cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whose Culture? Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition: The Case of the Hñähñu of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida

The impact on the global movement of people by time and space compressions, the product of current technological advances, has been well studied. The impact of this technological and social change, however, is less understood at the cultural level. The fluid transversality of movement of people and their cultures, despite geopolitical limitations, requires going beyond dichotomous models that limit the analysis of cultural reproduction/reinvention in newly created transnational social spaces. These dichotomous models are based on an either/or system that prevents actors from belonging to, and impacting on, more than one cultural system at the same time. These categories of classification assume and impose a zero-sum analysis in which migrants are expected to ‘shed’ their traditional cultures and become modern and/or cosmopolitan to the detriment of their cultures of origin. Focusing on the Hnahnu of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida, this article focuses on the recreation and promotion of traditiona...
Measurement of single-pulse spectra of an infrared FEL

Abstract A novel diagnostic system [W.P. Leemans et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 331 (1993) 615] has been used to measure the micropulse spectra of infrared pulses generated by the free electron laser (FEL) at Stanford University. The diagnostic system makes use of a high resolution 1 m spectrometer, and an imaging system based on an image dissector [H.A. Baldis et al., Rev. Sci. Instr. 48 (1977) 173] and a single element HgCdTe-high speed detector with integrating sphere. Spectra of single and multiple consecutive micropulses at a repetition rate of 11.8 MHz have been obtained for the FEL operating at 5 μm.
Selective Crystallization of Urea-Functionalized Capsules with Tunable Anion-Binding Cavities

Herein we report crystallization of self-assembled capsules functionalized with urea hydrogen-bonding groups as a means for selective separation of sulfate anion. The high complementarity and the rigid environment found in such crystalline systems impart strong discrimination between anions of different shape, like sulfate and sulfite, or anions of the same shape but slightly different size, like sulfate and selenate, with selectivity that exceeds that observed in sulfate-binding protein. Similar to natural receptors, these crystalline capsules completely isolate the anions from the aqueous solvent by encapsulating them inside rigid cavities lined with complementary hydrogen-bonding groups. Furthermore, the capsules are made from flexible building blocks, whose structure and relative orientation in the crystal can be allosterically regulated to fine-tune the anion selectivity. These characteristics suggest that crystallization of such urea-functionalized capsules from simple and flexible components repres...
Kinetic Helicity Density in Solar Subsurface Layers and Flare Activity of Active Regions

We search for a relation between subsurface flows below active regions and flare events occurring in those regions. For this purpose, we use a ring-diagram analysis to determine the subsurface flows from high-resolution Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) and Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) data and derive the kinetic helicity as a measure of the topology of the subsurface flows. We compare it with X-ray flare data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). We study active regions in three Carrington rotations (CR 1982, 1988, and 2009), which represent different levels of flare activity. The maximum value of the unsigned kinetic helicity density associated with each active region correlates remarkably well with the total flare X-ray intensity of the active regions; active regions with strong flare activity show large values of kinetic helicity density in subsurface flows.
Intravenous Immune Globulin for the Prevention of Infections in Children with Symptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

ABSTRACT: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a progressive immunodeficiency, often manifested in adults by the development of infections with relatively rare, opportunistic organisms. However, in HIV-infected children, recurrent serious infections with common encapsulated bacteria, as well as recurrent minor bacterial and viral infections, may be early and frequent manifestations of HIV disease. The use of i.v. immune globulin (IVIG) has been shown to prevent infections in patients with primary immunodeficiency and in uncontrolled studies of HIV-infected children. This article reviews the problem of and immunologic predisposition for recurrent infections in pediatric HIV infection and reports on the use of IVIG for prophylaxis. Updated analysis from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development IVIG Clinical Trial, a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of IVIG for the prevention of infections in children with symptomatic HIV infection, is presented. Between March 1988 and January 1991, 376 children with clinical or immunologic evidence of HIV disease who were randomized to receive IVIG or albumin placebo were enrolled in this trial. In children with an entry CD4+ count of 200/mm3 or higher, IVIG significantly increased the time free from serious bacterial infections and significantly decreased the rates of minor bacterial infections and viral infections. (Pediatr Res 33 (Suppl): S80-S89, 1993)
The effects of volatility spillover in the US basis swap markets

This paper examines time series properties of the swap spreads in three segments of the US dollar interest rate swaps market. Specifically, the relationship between the swap spreads in US dollar fixed-for-floating Interest Rate Swaps (IRS), Treasury bill versus LIBOR basis swaps and commercial paper versus LIBOR basis swaps are analysed. Tests for evidence of volatility spillover among these segments are conducted. Variations of several models, including VAR/VECM, GARCH (1, 1) EGARCH and GJR-GARCH are used in this study. Evidence of interdependencies and volatility spillover is found between these markets. Using the GJR-GARCH model, it is found that the spillover is asymmetric.
Split latissimus dorsi muscle flap repair of acquired, nonmalignant, intrathoracic tracheoesophageal and bronchoesophageal fistulas

The development of a fistula between the tracheobronchial tree and oesophagus due to nonmalignant causes is uncommon. Division of the fistula with muscle flap interposition eliminates contact between the tracheobronchial segment and the oesophagus, theoretically decreasing the chance of recurrence as well as providing a robust blood supply to aid in healing. The split latissimus dorsi muscle flap is a well-suited flap for such repairs because of the ability to simultaneously cover two separate apertures (tracheobronchial and oesophageal). The authors describe the split latissimus dorsi muscle flap with step-by-step technique for repair of intrathoracic aerodigestive fistulas.
A Systematic Review of the Literature Regarding Family Context and Mental Health of Children From Rural Methamphetamine-Involved Families: Implications for Rural Child Welfare Practice

This review of the literature aims to guide practitioners concerned with ameliorating the psychosocial effects for rural-dwelling children from homes where methamphetamine is used or produced. Although a substantial body of research exists regarding the environmental dangers and physical health risks to children from methamphetamine-affected homes, there is a paucity of research regarding child psychosocial outcomes. This article summarizes the published literature examining family contexts and psychological and behavioral consequences for children. Implications of this body of knowledge for child welfare practitioners, limitations of the studies reviewed, and future research directions are discussed.
Alignment and assembly strategies for AWARE-10 gigapixel-scale cameras

Gigapixel cameras using lens arrays can contain hundreds to thousands of precisely positioned optical components and thus require fast, reliable methods for optical assembly and alignment verification. Our first one-gigapixel prototype camera (AWARE-2) and our four-gigapixel camera currently under development (AWARE-10) need active alignment and performance measurement procedures during assembly to ensure high quality images. Here we describe the methods that we have developed to ensure proper positioning of all optical components in the AWARE-10 system and the resulting optomechanical design decisions. AWARE cameras employ a single monocentric objective lens that is shared by an array of smaller ”micro-cameras”, each composed of a set of smaller scale lenses. In AWARE-10, approximately two thousand pieces of individual optics must be aligned to a high level of accuracy in order to attain the desired optical resolution over four gigapixels. To guarantee proper alignment before final assembly, the objective lens and the micro-optics are checked separately. Using tools including auto-stigmatic microscopy, slanted edge MTF measurements, and flat field measurements, we can confirm the correct alignment of individual components before assembly. Optomechanical designs that incorporate the application of these alignment tools are described.
The federal alternative minimum tax and the library director's salary in New Jersey

Purpose – The federal alternative minimum tax (AMT) portion of the annual federal income tax filing procedures is destined to have severe effects on the compensation and take home pay of senior management librarians. By examining the history of the AMT and typical principal librarian or director's salaries in New Jersey one can see the need to change the salary. The purpose of this article is to offer two additional proposed salaries for the director. One salary serves as an incremental improvement, the other serves as a step up to the executive status requisite for a position of such responsibility and effort.Design/methodology/approach – This article discusses the AMT and typical principal librarian or director's salaries in New Jersey.Findings – Little difference is seen among the salary levels regarding typical monthly expenses after payroll deductions are made as a result of the effects of the AMT. If salaries are not changed to reflect an increase in discretionary funds commensurate with the positio...
Revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia

Objective Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) remains difficult to diagnose, carries a high rate of complications, and is associated with significant mortality. We evaluated our experience with AMI over the last 2 decades to evaluate changes in management and assess current outcomes. Methods Data from consecutive patients who underwent arterial revascularization for AMI over a 20-year period (January 1990-January 2010) were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, treatment modalities, and outcomes over the last decade (2000-2010) were compared with those of the preceding decade (1990-1999) previously reported. Results Over the last 2 decades, 93 patients with AMI underwent emergency arterial revascularization. Forty-five patients were treated during the 1990s and 48 during the 2000s. The majority of these patients were transferred from outside facilities. Patient demographics and risk factors were similar between the 2 decades with the exception that the more contemporary patients were significantly older (65.1 ± 14 vs 71.3 ± 14; P = .04). Etiology remained constant between the groups with in situ thrombosis being the most common followed by arterial embolus. The majority of patients were treated with open revascularization. Endovascular therapy alone or as a hybrid procedure was used in 11 total patients, eight of which were treated in the last 10 years. The use of second-look laparotomy was much more liberal in the last decade (80% vs 48%; P = .003) Thirty-day mortality was 27% in the 1990s and 17% during the 2000s (P = 0.28). Major adverse events occurred in 47% of patients with no difference between decades. There was no significant difference in outcomes between open and endovascular revascularization. On univariate analysis, elevated SVS comorbidity score, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease predicted early death, while a history of chronic mesenteric ischemia appeared protective. On multivariate analysis, no factor independently predicted perioperative mortality. Bowel resection and cerebrovascular disease predicted postoperative morbidity, while advanced age and connective tissue disease predicted long-term mortality. Conclusions Morbidity and mortality from AMI continues to be high. Revascularization by endovascular means, although more frequent in the last decade, was still utilized in a minority of patients with severe AMI. Advanced ischemia with bowel infarction at presentation, and markers of generalized atherosclerosis are predictors of poor outcome, while history of chronic mesenteric ischemia is associated with better outcome.
Management of superior labralanterior to posterior lesions

Abstract With the advancement of shoulder arthroscopy, superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions have beenrecognized as a cause of shoulder pain and instability. The recommended treatment for these lesions has remained controversial. Successful treatment of SLAP lesions is dependent on their correct diagnosis and classification. Reproducibility of clinical and radiographic techniques has been a persistent problem, thus, the definitive evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions is best accomplished arthroscopically. The long-term outcome of lesions treated using simple debridement has been discouraging and can be recommended only for type I lesions. An attempt should be made to repair types II through VII to enable the patient to return to work or prior sporting activities. Use of the beach chair position, suture anchors, and specialized arthroscopic techniques results in acceptable, reproducible results.
Tomographic and Particle Tracking Studies in a Liquid-Solid Riser

A liquid−solid circulating fluidized bed is a potential reactor of interest in a variety of industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, and in the synthesis of fine chemicals, petrochemicals, and foodstuffs. Rapid deactivation of the solid catalyst in these processes necessitates regeneration and recirculation of the solids into the riser section in which the principal reaction is accomplished. In this study we show that computer-automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) can be used to obtain solids velocity patterns in the riser and that backflow of solids exists at the tested liquid velocities. γ-ray computed tomography (CT) reveals slightly higher solids concentrations in the center of the column. This is in contrast to gas−solid riser reactors in which the concentration of solids is higher at the walls.
Role of orbital observations in detecting and monitoring geological hazards: prospects for the future

Prospects for improving the overall situation in the earth orbital remote sensing of dynamic phenomena related to geological hazards within the next decade are examined. In particular, attention is given to the development of the NASA's Earth Observing System Project, development of a high spatial resolution (better than 100 m/pixel) multispectral imager as proposed for a potential NASA Geostationary Earth Observatory mission, and implementation of a variety of relatively low-cost single-purpose satellite missions in low earth orbit. The importance of improving worldwide communications and international cooperation for taking advantage of the emerging operational technology is emphasized.
Dynamics of wind bubbles and superbubbles. I - Slow winds and fast winds. II - Analytic theory

The paper describes the overall evolution of wind-blown bubbles in a uniform medium from the initial, free-expansion stage to the final stage in which the pressure of the ambient medium is significant. The concepts of slow and fast winds, which naturally arise from consideration of radiative losses at the free-expansion stage, are introduced. The evolution of bubbles in a plane-parallel disk, where the density decreases steeply along a vertical direction, is considered. The questions of when a bubble can break out of a thin galactic disk and how they evolve after the breakout are discussed. After breakout, bubbles can evolve into jets. Steady, collimated jets can form only over a limited range of wind luminosity and Mach number; astronomical jets are likely to be unsteady and/or hydromagnetic. The results are applied to the neutral stellar wind in the HH 7-11 region, to the north polar spur, and to the galactic winds in starburst galaxies. The evolution of wind-blown bubbles in a power-law density distribution is investigated. Characteristic evolutionary time scales, as well as the equation of motion for both the swept-up gas and the wind shock in each evolutionary stage are obtained.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL CELL LYSIS AND OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON CELLULOSE PRODUCTION BY ACETOBACTER XYLINUM

The production of cellulose by lysozyme lysates of Acetobacter xylinum is similar to that of a suspension of whole cells, in contrast to the negative results obtained with previous "cell-free" prep...
Diatom assemblages as indicators of timber harvest effects in coastal Oregon streams

Spatially patchy and temporally varied cycles of timber harvest across a landscape may have subtle effects on stream conditions that are difficult, but important, to assess. The objective of our study was to examine the relationship between benthic diatom composition and timber harvest in coastal Oregon watersheds. Physical habitat conditions, water chemistry, and periphyton composition were characterized for 46 sites from 2 subbasins with different timber harvest intensities (0.3 km 2/y vs 3 km2/y, between 1972-1998). Landscape variables including geology, vegetative cover types, and harvest intensity, were quantified for the watershed up- stream of each sample point. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of periphyton com- position showed that the 1st axis was primarily driven by Achnanthidium minutissimum (r 52 0.91) whereas the 2nd axis was driven by Nitzschia inconspicua (r 5 0.77). The 1st axis was positively correlated with % of upstream area harvested between 1972 and 1998 (r 5 0.54) and water- quality variables such as total P (TP) (e.g., rTP 5 0.74). A subset comparison (n 5 12) between harvested (30% harvested 1972-1998, n 5 6) and unharvested (0% harvested 1972-1998, n 5 6) watersheds with similar geology (.80% basalts), broadleaf vegetative cover (8-35% broadleaf), and other reach-scale characteristics revealed higher total N, TP, turbidity, and conductivity in the harvested than the unharvested watersheds (p , 0.05). Shannon diversity and species rich- ness also were higher in the harvested group (p , 0.05). Our data suggest that diatom assem- blages may be useful in assessing the long-term impact of timber harvest within coastal Oregon watersheds.
Structural and Functional Variations in Capillary Systems within the Brain

The major hypothesis of this study is that there are differences among brain areas in capillary bed structure and function. Three general differences between circumventricular organ and non-CVO capillary beds were found. First, the PS products for AIB were about 300 times greater in CVO capillaries than in non-CVO (blood-brain barrier) capillaries. Second, the frequency of endothelial cell fenestrations was much greater in CVO capillaries than in non-CVO capillaries and the fenestrae may be structural modifications of endothelial cells that permit ready passage of solutes such as AIB. Third, the frequency of mitochondria was greater in BBB capillaries than in CVO capillaries; this high metabolic potential of BBB capillaries may be associated, in part, with "carrier-mediated" transport of various solutes between plasma and cerebral interstitial fluid. Capillary bed differences among all (i.e., both CVO and non-CVO) brain structures were also observed. Among these differences are: rate of blood flow, mean transit time of albumin, capillary volume and surface area, perfused microvessel blood volume, apparent percentage of perfused capillaries, PS products for AIB, and frequency within the endothelium of vesicular profiles.
ACCESSIBLE E-LEARNING: EQUAL PEDAGOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS WITH SENSORY LIMITATIONS

The transformation of the world into a highly technological place has led to the evolution of learning from traditional classroom to e-learning, using course management systems (CMS). ELearning offers a range of advantages over traditional pedagogical methods, providing a bridge for students with sensory limitations, who otherwise, find themselves at a disadvantage. This study evaluates the accessibility, usability, interactivity, and responsiveness of popular CMS, and examines if an accessible and usable CMS impacts the performance of physically challenged students. For this purpose, university students having sensory limitations were surveyed. The results revealed some interesting facts about online education, besides identifying an area of improvement.
Toward a Sociology of Wealth : definitions and historical comparisons

O que significa ser rico? Os possuidores de grande riqueza agem de uma maneira distintiva que justifique que sejam como grupo de status? Neste artigo, exploram-se as implicacoes das varias definicoes de riqueza. Partindo de uma revisao dos dados disponiveis para uma gama de sociedades historicas, procura-se, de seguida, examinar se a explosao de riqueza verificada nos anos 1990, nos Estados Unidos, conduziu a criacao de uma sociedade onde as camadas sociais mais ricas se alargaram, comparativamente com sociedades anteriores. Conclui-se este artigo com identificacao de uma agenda de investigacao futura que procura relacionar as proporcoes e as mudancas verificadas nas classes sociais mais abastadas em diferentes sociedades, muitas vezes provas nao quantitativas de atividades de lazer, formas de familia e acao politica.
Preparation Method and Cation Dopant Effects on the Particle Size and Properties of BaCeO3 Perovskites

Perovskite-type BaCeO 3 has been investigated to study the effects of preparation method and cation doping on the particle size and sintering in the fabrication of dense perovskite membranes. A variety of preparation methods including solid-state reactions, coprecipitation, microemulsion, and molten salt reactions have been studied. In coprecipitation and microemulsion preparations, perovskites were formed at significantly lower temperatures than that required in a solid-state preparation. The pH of the reactant solutions has been found to greatly affect the particle size and agglomeration of BaCeO 3 perovskites. Smallest perovskite particles with sizes of 40-60 nm were obtained by the microemulsion preparation with minimal agglomeration. Transition metal dopants such as neodymium and manganese cations were doped into BaCeO 3 and their effects on the particle size and agglomeration of perovskite particles investigated. Both small particle size and cation doping significantly helped the sintering of perovskites.
Zum Mechanismus der elektrokatalytischen Sauerstoffreduktion an Metallchelaten I. Kobalt‐Dibenzotetraazaannulen

Zur Untersuchung der Sauerstoffreduktion an Metallchelaten wurde die Methode der rotierenden Ring-Scheibe-Elektrode verwendet. Die Metallchelate wurden auf glatte Metall- und Kohlescheiben aufgebracht. Das entstehende und abdiffundierende H2O2 wurde bei konstantem Potential am Platinring verfolgt. Die Auswertung der Kurven fur Ring- und Scheibenstrome bei verschiedenen Drehzahlen ermoglicht Aussagen uber den Reaktionsmechanismus der Sauerstoffreduktion und liefert Werte fur die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Elektrodenreaktionen. Nach einigen Ubersichtsmessungen an Phthalocyanin, Tetraphenylporphyrin und Tetraazaannulen wurde als erstes Kobalt-Dibenzotetraazaannulen untersucht. Als geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt der Reduktion wurde die Ubertragung des ersten Elektrons erkannt. Als Hauptprodukt der Reduktion wurde H2O2 bestimmt, das weder elektrochemisch noch chemisch weiterreagiert. Daneben lauft als Parallelreaktion die Reduktion zu Wasser ab. Es konnte bestatigt werden, daβ bei der Sauerstoffreduktion an unbeschichtetem Platin fast ausschlieslich Wasser als Reaktionsprodukt entsteht. The method of rotating ring disc electrode was used to investigate the oxygen reduction at metal chelates. The metal chelates were spread on flat metal and carbon discs. The formation and diffusion of hydrogen peroxide was detected at constant potential at the platinum ring. The evaluation of ring and disc currents at different rotation speeds provides information about the reaction mechanism of oxygen reduction and allows the calculation of rate constants of electrode reactions. After a screening including phthalocyanine, tetraphenylporphyrine, and tetraazaannulene, Co-tetraazaannulene was first investigated. The transfer of the first electron is the rate-determining step of the reduction. The main product of the reduction is hydrogen peroxide, which does not undergo a further electrochemical or chemical reaction. In a parallel reaction oxygen is reduced to water. At an uncoated platinum electrode, it was possible to reproduce the known reduction of oxygen with water being nearly the only reaction product.
Ozonolysis of oleic acid particles: evidence for a surface reaction and secondary reactions involving Criegee intermediates

The heterogeneous reactions of ozone with monodisperse oleic acid and methyl oleate particles were studied by monitoring the loss of the condensed-phase species using an aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometer (Aerosol CIMS). The reaction of ozone with oleic acid was determined to occur at the surface of the particles despite previous assumptions that it reacts in the bulk. The ozonolysis of methyl oleate particles, on the other hand, was found to be limited by the diffusion of ozone and does react in the bulk. The difference in reaction mechanisms is attributed to the larger degree of order in oleic acid known to result from the formation of hydrogen-bonded dimers. The reactive uptake coefficients, γ, calculated from the rate of loss of the particle species are γ = (1.38 ± 0.06) × 10−3 for oleic acid and γ = (1.23 ± 0.10) × 10−3 for methyl oleate. However, it is found that secondary reactions between Criegee intermediates and the carboxylic acid moiety in oleic acid are responsible for 36% (±4%) of its observed loss. Hence, the rate of loss of ozone cannot be equated to the rate of loss of oleic acid. Accounting for this additional reaction the uptake coefficient for ozone on oleic acid particles is calculated to be γ = (8.8 ± 0.5) × 10−4. The magnitude of these secondary reactions quantitatively reconciles discrepancies between previous coated flow tube and particle-based studies, and it illustrates the need to include additional loss mechanisms when calculating uptake coefficients from the rates of loss of particle species. Implications of reactions with Criegee intermediates in atmospheric particles are discussed.
Toward mobile-friendly libraries: the status quo

As the number of users accessing web sites from their mobile devices rapidly increases, it becomes increasingly important for libraries to make their homepages "mobile-friendly." However, to our best knowledge, there has been little attempt to survey how ready existing libraries are towards this upcoming mobile era and to quantitatively analyze the findings via data exploration methods. In this paper, using the W3C's tool, mobileOK, we characterize the mobile-friendliness of comprehensive set of more than 400 libraries with respect to locations (e.g., world-wide vs. US vs. EU) and types (e.g., desktop vs. mobile). Based on our findings, we conclude that majority of current libraries (regardless of locations and types) be not mobile-friendly at all (with low mobile-friendliness scores of 0.16---0.21). Using mobilization tools, in addition, we demonstrate that the mobile-friendliness of library homepages can be improved significantly (i.e., 67%---82%). As such, much more efforts to make library homepages more mobile-friendly are greatly needed.
Origination, extinction, invasion, and extirpation components of the brachiopod latitudinal biodiversity gradient through the Phanerozoic Eon

The geographic distribution of brachiopod genus occurrences over the Phanerozoic shows that secular declines in origination and extinction rates were paralleled by increases in invasion and extirpation rates. Origination and extinction rates declined in two phases, the first from the Cambrian to latest Permian Periods and the second from the latest Permian Period to the present, which were accompanied by concomitant increases in invasion and extirpation rates. In addition to the temporal correlation, an inverse correlation was also weakly evident among time-averaged latitudinal gradients of rates. Compared with faunas at higher latitudes, low-latitude faunas experienced higher origination and extinction rates, and lower invasion and extirpation rates. We suggest that progressive increases in migration ability lowered origination and extinction rates because species that were better equipped to track a preferred habitat, for example, by the ability to disperse larvae over large distances, were less likely to evolve or become extinct in response to local environmental changes. The two phases were separated by the end-Permian mass extinction, which reset to high levels the origination and extinction rates of a taxonomically and ecologically altered global brachiopod fauna. Our data also allow us to quantify the relative contributions of origination, extinction, invasion, and extirpation to regional diversity (quantified as 10° latitudinal zones) more generally. Overall, invasion and extirpation explained slightly more variation in diversity than in situ origination and extinction. The four variables usually occurred in combinations that maintained rather than altered the shape of the latitudinal diversity gradient. For most of the Phanerozoic Eon, the gradient was not the product of continuous renewal, but rather existed as a holdover from a previous interval.
Prevention of Infection with Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae Type b

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE Background Since the first description by Vieusseux in 1805 of an epidemic of "cerebrospinal fever," physicians have been aware of the potential for spread of meningococcal disease. Numerous studies of military recruits in the United States documented conclusively nasopharyngeal acquisition of Neisseria meningitidis during the course of their basic training. In the military setting, attack rates as high as 46% have been reported for exposed susceptible individuals. In the United States, endemic meningococcal disease occurs in 3,000 to 5,000 persons yearly. Secondary cases occur with a frequency of 0.4% in the first month following disease in the index case. The risk to household contacts is approximately 2.2/1,000/yr; this risk is greatest in the week after the onset of illness in the index case but remains in excess of the endemic disease rate for at least 1 month. The risk of secondary meningococcal disease in household contacts (adults and children) of an index case is 1,000 times greater than that for the population as a whole. Carriage Versus Invasive Disease Household contacts, day care center contacts, and bunk mates (military installations) of an index case frequently are noted to have an increased rate of carriage of N meningitidis in the nasopharynx. It has been noted repeatedly that when the carriage rate of N meningitidis is high, invasive disease is more likely to occur.
INFRARED LATTICE VIBRATIONS OF SINGLE CRYSTAL LITHIUM HYDRIDE AND SOME OF ITS ISOTOPIC DERIVATIONS.

The infrared reflection spectra of single crystal lithium hydride, lithium deuteride, lithium-6 hydride, and lithium-7 hydride have been measured and analyzed. The long wavelength limits of the optical lattice vibrational frequencies have been determined and used to find the static dielectric constants and Szigeti effective charges of all the isotopic variations studied. It is found that the square of the longitudinal (or transverse) frequency is inversely proportional to the reduced mass of the ion pairs forming the crystal. The Szigeti effective charge for LiH, es∗ = (0.53±0.02)e, is qualitatively accounted for by the Dick and Overhauser shell model for the vibrating ions. A slight isotope effect on the es∗ is noted in LiD and the difference in effective charges is interpretable within the framework of the shell model.
The effects of sampling regime on the analysis of movements of overwintering female caribou in east-central Alaska

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology enables research of animal movements at finer levels of spatial and temporal resolution than previous methodologies allowed. A feature of GPS collar technology is the capability to program the dates of (sample period) and time between successive relocations (sample interval). I investigated the effects of sampling regime, the combination of sample period and interval, on analyzing movements of female caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in the Fortymile Caribou Herd as a case study. Based on hourly relocations throughout the winter, caribou moved 260 meters per hour or 6.2 kilometers per day. Sample period influenced estimates of movement rates, as I detected both diurnal and seasonal variability. Caribou movement rates during daylight and twilight hours were significantly greater than during the nighttime. Movement rates were greater during twilight hours than during daylight, but only slightly. Mid-winter and late winter movement rates were virtually the same, however, both were significantly less than during early winter. As sample interval increased, estimates of movement rates decreased substantially. Estimates based on 2-hour sample intervals were 14% less than those based on one-hour sample intervals, with estimates declining to 65% of the one-hour sample interval estimates at 167-hour (weekly) intervals. Estimates of home range were also affected by using different sampling intervals, however, kernel and MCP estimates responded antithetically to increasing sample interval. Researchers need to be aware that decisions about sampling regime can affect the estimates of ecological parameters that are based on relocations, such as movement rate, habitat selection, and home range.
HERMES: A Software Architecture for Visibility and Control in Wireless Sensor Network Deployments

Designing reliable software for sensor networks is challenging because application developers have little visibility into, and understanding of the post-deployment behavior of code executing on resource constrained nodes in remote and ill-reproducible environments. To address this problem, this paper presents HERMES, a lightweight framework and prototype tool that provides fine-grained visibility and control of a sensor node's software at run-time. HERMES's architecture is based on the notion of interposition, which enables it to provide these properties in a minimally intrusive manner, without requiring any modification to software applications being observed and controlled. HERMES provides a general, extensible, and easy-to-use framework for specifying which software components to observe and control as well as when and how this observation and control is done. We have implemented and tested a fully functional prototype of HERMES for the SOS sensor operating system. Our performance evaluation, using real sensor nodes as well as cycle-accurate simulation, shows that HERMES successfully achieves its objective of providing fine-grained and dynamic visibility and control without incurring significant resource overheads. We demonstrate the utility and flexibility of HERMES by using our prototype to design, implement, and evaluate three case-studies: debugging and testing deployed sensor network applications, performing transparent software updates in sensor nodes, and implementing network traffic shaping and resource policing.
A Variable Function Delay for Analog Computers

Analysis of reactor problems requires the simulation of transport lags. This paper discusses the design of a compact and relatively simple transport lag utilizing a synchronously-switched bank of condensers.
Two Divergent Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases Exhibit Mutually Exclusive Patterns of Expression in Nasturtium

A cDNA encoding a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) homolog was isolated from nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) epicotyl RNA. The deduced protein encoded by the corresponding gene, termed XET1, was substantially divergent from a previously isolated nasturtium XET (NXG1) expressed in germinating seed cotyledons but was highly homologous to XET genes isolated from vegetative tissues of several distantly related species. XET1 was expressed at the level of mRNA accumulation in all vegetative tissues examined (root, epicotyl, stem, and leaf) except in germinating cotyledons. Conversely, NXG1 exhibited the opposite pattern of expression and its mRNA was detected exclusively in cotyledons. Both XET1 and NXG1 were apparently encoded by single genes. Protein extracts from epicotyls or germinating cotyledons, in which XET1 or NXG1 are specifically expressed respectively, exhibited XET activity when assayed using two different xyloglucan substrates. XET activity from epicotyl extracts used nonfucosylated seed amyloid xyloglucan or fucosylated stem xyloglucan as a substrate with equal facility, whereas XET activity from cotyledon extracts had a significantly higher activity against nonfucosylated xyloglucan. The existence in a single species of two XETs possessing divergent amino acid sequences, mutually exclusive patterns of expression, and potentially different activities against xyloglucan substrates demonstrates the existence of different classes of XET and suggests differing roles in vivo.
Assessment of GPS carrier-phase stability for time-transfer applications

We have conducted global positioning system (GPS) carrier-phase time-transfer experiments between the master clock (MC) at the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) in Washington, DC and the alternate master clock (AMC) at Schriever Air Force Base near Colorado Springs, Colorado. These clocks are also monitored on an hourly basis with two-way satellite time-transfer (TWSTT) measurements. We compared the performance of the GPS carrier phase and TWSTT systems over a 236-d period. Because of power problems and data outages during the carrier-phase experiment, the longest continuous time span is 96 d. The data from this period show agreement with TWSTT within /spl plusmn/1 ns, apart from an overall constant time offset (caused by unknown delays in the GPS hardware at both ends). For averaging times of a day, the carrier-phase and TWSTT systems have a frequency uncertainty of 2.5 and 5.5 parts in 10/sup 15/, respectively.
Two-dimensional target recognition using normalization and recorrelation to eliminate noise

An algorithm is presented in this paper which advances research in noisy background target recognition. This recognition process first uses an enhancement algorithm which extracts edges from an input scene. The edge enhanced target scene is searched with an edged object template and the correlation output displayed. High correlation peaks could be targets or high energy noise correlated with the edged template. To distinguish between these two conditions, the correlation peaks are used as centers for normalization of the input scene. An area equal to the size of the target is normalized to the template energy around each correlation center, the rest of the image being blanked, and the new scene is recorrelated with the template.
Robustness and sensitivities of central U.S. summer convection in the super‐parameterized CAM: Multi‐model intercomparison with a new regional EOF index

[1] Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) can bring up to 60% of summer rainfall to the central United States but are not simulated by most global climate models. In this study, a new empirical orthogonal function based index is developed to isolate the MCS activity, similar to that developed by Wheeler and Hendon (2004) for the Madden-Julian Oscillation. The index is applied to compactly compare three conventional- and super-parameterized (SP) versions (3.0, 3.5, and 5.0) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). Results show that nocturnal, eastward propagating convection is a robust effect of super-parameterization but is sensitive to its specific implementation. MCS composites based on the index show that in SP-CAM3.5, convective MCS anomalies are unrealistically large scale and concentrated, while surface precipitation is too weak. These aspects of the MCS signal are improved in the latest version (SP-CAM5.0), which uses high-order microphysics.
Sampled-data Nash controls in non-zero-sum differential games†

Non-Zero-sum differential games where measurements of the state vector are possible only at discrete instants of time during the course of play are considered, and necessary conditions for the existence of a pair of sampled-data Nash controls are obtained. These conditions are different from those corresponding to the open-loop or closed-loop solutions. Linear quadratic games are then treated and a simple illustrative example which reduces to a pursuit-evasion game is presented.
Critical transport velocity in two-phase, horizontal pipe flow

This paper reports on the suspension of solid particles or entrainment of liquid droplets in two- phase flow. Theoretical and empirical relationships have been derived for both instances without any consideration to the similarities between the two. However, a general relation for two-phase flow is desirable since there are systems that cannot be readily defined due to the dual (solid/liquid) nature of the transported material, such as colloids, pulp, slurries, and sludge. Using turbulence theory, one general equation can be derived to predict critical transport velocities for two-phase horizontal flow.
Some Aspects of the PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS Semantic Layer: Uses and Advantages

The article deals with the Extended Qualia Structure and predicative representation implemented in the semantic layer of the PAROLE/SIMPLE/ CLIPS lexicon, an Italian lexical resource for computational applications, mainly based on Generative Lexicon. The Extended Qualia Structure is a component of the model that allows the encoding of the complex and multifaceted nature of word senses. The advantages of Qualia-based representation and the potentialities the extended framework provides in capturing, combining and making linguistic information computationally usable will be presented. The predicative representation consists in the definition of a lexical predicate, its argument structure and selectional restrictions. The profits of this way of representing lexical information, which are, above all, the high degree of cohesion among entries semantically linked and an effective power in retrieving information will be shown. The links between a predicate and word senses and the mapping of a semantic predicate on to the syntactic frame will be also described, stressing how they can also be calculated by an automatic system. The reader will be guided in a route around the lexical data of a portion of semantic space, using as a track the various meaning dimensions the Extended Qualia Structure gives access to, and the several possible links between predicate, word-senses and syntax.
Energy efficient E-textile based portable keyboard

We have created sensor architecture, data collection and processing techniques for an E-Textile wireless keyboard. We leverage the inherent properties of E-Textiles to produce optimized architecture for energy efficient sensing. Novel techniques such as one where each sensor senses several events (activations of different keys) and each event is sensed by three sensors and flexible interleaved sensing and data processing result in up to a factor of 30 energy reduction over the system where each key is sensed by exactly one sensor. We build the keyboard and test it on multiple subjects.
Functional organization of the Bel-1 trans activator of human foamy virus.

Abstract Human foamy virus encodes a 300-amino-acid nuclear regulatory protein termed Bel-1 that is required for human foamy virus replication in culture. Bel-1 is a potent trans-activator of gene expression directed by the homologous HFV long terminal repeat as well as the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We have used mutational analysis to define several discrete functional domains within Bel-1. The C-terminal approximately 50 amino acids of Bel-1 are shown to be essential for Bel-1 activity but can be effectively substituted by the C-terminal activation domain of VP16. We therefore conclude that the Bel-1 C terminus forms part of an activation domain. Mutations within a central, approximately 100-amino-acid segment of Bel-1 preclude trans-activation by either Bel-1 or the Bel-1/VP16 chimera. These sequences are therefore proposed to direct the interaction of Bel-1 with its viral DNA target sequences. A short Bel-1 segment located between the activation and binding domains is shown to mediate the nuclear localization of this regulatory protein. Although the functional organization of Bel-1 therefore appears comparable to that reported for other eukaryotic transcriptional activators, Bel-1 does not contain sequences homologous to known transcriptional activation or DNA-binding motifs.
Circuit techniques for wireless brain interfaces

Efficient, miniaturized wireless recording is critical for both existing and emerging health-monitoring applications. One important example of this is in the brain interface community, where new technologies allow improved observation and understanding of brain functions. This, in turn, drives the need for ever smaller, lower power, and higher performance circuitry for chronic recording. This paper describes circuit and system techniques for low power wireless brain interfaces. Active and passive architectures are described and compared, and measured in-vivo data from both are presented.
Viscous flow and transport with moving free and reactive surfaces

Transport of a chemical species through a viscous fluid with reaction at an interface is modelled by a quasi-static process in which the transient behaviour is dominated by motion of the reactive surface. The reaction is accompanied by a molar volume change which leads to motion of the free surface. A decoupled stream function-vorticity formulation is introduced in conjunction with a moving finite element method. This also permits convenient treatment of the free and reactive surface boundary conditions. The model is applied to the growth of oxide films on silicon surfaces and reveals the effect of surface curvature on film growth.
American Civi-Military Relations and Military Government: The Service of Colonel Alexander Doniphan in the Mexican War

As an American volunteer colonel during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Alexander W. Doniphan played a leading role in the earliest experiences of the U.S. military government. Serving as an officer in the U.S. expedition that captured Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1846, Doniphan was ordered to write a constitution and set of laws for the New Mexico Territory. Furthermore, Doniphan had to deal with the ethnically diverse population of the conquered lands. He negotiated a treaty with the Navajo tribe in hopes of establishing peaceful relations between the tribe and the United States. Other officers, both regulars and volunteers, later performed similar duties in the captured territory of California. Comprehensive works on military government point to Doniphan's actions as helping to set the example for U.S. military governments in other captured territories after the war with Spain in 1898 and into the twentieth century. Moreover, Doniphan was also involved in an incident that served as an important examp...