cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Profit Function Approach to Wage–Risk Differentials

A variable profit function is used in a novel way to estimate wage–risk premiums in Ohio bituminous coal mining. Unlike the dominant hedonic method, the profit function does not assume equilibrium ...
ρ: Relaxed Hierarchical ORAM

Applications in the cloud are vulnerable to several attack scenarios. In one possibility, an untrusted cloud operator can examine addresses on the memory bus and use this information leak to violate privacy guarantees, even if data is encrypted. The Oblivious RAM (ORAM) construct was introduced to eliminate such information leak and these frameworks have seen many innovations in recent years. In spite of these innovations, the overhead associated with ORAM is very significant. This paper takes a step forward in reducing ORAM memory bandwidth overheads. We make the case that, similar to a cache hierarchy, a lightweight ORAM that fronts the full-fledged ORAM provides a boost in efficiency. The lightweight ORAM has a smaller capacity and smaller depth, and it can relax some of the many constraints imposed on the full-fledged ORAM. This yields a 2-level hierarchy with a relaxed ORAM and a full ORAM. The relaxed ORAM adopts design parameters that are optimized for efficiency and not capacity. We introduce a novel metadata management technique to further reduce the bandwidth for relaxed ORAM access. Relaxed ORAM accesses preserve the indistinguishability property and are equipped with an integrity verification system. Finally, to eliminate information leakage through LLC and relaxed ORAM hit rates, we introduce a deterministic memory scheduling policy. On a suite of memory-intensive applications, we show that the best Relaxed Hierarchical ORAM (ρ) model yields a performance improvement of 50%, relative to a Freecursive ORAM baseline.
Changing wildfire, changing forests: the effects of climate change on fire regimes and vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Wildfires in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, USA) have been immense in recent years, capturing the attention of resource managers, fire scientists, and the general public. This paper synthesizes understanding of the potential effects of changing climate and fire regimes on Pacific Northwest forests, including effects on disturbance and stress interactions, forest structure and composition, and post-fire ecological processes. We frame this information in a risk assessment context, and conclude with management implications and future research needs. Large and severe fires in the Pacific Northwest are associated with warm and dry conditions, and such conditions will likely occur with increasing frequency in a warming climate. According to projections based on historical records, current trends, and simulation modeling, protracted warmer and drier conditions will drive lower fuel moisture and longer fire seasons in the future, likely increasing the frequency and extent of fires compared to the twentieth century. Interactions between fire and other disturbances, such as drought and insect outbreaks, are likely to be the primary drivers of ecosystem change in a warming climate. Reburns are also likely to occur more frequently with warming and drought, with potential effects on tree regeneration and species composition. Hotter, drier sites may be particularly at risk for regeneration failures. Resource managers will likely be unable to affect the total area burned by fire, as this trend is driven strongly by climate. However, fuel treatments, when implemented in a spatially strategic manner, can help to decrease fire intensity and severity and improve forest resilience to fire, insects, and drought. Where fuel treatments are less effective (wetter, high-elevation, and coastal forests), managers may consider implementing fuel breaks around high-value resources. When and where post-fire planting is an option, planting different genetic stock than has been used in the past may increase seedling survival. Planting seedlings on cooler, wetter microsites may also help to increase survival. In the driest topographic locations, managers may need to consider where they will try to forestall change and where they will allow conversions to vegetation other than what is currently dominant.
The Defender Vantage Point

Anti-bullying efforts are often aimed at encouraging bystanders to act as defenders of victims of peer aggression. This chapter describes different types of defending behaviors including bully-oriented and victim-oriented strategies. Child-level and contextual correlates of defending are identified. The potential of bystanders to assist in bullying prevention and intervention efforts is emphasized while the authors are careful to highlight the need for these programs to consider the well-being of defenders as well as victims.
A Whimper, Not a Bang: A Review of 'How Democracies Die,' by Stephen Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt (Lawfare, Sept. 13, 2017)

In 'How Democracies Die,' political scientists Stephen Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt explain how modern democracies are vulnerable to creeping authoritarianism, and apply this model to the United States. This review gives a summary of the book and argues that, while Levitsky and Ziblatt's explanatory account is correct, their analysis of norm violations in contemporary democracies is both normatively and descriptively incomplete.
A Case-Series Observation of Sweat Rate Variability in Endurance-Trained Athletes.

Adequate fluid replacement during exercise is an important consideration for athletes, however sweat rate (SR) can vary day-to-day. The purpose of this study was to investigate day-to-day variations in SR while performing self-selected exercise sessions to evaluate error in SR estimations in similar temperature conditions. Thirteen endurance-trained athletes completed training sessions in a case-series design 1x/week for a minimum 30 min of running/biking over 24 weeks. Body mass was recorded pre/post-training and corrected for fluid consumption. Data were split into three Wet-Bulb Globe Thermometer (WBGT) conditions: LOW ( 20 °C). No significant differences existed in exercise duration, distance, pace, or WBGT for any group (p > 0.07). Significant differences in SR variability occurred for all groups, with average differences of: LOW = 0.15 L/h; MOD = 0.14 L/h; HIGH = 0.16 L/h (p 0.9), but significant differences between LOW-HIGH and MOD-HIGH (p < 0.03). The assessment of SR can provide useful data for determining hydration strategies. The significant differences in SR within each temperature range indicates a single assessment may not accurately represent an individual's typical SR even in similar environmental conditions.
A Room with Many Views: A Response to Essays on According to Our Hearts: Rhinelander v. Rhindlander and the Multiracial Family

At the outset, I should note that I am very grateful to all contributors in this issue-Professors Kerry Abrams, Jacquelyn Bridgeman, Jennifer Chacon, Robin Lenhardt, and Laura Rosenbury for their insightful, powerful, and stirring reactions to my book According to Our Hearts: Rhinelander v. Rhinelander and the Law of the Multiracial Family,I and to Professor Melissa Murray for her elegant Foreword to this issue. Reading the responses of these scholars whom I admire and respect has been exhilarating and affirming. Indeed, seeing the many ways in which just a small group of these reviewers have examined, interpreted, and even "felt" my scholarship has been invigorating. I also have found the insights from those reviewers whose visions reached beyond my intended goals for According to Our Hearts to be a positive signal of the book's ability to trigger additional debate as well as earn a special place within the literature on family, history, society, and love. Ultimately, if According to Our Hearts causes any of its readers to think more deeply about issues of race, family, and intimacy-much like it did for the scholars noted above-then the book will have achieved a significant part of what I hoped for the project.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health Concerns on Twitter in the United States

Abstract Background Mental health illness is a growing problem in recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health concerns (such as fear and loneliness) have been actively discussed on social media. Objective In this study, we aim to examine mental health discussions on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and infer the demographic composition of Twitter users who had mental health concerns. Methods COVID-19 related tweets from March 5th, 2020 to January 31st, 2021 were collected through Twitter streaming API using COVID-19 related keywords (e.g., “corona”, “covid19”, “covid”). By further filtering using mental health keywords (e.g., “depress”, “failure”, “hopeless”), we extracted mental health-related tweets from the US. Topic modeling using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model was conducted to monitor users’ discussions surrounding mental health concerns. Demographic inference using deep learning algorithms (including Face++ and Ethnicolr) was performed to infer the demographic composition of Twitter users who had mental health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results We observed a positive correlation between mental health concerns on Twitter and the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Topic modeling showed that “stay-at-home”, “death poll” and “politics and policy” were the most popular topics in COVID-19 mental health tweets. Among Twitter users who had mental health concerns during the pandemic, Males, White, and 30-49 age group people were more likely to express mental health concerns. In addition, Twitter users from the east and west coast had more mental health concerns. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on mental health concerns on Twitter in the US. Certain groups of people (such as Males, White) were more likely to have mental health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Global clear sky near-surface imagery from multiple satellite daily imagery time series

Abstract We develop a new statistically-robust adaptive regression method (SARM) to extract clear sky true color imagery, approximating the near-surface imagery, derived from multiple satellite daily imagery time series, while avoiding artifacts due to clouds and cloud shadows. We compare the SARM-derived near-surface imagery against simpler approaches for various surface types, and perform a quantitative evaluation. Existing mapped daily imagery from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and NOAA-20, and the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on the Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B satellites is used to produce global clear sky near-surface imagery over various time intervals. We provide several examples of satellite-derived clear sky near-surface imagery over various regions to show potential applications. In addition, we apply this new method to derive clear sky near-surface imagery using higher spatial resolution Landsat-8 data, and discuss characteristics and limitations of our approach. The clear sky near-surface imagery is a useful satellite-derived product, representing the human perception of Earth’s near-surface features, which can be more directly interpreted and easily understood by the general public, and aids visualization and interpretation of various types of satellite derived data.
The Muscular Dystrophies

The best known and most frequently encountered of the dystrophies is the severe X-linked recessive variety. Initially described in 1868 by Guillaume Duchenne, the disease is characterized by rapidly progressive generalized muscle weakness and “pseudohypertrophy” of certain muscle groups. Death during the 2nd or 3rd decade is the inevitable outcome in all cases. Duchenne muscular dystropy (DMD) is not an uncommon disorder. From 20 to 33 cases per 100,000 live male births are reported annually. Since the disease is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, one-half of the male offspring of a relatively unaffected mother (carrier) will manifest the illness. Previously it was believed that up to one-third of cases resulted from spontaneous mutation either in the patient or his mother. However, with improved methods of carrier detection, it appears that such mutations are relatively uncommon.
Performance of an OFDM subcarrier adaptive beamformer

An orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system transmits an information-bearing signal on several orthogonal subcarriers. Although OFDM is relatively resistant to multipath effects, its performance is affected by cochannel interference. This interference may cover the entire OFDM signal transmission bandwidth, or it might occupy only part of the bandwidth and hence affect a subset of the subcarriers, in this paper, we examine the performance of a subcarrier adaptive beamformer that places nulls on individual subcarriers instead of on the entire OFDM symbol. Each subcarrier of every antenna element is weighted by an adaptive coefficient that is updated by a blind algorithm. Since the beamformer on each subcarrier is adapted independently, it is possible that some beamformers captures an interferer instead of the signal of interest. To avoid this problem, we propose a two-stage system that has a subcarrier adaptive beamformer and a bank of signal cancelers in the first stage, followed by a constrained beamformer in the second stage. We present computer simulations to investigate the behavior of the subcarrier adaptive beamformer as the degree of subcarrier overlap and the angle of arrival (AOA) of the cochannel interference are varied.
Journalists as partners in early response to trauma: agreements, tensions, and future directions to aid collaboration

No abstract available. Published: 11 June 2015 Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2015, 6 : 28544 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.28544 This abstract is part of the Special Issue: The Swedish Psychotrauma Society scientific conference – selected abstracts . More abstracts from this issue can be found at www.ejpt.net
Intelligent systems demonstration: the secure wireless agent testbed (SWAT)

We will demonstrate the Secure Wireless Agent Testbed (SWAT), a unique facility developed at Drexel University to study integration, networking and information assurance for next-generation wireless mobile agent systems. SWAT is an implemented system that fully integrates: 1) mobile agents, 2) wireless ad hoc multi-hop networks, and 3) security. The demonstration will show the functionality of a number of decentralized agent-based applications, including applications for authentication, collaboration, messaging, and remote sensor monitoring. The demonstration will take place on a live mobile ad hoc network consisting of approximately a dozen nodes (PDAs, tablet PCs, and laptops) and hundreds of mobile software agents.
Is Film the Alien Other to Philosophy?, on Stephen Mulhall On Film

Stephen Mulhall _On Film_ London and New York: Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0-415-24796-9 142 pp.
Rate of ectasia and incidence of irregular topography in patients with unidentified preoperative risk factors undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK

Purpose To report the rate of postoperative ectasia after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with femtosecond laser-assisted flap creation, in a population of patients with no identified preoperative risk factors. Methods A retrospective case review of 1,992 eyes (1,364 patients) treated between March 2007 and January 2009 was conducted, with a follow up of over 4 years. After identifying cases of ectasia, all the patient charts were examined retrospectively for preoperative findings suggestive of forme fruste keratoconus (FFKC). Results Five eyes of four patients with post-LASIK ectasia were identified. All eyes passed preoperative screening and received bilateral LASIK. One of the five patients developed ectasia in both eyes. Three patients retrospectively revealed preoperative topography suggestive of FFKC, while one patient had no identifiable preoperative risk factors. Upon review of all the charts, a total 69 eyes, including four of the five eyes with ectasia, were retrospectively found to have topographies suggestive of FFKC. Conclusion We identified four cases of post-LASIK ectasia that had risk factors for FFKC on reexamination of the chart and one case of post-LASIK ectasia with no identifiable preoperative risk factors. The most conservative screening recommendations would not have precluded this patient from LASIK. The rate of purely iatrogenic post-LASIK ectasia at our center was 0.05% (1/1,992), and the total rate of post-LASIK ectasia for our entire study was 0.25% (1/398). The rate of eyes with unrecognized preoperative FFKC that developed post-LASIK ectasia was 5.8% (1/17).
DETERMINANTS OF DAILY FLUCTUATIONS IN LIQUIDITY AND TRADING ACTIVITY

Transaction expenses can accumulate to a relatively large decrement in total return when portfolios are turned over frequently. Since money managers often trade several securities simultaneously, it is important to know whether trading costs are correlated across securities. Yet research on trading costs has focused almost exclusively on individual securities. Typically, we do not think of illiquidity in a market-wide context, and the classic models of market microstructure involve a dealer in a single stock who provides immediacy at a cost that arises due to inventory holding risk (Stoll 1978) or because of the specter of trading with an investor with superior information (Glosten and Milgrom 1985). Empirical work also deals solely with the trading patterns of individual assets, most often equities sampled at high frequencies (see, for example, Wood, Mclnish, and Ord 1985). There are a variety of reasons why illiquidity-induced trading costs should be correlated across securities. For example, if trading volume exhibits correlated changes in response to broad market movements, this should induce a correlation in liquidity costs. Similarly, the cost of holding inventory could be correlated across securities because it depends, in part, on market interest rates. Within the asymmetric information view of the spread, there might be types of information pertinent for most firms in an industry sector whose imminent revelation could influence the liquidity of several securities simultaneously. Sudden changes in system-wide liquidity appear to have been important in some well-known financial episodes. The international stock market crash of October, 1987 was associated with no identifiable major news event (see Roll 1988), but was characterized by a temporary reduction in liquidity. During the
A Comparison of Young Children Learning to Read in Different Instructional Settings

Children's acquisition and use of reading strategies and their evolving stance toward reading in 2 instructional settings, skills-based and whole language, were compared. The authors selected 6 low-income participants who represented a range of reading development from emergent (least proficient) to conventional (most proficient). The children also had a controlled, common reading task outside the classroom for comparison. The 1st-grade students' literacy strategies were coded for self-correction and substitutions that were meaningful and had letter-sound correspondence. The children in the constructivist-based whole language classroom used more reading strategies and exhibited positive stance patterns. Results provide insight into characteristics of young children's reading development that are not often researched.
Emergence of enhanced strengths and Bauschinger effect in conformally passivated copper nanopillars as revealed by dislocation dynamics

The ability to precisely control the surface state of a nanostructure may offer a pathway towards tuning the mechanical properties of small-scale metallic components. In our previous work [Jennings et al., Acta Mater. 60 (2012) 3444–3455], single-crystalline Cu nanopillars were conformally coated with a 5–25 nm thick layer of TiO_2/Al_2O_3. Uniaxial compression tests revealed two key findings associated with these passivated samples: (i) ∼80% higher strengths as compared with the uncoated samples of the same diameter, 200 nm; and (ii) Bauschinger effect-like hysteresis during unloading–reloading segments. Dislocation dynamics simulations of uniaxially compressed 200 nm diameter Cu nanopillars with coated surfaces revealed the contribution of dislocation multiplication, pinning, and pile-up processes to the experimentally observed enhancement in pillar strength. They further helped explain the transition of plasticity mechanisms from dislocation multiplication via the operation of single-arm dislocation sources to dislocation nucleation from the crystal-coating interface. Hysteresis in stress–strain data is discussed in the framework of dislocation structure evolution during unloading–reloading cycles in experiments and simulations.
Aufbereitung von Evidenz für bildungspolitische und pädagogische Entscheidungen: Metaanalysen in der Bildungsforschung

In diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, welche Moglichkeiten und Grenzen Metaanalysen haben, um wissenschaftliche Evidenz fur die Wirksamkeit padagogischer und bildungspolitischer Masnahmen zu gewinnen. Es wird unter Bezug auf Berliners Arbeiten (2002) argumentiert, dass in der Bildungsforschung, anders als in Teilen der bio-medizinischen Forschung, die Kontextbedingungen von Lehr-Lernsituationen nur sehr eingeschrankt kontrollierbar sind. Daher eigenen sich Metaanalysen im Bildungsbereich eher fur die Aufdeckung und Beschreibung von Kontextbedingungen, die die Wirkungen von Masnahmen und Programmen beeinflussen, und weniger fur einen strengen Wirksamkeitsnachweis selbst. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die bisher umfangreichste Forschungsbefundsynthese im Bildungsbereich, John Hatties Meta-Metaanalyse Visible Learning (2009), kritisch auf ihre Validitat gepruft. An Hatties Beispiel wird gezeigt, dass eine bessere Verstandigung uber die Standards von Metaanalysen und eine Kommunikation des Geltungsanspruchs ihrer Befunde fur die padagogische und bildungspolitische Praxis notwendig erscheint.
5-HT1A receptor subtype mRNA expression in cochlear nucleus

Abstract Previous studies indicate expression of various serotonin receptor subtypes, including the 5-HT 1A receptor subtype, in rodent cochlear nucleus. Our long-term goal is to identify the types of cochlear nucleus neurons, which are well described in cat, that express 5-HT receptors. In the current study, the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction and the in situ hybridization method were used to detect the mRNA encoding a portion of the 5-HT 1A receptor subtype in the cochlear nucleus of the cat.
Regional left ventricular deformation in primary mitral regurgitation

MVP is a common disorder affecting 2-3% of the general population. MVP patients with severe MR may remain asymptomatic for a number of years; however, LV systolic function may be impaired post-operatively, even among those with normal pre-operative ejection fraction (EF). Myocardial strain is the assessment of myocardial local deformation and may provide a more accurate assessment of LV function.
Mother-infant feeding interaction in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants*

Maternal and infant behavior during feeding was assessed in 30 mother-infant dyads: 15 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (birth weights below the 10th percentile) and 15 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants (birth weights between the 25th and 90th percentiles). The groups were balanced for gestational age, sex, neonatal risk factors, and maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, and race. Behaviors indicative of infant feeding difficultles were coded for mother and infant. The SGA mothers had higher frequencies of these behaviors than did their AGA counterparts. Qualitative ratings of interactive behavior were recorded for mother and infant: SGA infants had ratings indicative of less optimal interactions than those of the AGA group. Infant caloric intake (calories per kilogram per feeding) was calculated by first dividing the change in infant weight in grams before feeding and immediately after feeding by the infant's weight before feeding and then converting it to calories. Although no difference in caloric intake was observed between the two groups, infant behaviors and ratings were associated with caloric intake. These data suggest the importance of including neonatal behavior during feeding in the risk assessment of potential growth failure in SGA infants.
Liver aminotransferases are elevated with rhabdomyolysis in the absence of significant liver injury

Rhabdomyolysis is an uncommon finding in the emergency department. However, the clinical implications of rhabdomyolysis are important, with a significant minority of patients developing acute renal failure and multiorgan failure. When present, the cause of elevated aminotransferases in the setting of rhabdomyolysis is often unclear. We sought to determine the incidence of abnormal aminotransferases (defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >40 U/L) in the setting of rhabdomyolysis and how the aminotransferases decrease relative to the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration as rhabdomyolysis resolves. A retrospective chart review of 215 cases of rhabdomyolysis with CPK of ≥1,000 U/L was performed. The incidence of an abnormal AST in the setting of rhabdomyolysis was 93.1% (95% confidence interval, 88.7% to 95.8%). An abnormal ALT was much less common and found in 75.0% (95% confidence interval, 68.7% to 80.2%) of patients with a CPK of ≥1,000 U/L (p 40 U/L while the AST was <40 U/L. Furthermore, AST concentrations (and not ALT) fall in parallel with CPK during the first 6 days of hospitalization for patients with rhabdomyolysis. Aminotransferase abnormalities, particularly AST, are common in the setting of rhabdomyolysis. AST concentrations decrease in parallel to CPK, suggesting skeletal muscle may be a significant source of AST elevation in these patients.
DIFFERENCES/SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HYPERPROSTAGLANDIN E SYNDROME (HPS) AND BARTTER'S SYNDROME (BS) IN CHILDREN. 2199

DIFFERENCES/SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HYPERPROSTAGLANDIN E SYNDROME (HPS) AND BARTTER'S SYNDROME (BS) IN CHILDREN. 2199
The left ventricular mechanoreceptor reflex: characterisation of the afferent pathway

To determine if the afferent, vagal pathway of the left ventricular (LV) mechanoreceptor reflex is bilaterally symmetrical, a working left ventricle was devised in pneumonectomised dogs on total cardiac by-pass in which the coronary and systemic circulations were isolated and perfused separately, the systemic being perfused at a constant rate so that changes in pressure reflected changes in resistance. The ventro-lateral cervical cardiac nerve (VLCCN), a sympathetic nerve to the heart, was stimulated electrically to increase myocardial contractility, changes in which initiate directionally opposite changes in the systemic resistance via the LV mechanoreceptor reflex. Increasing contractility by electrical stimulation of the VLCCN caused a 14 ± 1% decrease in the systemic arterial pressure or resistance. This decrease in resistance was attenuated or abolished by left or bilateral vagotomy but largely unaffected by right vagotomy, indicating that the afferent arm of the LV mechanoreceptor reflex is predominantly carried by the left vagus, under physiological conditions. However, the massive discharge initiated by the act of sectioning either vagus nerve, a near-maximal, unphysiological stimulus, elicited a 27 to 28% decrease in the systemic resistance, indicating that afferent fibres of either vagus central to the site of the section have equal access to inhibit the vasomotor centres and that the difference between the vagi when activated more physiologically lies in their connections to the LV mechanoreceptors. The absence of a biphasic response consisting of an increase followed by a decrease in contractility following electrical stimulation of the VLCCN, as well as the fact that the magnitude of the increase in contractility from such stimulation after bilateral vagotomy was similar to that prior to vagotomy, indicate that when the LV mechanoreceptor reflex, which plays an important permissive role in exercise, is initiated physiologically, negative feedback mechanisms decreasing myocardial contractility below control are not set up in our animal model. The absence of such negative feedback may make prolonged, vigorous exercise possible.
Discovering patterns in traffic sensor data

We maintain a one of a kind, large-scale and high resolution (both spatially and temporally) traffic sensor dataset collected from the entire Los Angeles County road network. Traffic sensors (installed under the road pavement) are used to measure real-time traffic flows through road segments. In this paper, we exploit this dataset to rigorously verify two popular instinctive understandings about traffic flows on road segments: 1) each road segment has a typical traffic flow (known by local travelers) and one can often categorize road segments based on the similarity of their traffic flows, and 2) the road segments within each category not only have similar traffic flows but also are similar in their other characteristics (such as locality, connectivity). Toward this end, we developed a hypothesis analysis framework based on a variety of clustering and correlation evaluation techniques and leveraged this framework to respectively show the following. First, the set of road segments can indeed be partitioned into a set of distinct subpartitions with similar traffic flows, and there is a limited number of signature traffic patterns/labels each of which can accurately represent all traffic flows of a subpartition of the road segments. Second, all segments within each subpartition (represented by one signature) are also highly similar in three other characteristics, namely, direction, connectivity and locality. Our experiments verify our observations with high confidence.
Women as Merchants in Eighteenth-Century Northern Germany: The Case of Stralsund, 1750–1830

The purpose of this paper is to bring to our attention the important role of women in wholesale international commerce in eighteenth century northern Germany, using examples from Stralsund as a case study. (Stralsund, a port-city formerly in the Hanse, was at that time the capital of Swedish Pomerania and had a population, including garrison, of some 14,000 around 1800; it was an economic center of regional importance, specializing in the production of malt and the export of grain to Sweden and Western Europe). After sketching a social and economic profile of Stralsund's female merchants ca. 1750–1830, I will discuss the crucial issue of control, i.e., to what extent and how these women were able to operate independently within a political and legal system that favored men. In my conclusion, I suggest that women left, or were forced out of, the wholesale trade around 1850 as a result of political changes and a shift in the meaning of the concept of Burger, rather than as a result of industrialization or market expansion. Throughout, I consider whether my observations about female merchants in Stralsund have any wider validity by comparing them with research on the commerce of other ports in Northern Europe and in North America.
Peripheral nerve and spinal cord regeneration Factors leading to success of a tubulation technique employing Millipore

Abstract Severed peripheral nerves and spinal cords have a strong regenerative potential when gaps in these structures are shielded within a porous cellulose acetate plastic tube, Millipore. Experiments, utilizing 1- to 2.5-cm gaps in the cat's sciatic nerve demonstrated more successful results when a single sling stitch was used to unite the severed nerve ends within the tube. Addition of a preformed clot of cat plasma to the region of the gap did not significantly change the pattern of neural regeneration. The substitution of nonporous for standard porous Millipore tubes seemed to retard the progress of cell migration across the gap. The plastic filter material served as a satisfactory substrate for migration of cells of leptomeningeal origin across the gaps in spinal cords, while apparently meeting their nutritional requirements by passing adequate amounts of fluid from the tissue bed outside the tube. The following factors attributable to the physical properties of Millipore have been identified as favoring neural regeneration: (a) Millipore is inert in tissues; (b) a shield is provided which limits the regenerating tissue to a directed pathway and prevents invasion by extraneural tissue; (c) nutrition by exchange of extracellular fluids through the pores supplies the metabolic requirements of the early phases of neural regeneration; (d) a substrate for initial orientation of regenerating structures is offered by the inner walls of the tube.
Red Cell Distribution Width and Mortality in Newly Hospitalized Patients

Abstract Objective Previous studies suggest that red cell distribution width, a measure of erythrocyte size variability, may predict long-term mortality, particularly in cardiovascular disease. Less research has focused on the prognostic utility of red cell distribution width in an acutely hospitalized population. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data on 74,784 consecutive hospitalized adults with red cell distribution width measured on admission. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality; a secondary outcome was unplanned transfer to the intensive care unit. We calculated multivariable logistic models adjusted for age, gender, race, and comorbid conditions. Results The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.4). As red cell distribution width increased, so did mortality, from 0.2% (lowest red cell distribution width decile) to 4.4% (highest red cell distribution width decile). Unadjusted red cell distribution width significantly discriminated between hospital survivors and nonsurvivors (area under the curve 0.74). In multivariate analyses, for every 1% increment in red cell distribution width at the time of admission, the odds for in-hospital mortality increased by 24% (odds ratio 1.24; 95% CI, 1.20-1.27); findings were robust across comorbidity subgroups. The rate of unplanned intensive care unit transfer was 7.0% (95% CI, 6.8-7.2) and in unadjusted analyses increased more than 2-fold from 4.5% in the lowest to 11.6% in the highest red cell distribution width decile. This relationship was significantly confounded but remained significant in multivariate analysis (odds ratio 1.04 per 1% red cell distribution width increment; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06). Conclusion Red cell distribution width strongly and independently predicted in-hospital mortality in this large cohort of hospitalized patients. It also was associated with acute decompensation among patients on the general ward, but to a lesser degree. The mechanisms underlying these findings are unknown.
Activity patterns of Kemp's ridley turtles, Lepidochelys kempii, in the coastal waters of the Cedar Keys, Florida

Radio and sonic telemetry were used to investigate the tidal orientation, rate of movement (ROM), and surfacing behavior of nine Kemp's ridley turtles, Lepidochelys kempii, tracked east of the Cedar Keys, Florida. The mean of mean turtle bearings on incoming (48±49 °) and falling (232±41 °) tides was significantly oriented to the mean directions of tidal flow (37±9 °, P<0.0025, and 234±9 °, P<0.005, respectively). Turtles had a mean ROM of 0.44±0.33 km/h (range: 0.004–1.758 km/h), a mean surface duration of 18±15 s (range: 1–88 s), and a mean submergence duration of 8.4±6.4 min (range: 0.2–60.0 min). ROM was negatively correlated with surface and submergence durations and positively correlated with the number of surfacings. Furthermore, ROMs were higher and surface and submergence durations were shorter during the day. Daily activities of turtles were attributed to food acquisition and bioenergetics.
Emergent impacts of cannibalism and size refuges in prey on intraguild predation systems

Many organisms undergo ontogenetic niche shifts due to considerable changes in size during their development. These ontogenetic shifts can alter the trophic position of individuals, the type and strength of ecological interactions across species, and allow for cannibalism within species. In this study we ask if and how the interaction of a size refuge and cannibalism in the prey alters the dynamics of intraguild predation (IGP) systems. By manipulating the composition of large cannibalistic (Aeshna umbrosa) and predatory (Anax junius) dragonfly larvae in mesocosms we show that the interaction of cannibals and predators was non-linear and increased the survival of prey. The structure of the final resource community shared by prey and predator differed between small and large dragonfly treatments but not within size classes across species. In general, the small prey stage showed similar shifts in microhabitat use and refuge use when exposed to either conspecific cannibals or predators, while large cannibals showed no clear anti-predator response. However, further behavioral experiments revealed that specific behavioral components, such as distances between individuals or number of movements, differed when individuals were exposed to either cannibals or predators. This indicates that individuals discriminated between conspecific or heterospecific predators. Furthermore, in similar experiments large cannibals and predators showed different behaviors when exposed to conspecifics rather than to each other. These changes in behavior are consistent with the observed increase in prey survival. In general, the results indicate that cannibalism and ontogenetic niche shifts can result in behavior-mediated indirect interactions that reduce the impact of the predator on the mortality of its prey and alter the interactions of IGP systems. However, they also indicate that size is not the sole determinant and that we also need to account for the species identity when predicting the dynamics of communities.
Magnetic field patterns in Josephson junctions

The critical currents of Pb/Ag/Pb Josephson junctions have been measured as a function of magnetic field and temperature in order to study the types of magnetic field distributions that occur in superconductor-normal metal-super-conductor (SNS) junctions. A study is made of the quantum interference regime near the critical temperature where the junction is filled with vortices and the crossover to Meissner-like behavior at low temperature occurs. Special emphasis is placed on the changes in effective area of the junction as the London and Josephson penetration depths change with temperature. A mapping of the crossover regime in the temperature-magnetic field plane is given.
Relation of survival to other endpoints in chronic toxicity tests with fish

Hazard assessments of chemicals in aquatic organisms often include chronic toxicity testing. The evaluation of exposure duration and of the life stages tested according to standard test methods has led to the development of shorter chronic toxicity tests. A similar evaluation of biological endpoints (i.e., survival, growth and reproduction) could result in tests that are more economical. We analyzed endpoints for 28 chemicals and seven fish species in 34 chronic toxicity studies. When all endpoints were compared, survival was equal to or more sensitive than all other endpoints 56 to 69% of the time. Individual endpoints were more sensitive than survival 19 to 61% of the time, except for reproduction, which was always more sensitive (although there were few observations). The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for growth could be predicted from the NOEC for survival by using interendpoint correlations (r = 0.949 to 0.974). Ratios of NOECs for survival to those for all other endpoints examined were 5 or less in 93 to 96% of the comparisons (specific endpoint comparisons ranged from 80 to 100%). The determination of the survival endpoint requires less time and money than does the determination of most other endpoints, and it appears adequate for hazard assessments in the initial stage of estimating chronic toxicity. However, a factor of at least 0.2 should be applied to the estimated no-effect concentrations for survival to include other potential biologically significant effects at least 95% of the time. The factor of 0.2 is based on frequency analyses that resulted in the NOECs for survival being 5 times or less than the NOECs for most other endpoints about 95% of the time. Univariate analyses, however, indicated a range of 0.13 to 0.22 for the factor. A thorough evaluation of other published studies that contain endpoints other then survival should be conducted to define the appropriate factor more accurately.
Expression of a prokaryotic gene in yeast: isolation and characterization of mutants with increased expression.

The Escherichia coli Tn9 derived chloramphenicol resistance gene (camr) is functionally expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This gene was introduced into yeast cells as part of a hybrid yeast/E. coli shuttle plasmid. A number of plasmid associated yeast mutants overproducing the camr gene product, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA: chloramphenicol 3-0-acetyltransferase, E.C. 2.3.1.28) were isolated. One of the plasmid mutants was analyzed in some detail. Even though this mutant showed a 1,000 fold overproduction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in the yeast host the level of RNA complementary to the camr gene was not increased. A deletion of 127 base pairs in the region immediately upstream from the 5′ end of the camr gene appeared to be responsible for the “up” phenotype of this mutant. This mutation affected the expression of the camr gene in E. coli in a “down” fashion, in contrast to its effect in yeast.
PHOTOTACTIC RESPONSE OF CHLAMYDOMONAS TO FLASHES OF LIGHT –II. RESPONSE OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS

— –Video-microscope studies provide further evidence that Chlamydomonas can become oriented in response to a single short flash of light. Following a flash, 50% of the cells in a negatively phototactic population undergo a transient deflection in swimming path (‘turn response’), 10% show a ‘stop response’, and 40% continue to swim straight ahead. The direction of turning is related to the direction of the stimulus; a majority of cells turn away from the flash source. Repetitive flashing at 60 per s elicits oriented swimming, indistinguishable from that observed with continuous light. Responses at the onset of repetitive flashing resemble single-flash responses, reinforcing the idea that response to a single flash corresponds to the initial stages of orientation to continuous light. A stop response sometimes occurs at the onset of orientation to repetitive flashing, but it is apparently not an essential component of orientation. The fact that only 60% of the cells turn or stop in response to a flash is consistent with the hypothesis that light direction is perceived by comparing light absorbed in one photoreceptive region at two instants in time (before and during the flash). The only cells to turn or to stop would be those in which the photoreceptor organelle is appropriately oriented at the instant of the flash.
How should users access the content of digital books

I report briefly on some of my own work in each of these areas and elucidate some of the questions that this research has raised. Then I propose as a research agenda the development of a digital library environment containing a suite of inter-related tools specifically designed to facilitate non-sequential access to portions of full-text books and other relatively long documents.
Study of Subcooled Film Boiling on a Horizontal Disc: Part I—Analysis

In this work subcooled film boiling on a horizontal disc was studied analytically/ numerically. Linearized stability analysis of a vapor film underlying a pool of heavier liquid was performed in three-dimensional, cylindrical coordinates. From the analysis the dominant wavelength and configuration of vapor releasing nodes was identified. Complete numerical simulation of the nonlinearly evolving interface have been carried out in axisymmetric coordinates. Finite difference method was used to simultaneously solve the equations governing conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in the vapor and liquid phases. The equations for the two phases were coupled through the matching of normal and tangential stresses and continuity of mass and energy at the interface. Second order projection method was employed for decoupling velocities from pressure. Numerical grid generation method was utilized to construct a grid system which was aligned with the interface. From the simulations the shape of the nonlinearly evolving interface, the growth rate of the interface, the flow and temperature fields in the vapor and liquid, and rate of heat transfer from the wall and into the subcooled liquid have been determined.
Variability in Chromomere Pattern in a Specific Chromosome Region at Pachytene

The satellite region of maize chromosome 6 was examined for variability of chromomere pattern at pachytene in a large number of microsporocytes. The number of chromomeres visible with the light microscope in this region was found to vary from one to five in different cells from the same plant. The two homologues of the same cell usually, but not always, matched in chromomere pattern. It is emphasized that the common assumption that pachytene chromomeres are genetically constant from cell to cell is not justified and that alternative chromomere patterns may reflect differential aggregation during condensation of subunits.
Splitting of the Maxwell Tensor. II. Sources

The sources of the bound tensor ${{T}_{\mathrm{I}}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and the emitted tensor ${{T}_{\mathrm{II}}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ introduced by the author in his treatment of radiation reaction without advanced fields are investigated. It is found that both parts of the energy tensor have a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function-type source on the world line of the charged particle. The strength of the source is, in each case, the rate of change of the corresponding four-momentum. This is in sharp contrast with the situation in the advanced-field approach where the radiation field is source free and one has emission but not emitter. A very simple derivation of the Lorentz-Dirac equation based on the above results is presented.
Religiousness and Non-Hopeless Suicide Ideation

Individuals who think about suicide but do not feel suicidally hopeless tend to be less religious and can therefore entertain thoughts of suicide unabated by religiousness. Religiousness, suicide ideation, and hopelessness were surveyed among 279 Idaho college students, 37 (13%) of whom were non-hopeless suicide ideators. A total of only 21 (7%) qualified as ideator/hopeless or non-ideator/hopeless with the remaining 221 (79%) qualifying as non-ideator/non-hopeless. Lower religiousness coinciding with greater ideation supports Durkheim's position that religious social affiliation protects against suicide. The fact that non-hopeless ideators were less religious than all others suggests that religion may provide hope that buffers against suicidal ideas.