cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Links Between Viral Infections and Heart Disease

Several different viruses have been isolated from diseased heart tissues of infants and children, rarely adults. Molecular nucleic acid (in situ hybridization and PCR) and serologic studies of adult heart tissues and sera, respectively, identified five potential major viral etiologic agents of heart disease, with enteroviruses being most frequent. Most coxsackievirus, specifically CVB3, strains (~80%) isolated from humans are not cardiovirulent in mice. Excellent CVB3-murine models of acute and chronic myocarditis exist. The age, gender and genetic background of the murine strain at infection with a cardiovirulent CVB3 determine whether acute myocarditis is resolved or transits to chronic heart disease. In murine models of CVB3-induced chronic disease, infectious virus is rarely isolated from heart tissue at 14-20 days post-inoculation (pj.), yet months later in situ hybridization or RT-PCR can detect CVB3 genomic sequences in focal myocardial lesions. Murine strains with CVB3-induced chronic myocarditis develop humoral and cell-mediated autoimmune responses to cardiac myosin and other normal host molecules. Some neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to CVB3 recognize epitopes on cardiac myosin and induce myocardial disease. Conversely, some monoclonal antibodies to murine and human cardiac myosin neutralize CVB3 or bind to epitopes on CVB3 capsid proteins. CVB3 infection of murine strains with specific genetic backgrounds induces chronic myocarditis whose immunopathogenesis involves autoimmune responses via molecular mimicry to heart tissue antigens. However, the persistent viral RNA in heart tissue cells provides the focus, via induction of proinflammatory cytokines, for targeting autoimmune responses to induce focal myocardial lesions in those strains of mice that develop CVB3-induced chronic myocarditis.
Seabird Census and Study Techniques

In order to carry out an effective conservation programme, or to model bird population dynamics, accurate data on the size and dynamics of avian populations are required.
Is There an Analytic Theory of Automorphic Functions for Complex Algebraic Curves

The geometric Langlands correspondence for complex algebraic curves differs from the original Langlands correspondence for number fields in that it is formulated in terms of sheaves rather than functions (in the intermediate case of curves over finite fields, both formulations are possible). In a recent preprint, Robert Langlands made a proposal for developing an analytic theory of automorphic forms on the moduli space of $G$-bundles on a complex algebraic curve. Langlands envisioned these forms as eigenfunctions of some analogues of Hecke operators. In these notes I show that if $G$ is an abelian group then there are well-defined Hecke operators, and I give a complete description of their eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. For non-abelian $G$, Hecke operators involve integration, which presents some difficulties. However, there is an alternative approach to developing an analytic theory of automorphic forms, based on the existence of a large commutative algebra of global differential operators acting on half-densities on the moduli stack of $G$-bundles. This approach (which implements some ideas of Joerg Teschner) is outlined here, as a preview of a joint work with Pavel Etingof and David Kazhdan.
A Novel Integrative Multiomics Method Reveals a Hypoxia-Related Subgroup of Breast Cancer with Significantly Decreased Survival

The remarkable growth of multi-platform genomic profiles has led to the multiomics data integration challenge. The effective integration of such data provides a comprehensive view of the molecular complexity of cancer tumors and can significantly improve clinical outcome predictions. In this study, we present a novel network-based integration method of multiomics data as well as a clustering technique involving the Wasserstein (Earth Mover9s) distance from the theory of optimal mass transport. We applied our proposed method of integrative Wasserstein-based clustering (iWCluster) to invasive breast carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. The subtypes were characterized by the concordant effect of mRNA expression, DNA copy number alteration, and DNA methylation as well as the interaction network connectivity of the gene products. iWCluster is substantially more effective in distinguishing clusters with different survival rates as compared to isolated one-dimensional conventional omics analysis. Applying iWCluster to breast cancer TCGA data successfully recovered the known PAM50 molecular subtypes. In addition, iWCluster preserves the gene-specific data, which enables us to interpret the results and perform further analysis of significant genes for a specific cluster. The gene ontology enrichment analysis of significant genes in our substantially low survival subgroup leads to the well-known phenomenon of tumor hypoxia and the transcription factor ETS1 whose expression is induced by hypoxia. Increased expression of ETS1 is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and worse prognosis in breast cancer. Consequently, we believe iWCluster has the potential to discover novel subtypes by accentuating the genes that have concordant multiomics measurements in their interaction network, which are challenging to find without the network inference or with single omics analysis.
Genetic and germplasm studies with several isoenzyme loci in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr)

12 Introduction 12 Materials and Methods 13 Results and Discussion 14 References 16 SECTION II. INHERITANCE AND LINEAGE STUDIES TVITH FIVE ISOZYME LOCI IN SOYBEAN 20 Abstract 20 Introduction 20 Materials and Methods 21 Results 24Discussion 28 References 31 SECTION III. GENETIC STUDIES WITH TWO SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE LOCI IN SOYBEAN 50 Abstract 50 Introduction 50 Materials and Methods 52 Results 53 Discussion 55
Influence of child-targeted fast food TV advertising exposure on fast food intake: A longitudinal study of preschool-age children.

Abstract Introduction Fast food (FF) advertising is a potential risk factor for FF consumption among children, yet the impact of such advertising on children's FF intake has not been assessed in a longitudinal, naturalistic study. Whether parents' FF consumption mitigates advertising effects is also unknown. Methods One-year, longitudinal study among 624 preschool-age children, 3–5 years old, and one parent each recruited from New Hampshire, 2014–2015. Parents completed six online surveys every eight weeks and, at each, reported the number of times their children consumed FF in the past week. Each child's advertisement exposure was determined by counting the brand-specific FF advertisements aired within the programs they viewed on children's TV networks during the study. At baseline, parents reported the frequency of their own FF consumption. Data were analyzed in 2017–2018. Results Three FF brands targeted TV advertising to children during the study: McDonald's, Wendy's and Subway. Few children were exposed to child-targeted advertising for Wendy's or Subway. Results from adjusted Poisson regression models focused on McDonald's showed a differential effect of advertisement exposure on children's McDonald's intake in the past week (any or mean intake) by parental FF consumption (P Conclusions Results suggest that child-targeted FF advertising may mitigate the protective effect of infrequent parental FF intake on children's FF intake.
Interaction of calcium lignosulfonate with tricalcium silicate, hydrated tricalcium silicate, and calcium hydroxide

Abstract Tricalcium silicate, bottle-hydrated tricalcium silicate and calcium hydroxide were each treated with 0.015–1.0% calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) using water or dimethyl sulfoxide. At low CLS concentrations C 3 S hydrates and irreversibly adsorbs CLS. At concentrations beyond about 0.25–0.35% the hydration of C 3 S is inhibited. Bottle-hydrated C 3 S adsorbs CLS irreversibly in both the aqueous and the non-aqueous media. The CH phase also irreversibly adsorbs CLS. Dispersion and the formation of basic CLS are indicated.
Follower Attributes: Perceptions of Leadership and Followership Experts in the United States

This study identifies the most important characteristics of followers as perceived by followership and leadership experts in the United States. The grounded theory constructed as a result of the study reveals that (a) scarcity of followership courses in academic curricula can be explained by the negative stereotype of the term follower prevalent in the Western society, (b) follower skills can be taught, (c) followership should be taught every time leadership is taught at academic levels ranging from high school to post graduate, and (d) 17 follower attributes are suggested for the purpose of teaching individuals.
Impedance Sensing Integrated Directly into a Power Amplifier Output Matching Network

This work presents a radio-frequency power amplifier (RF PA) with load impedance sensing integrated directly into the output matching network (OMN), for in-situ monitoring in applications such as electronically steered phased arrays. Using reflectometry techniques that have been previously applied to sampled transmission lines and other six-port reflectometers, power sampling is instead applied directly to the existing OMN of a class-AB harmonically-tuned PA. This enables load impedance variations to be directly measured without requiring additional elements in the RF path. The prototype sampled-OMN PA demonstrates nearly identical RF performance when characterized with and without impedance sensing. Initial results based on load pull measurements demonstrate the feasibility of this sensing approach.
Scattering, Absorption, and a Detailed Look at the Field Near an Absorbing Particle

A radiating system of charges which is radiating into field-free space is necessarily an exporter of energy, and must therefore have access to energy to keep radiating. However, if it is radiating into a region of space already occupied by a strong field of exactly its own frequency, then it may be either an importer or exporter of energy, depending on the phase relationship of its field to the external field. The effect can be large enough that in the case of a passive system of charges not having access to an energy source, enough energy can be imported from the external field to power the radiation by the system, and even to supply further energy if the system is dissipative as well. If we consider these two importations of energy separately, we see the system as a radiation scatterer in the first, and as a radiation absorber in the second, with the second role being dependent on the first in this way of viewing the matter. The efficiency of the energy extraction process is such in the soft x-ray region that the absorbed energy can considerably exceed the scattered energy.
Positron emission tomography absolute stress myocardial blood flow for risk stratification in nonischemic cardiomyopathy

Sudden cardiac death is a substantial cause of mortality in patients with cardiomyopathy, but evidence supporting implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation is less robust in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) than in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Improved risk stratification is needed. We assessed whether absolute quantification of stress myocardial blood flow (sMBF) measured by positron emission tomography (PET) predicts ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and/or death in patients with NICM. In this pilot study, we prospectively followed patients with NICM (LVEF ≤35%) and an ICD who underwent cardiac PET stress imaging with sMBF quantification. NICM was defined as absence of angiographic obstructive coronary stenosis, significant relative perfusion defects on imaging, coronary revascularization, or acute coronary syndrome. Endpoints were appropriate device therapy for VA and all-cause mortality. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients who had no prior history of VA (i.e., the primary prevention population). We followed 37 patients (60±14 years, 46% male) for 41±23 months. The median sMBF was 1.56 mL/g/min [IQR 1.00-1.82]. Lower sMBF predicted VA, both in the whole population (HR for each 0.1 mL/g/min increase: 0.84, P=0.015) and in the primary prevention subset (n=27; HR for each 0.1 mL/g/min increase: 0.81, P=0.049). Patients with sMBF below the median had significantly more VA than those above the median, both in the whole population (P=0.004) and in the primary prevention subset (P=0.046). Estimated 3-year VA rates in the whole population were 67% among low-flow patients vs. 13% among high-flow patients, and 39% vs. 8% among primary-prevention patients. sMBF did not predict all-cause mortality. In patients with NICM, lower sMBF predicts VA. This relationship may be useful for risk stratification for ventricular arrhythmia and decision-making regarding ICD implantation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Spatial-temporal-multicomponent analysis of the characteristic of the incidence of hepatitis E in Zhejiang Province

Objective To analyze the spatial-temporal characteristic of the incidence of hepatitis E (HEV) in Zhejiang Province. Methods Data related to HEV cases in Zhejiang Province in 2015 were collected from the Infectious Disease Reporting Information System in the Information System of Disease Prevention and Control of China. The ArcGIS (10.0) was used to analyze the spatial autocorrelation, R software was used to explore the spatial-temporal-multicomponent of the incidence based on the epidemic component, autoregressive component and endemic component. Results There were 1 738 cases identified and the incidence of HEV in Zhejiang Province in 2015 was 3.16/105. There were obvious regional clustering of the cases (P < 0.05), the northwest regional of Zhejiang had higher incidence of aggregation. The impact of the epidemic component was strong in most of the districts of Hangzhou Municipality, parts of Huzhou and Jiaxing Municipality. The impact of autoregressive component was strong in the main urban area of Hangzhou Municipality, Lin'an and Wenlin. The impact of endemic component was relatively lower and autoregressive component was the same in a whole area. Conclusion The spatial-temporal characteristic of the incidence of HEV in different areas are heterogeneous, it is suggested that the risk factors maybe different and targeted strategies should be taken to control the disease. Key words: Hepatitis E; Spatial-temporal-multicomponent model; Spatial autocorrelation
Tem Observations of Interfacial Defects in Mocvd GaAs on Single Crystal Ge Substrates

The growth of high quality GaAs layers on single crystal Ge substrates has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. Currently under development at NREL is the GaAs/GalnP-on-Ge high efficiency multi-junction solar cell. Unlike other heteroepitaxial systems such as GaAs-on-Si, physical properties such as the lattice parameter and thermal expansion coefficient of the Ge and GaAs are much closer. Further, Ge has a bandgap of 0.7 eV that makes it a suitable bottom cell in a multi-junction stack. However, the growth of GaAs on Ge is not a straightforward process, and little is known about the Ge surface and the nucleation of GaAs on Ge in the MOCVD environment. In this study, TEM results show that a number microstructural defects are associated with the Ge/GaAs interface and the initial stages of growth.
Impacts of global warming on southern California's winegrape climate suitability

Abstract Southern California has seen a resurgence of winegrowing regions in the past few decades, however the future of winegrape climatic suitability in the area has not been exhaustively explored. This study evaluated the future climate suitability for the cultivation of winegrape and potential global warming impacts on southern California's winegrowing regions through a series of high-resolution surface air temperature and precipitation projections obtained with the WRF-SSIB regional climate model. Results reveal that by mid-21st-century the surface air temperature will increase by approximately 1.2 °C, while average precipitation will decrease by as much as 11% in the southern winegrowing areas under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change high greenhouse-gas emissions scenario. Evaluation of bioclimatic suitability indices indicate increases in heat accumulation for all major winegrowing areas; including an increase of about 10% in growing-degree day, while morning low temperatures in September may experience increases of approximately 11% in the future, thus impacting negatively the ripening stage of grapevines and leading to changes in wine composition and quality. Additionally, the extent of areas classified under the cool to warm climate suitability categories could decrease by nearly 42% in the study area by 2050. Conditions in southern California are already warm and dry for viticulture and continuing heat accumulation increase, along with rainfall reduction, could potentially place additional stress to winegrape crop in the area, including advanced phenological timing and moisture deficit stress that could lead to decreases in yield. The projected decline in viticulture suitability highlights the need for adaptive capacity within this sector to mitigate the impacts of global warming. Possible mitigating strategies include planting hotter climate grape varieties, moving vineyards to regions that are more suitable in the future, and adopting dry-farming techniques.
Derivation of the Theoretical Minimum Energy of Separation of Desalination Processes

Minimizing the energy consumption of desalination processes is an important goal for augmenting freshwater production and mitigating water scarcity. Chemical, civil, mechanical, and environmental engineering students can derive and analyze the energy consumption of desalination processes by applying engineering fundamentals such as thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and process design. We explore the fundamental thermodynamic limits of the most prominent desalination technologies in a format designed for engineering students and instructors. Two thermodynamically reversible processes for reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) are developed to demonstrate that reversible processes consume the theoretical minimum energy, which is the Gibbs free energy of separation. We then quantify the practical minimum energy consumption for RO and ED, showing that the energy consumption of these processes approaches the minimum thermodynamic limit with increased process staging.
Dynamics and cluster formation in charged and uncharged Ficoll70 solutions

We apply pulsed-field-gradient NMR (PFG NMR) technique to measure the translational diffusion for both uncharged and charged polysaccharide (Ficoll70) in water. Analysis of the data indicates that the NMR signal attenuation above a certain packing fraction can be adequately fitted with a bi-exponential function. The self-diffusion measurements also show that the Ficoll70, an often-used compact, spherical polysucrose molecule, is itself nonideal, exhibiting signs of both softness and attractive interactions in the form of a stable suspension consisting of monomers and clusters. Further, we can quantify the fraction of monomers and clusters. This work strengthens the picture of the existence of a bound water layer within and around a porous Ficoll70 particle.
How the Sleeper Effect Influences Auditors' Evaluations of Audit Evidence

Auditing standards require auditors to consider management sources when evaluating evidence. However, standards are silent on how auditors should identify and incorporate relevant source information into evidence evaluation, despite the source’s importance to evidence evaluation. The “sleeper effect of the source,” a psychological phenomenon, occurs when the persuasiveness of a weak message increases over time when delivered by a credible source. Research highlights that credibility is multi-dimensional and, importantly, competence, one dimension of credibility, is context-specific. An expert in one area may lack knowledge in other areas. Using an experiment, we find that when a credible source provides weak evidence, auditors are subject to a sleeper effect. Current audit practices regarding management assessments result in auditors focusing on overall credibility, as opposed to context-specific competence, when evaluating evidence. We propose and test a documentation intervention that aids auditors in incorporating context-specific competence into evidence evaluations and moderates the sleeper effect.
Ten Leadership Principles from the Military Applied to Critical Care

Core military leadership principles associated with success during wartime have previously translated to success in the civilian business and healthcare sectors. A review of these principles may be particularly valuable during times of increased and sustained stress in the intensive care unit. In this perspective paper, we provide an overview of 10 of these principles categorized under the following three essential truths: 1) planning is crucial, but adaptability wins the day; 2) take care of your people, and your people will take care of everything else; and 3) communication is the key to success. We reflect on these three truths and the 10 key principles that fall under them. As critical care physicians who have served in the military health system across two decades of war, we believe that internalizing these key leadership principles will result in optimized performance at multiple levels when crisis condition are encountered.
Biogeography of Bacterial Communities and Specialized Metabolism in Human Aerodigestive Tract Microbiomes

The aerodigestive tract (ADT) is the primary portal through which pathogens and other invading microbes enter the body. As the direct interface with the environment, we hypothesize that the ADT microbiota possess biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for antibiotics and other specialized metabolites to compete with both endogenous and exogenous microbes. From 1,214 bacterial genomes, representing 136 genera and 387 species that colonize the ADT, we identified 3,895 BGCs. To determine the distribution of BGCs and bacteria in different ADT sites, we aligned 1,424 metagenomes, from nine different ADT sites, onto the predicted BGCs. We show that alpha diversity varies across the ADT and that each site is associated with distinct bacterial communities and BGCs. We identify specific BGC families enriched in the buccal mucosa, external naris, gingiva, and tongue dorsum despite these sites harboring closely related bacteria. We reveal BGC enrichment patterns indicative of the ecology at each site. For instance, aryl polyene and resorcinol BGCs are enriched in the gingiva and tongue, which are colonized by many anaerobes. In addition, we find that streptococci colonizing the tongue and cheek possess different ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide BGCs. Finally, we highlight bacterial genera with BGCs but are underexplored for specialized metabolism and demonstrate the bioactivity of Actinomyces against other bacteria, including human pathogens. Together, our results demonstrate that specialized metabolism in the ADT is extensive and that by exploring these microbiomes further, we will better understand the ecology and biogeography of this system and identify new bioactive natural products. IMPORTANCE Bacteria produce specialized metabolites to compete with other microbes. Though the biological activities of many specialized metabolites have been determined, our understanding of their ecology is limited, particularly within the human microbiome. As the aerodigestive tract (ADT) faces the external environment, bacteria colonizing this tract must compete both among themselves and with invading microbes, including human pathogens. We analyzed the genomes of ADT bacteria to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for specialized metabolites. We found that the majority of ADT BGCs are uncharacterized and the metabolites they encode are unknown. We mapped the distribution of BGCs across the ADT and determined that each site is associated with its own distinct bacterial community and BGCs. By further characterizing these BGCs, we will inform our understanding of ecology and biogeography across the ADT, and we may uncover new specialized metabolites, including antibiotics.
Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Business in Sustainable Development

Over the last 30 years, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a household term, reflecting a combination of factors that we have come to associate with that most catch-all of terms "globalization," including the widespread popular concern with such social issues as the environment and international human rights. Corporate Social Responsibility examines the history of the idea of business ethics (which goes back at least to ancient Mesopotamia) before exploring the state of CSR today. This book argues that a wide-ranging understanding of the purpose of business is necessary to create value for a community of stakeholders which in turn can generate a sustainable future. The book suggests that corporations still have a long way to go, but remains optimistic. The book’s sanguine interpretation of the current state of corporate affairs and a recommended way forward, results not only from the authors analysis, but also his direct experience. This book presents the case that we are in the midst of a major paradigm shift in our understanding of the purpose of business and that this new understanding holds much promise for business being a significant force for a more just and peaceful world. This work provides a concise overview of CSR and an important examination of the present and future work of the UN Global Compact and will be of interest to students of international organizations, international business and corporate social responsibility.
Change in Knowledge of and Adherence to Dietary Sodium Restrictions in Heart Failure Patients after Education by a Registered Dietitian

A low-sodium diet (< 2000 mg) is often recommended for heart failure (HF) patients to help control symptoms. Often HF patients lack both knowledge of and adherence to the sodium guidelines, which m...
Vasopressors and the search for the optimal trial design

Despite several advances in the care of critically ill patients, sepsis and septic shock continue to carry the largest burden of mortality and morbidity. Trials comparing vasopressors in shock have been disappointing and several key issues in methodology may need to be explored. There has been substantial progress in evolving adaptive trial methodology, however these have seldom been translated to clinical trials. This paper discusses some of the issues relevant to critical illness. To illustrate the potential contribution of adaptive trials we discuss fixed sample size design including event and time to event studies. We then explore group sequential and adaptive trial design, enrichment strategies and sample size re-estimation. An attractive feature of responsive adaptive designs is the flexibility to deal with unanticipated treatment effect size. If the observed effect size is larger than expected, early stopping is permitted. If the effect size is smaller than expected, sample size recalculation would be a reasonable choice in the face of an underpowered study. This allows for optimal efficiency in trial design. Reservations about adaptive trial design centre on issues of validity, feasibility and integrity of the study and are discussed in this paper.
Short-day and long-day expression patterns of genes involved in the flesh fly clock mechanism: period, timeless, cycle and cryptochrome.

Though our knowledge of the molecular details of the circadian clock has advanced rapidly, the functional elements of the photoperiodic clock remain largely unknown. As a first step to approach this issue, we report here the sequences and expression patterns of period (per), timeless (tim), cycle (cyc) and cryptochrome (cry) mRNAs in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the genes in S. crassipalpis show high similarity to homologous genes in other insects that have been investigated. S. crassipalpis TIM has a unique C-terminus that contains a poly Q region. A diel rhythmicity of per and tim mRNA abundance was detected in the adult heads (peak during scotophase), while cry and cyc mRNA abundance remained fairly constant throughout. The abundance of cyc mRNA was quite low when compared to per, tim and cry mRNA. Rearing temperature affected the amount of per and tim mRNAs: abundance of per mRNA increased at 20 °C when compared to 25 °C, but that of tim mRNA decreased. Photoperiod influenced the expression patterns of per and tim mRNA: the peak of per mRNA expression shifted in concert with onset of the scotophase, while a shift in tim mRNA expression was less pronounced. The amplitude of tim mRNA was severely dampened under long daylength, but that of per mRNA was not affected. These distinct patterns of expression suggest that this information could be used to determine photoperiodic responses such as diapause.
What to do about CO2

Abstract The greenhouse effect presents one of the most complex and far-reaching environmental issues yet encountered. Despite uncertainties about the complicated phenomena that give rise to the greenhouse effect, there can be little doubt that a large, rapid change in climate could have profound consequences for life on earth. In this paper, we first review the scientific and technical aspects relevant to understanding the greenhouse phenomenon, its potential consequences, and the attendant uncertainties. Next, the range of possible policy responses is outlined. Finally, several pragmatic options called “tie-in strategies” are suggested. These strategies are distinguished by the fact that they provide desirable societal benefits even if undesirable, greenhouse-induced changes do not occur.
A topological max-flow-min-cut theorem

This note surveys a novel algebraic-topological version of the max-flow-min-cut (MFMC) theorem for directed networks with capacity constraints. Novel features include the encoding of capacity constraints as a sheaf of semimodules over the network and a realization of flow and cut values as a directed homology taking values in the sheaf. We survey the theorem and give applications to (1) multicommodity flows, (2) multi-source/multi-target flows, and (3) boolean-lattice-valued flows.
No genetic association between the LRP receptor and sporadic or late-onset familial Alzheimer disease.

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene (LRP1) is often mentioned as a candidate gene for Alzheimer disease (AD) because of its role as a receptor for apolipoprotein E (apoE), a major genetic risk factor for late-onset familial and sporadic AD. A recent association study of a tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism located 5′ to the LRP1 gene detected an increase in the 87 base pair allele in AD cases compared to unaffected controls. Additionally, an independent study involving a genomic screen for genes associated with late-onset AD identified a region as a possible location of a late-onset AD gene on chromosome 12p between D12S373 and D12S390, about 10 cM proximal to LRP1. We examined 144 late-onset multiplex AD families, 436 sporadic AD cases, and 240 controls and found no evidence of linkage or association of LRP1 and AD. Our data indicate that genetic variation of the LRP1 gene is not a major risk factor in the etiology of AD.
Salmon River, day 8

It was water that carried us, playful and laughing down steepening canyons of granite, basalt over Volkswagen boulders, down to warm benches all cobbled or to beaches smooth as dunes. It was water we carried, five-gallon jerrycans for washing and cooking and mixing our drinks and water that bathed us in sulfurous hot springs and water sounds filling our ears every night, saltwater that dripped down our cheeks after talk turned to childhood, and before turning in under star fields unnamable, we voided our water back into the stream. But after the takeout, near Shoup it was glacier-melt water, deceptively playful that carried that peel-bark stop Ponderosa and stuck it cross-current in the ill-chosen path of the Sunday-fun boater where 85 bystanders, helmeted kayakers, poker-faced deputy, off-duty nurse, ambulance, fire-rigs and all our good wishes trickled to nothing like tears through the fingers of the bank-stranded girlfriend and disappeared into the dry desert sand.
Separated Lie Models and the Homotopy Lie Algebra

Abstract A simply connected topological space X has homotopy Lie algebra π ∗ ( Ω X ) ⊗ Q . Following Quillen, there is a connected differential graded free Lie algebra (dgL) called a Lie model, which determines the rational homotopy type of X , and whose homology is isomorphic to the homotopy Lie algebra. We show that such a Lie model can be replaced with one that has a special property that we call being separated . The homology of a separated dgL has a particular form which lends itself to calculations.
The PPARα-Humanized Mouse: A Model to Investigate Species Differences in Liver Toxicity Mediated by PPARα

To determine the impact of the species difference between rodents and humans in response to peroxisome proliferators (PPs) mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha, PPAR alpha-humanized transgenic mice were generated using a P1 phage artificial chromosome (PAC) genomic clone bred onto a ppar alpha-null mouse background, designated hPPAR alpha PAC. In hPPAR alpha PAC mice, the human PPAR alpha gene is expressed in tissues with high fatty acid catabolism and induced upon fasting, similar to mouse PPAR alpha in wild-type (Wt) mice. Upon treatment with the PP fenofibrate, hPPAR alpha PAC mice exhibited responses similar to Wt mice, including peroxisome proliferation, lowering of serum triglycerides, and induction of PPAR alpha target genes encoding enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism in liver, kidney, and heart, suggesting that human PPAR alpha (hPPAR alpha) functions in the same manner as mouse PPAR alpha in regulating fatty acid metabolism and lowering serum triglycerides. However, in contrast to Wt mice, treatment of hPPAR alpha PAC mice with fenofibrate did not cause significant hepatomegaly and hepatocyte proliferation, thus indicating that the mechanisms by which PPAR alpha affects lipid metabolism are distinct from the hepatocyte proliferation response, the latter of which is only induced by mouse PPAR alpha. In addition, a differential regulation of several genes, including the oncogenic let-7C miRNA by PPs, was observed between Wt and hPPAR alpha PAC mice that may contribute to the inherent difference between mouse and human PPAR alpha in activation of hepatocellular proliferation. The hPPAR alpha PAC mouse model provides an in vivo platform to investigate the species difference mediated by PPAR alpha and an ideal model for human risk assessment PPs exposure.
Effect of host enzyme extracts on the electrophoretic forms and specific infectivity of cowpea mosaic virus

Abstract Proteolytic activity capable of converting the slow-migrating electrophoretic form (S) of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) to the fast-migrating form (F) in vitro was extracted from both healthy and infected cowpea. This conversion removed amino acids from CPMV and increased both the specific infectivity and the F/S ratio. Maximum virus-converting activity was obtained from both healthy and CPMV-infected cowpea grown under high light intensity. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme(s) with this activity was near 80 000. In vivo virus-converting activity increased for at least 15 days after sowing. Healthy and infected cowpea did not differ in extractable virus-converting activity. CPMV purified from cowpea leaves floated in or sprayed with cycloheximide lacked the normal in vivo increase in both specific infectivity and F/S ratio. Proteolytic activity causing in vitro S to F conversion of CPMV could not be extracted from the cycloheximide-treated plants. The S to F conversion of CPMV involves the activity of one or more host proteolytic enzymes.
How does a peer review scholarship

Nurses are increasingly involved in peer review of scholarship. Peer review may entail the evaluation of manuscripts submitted for publication, grant applications submitted for funding, abstracts submitted for presentation, or proposals submitted to institutional review boards or to settings where participants may be accessed. Peer review is intended to foster quality in the development and dissemination of nursing scholarship and to prevent ethical breaches. Although peer review has been used in academia and biomedicine for decades, the system is not perfect. Political agendas, scientific biases, and adherence to old knowledge structures may get played out; competitors may be obstructed; and quality may not be appropriately balanced with freedom of expression through misapplication of the peer review process (Laitman & Rikkers, 2000). Nevertheless, science has not been able to come up with a better system for ensuring quality. Because reviewers are the gatekeepers of a science, it is essential that they understand what peer review is intended to accomplish and how it should be done if the discipline is to flourish.
A rank characterization of the number of final classes of a nonnegative matrix

Abstract Let A be a nonnegative square matrix, and let D be a diagonal matrix whose iith element is (Ax) i x i , where x is a (fixed) positive vector. It is shown that the number of final classes of A equals n−rank(A−D). We also show that null(A−D) = null(A−D)2, and that this subspace is spanned by a set of nonnegative elements. Our proof uses a characterization of nonnegative matrices having a positive eigenvector corresponding to their spectral radius.
Distance Learning and World Wide Web Resources on Seeds and Related Subjects in the U.S.

ABSTRACT Various technologies can be used for distance learning applications, but increasingly distance learning courses are computer-based. While the number of distance learning courses for seed science and technology is relatively limited compared to business and other disciplines, the number of courses and other resources available on seed and related agricultural sciences is growing. For example, the Seed Analyst Training Distance Learning Program at Colorado State University is designed for working professionals and those interested in seed technology. The Master of Science in Agronomy Distance Education Program at Iowa State University offers computer-based instruction and includes aspects of seed science. The Seed Biology Electronic Mailing List, SEED-BIOLOGY-L@cornell.edu, was created to foster the exchange of seed biology research information electronically and links more than 400 seed scientists from at least 45 countries. The potential for distance learning to be applied to seed science and tec...
«Gente de mal vivir»: familias e hijos rebeldes en Nueva España, 1721-1729

Forced transportation to the Philippine and Mariana Islands, a form of social exile and the equivalent of deportation, was used in New Spain to punish criminals and people judged to be undesirable. Those who were sent across the Pacific were always male and usually American-born Spaniards. Both the viceregal government and parents thought forced transportation to be an appropriate way to rid Mexico not only of criminals but also of men «of evil living» - people whose lives were dedicated to gambling, public drunkenness, idleness, and immorality. Parents, brothers, and even wives therefore used forced transportation to eliminate unwanted family members whose behavior threatened to tarnish family honor.
Ontogeny of shell-related behaviors and transition to land in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus H. Milne Edwards

The marine megalopa of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus wears a small gastropod shell that it carries onto land before metamorphosing into a juvenile crab. This paper gives the first detailed account of temporal shifts in shell-related behaviors that occur as the megalopa approaches metamorphosis. Megalopae placed in individual containers shortly after metamorphosing from the last zoeal stage exhibited three behaviors: shell inspection, followed by shell wearing in water, and finally by shell wearing on land. Megalopae experimentally denied access to shells exited the water at about the same time as megalopae with shells, but they wandered about on land for shorter periods of time before burying themselves in sand and attempting to metamorphose. Once buried, megalopae without shells often emerged and re-buried themselves at other locations in their containers; almost all shell-less megalopae died without metamorphosing to the first juvenile crab stage. Once buried, megalopae with shells rarely emerged without first metamorphosing to the juvenile crab stage, and they metamorphosed significantly more frequently than those denied shells.
Some new developments related to the applications of altimeter

Summary form only given, as follows. The satellite Altimeter is one of the most mature mature microwave remote sensing deviees available to date. The development of the altimeter started from Skylab and followed by GEOS-3 and SeaSat. Other than the marine geoid, altimeter signals wave been used quite successfully in extracting wind speed, significant wave height, and Geostrophic current at the ocean surface. Recently, there are some new developments in theoretical analysis as well as hardware design that will make the altimeter more powerful. On the theoretical side, results on the non-Gaussian joint probability density functions suggest a number of improvements in the geophysical parameter extracting algorithms. The new statistical models also enable us to determine and remove the electromagnetic biases in the mean sea level and the significant waveheight measurements. On the hardware design aspect, multi-beam altimeter offers new possibilities of detailed ocean eddy mapping and sea state measurements. These and ether results related to the applications of altimeter are summarized.
Hyaluronidase release from guinea pig spermatozoa as affected by reproductive tract secretions and metabolic inhibitors.

Cauda epididymal sperm of mature guinea pigs were incubated (37%, 5% CO2 in air). 10% of the total enzyme activity was released into the medium in 4 hr, 30% in 24 hr. Addition of lysolecithin resulted in rapid release of hyaluronidase. Vitamin C (0.54 mM), sodium fluoride (0.02 M), and cholesterol increased the rate of release whereas citrate (20 mM) diminished it. No effect upon hyaluronidase release was noted upon addition of KCN (10−2M), progesterone (250 μg/ml), testosterone (500 μg/ml), spermine (1.15 mg/ml), inositol (5.6 mM), or chloro-quine phosphate (0.54 mM).
A Special Element Approach for Calculating the Vibratory Response of Adhesively Bonded and Composite Structures

Abstract An approach is presented that may be used to calculate the natural frequencies and loss factors of composite sandwich beams or beams containing adhesively bonded joints. The approach uses special finite elements to represent either composite or joint elements and the modal strain energy method to calculate the loss factor for each vibratory mode of interest. The special element represents a section of the composite beam or the overlap joint as an element with four nodes. Its properties are calculated by using a generalization of the shape function concept from finite elements in which the shape functions (displacement fields) in the special element are determined by performing static stress analyses on the special element's substructure. The resulting special element has only a small number of degrees of freedom and, yet, accurately represents the geometrically complex substructure. Results obtained using this approach on sandwich beams compare well with an analytical solution published in the literature. In addition, it correlates reasonably well with data taken from tests on adhesively bonded beams.
Effects of exercise training and antioxidant R-ALA on glucose transport in insulin-sensitive rat skeletal muscle

We have recently demonstrated (Saengsirisuwan V, Kinnick TR, Schmit MB, and Henriksen EJ,J Appl Physiol 91: 145–153, 2001) that exercise training (ET) and the antioxidant R-(+)-α-lipoic acid (R-ALA) interact in an additive fashion to improve insulin action in insulin-resistant obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. The purpose of the present study was to assess the interactions of ET andR-ALA on insulin action and oxidative stress in a model of normal insulin sensitivity, the lean Zucker (fa/−) rat. For 6 wk, animals either remained sedentary, received R-ALA (30 mg · kg body wt−1 · day−1), performed ET (treadmill running), or underwent both R-ALA treatment and ET. ET alone or in combination with R-ALA significantly increased (P < 0.05) peak oxygen consumption (28–31%) and maximum run time (52–63%). During an oral glucose tolerance test, ET alone or in combination withR-ALA resulted in a significant lowering of the glucose response (17–36%) at 15 min relative to R-ALA alone and of the insulin response (19–36%) at 15 m...
Big bang nucleosynthesis with long-lived charged massive particles

We consider big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) with long-lived charged massive particles. Before decaying, the long-lived charged particle recombines with a light element to form a bound state like a hydrogen atom. This effect modifies the nuclear-reaction rates during the BBN epoch through the modifications of the Coulomb field and the kinematics of the captured light elements, which can change the light element abundances. It is possible for heavier nuclei abundances such as $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ to decrease sizably, while the ratios ${Y}_{p}$, D/H, and $^{3}\mathrm{He}/\mathrm{H}$ remain unchanged. This may solve the current discrepancy between the BBN prediction and the observed abundance of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$. If future collider experiments find signals of a long-lived charged particle inside the detector, the information of its lifetime and decay properties could provide insights into not only the particle physics models but also the phenomena in the early Universe, in turn.
Neuronal Spike Timing Adaptation Described with a Fractional Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Model

The voltage trace of neuronal activities can follow multiple timescale dynamics that arise from correlated membrane conductances. Such processes can result in power-law behavior in which the membrane voltage cannot be characterized with a single time constant. The emergent effect of these membrane correlations is a non-Markovian process that can be modeled with a fractional derivative. A fractional derivative is a non-local process in which the value of the variable is determined by integrating a temporal weighted voltage trace, also called the memory trace. Here we developed and analyzed a fractional leaky integrate-and-fire model in which the exponent of the fractional derivative can vary from 0 to 1, with 1 representing the normal derivative. As the exponent of the fractional derivative decreases, the weights of the voltage trace increase. Thus, the value of the voltage is increasingly correlated with the trajectory of the voltage in the past. By varying only the fractional exponent, our model can reproduce upward and downward spike adaptations found experimentally in neocortical pyramidal cells and tectal neurons in vitro. The model also produces spikes with longer first-spike latency and high inter-spike variability with power-law distribution. We further analyze spike adaptation and the responses to noisy and oscillatory input. The fractional model generates reliable spike patterns in response to noisy input. Overall, the spiking activity of the fractional leaky integrate-and-fire model deviates from the spiking activity of the Markovian model and reflects the temporal accumulated intrinsic membrane dynamics that affect the response of the neuron to external stimulation.
Geomagnetic Secular Variation and Varying Dipoles in the Core

It is shown that if many dipole core sources are oscillating with periods from 15 to 35 years, their combined effect could confuse our understanding of secular variation and be a real contributor to the rapid deterioration of predictive models. High harmonics are more important in the discription of secular variation than they are in the description of the main field.