cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An isotope dilution method for high‐frequency measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in the surface ocean

An autonomous system using isotope dilution as its core method has been developed to obtain high-frequency measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in the surface ocean. This system accurately mixes a seawater sample and a 13C-labeled sodium bicarbonate solution (spike). The mixed solution is then acidified and sent through a gas permeable membrane contactor. CO2 derived from DIC in the mixture is extracted by a CO2-free gas stream, and is sent to a cavity ring-down spectrometer to analyze its 13C/12C ratio. [DIC] of the seawater can then be derived from the measured 13C/12C, the known mixing ratio and the [DI13C] of the spike. The method has been tested under a wide [DIC] range (1800–2300 µmol/kg) in the laboratory. It has also been deployed on a cruise that surveyed ocean waters to the south of Florida. At a sampling resolution of 4 min (15 samples per hour), the relative standard deviation of DIC determined from the laboratory tests and the field deployment is ± 0.07% and ± 0.09%, respectively. The accuracy of the method is better than 0.1% except where [DIC] varies faster than 5 µmol/kg per minute. Based on the laboratory and field evaluations, we conclude that this method can provide accurate underway [DIC] measurements at high resolution in most oceanic regions.
Cervical spine injury: analysis and comparison of patients by mode of transportation.

Background Cervical spine injury (CSI) studies have identified different factors contributing to CSI, but none compares the incidence and pattern of injury of patients arriving at the Emergency Department (ED) by private vehicle (PV).
Surface composition of polystyrene

The physical and chemical properties of bulk polymers are well understood and have been measured exhaustively for numerous systems, but the properties of polymer surfaces are quite often different from those observed in the bulk and are usually not as easily measurable. Since many polymer properties vary with molecular weight, it is of interest to determine whether or not there is any segregation in a homopolymer system based on molecular weight. In particular, does the surface of a polymer sample have the same molecular weight composition as the bulk? The current work answers this question for a polystyrene system. Through the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry and tagged polystyrene, it has been shown that surface and bulk molecular weight composition are indistinguishable within the limits of the experimental method's sensitivity. The sensitivity of the technique is documented using samples artificially created with different surface and bulk molecular weight compositions.
The ecology of an order-driven market system

A securities market is order driven if the limit orders of some public participants establish the prices at which others can trade by market order at any time when the market is open. The paper considers how, without market maker intermediation, a population of public investors separates into limit order and market order traders, and how the order driven market achieves an ecological balance between the suppliers and the demanders of immediacy. It also explains why a bid-ask spread is a natural property of an order driven market, even when the market comprises a large number of participants irrespective of the technology sustaining the market. The paper considers a stylized environment that enables the optimal bid and ask quotes to be solved for, and the bid-ask spread to be analyzed. We summarize empirical evidence concerning price determination in the order driven market, and discuss implications for market structure that are suggested by the analysis.
Nonlinear and quantum optics in Mesoscopic photonic lattices

We describe nonlinear and quantum interactions of photons in chip-scale nanostructures and photonic crystals, including slow-light four-wave-mixing, femtosecond solitons, cavity optomechanics, quantum electrodynamics and information processing.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a regulatory perspective.

Despite remarkable advances in the pharmacological treatment of patients with severe congestive heart failure (HF), persistently high rates of mortality and repeat hospitalizations have stimulated the need for additional therapies. It is on this background of best medical therapy that electromechanical modalities for the treatment of patients with chronic HF are undergoing intense evaluation. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have been shown to reduce mortality in selected high-risk patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in multiple randomized controlled trials. 4 Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) offers the additional potential for further improvement in morbidity and mortality in selected patients with HF. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is charged with the evaluation of devices for the treatment of human diseases. As such, the agency is required by law to assess device efficacy and safety. Valid scientific evidence must be provided (by the device sponsor) as a sine qua non for approval. Furthermore, these efficacy and safety data are applicable only in the context of the use of a device as intended (as specified in the instructions for use or label). The development of CRT has been characterized by a number of challenges relating to both the design and interpretation of clinical trials performed to evaluate its efficacy and safety. The last several years have seen an exponential increase in both the use of and interest in CRT in a diversity of clinical situations. As noted above, regulatory approval of a device for the treatment of human disease is predicated on sound scientific principles and specific indications for use. Therefore, to better interpret the
The effect of ultrasound on bone dimensional changes following extraction: a pilot study.

Background: Because of bone resorption following tooth extraction, preservation of adequate bony dimension is performed often for subsequent treatment with dental implants. This study evaluated a novel, non-invasive treatment using ultrasound to accelerate healing following extraction to minimize alveolar bone loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the dimensional healing changes of alveolar bone following tooth extraction using cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT).Methods: This randomized, split-mouth trial involved 12 subjects requiring extraction of two contralateral erupted permanent teeth. Baseline CBVT scans were captured 7 to 10 days following extraction, after which time ultrasound therapy commenced in test sites. Ultrasound therapy was delivered for 20 minutes using a piezoelectric transducer for 10 sessions over the subsequent 4 weeks. Follow-up radiographic scans were obtained at 4 weeks and 3 months postextraction. Analyses of variance and covariance we...
Egg Marketing in National Supermarkets: Egg Quality—Part 1

Two surveys were conducted to determine the quality of eggs offered to consumers in large supermarkets in various regions of the US. The first survey was conducted in California (CA) in 1994 and included 38 samples of large (L) and extra large (XL) white eggs in 15 markets. Individual eggs were weighed, candled, and broken out for Haugh unit (HU) determination. Regional differences in age of eggs, the number of eggs below 55 HU, and the percentage of cracked eggs were observed. The second survey was conducted in California (CA), Illinois (IL), Pennsylvania (PA), Texas (TX), North Carolina (NC), and New England (NE). This study included brown and white eggs and samples from 115 stores in 38 cities. Significant age, egg weight, HU, and cracked egg differences were observed between states. Brown and white eggs were different relative to age and HU, but egg weights and cracked eggs were statistically the same. The two surveys, 1994 and 1996, within CA demonstrated very similar measurements when L-white eggs were compared.
Autonomous legged hill and stairwell ascent

This paper documents near-autonomous negotiation of synthetic and natural climbing terrain by a rugged legged robot, achieved through sequential composition of appropriate perceptually triggered locomotion primitives. The first, simple composition achieves autonomous uphill climbs in unstructured outdoor terrain while avoiding surrounding obstacles such as trees and bushes. The second, slightly more complex composition achieves autonomous stairwell climbing in a variety of different buildings. In both cases, the intrinsic motor competence of the legged platform requires only small amounts of sensory information to yield near-complete autonomy. Both of these behaviors were developed using X-RHex, a new revision of RHex that is a laboratory on legs, allowing a style of rapid development of sensorimotor tasks with a convenience near to that of conducting experiments on a lab bench. Applications of this work include urban search and rescue as well as reconnaissance operations in which robust yet simple-to-implement autonomy allows a robot access to difficult environments with little burden to a human operator.
2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) in a nude rat glioma model: implications for photodynamic therapy.

Background and Objective In this study, we evaluated 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-α (HPPH or Photochlor) as a photosensitizer for the treatment of malignant gliomas by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Study Design/Materials and Methods We performed in vivo reflection spectroscopy in athymic rats to measure the attenuation of light in normal brain tissue. We also studied HPPH pharmacokinetics and PDT effects in nude rats with brain tumors derived from stereotactically implanted U87 human glioma cells. Rats implanted with tumors were sacrificed at designated time points to determine the pharmacokinetics of HPPH in serum, tumor, normal brain, and brain adjacent to tumor (BAT). HPPH concentrations in normal brain, BAT and tumor were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Twenty-four hours after intravenous injection of HPPH, we administered interstitial PDT treatment at a wavelength of 665 nm. Light was given in doses of 3.5, 7.5 or 15 J/cm at the tumor site and at a rate of 50 mW/cm. Results In vivo spectroscopy of normal brain tissue showed that the attenuation depth of 665 nm light is ∼30% greater than that of 630 nm light used to activate Photofrin, which is currently being evaluated for PDT as an adjuvant to surgery for malignant gliomas. The t½ of disappearance of drug from serum and tumor was 25 and 30 hours, respectively. Conclusion Twenty-four hours after injection of 0.5 mg/kg HPPH, tumor-to-brain drug ratios ranged from 5:1 to 15:1. Enhanced survival was observed in each of the HPPH/PDT-treated animal groups. These data suggest that HPPH may be a useful adjuvant for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:397–405, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell biology of intracellular protein trafficking.

Article de synthese sur les voies, la regulation, et les signaux moleculaires impliques dans les processus d'endocytose des proteines extracellulaires et d'insertion des proteines synthetisees dans le cytoplasme dans le reticulum endoplasmique avant leur distribution dans leurs compartiments cellulaires respectifs ou leur secretion
DNA mutation detection and analysis using miniaturized microfluidic systems

Identification of genetic sequence variations occurring on a population-wide scale is key to unraveling the complex interactions that are the underlying cause of many medical disorders and diseases. A critical need exists, however, for advanced technology to enable DNA mutation analysis to be performed with significantly higher throughput and at significantly lower cost than is currently attainable. Microfluidic systems offer an attractive platform to address these needs by combining the ability to perform rapid analysis with a simplified device format that can be inexpensively mass-produced. This paper will review recent progress toward developing these next-generation systems and discuss challenges associated with adapting these technologies for routine laboratory use.
An action-resource language for argumentation: the case of softwood lumber negotiation

We view a group problem as a resource allocation problem among involved parties, and negotiation as the members' act to protect, or better yet, to gain additional resources for themselves. Group members gather together to achieve a common goal. Yet, they are also stakeholders seeking to defend their own interest as well. As such, negotiation can be seen as an effort of all parties seeking to exchange viewpoints, proposing offers and counter-offers with arguments, until a solution is found or a deadlock is considered unsolvable. This paper proposes an action resource model to represent negotiation problems, and an argumentation language to support negotiation processes. The proposed action resource argumentation language is illustrated by an actual negotiation-the softwood lumber negotiation between Canada and the United States. >
Effect of cyclophosphamide on syngeneic transplantation of para‐adenovirus‐7‐transformed tumor cells in hamsters

The effect of cyclophosphamide on the transplantability of hamster tumor cells transformed by PARA-adenovirus 7 was investigated. Normally, such syngeneic transplants seldom, if ever, regress spontaneously. It was found that chemotherapy was remarkably effective against this neoplasm. A single inoculation of the drug (200 mg/kg) prevented the growth of 104-105 transplanted cells, and promoted regression of palpable tumors. Weekly drug inoculations prolonged the survival of hosts bearing large neoplasms. Animals successfully treated proved to be resistant to subsequent tumor-cell challenge. The chemical did not prevent tumor growth if given prior to the transplant. There is suggestive evidence that host tumor resistance may have contributed to the success of cyclophosphamide therapy.
Developing Sensorimotor Systems in Our Sleep

Every animal must learn how to use its limbs within the developmental context of an ever-changing body. Typically, investigations of sensorimotor development focus on waking movements. Here, I consider another class of behavior: twitching movements that occur exclusively during active (REM) sleep. Twitches are particularly abundant in early infancy, when critical sensorimotor networks are established. In light of behavioral, electrophysiological, neurophysiological, and computational investigations of this unique behavior, twitches may prove critical for the development and maintenance of the sensorimotor system, as well as its repair after injury or disease.
TRIAGE: Applying context to improve timely delivery of critical data in mobile ad hoc networks for disaster response

In disaster response, critical data needs to be delivered quickly so responders can address high priority issues as soon as they occur. Mobile ad hoc networks are fundamental in these efforts as the existing telecommunications infrastructure is often rendered inaccessible in large-scale disasters. Due to the inherent low bandwidth in mobile ad hoc networks, an explosion of data may cause congestion. We present TRIAGE, a framework that leverages sender context information to ensure the timely delivery of critical data.
Cross-pollinating the revolution: from Havana to Oakland and back again

This article charts the intellectual history of the Cuban Revolution’s impact on the ideology and politics of the Black Panther Party. In doing so, it begins with a discussion of the central biological metaphor of “cross-pollination” to understand how the ideas of Che Guevara influenced Black Panther George Jackson’s revolutionary praxis. The second section of the article charts Guevara anti-colonialist, anti-imperialist arguments as well as his “foco” theory concerning the vanguard guerilla’s revolutionary tactics. It then documents the pollinations of these ideas in George Jackson’s prison writings to demonstrate how the Black Panther conceptualized internal colonization, articulated a black vanguard, and formulated new black leadership tactics. This section demonstrates how Jackson’s writings circulated and augmented Guevara’s revolutionary theses to build Black Panther ideologies about black identity, leadership, self-defense and anti-colonialism. Thus, Black Panther writers were able to successfully ...
Insulin Feedback Alters Mitochondrial Activity Through an ATP-sensitive K+ Channel–Dependent Pathway in Mouse Islets and β-Cells

Recent work suggests that insulin may exert both positive and negative feedback directly on pancreatic beta-cells. To investigate the hypothesis that insulin modulates beta-cell metabolism, mouse islets and beta-cell clusters were loaded with rhodamine 123 to dynamically monitor mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). Spontaneous oscillations in DeltaPsi(m) (period: 218 +/- 26 s) were observed in 17 of 30 islets exposed to 11.1 mmol/l glucose. Acute insulin application (100 nmol/l) hyperpolarized DeltaPsi(m), indicating a change in mitochondrial activity. The ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel opener diazoxide or the l-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine mimicked the effect of insulin, suggesting that insulin activates K(ATP) channels to hyperpolarize DeltaPsi(m) by inhibiting calcium influx. Treatment with forskolin, which increases endogenous insulin secretion, also mimicked the effect of exogenous insulin, suggesting physiological feedback. Pretreatment with nifedipine or the K(ATP) inhibitor glyburide prevented insulin action, further implicating a K(ATP) channel pathway. Together, these data suggest a feedback mechanism whereby insulin receptor activation opens K(ATP) channels to inhibit further secretion. The resulting reduction in beta-cell calcium increases the energy stored in the mitochondrial gradient that drives ATP production. Insulin feedback onto mitochondria may thus help to calibrate the energy needs of the beta-cell on a minute-to-minute basis.
Corruption and industrial dualism in less developed countries

This paper provides an explanation for the observation that developing countries tend to have a higher degree of dualism in the size distribution of firms and a relatively smaller proportion of large firms than do developed countries. This paper builds a model where large 'formal' firms attract rent seeking activities from the government while small firms do not. In the model, there exists a 'competitive fringe' of small firms and a formal market consisting of Cournot competitors. The number of formal firms is made endogenous and is a function of the degree to which the government can extract rents. This ability to extract rents is itself posited as a function of the degree of corruption in a country's government. Thus, it is the high degree of corruption in developing country governments that contributes to the dual nature of their industrial structure. The model predicts that the higher the degree of corruption, the fewer (and larger) are the formal firms, the lower is social welfare and the greater is ...
Caprine acrosin. Purification, characterization and proteolysis of the porcine zona pellucida.

Abstract Acrosin purified from an acidic extract of ejaculated goat spermatozoa migrated as a single 42,000-Mr band in SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Reduction and alkylation of caprine acrosin produced two polypeptides, one of Mr 40,000 (heavy chain) and the other of Mr 3700 (light chain). The light chain purified by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. was a glycosylated octadecapeptide with an amino acid sequence similar to that of the N-terminal 18 residues of porcine acrosin light chain (78% positional identity). The sequence of the N-terminal 37 amino acids of purified caprine acrosin heavy chain is similar to that of porcine acrosin heavy chain (70% positional identity through 37 residues). Studies with synthetic substrates and synthetic and natural proteinase inhibitors confirmed both the specificity of the purified proteinase for Arg-Xaa and Lys-Xaa bonds and a serine-proteinase mechanism. Purified caprine acrosin hydrolysed the 90 kDa and 65 kDa components, but did not hydrolyse the 55 kDa component of the porcine zona pellucida. The action of the enzyme on the porcine zona pellucida was indistinguishable from that previously reported for porcine acrosin.
Systems approaches to the treatment of motivation in human action: Three notes

Baumeister’s energizing call-to-arms suggests theorists might wish to adopt more “radical” approaches toward theorizing about the role of motivation in human action. By radical, I mean re-igniting strands of theoretical analysis that were once more common in psychological scholarship but which have fallen to the wayside. At the heart of this argument is the proposal that theorists adopt an explicit systems approach to the study of motivation. Motivation would be neither a property of the organism potentially harboring it nor of the environment that triggers it. Instead, the complex interplay between the organism and environment would be the primary object of analysis. With this in mind, it would be wise to make three specific three notes. First, people are motivated not only by what they want to do, they literally feel anxious to avoid undesired actions and outcomes, too. Second, adaptive motivation would likely match motive to affordances in the environment that aid in motivational pursuits. Third, it might be important to identify a basic level in motivations, the level of motivational specificity containing the motives that predominantly drive human action.
Silicon in Biological Material. I. Determinations Eliminating Silicon as a Contaminant

Summary1. The silicon content of the tissues of man and rat were reinvestigated by a modified King's method, in which contact with glassware was avoided. 2. All tissues studied, except bone, contained between 2-10 μg silicon /g of dried tissue. Bone contained approximately 100 μg silicon/g of dried tissue. 3. In a single balance study, 90% of the silicon in rat food was excreted in the feces; some silicon was excreted in the urine.
Role of subjective probability in mediating the relationship between word frequency and recognition of error.

In a recent publication Czskey and Larson (1977) reported a significant correlation ( r = .87, P = ,001) between Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test scores administered alternately, individually, and in a group format to 105 kindergarten children. Since the subjects were about equally divided between a rural and a suburban community in northeast Ohio, the Ammonses (personal communication, August, 1977) questioned such a correlation based upon subjects from two potentially dissimilar geographic areas. Accordingly, the scores were separated and Pearson correlations (Games & Klare, 1967) were computed for each geographic area and by sex within each area. The results are presented in Table 1.
Time Accuracy of Pressure Methods for Nonhydrostatic Free-Surface Flows

We extend two fractional-step pressure methods (pressure projection and pressure correction) to nonhydrostatic free-surface flows by employing them to discretize the nonhydrostatic pressure on a staggered grid and applying a semi-implicit time discretization to the free-surface elevation. The time accuracy and efficiency for each pressure method is investigated in detail. Using a sloshing free-surface wave as a test case, we show analytically and numerically that the correction method is always second-order accurate in time, while the projection method is second-order accurate in time only if the nonhydrostatic pressure is included in the depth-averaged continuity equation through the use of an iterative precedure. We demonstrate that this convergence behavior holds for the linearized equations.
Electronic Structure Descriptor for the Discovery of Narrow-Band Red-Emitting Phosphors

Narrow-band red-emitting phosphors are a critical component of phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes for highly efficient illumination-grade lighting. In this work, we report the discovery of a quantitative descriptor for narrow-band Eu2+-activated emission identified through a comparison of the electronic structures of known narrow-band and broad-band phosphors. We find that a narrow emission bandwidth is characterized by a large splitting of more than 0.1 eV between the two highest Eu2+ 4f7 bands. By incorporating this descriptor in a high-throughput first-principles screening of 2259 nitride compounds, we identify five promising new nitride hosts for Eu2+-activated red-emitting phosphors that are predicted to exhibit good chemical stability, thermal quenching resistance, and quantum efficiency, as well as narrow-band emission. Our findings provide important insights into the emission characteristics of rare-earth activators in phosphor hosts and a general strategy to the discovery of phosphors with ...
[Epidemiological study on risk factors of hepatitis E in Yantai, Shandong province].

Objective To study the prevalent characteristics and risk factors of viral hepatitis E in Yantai and the relative for strategy on viral hepatitis E control in the area. Methods Data on viral hepatitis E incidence reported by the Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System in 2005-2009 was analyzed. 2028 persons were chosen for hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody detection by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. RT-nPCR method was applied to obtain the sequence of HEV in HEV cases. A case-control study was used to identify the risk factors of HEV infection.Results The distribution of HEV cases was sporadic in Yantai, and the annual incidence rate was 5.70/100 000, with spring as the prevalent season. Farmers were the main population involved and with those over the age of 40. Regional distribution was mainly along the coastline. Data from the sequential analysis showed that gene type of local patients was type 4 and healthy person whose HEV-IgM was positive was type 1. Finding from the case-control study suggested that eating seafoods,living condition in the households and unhealthy habits played important roles in the infection of HEV.Results from multiple logistic regression showed that eating seafood, with eat-out history, drinking alcohol and un-boiled water were the main risk factors in the infection of HEV. Conclusion The level of HE in Yantai will maintain in a high level, but there is no chance of epidemic outbreak of HE in large range. Population of incidence mainly concentrates on farmers. Key words: Viral hepatitis E; Epidemiology; Risk factors
Tests of Specificity of Competition Amound Pseudomonas Syringae Strains on Plants Using Recombinant Ice-Strains and Use of Ice Nucleation Genes as Probes of in Situ Transcriptional Activity

Pseudomonas syringae is the most commonly observed and the most active ice nucleatins bacterium on the surfaces of healthy plants. This and other ice nucleation active (Ice+) bacterial species can contribute to frost damage to plants by initiating ice formation in plants that would otherwise supercool and avoid damaging ice formation. The biological control of frost injury can be achieved by the application of non-ice nucleation active bacteria to plant surfaces before they become colonized by Ice+ species. Frost injury to plants is reduced proportional to the reduction of the log population size of Ice♦ bacteria on plants, and non-ice nucleating bacteria reduce frost injury by competitive exclusion of Ice+ bacterial species. A functional diversity exists between Ice+ P. syringae strains; the resultant specificity in competition should limit the effectiveness of the competitive exclusion of all Ice+ P. syringae strains by the application of a single Ice strain. Tests of the functional diversity among P. syringae strains were made by producing by several isogenic Ice recombinant mutants of P. syringae using cloned ice genes by a process of marker exchange mutagenesis. Recombinant Ice strains of P. syringae that were applied to potato under field conditions colonized inoculated plants in high numbers (population sizes in excess of 106 cells/g fresh wt) for a period of one month or more. The population size of indigenous Ice+ P. syringae strains were reduced from 30 to 180 fold on inoculated plants compared to untreated control plants. However, the population size of isogenic Ice+ P. syringae strains co-inoculated with the respective Ice mutant was reduced over 1,000 fold, indicating that specificity of competition does occur on leaf surfaces. Due to the high sensitivity by which ice nucleation activity can be measured, the more than linear increase in ice nucleation activity exhibited in strains with increases in ice protein content, and lack of endogenous ice nucleating agents active in temperatures of -5°C or higher, a new method of assessing the transcriptional activity of genes has been developed based on cloned ice nucleation genes. The transcriptional activity of an iron regulated genomic region required for the biosynthesis of siderophores in P. syringae was assessed in situ on leaves and roots by appropriate fusions of this region with a promotorless inaZ gene. Ice nuclei produced by inaZ in response to transcriptional activity of the fused siderophore gene were recovered on leaves and roots but only at levels of less than 10% that expected had the siderophore biosynthesis gene been fully transcriptionally active in situ.
Method of Descent

This chapter describes the method of descent applicable to partial differential equations. The method yields an exact solution. For some partial differential equations (in particular some wave equations) odd dimensional problems are easier than even dimensional problems. Hence it is reasonable, when given a 2 n dimensional problem, to instead solve a 2n + 1 dimensional problem and then come down one dimension. In this method, given a partial differential equation in n dimensions for the quantity u ( x ) = u ( x 1 , x 2 ,…, x n ) L [ u ] = 0 , it might be easier to solve the n + 1 dimensional problem L [ v ] + H [ v ] = 0 , for v ( x, z ) = v ( x 1 , x 2 ,…., x n , z ) , where H [·] is a differential operator with respect to z . Then, when v ( x,z ) is known , u ( x ) can be obtained by either (1) an appropriate integral over z , or (2) taking v to be independent of z.
Daily mapping of Landsat-like LAI and correlation to grape yield

Wine grape quality and quantity are affected by vine growing conditions during some critical growing stages. In this paper, MODIS and Landsat were used to map daily LAI in two Grape Remote sensing Atmospheric Profiling and Evapotranspiration eXperiment (GRAPEX) experimental fields near Lodi, California in 2013. A data fusion approach was applied to map daily LAI at 30 m spatial resolution. The LAI data from two fields were validated using insitu measurements. Cumulative LAI from two fields were compared to the 2013 grape yields. High correlations were found between yield and cumulative LAI. The within-season yield predictability was examined using daily LAI maps. Results show that the grape yields were highly correlated with the cumulative LAI after the month of June. This suggests that grape yields are predictable using remotely sensed data 2–3 months prior to harvest under normal conditions.
Epidemiological History of Chikungunya Virus

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that has been known to cause human disease since 1952 when the virus was first characterized in an outbreak in East Africa. The virus became widely known on a global scale in 2013 when it entered the Western hemisphere and began to move rapidly through 45 counties in under 2 years. Although this expansion was highly visible and on a virtually unprecedented scale, CHIKV actually has a long history of both epidemic and low-level transmission throughout its endemic distribution in Africa and Southeast Asia. The historical epidemiological patterns of CHIKV are different from more recent activity. Apart from a few large outbreaks, activity in Africa has tended to involve only a few human cases at a time that are typically linked to close associations with the enzootic transmission cycle. In contrast, in Asia, where there is no known enzootic cycle, on-going, low-level activity is typical with large periodic urban outbreaks. The epidemiology of CHIKV since its re-emergence in 2004 in coastal Kenya has been characterized by large attack rates, rapid movement and geographic expansion, utilization of alternate mosquito vectors, and adaptation to novel ecologies. Understanding of the historical patterns of the virus as described below provides a framework for appreciating the modern movement of the virus.
Evaluation of revised details of end zone of the prestressed concrete I-girders using finite element method

AbstractPrestressed concrete I-girders are becoming more widely used in bridges. However, the high prestressing force applied to these girders can lead to cracks in the end zone upon stress transfer. Recently, the standard drawing details for prestressed concrete I-girders were modified by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT). The primary difference in the new drawings is the reinforcement details and usage of welded wire reinforcement at the end of the girders. In order to evaluate end cracking performance resulting from changes to the ODOT standard drawings, girders with various end reinforcement configurations were analysed using linear and non-linear finite element models. The strains and stresses at the end zone in the concrete and rebar were then evaluated. The non-linear finite element models were verified using available experimental data. After verification, the non-linear models were used to identify the location of the end zone cracks observed in the girders. The verified model was used...
Galaxy clusters: Falling into line

Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope observations shows that the well-known alignment between the central galaxy of a galaxy cluster and its host cluster has been in place for at least ten billion years.
Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Modeling Flow and Reactive Transport in Porous Media

An important example of an intradomain (i.e. within a specified physical system) multifield problems in the management of water resources is the transport of radionuclides, chemicals, and/or biological species through soil and aquifers. The simulation of such processes with chemical interactions is inherently ill-conditioned due to widely varying scales. Species can be present at trace amounts, equilibrium constants and other parameters can vary over perhaps 50–100 orders of maginitude, the time period of interest can involve millions of years, and the porous media can involve many orders of variablility in permeability.
Carbon Dioxide-in-Brine Foams at High Temperatures and Extreme Salinities Stabilized with Silica Nanoparticles

The stabilization of carbon dioxide-in-water (C–W) foams with nanoparticles (NPs) becomes highly challenging as the temperature and salinity increase, particularly for divalent ions, as the nanoparticles often aggregate in the brine phase. For silica nanoparticles with a medium coverage (MC) and high coverage (HC) of organic ligands, the hydrophilic–CO2-philic balance (HCB) was found to be in the appropriate range to produce a large reduction in the C–W interfacial tension (IFT). Furthermore, the nanoparticles were colloidally stable in concentrated brine (15% total dissolved solids, TDS) up to 80 °C. With these interfacially active nanoparticles, C–W foams were stabilized with apparent foam viscosities up to 35 cP and foam textures with bubble sizes on the order of 40 μm at various gas fractional flows (foam qualities) in beadpack experiments. At the foam quality where the apparent viscosity was a maximum (transition quality) in the beadpack, we also produced CO2 foams in Boise and Berea cores versus tem...
Crystal structures of 2,6- and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acids: nonbonded Cl ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Cl contacts

The crystal structures of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (1) and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (2) were obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallization of 1 occurred in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P1 (No. 2) with a = 7.2678(9), b = 9.8543(8), and c = 11.8290(11) A α = 95.000(7), β = 104.262(10), and γ = 102.128(8)○; and Z = 4. Crystallization of 2 occurred in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space group P21/n (No. 14) with a = 3.7812(3), b = 13.996(2), and c = 14.514(2) A β = 95.183(8); and Z = 4. Chlorine substituents of four dimeric molecules of 2 formed square channels, ca. 3.54 A on a side, which run parallel to the crystallographic a axis. Monomers of 1 and 2 formed centrosymmetric dimers via near-linear hydrogen bonds. Details of the structures and spectroscopic results are presented and discussed.
Race, Sex, and Redemption in Monster's Ball

In this paper, we explore the way that interracial relationships between blacks and whites come to be represented as problematic for mainstream audiences. By looking specifically at the film Monster9s Ball (2001), we examine how race is used to identify and characterize our culture9s standard protagonist, the white male, and at how white male sexuality is constructed through the black female. Particularly striking in this film is how the social and institutional structures that create and reiterate problems of race are used to characterize the movie9s central protagonists, yet then evaded and submerged in the discourse of romance.
Suicidal Behavior Among Hospitalized Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A United States Nationwide Analysis.

Background Suicidal behavior in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been minimally explored. We aimed to determine United States (US) nationally representative prevalence estimates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide/self-inflicted injury (S/SII) among hospitalized adults with IBD and to examine trends in suicidal behavior over time. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study using National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample data (2006-2011) identified adults with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), SI or S/SII, and multiple comorbid risk factors for suicidal behavior. Results We identified 331,777 (estimated 1.64 million) IBD-related hospitalizations (64% CD, 36% UC) and 39,787,239 (estimated 196.08 million) hospitalizations among the general US population. Among IBD-related hospitalizations, 2502 discharges were associated with SI (prevalence 0.76%) and 1104 with S/SII (prevalence 0.33%). Both were significantly greater in CD versus UC (P < 0.001). Relative to the general US population, IBD patients were significantly less likely to demonstrate suicidal behavior: (SI:0.33% versus 0.59%, P < 0.001) (S/SII:0.75% versus 1.04%, P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that IBD was associated with decreased odds of SI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.62, 95%CI 0.60-0.65) and S/SII (aOR 0.43, 95%CI 0.40-0.45) relative to the general population, and suicidal behavior was lower in IBD compared to disease-related controls with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Similar increasing trends in suicidal behavior were observed in IBD and non-IBD populations (2006-2011). Conclusion In this large US database, SI or S/SII occurred in over 1% of the IBD population and was increased in CD versus UC.
Development of an In Vitro 3D Brain Tissue Model Mimicking In Vivo-Like Pro-inflammatory and Pro-oxidative Responses

To analyze complex inflammatory responses in an in vitro system, we constructed a new 3D in vitro brain tissue model that exhibits in vivo-like tissue responses (e.g. immune cell phenotypes, and molecular response) to inflammatory stimuli. Finite element modeling of oxygen diffusion and cellular oxygen consumption predicted the oxygen profile within 3D structures, consisting of Type I collagen hydrogel embedded with murine microglia. Viability and cytotoxicity analyses supported the mathematical analysis, determining optimal cell growth conditions for 3D construct development. Real-time RT-PCR and ELISA demonstrated significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-1β, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated in vitro cell culture (2D and 3D) and in vivo mouse model systems. Interestingly, levels of inflammatory responses from the in vitro 3D model system were more similar to in vivo than in vitro 2D. Additionally, in situ dihydroethidium (DHE) assay and immunofluorescence staining revealed that levels of LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and microglial activation from in vitro 3D model system were closer to in vivo than in vitro 2D. These results demonstrated that an in vitro 3D model provides more physiologically relevant pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory environments in brain than an in vitro 2D model.
A Transgenic Monkey Model of Huntington’s Disease

Abstract No matter how well an animal, cellular or computation simulation model were developed; no model system can capture the full spectrum of clinical features and progression of human diseases. Therefore, the development of the best animal model possible with maximum potential to advance our knowledge on diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD) may better fit the mission. Transgenic HD monkeys that developed clinical features as the animals age are similar to those observed in human patients. Although HD monkeys hold great potential as a preclinical large animal model, HD monkey stem cells provide a unique platform for investigating the cellular pathogenesis and therapy discovery that is limited in HD monkeys. Here we present a fact check on the HD monkey model and HD monkey neural stem/progenitor cell model and their roles in advancing our knowledge in HD onset and development and their potential roles in future preclinical therapy development.
GTrace - A Graphical Traceroute Tool

Traceroute [Jacobson88], originally written by Van Jacobson in 1988, has become a classic tool for determining the routes that packets take from a source host to a destination host. It does not provide any information regarding the physical location of each node along the route, which makes it difficult to effectively identify geographically circuitous unicast routing. Indeed, there are examples of paths between hosts just a few miles apart that cross the entire United States and back, phenomena not immediately evident from the textual output of traceroute. While such path information may not be of much interest to many end users, it can provide valuable insight to system administrators, network engineers, operators and analysts. We present a tool that depicts geographically the IP path information that traceroute provides, drawing the nodes on a world map according to their latitude/longitude coordinates.
Multiscale Methods and the Segmentation of Medical Images

Multiscale methods analyze an image via relationships between its properties at many different levels of spatial scale. Details and noise appear largely at small scale, and global properties of image objects appear at large scale. The segmentation of images into objects or coherent regions is therefore aided by viewing the image in multiscale terms. The methods and approaches that have been suggested for multiscale image analysis and for segmentation based on this analysis are summarized.
Eruptive Prominences and Their Impact on the Earth and Our Life

Following prominence eruptions (see Chap. 16: Webb, Solar prominences. New York: Springer, 2014), the associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) propagate into the solar wind and interplanetary medium. While the complex interactions with the magnetic field and plasma in the corona (see Chaps. 15 and 16: Gopalswamy, Solar prominences. New York: Springer, 2014; Webb, Solar prominences. New York: Springer, 2014) have been observed for decades, it has only been in the last decade that the interaction of CMEs with the interplanetary medium can be directly imaged. As CMEs and prominences impact Earth, Earth’s magnetosphere may be disrupted through reconnection and/or compression, resulting in geomagnetic storms. In the most extreme cases, CMEs and prominences may have a global effect on man-made technologies and human beings, especially if they are in space. The conditions in the near-Earth environment directly affected by the Sun and the solar activity are known as space weather and will be discussed here.
Hailfall of 10 September 1959 Near Medford, Oregon

A system for observing hailfalls at Medford, Oregon includes a network of hail recorders and a number of volunteers who collect hail. This paper reports the area affected and the kind of stones collected in one typical hailfall of 1959. Conclusions call for more comprehensive observations in 1960.
Nanoencapsulation introduces long-acting phenomenon to tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine drug combination: A comparative pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy study against HIV-1 vaginal transmission

Abstract Daily oral antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has proven efficacy for diverse groups of high-risk individuals. However, daily dosing regimen has augmented non-adherence. These experiments comparatively investigated the long-acting (LA) PrEP potency of subcutaneous (SubQ) administrated tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and emtricitabine (FTC) loaded nanoparticles (NPs) to solution in humanized (hu) mice. TAF + FTC NPs and TAF + FTC solution (each drug at 200 mg/kg) were administered to hu-CD34-NSG mice (n = 3/time point) for plasma and tissue pharmacokinetic parameter estimation using LC-MS/MS. NP enhanced tissue ARV assimilation compared to plasma. The same dose was administered for PrEP efficacy in HIV-1 challenged hu-BLT mice (n = 5/group). The hu-BLT mice were vaginally challenged with a transmission-founder (T/F) virus at 5 × 105 TCID50 inoculation, on day 4, 7 and 14 post-SubQ treatments (PT) and were compared to infected-untreated-control hu-BLT mice. By 21 days PT, 100% TAF + FTC solution-treated and control-untreated mice were infected. However, TAF + FTC NPs resulted in significant (p = .0002) protection from HIV-1 (day 4: 80%, day 7 and 14: 60%, respectively) compared to control mice. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated detectable TAF/FTC vaginal levels among TAF + FTC NP-treated hu-BLT mice correlating with prolonged PrEP efficacy, thus establishing long-acting TAF + FTC NPs as a potential PrEP modality.
Quality of life in young patients after cone reconstruction for Ebstein anomaly.

Objective To evaluate the health status and quality of life of young patients who had cone reconstruction for Ebstein anomaly. Methods We reviewed all patients who had cone reconstruction from 2007 to 2016 at our institution. Prospective surveys were mailed to all eligible patients. Quality of life was assessed using the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales, including four domains: physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. Results Of 116 eligible patients, 72 (62%) responded. About 96% reported their health as excellent or good, and 52% were symptom-free. Only 37% of patients were taking any medications, the most common of which was aspirin (30%). Only 19% had been hospitalised for cardiac reasons following cone reconstruction. The average self-reported quality of life was 85.3/100, whereas the average parent proxy-reported quality of life was 81.8/100. There was no difference by self or parent proxy-report in quality of life between cone reconstruction patients and healthy children; however, quality of life was significantly better compared with children with other chronic health conditions. By self-report and parent proxy-report, 15.1 and 16.7% of patients were deemed "at risk" for reduced quality of life, respectively. Socially, 63/64 (98%) patients over 5 years old were either full-time students or working full-time. Conclusion Children with Ebstein anomaly following cone reconstruction have excellent quality of life comparable with healthy peers and significantly better than other children with chronic health conditions. Families of children with Ebstein anomaly can expect excellent quality of life, long-term health status, and social functioning following cone reconstruction.