cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the developmental pattern of the enzymes converting glucose 6-phosphate to myo-inositol in the rat.

Abstract The myo -inositol level of plasma was determined during pre- and postnatal development of the rat. Fetal concentrations exceeded those of maternal rats by nearly 10-fold. Immediately after birth, the myo -inositol level decreased but was maintained at values 3–4 times that of the lactating dams. The cyclitol content of rat milk was high and rose during lactation to a maximum of 1.6 m M . The biosynthesis of myo -inositol from glucose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphate: l - myo -inositol-1-phosphate cyclase and l - myo -inositol-1-phosphate phosphatase. The activity of both enzymes was monitored in fetal and neonatal liver, maternal liver, placenta, and mammary gland. Results indicated that the fetal liver accounted for over 48% of the total carcass cyclase and 26% of the total carcass phosphatase activity. Developmental changes correlated well with the pattern of myo -inositol in fetal rat plasma. Similarly, the enzymes of the myo -inositol biosynthetic pathway increased in rat mammary gland in close agreement with the myo -inositol content of milk and diminished to prelactation activities within 24 hr after the onset of involution. The myo -inositol level of colostrum and milk of five human subjects was highest (2.8 m M ) before birth and decreased to 40% of that level 5 days postpartum, where it remained for at least 3 weeks. Even after 7 months of lactation, the milk of one subject contained 3–4-fold more myo -inositol than all commercial infant formulas analyzed.
Dipeptide inhibitors of uniquitin-mediated protein turnover prevent growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells

Dipeptide inhibitors of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis pathway governed by N-terminal recognition (N-end rule) in reticulocyte lysates significantly suppress NGF- and bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, but do not cause retraction of already formed neurites. Peptides which do not inhibit proteolysis are also without effect on PC12 cell differentiation. Suppression of neurite outgrowth is readily reversible upon removal of the inhibitors. These data demonstrate a requirement for specific protein turnover in the process of neuron-like differentiation in PC12 cells and provide the first demonstration of a physiological role for the N-end rule.
THE SCHIZOPHRENIA GENE AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION

of new mutations (Huxlty, Mayr, Osmond, & Hoffer, 1964). This view is based on the fact that fully expressed schizophrenia is disadvantageous in all environments and that survival and reproductive efficiency must therefore be adversely affected. These authors contend that favorable faccors must be associated with the heterozygous carrier state for schizophrenia in which condition the traits are recessive or only partly expressed. The analogy to sickle cell anemia is helpful in following their argument. Sickle cell anemia in the homozygote is fully expressed and highly deleterious, mortality usually developing before reproductive age. The gene has survived in swampy regions of Africa and elsewhere because the heterozygous carrier has increased resistance to the malarial parasite, and this advantage offsecs the mortaliry associated with rhe homozygous condition. To establish the parallel involves the quescion of determining what compensarory features accompany schizophrenia so that the persistence of the gene is ensured. Huxley, et al. (1964) suggest that schizoprone individuals are more resistant to endocrine and physiological stress factors and that schizoprone mothers may be more protective than normal mothers. Confirmation of scattered observations on these matters would provide support for the hypothesis, but at present the evidence is slight and proposed in a tentative fashion, making specific pointby-point criticism difficult. Kutcner and Lorincz (1966). however, have proposed a general argument against these compensatory mechan~sms on the basis that both endocrine resporsiveness and the mother-child relatronship are products of long evolutionary development and that changes from the normal range are not likely to bescow selecrive advantages. Kaplan ( 1965) has also criticized che views of Huxley, el a/. but his posi
Interleukin-8 Production by Human Monocytic Cells in Response to Staphylococcal Exotoxins Is Direct and Independent of Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Staphylococcal exotoxins have been implicated as major virulence factors responsible for toxic shock syndrome. To elucidate further the cellular mechanisms contributing to shock, human monocytic cells were stimulated with the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, enterotoxin A, or enterotoxin B, and the production of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) was examined. All three exotoxins were potent inducers of IL-8. IL-8 induction occurred rapidly, within 2 h after stimulation, independent of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced by these cells. This study suggests that IL-8 is one of the earliest mediators produced by monocytic cells in direct response to staphylococcal exotoxins. IL-8 may serve as the first proinflammatory signal for neutrophil recruitment to tissue and may contribute to staphylococcal superantigen-mediated shock and multiorgan failure characteristic of toxic shock.
Morphological and cultural comparison of microorganisms in surface soil and subsurface sediments at a pristine study site in Oklahoma.

Surface-soil and subsurface microfloras at the site of a shallow aquifer in Oklahoma were examined and compared with respect to (1) total and viable cell numbers, (2) colony and cell types that grew on various plating media, (3) cell morphologies seen in flotation films stripped from sample particles, and (4) cellular ultrastructure. Appreciable numbers of microbial cells were present in the subsurface (total counts: 106−107 cellsg−1; viable counts up to 106 cells · g−1), but the subsurface microflora was considerably less populous than that of the surface soil (total counts: 109 cells·g−1; viable counts: 107−108 cells · g−1). The subsurface microflora (especially that of the saturated zone) also appeared to be much less diverse, containing fewer microbial types that would grow on enumeration plates (on nutrient-rich media, 3–4 colony types versus 19–22 for the surface soil) and fewer cell types that could be distinguished by direct microscopy (3–4 types versus 17 for the surface soil). The specific types of microorganisms that were numerically predominant in the aquifer sediments were entirely different from those that were predominant in the surface soil. Moreover, the predominant types varied from one depth to another within the saturated zone. The potential metabolic capability of the subsurface microflora, as indicated by its readiness to grow rapidly on nutrient-rich media, also varied with depth.
A geometric method for determining joint rotations in the inverse kinematics of robotic manipulators

An inverse-kinematics algorithm has been developed to evaluate the joint rotations of a robotic manipulator given the orientation of its hand link. The method mimics the way a person would determine the joint rotations by assembling the links comprising the robot mechanism and making adjustments in the joint displacements until the hand link is in the desired situation. An example is given where it is shown that the method is reasonably robust, can be applied to any design of robot, and is competitive with alternative highly-mathematical, specific-robot specialized, computational-intensive schemes. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neglected considerations in the analysis of agreement among journal referees

Studies of representative samples of submissions to scientific journals show statistically significant associations between referees' recommendations. These associations are moderately large given the multidimensional and unstable character of scientists' evaluations of papers, and composites of referees' recommendations can significantly aid editors in selecting manuscripts for publication, especially when there is great variability in the quality of submissions and acceptance rates are low. Assessments of the value of peer-review procedures in journal manuscript evaluation should take into account features of the entire scholarly communications system present in a field.
Primary production in Long Island sound

Daily and annual integrated rates of primary productivity and community respiration were calculated using physiological parameters measured in oxygen-based photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) incubations at 8 stations throughout central and western Long Island Sound (cwLIS) during the summer and autumn of 2002 and 2003 and the late spring of 2003. Each calculation takes into account actual variations in incident irradiance over the day and underwater irradiance and standing stock with depth. Annual peak rates, ±95% confidence interval of propagated uncertainty in each measurement, of gross primary production (GPP, 1,730±610 mmol O2 m−2 d−1), community respiration (Rc, 1,660±270 mmol O2 m−2 d−1), and net community production (NCP, 1,160±1,100 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) occurred during summer at the western end of the Sound. Lowest rates of GPP (4±11 mmol O2 m−2 d−1), Rc (−50±300 mmol O2 m−2 d−1), and NCP (−1,250±270 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) occurred during late autumn-early winter at the outer sampled stations. These large ranges in rates of GPP, Rc, and NCP throughout the photic zone of cwLIS are attributed to seasonal and spatial variability. Algal respiration (Ra) was estimated to consume an average of 5% to 52% of GPP, using a literature-based ratio of Ra:Rc. From this range, we established that the estimated Ra accounts for approximately half of GPP, and was used to estimate daily net primary production (NPP), which ranged from 2 to 870 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 throughout cwLIS during the study. Annual NPP averaged 40±8 mol O2 m−2 yr−1 for all sampled stations, which more than doubled along the main axis of the Sound, from 32±14 mol O2 m−2 yr−1 at an eastern station to 82±25 mol O2 m−2 yr−1 at the western-most station. These spatial gradients in productivity parallel nitrogen loads along the main axis of the Sound. Daily integrals of productivity were used to test and formulate a simple, robust biomass-light model for the prediction of phytoplankton production in Long Island Sound, and the slope of the relationship was consistent with reports for other systems.
Ranirestat: A Selective Aldose Reductase Inhibitor for Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy:

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of ranirestat, an oral aldose reductase inhibitor with a unique chemical structure, as treatment of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus.Data Sources:Primary literature and review articles were identified by searching MEDLINE (1950–June 2008), EMBASE (1991–June 2008), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–June 2008), and Google Scholar using the key terms ranirestat, AS-3201, SX-3030, aldose reductase inhibitors, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral neuropathy. Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of the obtained literature.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Reviewed literature was restricted to available English-language articles. Preclinical and clinical trials were reviewed. One Phase 2 clinical trial and its extension study were identified. No data have yet been reported from Phase 3 trials that were conducted between 2004 and 2006.Data Synthesis:Ranirest...
Disappearing Appearances: On the Enactive Approach to Spatial Perceptual Content

Many viewers presented with a round plate tilted to their line of sight will report that they see a round plate that looks elliptical from their perspective. Alva Noe thinks that we should take reports of this kind as adequate descriptions of the phenomenology of spatial experiences. He argues that his so-called enactive or sensorimotor account of spatial perceptual content explains why both the plate's circularity and its elliptical appearance are phenomenal aspects of experience. In this paper, I critique the phenomenal adequacy of Noe's sensorimotor account of spatial perceptual content. I begin by showing that some of its central claims are in conflict with the phenomenology of perceptual experience. I then argue that shape appearances have no phenomenal reality, thus undermining this central motivation for his account.
The nieuwkoid gene characterizes and mediates a Nieuwkoop-center-like activity in the zebrafish

Abstract Background: In amphibians, the Nieuwkoop center – a primary inducing region – has a central role in the induction of dorsal mesodermal cells to form the Spemann organizer. In teleosts, such as the zebrafish, Danio rerio , the functional equivalent of the amphibian Spemann organizer is the dorsal shield. Historically, a small region of the teleost yolk syncytial layer (YSL), an extra-embryonic tissue that underlies the entire blastoderm, has been implicated in dorsal shield specification. Difficulties in transplanting discrete regions of the YSL and the previous lack of localized expression patterns unique to the YSL have, however, hindered efforts to prove definitively that the YSL possesses Nieuwkoop-center-like activities. Results: Here, we describe the isolation and analysis of a new homeobox gene, called nieuwkoid , which is first expressed immediately following the mid-blastula transition on the dorsal side of the zebrafish pregastrula embryo. We found that, by the onset of gastrulation, nieuwkoid expression becomes localized to a restricted region of the YSL, directly underlying the future dorsal shield. Mis-expression of nieuwkoid in early zebrafish embryos was found to be sufficient for the induction of ectopic organizer regions and secondary axes. Mis-expression of nieuwkoid by cell transplantation or by direct injection into the YSL led to the non-autonomous induction of ectopic organizer gene expression. Conclusions: The dynamic and restricted expression of the nieuwkoid gene, combined with its potent dorsalizing activity, suggests that nieuwkoid is an important component in the regionalization of the gastrula organizer, possibly characterizing and mediating an organizer-inducing/Nieuwkoop-center-like activity.
Travel-Time Reliability as a Measure of Service

Statistics from a corridor along Interstate 5 in Los Angeles show that average travel time and travel-time variability are meaningful measures of freeway performance. Variability of travel time is an important measure of service quality for travelers. Travel time can be used to quantify the effect of incidents, and incident information can help reduce travel-time uncertainty. Predictability of travel time is a measure of the benefits of intelligent transportation systems. These measures differ from those defined in the Highway Capacity Manual and other aggregate measures of delay.
Structural role of fluorine in amorphous silica

Abstract The composition and temperature dependence of the coordination environments of F atoms in fluorinated silica glasses have been studied using high-resolution 19 F and 29 Si NMR spectroscopies. 19 F MAS and wideline NMR spectra have revealed the presence of two distinct types of fluorine environments in glasses containing 1–3.3 wt% fluorine. The majority of the fluorine environments are formed by replacing one of the bridging oxygens around a silicon atom with a non-bridging fluorine atom, forming SiO 3/2 F polyhedra. The less abundant species is found to be highly unusual in that it involves bonding of a non-bridging fluorine to a silicon atom that is already coordinated to four bridging oxygens, yielding a fivefold coordinated silicon of the type SiO 4/2 F. The relative concentration of the SiO 4/2 F species in these glasses is found to increase with both increasing fluorine content and fictive temperature. The possible role of these structural elements in controlling diverse physical properties of these glasses such as the optical absorption edge and viscosity is discussed.
Bulk, surface, and interface properties of the Ising model and conformal invariance.

By solving partial differential equations for the correlation functions implied by conformal invariance, we obtain exact results at the critical point for the bulk six-point function 〈\ensuremath{\sigma}(1)...\ensuremath{\sigma}(6)〉 of the two-dimensional Ising model and the three-point functions 〈\ensuremath{\sigma}(1)\ensuremath{\sigma}(2)\ensuremath{\sigma}(3)〉, 〈\ensuremath{\sigma}(1)\ensuremath{\mu}(2)\ensuremath{\mu}(3)〉 of the semi-infinite two-dimensional Ising model with fixed boundary spins. Here \ensuremath{\sigma} and \ensuremath{\mu} denote order (spin) and disorder variables, respectively. We also derive the explicit form of the magnetization profile at the bulk critical temperature in an Ising strip of infinite length and finite width, with spin-up boundary conditions on one edge and spin-down boundary conditions on the other.
Acute Psychosis in a Patient With Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Coincident Cervical Stenosis

Received November 6, 2001; accepted November 27, 2001. From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia; and Emory University School of Medicine. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Herr, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B6100, Atlanta, GA 30322. Deficiency of vitamin B12 has a well-established association with a wide variety of neurologic and psychiatric presentations. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, a term coined by Russell et al. in 1900,1 refers to the classic neuropathy associated with pernicious anemia, a disorder caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Typical features of this condition include symmetric paresthesias of the upper and lower limbs, with concomitant loss of vibratory sense and proprioception. Progression of the disease leads to corticospinal tract involvement with consequent weakness of voluntary muscles, spasticity, abnormal tendon reflexes, and ataxic or spastic gait.2,3 The psychiatric presentation of vitamin B12 deficiency is protean and includes slowed mentation, delirium, affective disorder, personality change, and acute or chronic psychosis.4 Although vitamin B12 deficiency is generally categorized as a reversible dementia, this classification has been debated.4,5 We present a patient with acute psychosis whose neurologic complaints were initially attributed solely to severe cervical stenosis, as documented by magnetic resonance imaging. This case demonstrates the importance of considering vitamin B12 deficiency in individuals who present with symptoms that may suggest not only a surgically correctable defect but also an unrelated metabolic disorder, such as vitamin B12 deficiency. Case Report
Reduction in transforming growth factor‐β type II receptor in mouse lung carcinogenesis

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a growth modulator that inhibits the proliferation of many epithelial cells through interaction with its receptors, the type I and type II receptors (TGF-β RI and RII) by activating their serine/threonine kinase activities. Loss of growth inhibition by TGF-β is thought to contribute to the development of many types of tumors. To examine the roles of TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 and TGF-β RI and RII in chemically induced mouse lung tumorigenesis, we used immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses to measure the expression of their proteins and mRNAs in A/J mice treated with the carcinogen urethane to induce lung adenomas. Immunostaining for the TGF-β ligands and receptors was detected in the epithelia of the bronchioles of untreated and treated A/J mice at similar levels. Immunostaining for the TGF-β ligands and receptors was also detected in adenomas by 2 mo. While immunostaining for TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 and TGF-β RI in adenomas was detected at levels comparable to those in bronchioles, immunostaining for TGF-β RII was less intense in adenomas than in bronchioles. Decreased immunostaining for TGF-β RII in adenomas persisted for at least 8 mo after exposure to urethane, whereas immunostaining for TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 and TGF-β RI persisted at levels comparable to those in normal bronchioles. In situ hybridization studies conducted with TGF-β receptor riboprobes showed a corresponding reduction in expression of TGF-β RII mRNA but not of TGF-β RI mRNA in adenomas compared with expression in bronchioles. Expression of TGF-β RII mRNA was also examined in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic mouse lung cells; expression of TGF-β RII mRNA was lower in the tumorigenic cells derived from urethane-induced lung tumors. These data suggest that a decrease in expression of TGF-β RII may contribute to autonomous cell growth and may play an important role in mouse lung carcinogenesis induced by urethane. Mol. Carcinog. 22:46–56, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Writing Across the Curriculum for Secondary School English Language Learners: A Case Study

This study employs ethnographic case study method to explore secondary English language learners’ experiences with content-area writing in a U.S. public school setting. Documentary evidence, interviews, and students’ written work comprise the data set. Data are interpreted through a sociocognitive theoretical lens to take into account contextual and individual cognitive factors that come into play in English language learners’ development of content-specific writing. Findings suggest that a combination of institutional factors (e.g. school program design, state regulations, and state assessment systems) in concert with teacher beliefs and expectations of English language learners impact the content-area writing instruction which English language learners receive. This study points to the need for continued investigation of state policies, school processes, and teacher beliefs and practices that may enhance the quality and breadth of writing English language learners experience as they move through secondary school. .
Non-word repetition assesses phonological memory and is related to vocabulary development in 20- to 24-month-olds*

Two studies test the hypotheses that individual differences in phonological memory among children younger than two years can be assessed using a non-word repetition task (NWR) and that these differences are related to the children's rates of vocabulary development. NWR accuracy, real word repetition accuracy and productive vocabulary were assessed in 15 children between 1 ; 9 and 2 ; 0 in Study 1 and in 21 children between 1 ; 8 and 2 ; 0 in Study 2. In both studies, NWR accuracy was significantly related to vocabulary percentile and, furthermore, uniquely accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in vocabulary when real word repetition accuracy was held constant. The findings establish NWR as a valid measure of phonological memory in very young children, and they open the door for further studies of the role of phonological memory in early word learning.
Discontinuity of the magnetization in one-dimensional 1/¦x−y¦2 Ising and Potts models

Results from percolation theory are used to study phase transitions in one-dimensional Ising andq-state Potts models with couplings of the asymptotic formJ x,y≈ const/¦x−y¦2. For translation-invariant systems with well-defined lim x→∞ x 2 J x =J + (possibly 0 or ∞) we establish: (1) There is no long-range order at inverse temperaturesβ withβJ +⩽1. (2) IfβJ +>q, then by sufficiently increasingJ 1 the spontaneous magnetizationM is made positive. (3) In models with 0<J +<∞ the magnetization is discontinuous at the transition point (as originally predicted by Thouless), and obeysM(β c )⩾1/(β c J +)1/2. (4) For Ising (q=2) models withJ +<∞, it is noted that the correlation function decays as 〈σxσy〉(β)≈c(β)/|x−y|2 wheneverβ<β c . Points 1–3 are deduced from previous percolation results by utilizing the Fortuin-Kasteleyn representation, which also yields other results of independent interest relating Potts models with different values ofq.
cis-Acting Signal for Inheritance of Imprinted DNA Methylation Patterns in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo

The inheritance of gametic methylation patterns is a critical event in the imprinting of genes. In the case of the imprinted RSVIgmyc transgene, the methylation pattern in the unfertilized egg is maintained by the early mouse embryo, whereas the sperm’s methylation pattern is lost in the early embryo. To investigate the cis-acting requirements for this preimplantation stage of genomic imprinting, we examined the fate of different RSVIgmyc methylation patterns, preimposed on RSVIgmyc and introduced into the mouse zygote by pronuclear injection. RSVIgmyc methylation patterns with a low percentage of methylated CpG dinucleotides, generated by using bacterial cytosine methylases with four-base recognition sequences, were lost in the early embryo. In contrast, methylation was maintained when all CpG dinucleotides were methylated with the bacterial SssI (CpG) methylase. This singular maintenance of RSVIgmyc methylation preimposed with SssI methylase appears to be specific to the early, undifferentiated embryo; differentiated NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transfected with methylated versions of RSVIgmyc maintained all methylation patterns, independent of the level of preimposed methylation. The methylation pattern of the RSVIgmyc allele in adult founder transgenic mice that was produced by pronuclear injection of an SssI-methylated construct could not be distinguished from the maternal RSVIgmyc methylation pattern. Thus, a highly methylated allele in adult mice, normally generated by transmission of RSVIgmyc through the female germ line, was also produced in founder transgenic mice by bypassing gametogenesis and introducing a highly methylated RSVIgmyc into the mouse zygote. These results suggest that RSVIgmyc methylation itself is a cis-acting signal for the preimplantation maintenance of the oocyte’s methylation pattern and, therefore, a cis-acting signal for RSVIgmyc imprinting. Furthermore, our inability to identify a sequence element within RSVIgmyc that was absolutely required for its imprinting suggests that the extent of RSVIgmyc methylation, rather than a particular pattern of methylation, is the principal feature of this imprinting signal.
High Proper-Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy

Although the notion that the Milky Way galaxy contains a supermassive central black hole has been around for more than two decades, it has been difficult to prove that one exists. The challenge is to assess the distribution of matter in the few central parsecs of the Galaxy. Assuming that gravity is the dominant force, the motion of the stars and gas in the vicinity of the putative black hole offers a robust method for accomplishing this task, by revealing the mass interior to the radius of the objects studied. Thus objects located closest to the Galactic Center provide the strongest constraints on the black hole hypothesis.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS-PHAGE RELATIONSHIPS

West, B. (University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City), Florene C. Kelly, and Doris A. Shields. Effect of sodium chloride on staphylococcus-phage relationships. J. Bacteriol. 86:773-780. 1963.-Phage patterns of 21 phage-propagating strains of staphylococci on medium with high NaCl content appeared to be an expression of the staphylococcal cells, as well as of the salt tolerance of the phages. Serological group A phages, previously found to be NaCl-tolerant in the free state, were capable of lysing susceptible staphylococci on 3, 7.5, and 10% NaCl Trypticase Soy Agar. None of the other phages tested was active when the medium contained 7.5 and 10% NaCl. Increasing the NaCl content of the medium rarely resulted in nonspecific reactions; rather the effect was, generally, a narrowing of the phage spectrum of the cells, with persistence in the phage pattern of the phage, or phages, which were propagated on the cells being tested. Although NaCl tolerance of the phages was the chief limiting factor of phage activity in the presence of 7.5 and 10% NaCl, reactions on salt medium also depended on the degree of susceptibility of cells to phage on routine typing medium and to certain other unexplained factors. In some instances, under the influence of increased NaCl, significant lysis at 1000 RTD was replaced by thinning of growth (inhibition), with or without the presence of plaques. Conversely, certain phage-cell combinations, which gave inhibition at 1000 RTD on standard medium produced some degree of lysis when the NaCl concentration was increased. Studies of phage 81 and its propagating strain showed that replication of phage occurred in 10% NaCl medium, although adsorption diminished as salt concentration was increased, and the time required to reach maximal lytic activity was delayed.
An Efficient Approximate Protocol for Privacy-Preserving Association Rule Mining

The secure scalar product (or dot product) is one of the most used sub-protocols in privacy-preserving data mining. Indeed, the dot product is probably the most common sub-protocol used. As such, a lot of attention has been focused on coming up with secure protocols for computing it. However, an inherent problem with these protocols is the extremely high computation cost --- especially when the dot product needs to be carried out over large vectors. This is quite common in vertically partitioned data, and is a real problem. In this paper, we present ways to efficiently compute the approximate dot product. We implement the dot product protocol and demonstrate the quality of the approximation. Our dot product protocol can be used to securely and efficiently compute association rules from data vertically partitioned between two parties.
262: Heparin stimulates placental release and increases circulating levels of amyloid-like aggregates in women with prophylactic anticoagulation

262 Heparin stimulates placental release and increases circulating levels of amyloid-like aggregates in women with prophylactic anticoagulation Katherine Rodewald Millen, Catalin Buhimschi, Guomao Zhao, Sammy Tabbah, Stephen Thung, Michael Paidas, Edmund Funai, Irina Buhimschi The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbus, OH, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Columbus, OH, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT OBJECTIVE: Heparin interacts with amyloidogenic proteins, modifying their propensity to aggregate. Heparin’s stabilizing fibril property carries a powerful anti-cytotoxic effect. The clinical implication of these observations is that heparin could serve as a potential therapeutic target for severe placental-mediated pregnancy complications. We sought to determine whether heparin alters maternal circulating levels of amyloid-like aggregates in women receiving anticoagulation during pregnancy as measured by Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed serial serum samples from 42 pregnant women followed longitudinally across gestation. Heparin anticoagulation was clinically indicated in 21 women with a history of thrombophilia and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Each woman was matched to a control (CRL) that delivered at term without complications (n1⁄421). Anticoagulation level was assessed by Factor Xa activity. To determine whether heparin’s effects were confounded by the disease, we used a villous explant system (term CS, n1⁄45) to measure levels of ThT-induced fluorescence preand postincubation with either unfractionated (UFH) or low-molecular weight (LMW) heparin, at doses relevant for human treatment (0.5, 5, 50 U/mL). RESULTS: 1) In-vivo, beyond 34 weeks, heparin significantly increased serum ThT-induced fluorescence (P<0.001, Figure A); 2) A heparin typeand dose-dependent increase in ThT-induced fluorescence was observed in-vitro for both UFH and LMW heparin (P1⁄40.004, Figure B). CONCLUSION: Cumulative exposure to heparin results in increased ThT-induced fluorescence, both in-vivo and in-vitro. Our study provides evidence that a potential beneficial effect of anticoagulation could be the result of improved protein folding in the placenta.
Unified parameterization of the planetary boundary layer and shallow convection with a higher-order turbulence closure in the Community Atmosphere Model: single-column experiments

Abstract. This paper describes the coupling of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5 with a unified multi-variate probability density function (PDF) parameterization, Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB). CLUBB replaces the planetary boundary layer (PBL), shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics schemes in CAM5 with a higher-order turbulence closure based on an assumed PDF. Comparisons of single-column versions of CAM5 and CAM-CLUBB are provided in this paper for several boundary layer regimes. As compared to large eddy simulations (LESs), CAM-CLUBB and CAM5 simulate marine stratocumulus regimes with similar accuracy. For shallow convective regimes, CAM-CLUBB improves the representation of cloud cover and liquid water path (LWP). In addition, for shallow convection CAM-CLUBB offers better fidelity for subgrid-scale vertical velocity, which is an important input for aerosol activation. Finally, CAM-CLUBB results are more robust to changes in vertical and temporal resolution when compared to CAM5.
Ptolemaic agriculture, Syrian wheat, and Triticum aestivum

Abstract We have identified bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) via influorescence bract phytoliths (plant microfossils) recovered from two 2nd century bc storage jars found in an Egyptian administrative building in northern Israel. This suggests T. aestivum is a likely candidate for “Syrian wheat”, a previously unidentified cultivar mentioned in 3rd century bc papyri. This wheat was apparently introduced by King Ptolemy II but soon rejected by Egyptian farmers. Equating “Syrian wheat” with T. aestivum may explain its unpopularity. Unlike the long-cultivated and popular T. durum, whose genetic traits produce dense, heavy bread, the genetics of T. aestivum result in a lighter loaf that perhaps was unwelcome as a primary carbohydrate source.
BAC-FISH in wheat identifies chromosome landmarks consisting of different types of transposable elements

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been widely used in the physical mapping of genes and chromosome landmarks in plants and animals. Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) contain large inserts making them amenable for FISH mapping. We used BAC-FISH to study genome organization and evolution in hexaploid wheat and its relatives. We selected 56 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) locus-specific BAC clones from libraries of Aegilops tauschii (the D-genome donor of hexaploid wheat) and A-genome diploid Triticum monococcum. Different types of repetitive sequences were identified using BAC-FISH. Two BAC clones gave FISH patterns similar to the repetitive DNA family pSc119; one BAC clone gave a FISH pattern similar to the repetitive DNA family pAs1. In addition, we identified several novel classes of repetitive sequences: one BAC clone hybridized to the centromeric regions of wheat and other cereal species, except rice; one BAC clone hybridized to all subtelomeric chromosome regions in wheat, rye, barley and oat; one BAC clone contained a localized tandem repeat and hybridized to five D-genome chromosome pairs in wheat; and four BAC clones hybridized only to a proximal region in the long arm of chromosome 4A of hexaploid wheat. These repeats are valuable markers for defined chromosome regions and can also be used for chromosome identification. Sequencing results revealed that all these repeats are transposable elements (TEs), indicating the important role of TEs, especially retrotransposons, in genome evolution of wheat.
The Lady Aelfgyva in the Bayeux Tapestry

A scene in the Bayeux Tapestry showing a woman named Aelfgyva (Figure 2) has given commentators a great deal of trouble.1 Aelfgyva appears nowhere else in the Tapestry, and the inscription above her does little to help: "Ubi unus clericus et Aelfgyva." The difficulty has not been that there is no Aelfgyva known to history. On the contrary, the name was fairly common.2 But historians have not been able to find an Aelfgyva who fits what the Tapestry shows. Still, the solution to this puzzle may not be entirely beyond grasp. A clue lies in the scene's iconography. The Aelfgyva scene stands between the two others shown in Figures 1 and 3. In the first of these, the Tapestry's two principal characters engage in a lively discussion at the palace of Duke William of Normandy. The standing figure in the center of the hall is Harold, earl of Wessex,3 who hopes to ascend the throne of England upon the death of the reigning monarch, King Edward the Confessor. The seated figure is Duke William, who also aspires to the English throne. As events later fall out, both men have their wish. Harold does succeed to the throne of King Edward, but only to be overthrown by William, who has ever since been known as the Conqueror. According to chroniclers favorable to the Norman cause,4 Harold was sent to William by King Edward to reassure the Norman duke that he, and not Harold, was the king's choice as successor to the English throne. On his way to William's palace, Harold was captured by Guy, count of Ponthieu, who held him for ransom. The scene at the palace occurs just after the Tapestry
Excitation of particle-hole states in 28Si by inelastic electron scattering at high momentum transfer

Abstract The predictions of the particle-hole model for 28Si are compared with experimental results for large-angle high-momentum-transfer inelastic electron scattering. A few high-spin T = 1 states are seen to dominate the cross section.
Prevention of Hypothermia

Mild perioperative hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature between 34 and 36 °C, is common and preventable. Without active interventions approximately 70 % of patient undergoing operations lasting 2 h or longer will become hypothermic. This is of concern as mild perioperative hypothermia has been associated with adverse outcomes. This chapter will explore the causes of perioperative hypothermia, the potential adverse consequences for patients, and techniques and recommendations for avoiding inadvertent perioperative hypothermia.
Chapter 3 Frequency-Hopping Systems

Frequency hopping is the periodic changing of the carrier frequency of a transmitted signal. This time-varying characteristic potentially endows a communication system with great strength against interferencfe. Whereas a direct-sequence system relies on spectral spreading, spectral despreading, and filtering to suppress interference. the basic mechanism of interference suppression in a frequency-hopping system is that of avoidance. When the avoidance fails, it is only temporary because of the periodic changing of the carrier frequency. The impact of the interference is further mitigated by the pervasive use of channel codes, which are more essential for frequency-hopping than for direct-sequence systems. The basic concepts, spectral and performance aspects, and coding and modulation issues are presented. The effects of partial-band interference and jamming are examined, and the most important issues in the design of frequency synthesizers are described.
Design and Research of Involute Surface Wedge Backstop

The author studied the application of involute as a basic type line,designed a new type of involute surface wedge backstop with the application of Pro/E software for design and analysis,verified the design parameters.The author analyses the stress of the traditional cylindrical surface wedge backstop and involute surface wedge backstop,and concluded that the latter can reduce work stress and improve strength.
Building Trust Peer-to-peer Networks with TLS and X.509 Certificates

As soon as a P2P application grows to the point where it becomes interesting, the issues of trust and security appear on the horizon. The core of the paper is on how to build trustful peer-to-peer networks with TLS and X.509 certificates under JXTA architecture. The use of authentication, authorization, and encryption establishes trust in P2P applications. Without a foundation of trust, many types of interesting applications such as e-commerce won't take hold on top of the P2P infrastructure.
A New Integrated High-Latitude Thermal Laboratory for the Characterization of Land Surface Processes in Alaska’s Arctic and Boreal Regions

Alaska’s Arctic and boreal regions, largely dominated by tundra and boreal forest, are witnessing unprecedented changes in response to climate warming. However, the intensity of feedbacks between the hydrosphere and vegetation changes are not yet well quantified in Arctic regions. This lends considerable uncertainty to the prediction of how much, how fast, and where Arctic and boreal hydrology and ecology will change. With a very sparse network of observations (meteorological, flux towers, etc.) in the Alaskan Arctic and boreal regions, remote sensing is the only technology capable of providing the necessary quantitative measurements of land–atmosphere exchanges of water and energy at regional scales in an economically feasible way. Over the last decades, the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) has become the research hub for high-latitude research. UAF’s newly-established Hyperspectral Imaging Laboratory (HyLab) currently provides multiplatform data acquisition, processing, and analysis capabilities spanning microscale laboratory measurements to macroscale analysis of satellite imagery. The specific emphasis is on acquiring and processing satellite and airborne thermal imagery, one of the most important sources of input data in models for the derivation of surface energy fluxes. In this work, we present a synergistic modeling framework that combines multiplatform remote sensing data and calibration/validation (CAL/VAL) activities for the retrieval of land surface temperature (LST). The LST Arctic Dataset will contribute to ecological modeling efforts to help unravel seasonal and spatio-temporal variability in land surface processes and vegetation biophysical properties in Alaska’s Arctic and boreal regions. This dataset will be expanded to other Alaskan Arctic regions, and is expected to have more than 500 images spanning from 1984 to 2012.
Politics and Federal Statistics

The federal statistical system in the United States regularly compiles data on the issues that concern the American people, data that play an important role in the lives of our citizens. Although a...
Appendicular skeleton of the vestigial-limbed African skink Eumecia anchietae

AbstractWithin the lizard family Scincidae (the skinks) are numerous examples of species with vestigial limbs and girdles, but these vestigial structures remain undescribed for many such species. Here we seek to partially fill this gap in knowledge by describing the vestigial limb and girdle skeletons of Eumecia anchietae, an African skink for which the appendicular skeleton has not previously been described. Radiographs of 10 adult specimens reveal variation in the degree of ossification of the interclavicle and scapula and in the forelimb epiphyses; lengths of the humerus, forelimb and femur; and number of metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. The variation is unrelated to specimen size for most of these parameters. In all specimens the sternum is absent, the clavicle is ossified, ossification is greater in the humerus than in the more distal forelimb elements, ossification is greater in the tibia than the fibula, and the third toe has two phalanges. The results of this study suggest caution in the us...
Xenopus Oocytes Isolation and Microinjection

Xenopus oocytes, obtained from sexually mature female Xenopus laevis, are widely used as a model system for expression cloning and structure-function studies of ion channels and receptors. The ovarian tissue can be extracted either by a nonfatal surgical removal of parts of the ovary on an anesthetized frog several times during its lifetime or by removal of the ovary from the frog decapitated after deep anesthesia. Then, the Xenopus oocytes can be isolated and defolliculated manually or enzymatically or combined. Healthy-looking oocytes in stage V and/or VI are selected for microinjection of RNA or DNA. This chapter describes the methodology and procedures of surgical removal of ovarian tissue, enzymatic isolation and defolliculation of Xenopus oocytes, and oocyte microinjection.
Early interventions for diabetes related tuberculosis associate with hastened sputum microbiological clearance in Virginia, USA

Diabetes complicates tuberculosis (TB) treatment including a prolonged time of sputum culture conversion to negative growth. Since 2013 in Virginia, interventions early in the treatment course have used therapeutic drug monitoring and dose correction for isoniazid and rifampin after 2 weeks of TB treatment in patients with diabetes along with nurse manager initiated diabetes education and linkage to care. A retrospective cohort study of the state TB registry was performed for patients initiating drug-susceptible pulmonary TB treatment that were matched for age, gender, chest imaging and sputum smear status to compare time to sputum culture conversion and other clinical outcomes in the pre-and post-intervention groups. Three hundred sixty-three patients had documented time to sputum culture conversion in the pre-and post-intervention periods, including 56 (15%) with diabetes. Seventy-four (57%) of all patients with diabetes were ≥60 years of age at treatment initiation. Twenty-six patients with diabetes were matched in each group. Mean time to sputum culture conversion in the post-intervention group was 42 ± 22 days compared to the pre-intervention group of 62 ± 31 days (p = 0.01). In the post-intervention group 21 (80%) of patients with diabetes had culture conversion by 2 months compared to 13 (50%) in the pre-intervention group (p = 0.04). Early interventions for diabetes related TB in the programmatic setting may hasten sputum culture conversion.
Toward Estimating Displaced Primary Production from Recycling: A Case Study of U.S. Aluminum

Summary Recycling materials from end-of-life products has the potential to create environmental benefit by displacing more harmful primary material production. However, displacement is governed by market forces and is not guaranteed; if full displacement does not occur, the environmental benefits of recycling are reduced or eliminated. Therefore, quantifying the true “displacement rate” caused by recycling is essential to accurately assess environmental benefits and make optimal environmental management decisions. Our 2016 article proposed a market-based methodology to estimate actual displacement rates following an increase in recycling or reuse. The current article demonstrates the operation, utility, and challenges of that methodology in the context of the U.S. aluminum industry. Sensitivity analyses reveal that displacement estimates are sensitive to uncertainty in price elasticities. Results suggest that 100% displacement is unlikely immediately following a sustained supply-driven increase in aluminum recycling and even less likely in the long term. However, zero and even negative displacement are possible. A variant of the model revealed that demand-driven increases in recycling are less likely than supply-driven changes to result in full displacement. However, model limitations exist and challenges arose in the estimation process, the effects of which are discussed. We suggest implications for environmental assessment, present lessons learned from applying the estimation methodology, and highlight the need for further research in the market dynamics of recycling.