cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient-Ventilator Interaction

Patient-ventilator interaction has been the focus of increasing attention from both manufacturers and researchers during the last 25 years. There is now compelling evidence that passive (controlled) mechanical ventilation leads to respiratory muscle dysfunction and atrophy, prolonging the need for ventilatory support and predisposing to a number of adverse patient outcomes. Although there is consensus that the respiratory muscles should retain some activity during acute respiratory failure, patient-ventilator asynchrony is now recognized as a cause of ineffective ventilation, impaired gas exchange, lung overdistention, increased work of breathing, and patient discomfort. Far more common than previously recognized, it also predisposes to respiratory muscle dysfunction and other complications, leads to excessive use of sedation, increases the duration of ventilatory support, and interferes with weaning. Appropriate recognition and management of patient-ventilator asynchrony require bedside assessment of ventilator graphics as well as direct patient observation. Among currently available ventilation modes and approaches, none has been shown to be clearly superior to all the others with respect to patient-ventilator interaction, and strongly held preferences among investigators have led to controversy and difficulties in carrying out appropriate studies evaluating them. As a result, marked practice variation exists among different specialties as well as in different institutions and geographical areas. The respected authorities on mechanical ventilation who participated in this conference differed in the modes they preferred but agreed that proper understanding and use according to the individual patient's needs are more important than which mode is chosen. Conference participants discussed the determinants, manifestations, and epidemiology of patient-ventilator asynchrony, and described and compared several ventilation modes aimed specifically at preventing and ameliorating it. The papers arising from these discussions represent the most thorough examination of this important aspect of respiratory care yet published.
Good Feelings in Christianity and Buddhism: Religious Differences in Ideal Affect

Affect valuation theory (AVT) predicts cultural variation in the affective states that people ideally want to feel (i.e., “ideal affect”). National and ethnic comparisons support this prediction: For instance, European Americans (EA) value high arousal positive (HAP) states (e.g., excitement) more and low arousal positive (LAP) states (e.g., calm) less than Hong Kong Chinese. In this article, the authors examine whether religions differ in the ideal affective states they endorse. The authors predicted that Christianity values HAP more and LAP less than Buddhism. In Study 1, they compared Christian and Buddhist practitioners' ideal affect. In Studies 2 and 3, they compared the endorsement of HAP and LAP in Christian and Buddhist classical texts (e.g., Gospels, Lotus Sutra) and contemporary self-help books (e.g., Your Best Life Now, Art of Happiness). Findings supported predictions, suggesting that AVT applies to religious and to national and ethnic cultures.
A framework for professionalism in surgery: what is important to medical students?

Abstract Background The purposes of this study were to develop a comprehensive framework for professionalism in surgery and to determine which attributes are most valued by medical students. Methods A framework for professionalism in surgery, consisting of 11 attribute categories, was developed. All 3rd-year medical students (n = 168) participated in a focus group and completed a questionnaire regarding their perceptions about professionalism. Students' responses were transcribed verbatim, coded, and assigned attribute categories. Results Students rated respect as the most important attribute of professionalism (56%), followed by altruism (21%) and interpersonal skills (8%). Fifty-three percent of students witnessed unprofessional behavior among faculty members while on the surgical clerkship. Of these incidents, 74% were related to respect, 28% to practice improvement, and 1% to altruism. Conclusions Respect was rated as the single most important characteristic of professionalism and was the attribute with the most witnessed violations.
Expression of ovarian microsomal epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase during onset of VCD-induced ovotoxicity in B6C3F1 mice

Abstract 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) specifically destroys small pre-antral follicles in the rodent ovary. VCD can be detoxified to an inactive tetrol by microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), or by conjugation to glutathione (GSH) by glutathione S-transferase (GST). Formation of VCD-GSH adducts in the mouse ovary 4 h after VCD exposure (0.57 mmol/kg/day) has been demonstrated. Because the mouse ovary expresses both mEH and GST, expression of mEH and GST pi and mu during a time-course of VCD-induced ovotoxicity was evaluated in a neonatal mouse ovarian culture system. Ovaries from postnatal day 4 (PND4) B6C3F1 mice were incubated with VCD (15 μM) for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 15 days. Following incubation, ovaries were histologically evaluated, or assessed for mRNA or protein expression. VCD did not cause follicle loss (p > 0.05) on days 2, 4, or 6 of culture. At days 8, 10, 12, and 15, VCD reduced (p
The history of the wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome.

While Drs Wolff, Parkinson, and White fully described the syndrome in 1930, prior case reports had described the essentials. Over the ensuing century this syndrome has captivated the interest of anatomists, clinical cardiologists, and cardiac surgeons. Stanley Kent described lateral muscular connections over the atrioventricular (AV) groove which he felt were the normal AV connections. The normal AV connections were, however, clearly described by His and Tawara. True right-sided AV connections were initially described by Wood et al., while Ohnell first described left free wall pathways. David Scherf is thought to be the first to describe our current understanding of the pathogenesis of the WPW syndrome in terms of a re-entrant circuit involving both the AV node-His axis as well as the accessory pathway. This hypothesis was not universally accepted, and many theories were applied to explain the clinical findings. The basics of our understanding were established by the brilliant work of Pick, Langendorf, and Katz who by using careful deductive analysis of ECGs were able to define the basic pathophysiological processes. Subsequently, Wellens and Durrer applied invasive electrical stimulation to the heart in order to confirm the pathophysiological processes. Sealy and his colleagues at Duke University Medical Center were the first to successfully surgically divide an accessory pathway and ushered in the modern era of therapy for these patients. Morady and Scheinman were the first to successfully ablate an accessory pathway (posteroseptal) using high-energy direct-current shocks. Subsequently Jackman, Kuck, Morady, and a number of groups proved the remarkable safety and efficiency of catheter ablation for pathways in all locations using radiofrequency energy. More recently, Gollob et al. first described the gene responsible for a familial form of WPW. The current ability to cure patients with WPW is due to the splendid contributions of individuals from diverse disciplines throughout the world.
Seasonal Variation in Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Dispersal and Potential for Suppression of Dispersal Behavior

Seasonal dispersal of Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) was evaluated using two trapping methodsNa black-light pitfall trap and a mesh-bottomed trap placed on poultry manure. The black- light trap collected larger numbers than the mesh-bottomed trap from March through June. The mesh-bottomed trap gathered larger numbers of beetles from June through August and numbers were less variable throughout the year. Often, when very low numbers of beetles were recovered from manure cores, large numbers of beetles could be collected with the black-light trap suggesting that beetle density may not be an important factor in dispersal behavior. The greatest dispersal in the dispersal arenas (90%) occurred using beetles collected by both trap types in June 2000. Beginning in March and ending in August, a cyclic rise and then fall pattern in both laboratory dispersal and beetle collections was observed. Trap collection patterns were similar in both years of the study. In January and March, we were unable to prevent dispersal behavior of beetles captured in black-light traps. However, in May, after beetles had been in a dispersal phase for several months, we were able to suppress dispersal. In contrast, dispersal behavior among beetles captured with the mesh-bottomed trap did not change following the photoperiod-altered exposure.
A PARTIAL ALBINO NORTHERN RED-BELLIED SNAKE FROM VERMONT

A partial albino Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Storer 1839) was field-collected in Vermont on 25 July 1998. The specimen (AMNH-R 144501) could be the only known partial albino specimen of the species and is one of only a few such snakes known from localities in the northeastern United States. The existence of color variations in wild snake populations is discussed.
The Persuasive Effect of External Financial Relationships: The Influence of Pharmaceutical Industry Payments on Decision-Making in Hospitals

This paper examines the potential for conflicts of interest to influence managers, specifically in the context of health care. Managers in all types of firms may be expected to have relationships with outside firms such as vendors in the course of performing their duties. Yet these relationships open managers to the possibility of conflicts of interest as well, to the extent that this contact is persuasive rather than informational. The possibility for a conflict of interest becomes particularly concerning in the presence of a financial relationship between a firm’s employees and its suppliers. I examine this possibility in the context of health care, where physician contact with pharmaceutical companies (key vendors for hospitals) is important for clinical decision-making, but also presents the possibility of conflict of interest. I examine physician prescribing behavior after the termination of a financial relationship with a pharmaceutical company in order to identify the persuasive (rather than informational) effect of the relationship, and find that affected physicians do significantly alter their behavior, confirming the presence of a persuasive and non-informational effect.
The Manager (B)

After thinking through the situation in which an employee had given inaccurate information, thus alienating a client, the senior partner of the accounting firm ultimately decides to take no action against the employee. Having opted not to create a stir within the company or between the company and its client, the partner now must think about the effect the incident has had on him personally. These cases give students the opportunity to evaluate the consequences of different courses of action both in their careers and personal lives. See also the A case (UVA-E-0280).
Dynamics, control and coordination of underwater gliders

An underwater glider is a winged, buoyancy-driven AUV developed especially to autonomously collect oceanographic data over the course of weeks or months at a time. The standard, on-board, oceanographic measurements include conductivity, temperature and pressure, but other sensors such as bathy-photometers, optical backscatter sensors, fluorometers, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors and various acoustic sensors have been successfully tested and deployed on gliders. Henry Stommel and Douglas C. Webb, initially conceived the glider concept envisioning an endurance vehicle that could sample the ocean while circumnavigating the globe.
Fibrosis of the Neonatal Mouse Heart After Cryoinjury Is Accompanied by Wnt Signaling Activation and Epicardial‐to‐Mesenchymal Transition

Background The adult mammalian heart responds to cardiac injury by formation of persistent fibrotic scar that eventually leads to heart failure. In contrast, the neonatal mammalian heart reacts to injury by the development of transient fibrotic tissue that is eventually replaced by regenerated cardiomyocytes. How fibrosis occurs in the neonatal mammalian heart remains unknown. To start elucidating the molecular underpinnings of neonatal cardiac fibrosis, we investigated Wnt signaling in the neonatal heart after cryoinjury. Methods and Results Using expression of the Wnt target gene Axin2 as an indicator of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activation, we discovered that epicardial cells in the ventricles are responsive to Wnt in the uninjured neonatal heart. Lineage‐tracing studies of these Wnt‐responsive epicardial cells showed that they undergo epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and infiltrate into the subepicardial space and exhibit fibroblast phenotypes after injury. In addition, we showed that—similar to adult ischemic injury—neonatal cryoinjury results in activation of Wnt signaling in cardiac fibroblasts near injured areas. Furthermore, through in situ hybridization of all 19 Wnt ligands in injured neonatal hearts, we observed upregulation of Wnt ligands (Wnt2b, Wnt5a, and Wnt9a) that had not been implicated in the adult cardiac injury response. Conclusions These results demonstrate that cryoinjury in neonatal heart leads to the formation of fibrotic tissue that involves Wnt‐responsive epicardial cells undergoing epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition to give rise to fibroblasts and activation of Wnt signaling in resident cardiac fibroblasts.
Fractured surfaces of myocardial cells.

Combined techniques of conventional electron microscopy and freeze-etching have been used to examine heart tissue with particular attention to the specialized features of the myocardial cell membrane and the three-dimensional arrangement of cellular components at the fine structural level. Special surface features revealed by the method of freeze-etching include (1) elongated cytoplasmic projections which are circumferentially arranged, (2) surface convolutions, (3) transverse tubule apertures, (4) a population of small particles, and (5) small depressions which correspond to pinocytosis vesicles. Areas of close apposition between adjacent membranes along the intercalated disc are represented by foci which consist of aggregates of small particles. It is suggested that these specialized regions correspond to maculae occludentes noted in thin sections of heart tissue prepared by conventional methods for electron microscopy. The tubular nature of the blood capillary is appreciated in replicas of frozen heart tissue; in addition, structures comprising the endothelial wall and the lumen appear in three-dimensional relief. Slight invaginations occur over both extracellular and luminal endothelial surfaces and correspond to pinocytosis vesicles observed in thin sections. The structural appearance of fixed and unfixed tissues is presented in three-dimensional reliefs and compared with tissues treated with EDTA and trypsin.
Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Ovipositional Behavior: Discrimination Against Damaged Squares

Female Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman prefer to oviposit in cotton flower buds that are pristine. Laboratory studies showed that they laid ca. 4-fold more eggs in pristine squares than in previously oviposited squares with the ovipositional nipple exposed and 2-fold more eggs in pristine squares than in previously oviposited squares with the ovipositional nipple concealed. Field observations showed that females failed to oviposit in 81% of squares that contained ovipositional punctures, 62% of squares that were otherwise damaged, and 15% of pristine squares encountered. Discriminatory behavior began to break down after a female encountered three to four damaged squares. Laboratory tests indicated that both physical and chemical signals are involved in the discriminatory behavior.
Effects of Malathion and Staley's Bait on the Behavior and Survival of Parasitic Hymenoptera

A wasp parasite of ice plant scale, Encyrtus saliens Prinsloo and Annecke, was studied to determine the effect of simulated malathion-Staley's bait spray residue on the walking speed of the parasite and whether the bait alone was attractive or repellant. Trioxys pallidus (Haliday), a parasitic wasp of walnut aphid, and Euderauphale fiavimedia (Howard), a parasitic wasp of iris whitefly, were similarly tested for response to the bait. Walking speeds of intoxicated wasps and controls were determined with a video cameramicrocomputer tracking system. Baseline data on the effect of temperature and time of day were established. Attraction to the bait was tested in 50-mm arenas with single sources of bait and honey or bait only. The ice plant scale parasite was extremely susceptible to the simulated spray residue. However, increased walking speeds were found following sublethal intoxication from degraded diluted spray residues. The three wasp species demonstrated neutral or negative responses to Staley's bait in all but 1 of 45 cases. The net impact of a toxicant-bait spray program on parasitic wasps needs to be determined under field conditions, but this study identifies the phenomena that may contribute to that net result.
35 A COMPARISON OF PROVIDER AND PRACTICE SETTINGS IN THE USE OF BETA-2-AGONIST BRONCHODILATORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIOLITIS.

Purpose There is minimal evidence showing that beta-2-agonist bronchodilators (BDs) improve outcomes in bronchiolitis. The use of these agents in ambulatory settings for children with bronchiolitis has not been well studied. Methods Data from emergency department and physician office visits were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) 1995-2003. Visits surveyed included those of children less than or equal to 2 years old who were seen by a physician and given the primary, secondary, or tertiary diagnosis of bronchiolitis. We excluded children with concomitant diagnoses that would otherwise justify the use of BDs (eg, asthma). BDs included albuterol, albuterol sulfate, levalbuterol, or salmeterol. Results 491 visits met study criteria. BDs were prescribed in 311 (63%) visits. Children seen in the emergency department were more likely to receive BDs compared to children seen in office settings; 66% versus 57% (OR = 1.51 [95% CI = 1.03-2.23]). BD use did not vary with other factors, such as patient race, insurance status, hospital teaching status, or physician level of training. There was no significant trend over time toward decreasing beta-2-agonist bronchodilator use (p = .7447). Conclusion Despite lack of efficacy, nearly 2/3 of children with bronchiolitis are treated with BDs in ambulatory settings—especially in emergency rooms.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in the Human Ovary

Abstract Objective: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells and a potent permeability factor. Follicular growth and the development of the corpus luteum are accompanied by the formation of a complex network of capillary blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression has been demonstrated in the ovary of several species. The purpose of our study was to characterize the pattern of VEGF protein and mRNA expression during human folliculogenesis and corpus luteum formation. Methods: the study was approved by the Human Subjects Committee at the University of California. Ovarian tissue samples were collected from reproductive age women undergoing gynaecological surgery for benign disease. Luteinized granulosa cells and follicular fluid were obtained from women undergoing oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization. Results: using immunohistochemistry, VEGF was localized to the granulosa cells and theca cells of antral follicles and lutein cells of the corpus luteum. Vascular endothelial growth factor was also identified in human follicular fluid by western blot analysis. In human luteinized granulosa, VEGF protein and mRNA were identified by immunohistochemistry and northern analysis respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated VEGF mRNA expression in the lutein cells of the corpus luteum. Conclusions: the sources of VEGF in the human ovary include the granulosa and theca cells of antral follicles and the lutein cells of the corpus luteum. The expression of VEGF in the human ovary parallels the pattern of ovarian angiogenesis and its presence in human follicular fluid suggests a possible role in the follicular fluid formation.
The Milko-Tester and problems related to its use

The Milko-Tester is a relatively new milkfat testing device and is only now beginning to gain fairly wide adoption in industry and regulatory laboratories. Used properly, on representative samples of milk, it can provide consistent, precise results at efficient speeds necessary in today's high-volume laboratory operations. But it cannot be used in lieu of, or as a cover-up for poor sampling and testing practices. In fact, more than ever, proper sampling, proper calibration and standardization, and routine check-testing of results are required. Experiences in our laboratory indicate that only the most careful day to day control will assure reliable, useable results. In this paper are presented some pitfalls to be avoided, and also some routine controls we have found essential after 5 years of experience with Milko-Testers, both Mark II and Mark III models.
Opening STEM Careers to African Americans

This chapter provides an overview of higher education for African Americans. It includes material about the history of African American education and the important role of federal legislation and court decisions in a sphere (education) that is largely left to the states. It provides an overview of science and technology education for African Americans. It discusses the important role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. It also includes information about two organizations – the United Negro College Fund and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund – that are important funders of African American education generally.
Two Competing Populations

Competition is an interaction between organisms, or species, sharing resources that are in limited supply. This is an important topic in ecology. The ‘competitive exclusion principle’ asserts that species less suited to compete will either adapt or die out. In aggressive competition one species may attempt to kill the other. This situation occurs, for example, among some species of ants, and some species or yeast. When enough data is known about the history of a specific competition between two species, mathematics can then be used to predict whether both species will survive and coexist or whether one of them will die out.
Der Ku Klux Klan und das Scheitern der Reconstruction in North Carolina

Der Ku Klux Klan wurde 1866 als Geselligkeitsverein in Pulaski, Tennessee, gegrundet. Nachdem der von den Republikanern kontrollierte Kongress den vormaligen Staaten der Konfoderation die Radical Reconstruction auferlegte (wie sie spater genannt wurde), verbreitete sich die Organisation rapide im Suden der USA. Kurz vor den Kongresswahlen 1868 hatte die Organisation 500 000 Angehorige. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war der Ku Klux Klan zur erfolgreichsten und machtigsten Terrororganisation in der Geschichte der USA aufgestiegen.
Why Science and Technology Require Political Guidance to Sustain Development

It is commonly hoped that technological innovation will sustain development and obviate the need for extensive socioeconomic change. Historically, free markets have increased the quantity of technological innovation, which has in turn enhanced economic growth. This article shows that market selection probably will not produce the technological innovation required to sustain development. Social structures and habitual practices also inhibit technological change, and market choices of technology could prevent ecologically efficient technological innovations. Only political direction of science and technology will optimize the contribution of technology to sustainable development. However, there is no theory or experience to act as a guide to policymaking. In addition, in the medium to long term, technology is indeterminate, selected by local process perturbations. This article suggests some policy directions for science and technology and argues that models borrowed from the life sciences may permit more effective government direction of the technology system.
A grid-interfaced test system for modeling of NiMH batteries in a battery-buffered smart load application

Testing and modeling of batteries are essential to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in power system applications. The procedure of extraction and experimental verification of any battery model require a reliable and efficient testing system. In this paper, a programmable grid-interfaced battery test system for battery modeling in a frequency-controlled battery-buffered smart load application is proposed. The testbed is based on the same smart load experimental system which consists of a single phase bidirectional AC-DC converter, a DC-link, and a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The AC-DC converter is designed to control a bidirectional power flow between the AC-line and the DC-link. Therefore, the energy can be controlled effectively flowing between the battery and the power line during charge and discharge without significant power losses. This design realizes an energy-conserving electronic load by supplying the battery energy to the grid instead of dissipating it during discharge. To verify the functionality of the developed test system, 3Ah, 1.2V NiMH batteries were tested for a Thevenin-based model identification. Then, a simulation of the identified model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the model under the smart load charging and discharging conditions.
Robert Treat Paine III (1933-2016).

Robert Treat Paine III passed away June 13 in Seattle surrounded by family and friends. RTP, as he was known, was an emeritus Professor at the University of Washington, where he developed a career that helped define the field of community ecology. Ever an avid naturalist who paid close attention to the specifics of a bird song or a starfish’s diet, RTP’s best-known contributions were the concepts of keystone species and trophic cascades. Keystone species have effects on communities or ecosystems that are much larger than their abundances would suggest. Trophic cascades are the many changes in species diversity or abundance that ensue when a consumer is removed from an ecosystem (see ref. 1 for a more detailed synopsis). RTP was also well-known as a champion of the use of experimental methods in field ecology, helping to show that simple experiments in complex natural communities could reveal a wealth of information about how species interacted with one another. Another enduring dimension of his legacy was his mentoring and inspiration of several generations of graduate students and postdocorates in the adventure of working out the complex wiring of species interactions, all within the wild dynamics of natural ecosystems. Robert Treat Paine III. Image courtesy of Robert Steneck (University of Maine, Orono, ME). RTP was a descendent of a celebrated clan in Boston that included Thomas Paine and Robert Treat Paine Sr., a signer of the US Declaration of Independence, as well as the great mathematician George Birkhoff. RTP grew up in Boston as an avid naturalist and bird watcher, and attended … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: spalumbi{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
NecroQuant: quantitative assessment of radiological necrosis

Clinicians can now objectively quantify tumor necrosis by Hounsfield units and enhancement characteristics from multiphase contrast enhanced CT imaging. NecroQuant has been designed to work as part of a radiomics pipelines. The software is a departure from the conventional qualitative assessment of tumor necrosis, as it provides the user (radiologists and researchers) a simple interface to precisely and interactively define and measure necrosis in contrast-enhanced CT images. Although, the software is tested here on renal masses, it can be re-configured to assess tumor necrosis across variety of tumors from different body sites, providing a generalized, open, portable, and extensible quantitative analysis platform that is widely applicable across cancer types to quantify tumor necrosis.
METAL ION EFFECTORS OF HORSE LIVER ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASES

Salts of Ma 2+ , Ca 2+ , Y 3+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , La 3+ , Ce 3+ , Pr 3+ , Nd 3+ , Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ , Gd 3+ , Tb 3+ , Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , Yb 3+ and Lu 3+ were investigated as effectors of the horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes, F1 and F2. While Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were relatively insensitive effectors (requiring > 200 μM concentrations), most remaining metal ions produced dramatic activation (0.1–10μM) and inhibition (5–40 μM) with the F1 isoenzyme and large activation but weak inhibition with the F2 isoenzyme. The representative pattern of activation and inhibition of F1 with Zn 2+ possessed a maximal 200% activation (0.5μM) followed by 90% inhibition (2.0 μM Zn 2+ ) with 1 mM acetaldehyde and 0.1 mM NAD + . The stoichiometry of NADH binding established by fluorescence titration with Fl in the presence of inhibitory levels of Zn 2+ was shown to be two moles of NADH per mole of enzyme. Tigher NADH binding to the enzyme was noted. The tighter binding of NADH could be the mechanism of Inhibition where the dehydrogenase activity is moderated by the rate limiting NADH dissociation step. Because NAD + is not required, the effect of metal ions upon the esterase activity discriminates as to whether the metal ions are probing the substrate or coenzyme binding sites. Zinc was the only metal ion tested which showed equivalent esterase and dehydrogenase inhibition. This indicates that the dehydrogenase activity is controlled through the binding of metal ions to the cofactor, NAD + , and their corresponding influence upon slower release of NADH.
Complexity made simple: The value of brief vignettes as a pedagogical tool in public affairs education

Introducing a new concept, skill or method to public affairs students always involves a decision about the most effective pedagogical approach that will achieve the instructor’s objectives. In publ...
A Randomized Comparison of Radiation Therapy Techniques in the Management of Node-Positive Breast Cancer: Primary Outcomes Analysis.

Purpose Although inverse-planned intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) may allow for more conformal dose distributions, it is unknown whether using these technologies reduces cardiac or pulmonary toxicity of breast radiotherapy. Methods and Materials A randomized controlled trial compared IMRT-DIBH versus standard, free-breathing, forward-planned, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with left-sided, node-positive breast cancer in whom the internal mammary nodal region was targeted. Endpoints included dosimetric parameters and changes in pulmonary and cardiac perfusion and function, measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans and pulmonary function testing performed at baseline and 1 year post treatment. Results Of 62 patients randomized, 54 who completed all follow-up procedures were analyzed. Mean doses to the ipsilateral lung, left ventricle, whole heart, and left anterior descending coronary artery were lower with IMRT-DIBH; the percent of left ventricle receiving ≥5 Gy averaged 15.8% with standard radiotherapy and 5.6% with IMRT-DIBH (P Conclusion The small but statistically significant benefit in preservation of cardiac LVEF observed here should motivate future studies that include LVEF as a potentially meaningful endpoint. Future studies should disaggregate the impact of IMRT from that of DIBH. Clinical practice should recognize the importance of minimizing cardiac dose, even when already low in comparison to historical levels.
Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and E. coli, and are useful for the study of pathogenesis and/or spread of the bacteria in natural hosts. With the key function of lymph nodes in the host immune response, lymph node tissues serve as a potential source of RNA for downstream transcriptomic analyses, in order to assess the temporal changes in gene expression in cells over the course of an infection. This article presents an overview of the process of lymph node collection, tissue sampling, and downstream RNA processing in livestock, using cattle (Bos taurus) as a model, with additional examples provided from the American bison (Bison bison). The protocol includes information about the location, identification, and removal of lymph nodes from multiple key sites in the body. Additionally, a biopsy sampling methodology is presented that allows for a consistency of sampling across multiple animals. Several considerations for sample preservation are discussed, including the generation of RNA suitable for downstream methodologies like RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR. Due to the long delays inherent in large animal vs. mouse time course studies, representative results from bison and bovine lymph node tissues are presented to describe the time course of the degradation in this tissue type, in the context of a review of previous methodological work on RNA degradation in other tissues. Overall, this protocol will be useful to both veterinary researchers beginning transcriptome projects on large animal samples and to molecular biologists interested in learning techniques for in vivo tissue sampling and in vitro processing.
Clean vehicles as an enabler for a clean electricity grid

California has issued ambitious targets to decarbonize transportation through the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs), and to decarbonize the electricity grid through the expansion of both renewable generation and energy storage. These parallel efforts can provide an untapped synergistic opportunity for clean transportation to be an enabler for a clean electricity grid. To quantify this potential, we forecast the hourly system-wide balancing problems arising out to 2025 as more renewables are deployed and load continues to grow. We then quantify the system-wide balancing benefits from EVs modulating the charging or discharging of their batteries to mitigate renewable intermittency, without compromising the mobility needs of drivers. Our results show that with its EV deployment target and with only one-way charging control of EVs, California can achieve much of the same benefit of its Storage Mandate for mitigating renewable intermittency, but at a small fraction of the cost. Moreover, EVs provide many times these benefits if two-way charging control becomes widely available. Thus, EVs support the state's renewable integration targets while avoiding much of the tremendous capital investment of stationary storage that can instead be applied towards further deployment of clean vehicles.
Shared Vulnerability, Collaborative Composition, and the Interrogation and Reification of Oppressive Values in a High School LGBTQ-Themed Literature Course:

With recent decades showing an increase in educational literacy scholarship attending to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Queer (LGBTQ) people and texts with LGBTQ themes, we sought to extend thi...
Global Warming, Temperature Homogenization and Species Extinction

The global mean surface air temperature has increased by about 0.5 °C over the past century, and is expected to increase by 1.5 to 4.0 °C in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 (relative to the pre-industrial level) over the next century (IPCC 1996). Variations in the rise in temperature at regional to continental scales are expected to depend on both latitude and altitude. General circulation models (GCMs) project a maximum mean warming in high latitudes, in part a consequence of ice-albedo feedback associated with reduced sea ice cover (IPCC 1996). At high elevations, a similar feedback-induced temperature enhancement is likely to occur if warming reduces the duration of snowcover. Hence, the equator-to-pole and sea-level-to-mountaintop temperature gradients will likely shrink. This predicted climate change would homogenize the temperature of the earth; the ecological effect of this abiotic homogenization is the focus of this chapter.
Malaria vaccines as prevention strategies: for more studies on community perception.

Proper implementation of efficient malaria control tools is essential to program success and public health. Millions of lives are affected annually due to the disease, and despite widespread treatment and prevention efforts, malaria remains a scourge on the African continent
Learning Express Library: An Evaluation

Learning Express Library, recently acquired by EBSCO Information Services, is a broad-based skill and test preparation tool designed to connect users with learning opportunities that would be of va...
23 Viscosity Measurement

The most significant mechanical difference between materials classified as “fluids” and those classified as solids is in their reaction to shear stresses. This chapter begins by discussing the units by which viscosity is measured. Then the distinction between the larger field of rheology and its subfield viscometry is made in the context of differentiating between the so-called Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The chapter provides a brief theoretical and mathematical overview of viscosity. It provides detailed and practical information on methods for measuring viscosity. The chapter develops the mathematical formulations governing viscosity, and explains the roles and relations between “shear” viscosity and “bulk” viscosity. It focuses on the use of laboratory-type viscometers; however, some information is included on the use of process viscometers. The ASTM viscosity standards come in two types: (a) standards focused on methods (method standards) and (b) standards based on materials (material standards). Keywords: ASTM viscosity standards; bulk viscosity; Newtonian fluids; shear viscosity; viscosity measurement
Flow stabilization in wearable microfluidic sensors enables noise suppression

Dilatometric strain sensors (DSS) that work based on detection of volume change in microfluidic channels; i) are highly sensitive to biaxial strain, ii) can be fabricated using only soft and transparent materials, and iii) are easy to integrate with smart-phones. These features are especially attractive for contact lens based intraocular pressure (IOP) sensing applications. The inherent flow stabilization of the microfluidic systems is an additional advantage suitable for filtering out rapid fluctuations. Here, we have demonstrated that the low-pass filtering in microfluidic sensors improves the signal-to-noise-ratio for ophthalmic applications. We have fabricated devices with a time constant in the range of 1-200 seconds. We have demonstrated that the device architecture and working liquid viscosity (10-866 cSt) are the two independent factors that determine the sensor time constant. We have developed an equivalent circuit model for the DSS that accurately represents the experimental results thus can be used as a computational model for design and development of microfluidic sensors. For a sensor with the time constant of 4 s, we report that microfluidic signal filtering in IOP monitoring applications can suppress the rapid fluctuations (i.e., the noise due to ocular pulsation, blinking etc.) by 9 dB without the need for electronic components.
States of Stress

The six components σx, σy, σz, τxy, τxz and τyz of the state of stress at a point in terms of a given cartesian coordinate system were defined in Chap. 2. In a state of plane stress, the only nonzero components are σx, σy and τxy. Let the x ‐ y plane lie in the plane of the page, with the z axis directed out of the page. Let a second cartesian coordinate system x′y′z′ be superimposed on the xyz system, then its orientation by rotating it about the z′ axis through a counterclockwise angle θ. By passing an oblique plane through a cubic element with its faces perpendicular to the xyz system and applying the equilibrium equations, expressions are obtained for the stress components σx′, σy′ and τx′y′ in terms of θ. Because of their importance in design, the maximum and minimum values of the normal stresses and the maximum value of the magnitude of the shear stress on any plane through the point are discussed. A graphical procedure known as Mohr’s circle, which helps in visualizing and interpreting the equations for determining the components σx′, σy′ and τx′y′ in terms of θ, is described. Attention is then given to the problem of determining the maximum and minimum normal stresses and the magnitude of the maximum shear stress for a general state of stress. The normal stresses are given by a cubic equation whose coefficients are functions of the components of stress. Its three solutions are called the principal stresses. The maximum magnitude of the shear stress is given by an expression in terms of the principal stresses. A special case called triaxial stress, in which the only nonzero stress components are σx, σy and σz, is discussed. Two applications giving rise to interesting states of stress, bars subjected to combined loads and pressure vessels, are then covered. The chapter closes with a discussion of the tetrahedron argument, which allows determination of the normal and shear stresses acting on any plane through a point in terms of the state of stress at the point.
American Society of Anesthesiologists Score is Not Predictive of Complication Incidence After Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar Spine Procedures

ABSTRACT Background Complications occurring after spinal procedures are associated with recurrent symptomatology, new-onset symptomatology, and increased health care costs. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score is a commonly cited risk factor for complication incidence. Few investigations have been performed analyzing the relationship between ASA score and complication rate following spinal minimally invasive surgery (MIS) decompressions or fusions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether an association exists between preoperative ASA score and the incidence of postoperative complications among patients undergoing MIS posterior lumbar decompression or fusion. Methods A surgical registry of patients undergoing single-level MIS posterior lumbar decompressions or fusions between 2007 and 2016 was retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified by preoperative ASA score (≤2, >2). The ASA score was tested for an association with preoperative demographic, comorbidity, and perioperative characteristics using the Student t test or χ2 analysis. Multivariate Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to test for an association between ASA score and the incidence of complications up to 6 months postoperatively. Results A total of 772 patients were analyzed. Of those, 86.7% had an ASA score ≤2, whereas 13.3% had an ASA score >2. An ASA score >2 was associated with older age (P 2 was also associated with significantly longer operative time (P = .001) and longer length of hospital stay (P Conclusions The ASA score was not a predictive factor for complication incidence up to 6 months postoperatively. Thus, a higher ASA score should not preclude patients from being surgical candidates for MIS posterior lumbar decompressions or fusions. Further investigation is required to identify other predictive factors for complication incidence after minimally invasive spine surgery. Level of Evidence 3
Exercise and Chronic Pain

In this chapter, we describe the impact and etiology of chronic pain, the associated changes in the nervous system, and the mechanisms by which exercise may be able to affect and reverse these changes. Evidence for efficacy of exercise in different conditions associated with chronic pain is presented, with focus on chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and migraines. While the efficacy of exercise and level of evidence supporting it vary in different diseases, exercise has direct and indirect benefits for most patients suffering from chronic pain. Effective exercise regimens include education and cognitive restructuring to promote behavioral activation and reconceptualization of what pain means, with the goal of gradually reversing the vicious cycle of pain, inertia, sedentary behavior, and worsening disability. Long-term, consistent, individualized exercise-based treatment approaches are most likely to result in improvements in pain and function.
Two cases with dilated cardiomyopathy since infancy

2例婴儿期起病的扩张型心肌病患儿均为女孩，均于1岁前起病，急性期主要表现为吐沫、拒乳、精神差、呻吟、呼吸困难，以进食、哭闹等活动时明显，伴少尿、腹胀。例1既往活动后多汗，且有家族史。2例患儿在TNNT2基因上发现2种已报道杂合变异，其中例1父亲及胞妹携带相同致病变异，2例患儿及例1部分家系成员基因确诊为扩张型心肌病。TNNT2基因相关婴幼儿期起病的扩张型心肌病临床极为罕见。
Latent class analysis of bipolar disorder symptoms and suicidal ideation and behaviors

Individuals with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of dying by suicide compared to healthy controls and those with unipolar depression. Previous studies show that depressive symptoms and mixed episodes of mania and depression are related to suicide. However, most of these studies adopt a variable-centered approach to understanding how specific symptoms relate to suicidal ideation, without addressing how these symptoms and symptom profiles relate to suicidal behaviors. Objectives Using latent class analysis, this study adopts a person-centered approach to examine whether subtypes of patients with bipolar disorder differ in their levels of suicidal ideation and behaviors. Methods A total of 150 patients from a behavioral health outpatient clinic were recruited. Latent classes were generated based on self reports of their depressive and manic symptoms. Results Five classes of patients with bipolar disorder were identified, namely, a minimal symptom, mania, moderately depressed, severely depressed, and mixed depression-mania subtypes. Those in the severely depressed and mixed depression-mania groups reported significantly higher levels of suicidal ideation and behaviors compared to the other groups. Conclusions Our findings provide further support for the strong relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidality. These findings are significant as they shed light on the different suicide risk profiles among a heterogenous group of patients with bipolar disorder. Name of clinical trial: Suicidal Behavior in Patients Diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder: The Roles of Biological and Childhood and Adult Environmental Risk Factors. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02604277.
Padraig O'Ceidigh and Aer Arann: Building a Business in the Context of a Life - What Happened

Provides an epilogue to the problem posed in the companion case: what to do in the face of potential liquidation?Learning Objective: Examine how an entrepreneur defines success and makes choices from a personal and business perspective.
Fiber Composite Columns Under Compression

The micromechanics of fiber composite columns under compression is investigated theoretically. The model is based on the assumption that the fiber buckles inside the matrix. In the postbuckling ran...