot noise and is related to fluctuations in the striations.
Agency and reflexivity in boomtown transitions: young people deciding on a school and work direction

In recent decades, young people’s transitions from school to work have undergone substantial changes. As young people make their way from compulsory schooling to employment, they find themselves having to navigate an increasingly complex, technologically innovative and globalised world. These social changes have prompted youth researchers to reexamine young people’s transitions within the life course while paying particular attention to different contexts and risks young people encounter. As part of this reexamination, this article develops a conceptual framework that attempts to capture some of the complexity inherent in young people’s decision-making regarding school and work within the context of a boomtown – Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. The rapid growth of the oil industry in Fort McMurray has produced an environment where young people must make decisions about school and work within the context of a rapidly growing city with an overabundance of jobs. Drawing on interviews with young people from ac...
Big wars, little wars: Avoiding selection bias

Much international conflict research focuses exclusively on big wars. Yet we lack adequate theory to designate some wars as candidates for bigness without relying upon knowledge of post‐war events. Such reliance introduces selection bias into much research on war. That bias may vitiate the significance of our observations. A rudimentary representation of the relationship between rationality and expected war costs is tested against data on European wars from 1815–1965. The results are consistent with expectations. The results highlight the possibility to distinguish big wars from little wars ex ante without a separate theory for each. These simple analyses in conjunction with recent research on war diffusion remind us of the possibility that so‐called big wars may not be different in their underlying logic from lesser wars, but rather represent the manifestation of different values on a set of generally important variables. That is, they are truly different in quantity, but not in quality.
Elite size and resilience impact on global system structuration in social media

The paper examines the role played by the most productive members of social media systems on leading the project and influencing the degree of project structuration. The paper focuses on findings of a large computational social science project that examines Wikipedia. 1
Insulin stimulates the dephosphorylation of phosphothreonine from FAT-PAD ATP-citrate lyase

Abstract ATP-citrate lyase is phosphorylated in vivo at three amino acid residues on two peptide sequences (peptides a and b ). Insulin action is known to increase the phosphorylation of peptide a . To study the effect of insulin on peptide b phosphorylation ATP-citrate lyase was radiolabeled in vivo by incubating fat pads with 32 P i . Following “cold chase”, insulin action decreased the calculated specific radioactivity of peptide b to less than 30% of control whereas the specific radioactivity of peptide a increased 5–6 fold. The insulin induced decrease in peptide b phosphorylation was mainly due to a decrease in phosphothreonine phosphoryaltion. Isoproterenol treatment increased peptide a phosphorylation 4–6 fold but did not decrease peptide b phosphorylation. Specific radioactivity of ATP did not change significantly with hormone treatment. These results suggest that insulin action increases the dephosphorylation of peptide b by increasing the activity of a putative phosphothreonine phosphatase.
Simulation of the Influence of Reactant Depletion on Nucleation Rate in Electrodeposition

Numerical simulations are used to study the electrochemical nucleation of hemispherical particles followed by diffusion-controlled growth. The impact of reactant depletion on nucleation rate is considered by introduction of a concentration-dependent rate law. The effect is only important when the nucleation rate is comparable to or slower than the growth rate. For instantaneous nucleation, particles are born before surface depletion is significant. Simulated current transients and particle statistics are discussed and compared to previous experimental and theoretical attempts to address the problem. A concentration-dependent nucleation rate may have a relatively small impact on the predicted current transient but may have a significant effect on particle density and size distribution.