cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Footprinting Analysis in the Upstream Regulatory Regions of the Drosophila Enhancer of split Genes

During Drosophila development Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)]-dependent Notch activation upregulates transcription of the Enhancer of split-Complex [E(spl)-C] genes. Drosophila melanogaster E(spl) genes share common transcription regulators including binding sites for Su(H), proneural, and E(spl) basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. However, the expression patterns of E(spl) genes during development suggest that additional factors are involved. To better understand regulators responsible for these expression patterns, recently available sequence and annotation data for multiple Drosophila genomes were used to compare the E(spl) upstream regulatory regions from more than nine Drosophila species. The mγ and mβ regulatory regions are the most conserved of the bHLH genes. Fine analysis of Su(H) sites showed that high-affinity Su(H) paired sites and the Su(H) paired site plus proneural site (SPS + A) architecture are completely conserved in a subset of Drosophila E(spl) genes. The SPS + A module is also present in the upstream regulatory regions of the more ancient mosquito and honeybee E(spl) bHLH genes. Additional transcription factor binding sites were identified upstream of the E(spl) genes and compared between species of Drosophila. Conserved sites provide new understandings about E(spl) regulation during development. Conserved novel sequences found upstream of multiple E(spl) genes may play a role in the expression of these genes.
Community-Based Dental Education and Dentists’ Attitudes and Behavior Concerning Patients from Underserved Populations

The objectives of this study were to explore how dentists with well-structured vs. not well-structured community-based dental education (CBDE) experiences differ in perceptions of their CBDE and its impact on their professional lives and in their professional attitudes and behavior related to treating patients from underserved populations. The relationships between CBDE evaluations and impact on the dentists' professional lives and professional attitudes and behavior were explored as well. Data were collected from 254 dentists who participated in CBDE before graduating from the University of Michigan School of Dentistry between 1970 and 2011. The results showed that the alumni with well-structured experiences rated the quality of their CBDE more positively and its impact on their professional lives as stronger than those with less well-structured experiences. They also had more positive attitudes concerning treating underserved patients and were more likely to treat underserved patients than their peers with less well-structured experiences. These dentists' perceptions of the quality of CBDE and impact on their professional lives correlated significantly with their attitudes and behavior concerning treating underserved patients. Their perceptions of the quality of their CBDE experiences and perceptions of benefits from these experiences were significantly related to their professional attitudes and behavior related to providing care for patients from underserved populations.
Resilient properties of thought and experience

The resilient properties of the language-like gestural systems created by deaf children of hearing parents and the gestures of normal children that occur during language acquisition are interesting and require explanation. This commentary offers the suggestion that these gestures reflect robust properties, not so much of language, but of thought and experience.
Sex Pheromones and the Plasmid-Encoded Mating Response in Enterococcus faecalis

Plasmid-related conjugation in gram-positive, nonstreptomycete bacteria was first reported in 1974 by Jacob and Hobbs (38). They identified an R-plasmid (pJH1) and a hemolysin/ bacteriocin plasmid (pJH2) in a clinical isolate of Enterococcus (formerly Streptococcus) faecalis and found both capable of transfer in broth matings (38, 39). Independently, and at about the same time, Tomura et al (67), in Japan, reported on the transferability of a hemolysin/bacteriocin determinant in E. faecalis. Although physical evidence for plasmid involvement was not presented, it is highly likely that this was indeed the case, as the frequency of transfer was quite high (10−2 per donor in broth matings); and subsequent studies showed that the hemolysin/bacteriocin trait exhibited by many E. faecalis strains usually involved a conjugative plasmid (4, 6).
Electrodeposition of Single Nanometer-Size Pt Nanoparticles at a Tunneling Ultramicroelectrode and Determination of Fast Heterogeneous Kinetics for Ru(NH3)63+ Reduction

We studied extremely fast kinetics of an outer-sphere heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) reaction at a single Pt nanoparticle (NP) using the newly adapted Kotecký–Levich (K-L) method. In this work, an electrode was prepared by nucleating and growing a single Pt NP on a tunneling ultramicroelectrode (TUME) that produces 1–40 nm or greater dimensions. Such a small-size electrode greatly enhances the mass transfer rate, thus enabling us to reliably determine ET kinetic parameters for fast ET reactions. Based on the recently demonstrated K-L model for a general UME, ET kinetic information could be measured by constructing a plot of 1/current density vs 1/mass transfer rate from the series of steady-state voltammograms obtained using Pt NP-deposited TUMEs. For this K-L plot, we altered the mass transfer rates by varying the electrode size, i.e., the Pt NP size in this work. The determined standard rate constant, k0, of heterogeneous reduction reaction for Ru(NH3)63+ was unprecedentedly high, at 36 ± 4 cm/s, ...
(Co)-Contamination as the Dark Side of Co-Production: Public value failures in co-production processes

AbstractCo-production is associated with the expanding role that citizens and other third-party actors assume in the development and delivery of public services. While there are benefits to co-production, there are also challenges. This study draws from the marketing literature on value co-destruction to describe the processes in co-production of public services that can negatively affect public values from regular producers and users. We refer to this public value failure as co-contamination. Two case studies are used to explore some of the ‘dark sides’ of co-production. Our analyses reveal the co-contaminating aspects of this process and offer implications for public managers.
The Georgia WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program’s Influence on Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Nutrition Knowledge and Competencies Among Urban African American Women and Children

Objective: Evaluate the impact of Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants.Methods: Prospective study enrolling non-FMNP and FMNP (received $30 of FMNP coupons for fresh fruits and vegetables [F&V]) WIC recipients. Three surveys collected F&V intake for mother and child and nutrition knowledge/competencies. FMNP groups were compared on main outcomes using bivariate analyses and logistic regression.Results: Among participants using all coupons upon issuance, F&V intake significantly increased across surveys. In addition, intake significantly increased among >50% of FMNP participants reporting learned competencies (P = .03).Conclusions: WIC FMNP may be more effective with requirement to use all FMNP coupons upon issuance. F&V intakes may increase with nutrition education on competencies.
Immunocytochemical Characterization of Human Blood Cells

A simple immunocytochemical method using calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase as the enzymatic indicator to demonstrate surface antigens on human blood cells has been developed. The blood cells were labeled with cell specific monoclonal antibodies followed by linkage with an antiimmunoglobulin alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Cytochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity on the blood cells reflects the presence of surface antigens on these cells. The effects on the cytochemical reaction of fixation, substrates, couplers, activators and inhibitors, and storage of cytologic materials have been examined systematically. The best staining conditions are to incubate labeled smears in a 0.04 M barbital buffer at p H 7.6 containing 30 mg% naphthol AS-TR phosphate, 40 mg% fast red ITR, and 1 mM levamisole. This method is both sensitive and specific and appears most practical for objective identification of the human blood cells.
EVALUATING THE USE AND QUALITY OF PHARMACY DRIVE-UP SERVICES

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the use and quality of pharmacy drive-up services; specifically, to assess patients' and pharmacists' views of the drive-up and determine the implications for assuring or improving the quality of the services provided. Design: Questionnaires developed for patients and pharmacists addressed aspects of pharmacy drive-up services. The patient questionnaire asked about prescription information and drive-up use, satisfaction with pharmacy services, importance of patronage factors, comfort in using the drive-up, and comparison of drive-up and in-store visits. The pharmacist questionnaire was similar in content, but also contained open-ended questions pertaining to the provision of pharmaceutical care at the drive-up pharmacy. Setting: Six pharmacies in Central Iowa. Participants: A sample of patients who had received at least one prescription from a participating pharmacy in the previous 30 days; pharmacists from participating pharmacies. Main Outcome Measures: Responses from users and nonusers of the pharmacy drive-up. Results: Both users and nonusers of the drive-up indicated that pharmacist-linked services-those that entail direct pharmacist-patient contact and are closely associated with the ideals of pharmaceutical care-may be provided better in-store. The pharmacists also indicated that these services were provided better in-store and mentioned other ways in which drive-up services may detract from patient care. Conclusion: As pharmacist-linked services become more important in health care, and as drive·up pharmacy services increase in popularity, the compatibility of drive-up service with a greater emphasis by pharmacists on patient care will increasingly become an issue. To allay potential concerns and improve the quality of service, pharmacists need to take additional steps to assess drive-up patients' level of familiarity with their medications, require patients to come into the pharmacy periodically, and, where necessary, provide alternative services at the drive-up.
Abstract 35: Breast cancer cell interactions

In this study, a cell culture approach is employed to identify patterns of pair-wise interaction between cancer cells over a panel of 20 established epithelial breast cancer cell lines. It is our hypothesis that different clones within a tumor, as well as different cell lines in cultured conditions, interact in one of two ways: a) by competitive growth or, b) by synergistic growth. We investigate this by culturing cell lines in serum-free conditioned medium (CM), i.e. medium which has already been used on other cell lines. Cell population growth is monitored by incubating cultures with 5-Ethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU). Cell apoptosis is obtained by labeling fixed cultures with a cleaved Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (c-PARP) monoclonal antibody. Results yield two 20x20 matrices of cell to CM interaction, and confirm that cancer cells interact through secreted substances in the medium. In an effort to trace these phenomenological interactions back to specific biochemical pathways, the interaction matrices are correlated to gene expression data available for these cell lines. Furthermore, the experiment reveals two cell lines, HCC38 and BT20, whose media produce a strong apoptotic and strong anti-proliferative effect respectively. By employing molecular weight fractionation, we attempt to isolate specific components from the media retaining the strong interaction activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 35. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-35
Mechanical and Material Characterization of Bilayer Microcantilever-based IR detectors

Infrared radiation (IR) detection and imaging are of great importance to a variety of military and civilian applications. Microcantilever-based IR detectors have recently gained a lot of interest because of their potential to achieve extremely low noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) while maintaining low cost to make them affordable to more applications. However, the curvature induced by residual strain mismatch within the microcantilever severely decreases the device performance. To meet performance and reliability requirement, it is important to fully understand the deformation of IR detectors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to develop an engineering approach to flatten IR detectors, (2) to model and predict the elastic deformation of IR detectors using finite element analysis (FEA), and (3) to study the inelastic deformation during isothermal holding.
The Functional Concept in Marketing

THE FUNCTIONAL approach in studying marketing is almost as old as marketing literature. Following its early introduction it received wide acceptance by writers in the field and it has continued to hold a very important place in marketing literature and teaching. Today it is the exception when any general work on marketing does not give some attention to marketing functions. Not only has the functional approach come to be common in marketing books but it is found frequently in texts used for courses in principles of economics and for introductory courses in the field of business organization and management. In spite of the length of time the functional concept has been in use and in spite of its wide currency at the present time, it appears that little has been accomplished since the early years toward any significant refining of the concept. It is apparent from any careful survey of the material in the field that there is no very clear-cut and generally accepted interpretation of, or method of handling, marketing functions. The writer believes the functional approach can be a very useful device but contends that a great deal must be done in further developing it before its real possibilities can be realized. The following pages aim to emphasize this need and to suggest the lines along which further development should proceed.
Carbohydrate composition of mature and immature faba bean seeds

Abstract Faba bean is a valuable pulse crop for human consumption. The low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC): glucose, fructose, sucrose (GFS), raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose (RFO- raffinose family oligosaccharides) in faba bean seeds contribute to the flavor and prebiotic nature of this edible bean. Understanding the variation of these compounds across the species would aid plant breeders in their selection efforts to release improved varieties. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify LMWCs from a diverse collection of faba bean germplasm. The LMWCs of mature and immature seed from 40 faba bean populations across a range of seed sizes (26.2–172.0 g 100 seed −1 ) were quantified with an Agilent 1260 Infinity LC (size exclusion chromatography/gel permeation chromatography) system with refractive index detection. Sucrose was the predominant constituent LMWC of immature seeds ranging from 5.9 to 22.6% DW for cotyledons and 6.7 to 16.7% DW for seed coats, while total RFO averaged
Dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus.

Dysplasia is the most important marker of progression to invasive cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Intensive endoscopic surveillance with biopsy may identify invasive cancer in a patient with high-grade dysplasia (HGD). Close relationship with an experienced gastrointestinal pathologist and thoracic surgeon will improve treatment decisions and patient outcomes. No intervention is required in patients with low-grade dysplasia (LGD); continued surveillance is recommended. Surgical resection is the currently accepted therapy for high-grade dysplasia. Endoscopic ablative therapy remains experimental.
Phenetics: revolution, reform or natural consequence?

Linnaeus had it right―essentially, a classification should allow ease of identification. However, his classification had a significant shortcoming: it could not be used to determine relationships in any meaningful way. As the desire for a natural system developed and, more especially, as the implications of Darwinian evolution were realized, biologists recognized that a system of classification should serve more than a single, artificial purpose. What that purpose is, or should be, continues to be a point of contention. Application of mathematical tools to taxonomic problems led to a logical conclusion: natural classifications, employing a large suite of characters, could be attained by multivariate analyses. The concept of overall similarity was, perhaps too blithely, likened to both naturalness and information content. Pheneticists were not concerned with approximating phylogeny, but acknowledged that their classifications could form the basis for phylogenetic deductions under certain restricted conditions. Despite the promise of phenetics, the concurrent development of cladistic methodology (both under the rubric of numerical taxonomy, s.l.) shifted focus from classifications with high information-content, predictivity, and stability, to classifications reflecting hypothesized phylogenetic relationships. While a number of critics raised valid questions about the utility ofphenetics and the underlying principles of proposed phenetic taxonomy, many criticisms consisted of over-simplified or unwarranted objections. Nevertheless, today phenetic analyses are de riguer for identifying fundamental units (populations, species) that form the bases for phylogenetic studies. After all, it is only natural that members of a species show greater overall similarity to each other than to members of different species, a view that can often be applied to higher ranks as well.
Craniofacial and Dental Tissue

Craniofacial and dental structures are complex tissues that perform vital functions. Defects and deformities of this region can severely affect an individual’s quality of life, leading to both significant physical impairments as well as psychological sequelae. Current standard-of-care reconstructive procedures have significant limitations. Recent advances in bioprinting and nanotechnology have shown promise for the improvement of patient outcomes. Currently, research into craniofacial and dental regenerative medicine therapies have utilized growth factors; however, the use of resorbable scaffolds and autologous or banked cells have not yet become standard of care. There is a revolution occurring in developing 3D printable materials that aims to cover the range of material properties needed for patient-specific implants to either resorb at an appropriate time or perform mechanically like the tissues to which they are attached. As advances are made in bone, retina, teeth, and other areas of craniofacial and dental tissue engineering, they are likely to be incorporated into standard-of-care therapies.
Environmental Assessment of Tributyltin in Canada

The aquatic chemistry, fate and toxicity of tributyltin are reviewed. A summary is given of investigations of the occurrence and persistence of tributyltin and its less toxic degradation products in water and sediment in Canada. Tributyltin was mainly found in areas of heavy boating or shipping traffic, which was consistent with its use as an antifouling agent. In about 8% of the 269 locations across Canada at which samples were collected, tributyltin was found in water at concentrations which could cause chronic toxicity in a sensitive species, rainbow trout. Tributyltin was occasionally found in the surface microlayer of fresh water at much higher concentrations than in subsurface water. It was also found in about 30% of sediment samples collected across Canada. The few fish analyzed that contained tributyltin were from harbours, a finding consistent with findings in water and sediment. Biological degradation in water and sediment appears to be the most important factor limiting the persistence of tributyltin in aquatic ecosystems. Estimates of the half-life of biological degradation of tributyltin in fresh water and sediment in Canada are in the range of a few weeks to 4-5 months, respectively. Recent Canadian regulations of tributyltin are discussed as well as the current Canadian Environmental Protection Act review of non-pesticidal organotins.
A randomized controlled trial of brief interventions to reduce drug use among adults in a low‐income urban emergency department: the HealthiER You study

Aims To examine efficacy of drug brief interventions (BIs) among adults presenting to a low-income urban emergency department (ED). Design Randomized controlled trial on drug use outcomes at 3, 6 and 12 months. Participants were assigned to (1) computer-delivered BI (Computer BI), (2) therapist-delivered, computer-guided BI (Therapist BI) or (3) enhanced usual care (EUC-ED) for drug-using adults. Participants were re-randomized after the 3-month assessment to either adapted motivational enhancement therapy (AMET) booster or enhanced usual care booster (EUC-B). Setting Patients recruited from low-income urban emergency departments (ED) in Flint, Michigan, USA. Participants A total of 780 ED patients reporting recent drug use, 44% males, mean age = 31 years. Interventions Computer BI consisted of an interactive program guided by a virtual health counselor. Therapist BI included computer guidance. The EUC-ED conditions included review of community health and HIV prevention resources. The BIs and boosters were based on motivational interviewing, focusing on reduction of drug use and HIV risk behaviors. Measurements Primary outcome was past 90 days using drugs at 6 and 12 months and secondary outcomes were weighted drug-days and days of marijuana use. Findings Percentage changes in mean days used any drug from baseline to 12 months were: Computer BI + EUC-B: –10.9%, P = 0.0844; Therapist BI + EUC-B: –26.7%, P = 0.0041, for EUC-ED + EUC-B: –20.9, P = 0.0011. In adjusted analyses, there was no significant interaction between ED intervention and booster AMET for primary and secondary outcomes. Compared with EUC-ED, Therapist BI reduced number of days using any drug [95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.41, −0.07, P = 0.0422] and weighted drug-days (95% CI = –0.41, −0.08, P = 0.0283). Both Therapist and Computer BI had significantly fewer number of days using marijuana compared to EUC-ED (Therapist BI: 95% CI = –0.42, −0.06, P = 0.0104, Computer BI: 95% CI = –0.34, −0.01, P = 0.0406). Booster effects were not significant. Conclusions An emergency department-based motivational brief intervention, delivered by a therapist and guided by computer, appears to reduce drug use among adults seeking emergency department care compared with enhanced usual care.
The Best of Times

I came of age as a nutrition scientist during the best of times-years that spanned a rapidly changing world of food and nutrition science, politics, and policy that greatly broadened the specialty and its influence on public affairs. I followed the conventional route in academe, working my way up the academic ladder in Boston from a base first in a school of public health and later in a teaching hospital and medical school, interspersed with stints in Washington, DC. Thus I tell a tale of two cities. Those were the best of times because nutrition science and policy converged and led to important policies and programs that shaped the field for the next 50 years.
Reading the Royal Entry (1604) in/as Print

King James I’s March 1604 entry into London, many recognize, departs from previ­ous royal entry pageants through its use of triumphal arches, employment of profes­sional dramatists, and emphasis on dialogue. But the 1604 entry also was notable for its essential print identity. Print records of royal entries were common by the time of Elizabeth’s accession, and the 1559 text commemorated the event mainly for the queen and court, listing no author. By contrast, James’s entry, staged and performed over one day, generated four different printed texts, each with a declared author or authors. This article considers how all four entry texts together produce a highly contested portrait of ideas about print, authorship, and authority at the outset of the Jacobean period.
“The Opposite of the Skeleton Inside of Me”: Women’s Poetry as Feminist Activism

This article provides an exegesis and utilizes the author’s original poetry to show that women’s poetry is a form of feminist activism. The exegesis discusses Audre Lorde and Sylvia Plath, authors who have traditionally used poetry as an outlet for opposing the patriarchal oppression that women face. The author follows the exegesis with seven of her poems as a representation of how poetry can further feminist activism and work toward breaking down outdated gender norms and patriarchal ideology.
Chrome Home: Six Fun Activities Introducing Basic Web Programming Techniques (Abstract Only)

This workshop will provide participants with several small, fun classroom activities culminating in a useful web-based application that allows individuals to fully customize the page resulting from opening a new tab in Google Chrome. Attendees will participate in, and receive Canvas lessons introducing popular web-based techniques including HTML, JSON, Cascading Style Sheets, JavaScript and Google Chrome extension creation and distribution. The workshop proceeds in six short lessons in which we will: (1) download and install all software required, (2) introduce basic concepts in HTML, (3) create and link cascading style sheets, (4) construct a JavaScript file implementing some basic, and fun logic constructs into our web page, (5) create a JSON manifest file that allows our application to run as a Google Chrome extension, and (6) make our extension available to the public in the chrome web store. With these lessons, participants will be able to create a universal "New Tab" page for their school with Google Chrome. This page can be re-customized and re-distributed by anyone taking these six lessons. Online lessons will be provided. A laptop is recommended.
The Technological Investor: Deeper Innovation Through Reorientation

Institutional investors have long struggled to manage their own technology, and widely fail at using advanced investment-related technologies to create competitive advantages. These technological disadvantages have had many negative ramifications for institutional investors, such as being exploited by financial intermediaries with more sophisticated technology, and hindering institutional investors’ more generic innovativeness and performance. But there is hope. Today, we believe this era of technological disadvantage is now coming to an end. Based on an extensive, multi-year investigation of institutional investors and their technological hurdles, we present a new path forward, wherein institutional investors become empowered through technology and use it to propel continual, deep innovation in how they generate financial returns. We describe a collection of specific, pragmatic changes that institutional investors should pursue with respect to data quality, culture, communication, and cooperation with one other. We also look deeper into the future and discuss how reorientation around these changes can let institutional investors embrace revolutionary technologies – like artificial-intelligence systems – to transform their capabilities and become the financial giants that we know they should be.
Annual temperature variation as a time machine to understand the effects of long‐term climate change on a poleward range shift

Range shifts due to annual variation in temperature are more tractable than range shifts linked to decadal to century long temperature changes due to climate change, providing natural experiments to determine the mechanisms responsible for driving long-term distributional shifts. In this study we couple physiologically grounded mechanistic models with biogeographic surveys in 2 years with high levels of annual temperature variation to disentangle the drivers of a historical range shift driven by climate change. The distribution of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides has shifted 350 km poleward in the past half century along the east coast of the United States. Recruits were present throughout the historical range following the 2015 reproductive season, when temperatures were similar to those in the past century, and absent following the 2016 reproductive season when temperatures were warmer than they have been since 1870, the earliest date for temperature records. Our dispersal dependent mechanistic models of reproductive success were highly accurate and predicted patterns of reproduction success documented in field surveys throughout the historical range in 2015 and 2016. Our mechanistic models of reproductive success not only predicted recruitment dynamics near the range edge but also predicted interior range fragmentation in a number of years between 1870 and 2016. All recruits monitored within the historical range following the 2015 colonization died before 2016 suggesting juvenile survival was likely the primary driver of the historical range retraction. However, if 2016 is indicative of future temperatures mechanisms of range limitation will shift and reproductive failure will lead to further range retraction in the future. Mechanistic models are necessary for accurately predicting the effects of climate change on ranges of species.
Chemotherapy for Meningiomas

Abstract Meningiomas are slow-growing, extra-axial tumors that derive from the arachnoidal cap cells of the meninges. They comprise 18%–20% of intracranial tumors and have an overall incidence of 2.6 per 100,000. Common presenting signs and symptoms include headache, hemiparesis, visual loss, seizures, gait difficulty, and confusion. Meningiomas are clearly delineated with enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans. The main form of treatment for meningiomas is surgical resection, which can be curative in some cases. External beam radiotherapy and radiosurgery can be of benefit in selected patients with recurrent or progressive disease. The role of chemotherapy continues to be defined, but should be considered for patients with inoperable or frequently recurrent meningiomas. Although numerous agents have been studied, the majority have had minimal efficacy. The most active agents appear to be interferon-alpha, the combination regimen of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine, single-agent hydroxyurea, and bevacizumab.
A Markov random field spatio-temporal analysis of ocean temperature

The National Oceanic Data Center (NODC) contains historical records from approximately 144,000 hydrographic stations in the North Atlantic. This data has been used by oceanographers to construct maps of point estimates of pressure, temperature, salinity and oxygen in the North Atlantic (Levitus (1994); Lozier et al. (1995)). Because data from any particular year are scarce, the previous maps have been for time-averaged values only. In addition, the maps have been reported without uncertainty estimates. This paper presents a Markov random field (MRF) analysis that can generate maps for specific time periods along with associated uncertainties. To estimate changes in oceanic properties over time previous oceanographic work has focused on differences between a few time periods each having many observations. Due to data scarcity this poses a severe restriction for both spatial and temporal coverage of climatic change. The MRF analysis provides a means for temporal modeling that does not require high data density at each time period. To demonstrate the usefulness of a MRF analysis of oceanic data we investigate the temporal variability along 24.5°N in the North Atlantic. Our results are compared to an earlier analysis (Parrilla et al. (1994)) where data from only three time periods was used. We obtain a more thorough understanding of the temperature change found by this previous study.
Validating a dance-specific screening test for balance: preliminary results from multisite testing.

Few dance-specific screening tools adequately capture balance. The aim of this study was to administer and modify the Star Excursion Balance Test ( O SEBT) to examine its utility as a balance screen for dancers. The O SEBT involves standing on one leg while lightly targeting with the opposite foot to the farthest distance along eight spokes of a star-shaped grid. This task simulates dance in the spatial pattern and movement quality of the gesturing limb. The O SEBT was validated for distance on athletes with history of ankle sprain. METHOD: Thirty-three dancers (age 20.1 ± 1.4 yrs) participated from two contemporary dance conservatories (UK and US), with or without a history of lower extremity injury. Dancers were verbally instructed (without physical demonstration) to execute the O SEBT and four modifications (mSEBT): timed (speed), timed with cognitive interference (answering questions aloud), and sensory disadvantaging (foam mat). Stepping strategies were tracked and performance strategies video-recorded. RESULTS: Unlike the O SEBT results, distances reached were not significant statistically (p = 0.05) or descriptively (i.e., shorter) for either group. Performance styles varied widely, despite sample homogeneity and instructions to control for strategy. Descriptive analysis of mSEBT showed an increased number of near-falls and decreased timing on the injured limb. CONCLUSIONS: Dancers appeared to employ variable strategies to keep balance during this test. Quantitative analysis is warranted to define balance strategies for further validation of the SEBT (and its modification) to determine its utility as a balance screening tool. Med Probl Perform Art 2010; 25:103‐108.
How I ‘met’ Dov Tamari

Although I never met Dov Tamari, neither in person nor electronically, our work had one important intersection – the associahedra. This Festschrift has given me the opportunity to set the record straight: the so-called Stasheff polytope was in fact constructed by Tamari in 1951, a full decade before my version. Here I will indulge in recollections of some of the history of the associahedra, its generalizations and applications. Others in this Festschrift will reveal still other aspects of Tamari’s vision, especially in more direct relation to the lattice/poset that bears his name.
A Novice Guide to Applications of Simulation in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Healthcare systems and health professions education have gone through radical changes in the past decades. These changes have made it imperative to explore innovative and alternative ways of teaching and training. Simulation-based education has emerged as an effective teaching strategy for both learners and practicing health professionals. Simulation is an educational technique that recreates real-life experiences. Learning occurs through participation in these simulation experiences followed by a period of guided debriefing and reflection. Pediatric emergency medicine, by its very nature, can benefit greatly from a well-designed and thoughtfully implemented simulation program. This review outlines situations where simulation may be used for maximum effectiveness in a pediatric emergency department and provides an overview of the basics of debriefing. A thorough description of each identified use of simulation is beyond the scope of this article.
Neural mechanisms of face emotion processing in youths and adults with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES Little is known about potential differences in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) across development. The present study aimed to characterize age-related neural mechanisms of BD. METHODS Youths and adults with and without BD (N = 108, age range = 9.8-55.9 years) completed an emotional face labeling task during fMRI acquisition. We leveraged three different fMRI analytic tools to identify age-related neural mechanisms of BD, investigating (a) change in neural responses over the course of the task, (b) neural activation averaged across the entire task, and (c) amygdala functional connectivity. RESULTS We found converging Age Group × Diagnosis patterns across all three analytic methods. Compared to healthy youths vs adults, youths vs adults with BD show an altered pattern in response to repeated presentation of emotional faces in medial prefrontal, amygdala, and temporoparietal regions, as well as amygdala-temporoparietal connectivity. Specifically, medial prefrontal and lingual activation decreases over the course of repeated emotional face presentations in healthy youths vs adults but increases in youths with BD compared to adults with BD. Moreover, youths vs adults with BD show less medial prefrontal activation and amygdala-temporoparietal junction connectivity averaged over the task, but this difference is not found for healthy youths vs adults. CONCLUSION Although longitudinal confirmation and replication will be necessary, these findings suggest that neural development may be aberrant in BD and that some neural mechanisms mediating BD may differ in adults vs children with the illness.
Impractical? The curious life of a scrappy pastoral theologian

Four decades and 1 year ago, I breathed my first breath just 13 miles from where we stand. As the sun set on the hills of Atlanta, the shadows of the King legacy fell upon my household. My parents ...
Communication I: Neural System and Regulation of Communication

As we already know, the nervous system functions together and in accordance with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. Our sensory organs have distinguished receptors sensitive to different signals conveying and sending signals directly to the brain. These sensory organs and their neurons are part of the central nervous system (CNS). They can bring to the brain both external and internal signals. Information from all the senses is integrated in the brain centers located in the brain and spinal cord. There are two types of neurons according to their function: motor and sensory neurons. Motor neurons transmit the signals from central nervous system to the periphery: glands and muscles for example. Sensory neurons are ascendant pathways and they transducer the signal from the periphery to the appropriate centers of the CNS (brain and spinal cord). Sensory and corresponding motoneuron creates the reflex arch. Thus, the nervous system controls the major muscular activities of the body, visceral smooth muscle activity, and secretion of exocrine and endocrine glands.
A personalized prediction model for hospital readmission risk for cancer patients.

7057Background: Cancer patients (pts) are at high risk of unplanned hospital readmissions. Predicting which cancer patients are at higher risk of readmission would improve post-discharge follow-up/...
Impact of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) on survival in patients with ypN1 breast cancer that receive regional nodal irradiation (RNI): A national cancer database (NCDB) analysis.

572Background: The innovation of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has allowed many patients with invasive breast cancer to forego ALND. However, the benefit of ALND is unclear in patients with pat...
“I had no other choice but to catch it too”: the roles of family history and experiences with diabetes in illness representations

A family history of diabetes and family members’ experiences with diabetes may influence individuals’ beliefs and expectations about their own diabetes. No qualitative studies have explored the relationship between family history and experiences and individuals’ diabetes illness representations. Secondary data analysis of 89 exploratory, semi-structured interviews with adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes seeking care in an urban health system. Participants had a recent diabetes-related ED visit/hospitalization or hemoglobin A1c > 7.5%. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved. Demographic data were collected via self-report and electronic medical record review. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using a conventional content analysis approach. References to family history and family members’ experiences with diabetes were analyzed using selected domains of Leventhal’s Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation. Participants cited both genetic and behavioral family history as a major cause of their diabetes. Stories of relatives’ diabetes complications and death figured prominently in their discussion of consequences; however, participants felt controllability over diabetes through diet, physical activity, and other self-care behaviors. Findings supported an important role of family diabetes history and experience in development of diabetes illness representations. Further research is needed to expand our understanding of the relationships between these perceptions, self-management behaviors, and outcomes. Family practice providers, diabetes educators and other team members should consider expanding assessment of current family structure and support to also include an exploration of family history with diabetes, including which family members had diabetes, their self-care behaviors, and their outcomes, and how this history fits into the patient’s illness representations.
Performance evaluation of fungal DNA PCR amplification from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue for diagnosis; experience of a tertiary reference laboratory.

Background Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues by PCR amplification is a developing technology. One of the difficulties of establishing a validated protocol for this testing is that the gold standard, culture, is much less sensitive than the test being validated. Objectives To validate FFPE PCR as a refence laboratory identification methodology in the absence of abundant gold standard specimens. Methods In this validation, PCR from FFPE tissue was compared to other diagnostic methods for genus/species identification. Four different groups of correlative data from FFPE tissues were used to validate this procedure. Thirteen specimens had culture or serology results and FFPE PCR results, 49 specimens had both immunohistochemistry (IHC) identification and FFPE PCR results, 118 specimens had histological evidence of fungal elements, 64 of which also had FFPE PCR results, and 36 fungal mock tissues or fungal negative tissues were used. Results The sensitivity determined from the tissues with positive fungal histopathology was 54%. The specificity of the cases for which there were both culture and FFPE PCR results was 100%. For the correlation with IHC, the specificity was 98%. For the mock tissues and fungal-negative tissues the calculated analytical sensitivity was 94%, specificity was 95% and accuracy was 94%. Conclusions By uniquely combining various data sources this study provides a comprehensive framework for how validation can be achieved in the absence of a gold standard and outlines the excellent performance of PCR from FFPE tissue, despite relatively the low sensitivity when compared to histopathology.
Analysis on the Effect of Heavy Metals and Genetics on the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the reduction of dopamine in the brain and related to many genes. In addition, the getting together of the α-Synuclein is the important factor of Parkinson’s disease. This research mainly discusses the effect of heavy metals and genetics on the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease. The author found 10 articles that investigate the relationship between the heavy metals, genetics and the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease. In all these materials, 9 of 10 articles focus on the relationship between the heavy metals and the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease, namely, how different heavy metals can cause Parkinson’s disease. The last reference article is about the genetics and the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease. This article is mainly about which gene is changed and will let people get Parkinson’s disease. Iron, copper and lead can contribute to the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease, while the manganese does not show much related to the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease. Besides, many genes together will contribute to the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease. Different genes getting together will cause different Parkinson’s disease.
COVID-related work changes, burnout, and turnover intentions in mental health providers: A moderated mediation analysis.

Objective: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has drastically impacted the provision of mental health services. Changes required of providers were substantial and could lead to increased burnout and, subsequently, increased turnover intentions. This study examined burnout experienced by mental health services providers in the context of COVID-19 and through the lens of the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. We examined the effects of work changes on burnout and subsequent turnover intentions, and how job and personal resources may have buffered the extent to which work changes due to COVID-19 impacted burnout. Methods: Service providers (n = 93) from six community mental health centers (CMHCs) in one Midwestern state in the United States completed surveys as part of service contracts to implement evidence-based practices. Path analysis tested the unconditional indirect relations between work changes and turnover intentions through burnout. Moderated mediation determined whether the indirect effect of work changes on turnover intentions via burnout varied in strength by job and personal resources. Results: Work changes had a significant indirect effect on turnover intentions through burnout ( β ^ = .140, 95% CI = .072, .217). This indirect effect varied as a function of two job resources, organizational trust and perceived organizational support. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Burnout was relatively low only when work changes were low and job resources levels high. When work changes were high, burnout was similarly high across levels of job resources. To minimize burnout, organizations should limit task, setting, and team-related work changes to the extent possible. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Urine creatinine concentration and clinical outcomes in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

PURPOSE Loss of muscle mass and strength are associated with long-term adverse health outcomes in older adults. Urine creatinine concentrations (Ucr; mg/dl) are a measure of muscle tissue mass and turnover. This study assessed the associations of a spot Ucr level with muscle mass and with risk of hospitalization, mortality, and diabetes mellitus in older adults. METHODS We examined 3424 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study who provided spot urine samples in 1996-1997 and who were followed through June 2015. All participants underwent baseline measurement of grip strength. In a sub-cohort, 1331 participants underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, from which lean muscle mass was derived. Participants were followed for a median of 10 years for hospitalizations and mortality, and 9 years for diabetes mellitus. RESULTS In linear regression analysis, a one standard deviation higher Ucr concentration (64.6 mg/dl) was associated with greater grip strength (kg force) β = 0.44 [0.16, 0.72]; p = 0.002) and higher lean muscle mass (kg) (β = 0.43 [0.08, 0.78]; p = 0.02). In Cox regression analyses, each standard deviation greater Ucr concentration was associated with lower rates of hospitalizations (0.94 [95% confidence interval, 0.90, 0.98]; p < 0.001) and lower mortality risk (0.92 [0.88, 0.97]; p < 0.001), while a one standard deviation increase in muscle mass derived from DEXA had no such significant association. Ucr levels were not associated with incident diabetes mellitus risk (0.97 [0.85, 1.11]; p = 0.65). CONCLUSION A higher spot Ucr concentration was favorably associated with muscle mass and strength and with health outcomes in older community-living adults. The ease of obtaining a spot Ucr makes it an attractive analyte to use for gauging the health of older adults.