cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Equal Rights Amendment as Status Politics

A basic status politics explanation of orientation toward the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is assessed in this paper. Conflicting orientations toward ERA areshown to stem from perceptions that broader personal values, and those concerning gender and parental roles, are in undesirable competition with alternative values in contemporary society. The data, drawn from a metropolitan sampling of adults, confirm the utility of the status politics perspective in accounting for who supports and who opposes the amendment. This paper puts forth and tests a basic explanation of orientation toward the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The presence of intense feelings, both among those who support the issue and those who oppose it, is shown to stem from a basic clash of values. At a more general level, this involves the perception that broader personal values are threatened; at a more specific level, this centers around the definition and legitimacy of gender and parental roles. Such cultural conflict falls under the rubric of "status politics" in the sociological literature. It arises when a set of established values appears out of joint with changing social conditions. When carried out in the political arena, this type of conflict represents an attempt to assert the cultural dominance and desirability of one set of values over the other. Hence, the status politics perspective provides a framework for explaining why conflicts of this kind emerge and, of particular interest to us here, gives an account of the correlates associated with orientation toward ERA. Status Politics and the Equal Rights Amendment The proposed Equal Rights Amendment states simply, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by *Address correspondence to the author, Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma,
Locations and amounts of major structural proteins in bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract The locations in the virion of the three major protein components of lambda, pE, pD and pV, have been determined by electron microscopic examination of complexes between virions and antisera specific for individual proteins. By this test both pE and pD are distributed over the entire surface of the phage head and pV is distributed along the length of the phage tail. Quantitation of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel patterns indicates that pE and pD are present in the head in equal numbers. The total amounts of pE and pD per phage are most consistent with a head structure of triangulation number 7, containing 420 subunits each of pE and pD.
Alveolar bone resorption under complete dentures

T he objective of preventive dentistry is the maintenance of a healthy dentition for the life of a patient. Unfortunately, if an individual has not received the benefits of a comprehensive program of preventive dentistry and has finally reached the edentulous state, the concept of preventive dentistry is regarded as a total failure for him. As a consequence, he receives a set of complete dentures. This approach constitutes a disservice to edentulous patients. Unlike dentulous patients who can still receive periodontal treatment and fixed or removable partial prostheses, edentulous patients have only the residual alveolar ridges to support complete dentures. If no effort is made to preserve this foundation, these patients will progressively experience more difficulty in attempting to obtain esthetic and efficient service from complete dentures. Early writers stressed the importance of preserving the residual alveolar ridges and described methods for accomplishing this goal.lm4 Wright wrote, “the present and future problem in the field of prosthesis pertains to the preservation of the denture supporting structures.“2 Since that time, various authors have presented different approaches to the preservation of the residual alveolar ridges, including dietary control, nonanatomic tooth design, occlusal schemes, impression techniques, and systematic recall systems s-lo , .
The characterization of a crack-tip field

The stress intensity factor, K, has been successfully used as a measure of fracture toughness, and stress intensity factor range, Delta K, correlates well with the fatigue crack growth rate. This paper gives a deductive logic to demonstrate rigorously that, in the case of small-scale yielding, K and Delta K are capable of characterizing the elastic-plastic crack-tip field both under a monotonic loading and cyclic fatigue loading. This capability to characterize the entire crack-tip field is the underlying reason for the successful application of K and Delta K to linear fracture mechanics.
Influence of carrier density on the friction properties of silicon pn junctions

We present experimental results showing a significant dependence of the friction force on charge carrier concentration in a Si semiconductor sample containing $p$- and $n$-type regions. The carrier concentration was controlled through application of forward or reverse bias voltages in the $p$ and $n$ regions that caused surface band bending in opposite directions. Excess friction is observed only in the highly doped $p$ regions when in strong accumulation. The excess friction increases with tip-sample voltage, contact strain, and velocity. The sample is an oxide-passivated Si (100) wafer patterned with arrays of $2\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-wide highly doped $p$-type strips with a period of $30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in a nearly intrinsic $n$-type substrate. The countersurface is the tip of an atomic force microscope coated with conductive titanium nitride. The excess friction is not associated with wear or damage of the surface. The results demonstrate the possibility of electronically controlling friction in semiconductor devices, with potential applications in nanoscale machines containing moving parts.
Third branchial cleft sinus: an unusual cause of neck abscess

Sinuses and fistulae of the third branchial cleft or pouch are rarely encountered. We have cared for a child with a history of multiple neck masses and abscesses, in whom the causative factor seems to have been an unrecognized branchial cleft sinus. This case suggests the need for contrast radiography of the hypopharynx in children with recurrent neck abscess, and dramatizes the need to exercise all reasonable diagnostic options before proceeding with surgery of newly presenting neck masses in children.
Measurement of 99Tc in low-level radioactive waste from reactors using 99mTc as a tracer.

Abstract A radiochemical procedure has been developed for measuring 99Tc in major low-level radioactive waste streams from commercial nuclear power facilities which contain numerous potential contaminants. Separation was by alkaline precipitation and anion exchange chromatography; trace amounts of 60Co and other radioactive contaminants were removed by solvent separation. Pure separations were obtained with average radiochemical yield of 47.3 ± 4.3% determined by a 99mTc tracer. The lower limit of detection for 99Tc was found to be 0.16 pCi/g based on 10-g sample and a 100-min counting time.
EFFECT OF D-GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL ON THE INCIDENCE OF TERATOGENY IN VITAMIN E-DEFICIENT RATS.

IT has been found that administration of an adequate dose of d,1-α-tocopheryl acetate (d,1-ATA, 1 mg or more) to vitamin E-deficient rats, not later than the 8th day of gestation, prevented fœtal resorption and insured birth of the usual number of full-term normal young1. When female rats were given vitamin E at too late a stage of pregnancy (after the 12th day of gestation) their fœtuses were partially or wholly resorbed or were dwarfed and dead. Congenital abnormalities occurred when a single dose of 1 mg or more of vitamin E was given at a critical time during gestation, between the 8th and 12th days. Such abnormalities included exencephalus, cleft palate, facial fissures, arrested development of the parietal and occipital bones, nasal fossae and sternebrae, ectocardia and gastroschisis.
THE EFFECTS OF PERPHENAZINE AND BROMOCRIPTINE ON FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS AND ENDOCRINE PROFILES IN ANESTROUS PONY MARES

Nineteen anestrous pony mares were used m a project designed to determine the effects of altered prolactin concentrations on follicular dynamics and endocrine profiles during spring transition, The dopamine antagonist, perphenazine, was administered daily to mares (0.375 mg/kg body weight) in Group A (n=6), while Group B mares (n=7) received 0.08 mg/kg metabolic weight (kg”) dopamine agonist, Z-bromo-ergocriptine, intramuscularly twice daily. Mares in Group C (n=6) received 0.08 mg/kg”, im., saline twice daily. Treatment began January 20, 1994, and continued until ovulation occurred. Mares were teased 3 times weekly with an intact stallion. The ovaries of the ponies were palpated and imaged weekly using an ultrasonic Bmode unit with a 5 Mhz intrarectal transducer until they either exhibited estrual behavior and had at least a ZO-mm follicle, or had at least a 25-mm follicle with no signs of estrus. At this time, ovaries were palpated and imaged 4 times weekly. Blood samples were obtained immediately prior to ultrasonic imaging for measurement of prolactin, FSH and estradiol-17P. Perphenazine treatment advanced the spring transitional period and subsequent ovulation by approximately 30d. Group A exhibited the onset of estrual behavior earlier (P 30 mm) earlier (P < 0.01) than Group B mares, with least square means for Groups A and 13 of 47.0 i 8.8 vs 88.1 i 8.2 d, respectively. Control mares developed 30-mm follicles intermediate to Groups A and B at 67.3 & X.8 d. Bromocriptine decreased (I’ < 0.05) plasma prolaclnn levels throughout the study, while perphenazine had no significant overall effect. However, perphenazine treatment did increase (P < 0.05) mean plasma prolactin concentrations from Day 3 1 to 60 of treatment. There were no differences in mean plasma FSH or estradiol- 176 between treatment groups, We concluded that daily perphenazine treatment hastened the growth of follicles and subsequent ovulation while bromocriptine treatment appeared to delay the growth of preovulatory size follicles without affecting the time of ovulation.
Race in the Present Day: NBA Employees Sound Off on Race and Racism

Resulting from the 2008 election (and 2012 re-election) of the first African-American President of the USA and the overrepresentation of African-American male athletes in American football and basketball today, it is possible that many Americans buy into the notion of a postracial society. Utilizing critical race theory as a lens, we interviewed five employees of an NBA franchise to better understand their perspectives on the topic of race and racism in American sport and society as a whole and, more specifically, how it has impacted African-American male professional athletes. This was a departure from the majority of the literature on this topic, which tends to focus on African-American male athletes in college sport. Our analysis of the data revealed three major themes: (1) the theme race matters, illustrated how race and racism persist in the NBA and broader society; (2) the theme moving forward concerned the participants’ thoughts on how to go about dealing with race and racism in the future; and (3) the theme, LeBron James, was in reference to the backlash LeBron James received after deciding to play for the Miami Heat. Implications for future research are discussed.
Increased proliferative capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from mutant sphha/sphha mice is associated with increased IL-2 receptor expression.

Abstract We previously discovered that mutant anemic mice (sphha/sphha) show increased numbers of cycling lymph node T lymphocytes when analyzed by pulse and continuous infusion of tritiated thymidine. We have now further analyzed this in vivo phenomenon by evaluating the in vitro proliferative response of anti-CD3 activated lymphocytes from anemic mice using flow cytometric cell cycle analysis with 5′-bromodeoxyuridine and Hoechst dye. We determined that sorted CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from anemic mice have significantly greater proliferative capacity when compared with syngeneic control (+/+) mice (P
Broadband polarization compensation in silicon-on-insulator components using cladding stress engineering

We review the applications of cladding stress induced birefringence for controlling the polarization dependent properties in SOI waveguide components. In particular, we discuss the phase index and group index birefringence and their dispersion in this high index contrast waveguide platform, and the influence of waveguide cross-section geometry and cladding stress on these properties. Design of broadband polarization independent ring resonators using stress engineering is presented.
A second-order virtual node algorithm for nearly incompressible linear elasticity in irregular domains

We present a cut cell method in R 2 for enforcing Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions with nearly incompressible linear elastic materials in irregular domains. Virtual nodes on cut uniform grid cells are used to provide geometric flexibility in the domain boundary shape without sacrificing accuracy. We use a mixed formulation utilizing a MAC-type staggered grid with piecewise bilinear displacements centered at cell faces and piecewise constant pressures at cell centers. These discretization choices provide the necessary stability in the incompressible limit and the necessary accuracy in cut cells. Numerical experiments suggest second order accuracy in L ∞ . We target high-resolution problems and present a class of geometric multigrid methods for solving the discrete equations for displacements and pressures that achieves nearly optimal convergence rates independent of grid resolution.
Kinetics of volatile hydrocarbon formation in the reactions of H atoms with bituminous coal

Abstract The formation rates of low molecular weight, volatile hydrocarbons (CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 and C 3 H 8 ) produced in the reaction of H atoms with Illinois No. 6 coal have been measured over the temperature range of −82 °C to 170 °C. Above 27 °C, the activation energy for all three paraffin formations was identical, 15 ± 3 kJ mol −1 , within experimental error. The E act associated with acetylene formation was 22 ± 4 kJ mol −1 . It was observed that both CH 4 and C 2 H 2 initial formation rates are significantly higher than observed at longer reaction times. In addition, an apparent low activiation energy reaction route exists for CH 4 formation which is not available for the other products monitored. The data obtained in this work are compared with results from other H atom + coal studies as well as with recent suggestions as to the probable structure of bituminous coals.
PACE - a microprogram evaluation system

This paper describes PACE (Product Assurance Code Evaluation) System, a tool for evaluating microprograms. PACE incorporates both static analysis and dynamic analysis capabilities and it provides features that enable systematic and comprehensive evaluations of large-scale microcoded systems.The PACE static analysis capability performs a control flow analysis of the code being evaluated, reports various anomalous program constructs, and generates a program flow graph that is subsequently employed by PACE's dynamic analysis procedures.The PACE dynamic analysis capability uses encoded execution trace data to produce microcode test-coverage reports and formatted code-execution traces. The dynamic analysis capability provides quantitative code execution coverage data that enables an assessment of testing thoroughness and is useful in the identification of effective regression test cases.
Can a week of therapeutic riding make a difference?—A pilot study

AbstractThe objective of this research was to determine the effect of a five-day therapeutic riding day camp on children's anger, quality of life and perceived self-competence. Our study sample involved 16 able-bodied individuals (11±4.4 years) with no known physical or psychological disability, and no known history of psychotropic medications. The Children's Anger Inventory, Peds Quality of Life, and Self Perception Profile for Children were administered prior to riding on day one and after riding on day five. Results show that after five days of therapeutic riding camp, the total score of the anger inventory and scores for all sub-scales except frustration decreased significantly. No other differences were noted. Data analysis suggests that five days of therapeutic riding day camp can significantly impact on anger. These changes may be related to the child's relationship with the horse, the social environment of camp, the horse and riding, increased contact with nature, or a combination of these factors.
Cloning and characterization of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat from Ostertagia ostertagi.

Abstract Clones of the rRNA genes of Ostertagia ostertagi were selected from a library prepared from the genomic DNA of adult worms of strain LA-2. A 13.4-kb insert in a clone, λOOR78, is comprised of one complete 7.5-kb rDNA unit and portions of two adjacent units. The rDNA unit is directly repeated in a head-to-tail fashion and represents approximately 0.9% of the total genomic DNA. This repeating unit appears to be the only long tandemly repeated sequence in the genome. Restriction enzyme recognition sites in the rDNAs of four strains of O. ostertagi were fully conserved with the exception of one PstI site present in the large rRNA gene which was absent from a proportion of the genes of the LA-2 strain. The rDNA of O. ostertagi is more similar to that of Caenorhabditis elegans in unit length and arrangement than to parasitic helminths previously examined.
Recombinant kringle IV-10 modules of human apolipoprotein(a): structure, ligand binding modes, and biological relevance.

The kringle modules of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are highly homologous with kringle 4 of plasminogen (75−94%) and like the latter are autonomous structural and functional units. Apo(a) contains 14−37 kringle 4 (KIV) repeats distributed into 10 classes (1−10). Lp(a) binds lysine−Sepharose via a lysine binding site (LBS) located in KIV-10 (88% homology with plasminogen K4). However, the W72R substitution that occurs in rhesus monkeys and occasionally in humans leads to impaired lysine binding capacity of KIV-10 and Lp(a). The foregoing has been investigated by determining the structures of KIV-10/M66 (M66 variant) in its unliganded and ligand [e-aminocaproic acid (EACA)] bound modes and the structure of recombinant KIV-10/M66R72 (the W72R mutant). In addition, the EACA liganded structure of a sequence polymorph (M66T in about 42−50% of the human population) was reexamined (KIV-10/T66/EACA). The KIV-10/M66, KIV-10/M66/EACA, and KIV-10/T66/EACA molecular structures are highly isostr...
A Study of the Braking Performance of Motor-Cyclists With an Integrated Braking System

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the braking performance of motorcyclists using an integrated front and rear brake by comparison with conventional separated front and rear brakes. Stopping distances and the occurrence of wheel locking were measured in braking runs on a straight, flat asphalt surface, in dry and wet conditions, using the front brake only, the rear or integrated brake and both the front and rear or integrated brakes. Speed prior to braking was 40.3 km/h.It was found that mean decelerations using front brakes alone were the same for all motorcycles on the dry and wet surfaces, and significantly greater than rear brakes alone for the dry road. The integrated (foot) brake provided significantly greater mean deceleration performance than rear (foot) brakes on both surfaces. The use of both brakes provided significantly greater mean decelerations than rear brakes alone, on the dry and wet surfaces, but not the integrated brake; and use of both brakes on the motorcycle with integrated bra...
Quorum-Sensing Dysbiotic Shifts in the HIV-Infected Oral Metabiome

We implemented a Systems Biology approach using Correlation Difference Probability Network (CDPN) analysis to provide insights into the statistically significant functional differences between HIV-infected patients and uninfected individuals. The analysis correlates bacterial microbiome (“bacteriome”), fungal microbiome (“mycobiome”), and metabolome data to model the underlying biological processes comprising the Human Oral Metabiome. CDPN highlights the taxa-metabolite-taxa differences between the cohorts that frequently capture quorum-sensing modifications that reflect communication disruptions in the dysbiotic HIV cohort. The results also highlight the significant role of cyclic mono and dipeptides as quorum-sensing (QS) mediators between oral bacteria and fungal genus. The developed CDPN approach allowed us to model the interactions of taxa and key metabolites, and hypothesize their possible contribution to the etiology of Oral Candidiasis (OC).
Disposition and activity in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis of flumizole, a nonacidic, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agent.

Abstract The nonacidic, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agent, flumizole, penetrates the central nervous system of rats following oral drug administration, reaching concentrations in brain and spinal cord which are several-fold higher than plasma concentrations. Maximum drug concentrations in brain and plasma are achieved simultaneously and decay with similar half-lives (8 h). The drug is well absorbed orally and is excreted primarily with feces after biliary secretion. The distribution and elimination of flumizole is comparable in normal rats and in rats afflicted with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; the drug is not selectively concentrated at either peripheral or central nervous system sites of inflammation. Flumizole is inactive in the rat model of the disorder under conditions that demonstrate therapeutic success with myelin basic protein.
The effects of a tryptophan- and protein-deficient diet upon growth in rats

The effects of a tryptophan- and protein-deficient diet (i.e., corn grits) upon growth in rats was investigated. The results indicated that animals exposed to this diet from birth until 75 days of age were significantly lighter than were animals exposed to a normal diet and animals exposed to the grits diet from weaning until 75 days of age. Administering the normal diet to the grits-fed animals resulted in weight gain. Thus, the effects of such dietary deficiencies appear to be reversible.
Steady-state Kinetic Mechanism of PDK1

Abstract PDK1 catalyzes phosphorylation of Thr in the conserved activation loop region of a number of its downstream AGC kinase family members. In addition to the consensus sequence at the site of phosphorylation, a number of PDK1 substrates contain a PIF sequence (PDK1-interacting fragment), which binds and activates the kinase domain of PDK1 (PDK1(ΔPH)). To gain further insight to PIF-dependent catalysis, steady-state kinetic and inhibition studies were performed for His6-PDK1(ΔPH)-catalyzed phosphorylation of PDK1-Tide (Tide), which contains an extended “PIF” sequence C-terminal to the consensus sequence for PDK1 phosphorylation. In two-substrate kinetics, a large degree of negative binding synergism was observed to occur on formation of the active ternary complex ( and ) from individual transitory binary complexes ( and ). On varying ATP concentrations, the ADP product and the (T/E)-PDK1-Tide product analog (p′Tide) behaved as competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors, respectively; on varying Tide concentrations, ADP and p′Tide behaved as noncompetitive and competitive inhibitors, respectively. Also, negative binding synergism was associated with formation of dead-end inhibited ternary complexes. Time progress curves in pre-steady-state studies under “saturating” or kcat conditions showed (i) no burst or lag phenomena, (ii) no change in reaction velocity when adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) was used as a phosphate donor, and (iii) no change in reaction velocity on increasing relative microviscosity (0 ≤ η/η0 ≤ 3). Taken together, PDK1-catalyzed trans-phosphorylation of PDK1-Tide approximates a Rapid Equilibrium Random Bi Bi system, where motions in the central ternary complex are largely rate-determining.
Unilateral enucleation alters vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat.

Abstract Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally enucleated under deep anesthesia and sacrified 3–11 months post-operatively. The brains were removed and the suprachiasmatic nuclei were evaluated for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity. Our data show that expression of VIP is reduced in the nucleus that is deprived of retinal input.
Pain: Systemic and Local/Regional Drug Therapy

Pain management in the equine relies predominantly on systemic or local/regional drug therapy. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists, and local anesthetics are the chief agents employed in equine pain therapy. This review briefly discusses the principle pharmacology of the analgesic drug classes currently in use in equine practice, and then focuses on recently introduced therapeutics and/or new routes of drug administration. General guidelines and dosages are given to assist in choosing appropriate drugs and techniques that provide effective analgesia.
Unrestrained acoustic plethysmograph for measuring tidal volume in mice

The traditional method for measurement of tidal volume in unrestrained mice relies on pressure changes induced by a freely respiring animal in a whole body plethysmograph. These changes have been assumed to be the result of thermo-hygrometric differences between respired air and gas within the chamber. It is known, however, that gas compression in the lung can also contribute significantly to changes in plethysmograph pressure. This study describes an acoustic plethysmograph for mice that is capable of measuring the tidal volume time series without the errors associated with the traditional method. The plethysmograph was designed as a resonating cavity at a fixed frequency. It had a sharp resonant peak and was tuned so that changes in body volume produced nearly linear changes in sound amplitude. The plethysmograph was tested with a water filled balloon connected to a syringe pump. The volume of the balloon was varied as a triangle wave with an amplitude of 250 microL. The RMS error between measured and delivered volume was 4.43 microL. A volume step test, performed to assess the response time of the system, showed that the plethysmograph responded in less than one millisecond.
Coal-Burning Exhaust-Heated-Cycle Gas Turbine With a Regenerative Heat Exchanger

A preliminary design study of four coal-burning gas-turbine engines using the exhaust-heated cycle and state-of-the-art components has been completed. In the exhaust-heated cycle the combustor takes air from the turbine exhaust and delivers hot combustion products to a heat exchanger. In the program reported here a rotary ceramic-matrix regenerator is used; in it the temperature of the compressor-delivery air is raised to that required at the turbine inlet. Some initial experiments on the flow of hot coal-combustion products through ceramic passages and of cold ash-laden air through a rotary ceramic-matrix regenerator have been conducted. Highly favorable results have been obtained on all aspects on which definite conclusions could be drawn.Copyright © 1991 by ASME
Bell Pepper Seedling Phytotoxicity Due to Abscisic Acid Drench Applications

Bell pepper transplant height control is essential to produce a strong plant capable of surviving the transplant process. Transplant producers are interested in environmental, physical, and chemical methods to control plant height in the greenhouse. One emerging technology for transplant height control on bell pepper is the use abscisic acid (ABA); however, at high doses some phytotoxicity has been observed. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the degree of phytotoxicity induced by an exogenous drench application of abscisic acid on ‘Aristotle’ bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), seedlings. Abscisic acid concentrations (1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 25,000, and 50,000 mg·L−1) were applied over a 1- to 5-week period beginning at the cotyledon stage, in addition to an untreated control. Plant survival for the control and the 1,000 mg·L−1 (baseline treatments) was significantly greater compared to a single application or multiple applications of greater concentrations. The results indicated that applyin...
Enhanced resolution through thick tissue with structured illumination and adaptive optics

Structured illumination microscopy provides twice the linear resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy, but in thick samples, aberrations degrade the performance and limit the resolution. Here, we dem- onstrate structured illumination microscopy through 35 μm of tissue using adaptive optics (AO) to correct aber- rations resulting in images with a resolution of 140 nm. We report a 60% minimum improvement in the signal-to- noise ratio of the structured illumination reconstruction through thick tissue by correction with AO. © 2015 Society of
New synthetic route to polyphosphine ligands bearing 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(phosphino)benzene framework: structural characterizations of 1,4-(PPh2)2-2,5-(PR2)2-C6F2 (R = Ph, iPr, Et)

Abstract Reactions of 1,4-dibromo-2,5-difluorobenzene with two equivalents of lithium diisopropylamide at low temperature (T
Natural and TGF-β–induced Foxp3+CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells are not mirror images of each other

Foxp3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory cell (Treg) subsets that maintain immunologic homeostasis have been considered to be a homogeneous population of naturally occurring, thymus-derived CD4(+)CD25(+) cells (nTregs). However, similar Foxp3+ Tregs can be induced from CD25(-) precursors in vivo, and ex vivo with interleukin 2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) (iTregs). These two subsets differ in their principal antigen specificities and in the T-cell receptor signal strength and co-stimulatory requirements needed for their generation. However, whether iTregs have any unique functions in vivo has been unclear. Although IL-6 can convert nTregs to Th17 cells, iTregs induced by IL-2 and TGF-beta are resistant to this cytokine and thereby might retain suppressive function at inflammatory sites. Thus, nTregs and iTregs may have different roles in the adaptive immune response.
Covered stents for injuries of subclavian and axillary arteries.

Abstract Introduction Injury to the subclavian and axillary arteries is uncommon. Exposure of these vessels is associated with significant morbidity, and mortality ranges from 5% to 30%. Endovascular methods may offer an alternative approach to these technically challenging injuries. Methods We retrospectively studied patients with blunt or penetrating (including iatrogenic) injuries to the subclavian or axillary artery between January 1, 1996 and July 30, 2002. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, concomitant injuries, angiographic findings, and treatment method and outcome were recorded. Results Twenty-seven patients with injury to the subclavian or axillary artery were seen at our institution during the study. Twenty-three patients underwent interventions. Eleven patients required open repair; 12 patients had lesions amenable to endovascular repair. Depending on the preference of the surgeon, 5 patients with injuries amenable to endovascular repair underwent open repair, and 7 underwent endovascular repair. A Wallgraft endoprosthesis was used in all patients; two grafts were required in 1 patient. Endovascular repair was associated with shorter operative time ( P = .04) and less blood loss ( P = .01). One-year patency was similar between the two groups. Conclusion Covered stents are a feasible alternative to open repair in properly selected patients with subclavian or axillary artery injury, resulting in shorter procedure time and less blood loss.
Phase relaxation of one-particle states in closed quantum dots

Abstract We develop an analytical approach to analyze the effect of dephasing of one-particle states on the magnetoconductance of closed quantum dots. This approach allows us to extract dephasing rates from experimental measurements of the magnetoconductance. The dephasing rates calculated depend on the mean level spacing and are much longer than in open quantum dots. The limited experimental data available are consistent with the theoretical prediction of diverging dephasing times in finite closed systems at sufficiently low temperatures. We also consider fluctuations of the single-electron spectrum, and observe a significant effect on the conductance distribution and magnetoconductance of closed quantum dots at experimentally relevant temperatures.
Factors that Influence Concern About Human–Black Bear Interactions in Residential Settings

Problematic human–black bear interactions have increased in North America. Research is needed to clarify influences on human concern about and reaction to bear behavior, such that wildlife managers can better understand and maintain stakeholder acceptance capacity for bears. This article uses mail survey data (n = 1,038, response rate = 42%) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a conceptual model of factors affecting concern about bears and predisposition to contact authorities for assistance. Findings support hypotheses that both variables are influenced by wildlife value orientation, personal experience with bears, and television viewing. Use of print media is not a predictor of concern or behavioral predisposition, leading to rejection of those hypotheses. Strong wildlife benefits beliefs and neutral personal experience with bear presence attenuate concern, while exposure to television has the opposite effect. Findings suggest that improving measures of personal experience and basic beliefs w...
Use of a capillary membrane oxygenator for total cardiopulmonary bypass in calves.

IN RECENT YEARS, SEVERAL TYPES OF oxygenators which eliminate a direct blood-oxygen interface have been designed, tested, and in some instances brought to clinical use. [l, 2, 4-6, 81. More recently, the design and functional concept of a hollow fiber capillary membrane oxygenator has been reported [3]. Although this oxygenator has been demonstrated to perform satisfactorily during vein-to-vein perfusion in dogs, no information exists concerning the efficacy of its use in procedures requiring total cardiopulmonary bypass for periods approaching 4 hr. ‘I’he followmg study was designed to evaluate the operational characteristics of a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator and to determine the effects of this device on various hematological and biochemical parameters.
Algorithm 869: ODRPACK95: A weighted orthogonal distance regression code with bound constraints

ODRPACK (TOMS Algorithm 676) has provided a complete package for weighted orthogonal distance regression for many years. The code is complete with user selectable reporting facilities, numerical and analytic derivatives, derivative checking, and many more features. The foundation for the algorithm is a stable and efficient trust region Levenberg-Marquardt minimizer that exploits the structure of the orthogonal distance regression problem. ODRPACK95 was created to extend the functionality and usability of ODRPACK. ODRPACK95 adds bound constraints, uses the newer Fortran 95 language, and simplifies the interface to the user called subroutine.
Development of a tagged species source apportionment algorithm to characterize three‐dimensional transport and transformation of precursors and secondary pollutants

[1] We developed a new tagged species source apportionment (TSSA) algorithm for tracking the direct mass contributions of selected emissions sources to the formation of particulates such as aerosol sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, and secondary organic aerosols in the U.S. EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ). The focus of this paper is on sulfate, nitrate, and elemental carbon. The objective of the TSSA algorithm is to provide useful results in modeling studies for identifying important emissions categories and identifying possible emissions reduction strategies to attain particulate matter (PM) air quality goals. TSSA differs from model sensitivity approaches because it tracks direct mass contributions from specific emissions sources to the total PM concentration at selected receptor sites, while results from sensitivity approaches are affected by nonlinear chemistry that can change the concentration of sulfate, nitrate, and organic carbon secondary particulates. We evaluated the algorithm by comparing CMAQ/TSSA results with results from zero-out CMAQ sensitivity simulations. As expected, TSSA results were almost identical to the CMAQ sensitivity results for chemical species that do not undergo nonlinear chemical reactions. For chemical species with nonlinear chemical reaction, the TSSA results are expected to differ from model sensitivity results, but for small emissions changes the results are similar in the two approaches. We also compared CMAQ/TSSA to CAMx/PSAT. Because there are significant differences in the CMAQ and CAMx model predicted concentrations, the source attribution results differed for TSSA and PSAT; however, the rank order of emissions sources were similar for the two approaches at most receptor sites.
Deoxynivalenol-induced IgA production and IgA nephropathy-aberrant mucosal immune response with systemic repercussions

Dietary exposure to the common foodborne mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) selectively upregulates serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the mouse, most of which is polymeric, thus suggesting that the mucosal immune system is a primary target. When ingested, DON has no adjuvant or antigen properties but, rather, induces polyclonal IgA synthesis and serum elevation in an isotype-specific fashion. Resultant hyperelevated IgA is polyspecific, autoreactive and is likely to be involved in immune complex formation as well as kidney mesangial deposition. These latter effects mimic IgA nephropathy, the most common human glomerulonephritis. At the cellular level, DON upregulates production of T helper cytokines and enhances T cell help for IgA secretion. Analogous effects are observed in the macrophage with IL-6 being of particular importance based on ex vivo reconstitution and antibody ablation studies as well as experiments with IL-6 deficient mice. Upregulation of cytokines by DON involves both increased transcriptional activation and mRNA stability which are mediated by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Interestingly, dietary omega-3 fatty acids can downregulate these processes and ameliorate DON-induced IgA nephropathy. From the perspective of gut mucosal immunotoxicology, these studies demonstrate that the capacity of a chemical to affect mucosal immune response can have systemic repercussions and, further, that these effects can be modulated by an appropriate nutritional intervention.
Mirror syndrome: a novel approach to therapy with fetal peritoneal-amniotic shunt.

Background Mirror syndrome is a rare entity characterized by maternal disease mimicking fetal hydrops. In mirror syndrome, there is maternal hypertension, edema, and often proteinuria in association with fetal hydrops. The causal link between mirror syndrome and hydrops fetalis remains elusive. Case This is a case report of a pregnant woman who developed mirror syndrome associated with fetal hydrops. A fetal pelvic mass resulted in bladder outlet obstruction, subsequent bladder rupture, and massive urinary ascites. The resultant massive ascites caused thoracic and cardiac compression and subsequent hydrops fetalis. Placement of a peritoneal-amniotic shunt resolved the fetal hydrops and maternal mirror syndrome. Conclusion In utero treatment of hydropic fetus can result in the cure of maternal mirror syndrome.
Attenuation of Live Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines Is Associated With Reductions in Levels of Nasal Cytokines

Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children. Several promising live-attenuated RSV vaccines are in development. Defining additional markers of attenuation could enhance clinical trials. Methods. We used clinical data, virologic data, and nasal wash (NW) specimens from 20 RSV-naive children enrolled in studies of 4 live-attenuated RSV vaccines. Seven received minimally attenuated cpts248/955 or cpts530/ 1009 (group 1), 6 received moderately attenuated cpts248/404 (group 2), and 7 received highly attenuated rA2cp248/404/1030/ΔSH (group 3). NW specimens were tested for cytokines and chemokines via an electrochemiluminescence biosensor assay. Results. Group 1 exhibited 1 instance of LRTI and significantly higher rates of fever than groups 2 or 3; there were no significant differences in peak titers of vaccine virus in NW specimens. In contrast, levels of interferon γ, interleukin 1β, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and interleukin 13 were significantly greater in NW specimens from group 1, compared with those from group 3. Maximum increases in levels of most cytokines occurred after peak viral replication but coincided with clinical illness. Conclusions. Substantial increases in proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, T-helper 1, T-helper 2, and regulatory cytokines were detected in children who received minimally attenuated live RSV vaccines but not in children who received highly attenuated vaccines. Levels of cytokines in NW specimens may be useful biomarkers of attenuation for live RSV vaccines.
Adaptive extensions of a two-stage group sequential procedure for testing primary and secondary endpoints (I): unknown correlation between the endpoints.

In a previous paper we studied a two-stage group sequential procedure (GSP) for testing primary and secondary endpoints where the primary endpoint serves as a gatekeeper for the secondary endpoint. We assumed a simple setup of a bivariate normal distribution for the two endpoints with the correlation coefficient ρ between them being either an unknown nuisance parameter or a known constant. Under the former assumption, we used the least favorable value of ρ = 1 to compute the critical boundaries of a conservative GSP. Under the latter assumption, we computed the critical boundaries of an exact GSP. However, neither assumption is very practical. The ρ = 1 assumption is too conservative resulting in loss of power, whereas the known ρ assumption is never true in practice. In this part I of a two-part paper on adaptive extensions of this two-stage procedure (part II deals with sample size re-estimation), we propose an intermediate approach that uses the sample correlation coefficient r from the first-stage data to adaptively adjust the secondary boundary after accounting for the sampling error in r via an upper confidence limit on ρ by using a method due to Berger and Boos. We show via simulation that this approach achieves 5–11% absolute secondary power gain for ρ ≤0.5. The preferred boundary combination in terms of high primary as well as secondary power is that of O'Brien and Fleming for the primary and of Pocock for the secondary. The proposed approach using this boundary combination achieves 72–84% relative secondary power gain (with respect to the exact GSP that assumes known ρ). We give a clinical trial example to illustrate the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupation, Mobilization, and Politics: The Anti-Napoleonic Wars in Prussian Experience, Memory, and Historiography

In the “Year of Prussia” 2001, celebrated in Germany because of the three-hundredth anniversary of Prussia's becoming a kingdom in 1701, the editor of the culture section of Die Welt, Eckhart Fuhr, remarked in a review of recent publications, “The discourse (on Prussia) has long since lost all of its (former) severity, obstinacy, and passion. The Germans today,” he declared, “are perfectly comfortable with the ambiguity of the Prussian legacy.” His colleague, the historian and Die Zeit journalist Volker Ulrich, agreed. He observed that the discussion about Prussia lacked a critical edge and regretted that no “truly sharp anti-Prussian book” had appeared among the many new publications. Gavriel D. Rosenfeld reached the same conclusion in his article, “‘A Mastered Past?’ The West-German Historiography on Prussia after 1945,” published in 2004 in the journal German History. He interpreted as a sign of “normalization” the fact that—unlike thirty years ago—Prussia is no longer the source of sharply formulated historical debates.
Sex, gender, and respiratory health and disease

This issue of the Clinics in Chest Medicine is respiratory topics. In this issue, we discuss sex and devoted to sex (biological and assigned by chromosomal complement) and gender (biological and shaped by environment and experience) influences upon respiratory health and disease. The focus is on women, because it has become increasingly apparent that lung diseases may affect women differently than men. Three years ago, The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published their groundbreaking report, ‘‘Exploring Biological Contributions to Human Health—Does Sex Matter?’’ The report concluded that sex does matter and included recommendations and insights that are important for a broad range of health professionals, ranging from researchers at the cellular and molecular level to physiologists, clinical practitioners, and health policy experts. The IOM report recommends that sex be considered a biologic variable in all biomedical and health-related research. Although the IOM report included numerous examples of sex differences beyond the reproductive system—such as the different clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease in women and women’s greater propensity to develop fatal arrhythmias in response to several cardiac drugs—the report was not intended to be a definitive text on sex-based differences encompassing all subspecialties. Consequently, there was an extremely limited discussion of
Investigation of human ankle mechanical impedance during locomotion using a wearable ankle robot

This paper presents a new method to characterize human ankle mechanical impedance during treadmill locomotion with a wearable ankle robot, Anklebot. An ensemble-based system identification method was used to investigate the time-varying behavior of ankle mechanical impedance in two degrees of freedom, both in the sagittal and frontal planes. We also provide solutions to overcome the limitations of original ensemble-based methods in practical applications. A pilot study of three human subjects demonstrated the efficacy of our approach. Analysis results showed clear time-varying behaviors of ankle impedance across the gait cycle except in the mid- and terminal-stance phases, and these behaviors were accurately approximated as a second-order model with stiffness, damping, and inertia components. Interestingly, all three subjects showed similar time-varying behaviors in both degrees of freedom: impedance increased around heel-strike and decreased significantly at the end of the stance phase.