cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1‐Ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(pyridinyl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids. II. Synthesis

The preparation of a variety of 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-pyridinyl-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids with a range of substituents on the pyridine ring is described. Starting with the appropriately substituted aniline and using the first two steps of the Gould-Jacobs quinoline synthesis the 7-pyridinyl-3-quinolinecarboxylates can be obtained. Ethylation at the 1-position and hydrolysis of the ester group gives the desired acid products. These compounds have significant antibacterial activity: 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is now in clinical study and 7-(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is under advanced evaluation.
A Thermodynamical Theory of Turbulence II. Determination of Constitutive Coefficients and Illustrative Examples

This paper is a continuation of Part I under the same title and is concerned mainly with the determination of the constitutive response coefficients, as well as some simple illustrative examples. First, a system of simplified constitutive equations for incompressible viscous turbulent flow is obtained from the more general system of equations in Part I through a judicial choice of retaining only those terms which appear to represent major features of the turbulent flow. Even for this simplified system of equations, the identification of some of the constitutive coefficients presents a formidable task; and this is especially true in the case of those coefficients that are associated with the presence of the additional independent variables of the theory due to the manifestation of the alignment of eddies (on the microscopic scale), turbulent fluctuation and eddy density. Because of this difficulty, the present effort for identification of the various constitutive coefficients must be regarded partly as tentative, pending future availability of suitable relevant experimental data and/ or pertinent numerical simulation results. Keeping this background in mind, most of the relevant coefficients in the constitutive equations are determined, or the nature of their functional forms are estimated, through consideration of 'cartoon-like' models on the microscopic level and these results are thn used in conjuction with the macroscopic equations of motion to ecamne a number of simple solutions. These include the possiblitity of a flow possessing a constant uniform velocity gradient and solutions pertaining to decay of flow anisotropy and plane turbulent channel flows. The predicted theoretical calculations are in general accord with experimental observations. In addition, for plane channel flow, plots of variation along the width of the channel for the turbulent temperature and the macroscopic velocity compare favourable with corresponding known experimental results.
Antarctic Circumpolar Current Transport Variability during 2003–05 from GRACE

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity data spanning January 2003 - November 2005 are used as proxies for ocean bottom pressure (BP) averaged over 1 month, spherical Gaussian caps 500 km in radius, and along paths bracketing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current's various fronts. The GRACE BP signals are compared with those derived from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) ocean modeling-assimilation system, and to a non-Boussinesq version of the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS). The discrepancy found between GRACE and the models is 1.7 cm(sub H2O) (1 cm(sub H2O) similar to 1 hPa), slightly lower than the 1.9 cm(sub H2O) estimated by the authors independently from propagation of GRACE errors. The northern signals are weak and uncorrelated among basins. The southern signals are strong, with a common seasonality. The seasonal cycle GRACE data observed in the Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors of the ACC are consistent, with annual and semiannual amplitudes of 3.6 and 0.6 cm(sub H2O) (1.1 and 0.6 cm(sub H2O) with ECCO), the average over the full southern path peaks (stronger ACC) in the southern winter, on days of year 197 and 97 for the annual and semiannual components, respectively; the Atlantic Ocean annual peak is 20 days earlier. An approximate conversion factor of 3.1 Sv ( Sv equivalent to 10(exp 6) m(exp 3) s(exp -1)) of barotropic transport variability per cm(sub H2O) of BP change is estimated. Wind stress data time series from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), averaged monthly, zonally, and over the latitude band 40 de - 65 deg S, are also constructed and subsampled at the same months as with the GRACE data. The annual and semiannual harmonics of the wind stress peak on days 198 and 82, respectively. A decreasing trend over the 3 yr is observed in the three data types.
EUTOS score is not predictive for survival and outcome in patients with early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a single institution experience

To validate the recently reported European Treatment and Outcomes Study (EUTOS) score, we applied it to 465 patients with early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia treated with standard-dose imatinib (n = 71), high-dose imatinib (n = 208), or second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (n = 186), and assessed its ability to predict event-free survival (EFS), transformation-free survival (TFS), and overall survival (OS). The median follow-up was 69 months. The overall complete cytogenetic response and major molecular response rates were 92% and 85%, respectively. The 3-year EFS, TFS, and OS rates were 86%, 95%, and 97%, respectively. Of the 465 patients, 427 (92%) were in low EUTOS score category. There was no difference in the major molecular response, TFS, EFS, and OS rates between patients with low and high EUTOS score, overall and within specific therapies. In conclusion, 8% of patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia treated at our institution are in the high EUTOS score; in this population, the EUTOS score was not predictive for outcome.
Recovery of skeletal muscle after laceration and repair

Few data are available regarding structural and functional recovery of lacerated skeletal muscle after repair. This study used the extensor digitorum longus muscle of rabbits to document recovery after laceration and repair and a healing period of 12 weeks. Completely lacerated muscles recovered approximately 50% of their ability to produce tension but were able to shorten to 80% of normal. Partially lacerated muscle bellies recovered approximately 60% of their ability to produce tension and normal ability to shorten. Histologic specimens revealed that the lacerations did not cause necrosis of either segment. After the recovery period, histologic and histochemical sections revealed that the distal segment initially isolated from the nerve supply showed histologic changes of fiber atrophy and size variability, increased fibrosis, and nuclear centralization suggestive of denervation. Dense scar separated the two fragments. Data show that skeletal muscle can recover useful but not normal function after laceration and repair.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons: Simple Autosomal Dominant Trait in the Mouse

MANY mixed function1 oxygenases are membrane-bound multicomponent enzyme systems which require NADPH and molecular oxygen for the oxidative metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons, drugs and insecticides, as well as numerous lipophilic endogenous substrates2–4. Any day to day fluctuations in these enzyme activities may therefore influence the intensity and duration of drug action and also the rate of metabolism of chemical carcinogens, insecticides and many normal body substrates.
Superlattice Thermoelectrics for Thermal Management of Electronics and Optoelectronics

Solid-state cooling technologies using advanced superlattice thermoelectric materials are likely to provide not only near-term solutions for the hot-spots but also scalable refrigeration solutions for the entire chip. We discuss our development efforts with the superlattice thermoelectric technology for advanced microprocessor thermal management. We also discuss the development of similar technologies for application in the thermal management of optoelectronic components. The performance of small footprint thermoelectric modules fabricated using the thin film superlattice materials are discussed. We have begun early reliability studies on the superlattice materials, devices, and modules and the early results are positive. Advanced reliability studies using full Mil-spec and Telecordia-like power cycling are being undertaken for full commercial implementation of such advanced thermoelectric components.© 2005 ASME
Kinking nonlinear elasticity, damping and microyielding of hexagonal close-packed metals

The hexagonal close-packed metals, Ti, Mg, Co, Zr and Zn are of immense technological importance and have been studied extensively for the past 70 years. Despite this large amount of work, the nature of damping and microyielding in these metals has remained unclear. Herein we show that both can be explained by invoking the formation of incipient kink bands (IKBs). IKBs are fully reversible dislocation-based loops that are nucleated on the easy slip planes of plastically anisotropic solids. The results obtained agree exceptionally well with our analytic model that not only successfully explains damping and microyielding, but also allows for the estimation of the critical resolved shear stresses of easy system glide dislocations and the dislocation densities. Based on this and our previous work, it is now apparent that IKBs represent the last piece in the deformation-of-solids puzzle, without which it is impossible to understand their early deformation.
Extracellular potassium activity and axonal conduction in spinal cord of the myelin-deficient mutant rat

We recorded somatosensory evoked potentials SEPs), extracellular K+ ionic activity ([K+]e), and K+ clearance rates in the spinal cords of 14 myelin-deficient mutant rats and 16 normal male littermates at 16-41 days after birth. Tested under pentobarbital anesthesia (25 mg/kg ip) and hypothermic conditions (32-34 degrees C), myelin-deficient rats had longer cortical SEP latencies (67 +/- 20 ms) compared to those in normal siblings (48 +/- 15 ms; P less than 0.05). Mean baseline [K+]e levels were 2.6 +/- 0.5 mM in myelin-deficient rats and 2.6 +/- 0.8 mM in normal siblings. Clearance times of KCl solutions injected into the spinal cord were biphasic and exponential. The mean initial and secondary exponential half-times were 1.0 +/- 0.5 and 2.7 +/- 1.7 min for myelin-deficient rats and 0.8 +/- 0.4 and 3.8 +/- 3.2 min for normal siblings. Repetitive sciatic nerve stimulation (2-20 Hz, 2- to 6-s trains) produced 1-3 mM transient [K+]e rises in thoracic and lumbar cords of myelin-deficient rats. The [K+]e rises were largest in the dorsal spinal cord at 200-500 microns depth. The normal siblings had smaller or no stimulus-induced [K+]e rises. In myelin-deficient rats, injection of 1 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) solution into the thoracic spinal cord completely suppressed the stimulus-induced [K+]e and markedly increased spinal and cortical SEP amplitudes for several hours. In the normal siblings, the 4-AP injections transiently blocked spinal conduction for 20-30 min but thereafter enhanced cortical SEP amplitudes for 2-3 h. We conclude that sciatic nerve stimulation produces spinal cord [K+]e rises in myelin-deficient rat larger than those in the normal siblings, that the [K+]e transients represent increased K+ release rather than impaired K+ clearance, and that the K+ ions come from 4-AP blockable sources.
Synthesis and Properties of a Soluble Polythiophene Derivative with a Urethane Side Chain

Abstract A solution processible thiophene polymer with a hydrogen-bond-forming urethane group in the side chain, viz., poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethanol n-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane] (PURET), has been synthesized. The polymer is soluble in a wide variety of solvents such as chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and trifluoroacetic acid among others. Optical quality thick films are obtained by solution casting. The presence of extensive hydrogen bonding is established with the help of temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopic study indicates the presence of about 33% regio-isomeric defects in the polymer. The polymer forms yellow-colored solutions (λmax = 430 nm) in most of the organic solvents, while in trifluoroacetic acid the polymer is oxidized and exhibits an additional band with an absorption maximum at around 780 nm. The conductivity of the polymer is in the order of 1 S/cm.
Recollections of events, actions and other developments in the growth of the IAF from 1981 to 1990

Abstract The highlights of the Astronautical congresses of the period 1981–1990 are reviewed from the technical, political and anecdotal points of view.
Miniature Interferometer Terminals for Earth Surveying: Ambiguity And Multipath with Global Positioning System

With the recent launching of several satellites of the global positioning system (GPS), a variety of schemes based on radio interferometry have been proposed for the accurate determination of relative positions of receiving terminals on the ground. Provided that the integer-cycle ambiguities of the interferometric phase observations can be correctly resolved, the baseline vector extending from the antenna of one terminal to that of another should be determinable with uncertainty much smaller than the 19-cm wavelength of the GPS transmissions. We propose a method of ambiguity resolution that is suitable for observations made with antennas of low directive gain. Such antennas are compact, but the feasibility of their use has been questioned because observations with them are susceptible to multipath interference. For short-baseline interferometric observations of GPS our method yields correct ambiguity resolution despite severe multipath interference and significant sky blockage, even when instability of the frequency standards governing the separate receiving terminals limits the time span of coherent integration to five minutes.
The influence of CuAlO2 on the strength of eutectically bonded Cu/Al2O3 interfaces

Abstract This work investigates the effect of continuous CuAlO2 interfacial reaction product layers on the strength of eutectic bonded copper–alumina interfaces. The fracture resistance was characterized for interfaces produced by eutectic bonding with and without continuous CuAlO2 interlayers. Results show that continuous CuAlO2 layers can weaken the overall Cu/Al2O3 bond.
The biochemical and physiological characteristics of receptors

Cell surface receptors play a central role in the regulation of both cellular and systemic physiology by mediating intercellular communication, facilitating protein trafficking, and regulating virtually all intracellular processes. Receptor expression is often cell specific and is determined by cellular lineage, genetics, and a variety of factors in the extracellular milieu. As receptors are generally localized on the plasma membrane and differentially expressed in certain cell types and tissues, they provide a potential target for drug delivery. However, since most receptors are integrally connected with intracellular signal transduction networks, targeting via these receptors may elicit a biological response. This review describes some established and emerging concepts regarding the structure and functions of receptors. In addition, some aspects related to the regulation and crosstalk between receptors are discussed.
Bioactivation of carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and bromotrichloromethane: role of cytochrome P-450.

Abstract In order to define the site of bioactivation of CCl4, CHCl3 and CBrCl3 in the NADPH cytochrome c reductase-cytochrome P-450 coupled systems of liver microsomes, the 14C-labeled hepatotoxins were incubated in vitro with isolated rat liver microsomes and a NADPH-generating system. The covalent binding of radiolabel to microsomal protein was used as a measure of the conversion of the hepatotoxins to reactive intermediates. Omission of NADPH, incubation under CO:O2 (8:2) and addition of a cytochrome c reductase specific antisera mardedly reduced the covalent binding of all three compounds. When cytochrome P-450 was reduced to less than 25% of normal by pretreatment of rats with allylisopropylacetamide (AIA), but cytochrome c reductase activity was unchanged, the covalent binding of CCl4, CHCl3, and CBrCl3 was decreased by 63, 83, 70%, respectively. Incubation under an atmosphere of N2 enhanced the binding of CCl4, inhibited the binding of CHCl3 and did not influence the binding of CBrCl3. It is concluded that cytochrome P-450 is the site of bioactivation of these three compounds rather than NADPH cytochrome c reductase and that CCl4 bioactivation proceeds by cytochrome P-450 dependent reductive pathways, while CHCl3 activation proceeds by cytochrome P-450 dependent oxidative pathways.
Numerical study of nozzle wall cooling for nuclear thermal rockets

The flowfields and performance of nuclear thermal rockets, which utilize radiation and film-cooling to cool the nozzle extension, are studied by solving the Navier-Stokes equations and species equations. The thrust level of the rocket for the present study is about 75,000 lb(f) for a chamber pressure of 68 atm(l,000 psi) and a chamber temperature of 2700 K. The throat radius of the nozzle is 0.0936 m and the area ratios of the nozzles are 300 and 500. It is assumed that the flow is chemically frozen and the turbulence is simulated by the modified Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. The calculated results for various area ratios and film mass-flow rates are presented as Mach number contours, variations of nozzle wall temperature, exit profiles, and vacuum specific impulses. The present study shows that by selecting the flow rate of the film-cooling hydrogen and area ratio of the nozzle correctly, high area ratio nozzle extensions can be cooled effectively with radiation and film-cooling without significant penalty in performance.
The political economy of patronal groups

Patronal groups represent a significant category of social organization; they are worthy and even necessary subjects of social science theory, and will require for adequate analysis models which address aspects and institutions of social life that seem inherently unstable, or at least that do not lend themselves to the kind of equilibrium theories now so prominent in studies of group action.
Estimation of TRMM microwave imager antenna temperature during Deep Space Calibration maneuvers

In 1998, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission observatory performed a set of maneuvers known as Deep Space Calibration (DSC) that allowed the TRMM Microwave Imager conically scanning antenna beam to view a known non-polarized calibration scene of 2.7 Kelvin. However, during this period the radiometric transfer function (radiometric counts-to-T A ) was only valid for only a very short portion of main reflector deep space view. This paper discusses three methods of reconstructing the radiometric transfer function thereby providing a longer time series of Antenna Temperature (T A ) for absolute calibration. Earth emission entering into the feed spillover region of the antenna pattern is acknowledged within this paper. The motivation of this work is for preparation of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) DSC maneuvers set for May of 2014.
Why Chinese discount future financial and environmental gains but not losses more than Americans

Understanding country differences in temporal discounting is critical for extending incentive-based environmental policies successfully from developed countries to developing countries. We examined differences between Chinese and Americans in discounting of future financial and environmental gains and losses. In general, environmental use value was discounted significantly more than the monetary values, but environmental existence value was discounted similarly to the monetary values. Confirming previous research, we found that participants discounted gains significantly more than losses. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between culture and gain/loss outcome: Chinese discounted gains but not losses in both outcome categories more than Americans. Open-ended comments suggest that respondents focused on the uncertainty and foregone returns associated with waiting for future rewards when discounting gains, but focused on the magnitude of the losses and the psychology cost of carrying debts when discounting losses.
Dynamics of single DNA molecules under femtonewton forces

Studying the thermal fluctuations of DNA molecules reveals not only a wealth of interesting equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, but is also of importance for understanding the dynamics of DNA in vivo. An instance of the latter is in the context of regulatory functions that require collaborative interactions of distant operator sites on the DNA molecule. These thermal fluctuations are extremely sensitive to mechanical constraints, such as supercoiling or mechanical tension in the DNA. The natural force scale fc on which these fluctuations are sensitive to tension is related to the persistence length l p by f c = k B T/l p = 80 fN, which is generally considered small for a crowded cellular environment. We are studying the dynamics of single DNA molecules under tension under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions using a modified scanning-line laser trap. This technique allows us to apply a constant force between 20 fN and 3 pN to a λ-DNA molecule while we study its behavior under two different conditions: 1) nonequilibrium studies in which we observe the relaxation trajectory of a highly extended DNA molecule as it returns to its equilibrium conformation against an applied optical force, and 2) equilibrium studies which measure fluctuations in the extension of the molecule about its mean with sub-millisecond time resolution as a function of its extension. In the nonequilibrium studies we find a marked deviation from predictions derived from the wormlike-chain (WLC) model for extended DNA molecules. In the equilibrium studies we compute the time-correlation functions of the fluctuations to determine their time constants, and model them with a simple bead-and-spring model. We observe a decrease of the fundamental time constant with increasing extension of the molecule. This suggests that the change in spring constant dominates changes in the intra-chain hydrodynamic coupling between segments as the Gaussian coil unravels into an extended conformation.
Evaluation of agitation within circuit board through — holes

A method is presented for determining the rate and uniformity of solution mass transport to the outer surfaces and within the through-holes of multilayer printed circuit boards. The method is based on the measurement of the diffusion-limited currents for a fast redox reaction at strategically located inert electrode probes. A specially fabricated test board and an electrolyte which hydrodynamically simulates the copper pyrophosphate system are described. Results are presented for a typical agitation scheme based on gas sparging and slow board motion. The method provides the basis for evaluating and improving bath agitation schemes and should be applicable to a variety of systems.
Assessment of display temporal response using a computational observer

— Temporal response is one of the major concerns for liquid-crystal-display (LCD) performance. Fast response time is preferred for high-fidelity image rendering. Several methods have been proposed to improve the LCD temporal performance. A method to assess the impact of temporal responses based on measured or modeled device temporal characteristics with a contrast-sensitive computational observer that is intended to predict human performance is reported. A method to compare different devices and temporal blur reduction approaches has been applied. It was found that slow temporal response of the display device greatly affects signal contrast and observer performance. This methodology, after validation with human observers, could be used to compare different displays with different inter-gray-level transition time profiles.
Treatment of small congenital nevocellular naevi using a combination of ultrapulse carbon dioxide laser and Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser.

This report describes treatment combining Ultrapulse CO2 laser and Q-switched frequency-doubled neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser for a number of congenital nevocellular naevi (CNN). The Ultrapulse CO2 laser removes the superficial component, which contains most of the color, preserving the integrity of the reticular dermis. At a later stage, any residual color is targeted using the Nd-YAG laser. To date, a total of 10 histologically proven CNNs have been treated at the Laser Suite. The median age of the patients was 18 years (range, 13–24 years). All the patients were white females. The patients accepted for treatment had relatively small lesions (mean surface area, 352 mm2; range, 50–1,092 mm2), but the lesions were either cosmetically sensitive or located in an anatomically critical area in which excision could result in a scar that would be unpredictable. The median follow-up period was 24 months. The overall results have been satisfactory, with reduction of color and no significant scarring. The minor textural and pigmentary changes were acceptable to the patients.
A simple and efficient error analysis for multi‐step solution of the Navier–Stokes equations

A simple error analysis is used within the context of segregated finite element solution scheme to solve incompressible fluid flow. An error indicator is defined based on the difference between a numerical solution on an original mesh and an approximated solution on a related mesh. This error indicator is based on satisfying the steady-state momentum equations. The advantages of this error indicator are, simplicity of implementation (post-processing step), ability to show regions of high and/or low error, and as the indicator approaches zero the solution approaches convergence. Two examples are chosen for solution; first, the lid-driven cavity problem, followed by the solution of flow over a backward facing step. The solutions are compared to previously published data for validation purposes. It is shown that this rather simple error estimate, when used as a re-meshing guide, can be very effective in obtaining accurate numerical solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lag in maturation of the brain's intrinsic functional architecture in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood, and there is great interest in understanding its neurobiological basis. A prominent neurodevelopmental hypothesis proposes that ADHD involves a lag in brain maturation. Previous work has found support for this hypothesis, but examinations have been limited to structural features of the brain (e.g., gray matter volume or cortical thickness). More recently, a growing body of work demonstrates that the brain is functionally organized into a number of large-scale networks, and the connections within and between these networks exhibit characteristic patterns of maturation. In this study, we investigated whether individuals with ADHD (age 7.2–21.8 y) exhibit a lag in maturation of the brain’s developing functional architecture. Using connectomic methods applied to a large, multisite dataset of resting state scans, we quantified the effect of maturation and the effect of ADHD at more than 400,000 connections throughout the cortex. We found significant and specific maturational lag in connections within default mode network (DMN) and in DMN interconnections with two task positive networks (TPNs): frontoparietal network and ventral attention network. In particular, lag was observed within the midline core of the DMN, as well as in DMN connections with right lateralized prefrontal regions (in frontoparietal network) and anterior insula (in ventral attention network). Current models of the pathophysiology of attention dysfunction in ADHD emphasize altered DMN–TPN interactions. Our finding of maturational lag specifically in connections within and between these networks suggests a developmental etiology for the deficits proposed in these models.
Elemental fingerprinting of gypsum drywall using sector field ICP-MS and multivariate statistics

Outgassing of volatile sulphur compounds from gypsum drywall from some sources has resulted in odours, corrosion of wiring and metals and health problems for homeowners. Infrared spectroscopy has been the primary analytical tool to identify ‘problematic’ drywall. In this paper, we demonstrate that elemental fingerprinting using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics is an effective alternative. The approach also showed potential in determining the geographic source of gypsum. Nineteen elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn) were measured in 20 samples of drywall, half of which were classified as positive for contamination by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Gypsum from three different mines and a flue gas desulphurisation plant were also analysed. Principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance of the elemental data showed significant differences between the problematic and non-problematic drywall a...
Exploring device-to-device communication for mobile cloud computing

With the popularity of smartphones and explosion of mobile applications, mobile devices become the prevalent computing platform for convenient communication and rich entertainment. Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is proposed to overcome the limited resources of mobile systems. However, when users access MCC through wireless networks, cellular network is likely to be overloaded and Wi-Fi connectivity is intermittent. Therefore, device-to-device (D2D) communication is exploited as an alternative for MCC. An important issue in exploring D2D communication for MCC is how users can detect and utilize the computing resources on other mobile devices. In this paper, we propose two mobile cloud access schemes: optimal and periodic access schemes, and study the corresponding performance of mobile cloud computing (i.e., mobile cloud size, node's serviceable time percentage, and task success rate). We find that optimally, node's serviceable time percentage and task success rate approach 1. Using more practical periodic access scheme, node's serviceable time percentage and task success rate are determined by the ratio of contact and inter-contact time between two nodes.
Comparison of Findings in Patients With Versus Without Atrial Fibrillation Just Before Isolated Mitral Valve Replacement for Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis (With or Without Associated Mitral Regurgitation)

Among 104 patients with mitral stenosis (MS) severe enough or symptomatic enough to warrant mitral valve replacement (MVR), 47 (45%) had atrial fibrillation (AF) and 57 (55%) had sinus rhythm just before the MVR. Of the latter 57 patients, 21 (37%) had had previous episodes compatible with AF. If these 21 patients were included with the 47 patients with electrocardiographic documentation of AF just before MVR, a total of 68 (65%) would have had ≥1 presumed episodes of AF before MVR. The 13 patients with previous mitral commissurotomy had a frequency of AF similar to that of the 91 whose first operation was MVR. Compared with the patients with sinus rhythm just before MVR, those with AF had more heart failure (functional class III or IV preoperatively, 79% vs 62%), larger left atria (6.0 vs 5.2 cm), larger left ventricles in peak systole (4.0 vs 2.6 cm), and more had 2 or 3 coronary arteries narrowed >50% in diameter (23% vs 10%).
Resolution of the fluorescence spectra of plant pigment-complexes using trilinear models

The intensity of fluorescence from a pigment is separately linear in functions of excitation wavelength, emission wavelength, and any chemical treatment which alters overall fluorescence yield. This multiple linearity permits the use of an extension of principal components analysis to resolve overlapping spectra without the use of any additional information. The method is used to resolve the spectra of pigment complexes in pea thylakoids, using the concentration of Mg 2+ as the chemical treatment variable. Two components could be resolved accurately. One has little or no dependence on Mg 2+ ; the other, with an ecitation spectrum resembling LHC II, has a dependence on Mg 2+ which follows the Hill equation with a binding constant of 0.4–0.6 mM and a Hill coefficient of 2.4–3.1.
A two-year follow-up on the effect of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisone and cortisone ointment in a case of pemphigus foliaceus.

THE 52-year-old white woman described in this paper, in whom the diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus was conclusively established, has been the subject of investigations reported in two previous communications (1, 2); and more recent photographs of this patient have appeared in Selye's Annual Report on Stress, 1951 (pp. 425–428). Observations previously reported demonstrated that remissions could be induced repeatedly with ACTH and that relapses invariably followed the withdrawal of this hormone; further, that after becoming completely refractory to ACTH this patient still responded to cortisone given systemically, and that remissions thus obtained could be enhanced by topical applications of cortisone to persistent lesions. In addition, observations made since October 1950 have shown that by various combinations of ACTH and cortisone it has been possible to control a “terminal” case of generalized pemphigus foliaceus to the point where, at present, the patient has returned as a useful member to her community.
On the pathogenesis of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia.

Examples of acanthosis of epithelium of skin appendages are illustrated and a concept of pathogenesis of some instances of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia from acanthotic appendages is presented.
Human natural killer (NK) cells produce a late-acting B-cell differentiation activity.

The supernatant of unstimulated purified NKH-1 bearing human natural killer (NK) cells was found to enhance ongoing immunoglobulin synthesis. This NK-Cell supernatant (NKSN) enhanced IgE, IgG, and IgA synthesis from corresponding B-cell lines without increasing thymidine incorporation or cell number. Separation of NKH-1+ cells into CD3- or CD3+ cells showed that this activity was produced by the CD3- population. Recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, interferon (INF)-beta 1, INF-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, or partially purified low molecular weight B-cell growth factor (BCGF) failed to provide the same enhancement of Ig synthesis. While the NKSN contained small amounts of IL-6 (0.1 U/ml) and IL-6 could increase Ig synthesisin vitro, the optimal IL-6 enhancement was far less than that observed with NKSN. NKSN also enhanced ongoing Ig synthesis fromin vivo activated B cells obtained from peripheral blood or bone marrow but failed to induce Ig synthesis from resting orin vitro activated B cells. These results demonstrate that human NK (CD3-, NKH-1+) cells can produce B-cell differentiation activity capable of regulating Ig productionin vivo, which appears to be distinct from the activity of previously described cytokines.
On the finiteness of the superstring

Abstract We show the off-shell vanishing of all massless two-loop amplitudes with less than four particles for closed superstrings in ten-dimensional flat spacetime. This is achieved by employing a non-singular, unitary gauge in the period matrix representation of the Polyakov path integral. Locating the picture-changing operators at the zeroes of a particular holomorphic one-form allows us to sum over spin structures by virtue of the Riemann identity. We test our results in the factorization limit and comment on the structure of the two-loop four-point function.
Evaluation Innovations for Environments of Systemic Social Change

Transformed societal relationships in nations emerging from former Soviet influence present unique evaluation challenges. Altered links between governance and instruction create a climate in which the instruments for evaluation must differ not only in their scope but also in their intent. A central question in evaluating educational reform is how classroom, local school and community data can be made accessible to policy-makers who may not have the time, the training or the inclination to search through what has been traditionally regarded as ethnographic data. This article shares frameworks designed to: frame qualitative evaluation data in a manner that addresses both macro perspectives of communities and micro concerns of individuals; illuminate educational obstacles and conflicts surrounding the conditions and consequences of reformed social policies; portray the social, cultural and psychological concerns of participants in their acceptance or rejection of changed policies; and develop clarity in repr...
3D stacking of high-performance processors

In most 3D work to date, people have looked at two situations: 1) a case in which power density is not a problem, and the parts of a processor and/or entire processors can be stacked atop each other, and 2) a case in which power density is limited, and storage is stacked atop processors. In this paper, we consider the case in which power density is a limitation, yet we stack processors atop processors. We also will discuss some of the physical limitations today that render many of the good ideas presented in other work impractical, and what would be required in the technology to make them feasible. In the high-performance regime, circuits are not designed to be “power efficient;” they're designed to be fast. In power-efficient design, the speed and power of a processor should be nearly proportional. In the high-performance regime, the frequency is (ever progressingly) sublinear in power. Thus, when the power density is constrained - as it is in high-performance machines, there may be opportunities to selectively exploit parallelism in workloads by running processor-on-processor systems at the same power, yet at much greater than half speed.
Adequacy of endoscopic ultrasound core needle biopsy specimen of nonmalignant hepatic parenchymal disease.

Background & Aims The adequacy and diagnostic yield of hepatic parenchymal disease Trucut biopsy have not been determined. Therefore, our aim was to determine the adequacy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–guided Trucut liver biopsy for histopathologic evaluation to include the number of complete portal tracts contained per millimeter of acquired tissue. Methods A single institution retrospective review was made of 9 prospectively identified patients who underwent a transgastric left liver lobe EUS-guided Trucut biopsy during a 36-month period. Results Adequate diagnostic material, to include complete portal tract number evaluation (median, 7) and connective tissue staining, was acquired to establish a histopathologic diagnosis in all 9 cases. Sixty-three complete portal tracts were established, resulting in 0.4 portal tracts per millimeter of tissue acquired. Findings established by EUS Trucut left liver lobe biopsy included mild steatosis (n = 4), cryptogenic cirrhosis (n = 2), chronic ductopenic biliary tract disease (n = 1), portal fibrosis with ductular proliferation (n = 1), and alcoholic cirrhosis with hemosiderosis (n = 1). Conclusions EUS-guided Trucut left liver lobe biopsy yields suitable aggregate tissue for diagnostic purposes to establish the presence of chronic liver disease.
P-Wave Morphology and the Risk of Incident Ischemic Stroke in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background and Purpose— Emerging data suggest that left atrial disease may cause ischemic stroke in the absence of atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF). If true, this condition may provide a cause for many strokes currently classified as cryptogenic. Methods— Among 6741 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were free of clinically apparent cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease (including AF) at baseline, we examined the association between markers of left atrial abnormality on a standard 12-lead ECG—specifically P-wave area, duration, and terminal force in lead V 1 —and the subsequent risk of ischemic stroke while accounting for incident AF. Results— During a median follow-up of 8.5 years, 121 participants (1.8%) had a stroke and 541 participants (8.0%) were diagnosed with AF. In Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for potential baseline confounders, P-wave terminal force in lead V 1 was more strongly associated with incident stroke (hazard ratio per 1 SD increase, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.44) than with incident AF (hazard ratio per 1 SD, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.21). The association between P-wave terminal force in lead V 1 and stroke was robust in numerous sensitivity analyses accounting for AF, including analyses that excluded those with any incident AF or modeled any incident AF as having been present from baseline. Conclusions— We found an association between baseline P-wave morphology and incident stroke even after accounting for AF. This association may reflect an atrial cardiopathy that leads to stroke in the absence of AF.
Antiplatelet therapy for recurrent stroke prevention: newer perspectives based on (MATCH), (CHARISMA), and (ESPRIT)

Antiplatelet therapy is an important component of our armamentarium for recurrent stroke prevention. Aspirin is a safe and effective antiplatelet drug for recurrent stroke prevention, however, it has been challenged recently by the thienopyridine derivative, clopidogrel, and the combination agent, aspirin plus extended release dipyridamole. In this review, we discuss recent studies of thienopyridine derivatives and aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole in stroke prevention and evidence-based guidelines for the administration of these agents in practice for recurrent stroke prevention.
Physical Fitness as a moderator of cognitive work capacity and fatigue onset under sustained combat-like operations

A study was devised to investigate the role of physical fitness in moderating both cognitive work capacity and fatigue onset under sustained combat operations. Sixteen male ROTC cadets were followed through a 2.5-day, Pre Ranger Evaluation exercise. Prior to the start of the exercise, the cadets’ overall level of physical fitness was assessed by using five fitness indices (Harvard Step Test, chin-ups, push-ups, sit-ups, and two-mile run). Cognitive performance and subjective measures of fatigue state were assessed at regular intervals before, during, and 1 day after the exercise. The results suggest that fitness may attenuate decrements in cognitive work capacity for certain tasks requiring prolonged mental effort, particularly as the cumulative effects of sleep loss and other stressors begin to mount. Similarly, the results suggest that as overall stress levels increase, fitness may have a beneficial effect in moderating fatigue rate. Fitness did not significantly enhance the recovery process with respect to cognitive work capacity, and actually appeared to hinder recovery from fatigue.
Why do high school seniors drink? Implications for a targeted approach to intervention.

The transition from high school to college provides a potentially critical window to intervene and reduce risky behavior among adolescents. Understanding the motivations (e.g., social, coping, enhancement) behind high school seniors’ alcohol use could provide one important avenue to reducing risky drinking behaviors. In the present study, latent class analysis was used to examine the relationship between different patterns of drinking motivations and behaviors in a sample of 12th graders (N = 1,877) from the 2004 Monitoring the Future survey. Unlike previous variable-centered analyses, this person-centered approach identifies types of motivations that cluster together within individuals and relates membership in these profiles to drinking behaviors. Results suggest four profiles of drinking motivations for both boys and girls, including Experimenters, Thrill-seekers, Multi-reasoners, and Relaxers. Early initiation of alcohol use, past year drunkenness, and drinking before 4 p.m. were associated with greater odds of membership in the Multi-reasoners class as compared to the Experimenters class. Although the strength of these relationships varied for boys and girls, findings were similar across gender suggesting that the riskiest drinking behavior was related to membership in the Multi-reasoners class. These findings can be used to inform prevention programming. Specifically, targeted interventions that tailor program content to the distinct drinking motivation profiles described above may prove to be effective in reducing risky drinking behavior among high school seniors.
Local intermodal energy transfer of the secondary instability in a plane channel

A mathematical technique for analyzing local energy-transfer rates among wave-vector triads is developed and applied to the data generated by direct numerical simulations of waves with various types of initial conditions. Starting the simulation with a primary two-dimensional wave and random noise produced structures very similar to those which evolved from three-dimensional center modes. The local transfer rates determined in this case help to explain the eventual deformation of the primary two-dimensional wave which was observed in wind-tunnel experiments. Including weak streamwise vortices in the initial flow field results in large amounts of energy being transferred to the K-type modes early in the simulation. The later development of the waves (and hence the energy-transfer rates) is similar to the previous case.
Dynamic fluxionality and enhanced CO adsorption in the presence of coadsorbed H2O on free gold cluster cations

Abstract This paper presents mass spectrometry measurements of the saturated adsorption of CO in the presence of coadsorbed H2O on gas phase gold cluster cations, Aun+, n = 3–20, stored in a quadrupole ion trap. Initial mass spectra obtained at 150 K for specific cluster ion sizes as a function of CO pressure and reaction time, indicate increased CO saturation levels correlated with the coadsorption of background H2O vapor. Subsequent to these low temperature experiments, measurements were made of CO and H2O coadsorbed on Au6+ as a function of reaction time at 300 K. These mass spectra indicate that the reaction rate at constant CO pressure increases by an order of magnitude for a constant H2O pressure. First-principles density-functional theory calculations in conjunction with the above measurements allowed identification of energy barriers that control dynamic structural fluxionality between adsorption complexes that depends strongly on preadsorbed water. The calculations revealed that in the presence of H2O the energy barrier for the transition state between ground-state triangular and the incomplete hexagonal isomers of the [Au6(CO)3(H2O)2]+ complex is reduced to ∼0 eV and the exothermicity is increased by 0.43 eV. The theoretical results also identified kinetic pathways exhibiting a transition of the incomplete hexagonal isomer of [Au6(ih)(CO)3(H2O)2]+ to the final saturated complex, Au6(ih)(CO)4+. The energetics and kinetic pathway calculations are consistent with increased formation rates of Au6(CO)4+ as observed in mass spectra. The insights gained from these theoretical results not only explain measurements of the CO saturated adsorption on Au6+ in the presence of water, but also assist in rationalizing coadsorption results obtained over the broader range of cluster size at 150 K.