cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Reduction-Effectiveness Ratios to Evaluate Reduced Traffic Data Collection Plans

Because of budget shortfalls in recent years, state departments of transportation (DOTs) must adjust their traffic data collection plans by reducing data collection locations or extending data collection cycles; however, few studies have been performed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of various efforts to reduce data collection. This study developed a quantitative method for evaluating the impact of various reduced plans for traffic data collection on the overall accuracy of the annual average daily traffic (AADT) estimation. The mean absolute percentage error is calculated to compare the accuracy of 10 reduced data collection plans with a base plan. In addition, a reduction-effectiveness ratio (i.e., the percentage of reduced data collection cost to the percentage of increased AADT estimation error) is proposed. Results from this study show that the current practice, which randomly selects data collection sites on the basis of different cycles, performs well in maintaining AADT estimation accuracy but...
Novel Tat-peptide chelates for direct transduction of technetium-99m and rhenium into human cells for imaging and radiotherapy.

Rapid and efficient delivery of radioactive metal complexes to the cell interior would enable novel applications in medical imaging and radiotherapy. Membrane permeant peptide conjugates incorporating HIV-1 Tat transactivation protein sequences (GRKKRRQRRR) and an appropriate peptide-based motif (e-KGC) that provides an N3S donor core for chelating technetium and rhenium were synthesized. Oxotechnetium(V) and oxorhenium(V) Tat−peptide complexes were prepared by facile transchelation reactions with permetalates, tin(II) chloride and sodium glucoheptonate. RP-HPLC showed two major [99mTc]Tat−peptide species (4) that differed in retention time by ∼2 min corresponding to two [Re]Tat−peptide species (7) shown to have identical mass, consistent with formation of two isomers, likely the oxo-metal diastereomers. [99mTc]Tat−peptides were stable to transchelation in vitro. In human Jurkat cells, [99mTc]Tat−peptide 4 showed concentrative cell accumulation (30-fold greater than extracellular concentration) and rapid ...
Solid phase synthesis of porcine α-endorphin and γ-endorphin, two hypothalamic-pituitary peptides with opiate activity

The synthesis by solid phase methodology of α-endorphin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-OH)★ and γ-endorphin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-OH), two morphinomimetic peptides isolated from pig hypothalamus-pituitary extracts, is described. The sequences of these two peptides correspond to residues 61–76 and 61–77, respectively, of porcine β-lipotropin. The two synthetic compounds were shown to have the same physical, chemical and opiate activity as the respective native substances.
Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on Physical, Textural, and Microstructural Properties of “Tommy Atkins” Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

This research focused on determining the dose levels suitable for electron beam irradiation of mangoes without detriment to the fruit's quality characteristics. Physicochemical, textural, respiration rates, microstructural, and sensory characteristics of “Tommy Atkins” mangoes irradiated at 1.0, 1.5, and 3.1 kGy using a 10 MeV (10 kW) linear accelerator with double-beam fixture were determined. Fruits were stored at 12 °C and 62.7% RH for 21 d and evaluated at days 0, 5, 10, and 21. Nonirradiated mangoes served as controls. Irradiation did affect the textural characteristics of mangoes at doses higher than 1.0 kGy. Mangoes exposed to 1.5 and 3.1 kGy were softer and less stiff throughout storage. The radiation-induced softening of the fruits may be associated with changes in the structural cell such as cracks and depressions on the surface and the breakdown of the cells and its components. Irradiation at 3.1 kGy affected the color of mangoes by the end of storage. Doses up to 1.5 kGy kept respiration rates at a normal level. Irradiation did not affect the specific gravity of mangoes, a parameter associated with fruit maturity levels. No effect of irradiation on pH, water activity, moisture content, acidity, and juiciness of mangoes was detected at the dose levels used in this study. Only fruits irradiated at 3.1 kGy were unacceptable to the sensory panelists in terms of overall quality, texture, and aroma. Electron beam irradiation of “Tommy Atkins” mangoes at 1.0 kGy is the recommended treatment to maintain the overall fruit quality attributes.
Si epitaxial growth on Br-Si(100): How steric repulsive interactions influence overlayer development

Scanning tunneling microscopy results show the consequences of Si adatom deposition onto Br-saturated $\mathrm{Si}(100)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$. Those adatoms undergo an exchange reaction with Br and they are immobile at room temperature. In the low coverage regime, annealing to $650\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ leads to dimerization, limited ordering, and the formation of short Si chains. Adatom capture by those chains produces features of even and odd numbers of atoms. Annealing at $700\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ eliminates the odd chains, but diffusion is highly constrained by Br site blocking. With subsequent Si depositions, there is further nucleation of chains and chain growth. The local patterning of the Si chains reveals the influence of the Br steric repulsive interactions as out-of-phase structures were favored over in-phase structures around any given chain. Eventually, $(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ adlayer patches develop. Second layer chains appear after the deposition of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML}$, with layer-2 nucleation at antiphase domain boundaries. Bromine loss was observed, even at $650\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and it is probably tied to the weaker bonding to single isolated Si adatoms.
Clinical Investigation: Retrospective Analysis - The Vanderbilt PICC Service: Program, Procedural, and Patient Outcomes Successes

Abstract Since its inception in early 2000, Vanderbilt University's Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) Service has experienced a high level of success as measured by high proficiency rates and increasing patient procedures each year, low complication rates during and after PICC placements, and an increasing scope of influence within the Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Children's Hospital, the surrounding community, and in the Southeastern United States. Primary drivers of the PICC Service's continuing success include consistent applications of technique and technology, a data-driven approach to assessing the program's progress, and appropriately managing customers' expectations and needs. Over the past five years, data were collected on more than 12,500 PICC placements performed in this specialized nursing program. Retrospective analyses of the data demonstrate an increasing rate of successful placements (from 87.2% to 92.4%) since the program's inception in 2000 to late 2004. Furthermore, the choice of PICC technology has had a Significant impact on the odds for occlusion or infection. The Vanderbilt PICC Service provides a model by which other programs can be established, maintained, and expanded into advanced practice.
Conformational and solvent entropy contributions to the thermal response of nucleic acid-based nanothermometers.

With device miniaturization comes the need to measure temperature changes on molecular scales. Recent experiments show that thermoresponsive devices may be constructed based on the temperature-dependence of the relative populations of left- and right-handed nucleic acid helical conformations: upon an increase in temperature, particular sequences of DNA oligonucleotide duplexes in high salt conditions switch from a left-handed (Z) form to a right-handed (B) one, while RNA responds inversely by switching from a right- (A) to a left-handed (Z) form. We use existing temperature-dependent circular dichroism experimental data [Tashiro and Sugiyama, 2005] and a two-state model to extract the entropic contribution to the free energy difference between left- and right-handed form. Then, to address the microscopic origin of the inverse temperature response of RNA and DNA, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations from which we compute both configurational nucleic acid and solvent entropies for a number of ...
Vestibular Neuritis: An Overview Using a Classical Case

Although acute unilateral and/or bilateral vestibular paralysis, known as vestibular neuronitis, is the second most common cause of vertigo (the most common is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ...
Deoxyribonucleotide Pool Imbalance Stimulates Deletions in HeLa Cell Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with multiple mutations in mitochondrial DNA, both deletions and point mutations, and mutations in the nuclear gene for thymidine phosphorylase. Spinazzola et al. (Spinazzola, A., Marti, R., Nishino, I., Andreu, A., Naini, A., Tadesse, S., Pela, I., Zammarchi, E., Donati, M., Oliver, J., and Hirano, M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 4128-4133) showed that MNGIE patients have elevated circulating thymidine levels and they hypothesized that this generates imbalanced mitochondrial deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools, which in turn are responsible for mitochondrial (mt) DNA mutagenesis. We tested this hypothesis by culturing HeLa cells in medium supplemented with 50 microM thymidine. After 8-month growth, mtDNA in the thymidine-treated culture, but not the control, showed multiple deletions, as detected both by Southern blotting and by long extension polymerase chain reaction. After 4-h growth in thymidine-supplemented medium, we found the mitochondrial dTTP and dGTP pools to expand significantly, the dCTP pool to drop significantly, and the dATP pool to drop slightly. In whole-cell extracts, dTTP and dGTP pools also expanded, but somewhat less than in mitochondria. The dCTP pool shrank by about 50%, and the dATP pool was essentially unchanged. These results are discussed in terms of the recent report by Nishigaki et al. (Nishigaki, Y., Marti, R., Copeland, W. C., and Hirano, M. (2003) J. Clin. Invest. 111, 1913-1921) that most mitochondrial point mutations in MNGIE patients involve T --> C transitions in sequences containing two As to the 5' side of a T residue. Our finding of dTTP and dGTP elevations and dATP depletion in mitochondrial dNTP pools are consistent with a mutagenic mechanism involving T-G mispairing followed by a next-nucleotide effect involving T insertion opposite A.
Medical treatment of autism spectrum disorders.

Purpose of reviewThere are several common medical conditions occurring in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that can benefit from treatment and can in turn improve the health and quality of life of people with ASD. This review will primarily focus on these medical comorbidities, with a bri
Robust controller and observer design for time-delay systems

This paper sets forth controller and observer design for a class of uncertain time delay systems. A linear feedback control is first designed to asymptotically stabilize the system assuming full availability of system states. Two Luenberger-like observers are then designed to estimate the system states. Delay-independent sufficient conditions are given, as functions of system parameter uncertainties, for the existence of an observer-controller design to quadratically stabilize the estimation error and preserve the asymptotic stability of the system states. The conditions are given as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example with simulations demonstrates the validity of the approach.
Statistical evaluation of the attainment of interim cleanup standards at hazardous waste sites

Cleanup standards at hazardous waste sites include (i) numeric standards (often risk-based), (ii) background standards in which the remediated site is compared with data from a supposedly clean region, and (iii) interim standards in which the remediated site is compared with preremediation data from the same site. The latter are especially appropriate for verifying progress when an innovative, but unproven, technology is used for remediation. Standards of type (i) require one-sample statistical tests, while those of type (ii) and type (iii) call for two-sample tests. This paper considers two-sample tests with an emphasis upon the type (iii) scenario. Both parametric (likelihood ratio) and nonparametric (linear rank) protocols are examined. The methods are illustrated with preremediation data from a site on the National Priorities List. The results indicate that nonparametric procedures can be quite competitive (in terms of power) with distributional modelling provided a near optimal rank test is selected. Suggestions are given for identifying such rank tests. The results also confirm the importance of sound baseline sampling; no amount of post-remediation sampling can overcome baseline deficiencies.
Central C-C Bonding Increases Optical and Chemical Stability of NIR Fluorophores.

Functional near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores have played a major role in the recent advances in bioimaging. However, the optical and physicochemical stabilities of NIR fluorophores in the biological and physiological environment are still a challenge. Especially, the ether linkage on the meso carbon of heptamethine core is fragile when exposed to serum proteins or other amine-rich biomolecules. To solve such a structural limitation, a rigid carbon–carbon bond was installed onto the framework of ether-linked NIR fluorophores through Suzuki coupling. The robust fluorophores replaced as ZW800-1C and ZW800-3C displayed enhanced optical and chemical stability in various solvents and a 100% warm serum environment (>99%, 24 h). The biodistribution and clearance of C–C coupled ZW800 compounds were almost identical to the previously developed oxygen-substituted ZW800 compounds. When conjugated with a small molecule ligand, ZW800-1C maintained the identical stable form in warm serum (>98%, 24 h), while ZW800-1A hydrolyzed quickly after 4 h incubation (34%, 24 h).
Model driven code checking

Model checkers were originally developed to support the formal verification of high-level design models of distributed system designs. Over the years, they have become unmatched in precision and performance in this domain. Research in model checking has meanwhile moved towards methods that allow us to reason also about implementation level artifacts (e.g., software code) directly, instead of hand-crafted representations of those artifacts. This does not mean that there is no longer a place for the use of high-level models, but it does mean that such models are used in a different way today. In the approach that we describe here, high-level models are used to represent the environment for which the code is to be verified, but not the application itself. The code of the application is now executed as is by the model checker, while using powerful forms of abstraction on-the-fly to build the abstract state space that guides the verification process. This model-driven code checking method allows us to verify implementation level code efficiently for high-level safety and liveness properties. In this paper, we give an overview of the methodology that supports this new paradigm of code verification.
Illumination pupilgram control using an intelligent illuminator

Nikon’s Intelligent Illuminator, a freeform pupilgram generator, realizes a high flexibility for pupilgram control by using more than 10,000 degrees-of-freedom for pupilgram adjustment. In this work, an Intelligent Illuminator was integrated into an ArF scanner, the Nikon NSR-S621D. We demonstrate the pupilgram setting accuracy by direct correlation between on-body measured pupilgram and desired target pupilgram. We show that the Intelligent Illuminator is used for fine tuning of the pupilgram to match optical proximity effect (OPE) characteristics. We experimentally confirmed that a global source optimization software realized an improvement of lithographic process window without changing OPE characteristics by using optimized pupilgram made by Intelligent Illuminator.
Wasting Disease Induced in Young Mice by Administration of Cortisol Acetate

A single injection of cortisol acetate into young mice induced a wasting syndrome similar to that observed in runt disease and in the post-thymectomy syndrome. The course of the disease was less severe if the dose of the drug was decreased or if the animals were older at the time of injection.
1-μm Geiger-mode detector development

Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs) can convert the arrival of a single photon into a digital logic pulse. Arrays of APDs can be directly interfaced to arrays of per-pixel digital electronics fabricated in silicon CMOS, providing the capability to time the arrival of photons in each pixel. These arrays are of interest for "flash" LADAR systems, where multiple target pixels are simultaneously illuminated by the laser during a single laser pulse, and the imaging array is used to measure range to each of the illuminated pixels. Since many laser radar systems use Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1.06 um, we have extended our earlier work with silicon-based APDs by developing arrays of InGaAsP/InP APDs, which are efficient detectors for near-IR radiation. 32x32 pixel arrays, with 100-um pixel pitches, are currently being successfully used in demonstration systems.
Landform development on moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada☆

Abstract The landform evolution of the Klutlan moraines is described and explained primarily with respect to processes that cause voids in which debris is deposited. Morainal deposits of different ages provide examples of landforms at different stages of development, so that continuous ideal evolutionary sequences can be inferred. Specific features are classified as those on material of the same depositional age that develop mostly in a vertical direction with numerous topographic reversals, and those cross-cutting materials of different depositional age that develop primarily in a horizontal direction. The evolution of slopes is often terminated by their destruction as the underlying ice melts, but former slopes on morainal debris are traceable to ice-ridge slopes on the original glacier surface. The general process of evolution is one of downwasting by surficial icemelt, in which a grand topographic reversal takes place as the original ice mass with a gently convex surface melts to leave a basin floored by a concave mantle of morainal debris. The primary glacial process of melting differs from the primary karst process of solution, but many minor glacial processes and major glacial forms are similar to minor karst processes and major karst forms.
Histochemistry and identification of flavanols in Verticillium wilt-resistant and -susceptible cottons

Abstract The flavanols catechin (3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavan) and gallocatechin (3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxyflavan) were the major precursors of condensed proanthocyanidins in the stem steles of healthy and V. dahliae -inoculated Verticillium wilt-resistant Seabrook Sea Island (SBSI) and -susceptible Rowden cottons. Histochemical studies of the flavanols in noninfected and infected plants were conducted at daily intervals for 4 days after stem-inoculation of 10-leaf-stage plants. The dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMB) histochemical reagent revealed the presence of the flavanols (catechin, gallocatechin, and their condensed proanthocyanidins) as red-colored products. In non-infected stem steles of both cultivars the flavanols were sparsely distributed in solitary ray, axial and pith parenchyma cells. Greater frequencies of flavanol-containing cells in diseased than healthy stems were first noted in ray parenchyma at 2 and 3 days after inoculation of SBSI and Rowden, respectively. This apparently infection-induced synthesis, much more intense in SBSI than in Rowden, intensified progressively at 3 to 4 days after inoculation, and became evident in the pith adjacent to infected xylem vessels and in a diffuse band in ray and axial parenchyma between the cambium and newly formed xylem vessels. Fungitoxic flavanols in both SBSI and Rowden may create a toxic environment throughout the stem stele which confines V. dahliae to the vessel lumens.
The arrival of the ED-based POISINDEX: Perceived impact on poison control center use

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of emergency department-based POISINDEX (Micromedex Inc, Denver, CO) and assess its perceived impact on use of poison control centers. Survey methodology was used. A written questionnaire was distributed to all emergency departments (EDs) in the state of New York. ED directors or their designee (n = 239) were surveyed regarding the presence of POISINDEX in their ED and their perceptions of its impact on ED use of poison control centers. Completed questionnaires were returned from 180 of 239 (75%) EDs. Of the returned questionnaires, 42 of 180 (23%) have their own POISINDEX. In 32 of 42 (76%) of these EDs that have their own POISINDEX, it was perceived that ED-based POISINDEX decreased poison control center use. Use of ED-based POISINDEX may decrease ED use of poison control centers.
Tumor Progression Locus 2 Mediates Signal-Induced Increases in Cytoplasmic Calcium and Cell Migration

The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MAP3K) tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is required for the transduction of signals initiated by the thrombin-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), which promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. Here, we show that Tpl2 is activated through Gα(i2)-transduced GPCR signals. Activated Tpl2 promoted the phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-β3 (PLCβ(3)); consequently, Tpl2 was required for thrombin-dependent production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)), IP(3)-mediated cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca(2+)) signals, and the activation of classical and novel members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family. A PKC-mediated feedback loop facilitated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in response to Tpl2 and contributed to the coordinate regulation of the ERK and Ca(2+) signaling pathways. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that stimulation of cell migration by Tpl2 depends on both of these pathways. Tpl2 also promoted Ca(2+) signals and cell migration from sphingosine 1-phosphate-responsive GPCRs, which also couple to Gα(i); from Wnt5a; and from the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) receptor, a member of the Toll-IL-1R (TIR) domain family. Our data provide new insights into the role of Tpl2 in GPCR-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and cell migration.
Strange particle production in pp annihilation from 1.22 to 1.35 GeV/c

Abstract Experimental results on antiproton-proton annihilations at 5 incident momenta in the range 1.22–1.35 GeV/ c into final states with at least one visible K 1 0 meson are presented. Based on a total of 5855 events, cross sections and resonance fractions for all experimentally accessible final states are determined. The total cross section for annihilation into strange particles with at least one visible K 1 0 is 2069 ± 45 ub. Copious resonance production is observed but there is no significant evidence for the formation of a resonance in the s -channel.
Hydrophobic Free Energy Eigenfunctions of Pore, Channel, and Transporter Proteins Contain β-Burst Patterns

Hydropathy plots are often used in place of missing physical data to model transmembrane proteins that are difficult to crystallize. The sequential maxima of their graphs approximate the number and locations of transmembrane segments, but potentially useful additional information about sequential hydrophobic variation is lost in this smoothing procedure. To explore a broader range of hydrophobic variations without loss of the transmembrane segment-relevant sequential maxima, we utilize a sequence of linear decompositions and transformations of the n-length hydrophobic free energy sequences, Hi, i = 1...n, of proteins. Constructions of hydrophobic free energy eigenfunctions, psil, from M-lagged, M x M autocovariance matrices, CM, were followed by their all-poles, maximum entropy power spectral, Somega(psil), and Mexican Hat wavelet, Wa,b(psil), transformations. These procedures yielded graphs indicative of inverse frequencies, omega-1, and sequence locations of hydrophobic modes suggestive of secondary and supersecondary protein structures. The graphs of these computations discriminated between Greek Key, Jelly Role, and Up and Down categories of antiparallel beta-barrel proteins. With these methods, examples of porins, connexins, hexose transporters, nuclear membrane proteins, and potassium but not sodium channels appear to belong to the Up and Down antiparallel beta-barrel variety.
Interaural time difference processing of broadband and narrow-band noise by inexperienced listeners.

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data might be interpreted as being in disagreement with existing psychophysical data regarding the laterality of broadband noise stimuli presented with large interaural time differences (ITDs). This study investigated the possibility that lateral judgments made by inexperienced listeners who did not receive feedback might be different than those reported for experienced listeners, especially when the ITD is longer than that occurring in nature, and therefore data from inexperienced listeners presented unnaturally long ITDs for the first time might be more consistent with the possible interpretation of the fMRI results. The results from this study using inexperienced listeners were not basically different from those reported in the literature based on experienced listeners, suggesting a possible difference does exist between inferences drawn from fMRI data and human psychophysical results.
Impaired Flicker Detection in Visual Fields Subserved by Non-Damaged Hemispheres

Summary Visual temporal acuity (flicker detection) throughout the visual field has been found to be a more sensitive indicant of brain dysfunction than standard visual field examinations. This finding may be largely due to non-specific and indirect effects of brain injury upon temporal resolving processes. If there were evidence for impaired flicker thresholds in visual fields subserved by uninjured cortex, the hypothesis of non-specific effects would be supported. The flicker detection thresholds for left and right visual fields at the 30° circle were compared for 50 non-brain-damaged S s, 18 left hemisphere damaged and 16 right hemisphere damaged S s. The brain-injured S s, who had temporal, parietal and frontal lobe damage, were selected on the basis of having clear-cut evidence for unilateral damage only, according to the best available neurological ratings. They manifested no visual field abnormalities by standard perimetry in the fields subsumed by the “unimpaired” hemisphere. The brain-damaged S , regardless of location of lesion, had a significant impairment in the perimetrically “spared” field. The impairment was about half that found in the field subserved by the injured cortex. Discussion of the possible effect of interrupted cross-hemispheric cortical and cortical-lower brain center reverberating circuits, emphasized the complexity of “central” factors in flicker perception. The sensitivity of measures of visual temporal acuity appears to be due to their reflecting the generalized dimension of arousal level as well as specific and focal deficits in visual functions.
EFFECTS OF FAST AND SLOW SOLAR WIND ON THE ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOM (ENA) SPECTRA MEASURED BY THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER (IBEX) AT THE HELIOSPHERIC POLES

We study the energy dependence of ~0.5-6 keV energetic neutral atom (ENA) spectra in the southern heliospheric polar region obtained during five six-month sky maps measured by IBEX-Hi. We calculate the spectral slopes in the south pole in four different energy bands, namely, ~0.7-1.1 keV, ~1.1-1.7 keV, ~1.7-2.7 keV, and ~2.7-4.3 keV. We show (1) a persistent flattening of the ENA spectrum between ~1 and 2 keV, (2) significantly different modes (2.31, 1.58, 0.97, and 1.44) for the distributions of the slopes in the four different energy bands, and (3) a general decrease with increasing energy in the widths (FWHM) and mode fluctuations (their spread) of the slope distributions. We also compare the averaged ENA spectra measured at the south pole and at mid-latitudes. We conclude that the flattening between ~1 and 2 keV in the polar spectrum (spectral break) is produced by an enhancement of ENAs created by charge exchange between interstellar neutrals and pick-up ions in the fast solar wind.
Effect of Ship Heating on Dry-Bulb Temperature Measurements in GATE

Abstract The effect of ship heating on dry-bulb temperature measurements made during GATE is investigated. It is found that measurements taken on a bow boom are less affected than those taken on the ship's bridge. It is also seen that the ship heating effect must be accounted for before meaningful estimates of the error content of dry-bulb temperature measurement systems can be determined.
Revelations of an Off-Campus User Group: Library Use and Needs of Faculty and Students at a Satellite Graduate Social Work Program

ABSTRACT The popularity of the Graduate Social Work Satellite Program at Marywood University has led the library to reexamine its services to both students and faculty in the program. The library realizes that current services may not apply to those who are not on campus regularly or at all. Using data from 2 studies that surveyed both traditional and nontraditional students and faculty, this new study seeks to determine: What do satellite students and faculty specifically want? What do they find unhelpful? What impact does faculty library use have on their students? Findings from this study are revealing and point to further directions for research.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES : IV. THE HEALING OF EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS LESIONS IN RABBITS BY SHORT WAVE FEVERS

1. Multiple, unsustained fevers (41–42°C.) produced by irradiation in a high frequency electrostatic field (10,000 kilocycles) destroyed T. pallidum in rabbits with active syphilitic lesions as determined by the injection into normal rabbits of extracts prepared from their testes and popliteal lymph nodes. 2. One febrile period of 6 hours at a temperature of 41.5–42°C. was likewise found to be sufficient to destroy T. pallidum. 3. Infection with T. pallidum persisted in a control series of untreated rabbits for as long as 395 days after inoculation, but clinical healing occurred in from 3 to 4 months after injection. 4. The time interval between inoculation and fever treatment, or between the end of the fever treatment and reinoculation, did not affect the results. 5. The fever treatment was effective at any stage of experimental syphilis in rabbits.
Databases for computer-aided process plant design

Abstract The needs of a database system for computer-aided process plant design are matched with anticipated developments in software and hardware. An adaptive, distributed database using a universal data model functioning on a loop network of mini- or midi-computers is proposed.
Supralevator imperforate anus with unusual associated anomalies: colonic ureteral ectopy, intraluminal calcified meconium.

This case illustrates a complex of congenital ano-rectal and renal abnormalities not previously reported. Colonic urcteral ectopy, an extremely rare occurance, was also found in this patient and an explanation of the probable embryogenesis is proposed. The roentgen pattern of intraluminal calcified meconium is also illustrated.
Changes of Government Policies Towards Mission Education in Colonial Kenya and Their Effects on the Missions: The Case of the Gospel Missionary Society

Before the First World War, the provision and management of African education was almost entirely in the hands of the missionaries. After the war, the government enacted a series of laws that were designed to improve the quality of education. However, the new policies placed a heavy financial burden on the missions, which found it difficult to function without government grants. This paper analyzes the effects of government education policies on the fluctuating fortunes of the Gospel Missionary Society (GMS). It shows that, although the GMS was not opposed to the grants, its small size and faith basis made it impossible to meet the government's conditions for receiving the grants. The government's pressure and the mission's inability to implement the policies eventually forced the GMS to withdraw from the mission field altogether, and that is why there are today no schools or churches associated with it in Kenya. The paper is based on secondary sources and primary materials obtained from the Kenya National Archives (KNA) and the GMS's and other missionary societies' archives.
Bayesian Methods for Planning Accelerated Life Tests

This article describes Bayesian methods for accelerated life test planning with one accelerating variable, when the acceleration model is linear in the parameters, based on censored data from a log-location-scale distribution. We use a Bayesian criterion based on estimation precision of a distribution quantile at a specified use condition to find optimum test plans. We also show how to compute optimized compromise plans that satisfy practical constraints. A large-sample normal approximation provides an easy-to-interpret yet useful simplification to this planning problem. We present a numerical example using the Weibull distribution with type I censoring to illustrate the methods and to examine the effects of the prior distribution, censoring, and sample size. The general equivalence theorem is used to verify that the numerically optimized test plans are globally optimum. The resulting optimum plans are also evaluated using simulation.
Mapping of genes involved in the synthesis of spermidine in Escherichia coli.

The mapping of three genes (speA, speB and metK) involved in the biosynthesis of spermidine is described. They are located between minutes 56 and 57 on the linkage map of Escherichia coli. The clustering of these genes suggests the possibility of an operon for spermidine synthesis. Two other genes, argP, controlling the production of an arginine permease, and can, conferring resistance to canavanine, were found to be located in the same region.
Targeted therapy for breast cancer prevention

With a better understanding of the etiology of breast cancer, molecularly targeted drugs have been developed and are being testing for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Targeted drugs that inhibit the estrogen receptor (ER) or estrogen-activated pathways include the selective ER modulators (tamoxifen, raloxifene, and lasofoxifene) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer and promising results of AIs in breast cancer trials, suggest that AIs might be even more effective in the prevention of ER-positive breast cancer. However, these agents only prevent ER-positive breast cancer. Therefore, current research is focused on identifying preventive therapies for other forms of breast cancer such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, breast cancer that does express ER, progesterone receptor, or HER2). HER2-positive breast cancers are currently treated with anti-HER2 therapies including trastuzumab and lapatinib, and preclinical and clinical studies are now being conducted to test these drugs for the prevention of HER2-positive breast cancers. Several promising agents currently being tested in cancer prevention trials for the prevention of TNBC include poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, vitamin D, and rexinoids, both of which activate nuclear hormone receptors (the vitamin D and retinoid X receptors). This review discusses currently used breast cancer preventive drugs, and describes the progress of research striving to identify and develop more effective preventive agents for all forms of breast cancer.
On performing robust order statistics in tree-structured dictionary machines

Abstract We show how to extend any tree-structured dictionary machine so that it can perform order statistics robustly. In particular, we consider how to allow for redundant insertions, deletions, and updates, as well as operations based on the ranks of data items, such as Extract (j), which simultaneously selects and deletes the jth smallest data item. All these operations can be performed without ever interrupting the pipelining of responses coming from the machine, and the resulting machine has the same interval time and latency time performance as the original design, to within constant factors.
Prevalence of Snoring in College Students

Snoring in college students may be the earliest presentation of adult sleep-disordered breathing, yet the literature contains few studies that demonstrate its effects on learning or whether early diagnosis leads to interruption of disease progression or prevention of comorbidities. Objective and Participants: The authors conducted this study in January-April 2004 to assess the prevalence of snoring in college students (N = 2,200). Methods: They developed a questionnaire on sleep behaviors and distributed it to 18- to 25-year-old undergraduates at a California university. Results: Almost one-third (30%) of participants reported snoring. The prevalence of snoring was higher among men than women (42% and 25%, respectively). The prevalence of self-reported snoring was highest in Asian students (37%). Conclusions: Snoring is highly prevalent in college students; prevalence is higher in men than women, correlates with body mass index, and varies by ethnicity.
Cross-sex comparisons: A word of caution

A cross-sex difference on one variable is often hypothesized to be related to a gender difference on a second variable. However, caution should be exercised in making such comparative hypotheses. We gathered the expected and actual examination grades for 168 female and 163 male college students. As in prior research, males had higher expectancies than females (p<.05). But analysis of the intrasex regression equations indicated that the relationship of expectancies to performance was different for women than it was for men. Thus, a cross-sex difference in expectancies did not correspond to a parallel difference in grades. This finding highlights the potential hazards of making certain cross-sex comparisons, and we argue for more caution in their application.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN ATOMIC SPECTRA

The discovery, refinement, and quantum interpretation of atomic energy levels has been the principal goal of fundamental research in atomic spectra during the past quarter century. Analyses of the fine structure of spectra have revealed the electronic structures and the ionization potentials of atoms and ions; studies of hyperfine structure of spectral lines have yielded data on the mechanical, magnetic, and electric-quadrupole moments of atomic nuclei. This paper rates the fine structure analyses of 504 spectra of 84 chemical elements, and quotes the nuclear moments for 184 isotopic species.
Multiple orthographic codes in reading and writing acquisition

A modified Stroop Test (single-letter, letter-cluster, and whole-word colorinconsistent stimuli) showed greater interference for the more automatic orthographic coding unit—the word—than for the less automatic coding units—single letters and letter-clusters—in developing readers in second, fourth, and sixth grade (N=72, Study 1). A developmental trend was observed from relative skill in word-level orthographic-phonological correspondence in second graders to relative skill in subword level orthographic-phonological correspondences in sixth graders. A previous finding that whole word coding > letter coding > letter cluster coding in relative rate of development was replicated (N=300, Study 2). Multiple orthographic codes—for whole words, single letters, and letter clusters—were correlated with both reading and writing but patterns of correlations with the component reading and writing skills changed from first to third grade; by third grade whole word coding was not correlated with reading and writing skills but letter cluster coding was correlated with all reading and most writing skills. Cue validity —categorization of letters on the basis of differentiating rather than distinctive features—improved from second to sixth grade and may account for developmental gains in letter cluster coding. Level of cue validity was correlated with speed of sentence comprehension (N=60, Study 3). The theoretical and practical significance of multiple orthographic codes for orthographic-phonological connections in word recognition and for literacy acquisition in general is discussed.
Stochastic cooling technology at Fermilab

Abstract The first antiproton cooling systems were installed and commissioned at Fermilab in 1984–1985. In the interim period, there have been several major upgrades, system improvements, and complete reincarnation of cooling systems. This paper will present some of the technology that was pioneered at Fermilab to implement stochastic cooling systems in both the Antiproton Source and Recycler accelerators. Current performance data will also be presented.
Characteristics of Microscopic Proton Current Flow Distributions in Fresh and Aged Nafion Membranes

Proton conductance in fresh and aged Nafion ionomer membranes has been studied using current sensing atomic force microscopy which measures the proton current flow from a nanometer-sized tip in contact with the membrane surface to an electrode attached to the other side of the membrane. By scanning the tip across the membrane, the measured conductance maps out the local proton conductance variations, revealing the distributions of ionic domains on the membrane surface. For fresh Nafion membranes, the local proton conductance always displays a single-peaked distribution, while, for membranes after being aged for about three years in an ambient environment, the local proton conductance shows a distribution with two peaks, one at high current corresponding to the variation of contact and the conductive path of proton current and the other at near zero current which corresponds to the appearance of large nonconductive domains on the membranes. A detailed analysis reveals that the aging causes significant changes in the ionic domains or channels exposed on the membranes' surfaces.
Density-Dependent Reductions in Grasshopper Fecundity in Response to Nematode Parasitism

Abstract Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are hosts to many internal parasites, including nematodes. However, the effects of nematode parasitism on grasshopper fecundity and how these effects vary with population density are unclear. I report on the fecundity of Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder) infected and uninfected with mermithid nematodes in northern Wisconsin from 2002 to 2005. Each year grasshoppers were stocked over a range of five densities into field enclosures. Fecundity, body size, and nematode prevalence were measured for female grasshoppers. Nematode prevalence was moderately high, ranging from 15% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Fecundity was measured by examining grasshopper reproductive tracts. On average, past reproductive activity (number of eggs laid) and current reproductive activity (number of eggs forming) of parasitized grasshoppers were reduced by 40% and 48%, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction in fecundity was less for parasitized females in the low-density treatments (25%–50% of ...
Evaluating survey quality in health services research: a decision framework for assessing nonresponse bias.

Objective: To address the issue of nonresponse as problematic and offer appropriate strategies for assessing nonresponse bias. Study Design: A review of current strategies used to assess the quality of survey data and the challenges associated with these strategies is provided along with appropriate post-data collection techniques that researchers should consider. Principal Findings: Response rates are an incomplete assessment of survey data quality and quick reactions to response rate should be avoided. Based on a five-question decision making framework we offer potential ways to assess nonresponse bias along with a description of the advantages and disadvantages to each. Conclusions: It is important that the quality of survey data be considered to assess the relative contribution to the literature of a given study. Authors and funding agencies should consider the potential effects of nonresponse bias both before and after survey administration and report the results of assessments of nonresponse bias in addition to response rates.
Jewish Themes in Stalinist Films

Cet article examine les quelques films a themes juifs produits dans les studios sovietiques entre 1924 et 1938. Si aucun n'est un chef d'oeuvre, ils sont pourtant interessants parce qu'ils eclairent et les changements dans l'industrie cinematographique sovietique et l'evolution de la politique nationaliste des Soviets, et surtout, bien sur, leur attitude a l'egard des Juifs. Ces films illustrent et confirment des faits connus par d'autres sources. Dans les annees 1920 et le debut des annees 30, les artistes sovietiques tournaient des films qui montraient des Juifs pauvres consideres avec sympathie. Mais la disparition des Juifs des films produits a la fin des annees 30 etait un signe de plus que le regime avait alors completement abandonne les derniers vestiges des promesses d'emancipation de la Revolution.
Auto/ethno/pornography

Pornography's presence on college and university campuses has increasingly manifested itself in multiple ways in the United States and internationally. Alongside the increasing academization and in...
Reconstruction of viruses from solution X-ray scattering data

A model-based method for reconstructing the 3-dimensional structure of icosahedrally-symmetric viruses from solution X-ray scattering is presented. The algorithm is an iterative algorithm that is a generalization of the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm from 3 dimensions (measure the magnitude squared of an unknown complex number) to n dimensions (measure the norm squared of an unknown n-vector). An example of the reconstruction, for data from cowpea mosaic virus, is described. The major opportunity provided by solution X-ray scattering is the ability to study the dynamics of virus particles in solution, information that is not accessible to crystal X-ray diffraction experiments.
Vibrational studies of the disulfide group in proteins. Part V. Correlation of SS stretch frequencies with the CCSS dihedral angle in known protein disulfide bridges

Normal mode calculations have been done on 92 disulfide bridges in 25 known protein structures in order to correlate the SS stretch frequency with the CCSS dihedral angle. It is possible to classify the frequencies into four major categories, which provide a more detailed classification scheme than previously proposed from dialkyl disulfide correlations.