cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pollen control during transgenic hybrid maize development in mexico

Pollen containment may be necessary to prevent the dissemination of novel genes from transgenic crops into sexually compatible land races or wild relatives in locations where these are grown or occur naturally in the same vicinity. Routine maize (Zea maps L.) breeding activities employ controlled pollinations and are sometimes done in areas where land races or wild relatives are known to occur. The ability of researchers to control pollen movement and to thereby control the potential flow of novel genes from transgenic maize to land races or wild relatives was investigated. Using white- and yellow-seeded inbreds, pollen control was measured in two mating designs. The ability to control pollen was assessed by observing seed color in pollinations on adjacent plantings intended to trap uncontrolled pollen. In one experiment, the yellow-seeded maize contained a transgene. In this experiment contaminant seeds observed in the white maize were analyzed for the presence of recombinant DNA and the gene expression product. The results from these experiments indicated that routine plant breeding activities can he conducted with completely effective pollen containment if the transgenic line is detasseled and serves as the female for pollination with a nontransgenic male inbred. However, precautions in addition to those used in these experiments are necessary to provide complete control of pollen dissemination if a transgenic male is used to make crosses and 0.1% outcrossing to adjacent rows is deemed unacceptable.
Glutamate Uptake Determines Pathway Specificity of Long-Term Potentiation in the Neural Circuitry of Fear Conditioning

Long-term synaptic modifications in afferent inputs to the amygdala underlie fear conditioning in animals. Fear conditioning to a single sensory modality does not generalize to other cues, implying that synaptic modifications in fear conditioning pathways are input specific. The mechanisms of pathway specificity of long-term potentiation (LTP) are poorly understood. Here we show that inhibition of glutamate transporters leads to the loss of input specificity of LTP in the amygdala slices, as assessed by monitoring synaptic responses at two independent inputs converging on a single postsynaptic neuron. Diffusion of glutamate ("spillover") from stimulated synapses, paired with postsynaptic depolarization, is sufficient to induce LTP in the heterosynaptic pathway, whereas an enzymatic glutamate scavenger abolishes this effect. These results establish active glutamate uptake as a crucial mechanism maintaining the pathway specificity of LTP in the neural circuitry of fear conditioning.
South Texas Eolian System--Model of Coastal Eolian Processes: ABSTRACT

Few oil and gas reservoirs have been interpreted as sands deposited within eolian depositional systems. Eolian facies may, however, be more common in ancient basins than heretofore recognized. Continued documentation of Holocene eolian systems, such as the South Texas system, provides a model for reevaluating the genesis of numerous unfossiliferous, well-sorted blanket sand bodies, many of which are associated with ancient, paralic depositional systems. Pleistocene paralic depositional systems along the South Texas coast dictate the nature and distribution of facies patterns, environments, and processes exhibited by the overlying Holocene South Texas eolian system. A dominant southeast wind, high summer temperatures, and high rainfall deficiency combine with an abundant supply of Pleistocene sand to provide the proper framework within which extensive eolian deflation and dune migration can occur. Eolian lobes are supplied with sand from Pleistocene barrier-strandplain facies and fluvial meanderbelt deposits. Loess sheets are derived from distant lobes, as well as from deflation of local Pleistocene deltaic and fluvial facies. Deflation of thick Pleistocene fluvial-deltaic sand facies is commonly stabilized when erosion reaches the shallow groundwater table. Maximum deflation occurs on the upwind, coastward margin of the system, especially where only thin Pleistocene paralic sands are available to supply dune trains; mud deflated by strong offshore End_Page 1896------------------------------ winds is moved into clay dune complexes and eventually carried downwind to develop loess sheets. This extensive upwind deflation of the system is accompanied by windward accreting clay-sand ridges with nuclei composed of either beach-ridge remnants of a Pleistocene barrier-strandplain system or remnants of inter-blowout areas developed during early phases of the deflation of the coastward margin of the system. Principal source of sand and loess is, therefore, local, representing reworking of underlying, older sands. A sand source resulting from longshore convergence and inland transport from Padre Island accounts for only the minor, local infilling of Laguna Madre in the land-cut area, and is not the principal source of eolian sand throughout the system. Facies fabric within Pleistocene depositional systems provides principal control of environments, sedimentary processes, and resulting facies within the subsequent eolian system. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1897------------
Left Main Myocardial Infarction in a Healthy Young Male—A Case Report

Acute left main coronary artery occlusion is a catastrophic and mostly fatal event. Patients may present with sudden death or cardiogenic shock. Intra-aortic balloon pump support and emergency revascularization is indicated to preserve the left ventricular function. We describe a case of left main thrombus in a health 24-year-old young male with no risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis.
Periprosthetic Joint Infection Can Cause Abnormal Systemic Coagulation

Surgery may often be needed for treatment of patients with a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study intended to evaluate the incidence of abnormal coagulation and determine the efficacy of treatment of reversing a coagulation abnormality in patients with PJI. The cohort included 294 patients undergoing treatment of PJI at our institution from 1998 to 2005. In our final analysis, 72 patients (56%) had abnormal coagulation (defined as international normalized ratio >1.12). Fresh frozen plasma and/or vitamin K were administered to 29 of these patients (40%). The international normalized ratio was normalized in only 7 (24.1%) of the latter patients. It appears that more than one half of patients with PJI may have abnormal coagulation even without being exposed to anticoagulation agents, highlighting the possibility that patients with PJI may have circulating levels of biologically active agents that affect coagulation.
Dietary fatty acid and protein effects on plasma and liver lipids

Groups of six-day-old female chicks fed semi-synthetic diets containing 14% free fatty acid were evaluated for plasma and liver cholesterol (C), phospholipid (PL), and triglyceride (TG) content. Six different fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic) were tested at two levels (12.8% and 24.8%) of protein for two different treatment periods (15 and 30 days) in the form of a 3 factorial experimental design. Analysis of variance, F test revealed that treatment duration, dietary protein level, and difference in dietary fatty acid all had significant (p<.05) effects on plasma and/or liver lipid. Compared to 15 days of treatment, 30 day treatment reduced plasma C and PL, but increased liver C and PL. Compared to 12.8% dietary protein, 24.8% protein reduced plasma C and PL, but had no effect on liver lipid. Differences between the individual fatty acids tested were elicited primarily in plasma and liver TG and PL; no significant effect was found in plasma C. Multiple comparison of group means revealed that the significant dietary fat effects were due primarily to linoleic and palmitic acid in plasma, and to linoleic and lauric acid in liver.
A retrieval method for nonlinear metamaterials

Metamaterials are engineered periodic structures for which it is possible to assign effective homogenized constitutive properties. In recent years, metamaterials in which the constituent elements are integrated with inherently nonlinear materials or electronic components have been considered for their potential impact on nonlinear wave propagation. As is the case with their linear counterparts, nonlinear metamaterials can also be assigned homogenized effective properties. The effective constitutive parameters of a metamaterial can be determined by a retrieval method applied to full-wave numerical simulations of a single layer of the structure. In this work, we present a transfer matrix approach that extends the retrieval of metamaterial properties to include the effective nonlinear susceptibilities. Comparisons with time-domain finite element simulations of continuous nonlinear slabs confirm the validity of this approach. The proposed approach is also applied to determine the nonlinear susceptibility of a simple nonlinear metamaterial.
Differing rates of cholesterol absorption among inbred mouse strains yield differing levels of HDL cholesterol

Inbred strains of mice with differing susceptibilities to atherosclerosis possess widely varying plasma HDL levels. Cholesterol absorption and lipoprotein formation were compared between atherosclerosis-susceptible, low-HDL C57BL6/J mice and atherosclerosis-resistant, high-HDL FVBN/J mice. [3H]cholesterol and triglyceride appeared in the plasma of FVB mice gavaged with cholesterol in olive oil at a much higher rate than in C57 mice. The plasma cholesterol was found almost entirely as HDL-cholesterol in both strains. Inhibition of lipoprotein catabolism with Tyloxapol revealed that the difference in the rate of [3H]cholesterol appearance in the plasma was due entirely to a greater rate of chylomicron secretion from the intestine of the FVB mice. Lipid absorption into the 2nd quarter of the small intestine is greater in the FVB mice and indicates that this region may contain the factors that give rise to the differences in absorption observed between the two mouse strains. Additionally, ad libitum feeding prior to cholesterol gavage accentuates the absorption rate differences compared with fasting. The resultant remodeling of the increased levels of chylomicron in the plasma may contribute to increased plasma HDL. Intestinal gene expression analysis reveals several genes that may play a role in these differences, including microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and ABCG8.
Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome

His bundle recordings were obtained in three patients with histories of recurrent supraventricular tachycardias and electrocardiograms demonstrating a short P-R interval with a normal QRS (the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome). The His bundle electrograms obtained during sinus rhythm demonstrated a normal A-H (atrium-to-His bundle) time in one patient and a low normal A-H time in two patients. The H-V (His bundle-to-ventricle) time was short in all three patients. Atrial pacing in two patients produced an attenuated degree of prolongation of the A-H time without a change in conduction distal to the proximal His bundle. The probable mechanisms of accelerated conduction in these three patients include: (1) partial A-V nodal bypass via (a) the posterior intenodal tract or (b) functional bypass fibers within the A-V node; and (2) accelerated conduction within the A-V conduction system distal to the A-V node.
Another lost decade? The future of reform in Latin America

The 1990s ended equivocally in Latin America. What has gone wrong? Is economic failure the cause or the consequence of the democratic decay and the erosion of governance throughout the region? The review essay revisits the debate on the intricate links between politics and economics in the second stage of reform. Moving beyond standard typologies of regime type, it explores the interactions between the quality of democratic governance and the performance of economic policy under democratic auspices, in particular its credibility. It is now amply recognized that reforms have been hindered by inefficient unreliable and unaccountable government institutions. Furthermore, the manner in which market reforms have been implemented has undermined governance and accountability. The importance of policy credibility has essentially been neglected as a pivotal condition for effective economic reform. Consequently, policymakers propose a new round of reforms, centring on strengthening the institutions of governance and modifying the incentives shaping public policy. The essay argues that restoring the credibility of policy requires a fundamental redefinition of the state and reforming the methods of government and the styles of policymaking. The defining challenge of Latin American countries is to strengthen capacity to adequately implement policy and credibly commit to policy reform. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of the weighting summation decision method to incorrect application

Abstract The weighting summation decision method is commonly used and misused for multiobjective decisions. The formal requirements of this method are outlined and some of the kinds of errors that are commonly made in applying it are discussed. Monte Carlo simulation is used to assess the potential that five classes of errors have for causing incorrect decisions. An index is developed which quantifies the complexity of decision problems. The simulations demonstrate that complexity can be about twice as important to quality of decisions as are errors in applying the weighting summation.
Ropalophorus Haliday—a Genus New to North America (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae)

The genus Ropalophorus of Haliday apparently has not been recovered since a single specimen was collected in 1834. Numerous specimens of a species closely related to the type species, Microcotonus clavicornis Wesmael, were collected in central Wisconsin. The type of the genus is discussed and the new species, Ropalophorus wisconsinensis is described.
Neuronal Activity and CaMKII Regulate Kinesin-Mediated Transport of Synaptic AMPARs

Summary Excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission is critically dependent on maintaining an optimal number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) at each synapse of a given neuron. Here, we show that presynaptic activity, postsynaptic potential, voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and UNC-43, the C. elegans homolog of CaMKII, control synaptic strength by regulating motor-driven AMPAR transport. Genetic mutations in unc-43 , or spatially and temporally restricted inactivation of UNC-43/CaMKII, revealed its essential roles in the transport of AMPARs from the cell body and in the insertion and removal of synaptic AMPARs. We found that an essential target of UNC-43/CaMKII is kinesin light chain and that mouse CaMKII rescued unc-43 mutants, suggesting conservation of function. Transient expression of UNC-43/CaMKII in adults rescued the transport defects, while optogenetic stimulation of select synapses revealed CaMKII's role in activity-dependent plasticity. Our results demonstrate unanticipated, fundamentally important roles for UNC-43/CaMKII in the regulation of synaptic strength.
Surgical Staging of Endometrial Cancer: Evolution, Evaluation, and Responsible Challenge—A Personal Perspective☆

Probably the most significant, and controversial, changes advisable’’ cases came from clinical and pathologic correlations. Some patients relapsed distally, whereas others rein endometrial cancer management in the past several decades relate to the interest in the surgical–pathological fealapsed in the pelvis. On review, many cases involving the lower uterine segment or cervix seemed to incur a high tures of low-stage corpus cancer, and the 1988 FIGO change that now defines appropriate staging of this disease by surgirate of pelvic relapse. Those high in the fundus more often relapsed distally. cal features rather than the former clinical basis. This is a ‘‘radical’’ change [1]. Since endometrial cancer This observation was built into the next step in the evolution of FIGO staging (Table 1, B). Disease confined to the is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States, and since most cases present in low-stage settings, it is a uterus was separated into stage I (corpus only) and stage II (corpus and the cervix). Stages III and IV bear little additopic of significant interest in the gynecologic community. Further, it is a subject of keen interest not just to gynecotional comment. In 1971 a further modification was introduced by FIGO logic oncologists, but to the general obstetrics/gynecology community, and indeed, the general surgical community as (Table 1, C). At that point we were advised to divide stage I into IA and IB based on depth of the uterine cavity; and well. These remarks, therefore, will be a critique of surgical a further important refinement recognized the biological significance of varying degrees of histologic differentiation of staging in endometrial cancer. And a critique—I freely acknowledge—from a very personal perspective. Since this is the cancer. a personal review, I ask the reader to begin where I began, Clinical Myths some 40 years ago.
Ottoman Madrasas: the Multiple Lives of Educational Institutions in Eighteenth-Century Syria1

Nineteenth- and twentieth-century students of educational institutions in Damascus have disparaged the Ottoman period as one of decline. This article challenges the assumptions and the conclusions of these historians by looking at the status of Islamic colleges, madrasas, during the eighteenth century. Though the construction of madrasas in the eighteenth century did not rival the "golden age" of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, all phases of Damascus' history as a center of Islamic education should be put in the context of alternating periods of ups and downs. Within such a context the Ottoman period in general and the eighteenth century in particular emerge as much more vibrant than historians once assumed.
Primary sternal osteomyelitis

Abstract Primary sternal osteomyelitis is a rare condition. Most of the recent cases have been reported in intravenous drug abusers. A case of primary sternal osteomyelltis with no apparent risk factors is reported. Diagnosing sternal osteomyelitis can be difficult, but failure to clinically recognize this type of infection in its early stages can lead to serious sequelae. The diagnosis should be suspected in a young patient presenting with acute inflammatory swelling over the sternum. It is further supported by leukocytosis, elevated sedimentation rate, lateral radiograph of the sternum, and positive Gram's stain. While bacteriological culture results are pending, antibiotic therapy with Staphylococcus aureus coverage should be initiated empirically. Diagnostic evaluation and management of the patients with this entity are briefly discussed.
On posets from conjugacy classes of Coxeter groups

Abstract Consider a conjugacy class of a Coxeter group, and define an equivalence relation on the elements using the length function. Then define a partial order on the equivalence classes, to form a partially ordered set. In this paper, we show some properties of these posets. In particular, we prove properties of the minimal elements, such as how many are there in a particular poset and how many group elements are in the minimal equivalence classes. We deal especially with the finite classical groups A n , B n , and D n .
Important and Emerging β-Lactamase-mediated Resistances in Hospital-based Pathogens: The Amp C Enzymes

Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins mediated by beta-lactamases is an increasing problem for clinical therapeutics. A wide range of Enterobacteriaceae produce these AmpC enzymes (Bush-Jacoby-Medeiros group 1), including Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Providencia spp., and Serratia marcescens. Resistance via this mechanism has been shown to be statistically correlated with the use of some third-generation cephalosporins, and the infections caused by these stably derepressed enzyme-producing species seem to occur most frequently in the seriously ill. More recently the genes encoding this enzyme have been documented on plasmids capable of transfer into other species such as Klebsiella pneumoniae. Fourth-generation cephalosporins, with stability and low affinity for the Amp C beta-lactamases and the ability to penetrate rapidly into the periplasmic space of Gram-negative organisms, offer a viable alternative in the treatment of these infections or as empiric regimens. Furthermore, these compounds (example: cefpirome) possess greater potency against the frequently occurring Gram-positive cocci such as oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci and the streptococci (including some penicillin-resistant strains) as compared to previously used anti-pseudomonal cephalosporias, ceftazidime.
Hypersonic Boundary Layer Stability over a Flared Cone in a Quiet Tunnel

Hypersonic boundary layer measurements were conducted over a flared cone in a quiet wind tunnel. The flared cone was tested at a freestream unit Reynolds number of 2.82x106/ft in a Mach 6 flow. This Reynolds number provided laminar-to-transitional flow over the model in a low-disturbance environment. Point measurements with a single hot wire using a novel constant voltage anemometry system were used to measure the boundary layer disturbances. Surface temperature and schlieren measurements were also conducted to characterize the laminar-to-transitional state of the boundary layer and to identify instability modes. Results suggest that the second mode disturbances were the most unstable and scaled with the boundary layer thickness. The integrated growth rates of the second mode compared well with linear stability theory in the linear stability regime. The second mode is responsible for transition onset despite the existence of a second mode sub-harmonic. The sub-harmonic wavelength also scales with the boundary layer thickness. Furthermore, the existence of higher harmonics of the fundamental suggests that non-linear disturbances are not associated with high free stream disturbance levels.
Evolved transforms surpass the FBI wavelet for improved fingerprint compression and reconstruction

This paper describes the evolution of new wavelet and scaling numbers for optimized transforms that consistently outperform the 9/7 discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for fingerprint compression and reconstruction.
Microfracturing and deformation of westerly granite under creep condition

Abstract Three stages can be distinguished in the microfracturing radiation, and axial, transverse and volumetric strains ( Σ√ E , ϵ z , ϵ r and Δ V/V , respectively ) for Westerly granite under constant stress: (1) initial transient: rapid increase in ϵ r , Δ V/V , Σ√ E , and |ϵz|; (2) slow increase in ϵr and ΔV/V and |ϵz| but exponential increase in microfracturing radiation Σ√ E ; (3) supraexponential increase in Σ√ E and accelerated increase in ϵr and ΔV/V and |ϵz|. They can be interpreted in terms of closing and opening of cracks under stress and propagation of cracks as a result of stress-aided corrosion. At 150°C the drying effect overshadows any other effects of temperature on microfracturing and deformation. The rock is ‘strengthened’ as a result.
Are NPY and enkephalins costored in the same noradrenergic neurons and vesicles

Abstract Separate studies show that NPY and enkephalins are widely distributed in peripheral noradrenergic neurons. In the present study, the subcellular costorage and release in response to intense sympathetic stimulation and reserpine at near therapeutic doses (0.05 mg/kg every other day) were examined. In young pig arteries and vas deferens, enkephalin and DβH immunofluorescence show consistent but not total overlap. Also NPY is colocalized with DβH in many fibers but with VIP (nonnoradrenergic) in others. Ultrastructural immunogold labeling indicates that individual terminals contain large dense cored vesicles (LDVs) which store either NPY or enkephalins, even though costorage of both peptides occurs. Some LDVs costore NPY and VIP, especially in the middle cerebral artery and in the lamina propria of vas deferens. Acute CNS ischemia depletes enkephalins and norepinephrine in all tissues analyzed without parallel loss of NPY. Reserpine depletes norepinephrine 70–85% but does not deplete NPY or enkephalins. The latter is in contrast to commonly used high doses known to produce nonspecific, detergent-like effects. In fact, low doses of reserpine induce a time-dependent new synthesis and processing of NPY precursor peptides in vas deferens. Contrasting effects of reserpine on NPY and enkephalin contents, new synthesis and apparent processing, and a differential response to acute CNS ischemia were found in every tissue studied. Activation of precursor neuropeptide processing occurred immediately upon intense sympathetic stimulation in most tissues. Dual localization of NPY in noradrenergic and nonnoradrenergic fibers and differences in subcellular LDV storage help explain why enkephalin correlates better than NPY with norepinephrine loss in response to acute CNS ischemia. Furthermore, the costorage of NPY and enkephalins in distinct subpopulations of noradrenergic fibers, which varies according to tissue, is likely to be under separate CNS control.
Female homicide offenders in India

The study explores the patterns and causes of female homicide offending in domestic versus nondomestic situations by incarcerated women in India, analyzes circumstances behind such crimes, and compares them against cross‐national and U.S.‐based perspectives. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 74 female murderers serving life sentences in two state correctional institutions in one of the southern states of India. The results show that many of the domestic murders were committed in order to end cycles of domestic abuse, while a majority of nondomestic murders were committed with family members or accomplices in support of family unity. In either case, these murders reflect the subordinate social position of women in India. The patterns and causes found in this study were similar to those in many cross‐national studies on homicides by females. Recommendations include changing the social and economic status of women, as well as the legal recognition of battered women syndrome as a defense.
Participation of active oxygen species in 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity to a human neuroblastoma cell line

Abstract Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, and dimethylsulfoxide were tested for their ability to prevent the cytotoxic effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the human neuroblastoma line SY5Y. Viability was measured at two time points after 6-OHDA treatment: at 3 hr by means of amino acid incorporation and at 24 hr by trypan blue dye exclusion. Survival of cells treated concomitantly with catalase (50 μg/ml) and 6-OHDA was at least 90 per cent that of untreated controls. Cells receiving 6-OHDA alone showed less than 30 per cent survival relative to untreated controls. Superoxide dismutase (50 μg/ml) temporarily protected cells from a high concentration of 6-OHDA. Dimethylsulfoxide treatment increased survival from the control level 24 hr after treatment with 6-OHDA. Two other cell lines (A 1 B 1 human glial cells and CHO fibroblasts) had intermediate and high resistance to the drug, respectively, compared to the low resistance of SY5Y cells. CHO and SY5Y cells had similar responses to 6-OHDA and to H 2 O 2 when tested at twice the molarity of 6-OHDA. Specific activities of three enzymes known to detoxify H 2 O 2 or H 2 O 2 -generated organic hydroperoxides (catalase, glutathione S -transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) were compared in the three cell lines. Catalase activity was 2.5 times as high in A 1 B 1 and CHO cells as in SY5Y cells when expressed as units/mg protein and 7 times as high in units/culture dish. Other enzyme activities showed no correlation to 6-OHDA resistance.
Diffusion of gallium through a silicon dioxide layer

Abstract The diffusion of gallium into silicon through an oxide layer was studied by a p-n junction technique. Using the two-boundary diffusion model, the diffusivity of gallium within the oxide layer was estimated to be 5.3 × 10 −11 cm 2 sec (√D = 4·4 μ √hr ) at 1100°C and 1.7 × 10 −9 cm 2 sec (√D) = 25.5 μ √hr ) at 1250°C. The segregation coefficient of gallium at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface was estimated by two methods, both based on the two-boundary model, to be approximately m ≊ 20 where m  C si C ox . These methods were also applied to published data on boron and yielded a segregation coefficient of about 10 −2 .
Modeling salt precipitation from brines on Mars: Evaporation versus freezing origin for soil salts

Abstract Perchlorates, in mixture with sulfates, chlorides, and carbonates, have been found in relatively high concentrations in martian soils. To determine probable soil salt assemblages from aqueous chemical data, equilibrium models have been developed to predict salt precipitation sequences during either freezing or evaporation of brines. However, these models have not been validated for multicomponent systems and some model predictions are clearly in error. In this study, we built a Pitzer model in the Na–K–Ca–Mg–Cl–SO 4 –ClO 4 –H 2 O system at 298.15 K using compilations of solubility data in ternary and quaternary perchlorate systems. The model is a significant improvement over FREZCHEM, particularly for Na–Mg–Cl–ClO 4 , Ca–Cl–ClO 4 , and Na–SO 4 –ClO 4 mixtures. We applied our model to the evaporation of a nominal Phoenix Lander Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) solution at 298.15 K and compare our results to FREZCHEM. Both models predict the early precipitation of KClO 4 , hydromagnesite (3MgCO 3 ·Mg(OH) 2 ·3H 2 O), gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O), and epsomite (MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O), followed by dehydration of epsomite and gypsum to kieserite (MgSO 4 ·H 2 O) and anhydrite (CaSO 4 ) respectively. At low residual water contents, our model predicts the precipitation of halite (NaCl), NaClO 4 ·H 2 O, and Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O, whereas halite and NaClO 4 ·H 2 O never precipitate in FREZCHEM. Our model predicts that calcite does not precipitate from evaporating WCL solutions at 298.15 K, which conflicts with other evidence for calcite in Phoenix soils. Previous studies that modeled freezing of WCL solutions found that calcite does form. Furthermore, our model predicts that ∼0.3 wt.% H 2 O is held in hydrated salts after the WCL solution has completely evaporated at 298.15 K, whereas previous studies have found that ∼1.3 wt.% H 2 O is held in hydrated salts if WCL solutions freeze. Given minimum water contents in Mars soils of 1.5–2 wt.% H 2 O measured from orbital spectra and in situ measurements, our modeling results suggest that salts at the Phoenix site were not formed during evaporation near 298.15 K, whereas formation during freezing remains possible.
In vivo evaluation of an 111In-labeled ST-peptide analog for specific-targeting of human colon cancers.

In vitro competitive binding studies of In-DOTA-NCS-6-Ahx-Phe(19)-ST[1-19] vs. 125I-Tyr(5)-6-Ahx-Phe(19)-ST[1-19] with guanylate cyclase -C (GC-C) receptors on human colon cancer LS-180 cells revealed an IC(50) value of 7.7 +/- 0.1.6 nM. The in vitro cellular residualization studies of the 111In-DOTA-NCS-ST peptide and GC-C receptor mediated stimulated cGMP production with LS-180 cells demonstrates that this peptide selectively binds to LS-180 cells in an agonistic fashion. In vivo biodistribution studies in LS-180 tumor bearing SCID mice demonstrates that the 111In-DOTA-NCS-ST peptide targets the tumor with a specific uptake of 0.94 +/- 0.31%ID/g at 1 hr p.i. and approximately 23% was retained by the tumor at 4 hrs p.i. The radioactivity cleared rapidly from the blood stream with 84.5 +/- 3.4%ID at 1h p.i. found in the urine. High activity in urine and kidney, and minimal activity in liver and intestines, demonstrates preferential clearance of the radioactivity through the renal/urinary pathway. The specific in vitro and in vivo accumulation of the radioactivity by LS-180 human colonic cancer cells highlights the potential of radiometallated-DOTA-ST analogs as diagnostic/therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.
Inelastic pp Scattering

Inelastic $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering processes are studied with a view to testing certain models of diffractive processes. In resonance production, exchange of a Pomeranchon is shown to lead to Treiman-Yang isotropy at $t\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}2{(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$. The implications of factorization are then presented. Finally, the predictions of a form-factor model (like that of Abarbanel, Drell, and Gilman for elastic $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering) for $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering to the continuum are compared with experiment.
The influence of resin characteristics on the high speed melt spinning of isotactic polypropylene. II. On-line studies of diameter, birefringence, and temperature profiles

An investigation was carried out of the high speed melt spinning of three polypropylene resins with melt flow indices of 12, 35, and 300. On-line measurements were made of diameter, birefringence, and temperature as a function of distance from the spinneret for a range of spinning conditions for each polymer. A plateau (decrease of cooling rate) in the temperature profile was associated with the occurrence of crystallization in the spinline. The position of this plateau correlated with a rapid rise in the birefringence profile and a rapid decrease in the rate of drawdown in the diameter profile. The temperature and birefringence profiles were used to determine the temperature and position on the spinline at which the onset of crystallization occurred. It was found that the position and temperature of crystallization onset varied considerably with changes in take-up velocity, extrusion temperature, and resin melt index (weight average molecular weight). The crystallization onset occurred nearer the spinneret and at higher temperatures with (1) an increase of take-up velocity, (2) a decrease of extrusion temperature, or (3) a decrease of resin melt flow index. An analysis was carried out to estimate the rate of stress development with distance along the spinline; the results were also used to estimate the stress at the onset of crystallization for each spinning condition. It was concluded that the observed behavior could be attributed to the role of spinline stress in producing molecular orientation and consequent increase of crystallization rate.
Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation reduces weight gain in an obesity-animal model.

Prior studies of appetite regulatory networks, primarily in rodents, have established that targeted electrical stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) can alter food intake patterns and metabolic homeostasis. Consideration of this method for weight modulation in humans with severe overeating disorders and morbid obesity can be further advanced by modeling procedures and assessing endpoints that can provide preclinical data on efficacy and safety. In this study we adapted human deep brain stimulation (DBS) stereotactic methods and instrumentation to demonstrate in a large animal model the modulation of weight gain with VMH-DBS. Female Gottingen minipigs were used because of their dietary habits, physiologic characteristics, and brain structures that resemble those of primates. Further, these animals become obese on extra-feeding regimens. DBS electrodes were first bilaterally implanted into the VMH of the animals (n = 8) which were then maintained on a restricted food regimen for 1 mo following the surgery. The daily amount of food was then doubled for the next 2 mo in all animals to produce obesity associated with extra calorie intake, with half of the animals (n = 4) concurrently receiving continuous low frequency (50 Hz) VMH-DBS. Adverse motoric or behavioral effects were not observed subsequent to the surgical procedure or during the DBS period. Throughout this 2 mo DBS period, all animals consumed the doubled amount of daily food. However, the animals that had received VMH-DBS showed a cumulative weight gain (6.1±0.4 kg; mean ± SEM) that was lower than the nonstimulated VMH-DBS animals (9.4±1.3 kg; p<0.05), suggestive of a DBS-associated increase in metabolic rate. These results in a porcine obesity model demonstrate the efficacy and behavioral safety of a low frequency VMH-DBS application as a potential clinical strategy for modulation of body weight.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Uranyl Squarates and Squarate-Oxalates: Hydrolysis Trends and in Situ Oxalate Formation

We report the synthesis of two uranyl squarates and two mixed-ligand uranyl squarate−oxalates from aqueous solutions under hydrothermal conditions. These products exhibit a range of uranyl building units from squarates with monomers in (UO2)2(C4O4)5·6NH4·4H2O (1; a = 16.731(17) A, b = 7.280(8) A, c = 15.872(16) A, β = 113.294(16)°, monoclinic, P21/c) and chains in (UO2)2(OH)2(H2O)2(C4O4) (2; a = 12.909(5) A, b = 8.400(3) A, c = 10.322(4) A, β = 100.056(7)°, monoclinic, C2/c) to two squarate−oxalate polymorphs with dimers in (UO2)2(OH)(C4O4)(C2O4)·NH4·H2O (3; a = 9.0601(7) A, b = 15.7299(12) A, c = 10.5108(8) A, β = 106.394(1)°, monoclinic, P21/n; and 4; a = 8.4469(6) A, b = 7.7589(5) A, c = 10.5257(7) A, β = 105.696(1)°, monoclinic, P21/m). The dominance at low pH of monomeric species and the increasing occurrence of oligomeric species with increasing pH suggests that uranyl hydrolysis, mUO22+ + nH2O ⇌ [(UO2)m(OH)n]2m−n + nH+, has a significant role in the identity of the inorganic building unit. Addition...
Variations in lipid content of the boll weevil during metamorphosis

Abstract When neutral lipids and phospholipids of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, were studied during the larval-pupal ecdysis, the volume of lipids was found to increase until the pupal stage when it underwent a small decrease. The opposite was true for the phospholipids. The neutral lipids were high in palmitic, palmitaleic, and oleic acids; the phospholipids had large amounts of stearic and linoleic acids. Also, the composition of the phospholipids was qualitatively similar in the larval, pharate pupal, and pupal stages though the larval stage was marked by a predominance of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and a high concentration of linoleic acid in the phosphatidyl choline.
Functional polymer thin films designed for antifouling materials and biosensors

Polymer thin films offer a versatile and ubiquitous platform for a wide variety of real-world applications in biomedicine, nanotechnology, catalysis, photovoltaic devices, and energy conversion and storage. Depending on the chemical composition of the polymers and the associated microenvironment, the physicochemical properties (biocompatibility, stability, wettability, adhesion, morphology, surface free energy, and others) of polymer films can be tuned for a specific application through precisely controlled surface synthesis and the incorporation of desirable and responsive functional groups. In this short review, we first summarise the methods most commonly used for the fabrication of polymer thin films. Then we discuss how these polymer thin films can be used in a selection of biomedical applications in antifouling materials and biosensors. Some directions for the rational design of polymer thin films to achieve a specific function or application are also provided.
Time-dependent phase transformation in KTaO 3 :Li

After cooling below T = 40 K, neutron Bragg-reflection intensities in a single crystal of KTaO/sub 3/:Li, with 1.7 mol % Li atoms replacing K atoms, are observed to increase in an unusual time-dependent manner: achieving final values only after several hours, and with two characteristic times at each temperature. A KTaO/sub 3/ crystal with increased Li concentration and a higher T/sub c/ = 60 K showed similar increases in the Bragg-peak intensities with decreasing temperature, but no unusual time dependence was noted. Cooling the sample with the higher lithium content in an applied electric field suppressed the increases in intensity. The unusual time dependence of the Bragg-peak intensities observed for the sample containing 1.7 mol % Li is suggestive of behavior with some ''glasslike'' characteristics. Additionally, inelastic neutron-scattering results for this dilute sample confirm that the zone-center transverse-optical phonon is slightly hardened rather than softened by the addition of Li to KTaO/sub 3/.
ENERGY QUANTIFICATION AND MECHANO-SORPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE KILN DRYING OF 2.5 cm THICK RED OAK LUMBER

ABSTRACT Energy consumption was quantified in the drying of 2.5 cm thick red oak lumber in a 1.2 m3 steam heated experimental dry kiln. The aluminum pre-fab kiln is located indoors and was wrapped with 5 cm thick extruded polystyrene (R=10) for the experimental drying. Transmission loss accounted for about 80% of the energy/kilogram of water removed from the wood. The maximum value was for the 60°C DBT due to comparatively high transmission loss combined with maximum venting loss. Batch venting reduced average energy consumption per kiln run by over 6% compared to the conventional kiln schedule. Average board shrinkage was over 2% less for drying with a low temperature schedule compared to drying by the conventional schedule for red oak. This was due to less compression set developing in the board interior at low wood temperatures, accompanied by more tension set in the surface layers. The mechano-sorptive results were in full agreement with McMillen's conclusions from his research on red oak.
Regulation of Phospho-enol-pyruvate Carboxykinase during Starvation and Glucose Repression

THE synthesis of some liver enzymes can be repressed at translation by glucose1–3. Catabolic repression has been demonstrated for the Escherichia coli B-galactosidase system, in which glucose lowers the intracellular concentration of 3′ 5′ cyclic AMP4,5 required for the transcription of this particular mRNA6. In eukaryotes the evidence is more fragmentary: induction of liver tyrosine transaminase7, phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxykinase8–10, and serine dehydratase1,11 by glucagon is mediated by cyclic AMP. The synthesis of these and other enzymes can also be stimulated by cyclic AMP administration directly12. Cycloheximide inhibits the stimulation of all these enzyme syntheses while actinomycin D does not do so in all cases3,13–15. Addition of glucose can repress enzyme activity resulting from glucagon administration without lowering the elevated levels of cyclic AMP16–18. It has been postulated that either the repression of hepatic enzyme syntheses by glucose is independent of cyclic AMP levels or glucose indirectly interferes with the action of cyclic AMP16.
More retrospective reports on event-frequency judgments: shift from multiple traces to strength factor with age

Analysis of retrospective reports by 371 students on how they had made event-frequency judgments during an experiment indicated that both retrieval of multiple traces and a strength factor were used in making the judgments. There were reliably different distributions of traces, strength, and other categorizations of the statements over the three grade levels tested (6th, 10th, and college freshman-sophomore). The number of traces reports did not change very much, whereas the strength reports increased substantially with age. Overall, there were reliably more strength than traces reports (98 to 62), supporting an earlier suggestion (Marx, 1985) that some kind of strength factor needs to be considered as a supplement to multiple traces in the explanation of how event frequency judgments are made.
Is growing up affluent risky for adolescents or is the problem growing up in an affluent neighborhood

Community studies indicating that affluence has social-emotional consequences for youth have conflated family and neighborhood wealth. We examined adolescent boys' delinquency and adolescent girls' anxiety-depression as a function of family, neighborhood, and cumulative affluence in a sample that is primarily of European–American descent, but geographically and economically diverse (N = 1,364). Boys in affluent neighborhoods reported higher levels of delinquency and girls in affluent neighborhoods reported higher levels of anxiety-depression compared with youth in middle-class neighborhoods. Neither family affluence nor cumulative affluence, however, placed boys or girls at risk in these domains. Indeed, boys' delinquency and girls' anxiety-depression levels were lowest for those in affluent families living in middle-class neighborhoods.
Research note: Social influences on adolescent shoplifting—Theory, evidence, and implications for the retail industry

Abstract Shoplifting is a growing and extremely destructive behavior that is particularly common among adolescents. In order to design more effective programs to prevent this behavior, retailers need a better understanding of its causes. The present paper seeks to address this need by developing and testing a structural model of the social influences on adolescent shoplifting. Our results suggest that adolescents' involvement in shoplifting is strongly influenced by their friends' shoplifting behavior, their attachment to their parents, and their own beliefs regarding the morality of this behavior. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for future approaches to discouraging youthful shoplifting.
A photochemical model and sensitivity study of the triple-oxygen isotopic (Δ 17 O) composition of NO y , HO x , and H 2 O 2 in a polluted boundary layer

Abstract. We present a photochemical model developed for the explicit calculation of triple oxygen isotopic compositions (Δ17O) of major atmospheric species. While we focus on the Δ17O of HNO3 and aerosol nitrate (NO−3) and its precursors such as NO, NO2 and N2O5, the general implementation given here also provides Δ17O predictions for other important atmospheric compounds such as OH, H2O2, and HO2. Through the use of a simple aerosol surface area model, we calculate the Δ17O composition of aerosol nitrate produced as a function of aerosol size and aerosol surface type. We explore the sensitivity of the Δ17O of atmospheric species through a series of sensitivity studies and show that the Δ17O of atmospheric compounds is affected to various degrees by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, ozone concentration, NOx flux, and total ozone column density. In addition, we find that Δ17O of these species is sensitive to photochemical conditions such as cloud albedo, latitude, and time of year. We compare the Δ17O calculation outputs to previous methods and find significant differences in the Δ17O of NO2. We describe the origins of these and suggest studies that may help to resolve these differences.