cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heavy‐atom location and phase determination with single‐wavelength diffraction data

The information from anomalous scattering and isomorphous replacement are complementary. Ways in which these two sources of information can be combined to facilitate the determination of the crystal structures of macromolecules are reviewed. The use of a single isomorphous replacement leads to an ambiguous phase determination, but this ambiguity can be resolved by incorporation of data from anomalous scattering. Likewise, information from isomorphous replacement and anomalous scattering can be combined to assist in the location of heavy atoms.
Functional Analysis of a Dominant Negative Mutant of Gαi2

The key event in receptor-catalyzed activation of heterotrimeric G proteins is binding of GTP, which leads to subunit dissociation generating GTP-bound alpha subunits and free beta complexes. We have previously identified a mutation that abolished GTP binding in Galpha(o) (S47C) and demonstrated that the mutant retained the ability to bind beta and could act in a dominant negative fashion when expressed in Xenopus oocytes (Slepak, V. Z., Quick, M. W., Aragay, A. M., Davidson, N., Lester, H. A., and Simon, M. I.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21889-21894). In the current work, we investigated the effects of the homologous mutant of Galpha (S48C) upon signaling pathways reconstituted in transiently transfected COS-7 cells. We found that expression of the Galpha S48C mutant prevented stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC) beta2 by free beta subunit complexes. This effect of Galpha(i) S48C was not readily reversible in contrast to the inhibitory effect of wild-type Galpha, which could be reversed upon activation of the cotransfected muscarinic M2 receptor, presumably by release of beta from the G protein heterotrimer. Coexpression of Galpha(i) S48C or the wild-type Galpha also dramatically decreased G-mediated stimulation of PLC by C5a in the cells transfected with cDNAs encoding C5a receptor and Galpha. Activation of PLC via endogenous G(q) or G in the presence of alpha1C adrenergic receptors was similarly attenuated by coexpression of Galpha(i) or Galpha(i) S48C. Pertussis toxin treatment of the transfected cells enhanced the inhibition of the receptor-stimulated PLC by wild-type Galpha(i) subunits but did not influence the effects of the dominant negative mutant. The enhancement of the wild-type Galpha(i) inhibitory effect by pertussis toxin can be explained by stabilization of Galpha(i) binding to beta as a result of ADP-ribosylation, while Galpha(i) S48C mutant binds beta irreversibly even without pertussis toxin treatment. Therefore, a feasible mechanism to rationalize the attenuation of the Galpha and G-mediated activation of PLC by cotransfected Galpha(i) is the competition between Galpha(i) and Galpha or G for the beta complexes, which are necessary for the G protein coupling with receptors. These experiments provide new evidence for the role of beta in the integration of signals controlling phosphoinositide release through different Galpha families.
Increased Prevalence of ALS in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans (P5.073)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of ALS in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans from 2001-2011. BACKGROUND: The Department of Veteran Affairs established a presumption of service connection in September, 2008 for veterans with ALS based on several epidemiologic studies and the Institute of Medicine report that concluded that there is suggestive evidence of an association of military service and the development of ALS. The rate of ALS in OEF/OIF veterans, and associated comorbidities have not been investigated. DESIGN/METHODS: We used national VA inpatient and outpatient data to identify individuals who received a diagnosis of ALS between 2001-2011. Cases were defined by at least two outpatient or one inpatient encounter with a diagnosis of ALS (ICD-9 code 335.20). We used chi-square analysis to describe variation in comorbidities between those with ALS and two control groups: those with epilepsy or hypertension. RESULTS: There were approximately 700,000 OEF/OIF Veterans who received VA care from October 1, 2001 to September 30, 2011. Of those 54 met criteria for a diagnosis of ALS. Average age at onset was 42.61 years (SD 10.33; range 24-62). Early onset of ALS, defined as younger than 45 years, was found in 33 veterans (61%). The presence of diabetes, obesity and use of statins were not associated with differential risk of ALS in either comparison cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm an increased prevalence of ALS in OEF/OIF veterans, similar to previously reported findings in Gulf war veterans (48 cases/696,000 over 10 years). The risk of early onset of ALS was increased in OEF/OIF veterans, similarly as previously reported in Gulf war veterans (61% and 69%, respectively). The observed prevalence is significantly higher than in age-matched general population suggesting a possible environmental exposure. Examined comorbidities were not associated with differential risk of ALS in the OEF/OIF veteran population. Further research is needed to determine potential contributory factors and impact of care in the VA healthcare system. Disclosure: Dr. Zivkovic has nothing to disclose. Dr. Van Cott has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline Inc. Dr. Patwa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pugh has nothing to disclose.
Confocal SWIR imaging and 3D range finding using InGaAs P-i-N and APD detector arrays

In this presentation, we discuss the design and fabrication of a densely packed array of InGaAs APDs where each pixel contains both a low-noise PIN imaging detector and a high band-width APD.
The Unfolding Tail of CHIP Mutation in Gordon Holmes Syndrome

Gordon Holmes Syndrome (GHS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadism. The pathophysiological mechanisms and genetic causes of GHS are largely unkno...
Determinants of Bond Tender Offer Premiums and the Percentage Tendered

We analyze a large sample of recent US corporate bond tender offers to understand what affects tender premiums as well as the percentage of bonds tendered. For the average (median) tender offer, the tender price is 4.75 (3.40) percent greater than the pre-tender market price while the percentage of bonds tendered is 82.3 (94.6) percent. Premiums offered by firms are greater when the firm is simultaneously soliciting consents to amend restrictive covenants and when the bond has a greater number of restrictive covenants. Premiums are also greater when risk-free yields are low and the yield curve is flatter - conditions where a firm might want to lock in favorable long-term rates by issuing new debt and retiring old debt. Bondholders respond to higher tender premiums by tendering a greater percentage of their bonds - a one percent increase in tender premium increases the tendering rate by as much as 10%. Bondholders also tender a greater percentage of bonds possessing less desirable characteristics such as a short remaining maturity or bonds that are simultaneously undergoing consent solicitations. Finally, we find that tender offers are easier to complete when bond ownership concentration is greater.
True to Life

Suppose that you are designing a course on the great works of modernism, to be cross-listed as Ideological Texts in Twentieth-Century Western White Male Imperialism 101. As you struggle to match works with topics, mulling over the likes of Piet Mondrian’s Lozenge Composition with Red, Black, Blue, and Yellow or Franz Kafka’s The Castle, you become more troubled by their determinedly non-representational quality. They resist serving as illustrations of either metaphysical or historical concepts: the more you try to figure out how to ride them to a discussion of, say, “the human quest for meaning,” or “emerging practices of libidinal spectacle,” the harder they buck. You start to doubt whether modernist artworks can be truly taught at all. And then the question flips in your mind: what could there be for us to learn from their manifest opposition to teaching?
WDM transmitters using wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity lasers and resonant-cavity detectors

Summary form only given. Wavelength control and cost reduction are important issues for wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) transmitters. We investigate an innovative WDM transmitter that can solve the above problems. We show the design of the WDM transmitter. The long wavelength (1.3/1.55 /spl mu/m) laser has a vertical-cavity surface-emitting (VCSEL) GaAs-AlAs QW structure where a micromachined tunable curved mirror is incorporated into the device for wavelength tuning. The output light from the VCSEL is tapped and fed into a wavelength tunable photodetector. The photodetector has an intracavity resonant structure where its resonant wavelength is determined by the position of the micromachined top mirror.
Convective Heat Transfer to Low-Temperature Fluids

The purpose of this chapter is to review forced convection and natural convection processes in low-temperature (cryogenic) fluids. The emphasis will be on forced convection because more applications for that type of cooling are found. In most instances turbulent forced convection will be discussed. Low-temperature fluids can exist as gases, two-phase fluids, low-temperature liquids, or near-critical-state liquids. These fluid states are depicted in Fig. 3-1, which is a temperature—entropy diagram for any fluid. All of these regimes will be discussed in this presentation; however, region IV is given primary consideration.
Calculations of Magnetospheric Electric Fields

This paper will describe efforts to compute theoretically the electric field and plasma distributions in the magnetosphere. In the last few years, such efforts have been made by Block (1966), Iwasaki and Nishida (1967), Karlson (1971), Swift (1971), Vasyliunas (1970, 1972), Wolf (1970), and Jaggi and Wolf (1973). The physical basis of all this work is pretty much the same; the differences lie in the details of the approximations.
Molecular characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi by ribosomal DNA fingerprinting.

Abstract Intraspecies genotypic heterogeneity among Haemophilus ducreyi isolates was examined by using genomic fingerprints with rRNA from Escherichia coli as a probe. DNA from 44 isolates of H. ducreyi was digested by restriction endonuclease HincII or HindIII, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to nylon membranes, and hybridized with 32P-labeled 16S and 23S rRNA. HincII digests yielded four hybridization patterns (ribotypes), whereas HindIII digests yielded eight ribotypes. Four HincII and five HindIII ribotypes were observed among 14 H. ducreyi isolates collected within a period of 1 month in Kenya, where chancroid is endemic. In contrast, one HincII and two HindIII ribotypes were observed among 28 isolates collected during the Orange County, Calif., chancroid epidemic that occurred in 1981 and 1982. The plasmid content, in conjunction with ribotyping, provided additional differentiation among some isolates of H. ducreyi. This study demonstrates that ribotyping of H. ducreyi may be used to study the epidemiology of chancroid.
Bundles of Care for Patients With Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Is Endovascular Repair the Solution?

14. Mastracci TM, Garrido-Olivares L, Cina CS, Clase CM. Endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(1):214-221. 15. Moore R, Nutley M, Cina CS, Motamedi M, Faris P, AbuznadahW. Improved survival after introduction of an emergency endovascular therapy protocol for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(3):443-450.
Effect of Heat-Labile Factors on the Neutralization of Vaccinia Virus by Human Sera

The effect of unheated guinea pig and human prevaccination serum on the neutralization of vaccinia virus was studied. Enhancement of neutralization was found in all sera containing antibody and was more marked (20- to 150-fold) in sera obtained in the first weeks after primary vaccination than in sera from immune adults or cord sera (4- to 25-fold). The enhancing factor was thought to be complement because it was destroyed by heating and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment. The fresh serum-enhanced neutralization test represents a highly sensitive and specific test which can be applied to measure low levels of vaccinia antibody not detectable by other means.
Carcinoembryonic antigen promotes tumor cell survival in liver through an IL-10-dependent pathway.

Most circulating tumor cells die within 24 h of entering the hepatic microvasculature because their arrest initiates an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that is cytotoxic. Human colorectal carcinomas (CRC) produce the glycoprotein Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) that increases experimental liver metastasis in nude mice. Since CEA induces release of IL-6 and IL-10, we hypothesized that CEA inhibits the I/R injury through a Kupffer cell-mediated cytokine-dependent pathway. We assessed cytokine effects in CRC co-cultured with liver and in vivo. Human CRC prelabeled with fluorescent dyes were incubated with a reoxygenated suspension of ischemic nude mouse liver fragments in a bioreactor. CEA, rhIL-6 or rhIL-10 were either administered to the donor mice prior to hepatic ischemia or during co-culture. Liver donors were athymic nude or iNOS, IL-6 or IL-10 knock out mice. Ischemic-reoxygenated liver kills Clone A CRC through production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion. Treatment of liver donors with CEA prior to hepatic ischemia inhibited this in vitro cytotoxicity through an IL-10 and Kupffer cell dependent pathway that inhibited NF-κB activation, NO production and iNOS upregulation. IL-10 but not IL-6 enhanced CRC survival in nude mouse liver in vivo. Thus, CEA enhanced metastasis by inducing IL-10 to inhibit iNOS upregulation in host liver.
Facing multiculturalism's challenges in Korean education and society

Multicultural policy in South Korea faces variants of challenges endemic to multiculturalism. These challenges are “dilemmas of difference,” “variable terms of inclusion,” and “legitimacy.” In Korea, these challenges arise in a setting in which ethnic diversity is of relatively recent origin, an ideology of ethnic homogeneity is prevalent, and official multicultural policy is limited in its reach to those who are designated as “multicultural families,” that is families in which one spouse is Korean and the other an immigrant, usually the wife, and their offspring. The exclusion of migrant workers and their families from Korea’s multicultural framework poses a core contradiction in Korean multicultural policies. This contradiction must be resolved if multiculturalism in education and other spheres is to promote equality and provide a foundation for national integration on terms that are equitable to the diverse constituents of Korean society. Inevitably, this will require a redefinition of what it means to “be Korean.” Even if multicultural policies fall short in their immediate effects on those toward whom they are directed, multiculturalism represents a significant shift in the discourse of Korean identity and will be terrain on which the status of diverse groups in Korea will be contested.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma is an infrequent and unusual malignancy. Since its description 15 years ago, many new features have developed. Many biologically active compounds which are directly related to the different symptoms of the disease have been recovered from the tumors. A familial incidence is noted, and there is an increased association with other tumors and their behavior. The cell of origin is the parafollicular cell, which secretes calcitonin and is responsible for the unusual behavior of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Treatment is primiarily surgical. Four cases are presented and the syndrome reviewed.
Macroscopic two-state systems in trapped atomic condensates

We consider a macroscopic two-state system based on persistent current states of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of interacting neutral atoms confined in a ring with a weak Josephson link. We demonstrate that macroscopic superpositions of different BEC flows are energetically favorable in this system. Moreover, a macroscopic two-state dynamics emerges in the low-energy limit. We also investigate fundamental limitations due to the noise inherent in the interacting BEC of Josephson-ring geometry. We show that the coherent macroscopic dynamics is readily measurable for an experimentally accessible range of parameters.
Androgen induction of steroid 5 alpha-reductase may be mediated via insulin-like growth factor-I.

The action of added insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on steroid 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha R) activity was studied using primary cultures of rat or human scrotal skin fibroblasts. Agents were added to cultured cells (2 x 10(5) cells) for 2 days, and enzyme activity was measured by the percent conversion of [3H] testosterone to DHT over a 4-h period in the absence of fetal calf serum or other growth factors. DHT, but not testosterone, at 10(-7) M significantly increased 5 alpha R activity (rat, 1.5 +/- 0.3% to 3.0 +/- 0.4%; human, 7.6 +/- 1.7% to 11.4 +/- 2.9%; P < 0.01). IGF-I (10(-9)-6.4 x 10(-9) M), but not IGF-II (10(-9)-10(-8) M) or insulin (10(-9)-10(-7) M), increased enzyme activity in a dose-related fashion [i.e. 1.5 +/- 0.5 to 10 +/- 2 in rat and 6.0 +/- 1.1 to 9.8 +/- 1.6% (P < 0.01) in human cells]. No change in cell numbers was observed in any experiment. Since the effect of IGF-I was about 100 times that of androgen, we studied the possibility that androgen induction of the enzyme activity could be via IGF-I production. Addition of a monoclonal antibody against IGF-I significantly reduced the effect of DHT, and simultaneous addition of a specific IGF-I receptor antibody blocked the expected induction of 5 alpha R activity (control, 4.9 +/- 0.5; DHT, 8.0 +/- 1.9; DHT plus IGF-I receptor antibody, 3.7 +/- 0.4%). No effect on 3 alpha-reduction of [3H]DHT to 3 alpha-androstanediol was detected in separate experiments. These studies indicate that IGF-I may be an important regulator of skin 5 alpha R activity and, thus, may influence DHT formation. The previously known androgen induction of this peripheral steroidogenic enzyme may be via paracrine/autocrine production of an IGF-I-type growth factor.
On Inventing Reactions for Atom Economy

An important first step in making organic reactions more environmentally benign by design requires processes that are, to a first approximation, simple additions with anything else needed only catalytically. Since so few of the existing reactions are additions, synthesis of complex molecules requires the development of new atom-economic methodology. The prospect for such developments is probed in the context of ruthenium-catalyzed reactions. Using mechanistic reasoning, over 20 new processes of varying complexity have been designed and implemented. While some involved oxidation−reduction processes, most involved C−C bond-forming reactions.
Studies in Furnace Analysis: Prediction of the Variation of the Specific Exhaust Enthalpy with Output

Prediction of the overall performance of furnaces and engines in terms of the operational and intrinsic thermal efficiencies (η and α00) has been limited in the past by need to assume empirically a linear dependence of the specific exhaust enthalpy, hg, on the useful output (heat or work), Hs. In this paper, a theoretically-based relation between hg and Hs is developed using an integral approach, following Hottel and Thring, by treatment of furnace enclosures as heat exchangers. The expression developed is shown to be supported by comparison with experiment, using measurements on a boiler obtained by Prengle at the University of Houston. The new, theoretically-based and experimentally-supported relation shows that the variation between hg and Hs is nonlinear: it also depends on a new parameter, R0, that is the ratio, at idle, of the exhaust gas temperature above ambient to the average flame temperature above ambient. The hg−Hs curve is near-linear for values of R0 near unity, and the nonlinearity increas...
A sexual-enhancement workshop: beyond group systematic desensitization for women's sexual anxiety.

Abstract This study investigated whether six women who previously had received 15 sessions of group systematic desensitization (SD) for their sexual anxiety would report additional treatment gains from participation in a sexual-enhancement workshop with their partners. After group SD six couples participated in six, 1½ hour weekly group sessions. The women reported a significant increase in marital adjustment and a significant decrease in sexual anxiety. A significant decrease was found in the women's sexual nonresponsiveness as perceived by their partners. Future studies should (1) contrast the effects of group SD with women alone versus couple group treatment, (2) determine which treatment components are most influential for defined subject types, and (3) obtain data on men's sexual functioning.
A CONDENSATION NUCLEUS COUNTER (CNC) SENSITIVE TO SINGLY CHARGED SUB-NANOMETER PARTICLES

Abstract The mixing-type particle size magnifier (PSM) of Okuyama et al. (1984, Aerosol. Sci. Technol. 3, 353–366) has recently shown an ability to detect positively charged particles with mobility diameters as small as 1.5 nm (Seto et al., 1997, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 1576–1585), well below the sensitivity limit of 2.3 nm available in commercial CNCs. Gamero-Castano (1999, Ph.D. thesis, Yale University) has shown that the activation of even smaller particles is limited in this PSM by homogeneous nucleation due to cooling of the saturated dibutyl phthalate vapor stream before it mixes with the aerosol. This problem is overcome here by means of a reheater, whereby ions with mobilities (in air) higher than 2 cm 2 V −1 s −1 can be activated at supersaturations well below the threshold for homogeneous nucleation. The critical supersaturation required to activate ions whose mobility exceeds 0.78 cm 2 V −1 s −1 (mobility diameter smaller than 1.6 nm ) is seen to be independent of size, indicating that this instrument can detect arbitrarily small (charged) particles. The reheater makes it possible also to run the PSM at fairly small vapor flow rates with essentially no vapor loss. Varying the vapor flow rate hence provides a rapid means to scan over the supersaturation in the mixing region, and hence infer the particle diameter (or its charge) with the PSM alone. Coupled to an optical detector this PSM constitutes a condensation nucleus counter (CNC) suitable for the analysis of charged sub-nanometer particles, ions, as well as charged biomolecules and their fragments, with effectively no lower size limit.
Measuring social behavior in poultry.

Abstract Social behavior of poultry is discussed in general terms, variables having major effects are indicated, and frequently used techniques of measurement are presented and compared. Studies in which different variables and methods were described are presented as examples, with primary emphasis on the behavior of chickens.
SU-FF-J-63: A Method for Alignment Test of An X-Ray Positioning System for Proton Therapy

Purpose: To develop a method to test the alignment of an on‐board x‐ray positioning system for proton therapy.Methods and materials: Each treatment portal at the proton therapy center in Houston (PTC‐H) is equipped with three orthogonal x‐ray imaging devices. We developed a method to test the alignment of imaging devices using a custom built phantom. The phantom is 30 × 30 × 30 cm in size and is positioned on a base plate, which attaches to the robotic patient couch. The phantom position was calibrated against a 2‐mm diameter tungsten ball placed at radiation isocenter. On each side of the phantom, there are radiopaque markers of known sizes and locations. With the measurement of the marker locations in the x‐ray images, we calculated the alignment of the x‐ray source to that of the major axis of the proton machine reference frame. By using points 15 cm away from isocenter, we test the alignment not only with iso center, but also with the reference frame axes to avoid angulations between imaging axis and machine axis. We also derived source‐to‐axis‐distance (SAD), source‐to‐imager distance (SID) for the x‐ray source, and pixel size for the image receptor. The phantom design allowed for alignment of all three imaging systems without couch movement once the phantom was positioned at isocenter. Results: We used this method to test the alignment of imaging positioning system at a proton portal at PTC‐H. We found the measured results to be within 0.4 mm at iso for x‐ray sources alignment at all 3 x‐ray/receptor systems at gantry of 270 degree. The pixel size was within 1%. SAD, SID were within 2% of manufacturer's specifications. Conclusion: We developed a method to align the x‐ray positioning system for a proton gantry to the precision necessary for proton therapy.
Capillary electrophoresis of abnormal hemoglobins associated with α-thalassemias

Capillary electrophoresis was evaluated for separation of hemoglobin species associated with alpha-thalassemias, and for identification of hemoglobin variants commonly found in the same human populations. Separation of hemoglobins was achieved using capillary isoelectric focusing with chemical mobilization; visible-wavelength absorbance detection was used to identify hemoglobins against a background of nonheme-containing proteins. This technique could easily differentiate hemoglobins Bart's and H (associated with alpha-thalassemias) from hemoglobin variants. Analysis of globin chains derived from intact hemoglobins was performed by free zone capillary electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. This technique was useful for distinguishing Hb Bart's and Hb H, and for confirming the identity of hemoglobin variants.
Recent progress in the doping of MBE HgCdTe

We present a review of the recent progress in the doping of HgCdTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A detailed analysis of the unintentional/intrinsic, n-type, and p-type doping is presented. Our results show that CdZnTe substrates should be carefully screened to reduce the out-diffusion of impurities from the substrate. N-type HgCdTe layers exhibit excellent Hall characteristics down to indium levels of 2 X 1015 cm-3. Electron mobilities in the range of (2 - 3) X 105 cm2/vs at 23 K were obtained. Measured lifetime data fits very well with the intrinsic band-to-band recombination. However, below 2 X 1015 cm-3 doping levels, minority carrier lifetime is limited by Schockley-Reed recombination. We have implemented planar doping with arsenic as p-type dopant during MBE growth. Our results clearly indicate that arsenic incorporates as an acceptor dopant during the growth of MBE HgCdTe.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using systemic analgesics for managing ocular pain

Abstract Pain is often the primary reason for patients to present to health care providers. The role of the optometrist as a primary and post-operative care provider requires an understanding of the current concepts of pain and its therapeusis. This paper will review the pathways and pathophysiolocial theories of pain and the medications prescribed to manage ocular pain.
Goshen Springs: late Quaternary vegetation record for southern Alabama.

The sediments of Goshen Springs, Pike County, Alabama, USA, provide a late Qua- ternary biostratigraphic record that extends from the Altonian Substage of the Wisconsinan Glacial Stage to the present. Diagrams showing percentages of palynomorphs and concentrations of plant macrofossils permit the reconstruction of both local and regional vegetation. At Goshen Springs, a drying trend during the Altonian Substage (>28 000 yr BP) resulted in the replacement of mesic-temperate forests by southern pines, oaks, and hickories. Climatic conditions of warmth and summer drought favored oak-hickory-southern pine forests from 26 000 yr BP in the mid-Farmdalian Substage, through the full glacial and late glacial, until the mid-Holocene (5000 yr BP). During the full glacial, a strong climatic gradient and a major vegetation ecotone extended across central Alabama and Georgia, separating northern boreal-like forests of spruce and jack pine from warm-temperate oak-hickory-southern pine forests on the Gulf Coastal Plain. The Goshen Springs record documents the persistence of many warm-temperate deciduous and broadleaf evergreen tree taxa in southern Alabama through the full and late glacial. The early Holocene forests, dominated by oak and hickory, were replaced by widespread southern pine forests on the sandy uplands of the Gulf Coastal Plain about 5000 yr ago. During the mid-Holocene, the attainment of the present climatic regime, characterized by abundant precipitation throughout the growing season, and the return of sea level to near-modern position resulted in the establishment of the southern pine forests and of wide- spread swamps and marshes in the Gulf and southern Atlantic Coastal Plains.
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia with concurrent CSF3R and SETBP1 mutations: single colony clonality studies, in vitro sensitivity to JAK inhibitors and lack of treatment response to ruxolitinib

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia with concurrent CSF3R and SETBP1 mutations: single colony clonality studies, in vitro sensitivity to JAK inhibitors and lack of treatment response to ruxolitinib
Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism

This manuscript focuses on potential changes in reproductive physiology that occur due to high milk production in lactating dairy cows. Four reproductive measures are discussed: interval to first ovulation, conception rate, duration of estrus, and multiple ovulation rate. The last two responses have now been closely linked to level of milk production. In contrast, time to first ovulation does not appear to be associated with level of milk production, and the association of conception rate with level of milk production is still controversial. In an attempt to explain some of the changes in reproductive physiology caused by high milk production a model of elevated steroid metabolism in lactating dairy cows is presented. Although many aspects of this model remain to be tested, a central role for elevated steroid metabolism in lactation-induced reproductive changes seems likely.
A cluster-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

While most of the routing protocols of wireless sensor networks try to minimize the energy consumptions to extend the system life-time, it is also critical to design a protocol that is scalable and fault-tolerant. In this paper, we introduce a clusterhead multihop routing algorithm for meshed wireless sensor networks. Each identified junction node in the mesh network is selected as a clusterhead. The routing decisions are only made at the clusterheads. A simplified link-state routing algorithm is used to find the shortest routing path among all available clusterheads in the network. This algorithm exploits the feasibility and fault tolerance of routing protocol, while coping with the severe energy constraint and the requirement for network scalability. Time division multiple access technique is employed in the medium access control layer for further reduction of energy consumption. Multiple-level cluster hierarchy approach is also discussed for more complicated meshed sensor networks.
Are we what we eat

This issue of Pediatrics has two articles on the effects of dietary constituents in childhood. Weidman et al. (p. 354) from the Mayo Clinic report no difference in the diets of children with widely different cholesterol levels. Pisacano et al. (p. 360) from the Long Beach Pediatric Group have instituted a "prudent diet" in a subgroup of their pediatric patients, finding a striking decrease in obesity in that subgroup compared with controls. Among pediatricians, infant diet has ranked with religion and politics as an unsuitable subject for nondyspeptic dinner conversation. Feelings run high between the two poles of "leave well enough alone" and "it9s high time we did something about it."
Coupled-barrier diffusion: The case of oxygen in silicon.

Oxygen migration in silicon corresponds to an apparently simple jump between neighboring bridge sites. Yet extensive theoretical calculations have so far produced conflicting results and have failed to provide a satisfactory account of the observed 2.5 eV activation energy. We report a comprehensive set of first-principles calculations that demonstrate that the seemingly simple oxygen jump is actually a complex process involving coupled barriers and can be properly described quantitatively in terms of an energy hypersurface with a ``saddle ridge'' and an activation energy of $\ensuremath{\sim}2.5\mathrm{eV}$. Earlier calculations correspond to different points or lines on this hypersurface.
Chronic pain management: Is addiction a risk? Is consultation a necessity?

The medications most often implicated in prescription drug abuse are opioid analgesics, sedative-hypnotics, and stimulants. Because they are exposed to these drugs, patients with acute or chronic pain are at increased risk of addiction comorbidity. It is important to ask patients about their family and substance-use history, including alcohol, illicit drugs, and prescription drugs. Patients who abuse prescription drugs may exhibit certain patterns, such as escalating use, drug-seeking behavior, and doctor shopping. Physicians who purposefully over-prescribe are in the minority; however, sloppy practice or inattention to detail can contribute to the problem of drug seeking. Maintaining a high index of suspicion, documenting the decisions that guide the treatment process, and seeking consultation early are important risk-management strategies that improve clinical care and outcomes in patients treated for chronic pain. This article discusses the implications of treating chronic pain in patients suspected of chemical dependency, optimal ways to achieve pain control, and how to avoid adverse outcomes or descent into addiction. Finally, a review of how supportive measures, such as seeking consultation, individual and group psychotherapy, and Twelve Step participation, can assist the pain management physician is presented.
Selection of Kidney Recipients

To the Editor.— We have read with interest the article by Starzl et al 1 about a multifactorial system for the selection of recipients of cadaver donor kidneys. The article is the first to describe a widely applicable system for organ distribution. The described system gives points for time on the waiting list (rank order, ten points for the patient longest on the list), HLA antigen match (two points for each matched antigen), panel reactive antibody (PRA) number (one point for each 10%), medical emergency (zero to ten points), and logistical factors (zero to six points). The authors argue against a system that uses antigen match as the sole or major criterion of recipient selection. We believe that even their system gives too much weight to antigen matching. With the exception of a six-antigen match, the value of HLA matching is controversial. Recently, Niblack et al, at the 1987 meeting
Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version

Memory and executive functioning are two important components of clinical neuropsychological (NP) practice and research. Multiple demographic factors are known to affect performance differentially on most NP tests, but adequate normative corrections, inclusive of race/ethnicity, are not available for many widely used instruments. This study compared demographic contributions for widely used tests of verbal and visual learning and memory (Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised, Hopkins Verbal Memory Test-Revised) and executive functioning (Stroop Color and Word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64) in groups of healthy Caucasians (n = 143) and African Americans (n = 103). Demographic factors of age, education, gender, and race/ethnicity were found to be significant factors on some indices of all four tests. The magnitude of demographic contributions (especially age) was greater for African Americans than for Caucasians on most measures. New, demographically corrected T-score formulas were calculated for each race/ethnicity. The rates of NP impairment using previously published normative standards significantly overestimated NP impairment in African Americans. Utilizing the new demographic corrections developed and presented herein, NP impairment rates were comparable between the two race/ethnicities and were unrelated to the other demographic characteristics (age, education, gender) in either race/ethnicity group. Findings support the need to consider extended demographic contributions to neuropsychological test performance in clinical and research settings.
Laser based 14C counting, an alternative to AMS in biological studies

Abstract Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been developed over the past 25 years as an effective method to count 14C atoms. An alternative 14C measurement technique, suitable for routine laboratory use, combining the optogalvanic effect with laser assisted isotope ratio analysis (LARA) is now being extended from its current use for precision analysis of 13CO2 to similar analysis of 14CO2. The analyzer uses a unique resonance between a specific molecular transition in the molecule 14CO2 and the narrow band output of a laser based on the same molecular transition. Isobaric background is not an issue as in AMS, and the sample is not consumed in analysis so that long averaging times with small samples is possible.
You Make My Heart Sing

Last March I went to Pittsburgh to play music live with birds. The plan was to arrive at dawn, to catch the wary singers at their best - in the early morning chorus, when the most sound was happening. I met my friend Michael Pestel at the gates of the National Aviary, a mostly forgotten federal institution in a rundown neighborhood. I had never heard of the aviary before Pestel told me what a great place it was to jam with the more-than-human world. The staff was rumored to be friendly, and they liked to let musicians in during the early hours before the public, mostly guided schoolchildren, would storm the gates. Pestel was there with his flute and various homemade stringed instruments. I had clarinets and saxophones, coaxed out of their cases, a bit tired from the long ride, but ready to hear what these birds had up their sleeves. We headed for the marsh room, a vaulted expanse with an observation deck and waterbirds from all over the world. I strained my ears to catch some pretty rocking bird beats, but they sounded familiar. Too familiar - the aviary was blaring Marvin Gaye at top volume to these birds at six o'clock in the morning. They were definitely squawkin' and squealin'. "I cannot work in these conditions," muttered Pestel. "We've got to
Exploratory Syntheses and Structures of SrAu4.3In1.7 and CaAg3.5In1.9: Electron-Poor Intermetallics with Diversified Polyanionic Frameworks that Are Derived from the CaAu4In2 Approximant.

The title compounds are prepared in high yields by solid state reaction of the elements (850 °C for 24 h and annealing at 500 °C for 3 weeks).
Measuring the costs of reproduction

The measurement of costs of reproduction is of interest because such costs are generally assumed by life history theory. There is some controversy concerning how to measure costs: common methods include experimental manipulations of life history, such as preventing some individuals from reproducing, or estimates of genetic correlations. These two methods often yield similar results, suggesting that one can serve as a substitute for the other. There are now experiments which demonstrate that there are different mechanisms underlying the response to an experimental manipulation versus a genetic correlation, so the two methods are not equivalent in estimating costs.
Design of a sampling cartridge for the collection of organic vapors

Abstract A sampling cartridge using the sorbent Tenax-GC has been designed, manufactured, and tested. This new sampling cartridge minimizes field handling of the cartridge and, thus, reduces the opportunity for inadvertent contamination. The design incorporates the standard glass sampling tube into a special container that seals the sorbent tube from external contamination during shipping, handling, and storage; does not contaminate the sample; is durable, reusable, and easily installed into an appropriately outfitted sampler; and confines the sample stream to two tandem, sorbent tubes. The design, manufacturing procedure, and preliminary test results are given here.
The Waveform Relaxation Method for Time-Domain Analysis of Large Scale Integrated Circuits

The Waveform Relaxation (WR) method is an iterative method for analyzing nonlinear dynamical systems in the time domain. The method, at each iteration, decomposes the system into several dynamical subsystems each of which is analyzed for the entire given time interval. Sufficient conditions for convergence of the WR method are proposed and examples in MOS digital integrated circuits are given to show that these conditions are very mild in practice. Theoretical and computational studies show the method to be efficient and reliable.
Cancer Filter Déjà Vu

In a 3 August news of the week story (“cancer test dispute pits researcher against a firm she helped create,” p. [585][1]), M. Enserink describes a dispute in France about whether a cancer-detection system “first published in 2000” ([1][2]) should enter the market. This system uses a filter
Biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid from dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Abstract Phosphatidic acid is synthesized by a particulate preparation of of guinea pig liver from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, acyl CoAs and NADPH via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Glycerol-3-phosphate is also converted to phosphatidate in this system. The phosphatidate formed via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate has more saturated fatty acid in the 1-position than in the 2-position, while the fatty acid distribution in phosphatidate from glycerophosphate is more random.
Digital libraries and organizations for international collaboration and knowledge creation

Knowledge creation relies on melding powerful technological tools with efficient human organizations. Digital libraries (DLs) provide the technological mechanisms to cross national and disciplinary boundaries, and promote an organizational structure that encourages communication between scholars who are both creating and consuming information. The DL is especially good at coordinating and integrating findings about a specific topic that is being studied by different disciplines and different nations, which is an essential component to further our knowledge. This paper will briefly outline the knowledge creation process, and will introduce the author’s SEEK model (structure for encompassing extensible knowledge) that provides a framework for exploring the relationship between technology and human organizations in international interdisciplinary knowledge creation. The paper will also introduce two models of electronically‐based scholarly organizations that promote international collaboration and facilitate knowledge creation, and will offer eight steps towards building the effective organization for utilizing DLs for international collaboration.
Differences in N-linked glycosylation between human surfactant protein-B variants of the C or T allele at the single-nucleotide polymorphism at position 1580: implications for disease

Human surfactant protein-B (SP-B), a hydrophobic protein, is essential for normal lung function. SP-B is expressed and secreted by specific lung cell types, i.e. alveolar type II and Clara cells, of the respiratory epithelium. The SP-B precursor (42 kDa) undergoes post-translational processing to generate an 8 kDa mature SP-B. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at nucleotide 1580 (C/T) in exon 4 of SP-B that changes amino acid 131 from threonine to isoleucine (Thr131-->Ile) is associated with several pulmonary diseases. The Thr131-->Ile substitution can eliminate a potential N-linked glycosylation site, Asn129-Gln-Thr131, which is present in the SP-B variant of the C allele (ACT/Thr) but not in that of the T allele (ATT/Ile). To determine whether the C allele SP-B variant is indeed glycosylated at Asn(129)-Gln-Thr131, we first generated stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that expressed each version of SP-B, and developed specific SP-B polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies. Using both the stably transfected cell lines and fetal lung explants, we observed that the C allele variant is indeed glycosylated at the Asn129-Gln-Thr131 site, whereas the T allele variant, which served as a control, is not. In addition, we also confirmed that both SP-B variants contain another N-linked glycosylation site, Asn311-Ser-Ser313. Given its association with several pulmonary diseases, this finding provides useful information for future studies in disease systems associated with this SNP. Further, we speculate that, given the fact that this SNP is found frequently in the general population, N-linked glycosylation at residue Asn129 interferes with SP-B processing, secretion and folding under certain disease conditions.
The immune epitope database (IEDB) 3.0

The IEDB, www.iedb.org, contains information on immune epitopes--the molecular targets of adaptive immune responses--curated from the published literature and submitted by National Institutes of Health funded epitope discovery efforts. From 2004 to 2012 the IEDB curation of journal articles published since 1960 has caught up to the present day, with >95% of relevant published literature manually curated amounting to more than 15,000 journal articles and more than 704,000 experiments to date. The revised curation target since 2012 has been to make recent research findings quickly available in the IEDB and thereby ensure that it continues to be an up-to-date resource. Having gathered a comprehensive dataset in the IEDB, a complete redesign of the query and reporting interface has been performed in the IEDB 3.0 release to improve how end users can access this information in an intuitive and biologically accurate manner. We here present this most recent release of the IEDB and describe the user testing procedures as well as the use of external ontologies that have enabled it.
Dark adaptation to intermediate levels and to complete darkness.

The course of the change of the visual threshold was measured during adaptation from a high-luminance level to various lower luminance levels and to darkness. Measurements were both foveal and parafoveal. The foveal measurements show photopic function only, while the parafoveal measurements result in duplex curves at the lower luminances. All curves approach their asymptotic values smoothly and gradually. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Robustness evaluation of a semi-parametric proportional intensity model

Abstract The Prentice, Williams and Peterson (PWP) family of proportional intensity reliability models has been proposed for application to repairable systems. This paper reports results of a study on the robustness of one PWP model over early failure history. The assessment of robustness was based on the semi-parametric PWP model's ability to predict the successive times of occurrence of failure events when the underlying process actually is parametric (specifically a nonhomogeneous Poisson process having power-law proportional intensity function with one covariate). A parametric method was also used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the power-law parameters, for purposes of validation and as a reference for comparison.