cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased functional brain response during word retrieval in cognitively intact older adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Recent language studies in aging and dementia provide two complementary lines of evidence that: (1) measures of semantic knowledge and word-finding ability show declines comparable to those of episodic memory, and greater impairment than executive function measures, during the prodromal period of Alzheimer's disease and (2) cognitively intact older adult carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele also demonstrate poorer object naming than their low-risk peers. Given that possible changes in the neural substrates of word retrieval (e.g., Broca's area and fusiform gyrus) in at-risk adults may signal impending cognitive decline and serve as a prodromal marker of AD, we examined whether APOE e4 carriers exhibit changes in brain response in regions subserving word retrieval and semantic knowledge. Eleven cognitively intact APOE e4 older adults and 11 age, education, and family history of AD-matched APOE e3 adults named aloud photographs of animals, tools, and vehicles during event-related fMRI. Results showed that, in the face of equivalent naming accuracy, APOE e4 adults demonstrated more widespread brain response with greater signal change in the left fusiform gyrus, bilateral medial prefrontal cortex, and right perisylvian cortex. Findings are discussed in the context of possible compensatory mechanisms invoked to maintain performance in those at genetic risk for AD.
In vitro modeling of liver membrane copper transport

The process of hepatobiliary copper (Cu) secretion is still poorly understood Cu secretion as a complex with glutathione and transport via a lysosomal pathway have been proposed. The recent cloning and sequencing of the gene for Wilson disease indicates that Cu transport in liver cells may be mediated by a Cu transporting Ptype ATPase. Biochemical evidence for ATP-dependent Cu transport in mammalian systems, however, has not been reported so far. We have investigated Cu transport in rat liver plasma membrane vesicles enriched in canalicular or basolateral membranes in the presence and absence of ATP (4 mM) and an ATP-regenerating system. The presence of ATP clearly stimulated uptake of radiolabeled Cu (64Cu, 10 μM) into canalicular plasma membrane vesicles and, to a lesser extent, also into basolateral plasma membrane vesicles. ATP-dependent Cu transport was dose-dependently inhibited by the P-type ATPase inhibitor vanadate, and showed saturation kinetics with an estimated Km of 8.6 μM and a Vmax of 6.9 nmol/min/mg protein. ATP-stimulated Cu uptake was similar in canalicular membrane vesicles of normal Wistar rats and those of mutant GY rats, expressing a congenital defect in the activity of the ATP-dependent canalicular glutathione-conjugate transporter (cMOAT). These studies demonstrate the presence of an ATP-dependent Cu transporting system in isolated plasma membrane fractions of rat liver distinct from cMOAT. (J. Clin. Invest. 1995.95:412–416.) Key words: copper · bile secretion · P-type ATPase · vesicle transport · Wilson disease. (Reproduced from The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1995, vol. 95, pp. 412–416 by copyright permission of The Society for Clinical Investigation.).
FURTHER STUDIES ON TESTICULAR GRAFTING

For the past three years several members of the Physiology Department of this University have been engaged in a study of the influence of endocrine factors on spontaneous activity. Rats have been used as the experimental animals. The activity has been recorded by means of revolving cages substantially as described by Stewart (1) some thirty years ago. A few modifications in the cages have been made as described by Durrant (2). Among the most clean-cut results secured was the marked depression of activity following castration (3). Numerous attempts have been made by means of grafting and injections of various testicular extracts to ameliorate the lethargy (4). With one or two suggestive exceptions the results have been completely negative.
A frequency-domain characterization of interpolation from nonuniformly spaced data

A linear time-varying (LTV) framework for modeling interpolation from nonuniformly spaced samples is described. This LTV model is used to obtain a frequency-domain description of the interpolation process. The frequency-domain characteristics of a number of commonly used interpolators are presented. In addition, this frequency-domain description permits the design of one-dimensional interpolators through the use of two-dimensional digital filter design techniques. A two-dimensional frequency sampling design approach is explored in an attempt to better approximate the ideal interpolator. >
Mistreatment of the economic impacts of extreme events in the Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

Abstract The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change has focused debate on the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action on climate change. This refocusing has helped to move debate away from science of the climate system and on to issues of policy. However, a careful examination of the Stern Review's treatment of the economics of extreme events in developed countries, such as floods and tropical cyclones, shows that the report is selective in its presentation of relevant impact studies and repeats a common error in impacts studies by confusing sensitivity analyses with projections of future impacts. The Stern Review's treatment of extreme events is misleading because it overestimates the future costs of extreme weather events in developed countries by an order of magnitude. Because the Stern Report extends these findings globally, the overestimate propagates through the report's estimate of future global losses. When extreme events are viewed more comprehensively the resulting perspective can be used to expand the scope of choice available to decision makers seeking to grapple with future disasters in the context of climate change. In particular, a more comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of adaptation in any comprehensive portfolio of responses to climate change.
Measurement of [O III] Emission in Lyman-Break Galaxies*

Measurements of [O III] emission in Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z > 3 are presented. Four galaxies were observed with narrowband filters using the near-IR camera on the Keck I 10 m telescope. A fifth galaxy was observed spectroscopically during the commissioning of NIRSPEC, the new infrared spectrometer on Keck II. The emission-line spectrum is used to place limits on the metallicity. Comparing these new measurements with others available from the literature, we find that strong oxygen emission in LBGs may suggest subsolar metallicity for these objects. The [O III] λ5007 line is also used to estimate the star formation rate (SFR) of the LBGs. The inferred SFRs are higher than those estimated from the UV continuum, and may be evidence for dust extinction.
Andersen-Tawil syndrome: a model of clinical variability, pleiotropy, and genetic heterogeneity.

Due to its varied and variable phenotypes, Andersen‐Tawil syndrome (ATS) holds a unique place in the field of channelopathies. Patients with ATS typically present with the triad of periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and developmental dysmorphisms. Although penetrance of ATS is high, disease expression and severity are remarkably variable. Mutations in KCNJ2 are the primary cause of ATS with 21 mutations discovered in 30 families. These mutations affect channel function through heterogeneous mechanisms, including reduced PIP 2 ‐related channel activation and altered pore function. Aside from KCNJ2‐based ATS, the genetic basis of this disease in nearly 40% of cases is unknown. Other ATS genes likely share a common pathway or function with Kir2.1 or facilitate the activity of this ion channel. In this review, we explore hypotheses explaining the pathogenesis, expression, and variability of ATS.
Finger talk: collaborative decision-making using talk and fingertip interaction around a tabletop display

We describe a study that investigated how a shared interactive tabletop (DiamondTouch) can be designed to provide new opportunities for supporting collaborative decision-making. Small groups of users were required to work together using the table by selecting and placing digital images into a calendar template and justifying their choices to one-to-another. A variety of novel fingertip interactions were developed to support simultaneous, shared direct manipulation at the tabletop. Our findings showed that new forms of distributed interactions emerged while the groups worked together. Alongside conventional methods of communication, group members talked to each other with their fingers. The role of this finger talk served a number of functions, including the support of turn-taking, the emphasis on and substitution for speech acts and the encouragement of balanced contributions from all participants. We discuss how finger talk is integral to the collaborative use of the interactive tabletop surface.
An exploratory study on a linear model for measuring software quality

A pilot study was conducted to develop a linear regression model to measure software quality. The model incorporated four quality components representing efficiency, understandability, modifiability, and implementation of requirements. Halstead measures were used as regressors along with a programmer rating. The study used a group of second-semester Fortran programming students who implemented the same program individually. A series of standard tests was utilized to measure the quality components. The results showed linear dependency of all quality components, except understandability, on Halstead metrics. The efficiency, modifiability, and requirements components were expressed using only volume, level, and programming time metrics. Thus, those three measures appear as the most promising for validation research. However, the best correlations for each quality component were given by the programmer rating, suggesting that nonlinear solutions might be more appropriate. >
Prognosis of general paresis after treatment.

Abstract A follow-up of 100 patients with general paresis who had survived at least ten years after initial treatment revealed that at least 31% had had new signs of neurological disease subsequent to treatment. In 64 patients who received penicillin therapy, either alone or in combination with other therapy, 39% had new neurological signs. These rates are far in excess of those which would be expected by chance and are higher than those previously reported where duration of follow-up was much shorter;
Pediatric gastrointestinal motility studies.

Radionuclide studies for evaluating gastrointestinal transit in adults have been adapted for use in infants and children for asessing esophageal transit, gastroesophageal reflux, and gastric emptying. However, the measurement of small- and large-bowel transit times in these patients has been limited.
CMU Syntax-Based Machine Translation at WMT 2011

We present the Carnegie Mellon University Stat-XFER group submission to the WMT 2011 shared translation task. We built a hybrid syntactic MT system for French--English using the Joshua decoder and an automatically acquired SCFG. New work for this year includes training data selection and grammar filtering. Expanded training data selection significantly increased translation scores and lowered OOV rates, while results on grammar filtering were mixed.
Tomographic analysis of plasma sources with distorted cylindrical symmetry

The tomographic reconstruction of local plasma parameters for nonequilibrium plasma sources is an indispensable tool for understanding the fundamental processes and phenomena that follow the dynamics of plasmas with complex geometry. We present practical approaches that are developed on the case-to-case basis and applied to several plasma sources in our laboratories.
A VLSI priority packet queue with inheritance and overwrite

Reliable priority-based flow-control is essential for real-time applications involving hard-deadlines. However, the use of first-in-first-out (FIFO) queues in such systems introduces priority inversion resulting in unbounded transmission delays. For this reason, a priority transmission queue is critical for multimedia and mission-critical systems. Yet very few priority queue implementations exist. This paper presents the design of a novel VLSI priority packet queue (PPQ), implemented in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. It achieves fast operation by manipulating its contents in terms of packet segments, rather than individual words. Similar to paged memory, this new segmented architecture greatly reduces implementation cost by reusing segments and avoiding storage area fragmentation. By distributing the computationally intensive priority comparison operation over the access time for an entire segment, the PPQ achieves 96% of the speed of a high-speed packet FIFO. The PPQ can either perform priority inheritance or overwrite lower priority packets to minimize the impact of queue overflow. In addition, it is suitable as a general computer network interface buffer, since it robustly handles asynchronous read and write clocks of greatly disparate frequencies. Our initial implementation achieves well over twice the speed of a nonpipelined approach with minimal additional overhead. Furthermore, scaling this design to larger capacities and more priority levels results in an even greater improvement in speed over conventional approaches. >
Multiple-Instance Pruning For Learning Efficient Cascade Detectors

Cascade detectors have been shown to operate extremely rapidly, with high accuracy, and have important applications such as face detection. Driven by this success, cascade learning has been an area of active research in recent years. Nevertheless, there are still challenging technical problems during the training process of cascade detectors. In particular, determining the optimal target detection rate for each stage of the cascade remains an unsolved issue. In this paper, we propose the multiple instance pruning (MIP) algorithm for soft cascades. This algorithm computes a set of thresholds which aggressively terminate computation with no reduction in detection rate or increase in false positive rate on the training dataset. The algorithm is based on two key insights: i) examples that are destined to be rejected by the complete classifier can be safely pruned early; ii) face detection is a multiple instance learning problem. The MIP process is fully automatic and requires no assumptions of probability distributions, statistical independence, or ad hoc intermediate rejection targets. Experimental results on the MIT+CMU dataset demonstrate significant performance advantages.
Sequelae of attempted suicide by cyanide ingestion: a case report

A twenty-eight-year-old man presented emergently after ingesting 800 mg of potassium cyanide in a suicide attempt. He survived only with intensive medical and psychiatric intervention, and went on to develop severe parkinsonian symptoms, including profound micrographia and hypersalivation. Bilateral, symmetrical basal ganglial abnormalities were demonstrated with magnetic resonance imaging. Survival following cyanide poisoning is rare; the clinical, radiologic, and neuropathologic sequelae in other documented cases are reviewed.
Overexpression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Is Sufficient to Induce Tumorigenesis in Transgenic Mice

The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene encodes an inducible prostaglandin synthase enzyme that is overexpressed in adenocarcinomas and other tumors. Deletion of the murine Cox-2 gene inMin mice reduced the incidence of intestinal tumors, suggesting that it is required for tumorigenesis. However, it is not known if overexpression of Cox-2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenic transformation. We have derived transgenic mice that overexpress the human COX-2 gene in the mammary glands using the murine mammary tumor virus promoter. The human Cox-2 mRNA and protein are expressed in mammary glands of female transgenic mice and were strongly induced during pregnancy and lactation. Female virgin Cox-2 transgenic mice showed precocious lobuloalveolar differentiation and enhanced expression of the β-casein gene, which was inhibited by the Cox inhibitor indomethacin. Mammary gland involution was delayed in Cox-2 transgenic mice with a decrease in apoptotic index of mammary epithelial cells. Multiparous but not virgin females exhibited a greatly exaggerated incidence of focal mammary gland hyperplasia, dysplasia, and transformation into metastatic tumors. Cox-2-induced tumor tissue expressed reduced levels of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bcl-xL and an increase in the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, suggesting that decreased apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells contributes to tumorigenesis. These data indicate that enhanced Cox-2 expression is sufficient to induce mammary gland tumorigenesis. Therefore, inhibition of Cox-2 may represent a mechanism-based chemopreventive approach for carcinogenesis.
The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process.

In 1995, international migrant remittances exceeded US$70 billion. How have these remittances shaped development in migrant sending areas? Pessimistic views on migration and development pervade the literature. In contrast, the new economics of labour migration (NELM) argues that migration may set in motion a development dynamic, lessening production and investment constraints faced by households in imperfect market environments and creating income growth linkages. This article assesses the development potential of remittances from a NELM perspective and cites empirical evidence that remittances may be a positive factor in economic development. Governments in migrant origin countries may increase the development potential of remittances through a variety of economic policies. Creating a fertile ground for remittances to contribute to broad based income growth in migrant sending areas is a key to promoting development from migration.
Improvement by spreading the wealth: the case of home runs in major league baseball.

This study focuses on individual home run hitting in Major League Baseball. It is observed that the distribution of the rate of home run hitting is highly right skewed, but it is becoming discernib...
Antihaemophilic globulin (AHG) in multiple myeloma and macroglobulinaemia.

Summary Anti-haemophilic globulin (AHG) was markedly increased in eight out of 11 untreated patients with γG myeloma, two out of eight patients with γA myeloma and two out of six patients with macroglobulinaemia. Among patients with γG myeloma, increase in AHG did not correlate with the Gm group, H-chain subtype, γG concentration or starch gel pattern. There was no correlation between AHG and either the fibrinogen concentration, platelet count or percentage of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Thrombotic complications were not observed in patients with increased AHG. The increase in AHG cannot be attributed to a binding of active AHG by myeloma protein or, in vitro, to a stimulatory effect on AHG activity. In some patients, therapy produced a striking change in their AHG concentration.
Transformation Textures in Zirconia

The large shear component of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation in zirconia causes a stress-induced preferred orientation of the tetragonal and monoclinic variants. The resultant texture, which is dependent on the loading condition, has been analyzed in terms of stress assistance to transformation and experimentally verified in simple tension and compression. Such a preferred orientation is a clear indication of the shear contribution to transformation plasticity and to fracture. Other implications of this analysis are also explored. For example, while the monoclinic texture is obviously most relevant to generating strains and plastic work, it is the tetragonal texture which might be advantageously tailored to enhance transformability and toughness. Transformation texture causes the ratio of {111} monoclinic and tetragonal X-ray peaks in tensile fracture to be higher than the actual ratio of monoclinic-to-tetragonal phase fractions, making it generally unsuitable for estimating phase fraction in stress-induced transformation.
SHIFTS TO RISK AND REWARD

Summary.-The expected payoffs for the risky alternatives in a standard shift-to-risk experiment were investigated rather than controlled. As predicted, a significant shift to reward was found. The group expectations of the risky payoffs were higher than the means of the individual expectations. The shift to reward was significantly, but lowly, correlated with a cotemporaneous shift to risk. Implications of the shift to reward are discussed. The existence of a general shift toward taking risks in group decisionmaking has been well documented (Stoner, 1961; Kogan & Wallach, 1767). Since this phenomenon violates the "common sense" theories of committees being more conservative than individuals (Whyte, 1956), it has generated considerable interest among social psychologists. Most of the research on the shift-torisk phenomenon has attempted to find causal explanations for the shift. This experiment was designed to investigate other processes in group decision-making that may be operating concurrent with the shift to risk rather than seeking a cause or constellation of causes for the shift to risk. The two most important sets of variables in any risk-taking situation are the set of probabilities of success for the alternative actions and the see of payoffs for the possible outcomes. In the shift-to-risk research, "risk has been operationally defined as accepting a low probability of success for a recommended course of action. When the payoff dimension has been considered in the research (e.g., Wallach, Kogan, & Bem, 1964), it was controlled by maintaining a constant expected value across all probability levels. The purpose of this experiment was to study the payoff dimension in group and individual decision-making. It was believed unlikely that the possible payoffs are not considered in both the individual and group conditions of a shift-torisk experiment. It was predicted that a shift on the payoff dimension would accompany the shift on the probabiliry of success dimension. It was predicted that the two shifts would be "rational"-a shifc to lower probability woi~ld be positively associated with a shift to a higher expected payoff. METHOD Ss were 65 freshman and sophomore students from introductory psychology courses who participated as part of course requirements. In an attempt to maintain continuity with the main body of research on the shifc to risk, standard choice dilemmas were used. The choice dilemmas require 'The author wishes to thank Dr. Robert Zajonc for his encouragement and criticism of rhis research. The research was supported by a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship.
Cypher, a striated muscle-restricted PDZ and LIM domain-containing protein, binds to alpha-actinin-2 and protein kinase C.

We have cloned and characterized a novel striated muscle-restricted protein (Cypher) that has two mRNA splice variants, designated Cypher1 and Cypher2. Both proteins contain an amino-terminal PDZ domain. Cypher1, but not Cypher2, contains three carboxyl-terminal LIM domains and an amino acid repeat sequence that exhibits homology to a repeat sequence found in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. cypher1 and cypher2mRNAs exhibited identical expression patterns. Both are exclusively expressed in cardiac and striated muscle in embryonic and adult stages. By biochemical assays, we have demonstrated that Cypher1 and Cypher2 bind to α-actinin-2 via their PDZ domains. This interaction has been further confirmed by immunohistochemical studies that demonstrated co-localization of Cypher and α-actinin at the Z-lines of cardiac muscle. We have also found that Cypher1 binds to protein kinase C through its LIM domains. Phosphorylation of Cypher by protein kinase C has demonstrated the functional significance of this interaction. Together, our data suggest that Cypher1 may function as an adaptor in striated muscle to couple protein kinase C-mediated signaling, via its LIM domains, to the cytoskeleton (α-actinin-2) through its PDZ domain.
Characterization of Pancreatic Tumor Motion Using Cine- MRI: Surrogates for Tumor Position Should be Used with Caution

Purpose Our current understanding of intrafraction pancreatic tumor motion due to respiration is limited. In this study, we characterized pancreatic tumor motion and evaluated the application of several radiotherapy motion management strategies. Methods and Materials Seventeen patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer were enrolled in a prospective internal review board–approved study and imaged during shallow free-breathing using cine MRI on a 3T scanner. Tumor borders were agreed on by a radiation oncologist and an abdominal MRI radiologist. Tumor motion and correlation with the potential surrogates of the diaphragm and abdominal wall were assessed. These data were also used to evaluate planning target volume margin construction, respiratory gating, and four-dimensional treatment planning for pancreatic tumors. Results Tumor borders moved much more than expected. To provide 99% geometric coverage, margins of 20 mm inferiorly, 10 mm anteriorly, 7 mm superiorly, and 4 mm posteriorly are required. Tumor position correlated poorly with diaphragm and abdominal wall position, with patient-level Pearson correlation coefficients of –0.18–0.43. Sensitivity and specificity of gating with these surrogates was also poor, at 53%–68%, with overall error of 35%–38%, suggesting that the tumor may be underdosed and normal tissues overdosed. Conclusions Motion of pancreatic tumor borders is highly variable between patients and larger than expected. There is substantial deformation with breathing, and tumor border position does not correlate well with abdominal wall or diaphragmatic position. Current motion management strategies may not account fully for tumor motion and should be used with caution.
Answering Questions about Questions: A Persuasion Knowledge Perspective for Understanding the Effects of Rhetorical Questions

Past research is not clear on the process by which rhetorical questions influence persuasion (i.e., increased focus on message arguments vs. on the persuasion agent). Based on recent theories of persuasion knowledge and rhetorical figures in advertising, our model delineates conditions under which rhetoricals are likely to enhance argument elaboration (low salience of the rhetorical) and those under which they are likely to direct attention on the message source (high salience of the rhetorical format). Two experiments support the model and suggest that salience of rhetorical figures has the potential to influence not only the direction of message processing but also the effectiveness of various ad executions.
3-D Discrete Shearlet Transform and Video Processing

In this paper, we introduce a digital implementation of the 3-D shearlet transform and illustrate its application to problems of video denoising and enhancement. The shearlet representation is a multiscale pyramid of well-localized waveforms defined at various locations and orientations, which was introduced to overcome the limitations of traditional multiscale systems in dealing with multidimensional data. While the shearlet approach shares the general philosophy of curvelets and surfacelets, it is based on a very different mathematical framework, which is derived from the theory of affine systems and uses shearing matrices rather than rotations. This allows a natural transition from the continuous setting to the digital setting and a more flexible mathematical structure. The 3-D digital shearlet transform algorithm presented in this paper consists in a cascade of a multiscale decomposition and a directional filtering stage. The filters employed in this decomposition are implemented as finite-length filters, and this ensures that the transform is local and numerically efficient. To illustrate its performance, the 3-D discrete shearlet transform is applied to problems of video denoising and enhancement, and compared against other state-of-the-art multiscale techniques, including curvelets and surfacelets.
Distribution and determinants of young child feeding practices in the East African region: demographic health survey data analysis from 2008-2011

We utilized the most recent Demographic Health Survey data to explore the distribution of feeding practices and examine relationships between complementary feeding and socio-demographic and health behaviour indicators in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. We based our analysis on complementary dietary diversity scores calculated for children 6-23 months old. Geographically, Kenya displayed clear division of children’s diet diversity scores across its regions, unlike Uganda and Tanzania. Less than 40% of the children’s meal frequencies in Uganda and Tanzania had met the minimum daily recommended levels. Only 30-40% of children in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda had consumed diets with adequate diversity. Children’s age, breastfeeding status, mother’s education level and working status, household wealth index, prenatal care visits, receiving vitamin A supplements, using modern contraceptives and meal frequencies were significantly associated with adequate complementary food diversity in at least one of the three countries included in the current analyses. These analyses contribute to a better understanding and targeting of infant and young child feeding within the East African region.
PREDICTING DRUG DISPOSITION, ABSORPTION / ELIMINATION / TRANSPORTER INTERPLAY AND THE ROLE OF FOOD ON DRUG ABSORPTION

The ability to predict drug disposition involves concurrent consideration of many chemical and physiological variables and the effect of food on the rate and extent of availability adds further complexity due to postprandial changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A system that allows for the assessment of the multivariate interplay occurring following administration of an oral dose, in the presence or absence of meal, would greatly benefit the early stages of drug development. This is particularly true in an era when the majority of new molecular entities are highly permeable, poorly soluble, extensively metabolized compounds (BDDCS Class 2), which present the most complicated relationship in defining the impact of transporters due to the marked effects of transporter-enzyme interplay. This review evaluates the GI luminal environment by taking into account the absorption/transport/elimination interplay and evaluates the physiochemical property issues by taking into account the importance of solubility, permeability and metabolism. We concentrate on the BDDCS and its utility in predicting drug disposition. Furthermore, we focus on the effect of food on the extent of drug availability (F), which appears to follow closely what might be expected if a significant effect of high fat meals is inhibition of transporters. That is, high fat meals and lipidic excipients would be expected to have little effect on F for Class 1 drugs; they would increase F of Class 2 drugs, while decreasing F for Class 3 drugs.
A Grounded Perspective on Boyhood

BOOK REVIEW Judy Y. Chu. 2014. When Boys Become Boys: Development, Relationships, and Masculinity . New York: New York University Press. 227 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8147-6480-0 Recent research contributions have, largely, resolved the debate about the existence of a gender achievement gap. In their book, The Rise of Women , DiPrete and Buchmann show that girls have achieved better grades in US schools for nearly a century. They indicate three factors giving girls an academic advantage over boys: social and behavioral skills that produce higher levels of academic performance; greater effort and therefore greater returns on their abilities; greater levels of attachment to school, producing stronger gratification from performance and incentives to do well. They suggest that masculine norms and identities explain differences in these skills and attitudes between boys and girls, that the differences emerge as early as kindergarten, and urge interventions that “target elementary and middle school students” (2013: 202).
Down-Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase May Account for the Antiinflammatory Activities of Copper Chelates

Roles of nitric oxide (·N=O, NO) in decreasing vascular tone, decreasing platelet adhesion and aggregation, increasing the cytotoxic response of macrophages and neutrophils, and serving as a retrograde neurotransmitter in normal biochemically-mediated physiological responses have been reviewed by Moncada, Palmer, and Higgs (1), Lancaster (2). These reviews also present pathological consequences of excess synthesis of NO by Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) which include: pain, inflammations, gastrointestinal ulcers, seizures, neoplasias, diabetes, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, and radiation injuries. Synthesis of NO involves an NADPH-dependent diaphorase which supplies reducing equivalents for the conversion L-Arginine to NO.
Clustering and mixing times for segregation models on Z2

The Schelling segregation model attempts to explain possible causes of racial segregation in cities. Schelling considered residents of two types, where everyone prefers that the majority of his or her neighbors are of the same type. He showed through simulations that even mild preferences of this type can lead to segregation if residents move whenever they are not happy with their local environments. We generalize the Schelling model to include a broad class of bias functions determining individuals happiness or desire to move, called the General Influence Model. We show that for any influence function in this class, the dynamics will be rapidly mixing and cities will be integrated (i.e., there will not be clustering) if the racial bias is sufficiently low. Next we show complementary results for two broad classes of influence functions: Increasing Bias Functions (IBF), where an individual's likelihood of moving increases each time someone of the same color leaves (this does not include Schelling's threshold models), and Threshold Bias Functions (TBF) with the threshold exceeding one half, reminiscent of the model Schelling originally proposed. For both classes (IBF and TBF), we show that when the bias is sufficiently high, the dynamics take exponential time to mix and we will have segregation and a large "ghetto" will form.
Postbuckling Behavior of Thin Cylinders

Results of 550 axial load tests on 47 thin cylinders made of Mylar are presented. The experiments show that the number of circumferential buckling waves, \IN\N, is a function of \IL/R\N in addition to its established dependency on \IR/t\N. An approximate relation for \IN\N is derived. Also, it is demonstrated that thin cylinders under axial load buckle to a metastable position; that their load-carrying capacity decreases asymptotically toward zero as end shortening increases; and that the postbuckling load deflection behavior is to be represented by a family of nested load deflection curves, where shorter cylinders carry higher loads, rather than a single curve.
Formal Analysis of The Structural Correctness of Slc Descriptions

This article presents a way of assuring the correctness of configured software descriptions throughout software lifecycle activities. To achieve this, we draw on concepts in the areas of software architecture and software engineering environments to provide a formal and automated basis for achieving verification and validation of software concepts, for assuring the structural correctness of software lifecycle object configurations based on the objects' resource attributes and resource relations and the transformation of these attributes and relations throughout the software lifecycle. We formalize these concepts such that we provide a set of lemmas and closure theorems that substantiate our concept of software lifecycle correctness. All proofs are also included. These concepts in turn provide the basis for an integrated environment with automated tools that can ensure the correctness of configured software descriptions. Thus, through our approach and formalisms, we demonstrate a way to combine software verification and validation techniques with software architectural definition concepts that can support a software engineering environment.
Principal type inference for GADTs

We present a new method for GADT type inference that improves the precision of previous approaches. In particular, our approach accepts more type-correct programs than previous approaches when they do not employ type annotations. A side benefit of our approach is that it can detect a wide range of runtime errors that are missed by previous approaches. Our method is based on the idea to represent type refinements in pattern-matching branches by choice types, which facilitate a separation of the typing and reconciliation phases and thus support case expressions. This idea is formalized in a type system, which is both sound and a conservative extension of the classical Hindley-Milner system. We present the results of an empirical evaluation that compares our algorithm with previous approaches.
Clinical Analysis of Propionibacterium acnes Infection After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Propionibacterium acnes is a common cause of upper extremity arthroplasty infection and usually presents in an indolent subacute fashion. It is not well described how total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients infected with P acnes present. Methods We retrospectively compared patients undergoing revision TKA for infection from P acnes and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcal aureus (MSSA) in our institutional infection database. Patients were classified as having a periprosthetic joint infection based on the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria and were excluded if they had a polymicrobial culture. Patient demographics, preoperative laboratory values, microbiology data, and synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) counts were analyzed. Results Sixteen patients with a P acnes and 30 with an MSSA TKA periprosthetic joint infection were identified. Median erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher in the MSSA group compared to the P acnes group (56.0 mm/h; interquartile range [IQR], 44.3-72.9 vs 23.0 mm/h; IQR, 18.5-52.0; respectively, P = .03) as were C-reactive protein levels (5.9 mg/dL; IQR, 3.7-26.9 vs 2.0 mg/dL; IQR, 0.5-14.0; respectively, P = .04). WBC count, synovial fluid WBC, and percentage of synovial polymorphonuclear cells were similar between groups. Mean time to culture was 8.3 ± 2.0 days in the P acnes group and 1.8 ± 0.8 days in the MSSA group. Conclusion P acnes TKA infections are associated with more acute inflammatory symptoms than typically appreciated, and long hold anaerobic cultures up to 14 days are necessary to accurately identify this organism as the causative agent of TKA periprosthetic infection.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Lateral Modes of Broad-Area Laser Diodes by Self-Heterodyning

The fine structure of broad-area laser diode optical spectrum is investigated with ~30 MHz resolution using spatially-resolved self-heterodyning. Demonstrated method is capable of measuring the individual lateral mode intensity and spacing.
Effect of MRI Versus MDCT on Milan Criteria Scores and Liver Transplantation Eligibility

OBJECTIVE. The Milan criteria for the selection of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplantation were originally based on the findings of contrast-enhanced CT examinations. Studies have shown improvement in HCC detection of using contrast-enhanced MRI instead of CT, but they have provided little information on the potential downstream effect on patient management that might result from discrepant imaging findings. We sought to assess the effect of discrepant imaging findings on patient eligibility to undergo liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. From 2006 to 2013, patients with a diagnosis of HCC who underwent both MDCT and MRI examinations within a 40-day period were studied retrospectively. All examinations were independently reviewed by two abdominal radiologists who recorded the number, diameter, and location of each lesion. Secondary confirmation of the lesions was made on the basis of histopathologic findings, diffusion restriction on DWI, increased T2 signal intensi...
El rucio de sancho y la fecha de composición de la segunda parte de Don Quijote

2 La tasa de la primera parte esta fechada el 20 de diciembre de 1604; el libro no tiene colofon, pero los preliminares de la segunda edicion, hecha en Lisboa, estan fechadas el 26 de febrero y el primero de marzo de 1605. Si no fue publicada en enero debe haber aparecido en los primeros dias de febrero. Este articulo aparecio en la Nueva Revista de Filologia Hispanica, 25 (1976), 94-102, y una version revisada, con el titulo “Sancho's rucio and the Date of Composition of Don Quijote, Part II” en Studies in the Spanish Golden Age: Cervantes and Lope, ed. Dana E. Drake y Jose Madrigal (Miami: Universal, 1977), pp. 21-32. Esta version incorpora, en el texto en castellano, las correcciones de la version en ingles.
Stages in the Development of Thelotrema Interpositum

Thelotrema is the type genus of a family of discomycetous lichens which, though widely distributed throughout the world, occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. With the exception of a few remarks by Redinger (1936), based upon work with herbarium material, no developmental study of the genus has appeared to date. Material of Thelotrema interpositum (Nyl.) Muill. Arg. was obtained near Perkinston, Stone County, Mississippi, in December, 1938, June, 1939, and August, 1940 (killed and fixed in formol-acetic-alcohol and in Navashin's solution). Permanent slides, prepared after embedding this in low-viscosity nitrocellulose by the method described by Koneff and Lyons (1937), were supplemented by smears prepared in the field. Examination of this material has enabled the writers to ascertain stages in the development of the species which seem to be of sufficient interest to justify their description and illustration at this time.
Providing Fairness in Heterogeneous Multicores with a Predictive, Adaptive Scheduler

Multicore applications contend for resources -- especially memory bandwidth -- reducing both quality-of-service and overall system performance. Contention-awareschedulers have been proposed to provide fairness and predictable behavior through thread-level scheduling. Prior approaches have two drawbacks, however. First, many introduce overhead that reduces overall performance. Second, the emergence of heterogeneous multicores has made handlingcontention and providing fairness much more difficult as thescheduler must now account for both application interferenceand the performance effects of different core types. This paper proposes augmenting existing contention-awareapproaches with predictive and adaptive components to providefair memory access and performance improvements on heterogeneous multicores. The predictive component's closed-loopapproach anticipates how different processes will perform withdifferent core types, while the adaptive component dynamicallytunes key scheduling parameters to the current workload. Weimplement and evaluate this approach on a real Linux/x86system with a variety of memory and compute intensivebenchmarks. We find that adding prediction improves fairnessand performance by 38% and 4% (respectively) compared to aprior state-of-the-art contention-aware approach. The additionof adaptation allows users to select for fairness or performanceoptimization, providing an additional 24% improvement infairness or a 9% improvement in performance beyond the predictive approach.
Ethics Education for the Online Environment

As a greater number of business transactions and communications are facilitated by the Internet, understanding individual behavior in this arena is becoming an important part of overall business ethics. One key issue that distinguishes transactions conducted via the Internet from those in traditional business settings is that of anonymity (Davenport, 2002). The sense of being anonymous and having little accountability allows individuals to behave in ways that they “traditionally” would not behave if they were known to the other parties involved. “Shame is less common in cyberspace because less strict moral norms pertain...” (Ben-Ze’ev, 2003). Kracher and Corritore (2004) explore whether e-commerce ethics and traditional brick-and-mortar ethics are the same. In their study, they outline the current ethical issues facing organizations, and ultimately state that e-commerce ethical issues are not completely unique but differ from traditional brick-and-mortar commerce in terms of manifestation and scope. The critical elements identified by Kracher and Corritore (2004) are used in this article to create a framework for introducing students to the ethical issues that need to be considered in the online arena. In addition to the finding in the academic literature that the ethics environment in e-commerce is perceived differently by individuals, anecdotal evidence from the classroom also supports this idea. In-class discussions about these topics have shown that students’ perceptions about ethics between the two environments are distinct. One example scenario is that of taking music. When the scenario is changed from discussing “copying of music files from the Internet” to “taking a music CD from the shelf of a retailer,” the students’ responses change dramatically. In the online situation, they were of the verbal persuasion that they did not feel guilt or moral obligation to not perform such an act (i.e., they intended to behave more unethically). However, when faced with a traditional ethical consideration, the students felt the act was unethical and they would not perform such an act (i.e., they intended to behave more ethically). This presents a strong argument for expanding business ethics material taught to college students to include topics related to electronic commerce and other online business situations. A formal business education decreases one’s tolerance for unethical behavior (Lopez, Rechner, & Olson-Buchanan, 2005); however, there is a lack of emphasis on ethics in university programs. Therefore, this article presents a four-point framework (PAPA, defined later) from the existing literature and poses ways to teach ethical conduct in the online arena to college students.
Simulations investigating the impact of depth-of-interaction in Nuclear Breast Imaging with a dedicated germanium gamma camera

With recent advancements in semiconductor contacts, electronics, and cryogenics, position-sensitive HighPurity Germanium (HPGe) cameras have become a feasible technology for biomedical applications, including Nuclear Breast Imaging (NBI). NBI with dedicated HPGe cameras could potentially become a suitable alternative to invasive biopsy when screening mammography yields inconclusive results, but improvements in sensitivity are desirable to reduce the activity needed and thereby reduce radiation dose. One method for improving sensitivity is to utilize a registered parallel-hole collimator with a wide acceptance angle. In this work, we use the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP5) package to generate a simulated system matrix for a 1-cm-thick HPGe camera with a registered tungsten parallel-hole collimator that provides an 81 % increase in sensitivity compared to conventional parallel-hole collimation. Since HPGe is capable of providing depth-ofinteraction (DOT) information, the system matrix contains data for up to 10 discrete, I-mm-thick detector depths. When combined with the wide angular acceptance of the collimator, this DOT information can be used to perform limited-angle tomography using a single planar projection to compensate collimator blurring and improve contrast. Simulated data is used to investigate how employing DOT information in this limitedangle tomography scheme affects image quality compared to planar images.