cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation Induced by PTEN Loss and PI3K/AKT Activation Underlies Human Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness

Altered lipid metabolism is increasingly recognized as a signature of cancer cells. Enabled by label-free Raman spectromicroscopy, we performed quantitative analysis of lipogenesis at single-cell level in human patient cancerous tissues. Our imaging data revealed an unexpected, aberrant accumulation of esterified cholesterol in lipid droplets of high-grade prostate cancer and metastases. Biochemical study showed that such cholesteryl ester accumulation was a consequence of loss of tumor suppressor PTEN and subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT pathway in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that such accumulation arose from significantly enhanced uptake of exogenous lipoproteins and required cholesterol esterification. Depletion of cholesteryl ester storage significantly reduced cancer proliferation, impaired cancer invasion capability, and suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenograft models with negligible toxicity. These findings open opportunities for diagnosing and treating prostate cancer by targeting the altered cholesterol metabolism.
A System for Evaluating Performance and Cost of SIMD Array Designs

SIMD arrays are likely to become increasingly important as coprocessors in domain specific systems as architects continue to leverage RAM technology in their design. The problem this work addresses is the efficient evaluation of SIMD arrays with respect to complex applications while accounting for operating frequency and chip area. The underlying issues include the size of the architecture space, the lack of portability of the test programs, and the inherent complexity of simulating up to hundreds of thousands of processing elements. The overall method we use is to combine architecture level and Electronic Design Automation (EDA) level modeling by using an EDA-based tool to calibrate architectural simulations. The resulting system retains much of the high throughput of the architecture level simulator but it also has accuracy similar to that of an early pass EDA synthesis and circuit simulation. The particular problem of computational cost of the architectural level simulation is addressed with a novel approach to trace-based simulation (we call it trace compilation), which we find to be one to two orders of magnitude faster than instruction level simulation while still retaining much of the accuracy of the model. Furthermore, traces must be generated for only a small fraction of the possible parameter combinations. Using trace compilation also addresses program portability by allowing the user to code in a single data parallel language with a single compiler, regardless of the target architecture. We have used our system to evaluate thousands of potential SIMD array designs with respect to real applications and present some sample results.
The Generation of Secondary Ice Particles in Clouds by Crystal–Crystal Collision

Abstract The number of fragments generated by crystal collisions in a cloud is a product of the number of fragments produced per collision and the collision frequency. The first term, called the fragment generation function, was obtained experimentally by taking high-speed photographs of collisions of natural ice crystals with a fixed plate. The number of fragments in a collision was found as a function of the change in momentum on impact with a fixed plate and as a function of crystal type and degree of rime. The difference in the change in momentum for collisions in a cloud compared to the fixed plate is treated theoretically and developed into a mathematical model. The collision frequency is incorporated into the model and rates of fragment generation studied for different crystal combinations, sizes and concentrations. The generation of secondary particles by mechanical fracturing does not explain the presence of large concentrations of ice crystals in relatively warm clouds. The additional crystals g...
Mathematics at the Turn of the Millennium

(2000). Mathematics at the Turn of the Millennium. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1-14.
Enthalpy landscapes and the glass transition

A fundamental understanding of the glass transition is essential for enabling future breakthroughs in glass science and technology. In this paper, we review recent advances in the modeling of glass transition range behavior based on the enthalpy landscape approach. We also give an overview of new simulation techniques for implementation of enthalpy landscape models, including techniques for mapping the landscape and computing the long-time dynamics of the system. When combined with these new computational techniques, the enthalpy landscape approach can provide for the predictive modeling of glass transition and relaxation behavior on a laboratory time scale. We also discuss new insights from the enthalpy landscape approach into the nature of the supercooled liquid and glassy states. In particular, the enthalpy landscape approach provides for natural resolutions of both the Kauzmann paradox and the question of residual entropy of glass at absolute zero. We further show that the glassy state cannot be described in terms of a mixture of equilibrium liquid states, indicating that there is no microscopic basis for the concept of a fictive temperature distribution and that the glass and liquid are two fundamentally different states. We also discuss the connection between supercooled liquid fragility and the ideal glass transition.
Multicut lower bounds via network coding

We introduce a new technique to certify lower bounds on the multicut size using network coding. In directed networks the network coding rate is not a lower bound on the multicut, but we identify a class of networks on which the rate is equal to the size of the minimum multicut and show this class is closed under the strong graph product. We then show that the famous construction of Saks et al. that gives a Θ(k) gap between the multicut and the multicommodity flow rate is contained in this class. This allows us to apply our result to strengthen their multicut lower bound, determine the exact value of the minimum multicut, and give an optimal network coding solution with rate matching the multicut.
Self-energy of heavy quark

We demonstrate that to calculate the selfenergy of a heavy quark in the heavy quark limit (or the heavy fermion limit in what is called the Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory), the use of standard dimensional regularization provides only the quantum limit: opposite to the heavy quark (or classical) limit that one wishes to obtain. We thus devised a standard ultraviolet/infrared regularization procedure in calculating the one- and two-loop contributions to the heavy quark self-energy in this limit. Then the one-loop result is shown to provide the standard classical Coulomb self-energy of a static colour source that is linearly proportional to the ultraviolet cutoff Λ. All the two-loop contributions are found to be proportional to Λ In (Λ/γ) where γ is the infrared cutoff. Often only the contribution from the bubble (light quarks, gluon and ghost) insertion to the gluon propagator has been considered as theO(αs) correction to the Coulomb energy to this order. Our result shows that other contributions are of the same magnitude, thus have to be taken into account.
The kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from the diffuse gas in the Local Group

Since the Local Group (LG) of galaxies moves with a bulk velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), free electrons in its gaseous halo should imprint large-scale non-primordial temperature shifts in the CMB via the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. By modeling the distribution of gas in the LG halo and using its inferred velocity with respect to the CMB, we calculate the resulting kSZ signal from the diffuse LG medium. We find that it is dominated by a hot spot ∼ 10° in size in the direction of M31, where the optical depth of free electrons is the greatest. By performing a correlation analysis, we find no statistical evidence that the kSZ signal from model of the LG halo is embedded in the CMB temperature map measured by the Planck satellite. We constrain the amount of mass in the LG halo by limiting the kSZ temperature shift around the hot spot to be smaller than the observed temperature shift in the Planck map. We find the tightest constraints for models where the halo mass is highly concentrated, with the mass limited to roughly 2.5–5 × 10{sup 12}M{sub ⊙}, but note that halos with such high concentrations aremore » rare.« less
From oocyte to baby: a clinical evaluation of the biological efficiency of in vitro fertilization.

Objective To assess the real biological efficiency of assisted reproduction technology (ART) cycles by using a new metric called oocyte to baby rate, where live babies born (LBB) are reported in relation to the number of oocytes retrieved and used. Design Retrospective analysis of clinical and embryological database. Setting University center. Patient(s) Patient's cycles (n = 572) divided by age ( 42 years) and by oocyte donors. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Total number of oocytes collected, the number of embryos transferable (fresh and frozen) and corresponding oocyte to LBB rates. In patients with remaining frozen embryos, the final LBB was estimated according to our reported rates. Result(s) A total of 572 oocyte retrievals yielded 7213 oocytes. The total number of transferred and frozen embryos was 2252 (a utilization rate of 31.2%). The LBB from fresh embryo transfers was 262 with an additional 64 LBB expected from frozen embryos. The overall oocyte to LBB rate was 4.6% (326 babies born). When analyzed by groups, the oocyte to baby rate was best in donor oocyte cycles (6.8%), and declined to 1% for patients >40. There was no increase in oocyte to LBB if >15 oocytes were obtained. Conclusion(s) During ART cycles, only approximately 5% of fresh oocytes produce a baby. The time has come to investigate new methods of oocyte viability assessment and consider changing current ART practice to recruit fewer oocytes.
Simulating the cultural evolution of literary genres

The purpose of this paper is to explore the evolutionary dynamics of literary genre: the development of the 19th Century British novel is used as a motivating case study. The author constructs an agent-based model in NetLogo consisting of two interacting levels: (1) a genetic algorithm in which cultural forms (e.g., works of literature, pieces of music, etc.) are represented as binary feature strings. Cultural forms evolve across generations via asexual and sexual reproduction. Genres are represented as hierarchical clusters of similar feature strings. (2) Cultural forms are subjected to the selection pressure of consumer preferences. Preferences are heterogeneous: each consumer's tastes are represented by an ideal point in feature space. Preferences are configured in landscapes that vary in their levels of structure, entropy, and diversity. Landscapes are dynamic and may change due to (i) exogenous demographic shifts (e.g., population growth, generational turnover) or (ii) endogenous feedback (e.g., conformity / anti-conformity effects).
Adrenal cortical function in abnormal newborn infants.

The serum cortisol levels of premature infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) were compared to cortisol levels of prematures with benign respiratory distress (BRD). Infants (1–3 days old) with fatal HMD had higher (P < 0·001) cortisol levels than infants of the same age with BRD. Responses of serum cortisol to ACTH were adequate in all groups. The urinary excretions of THE, 6β-hydroxycortisol (6β-OH-F), 16α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (16α-OH-DHA) and 16α-hydroxy-pregnenolone (16α-OH-PG) were studied in 23 normal full term newborns, eight normally grown prematures, eight newborns with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and five infants exposed to diphenylhydantoin and barbiturates in utero. The excretions of 16α-hydroxy-pregnenolone and 16α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone were significantly reduced (P < 0·02, P < 0·01, respectively) in infants with IUGR compared to normal controls, while excretions of THE and 6β-OH-F were normal. Fetal exposure to anticonvulsants had no consistent effect on neonatal steroid excretions.
The Globalization of Carbon Trading: Transnational Business Coalitions in Climate Politics

Over the past decade, carbon trading has emerged as the policy instrument of choice in the industrialized world to address global climate change. In this article I argue that a transnational business coalition, representing mostly energy firms and energy-intensive manufacturers, actively promoted the global rise of carbon trading. In this process, business was able to draw on the support of government allies and business-oriented environmental groups, particularly in the UK and the US. Alongside its allies, the coalition had pivotal influence in the internationalization of carbon trading through the Kyoto Protocol, in the U-turn of the EU from skeptic to frontrunner on carbon trading and in the re-import of carbon trading to the US. While business was not able to prevent mandatory emission controls, it was able to critically affect the regulatory style of climate policy in favor of low-cost, market-based options.
Heterogeneity in titaniferous lunar basalts

Small, but real, chemical differences exist between subsamples of fine-grained, quench-textured titaniferous lunar basalts. The existence of different textural domains with different chemistries is thought to account for most of this variation. In addition to the textural domains, 74275 has a population of a few percent of Fo77–80 olivine “megacrysts”, as well as dunite fragments of Fo80–84. These materials are thought to be extraneous and to compromise the primary nature of 74275. Recognition of the small chemical variations present may aid in understanding some discrepancies in the experimental petrology literature. However, these small variations have a distressing petrogenetic significance since they severely limit resolution in recognizing the number and depth of origin of primary magmas.
The upside of presentism

Presentism is generally regarded as a necessary evil in historiography. This paper explores the upside of that inevitability. Using a philosophical approach to discourse analysis in the tradition of new cultural history, the paper distinguishes between a strategic use of presentism on the one hand, and a rationalistic approach to history on the other hand. The paper concludes by considering some political implications of rationalistic accounts and strategically presentistic accounts in historiography. Rationalistic accounts inscribe expectations of the past into visions of the future; they cast the historian in the role of prophet; and they perpetuate notions of ahistoric agency. In contrast, strategically presentistic histories incorporate an orientation that deliberately uses the lenses and perspectives of the present in order to bring current assumptions and perspectives into focus. When assumptions are examined in relation to presentistic perspectives, those assumptions loosen their reins on thought. Since presentism is unavoidable, presentism should not be dismissed outright, but ought to be subject to probing and critical examination. With such a focus, strategically presentistic historiography allows for a reflection on the limits of what it is possible to think.
The Mass–Radius Relation for Star-forming Galaxies at z ~ 1.5-3.0

We present early results from a Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/IR imaging survey of star-forming galaxies in the redshift range 1.5 < z < 3.0. When complete, this survey will consist of 42 orbits of F160W imaging distributed amongst 10 survey fields on the line of sight to bright background QSOs, covering 65 arcmin^2 to a depth of 27.9 AB with a point-spread function FWHM of 0".18. In this contribution, we use a subset of these fields to explore the evolution of the galactic stellar mass-radius relation for a magnitude-limited sample of 102 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies ((SFR) ~ 30 M_☉ yr^(–1)) with stellar mass M_* ~ 10^(10) M_☉. Although the light profile of these galaxies often has an irregular, multi-component morphology, it is typically possible to describe the brightest component with a Sersic profile of index n ~ 1. The circularized half-light radius r e of the brightest component is on average r_e = 1.66 ± 0.79 kpc (i.e., ~50%-70% the size of local late-type galaxies with similar stellar mass), consistent with recent theoretical models that incorporate strong feedback from star-forming regions. The mean half-light radius increases with stellar mass and, at fixed stellar mass, evolves with cosmic time as ~(1 + z)^(–1.42), suggesting that high-redshift star-forming galaxies may evolve onto the local stellar mass-radius relation by redshift z ~ 1.
Highly diastereoselective hydrosilation reactions. Spirocyclic siloxanes: Sources of Si-based Lewis acids

Abstract Cyclohexylsiloxy hydrides ( e.g. , 6 ) undergo intramolecular hydrosilation with significantly higher levels of stereochemical control (versus their dimethylsilyl counterparts such as 3 ). The resulting spirocyclic silanes may serve as effective Lewis acids; association with a Lewis basic site allows these entities to exist in the trigonal bipyramidal geometry wherein ring strain is released.
Relating U(1) monopole configurations to SU(2) saddle-point configurations

Abstract We have studied field configurations of the 3-dimensional Georgi-Glashow model which interpolate between the U (1) and the SU (2) limits. In the intermediate region, these configurations contain 't-Hooft-Polyakov monopoles. We use cooling and extremization to find these configurations and investigate their evolution as we adiabatically move towards the U (1) and the SU (2) limits. We also evolve an SU (2) saddle point solution towards the U (1) limit to see the relation between the unstable solutions in the SU (2) theory and the stable ones in the U (1) theory.
Semileptonic decays of D mesons in unquenched lattice QCD

We present our preliminary results for semileptonic form factors of D mesons in unquenched lattice QCD. Simulations are carried out with n{sub f} = 2 + 1 dynamical quarks using gauge configurations generated by the MILC collaboration. For the valence quarks, we adopt an improved staggered light quark action and the clover heavy quark action. Our results for D {yields} K and D {yields} {pi} form factors at q{sup 2} = 0 are in agreement with the experimental values.
Exploring hyperfine interactions in spin-correlated radical pairs from photosynthetic proteins: High-frequency ENDOR and quantum beat oscillations

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and related spectroscopic tools remain among the most important probes of structure and function of natural photosynthetic systems. Indeed, the challenging questions in the study of photosynthesis have to a great extent dictated the directions taken in the development of EPR and associated spectroscopies. In this overview we demonstrate, with recent examples from our laboratories, the potential of high-frequency and time-resolved EPR spectroscopy to reveal unique information about electron transfer processes and the structure of photosynthetic systems. A common feature of these experiments is that they probe hyperfine interactions of the spincorrelated radical pair. Thus, the analysis of the results requires consideration of three interacting spins: two correlated electron spins with one nuclear spin. The results illustrate the importance of resolving nuclear hyperfine structure for obtaining details of structure-function relationships in photosynthetic electron transfer.
Author Misrepresentation in the Submission of Redundant Papers

candidategeneandthetheorythatsympatheticoveractivityisan underestimated contributor to ESRD.Although considerable further evidence would need to fol-low to verify the putative causal chain, ideally early develop-ments would be that others would reproduce the findings inlarger populations, and longitudinal studies in patient groupsor animal models would demonstrate that sympathetic over-activity (and lower catestatin) precedes progressive decline torenal failure. Eventually, then, the value of these CHGA hap-lotypes and catestatin as markers and perhaps the benefits ofmedication that is capable of limiting the distorted sympa-thetic outflow, perhaps limiting certain adrenergic effects,might then be worth assessment in those who are at high riskfor ESRD.DISCLOSURES
Irreversible erythrocyte volume expansion induced by tellurite

Tellurite (K2TeO3) has been suggested as a potential anti-sickling compound because it causes a selective increase in the water content of RBC. To investigate the conditions underlying the increase in RBC volume due to tellurite, normal RBCs were incubated with the compound in a physiological medium and the cells washed with a 10-fold volume of the medium. The washed cells were then incubated at 24 degrees C for periods up to 4 h and the following parameters were determined: MCV, MCH, MCHC and supernatant haemoglobin concentration by standard methods, the density distribution profile by phthalate esters and cell morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of hypertonic PBS on the tellurite-treated cells was also tested. K2TeO3 induced concentration and time dependent increases in MCV and decreases in MCHC without any apparent change in MCH. The median density and the transitional 60% density range of the cell distribution profile respectively decreased and increased in proportion to [K2TeO3] and time. Hypertonic PBS did not inhibit or reverse the tellurite-induced changes in MCV and MCHC. SEM and photovolumetric measurements demonstrated tellurite-induced large vesicles ranging in size from 24 to 32 micron 3. The proportion of these vesicles increased with time and K2TeO3 concentration. Since tellurite is an oxidant, these findings suggest that its influx into the red cell results in irreversible reactions that disrupt the ion and water regulatory properties of the membrane.
Existence and stability of steady states of a reaction convection diffusion equation modeling microtubule formation.

We generalize the Dogterom–Leibler model for microtubule dynamics (Dogterom and Leibler in Phys Rev Lett 70(9):1347–1350, 1993) to the case where the rates of elongation as well as the lifetimes of the elongating shortening phases are a function of GTP-tubulin concentration. We analyze also the effect of nucleation rate in the form of a damping term which leads to new steady-states. For this model, we study existence and stability of steady states satisfying the boundary conditions at x = 0. Our stability analysis introduces numerical and analytical Evans function computations as a new mathematical tool in the study of microtubule dynamics.
Generalized Yukawa couplings and matrix models

Abstract In this article we investigate U ( N ) gauge theories with matter in the fundamental and adjoint representations of the gauge group, interacting via generalized Yukawa terms of the form Tr [QΦ n Q ] . We find agreement between the matrix model and the gauge theory descriptions of these theories. The analysis leads to a partial description of the Higgs branch of the gauge theory. We argue that the transition between phases with different unbroken flavor symmetry groups is related to the appearance of cuts in the matrix model computation.
Titanium catalyzed one-pot multicomponent coupling reactions for direct access to substituted pyrimidines

A titanium-catalyzed 3-component coupling reaction can be used to generate tautomers of 1,3-diimines. These diimines produced in situ undergo condensation with amidines in a one-pot procedure to provide substituted pyrimidines. Seventeen examples of pyrimidines are provided using this one-pot, 4-component procedure from simple starting materials. In some cases, catalyst architecture can be tuned to control the regioselectivity of the alkyne addition. Finally, the regioselectivity of amidine addition to unsymmetrical 1,3-diimines is discussed.
A note on quasiconformal maps with Hölder-continuous dilatation

Abstract Recently J. Mateu, J. Orobitg, and J. Verdera showed that a Holder continuous complex dilatation supported on smooth domains is a sufficient condition for the resulting quasiconformal map to be bi-Lipschitz. Their proof is analytic and based on properties of the Beurling–Ahlfors transform. We give an alternate, more geometric proof and use it to extend their result to supporting domains with positive angle corners.
Population Analysis of Seyfert Galaxies in the Coma-Abell 1367 Supercluster

We are studying the population of active galaxies residing both in and out of groups along the Coma-Abell 1367 supercluster to look at the occurrence of Seyfert galaxies. We are also measuring the level of activity, as defined by active galactic nuclei (AGN) and star formation rates in the galaxy groups. Our goal is then to relate this information to determine any environmental correlation of these two features. We report on the distribution of Seyfert galaxies as a function of environment across the supercluster and probe the characteristics of the population of groups that currently host at least one Seyfert.
Synthesis of bridged dicyclooctatetraenes and alkynylcyclooctatetraenes by palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions

Abstract Bridged dicyclooctatetraenes have been synthesized by the palladium-catalyzed coupling of distannanes with bromocyclooctatetraene by employing the ligands tri(2-furyl)phosphine and triphenylarsine. The coupling of bromocyclooctatetraene with terminal alkynes is compared to couplings with alkynylstannanes for the preparation of alkynylcyclooctatetraenes.
Tracheloraphis haloetes sp. n. (Ciliophora, Gymnostomatida): Description and a Key to Species of the Genus Tracheloraphis

SYNOPSIS Tracheloraphis haloetes sp. n. occurred in a water sample from a Bahama industrial salt works (S = 82 ppt). Its measurement, shape, ciliation (pericytostomal, locomotory, and nonmotile), internal structure, and behavior are described. A simple binary key is used to indicate its similarities to and differences from its congeners. The key is based on characteristics of nuclear configuration, glabrous zone morphology, body shape, and patterns of ciliation.
Developing viable farmers markets in rural communities: An investigation of vendor performance using objective and subjective valuations

Abstract Farmers markets are drawing increasing attention by consumers as a local source of fresh foods; by producers as an alternative marketing opportunity to improve farm sales; and by policy makers concerned about the limited availability of affordable, nutritious foods in low-income, sparsely-populated rural areas. Using unique data collected from customers, vendors, and markets in a rural region of New York State, we develop an empirical model of subjective and objective measures of vendor performance to identify important factors for improved market sustainability. The empirical results suggest four inter-related planning recommendations when considering market and public policy interventions: (1) establishing larger, centrally located markets with public sector contributions, (2) targeting variety in products and vendors, (3) prioritizing attention to marketing and promotion, and (4) reducing cost burdens to underserved, low-income residents. As rural areas are spatially unique, future research across a variety of rural communities and regions will be important to the further development of sound initiatives aimed at improving market performance and access to healthy foods.
LISE++ development: Application to projectile fission at relativistic energies

A new model of fast analytical calculation of fission fragment transmissions through a fragment separator has been developed in the framework of the code LISE++. In the development of this new reaction mechanism in the LISE++ framework it is possible to distinguish the following principal directions: kinematics of reaction products, production cross-section of fragments, spectrometer tuning to the fragment of interest to produce maximal rate (or purification).
The CCUBE constraint object-oriented database system

Constraints provide a flexible and uniform way to represent diverse data capturing spatio-temporal behavior, complex modeling requirements, partial and incomplete information etc, and have been used in a wide variety of application domains. Constraint databases have recently emerged to deeply integrate data captured by constraints in databases. This paper reports on the development of the first constraint object-oriented database system, CCUBE, and describes its specification, design and implementation. The CCUBE system is designed to be used for the implementation and optimization of high-level constraint object-oriented query languages as well as for directly building software systems requiring extensible use of constraint database features. The CCUBE data manipulation language, Constraint Comprehension Calculus, is an integration of a constraint calculus for extensible constraint domains within monoid comprehensions, which serve as an optimization-level language for object-oriented queries. The data model for the constraint calculus is based on constraint spatio-temporal (CST) objects that may hold spatial, temporal or constraint data, conceptually represented by constraints. New CST objects are constructed, manipulated and queried by means of the constraint calculus. The model for the monoid comprehensions, in turn, is based on the notion of monoids, which is a generalization of collection and aggregation types. The focal point of our work is achieving the right balance between the expressiveness, complexity and representation usefulness, without which the practical use of the system would not be possible. To that end, CCUBE constraint calculus guarantees polynomial time data complexity, and, furthermore, is tightly integrated with the monoid comprehensions to allow deeply interleaved global optimization.
BANKRUPTCY: PAST PUZZLES, RECENT REFORMS, AND THE MORTGAGE CRISIS

This paper discusses four bankruptcy-related policy issues. First, what is the economic rationale for having a bankruptcy procedure at all and what defines an economically efficient bankruptcy procedure? Second, why did the number of U.S. bankruptcy filings increase so dramatically between 1980 and 2005? Third, a major bankruptcy reform went into effect in the United States in 2005�what did it do and how did it affect credit and mortgage markets? Finally, the paper discusses the mortgage crisis, the high social cost of foreclosures, and the difficulty of avoiding foreclosure by voluntarily renegotiation of mortgage contracts, even when such renegotiations are in the joint interest of debtors and creditors. I also discuss the pros and cons of government programs to refinance mortgages and the argument for giving bankruptcy judges new power to change the terms of residential mortgage contracts in bankruptcy.
Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections with Patient-Administered Single-Dose Therapy

Abstract In a randomized crossover trial, 38 women with recurrent urinary tract infections were assigned to use either continuous prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or intermittent self...
Project FIND: an integrated information and modeling system for management

Project FIND (Forecasting Institutional Needs for Dartmouth) has been established at Dartmouth College to make institutional data readily accessible to administrative officers and faculty members through the facilities of the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (DTSS). A concomitant goal is to develop models of the operation of the institution to facilitate long-range planning by providing quantitative estimates of the effects of policy changes.
Synthesis of the forskolin skeleton via anionic oxy-cope rearrangement

Abstract The forskolin prototype 14 has been elaborated in 9 steps from 2,4,4-trimethylcyclohexenone (5), the entire ring system materializing during oxyanionic Cope rearrangement of alcohol 10.
Commutator Leavitt path algebras

For any field K and directed graph E, we completely describe the elements of the Leavitt path algebra LK(E) which lie in the commutator subspace [LK(E), LK(E)]. We then use this result to classify all Leavitt path algebras LK(E) that satisfy LK(E) = [LK(E),LK(E)]. We also show that these Leavitt path algebras have the additional (unusual) property that all their Lie ideals are (ring-theoretic) ideals, and construct examples of such rings with various ideal structures.
Similarity measures in formal concept analysis

Formal concept analysis (FCA) has been applied successively in diverse fields such as data mining, conceptual modeling, social networks, software engineering, and the semantic web. One shortcoming of FCA, however, is the large number of concepts that typically arise in dense datasets hindering typical tasks such as rule generation and visualization. To overcome this shortcoming, it is important to develop formalisms and methods to segment, categorize and cluster formal concepts. The first step in achieving these aims is to define suitable similarity and dissimilarity measures of formal concepts. In this paper we propose three similarity measures based on existent set-based measures in addition to developing the completely novel zeros-induced measure. Moreover, we formally prove that all the measures proposed are indeed similarity measures and investigate the computational complexity of computing them. Finally, an extensive empirical evaluation on real-world data is presented in which the utility and character of each similarity measure is tested and evaluated.
Error-Tolerant Image Compositing

Gradient-domain compositing is an essential tool in computer vision and its applications, e.g., seamless cloning, panorama stitching, shadow removal, scene completion and reshuffling. While easy to implement, these gradient-domain techniques often generate bleeding artifacts where the composited image regions do not match. One option is to modify the region boundary to minimize such mismatches. However, this option may not always be sufficient or applicable, e.g., the user or algorithm may not allow the selection to be altered. We propose a new approach to gradient-domain compositing that is robust to inaccuracies and prevents color bleeding without changing the boundary location. Our approach improves standard gradient-domain compositing in two ways. First, we define the boundary gradients such that the produced gradient field is nearly integrable. Second, we control the integration process to concentrate residuals where they are less conspicuous. We show that our approach can be formulated as a standard least-squares problem that can be solved with a sparse linear system akin to the classical Poisson equation. We demonstrate results on a variety of scenes. The visual quality and run-time complexity compares favorably to other approaches.
Diophantine Olympics and World Champions: Polynomials and Primes Down Under

1. LET THE GAMES BEGIN: THE OPENING CEREMONIES. For those who think globally, "down under" may provoke thoughts of Australia-the home of the 2000 Olympic Games. For those who think rationally, "down under" may provoke thoughts of denominators of fractions. In this paper, we hope to provoke both. In basic diophantine approximation, the name of the game is to tackle the following: How close do integer multiples of an irrational number get to integral values? Specifically, if a is an irrational number and the function 11 11 on OR gives the distance to the nearest integer (that is, lixll = mintlx - ml: m E E}), then the game really is a competition among all integers n to minimize the value II an II.
Does Pulsar B1757–24 Have a Fallback Disk?

Radio pulsars are thought to spin down primarily as a result of torque from magnetic dipole radiation (MDR) emitted by the time-varying stellar magnetic field as the star rotates. This assumption yields a characteristic age for a pulsar, which has generally been assumed to be comparable to the actual age. Recent observational limits on the proper motion of pulsar B1757-24, however, revealed that the actual age (>39 kyr) of this pulsar is much greater than its MDR characteristic age (16 kyr), calling into question the assumption of pure MDR spin-down for this and other pulsars. To explore the possible cause of this discrepancy, we consider a scenario in which the pulsar acquired an accretion disk from supernova ejecta and the subsequent spin-down occurred under the combined action of MDR and accretion torques. A simplified model of the accretion torque involving a constant mass inflow rate at the pulsar magnetosphere can explain the age and period derivative of the pulsar for reasonable values of the pulsar magnetic field and inflow rate. We discuss testable predictions of this model.
CHRIST CRUCIFIED: Lutheran Missiological Themes for a Post-Christian Century

Despite the fact that Lutheran theology is molded by the medieval theological context, argues Mark Thomsen in this article, its central reality of a theology of the cross offers a surprising "potential for constructing a dynamic foundation for a contemporary vison of the Missio Dei." What this theology of the cross is not is neither "a glorification of suffering and death," a simple repetition of the Anselmian doctrine of atonement, nor is it a doctrine of the atonement at all. Rather, a Lutheran theology of the cross is one with mission at the center. It means dying to oneself for the sake of the vision of the Reign of God. It means being in solidarity with the suffering peoples of the world. It means recognizing the almost overwhelming power of evil, and God's struggle in Christ with that power. Finally, a theology of the cross points to God's vulnerability in the world. Christians participate in God's mission by themselves taking up the cross, recognizing God's gracious commitment to offering abundant life to the entire creation.
Ellipsoidal Approximations of Convex Sets Based on the Volumetric Barrier

Let C âRn be a convex set. We assume that âxâ∞ â¤ 1 for all x ∈ C, and that C contains a ball of radius 1/R. For x ∈ Rn, r ∈ R, and B and n × n symmetric positive definite matrix, let Ex, B, r = {y|y-xTBy-x â¤ r2}. A β-rounding of C is an ellipsoid Ex, B, r such that Ex, B, r/β â C â Ex, B, r. In the case that C is characterized by a separation oracle, it is well known that an On3/2-rounding of C can be obtained using the shallow cut ellipsoid method in On3 lnnR oracle calls. We show that a modification of the volumetric cutting plane method obtains an On3/2-rounding of C in On2 lnnR oracle calls. We also consider the problem of obtaining an On-rounding of C when C has an explicit polyhedral description. Our analysis uses a new characterization of circumscribing ellipsoids centered at, or near, the volumetric center of a polyhedral set.
Reduction algorithm for the NPMLE for the distribution function of bivariate interval censored data

This article considers computational aspects of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) for the distribution function of bivariate interval-censored data. The computation of the NPMLE consists of a parameter reduction step and an optimization step. This article focuses on the reduction step and introduces two new reduction algorithms: the Tree algorithm and the HeightMap algorithm. The Tree algorithm is mentioned only briefly. The HeightMap algorithm is discussed in detail and also given in pseudo code. It is a fast and simple algorithm of time complexityO(n2). This is an order faster than the best known algorithm thus far by Bogaerts and Lesaffre. We compare the new algorithms to earlier algorithms in a simulation study, and demonstrate that the new algorithms are significantly faster. Finally, we discuss how the HeightMap algorithm can be generalized to d-dimensional data with d > 2. Such a multivariate version of the HeightMap algorithm has time complexity O(nd).
A μ+μ− quantum collider using bent crystals and binary crystals at the collision point

We outline a concept of a 250 × 250 GeV μ + μ − collider that uses bent crystals for beam confinement and steering instead of conventional magnets. The collider ring is based un a novel bending—focusing crystal cell. Beam optics of the proposed model cell has all the features of the alteranting gradient FODO cell. Furthermore, alternating (horizontal-vertical) focusing provides unique betatron phase stability in both planes, while bending of particle trajectories due to crystal curvature is fully achromatic. We also explore the ionization energy loss of channeling muons interacting with the electron gas in a crystal channel as a possible cooling mechanism. Finally, a use of low Z binary crystals (such as LiF) for final focus at the interaction point is proposed. Bringing the μ + μ − into collision inside a crystal channel results in quantum confinement at the collision point. For such a collider the number of required μ ± may be very low (∼10 8 μ per pulse), so that this collider has little problems from μ → e backgrounds or heating. A low intensity hadronic μ ± source (p + A → π → μ) can be utilized providing that an effective method of fast muon cooling is used. For example, the use of frictional cooling for low energy μ ± beams could initially reduce the longitudinal phase-space, before the final transverse cooling is applied. Here, we outline such a ‘crystal cooler’ that explores ionization energy loss in the ultra-strong focusing environment of a crystal channel. Employing all above mentioned novel crystal-based accelerator components, a possible luminosity of about 10 32 cm −2 sec −1 , is estimated for the proposed quantum collider. We also discuss a list of problems one needs to solve in order to make such a collider a real possibility.
Fast vectorized algorithm for the Monte Carlo simulation of the random field Ising model

An algorithm for the simulation of the 3-dimensional random field Ising model with a binary distribution of the random fields is presented. It uses multi-spin coding and simulates 64 physically different systems simultaneously. On one processor of a Cray YMP it reaches a speed of 184 million spin updates per second. For smaller field strength we present a version of the algorithm that can perform 242 million spin updates per second on the same machine.
Exact black holes and gravitational shockwaves on codimension-2 branes

We derive exact gravitational fields of a black hole and a relativistic particle stuck on a codimension-2 brane in D dimensions when gravity is ruled by the bulk D-dimensional Einstein-Hilbert action. The black hole is locally the higher-dimensional Schwarzschild solution, which is threaded by a tensional brane yielding a deficit angle and includes the first explicit example of a `small' black hole on a tensional 3-brane. The shockwaves allow us to study the large distance limits of gravity on codimension-2 branes. In an infinite locally flat bulk, they extinguish as 1/rD?4, i.e. as 1/r2 on a 3-brane in 6D, manifestly displaying the full dimensionality of spacetime. We check that when we compactify the bulk, this special case correctly reduces to the 4D Aichelburg-Sexl solution at large distances. Our examples show that gravity does not really obstruct having general matter stress-energy on codimension-2 branes, although its mathematical description may be more involved.
Missing E_T Reconstruction with the CMS Detector

The CMS experiment uses missing ET to both measure processes in the Standard Model and test models of physics beyond the Standard Model. These proceedings show the performance of the missing ET reconstruction evaluated by using 4.6 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at the center-of-mass energy √s = 7 TeV collected in 2011 with the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Missing ET was reconstructed based on a particle-flow technique. Jet energy corrections were propagated to missing ET. After anomalous signals and events were addressed, the missing ET spectrum was well reproduced by MC simulation. The multiple proton-proton interactions in a single bunch crossing, pile-up events, degraded the performance of the missing ET reconstruction. Mitigations of this degradation have been developed.
An empirical evaluation of the internal corporate venturing process

This paper develops a model of the internal corporate venturing process. The model explores conditions under which entrepreneurs are likely to continue with a course of action despite experiencing negative outcomes. Persisting with a course of action despite associated negative outcomes runs counter to trial-and-error learning behavior. We suggest that entrepreneurs are likely to continue with a course of action despite experiencing negative outcomes when the level of ambiguity is high and slack resources are available. In contrast, trial-and-error learning is likely to occur when either the level of ambiguity is low or when slack resources are not available. We examine these and other aspects of the venturing process with longitudinal data on the development of one venture. The data were collected over a 12-year period during the commercial development of cochlear implants within a large diversified corporation. The results support our core hypotheses on trial-and-error learning and action persistence while extending our understanding of associated processes.
Carbon-based nanotechnology on a supercomputer

The quantum nature of phenomena dominating the behaviour of nanostructures raises new challenges when trying to predict and understand the physical behaviour of these systems. Addressing this challenge is imperative in view of the continuous reduction of device sizes, which is rapidly approaching the atomic level. Since even the most advanced experimental observations are subject to being fundamentally influenced by the measurement itself, new approaches must be sought to design and test future building blocks of nanotechnology. In this respect, high-performance computing, allowing predictive large-scale computer simulations, has emerged as an indispensable tool to foresee and interpret the physical behaviour of nanostructures, thus guiding and complementing the experiment. This contribution will review some of the more intriguing phenomena associated with nanostructured carbon, including fullerenes, nanotubes and diamondoids. Due to the stability of the sp2 bond, carbon fullerenes and nanotubes are thermally and mechanically extremely stable and chemically inert. They contract rather than expand at high temperatures, and are unparalleled thermal conductors. Nanotubes may turn into ballistic electron conductors or semiconductors, and even acquire a permanent magnetic moment. In nanostructures that form during a hierarchical self-assembly process, even defects may play a different, often helpful role. sp2 bonded nanostructures may change their shape globally by a sequence of bond rotations, which turn out to be intriguing multi-step processes. At elevated temperatures, and following photo-excitations, efficient self-healing processes may repair defects, thus answering an important concern in molecular electronics.
Constructing thermodynamically consistent models with a non-ideal equation of state

A recently introduced particle-based model for fluid dynamics with continuous velocities is generalized to model fluids with excluded volume effects. This is achieved through the use of biased stochastic multi-particle collisions which depend on local velocities and densities and conserve momentum and kinetic energy. The equation of state is derived and it is shown that the requirement of thermodynamic consistency imposes a severe restriction on the choice of collision probability, pA. The consequences of various choices for pA are discussed in detail.