cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow road to recovery

The South East Europe (SEE6) region exited from recession in the first half of 2013, supported by a nascent recovery in the Euro area. Industry-especially manufacturing exports and energy drove the recovery. The region experienced a welcome surge in exports in 2013, particularly car exports from Serbia. Unemployment in the region, at about 24 percent on average, began to decline in the first half of 2013 from its peak crisis levels. While employment grew in Albania, FYR Macedonia and Montenegro, it remained depressed in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unemployment in the region, at about 24 percent on average, began to decline in the first half of 2013 from its peak crisis levels. While employment grew in Albania, FYR Macedonia and Montenegro, it remained depressed in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. But even where employment has recovered meaningfully since 2010, the gains were not broad-based and mostly concentrated in services Near-term economic growth will be too weak to support substantial gains in employment. Weak domestic demand depressed imports in all countries but Serbia, where their rise was led by raw materials and parts used in export-oriented industries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) remained sluggish in SEE6, rising only by 0.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but its share of financing of the current account increased. Remittances continued to be resilient overall, but the Greek crisis began to take its toll, especially on Albania. Foreign banks' deleveraging from SEE6, rising Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) and weak credit growth underpinned the need for vigorous reforms to reduce vulnerabilities in the financial sector. European banks continued to deleverage and reduced their exposure to the SEE6 region. With the aim of improving their resilience and supervisory capacity, the SEE6 countries made some progress in implementing banking reforms over the past year.
A Bayesian hierarchical model with novel prior specifications for estimating HIV testing rates

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a severe infectious disease actively spreading globally, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an advanced stage of HIV infection. The HIV testing rate, that is, the probability that an AIDS-free HIV infected person seeks a test for HIV during a particular time interval, given no previous positive test has been obtained prior to the start of the time, is an important parameter for public health. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model with two levels of hierarchy to estimate the HIV testing rate using annual AIDS and AIDS-free HIV diagnoses data. At level one, we model the latent number of HIV infections for each year using a Poisson distribution with the intensity parameter representing the HIV incidence rate. At level two, the annual numbers of AIDS and AIDS-free HIV diagnosed cases and all undiagnosed cases stratified by the HIV infections at different years are modeled using a multinomial distribution with parameters including the HIV testing rate. We propose a new class of priors for the HIV incidence rate and HIV testing rate taking into account the temporal dependence of these parameters to improve the estimation accuracy. We develop an efficient posterior computation algorithm based on the adaptive rejection metropolis sampling technique. We demonstrate our model using simulation studies and the analysis of the national HIV surveillance data in the USA.
Young female cancer survivors’ use of fertility care after completing cancer treatment

The purpose of the present study is to investigate factors associated with female young adult cancer survivors’ (YCSs) use of fertility care (FC), including consultation or fertility treatment, after completing their cancer treatment. In this cross-sectional study, females between that ages of 18 and 35 years who had been diagnosed with childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancers completed a 20-min web-based survey that included demographics, reproductive history, use of FC, fertility-related informational needs, and reproductive concerns. A total of 204 participants completed the survey. Participants’ mean age was 28.3 ± 4.5 years. Thirty (15 %) participants reported using FC after cancer treatment. The majority of participants recalled not receiving enough information about fertility preservation options at the time of cancer diagnosis (73 %). In multivariable analysis, those with higher concerns about having children because of perceived risk to their personal health (P = 0.003) were less likely to report use of FC after cancer treatment. Those who had used FC before cancer treatment (P = 0.003) and who felt less fertile than age-matched women (P = 0.02) were more likely to use FC after their cancer treatment. While most YCSs in this cohort believed that they did not receive enough information about fertility and most wanted to have children, the vast majority did not seek FC. The findings of this study offer further evidence of the need for improved education and emotional support regarding reproductive options after cancer treatment is completed. Targeted discussions with YCSs about appropriate post-treatment FC options may improve providers’ capacity to help YCSs meet their parenthood goals.
Discussion on “Big N Auditors and Earnings Response Coefficients – A Comparison Study between the US and China”

Research on auditor reputation and clients’ financial reporting quality can be traced back to Teoh and Wong’s (1993) study, which provides empirical evidence of Big 8 audit firms having higher financial reporting credibility than non-Big 8 audit firms in the US market. In their study, Du and Zhou (hereinafter, DZ) replicate Teoh and Wong (1993) using a longer and more recent sample period in the US (1983-2012)2 and China (1995-2012) to examine whether the positive association between Big N auditors and perceived audit quality (ERCs) still holds after a major regulatory intervention in early 2000 and to compare this association in the US and China. This comparison is important because China is the largest emerging economy and the second largest economy in the world. DZ’s comprehensive evidence helps us to better understand if market reaction to ERCs in China differs from that in the US. I also commend that DZ provide detailed information on the market shares of Big N auditors in the US and Chinese markets respectively during this long sample period, demonstrating that while Big N auditors play a dominant role in the US market, their market shares are much smaller in the Chinese market.
Collapse of the Elm Spanworm Outbreak in Connecticut: Role of Ooencyrtus sp.

The collapse of the elm spanworm outbreak in Connecticut was caused primarily by an Ooencyrtus sp. previously determined as O. clisiocampae (Ashmead), but now thought to be an undescribed species. This parasitoid decimated the egg population in southwestern Connecticut in 1971 and in central and eastern Connecticut in 1972. In 1972 weekly collections of elm spanworm eggs from the infested area showed an increase in the amount of parasitism as summer progressed. At the western edge of the infestation, virtually all eggs were parasitized by July 25. Near the center of the infestation almost all eggs were parasitized by Sept. 5 and at the eastern edge of the infestation by Sept. 19. We attribute this eastward increase in part to the movevement of adult parasitoids into areas where they had previously been absent or rare. Superparasitism of elm spanworm eggs was common in dense populations of the parasitoid. At sites where parasitism was high and superparasitism prevalent, many host eggs were dead and were supporting growth of fungi.
Improving and Modifying the Design of Workstations within a Manufacturing Environment

Abstract Manual assembly tasks are widespread in many production facilities. However, the manual tasks are often linked to workstations that are not ergonomically designed, which can lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs). These may result in low productivity, deterioration of worker performance, and issues affecting quality. The first aim of this research project is to analyze the various work postures associated with manual assembly work, within a plastics manufacturing company. The analysis of these work postures will help in understanding the ergonomic conditions of different workstations within the company. The second aim of this project is to study the OSHA incident reports and determine whether correlation exists between a specific workstation and specific body parts. The ultimate objective of this research is to find solutions and to recommend changes that improve the workstations. One way this can be accomplished is by taking ergonomic measures that can be used to evaluate working postures and physical workloads for manual assembly tasks to prevent ergonomic injuries which may lead to WRMDs. This is expected to result in improved productivity, better product quality, and lower medical costs.
Nature of Excess Electrons in Polar Fluids: Anion-Solvated Electron Equilibrium and Polarized Hole-Burning in Liquid Acetonitrile

Unlike most polar liquids, excess electrons in liquid CH3CN take on two distinct forms – solvated electrons (esolv–) and solvated molecular anions – that are in equilibrium with each other. We find that excitation of esolv– leads to a short-lived excited state that has no effect on the equilibrium but that excitation of the molecular anion instantaneously leads to the production of new esolv–. We also find that esolv– produced by excitation of dimer anions relocalize to places far enough from their original location to alter their recombination dynamics. Finally, we show using polarized transient hole-burning that esolv– in liquid CH3CN have an inhomogeneously broadened spectrum, demonstrating that these electrons almost certainly reside in a cavity. Because there is no polarized hole-burning for esolv– in water or methanol, these results have important implications for the nature of excess electrons in all polar liquids.
Evaluation of Seismic Energy in Structures with Rigid-end Offsets

A computational algorithm based on nonlinear dynamic method of analysis is derived to evaluate the local seismic energy response of structures with rigid-end offsets and deformable panel zones. This algorithm is based on the force analogy method, which uses a change in displacement field to represent the nonlinear behavior of the structure instead of the traditional method of changing stiffness. The element stiffness matrices is enhanced to incorporate the effects due to rigid-end offsets of each structural member, and a rotational spring model is tailored to include panel zone deformation at each joint. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed numerical procedure, a six-story moment-resisting frame with active control based on the optimal linear control algorithm is used as the illustrative example. Comparison of energy response is presented for cases: (1) with and without considerations of rigid-end offsets in the derivation of the stiffness matrices; (2) with and without accounting for panel zone deformation in the model; and (3) with and without the use of active control.
Using a Group-Based Trajectory Approach to Assess Risk and Protective Factors of Marijuana Use

Marijuana is the most widely used illegal substance in the world, and persistent and frequent use during adolescence has been associated with precocious transitions and deleterious consequences in adulthood. This study used a group-based trajectory approach to analyze panel data collected from 1,725 youth participating in the National Youth Study to describe pathways of marijuana use and to explore protective factors that may reduce the continuation of use. A trajectory approach allowed us to operationalize risk based on prior within-person patterns of self-reported marijuana use. Three trajectory groups of marijuana users were identified: chronic users (17%), rising users (40%), and abstainers (43%). Our results show that some protective factors are significantly associated with decreases in marijuana use for each trajectory group (e.g., parent disapproval and non-using peer associations), but others are significantly associated with decreases in marijuana for a particular trajectory group and not others...
Emerging communication technology research: Theoretical and methodological variables in the last 16 years and future directions

It is beneficial to reflect on the research literature of emerging communication technology and what has been studied so far, given the rapid growth of this area of research. This study conducted a content analysis of the published literature related to emerging communication technology over a period of 16 years from 1998 to 2013. An exhaustive sample was gathered using two methods of sampling: all Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)-listed communication journals and key word searches. The study examined the common patterns in theoretical, methodological, and technological variables. The primary findings reveal a lack of theory, fuzziness in the conceptualization of the research, growth in empirical research methods, frequent use of nonprobability sampling methods, and growth in studies on blogs, social networking sites (SNS), and mobile technology. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Research on the Electrical Measurement Period Verification

The period verification is an important measure to guarantee the measurement standards and instrument calibration,and the reliability of calibration status in the laboratory.The concepts,objects,methods and implements of the period verification are presented and discussed in this paper.The way of choosing appropriate and effective verification methods according to different objects is introduced.All these analysis results can provide technical reference for laboratory period verification.
Primary torsion of the omentum and epiploic appendix in children.

A 7-year-old girl has a 2-day history of epigastric and left-sided abdominal pain, increasing in severity over 24 hours. She was well before the onset of pain and had no previous episodes of abdominal pain. The patient was afebrile with normal vital signs with a weight of 61.4 kg. Her abdomen was soft and nondistended, but the patient demonstrated voluntary and involuntary guarding in the epigastric region as well as left-sided tenderness with deep palpation. She had active bowel sounds. Laboratory studies revealed a mild leukocytosis (white blood cell count: 11,800/μL). A CT scan was obtained and was suspicious for omental infarction (Fig. 1). She was admitted to the hospital for observation with serial abdominal examinations. Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics were started empirically to cover Gram-negative and anaerobic intra-abdominal organisms. Intravenous pain control was also prescribed and intravenous fluid hydration was started. After 12 hours, the patient's abdominal examination was unchanged and still remarkable for significant tenderness and peritoneal signs in the epigastric region. For that reason, she was taken to the operating room for laparoscopic exploration to evaluate for any other intra-abdominal pathology.
The Elicitation and Assessment of Emotional Responding

The laboratory study of emotion has led to a strong theoretical understanding of how emotions arise and what occurs at the level of behavior, subjective experience, and physiology throughout the time course of an emotion. In order to elicit emotion, researchers have used a flexible array of visual, auditory, and biological procedures. Further, a vast collection of well-established measures allows for the comprehensive assessment of an emotion once it has been elicited. This chapter provides an overview of emotion-elicitation paradigms, discussing the assessment strategies most commonly used to measure emotions across their time course. We also consider the modification of an elicitation or assessment approach to fit the population of interest, as well as the impact of sleep deprivation on emotion.
Implicit Consent and Unanticipated Risk in Class, Mass and Collective Arbitration

Over the last ten years, implicit consent has become one of the major points of contention in the debate about the propriety of class, mass and collective arbitration. The notion of implicit consent is critical to the development of large-scale arbitral proceedings because it allows multiple disputes to be heard at a single time, in a single forum, even if the relevant arbitration agreements are silent regarding the possibility of joint action by the claimants. The issue arises in the context of both international commercial arbitration and investment arbitration.The divisive nature of the debate suggests that the controversy about implicit consent will continue so long as the discussion continues to be framed in its present terms. However, it may be possible to advance the conversation by expanding the nature of the analysis. Rather than focusing on implicit consent as a matter of treaty or contract interpretation, it might be beneficial to consider implicit consent from a systemic rather than individual perspective. This chapter therefore applies a dispute system design (DSD) analysis to the question of implicit consent. In particular, this discussion considers whether and to what extent the concept of "regulatory litigation" (defined herein as including both judicial and arbitral procedures) can be used to justify use of implicit consent as a means of addressing unanticipated risk, including unanticipated procedural risk. The discussion proceeds as follows. First, Section II considers how regulatory litigation operates and why an analytical framework based on unanticipated risk might be necessary or useful in the context of large-scale arbitration. Section III then describes what constitutes unanticipated risk in disputes involving class, mass and collective injuries and how those issues affect dispute system design in international commercial and investment settings. Section IV addresses some of the criticisms of implicit consent and regulatory litigation by considering the nature of class, mass and collective claims, while Section V considers how implicit consent and regulatory litigation operate to overcome some of the special problems associated with transnational regulatory disputes. Section VI concludes the chapter with a number of forward-looking observations.
Computational Simulations of Load-Dependent Myosin Kinetics during Muscle Shortening and Lengthening

Muscle contraction results from myosin heads binding to the actin filament to form cross-bridges, with contractile force dependent on the total number of cross-bridges, the force that each cross-bridge produces, and the myosin attachment time (ton). Muscle shortening and lengthening also influences contractile force, though the direct effect of dynamic length changes on cross-bridge kinetics is unclear. Here, we used a spatially explicit, computational model of muscle force generation to examine how cross-bridge characteristics, such as force per cross-bridge and ton, are affected by various rates of shortening and lengthening (0.1-1 muscle lengths (ML) per second). We found that the force per cross-bridge increased by ∼15% when the sarcomere was lengthened at 0.1 ML/s, and by ∼40% when lengthened at 1.0 ML/s. Conversely, force per cross-bridge decreased during shortening, by ∼25% at 0.1 ML/s and by ∼70% at 1.0 ML/s. Concurrent with these measurements, we found that myosin ton decreased by ∼50-70% as the sarcomere was lengthened at 0.1-1 ML/s, potentially due to increased cross-bridge strain or forced detachment. However, myosin ton increased by ∼50% when the sarcomere was shortened at 0.1 ML/s, but decreased by ∼50% when shortened at 1 ML/s. These data suggest that myosin attachment time is sensitive to length-dependent changes in cross-bridge strain, and that the kinetics may be more sensitive to the rate of shortening than the rate of lengthening. While these results are model dependent and rely upon parameter estimation to fit model predictions with empirical data from skinned fibers, these computational models help illustrate complex system behavior underlying dynamic muscle contraction. These simulation results indicate that sarcomere lengthening may increase the strain borne by individual cross-bridges and decrease myosin ton, and conversely, shortening may decrease cross-bridge strain and prolong myosin ton.
MP96-14 ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRENDS IN HOSPITAL ACQUIRED CONDITIONS FOLLOWING MAJOR UROLOGIC SURGERY BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOSPITAL ACQUIRED CONDITION REDUCTION PROGRAM

Objective To define the rates of common hospital acquired conditions (HACs) in patients undergoing major urologic surgery over a period of time encompassing the implementation of the Hospital Acquired Condition Reduction program, and to evaluate whether implementation of the HAC reimbursement penalties in 2008 was associated with a change in the rate of HACs. Methods Using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data, we determined rates of HACs in patients undergoing major inpatient urologic surgery from 2005 to 2012. Rates were stratified by procedure type and approach (open vs laparoscopic and/or robotic). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between year of surgery and HACs. Results We identified 39,257 patients undergoing major urologic surgery, of whom 2300 (5.9%) had at least one hospital acquired condition. Urinary tract infection (2.6%) was the most common, followed by surgical site infection (2.5%) and venous thrombotic events (0.7%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that open surgical approach, diabetes, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, weight loss, and American Society of Anesthesiology class were among the variables associated with higher likelihood of HAC. We observed a nonsignificant secular trend of decreasing rates of HAC from 7.4% to 5.8% HACs during the study period, which encompassed the implementation of the Hospital Acquired Condition Reduction program. Conclusion HACs occurred at a rate of 5.9% after major urologic surgery, and are significantly affected by procedure type and patient health status. The rate of HAC appeared unaffected by National Reduction program in this cohort. Better understanding of the factors associated with HACs is critical in developing effective reduction programs.
Characterization of Yellow and Red Natural Organic Colorants on Japanese Woodblock Prints by EEM Fluorescence Spectroscopy

As part of a project designed to systematically identify colorants on Japanese woodblock prints, excitation–emission matrix (EEM), or three-dimensional, fluorescence spectroscopy, equipped with a fiber optic probe, was used to characterize natural yellow and red organic colorants on 18th-century Japanese prints without taking samples. This analysis technique collected emission spectra in the visible region for a sequence of excitation wavelengths at 10 nm steps from 250 to 600 nm. The resultant data set provided characteristic excitation/emission patterns that were used to identify several natural colorants, including safflower, madder, sappanwood, gamboge, flavonoids, berberines, and turmeric. In combination with other non-sampling methodologies, including x-ray fluorescence and fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy, most colorants on the prints were quickly and non-destructively characterized. Based on examination of 213 prints, several patterns of colorant use were observed. The prints often contained m...
The effect of advanced secondary municipal wastewater treatment on the molecular composition of dissolved organic matter.

There is a growing interest in water reuse and in recovery of nutrients from wastewater. Because many advanced treatment processes are designed to remove organic matter, a better understanding of the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater is needed. To that end, we assessed DOM in the Nine Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant in Madison, Wisconsin by UV–visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Samples were collected from the influent and effluent of two different secondary treatment processes and their respective secondary clarifiers, the UV disinfection unit, and an Ostara treatment system, which produces struvite via chemical precipitation. The optical properties reveal that DOM throughout the plant is relatively aliphatic and is low in molecular weight compared to DOM in freshwater systems. Furthermore, the DOM is rich in heteroatoms (e.g., N, S, P, and Cl) and its molecular formulas are present in the lipid-, protein-, carbohydrate-, and lignin-like regions of van Krevelen diagrams. Secondary treatment produces DOM that is more aromatic and more complex, as shown by the loss of highly saturated formulas and the increase in the number of CHO, CHON, and CHOP formulas. The two secondary treatment processes produce DOM with distinct molecular compositions, while the secondary clarifiers and UV disinfection unit result in minimal changes in DOM composition. The Ostara process decreases the molecular weight of DOM, but does not otherwise alter its composition. The optical properties agree with trends in the molecular composition of DOM within the main treatment train of the Nine Springs plant.
Airborne lidar detection of an underwater thermal vent

We report the lidar detection of an underwater feature that appears to be a thermal vent in Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA, with the Montana State University Fish Lidar. The location of the detected vent was 30 m from the closest vent identified in a United States Geological Survey of Yellowstone Lake in 2008. A second possible vent is also presented, and the appearance of both vents in the lidar data is compared to descriptions of underwater thermal vents in Yellowstone Lake from the geological literature.
A Comparative Analysis of Viral Richness and Viral Sharing in Cave-Roosting Bats

Caves provide critical roosting habitats for bats globally, but are increasingly disturbed or destroyed by human activities such as tourism and extractive industries. In addition to degrading the habitats of cave-roosting bats, such activities often promote contact between humans and bats, which may have potential impacts on human health. Cave-roosting bats are hosts to diverse viruses, some of which emerged in humans with severe consequences (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Marburg virus). Characterizing patterns of viral richness and sharing among bat species are therefore important first steps for understanding bat-virus dynamics and mitigating future bat-human spillover. Here we compile a database of bat-virus associations and bat species ecological traits, and investigate the importance of roosting behavior as a determinant of viral richness and viral sharing among bat species. We show that cave-roosting species do not host greater viral richness, when accounting for publication bias, diet, body mass, and geographic range size. Our global analyses, however, show that cave-roosting bats do exhibit a greater likelihood of viral sharing, especially those documented in the literature as co-roosting in the same cave. We highlight the importance of caves as critical foci for bat conservation, as well as ideal sites for longitudinal surveillance of bat-virus dynamics.
Challenging the Dominant Frame: The Moderating Impact of Exposure and Knowledge on Perceptions of Sex Trafficking Victimization*

Objective Human trafficking problems have largely been framed by political elites and the media as a sexual crime involving innocent victims who are largely women and children. It is unclear how this framing impacts the public's attitudes about the issue. Here, we ask what types of sex trafficking victim frames produce the strongest response among the American public and how does increased exposure and accurate knowledge about the issue moderate the impact of the victim frames? Methods To answer these questions, we utilize data from a unique nationally representative survey experiment fielded to 2,000 Americans in which we designed a 2 × 2 × 2 experiment manipulating the gender, age, and nationality of sex trafficking victims. Results We find the age of the victim has the greatest impact on affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses to human trafficking, but that these victim frames are conditional on the amount of exposure a subject has had to the issue of human trafficking and the level of correct knowledge he or she possesses about human trafficking. Conclusion Victim framing in public discourse on sex trafficking does make a difference, and the reasons these frames elicit different responses are complex and moderated by respondents’ exposure to information and knowledge about the issue.
Tale of Two Storms: Impact of Extreme Rain Events on the Biogeochemistry of Lake Superior

Climate change is expected to profoundly affect the Great Lakes region of North America. An increase in intensity and frequency of rain events is anticipated to deliver more runoff and to increase riverine inputs to Lake Superior's ecosystem. The effects of these changes on key biogeochemical parameters were analyzed by coupling satellite data, water column sensor profiles, and discrete surface-water sampling after two "500-year" flood events in the Lake Superior basin. This study provides both a spatial and a temporal sense of how plumes interacted within the ecosystem. We also determined the significant differences in water quality parameters for plume versus non-plume waters. These two plumes were important for delivery of nutrients, with variable transport of sediments and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Data from the 2012 storm event showed a significant input of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP) and CDOM to the system. In the 2016 storm event, carbon cycling parameters (acidity, total inorganic carbon (TIC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ammonia levels were elevated within the plume. In neither storm event was there a significant difference in chlorophyll a between plume and non-plume waters during our sampling cruises. These two plume events were similar in amount of precipitation, but their effect on the biogeochemistry of Lake Superior varied due to differences in the watersheds where the rain fell. The studied plume events were dynamic, changing with currents, winds and the settling of suspended sediments.
Super-Temporal-Resolved Microscopy Reveals Multistep Desorption Kinetics of α-Lactalbumin from Nylon

Insight into the mechanisms driving protein–polymer interactions is constantly improving due to advances in experimental and computational methods. In this study, we used super-temporal-resolved microscopy (STReM) to study the interfacial kinetics of a globular protein, α-lactalbumin (α-LA), adsorbing at the water–nylon 6,6 interface. The improved temporal resolution of STReM revealed that residence time distributions involve an additional step in the desorption process. Increasing the ionic strength in the bulk solution accelerated the desorption rate of α-LA, attributed to adsorption-induced conformational changes. Ensemble circular dichroism measurements were used to support a consecutive reaction mechanism. Without the improved temporal resolution of STReM, the desorption intermediate was not resolvable, highlighting both STReM’s potential to uncover new kinetic mechanisms and the continuing need to push for better time and space resolution.
Genetic Determination of Drosophila Heart Development

Publisher Summary Recently, some of the genetic mechanisms of heart specification have been elucidated in Drosophila. This chapter summarizes the functions and interactions of genes that subdivide the early mesoderm and orchestrate the specification and initial differentiation of the Drosophila heart. In Drosophila, the formation of the mesoderm in ventral regions of blastoderm embryos is largely controlled autonomously, i.e., by mechanisms that act within the nuclei or cells that acquire mesodermal fates. Its mesoderm formation is initiated by a nuclear gradient of the maternally provided, NKkB- related morphogen Dorsal. Peak levels of nuclear Dorsal protein are present along the ventral midline of blastoderm embryos and are required to activate two zygotic genes, twist and snail, which are essential for mesoderm formation. Candidates for target genes of twist at blastoderm stage include folded gastrulation, which codes fora secreted molecule controlling aspects of mesoderm invagination; heartless, which encodes a fibroblast growth factor receptor homolog that is involved in mesoderm migration; the homeobox gene tinman that is crucial for mesoderm patterning and heart formation; mef2, which encodes a MADS domain transcription factor that functions in later aspects of muscle and heart differentiation; and zfh-1, a zinc finger- and homeobox containing gene, which is required for the differentiation of a subset of heart cells.
Re-imagining arts-centered inquiry as pragmatic instrumentalism

RE-IMAGINING ARTS-CENTERED INQUIRY AS PRAGMATIC INSTRUMENTALISM by Leann F. Logsdon Arts education must continually provide justification for its inclusion in the K-12 curriculum. This dissertation utilizes philosophical and conceptual analysis to probe the tensions, ironies, and contradictions that permeate the arts education advocacy discourse. Using evidence from advocacy materials published online, scholarly critiques of themes in the advocacy discourse, and research reports describing school-based arts programs, I construct an argument that posits generative consequences for student learning when artscentered inquiry is reimagined as pragmatic instrumentalism. Such a reimagining of artscentered inquiry seeks to draw a distinction between utilitarian justifications for the arts and instrumental benefits the arts provide individual students in mediating complex and connected learning. In reclaiming the term “instrumental” for arts-centered inquiry, I offer a way to restore the notion of generativity to arts learning and a means to promote greater understanding among practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and advocates. RE-IMAGINING ARTS-CENTERED INQUIRY AS PRAGMATIC INSTRUMENTALISM by Leann F. Logsdon
Beyond Doctrinal Boundaries: A Legal Framework for Surrogate Motherhood

THERE has been much debate about whether surrogate motherhood should be regulated within the realm of contract law' or family law.2 Both sides in the debate have generally used a very simplified view of one doctrine or the other. Some family law professors, for example, argue that contract law should not be applied in surrogacy cases because "parents, unlike courts, cannot make enforceable agreements concerning their child's custody."3 This distinction begs the question of whether contract principles should be used in certain instances of family relations. It also fails to recognize the many ways in which contract ideas already have entered the family realm.4 Those who press for use of the family law model in surrogacy often seem to be applying an idealized model that does not exist in practice,
Men Providing Care

Male caregivers' experiences inpsychoeducational groups remain relatively unexplored. Presented is the experience of recruiting and implementing psychoeducational groups for caregiving men based on...
Instability of Citrus Flavors and Recent Attempts at Their Stabilization

Citrus flavors are among the most popular flavors in the food market. They are widely used in sauces and dressings as well as in sweet products, such as beverages, cookies, and desserts. Their consumption is growing steadily at more than 3% per year. Unfortunately, they are, however, highly susceptible to the surroundings and deteriorate during processing and storage. Of all commercial citrus products, citrus flavor in beverages is the most delicate and difficult flavor to preserve. The degradation of citrus flavors lowers intensity and balance, and develops unacceptable “off-flavors” from the degradation products. The generation of off-flavor is especially a troublesome problem. These flavor changes inhibit their attaining full market potential and are a serious problem in the market place. Therefore, many investigators have attempted to clarify the deterioration mechanism of citrus flavors in order to inhibit the deterioration of these flavors. Much information has been obtained during the past 20 years on off-flavor components as well as the desired flavor components of oils of the major citrus cultivars, by using the advances in chromatographic separation and instrumental identification techniques. As a result, the degradation mechanisms of citrus flavors are gradually being clarified.
The Team Based Biopsychosocial Model: Having a Clinical Ethicist as a Facilitator and a Bridge Between Teams

The biopsychosocial model is characterized by the systematic consideration of biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery. This model opposes the biomedical model, which is the foundation of most current clinical practice. In the biomedical model, quest for evidence based medicine, the patient is reduced to molecules, genes, organelles, systems, diseases, etc. This reduction has brought great advances in medicine, but it lacks a holistic view of the person. To solve the problem, we propose an early team based approach where the primary care physician leads a group of people that can help her/him address the psychosocial issues while she/he attends to the biomedical issues. This article addresses one case where the clinical ethicist facilitating a team based biopsychosocial model for the care of a patient worked as a bridge between the primary team, the critical care team, and the psychosocial team to advance the argument that good communication among the groups can lead to a true biopsychosocial model where the collaboration of the social worker, psychologist, chaplain, ethicist and the different medical teams can improve the overall patient experience.
Molecular and circuit mechanisms mediating circadian clock output in the Drosophila brain

A central question in the circadian biology field concerns the mechanisms that translate ~24-hr oscillations of the molecular clock into overt rhythms. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful system that provided the first understanding of how molecular clocks are generated and is now illuminating the neural basis of circadian behavior. The identity of ~150 clock neurons in the Drosophila brain and their roles in shaping circadian rhythms of locomotor activity have been described before. This review summarizes mechanisms that transmit time-of-day signals from the clock, within the clock network as well as downstream of it. We also discuss the identification of functional multisynaptic circuits between clock neurons and output neurons that regulate locomotor activity.
NAFTA’s Cartel Economy

This article combines elements of a personal essay with travel writing, in which geographers have expressed renewed interest. Constructed not through contemplations of the mind but from lived corpo...
Blood Transfusion in the Severe Trauma Patient

The strategy of damage control resuscitation for a trauma patient in hemorrhagic shock involves preserving end-organ perfusion and preventing any further progression of the lethal triad of death; hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy, which is commonly associated with hemorrhagic shock (Schreiber, Care Crit Curr Opin 11:590, 2005). Trauma patients are treated with surgical maneuvers to control bleeding, pharmacologic therapies to reduce bleeding, and by replacement of lost blood volume with blood products.
The Carceral Imaginary in Byzantium: The Komnenian Novels as Holocaust Fiction

This chapter explores three fictional works of the twelfth century, the so-called Komnenian novels, as examples of a genre that explores incarceration, enslavement, family separation, exile, and other forms of trauma that are typically the subject of witness literature. In considerations over contemporary works of witness literature drawn from the African and African-American slave experience, the Holocaust, and other contexts, fiction has emerged as a contested location, with some arguing that witness literature must by definition be nonfictional and others arguing that, since the vast majority of enslaved people did not live to tell their own tales, fiction is the only way by which these unnarrated experiences can be represented. The Komnenian novels, therefore, as first-person narratives showing characters being conquered, separated from their families, enslaved, transported in slave ships, and either ransomed or killed, represent one of the few places (if not the only one) where an audience would be able to see an enslaved person narrating the events of their lives and their emotional responses to those events in full.
Consumer ethics: Determinants of ethical beliefs of african americans

This study explores the ethical ideol-ogies and ethical beliefs of African American consumers using the Forsyth ethical position questionnaire (EPQ) and the Muncy-Vitell consumer ethics questionnaire (MVQ). The two dimensions of the EPQ (i.e., idealism and relativism) were the independent constructs and the four dimensions of the MVQ (i.e., illegal, active, passive and no harm) were the dependent variables. In addition, this paper explores the consumer ethics of African Americans across four demographic factors (i.e., age, education, gender, and marital status). A sample of 315 African American consumers was used to explore these relationships. Results confirmed that consumers who score high on the idealism scale are more likely to reject questionable consumer activities, but there was no relationship between relativism and consumers' rejection of questionable activities. Older, more educated and married consumers rejected questionable activities more than younger, less educated and single consumers. Gender did not have any significant relationship to consumers' ethical orientation.
Implanted cardiac pacemakers in children. A report of their application in five patients.

Abstract Five children, ranging in age from 7 months to 15 years, had cardiac pacemakers implanted between April 1963 and August 1965. A Chardack-Greatbatch unit was used in 4 patients with postsurgical complete heart block; a Cordis Atricor Junior unit was employed in 1 infant with congenital complete heart block. Pacemaker performance has been good, and each patient is clinically improved. Problems in pacemaker function have included: (1) increased myocardial stimulation threshold, (2) disturbance of the rate-control mechanism, (3) break in wire insulation and (4) generator failure. Pacing has been satisfactorily restored in each of these instances. Indications for pacemaker implantation in the pediatric age group depend upon the etiology of complete heart block. Permanent artificial pacing is recommended in all cases of postsurgical complete heart block. In congenital complete heart block, pacemaker implantation should be employed if symptoms of syncope or unremitting congestive heart failure develop.
Influence of photoperiod and running wheel access on the entrainment of split circadian rhythms in hamsters

In the laboratory, behavioral and physiological states of nocturnal rodents alternate, with a period near 24 h, between those appropriate for the night (e.g., elevated wheel-running activity and high melatonin secretion) and for the day (e.g., rest and low melatonin secretion). Under appropriate 24 h light:dark:light:dark conditions, however, rodents may be readily induced to express bimodal rest/activity cycles that reflect a global temporal reorganization of the central neural pacemaker in the hypothalamus. We examine here how the relative length of the light and dark phases of the environmental cycle influences this rhythm splitting and the necessity of a running wheel for expression of this entrainment condition. Rhythm splitting was observed in wheel-running and general locomotion of Siberian and Syrian hamsters. The latter also manifest split rhythms in body temperature. Access to a running wheel was necessary neither for the induction nor maintenance of this entrainment pattern. While rhythms were only transiently split in many animals with two 5 h nights, the incidence of splitting was greater with twice daily nights of shorter duration. Removal of running wheels altered the body temperature rhythm but did not eliminate its clear bimodality. The expression of entrained, split circadian rhythms exhibits no strict dependence on access to a running wheel, but can be facilitated by manipulation of ambient lighting conditions. These circadian entrainment patterns may be of therapeutic value to human shift-workers and others facing chronobiological challenges.
Stellar Models of Evolved Secondaries in Cataclysmic Variables

In this paper we study the impact of chemically evolved secondaries on cataclysmic variable (CV) evolution. We find that when evolved secondaries are included, a spread in the secondary mass-orbital period plane comparable to that seen in the data is produced for either the saturated prescription for magnetic braking or the unsaturated model commonly used for CVs. We argue that in order to explain this spread, a considerable fraction of all CVs should have evolved stars as secondaries. The evolved stars become fully convective at lower orbital periods. Therefore, even if there were an abrupt decrease in magnetic braking for fully convective stars (contrary to open cluster data), it would not be expected to produce a sharp break in the period distribution for CVs. We also explore recent proposed revisions to the angular momentum loss rate for single stars and find that only modest increases over the saturated prescription are consistent with the overall observed spin-down pattern. We compare predictions of our models with diagnostics of the mass accretion rate in white dwarfs and find results intermediate between the saturated and the older braking prescription. Taken together, these suggest that the angular momentum loss rate may be higher in CV secondaries than in single stars of the same rotation period but still significantly lower than in the traditional model. Alternative explanations for the CV period gap are discussed.
Experimental Analysis of the SABUL Congestion Control Algorithm

Several new protocols such as RBUDP, User-Level UDP, Tsunami, and SABUL, have been proposed as alternatives to TCP for high-speed data transfer. The purpose of this paper is to analyze experimentally the effects of SABUL congeston control algorithm on SABUL and performance metrics such as bandwidth utilization, self-fairness, and aggressiveness. Our results confirm some expected behavior of SABUL and reveal some less expected one. Our experiments also indicate that SABUL implementation and design can result in an even more erratic behavior and degraded performance under high-congestion conditions.
Review of Lake Management in Minnesota

ABSTRACT Lake management practices in Minnesota have included holistic Clean Lakes Projects, extensive remedial methods to control excessive phytoplankton and macrophyte growth, and fisheries improvement projects. Clean Lakes projects have had varying degrees of success, but there has been no systematic evaluation of the overall success of the program. Remedial methods and fisheries management have narrow objectives, and the broader water quality impacts of these management practices have generally not been considered. Future lake management activities in Minnesota include developing better predictive and assessment capabilities, using innovative management techniques such as biomanipulation and community management of macrophytes, and renewing emphasis on controlling nonpoint source inputs to lakes.