cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Re-Imagining Higher Education Institutions Public Mission Initiatives Through the Lens of Organizational Perspective

This edited volume set out to examine third mission initiatives in the context of global higher education. The book has a wide range of contributors whose expertise spans academic areas related to higher education, sociology, quality management and marketing, comparative higher international education, higher education policy, and ranking. All contributing authors have a major interest in higher education as a public good. In this chapter, using the organizational perspective framework, we analyze the chapters and identify connections to external environmental elements and university characteristics that contribute to the adoption of third mission initiatives. Challenges for adopting such initiatives are also presented, as they deal with utilizing appropriate research methods, defining community boundaries, developing metrics, and using an additional organizational view (i.e., isomorphism), all of which support lines of future research. Managing and leading public mission initiatives during turbulent change due to the COVID-19 pandemic require transformative, inclusive, and responsible leadership able to cope with unpredictability for the years ahead.
Increasing access and utilization of social services for Cambodian American refugees: An ethnic-specific services approach

Abstract Cambodian Americans are a growing subgroup of the Asian Pacific Islander American (APIA) population in the United States but they have largely remained invisible. This invisibility may have contributed to social services needs being unmet. This study sought to identify strategies for increasing access and utilization of social services for Cambodian American refugees that are culturally-informed. A qualitative approach was taken that enhances the ability to ascertain 29 social service providers’ perspectives who specifically work with the population through ethnic-specific social services programs and agencies. Themes emerged from the data as strategies for increasing social services access and utilization included 1) providing a welcoming environment to increase the possibility of Cambodian Americans using services and return rates; 2) having bilingual and bicultural service providers to help Cambodian Americans feel understood and develop a stronger sense of trust; 3) engaging in community outreach to increase awareness of available services; 4) embracing culture and spirituality to demonstrate respect and understanding; and 5) developing patience by assisting with various needs in order to build trust. Implications of the findings from the study provide specific strategies for mainstream providers and agencies to consider adopting in order to increase social services access and utilization among Cambodian Americans.
One-Year Functional, Cognitive, and Psychological Outcomes Following the Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Prospective Study.

To prospectively describe 1-year outcomes, with a focus on functional outcome, cognitive outcome, and the burden of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, in coronavirus disease 2019 patients managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Design Prospective case series. Setting Tertiary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center in the United States. Patients Adult coronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation March 1, 2020, to July 31, 2020. Interventions Baseline variables, treatment measures, and short-term outcomes were obtained from the medical record. Survivors were interviewed by telephone, a year following the index intensive care admission. Functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0. Cognitive status was assessed with the 5-minute Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to screen for anxiety and depression. Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder was performed with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5 instrument. Measurements and main results Twenty-three patients were managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 14 (61%) survived to hospital discharge. Thirteen (57%) were alive at 1 year. One patient was dependent on mechanical ventilation, another intermittently required supplemental oxygen at 1 year. The median modified Rankin Scale score was 2 (interquartile range, 1-2), median World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0 impairment score was 21% (interquartile range, 6-42%). Six of 12 previously employed individuals (50%) had returned to work, and 10 of 12 (83%) were entirely independent in activities of daily living. The median Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 14 (interquartile range, 13-14). Of 10 patients assessed with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 4 (40%) screened positive for depression and 6 (60%) for anxiety. Four of 10 (40%) screened positive for post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions Functional impairment was common a year following the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in coronavirus disease 2019, although the majority achieved independence in daily living and about half returned to work. Long-term anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder were common, but cognitive impairment was not.
Older age, male sex, and cerebral microbleeds predict white matter loss after traumatic brain injury.

Little is known on how mild traumatic brain injury affects white matter based on age at injury, sex, cerebral microbleeds, and time since injury. Here, we study the fractional anisotropy of white matter to study these effects in 109 participants aged 18–77 (46 females, age μ ± σ = 40 ± 17 years) imaged within $$\sim$$ 1 week and $$\sim$$ 6 months post-injury. Age is found to be linearly associated with white matter degradation, likely due not only to injury but also to cumulative effects of other pathologies and to their interactions with injury. Age is associated with mean anisotropy decreases in the corpus callosum, middle longitudinal fasciculi, inferior longitudinal and occipitofrontal fasciculi, and superficial frontal and temporal fasciculi. Over $$\sim$$ 6 months, the mean anisotropies of the corpus callosum, left superficial frontal fasciculi, and left corticospinal tract decrease significantly. Independently of other predictors, age and cerebral microbleeds contribute to anisotropy decrease in the callosal genu. Chronically, the white matter of commissural tracts, left superficial frontal fasciculi, and left corticospinal tract degrade appreciably, independently of other predictors. Our findings suggest that large commissural and intra-hemispheric structures are at high risk for post-traumatic degradation. This study identifies detailed neuroanatomic substrates consistent with brain injury patients’ age-dependent deficits in information processing speed, interhemispheric communication, motor coordination, visual acuity, sensory integration, reading speed/comprehension, executive function, personality, and memory. We also identify neuroanatomic features underlying white matter degradation whose severity is associated with the male sex. Future studies should compare our findings to functional measures and other neurodegenerative processes.
An Exploration of the Effectiveness of Infographics in Contrast to Text Documents for Visualizing Census Data: What Works?

The U.S. Census Bureau conducted a usability research study using 3 published Census infographics on different topics containing statistics produced from Census survey data. The study used a mixed-factorial design with repeated measures, comparing user performance (accuracy of information recall and accuracy of searching for information) and satisfaction after using either the 3 infographics, or 3 text documents containing the same information. 55 participants were randomly assigned to either the Infographics condition or the Documents condition, accordingly. Results revealed significant advantage in accuracy for participants with any amount of college education, and a significant interaction between the stimulus type (infographics compared to documents) and the condition (searching versus recall) with infographics being related to increased performance in the searching task and not the recall tasks. However, there were no significant memory-related advantages for infographics above documents, and no interaction between education and stimulus type.
Cytokines and Chemokines

The role of cytokines and chemokines in neuroimmune regulation is highly broad and complex, due to the overwhelming number of molecules and their overlapping, synergizing and antagonizing effects of various factors. Classifying any individual factor or family of factors as beneficial or detrimental oversimplifies the interactions between various cell types and the signaling cascades initiated by them. Instead, cytokines need to be considered as a balanced network, where subtle modifications can shift cells towards different outcomes such as death, proliferation, migration, and induction of inflammation or inhibition of immune responses. Prolonged inflammation has a profound impact on the cytokine network and the cells they target, consequently altering the outcome of cell populations. The central nervous system is a unique environment that is exquisitely sensitive to cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines; the dysregulation that is rampant during neurodegenerative diseases permanently transforms brain function. The profile of cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines presented in the brain likely dictate the fate of neurons in the diseases. The understanding of cytokines, growth factor, and chemokine effects and how the expression or activity of those factors can be manipulated may provide the key to diagnosing or treating neuroimmunological diseases.
cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin 3

The vasoactive peptide endothelin 1 (ET1) is encoded by a well characterized gene located on human chromosome 6. Recently, two human genomic fragments were isolated which potentially encode related vasoconstrictor peptides, endothelin 2 (ET2) and endothelin 3 (ET3) (Inoue, A., Yanagisawa, M., Kimura, S., Kasuya, Y., Miyauchi, T., Goto, K., and Masaki, T. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 2863-2867). Inoue et al. were unable to detect transcripts of the ET2 and ET3 genes and observed ET1 gene expression exclusively in endothelial cells. In this study, we document transcription of the ET3 gene by isolating from a hypothalamic cDNA library DNA clones complementary to human ET3 mRNA. ET3 mRNA encodes a 238-amino acid precursor that includes ET3 and a 15-amino acid homologous segment, the ET3-like sequence. On the basis of DNA isolated from human-mouse somatic hybrid cell lines, we assigned the ET3 gene to human chromosome 20. The ET3 and ET1 genes are, therefore, not genetically linked. RNA blot hybridization with restriction fragments derived from cDNAs revealed that the ET3 and ET1 genes are both expressed in lung, pancreas, and spleen. Cultured endothelial cells and cardiac tissues express the ET1 but not the ET3 gene. Observations that genes encoding endothelin-related peptides are expressed in a variety of human tissues suggest that these peptides may participate in complex vasoregulatory mechanisms.
Accurate analysis of on-chip inductance effects and implications for optimal repeater insertion and technology scaling

This paper introduces an accurate analysis of on-chip inductance effects for distributed RLC interconnects that takes the effect of both the series resistance and the output parasitic capacitance of the driver into account. Using rigorous first principle calculations, accurate expressions for the transfer function of these lines and their time-domain response have been presented for the first time. Furthermore, an optimal repeater insertion scheme for distributed RLC interconnects is also presented using a novel performance optimization methodology. Additionally, the impact of line inductance on interconnect performance has been analyzed in detail with particular regards to technology scaling based on the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is shown that the effect of line inductance on optimized interconnect performance will actually diminish for scaled global interconnects.
Developing pediatric surgery in low- and middle-income countries: An evaluation of contemporary education and care delivery models

There are several different models of education and care delivery models in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and many endeavors combine more than one of the described models. This article summarizes the burden of pediatric surgical disease and discusses the benefits and shortcomings of the following: faith-based missions; short-term surgical trips; partnerships, twinning, and academic collaborations; teaching workshops, "train the trainer," and pediatric surgery camps; specialty treatment centers; online conferences, telemedicine, and mobile health; specific programs for exchange and education; and training in high-income countries (HICs), fellowships, and observorships. It then addresses ethical concerns common to all humanitarian pediatric surgical efforts.
Transcription regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO5 gene by the Ino2p and Ino4p basic helix-loop-helix proteins

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO5 gene product accounts for a majority of the acid phosphatase activity. Its expression is induced by the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, Pho4p, in response to phosphate depletion. Pho4p binds predominantly to two UAS elements (UASp1 at -356 and UASp2 at -247) in the PHO5 promoter. Previous studies from our lab have shown cross-regulation of different biological processes by bHLH proteins. This study tested the ability of all yeast bHLH proteins to regulate PHO5 expression and identified inositol-mediated regulation via the Ino2p/Ino4p bHLH proteins. Ino2p/Ino4p are known regulators of phospholipid biosynthetic genes. Genetic epistasis experiments showed that regulation by inositol required a third UAS site (UASp3 at -194). ChIP assays showed that Ino2p:Ino4p bind the PHO5 promoter and that this binding is dependent on Pho4p binding. These results demonstrate that phospholipid biosynthesis is co-ordinated with phosphate utilization via the bHLH proteins.
On the methods of measurement of the flow properties of polyethylenes and their blends

Samples of commercial LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, and their blends were tested in the steady state (rotational and capillary), dynamic, and extensional modes. The steady state data at low rates of deformation followed the dynamic viscosity, η = η′, and at higher rates the complex viscosity η ≃ η*. In elongational tests strain hardening was observed for LDPE and some for HDPE. There was no strain hardening in flow of a standard LLDPE, and the equilibrium extensional viscosity η ≃ 3η′ in full range of deformation rates. In blends with ultrahigh molecular weight PE and with LLDPE strain hardening and an increase of the maximum strain at break, eb, were found. Some newer types of LLDPEs and their homologous blends show the strain hardening behavior. A brief review of the methods of measurement of the flow properties of polyethylene (PE) melt is provided. The text is divided into three parts: (1) types of melt flow; (2) comparative rheology of polyethylenes; and (3) linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blends. In the first part, the methods of measurement and correlation between the measured values are discussed. The steady state shearing, dynamic deformation, and uniaxial extensions are considered. In the second part rheological behavior of the three principal types of PEs, low density PE (LDPE), high density PE (HDPE), and LLDPE are presented. In part 3, the flow of four different types of LLDPE blends is reported on.
In-situ analysis of chemical expansion and stability of SOFC cathodes

In this work high-temperature X-ray diffraction has been used to investigate thermal and chemical expansion as well as overall phase stability for various cathode materials: Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (BSCF), La0.3Sr0.7CoO3 (LSC37), La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC64) and La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 (LSCF), as a function of temperature in reducing conditions. When perovskites materials are under a low oxygen partial-pressure condition, the lattice parameter and overall dimension increase. Their chemical expansion has comparable values. From the viewpoint of the stability of these phases, the high-temperature X-ray diffraction results indicate no phase decomposition can be one of the reasons for material failure at the current experimental oxygen partial pressure. LSF is most stable, while LSC and LSCF form oxygen vacancy-ordered phases and then decompose when heated to 1000°C under atmospheres with pO2 as low as 10-5 atm.
Liberté, Fraternité, Corbusier!: An Interview with Alex Timbers

Under the artistic direction of Alex Timbers, Les Freres Corbusier has carved out a niche for itself as a purveyor of an anarchic, hyper-literate variety of what Timbers calls post-ironic theatre, an “aggressively visceral theatre combining historical revisionism, multimedia excess, found texts, sophomoric humor, and rigorous academic research.”
Human Factors and Ergonomic Concerns and Future Considerations for Consumer Health Information Technology in Home Nursing Care

Sicker patients with greater care needs are being discharged to their homes to assume responsibility for their own care with fewer nurses available to aid them. This situation brings with it a host of human factors and ergonomic (HFE) concerns, both for the home care nurse and the home care patient, which can affect quality of care and patient safety. Many of these concerns are related to the critical home care tasks of information access, communication, and patient self-management. Currently, a variety of consumer health information technologies (CHITs) are being promoted as possible solutions to those problems, but those same technologies bring with them a new set of HFE concerns. This article reviews the HFE considerations for information access, communication, and patient self-management, discusses how CHIT can potentially mitigate current problems, and explains how the design and implementation of CHIT itself requires careful HFE attention.
Exchange Rate Overshooting in East Asian Countries

Excess money supply was one factor among several contributing to the 1997 financial crisis in East Asian countries. The crisis resulted in abnormal currency depreciation. Using monthly data over the period 1987-2000 and error correction modeling techniques, we pay tribute to Rudiger Dornbusch by providing strong evidence for his "overshooting" hypothesis in Thailand, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. We show that overshooting is a short-run phenomenon; in the long run, money seems to be neutral.
Land subdivision on the Holland Purchase in western New York State, 1797–1820

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, large private land companies shaped important elements of eastern North America's frontier landscape. In westernmost New York State, a group of Dutch investors known as the Holland Land Company acquired control of 3.3 million acres of undeveloped land. Their imprint on the area's evolving human geography was direct and enduring. In particular, the region's survey system reflected the concerns and decisions of the frontier developers. The study, utilizing records both in New York State and in Amsterdam, describes how the Dutch, between 1797 and 1820, divided much of the tract into six-mile-square, cardinally oriented townships and how these units, in turn, were subdivided into a more detailed pattern of individual lots. In addition, the investors and their agents platted a half-dozen Company-financed village nuclei to act as local centers of commercial activity. The geometry of the original survey landscape of townships, lots, and village centers can be traced to varied historical roots. The Dutch and their principal agent, Joseph Ellicott, actively borrowed from other contemporary land surveying and town planning traditions in upstate New York, New England, the Ohio country, the mid-Atlantic states, and elsewhere. The result was a fusion of those commonly used survey conventions of the period which seemed best suited to the needs of the Company and to the physical makeup of the region. The survey systems adopted by Ellicott and the Dutch on the Holland Purchase were not abstract impulses of Newtonian rationalism or republican individualism; rather, they were concrete expressions of a search for practical and functional solutions to the complex problems of managing and improving a large tract of real estate in the early nineteenth-century wilderness of eastern North America.
Error analysis of the MMSE estimator for multidimensional band-limited extrapolations from finite samples

Abstract The problem of reconstructing a multidimensional band-limited signal based on a finite set of samples has been considered by many researchers. For this problem, the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimator of the form of a sum of weighted band-limited interpolating functions that are identical in shape but are centered at the irregularly spaced sample points was derived by D.S. Chen and J.P. Allebach. It was also proved that the estimator is identical to the well-known minimum-energy band-limited interpolator. In this paper, what we are interested in is the extrapolation problem from finite samples. In this case, the sample points are restricted in a bounded spatial domain. We prove that when the sampling density increases in each dimension of the bounded spatial domain, under certain conditions the MMSE estimator exponentially converges to the original signal and uniformly in any bounded spatial domain. Therefore, the MMSE estimator can be thought of as an extrapolator. Also, the Tikhonov regularization is employed to deal with the case of distorted data. Error estimates and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the performance.
Effects of intertrial (blackout) duration on response rate to a positive stimulus

Five groups of pigeons received equal numbers of presentations of a 30-sec stimulus in which keypecking was intermittently reinforced, but the duration of the blackout periods that separated these stimulus presentations was different for different groups (0 to 30 sec). Response rate during the stimulus was a direct function of the duration of the intervening blackouts. Some implications of these results for Terrace’s and Reynolds’s analyses of behavioral contrast were discussed.
pH-responsive titratable inotropic performance of histidine-modified cardiac troponin I.

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) functions as the molecular switch of the thin filament. Studies have shown that a histidine button engineered into cTnI (cTnI A164H) specifically enhances inotropic function in the context of numerous pathophysiological challenges. To gain mechanistic insight into the basis of this finding, we analyzed histidine ionization states in vitro by studying the myofilament biophysics of amino acid substitutions that act as constitutive chemical mimetics of altered histidine ionization. We also assessed the role of histidine-modified cTnI in silico by means of molecular dynamics simulations. A functional in vitro analysis of myocytes at baseline (pH 7.4) indicated similar cellular contractile function and myofilament calcium sensitivity between myocytes expressing wild-type (WT) cTnI and cTnI A164H, whereas the A164R variant showed increased myofilament calcium sensitivity. Under acidic conditions, compared with WT myocytes, the myocytes expressing cTnI A164H maintained a contractile performance similar to that observed for the constitutively protonated cTnI A164R variant. Molecular dynamics simulations showed similar intermolecular atomic contacts between the WT and the deprotonated cTnI A164H variant. In contrast, simulations of protonated cTnI A164H showed various potential structural configurations, one of which included a salt bridge between His-164 of cTnI and Glu-19 of cTnC. This salt bridge was recapitulated in simulations of the cTnI A164R variant. These data suggest that differential histidine ionization may be necessary for cTnI A164H to act as a molecular sensor capable of modulating sarcomere performance in response to changes in the cytosolic milieu.
Approaches to rapid and far-reaching hydrologic processes in the vadose zone

Abstract The restrictions imposed by convective-dispersive approaches to water flow and solute transport in porous media are discussed. Examples of transient flow and solute transport are introduced in those the translocations occurred faster than anticipated. Emerging alternate approaches to rapid and far-reaching hydrologic processes are reviewed.
Physical limitation to cleaning soft contact lenses by ultrasonic methods

Abstract Various devices for using ultrasound to clean soft contact lenses have been described in the literature. They are usually unsuccessful or only marginally successful. The failure of these devices is shown to be a consequence of the physical law that governs energy release at the interface between the bath liquid, usually water, and a submerged solid. The properties of water and hydrogel lens materials are so closely alike that very little energy (needed to break the bond between the lens and contaminant) is released at the water-hydrogel interface.
Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among 18- to 26-year-old women in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2010

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among young adult women has been reported to be very low. The authors conducted this study to provide an update on HPV vaccine uptake among 18- to 26-year-old women. METHODS: The authors used the National Health Interview Survey 2010 data to estimate HPV vaccine coverage and their correlates. RESULTS: Overall, 22.7% of women initiated (≥1 dose) and 12.7% completed the vaccine (≥3 doses). Thus, about 56% of women who initiated the vaccine completed it. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that younger age, unmarried status, Papanicolaou test, influenza vaccine, lifetime vaccines, and HPV vaccine awareness were positively associated with receiving ≥1 and ≥3 doses. In addition, uninsured women were less likely to receive ≥1 dose (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.84), and blacks (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23-0.99) and women with a family income 76.4% preferred to receive it free or at a lower cost, whereas 20% would pay the full cost of the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: One in 8 women completed the 3-dose HPV vaccine. Educational and vaccine financing programs are needed to improve the uptake among low-income minority women who are at increased risk for cervical cancer. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
A comparison of deterministic and stochastic approaches for allocating spatially dependent tasks in micro-aerial vehicle collectives

We compare our previously developed deterministic [7] and stochastic [3], [4] strategies for allocating tasks in robotic swarms1 consisting of very large populations of highly resource-constrained robots. We study our two task allocation approaches in a simulated scenario in which a collective of insect-inspired micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs) must produce a specified spatial distribution of pollination activity over a crop field. We investigate the approaches' requirements, advantages, and disadvantages under realistic conditions of error in robot localization, navigation, and sensing in simulation. Our results show that the deterministic approach, which requires region-based robot navigation, yields higher task progress in all cases. For robots without such navigation capabilities, the stochastic approach is a feasible alternative, and its resulting task progress is less sensitive to error in localization, error in navigation, and a combination of high error in localization, navigation, and sensing.
Mina Loy and the Quest for a Futurist Feminist Woman

Interpreters of futurism are often fascinated by its most violent and misogynistic aspects, ignoring its other sides, and the liberatory effect that its attack on bourgeois values had on a considerable number of women. Yet one of the elements which make the complexity of futurism evident is the substantial participation of women in it. Valentine de Saint-Point, Enif Robert, Maria Ginanni, Irma Valeria, Rosa Rosa, and Benedetta (Marinetti's wife) were inspired by its groundbreaking, transgressive energy. As futurist writers and artists they contributed to alter and enrich the movement and its language, countering its misogyny, and taking futurism in different directions. Mina Loy, one of the greatest and most influential among the experimental writers of the twentieth century, was inspired by futurism to seek her personal and intellectual liberation as a futurist-feminist woman, and started out her literary career essentially as a futurist poet and iconoclast. Her work, although written in English (a langu...
CAIR-1/BAG-3 abrogates heat shock protein-70 chaperone complex-mediated protein degradation: accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated Hsp90 client proteins.

BAG family proteins are regulatory co-chaperones for heat shock protein (Hsp) 70. Hsp70 facilitates the removal of injured proteins by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. This process can be driven by geldanamycin, an irreversible blocker of Hsp90. We hypothesize that CAIR-1/BAG-3 inhibits Hsp-mediated proteasomal degradation. Human breast cancer cells were engineered to overexpress either full-length CAIR-1 (FL), which binds Hsp70, or a BAG domain-deletion mutant (dBAG) that cannot bind Hsp70. FL overexpression prevented geldanamycin-mediated loss of total and phospho-Akt and other Hsp client proteins. dBAG provided no protection, indicating a requirement for Hsp70 binding. Ubiquitinated Akt accumulated in FL-expressing cells, mimicking the effect of lactacystin proteasomal inhibition, indicating that CAIR-1 inhibits proteasomal degradation distal to protein ubiquitination in a BAG domain-dependent manner. Protein protection in FL cells was generalizable to downstream Akt targets, GSK3β, P70S6 kinase, CREB, and other Hsp client proteins, including Raf-1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, and epidermal growth factor receptor. These findings suggest that Hsp70 is a chaperone driving a multiprotein degradation complex and that the inhibitory co-chaperone CAIR-1 functions distal to client ubiquitination. Furthermore, poly-ubiquitination is not sufficient for efficient proteasomal targeting of Hsp client proteins.
Annocherin and (2,4)-cis- and trans-annocherinones, monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins with a C-7 carbonyl group from annona cherimolia seeds

The new cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, annocherin (1) and a mixture of (2,4)-cis- and trans-annocherinones (2 and 3), were isolated from the bioactive methanolic extract of Annona cherimolia seeds. Compounds 1−3 each possess an unusual 7-carbonyl group. Their structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. Compounds 1−3 showed significant toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test and cytotoxicity for six human solid tumor cell lines, with selectivity for the renal cell line (A-498) at potencies equivalent to Adriamycin.
Gene Products of Amphiuma: An Amphibian with an Excessive Amount of DNA

The nuclei of Amphiuma contain 168 pg of DNA, 28 times that contained in human nuclei. Although many higher organisms appear to possess an excessive amount of DNA, in Amphiuma this has been carried to the extreme. Studies of this organism thus may provide some insight into how this excess DNA is used. This organism presumably evolved by numerous polyploidy and gene duplication events. Do its gene products present multiple electrophoretic forms? Are they quantitatively increased to the same degree as the DNA? Electrophoresis of Amphiuma glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin failed to show any evidence for multiple electrophoretic forms of these respective gene products. The amount of hemoglobin, G6PD, and 6PGD per red cell was increased to a comparable or even greater degree than the DNA. Analytical ultracentrifugation demonstrated a satellite band of DNA with a density of 1.720 corresponding to a GC content of 61%. This probably represents DNA coding for ribosomal RNA. Electron microscopy of liver nuclei showed a significant amount of condensed chromatin. The implications of these observations are discussed.
Cognitive processes in software fault detection: A review and synthesis

The authors discuss empirical research about the cognitive structures and strategies used by programmers during fault location. Empirical evidence indicates the cognitive processes involved in fault detection consist of a comprehension process and a fault location process. The two processes are distinct and separate. The comprehension process is extremely important and was found to be superior in experts due to the semantic encoding they utilize. The semantic representations used by experts consist of abstract hierarchies based on functional meaning. Fault location is less important and usually takes the form of hand simulation or causal reasoning. The fault locating strategies used by experts and novices were similar. The better debugging performance by experts is due to their superior abilities at comprehension. Research indicates that the semantic organizations used by experts can be successfully taught to novices and used by them to improve performance. The authors also examine two methods, slicing an...
Effect of weight, sex, age, clinical diagnosis, and thromboplastin reagent on steady-state intravenous heparin requirements

Background: There is a significant direct relationship between steady-state intravenous heparin dose requirements and total body weight. Less is known about whether sex, age, clinical diagnosis, and the thromboplastin used to measure the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) affect heparin dose requirements. Methods: Four cohorts of patients treated with intravenous heparin were gathered from 3 hospitals: 2 cohorts with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 2 cohorts with coronary artery disease (CAD). For each clinical diagnosis, half the patients were monitored using one aPTT reagent and the remainder were monitored using a second reagent. Heparin doses and aPTT measurements were recorded, and the dose necessary to achieve an aPTT ratio of 2.0 was calculated using a computer software program. Results: We analyzed the records of 340 patients: 165 with DVT and 175 with CAD. Using analysis of variance, there was a significant difference in the steady-state heparin requirements among patients with DVT compared with patients with CAD (P .42). Linear regression modeling disclosed that the steady-state heparin dose for patients with DVT was a function of weight plus an effect modifier involving weight and age, whereas for patients with CAD there was only a weak relationship with weight. Conclusions: Steady-state heparin dose requirements were significantly different in patients with DVT compared with patients with CAD, suggesting that different dosing nomograms are needed for each condition. For patients with DVT, the accuracy of the initial heparin dose estimate may be improved by considering the patient's age and weight. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2468-2472
The First Boasian: Alfred Kroeber and Franz Boas, 1896-1905

This article reviews the interplay of the personal, institutional, and intellectual factors in the relationship between Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber, his first important student. It focuses on their first decade, 1896-1905, a critical transitional period in the formation of American anthropology. After a consideration of their personal and familial contexts, it reviews Boas's role as a graduate professor to Kroeber, the beginning of an academic anthropology program at the University of California, Boas and Kroeber's collaborative and competitive relationship as museum curators, their diverging ethnographic strategies, Boas's editing of Kroeber's professional writings, and their disagreements over the organization of national professional societies (primarily the American Anthropological Association and the American Folklore Society). This article is a case study of the construction of anthropological traditions. [Keywords: Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, history of anthropology]
A Diagnostically Reasoned Case Study With Particular Emphasis on B6 and Zinc Imbalance Directed by Clinical History and Nutrition Physical Examination Findings

Despite a large body of literature documenting micronutrient requirements, vitamin and mineral imbalance remains an unappreciated player in altered body composition and functional integrity. The absence of routine biochemical determination of nutrient status contributes in part to the inability of the clinical staff to validate recognizable signs and symptoms of deficiency or toxicity. Disciplined use of Nutrition Physical Examination (NPE) procedures enables assessment of tissues known to reflect nutrient imbalance in a cost-effective way, which can assist clinical history taking and direct nutrition intervention. Macrophotography documenting lesions observed at baseline and after nutrient supplementation, along with laboratory monitoring, can ensure objective, advanced level, outcome-based nutrition therapy. This case illustrates use of the NPE and nutrition diagnostic reasoning in a relational manner to B6 and zinc imbalance evidenced by (1) mild lip desquamation with ecchymotic-like lesions; (2) angul...
Getting the Methods Right — The Foundation of Patient-Centered Outcomes Research

The Methodology Committee of the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) has released for public comment the draft of its first report recommending standards for the conduct of research leading to evidence-based, patient-centered health interventions.
Laminar free convection in a vertical tube with temperature-dependent viscosity

Abstract The role of temperature-dependent viscosity was studied in laminar free convection in a vertical tube. This was carried out by applying a finite-difference method to the governing equations of developing flow inside a vertical tube with an isothermal wall. The only parameter necessary to take the temperature dependence of viscosity into account is the ratio of viscosities at the wall and ambient temperatures. An illustrative example is given to show the discrepancy which may arise when a fluid of highly temperature-dependent viscosity such as glycerin is treated as temperature independent.
Seeing the Light: Insulin Receptors and the CNS

Although insulin clearly affects brain function, the role of insulin receptor (IR) signaling in the establishment and function of circuits in vivo remains largely unknown. In this issue of Neuron , Chiu et al. show a role for IRs in regulating synapse density and dendritic plasticity required for visual responses in Xenopus .
Impact of buffer and absorber properties in the vicinity of the interface on wide-gap Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cell performance

One of the main reasons for the V oc deficit in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells with a wide band gap is often attributed to interface recombination, which is a consequence of the defective heterointerface and encouraged by the non-ideal band alignment between the absorber and the CdS layer. Although a highly defective heterointerface is likely not avoidable, some properties of the buffer layer and the absorber material in the vicinity of the interface could decrease the recombination losses. Compositional variations in CIGS can result in a band gap increase at the absorber/buffer interface and type inversion in the absorber layer. Simulations predict the optimal depth of type inversion on wide band gap CIGS devices and the magnitude of device performance increase that can be expected from such structures. In addition, the benefit of the decreased thickness and increased doping of the buffer layer is calculated. The results are compared with a “standard” 1.15-eV CIGS device, where the benefits of such variations are significantly smaller.
Blunted prolactin response to hypoglycemia in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease and in subjects receiving estrogen.

Abstract The prolactin response to hypoglycemia was evaluated in 22 control subjects and 8 patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease but normal basal serum prolactin levels. Eighteen of the 22 control subjects demonstrated at least a twofold prolactin rise in response to hypoglycemia. In contrast to the control subjects, none of the 8 patients demon-strated a prolactin response to hypoglycemia. This blunted prolactin response to hypoglycemia was the only endocrine abnormality in 3 of these 8 patients. In an attempt to better determine the sensitivity of the prolactin response to hypoglycemia as an index of early pituitary disease, the effect of a short course of estrogen on the prolactin response to hypoglycemia was examined. Estrogen was selected because of its known acute stimulatory effect on pituitary mitosis and chronic effects that lead to pituitary tumor formation in rodents. Accordingly, diethylstilbestrol (DES) 5 mg t.i.d. was administered orally to 6 normal men for 3 days, a period known to stimulate pituitary mitotic activity in rodents. Diethylstilbestrol treatment caused significant elevation of the baseline prolactin (8 ± 2 versus 18 ± 3 ng/ml, p p p > 0.05). This estrogen-induced blunted prolactin response to hypoglycemia resembled the blunted prolactin response to hypoglycemia found in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease.
Inhibition of constitutively active Stat3 reverses enzalutamide resistance in LNCaP derivative prostate cancer cells

PURPOSE Use of enzalutamide has improved the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, resistance to enzalutamide can develop frequently in initial responders. This study aimed to test whether overexpression of IL-6 and constitutive activation of Stat3 in prostate cancer cells increase resistance to enzalutamide. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide was tested using cell growth assays and clonogenic assays. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting were performed to detect expression levels of IL-6, c-Myc, survivin, and AR. Expression of Stat3 was downregulated using siRNA specific to Stat3. ChIP assay was performed to examine recruitment of AR to the PSA promoter. RESULTS Prostate cancer cells expressing autocrine IL-6 are resistant to enzalutamide and autocrine IL-6 leads to constitutive activation of Stat3 and its target genes. Down regulation of Stat3 led to an increase in sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide. Overexpression of constitutively active Stat3 in prostate cancer cells induced resistance to enzalutamide treatment. Constitutively active Stat3 also enhanced the recruitment of AR to PSA promoter which could not be disrupted by enzalutamide. The Stat3 inhibitor AG490 reversed enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells, while combination treatment with enzalutamide and AG490 significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the autocrine IL-6 pathway induces enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells via the constitutive activation of Stat3. Co-targeting IL6-Stat3 pathway with enzalutamide may be utilized for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 74:201–209, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ischemia time impacts recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation.

Although experimental evidence has indicated that ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the liver stimulates growth of micrometastases and adhesion of tumor cells, the clinical impact of I/R injury on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) has not been fully investigated. To study this issue, we conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of 391 patients from two transplant centers who underwent LT for HCC. Ischemia times along with other tumor/recipient variables were analyzed as risk factors for recurrence of HCC. Subgroup analysis focused on patients with HCC who had pathologically proven vascular invasion (VI) because of the associated increased risk of micrometastasis. Recurrence occurred in 60 patients (15.3%) with median time to recurrence of 0.9 years (range, 40 days-4.6 years). Cumulative recurrence curves according to cold ischemia time (CIT) at 2-hour intervals and warm ischemia time (WIT) at 10-minute intervals showed that CIT >10 hours and WIT >50 minutes were associated with significantly increased recurrence (P = 0.015 and 0.036, respectively). Multivariate Cox's regression analysis identified prolonged cold (>10 hours; P = 0.03; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9) and warm (>50 minutes; P = 0.003; HR = 2.84) ischemia times as independent risk factors for HCC recurrence, along with tumor factors, including poor differentiation, micro- and macrovacular invasion, exceeding Milan criteria, and alpha-fetoprotein >200 ng/mL. Prolonged CIT (P = 0.04; HR = 2.24) and WIT (P = 0.001; HR = 5.1) were also significantly associated with early (within 1 year) recurrence. In the subgroup analysis, prolonged CIT (P = 0.01; HR = 2.6) and WIT (P = 0.01; HR = 3.23) were independent risk factors for recurrence in patients with VI, whereas there was no association between ischemia times and HCC recurrence in patients with no VI. Conclusion: Reducing ischemia time may be a useful strategy to decrease HCC recurrence after LT, especially in those with other risk factors. (Hepatology 2015;61:895–904)
C3NeF PRODUCTION BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES (PBL)FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND PATIENTS WITH MEMERANO-PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (MPGN)

C3NeF is an IgG antibody which stabilizes Alternative Pathway C3/C5 convertase activity (C3bBb) in patients with MPGN. To study the production of C3NeF, PBL from normals and 2 patients with MPGN were cultured in fetal calf serum with pokeweed mitogen for 14 days. The resultant supernatants, after adsorption, were added to sheep erythrocytes bearing C3bBb (EC3bBb). The cells were then quantitated for bound human IgG (C3NeF) by ELISA and decayed at 30° with measurement of residual convertase activity. Cells reacted with supernatants from MPGN patients contained 7-11 ng C3NeF (282-443 molecules IgG/cell) and after 10 minutes of decay had a residual convertase activity of 32-41% of the starting value (Control =14-18%). Cells reacted with supernatants from normals contained 4-9 ng C3NeF and had a residual convertase activity of 21-23%. Normal lymphocytes depleted of OK+T8 cells by monoclonal Ab adsorption yielded cultures which deposited 12-18 ng C3NeF and increased the residual convertase activity to 39%. Finally, IgG purified from normal serum was able to deposit 352 ng with a residual activity of 49%. Purified C3NeF deposited 1469 ng with residual convertase activity of 67%. These data indicate that C3NeF is produced in normal individuals under the control of OK+T8 cells. The increase in concentration of C3NeF in patients with MPGN may be the result of an alteration in this regulatory mechanism.
The structure of dinitrogen pentoxide

Abstract Ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field molecular orbital calculations at the STO-3G and 4-31G basis set levels have been used to determine the minimum-energy structure of dinitrogen pentoxide, N 2 O 5 . The calculations show that N 2 O 5 has an anhydride-type structure with its nitro groups rotated ≈42° out of the central NON plane in a conrotatory fashion.