cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Ares-I Control System Robustness to Uncertain Aerodynamics and Flex Dynamics

This paper discusses the application of robust control theory to evaluate robustness of the Ares-I control systems. Three techniques for estimating upper and lower bounds of uncertain parameters which yield stable closed-loop response are used here: (1) Monte Carlo analysis, (2) mu analysis, and (3) characteristic frequency response analysis. All three methods are used to evaluate stability envelopes of the Ares-I control systems with uncertain aerodynamics and flex dynamics. The results show that characteristic frequency response analysis is the most effective of these methods for assessing robustness.
Regioisomeric SCFA attachment to hexosamines separates metabolic flux from cytotoxicity and MUC1 suppression.

Chemical biology studies, exemplified by metabolic glycoengineering experiments that employ short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-hexosamine monosaccharide hybrid molecules, often suffer from off-target ef...
ANEMIA IN INFANTS WITH MILD INFECTIONS

A group of 467 healthy infants had Hgb, MCV, erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (Fe) and TIBC measured as part of a nutritional evaluation in conjunction with the well child examination at 12 months of age. In addition to the nutritional history, the frequency of clinic visits within 3 months of examination related to infection (URI, otitis, gastroenteritis) was determined. Frequent recent infection visits were associated with a pattern of reduced Hgb, MCV, and Fe with elevated EP and SF that is also characteristic of the anemia of chronic inflammation. (In iron deficiency, SF is typically decreased.) Of the infants with ≥ 3 recent infections, 22% had Hgb<11.5 g/dl, in contrast to 9% of those with no infection (p=0.005,X2). A subgroup of 323 infants was treated with either placebo or iron (30 mg iron/day as ferrous sulfate) for 3 mo. The percentage of subjects with a≥1g/dl rise in Hgb was 35% in infants with ≥3 infection visits compared to 13% in those with no infection visits (p<0.001). Each of the response rates was slightly but not significantly higher in the iron treated compared to the placebo group. Mild, acute, antecedent infections contribute substantially to the frequency of low Hgb values in infants who are screened for iron deficiency.
Baroreflex function in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats

To determine whether the renal sympatho-inhibition and bradycardia in responses to acute increases in arterial pressure are altered in the diabetic state, the renal nerve discharge and heart rate were measured in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic (DIA) rats. Integrated renal sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate were measured before and during an acute increase in blood pressure in anesthetized (Inactin 0.1 g/kg, i.p.) control (vehicle) and DIA rats (Sprague Dawley rats injected with STZ 65 mg/kg i.p.). Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated in the DIA group compared with the control group. Baroreflex changes in renal nerve activity and heart rate were not significantly different in the DIA rats compared with control rats at a time when the renal sympatho-inhibition in response to acute volume expansion was blunted in the diabetic rats. In addition, blocking the effect of elevated angiotensin II in diabetic rats with the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril did not change the baroreflex function in DIA rats compared with control rats. However, administration of vasopressin failed to potentiate the baroreflex in diabetic rats as it did in normal control rats. This study demonstrates that (1) the baroreflex function is normal in STZ induced diabetic rats unlike the volume reflex during the early phase of the disease, (2) blockade of the AII system does not alter baroreflex function in diabetic rats and (3) vasopressin fails to potentiate the baroreflex in diabetic rats as it does in the euglycemic normal rats.
Effects of Instruction and Task Format on Preschool Children's Music Concept Discrimination

Two studies were completed to investigate young children's ability to identify single and combined musical elements in response to listening, movement, and singing activities. Study 1 was an examination of the effects of short-term instruction on preschool children's ability to apply decentration to musical tasks. Subjects (N = 30) were divided into (a) an experimental group, which participated in four small-group instruction sessions designed to teach the discriminations fast/slow and smooth/choppy as well as these elements' four possible combinations and (b) a posttest-only control group. Results indicated that instruction was significantly related to subjects' ability to identify and label musical characteristics, and that subjects were significantly more accurate with single versus double discrimination responses. Study 2 was designed to replicate aspects of the previous study, with the addition of singing as a response mode and age as a variable. All the preschool-age subjects (N = 42) received the i...
Delayed anti-CD3 therapy in a mouse heart transplant model induced tolerance and long-term survival of allograft: achieving tolerance

Goto R, You S, Zaitsu M, Chatenoud L, Wood KJ. Delayed anti-CD3 therapy results in depletion of alloreactive T cells and the dominance of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) graft infiltrating cells. Am. J. Transplant. 13(7), 1655-1664 (2013). Humanized Fc receptor nonbinding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies have been tested in patients with autoimmune diseases with the goal of inducing immune tolerance. However, the timing of drug administration may be an important determinant of the biologic effects, since not all T cells are equally affected, and there may be different subsets of cells involved during the evolution of immune responses. The study by Goto et al. showed that delayed administration of anti-CD3 therapy was more effective in depleting alloreactive T cells than administration at the time of transplant, and resulted in long-term survival of the graft by promoting infiltration of CD4 Tregs into the graft.
Characteristics and course of dependence in cocaine-dependent individuals who never used alcohol or marijuana or used cocaine first.

Objective:Cocaine users typically try alcohol or marijuana before cocaine, but this ordering of substance use initiation is not universal. Characterizing cocaine-dependent users who deviate from the typical sequence may be informative for understanding the multiple pathways to cocaine dependence.Method:Data were drawn from cocaine-dependent participants (N = 6,333; 41% female) in a multisite study of the genetics of substance dependence who completed in-person structured psychiatric interviews. Participants were categorized with respect to alcohol or marijuana use as (a) never used, (b) used cocaine first, or (c) first used at the same age as or after first cocaine use. The association of a range of demographic, psychiatric, and childhood risk factors with sequences of initiation and the association of those sequences with indicators of dependence course (e.g., severity) were investigated in a series of regression analyses.Results:Women and non-European Americans were overrepresented in the atypical seque...
The Seed Bugs: A Contribution to the Feeding Habits of the Lygaeidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Evidence from laboratory rearing and a study of the literature indicate that the members of the large subfamily Megalonotinae are seed feeders, rather than predaceous as was commonly believed. Of the 35 species recorded from Connecticut, 33 have been studied. All have either been reared through the life cycle upon sunflower seeds and water alone, or, in a few cases where a diapause factor was involved, lived for at least 5 months on this diet. The predominance of seed feeding in the Lygaeidae is summarized. As a good, descriptive common name is lacking, the name seed bugs is here proposed for the family.
Biliary obstruction reduces hepatic killing and phagocytic clearance of circulating microorganisms in rats.

Septic complications are common in patients with biliary obstruction. This is thought to be related, in part, to dysfunction of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES). It has been reported that nearly 80% of circulating microorganisms are phagocytosed and killed within the liver and that clearance of circulating pathogens is significantly impaired in patients with jaundice. However, the effect of biliary obstruction specifically on phagocytic killing within the liver is less well described. Therefore this study was designed to quantify the effect of biliary obstruction, simultaneously and discriminately, on two important components of hepatic RES function (phagocytosis and phagocytic killing). Rats were divided into three experimental groups: control, sham, and jaundiced (common bile duct ligation). At 7, 10, 14, and 21days after operation, E. coli labeled with both 125I and 51Cr were injected intravenously. Using the previously validated double-labeled in vivo E. coli technique, hepatic phagocytic clearance (HPC), hepatic killing efficiency (HKE), and net hepatic killing (NHK) were measured. Common bile duct ligation resulted in a significant decrease in the HPC of E. coli 10, 14, and 21days postoperatively. Similarly, HKE was significantly decreased in jaundiced animals by postoperative day 10, but returned to baseline values by day 14. The net effect of these changes in HPC and HKE values were reflected in a significant reduction in NHK in jaundiced animals. Results of the present study suggest that obstructive jaundice impairs both phagocytosis and phagocytic killing within the liver. These findings may help to explain the susceptibility of patients with biliary tract obstruction to the morbidity and mortality of septic complications.
Standard Electrocardiographic and Signal‐Averaged Electrocardiographic Changes in Congestive Heart Failure

A 54-year-old man with congestive heart failure and peripheral edema was monitored during treatment with serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) and two signal-averaged ECGs. Weights and a host of ECG parameters were monitored. ECGs recorded in the 5 years before his index admission were also considered in the quantitative ECG analysis. Amelioration of his peripheral edema was associated with reduction of his weight and increase in the QRS and P-wave amplitudes, and duration in QRS complexes and QT intervals in the ECGs, but unchanged signal-averaged ECGs. This case report provides insight into the mechanism of the change in QRS duration in ECGs during changing edematous states resulting from clinical deterioration or improved compensation in patients with congestive heart failure.
Agricultural Price Supports and Cost of Production: Comment

Groenewegen and Clayton (hereafter GC) attempt to base price supports on cost of production in a way that will neither "attract additional resources into the sector" nor "result in capitalization of price supports" (GC, pp. 271, 275). The purpose of this comment is to demonstrate that their effort is unsuccessful and to reaffirm that the use of cost data as a basis for agricultural price supports is "economically indefensible" (Pasour, p. 244). Several key ideas used in the GC argument are discussed prior to analyzing their proposed price support formula. First, GC do not always distinguish choiceinfluencing opportunity costs from other outlays. If an input is fixed so that its cost does not vary with the decision to be made, its opportunity cost is zero. Thus, there would be no "opportunity cost of fixed resources" (Groenewegen and Clayton, p. 271). Closely related, economic rent is defined to be "the residual return to fixed factors, namely land and operator-management services" (GC, p. 272). However, the returns of agricultural land and management are not economic rent since these factors are not perfectly inelastic in supply (or fixed). Second, in suggesting that the rationale for price supports "should be to allow immediate, or cash, expenditures to be met," GC (p. 271) imply that cash costs rather than opportunity costs influence entrepreneurial decisions. It is held, for example, that "short-run solvency of the farm requires that discretionary income not be negative" (p, 272). The fact that cash flow is negative for some period of time, however, reveals little about longer-run firm profitability. Agricultural producers of orchards, forests, cattle herds, and annual crops often make use of capital markets to compensate for periods when cash flows are negative. Moreover, GC (p. 271) suggest that if cash expenses are met, "assurance is provided that the productive capacity in
A method of testing for rating thermal storage devices based on thermal performance

Abstract This paper describes a proposed test method for determining the “effective capacity” and heat loss characteristics of thermal storage devices. The prescribed series of tests should provide useful data for the rating of thermal storage devices based on thermal performance. The apparatuses and major components used in the tests have been prescribed so a liquid or air can be used as the transfer fluid. The series of tests to be conducted consist of one steady-state test to determine the heat loss characteristics and eight transient tests to determine the “effective capacity” for both heat storage and heat removal. During the transient tests, the entering fluid temperature is changed in a step-wise manner and amount of energy either stored or removed over a specified test time is determined. Sample experimental data are given in the paper to demonstrate the concept of the transient tests.
Extending filter performance through structured integration

Estimation and filtering form an important component of most modern control systems. Techniques such as extended Kalman filters and particle filters have been successfully utilized for estimation in many different applications. Integrators derived from discrete mechanics possess desirable numerical properties such as stable long-time energy behavior, exact constraint satisfaction, and accurate statistical calculations. In the present work, we leverage these features by utilizing a variational integrator derived from discrete mechanics within extended Kalman filters and particle filters. By filtering real experimental data from the nonlinear, underactuated planar crane problem we demonstrate that the linearizations available through the discrete mechanics framework increase the accuracy of uncertainty estimates provided by an extended Kalman filter, especially when operating at low frequencies. Additionally, we illustrate situations where particle filter performance is increased through the statistics-preserving properties provided by the variational integrator.
To search or to label?: predicting the performance of search-based automatic image classifiers

In this work we explore the trade-offs in acquiring training data for image classification models through automated web search as opposed to human annotation. Automated web search comes at no cost in human labor, but sometimes leads to decreased classification performance, while human annotations come at great expense in human labor but result in better performance. The primary contribution of this work is a system for predicting which visual concepts will show the greatest increase in performance from investing human effort in obtaining annotations. We propose to build this system as an estimation of the absolute gain in average precision (AP) experienced from using human annotations instead of web search. To estimate the AP gain, we rely on statistical classifiers built on top of a number of quality prediction features. We employ a feature selection algorithm to compare the quality of each of the predictors and find that cross-domain image similarity and cross-domain model generalization metrics are strong predictors, while concept frequency and within-domain model quality are weak predictors. In a test application, we find that the prediction scheme can result in a savings in annotation effort of up to 75\%, while only incurring marginal damage (10% relative decrease in mean average precision) to the overall performance of the concept models.
API Terms and Conditions as a Service

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has evolved from business-to-business interactions, into the new API model that enables open partnerships and interoperability with just about anyone. In SOA, terms of service (ToS) and service level agreements (SLAs) were agreed upon on one-to-one basis, as the Web service interfaces were defined. In contrast, API ecosystems appeal for self-serve and instant gratification, being able to access, try and buy an API with a single click. As business teams and citizen developers access API ecosystems, they will want to quickly identify APIs that conform to their legal and usage terms requirements. For example, a large, established enterprise would not be as keen to give up their brand permission easily through use of a 3rd party API, whereas a citizen developer would probably not be concerned too much. Therefore we see a need to be able to automatically assess API terms of service to facilitate comparison and selection of multiple APIs from different providers. To enable API consumers to navigate this flood of APIs, we present a system that simplifies API terms of service creation and assessment. The core of the proposed system is a common API terms of service data model, which captures legal and entitlement capabilities. The system enables profile-based search, thereby allowing users to specify their terms of service requirements relevant to different roles that they may have in the ecosystem (e.g. citizen developer, enterprise procurement officer, etc.).
Public journalism's talking cure An analysis of the movement's ‘problem’ and ‘solution’ narratives

The notion that news is a form of storytelling has received sustained attention by communication scholars. Public journalism's narratives position the movement as a challenge to traditional journalism and the public lethargy it is said to spawn. This article considers public journalism's narratives and their consequences on the theory and practice of this journalistic movement. Evidence is drawn from journalistic and academic advocates of public journalism and from The Philadelphia Inquirercoverage of its Citizen Voices project. It is claimed that public journalism's narratives, which define conversation as a conclusive result, fail to adequately address the mandate of reinvigorating the public sphere. Additionally, the article argues that when examined through the prism of narrative theory, public journalism does not mark a revolution in journalism. In fact, traditional and public journalisms adopt similar narrative strategies to effect essentially the same ends: placing the power of telling society's st...
Sensitivity in sampled-data systems

The sensitivity of sampled-data systems to plant variations and load disturbance is examined with reference to two fundamental configurations. It is shown that the sensitivity function of a sampled-data system containing no continuous feedback is theoretically limited if the plant possesses low-pass response characteristics. Since the limitation imposed by sampling can be removed by continuous feedback, consideration is given to a sampled-data system containing a continuous minor-loop feedback path. A sensitivity function is derived which measures the individual effectiveness of the inner and outer loops in desensitizing the system, thereby providing the basis for a realistic design approach. This sensitivity function is applied to a design example.
Scaffolding student online discussions using past discussions: PedaBot studies

We are developing instructional tools that will help students and instructors use discussion boards more effectively, with an emphasis on automatically assessing discussion activities and promoting student discussion participation and learning. In this paper, we present a discussion scaffolding tool that exploits natural language processing and information retrieval techniques. The PedaBot tool is designed to aid student knowledge acquisition, promote reflection about course topics and encourage student participation in discussions. It dynamically processes student discussions and presents related discussions and document from a knowledge base of past discussions and course materials. This paper describes the system and presents a comparative analysis of the information retrieval techniques used to respond to free-form student discussions, including a combination of topic profiling, term frequency-inverse document frequency, and latent semantic analysis. Responses are presented as annotated links that students can follow and rate for usefulness. The tool has been integrated into a live discussion board and has been used by an undergraduate computer science course for three semesters. We report current studies of PedaBot from its usages based on student viewings, student ratings, and a small survey. Initial results indicate that there is a high level of student interest in the feature and that its responses are moderately relevant to student discussions. We are exploring more opportunities to exposing the tool to students.
Controls on roxarsone transport in agricultural watersheds

Abstract The use of the organoarsenical roxarsone, added to poultry feed to increase weight gain, results in elevated As concentrations (10–50 mg/kg) in poultry litter. This litter is used extensively as fertilizer in agricultural regions. The authors investigated the sources and sinks of As within the vadose zone of an agricultural watershed in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, USA, an area of intense poultry production. Batch experiments were constructed to examine adsorption and biotransformation characteristics of roxarsone within the Ap and Bt soil horizons of Frederick series soils, common in the Shenandoah Valley. Roxarsone exhibits weak adsorption to the Ap soils; however, it is rapidly biotransformed to As(V) in this soil horizon. Although the Bt horizon demonstrated strong adsorption of roxarsone and thus may act as a sink for As species, soil water data collected from lysimeters at an agricultural field site suggest that As, as As(V), is mobile in the Bt soil water. It is unclear if this mobilization is due to competitive reactions with phosphate or organic acids, also present in litter. These results have implications for As cycling within poultry-dominated watersheds. For watersheds that have experienced years of litter application, As and other litter-associated species will be attenuated in soils through adsorption to mineral surfaces, but a variety of geochemical processes, such as competitive adsorption, may allow for enhanced transport of As through the vadose zone and into aquifer systems.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms are Differentially Expressed in Developing Lung Epithelium • 1969

Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms are Differentially Expressed in Developing Lung Epithelium • 1969
Thermal stability of crystalline and amorphous Zr2PdHx

The thermal stabilities and crystallization behavior of the metallic glasses have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, there has recently been considerable interest in the thermal stabilities of various crystalline ternary metal hydrides. Although the formation and properties of amorphous metal hydrides have become active research topics, relatively few studies have compared the thermal stabilities of crystalline and amorphous ternary hydrides. The most thorough investigations to date have involved the Ti-Cu hydrides where the glassy ternary hydrides decompose into TiH /SUB x/ -Cu metal mixtures at temperatures about 150 K lower than the corresponding decomposition for similar crystalline hydrides. Furthermore, differential thermal analysis indicates the crystallization/decomposition is exothermic for the amorphous a-TiCuH /SUB x/ but the decomposition of crystalline c-TiCuH /SUB x/ is strongly endothermic. Although the greatly enhanced hydrogen mobility in a-TiCuH /SUB 1.3/ relative to c-TiCuH /SUB 0.9/ may be responsible for the lower decomposition temperature for the amorphous hydride, the reasons for the distinctly different thermal character are unclear. Since both crystalline c-Zr/sub 2/Pd intermetallic and the glassy alloy a-Zr/sub 2/Pd readily form ternary hydride phases, the Zr/sub 2/PdH /SUB x/ system is an excellent candidate for comparisons between crystalline and amorphous hydride phases. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andmore » powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to study the phase transitions and decompositions of the a-Zr/sub 2/Pd alloy, a-Zr/sub 2/PdH /SUB 2.9/, and several crystalline C-Zr/sub 2/ PDH /SUB x/ compositions.« less
Elementary derivation of the kinetic equation for the two-dimensional guiding centre plasma

A kinetic equation for a two-dimensional inviscid hydrodynamic fluid is derived in two ways. First, the equations of motion for the modes of the fluid are interpreted as stochastic equations resembling the Langevin equation. To lowest order a Fokker–Planck equation can be derived which is the kinetic equation for one mode. Secondly, a suitable iteration scheme is applied to the Hopf equation which results in the same kinetic equation. A parameter describing the time scale is arbitrary and cannot be determined by the applied methods alone. It is shown that the kinetic equation satisfies the conservation requirements and relaxes to an equilibrium which is a rigorous solution of the Hopf equation.
THE EFFECT OF PUNISHMENT ON CHILDREN: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND A SUGGESTED HYPOTHESIS.

(1965). The Effect of Punishment on Children: A Review of the Literature and a Suggested Hypothesis. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 23-33.
Factors Contributing to Levels of Burnout Among Sex Offender Treatment Providers

This study used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to examine burnout among 86 licensed mental health providers who treat sex offenders. Participants were 53.5% male, 43% worked in inpatient/prison settings, and 55.8% worked in group therapy settings. Compared to MBI subscale norms for mental health workers, sex offender treatment providers reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA). Relative to norms for social services workers, sex offender treatment providers reported higher levels of PA but similar levels of EE and DP. There were no significant differences in burnout levels by gender, number of years working with sex offenders, and percentage of clientele who were sex offenders. Relative to providers in outpatient facilities, those in inpatient/prison facilities reported higher levels of DP, PA, and EE. These findings suggest inpatient/prison providers experience greater levels of burnout relative to outpatient providers.
Improved chemically amplified photoresist characterization using interdigitated electrode sensors: photoacid diffusivity measurements

The ability of interdigitated electrodes to serve as novel chemically amplified resist characterization tools has recently been demonstrated through their ability to measure the Dill C kinetic rate constant for photoacid generation. The work presented in this paper attempts to further extend the capabilities of the interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensors by investigating their potential use as a measurement tool for photoacid diffusion coefficients. Impedance spectroscopy of chemically amplified photoresist coated interdigitated electrodes is used to calculate the bulk ionic conductivity of the resist film. The ionic conductivity is subsequently utilized in the Nernst-Einstein equation to calculate the diffusion coefficient of the photoacid, assuming that it is the major charge carrying species in the film. A detailed description of the measurement and data analysis processes required to calculate the diffusion coefficient of triphenylsulfonium triflate in poly(p-hydroxystyrene) is provided. In addition, the effect of varying the relative humidity of the measurement environment upon the impedance data collected has been examined. It has been observed that the presence of water within the resist film, typically as a result of absorption of water from the humid ambient environment, dramatically changes the conductivity of the resist coated IDE. This change is apparently the result of changes in the proton conduction mechanism within the resist as a function of film water content. A discussion of several possible causes of this phenomena and its impact on the interpretation of the electrical data and the calculation and meaning of an acid diffusion coefficient are presented.
Image-size differences worsen stereopsis independent of eye position.

With the eyes in forward gaze, stereo performance worsens when one eye’s image is larger than the other’s. Near, eccentricobjects naturally create retinal images of different sizes. Does this mean that stereopsis exhibits deﬁcits for such stimuli? Ordoesthevisualsystemcompensateforthepredictableimage-sizedifferences?Toanswerthis,wemeasureddiscriminationofadisparity-deﬁned shape for different relative image sizes. We did so for different gaze directions, some compatible with theimage-size difference and some not. Magniﬁcations of 10–15% caused a clear worsening of stereo performance. Theworsening was determined only by relative image size and not by eye position. This shows that no neural compensation forimage-size differences accompanies eye-position changes, at least prior to disparity estimation. We also found that a localcross-correlation model for disparity estimation performs like humans in the same task, suggesting that the decrease in stereoperformance due to image-size differences is a byproduct of the disparity-estimation method. Finally, we looked forcompensation in an observer who has constantly different image sizes due to differing eye lengths. She performed best whenthepresentedimageswereroughlythesamesize,indicatingthatshehascompensatedforthepersistentimage-sizedifference.Keywords: stereopsis, binocular vision, magniﬁcation, aniseikonia, cross-correlation, disparity-energy model,eye movements, eccentric gaze, anisometropiaCitation: Vlaskamp, B. N. S., Filippini, H. R., & Banks, M. S. (2009). Image-size differences worsen stereopsis independentof eye position. Journal of Vision, 9(2):17, 1–13, http://journalofvision.org/9/2/17/, doi:10.1167/9.2.17.
Comment on “Smooth Patterns of Production”

A comment on Hoffman, A. J., Walter Jacobs. 1954. Smooth patterns of production. Management Sci.1 86--91.
Toward exploring stakeholder and professional information sources about cormorant management in the Great Lakes.

We aim to inform double-crested cormorant management in the Great Lakes Basin by revealing where natural resource professionals (e.g., state, provincial, federal, and tribal agency employees) and non-professional stakeholders (e.g., anglers, bird enthusiasts, and tourism interests) are exposed to, and seek out, information about cormorants. Using a snowball sampling procedure, we conducted 109 semi-structured interviews with professionals and stakeholders engaged in cormorant management in northern Lake Huron. Both professionals and stakeholders identified social networks as their greatest source of cormorant-related information. Most participants also indicated they would reach out to someone in their social network if they were seeking new information about cormorants. Our findings suggest a need to better understand how networks operate in the context of wildlife management. Given that networks were a shared information source among both professionals and stakeholders, managers may consider coordinatin...
Excretion of Dieldrin in the Milk of Cows Fed Dieldrin-Sprayed Forage and Technical Dieldrin

Summary Dieldrin was detected in the milk of four cows when fed liay made from forage that had been sprayed with 3.5 and 7.0oz. of dieldrin per acre. The average daily dieldrin intakes were 0.10 and 0.75mg. per kilogram of body weight when the cows were fed the hays sprayed with 3.5 and 7.0oz. of dieldrin per acre, respectively. Dieldrin in soybean oil solution was administered by capsule to cows in amounts ranging from 0.11 to 2.32mg. of dieldrin per kilogram of body weight. The concentration of dieldrin in the fat-corrected milk ranged from 1.7 to 13.1 p.p.m. Dieldrin excretion in the milk of animals fed from 100 to 1,000mg. of dieldrin daily continued for more than 47 days after cessation of feeding.
Quantitative and qualitative constraints on hind-casting the formation of multiyear lake-ice covers at Lake El'gygytgyn

Abstract. Analysis of the 3.6 Ma, 318 m long sediment core from Lake El'gygytgyn suggests that the lake was covered by ice for millennia at a time for much of its history and therefore this paper uses a suite of existing, simple, empirical degree-day models of lake-ice growth and decay to place quantitative constraints on air temperatures needed to maintain a permanent ice cover on the lake. We also provide an overview of the modern climatological and physical processes that relate to lake-ice growth and decay as a basis for evaluating past climate and environmental conditions. Our modeling results indicate that modern annual mean air temperature would only have to be reduced by 3.3 °C ± 0.9 °C to initiate a multiyear ice cover and a temperature reduction of at least 5.5 °C ± 1.0 °C is likely needed to completely eliminate direct air–water exchange of oxygen, conditions that have been inferred at Lake El'gygytgyn from the analysis of sediment cores. Once formed, a temperature reduction of only 1–3 °C relative to modern may be all that is required to maintain multiyear ice. We also found that formation of multiyear ice covers requires that positive degree days are reduced by about half the modern mean, from about +608 to +322. A multiyear ice cover can persist even with summer temperatures sufficient for a two-month long thawing period, including a month above +4 °C. Thus, it is likely that many summer biological processes and some lake-water warming and mixing may still occur beneath multiyear ice-covers even if air–water exchange of oxygen is severely restricted.
Effects of finite amplitude fields on superfluidity

One of the most interesting phenomenon currently being studied in low temperature physics involves the effects of a dynamic field, e.g. a finite flow field, on material properties. Reppy and Tyler [1] observed an effect for finite alternating flows of superfluid helium in a porous medium (vycor glass). Superfluid flows along interfaces result in the generation of vorticity and the dissipation of the superfluid flow, as well as a significant effect, as large as 10%, on the superfluid mass fraction. An important question is to what extent the effect depends on the type of porous media involved in the measurements. We have used a high porosity glass capillary array, with 3 mm long, 2 μm diameter, straight, smooth-wall pores, to address this question.
Temporal Disorganization of Circadian Rhythmicity and Sleep-Wake Regulation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Receiving Continuous Intravenous Sedation

OBJECTIVES Sleep is regulated by circadian and homeostatic processes and is highly organized temporally. Our study was designed to determine whether this organization is preserved in patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) and intravenous sedation. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Academic medical intensive care unit. PATIENTS Critically ill patients receiving MV and intravenous sedation. METHODS Continuous polysomnography (PSG) was initiated an average of 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) days after ICU admission and continued ≥ 36 h or until the patient was extubated. Sleep staging and power spectral analysis were performed using standard approaches. We also calculated the electroencephalography spectral edge frequency 95% SEF₉₅, a parameter that is normally higher during wakefulness than during sleep. Circadian rhythmicity was assessed in 16 subjects through the measurement of aMT6s in urine samples collected hourly for 24-48 hours. Light intensity at the head of the bed was measured continuously. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We analyzed 819.7 h of PSG recordings from 21 subjects. REM sleep was identified in only 2/21 subjects. Slow wave activity lacked the normal diurnal and ultradian periodicity and homeostatic decline found in healthy adults. In nearly all patients, SEF₉₅ was consistently low without evidence of diurnal rhythmicity (median 6.3 [5.3, 7.8] Hz, n = 18). A circadian rhythm of aMT6s excretion was present in most (13/16, 81.3%) patients, but only 4 subjects had normal timing. Comparison of the SEF₉₅ during the melatonin-based biological night and day revealed no difference between the 2 periods (P = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS The circadian rhythms and PSG of patients receiving mechanical ventilation and intravenous sedation exhibit pronounced temporal disorganization. The finding that most subjects exhibited preserved, but phase delayed, excretion of aMT6s suggests that the circadian pacemaker of such patients may be free-running.
Child Neglect: Developmental Consequences, Intervention, and Policy Implications

This paper reviews the literature on child neglect with respect to child outcomes, prevention and intervention, and implications for policy. First, the prevalence of the problem is discussed and then potential negative outcomes for neglected children, including behavior problems, low self-esteem, poor school performance, and maladjustment/psychopathology, are discussed. Risk factors and current child neglect interventions are then reviewed. Popular family support programs, such as family preservation, have mixed success rates for preventing child neglect. The successes and shortcomings of other programs are also examined with a focus on implications for future research and policy. Overall, the research supports a multidisciplinary approach to assessment, intervention, and research on child neglect. Furthermore, the need for a combined effort among parents, community members, professionals, and policymakers to increase awareness and prevention endeavors is discussed. Targeted attempts to educate all involved parties should focus on early intervention during specific encounters with at-risk families via medical settings, school settings, and parent education programs.
A Promoter in the Coding Region of the Calcium Channel Gene CACNA1C Generates the Transcription Factor CCAT

The C-terminus of the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.2 encodes a transcription factor, the calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator (CCAT), that regulates neurite extension and inhibits Cav1.2 expression. The mechanisms by which CCAT is generated in neurons and myocytes are poorly understood. Here we show that CCAT is produced by activation of a cryptic promoter in exon 46 of CACNA1C, the gene that encodes CaV1.2. Expression of CCAT is independent of Cav1.2 expression in neuroblastoma cells, in mice, and in human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), providing strong evidence that CCAT is not generated by cleavage of CaV1.2. Analysis of the transcriptional start sites in CACNA1C and immune-blotting for channel proteins indicate that multiple proteins are generated from the 3′ end of the CACNA1C gene. This study provides new insights into the regulation of CACNA1C, and provides an example of how exonic promoters contribute to the complexity of mammalian genomes.
Evidence for Extreme Partitioning of Copper into a Magmatic Vapor Phase

The discovery of copper sulfides in carbon dioxide- and chlorine-bearing bubbles in phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions shows that copper resides in a vapor phase in some shallow magma chambers. Copper is several hundred times more concentrated in magmatic vapor than in coexisting pantellerite melt. The volatile behavior of copper should be considered when modeling the volcanogenic contribution of metals to the atmosphere and may be important in the formation of copper porphyry ore deposits.
What's New and Exciting in Algebraic and Combinatorial Coding Theory?

Summary form only given, as follows. We will survey the fi eld of algebraic and combinatorial coding theory, in an attempt to answer the question in the title. In particular, we shall revisit classical problems that are yet unsolved, review promising advances in the past decade, elaborate upon recent connections to other areas, and speculate what may lie ahead for the fi eld.
An extended-hemispherical silicon lens backed 100GHz focal plane array with beam-tilted pixels

An extended-hemispherical silicon lens backed 1D 100GHz focal plane array (FPA) consisting of beam-tilted pixel elements is presented. The center elements of the FPA are formed from conventional broadside radiators, whereas the end-elements are gradually replaced by beam-tilted antenna layouts in order to enhance the received power from off-axis directions. This paper specifically presents the design of a pixel capable of a 40° tilted receiving pattern within the diffraction limited pixel area (880µm × 880µm). The pixel consists of a three element phased array of electrically small coplanar-waveguide (CPW) fed slot antennas (each 425µm long and 110µm wide) loaded with composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) unit cells. The performance of the proposed FPA behind the extended-hemispherical lens and experimental verifications are underway and will be presented at the time of the conference.
Effects of the PPAR-γ Agonist Rosiglitazone on Renal Haemodynamics and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes

Keywords: Diabetes, PPAR-gamma, Thiazolidinedione, Renin-angiotensin system Abstract Background. Thiazolidinediones (TZD) have been reported to improve early stages of diabetic nephropathy independent of glycaemic control. Since blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to reduce the risk of nephropathy, we hypothesised that the renal effect of TZDs might be related to a favourable effect on the intrarenal RAS.We aimed to determine if the TZD rosiglitazone could reduce RAS activation. Methods. We studied adult type 2 diabetic patients and placed them on rosiglitazone for three months.We have previously used the renal haemodynamic response to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition to demonstrate the state of RAS activation, and thus measured renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) before and after administration of captopril at 0 month and at three months. Plasma renin activity (PRA), active renin, aldosterone and natriuretic peptides were analysed. Results. The RPF response to ACE inhibition was not altered.There was no change in GFR, PRA, active renin and aldosterone levels.Two patients developed oedema - one had an elevated baseline active renin and another had an elevated baseline aldosterone level. Conclusion. The favourable effects of TZDs on diabetic nephropathy is likely not related to an influence on the RAS.
Role of Ascorbic Acid in Bud Development

Ascorbic acid was found to increase bud development in Pisum sativum L. The interactions of ascorbic acid with indole-3-acetic acid, kinetin and gibberellic acid were studied. It was found that ascorbic acid promoted bud growth and overcame the inhibitory effect of auxin. When applied with gibberellin, bud growth was greatly enhanced. Ascorbic acid promoted bud development in red light only; it did not in far-red or dark.
Efficient Data Dissemination in Overlays

In this paper we propose adaptive data dissemination algorithms for intelligently routing search queries in a peer-to-peer network. In our mechanism nodes build content synopses of their data and adaptively disseminate them to the most appropriate nodes. Based on the content synopses, a routing mechanism is being built to forward the queries to those nodes that have a high probability of providing the desired results. Our simulation results show that our approach is highly scalable and significantly improves resources usage by saving both bandwidth and processing power.
Stabilizing the surface of lithium metal

The success of high capacity energy storage systems based on lithium (Li) batteries relies on the realization of the promise of Li-metal anodes. Li metal has many advantageous properties, including an extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g–1), the lowest electrochemical potential (–3.040 V versus standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.59 g cm–3), which, all together, make it a very desirable electrode for energy storage devices. However, while primary Li batteries are used for numerous commercial applications, rechargeable Li-metal batteries that utilize Li-metal anodes have not been as successful. This article discusses the properties of Li metal in the absence of surface stabilization, as well as three different approaches currently under investigation for stabilizing the surface of Li metal to control its reactivity within the electrochemical environment of a Li-based battery.
Identification of new molecular markers for assembling the eukaryotic tree of life

Six eukaryotic supergroups have been proposed based on both morphological and molecular data. However, some of these supergroups are contentious and the deep relationships among them are poorly resolved. This is due to a limited number of morphological characters and few molecular markers in current use. The lack of resolution in most multigene analyses, including phylogenomic analyses, necessitates a search for additional, appropriate molecular markers to enable targeted sampling of taxa in key phylogenetic positions. We evaluated the phylogenetic signal of 860 proteins obtained from the Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COGs) database. We report a total of 17 markers that resulted in well-resolved topologies that are congruent with well-established components of the eukaryotic tree. To establish their utility, we designed universal degenerate primers for six markers, some of which showed promising results in unicellular eukaryotes. Finally, we present phylogenetic informativeness profiles for seven selected markers, revealing that the markers contain phylogenetic signal that spans the whole tree including the deeper branches.
Bitaper star couplers with up to 100 fibre channels

Biconically tapered fibre-optic star couplers with up to 100 fibre channels are reported which have excess insertion losses as low as −0.56 dB and normalised standard deviations of output poers as low as 4.4%
Analysis of the 5' non-coding region of rat liver S-adenosylmethionine synthetase mRNA and comparison of the Mr deduced from the cDNA sequence and the purified enzyme.

Abstract A 3 kb cDNA coding for rat liver S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) synthetase has been isolated. The Mr of the protein has been unequivocally determined by cDNA sequencing and enzyme purification on a thiopropyl-Sepharose column. The length of the mRNA 5′ non-coding region has been defined by primer-extension analysis. The rat liver cloned cDNA has been also used to detect S-adenosylmethionine synthetase mRNA in human liver.
The impact of metabolism on DNA methylation

Methylation of genomic cytosines is one of the best characterized epigenetic mechanisms, and investigation of its relationship with other biochemical pathways represents a critical stage in the elucidation of biological information processing. The field also has immense potential for the development of medical treatments for any number of conditions ranging from aging to neurological disorders. The DNA methylation status of genes is responsible for many heritable traits and varies more or less independently of the genetic code. This variation is often a result of cellular environmental factors including metabolism. A key metabolite in this regard is homocysteine. Knowledge of homocysteine metabolism continues to be amassed, yet the part played by aberrant DNA methylation in homocysteine-related pathologies is often, at best, conjectural. In this analysis, we will review recent insights and attempt to speculate meaningfully concerning the dynamics of the methionine cycle in relation to DNA methylation and disease.