cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joining smooth patches around a vertex to form a C k surface

Abstract Peters, J., Joining smooth patches around a vertex to form a Ck surface, Computer Aided Geometric Design 9 (1992) 387-411. The problem of joining smooth patches as a Ck surface around a common point is analyzed. The continuity constraints that link the patches are circularly dependent so that their natural pairing with the derivatives of the patches leads to a rank deficient constraint matrix. Necessary and sufficient conditions to join the patches in the presence of the dependence are derived.
Osteopenia in Asymptomatic Premenopausal Mothers of Children with Idiopathic Hypercalciuria (IH) † 422

Osteopenia in Asymptomatic Premenopausal Mothers of Children with Idiopathic Hypercalciuria (IH) † 422
Quasi-isoenergetic triplet energy migration in homogeneous solution

Abstract Intermolecular triplet energy migration in alkyl aryl ketones is shown to be a very fast process. In quasi-isoenergetic examples the rate constants are in the neighborhood of 1010 M− s− in n-heptane at room temperature. The process is rather insensitive to alkyl α-substitution in the donor triplet state and is substantially faster than the analogous transfer in aliphatic ketones.
An Injection-Locked Frequency Divider With Multiple Highly Nonlinear Injection Stages and Large Division Ratios

An injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) with multiple highly nonlinear injection stages is discussed. Implemented in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS technology, measurement shows that multiple division ratios from 6 to 18 are achieved while the locking ranges are all above 1.7 GHz without the need for additional tuning. The ILFD can be locked at the maximum injection frequency of 11 GHz with the power consumption no more than 7.2 mW from a 1.8-V power supply
RLS around the globe: Diagnosis and epidemiology

Introduction RLS is a sensorimotor disorder characterized by a complaint of a strong, nearly irresistible urge to move the limbs. This urge is worse at rest, relieved by movement and predominantly occurs in the evening or night. The diagnosis is clinical and requires ruling out “mimics” and assessing comorbidities. This is a time consuming process affecting epidemiology. Several instruments have been used to diagnose RLS. The diagnostic methodology can affect epidemiology. The prevalence of RLS seems to be multifactorial: genetics, gender, pregnancy, iron status, latitude, altitude or cold weather. This review of published data will summarize these effects. Materials and methods Studies published since the IRLSSG proposed the RLS diagnostic criteria were reviewed for diagnostic methodology and factors possibly affecting epidemiology data. These included: pregnancy, geographic location such as latitude, altitude, setting and weather. If the geographic location was not mentioned, it was assumed that it corresponded to the first author’s location. Results Over 70 epidemiolgical reports around the globe were reviewed. Some of the reports included control groups. Most of the reports included limited data regarding the methods used to determine the diagnosis of RLS. The following tables present the data reviewed. Conclusion Diagnostic methodology affects the data on RLS prevalence and therefore it is imperative to report it in detail in epidemiological studies. Geographic parameters such as latitude, altitude, weather and urbanization may affect the prevalence of RLS and therefore future epidemiological studies may consider reporting it. Acknowledgements Many thanks to the investigators that contributed additional information for this review.
Why do human hepatitis viruses replicate so poorly in cell cultures

The five viruses which classically cause hepatitis in man represent diverse families of viruses and share in common only a striking hepatotropism and substantial restrictions to replication in conventional cell cultures. Hepatitis A virus is unique among these viruses in that it is amenable to propagation in cell culture, but replication of this virus is much slower and less efficient than replication of other picornaviruses. This probably reflects less efficient cap-independent viral translation, as well as restrictions at other points in the replication cycle. We speculate that the significantly restricted replication of hepatitis viruses in cell culture reflects evolutionary forces controlling their transmission and propagation through human populations.
Substance Misuse Among Adolescents: To Screen or Not to Screen?

Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are the top 3 substances of misuse among teenagers. According to the Monitoring the Future study,1 marijuana use continues to increase in contrast to tobacco or alcohol use, which has leveled off; currently, more than one-third of 12th graders report having used marijuana in the past year, and 6.5% report using it regularly. Emerging evidence suggests that the adolescent brain is highly vulnerable to exposure to alcohol or cannabis consumption, resulting in proximal and distal impairments in neurocognitive functioning (including memory and intelligence), sensitivity to reward, and emotional regulation. Moreover, deaths in adolescents are largely preventable because most are a result of substance-related motor vehicle accidents and overdose or unintentional poisoning. Substance use disorders (SUDs), especially those that begin during adolescence, have a high likelihood of persisting into adulthood, with associated negative medical, personal, and professional consequences. Pediatric care physicians are well positioned to prevent initiation or curb the progression of substance misuse among adolescents.
Ohio State University Imaging Sciences Laboratory (ISL)

The ISL is a successful astronomical instrumentation program that has completed three major instruments and many smaller projects since 1987. We have developed the capabilities to perform all aspects of instrument design and construction and a range of unique skills and methods. We maintain a permanent staff that currently consists of two scientists specializing in optical design and detector systems, a seniors mechanical engineer, a programmer, an electronic engineer, a mechanical designer, two machinists, and a lab assistant. Instrumentation projects also draw upon faculty and graduate student effort.
Effect of ice crystal shape and effective size on snow bidirectional reflectance

Abstract We tested the applicability of three rigorous radiative transfer computational approaches, namely, the discrete ordinates radiative transfer (DISORT) method, the adding–doubling approach, and an efficient computational technique based on Ambartsumian's nonlinear integral equation for computing the bidirectional reflectance of a semi-infinite layer. It was found that each of these three models, in a combination with the truncation of the forward peak of the bulk scattering phase functions of ice particles, can be used to simulate the bidirectional reflectance of a semi-infinite snow layer with appropriate accuracy. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of the bidirectional reflectance of a homogeneous and optically infinite snow layer to ice crystal habit and effective particle size. It is shown that the bidirectional reflectance is not sensitive to the particle effective size in the visible spectrum. The sensitivity of the bidirectional reflectance in the near-infrared spectrum to the particle effective size increases with the increase of the incident wavelength. The sensitivity of the bidirectional reflectance to the effective particle size and shape is attributed fundamentally to the sensitivity of the single-scattering properties to particle size and shape. For a specific ice crystal habit, the truncated phase function used in the radiative transfer computations is not sensitive to particle effective size. Thus, the single-scattering albedo is primarily responsible for the sensitivity of the bidirectional reflectance to particle size, particularly, at a near-infrared wavelength.
Potential reduction of nonstructural carbohydrate losses by juice expression prior to ensiling sweet sorghum

Abstract Both the nonstructural carbohydrate (sugar) and structural carbohydrate (fiber) components of sweet sorghum must be collected and utilized, if it is to be competitive as an ethanol feedstock. Sugar collected in juice expressed from chopped whole stalks equaled 42% of whole-stalk sugar. Potential increase in press performance resulting from removal of a rind-leaf function was investigated. A fractionation ratio of 0.25 (rind-leaf fraction equal to 25% whole-stalk mass separated prior to juice expression) gave maximum collection of sugar in the juice. Collected sugar was 52% of whole-stalk sugar. Extraction ratio (mass of juice divided by input mass) increased from 0.36 for chopped whole stalks to 0.60 for the 0.25 fractionation ratio ( F r = 0.25) sorghum. For higher fractionation ratios, the increase in extraction ratio was not sufficient to offset sugar loss due to rind-leaf removal. Assuming press capacity (Mg h −1 ) is the same for both chopped whole-stalk and F r = 0.25 sorghum, press performance (juice sugar collected per h) will increase by 67%. Removal of juice sugar reduced expected sugar conversion during ensiling from 92% of initial sugar (chopped whole stalk) to 40% (combination silage produced from residues from F r = 0.25 processing). An expression was derived to calculate nonstructural carbohydrate (NC) content of combination silage produced by combining the pith presscake and rind-leaf fractions. Minimum NC occurred for F r = 0.25.
Persistent membrane association of activated and depalmitoylated G protein α subunits

Heterotrimeric signal-transducing G proteins are organized at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, where they are positioned to interact with membrane-spanning receptors and appropriate effectors. G proteins are activated when they bind GTP and inactivated when they hydrolyze the nucleotide to GDP. However, the topological fate of activated G protein α subunits is disputed. One model declares that depalmitoylation of α, which accompanies activation by a receptor, promotes release of the protein into the cytoplasm. Our data suggest that activation of G protein α subunits causes them to concentrate in subdomains of the plasma membrane but not to be released from the membrane. Furthermore, α subunits remained bound to the membrane when they were activated with guanosine 5′-(3-O-thio)triphosphate and depalmitoylated with an acyl protein thioesterase. Limitation of α subunits to the plasma membrane obviously restricts their mobility and may contribute to the efficiency and specificity of signaling.
Prognostic values of multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring in newborns with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring (MII/pH) values in newborns with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and clinical history in their first 3 years of life. Study design Sixty-four newborns with GERD symptoms who underwent MII/pH in the first weeks of life were enrolled into a clinical follow-up program. Follow-up visits were programmed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to duration of symptoms: short (1-3 months), medium (4-9 months), and long (>9 months), and MII/pH values in these groups were compared. Results Fifty-three patients completed the 3-year follow-up. The number of patients with GERD symptoms decreased each month. A comparison of MII/pH values of the 3 lifetime symptom groups revealed differences in the impedance bolus exposure index ( F = 83; P = .012) and proximal reflux frequency ( F = 410; P = .022). These 2 MII variables showed an increasing trend from the short lifetime symptom group to the long lifetime symptom group. Weakly acidic reflux events, but not acidic events, were responsible for these differences. Conclusion MII/pH in newborns has prognostic value regarding the duration of GERD symptoms and provides useful information that clinicians may give parents about the prognosis of symptomatic infants. Impedance bolus exposure index and proximal reflux frequency seem to be the variables with the highest predictive value. Weakly acidic reflux events play an important role in determining the duration of GERD symptoms in newborns.
Histologic findings in normal breast tissues: comparison to reduction mammaplasty and benign breast disease tissues

Investigations of breast carcinogenesis often rely upon comparisons between cancer tissue and nonmalignant breast tissue. It is unclear how well common reference sources of nonmalignant breast tissues reflect normal breast tissue. Breast tissue samples were evaluated from three sources: (1) normal donor tissues in the Susan G. Komen for the Cure® Tissue Bank at Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (KTB), (2) women who underwent reduction mammaplasty (RM) at Mayo Clinic Rochester, and (3) the Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease Cohort Study (BBD). Samples were examined histologically and assessed for proliferative disease and degree of lobular involution. Univariate comparisons were performed among the study groups, and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression to assess the association between study group and the presence of epithelial proliferative disease and complete lobular involution. Histologic data were collected for 455 KTB samples, 259 RM samples, and 319 BBD samples. Histologic findings and the frequency of epithelial proliferation were significantly different among the groups. Histologic abnormalities were seen in a minority of the KTB samples (35%), whereas an abnormality was present in 88% of RM tissues and 97.5% of BBD samples. The presence of proliferative disease (with or without atypical hyperplasia) was present in 3.3% of normal donors (3.3%), 17% of RM samples, and 34.9% of BBD samples (P < 0.0001 for each comparison). Multivariate analyses confirmed that these differences remained significant and also showed higher likelihood of complete lobular involution in the normal donor samples compared to RM and BBD tissues. Compared to benign breast disease tissues and reduction mammaplasty tissues, breast tissue samples from normal donors have significantly fewer histologic abnormalities and a higher frequency of more complete lobular involution. Breast tissue samples from normal donors represent a unique tissue resource with histologic features consistent with lower breast cancer risk.
A consistency condition for non-linear algebraic Reynolds stress models in turbulence

Abstract An important consistency condition for non-linear algebraic Reynolds stress models involving their dependence on rotational strains is discussed from a basic theoretical standpoint. A variety of recently proposed models are demonstrated to violate this condition which leads to physically inconsistent results and unrealizable solutions in rotating flows — an undesirable state of affairs that was avoided in the majority of earlier models. It is shown that when non-linear algebraic models are systematically derived from the Reynolds stress transport equation, such inconsistencies are automatically avoided. The implications of these results for turbulence modeling are demonstrated quantitatively by the illustrative example of isotropic turbulence in a rotating frame.
Deforestation and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Cross-National Investigation of Intervening Mechanisms *

Objective. We draw on ecological modernization theory and international political economy arguments to examine the sources of an environmental Kuznets curve (or EKC) that produces an inverted U-shaped rate of deforestation relative to economic development. Method. We use ordinary least squares regression with White’s (1978) correction for possible heteroskedasticity to examine the rate of deforestation (1980–1995) in less developed countries. Results. Net of controls for initial forest stock and the quality of deforestation estimates, we find strong evidence for an EKC driven by (1) agglomeration effects linked to the level of urbanization, (2) rural-to-urban migration that partially offsets rural population pressure, (3) the growth of services-dominated urban economies, and (4) strong democratic states. We find little evidence that foreign debt or export dependence influence the deforestation rate. Conclusions. Although deforestation continues to pose pressing and potentially irreversible environmental risks, there is evidence of self-corrective ecological and modernization processes inherent in development that act to mitigate these risks.
USING THE MISSIONARY SISTERS OF AFRICA (WHITE SISTERS) ARCHIVES

In early summer 1999 I spent three days at the White Sisters' archives in Rome, and the following account may best be described as a cautionary tale. My reason for being in Rome was to use the White Fathers' archives, where I spent a very productive three weeks. Since I was interested in issues of medical care and gender in colonial Uganda, both areas of activity by the White Sisters, the White Fathers' archivist suggested I try to visit the White Sisters archives as well. He called and made the arrangements for my visit, although the White Sisters' archivist, Sister Claire-Michelle, was quite reluctant. I found the research conditions at the White Sisters archives to be very restrictive. Sister Claire-Michelle established a work space for me in a parlor on the ground floor of the house, and my time was spent there. The archives are kept on the third floor and I was not allowed to see them. The archives are not completely cataloged, although there are some lists of materials. I explained to the archivist my interest in issues of gender and health, and in general issues dealing with African women. She never really seemed to understand, and kept bringing me material about African nuns. When I did request specific materials she brought them to me only after she had screened them. At one point I requested a report written by a sister in early twentieth-century Uganda who was inspecting various stations. Rather than bring me the report, Sister Claire-Michelle read through it and then brought me some photocopied pages.
Polariton Theory of Resonance Raman Scattering in Insulating Crystals

A multibranch polariton theory of Raman scattering in insulators is presented; actual calculations of the resonance cross section are carried out for an undamped two-branch model, for various values of photon-exciton coupling and background dielectric constant, including values appropriate to CdS. One obtains a double peaking with incoming photon frequency, corresponding to the experimentally observed in- and out-going photon resonances. Comparison with bare- and generalized-exciton computations shows that the results of the three theories are nearly the same for "smaller" couplings, as in CdS, except in the immediate region of the higher-energy peak; as the coupling increases from values near those in CdS, the predictions of the three theories begin to differ more substantially. When the exciton continuum is included by perturbation theory, the nearly similar predictions of the polariton and exciton theories, for frequencies below the bare-exciton frequency, are in agreement with experimental data on LO-phonon Raman scattering in CdS.
Globalization and South Korea's Middle Class

Making Capitalism: The Social and Cultural Construction of a South Korean Conglomerate Janelli, Roger L., and Dawnhee Yim. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. In Pursuit of Status: The Making of South Korea's “New” Urban Middle Class Denise Potrzeba Lett. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
The oncoplastic reduction approach to breast conservation therapy: benefits for margin control.

Background: Reduction mammaplasty during lumpectomy allows more generous resection and minimizes potential for poor cosmesis as compared with breast conservation therapy alone. Objectives: The authors assessed the benefits of oncoplastic reduction for margin status in patients with breast cancer by conducting a retrospective review of cases of tumor resection alone vs tumor resection with oncoplastic reduction. Methods: Patients with breast cancer who underwent lumpectomy performed by a single oncologic surgeon between 2009 and 2013 were included. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on surgical procedure: tumor resection with oncoplastic reduction (group 1) vs tumor resection alone (group 2). Patient demographics including risk factors, diagnosis, cancer stage, and procedure type were recorded. Tumor size, specimen weight, width of narrowest margin, and receptor status were determined. Outcome variables included margin positivity (≤1 mm), need for re-excision, and conversion to completion mastectomy. Results: A total of 222 breasts from 207 patients were included in the study: 83 in group 1 and 139 in group 2. The patients in group 1 had a lower incidence of positive margins and wider free surgical margins, required re-excision less often, and went on to completion mastectomy less often. Patients in group 1 were younger and had cancer that was more advanced. When controlling for these variables on multivariate regression analysis, the oncoplastic technique was independently associated with fewer positive margins and fewer instances of re-excision. Conclusions: The oncoplastic reduction technique achieves wider free margins and less often necessitates re-excision or subsequent mastectomy. The long-term oncologic effect of this approach deserves further study. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Chesapeake Bay subsidence monitored as wetlands loss continues

Fragile wetland ecosystems, which support an abundance of wildlife, are being lost around the Chesapeake Bay at an alarming rate due to an increase in sea level. For example, one third of the total area of the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (Figure 1) (approximately 20 km2) was lost between 1938 and 1979 [Leatherman, 1992]. Approximately 4,100 km2 of the perimeter of the Chesapeake Bay are covered by wetlands of which 58% forested wetlands and 28% are salt marshes. It is likely that many factors are responsible for the wetlands loss, some that have global implications, and some that reflect local phenomena. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for wetlands deterioration and loss, however, has been impeded by the lack of adequate data including quantitative monitoring of the types and distribution of flora, Tthe boundaries of specific habitat types, and data on the spatial variations in sea level and land subsidence. This article focuses on the latter problem, which is to determine the relative roles of sea level rise and land subsidence in the region. Over the past four years, a small network of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers have been installed near tide gauges in the Chesapeake Bay to help determine the cause of relative sea level rise in this region. These receivers are just beginning to yield results.
Low-power optical transceiver for low earth orbit

Satellite laser communication concepts have been under development for many years. The conventioanl approaches require sophisticated hardware and considerable spacecraft resources introducing concerns about cost, added weight, power consumption, and reliability. An optical tranceiver based on a modulating retroreflector is a relatively new concept which has not been explored for space communications. The majority of the hardware and complexity for such a communications link is located on the ground and only minimal spacecraft hardware is required. This technique can provide a modest telemetry link for spacecraft in low earth orbits while consuming negligible spacecraft resources when compared to a traditional RF system. A prototype for such a low power optical tranceiver has been constructed and tested over a 4 km ground path in preparation for a high altitude balloon demonstration. Presented here is an overview of the retromodulator communications concept, a link design, and results from prototype testing.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Farm Economics of Bird Flu

Outbreaks of infectious animal diseases represent a major threat to agriculture and can impose significant social and economic costs. The potential for devastating epidemics, such as the recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Asia, Europe, and Africa, has prompted major global investments in animal disease prevention and control, both public and private. However, there has been little research into the effects of alternative public policies on farm-level actions to prevent and control HPAI and the implications for disease impacts. Animal disease management involves both ex ante investments to reduce the probability of infection and ex post actions to contain the spread of disease once introduced. The public sector can play an important part in disease mitigation through provision of public disease prevention and control. Another vital role for government in mitigating the potential impacts of HPAI is in the development of well-designed policies to induce socially optimal ex ante private investment while providing incentives for truthful disclosure of disease status. This study employs an economic epidemiology framework to examine the effects of farmer behavior on disease introduction and transmission and to analyze the effects of public policy decisions under alternative scenarios. Les eclosions de maladies animales infectieuses representent une menace importante pour l’agriculture et peuvent entrainer des couts socio-economiques considerables. L’eventualite d’epidemies devastatrices, telles que les recentes flambees d’influenza aviaire hautement pathogene (IAHP) en Asie, en Europe et en Afrique, a suscite d’importants investissements publics et prives a l’echelle mondiale pour prevenir et lutter contre ces maladies. Cependant, peu de recherches se sont penchees sur les effets des politiques publiques de rechange sur les mesures prises a la ferme pour prevenir et lutter contre l’IAHP et les repercussions des maladies. La gestion des maladies animales necessite des investissements ex ante pour diminuer la probabilite d’infection et des mesures ex poste pour contenir la propagation d’une maladie une fois introduite. Le secteur public peut jouer un role important dans l’attenuation d’une maladie en instaurant des programmes publics de prevention et de lutte. Pour attenuer les consequences potentielles de l’IAHP, le gouvernement peut elaborer des politiques efficaces pour inciter des investissements prives ex ante socialement optimaux tout en offrant des stimulants pour encourager la divulgation veridique de la situation zoosanitaire. Dans la presente etude, nous avons utilise un cadre epidemiologique et economique pour examiner les consequences du comportement de l’exploitant agricole sur l’introduction et la transmission des maladies et pour analyser les consequences des decisions de politique publique selon divers scenarios.
Variational calculus for descriptor problems

The first-order, necessary condition for optimality is derived from a variational argument that involves an ad hoc modification of the Bliss method, resulting in a Hamiltonian characterization in terms of Edx,dt, rather than dx/dt, the former being smoother than the latter. This approach sidesteps the regularity conditions of the Lagrange multiplier theory. Under some mild assumptions, the necessary condition for optimality is also sufficient and the optimal control exists. The numerically relevant result is a generalized eigenvector, inverse-free characterization of optimality. >
Molecular Structure Influencing Either a Sweet or Bitter Taste Among Aldoximes

A series of cyclohexylaldoximes was examined for their sweet or bitter taste using discriminant analysis. The structures of the molecules were described using molecular connectivity. A two-variable linear discriminant function and critical value were computed that correctly assigned 17 of the 20 molecules to their observed sweet or bitter taste categories. The same discriminant function can predict correctly the taste categories of seven of eight additional molecules.
Multiplexed structured illumination microscopy for simultaneous, sub-diffraction resolution fluorescent and quantitative-phase imaging

We introduce a variant technique to structured illumination microscopy (SIM) that multiplexes fluorescent and quantitative-phase imaging for simultaneous, sub-diffraction resolution, multimodal imaging.
Love and achievement motives in women's and men's suicide notes.

It is often assumed that women kill themselves because of love and men because of achievement problems. The authors evaluated the suicide notes of 56 U.S. adult women and men with regard to love and achievement motives. Love themes were significantly more common than achievement themes, independent of sex and age. This suggests that, at least for U.S. adults who leave suicide notes, relationship concerns may be a dominant component of the motivation for suicide.
Extensive felsic lavas and rheoignimbrites in the Keweenawan Midcontinent Rift plateau volcanics, Minnesota: petrographic and field recognition

The ≈8-km-thick sequence of plateau lavas (North Shore Volcanic Group) in northeastern Minnesota that was erupted during the formation of the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System includes an unusually large proportion (10–25%) of felsic flows (rhyolites and icelandites). Individual flows are now recognized with estimated volumes up to 600 km3 and lateral extents up to 40 km; some were probably originally much broader. Many are anomalously large compared to most silicic lava flows. Primary structures and textures of these essentially unmetamorphosed rocks indicate eruptive style for most of these large flows. In particular, the features of the basal meter or so and uppermost several meters show that some flows were emplaced as fluid lavas, and others as strongly rheomorphic tuffs. It may be essential in interpreting the origin of felsic flows elsewhere to examine petrographically the lowermost few decimeters and the top, where the only evidence (poorly to strongly welded shards) may exist of the pyroclastic origin of a large, otherwise lava-like flow. Interior textures of these crystalline flows provide evidence of high-temperature eruption, especially in the form of abundant paramorphs of magmatic tridymite in the groundmass, commonly arranged in a pilotaxitic flow structure. Based on structures, textures, field relations, and geochemistry, We conclude that (a) all the icelandites and some rhyolites were emplaced as large, moderately to very fluid lava flows that spread widely while crystallizing tridymite; and that (b) some large rhyolites, which are only sparsely phyric, were emplaced as pyroclastic flows subsequently remobilized as rheoignimbrites. The mode of emplacement of one of the largest aphyric flows remains enigmatic. Vent areas or characteristics are unknown. The low apparent viscosity of the erupted magmas is probably attributable to compositional factors (F content, high Fe2+) as well as to high temperatures and eruption rates. Estimated temperatures of about 1000–1100 C are associated with the low water content and perhaps great depth of origin of the magmas at the time of massive influx of hot matic melts from the mantle during continental rifting.
Rejection of Impassable Substrates by Yersinia Type III Secretion Machines

Type III machines of pathogenic Yersinia spp. transport Yop proteins across the bacterial envelope into host cells. Translational fusions of yopE to the dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr )o r the-galactosidase gene (lacZ) generate hybrid proteins that block type III injection of Yop proteins into host cells, consistent with the canonical view that impassable DHFR and LacZ hybrids jam secretion machines. Mutations in repressors of posttranscriptional gene regulation, Yersinia enterocolitica yscM1 and yscM2 as well as Yersinia pestis lcrQ, relieve the YopE-DHFR-imposed blockade and restore type III injection into host cells. Genetic suppression of the type III blockade does not, however, promote YopE-DHFR secretion. A model is proposed whereby rejection of YopE-DHFR from the secretion pathway inhibits type III gene expression.
Bayesian and regression models of human information processing—A myopic perspective

When Jim Naylor asked me to write an introduction to the magnificent paper by Paul Slovic and Sarah Lichtenstein that forms the body of this issue of Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, I wasn't quite sure whether to thank him or hit him (so I did both). His motive was obvious: the Slovic-Lichtenstein paper isn't quite long enough to fill the issue, but is too long to be combined with an honest paper on a different subject. Moreover, he knew I would accept: their paper is much too good for me to pass up the chance to bask in their reflected glory. But the invitation led me to reflect on the ages of scientists. The new FhD is too busy doing experiments to bother reading broadly; also, he had to do too much of that too recently, and is sick of it. That's Age 1. Age 2 comes when the scientist "matures," which means that he becomes responsible for enough experimental literature to generate contradictions and opponents. These, he has no choice but to read, and in trying to discover why he was right all along he may read quite widely--even desperately. The apex of this stage is reached when he has invested so much time in reading that he must again (for the first time since graduate school) report what he has read, in the process spanking friends and soothing enemies. That is how papers like Slovie and Lichtenstein's are generated. In Age 3, contradictions become less important, mostly because one becomes too busy to generate the facts that generate contradictions. At that stage, one tends to generate points of view, usually miscalled theories. If one is lucky, either at generating ideas or at attracting money, research gets structured around these points of view. Finally, at Age 4, one is too senile for any of these other activities, so one writes histories, introductions, committee reports, and the like. While there is a certain numerical .iustice in my entering Age 4 at age 44, I'm not at all sure I forgive Jim Naylor for spotting the transition. Well, I might as well indulge myself in the privileges of age; the most enjoyable of these is that of pointing out the importance of history. (That's enjoyable because the historian can thus once again call attention
Cellulose fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum and a mixed consortium in an automated repetitive batch reactor.

An automated repetitive batch fermentation system was developed to facilitate the study of microbial cellulose utilization. The system was operated with Avicel as the carbon source and either Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 or a consortium enriched from compost as inocula. Multiple cycles of growth medium addition, incubation, and medium removal were performed with each inoculum. Removal and addition of media were automatically initiated when CO2 production fell to 90% of the cycle’s peak. A strong correlation was observed between CO2 production and cellulose consumption, suggesting that the online signal was a good proxy for substrate utilization. Both cultures exhibited accelerated substrate utilization and a decrease in cycle time. About the same number of cycles was required to reach maximum CO2 production for both cultures. Notably, the magnitudes of the maximum CO2 production rate and cycle times were very similar for both C. thermocellum in pure culture and an environmental consortium.
Probiotic Lactobacillus spp. diminish Helicobacter hepaticus-induced inflammatory bowel disease in interleukin-10-deficient mice.

Clinical and experimental evidence has demonstrated the potential role of probiotics in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotic clones with direct immunomodulatory activity may have anti-inflammatory effects in the intestine. We investigated the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-inhibitory Lactobacillus clones with a pathogen-induced murine colitis model. Murine-derived probiotic lactobacilli were selected in vitro for their ability to inhibit TNF-α secretion by Helicobacter hepaticus-stimulated macrophages. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-deficient mice were treated with probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri in combination with Lactobacillus paracasei and then challenged with H. hepaticus. Ten weeks postinoculation, the severity of typhlocolitis was assessed by histologic examination of the cecocolic region. Intestinal proinflammatory cytokine responses were evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoassays, and the quantities of intestinal H. hepaticus were evaluated by real-time PCR. Intestinal colonization by TNF-α-inhibitory lactobacilli reduced intestinal inflammation in H. hepaticus-challenged IL-10-deficient mice despite similar quantities of H. hepaticus in cocolonized animals. Proinflammatory colonic cytokine (TNF-α and IL-12) levels were lowered in Lactobacillus-treated animals. In this H. hepaticus-challenged IL-10-deficient murine colitis model, lactobacilli demonstrated probiotic effects by direct modulation of mucosal inflammatory responses.
Comparative evaluation and the influence of various factors on eye-irritation scores

Abstract This study employed ophthalmoscopic, photographic, and histologic techniques as an adjunct to standard Draize procedures in interpreting and evaluating the degree of eye irritation produced by two solutions on the cornea, iris, and conjunctivae of rabbits' eyes. Although ophthalmoscopic examinations revealed no evidence of retinal or internal damage, histologic observations, in some instances, demonstrated considerable erosion and loss of the stratified epithelial layers with evidence of dense leucocytic infiltration in the substantia propria of the cornea. By the 5th and 7th days, however, all treated eyes appeared histologically normal. The various data indicated that there were no significant differences in the degree of eye irritation caused by either preparation and that the solutions possessed properties of a mildly irritating nature. Certain inadequacies in obtaining a correct evaluation of eye irritation by the Draize technique were noted. In particular, the influence of such factors as subjective and personal error, sample size, time of release as well as age, sex, and strain differences of rabbits were discussed. It is believed that further standardization and modification of the Draize procedure is required to eliminate discrepancies between the scores of individual testing laboratories as well as differences between the mean scores of two or more runs of the same preparation.
Study of combined heat, hydrogen and power system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion

Abstract To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500TM unit as a MCFC. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good-Based Model

Traditionally the object of economic theory and experimental psychology, economic choice recently became a lively research focus in systems neuroscience. Here I summarize the emerging results and propose a unifying model of how economic choice might function at the neural level. Economic choice entails comparing options that vary on multiple dimensions. Hence, while choosing, individuals integrate different determinants into a subjective value; decisions are then made by comparing values. According to the good-based model, the values of different goods are computed independently of one another, which implies transitivity. Values are not learned as such, but rather computed at the time of choice. Most importantly, values are compared within the space of goods, independent of the sensorimotor contingencies of choice. Evidence from neurophysiology, imaging, and lesion studies indicates that
Quenching Properties of a Self-Referenced Fluorescence Oxygen Nanosensor under a Wide-Field Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging System

Wide-field intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging is an excellent method to map in vivo neurological metabolic changes during brain activity. It has a spatial resolution of 50-100 mum and a wide imaging field of several cm2 that cannot be achieved by regular microscopic imaging. A nano-encapsulated fluorescence dye sensor that is specifically sensitive to oxygen level was fabricated by using electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. Fluorescence images of the nanosensor solution were collected by a wide-field IOS imaging system under different oxygen concentrations. Mathematical models for nanosensor fluorescence were developed based on the imaging results. Correlations between the nanosensor fluorescence and oxygen concentration models indicate an inverse quenching relationship between the nanosensor fluorescence and oxygen concentration
Simulation and implementation tools for signal processing and communication systems

It is now possible to move easily from a top-level simulation model of a system toward its implementation. While this path is seamless and nearly complete for the digital implementation, gaps still exist for the implementation of RF and optical portions of communication systems. The author describes the state of the art in waveform (or functional) level simulation tools for communication and signal processing systems with links to digital implementation. >
MOOLAP: Towards Multi-Objective OLAP

Aggregation is among the core functionalities of OLAP systems. Frequently, such queries are issued in decision support systems to identify interesting groups of data. When more than one aggregation function is involved and the notion of interest is not clearly defined, skyline queries provide a robust mechanism to capture the potentially interesting points where (i) users do not need to specify a ranking function and (ii) the result is independent of the dimension scales. To provide better exploration functionalities in OLAP systems, we propose to use skyline queries over aggregated data to identify the most interesting groups. Since aggregation functions have to be ad-hoc to cover a wide variety of user interests, the skyline over the aggregates has to be computed on the fly. Hence any algorithm to compute such a skyline must be fast and be able to progressively produce the result set with potential skyline groups being produced as early as possible. We explore a family of algorithms which try to consume only as many data records as are necessary to compute the skyline and design an optimal algorithm. We further refine the algorithm by taking into account systems issues such as disk behavior which are often ignored but have strong impact on real system performance. Experimental results validate the performance and progressive benefits of our algorithm.
A New Single-Stage Step Test for the Clinical Assessment of Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness are important in any health-assessment program or routine involving variables that may be influenced by an individual's level of physical fitness or ability to sustain an exercise program. Recently, a new single-stage step test was introduced that uses a height-adjustable platform to normalize the height of stepping for individuals of varying stature. This computer program is designed to simplify the use of this test and to facilitate the implementation in clinical environments where equipment or time is limited, yet accuracy and validity are essential.
Saccade generation during reading: Are words necessary?

Most current theories of eye movement control during reading are word based in multiple ways: They assume that saccade onset times result from word‐based processes, and that words are involved in selecting a saccade target. In the current study the role of words was examined by occasionally replacing the text with one of five alternate stimulus patterns for a single fixation during reading, and observing the effects on the time, direction, and length of the saccade that ends that fixation. The onset times of many saccades are unaffected by replacing spaces with random letters, thus removing visible word‐units; also, the effects of this removal on saccade length is not different than that of having space‐delimited nonwords. It does not appear that words play a critical role in generating saccades. The results are compatible with the Competition/Interaction theory of eye movement control during reading (Yang & McConkie, 2001).
Reporting standards for studies of tailored interventions

Message tailoring is a promising innovative approach to persuasive communication that involves designing messages to meet a person's psychological, behavioral and/or demographic characteristics. Although the tailored intervention literature has many strengths, a weakness is inconsistency in reporting information related to intervention development, implementation and evaluation. The objective of this manuscript is to report recommendations for studies of tailored interventions. As part of ongoing original empirical and meta-analytical research, we reviewed the tailoring literature and identified inconsistencies in reporting. We compared these inconsistencies with existing reporting standards and developed recommendations specific to tailored interventions. An advisory board of preeminent tailoring researchers provided feedback on draft and final recommendations. This paper offers the resulting seven recommendations for reporting studies of tailored interventions. If we are to build a cumulative science of tailoring, both for theory development and research translation, then we should establish standards in the conduct and reporting of the science.