cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Measuring Shielding Effectiveness of Sparsely Moded Enclosures in a Reverberation Chamber

Recently, there has been great interest in evaluating the shielding effectiveness of physically small enclosures (all linear dimensions between 0.1 and 2 m) using a reverberation chamber. In cases where the enclosure is also electrically small (linear dimensions on the order of a free-space wavelength or less), the enclosure supports only discrete resonant modes whose lineshapes have little or no overlap in frequency. This sparsely moded or “undermoded” cavity poses a number of complex challenges to defining and measuring shielding effectiveness. This study contributes to the development of a measurement process for evaluating shielding effectiveness in electrically small enclosures. Specifically, we demonstrate the performance advantages of a traveling-wave antenna (long-wire probe) as a means of fully sampling the field throughout the volume of the enclosure without the need for multiple, wall-mounted probes. Furthermore, the good impedance match of the long-wire antenna permits a large dynamic range in the shielding effectiveness measurements. A simple and fast test method is presented that is accurate and repeatable, and embodies the desired “dovetailing” of shielding effectiveness values obtained as frequency increases and the enclosure transitions from undermoded to overmoded operation. Finally, a rudimentary statistical analysis is provided to assess typical uncertainties inherent in the shielding effectiveness evaluation.
Constrained Coding for Soft Decoders

The art of soft iterative decoding is putting together the various decoders that make up the system, and then iteratively passing messages amongst them. This chapter puts together constrained coding from Chapter 5 with the ECC and channel decoders from Chapters 2 and 3. Section 1. discusses the construction of modulation codes to make soft information available after demodulation. The key result is presented in Section 2., which considers configurations for combined constraint and ECC decoding, such as modified concatenation. For constrained systems, Section 3. then uses the forward-backward algorithm on the trellis of the constraint graph to decode the sequence for additional coding gain. Finally, Section 4. looks at some theoretical aspects of combining ECC and modulation coding. Some of this material has appeared in [FCi99].
Rapid Mycobacterium species assignment and unambiguous identification of mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by automated DNA sequencing.

. objective. ― To develop and demonstrate the utility of automated DNA sequencing strategies for rapid and unambiguous identification of Mycobacterium species and mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Design and Specimens. ― A 360-base pair segment of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kd heat shock protein was characterized from 91 isolates assigned to 24 Mycobacterium species by traditional biochemical techniques. Areas of seven genes recently shown to contain mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in M tuberculosis strains were also sequenced in a sample of 128 resistant organisms. Early positive BACTEC 460 cultures and acid-fast, bacterium-positive sputum specimens from patients with tuberculosis were also studied. Results. ― Automated DNA sequencing identified species-specific polymorphism in the target segment of hsp65, successfully identified organisms to the species level in smear-positive sputum samples, and unambiguously characterized seven genes associated with antimicrobial resistance in M tuberculosis. Conclusions. ― Rapid identification of M tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species is possible by automated DNA sequencing of a portion of hsp65. The technique is also feasible for analysis of some smear-positive sputum specimens. Unambiguous characterization of target segments of genes harboring mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in M tuberculosis is possible from primary patient specimens. Taken together, the data demonstrate the feasibility of mycobacterial species identification and potential to identify mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in less than 48 hours.
Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review).

The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex "cochlear-vascular unit" in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the "intrastrial fluid-blood barrier"). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled .
Gender Politics and The Walking Dead: Gendered Violence and the Reestablishment of Patriarchy:

Given that the acclaimed comic book series The Walking Dead allows readers to confront our greatest fears, as civilization has collapsed and zombies proliferate and prey upon the living, the paucity of literature addressing the gender dynamics in such a lawless society is disconcerting. In our analysis of 96 issues of the series, we explore the social construction of gender roles and the context of gendered violence and victimization in this post-apocalyptic world. Moving beyond a narrative analysis, we consider how comic art conveys that even in the zombie apocalypse, the patriarchal structure remains, the realities of sexism and gendered violence endure, and, sometimes, women literally pay with their flesh for trying to break out of stereotypical gendered constructs.
In‐stream structure alters density‐dependent fish effects in stream ecosystems

The independent effects of in-stream structure (ISS) and fish foraging on stream properties have been well documented, but few studies have explored the interactive effects of ISS and fishes on streams. Herein, we tested the independent and interactive effects of ISS and a generalist fish (Blacktail shiner, Cyprinella venusta) on suspended organic matter (SOM), benthic algae, invertebrate density and fish growth using experimental mesocosms. We found that Blacktail shiner foraging affected all of the ecosystem properties; however, in some cases, the fish effects differed between mesocosms with and without ISS. Specifically, mesocosms with ISS provided greater surface area for invertebrate colonisation and enhanced food resources for Blacktail shiner. As a result, benthic foraging by Blacktail shiner was reduced in these mesocosms. The reduced benthic foraging in turn enhanced benthic algae and benthic invertebrates via a bottom-up, nutrient excretion pathway. The ISS-dependent effects of fish on these stream properties, however, were only evident at low and intermediate fish densities (1 and 2 fish·m−2 respectively). This was likely because at the highest fish density (4 fish·m−2) intense fish foraging overrode any mediating effects of ISS. Furthermore, fish growth decreased with fish density because of intraspecific competition, but this negative effect on growth was reduced in mesocosms with ISS because of the increased forage base. However, the positive effect on fish growth was weak and only marginally significant. Our data suggest that fish-mediated effects on streams are context dependent, changing with microhabitat availability (e.g. ISS) and density of the fish population.
Metacontrast masking and attention do not interact

Visual masking and attention have been known to control the transfer of information from sensory memory to visual short-term memory. A natural question is whether these processes operate independently or interact. Recent evidence suggests that studies that reported interactions between masking and attention suffered from ceiling and/or floor effects. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether metacontrast masking and attention interact by using an experimental design in which saturation effects are avoided. We asked observers to report the orientation of a target bar randomly selected from a display containing either two or six bars. The mask was a ring that surrounded the target bar. Attentional load was controlled by set-size and masking strength by the stimulus onset asynchrony between the target bar and the mask ring. We investigated interactions between masking and attention by analyzing two different aspects of performance: (i) the mean absolute response errors and (ii) the distribution of signed response errors. Our results show that attention affects observers' performance without interacting with masking. Statistical modeling of response errors suggests that attention and metacontrast masking exert their effects by independently modulating the probability of "guessing" behavior. Implications of our findings for models of attention are discussed.
Induction of Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells by CDDO-Me Involves Repression of Telomerase through Epigenetic Pathways

Reactivation of telomerase in cancers provides an attractive target for developing novel agents to selectively destroy tumor cells. Methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me), a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells at very low concentrations. The antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of CDDO-Me were associated with the inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA, hTERT protein and reduction in hTERT telomerase activity. CDDO-Me inhibited multiple transcription factors that regulate hTERT expression positively (Sp1, c-Myc and NF-κB) and negatively (CTCF, E2F-1 and MAD1). CDDO-Me inhibited protein levels of DNA methyl transferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a, which also resulted in hypomethylation of hTERT promoter. In addition, transcriptionally active chromatin markers, such as acetylated histone H3 (Lys 9), acetylated histone H4, di-methyl H3 (Lys 4) and tri-methyl H3 (Lys 9) were all reduced in pancreatic cancer cells treated with CDDO-Me. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed decreased histone deacetylation and histone demethylation at hTERT promoter. Collectively, these results indicate that down-regulation of telomerase through epigenetic mechanisms plays a critical role in induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by CDDO-Me.
A SCREENING CANDIDATE RESERVOIR FOR GAS INJECTION WAY BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETER'S COMPREHENSIVE WEIGHT OPTIMIZATION METHOD

Several parameters have been screen out for evaluating affection of gas miscible and immiscible injection based on studying all factors affecting displacement behavior. Ranks and distribution functions, as well as point models of each factor collected from application example in literature have also been presented in paper. A characteristic parameter's comprehensive weight optimization method for screening candidate oil reservoir for gas injection has been built up by introducing Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Integrated Weighting Point Process. Application in three practical reservoirs indicates it is a successful way of combining two sides of subjective affection to evaluating and objective suitability for gas injection. Integrated evaluation results by using this way given in the paper can give right potentiality and order for all candidate oil reservoirs for gas injection.
Transgenic mice overexpressing the shortest human tau isoform develop a progressive tauopathy

Tau is an abundant microtubule-associated protein in the CNS that is implicated in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP17), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonismdementia complex (ALS/PDC) of Guam, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and a number of other neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies [1–4].Tauopathies are characterized neuropathologically by numerous inclusions formed by aggregated paired helical filaments (PHFs) and/or straight filaments composed of aberrantly phosphorylated tau proteins (PHFtau) in selectively vulnerable neurons and glial cells throughout widespread regions of the CNS [1–4].
Raman Pulse Generation

To induce coherent stimulated Raman transitions (see Chap. 2) in our atom cloud we require two mutually phase-coherent ‘Raman beams’ which are spatially separable.
Narrative and Informational Dimensions of AAC Discourse in the Workplace

This chapter is an application of a corpus-based, multidimensional approach to discourse analysis pioneered by Biber (Variation across speech and writing, 1988; Dimensions of register variation: A cross-linguistic perspective, 1995; University language: A corpus-based study of spoken and written registers, 2006) to examine linguistic co-occurrence patterns in the language of individuals with communication impairments who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices in the workplace. Specifically, we utilize the linguistic dimensions extracted by Friginal (Discourse Studies, 10:715–736, 2008; The language of outsourced call centers: A corpus-based study of cross-cultural communication, 2009) from oral, telephone-based interactions in a business setting. The AAC and Non-AAC Workplace Corpus (ANAWC) (Pickering and Bruce, The AAC and non-AAC workplace corpus (ANAWC). [Collection of electronic texts], 2009) used in this chapter comprises over 200 hours of spoken interaction (approximately 1 million words) involving 8 focal participants and more than 100 interlocutors in 7 different work locations. The linguistic patterns and trends within three dimensions from Friginal’s model are interpreted further to identify contributing factors and features characterizing AAC and non-AAC workplace interactions. Our results suggest that AAC discourse can be clearly differentiated from non-AAC discourse along textual and functional domains. AAC texts make use of more informational, non-narrative, and procedural textual features of discourse than their non-AAC counterparts.
Effect of a handover tool on efficiency of care and mortality for interhospital transfers

Background Interhospital transfer is frequent, and transferred patients experience delays in the provision of care and higher mortality rates when compared to patients directly admitted. The interhospital handover is a key opportunity to improve care but has not been evaluated. Objective To determine the effect of a universal handover tool on timeliness of care, length of stay (LOS), and mortality among interhospital transfer patients. Design, setting, and patients Retrospective cohort of patients transferred to an academic medical center between July 1, 2009 and December 31, 2010 with interrupted time-series design. Intervention One-page handover tool containing information critical for immediate patient care instituted hospital-wide on July 1, 2010. The handover tool was completed by the transferring physician and available for review before patient arrival. Measurements Time-to-admission order entry, LOS after transfer, in-hospital mortality. Results There was no significant change in the time-to-admission order entry after implementation (47 minutes vs. 45 minutes, adjusted P = 0.94). There was a nonstatistically significant reduction in LOS after implementation (6.5 days vs. 5.8 days, adjusted P = 0.06). In-hospital mortality for transfer patients declined significantly in the postintervention period from 12.0% to 8.9% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 - 0.99, P = 0.04). There was no change in mortality for the concurrent control group. Conclusion Implementation of a standardized handover tool for interhospital transfer was feasible and may be associated with significant reductions in length of stay and mortality. Widespread adoption of similar tools may improve outcomes in this high-risk population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:23-28.
A Year of Deliberating Danger(ously): A Network Topology of the Loaded Climate Dice

This chapter constructs a topology of the year-long enactments of the loaded climate dice metaphor, largely associated with climate scientist and advocate, James Hansen. First, the method traces a network topology of the loaded dice metaphor by following it across Internet debates precipitated by extreme weather events in 2012—including record-breaking heat, extreme drought, and Hurricane Sandy. Second, the topology reveals that while the loaded dice metaphor provided a well-crafted shorthand for precautionary approaches to risk, its assumption of shared values limited its circulation and reinforced community norms. Thus, while the actors surrounding the loaded climate dice metaphor seek to deliberate danger, its limitations mean that they may also deliberate dangerously by avoiding engagements through difference and reinscribing a wait-and-see approach. By tracing the performative constraints of metaphors and mapping the discourse of communities, topologies can produce insights into deliberations over climate risk.
Protein Structures, Interactions and Function from Evolutionary Couplings

The sequences of biomolecules such as proteins and RNA genes contain information about their three-dimensional states and functions. For over 40 years biologists have used the evolutionary conservation of this information to detect homology and predict important subsets of residues. Recent work has substantially extended this view of conservation by including the detection of evolutionary couplings , interactions, between residues, resulting in a paradigm shift in our ability to compute three-dimensional structures from sequences alone. In addition to three-dimensional structure of single proteins and RNA, this statistical analysis of evolutionary constraints can identify functional residues involved in ligand binding, biomolecule-interactions, alternative ensembles of conformations, “invisible” tertiary states of disordered proteins and allows quantitative prediction of effects of mutations. In this chapter we present an overview of the statistical inference methodologies, a survey of the resulting applications and challenges facing the field.
Progress in Literacy Coaching Success—A Dozen Years on

Literacy coaches are most successful when they: develop strong, trusting relationships; provide clarity about their roles; communicate well; spend much of their time in coaching conversations; and ...
Self-equalizing photodiodes, a hybrid electro-optical approach to tackle bandwidth limitation in high-speed signaling

In this paper we provide the design details of self-equalizing photodetectors which enable higher data rate transmission by improving the overall bandwidth of the bandwidth limited transmission link, through a hybrid electro-optical solution. Two different self-equalizing photodiodes, one having fixed equalization and the other being programmable are presented as proof of concept.
Sequence analysis of feline immunoglobulin mRNAs and the development of a felinized monoclonal antibody specific to feline panleukopenia virus.

In response to immunization, B-cells generate a repertoire of antigen-specific antibodies. Antibody-based immunotherapies hold great promise for treating a variety of diseases in humans. Application of antibody-based immunotherapy in cats is limited by the lack of species-specific complete sequences for mRNAs encoding rearranged heavy and light chain immunoglobulins in B cells. To address this barrier, we isolated mRNAs from feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and used available immunoglobulin sequences and 5′ and 3′ RACE to clone and sequence heavy and light chain immunoglobulin mRNAs. We recovered mRNA from PBMCs from two cats, cloned and sequenced the variable and constant domains of the feline heavy chains of IgG1a (IGHG1a), IgG2 (IGHG2), and IgA (IGHA), and the light chains (lambda and kappa). Using these sequences, we prepared two bicistronic vectors for mammalian expression of a representative feline heavy (IGHG1a) together with a light (lambda or kappa) chain. Here we report novel feline Ig sequences, a technique to express antigen-specific felinized monoclonal antibodies, and the initial characterization of a functional felinized monoclonal antibody against feline panleukopenia virus.
On the manifestation of coexisting nontrivial equilibria leading to potential well escapes in an inhomogeneous floating body

Abstract This paper examines the bifurcation and stability behavior of inhomogeneous floating bodies, specifically a rectangular prism with asymmetric mass distribution. A nonlinear model is developed to determine the stability of the upright and tilted equilibrium positions as a function of the vertical position of the center of mass within the prism. These equilibria positions are defined by an angle of rotation and a vertical position where rotational motion is restricted to a two dimensional plane. Numerical investigations are conducted using path-following continuation methods to determine equilibria solutions and evaluate stability. Bifurcation diagrams and basins of attraction that illustrate the stability of the equilibrium positions as a function of the vertical position of the center of mass within the prism are generated. These results reveal complex stability behavior with many coexisting solutions. Static experiments are conducted to validate equilibria orientations against numerical predictions with results showing good agreement. Dynamic experiments that examine potential well hopping behavior in a waveflume for various wave conditions are also conducted.
Is physical abuse, neglect, or a combination of both more predictive of delinquent behavior in a high-risk population?

ABSTRACTThis study explored early abuse type and severity in relation to delinquency utilizing an archival longitudinal data set. These data were collected every 2 years, starting at age 4, from the individuals, caregivers, and teachers. Mean differences tests were conducted to determine how delinquency scores varied by abuse type and severity. These analyses used Child Protective Services reports of the type and severity of abuse as independent measures and the behavior problem scale from the Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self Report, and Teacher Report Form as independent measures. Follow-up analyses of variance and post-hoc tests were conducted as necessary to clarify the relationship between abuse and delinquency. Although results did not reach significance, a relatively small mean difference was discovered between severity types (more severe maltreatment history demonstrating higher levels of delinquency) for teacher ratings of delinquency.
Jordan Structures and Lattices of Invariant Subspaces of Real Matrices

Real matrices having the same Jordan structure are characterized in terms of isomorphisms and linear isomorphisms of lattices of their invariant subspaces.
Imaging of Facial Fractures

Facial trauma is a common presentation to the emergency department, usually as a result of a blunt trauma. The trauma can range from a simple, isolated nondisplaced fracture to complex displaced facial fractures. Multiple fracture patterns have been described that make it easier to efficiently detect, document, and communicate the diagnosis in patients with multiple fractures. Rene Le Fort made the earliest and most famous classification in 1901, and since that time multiple other fracture patterns have been described. While these can be present in pure form, often they coexist, particularly in the setting of high-impact trauma.
Quantum Dot-Encoded Beads

Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding semiconductor quantum dots into mesoporous and macroporous beads at precisely controlled ratios. Owing to their novel optical properties such as size-tunable emission and simultaneous excitation, quantum dots are ideal fluorophores for wavelength-and-intensity multiplexing. Kinetics study reveals that quantum dot doping of porous silica and polystyrene beads can be completed from seconds to minutes. The use of 10 intensity levels and six colors could theoretically code 1 million nucleic acid or protein sequences. Imaging and spectroscopic measurements indicate that the quantum dot-tagged beads are highly uniform and reproducible, yielding bead identification accuracies as high as 99.99% under favorable conditions. DNA hybridization studies demonstrate that the coding and target signals can be simultaneously read at the single-bead level. This spectral coding technology is expected to open new opportunities in gene expression studies, high-throughput screening, and medical diagnostics.
Molecular Approaches to the Study of Phytoplankton Life Cycles: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Ecology

The molecular methods described in this chapter offer an opportunity to identify specific life stages and to study the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles of harmful algal bloom species with unprecedented accuracy. Given that different life-cycle stages often interact in complex ways to influence the success of algal species, these techniques will provide critical insights into the factors that regulate HAB population dynamics.
Poster Session: Analogy and Intelligence in Model Building (AIMB)

The AIMB program is a symbolic, non-numerical approach to molecular model building and conformational analysis. The purpose of this project is to develop a rapid, accurate and automatic model builder that can be applied to a wide range of chemical structures. A further aim is to create a program that will facilitate the exploration of the conformational space of molecules and molecular fragments. The program utilises knowledge about the shape and structure of known molecules (taken from crystallographic data) for model construction and conformational search. Results are presented on the ability of AIMB to model a cyclooctane ring compound and its utility in exploring low energy conformations of the compound.
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging Services are Significant Sources of Medicare Revenue for Highly Reimbursed Nonradiologist Providers

Abstract Introduction Nonradiologist providers increasingly perform diagnostic imaging examinations and imaging-guided interventions traditionally performed by radiologists, which have raised concerns regarding appropriate utilization and self-referral. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of imaging studies to Medicare reimbursements for highly compensated nonradiologist providers in specialties often performing imaging studies. Methods The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Database was queried for provider information regarding overall reimbursement for providers in anesthesiology, cardiology, emergency medicine, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedic surgery, neurology, and vascular surgery. Information regarding imaging studies reported and payment amounts were extracted for the 25 highest-reimbursed providers. Data were analyzed for relative contribution of imaging payments to overall medical Medicare payments. Results Significant differences between numbers of imaging studies, types of imaging, and payment amounts were noted based on provider specialty (p Conclusions Nonradiologist performed imaging payments comprised substantial proportions of overall Medicare reimbursement for highly reimbursed physicians in several specialties, especially cardiology, vascular surgery, and orthopedic surgery. Further investigation is needed to better understand the wider economic implications of nonradiologist imaging study performance and self-referral beyond the Medicare population.
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, conversion, and somatic symptom disorders.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are common at epilepsy centers, where they represent 30%–40% of referrals.1 Thus, busy epilepsy centers deal with this almost on a daily basis. Unlike other psychogenic symptoms, with the advent of EEG–video monitoring, the diagnosis is generally not difficult.1 Treatment is another story and has been a vexing challenge. As a result, outcome and follow-up are notoriously poor.1,2 The typical scenario is that, once diagnosed, patients with PNES find themselves stuck between psychiatry and neurology. Most epilepsy centers, even those with an interest in PNES, do not have access to consistent mental health services that can provide treatment.
Clinical outcome and prognosis of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients (pts) on phase 1 trials: A single institution experience from 1999 to 2016.

828Background: Pts with mCRC who progress on all standard therapies have a poor prognosis and limited therapy options. Phase 1 trials represent a valuable treatment option. Herein we report the cha...
δf Algorithm

The ?f Algorithm is a low noise particle code algorithm. The perturbation of the distribution function (?f) away from a large equilibrium is evolved rather than the total distribution function. "Particles" in the code are actually Lagrangian markers at which the value of the distribution function is known, The magnitude of the numerical noise is characteristic of the size of the perturbation rather than the equilibrium and scales roughly as the inverse of the number of particles, In this paper, the algorithm is described, and conserved energies are derived for linear and nonlinear sets of equations. Two different forms of the energy principle test separately adequate resolution in time and space and adequacy of the number of simulation particles. A semi-implicit time step method is described which allows violation of the Courant condition. Low noise capabilities of a linear code using the algorithm are demonstrated.
Session V: Macro Perspectives: Bigger Problems than Corporate Governance

Columbia Business School's well‐known authority on value‐based investing begins by attributing today's economic problems to a “global economic dislocation,” one that is rooted in the ongoing—and in Greenwald's view, inevitable—decline of manufacturing and displacement by services. Like the other example of dislocation in modern times, the Great Depression of the 1930s, the 2008 global financial crisis and protracted recession— still very much with us—are viewed as originating in the sharp decline of a major “sector” of the global economy. In the Depression of the ‘30s it was agriculture; in the recent financial crisis it was manufacturing. In both cases, technological advances and economy‐wide productivity increases led to huge increases in stock and financial asset prices—but also to sharp drops in the prices of farm and manufactured goods, and massive overcapacity and ruinous competition in both sectors. According to the author, the working off of overcapacity in the agricultural sector was accomplished largely by the effect of World War II in moving huge numbers off the farm and into the mainly urban industrial sector at government expense. This labor force relocation, which occurred in all developed economies, was essential to a global economic transformation that for the next 50 years provided high productivity growth and greater equality of income and wealth. More recently, however, the global economy has been confronted with the challenge of accomplishing a transition from manufacturing to services that will feature lower productivity growth and more inequality. Foreseeing a long, difficult process, Greenwald's biggest concern is that government intervention will distract businesses from making this transition effectively—which means continuing to operate as efficiently as possible, downsizing when necessary—and so make the problems worse. And while business focuses on preserving its own efficiency and value, Greenwald urges governments to look for more cost‐effective ways—for example, expanded use in the U.S. of the Earned Income Tax Credit—to cushion workers from the consequences. Nobel laureate Edmund Phelps, while agreeing with much of Greenwald's analysis, has a different explanation of the U.S. productivity dilemma. Innovation is viewed as the primary driver of the prosperity of the advanced economies. Higher income and wealth matter less than job satisfaction, participation, and an array of non‐material “modern values” that have somehow been lost and that, for Phelps, are the key to restoring economic growth and “mass flourishing.”
Real frequency tearing layers with parallel dynamics and the effect on error field locking and resistive wall modes

The response to tearing perturbations of a resonant layer within a toroidal plasma often includes real frequencies. These real frequencies are of importance not only for the stability of the tearing mode but also for determining the response to an error field, including locking torques, and the stability properties when interacting with a resistive wall. Unfortunately, including the physics which drives these frequencies can make the model highly complicated and mask the root physics mechanisms driving the response, making it difficult to draw connections between the physics mechanisms occurring in different regimes. In this paper, we present a simple and intuitive method to derive the tearing mode layer properties in various regimes of resistive MHD with the key physics effects of pressure gradient, toroidal field line curvature and parallel dynamics, focusing on two important regimes: The resistive-inertial (RI) and the viscoresistive (VR) regimes. The usual Glasser effect, a toroidal effect which involves real frequencies, has been discussed only in the context of the RI regime. We find that it occurs in the VR regime as well. Based on these results and the presence of real frequencies in many other tearing regimes, we reach the conclusion that real frequencies in tearing modes are the rule rather than the exception. We also find that the existence of tearing modes with real frequencies in the VR and RI regimes is related to nearby electrostatic resistive interchange modes, themselves with real frequencies. Another important effect we find is that the threshold for the destabilization of resistive wall tearing modes is significantly lowered by plasma rotation in the presence of real frequency layers.The response to tearing perturbations of a resonant layer within a toroidal plasma often includes real frequencies. These real frequencies are of importance not only for the stability of the tearing mode but also for determining the response to an error field, including locking torques, and the stability properties when interacting with a resistive wall. Unfortunately, including the physics which drives these frequencies can make the model highly complicated and mask the root physics mechanisms driving the response, making it difficult to draw connections between the physics mechanisms occurring in different regimes. In this paper, we present a simple and intuitive method to derive the tearing mode layer properties in various regimes of resistive MHD with the key physics effects of pressure gradient, toroidal field line curvature and parallel dynamics, focusing on two important regimes: The resistive-inertial (RI) and the viscoresistive (VR) regimes. The usual Glasser effect, a toroidal effect which invol...
Coaching Primary Care Clinicians in the Ambulatory Setting: Direct Observation and Deliberate Practice.

Background and objectives Clinical coaching programs can improve clinician performance through feedback following direct observation and the promotion of reflection. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a primary care coaching program applied in community-based practices. Methods Using a 31-item behavioral checklist that was iteratively revised, four faculty observed 18 community-based primary care clinicians (15 of whom were physicians) across 36 patient encounters. Each behavior was scored as a binary variable (observed or not observed). After watching them care for patients, each clinician participated in a focused feedback session to discuss strengths and areas for improvement. Results Behaviors observed with the highest frequency were: reflects compassion (100%), appears to enjoy caring for the patient (100%), leads and follows with open-ended questions (97%), and asks thoughtful and smart questions (95%). Areas for improvement were those behaviors done less commonly: apologizes for running behind schedule (18%), acknowledges computer and/or explains role in patient care (14%), and assesses understanding (teachback; 7%). Most clinicians agreed or strongly agreed that they would like to be coached again in the future (81%), and that the coaching feedback would help them become more effective in primary care practice (94%). Nearly all patients surveyed substantiated that it did not bother them to have another doctor in the room and that it is a good idea to offer coaching to clinicians to help them improve. Conclusions Coaching busy primary care clinicians is feasible and a valued experience. Focusing on specific observable behaviors can identify clinicians' strengths and opportunities for improvement. Patients are pleased to learn that their clinicians are receiving coaching as part of their professional development.
Survey of Microsurgery Training Availability in US Urology Residency Programs.

PURPOSE The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) establishes surgical minimum numbers of cases for urologic training. Currently there is not a requirement for microsurgery, likely from a belief that programs do not offer exposure. In an effort to evaluate the availability of microsurgery training among urology residency programs we surveyed the programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained a list of the 138 ACGME-accredited urology residencies and contact information the American Urology Association (AUA). We contacted the residency programs by phone and e-mail. For programs that did not reply, we performed a search of the program website. We answered 3-questions to assess resident subspecialty training in microsurgery and used penile implant and artificial urinary sphincters as a comparison. Data are reported as frequencies. RESULTS We obtained data from 134 programs (97.1%). A total of 104 programs (77.6%) had fellowship-trained physicians for training in microsurgery, 86.6% for penile implants, and 88.8% for artificial urinary sphincters. The percentage of fellowship-trained microsurgeons per program did not vary significantly when comparing the different sections of the AUA. The northeast and southeast sections had the lowest percentage (67% and 68%). CONCLUSIONS Nearly 80% of urology residency programs have a fellowship-trained microsurgeon on faculty, we therefore believe that microsurgery should be added as part of the ACGME minimums. In order to provide an equal exposure to all graduating urology residents, urology residency programs that lack microsurgery should identify potential faculty with fellowship training.
Thermoelectric transport of semiconductor full-Heusler VFe2Al

The full-Heusler VFe2Al has emerged as an important thermoelectric material in its thin film and bulk phases. VFe2Al is attractive for use as a thermoelectric materials because of it contains only low-cost, non-toxic and earth abundant elements. While VFe2Al has often been described as a semimetal, here we show the electronic and thermal properties of VFe2Al can be explained by considering VFe2Al as a valence precise semiconductor like many other thermoelectric materials but with a very small band gap (Eg = 0.03 ± 0.01 eV). Using a two-band model for electrical transport and point-defect scattering model for thermal transport we analyze the thermoelectric properties of bulk full-Heusler VFe2Al. We demonstrate that a semiconductor transport model can explain the compilation of data from a variety of n and p-type VFe2Al compositions assuming a small band-gap between 0.02 eV and 0.04 eV. In this small Eg semiconductor understanding, the model suggests that nominally undoped VFe2Al samples appear metallic because of intrinsic defects of the order of ∼1020 defects per cm−3. We rationalize the observed trends in weighted mobilities (μw) with dopant atoms from a molecular orbital understanding of the electronic structure. We use a phonon-point-defect scattering model to understand the dopant-concentration (and, therefore, the carrier-concentration) dependence of thermal conductivity. The electrical and thermal models developed allow us to predict the zT versus carrier concentration curve for this material, which maps well to reported experimental investigations.
Abstract P139: The Relationship Between Tissue Sodium Storage, Immune Cell Activation And Salt-sensitive Hypertension

Introduction: Salt Sensitivity (SS) of blood pressure (BP) is an independent predictor of death due to cardiovascular disease, but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Sodium (Na+) is stored in t...
Medical Mimics of Psychiatric Illnesses

Acute psychosis can manifest in a variety of medical settings, from outpatient primary care clinics to emergency departments, urgent care, or even inpatient medical or surgical units. The presence of psychosis can create a diagnostic challenge for any physician, especially for patients who present with an apparent psychiatric symptom that might be masking an acute medical condition.
Trees, shrubs, and forests at Joya de Cerén, a Late Classic Mesoamerican village

Abstract The Late Classic Maya village of Joya de Ceren's extraordinary preservation caused by the Loma Caldera volcanic eruption around 650 CE allows for a unique opportunity to understand what plant species ancient Mesoamerican farmers utilized in their daily lives for food consumption, medicinal applications, fuel, and construction purposes. While Ceren has unusually good preservation of earthen-made household structures, gardens, and extensive outfields growing maize, manioc, and numerous weedy species, this article will review the collection of anthracological remains recovered from excavations at the site since 1978. Wood charcoal recovered via flotation samples taken throughout the archaeological site reveal the surrounding ecosystems that Ceren villagers would have exploited to regularly obtain their wood resources. Additionally, various fruit trees were cultivated within the village center, as evidenced by limb, trunk and fruit impressions preserved as plaster casts. The data collected from the long history of archaeobotanical research at Ceren suggests that these ancient rural agriculturalists practiced sustainable land management strategies and incorporated a diverse assemblage of tree species into their daily practices. The ancient agriculturalists effectively coped with an ever-changing landscape and opportunistically established their settlement in a biodiverse setting that had plentiful resources from a range of ecosystems available for their daily needs.
Potentiation of (α4)2(β2)3, but not (α4)3(β2)2, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors reduces nicotine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms

Abstract The low sensitivity (α4)3(β2)2 (LS) and high sensitivity (α4)2(β2)3 (HS) nAChR isoforms may contribute to a variety of brain functions, pathophysiological processes, and pharmacological effects associated with nicotine use. In this study, we examined the contributions of the LS and HS α4β2 nAChR isoforms in nicotine self-administration, withdrawal symptoms, antinociceptive and hypothermic effects. We utilized two nAChR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): desformylflustrabromine (dFBr), a PAM of both the LS and HS α4β2 nAChRs, and CMPI, a PAM selective for the LS nAChR. We found that dFBr, but not CMPI, decreased intravenous nicotine self-administration in male mice in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike dFBr, which fully reverses somatic and affective symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, CMPI at doses up to 15 mg/kg in male mice only partially reduced nicotine withdrawal-induced somatic signs, anxiety-like behavior and sucrose preference, but had no effects on nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. These results indicate that potentiation of HS α4β2 nAChRs is necessary to modulate nicotine's reinforcing properties that underlie nicotine intake and to reverse nicotine withdrawal symptoms that influence nicotine abstinence. In contrast, both dFBr and CMPI enhanced nicotine's hypothermic effect and reduced nicotine's antinociceptive effects in male mice. Therefore, these results indicate a more prevalent role of HS α4β2 nAChR isoforms in mediating various behavioral effects associated with nicotine, whereas the LS α4β2 nAChR isoform has a limited role in mediating body temperature and nociceptive responses. These findings will facilitate the development of more selective, efficacious, and safe nAChR-based therapeutics for nicotine addiction treatment.
The Experience of Financial Well-Being, Shame, and Mental Health Outcomes in Seminary Students

The experience of pursuing a graduate seminary education is rife with many stressors, including the heavy financial burden required to fund a seminary degree. Shame, understood as an experience of being unworthy and inadequate at one’s core, may be a natural reaction to financial hardship as many individuals may believe their inadequacy is the cause of their financial difficulties. The present study assessed 189 graduate seminary students from institutions accredited by the Association of Theological Schools to further understand the relationships between shame, financial distress, depression, anxiety, and spiritual well-being. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that financial well-being and shame would be negatively correlated. Furthermore, we hypothesized that shame would mediate the relationship between financial well-being and a number of negative outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and lack of spiritual well-being. Our findings demonstrated that the seminary population experienced shame in regard to perceived lack of financial well-being; shame was significantly and negatively related to financial well-being and significantly mediated the relationship between financial well-being and depression, anxiety, and spiritual well-being. These results indicate that financial hardship, including student debt, appears to have a far-reaching impact that causes distress on various levels for seminary students and that shame may be an important mechanism in understanding how this happens.