cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DODECYL SUCCINIC ACID ON PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND ITS REVERSAL BY FORMALDEHYDE AND IRON.

SummaryThe anionic detergent dodecyl succinic acid increases the rate of swelling of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa incubated in phosphate or Tris buffer pH 6.7. It is more effective in the latter buffer. Formaldehyde and ferrous sulfate partially protect the cell from this action of the detergent. Mercuric chloride increases the rate of swelling equally in both buffers, and ferrous sulfate but not formaldehyde protects the cells. EDTA also increases rate of swelling but more effectively in Tris than in phosphate buffer. These results indicate that chelation of iron or its displacement from the cell membrane by mercury facilitates ion influx. The reversal of the detergent effect by formaldehyde indicates that its carboxyl groups make ionic bonds with amino groups and this also facilitates ion influx.
Dispersal of soredia by the oribatid mite, Humerobates arborea

Frequency of soredia acquisition and deposition by the oribatid mite, Humerobates arborea, was investigated. A survey of tree trunks in five unevenaged forests in central Maine revealed that 25% of...
Single-marker family-based association analysis conditional on parental information.

Family-based designs have been commonly used in association studies. Different family structures such as extended pedigrees and nuclear families, including parent-offspring triads and families with multiple affected siblings (multiplex families), can be ascertained for family-based association analysis. Flexible association tests that can accommodate different family structures have been proposed. The pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) (Martin et al., Am J Hum Genet 67:146-154, 2000) can use full genotype information from general (possibly extended) pedigrees with one or multiple affected siblings but requires parental genotypes or genotypes of unaffected siblings. On the other hand, the association in the presence of linkage (APL) test (Martin et al., Am J Hum Genet 73:1016-1026, 2003) is restricted to nuclear families with one or more affected siblings but can infer missing parental genotypes properly by accounting for identity-by-descent (IBD) parameters. Both the PDT and APL test are powerful association tests in the presence of linkage and can be used as complementary tools for association analysis. This chapter introduces these two tests and compares their properties. Recommendations and notes for performing the tests in practice are provided.
Synthesis of Thermally Stable Geminal Dicationic Ionic Liquids and Related Ionic Compounds: An Examination of Physicochemical Properties by Structural Modification

Geminal dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) often display higher thermal stabilities, viscosities, and densities compared to traditional monocationic ILs. Also, dicationic ILs have advantages in terms of tuning of their physicochemical properties by different structural modifications. They can be considered as a combination of three structural moieties: (1) cationic head groups, (2) an alkane linker chain, and (3) the associated anions. Two types of each imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, and phosphonium cations were joined by different alkane linkages (C6, C9, and C12) to develop 18 different dications. These dications were paired with two different anions (NTf2– and PFOS–) to synthesize 36 different dicationic ILs. The effect of variations in the structural moieties of these related ILs on their physicochemical properties, including melting points, densities, viscosities, solubilities, and thermal stabilities, were evaluated. ILs synthesized in this study displayed TGA thermal stabilities in the range 330–467 °C. A...
When being far away is good: Exploring how mortality salience, regulatory mode, and goal progress affect judgments of meaning in life

Research indicates that death-relevant thoughts (mortality salience) have a nuanced effect on judgments of life's meaningfulness. Thoughts of death diminish meaning in life only among people who lack or do not readily engage psychological structures that confer meaning. Building on this past research, the current research examined how an important source of meaning, long-term goal progress, affects the ways that death-relevant cognitions impact judgments of life's meaning. In Study 1 (N = 118), mortality salience decreased perceptions of meaning in life only among participants who were induced to feel closer to (vs. farther from) completing a long-term goal. Study 2 (N = 259) extended these findings by demonstrating the moderating influence of individual differences in locomotion. Mortality salience again decreased perceptions of meaning in life among participants who felt closer to accomplishing a long-term goal, but it only did so among people who do not quickly adopt new goals to pursue (i.e., those low in locomotion). The implications of these findings for better understanding how people maintain meaning in the face of existential concerns and how aspects of goal pursuit affect these processes are discussed.
Fundamental study of refrigerant-line transients: Part 1 - description of the problem and survey of relevant literature

Dangerous pressure excursion incidents in industrial refrigeration systems have been caused by condensation-induced shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugging; however, some of the mechanisms responsible for initiating these hydraulic transients remain unclear. In this paper, simple descriptions of these shock-initiating conditions are given, and a thorough survey of the related technical literature is provided. The main contribution of this work is a literature database for practitioners and researchers interested in condensation-induced shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugging in refrigeration systems.
Modeling and Implementation

With the experiments described in the last three chapters the data acquisition is completed. In this chapter now these contrast perception values are first interpolated and then extrapolated to a general model. The parameters of this perception model are calculated and described in Section 7.1. The integration of these values into a night driving simulation including a brief discussion of the obtained results is done in Section 7.2.
Surface Chemistry of Glass

When two immiscible phases, such as a gas and a solid, are brought into contact, the concentration of the gas phase is found to be greater at the interface than in its bulk. This process is termed adsorption, and is due to the fact that the atoms in a solid surface are subjected to unbalanced forces of attraction normal to the plane of the surface.
Inclusion of ph Effects in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Membranes and Membrane Proteins

Standard molecular simulation methods based on classical force fields typically assume only a fixed protonation state of systems. This assumption generally only permits a limited treatment of pH effects, for example, consideration of extreme acidic/basic conditions or situations where a small number of protonation states can be explicitly enumerated. Importantly, the standard approach cannot be scaled to chemical systems with a large number of titrateable sites such as lipid head groups or assemblies of protein subunits. Here we describe the development and application of a scalable and extensible method for including pH effects in molecular dynamics simulations. In contrast to other constant pH methods, the new method, based on a hybrid of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo, can be easily scaled to handle large heterogeneous systems, i.e., not only globular proteins. We present a validation of the method and its implementation in the program NAMD. Finally, we also present proof of concept studies on large biomolecular membrane systems.
Selective adsorption: A new approach to cellulose protection during bleaching

The efficacy of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine (melamine) as a selectively adsorbed protectant for cellulose during bleaching of a number of chemical pulps with chlorine or hypochlorite is evaluated under a variety of conditions. About 0.25% of this polynitrogen heterocycle, based on pulp, is found to provide the same level of protection as that afforded by 0.5% of the well-recognized cellulose protectant, sulfamic acid. The use of melamine does not lead to any deceleration of delignification or problems in brightness development. Other oxidatively-stable, cellulose-substantive nitrogen heterocycles, such as caffeine and guanine, behave similarly.
Transcriptional start site heterogeneity modulates the structure and function of the HIV-1 genome.

The promoter in HIV type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA contains three sequential guanosines at the U3–R boundary that have been proposed to function as sites for transcription initiation. Here we show that all three sites are used in cells infected with HIV-1 and that viral RNAs containing a single 5′ capped guanosine ( Cap 1G) are specifically selected for packaging in virions, consistent with a recent report [Masuda et al. (2015) Sci Rep 5:17680]. In addition, we now show that transcripts that begin with two or three capped guanosines ( Cap 2G or Cap 3G) are enriched on polysomes, indicating that RNAs synthesized from different transcription start sites have different functions in viral replication. Because genomes are selected for packaging as dimers, we examined the in vitro monomer–dimer equilibrium properties of Cap 1G, Cap 2G, and Cap 3G 5′-leader RNAs in the NL4-3 strain of HIV-1. Strikingly, under physiological-like ionic conditions in which the Cap 1G 5′-leader RNA adopts a dimeric structure, the Cap 2G and Cap 3G 5′-leader RNAs exist predominantly as monomers. Mutagenesis studies designed to probe for base-pairing interactions suggest that the additional guanosines of the 2G and 3G RNAs remodel the base of the PolyA hairpin, resulting in enhanced sequestration of dimer-promoting residues and stabilization of the monomer. Our studies suggest a mechanism through which the structure, function, and fate of the viral genome can be modulated by the transcriptionally controlled presence or absence of a single 5′ guanosine.
Knowing What They Know: An Analysis of Senior Student Affairs Administrators’ Knowledge of NIRSA

Many campus recreational sports and intramural sports personnel are identified as members of the student affairs staff. It is not uncommon, therefore, for the Senior Student Affairs Administrator t...
Subscription ticket sales for symphony orchestras: Are flexible subscription tickets sustainable?

We examine the fixed subscription ticket market for U.S. symphony orchestras, which is a crucial element of their business model and has experienced declining sales in recent years. We find that subscription ticket buyers are more sensitive to price changes than total ticket buyers. Hiring a new music director may increase subscription ticket sales, and economic downturns will decrease ticket sales. We find that increasing flexible subscriptions contributes to a decline in total subscription tickets and single ticket sales, in general. In addition, with increasing advertising costs per attendee and falling revenue from fixed subscriptions, symphony orchestra management should consider ticket prices, which have risen significantly in recent years, more strategically.
From concept to completion: building a digital book

Building a digital book is a process in which the author must do the scholarly work of an extended article or monograph plus the application work of building a website, app, or other kind of interactive system to display the scholarship. Like many digital humanities projects, building a digital book can take a team effort. This experience report discusses the culmination of several years of research and a year of building the digital book. Working in a Digital Humanities lab with strong backgrounds in user experience and digital scholarship, the team leaders reflect on their reasoning behind technology choices, their methods for managing processes, and their efforts in implementing the project. Benefits and drawbacks for tools will be discussed, as well as lessons learned for their next large-scale team project.
Control of power bus switching transients on spacecraft

• Turn-off transients do not pose significant problem on most spacecraft ▪ Open-circuit potential can be high, but very short duration ▪ Easily “snubbed” with modest amount of capacitance on load input filters or at distribution point ▪ Eliminated with large filter capacitor at distribution point (if used) ▪ CS06 positive-going pulse need not be applied ▪ Even if open-circuit large magnitude, short duration turn-off transient were considered real, Javor showed in [3] that it poses no threat to input filter components • On any spacecraft platform, an analysis of the power subsystem should be performed as early as possible in order to determine the worst-case magnitudes of turn-on and turn-off transients that may be observed at the point of distribution • If these magnitudes are determined to be sufficiently benign, i.e. on the order of 3 V or less, then CS06 negative-going pulse need not be applied either • Any concerns sufficiently covered by GEVS tailoring of CS101 and CS114 as below: ▪ CS101, 1 Vrms (2.8 V peak-to-peak) from 30 Hz to 150 kHz ▪ CS114, effective limit of 1 Vrms (20 mA into 50 Ō) from 150 kHz to 50 MHz
Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography of inulin fructans using ternary solvent strength and selectivity gradients.

Abstract The value of exploring selectivity and solvent strength ternary gradients in enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) is demonstrated for the separation of inulin-type fructans from chicory. Commercial binary pump systems for supercritical fluid chromatography only allow for the implementation of ternary solvent strength gradients which can be restrictive for the separation of polar polymeric analytes. In this work, a custom system was designed to extend the capability of EFLC to allow tuning of selectivity or solvent strength in ternary gradients. Gradient profiles were evaluated using the Berridge function (RF1), normalized resolution product (NRP), and gradient peak capacity (Pc). Selectivity gradients provided the separation of more analytes over time. The RF1 function showed favor to selectivity gradients with comparable Pc to that of solvent strength gradients. NRP did not strongly correlate with Pc or RF1 score. EFLC with the hydrophilic interaction chromatography, HILIC, separation mode was successfully employed to separate up to 47 fructan analytes in less than 25 min using a selectivity gradient.
The types, frequencies, and findability of disciplinary grey literature within prominent subject databases and academic institutional repositories

INTRODUCTION In many disciplines grey literature, or works that are more ephemeral in nature and are not typically published through traditional scholarly channels, are heavily used alongside traditional materials and sources. We were interested in the type and frequency of grey literature in subject databases and in North American institutional repositories (IRs) as well as what disciplines use grey literature. METHODS Over 100 subject databases utilized by academic researchers and the IRs of over 100 academic institutions were studied. Document type, search capabilities, and level of curation were noted. RESULTS Grey literature was present in the majority (68%) of the literature databases and almost all IRs (95%) contained grey literature. DISCUSSION Grey literature was present in the subject databases across all broad disciplines including arts and humanities. In these resources the most common types of grey literature were conference papers, technical reports, and theses and dissertations. The findability of the grey literature in IRs varied widely as did evidence of active collection development. CONCLUSION Recommendations include the development of consistent metadata standards for grey literature to enhance searching within individual resources as well as supporting future interoperability. An increased level of collection development of grey literature in institutional repositories would facilitate preservation and increase the findability and reach of grey literature.
Management of women with clear cell endometrial cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review.

Abstract Objective Clear cell endometrial cancer (CCE) is an uncommon but important disease because of its aggressive behavior. Furthermore, prospective, randomized studies are either too difficult or impossible because of the small number of women affected. This review explores the differences between clear cell and endometrioid endometrial cancer. In addition, it uses available evidence to determine the best approach to management. Methods Medline was searched between January 1, 1966 and December 31, 2008 for all publications in English where the studied population included women diagnosed with CCE. Qualifying studies must have had at least 30 patients. Results Clear cell histology is diagnosed in less than 6% of all endometrial cancers and its incidence increases with age. Diagnosis can be made using the same tests that are used in the diagnosis of other types of endometrial cancer. Clear cell histology is morphologically and genetically different from the more prevalent endometrioid endometrial cancer histology. It shares many similarities with clear cell neoplasms of the ovary and kidney. Comprehensive surgical staging is critical in order to plan appropriate postoperative management. Adjuvant pelvic and/or whole abdominal radiotherapy have not been shown to be clearly beneficial in women diagnosed with clear cell endometrial cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatinum, taxol and doxorubicin either in a doublet or triplet combination has demonstrated efficacy. Conclusions Women diagnosed with CCE require comprehensive surgical staging. Platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy in a doublet or triplet format in combination with paclitaxel and/or doxorubicin should be considered as part of treatment of these women. Careful long term surveillance following treatment is indicated given the higher rate of recurrence compared to endometrioid endometrial cancer.
Consumption and plate waste of menu items served in the National School Lunch Program.

Plate waste was determined in fifty-eight elementary and high schools in the USDA Western, Midwestern, and Southwestern Regions. By weighing sample trays and edible waste, the percentage of food served that was consumed was measured for 23,000 lunches. Highest consumption was recorded for milk, with 88 and 94 per cent consumed in the fifth and tenth grades respectively. Most entrees and starches were well consumed; vegetables and salads showed much less acceptability. Regional differences in food acceptability were minor, and high school students consistently wasted less food in all categories than did elementary pupils.
Percutaneous transaxillary approach for peripheral endovascular interventions.

Objectives To assess the safety and feasibility of percutaneous transaxillary (TAx) access for peripheral endovascular interventions. Background The common femoral artery (CFA) is the most commonly used access site for peripheral endovascular interventions. However, its use might be precluded in multiple circumstances. The axillary artery is comparable in size to the CFA and is less affected by atherosclerosis. Data regarding its percutaneous use in peripheral endovascular interventions are scarce. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous TAx peripheral endovascular interventions were identified. Demographic and periprocedural data were extracted. Axillary artery access was obtained percutaneously with the arm abducted. A destination sheath was advanced to the relevant vessel. Endovascular interventions were performed using standard devices and techniques. Vascular closure devices were utilized to achieve hemostasis. Primary endpoints included procedural technical success, access-related complications, and major adverse events (MAEs). Secondary endpoints included cannulation time, total procedure time, fluoroscopy time, and length of stay (LOS). Results Percutaneous TAx access was successfully utilized to perform 41 procedures in 29 patients, lacking a suitable conventional access. Three quarters of target vessels were infrainguinal. The lesions of 61% were classified as TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) C or D. Access-related complications occurred in two procedures (5%). No MAEs occurred. Median cannulation time was 12 min, procedure time 135 min, fluoroscopy time 20 min, and LOS 1 day. Conclusions When no suitable access exists for lower extremity catheter-based interventions, percutaneous TAx approach is a feasible and safe alternative. As such facility with this approach is a valuable asset for interventionalists.
Classification of Medicaid Coverage on Birth Records in Wisconsin, 2011-2012.

Objectives:In 2011, Wisconsin introduced the 2003 Revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth, which includes a variable for principal payer. This variable could help in estimating Medica...
Phase diagram of the Kondo lattice model on the kagome lattice

We consider the potential for novel forms of magnetism arising from the subtle interplay between electrons and spins in the underscreened kagome Kondo lattice model. At weak coupling, we show that incommensurate noncoplanar multiwave vector magnetic orders arise at nearly all fillings and that this results from Fermi surface effects that introduce competing interactions between the spins. At strong coupling, we find that such a complex order survives near half filling despite the presence of ferromagnetism at all other fillings. We show this arises due to state selection among a massive degeneracy of states at infinite coupling. Finally, we show that at intermediate filling only commensurate orders seem to survive, but these orders still include noncoplanar magnetism. So, the mere presence of both local moments and itinerant electrons enables complex orders to form unlike any currently observed in kagome materials.
Botulinum Toxin A for Improving Lack of Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion After Major Burns—A Retrospective Chart Review

Abstract Objective To review the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) for treating the loss of maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion after burn injury. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Large urban burn center. Participants Patients (3-51 y) with major burn injury and loss of ankle dorsiflexion range while hospitalized (N=5). Intervention BTX-A treatment in addition to standard care. Main Outcome Measures Maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion at time of treatment, 1 month and 3 months posttreatment. Results Patients' total burn area ranged from 18% to 95%, and time from injury to BTX-A injection (80-125 units) was 19-93 days. Ankle range at the time of injection was −10 to −50 degrees, and all patients had improved ankle range at 1 month postinjection (−30 to +10 degrees). At 3 months postinjection, 3 participants had neutral ranges of motion that were relatively improved compared to preinjection ranges. Patients with additional complications or severe injury showed regression toward preinjection maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. Conclusion This retrospective study examines BTX-A as a potential tool for treating ankle plantar flexion contractures post major burn injury after failed conservative treatment. Initial review shows some patients may benefit from these injections, but more systematically designed studies are required to assess effectiveness. If effective, further investigation will be needed to validate and standardize treatment protocols, establish dosing, and assess long-term effectiveness in those with burn injury or severe complications.
Homalosphodrus Stål, 1867 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Reduviidae): a junior objective synonym of Parsialus Stål, 1863.

The purpose of this note is to review the usage of the generic names Parsialus Stal, 1863 and Homalosphodrus Stal, 1867 (type species: Parsialus depressus Stal, 1863) for a genus of harpactorine assassin bugs from the Oriental Region, the latter apparently being an unnecessary replacement name proposed for the former. Although Parsialus Stal, 1863 has been used rarely since its replacement and Homalosphodrus is undoubtedly in prevailing usage, it is demonstrated that neither name has been used extensively in the last century; thus, the case for suppression of Parsialus Stal, 1863 lacks strong support, similar to the case of Lanchnophorus Reuter, 1887 in Rhyparochromidae discussed by Kment et al. (2017) and nearly mirroring the case of Cutocoris Stal, 1859 and Cydnocoris Stal, 1867 in Reduviidae discussed by Swanson (2019). As a consequence, Homalosphodrus Stal, 1867 is replaced by its senior objective synonym, Parsialus Stal, 1863.
The drop size-dependence of iron and manganese concentrations in clouds and fogs : Implications for sulfate production

Differences in total iron and manganese concentrations between large (d > 23 μm) and small (4 < d < 23 μm) cloud and fog drops were investigated at four locations in the United States. The study examined coastal stratus and stratocumulus clouds in southern California and northern Oregon, frontal and orographic clouds at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, and radiation fogs in California's San Joaquin Valley. The speciation of iron as a function of drop size was also examined in some fog samples from the San Joaquin Valley. Total iron and manganese concentrations were generally higher in large drops than in small drops in clouds sampled at Mt. Mitchell and along the southern California coast. These species were typically enriched in small drops at the Oregon coast and San Joaquin Valley sites. Ratios of dissolved Fe(III) to total dissolved Fe ranged from 0.88 to 0.93 in small fog drops. Non-uniform distributions of iron and manganese across the drop size spectrum can influence rates of metal catalyzed S(IV) autooxidation. Approximately 50% of the sampled clouds were calculated to experience autooxidation rate enhancements greater than 30% due to variations in drop acidity and catalyst concentrations with drop size.
Construction and testing of the Gentrification Worldview Instrument

Primary data collection that is generalizable and applicable on a large scale would benefit gentrification research, as more stakeholders’ perspectives could be gathered. Thus, an instrument measur...
Challenges in the Transition of Care Process for Patients with Dravet and Lennox–Gastaut Syndromes

Epileptic encephalopathies such as Dravet syndrome (DS) and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) present unique challenges in the transition of care not only for the providers but also for the patients and families. Some of these challenges include the complexity of disease process, differences in medication management between children and adults, high incidence of comorbidities such as psychosocial issues, a lack of structured transition process from pediatric to adult care, and the lack of parental knowledge and reluctance to transition to an adult provider. Improving transition readiness and transfer of care are essential to long-term management and continuity of care. Studies show that patients/families who possess transition readiness skills have better health outcomes. Furthermore, participation in a structured transition intervention has been shown to improve transition readiness and utilization of ambulatory care in the adult setting. Reported benefits of implementation of transition planning include increased self-esteem, improved health literacy, fewer emergency room visits, decreased hospitalizations and comorbidities, and fewer school absences. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidenced-based, family/patient-centered transition model of care. This review's primary goal is to provide an overview of challenges in the transition of care and recommendations for an ideal transition for patients with DS and LGS.
An investigation into the effects of cyclic strain rate on the high cycle and very high cycle fatigue behaviors of wrought and additively manufactured Inconel 718

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) has increasingly been used to fabricate parts in aerospace applications, which may require service lives beyond ten-million cycles due to the imposed high loading frequencies. Understanding the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of these additive manufactured (AM) parts is an important step towards their design and qualification processes. This study focuses on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) and VHCF behaviors of both wrought and laser beam-powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) fabricated Inconel 718 in machined/polished surface condition, emphasizing on the influence of test frequency (i.e., cyclic strain rate). Uniaxial, fully-reversed force- and stress-controlled fatigue tests were conducted utilizing a servo-hydraulic and an ultrasonic test system operating at 5 Hz and 20 kHz, respectively, on wrought as well as LB-PBF vertically and diagonally built specimens. Fatigue cracks in the majority of the specimens were found to initiate from intra-granular slip bands near or at the surface, which gives rise to strong anisotropy in fatigue resistance in LB-PBF specimens due to the presence of columnar grains along the build directions. Longer fatigue lives were obtained at 20 kHz, which was ascribed to possibly lower-than-intended stresses applied in the ultrasonic tests. The corrected stress-life fatigue data at 20 kHz were found to converge to the one obtained from conventional testing at 5 Hz, implying no effect of cyclic strain rate on the fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 regardless of the fabrication process. The findings of this work confirm the use of ultrasonic fatigue testing to expedite generation of AM materials data to keep up with the current demand; however, the applied stress may need to be corrected.
Association between Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and child maltreatment among a cohort of fragile families.

Abstract Background Child maltreatment disproportionately affects families experiencing poverty and structural discrimination, including African American (AA) families. The generosity of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) may reduce child maltreatment disparities. Objective Our aim is to understand TANF's impact on the mother's perpetration of child maltreatment and whether the effect differs across AA and White mothers. Participants and setting Participants are 2457 primary caregiving mothers participating in waves 3 (2001−2003), 4 (2003–2006), and 5 (2007–2010) of the U.S.-based Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing birth cohort study. Methods We use a difference-in-differences study design to estimate overall and race-specific effects of TANF policies on caregivers' self-report of child neglect and physical and psychological maltreatment measured by the Child-Parent Conflict Tactics Scale. State-level TANF policy exposures include the TANF-to-Poverty Ratio (TPR), maximum cash benefits, time limits, sanctions, diversion payments, and family caps. Results A $100 increase in TANF benefits was associated with a reduction of 1.8 reported physical abuse events (Beta = −1.80, 95% CI (−3.29, −0.31)). Imposing a time limit on TANF receipt was associated with an increase of 2.3 reported physical abuse events (Beta = 2.27, 95% CI (0.04, 4.50)). No significant differences were found for AA mothers versus White mothers. Conclusions and relevance Increasing TANF cash benefits should be prioritized to reduce poverty-related child maltreatment disparities. TANF time limits should be reconsidered.
Monocyte-associated tissue factor is suppressed by phorbol myristate acetate.

The monocyte is the only normal circulating cell type capable of initiating blood coagulation through the expression of tissue factor. Recently isolated peripheral blood monocytes that contain no demonstrable tissue factor activity can be induced to express tissue factor activity by a number of stimulatory agents. Monocyte-associated tissue factor activity transiently increases in response to adherence to tissue culture plates and, consistent with other reports, markedly increases after the isolated monocytes are treated with endotoxin. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced an increase in tissue factor activity at low doses (10(-11) to 10(-12) mol/L). Conversely, concentrations of PMA that stimulate release of oxygen metabolites or that cause the cytosol-to-membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) (10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/L) resulted in a rapid decrease in both adherence-induced and endotoxin-induced monocyte tissue factor activity. The effects of PMA on monocytes were time- and dose-dependent with respect to PKC translocation, release of oxygen metabolites, and changes in tissue factor activity. Immunofluorescent staining of monocytes with monoclonal antibody (MoAb) HTF1–7B8, directed against human tissue factor, revealed that tissue factor antigen was induced concurrently with tissue factor activity by adherence and endotoxin and that tissue factor antigen decreased after PMA stimulation.
Communicative Competence Revisited: An Ethnopoetic Analysis of Narrative Performances of Identity

This chapter explores how definitions of communicative competence might be expanded, refined, and investigated by analyzing the roles of creativity, regimentation, and poetic structure in autobiographical narrative. Assuming that the “creative manipulations of cultural rules” that English Language Learners accomplish often go unrecognized in practice, the analysis demonstrates the need for teachers of English language learners to recognize and build on the multiple aesthetic resources that adult learners of English bring with them to the language learning endeavor. The analysis reveals dynamic connections between language in use, social identity, teaching practices, and learning processes. It also contributes to our understanding of how a narrator’s choices facilitate her/his emergent and growing competencies as a language learner, contributing citizen, and engaged participant in local communities of practice. The chapter thus illustrates how Educational Linguistics as an intellectual endeavor is not only grounded in history with a constant set of questions and concerns but, also, responsive to recent developments in theory, method, and practice.
A Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Approach to Linear Equality Constrained Minimization

We propose a new framework for the application of preconditioned conjugate gradients in the solution of large-scale linear equality constrained minimization problems. This framework allows for the exploitation of structure and sparsity in the context of solving the reduced Newton system (despite the fact that the reduced system may be dense). Numerical experiments performed on a variety of test problems from the Netlib LP collection indicate computational promise.
A heterodyning demodulation technique for spatial quadrature

Conventional flow estimation techniques quantify the axial component of blood or tissue velocity by either directly or indirectly estimating any Doppler shift of the frequency of the reflected ultrasound pulse. We have previously described a means of extending flow estimation to two dimensions through a method known as spatial quadrature. This technique creates a lateral complex modulation in the ultrasound beam, and hence in the echoes of scatterers moving through the beam, that can be used to estimate the lateral component of the flow velocity. The introduction of this lateral modulation creates the need for a means to distinguish the conventional axial modulation of the ultrasound pulse from this new lateral modulation. We demonstrate a novel vector velocity estimator based on spatial quadrature that uses heterodyning to achieve axial-only and lateral-only demodulation, and demonstrate its function using experimental data captured in real time in a vessel phantom under laminar flow conditions. This estimator was used to construct velocity profiles with peak velocities between 8 and 55 cm/s at Doppler angles of 90/spl deg/ and 60/spl deg/. Flow velocity profiles across the vessel were integrated to estimate flow rates that agreed with the known flow rates to within 3% and 6% relative error for flow at 90/spl deg/ and 60/spl deg/ Doppler angles.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Disease

Of the myriad of congenitally and perinatally acquired infections that can impair the neurodevelopment of the infant, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important. In the developed world, congenital CMV infection occurs in approximately 1 % of all pregnancies. Long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities include developmental delay, cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, and sensorineural hearing loss. This chapter summarizes the epidemiology and impact of congenital CMV on brain development. Hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of CNS injury are reviewed. Prospects for intervention are also summarized.
Solar energy storage reactions. Determination of the structure of the complex formed by visible irradiation of Rh/sub 2/(bridge)/sub 4//sup 2 +/ in aqueous HCl solutions

Visible irradiation of Rh/sub 2/(bridge)/sub 4//sup 2 +/ in concentrated HCl solutions yields hydrogen gas and a yellow complex, Rh/sub 2/(bridge)/sub 4/Cl/sub 2//sup 2 +/. An x-ray crystal structure analysis of (Rh/sub 2/(bridge)/sub 4/Cl/sub 2/)Cl/sub 2/.8H/sub 2/O (bridge = 1,3-diisocyanopropane) has been completed (final R/sub F/ = 0.031). The complex crystallizes in the space group P2/sub l//m(No. 11); a = 11.590 (4), b = 12.239 (4), c = 12.072 (4) A; ..beta.. = 92.90 (2)/sup 0/; Z = 2; d(calcd) = 1.686 (1), d(obsd) = 1.70 (2) g/cm/sup 3/. The structure is composed of Rh/sub 2/(bridge)/sub 4/Cl/sub 2//sup 2 +/ cations having approximate D/sub 4h/ symmetry and a hydrogen-bonded network of Cl/sup -/ anions and water molecules. Each Rh atom is six-coordinate with Cl and Rh atoms in axial positions of a Cl(RhC/sub 4/)Rh unit. The RhRh distance in the binuclear cation is 2.837 (1) A, and RhCl is 2.447 (1) A. The relative ease of reductive elimination of X from Rh/sub 2/(bridge)/sub 4/X/sub 2//sup 2 +/(X = Cl, Br) complexes may be explained in part by the drive to reduce CC' and NN' nonbonded-atom repulsions that are caused by the close approach (approx. 2.85 A) of the Rh(CN)/sub 4/more » planes. 2 figures, 4 tables.« less
Labile Stoffwechselprodukte V. Zur Biogenese Des Formiminoglycins Aus 4(5H)‐Imidazolon

Die bekannten Synthesewege zur Herstellung von substituierten 4(5H)-Imidazolonen sind fur den ungemein reaktionsfahigen Grundkorper der Reihe nicht gangbar. Durch Freisetzen des Formiminoglycin-β-phenylathylesters aus seinen Salzen lies sich das Produkt der augenblicklichen Cyclisierung, das kurze Zeit bestandige 4(5)-Imidazolon, spektrophotometrisch und enzymatisch nachweisen. Die Tatsache, das solche frisch bereiteten Imidazolon-Losungen von Enzymextrakten aus Clostridium cylindrosporum rasch zu Formiminoglycin abgebaut werden, spricht fur die Annahme, das 4(5)-Imidazolon und nicht Formiminoglycinamid das fehlende labile Zwischenprodukt in der biochemischen Abbaukette ist. Auch durch Diazotierung von 4(5)-Amino-imidazol und anschliesende Trennung von Kondensations- und Oxydations-Produkten an einer Ionenaustauscher-Saule lies sich die Bildung von Imidazolon (V) nachweisen.
Influence of settlement time, human population, park shape and age, visitation and roads on the number of alien plant species in protected areas in the USA

. I examined a data set of 77 protected areas in the USA (including national and state parks) to determine which of the following variables most strongly influence alien plant species richness: park area, climate (temperature and precipitation), native species richness, visitation rate, local human population size, total road length, park shape and duration of European settlement. Many of these predictor variables are intercorrelated, so I used multiple regression to help separate their effects. In support of previous studies, native species richness was the best single predictor of alien species richness, probably because it was a good estimator of both park area and habitat diversity available for establishment of alien species. Other significant predictors of alien species richness were years of occupation of the area by European settlers and the human population size of adjacent counties. Climate, visitation rate, road length and park shape did not influence alien species richness. The proportion of alien species (alien richness/native richness) is inversely related to park area, in agreement with a previous study. By identifying which variables are most important in determining alien species richness, such findings suggest ways to reduce alien species establishment.
Functional 70S hybrid ribosomes from blue-green algae and bacteria

Hybrid 70S ribosomes were produced by combining Anacystis nidulans and Escherichia coli 30S and 50S subunits. Both the A. nidulans 30S-E. coli 50S and E. coli 30S- A. nidulans 50S hybrids were functional in synthesizing protein when tested in a standard in vitro amino acid incorporating system. Both 70S hybrids were inhibited by streptomycin but the degree of inhibition was dependent upon the source of the 30S subunit. The ability to form functional 70S ribosomes from subunits of blue-green algae and bacteria is further evidence of the procaryotic nature of blue-greens and of the functional homology of the two protein synthesizing systems.
A new experimental technique for studying mass transport in liquid metals

A new experimental technique was developed having general applicability to the study of a variety of mass transport effects in liquid metal alloys. This technique is based on the real-time monitoring of compositional changes at the outer diameter of a horizontally rotating bilayer melt tube through the use of isotope-excited X-ray fluorescence methods. The apparatus is described and applications to the measurement of interdiffusion coefficients as well as anomalous transport, involving the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, are discussed. Unlike prior methods for studying diffusion in liquid metals, the present technique eliminates uncertainties associated with solute redistribution during solidification. Another advantage is the ability to detect non-diffusive contributions to mass transport, in real time.
Gibberellin-enhanced elongation of inverted Pharbitis nil shoot prevents the release of apical dominance

Ethylene evolution resulting from the gravity stress of shoot inversion appears to induce the release of apical dominance in Pharbitis nil (L.) by inhibiting elongation of the inverted shoot. It has been previously demonstrated that this shoot inversion release of apical dominance can be prevented by promoting elongation in the inverted shoot via interference with ethylene synthesis or action. In the present study it was shown that apical dominance release can also be prevented by promoting elongation of the inverted shoot via treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3). A synergistic effect was observed when AgNO3, the ethylene action inhibitor, was applied with GA3. Both GA3 and AgNO3 increased ethylene production in the inverted shoot. These results are consistent with the view that it is ethylene-induced inhibition of elongation and not any direct effect of ethylene per se which is responsible for the outgrowth of the highest lateral bud.
Fiber Optic Magnetometers Using Planar And Cylindrical Magnetostrictive Transducers

Fiber optic magnetometers which require high sensitivity at low frequencies (dc-10 Hz) rely on the nonlinear magnetostriction of materials such as amorphous metallic glass alloys. Typically, fiber is bonded to a magnetostrictive sample to convert strain in the sample to phase shift in a fiber interferometer. We present the results of measurements of the frequency dependence and dc and ac magnetic field sensitivity of both planar and cylindrical transducing elements, and discuss the practical advantages and disadvan-tages of each configuration.
Toxicogenomic study in rat thymus of F1 generation offspring following maternal exposure to silver ion

Male and female rats (26-day-old) were exposed to 0.0, 0.4, 4 or 40 mg/kg body weight silver acetate (AgAc) in drinking water for 10 weeks prior to and during mating. Sperm-positive females remained within their dose groups and were exposed to silver acetate during gestation and lactation. At postnatal day 26, the effect of silver ions on the developing F1 generation rat thymus was evaluated at the transcriptional level using whole-genome microarrays. Gene expression profiling analyses identified a dozen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each dose group using a loose criterion of fold change (FC) >1.5 and unadjusted p < 0.05, regardless of whether the analysis was conducted within each gender group or with both gender groups combined. No dose-dependent effect was observed on the number of DEGs. In addition, none of these genes had a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 after correction for multiple testing. These results in combination with the observation that thymus-to-body-weight ratios were not affected and no histopathological abnormalities were identified indicate that in utero exposure to silver ions up to 26.0 mg/kg (equivalent to 40.0 mg/kg silver acetate) did not have an adverse effect on the developing thymus.
The citrus leaf cuticle in relation to measurement of leaf water potential using thermocouple psychrometers

. Cuticular resistance to water vapour diffusion is an important aspect of thermocouple psychrometry and may introduce significant error in the measurement of leaf water potential (Ψ). The effect of the citrus (Citrus mitis Blanco) leaf cuticle on water vapour movement was studied using the times required for vapour pressure equilibration during thermocouple psychrometric measurement of Ψ. Cuticular abrasion with various carborundum powders was used to reduce the diffusive resistance of both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and the extent of the disruption to the leaf was investigated with light and electron microscopy. Cuticular abrasion resulted in reduced equilibration times due to decreased cuticular resistance and greater water vapour movement between the leaf and the psychrometer chamber. Equilibration times were reduced from over 5 h in the unabraded control leaves to 1 h with cuticle abrasion. This was associated with the decrease in diffusive resistance with cuticular abrasion from over 55 s cm−1 to less than 8 s cm−1 for both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Scanning electron micrographs of the abraded leaf tissue revealed considerable disruption of the stomatal ledge and of the guard cells, surface smoothing and displacement of waxes into the stomatal aperture, and damage to veins. Observations with the transmission electron microscope revealed frequent disruption of epidermal cell walls, and damage to both the cytoplasmic and vacuolar membranes.
Vimentin Is a Dominant Target of In Situ Humoral Immunity in Human Lupus Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

In lupus nephritis (LuN), severity of tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) on renal biopsy predicts subsequent renal failure. In severe TII, infiltrating B and T cells have features of tertiary lymphoid neogenesis including in situ antigen-driven clonal B cell selection. To identify the autoantigen(s) driving selection, we laser captured single CD38+ or Ki-67+ B cell mRNA from seven LuN biopsies. Twenty clonally expanded immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable region pairs were cloned and expressed as antibodies. Seven more were obtained from an eighth biopsy by flow sorting of CD38+ cells. Immunofluorescence indicated that 13 of 27 antibodies had immunoreactivity with cytoplasmic structures. Only 4 reacted with nuclei and none with dsDNA, Sm or RNP. Interrogation of protein arrays with TII antibodies and immunoprecipitations followed by mass spectroscopy identified a limited number of self-antigens with only vimentin common to both approaches. Eleven of 13 cytoplasmic TII antibodies directly bound vimentin, vimentin was highly expressed by tubulointerstitial infiltrating cells and tested TII antibodies preferentially bound inflamed tubulointerstitum. Finally, high-titers of serum anti-vimentin antibodies were strongly associated with severe TII. These finding suggest that in situ adaptive immunity to vimentin, an antigenic feature of inflammation, feeds forward to worsen TII and renal damage.