cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavonoid Intake and Plasma Sex Steroid Hormones, Prolactin, and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Premenopausal Women.

Background: Flavonoids potentially exert anti-cancer effects, as suggested by their chemical structures and supported by animal studies. In observational studies, however, the association between flavonoids and breast cancer, and potential underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. Objective: To examine the relationship between flavonoid intake and sex hormone levels using timed blood samples in follicular and luteal phases in the Nurses’ Health Study II among premenopausal women. Methods: Plasma concentrations of estrogens, androgens, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), prolactin, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in samples collected between 1996 and 1999. Average flavonoid were calculated from semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires collected in 1995 and 1999. We used generalized linear models to calculate geometric mean hormone concentrations across categories of the intake of flavonoids and the subclasses. Results: Total flavonoid intake generally was not associated with the hormones of interest. The only significant association was with DHEAS (p-trend = 0.02), which was 11.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): −18.6%, −3.0%) lower comparing the highest vs. lowest quartile of flavonoid intake. In subclass analyses, the highest (vs. lowest) quartile of flavan-3-ol intake was associated with significantly lower DHEAS concentrations (−11.3% with 95% CI: −18.3%, −3.7%, p-trend = 0.01), and anthocyanin intake was associated with a significant inverse trend for DHEA (−18.0% with 95% CI: −27.9%, −6.7%, p-trend = 0.003). Conclusion: Flavonoid intake in this population had limited impact on most plasma sex hormones in premenopausal women. Anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols were associated with lower levels of DHEA and DHEAS.
Calculating RF current condensation with self-consistent ray-tracing

By exploiting the nonlinear amplification of the power deposition of RF waves, current condensation promises new pathways to the stabilisation of magnetic islands. We present a numerical analysis of current condensation, coupling a geometrical optics treatment of wave propagation and damping to a thermal diffusion equation solver in the island. Taking into account the island geometry and relativistic damping, previous analytical theory can be made more precise and specific scenarios can be realistically predicted. With this more precise description, bifurcations and associated hysteresis effects could be obtained in an ITER-like scenario at realistic parameter values. Moreover, it is shown that dynamically varying the RF wave launching angles can lead to hysteresis and help to avoid the nonlinear shadowing effect.
The Role of the Essay Genre and Contextual Influences in Shaping Adult English Learners' Choices about Sociocultural Resources.

In this multiple case study, I examine relationships among the essay genre, contextual influences, sociocultural resources, and choices made by four adult English learners enrolled in an English co...
Learn from the Experts: Collaborative Language Learning and Language Ideology Awareness

Educators must find ways for Spanish learners to gain exposure to the target language outside of the classroom and have experience through which they may attain different perspectives about Spanish in the United States. The program Learn from the Experts is an example of how educators may form partnerships to foster collaboration between Spanish and English learners. Drawing on insights from the literature on service-learning, language ideologies, and Spanish teaching in the United States, this chapter presents the program and its guiding principles: the demystification of ideologies portraying Spanish as inferior to English and the fostering of collaboration between experts in different languages. The chapter contributes to the development of models promoting collaboration between language learners and more experienced speakers, while also fostering critical thinking about long-held harmful language ideologies.
Limitations to interorganizational knowledge acquisition: The paradox of corporate venture capital

By highlighting conditions under which viable interorganizational relationships do not materialize, we explore the limitations of interorganizational knowledge acquisition. In the empirical context of corporate venture capital (CVC), we analyze a sample of 1,646 start-up-stage ventures that received funding during the 1990s. Under a regime of weak intellectual property protection (IPP), an entrepreneur-CVC investment relationship is less likely to form when the entrepreneurial invention targets the same industry as corporate products. In contrast, under a strong IPP regime, industry overlap is associated with an increase in the likelihood of an investment relationship. Our findings suggest that many relationships do not form because the corporation will not invest unless the entrepreneur discloses his or her invention, and the entrepreneur may be wary of doing so, fearing imitation. To the extent that a CVC has greater capability and inclination to target same-industry ventures, such industry overlap would exacerbate imitation concerns under a weak IPP regime, yet facilitate an investment relationship under a strong IPP regime. Beyond CVC, this insight may explain patterns of other interorganizational relationships, including research and development alliances and technology licensing between start-ups and incumbents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Body Composition From Mid-Childhood to Early Adolescence.

Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter body composition by lowering anabolic hormones and increasing inflammation, but data are limited, particularly in adolescence when body composition is rapidly changing. Objective To evaluate associations of PFAS plasma concentrations in childhood with change in body composition through early adolescence. Design, setting, and participants 537 children in the Boston-area Project Viva cohort. Methods We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine associations of plasma concentrations of six PFAS, quantified by mass spectrometry, in mid-childhood (mean age 7.9 years; 2007-2010) with change in body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry from mid-childhood to early adolescence (mean age 13.1 years). Results In single PFAS linear regression models, children with higher concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) had less accrual of lean mass (e.g., -0.33 [95% CI: -0.52, -0.13] kg/m 2 per doubling of PFOA). Children with higher PFOS and PFHxS had less accrual of total and truncal fat mass (e.g., -0.32 [95% CI: -0.54, -0.11] kg/m 2 total fat mass per doubling of PFOS), particularly subcutaneous fat mass (e.g., -17.26 [95% CI -32.25, -2.27] g/m 2 per doubling of PFOS). Children with higher PFDA and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) had greater accrual of visceral fat mass (e.g., 0.44 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.75] g/m 2 per doubling of PFDA). Results from BKMR mixture models were consistent with linear regression analyses. Conclusions Early life exposure to some but not all PFAS may be associated with adverse changes in body composition.
African Development, African Transformation: How Institutions Shape Development Strategy: by Landry Signé, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2019, xxix + 190 pp.

In the last several decades, policymakers and scholars of African political economy have taken an interest in the role played by institutions in economic growth and human development. The present b...
Write to know: on the feasibility of wrist motion based user-authentication from handwriting

The popularity of smart wrist wearable technology (e.g., smart-watches) has rejuvenated the exploration of dynamic biometric-based authentication techniques that employ sensor data from these devices. Despite the progress demonstrated by the scientific community, research in this area has not successfully transitioned to practice, and we are yet to see a mainstream user-authentication product based on a dynamic biometric such as handwriting/hand gestures captured using commercial wrist wearables. This work undertakes an investigative analysis to further explore why that is the case. We accomplish this by studying the feasibility and practical deployability of handwriting-based authentication techniques in the literature that utilize motion sensors on-board wrist wearables. We conduct this analysis by replicating four state-of-the-art and representative handwriting-based authentication schemes that employ wrist motion data, in order to test their viability in realistic hand-writing/gesture scenarios. By using data collected from actual human subjects in an unconstrained fashion, we comparatively evaluate the performance of these schemes with well-defined usability and security metrics. Our experimental results show that some of the tested schemes perform considerably well in practice, and are promising. However, they do suffer from several practical user-dependent and technique-specific challenges that act as roadblocks towards their wide-scale adoption in mainstream applications.
Cardiac Complications of 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and Capecitabine Therapy

The complex pathophysiology of 5-FU results in a broad spectrum of cardiac toxicity including chest pain/angina, ischemia, non-STEMI and STEMI, silent ischemia, brady and tachyarrhythmias, QT prolongation, heart failure, and stress cardiomyopathy.
Security Awareness: Brave New World

Computer security is a challenge. If you are an attacker, you only need to find one hole…but if you are a defender, you need to close all holes. Since it is impossible to close all holes, you can only hope to close most holes, layer your defenses (like you layer clothes when going out in the freezing cold), and hope that the intruder will find an easier target elsewhere.
Impact of the Mouse IL-2Rγ Chain on Lymphoid Tissue Development and Human Reconstitution in Immunodeficient Mice

Immunodeficient mouse strains with and without a functional mouse interleukin (IL)-2 receptor gamma chain (mouse IL-2Rγ chain) are used to generate humanized mice. Common strains for this purpose include nonobese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice which have functional mouse IL-2Rγ chain as well as NOD/SCID IL-2Rγc knockout (NOG or NSG) mice and Rag2null IL-2Rγcnull (Rag2γc) mice which lack this molecule. Until recently, the role of the mouse IL-2Rγ chain in lymphoid tissue development and human reconstitution had been underappreciated in the field of humanized mouse research. The goals of this article are to consolidate information on this topic to aid researchers in choosing the most appropriate mouse strain for their specific application from the many strains of immunodeficient mice available. An example of the impact of a functional mouse IL-2Rγ chain on lymphoid tissue development and human reconstitution is the differential intestinal humanization between bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mice generated using NOD/SCID or NSG mice. NOD/SCID-BLT mice, which have an intact mouse IL-2Rγ chain, exhibit significantly higher levels of intestinal humanization versus NSG-BLT mice. This distinction highlights how immunodeficient mouse strains that show improved systemic human engraftment due to the lack of a mouse IL-2Rγ chain may exhibit deficiencies in human engraftment in specific tissues.
Open, Extensible Object Models

Programming languages often hide their implementation at a level of abstraction that is inaccessible to programmers. Decisions and tradeoffs made by the language designer at this level (single vs. multiple inheritance, mixins vs. Traits, dynamic dispatch vs. static case analysis, etc.) cannot be repaired easily by the programmer when they prove inconvenient or inadequate. The artificial distinction between implementation language and end-user language can be eliminated by implementing the language using only end-user objects and messages, making the implementation accessible for arbitrary modification by programmers. We show that three object types and five methods are sufficient to bootstrap an extensible object model and messaging semantics that are described entirely in terms of those same objects and messages. Raising the implementation to the programmers' level lets them design and control their own implementation mechanisms in which to express concise solutions and frees the original language designer from ever having to say "I'm sorry".
Isolation, purification, and some properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome C2 reductase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Abstract A method has been described for the isolation and purification of NADPH-cytochrome c2 reductase from light-grown Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The enzyme is a nonmetalloflavoprotein with flavin adenine dinucleotide as the prosthetic group, and it catalyzes the reduction of R. spheroides cytochrome c2, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, and K3Fe(CN)6 with NADPH as the electron donor. It does not reduce R. spheroides cytochrome 553 but reduces Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c2 and mammalian cytochrome c very slowly. There is no NADH or NADPH oxidase activity, NADP+ reductase activity, or transhydrogenase activity associated with the enzyme. The pH optimum was found to be 7.5; and Km values of 3.7 x 10-5 m, 1.25 x 10-5 m, and 1.24 x 10-4 m were calculated for cytochrome c2, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, and K3Fe(CN)6 reduction, respectively. NADH functioned as a competitive inhibitor, and the Ki was calculated to be 5.5 x 10-5 m. The enzyme was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetate, and thyroxine; and the inhibition by sulfhydryl reagents was reversed by reduced glutathione. Preincubation with NADPH protected the enzyme against the poisoning effects of sulfhydryl reagents but not thyroxine. The behavior of the enzyme on Sephadex G-100 and in the analytical ultracentrifuge indicates the presence of several molecular forms of the enzyme.
A Self-Tuning Controller for Systems with Unknown or Varying Time Delays

A SISO self-tuning controller with a Smith-predictor type time delay compensator (STC-TDC) is proposed to handle processes with unknown or varying time delays. Two numerical examples comparing PI control, the standard STC of Clarke and Gawthrop, the self-tuning Dahlin algorithm of Vogel and Edgar, and the STC-TDC show that the new approach performs best for both setpoint and load changes when process time delay changes occur. A third example shows that the STC-TDC matches the extended stability characteristics of the alternative approach due to Kurz and Goedecke but is computationally much simpler.
Conformation of acyclic derivatives of sugars.

Abstract The peracetylated diethyl dithioacetals of d -ribose, d -arabinose, d -xylose, d -lyxose, l -rhamnose, and l -fucose were studied in chloroform- d solution by n.m.r. spectroscopy at 100 MHz. Signals of all protons were assigned, assignments were verified by spin-decoupling, and first-order coupling-constants were determined. For the d -arabinose, d -lyxose, l -rhamnose, and l -fucose derivatives, the coupling constants observed accord with a favored conformation in which the chain of carbon atoms is fully extended in a planar, zig-zag arrangement. The d -ribose and d -xylose derivatives, which, in a conformation having the carbon atoms in a planar, zig-zag arrangeent, would have a pair of parallel, eclipsed acetoxyl groups at C-2 and C-4, give coupling data completely inconsistent with such an extended, planar formulation. The data indicate that the favored conformation of the d -ribose and d -xylose derivatives is a “sickle” arrangement derived from the planar, zig-zag conformation by rotation (about the C-3C-4 bond in the d -rihose derivative, and about the C-2C-4 bond in the d -xylose derivative) to rotamers in which the steric interaction between substituents at C-2 and C-4 is relieved.
User Acceptance of Social Shopping Sites: A Research Proposal

With social networking and Web 2.0 technologies becoming increasingly popular, they pose great potentials and challenges for the future of E-commerce. Social shopping sites emerged as the latest developments to leverage the power of social networking with online shopping. Users on social shopping sites can post product recommendations, create wish lists, post photos, make purchases, and form social shopping communities. Despite enormous business interests and potentials, little is known about whether users will adopt such systems. This research-in-progress paper proposes to apply and extend the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to understand the adoption of social shopping sites, and the factors that lead to the adoption. TAM posits two factors, the perceived ease of use and the perceived usefulness, determine a person’s intention to use a new IT. This study explores two additional antecedents in the context of social shopping adoption: an online shopper’s tendency to social comparison, and trust in the website. The extended TAM model will be tested through surveys. This research is among the very first to systematically examine the merge of social networking with Ecommerce technologies. With the increasing importance of Web 2.0 to E-commerce, this study is timely and important.
Information and the Study of Turbulence and Complex Flow

The growth of computer information capacity has profoundly changed the conduct of research in fluid mechanics. Properly executed, a direct numerical simulation can be a valid and rich source of ‘data’ for the study of certain aspects of turbulence. Multi-point experiments contain less information than direct numerical simulations, but they are ‘real’, and they are still far richer in information than classical single-point experiments. To make significant advances in understanding complex flows, especially turbulence, new practices must be used that exploit the richness of these databases. These include stricter adherence to the principal of using concepts rooted in theoretical formulations to define the quantities to be measured, quantitative concepts based on new methods of kinematic analysis for three-dimensional visualization, more extensive use of statistical analysis based on multi-point correlations and related methods, and tightly coupled combined experimental/computer simulation studies. Lastly, dissemination of the information requires new approaches.
NATIONAL COST OF DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE FROM HIGHWAY DEICING

This paper draws on findings from a study of the full cost of highway deicing salt by a National Research Council committee. Cost estimates are presented for bridges, other highway components, and parking structures. Summation of the more reliable cost items, for which supporting data are dependable and relatively complete, suggests a national cost of $200 million to $500 million per year. Inclusion of cost items based heavily on committee judgment suggests a national cost of about $400 million to $900 million per year. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 857776.
The Styling and Transmission of Fashions Historically Considered

In a review of a recent play by T. S. Eliot, the critic sums up the action as “a tragedy of non-communication between parent and child.” We may be sure the reviewer did not intend to raise a doubt in the reader's mind as to whether the father or son in question had difficulty in getting to a telephone, finding a telegraph office or deciphering one another's handwriting. The level of communication he must have had in mind lies deep in the human dependency on expressive symbols. These primary factors of human experience—primary in the sense that nothing stands between them and the raw sensations and impulses—are made up of words, gestures, and images which are, in turn, invariably organized in systems or complexes. These we call by such names as aims, standards and ideals or, more generally, attitudes.
Implicit finite difference approximation for time fractional diffusion equations

Time fractional diffusion equations are used when attempting to describe transport processes with long memory where the rate of diffusion is inconsistent with the classical Brownian motion model. In this paper we develop an implicit unconditionally stable numerical method to solve the one-dimensional linear time fractional diffusion equation, formulated with Caputo's fractional derivative, on a finite slab. Several numerical examples of interest are also included.
Halophyte Recruitment in a Salt Marsh Restoration Site

In restored salt marshes, seedling recruitment can be limited where large areas of soil are exposed and physical conditions are harsh. On a 0.7-ha excavated marsh plain, we studied recruitment as a function of abiotic (elevation) and biotic factors in 2 × 2 m plots planted with 0, 1, 3, or 6 species from the pool of 8 native halophytes. The random draws of 3-species and 6-species assemblages produced approximately equal numbers of plants per species for the experiment as a whole, yet only three species recruited> 10 seedlings per plot.Salicornia virginica andSalicornia bigelovii each produced> 15,000 seedlings in 1998, andSuaeda esteroa produced> 2,500 seedlings in 1999. For these 3 species, seedling recruitment increased with elevation in 1998, but this trend weakened in 1999, when species richness affected recruitment (fewer seedlings in more species-rich plots). Abiotic effects preceded biotic interactions in determining seedling recruitment patterns early in the development of the salt marsh. Effects of species richness appeared to be scale-dependent in that having all species present in the site likely enhanced overall recruitment (all species had 2 or more seedlings), while plantings of 6 species in a 2 × 2 m plot reduced seedling density.S. virginica was the only species that increased its presence and relative cover in the experimental site over the 4-yr study. Protocols for planting southern California salt marsh restoration sites could omit this species, but all others probably need to be introduced to restore diverse vegetation.
Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease.

The prevalence of familial lipoprotein disorders was assessed in 102 kindreds with — total of 603 subjects in whom the proband had angiographically documented significant (>50% narrowing) coronary artery disease. Kindreds were classified as abnormal if the proband and at least one first degree relative had fasting triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) B, or lipoprotein (a) values >90th percentile or their high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or apoA-I value were <10th percentile of age and gender adjusted control values. The following prevalence of familial disorders was noted: Lp(a) excess 18.6%, dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol) 14.7%, combined hyperlipidemia (11.7% with low HDL cholesterol) 13.7%, hyperapobetalipoproteinemia 5%, hypoalphalipoproteinemia 4%, and hypercholesterolemia 3%.
Anatomic extent of colitis and disease severity are not predictors of pouchitis after restorative proctocolectomy for mucosal ulcerative colitis

Background Pouchitis is a common complication following restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (RPC–IPAA) for mucosal ulcerative colitis (MUC). The aim of this study was to determine if perioperative anatomic extent and severity of disease are predictors of pouchitis.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary interval—Tethyan and English faunal realms

Abstract Geomagnetic reversals and magnetic polarity chrons provide an important chronostratigraphic tool for global correlation. An integrated Tithonian-Berriasian biostratigraphic and magnetic polarity time scale for the Tethyan faunal realm for the Tithonian and Berriasian stages is compiled from 17 independent biomagnetostratigraphic sections. This time scale incorporates zones and first/last appearance datums from ammonites, calpionellids, calcareous nannofossils, and dinoflagellates. This database provides an estimate of the range of observed appearance datums or zonal boundaries relative to polarity chrons; such apparent “diachroneity” probably results from a combination of preservation of species and of paleontological methodology, rather than from migration. The lithologic transition from “Rosso Ammonitico” red marly limestone to “Maiolica” white limestone occurs at different times during the Tithonian among the various sections, ranging from polarity zone M22n (mid-Early Tithonian) in some Spanish “slope” and Italian basinal-facies sections to polarity zone M19n (mid-Late Tithonian) in the central Atlantic and some plateau-facies Italian sections. This widespread lithologic change is, therefore, probably a result of shifting local patterns of fertility overprinted on the main regional trend. Magnetostratigraphy from the Purbeck Limestone Formation in the English Boreal faunal realm was obtained from the “classic” section at Durlston Bay in Dorset. The Dorset section displays predominantly normal polarity with a minimum of three reversed-polarity zones, but distortion of the magnetic polarity pattern by variable rates of sedimentation in this marginal clastic environment coupled with lack of independent correlation methods currently precludes a unique correlation to the Tithonian-Berriasian magnetic polarity time scale. The Tithonian-Berriasian magnetic polarity time scale may eventually provide a global chronostratigraphic definition of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary.
LANDSAT Thematic Mapper bands for characterizing fescue grass vegetation

Abstract The relationships between reflectance in the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) bands and grass canopy characteristics were studied. Data were collected from a total of 107 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacia) plots (0·2 m2) during the 1983 growing season. Canopy height, percentage cover, total wet biomass, total dry biomass, plant water and leaf area index were correlated with spectral data obtained from a Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer. The near-infrared wavelength region corresponding to TM band 4 appeared to be the best estimator of total wet biomass (r = 0·80) and canopy height (r =0·82). Percentage canopy cover had the highest correlation coefficients with TM band 7 (r = −0·95) and TM bands 1, 2 and 3 (r≥0·93). All canopy variables showed a curvilinear relationship with the spectral bands, except canopy cover, which showed a near linear relationship, for the biomass range in this study. Linear transformations were obtained using natural logarithms of the grass canopy variables and the spectral ...
Ovarian Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors, II. Regulation and Effects on Ovarian Development

The direct antagonistic actions of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonist analogs on hormonal (hCG and epinephrine) activation of progesterone and cAMP production in isolated luteal cells were described in the preceding paper. These effects are mediated by specific, high affinity GnRH receptors demonstrated in both ovarian membranes and isolated luteal cells. The present studies show that the administration of GnRH agonist analogs in vivo markedly inhibits PMS gonadotropin (PMSG)-induced follicular development and the increased formation of LH receptors after hCG-induced luteinization. Three GnRH agonist analogs with structural modifications at positions 6 and 10 given by osmotic minipump infusion, caused complete inhibition of the trophic actions of both gonadotropins. An antagonist analog which binds to the ovarian GnRH receptor with high affinity did not inhibit the gonadotropin-induced changes. Using the PMSG/hCG-primed immature rat, the effects of a single injection of GnRH were studied...
Reduced-order modeling of high-speed jets controlled by arc filament plasma actuators

Arc filament plasma actuators applied to high-speed and high Reynolds number jets have demonstrated significant mixing enhancement when operated near the jet column mode (JCM) frequency. A feedback-oriented reduced-order model is developed for this flow from experimental data. The existent toolkit of stochastic estimation, proper orthogonal decomposition, and Galerkin projection is adapted to yield a 35-dimensional model for the unforced jet. Explicit inclusion of a "shift mode" stabilizes the model. The short-term predictive capability of instantaneous flow fields is found to degrade beyond a single flow time step, but this horizon may be adequate for feedback control. Statistical results from long-term simulations agree well with experimental observations. The model of the unforced jet is augmented to incorporate the effects of plasma actuation. Periodic forcing is modeled as a deterministic pressure wave specified on the inflow boundary of the modeling domain. Simulations of the forced model capture the nonlinear response that leads to optimal mixing enhancement in a small range of frequencies near the JCM.
T03-P-03 Empirical evidence for the conditional persistence of the traditional sexual double standard and implications for men and women's sexual self-efficacy

Objective Within the USA, a traditional sexual double standard (SDS) granting greater sexual privilege to males relative to their female counterparts has historically enforced behavioral conformity to distinct sexual scripts. These gendered prescriptions may differentially impede both men and women's confidence in asserting themselves in various sexual contexts to the extent that such assertions violate assigned gender roles. The purpose of the current study was to examine the pervasiveness of the SDS and its impact on sexual self-efficacy (SSE). Design and Method A total of 71 male and 73 female undergraduate students were surveyed using Internet technology. A within-subjects measure of the SDS included questions about standards held by participants and perceived standards held by participants’friends and partners regarding multiple aspects of sexuality. In addition, participants reported their general and partner-specific SSE related to refusal of unwanted sex, initiative in achieving sexual satisfaction, and participation in safer sex behavior. Results Overall, reported attitudes supported the continued existence of a SDS allowing men greater sexual freedom, particularly among male participants. However, itemby-item analyses suggested the strength of the double standard varied substantially by sexual domain. Regression analyses revealed that perceived partner endorsement of the SDS was associated with decreased SSE among males, whereas personal endorsement and perceived friend endorsement of the SDS were associated with decreased SSE among females (p Conclusions Findings suggest that the traditional SDS continues to prevail in provisional forms within the USA, and that this set of attitudes may negatively impact both men and women's SSE.
Colonization of lettuce cultivars and rotation crops by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the cause of fusarium wilt of lettuce

The severity of fusarium wilt is affected by inoculum density in soil, which is expected to decline during intervals when a non-susceptible crop is grown. However, the anticipated benefits of crop rotation may not be realized if the pathogen can colonize and produce inoculum on a resistant cultivar or rotation crop. The present study documented colonization of roots of broccoli, cauliflower and spinach by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the cause of fusarium wilt of lettuce. The frequency of infection was significantly lower on all three rotation crops than on a susceptible lettuce cultivar, and the pathogen was restricted to the cortex of roots of broccoli. However, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae was isolated from the root vascular stele of 7·4% of cauliflower plants and 50% of spinach plants that were sampled, indicating a greater potential for colonization and production of inoculum on these crops. The pathogen was also recovered from the root vascular stele of five fusarium wilt-resistant lettuce cultivars. Thus, disease-resistant plants may support growth of the pathogen and thereby contribute to an increase in soil inoculum density. Cultivars that were indistinguishable based on above-ground symptoms, differed significantly in the extent to which they were colonized by F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. Less extensively colonized cultivars may prove to be superior sources of resistance to fusarium wilt for use in breeding programmes.
Chlordecone-induced tremor: quantification and pharmacological analysis.

Abstract A procedure based on spectral analysis of whole body movements was developed to quantify chlordecone-induced tremor in rats. Male, Fischer-344 rats were given single or repeated ip doses of chlordecone, and whole body tremor was measured at 2.5-Hz intervals from 2.5 to 20 Hz. The most prevalent frequency and associated magnitude were recorded. Spectral analysis of the tremor produced by single doses of chlordecone could be differentiated from the spectral analysis of movement produced by various doses of harmine (5 to 20 mg/kg, ip) and apomorphine (0.5 to 2 mg/kg ip). The administration of 10 to 100 mg/kg chlordecone produced measurable tremor at 1, 5, 12, and 24 hr postdosing. The peak effect of chlordecone on tremor occurred at 12 hr postdosing. The most prevalent frequency of chlordecone-induced tremor was approximately 12 Hz following 50 to 100 mg/kg, 5 to 24 hr postdosing. Tremor was also quantified in rats receiving 5 to 10 mg/kg chlordecone daily for 10 consecutive days. Twenty-four hr after the last dose of chlordecone, spectral analysis indicated a peak frequency that was approximately the same as that obtained following acute administration of higher doses (≅12 Hz). Subsequent experiments with trihexyphenidyl and pizotifen suggested that the tremor produced by chlordecone might have a cholinergic and serotonergic component.
Influence of sildenafil on lung diffusion during exposure to acute hypoxia at rest and during exercise in healthy humans

We sought to determine the influence of sildenafil on the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and the components of DLCO (pulmonary capillary blood volume Vc, and alveolar–capillary membrane conductance DM) at rest and following exercise with normoxia and hypoxia. This double-blind placebo-controlled, cross-over study included 14 healthy subjects (age = 33 ± 11 years, ht = 181 ± 8 cm, weight = 85 ± 14 kg, BMI = 26 ± 3 kg/m2, peak normoxic VO2 = 36 ± 6 ml/kg, mean ± SD). Subjects were randomized to placebo or 100 mg sildenafil 1 h prior to entering a hypoxic tent with an FiO2 of 12.5% for 90 min. DLCO, Vc, and DM were assessed at rest, every 3 min during exercise, at peak exercise, and 10 and 30 min post exercise. Sildenafil attenuated the elevation in PAP at rest and during recovery with exposure to hypoxia, but pulmonary arterial pressure immediately post exercise was not different between sildenafil and placebo. Systemic O2 saturation and VO2peak did not differ between the two conditions. DLCO was not different between groups at any time point. VC was higher with exercise in the placebo group, and the difference in DM between sildenafil and placebo was significant only when corrected for changes in Vc (DM/Vc = 0.57 ± 0.29 vs. 0.41 ± 0.16, P = 0.04). These results suggest no effect of sildenafil on DLCO, but an improvement in DM when corrected for changes in Vc during short-term hypoxic exposure with exercise.
Patterns of burnout among managers and professionals: a comparison of models

Using structural equation modeling, this paper compares the intertemporal sequences of the burnout components proposed by Maslach (1982) and Golembiewski (1989) using responses from 354 human resource professionals. The relationship between the burnout components and several critical variables that are theoretically linked to the phenomenon are also investigated. Studying human resource professionals allows us to examine the generalizability of burnout. This group of employees provides a range of services to a largely internal client group, and thus experience strain from interpersonal interactions. Results support Maslach's three-factor sequential model of burnout, although its superiority over the Golembiewski sequential model is not definitive. A post hoc analysis reveals a significant path between emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, and an insignificant path between depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Investigation of the relationship between the burnout components and several critical, theoretically linked variables indicates significant paths between (a) role overload and emotional exhaustion, (b) noncontingent punishment and depersonalization, and (c) contingent rewards and personal accomplishment. The work documents the generalizability of burnout to managers and professionals in corporate settings. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Handbook of organizational measurement

Addresses the standardization of the measurements and the labels for concepts commonly used in the study of work organizations. As a reference handbook and research tool, seeks to improve measurement in the study of work organizations and to facilitate the teaching of introductory courses in this subject. Focuses solely on work organizations, that is, social systems in which members work for money. Defines measurement and distinguishes four levels: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Selects specific measures on the basis of quality, diversity, simplicity and availability and evaluates each measure for its validity and reliability. Employs a set of 38 concepts ‐ ranging from “absenteeism” to “turnover” as the handbook’s frame of reference. Concludes by reviewing organizational measurement over the past 30 years and recommending future measurement reseach.
Influence of iodinated trypsin on blood coagulation.

SummaryThe coagulation of recalcified plasma, in vitro, is hastened considerably by trypsin which has been iodinated sufficiently to greatly decrease its hypotensive effect.
Direct RAFT polymerization of an unprotected isocyanate-containing monomer and subsequent structopendant functionalization using “click”-type reactions

The controlled reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) homopolymerization of an unprotected isocyanate-containing monomer, in this case 2-(acryloyloxy)ethylisocyanate (AOI), is reported. The polymerization conditions were optimized in terms of the choice of RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA), polymerization temperature and the reaction medium. Direct RAFT polymerization of AOI requires a neutral CTA, and relatively low reaction temperature to yield AOI homopolymers with low polydispersities. Efficient side-chain functionalization of poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethylisocyanate) (PAOI) homopolymers was achieved via reaction with model amine, thiol and alcohol compounds yielding urea, thiourethane and urethane derivatives, respectively. Reactions with amines and thiols (in the presence of base) were rapid, quantitative and efficient. However, the reaction with alcohols catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) was relatively slow but proceeded to completion. Selective reaction pathways for the addition of difunctional ethanolamine and mercaptoethanol were also investigated.
A Confidence Paradigm for Classification Systems

There is no universally accepted methodology to determine how much confidence one should have in a classifier output. This research proposes a framework to determine the level of confidence in an indication from a classifier system where the output is a measurement value. There are two types of confidence developed in this paper. The first is confidence in a classification system or classifier and is denoted classifier confidence. The second is the confidence in the output of a classification system or classifier. In this paradigm, we posit that the confidence in the output of a classifier should be, on average, equal to the confidence in the classifier as a whole (i.e., classifier confidence). The amount of confidence in a given classifier is estimated using multiattribute preference theory and forms the foundation for a quadratic confidence function that is applied to posterior probability estimates. Classifier confidence is currently determined based upon individual measurable value functions for classification accuracy, average entropy, and sample size, and the form of the overall measurable value function is multilinear based upon the assumption of weak difference independence. Using classifier confidence, a quadratic function is trained to be the confidence function which inputs a posterior probability and outputs the confidence in a given indication. In this paradigm, confidence is not equal to the posterior probability estimate but is related to it. This confidence measure is a direct link between traditional decision analysis techniques and traditional pattern recognition techniques. This methodology is applied to two real world data sets, and results show the sort of behavior that would be expected from a rational confidence measure.
Neurological adverse events following regional anesthesia administration

Regional anesthesia and analgesia have been associated with improved analgesia, decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting, and increased patient satisfaction for many types of surgical procedures. In obstetric anesthesia care, it has also been associated with improved maternal mortality and major morbidity. The majority of neurological adverse events following regional anesthesia administration result in temporary sensory symptoms; long-term or permanent disabling motor and sensory problems are very rare. Infection and hemorrhagic complications, particularly with neuraxial blocks, can cause neurological adverse events. More commonly, however, there are no associated secondary factors and some combination of needle trauma, intraneural injection, and/or local anesthetic toxicity may be associated, but their individual contributions to any event are difficult to define.
Onset of draw resonance during isothermal melt spinning: A comparison between measurements and predictions

Various polymer melts were spun isothermally to determine the critical extensional strain at which draw resonance occurs. Simultaneously, the variation of apparent spinning viscosity with extensional strain was measured. Experimental results failed to confirm the theoretical prediction that strain thickening behavior leads to enhanced stability.
An exposá of the mullin-rota theory of polynomials of binomial type

The basic theorems of the Mullin-Rota theory of polynomials of binomial type are rederived here by a combination of the classical theory of generating functions and Rota's operator theoretical methods. As a result a certain number of new identities are obtained.
Narrating secret and silence: recent ethnographies on “post-conflict” Ayacucho, Peru

Works reviewed: Unveiling Secrets of War in the Peruvian Andes By Gonzalez, Olga (The University of Chicago Press, 2011, 307 pp) Intimate Enemies: Violence and Reconciliation in Peru By Theidon, Kimberly (The University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013, 461 pp.). The following review discusses two recently published ethnographies set in aftermath of Peru’s internal armed conflict, 1980–2000, fought primarily between state forces and the Maoist rebel group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). Issues of the ‘‘post-conflict’’ appear to dominate scholarship by historians and social scientists currently studying Peru, and for good reason. The political nature of the armed insurrection and contested understandings of the legitimacy of state violence, in addition to the massive loss of life and displacement of people incurred from these decades of acute, armed conflict must be considered in any scholarship that addresses Peruvian history, culture, or society. Conflict, however, can never be neatly packaged as the past, or bounded between years or decades; the label of ‘‘post-conflict’’ is indeed problematic. This is an issue that has been raised by RojasPerez (2008) and others. To pay due attention to the complications of putting conflict in the past tense is the task of contemporary ethnographers working in Peru. The two books discussed in this review are faced with this challenge, addressing it in different ways, but with a shared attention to the powers of both secret and silence. In Unveiling Secrets of War in the Peruvian Andes (2011), Olga Gonzalez uses innovative methods of photo elicitation to explore the way conflict is narrated, and the sorts of narratives and images of conflict that are imagined to be suitable for public consumption. Through the content, circulation of, and reactions to tablas pintadas, a regional form of narrative painting, Gonzalez argues that the invisible, particularly in the case of internal war, is always written into the visible. Tablas
Puddle-jumping: a flexible sampling algorithm for rare event systems

Abstract We present a method for enhancing the sampling of configuration space in molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations of systems exhibiting high potential energy barriers. The method builds on a previously described approach, “puddle-skimming”, in which the potential energy function, V( q ) , is modified as follows: wherever V( q ) B , it is set equal to EB, where EB is a selected “puddle height”. V( q ) is unmodified in regions where V( q )>E B . The extended method, “puddle-jumping”, incorporates two or more different puddle heights, with transitions between them. Motion on the higher energy puddles promotes barrier crossings, while motion on the lower puddles more efficiently samples the more important low potential energy regions. We test the method on conformational changes in a model of n-pentane, for which the potential energy parameters have been modified to exhibit a range of barrier heights. The method greatly increases the frequency of barrier crossings while minimizing the time spent sampling unimportant, high-energy regions of configuration space. It is flexible and can be applied to large systems whose features are not known in advance. Finally, it converges rigorously to the correct canonical ensemble distribution; options in its implementation affect only the rate of convergence, not the final converged result.