cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for Lean Stability Strategies

The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) has provided practical guidance on the amount and type of stability data needed to support marketing applications (International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q1A(R2), 2003; International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q1C, 1996; International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q7A, 2001). Additional guidance has been issued by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009). Recent scientific advances and practices have resulted in improved scientific understanding of the chemical and physical attributes that contribute directly or indirectly to drug substance and drug product stability. Combining this improved understanding with the science- and risk-based approaches detailed in ICH Q8–Q11 allow for alternative and more scientifically driven approaches to meet the scientific and regulatory objectives for drug substance and drug product stability (International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q8(R2), 2009; International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q9, 2005; International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q10, 2008; International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q11, 2012). This paper follows and expands on the concept and application of the lean stability strategies that were introduced for drug substance (Colgan et al., J Pharm Innov 7:205–213, 2012). Herein, proposals are presented to more fully leverage enhanced product knowledge to design and prosecute improved stability strategies throughout the developmental lifecycle. The chemical and physical attributes that could impact stability and the tools that can be leveraged in pursuit of optimized stability strategies are discussed. Dove-tailing these stability strategies into regulatory filings for products with extensive product knowledge and the reception of these strategies by regulatory authorities in both major and emerging markets are summarized.
Intravenous diazoxide in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Twenty-six patients with hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis were treated by the rapid intravenous infusion of diazoxide. The average pretreatment systolic pressure was 159 mm Hg. Five minutes after administration, the average systolic pressure ws 122 mm Hg (a 23% reduction). The average initial diastolic pressure was 104 mm Hg, which fell 5 minutes after diazoxide injection to 71 mm Hg (a 32% reduction). No hypotensive episodes were noted. Occasional episodes of nausea occurred. Concentrations of blood glucose increased after administration of diazoxide; however, no values were above 155 mg/dl. Diazoxide appears to be safe antihypertensive drug that is effective in the treatment of hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Structure and barrier to methyl group internal rotation for (CF3)2CFCF2OCH3 and its isomer n-C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100).

The hydrofluoroether C4F9OCH3 (methoxynonafluorobutane, HFE-7100) has been studied by chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy as vapor from the liquid participates in a supersonic ex...
Compositional variation and precipitate structures of copper–beryllium single crystals grown by the Bridgman technique

Abstract The Bridgman technique was used to produce Cu–1.8 wt% Be single crystals. The growth methodology is presented and optimal growth conditions for the production of CuBe single crystals utilizing the Bridgman technique were determined. The influence of material purity, the temperature profile, and the translation rate on the crystal growth process are discussed. The as-grown single-crystal material produced was investigated with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and spectrometry techniques. Segregation of impurities and alloying elements occurred as a consequence of recrystallization and resulted in a variation of composition over the length of the single crystals grown. The compositional variation was characterized for crystals that underwent single and double solidification passes. Structures occurring at multiple length scales were documented throughout the single crystal material. Precipitate structures consisting of β- and γ-phases in a Cu-rich α-matrix were identified. Structures aligned with the {1 0 0} planes of the parent phase were also observed.
Control of the selectivity of the aquaporin water channel family by global orientational tuning.

Aquaporins are transmembrane channels found in cell membranes of all life forms. We examine their apparently paradoxical property, facilitation of efficient permeation of water while excluding protons, which is of critical importance to preserving the electrochemical potential across the cell membrane. We have determined the structure of the Escherichia coliaquaglyceroporin GlpF with bound water, in native (2.7 angstroms) and in W48F/F200T mutant (2.1 angstroms) forms, and carried out 12-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations that define the spatial and temporal probability distribution and orientation of a single file of seven to nine water molecules inside the channel. Two conserved asparagines force a central water molecule to serve strictly as a hydrogen bond donor to its neighboring water molecules. Assisted by the electrostatic potential generated by two half-membrane spanning loops, this dictates opposite orientations of water molecules in the two halves of the channel, and thus prevents the formation of a “proton wire,” while permitting rapid water diffusion. Both simulations and observations revealed a more regular distribution of channel water and an increased water permeability for the W48F/F200T mutant.
HD Photo: a new image coding technology for digital photography

This paper introduces the HD Photo coding technology developed by Microsoft Corporation. The storage format for this technology is now under consideration in the ITU-T/ISO/IEC JPEG committee as a candidate for standardization under the name JPEG XR. The technology was developed to address end-to-end digital imaging application requirements, particularly including the needs of digital photography. HD Photo includes features such as good compression capability, high dynamic range support, high image quality capability, lossless coding support, full-format 4:4:4 color sampling, simple thumbnail extraction, embedded bitstream scalability of resolution and fidelity, and degradation-free compressed domain support of key manipulations such as cropping, flipping and rotation. HD Photo has been designed to optimize image quality and compression efficiency while also enabling low-complexity encoding and decoding implementations. To ensure low complexity for implementations, the design features have been incorporated in a way that not only minimizes the computational requirements of the individual components (including consideration of such aspects as memory footprint, cache effects, and parallelization opportunities) but results in a self-consistent design that maximizes the commonality of functional processing components.
Variety of β-Lactamases Produced by Amoxicillin-Clavulanate-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated in the Northeastern United States

This study analyzed the enzymatic basis and molecular epidemiology of amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant Escherichia coli isolated by the microbiology laboratory of a United States tertiary care hospital. From October 1998 to December 1999, all E. coli isolates were screened for ampicillin-sulbactam resistance. Of 283 isolates that tested resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, 69 unique patient isolates were also resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate by disk diffusion testing (zone diameter ≤ 13 mm). These amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant E. coli isolates underwent agar dilution testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR analysis, and isoelectric focusing. The mean age of study patients was 52 years; 78% were female. Among the isolates, 12 were nosocomial (rate of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance = 4.7%) and 57 were community acquired (rate of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance = 2.8%). No predominant strain was identified. By agar dilution testing, 67 isolates were nonsusceptible (39 resistant and 28 intermediate) to amoxicillin-clavulanate and 37 were piperacillin-tazobactam resistant but only 8 were ceftazidime resistant (ceftazidime MIC ≥ 32 μg/ml). Two isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid by agar dilution, although they were resistant by disk diffusion testing. The distribution of β-lactamases was as follows: the TEM type alone was found in 52 isolates, the AmpC type was found in 4 isolates (2 identified as containing CMY-2), the TEM type and CMY-2 were found in 2 isolates, and the OXA type was found in 1 isolate. Also, there was one isolate with the TEM type and the SHV type and one with the TEM type and a second, unidentified enzyme. Among the isolates with TEM-type enzymes, two extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates were identified but two isolates with inhibitor-resistant TEM (IRT) enzymes (one with TEM-34 [IRT-6] and the other with a novel enzyme [tentatively assigned the designation TEM-122]) were more interesting.
Food Preference of Pyroglyphid House-Dust Mites (Acari)

Ten different rearing media were tested on the house dust inhabiting pyroglyphid mites: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. microceras, D. farinae, D. chelidonis and Euroglyphus maynei. In general dried Daphnia, human skin scales/yeast powder and wheat germ flakes/yeast powder were most succesful. The results create new possibilities for the study of comparative biology and for the investigation of pyroglyphid mites- house dust allergen(s) relationships.
Transapical myectomy for severe mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

An 83-year-old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was referred with progressive exertional dyspnoea. She had marked apical and mid-ventricular hypertrophy with mid-ventricular obstruction and a small apical aneurysm ( Panels A1–3 , Supplementary material online, Video S1 ). Doppler echocardiography through the left ventricle ( Panel B1 ) identified an early peak systolic gradient of 36 mmHg ( Panel B1 …
Patient and physician perceptions after software‐assisted hospital discharge: Cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Hospital discharge software potentially improves communication and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To measure patient and physician perceptions after discharge with computerized physician order entry (CPOE) software. DESIGN: Cluster randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Tertiary care, teaching hospital in central Illinois. PATIENTS: A total of 631 inpatients discharged to home with high risk for readmission. INTERVENTION: A total of 70 internal medicine hospital physicians randomly assigned (allocation concealed) to discharge software vs. usual care, handwritten discharge. MEASUREMENTS: Discharge perceptions from patients, outpatient primary care physicians, and hospital physicians. RESULTS: One week after discharge, 92.4% (583/631) of patients answered interviews. For 78.6% (496/631) of patients, their outpatient physicians returned questionnaires 19 days (median) postdischarge. Generalized estimating equations gave intervention variable coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). When comparing patients assigned to discharge software vs. usual care, patient mean (standard deviation [SD]) scores for discharge preparedness were higher (17.7 [4.1] vs. 17.2 [4.0]; coefficient = 0.147; 95% CI = 0.005-0.289; P = 0.042), patient scores for satisfaction with medication information were unchanged (12.3 [4.8] vs. 12.1 [4.6]; coefficient = −0.212; 95% CI = −0.937-0.513; P = 0.567), and their outpatient physicians scored higher quality discharge (17.2 [3.8] vs. 16.5 [3.9]; coefficient = 0.133; 95% CI = 0.015-0.251; P = 0.027). Hospital physicians found mean effort to use discharge software was more difficult than the usual care (6.5 [1.9] vs. 7.9 [2.1]; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Discharge software with CPOE caused small improvements in discharge perceptions by patients and their outpatient physicians. These small improvements might balance the difficulty perceived by hospital physicians who used discharge software. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:356–363. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Identification of a Prg4-expressing articular cartilage progenitor cell population in mice.

Objective We generated knock-in mice that express a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase from the Prg4 locus (Prg4GFPCreERt2), and used these animals to fate-map the progeny of Prg4-positive articular cartilage cells at various ages.
Structuring large real-time systems with performance polymorphism

Sophisticated and flexible real-time systems may use several versions of a program fragment that performs a particular computation. These versions differ only in their performance parameters, such as the time required, the resources consumed, and the precision of the results. A model is presented of performance polymorphism, whereby the process of selecting a version from the available set is automated. The binding problem for this new model of polymorphism and the problem of allocating resources among computations that all support performance polymorphisms are discussed. >
Dumping and Antidumping in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of Key Issues

This paper takes a comprehensive look at the issues of dumping and antidumping in the U.S. It discusses key reasons for dumping, sheds light on why domestic firms would file an antidumping suit, traces the evolution of the U.S. antidumping law, assesses the administration of the law, and examines the overall effects of the law on the economy.
The diagnostic accuracy of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries

Eighty-five patients with knee injuries were included in a 4 month retrospective study that compared the rela tive accuracy of the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test. All examinations were performed under anesthesia and followed by arthros copy, which confirmed 22 injuries. Of all ACL injuries occurring within 2 weeks of arthroscopy (N = 9), the pivot shift test was the most sensitive (88.8%), followed by the Lachman test with a 77.7% sensitivity. The anterior drawer sign was the least sensitive at 22.2%. All had specificities more than 95%. For all injuries of more than 2 weeks (N = 13), the Lachman and pivot shift tests were 84.6% sensitive, while the anterior drawer sign increased to a sensitivity of 53.8%. Again, all were specific to more than 95%. For all ACL injuries, irrespective of age, the Lachman test was 81.8% sen sitive and 96.8% specific; the anterior drawer sign was 40.9% sensitive and 95.2% specific; and the pivot shift was 81.8% sensitive and 98.4% specific. T...
Concerns for Self or Family? Sources of and Responses to Altruistic Fear

While the vast majority of research on the causes and consequences of fear of crime has been focused on personal fears, Warr and Ellison have suggested that fears for one’s family are both more common and more important in explaining protective actions like gun ownership. The present work not only provides new evidence supporting these findings but also expands our understanding of altruistic fears in two important directions: by exploring the potential sources of such fears in exposure to crime and by exploring new potential responses to such fears, including residential mobility decisions. The results suggest that altruistic fears are rooted in personal experiences with victimization and personal evaluations of the local danger posed by crime—though the ways that people react to victimizations depend on their opportunities for personal versus altruistic fears. In turn, altruistic fears are associated with taking protective measures, withdrawing from local organizational participation, and the desire and...
Telemetry: enhancing tactical network management

A prototype was developed to process telemetry messages from tactical transmission assemblages in a digital group multiplexer (DGM) network and present status information to the nodal network manager. A data orderwire (DOW) system continuously forwards telemetry data from each DGM assemblage within the network. The DOW system is readily available for use, yet there is no capability at an Army tactical communications node to monitor the telemetry data within the DOW. Telemetry messages contain status information, including subcomponent alarms, for each DGM assemblage in the transmission network. This paper details the design approach for a telemetry processing prototype as well as background information on the DOW system. The telemetry processing prototype runs within a graphical user interface on a 486 personal computer (PC) that interfaces with the nodal communications system control element (CSCE) at each tactical communications node. The nodal CSCE contains the equipment which terminates the DOW. From a central location, the prototype can simultaneously monitor alarms from all DGM assemblages within a node's portion of the overall transmission network. Ongoing enhancements will extend the usefulness of telemetry data throughout the entire network, allowing the Army to project technical expertise in support of signal force projection. >
The Correction Officer Subculture and Organizational Change

Training and manpower development in correction has become an increasingly important issue. Most such training on the cor rectional officer level is based upon an academic model of educa tion. This kind of training approach is likely to be ineffective because of a hypothesized officer subculture, the values of which are antagonistic to the policy and values implicit in the training. Three scales, measuring correctional policy, supervisory behavior, and social climate of institutions, were administered in the correction department of a northeastern state in order to test the hypothesis. It was found that officers differed considerably from managers on both policy and social climate. A major ex planatory factor appeared to be the way in which the officers perceived themselves to be managed. Suggestions are made for changing the officer subculture values based upon small group dynamics techniques that affect the way in which officers perceive themselves to be managed and alter the perceived rewards for behav...
CONDITTO, KERRI. Cinéphile: Intermediate French Language and Culture Through Film. 2nd ed. Newport, MA: Focus Publishing, 2011. Pp. 438. $79.95, paper. ISBN 978–1–58510–394–2.

The article reviews the second editions of the books "Cinephile: Intermediate French Language and Culture Through Film" and "Cinephile: Intermediate French Language and Culture Through Film Workbook" by Kerri Conditto.
The Rochester Child Resilience Project: Overview and summary of first year findings

This article describes the Rochester Child Resilience Project (RCRP) and summarizes findings based on its initial year of operation. Among 4th-6th-grade urban children who had experienced significant life stress, convergent sources of evidence about current adjustment identified demographically matched samples of 37 stress-affected (SA) and 40 stress-resilient (SR) children. These two groups were compared on 11 test measures designed to expand the nomological definitional net for the concept of childhood resilience. Additionally, separate in-depth individual interviews were conducted with children and primary caregivers. Both test and interview responses significantly differentiated the groups in the predicted directions. Children's group status (SR vs. SA) was predictable on the basis of discriminant function analysis involving five test measures, blind ratings done both for the parent and child interviews, and hierarchical regression analyses reflecting major domains of the parent interview.
Exciton diffusion in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes studied by transient absorption microscopy

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.205417.
Sustaining families, dissuading crime: The effectiveness of a family preservation program with male delinquents

Abstract Purpose Family factors have long been considered an important contributor to the criminogenic process. Family Preservation (FP) programs attempt to improve family functioning and, thereby, dissuade future delinquency. Despite years of delivery, the limited research concerning the influence of FP programs on juvenile delinquency remains inconclusive. Methods This study examined the effectiveness of an FP program implemented in a metropolitan county of a large Southern state. Subjects were adjudicated male juveniles referred to the program by the courts. Recidivism outcomes for FP participants were compared against those of a simple random sample of non-participants. Results Findings suggest that FP does not impact recidivism among study participants. Issues with treatment fidelity may be responsible for the lack of results for this program. Conclusion These findings fail to lend support to the FP program. However, they do demonstrate the importance of treatment fidelity in juvenile justice programming.
Predictors of post-partum damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (XXXVIII)

Objective. To determine the impact of pregnancy on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) outcome. Methods. SLE patients, age � 16 yrs, disease duration � 5 yrs at enrolment in LUMINA, a multiethnic cohort (Hispanics, African-Americans and Caucasians), were studied. The first pregnancy after SLE diagnosis was examined. A good pregnancy outcome was a full-term delivery; an adverse outcome was a miscarriage, abortion, premature birth or stillbirth. Dependent variables were disease activity (Systemic Lupus Activity Measure-Revised, SLAM-R) and damage accrual [Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Damage Index, SDI]. Differences in these variables between the visit immediately prior to, and the first visit after, pregnancy and their relationship with pregnancy outcome were examined. Damage accrual due to pregnancy exposure was examined by a case-crossover design. Results. Sixty-three SLE women from all ethnic groups were included. The mean (S.D.) age and disease duration at pregnancy outcome were 27.6 (6.5) yrs and 18.3 (22.5) months, respectively. Adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in 76.2% women. The SLAM-R and SDI scores were statistically different after pregnancy (P ¼ 0.050 and P < 0.001, respectively); the SDI score was independent of pregnancy outcome but strongly associated with pregnancy duration (P ¼ 0.006), disease activity (P ¼ 0.001), damage prior to pregnancy (P < 0.001) and total disease duration (P ¼ 0.039) by multivariable analyses. Exposure to pregnancy itself did not impact on damage accrual in the case-crossover analyses of 142 patients (17 pregnancy exposures) (OR ¼ 1.25; 95% CI 0.336–4.655; P ¼ 0.480). Conclusions. Pregnancy duration, total disease duration, disease activity and damage immediately prior to pregnancy decisively impact on damage accrual after pregnancy in patients with SLE.
Lead Toxicity in a Newborn

328 Volume 25 Number 5 woman reported that she regularly ingested ground lead pottery. The resultant serum lead test revealed a lead level of 60 mg/dL (reference range < 10 mg/dL). The woman s toxic lead level could not be treated by chelation because it would have harmful effects on the fetus (Hale, 2006). The HCP counseled the woman to refrain from eating ground lead pottery and notified the Department of Newborn Services of the impending birth of an infant who could have possible toxic lead levels.
Gecko Pads: A Force to Be Reckoned with

Gecko adhesion is strong, sufficient enough for geckos to scale vertical walls and stick to surfaces upside down. In fact, a gecko weighing about 40–50 g is capable of generating a force that is 100 times greater than its weight (Niewiarowski et al., PLoS One 3(5):e2192, 2008). One of the main features of gecko adhesion that scientists have been trying to replicate but still find elusive is its good performance over the course of many cycles of attachment and detachment (Lee et al., Nature 448:338–342, 2007). Though there were many hypotheses for the mechanism behind this ability, van der Waals is recognized as the main contributor to gecko adhesion, with capillary forces potentially at play when water vapor exists (Zhou et al., Friction 1(2):114–129, 2013). Geckos’ adhesive ability comes from the hierarchical morphology of their toe pads, which feature lamellae, setae, and spatulae (Bhushan, Gecko effect. In: Bhushan B (ed) Encyclopedia of nanotechnology. Springer, Netherlands, pp 943–951, 2012)—all of which are described in detail in this chapter. Geckos’ dry adhesion mechanism is made possible because of the splitting of setae into hundreds and even up to a thousand spatulae (Zhou et al., Friction 1(2):114–129, 2013). Furthermore, due to the flexibility and softness of lamellar skin, it can be seen as a spring with a weak spring constant as opposed to stiff skin. This weak springiness ensures adhesion to surfaces over a wider range of normal compression displacement by preventing large deformations among the setae (Tian et al., Sci Rep 3:1382, 2013). Successful gecko-inspired adhesives would boast an array of outstanding properties, such as the ability to adhere and detach repetitively without breakage. Uses of such adhesives include sports equipment and robots that climb walls, among a variety of others (Zhou et al., Friction 1(2):114–129, 2013). Two general fabrication methods—polymer-based and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based dry adhesives—have been developed to create gecko-inspired adhesives (Jeong and Suh, Nano Today 4(4):335–346, 2009).
The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (1967): THE ELIZABETHAN PURITAN MOVEMENT

This essay seeks to set Patrick Collinson's book The Elizabethan Puritan Movement within the historiographical context in which it was written, within the context provided by his own subsequent oeuvre and in that provided by the succeeding historiography. It is intended as both an appreciation and a critique, but one offered with the greatest respect to a great scholar. It suggests that from the outset Collinson's work was contained within a triad linking religion, politics and, for want of a better word, ‘culture’ and that his work was at its best when politics retained its place as a central organizing principle and his other claims and concerns remained firmly attached, either explicitly or implicitly, to some form of, local, national or even interpersonal, political narrative.
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials After Trigeminal Stimulation in the Diagnosis of Brain-Stem Lesions

Registrations of somatosensory evoked potentials after trigeminal stimulation (trigeminal SEP) provide an objective test of trigeminal nerve function and its central connections. Important parts of this system are located in the brain stem. The impulse wave induced after stimulation of terminal trigeminal branches passes via the trigeminal nerve to the main sensory nucleus (which corresponds functionally to the dorsal column nuclei). After decussation in the trigeminal loop, it passes to the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus (VPM), and finally to the primary sensory cortex [3].
Student Perceptions of Cloud Computing Effectiveness in Higher Education

Cloud computing technology use in higher education institutions is rapidly expanding and becoming a more integral part of the collegiate experience. This expansion of the use of cloud applications comes with some significant learning and adoption challenges to the end users along with the technical advantages that allow greater accessibility and ease of use. The influence of individual user perceptions toward these technologies is an issue that merits further investigation. Several technology acceptance models have demonstrated some degree of success in predicting adoption behaviors utilizing individual user traits and beliefs. However, there have been limited investigations of variables after the technology has been implemented and used. This paper focuses on the associations between variables identified in the literature that are considered to be influencing use and perceptions of technology for undergraduate students of technology at a mid-sized university in Southeast Michigan. The results statistically present significant correlations between each measured variable and support the interaction between perceived ease of use, computer anxiety, computer self-efficacy, and internet self-efficacy with the perceived usefulness of cloud applications in a higher education setting.
REGULATION OF AGE-RELATED HYPERTENSION BY MODULATION OF IN VIVO REDOX

OBJECTIVE: Age-related hypertension is a major contributor to many cardiovascular disorders, including ventricular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, and heart failure 1, 2We studied whether age-related hypertension is reversed by maintaining age-dependent redox alteration of vessels. METHODS: We created a redox deficient mouse strain (dnTrx-Tg) by expressing mutant (C32S C35S) human Thioredoxin (hTrx) in a dominant-negative manner3. We also created another strain that overexpresses hTrx. We allowed our newly created transgenic mice to age until >2 and studied these mice3. The blood pressure was measured by both tail-cuff method and radio-telemetry. RESULTS: Young dnTrx-Tg mice had significantly higher blood pressures (BP) than young Trx-Tg mice. The BP of aged Trx-Tg mice was significantly lower compared to aged WT or dnTrx-Tg mice. Further, aged (>2 years) dnTrx-Tg and wild-type (WT) mice showed markedly decreased arterial relaxation, while aged Trx-Tg mice continued to function normally. Additionally, in an in vitro setup, Trx reducing system reversed the loss of age-related relaxation in WT mice. CONCLUSION: Our current study shows that redox proteins such as Thioredoxin could reverse age-associated increase in high blood pressure that opens up a conceptual process in development of drugs.
Inclusive Reactions from π + p at 4.1 GeV/c

At a ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ beam momentum of 4.1 GeV/c, in reactions of the type $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c+X$, limiting fragmentation of the beam and target particles is observed where $\mathrm{ab}\overline{c}$ is exotic, and is not observed for $\mathrm{ab}\overline{c}$ not exotic. Single-particle distributions in several different variables have been studied for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ mesons. The two-particle distributions and correlation functions from the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+X$ are also presented.
Higher visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Abstract Background and Aims There is a lack of studies evaluating the association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and abdominal fat. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA) or visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio (VFA/SFA ratio) were associated with SIBO. Methods and Results In this case–control study, 152 eligible patients submitted to glucose hydrogen/methane breath test who also had computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen performed were included. Clinical and demographic information was obtained. VFA and SFA were measured using Image J software at lumbar 3 level on CT cross-sectional image of the 152 patients included in this study, 68 patients (44.7%) tested positive for SIBO. In the univariate analysis, the presence of SIBO was associated with older age (65.2 ± 1.5 vs. 59.3 ± 1.5, p = 0.007); type 2 diabetes mellitus (33.8% vs. 17.9%; p = 0.019); hypertension (63.2% vs. 39.3%; p = 0.003); metabolic syndrome (85.3% vs. 64.3%; p = 0.003); and higher VFA/SFA ratio (1.0 ± 0.1 vs. 0.7 ± 0.1; p Conclusion The presence of SIBO was found to be associated with high VFA/SFA ratio measured from cross-sectional CT image.
Variation in PPP3CC Genotype Is Associated with Long-Term Recovery after Severe Brain Injury

Abstract After experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), calcineurin is upregulated; blocking calcineurin is associated with improved outcomes. In humans, variation in the calcineurin A-gamma gene (PPP3CC) has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, though any role in TBI recovery remains unknown. This study examines associations between PPP3CC genotype and mortality, as well as gross functional status assessed at admission using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after severe TBI using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). The following tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in PPP3CC were genotyped: rs2443504, rs2461491, rs2469749, and rs10108011. The rs2443504 AA genotype was univariately associated with GCS (p = 0.022), GOS at 3, 6, and 12 months (p = 0.002, p = 0.034, and p = 0.004, respectively), and mortality (p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, and GCS, the AA genotype of rs2443504 was associated with GOS at 3 (p = 0.02), and 12 months ...
Information Panics and Liquidity Crises

This paper studies endogenous liquidity crises as the result of information panics. Collective ignorance is welfare maximizing but it is fragile, susceptible to self-fulfilling fears about asymmetric information. When investors become worried about the potential of adverse selection, they raise interest rates. In turn, fearing unfairly high rates, borrowers have incentives to acquire information about their probability of repayment. More information worsens the average credit risk of borrowers in the market, and thus justifies investors' initial concerns. Adverse selection may obtain in equilibrium even though it is not justified by the fundamentals in the economy. Information panics amplify small aggregate shocks to asset qualities causing large detrimental effects to real economic activity.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Slaves achieved their freedom in the Civil War years through their own efforts, such as serving in the Union army or absconding to the Union lines, as well as through wartime legal measures such as Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (1863). During Reconstruction (1863–77), the government moved to make ex-slaves full-fledged Americans by abolishing slavery officially (Thirteenth Amendment, 1865), defining blacks as citizens (Fourteenth Amendment, 1868), and removing race as a barrier to the vote (Fifteenth Amendment, 1870). Constitutional law now extended civil rights to blacks and gave them the tools to sustain those rights. The Civil Rights Law of 1875 furthered black civil rights by banning racial discrimination in public accommodations, transportation, theaters, and civil arenas such as jury service. This federal statute clarified and expanded the meanings of civil rights and citizenship as outlined in the Fourteenth Amendment.
Description of Photon Motion

Quantum optics is concerned with the emission, propagation and detection of photons. These words bring to mind the picture of photons as particles traveling through space at speed c from the emitter to the detector. If this picture is approximately correct, then one is entitled to ask for: (I) the number of photons in a given volume V, and (II) the number of photons that cross a given surface S in the time interval [t, t+T].
Anesthetic Considerations in the Acutely Injured Patient

Summary The maxillofacial trauma patient, with his or her associated injuries, presents various challenges to the trauma team members. This article discussed various anesthetic management techniques demonstrating the importance of a highly skilled anesthesiologist as a member of the trauma team. In rural hospitals, the oral and maxillofacial surgeon with anesthetic and surgical knowledge of the airway may function in multiple roles during the resuscitation of the trauma patient.
A Survey of Derivative Characterization of Constrained Extrema

In this chapter we review the theorems that characterize optimality by way of derivatives. First we formulate a very general optimization problem. Then we present characterization theorems for three types of problems: Finite dimensional, variational and problems in linear topological spaces. In each case we present theorems for equality — inequality constraints. The theorems in each case are: first order necessary conditions, first order sufficient conditions, second order necessary conditions and second order sufficient conditions. The scheme of representation is as follows: Statements of theorems are followed by remarks referring the reader to the earliest, known to us, proofs of the theorems. In some instances, slight generalizations of some theorems appear here for the first time, an indication of necessary modifications to existing proofs are presented. A case is “solved” if proofs for all the four types of characterization theorems exist. The only “unsolved” case is that of problems in linear topological spaces with inequality and with equality — inequality constraints. For this case, we present two conjectures about second order conditions that are analogous to the equality constraint case.
Cordycepin Blocks Lung Injury-Associated Inflammation and Promotes BRCA1-Deficient Breast Cancer Cell Killing by Effectively Inhibiting PARP

Cordycepin has been shown to interfere with a myriad of molecular processes from RNA elongation to kinase activity, and prevents numerous inflammatory processes in animal models. Here we show in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury that cordycepin prevents airway neutrophilia via a robust blockade of expression of several inflammatory genes, including the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the cytokine/chemokine MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 and KC, and the chemokine receptor CXCR2. Such a blockade appears to be related to a severe reduction in TNF-α expression. Interestingly, in an in vitro system of A549 epithelial cell inflammation, cordycepin effectively blocked LPS-induced, but not TNF-α-induced, VCAM-1 expression. Such effects correlated with a marked reduction in p65-NF-κB activation as assessed by its phosphorylation at serine-536 but without an apparent effect on its nuclear translocation. The effects of cordycepin on the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation upon TNF-α stimulation resembled the effects achieved upon poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition, suggesting that cordycepin may function as a PARP inhibitor. Indeed, cordycepin blocked H2O2-induced PARP activation in A549 cells. In a cell-free system, cordycepin inhibited PARP-1 activity at nanomolar concentrations. Similar to PARP inhibitors, cordycepin significantly induced killing of breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA1)-deficient MCF-7 cells, supporting its therapeutic use for the treatment of BRCA-deficient breast cancers. With added antiinflammatory characteristics, therapies that include cordycepin may prevent potential inflammation triggered by traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. Cordycepin, to the best of our knowledge, represents the first natural product possessing PARP inhibitory traits.
Measurement of light and charge yield of low-energy electronic recoils in liquid xenon

The dependence of the light and charge yield of liquid xenon on the applied electric field and recoil energy is important for dark matter detectors using liquid xenon time projections chambers. Few measurements have been made of this field dependence at recoil energies less than 10 keV. In this paper, we present results of such measurements using a specialized detector. Recoil energies are determined via the Compton coincidence technique at four drift fields relevant for liquid xenon dark matter detectors: 0.19, 0.48, 1.02, and $2.32\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kV}/\mathrm{cm}$. Mean recoil energies down to 1 keV were measured with unprecedented precision. We find that the charge and light yield are anticorrelated above $\ensuremath{\sim}3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$ and that the field dependence becomes negligible below $\ensuremath{\sim}6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$. However, below 3 keV, we find a charge yield significantly higher than expectation and a reconstructed energy deviating from linearity.
The Living Dead of George Romero and Steven Spielberg: America, the Holocaust and the Figure of the Zombie

Recent scholarship has demonstrated that there was no postwar communal culture of silence among American Jews with regard to the Holocaust. Nonetheless, Americans, and Hollywood’s filmmakers, were reluctant to engage and present the most horrific aspects of the Nazi death camps, including the barbarous treatment of camp inmates and the obscenities of the gas chambers, unmarked mass graves and incineration. By the late 1960s, however, a subset of Americans was beginning to come to terms with the traumatic memory of the Holocaust in a most unusual, indirect way: through films about zombies, the ‘living dead’ of cinema, featured in George Romero’s now-famous trilogy – Night of the Living Dead (1968), Dawn of the Dead (1978) and Day of the Dead (1985) – and, less obviously, in Steven Spielberg’s Poltergeist (1982). Romero’s zombie – lacking emotion and affect as well as consciousness, locked in a present bereft of past and future, driven by the most primitive instincts of survival – resembles the Muselmanner,...
Pathologic Findings in Hymenoptera Sting Fatalities

The medically important Hymenoptera includes bees, hornets, yellow jackets, paper wasps, and stinging ants. The stings from these insects can cause fatal reactions in some individuals. There are two main mechanisms by which fatality occurs: Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and envenomation from massive stinging leading to systemic toxicity. Much of the information available detailing Hymenoptera sting fatalities are from published case reports. These reports show death from multi-organ failure due to systemic anaphylactic reactions as well as systemic toxic reactions. The pathologic findings will be discussed further in this chapter.
Earnings-Generation: Attracting and Replenishing Financial Resources

Self-Help is a marvelous organization, headquartered in downtown Durham, North Carolina, about two miles from my office at Duke University. Self-Help is a community-development financial institution that has done a whole range of things to help poor people in North Carolina and around the country, including providing mortgages for responsible but poor homeowners, spearheading the rehabilitation and redevelopment of downtown Durham, and successfully promoting the passage of laws against predatory lending. A key element that allows Self-Help to do all it does is their excellent management of their financial resources. They have developed steady and reliable revenue streams and, at the same time, have kept expenses low, partly by putting a limit on the salaries they pay any of their employees, including their top leadership. Through the use of careful screening tools in their loan origination activities, they have issued very few “bad” loans and mortgages, and therefore have generated a steady stream of income from these activities. They have also generated income from the credit unions they own and manage. Effective money management of the assets has also led to income.
BMP- and TGFβ-signaling regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina.

Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) have the capability to regenerate neurons in the retinas of different vertebrate orders. The formation of MGPCs is regulated by a network of cell-signaling pathways. The purpose of this study was to investigate how BMP/Smad1/5/8- and TGFβ/Smad2/3-signaling are coordinated to influence the formation of MGPCs in the chick model system. We find that pSmad1/5/8 is selectively up-regulated in the nuclei of Muller glia following treatment with BMP4, FGF2, or NMDA-induced damage, and this up-regulation is blocked by a dorsomorphin analogue DMH1. By comparison, Smad2/3 is found in the nuclei of Muller glia in untreated retinas, and becomes localized to the cytoplasm following NMDA- or FGF2-treatment. These findings suggest a decrease in TGFβ- and increase in BMP-signaling when MGPCs are known to form. In both NMDA-damaged and FGF2-treated retinas, inhibition of BMP-signaling suppressed the proliferation of MGPCs, whereas inhibition of TGFβ-signaling stimulated the proliferation of MGPCs. Consistent with these findings, TGFβ2 suppressed the formation of MGPCs in NMDA-damaged retinas. Our findings indicate that BMP/TGFβ/Smad-signaling is recruited into the network of signaling pathways that controls the formation of proliferating MGPCs. We conclude that signaling through BMP4/Smad1/5/8 promotes the formation of MGPCs, whereas signaling through TGFβ/Smad2/3 suppresses the formation of MGPCs.
Anomalous Vascular Dynamics of Nanoworms within Blood Flow

Nanomaterials have been widely used in the design of drug delivery platforms. This work computationally explores the vascular dynamics of nanoworms as drug carriers within blood flow by considering the effects of nanoworm length, stiffness, and local physiological conditions such as hematocrit. We found that nanoworms with length of 8 μm and moderate stiffness are the optimal choice as drug carriers for circulating within normal vascular network due to their lower near wall margination. Compared to those of spherical rigid particles, these nanoworms demonstrate significant demargination behaviors at hematocrit 20%, induced by the local hydrodynamic interactions. Specifically, the interactions between nanoworms and red blood cells create asymmetrical local flow fields, resulting in the demargination of nanoworms. In addition, the flexibility of nanoworms enables them to conform to the deformed shape of red blood cells under shear flow, leading to their high concentration within the core region of vessels. ...
Crystal structure of 1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-(phenylacetyl)-D-glucofuranose

The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of 1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-(phenylacetyl)-D-glucofuranose is reported. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group P212121 (No. 19); a = 9.9313(12) A, b = 10.0657(12) A, c = 20.343(2) A, and Z = 4. The solid state structure is discussed in terms of the use of the title compound for further chemistry.
Linear Recursive Estimation

A fundamental problem in communication and control is the filtering (estimation) problem which can be stated as follows: Given an observed process $$y(t;\omega )$$ which has the structure: $$y(t;\omega ) = s(t;\omega )\, + \,n(t;\omega )$$ where s(t;ω) is the “signal process” and n(t;ω) the “observation error” or “noise” modelled as a stochastic process, find the “best estimate” of the signal s(t;ω)) from the available data at time t: $$y(\sigma ;\omega ),\,a \le \sigma \le t$$ We shall be concerned with the case where the best estimate is taken as the best “mean square” estimate (see Chapter 3) - in other words, we wish to calculate the conditional expectation: $$\hat s(t;\omega )\, = \,E[s\,(t;\omega )|y(\sigma ;\omega ),\,a \le \sigma \le t]$$ Furthermore we shall be concerned only with the case where the processes are (jointly) Gaussian, so that in particular the conditional estimate is a linear transformation of the observation.
A Decision Support Framework for Product Development

To be successful in a competitive environment and ever-changing marketplace, companies need to reduce product development times. Introducing new products in a short time requires a total product development approach. This means designers must simultaneo..