cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurotrophin protection against toxicity induced by low potassium and nitroprusside in cultured cerebellar granule neurons.

Long-term survival of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons requires depolarizing concentrations of potassium (high potassium; 25 mM KCI). A high-potassium culturing condition has been reported to increase the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which in turn induces the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in these neurons. We therefore examined the neurotrophic effect of these two neurotrophins in low-potassium (5 mM) cultures and their neuroprotective capabilities against sodium nitroprusside-induced neurotoxicity in both low- and high-potassium cultures. Neuronal survival and neurotrophic effects were monitored by [ 3 H] ouabain binding and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. In low-potassium cultures, the neurotrophic effect of BDNF approached that found in high-potassium cultures but was much more robust than that of NT-3. In contrast, undifferentiated neurons cultured in high-potassium medium were much less responsive to BDNF and not responsive at all to NT-3. Induction of nitroprusside neurotoxicity occurred more readily in low- than in high-potassium cultures. BDNF, NT-3, and a high potassium concentration, alone or in combination, were unable to protect neurons treated with nitroprusside at 50 or 100 μM. However, the neurotoxicity of a lower dose of nitroprusside (10 μM) was reversed by the combined actions of these two neurotrophins in low-potassium cultures and by BDNF alone in high-potassium cultures. Because nitroprusside neurotoxicity is less robust in high-potassium cultures, high-potassium-induced BDNF expression and subsequent NT-3 expression may participate in its neuroprotection and neurotrophism in these cultures. Also, we found that toxic doses of nitroprusside antagonized KCI- and NMDA-induced rises in [Ca 2+ ] i , suggesting that this effect is related to nitroprusside-induced neurotoxicity.
Nucleus basalis magnocellularis and attention: Effects of muscimol infusions

The basal forebrain is important in cognitive processing. Most studies have focused on the importance of this area in mnemonic processing. However, the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), which is a major component of the basal forebrain, may also be involved in attentional processes. Attention can influence the sensitivity of perceptual processes, as assessed by discriminability, or the selection of response strategies, as assessed by bias. This experiment examined whether temporary inactivation of the NBM, using the GABA agonist muscimol, would interfere with attention. Each rat was tested in a 2-choice reaction time (RT) task in which stimulus frequency was varied. RT and error rate increased, and discriminability decreased following muscimol infusions into the NBM. Bias was unchanged. The pattern of results provides evidence that the NBM is important in attention, and this influence of the NBM acts primarily on perceptual aspects of attention.
S1 nuclease analysis of a deleted mouse mammary tumor virus DNA

Abstract The deleted mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral DNA in the cell line designated line 8 is shown by S 1 nuclease mapping techniques to be a reverse transcriptional product of the MMTV env mRNA. The positions of the splice donor and acceptor sites for MMTV env mRNA align precisely with the structure of this DNA.
Association of corrected QT interval with long-term mortality in patients with syncope.

Introduction The electrocardiographic parameters QRS duration, QRS-T angle and QTc can predict mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. The prgnostic value of these parameters in hospitalized patients with syncope needs investigation.
Behavior Therapy and the Elderly: A Conceptual and Ethical Analysis.

This article examines several dimensions of the conceptual framework of the behavioral approach to the treatment of the elderly's problems in living that require emphasis. These dimensions are: 1) Within the behavioral approach behavior is viewed as not being a function of discontinuous, developmental stages each with a unique set of psychological processes; chronological age therefore is considered not to be a causal variable in psychological development, but rather a pure index of only certain physical events; 2) The level of analysis of the behavioral approach to the problems of the elderly is that of molar behavior, and therefore explanations which appeal to other levels of observation, described in different terms and measured in different dimensions, are not considered to be part of this approach; 3) The molar behavior of the elderly is viewed as a function of the contingencies of reinforcement, and behavior that is labeled abnormal is viewed as not quantitatively nor qualitatively different in its development and maintenance from other learned behavior; and 4) Behavior therapy, like all therapies, is a value-laden enterprise in which ends as well as means can be explicated and critically examined. Behavior therapy, in which the involvement of the elderly in the determination of treatment goals is maximized and in which the ability of the elderly to influence and design their environments is enhanced, is advocated.
LCAT pump optimization for an integrated microfluidic droplet generator

We demonstrate an on-chip integrated droplet generator enabled by lateral cavity acoustic transducer (LCAT) oil and water microfluidic pumps. Both oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) droplet generation are demonstrated. The LCAT pumps are energized by piezoelectric acoustic energy to induce rectified microstreaming for pumping liquid. In this work, the analysis of geometric optimization of LCAT pumps was performed. The LCAT droplet generator was characterized in terms of size and frequency of generated droplets. For the W/O droplet generation, the controllable range of droplet diameter was 50-420 μm; while for the O/W droplet generation, the controllable range of droplet diameter is 60-150 μm. The minimum voltage for stable droplet generation can be as low as 4 Vpp. The first LCAT pump for pumping oil is also demonstrated by lipophilic treatment of the microfluidic channel. The integrated LCAT droplet generator offers a valveless, portable, low-cost, and low-power platform for generating microfluidic droplets. The LCAT droplet generator can be a key enabling microfluidic component towards the realization of a portable diagnostic/screening platform.
Immunization with synthetic VEGF peptides in ovarian cancer

Objective To assess the role of active immunotherapy targeting VEGF with a peptide vaccine as a potential treatment for ovarian cancer.
AIMSI: a prelude to a new generation of integrated CAD/CAM systems

Human interpretation of CAD data is required for generating process plans and NC tape images in existing CAD/CAM systems. In order lo eliminate this human interpretation, an algorithm for automatically identifying all machined surfaces on symmetric rotational parts is presented. An implementation procedure of the surface recognition algorithm is described along with examples. The algorithm is suitable for manufacturing applications, such as automated process planning, classification and coding, and NC tape image generation.
Rent-seeking, distributional coalitions, taxes, relative prices and economic growth

The results clearly indicate that much of the considerable variation in the pace and pattern of economic growth between the various American states is explainable by institutional arrangements amenable to revisions through public policy. The findings suggest that long run economic growth would be best served by constraining distributional coalitions, be it through constitutional restraints (e.g., balanced budget amendments, the item veto), statutory changes (e.g., subjecting coalitions like labor unions to the antitrust laws), or some other means (e.g., labor and capital fleeing distributional coalitions, such as in the movement of workers and plants to nonunion areas).
Responses to human CGRP, ADM, and PAMP in human thymic arteries

Responses to human CGRP, adrenomedullin (ADM), and proadrenomedullin NH2-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) were studied in small human thymic arteries. CGRP, ADM, and PAMP produced concentration-dependent...
Conformationally switchable TTFV–phenylacetylene polymers: synthesis, properties, and supramolecular interactions with single-walled carbon nanotubes

A series of π-conjugated polymers made up of tetrathiafulvalene vinylogue (TTFV) and phenylacetylene repeat units was synthesized and investigated as supramolecular hosts for non-covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Adopting a folding conformation in the neutral state, these polymers can effectively interact with individual SWNTs forming supramolecular complexes with good solubility in organic solvents. Responding to certain external chemical stimuli (e.g., oxidation or protonation), however, the polymers change their molecular shapes into a linear structure driven by the formation of TTFV cations and hence result in reversible dissociation of the polymers from SWNTs. Such a process allows the efficient releasing of pristine SWNTs from polymer dispersants. The detailed polymer–SWNT interactions and relevant selectivity for certain types of SWNTs were examined by various spectroscopic analyses. Intriguing bulk materials, such as “bucky gels” and conductive “bucky films”, were obtained from the polymer–SWNT composites and their structural and physical properties were characterized as well.
Methods of forming fibers from halide glasses

The methods commonly employed to prepare optical fibers from halide glasses are described. Since these approaches can limit the choices of compositions which can be used, two new processing methods are being developed which could, in principal, improve the capability of forming technology.
An overview of global warming

Temperature records indicate that the global annual mean surface air temperature (referred to as the global temperature) has risen by 0.5°C since 1840. According to recent general circulation model calculations, by the year 2020 the global mean temperature will have risen to 1.3 to 2.5°C above the preindustrial (1840) mean. By the year 2070, the range of temperature increase will be 2.4 to 5.1°C, and sea level will have risen 33 to 75 cm. Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show temperature swings of 4 to 5°C between ice ages and interglacial periods. Fossil fuel-based energy use through power generation and transportation is viewed as the major cause of the very recent and projected future temperature rise. Recent arguments of scientists and policy makers have increasingly focused on the exact scope of global-scale changes and consequences of the globally rising energy appetite. The question of global warming has become the most important scientific issue.
Nanotribology of carbon-based materials

The dominance of surface effects at the nanoscale implies that nanotechnology applications involving contacting, moving components can be critically limited by the tribological behavior of the interacting materials. Carbon-based materials have tremendous potential here because of their robust and often unsurpassed tribological performance. We review some recent insights gained by nanotribology studies of various forms of carbon, with an emphasis on thin film materials.
Attention and habituation: Catecholamine interactions and sex differences

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE)-dopamine (DA) interactions in mediation of long-term habituation were tested using the stimulus-elicited investigation paradigm. Systemic injections of clonidine hydrochloride (CLON), an α-adrenergic receptor agonist, given before apomorphine (APO) (1 mg/kg SC), a DA receptor agonist, prevented APO-induced disruption of the duration measure of habituation 24-hr later. A lower dose was effective in female gerbils than that required for male gerbils, suggesting that females are more sensitive to the effects of clonidine. In addition, apomorphine, with or without CLON (0.01 mg/kg), increased locomotor activity in male gerbils but reduced acvitity in female gerbils. The same dose of CLON that prevented APO-induced disruption of 24-hr habituation did not reverse APO-induced reduction of investigation of an object or an odor, or APO-induced changes in activity. Neither CLON nor desmethylimipramine, a blocker of NE reuptake, had any selective effects on investigation of novel stimuli or short-term habituation showing that relative NE-DA activity can be disrupted without interfering with the behavior. However, CLON interfered with the frequency measure of long-term habituation in male gerbils but not in female gerbils at any dose used (0.01–0.3 mg/kg). The data suggest important sex dependent NE-DA interaction in mediation of long-term habituation.
Bonding of plastic teeth to two heat-curing denture base resins

Plastic teeth account for approximately 30% of all artificial teeth sold in this country 1. Included among the advantages claimed for plastic teeth is a stronger overall one-unit denture that is a result of a better bond between teeth and resinL Bond failures do occur, however, between plastic teeth and heatcuring denture base resins. Contributing factors include faulty boil-out procedures, which permit traces of wax to remain on ridge laps of the teeth, and careless application of tin-foil substitutes to the teeth, which can prevent chemical bonding? Conceivably the bond between teeth and a denture base resin could also be influenced by the use of cross-linked or copolymerized resins, although in one study copolymerization was not a major factor in reducing the bond between teeth and a denture base.' Recommendations for obtaining maximum bond strength include use of a detergent solution during boil-out to assure complete wax elimination.: In another study of fluid resin systems, increased bond strength was achieved by grinding the glossy ridge-lap surface, although painting of the teeth with monomer alone did not improve bond strength significantly? Overdentures require strength to resist breakage in serviced Fractures are probably due to increased functional forces on the overdenture potentiated by the presence of abutment teeth. The use of "highimpact strength" type denture base resins has reduced overdenture breakage in our practice. 7
Strongly coupled flow/structure interactions with a geometrically conservative ALE scheme on general hybrid meshes

A geometrically conservative finite-volume arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) scheme is presented with general hybrid meshes. A moving mesh source term is derived from the geometric conservation law and physical conservation laws on arbitrarily moving meshes. The significance and effectiveness of the moving mesh source term regarding uniform flow preservation is demonstrated and also compared to a different ALE formulation without such a source term. The temporal accuracy of the current ALE scheme does not deteriorate with the use of moving meshes. The applicability of the presented ALE scheme is demonstrated by simulating vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of a cylinder. Two different flow-structure coupling strategies, namely weak and strong, are employed and compared. The proposed strong coupling is implemented with a predictor-corrector method, and its superior stability and time accuracy over weak coupling schemes is demonstrated. The present scheme can employ general hybrid meshes consisting of four different types of elements (hexahedra, prisms, tetrahedra and pyramids) and yields good agreement with other computational and experimental results.
X-ray-absorption fine-structure studies of PbS x Te 1 − x alloys: Ferroelectric phase transitions induced by off-center ions

Studies of ferroelectric phase transitions (FPT's) induced by off-center ions in highly polarizable systems are important for understanding cooperative phenomena in electric dipole systems. Using the x-ray-absorption fine-structure technique, we have investigated the local structure of disordered ${\mathrm{PbS}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ (x=0.10, 0.18, and 0.30) alloys at temperatures ranging from 10 to 300 K. The sulfur ions are found to be off center in both the high- and low-temperature phases for all three samples. The corresponding displacement of the ions off site center depends strongly on sulfur concentration. We also find strong evidence that the Pb sublattice and Te sublattice shift relative to one another below the transition temperature. Our results suggest that the ${\mathrm{PbS}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ alloys may undergo a complex phase transition similar to that in ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$Te: a coupled orientational order-disorder and displacive FPT, where the long-range ordering of dipoles created by off-center sulfur ions may induce the bulk displacive FPT.
Nursing behaviour and maternal aggression among Welsh ponies (Equus caballus)

Abstract Nursing behaviour and related aggression of mare-foal pairs was studied from birth (n = 21) to 24 weeks of age (n = 15) of the foal. Foals exhibited a decreasing length and frequency of nursing as they grew older. Mares rarely aggressed against their foals during nursing in the foal's first 4 weeks of life, but did so increasingly through Weeks 13–16, after which the rate of aggression during nursing decreased. Mares terminated nursing primarily by moving away, and were most likely to do so during the foal's first 4 weeks of life. They became gradually less likely to do so as the foal grew older. It was concluded that mares sometimes flex their hind limb on the side opposite the foal during nursing in order to conserve energy in a situation in which they would be remaining still anyway. There was no difference between colts and fillies in the frequency or duration of nursing or in the frequency with which their mothers aggressed against them or terminated nursing.
Development of a Histidine-Targeted Spectrophotometric Sensor Using Ni(II)NTA-Functionalized Au and Ag Nanoparticles

An antibody-free diagnostic reagent has been developed based on the aggregation-induced colorimetric change of Ni(II)NTA-functionalized colloidal gold and silver nanoparticles. This diagnostic strategy utilizes the high binding affinity of histidine-rich proteins with Ni(II)NTA to capture and cross-link the histidine-rich protein mimics with the silver and gold nanoparticles. In model studies, the aggregation behavior of the Ni(II)NTA nanoparticles was tested against synthetic targets including charged poly(amino acid)s (histidine, lysine, arginine, and aspartic acid) and mimics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (pfHRP-II). Aggregation of the nanoparticle sensor was induced by all of the basic poly(amino acid)s including poly(l-histidine) within the pH range (5.5-9.0) tested, which is likely caused by the coordination between the multivalent polymer target and Ni(II)NTA groups on multiple particles. The peptide mimics induced aggregation of the nanoparticles only near their pK(a)'s with higher limits of detection. In addition, monomeric amino acids do not show any aggregation behavior, suggesting that multiple target binding sites are necessary for aggregation. Long-term stability studies showed that gold but not silver nanoparticles remained stable and exhibited similar aggregation behavior after 1 month of storage at room temperature and 37 °C. These results suggest that Ni(II)NTA gold nanoparticles could be further investigated for use as a sensor to detect histidine-rich proteins in biological samples.
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka

The ethnocentric policies successive Sri Lankan governments pursued against the minority Tamils pushed them to try to secede, but the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam9s (LTTE) immanent contradictions——the quest for state-building and independence juxtaposed with fascistic rule and terrorist practices——undermined the separatist movement and irreparably weakened the Tamil community. The Sri Lankan government9s extraconstitutional counterterrorism strategies under Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa helped defeat the LTTE, but the attendant militarism, culture of impunity especially among the defense forces, and political machinations bode further ill for the island9s democratic and polyethnic future.
Pluto's Planetary Status

Govert Schilling, in his article “Pluto: The planet that never was” (News of the Week, 8 Jan. p. [157][1]), implies that astronomers, through a committee of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), have decided or are going to decide that Pluto is not a planet. Such is not the case, nor is a
Fatigue performance assessment and service life prediction of high-speed ship structures based on probabilistic lifetime sea loads

This article focuses on estimating probabilistic lifetime sea loads for high-speed ship structures with the aim of assessing fatigue performance and predicting service life from available data. Performance assessment and service life prediction for naval ship structures are extremely important issues. In particular, understanding the effect of sea loading on naval high-speed vessels is still a challenge. Potential lifetime load effects including low frequency wave-induced and high frequency slam-induced whipping loadings are investigated in this article by using a probabilistic approach. Clearly, integration of probabilistic sea loads into structural reliability assessment and service life prediction will provide a more reliable estimation of the long-term structural performance. Accordingly, this article presents an approach for fatigue reliability evaluation of ship structures based on the estimated lifetime sea loads. Loading information associated with sea states, ship speeds and relative wave heading...
Effect of early low-volume enteral substrate on subsequent feeding tolerance in very low birth weight infants.

To determine the effect of small enteral feedings on small bowel function, 46 infants with birth weight P p p
Citizen Action For Global Change: The Neptune Group and Law of the Sea

A study of the effectiveness of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in international and national arenas. The author analyzes the work of three US-based NGOs, known collectively as the Neptune Group, and in particular, the group's efforts during the United Nations Conference on Law of the Sea.
1562 MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES IN FORMULAS AND PLASMA KETONE BODIES IN PRETERM INFANTS

The developing brain and CNS preferentially use ketone bodies, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and acetoacetate (ACAC) for sterol and lipid biosynthesis. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) have been added to formulas to improve fatty acid absorption. Because MCT is ketogenic, MCT may benefit preterm infants beyond the point of enhanced fat absorption. We measured the plasma conc. of 3HB and ACAC in 23 infants, (GA=33±0.8W). At the time of entrance to the study, the infants were receiving 110 cal/kg/24 h. Two studies were performed. Study I (11 infants): The infants were fed sequentially with 3 isocaloric (20 cal/30 ml) formulas (i) PM 60/40 (PM), (ii) similac Special Care Formula (SCF), (iii) Similac 20 (SIM). In SCF over 50% of the fat consists of MCT while PM and SIM contain about 25%. Mean (+SE) plasma conc. of 3HB was 0.06±0.01, 0.14±0.03, and 0.05±0.01 mM when fed PM, SCF and SIM respectively. Study II (12 infants): The infants were fed SCF and SIM (or reversed). Plasma conc. of 3HB was 0.14±0.03 and 0.06±0.01 mM and ACAC was 0.05±0.01 and 0.03±0.01 mM, on SCF and SIM feeding respectively. SCF promotes a mild ketosis in preterm infants similar to that reported in breast fed term infants. Since ketone-body uptake by the brain has been shown to be directly proportional to plasma level, the differences in plasma 3HB and ACAC while on different MCT containing formulas could be important by providing the principal lipid precursors during the crucial period of myelination.
The synthesis and evaluation of N1-(4-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-N8-hydroxyoctanediamide ([18F]-FESAHA), A PET radiotracer designed for the delineation of histone deacetylase expression in cancer ☆

Abstract Introduction Given the significant utility of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in chemotherapeutic protocols, a PET tracer that mimics the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition of SAHA could be a valuable tool in the diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment monitoring of cancer. Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of N 1 -(4-(2-[ 18 F]-fluoroethyl)phenyl)- N 8 -hydroxyoctanediamide ([ 18 F]-FESAHA), a PET tracer designed for the delineation of HDAC expression in cancer. Methods FESAHA was synthesized and biologically characterized in vivo and in vitro . [ 18 F]-FESAHA was then synthesized in high radiochemical purity, and the log P and serum stability of the radiotracer were determined. In vitro cellular uptake experiments and acute biodistribution and small-animal PET studies were performed with [ 18 F]-FESAHA in mice bearing LNCaP xenografts. Results [ 18 F]-FESAHA was synthesized in high radiochemical purity via an innovative one-pot procedure. Enzymatic inhibition assays illustrated that FESAHA is a potent HDAC inhibitor, with IC 50 values from 3 nM to 1.7 μM against the 11 HDAC subtypes. Cell proliferation experiments revealed that the cytostatic properties of FESAHA very closely resemble those of SAHA in both LNCaP cells and PC-3 cells. Acute biodistribution and PET imaging experiments revealed tumor uptake of [ 18 F]-FESAHA and substantially higher values in the small intestine, kidneys, liver and bone. Conclusion The significant non-tumor background uptake of [ 18 F]-FESAHA presents a substantial obstacle to the use of the radiotracer as an HDAC expression imaging agent. The study at hand, however, does present a number of lessons critical to both the synthesis of hydroxamic acid containing PET radiotracers and imaging agents aimed at delineating HDAC expression.
"Lieder machen Leute": Teaching Postwar German Identity through Song.

The negotiation of a West German identity in the decades that followed World War II can be traced in the issues and movements that preoccupied the populace. These in turn are documented in the work of socially and politically motivated Liedermacher. Songs thus serve as a point of entry for students into how Germans saw themselves in the Bonn Republic. By focusing on the Wirtschaftswunder, anti-nuclear activity, the environment, and patriotic militarism as addressed in five song texts from 1967 to 1985, this article provides a resource platform from which to build learning units and student projects exploring this era.
Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB and pyelonephritis

A patient with pyelonephritis developed multiorgan failure resulting in death. Clinical findings were consistent with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II, with bilateral pheochromocytomas identified by computed tomography scan. We hypothesize that either the infection or the administration of radiocontrast media led to a massive release of catecholamines from the pheochromocytomas. As a result, tissue perfusion was severely compromised, and multiorgan failure developed. This exceedingly rare complication of pheochromocytoma has been termed pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis.
Observation of antiferromagnetic resonance in epitaxial films of MnF 2

Antiferromagnetic resonance has been observed in thin films for what we believe to be the first time. Epitaxial films of ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$ on ${\mathrm{MgF}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{ZnF}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{FeF}}_{2}$ substrates were used. The resonance positions were very close to, but slightly below, that extrapolated for the bottom of the spin-wave band in bulk ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$. The linewidths ranged from 15 to 500 Oe, with the narrowest ones corresponding to films with the best degree of epitaxy as judged by texture camera photographs.
Characterization of Cu(II)-binding ligands from the Chesapeake Bay using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and mass spectrometry

The speciation of Cu(II) in marine waters is dominated by organic ligands, which have resisted detailed chemical characterization. In this work we have used immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) to isolate Cu(II)-binding ligands from the Chesapeake Bay. We have then used high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and mass spectrometry (MS) to gather information about the size distributions, molecular weights, and chemical functionality of the ligands isolated by IMAC. Results show that weaker-binding ligands have molecular weights that range from about 230 up to >20,000 Da. A portion of these weaker-binding ligands has molecular weight distributions that are consistent with humic substances. The molecular weight distribution of stronger-binding ligands is significantly more narrow with molecular weight values that are less than 1600 Da. Both HPSEC and MS show that the most abundant stronger-binding ligands have molecular weights around 270 Da. Furthermore, mass spectral analysis allows some empirical molecular formulas to be postulated for several ligands. These empirical formulas show that the ligands are abundant in nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur functionality. In addition, consistency between MS data and data from HPSEC when peptides are used for the calibration combined with the low molecular weights and prevalence of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur functionality suggest that the stronger-binding ligands may have been produced directly by organisms in the water. It is not clear at this point, however, the degree to which the molecular information we have gathered represents the majority of the Cu(II)-binding ligands at our sampling site. Nonetheless, combining IMAC, HPSEC, and MS seems to be a promising approach for characterizing Cu(II)-binding ligands in natural waters.
A Reference Architecture for Improving Security and Privacy in Internet of Things Applications

As the promise of the Internet of Things (IoT) materializes in our everyday lives, we are often challenged with a number of concerns regarding the efficacy of the current data privacy solutions that support the pervasive components at play in IoT. The privacy and security concerns surrounding IoT often manifests themselves as a treat to end-user adoption and negatively impacts trust among end-users in these solutions. In this paper, we present a reference software architecture for building cloud-enabled IoT applications in support of collaborative pervasive systems aimed at achieving trustworthiness among end-users in IoT scenarios. We present a case study that leverages this reference architecture to protect sensitive user data in an IoT application implementation and evaluate the response of an end-user study accomplished through a survey.
Common functional polymorphisms of DISC1 and cortical maturation in typically developing children and adolescents

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), contains two common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—Leu607Phe and Ser704Cys—that modulate (i) facets of DISC1 molecular functioning important for cortical development, (ii) fronto-temporal cortical anatomy in adults and (iii) risk for diverse psychiatric phenotypes that often emerge during childhood and adolescence, and are associated with altered fronto-temporal cortical development. It remains unknown, however, if Leu607Phe and Ser704Cys influence cortical maturation before adulthood, and whether each SNP shows unique or overlapping effects. Therefore, we related genotype at Leu607Phe and Ser704Cys to cortical thickness (CT) in 255 typically developing individuals aged 9–22 years on whom 598 magnetic resonance imaging brain scans had been acquired longitudinally. Rate of cortical thinning varied with DISC1 genotype. Specifically, the rate of cortical thinning was attenuated in Phe-carrier compared with Leu-homozygous groups (in bilateral superior frontal and left angular gyri) and accelerated in Ser-homozygous compared with Cys-carrier groups (in left anterior cingulate and temporal cortices). Both SNPs additively predicted fixed differences in right lateral temporal CT, which were maximal between Phe-carrier/Ser-homozygous (thinnest) vs Leu-homozygous/Cys-carrier (thickest) groups. Leu607Phe and Ser704Cys genotype interacted to predict the rate of cortical thinning in right orbitofrontal, middle temporal and superior parietal cortices, wherein a significantly reduced rate of CT loss was observed in Phe-carrier/Cys-carrier participants only. Our findings argue for further examination of Leu607Phe and Ser704Cys interactions at a molecular level, and suggest that these SNPs might operate (in concert with other genetic and environmental factors) to shape risk for diverse phenotypes by impacting on the early maturation of fronto-temporal cortices.
Is it possible to diagnose intrinsic sphincter deficiency in women

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The diagnosis of intrinsic sphincter deficiency became important about 20 years ago when it influenced the choice of operative procedure for women with stress urinary incontinence. However, it was ill-defined and diagnosed by a variety of techniques. The contemporary surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence is by suburethral sling; so this review addresses three questions: is it still important to identify intrinsic sphincter deficiency prior to surgical intervention for stress incontinence? What techniques are available to do so? How robust are these measurements? RECENT FINDINGS: There is some evidence that women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency have a poorer outcome if they are treated by a transobturator tape compared with a tension-free vaginal tape or a pubovaginal sling. Intrinsic sphincter deficiency continues to be mainly identified by low urethral closure pressures or low abdominal leak point pressures or both but the methodology is variable. There have been some attempts at using ultrasound to identify intrinsic sphincter deficiency but without any definite conclusions. SUMMARY: Intrinsic sphincter deficiency is an imprecise diagnosis, which continues to be defined by a low pressure urethra. This can be measured in different ways but there is poor standardization of the tests to do so. Intrinsic sphincter deficiency appears to be clinically important but the full implications of this diagnosis will remain unknown until this imprecision is addressed.
Association study of schizophrenia and the IL-2 receptor β chain gene

A case-control association study was conducted in Caucasian patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III-R, n = 42) and unaffected controls (n = 47) matched for ethnicity and area of residence. Serum interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) concentrations, as well as a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the IL-2Rβ chain gene, were examined in both groups. No significant differences in IL-2R concentrations or in the distribution of the polymorphism were noted. This study does not support an association between schizophrenia and the IL-2Rβ gene locus, contrary to the suggestive evidence from linkage analysis in multicase families. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protein composition of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles isolated from liver of rats in the early stages of feeding of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and from hepatoma induced by the same carcinogen.

Abstract The feeding of carcinogenic 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-MeDAB) in the early stages results in a change in the protein composition of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of the rat liver. These particles are associated with newly synthesized RNA and it is assumed that they are involved in the processing and in the transport of this RNA. After 6 weeks of feeding of this azocarcinogen, the amount of one of the main polypeptides (apparent molecular weight 42 000) is decreased and after 10 weeks of feeding the particles are devoid of this polypeptide completely. Feeding of the non-carcinogenic p -aminoazobenzene (AB) is without any effect. The loss of this polypeptide is not characteristic for the malignant transformation. In the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles isolated from hepatoma which has been induced by 3′-MeDAB this polypeptide is present in even higher proportion to other polypeptides than it is in particles isolated from liver cells of control animals. The 3′-MeDAB binds to the proteins of the liver nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and interferes with the RNA processing. It is proposed that the changes in the composition of the protein moiety of the particles reflect changes in the population of liver cells leading finally to the selection of hepatoma cells which are resistant to the toxic effect of 3′-MeDAB on RNA processing.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal compromise.

An association between antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and pregnancy loss was first suggested by case reports and small case series some 30 years ago. More detailed observations of pregnancies in women with what is now called antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) led to the recognition that aPL also were associated with a spectrum of adverse obstetric outcomes linked to placental insufficiency including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, fetal distress, and fetal death. By the last decade of the 20th century, the array of adverse obstetric outcomes generally recognized to be part of APS included recurrent early pregnancy loss. These adverse obstetric outcomes have been included in the clinical criteria for APS [1]. Thus, according to our current understanding, aPL-related pregnancy
A Transcriptional Signature and Common Gene Networks Link Cancer with Lipid Metabolism and Diverse Human Diseases

Summary Transcriptional profiling of two isogenic models of transformation identifies a gene signature linking cancer with inflammatory and metabolic diseases. In accord with this common transcriptional program, many drugs used for treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases inhibit transformation and tumor growth. Unexpectedly, lipid metabolism genes are important for transformation and are upregulated in cancer tissues. As in atherosclerosis, oxidized LDL and its receptor OLR1 activate the inflammatory pathway through NF-κB, leading to transformation. OLR1 is important for maintaining the transformed state in developmentally diverse cancer cell lines and for tumor growth, suggesting a molecular connection between cancer and atherosclerosis. We suggest that the interplay between this common transcriptional program and cell-type-specific factors gives rise to phenotypically disparate human diseases.
Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of Influence of Aggregate Blending on Asphalt Mixture Strength

Performance of asphalt mixes is vastly influenced by their aggregate properties. The depletion and the high cost of transportation of high-quality aggregates prompt the use of locally available aggregate sources. One approach that has been followed by state highway agencies and contractors to encourage the use of locally available aggregate sources is to blend low- and high-quality aggregates. However, no method is available to these agencies to analyze the influence of blending on mixture properties and to decide on the allowable percentage of blending. Introduced is a modeling approach to study the effect of blending different percentages of high- and low-quality aggregates on the strength of asphalt mixes. Blending charts were developed to predict the change in mix strength given strength and percentages of blended aggregates. The model results were verified through comparisons with several laboratory tests, including tensile strength, Hamburg wheel-tracking device, dynamic modulus, and flow time.
A Total Internal Reflectance Fluorescence Nanoscale Probe of Interfacial Potential and Ion Screening in Polyethylene Oxide Layers Adsorbed onto Silica

Abstract This work investigated the effect of the ionic environment on the fluorescence signal from layers of fluorescein-tagged polyethylene oxide (FITC-PEO) adsorbed onto silica from aqueous solution. The fluorescence intensity from an adsorbed layer in a total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) study was found to be highly sensitive to the fluid contacting the layer: Deionized water gave no signal at all, while the signal was strong for phosphate-buffered saline. The bulk solution fluorescence of FITC-PEO, however, was comparatively less sensitive to the presence of buffer as opposed to deionized water. This suggested that the fluorescent sensitivity to ionic conditions was an interfacial effect, possibly stemming from the pH sensitivity of fluorescein. Titrations of the fluorescence signal from the adsorbed layer as a function of salt concentration and as a function of phosphate concentration at nearly constant ionic strength revealed an increase in fluorescence with increasing concentration of the ionic species, with a sharp sigmoidal transition. This transition occurred at 0.0001 M for the phosphate and near 1 M for NaCl, demonstrating the phosphate-buffering species to be more effective in producing fluorescence compared with an unreactive salt. These experimental observations were best explained by the weak acid–base reaction of the fluorescein with the buffer and by the influence of the ionic strength on the debye length near the acidic silica surface. In the presence of buffer, the transition point was shown to be sensitive to the local potential, and the extent of the quench at low ionic strengths to the local pH.
The theoretical imperative: Unavoidable explication

Among the most glaring discrepancies that pervade the world today is the gap between the ever‐greater messiness of the world and the unarticulated ways in which it is assessed. There is, of course, no lack of commentary on the present world scene, but there is a shortage of incisive reflections on the sources and consequences of the various situations, a shortage of explicated theory underlying the plethora of observations about the unfolding world scene. It is a shortage that rests on a widespread attitude that theorising is at best a luxury and at worst a silly, counterproductive enterprise. This article stresses that far from being a luxury, theory is a necessity if comprehension of world affairs is to be incisive and enlarged.
Long time-lapse imaging reveals unique features of PARK2/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in mature cortical neurons

Proper degradation of aged and damaged mitochondria through mitophagy is essential to ensure mitochondrial integrity and function. Translocation of PARK2/Parkin onto damaged mitochondria induces mitophagy in many non-neuronal cell types. However, direct evidence showing PARK2-mediated mitophagy in mature neurons is controversial, leaving unanswered questions as to how, where, and by what time course PARK2-mediated mitophagy occurs in neurons following mitochondrial depolarization. We applied long time-lapse imaging in live mature cortical neurons to monitor the slow but dynamic and spatial PARK2 translocation onto damaged mitochondria and subsequent degradation through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In comparison with non-neuronal cells, our study reveals unique features of PARK2-mediated mitophagy in mature neurons, which will advance our understanding of pathogenesis of several major neurodegenerative diseases characterized by damaged mitochondria or a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosomal system.
Isolation of Two Brucella abortus Biotypes from Tissues of a Naturally Infected Cow

Brucella abortus biotypes 1 and 2 were recovered from various tissues of a naturally infected cow. This result indicates a need for biotyping multiple isolates of B. abortus from several affected animals in a herd before the biotype of the infecting strain can be definitively established.
Uncoupling of Reading and IQ Over Time: Empirical Evidence for a Definition of Dyslexia

Developmental dyslexia is defined as an unexpected difficulty in reading in individuals who otherwise possess the intelligence and motivation considered necessary for fluent reading, and who also have had reasonable reading instruction. Identifying factors associated with normative and impaired reading development has implications for diagnosis, intervention, and prevention. We show that in typical readers, reading and IQ development are dynamically linked over time. Such mutual interrelationships are not perceptible in dyslexic readers, which suggests that reading and cognition develop more independently in these individuals. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first empirical demonstration of a coupling between cognition and reading in typical readers and a developmental uncoupling between cognition and reading in dyslexic readers. This uncoupling was the core concept of the initial description of dyslexia and remains the focus of the current definitional model of this learning disability.
Force-dependent discharge of nematocysts in the sea anemone Haliplanella luciae (Verrill).

Sea anemones discharge cnidae (‘stinging capsules’ including nematocysts) to capture prey and to defend themselves. In the present study, we tested the relationship between the force of test probes striking feeding tentacles and discharge of microbasic p-mastigophore nematocysts into the test probes. In seawater alone, the response curve is bimodal with maximal discharge observed at 0.33 and 1.10 millinewtons (mN) and with minimal discharge at 1.50 mN. Upon activating chemoreceptors for N-acetylated sugars, maximal discharge is observed across a broad range of smaller forces from 0.16 to 0.9 mN before decreasing to a minimum at 1.50 mN. Likewise, in the presence of nearby vibrations at key frequencies, maximal discharge is observed over a broad range of smaller forces before decreasing to a minimum at 1.50 mN. It appears that sensory input indicating proximity of potential prey expands the range of small forces of impact that stimulate maximal discharge (i.e. to less than 1.10 mN) but not at larger forces of impact (i.e. at approximately 1.50 mN). Thus, contact by small prey would stimulate maximal discharge, and all the more so if such contact is accompanied by specific odorants or by vibrations at specific frequencies. Nevertheless, anemones would not maximally discharge nematocysts into large animals that blunder into contact with their tentacles.
Antigen processing: The gateway to the immune response

The T-lymphocyte response to an antigen is governed by the source of that antigen and the way in which it is processed. Before recognition by T lymphocytes, proteins must be degraded to peptides by antigen-presenting cells. The peptides are then presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for recognition by the T cells. Antigens arising outside the cell (e.g., bacteria) are phagocytosed and processed by the exogenous pathway for presentation on MHC class II molecules (e.g., DR) to CD4+ cells. Antigens derived from the cytoplasm (e.g., viral proteins) are processed by the endogenous pathway for presentation by MHC class I molecules (e.g., HLA-A, -B, -C) to CD8+ cells. The response to a hapten or drug is a function of the antigen processing pathway and is determined by its chemical properties. Antigen processing also governs the T-cell response to pathogens, vaccines, and autoimmune conditions.