cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEM modeling of fine powder convection in a continuous vibrating bed reactor

Abstract Continuous vibrating spatial particle ALD reactors were developed to achieve high powder throughput while minimizing reactor footprint. Unlike fluidized bed reactors, continuous vibrating spatial particle ALD reactors operate below fluidization, using linear vibration to convey particles through alternating regions of precursor gas. Fine powder convection in these vibrating bed reactors is still not well understood, so cohesive discrete-element-method (DEM) simulations were performed to investigate the solids flow behavior. Using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, we constructed a sum-of-sines model for the reactor kinematics based on accelerometer data. Accelerometer results and DEM simulations revealed the role of high-frequency excitations and need for backsliding and sticking avoidance in horizontal conveyors at low-g accelerations. From these observations, we propose a novel sawtooth excitation to enable convection of cohesive fine powders at low flow velocities. The model results were compared to data from an in-house continuous vibrating spatial particle ALD reactor.
Spectral variational multiscale enrichment method—A new computational approach to transient dynamics of phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials

Phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials hold tremendous potential in controlling mechanical and acoustic waves, thereby enabling remarkable and novel engineering applications such as seismic wave mitigation, impact wave mitigation, elastic cloaking, and acoustic superlens. Given the potential complexity associated with the microstructure of these materials, direct numerical simulation of irregularly shaped and/or large engineering components could be computationally very costly and in many cases prohibitive. Multiscale computational modeling, coupled with model order reduction methodologies present a feasible strategy to simulate the dynamic response of phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials. In this study, we present the spectral variational multiscale enrichment approach that allows the analysis of a broad range of material microstructures for phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials. The spectral coarse-scale representation is proposed to capture the salient transient wave phenomena, such as wave dispersion and band gaps that occur in the short wavelength regime. A material phase based model order reduction strategy is devised at the fine-scale. By using the reduced basis for the fine-scale problem, significant numerical efficiency is achieved. Transient elastic wave propagation in two-dimensional phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials are investigated and the proposed multiscale approach is verified against direct numerical simulations.
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE COUPLING IN FERRIC AMMONIUM SULFATE AS A FUNCTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND TEMPERATURE

In the study of the hyperfine structure coupling in ferromagnetic or antiferro-magnetic materials by means of the Mossbauer effect the concept of an effective magnetic field H eff has been widely used.1 A precise definition of H eff may be given in terms of the spin Hamiltonian ℋ i associated with the ith magnetic ion of spin S i in the magnetic solid: $${H_i} = A{I_i} \cdot {S_i} + {g_n}{\beta _n}{I_i} \cdot H + {g_e}{\beta _e}{S_i} \cdot H + \sum\limits_{j \ne i} {{J_{ij}}{S_i} \cdot {S_j} + {g^2}{\beta ^2}\sum\limits_{j \ne i} {\left[ {\frac{{{S_i} \cdot {S_j}}}{{r_{ij}^3}} - 3\frac{{({S_i} \cdot {r_{ij}})({S_j} \cdot {r_{ij}})}}{{r_{ij}^5}}} \right]} } $$ (1) Here, H is an externally applied magnetic field, I i is the nuclear spin of the ith ion, the fourth term is the exchange interaction, the fifth term is the dipole-dipole interaction, and the remaining symbols have their usual meaning. In materials such as metallic iron and Fe2O3 the exchange interaction is much larger than the other terms in ℋ i , including in particular the hyperfine structure coupling. Correspondingly, the spin-spin relaxation time τ 2 will be very short compared to the nuclear precession time τ L .
Winning and war crimes: what Eichmann in Jerusalem means for The Act of Killing

In order to complicate facile comparisons between Eichmann in Jerusalem and Joshua Oppenheimer’s The Act of Killing , this paper argues that each work can illuminate the other if they are examined by the gesture that organizes each: Arendt’s and Oppenheimer’s efforts to humanize their subjects. This approach allows us to understand the motivations driving each work: refining institutional memory for Arendt, agitating for official recognition of war crimes for Oppenheimer. Arendt’s commitment to taking Eichmann seriously is mirrored by Oppenheimer’s earnest engagement with individual perpetrators of the genocide that occurred in Indonesia in 1965–66. Because the regime that initiated these events is still in power, these perpetrators enjoy public admiration for their murderous pasts. Through this film, Oppenheimer is able to describe some of the costs of these unrecognized crimes against humanity–as well as the costs of ignoring an unpunished and so unapologetic regime. The film also reflexively highlights Eichmann in Jerusalem ’s continuing significance as a moment of profound resistance to official narratives that oversimplify the significance of crimes against humanity. Rather than collapsing either of these works into a catalogue of guilt, taking them in alongside each other highlights the demands of justice unique to each colossal infraction against the global community. Indeed, Arendt thought the Eichmann trial should have helped legitimate the idea of a global community and support an international judicial system capable of meting out justice across the borders of nation–states. But The Act of Killing demonstrates just how inadequate the safeguards meant to ensure such a process are–the film interrogates what kinds of community current international human rights laws are capable of supporting while imagining a new community in pursuit of justice.
Abnormal pulmonary density discovered on routine chest radiograph.

Aroutine chest radiograph of a 69-year-old woman revealed an abnormal density in the left lung. There was no history of a previous illness. Physical examination showed a single telangiectasia on the tongue. Radiographic and imaging studies are shown below (Figures ​(Figures11–4). Figure 1 Posteroanterior radiograph of the chest demonstrates an abnormal density (arrows) in the inferior portion of the left lung. Figure 4 Enhanced CT image of the liver shows enlargement of the hepatic artery (arrows). Innumerable small, irregular vascular liver lesions are again seen (arrowheads). For diagnosis and discussion, see the following page. DIAGNOSIS: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).
The Truth about False Consciousness

As late as the mid-1970s the term ‘false consciousness’ was still applied by critical social theorists to instances of ideological delusion. Yet, in the wake of the postmodernist revolution and its neo-Nietzschean declaration of all truths to be merely truth-effects, a concept of false consciousness appeared impossible to sustain. Drawing on an incident in the history of South African politics, this article reconsiders the ways in which a concept of false consciousness, built upon a representational model of truth and falsity, might assist us in explaining the dynamics of ideological contestation.
Showing restraint, signaling resolve: Coalitions, cooperation, and crisis bargaining

How do coalition partners affect the dynamics of crisis bargaining? I analyze a model in which a potential coalition leader faces a trade-off between signaling resolve to a target and retaining a partner's support by limiting the costs of war. The strength of the target conditions the partner's effect. When the target is strong, the need to ensure military cooperation reduces the probability of war by discouraging bluffing, though resolute types can signal resolve by foregoing coalitional support. When the target is weaker, a resolute coalition leader moderates threats to preserve military cooperation, foregoing the chance to signal resolve and increasing the chances of war, even as the partner successfully moderates the leader's bargaining posture. Thus, coalitions may face higher probabilities of war against weaker targets than stronger ones, coalitions are more likely against weak than strong targets, and partners can increase or decrease the probability of war.
Lightweight encryption for email

Email encryption techniques have been available for more than a decade, yet none has been widely deployed. The problems of key generation, certification, and distribution have not been pragmatically addressed. We recently proposed a method for implementing a Lightweight Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for email authentication using recent developments in identity-based cryptography and today's existing Internet infrastructure. While this solution works well for email authentication, email encryption exhibits a different threat model that requires special treatment. In this work, we discuss how to achieve email encryption and present a realistic deployment and adoption process, while respecting the current functionality and expectations of email.
Corporate Tax Reform, Finally, After 100 Years

Future increases to the top income tax rates for individuals and reductions to the corporate tax rate will invite the widespread use of C corporations as tax shelter vehicles, an old problem that has never been addressed successfully. The changes could even resurrect the need for the collapsible-corporation provision, described by the ALI as “characterized by a pathological degree of complexity, vagueness and uncertainty.” This short essay, to be included with a group of submissions for the Volcker Tax Reform panel, urges that the corporate tax be limited to public firms, with all non-public firms taxed under a passthrough tax system. In addition to preventing the tax shelter problem, the change would improve equity and efficiency by taxing the owners of all closely held firms in a more similar fashion, and allow for simplification and reform of the corporate tax. The proposed change would reverse a policy decision made exactly 100 years ago when the income taxation of the owners of corporations was impermissible. Although Congress may soon be forced to adopt income tax rates reminiscent of years prior to 1986, it need not and should not bring with that change the same impenetrable problems and failed solutions of that bygone era.
Integrated Process Gas Modeling for Tritium Systems at the Savannah River Site

Significant savings are being realized from the consolidated tritium gas-processing operations at the Savannah River Site. However, the trade-off is some reduction of operational flexibility due to decreased storage capacity for process and waste gases. Savannah River National Laboratory researchers are developing an integrated process gas model for tritium processing using Aspen Custom Modeler{sup TM} (ACM) software. The modeling involves fully characterizing process flow streams (gas composition, quantity), frequency of batch transfers, and availability of equipment in the flow stream. The model provides a valuable engineering tool to identify flow bottlenecks, thereby enabling adjustments to be made to improve process operations. (authors)
Comparative evaluation of positron emission tomography radiotracers for imaging the norepinephrine transporter: (S,S) and (R,R) enantiomers of reboxetine analogs ([11C]methylreboxetine, 3-Cl-[11C]methylreboxetine and [18F]fluororeboxetine), (R)-[11C]nisoxetine, [11C]oxaprotiline and [11C]lortalamine.

We have synthesized and evaluated several new ligands for imaging the norepinephrine transporter (NET) system in baboons with positron emission tomography (PET). Ligands possessing high brain penetration, high affinity and selectivity, appropriate lipophilicity (log P = 1.0–3.5), high plasma free fraction and reasonable stability in plasma were selected for further studies. Based on our characterization studies in baboons, including 11C-labeled (R)-nisoxetine (Nis), oxaprotiline (Oxap), lortalamine (Lort) and new analogs of methylreboxetine (MRB), in conjunction with our earlier evaluation of 11C and 18F derivatives of reboxetine, MRB and their individual (R,R) and (S,S) enantiomers, we have identified the superiority of (S,S)-[11C]MRB and the suitability of MRB analogs [(S,S)-[11C]MRB > (S,S)-[11C]3-Cl-MRB > (S,S)-[18F]fluororeboxetine] as potential NET ligands for PET. In contrast, Nis, Oxap and Lort displayed high uptake in striatum (higher than in thalamus). The use of these ligands is further limited by high non-specific binding and relatively low specific signal, as is characteristic of many earlier NET ligands. Thus, to our knowledge (S,S)-[11C]MRB remains by far the most promising NET ligand for PET studies.
Expression quantitative trait loci information improves predictive modeling of disease relevance of non-coding genetic variation

Disease-associated loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) frequently localize to non-coding sequence. We and others have demonstrated strong enrichment of such single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), supporting an important role for regulatory genetic variation in complex disease pathogenesis. Herein we describe our initial efforts to develop a predictive model of disease-associated variants leveraging eQTL information. We first catalogued cis-acting eQTLs (SNPs within 100 kb of target gene transcripts) by meta-analyzing four studies of three blood-derived tissues (n = 586). At a false discovery rate < 5%, we mapped eQTLs for 6,535 genes; these were enriched for disease-associated genes (P < 10(-04)), particularly those related to immune diseases and metabolic traits. Based on eQTL information and other variant annotations (distance from target gene transcript, minor allele frequency, and chromatin state), we created multivariate logistic regression models to predict SNP membership in reported GWAS. The complete model revealed independent contributions of specific annotations as strong predictors, including evidence for an eQTL (odds ratio (OR) = 1.2-2.0, P < 10(-11)) and the chromatin states of active promoters, different classes of strong or weak enhancers, or transcriptionally active regions (OR = 1.5-2.3, P < 10(-11)). This complete prediction model including eQTL association information ultimately allowed for better discrimination of SNPs with higher probabilities of GWAS membership (6.3-10.0%, compared to 3.5% for a random SNP) than the other two models excluding eQTL information. This eQTL-based prediction model of disease relevance can help systematically prioritize non-coding GWAS SNPs for further functional characterization.
At-speed transition fault testing with low speed scan enable

With today's design size in millions of gates and working frequency in gigahertz range, at-speed test is crucial. The launch-off-shift method has several advantages over the launch-off-capture but imposes strict requirements on transition fault testing due to at-speed scan enable signal. A novel scan-based at-speed test is proposed which generates multiple local fast scan enable signals. The scan enable control information is encapsulated in the test data and transferred during the scan operation. A new scan cell, referred to as last transition generator (LTG), is inserted in the scan chains to generate the fast local scan enable signal. The proposed technique is robust, practice-oriented and suitable for use in an industrial flow.
Bladder secretion of inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth

Bladder secretion of inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth.Differences in calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition were studied in normally voided urine (bladder urine) and in urine collected directly from the kidney (kidney urine) in nine dogs. Urine samples were collected before and 10 days after bilateral ureterostomies. Calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition was measured in a standard seeded crystal growth system. The alcian blue-precipitable material of the urine samples was determined. Significantly lower values were observed in kidney urine than in bladder urine for calcium oxalate crystal inhibition (mean difference, 0.07 ± 0.02 inhibitor units/mg creatinine; P
Dimensional analysis of childrens' stressful life events

Two studies are presented applying a cognitive dimensional analysis to the study of childrens' life stress events. Study 1 investigated the dimensions derived from nine psychologists' ratings of the similarity of events. Items on a 32-item event scale were paired yielding 496 item pairs. Psychologists rated event similarity using a 5-point scale. Mean similarity judgments were calculated, linearly transformed, and factor analyzed by the method of principal components with varimax rotation. Seven factors with eigenvalue greater than unity accounted for 63.6% of the variance. These factos were judged interpretable: loss, entrance, family troubles, sibling problems, primary environment, physical harm, and positive events. Study 2 utilized these dimensions to identify what stressors related to adjustment problems in a sample of young inner-city schoolchildren. Two dimensions, family troubles and entrance, were found to discriminate maladapting from control children and to correlate with parents' ratings of adjustment problems for the maladapting group. The study was interpreted to support the utility of a dimensional analysis of life stress events.
Smearing Estimate: A Nonparametric Retransformation Method

Abstract The smearing estimate is proposed as a nonparametric estimate of the expected response on the untransformed scale after fitting a linear regression model on a transformed scale. The estimate is consistent under mild regularity conditions, and usually attains high efficiency relative to parametric estimates. It can be viewed as a low-premium insurance policy against departures from parametric distributional assumptions. A real-world example of predicting medical expenditures shows that the smearing estimate can outperform parametric estimates even when the parametric assumption is nearly satisfied.
Reducing Electricity and Network Cost for Online Service Providers in Geographically Located Internet Data Centers

Online service providers(OSPs) have Internet data centers (IDCs) in multiple geographical locations in order to satisfy global user demand. Increased data centers consume a large amount of energy, and at the same time cause increased heat dissipation, greater cooling requirements, reduced computational density, and higher operating costs. It places a heavy burden on both the environment and energy resources. OSPs are now focusing more than ever on the need to improve energy efficiency. A new challenge has emerged besides the energy cost, the reduction of the carbon footprint. Although electricity is a clean and relatively safe form of energy to use, there are environmental impacts associated with the production and transmission of electricity. Meanwhile, increased online services require more Internet usage, especially with the trend of cloud computing, the network costs account for a large portion of operation costs for OSPs. This paper proposes an optimization load dispatching model to minimize the overall cost for OSPs. The electricity cost for IDCs and network cost are both taken into account. We conduct extensive evaluations based on real workload data and electricity price data. The results prove the effectiveness of our load dispatching model with a theoretically guaranteed quality of service(QoS).
Understanding the Delinquency and Social Relationships of Loners

Little is known about the delinquency and social relations of adolescents who lack close friendships. This study compares the delinquency of “loners” and “nonloners,” explores group differences wit...
Regulation of basal body and ciliary functions by Diversin

The centrosome is essential for the formation of the cilia and has been implicated in cell polarization and signaling during early embryonic development. A number of Wnt pathway components were found to localize at the centrosome, but how this localization relates to their signaling functions is unclear. In this study, we assessed a role for Diversin, a putative Wnt pathway mediator, in developmental processes that involve cilia. We find that Diversin is specifically localized to the basal body compartment near the base of the cilium in Xenopus multi-ciliated skin cells. Overexpression of Diversin RNA disrupted basal body polarization in these cells, suggesting that tightly regulated control of Diversin levels is crucial for this process. In cells depleted of endogenous Diversin, basal body structure appeared abnormal and this was accompanied by disrupted polarity, shortened or absent cilia and defective ciliary flow. These results are consistent with the involvement of Diversin in processes that are related to the acquisition of cell polarity and require ciliary functions.
Gelation of "catanionic" vesicles by hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes

The gelation of mixed cationic/anionic surfactant vesicles of sodium dodecyl sulfate/didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate/cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate by hydrophobically modified sodium polyacrylate is studied rheologically. When the vesicles are cationically charged, mixtures with this anionic polyelectrolyte form precipitates. When the vesicles are anionically charged, however, these mixtures display a progression from a Maxwell fluid to a critical gel to a solidlike gel with increasing vesicle and/or polyelectrolyte concentration. Consideration of the viscous behavior with increasing vesicle and polymer volume fraction indicates that the gel network is formed by the bridging of the hydrophobically modified polymer between vesicles. The similarity between the gelation results for the two anionic systems suggests the results can be generalized to other similarly charged mixtures.
SWNT NETWORK for BIOMOLECULE DETECTION

In this paper we describe a single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) based biological sensor for the detection of biomolecules using streptavidin and IgG. Two types of sensing mechanisms have been used to demonstrate the ability of carbon nanotubes to form nanoscale biosensors. The first sensing mechanism involves a CNT based conduction sensor in which the decrease in the current was observed when the specific biomolecule was bound. In the second mechanism Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) was used to quantify the mass of the biomolecule bound on the sidewalls of the carbon nanotube. Both sensing mechanisms proved to be efficient and consistent. Immobilization of the biomolecules on the carbon nanotube surface was confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy.
Pseudo-Public Goods and Urban Development: A Game Theoretic Model of Local Public Goods

In his 1956 article, “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures,” Charles Tiebout introduced the foundation of what was to become the competitive market model of analyzing local government service provis...
Highly Efficient Solid-State Electrochemically Generated Chemiluminescence from Ester-Substituted Trisbipyridineruthenium(II)-Based Polymers

A polymerizable ester-substituted trisbipyridine complex of ruthenium(II) has been synthesized and the solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties of its polymer evaluated. A collection of 12 “sandwich-type” solid-state cells were investigated each having a ∼0.3 μm thick film of the polymer sandwiched between a transparent indium/tin oxide (ITO) anode and a porous Au cathode. The ECL of these devices was evaluated in the solid state. Despite considerable variability in performance, the most efficient of these devices exhibited ECL quantum yields matching the efficiency of the best organic polymer based light-emitting devices.
Money and Contracts

This paper presents a novel interpretation of the fact that high nominal interest rates accompany low levels of real GNP. It constructs a model in which money and bonds are both held as a result of legal restrictions on the banking system. Open market operations may increase the equilibrium rate of interest and raise the cost of credit. This increase in the cost of credit causes firms to write labour contracts in which layoffs occur more frequently. The nature of optimal labour contracts is derived explicitly from assumptions about the information that is available to firms and to workers.
Helicase89B is a Mot1p/BTAF1 homologue that mediates an antimicrobial response in Drosophila.

We have identified a novel component, Helicase89B, that is required for the inducible antimicrobial response in Drosophila larvae by means of a P-element insertional genetic screen. Helicase89B belongs to the Mot1p/BTAF1 subfamily of SNF2-like ATPases. This subfamily can interact with TATA-binding proteins, but whether the interaction leads to gene activation or repression is being debated. We found that Helicase89B is required for the inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes but not for the inducible expression of heat-shock genes. The antimicrobial peptide genes are activated by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signalling pathways. Genetic experiments show that Helicase89B acts downstream of DIF and Relish, the two nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-related transcription factors that mediate Toll- and IMD-stimulated antimicrobial response. Thus, Helicase89B positively regulates gene expression during innate immune response and may act as a link between NF-κB-related transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Self service technologies: eliminating pain points of traditional call centers

Traditional call centers have become one of the primary means for providing customer support. Customer Service Representatives (CSRs) offer personalized attention to each customer via the telephone as the CSR interfaces with technology and customers to resolve customers' requests. Because call centers are expensive, labor intensive, and produce latency during periods of high call volume, businesses utilize web-based Self Service Technologies (SSTs) to minimize costs, provide readily available resources as needed, and reduce latency while simultaneously serving multiple customers. However, web-based SSTs have their own share of challenges which can impede service quality. To better understand the painful front stage experiences attributed to traditional call centers, we conduct content analysis of interactions between CSRs and customers. Results provide a design framework for web-based customer support SSTs that eliminate the pain points attributed to traditional call centers and address the shortcoming of web-based SSTs.
RETAILER PROMOTION PLANNING: IMPROVING FORECAST ACCURACY AND INTERPRETABILITY

his article considers the supermarket manager’s problem of forecasting demand for a product as a function of the product’s attributes and of market control variables. To forecast sales on the stock keeping unit (SKU) level, a good model should account for product attributes, historical sales levels, and store specifics, and to control for marketing mix. One of the challenges here is that many variables which describe product, store, or promotion conditions are categorical with hundreds or thousands of levels in a single attribute. Identifying the right product attributes and incorporating them correctly into a prediction model is a very difficult statistical problem. This article proposes an analytical engine that combines techniques from statistical market response modeling, datamining, and combinatorial optimization to produce a small, efficient rule set that predicts sales volume levels.
Prostanoids in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension

7. Heird WC, Winters RW. Total parenteral nutrition: the state of the art. J PEDIATR 1975;86:2-16. 8. Black DD, Suttle EA, Whitington PF, et al. The effect of short-term total parenteral nutrition on hepatic function in the human neonate: a prospective randomized study demonstrating alteration of hepatic canalicular function. J PEDIATR 1981;99:445-9. 9. Helms RA, Miller JL, Burckart G J, et al. Clinical outcome assessed by anthropometric parameters, albumin and cellular immune function in high-risk infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Pediatr Surg 1983;18(5):564-9. 10. Wu PYK, Edwards NB, Storm MC. Characterization of the plasma amino acid pattern of normal term breast-fed infants. J PEDIATR 1986;109:347-9. 11. Ramakrishnan RR, Tao R, Yoshimura NN, et al. In vitro and in vivo hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine in rats [Abstract]. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1984;8:92.
Detection of chromoluminance patterns on chromoluminance pedestals I: threshold measurements

Measurement of the detection thresholds of patterns on pedestals of various kinds has the potential of providing insight into the mechanisms that mediate pattern vision. This study is concerned with chromoluminance patterns, that is, patterns that vary over space in luminance, chromaticity, or both. Contrast thresholds for 1 c/deg Gabor patterns (targets) were measured as a function of the contrast of Gabor pedestal patterns (TvC functions), where the pedestals paired with each target were modulated in a wide range of directions in color space. For most target-pedestal pairs, the TvC function decreased (facilitation) and then increased as pedestal contrast increased. The increase went above the absolute contrast threshold (masking) for all target-pedestal pairs except in cases where facilitation occurred at the upper end of the pedestal contrast range. The specific form of the TvC function varied greatly with the target and pedestal, consistent with a general model of pedestal effects proposed by Foley [Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1994, 11(6)]. There were two sets of target-pedestal pairs for which facilitation did not occur, but masking did occur: pairs in which the target was a luminance modulation and the pedestals were individually isoluminant and pairs in which the pedestal was blue/yellow and the target was in any of our directions except blue/yellow.
Low-income students and highly selective private colleges: Geography, searching, and recruiting

Abstract In earlier work, the authors found that only 10% of the students at 28 of the nation's most selective private colleges and universities came from families in the bottom 40% of the US family income distribution and that there is a larger share of low-income high-ability students in the national population than in the student bodies of these selective private schools. Using SAT and ACT data, this paper finds that inadequate attention to geography and the incidence of ACT tests in their search and recruiting activities has contributed to a bias against low-income students at these schools.
Ancient Architectural Acoustic Resonance Patterns and Regional Brain Activity

AbstractPrevious archaeoacoustic investigations of prehistoric, megalithic structures have identified acoustic resonances at frequencies of 95–120 Hz, particularly near 110–12 Hz, all representing pitches in the human vocal range. These chambers may have served as centers for social or spiritual events, and the resonances of the chamber cavities might have been intended to support human ritual chanting. We evaluated the possibility that tones at these frequencies might specifically affect regional brain activity. In a pilot project, 30 healthy adults listened to tones at 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130 Hz while brain activity was monitored with electroencephalography (EEG). Activity in the left temporal region was found to be significantly lower at 110 Hz than at other frequencies. Additionally, the pattern of asymmetric activity over the prefrontal cortex shifted from one of higher activity on the left at most frequencies to right-sided dominance at 110 Hz. These findings are compatible with relative deactiva...
Maintenance of Myocyte Volume Homeostasis During Stress by Diazoxide is Cardioprotective

Background. We previously demonstrated that myocyte swelling and reduced contractility secondary to hyperkalemic cardioplegia and hyposmotic stress are attenuated by the addition of diazoxide, an adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channel (KATP) opener. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of diazoxide on myocyte swelling and reduced contractility after metabolic inhibition and to attempt to summarize the potential mechanisms involved. Methods. Isolated rabbit myocytes were perfused with Tyrode’s control solution for 20 minutes, followed by test solution for 20 minutes. Test solutions included (1) Tyrode’s control, (2) a metabolic inhibition solution containing sodium cyanide and 2-deoxyglucose, (3) metabolic inhibition plus diazoxide, (4) metabolic inhibition plus diazoxide plus HMR1098 (a sarcolemmal KATPchannel blocker), or (5) metabolic inhibition plus diazoxide plus 5-hydroxydeconoate (a mitochondrial KATPchannel blocker). Myocytes were then reexposed to Tyrode’s solution for 20 minutes. Volume measurements were taken every 5 minutes. Contractility was recorded using edge-detection software at baseline and at 10 and 20 minutes of reexposure to Tyrode’s solution. Results. Simulated ischemia (metabolic inhibition) caused significant myocyte swelling and associated reduced contractility. The addition of diazoxide abolished myocyte swelling and attenuated the associated reduced contractility. Observations with diazoxide were unchanged by the addition of HMR 1098 or 5hydroxydeconoate. Conclusions. Diazoxide, with or without either KATPchannel blocker, attenuated the significant myocyte swelling and reduced contractility secondary to metabolic inhibition. These data suggest a role for diazoxide, independent of the KATP channel, in myocyte volume homeostasis. In addition, the prevention of myocyte swelling resulted in improved contractility, consistent with previous data and the hypothesis that myocyte swelling may participate in the phenomenon of myocardial stunning. (Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:857– 63) © 2007 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Hippocampal dynorphin immunoreactivity increases in response to gonadal steroids and is positioned for direct modulation by ovarian steroid receptors

Abstract The hippocampal formation (HF) is involved in modulating learning related to drug abuse. While HF-dependent learning is regulated by both endogenous opioids and estrogen, the interaction between these two systems is not well understood. The mossy fiber (MF) pathway formed by dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell axons is involved in some aspects of learning and contains abundant amounts of the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN). To examine the influence of ovarian steroids on DYN expression, we used quantitative light microscopic immunocytochemistry to measure DYN levels in normal cycling rats as well as in two established models of hormone-treated ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Rats in estrus had increased levels of DYN-immunoreactivity (ir) in the DG and certain CA3 lamina compared with rats in proestrus or diestrus. OVX rats exposed to estradiol for 24 h showed increased DYN-ir in the DG and CA3, while those with 72 h estradiol exposure showed increases only in the DG. Six hours of estradiol exposure produced no change in DYN-ir. OVX rats chronically implanted with medroxyprogesterone also showed increased DYN-ir in the DG and CA3. Next, dual-labeling electron microscopy (EM) was used to evaluate the subcellular relationships of estrogen receptor (ER) α-, ERβ and progestin receptor (PR) with DYN-labeled MFs. ERβ-ir was in some DYN-labeled MF terminals and smaller terminals, and had a subcellular association with the plasmalemma and small synaptic vesicles. In contrast, ERα-ir was not in DYN-labeled terminals, although some DYN-labeled small terminals synapsed on ERα-labeled dendritic spines. PR labeling was mostly in CA3 axons, some of which were continuous with DYN-labeled terminals. These studies indicate that ovarian hormones can modulate DYN in the MF pathway in a time-dependent manner, and suggest that hormonal effects on the DYN-containing MF pathway may be directly mediated by ERβ and/or PR activation.
SOBOLEV-TYPE APPROXIMATION RATES FOR DIVERGENCE-FREE AND CURL-FREE RBF INTERPOLANTS

Recently, error estimates have been made available for divergence-free radial basis function (RBF) interpolants. However, these results are only valid for functions within the associated reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) of the matrix-valued RBF. Functions within the associated RKHS, also known as the "native space" of the RBF, can be characterized as vector fields having a specific smoothness, making the native space quite small. In this paper we develop Sobolev-type error estimates when the target function is less smooth than functions in the native space.
Reversibility of strong metal-support interactions on Rh/TiO2

Abstract Hydrogenolysis of n-butane and CO hydrogenation were used to study the reversibility of the SMSI state in Rh supported on model nonporous TiO2 spheres. High-temperature reduction (HTR) caused a three-order-of-magnitude drop in hydrogenolysis activity and led to increased selectivity toward ethane. Oxidation at 573 K was sufficient to restore the hydrogenolysis activity in these catalysts. Variations in hydrogenolysis selectivity on Rh TiO 2 were similar to those on Rh SiO 2 subjected to comparable treatments. This suggests that site blocking by TiOx may be primarily responsible for the suppressed hydrogenolysis activity on Rh TiO 2 . CO hydrogenation activity, on the other hand, was only marginally affected by the onset of SMSI and either increased or decreased after HTR depending on the prior treatment of the catalyst. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of 2- to 4-A amorphous overlayers on both the Rh and the support after high-temperature reduction. The thickness of these overlayers was nonuniform and oxidation followed by low-temperature reduction led to partial removal of the overlayers and a roughening of the Rh metal surfaces.
The Balance-of-Payments Adjustment Process in Developing Countries: The Experience of the Ivory Coast

From 1960 to 1975, the Ivory Coast, a medium size country in West Africa, applied a dynamic economic development policy that resulted in an annual average growth rate of its GDP of 7%. This dynamic policy was continued and reinforced as from 1976, thanks to a considerable increase in the price of cocoa and coffee. Several projects were undertaken in the agricultural and industrial sectors, and investment grew at an average annual rate of 19% during the period under study. However, owing to the difficult international environment prevailing since 1978, economic growth has considerably slowed down and the country’s financial situation has worsened seriously. As a result, the Authorities adopted in 1981, in consultation with the International Monetary Fund, a number of adjustment measures intended to restore the equilibrium of the economic and financial situation and to create the required conditions for a smooth growth of the economy of the Ivory Coast.
Increased prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among adolescent women with alcohol use disorders.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the relationship between alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among a sample of sexually active adolescents. Methods: Subjects were 240 sexually active male and female adolescents aged 14 to 21 years (mean 17.5 years) recruited from clinical and community settings in western Pennsylvania between 1991 and 1995; 55% had a lifetime history of AUDs (63 females, 69 males) and 45% did not have a lifetime history of AUDs (57 females, 51 males). Participants provided information about demographic factors and sexual behaviors as well as a serum sample that was assayed for antibodies to HSV-2, HBV, and HIV infections. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent relationship of AUDs to HSV-2 infections among females. Results: The seroprevalence of HSV-2 infections was 15% among females and 0% among males; the overall prevalence of HBV (1.2%) and HIV (0.4%) infections was very low. Among adolescent females, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 infections was significantly higher among those with an AUD (19%), compared with those without an AUD (10.5%) (adjusted odds ratio 8.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5–44.8, p = .017). Conclusions: Adolescent women with an AUD appear to be at substantially increased risk of HSV-2 infection. These results highlight the need to address sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents with alcohol problems.
Diffuse Atomic and Molecular Clouds

AbstractDiffuse interstellar clouds have long been thought to be relatively devoid of molecules, because of their low densities and high radiation fields. However, in the past ten years or so, a plethora of polyatomic molecules have been observed in diffuse clouds, via their rotational, vibrational, and electronic transitions. In this review, we propose a new systematic classification method for the different types of interstellar clouds: diffuse atomic, diffuse molecular, translucent, and dense. We review the observations of molecules (both diatomic and polyatomic) in diffuse clouds and discuss how molecules can be utilized as indicators of the physical and chemical conditions within these clouds. We review the progress made in the modeling of the chemistry in these clouds, and the (significant) challenges that remain in this endeavor. We also review the evidence for the existence of very large molecules in diffuse clouds, and discuss a few specific clouds of particular interest.
Twenty-years of splenic preservation at a level 1 pediatric trauma center.

Abstract Background Splenic preservation is the standard of care for hemodynamically stable children with splenic injuries. We report a 20-year single-institutional series of children with splenic injuries managed without a splenectomy. Methods Children evaluated and treated for blunt splenic injury at Boston Children's Hospital from 1994 to 2014 were extracted from the trauma registry. Demographics, clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes were reviewed. Three time-periods were evaluated based upon the development and modification of splenic injury clinical pathway guidelines (CPGs). Survival was defined as being discharged from the hospital alive. Results 502 suffered isolated splenic injuries. The median AAST grade of splenic injury increased across the three CPG time periods (p Conclusion In children managed over the last 20years for isolated splenic injury, no patient died or underwent splenectomy. Hospital length of stay decreased across time, despite an increase in the severity of splenic injuries encountered. Splenectomy has become so unusual in the management of hemodynamically stable children with a splenic injury that it may no longer be a legitimate outcome marker.
Spatial applications of gap models

Abstract Recent developments in individual-based forest simulators have made it possible to extend the basic approach to a wider range of forest ecosystems. One recent trend is toward more general representations of abiotic processes, and more attention to the role of tree life-history traits in generating forest response to environmental gradients. Gap models that explicitly attend spatial aspects of the light regime can be extended to simulate forest pattern at scales larger than the forest gap; examples at landscape and geographic scales are presented.
Are Femoral Nerve Blocks Effective for Early Postoperative Pain Management After Hip Arthroscopy

Purpose To evaluate the utility of femoral nerve blocks in postoperative pain control after hip arthroscopy. Methods Forty consecutive patients scheduled for hip arthroscopy were randomized into 2 groups for postoperative pain control. Half were to receive routine intravenous narcotics for pain scores of 7 or above in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), and the other half were to receive a femoral nerve block in the PACU for the same pain scores. Data were compared with respect to patient sex, patient age, traction times, type of procedure, nausea, overall patient satisfaction with analgesia, and duration of time in the PACU. Results Thirty-six patients had initial pain scores of 7 of 10 or greater on a visual analog scale. Of these patients, 16 were randomized to receive postoperative morphine and 20 to receive a femoral nerve block. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to sex, age, traction times, or type of procedure performed. Patients who received morphine had a significantly longer time to discharge from the PACU (216 minutes) than the femoral nerve block group (177 minutes). The morphine group was also significantly more likely to report postoperative nausea (75%) than the femoral nerve block group (10%). Patients receiving femoral nerve blocks were significantly more likely to be satisfied with their postoperative pain control (90%) than those who had received morphine (25%). All of the patients receiving a femoral nerve block stated that they would undergo the block again if they needed another hip arthroscopy. Conclusions On the basis of all criteria studied (quality of pain relief, length of stay in the PACU, side effects, and patient satisfaction), a femoral nerve block is an excellent alternative to routine narcotic pain medication in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Level of Evidence Level II, randomized controlled trial.
Modulating the Mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase as Therapeutic Strategy for Systematic Autoimmunity

This lecture will discuss how modulation of the mitochondrial ATPase can provide a selective, non-immunosuppressive mechanism for the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune disease. A novel series of orally available compounds that modulate the ATPase and exhibit therapeutic efficacy in murine disease models will be presented.
Lateral variations in threshold voltage of an AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor measured by scanning capacitance spectroscopy

Local dC/dV spectroscopy performed in a scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) was used to map, quantitatively and with high spatial resolution (∼50 nm), lateral variations in the threshold voltage of an AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor epitaxial layer structure. Scanning capacitance and the associated threshold voltage images show small round features less than 150 nm in diameter with a corresponding shift in threshold voltage of about 1.5–2 V, and larger features several microns in size with a corresponding shift in threshold voltage of approximately 1 V. The small features in the SCM and threshold voltage images are consistent with the presence of charged threading dislocations, while the variations in threshold voltage over large areas could be a result of thickness and/or composition variations in the AlxGa1−xN layer.
Blue-green algal scums: An explanation for their occurrence during freshwater blooms1

Ahs tract Nuisance blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) scums are a sign of advanced eutrophication in aquatic systems. Previous workers have concluded that scums arc a sign of cyanobacterial senescence, or uncontrollable buoyancy. Our studies, however, indicate that scum formation may represent a mechanism by which the cyanobacteria can dominate surface waters. The mechanism is based on a preference for CO, over HCO,- and COs2- as a photosynthetic carbon source, particularly in poorly buffered (low total inorganic carbon) waters. On calm days, when surface waters are thermally stratified, supplies of free CO, are depleted, resulting in an increase in ambient pH. In response to CO, depletion, cyanobacteria form surface scums, enabling them to use CO, at the air-water interface. This also promotes optimal photosynthetic growth and N, fixation while simultaneously shading underlying noncyanobacterial phytoplankton. One of the most obvious signs of advanced freshwater eutrophication is a blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) scum. During calm periods, scums often lead to rapid deterioration, exemplified by deoxygenation of underlying waters, subsequent fish kills, toxicity, foul odors, and lowered esthetic values of affected waters. Increased cell buoyancy, due to intracellular gas vacuole formation, leads to surface scums of the dominant bloom genera Anabaena, Aphanixomenon, and