cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal Disenhancement and the Non-Identity Problem: A Response to Thompson

In his paper “The Opposite of Human Enhancement: Nanotechnology and the Blind Chicken problem” (Nanoethics 2:305–316, 2008) Paul Thompson argues that the possibility of “disenhancing” animals in order to improve animal welfare poses a philosophical conundrum. Although many people intuitively think such disenhancement would be morally impermissible, it’s difficult to find good arguments to support such intuitions. In this brief response to Thompson, I accept that there’s a conundrum here. But I argue that if we seriously consider whether creating beings can harm or benefit them, and introduce the non-identity problem to discussions of animal disehancement, the conundrum is even deeper than Thompson suggests.
Addressing Nicotine Dependence in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Perspectives from Residency Training.

Objective According to APA treatment recommendations, psychiatrists should assess and intervene in tobacco use with all of their patients who smoke. The ease with which this occurs may vary by treatment model. This study examined perspectives in residency training to identify a framework for addressing nicotine dependence within psychodynamic psychotherapy.
The interaction of high-voltage spheres with the ionosphere

Abstract The interaction of a high-voltage sphere with both magnetized and unmagnetized plasmas was studied with an electrostatic fluid code. Simulations were conducted for a wide range of sphere and plasma parameters. Depending on the conditions, one can observe a propagating spherical double layer, an electron ringing, a stable rapidly-rotating electron density torus, as well as spherical and toroidal discharges.
CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION OF PROSTITUTES: EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THE LIFESTYLE/EXPOSURE MODEL

ABSTRACT Given the nature of their profession, prostitutes (or streetwalkers) are high risk targets for criminal victimization. Victimologists and most practitioners have been reluctant to consider prostitutes as “victims” per se. Consequently, little is known about the extent and prevalence of their victimizations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to provide a theoretical explanation for the criminal victimization of prostitutes and (2) to describe the nature and prevalence of their victimizations. In doing so, the “lifestyle/exposure model of victimization” was used as a theoretical foundation for female victimization (in general). From face to face interviews with 59 streetwalkers, results indicate that: (1) most were either robbed and/or raped while working the streets, (2) a sizeable majority was hospitalized following a physical assault, and (3) being killed or mugged ranked among their biggest fears. The implications of the findings are discussed along with the adequacy of the l...
The Effects of Combined Trunk and Gluteal Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Posture and Tissue Health in Spinal Cord Injury

Objective To investigate whether combined trunk and gluteal neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) alters seated posture and improves pelvic tissue health in persons with a spinal cord injury. Design Intervention study; case series. Setting Research laboratory, medical center. Participants Seven persons with spinal cord injury recruited from a group of experienced implanted lower extremity NMES system users. Intervention Combined trunk and gluteal NMES in the sitting position. Five minutes of preintervention sitting was assessed, followed by 5 minutes of NMES application, and then 5 minutes of postintervention. Main Outcome Measures Pelvic tissue health was evaluated by concurrently measuring transcutaneous oxygen tension (T c PO 2 ) bilaterally over the ischia and the seating interface pressure (IP). T c PO 2 data were binned into low ( 30 mm Hg) ranges, and the percentage time that T c PO 2 was in each range was calculated. Ischial and sacral regions of interest were defined and the maximum region of interest and mean IP were determined, together with the maximum IP gradient for the entire contact area. Initial seating postures varied; 4 persons were initially sacral sitters. Tissue health responses to NMES were reviewed for sacral and nonsacral sitters. Results For sacral sitters, the sacral region IP and the maximum IP gradient tended to decrease during NMES and increased again after the intervention. Mean ischial T c PO 2 increased during NMES and remained elevated after the intervention, increasing high T c PO 2 percentage time for 50% of the sacral sitters both during and after the intervention. Nonsacral sitters showed few changes in tissue health as the result of the application of NMES. Conclusions Trunk and gluteal stimulation acutely corrects anterior/posterior IP distribution, improving regional tissue health for sacral sitters. This correction requires constant application of NMES. The potential for positive changes in tissue health would be maximized by regular NMES use incorporating weight shifting.
Molecular triangulation – finding the conformation of adsorbed self-assembled organic monolayers

Abstract We have developed a method that images two or more C–H bond directions within a complex adsorbed molecule on a single-crystal substrate. Since most surface-science methods are insensitive to H atoms in adsorbed molecules, this method offers unique capabilities for determining molecular conformations of relatively complex molecules at surfaces, permitting studies of structural changes over a wide range of coverage. This procedure, called molecular triangulation, is a new development based on the electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) phenomenon used to measure individual bond directions in simple adsorbed molecules. The new ESD-molecular triangulation (ESD-MT) method provides incisive conformational information for large adsorbed organic species.
Effect of α-methyltyrosine on the electrocorticogram of unrestrained rats

Abstract The effects of α-methyltyrosine (αMT) alone and in combination with other treatments were examined in rats with chronically implanted cortical electrodes. Multiple doses of αMT produced a significant increase in the integrated voltage of the electrocorticogram (ECoG) similar to that previously observed after reserpine. Animals maintained in isolation for 6 weeks showed no voltage increase with the same treatment. When a single dose of αMT that by itself had no ECoG effect was given 3 and 7 days after reserpine pretreatment, a significant increase in the integrated voltage was observed. Exercise also enhanced the ECoG effect of αMT, while pretreatment with pheniprazine (JB516) antagonized the voltage increase. These results suggest that depletion of brain norepinephrine and/or dopamine is an important factor in the ECoG effect of αMT and reserpine.
A conceptual integration of performance analysis, knowledge management, and technology: from concept to prototype

Purpose – The current paper seeks to describe a conceptual integration of the fields of performance analysis, knowledge management (KM), and technology to create a net‐centric knowledge management system (KMS).Design/methodology/approach – The design methodology incorporates an interdisciplinary approach and the involvement of various government agencies that provides a basis for creating a process‐centered KMS.Findings – Three prototypes that integrate the aforementioned fields have been created and demonstrate the viability and value of this type of KMS.Originality/value – The authors know of no other system that is as integrative, interdisciplinary, comprehensive, and effective at taking a process‐centered view of KM. This paper provides an example of how such a system can be built and implemented to meet KM needs in a complex environment with knowledge accessibility challenges.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: So Far So Soon

While dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has created widespread interest and has achieved a degree of popular acceptance, there is a relative paucity of research to support its effectiveness. However, even without strong empirical backing the model has already had an important positive influence on a wide range of interested clinicians. DBT is a comprehensive and well-defined treatment model that holds much promise. However, its enthusiastic acceptance by the professional community should not distract researchers from objectively examining both the process and outcome dimensions of the model.
Absorption properties of a porous organic crystalline apohost formed by a self-assembled bis-urea macrocycle

We report herein the characterization and binding properties of a microporous crystalline host formed by the self assembly of a bis-urea macrocycle 1. Bis-urea macrocycle 1 has been designed to crystallize into stacked hollow columns. The self-assembly process is guided primarily by hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking interactions that yield crystals of filled host 1·acetic acid (AcOH). The AcOH guests are bound in the cylindrical cavities of the crystal. The guest AcOH can be removed by heating to form a stable crystalline apohost 1. Apohost 1 displays a type I gas adsorption isotherm with CO2 that is consistent with an open framework microporous material. Apohost 1 binds a range of small molecule guests with specific stoichiometry. The formation of these inclusion complexes does not destroy the crystal framework and therefore apohost 1 can be reused, much like a zeolite. We investigated the structure of apohost 1 and its inclusion complexes by powder X-ray diffraction. The ability of guests to bind a...
Dynamics of the N-Terminal Domain of Myosin V Monitored by FRET

The N-terminus is a highly variable region among the myosin superfamily and has been associated with alterations in rotation of the lever arm and step size. We examined the structural dynamics of the N-terminal region of myosin V using steady-state and stopped-flow FRET. We introduced a tetra-cysteine site at the extreme N-terminus of a Myosin V 1IQ construct and labeled it with a bisarsenical fluorescin derivative (FlAsH) (MV NT-FLAsH). Energy transfer between FlAsH and mant or deac labeled nucleotides (dmantATP, dmantADP and deacATP) was monitored. Steady-state FRET experiments with the mant-FlAsH pair demonstrated a high FRET state in the presence of dmantATP and a low FRET state in the presence of dmantADP. Sequential-mix, in which MV NT-FLAsH is first mixed with dmantATP, aged to allow formation of the M.ADP.Pi state, and then mixed with saturating actin allowed us to explore the actin-acitvated product release steps. Biphasic transients with rates corresponding to the fast and slow rate of dmantADP release were observed. The sequential mix experiments with deacATP yielded three phases; a fast, actin dependent, phosphate release phase followed by the two phases of ADP release. Our results suggest the FRET signal monitors a structural change in the N-terminus associated with the sequential release of products. A high FRET state upon binding of ATP is associated with formation of the pre-powerstroke state of the lever arm and a low or no FRET state in the presence of ADP suggests formation of the post-powerstroke state. Our results allow us to hypothesize that movement of the N-terminal domain follows the movement of the converter/lever arm. Further experiments will explore the dynamics of the N-terminal domain and examine how its motion correlates with the conformation of the nucleotide binding pocket and lever arm.
Water yield responses to high and low spatial resolution climate change scenarios in the Missouri River Basin

River Basin in Colorado. However, differences in water yields calculated from GCM and regional climate model scenarios have not been compared for a major river basin. [3] The uncertainty in hydrologic impacts due to the spatial scale of climate scenarios needs further exploration. Given the computer and human resources needed to generate higher resolution scenarios, it is important to determine the added value and/or further uncertainty in impacts assessment that result from their use. Moreover, the differences in hydrological impact could have implications for water resource planning in the long-term future. [4] In this project, two climate change scenarios were developed for the Missouri River Basin: one from a coarse grid GCM and one from a fine scale Regional Climate Model (RCM). The GCM provided the initial and lateral boundary conditions for driving the RCM. Impacts of these scenarios on water yields were analyzed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model.
Abstract 2743: Triapine sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to platinum drugs and PARP inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) is a ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibitor that is 1000-times more potent than clinically-used hydroxyurea. Consisting primarily of R2 and R1 subunits during the S phase of the cell cycle, RNR catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the production of deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) required for DNA synthesis. Triapine chelates iron to form the triapine-Fe complex that quenches the tyrosyl radical at the R2 subunit and leads to enzymatic inactivation. In recent phase I and II trials, treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer with triapine in combination with cisplatin and radiation was well tolerated and produced high durable complete clinical responses in patients. This promising combination therapy may be attributable to the inhibitory effects of triapine on the repair of cisplatin- and radiation-induced DNA damage. However, the exact DNA repair mechanisms modulated by triapine remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of ovarian cancer cells with triapine prompts rapid and prolonged depletion of dATP/dNTP pools, which in turn leads to formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and inhibition of DNA synthesis in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, we show that treatment with triapine results in enhanced sensitization of BRCA-proficient (wild-type) ovarian cancer cells to platinum drugs (cisplatin and carboplatin) and the PARP inhibitor olaparib. Both platinum drugs and PARP inhibitors indirectly cause DSBs which require BRCA1- and BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination (HR) to repair. Collectively, these results suggest that triapine acts to abrogate replicative DNA synthesis and post-replication repair, thereby deterring HR repair of DSBs caused by platinum drugs and other DNA damaging modalities. While 70% of ovarian cancer patients initially respond to platinum-based chemotherapy, the majority of these patients will develop recurrent cancer resistant to the platinum drugs. Emergence of platinum-resistant cancer populations may be associated with increasing proficiency of cancer cells to employ HR to repair DNA damage. Given that, our findings provide the rationale for the use of triapine to enhance the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors, and potentially eradicate platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2743. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2743
Large-scale climate variation modifies the winter grouping behavior of endangered Indiana bats

Abstract Power laws describe the functional relationship between 2 quantities, such as the frequency of a group as the multiplicative power of group size. We examined whether the annual size of well-surveyed wintering populations of endangered Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) followed a power law, and then leveraged this relationship to predict whether the aggregation of Indiana bats in winter was influenced by global climate processes. We determined that Indiana bat wintering populations were distributed according to a power law (mean scaling coefficient α = −0.44 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} = −0.61, −0.28). The antilog of these annual scaling coefficients ranged between 0.67 and 0.81, coincident with the three-fourths power found in many other biological phenomena. We associated temporal patterns in the annual (1983–2011) scaling coefficient with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index in August (βNAOAugust = −0.017 [90% CI = −0.032, −0.002]), when Indiana bats are deciding when and where to hiber...
Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and protein labeling of water soluble 3,5-disubstituted boron dipyrromethenes.

Sulfur-containing 3,5-disubstituted boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy®) fluorescent probes with improved water solubility were synthesized. A dicarboxylic acid derivative that can be excited by the 543 nm HeNe laser line is very soluble in aqueous solution and retains high fluorescence quantum yield of the unionizable parent molecule. Conversion of the dicarboxylic acid to the succimidyl or sulfosuccinimidyl diester produces molecules capable of labeling proteins with a bright and stable fluorescence signal.
Vilazodone for the Treatment of Depression

Objective:To evaluate the clinical literature on and potential clinical role of vilazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder.Data Sources:Searches were conducted on MEDLINE (1948-February 2011), Iowa Drug Information Service (1988-February 2011), EBSCO Academic Search Premier (1975-February 2011), Google Scholar (1992-February 2011), PsycINFO (1980-February 2011), and PsycARTICLES (1985-February 2011), and on general Internet search engines including Google and Bing (no lower limit-February 2011). Search terms were vilazodone, EMD 68843, depression, and major depressive disorder. Potential prior marketers of vilazodone, including Merck KGaA in Germany and Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, were contacted for any available unpublished Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 studies, or preclinical information.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All applicable full-text English-language articles, abstracts, and professional poster presentations found were evaluated and included in the review, as well as marketing ...
Healthcare Cost Containment and Integration of Care in the United States: Implications at the Local Level

As the urgency of healthcare cost containment in the United States increases, this study concerns the impact of this process at the community level in the metropolitan area of Syracuse, New York. It suggests that the responses of the Syracuse hospitals to cost containment have resulted in greater numbers of adult medicine patients. This development has been paralleled by a reduced integration of services with long-term care and ambulatory care providers. As a result, the hospitals have encountered longer stays as well as greater risk of in-patient complications and readmissions for these patients. The study identifies initiatives related to improving integration of care that the Syracuse hospitals are beginning to use to address these issues.
The effects of trusted technology on distributed applications

The paper examines the effect of trusted technology on a distributed application being transitioned to a trusted system. Two styles of operation are examined: restricting the operation of all components of the application to a single sensitivity level and allowing the user interface components of the application to operate across a range of sensitivity levels. Within these operational styles, the effects of the trusted technology on the end user, the application administrator, and the developer are examined. The paper also offers suggestions for taking advantage of the enhanced security control features on trusted systems to address typical security weaknesses in distributed applications. >
Laser photochemotherapy: A less invasive approach for treatment of cancer

The effectiveness of combining surgery with chemo- and radiation therapy in treatment of human cancer provides a useful model for further development of new multimodality approaches including laser photochemotherapy. Laser endoscopy often is a useful treatment for obstructive tumors in airways, but interstitial laser fiberoptics is becoming a more precise, minimally invasive alternative for ablation of unresectable or recurrent neoplasms. Combining intratumor chemotherapy with laser energy delivery via interstitial fiberoptics should be most effective using drugs activated by photothermal energy. A number of investigators have shown that anthracyclines and cis-platinum are likely candidates for light or heat activation in cancer cells. An advantage of anthracyclines is their dual role as antitumor drugs and as photosensitizers. Because they are effective chemotherapy agents without photoactivation, two approaches are possible to increase tumor responses. Maximum tolerated dose followed by photoillumina-tion via laser fiberoptics can be used to obtain better tumor palliation. Improved treatment response to lower intratumor drug levels after laser activation also should reduce systemic toxicity. Preclinical studies and recent case reports from several groups suggest photochemotherapy with currently approved drugs and lasers may soon become an attractive alternative for treatment of recurrent tumors in cancer patients. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elucidating a key intermediate in homologous DNA strand exchange: structural characterization of the RecA-triple-stranded DNA complex using fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

Abstract The RecA protein of Escherichia coli plays essential roles in homologous recombination and restarting stalled DNA replication forks. In vitro , the protein mediates DNA strand exchange between single-stranded (ssDNA) and homologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules that serves as a model system for the in vivo processes. To date, no high-resolution structure of the key intermediate, comprised of three DNA strands simultaneously bound to a RecA filament (RecA–tsDNA complex), has been reported. We present a systematic characterization of the helical geometries of the three DNA strands of the RecA–tsDNA complex using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) under physiologically relevant solution conditions. FRET donor and acceptor dyes were used to label different DNA strands, and the interfluorophore distances were inferred from energy transfer efficiencies measured as a function of the base-pair separation between the two dyes. The energy transfer efficiencies were first measured on a control RecA–dsDNA complex, and the calculated helical parameters ( h ≈5 A, Ω h ≈20°) were consistent with structural conclusions derived from electron microscopy (EM) and other classic biochemical methods. Measurements of the helical parameters for the RecA–tsDNA complex revealed that all three DNA strands adopt extended and unwound conformations similar to those of RecA-bound dsDNA. The structural data are consistent with the hypothesis that this complex is a late, post-strand-exchange intermediate with the outgoing strand shifted by about three base-pairs with respect to its registry with the incoming and complementary strands. Furthermore, the bases of the incoming and complementary strands are displaced away from the helix axis toward the minor groove of the heteroduplex, and the bases of the outgoing strand lie in the major groove of the heteroduplex. We present a model for the strand exchange intermediate in which homologous contacts preceding strand exchange arise in the minor groove of the substrate dsDNA.
CHARGE-1/2 FERMIONS AND THE SU(4) COLOR MODEL

The SU(4) color models represent possible alternatives to the standard model. These theories replace the color gauge group SU(3)c by SU(4)c. The SU(4)c symmetry is assumed to be broken which leads to the SM as the effective low energy theory. An interesting feature of these theories is that the SU(4) symmetry breaking scale can be very low, and may be approximately at the same scale as the electroweak symmetry breaking. These models imply the existence of exotic electrically charged ±1/2 fermions. We examine various SU(4)c models to explore the circumstances under which these models can have the exotic charged fermions in the interesting mass range m≳100 GeV.
Building community: The second century, the same challenge

Feedback from faculty indicates that community colleges are still struggling to create a sense of community. Drawing from the literature, the authors discuss the challenges to community college faculty’s sense of belonging and recommend ways to address five critical factors of community building.
Environmental Constituent Interest, Green Electricity Policies, and Legislative Voting

Abstract Research in political economy has traditionally sought to disentangle the effects of legislative ideology and constituent interest in explaining policy decisions. Frequently, proxy variables are used to measure constituent interest. However, these measures do not adequately reflect true constituent interest, which is based upon the costs and benefits of the policies under consideration, incorporating the scope of the policies. Using Haiku, a detailed model of the US electricity sector, and TAF, an integrated assessment model of pollution pathways and valuation, I construct economic measures of constituent interest at the state level as well as for federal policy. I then use these measures to analyze state adoption of more stringent green electricity policies and congressional roll-call voting on federal environmental policy. Previous studies that use proxy measures of constituent interest typically find that the legislator ideology matters more, while my study shows that both ideology and constituent interest are significant factors.
A Unique Hybrid Renal Mononuclear Phagocyte Activation Phenotype in Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Nephritis

Renal infiltration with mononuclear cells is associated with poor prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. A renal macrophage/dendritic cell signature is associated with the onset of nephritis in NZB/W mice, and immune-modulating therapies can reverse this signature and the associated renal damage despite ongoing immune complex deposition. In nephritic NZB/W mice, renal F4/80hi/CD11cint macrophages are located throughout the interstitium, whereas F4/80lo/CD11chi dendritic cells accumulate in perivascular lymphoid aggregates. We show here that F4/80hi/CD11cint renal macrophages have a Gr1lo/Ly6Clo/VLA4lo/MHCIIhi/CD43lo/CD62Llo phenotype different from that described for inflammatory macrophages. At nephritis onset, F4/80hi/CD11cint cells upregulate cell surface CD11b, acquire cathepsin and matrix metalloproteinase activity, and accumulate large numbers of autophagocytic vacuoles; these changes reverse after the induction of remission. Latex bead labeling of peripheral blood Gr1lo monocytes indicates that these are the source of F4/80hi/CD11cint macrophages. CD11chi/MHCIIlo dendritic cells are found in the kidneys only after proteinuria onset, turnover rapidly, and disappear rapidly after remission induction. Gene expression profiling of the F4/80hi/CD11cint population displays increased expression of proinflammatory, regulatory, and tissue repair/degradation-associated genes at nephritis onset that reverses with remission induction. Our findings suggest that mononuclear phagocytes with an aberrant activation profile contribute to tissue damage in lupus nephritis by mediating both local inflammation and excessive tissue remodeling.
Rapid detection of dengue virus in serum using magnetic separation and fluorescence detection.

A magnetophoretic fluorescence sensor (MFS) has been developed to rapidly detect dengue virus in serum at a sensitivity that was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than conventional solid phase immunoassays. UV inactivated type 2 dengue virus was first reacted with a mixture of superparamagnetic and fluorescent microparticles functionalised with an anti-type 2 dengue virus monoclonal antibody in 10% fetal calf serum. The magnetic particles were separated from the serum based on their magnetophoretic mobility, and dengue virus was detected by the co-localization of magnetic and fluorescent particles at a specific point in the flow chamber. The MFS was capable of detecting dengue-2 virus at 10 PFU ml−1 with a reaction time of 15 min. The MFS demonstrated a high specificity in the presence of yellow fever virus, a closely related flavivirus, which also did not produce any detectable increase in background signal. The improved performance of this technique appears to result from the rapid kinetics of the microparticle reaction, improved signal-to-noise ratio resulting from magnetophoretic separation, and rapid fluorescent particle detection. These results suggest that the MFS may be useful in early stage diagnosis of dengue infections, as well as other diseases.
The evolution of end user programming

The popularity of the Web has changed the world of End User Programming. Our research systems can now be built in a web browser that millions of people use every day, and we have massive information available. Our users are more experienced and they can share their work with each other. After twenty-five years of trying to infer the user's intent, I will compare early and contemporary end user programming systems to see what progress we have made, and what opportunities we now have for widespread success.
High resolution radar imaging utilizing a portable opportunistic sensing platform

There is much interest to detect, locate, characterize and image objects and scenes using electro-magnetic waves. In particular, radar imaging has a variety of potential applications such as avalanche/earthquake rescue and detection of objects or people behind walls. Typically, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) approach is employed for imaging purposes [1]. However, requirements for coherency implies precise measurement and calibration, making the collection process costly and time consuming.
Finite difference frequency-domain treatment of open transmission structures

A full-wave solution utilizing the finite difference frequency-domain approach is applied to the computation of propagation characteristics of open transmission structures. In order to do this, one must find a way for terminating the finite difference grid at some finite distance, although the field actually extends to infinity. A method is presented based on boundary operators that terminates the grid. The boundary operators require a knowledge of the radial propagation constant which is to be solved for. This difficulty is overcome by an innovative iterative technique. Typical numerical results are presented to illustrate the accuracy of this method. >
Cycle Life Prediction for SMT Solder Joints on TCE‐Mismatched Substrates

A method for the prediction of solder joint cycle life in surface‐mount assemblies is presented, based on the conversion of plastic solder shear strain into cycle life by means of an equation derived by Engelmaier. The paper introduces a different analytical procedure for the determination of solder joint shear strain. Shear strain is normally calculated from temperature and TCE differentials between package and interconnect board without consideration of elastic deformations. The suggested method derives average plastic shear strain of the solder joint at maximum temperature excursion from finite‐element analysis of a simple model consisting of an interconnect board, a solder joint and a package. All materials in the model have linear (elastic) properties, except solder which has non‐linear (elastic/plastic) characteristics. The solder stress/strain curve is described to the finite‐element programme with temperature‐dependent bilinear approximations. The solder joint is modelled as a single finite element so that only one value is computed for the plastic shear strain in the solder joint. This value represents the average shear strain which is converted into solder joint cycle life. The cycle life predictions with the finite‐element method are confirmed by cycling results obtained on actual hardware. The described method can serve as a design tool in the optimisation of surface‐mount assemblies. The procedure can help to define accelerated temperature cycling conditions.
Microbial Iron Transport

Iron, an essential nutrient, is not readily available in aquatic or terrestrial environments or in animal hosts. Therefore, microbes have developed various strategies for acquiring iron while at the same time protecting themselves from iron's potential toxic effects. The major strategies used by bacteria and fungi to acquire iron include production and utilization of siderophores (ferric specific chelators); utilization of host iron compounds such as heme, transferrin, and lactoferrin; and reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) with subsequent transport of Fe(II). Selected examples are discussed with attention to which strategies work best in which environments. The similarities and differences among the different systems with respect to iron binding compounds, receptors, and regulation are also presented.
Demographic Characteristics, Population Structure, and Vital Rates of a Fluvial Population of Bull Trout in Oregon

Abstract Identification of the factors limiting inland salmonid populations, such as those of the threatened bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in the Pacific Northwest, can be particularly challenging due to substantial gaps in our understanding of population demographics, population structure in the presence of multiple life history forms, and vital rates. We implemented a large-scale mark-recapture program over a 5-year period using an innovative combination of active and passive techniques to estimate (1) bull trout age and growth by size-class, (2) the proportion of the population exhibiting resident and migratory behavior, and (3) survival rates (S) for different life stages and life history forms (resident and migratory). Our results suggest that bull trout reached sexual maturity at a relatively small size (200 mm) and young age (3-4 years) and that large individuals (>600 mm) can reach ages greater than 12 years in this fluvial population. Using active and passive mark-recapture methods, we found ...
Integration of 780 and 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers into a micro-fluidic microsystem

We demonstrate compact integration of 780 and 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers into a micro-fluidic microsystem. Absorption at 850 nm and fluorescence pumping at 780 nm of near-infrared fluorescent molecules are presented.
A multisector alliance approach to environmental social movements: flame retardants and chemical reform in the United States

Research on environmental social movements often focuses on movements that target a limited spectrum of policy outcomes and that mobilize primarily around a relatively narrow swath of environmental issues. Through a case study of research and advocacy around flame retardant (FR) chemicals, we describe an unusual multisector alliance involving a broad coalition of participants and multiple levels of state and non-state targets aimed at influencing environmental governance of potentially toxic chemicals. This issue has brought together environmental and health activists, scientists, regulators, firefighters, fire safety professionals, journalists, hospital and building sustainability experts, and manufacturers and retailers. Our research draws on analysis of 126 in-depth interviews, literature and website reviews, and observations at an FR manufacturing company, government regulatory and research offices, and scientific and advocacy conferences. As part of the multisector alliance around FR regulations, man...
PS1-23: The Environmental Scan: A Valuable Community Health Research Tool

Background and Aims: The environmental scan (ES) focuses on the identification, collection, and translation of external information that may potentially influence an organization’s decision making process. An ES allows an organization to address social, economic, political, and technical issues that may not be readily apparent and enables a comparative evaluation of the organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses. Through understanding external elements and internal processes, the organization can respond in a more auspicious and productive manner. Health researchers are employing ESs to build on established knowledge with the goal of improving the design and effectiveness of community health programs. Methods: There is no one correct methodology for conducting an ES, but typically, ESs are characterized by several features. Initially, a broad spectrum of issues is examined, involving social, political, technological and other trends. Second, information may be gathered from a variety of sources, including literature reviews, surveys, interviews, focus groups, and site visits. Third, critical analysis and dissemination of collected data is promoted by the recruitment of experts from both inside and outside the fields being scanned. ESs can utilize a wide sweep of information sources, ranging from formal, established data, such as published reports, to informal, personal contacts. Accordingly, scans may employ varying degrees of high to low technologies, ranging from Internet searches to conversations with community leaders. Results: Through the analysis of environmental or contextual factors, researchers can gather information to guide the design of effective health programs that are geared toward and incorporate the needs of specific communities. Recently, health researchers have used ESs to assess and improve services in a variety of community projects, including mental health, nutrition, women’s health and cancer screening. These studies verify that the ES can be a vital tool in providing overall strategic direction of project development, in promoting community activation, and in raising awareness of future studies. Conclusion: Because of its flexible framework, the ES is a creative tool for health decision making. It is important that health researchers are knowledgeable about what this instrument entails in order to determine its potential use in community health research.
Macro- and Micro–scale Influences on Riparian Vegetation in Western Colorado

The relative importance of macro-and micro-scale processes in the biosphere is controversial, with some researchers emphasizing micro-scale population dynamics and others macro-scale landscape dyna...
Longitudinal influence of age, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, and other medications on parotid flow rates in healthy women.

Background. Recent investigations have demonstrated that parotid salivary dysfunction is not a normal process of aging, but may be the consequence of systemic conditions and their treatment, including medications and menopause. The purpose of this study was to assess longitudinally the influence of age, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, and other medications on stimulated parotid flow rates (SPFRs) in healthy women. Methods. Medical diagnoses, menopausal status, medication utilization, and 2% citric acid stimulated parotid salivas were collected from 396 women, aged 21 to 96 years, from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health) over a 17-year span by three investigators. Results. There was no overall longitudinal effect of time on SPFR. Age at first visit was a significant predictor of a decrease in SPFR when adjusted for time and xerostomic medications. However, the deleterious effect of taking one xerostomic medication was equivalent to approximately 14 years of aging. Menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy were not consistently associated with diminished SPFR. Conclusions. These results suggest that menopause and hormone replacement therapy are not associated with parotid salivary dysfunction. Aging may have a statistically significant yet small deleterious influence on SPFR: however, the adverse influence of xerostomic medications is much larger.
Acute Traumatic Brain Injury Does Not Exacerbate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the SOD1G93A Rat Model

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease in which upper and lower motor neurons degenerate, leading to muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death within 3 to 5 years of onset. While a small percentage of ALS cases are genetically linked, the majority are sporadic with unknown origin. Currently, etiological links are associated with disease onset without mechanistic understanding. Of all the putative risk factors, however, head trauma has emerged as a consistent candidate for initiating the molecular cascades of ALS. Here, we test the hypothesis that traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the SOD1 G93A transgenic rat model of ALS leads to early disease onset and shortened lifespan. We demonstrate, however, that a one-time acute focal injury caused by controlled cortical impact does not affect disease onset or survival. Establishing the negligible involvement of a single acute focal brain injury in an ALS rat model increases the current understanding of the disease. Critically, untangling a single focal TBI from multiple mild injuries provides a rationale for scientists and physicians to increase focus on repeat injuries to hopefully pinpoint a contributing cause of ALS.
The UWBQ-I: An Adaption and Validation of a Measure of Instigated Incivility

The purpose of this research was to adapt and validate a multidimensional instigated incivility scale. Previously, instigated incivility research has used unidimensional scales, measures designed for specific occupations (e.g., nursing), item subsets of larger scales, or scales designed for experienced incivility that assumes a change of referent will not impact the scale. This research formally validates the change of referent from experienced incivility to instigated incivility, and offers a scale designed for wide range of occupations with demonstrated advantages over a popular unidimensional scale. Study 1 proposes a second-order factor structure of the measure. Surveying a sample of 472 individuals, the study confirms the measure’s ability to predict additional variance in interpersonal deviance over a previous measure of instigated incivility, as well as provide greater detail relating to a multi-faceted personality dimension (narcissism). Study 2 uses a unique sample of 642 participants and expands the nomological network of the scale by demonstrating the correlational and predictive relationships to a network of related constructs identified by past research. The results of Study 1 identify that the multidimensional factor structure of UWBQ-I remains intact when changed from an experienced incivility scale. Regression and dominance analyses demonstrate that the UWBQ-I provides additional variance accounted for over Blau and Andersson’s (2005) scale, capturing a larger portion of the instigated incivility construct domain. Additionally, the advantages of a multidimensional framework are identified by relating the scale sub-facets to equally specific dimensions of narcissism. Study 2 further supported the validation of the UWBQ-I by replicating a large network of relationships that have been previously identified in incivility research. Considerably less research has been dedicated to instigated than to experienced incivility research. The present studies offer a scale that may contribute to increased research by providing more specific relationships between facets of incivility and constructs such as personality. Greater understanding of the detailed relationships may help researchers further identify antecedents and consequences and aid practitioners in developing interventions to understand and quell instigated incivility in the workplace. Although research has used a scale such as this, the validity of the scale has never been demonstrated. This research establishes the appropriateness of the past use of such scales and also offers researchers a standard, validated measure to incorporate in a broad range of occupations for future incivility research.
Neurophysiology of Attention and Memory Processing

The “standard cocktail party” description of hearing voices in a crowded environment and being able to tune in to a conversation in which the person quickly identifies his or her name being mentioned may seem simple on the surface because people and animals can be conditioned to respond to important signals. However, Cherry’s 1953 cocktail party example is compelling and often used because it invokes many processes ubiquitous to auditory processing, such as frequency encoding and stream segregation to attention and memory. One must remember the sound of his or her own name and be able to separate that specific sound from the other sounds that are translated into background noise in reference to the attended source. Responses to well-known signals, such as names, are the product of experience-induced plasticity located many places along the auditory pathway. This translation into the unique processing of a specific stimulus is an example of long-term memory in the auditory system. This evoked response to names is not only an example of long-term memory in the auditory system, but it also engenders attention to the conversation where it originated, bringing in working and short-term memory as well. The following sections discuss what is known of the cortical processing related to auditory attention and memory.
Introduction and Method

What is it like to be depressed? Is the main characteristic of being depressed a sad mood, or does the thinking of depressed individuals have particular characteristics also? If depressed thinking has certain characteristics, are they characteristics of the content of thought or of its process—is it what we think about or how we think it? When depression lifts, is this just a change in mood or does thinking change also, and if so, does it change in content or in process? Do bulimics, who are often also depressed, simply use binge eating as a particular way of expressing depression, or is the inner process in bulimia decidedly different from that of depression? Do anxious individuals process thinking similarly to depressed people, so that the main difference between anxiety and depression is a mood difference? Do individuals diagnosed as borderline personality, who have rapidly changing episodes of severe depression as well as other mood fluctuations, share the same kind of cognitive processing as depressed individuals?
Parasitism of Dispira Cornuta

1. Dispira cornuta van Tiegh., the fungus used in this study, is one of the less known, so-called “conidial” species of the Mucorales. It was found initially by the author associated with an uniden...
Large-eddy simulation of high-speed, turbulent diffusion flames with detailed chemistry

An approach for large-eddy simulation (LES) of reactive flows with complex chemistry is presented. A time-accurate, implicit subiteration method for advancing the LES is outlined, methods for forcing the development of the large-eddy structure are described, and approaches for subgrid closure are discussed. Initial results are presented for the inception regions of two supersonic hydrogen-air jet diffusion flames. The time-averaged and time-resolved structure of the flames is discussed, the effects of different subgrid closure options on the predictions are examined, and the utility of LES data in examining turbulence chemistry interactions is highlighted. Results that illustrate the influences of bluff-body stabilization on the flame structure are also presented. (Author)
Grain Boundary Engineering for Improved Thin Silicon Photovoltaics

In photovoltaic devices, the bulk disorder introduced by grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline silicon is generally considered to be detrimental to the physical stability and electronic transport of the bulk material. However, at the extremum of disorder, amorphous silicon is known to have a beneficially increased band gap and enhanced optical absorption. This study is focused on understanding and utilizing the nature of the most commonly encountered Σ3 GBs, in an attempt to balance incorporation of the advantageous properties of amorphous silicon while avoiding the degraded electronic transport of a fully amorphous system. A combination of theoretical methods is employed to understand the impact of ordered Σ3 GBs on the material properties and full-device photovoltaic performance.