cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baseline assessment of organic contaminants in surficial sediment from Kachemak Bay, Alaska

Abstract Organic contaminant inputs to coastal Alaska ecosystems are mostly driven by long range oceanic currents and atmospheric transport from lower latitudes, known as the “grasshopper effect.” This study characterized the distribution of organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychrlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and a suite of organochlorine pesticides (dichlorodiphenyl tricholoroethane (DDTs), cyclodienes and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), in five strata in Kachemak Bay, as well as sediment total organic carbon (TOC) content and grain size. PAHs varied broadly throughout the study area. While the presence of substituted naphthalenes might be linked to spilled fuel and oil, incidences of pyrene and alkylated high molecular weight PAHs indicate pyrogenic sources (burned fuel). However, the dominant PAH was perylene (40%–60% of the total PAHs), and is indicative of possible terrestrial weathering (diagenic) input. PCBs, DDTs and the other organochlorine pesticides also varied throughout the study area, but their concentrations along with those of the PAHs were below the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sediment quality guidelines. In most cases, the distributions of the organic contaminants were strongly influenced by the sediment grain size and TOC content, with elevated concentrations being found in depositional areas with fine-grain sediment.
Action of histamine on cyclic AMP in guinea pig gastric cells: inhibition by H1- and H2-receptor antagonists.

In dispersed cells from guinea pig fundic mucosa cyclic AMP was increased 6- to 13-fold by histamine as well as each of 3 chemically related analogues. The relative potencies of these agonists were histamine > 4-methylhistamine > 2-methylhistamine > 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine and the relative efficacies of these agents were histamine = 4-methylhistamine > 2-methylhistamine > 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine. The increase in cellular cyclic AMP caused by maximally effective concentrations of two agonists in combination was equal to the increase caused by the more effective agonist alone. The increase in cyclic AMP caused by each agonist could be inhibited competitively by metiamide or cimetidine as well as by promethazine or diphenhydramine. The inhibitory potencies of metiamide and cimetidine were greater than those of promethazine and diphenhydramine. Sufficiently high concentrations of each antagonist abolished the action of each agonist and sufficiently high concentrations of each agonist could overcome the inhibition caused by each antagonist. For a given antagonist the inhibitory potency calculated from results with histamine was not significantly different from that calculated from results with each of the other agonists. 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine was a partial agonist and its potency as an agonist was equal to its potency as an inhibitor of the action of histamine. These results indicate that in dispersed cells from guinea pig fundic mucosa the increase in cyclic AMP caused by histamine or its 3 analogues can be inhibited competitively by metiamide or cimetidine as well as by classical antihistamines. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank Jean Dyer and Trent Adams for their technical assistance and Mary Ernst for preparing the manuscript.
EVALUATING SITE IMPACTS

This chapter discusses the ways to evaluate site impacts and the issues involved in quantifying the value structure. The evaluation of impacts can be broken down into several components, such as: (1) evaluation of impacts on multiple objectives, (2) evaluation of impacts in different time periods, (3) evaluation of impacts to different groups, and (4) evaluation of risks and uncertainty. There are numerous significant advantages of formalization of the value structure. All of these stem from the two purposes of siting studies: (1) to select the best site and (2) to explain and justify the decision to regulatory authorities and others. With regard to selecting the best site, in providing the utility function, the client has an opportunity and is practically forced to develop a consistent set of values. Such a task is not easy because of the complexity of the problem. All the value issues in siting are involved in this process. In the assessments, the problem is broken into parts. This allows experts to provide values for the appropriate parts. For instance, an ecologist could interpret and assign relative values to different impacts on the ecosystem and a socio-economist could do the same for socioeconomic impacts. It is unlikely that one individual would adequately understand all the disciplines relevant to siting. Once the utility function is first assessed, one has a clear basis from which to make improvements.
General Characteristics of Waves

By the end of this chapter you will have an understanding of How a pulse leads to the production of a wave How waves are classified The main characteristics and properties of waves Applications of wave properties to light and sound How to use scientific notation and the proper units for physical quantities.
Systems engineering opportunities for agricultural and organic waste management in the food–water–energy nexus

Managing food, water, and energy waste streams leads to more sustainable production, consumption, and distribution processes in the food–water–energy nexus (FWEN). Agricultural and organic waste streams within the FWEN can be difficult to manage due to both volume and their potential environmental impacts. However, they are also often characterized by a rich mix of organic compounds, ripe for conversion into energy or value-added products. Process systems engineering (PSE) stands uniquely positioned to understand the interconnections between food, water, and energy of agricultural and food wastes, wastewater, and municipal solid waste (MSW). Targeted advances in systems analysis as well as design and optimization of integrated FWEN waste management technologies and processes are expected to have the greatest impact. When building integrated mathematical models, care must be taken to consider waste treatment not as an independent process unaffected by the FWEN, but as a core component of the FWEN, connected to all nexus resources and systems.
The Walking Dead Live!: Essays on the Television Show Philip L. Simpson and Marcus Mallard, Editors. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.

The Walking Dead Live!: Essays on the Television Show Philip L. Simpson and Marcus Mallard, Editors. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.One could hardly question the rise in popularity of zombies in American culture in the past decade: TV, literature, how-to guides, video games, graphic novels, feature films, zombie runs, and merchandise. The AMC network's hypersuccessful series The Walking Dead leads the charge, and it has even produced a spin-off prequel, Fear the Walking Dead. Analyses of zombies and the accompanying apocalypse have evolved into a productive, interdisciplinary critique of American and global economics, psychology, sociology, philosophy, ecology, gender, and race. Although the zombie has been and still is under analysis for its symbolic elements, critique is shifting toward us-for example, how are we like zombies? why are we so entranced by zombie narratives at this point in time? The last two seasons of The Walking Dead have attracted over seventeen and fourteen million viewers respectively (ix), and as the series enters its Season Seven, the volume and delivery of material to analyze are unique compared to individual films and literary texts. The Walking Dead Live!: Essays on the Television Show, edited by Philip L. Simpson and Marcus Mallard, illustrates the depth and breadth in which critical analysis has also evolved to parallel the zombie's stature in American culture.The editors cite five other anthologies specific to The Walking Dead (series and graphic novels) and separate their anthology by "[addressing] issues that have either not been raised yet ... or contribute to and expand upon ongoing conversations about specific story and subtextual elements" (xi). The anthology is evenly divided into Part One, which centers on the series's "central conceits, philosophies, genre influences, and story elements" (xii), and Part Two, which hones in on "the survivors' quest to find a haven in which to rebuild human society" (xii). Overall, the collection serves as a useful spectrum of critical techniques applied to a television series that continues to evolve.The first essay, "'Zombies "R" Us': Twenty-First Century America and Historical Inquiry" by Brad L. Duren, provides a general historical view of the zombie in American culture and highlights the importance of analyzing pop culture, and the essay is well placed to offer readers new to zombie critique an entry point. A few of the contributions are very specific to a particular theorist or approach, and these would be helpful to scholars or students looking for new critical applications. …
College Students’ Motivations to Attend Group Fitness Classes: An Exploratory Investigation

This study investigated college students’ various motivations to select from a comprehensive range of group fitness class (GFC) offerings at a university. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in motivations to exercise based on the GFC a participant was attending most often (primary GFC, p < .01). A post hoc test determined that Health Pressures was the only motivation subscale of 14 total subscales to significantly contribute to the main effect (p < .003). However, the findings suggested that primary GFC can explain variation in motivations to exercise. This result evidences applicability of the self-determination theory between smaller categories of physical activity than previously tested. Future research should replicate the study at larger, more diverse institutions to explore additional factors affecting motivations to exercise. Practitioners can use this study to inform the design and advertising of GFCs.
Rethinking IS Strategic Alignment: A Middle Management Perspective

IS strategic alignment remains a research phenomenon of key interest, specifically regarding the dimensions of social IS alignment (i.e., shared IS understanding among key organizational members) and intellectual IS alignment (i.e., IS/business strategy congruence). The examination of IS alignment has been predominantly limited to the examination of top ranks within the organization; however, we contend that middle management (MM) are essential organizational stakeholders for IS alignment as supported via upper echelons theory in conjunction with the knowledge-based view of the firm. The findings (derived from MMs across 111 organizations) provide support that: 1) MM strategic knowledge has a complementary influence MM’s ability to develop social alignment with both IS management and the top management team (TMT); and 2) the two alignment dimensions operate in a sequential nature with social alignment linking MM strategic knowledge to intellectual alignment. Our findings provide key insight to both theory and practice. (Less)
Structure-induced asymmetry between counterpropagating modes in three-port couplers

The continuing controversy regarding the validity of assuming different photon lifetimes for counterpropagating modes in whistle-geometry ring resonators has led us to re-examine the commonly held view that coupling coefficients between any two ports in Y-junction couplers (regardless of their symmetry) do not depend on the direction of propagation. Rigorous three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations show that the common assumptions about the operation o three-port couplers are sometimes grossly incorrect, as they arise from an oversimplified analytical model. An explanation is given why our results do not violate the Helmholtz reciprocity principle.
Identification and Analysis of a Ca2+-Dependent Lactoferrin Receptor in Rat Liver

We identified a 45 kDa Ca2+-dependent Lf binding protein on rat hepatocytes. Dithiobis(sulfosuccimidylproprionate) (DTSSP)-crosslinked 125I-Lf to a 45 kDa adduct in a Ca2+-dependent manner on intact cells. The 125I-labeledcrosslinked complexes were absent when either surface-bound 125I-Lf was stripped prior to crosslinking or an excess of unlabeled Lf was included in the DTSSP reaction. Triton X-100 extracts of hepatocyte membrane ghosts were chromatographed on Lf-agarose, and a 45 kDa polypeptide (p45) was eluted by EGTA. Anti-p45 sera blocked vigorously 125I-Lf endocytosis to intact rat hepatocytes, confirming that p45 functions as the Ca2+-dependent Lf receptor on hepatocytes. Two tryptic fragments of p45 showed 100% identity with internal sequences (Leu121 →Lys 126 and Phe198-Lys220) of the major subunit (RHL- l) of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor. Antisera against p45 and RHL-1 crossreacted equally well with each protein, and asialoorosomucoid blocked the binding of 125I-Lf to hepatocytes. We did not detect the minor subunits (RHL2/3) of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor in p45 preparations from Triton X-100-extracts of hepatocytes, and 125I-Lf bound to immobilized RHL-1 but not to RHL-2/3. Exoglycosidases were used to remove terminally-exposed NeuNAc and α-and β-Gal from bovine Lf glycans, and lectin blotting confirmed that glycosidase-treated Lfs lacked detectable terminal Gal. Unexpectedly, deglycosylated Lf exhibited no loss in its ability to compete with unmodified Lf for binding to isolated hepatocytes. Moreover, β-lactose but not sucrose competed vigorously for 125I-Lf endocytosis by hepatocytes, indicating that Lf binds at or near the carbohydrate-recognition domain of RHL-l. We conclude that RHL-1 is the Ca2+-dependent Lf receptor on hepatocytes and that it binds Lf in a Gal-independent manner.
Epidemiology of Wounds

Chronic wounds of the lower extremities are important health concerns that have been estimated to cost more than $1 billion per year. Their prevalence has been estimated to be between 0.18% and 1.3% in the adult population. Venous leg ulcers are the most common lower extremity wound. Diabetic foot ulcers are less common but are associated with significant morbidity and with mortality. For example, lower extremity amputations in those with diabetes are often preceded by a foot ulcer and between 10% and 20% of those with diabetes who have an amputation will die within 1 year of the amputation. Continued Improvement in therapy is essentially especially as the population ages and the prevalence of diabetes increases.
On the shear stability of water-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized with silica nanoparticles

Abstract Hypothesis Water-in-water (w/w) emulsions are known for their low interfacial tensions (IFT) which makes their stability to shear questionable. This is because of low particle attachment energies, which can be just a few kT. Therefore, emulsions stabilized with larger particles should display greater stability to shear because of larger attachment energies (10–100 or more kT). This is typically not an issue with traditional oil-in-water Pickering emulsions because particle attachment energies are much larger due to higher interfacial tensions, even when very small particles are used. Experiments Silica nanoparticles were silanized with 2-(methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)6-9propyl)trimethoxysilane (PEG-silane) to aid in emulsion stabilization. The phase behavior of an aqueous, two-phase system consisting of 20,000 g mol−1 polyethylene glycol (PEG) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was characterized. Optical microscopy was used to characterize the static properties of the particle stabilized emulsions and shear rheology was used to study the stability of emulsions stabilized with 6 nm and 50 nm PEG-silane functionalized particles. Results We demonstrated that silica nanoparticles silanized with PEG-silane can stabilize MgSO4 drops to produce MgSO4-in-PEG emulsions. We found emulsions stabilized with 6 wt% particles, regardless of particle size (6 nm or 50 nm), had similar viscosities, emulsion drop size, and were statically stable for one week. Emulsion drops stabilized with 6 wt% 50 nm particles doubled in size after 80 min of shear at 10 s−1 whereas those stabilized with 6 wt% 6 nm particles required only 25 min to double in size. We attribute these differences in doubling time to the larger particle attachment energies associated with the 50 nm particles.
Data on ion composition and X-ray diffraction patterns of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants in Lufkin and Nacogdoches, Texas, USA.

Abstract The data presented in this article is related to the research article entitled, “Structural Characterization and Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) from two Rural Wastewater Treatment Plants in East Texas, USA” (Onchoke et al., [1]). The XRD profiles and composition of biosolids from two wastewater treatment plant is presented. This study describes the composition of XRD crystalline phase patterns of the wastewater sludge. After the removal of the Kα 2 peaks the d-spacing and hkl values were determined. In addition, the ion chromatographic profile of the seven anions ( N O 3 − , N O 2 − , Br − , Cl − , F − , S O 4 2 − , and P O 4 3 − ) in biosolids is presented.
Hypertension: How Low to Go When Treating Older Adults

Abstract Recent changes to guidelines for diagnosing and managing hypertension (HTN) in adults provide an opportunity for nurse practitioners to reexamine how they treat older adults with elevated blood pressure. This article reviews the revised definition of hypertension based on 2017 treatment guidelines, what age is considered older for adults with hypertension, what the treatment goal is for this population, and recommendations for getting blood pressure to the desired goals.
Studies of an air-shower imaging system for the detection of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos

We discuss the acceptance and sensitivity of a small air-shower imaging system to detect earth-skimming ultrahigh-energy tau neutrinos. The instrument we study is located on top of a mountain and has an azimuthal field of view of 360\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. We find that the acceptance and sensitivity of such a system is close to maximal if it is located about 2 km above ground, has a vertical field of view of 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, allows the reconstruction of an at least 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} long air-shower image, and features an effective light-collection area of $10\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ in any direction. After three years of operation, an imaging system with these features achieves an all-flavor neutrino flux sensitivity of $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Modeling aerotaxis band formation in Azospirillum brasilense

Bacterial chemotaxis, the ability of motile bacteria to navigate gradients of chemicals, plays key roles in the establishment of various plant-microbe associations, including those that benefit plant growth and crop productivity. The motile soil bacterium Azospirillum brasilense colonizes the rhizosphere and promotes the growth of diverse plants across a range of environments. Aerotaxis, or the ability to navigate oxygen gradients, is a widespread behavior in bacteria. It is one of the strongest behavioral responses in A. brasilense and it is essential for successful colonization of the root surface. Oxygen is one of the limiting nutrients in the rhizosphere where density and activity of organisms are greatest. The aerotaxis response of A. brasilense is also characterized by high precision with motile cells able to detect narrow regions in a gradient where the oxygen concentration is low enough to support their microaerobic lifestyle and metabolism. Here, we present a mathematical model for aerotaxis band formation that captures most critical features of aerotaxis in A. brasilense. Remarkably, this model recapitulates experimental observations of the formation of a stable aerotactic band within 2 minutes of exposure to the air gradient that were not captured in previous modeling efforts. Using experimentally determined parameters, the mathematical model reproduced an aerotactic band at a distance from the meniscus and with a width that matched the experimental observation. Including experimentally determined parameter values allowed us to validate a mathematical model for aerotactic band formation in spatial gradients that recapitulates the spatiotemporal stability of the band and its position in the gradient as well as its overall width. This validated model also allowed us to capture the range of oxygen concentrations the bacteria prefer during aerotaxis, and to estimate the effect of parameter values (e.g. oxygen consumption rate), both of which are difficult to obtain in experiments.
Examination of the stability of the anxiety sensitivity index across the menstrual cycle in trauma-exposed women with and without PTSD

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Anxiety sensitivity (AS), as measured by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), has consistently been studied as a trait-level predictor of a variety of emotional a...
Condylar jugular diverticulum: A report of 3 cases

Jugular bulb diverticulum is an irregular extension of the jugular bulb into the temporal bone that may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The jugular bulb has rarely been reported to extend into the occipital condyle; such extension is termed a condylar jugular diverticulum and is characterized as a defect in the occipital condyle contiguous with the jugular bulb. This report details 3 cases of condylar jugular diverticulum. Extension of the jugular bulb into the ipsilateral occipital condyle was noted as an incidental finding on cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 3 patients. All 3 patients were asymptomatic, and this finding was unrelated to the initial area of interest. CBCT use is becoming ubiquitous in dentistry, as it allows 3-dimensional evaluation, unlike conventional radiography. Proper interpretation of the entire CBCT is essential, and recognition of the indicators of condylar jugular diverticulum may prevent misdiagnosis of this rare entity.
Patient Portal Usage and Outcomes Among Adult Patients with Uncontrolled Asthma

Background Patient-clinician communication, essential for favorable asthma outcomes, increasingly relies on information technology including the electronic heath record–based patient portal. For patients with chronic disease living in low-income neighborhoods, the benefits of portal communication remain unclear. Objective To describe portal activities and association with 12-month outcomes among low-income patients with asthma formally trained in portal use. Methods In a longitudinal observational study within a randomized controlled trial, 301 adults with uncontrolled asthma were taught 7 portal tasks: reviewing upcoming appointments, scheduling appointments, reviewing medications, locating laboratory results, locating immunization records, requesting refills, and messaging. Half the patients were randomized to receive up to 4 home visits by community health workers. Patients' portal use by activities, rate of usage over time, frequency of appointments with asthma physicians, and asthma control and quality of life were assessed over time and estimated as of 12 months from randomization. Results Fewer than 60% of patients used the portal independently. Among users, more than half used less than 1 episode per calendar quarter. The most frequent activities were reading messages and viewing laboratory results and least sending messages and making appointments. Higher rates of portal use were not associated with keeping regular appointments during follow-up, better asthma control, or higher quality of life at 12-month postintervention. Conclusions Patients with uncontrolled asthma used the portal irregularly if at all, despite in-person training. Usage was not associated with regular appointments or with clinical outcomes. Patient portals need modification to accommodate low-income patients with uncontrolled asthma.
Does before-bedtime body warming by bathing or other means attenuate sleep-time arterial blood pressure?

Tai et al. (2019) assessed a dataset representing 758 elderly (mean age 70.9 years) Japanese men and women for the effect upon blood pressure (BP) parameters of before-bedtime warm/hot water bathtu...
Special Topic on Ferroelectric Transistors for Advanced Logic, Analog, and Memory Applications

With recent advancements in the growth and processing of ferroelectric materials and the emergence of CMOS compatible ferroelectrics, major research and development efforts are underway on ferroelectric transistors for logic, analog, and memory applications. With CMOS scaling facing challenges in improving energy efficiency and power density, research in this area is needed to augment the CMOS technology by lowering the required supply voltage or adding new features and functionalities, such as nonvolatility or reconfigurability. Ferroelectric transistors also show great promise for nontraditional circuits, such as convolutional and spiking neural networks and in-memory computing. Research in this area spans many levels of abstraction: from fundamental physical properties and material processing and characterization to various device concepts and to circuit and system design and benchmarking.
σ‑Aromaticity in the MoS2 Monolayer

Molybdenum disulfide is a prominent semiconductor that received a lot of attention recently due to its unique properties. Possessing a layered crystal structure, one can tune the band gap from indi...
Balancing Risk and Reward: Greater Research Oversight Is Appropriate for Novel Therapies for Children With Life-Limiting Illness

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a lifelong disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The clinical hallmark of SCD is painful vaso-occlusive crises. In addition to painful crises, SC...
Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Utilizing Pyrolyzed Cotton Balls as Wicks

A simple method to improve the thermal decomposition of chemical warfare agent simulants is reported. Utilizing pyrolyzed cotton balls as a substrate for the delivery of an incendiary agent into a bulk volume of chemical warfare agent simulants, significant enhancements in the burning rates were achieved with respect to either other wicks or the incendiary agent by itself. To perform the decomposition experiments and follow the reaction in real time, while still addressing the important safety considerations related to experiments involving chemical warfare agent simulants and incendiary agents, a simple instrument was assembled in a laboratory hood, where all experiments were performed. Under ambient conditions, this method was able to enhance the decomposition of simulants for both sulfur mustard (HD) and sarin (GB) chemical warfare agents. Overall, the proposed approach represents one of the simplest and more cost-effective ways to improve the decomposition of these dangerous substances, presenting options for field expedient and low-cost processes that could be applied in the near future to the safe destruction of an actual CWA.
The Naturalized Epistemology Approach to Evidence

Studying evidence law as part of naturalized epistemology means using the tools and results of the sciences to evaluate evidence rules based on the accuracy of the verdicts they are likely to produce. In this brief chapter, we introduce the approach and address skeptical concerns about the value of systematic empirical research for evidence scholarship, focusing, in particular, on worries about the external validity of jury simulation studies. Finally, turning to applications, we consider possible reforms regarding eyewitness identifications and character evidence.
Suppression of free carrier absorption in the mid wavelength infrared Fabry–Pérot optical filters

Temperature-dependent optical characterization of Fabry–Perot optical filters using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is reported. We have characterized various optical filters assembled from ZnSe/BaF2 based distributed Bragg reflectors. Our experimental results show that the optical absorption of mid wavelength infrared Fabry–Perot optical filters, in particular the free carrier absorption can be suppressed by cooling down the working temperature of Fabry–Perot optical filters from room temperature (300 K) to a lower temperature (T = 120 K); this is due to the freezing of carriers which in turn reduces free carrier absorption. This effect later increases the optical transmission of the optical filters. We have optimized the optical transmission of the optical filters by suppressing the free carrier absorption. The Fabry–Perot optical filters achieved an optical transmission of 37% at 120 K compared to an optical transmission of 27.5% at room temperature (300 K).
JA:2021-4. Quantitative Measurement of an Ag Center’s Outcomes: The Project Scoring Matrix

Purpose: The presentation explains the Project Scoring Matrix (PSM) instrument that was developed by the Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH). Aspects include the inst...
Temperature and radiation effects on brittle versus ductile fracture behavior in miscible phase boundaries: insight from atomistic simulations

Temperature- and irradiation-assisted failure mechanisms in miscible phase boundaries are clarified via atomistic calculations. We first establish the temperature-dependent brittle-to-ductile transition in U–Zr miscible phase boundaries. Our results confirm that these boundaries are mostly brittle at low temperatures and ductile at elevated temperatures. We then investigate the changes induced by irradiation on the fracture mechanisms in such phase boundaries. The irradiation-induced defect accumulation follows a multi-stage process that starts with the accumulation of isolated small dislocation loops before transitioning to the saturation and growth of larger dislocation loops and end up with a reorganization into forest dislocations. The accumulation of loops is the primary feature to participate in the delineation between brittle and ductile interfacial fracture in irradiated phase boundaries. At low damage levels, radiation defect interactions with the crack tip are limited and U–Zr miscible boundaries fail through the emission of dislocations ahead of the crack tip followed by brittle cleavage in agreement with the classical Griffith’s criterion for crack stability. At higher damage levels, the failure mode transitions from brittle crack growth to ductile void growth. In this case, the microcrack tip is blunted by the high density of pre-existing, radiation-induced defects in the vicinity of the crack. This interaction leads to the development and growth of a cavity at the interface as opposed to interfacial cleavage.
Characterization of the Uncommon Lipid Families in Corynebacterium glutamicum by Mass Spectrometry

This book chapter provides readers the step-by-step instruction for cell growth, lipid isolation, and lipid analysis to obtain the lipidome of Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) in the genus Corynebacterium, a biotechnologically important bacterium. We separate the lipid families by preparative HPLC with an analytical C-8 column, followed by linear ion-trap multiple stage mass spectrometry (LIT MSn) with high-resolution mass measurement to define the structures of cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), glucuronosyl diacylglycerol (GlcA-DAG), α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-D-glucuronyl diacylglycerol (Man-GlcA-DAG), 1-mycolyl-2-acyl-phosphatidylglycerol (MA-PG), and acyl trehalose monomycolate (acyl-TMM) whose structures have been previously mis-assigned or not defined by mass spectrometric means. We also define the structures of mycolic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, trehalose dimycolate lipids in the cell wall. The similarity of the lipidome to that in the Mycobacterium genera is consistent with the notion that Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium are gram-positive bacteria belonging to the suborder Corynebacterineae.
The Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Knee Arthrocentesis Training Using Formalin-Embalmed Cadavers

Background The use of ultrasound guidance during knee arthrocentesis has proven to increase operator confidence and accuracy, particularly in novice healthcare providers. Realistic and practical means of teaching this procedure to medical trainees are needed. This study is intended to assess the feasibility and efficacy of using formalin-embalmed human cadavers in the instruction of ultrasound-guided knee arthrocentesis to medical trainees. Methods Twenty participants received a 30-minute didactic orientation detailing the principles of ultrasound-guided knee arthrocentesis, followed by a training practicum performed on human cadavers. The practicum included a 25-minute training period, followed by a 15-minute assessment period. Participants were objectively assessed on their ability to independently aspirate synovial fluid from the suprapatellar bursa using ultrasound guidance. Digital pretraining and posttraining questionnaires were administered to evaluate each participant's confidence in their ability to independently locate the site of optimal needle placement and successfully aspirate synovial fluid with the guidance of ultrasound imaging. Results An analysis via the Wilcoxon rank sum testing revealed that participant self-confidence increased significantly after training across all assessment items (p < 0.0001). Fifteen participants (75%) successfully aspirated 1 mL of synovial fluid on their first attempt, whereas 3 participants (15%) were successful on their second attempt. Two participants (10%) failed to perform a successful aspiration within the 15-minute time limit. The average time required to aspirate 1 mL of synovial fluid was 41 seconds. Conclusions Ultrasound images of the formalin-embalmed suprapatellar bursa are of sufficient quality to use in the instruction of arthrocentesis to medical trainees. Brief instruction using formalin-embalmed cadaver models significantly increases trainee confidence and prepares first-year medical students to successfully and independently perform ultrasound-guided knee arthrocentesis.
Depth- and temperature-specific fatty acid adaptations in ctenophores from extreme habitats.

Animals are known to regulate the composition of their cell membranes to maintain key biophysical properties in response to changes in temperature. For deep-sea marine organisms, high hydrostatic pressure represents an additional, yet much more poorly understood, perturbant of cell membrane structure. Previous studies in fish and marine microbes have reported correlations with temperature and depth of membrane-fluidizing lipid components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because little has been done to isolate the separate effects of temperature and pressure on the lipid pool, it is still not understood whether these two environmental factors elicit independent or overlapping biochemical adaptive responses. Here, we use the taxonomic and habitat diversity of the phylum Ctenophora to test whether distinct low-temperature and high-pressure signatures can be detected in fatty acid profiles. We measured the fatty acid composition of 105 individual ctenophores, representing 21 species, from deep and shallow Arctic, temperate, and tropical sampling locales (sea surface temperature, -2° to 28°C). In tropical and temperate regions, remotely operated submersibles (ROVs) enabled sampling down to 4000 m. We found that among specimens with body temperatures 7.5°C or colder, depth predicted fatty acid unsaturation levels. In contrast, in the upper 200 m of the water column, temperature predicted fatty acid chain lengths. Taken together, our findings suggest that lipid metabolism may be specialized with respect to multiple physical variables in diverse marine environments. Largely distinct modes of adaptation to depth and cold imply that polar marine invertebrates may not find a ready refugium from climate change in the deep.
Only those who See Take off Their Shoes: Seeing the Classroom as a Spiritual Space:

Background/ContextSpirituality refers to a way of being that includes the capacity of humans to see beyond themselves, to become more than they are, to see mystery and wonder in the world around th...
The Authority of the Framers of the Constitution: Can Originalist Interpretation be Justified

intention theories like Dworkin's can avoid this difficulty only by arguing that I have somehow misdescribed the facts concerning our Constitution's origin. One route for such an argument would claim that the originators had concepts but no conceptions. This seems a very unlikely story to tell about real people. The theory that the framers had conceptions but didn't care if different ones were immediately substituted for them seems equally unlikely. Only two other kinds of arguments are available. The first would invoke concepts of delegation and would argue that the originators intended their own conceptions to control interpretation for their contemporaries, but intended to permit different conceptions of the underlying concepts at later points in history. Professor Bickel, for example, [Vol. 73:1482 1518 ORIGINALIST INTERPRETATION argued that the existence of such an intention explained why Brown v. Board of Education9" was not inconsistent with the original understanding of the fourteenth amendment, notwithstanding that the originators did not intend to outlaw racial segregation.96 A second and related argument would claim that the originators had no intentions relating to constitutional interpretation in the distant future. Insofar as the framers understood themselves as producing a bargained contract, their intentions are most realistically understood to be limited to the period when their interests were implicated. Insofar as the framers understood themselves as correctly interpreting the deep consensus, they were wise enough to know that interpretations that seem "correct" to one generation might quite reasonably seem "mistaken" to later ones. While either the delegation or no-intention view would free interpretive institutions from the originators' interpretations or conceptions, neither theory authorizes taking advantage of that freedom. In the absence of the authority that comes from popular attitudes or provision of good reasons, there is no more reason for the Court today to follow these theories of original intent than there is for it to follow any others of the original intentions. Without appeal to originalism, the justification for the Court's behavior must come from some other direction-for example, from the development of a political theory that directly justifies the Court's interpreting the deep consensus. Under such a theory, the language of the Constitution and the original intention might be important evidence for an originalist interpretation. Its authoritativeness would derive not from originalism, however, but from the persuasiveness of the deep-consensus political theory. The nature of the basic problem here should be clear from our examination of Professor Rawls's theory of justice.
Open Elite? Social Mobility, Marriage and Family in Florence, 1282-1494

This article statistically analyzes quantitative data from numerous sources in order to assess changes in marriage patterns, family structure, and rates of social mobility during the period from 1282 to 1494. During this period, three systems of social stratification coexisted — wealth, political office, and age of family — but these contending status systems were not consistent in their rankings of families. Each status system was conservative in the sense that elite families at the top of that hierarchy married each other in order to stabilize their position. But because of inconsistency in rankings, contradiction within the elite opened up the Florentine marriage system to widespread upward social mobility by new men. In their own families, successful new men aggressively imitated their economically and politically declining status superiors. Sharp class divisions thereby blurred into continuous and negotiable status gradients. These open-elite patterns of social mobility, present throughout the early ...
Mutants of simian virus 40 differing in plaque size, oncogenicity, and heat sensitivity.

Abstract Takemoto, K. K. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.), R. L. Kirschstein, and K. Habel. Mutants of simian virus 40 differing in plaque size, oncogenicity, and heat sensitivity. J. Bacteriol. 92:990–994. 1966.—Three mutants of simian virus 40 were isolated on the basis of the type of plaques produced in primary cultures of African green monkey kidney cells and designated as L (large), S (small), and M (minute) strains. Significant differences in oncogenicity for hamsters were observed, with the 50% oncogenic dose being 104.5 for the L, 105.2 for the S, and 105.8 for the M strains. All three strains were capable of transforming human diploid cells (W138 strain). At temperatures up to 41 C, the S and M mutants were capable of multiplying to titers almost equivalent to those obtained at 37 C. In contrast, infectious virus was not produced when cells were infected with the L mutant and were incubated at temperatures above 39 C, although complement-fixing viral and tumor antigens were formed. The temperature-sensitive phase of replication of the L strain was shown to be a late stage in viral maturation or assembly.
Managing multiple focal levels in Table Lens

The Table Lens, focus+context visualization for large data tables, allows users to see 100 times as many data values as a spreadsheet in the same screen space in a manner that enables an extremely immediate form of exploratory data analysis. In the original Table Lens design, data are shown in the context area using graphical representations in a single pixel row. Scaling up the Table Lens technique beyond approximately 500 cases (rows) by 40 variables (columns) requires not showing every value individually and thus raises challenges for preserving the exploratory and navigational ease and power of the original design. We describe two design enhancements for introducing regions of less than a pixel row for each data value and discuss the issues raised by each.
Radiation with immunotherapy: an emerging combination for cancer treatment

Ionizing radiation (RT) delivered to solid tumors is well known to induce immunological changes within the local tumor microenvironment as well as elicit systemic responses that promote antitumor immunity. These immunomodulatory effects of RT are produced by multiple processes that include increased tumor-associated antigen release, enhanced immunogenic cancer cell death, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which ultimately promote T cell priming and activation. RT can also modify the tumor microenvironment to facilitate immune effector cell recruitment, maturation, and activation. Given these properties, RT may augment the effect of modern cancer immunotherapies. This review outlines the fundamental immunogenic properties of RT and presents an overview of the clinical experience thus far that support the combination of RT with immunotherapy in cancer treatments.
Misconduct in Standard Setting: The Case for Patent Misuse

This Article examines the problem of patent hold-ups in standard setting organizations. The paper critically assesses the solutions currently used to address the problem and explains why the overlooked policy lever of patent misuse provides a best answer yet to patent hold-ups. This article is followed by an Addendum that analyzes the en banc decision of the Federal Circuit in Princo Corp. v. International Trade Com’n. 616 F.3d 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2010), which was decided after this article was written.
Terrestrial perturbation experiments for environmental assessment

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was initially interpreted as requiring full disclosure of the environmental impact of a federal action. Because of the limitations of time, money, and manpower, the requirement that all impacts be considered has led to superficial analysis of many important impacts. Data collection has largely been limited to the enumeration of species because this information can be applied to the analysis of any problem. The President's Council on Environment Quality (CEQ) has provided a solution to this problem by reinterpreting NEPA as requiring analysis of those impacts that have significant bearing on decision making. Because assessment resources can now be concentrated on a few critical issues, it should be possible to perform field perturbation experiments to provide direct evidence of the effects of a specific mixture of pollutants or physical disturbances on the specific receiving ecosystem. Techniques are described for field simulation of gaseous and particulate air pollution, polluted rain, soil pollutants, disturbance of the soil, and disturbance of wildlife. These techniques are discussed in terms of their realism, cost, and the restrictions that they place on the measurement of ecological parameters. Development and use of these field perturbation techniques should greatly improve the accuracy of predictive assessments and further our understanding of ecosystem processes.
Modeling volatility in sector index returns with GARCH models using an iterated algorithm

Financial market participants are interested in knowing what events can alter the volatility pattern of financial assets and how unanticipated shocks determine the persistence of volatility over time. The present paper studies these issues by detecting time periods of sudden changes in volatility by using the iterated cumulated sums of squares (ICSS) algorithm. Examining five major sectors from January 1992 to August 2003, we found that accounting for volatility shifts in the standard GARCH model considerably reduces the estimated volatility persistence. Our results have important implications regarding asset pricing, risk management, and portfolio selection. (JEL G110, G120)
Modeling Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas in Short-Contact-Time Packed-Bed Reactors

The catalytic partial oxidation of methane to syngas presents interesting challenges, because of the interaction of exothermic combustion and endothermic reforming reactions. The heterogeneous plug-flow and axial-dispersion models are used to analyze the steady-state and dynamic behavior exhibited by this process in a short-contact-time packed-bed reactor. The effects of inlet mass velocity and feed quality on the product yield and hot spots are analyzed. The role of coupling exothermic and endothermic reactions on the magnitude of the temperature peak in the reactor has been studied for different methane-to-oxygen and the methane-to-steam ratios in the feed. The effects of film-transfer coefficients and axial-dispersion coefficients on the steady-state profiles are also discussed. The evidence of wrong-way behavior, because of the response to the perturbation of the inlet temperature and the feed quality, in this short-contact-time reactor is presented.
A Reanalysis of Hurricane Camille

AbstractA reanalysis of 1969’s Hurricane Camille has been completed as part of the Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis Project. The reanalysis of Hurricane Camille has been expedited to allow for a homogeneous comparison of all four of the U.S.-landfalling Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale category 5 hurricanes since 1900. A review of the available ship, station, radar, aircraft, and satellite observations is presented, along with the reanalysis methodology. Highlights of the Best-Track Change Committee approved changes to Camille’s genesis, track, intensity, and dissipation are discussed. As part of the preparation for the reanalysis, research on Hurricane Camille uncovered new data useful to the reanalysis. Focus was placed on understanding the internal structure in a modern context, especially whether eyewall replacement cycles occurred, including comparisons with a similar hurricane used as a proxy. A more detailed understanding was gained of the tropical wave and genesis phases. In addition, a 9...