cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary interventions after endovascular repair of aortic dissections.

Background Review the literature on secondary interventions performed for patients who underwent endovascular repair of their type B aortic dissection. Endovascular repair for type B aortic dissection (TBAD) has been proven to be both technically feasible and beneficial in some patients. However, the information regarding secondary interventions is not cohesive. To date, there are little data to help guide physicians on the indications and benefits of secondary interventions in the setting of previous endovascular repair for TBAD. Methods PubMed database was queried for publications using the following combination of keywords; “aortic dissection,” “type B,” “secondary intervention,” “false lumen thrombosis,” “stent graft,” “aortic remodeling,” and endovascular repair. Sixteen articles were selected and reviewed for secondary interventions, indications for procedure, and effects on false lumen thrombosis. Data were collected, and a composite database of patients was created. Results Literature review demonstrated 161 of 862 patients required secondary interventions for entry tears, retrograde type A dissection, false lumen degeneration with aortic expansion, graft malfunction, and various access complications. The complete false lumen thrombosis rate was 33%, and overall mortality was 18.2%. Conclusions Secondary interventions provide a useful adjunct to failing endovascular repair of aortic dissections. A variety of treatment options are available for aneurysmal degeneration after thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair. This review also shows that these secondary interventions, in combination with proper surveillance and optimal medical management, are feasible but carry a high all-cause mortality.
Organic phosphorus compounds. 54. A new method for the Preparation of 2-Alkoxysubstituted Vinylphosphonates

A new process for the preparation of 2-alkoxyvinylphosphonates, ROCH CHP(O)(OEt)2 (R CH3, C2H5, C9H19) and 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)vinylphosphonate, HOCH2CH2OCHCHP(O)(OEt)2, is described and the physical properties of the new products are reported. Organische Phosphorverbindungen. 54. Eine neue Methode zur Herstellung von 2-Alkoxy-substituierten Vinylphosphonaten. Eine neue Methode zur Herstellung von 2-Alkoxyvinylphosphonaten, ROCHCHP(O)(OC2H5)2 (R CH3, C2H5, C9H19) und 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-vinylphosphonat, HOCH2CH2OCHCHP(O)(OC2H5)2, wird beschrieben und einige physikalische Eigenschaften der neuen Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt.
SENSOR FUSION USING FUZZY INTEGRAL AND DIVERSE BAYESIAN NETWORKS

Abstract This paper investigates and contrasts the use of different Bayesian networks and a fuzzy integral for real-time sensor fusion using sonar and rangefinder laser values on an ActivMedia robot. Bayesian networks have become increasingly popular because of their ability to capitalize on the conditional probabilities present in an influence chain. The Choquet fuzzy integral, which has primarily been used for statistical analysis, has a great power of description. Comparison of the two methods indicates that noise within the sensor network can drastically affect the accuracy of the results, especially those obtained using the Bayesian network.
Hybrid algorithm for modeling of fluid-structure interaction in incompressible, viscous flows

The objective of this paper is to present and to validate a new hybrid coupling (HC) algorithm for modeling of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in incompressible, viscous flows. The HC algorithm is able to avoid numerical instability issues associated with artificial added mass effects, which are often encountered by standard loosely coupled (LC) and tightly coupled (TC) algorithms, when modeling the FSI response of flexible structures in incompressible flow. The artificial added mass effect is caused by the lag in exchange of interfacial displacements and forces between the fluid and solid solvers in partitioned algorithms. The artificial added mass effect is much more prominent for light/flexible structures moving in water, because the fluid forces are in the same order of magnitude as the solid forces, and because the speed at which numerical errors propagate in an incompressible fluid. The new HC algorithm avoids numerical instability issues associated with artificial added mass effects by embedding Theodorsen’s analytical approximation of the hydroelastic forces in the solution process to obtain better initial estimates of the displacements. Details of the new HC algorithm are presented. Numerical validation studies are shown for the forced pitching response of a steel and a plastic hydrofoil. The results show that the HC algorithm is able to converge faster, and is able to avoid numerical instability issues, compared to standard LC and TC algorithms, when modeling the transient FSI response of a plastic hydrofoil. Although the HC algorithm is only demonstrated for a NACA0009 hydrofoil subject to pure pitching motion, the method can be easily extended to model general 3-D FSI response and stability of complex, flexible structures in turbulent, incompressible, multiphase flows.
Modeling Ion-Permeable β-Amyloid (Aβ) Barrels in the Lipid Bilayer

We modeled Alzheimer's Aβ ion channel in a β-barrel structure embedded in the lipid bilayer using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The β-barrel is characterized by the inclination angle of the β-strands with respect to the pore axis. Our Aβ barrels have two β-strand layers, and each layer has 16 or 20 β-strands that are tilted by ∼37° relative to the membrane normal. In the Aβ barrel simulations, we employed the U-shaped β-strand-turn-β-strand peptides using currently available NMR-based coordinates of non-amyloidogenic p3 (Aβ17-42) and Aβ9-42 peptides. The non-amyloidogenic Aβs resulting from α-secretase and BACE cleavage are often found in amyloid plaques, but the biophysical properties and functional role of these non-amyloidogenic peptides are not understood. In good agreement with previously modeled Aβ ion channels that aligned the β-strands parallel to the pore axis, all Aβ barrels break into loosely-associated mobile β-sheet subunits, verifying that membranes do not support intact β-sheet conformations. We obtain ion-permeable pore-like Aβ barrels whose subunit morphologies and shapes are consistent with AFM images, suggesting that the Aβ barrels are polymorphic conformations of Aβ ion channels in the membrane. The emerging picture from our large-scale simulations is that toxic ion channels formed by β-sheets spontaneously break into loosely-interacting dynamic units which associate and dissociate leading to toxic ionic flux. Funded by NCI Contract HHSN261200800001E (RN) and NIH (NIA) extramural program (RL).
Cultivated hay and fallow/idle cropland confound analysis of grassland conversion in the Western Corn Belt.

The conclusions of a recent study by Wright and Wimberly (1) suggesting that corn/soy cultivation in the Western Corn Belt (WCB) “threatens grasslands” are questionable because of the methods and data used. The study (1) compared National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Cropland Data Layer (CDL) for 2006 with CDL for 2011 (2) and found 530,000 ha of net “grassland conversion” to corn/soy. The study (1) labeled over 3.5 million ha of CDL cropland (alfalfa, other/hay, and fallow/idle) as “grassland” in 2006 and then improperly counted any corn/soy rotation to that land in 2011 as “grassland conversion.” The study also failed to mention that total “grassland” area as defined in the study (1) grew by 1.6 million ha from 2006 to 2011, continuing a 20-y trend of net grassland expansion across the northern plains (3).
Good neighbors can make good fences: a peer-to-peer user security system

The basic concept of good neighbors system is straightforward: users scan friends' machines with a trustworthy "good worm" and patch vulnerabilities, leaving records to propagate the worm through a social network, and to foster social feedback. The intuition is of a community in which users can check each other's security fences and lock them if they are open. Such a system is, of course, not a panacea against all attacks, but offers the potential of a new paradigm in user-focused security. The good neighbors system will help users manage their security needs, yet will not introduce new security risks. The good neighbors system combines the functional scanning and repairing of the "good worm" with the robustness of P2P networks and the embeddedness of social networks. While social and economic underpinnings of this model are addressed, there are also legal considerations. Scanning and altering resources meets the definition of a computer crime in many jurisdictions
The Early Recognition and Treatment of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

1) It is proposed that roentgenograms of the chest be taken on all adult members of the population at six month intervals. This can be done on all healthy individuals, on all hospital admissions, and as part of every pre-employment examination in each industry. Routine chest x-ray films should be performed on all persons seen in the physicians' offices. 2) Since lesions have been overlooked in survey examinations, it is felt that each survey film should be inspected by two competent physicians, one of whom should be a qualified radiologist. Any differences of opinion could then be mediated by appropriate consultation and studies. 3) Although great advances in the ability to diagnose bronchogenic carcinoma have been made, sole reliance on accepted principles of symptomatology and investigative technique fall far short of the immediate goal of saving the lives of the majority of patients with this condition.
Intrahousehold allocation of resources in larger and smaller Mexican households

This paper focuses on aspects of intrahousehold allocation of resources. It suggests that there is a first step involved in understanding household decisions as to allocation or misallocation of food within the household, which is that of understanding intrahousehold allocation of income. In this study, carried out in northwestern Mexico, what has been reported in the literature as examples of unequal access to food, particularly in larger households, may better be considered examples of lack of access on the part of purchasers of household food to all of the income which comes into the household.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Toward a New Definition of `Rational' Medicine

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) promises to make the practice of medicine more fully `rational', thereby increasing medicine's reliability and improving patient health outcomes. However, intractable ...
Sterol conjugates of two phenotypically different calli of Beta vulgaris.

Steryl glycosides are the predominant form of sterol at 88% of the total sterol in non-betalain producing calli of Beta vulgaris. The total sterol decreases and sterol form shifts from steryl glycosides to 97% free sterol upon the transition of non-betalain to betalain producing calli. A substantial decrease in stigmasterol (24α--ethylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol) and sitosterol (24α-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol) levels is observed during this transition, and alters the ratio of Δ7:Δ5 sterols. Spinasterol (24α- ethyl-5α-cholesta-7,22E-dien-3β-ol) is the dominant sterol at 43% and 95% of the total sterol in non-betalain producing and betalain producing calli. The level of 22-dihydrospinasterol (24α-ethyl-5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol) is reduced in both calli to ≤ 3% from 25% in leaves. Lanosterol (4,4,14α-trimethyl-cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3β-ol) and cycloartenol (9β,19-cyclopropyl-4,4,14α-trimethyl-cholest-24-en-3β-ol) were identified in betalain and nonbetalain producing callus respectively.
Experiences of Diverse Students in Teacher Education.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to describe the teacher education experiences of a diverse group of early childhood students. A basic premise guiding the study was that diverse students may experience the program differently and that knowing what their experiences are may help to inform teacher education programs. This work is exploratory, intended to give focus to subsequent research.
Etoposide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after acute and chronic exposure to cisplatin

Purpose The objectives of this study were to determine etoposide pharmacokinetics after both acute and chronic exposure to cisplatin and to evaluate the relationship between etoposide systemic exposure and toxicity in children with neuroblastoma. Patients and methods Seventeen children with newly diagnosed stage C or D neuroblastoma were given continuous infusions of 780 mg/m2 etoposide over 72 hours as part of multiagent chemotherapy. Etoposide pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated on three occasions in each patient: (1) 21 days after the first cisplatin dose (etoposide was given immediately after cyclophosphamide; cumulative cisplatin dose, 90 mg/m2), (2) 2 days after the third cisplatin dose (cumulative cisplatin dose, 270 mg/m2), and (3) 21 days after the final cisplatin dose (etoposide again immediately after cyclophosphamide; cumulative cisplatin dose, 360 mg/m2). Toxicity was scored on the basis of transfusion requirements and need for hospitalization. Results Etoposide systemic clearance decreased acutely when administered 2 days after cisplatin (median of 15.5 ml/min/m2) compared with both the first study (20.0 ml/min/m2) and the third study (19.7 ml/min/m2; p < 0.001). The decrease in clearance resulted in a median 31% increase in etoposide area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) compared with the first study and a 36% increase compared with the third study. Toxicity scores were higher after the second study than after the first or third study (p = 0.01), and etoposide AUC was significantly correlated with toxicity score (p = 0.006). Neither etoposide renal clearance nor catechol excretion differed significantly among the courses. Conclusion There was an acute decrease in etoposide systemic clearance when etoposide immediately followed cisplatin. No persistent decrease in etoposide clearance was noted after a cumulative dose of 360 mg/m2 cisplatin. Etoposide AUC was positively correlated with toxicity in a multidrug regimen. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 56, 503–511; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.171
The many causes of severe congenital neutropenia.

Drs. David Dale and Daniel Link discuss the genetic variants of severe congenital neutropenia. The recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of this disorder have important clinical implications.
Histomorphometric Analysis of the Porcine Mandibular Distraction Wound

Purpose To analyze the sequence of histomorphometric changes in the regenerate during distraction osteogenesis (DO) of the minipig mandible. Materials and Methods A total of 16 minipigs underwent unilateral mandibular DO using a protocol of 0-day latency and a 1-mm/day rate for 12 days, and 24 days of fixation. The mandibles were harvested at mid-DO, end-DO, mid-fixation, and end-fixation. An additional 2 minipigs underwent acute lengthening, and 1 sham control was included. Serial gross examinations and plain radiographs were performed before paraffin embedding. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or hematoxylin/alcian blue/sirius red stain. Histomorphometric analysis was performed to determine the percentage of surface area (PSA) occupied by hematoma, fibrous tissue, cartilage, and bone. Results All 19 minipigs survived the operation, and 17 survived the observation period; 2 were killed because of infection (mid-DO, n = 1 and end-fixation, n = 1). No device failures occurred. Of the 17 specimens, 4 were at mid-DO, 4 at end-DO, 4 at mid-fixation, and 2 at end-fixation; 2 were in the acute lengthening group, and 1 was the sham control. Hematoma was present only at mid-DO (16.61 ± 8.07 PSA) and end-DO (1.17 ± 2.33 PSA). Fibrous tissue decreased from mid-DO (53.12 ± 8.59 PSA) to end-fixation (25.00 ± 0.83 PSA). Cartilage was present in end-DO (1.72 ± 2.71 PSA), mid-fixation (5.82 ± 6.64 PSA), and acute lengthening (1.43 ± 0.95 PSA). Bone increased from mid-DO (25.18 ± 0.99 PSA) to end-fixation (64.89 ± 0.79 PSA) and occurred earlier in the superior and middle thirds of the wounds. Periosteal bone formation predominated over endosteal bone formation early in distraction. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that bone formation in this model consists of both intramembranous and endochondral components, with intramembranous osteogenesis predominating. Bone formation occurred earlier in the superior/middle portions of the wound, possibly owing to osteoinductive properties of developing tooth buds and the inferior alveolar nerve, respectively.
BINARY MIXTURES OF SIMPLE FLUIDS IN STRUCTURED SLIT MICROPORES

The grand canonical Monte Carlo method is used to study a binary mixture of Lennard-Jones atoms confined to an atomically structured slit micropore which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its bulk phase counterpart. In one example, the mixture consists of atoms of two distinct sizes, but with the same minimum depth in potential energy. In another example a binary mixture of different size atoms is again considered, but in the latter case the larger atom has a deeper potential energy minimum. Three mechanisms are found which influence selective adsorption of a mixture species: (i) liquid-like fluid layering, (ii) inplane solid-like ordering and (iii) molecular sieving. The large atoms are completely eliminated from the pore when the wall separation is physically too small for the large atoms to fit, or when both species physically fit in the pore and the small component epitaxially aligns with the surface or freezes. Complete elimination of the small species is not observed. A significant excess of larg...
Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: An Outcome Prognosticator in Human Sepsis

In sepsis, the vitamin D active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) may play a crucial role by its action to produce cathelicidin and improve endothelial barrier function, such that a deficiency in 1,25(OH)2D is associated with poor outcome. To test our hypothesis, we performed analysis of stored plasma samples from a prospective observational study in 91 patients with sepsis, age of 59.1+/−2.0 years, 52.7% females, and 11.0% deaths at 30 days. Vitamin D status, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25(OH)2D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D), and parathyroid hormone (PTH), were measured daily over 3 days after hospital admission. At baseline, 1,25(OH)2D was significantly different between survivors vs. non-survivors. But there was no significant difference in 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D, and PTH. In a multivariable binomial logistic regression model, age, total calcium and 1,25(OH)2D were significant predictors of 30-day mortality. Kaplan Meier analysis showed that patients with mean 1,25(OH)2D measured over 3 days of 13.6 pg/mL (p<0.01). From repeated measures regression analysis, there was significant increase in 1,25(OH)2D for increases in 25(OH)D in both survivors and non-survivors. However, compared to survivors, the low 25(OH)D in non-survivors was insufficient to account for the larger decrease in 1,25(OH)2D, indicating a dysfunctional 1α-hydroxylase. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between PTH and 1,25(OH)2D in both survivors and non-survivors, suggesting a severe impairment in the effect of PTH to increase renal 1α-hydroxylase activity. In conclusion, low 1,25(OH)2D levels are associated with increased 30-day mortality in sepsis patients, likely due to impaired 25(OH)D hydroxylation and PTH insensitivity. Our data also suggest that the active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D may be an important therapeutic target in the design of sepsis clinical trials.
Effects of phosphorylation of serine 40 of tyrosine hydroxylase on binding of catecholamines: Evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism

The effects of phosphorylation at Ser40 of rat tyrosine hydroxylase on the affinities of catechols have been determined with both the ferric and ferrous forms of the enzyme. Phosphorylation had no effect on the Ki value for the inhibition of the ferrous enzyme by either dopamine or DOPA when the initial rate of turnover was measured in assays. However, phosphorylation of the ferric enzyme resulted in a 17-fold decrease in affinity for DOPA and a 300-fold decrease in the affinity for dopamine, while the affinity for dihydroxynaphthalene was unchanged. The changes in binding affinity for the two catecholamines were almost exclusively due to large increases in the dissociation rate constants upon phosphorylation. These results support a novel mechanism for regulation in which phosphorylation affects binding of catecholamines to the catalytically inactive ferric form of the tyrosine hydroxylase.
Still Searching for the Zipperump‐a‐Zoo: A Reflection After 40 Years

In this article, I describe chronologically my attempts over a 40-year career to understand the nature of human intelligence. I explain how later attempts built on earlier ones, with each attempt revealing the earlier one to be too limited and narrow in the questions it asked. In my early work, I envisioned intelligence in terms of components of information processing. Later, I viewed these components as contributing to three distinct but related aspects of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. I came to realize the importance of contextual factors in determining what constitutes adaptive behavior. Still later, I viewed wisdom as part of the mix. The search has been rewarding, except for the fact that I have not yet completed it and never will.
Transgastric organ resection solely with the prototype R-scope and the self-approximating transluminal access technique

Background The self-approximating transluminal access technique (STAT) has been demonstrated to provide safe transluminal access and in-line endoscope positioning to target abdominal organs during natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). To date, organ resection with NOTES has typically required percutaneous assistance. We hypothesized that the in-line positioning and partial stability provided by STAT would allow single-access NOTES procedures if a multiarticulated endoscope could be used. Objective Assessment of single-site NOTES, using STAT and a prototype, multi-articulated endoscope. Design Animal survival study. Setting Penn State Hershey Medical Center Research Laboratories. Interventions Thirteen pigs underwent NOTES using a prototype endoscope with 2 articulated channels, a grasping forceps, and an insulated-tip needle-knife. The gallbladder was dissected using a fundus down technique, and hemoclips and a detachable loop were placed on the cystic duct and artery before removal. After a 2- to 3-week observation period, animals were euthanized and necropsy performed. Results All target organs were successfully resected without laparoscopic assistance. Significant complications were 2 perforations (1 caused by a prototype duodenal occlusion device and 1 caused by enterotomy during cholecystectomy) and 1 entrapment of the small bowel with an endoloop. Postoperatively, all animals gained weight appropriately with 1 killed on postoperative day 12 because of lethargy (cystic duct leak/biloma). Limitations This is a limited animal survival study without control arm. Conclusions The combination of the R-scope and STAT does allow effective, single-site NOTES procedures; however, although the R-scope provides improved tissue manipulation and visibility, the complications incurred here suggest that further improvements in devices and technique will be required for safe and effective single-site NOTES procedures.
Managing Ethically in Times of Transformation Challenges and Opportunities

Ethics has taken center stage in the management of organizations. The underlying values of individuals, groups, and organizations have a significant impact not only on organizations but also on society as a whole. In the past few years, corporate America has witnessed what Rockness and Rockness (2005) described as “the largest dollar level of fraud, accounting manipulations, and unethical behavior in corporate history and certainly the most economic failures and scandals since the 1920s” (p. 31). The bankruptcy of Enron and Global Crossing, the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, and the indictment of senior executives from these and other companies such as Health South and Worldcom/MCI emphasize how a disregard for ethics in decision making can have profound consequences at multiple levels. One way for troubled organizations such as these to rebuild organizational effectiveness is through developing cooperation and trust among organizational entities with which it collaborates (Costa & Katinka, 2007; Vlaar, Van den Bosch, & Volberda, 2007) by focusing on ethics and making their organizational stakeholders believe that their actions are driven by appropriate values. Consequently, companies, the government, and regulatory bodies have become increasingly sensitive to the issues of ethics and social responsibility. Ethics refers to the standards of conduct and moral judgment that individuals and institutions develop throughout time (Gandz & Hayes, 1988). Although ethics provide standards for moral judgment, there are infinite workable sets of norms from which people and institutions make choices, which Group & Organization Management Volume 33 Number 6 December 2008 756-759 © 2008 Sage Publications 10.1177/1059601108326803 http://gom.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com
POSTER: Using Unit Testing to Detect Sanitization Flaws

Input sanitization mechanisms are widely used to mitigate vulnerabilities to injection attacks such as cross-site scripting. Static analysis tools and techniques commonly used to ensure that applications utilize sanitization functions. Dynamic analysis must be to evaluate the correctness of sanitization functions. The proposed approach is based on unit testing to bring the advantages of both static and dynamic techniques to the development time. Our approach introduces a technique to automatically extract the sanitization functions and then evaluate their effectiveness against attacks using automatically generated attack vectors. The empirical results show that the proposed technique can detect security flaws cannot find by the static analysis tools.
Muslim-Christian Trusteeship of the Earth: What Jesus Can Contribute

The call for a global ethic to tackle environmental and social injustice is being responded to by Muslims and Christians alike. The concept of ‘human trusteeship’ of creation belongs to both Muslim and Christian traditions, and is central to this response. In this paper I outline and explore this shared concept as: the faithful and sustainable management of earth’s resources and social solidarity that mandates social justice. I also argue that none of this would be possible without societal stability, which necessitates ‘peacebuilding’. For Muslims there is a renewed interest in the principles and purpose of the Shari’a—guidelines for comportment based on the Quran and prophetic sayings (hadith)—towards a renewed concept of trusteeship of the earth. Whilst in the Christian tradition, Jesus’ lessons of ‘transforming initiatives,’ are a source of inspiration in tackling the threats of global warming and human conflict. Having written about Muslim-Christian trusteeship in great detail, highlighting Muslim re...
Co-planning among science and special education teachers: How do different conceptual lenses help to make sense of the process?

In this study, we investigated the process of teacher co-planning. We examined two teams of high school science and special education teachers brought together to co-plan inclusive, inquiry-oriented science units as part of a professional development effort. We used three conceptual lenses to help make sense of this process: (1) characteristics of collaboration, (2) small group interactions, and (3) community discourse. Using these lenses individually and collectively, we identified strengths and limitations in teachers’ co-planning efforts. A strength was that all teachers, irrespective of discipline, shared ideas and helped make decisions about the content and activities included in unit and lesson plans. A limitation was that teachers, again irrespective of discipline, discussed science education topics in their teams more often than special education ones. We found this latter finding of note as it spoke to issues of parity among teachers during the professional development. In our discussion, we argue that each conceptual lens yielded both unique and common findings on co-planning. We also provide recommendations for professional developers and educational scholars intent on organizing and/or researching co-planning among science and special education teachers.
Who Should be Blamed for Being Sick

That individuals are responsible for staying healthy is becoming a truism of health promotion and health policy. However, it is unclear what the slogan means, whether it is true, and what the consequences would be or should be if it is. A careful examination of the contexts in which the notion of personal responsibility for health occurs reveals a number of distinct arguments for different policy ends, each relying in turn on key unstated assumptions whose validity is doubtful. There is no disputing the minimal claim that most of us would be healthier if we took better care of ourselves. However, assignment of responsibility for health to the individual is usually part of a more far-reaching reassessment of obligations and entitlements in health care and health policy. A assessment of the concept of personal responsibility for health should precede any attempt to draw broad conclusions on rights and duties in maintaining health.
Phased-array and radar astounding breakthroughs — an update

In recent years phased arrays have seen breakthroughs that lead to capabilities not possible in the past. This is exemplified by the development of GaAs integrated microwave circuits called monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC). This integration has reached the point where it is possible to now build a low cost 35 GHz phased array for a missile seeker costing $30/element (total cost of array including all electronics divided by number of elements). This is made possible here because integration allows the whole T/R module to be put on a single chip. For some application it will be possible in the near future to put multiple receivers or transmitters on a single chip now. The advances provided by Moorepsilas Law has now made it is feasible to do digital beam forming (DBF) with all its numerous advantages. It is now possible to do DBF for a 2,500 element array at the element level, a major breakthrough. Also covered will be: the potential for GaN and SiC chips which have the capability of a factor of ten or more higher peak power than GaAs chips; arrays with instantaneous bandwidths of up to 33:1; SiGe low cost T/R modules; low cost MEMS passive arrays; a real radar application for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) as opposed to fantasy has been demonstrated by Lincoln Lab MIT which allows coherent combining of two radars to achieve a 9 dB increase in sensitivity; MIMO also makes possible the optimum removal of clutter in OTH and airborne radars by permitting adaptive control of the transmit antenna pattern in the receiver.
Design and preparation of polyphenyl distance markers for solid-state19F NMR

With 13C-labeled samples, it is possible to measure internuclear distances up to 7 A by solid-state NMR, thus providing a powerful tool for probing ligand—receptor interactions. However, limitations in measurable distances and appreciable natural abundant 13C background signals present problems in solid-state 13C NMR. In order to overcome these disadvantages, a set of reference compounds with known F—F distances, namely, quinolinol, p-biphenyl, and p-terphenyl-bearing trifluoromethyl and trifluoromethylthio groups, have been synthesized. The preparation of these reference compounds and means for diluting these references in solid-state NMR are described.
Learning from Tolstoy: Forgetfulness and Recognition in Literary Edification

Philosophers have often applied a distinctively epistemic framework to the question of how moral knowledge can be derived from fictional literature, by considering how true propositions, or their argumentative support, can be the cognitive fruits of reading works of fiction. I offer an alternative approach. I focus not on whether readers fail to assent to the truth of a proposition or fail to provide it rational support. Instead, I focus on how readers fail to accord a truth (which they already accept) adequate importance in their web of beliefs about living a good human life. This is a form of ignorance, but in the form of neglect, or failure to pay proper regard – which is one sense of the term ‘forgetfulness’. I argue that works of fictional literature may, at times, stimulate audience members to overcome their own particular forms of forgetfulness in this respect. And I use Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich as a case in point.
Law of Conservation of the Capital-Output Ratio

Abstract Just as simple harmonic motion, definable by a variational condition, δ [unk] (½ ẋ2 - ½ x2) dt = 0, has motions which must conserve the sum of kinetic and potential energies, ½ ẋ2 + ½x2 ≅ constant, so in a neoclassical von Neumann economy, where all output is saved to provide capital formation for the system's growth, it will be true that there exists a conservation law—namely the constancy along any intertemporally-efficient motion of the capital-output ratio ΣPtjKtj/ΣPtjKt j. This is derived as an „energy” integral of a time-free integrand1 in an optimal-control problem of variational type.
Satellite color observations of spring blooming in Bering Sea shelf waters during the ice edge retreat in 1980

The temporal and spatial development of the ice-edge bloom and the spring open-water bloom on the eastern Bering Sea shelf was studied using CZCS images of the eastern Bering Sea between April 27 and July 22, 1980. Images of the Norton Sound area taken during the period of ice breakup show that the influence of ice melt on phytoplankton growth is particularly significant where the ice is actively melting. Significant levels (5-30 mg/cu m) of chlorophyll could be seen trailing the ice pack as it melted and moved northward and westward in late April and early May. In the ice-free eastern Bering Sea midsummer image, a northwesterly oriented band of high pigment concentration was seen in the area of the outer domain, suggesting periodic offshore movements of shelf waters.
Compound heterozygous microdeletion of chromosome 15q13.3 region in a child with hypotonia, impaired vision, and global developmental delay.

Homozygous or compound heterozygous microdeletion of 15q13.3 region is a rare but clinically recognizable syndrome manifested by profound intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, intractable seizures, and visual impairment. We identified a compound heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion in a 23-month-old girl with global developmental delay, generalized muscular hypotonia, and visual dysfunction. The larger deletion was approximately 1.28 Mb in size and contained seven genes including the TRPM1 and CHRNA7, while the smaller deletion was estimated to be 410 Kb in size and contained only CHRNA7. Compound heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion is extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge only two such patients have been reported in literature thus far. The findings in our patient suggest that the pathogenesis of visual dysfunction, which is a consistent finding in homozygous/compound heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion depends upon the size of microdeletion. Homozygous loss of TRPM1 likely causes retinal dysfunction while homozygous loss of CHRNA7 alone may lead to visual impairment by cortical mechanisms.
The influence of unionization on job satisfaction and work perceptions

Unionized and nonunionized processing employees were compared on their perceptions of job characteristics and different facets of satisfaction. In addition, the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction were compared for unionized and nonunionized samples. Jobs generally were not significantly different in relation to job challenge for the two groups, but nonunionized employees reported higher levels of some satisfaction measures. The correlations between job characteristics and job satisfaction were stronger in the unionized sample. Implications of the present results and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Relationship between arterial carbon dioxide and end-tidal carbon dioxide when a nasal sampling port is used

End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) values obtained from awake nonintubated patients may prove to be useful in estimating a patient’s ventilatory status. This study examined the relationship between arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and ETCO2 during the preoperative period in 20 premedicated patients undergoing various surgical procedures. ETCO2 was sampled from a 16-gauge intravenous catheter pierced through one of the two nasal oxygen prongs and measured at various oxygen flow rates (2, 4, and 6 L/min) by an on-line ETCO2 monitor with analog display. Both peak and time-averaged values for ETCO2 were recorded. The results showed that the peak ETCO2 values (mean = 38.8 mm Hg) correlated more closely with the PaCO2 values (mean = 38.8 mm Hg; correlation coefficient r = 0.76) than did the average ETCO2 values irrespective of the oxygen flow rates. The time-averaged PaCO2-ETCO2 difference was significantly greater than the PaCO2-peak ETCO2 difference (P < 0.001). Values for subgroups within the patient population were also analyzed, and it was shown that patients with minute respiratory rates greater than 20 but less than 30 and patients age 65 years or older did not differ from the overall studied patient population with regard to PaCO2-ETCO2 difference. A small subset of patients with respiratory rates of 30/ min or greater (n = 30) did show a significant increase in the PaCO2-ETCO2 difference (P < 0.001). It was concluded that under the conditions of this study, peak ETCO2 values did correlate with PaCO2 values and were not significantly affected by oxygen flow rate. However, obtaining peak ETCO2 values is clinically more difficult, especially when partial air-way obstruction is present.
Interplay between superconductivity and antiferromagnetism in a multilayered system

Based on a microscopic model, we study the interplay between superconductivity and antiferromagnetism in a multilayered system, where two superconductors are separated by an antiferromagnetic region. Within a self-consistent mean-field theory, this system is solved numerically. We find that the antiferromagnetism in the middle layers profoundly affects the supercurrent flowing across the junction, while the phase difference across the junction influences the development of antiferromagnetism in the middle layers. This study may not only shed new light on material design and material engineering, but it may also bring important insights to building Josephson-junction-based quantum devices, such as superconducting quantum interference devices and superconducting qubits.
An early venous abnormality: a potential cause of arteriovenous malformation recurrence

In adults, complete surgical resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is generally curative. Recurrence of AVMs is extremely rare and most often delayed over many years. The authors report the case of a man in his 20s with rapid AVM recurrence and dual blood supply from the dura and intracerebral vessels. Early recurrence of the AVM allowed documentation of the early events associated with this recurrence. This was evidenced by the first appearance of an early vein without any signs of abnormal vasculature, suggesting that abnormality of the venous drainage system might be an inciting event in the recurrence and perhaps genesis of AVMs.
Evaluation Of An OTDR Microbend Distributed Sensor

We review the performance of a microbend fiber optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) based distributed strain sensor. A testbed has been developed to evaluate and compare this system to conventional discrete strain gauge sensors. The testbed consists of an aluminum cantilever beam to which have been attached several pairs of strain gauges (for reference) and several microbend transducers. A single standard multimode optical fiber is threaded through the microbend transducers. The fiber is pulse illuminated by a commercial OTDR instrument. The microbend losses are detected as step changes in the returned OTDR signal wave form. The transducers consist of small pairs of opposing sets of teeth, one set mounted on the flexible beam testbed, the other machined into a small, rigid cantilever bar mounted to produce scissor action as the beam flexes. The transducers are biased to produce a step loss with the beam in its neutral position. The direction of beam deformation is then determined by the increase or decrease in the step size. Several transducers along the beam, incorporating the same fiber, permit the acquisition of strain measurements from multiple locations on the structure by processing a single OTDR wave form. The waveform is obtained as the logarithm of the Rayleigh backscattered intensity. The change in the step response of the logarithmic signal caused by each transducer is linear in the in-plane strain produced by displacing the tip of the beam. Repeatability, hysteresis and sensitivity are dependent on the nature and thickness of the fiber coating, signal processing, transducer design, and other less significant factors. We have demonstrated a resolution of 2-3 microstrains over a range of 120 microstrains using transducers with 2 mm pitch in tooth spacing and a 2.5 cm interaction length, mounted on cantilever bars 5 cm in length, and averaging multiple wave forms to improve signal-to-noise ratio.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Coumarin-Based Molecular Probes for Imaging of Myelination

Myelination represents one of the most fundamental biological processes in the vertebrate nervous system. Abnormalities and changes in myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) are seen in many neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). A long-standing goal has been to directly detect and quantify myelin content in order to facilitate diagnosis and therapeutic treatments of myelin-related diseases. In the course of our studies, we have developed a series of small-molecule probes (SMP) as myelin-imaging agents. Among them are coumarin derivatives, which exhibit promising brain permeability and myelin-binding properties. Herein we report a full account of the design and synthesis of coumarin-based SMPs as myelin-imaging agents. Systematic evaluation of these SMPs in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) allowed us to identify some lead agents for potential use as fluorescent dyes for intraoperative nerve mapping in surgical operations or as radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of myelination.
Sub‐catchment melt and long‐term stability of ice stream D, West Antarctica

[1] The apparent long-term persistence and short-term variability of the Siple Coast ice streams of West Antarctica are tied to regional thermal conditions and local basal lubrication. Numerical simulations indicate that the flux of latent heat in a throughgoing hydrologic system fed by melt beneath thick inland ice maintains the lubrication of fast-moving modern and ice-age ice streams despite their tendency to freeze to the bed, and would allow additional thinning and grounding-line retreat.
Taking a lesson from the lawyers: defining and addressing conflict of interest.

Dominic Wilkinson's highly analytic attempt to shift the norm for permissible withdrawal of life support of profoundly disabled newborns from one in which life support may be withdrawn “if and only...
Using Limited Purchase Specification Tests to Perform Full Linear Viscoelastic Characterization of Asphalt Binder

The linear viscoelastic dynamic modulus, |E∗|, has become the primary material property of interest for asphalt concrete mixtures. The shift towards linear viscoelastic characterization of asphalt concrete is due in large part to national efforts to develop new fundamentally based pavement design tools and techniques. Within the pavement community, there is a substantial interest in using predictive models to estimate | E∗| because key structural design decisions are based on its value. Moreover, for many projects, these critical decisions must be made even before the materials are selected. In response to the need for predictive capability, numerous equations have been developed, but most require knowing the asphalt binder shear modulus, |G∗|. This property is currently measured as part of the purchase specification process, but it is not measured at enough temperatures and frequencies to be directly useful with these predictive models. Instead, agencies that want to use the predictive equations must complete additional testing that may require several days to complete and requires the purchase of more sophisticated equipment. It is the purpose of this paper to show ways that the specification data can be processed to provide nearly the same information as a more complete testing suite. This effort is possible because although the specification data are sparse, they still cover the range of conditions that need to be assessed. Additional surrogate models are needed to fully apply the proposed methodology, and the development and verification of these models are presented as well. The ability of the limited data calibration process to match characterization from more complete testing is demonstrated. Finally, it is shown that observed differences between the complete and limited calibration processes are reduced when applying two |E∗| predictive models.
Platelet abnormalities in ischemic heart disease

Forty-seven patients with well documented ischemic heart disease were studied with tests designed to detect “hypercoagulability”: platelet count, platelet aggregation response to dilutions of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen, determination of fibrinolytic activity and thromboelastography. No abnormalities were found in the thromboelastograms, fibrinolytic activity, platelet count or response of platelets to ADP. Most patients demonstrated abnormal platelet reactivity to collagen soon after myocardial infarction. Five patients (but none of the normal subjects or patients with nonischemic heart disease) had a persistent marked abnormality, with platelet hyperresponsiveness to collagen still present 10 to 16 months after infarction. These five patients differed from others with myocardial infarction by being younger, having a paucity of the recognized risk factors and having either normal coronary arteriograms or single obstructive arterial lesions. Each had significantly decreased 51chromium platelet survival time many months after infarction, during an asymptomatic period. One of eight patients with chest pain of the anginal type and normal coronary arteriograms showed similar platelet hyperaggregability. We suggest that some patients with ischemic heart disease, perhaps as many as 10 percent, have chronic abnormal platelet function, best detected by the platelet aggregation response to dilutions of collagen and by platelet survival studies. This may be a primary abnormality in patients with ischemic heart disease whose arteriograms show no advanced coronary atherosclerotic obstructive lesions.
SOCIAL ALTRUISM AND CRIME

Drawing on the theoretical statements of Braithwaite (1989), Cullen (1994), Messner and Rosenfeld (1994), this research examines the influence of social altruism on the level of crime for a sample of U.S. cities. The multivariate analyses clearly indicate that the ratio of contributions to the United Way to aggregate city income, a behavioral approximation of the cultural value of altruism, is inversely related to property and violent crime rates. The implications of these findings for the reduction of crime are discussed.