cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What have they done to my song? Social science, social movements, and the debriefing debates *

The proximal and immediate response of psychologists and other counselors to victims of disaster, terrorism, and trauma has become a culturally expected practice and has provided an expanding niche for organizations, agencies, and practitioners. “Counselors will be on hand” has become a ubiquitous line in most any media report of tragedies great or small, and many corporations and organizations now provide immediate counseling and “debriefing” services to employees—sometimes with a mandate for all to participate. But these strategies have not proven greatly effective, and growing evidence exists that they can even complicate recovery for some. This article reviews the evolution of immediate assistance programs, the empirical evidence regarding efficacy and paradoxical outcomes, and evolving strategies showing empirical support for their efficacy and utility in programs of early assessment and intervention.
Modeling plastic deformation of post-irradiated copper micro-pillars

We present here an application of a fundamentally new theoretical framework for description of the simultaneous evolution of radiation damage and plasticity that can describe both in situ and ex situ deformation of structural materials [1]. The theory is based on the variational principle of maximum entropy production rate; with constraints on dislocation climb motion that are imposed by point defect fluxes as a result of irradiation. The developed theory is implemented in a new computational code that facilitates the simulation of irradiated and unirradiated materials alike in a consistent fashion [2]. Discrete Dislocation Dynamics (DDD) computer simulations are presented here for irradiated fcc metals that address the phenomenon of dislocation channel formation in post-irradiated copper. The focus of the simulations is on the role of micro-pillar boundaries and the statistics of dislocation pinning by stacking-fault tetrahedra (SFTs) on the onset of dislocation channel and incipient surface crack formation. The simulations show that the spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of SFTs naturally leads to localized plastic deformation and incipient surface fracture of micro-pillars.
Early electrical wire projections and implications

The biggest impact to high-performance microprocessor designs comes from the earliest design planning made up-front in the design. Of these, electrical wire planning is one of the most important. Here, designers begin by understanding the electrical impact of the width and pitch of signals and power rails as well as their inter-relationship. The features of any such pre-set global wire plan will include delay, capacitive and inductive noise, repeater instertion, electromigration, availability of wiring layers, IR drop, allowed design variability, relationship to clock distribution and several other factors. Increasingly, the relationship between each of these factors is becoming more complex and non-obvious. The power delivery network is used not only to deliver power but to shield signals and there is a tradeoff between those two requirements. Signals noise may include low probability inductive noise which is not necessarily useful. When the electrical planning is done, the result will have large implications on routability and design convergence including decap planning. Early physical wiring implication measures should ideally be included with electrical planning, but how will this be done? This talk will focus on the thinking that goes into early wire planning, including signals and power grid, which is usually subsequently fixed for the remainder of the design, and measures which may help to clarify the planning process and its impact will be suggested.
HREM Studies of Coherent and Incoherent Interfaces in ZrO2-Containing Ceramics: A Preliminary Account

Abstract HREM has been applied to the study of interfaces in various ZrO 2 -containing ceramics. In dispersion-toughened ceramics, such as ZrO 2 -toughened Al 2 O 3 , fine ZrO 2 particles can be either intra - or inter - granular. Intra granular ZrO 2 particle s form incoherent interfaces with their Al 2 O 3 hosts, and such interfaces have been imaged by HREM. The interfaces between inter -granular ZrO 2 particles and Al 2 O 3 grains are generally covered with a glassy phase, 1–3 nm in thickness, and evidence for this phase is also present in HREM images. If the ZrO 2 transforms from tetragonal to monoclinic symmetry during cooling from the fabrication temperature, it is generally twinned, and the coherent twin boundaries have also been imaged in HREM. Tetragonal precipitate colonies which occur on annealing certain ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 alloys have also been studied. Each colony consists of alternating variants which are 90° twins. HREM shows that the twin boundaries are highly coherent with a slight tilt between the variants. The “matrix” between the tetragonal colonies is shown by optical diffraction analysis of the HREM images to have tetragonal rather than cubic symmetry, indicating the occurrence of a diffusionless cubic → tetragonal transformation.
Quality of Care and Cost-Containment in Managed Mental Health: Policy, Education, Research, Advocacy

Managed mental health care cost-containment practices of risk-benefit analysis, provider usage, manipulation of supply and demand, gate keeping, medical necessity, and formulation have adversely affected quality of care. Improved mental health services are dependent upon redefining mental health problems and understanding inequities created by medicalization as means to limit access to services. This dilemma can be addressed by development of mental health policy, public education, and political advocacy. An immediate role for professional psychology is found in the creation of a research agenda that documents empirically supported interventions for specific mental health problems, mechanisms of effective and acceptable service-delivery, and identification of providers with demonstrated clinical skills, including cultural competencies.
Alterations in Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Expression in the Progression From Reflux Esophagitis to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Background Comprehensive understanding of the basic mechanisms in the progression of esophagitis, Barrett esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is urgently needed to develop a management strategy for an effective screening of BE and management of EAC. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed insight of the histology and the cellular and molecular events associated with the genesis of BE and EAC under the esophagoduodenal reflux conditions.
Familial Melanoma-Associated Mutations in p16 Uncouple its Tumor-Suppressor Functions

Familial melanoma is associated with point mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p16INK4A (p16). We recently reported that p16 regulates intracellular oxidative stress in a cell cycle–independent manner. Here we constructed 12 different familial melanoma–associated point mutants spanning the p16 coding region and analyzed their capacity to regulate cell cycle phase and suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared with wild-type p16, which fully restored both functions in p16-deficient fibroblasts, various p16 mutants differed in their capacity to normalize ROS and cell cycle profiles. Although some mutations did not impair either function, others impaired both. Interestingly, several mutations impaired cell cycle (R24Q, R99P, and V126D) or oxidative functions (A36P, A57V, and P114S) selectively, indicating that these two functions of p16 can be uncoupled. Similar activities were confirmed with selected mutants in human melanoma cells. Many mutations impairing both cell cycle and oxidative functions, or only cell cycle function, localize to the third ankyrin repeat of the p16 molecule. Alternatively, most mutations impairing oxidative but not cell cycle function, or those not impairing either function, lie outside this region. These results demonstrate that particular familial melanoma–associated mutations in p16 can selectively compromise these two independent tumor-suppressor functions, which may be mediated by distinct regions of the protein.
The effects of in vivo inactivation of GABA-transaminase and glutamic acid decarboxylase on levels of GABA in the rat retina

Gabaculine and gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) are specific enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T). gamma-Acetylenic GABA (GAG) irreversibly inhibits both GABA-T and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Subcutaneous injection of any of those compounds rapidly elevated levels of GABA in the retinae of rats. After injection of 10 mg/kg gabaculine, levels of retinal GABA climbed 5-fold in 4 h, and peaked 16 h after injection at levels approximately 7 times those from water-injected control rats. They remained significantly elevated compared to control levels for at least 6 days after injection. The postgabaculine increase in levels of retinal GABA was linear with time between 0.5 and 4 h after injection. In contrast, retinal GABA levels peaked at less than 3 times control levels within 8 h of injection of 50 mg/kg GAG and returned to baseline levels within 4 days. GAG, upon coadministration with gabaculine, significantly attenuated the postgabaculine rise in levels of GABA in retinae. Neither the rate of rise, nor the maximum levels, of retinal GABA was so great after injection of GAG plus gabaculine, compared to those after injection of gabaculine alone. The degree to which postgabaculine GABA accumulation was inhibited in the retina by 50 mg/kg GAG closely corresponded with the extent to which that dose of GAG inactivated retinal GAD activity. The results of this study extend previous reports from this laboratory that systemically administered gabaculine, GVG and GAG all inactivate target enzymes more potently in retina than in other brain regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Beyond Böhm-Bawerk: Searching for a place for relations in economic theory

Abstract Although, in the nineteenth century, Bohm-Bawerk remarked that relations as a category are distinct from goods, economists today increasingly subsume relations as a particular category of goods, both semantically and by applying methods like Contingent Valuation. This paper shows where the main distinctions between goods and relations lie. It categorizes economically relevant relations along the lines of symmetry and relevance for bystanders. The main obstacles to applying valuation techniques developed for public goods are outlined.
Realization of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox for continuous variables.

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox is demonstrated experimentally for dynamical variables having a continuous spectrum. As opposed to previous work with discrete spin or polarization variables, the continuous optical amplitudes of a signal beam are inferred in turn from those of a spatially separated but strongly correlated idler beam generated by nondegenerate parametric amplification. The uncertainty product for the variances of these inferences is observed to be 0.70±0.01, which is below the limit of unity required for the demonstration of the paradox.
The combined effects of oxygen tension, X radiation and 5-thio-D-glucose on the survival of mammalian cells

Abstract The glucose analogue 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) is toxic to hypoxic cells but does not affect aerated cells. Toxicity is markedly dependent upon oxygen tension: exposure of Chinese hamster cells to 5 mM 5-TG and 50 ppm O 2 (in the overlying atmosphere) results in a survival of 0.01 in six hours, whereas increasing the oxygen to 100 ppm causes the survival to increase to about 0.9. The combined effect of X rays and 5-TG is to reduce the survival of hypoxic cells to a level far below that attainable with either agent alone. Cells made hypoxic with 5 PPM O 2 have 0.1 survival after three hours exposure to 5 mM 5-TG. The same cells have a 0.5 survival when given a dose of 1000 rad. When the x-irradiation is given at the end of a three-hour exposure to 5-TG, the survival is reduced to 0.0055.
Release of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine from the intermediate area of rat thoracic spinal cord is modulated by presynaptic autoreceptors

Serotonin (5-HT) nerve terminals innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the intermediolateral cell column (IML); however, neither the depolarization-induced release of 5-HT nor the presence of presynaptic modulatory autoreceptors have been directly studied in this system. We used in vitro superfusion of the microdissected intermediate area (including the intermediolateral cell column, intercalated nucleus, and central autonomic nucleus) of the rat thoracic spinal cord to measure basal and stimulated release of preloaded [3H]5-HT. Elevated K+ evoked a concentration- and Ca2+ dependent release of [3H]5-HT. Exogenous 5-HT and the 5-HT1B agonist, CGS-12066B, both decreased the K+-stimulated release of [3H]5-HT. A 5-HT1B antagonist (methiothepin) blocked the 5-HT- and the CGS-12066B-induced inhibition of K+-evoked release of [3H]5-HT. A 5-HT1A antagonist (NAN-190) did not alter the inhibitory actions of exogenous 5-HT. Moreover, a 5-HT1A agonist (8-OH-DPAT), a 5-HT2A/2C agonist [(+/-)-DOI hydrochloride], and a 5-HT3 agonist (2-methyl-5-HT) did not alter the K+ evoked release of [3H]5-HT. These data demonstrate that 5-HT is released from the intermediate area of the rat thoracic spinal cord. The 5-HT receptor subtype involved in the inhibition of the evoked release of [3H]5-HT is of the 5-HT1B subtype. These findings may help clarify the complex role of 5-HT in spinal regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc1
Alternative Explanations for Procedural Effects on Magnitude-Estimation Exponents for Taste, Invoking Adaptation, Context, and Volume Effects

Taste adaptation to residual stimuli from prior tastings was considered along with context and volume effects. These factors are proposed as alternative or supplemental explanations for the differences in the magnitude-estimation exponent (slope of the log-log plot of taste intensity versus solute concentration) that have been obtained by various workers using different stimulus presentation procedures.
Stimulation of neurosecretion in shark embryos by thyroid hormones.

SummaryIn embryos of the shark, Squalus suckleyi, differentiation of hypothalamic neurosecretory system is accelerated by treatment with thyroxine, triiodothyronine or triiodothyroacetic acid. Early accumulation of stainable neurosecretory granules is stimulated in the preoptico-hypophyseal fibre tract, and in the neurohypophysis.
The Bohen Foundation: Nueva York, EE.UU.

Resumen es: La transformacion de un edificio industrial en galeria de arte ya no es novedad. Lo particular es el modo como ambos tiempos se conjugan. La estructura g...
Some Applications of Geophysical Well Logging to Basalt Hydrogeology

The application of borehole geophysics to study of basalt hydrogeology has been pursued at Washington State University for the past six years. Throughout this period much effort has been directed to redesign of commercial geophysical system components and development of expanded downhole capabilities. It has been demonstrated that composite logging techniques can be used to define the hydraulic regime of a well constructed in basalt. Certain of the logging measures, with further study, may become powerful tools for identifying anomalous conditions associated with pollutant dispersion in an aquifer. Positive correlations of basalt with the logging methods have not yet been made over distances greater than 20 miles. However, as improved logging density permits intermediate points of correlation to be established, further extensions are anticipated. Both major and minor log features of the basalts display varying degrees of lateral persistence. Because driller's logs are generally inadequate in describing subtleties of basalt geology, subsurface correlations are best made with geophysical logs. In areas with extensive surficial cover, the geophysical methods may prove to be a very practical method of determining basalt stratigraphy. Geophysical well logging offers to agencies charged with ground-water management many opportunities for gaining new knowledge which have been largely neglected.
The hot corrosion resistance of 20 mol% YTaO4 stabilized tetragonal zirconia and 14 mol% Ta2O5 stabilized orthorhombic zirconia for thermal barrier coating applications

Abstract Zirconia stabilized with 3.2–4.2 mol% (6–8 wt.%) yttria (3–4YSZ), the current material of choice for thermal barrier coating applications, is susceptible to hot corrosion by acidic oxides such as vanadia in the 700–900 °C range. The current study is a preliminary examination of the hot corrosion resistance to NaVO3–V2O5 mixtures in the above temperature range of two alternative materials: a tetragonal zirconia co-doped with 10 mol% yttria+10 mol% tantala (20YTaO4Z) and an orthorhombic zirconia doped with 14 mol% tantala (14TZ). Results show that the 20YTaO4SZ is resistant to destabilization by NaVO3, but is attacked at higher V2O5 activities, resulting in the formation of YVO4 and orthorhombic zirconia. Studies on the 14TZ itself then indicated that it is substantially more resistant than the YSZ to attack by environments more acidic (specifically V2O5 rich) than pure NaVO3. However, it is less suitable than either 20YTaO4SZ or 3–4YSZ for environments that are more basic. A comparison of the resistance of the 14TZ, the 3–4YSZ and the 20YTaO4Z shows that the 20YTaO4SZ is more resistant to acidic oxides than the YSZ and more resistant to the basic oxides than the 14TZ.
Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination: Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Jordan

Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination: Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Jordan. Andrew Shryock. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. xi. 359 pp., Illustrations, appendixes, bibliography, index.
Neighborhood effects in bird distributions, Navarre, Spain

This study examines the role of neighborhood effects in the spatial distributions of selected bird species in Navarre, Spain. We employed a geographic information system (GIS) to organize the data on bird distributions and relevant environmental variables and to analyze their spatial patterns. Three bird species were selected for analysis: the European honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), and the European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Selected environmental variables of the study area were digitized to create a comprehensive data base and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the significance of each variable in the spatial distribution. The spatial patterns of bird distributions were used to extract topological relationships and to identify neighborhood effects. Although all the selected species illustrate a pattern of positive spatial autocorrelation in their distributions, the significance of neighborhood effects varies from species to species. Among the selected species, neighborhood effects are most evident in the distribution of the European pied flycatcher and are significant for the Eurasian hobby. The distribution of the European honey-buzzard is not much affected by neighborhood effects. The results suggest that examination of neighborhood effects is a prerequisite for modeling bird distributions.
Preferential Utilization of Imp7/8 in Nuclear Import of Smads

Trafficking of Smad proteins between the cytoplasm and nucleus is a critical component of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signal transduction. Smad4 translocates into the nucleus either in response to TGF-β stimulation or when its nuclear export is blocked by leptomycin B (LMB). We demonstrate that both TGF-β-induced and basal state spontaneous nuclear import of Smad4 require importin 7 and 8 (Imp7,8). Our data suggest that in the nuclear import of Smad4, the role of Imp8 is irreplaceable by Imp7, and that Smads preferentially bind Imp8. Interestingly, in contrast to its mammalian counterpart Smad4, Drosophila Medea appears to utilize different mechanisms for TGF-β-induced or basal state nuclear accumulation, with the latter independent of Msk (Drosophila Imp7/8) function. In addition, overexpression of Imp8 alone was sufficient to cause an increased concentration of Smad1, 3 and 4 in the nucleus, but had very limited effects on Smad2. These observations suggest selective involvement of Imp8/Msk in nuclear import of different Smads under different conditions.
News from the NIH: Diversity, disparities, and disabilities research

The National Institutes of Health continues to evolve in its efforts to recognize and ameliorate negative health consequences associated with issues of diversity, disparities, and disabilities. This includes the creation of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 1962 to investigate human development across the lifespan and to focus on understanding developmental disabilities. Although the NICHD was later renamed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, its continuing mission is to ensure that every person is born healthy and wanted, that women suffer no harmful effects from reproductive processes, and that all children have the chance to achieve their full potential for healthy and productive lives, free from disability, and to ensure the health, productivity, independence, and well-being of all people through optimal rehabilitation (http://www.nichd.nih.gov/Pages/index.aspx). To accomplish its broad mission, the NICHD conducts and supports laboratory research, descriptive studies, clinical trials, and epidemiological studies that explore health processes, the impact of diseases, diversity, disparities, and disabilities on the lives of individuals. Translational research is encouraged to disseminate effective preventive interventions and treatments designed to improve the lives of those experiencing disease, disability, or health disparity. The National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR) http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/org/ncmrr/Pages/overview.aspx, logistically situated within the NICHD, functions to foster development of scientific knowledge necessary to enhance the health, productivity, and quality of life of people with physical disabilities. The NCMRR has research interests in numerous topics related to rehabilitation including the following: pathophysiology and management of chronically injured nervous and musculoskeletal systems; repair and recovery of motor and cognitive function; rehabilitative interventions and strategies; secondary conditions associated with chronic disabilities; improved diagnosis, assessment, and outcome measures; and development of assistive technologies and devices. This focus on research involving physical disabilities complements the NICHD’s interests in identifying and promoting the prerequisites of optimal physical, mental, and behavioral growth and development through infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and in preventing and treating intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Voluntary seat belt use among U.S. drivers: geographic, socioeconomic and demographic variation.

Although voluntary seat belt use rates are low, they are not uniform among different populations of U.S. drivers. In detailed analyses of 1982 data from 12 of the 19 cities in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's national seat belt survey and from three of the National Accident Sampling System regions, belt use rates varied greatly by geographic region, socioeconomic status and demographic group. These factors also moderated the effects of other factors such as car size and origin of manufacture. Nevertheless, all together, the factors included in the study explained less than 5% of the variation in voluntary seat belt use, and no subpopulation was identified in which seat belts were used by a majority of the members.
Learning from Nature

The tradition of biologically inspired computing extends back more than half a century to the original musings of Alan Turing about artificial intelligence and John von Neumann's early work on self-replicating cellular automata in the 1940s. Since then, computer scientists have frequently turned to biological processes for inspiration. Indeed, the names of major subfields of computer science—such as artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and evolutionary computation—attest to the influence of biological analogies.
Oxidative azavinylidene formation in the reaction of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran with osmium nitride complexes.

The cationic osmium nitrido complexes cis- and trans-[(terpy)OsNCl2]PF6 react with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran at room temperature to form azavinylidene complexes by oxidative ring opening of the isobenzofuran. The reaction involves tandem electrophilic and nucleophilic reactivity at the nitrogen atom of the metal nitride.
Designing win-win financial loan products for consumers and businesses

With the many possible designs that a financial company can offer to a consumer (eg terms, price, quality, features), a company can identify win-win products for both the consumer and the company. A key to identifying win-win products is to explicitly integrate the consumer's preferences for price and quality with the company's preferences for profit and market share. This paper builds a model that identifies the set of win-win products by integrating the preferences of buyer and seller. For any product not in this set, there is at least one product in the set that is better for both buyer and seller. The company's preferences are then used to select the optimal offer from the win-win set. Our development logically derives the results by focusing on financial products (eg loans, mortgages, credit cards) to consumers in the multitrillion dollar retail credit business.
Intravascular Ultrasonic Analysis of Plaque Characteristics Associated With Coronary Artery Remodeling

We sought to determine the patient and plaque characteristics associated with the different forms of arterial remodeling as seen by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) before coronary intervention. Remodeling in response to plaque accumulation may occur in the form of compensatory enlargement and/or focal vessel contraction. Previous studies report variation in the frequency and form of arterial remodeling. We performed preintervention IVUS imaging on 169 patients. Vessels were categorized as exhibiting compensatory enlargement or focal contraction if the arterial area at the lesion was larger or smaller, respectively, than both proximal and distal reference arterial areas; otherwise the artery was considered not to have undergone significant remodeling. Calcification was assessed and noncalcified plaque density was measured by videodensitometry. Sixty-one of 169 patients (66 narrowings) (46 men and 15 women, age 56+/-11 years) had adequate reference segments. Remodeling occurred in 43 of 66 patients (65%): compensatory enlargement in 27 of 66 (41%) and focal contraction in 16 of 66 (24%). Lesions with focal contraction had significantly smaller arterial area (13.3+/-3.3 vs. 18.1+/-7.0 mm2, p = 0.02) and plaque area (9.5+/-2.8 vs 13.7+/-5.5 mm2, p<0.01). Cross-sectional stenosis was similar (71+/-9% vs. 75+/-10%, p = NS), as was plaque density (p = 0.20), eccentricity, and calcium. Patient age, gender, and lesion location were not related to the form of remodeling. Similarly, history of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, or hypertension was not predictive. Smoking was the only risk factor associated with focal contraction (p<0.01). Thus, whereas compensatory enlargement appears to be the most common form of coronary artery remodeling, focal contraction occurs more often in smokers.
Simultaneous immunohistochemical expression of HBME-1 and galectin-3 differentiates papillary carcinomas from hyperfunctioning lesions of the thyroid

Aims : The histological diagnosis is critical for the postsurgical management and follow-up of thyroid malignancies. The differential diagnosis between papillary carcinoma and hyperfunctioning lesions, either with papillary hyperplasia or with a follicular architecture, can create real diagnostic difficulty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of several antibodies considered to be markers of malignancy in malignant and hyperfunctioning thyroid neoplasms and to include the most effective of them in a diagnostic panel. Methods and results : One hundred resected thyroid nodules—58 hyperfunctioning benign lesions and 42 papillary carcinomas (14 follicular variant, 14 macrofollicular variant and 14 classic type)—were immunohistochemically studied for HBME-1, galectin-3, cytokeratin (CK) 19 and RET-proto-oncogene. HBME-1 and galectin-3 showed 92.8% and 89% sensitivity, respectively, and their coexpression was present in 36 out of 42 papillary carcinomas (85.7%) and absent in non-malignant lesions. Their association increased sensitivity to 94.7% and the diagnostic accuracy to 97.9% and involved the highest number of cases (95%) in comparison with two other panels including, respectively, three (HBME-1, galectin-3, CK19) and all four antibodies. Conclusion : An immunohistochemical panel consisting of HBME-1 and galectin-3 can make a correct distinction between malignant and hyperfunctioning thyroid neoplasms with high diagnostic accuracy.
Early versus late hospital arrival for acute myocardial infarction in the western Washington thrombolytic therapy trials

In the 3 Western Washington thrombolytic therapy trials, 54.9% of patients with acute myocardial infarction arrived at the hospital within 2 hours of symptom onset. These early arrivers were younger and more likely to be hypotensive and in cardiogenic shock than were patients arriving later. There were decreases in the time from symptom onset to hospital arrival (p = 0.0002) and in the time from hospital arrival to institution of thrombolytic therapy (p <0.0001) in the 8 hospitals that participated in both the Western Washington intravenous streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator trials from 1983 to 1988. For those patients receiving thrombolysis, early arrival was associated with increased survival (p = 0.031) after adjustment by Cox regression analysis for important clinical predictors of long-term survival. These covariates included pulmonary edema, anterior wall acute myocardial infarction, hypotension and absence of chest pain at hospital arrival. Reductions in barriers to timely administration of thrombolytic therapy can be achieved and can result in improved survival.
A Simple and Efficient Method for Isolating Trichomes for Downstream Analyses

Arabidopsis trichomes are an excellent cell type to address many questions in plant biology including the control of cell shape, endoreplication, and cell expansion. Because trichomes comprise such a small percentage of the cells of a leaf, biochemical analyses of trichomes are limited. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method for removing trichomes from the leaf surface. Our method allows the isolation of intact trichomes for use in downstream applications such as cell wall analysis, immunolocalization of trichome proteins, analysis of DNA content, and proteomics. Also, this method will facilitate the isolation of trichomes from practically any plant species.
Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles

Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Carmen Silva–Corvalan. Oxiord Studies in Language Contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. 255 pp.
TEMPORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPIC VARIATION WITHIN THE FALLING CREEK (GEORGIA) WATERSHED: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW

An extensive set (n ≈ 100) of environmental tritium (3H) data was acquired from the forested 187 km2 Falling Creek watershed in the southeastern Piedmont Province of Georgia (USA). Time-series analyses of major ion concentrations and δ18O ratios were utilized in conjunction with the 3H results to interpret probable source area contributions to streamflow and the timing of water storage in the shallow subsurface. δ18O values within baseflow varied seasonally (−5.8‰ < δ18O < −3.5‰), consistent with well-established major-ion geochemical trends. Seasonal 3H variation in streamflow and ground water was not systematic. The average 3H concentrations in baseflow (18.4 TU (Tritium Units)) and storm runoff (16.9 TU) were significantly less than ground water sampled from an upslope site (approximately 30 TU). The relatively high degree of isotopic variation and the prominent difference between 3H concentrations in baseflow and ground water indicate that much of the annual discharge is generated from the transient saturation and slow release of ground water from a source in the near-stream zone. Results of a statistical model based upon decay-corrected 3H input concentrations indicate that the mean age of the ground water is between 20 and 40 years and that most of the ground water released as baseflow has been stored for at least one or two decades. Another mixing model, based upon the comparison of observed and computed coefficients of variation for 3H and δ18O, indicated that ‘event’ water (precipitation from a given storm) probably makes up less than 10% of the shallow subsurface storm runoff from seeps that emerge from the vadose zone following storms.
Leveraging broadband access for true on-demand delivery of Internet videos

We consider in this paper how the increasingly popular broadband access can be leveraged for scalable and cost-effective video service. Although much work has been done for such service, the existing techniques either are not designed for on-demand video delivery, or do not take into account the vastly improved client receiving capability. In this paper, we address this problem and develop three novel video delivery techniques with two ultimate goals: minimizing service latency and maximize data sharing. With the new techniques, a client can be served as soon as server resource becomes available and meanwhile, all its receiving bandwidth can be used for data receiving. In particular, in the proposed dynamic scheduling algorithm, the efficiency of data sharing is further improved by also exploring server bandwidth for early delivery of video segments. This innovation is contradicted to the intuition that each video segment should be delivered as late as possible in order to maximize data sharing. We evaluate the performance of our new techniques using simulation and our study convincingly shows that with the new schemes, zero service latency can indeed be achieved with very minimal system resource.
Evidence of Natural Selection Acting on a Polymorphic Hybrid Incompatibility Locus in Mimulus

As a common cause of reproductive isolation in diverse taxa, hybrid incompatibilities are fundamentally important to speciation. A key question is which evolutionary forces drive the initial substitutions within species that lead to hybrid dysfunction. Previously, we discovered a simple genetic incompatibility that causes nearly complete male sterility and partial female sterility in hybrids between the two closely related yellow monkeyflower species Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus. In this report, we fine map the two major incompatibility loci—hybrid male sterility 1 (hms1) and hybrid male sterility 2 (hms2)—to small nuclear genomic regions (each <70 kb) that include strong candidate genes. With this improved genetic resolution, we also investigate the evolutionary dynamics of hms1 in a natural population of M. guttatus known to be polymorphic at this locus. Using classical genetic crosses and population genomics, we show that a 320-kb region containing the hms1 incompatibility allele has risen to intermediate frequency in this population by strong natural selection. This finding provides direct evidence that natural selection within plant species can lead to hybrid dysfunction between species.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pure Barium Ferrite Prepared by a Glycine - Metal Nitrate Combustion Method

A combustion-synthesis method [Chick et al ., Materials Letters 10, 6 (1990)] has been adapted for the efficient preparation of pure barium ferrite particles, BaFe 12 O1 9 . Solutions of Ba(NO 3 ) 2 and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 · 9H 2 O were mixed in stoichiometric amounts and glycine (aminoacetic acid) was then added according to the desired glycine / nitrate ratio. The solution was heated to around 200°C, when combustion occured, yielding a highly magnetic ash, which XRD suggests consists of extremely fine-grained γ-Fe 2 O 3 and Ba 3 Fe 2 O 6 . Subsequent heat-treatments of 1050°C for 1.5 hr or 1200°C for 1 hr converted the ash to pure barium ferrite, as determined by XRD and Mdssbauer spectroscopy. Single-crystal platelets of barium ferrite, identified by SEM, varied dramatically in size with heat-treatment (diameter ∼0.2 pm and 6 μm, respectively), as did coercivity, measured by VSM (∼5000 Oe and 2500 Oe, resp.), while magnetization was unaffected.
Studies on diabetic retinopathy. II. Retinopathy and nephropathy in spontaneous canine diabetes.

Retinal and renal observations on dogs with spontaneous diabetes mellitus are presented. Retinal vessels were prepared by the trypsin digestion, flat retinal technic and examined by light microscopy. Kidneys were examined by light and electron microscopy. Nondiabetic dogs of comparable ages served as controls. Retinal vessels in some diabetic subjects showed mural pericyte degeneration with “ghost” formation and zones of focal acellularity surrounded by aneurysms or hypercellular capillary shunts. These changes were indistinguishable from those observed in human diabetic retinas prepared by the same technic. Kidneys of the diabetic dogs showed a significantly greater incidence and severity of diffuse glomerulosclerosis and thickening of the basement membrane of the peripheral glomerular capillary loops than was found in the controls. Nodular glomerular lesions of Kimmelstiel and Wilson were not observed. Cataracts were noted in all diabetic animals with diabetes known to be six months in duration or longer but were rare in the controls. The pancreas was either described grossly by the contributing veterinarian or submitted for histologic examination in eight of the diabetic dogs. Five of these suggested possible pancreatitis and their diabetes may be secondary to pancreatic disease. The remaining three dogs with no evidence of pancreatitis are considered as primary (possibly hereditary) diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy and prominent diffuse glomerulosclerosis occurred in diabetic dogs with and without evidence of pancreatitis.
Semi-autonomous Servers in Wireless Cellular Networks

An innovative framework for the management of server services at various sites across a communication network is presented. It consists of a better organization of queries' plan and data allocation to server, considering the group and query mobility along with the dependency of servers. Nowadays servers' ability to work semi autonomously, in regards to the decision of the appropriate query plan and the provision of the effective data location, plays a significant role to the query and network performance. Our objective is to minimize the communication and execution cost of the query plan for the dependent servers (when the query can not be completed in the starting servers) servers having query and group mobility. Data Mining methods are applied to reduce the dependent servers' external queries. A set of direct executing methods for starting the query server enforces the semi-autonomous server process. Simulation results are provided.
A Second GDP-l-galactose Phosphorylase in Arabidopsis en Route to Vitamin C COVALENT INTERMEDIATE AND SUBSTRATE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSERVED REACTION

The Arabidopsis thaliana VTC2 gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GDP-l-galactose to l-galactose 1-phosphate in the first committed step of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway to plant vitamin C synthesis. Mutations in VTC2 had previously been found to lead to only partial vitamin C deficiency. Here we show that the Arabidopsis gene At5g55120 encodes an enzyme with high sequence identity to VTC2. Designated VTC5, this enzyme displays substrate specificity and enzymatic properties that are remarkably similar to those of VTC2, suggesting that it may be responsible for residual vitamin C synthesis in vtc2 mutants. The exact nature of the reaction catalyzed by VTC2/VTC5 is controversial because of reports that kiwifruit and Arabidopsis VTC2 utilize hexose 1-phosphates as phosphorolytic acceptor substrates. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and a VTC2-H238N mutant, we provide evidence that the reaction proceeds through a covalent guanylylated histidine residue within the histidine triad motif. Moreover, we show that both the Arabidopsis VTC2 and VTC5 enzymes catalyze simple phosphorolysis of the guanylylated enzyme, forming GDP and l-galactose 1-phosphate from GDP-l-galactose and phosphate, with poor reactivity of hexose 1-phosphates as phosphorolytic acceptors. Indeed, the endogenous activities from Japanese mustard spinach, lemon, and spinach have the same substrate requirements. These results show that Arabidopsis VTC2 and VTC5 proteins and their homologs in other plants are enzymes that guanylylate a conserved active site His residue with GDP-l-galactose, forming l-galactose 1-phosphate for vitamin C synthesis, and regenerate the enzyme with phosphate to form GDP.
Information technology from novice to expert: implementation implications.

Aims This paper explores how the Novice-to-Expert Nursing Practice framework can illuminate the challenges of and opportunities in implementing information technology (IT), such as clinical decision support systems (CDSS), in nursing practice. Background IT implementation in health care is increasing; however, substantial costs and risks remain associated with these projects. Evaluation The theoretical framework of Novice-to-Expert Nursing Practice was applied to current design and implementation literature for CDSS. Key issues Organizational policies and CDSS design affect implementation and user adoption. Conclusions Nursing CDSS can improve the overall quality of care when designed for the appropriate end-user group and based on a knowledge base reflecting nursing expertise. Implications for nursing management Nurse administrators can positively influence CDSS function and end-user acceptance by participating in and facilitating staff nurse involvement in IT design, planning and implementation. Specific steps for nurse administrators and managers are included in this paper.
Selective conversion of furfural to methylfuran over silica-supported NiFe bimetallic catalysts

Abstract The conversion of furfural in H 2 over SiO 2 -supported Ni and Ni Fe bimetallic catalysts has been investigated at 1 bar in the 210–250 °C temperature range. Over the monometallic Ni catalyst, furfuryl alcohol and furan are primary products resulting from hydrogenation and decarbonylation, respectively. These primary products are further converted in secondary reactions. Furan yields C 4 products (butanal, butanol, and butane) via ring opening, while furfuryl alcohol produces 2-methylfuran via C O hydrogenolysis. By contrast, 2-methylfuran is not produced to a great extent on pure Ni at any level of overall conversion. But, on Fe Ni bimetallic catalysts, the yield of 2-methylfuran greatly increases while the yields of furan and C 4 products decrease. That is, the addition of Fe suppresses the decarbonylation activity of Ni while promoting the C O hydrogenation (at low temperatures) and the C O hydrogenolysis (at high temperatures). DFT analysis of the possible surface species on the mono- and bimetallic surfaces suggests that the differences in selectivity displayed by these catalysts can be attributed to the stability of the η 2 -(C,O) surface species, which is higher on the Ni Fe than on pure Ni. As a result, this η 2 -(C,O) species can be readily hydrogenated to furfuryl alcohol and subsequently hydrogenolyzed to 2-methylfuran on the bimetallic alloy due to a strong interaction between the carbonyl O and the oxyphilic Fe atoms. Without Fe, on the pure Ni surface, the η 2 -(C,O) species can be converted into a surface acyl species, which can be decomposed to produce furan and CO. Detailed XRD and TPR characterization indicate the formation of Fe Ni alloys in all the bimetallic catalysts.
Appendix B—investigations of underground‐water problems in California, New Mexico, and Oregon

Investigations by the California Department of Public Works, Division of Water Resources (based on written communication from Harold Conkling, Deputy State Engineer)—the Division of Water Resources, California Department of Public Works, has in the past year conducted investigations of ground-water problems in the great central valley of the State (California Trough); in the Salinas and Santa Clara Valleys of the central part of the State; also in the South Coastal Basin and in Ventura County, in southern California. In these investigations the Bureau of Agricultural Engineering of the United States Department of Agriculture, the Geological Survey of the United States Department of the Interior, and many local agencies have cooperated. In large part, the activities of the past year are continuations of investigations summarized in an earlier statement (A. M. Piper, Investigations of underground-water problems in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Oregon, National Research Council, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 13th annual meeting, 308–309, 1932). Progress in 1932–35 is summarized in the following paragraphs.
Growing at Work: Employees' Interpretations of Progressive Self-Change in Organizations

We develop theory about how growing at work is an interpretive accomplishment in which individuals sense that they are making progressive self-change. Through a study of how employees interpret themselves as growing at three organizations, we develop a theoretical account of how employees draw from contextual and personal resources to interpret their growing in ways that embed their idiosyncratic experiences within an organization. The data suggest that employees develop three different types of growing self-construals: achieving, learning, and helping. We use our data to ground theory that explains the development of growing self-construals as deeply embedded in organizations. At the same time, we suggest that growing self-construals reflect individual agency through how individuals work with available resources to weave interpretations of themselves into their growing self-construals. We further suggest that growing self-construals influence the actions employees take to support a sense of progressive self-change.
The Effect of a Threshold Electrical Stimulus upon the Repolarization Process of the Left Ventricle of the Intact Dog Heart

A threshold stimulus applied either at apex or base of the intact dog ventricle at any depth of the myocardium produces a delay in repolarization during the following three to four normal beats, in an area equivalent to the size of the proximal zone of the precordial lead. This change in repolarization is not caused by postextrasystolic distension of the ventricle. The question is discussed whether a threshold stimulus initiates a propagated disturbance from the point of the electrodes or the larger area whose repolarization is altered.
No release for the wicked: enemy release is dynamic and not associated with invasiveness

The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species will receive less damage from enemies, compared to co-occurring native and noninvasive exotic species in their introduced range. However, release operating early in invasion could be lost over time and with increased range size as introduced species acquire new enemies. We used three years of data, from 61 plant species planted into common gardens, to determine whether (1) invasive, noninvasive exotic, and native species experience differential damage from insect herbivores. and mammalian browsers, and (2) enemy release is lost with increased residence time and geographic spread in the introduced range. We find no evidence suggesting enemy release is a general mechanism contributing to invasiveness in this region. Invasive species received the most insect herbivory, and damage increased with longer residence times and larger range sizes at three spatial scales. Our results show that invasive and exotic species fail to escape enemies, particularly over longer temporal and larger spatial scales.