cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of novel arthropod vector G protein-coupled receptors

The control of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and typhus fever is often achieved with the use of insecticides. Unfortunately, insecticide resistance is becoming common among different vector species. There are currently no chemical alternatives to these insecticides because new human-safe classes of molecules have yet to be brought to the vector-control market. The identification of novel targets offer opportunities for rational design of new chemistries to control vector populations. One target family, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has remained relatively under explored in terms of insecticide development. A novel classifier, Ensemble*, for vector GPCRs was developed. Ensemble* was validated and compared to existing classifiers using a set of all known GPCRs from Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, Apis Mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, and Pediculus humanus. Predictions for unidentified sequences from Ae. aegypti, An. gambiae, and Pe. humanus were validated. Quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis was performed on previously-known and newly discovered Ae. aegypti GPCR genes. We present a new analysis of GPCRs in the genomes of Ae, aegypti, a vector of dengue fever, An. gambiae, a primary vector of Plasmodium falciparum that causes malaria, and Pe. humanus, a vector of epidemic typhus fever, using a novel GPCR classifier, Ensemble*, designed for insect vector species. We identified 30 additional putative GPCRs, 19 of which we validated. Expression of the newly discovered Ae. aegypti GPCR genes was confirmed via quantitative RT-PCR. A novel GPCR classifier for insect vectors, Ensemble*, was developed and GPCR predictions were validated. Ensemble* and the validation pipeline were applied to the genomes of three insect vectors (Ae. aegypti, An. gambiae, and Pe. humanus), resulting in the identification of 52 GPCRs not previously identified, of which 11 are predicted GPCRs, and 19 are predicted and confirmed GPCRs.
Climatology of Vertical Wind Shear over the Tropical Atlantic

The spatiotemporal variability of the 200–850-hPa vertical wind shear over the tropical Atlantic is examined for a period of 46 yr. This work extends and updates past studies by considering a longer data record as well as a tropospheric-deep measure of vertical wind shear. Composite fields are constructed to illustrate the spatial pattern of the large-scale circulation associated with the mean and extreme cases of vertical shear within the tropical Atlantic. The contemporaneous relationship of vertical shear with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Sahel precipitation are also examined. While the ENSO–shear correlation appears to have slightly strengthened during the past decade, the Sahel–shear correlation has become significantly degraded. A combined empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the zonal and meridional components of the vertical shear reveals interannual and multidecadal modes. The leading EOF exhibits mainly interannual variability and is highly correlated with ENSO. The second EOF is associated with a multidecadal temporal evolution and is correlated with Sahel precipitation. Both EOFs correlate at the same level with tropical cyclones in the main development region of the tropical Atlantic.
Discontinuous spectral element method modeling of optical coupling by whispering gallery modes between microcylinders

We introduce a high-order time-domain discontinuous spectral element method for the study of the optical coupling by evanescent whispering gallery modes between two microcylinders, the building blocks of coupled resonator optical waveguide devices. By using the discontinuous spectral element method with a Dubiner orthogonal polynomial basis on triangles and a Legendre nodal orthogonal basis on quadrilaterals, we conduct a systematic study of the optical coupling by whispering gallery modes between two microcylinders and demonstrate the successful coupling between the microcylinders and also the dependence of such a coupling on the separation and the size variation of the microcylinders.
Therapeutic Vaccines for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common, noncutaneous cancer for men in the U.S., leading to more than 30,000 deaths a year. Vaccines for prostate cancer, which for several years have been shown to generate immunologic responses, are beginning to show significant clinical promise. At present, numerous therapeutic options are being investigated, including autologous and allogeneic whole-tumor cell vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and poxvirus-based vaccines. Advances in basic immunology have translated into new, more complex therapeutic strategies. The findings from current trials and the demonstrated potential to combine vaccines with conventional therapies herald a promising future for the treatment of prostate cancer. This review highlights recent advances and clinical trials in immunotherapy for prostate cancer, along with current thoughts on immunologic and clinical monitoring of these trials.
Strengthening Community Leadership: Evaluation Findings From the California Healthy Cities and Communities Program

Collaborative approaches to community health improvement such as healthy cities and communities have the potential to strengthen community capacity through leadership development. The healthy cities and communities process orients existing local leadership to new community problem-solving strategies and draws out leadership abilities among residents not previously engaged in civic life. In an evaluation of the California Healthy Cities and Communities (CHCC) Program, leadership development was one of several outcomes assessed at the civic-participation level of the social ecology. Data collection methods included focus groups and surveys, semistructured interviews with coordinators and community leaders, and review of program documents. Findings suggest that the CHCC program enhanced capacity by expanding new leadership opportunities through coalition participation, program implementation, and civic leadership roles related to spin-off organizations and broader collaborative structures. Communities in rural regions were particularly successful in achieving significant leadership outcomes.
Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry for Single- and Multi-Mode Avionics Fiber-Optics Applications

In this talk, we will introduce a commercially available optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique and its applications in avionics fiber-optics. We will provide multiple measurement examples within the avionics field not currently supported by conventional test tools or methods including high-resolution fault detection and distributed fiber sensing
Craniofacial Pain and Motor Function: Pathogenesis, Clinical Correlates, and Implications:

Many structural, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions imply that favorable treatment effects in musculoskeletal pain states are mediated through the correction of muscle function. The common theme of these interventions is captured in the popular idea that structural or psychological factors cause muscle hyperactivity, muscle overwork, muscle fatigue, and ultimately pain. Although symptoms and signs of motor dysfunction can sometimes be explained by changes in structure, there is strong evidence that they can also be caused by pain. This new understanding has resulted in a better appreciation of the pathogenesis of symptoms and signs of the musculoskeletal pain conditions, including the sequence of events that leads to the development of motor dysfunction. With the improved understanding of the relationship between pain and motor function, including the inappropriateness of many clinical assumptions, a new literature emerges that opens the door to exciting therapeutic opportunities. Novel treatments are expected to have a profound impact on the care of musculoskeletal pain and its effect on motor function in the not-too-distant future.
Flow structure associated with multiple jets from a generic catheter tip

During hemodialysis, cleansed blood is injected into the body through one or more holes at the tip of a catheter, which is typically positioned within the superior vena cava. Multiple, interacting jets can therefore be formed during the injection process. Particle image velocimetry is employed, in conjunction with a scaled-up water facility, in order to characterize the structure of multiple jets in a tandem arrangement as a function of dimensionless hole diameter and jet velocity ratio. Patterns of vorticity, Reynolds stress, and streamline topology, and their interrelationship, define the evolution and interaction of the jets.
MDA5 cooperatively forms dimers and ATP-sensitive filaments upon binding double-stranded RNA.

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) detects viral double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm. RNA binding induces MDA5 to activate the signalling adaptor MAVS through interactions between the caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) of the two proteins. The molecular mechanism of MDA5 signalling is not well understood. Here, we show that MDA5 cooperatively binds short RNA ligands as a dimer with a 16–18-basepair footprint. A crystal structure of the MDA5 helicase-insert domain demonstrates an evolutionary relationship with the archaeal Hef helicases. In X-ray solution structures, the CARDs in unliganded MDA5 are flexible, and RNA binds on one side of an asymmetric MDA5 dimer, bridging the two subunits. On longer RNA, full-length and CARD-deleted MDA5 constructs assemble into ATP-sensitive filaments. We propose a signalling model in which the CARDs on MDA5–RNA filaments nucleate the assembly of MAVS filaments with the same polymeric geometry.
Optimization, Learning, and Games with Predictable Sequences

We provide several applications of Optimistic Mirror Descent, an online learning algorithm based on the idea of predictable sequences. First, we recover the Mirror Prox algorithm for offline optimization, prove an extension to Holder-smooth functions, and apply the results to saddle-point type problems. Next, we prove that a version of Optimistic Mirror Descent (which has a close relation to the Exponential Weights algorithm) can be used by two strongly-uncoupled players in a finite zero-sum matrix game to converge to the minimax equilibrium at the rate of O((log T)/T). This addresses a question of Daskalakis et al [6]. Further, we consider a partial information version of the problem. We then apply the results to convex programming and exhibit a simple algorithm for the approximate Max Flow problem.
Structure of the Triaquatricarbonylrhenium(I) Cation and Its Conjugate Base

The crystal structure of the Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ cation has been determined from crystals obtained by evaporation of an aqueous solution of [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br. The bromide ion is incorporated in the Re2(CO)9(μ3-Br)3– anion. A second structure was obtained by removal of bromide as AgBr and precipitation of the Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ cation with PF6–. In the latter structure the conjugate base, Re(CO)3(OH)(H2O)2 is co-crystallized in the structure. Each structure along with the previously known cubane [Re(CO)3(μ3-OH)]4·4H2O was obtained multiple times during crystallization studies. The use of other anions to generate crystalline products was unsuccessful. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
THE SAVINGS AND LOAN DEBACLE: MORAL HAZARD OR MARKET DISASTER?

The savings and loan (S&L) industry is a good place to study the causes of depository institution failure for two reasons. First, in contrast to commercial banks, the traditional S&L is a relatively simple organization. Second, cause and effect cannot be determined without outcome variation, and the S&L industry provides plenty of variation in failure rates. Figure 1 plots the failure rate of federally insured S&Ls for the years 1934–1988. for comparison, the average failure rate during the four year period 1930–1933 is also shown.1
Temperature dependence of MOSFET substrate current

Hitherto, theoretical models for MOSFET substrate current predicted that substrate current is a strong function of temperature. However, experimental data presented in this and previous studies show that the ratio of substrate current to drain current is insensitive to temperature over the range 77 to 300 K. The authors propose a modified model for an electron mean-free path (MFP) in the substrate current based on the concept of energy relaxation. The different between the energy and momentum relaxation MFP is clarified, and it is shown that a substrate current model with modified MFP can explain the temperature dependence of the substrate current. >
Stability of partially lined combustors with distributed combustion

An integral method for theoretical evaluation of the stability of confined flows with mass sources is presented. This method is applied to evaluate the effect of partial length acoustic liners on liquid propellant combustors with distributed combustion sources. The combustor is modeled as a right circular cylinder terminated by a multiorifice (constant Mach number) nozzle. The spatial spread of combustion in the chamber is represented by an arbitrary number of pressure sensitive planar mass sources. On the cylindrical periphery of the chamber is an acoustic absorber of arbitrary length, position, and damping capability. Integral equations are developed from the partial differential equations describing the nonsteady flow and are solved iteratively. Results are given in terms of linear neutral stability plots using a pressure sensitive combustion response. Calculations indicate that increasing the axial spread of combustion increases the stability of the combustor and the effectiveness of the absorber. The most effective linear placement appears at the location of greatest combustion concentration.
Do Successful Surgical Results after Operative Treatment of Long-bone Nonunions Correlate with Outcomes?

There has been increased emphasis on validated, patient-reported functional outcomes after orthopaedic interventions for various conditions. The few reports on these types of outcomes after treatment of fracture nonunions are limited to specific anatomic sites, limited by small numbers, and retrospective. To determine whether successful healing of established long-bone nonunions resulted in improved functional outcomes and reduction in patient-reported pain scores, we prospectively followed 80 patients. These patients had a mean of 1.4 surgical procedures before enrollment and a mean of 18 months had elapsed from previous surgery until enrollment. Baseline data and functional scores were obtained before intervention. Seventeen of the 80 patients (21%) had positive intraoperative cultures. At a mean of 18.7 months (range, 12–36 months), 72 (90%) nonunions had healed. Patients with healed nonunions scored better on the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment. Pain scores among all patients improved compared with baseline, but to a greater degree in patients who achieved healing by final followup. Our data suggest improvement in pain scores is seen in all patients after surgery, whereas successful internal fixation leads to improved function. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Leukocyte-endothelium interaction during the early stages of hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit: role of P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1

The early effects of hypercholesterolemia on leukocyte-endothelium interaction were studied in vivo in the rabbit mesenteric microcirculation. Rabbits fed a 0.5% high-cholesterol (HC) diet showed elevated plasma cholesterol levels during the 1 to 2 weeks of HC feeding (P<0.001 versus control diet-fed rabbits). Intravital microscopy of mesenteric venules revealed that leukocyte rolling had increased 10-fold (P<0.001 versus control-fed group) at the end of the first week of the HC diet, which was sustained after 2 weeks of HC feeding (P<0.001 versus control-fed rabbits). Firm adherence of leukocytes to the endothelium was moderately increased after a 1-week period of hypercholesterolemia (P<0.05) but increased by 12-fold at 2 weeks (P<0.001 versus control diet-fed and P<0.01 versus 1-week HC-fed rabbits). Upregulation of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was observed immunohistochemically on the intestinal microvascular endothelium of HC-fed rabbits. P-selectin was maximally expressed within the first week of the HC diet and remained elevated during the second week of cholesterol feeding (P<0.01 versus control). In contrast, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were moderately upregulated at 1 week but were highly expressed after 2 weeks of the HC diet (P<0.05 and P<0.001 versus control, respectively). Basal release of NO from both mesenteric microvascular and aortic endothelium in cholesterol-fed rabbits was progressively reduced after 1 (P<0.05) and 2 (P<0.01) weeks. Our data suggest that enhanced leukocyte-endothelium interaction occurs in vivo in the rabbit microcirculation during the first 2 weeks of hypercholesterolemia. This phenomenon is associated with impaired basal NO release and progressive endothelial surface expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ie, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in the microvasculature.
Bidirectional ROF Links Using Optically Up-Converted DPSK for Downstream and Remodulated OOK for Upstream

We propose a novel radio-over-fiber system to provide full-duplex services by using optical differential phase-shift keying modulation format at the central station for downstream and on-off keying remodulation of the downlink carrier at the base station (BS) for upstream. The optical carrier suppression modulation scheme is employed to simultaneously generate and up-convert 40-GHz optical millimeter wave. As the same optical carrier is used for both uplink and downlink, no additional light source is required at the BS, which greatly reduces the cost and simplifies the overall system. Simulations and experimental results show that the bidirectional 2.5-Gb/s data is successfully transmitted over 40-km single-mode fiber (SMF-28) with less than 2-dB power penalty
Localization of oskar RNA regulates oskar translation and requires Oskar protein

The site of oskar RNA and protein localization within the oocyte determines where in the embryo primordial germ cells form and where the abdomen develops. Initiation of oskar RNA localization requires the activity of several genes. We show that ovaries mutant for any of these genes lack Oskar protein. Using various transgenic constructs we have determined that sequences required for oskar RNA localization and translational repression map to the oskar 3'UTR, while sequences involved in the correct temporal activation of translation reside outside the oskar 3'UTR. Upon localization of oskar RNA and protein at the posterior pole, Oskar protein is required to maintain localization of oskar RNA throughout oogenesis. Stable anchoring of a transgenic reporter RNA at the posterior pole is disrupted by oskar nonsense mutations. We propose that initially localization of oskar RNA permits translation into Oskar protein and that subsequently Oskar protein regulates its own RNA localization through a positive feedback mechanism.
Human and Mouse Globin-Gene Sequences Introduced into Mice by Microinjection of Fertilized Mouse Eggs

The globin gene families provide an interesting model of regulated gene expression during both ontogenic development and erythroid differentiation (reviewed in Stamatoyannopoulos and Nienhuis, 1981). From sequence data and functional analysis of cloned globin genes, some regions (such as the consensus CCAAT and TATA blocks 5′ to coding sequences) have been identified as important for influencing the rate and accuracy of transcript initiation (Efstratiadis et al., 1980; Lauer et al., 1980; Dierks et al., 1981; Mellon et al., 1981; Grosveld et al., 1982).
Conflating Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnostic Testing-Letter.

We read with great interest the recent article by Becker and colleagues, “Potential biases introduced by conflating screening and diagnostic testing in colorectal cancer screening surveillance” ([1][1]). Study investigators found that in surveys that do not take into account the reason for
WWW Front Pages, Home Pages, Entry Pages and Root Pages

Whenever one has a body of hypertext materials that stands alone either because it occupies an entire system or because it exists, however, transiently, within a frame, the reader has to begin reading at some point, and for the reader, that point is a beginning. (Landow 1994). In his work on origins and openings, Edward W Said explains that, “a work’s beginning is, practically speaking, the main entrance to what it offers ... the designation of a beginning generally involves also the designation of a consequent intention.” (Said 1985). Specification of a beginning page (or document, or node) is an essential element in the definition of a hypertexted information space.
Contributions of Psychology to the Microeconomic Analysis of Consumer Demand for Food

S represents the stimulus situation impinging upon the individual; P is his perception of the nature of S (what S "means" to him; how he "sees" S); R is his response to his perception of the stimulus situation. The critical point to be made is that the response is to the immediate nature of the perception, not to the immediate nature of the stimulus situation. The perception of the stimulus situation may or may not be a faithful representation of the true state of that stimulus situation. (This issue is referred to as the degree of veridicality present in perception.) Or, some aspect of the stimulus situation which, by objective analysis, should have controlling impact upon behavior might play a very subordinate role in the individual's perception of the situation. In such case, the individual's behavior would appear to violate a 'law" or theory based upon the objective analysis. These are the psychological circumstances involved in our judgment that another person's behavior is irrational. (Remembering, of course, that the behavior is not perceived as being irrational by the individual under scrutiny.) When we apply these psychological concepts to microeconomic analysis, we are dealing with a particular category of experience-that having to do with the various economic stimulus situations in which individuals find themselves and their responses to these economic circumstances. Our generalized equation becomes:
[Formula: see text] Effects of screening for postconcussive syndrome (PCS) on PCS symptom self-report and neuropsychological test performance.

AbstractObjective: Many non-neurological factors are related to postconcussive syndrome (PCS) symptom report and neuropsychological test performance in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Use of mTBI screening instruments may also contribute to report of PCS symptoms and neuropsychological performance. We examined the impact of randomized PCS screening feedback on PCS symptom report and neuropsychological performance in 152 young adults with no history of mTBI.Method: Participants were 158 undergraduates attending a medium-sized Midwestern university who completed the Postconcussive Syndrome Questionnaire (PCSQ) prior to the study and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Participants were either given feedback that they endorsed more symptoms than average, feedback that they endorsed fewer symptoms than average, or neutral information. Participants then completed the PCSQ for a second time as well as the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test.Results: Contrary ...
Analytic and computational multi-scale micromechanics models for mechanical and electrical properties of fuzzy ber composites

ber core, with dense carbon nanotube "forest" emanating radially from the ber surface along the length of the ber. The interest in the fuzzy ber material stems from its multifunctional nanocomposite interphase region which can provide enhanced load transfer and damage resistance in addition to providing electromechanical coupling in the form of piezoresistivity. The later functionality of the interphase is of particular interest as it pertains to the structural health monitoring (SHM) application envisioned for the fuzzy bers in advanced hybrid composites for hypersonic aerospace vehicles. This paper is focused on acquiring the static undamaged eective elastic and electrical properties of the fuzzy ber material using multi-layer composite cylinder models (CCM), which have been modied to take into account the radial symmetry of the nanocomposite interphase layer. These eective properties will be considered as initial conditions for the undamaged fuzzy ber, which can be used to compare with the damaged eective properties in our future work.
Association of waist circumference with ApoB to ApoAI ratio in black and white Americans

BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies have demonstrated obesity as an aspect of the insulin resistance syndrome in cardiovascular disease (CVD), the mechanism is not clear. Central adiposity, acting through many CVD risk factors, including, plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and lipoprotein moities-apolipoprotein B (ApoB), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAI), by atherogenic and thrombotic mechanisms has been proposed as a possible mechanism. In this study, we examined the relationship between central fat distribution (defined by waist circumference) and the ratio of these lipoproteins (ApoB/ApoAI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Association between ApoB/ApoAI ratio and waist circumference was compared in Blacks (n=854) and Whites (n=2552) using the NHANES III population-based samples. Correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association between ApoB/ApoAI and waist circumference, controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), race, gender, plasma glucose, insulin, serum triglyceride and total cholesterol. RESULTS: Adjusting for age, ApoB/ApoAI was significantly correlated with waist circumference (Black men: r=0.38, White men: r=0.26, Black women: r=0.20, White women: r=0.36) (all P<0.01). Adjusting for age and triglyceride or insulin, waist circumference was also positively correlated with CVD risk factors including, ApoB, LDL-C, plasma glucose and fasting insulin, and inversely correlated with ApoAI and HDL-C in Blacks and Whites (P<0.05). Overall, triglyceride and total cholesterol were the strongest predictors of ApoB/ApoAI in Blacks and Whites adjusting for age, BMI and insulin, than waist girth (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The result of this study suggests the need to investigate ApoB/ApoAI as another possible facet in the insulin resistant syndrome.
Linearity of a Silicon Photodiode at 30 MHz and Its Effect on Heterodyne Measurements.

The effect of optical irradiance on the linearity of a Si photodiode was studied. These results are compared for light modulated at 30 MHz and at dc as the optical irradiance was varied over a 9 decade range. We discuss how these results affect the use of this detector as a heterodyne receiver. As the optical irradiance varied from 10-2 to 10+3 mW/cm2, while maintaining constant total power, the photocurrent was constant to about 1%, but as the power density increased further, the photocurrent increased about 13%. At the highest densities that we could achieve, about 6×107 mW/cm2 there was only slight evidence of the onset of saturation. These results are of importance in our work to use optical heterodyne detection to measure filter transmittances over a wide dynamic range. The results provide guidelines for achieving maximum accuracy when using this particular diode as an optical heterodyne receiver.
Very High Frequency PWM Buck Converters Using Monolithic GaN Half-Bridge Power Stages With Integrated Gate Drivers

Integration is a key step in utilizing advances in GaN technologies and enabling efficient switched-mode power conversion at very high frequencies (VHF). This paper addresses design and implementation of monolithic GaN half-bridge power stages with integrated gate drivers optimized for pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) dc–dc converters operating at 100 MHz switching frequency. Three gate-driver circuit topologies are considered for integration with half-bridge power stages in a 0.15- $\mu$ m depletion-mode GaN-on-SiC process: an active pull-up driver, a bootstrapped driver, and a novel modified active pull-up driver. An analytical loss model is developed and used to optimize the monolithic GaN chips, which are then used to construct 20 V, 5 W, 100 MHz synchronous buck converter prototypes. With the bootstrapped and the modified pull-up gate-driver circuits, power stage efficiencies above 91% and total efficiencies close to 88% are demonstrated. The modified active pull-up driver, which offers 80% reduction in the driver area, is found to be the best-performing approach in the depletion-mode GaN process. These results demonstrate feasibility of high-efficiency VHF PWM dc–dc converters based on high levels of integration in GaN processes.
The Effects of Ionic Liquid 1- buty- 3- methyl- imidazolium Chloride on Lysozyme Crystallization

The crystallization of lysozyme with hydrophilic ionic liquid 1-buty-3-methyl- imidazolium chloride( BmimCl) as an additive was investigated. We discussed the effects of ionic liquid on crystal number,crystal size,crystal morphology,the tolerance to concomitant impurities and the relevant mechanism for protein crystallization in the presence of ionic liquid. The elevated threshold to supersaturation caused by the increased solubility of lysozyme in the presence of BmimCl and the slower supersaturation process of lysozyme induced by the negligible vapor pressure of BmimCl contributed to a lower super-saturation degree,offering a promoted ambient circumstance for nucleation. These eventually offer a prominent promotion to the crystallization of lysozyme,i. e,less crystal polymorphism and precipitation while larger crystals and significantly improved the tolerance to the concomitant impurities. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the ionic liquid did not change the crystal structure,but it could improve the resolution ratio of the crystal.
Business librarians and new academic program review

ABSTRACTThe article aims to examine the role business librarians play in the new academic program proposal process on university and college campuses. Results of a nationwide online survey showed that current practices in this critical area varied. Although more than 60% of the respondents thought that librarians should play a part in the proposal process, more than 65% of them indicated that they were never involved. Among those that participated, the levels and outcomes also differed greatly. The authors held in-depth interviews with survey participants reporting higher-than-average involvement to find out about their strategies for success.
Nonarticular rheumatism and spondyloarthropathies. Similarities and differences.

PreviewMusculoskeletal pain is a common symptom in primary care practice, and patients are naturally concerned that they may have arthritis. In many cases, this is not so; the problem turns out to be nonarticular rheumatism or, less often, spondyloarthropathy. However, the early stages of many rheumatic conditions have common core features that may be misleading. In this article, Dr Bennett describes similarities and dissimilarities between nonarticular rheumatism and the spondyloarthropathies and gives guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
Lower-Extremity Muscle Flaps

Summary In summary, we would reiterate that when one is confronted with a soft tissue wound associated with osteomyelitis, we would strongly recommend the use of muscle transposition for coverage after thorough debridement. The four most reliable and manageable muscles of the lower extremity are the rectus femoris in the thigh, the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius in the upper tibia, and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the tibia. These are the true “workhorses” as far as muscle transposition for osteomyelitis in the lower extremity is concerned. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy will elucidate the axis and arc of rotation and thus the possible reconstructive limits of all these muscles. In areas where transposition flaps are not adequate, we strongly recommend proceeding with free-flap coverage.6,7,11 This is thoroughly discussed in another article. It is also our strong feeling that when orthopedic and plastic surgeons work together on these difficult situations, the patient ultimately benefits most. Vigorous and adequate bony debridement, coupled with principles of careful soft tissue management, frequent and thorough dressing changes, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and, finally, well-planned and correctly executed vascularized muscle transposition, sets the stage for the surgeon and the patient to enjoy a happy, long-term result.
LA SCÈNE TOGOLAISE: LANGUE, COUTUMES, COSTUMES; ENTREVUE AVEC SÉNOUVO AGBOTA ZINSOU

Entretien avec le Directeur de la troupe nationale de theâtre togolais; langues enseignees et pratiquees au Togo; ecrire le theâtre en francais pour un public ewe; la tradition orale comme source d'inspiration, etc
Determination of Unbound Partition Coefficient and in Vitro–in Vivo Extrapolation for SLC13A Transporter–Mediated Uptake

Unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) is important to an understanding of the asymmetric free drug distribution of a compound between cells and medium in vitro, as well as between tissue and plasma in vivo, especially for transporter-mediated processes. Kpuu was determined for a set of compounds from the SLC13A family that are inhibitors and substrates of transporters in hepatocytes and transporter-transfected cell lines. Enantioselectivity was observed, with (R)-enantiomers achieving much higher Kpuu (>4) than the (S)-enantiomers (<1) in human hepatocytes and SLC13A5-transfected human embryonic 293 cells. The intracellular free drug concentration correlated directly with in vitro pharmacological activity rather than the nominal concentration in the assay because of the high Kpuu mediated by SLC13A5 transporter uptake. Delivery of the diacid PF-06649298 directly or via hydrolysis of the ethyl ester prodrug PF-06757303 resulted in quite different Kpuu values in human hepatocytes (Kpuu of 3 for diacid versus 59 for prodrug), which was successfully modeled on the basis of passive diffusion, active uptake, and conversion rate from ester to diacid using a compartmental model. Kpuu values changed with drug concentrations; lower values were observed at higher concentrations possibly owing to a saturation of transporters. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of SLC13A5 was estimated to be 24 μM for PF-06649298 in human hepatocytes. In vitro Kpuu obtained from rat suspension hepatocytes supplemented with 4% fatty acid free bovine serum albumin showed good correlation with in vivo Kpuu of liver-to-plasma, illustrating the potential of this approach to predict in vivo Kpuu from in vitro systems.
Semigroups and Families

In this chapter we consider a uniform action φ: T × X → X with X compact, and compare the semigroup and family viewpoints. Recall that by Lemma 1.2 any topological action of a uniform monoid on a compact space is a uniform action. The focus of our comparison is the uniform Stone-Ctech compactification of the uniform monoid T. In itself s u T combines three different phenomena. First T acts uniformly on the compact space s u T, which is the orbit closure of j u (0) in s u T. Furthermore using the maps Φ x , we see that this action is the universal compact T action ambit [see (6.18)]. Next s u T is an Ellis semigroup mapping onto the enveloping semigroup, S φ , by the homomorphism Φ# [see (6.13)]. Finally we recall that s u T can be regarded as the space of maximal open filters on T as in Theorem 5.2. This connects s u T with all of the family constructions in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Radiographic Patterns of Common Lung Diseases

Pulmonary radiology is currently the best noninvasive approach to defining gross pathology. Both pulmonologist and pathologists should be acquainted with the findings seen in the spectrum of lung diseases and attempt to correlate these with the clinical, functional, and pathological findings in a patient with lung disease.
Bacteriological Survey of Chopped Liver Produced at Establishments Under Federal Inspection.

At the time of manufacture, 74% of 27 sets of chopped liver (2 to 10 finished product units/set) collected from eight firms had aerobic plate counts (arithmetic averages) of fewer than 50,000/g, and 52% had 10,000 or fewer/g. Of the total of 209 finished product units, 57.4% were coliform-positive, but only 8.6% were Escherichia coli-positive and only one unit was Staphylococcus aureus-positive. All units were salmonellae-negative.
Sensory malfunctions, limitations, and trade-offs

Teleological accounts of sensory normativity treat normal functioning for a species as a standard: sensory error involves departure from normal functioning for the species, i.e. sensory malfunction. Straightforward reflection on sensory trade-offs reveals that normal functioning for a species can exhibit failures of accuracy. Acknowledging these failures of accuracy is central to understanding the adaptations of a species. To make room for these errors we have to go beyond the teleological framework and invoke the notion of an ideal observer from vision science. The notion of an ideal observer also sheds light on the important distinction between sensory malfunction and sensory limitation.
Those Unpublished Opinions: An Appropriate Expedience or an Abdication of Responsibility?

Lawrence J. Fox* I was originally going to discuss unciteable opinions. But then I thought, this is such a trivial topic. With so many more important things happening in America, I decided to switch topics and discuss the crises in healthcare and education. I want you to consider two hypotheticals. DOCTOR TO PATIENT: “I’m in a hurry. Lots of patients to see. Sorry I can’t tell you more. But you’ve had a standard issue myocardial infarction. If you go to the WebMD site everything you need to know is found under ‘Typical Heart Attack.’” “But Doctor Kozinski . . .” “No buts about it. Do you want me to complete my rounds or not?” “Actually . . .” TEACHER TO STUDENT: “I have read your paper. It deserves a C.” “Oh, I worked so hard, Professor Kozinski.” “Well, maybe you’ll do better next time.” “How can I do better?” “I wish I had the time to tell you. But with twenty essays to mark, I just don’t have the time. Why don’t you read Emily’s essay? She got an A+.”
Elliptic and Modular Functions from Gauss to Dedekind to Hecke

This thorough work presents the fundamental results of modular function theory as developed during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. It features beautiful formulas and derives them using skillful and ingenious manipulations, especially classical methods often overlooked today. Starting with the work of Gauss, Abel, and Jacobi, the book then discusses the attempt by Dedekind to construct a theory of modular functions independent of elliptic functions. The latter part of the book explains how Hurwitz completed this task and includes one of Hurwitz's landmark papers, translated by the author, and delves into the work of Ramanujan, Mordell, and Hecke. For graduate students and experts in modular forms, this book demonstrates the relevance of these original sources and thereby provides the reader with new insights into contemporary work in this area.
Blaming the Buddha: Buddhism and Moral Responsibility

This paper answers the question ‘what does Buddhism say about free will?’ I begin by investigating Charles Goodman’s influential answer, according to which Buddhists reject getting angry at wrongdoers because they believe that people are not morally responsible. Despite putative evidence to the contrary, Goodman’s interpretation of Buddhism is problematic on three counts: (i) Buddhist texts do not actually support rejection of moral responsibility; (ii) Goodman’s argument has the unwanted upshot of undermining positive attitudes like compassion, which Buddhism unambiguously endorses; and (iii) his argument overlooks crucial developments in current literature on moral responsibility. I propose instead to understand Buddhism as implicating a quality of will theory, on which agents can be morally responsible and their underlying motivation determines whether they are praiseworthy or blameworthy.
Antibiotics Disrupt Coordination between Transcriptional and Phenotypic Stress Responses in Pathogenic Bacteria

Summary Bacterial genes that change in expression upon environmental disturbance have commonly been seen as those that must also phenotypically matter. However, several studies suggest that differentially expressed genes are rarely phenotypically important. We demonstrate, for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, that these seemingly uncoordinated gene sets are involved in responses that can be linked through topological network analysis. However, the level of coordination is stress dependent. While a well-coordinated response is triggered in response to nutrient stress, antibiotics trigger an uncoordinated response in which transcriptionally and phenotypically important genes are neither linked spatially nor in their magnitude. Moreover, a gene expression meta-analysis reveals that genes with large fitness changes during stress have low transcriptional variation across hundreds of other conditions, and vice versa. Our work suggests that cellular responses can be understood through network models that incorporate regulatory and genetic relationships, which could aid drug target predictions and genetic network engineering.
Primate Communities and Biogeography

Extant nonhuman Primates are found naturally in four regions of the world: Africa, southern and eastern Asia, Madagascar, and the Neotropics. The primates in the Neotropics and on Magadascar share no families common with those of any other region. Africa and Asia share only a single genus, Macaca . The diversity of primates in different regions and on large islands is positively correlated with the areas of tropical forest. Within regions, the diversity of primates at any site is positively correlated with annual rainfall, although the correlation in Asia is very weak. The primates in different regions differ in many aspects of ecology and behavior. The primates of Madagascar are relatively evenly distributed across many sizes; those of the Neotropics are relatively smaller than those of other regions; those of Africa are relatively larger, and Asian primates occupy a relative narrow size range. Nocturnal primates are more common in Africa and Madagascar than other regions. Compared with African primates, Neotropical primates have few folivores while Asia and Madagascar have many folivores. These regional differences are probably the result of many factors, including climate, differences in resources and potential competitors, and accidents of dispersal and colonization as well as recent factors such as disease and anthropogenic predation and habitat destruction.
Women's Reaction to Whole 3D Body Scanning and its Influence on Body Satisfaction

This study examined females' reactions to the body scanning process and measure their body satisfaction directly before and after having a body scan. A mixed method design was used to enable the researchers to gain an understanding of the short-term reactions of women to whole 3D body scanning. Thirty- five females aged 18-35 participated in this study. Analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data revealed the body scanning process did not negatively affect the women's overall self-esteem. However, comparison of pre and posttest survey revealed participants became more aware of how certain body parts look from an outsider's viewpoint. Resulting in some participants being more satisfied and others less satisfied with particular body parts. Participants likened the viewing of their avatar to seeing their image from an outsiders' perspective, which supports the self-objectification theory. It can be concluded that for participants in this study viewing the realistic image changed their perspective of how their body looks to outsiders.
Admonitions or Accountability?: U.S. Implementation of the Hague Adoption Convention Requirements for the Collection and Disclosure of Medical and Social History of Transnationally Adopted Children

The Hague Adoption Convention mandates the collection, preservation, and confidentiality of the medical and social history of a transnationally adopted child, but leaves the development of more specific standards and enforcement mechanisms to each contracting nation. This article analyzes and critiques the collection and disclosure standards and enforcement mechanisms created by U.S. federal law, through the Intercountry Adoption Act and implementing federal regulations, and the interaction of this federal legal regime with the standards and liability imposed by U.S. state law. Data from the author’s short empirical study exploring the practices and perceptions of agencies and other entities currently accredited or approved as Convention adoption service providers (ASPs) augment the analysis and is presented in greater detail in an appendix. The author concludes that federal law contributes a considerable measure of uniformity and guidance to U.S. facilitators of incoming and outgoing transnational adoptive placements; and the collection standards, in conjunction with global awareness generated by the Convention itself, appear to have positively impacted the transmission of medical and social history to some degree in both Hague and non-Hague transnational placements. The federal collection standards, however, are limited in the scope of their application, and federal provisions that motivate compliance and provide compensation for malfeasance are far less rigorous than those originally proposed. U.S. state law will therefore continue to play a significant role in shaping the mandates of the overall U.S. legal regime regarding collection and disclosure in transnational placements and recompensing those for whom the system has failed.
Redevelopment of a journal club assignment at a distance-education college of pharmacy

Abstract Background and purpose Given the proliferation of distance learning in pharmacy education, the ability to conduct journal club in this setting warrants examination. This paper will describe the development of a journal club assignment at a distance-education (DE) college of pharmacy. Educational activity and setting A group journal club (JC) assignment at a DE college of pharmacy was modified to require recorded presentations in order to decrease the number of evaluators and recover lost classroom teaching time. The process utilized during the modification and opportunities and challenges encountered are described. Mean project grades, course grades, and grades between campuses were collected in the recorded-presentation period. The number of evaluators and hours of available lecture time were documented before and after modification. Starting in 2013, student perception of the JC experience was gathered via two post-class survey questions. Findings The recording of JCs in the distance-learning environment was initiated in 2010 and continued through 2017. A total of 1463 students completed the course during this time. Project and course grades averaged 89.06% (±1.83) and 86.5% (±2.27), respectively; project grade averages were similar across campuses. Following modification, evaluators decreased from an average of 15 to 1.5 and available lecture time increased by six hours. Students from 2013 through 2017 agreed that the JC project was reflective of course content (90.14%) and valuable (82.66%). Summary Using recordings to have students complete a JC project in a DE environment increased available lecture time, maintained grading consistency, and provided value to students.