cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Cohort Study of Acute Kidney Injury in Multi-stage Ultramarathon Runners: The Biochemistry in Endurance Runner Study (BIERS)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) during a multi-stage ultramarathon foot race. A prospective observational study was taken during the Gobi 2008; Sahara 2008; and Namibia 2009 RacingThePlanet 7-day, 6-stage, 150-mile foot ultramarathons. Blood was analyzed before, and immediately after stage 1 (25 miles), 3 (75 miles), and 5 (140 miles). Creatinine (Cr), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and incidence of AKI were calculated and defined by RIFLE criteria. Thirty participants (76% male, mean age 40 + 11 years) were enrolled. There were significant declines in GFR after each stage compared with the pre-race baseline (p < 0.001), with the majority of participants (55–80%) incurring AKI. The majority of study participants encountered significant renal impairment; however, no apparent cumulative effect was observed, with resolution of renal function to near baseline levels between stages.
Minority Migrations and the Diffusion of Technology

The process of technical change from the economist's viewpoint may be broken down into three phases: invention, innovation, and diffusion. Invention, or the increase in technological possibilities, is the discovery or perception of new configurations of technical processes or principles that alter the array of possible production functions. An innovation consists of using any given production function for the “first” time. Diffusion is basically imitative and involves the gradual replacement of old methods by the new. One example will suffice to illustrate these distinctions. The invention of the automatic bottle machine consisted of the conception, experimentation, and model-building activities of Michael J. Owens; the pioneering efforts of the entrepreneurs at Toledo, Ohio, to demonstrate that the new production function was both practical and economically feasible constituted the innovational phase; and the gradual replacement of hand-blown and semiautomatic machine methods by the new process in both American and foreign markets involved diffusion.
Photo-pumping resonance for modifying the kinetics of a neonlike La47+ laser

High-precision measurements are presented of an excellent resonance between the 3s1/2 → 2p3/2 (J = 1) transition in neonlike La47+ and the 1s2 1S0-1s2p 1P1 line in heliumlike Ti20+. The measurements were carried out with a high-resolution crystal spectrometer on the PLT tokamak. Neonlike La47+ and heliumlike Ti20+ were produced and shown to coexist under the same plasma conditions. The difference between the two transitions was found to be 96 ± 38 ppm. This value is several times less than the width of each transition expected from thermal broadening. The resonance can be used for selective modification of the kinetics of a proposed 57 A laser based on neonlike La47+.
Reactions of organolithium compounds with cobaltous chloride

Abstract The reactions of cis - and trans -2-lithio-2-butenes with cobaltous ion yield 3,4-dimethyl-2,4-hexadienes. The products are formed with essentially complete retention of stereochemistry. Neopentyl- and neophyllithium [(β,β-dimethylphenethyl)lithium] react with cobaltous ion to give unrearranged monomeric and dimeric products. n-Butyllithium reacts with cobaltous ion to give butane and butenes in very nearly equal quantities. Small amounts of n-octane are also formed. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed in terms of intermediate organocobalt compounds.
Poster 17: Metabolic Profiling in Non-Human Primate Model of Huntington's Disease Reveals Early Disruptions in Tryptophan Metabolism

Background Metabolomics is the systematic study of small molecule metabolites that are the end product of all forces, both endogenous and exogenous, that act upon a specific organism. Interactions among diet, environment, and genes, and their relative contribution to human health and disease, can be elucidated using metabolomics. Although rodent models of HD have been developed, these models do not satisfactorily parallel the brain changes and behavioral features observed in HD patients. Methods Hallmark features of HD, including nuclear inclusions and neuropil aggregates, were observed in the brains of transgenic monkeys expressing the huntingtin gene. Additionally, the transgenic monkeys showed important clinical features of HD, including dystonia and chorea. Taking advantage of new technology, we developed a method that uses a drop of blood processed with a simple extraction method to remove the proteins and injects directly onto a liquid chromatography–Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS) system. In 10 minutes, we are able to reliably detect 2500 metabolites. The method was applied to plasma from 2 HD monkeys (birth to 8 months) and wild-type controls. Results and Discussion Of the metabolites detected, 19 varied significantly between HD and wild type, 2 of which were important in tryptophan metabolism. These results confirm clinical research showing a disruption in tryptophan metabolism in HD patients. The 32 metabolites that changed most with time were compared with these 19 metabolites, and 2 unknown metabolites were found on both lists. Further investigation into the identity of these metabolites revealed one with a core indole group, suggesting an uncharacterized metabolite of tryptophan. Comparison of transgenic and wild-type monkeys showed putative biomarkers of early disease with relatively few animals. A pilot study is currently underway to test these results in humans and to suggest future therapeutic targets for drug development.
Teaching About Heterosexism and Creating an Empathic Experience of Homophobia

SUMMARY The concept of the "chilly campus climate" for students has long been used to describe women's experiences. The climate for lesbians and gays has not been assessed in this way; however, the attitudes of students toward diverse groups suggest that generally a hostile environment exists for this population. This paper discusses assessing students' attitudes and how this is essential to the process of teaching about heterosexism. Other pedagogical issues and concerns regarding teaching about heterosexism and homophobia are examined. These include examples of teaching exercises intended to create an empathic response from students that reinforces their cognitive understanding of homophobia.
A note on logistic regression

Abstract Maximum likelihood and discriminant analysis in estimating logistic regression parameters are revisited. Minimization of mis-prediction is considered as the criteria of the goodness of the model. It is shown that the parameter estimates are more accurate in terms of higher correct prediction rate in case of discriminant analysis compared to the maximum likelihood procedure for smaller samples. For larger samples, even-though the parameter estimates in the maximum likelihood procedure are more theoretically sound but the discriminant analysis procedure is as good in terms of percentages of correct prediction. A bilingual education data is analysed in the scope of the estimation procedure mentioned in this paper.
The LX—M relation of clusters of galaxies

We present a new measurement of the scaling relation between X-ray luminosity and total mass for 17,000 galaxy clusters in the maxBCG cluster sample. Stacking sub-samples within fixed ranges of optical richness, N200, we measure the mean 0.1-2.4 keV X-ray luminosity, , from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. The mean mass, , is measured from weak gravitational lensing of SDSS background galaxies (Johnston et al. 2007). For 9 {le} N{sub 200} /10{sup 42} h{sup -2} ergs{sup -1} = (12.6{sub -1.3}{sup +1.4}(stat) {+-} 1.6 (sys)) ( /10{sup 14} h{sup -1} M{sub {circle_dot}}){sup 1.65{+-}0.13}. The slope agrees to within 10% with previous estimates based on X-ray selected catalogs, implying that the covariance in L{sub X} and N{sub 200} at fixed halo mass is not large. The luminosity intercept is 30%, or 2{sigma}, lower than determined from the X-ray flux-limited sample of Reiprich & Boehringer (2002), assuming hydrostatic equilibrium. This slight difference could arise from a combination of Malmquist bias and/or systematic error in hydrostatic mass estimates, both of which are expected. The intercept agrees with that derived by Stanek et al. (2006) using a model for the statistical correspondence between more » clusters and halos in a WMAP3 cosmology with power spectrum normalization {sigma}{sub 8} = 0.85. Similar exercises applied to future data sets will allow constraints on the covariance among optical and hot gas properties of clusters at fixed mass. « less
Intramuscular Hemangioma of the Temporalis Muscle With Incidental Finding of Bilateral Symmetric Calcification of the Basal Ganglia: A Case Report

We report an 11-year-old boy whose brain computed tomography findings incidentally revealed bilateral basal ganglia calcification. He was symptom-free and had no abnormal neurological findings. He was diagnosed with Fahr's disease based on radiological findings and after excluding other etiologies such as infection, metabolic disorders, congenital malformation and malignancies. Most of the reported cases display an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Although Fahr's disease is a rare cause of basal ganglia calcification in children, this disease should be considered in children with a family history of neuropsychiatric disorders.
TheGL(2) Rankin–Selberg Method for Functions Not of Rapid Decay

Abstract In this note, we give a new proof of Zagier's theorem concerning the Rankin–Selberg method for functions not of rapid decay.
P-odd pion azimuthal charge correlations in heavy ion collisions

Abstract We argue that the large instanton induced Pauli form factor in polarized proton–proton scattering may cause, through topological fluctuations, substantial charge-dependent azimuthal correlations for π ± production in peripheral heavy ion collisions both at RHIC and LHC, thanks to the large induced magnetic field. Our results compare favorably to the measured pion azimuthal correlations by the STAR and ALICE Collaborations.
Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Macrophages with an Increased Resistance to Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced Cytotoxicity Generated by Chronic Exposure to oxLDL

The uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages leads to foam cell formation and fatty streaks, which represent early sites of potential atheroma development. We developed a cell culture model of chronic oxLDL exposure to determine whether hallmark parameters of oxLDL uptake and cytotoxicity are altered during foam cell formation and to determine changes in protein and mRNA expression that distinguish acute and chronic oxLDL exposure. Although the extent of oxLDL uptake did not change, a resistance to oxLDL-induced cytotoxicity was observed in the chronically exposed cells. Macrophages that have been chronically exposed to oxLDL required a 40% higher concentration of oxLDL to achieve 50% survival in a 48-h treatment relative to macrophages subjected to a single oxLDL exposure. A main feature of the differentially expressed proteome was a series of significantly overexpressed antioxidant and antioxidant-related proteins in the oxLDL-exposed cells. A large proportion of these proteins (45%) was overexpressed in the chronically exposed cells prior to the oxLDL treatment, indicative of the unique phenotype produced by the chronic treatment. Analysis of the transcriptome also revealed a broad increase in the expression of antioxidant and antioxidant-related proteins. In addition, the transcriptome experiments found an increased inflammatory response under conditions of both acute and chronic oxLDL exposure. Overall the combined functional, proteomic, and transcriptomic experiments show that macrophages respond to oxLDL by developing an oxidative stress resistance that increases and stabilizes with chronic exposure. Furthermore this protective response and the increased foam cell survival that it supports amplifies their proatherogenic role by promoting a continued inflammatory state.
Engagement on the Backroads: Insights for Anthropology and Education

This article is a slightly revised version of the Presidential Address delivered at the annual business meeting of the Council on Anthropology and Education, Washington, D.C., December 1, 2007. [“little communities,” ethnography as picaresque, parrhesia]
Immune Reconstitution after Double Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: Comparison with Unrelated Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Double umbilical cord blood (DUCB) transplantation is an accepted transplantation strategy for patients without suitable human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched donors. However, DUCB transplantation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality because of slow recovery of immunity and a high risk of infection. To define the differences in immune reconstitution between DUCB transplantation and HLA matched unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation, we performed a detailed, prospective analysis of immune reconstitution in 42 DUCB recipients and 102 filgrastim-mobilized unrelated peripheral blood stem cell recipients. Reconstitution of CD3 T cells was significantly delayed in the DUCB cohort compared with the MUD cohort for 1 to 6 months posttransplantation (P
Planetary gear load sharing of wind turbine drivetrains subjected to non‐torque loads

An analytical formulation was developed to estimate the load-sharing and planetary loads of a three-point suspension wind turbine drivetrain considering the effects of non-torque loads, gravity and bearing clearance. A three-dimensional dynamic drivetrain model that includes mesh stiffness variation, tooth modifications and gearbox housing flexibility was also established to investigate gear tooth load distribution and non-linear tooth and bearing contact of the planetary gears. These models were validated with experimental data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative. Non-torque loads and gravity induce fundamental excitations in the rotating carrier frame, which can increase gearbox loads and disturb load sharing. Clearance in the carrier bearings reduces the bearing stiffness significantly. This increases the amount of pitching moment transmitted from the rotor to the gear meshes and disturbs the planetary load share, thereby resulting in edge loading. Edge loading increases the likelihood of tooth pitting and planet-bearing fatigue, leading to reduced gearbox life. Additionally, at low-input torque, the planet-bearing loads are often less than the minimum recommended load and thus susceptible to skidding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the free sugars of ferns by gas—liquid chromatography

Abstract The free sugars of twelve species of fern have been determined by gas—liquid chromatography of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Sucrose was the principal sugar in most species examined; in certain species the level of glucose, fructose, galactose or a combination of these was also high. The sensitivity and accuracy of this method, which are considerably greater than those of other techniques, commend its usefulness in analyses of plant materials.
The Interplay of Preferences, Case Facts, Context, and Rules in the Politics of Judicial Choice

In this paper, we explore linkages between electoral politics and judicial voting behavior in the context of models that take into account personal, contextual, institutional, and case-related influences on courts. Using probit (ordered and binary), we examine the votes cast in death penalty decisions by supreme court justices in eight American states from 1983 through 1988 We anticipate and find evidence that institutional features are prominent in shaping the distribution of institutional preferences Fundamentally, justices have predispositions that are consistent with the states' electoral and ideological environments Moreover, these institutional arrangements subsequently enhance or restrict opportunities for individual members, once selected, to exhibit their predispositions Personal preferences notwithstanding, individual justices' support for the death penalty is affected by competitive electoral conditions and institutional arrangements that create linkages with the political environment Finally, ...
Regional Differences in the Coupling between Resting Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism may Indicate Action Preparedness as a Default State

Although most functional neuroimaging studies examine task effects, interest intensifies in the "default" resting brain. Resting conditions show consistent regional activity, yet oxygen extraction fraction constancy across regions. We compared resting cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRgl) measured with 18F-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose to cerebral blood flow (CBF) 15O-H2O measures, using the same positron emission tomography scanner in 2 samples (n = 60 and 30) of healthy right-handed adults. Region to whole-brain ratios were calculated for 35 standard regions of interest, and compared between CBF and CMRgl to determine perfusion relative to metabolism. Primary visual and auditory areas showed coupling between CBF and CMRgl, limbic and subcortical regions--basal ganglia, thalamus and posterior fossa structures--were hyperperfused, whereas association cortices were hypoperfused. Hyperperfusion was higher in left than right hemisphere for most cortical and subcallosal limbic regions, but symmetric in cingulate, basal ganglia and somatomotor regions. Hyperperfused regions are perhaps those where activation is anticipated at short notice, whereas downstream cortical modulatory regions have longer "lead times" for deployment. The novel observation of systematic uncoupling of CBF and CMRgl may help elucidate the potential biological significance of the "default" resting state. Whether greater left hemispheric hyperperfusion reflects lateral dominance needs further examination.
3-D scanning mid-IR imaging of buried structures using extremely nondegenerate two-photon absorption in a GaN photodiode

We demonstrate a scanning 3-D IR imaging technique using extremely nondegenerate two-photon absorption in an uncooled GaN photodiode, and obtain ∼2 μm depth resolution at a wavelength of ∼5 μm in buried semiconductor structures.
Epidural, spinal, and combined spinal epidural anesthesia for ambulatory surgery

Regional anesthetic techniques are rapidly evolving to meet the needs of an ever increasing day surgery patient population. Rapidity and control of onset and offset of anesthesia with minimal side effects are now required of regional anesthetic techniques if these are to compete with general anesthesia. Spinal, epidural, and combined spinal epidural (CSE) anesthesia for the day surgery patient are discussed below. Epidural anesthesia has been a useful anesthetic for the day surgery patient, but is being supplanted by spinal and combined spinal epidural anesthesia. Lidocaine has been the traditional drug of choice for intrathecal use in day surgery patients. Recently, use of lidocaine has been questioned after reports of neurotoxicity and its association with transient radicular irritation (TRI), a recently described syndrome of radiating back pain following spinal anesthesia. Mepivacaine is a longer acting local anesthetic that has been looked at as an alternative to lidocaine but has been found to be associated with TRI as well. Meperidine, an opiate with local anesthetic properties has found some application, but was associated with inadequate motor blockade in clinical studies. Combinations of local anesthetics, opiates, and other drugs along with advances in needles and needle sets are areas of active research interest.
Religion without God, Social Justice without Christian Charity, and Other Dimensions of the Culture Wars

A truly Christian bioethics challenges the nature, substance, and application of secular morality, dividing Christians from non-Christians, accenting central moral differences, and providing content-full forthrightly Christian guidance for action. Consequently, Christian bioethics must be framed within the metaphysical and theological commitments of Traditional Christianity so as to provide proper orientation toward God. In contrast, secular bioethicists routinely present themselves as providing a universal bioethics acceptable to all reasonable and rational persons. Yet, such secular bioethicists habitually insert their own biases and prejudices into their moral conclusions, ethical consultations, and political aspirations, without any real justification. As this article explores, the ideologically driven anti-Christian commitments, including commitments to human rights and social justice, embodied within contemporary bioethics routinely illustrate the increasing gap between the traditionally Christian and the devoutly secular, further deepening the culture wars.
Discovery of policy anomalies in distributed firewalls

Firewalls are core elements in network security. However, managing firewall rules, particularly in multi-firewall enterprise networks, has become a complex and error-prone task. Firewall filtering rules have to be written, ordered and distributed carefully in order to avoid firewall policy anomalies that might cause network vulnerability. Therefore, inserting or modifying filtering rules in any firewall requires thorough intra- and inter-firewall analysis to determine the proper rule placement and ordering in the firewalls. We identify all anomalies that could exist in a single- or multi-firewall environment. We also present a set of techniques and algorithms to automatically discover policy anomalies in centralized and distributed legacy firewalls. These techniques are implemented in a software tool called the "Firewall Policy Advisor" that simplifies the management of filtering rules and maintains the security of next-generation firewalls.
Asymptotic analysis of weakly nonlinear Bessel–Gauß beams

Abstract In this paper we investigate the propagation of conical waves in nonlinear media. In particular, we are interested in the effects resulting from applying a Gaussian apodization to an ideal nondiffracting wave. First, we present a multiple scales approach to derive amplitude equations for weakly nonlinear conical waves from a governing equation of cubic nonlinear Schrodinger type. From these equations we obtain asymptotic solutions for the linear and the weakly nonlinear problem for which we state several uniform estimates that describe the deviation from the ideal nondiffracting solution. Moreover, we show numerical simulations based on an implementation of our amplitude equations to support and illustrate our analytical results.
Informing natural resources policy making using participatory rapid economic valuation (PREV): the case of the Togean Islands, Indonesia

Policy makers in Southeast Asia rarely have complete information to guide their land-use and development decision-making. This paper presents participatory rapid economic valuation (PREV), a practical tool that: (1) provides decision-makers with enough information of adequate quality to guide land-use and development decisions; (2) helps ensure decisions reflect the best available research findings; (3) be widely applicable. In order to achieve these goals, PREV results must be credible to decision-makers, requiring that the methods, data and assumptions used be easily understood, transparent and perceived as reasonable. The economic valuation work should also be carried out in a participatory consensus-building fashion so that the knowledge of local stakeholders is fully utilized, and a wide range of decision-makers are aware of and agree with the findings. PREV must also be rapid enough to respond to real-world policy making time lines, easily carried out and inexpensive if it is to be widely used. These requirements largely restricted PREV valuation analyses to those using currently available data, which are generally market-based. While such an approach provides only a partial valuation (a minimum lower bound on the actual total economic value), in many cases a partial valuation may be sufficient to guide land-use and development decisions. In these cases, the social costs of only a few impacts may be greater than the private profits of the activity, enabling development decisions to be made using only current information. An analysis using currently available data is the first step in an iterative process. If the values based on currently available data are not sufficient, then additional data can be collected and further analyses carried out. Case study results are presented of a PREV carried out with local government officials making natural resource policy decisions for the Togean Islands in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that decision-makers were sufficiently satisfied with analyses based on currently available data to make certain decisions. A consensus was reached that local societal economic interests would be best served by prohibiting further logging and pursuing a multiple-use conservation strategy, both as a basis for tourism and to allow the continued use of marine and terrestrial biodiversity. However, the workshop participants recommended that an improved understanding of community livelihoods and incentives was required before firm decisions regarding zoning and managing the islands could be made. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the average rate performance of hybrid-ARQ in quasi-static fading channels

The problem of efficient communication over a scalar quasi-static fading channel is considered. The single-layer transmission (SLT) and multi-layer transmission (MLT) schemes do not require any knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, but their performance is also limited. It is shown that using Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) can significantly improve the average rate performance, provided that the rate assignment between different ARQ rounds is carefully chosen. The average rate performance of several HARQ schemes is optimized and compared. In addition, optimal power allocation among retransmissions is derived and shown to further increase the average rate. This power allocation gain is remarkable at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but becomes negligible at high SNR. Comparison of two different types of limited feedback, sequential feedback (ARQ) and one-shot feedback (quantized CSI), is made from several perspectives. Although the optimization problem is formed with respect to the average rate, simulation results give a comprehensive comparison under different metrics, including average rate, outage probability, and the combination of both. Substantial performance improvement is observed with even one ARQ retransmission in all simulations. More importantly, this gain appears to be robust with respect to the fading distributions.
Nonlinear stabilization through long input delay—Part III: Linearizable strict-feedforward systems

In the presence of long input delay, global stabilization is possible for all nonlinear systems that are forward complete. Within this class, globally stabilizing feedback laws can be derived explicitly for systems within the class of strict-feedforward systems. These results are contained in companion papers of the present paper. In the present paper we focus on the feedback linearizable subclass of strict-feedforward systems. For this class we go a step further and, in addition to deriving explicit nonlinear infinite-dimensional feedback laws for global stabilization, we also derive the formulae for closed-loop solutions. We include a second-order example for which closed-loop solutions are given analytically and graphically.
Accuracy and landmark error calculation using cone-beam computed tomography-generated cephalograms.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate systematic differences in landmark position between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)–generated cephalograms and conventional digital cephalograms and to estimate how much variability should be taken into account when both modalities are used within the same longitudinal study. Materials and Methods: Landmarks on homologous cone-beam computed tomographic–generated cephalograms and conventional digital cephalograms of 46 patients were digitized, registered, and compared via the Hotelling T2 test. Results: There were no systematic differences between modalities in the position of most landmarks. Three landmarks showed statistically significant differences but did not reach clinical significance. A method for error calculation while combining both modalities in the same individual is presented. Conclusion: In a longitudinal follow-up for assessment of treatment outcomes and growth of one individual, the error due to the combination of the two modalities might be larger than...
Analysis of the decays D0 → π-μ+ν and D0 → K-μ+ν in FOCUS

We present a new measurement of the branching ratio of the Cabibbo suppressed decay D0 → π-μ+ν relative to the Cabibbo favored decay D0 → K-μ+ν and an improved measurement of the ratio . We also report a new measurement of the q2 dependence of the form factors for D0 → π-μ+ν and D0 → K-μ+ν.
Expert system diagnosis of wide complex tachycardia

The differentiation between ventricular tachycardia (VT) and a supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy (SVT) in a patient with a wide complex tachycardia is often difficult. To help in this differentiation, a rule-based expert system was developed using a commercially available expert system shell running under the MS-DOS operating system. The user is queried for the presence of various abnormalities on the twelve lead electrocardiogram. From published data, each abnormality is assigned a probability based on the positive predictive value of the abnormality for VT and for SVT. By combining the positive predictive values, the expert system assigns a final probability for VT and for SVT. In addition, the expert system provides a compilation of the rules applied. In 283 tracings, the sensitivity for VT was 98% and the specificity was 60%. The sensitivity and specificity for SVT were 40% and 99%. >
Genesis of Phase 3 Early Afterdepolarizations and Triggered Activity in Acquired Long-QT Syndrome

Background— Both phase 2 and phase 3 early afterdepolarizations (EADs) occur in long-QT syndromes, but their respective roles in generating arrhythmias in intact cardiac tissue are incompletely understood. Methods and Results— Intracellular Ca (Cai) and membrane voltage (Vm) were optically mapped in a quasi 2-dimensional model of cryoablated Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles (n=16). E-4031 (an I Kr blocker) combined with reduced extracellular K ([K+]o) and Mg ([Mg2+]o) prolonged action potential duration heterogeneously and induced phase 2 and phase 3 EADs. Whereas phase 2 EADs were Cai-dependent, phase 3 EADs were not. The origins of 47 triggered activity episodes were attributed to phase 2 EADs in 12 episodes (26%) and phase 3 EADs in 35 episodes (74%). When phase 2 EADs accompanied phase 3 EADs, they accentuated action potential duration heterogeneity, creating a large Vm gradient across the boundary between long and short action potential duration regions from which triggered activity emerged. The amplitude of phase 3 EADs correlated with the Vm gradient ( r =0.898, P <0.001). Computer simulation studies showed that coupling of cells with heterogeneous repolarization could extrinsically generate phase 3 EADs via electrotonic current flow. Alternatively, reduced I K1 caused by low [K+]o could generate intrinsic phase 3 EADs capable of inducing triggered activity at the boundary zone. Conclusions— Phase 3 EADs can be extrinsic as the result of electrotonic current across steep repolarization gradients or intrinsic as the result of low I K1 and do not require spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release. Reduction of I K1 by low [K+]o strongly promotes ventricular arrhythmias mediated by phase 3 EADs in acquired long-QT syndrome caused by I Kr blockade.
Review of Nelson’s America Identified

Nelson, Lisa S. 2011. America Identified: Biometric Technology and Society . Cambridge: MIT Press. 258 pp. Hardcover, $32.00 (US), ISBN 978-0-262-01477-9
Committing Economic Crime for Drug Money

We examine the effects of the type and frequency of drug use on whether offenders engage in economic crime to obtain money for drugs. Analyses are based on a nationally representative sample of prison inmates (5,371 property offenders and 4,588 drug offenders). Daily users of heroin, crack cocaine, or powdered cocaine are most likely to report that they committed their offense for drug money. However, offenders who used these drugs less frequently and daily users of marijuana and methamphetamine reported this motivation as well. The motivation was more common among offenders who lacked access to legitimate income. The findings suggest that economic crimes are used to support recreational drug use as well as heavy use of heroin and cocaine.
Process Purity and Innovation in Dispute Resolution: A Response to Professors Stempel, Cole, and Drahozal

This article uses a "process characteristics and values" approach to make the case against displacing arbitration finality with substantive judicial review. It responds to a trio of articles in a forthcoming Nevada Law Review symposium on whether and how the Federal Arbitration Act should be amended. In one article, Nevada Law Professor Jeffrey Stempel contends all arbitration awards should be subject to substantive judicial review similar to that of public trial courts. In a second article, Ohio State Professor Sarah Cole argues that substantive review should generally be permitted when the parties agree to it by contract, an issue now pending before the U.S. Supreme Court. In the third article, Kansas Professor Chris Drahozal contends substantive review of arbitration awards should be available for arbitral awards that are in manifest disregard of the law, thus generally codifying a widely held common law view. While all of the arguments they present are plausible and have their compelling points, they nonetheless miss the mark, and rather widely. In my view the displacement of finality with substantive judicial review, if codified, will greatly undermine virtually all of the central process characteristics and values of arbitration, its attractiveness as an alternative to public adjudication or negotiated settlement, and its utility as an aid to the judiciary as a forum for the expeditious resolution of disputes. Rather than requiring or permitting substantive judicial review, in my view the FAA should continue to hold the line with its limited grounds for judicial review, and make clear that parties cannot contract for substantive judicial review and that courts cannot engage in substantive review for awards that are in manifest disregard of the law. Further, Congress should reclaim its legacy and amend the FAA to make clear that arbitration under the Act must be based on an actual agreement to arbitrate in order to ameliorate some of the underlying concerns that may in part be animating the Stempel, Cole, and Drahozal proposals.
Aldose reductase inhibition alone or combined with an adenosine A3 agonist reduces ischemic myocardial injury

This study investigated whether aldose reductase (AR) inhibition with zopolrestat, either alone or in combination with an adenosine A3-receptor agonist (CB-MECA), reduced myocardial ischemic injury...
A school-based supplementary food programme in rural Kenya did not reduce children's intake at home.

ObjectiveTo examine changes in energy intake along with markers of dietary quality (animal-source energy and protein intakes) among household members in the presence of supplementary school feeding in rural Kenya.DesignA 2-year, longitudinal, randomized controlled feeding intervention study.SettingKyeni South Division, Embu District, Kenya.SubjectsA total of 182 schoolchildren and selected household members.ResultsThere was no evidence that schoolchildren who received supplementary snacks at school experienced reduced intakes at home or that intakes by other family members were increased at the expense of the schoolchild's intake.ConclusionsThis analysis highlights a number of factors useful in planning for supplementary feeding interventions in rural Kenya and similar communities.
Abstract 139: Alterations to the Extracellular Matrix Composition Following Myocardial Infarction Impact Cardiac Progenitor Cell Fate In Vitro

Limitations associated with cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) therapy of myocardial infarction (MI) including poor engraftment, cell death and incomplete cardiac differentiation have hindered the efficacy of treatment in pre-clinical trials. Given that the extracellular environment plays an important role in regulating cell function and that it is significantly remodeled following MI, it is critical to understand how these changes impact the therapeutic potential of CPCs. In this study, we investigated how the alterations to the extracellular matrix (ECM) following MI impacted the regenerative potential of CPCs in vitro. Hearts were decellularized with 1% SDS prior to MI and 1 and 4 weeks post-MI (Fig A) and the composition of the left ventricle or scar was characterized through LC-MS/MS. While Periostin and Collagen I increased post-MI, Laminin decreased (Fig B). c-kit+ CPCs isolated from rat hearts 1 week post-MI were cultured on tissue culture plastic (TCP) coated with pepsin-solubilized ECM. Our results d...
Narrative Inquiry in Human-Centered Design: Examining Silence and Voice to Promote Social Justice in Design Scenarios

Human-centered design is a burgeoning field of study that has the potential to work toward actively creating more just and equitable technology design while critically interrogating the design proc...
In vitro and in vivo mapping of drug release after laser ablation thermal therapy with doxorubicin-loaded hollow gold nanoshells using fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging

Purpose Pre-clinical studies showed that Doxorubicin-loaded hollow nanoshells (Dox-PEG@HAuNS) increases the efficacy of photothermal ablation (PTA) by not only mediating efficient PTA but also through chemotherapy, and therefore may have potential utility for local anti-cancer therapy. In this study, we mapped the release of Doxorubicin, and increase in temperature mediated by Dox-PEG@HAuNS after near-infrared (NIR) laser-induced photothermal heating, using fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging (PAI), respectively. Materials and Methods In vitro evaluation was done by measuring the fluorescence intensity of Dox-PEG@HAuNS (1:3:1 wt/wt, 20 OD) before and after laser treatment using a fluorometer. In vivo, nude mice bearing 4T1 breast tumors (n=5) received 50 μL of Dox-PEG@HAuNS injected intratumorally on both legs with tumors. Three mice were used for optical imaging where one tumor was treated with 808 nm surface laser (6W, 2mm spot size), while the other tumor was not. Fluorescence intensity before and after treatment was monitored using the Xenogen optical imaging system (λex=500nm, λem=600nm). For PAI, 2 mice were imaged with Vevo LAZR System ((λacq=800 nm) to evaluate changes in temperature before and after Dox-PEG@HAuNS injection, and after laser treatment. Results In vitro, treatment at 1.5W did not significantly increase the fluorescence intensity, but treatment at 3W resulted in a 10-fold increase in the fluorescence. In vivo, there was 2-fold increase in the fluorescence intensity in tumors that were treated with laser compared with the tumors that were not treated (p=0.046). In the PAI group, there was an average increase of 20% in photoacoustic signal amplitude during laser treatment compared to before treatment, indicating a significant increase in temperature (p=8.83E-121). Conclusion Laser irradiation after intratumoral administration of Dox-PEG@HAuNS resulted in local drug release and heating of the tumor, and this can be monitored using fluorescence and PAI, respectively. Efficacy of Dox-PEG@HAuNS in mediating PTA and chemotherapy is currently being investigated in small and large animal models.
Algorithms for Accurate Spectral Analysis in the Presence of Arbitrary Noncoherency and Large Distortion

In spectral analysis, achieving coherent sampling, especially when signals have large distortion, has been a challenge for many years. This paper introduces three algorithms to resolve this issue. In comparison to previous algorithms, and two widely used methods in industry: windowing and four-parameter sine wave fit, these new algorithms are capable of obtaining accurate spectral results of the signal, while achieving high accuracy as well as computational efficiency. The novel contribution of this paper is that not only does it propose two new algorithms, but also it analyzes their advantages and limitations in detail, providing their trade-offs and different fields of applications. Extensive simulations and measurements are performed to validate these algorithms. Combined with their high accuracy, computational efficiency, and robustness against signal purity, these algorithms are readily available to be implemented for bench or on-chip testing. In addition, it is suitable for data converter spectral testing when noncoherent sampling is present, and spectrally pure test signal source is not available.
Landscape genomics of Colorado potato beetle provides evidence of polygenic adaptation to insecticides

The ability of insect pests to rapidly and repeatedly adapt to insecticides has long challenged entomologists and evolutionary biologists. Since Crow's seminal paper on insecticide resistance in 1957, new data and insights continue to emerge that are relevant to the old questions about how insecticide resistance evolves: such as whether it is predominantly mono- or polygenic, and evolving from standing vs. de novo genetic variation. Many studies support the monogenic hypothesis, and current management recommendations assume single- or two-locus models. But inferences could be improved by integrating data from a broader sample of pest populations and genomes. Here we generate evidence relevant to these questions by applying a landscape genomics framework to the study of insecticide resistance in a major agricultural pest, Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Genome-environment association tests using genomic variation from 16 populations spanning gradients of landscape variables associated with insecticide exposure over time revealed 42 strong candidate insecticide resistance genes, with potentially overlapping roles in multiple resistance mechanisms. Measurements of resistance to a widely-used insecticide, imidacloprid, among 47 L. decemlineata populations revealed heterogeneity at a small (2 km) scale and no spatial signature of origin or spread throughout the landscape. Analysis of nucleotide diversity suggested candidate resistance loci have undergone varying degrees of selective sweeps, often maintaining similar levels of nucleotide diversity to neutral loci. This study suggests that many genes are involved in insecticide resistance in L. decemlineata and that resistance likely evolves from both de novo and standing genetic variation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Neuro-cognitive View of the Bilingual Brain

This neurocognitive view of the bilingual brain presents different directions and methods of exploration that have led us to our current understanding of bilingual language processing. Keeping in mind that the question of bilingual language processing is vast, here our primary focus is on the processing of words in one or both of a bilingual’s two languages.
Becoming a Nursery School Teacher: What Early Childhood Can Teach Us About the Rest of Life

This chapter describes how and why I first became a nursery school teacher in the 1960s. The penetrating philosophical and practical questions asked by children have sustained my lasting curiosity. I recount how my lives inside and outside the classroom have informed each other: the unexpected ways that early childhood frameworks shaped my response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, how I cared for my elderly parents and coped with my first life partner’s death. I examine the similarity between the play of young children and the writing of adults: the desire to make sense of often-senseless experiences and to organize even the most painful experiences into aesthetically powerful moments. I argue that early childhood is a unique discipline, a constellation of ideas that can enable us to make sense of many situations in which we find ourselves—some related to young children and others not.
A treatment planning method for better management of radiation-induced oral mucositis in locally advanced head and neck cancer

Purpose/Aim: To describe a two-phase intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning approach, that is, promising for reduction of oral mucositis risk in locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. Materials and Methods: Ten locally advanced head-and-neck cancer patients who underwent RT were retrospectively collected. Conventional IMRT and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were generated for these patients following clinical protocol. Following the first phase of generating conventional IMRT plans, our approach utilized data from Monte Carlo-based kernel superposition dose calculations corresponding to beam apertures (generated from the conventional IMRT plans) and used an exact mathematical programming-based optimization approach applying linear programming (LP) to dose optimization in the second phase. Results: Compared with conventional IMRT and VMAT treatment plans, our novel method achieved better preservation of oral cavity (16%–29% lower mean dose, P < 0.01), parotid glands (6%–17% lower mean dose, P < 0.04), and spinal cord (3-11 Gy lower maximum dose, P < 0.03) and lower doses to nonorgan-at-risk/nontarget normal tissues, with the same or better target coverage. Conclusions: Our LP-based method can be practically implemented in routine clinical use with a goal of limiting radiation-induced oral mucositis for head-and-neck cancer patients.
Stress and Life Styles

We have postulated that man is a biologic system and, therefore, that all of his behavior must have a biologic base. We have also postulated that human behavior is the product of social systems. There is the temptation to be drawn into the unproductive debate of whether a given behavior originates more from the biologic or the social factors making up a given individual. One might just as well ask whether sodium atoms or chloride atoms are responsible for the crystalline properties of salt. Without either set of atoms, the relationship among all the atoms would not be the same, and the crystalline properties of table salt would not be present.
Abstract 218: Challenges and Opportunities in Using Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Social Determinants of Health to Inform Population Health Management

Background: The collection of cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics and social determinants of health (SODH) can inform population health management activities such as care management and the develop...
Variations Within Normal Hearing Acuity and Speech Comprehension: An Exploratory Study.

Purpose Many young adults with a mild hearing loss can appear unaware or unconcerned about their loss or its potential effects. A question that has not been raised in prior research is whether slig...
Study on the microseismic clouds induced by hydraulic fracturing

Microseismicity has become a primary tool for detecting the hydraulic fracturing process. However, whether hydraulic fracture (HF) geometry can be accurately inferred from the microseismic (MS) dat...
Studio Thinking Framework in Higher Education: Exploring Options for Shaping Immersive Experiences Across Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Curricula:

With an increase in the number of colleges and universities using virtual reality and augmented reality integrated programs, specific insight for exploring immersive learning approaches utilizing v...