cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERMITTENT NOISE AFFECTS EMF-INDUCED ODC ACTIVITY

Abstract In previous work, we examined factors which influence magnetic-field induced enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in L929 fibroblasts. Results from that work indicated that enhancement of ODC activity by a 60-Hz magnetic field is influenced by two, distinct, temporal time constants. These time constants were identified through experiments in which cells were exposed to fields which were periodically turned on and off (gapped) at set intervals throughout exposure. The data obtained were consistent with a system of temporal sensing by which the cells obtain some average of field parameters over intervals of approximately 0.1 s, and then compare current and `remembered' average values. In this hypothesis, cells would initiate a response to the field (i.e., increase ODC activity) if field parameters were determined to be constant over intervals of at least 10 s. In the work reported here, cells were exposed to a constant 60-Hz magnetic field onto which an EM noise field was superimposed with the same periodicity used for introducing gaps in the previous work. The intent of these studies was: (1) To determine whether intermittently superimposed EM noise fields would produce a situation, in terms of cellular response, equivalent to turning off the 60-Hz stimulating field, and; (2) If this were so, to use this system to confirm the time constants of 0.1 and 10 s which were identified in the gapped-field experiments. Cellular response to the intermittently superimposed fields was found to be the same as that for cells exposed to fields which were gapped for the same intervals. ODC enhancement induced by the 60-Hz field was observed when the noise fields were superimposed every other 10 s during exposure, but no enhancement was obtained when noise fields were superimposed every other 1 s. When the noise field was pulsed for brief intervals (50–200 ms), each second during exposure, noise pulses ≥100 ms eliminated an ODC response to the 60-Hz field, but when 50 ms pulses were used some ODC enhancement was observed. Superimposition of the noise field was, thus, shown to be the functional equivalent of turning of the 60-Hz stimulating field, and the time constants revealed by the gapped-field studies were confirmed through the use of superimposed noise pulses.
Mapping Studies of an X-Linked Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a congenital hereditary, bilateral eye disorder which affects both retina and the vitreous body. As a first step toward the identification of the gene responsible for the X-linked disorder, we report here the results of DNA analyses from the patients and their parents of two families having members affected with FEVR. The results indicate that loci MIC2 and choroideremia are unlikely to be associated with the disease. Similar results are obtained with anonymous probes DXS7 and DXYS1 and microsatellite markers DXS426, DXS453 and DXS454. No signs of microdeletion, substitution and rearrangements in these loci could be detected. These data suggest that the above loci are probably not involved in determining the FEVR pathology.
A 3-D impedance method to calculate power deposition in biological bodies subjected to time varying magnetic fields

A previously described two-dimensional impedance method (ibid., vol.31, p.644-51, 1984) for modeling the response of biological bodies exposed to time-varying electromagnetic fields has been extended to three dimensions. This method is useful at those frequencies where the quasistatic approximation is valid and calculates the fields, current densities, and power depositions in the bodies. Solutions using this method for homogeneous spheres in plane waves are presented and compared to the analytic solutions for the same configuration. Solutions for a man exposed to a uniform radio-frequency magnetic field at 30 MHz, are presented, as well as for a man exposed to either circularly or linearly polarized magnetic fields at 63 MHz, uniform within a portion of his body and linearly decreasing outside of that portion, which approximates the exposure in some nuclear-magnetic-resonance imaging devices. >
Quantitative Masking Strength: Quantifying the Power Side-Channel Resistance of Software Code

Many commercial systems in the embedded space have shown weakness against power analysis-based side-channel attacks in recent years. Random masking is a commonly used technique for removing the statistical dependency between the sensitive data and the side-channel information. However, the process of designing masking countermeasures is both labor intensive and error prone. Furthermore, there is a lack of formal methods for quantifying the actual strength of a countermeasure implementation. Security design errors may therefore go undetected until the side-channel leakage is physically measured and evaluated. We show a better solution based on static analysis of C source code. We introduce the new notion of quantitative masking strength (QMS) to estimate the amount of information leakage from software through side channels. Once the user has identified the sensitive variables, the QMS can be automatically computed from the source code of a countermeasure implementation. Our experiments, based on measurement on real devices, show that the QMS accurately reflects the side-channel resistance of the software implementation.
Routing based on layered stochastic games for multi-hop cognitive radio networks

This paper proposes a distributed routing mechanism for the multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) over multiple primary channels. The Secondary Users (SUs) attempts to utilize the channels and minimize their delay along the route while avoiding causing interference to the Primary Users (PUs). In order to address the problem of time-varying channel condition due to the PU dynamics, the route-selection process is modeled as a global Markov Decision Process (MDP). We show that such a global routing MDP can be decomposed into the layered MDPs, in which the interactions between neighbor SUs with their local next-hop selection are modeled as the local stochastic games. By applying reinforcement learning with utility based fictitious play, the best response of each SU can be learned from the local game with the only need for the information exchange from next-hop SUs. The proposed algorithm is evaluated through simulations and is shown to be effective in reducing the delays for multiple flows in the CRN.
CONVERGENT AND DISCRIMINANT VALIDATION OF MEASURES OF PERSONAL NEEDS1

The criteria of convergent and discriminant validation proposed by Campbell & Fiske (1959) were applied to a multitrait-multimethod matrix constructed from the intercorrelations of 15 need scales found in the Adjective Check List (ACL), the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), and a normative modification of the EPPS (N-EPPS). The evidence, based upon 131 male and female college freshmen, supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the 15 needs when the two forms of the Edwards inventory were compared. When these two instruments were compared with the ACL, the criteria of convergent and discriminant validity were met, but only to a minimal extent.
Comparison of ion trajectories in vacuum and viscous environments using SIMION: Insights for instrument design

Abstract The effective use of electrostatic and magnetic fields to control ion motion serves as the foundation for many scientific instruments. The advent of powerful personal computers and simulation programs, such as SIMION, have served to broaden the understanding of ion motion in vacuum throughout the scientific instrument community. The relatively recent development of a statistical dynamics simulation user program for SIMION 7.0 has provided a more accessible view into ion motions at elevated pressures and the opportunity to more fully illuminate ion motion differences between vacuum and viscous environments (e.g., electrostatic refraction, motion through grids, and magnetic fields). The loss of kinetic energy limits options for controlling ion motion in viscous conditions. For refraction, only net accelerating field methods (converging or diverging) are possible in viscous regimes. Motion of ions around wires in grids also has more severe consequences in viscous conditions than in vacuum. For magnetic fields, a good “rule-of-thumb” is that an ion must be able to complete a significant fraction of its cyclotron radius between collisions for the magnetic field to affect ion diffusion. At slightly reduced pressures, combined magnetic and electrostatic fields can be used to control ion trajectories. The difference in ion behavior is governed by the fact that kinetic energy of ion motion is retained in vacuum, but lost to collisions with the bath gas in viscous atmospheres. Because of the loss of kinetic energy, ion behavior in electrostatic and magnetic fields under viscous conditions is dramatically different than in vacuum.
On the removal of pores from castings by sintering

The causes, sizes, and distribution of porosity in castings have been reviewed and quantitatively evaluated for several important modes of alloy solidification. In general, gas exsolution is found to be the most probable cause of porosity in castings which solidify in either a cellular or dendritic fashion. On the other hand, solidification alone may cause porosity creation if the interdendritic liquid metal cannot feed the solidification shrinkage. This effect may be enhanced by gas exsolution.
Influence of protein kinase phosphorylation on isolated sarcolemmal membranes

A cardiac muscle sarcolemmal preparation, enriched in adenylate cyclase, Na + , K + -ATPase, beta, muscarinic and ouabain receptors, also contained endogenous protein kinase activity. Phosphorylation of sarcolemmal membrane proteins by the endogenous protein kinase occurred mainly on 22 000 and 12 000 M r proteins. To determine the effect of this phosphorylation on sarcolemmal properties, sarcolemmal vesicles were preincubated under conditions for optimal phosphorylation while control vesicles were preincubated under identical conditions but in the absence of ATP to avoid phosphorylation. Both control and phosphorylated vesicles were centrifuged, resuspended in 10 m m Tris-Cl (pH 7.4) and subsequently assayed for ATPase activities and for binding of ouabain, dihydroalprenolol and quinuclidinyl benzilate to the membranes. Sarcolemmal phosphorylation was associated with an increase in Ca 2+ -ATPase activity but had no effect on Mg 2+ ATPase or Na + , K + -ATPase activity or on ouabain binding. Muscarinic receptor and β -adrenoreceptor binding also appeared to be unaffected.
Dynamical systems on manifolds: Accessibility and controllability

A brief survey of recent results on nonlinear controllability is presented, and a new theorem is stated and proved, giving an "exact time" analogue of Chow's Theorem. In a series of recent papers (Brockett[1], Haynes and Hermes[4], Ku?era[7][8], Lobry[9][10], Jurdjevic and Sussmann[5], Sussmann[12][13][14], Sussmann and Jurdjevic[15]) the methods of Differential Geometry have been applied to the study of accessibility and controllability problems for non-linear systems. We shall survey some aspects of this recent work.
Wear of Steam Turbine Journal Bearings at Low Operating Speeds

The subject of wear of steam turbine bearings at low operating speeds was addressed by conducting site visits to inspect used bearings during overhaul disassemblies, by interviewing the turbine manufacturers and technical personnel at selected utilities, and by performing an analysis of the effect of bearing wear on lubrication at low operating speeds. There is a general lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bearing wear, but there is universal agreement that maintaining proper alignment and minimizing debris in the lubricant are critical to obtaining long bearing life. Wear problems definitely exist, but there is a variation in level of concern regarding these problems. Lift pumps systems on turbines using a low turning gear speed were not found to eliminate bearing wear. Many of the wide variations in bearing design philosophies regarding bearing wear appear to be related to the need for reliable wear-related design data. An analysis of lubrication at low speeds has shown that a limited amount of bearing wear may enhance bearing lubrication and that an optimum in the extent of this wear may exist. Experimental data are needed to develop an understanding of bearing wear mechanisms and bearing operation at low speeds.
The IUE spacecraft and instrumentation

The paper describes the general design, instrumentation, and ground control system of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite, which will serve as an astronomical observatory providing both high and low resolution UV spectra of sources other than the sun. Basic data are given on the telescope, the UV-visible converter, the spectrograph optics, the camera response, and the communications systems.
Resistance to extinction in classical GSR conditioning as a function of acquisition trials beyond peak CR size

Seventy-two Ss were randomly divided into six groups, five for classical delayed GSR conditioning and one an unpaired control The conditioning groups received either 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 paired trials after the peak CR and the controls were matched to Group 16 in number of CSs and UCSs received unpaired. The CS was a 1000-cps pure tone and the UCS a shock to the forearm, with a 5-sec CS-UCS interval. An inverse relationship between resistance to extinction and number of postpeak conditioning trials was found for both trials and magnitude data, except for Group 1. It was concluded that inhibition of delay combines with extinctive inhibition to hasten extinction and that the two types of inhibition may be identical.
The action of oligomycin and of para-hydroxymercuribenzoate on mitochondrial respiration stimulated by ADP, arsenate and calcium

Abstract Thiols are involved in some substrate-level oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms. It is also possible that SH groups might play a role in electron transport phosphorylations. Recently Boyer (1965) proposed an acyl-S compound as a possible intermediate. Several compounds which react preferentially with SH groups were found to interfere with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation or its partial reactions. Para-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB) which is considered to be a relatively specific SH reagent, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation ( Lehninger, 1951 ; Cooper and Lehninger, 1956 ), abolishes 32 P i - ATP exchange ( Cooper and Lehninger, 1957 ), inhibits the dinitrophenol-stimulated ATPase, activates the latent ATPase of mitochondria ( Kielley, 1963 ) and decreases the exchange of oxygen between water and inorganic phosphate ( Boyer, 1965 ). All these facts indicate that PMB-reactive groups are involved in the trapping of energy during oxidation. The present study was undertaken in order to localize the site of action of the mercurial in the energy transfer sequence and find the step where thiols might be involved.
Behavioral Systems: Understanding Complex Contingencies in Organizations

Organizational systems are adaptive entities that survive by meeting environmental demands (consumers, competition, economy, governmental policies, etc.) through the development and maintenance of ...
COP9 Limits Dendritic Branching via Cullin3-Dependent Degradation of the Actin-Crosslinking BTB-Domain Protein Kelch

Components of the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a key member of the conserved 26S proteasome degradation pathway, have been detected to be altered in patients of several debilitating syndromes. These findings suggest that CSN acts in neural circuits, but the exact function of CSN in brain remains unidentified. Previously, using Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) as a model system, we determined that CSN is a critical regulator of dendritic morphogenesis. We found that defects in CSN led to the strikingly contrast phenotype of either reducing or stimulating dendritic branching. In particular, we have reported that CSN stimulates dendritic branching via Cullin1-mediated proteolysis. Here we describe that CSN inhibits dendritic arborization in PNS neurons acting via control of Cullin3 function: loss of Cullin3 causes excessive dendritic branching. We also identified a downstream target for Cullin3-dependent degradation in neurons – the actin-crosslinking BTB-domain protein Kelch. Inappropriate accumulation of Kelch, either due to the impaired Cullin3-dependent turnover, or ectopic expression of Kelch, leads to uncontrolled dendritic branching. These findings indicate that the CSN pathway modulates neuronal network in a multilayer manner, providing the foundation for new insight into the CSN role in human mental retardation disorders and neurodegenerative disease.
Robert Weir's Saint Nicholas: A Knickerbocker Icon

In 1837 Robert Weir painted Saint Nicholas, which had a special appeal to the Knickerbockers, his fellow members in the liveliest cultural movement of early 19th-century America. Its earliest version is here published for the first time. It captured the Knickerbockers' conception of their “patron saint,” whom they had revived with an invented mythology relating Nicholas and the sons of his favored city, New York. Rejecting the idea that Weir's painting is no more than an illustration of Moore's poem “A Visit From St. Nicholas,” the work is here restored to its Knickerbocker context, illuminating the cultural history of early 19th-century America.
Extreme patterns in noniterative learning studied from N-dimension geometry

Neural networks with discrete neurons cannot be studied form the differential-integral formulation because of the mathematical ill-behaviors in continuous differentiation. But they can be studied quite conveniently with discrete mathematics and N-D geometry. This paper derives the learning system of the discrete neural networks and then solve the learning problem with a mathematically very efficient scheme - the noniterative scheme using the concept of N-D geometry. The solution involves a novel approach of finding the extreme edges of a set of training pattern vectors which form a convex cone in the N-D space.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fuck as a metaphor for male sexual aggression

In contemporary American society, the relaxation of social prohibitions on vulgar language, together with what some have noted to be an advertising culture that appears to demand hyperbole, combine to create an environment where much language that was formerly impermissible is now allowed. Nevertheless, a small number of words have retained their taboo status, most notably the word fuck. The word also displays our cultural ambivalence about sexual expressions and sexual activity, not only because it is considered to be obscene, but because of the question that was memorably expanded upon by comedian Lenny Bruce: If fucking is so great, then why is Fuck you one of the most offensive retorts in the English language? This paper will provide an answer to that question. I argue that the word fuck functions as a metaphor for male sexual aggression, and that, notwithstanding its increasing public use, enduring cultural models that inform our beliefs about the nature of sexuality and sexual acts preserve its status as a vile utterance that continues to inspire moral outrage.
A full 3D thermodynamic-based model for magnetic shape memory alloys

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are interesting materials because they exhibit large recoverable strain (up to 10%) and fast response time (higher than 1 kHz). MSMAs are composed of martensitic variants with tetragonal unit cells and a magnetization vector that is approximately aligned with the short side of the unit cell in the absence of an external applied magnetic field. These variants reorient either to align the magnetization vector with an applied magnetic field or to align the short side of the unit cell with an applied compressive stress. This reorientation leads to a mechanical strain and an overall change in the material’s magnetization, allowing MSMAs to be used as actuators, sensors, and power harvesters. This paper builds upon the work of Kiefer and Lagoudas as well as improvements proposed by LaMaster et al. to present a thermodynamic-based continuum model able to predict the response of an MSMA to any three-dimensional (3D) magneto-mechanical loading. The 3D nature of the model requir...
Relevance of TCAD to process-aware design

In order to produce future generations of integrated circuits, it is advantageous to have a tighter coupling between process technology development and IC layout design. The first part of this paper describes a framework being developed in the TCAD area that facilitates such coupling. The second part of the paper provides examples of the coupling of design with one of the areas within TCAD, lithography simulation. The success of Optical Proximity Correction, for example, depends on accurate models that represent the lithography process, including photoresist performance. Some of the challenge sin developing accurate resist models are addresses. In addition to OPC and the short-range effects it addresses, the impact of long-range effects is also described. Two such effects are lens aberrations and flare, with the latter being particularly dependent on total layout.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two adaptively stepped monotone algorithms for solving discounted dynamic programming equations

Two adaptively stepped monotone algorithms for solving discrete dynamic programming equations (DPE) for discounted Markov decision processes are introduced. They are based on, and improve two existing algorithms of the author by adopting an extra line search procedure. The new algorithms remain convergent.
Operating procedure for improving ion source lifetime for the 80-180XP ion implanter

Abstract The limited lifetime of the Freeman ion source filament has been the cause of equipment downtime, for filament replacement, in the use of high current ion implanters. The ion source lifetime of the 160XP ion implanter has been improved by a factor of four for high current operation, where source lifetime, especially with boron, has been very limited. The key to obtaining this result is a reduction of physical sputtering of the tungsten filament. This is achieved by minimizing the arc voltage used by the ion source, while still delivering the same boron performance. The reduction in filament wear is also applicable to other dopants, and has been demonstrated with arsenic. Calculations of the sputtering rate, as a function of arc voltage, are consistent with the improvement in filament lifetime noted experimentally and imply that further improvements may be possible.
Commuter Behavior and Decision Making: Designing Motorist Information Systems

This research reports on the results of a large sample survey designed to investigate the response of commuters to the delivery of motorist information. The main purpose of the survey was to investigate the impact of traffic information on commuter's route choices, mode choices, and departure times, and to determine whether motorists could be categorized according to their specific information needs. The surveyed population consisted of 9,652 home-to-work Interstate five (I–5) commuters, of which 3,892 (40%) returned usable surveys for analysis. Using the cluster analysis statistical technique, four commuter subgroups were shown to exist with respect to their willingness to respond to the delivery of real-time traffic information. These groups were: (1) route changers those willing to change routes on or before entering I–5 (20.6%), (2) non-changers, those unwilling to change time, route, or mode (23.4%), (3) time and route changers (40.1%), and (4) pre-trip changers, those willing to change time, mode, o...
Eye movements and prospective memory: What the eyes can tell us about prospective memory

In this study we used eye tracking methodology in combination with multi-element displays to examine the processes underlying event-based prospective memory in a visual search paradigm. In the task individuals searched for a different target stimulus (i.e., a letter) on each trial that could be present or absent, and made prospective responses to the letters D or M. The response accuracy data revealed that target hits were more frequent than prospective hits, and that there was no difference in response time for target and prospective responses. The eye tracking data revealed that both first and total fixation durations increased from distractors (stimuli that were neither targets nor prospective cues) to targets to prospective cues when a target or prospective response was made. These measures also revealed that the presence of a target in the display served to disrupt prospective memory. In addition, prospective memory misses resulted from a combination of failures to fixate the prospective cues and failures to engage in strategic processing of the prospective cues. These data demonstrate the utility of eye tracking methods in examining the processes underlying event-based prospective memory.
Frontal lobe gray matter density decreases in bipolar I disorder.

Abstract Background This study was conducted to explore differences in gray and white matter density between bipolar and healthy comparison groups using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Methods Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed for 39 subjects with bipolar I disorder and 43 comparison subjects. Images were registered into a proportional stereotaxic space and segmented into gray matter, white mater, and cerebrospinal fluid. Statistical parametric mapping was used to calculate differences in gray and white matter density between groups. Results Bipolar subjects had decreased gray matter density in left anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann’s area [BA] 32, 7.3% decrease), an adjacent left medial frontal gyrus (BA 10, 6.9% decrease), right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47, 9.2% decrease), and right precentral gyrus (BA 44, 6.2% decrease), relative to comparison subjects. Conclusions The observation of a gray matter density decrease in the left anterior cingulate, which processes emotions, in bipolar subjects is consistent with prior reports that used region-of-interest analytic methods. Decreased gray matter density in the right inferior frontal gyrus, which processes nonverbal and intrinsic functions, supports nondominant hemisphere dysfunction as a component of bipolar disorder.
Phase object microscopy using moire deflectometry.

A new and simple method for microscopic analysis of phase objects is proposed and demonstrated. The method, based on moire ray deflection analysis (deflectometry), combines the simplicity and low cost of schlieren microscopy with certain quantitative aspects of interference microscopy. This new method has several advantages in flexibility and ease of use and interpretation.
Process control for 0.25 um GaAs microwave monolithic integrated circuits

ABSTRACT Gallium Arsenide Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (GaAs MESFETs) are used inanalog Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits (MMICs) because of their high frequency response. Common applications for MMICs include low noise and power amplifiers for use in satellite communication and missile guidance systems. The performance of MESFETs is improved with smallergate lengths, but to consistently achieve the highest performance, control methods must be in place forthe critical processes. Gate length control is the key parameter in maintaining the RF performance and alack of gate pinch off is the major yield loss category. This paper will describe the process and the toolsthat Texas Instruments uses to monitor the critical parameters. It will also describe the control methodsand review the major contributors to variations in the process. 1 . INTRODUCTIONThe use of 0.25 m gate lengths is becoming common for production of the highest performingcircuits. To avoid performance degradation associated with higher line resistance, the gates are formedwith a "T' shaped cross-section. The top of the gate, or cap, is larger (0.7-1.0 jim) than the trunk, theportion making contact with the surface. Figure 1 shows an SEM micrograph of a cross-sectioned gate.The trunk is the most critical dimension of the gate; its length determines the input capacitance of the FETand therefore controls the speed of the device.Figure 1. SEM micrograph of T-gate cross-section.2. PROCESSThe gates are defined using electron beam lithography using an Hitachi HL 700 M/D Ebeam.Figure 2 shows the process flow schematic. Three layers of resist are used to create an opening for the
Production of neutral gas by micrometeoroid impacts

Abstract We present the first direct laboratory measurement of vapor produced by simulated micrometeoroid bombardment. New in situ observations from the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, and the anticipation of results from the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), have highlighted the uncertainty surrounding the role of micrometeoroid impacts in sustaining planetary exospheres. In a recent series of experiments, the quantity of neutral molecules generated by impacts of simulated micrometeorids of 0.1–1 μm radius was measured using a fast ion gauge, over a speed range of 1–10 km/s. The quantity of neutrals released per unit projectile mass, N/m, is consistent with a power law N/m = v β in the projectile speed v , with β ∼ 2.4. At the highest speeds tested, the number of neutrals liberated is equivalent to 5% of the atoms in the projectile; complete vaporization is projected at speeds exceeding 20 km/s.
Evaluation of thermophysical and thermochemical heat requirements for coals at combustion level heat fluxes

Heating and cooling transients for well-characterized individual coal particles in the 100-μm size range were measured at heat input rates representative of pulverized coal combustion applications (104–105 K/s). Particle temperatures rose steadily until volatile evolution commenced. The rate of temperature rise then dropped quickly followed by a pronounced temperature plateau over which heavy volatile evolution proceeded. These observations suggest a substantial thermophysical and thermochemical heat requirement associated with volatile evolution. A heat-transfer analysis was developed to assess the magnitude of these heat requirements. The analysis included a first-order rate expression with rate constants selected to match observed devolatilization timescales to account for volatile evolution (mass loss). Devolatilization heat requirements were treated using a lumped approach that considered the enthalpy of the volatiles leaving the particle. Excellent agreement was obtained between model projections and measurements over a range of heat input conditions. This work suggests that the coal structure is initially constrained and, at high heating rates, a finite time is required for the structure to relax and respond to thermal input. This induction period may be responsible for pushing volatile evolution to higher temperatures and extending the devolatilization timescale. The volatile enthalpy term in the analysis was of the same magnitude as the heat input required to bring the coal to the temperature range where devolatilization occurred. This heat requirement cannot be ignored if accurate temperature projections are desired. The simplification applied in the present study yield reasonable energy balances and should be considered in the development of engineering models for coal combustion.
New England Offshore Mining Environmental Study: the character of particle dispersion and water movement in Massachusetts Bay and adjacent waters

Abstract The New England Offshore Mining Environmental Study (NOMES) was conducted in Massachusetts Bay during June 1973. The project was designed to study the dispersal of fine particles during proposed sand and gravel dredging operations. Current meter and drogue measurements revealed a strong north-south current shear zone. The mean motion within 10 km of the beach was predominantly northward, while seaward of this limit the mean flow was mostly southward. Silt-size glass spheres and synthetic sphalerite (ZnS) particles were used as tracers to determine the behavior of suspended particles. The sphalerite data showed particle dispersion toward Boston Harbor, eastward toward Stellwagen Bank and the Atlantic, and southward hugging the Massachusetts shore and following a counter-clockwise gyre in Cape Cod Bay.
Test of phase interpolators in high speed I/Os using a sliding window search

Conventional test for high speed serial links requires expensive test equipment to meet the standard &#60; 10−12 bit error rate (BER) requirement. Although timing margining loop-back tests are cost effective, phase interpolator (PI) circuitry needs to be tested for test completeness. Our method provides an efficient linearity test capability for the PI circuitry. In the proposed scheme, a sliding window search algorithm is used to extract differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL), based on a jitter distribution obtained from undersampling. Various simulations were performed to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the method. They indicate that the proposed algorithm provides an accurate estimation of linearities of the PI. We also implemented our algorithm in a conventional low cost high volume manufacturing (HVM) tester platform to show feasibility and validity of the proposed technique.
The Effect of Ballistic Electron Transport on Copper-Niobium Thermal Interface Conductance

The thermal conductivities of 1μm copper-niobium multilayer films of different period thicknesses are measured by time–domain thermoreflectance at room temperature. The values for thermal conductivity are then used to calculate the thermal conductance between Cu/Nb interfaces using a series resistors model. Results show that Cu/Nb interface conductance increases with the decrease in period thickness reaching a value as high as 20 GWm−2K−1 for a 1×1 Cu/Nb multilayer. At shorter period thicknesses, ballistic electron transport dominates the thermal transport across this interface resulting in high interface conductance. The results are well described by a model that accounts for both ballistic and diffusive transport of electrons. This model assumes that an electron on one side of a metal-metal multilayer may not scatter at the interface but rather move ballistically on to the adjacent material and scatter in the adjacent material.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Girls, guys, and gangs: Convergence or divergence in the gendered construction of gangs and groups

Despite recent efforts to examine and understand female gang membership, the research literature lacks a complete picture of how gender and gang membership work to shape perceptions of the structural characteristics of gangs, gang values, and gang activities. A questionnaire was administered to 103 youths (seventy-four male and twenty-nine female juvenile detainees) in St. Louis, Missouri, to disentangle the effects of gender and gang membership on perceptions of values, activities, and organizational characteristics of gangs. Gang members differed from nongang members more than males from females. This suggests that gender alone may not be able to account for differential perceptions of gang and nongang youth and that underlying social processes affect both groups.
The effect of structure on the mechanical behavior and stretch formability of constitutionally dynamic 3000 series aluminum alloys

Abstract For a better understanding of the forming mechanism, microstructural changes occurring during processing and their effects on mechanical behavior and stretch formability were studied. The features studied in stripcast and d.c. cast Al-1.25 Mn alloys (3003) (where the composition is given in approximate weight per cent) were (1) the cast structure, (2) the degree of solute supersaturation of the matrix, (3) the size and distribution of second-phase particles, (4) the grain size and (5) the degree of preferred grain orientation produced in materials by selected processing procedures. The structural variables were obtained by a thermomechanical process which indluced (a) preheat treatment, (b) cold rolling and (c) annealing. Concerning mechanical behavior, the main interests were the tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, uniform and non-uniform elongation, strain-hardening exponent (n value) and strain rate sensitivity parameter (m value), all of which are known to have significant influence of formability. Forming limit diagrams were determined by the use of a punch stretch test. In this study the limitation of n and m values in controlling exclusively the limit strains in stretch formibility tests is pointed out and further the significance of microstructure in obtaining high limit strains is indicated. Any quantitative mathematical model of formability must incorporate certain microstructural features of the material.
Recovery of the land plants at Eniwetok Atoll following a nuclear detonation

Abstract A long-term investigation was conducted at Eniwetok Atoll during 1954–57 to determine the rate of recovery of land plants damaged by the radiation, shock and heat blast of the Nectar detonation in 1954. At Belle Island seven plant species were tagged, measured and photographed before the detonation. At approximately monthly intervals after the detonation for a period of ten months, and again after an interval of six months, the plants were observed and photographed. The first indication of recovery was observed on the eighth day, at which time buds were noticeable on stems of Scaevola and Messerschmidia plants. In a month's time, most of the plants had formed new leaves and some had produced flowers and fruits. In six months, the general condition of the vegetation was similar to that which existed before the detonation. Two plants, Guettarda and Portulaca , which were unhealthy at ten months, had improved by the sixteenth month. Photographs of the recovery of some of the plants are included in this report, as well as a discussion of agents other than radiation which have been reported to cause similar damage to plants of the coral atolls of the Pacific Ocean.
Characteristics of methadone patients responding to take-home incentives*

The present study examined the demographic, behavioral, and psychiatric differences between patients in a methadone maintenance treatment sample who achieved drug-free status and earned the maximum level of take-homes (n=20) during a oneyear assessment period and patients matched on race, gender, and days in treatment who failed to meet take-home criteria. Twenty-four percent of new methadone maintenance intakes achieved the maximum level of take-homes. Patients who earned takehomes were more often employed and less likely to have a cohabitating partner who used illicit drugs. Further, patients who earned take-homes evidenced less baseline cocaine and heroin use than patients in the matched comparison group. There were no group differences on psychiatric profile. The results demonstrate that patients who might succeed on a take-home incentive program can be distinguished from patients who may not improve without additional treatment intervention.
Dynamic shape factors of particles

Abstract A new method of shape characterization, first presented in connection with carbon black aggregates, is extended to a variety of shapes in two and three dimensions. This “dynamic” method is based on the representation of an object as an ellipsoid with equivalent radii of gyration about the central principal axes. This method gives two types of dimensionless shape factors, the anisometry (elongation and flatness) and the bulkiness, as well as the orientation. The anisometry factors and the orientation are in good agreement with the visual appearance of the objects. The bulkiness is generally reasonable but the validity of this shape factor is difficult to assess independently. The shape factors and orientation are calculated unequivocally from the coordinates of the contour. Rapid, practical methods are given for obtaining these coordinates in two dimensions, and a computer program is given for calculating the shape factors from these data for flat figures or for objects for which coordinates have been determined in successive layers.
Applying a framework for healthcare incentives simulation

At WinterSim 2011, we originally proposed an agent-based framework for healthcare simulations, enabling flexible integration of multiple simulation models, including models of disease progression, effects of provider interventions, and provider behavior models that are responsive to contractual incentives. In this paper, we report results using our proposed framework to integrate two examples of provider behavior models, two examples of disease models, and four examples of payment models. We explore multiple combinations of these models and simulate the impact that alternative payment models may have on health and financial outcomes. These examples test the robustness of the simulation framework, and illustrate the value of such simulations to the policy makers who design incentives to improve cost and health outcomes, and to providers who wish to evaluate the financial impact of proposed incentives on their practice.
Developmental analysis of the evolutionary origin of vegetative propagules in Mimulus gemmiparus (Scrophulariaceae)

Mimulus gemmiparus (Scrophulariaceae), a rare endemic of Colorado, has a novel life history that depends on an unusual method of vegetative reproduction. The plants are functionally annuals; however, reproduction is asexual via propagules that have been termed gemmae. The morphological identity and the evolutionary antecedent of these propagules are unclear. We approached this problem through comparative developmental analyses of M. gemmiparus and the presumed progenitor species, Mimulus guttatus. In M. gemmiparus there are two meristems initiated in the axil of each leaf primordium. The distal meristem has the potential to produce either a lateral branch or a flower, and the proximal meristem becomes a vegetative propagule (the gemma) that is ultimately surrounded by an expanded, ensheathing petiole. The first leaves of the propagules are thickened and are the site of nutrient storage. Consequently, these propagules can be characterized morphologically as brood bulbils. Mimulus guttatus also has two meristems in each leaf axil; however, the proximal meristem typically remains dormant and serves no function in the life history of this species. Based on architectural and developmental correspondence, we hypothesize that the propagule of M. gemmiparus is homologous to the proximal meristem of M. guttatus. Comparative analysis shows that evolution of the bulbil has involved both the incorporation of features present in shoots of M. guttatus and the acquisition of novel features.
A Baldrige Process for ethics

In this paper we describe and explore a management tool called the Caux Round Table Self-Assessment and Improvement Process (SAIP). Based upon the Caux Round Table Principles for Business--a stakeholder-based, transcultural statement of business values--the SAIP assists executives with the task of shaping their firm's conscience through an organizational self-appraisal process. This process is modeled after the self-assessment methodology pioneered by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Program. After briefly describing the SAIP, we address three topics. First, we examine similarities and differences between the Baldrige approach to corporate self-assessment and the self-assessment process utilized within the SAIP. Second, we report initial findings from two beta tests of the tool. These illustrate both the SAIP's ability to help organizations strengthen their commitment to ethically responsible conduct, and some of the tool's limitations. Third, we briefly analyze various dimensions of the business scandals of 2001-2002 (Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, etc.) in light of the ethical requirements articulated with the SAIP. This analysis suggests that the SAIP can help link the current concerns of stakeholders--for example, investors and the general public--to organizational practice, by providing companies with a practical way to incorporate critical lessons from these unfortunate events.
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Prostate: Retrospective Review of a Case Series From the Johns Hopkins Hospital

Objective To identify survival differences in patients with sarcomatoid prostate cancer based on initial staging and treatment regimens. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcomes of patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of sarcomatoid prostate cancer. The primary statistical objective was to estimate overall survival (OS) and to assess the survival of patients at different stages treated with local and/or systemic approaches. Results We identified 70 transurethral resections, needle biopsies, or prostatectomy specimens that were reviewed by the Department of Pathology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2002-2012 and given the diagnosis of sarcomatoid prostate cancer. Of the 45 patients with available survival data, complete medical histories were obtained for 27 patients who were stratified based on a modified staging system (local disease, local disease with bladder invasion, and metastatic disease). After a median follow-up of 106 months, the median OS of patients in the local disease group was not reached. Notably, 5 of the 9 patients diagnosed with local disease survived >5 years and were treated with surgery and/or external beam radiation therapy. The OS hazard was significantly increased in patients with either clinical evidence of bladder invasion (HR: 20.46 [95% CI: 2.43,172]; P = 0.005) or metastatic disease (HR: 43.34 [95% CI: 4.39,427.4]; P = 0.001), which both demonstrated poor outcomes (median OS: local disease with bladder invasion—9 months; metastatic disease—7.1 months). Conclusion This retrospective analysis suggests that local sarcomatoid prostate cancer can be effectively treated with definitive therapy leading to favorable outcomes.
Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults?

Background: Little is known about changes in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders between childhood and adolescence, and adolescence and adulthood. Methods: We reviewed papers reporting prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders separately for childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Both longitudinal and cross‐sectional papers published in the past 15 years were included. Results: About one adolescent in five has a psychiatric disorder. From childhood to adolescence there is an increase in rates of depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and substance use disorders (SUD), and a decrease in separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). From adolescence to early adulthood there is a further increase in panic disorder, agoraphobia, and SUD, and a further decrease in SAD and ADHD. Other phobias and disruptive behavior disorders also fall. Conclusions: Further study of changes in rates of disorder across developmental stages could inform etiological research and guide interventions.