cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation, characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a phosphorylated polypeptide (E4) from bovine embryonic dental enamel.

Abstract A phosphorylated polypeptide (E 4 ) of molecular weight 5000–6000, has been isolated from bovine embryonic enamel by Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration and DE-52 ion-exchange chromatography. The peptide contains three serine residues all of which are phosphorylated. All three O -phosphoserine residues are in glutamic acid- O -phosphoserine-tyrosine sequences that are distributed relatively evenly along the polypeptide chain. Although it was not possible to sequence the entire polypeptide chain directly by automatic peptide sequencing, a partial sequence and peptide map was constructed on the basis of the sequence and composition of peptides derived by cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion. The presence of glutamic acid, tyrosine and leucine adjacent to and near the O -phosphoserine residues may be important in calcium binding and in mineralization.
MECHANICAL STRESS AND CELL WALL ORIENTATION IN PLANTS. I. PHOTOELASTIC DERIVATION OF PRINCIPAL STRESSES. WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPT OF AXILLARITY AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE “ARCUATE SHELL ZONE”

This study describes a further investigation into the meaning of patterns of cell wall orientation in plants and outlines a modified method for the generation of patterns of principal stresses in a two-dimensional model. Evidence from simple photoelastic models is presented which supports the concept that the initial location of a presumptive axillary bud primordium may be controlled by mechanical stress in the region of the leaf axil. THE MEANING of patterns of cell wall orien- tation in plant tissues is a problem that dates back almost to the beginning of microscopy itself. These patterns, although amply de- scribed, are poorly understood, particularly in growing tissues. What is to be learned from cell wall patterns? Should they be considered as simply the final crystallization of a complex blueprint, encoded in the genome, which serves the momentary needs of the plant and no more? According to this concept, pattern may have an immediate functional significance but little else. Our effort has been directed towards the possibility that cell wall patterns reflect a basic habit of divid- ing plant cells wherein the cell plate tends to be laid down in accord with the principal stresses theoretically propagating through the tissue at the time of cell plate orientation
Singular Value Estimates for Certain Convolution-Product Operators

This paper presents an expansion for radial tempered distributions on ${\bf R}^n$ in terms of smooth, radial analyzing and synthesizing functions with space-frequency localization properties similar to standard wavelets. Scales of quasi-norms are defined for the coefficients of the expansion that characterize, via Littlewood-Paley-Stein theory, when a radial distribution belongs to a Triebel-Lizorkin or Besov space. These spaces include, for example, the $L^p$ spaces, $1 < p < \infty,$ Hardy spaces $H^p, 0 < p \leq 1,$ Sobolev spaces $L^p_k,$ and Lipschitz spaces $\Lambda_\alpha, \alpha > 0.$ We also present a smooth radial atomic decomposition and norm estimates for sums of smooth radial molecules. The radial wavelets, atoms, and molecules that we consider are localized near certain annuli, as opposed to cubes in the usual, nonradial setting. The radial wavelet expansion is multiscale, where the functions in the different scales are related by dilation. However, there is no translation structure within a given scale, unlike the situation with standard wavelet systems.
Management of Germ Cell Tumors with Somatic Type Malignancy: Pathological Features, Prognostic Factors and Survival Outcomes

Purpose: Germ cell tumors with somatic type malignancy are rare, occurring in approximately 2.7% to 8.6% of germ cell tumor cases. Prognostic factors and optimal management remain poorly defined.Materials and Methods: The Indiana University testis cancer database was queried from 1979 to 2011 for patients demonstrating germ cell tumor with somatic type malignancy at orchiectomy or subsequent resection. Patients with transformation to primitive neuroectodermal tumor only were excluded from study due to distinct management. Chart review, pathological review and survival analysis were performed.Results: A total of 121 patients met the study inclusion criteria. The most common somatic type malignancy histologies were sarcoma (59), carcinoma (31) and sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor (17). Of these patients 32 demonstrated somatic type malignancy at germ cell tumor diagnosis. For those with delayed identification, median time from germ cell tumor to somatic type malignancy diagnosis was 33 months. This interval was l...
Assignment of the human macrophage mannose receptor gene (MRC1) to 10p13 by in situ hybridization and PCR-based somatic cell hybrid mapping.

Tissue macrophages form a latticework beneath epithelial surfaces and play a pivotal role in first line host defense. The macrophage mannose receptor is highly expressed on these terminally differentiated cells, but is not expressed on circulating monocytes. Although originally defined as an endocytic receptor, the predominant physiological role for this 170-kDa transmembrane protein appears to be phagocytosis of microorganisms, such as Candida albicans and Pneumocystis carinii. The characterization of cDNAs that encode the human and mouse mannose receptors reveals that the ectodomain contains a cysteine-rich NH{sub 2} domain that appears to resemble the b subunit of ricin D. This domain is followed by a fibronectin type 2 domain. A tandem array of eight carbohydrate recognition domains bear approximately 30% homology to one another. A short hydrophobic region is followed by a 45-amino-acid cytoplasmic tail. Comparison of the human and mouse encoded proteins reveals an average homology of 80%. Of interest is the fact that the murine and human genes both span about 70 kb that contains 30 exons interrupted by 29 introns. The position of the introns and the size of the exons are identical in the mouse and human genes. 15 refs., 2 figs.
Synthetic C-nucleosides: 3-(α- and β-D-arabinofuranosyl)pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diones

Abstract 2,3,5-Tri- O -benzyl- D -arabinofuranosyl bromide ( 4 ) was converted into 2,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri- O -benzyl- D -glucononitrile ( 5 ), mixed with 20% of the D - manno epimer 6 . The mixture was reduced to the amine 7 , which via the N -nitrosoacetamide 10 afforded the 1-deoxy-l-diazo sugar 11 . Dipolar addition to dimethyl acetylene-dicarboxylate afforded the C -nucleoside derivative, dimethyl 3-(2,3,5-tri- O -benzyl-α-β- D -arabinofuranosyl)pyrazole-4,5-dicarboxylate ( 20 ). Selective ammonolysis afforded the 4-ester-5-carboxamide 21 , which was separated chromatographically into the α-(minor) and β-(major) anomers. Hydrazinolysis and Curtius reaction of the pair of 4-acid hydrazides (α- 22 and β- 22 ) afforded the anomeric 3-glycosyl-1 H -pyrazolo-[4,3- d ]pyrimidine-5,7-diones (α- 24 and β- 24 ). Hydrogenolytic debenzylation yielded the β- D )- arabino epimer ( 1 ) of oxoformycin B , and the α- D - arabino form 2 . These anomeric C -nucleosides were distinguished by circular dichroism spectra that showed the same relationship as α- and β- D - arabino anomers of normal purine nucleosides.
Coupled systems subjected to determinate and random input

Abstract A method is presented for the analysis of complex structural systems which can be subdivided into any number of component systems arbitrarily interconnected at discrete points. Using experimentally or analytically determined receptances (frequency response functions) characterizing the mechanical properties of the component systems, receptance are derived which characterize the mechanical propertues of the entire coupled system. The requirement of system continuity at the coupling points gives rise to condutions of equilibrium and compatibility at the connections. These conditions aer modified allowing for the presence of elastic and/or dissipative coupling units with negligible masses between the couplin points, thus, adding condiderable practical flexibility to the method. Keeping the contributions of the individual component systems identified, it is then shown how the receptances enter response calculations for the entire system which is subjected to determine or random excitations.
Brain-Dead Patients are not Cadavers: The Need to Revise the Definition of Death in Muslim Communities

The utilitarian construct of two alternative criteria of human death increases the supply of transplantable organs at the end of life. Neither the neurological criterion (heart-beating donation) nor the circulatory criterion (non-heart-beating donation) is grounded in scientific evidence but based on philosophical reasoning. A utilitarian death definition can have unintended consequences for dying Muslim patients: (1) the expedited process of determining death for retrieval of transplantable organs can lead to diagnostic errors, (2) the equivalence of brain death with human death may be incorrect, and (3) end-of-life religious values and traditional rituals may be sacrificed. Therefore, it is imperative to reevaluate the two different types and criteria of death introduced by the Resolution (Fatwa) of the Council of Islamic Jurisprudence on Resuscitation Apparatus in 1986. Although we recognize that this Fatwa was based on best scientific evidence available at that time, more recent evidence shows that it rests on outdated knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of human death. We recommend redefining death in Islam to reaffirm the singularity of this biological phenomenon as revealed in the Quran 14 centuries ago.
Spectrometric evidence for the flavin-1-phenylcyclopropylamine inactivator adduct with monoamine oxidase N.

1-Phenylcyclopropylamine (1-PCPA) is shown to be an inactivator of the fungal flavoenzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) N. Inactivation results in an increase in absorbance at 410 nm and is accompanied by the concomitant loss of the flavin absorption band at 458 nm. The spectral properties of the covalent adduct formed between the flavin cofactor of MAO N and 1-PCPA are similar to those reported for the irreversible inactivation product formed with 1-PCPA and mammalian mitochondrial monoamine oxidase B [Silverman, R. B., and Zieske, P. A. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 2128−2138]. There is a hypsochromic shift of the 410 nm band upon lowering the pH to 2, indicating that an N5-flavin adduct formed upon inactivation. Use of the fungal enzyme, MAO N, which lacks the covalent attachment to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor present in the mammalian forms MAO A and MAO B, has allowed for the isolation and further structural identification of the flavin−inactivator adduct. The incorporation of two 13C labels in...
Association of funding and findings of pharmaceutical research at a meeting of a medical professional society.

Purpose To evaluate the association between funding and findings of pharmaceutical research presented at an annual meeting of a medical professional society. Methods We reviewed the abstracts of all papers and posters presented at the annual meeting of a medical professional society. Two independent raters classified each study of a drug (n = 48) as either positive (favoring the drug studied) or negative, and as either funded by a pharmaceutical company or not. We computed κ and chi-squared statistics to evaluate the agreement between the raters, as well as the association between the results and the sponsorship of the study. Results Thirty studies of drugs (63%) were supported by pharmaceutical companies, all of which reported positive results. Of the 18 studies (37%) not supported by pharmaceutical companies, 67% reported positive results. The association between pharmaceutical funding and positive findings was statistically significant ( P = 0.0007). Conclusion At this scientific meeting, research funding from pharmaceutical companies was associated with study findings that supported the use of drugs marketed by pharmaceutical sponsors. We emphasize further study of this relation and suggest three principles—full disclosure, policies against "outcome bias," and educational opportunities—that may help manage industry-academia conflicts of interest that could otherwise jeopardize the credibility of pharmaceutical research presented at scientific meetings.
Sooting laminar diffusion flames: Effect of dilution, additives, pressure, and microgravity

Soot volume fractions and smoke heights of hydrocarbon fuels are postulated to be determined by the extent of incipient particle growth within coannular diffusion flames. The extent is determined by the distance between the incipient particle and the diffusion flame isotherms. With this description of hydrocarbon diffusion flames, the reported experimental results of Glassman, Gulder, and Santoro and their coworkers on the effect of additives on sooting laminar coaxial diffusion flames have been reexamined. The concept that dilution effects of inerts should override the induced temperature effect postulated by Axelbaum and Law is substantiated by the analysis developed, which shows that temperature effects cause a logarithmic variation in soot volume fraction, whereas dilution has a direct proportionality. Although original interpretation of reported results have led some of these investigators to conclude that certain additives such as O 2 and CS 2 could chemically inhibit soot formation, arguments are presented that the effects noted are due to the temperature field and the altering of the thermal diffusivity of the fuel jet. Gulder's important and significant results on the effect of H 2 inhibition on ethene's sooting tendency is explained, as are Santoro's results showing that propyl alcohol addition to an ethene fuel jet increases soot output. Considering the buoyancy induced fuel jet velocity permits one to predict that soot volume fraction (SVF) should vary as P 1,31 and that the volume fraction should be less than that encountered in microgravity. Fuel jet flames are predicted to be wider in microgravity and the SVF pressure dependency close to P 2 .
Psychologists as Leaders of Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Management Teams: A Model for Health Care Delivery.

Psychologists have the potential to improve the quality of life of chronic pain patients by intervening not only through direct services but also by using their training for promoting proactive leadership in multidisciplinary teams and in the larger health care environment. To significantly impact pain management, psychologists must not only deliver state-of-the-art care but also take an active role in directing the design, implementation, and evaluation of these programs.
Comparison of postoperative pain in patients following photorefractive keratectomy versus advanced surface ablation

Purpose To compare postoperative pain associated with advanced surface ablation versus traditional photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Setting Codet-Aris Vision Institute, Tijuana, Mexico. Methods This prospective double-masked randomized study included 56 eyes of 28 myopic patients who received traditional PRK in 1 eye and advanced surface ablation in the contralateral eye. For advanced surface ablation, removal of corneal epithelium was performed by incubating the cornea with 18% ethanol. Subsequently, the epithelium was removed by a surgical microsponge. For eyes treated by PRK, mechanical debridement of corneal epithelium was performed with a surgical blade. Excimer laser corneal ablation was performed using the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser in all eyes. On postoperative days 1 and 3, patients were instructed to rate their pain via 3 pain measuring tools: (1) a global subjective rating; (2) a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS); and (3) an 11-point numerical rating scale. Results All 28 patients completed postoperative questionnaires on day 1 and day 3. On postoperative day 1, all reported pain in both eyes. Using the global assessment rating, patients reported statistically significant more pain in eyes treated by advanced surface ablation ( P =.0037; confidence interval [CI], 59%-92%). Furthermore, based on the 11-point numerical rating scale, mean pain scores were significantly higher in the advanced surface ablation treated eyes ( P =.0121), while the VAS mean pain scores were marginally significantly higher ( P =.0822). On postoperative day 3, 23 patients reported the presence of some pain, at least in 1 eye. Using the global assessment rating, 70% of the those who had pain reported more pain in the advanced surface ablation-treated eye (advanced surface ablation 16/23 versus PRK 7/23) ( P =.0931; 95% CI, 47%-87%). In addition, on postoperative day 3, advanced surface ablation-treated eyes demonstrated slightly higher mean pain scores based on the 11-point numerical rating scale and on the VAS; however, mean differences were not statistically significant ( P =.3494 and P =.3337, respectively). Conclusions Advanced surface ablation was associated with statistically significantly more postoperative pain than PRK on postoperative day 1. A greater percentage of patients reported more pain in the advanced surface ablation-treated eyes on day 3. Refractive surgeons should consider the postoperative pain associated with advanced surface ablation when deciding on the type of epithelial debridement for their patients.
The bombesin receptor subtypes have distinct G protein specificities.

We used an in situ reconstitution assay to examine the receptor coupling to purified G protein α subunits by the bombesin receptor family, including gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R), and bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3). Cells expressing GRP-R or NMB-R catalyzed the activation of squid retinal Gαq and mouse Gαq but not bovine retinal Gαt or bovine brain Gαi/o. The GRP-R- and NMB-R-catalyzed activations of Gαq were dependent upon and enhanced by different βγ dimers in the same rank order as follows: bovine brain βγ > β1γ2 ≫ β1γ1. Despite these qualitative similarities, GRP-R and NMB-R had distinct kinetic properties in receptor-G protein coupling. GRP-R had higher affinities for bovine brain βγ, β1γ1, and β1γ2 and squid retinal Gαq. In addition, GRP-R showed higher catalytic activity on squid Gαq. Like GRP-R and NMB-R, BRS-3 did not catalyze GTPγS binding to Gαi/o or Gαt. However, BRS-3 showed little, if any, coupling with squid Gαq but clearly activated mouse Gαq. GRP-R and NMB-R catalyzed GTPγS binding to both squid and mouse Gαq, with GRP-R activating squid Gαq more effectively, and NMB-R also showed slight preference for squid Gαq. These studies reveal that the structurally similar bombesin receptor subtypes, in particular BRS-3, possess distinct coupling preferences among members of the Gαq family.
Signs of preclinical Wernicke's encephalopathy and thiamine levels as predictors of neuropsychological deficits in alcoholism without Korsakoff's syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether meeting historical criteria for unsuspected Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), largely under-diagnosed in vivo, explains why some alcoholics have severe neuropsychological deficits, whereas others, with a similar drinking history, exhibit preserved performance. Demographic, clinical, alcohol related, and neuropsychological measures were collected in 56 abstinent alcoholics and 38 non-alcohol-dependent volunteers. Alcoholics were classified using the clinical criteria established by Caine et al (1997) and validated in their neuropathological study of alcoholic cases. Our alcoholics who met a single criterion were considered ‘at risk for WE' and those with two or more criteria with ‘signs of WE'. Whole blood thiamine was also measured in 22 of the comparison group and 28 alcoholics. Of the alcoholics examined, 27% met no criteria, 57% were at risk for WE, and 16% had signs of WE. Neuropsychological performance of the alcoholic subgroups was graded, with those meeting zero criteria not differing from controls, those meeting one criterion presenting mild-to-moderate deficits on some of the functional domains, and those meeting two or more criteria having the most severe deficits on each of the domains examined. Thiamine levels were selectively related to memory performance in the alcoholics. Preclinical signs of WE can be diagnosed in vivo, enabling the identification of ostensibly ‘uncomplicated' alcoholics who are at risk for neuropsychological complications. The graded effects in neuropsychological performance suggest that the presence of signs of WE explains, at least partially, the heterogeneity of alcoholism-related cognitive and motor deficits.
Temperature-induced apparent mass changes observed during quartz crystal microbalance measurements of atomic layer deposition

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a valuable in situ probe of surface chemistry and film growth during atomic layer deposition (ALD). Unfortunately, the QCM is sensitive to both mass and temperature effects that complicate the interpretation of QCM measurements. To characterize the temperature effects, QCM measurements are performed at 170 °C in a hot-wall, ALD flow reactor using pulses of inert and other unreactive probe gases that simulate reactant dosing during ALD. The difference between the probe gas temperature and the QCM sensor temperature is shown to cause instantaneous positive or negative apparent mass transients during the gas pulse. In addition, there is a net apparent mass drift after the gas pulse. The apparent mass transients and apparent mass drifting can lead to misinterpretation of ALD surface chemistry and produce error in measured ALD growth rates. Temperature-induced apparent mass changes are shown to be affected by the temperature profile in the ALD flow reactor before the QC...
A game-theoretic perspective on Diego Gambetta's Codes of the Underworld

The expressiveness of an individual (and therefore his capacity to give impressions) appears to involve two radically different kinds of sign activity: the expression that he gives, and the expression that he gives off. The first involves verbal symbols or their substitutes which he uses admittedly and solely to convey the information that he and the others are known to attach to those symbols. ... The second involves a wide range of action that the others can treat as symptomatic of the actor, the expectation being that the action was performed for reasons other than the information conveyed in this way. ... The individual does of course intentionally convey misinformation by means of both these types of communication, the first involving deceit, the second feigning. – Goffman (1959, p. 2), emphases in the original
Mapping interdisciplinarity in demography: a journal network analysis

Despite increasing interest in studying the intellectual structures of interdisciplinary fields, mapping interdisciplinarity in demography remains an unexplored topic. This paper visualizes such a demographic intellectual structure through a citation analysis of 65 demography-related journals between 2000 and 2003. The journal citation data were collected fromJournal Citation Reports. The subject relatedness of the journals was revealed through a cluster analysis, a network diagram, and an analysis of citation percentages between demography journals and all selected journals. Twelve clusters of subject specialties are identified. The network diagram largely matches the result of the cluster analysis. The results reveal closer connections between the demography journals and neighboring social sciences journals than with public health and medical science journals. Correlations between the citation matrices suggest stable demographic citation patterns over time.
Amino Acid Sequence Determinants of Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin Hydrolysis by the Class C P99 β-Lactamase

Class C β-lactamases are commonly encoded on the chromosome of Gram-negative bacterial species. Mutations leading to increased expression of these enzymes are a common cause of resistance to many cephalosporins including extended spectrum cephalosporins. Recent reports of plasmid- and integrin-encoded class C β-lactamases are a cause for concern because these enzymes are likely to spread horizontally to susceptible strains. Because of their increasing clinical significance, it is critical to identify the determinants of catalysis and substrate specificity of these enzymes. For this purpose, the codons of a set of 21 amino acid residues that encompass the active site region of the P99 β-lactamase were individually randomized to create libraries containing all possible amino acid substitutions. The amino acid sequence requirements for the hydrolysis of ceftazidime, an extended spectrum cephalosporin commonly used to treat serious infections, were determined by selecting resistant mutants from each of the 21 libraries. DNA sequencing identified the residue positions that are critical for ceftazidime hydrolysis. In addition, it was found that certain amino acid substitutions in the ω-loop region of the P99 enzyme result in increased ceftazidime hydrolysis suggesting the loop is an important determinant of substrate specificity.
Immune responses to myelin basic protein in mycobacterial-induced suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Pretreatment of guinea pigs with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 21 days prior to injection with myelin basic protein (BP) in CFA resulted in marked attenuation of clinical and pathologic manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests to homologous BP were likewise depressed in protected animals. The protected guinea pigs also demonstrated diminished in vitro reactivity to BP as assessed by BP-induced proliferative response of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and BP-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. Broad-based suppression of immunologic reactivity did not occur in these animals, as manifested by larger skin tests to PPD, a greater proliferative response to old tuberculin (OT), by PEC and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as well as marked PPD-induced inhibition of macrophage migration. Diminution of the degree of cell-mediated reactivity to BP may be one of the mechanisms by which prior treatment with CFA suppresses subsequent development of EAE.
University presses and the trade book market: Managing in turbulent times

In this article the author addresses the abandonment of the mid-list trade book market by commercial publishing houses and the development of that market niche by entrepreneurially oriented but beleagured university press directors in the 1970s.
Black Demands and American Government Response.

In an excellent theoretical analysis of industrialization and race relations, Professor Herbert Blumer has observed that, contrary to prevailing intellectual assumption, changes in the racial alignment in American industries have not come from the "rational" forces that accompany industrialization, but rather have developed from the political and social pressures of the desegregation movement. In outlining these pressures, Blumer (1965: 247) discusses various administrative actions taken by the federal government to alleviate racial inequities in the employment of minority groups:
The management of chylothorax.

1992;102;586-591 Chest V G Valentine and T A Raffin The management of chylothorax. http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/102/2/586.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1992by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
American College Students' Attitudes Toward Institutional Accountability Testing: Developing Measures

In the United States, government mandates for educational accountability have prompted an increase in testing in K-12 and higher education settings, resulting in a generation of millennial students who have undergone repeated assessment over the course of their educational careers. The cumulative effects of testing may range from increasingly antagonistic attitudes towards assessment to undesirable test-taking behavior, thereby compromising validity of inferences made from test scores. Even though validity of accountability testing is at the forefront of the debate on educational reforms, the role of students' attitudes as determinants of test scores is not well understood. The current study focused on the construction of two new measures of students' attitudes toward institutional accountability testing in K-12 (SAIAT-K-12) and in higher education (SAIAT-HE). The dimensionality of these measures, as well as their utility for examining the link between students' attitudes and test performance, are discussed.
Design of compact ring resonator and Mach-Zehnder interferometer with air trenches

We discuss the design of a compact ring resonator (RR) and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in a low-refractive-index-contrast waveguide material system through the use of air trenches. A narrow air trench at the intersection of one input and two output waveguides can function as a high-efficiency splitter, while wider air trenches operate as waveguide bends. We first discuss the design of individual splitters and bends and then show how they can be used to realize a compact MZI and RR. The RR has a footprint of only 70×100 µm, and its optical efficiency at the drop wavelengths is ≈86%. The free spectral range and full width at half maximum are 7.2 and 0.5 nm, while the Q factor is >3,000. The MZI occupies only 165×130 µm, and its calculated optical efficiency is 90%.
Using Religious Affiliation to Spontaneously Categorize Others

The informativeness of a social category strongly influences the degree to which a target will be categorized along that dimension; given the social significance of religion, categorizing on the basis of religious affiliation seems likely. We used a statement recognition paradigm across 3 studies to assess this hypothesis. In Study 1, participants categorized targets along a religious dimension but not a visually salient alternative dimension. In Study 2, two replications revealed religious categorization took place in addition to categorization by another prominent and visually salient alternative social category (race). In Study 3, targets were categorized along the religious dimension even though target religiosity had to be extrapolated from a variety of social group memberships. The results are discussed in terms of the prominence of categorization along a religious dimension relative to alternative social categories that have received more attention in the social psychology literature.
Wind Distribution Asymmetry in the Lowest 90 Meters and Its Effect on Diffusion

Abstract For many applications it is assumed that the turbulent fluctuations of the wind components are normally distributed. The validity of this assumption was examined for the first 90 m of the atmosphere by observing the skewness of the wind component distribution as related to atmospheric stability and height above the ground. Results of this study show that the skewness of the longitudinal and vertical components of the wind are indeed functions of atmospheric stability and height above the ground. The skewness of the frequency distribution of the longitudinal component tends to increase with increasing stability and to decrease algebraically from one level to the next higher level, whereas the vertical component varies inversely with the stability and directly with height.
Hepatitis B exposure and the emergency physician: Risk assessment and hepatitis vaccine update

Abstract Since the hepatitis B vaccine was licensed in 1981, emergency physicians have had the opportunity to be immunized against the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The factors that affect the decision to undergo vaccination include (1) the risk of acquiring an HBV infection in emergency practice, (2) the prevaccination immune status of emergency physicians who have knowledge of their hepatitis serum marker profile, and (3) the efficacy and safety of the vaccine. Emergency physicians have a significant risk of acquiring an HBV infection and are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control to receive vaccination. However, emergency physicians are often incidentally tested for HBV serum markers before immunization. Recent investigations have shown that seropositivity for hepatitis surface antibody (anti-HBs) does not necessarlly preclude the need for immunization. Finally, experience with 750,000 doses has shown that it is a highly effective and extremely safe vaccine.
Dirichlet boundary control problems for parabolic equations with quadratic cost: Analyticity and riccati's feedback synthesis

Riccati type feedback synthesis of optimal controls for Dirichlet boundary parabolic equations is considered. The functional cost penalizes the L2 -energy over [0,T] of state and control action u and also final state y(T) at t=T. This latter fact, makes the functional cost discontinuous on the space of admissible controls: L2(Σ); Σ=[0T] × Γ. After overcoming some technical difficulties related to the above mentioned discontinuity, we prove that the optimal control uO can be written in the desired feedback form: uO (t)=−CP (t) yO (t) for all 0≤t<T
Data access for situation handling (DASH)

The objective of this research is to design a template specification language for representing situations and creating data structures for storing information extracted from texts. The language will be used to create structured descriptions of those aspects of situations about which information is required. These structured descriptions will function to
The System TiO2‐Bi2Ti4O11

The system TiO2-Bi2Ti4O11 was examined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to determine whether TiO2 is soluble in Bi2Ti4O11. The Raman spectral data obtained from preparations made at ∼ 1050°C and cooled to room temperature led us to conclude that TiO2 is not soluble in the “high-temperature” form of Bi2Ti4O11. It was also found that extensive grinding of the phase identified as the “high-temperature” form converts it to the “low-temperature” form, stable below 250°C.
Microbial contamination in inoculated shell eggs: I. Effects of layer strain and hen age

Three Ottawa control strains and a current commercial laying stock were reared and housed under identical environmental and management conditions. Eggs were collected from each strain when hens were 32, 45, 58, 71, and 84 wk of age. The eggs were inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis (SE), Pseudomonasfluorescens (PF), or a combination of the two. After storage at 26 C, bacterial counts were obtained from the exterior shell surfaces (rinse), air cell, egg contents, and shell structure. SE and PF survived at different rates on the shell surface with as much as a 1 log difference during a given collection period. Egg content counts tended to be higher than eggshell counts in PF, whereas the opposite was true for SE. These data suggest that PF is a primary invader of eggs that is more capable of contaminating egg contents through the shell membranes than SE. The PF and SE data suggest that bacterial contamination of air cells, shells, and egg contents is more easily achieved in eggs from older hens than from younger hens. There were also differences between the strains. Control Strain 10 consistently maintained a lower level of contamination for both organisms in each sampling location. The overall results of this study suggest that genetic selection has altered the ability of eggs to resist microbial contamination and that screening for microbial integrity should be considered in the selection process among the laying egg breeders.
Copernicus observations of distant unreddened stars. II - Line of sight to HD 50896

Copernicus UV data on interstellar lines toward HD 50896, a Wolf-Rayet star, are analyzed to study abundances and physical conditions in the line of sight. About 20% of the low-velocity neutral gas is contained in a dense cloud with 10% to 50% of its hydrogen in molecular form; the atomic abundances show typical interstellar depletions. The low-velocity H II gas may be associated with the high ionizing flux of the Wolf-Rayet star or with H II regions along the line of sight. Si III exhibits strong absorption shortward of the low-velocity H II gas, characteristic of a collisionally ionized component at 30,000 to 80,000 K; the possible connections with an unobserved supernova remnant or stellar mass loss are discussed. High-velocity features at 78 and -96 km/sec, in which Fe and Si are near their cosmic abundances, are also indicative of strong shocks.
Looking Beyond School Walls: An Environmental Scan of Minneapolis Public Schools, 2004-2008

We provide an expanded environmental scan to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) faced by education communities. Grounded in the literature, we identified 48 indicators and grouped them into 6 broad categories: (1) budget levels, (2) funding patterns, (3) community needs, (4) external economic conditions, (5) political culture, and (6) children outcomes. We then created sub-categories for each of these six groupings based on whether the data came from school reports, non-school, governmental data, or not-for-profit entities. From these data, we developed a template with strategic guidelines for education leaders in varying environmental contexts. The discussion integrates school finance, fiscal condition analysis, leadership and organizational research to develop a framework that is then applied to the Minneapolis Public Schools for school years 2004 through 2008. The retrospective examination supports the utility of the strategic guidelines offered in the framework. Education leaders found a mixed educational climate in Minneapolis Public Schools for the years examined. There was cause for concern in the declining revenues for children services by other governmental agencies and increasing numbers of schools not making annual yearly progress. However, there were also opportunities apparent in the number of schools that offered International Baccalaureate and other rigorous programs and the support of schools as indicated by passage of local referenda. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
Temperature dependence of the microwave properties of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol between +15 °C and −70 °C

Abstract The values of the dielectric constant and of the loss tangent for samples of 0 m (distilled H 2 O), 1 m , 2 m , 3 m , 4 m , 5 m , 10 m , and 100% ethylene glycol were determined over the temperature range of +15 °C to −70 °C. An operating frequency of 1.40 GHz to 1.55 GHz was used, allowing the results to be applied directly to both 0.915 GHz and 2.450 GHz studies. Strong temperature and concentration dependencies were found; low concentration solutions tended to behave similarly to water, while higher concentration solutions were more independent. Peak values and discontinuities occurred at different temperatures, depending on concentration. Five molar ethylene glycol was indicated as a near optimum concentration based on toxicity, cryoprotection, and microwave power absorption considerations. A study of blends of cryoprotectants is suggested.
Synthesis and self-catalyzed phase transfer reaction of novel methacrylate polymers

Ethyl α-chloromethylacrylate was converted to an ester derivative using 5-chlorovaleric acid in a single step. The homopolymerization of the new monomer (CEMA) and its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate were performed using photoinitiator Irgacure 651. The polymers were reacted with N,N-dimethyldodecylamine to obtain polymers with pendant quaternary ammonium (QA) moieties. The polymers with pendant QA groups were used in self-catalyzed phase transfer reactions with sodium phenoxide and 1-dodecanethiol. The syntheses of the monomer and polymers were followed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The average polymer molecular weights and polydispersities were determined by size exclusion chromatography. Thermal analysis was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The copolymer composition, degree of quaternization, and degree of conversion in phase transfer reaction were determined by 1H NMR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5844–5854, 2005
Coherent probing and saturation of a strongly coupled quantum dot

We coherently probe a quantum dot, strongly coupled to a photonic crystal nano-cavity, using a resonant laser beam. At higher pump power, the coupled systempsilas response becomes highly nonlinear. This coherent probing method has applications for classical and quantum information processing.
Bayesian Model Adequacy and Choice in Phylogenetics

Bayesian inference is becoming a common statistical approach to phylogenetic estimation because, among other reasons, it allows for rapid analysis of large data sets with complex evolutionary models. Conveniently, Bayesian phylogenetic methods use currently available stochastic models of sequence evolution. However, as with other model-based approaches, the results of Bayesian inference are conditional on the assumed model of evolution: inadequate models (models that poorly fit the data) may result in erroneous inferences. In this article, I present a Bayesian phylogenetic method that evaluates the adequacy of evolutionary models using posterior predictive distributions. By evaluating a model's posterior predictive performance, an adequate model can be selected for a Bayesian phylogenetic study. Although I present a single test statistic that assesses the overall (global) performance of a phylogenetic model, a variety of test statistics can be tailored to evaluate specific features (local performance) of evolutionary models to identify sources failure. The method presented here, unlike the likelihood-ratio test and parametric bootstrap, accounts for uncertainty in the phylogeny and model parameters.
A pattern based approach of integrating data and knowledge to support cooperative query answering

A framework for integrating class-oriented data grouping and subject-oriented knowledge grouping to support cooperative query answering is proposed. This framework is characterized by a three layer data/knowledge organization: object layer, object-subject layer, and subject layer, where a database at the object layer and a knowledge base at the subject layer are coupled by virtual database patterns specified at the object-subject layer. Based on such an architecture, communicating databases and knowledge bases are organized and maintained independently but linked dynamically under specific subjects. Cooperative query answering can then be accomplished through tracing the behavior dependencies amongst cooperating objects under those subjects. To implement this approach, mechanisms of dynamic-classifications, deductions, focus transitions and goal rewrites are introduced. An experimental cooperative database system, CoBase, was developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. >
Integration of historic texts with technology

How do historic texts, computers, and Organizational Leadership and Supervision (OLS) students interconnect? As it turns out, the combination is very intriguing and the resulting project is noteworthy. This paper discusses a course project that required leadership students to analyze historical documents based on their own knowledge and understanding of leadership policies and practices to determine if thoughts from long-ago could be incorporated into their modern leadership skill set. Each student was required to present his or her findings via a research paper, a research poster, and ultimately, by creating an engaging, stand-alone multimedia presentation.
Purified poloxamer 188 for treatment of acute vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease: A randomized controlled trial.

ContextSickle cell disease (SCD) can cause severe painful episodes that are often thought to be caused by vaso-occlusion. The current therapy for these uncomplicated painful episodes includes hydration, oxygen, and analgesics. Purified poloxamer 188 may increase tissue oxygenation and thereby reduce inflammation, pain, and the overall duration of such painful episodes in patients with SCD.ObjectiveTo compare the duration of painful episodes in patients with SCD treated with purified poloxamer 188 to that of similar episodes experienced by patients who receive a placebo.Design and SettingRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, intention-to-treat trial conducted between March 1998 and October 1999 in 40 medical centers in the United States.ParticipantsTwo hundred fifty-five patients with SCD (aged 9-53 years) who had a painful episode sufficiently severe to require hospitalization and narcotic analgesics.InterventionPatients were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of purified poloxamer 188, 100 mg/kg for 1 hour followed by 30 mg/kg per hour for 47 hours (n = 127), or a matching volume of saline placebo (n = 128).Main Outcome MeasureDuration of the painful episode, from randomization to crisis resolution.ResultsMean (SD) duration of the painful episodes was 141 (42) hours in the placebo group compared with 133 (41) hours in those treated with purified poloxamer 188, a 9-hour reduction (P = .04). Subset analyses indicated an even more pronounced purified poloxamer 188 effect in children aged 15 years or younger (21 hours; P = .01) and in patients who were receiving hydroxyurea (16 hours; P = .02). Finally, the proportion of patients achieving crisis resolution was increased by purified poloxamer 188 (65/126 [52%] vs 45/123 [37%]; P = .02). Similar results were observed in children aged 15 years or younger (22/37 [60%] vs 10/36 [28%]; P = .009) and in patients who were also receiving hydroxyurea (12/26 [46%] vs 4/28 [14%]; P = .02).ConclusionsA decrease in the duration of painful episodes and an increase in the proportion of patients who achieved resolution of the symptoms were observed when the purified poloxamer 188–treated patients were compared with the patients receiving placebo. However, the difference between these groups was significant but relatively small. In subgroup analysis, a more significant effect on both parameters was observed in children and in patients who were receiving concomitant hydroxyurea. It is important to confirm both of these observations in further prospective trials.
Dipole-sheet multipole magnets for accelerators

The dipole-sheet formalism can be used to describe both cylindrical current-sheet multipole magnets and cylindrical-bore magnets made up of permanent magnet blocks. For current sheets, the formalism provides a natural way of finding a finite set of turns that approximate a continuous distribution. The formalism is especially useful in accelerator applications where large-bore, short, high-field-quality magnets that are dominated by fringe fields are needed. A further advantage of the approach is that in systems with either open or cylindrically symmetric magnetic boundaries, analytical expressions for the three-dimensional fields that are suitable for rapid numerical evaluation can be derived. This development is described in some detail. Also, recent developments in higher-order particle-beam optics codes based on the formalism are described briefly. >