cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parturient Paresis. V. Blood Serum Levels of Citric Acid and Calcium in Normal Parturient Cows and Cows with Parturient Paresis

In recent years evidence has been accumulating that citric acid plays an important role in calcium metabolism in the body. Dickens (3) found that the hard substance of bone contained a large store of citric acid. Nicolaysen and Nordb (8) have reported that lack of vitamin D results in a decrease in bone citric acid content. Shohl (10) has demonstrated the favorable effect of oral administration of citrate buffer in the prevention and cure of rickets in rats on a rachitogenic diet. The effect is not due solely to the alteration of the p i t of the intestinal tract. The relation of citric acid to calcium excretion and urinary calculus formation has been studied by Shorr et al. (11, 12) and by Kissin and Locks (6). These investigators have demonstrated a decreased citric acid excretion with urinary calculi, and suggest an increased intra-renal citrate oxidation in this disease. Gomori and Gulyas (4) were able to increase urinary excretion of calcium in puppies by injecting 8 to 30 ml. per kg. of body weight of a 4 per cent solution of sodium citrate. The blood calcium remained essentially unchanged. Marek et at. (I) administered sodium citrate intravenously to cows and produced an 8 per cent increase in calcium excretion, chiefly via the kidneys. That certain hormones may bear some relation to citric acid metabolism has been pointed out by several investigators. Alwall (1) injected parathormone intramuscularly into dogs and produced an increase in blood serum calcium from a normal level of 11.1 mg. per cent to 15.6 rag. per cent 13 hr. after injection. The corresponding rise in blood serum citric acid over the same time interval was from 76.5 -/per mh to 94.7 ~, per ml. Both calcium and citric acid had returned to normal 36 hr. post injection. Gomori and Gulyas (4) histologically observed the bones of puppies into which sodium citrate was injected and commented on the.similarity of the lesions to those produced by injection of parathyroid extracts. Shorr et al. (11, 12) have established a relation between certain of the steroidal reproductive hormones and citric acid excretion. This work demonstrated for the first time a very interesting relationship between estrogen and androgen production, citric acid metabolism and urinary calculi.
Arsenic sequestration by ferric iron plaque on cattail roots

Typha latifolia (cattail) sequesters arsenic within predominantlyferric iron root coatings, thus decreasing mobility of this toxic element in wetland sediments. Element-specific XRF microtomographic imaging illustrated a high spatial correlation between iron and arsenic in root plaques, with little arsenic in the interior of the roots. XANES analyses demonstrated that the plaque was predominantly ferric iron and contained approximately 20% As(III) and 80% As(V), which is significant because the two oxidation states form species that differ in toxicity and mobility. For the first time, spatial distribution maps of As oxidation states were developed, indicating that As(III) and As(V) are both fairly heterogeneous throughoutthe plaque. Chemical extractions showed that As was strongly adsorbed in the plaque rather than coprecipitated. Iron and arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.8 g Fe g(-1) wet plaque and 30 to 1200 microg As g(-1) wet plaque, consistent with a mechanism of As adsorption onto Fe(III) oxyhydroxide plaque. Because this mechanism decreases the concentrations of both As(III) and As(V) in groundwater, we propose that disruption of vegetation could increase the concentrations of mobile arsenic.
A systems approach to the introductory course in information systems

Introductory courses in information systems are typically taught as computer “literacy” courses; in computer science they are oriented to “algorithm development”. The course described in this paper is concerned with providing the student with facility in the top-down development of hierarchically related systems of programs to be used in a business context. It is considered critical to orient students to this conceptual approach early on in their professional education. The course has been offered for four terms and has been well received by students and valuable for continued educational development in later courses in the curriculum.
Left-handedness in male schizophrenic patients is associated with increased impairment on the Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery

Several studies suggest increased mixed and left-handedness in schizophrenia. This is of interest as early cerebral injury can result in increased left-handedness and some investigations have suggested a role for early developmental insult (e.g., birth complications) in schizophrenia. We administered the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) to 24 left-handed male schizophrenic patients and a separate group of 24 right-handed schizophrenic patients who were age and education matched to the left-handed patients. The test protocol also was administered to 15 left-handed non-psychiatric control subjects and 15 right-handed controls. Direct comparisons (t-test) of the left- to right-handed schizophrenics revealed that the left-handed patients showed significantly greater impairment on several LNNB measures sensitive to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There were no differences between left- and right-handed control subjects. A further 2 X 2 ANOVA pooling all subjects noted several significant interactions between handedness and diagnostic group. The findings suggest a unique interaction between left-handedness and neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia and could support a relationship between left-handedness, early cerebral insult, and cognitive deficits.
Some Volatile Components of Cooked Rutabagaa

SUMMARY Acetaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, methyl disulfide and ammonia were identified in the volatiles of freshly cooked rutabaga; merceaptan(s) and isothiocyanates were detected. Some quantitative data are reported. Two procedures were devised for isolation of the volatile components of rutabaga for gas chromatographic examination. Typical chromatograms are included, with some peaks tentatively identified.
Large-scale simulations of the two-dimensional melting of hard disks

Large-scale computer simulations with more than four million particles have been performed to study the melting transition in a two-dimensional hard disk fluid. The van der Waals loop previously observed in the pressure-density relationship of smaller simulations is shown to disappear systematically with increase in sample size, but even with these large system sizes, the freezing transition still exhibits what appears to be weakly first-order behavior, though the scaling of the bond orientation order is consistent with the Halperin-Nelson-Young picture. Above this freezing transition region, scaling analysis of the translational order yields a lower bound for the melting density that is much higher than previously thought and provides compelling evidence that the solid phase first melts into a hexatic phase via a continuous transition, before it goes into the isotropic phase.
REORGANIZATION OF BARREL CIRCUITS LEADS TO THALAMICALLY-EVOKED CORTICAL EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY.

We studied circuit activities in layer IV of rat somatosensory barrel cortex containing microgyri induced by neonatal freeze lesions. Structural abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons are present in the epileptogenic paramicrogyral area (PMG) and we therefore tested the hypothesis that decreased postsynaptic inhibition within barrel microcircuits occurs in the PMG and contributes to epileptogenesis when thalamocortical afferents are activated. In thalamocortical (TC) slices from naive animals, single electrical stimuli within the thalamic ventrobasal (VB) nucleus evoked transient cortical multi-unit activity lasting 65±42 ms. Similar stimuli in TC slices from lesioned barrel cortex elicited prolonged 850 ±100 ms paroxysmal discharges that originated in the PMG and propagated laterally over several mm. Paroxysmal discharges were shortened in duration by ~70 % when APV was applied, and were totally abolished by CNQX. The cortical paroxysmal discharges did not evoke thalamic oscillations. Whole cell patch clamp recordings showed that there was a shift in the balance of TC evoked responses in the PMG that favored excitation over inhibition. Dual whole-cell recordings in layer IV of the PMG indicated that there was selective loss of inhibition from fast-spiking interneurons to spiny neurons in the barrel circuits that likely contributed to unconstrained cortical recurrent excitation with generation and spread of paroxysmal discharges.
Separation of citrate, malate, aspartate, and glutamate in crude extracts by one-dimensional ion exchange thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A simple method for separating citrate, malate, aspartate, and glutamate in crude extracts by thin-layer chromatography on plastic sheets coated with a strongly basic anion exchange resin has been developed. The method is useful for determining the radioactivity of these compounds in tracer experiments.
Mmd1p, a Novel, Conserved Protein Essential for Normal Mitochondrial Morphology and Distribution in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The mmd1 mutation causes temperature-sensitive growth and defects in mitochondrial morphology and distribution in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In mutant cells, mitochondria aggregate at the two cell ends, with increased aggregation at elevated temperatures. Microtubules, which mediate mitochondrial positioning in fission yeast, seem normal in mmd1 cells at permissive temperature and after several hours at the nonpermissive temperature but display aberrant organization after prolonged periods at 37°C. Additionally, cells harboring both mmd1 and ban5-4, a temperature-sensitive allele of α2-tubulin, display synthetic defects in growth and mitochondrial distribution. The mmd1 mutation maps to an open reading frame encoding a novel 35.7-kDa protein. The Mmd1p sequence features repeating EZ-HEAT motifs and displays high conservation with uncharacterized homologues found in a variety of organisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells depleted for their MMD1 homologue show increased sensitivity to the antimicrotubule drug benomyl, and the S. cerevisiae gene complemented the S. pombe mutation. Mmd1p was localized to the cytosol. Mmd1p is the first identified component required for the alignment of mitochondria along microtubules in fission yeast.
The "Slip Law" of the Free Surface

A “slip law” connects the excess velocity or “slip” of a wind-blown water surface, relative to the motion in the middle of the mixed layer, to the wind stress, the wind-wave field, and buoyancy flux. An inner layer-outer layer model of the turbulent shear flow in the mixed layer is appropriate, as for a turbulent boundary layer or Ekman layer over a solid surface, allowing, however, for turbulent kinetic energy transfer from the air-side via breaking waves, and for Stokes drift. Asymptotic matching of the velocity distributions in inner and outer portions of the mixed layer yields a slip law of logarithmic form, akin to the drag law of a turbulent boundary layer. The dominant independent variable is the ratio of water-side roughness length to mixed layer depth or turbulent Ekman depth. Convection due to surface cooling is also an important influence, reducing surface slip. Water-side roughness length is a wind-wave property, varying with wind speed similarly to air-side roughness. Slip velocity is typically 20 times water-side friction velocity or 3% of wind speed, varying within a range of about 2 to 4.5%. A linearized model of turbulent kinetic energy distribution shows much higher values near the surface than in a wall layer. Nondimensional dissipation peaks at a value of about eight, a short distance below the surface.
PC based microprocessor development system

MICRODEV, a software development environment for PC and SDK-86-based microprocessor labs, is described. This is a menu-driven software package that provides a controlled environment for developing assembly language programs for SDK-86 microcomputer boards and stand-alone microprocessor based projects using PCs. The menu is implemented as a shell program that synthesizes a command line based on the user sections and passes that command line to a secondary DOS command processor. Each of the menu commands is described. The environment allows the power and availability of PCs and their development software (editors, assemblers, linkers, debuggers, etc.) to be combined with the educational power of the SDK-86 boards. By automating the software development process, students can concentrate on assembly language concepts rather than on MS-DOS and command line syntax. This development tool allows students to develop their application software independently at their own pace outside of the laboratory schedule. >
Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice

Objective: Data are scarce regarding the sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depression. This study investigated whether race/ethnicity, age, finances, and partnership status were associated with antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Setting: 1662 participants in Project Viva, a US cohort study. Design: Mothers indicated mid-pregnancy and six month postpartum depressive symptoms on the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS). Associations of sociodemographic factors with odds of scoring >12 on the EPDS were estimated. Main results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 9% at mid-pregnancy and 8% postpartum. Black and Hispanic mothers had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms compared with non-Hispanic white mothers. These associations were explained by lower income, financial hardship, and higher incidence of poor pregnancy outcome among minority women. Young maternal age was associated with greater risk of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms, largely attributable to the prevalence of financial hardship, unwanted pregnancy, and lack of a partner. The strongest risk factor for antenatal depressive symptoms was a history of depression (OR = 4.07; 95% CI 3.76, 4.40), and the strongest risk for postpartum depressive symptoms was depressive symptoms during pregnancy (6.78; 4.07, 11.31) or a history of depression before pregnancy (3.82; 2.31, 6.31). Conclusions: Financial hardship and unwanted pregnancy are associated with antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with a history of depression and those with poor pregnancy outcomes are especially vulnerable to depressive symptoms during the childbearing year. Once these factors are taken in account, minority mothers have the same risk of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms as white mothers.
Inferring upwelling rates in the equatorial Atlantic using 7Be measurements in the upper ocean

Abstract Ocean upwelling rates are difficult to measure because of the relatively small velocities involved, and therefore are typically inferred from indirect methods such as heat budget estimates or tracer observations. Here we present the first results using a novel technique, based on the isotope 7 Be, to infer rates of upwelling along the equator. Beryllium-7 (half-life=53.3 d) is a cosmic-ray produced radioactive nuclide that is deposited by rainfall upon the ocean surface and subsequently enriched and homogenized within the mixed layer. Previous investigations have utilized the penetration of characteristically high mixed layer concentrations into the upper thermocline to trace ocean ventilation and subduction over seasonal timescales. Here, the tracer is used in a reverse sense; that is, the 7 Be concentration in the usually 7 Be-rich surface mixed layer will be diluted from penetration of 7 Be “dead” water upwelled from below. This dilution provides a means to infer upwelling rates. Furthermore, with knowledge of upwelling rates, 7 Be profiles can be used to constrain vertical diffusivity within the upper thermocline. These ideas were tested with samples collected during the Tropical Atlantic Climate Experiment (TACE) cruise (May 22–June 27, 2009). The observations indicated a nearly linear relationship between 7 Be inventory and mixed layer temperature, as with increased upwelling, lower mixed layer temperatures correspond to greater 7 Be dilution from depth. With this data, upwelling rates were estimated at a number of stations near the equator between 0°E and 30°W within and adjacent to the equatorial cold tongue. The derived upwelling rates ranged from 0 to 2.2 m/d, with maximum values found between the equator and 2°S. The corresponding K z values derived for the upper thermocline were in the range 1–4×10 −4 m 2 /s.
Long‐term decline of South Pole neutron rates

[1] The count rate recorded by a neutron monitor at South Pole, Antarctica, displays a long-term decline over the 32-year span from 1965 to 1997. The neutron rate follows an 11-year cycle with maxima at times of low solar activity, but the 1997 peak rate was approximately 8% lower than the 1965 peak rate based on 27-d averages. This change is much larger than that recorded by any other neutron monitor. We suggest that the South Pole monitor, owing to its unique position at both high latitude and high altitude (2820 m), has enhanced sensitivity at ∼1–3 GV relative to a sea level monitor and may be responding to a change in the intensity of primary cosmic rays in this rigidity region. Measurements of cosmic rays made aboard stratospheric balloons and on the IMP-8 spacecraft support the possibility of a long-term change in cosmic ray intensity.
On counting theorems for self‐avoiding walks

Certain differences are pointed out between two recently published counting theorems for self-avoiding walks on a lattice.
Speech analysis by estimating perceptually relevant pole locations

An approach for estimating the perceptually-relevant pole locations is described. These "perceptual poles" are determined by using an auditory excitation pattern-matching method. The estimated perceptual poles are then used to construct a perceptually-motivated all-pole (PMAP) filter for use in speech analysis/synthesis. The proposed PMAP approach is compared against some of the existing perceptually-based linear prediction (LP) methods, i.e., the perceptual LP and the warped LP. The PMAP approach compares well against the perceptual LP and the warped LP in terms of speech reconstruction quality and estimation of the formant frequencies.
Classifying the smoothness of images: theory and applications to wavelet image processing

Devore, Jawerth, and Lucier (1992) introduced a definition of the smoothness of images that is directly related to the performance of wavelet compression schemes. The present authors survey previous results on the equivalence between smoothness, rate of decay of the wavelet coefficients, and efficiency of wavelet compression techniques applied to images. They report on other applications including deciding how many pixel quantization intervals are needed to preserve smoothness, and the fast solution of variational problems that arise naturally in several areas of image processing. >
Sonographic Detection of Starry Sky Liver in a Pregnancy With Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies. A starry sky liver is characterized by sonography as liver parenchyma appearing hypoechoic due to swelling of liver cells, accentuating the periportal collagen. It has been associated with several pathological processes but has only recently been reported with TTTS. This case study is a report of a twin pregnancy that developed TTTS in which a starry sky liver was visualized in the recipient twin.
A new infectious disease model for estimating and projecting HIV/AIDS epidemics

Objectives As the global HIV pandemic enters its fourth decade, countries have collected longer time series of surveillance data, and the AIDS-specific mortality has been substantially reduced by the increasing availability of antiretroviral treatment. A refined model with a greater flexibility to fit longer time series of surveillance data is desired. Methods In this article, we present a new epidemiological model that allows the HIV infection rate, r(t), to change over years. The annual change of infection rate is modelled by a linear combination of three key factors: the past prevalence, the past infection rate and a stabilisation condition. We focus on fitting the antenatal clinic (ANC) data and household surveys which are the most commonly available data source for generalised epidemics defined by the overall prevalence being above 1%. A hierarchical model is used to account for the repeated measurement within a clinic. A Bayesian approach is used for the parameter estimation. Results We evaluate the performance of the newly proposed model on the ANC data collected from urban and rural areas of 31 countries with generalised epidemics in sub-Sahara Africa. The three factors in the proposed model all have significant contributions to the reconstruction of r(t) trends. It improves the prevalence fit over the classic Estimation and Projection Package model and provides more realistic projections when the classic model encounters problems. Conclusions The proposed model better captures the main pattern of the HIV/AIDS dynamic. It also retains the simplicity of the classic model with a few interpretable parameters that are easy to interpret and estimate.
Structural basis for autoinhibition of Notch

Notch receptors transmit signals between adjacent cells. Signaling is initiated when ligand binding induces metalloprotease cleavage of Notch within an extracellular negative regulatory region (NRR). We present here the X-ray structure of the human NOTCH2 NRR, which adopts an autoinhibited conformation. Extensive interdomain interactions within the NRR bury the metalloprotease site, showing that a substantial conformational movement is necessary to expose this site during activation by ligand. Leukemia-associated mutations in NOTCH1 probably release autoinhibition by destabilizing the conserved hydrophobic core of the NRR.
SN2K Attacks and Honest Services

In this paper, we define and illustrate a new form of attack in the context of software services: the software-based need-to-know (SN2K) attack. SN2K attacks can be carried out by dishonest provider of a software service so that it can maliciously gain access to sensitive information, even if the service does {\em not need to know} such data in order to compute the functionalities offered by it. We prove that it is generally undecidable to detect whether a given implementation of a service is dishonest, i.e., it implements an SN2K attack. A certification scheme for honest services is also proposed; our scheme relies on program slicing and certain other aspects of static program analysis.
From design experiences to generic mechanisms: Model-based learning in analogical design

Analogical reasoning plays an important role in design. In particular, cross-domain analogies appear to be important in innovative and creative design. However, making cross-domain analogies is hard and often requires ions common to the source and target domains. Recent work in case-based design suggests that generic mechanisms are one type of abstractions useful in adapting past designs. However, one important yet unexplored issue is where these generic mechanisms come from. We hypothesize that they are acquired incrementally from design experiences in familiar domains by abstraction over patterns of regularity. Three important issues in abstraction from experiences are what to abstract from an experience, how far to abstract, and what methods to use. In this short paper, we describe how structure-behavior-function models of designs in a familiar domain provide the content, and together with the problem-solving context in which learning occurs, also provide the constraints for learning generic mechanisms from design experiences. In particular, we describe the model-based learning method with a scenario of learning feedback mechanism.
Recoded and nonrecoded trinary signed-digit adders and multipliers with redundant-bit representations

Highly-efficient two-step recoded and one-step nonrecoded trinary signed-digit (TSD) carry-free adders-subtracters are presented on the basis of redundant-bit representation for the operands' digits. It has been shown that only 24 (30) minterms are needed to implement the two-step recoded (the one-step nonrecoded) TSD addition for any operand length. Optical implementation of the proposed arithmetic can be carried out by use of correlation- or matrix-multiplication-based schemes, saving 50% of the system memory. Furthermore, we present four different multiplication designs based on our proposed recoded and nonrecoded TSD adders. Our multiplication designs require a small number of reduced minterms to generate the multiplication partial products. Finally, a recently proposed pipelined iterative-tree algorithm can be used in the TSD adders-multipliers; consequently, efficient use of all available adders can be made.
A numerical study of island wakes in the Southern California Bight

With the existence of eight substantial islands in the Southern California Bight, the oceanic circulation is significantly affected by island wakes. In this paper a high-resolution numerical model (on a 1 km grid), forced by a high-resolution wind (2 km), is used to study the wakes. Island wakes arise due both to currents moving past islands and to wind wakes that force lee currents in response. A comparison between simulations with and without islands shows the surface enstrophy (i.e., area-integrated square of the vertical component of vorticity at the surface) decreases substantially when the islands in the oceanic model are removed, and the enstrophy decrease mainly takes place in the areas around the islands. Three cases of wake formation and evolution are analyzed for the Channel Islands, San Nicolas Island, and Santa Catalina Island. When flows squeeze through gaps between the Channel Islands, current shears arise, and the bottom drag makes a significant contribution to the vorticity generation. Downstream the vorticity rolls up into submesoscale eddies. When the California Current passes San Nicolas Island from the northwest, a relatively strong flow forms over the shelf break on the northeastern coast and gives rise to a locally large bottom stress that generates anticyclonic vorticity, while on the southwestern side, with an adverse flow pushing the main wake current away from the island, positive vorticity has been generated and a cyclonic eddy detaches into the wake. When the northward Southern California Countercurrent passes the irregular shape of Santa Catalina Island, cyclonic eddies form on the southeastern coast of the island, due primarily to lateral stress rather than bottom stress; they remain coherent as they detach and propagate downstream, and thus they are plausible candidates for the submesoscale ‘‘spirals on the sea’’ seen in many satellite images. Finally, the oceanic response to wind wakes is analyzed in a spin-up experiment with a time-invariant wind that exhibits strips of both positive and negative curl in the island lee. Corresponding vorticity strips in the ocean develop through the mechanism of Ekman pumping. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Intrinsic acidity and redox properties of the adenine radical cation

Abstract The intrinsic chemical properties of the gaseous adenine radical cation were examined by using dual cell Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The adiabatic recombination energy of the radical cation (ionization energy of neutral adenine) was found by bracketing experiments to be 8.55 ± 0.1 eV (at 298 K; earlier literature values range from 8.3 to 8.9 eV). Based on this value, the heat of formation (Δ H f 298 ) of the adenine radical cation is estimated to be 246 ± 3 kcal/mol. The acidity (Δ H acid 298 ) of the adenine radical cation was bracketed to be 221 ± 2 kcal/mol. These thermochemical values suggest that the adenine radical cation reacts with neutral guanine by electron abstraction or proton transfer, with neutral cytosine by proton transfer, and via neither pathway with neutral thymine, molecular water or a sugar moiety of DNA (modeled by tetrahydrofuran). Experimental examination of the gas-phase reactivity of the adenine radical cation revealed a slow deuterium atom abstraction from perdeuterated tetrahydrofuran. Hence, in the absence of a nearby guanine or cytosine, the adenine radical cation may be able to abstract a hydrogen atom from a sugar moiety of DNA.
DEPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR OF FINE SEDIMENT IN A TURBULENT FLUID MOTION

An experimental investigation, utilizing an apparatus consisting of a counterrotating annular channel and ring, of the depositional characteristics of fine, cohesive sediment revealed that after an initial period of rapid deposition, the sediment concentration approaches asymptotically an equilibrium value. The ratio of this equilibrium concentration to the initial concentration is nearly independent of initial concentration and for a given sediment and environment depends only on the flow conditions. For the three water depths investigated, the ratio of equilibrium to initial concentration was found to he a single function of an average shear stress around the channel-section perimeter. A comparison of the size distributions of the parent material with the material retained in suspension when equilibrium was achieved indicated that the greatest losses occur in the clay-size fractions, suggesting that the deposition is controlled predominantly by flocculation, and that the strength and size of the floes exert a stronger influence on the deposition than does the particle weight. A silty-clay sediment with a mean particle diameter of 0.0009 mm was used in all experiments.
RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN INFANTS WITH SINGLE VENTRICLE CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Infants with single ventricle congenital heart disease (SV) are at risk for early failure to thrive. The etiology of this failure is poorly understood and higher than normal energy expenditure has been theorized as a predictor of growth failure. We sought to measure resting energy expenditure (REE)
Thermo-chemical Experimen Study on 600 MW Sub-critical Boiler Unit

Twice Boiler Thermo-chemical Experimen Studies were made before and after capital repair of NO.1 600 MW Sub-critical Boiler Unit of Datang international NeiMeng TuoKeTuo power plant,some influence factors about steam quality were explored quantivatively,Carryover coefficienceof steam,salt content of boiler water,fluctuation velocity of unit load,dumn water level ect.were made sure.as a result,sodium ion content of saturate steam come at expected value( 2.0 μg/kg),solving the problem that the sodium ion content in saturate steam frequently excessed the quality criterion of water and steam,it has a positive effect on preventing Salt Deposits in Steam Turbine.
Intraoperative Roentgenography in the Surgical Removal of Renal Calculi

AbstractComplete surgical removal of staghorn or multiple renal calculi is extremely difficult. Intraoperative roentgenography has been used to decrease the incidence of residual calculi. We herein assess the effectiveness of intraoperative roentgenography and emphasize important operative technical aspects. Between 1973 and 1979, 42 patients underwent 50 operations for the removal of staghorn or multiple renal calculi. Intraoperative roentgenography was used in 47 operations and omitted in 3. Of the 47 operations done with intraoperative roentgenography 31 units were free of stones and 12 had small retained fragments known intraoperatively with verification by postoperative tomography or plain abdominal film. In 1 case a calculus recognized intraoperatively passed during the postoperative period and tomograms demonstrated no residual calculi. Only 3 patients had residual stones postoperatively with negative intraoperative films. The 3 patients who did not have intraoperative roentgenography all had resid...
Genome Editing for Human Gene Therapy

The rapid advancement of genome-editing techniques holds much promise for the field of human gene therapy. From bacteria to model organisms and human cells, genome editing tools such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZNFs), TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 have been successfully used to manipulate the respective genomes with unprecedented precision. With regard to human gene therapy, it is of great interest to test the feasibility of genome editing in primary human hematopoietic cells that could potentially be used to treat a variety of human genetic disorders such as hemoglobinopathies, primary immunodeficiencies, and cancer. In this chapter, we explore the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the efficient ablation of genes in two clinically relevant primary human cell types, CD4+ T cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. By using two guide RNAs directed at a single locus, we achieve highly efficient and predictable deletions that ablate gene function. The use of a Cas9-2A-GFP fusion protein allows FACS-based enrichment of the transfected cells. The ease of designing, constructing, and testing guide RNAs makes this dual guide strategy an attractive approach for the efficient deletion of clinically relevant genes in primary human hematopoietic stem and effector cells and enables the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for gene therapy.
Atmospheric Circulation and Dynamical Processes

Fundamentals of eddies and atmospheric circulation are briefly presented. Atmospheric circulation patterns, the large-scale general circulation and diagnostic techniques for characterizing atmospheric flow, such as Transformed Eulerian framework, are discussed. Basic features of general circulation models are introduced and their application in studying atmospheric circulation and coupling processes are illustrated in the context of sudden stratospheric warmings and atmospheric gravity wave propagation and dissipation.
Growth, Resource Allocation, and Welfare: An Extension to Non-Traded and Intermediate Goods

ABSTRACTThis work is an extension of the existing literature on growth of factors of production, output expansions, and welfare of a nation involved in international trade. It used to be an accepted notion that growth augments welfare without question, until Jagdish Bhagwati and, later, Harry Johnson provided contrarian views on the issues under specified conditions. Here, in this article, an attempt is made to generalize the 2 × 2 models of Bhagwati and Johnson on factor growth, resource allocation, and welfare. The effects of growth on output changes and conditions for immiserizing growth are enunciated in this modified general equilibrium framework.
Economics of tandem flat plate photovoltaic modules

Tandem modules, formed by stacking two PV cells, either monolithically or mechanically, can offer higher solar conversion efficiency than modules that use only one type of PV cell. Such modules necessarily cost more per unit area than either single-junction alternative, but the increased efficiency leverages area-related costs to potentially reduce system cost per watt. High-efficiency, low-cost tandems could arise if the cost of III-V cells is reduced to approach the cost of silicon cells, or if stable large-area perovskite cells are demonstrated with efficiency approaching that of today's best laboratory devices. Within the scope given by these optimistic assumptions, future costs and performance still have a substantial range of uncertainty. A probabilistic Monte Carlo model is presented that generates a large number of cost and performance scenarios based on a range of values for each input parameter. The results can be used to assign a probability, within the scope of the assumptions, that the tandem will be more cost-effective than either single-junction alternative. Four types of tandem modules are analyzed: (1) III-V on silicon, (2) III-V on thin film, (3) perovskite on silicon, and (4) perovskite on thin film. All of these tandems have a reasonable chance (>10%) of providing slightly lower cost per watt for residential systems, and the two thin-film options might also slightly benefit utility-scale systems. Achieving a substantial cost benefit is less likely. Only the perovskite on thin film tandem has a reasonable chance of reducing system cost per watt by more than 10% for residential systems, or of reducing system cost per watt by more than 5% for utility-scale systems.
Bulk Current Model for GaN-on-Si High Electron Mobility Transistors

Drain to substrate current is an important parameter affecting loss, breakdown and reliability of power GaN HEMTs on Si substrates; however, no clear model of the current has been established. This work proposes a novel approach describing the drain to substrate current as a function of equivalent Si/GaN interface barrier. The modeling results are in close agreement with experimental observations; they reveal an important role of space charge injection from Si substrate into GaN buffer. Compact model closely reproducing experimental data is presented. The results are important for GaN on Si power switches development.
Abstract #2378: ERR\#947;/AP1 signaling drives cholesterol production and Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, with several histologic or molecular subtypes. Two of the major classifications are invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). In comparison to IDC, a significantly greater percentage of ILCs are estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ER+) and progesterone receptor-positive. However it has been suggested that ILC patients with ER+ breast cancer may not experience significantly improved survival following endocrine therapy when compared to IDC patients, and the reason(s) for this are not understood. We have recently published that expression of the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERR\#947;) is significantly increased in an ILC-specific cell culture model of Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance, and that ERR\#947; plays a functional role in the resistant phenotype through the activation of AP1. However, the signal transduction networks regulated by ERR\#947;/AP1 in this context remain unknown. One putative target gene of ERR\#947;/AP1 is HMGCS2, a mitochondrial enzyme that generates key precursors for the synthesis of cholesterol, which is important for plasma membrane fluidity and signal transduction. Given that cholesterol-lowering drugs like statins have anti-tumor effects and can inhibit components of the AP1 pathway, we hypothesize that ERR\#947;/AP1 signaling mediates TAM resistance by stimulating cholesterol production via HMGCS2. We have found that LCCTam (resistant) breast cancer cells, which exhibit high levels of ERR\#947; and HMGCS2 expression as well as AP1 activity, contain significantly greater levels of cholesterol than SUM44 (sensitive) breast cancer cells. Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERR\#947; in LCCTam cells (which restores TAM sensitivity) decreases HMGCS2 expression and significantly reduces cholesterol content. Preliminary studies also indicate that pharmacological inhibition of AP1 decreases cholesterol content while reducing HMGCS2 expression in LCCTam cells. Together these findings represent an important enhancement in our knowledge of breast cancer biology and endocrine response, and future studies will focus on further elucidating the molecular mechanism(s) of ERR\#947;/AP1 action in TAM resistance. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2378.
The Provo Corpus: A Large Eye-Tracking Corpus with Predictability Norms

This article presents the Provo Corpus, a corpus of eye-tracking data with accompanying predictability norms. The predictability norms for the Provo Corpus differ from those of other corpora. In addition to traditional cloze scores that estimate the predictability of the full orthographic form of each word, the Provo Corpus also includes measures of the predictability of the morpho-syntactic and semantic information for each word. This makes the Provo Corpus ideal for studying predictive processes in reading. Some analyses using these data have previously been reported elsewhere (Luke & Christianson, 2016). The Provo Corpus is available for download on the Open Science Framework, at https://osf.io/sjefs .
CrowdZen privacy: poster

In this paper we introduce the concept of CrowdZen Privacy. CrowdZen Privacy privately publishes the activity levels of places of interest (e.g., dining halls, libraries, gyms) and leverages the randomness of the crowd and variance of the estimation to satisfy differential privacy while preserving accuracy. We define the CrowdZen privacy mechanism and have implemented the system on iOS and Android mobile devices.
Using Computer Analysis to Predict Likelihood of Cancer in Lung Nodules.

Interestingly, the computer analysis predicted the biopsy outcome correctly in some malignant cases considered to have typical benign morphology and predicted benignity correctly in others with apparently typical malignant features.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF SOME RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED Al-BASE ALLOYS

Microstructures observed in three Al alloy systems, Al-Ge, Al-Ni and Al-Be, are described. These microstructures are discussed in terms of metastable features of the equilibrium phase diagram. In each case, the importance of undercooling in the liquid in determining the phases which form and their distribution in the microstructure is emphasized.
Relation of Prenatal Air Pollutant and Nutritional Exposures with Biomarkers of Allergic Disease in Adolescence

Prenatal exposures may be critical for immune system development, with consequences for allergic disease susceptibility. We examined associations of prenatal exposures (nutrient intakes and air pollutants) with allergic disease biomarkers in adolescence. We used data from 857 mother-child pairs in Project Viva, a Massachusetts-based pre-birth cohort. Outcomes of interest at follow-up (median age 12.9 years) were fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and total serum IgE. We applied Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression analyses to estimate multivariate exposure-response functions, allowing for exposure interactions. Exposures were expressed as z-scores of log-transformed data and we report effects in % change in FeNO or IgE z-score per increase in exposure from the 25th to 75th percentile. FeNO levels were lower with higher intakes of prenatal vitamin D (−16.15%, 95% CI: −20.38 to −2.88%), folate from foods (−3.86%, 95% CI: −8.33 to 0.83%) and n-3 PUFAs (−9.21%, 95% CI −16.81 to −0.92%). Prenatal air pollutants were associated with higher FeNO and IgE, with the strongest associations detected for PM2.5 with IgE (25.6% increase, 95% CI 9.34% to 44.29%). We identified a potential synergistic interaction (p = 0.02) between vitamin E (food + supplements) and PM2.5; this exposure combination was associated with further increases in FeNO levels.
Second sound very near Tλ

The results of an experimental investigation of the evolution of planar, non-linear, second-sound pulses in superfluid4He, to within 650 nK of the λ-transition, are presented. A new method for extracting the second-sound velocity and damping is demonstrated. As predicted from two-fluid hydrodynamics, the pulses are well modeled by the solutions of Burgers' equation. The second-sound velocity (u 20) and damping (D 2) are extracted from fits of the model to the data. Damping data are obtained in this fashion to 3×10−7 in reduced temperature at saturated vapor pressure; nearly two decades closer to Tλ then any previous measurements. The superfluid density is extracted from theu 20 measurements and the critical exponent, ζ, is determined. A study of very large amplitude pulses near Tλ is also presented. These pulses extend well beyond the range of validity of Burgers' equation. The amplitude of the shock that forms at the trailing edge of the pulse is observed to saturate as a function of heater power and then decrease suddenly, as has been previously observed away from Tλ. However, the pulse shapes are quite different from any previously observed.
Abstract 3824: Antitumor activity of REGN4659, a fully human anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, against MC38.Ova tumors grown in immunocompetent human CTLA-4 knock-in mice

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory checkpoint receptor that is expressed by activated conventional T cells and regulatory T cells and negatively regulates T cell activation. CTLA-4 plays a key role in restraining the adaptive immune response of T cells against a variety of antigens, including self-antigens. However, in the tumor microenvironment, the co-inhibitory CTLA-4 receptor contributes to tumor immune escape. CTLA-4 shares its two ligands, CD80 and CD86, which are largely expressed on antigen-presenting cells, with CD28, a co-activator of T cells; however, CTLA-4 binds CD80 and CD86 with higher affinity than CD28. Blockade of CTLA-4 elicits an effective antitumor immunity in preclinical animal models and has demonstrated favorable clinical results in several solid malignancies. REGN4659 is a human IgG1 antibody that binds to the extracellular domain of human and monkey CTLA-4 with high affinity and specificity. REGN4659 blocks CTLA-4 interaction with CD80 and CD86 ligands and enhances the cytokine release of activated primary human T cells in vitro. The effects of treatment with REGN4659 on the subcutaneous growth of a mouse adenocarcinoma tumors expressing chicken ovalbumin (MC38.Ova) were evaluated in immunocompetent mice genetically engineered to express a human CTLA-4 chimeric protein from the endogenous mouse locus (CTLA-4 hum/hum knock-in). Prophylactic treatment with REGN4659 significantly suppressed MC38.Ova tumor growth in CTLA-4 knock-in mice in a dose dependent manner, and improved mouse survival. Because patients treated systemically with CTLA-4 blockade have suffered from immune-related adverse events, we investigated the efficacy of a peritumoral low-dose administration of a mouse-reactive surrogate anti-CTLA-4 antibody in an attempt to minimize systemic exposure. Peritumoral injection of anti-CTLA-4 antibody was as efficacious as intraperitoneal delivery at inducing anti-tumor immunity. Peritumoral anti-CTLA-4 antibody delivery was associated with lower circulating antibody levels but nonetheless caused systemic antitumor immunity as revealed by growth retardation of concomitantly implanted distant tumors. The mechanism of action and robust anti-tumor efficacy of REGN4659 supports its clinical development for the treatment of human cancers. Citation Format: Elena Burova, Omaira Allbritton, Susannah Brydges, William Poueymirou, Robert Durso, Douglas MacDonald, Ella Ioffe, Markus Mohr, William Olson, Gavin Thurston. Antitumor activity of REGN4659, a fully human anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, against MC38.Ova tumors grown in immunocompetent human CTLA-4 knock-in mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3824.
Native Americans and the Catholic Phase in Puritan Missionary Writing

This essay analyzes the comparisons that English Puritans often made between European Catholics and Native Americans in narratives of encounter between missionaries and the Wampanoag people from th...