cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deuterium Enrichment by CW CO2 Laser Induced Vibrational Photochemistry

Prior to the work in this laboratory demonstrating successful Br isotope separation using a cw CO2 laser [1], the only two reports of isotope separation using cw IR lasers to excite the reagents have been those by MAYER et al. [2] and CHIEN and BAUER [3]. The chief reasons for this are the severe problems of VV interisotope energy exchange and bulk heating, both of which cause isotope scrambling. Recently, MANUCCIA and co-workers have devised the method of “VT competing deactivation” which overcomes these constraints and have demonstrated cw IR laser isotope separation employing a vibrationally enhanced bimolecular reaction [1]. Employing the technique, we have succeeded in enriching deuterium by as much as 72% in the products of the radical chain reaction of chlorine atoms with a mixture of CH2D2 and CH4 by exciting the CH2D2 molecules with a cw CO2 laser. A conservative energy cost estimate based on natural abundance methane feed (preliminary results with a CH3D-CH4 mixture have shown comparable deuterium enrichment) indicates that it is within a factor of 3–4 of that for the current commercial process.
Person Re-identification in Wide Area Camera Networks

Person re-identification is defined as the problem of matching images or videos of people taken from different cameras. It is a fundamental task in wide area surveillance for multi-camera tracking and the subsequent analysis of long term activities and behaviors of people in the scene. A person’s appearance is most often used to characterize their identity and is matched across cameras to establish re-identification. In typical surveillance scenarios, people are observed from a distance, do not present similar views across cameras, and the environment is uncontrolled and varying, which makes extracting, learning, and matching a person based on their appearance a non-trivial task. Person re-identification has been an area of intense research in the past five years, nonetheless, it remains an open problem and many of its aspects and challenges are not addressed. In this chapter, we explore the problem of person re-identification in wide area camera networks, in the context of consistent tracking over multiple cameras in order to facilitate the estimation of the global trajectory of a person over the camera network. We discuss the problem details, identify the requirements of a reasonable re-identification model, and highlight the challenges. We also present a multi-parametric model, demonstrate its effectiveness for person re-identification, and discuss its contributions.
Improved Ultrahigh-Resolution Wind Retrieval for RapidScat

This paper introduces RapidScat 2.5-km ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) wind estimation and validates it in near-coastal regions. RapidScat UHR wind estimation provides finer resolution ocean wind vector fields than conventional 12.5-km level 2B (L2B) wind products at a cost of higher noise. In addition, this paper applies direction interval retrieval techniques and develops other wind processing improvements to enhance the performance of RapidScat UHR wind estimation. The new algorithm is validated with L2B wind estimates, numerical weather prediction wind products, and buoy measurements. The wind processing improvements produce more spatially consistent UHR winds that compare well with the wind products mentioned above.
Sequence Characteristics Distinguish Transcribed Enhancers from Promoters and Predict Their Breadth of Activity

Enhancers and promoters both regulate gene expression by recruiting transcription factors (TFs); however, the degree to which enhancer vs. promoter activity is due to differences in their sequences or to genomic context is the subject of ongoing debate. We examined this question by analyzing the sequences of thousands of transcribed enhancers and promoters from hundreds of cellular contexts previously identified by cap analysis of gene expression. Support vector machine classifiers trained on counts of all possible 6-bp-long sequences (6-mers) were able to accurately distinguish promoters from enhancers and distinguish their breadth of activity across tissues. Classifiers trained to predict enhancer activity also performed well when applied to promoter prediction tasks, but promoter-trained classifiers performed poorly on enhancers. This suggests that the learned sequence patterns predictive of enhancer activity generalize to promoters, but not vice versa. Our classifiers also indicate that there are functionally relevant differences in enhancer and promoter GC content beyond the influence of CpG islands. Furthermore, sequences characteristic of broad promoter or broad enhancer activity matched different TFs, with predicted ETS- and RFX-binding sites indicative of promoters, and AP-1 sites indicative of enhancers. Finally, we evaluated the ability of our models to distinguish enhancers and promoters defined by histone modifications. Separating these classes was substantially more difficult, and this difference may contribute to ongoing debates about the similarity of enhancers and promoters. In summary, our results suggest that high-confidence transcribed enhancers and promoters can largely be distinguished based on biologically relevant sequence properties.
Multicellular behavior enables cooperation in microbial cell aggregates

Summary During the degradation of biological materials such as biopolymers, extracellular enzymes liberate oligosaccharides that act as common goods and become available for all cells in the local neighborhood. This phenomenon can lead to cooperative growth, whereby cell-cell aggregation increases both the per-capita availability of resources and the per cell growth rate. However, aggregation can also have detrimental consequences for growth, as gradients form within aggregates limiting the resource accessibility. We used a computational model to show that high bacterial densities and high enzyme secretion rates restrict cooperation in aggregates larger than 10μm, due to the emergence of polymer and oligomer counter-gradients. We compared these predictions against experiments performed with two well-studied alginate degrading Vibrios, one of which displayed a strong density dependent growth. We observed that both strains can form large aggregates (
Migrating cells control morphogenesis of substratum serving as track to promote directional movement of the collective.

ABSTRACT In Drosophila embryos, caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) cells undergo bilateral migration along the trunk visceral mesoderm (TVM) in order to form midgut muscles. Mutation of FGF receptor Heartless (Htl) has been shown to cause CVM migration defects, particularly midline crossing of the bilateral groups. Here, we show that htl mutants also exhibit TVM defects including contralateral merging. Both CVM mismigration and TVM contralateral merging are attenuated by restoring FGF signaling specifically in the CVM, suggesting that migrating CVM cells influence TVM morphogenesis; however, the inverse, supplying FGF to the TVM, does not rescue CVM mismigration. In addition, we show that FGF regulates integrin expression in both tissues, but only providing a source of integrin specifically to the TVM attenuates the contralateral merging phenotype. Finally, we demonstrate that the CVM influences cell shape in the TVM, and a loss of CVM results in TVM morphological defects. In summary, this study provides insight into how a migrating collective of cells can influence their tissue substrate and supports the view that morphogenesis of tissues during development is interdependent.
Intake and growth in transported Holstein calves classified as diarrheic or healthy within the first 21 days after arrival in a retrospective observational study.

ABSTRACT Strategies that can improve health and maximize growth in the preweaning period should improve the subsequent production and longevity of replacement animals. Few data are available that quantify feed and water consumption, as well as growth, in healthy versus non-healthy calves—the objective of this study. A database of Holstein calves ( 2 for ≥3 consecutive days over the first 21 d of each experiment were retrospectively classified as diarrheic (DIA; n = 96); the remainder were classified as healthy (HEA; n = 217). Other health issues were minimal. The likelihood of elevated fecal score occurrence and the cumulative number of days with an elevated score were greater for DIA calves than for HEA calves. The initial total protein concentration in blood did not differ between classifications. Cumulative milk replacer dry matter intake (DMI) and water consumed from milk replacer were significantly less for DIA calves than for HEA calves, because DIA calves were more likely to refuse milk replacer. Cumulative starter DMI was decreased for DIA versus HEA calves. As a result, cumulative total DMI was significantly less for DIA calves than for HEA calves. Cumulative free water intake did not differ between classifications. The DIA calves were more likely to receive electrolyte solution and have more days given electrolyte solution than HEA calves. As a result, total cumulative intake of electrolyte solution was greater in DIA calves than in HEA calves. Cumulative total water intake did not differ between classifications. Initial BW did not differ between classifications; however, a classification × time interaction for BW indicated that HEA calves were heavier than DIA calves and had greater ADG. Significant classification × time interactions for hip height and heart girth revealed that HEA calves had a larger frame size. Gain–feed ratios for both milk replacer intake and total DMI differed between classifications: DIA calves were less feed-efficient than HEA calves. In conclusion, diarrhea in young calves decreases DMI, BW gain, and feed efficiency relative to HEA calves within 21 d of arrival.
Exploring epistemological approaches and beliefs of middle school students in problem-based learning

The authors investigated the influence of engaging in a problem-based learning unit on middle school students' epistemic beliefs, and how such students' epistemic beliefs and approaches to argument...
Analytic calculation for the stray field above Néel and Bloch magnetic domain walls in a rectangular nanoribbon

Abstract Narrow magnetic domain walls in rectangular nanowires with perpendicular anisotropy are a vital component for many spintronic devices. Probing the structure of the domain wall is interesting for applications, and it also provides a means to accurately determine fundamental material parameters, such as the size of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction strength. The domain wall structure can be inferred using a variety of recent, novel experiments that measure the stray field above the magnetic wire, but the interpretation of these measurements requires an accurate theoretical method that relates the stray field to the magnetic structure. Here, various one-dimensional analytic methods for finding stray field are compared to MuMax simulations in order to determine if there exists an accurate analytic way to interpret a wide range of experiments. This has the advantage of being fast and simple compared to numerical simulations. Our analytic method relies on approximating the domain wall profile as a piecewise, linear function. It is shown to be accurate for parameters appropriate to CoPtCr nanowires that are 3 nm thick and 40-100 nm wide, and is expected to work broadly for nanowires that are thinner than the exchange length.
Randomized Algorithms for Non-Intrusive Parametric Reduced Order Modeling

This paper demonstrates the development of purely data-driven, nonintrusive parametric reduced-order models for the emulation of high-dimensional field outputs using randomized linear algebra techn...
Commentary on McIntyre IM, King CV, Staikos V, Gall J, Drummer OH. A fatality involving moclobemide, sertraline and pimozide. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:951-53.

Commentary on McIntyre IM, King CV, Staikos V, Gall J, Drummer OH. A fatality involving moclobemide, sertraline and pimozide. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:951–53
Monitoring Earth Resources From Aircraft and Spacecraft

Procedures and techniques for determining earth resources from high altitude aircraft and Apollo 9 photographs
Evaluation of Learning Performance of Situated Embodied Agents

This paper discusses the complexities of designing and evaluating Alife learning systems using physical robots interacting in complex, dynamic environments. We use the learning data from two different implemented multi-robot learning systems to illustrate the difficulties with traditional “objective” methods of evaluation. We then describe the methods we used to evaluate the behavior of such learning systems in order to preserve its dynamics and demonstrate their effect on the performance.
Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee, Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation

Can one be both a Confucian and a feminist without apology? In this book, Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee challenges the stereotyping representation of Confucianism as an extremely sexist ideology, a theory that must be totally eradicated for China to make any real progress on gender issues. Rosenlee also questions the implicit practice of Western transnational and global feminists who all too quickly embrace the assumption that Chinese women’s liberation (as in any third world country) can come only from Western ethical theories. Through abundant use of philosophical and historical texts from the pre-Qin to the late Qing periods and insightful analysis of social practices such as the customs of widowhood and footbinding in their appropriate contexts, Rosenlee successfully demonstrates the possibility of creating a viable theory of Confucian feminism. Chapter 1 situates the discourse on gender oppression in its historical context as part of the nationalistic discourse of China in the early twentieth century. Humiliated by countless defeats at the hands of the new imperial powers of Japan and the West, literati of the Reform Movement and the May Fourth Movement blamed Confucianism and patriarchal practice for what was wrong with the Old China. A total and radical rejection of Confucianism was completed in Communist China during the Cultural Revolution of the 1970s. At approximately the same time, “there was a surge of interest in Chinese gender studies on the part of Western feminists as well as Asian specialists” (1). However, in this new wave of transnational and global feminist discourse, Rosenlee finds that Western cultural and ethical assumptions are almost uniformly privileged in cross-cultural gender studies over other ethical theories from other cultures. In other words, “while the concept of ‘gender’ is well articulated” in feminist scholarship, “the concept of culture remains relatively marginal” (2). Nonetheless, if one affirms that (a) a Chinese woman is not only a gendered being but also a cultural being and (b) gender is a cultural-social construction, then this neglect of the cultural element is self-contradictory. First, in transposing a familiar Western gender paradigm to Chinese culture as the universal conceptual framework “within which the condition of Chinese women is comprehended and its possible liberation theorized,” Western feminists “in effect, essentialize the category of ‘woman’” and reduce Dao (2008) 7:461–465 DOI 10.1007/s11712-008-9082-9
Elite Consensus as a Determinant of Alliance Cohesion: Why Public Opinion Hardly Matters for NATO-led Operations in Afghanistan

Despite the increasing popularity of fighting wars through multilateral coalitions, scholars have largely been silent on the question of how public opinion in member states affects alliance cohesion. This article assesses public opinion data for states contributing to operations in Afghanistan. It finds that despite the unpopularity of the war, leaders have largely bucked public opinion and neither reduced nor withdrawn troops from NATO-led operations in Afghanistan. Theoretical expectations about international cooperation and evidence from case studies point to elite consensus as the reason why leaders are not running for the exits in Afghanistan when their publics would prefer that they do. As the article shows, operating through a formal institution such as NATO creates systemic incentives for sustained international cooperation. The result is that elite consensus inoculates leaders from electoral punishment and gives states’ commitments to Afghanistan a “stickiness” that defies negative public opinion. A formal alliance such as NATO may therefore create more policy constraints than an ad hoc coalition but also increase the costs of defection and confer a degree of staying power that is unexpected given the adverse public opinion environment.
Competitiveness of biomass-fueled electrical power plants.

One way countries like the United States can comply with suggested rollbacks in greenhouse gas emissions is by employing power plants fueled with biomass. We examine the competitiveness of biomass‐based fuel for electrical power as opposed to coal using a mathematical programming structure. We consider fueling power plants from milling residues, whole trees, logging residues, switch grass, or short‐rotation woody crops. We do this using a combined model of the agricultural and forestry sectors. We find that the competitiveness of biomass depends in a key way upon the success of research in developing improved production methods for short‐rotation woody crops without great increases in costs.
Effects of partially polarized noise in a receiver

We compare back-to-back experiments to an accurate receiver model and an analytical formula for the Q-factor distribution. We show that even for a fixed SNR, partially polarized noise can cause a large variation in system performance.
Rock Outcrops Harbor Native Perennials in Type-Converted Coastal Scrub

ABSTRACT. Type-conversion of coastal scrub to exotic annual grassland has been extensive in certain parts of southern California, especially in drier inland locales. Field observations suggest that rock outcrops harbor native perennials associated with coastal scrub vegetation after conversion to exotic annual grassland has occurred. Surveys were conducted to test this observation. In addition, measures of fossorial mammal disturbance, soil depth, exotic annual plant abundance, and soil moisture were collected and used to infer potential mechanisms that may influence patterns of native and exotic vegetation. Results showed that larger outcrops are associated with more native perennial species than smaller outcrops, consistent with predictions based on species-area relationships. In addition, the edges of rock outcrops were shown to have greater native perennial species richness than the surrounding exotic annual grassland matrix. Higher soil moisture, lower soil depth, and less disturbance by Botta's pock...
A filter incubation method for the determination of potentially crosslinkable sites in DNA in mammalian cells

Abstract A method for the determination of DNA monoadducts capable of forming interstrand crosslinks in mammalian cells is described. Such monoadducts were produced by brief treatment of cells with cis -diamminedichloro-Pt(II) ( cis -DDP), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (ClEtNU), l -phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM), or diaziridinylbenzoquinone (AZQ). The method is an alkaline elution procedure in which the DNA from lysed cells is incubated on polycarbonate filters at pH 10 and 37°C. During this incubation, the progressive formation of interstrand crosslinking was observed in drug-treated cells. In the case of ClEtNU and AZQ, DNA strand breaks also formed, due to the presence of labile lesions in the DNA. This made quantitation of interstrand crosslinks difficult for these drugs. For cis -DDP and l -PAM, however, there was no significant production of strand breaks and the assay for interstrand crosslinks was quantifiable.
What are the major correlates of macronutrient selection in Western populations

In order to better understand the factors that may influence and regulate the intake of the macronutrients carbohydrate, fat and protein a 7 d diet diary technique was employed to study eating behaviour in the natural environment of free-living human subjects. In general, factors that promote energy intake tend to promote fat and protein intake to a greater extent than carbohydrate intake. This increased intake occurs as the result of: environmental factors such as social facilitation and the time of day, week or lunar phase; subjective factors such as hunger and elation; individual difference factors such as obesity, restraint and ageing. There are indications that the intake of macronutrients is regulated by negative feedback systems. In the short term, the amount of protein remaining in the stomach at the onset of a meal appears to have a restraining effect on intake, especially protein intake. Over several days, macronutrient intake appears to be affected by a nutrient-specific delayed negative feedback. Protein intake during 1 d is negatively associated with protein intake 2 and 3 d later, while carbohydrate intake is negatively related to later carbohydrate intake, and fat intake to later fat intake; both peaking after a 2 d delay. Studies of the intakes of twins suggested that many aspects of the control of macronutrient intake are influenced by inheritance; these factors include the overall amounts ingested, the before-meal stomach contents and the responsiveness of the subject to the negative impact of the stomach contents. The results indicate that macronutrient intakes are regulated by multiple persistent processes that are to a large extent inherited.
Probing occupied states of the molecular layer in Au-alkanedithiol-GaAs diodes.

Internal photoemission (IPE) studies were performed on molecular diodes in which the alkanedithiol [HS(CH2)nSH, n = 8, 10] molecular layer is sandwiched between Au and GaAs electrodes. The results are compared to those from Au−GaAs Schottky diodes. An exponential energy dependence in the IPE yield was observed for the molecular diodes, in contrast to the quadratic energy dependence characteristic of metal−semiconductor Schottky diodes, indicating that Au is not the source of electrons in the IPE process in the molecular diodes. From the GaAs dopant density dependence, we also can rule out GaAs being the source of these electrons. Compared with the results of cluster electronic structure calculations, we suggest that IPE is probing the occupied levels of GaAs−molecular interfacial states.
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: MEASURE SELECTION BASED UPON FIRM GOALS AND INFORMATION REPORTING NEEDS

Performance measurement is critically important to business success. Collecting and responding to information that does not provide management with guidance to meet established goals is counterproductive and potentially injurious to the success of the firm. This research develops a framework that allows individual firms to assess unique measurement needs in light of their stated goals, and to select performance measures most suited to addressing those measurement needs.
Rumination and vomiting in the developmentally disabled: A critical review of the behavioral, medical, and psychiatric treatment research

Medical and psychiatric research regarding the treatment of vomiting and rumination among developmentally disabled individuals was selectively reviewed. Because of serious methodological flaws which pervade the psychiatric literature, claims for the effectiveness of psychiatric interventions for vomiting and rumination cannot be justified. Medical interventions (e.g., pharmacological and surgical interventions) were found to be effective when rumination was attributable to a specific organic pathology. In the absence of identified organic pathology for rumination, medical interventions are of questionable efficacy and because of the risks and side effects associated with these procedures, are seldom the intervention of first choice for functional rumination. Behavioral procedures for the treatment of vomiting and rumination are described and critically reviewed for their efficacy, side effects, and the generalization and maintenance of their effects. Although methodological weaknesses limit conclusions regarding the efficacy of some behavioral interventions, several procedures have sound experimental support including oral hygiene, differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors, and food satiation procedures. These behavioral interventions are the treatments of choice when organic causes of rumination cannot be identified. Suggestions for future research and applications are discussed.
Operation of CMOS devices with a floating well

The operation of CMOS devices in an electrically floating well is considered. The impetus for this study is the potential reduction of silicon area consumption and wiring complexity involved in contacting the well diffusion. Theoretical expectations for device behavior are presented and corroborated with experimental data; consideration extends to PMOSFET device characteristics, subthreshold behavior, as well as junction leakage and breakdown voltage. Examination of n-channel devices, in p-wells, indicates that these are more susceptible to floating well effects, as expected. The primary changes in device behavior include generation of substrate current, slight increase in leakage currents, and some degradation in latchup holding voltage. Results indicate that an electrically floating well does not seem to have significant adverse effects on transistor operation.
The role of grunts in reconciling opponents and facilitating interactions among adult female baboons

Female baboons, Papio cynocephalus ursinus, often grunt when approaching lower-ranking females. These grunts appear to have a mollifying eVect on subordinates. Observations of 19 adult females conducted over an 11-month period in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, revealed that high-ranking females were less likely to supplant more subordinate females, and more likely to engage in friendly interactions with them, when they grunted to their lower-ranking partners than when they remained silent. Grunts also functioned to reconcile opponents following fights. In a series of playback experiments, subjects were played the potentially threatening scream of a higher-ranking female that had recently attacked them. Subjects responded less strongly to these screams when the dominant opponent had apparently reconciled after thefight by grunting to them than when the opponent had not interacted with them again. Subjects' responses after a vocal 'reconciliation' were similar to their responses following a control period when the two females had not interacted at all. Even in the absence of more overt friendly behaviour, therefore, baboon grunts act to restore the relationship of opponents to baseline tolerance levels. ? 1995 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Construction and characterization of retroviral vectors expressing biologically active human interleukin-12

ABSTRACT Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine originally defined by its ability to induce the maturation of cytolytic lymphocytes and by its capacity to effectively synergize with IL-2 in the induction of cytolytic activity. Recent studies in mice have demonstrated the ability of IL-12 to cause tumor regression and stimulate long-term antitumor immunity in treated animals. To examine the antitumor effect of direct gene transfer of IL-12 into tumors, we have developed retroviral vectors that coordinately express both subunits of IL-12. An MFG-based retroviral vector was used to generate a recombinant retrovirus in which a long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven polycistronic transcript encodes both subunits of human IL-12: hp35 and hp40 cDNAs are linked and coexpressed using the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) from the encephalomyocarditis virus (DFG-hlL-12). In addition, two IRES sequences were used to express both subunits of IL-12 and a neomycin resistance (neoR) selectable marker gene from ...
Mechanism of the OH‐initiated oxidation of methacrolein

The OH-initiated oxidation of methacrolein, a major product of isoprene oxidation, has been studied in an environmental chamber using FT-IR spectroscopy. Products observed (which account for more than 90% of the reacted carbon) were CO, CO2, hydroxyacetone, formaldehyde, and methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN). It is determined that the attack of OH on methacrolein occurs 55% of the time via addition to the double bond, and 45% via abstraction of the aldehydic hydrogen atom, in agreement with a previous study. The end products of the abstraction channel are identified and quantified for the first time, and the mechanism of their production discussed.
Active surveillance cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a tool to predict methicillin-resistant S. aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Objective:Ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the most common infections in the intensive care unit and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as a common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia. We sought to study the performance characteristics of once weekly active surveil
Behavioral effects of phencyclidine in the developing cat.

Abstract The behavioral effects of chronic administration of phencyclidine (PCP) (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p., injected every other day) were assessed in kittens which were 5–39 days old. The type of behavioral response produced was age-related. Under 21 days the major drug-induced response consisted of rostrocaudal forelimb movements. After this age the major responses were ataxic locomotion (consisting of walking, staggering and falling) and waxy rigidity.
Study of the Low Field Microwave Response in Yttrium Aluminates Dilutely Doped with Manganese

Microwave response near zero magnetic field was observed in YAlO3 and CaYAlO4 crystals dilutely doped with Mn in concentration ranging from 0.05 to 2 atomic %. The response is due to non-resonant microwave absorption, which co-exists with normal electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) absorption due to different paramagnetic valence states of manganese. Mn2+ and Mn4+ charge states were identified in Mn-doped YAlO3, and Mn2+, Mn4+ and Mn5+ in Mn-doped CaYAlO4. The low field response has the opposite phase with respect to the paramagnetic absorption. This shows that Mn-doped YAlO3 and CaYAlO4 exhibit magnetically induced microwave absorption, which has a minimum at zero magnetic field and increases with the applied magnetic field. This effect is similar to microwave magneto-resistance effects observed in manganite perovskites, where spin-dependent electron tunneling occurs between ferromagnetically coupled manganese ions in different valence states. We show, however, that in the present case of diluted paramagnetic systems, magneto-induced microwave losses are due to intramolecular spin-dependent tunneling, where central paramagnetic ion does not change its charge state and spin-dependent charge migration occurs in the first coordination sphere of paramagnetic ion. Evidences are presented that this ion is Mn2+ exhibiting the highest electron spin S = 5/2.
PYRUVATE-C14, PURITY AND STABILITY.

Abstract The frequent presence of C 14 -labeled impurities in commercially available sodium pyruvate-C 14 and the instability of sodium pyruvate-C 14 solutions is reported. The presence of multiple impurities, one of which appears to be parapyruvate, is demonstrated. The latter does not appear to be the major decomposition product in the samples studied. Pyruvic acid-C 14 liberated from pure sodium pyruvate-C 14 by the addition of a stoichiometric amount of HCl is stable for at least 3 months if stored at −20°C.
Antecedents and Performance Outcomes of Strategic Environmental Sourcing: An Investigation of Resource‐Based Process and Contingency Effects

This study develops an understanding of the antecedents and performance-related consequences of strategic environmental sourcing (SES). Institutional pressure and the firm's environmental engagement serve as antecedents to SES, with performance dimensions including environmental, product development, and product quality performance. While direct relationships between these dimensions and SES have been studied in prior work, the present research adds greater specificity and depth by investigating process and contingency effects on product-level outcomes. The resource-based theory provides the theoretical motivation for these relationships, which are tested via survey data collected from sourcing professionals in the U.S. manufacturing industry. The results emphasize environmental engagement as an important process element between institutional pressure and SES, and highlight the ability of institutional pressure to strengthen the relationship between environmental engagement and SES. Environmental performance was found as an influential conduit in the relationship between SES and both product quality and product development performance, with SES also serving as a contingency.
Re-visiting the Politics of Sex

I will begin my remarks by noting how refreshing it is to be talking so openly about sex in Russia. Both Borenstein’s work on sex in post-Soviet Russian culture and Lalo’s work on the history of Ru...
Oxidation of the carbon interface in Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composite

The recession rates for 10{sup {minus}6}-m-thick C interfaces in chemical vapor infiltrated SiC reinforced with Nicalon fibers were calculated from thermogravimetric data, assuming all of the mass losses were due to C oxidation, and found to be consistent with the measured recession distances of the C interface, which were surprisingly uniform across the composite. Agreement between the two approaches for a microstructurally complex material indicates thermogravimetric analysis could be an important tool for understanding environmental effects in ceramic composites with reactive interfaces. Mass losses were linear within the first 1.08 {times} 10{sup 4} s to 2.16 {times} 10{sup 4} s between 1,073 and 1,373 K and between 3.1 {times} 10{sup 2} and 2.5 {times} 10{sup 3} Pa O{sub 2}. Calculated reaction orders with respect to O{sub 2} were between 0.5 and 1.0 at 1373 K, and activation energies were about 50 kJ{center_dot}mol{sup {minus}}. Analysis of the kinetic data and estimates of gas boundary layer thickness suggest the mechanism for the C-interface oxidation involved reaction control, but the possibility of diffusion control for some conditions cannot be ruled out.
Nitrate leaching in cottonwood and loblolly pine biomass plantations along a nitrogen fertilization gradient

Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilization has become a basic component of short-rotation woody biomass plantation management. This study was conducted to examine N leaching losses from 7-year-old cottonwood ( Populus deltoids Marsh.) and loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantations treated with repeated N fertilization for seven years. We also wanted to establish an optimal N fertilization rate, which would yield acceptable tree growth with minimal groundwater contamination. The plantations were located in northwest Florida on a well-drained, Redbay sandy loam (a fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudlt). N fertilizer was applied through a drip irrigation system with rates of 0, 56, 112 and 224 kg N ha −1 per year. We collected soil water samples monthly from June 2001 through May 2002 using tension lysimeters installed at 30 and 120 cm soil depths for analyzing NO 3 –N, and NH 4 –N. The concentration data were incorporated with drainage data from LEACHN model simulation for estimating the amount of N leaching losses. Annual mean nitrate-N concentrations at 120 cm depth under cottonwood were 0.5, 7.4, 14.1, and 37.7 mg NO 3 –N L −1 and under loblolly pine were 1.0, 10.2, 30.3, and 50.7 mg NO 3 –N L −1 for 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha −1 per year treatments, respectively. Estimated N leaching losses were not different between species, however, increasing N fertilization rate above 56 kg N ha −1 per year increased N leaching without benefits to tree growth in both species.
Expression of fibroblast growth factors 4, 8, and 10 in limbs, flanks, and blastemas of Ambystoma

Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of molecules are critical to limb outgrowth. Here, we examine the expression of Fgfs in three types of limbs-embryonic (developing), mature (differentiated), and regenerating-as well as in the surrounding non-limb tissues in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. We have previously cloned partial cDNAs of Fgf4, 8, and 10 from the axolotl (Christensen et al., 2001); the complete Fgf10 cDNA sequence is presented here. Axolotl Fgf10 showed deduced amino acid sequence identity with all other vertebrate Fgf10 coding sequences of >62%, and also included conserved 5' and 3' untranslated regions in nucleotide sequence comparisons. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that fibroblast growth factors are differentially expressed in axolotl limbs. Only Fgf8 and 10 were highly expressed during axolotl limb development, although Fgf4, 8, and 10 are all highly expressed during limb development of other vertebrates. Fgf4 expression, however, was highly expressed in the differentiated salamander limb, whereas expression levels of Fgf8 and 10 decreased. Expression levels of Fgf8 and 10 then increased during limb regeneration, whereas Fgf4 expression was completely absent. In addition, axolotl limb regeneration contrasted to limb development of other vertebrates in that Fgf8 did not seem to be as highly expressed in the distal epithelium; rather, its highest expression was found in the blastema mesenchyme. Finally, we investigated the expression of these Fgfs in non-limb tissues. The Fgfs were clearly expressed in developing flank tissue and then severely downregulated in mature flank tissue. Differential Fgf expression levels in the limb and shoulder (limb field) versus in the flank (non-limb field) suggest that FGFs may be instrumental during limb field specification as well as instrumental in maintaining the salamander limb in a state of preparation for regeneration.
Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research

An illustrated glossary of terms used in the analysis of the shells of recent and fossil foraminifera supplemented by a rigorous selection of terms that facilitate an understanding of their biology and their use in ecology and biostratigraphy. The glossary includes some 650 entries illustrated by 83 - often composite – figures many of which are stereographs or 3D models. A taxonomic index lists the 140 taxa illustrated.
Artificial intelligence in economics Truth and dare

Abstract Economics has been slow to yield to artificial intelligence techniques, although the potential value of these techniques has been recognized repeatedly. This potential is examined in the case of advanced symbolic and visual techniques for qualitatively reasoning about complex dynamic systems. Application of these techniques to the study of dynamic economic systems however requires their adaptation to economics problems so as to take account of the significant contribution that mathematical economics has made to the study of dynamics, especially through exploitation of the idiosyncratic structure of many economic systems. Possible implications of using these techniques in related areas, such econometrics, are outlined as well.
The effects of openness, trade orientation, and human capital on total factor productivity

Abstract We study the effects of openness, trade orientation, and human capital on total factor productivity for a pooled sample of developed and developing countries. Total factor productivity emerges from a parsimonious specification of the aggregate production function. Potential determinants of total factor productivity include measures of openness, trade orientation, and human capital. Higher openness benefits total factor productivity. Outward-oriented countries experience higher total factor productivity, over and above the positive effect of openness. Human capital generally contributes positively to total factor productivity. In poor countries, however, human capital interacts with openness to achieve a positive effect.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Classification, Diagnosis, Management, Pathogenesis, and Future Research Directions

Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor neurons responsible for movement of the proximal muscles of the trunk and body. To date, the disease can be classified into 3 main categories based on severity and age of onset. During the October 18th symposium held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, researchers met to (1) describe current diagnostic strategies, (2) discuss recent thoughts on pathogenesis, (3) review current therapies and clinical trials, and (4) define future research directions. In her opening remarks, Dr Story Landis, director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, emphasized the degree to which the Neurobiology of Disease in Children conference series has broadened awareness of the many rare diseases affecting children, not only through the advancement of research but also by educating practitioners about diagnostic strategies. Dr Landis also discussed the role this conference may play in fostering research that seeks to develop a single mechanism of therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. She also discussed the current funding situation at the National Institutes of Health and addressed the crucial function of volunteer research organizations that sponsor research in further improving management of this condition. This article summarizes the presentations and includes the verbatim edited transcript of question-and-answer sessions.
Controller implementation on infinite-order structural systems using distributed sensors

The design of spatially shaped distributed sensors for the control of infinite order structural systems has become a topic of interest in recent years. Sensor shape optimization techniques were developed for the design of optimal controllers on infinite order structural systems. In this paper, we investigate methods for the implementation of distributed sensors using polyvinylidene flouide (PVDF) film. The complexity of the sensor shapes depends on the mode shapes of the flexible structure and the performance measure of the controllers. The sensitivity of the sensor shape on the performance of the controller is being investigated. The problems associated with the practical implementation of distributed sensors with PVDF film are also identified. The shapes of the distributed sensors for the implementation of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and a pole- placement controller have been determined. These sensors are implemented on simple cantilever beam test articles using PVDF film. The details of hardware implementation of the controllers are presented. The closed loop performance of the controllers are compared with simulation studies. The sensitivity of the shapes of the distributed sensors for the LQR and pole-placement controllers is discussed.
Partial Characterization of Adenosine Triphosphate from Corn Roots and Inhibition of the Enzyme by Helminthosporium maydis Race T Toxin

Summary Microsomal and partially purified ATPases from both normal (N) and cmsT (T) corn roots ( Zea mays L., inbred W64A) were partially characterized using Mg-ATP as an substrate and H. maydis , race T toxin as an inhibitor. In both enzyme preparations, maximum activity was obtained at a 1 : 1 molar ratio of Mg to ATP. While optimum concentration of Mg-ATP for the microsomal ATPase was 4 mM, it was only 0.3 mM for the purified enzyme. In the microsomal preparation, the stimulation by K + did not vary over the entire range of Mg-ATP concentration. The K + -stimulation was, however, maximum at 0.3 mM substrate in the purified enzyme. Concentrations greater than 1 : 1 Mg to ATP ratio appeared to inhibit both enzyme preparations. At K + concentrations from 1 to 100mM, the ATPase in either fraction did not exhibit saturation kinetics. Concentrations of K + lower than 1 mM did not appear to stimulate the microsomal ATPase. It was further observed that the activity of K + -ATPase in the microsomal fraction from T roots only was inhibited by the H. maydis toxin at all levels of Mg-ATP tested. In the purified preparation, however, the toxin inhibited the enzyme activity from both N and T roots. Increasing concentrations of either Mg-ATP or K + did not release the inhibitory effects of the toxin. This implies that the toxin acts on the enzyme at a site other than that for the substrate.
Effect of orifice geometry on Helmholtz resonator excitation by grazing flow

The characteristics of a Helmholtz resonator embedded under a turbulent boundary layer were experimentally investigated. Thirteen resonators were tested, each with different orifice geometries. The resonance frequency and pressure amplitude in the cavity were observed throughout the freestream velocity range. Orifice size, planform shape, and sidewall shape were all varied. For circular orifices, it was established that the response amplitude decreases with diameter, becoming negligible for diameters less than 5% of the boundary-layer thickness. The plan shape of the orifice affects both resonance frequency and maximum cavity pressure. Results are only roughly correlated by a Strouhal number containing the orifice length in the flow direction. The exact shape of the orifice sidewall also has an important effect on the resonator response. Orifices slanted toward the upstream flow have increased response, and those slanted downstream have negligible response. An orifice with rounded sidewalls both upstream and downstream has an unusually high response.
Comparative physiological responses of normotensive and essentially hypertensive men to exercise in the heat

Six essentially hypertensive men (average resting arterial pressure of 150/97 mm Hg) and eight normotensive controls (average resting arterial pressure of 115/73 mm Hg) were tested during 1 h of dynamic leg exercise in a warm environment. The groups were well matched for age, \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) max, body surface area, weight, and body fat. Environmental conditions were 38‡ C dry-bulb, 28‡ C wet-bulb; exercise intensity was approximately 40% \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) max (85–90 W). There were no significant intergroup differences in core or mean skin temperatures, calculated heat exchange variables, heart, or sweat rates. Blood pressure differences between the groups were maintained (P<0.01). The hypertensive group responded with a significantly lower stroke index (P<0.01) and cardiac index (P<0.01), and a decreased slope of the rise in forearm blood flow (P<0.01) due to an higher vascular resistance (P<0.01). The combined heat load (M + R + C) presented was not sufficient to override the hypertensives' higher cutaneous vasoconstrictor tone. However, on a practical basis, the hypertensives were able to tolerate exercise in the heat as well as their normotensive counterparts.
The effect of polysemy on lexical decision time: Now you see it, now you don’t

Gernsbacher (1984) found that number of word meanings (polysemy) did not influence lexical decision time when it was operationalized as number of dictionary definitions. This finding supports her contention that subjects do not store all possible dictionary meanings for words in memory. The present experiments extended Gernsbacher’s research by determining whether more psychologically valid measures of polysemy affect lexical decision time. Three metrics were used to represent the meanings that subjects actually access from memory (accessible polysemy): (1) the first meanings subjects think of when asked to define stimulus words, (2) all the meanings subjects generate for words, and (3) the average number of meanings subjects generate. The results showed that the second and third metrics of polysemy influenced lexical decision time, whereas the first metric (representing mostly the access to dominant meanings for words) only approached significance.