cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coping with deception

We have implemented a test-bed with agents who collaborate and communicate, potentially with deceptive information. Agents range from benevolent to selfish. They also have differing trustworthiness levels. Deception handling can vary from agents with mood swings about being deceived, to agents who react minimally to being deceived. We show the effects of different trustworthiness values in different scenarios on group performance. Our agents are designed in BDI paradigm and implement a possible-world semantics.
Insult and Inclusion: The Term Fag Hag and Gay Male “Community”

Le terme « fag hag » designe chez les homosexuels une femme heterosexuelle qui frequente des homosexuels masculins. Cet article utilise des interviews intensives d'hommes homosexuels ou bisexuels pour examiner ce que le terme indique sur les contradictions emergeant des vues dominantes sur l'identite sexuelle. Pourquoi de telles relations se forment-elles et comment sont-elles negociees ? Quelles menaces la culture heterosexuelle dominante fait-elle peser sur l'identite « gay » ? Quelles sont les tensions presentes dans le propre discours dominant des « gay » , tensions que certaines femmes « fag hag » creent ou mettent en evidence ? Enfin quelles sont les limites imposees a la mobilisation politique par un discours qui pose en principe l'existence d'une « communaute gay » coherente ?
Changes in Religious Beliefs Following Trauma

Information processing theorists propose that traumatic events can lead to disruptions in the processing of information and to changes in beliefs. This study examined the relationships among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and religious beliefs. Participants included 120 individuals from community and clinical samples who participated in the DSM-IV Field Trial Study on PTSD. Results indicated that the PTSD group was more likely to report changes in religious beliefs following the first/only traumatic event, generally becoming less religious. PTSD status was not related to change in religious beliefs following the most recent event. Intrinsic religiosity was related to multiple victimization, but not PTSD. Results are discussed in terms of understanding the function of religiosity in participants' lives and future directions for research.
Partial restoration of macrophage alteration from diet-induced obesity in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis infection

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease that weakens macrophage innate immune response to infections. Since M1 polarization is crucial during acute infectious diseases, we hypothesized that diet-induced obesity inhibits M1 polarization of macrophages in the response to bacterial infections. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMΦ) from lean and obese mice were exposed to live Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) for three incubation times (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the M1 polarization was inhibited after P. gingivalis exposure in BMMΦ from obese mice when compared with BMMΦ from lean counterparts. Using a computational approach in conjunction with microarray data, we identified switching genes that may differentially control the behavior of response pathways in macrophages from lean and obese mice. The two most prominent switching genes were thrombospondin 1 and arginase 1. Protein expression levels of both genes were higher in obese BMMΦ than in lean BMMΦ after exposure to P. gingivalis. Inhibition of either thrombospondin 1 or arginase 1 by specific inhibitors recovered the M1 polarization of BMMΦ from obese mice after P. gingivalis exposure. These data indicate that thrombospondin 1 and arginase 1 are important bacterial response genes, whose regulation is altered in macrophages from obese mice.
A systematic review of stress-management interventions for multiple sclerosis patients.

Background: The objective of this study was to identify stress-management interventions used for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and systematically evaluate the efficacy of these interventions....
Relationships between cell volume and the carbon and nitrogen content of marine photosynthetic nanoplankton

Unialgal cultures were used to investigate relationships between cell volume and the carbon and nitrogen content of nondiatomaceous marine nanophytoplankton. Cell dimensions were determined by image-analyzed epifluorescence microscopy and particulate C and N by high-temperature dry combustion. Volumes were calculated by direct integration with published algorithms (biovolume), but could be estimated equally well from linear dimensions as prolate spheres. Preservation with 0.5% glutaraldehyde reduced cell volumes 29% on average. Correlations were highly significant between biovolume of preserved cells and C and N contents. Nonlinear regression models appeared most appropriate because smaller cells contained more C and N per unit volume than did larger cells. Suggested general C densities for estimating cell C from preserved volume were 0.36 pg pm-3 for 10’ pm3 cells, 0.24 pg pm-3 for lo2 pm3 cells, and 0.16 pg C pm-3 for lo3 pm3 cells. Previous regression models substantially underestimated the C densities of nanophytoplankton of lo*-lo3 l.cm3. The explanation for these differences includes the method of determining mean population volumes, the use of preservatives, and the occurrence of significant vacuolar volume in larger phytoplankton.
ETHNOGRAPHIC COLLECTING AND TRAVEL: BLURRING BOUNDARIES, FORMING A DISCIPLINE

“To tell you the truth, Stein,” I said, with an effort that surprised me, “I came here to describe a specimen. . . .” “Butterfly?” he asked, with an unbelieving and humorous eagerness. “Nothing so perfect,” I answered, feeling suddenly dispirited with all sorts of doubts. “A man!” “Ach so!” he murmured, and his smiling countenance, turned to me, became grave. Then after looking at me for a while he said slowly, “Well — I am a man, too.”— Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim (ellipsis in original)ETHNOGRAPHIC TRAVEL ACCOUNTS AND THE COLLECTING of objects — whether body parts or cultural products — functioned together in the Victorian era as a means of “knowing” other peoples and places to a degree not previously possible. It is true that travelers had long been involved in the appropriation of foreign peoples and their cultural products: we need only think of Christopher Columbus or James Cook returning to Europe with Native Americans or Pacific Islanders and their handicrafts in tow.1 But the importance of both writing about and collecting foreign peoples took on new urgency at a time when scientific organizations and newly-forming disciplines were seeking not only to classify and catalog races but also to determine the moments and means of their differentiation. The historical development of a racialized humankind as the object of intense scientific inquiry, along with the general growth of scientism and the professionalization of scientific disciplines in the Victorian period, resulted in an intense need for raw materials that could be transformed or interpreted into scientific data about non-Europeans. To a considerable extent, anatomists, natural historians, armchair ethnologists, and anthropologists created this data about race based on the information supplied by travel narratives and by the objects — including skulls, skeletons, and cultural artifacts — sent or brought to Europe by travelers to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Salicylic Acid Blocks Indomethacin- and Aspirin-Induced Cyclo-Oxygenase Inhibition in Rat Gastric Mucosa

Abstract Salicylic acid reduces gastric mucosal lesions induced by aspirin and indomethacin. Aspirin and indomethacin reduce gastric mucosal cyclo-oxygenase activity. These studies were designed to determine whether or not salicylic acid interacts with gastric mucosal cyclo-oxygenase, decreasing the inhibitory effect of aspirin and indomethacin as has been observed in platelets and vascular tissue. The interaction between salicylic acid and two cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin and aspirin, was assessed on ex vivo prostaglandin generation in the rat gastric mucosa. Salicylic acid (100 mg/kg) was administered orally 30 min before the subcutaneous injection of either indomethacin (0.5–10 mg/kg) or aspirin (5.0–20 mg/kg). Pretreatment produced a shift of the mean 50% inhibitory dose for PGF1α formation from 0.92 to 7.6 mg/kg for indomethacin and from 7.8 to 20 mg/kg for aspirin. Similar results were achieved with ex vivo prostacyclin synthesis as measured by the level of 6-keto-PGF1α. These data are consistent with competitive enzyme kinetics, and may, in part, explain the protective effect of salicylic acid against the ulcerogenicity of aspirin and indomethacin on the gastric mucosa.
Family Assessment in the Medical Setting

Acute and chronic illness exists in a social context. A biopsychosocial assessment should include an evaluation of the patient's social situation, the nature of the patient's interpersonal connections, and his/her family's functioning. Families can influence health by direct biological pathways, health behavior pathways, and psychophysiological pathways. There are a large number of family-based risks factors as well as many protective relational factors that influence the onset and course of illness. A family assessment is the first step in determining both the need for further intervention and the specific areas of family life that might need to be addressed. A family assessment provides information about the social substrate for the evolution of the presenting complaint as well as information to better understand the patient's problems. There are many ways to assess families, and there are a variety of family assessment instruments to help with the assessments. Clinician will be best served by becoming familiar and comfortable with at least one assessment model that is consistent, structured, and evaluates a wide range of family functions. Such an assessment can be incorporated into routine clinical care. A good family assessment can be therapeutic in and of itself even if the decision is made that no further family intervention is indicated.
Rhetorical Space and the Ontogeny of Women in the DDC

It is well-established that classification standards have historically reflected hierarchy, power and knowledge in the culture from which they originate (Olson, 2002). Budd(2003) describes classification as an agent of “symbolic power,” and points out that without seeing classification as a “discursive act,” class differences can be perpetuated (p.28). Placement of subjects in a classification scheme constitutes a rhetorical act that explicates an intentional or unintentional power strategy of the classification scheme’s editors as perpetuators of the dominant culture. As cultural norms shift, so does the classification, creating anontogeny, or what Tennis calls, “the life of the subject overtime” (2007, 2012). If ontogeny tracks the arc of a subject’s position, within each rendition of a classification the concepts proximate to each other to create a “rhetorica lspace” that defines how the concept should be perceived by users of the classification.
Multicircle Diffractometry Methods

Multicircle diffractometry uses high-resolution angle-positioning instruments to collect scattering data from crystalline samples. This article describes several common diffractometer geometries, beginning with the basic four-circle Eulerian diffractometer, detailing the calculations used to convert between the reciprocal space of the sample and the angle space of the instrument. Options and requirements for selection of angles for a given diffraction condition are discussed.
Community structure and the determinants of local health care differentiation: a research report.

The analysis of the relationship between community social structure and local health care systems is not a new topic in social science. Much of this research, though, has been concerned either with differentials in access to health care professionals or variance in their spatial distribution. The complexity of local health care systems, that is their structural differentiation, has not been analyzed in relation to community social structure. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to present a path analytic model that both measures local health system differentiation and explains differences between communities in a causal manner. Additionally, the policy relevance of such a causal model will be discussed.
Neurobehavioral functioning in adolescents with and without obesity and obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Children and adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) exhibit neurobehavioral abnormalities, but few studies have evaluated the transitional stage of adolescence. Obesity is also associated with neurobehavioral abnormalities, and many patients with OSAS are obese. However, the confounding effect of obesity on neurobehavioral abnormalities in adolescents with OSAS has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that obese adolescents with OSAS would exhibit more neurobehavioral abnormalities than obese and lean adolescents without OSAS. DESIGN Cross-sectional, case control. SETTING Sleep Center and community. PARTICIPANTS Obese adolescents with OSAS compared to (1) nonsnoring, obese controls without OSAS, and (2) nonobese, nonsnoring controls. INTERVENTIONS Neurobehavioral evaluation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Obese adolescents with OSAS had significantly worse executive function and attention compared to both obese (P < 0.001) and lean (P < 0.001) controls, and more depression (P = 0.004) and externalizing symptoms than lean controls (P = 0.008). A higher percentage of participants in the OSAS group scored in the clinically abnormal range on executive functioning, attention, sleepiness, and behavioral functioning than lean controls. Mediation analyses indicated that level of sleep apnea significantly mediated the effect of body mass on executive functioning, attention, and behavior. CONCLUSIONS Obese adolescents with OSAS show impaired executive and behavioral function compared to obese and lean controls, and are more likely to score in the clinically abnormal range on measures of neurobehavioral functioning. These results are especially concerning given that the frontal lobe is still developing during this critical age period. We speculate that untreated OSAS during adolescence may lead to significant neurobehavioral deficits in adulthood.
Computer Control of Conventional Rotary Telephone Exchanges

The existing relay registers of the rotary telephone exchanges in Zurich, Basle and Geneva are going to be replaced by a computer control system. The paper describes some of the fundamental hardware and software aspects and the solutions chosen.
Relationship of BMI and WC with both blood glucose and blood pressure among residents aged 18-69 years in Bincheng district in 2011

Objective To determine the relationship of body mass index(BMI)and waist circumference(WC)with both blood glucose and blood pressure among residents aged 18-69 years in Bincheng district,to provide reference in preventing obesity-related diseases.Methods A total of 1 298 residents aged 18-69 years were randomly recruited from 12 villages/neighborhood communities.Height,weight,WC,blood glucose level and blood pressure were all assessed.Results The overall overweight and obesity rates among residents surveyed were 34.51% and 16.33%,with the highest of 40.13% and 17.20% among middle-aged population group.As both BMI and WC increased,the blood glucose level and blood pressure showed upward trend,thus the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension went higher.There was a significant difference between each group(P0.01).Conclusions Middle-aged person is more likely to be overweight or obese,which increases the risk of suffering diabetes and hypertension.Therefore,the control of obesity and abdominal obesity has great significance in preventing obesity-related health problem.
Impaired Pulmonary Diffusion in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare measures of gas exchange at rest and during exercise in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Background Patients with HFpEF display elevation in left heart pressures, but it is unclear how this affects pulmonary gas transfer or its determinants at rest and during exercise. Methods Patients with HFpEF (n = 20) and control subjects (n = 26) completed a recumbent cycle ergometry exercise test with simultaneous measurement of ventilation and gas exchange. Diffusion of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and its subcomponents, pulmonary capillary blood volume (VC) and alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (DM), were measured at rest, and matched for low-intensity (20 W) and peak exercise. Stroke volume was measured by transthoracic echocardiography to calculate cardiac output. Results Compared with control subjects, patients with HFpEF displayed impaired diastolic function and reduced exercise capacity. Patients with HFpEF demonstrated a 24% lower DLCO at rest (11.0 ± 2.3 ml/mm Hg/min vs. 14.4 ± 3.3 ml/mm Hg/min; p Conclusions Subjects with HFpEF display altered pulmonary function and gas exchange at rest and especially during exercise, which contributes to exercise intolerance. Novel therapies that improve gas diffusion may be effective to improve exercise tolerance in patients with HFpEF.
Inferring Ancestral Gene Order

To explain the evolutionary mechanisms by which populations of organisms change over time, it is necessary to first understand the pathways by which genomes have changed over time. Understanding genome evolution requires comparing modern genomes with ancestral genomes, which thus necessitates the reconstruction of those ancestral genomes. This chapter describes automated approaches to infer the nature of ancestral genomes from modern sequenced genomes. Because several rounds of whole genome duplication have punctuated the evolution of animals with backbones, and current methods for ortholog calling do not adequately account for such events, we developed ways to infer the nature of ancestral chromosomes after genome duplication. We apply this method here to reconstruct the ancestors of a specific chromosome in the zebrafish Danio rerio.
Application of Model-Based Systems Engineering for the Development of the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) can augment existing Systems Engineering (SE) processes to more efficiently deliver enhanced products over the project life cycle. Using a multi-user accessible System Model, MBSE has been successfully deployed for the conceptual and preliminary design development of the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission (ARRM). The paper provides an overview and examples of the targeted MBSE deployment for development of the mission operational concept, system description, and functional requirements. The paper also includes description of the challenges and lessons learned.
Psychological Symptoms of Sydenham’s Chorea

The psychological symptoms of 11 children with Sydenham’s chorea (8 girls and 3 boys, mean age 8.4 years) were evaluated at the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD.
An Integrated System-Oriented Model for the Interoperability of Multiple Emergency Response Agencies in Large-Scale Disasters: Implications for the Persian Gulf

Failures in complex technological systems could have multiple dire aftermaths, including many deaths and injuries. These events, such as nuclear accidents, pose serious threats and long-lasting health and environmental consequences to workers, the local public, and possibly the whole country and neighboring regions. Such failures, given interconnectivities and interdependencies, could also have spillover effects and threaten the integrity of other systems operating in the same area. There is an essential need for effective integration and interoperability among multiple emergency response agencies, possibly from different countries, in the case of an accident in a safety-sensitive industry that causes the release of hazardous materials or contaminants. This article proposes a generic integrated system-oriented model to address this urgent need. It has been applied to the Persian Gulf area and its waters as a case study because of the existence of multiple co-located, safety-sensitive industries such as nuclear power generation, offshore oil and gas drilling, seawater desalination, and seafood harvesting. The Persian Gulf region and its ecosystems are highly vulnerable, and the countries around the Gulf are tightly interdependent, with an urgent need for cooperative emergency response planning. The Black Sea and other semiclosed, water-based ecosystems can also benefit from this model.
Rapid progression of a pregnancy-associated intra-abdominal desmoid tumor in the post-partum period: A case report

Introduction The clinical behavior of desmoid tumors can be unpredictable, particularly when they arise in the ante-partum or post-partum period. We present a case of an intra-abdominal desmoid tumor that was identified in the ante-partum period, progressed rapidly in the post-partum period, and was subsequently resected.
The effect of Medicaid expansion on crime reduction: Evidence from HIFA-waiver expansions

Abstract Substance use figures prominently in criminal behavior. As such expanding public insurance and improving access to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment can potentially reduce substance use and reduce crime. We examine the crime-reduction effect of Medicaid expansions through the Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) waivers. We find that HIFA-waiver expansion led to a sizeable reduction in the rates of robbery, aggravated assault and larceny theft. We also show that much of the crime-reduction effect likely occurred through increasing SUD treatment rate and reducing substance use prevalence. The implied benefit-cost ratio estimate of increased treatment on reducing crime ranges from 1.8 to 3.2.
Assessing the borderline ventricle in a term infant: combining imaging and physiology to establish the right course.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of children with borderline ventricles. A borderline ventricle is one in which there is concern that it will not be able to support its circulation. If a biventricular repair is attempted and fails, outcome is often poor. Thus, this early decision is important. RECENT FINDINGS For the borderline right ventricle, options to add an additional source of pulmonary blood flow make the surgical strategy a bit more flexible than for patients with a borderline left ventricle. In general, outcome for a so-called one and one-half ventricle repair are generally good, though the long-term outcome and the effects of this physiology on lifelong exercise performance and quality of life remain to be seen. For the small left ventricle, often multiple surgeries are required to 'force' blood into the left ventricle and potentially help it grow. Though this strategy is successful in some, in others it results in significant residual cardiac issues including pulmonary hypertension. SUMMARY Determining whether a patient will be better off in the long term with a marginal biventricular repair versus a Fontan circulation remains one of the most difficult problems in the field of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery.
The nature of V2 in Old French: Evidence from subject inversion in embedded clauses

Old French (OF) is often characterized as a Germanic-style asymmetric V2 language, although this characterization is often questioned. The present study evaluates the nature of OF V2 from a quantitative perspective. An extensive set of data provided by syntactically annotated corpora shows that both IP and CP structure change over the OF period. Focusing on Germanic inversion – XVS word order – I argue that most of the attested inversion in OF occurs within an elaborated IP structure and that this type of subject inversion dwindles over time due to the decreasing use of null expletives. True Germanic-style embedded V2 does not appear until the late 12th century, and is only rarely used throughout the 13th century. Thus, OF is an asymmetric V2 language, but with a difference, namely in having an IP field that allows for apparent V2 orders and a CP field that is only marginally employed. Resume: L'ancien francais (AF) est generalement reconnu comme un langue V2, quoique cette assertion est souvent remise en cause. Cet article evalue le caractere V2 de l'AF d'un point de vue quantitatif. A partir d'un nombre significatif de donnees extraites d'un corpus annote syntaxiquement, il appert que les structures tant du IP que du CP ont change au cours des 12e et 13e siecles. Prenant comme point de depart l'inversion germanique – soit l'ordre XVS – je demontre que la plupart des inversions du sujet en AF apparaissent a l'interieur d'un IP tres articule et que le declin de l'inversion s'explique par la diminution des sujets nuls expletifs. Les enchâssees V2 de type germanique n'apparaissent qu'au 12e siecle et elles se propageront lentement tout au long du 13e siecle. Des lors, on peut considerer l'AF comme une langue V2 asymetrique, mais de nature differente des langues germaniques, puisqu'il permet une realisation apparente de l'ordre V2 a l'interieur de IP, alors que sa realisation au niveau du CP est marginale.
An Enhanced Static Reduction Algorithm for Predictive Modeling of Bolted Joints

Bolted joints in assembled structures are responsible for much of the structure’s damping and gives rise to nonlinear behavior. While a bolted joint can presumably be modeled in commercial FE codes, even quasi-static analysis is extremely expensive due to the level of detail required to capture micro-slip. This work explores the application of a new static reduction method to reduce the computation costs associated with analyzing built-up structure. This novel method applies a Gauss-Seidel algorithm to a model that has been statically reduced to retain only the DOF at the contact interface. To validate the approach, a simple contact problem was first considered that examined contact between a deformable block and a rigid surface. Coulomb friction was used at the interface and the results were verified by examining the load dependence of contact area and model nonlinearities. Subsequently, a contact problem between two deformable bodies in 2D was considered which modeled two beams in a sandwich configuration. In all cases it was found the static reduction method’s resulted in dramatic computational savings while providing good accuracy as compared to simulations in commercial finite element software.
Abstract 16172: Association of Genetic Variation in the α2A-adrenergic Receptor Gene With Risk of Gestational Diabetes

Introduction: Normal pregnancy is characterized by both increased sympathetic activity and an increased in insulin secretion due to insulin resistance. Sympathetic activation suppresses insulin secretion via the pancreatic α2A-adrenergic receptor; gain-of-function variants in its gene ( ADRA2A ) are associated with decreased insulin secretion and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that because of the increase in sympathetic tone and insulin requirements during pregnancy, effects of ADRA2A genetic variation on glucose homeostasis may be particularly pronounced and would be associated with risk of gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods: We conducted a case-control study using BioVU, a DNA biobank linked to de-identified electronic medical records at Vanderbilt Medical Center. Using bioinformatic algorithms and manual review, we identified 458 cases of GDM and 1537 controls among pregnant women of European ancestry without preexisting diabetes. Cases of GDM had a positive 100g oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy using Carpenter and Coustan criteria, or a physician’s diagnosis, or an ICD9 billing code for glucose intolerance in pregnancy with an intervention for GDM (nutritional or antidiabetic drug); controls were pregnant women with a normal 50g glucose challenge test. We genotyped 9 ADRA2A SNPs and performed a logistic regression adjusting for maternal age, parity, maternal body mass index (BMI) and a single-count genetic risk score (GRS) that included 33 non-adrenergic SNPs previously associated with T2DM. Results: Two ADRA2A SNPs, rs1800038 (OR=2.47, P=0.014) and rs3750625 (OR=1.56, P=0.010), were associated with increased risk of GDM, and one (rs11195418) with decreased risk (OR=0.62, P=0.024). The associations remained significant after adjustment for age, parity, BMI, and the T2DM GRS (see Figure). Conclusions: ADRA2A genetic variation contributes independently to the risk of GDM in Caucasian women.
General and Cellular Physiology

As early as 1665 Robert Hooke discovered that cork was made up of cells, but it was not until 1839 that Schleiden and Schwann developed and enunciated the cell doctrine, which stated that the cell is the unit of structure and function in all organisms. Their studies were based on the use of the light microscope. With the advent of electron microscopy—which has 400 to 2000 times the magnification of light microscopy—much more has been learned about the cell. Many of the particles (organelles) of the cell, particularly of the cytoplasm, were not known or seen before electron microscopy. Many of these organelles have been separated, isolated, and identified by various techniques including ultracentrifugation whereby particles are separated by virtue of size and specific gravity. Some of these organelles have been subjected to critical physicochemical analysis and are discovered to have important metabolic and biochemical functions.
The Digital Social Interactions of Students with Visual Impairments: Findings from Two National Surveys

This study compared the use of computers and telephones by preadolescent and adolescent students with visual impairments and those with other disabilities using data from the Special Education Elem...
Time Reversal for Spacetime and Internal Symmetry

The standard time reversal transformations have to be generalized when we deal with systems with internal symmetry. This generalization is formulated and adapted to higher symmetries involving the angular momentum.
Contesting Islamophobia and Securing Collective Rights: Muslim American Advocacy in the 2016 Elections

This paper examines how Muslim American advocacy organizations have responded to recent spikes in anti-Muslim discrimination, particularly in the context of the 2016 elections. It asks how Muslim American interest groups have helped frame and communicate the policy interests of U.S. Muslims and, consequently, the collective claims of the group on whose behalf they claim to speak. Relying on political ethnography as the main method of inquiry, I conduct in-depth participant observation, qualitative interviews with Muslim American leaders, and an analysis of primary documents and social media communication produced by Muslim American organizations. This data was collected between June 2016 and July 2017, and transcribed and coded using Nvivo. Through this analysis, I find that being targeted as “other” has driven Muslim advocacy organizations to rely on constituent empowerment strategies, mobilize in demand of Muslim American group rights, defend their constitutional rights, and claim their place as an American minority.
Toll-Like Receptor-4 Is a Mediator of Proliferation in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Background Chronic inflammation from reflux disease has been implicated as part of the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a component of the innate immune system, have been implicated in mediating hyperplasia and metaplasia in response to inflammatory stimuli. Increased TLR4 in human esophageal cancer has been correlated with its carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that TLR4 mediates proliferation of human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Methods Normal human esophageal (HET1A) and adenocarcinoma (OE33, FLO-1) cell lines were cultured using standard techniques. TLR4 was measured at baseline and in response to reflux stimuli. All cell lines were treated with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide for 48 hours, and growth response was measured. Changes in myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity were measured during lipopolysaccharide treatment. All cell lines had NF-κB inhibited, and growth rate response was measured. Results TLR4 was expressed in all cell lines, with increased baseline expression in adenocarcinoma cell lines (p Conclusions TLR4 is consistently detectable in esophageal cell lines and most highly expressed in adenocarcinoma. TLR4 expression increases in an inflammatory model of reflux disease. TLR4 activation results in increased proliferation due to the TLR4–MyD88–TRAF6–NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibition of NF-κB leads to decreased esophageal cell growth. These findings suggest TLR4 may be a target to suppress esophageal cancer growth.
$\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ Formulation Time Domain Integral Equations Free from Interior Resonances

The $\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ formulation has been proposed as a new paradigm for deriving computational electromagnetics methods that do not suffer from the various manifestations of low frequency breakdown that have plagued traditional approaches. This formulation utilizes equations developed in terms of the magnetic vector potential (A) and electric scalar potential ( $\Phi$ ), which allows them to overcome many of the limitations inherent to methods based directly on the electric and magnetic fields. The predominant limitation overcome by the $\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ formulation is the aforementioned low frequency breakdown inherent in traditional approaches. Additionally, the $\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ formulation also produces systems which can be effectively and efficiently preconditioned in a simpler manner than those based directly on electric and magnetic field. This formulation is also better suited for integration with quantum physics applications where description of electromagnetic effects is more naturally represented with $\mathbf{A}$ and $\Phi$ . Recent work has developed $\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ formulation time domain integral equations (TDIEs) which were stable over a wide range of problems and could maintain accuracy to very low frequencies. However, these equations were susceptible to being corrupted by interior resonances. The presence of interior resonances lowered the accuracy of the method when extracting frequency domain results near the resonances and also led to the eventual instability of the numerical method if too many interior resonances were excited (exactly synonymous to how the EFIE or MFIE would behave). This precluded the original $\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ formulation TDIEs from being used to analyze multiscale structures that had closed regions approximately a few wavelengths or larger in size. This work proposes a modification to the initial $\mathbf{A}-\Phi$ formulation TDIEs that makes them immune to issues related to interior resonances. This allows the new set of equations proposed in this work to be applied to deeply multiscale problems previously unable to be analyzed with this formulation. Numerical results are used to demonstrate that this new method is free from interior resonances. Further, it is shown that the other favorable qualities of this system are not lost due to the modifications proposed in this work.
The Impact of Customer Orientation and Family Decision-Making Style on Family Business Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of certain characteristics of family business decision-making processes (customer orientation and open and negotiating family decision-...
Stepped frequency comb generation based on electro-optic phase-code mode-locking for moderate-speed circular-ranging OCT

Circular-ranging (CR) optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses frequency comb sources to improve long-range imaging. While the initial development of CR-OCT focused on extremely high-speed imaging (i.e., operation at A-line rates of several to tens of MHz), there are many applications and imaging strategies for which more moderate speeds are preferred. However, we lack suitable frequency comb sources to enable moderate speed CR-OCT imaging. Here, we describe a novel phase-code mode-locking (PCML) laser architecture that can be operated from the kilohertz to megahertz range, while also offering novel features such as dynamic re-configurability and simplified linear-in-time frequency stepping. We demonstrate a prototype CR-OCT system with a PCML laser and present imaging results at A-line rates from 176 kHz to 3.52 MHz with coherence-length limited imaging depths as high as 170 mm.
Numerical evaluation of Sommerfeld-type integrals for reflection and transmission of dipole radiation

Abstract A radiating electric dipole is located near the interface with a layer of material. The electric and magnetic fields reflect off the interface and transmit through the material. The exact solution of Maxwell’s equations can be found in terms of Sommerfeld-type integrals. These integrals have in general a singularity on the integration axis, and the integrands are extremely complicated functions of the parameters in the problem. We present a method for the computation of these integrals, and the corresponding electric and magnetic fields. Key to the solution is the splitting of the incident field in its traveling and evanescent contributions. With a change of variables, the singularities can be transformed away, and the method also greatly improves the accuracy and efficiency of the integration. We illustrate the feasibility of our approach with the computation of the flow lines of electromagnetic energy in the system. For such flow diagrams, a large number of integrals needs to be computed with reasonable accuracy. We show that in our approach even the smallest details in flow diagrams can be revealed. Program summary Program titles: CPiP-Auxiliary-1, CPiP-Auxiliary-2, CPiP-Field lines-1, CPiP-Field lines-2. CPC Library link to program files: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/476n5ffkvv.1 Licensing provisions: GPLv3. Programming language: Mathematica. Nature of problem: In near-field optics and nano-photonics, exact solutions of Maxwell’s equations are needed. Of particular interest are the reflected and transmitted electric and magnetic fields of dipole radiation by a layer of material. These solutions involve a large number of integrals, which need to be computed numerically. In the literature, these integrals are known as Sommerfeld-type integrals. Solution method: We split the integration range in two parts. The first part corresponds to traveling dipole waves and the second part results from evanescent dipole waves. In each region we make a (different) change of variables. The result of this transformation is that it removes a possible singularity on the integration axis, and it also has a tendency to smoothen out the integrand. There are 38 different types of integrals. Our method applies to all of them, and is self-contained. There is no need for tweaking of the programs for each of these, and no adjustments need to be made for different values of the parameters. The method is developed for the near field. For large distances to the source (the far field), asymptotic methods are available, and there would be no need for numerical integration.
A Significant New Development: The National Institute on Girls Sports

(1963). A Significant New Development: The National Institute on Girls Sports. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 8-9.
Cavernous politics: Geopower, territory, and the Kurdish question in Turkey

Abstract This article expands upon recent attempts to shift focus to the material and earthly aspects of power to explore territorial politics and state power in Turkey's Kurdish-populated southeast or Turkish Kurdistan. It focuses on the limestone caves scattered along the Upper Tigris Valley as a locus of geopower, examining the sociopolitical life of limestone caves in relation to the environmental geographies of oil extraction, development, and counterinsurgency. Examining three historical segments where the limestone caves of the Upper Tigris Valley have become objects of the Turkish state's attempts to govern Kurds and territorialize Turkish Kurdistan, this paper demonstrates the shifting configurations of geopower in Turkey vis-a-vis the Kurdish Question. As geological formations fundamental to the Turkish state's attempts to exert and secure territorial power, the caves of the Upper Tigris Valley have also been central to the ways in which Kurds in Turkey have attempted to unsettle state power and territorial politics. Surveying the workings of geopower through caves in Turkish Kurdistan, the article reveals the uneven and violent ways in which geological formations are entangled with hegemonic territorial politics and counter-hegemonic politics.
Examining First-Graders’ Developing Understanding of Place Value via Base-Ten Virtual Manipulatives

Place value is a challenging concept in children’s developing understanding of number. In this study we examine how first-grade children’s developing understanding interacts with representations of place value in a virtual game. We examined the comments and strategies children produced during the game, particularly attending to those that exhibited emerging knowledge about base-10 structure. Both behaviors were then examined in relation to children’s performance on a grade-specific pre- and posttest. Not surprisingly, children who made comments about tens during the game showed greater pre-to-posttest gains than those who did not. Less expectedly, children whose strategies relied exclusively on counting, but were prone to errors, showed gains in performance when compared to accurate counters. Implications are discussed in terms of the affordances of virtual manipulatives, especially when learners lack some necessary skills to succeed.
Is Cybersecurity Risk Factor Disclosure Informative? Evidence from Disclosures Following a Data Breach

By examining managers’ decision to inform investors about their assessment of their firms’ risks through risk factor disclosures, we present evidence that the risk factor disclosures are informative. We use the setting of cybersecurity risk factor disclosures after a data breach because data breaches, especially severe breaches, serve as a natural experiment where an exogenous shock to managers’ assessment of their firm’s cybersecurity risks occur. Using a sample of firms experiencing data breaches, we find that firms experiencing a data breach increase the amount of cybersecurity risk factor disclosures compared to matched firms with no data breach. Further investigation reveals that the severity of data breaches affects the results. We find evidence of a significant increase in cybersecurity risk factor disclosures only after severe data breaches. Additional analysis reveals that investors anticipate an increase in disclosures of cybersecurity risks and penalize breached firms that decrease cybersecurity risk factor disclosures regardless of the severity of the breach.
Understanding the Merits and Drawbacks of Noninferiority Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine.

Abstract A noninferiority trial is designed to show that the new treatment is not unacceptably worse than the standard treatment by more than a predefined noninferiority margin. These trials are typically performed when standard placebo-controlled trials are considered to be unethical or impractical and the new treatment offers advantages over the existing standard treatment in terms of safety, convenience, or cost. Given that noninferiority trials are being performed with increasing frequency in cardiovascular applications, it is important to understand their complex trial design and analysis. This narrative review aims to provide readers with a detailed perspective on the goals, characteristics, design, and analysis of noninferiority trials. Trials designed to show noninferiority require an appropriate reference population, a proven standard treatment and dose, an appropriate margin of noninferiority that is statistically justifiable (based on historical placebo-controlled trials evaluating standard treatment effect) and clinically reasonable (choosing the fraction of the effect of the standard drug that should be “preserved” by the new drug), a high level of adherence to treatment, and adequate statistical power to reliably conclude that a treatment is truly noninferior and therefore effective. The merits and pitfalls of noninferiority trials, with representative contemporary cardiovascular clinical trials in interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery, and atrial fibrillation management as exemplars, are described. The key issues that challenge the design, conduct, analysis, interpretation, and implementation of these trials are discussed, and a variety of ways to identify and mitigate key errors are recommended to allow for optimal evaluation of noninferiority trials conducted in cardiovascular medicine.
Patients' Priorities for Surrogate Decision-Making: Possible Influence of Misinformed Beliefs.

Many patients have three primary goals for how treatment decisions are made for them in the event of decisional incapacity. They want to be treated consistent with their preferences and values, the...
High contrast ultrasound imaging of very low frequency (100 kHz) modulated microbubbles

In applications such as liver or transcranial imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging is challenged by high levels of patient-specific attenuation and physiological motion. To generate high contrast images of targets below highly attenuating tissues, we proposed and investigated the method of using very low frequency (100 kHz) ultrasound to modulate and image microbubbles at 2 or 5 MHz. Results of free field of imaging microbubbles in water indicate that it is feasible to use 100 kHz ultrasound to modulate the scattering amplitude of microbubbles. Images acquired in a phantom indicate that the proposed method provides significantly higher contrast-to-tissue ratio (22.7 to 24.6 dB) than amplitude modulation pulse inversion (10.4 to 11.9 dB). In addition, contrast degradation due to tissue motion was overcome by singular value decomposition-based clutter filter. Transcranial images obtained using 2 MHz imaging pulses show significant contrast enhancement (17.9 to 23.1 dB) at a depth of 3 cm when imaging through the temporal bone of the human skull.
Three-dimensional confocal light microscopy of neurons: fluorescent and reflection stains.

Publisher Summary Confocal imaging is highly dependent on contrast enhancement methods to increase the visibility of the details of interest relative to their surroundings. This is particularly important for neurons embedded in thick tissue slices because they are surrounded by large numbers of other cells with identical optical properties. Thus staining and specimen preparation procedures are of critical importance, and it is essential to use selective stains that label only the portion of the specimen that is of interest. This specificity can be achieved by filling a selected space with stain, by exposing the specimen to stains that chemically bind to a particular component(s), or by conjugating the stain to a lectin or antibody that binds specifically to a particular component. There are two general categories of stains used for confocal imaging applied to neurobiology: fluorescent and reflection. When using the fluorescent, the illuminating light excites a molecular transition that decays by emitting light at a wavelength longer than the incident light, and the optical system allows only the longer wavelength to be detected. The latter reflects a portion of the incident light back into the objective lens to be subsequently detected to form the image.