cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dreamwork as etymology.

This essay proposes that etymology, the study of word roots, presents analogies with dreamwork, although parallels between them must be carefully framed. Quoting Freud and the seventh century encyclopedist Isidore of Seville, weaknesses in their use of etymological arguments are identified. Theories forged from word origins should not blur distinctions between word and thing or force linguistic process into support of a preconceived theoretical project. To explore Freud's notion of contraries in words and dreams, examples are offered of single Indo-European word roots capable of engendering divergent or contradictory modern meanings, as well as examples of divergent or contradictory modern meanings for words that have two or more derivations, e.g., the English word “dream” and French reve. Tracing a place-name (Campidoglio) in an actual dream demonstrates that etymology and dreamwork are both reconstructive processes that should avoid determinism, accept uncertainty, and respect complexity.
Fine-Needle Aspiration of Solid and Papillary Cystic Tumor of the Pancreas

Solid and papillary cystic tumors of the pancreas are relatively rare tumors that occur in adolescent and young adult women. A case is presented in which preoperative diagnosis was made by fine-needle aspiration biopsy obtained under computed tomographic guidance. The Cytologie smears were characterized by branching, papillary clusters of cells having a thin, well-defined, fibrovascular core and surfaced by multiple layers of cells. Sheets of cells were also present. The tumor cells had small, round to oval nuclei with finely stippled chromatin and an occasional small nucleolus. The nuclear membrane was delicate and nuclear infolding was frequent. The cytoplasm was scant and cell borders lucre indistinct. Mitotic figures were notably absent. The diagnosis was confirmed hislologically following surgical resection. As this tumor has a favorable prognosis with complete surgical removal, fine-needle aspiration can play an important role in preoperative planning by distinguishing it from other pancreatic lesio...
Community digester operations and dairy farmer perspectives

Rising energy costs, increasing herd sizes, and other structural changes affecting the New York dairy industry may make farmers receptive to new energy production technologies. Anaerobic digestion represents a possible benefit to farmers by reducing odor while producing methane for electricity. However, current digester designs are for herd sizes of 300 or more cows, with significant economies of scale, so smaller operators may have little interest in the technology. Moreover, without a favorable policy environment and reliable grant programs, the initial investments required for digester installation might deter operators. One solution to these issues may be community digesters, which are centrally located facilities that accept manure from multiple farms. Data from a survey of New York dairy farmers were used to assess farmers’ interest in community digesters. In general, interest was associated with power generation outcomes and reservations about organic farming practices; advocates might encourage their use among smaller conventional farm operators looking for new sources of profit and diversification.
Nihilism and the problem of a worthy rhetoric

“So rhetoric at its truest seeks to perject men by showing them better versions of themselves, links in that chain extending up toward the ideal, which only the intellect can apprehend and only the soul have affection for.”—Richard Weaver1
Methods for indole alkaloid synthesis. A highly convergent strategy for the synthesis of a 3-methyl-6,7-dehydroaspidospermidine system

Abstract The N 1 -CO 2 ME derivative of 2-ethyl-3-formylindole has been converted into the highly functionalized aspidospermidine - type alkaloid 12 in four steps.
Segmental cholangiectasia clinically worrisome for cholangiocarcinoma: comparison with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis☆☆☆

Summary The aim of this study was to review the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of cases of benign segmental cholangiectasia in non-Asian US patients with clinical concern for cholangiocarcinoma and compare these features with cases of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) in Asian patients. A total of 10 non-Asian US patients with benign segmental cholangiectasia were included in this study. Nine of them underwent partial hepatic resection due to cholangiographic findings of segmental cholangiectasia with mural thickening and/or proximal biliary stricture. One was found to have markedly dilated and thickened intrahepatic bile ducts at the time of autopsy. Clinical and radiographic findings were reviewed. Elastin stains and immunostains for immunoglobulin G4, cluster of differentiation (CD1a), and Langerin were performed. Six comparison cases of RPC in Asian US patients were also examined. Histologic examination of resection specimens revealed markedly dilated large intrahepatic bile ducts with variable degrees of mural fibrosis, periductal gland hyperplasia, inflammation, and liver parenchymal atrophy. These changes were not associated with a ductular reaction. There was no evidence of biliary dysplasia or biliary cirrhosis in any cases. No gross or microscopic feature definitively separated the Asian from non-Asian patients. The etiology of this disorder in non-Asian US patients is unclear. It does not appear to represent a localized variant of Caroli disease or primary sclerosing cholangitis. The high degree of similarity shared by these cases and classic RPC suggests a common pathogenic mechanism, although the pathologic features tend to be less well developed in the cases from the non-Asian US patients.
Effect of Temperature and Solvent on Dispersion of Layered Platelets Studied by Monte Carlo Simulation

The effects of solvent and temperature on the exfoliation of layered platelets are studied by a Monte Carlo simulation on a cubic lattice. A platelet is modeled by a square sheet consisting of nodes tethered together by fluctuating bonds and the solvent by a set of particles. The interaction strength between sheets and the solvent describes the solvent quality. Density profiles of the sheet and solvent particles and their dynamics are studied. We find that the platelets are held together by attractive interactions between sheets and particles via their interstitial intercalation and disperse (exfoliate) easily with weakly attractive to repulsive interactions. The dispersion is enhanced on increasing the temperature.
Bilaterally Small Kidneys in Shock

Three cases of "shock kidneys" were demonstrated by excretory urography. A dense, prolonged nephrogram and decreased excretion of the contrast material during the hypotensive episode were seen. In addition, our cases show bilaterally small kidneys without evidence of underlying chronic renal disease, which we consider to be a normal physiologic response. (JAMA235:2213-2214, 1976)
64Cu-labeled 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)ethyldiphenylphosphonium cations as highly selective tumor imaging agents: effects of linkers and chelates on radiotracer biodistribution characteristics.

Radiolabeled organic cations, such as triphenylphosphonium (TPP), represents a new class of radiotracers for imaging cancers and the transport function of multidrug resistance P-glycoproteins (particularly MDR1 Pgp) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET). This report presents the synthesis and biological evaluation of 64Cu-labeled 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)ethyldiphenylphosphonium (TPEP) cations as novel PET radiotracers for tumor imaging. Biodistribution studies were performed using the athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous U87MG human glioma xenografts to explore the impact of linkers, bifunctional chelators (BFCs), and chelates on biodistribution characteristics of the 64Cu-labeled TPEP cations. Metabolism studies were carried out using normal athymic nude mice to determine the metabolic stability of four 64Cu radiotracers. It was found that most 64Cu radiotracers described in this study have significant advantages over 99mTc-Sestamibi for their high tu...
Incoherent excitation transport in energetically disordered media

Abstract The Gochanour, Andersen and Fayer treatment of excitation transport in spatially disordered systems is extended so as to incorporate energetic disorder.
Prolonged cannabinoid exposure alters GABAA receptor mediated synaptic function in cultured hippocampal neurons

Developing cannabinoid-based medication along with marijuana's recreational use makes it important to investigate molecular adaptations the endocannabinoid system undergoes following prolonged use and withdrawal. Repeated cannabinoid administration results in development of tolerance and produces withdrawal symptoms that may include seizures. Here we employed electrophysiological and immunochemical techniques to investigate the effects of prolonged CB1 receptor agonist exposure on cultured hippocampal neurons. Approximately 60% of CB1 receptors colocalize to GABAergic terminals in hippocampal cultures. Prolonged treatment with the cannabinamimetic WIN 55,212-2 (+WIN, 1 μM, 24 h) caused profound CB1 receptor downregulation accompanied by neuronal hyperexcitability. Furthermore, prolonged +WIN treatment resulted in increased GABA release as indicated by increased mIPSC frequency, a diminished GABAergic inhibition as indicated by reduction in mIPSC amplitude and a reduction in GABA(A) channel number. Additionally, surface staining for the GABA(A) β(2/3) receptor subunits was decreased, while no changes in staining for the presynaptic vesicular GABA transporter were observed, indicating that GABAergic terminals remained intact. These findings demonstrate that agonist-induced downregulation of the CB1 receptor in hippocampal cultures results in neuronal hyperexcitability that may be attributed, in part, to alterations in both presynaptic GABA release mechanisms and postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor function demonstrating a novel role for cannabinoid-dependent presynaptic control of neuronal transmission.
Basal ganglia-diencephalon synaptic relations in the cat. III. An intracellular study of ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus and pallidosubthalamic projection activities

Summary Intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, globus pallidum, CM-Pf complex and dorsolateral areas of the thalamus in ‘ence´phale isole´’ cats during electrical stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus, dorsal claustrum, putamen, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, internal capsule, subthalamic nucleus, midline thalamus and brachium conjunctivum. The data indicate that lenticular fasciculus and ansa lenticularis elicit postsynaptic potentials not only in the dorsal thalamus but also in zona incerta whereas pallidosubthalamic bundle preferentially engages neurons in the subthalamic nucleus. The data also indicate that all 3 divisions of pallidal, entopeduncular projections carry activities from the neocortex, dorsal claustrum, putamen, and both segments of pallidum to the dorsal thalamus and subthalamus. Caudatodiencephalic activities only conditionally utilize pallidal relays. Entopedunculofugal projections which impinge on relay neurons in nucleus ventralis lateralis elicit regulatory effects on transmission in the cerebello-thalamocortical-corticospinal projection system.
Using a Streak Camera to Resolve the Motion of Molecular Excited States with Picosecond Time Resolution and 150 nm Spatial Resolution

A one-dimensional streak camera imaging (1D-SCI) experiment to visualize the spatial motion of luminescent excited-state species in condensed phase systems is presented. A femtosecond pulse is focused through an objective lens to create a localized excited-state population, using either one-photon or two-photon excitation conditions. The time-dependent emission from this spot is then imaged onto the horizontal entrance slit of a streak camera. The resulting one-dimensional projection of the emission spot is detected with picosecond time resolution. Using this setup, the ability to resolve broadening of the excitation spot due to diffusive motion on the order of 150 nm is demonstrated. The 1D-SCI technique is successfully employed to image the translational diffusion of excited-state platinum octaethylporphyrin molecules in a toluene solution at various concentrations. In addition, the absence of long-range (>1 μm) electronic energy transfer in the polymer polyvinylcarbazole is confirmed. In both of these ...
Chymotrypsin selectively decreases forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase

We studied the effects of chymotrypsin on turkey erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase activity. Proteolysis with chymotrypsin led to a concentration- and time-dependent increase in activation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol + guanine nucleotides, and fluoride, and to a decrease in activation by forskolin. Maximal effects (up to 10-fold increases in fluoride- and isoproterenol + guanine nucleotide-stimulated activity, and up to 100% inhibition of forskolin-stimulated activity) occurred under similar conditions (10-20 micrograms/ml chymotrypsin for 10-15 min at 30 degrees C). Augmentation of isoproterenol + guanosine-3'-O-thiotriphosphate (GTP-gamma-S)-stimulated activity by chymotrypsin occurred only if proteolysis preceded stimulation with isoproterenol + GTP-gamma-S. Addition of isoproterenol + GTP-gamma-S to membranes before proteolysis, however, did not prevent chymotrypsin from augmenting subsequent stimulation by these agents. In contrast, addition of forskolin during proteolysis with chymotrypsin prevented the time- and concentration-dependent decline in forskolin stimulation observed with chymotrypsin. Proteolysis decreased the magnitude of stimulation at any concentration of forskolin, but did not alter the concentration dependence of forskolin stimulation (apparent half-maximum = 3 microM). The data are consistent with the existence of a chymotrypsin-sensitive site essential for forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase. In view of the simultaneous effect of chymotrypsin to augment fluoride- and isoproterenol + guanine nucleotide-stimulated activities, it is highly unlikely that the site is on the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein. Since forskolin is thought to act directly on the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase, and since forskolin can protect against the effect of proteolysis with chymotrypsin, the site involved may be on the catalytic unit itself.
Changing role and decreasing size: current trends in radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease.

Radiotherapy, the first cancer treatment modality that offered cure, is still considered to be the most effective “single agent” in treating Hodgkin’s disease (HD). Yet, the role of radiotherapy in HD has changed dramatically with the advent of effective combination chemotherapy and the rising concern of long-term complications associated with successful treatment of HD. The new principles of integrating radiotherapy into a combined-modality regimen for HD at different prognostic stages are reviewed here, along with the effect of this new role on radiation field size and design.
Identification and genomic mapping of the ORF3 and VPg proteins in feline calicivirus virions.

Abstract Two minor proteins with molecular masses of 8.5 and 15.5 kDa were identified in feline calicivirus (FCV) virions. Direct sequence analysis showed that the N-terminal sequence of the 8.5-kDa protein was identical to that of the predicted protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of the FCV genome. The N-terminal sequence of the 15.5-kDa protein corresponded to amino acids 961–980 of the FCV ORF1 polyprotein and mapped to the genomic location of the calicivirus VPg. Antisera raised against recombinant ORF3 protein or the N-terminal 20 amino acids of the putative VPg reacted with the corresponding proteins present in both a Western blot analysis of purified FCV virions and an immunofluorescence assay of FCV-infected cells. A comparative analysis of radioactivity incorporated into virion proteins during in vivo labeling experiments indicated that the ORF3 protein is likely present in one or two copies per virion. The mobility of the ORF3 protein present in virions was similar to that of the ORF3 protein found in FCV-infected cells or expressed in bacteria. Direct N- and C-terminal sequence analysis of the purified ORF3 protein obtained by expression in bacteria demonstrated the presence of intact, uncleaved termini, suggesting that the observed difference between the calculated and the apparent masses in SDS–PAGE was not due to proteolytic processing of the protein.
Intelligent design and selection of natural gas two-phase separators

Abstract Proper design of separators for surface production facilities is essential in order to maintain the quality and quantity of produced hydrocarbon fluids and avoid major operational problems in downstream equipment. Separators that are not properly sized or built will invariably be involved in operational mishaps encountered in natural gas surface operations and processing. This study addresses the basis of two-phase separator design and selection and explores the applicability of Artificial Intelligence techniques, such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), for the creation of intelligent systems capable of predicting proper two-phase separator dimensions which can guide their selection. The expert system is able to unveil the most accurate mapping among input parameters and output sizing parameters and greatly facilitates identifying which parameters have the most influence and/or govern separator design and selection, while quantifying their relative influence. The proposed system is robust, fast, dependable, and unambiguously quantifies the relevance and impact that each fluid property and process conditions has on the correct selection of separation devices needed for natural gas processing applications.
Technical efficiency analysis for oilseed sunflower farms: a case study in Erzurum, Turkey

BACKGROUND: The main purpose of this study was to examine the technical efficiency of farms producing sunflower in Erzurum, Turkey and to identify factors that might be causing inefficiency. Stochastic frontier analysis was used to measure technical efficiency. One hundred and seventeen randomly selected farms were interviewed for farm-level data in the 2004–2005 production period. RESULTS: Results revealed that the mean technical efficiency for the sunflower farms, estimated by the stochastic production frontier, is 64%. At full technical efficiency, on average, the farmers could reduce their inputs by around 56% without reducing their sunflower production, simply by improving technical efficiency. In the inefficiency model the parameter estimates showed that older farmers, higher level of farmer's education, more experienced farmers, larger farm size and higher information score resulted in lower technical inefficiency, while bigger family size and more credit usage resulted in higher technical inefficiency. CONCLUSION: This study proposes strategies such as providing better extension services and farmer-training programmes, including more educated people in sunflower farming and also expanding the sunflower-growing area through provision of adequate facilities in order to increase technical efficiency. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The rate of reduction of copper(II) with hydrogen peroxide in seawater

The rates of reduction of copper(II) with H2O2 have been measured in seawater solutions as a function of pH (6–9), temperature (5–45°C) and salinity (5 to 35). The rate constants, k, for the reduction d[Cu(II)]/dt=−k [Cu(II)][H2O2] have been fitted to the equation log k=2.12+1.29 pH—6534/T+2.72 I1/2 with σ=0.13 in log k. At a given salinity, the rates increase as a function of [H+] to the 1.3±0.1 power. Speciation calculations indicate that this slope is related to the concentration of Cu(OH)2 which is reactive to reduction with H2O2. The increase in the rates with increasing ionic strength or salinity is due to the increasing Cl− concentration. The rates increase with increasing chloride to the 1.8±0.2 power. The pH and Cl− results indicate that in seawater the reactive species may be Cu(OH)2Cl22−. The reaction of the dichloro Cu(II) complex leads to the formation of the dichloro Cu(I) complex, that is resistant to oxidation with O2 and H2O2. Measurements in the major sea salts indicate that the rates in seawater are nearly the same as in NaCl at the same level of Cl− and HCO3−. Measurements in NaCl with increasing levels of NaHCO3 and NaH(OH)4 at the same pH indicate that CuCO3 and Cu(CO3)22− are non-reactive, while CuB(OH)4+ is reactive to reduction with H2O2.
Fracture induced emission of alkali atoms from feldspar

Emission of neutral atoms (K and Na) and molecules (H2O and KOH) observed during fracture of K-feldspar have been accounted for by two independent mechanisms. H2O and KOH emissions are attributed to the venting of fluid-filled inclusions, while emission of atomic K is due to surface effects accompanying cleavage of crystalline feldspar. The intensity of emitted potassium, at least 6 × 1014 atoms/cm2 of surface area, is sufficient to affect K activities in solution during microbrecciation in the presence of rock-dominated fluids.
At-wavelength inspection of defect smoothing in EUVL masks

Results of at-wavelength inspection of EUVL mask substrate defects that were smoothed by multilayer coatings are presented. Programmed mask substrate defects were made with 80nm gold (Au) spheres, which were deposited on the mask substrate before the Mo/Si reflective multilayer coating. After coating, at-wavelength and visible-light inspection were then performed. The smoothing process was found to be effective in significantly suppressing the EUV visibility of the defects.
Carbon nanotube electric immunoassay for the detection of swine influenza virus H1N1

A low-cost, label-free, ultra-sensitive electric immunoassay is developed for the detection of swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1. The assay is based on the excellent electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Antibody-virus complexes influence the conductance of underlying SWCNT thin film, which has been constructed by facile layer-by-layer self-assembly. The basic steps of conventional immunoassay are performed followed by the electric characterization of immunochips at the last stage. The resistance of immunochips tends to increase upon surface adsorption of macromolecules such as poly-L-lysine, anti-SIV antibodies, and SIVs during the assay. The resistance shift after the binding of SIV with anti-SIV antibody is normalized with the resistances of bare devices. The sensor selectivity tests are performed with non-SIVs, showing the normalized resistance shift of 12% as a background. The detection limit of 180 TCID(50)/ml of SIV is obtained suggesting a potential application of this assay as point-of-care detection or monitoring system. This facile CNT-based immunoassay also has the potential to be used as a sensing platform for lab-on-a-chip system.
A mechanistic model for transverse damage initiation, evolution, and stiffness reduction in laminated composites

A constitutive model to predict stiffness reduction due to transverse matrix cracking is derived for laminae with arbitrary orientation, subject to in-plane stress, embedded in laminates with symmetric but otherwise arbitrary laminate stacking sequence. The moduli of the damaged laminate are a function of the crack densities in the damaging laminae, which are analyzed one by one. The evolution of crack density in each lamina is derived in terms of the calculated strain energy release rate and predicted as function of the applied load using a fracture mechanics approach. Unlike plasticity-inspired formulations, the proposed model does not postulate damage evolution functions and thus there is no need for additional experimental data to adjust material parameters. All that it is needed are the elastic moduli and critical energy release rates for the laminae. The reduction of lamina stiffness is an integral part of the model, allowing for stress redistribution among laminae. Comparisons with experimental data and some results from the literature are presented.
Community Organizing to Prevent Youth Drug Use and Violence: The D.A.R.E. Plus Project

Abstract Multiple studies have demonstrated that community organizing is an effective method to influence public health problems. Documenting and describing the community organizing process is critical for understanding and dissemination. The D.A.R.E. Plus Project is a multi-component, community-wide intervention to reduce drug use and violent behaviors among adolescents using classroom, family, and community organizing intervention strategies. This paper describes the community organizing methods and process results of eight adult and youth action teams formed using direct-action organizing, and offers recommendations for future projects.
Subgap density of states in superconductor-normal metal bilayers in the cooper limit.

We present transport and tunneling measurements of Pb-Ag bilayers with thicknesses, ${d}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}$ and ${d}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}}$, that are much less than the superconducting coherence length. The transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, and energy gap, $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, in the tunneling density of states (DOS) decrease exponentially with ${d}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}}$ at fixed ${d}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}$. Simultaneously, a DOS that increases linearly from the Fermi energy grows and introduces states within the gap. The integrated subgap DOS approaches 40% of the normal state value in the lowest ${T}_{c}$ film investigated (${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.1$ ${T}_{c,\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{k}}^{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}$). This behavior suggests that a growing fraction of quasiparticles decouple from the superconductor as ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The linear dependence is consistent with the quasiparticles becoming trapped on integrable trajectories in the metal layer.
Agrarian reform and structural change in Latin America: The Chilean case

Summary Agrarian reform has been a central political issue in Chile during the last decade although less than 30 per cent of the country's population is agricultural. The Christian Democratic government elected in 1964 in tiated a land reform over rightist opposition with the pirmary objective of eliminating the traditional latifundia and granting land to some 100,000 peasant families. Only one‐fourth of this goal had been met in 1970 when a coalition of socialists, communists and other leftist parties elected socialist Salvador Allende president. The new government's programme promises a ‘transition to socialism’ including a far more profound and sweeping agrarian reform than the one begun by the previous administration. Realization of such an agrarian reform poses difficult political, social and economic problems. In this article we attempt to define the major issues and to analyse policy alternatives facing the new government.
Precomputation-Based Rendering

High quality image synthesis is a long-standing goal in computer graphics. Complex lighting, reflection, shadow and global illumination effects can be rendered with modern image synthesis algorithms, but those methods are focused on offline computation of a single image. They are far from interactive, and the image must be recomputed from scratch when any aspect of the scene changes. On the other hand, real-time rendering often fixes the object geometry and other attributes, such as relighting a static image for lighting design. In these cases, the final image or rendering is a linear combination of basis images or radiance distributions due to individual lights. We can therefore precompute offline solutions to each individual light or lighting basis function, combining them efficiently for real-time image synthesis. Precomputation-based relighting and radiance transfer has a long history with a spurt of renewed interest, including adoption in commercial video games, due to recent mathematical developments and hardware advances. In this survey, we describe the mathematical foundations, history, current research and future directions for precomputation-based rendering.
Towards a new transition economics

In these brief comments, I take issue with the thesis expressed in Konstantin Sonin’s conference review that economic transition is a thing of the past. To the contrary, I argue that it has only just begun, and so has the process of rethinking the economic theories and models that have framed the subfield of transition economics. Specifically, I point out that the many surprises economists have encountered when confronted with the actual results of the transition process reveal deep flaws in the analytical framework that informs their analyses and policy prescriptions. If protecting existing theories and models is of primary importance, we should indeed call an end to economic transition and the subfield it has engendered. If, however, the issue is to understand real economies and their dynamic change over time and to improve the results of contemporary and future reform efforts there is a strong case for a New Transition Economics.
Electrostatically Embedded Multiconfiguration Molecular Mechanics Based on the Combined Density Functional and Molecular Mechanical Method.

We present a new method for generating global or semiglobal potential energy surfaces in the presence of an electrostatic potential; the new method can be used to model chemical reactions in solution or in an enzyme, nanocavity, or other chemical environment. The method extends the multiconfiguration molecular mechanics method so that the energy depends on the electrostatic potential at each atomic center. The charge distribution of the system can also be calculated. We illustrate the method by applying it to the symmetric bimolecular reaction Cl– + CH3Cl′ → ClCH3 + Cl′– in aqueous solution, where the potential energy information is obtained by the combined density functional and molecular mechanical method, that is, by the combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical method (QM/MM) with the QM level being density functional theory. It is found that we can describe a semiglobal potential energy surface in aqueous solution with electronic structure information obtained entirely in the gas phase, in...
Darrell Huff and Fifty Years of How to Lie with Statistics

Over the last fifty years, How to Lie with Statistics has sold more copies than any other statistical text. This note explores the factors that contributed to its success and provides biographical sketches of its creators: author Darrell Huff and illustrator Irving Geis.
Digital spectra of non-uniformly sampled signals with applications to digitally synthesized sinusoids

The overwhelming majority of the digital signal processing theories developed so far have been concentrated on uniformly sampled signals. In this paper we develop a systematic approach to compute the digital spectra of a class of digital signals obtained by nonuniformly sampling analog signals. This development is motivated by the need to characterize the spectral property of a digitally synthesized sinusoidal waveform. The full representation of the spectral components of a digitally synthesized sinusoidal signal is derived. From that representation, we prove some important properties which provide great insight into the spectral characteristics of a digitally synthesized sinusoid.
DOOR syndrome: Clinical report, literature review and discussion of natural history

DOOR syndrome (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, and mental retardation) is a rarely described disorder with less than 35 reports in the literature. The hallmarks of the syndrome, represented in the DOOR acronym, include sensorineural hearing loss, hypoplastic or absent nails on the hands and feet, small or absent distal phalanges of the hands and feet, and mental retardation. The purpose of our communication is to report on an additional patient with DOOR syndrome, delineate common as well as less frequent manifestations of DOOR syndrome, bring attention to the under appreciated facial features in DOOR syndrome, document the natural history of this disorder, and propose a suggested workup of those suspected of DOOR syndrome. DOOR syndrome is associated with characteristic, coarse facial features with large nose with wide nasal bridge, bulbous tip and anteverted nares, a long prominent philtrum and downturned corners of the mouth. The natural history is one of a deteriorative course, with progressive neurological manifestations including sensorineural deafness, seizures from infancy, optic atrophy, and a peripheral polyneuropathy. The majority of patients with DOOR syndrome have elevated levels of 2-oxoglutarate in the urine and plasma. In this report, we present a newborn with manifestations consistent with DOOR syndrome and a progressive clinical course. A comprehensive literature review reveals 32 patients with DOOR syndrome. In conclusion, DOOR syndrome is a neurometabolic disorder with recognizable facial features and a progressive natural history.
Holographic memory with localized recording

We experimentally demonstrate and characterize a memory module that features selective page erasure and readout persistence using the localized recording method in doubly doped LiNbO3. Pages of information can be selectively erased without partially erasing the whole memory. Data pages can be written over erased pages multiple times. Information is read millions of times before refreshing is required. We quantify the optical quality of the holograms by measuring their signal-to-noise ratio for a memory size up to 100 holograms. A compact phase-conjugate readout architecture is also presented and experimentally demonstrated.
GUEST EDITORIAL: Rational pharmacotherapy for insomnia: time for a new paradigm.

Any interesting debate must have two sides well-defended by facts, realities, and even emotion. The debate over the pharmacological treatment of insomnia is no exception. Milton Kramer has argued that long-term treatment of insomnia with benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BzRA) hypnotics is more effective than often acknowledged, less toxic than often feared, and greatly appreciated by many insomnia sufferers (1). Daniel Kripke, in a previous article as well as in his response to Kramer, cites convincing data that long-term use of BzRA drugs has minimal therapeutic effects at the cost of significant adverse effects (2, 3). The debate is framed in quasi-religious terms: should we avoid the “pharmacologic Calvinism” that denies effective treatment to those with insomnia? Or should we rather fear the “hypnotic Bacchanalianism” that promotes an ineffective and potentially dangerous “treatment”, albeit one that feels good? Is there a middle ground for the well-intentioned clinician and researcher? I believe the answer is yes. In fact, even Kramer and Kripke agree on several key points regarding the type of information that will help us gain a better perspective on this debate. Between the paths of Calvin and Bacchus, I would like to propose a new paradigm that I will call “rational pharmacotherapy for insomnia”.
Role of network branching in eliciting differential short-term signaling responses in the hypersensitive epidermal growth factor receptor mutants implicated in lung cancer

We study the effects of EGFR inhibition in wild-type and mutant cell lines upon tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI treatment through a systems level deterministic and spatially homogeneous model to help characterize the hypersensitive response of the cancer cell lines harboring constitutively active mutant kinases to inhibitor treatment. By introducing a molecularly resolved branched network systems model (the molecular resolution is introduced for EGFR reactions and interactions in order to distinguish differences in activation between wild-type and mutants), we are able to quantify differences in (1) short-term signaling in downstream ERK and Akt activation, (2) the changes in the cellular inhibition EC50 associated with receptor phosphorylation (i.e., 50% inhibition of receptor phosphorylation in the cellular context), and (3) EC50 for the inhibition of activated downstream markers ERK-(p) and Akt-(p), where (p) denotes phosphorylated, upon treatment with the inhibitors in cell lines carrying both wild-type and mutant forms of the receptor. Using the branched signaling model, we illustrate a possible mechanism for preferential Akt activation in the cell lines harboring the oncogenic mutants of EGFR implicated in non-small-cell lung cancer and the enhanced efficacy of the inhibitor erlotinib especially in ablating the cellular Akt-(p) response. Using a simple phenomenological model to describe the effect of Akt activation on cellular decisions, we discuss how this preferential Akt activation is conducive to cellular oncogene addiction and how its disruption can lead to dramatic apoptotic response and hence remarkable inhibitor efficacies. We also identify key network nodes of our branched signaling model through sensitivity analysis as those rendering the network hypersensitive to enhanced ERK-(p) and Akt-(p); intriguingly, the identified nodes have a strong correlation with species implicated in oncogenic transformations in human cancers as well as in drug resistance mechanisms identified for the inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer therapy.
THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME

In 1993 Sin Nombre virus was recognized as the cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was identified as the reservoir host. Surveillance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health departments includes investigation to determine the likely site(s) and activities that led to infection, an environmental assessment of the home and workplace, and possibly rodent trappings at these sites. As of December 31, 1998, there were 200 confirmed cases from 30 states (43% case-fatality ratio). The national HPS case registry was examined to determine the incubation period of HPS. Review of 11 case-patients with well-defined and isolated exposure to rodents suggests that the incubation period of HPS is 9 to 33 days, with a median of 14-17 days. Case investigations allow a better understanding of the incubation time of HPS and may define high-risk behaviors that can be targeted for intervention.
Imaging of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease

The aphorism that children are not little adults certainly applies for the imaging of interstitial lung disease. Acquiring motion-free images of fine pulmonary structures at desired lung volumes is much more difficult in children than in adults. Several forms of interstitial lung disease are unique to children, and some forms of interstitial lung disease encountered in adults rarely, if ever, occur in children. Meticulous attention to imaging technique and specialized knowledge are required to properly perform and interpret chest imaging studies obtained for the evaluation of childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD). This review will address technique recommendations for imaging chILD, the salient imaging findings in various forms of chILD, and the efficacy of imaging in the diagnosis and management of chILD.
Genotype by Environment Interaction in Adolescents’ Cognitive Aptitude

In a replication of Turkheimer, Haley, Waldron, D’Onofrio, Gottesman II (2003, Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science, 14:623-628), we investigate genotype–environment (G × E) interaction in the cognitive aptitude of 839 twin pairs who completed the National Merit Scholastic Qualifying Test in 1962. Shared environmental influences were stronger for adolescents from poorer homes, while genetic influences were stronger for adolescents from more affluent homes. No significant differences were found between parental income and parental education interaction effects. Results suggest that environmental differences between middle- to upper-class families influence the expression of genetic potential for intelligence, as has previously been suggested by Bronfenbrenner and Ceci’s (1994, Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: a bioecological model Psychological Review, 101:568-586) bioecological model.
On the epistemic significance of place

The author describes an exploratory analysis of the influence of place and proximity on collaboration. Bibliometric data and biographical information are combined to reveal the extent to which co-authorship relationships are a function of physical collocation.
“It Just Kind of Like Falls in Your Hands” Factors that Influence Black Aunts’ Decisions to Parent Their Nieces and Nephews

Using a modified grounded theory method and Black feminist theory, the author explored the factors that influence the decision-making processes of Black aunts parenting nieces and nephews. Analysis revealed six themes that facilitated beliefs in a lack of agency in the decision-making process: perceptions of a crisis, fulfillment of family obligations, personal identities, faith in God, gendered expectations, and the role of the Black aunt. Findings emphasized the impact of cultural traditions and gendered expectations on the meanings that Black aunts attach to familial roles and the influence of past and current racism on their definitions of the situation.
Mass splitting between the supersymmetric partners of quarks and leptons

It is shown that superpartners of the matter fields induce significant corrections to the mass of W-bosons, and hence also the value of theϱ-parameter. As a result, an upper bound Δm ≲ 100 GeV is obtained for mass splittings among members of the SU2-doublet smatters.
Role of azoles in antifungal therapy

The addition of itraconazole and fluconazole to the antifungal armamentarium has resulted in less toxic, easily administered therapy for both endemic and opportunistic mycoses. Itraconazole has become the treatment of choice for most patients with mild-to-moderate histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and sporotrichosis. Coccidioidomycosis is effectively treated with either itraconazole or fluconazole; fluconazole has become the drug of choice for the treatment of coccidioidal meningitis. In several large cooperative trials, fluconazole has been shown to have a useful role in the treatment of patients with candidemia, localized forms of mucocutaneous and visceral candidiasis, and cryptococcal meningitis.
The role of progesterone and the progesterone receptor in human reproduction and cancer.

Insufficient progesterone, effect possibly more on immune factors rather than adequate endometrial development, can be an easy remedial cause of infertility by simply supplementing the luteal phase with either vaginal or intramuscular or oral (dydrogesterone) progesterone. Progesterone will also help to reduce miscarriage rates when follicle maturing drugs are used for those with regular menses but follicular maturation defects, or women with recurrent miscarriages. One mechanism of action seems to be related to production of an immunomodulatory protein, the progesterone-induced blocking factor either in the cytoplasm or in the circulation. PIBF inhibits cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Cancer cells may ‘borrow’ the same mechanism to escape NK cell immunosurveillance.
Deficient cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate control in mutants of two genes of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Strains of Neurospora crassa mutant in either of two genes, Crisp-1 (cr1) and Frost (fr), showed no increase of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels when subjected to several treatments which produce large increases of cyclic AMP in wild-type Neurospora. Evidently, the previously reported deficiencies of adenylate cyclase in these mutants were sufficient to block the normal increases. This fact suggests that both mutants could be used to help determine which control phenomena involve cyclic AMP and to interrupt the control of established cyclic AMP-regulated functions. Earlier studies had suggested an interdependence of the cyclic AMP level and the electric potential difference across the plasma membrane of Neurospora. Present experiments, therefore, employed several strains with the cr1 mutation to test for possible roles of cyclic AMP in recovery and oscillatory behavior of the Neurospora membrane potential. The results showed all such phenomena to be normal in the adenylate cyclase-defective strains, which demonstrates that variations of cyclic AMP are not obligatorily involved in the apparent control processes. Evidence is also presented that the induction of both glucose transport system II and the alternative oxidase do not require elevated cyclic AMP levels.
Providing Destination-Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Network Using Bubble Routing

One of the most challenging problems for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is in how to provide adequate location privacy. In this paper, we will address the concern to adequately provide routing-based destination-location privacy (DLP). The privacy of the location of the destination sensor node is critical and highly vulnerable by the usage of wireless communications. While message content privacy can be accomplished through message encryption, it is much more difficult to adequately address the location privacy. For WSNs, destination-location privacy service is further complex by the fact that sensors consist of low-cost and energy efficient radio devices. Therefore, using computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms (such as public-key cryptosystems) and large scale broadcasting-based protocols are not suitable for WSNs. We propose a unique routing technique that can provide strong destination-location privacy with low tradeoff in the energy overhead. In our proposed scheme, the source node randomly selects an intermediate node from pre-determined region located around the destination node, which we refer to as the bubble region. The bubble region would be large enough to make it infeasible for an adversary to monitor the entire area. Also, in this scheme, we will mix real messages with fake messages to add to the security strength in providing destination-location privacy. We compare our proposed scheme to other well known schemes.
The Role of the Immune System in Ovarian Cancer and Implications on Therapy

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. While the treatment options have improved with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and advanced surgical techniques, disease recurrence is common and fatal in nearly all cases. Current evidence suggests that the immune system and its ability to recognize and eliminate microscopic disease is paramount in preventing recurrence. The goal of immunotherapy is to balance the activation of the immune system against cancer while preventing the potential for tremendous toxicity elicited by immune modulation. In this paper we will review the role of immune system in disease pathogenesis and different immunotherapies available for the treatment of ovarian cancer as well as current ongoing studies and potential future directions.
Recent advances in the pathology and molecular genetics of lung cancer: A practical review for cytopathologists

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Better understanding of the molecular genetic characteristics of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), particularly adenocarcinoma, has opened the opportunity for targeted therapies. With the different molecular abnormalities and the different responses to new targeted therapies based on the histological subtype of NSCLC, there came a need to further classify NSCLC into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and to perform the appropriate molecular testing in these different subtypes to guide management decisions. Given that approximately 70% of lung cancer patients have only small biopsies or cytology specimens available, incorporating the testing of these specimens into the cytopathology laboratory has been crucial. Herein, we review current concepts and recommendations on NSCLC subtyping and molecular testing that are relevant for the cytopathology community.