cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of mechanical joint strength of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 and dual phase steel 980 welded by friction bit joining and weld-bonding under corrosion medium

In this work, we have employed a unique solid-sate joining process, called friction bit joining (FBJ), to spot weld aluminum alloy (AA) 7075-T6 and dual phase (DP) 980 steel. Static joint strength was studied in the lap shear tension configuration. In addition, weld-bonding (adhesive + FBJ) joints were studied in order to evaluate the ability of adhesive to mitigate the impact of corrosion on joint properties. Accelerated laboratory cyclic corrosion tests were carried out for both FBJ only and weld-bonding joints. The FBJ only joints that emerged from corrosion testing had lap shear failure loads that were significantly lower than freshly prepared joints. However, weld-bonding specimens retained more than 80% of the lap shear failure load of the freshly prepared weld-bonding specimens. Examination of joint cross sections confirmed that the presence of adhesive in the weld-bonding joints mitigated the effect of the corrosion environment, compared to FBJ only joints.
Iterative rounding 2-approximation algorithms for minimum-cost vertex connectivity problems

The survivable network design problem (SNDP) is the following problem: given an undirected graph and values rij for each pair of vertices i and j, find a minimum-cost subgraph such that there are at least rij disjoint paths between vertices i and j. In the edge connected version of this problem (EC-SNDP), these paths must be edge-disjoint. In the vertex connected version of the problem (VC-SNDP), the paths must be vertex disjoint. The element connectivity problem (ELC-SNDP, or ELC) is a problem of intermediate difficulty. In this problem, the set of vertices is partitioned into terminals and nonterminals. The edges and nonterminals of the graph are called elements. The values rij are only specified for pairs of terminals i, j, and the paths from i to j must be element disjoint. Thus if rij-1 elements fail, terminals i and j are still connected by a path in the network.These variants of SNDP are all known to be NP-hard. The best known approximation algorithm for the EC-SNDP has performance guarantee of 2 and iteratively rounds solutions to a linear programming relaxation of the problem. ELC has a primal-dual O(log k)-approximation algorithm, where k = maxi,j rij. Since this work first appeared as an extended abstract, it has been shown that it is hard to approximate VC-SNDP to factor 2log1-en.In this paper we investigate applying iterative rounding to ELC and VC-SNDP We show that iterative rounding will not yield a constant factor approximation algorithm for general VC-SNDP. On the other hand, we show how to extend the analysis of iterative rounding applied to EC-SNDP to yield 2-approximation algorithms for both general ELC, and for the case of VC-SNDP when rij ∈ {0, 1, 2}. The latter result improves on an existing 3-approximation algorithm. The former is the first constant factor approximation algorithm for a general survivable network design problem that allows node failures.
Photomask specifications for high energy physics detectors

Planar technologies used for radiation detector fabrication imply an extensive use of photomasks whose characteristics are critical in determining final detector performance. Compatibly with their manufacturing process, photomasks must satisfy the application-specific requirements dictated both by wafer manufacturers and detector final users. The design and realization of microstrip and pixel detectors, widely used in high energy physics experiments, ask for intensive scientific effort, advanced technology and important economical investments. Photomask specification definition is one of the fundamental steps to optimize detector fabrication processes and fulfill experimental requirements at the most appropriate cost.
Renormalization counterterms in linearized lattice QED.

We analyze in weak-coupling perturbation theory the renormalization-counterterm structure of linearized lattice quantum electrodynamics (QED). We find that, although the linearized theory is gauge invariant, counterterms appear that would be forbidden by the Ward identities in the compact formulation of lattice QED. For example, the photon develops a mass, the light-by-light scattering amplitude becomes noncovariant, and the coupling constant is renormalized even in the quenched version of the theory. Gauge invariance does not preclude the appearance of such counterterms in the linearized theory because the formulation is nonlocal.
Tall Building Subsidence Data Regression Analysis Methods and the Final Settlement Value Prediction

In order to provide reference data for the safe construction and validation of the design method is correct, the subsidence monitoring for tall buildings (high-rise structures) which are being in the construction or completed. In this paper according to the actual settlement monitoring data, on basis of considering the construction stage, the settlement data were segmented regression analysis. The results show that in stage of load (in construction) uniform increasing, the settlement and load a linear regression analysis results are better than the results of settlement with time linear regression analysis, While in the building after the completion, the settlement with time were the logarithm function regression analysis, hyperbolic regression analysis and power function regression analysis. The regression analysis results show that hyperbola regression analysis method is of minimum variance and the regression analysis effect is best, the final settlement value was predicted and providing reference basis for construction and design.
The use of aminoglutethimide in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast

Fifty to sixty percent of postmenopausal women with metastatic carcinoma of the breast experience objective tumor regression with hormonal therapy provided that their neoplasms contain significant amounts of estrogen receptor. Hormonal therapies include administration of pharmacologic amounts of androgen, estrogen, or progestin; surgical ablation of the pituitary and adrenal glands; and use of chemical agents to reduce estrogen bioavailability to tumor cells. One chemical method uses the antiestrogen, Tamoxifen, to block the cellular action of estrogens and the other, aminoglutethimide, suppresses endogenous estrogen production. Aminoglutethimide (AG), in combination with a replacement glucocorticoid, such as hydrocortisone, inhibits the production of adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids but to a lesser extent, adrenal androgens. The peripheral aromatization of androgens to estrogens is also blocked by 95–98%. Consequently, plasma estrone and estradiol fall to levels similar to those induced by surgical adrenalectomy. Aminoglutethimide does not influence the secretion of prolactin, LH, and FSH by the pituitary, but TSH increases to compensate for weak inhibitory effects on the thyroid. Thirty to forty percent of unselected patients with breast carcinoma respond with objective tumor regression during AG treatment. Fifty percent of the women whose tumors are estrogen receptor positive experience objective tumor regression and, in a preliminary study, 75% of those with estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive tumors (6 of 8 patients). Responses to AG, as to antiestrogens, appear comparable to those achieved with surgical adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. Although there is significant acute morbidity associated with AG administration, it is transient and the chronic side effects are negligible. Further clinical trials should demonstrate whether the remissions induced in patients with chemical ablative therapy are qualitatively and quantitatively equal to those achieved with hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy.
Monensin inhibits the secretion of α-amylase but not polysaccharide slime from seedling tissues ofZea mays

The effect of monensin on polysaccharide slime secretion by root tips of corn (Zea mays) was studied. Various treatment times and ionophore concentrations were tested: none resulted in inhibition of slime secretion. Because monensin changes the pH of the medium, its effect was also monitored in strongly buffered media and at different pH's. Even in such media, monensin did not inhibit slime secretion. We also measured the effect of the drug after a pulse with [3H]fucose or a pulse followed by a chase. The amount of labeled slimed secreted was not altered by the ionophore. However, 10μM monensin affected the development of root tips and drastically reduced their growth. We showed that monensin inhibits the secretion of α-amylase by the scutellum of the same plantlet. The importance of the nature of the secretory compound in relation to monensin inhibition of its secretion is discussed.
Susceptibility of Spadefoot Toad and Tree Frog to Ouabain, Cymarin, and Goumingine Hydrochloride

Summary1. The parotoid secretion of the spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii) has no digitalis-like effect, but it stimulates the isolated rabbit's intestines and the isolated guinea pig's uterus. 2. The spadefoot toad, like the nebulous toad, Bufo valli-ceps, is definitely more resistant to ouabain and cymarin, and only slightly more resistant to coumingine HC1, as compared with the Leopard frog, Rana pipiens. 3. The tree frog, Hyla cinerea cinerea, is less susceptible to cymarin than the frog, but almost equally susceptible to ouabain and coumingine HC1.
Analysis of clinical events: the case of two dependent observations

In the analysis of clinical events associated with time, one often encounters dependent observations. The status of a patient at two different points of time during the course of treatment is one such example. In this paper, an appropriate model is assumed for the two random variables and a procedure is developed to answer the question: Do the two values, when compared, reflect a change in the patient?
Numerical modeling of thermal plume and residual chlorine fate in Qatar's coastal waters

A 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed and calibrated to simulate the thermal mixing zone and predict the fate of residual chlorine and chlorination by-products (CBP) from industrial cooling water discharged from Ras Laffan City. This model is novel since the individual and cumulative effects of cooling water discharges from several outfalls are estimated in a single simulation instead of requiring separate model runs for each outfall. The concept of incremental temperature rise (increase over the natural water temperature in the absence of outfall) was used to evaluate mixing zone plume dimensions. A probability-based computational methodology was developed to define the thermal plume mixing zone for the shallow coastal environment, which is influenced by strong tides and winds. A new boundary condition was introduced to address existing, ongoing and proposed breakwaters and structures without altering the model grid system while preserving the same boundary conditions for various management sc...
Temporarily immobilized microorganisms: Rapid measurements using a mass spectrometer

Microorganisms were temporarily and reversibly immobilized by entrapment within a small volume. A membrane interface to a mass spectrometer, located downstream from the immobilized microorganisms, allowed direct and continuous measurement of dissolved volatile metabolites.
Evaluating virtual endoscopy for clinical use.

Virtual endoscopy is a term used to describe computer simulated endoscopy procedures derived from high resolution images of patient anatomy. By simulating the endoscopic examination, the patient is spared the discomfort and possible complications of an actual examination. The physician also has more flexibility in a virtual endoscopic examination of 3D patient data in comparison to a real endoscopic examination. Virtual endoscopy removes the physical and physiologic constraints of real endoscopy and can create views that are not possible in an actual endoscopic examination. This may enhance the performance of actual endoscopic examinations. Virtual endoscopy may also be used to perform “numerical biopsies”; anatomic measurements such as size, distance, shape, and density. Virtual endoscopy allows the physician to comprehensively explore the patient anatomy using an intuitive and interactive interface. There are currently two technical approaches to performing virtual endoscopy: perspective volume rendering and surface rendering of polygonal models. Perspective volume rendering uses traditional volumetric rendering algorithms to create visualizations directly from the volumetric dataset. Polygonal models require a preprocessing step to convert the segmented volume information into a polygonal surface that may be displayed at real time frame rates. Both paradigms have inherent strengths and weaknesses. We illustrate and compare the methods on actual patient data, including simulated endoscopic examinations of the airways, colon and esophagus. Preliminary results in virtual endoscopy show promise and will continue to be an area of active research leading to useful clinical applications.
Pascal's emulation of a Prolog program

This paper describes a Turbo Pascal program that explicitly emulates a Turbo Prolog program. The intended purpose of the Pascal program is to relate important implementation details of Prolog to concepts in a conventional programming language.
Motive, Mind, and Media: Digital Sketching in the Creative Culture of Design

As continuously evolving digital tools are incorporated into design education, educators and students must question the use of technology to ensure that creative processes are not diminished. This article presents a framework for questioning the relationships people form with new technology and explores the role of digital sketching in design education. The authors observed that conceptual drawing and ideational processes deteriorated in undergraduate work as design students placed greater reliance on computer aided design (CAD) techniques. Digital sketching was integrated into the existing coursework of four undergraduate interior design studios to improve conceptual drawing processes. Student reactions were collected and assessed using three key framework components: 1) Motive: What core philosophies and processes do design students value? 2) Mind: How do mindsets govern the use of technology in design education? 3) Media: How do tools empower design students to achieve their goals? Findings suggest that reflective thinking strategies should form the foundation of any technology-based design curriculum to ensure that motive, mind, and media are aligned.
Coram Mundo: A Lutheran Feminist Theological Anthropology of Hope1

Abstract: Human life coram mundo, in relationship to the world, is complex and challenging. Third wave feminist resources provide a lens for reading Martin Luther's ontology of the human person because the two share a commitment to seeing human life at the intersections. A Lutheran feminist theological anthropology of hope responds to unique anxieties produced by a more subversive patriarchy, bound to racism, classism, homophobia and multinational corporate structures in the twenty-first century.
Density of Middle Turbinate Subepithelial Mucous Glands in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: Histologic changes have not been systematically assessed in chronic rhinosinusitis. Quantitative histochemical studies evaluated the extent of sinus disease and gland density in the middle turbinates.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Sinus computed tomography scans of 34 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were retrospectively graded 0 to IV according to the May classification. Middle turbinates from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (n = 46) and normal patients (n = 7) were harvested during endoscopic sinus surgery. The areas of Alcian blue-stained glands were assessed in paraffin sections using a computer-assisted microscopy video system.RESULTS: Alcian blue-stained glands occupied 7.94% of normal mucosa. The staining in all grade III rhinosinusitis subjects was increased to 12.94% (P < 0.01). In contrast, grade IV pansinusitis was associated with nasal polyposis (6 of 6) with decreased gland area (3.04%,P < 0.01). When polyp patients were excluded from grade III rhinosinusitis, the Alcian blue-s...
Anisotropy and temperature dependence of myoglobin translational diffusion in myocardium: implication for oxygen transport and cellular architecture.

Pulsed field gradient NMR methods have determined the temperature-dependent diffusion of myoglobin (Mb) in perfused rat myocardium. Mb diffuses with an averaged translational diffusion coefficient (DMb) of 4.24–8.37 × 10−7cm2/s from 22°C to 40°C and shows no orientation preference over a root mean-square displacement of 2.5–3.5 μm. The DMb agrees with the value predicted by rotational diffusion measurements. Based on the DMb, the equipoise diffusion PO2, the PO2 in which Mb-facilitated and free O2 diffusion contribute equally to the O2 flux, varies from 2.72 to 0.15 in myocardium and from 7.27 to 4.24 mmHg in skeletal muscle. Given the basal PO2 of ∼10 mmHg, the Mb contribution to O2 transport appears insignificant in myocardium. In skeletal muscle, Mb-facilitated diffusion begins to contribute significantly only when the PO2 approaches the P50. In marine mammals, the high Mb concentration confers a predominant role for Mb in intracellular O2 transport under all physiological conditions. The Q10 of the DMb ranges from 1.3 to 1.6. The Mb diffusion data indicate that the postulated gel network in the cell must have a minimum percolation cutoff size exceeding 17.5 A and does not impose tortuosity within the diffusion root mean-square displacement. Moreover, the similar Q10 for the DMb of solution versus cell Mb suggests that any temperature-dependent alteration of the postulated cell matrix does not significantly affect protein mobility.
Identification of a calcium-inducible, epidermal-specific regulatory element in the 3'-flanking region of the human keratin 1 gene

Previous studies have shown that the process of epidermal differentiation is profoundly influenced by the level of intracellular calcium within keratinocytes. In this study we have identified a 249-bp region, located 7.9 kb downstream from the promoter of the human keratin 1 (HK1) gene, that is able to activate a SV40 minimal promoter chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) construct in transfected murine keratinocytes. This activity was potentiated by increased levels of calcium and was independent of the position and orientation of the 249-bp fragment. The 249-bp fragment demonstrated a marked specificity for epidermal keratinocytes and was not active in fibroblasts or in a breast epithelial cell line. Moreover, this fragment could activate CAT expression in a construct driven by the HK1 promoter, which alone had no intrinsic CAT activity. A 102-bp fragment derived from the 249-bp fragment was still responsive to calcium but no longer retained cell-type specificity. An AP-1 site at position +7903 and encoded by both the 249-bp and 102-bp fragments is implicated as the cis-element that mediates the calcium response. Taken collectively, these data identify and characterize a regulatory element that is able to activate both heterologous or homologous promoters in response to increased levels of intracellular calcium in keratinocytes.
Rates of photooxidation induced crosslinking and chain scission in thermoset polymer coatings—I

Chemical stress relaxation was used to measure the rates of crosslinking and chain scission during accelerated weathering in two acrylic/melamine clearcoats that photooxidize at different rates. The more photooxidation-resistant clearcoat undergoes an initial increase in crosslink density followed by a steady decrease, while the more photooxidation-prone clearcoat undergoes primarily chain scission until approximately 800 h of accelerated weathering, after which the rate of crosslink formation begins to exceed the rate of chain scission. The net changes in crosslink density mirror those found using dynamic mechanical analysis. Clearcoat films weathered under no stress displayed the same amount and type of chemical composition change as the films weathered under stress. Chemical stress relaxation appears to be a ready means of assessing the influence of the fate of free radicals on the physical properties of the clearcoats.
Green bug Control on Wheat in 1967-69

Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) on wheat can still be effectively controlled using the standard parathion and methyl parathion treatments, however, additional insecticides were screened to determine their effectiveness so that alternate effective treatments would be available if these standard chemicals became unusable. Applications of ULV monocrotophos at 0.06, 0.13 and 0.25 lb active ingredient per acre were comparatively ineffective in 1967 studies, while a higher volume spray of parathion and ULV parathion at 0.5 lb gave significant green bug reductions. Two experiments conducted in 1968 showed higher volume sprays of monocrotophos applied at rates of 0.25 and 0.5 lb AI/acre, and disulfoton LC at rates as low as 0.25 lb to be as effective as 0.5 lb of methyl parathion. Studies in 1969 indicated that low temperatures may limit the effectiveness of the compounds tested as the best material, disulfoton at 0.25 lb AI/acre, only reduced the green bug population by 75%. Counts of parasites and predators indicated that their populations were not substantially lowered by application of any of the compounds tested in 1969.
Electron tunneling in structurally engineered proteins

Abstract Photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, drug metabolism, DNA synthesis, and immune response are among the scores of biological processes that rely heavily on long-range (10 to 25 A) protein electron-transfer (ET) reactions. Semiclassical theory predicts that the rates of these reactions depend on the reaction driving force − ΔG °, a nuclear reorganization parameter λ, and the electronic-coupling strength H AB between reactants and products at the transition state: ET rates ( k ° ET ) reach their maximum values when the nuclear factor is optimized (− ΔG ° = λ ); these k ET ° values are limited only by the strength ( H AB 2 ) of the electronic interaction between the donor (D) and acceptor (A). Coupling-limited Cu + to Ru 3+ and Fe 2+ to Ru 3+ ET rates have been extracted from kinetic studies on several Ru-modified proteins. In azurin, a blue copper protein, the distant D/A pairs are relatively well coupled ( k ° ET decreases exponentially with R (CuRu); the decay constant is 1.1 A −1 ). In contrast to the extended peptides found in azurin and other β -sheet proteins, helical structures have tortuous covalent pathways owing to the curvature of the peptide backbone. The decay constants estimated from ET rates for D/A pairs separated by long sections of the α helix in myoglobin and the photosynthetic reaction center are between 1.25 and 1.6 A −1 .
Nuclear spin relaxation in proteins and models at low temperature

13C NMR spectra were obtained using cross-polarization methods at temperatures near 5 K to examine the magnetization transfer spin dynamics and the practicality of routinely making low-temperature measurements as a means for gaining sensitivity. The magnetization transfer rate between protons and carbon was generally found to be more rapid at 5 K than at room temperature, and the proton and carbon relaxation times in the rotating frame were considerably longer. Both conspire to improve the sensitivity of the cross-polarization experiment. The limiting factor in the ease of executing the experiment rapidly is the value for the proton spin–lattice relaxation time, which in samples with few methyl groups may become much longer than is common at higher temperatures. However, when the methyl group concentration is high, the proton spin–lattice relaxation rate at 5 K may be in the range of seconds, making the low-temperature experiment a highly sensitive and practical opportunity.
Antigenicity of polypeptides: nature of the immunochemical determinants in poly (Glu60Ala30Tyr10) (GAT) against sheep anti-GAT sera.

The nature of the immunochemical determinants of poly (Glu60Ala30Tyr10) (GAT) was studied using antisera produced in sheep. Derivatives of GAT were obtained by modifications of the tyrosine residues. Cross reactivity was measured by quantitative precipitin analysis. The results show that increasing the amount of acetylation or nitration of the tyrosine residues in GAT molecule has a greater effect on calcium independent than on the calcium dependent antibody. Reduction of the nitro derivatives to amino groups restores the cross reactivoty of the molecule to a level equal to unmodified GAT. It was demonstrated that viscosity and end to end distance of the derivatives increased with increasing acetylation and nitration but was restored to the original values of GAT when the nitro groups were reduced. Inhibition of precipitation data obtained with oligopeptides produced by digestion of GAT with pronase showed that the determinants which interact with calcium dependent and independent antibodies are different. The determinants reacting with calcium dependent antibody could tolerate a great deal more cleavage than the determinants reacting with calcium independent antibody. These two studies along with methylation studies conducted in our laboratory, suggest that the determinants for calcium independent antibody are more complex and subject to more conformational control than determinants on the same molecule reacting with the calcium dependent antibody. The results obtained with the digests suggest that it may be possible to obtain a relative small peptide representative of most of the determinants reacting with calcium dependent antibody.
Localization and possible functions of Drosophila septins.

Abstract The septins are a family of homologous proteins that were originally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where they are associated with the "neck filaments" and are involved in cytokinesis and other aspects of the organization of the cell surface. We report here the identification of Sep1, a Drosophila melanogaster septin, based on its homology to the yeast septins. The predicted Sep1 amino acid sequence is 35-42% identical to the known S. cerevisiae septins; 52% identical to Pnut, a second D. melanogaster septin; and 53-73% identical to the known mammalian septins. Sep1-specific antibodies have been used to characterize its expression and localization. The protein is concentrated at the leading edge of the cleavage furrows of dividing cells and cellularizing embryos, suggesting a role in furrow formation. Other aspects of Sep1 localization suggest roles not directly related to cytokinesis. For example, Sep1 exhibits orderly, cell-cycle-coordinated rearrangements within the cortex of syncytial blastoderm embryos and in the cells of post-gastrulation embryos; Sep1 is also concentrated at the leading edge of the epithelium during dorsal closure in the embryo, in the neurons of the embryonic nervous system, and at the baso-lateral surfaces of ovarian follicle cells. The distribution of Sep1 typically overlaps, but is distinct from, that of actin. Both immunolocalization and biochemical experiments show that Sep1 is intimately associated with Pnut, suggesting that the Drosophila septins, like those in yeast, function as part of a complex.
Neurotropism of nerve growth factor for adult rat septal cholinergic axons in vivo.

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) can induce sprouting of axotomized adult rat medial septum cholinergic neurons and promote their regeneration into septohippocampal nerve grafts and hippocampal formation. This study investigated the potential neurotropic (chemotactic/attracting) action of NGF in the adult rat cholinergic septohippocampal regeneration model. (i) Some animals received sciatic nerve grafts between the disconnected septum and hippocampal formations on each side. A 4-week infusion with NGF into the rostral portion of the lateral ventricle induced sprouting of cholinergic fibers in the dorsolateral septum with a gradient toward the lateral ventricle. However, the number of cholinergic axons entering the nerve bridge was only one-third that observed in vehicle-infused animals, suggesting that NGF had diverted many of the regrowing axons away from the nerve toward the ventricle. (ii) In animals implanted with nerves for 2 weeks and concurrently infused with NGF into the fornix, proximal to the lesion and grafts, cholinergic sprouting occurred in the mediodorsal septum, i.e., was oriented toward the infused fornix. Essentially no fibers had entered the nerve bridge, suggesting that all regrowing fibers had remained near the NGF source. (iii) When animals with a unilateral fimbria-fornix transection (but no nerve graft) were infused with NGF into the lateral ventricle on the opposite side, cholinergic sprouting was oriented toward the midline of the septum. (iv) Infusion of low doses of NGF directly into the (lesioned) septum induced a sprouting response localized around the infusion site. (v) No sprouting occurred when intraventricular NGF infusion was applied to normal (nonlesioned) animals. These results show that the location of an NGF source can control the orientation of the outgrowing cholinergic axons, and indicate that NGF has a neurotropic action in the adult animal in vivo, as it has been shown to have for developing neurons both in vitro and in vivo.
Production-Animal Veterinarian Shortage: A Rural Case Study of West Virginia

This study reports the results of studies conducted to explore solutions to the shortage of veterinarians to service production animal and rural service needs. Based on the results, various programs are recommended to be implemented and directed toward rectification of the national shortage of production-animal veterinary services and rural farm service large-animal veterinarians in the United States. These programs are enumerated, promoted and evaluated for Productivity, Difficulty of implementation and Overall Payoff in meeting the issue. Results based on experience and professional guidance from the communities of livestock owners and production-animal veterinarians indicate that the following programs should be prioritized nationally:  State sponsored tuition relief for veterinary students in return for a term of service to rural production-animal service following graduation.  Regional veterinary clinics augmented by state supported veterinary treatment vans.  Scholarships directed toward students expressing interest in large-animal veterinary medicine.  Modification of treatment and drug administration laws to allow a fuller function for veterinary technicians in the treatment of production animals in rural environments.
Low temperature iron- and nickel-catalyzed reactions leading to coalbed gas formation

Hydrocarbon hydrogenolysis and CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of Fe/SiO2 and Ni/SiO2 catalysts were evaluated as potential mechanisms contributing to natural gas formation in coalbeds. The hydrocarbons used as reactants in hydrogenolysis included butane, octane, 1-octene, and 1-dodecene. The reactions carried out in a laboratory batch reactor produced gas that contained methane concentrations greater than 90%, which resembles the composition of natural gas. Reaction temperatures were selected to resemble natural coalbed conditions. Evidence is presented to show that iron and nickel minerals, which can be present in coals at levels of 2000 and 10 ppm, respectively, can become active under geologic conditions. The oxides (Fe2O3 and NiO) used as precursors of the active catalysts (Fe and Ni metals) were reduced at 200°C under a hydrogen atmosphere. Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that ca. 6% of the iron oxide was converted to the metal; in the case of nickel, oxygen titration showed that the extent of reduction to the metal was ca. 29%. The resultant fractions of the active metals in coals are adequate to catalyze generation of appreciable amounts of methane over geologic time.
Final-state interactions in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering from the deuteron

We explore the role of final-state interactions (FSIs) in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering from the deuteron. Relating the inclusive cross section to the deuteron forward virtual Compton scattering amplitude, a general formula for the FSI contribution is derived in the generalized eikonal approximation, utilizing the diffractive nature of the effective hadron-nucleon interaction. The calculation uses a factorized model with a basis of three resonances with mass $Wl2$ GeV and a continuum contribution for larger $W$ as the relevant set of effective hadron states entering the final-state interaction amplitude. The results show sizeable on-shell FSI contributions for Bjorken $x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.6$ and ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}10$ GeV${}^{2}$, increasing in magnitude for lower ${Q}^{2}$, but vanishing in the high-${Q}^{2}$ limit because of phase-space constraints. The off-shell rescattering contributes at $x\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.8$ and is taken as an uncertainty on the on-shell result.
Regulatory Application of Air Quality Simulation Models

Air quality simulation models are widely used to determine the need for air pollution control regulations and to determine conditions under which new industrial sources can be constructed. Most of these models embody sophisticated scientific principles which are not always understood by those who use or are affected by the model results. The following article summarizes how the EPA manages the application of these models, and explains some of the current activities which will improve the process.
Membrane viewpoint on black holes: Dynamical electromagnetic fields near the horizon.

This paper is part of a series of papers with the aim of developing a complete self-consistent formalism for the treatment of electromagnetic and gravitational fields in the neighborhood of a black-hole horizon. In this membrane formalism, the horizon is treated as a closed two-dimensional membrane lying in a curved three-dimensional space, and endowed with familiar physical properties such as entropy and temperature, surface pressure and viscosity, and electrical conductivity, charge, and current. This paper develops the concept of the ''stretched horizon,'' which will be vital for both the electromagnetic and gravitational aspects of the formalism, and it presents several model problems illustrating the interaction of dynamical electromagnetic fields with stationary black-hole horizons: The field of a test charge in various states of motion outside the Schwarzschild horizon is analyzed in the near-horizon limit, where the spatial curvature may be ignored and the metric may be approximated by that of Rindler. This analysis elucidates the influence of the horizon on the shapes and motions of electric and magnetic field lines when external agents move the field lines in arbitrary manners. It also illustrates how the field lines interact with the horizon's charge and current to produce an exchange of energymore » and momentum between the external agent and the horizon. A numerical calculation of the dynamical relaxation of a magnetic field threading a Schwarzschild black hole is also presented, illustrating the ''cleaning'' of a complicated field structure by a black-hole horizon, and elucidating the constraints on the location of the stretched horizon.« less
Laboratory spawning, larval development, and metamorphosis of the limpets Lottia digitalis and Lottia asmi (Patellogastropoda, Lottiidae)

Abstract. This study describes and compares laboratory spawning, larval development, and metamorphosis in the patellogastropod limpets Lottia digitalis and Lottia asmi. Both species were dioecious and freely spawned their gametes, which were fertilized externally. Eggs from L. digitalis and L. asmi averaged 155 and 134 μm in diameter, respectively. Early cleavage patterns were typical of other patellogastropods. Swimming trochophore larvae had developed ∼ 15 hours after fertilization, and ultimately developed into lecithotrophic veliger larvae that reached metamorphic competence at 5.25–5.5 days after fertilization (13°C). Food particles were frequently visible in the gut of newly metamorphosed individuals one day after settlement, and adult shell growth was typically initiated within 2–4 days of settlement. Small egg size in L. asmi, relative to other eastern Pacific lottiids, may be directly related to the need for high fecundity in this small-bodied species; however, developmental information is available for relatively few lottiid species. Because broadcasting lottiids do not secure egg masses in safe microhabitats for development, this reproductive mode may have been conducive to their ecological radiation into novel habitats.
Hints on Test Data Selection: Help for the Practicing Programmer

In many cases tests of a program that uncover simple errors are also effective in uncovering much more complex errors. This so-called coupling effect can be used to save work during the testing process.
Development Alters the Expression of Calcium Currents in Chick - limb Motoneurons

Calcium current types expressed in vertebrate spinal motoneurons have not been previously resolved. We have resolved three types in chick limb motoneurons identified by retrograde labeling and report that dramatic changes in their expression take place during development in vivo. T-, N-, and L-type calcium currents were distinguished on the basis of kinetics, voltage dependence, and unique pharmacological sensitivities. Developmental changes were characterized by studying motoneurons isolated from embryos at three stages spanning neuromuscular system development. T currents were dominant at the earliest stage. Motoneurons from embryos 2 days older showed much reduced T currents and much increased N and L currents. We suggest that mature motoneurons will be dominated by N- and L-type calcium currents and that T current may serve developmental roles.
A correction for the errors in ship reports of light winds

The errors in ship wind reports of light wings tend to significantly bias their mean. This occurs because wind speed is a scalar quantity that is constrained to zero or positive values. Therefore, observations tend to overestimate the light winds because of the one-sided distribution of errors, but the bias disappears under stronger winds. A method for removing this bias from ship data is presented. In particular, the method is applied to interpreting the ratios of wind speeds observed by ships to those obtained from tracking low level clouds. Corrected ratios allow low cloud speeds to serve as proxy data for surface based observations.
Sensory Symptoms and Processing of Nonverbal Auditory and Visual Stimuli in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Atypical sensory responses are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While evidence suggests impaired auditory–visual integration for verbal information, findings for nonverbal stimuli are inconsistent. We tested for sensory symptoms in children with ASD (using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile) and examined unisensory and bisensory processing with a nonverbal auditory–visual paradigm, for which neurotypical adults show bisensory facilitation. ASD participants reported more atypical sensory symptoms overall, most prominently in the auditory modality. On the experimental task, reduced response times for bisensory compared to unisensory trials were seen in both ASD and control groups, but neither group showed significant race model violation (evidence of intermodal integration). Findings do not support impaired bisensory processing for simple nonverbal stimuli in high-functioning children with ASD.
Size constancy in rhesus monkeys: Effects of pulvinar, prestriate, and inferotemporal lesions

The present study tested the theory that inferotemporal cortex integrates 1) distance information transmitted via superior colliculus-pulvinar afferents, with 2) form information transmitted via striate-prestriate cortex afferents (Gross, 1973a, 1973b). Monkeys were trained to choose the larger of two objects, independent of distance, to obtain a reward. Based on the integration theory, the following predictions concerning this size constancy discrimination were made: 1) monkeys with pulvinar lesions, unable to code distance, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on retinal image size; and 2) monkeys with prestriate lesions, unable to code retinal image size, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on distance. Contrary to these predictions, pulvinar lesions produced no deficit; and although prestriate lesions did produce an impairment, it was due to a failure to code distance in assessing the true size of the object. Thus, monkeys with prestriate lesions consistently responded to retinal image size instead of object size. Replicating an earlier report (Humphrey and Weiskrantz, 1969), inferotemporal lesions also produced an impairment; however, errors made by monkeys with inferotemporal lesions were random and could not be attributed to any consistent strategy. All monkeys reacquired the discrimination postoperatively, indicating that there are multiple mechanisms available to the brain-damaged animal for the perception of size constancy.
Toward an Educationally Appropriate Legal Definition of Disruptive Student Behavior.

While it is universally accepted that schools must have the authority to control student behavior which disrupts the school program or the process of education, there is room for disagreement as to the kinds of behavior that fall into that category. Administrators have tended to interpret "disruption" broadly—at the expense of student freedom. It appears, however, that only where there is a substantial degree of freedom, which means some disorder, can good education take place. The author, a Professor of Education at Emory University and a student of the problem of classroom discipline, argues from educational principles that the kinds of student behavior which it is proper to define as disruptive are more limited than has been thought.
The Role of Percutaneous Renal Biopsy in the Management of Small Renal Masses

The use of percutaneous renal mass biopsy (RMB) has increased in recent years, likely in parallel with the growing incidence of renal cell carcinoma and small renal masses in particular. Biopsy and imaging techniques are improving, and diagnostic sufficiency and accuracy of RMB now are much higher in large-volume, experienced centers. Overall morbidity is low. This has led to a significant expansion of the indications for biopsy beyond documenting renal involvement for patients with metastatic disease or other systemic illnesses. While there still are limitations to its use and clinical judgment is paramount, RMB is proving to be a valuable tool in the clinical diagnosis and management of small renal masses.
Gender and Legal Authority: An Examination of Early Juristic Opposition to Women's Hadīth Transmission

This article analyzes two cases of early juristic opposition to the legal authority of hadīth narrated by women. These cases appear as striking anomalies for two reasons: first, jurists broadly agreed that the gender of narrators in a chain of transmission was not a criterion in evaluating hadīth; and second, the cases involve female Companions of the Prophet whose value as transmitters came to be universally acknowledged by Muslim scholars of the classical period. In this article, I demonstrate that these incidents of gender-based disparagement are more useful because of what they reveal about the development of hadīth transmission (riwāya) and legal testimony (shahāda) as technical categories rather than for what they can tell us about normative gender discourse in early and classical Islam. I also contextualize the cases in terms of early methodological debates on the legal authority of isolated reports (khabar al-wāhid, akhbār al-ahād).
Prolonged follow-up after paediatric pyeloplasty: are repeat scans necessary?

OBJECTIVE To establish the value of repeat renal scans to assess the relative renal function after successful paediatric pyeloplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS Renal scans were assessed from 138 patients after successful pyeloplasty; the relative renal function before and immediately after pyeloplasty were compared, as was split renal function at 3.5 and 5.5 years after surgery. RESULTS With a few exceptions the relative renal function before and after pyeloplasty was stable. Repeat renal scans 3.5 and 5.5 years after surgery also showed stable split renal function, even if the renal function was already diminished. CONCLUSIONS Repeat renal scans are not necessary after successful pyeloplasty in children, as most operated renal units showed stable renal function for 5-7 years. Further studies are needed to investigate whether renal function changes further after puberty.
Naloxone attenuates voluntary ethanol intake in rats selectively bred for high ethanol preference

The effect of naloxone on voluntary ethanol intake was examined in rats which were selectively bred for oral ethanol preference (High Alcohol Drinking or HAD line). Rats of the HAD line were treated with naloxone in doses of 0.05-18.0 mg/kg b.wt. before access to water alone or to a free-choice between a 10% (v/v) ethanol solution and water. Naloxone suppressed water intake when water was presented as the sole source of fluid. In contrast, naloxone produced a dose-dependent decrease in ethanol consumption, without altering water intake, when rats were given a free-choice between the ethanol solution and water. Selective suppression of ethanol consumption by naloxone was not attributable to changes in blood ethanol concentrations or ethanol elimination rates following naloxone treatment. It appears that although naloxone may attenuate the positively reinforcing properties of both ethanol and water, ethanol drinking is a subset of consummatory behaviors that is particularly sensitive to opioid receptor blockade. The results suggest that activation of the endogenous opioid system may be an important mechanism which serves to maintain continued ethanol drinking.
The cognitive effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement are modulated by aging

Abstract Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that estrogen may be an important factor influencing neuronal function during normal and pathological aging. Using different behavioral paradigms in rodents, estrogen replacement was shown to enhance learning and memory (Luine, 1997) as well as attenuate learning deficits associated with cholinergic impairment (Daniel et al., 1998) . The goal of this study was to determine whether cognitive sensitivity to estrogen manipulations (short-term ovariectomy and chronic estrogen replacement) is affected by aging. Middle-aged and old female Fischer-344 rats were used to estimate the effects of estrogen manipulations at two different stages of reproductive aging. At middle age, when the females underwent an initial stage of reproductive aging (irregular cyclicity), ovariectomy did not significantly affect the acquisition of the T-maze active avoidance as compared with Sham rats, while estrogen replacement decreased behavioral vulnerability to scopolamine. However, when tested at more advanced stage of aging (consistent diestrus), old ovariectomized rats were more sensitive to scopolamine as compared with the control rats. Moreover, estrogen treatment at this age did not produce any protective effect against scopolamine. Contrasting findings of the effects of estrogen replacement in middle-aged and old rats suggest that the ability of estrogen to enhance the basal forebrain cholinergic function declines with age. These data indicate that aging processes may substantially modulate the mechanisms of estrogen action. A “time window” during which hormone replacement must be initiated in order to be effective could be determined in terms of the stages of reproductive senescence. This study is the first to clearly demonstrate that the cognitive effects of estrogen replacement are still preserved during the initial stages of reproductive aging (irregular cyclicity) and dramatically limited as aging progresses (cessation of proestrus).