cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of polymers produced by horseradish peroxidase in dioxane

Polymers were synthesized from substituted phenolic and aromatic amine compounds with hydrogen peroxide as the source of an oxidizing agent and horseradish peroxidase enzyme as the catalyst. The polymerization reaction was carried out in a monophasic organic solvent with small amounts of water at room temperature. Conditions for the synthesis of polymers with respect to reaction time and yield were studied with a number of monomers at different concentrations and in solvents with different buffers with pH range of 5.0–7.5. Physical and chemical properties of these homo-and copolymers were determined with respect to melting point, solubility, elemental analysis, molecular weight distribution, infrared absorption (including FTIR), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The enzyme catalyzed reactions produced polymers of molecular weight greater than 400,000 which were further fractionated by differential solubility in solvent mixtures and the molecular weight distribution of the polymer fractions were determined. In general, the polymers synthesized have low solubilities, high melting points, and some degree of branching.
A General Algorithm for Inverse Modeling of Layer-By-Layer Liquid-Metal Deposition

In order that freeform fabrication techniques, which entail layer-by-layer liquid-metal deposition, transition from prototyping to manufacturing, these techniques must be made reliable and consistent. Accordingly, detailed microstructural and thermal characterizations of the structures produced are needed in order to advance these fabrication techniques. The inherent complexity of layer-by-layer liquid-metal deposition, which is characteristic of energy and mass deposition processes in general, is such that process modeling based on basic theory alone, which represents the direct-problem approach, is extremely difficult. A general approach to overcoming the difficulties associated with this inherent complexity is the inverse problem approach. Presented here is a general algorithmic structure for inverse modeling of heat transfer that occurs during layer-by-layer fabrication. This general algorithmic structure represents an extension and refinement of an algorithmic structure presented previously and is potentially adaptable for prediction of temperature histories within parts having complex geometries and for the construction of process-control algorithms.
A chromatographic-fluorometric method for determination of naringin, naringenin rutinoside, and related flavanone glycosides in grapefruit juice and juice sacs

Abstract A method has been developed for the individual quantitative determination in grapefruit juice and juice sacs of the bitter flavanone glycosides naringin, neohesperidin, and poncirin, and of their tasteless isomers, naringenin-7β-rutinoside, hesperidin, and isosakuranetin-7β-rutinoside. This method involves a preliminary quantitative isolation of the desired flavanone glycosides from juice or juice sacs by polyvinylpyrrolidone column chromatography, further separation and purification of these flavanone glycosides by polyamide thin-layer chromatography, and quantitative determination by fluorescence analysis of each individual flavanone glycoside after its removal from a thin-layer chromatogram.
Four ways five factors are basic

Abstract The five-factor model has recently received wide attention as a comprehensive model of personality traits. The claim that these five factors represent basic dimensions of personality is based on four lines of reasoning and evidence: (a) longitudinal and cross-observer studies demonstrate that all five factors are enduring dispositions that are manifest in patterns of behavior; (b) traits related to each of the factors are found in a variety of personality systems and in the natural language of trait description; (c) the factors are found in different age, sex, race, and language groups, although they may be somewhat differently expressed in different cultures; and (d) evidence of heritability suggests that all have some biological basis. To clarify some remaining confusions about the five-factor model, the relation between Openness and psychometric intelligence is described, and problems in factor rotation are discussed.
Differential eyelid conditioning to stimuli that express a response-related command or convey reinforcement-related information

Either command words, BLINK and DON'T BLINK, or informing words, PUFF and NO PUFF, were used as differential conditioned stimuli with a corneal airpuff UCS. For half the Ss the stimuli expressed commands that were compatible with the appropriate CR or gave information which was congruent with the CS-UCS contingency, and for half the Ss the command was incompatible or the information incongruent. Effects of incompatibility and incongruity depended upon the topography of the S's eyelid CR! For Ss giving the gradual C form the CS-UCS reinforcement contingencies overcame effects of incompatible command or incongruent information, but for Ss giving the rapid, complete V form incompatibility or incongruity seriously disrupted the discrimination, suggesting that Vs have more difficulty than Cs in recording verbal information.
Choosing Our Mobile Future: The Degrees of Just Sustainability in Technological Alternatives

The marvel of our oil-dependent transportation network has long dissipated into tacit familiarity. The ease of travel obscures the collage of politics and decisions that have built the mobility sys...
Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Its Associated Complications in Children

Providing care to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach. This review will address the current status of supportive care, treatment of HIV-associated complications and specific antiretroviral therapy. HIV affects multiple locations in the body resulting in a myriad of possible complications. These include opportunistic infections and malignancies secondary to immunodeficiency and central nervous system or other specific organ-related disease secondary to direct HIV involvement. Recent scientific advances have markedly enhanced the quantity and quality of life of HIV-infected children. Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the single most important therapeutic advance for the HIV-infected patient. Other advances for the treatment and prevention of HIV-related infections should similarly improve survival and reduce hospital stays. Antiretroviral therapy is relatively new. The currently available nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have proven efficacy. The role of single agents or combinations is being established. However, this group of antivirals has limitations that make alternate approaches essential. Augmentation of the patient's immune response will likely be a key to any future successful treatment regimen.
Multiparticle states and the hadron spectrum on the lattice

The Clebsch-Gordan decomposition is calculated for direct products of the irreducible representations of the cubic space group. These results are used to identify multiparticle states which appear in the hadron spectrum on the lattice. Consideration of the cubic space group indicates how combinations of both zero momentum and non-zero momentum multiparticle states contribute to the spectrum.
Simplified fatigue life analysis for traction drive contacts

A simplified fatigue life analysis for traction drive contacts of arbitrary geometry is presented. The analysis is based on the Lundberg-Palmgren theory used for rolling-element bearings. The effects of torque, element size, speed, contact ellipse ratio, and the influence of traction coefficient are shown. The analysis shows that within the limits of the available traction coefficient, traction contacts exhibit longest life at high speeds. Multiple, load-sharing roller arrangements have an advantageous effect on system life, torque capacity, power-to-weight ratio and size.
Eye position and target amplitude effects on human visual saccadic latencies.

Gaze shifts vary in the extent of eye and head contribution; a large amplitude and/or an eccentric ocular orbital starting position alter the participation of head movement in the shift. The interval between eye onset and head onset determines compensatory counterrolling before and after the shift and the extent of vestibular ocular reflex reduction during the shift. The latency of eye saccades in the head-fixed condition was measured with respect to target amplitude and orbital position in order to establish base-line operations of these two variables as they apply to the head-free condition. Eye movements were measured during single-step saccades in nine young adult humans. The target step, hereafter called a jump, started from three possible fixation lights; e.g., rightward saccades started from the midline (0 degree) or from -20 or -40 degrees left of the midline, with a maximum amplitude of 80 degrees. The latency of saccades starting from the primary position increased with jump amplitude (amplitude-latency relation). When the eye started eccentrically, the latency was decreased (orbital position-latency relation), with the largest jump amplitudes most affected. These changes can be related to active eye-head coordination. Thus, with a leftward maximal orbital eccentricity, compensatory eye rotation would be impossible with a rightward head movement; however, incorporating the orbital position-latency relation, the forward ocular saccade is expedited by 90 ms. Conversely, with a primary starting position, the ocular component of an 80 degrees gaze saccade could be slowed 125 ms by incorporating the amplitude-latency relation, thus facilitating a head contribution to the gaze shift. The orbital position and amplitude-latency relations were prominent in those subjects with habitually large head contributions to the gaze shift and minimal in individuals with typically small head contributions.
Three-dimensional fracture analysis of CT specimens with a ductile damage model based on endochronic plasticity theory

For many fracture problems of practical engineering importance, the three-dimensional effects are significant and a three-dimensional analysis for the problems is thus required. In this paper, an endochronic theory coupled with anisotropic damage is first established, which is actually an elasto-plastic damage theory coupled with isotropic-nonlinear kinematic hardening. The ductile damage evolution equation is derived from the orthogonality rule with a new intrinsic time scale introduced especially for damage evolution. Then, a three-dimensional finite element program incorporating the endochronic damage model is formulated and emploved to analyze the widely used CT fracture specimen. Two failure criteria are proposed for the prediction of crack initiation direction and crack initiation load. From the analysis, significant three-dimensional effects are observed and the crack is estimated to initiate first at the middle of the crack front line. Experiments have been conducted to verify the proposed theory and the results are found to compare well with the theoretical values.
Thermal fatigue failures in candidate refractory materials for use as protective plates in tokamaks

Abstract SEM was used to investigate thermal fatigue failures in W, W-ThO 2 and Mo subjected to thermal cycling that simulated tokamak operations. Significant evidence for surface melting, recrystallization, intergranular cracking and striation formation was observ, ed. These results suggest that thermal fatigue is a serious problem in candidate refractory metallic protective plates.
Non-Linguistic Factors in Oral Language Productivity.

Individual differences in oral language productivity were assessed by word counts of Ss' spoken descriptions of 9 different visual displays. Women attained higher word counts than men in 8 of their...
Effect of Aryl Substituents on the Reactivity of Phenyl Carbamate Acrylate Monomers

Novel monoacrylate monomers with a carbamate secondary functionality and a terminal aryl group were synthesized to study the mechanisms that allow for increased reactivity of these monomers compared to that of typical monoacrylate monomers. Systematic studies were conducted by varying electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents on the aryl moiety. Two primary hypotheses were studied, which were that resonance and electronic effects or hydrogen-bonding effects lead to enhanced reactivity. Kinetic evaluations of these substituted monomers revealed that electronic and resonance effects are not the primary source of the increased reactivity. Moreover, correlations of dipole moment calculations with steady-state polymerization rate behavior revealed that dipole moment is also not the primary source of the increased reactivity. However, comonomer studies showed that, by adding the novel monoacrylate monomers to more slowly polymerizing traditional acrylate monomers, the overall reactivity of the mixture could be increased dramatically, revealing a possible use as reactive diluents. Additionally, hydrogen-bonding strength was analyzed and correlated with steady-state polymerization rate behavior. The hydrogen-bonding and N-H polarization strength of the monomers is not the primary source of the increased reactivity.
Women on Wall Street: Despite Diversity Measures, Wall Street Remains Vulnerable to Sex Discrimination Charges

Executive Overview Shaken by sexual harassment charges and costly lawsuits, Wall Street in the late 1990s saw a real shift away from its “old boy network” past – at least on paper anyway. In response to sexual harassment suits, many firms on Wall Street implemented strict sexual harassment policies, and even family friendly work-life balance policies. Unfortunately, the lawsuits have continued, prompting many to wonder why Wall Street continues to be so hostile to anyone other than white males. In a research study conducted in 1998 and 1999 with 76 men and women working on Wall Street, I found a number of reasons why change has been so slow in the making.
Brush border myosin heavy chain phosphorylation is regulated by calcium and calmodulin.

Abstract Myosin from chicken intestinal brush borders is phosphorylated on its heavy chains at threonine by a kinase isolated from brush borders. In contrast to other heavy chain kinases, the brush border kinase activity is dependent on calcium and calmodulin. The partially purified preparation also phosphorylated myosin on its light chains at serine, but in a calmodulin-independent manner. Phosphorylation of the light chains in the absence of calmodulin or both heavy and light chains in the presence of calmodulin activated its actinactivated ATPase activity about 10-fold, to about 50 nmol min per mg.
High efficiency energy harvesting from microbial fuel cells using a synchronous boost converter

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) convert chemical energy stored in biodegradable substrates into direct electricity, which can be used to power remote sensors or offset the energy used during wastewater treatment. Power electronic converters have been developed to replace external resistors and harvest and store energy from MFCs, which is a significant improvement in MFC studies because external resistors only demonstrate power generation potential without actually capturing usable energy. However, the efficiency of conventional diode based energy harvester is low due to the high power loss of the diode. This study presents a synchronous boost converter based MFC energy harvester using a P-channel MOSFET, which improved the converter efficiency by 73%, from 43.8% to 75.9%. A modified hysteresis controller was developed to provide precise control during energy harvesting and operating and also prevented reverse current flows.
Changes in cardiac functional capacity after coronary bypass surgery in relation to adequacy of revascularization

Seventy patients having aortocoronary vein bypass grafting surgery for angina pectoris underwent preoperative invasive exercise testing to symptom limits and again 6 to 14 months postoperatively. Cardiac output was measured using the direct Fick principle. Postoperatively at maximal exercise, there was a 3.11 liters/min (p
High-throughput trace melamine analysis in complex mixtures

Ambient ionization using a low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allows detection and quantitation of melamine in milk powder, whole milk and other products at levels down to low ppb in analysis times of a few tens of seconds.
Variation in associations of education, occupation and income with functional limitations in older Mexican-Americans

Purpose The primary aim of this project was to examine the particular dimensions of socioeconomic status that may be associated with distinct components of functional limitation among older Mexican American men and women. Methods Using baseline data from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted with multivariate logistic regression models. The exposures of interest were education (≥12 vs. Results Not completing at least 12 years of education was associated with a twofold higher likelihood of having an IADL limitation for women (odds ratio OR = 2.09, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.38–3.16) and men (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.35–3.53), but not significantly associated with other indicators of functional limitation. Compared with male white collar workers, men who had been skilled manual laborers, farm workers, or other laborers were 1.87 (95% CI = 1.19–2.95) to 2.80 (95% CI = 1.72–4.58) times as likely as those who had been white collar workers to have a POMA score below 9. Homemakers had significantly higher odds of all three measures of functional or mobility impairment compared with women white collar workers (ranging from 1.61, 95% CI = 1.05–2.46 for IADL limitations to 2.39, 95% CI = 1.55–3.62 for a low POMA score). Low income was associated only with ADL limitations in men (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.06–3.28). Conclusion Education, occupation, and income may possibly be linked to separate aspects of functional limitation, which vary by gender.
Checking similarity of planar figures

Two planar figures aresimilar if a scaled version of one of them can be moved so that it coincides with the second figure. The problem of checking whether two planar figures are similar is relevant to both computational geometry and pattern recognition. An efficient algorithm is known for checking whether two polygonsP andQ are similar(1) The purpose of this note is to give an efficient algorithm for checking whether two planar figuresP andQ are similar when the figures are no longer constrained to be polygons. We give anO(n logn) time algorithm for solving this problem when each figure consists of a collection of (possibly intersecting) straight line segments, circles, and ellipses. Our algorithm can easily be modified for figures which include other geometric patterns as well. We also prove that our algorithm is optimal.
Production of Collagenase and Tissue Inhibitor of Metal loproteinases (TIMP) by Rat Growth Plates in Culture

Abstract Growth plate cartilage from normal and vitamin D-phosphate deficient (-VDP) rats was cultured to study the production of collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in vitro . All tissues secreted latent collagenase into the medium at a constant rate during the 5 days in culture. Microdissected-VDP growth plates, containing predominately hyper- trophic cells, released up to 8-fold more collagenase into the medium than either intact -VDP or normal growth plates. TIMP was also secreted during the culture, but its rate of production was not as dependent on tissue type as collagenase. The tissue level of collagenase and TIMP before culture was compared with that found in conditioned medium and remnant tissue after culture. During the 5 day culture period microdis- sected - VDP growth plates, containing predominately hypertrophic cells, produced 3-times more collagenase/μg DNA over the starting level than either intact -VDP or normal growth plates. TIMP was never found in tissues after they had been cultured, but was present in all tissues before culture except those containing predominately hypertrophic cells. The amount of TIMP required to block collagenase was calculated. Growth plates in culture produced enough TIMP to block all collagenase found in the medium and remnant tissue, while extracts of uncultured intact -VDP growth plates, and those divided to contain hypertrophic cells, had an excess of collagenase over TIMP. The results suggest that hypertrophic cells produce far more collagenase than other cells in the growth plate, but all cell types have about the same capacity to synthesize TIMP. As a result, increased collagenase synthesis by hypertrophic cells may surpass increases in TIMP synthesis and lead to collagen removal. This would allow for thinning of the longitudinal septa and expansion of the hypertrophic cells.
Cold ischemia induces isograft arteriopathy, but does not augment allograft arteriopathy in non-immunosuppressed hosts.

Prolonged cold ischemia has been suggested as a factor that will exacerbate later graft arterial disease (GAD), a major limiting factor for long-term transplant survival. We therefore examined the effects of cold ischemia on GAD as well as adhesion molecule and cytokine expression in murine cardiac grafts. Mild GAD developed in isografts undergoing 4-hour cold ischemia. Relative to control isografts, cold ischemia induced transiently enhanced endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) at 4 hours post-transplant. There was also transiently-augmented gene expression of interleukin (IL)−1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β in these cold-ischemic isografts. By 3 days post-transplantation, however, there were no longer any differences between control and cold ischemic isografts. Cold ischemia did not significantly affect the final grade of either parenchymal rejection or GAD in long-term (4 to 12 weeks) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I- or MHC II-mismatched allografts molecules transplanted without immunosuppression. At early time points after cold ischemia (4 to 24 hours), allografts mismatched for MHC I and/or MHC II showed enhanced expression of ICAM-1 and cytokines comparable to that seen in isografts. By day 7 post-transplant, both control and cold ischemia allografts showed comparable expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules. Although prolonged cold ischemia can initiate mild GAD in isografts by transiently enhancing antigen non-specific inflammatory responses, it does not significantly augment subsequent alloresponses.
Gender Role Identity and Dating Behavior: What Is the Relationship?

The influence of gender role identity on dating behaviors of college students was examined using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and a behavioral questionnaire constructed by the author. One hundred and ninety-seven students were classified as androgynous, undifferientated, feminine, or masculine based on their Bem Sex Role Inventory scores. A behavioral questionnaire was used to generate two self-report behavioral indexes: the masculine dating behavior and feminine dating behavior indexes. Results indicated that high-masculine individuals (androgynous and masculine individuals) scored higher on the masculine dating behavior index and that high-feminine individuals (androgynous and feminine individuals) scored higher on the feminine interactional index. The results of this study support the hypothesis that gender role identity influences self-reported dating behavior of college students.
Risperidone-associated prolactin elevation and markers of bone turnover during acute treatment.

Objective Prolactin elevation has been proposed as a risk factor for low bone density and potentially osteoporosis in patients on long-term treatment with prolactin-elevating antipsychotics. Our objective was to study the acute effects of prolactin elevation on serum markers of bone formation and resorption in patients treated with risperidone.
Feasibility of endoscopic transgastric distal pancreatectomy in a porcine animal model

Background In contrast to laparoscopic tubal ligation, oophorectomy, and appendectomy, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy is associated with a morbidity rate of more than 50% and a mortality rate of more than 3%. Objective To develop a minimally invasive, transgastric endoscopic technique for distal pancreatectomy in a nonsurvival series in swine. Design Experimental study. Setting Animal trial at a tertiary-care academic hospital. Subjects Six healthy Yorkshire swine under general anesthesia. Interventions A double-channel gastroscope was introduced into the stomach, and a gastric incision was created by using a triple-lumen, 4-mm, cutting-wire needle knife. The peritoneal cavity was accessed. An Endoloop was placed endoscopically around the distal aspect of the pancreas, and the tail of the pancreas was transected by using a diathermic snare. One to 3 hemoclips were placed across the pancreatic duct. The pancreatic specimen was retrieved, and the gastrotomy was closed endoscopically with metal clips. The animals were euthanized after the procedure. The abdominal cavity was examined grossly, and the resected pancreas was examined histologically. Main Outcome and Measurements Feasibility of endoscopic transgastric distal pancreatectomy and rate of complications. Results The pancreatic tail was successfully resected via a transgastric endoscopic approach in all animals. The procedure took an average (standard deviation) of 77.3 ± 18.9 minutes. There was 1 complication, an episode of bleeding from a splenic laceration, which resulted in the loss of 250 mL of blood. Limitations Nonsurvival series, animal study. Conclusions Transgastric endoscopic distal pancreatectomy is technically feasible and can be performed in the porcine animal model.
Electron localization in solid acetonitrile

Electron localization in the bulk condensed phases of acetonitrile differs drastically from the corresponding processes that take place in water and aliphatic alcohols. In particular, electron capture following the ionization of liquid and solid acetonitrile yields well-defined radical anions in place of the largely structureless solvated and trapped electrons characteristic of irradiated solutions and rigid glasses. This is remarkable given the many similarities that exist not only between the intrinsic properties of these individual solvent molecules, such as polarity, but also in their cooperative capacity to function as solvents. Here, with the aid of detailed experimental and computational studies, we examine on a fundamental level what gives rise to such a sharp contrast in the behavior of these alkyl cyanides as compared to water and alcohols. EPR and optical spectra, and ab initio calculations on the radical anions are used together with diffraction data for the crystal structures to demonstrate t...
Binding of an acetonitrile molecule inside the ethereal cavity of a hexaarylbenzene-based receptor via a synergy of C–H⋯O/C–H⋯π interactions

A pair of hexaarylbenzene-based receptors, which contain a circular, as well as a partially-broken, ethereal fence around the central benzene ring, bind acetonitrile molecules via a synergy of C–H⋯O and C–H⋯π interactions, as probed by X-ray crystallography.
Piezoelectricity in polymers

Piezoelectricity and related properties of polymers are reviewed. After presenting a historical overview of the field, the mathematical basis of piezo- and pyroelectricity is summarized. We show how the experimentally measured quantities are related to the changes in polarization and point out the serious inequlity between direct and converse piezoelectric coefficients in polymers. Theoretical models of the various origins of piezo- and pyroelectricity, which include piezoelectricity due to inhomogeneous material properties and strains, are reviewed. Relaxational effects are also considered. Experimental techniques are examined and the results for different materials are presented. Because of the considerable work in recent years polyimylidene fluoride, this polymer receives the majority of the attention. The numerous applications of piezo-and pyroelectric polymers are mentioned. This article concludes with a discussion of the possible role of piezo- and pyroelectricity in biological system.
Dissolved copper and copper-organic complexes in the Narragansett Bay estuary

Abstract The geochemistry of dissolved copper-organic complexes was investigated in the estuarine waters of Narragansett Bay. A transect survey was conducted in August 1980, while one mid-bay station was monitored from March through August of that year. The transect data indicated that most of the copper-organic complexes enter the bay via sewage effluent which is discharged into the Providence River at the head of the bay. Organic copper concentrations in the estuary ranged from 0.12 to 2.30 μg kg−1 and comprised from 14 to 70% of the total dissolved copper. The concentration of copper-organic complexes was not directly related to the amount of dissolved organic matter; and recently generated organic material from phytoplankton production within the bay had a negligible influence on the fraction of dissolved copper which was organically bound. The major source of total copper to the bay is anthropogenic inputs from sewage effluents. Particulate and dissolved copper concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 2.42 and 0.23 to 16.4 μg kg−1, respectively, giving average values of about 40% particulate and 60% dissolved copper. Particulate copper concentrations decreased rapidly from the upper to the lower bay as a result of both removal and dilution. About 75% of the dissolved copper entering the bay is rapidly removed in the Providence River and upper bay, and the remaining portion (which is largely organic copper) follows conservative mixing in the mid to lower bay. The data suggest that copper binding by dissolved organic matter may be an important control on the riverine flux of dissolved copper through estuaries into coastal and oceanic waters.
Hexaamminecobalt(III) aquabis(nitrilotriacetato-κ4N,O,O′,O′′)gadolinate(III) octahydrate

Crystals of the title compound, [Co(NH3)6][Gd(C6H6NO6)2(H2O)]·8H2O, were synthesized in and collected from aqueous solution. The hexaamminecobalt(III) cation has the expected octahedral geometry, while the Gd coordination sphere has the geometry of a tricapped trigonal prism, with the two nitrilo­tri­acetate N atoms and one water mol­ecule occupying the capping positions.
The present status of infrainguinal arterial reconstructive surgery for chronic lower-extremity ischemia

Abstract Infrainguinal bypass surgery utilizing autogenous greater saphenous vein has undergone remarkable technical modifications over the past decade. Distal bypasses can now be successfully extended even into the foot and few patients today are deemed anatomically unreconstructible. The recent consensus on uniform reporting standards has enabled meaningful comparisons of modern-day published results. In addition, regular graft surveillance by measurement of flow velocities holds promise for even further extension of secondary patency and limb salvage. Inferior results with prosthetic infrainguinal bypass grafting have stimulated the innovative utilization of several nonsaphenous autogenous venous conduits, which are proving generally acceptable and durable. PTFE remains as an acceptable alternative graft material in the few patients in whom autogenous vein is not available. We clearly, however, do not recommend primary grafting with this material.
Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of latexes

Abstract Polymeric compositions with conductivities ranging from 10−3S/cm to 5 S/cm have been prepared from the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of certain latexes. The polypyrrole/polymer complexes that form on the anode can be subsequently dispersed in a number of common organic solvents for a variety of applications. In addition to its intrinsic conductivity, the chemical and physical properties of the composition can be regulated by the choice of the latex.
Coastal dune facies, Permian Cutler Formation (White Rim Sandstone), Capitol Reef National Park area, southern Utah

Abstract The Permian Cutler Formation (White Rim Sandstone) in the Capitol Reef National Park area in southern Utah is an excellent example of a coastal dune complex subjected to periodic flooding by marine waters. Wind-ripple, grainfall and grainflow laminae compose the cross-sets deposited by eolian dunes. However, wave-reworked structures such as oscillation ripples, the occurrence of the characteristically marine trace fossils Thalassinoides and Chondrites , and interfingering marine carbonate beds of the Kaibab Formation collectively indicate marine interaction with the eolian environment. Four facies are distinguished: cross-stratified sandstone, burrowed to bioturbated sandstone, brecciated and deformed sandstone, and ripple-laminated sandstone and thin carbonate beds. One unusual aspect of the cross-stratified sandstone facies is the abundance of coarse-grained sand. Coarse-grained sand is atypical in many ancient eolian slipface deposits, but occurs here in large slipface foresets as both grainflow and wind-ripple deposits. No water-laid structures are found in these slipface deposits. Coarse-grained sand was probably transported to the Cutler shoreline by fluvial systems draining the Uncompahgre Uplift to the east, and then concentrated as coarse-grained ripples in interdune areas. Some of these coarse-grained ripples migrated up the stoss side of the dunes and accumulations of coarse-grained sand avalanched down the crest to form grainflow deposits. An extensive amount of soft-sediment deformation is indicated by the presence of convolute bedding and brecciation. These features occur near the zone of interfingering with marine carbonate beds of the Kaibab Formation. The water-saturated and moist conditions required for extensive deformation may have been controlled by the proximity of these sandstones to the shoreline, and fluctuations in the associated groundwater table.
Comments on “Bonding processes during the dynamic compaction of metallic powders”

Abstract We show that the recent observations of Morris are consistent with an elementary model of energy deposition at powder particle surfaces during the passage of a compacting shock wave.
Wiretapping via Mimicry: Short Voice Imitation Man-in-the-Middle Attacks on Crypto Phones

Establishing secure voice, video and text over Internet (VoIP) communications is a crucial task necessary to prevent eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. The traditional means of secure session establishment (e.g., those relying upon PKI or KDC) require a dedicated infrastructure and may impose unwanted trust onto third-parties. "Crypto Phones" (popular instances such as PGPfone and Zfone), in contrast, provide a purely peer-to-peer user-centric secure mechanism claiming to completely address the problem of wiretapping. The secure association mechanism in Crypto Phones is based on cryptographic protocols employing Short Authenticated Strings (SAS) validated by end users over the voice medium. The security of Crypto Phones crucially relies on the assumption that the voice channel, over which SAS is validated by the users, provides the properties of integrity and source authentication. In this paper, we challenge this assumption, and report on automated SAS voice imitation man-in-the-middle attacks} that can compromise the security of Crypto Phones in both two-party and multi-party settings, even if users pay due diligence. The first attack, called the short voice reordering attack, builds arbitrary SAS strings in a victim's voice by reordering previously eavesdropped SAS strings spoken by the victim. The second attack, called the short voice morphing attack, builds arbitrary SAS strings in a victim's voice from a few previously eavesdropped sentences (less than 3 minutes) spoken by the victim. We design and implement our attacks using off-the-shelf speech recognition/synthesis tools, and comprehensively evaluate them with respect to both manual detection (via a user study with 30 participants) and automated detection. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our attacks against three prominent forms of SAS encodings: numbers, PGP word Lists and Madlib sentences. These attacks can be used by a wiretapper to compromise the confidentiality and privacy of Crypto Phones voice, video and text communications (plus authenticity in case of text conversations).
Sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis is prevented by a proteasome inhibitor in vivo.

Abstract Sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis mainly reflects ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent protein degradation. The effect of in vivo administration of a proteasome inhibitor on muscle protein breakdown during sepsis is not known. We treated rats with the proteasome inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Ile-Glu-(O-t-butyl)-Ala-leucinal (PSI) or corresponding volume of vehicle i.p. 2 h before sham-operation or induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. The sepsis-induced increase in total and myofibrillar muscle protein breakdown was inhibited in rats treated in vivo with PSI and a maximal effect was seen following 15 mg/kg of the proteasome inhibitor. Results from in vitro experiments in which incubated muscles were treated with 100 μM PSI suggest that the drug has a direct effect on muscle and that the effect is specific for the proteasome. The results are important because they suggest that it may be possible to prevent or improve the cachectic response in skeletal muscle during sepsis by treatment with a proteasome inhibitor.
Behavior-Consistent Within-Day Traffic Routing under Information Provision

The problem addressed here involves a central controller seeking to optimize traffic network performance under real-time routing information provision to drivers while explicitly accounting for drivers' likely reactions towards the information. A fuzzy control approach is used to identify the behavior-consistent information-based control strategies. Experiments are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the fuzzy controller. The results show the importance of incorporating driver behavior in the identification of the information strategies. Significant differences in terms of total system travel time can be obtained when the behavior-consistent approach is compared to traditional approaches
The Clathrin Adaptor AP-1A Mediates Basolateral Polarity

Clathrin and the epithelial-specific clathrin adaptor AP-1B mediate basolateral trafficking in epithelia. However, several epithelia lack AP-1B, and mice knocked out for AP-1B are viable, suggesting the existence of additional mechanisms that control basolateral polarity. Here, we demonstrate a distinct role of the ubiquitous clathrin adaptor AP-1A in basolateral protein sorting. Knockdown of AP-1A causes missorting of basolateral proteins in MDCK cells, but only after knockdown of AP-1B, suggesting that AP-1B can compensate for lack of AP-1A. AP-1A localizes predominantly to the TGN, and its knockdown promotes spillover of basolateral proteins into common recycling endosomes, the site of function of AP-1B, suggesting complementary roles of both adaptors in basolateral sorting. Yeast two-hybrid assays detect interactions between the basolateral signal of transferrin receptor and the medium subunits of both AP-1A and AP-1B. The basolateral sorting function of AP-1A reported here establishes AP-1 as a major regulator of epithelial polarity.
Rb binds c‐Jun and activates transcription

The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) acts as a critical cell-cycle regulator and loss of Rb function is associated with a variety of human cancer types. Here we report that Rb binds to members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, including c-Jun, and stimulates c-Jun transcriptional activity from an AP-1 consensus sequence. The interaction involves the leucine zipper region of c-Jun and the B pocket of Rb as well as a C-terminal domain. We also present evidence that the complexes are found in terminally differentiating keratinocytes and cells entering the G1 phase of the cell cycle after release from serum starvation. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein, which binds to both c-Jun and Rb, inhibits the ability of Rb to activate c-Jun. The results provide evidence of a role for Rb as a transcriptional activator in early G1 and as a potential modulator of c-Jun expression during keratinocyte differentiation.
Activity-based prototyping of ubicomp applications for long-lived, everyday human activities

We designed an activity-based prototyping process realized in the ActivityDesigner system that combines the theoretical framework of Activity-Centered Design with traditional iterative design. This process allows designers to leverage human activities as first class objects for design and is supported in ActivityDesigner by three novel features. First, this tool allows designers to model activities based on concrete scenarios collected from everyday lives. The models form a context for design and computational constructs for creating functional prototypes. Second, it allows designers to prototype interaction behaviors based on activity streams spanning time. Third, it allows designers to easily test these prototypes with real users continuously, in situ. We have garnered positive feedback from a series of laboratory user studies and several case studies in which ActivityDesigner was used in realistic design situations. ActivityDesigner was able to effectively streamline a ubicomp design process, and it allowed creating realistic ubicomp application prototypes at a low cost and testing them in everyday lives over an extended period.
The Effect of Dietary Sulfate on the Growth Rate of Chicks Fed a Purified Diet

Abstract Miller and Denton (1959) and Davies et al. (1960) reported that inorganic sulfate was effective in counteracting the toxic effects of supplying chicks with excess dietary molybdenum. The former investigators fed a diet composed of practical ingredients, including 35% of soybean oil meal, while the latter fed a purified diet containing isolated soybean protein. The addition of large quantities of sulfate ion to these diets in the absence of molybdenum did not affect growth. In contrast in experiments conducted at this laboratory with chicks using a purified diet containing casein as the protein source, marked growth depression was observed by feeding high levels of sulfate ion in attempts to induce molybdenum deficiency. The basal diet used in these experiments is given in Table 1. The mineral mixture in the diet supplied 0.23 to 0.41 percent inorganic sulfate. When sulfate ion was added to the diet, the calcium, sodium and potassium …
Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Biochemical, Metabolic and Clinical Implications

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Steatosis, the hallmark feature of NAFLD, occurs when the rate of hepatic fatty acid uptake from plasma and de novo fatty acid synthesis is greater than the rate of fatty acid oxidation and export (as triglyceride within very low-density lipoprotein). Therefore, an excessive amount of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) represents an imbalance between complex interactions of metabolic events. The presence of steatosis is associated with a constellation of adverse alterations in glucose, fatty acid, and lipoprotein metabolism. It is likely that abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism, in conjunction with adipose tissue, hepatic, and systemic inflammation, are key factors involved in the development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and other cardiometabolic risk factors associated with NAFLD. However, it is not clear whether NAFLD causes metabolic dysfunction or whether metabolic dysfunction is responsible for IHTG accumulation, or possibly both. Understanding the precise factors involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of NAFLD will provide important insights into the mechanisms responsible for the cardiometabolic complications of obesity.
Implementing Change in Respiratory Care

Though people are generally averse to change, change and innovation are critically important in respiratory care to maintain scientific and clinical progress. This paper reviews the issue of change in respiratory care. I summarize several available models of organizational and personal change (ie, those of Kotter and of Silversin and Kornacki, and the Intentional Change Theory of Boyatzis), review the characteristics of change-avid respiratory therapy departments, offer an example of a change effort in respiratory care (implementation of respiratory care protocols) and then analyze this change effort as it took place at one institution, the Cleveland Clinic, using these models. Finally, I present the results of an analysis of change-avid respiratory therapy departments and offer some suggestions regarding change management for the profession and for individual respiratory care clinicians. Common features of theories of organizational change include developing a sense of urgency, overcoming resistance, developing a guiding coalition, and involving key stakeholders early. With the understanding that change efforts may seem unduly “clean” and orderly in retrospect, the models help explain the sustainable success of efforts to implement the Respiratory Therapy Consult Service at the Cleveland Clinic. By implication, these models offer value in planning change efforts prospectively. Further analysis of features of change-avid respiratory therapy departments indicates 11 highly desired features, of which four that especially characterize change-avid departments include: having an up-to-date leadership team; employee involvement in change; celebrating wins; and an overall sense of progressiveness in the department. This analysis suggests that understanding and embracing change is important. To anchor change in our profession, greater attention should be given to developing a pipeline of respiratory care clinicians who, by virtue of their advanced training, have the skills to innovate in respiratory care in various ways.
Cyclooxygenase inhibition and baroreflex sensitivity in humans.

Animal studies suggest that prostanoids (i.e., such as prostacyclin) may sensitize or impair baroreceptor and/or baroreflex responsiveness depending on the site of administration and/or inhibition....
When Values and Attributions Collide: Liberals’ and Conservatives’ Values Motivate Attributions for Alleged Misdeeds

Conservatives tend to make dispositional whereas liberals make situational attributions for social problems and alleged misconduct (the “ideo-attribution effect”). Three studies demonstrated a reversal of the ideo-attribution effect. Conservatives made stronger situational attributions than liberals for the behavior of Marines accused of killing Iraqi civilians (Studies 1 and 2) and police officers accused of wrongly killing a cougar running loose in a Chicago neighborhood (Study 3). Reversals of the ideo-attribution effect occurred because conservative values were more consistent with excusing the Marines’ and police officers’ behavior, whereas liberal values were more consistent with blaming the Marines and police officers. These results suggest that the ideo-attribution effect—and attributions more generally—are shaped by whether people’s attributional conclusions are consistent or inconsistent with their salient values.