cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Using Available Assets: A Paradigm Shift in Design for Manufacture

How can design for manufacture be implemented very early on a design timeline, for example, when only the product function is known? Our response to this question is embodied in an approach to design for manufacture based on the notion of design using available assets By design using available assets, we mean assembling both the product and its manufacturing process from existing resources there fore, design for manufacture becomes the selection of these resources We recognize three levels of abstraction in categorizing available assets the function level, the concept level, and the component level The function level is applicable in the earliest stages of design, so with our ap proach, we come one step closer to truly concurrent product and process developmentOur approach is embodied by both a computer support tool and a method for its use With this method, we use our computer tool to identify, evaluate, and select potential manufacturing alternatives for products modeled at different levels of abstracti...
Gender-based approach to the understanding of leadership roles among retail managers

Using survey data (n = 205) obtained from retail managers and executives of national retail chain store companies, we sought to identify the effect of gender on leadership roles in conjunction with personal values, job characteristics, and other personal values. Quinn's theoretical model of competing leadership roles (1984, 1988) was used as a conceptual framework. Results indicated that the members of the female group perceived themselves to display a higher level of mentor and broker roles than did the members of the male group. Further analysis indicated that certain personal values such as social affiliation and growth and development predicted the mentor and broker roles, respectively, without diminishing the effect of gender. Finally, perceived job characteristics (that is, feedback) also predicted the broker role. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Multiple perifollicular fibromas: report of a case and analysis of the literature

Perifollicular fibroma is a cutaneous hamartomatous proliferation of the pilar connective tissue sheath. We describe a patient with multiple perifollicular fibromas and analyze the literature on this topic. Histologically, perifollicular fibroma is characterized by a concentric arrangement of collagen fibers surrounding a generally unaltered hair follicle. Clinically, it is usually multiple and occurs predominantly on the face and upper trunk. This clinical presentation is similar to that observed in patients with the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome where, in addition to perifollicular fibromas, fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas, and acrochordons are found. Several reports of multiple perifollicular fibroma prior to the recognition of this syndrome may, in fact, represent cases of the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome.
The importance of student-led initiatives in rethinking the Ph.D.

In this article, we share our own experiences with graduate student-led professional development opportunities. With this focus we contribute to the theme of this special issue: rethinking professional development and the training of geography Ph.D. students. Citing our own graduate experiences at Penn State University and Ohio State University, we discuss the importance of informal professional development seminars, graduate student conferences, community outreach, and service learning for enhancing graduate student professional development. Our hope is that such discussions can lead to a rethinking of the Ph.D. in geography and help graduate students as they make the challenging transition from doctoral student to junior faculty member.
Using the environment as an interactive interface to motivate positive behavior change in a subway station

This paper examines the use of incremental persuasion techniques to motivate behavior change using the environment. It also describes three design schemes to motivate positive behavior change through the modification of architectural elements and integration of interactive interfaces into the environment of a subway station.
Design of high pressure differential volumetric adsorption measurements with increased accuracy

High pressure adsorption measurements for light gases on volumetric equipment are prone to error. Differential units reduce the sensitivity to leakage, gas compressibility, and temperature gradients, but remain highly sensitive to volume uncertainties, the calibration of which is difficult in the presence of low-density, microporous samples. Calibration error can be reduced using a high initial pressure differential and large calibration volume; however, systematic error is prevalent in the literature. Using both analytical and multivariate error analysis, we demonstrate that calibration of the differential unit with the differential pressure transducer significantly decreases volume sensitivity. We show that hydrogen adsorption to GX-31 superactivated carbon at 298 K and 80 bar can be measured with a 7 % error in measurement (i.e. within 0.05 wt% for a 100 mg sample), even when experimental volume calibration is determined only within ~1 %. This represents approximately a 2–7 fold increase in sensitivity relative to previous reports using differential measurements. We also provide a framework for optimizing the design of a volumetric adsorption unit. For virtually any system design, the improved differential methods offer a significant increase in precision relative to the conventional volumetric measurement (from 10- to over 250-fold, depending on the precision of the pressure transducer). This improvement further enhances advantages of the differential unit, in addition to advantages that arise for treating gas compressibility and temperature fluctuations.
Inhibition of urethane-induced genotoxicity and cell proliferation in CYP2E1-null mice

Abstract Urethane is a multi-site animal carcinogen and was classified as “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.” Urethane is a fermentation by-product and found at appreciable levels in alcoholic beverages and foods such as bread and cheese. Recent work in this laboratory demonstrated for the first time that CYP2E1 is the principal enzyme responsible for urethane metabolism. The current studies were undertaken to assess the relationships between CYP2E1-mediated metabolism and urethane-induced genotoxicity and cell proliferation as determined by induction of micronucleated erythrocytes (MN) and expression of Ki-67, respectively, using CYP2E1-null and wild-type mice. Urethane was administered at 0 (vehicle), 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg/day (p.o.), 5 days/week for 6 weeks. A significant dose-dependent increase in MN was observed in wild-type mice; however, a slight increase was measured in the MN-polychromatic erythrocytes in CYP2E1-null mice treated with 100 mg/kg. A significant increase in the expression of Ki-67 was detected in the livers and the lungs (terminal bronchioles, alveoli, and bronchi) of wild-type mice administered 100 mg urethane/kg in comparison to controls. In contrast, CYP2E1-null mice administered this dose exhibited negligible alterations in Ki-67 expression in the livers and lungs compared to controls. Interestingly, while Ki-67 expression in the forestomach decreased in wild-type mice, it increased in CYP2E1-null mice. Subsequent comparative metabolism studies demonstrated that total urethane-derived radioactivity in the plasma, liver, and lung was significantly higher in CYP2E1-null versus wild-type mice and un-metabolized urethane constituted greater than 83% of the radioactivity in CYP2E1-null mice. Un-metabolized urethane was not detectable in the plasma, liver, and lung of wild-type mice. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that CYP2E1-mediated metabolism of urethane, presumably via epoxide formation, is necessary for the induction of genotoxicity, and cell proliferation in the liver and lung of wild-type mice.
Spin-wave theory of the paramagnetic phase boundary in transversally anisotropic antiferromagnets

Existent spin-wave theories of antiferromagnets predict the ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ behavior of the paramagnetic-spin-flop boundary in the ($H, T$) plane. This prediction has been confirmed by experiments on Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. However in several compounds such dependence has not been observed. This failure is explained as arising from transversally (${J}^{x}\ensuremath{\ne}{J}^{y}$) anisotropic exchange interactions, as in Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, or from single-ion orthorhombic anisotropy field, as in Mn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}4${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. In both these instances a ${T}^{2}$ law is proposed.
Comparison of reactions of human antisera in the methylene blue dye test for toxoplasmosis using bioassay procedures.

Abstract Bioassay methods have been used to compare the reactions of human antisera to Toxoplasma gondii . It was shown that for test purposes the reactions are similar. Variations in reaction of T. gondii antigen in the accessory factor control were found to have little relationship to variations in response in positive antisera. A method is described for compensation for variations of the response of antigen in methylene blue dye test.
An Executive Information System to facilitate army housing management

The Department of the Army must provide its personnel with acceptable housing at minimum cost within the vicinity of military installations. To achieve these housing objectives, the Army often must...
Raman scattering as an in-situ optical diagnostic

Raman microprobe scattering is shown to be a useful non-invasive real-time probe during thin film processing. Applications during laser-assisted processing that are relevant to microelectronics are emphasized.
SUFFICIENT AND NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR CONFORMALITY. PART II. ANALYTIC VIEWPOINT

This paper is dedicated in loving memory to V.V. Alexandrov and A.A. Gol'dberg. Abstract. This is the second of two papers devoted to the topic of conformality at a point and related notions in the plane. We derive representation formulas and estimates for the mod- ules of families of curves that are images of circles, radial segments and arcs of spirals under a "-homeomorphism. We use them to convert the extremal-length type sucient and necessary con- ditions for conformality at a point from Part I to analytic sucient conditions, that depend on directional dilatations and bypass the assumption of K-quaisconformality. Our results extend the Teichmuller-Wittich-Belinskii theorem, results of Reich and Walczak, the author and Jenkins, and Gutlyanskii and Martio. 1. Definitions and main results Conformality at a point (see (1.3)) and related notions in the plane are rich properties that have had applications in the theory of Riemann surfaces, Nevanlinna theory, in the study of regularity properties of the boundary correspondence, local modulus of continuity properties and others (e.g. (10, 15, 16, 17, 22, 26)). Our main results, Theorems 1.2-1.4, provide sucient
Coriolis perturbation of mantle convection related to a two-phase convection model☆

Abstract Crustal tensile, compressive, and shear fracture zones seem to correlate with a crust deformed in torsion due to Coriolis force perturbations of a mantle convection pattern having polar symmetry. A crudely tetrahedral arrangement of four convection cells seems to provide this pattern. A detailed examination of the hypothesis apparently requires that converging mantle convection flow be confined to the zone of low seismic velocities, where partial melting occurs. Convection flow in this zone is confined to molten grain fillets, resulting in a high convection velocity in the liquid phase. The Coriolis force laterally deflects the converging convection flow, which presses against the fillet walls like water against turbine blades. This causes the solid grain matrix to deform in torsion. The major weakness of the model is that it cannot reconcile isostatic uplift viscosities in the partly molten zone with observed viscosities for metals and oxides at or near their pressure melting points. This reconciliation is a general problem which all tectonic models must face.
Using separable programming to solve the multi-product multiple ex-ante constraint newsvendor problem and extensions

This paper provides an approximating programming technique to solve the multi-product newsvendor model in which product demands are independent and stocking quantities are subject to two or more ex-ante linear contraints, such as budget or volume constraints. Previous research has attempted to solve this problem with Lagrange relaxation techniques or by limiting the distribution of demand. However, by taking advantage of the separable nature of the problem, a close approximation of the optimal solution can be found using convex separable programming for any demand distribution in the traditional newsvendor model and extensions. Sensitivity analysis of the linear program provides managerial insight into the effects of parameters of the problem on the optimal solution and future decisions.
ANTERIOR LOBE PITUITARY SUBSTANCE AND BASAL RESPIRATORY METABOLISM

Despite a considerable amount of negative and very little positive evidence as to the efficacy of anterior lobe substance when administered by the alimentary tract, such therapy is nevertheless extensively used. The most of the carefully controlled experimental work (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) on feeding this material to dogs, cats, rats and mice has shown it to be entirely without effect on general bodily or genital growth and development. The few positive results on mammals that have been reported are largely equivocal and have been derived from poorly controlled experiments on an insufficient number of animals. Reports both of stimulation and inhibition of growth and development have been made. Patterson (6) in a recent paper has summarized this experimental work. Clinically, anterior lobe substance by mouth has been used in cases diagnosed as “hypopituitarism,” “hypo-anterior lobe,” “hypogenitalism”and “infantilism,” in cases of obesity, amenorrhea, and of disturbed metabolism which are supposedly not due to thyr...
Hunter-Gatherer Egalitarianism as a Force for Decline in Sexual Dimorphism

Stewart-Williams and Thomas (this issue) make a good case that human sex differences are not as great as evolutionary psychologists often make them out to be. Their case rests substantially on the ...
Gender moderates the relationship between impulsivity and sexual risk-taking in a cocaine-using psychiatric outpatient population.

Adults who abuse substances are at increased risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Within this population, sexual risk behaviors have been associated with increased impulsivity. Studies in non-clinical populations showing gender-related differences in sexual decision-making and casual sexual partnering suggest impulsivity has a greater influence on men than women, but these differences have not been documented in substance-using patients. In a sample of 89 adults with recent cocaine use and receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment, we tested the hypothesis that gender moderates the effect of impulsivity on sexual risk-taking. Using logistic regression modeling, we tested the main and gender-moderated effects of task-related impulsivity on the probability of having a casual sexual partner and multiple sexual partners. Results confirmed a significant gender-by-impulsivity interaction; men who were more impulsive on a continuous performance task had significantly higher rates of sexual risk-taking than less impulsive men, but women’s impulsivity was unrelated to these outcomes. Impulsive men were over three times as likely as less impulsive men to have a recent casual partner. Implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
DIE THORAKOABDOMINALE MANIFESTATION DER LYME-NEUROBORRELIOSE STADIUM II

Die thorakoabdominale Manifestation der Lyme-Meningopolyradikuloneuritis hat bisher wenig Beachtung gefunden. In diesem Zusammenhang auftretende Bauchwandparesen gelten als Raritaten, traten aber bei 11 unserer 90 Patienten auf, bei 6 als Hauptmanifestation. Uberwiegend manifestierte sich die thorakoabdominale Radikuloneuritis in den Segmenten Th7 bis 12 und betraf in 62% mehr als 3 Segmente, in 69% auf beiden Seiten. Die Bauchwandparesen waren uberwiegend (91%) bilateral, bezogen immer die untere Bauchwand mit ein und waren in 18% hochgradig. Elektromyographische Untersuchungen der paraspinalen und Bauchwandmuskulatur zeigten in 83 bzw. 50% pathologische Spontanaktivitat. Die thorakoabdominale Manifestation der Lyme-Meningopolyradikuloneuritis wird nicht selten verkannt. Die Suche nach Bauchwandparesen sollte daher sorgfaltig durchgefuhrt werden. Besonders in Borrelioseendemiegebieten empfiehlt es sich, bei Patienten mit bekanntem Diabetes mellitus vor Annahme einer diabetischen thorakoabdominalen Schwerpunkpolyneuropathie eine Neuroborreliose auszuschliesen.
A single trinucleotide, 5'AGC3'/5'GCT3', of the triplet-repeat disease genes confers metal ion-induced non-B DNA structure

Expansion of (AGC)n repeats has been associated with genetic disorders called triplet-repeat diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM) and Kennedy's disease. To gain insight into the abnormal behavior of these repeats, we studied their structural properties in supercoiled DNA. Chemical probing revealed that, under physiological salt and pH conditions, Zn2+ or Co2+ ions induce (AGC)n repeats to adopt a novel non-B DNA structure in which all cytosine but none of adenine residues in either strand become unpaired. The minimum size of (AGC)n repeat that could form this structure independently of neighboring sequences is a single unit of double-stranded trinucleotide, 5'AGC3'/5'GCT3'. Other trinucleotide units of the same nucleotide composition, 5'CAG3'/5'CTG3' or 5'GCA3'/5'TGC3', do not form non-B DNA structures. This unusual DNA structural properly adopted by a single 5'AGC3'/5'GCT3' trinucleotide may contribute to expansion of (AGC)n sequences in triplet-repeat diseases.
Transforming growth factor‐β1 signaling participates in the physiological and pathological regulation of mouse inner ear development by all‐trans retinoic acid

BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A derivative that participates in patterning and regulation of inner ear development. Either excess RA or RA deficiency during a critical stage of inner ear development can produce teratogenic effects. Previous studies have shown that in utero exposure of the developing mouse inner ear to a high dose of all-trans RA (atRA) results in severe malformations of the inner ear that are associated with diminished levels of endogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) protein. METHODS In this study, the effects of a teratogenic level of atRA on levels and patterns of expression of TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) and Smad2, a downstream component of the TGFβ signal transduction pathway, are investigated in the developing mouse inner ear. The expression pattern of endogenous RA receptor α (RARα) and the ability of an RARα1-specific antisense oligonucleotide (AS) to modulate otic capsule chondrogenesis are demonstrated in the inner ear and in culture. RESULTS Endogenous TGFβRII and Smad2 are downregulated in the inner ear following in utero atRA treatment. In addition, a reduction in endogenous TGFβ1 and a marked suppression of chondrogenesis occur in RARα1 AS-treated cultures in comparison to untreated or oligonucleotide-treated control cultures. This chondrogenic suppression can be partially overcome by supplementation of RARα1 AS-treated cultures with exogenous TGFβ1 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a role for TGFβ in the physiological and pathological effects of RA on inner ear development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unsuspected Chlamydia trachomatis infection and in vitro fertilization outcome.

Objective: Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the female genital tract, although a major cause of infertility, are often asymptomatic and undetected. Since many infertile women now seek in vitro fertilization, a procedure whereby fertilization and embryo implantation are precisely timed, we sought to determine the relation between an unsuspected C. trachomatis infection and the ability of embryos to implant and develop after their transfer to the uterus. Study Design: At the time of oocyte aspiration, endocervical samples were obtained from 216 women and assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay for immunoglobulin A antibodies to C. trachomatis structural membrane components and to recombinant C. trachomatis heat shock protein. The presence of C. trachomatis in the cervices was assessed by the polymerase chain reaction. The outcome of each in vitro fertilization cycle was then ascertained. Results: Oocytes from 198 (91.7%) of the women were fertilized in vitro and subsequently transferred to the uterus. Term deliveries of healthy infants occurred after 68 (34.3%) of these transfers. Cervical immunoglobulin A antibodies to chlamydial heat shock protein were detected in 5 (7.3%) of the women with term births, and 1 (1.5%) also had immunoglobulin A antibody to chlamydial structural components; 3 (4.4%) were positive by the polymerase chain reaction for C. trachomatis . In contrast, among the 130 women whose embryo transfers did not result in an ongoing pregnancy, 36 (27.7%) had cervical antiheat shock protein immunoglobulin A ( p = 0.0007) and 24 (18.5%) had antichlamydial structural component immunoglobulin A ( p = 0.0002); 15 (11.5%) of these women had positive results of polymerase chain reaction for C. trachomatis. The majority of women with cervical antibodies to chlamydial structural antigens were also positive for antibody to heat shock protein. However, only 35% of the women with antibodies to heat shock protein were also positive for the other chlamydial antibodies. C. trachomatis was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 29.2% of women with anti-C. trachomatis antibodies and 7.8% of women with anti-heat shock protein antibodies. Women positive for antichlamydial immunoglobulin A were more likely to be undergoing a repeat in vitro fertilization cycle than were women who were antibody negative ( p = 0.007). Conclusion: Unsuspected C. trachomatis infection or reactivation of an immune response to the C. trachomatis heat shock protein may induce an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that impairs embryo implantation and/or facilitates immune rejection after uterine transfer of in vitro fertilized embryos.
The role of transgenic animals in the analysis of various biological aspects of normal and pathologic states

Abstract The introduction of foreign genes into the germ line of mammals has been a practical reality now for a number of years. This form of experimentation allows the creation of lines of animals tailor-made to answer specific molecular genetic questions. Manipulation of the mammalian embryos has been enormously important in developmental biology in recent years and that experience has brought about the possibility of new experiments allowing the molecular analysis of many biological processes. The methodologies involved in constructing transgenic animals have been published extensively in a number of comprehensive reviews. In typical experiments, pronuclear stage (one cell) embryos (Figs. 1 and 2) are collected after fertilization, but prior to the onset of cleavage. Exogenous cloned linearized DNA is injected into one of the two pronuclei by means of a finely drawn injection pipet. The manipulated embryo is transferred into the oviduct or ovarian bursal space of a surrogate mother previously mated with a sterile male. Alternative methods include retroviral transfection of cleavage stage embryos or insertion of genetically engineered embryo-derived embryonal stem cells into blastocysts. Offspring from these procedures are screened by standard molecular analyses to determine presence of the foreign genetic material. The present report explores the application of this methodology to a specific set of problems: (i) regulation of gene expression in vivo, (ii) the establishment of disease models for the study of pathogenesis. (iii) the use of exogenous genetic elements to correct specific genetic defects, (iv) the role of insertional mutangenesis in disruption of normal development, (v) analysis of genetic ablation, (iv) the use of transgenic animals to modulate carcinogens.
Oral presentation of toxic epidermal necrolysis

According to Kruger," infection spreading from the mandible can find a pathway to the temporal region. Malan" and the authors of this article agree with Kruger. The infection may penetrate the periosteum lingually, superior to the mylohyoid muscle, and may be located next to the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa. The infection may easily escape from the infratemporal fossa, pass through the mandibular notch, and drain into the temporal fossa to perforate the temporal fascia and skin. A sinus tract thus could be formed. This may have been the pathogenesis of the sinus tracts in patients 2 and 3. Patient I had undergone various surgical procedures, and their probable distortion of the normal anatomy could have made it easier for sinus tracts to form. Extended infections can lead to serious complications such as intracranial infection and abscess formation! Infection of dental origin can also be 59
P-type ZnO thin films via phosphorus doping

ABSTRACT ZnO is a wide bandgap semiconductor that exhibits properties that are near-ideal for light-emitting diodes, but presents materials challenges that must be overcome in order to achieve highly efficient light emission. The most significant issue with ZnO is p-type doping. Related materials issues include understanding electron-hole transport across pn junctions, as well as understanding and minimizing leakage current paths within the bulk and on the surface. In this paper, the formation and properties of phosphorus-doped Zn 1-x Mg x O films, ZnO-based pn homojunctions and heterojunctions is discussed. The behavior of phosphorus within the ZnO and ZnMgO matrices will be described. Comparisons with other acceptor dopants will be made. Discussion will include stability of transport properties, stabilization of surfaces, and device characteristics. Keywords: ZnO, p-type doping, pulsed laser deposition 1. INTRODUCTION As a photonic semiconductor, ZnO is remarkably attractive for efficient solid state light emission [1,2]. ZnO is a direct bandgap semiconductor that crystallizes in the wurtzite structure (Fig. 1) with an energy gap of 3.2 eV that can be tuned via Mg or Cd alloying over a range of 3.0-3.8 eV [3,4]. The exciton binding energy for ZnO (60 meV) is significantly larger than that for GaN, the leading blue/UV light emitting diode (LED) material, providing a fundamental advantage in achieving highly efficient electron-hole pair-to-photon conversion. Measurements of near-band edge excitonic photoluminescence internal quantum efficiency, 
Effects of a parasitic nematode on male mate choice in a livebearing fish with a coercive mating system (western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis)

I examined the effects of the parasitic larval nematode, Eustrongylides ignotus, on male mate choice in the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. I hypothesized that parasite presence influences male mate choice either directly (via reduction in male mating behavior due to presence of parasite in females) or indirectly (via reduction in male mating behavior due to reduced condition of infected females). Specifically, I tested the predictions that (1) males would mate preferentially with uninfected over infected females (scoring both mating attempts and association time with females); (2) parasitized females would be in poorer condition than non-parasitized females (measured as soluble fat stores); and (3) parasitized females would have reduced fecundity (measured as number of developing embryos). Males preferred to mate with non-parasitized over parasitized females, but showed no differences in association time between females. The nematode did not decrease female body condition, but did decrease female mass, and appeared to decrease female fecundity via reduction in broods (# embryos). Results support that parasites affect male mate choice in mosquitofish; however, the mechanisms used by males to differentiate between parasitized and non-parasitized females remain untested. This study provides the first empirical evidence of parasite affects on male mate choice in livebearing fishes, and suggest a potentially important role for parasite-mediated sexual selection in organisms that use coercive mating as the primary mechanism of obtaining mates.
Sexuality and health challenges: Responding to a public health imperative

Sexuality is associated with a number of public health imperatives to prevent disease or disability or, if prevention is not possible, to treat and reduce the burden of disease as expeditiously as possible. With the advent of modern testing technology and better sampling of populations, the burden of sexually transmissible infections, sexual assault, and sexual disability have become more apparent. Presented here are U.S. data on the public health dimensions of human sexuality and the evidence for the urgent need to address the magnitude of sexually related public health problems.
Tetra- to hepta- coordination in dimethyl methylphosphonate cationic metal complexes

Abstract Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) cationic complexes with metal perchlorates of the types [M(DMMP) 4 ] 2+ (M  Ni, Cu), [M(DMMP) 5 ] 2+ (M  Mg, Fe), [M(DMMP) 6 ] 2,3+ (M  Al(III), Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III)), [M(DMMP) 4 (H 2 O) 2 ] 2+ (M  Co, Zn) and [Ce(DMMP) 6 (ClO 4 )] 2+ have been prepared and characterized by means of spectral, magnetic conductance and, in certain cases, X-ray powder diffraction studies. Infrared evidence indicates that coordination occurs through the phosphoryl oxygen and conductance measurements justify the formulations given above. Ligand-field symmetries assigned to the complex cations are as follows: tetracoordinated, intermediate between distorted T d and D 4 h ; pentacoordinated, close to square pyramidal; hexacoordinated, lower than O h . The ability of DMMP to form higher-coordinated complexes than other organophosphoryl compounds is discussed in terms of the favorable steric characteristics arising from the presence of methyl and methoxy groups in this molecule.
Digital and Advanced Imaging in Endodontics: A Review

This review provides an overview of digital radiography as it exists, including advanced imaging such as computed tomography (CT), cone beam volumetric imaging, and micro-CT as relevant to the practice of endodontics. An evidence-based approach to adoption of different imaging technologies is included to assist the practitioner with the selection process of imaging modalities. Commonly used imaging terminology is introduced, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of image processing. New image reconstruction techniques have been introduced that provide information three-dimensionally to the clinician for routine endodontic and surgical treatment planning. The age of three-dimensional imaging and image processing is here. Limitations and advantages of newly introduced imaging modalities are discussed briefly.
Applying the self-explanation principle to multimedia learning in a computer-based game-like environment

What is the most effective way to incorporate self-explanation into an educational game? In Experiment 1, students who played a 10-level computer game about electrical circuits performed better on an embedded transfer test (i.e., level 10) if they were required to select the reason for each move from a list on levels 1-9 (selection self-explanation) than if they were not required to engage in self-explanation (d=1.20). In Experiment 2, the same pattern of results was replicated (d=0.71), but students who were required to type in their reason for each move on levels 1-9 (generation self-explanation) did not perform any better than those who were not required to engage in self-explanation (d=-0.06). Overall, asking students to select a reason from a list fosters some degree of reflection while not overly disrupting the flow of the game.
Bioenergetic characteristics of the costal and crural diaphragm in mammals

These experiments compared oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activity in the costal and crural diaphragm in seven adult mammals (mouse, rat, rabbit, ferret, sheep, pig, cow) ranging in body mass from approximately 0.03 to 422 kg. Segments of the costal and crural diaphragm from the aforementioned species were homogenized to determine the activities of the glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the Krebs cycle enzyme, citrate synthase (CS). The results indicated that metabolic differences between the costal and crural diaphragm do not exist in all mammalian species. Specifically, CS activity differed (P 0.05) with either breathing frequency or resting metabolic rate.
Auxin, the plant growth-hormone

I. This continuation of the review on auxin in volume 1 of this journal is necessarily incomplete, for more than 500 papers have appeared on the subject in the last ten years, and space does not permit a more extended treatment. Only a few trends in the field will be enumerated, and whenever a number of papers on the subject have appeared in close sequence, usually only one or a few of them are listed, the choice being more or less arbitrary; availability of them in America, and sometimes priority or completeness in their exposition, have been used as criteria for selection. More stress is laid in this supplement on the theoretically important points than on the practical ones, since another review in this journal by Zimmerman on growth hormones has been announced; Zimmerman is one of the chief exponents of less theoretical treatment of the plant hormone field (38). Detailed information can be found elsewhere (8, 9, 31, 49, 56, 74, 84, 89), and the same subdivision will be followed here as in the original review, although the emphasis on subjects has shifted very much. II. The Avena method is still the principal method of quantitative analysis of auxins. A modification of it (61), the deseeded Avena test, is more sensitive to low concentrations and has been accepted as the standard test in some laboratories. Other qualitative and semiquantitative tests have been described in great number. Only the "green tissue tests" (38) and the pea test (76, 80) need be mentioned. Also, new auxin units have been introduced, W.A.E. of Boysen Jensen (9) and T.D.C. of Avery et al. (2), but they have exactly the same disadvantage as the A.E. of Kogl. They all depend on the relative sensitivity of Avena coleoptiles to auxin, which sensitivity varies with time of day, season, locality and laboratory. The only more or less absolute unit, although not ideal, is van Overbeek's (53) indoleacetic acid equivalent. It gives the amount of indoleacetic acid inducing the same curvature in the Avena test as the tested sample. III. Chemical isolation and identification nf indlneaetic acirl 1 Supplement to article in The Botanical Review 1: 162-182. 1935. 487
Relationships between January temperatures and the winter regime in Germany

Abstract This study investigates the possibility of providing estimates of the time of occurrence and length of the freezing season for any location in East and West Germany by using the average January air temperature (AJAT) as an index. The results indicate that reliable values of the mean freezing index can be obtained from the AJAT relationships which are developed for Germany. This association is further verified using data from the northeastern part of the U.S., and the AJAT is then used to determine the average starting and ending dates (and hence the probable length) of the freezing season for stations in Germany. The AJAT and the average dates of snowfall occurrence for numerous locations in the U.S. and Germany are also correlated. Interrelationships between these parameters and the average number of days with snow on the ground for stations up to 3000 m in elevation in Germany are examined. A detailed AJAT map for East and West Germany, in which data from 134 stations — latitude, altitude, and regional influences — are considered, is developed in order to make the relationship usable.
Effects of Messaging About Multiple Biomedical and Behavioral HIV Prevention Methods on Intentions to use Among US MSM: Results of an Experimental Messaging Study

Combining multiple biomedical and behavioral HIV prevention approaches is a priority for at-risk populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), and it is essential to understand how receiving messages about multiple approaches impacts attitudes and intentions for their use. We examined whether receiving combinations of different HIV prevention messages produced differences in perceived benefits and costs of condom use, and in intentions to use condoms and biomedical prevention approaches. MSM (N = 803) were recruited online and were randomly assigned to view informational messages about one, two, or four of the following prevention options: pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP), rectal microbicides, and condoms. The number of HIV prevention messages did not produce differential attitudes and intentions regarding condoms, nor did it produce changes in attitudes towards unprotected sex. Receiving multiple messages was associated with greater intentions to use PrEP and nPEP, but not rectal microbicides.
Prevalence and predictors of nonobstructive coronary artery disease identified with coronary angiography in contemporary clinical practice

Background Guidelines recommend noninvasive tests (NITs) to risk stratify and identify patients with higher likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) prior to elective coronary angiography. However, a high percentage of patients are found to have nonobstructive CAD. We aimed to understand the relationship between patient characteristics, NIT findings, and the likelihood of nonobstructive CAD. Methods Patients undergoing elective catheterization without history of CAD were identified from 1,128 hospitals in National Cardiovascular Data Registry's CathPCI Registry between July 2009 and December 2011. Noninvasive tests included stress electrocardiogram, stress echocardiogram, stress radionuclide, stress cardiac magnetic resonance, and computed tomographic angiography. Patient demographics, risk factors, symptoms, and NIT results were correlated with the presence of nonobstructive CAD , defined as all native coronary stenoses Results Of 661,063 patients undergoing elective angiography, 386,003 (58.4%) had nonobstructive CAD. Preprocedure NIT was performed in 64% of patients; 51.9% were reported to be abnormal, but only 9% had high-risk findings. Independent factors associated with nonobstructive CAD were younger age, female sex, atypical chest pain, and a low-risk NIT. Patients with high-risk findings on NIT were more likely to have obstructive CAD (adjusted odds ratio 3.03 [2.86-3.22]). Noninvasive test findings had minimal incremental value beyond clinical factors for predicting obstructive disease ( C index=0.75 for clinical factors vs 0.74 for NIT findings). Conclusion In current practice, about two-thirds of patients undergo NIT prior to elective cardiac catheterization, yet most patients have nonobstructive CAD. The weak correlation between most NIT results and the likelihood of obstructive CAD provides further impetus for improving preangiography assessment of likelihood of disease.
Importance of scientific uncertainty in decision making

Uncertainty in environmental decision making should not be thought of as a problem that is best ignored. In fact, as is illustrated in a simple example, we often informally make use of awareness of uncertainty by hedging decisions away from large losses. This hedging can be made explicit and formalized using the methods of decision analysis. While scientific uncertainty is undesirable, it can still be useful in environmental management as it provides a basis for the need to fund additional monitoring, experimentation, or information acquisition to improve the scientific basis for decisions.
Immunological relationships and post-translational modifications of human salivary amylase (Amy1) and pancreatic amylase (Amy2) isozymes

Electrophoretic phenotypes of human salivary amylase (Amy1) and pancreatic amylase (Amy2) consist of complex isozyme patterns which may result from post-translational modifications of the primary products of the amylase loci. Biochemical separation of the two molecular weight families of salivary amylase and development of a new electrophoretic system have allowed the identification of complete isozyme patterns corresponding to variant alleles in Amy1 and Amy2 heterozygotes. Further, immunological studies show no nonidentities among salivary isozymes and among pancreatic isozymes, which is to be expected if each series is derived from a single gene product. Both results support the hypothesis that the primary products of the amylase loci undergo post-translational modifications. Salivary and pancreatic amylase appear to be immunologically identical.
Generic Story Problem Solution Template

Students routinely face homework and exam exercises presented as situational narratives requiring development of solutions that demonstrate grasp of concepts, relationships and analytical skills. This paper presents a “cookbook” style template that guides students through the solution process.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization of AlN thin films grown on sacrificial silicon oxide layers via metal organic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract Aluminum nitride (AlN) films were grown using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy techniques on Si (111) substrates patterned with silicon oxide (SiOx) stripes and the vibrational properties of these films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The grown films contained a predominantly wurtzite AlN phase. The AlN film on SiOx was prone to corrosion when subjected to wet etching in buffered hydrofluoric acid solution thereby changing the material properties of the AlN film on SiOx. The change in the material properties of the AlN films on SiOx can be gauged from the decrease in the relative integrated areas under the A1 (TO) and E1 (TO) modes of the AlN film. The analysis shows that FTIR is a viable tool for investigating the material properties of AlN thin film structures with lateral dimensions as low as 100 μm.
An interference effect in the interaction of a quantum charge with a quantum solenoid

Abstract It is shown that if a quantum mechanical solenoid is observed to be in a superposition of states with different magnetic fluxes then the intensity of the wave function of a charged particle in a simply connected region outside the solenoid would have a spatial variation, even though the field strength in this region due to each of the flux states is zero. This result is generalized to an arbitrary gauge field. The variation of intensity is determined by the gauge covariant difference between the connections corresponding to the gauge field fluxes.
DICER-LIKE 1 and DICER-LIKE 3 Redundantly Act to Promote Flowering via Repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis thaliana

In Arabidopsis thaliana, DICER-LIKE 1 and DICER-LIKE 3 are involved in the generation of small RNAs. Double mutants between dicer-like 1 and dicer-like 3 exhibit a delay in flowering that is caused by increased expression of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C. This delayed-flowering phenotype is similar to that of autonomous-pathway mutants, and the flowering delay can be overcome by vernalization.
Healthcare Facility Evacuations: Lessons Learned, Research Activity, and the Need for Engineering Contributions

Over the past few years, there has been an increase in research related to a healthcare facility's role during a disaster. Most of this literature relates to emergencies where the facility is a resource to the affected population, and the facility must make decisions associated with sudden, increased patient demands. Some emergencies, however, may affect the facility's ability to function and may therefore force the need for a complete patient evacuation. This paper provides an overview of the available literature including lessons learned from actual healthcare facility evacuations and research focusing on making improvements. The purpose is to summarize a variety of healthcare evacuation issues and highlight the research in this area. We raise questions for further research and conclude with an example of using engineering techniques to improve healthcare facility evacuations by prioritizing patients for transport.
BL Lac Objects and Their Associated Galaxies

CCD photometry of five BL Lac objects indicates that at least three, and possibly four, are located at the centers of giant elliptical galaxies. The redshift for one of these objects, 1218+304, is estimated. A lower limit is placed on the redshift of 1219+28, for which no associated galaxy has been detected. Separation of the galaxy emission from the total observed flux makes possible comparison of the optical — far red flux from the point source alone with radio and X-ray data. This comparison suggests the emission from 1727+50 and 1218+304 can be interpreted as due to direct synchrotron emission. Observations of a small group of galaxies associated with the BL Lac object 1400+162 are also discussed.
A Role of Actin Filament in Synaptic Transmission and Long-Term Potentiation

The role of actin filaments in synaptic function has been studied in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. Bath application (2 hr) of the actin polymerization inhibitor latrunculin B did not substantially affect the shape of dendrites or spines. However, this and other drugs that affect actin did affect synaptic function. Bath-applied latrunculin B reduced the synaptic response. Several lines of evidence indicate that a component of this effect is presynaptic. To specifically test for a postsynaptic role for actin, latrunculin B or phalloidin, an actin filament stabilizer, was perfused into the postsynaptic neuron. The magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) was decreased at times when baseline transmission was not yet affected. Longer applications produced a decrease in baseline AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated transmission. The magnitude of the NMDA receptor-mediated transmission was unaffected, indicating a specific effect on the AMPAR. These results suggest that postsynaptic actin filaments are involved in a dynamic process required to maintain AMPAR-mediated transmission and to enhance it during LTP.
Phase-plane analysis of phase-locked loops with rapidly varying phase error

Nonlinear behaviour of phase-locked loops with rapidly varying phase error is examined by using computer phase-plane analysis. The phase variation is modeled by a sinusoidal function. Threshold loop parameters are presented for both sinusoidal and sawtooth phase comparators.
Target and change detection in synthetic aperture radar sensing of urban structures

Cross-correlation based image subtraction for detection of targets within an urban structure from synthetic aperture radar images is presented. In surveillance operations requiring re-imaging of the same scene, small displacements in array element locations may cause large phase and amplitude offsets. Subsequently, clutter will not cancel out, but will rather persist when subtracting two images, one without the target and the other with the target present. We propose a correlation-based robust technique that mitigates image offsets and rotations and is applicable to synthetic aperture radar urban sensing where the statistics are highly non-Gaussian. Simulation results demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed technique are also presented.