cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation of an intricate circuit for crucial modifications of the tRNAPhe anticodon loop in eukaryotes

Post-transcriptional tRNA modifications are critical for efficient and accurate translation, and have multiple different roles. Lack of modifications often leads to different biological consequences in different organisms, and in humans is frequently associated with neurological disorders. We investigate here the conservation of a unique circuitry for anticodon loop modification required for healthy growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae Trm7 interacts separately with Trm732 and Trm734 to 2'-O-methylate three substrate tRNAs at anticodon loop residues C₃₂ and N₃₄, and these modifications are required for efficient wybutosine formation at m(1)G₃₇ of tRNA(Phe). Moreover, trm7Δ and trm732Δ trm734Δ mutants grow poorly due to lack of functional tRNA(Phe). It is unknown if this circuitry is conserved and important for tRNA(Phe) modification in other eukaryotes, but a likely human TRM7 ortholog is implicated in nonsyndromic X-linked intellectual disability. We find that the distantly related yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has retained this circuitry for anticodon loop modification, that S. pombe trm7Δ and trm734Δ mutants have more severe phenotypes than the S. cerevisiae mutants, and that tRNA(Phe) is the major biological target. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Trm7 and Trm732 function is widely conserved throughout eukaryotes, since human FTSJ1 and THADA, respectively, complement growth defects of S. cerevisiae trm7Δ and trm732Δ trm734Δ mutants by modifying C₃₂ of tRNA(Phe), each working with the corresponding S. cerevisiae partner protein. These results suggest widespread importance of 2'-O-methylation of the tRNA anticodon loop, implicate tRNA(Phe) as the crucial substrate, and suggest that this modification circuitry is important for human neuronal development.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Media Use and Communication Behaviors

A great deal of scholarly work has explored the motivations behind media consumption and other various communication traits. However, little research has investigated the sources of these motivations and virtually no research considers their potential genetic underpinnings. Drawing on the field of behavior genetics, we use a classical twin design study to examine the genetic and environmental influences on nine communication behaviors. Our findings indicate a substantial portion of the total variance in media habits can be attributed to genes,asmuchasone-thirdofthevarianceinsomeinstances.Masscommunicationscholars would benefit by paying closer attention to heritability when thinking about the causes as well as the consequences of media traits in contemporary society.
Kierkegaard on Theistic Proof

It has been customary among analytic philosophers not to think highly of, and even to denigrate Kierkegaard. Their view is exemplified by the late Henry Aiken who writes that that Kierkegaard ‘usually does not argue for his position: he merely presents it’. Or that, as according to Aiken, one ‘distinguished Oxford philosopher’ is reported to have remarked, ‘Kierkegaard is not one of those philosophers on whom you can sharpen your wits’. It seems to me on the contrary, that Kierkegaard does indeed present arguments for his views. What follows is an example of this.
FlashExtract: a framework for data extraction by examples

Various document types that combine model and view (e.g., text files, webpages, spreadsheets) make it easy to organize (possibly hierarchical) data, but make it difficult to extract raw data for any further manipulation or querying. We present a general framework FlashExtract to extract relevant data from semi-structured documents using examples. It includes: (a) an interaction model that allows end-users to give examples to extract various fields and to relate them in a hierarchical organization using structure and sequence constructs. (b) an inductive synthesis algorithm to synthesize the intended program from few examples in any underlying domain-specific language for data extraction that has been built using our specified algebra of few core operators (map, filter, merge, and pair). We describe instantiation of our framework to three different domains: text files, webpages, and spreadsheets. On our benchmark comprising 75 documents, FlashExtract is able to extract intended data using an average of 2.36 examples in 0.84 seconds per field.
Finite Element Model of THOR Dummy Lower Leg

THOR is a next generation crash test dummy incorporating additional advanced instrumentation and improved biofidelity than the Hybrid III dummy. This paper describes the development and validation of a finite element model of the lower leg assembly of the THOR 50th percentile male. The lower leg assembly has one translational degree-of-freedom in the axial direction along the tibia, and three rotational degrees-of-freedom in the ankle area with respect to its knee joint. It also includes a representation of the Achilles tendon load path. Modeling approaches used to simulate these features are discussed. Material properties of individual deformable components and articulated joints, as well as overall dynamic model performance, are calibrated using results of physical tests that mimic the loading environments experienced by the lower leg and foot in typical vehicle crashes. The model provides a computational tool for studying lower extremity injuries, including that of foot and ankle, which have gained increasing attention in recent years.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Comparison of the multivariate analysis and CADENZA systems for determination of the probability of coronary artery disease.

Abstract The accuracy of 2 discriminate systems for diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), multivariate analysis (MVA) and Bayesian analysis (CADENZA ® ), was evaluated in 113 patients undergoing electrocardiographic stress testing and coronary angiography. MVA uses weighting factors (F values) generated from our patient data, whereas CADENZA uses probabilities gleaned from an extensive review of the American literature. Overall accuracy was similar. MVA had a higher sensitivity for 1-vessel CAD (75 versus 33%), but CADENZA was better for determining the severity of CAD. The 2 systems provided posterior probabilities for disease that were highly correlated (r = 0.56; p Both systems suggest the need for further testing based on the probability generated; herein lies their major strength. The application of such systems should help the clinician reach a diagnosis or make a decision as to management in a cost-effective manner.
The Evolution of Explanations of a Perceptual Phenomenon: A Case History Using the Ternus Effect

The Ternus effect involves a multi-element stimulus that can lead to either of two different percepts of apparent movement depending upon a variety of stimulus conditions. Since Ternus's 1926 discussion of this phenomenon, many researchers have attempted to explain it. We examine the history of explanations of the Ternus effect and show that they have evolved to contemporary theoretical positions that are very similar to Ternus's own ideas. Additionally, we describe a new experiment showing that theoretical positions that emphasize element grouping and element identity within groups can predict the effects of certain stimulus manipulations on the Ternus effect.
Mechanical properties of certain oriented crystalline polymers

The yield stress is a simple function of the deformation ratio in the direction of testing for specimens oriented by uniaxial or biaxial stretching or rolling. Unless the yield stress increases more rapidly than in proportion to the deformation ratio, there will be instability during tensile creep under high loads. The relative merit of various polymers differs for creep and stress relaxation. Fatigue and bend recovery are also related to the molecular structure.
The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice

The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice. Jacqueline Solway, ed. New York: Berghahn, 2006. 260 pp.
Integration of operator differential equations.

In a previous paper we introduced a method for obtaining exact solutions to the operator differential equations of quantum mechanics. In that paper we showed how to solve some simple quantum-mechanical models and we suggested that the method could be used to obtain exact solutions to the operator differential equations of more complicated models, such as the anharmonic oscillator whose Hamiltonian is $H=\frac{1}{2}{p}^{2}+\frac{1}{4}{q}^{4}$. In this paper we further sharpen the formalism and introduce the concept of a minimal solution. We then obtain the exact minimal solution to the operator differential equations arising from two different anharmonic-oscillator models whose Hamiltonians are $H=\frac{1}{2}{p}^{2}+\frac{1}{4}{q}^{4}$ and $H=\frac{1}{4}{p}^{4}+\frac{1}{4}{q}^{4}$.
Reforming the People's Mediation System in Urban China

After its "revitalisation" after the Cultural Revolution, China's people's mediation system declined throughout the 1990s. However, a "second revitalisation" that began in 2002 has quite successfully reversed this trend. This article discusses this reform effort in four parts. Part I explores the reasons for the 1990s decline of people's mediation in urban China and the government's interest in strengthening this institution. Policy reforms at the national level - particularly the issuance of the "Three Documents" - are analysed in Part II. Part III describes the basic unit in the urban people's mediation web, the community PMC, and then details the web's "vertical expansion" and "horizontal expansion," including new forms of cooperation with the police and courts. The paper concludes with Part IV, which discusses the new "legalised" nature of urban people's mediation and evaluates the significance of the reforms described above.
Calculation of dopant solubilities and phase diagrams of X–Pb–Se (X = Br, Na) limited to defects with localized charge

The control of defects, particularly impurities, to tune the concentrations of electrons and holes is of utmost importance in the use of semiconductor materials. To estimate the amount of dopant that can be added to a semiconductor without precipitating secondary phases, a detailed phase diagram is needed. The ability of ab initio computational methods to predict defect stability can greatly accelerate the discovery of new semiconductors by calculating phase diagrams when time-consuming experimental ones are not available. DFT defect energy calculations are particularly successful in identifying doping strategies by determining the energy of multiple defect charge states in large band gap semiconductors and insulators. In metals, detailed phase diagrams can be determined from such calculations but only one, uncharged defect is needed. In this work, we have calculated dopant solubilities of Br and Na in the thermoelectric material PbSe by mapping its solvus boundaries in different regions of the respective ternary phase diagrams using DFT defect energy calculations. The narrow gap PbSe provides an example where defects with nominal charge state (based on valence counting) have properly-localized charge states. However, defects with unexpected charge states produce delocalized electrons, which are then, in effect, defects with the expected charge state. Simply applying the methods for calculating multiple defect charge states in PbSe and treating them as separate defects fails to predict properties measured by experiments. Performing thermodynamic calculations using only the expected charge states, excluding others, enables accurate prediction of experimentally measured doping efficiencies and phase diagrams. Identifying which defect charge states to include in thermodynamic calculations will expedite the use of such calculations for other semiconductors in understanding phase diagrams and devising effective doping strategies.
Abstract 318: The Cardiotonic Bufodienolide Steroid Marinobufagenin Alters Messenger RNA Concentrations of Soluble Flt-1 in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Monolayers

Previous studies from this laboratory have provided evidence that, in a rat model of preeclampsia (PE), the cardiotonic bufodienolide, marinobufagenin (MBG), is not only a biomarker but an etiologic factor. Concentrations of MBG in blood and urine are increased in women with PE compared to those with normal pregnancies. Additionally, MBG has been determined in both in vivo and in vitro studies to cause vascular leak. Those studies included direct evidence that MBG causes hyperpermeability of endothelial monolayers. Because PE patients may exhibit neurologic abnormalities often associated with cerebral edema, we examined the effects of MBG on endothelial monolayers obtained from human brain microvasculature. Since PE has also been determined to alter concentrations of factors that affect angiogenesis, we investigated the effects of treatment with 10-8 M MBG on primary cultures of endothelial cells from human brain microvasculature on concentrations of mRNAs encoding the VEGF receptor called soluble Flt-1 (Flt-1 variant 2 mRNA) and Flt-1 mRNA variant 3, as well as NF kappa B (NFKB1), a substance often involved in tissue injury. MBG depressed the concentrations of Flt-1 mRNA within 2 h, with the largest effect (reduced to ½) at 12 h compared to vehicle treated controls. The effect was reversed at 24 h, when MBG-treated endothelial cells contained 2.4-fold higher Flt-1 mRNA. Throughout the time course, Flt-1 variant 3 and NFKB1 mRNA levels were unchanged. These studies are currently being extended with microarray analyses of the global transcriptome of MBG-treated and control cultures of endothelial cells from human brain microvessels.
Consumers as Producers

This article explores the idea of "consumers-as-producers" as an organizing principle for understanding modern computing and cyberlaw. Leading legal commentators such as Yochai Benkler and Larry Lessig have emphasized the non-market nature of modern computing, stressing the shared actions of volunteers in blogs, wikis, and Open Source software. By recognizing the ways that ordinary individuals are also economic producers, this article describes major features of modern computing that have been minimized in these leading accounts. Part I describes the history of home computing as an economic activity, where individuals' home computers today are "personal mainframes," with the processing power of an IBM mainframe from ten years ago. Part II explores the implications of "consumers-as-producers" for consumer protection law. The legal question is the extent to which consumers-as-producers should be treated as producers - at what point very small producers should comply with consumer protection laws. Part II develops a consistent method for deciding when and in what ways consumer protection laws should apply to consumers-as-producers. In doing so, it proposes specific legal outcomes for diverse regimes such as consumer privacy legislation, advertising substantiation requirements, anti-spam rules, and campaign finance rules as they apply to bloggers and other new sources of political speech. Part III looks at the extent to which consumers-as-producers should be treated as consumers - at what point consumer-style protections should apply to individuals who are engaged at least somewhat in commercial activity. It also explores how consumers-as-producers should be treated under employment law, as home producers supply their labor in peer-to-peer settings. Part IV explores broader implications for our understanding of modern computing and the law of cyberspace. Part IV shows how the market-based approach of "consumers-as-producers" is an effective alternative framework for understanding modern computing. In addition, even for those inclined to accept the nonmarket description of computing, "consumers-as-producers" is a useful complement to the nonmarket approach.
Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Ship Towed by Elastic Rope

The course stability of a towed vessel is traditionally assessed using local linear analysis of a time-independent system of a ship towed by an inelastic towline. In this work, a method is developed for studying the global stability of a nonlinear time-dependent model of the horizontal plane motions of a ship towed by a nonlinear elastic rope. First, the critical points of the corresponding autonomous system are found in the phase space and their nature is determined by local analysis. Then the global behavior of the trajectories in the phase space is predicted on the basis of the local analysis results. The results of the stability analysis are verified by comparison with the solution of the model by simulation. A barge, a tanker and a Mariner, with markedly different course stability characteristics, towed by two different elastic ropes are used to illustrate the method.
Traveling Technology Governance

In the 20th century, governance was more about control than participation: enterprise IT made most of the decisions about technology. But the 21st century has dramatically expanded the number of players in the governance process.
Hybrid SN-PN Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation in Multi-Dimensional Media

The Modified Differential Approximation (MDA) was originally proposed for solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in order to remove the shortcomings of the P1 approximation in scenarios where the radiation intensity is strongly directionally dependent. In the original MDA approach, the wall-emitted component of the intensity is determined using a surface-to-surface exchange formulation that makes use of geometric viewfactors. Such an approach is computationally very expensive for complex geometry and/or inhomogeneous media. This article presents a new formulation in which the wall-emitted component is solved using the Discrete Ordinates Method (SN approximation), while the medium-emitted component is solved using the P1 approximation, resulting in a hybrid SN -PN RTE solver. Results show that the hybrid Discrete Ordinates-P1 method (DOM-P1 ) is computationally very efficient, but its accuracy is poor in optically thin situations where ray effects, inherent in the Discrete Ordinates Method, are pronounced. To circumvent this problem, the control-angle Discrete Ordinates Method (CADOM) is finally employed, and the accuracy of the hybrid CADOM-P1 method is found to be far superior to the hybrid DOM-P1 method.© 2011 ASME
Modulation of striatal dopamine release in cerebral ischemia by L-arginine

The effect ofL-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, on ischemic dopamine release from the striatum was investigated in Mongolian gerbils subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion (15 min) alone or with reflow (2 h). Dopamine and its metabolites were measured in the striatal extracellular space dialysate after continuous perfusion (2 μl/min) of artificial extracellular fluid in the presence or absence of 15 mmol/literL- orD-arginine or 1 mmol/liter nitro-L-arginine.L-Arginine but notD-arginine increased the striatal content of dopamine in pre- and postischemia whereas it lowered the levels of dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine induced by ischemia. In contrast, nitro-L-arginine reduced the preischemic levels of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid, and had no effect on the ischemic release of dopamine. These findings indicate thatL-arginine stereospecifically modified the ischemic release and metabolism of dopamine. The data also suggest that the basal level of nitric oxide is not involved in dopamine release during ischemia but may participate in regulating dopamine release under physiological conditions.
On a Question of Keating and Rudnick about Primitive Dirichlet Characters with Squarefree Conductor

We prove equidistribution results, in the function field setting, for the L-functions attached to primitive, odd Dirichlet characters with a fixed squarefree conductor.
Safety of Nanoparticle Skin Penetration

This review shows the skin is an important route of exposure to nanomaterials after occupational, environmental, and consumer product usage. The primary barrier to chemical and nanomaterial absorption is the rate-limiting stratum corneum layers and its lipid matrix. Nanoparticles of different size, shape, charge, surface properties, and vehicle as well as animal species are important determinants for nanoparticle penetration. However, there are many challenges that must be overcome before we can apply nanotechnology to the field of nanomedicine and prior to conducting science-based occupational or environmental exposure risk assessments. Insufficient data and no long-term studies have been conducted to allow for full interpretation or thorough understanding of the toxicological implications of nanomaterial exposure.
Letter from America: Netelligence: Informal know-how trading on the internet

Internet va amplifier les pratiques informelles dans le domaine de la veille en matiere d'actvites commerciales mais utiliser le potentiel le d'Internet relevera d'activites d'intelligence economique mais aussi de pratiques tres differentes s'apparentant a la reconnaissance dans un cyberespace (cyberscoutting) tres differentes de celles du bibliothecaire d'entreprise. Cette refexion de l'auteur est faite sur le mode metaphorique
‘The students do not know why they are here’: education decision-making for Syrian refugees

ABSTRACTThis case study, conducted collaboratively between education scholars and education practitioners, describes and analyses the ways in which Syrian refugee teachers and an NGO are developing and implementing non-formal education (NFE) programming in three refugee settlements in Lebanon. Utilising the INEE Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, we analyse teachers’ and programme administrators’ decision-making processes regarding curriculum, language of instruction, and pedagogy as well as how and why these decisions are made in the absence of a guiding framework or policy for NFE. We also consider the ways in which the nation-state writ large still helps to influence these decisions in the ‘global era’.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Results from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration

5075 Background: There is relatively little literature regarding the use of adjuvant chemotherapy following radical nephroureterectomy in the management of patients with upper tract urothelial carc...
Drawing Invisible Wounds: War Comics and the Treatment of Trauma

Since the Vietnam War, graphic novels about war have shifted from simply representing it to portraying avenues for survivors to establish psychological wellness in their lives following traumatic events. While modern diagnostic medicine often looks to science, technology, and medications to treat the psychosomatic damage produced by trauma, my article examines the therapeutic potential of the comics medium with close attention to war comics. Graphic novels draw trauma in a different light: because of the medium's particular combination of words and images in sequence, war comics represent that which is typically unrepresentable, and these books serve as useful tools to promote healing among the psychologically wounded. Graphic narratives, both fictional and non-fictional, illuminate the ways that the unseen wounds of traumatic experience affect public health by compromising the ability of communities, individuals, and survivors to create and maintain meaningful relationships with others.
Readmission among patients with cancer who were discharged with hospice care.

46Background: Palliative and hospice care are appropriate recommendations for patients with high symptom burden and who are at end of life. Patients with cancer who are discharged to hospice care are less likely to be readmitted and this is expected. There remains a proportion of patients however, who rescind hospice after enrolling. We sought to describe this subgroup of patients and determine their readmission rate. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study using administrative data of adult patients discharged from a non-surgical solid tumor service at The MD Anderson Cancer Center who were discharged to hospice care. Readmission was defined as any rehospitalization after discharge regardless of timing. Descriptive statistics are presented. Results: There were 1,452 discharge encounters with a disposition of hospice in our cohort with 50 resulting in readmission (readmission rate=3.4%). The mean age of patients who were readmitted was 59 years. Majority of the readmitted patients were female (60%),...
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery: Hard Left Testicle

Infant boy B, on initial examination in the newborn nursery, is noted to have a large right hydrocele, which transilluminates. The left testicle is small, indurated, and nontender on palpation. The remainder of the infant's examination is within normal limits. An ultrasound is ordered to evaluate the testes. Infant boy B weighs 3,930 g and was born via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery at 41 weeks’ gestation to a 21-year-old gravida 2 para 1 mother with history of anemia. Maternal prenatal laboratory tests show immunity to rubella and negative serology results for hepatitis B surface antigen, syphilis, and HIV. Group B strep culture is negative within 5 weeks of delivery. First and second trimester sonograms showed no abnormalities. The third trimester sonogram performed at ![Graphic][1] weeks gestational age was notable for a right hydrocele measuring 3.9 × 2.5 cm. No other anomalies noted. Maternal medications included prenatal vitamins. Father and mother of baby are first cousins. Labor was complicated by thick meconium-stained amniotic fluid with rupture of membranes 1 hour. Apgar scores were 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Testicular ultrasound is done and reveals the likely diagnosis. ### Diagnosis Ultrasound revealed a right hydrocele with a right testicle measuring 1.9 × 0.6 × 0.7 cm, with normal intratesticular arterial … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
GeoSpatial Sculpture: Nonverbal Communication through the Tactilization of Geospatial Data

This project is part of a larger conversation between an artist and a geographer focused on how geospatial data can be creatively rendered as sculptures that provoke powerful sensory experiences, m...
Depressive symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: biological mechanistic pathways.

This study examined the association between depressive symptoms, as well as depressive symptom dimensions, and three candidate biological pathways linking them to Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): (1) inflammation; (2) circulating leptin; and (3) intermittent hypoxemia. Participants included 181 obese adults with moderate-to-severe OSA enrolled in the Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea (COSA) trial. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). We assessed inflammation using C-reactive protein levels (CRP), circulating leptin by radioimmunoassay using a double antibody/PEG assay, and intermittent hypoxemia by the percentage of sleep time each patient had below 90% oxyhemoglobin saturation. We found no significant associations between BDI-II total or cognitive scores and CRP, leptin, or percentage of sleep time below 90% oxyhemoglobin saturation after controlling for relevant confounding factors. Somatic symptoms, however, were positively associated with percentage of sleep time below 90% saturation (β = 0.202, P = 0.032), but not with CRP or circulating leptin in adjusted models. Another significant predictor of depressive symptoms included sleep efficiency (βBDI Total = −0.230, P = 0.003; βcognitive = −0.173, P = 0.030 (βsomatic = -0.255, P = 0.001). In patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, intermittent hypoxia may play a role in somatic rather than cognitive or total depressive symptoms.
Influence of obesity on survival in non-metastatic triple negative breast cancer; a retrospective analysis.

e12546Background: Obesity has been linked with both increased incidence and poor outcome in hormone receptor positive breast cancer. However the effect of obesity in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which accounts for 20% of all breast cancers remains unclear. While early research (trials E1199 in 2008, E5188 in 2005) have shown little effect of body mass index (BMI) on TNBC prognosis, later trials (SUCCESS A trial 2015) demonstrated reduced survival in TNBC patients with obesity. This conflicting evidence warranted additional studies to evaluate the effect of obesity on TNBC prognosis. Methods: We performed retrospective study from data gathered from 74 patients diagnosed with non-metastatic TNBC and treated with anthracycline, cyclophosmamide and taxane based chemotherapy between 2004 and 2010 at the University of Toledo Dana Cancer Center. Patients were grouped as normal weight (BMI 40.0) based on NIH/NHLBI guidel...
Genomic characterization of a novel calicivirus, FHMCV-2012, from baitfish in the USA

During regulatory sampling of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), a novel calicivirus was isolated from homogenates of kidney and spleen inoculated into bluegill fry (BF-2) cells. Infected cell cultures exhibiting cytopathic effects were screened by PCR-based methods for selected fish viral pathogens. Illumina HiSeq next generation sequencing of the total RNA revealed a novel calicivirus genome that showed limited protein sequence similarity to known homologs in a BLASTp search. The complete genome of this fathead minnow calicivirus (FHMCV) is 6564 nt long, encoding a polyprotein of 2114 aa in length. The complete polyprotein shared only 21% identity with Atlantic salmon calicivirus,followed by 11% to 14% identity with mammalian caliciviruses. A molecular detection assay (RT-PCR) was designed from this sequence for screening of field samples for FHMCV in the future. This virus likely represents a prototype species of a novel genus in the family Caliciviridae, tentatively named “Minovirus”.
What Is Next for Oregon: Refining the CCO Model

Abstract Several critical issues were left unsettled in the original legislation that created Oregon’s Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs). This chapter focuses on a set of four structural elements that need to be met to enable the transformation envisioned in 2012 to grow into a stable and efficient health care system. The first recommendation is that each CCO be governed by a nonprofit, community-based organization. The second is that the reserves of each community-based CCO be held in a community escrow fund in the State Treasury. The third recommendation is that a parsimonious set of outcome measures be created that comprise the minimum performance criteria for CCO continuation. And finally, the fourth recommendation is that CCOs should be required to develop ways to move 75%–80% of their total reimbursements for services to “alternative payment methodologies.” Careful thought should be put into phasing in these recommendations in a way that makes them feasible and reduces unnecessary trauma to be faced by individual CCOs and their patients.
Static and Dynamic Ultrasound Imaging to Visualize the Bladder, Bladder Neck, Urethra, and Pelvic Floor in Children with Daytime Incontinence

Daytime urinary incontinence is a major health care problem occurring in 15 and 5% of 4-year-old and 9.5-year-old children, respectively (1, 2). Continence comes from an intrinsic interaction between anatomical and functional factors. Ascertaining the cause of incontinence remains a challenging task and is often derived from a complex of features. A few principal causes are urge in overactive bladders, voiding postponement, dysfunctional voiding, an underactive bladder, and stress incontinence. Mostly no structural, neurogenic, or other organic cause can be found in children with daytime urinary incontinence. Bladder neck competence is an important factor in achieving continence. The following basic outlet functions are known: closure during urine storage with increased closure during exercise or bladder filling (the guarding reflex), sustained opening when voiding, and transient opening for males when ejaculating (3, 4). Standardization of terms as well as diagnostic and therapeutic abilities have been improved by the efforts done by dedicated institutions (5). Essentially non-invasive screening is standardized consisting of history-taking, clinical examination, urinalysis, uroflowmetry, ultrasound (US) (including post-void residual volume), voiding, and stool diary and pressure-flow studies (1, 6, 7). Initial management requires basic diagnostic tests. Treatment is mostly conservative and empiric (lifestyle interventions, physiotherapy, and pharmacotherapy). More elaborate assessment is required when primary therapy fails, diagnosis is unclear, or symptoms and signs are complex/severe (8). More (and novel) diagnostic tools to pinpoint the reason for incontinence need to be evaluated. After all, only the right diagnosis can lead to appropriate therapy or even surgery. Ultrasound can be a valuable and patient friendly additive to physical examination. Already, it is the primary imaging tool in children with urological problems. Physical examination can be stressful especially for the pediatric population. US is well tolerated, not expensive, widely available, not invasive, and needs no radiation (9). Nowadays, a portable handheld pocket US machine is available. Transperineal US provides accurate visualization, both static and dynamic. It provides anatomical and even functional information. Imaging the bladder neck is superior to transabdominal US due to the bony pubic landmark as a reference point (10). Also it seems better than cystoscopy since it provides an overview of the bladder neck and surrounding tissue instead of the rather limited internal view. Furthermore, US requires no anesthesia, making the situation more physiological enabling dynamic testing. This article focuses on US imaging of the lower urinary tract for patients with daytime incontinence. It provides practical guidance on how to perform transabdominal and transperineal US. We combine current insights from the literature with our clinical practice. We like to promote the use of US for physicians specialized in urinary incontinence.
Correction to: Emotion Regulation via the Autonomic Nervous System in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

This erratum reports an error in Musser, E. D., Backs, R. W., Schmitt, C. F., Ablow, J. C., Measelle, J. R., & Nigg, J. T. (2011). Emotion regulation via the autonomic nervous system in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Cardiovascular Health Promotion—Physical Fitness in the School Setting

Physical activity is a major lifestyle behavior related to cardiovascular disease. Lack of energy expenditure is considered an important contributor to the epidemic of obesity. Schools are an obvious area of interest in health promotion due to their centrality in the life of children. Over the course of the school day, physical education, recess, extracurricular activities, and classroom activities provide multiple opportunities to integrate and reinforce physical activity. School policies exert a powerful influence in limiting and promoting these health and fitness opportunities. A high level of interest in youth fitness began in the 1950s and continues today. Yet these school day activity opportunities are rife with policy contractions. This chapter reviews the role of schools in the promotion of physical activity and fitness.
Human Neuroanatomy Relevant to Decision-Making

Reasoning and decision-making depend on large-scale neural systems that involve varied regions throughout the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei. The contributions in this volume, however, focus on a few of these regions, mostly in the frontal lobe. The purpose of this first chapter is to review the macroscopic anatomy of some of those structures.
Perturbations in Peyer's patch B cell populations indicative of priming for a secretory IgA response.

Many years after Johann Peyer described localized accumulations of lymphoid cells in the mammalian intestinal mucosa (Peyer’s patches, PP) (1) we proposed a special role for them in the development of secretory IgA responses (2). Initially we found that rabbit PP cells were enriched sources of precursors for IgA-plasma cells and could repopulate the spleen and intestinal lamina propria of irradiated recipients with such plasma cells much more effectively than could lymphoid cells from other sources (2). This was a somewhat accidental finding made while trying to elucidate the mechanism for transporting IgA from lamina propria plasma cells into the gut lumen. Jose O’Daly had been following up the detection of secretory component (SC) in glandular epithelial cells (3) and observed that many of the apparently nonspecialized epithelial cells lining the Lieberkuhn crypts contained numerous cytoplasmic granules that stained positively for both IgA and SC (4). The issue became the direction of flow — were the granules the result of endocytosis of sIgA from the intestinal fluid in the crypt lumen or were they formed at the plasma membrane on the basal side of the cells from IgA dimer secreted by the proximal plasma cells?
Device-Device Interactions

Over the last two decades, the growth of very large scale integration (VLSI) has been phenomenal and the application of special integrated circuits and microprocessors has blossomed. In fact, the complexity, as defined by the number of devices on an individual integrated circuit chip has approximately doubled each year over this time span, an effect known as Moore’s law (1975). Even so, technological momentum is pushing device dimensions to even smaller scales, with current research devices having effective gate lengths less than 0.1 μm in both Si MOSFETSs and Ga MESFETs. Moreover, the technology is becoming available to fabricate really small devices. Present day research results in electron-beam lithography and PMMA photoresist technology is capable of addressing linewidths (and therefore feature sizes) of the order of 250A (Broers et al., 1978), although finer structures have been prepared with alternative resist techniques. The central feature of transport in such very small devices is that the device dynamics cannot be treated in isolation and must be considered in conjunction with the surrounding environment.
Age-Related Changes in Oral Health Status and Diet and Nutrition Status

Diet, nutrition, and oral health have a dynamic relationship and are determinants of active aging A plant-based diet rich in vegetables, fruits, fish, and whole grains supports cardiovascular health, oral health, and the unique demands of healthy aging The prevalence of tooth loss with aging can affect diet and nutrition if dietary adaptations are not identified relative to masticatory, sensory, salivary, and gastrointestinal changes Declining oral health in aging adults associated with malnutrition, oral surgery, restorative oral care, temporomandibular joint disorders, and dyspahgia can be addressed with special dietary guidance
Porcine follicle-stimulating hormone treatment of gilts during an altrenogest-synchronized follicular phase: effects on follicle growth, hormone secretion, ovulation, and fertilization.

Porcine FSH (SUPER OV), containing .03% LH activity, and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were administered during an altrenogest-synchronized follicular phase to determine their effects on follicle development, estrus, ovulation, and fertilization. Treatments were made by i.m. injection starting on d 1 (24 h after the last feeding of altrenogest): 1) saline, once, n = 14; 2) eCG (1,200 to 1,500 IU) once, n = 32; 3) FSH 14 (n = 2) or 21 (n = 6) NIH-FSH-S1 units/100 kg BW, divided among six injections at 12-h intervals (FSH14/21); 4) FSH, 28 NIH-FSH-S1 units/100 kg BW, divided among six injections at 12-h intervals, n = 12; and 5) FSH, 28 NIH-FSH-S1 units/100 kg BW and 100 IU hCG, two or six injections at 12-h intervals (FSH28+hCG), n = 13. Gilts were injected with 750 IU of hCG on d 5 to ensure ovulation. Twenty-eight eCG- and FSH-injected gilts (n = 6, 8, and 11 on treatments 3, 4, and 5, respectively) were bred and laparotomized on d 7 to recover ova and record ovulation rate. The mean number of ovulations and large (6- to 10-mm) follicles, respectively, on d 7 were as follows: saline (17, .7), eCG (43, .9), FSH14/21 (15, .6), FSH28 (12, 16), and FSH28+hCG (32, 21). Plasma FSH concentrations were at least threefold higher (P < .05) in gilts treated with FSH than in gilts not treated with FSH. The percentage in estrus was higher (P < .05) for saline- and eCG-treated gilts (100 and 87%, respectively) than for FSH-treated gilts (53%). Proportion of FSH28+hCG-treated gilts with fertilized ova (27%) was lower than for other groups (79 to 100%). In summary, the 3-d high dose FSH treatment (FSH28 and FSH28+hCG) during an altrenogest-synchronized follicular phase increased the number of potentially ovulatory follicles, but this potential benefit was not realized because many follicles failed to ovulate. The co-injection of low doses of hCG (FSH28+hCG) increased the ovulation rate and estradiol secretion but reduced ova recovery and fertilization rate compared with eCG and the other FSH treatments.
Dynamic Interaction of Water Molecules, Inorganic Ions and Chromatin Structures in Isolated Thymus Nuclei

In the last decade,our knowledge has tremendously improved as far as the molecular anatomy of the genes concerned,but the mechanism of the structural and functional organization of the genetic material within the nucleus of the living cell is still obscure.What we know is that the water molecules,inorganic ions and certain mobile proteins are involved in the dynamic supra-molecular organization of the genetic material (Agutter and Richardson,1980;Belmont and Nicolini,1981;Bonner,1978;Cameron et al.,1977;Kellermayer et al.,1974;Kellermayer,1987).The relationship between hydration of chromatin,volume changes of nuclei and the gene activity can be well documented with one of our earlier observations on nuclei of chicken erythrocytes hybridised with SV 40 virus induced tumor(H-50) cells (Kellermayer et al.,1978).Nuclei of the chicken erythrocytes are inactive as far as their DNA and RNA synthesis concerned,but after insertion into actively growing cells,they undergo a rapid reactivation (Harris,1967).Twenty-four hours after fusion, parallel with the activation of the gene functions,the total dry mass of the inserted nuclei increases,but the mass concentration decreases (Table l.).The increased dry mass of the active nuclei is mainly due to the intranuclear accumulation of mobile proteins,but there is no reasonable explanation why the water content of the chromatin structures are higher in the larger,active than in the smaller,inactive nuclei.
SSD NAND Density Skewing: A Method to Save Costs During Qualification without Compromising Reliability

This paper presents a framework for planning SSD reliability demonstration testing that balances cost without compromising the power of the test to demonstrate the drive reliability. This methodology has the capability of significantly reducing the number of NAND die consumed, while demonstrating the required reliability by merging system reliability modeling techniques with the traditional qualification approach. To maximize the leveragability and subsequent cost savings, the SSD should be designed such that the critical difference in reliability is driven by the number of NAND die per density.
The Altruistic and the Egoistic in the Foundations of Rational Desire

That self-interest is a source of reasons for action has rarely if ever been controversial in philosophy. That the interest of others is such a source for normal persons has often seemed to philosophers to need argument. I refer to non-instrumental normative reasons, and I assume that when one has a reason of this kind to do something, doing it is prima facie rational. If the only source of basic reasons for action—those having non-instrumental normative force, and in a certain sense non-derivative force—is self-interest, then the only way ethics can have a rational grip on us is through our viewing others as in some sense means to our own ends. This does not make ethics impossible, for it might be true and quite credible that in the long run our self-interest is adequately served only by leading a minimally moral life. I have long argued, however, that self-interest is not the only basic source of reasons for action and, more positively, that the basic grounds of practical rationality are in a special way impersonal. In “Audi on the Rationality of Altruism”, Charlott Becker and her colleagues explore my case for this view.
Pharmacologic Agents Chapter for Abdominal Obesity

Abstract Obesity is a major problem facing the United States and the world. It has been associated with numerous comorbid conditions and represents a tremendous economic burden in the United States. The American Medical Association recognized obesity as a chronic disease in 2013 and urged providers to begin to address this problem with their patients. Pharmacotherapy represents one of the primary interventions providers can make with the treatment of obesity and is indicated for adults with a body mass index of ≥ 30 or ≥ 27 kg/m2 with a comorbid condition, such as diabetes. This chapter reviews the medications currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obesity.
Embryological studies inMyriophyllum intermedium DC.

The flowers are polygamous, epigynous, tetramerous and actinomorphic. The anther wall consists of an epidermis, an endothecium, 2–3 middle layers, and a glandular tapetum. The tapetum is uninucleate and rarely becomes baseriate. The middle layers degenerate when the endothecial cells develop fibrous thickenings. The epidermis becomes discontinuous in the dehiscing anther. Cytokinesis in the microspore mother cells is simultaneous. The pollen grains are shed at 3-celled stage. The ovules are anatropous and bitegmic. A group of nucellar cells lying immediately above the vascular supply become cutinized in the mature seed and forms the hypostase. The development of the embryo sac corresponds to the Polygonum Type. The antipodal cells show enormous increase in size and persist upto the late globular stage of the embryo. The primary endosperm nucleus divides only after the division of the zygote. The endosperm is ofab initio Cellular Type. The embryogeny conforms to the second period, megarchetype III, and group I in series A′ of the system of embryogenic classification of Soueges, and corresponds to the Myriophyllum variation of the Caryophyllad type.