cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climatic Cyclicity and Terrigenous Sediment Influx to the Early Turonian Greenhorn Sea, Southern Utah

ABSTRACT Rhythmically alternating beds of limestone and shale in pelagic deposits of the Cenomanian-Turonian North American Western Interior Seaway have been widely attributed to climatic cyclicity in the Milankovitch band. Whether these rhythmic beds record cycles of terrigenous dilution or of productivity remains controversial. We present results of a study of early Turonian strata of the Tropic Shale and Tununk Member of the Mancos Shale in southern Utah, aimed at testing the dilution model in a prodeltaic environment within 130 km of the paleoshoreline. The study transect consisted of four localities spaced along a 110 km onshore-offshore transect. In each of the four sections, we studied a stratigraphic interval characterized by beds of limestone or marlstone that alternate with beds of marly shale or calcareous shale. Along the transect, content of quartz sand and coarse silt in each of the beds generally decreases and content of calcium carbonate increases. In each section, quartz sand and coarse silt content varies antithetically with calcium-carbonate content. These observations suggest that the limestone/marlstone beds accumulated during times when rates of terrigenous sediment transport to offshore sites were relatively slow. Conversely, the shaly beds were deposited during times of enhanced terrigenous sediment flux. These ob ervations support the hypothesis that limestone-shale bedding rhythms record wet and dry phases of climate cycles. In Utah, the limestone/marlstone beds contain smaller proportions of mixed-layer illite/smectite clays than do the shaly beds. Climatic cyclicity apparently led to cyclic variations in the proportions of clay minerals supplied to the prodeltaic environments, or to variation in the loci of accumulation of different clay minerals. Analysis of intensity of bioturbation and preservation of fecal pellets also indicates that the limestone/marlstone beds accumulated under more oxic benthic conditions than did the shaly beds. Detailed examination of the alternating beds of limestone/marlstone and shale in southern Utah indicates that the deposits are characterized by a distinctive succession of facies. These deposits are better interpreted as bedding cycles, composed of three gradational lithologies, than as bedding rhythms, composed of two alternating lithologies. Data on grain size and calcium-carbonate content suggest that the bedding cycles correspond to shoaling-upward parasequences that developed in response to small-scale changes in relative sea level. Our study suggests that climatically modulated changes in fresh-water discharge and terrigenous sediment supply were mainly responsible for these sea-level changes and for cyclic variations in benthic oxygenation in prodeltaic environments of the earl Turonian Western Interior Seaway.
T-cell signaling pathways inhibited by the tick saliva immunosuppressor, Salp15

The Ixodes scapularis salivary protein Salp15 inhibits the activation of T cells through its interaction with the coreceptor CD4. Salp15 prevents the activation of Lck upon TCR engagement and the formation of lipid rafts. We have now analyzed the signaling pathways that are inhibited by the tick salivary protein in CD4+ T cells. Salp15 affects tyrosine phosphorylation of several early signal components downstream of Lck, including LAT and Vav1, which results in improper actin polymerization. The effect of Salp15 is due to its interaction with CD4, as no effect was observed in CD4-negative T cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the peptide that mediates the interaction of Salp15 with CD4, P11, is able to recapitulate the immunosuppressive activity of the whole protein. These results clarify the molecular mechanisms of action of Salp15 on T cells and suggest that binding to CD4 is sufficient to elicit its immunosuppressive effect.
Preparation and evaluation of 17-ethynyl-substituted 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiols: Selective receptor-based PET imaging agents

Abstract We have prepared and studied six new analogs of 16α-fluoroestradiol (FES): 17α- and 17β-ethynyl-FES ( 7 [FEES]and 7a ), and the 11β-ethyl ( 8 and 8a ) and 11β-methoxy ( 9 and 9a ) derivatives, novel estrogen receptor-based PET imaging agents. The relative binding affinity (RBA) for the estrogen receptor (ER) versus FES is increased for 7 , 9 and 9a but decreased for 7a , 8 and 8a . All six analogs have been labeled in the 16α position with 18 F by the nucleophilic displacement of the corresponding 16β-trifluoromethanesulfonate with nBu 4 N 18 F. Subsequent ethynylation with lithium trimethylsilylacetylide yielded the FEES analogs (total synthesis time: 120 min; effective specific activity: 200–2400 Ci/mmol). Selective uptake in the uterus was high for [ 18 F) 7 , [ 18 F] 8 , [ 18 F] 9 and [ 18 F] 9a (% ID/g values at 1 h: 11.2, 12.9, 9.9 and 8.3, respectively), while uptake was effectively blocked by coinjection of an excess of unlabeled estradiol. The FEES analogs, [ 18 F] 7 , [ 18 F] 8 and [ 18 F] 9 , exhibited the highest selectivity, in terms of target (uterus)-to-blood ratios, ever seen amongst estrogen radiopharmaceuticals, 154, 145 and 169, respectively. The analogs [ 18 F] 7a and [ 18 F] 8a displayed no uptake in the uterus, consistent with their low RBAs. Metabolism studies revealed that most of the uterine activity is unmetabolized while the blood exhibits a rapid and subsequently sustained mixture of metabolites. The muscle shows a metabolic profile intermediate to the uterus and blood. These analogs provide an array of desirable characteristics for the optimal PET imaging of ER-rich target tissues.
Alkylation of 2'-deoxynucleosides and DNA by the Premarin metabolite 4-hydroxyequilenin semiquinone radical.

Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst) is the estrogen replacement treatment of choice and continues to be one of the most widely dispensed prescriptions in the United States. In addition to endogenous estrogens, Premarin contains unsaturated estrogens including equilenin. We synthesized the catechol metabolite of equilenin, 4-hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN), and found that the semiquinone radical of 4-OHEN reacted with 2‘-deoxynucleosides generating very unusual adducts. 2‘-Deoxyguanosine (dG), 2‘-deoxyadenosine (dA), or 2‘-deoxycytosine (dC) all gave four isomers, but no product was observed for thymidine under similar physiological conditions. The structures of these adducts were determined by electrospray mass spectrometry and NMR experiments including 1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, ROESY, HOHAHA, HMQC, and HMBC. The spectral data show that dG forms a cyclic adduct with the 4-OHEN producing 2-N1,3-N2-deoxyguanosyl-1,3-dihydroxy-5,7,9(10)-estratriene-4,17-dione. Similarly, reaction with dA produced 1-N6,3-C2-deoxyadenosyl-2,3-dihydrox...
Effects of NMDA and ferrous sulfate on oxidation and cell death in primary neuronal cultures

Excessive oxidative radical production has been implicated in a variety of neurodegerative processes including NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) mediated excitotoxicity. To determine the relationship of oxidation to NMDA-receptor mediated neuronal death, we exposed rat primary cortical neuronal cultures to ferrous sulfate and the fluorescent dyes dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H(2)DCF) and propidium iodide (PI) to monitor reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, respectively in the same cultures. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO(4)) caused a dose-dependent increase in cellular oxidation with an ED(50) of approximately 136 microM. Levels of oxidation increased over time reaching maximum levels between 15 and 25 min. Ferrous sulfate (ED(50) approximately 241 microM) treatment for 25 min caused a delayed and progressive neuronal death that was comparable to NMDA (100 microM, 25 min) delayed neuronal death. NMDA (100 microM, 25 min) alone did not result in measurable increases of DCF fluorescence. However, when combined with 40 microM FeSO(4), NMDA dose-dependently increased H(2)DCF fluorescence. Despite the increase in DCF oxidation, combinations of FeSO(4) with NMDA did not synergize or accelerate NMDA-receptor mediated or glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Although excessive amounts FeSO(4) induced oxidation can cause delayed neuronal death, these findings suggest that oxidative stress is not the key factor in triggering the NMDA mediated excitotoxic cascade.
Predicting Student Progression: The Influence of Race and Other Student and Institutional Characteristics on College Student Performance.

In this study of college student retention and progression, significant differences were found between black and white student cohorts in terms of their attrition rates, overall progression rates (defined as length of time to graduate), and tendency to follow the prescribed progression pattern (sophomore in the second year, junior in the third year, senior in the fourth year, and graduate after the fourth year). However, multiple regression analyses show that racial differences disappear when the effects of other student and institutional characteristics are statistically controlled. Therefore, colleges and universities would do well to rethink special retention and counseling programs designed especially to serve minority group students.
Mechanism of Ru(II)-catalyzed olefin insertion and C-H activation from quantum chemical studies.

The mechanism of catalytic hydroarylation of olefins by the homogeneous Ru(Tp)(CO)(Ph)(NCCH_3) catalyst recently reported by Gunnoe et al. is characterized using quantum mechanics (density functional theory). The catalytic cycle features two key steps, 1,2-olefin insertion and C−H activation via an unusual mechanism, oxidative hydrogen migration. We find that these two key steps are competitive and that improving the rate of one step is detrimental to the rate of the other. The Ru catalyst has better balance and consequently higher activity than the previously explored Ir-based system.
Bearing strength of lunar soil.

Bearing load vs penetration curves have been measured on a 1.3 g sample of lunar soil from the scoop of the Surveyor 3 soil mechanics surface sampler, using a circular indentor 2 mm in diameter. Measurements were made in an Earth laboratory, in air. This sample provided a unique opportunity to evaluate earlier, remotely controlled, in-situ measurements of lunar surface bearing properties. Bearing capacity, measured at a penetration equal to the indentor diameter, varied from 0.02-0.04 N/sq cm at bulk densities of 1.15 g/cu cm to 30-100 N/sq cm at 1.9 g/cu cm. Deformation was by compression directly below the indentor at bulk densities below 1.61 g/cu cm, by outward displacement at bulk densities over 1.62 g/cu cm. Preliminary comparison of in-situ remote measurements with those on returned material indicates good agreement if the lunar regolith at Surveyor 3 has a bulk density of 1.6 g/cu cm at 2.5 cm depth.
eIF1 Controls Multiple Steps in Start Codon Recognition during Eukaryotic Translation Initiation

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 1 is a central mediator of start codon recognition. Dissociation of eIF1 from the preinitiation complex (PIC) allows release of phosphate from the G-protein factor eIF2, triggering downstream events in initiation. Mutations that weaken binding of eIF1 to the PIC decrease the fidelity of start codon recognition (Sui(-) phenotype) by allowing increased eIF1 release at non-AUG codons. Consistent with this, overexpression of these mutant proteins suppresses their Sui(-) phenotypes. Here, we have examined mutations at the penultimate residue of eIF1, G107, that produce Sui(-) phenotypes without increasing the rate of eIF1 release. We provide evidence that, in addition to its role in gating phosphate release, dissociation of eIF1 triggers conversion from an open, scanning-competent state of the PIC to a stable, closed one. We also show that eIF5 antagonizes binding of eIF1 to the complex and that key interactions of eIF1 with its partners are modulated by the charge at and around G107. Our data indicate that eIF1 plays multiple roles in start codon recognition and suggest that prior to AUG recognition it prevents eIF5 from binding to a key site in the PIC required for triggering downstream events.
From Normal Operation to Evacuation: Single-Vehicle Safety under Adverse Weather, Topographic, and Operational Conditions

The negative effects of weather (e.g., strong winds, snow, and icy rain) on the safety of vehicles have been recognized and reported upon for some time worldwide. As an important category of vehicle accidents, the single-vehicle noncollision accident has not been studied sufficiently under adverse environmental and topographic conditions. In the United States, strong wind, together with other adverse weather and topographic conditions, has been blamed for many single-vehicle accidents every year, especially those involving trucks. Vehicle safety not only threatens people's lives during normal operations, but may even put many people in miserable situations when an emergency evacuation is interrupted by frequent accidents on key routes. As a result, the safety of many people who are delayed in congestion on evacuation routes may be jeopardized. The reasons that cause single-vehicle accidents can be very complicated: from a single primary reason such as strong wind gusts to the combination of several reasons such as weather conditions, vehicle conditions, road surface conditions, driver operational errors, etc. This study seeks to investigate the safety of vehicles during normal operations as well as emergencies through replicating the natural environments. It starts with a brief overview of single-vehicle accidents caused by environmental and topographic conditions around the United States in normal operations, followed by discussions about the current challenges existing in the evacuation practices. An attempt is then made to model the complicated weather, road surface, and driver operational process, such as rain, snow, camber, grade, and acceleration/deceleration as well as steering processes. With the proposed accident assessment framework, the accident-related response is studied and accident risks are assessed for vehicles. The study may also provide a useful basis for traffic designs on highways with complicated topographic and weather conditions and optimization of evacuation routes and strategy with minimized single-vehicle accident risks.
FEL on slow cyclotron wave

Abstract A theory of linear and nonlinear interaction of fast electromagnetic waves with a slow cyclotron wave of relativistic electron beam in an FEL with circularly polarized wiggler field and longitudinal guide field is presented. It is shown that such interaction is a twice parametric process with regard to the wiggler field. As a result the spatial growth rate of the electromagnetic wave in the linear regime, and the inherent efficiency of interaction are smaller than those for the undulator synchronism. The optimal length of the interaction region is also found to be larger. Nevertheless, within the certain limits of the positive guide field strength the operational frequency of a slow cyclotron wave FEL can be higher than that of the standard FEL and the resultant efficiency of an FEL-oscillator in the millimeter wavelength range can be of 5–10%. The use of the wiggler or guide field tapering to optimize efficiency of such an FEL is discussed. A numerical simulation showed that the efficiency of an FEL on a slow cyclotron wave with tapered wiggler field could reach the 25% level, thus demonstrating the potential of that FEL to compete with other sources of coherent microwaves. Features of nonlinear regime are discussed and results of numerical simulation are presented.
Properties of mitochondria from hearts of cattle acclimatized to high altitude

Abstract Hearts of domestic cattle from two groups, one born and raised at sea level and the other born and raised at an altitude of 4250 m, were studied to determine whether any mitochondrial adaptations to high altitude could be demonstrated. Direct counts of mitochondrial number revealed a 40 % increase in the high altitude hearts, but mitochondrial size was the same as at sea level. Measurements of enzyme content indicated an individual mitochondrial increase in electron transport system; and oxygen uptake and cytochrome a oxidase, per mitochondrion, were increased in the same proportion. These changes are discussed as an intracellular mechanism which would serve to preserve oxidative metabolism in hypoxia, particularly under exercising conditions. The effective conservation of oxygen pressure head by this means is probably less than one mm Hg.
A new series of articles on research methodology in clinical medicine

It is a pleasure to introduce a new series that will be appearing in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Methods: State of the Science. With the recent explosion of research methods clinical, basic, and translational physicians and investigators are faced with an increasingly complex body of research literature in obstetrics and gynecology. The goal of this series is to provide in depth reviews and discussions of emerging themes and controversies in research and will include manuscripts focused on both basic and clinical research topics. Manuscripts from this series will be appearing intermittently in the journal over the next several years andwill be solicited andwritten by experts in these specific content areas of research. It is our hope and belief that this series will aid both clinicians and researchers in their understandingof the literature related to obstetrics and gynecology. In this edition of the Journal, Thom and Klebanoff eloquentlydiscuss 2 critical issues related to thedesign and execution of randomized clinical trials. The first is the role of Data Safety and Monitoring Committees (DSMC) in the context of clinical trials and howdecisions aremade to stop studies. This topic has gained in importance in recent
Release of Tenofovir from Carrageenan-Based Vaginal Suppositories

Microbicides are an active area of research for HIV prevention, being developed as a woman-initiated method of prevention during unprotected coitus. Along with safety and efficacy, assessing and improving compliance is a major area of research in microbicide development. We have produced microbicide prototypes in the form of semisoft vaginal suppositories prepared from carrageenan and conducted both qualitative and quantitative studies using these prototypes to determine the physical properties that drive acceptability and possibly adherence. In order to ensure that the suppositories function as effective drug delivery vehicles, we have conducted in vitro dissolution studies in water, vaginal simulant fluid (VSF) and semen simulant fluid (SSF) with suppositories loaded with the antiretroviral drug, tenofovir (TFV). TFV was released via diffusion and matrix erosion in water or by diffusion out of the matrix in VSF and SSF. Diffusion studies were conducted in two different volumes of VSF and SSF. The volume of VSF/SSF into which TFV diffused and the size of the suppositories determined the rate of diffusion from the suppositories. About 45%-50% of the encapsulated TFV diffused out of the suppositories within the first two hours, irrespective of suppository size, diffusion medium (VSF/SSF) and the volume of medium. Prior work indicates that a short waiting period between insertion and coitus is highly desired by women; present data suggest our microbicide prototypes have rapid initial release followed by a slow release curve over the first 24 h.
Chaotic wave scattering by asymmetric particles

In the ray-optics limit, the ray dynamics inside an asymmetric particle becomes chaotic, strongly changing the scattering properties of the particle with respect to its "symmetric" analog. We describe the analytical approach, capable of finding the scattering magnitude of the randomly-shaped particles.
Systemic Plasmacytosis : A Case which Improved with Melphalan

Plasmacytosis, a distinctive proliferative disorder of plasma cells, is characterized by peculiar multiple skin eruptions, lymphadenopathy and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. To date there has been no report of such cases showing remarkable responses to therapeutic agents. We herein report a case of plasmacytosis which developed in a 52-year-old Korean man and showed remarkable improvement with melphalan.
Theoretical study of electron, proton, and proton-coupled electron transfer in iron bi-imidazoline complexes.

A comparative theoretical investigation of single electron transfer (ET), single proton transfer (PT), and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions in iron bi-imidazoline complexes is presented. These calculations are motivated by experimental studies showing that the rates of ET and PCET are similar and are both slower than the rate of PT for these systems (Roth, J. P.; Lovel, S.; Mayer, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5486). The theoretical calculations are based on a multistate continuum theory, in which the solute is described by a multistate valence bond model, the transferring hydrogen nucleus is treated quantum mechanically, and the solvent is represented as a dielectric continuum. For electronically nonadiabatic electron transfer, the rate expressions for ET and PCET depend on the inner-sphere (solute) and outer-sphere (solvent) reorganization energies and on the electronic coupling, which is averaged over the reactant and product proton vibrational wave functions for PCET. The small o...
2008 Report of the ASHP Treasurer: Putting resources to work for strategic benefit

The Society’s financial year is June 1 through May 31, coinciding with the Society’s policy development year. Because the fiscal year ends May 31, the Treasurer has three financial periods to cover in the annual report: (1) final audited prior-year numbers (for the fiscal year 2007), (2) current
On the Energy Loss of Heavy Ions

The energy loss of heavy ions is due to collisions with electrons and with nuclei. The first process is essentially determined by the ionic charge, which in turn depends on the ratio of the velocities of the most loosely bound electron within the ion, and of the ion. The former velocity is calculated from the Thomas-Fermi model while the ratio of the two velocities is adjusted to empirical data. The nuclear contribution to the stopping cross section is calculated by the known classical method. Though approximations could not be avoided, the procedure lends itself to the systematization of experimental data on intermediate and heavy ions.
Spliceosomal introns in a deep-branching eukaryote: the splice of life.

The classification of all living organisms into three major divisions, Archaea (archaebacteria), Bacteria (eubacteria) and Eukarya (eukaryotes), over two decades ago (1) has changed our view of the relationship between nucleated cells (eukaryotes) and those lacking nuclei (archaebacteria and eubacteria). The foundation for this reclassification of living organisms was originally based on molecular phylogenies constructed by using small subunit ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) (see Fig. 1) and has since been confirmed by analyses of numerous biochemical properties, as well as the entire genome sequence of organisms within each division. Converging molecular comparisons of diverse properties of organisms within and between domains have led to the proposal that the eukaryotic cell is a hybrid arising from a host archaeal cell and eubacterial endosymbionts (2–4).
Rapid-growth responses of corn root segments: Effect of citrate-phosphate buffer on elongation

The effects of citrate-phosphate buffer on the elongation rate of 2 mm root segments of Zea mays L. was investigated under O2 and N2 conditions by comparing with the effects in non-buffered solution. The buffer at pH 7.0 has an inhibiting effect on the elongation rate of root segments. At pH 4.0 the buffer has a promoting effect on the elongation rate twice that of the H-ion concentration. Nitrogen experiments indicate that growth in neutral buffer is O2 dependent. On the other hand the acid-growth response of root segments in citrate-phosphate buffer appears to have two components, 1) a H-ion component which is partially inhibited by N2 and fluoride and 2) a citrate component which is inhibited in part by N2 but not by fluoride.
Academics and Practitioners Are Alike and Unlike: The Paradoxes of Academic–Practitioner Relationships

In this essay we challenge standard approaches to the academic–practitioner gap that essentially pit sides against each other, treating them as dichotomous. Instead, we identify and suggest ways of working with such dichotomies to foster research and theory building. We delineate several tensions associated with the gap, including differing logics, time dimensions, communication styles, rigor and relevance, and interests and incentives, and show how such tensions are valuable themselves for research and theorizing. We show that the gap often reflects views of conflicting groups of academics, while practitioners’ voices are not always incorporated; thus we add a practitioner’s voice to the conversation. We describe the dialectical forces that foster the tensions associated with the gap, including initiatives of national governments, ranking systems, and special issues of journals. We then show how the tensions represent fundamental, unresolvable paradoxes that can be generative of new research and practice...
Anal and ileal pouch manometric measurements before ileostomy closure are related to functional outcome after ileal pouch—anal anastomosis

Anal canal length, and canal resting and squeeze pressures, ileal pouch capacity and pouch compliance were measured in 104 patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis but before ileostomy closure. The intention was to determine if such parameters were associated with late functional outcome after re-establishment of intestinal continuity. Functional outcome in terms of stool frequency (day and night), incontinence (day and night), perianal pad use, perianal skin irritation, and the use of constipating agents was assessed for all 104 patients 1 year or more (median 438 days) after ileostomy closure. A low mean anal sphincter resting pressure before ileostomy closure was associated with subsequent nocturnal incontinence (P less than 0.05) and, to a lesser extent, the need to use constipating agents (P = 0.08). Pouch compliance if low before ileostomy closure was associated with an increased frequency of nocturnal stool frequency after 1 year (P less than 0.05). Anal canal length, and sphincter squeeze pressure and pouch capacity before ileostomy closure were not related to subsequent functional outcome in these patients.
Revealed conflicting preferences

We model a DM as a collection of utility functions (selves, rationales) and an aggregation rule (a theory of how selves are activated by choice sets). The DM’s choice function is rationalized by a collection of selves and an aggregator if it selects the unique maximizer of aggregate utility. For a general class of aggregators, we show that the number of selves required to rationalize a choice function is at most a linear function of the number of IIA violations exhibited. We provide simple conditions for checking when an aggregator can rationalize all choice functions with enough selves; and provide a minimal set of behaviors that an aggregator can rationalize with a fixed number of selves. We apply the framework to choice over menus and examine the revealed preference implications of IIA violations for the subjective state-space. While consistent with evidence in psychology on multiple selves, our framework also has implications for models of collective household behavior and marketing models of multiattribute goods.
Parsing schemata for unification grammars

The last one and a half decade has witnessed an overwhelming number of different, but related unification grammar formalisms. Our informal introduction in Chapter 7 was based on PATR [Shieber, 1986], which is the smallest and simplest of these formalisms. Unlike formalisms as LFG [Kaplan and Bresnan, 1982], GPSG [Gazdar et al., 1985] or HPSG [Pollard and Sag, 1987, 1994], PATR was not primarily designed to capture some universal linguistic structure, but merely as a small, clean formalism that covers the essential properties found in most other unification grammars.
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

More and more, workers in the mental health field are coming to the realization that the mental health of the individual is deeply rooted in his society's willingness to give him a sense of personal worth and dignity. The promotion of these human rights throughout the world was mandated in the United Nations Charter over twenty years ago. How the task has fared is discussed in this paper.
The State Role in Teacher Professional Development and Education Throughout Teachers' Careers

Professional development and teacher education policies have the potential to greatly affect teachers’ abilities to teach and, as a result, students’ abilities to learn. States can play varied roles in the provision of teacher education and professional development. This policy brief summarizes states’ policy approaches to teacher professional development and education throughout teachers’ careers. It explores what states are currently doing in the realms of pre-service education, induction and mentoring, ongoing professional development, and teacher evaluation, as well as the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of such policies. We find that states play disparate roles in the provision of teacher education and professional development that fall along the regulatory spectrum from highly prescriptive to rather laissez-faire. Research on the effects of such policies is still in the early stages, and more attention is needed to determine the effectiveness of states’ professional development policies.
OxyR and SoxRS Regulation of fur

The cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species are largely mediated by iron. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with iron to form the extremely reactive and damaging hydroxyl radical via the Fenton reaction. Superoxide anion accelerates this reaction because the dismutation of superoxide leads to increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and because superoxide elevates the intracellular concentration of iron by attacking iron-sulfur proteins. We found that regulators of the Escherichia coli responses to oxidative stress, OxyR and SoxRS, activate the expression of Fur, the global repressor of ferric ion uptake. A transcript encoding Fur was induced by hydrogen peroxide in a wild-type strain but not in a DeltaoxyR strain, and DNase I footprinting assays showed that OxyR binds to the fur promoter. In cells treated with the superoxide-generating compound paraquat, we observed the induction of a longer transcript encompassing both fur and its immediate upstream gene fldA, which encodes a flavodoxin. This polycistronic mRNA is induced by paraquat in a wild-type strain but not in a DeltasoxRS strain, and SoxS was shown to bind to the fldA promoter. These results demonstrate that iron metabolism is coordinately regulated with the oxidative stress defenses.
The effects of cultural eutrophication on the coupling between pelagic primary producers and benthic consumers

We investigated the effects of cultural eutrophication on the coupling between pelagic primary producers and benthic consumers in Lake Tahoe. Spatial and temporal changes in zoobenthos energetics were documented by measuring .40 yr of change in pelagic primary production through 14 C incubations, reduction in clarity by Secchi and light measurements, and sedimentation rates. Effects on zoobenthic primary consumers (oligochaete and chironomid) and an obligate benthic secondary consumer (Catostomus tahoensis) were determined by comparing d 13 C values of historical and contemporary samples. A model that considers primary production (benthic or pelagic) contributions and their respective d 13 C signals was used to examine the factors contributing to zoobenthic energy shifts. Spatially, zoobenthos exhibited a strong positive relationship between lake depth and pelagic isotopic signals. For depths at which ambient 1% light levels have shifted with time (50‐85 m), pelagic primary producer and zoobenthic consumer coupling was positive. Historically, zoobenthos from this depth zone obtained 27% of their energy from phytoplankton sources. After 43 yr of eutrophication, they obtained 62% from pelagic sources. A simple model indicated that increased pelagic production and resultant export of matter combined with the loss of benthic primary production contributed to the change in zoobenthos energetics. This change was passed on to higher consumers, with the benthic fish Tahoe sucker (Catostomus tahoensis) now deriving ;21% of its energy from pelagic primary production sources. This study demonstrates how lake eutrophication increases the coupling between pelagic and benthic habitats.
Development of Inducible Leucine-rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Cell Lines for Therapeutics Development in Parkinson’s Disease

The pathogenic mechanism(s) contributing to loss of dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain obscure. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are linked, as a causative gene, to PD. LRRK2 mutations are estimated to account for 10 % of familial and between 1 % and 3 % of sporadic PD. LRRK2 proximate single nucleotide polymorphisms have also been significantly associated with idiopathic/sporadic PD by genome-wide association studies. LRRK2 is a multidomain-containing protein and belongs to the protein kinase super-family. We constructed two inducible dopaminergic cell lines expressing either human-LRRK2-wild-type or human-LRRK2-mutant (G2019S). Phenotypes of these LRRK2 cell lines were examined with respect to cell viability, morphology, and protein function with or without induction of LRRK2 gene expression. The overexpression of G2019S gene promoted 1) low cellular metabolic activity without affecting cell viability, 2) blunted neurite extension, and 3) increased phosphorylation at S910 and S935. Our observations are consistent with reported general phenotypes in LRRK2 cell lines by other investigators. We used these cell lines to interrogate the biological function of LRRK2, to evaluate their potential as a drug-screening tool, and to investigate screening for small hairpin RNA-mediated LRRK2 G2019S gene knockdown as a potential therapeutic strategy. A proposed LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (i.e., IN-1) decreased LRRK2 S910 and S935 phosphorylation in our MN9DLRRK2 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Lentivirus-mediated transfer of LRRK2 G2019S allele-specific small hairpin RNA reversed the blunting of neurite extension caused by LRRK2 G2019S overexpression. Taken together, these inducible LRRK2 cell lines are suitable reagents for LRRK2 functional studies, and the screening of potential LRRK2 therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-013-0208-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Performance Measurement and Design in Supply Chains

This paper examines the relationship between product architecture, supply-chain performance metrics, and supply-chain efficiency. We model the contracting relationship between a supplier and a buyer. The supplier is privately informed about the outcome of his design/production investment. The buyer both appraises the supplier's component and does further processing/component production of his own. If the final product produced by the buyer exhibits decoupling and no function sharing with respect to the components termed separable architecture, the first-best outcome is attained if both internal and external failures are contractible. When only one type of failure can be contracted on, we derive conditions under which contracting on internal failure is superior to contracting on external failure, and vice versa. If the buyer's final product has a nonseparable architecture with respect to the components, first-best cannot be achieved even if both internal and external failures are contractible. The value of contracting on internal failure alone is unaffected by the architecture design, while that of external failure declines relative to the separable setting; the net result is often to make the former the uniformly dominant performance metric. Our results highlight the interaction between the performance metrics used for contracting within the supply chain, the architecture of the product produced by the supply chain, and the incentive efficiency of the chain.
Automatic partitioning of parallel loops and data arrays for distributed shared-memory multiprocessors

Presents a theoretical framework for automatically partitioning parallel loops to minimize cache coherency traffic on shared-memory multiprocessors. While several previous papers have looked at hyperplane partitioning of iteration spaces to reduce communication traffic, the problem of deriving the optimal tiling parameters for minimal communication in loops with general affine index expressions has remained open. Our paper solves this open problem by presenting a method for deriving an optimal hyperparallelepiped tiling of iteration spaces for minimal communication in multiprocessors with caches. We show that the same theoretical framework can also be used to determine optimal tiling parameters for both data and loop partitioning in distributed memory multicomputers. Our framework uses matrices to represent iteration and data space mappings and the notion of uniformly intersecting references to capture temporal locality in array references. We introduce the notion of data footprints to estimate the communication traffic between processors and use linear algebraic methods and lattice theory to compute precisely the size of data footprints. We have implemented this framework in a compiler for Alewife, a distributed shared-memory multiprocessor. >
THE PARTIAL EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCES OF SALTS IN SEAWATER AND THE DENSITY/CONDUCTANCE RELATIONSHIP

The partial cquivalcnt conductanccs of the major salts in seawater have been determined over the tempcraturc range from 0 to 25C and the salinity range from 30 to 35.6% The partial equivalent conductance data, together with published data on partial equivalent volumes, have been used to cvalnatc changes in the density/conductance relationship resulting from changes in the relative composition of seawater.
Assessing non-response bias in pediatric palliative care research

National experts have recognized a need for increased research in pediatric palliative care. However, when conducting research it is important to use rigorous methods, report significant and non-significant findings, and include information on responders and non-responders. Most studies do not present information on non-responders, yet this is critical as the results many not be generalizable if there are inherent differences between the two groups. Using survey data from parents whose children with life-limiting illnesses were enrolled in Florida's publicly funded pediatric palliative care program called Partners in Care: Together for Kids; this study investigates whether non-response bias exists, and if so, what characteristics are associated with non-response. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine whether individual characteristics differed between responders and non-responders. Throughout our analyses, we conducted the analyses using different ways in which 'non-response' can be defined. Our results suggest that regardless of how non-response is defined, Black, non-Hispanic parents were less likely to participate than White non-Hispanic parents. However, we also found that of the Black, non-Hispanic parents who did not participate, their primary reason for doing so was that they had non-working or disconnected phone numbers. Only 3% of the Black, non-Hispanic parents who did not participate flatly refused. Information from this study can be used to design interventions aimed at increasing minority participation in pediatric palliative care research.
The relationships of vigorous exercise, alcohol, and adiposity to low and high high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels

While vigorous exercise, alcohol, and weight loss are all known to increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), it is not known whether these interventions increase low HDL as effectively as has been demonstrated for normal HDL. This report tests the hypothesis that there may be differences in the calculated response of men and women with low versus high HDL-C to exercise, alcohol, and weight loss across the spectrum of HDL-C levels. Physican-supplied medical data from 7,288 men and 2,326 women were divided into deciles of self-reported vigorous exercise, alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), or body circumferences. Within each decile we determined the percentiles of the HDL distributions and average running distance, alcohol intake, BMI, or body circumference. Simple least-squares regression analysis was then used to estimate the slope for kth HDL percentile (k = 5%, 6%, ...,95%) versus running distance, alcohol intake, BMI, or body circumference across deciles. Bootstrap resampling was used to estimate standard errors and statistical significance for the regression lines. In both sexes, the increase in HDL-C per unit alcohol intake was at least twice as great at the 95th as at the 5th percentile of the HDL distribution. There was also a significant graded increase from the 5th to the 95th HDL percentile for the slopes relating HDL to exercise (km run) and alcohol intake. Men's HDL-C declined in association with fatness (BMI, waist, and chest circumference) more sharply at the 95th than at the 5th percentile of the HDL distribution. The results of this study suggest that the effects of physical activity, alcohol, and weight reduction on HDL-C levels may be, to a large extent, dependent on the initial level with the greatest improvement achieved in subjects with high HDL and the least improvement in those having low HDL-C levels.
Cell counting and carbon utilization velocities via microbial calorimetry

Bacteria rapidly metabolize sugars and produce heat accordingly (Escherichia coli, aerobic conditions, 25 degrees C). Two kinds of heat output are gotten: (1) from excess cells and limiting carbon, 2 x 10(9) to 5 x 10(9) cells, 5-50 nanomole glucose; (2) from limited cells and excess carbon, 0. 1 x 10(9)-1 x 10(9) bacteria and 200-600 nmol glucose. The thermograms from heat conduction calorimetry under the first conditions measure velocities of sugar uptake and initial metabolic throughput in 1-6-min time spans before a growth cycle possibly can occur. Under the second conditions with limited cells, power output plateaus to a steady state proportional to cell biomass and number of cells. In order to evaluate the calorimetric means for measuring number of cells, six independent means including spectrophotometry (turbidity) were compared: microkjeldahl nitrogen, biuret protein, dry weight, microscopy direct counting in Petroff-Hausser chambers, and viable colony counting. Using turbidity as a central standard, all methods including calorimetry under the second set of conditions agree within +/-18% of one another. Spectrophotometry is the most rapid method but is seriously interfered with by pigments that absorb and foreign particles that also scatter. Calorimetry requires 10-30 min but measures cell numbers in opaque samples impossible for optical means.
Laser frequency combs for precision astrophysical spectroscopy

Searches for extrasolar planets using the periodic Doppler shift of stellar spectral lines resulting from the motion of the host star around the barycentre of an extrasolar system have recently achieved a precision of 60 cm/s [1]. To find a 1-Earth-mass planet in an Earth-like orbit, a precision of 5 cm/s is necessary. The sensitivity of astrophysical spectroscopy is presently limited by its wavelength calibration sources [2, 3]. The combination of a laser frequency comb with a Fabry-Perot (FP) filter cavity has been suggested as a promising approach to improved sensitivity [4–7]. Here we report the fabrication and tests of a filtered comb with up to 40-GHz (∼ 1 A) line spacing, generated from a 1-GHz repetition-rate source, without compromising long-term stability, reproducibility or spectral resolution [8]. This astro-comb is well matched to the resolving power of high-resolution astrophysical spectrographs. The astro-comb should allow a precision as high as 1 cm/s in astronomical radial velocity measurements.
Spectral domain analysis of microstrip floating line structures by wavelet expansion method

A spectral domain analysis of microstrip floating line structures by wavelet expansion method is presented. The surface integral equation is converted into a sparse matrix equation by using the Galerkin's method, with the integral kernel and the unknown current expanded in terms of orthogonal wavelets. Limitations inherited in the traditional orthogonal basis systems are released: The problem-dependent normal modes have been replaced by the problem-independent wavelets, preserving the orthogonality. The trade-off between orthogonality and continuity is well balanced by the orthogonal wavelets. Numerical results are compared with previous published data with good agreement. >
Telling about Whites, Talking about Indians: Oppression, Resistance, and Contemporary American Indian Identity

Sam Dumont's daughter, Irene, entered the community Longhouse and, with a quick glance, knew that the critical mass necessary to start the weekly "Talking Circle" had not yet been reached-there would be time for visiting.' After pouring herself a cup of coffee in the back room, she returned to the small office where several of her colleagues from the Tribal Mental Health Program, some of the staff members of the Flathead Culture Committee, and I had gathered. After several minutes of small talk, Irene grinned and announced that her father, an elder of the tribes, had been ticketed by a highway patrolman for not wearing his seat belt. Irene paused as we, the listeners, arranged ourselves appreciatively toward her and her story. One of us encouraged Irene to continue with a smile and a simple, "Oh?" Over the next months, I heard oblique references in several settings to Sam Dumont's encounter with the patrolman, and I heard the entire story again in the home of another tribal elder whose daughter was describing the day's events at the Longhouse. At the time of Irene's rendition of her father's adventure, I had already heard the story from Sam Dumont himself when he narrated his experiences to a small group who, like the group to whom his daughter spoke, had convened before a meeting at the Longhouse. At a pause in the flow of the conversation and with a look of amusement that was directed at no one in particular, Sam Dumont related how he had been on his way to buy his great-granddaughter some fried chicken in the small town nearest to his rural home when a state highway patrolman motioned him over. The officer wrote Sam a ticket, fining him for not having his seat belt or that of