cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do large-scale farmers use more pesticides? Empirical evidence from rice farmers in five Chinese provinces

Abstract It is of great theoretical and practical significance to understand the rules of the differences in pesticide use behaviors between large-scale and small-scale farmers, so as to regulate the behavior of farmers differently and improve the quality and safety of rice. The overall pesticide use behavior of large-scale farmers was characterized by large doses and high application frequency, while that of small-scale farmers was characterized by small doses and low application frequency. The econometric test showed that (i) the proportion of staple food ration has a significant negative impact on the single dose exceeding the standard and pesticide application frequency of small-scale farmers, and the increase of the proportion of staple food ration will reduce the demand among small-scale farmers for pesticides; (ii) yield effect has a greater impact on the frequency of pesticide application by large-scale farmers, and the large yield effect will increase the frequency of pesticide application among large-scale farmers. Therefore, in pesticide use behaviors, large-scale farmers should reduce pesticide quantity and increase efficiency, while small-scale farmers improve the level of plant protection.
Big data over wireless pipe-Path: Queuing model for multi-Directional radio links

Abstract Big data needs to be delivered to remote devices via wireless links in many applications such as North Pole monitoring, UAV communications, smart city crowd-sourcing, etc. Single routing path may not be able to meet the ultra-high-throughout requirements of wireless big data delivery. A pipe-like path consisting of closely coupled links (forming a bundle) is more suitable to big data transmissions. The queuing model for such a coupled routing pipe is important to network congestion diagnosis and avoidance. Particularly, the queuing analysis between neighboring hops can help to analyze the pipe traffic accumulation dynamics. Our pioneering work presented here first develops a queuing model for a single node of the pipe. We design a full Markov-Chain-based queuing model for bulk arrival, bulk service queues with multiple vacations. We then extend such a single node queuing model to the pipe-based queuing scenarios, and deduce the closed-form equations for the typical queue statistics such as the service delay. The numerical results can serve as the guidelines for big data transmission protocols. Comprehensive, accurate simulations have been conducted to verify the correctness of our proposed pipe queuing models.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella from Antibiotic-Free Broilers During Organic and Conventional Processing.

ABSTRACT Salmonella is one of the top causes for bacterial foodborne infections in the United States, emphasizing the importance of controlling this pathogen for protecting public health. Poultry and poultry products are commonly associated with Salmonella, and interventions during production and processing are necessary to manage the risk of infection due to consumption of poultry products. In recent times, the demand for organic and antibiotic-free poultry has increased owing to consumer perceptions and concerns of increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens. However, the microbiological effect of these management practices is not clear. This study was conducted to determine the difference in the AMR of Salmonella isolated from poultry processed conventionally and organically. Fecal samples, carcass rinses, and environmental samples were collected over 1 year and analyzed for the prevalence of Salmonella and AMR. Results of this experiment showed that organic chickens were associated with statistically higher levels of Salmonella during early processing steps. However, no difference in Salmonella prevalence was observed between organic and conventional carcasses postchill. In addition, for most antimicrobial agents tested, prevalence of AMR Salmonella in conventional processing was lower in this study than was reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for chickens at slaughter. These observations indicate that organic methods may introduce greater risk of Salmonella contamination; however, proper interventions during processing can abate this risk. In addition, this study supports the assertion that raising chickens without the use of antibiotics may result in lower prevalence of AMR Salmonella. HIGHLIGHTS
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment – Helpful or placebo?

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy use has become common practice amongst certain athlete groups. Theoretically, the additional oxygen available from a hyperbaric oxygen treatment aids the body in healing and recovery, creating an optimal environment for the body to heal faster than it normally would. Debate remains as to whether a treatment in a mild hyperbaric oxygen unit (cheaper and portable) can have the same beneficial results of a treatment in a standard hyperbaric oxygen unit. The data needed to authenticate the benefits of mild hyperbaric oxygen use as compared to standard hyperbaric oxygen exists in the various settings that use this modality. The data needs to be collected, analyzed, and disseminated.
In the shadow of justice: postwar liberalism and the remaking of political philosophy: by Katrina Forrester, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2019, xxii + 401pp., $35.00, ISBN: 978-0-691-16308-6

It is difficult to overstate the importance of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice to contemporary philosophy. Its publication in 1971 revived political philosophy in Anglo-American thought and shifte...
Which foods should a child with food allergy avoid? The role of parental knowledge in food avoidance appraisals

This study explored factors that influence the accuracy of caregivers’ appraisals of the foods their children with food allergy should avoid. Seventy-two caregivers of children with food allergy co...
Left ventricular segmental strain and the prediction of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction

AIMS We aimed to determine the early changes and predictive value of left ventricular (LV) segmental strain measures in women with breast cancer receiving doxorubicin. METHODS AND RESULTS In a cohort of 237 women with breast cancer receiving doxorubicin with or without trastuzumab, 1151 echocardiograms were prospectively acquired over a median (Q1-Q3) of 7 (2-24) months. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and 36 segmental strain measures were core lab quantified. A supervised machine learning (ML) model was then developed using random forest regression to identify segmental strain measures predictive of nadir LVEF post-doxorubicin completion. Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) was defined as a ≥10% absolute LVEF decline pre-treatment to a value <50%. Median (Q1-Q3) baseline age was 48 (41-57) years. Thirty-five women developed CTRCD, and eight of these developed symptomatic heart failure. From pre-treatment to doxorubicin completion, longitudinal strain worsened across the basal and mid-LV segments but not in the apical segments; circumferential strain worsened primarily in the septum; radial strain worsened uniformly and transverse strain remained unchanged across all LV segments. In the ML model, anterolateral and inferoseptal circumferential strain were the most predictive features; longitudinal and transverse strain in the basal inferoseptal, anterior, basal anterolateral, and apical lateral segments were also top predictive features. The addition of predictive segmental strain measures to a model including age, cancer therapy regimen, hypertension, and LVEF increased the area under the curve (AUC) from 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-0.80) to 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.92), ΔAUC = 0.18 (95% CI 0.08-0.27) for the prediction of CTRCD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that segmental strain measures can enhance cardiotoxicity risk prediction in women with breast cancer receiving doxorubicin.
Amniotic membrane grafting for traumatic complete spectaculectomy and keratomalacia in a Boelen’s python (Simalia boeleni)

OBJECTIVE To describe the surgical repair of traumatic complete spectaculectomy and keratomalacia in a snake. ANIMALS A 10.5-year-old, female, Boelen's python (Simalia boeleni) was presented with iatrogenic, near-complete spectaculectomy associated with bacterial keratitis, keratomalacia, and hypopyon. PROCEDURES Corneal samples for cytological evaluation and bacterial culture were collected. Following medical stabilization of the bacterial keratitis, a double-layered dry amniotic membrane graft was placed. The first amniotic membrane layer was placed over the cornea with the edges tucked under the peripheral remnants of the spectacle and secured in place with fibrin glue. The second amniotic membrane layer was placed over the entirety of the spectacle remnant and secured in place with a combination of fibrin glue and sutures. Topical and systemic antimicrobials, topical ophthalmic lubricants, and systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy were administered postoperatively. RESULTS Heterophilic keratitis was identified by cytology and Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus sciuri were cultured from the corneal samples. The amniotic membrane grafts remained in place for several weeks. At 4 months postoperatively, the spectacle was completely regenerated, the subspectacular space restored, and the cornea was transparent. Spectacular vascularization and fibrosis then slowly cleared over the following 6 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Amniotic membrane grafting with fibrin glue is a relatively simple and effective surgical method to reconstruct extensive defects in the reptilian spectacle and to assist in the management of bacterial keratitis associated with spectacle avulsion.
Toward A Framework for Formative Assessment of Conceptual Learning in K-12 Computer Science Classrooms

Unlike summative assessment that is aimed at grading students at the end of a unit or academic term, formative assessment is assessment for learning, aimed at monitoring ongoing student learning to provide feedback to both student and teacher, so that learning gaps can be addressed during the learning process. Education research points to formative assessment as a crucial vehicle for improving student learning. Formative assessment in K-12 CS and programming classrooms remains a crucial unaddressed need. Given that assessment for learning is closely tied to teacher pedagogical con- tent knowledge, formative assessment literacy needs to also be a topic of CS teacher PD. This position paper addresses the broad need to understand formative assessment and build a framework to understand the what, why, and how of formative assessment of introductory programming in K-12 CS. It shares specific pro- gramming examples to articulate the cycle of formative assessment, diagnostic evaluation, feedback, and action. The design of formative assessment items is informed by CS research on assessment design, albeit related largely to summative assessment and in CS1 contexts, and learning of programming, especially student misconceptions. It describes what teacher formative assessment literacy PD should entail and how to catalyze assessment-focused collaboration among K-12 CS teachers through assessment platforms and repositories.
Dating through the filters

In this essay, I explore ethical considerations that might arise from the use of collaborative filtering algorithms on dating apps. Collaborative filtering algorithms can predict the preferences of a target user by looking at the past behavior of similar users. By recommending products through this process, they can influence the news we read, the movies we watch, and more. They are extremely powerful and effective on platforms like Amazon and Google. Recommender systems on dating apps are likely to group people by race, since they exhibit similar patterns of behavior: users on dating platforms seem to segregate themselves based on race, exclude certain races from romantic and sexual consideration (except their own), and generally show a preference for white men and women. As collaborative filtering algorithms learn from these patterns to predict preferences and build recommendations, they can homogenize the behavior of dating app users and exacerbate biased sexual and romantic behavior.
Potential causal effect of posttraumatic stress disorder on alcohol use disorder and alcohol consumption in individuals of European descent: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with alcohol consumption (AC) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, it is unknown whether the same etiologic influences that underlie PTSD co-occurring with AUD are those that underlie PTSD and AC individually. Methods This study used large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to test whether PTSD and drinks per week [DPW]/AUD are causally related to one another, and, if so, whether PTSD precedes DPW/AUD and/or vice versa. We used Mendelian Randomization methods to analyze European ancestry GWAS summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC; PTSD), GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use (GSCAN; DPW), and the Million Veteran Program (MVP; AUD). Results PTSD exerted a potentially causal effect on AUD (β = 0.039, SE = 0.014, p = 0.005), but not on DPW (β = 0.002, SE = 0.003, p = 0.414). Additionally, neither DPW (β = 0.019, SE = 0.041, p = 0.637) nor AUD (β = 8.87 × 10-4 , SE = 0.001, p = 0.441) exerted a causal effect on PTSD. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the self-medication model, in which individuals misuse alcohol to cope with aversive trauma-related symptoms. These findings extend latent analysis and molecular findings of shared and correlated risk between PTSD and alcohol phenotypes. Given the health behaviors associated with these phenotypes, these findings are important in that they suggest groups to prioritize for prevention efforts. Further, they provide a rationale for future preclinical and clinical studies examining the biological mechanisms by which PTSD may impact AUD.
Spatially Selective Plasmonic Sensing Using Metallic Nanoslit Arrays

Label-free biosensing based on extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through metallic nanoaperture arrays is a highly promising application of nanoplasmonics. The optical properties of these nanostructures, however, are complex due to the coupling between propagating and localized plasmon resonances, and some important features of the sensing mechanism have not been fully exploited. In this paper, in contrast to most previous studies that focused on the optimization of sensor response to bulk refractive index changes, we investigate the sensor response upon biomolecule bindings at different sensor positions inside or outside the nanoapertures. By properly tuning the geometric parameters of a gold nanoslit array, we show that the enhanced optical field in this EOT-based sensor can be spatially tailored to increase its interaction volume with the binding target biomolecules and improve the sensor performance. The results presented deepen the current understanding of the EOT-based sensor properties and open up new opportunities to further optimize their sensing performance.
Germination of bacterial spores by calcium chelates of dipicolinic acid analogues.

Abstract Calcium salts of analogues of dipicolinic acid were substituted for calcium dipicolinate in tests of germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 10778. Only 4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid was as active as dipicolinic acid. 3-Methyldipicolinic acid and 4-methyl-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid were active but the germination proceeded less rapidly. In the presence of a threshold concentration (0.020 m) of calcium dipicolinate, calcium salts of pyrimidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, pyrazine-2,6-dicarboxylate, 4-hydroxydipicolinate, and furan-2,5-dicarboxylate also showed activity. A hypothesis is proposed for mobilization of native calcium dipicolinate of dormant spores during germination, by way of a dimerization like that exhibited in crystals of calcium dipicolinate trihydrate and the isostructural calcium pyrandicarboxylate trihydrate. The compounds 4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and ethyl ester, 3-methyl-2,6-distyryl-pyridine, 3-methylpyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, and pyrimidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid are reported for the first time. Calcium and proton association constants are given for various ligands.
Relationships between fish assemblages and habitat characteristics in Iowa's non-wadeable rivers.

Abstract Non-wadeable river systems are some of the most diverse aquatic ecosystems, but little work has been conducted to quantify the relationships between fish assemblages and habitat characteristics in them. In 2007 and 2008, 21 reaches were sampled on 16 non-wadeable rivers across Iowa, USA. Fish were sampled in each reach with three different gears, and habitat characteristics (channel morphology, current velocity, instream cover) were measured using standard procedures. Fish assemblages were structured based on drainage basin and reaches and could be categorised as belonging to one of three groups. Reaches in the Missouri River basin group were narrow and had a high proportion of fine substrate. Reaches in the Mississippi River A group were also narrow but had a high proportion of large rocky substrate. Reaches in the Mississippi River B group tended to be wider, deeper and have higher proportions of fine substrate than the other groups. Fish assemblages were closely related to habitat characteristics and reflected differences among the three groups. Results of this study suggest that stream geomorphology may have a substantial influence on fish assemblage structure in large rivers.
Managing Issues of Safety, Privacy, Copyright, and Technological Change in Web 2.0 Instruction: Lessons Learned from Teaching a YouTube Course

In 2008, an online course called YouTube for Educators was created as an elective for a graduate program in educational technology. As of fall 2011, the course has been offered six times. Some of the most critical problems of student safety, privacy, copyright, and technical change encountered during the six iterations of the course are discussed in this paper together with the approaches taken to manage those problems. Lessons learned while developing, refining, and implementing the YouTube for Educators course over time include the need to: (1) use proactive strategies to promote safety and privacy, (2) emphasize copyright and legal media use, and (3) develop course policies and practices to manage technological change. This work may be of interest to those who develop courses featuring Web 2.0 or other rapidly changing social media technologies.
Nutritional treatment of pressure ulcers: what is the evidence?

Purpose To review the literature on the nutritional treatment of pressure ulcers, with an emphasis on long-term care issues. The focus is on studies that have used high energy or high protein diets, supplementation with vitamin C, zinc, or arginine, or some combination of those four approaches. The goal of this review is to clarify the evidence (if any) supporting each nutritional treatment. Data sources A search of the literature was conducted including PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE. Search terms included “pressure ulcers,” in combination with “treatment,” “nutrition,” “supplements,” “Vitamin C,” “zinc,” and “arginine.” Conclusions Studies of high energy and high protein intake provide some evidence that those may be useful interventions, but the evidence is not strong. Although we have basic science providing evidence of the role of vitamin C, zinc, and arginine in wound healing processes, data on those nutrients related to pressure ulcer healing is equivocal. Implications for practice Nurse practitioners should assess the nutritional status of patients with pressure ulcers and treat deficiencies within current guidelines. At this time, there is not strong evidence to support the use of specific nutritional supplements.
The Flower Intersection Problem for Steiner Triple Systems

Abstract We determine here those pairs (k, v) for which there exist a pair of Steiner triple systems on the same u-set, the triples in one system containing a particular point are the same as those in the other system containing that point, and the two systems otherwise have exactly k triples in common. The obvious necessary conditions are sufficient, with two exceptions (k, v) = (1,9) and (4,9).
Emetic reflex arc revealed by expression of the immediate-early gene c- fos in the cat

The organization of the central neuronal circuitry that produces vomiting was explored by mapping the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity (FLI) as a monitor of functional activity. The brainstem and spinal cord were examined in cats administered multiple emetic drugs (cisplatin, lobeline, protoveratrine, naloxone, apomorphine) or control saline injections. Some animals were decerebrated, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated to avoid possible Fos expression induced by sensory feedback or fluid depletion during vomiting. Fictive vomiting was identified in these animals by a characteristic pattern of respiratory muscle nerve (phrenic and abdominal) coactivation. Tissues were immunoprocessed using an antibody raised against amino acids 1-131 of Fos and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. Enhanced nuclear FLI was observed in experimental animals along portions of the sensorimotor emetic reflex arc, including the nodose ganglia, area postrema, nuclei of the solitary tract (especially medial and subpostrema subnuclei), intermediate reticular zone of the lateral tegmental field, nucleus retroambiguus, C2 inspiratory propriospinal cell region, and dorsal vagal and phrenic motor nuclei. Enhanced FLI was also detected in the raphe magnus, subretrofacial nucleus, and spinal dorsal horn. Regions showing no recognizable differences in FLI between experimental and control animals included the vestibular, cochlear, spinal trigeminal, subtrigeminal, and lateral reticular nuclei. Only minor differences were observed in the distributions of FLI between intact and decerebrate animals. No unique, well-defined group of labeled neurons that might function as a "vomiting center" could be identified. Instead, the pattern of c-fos expression suggests that neurons involved in coordinating the emetic response may radiate from the area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract to an arc in the lateral tegmental field implicated in somato-autonomic integration.
Development and natural kinds Some lessons from biology

While philosophers tend to consider a single type of causal history, biologists distinguish between two kinds of causal history: evolutionary history and developmental history. This essay studies the peculiarity of development as a criterion for the individuation of biological traits and its relation to form, function, and evolution. By focusing on examples involving serial homologies and genetic reprogramming, we argue that morphology (form) and function, even when supplemented with evolutionary history, are sometimes insufficient to individuate traits. Developmental mechanisms bring in a novel aspect to the business of classification—identity of process-type—according to which entities are type-identical across individuals and natural kinds in virtue of the fact that they form and develop through similar processes. These considerations bear important metaphysical implications and have potential applications in several areas of philosophy.
STAT6-Dependent Regulation of Th9 Development

Th cell effector subsets develop in response to specific cytokine environments. The development of a particular cytokine-secreting pattern requires an integration of signals that may promote the development of opposing pathways. A recent example of this paradigm is the IL-9–secreting Th9 cell that develops in response to TGF-β and IL-4, cytokines that, in isolation, promote the development of inducible regulatory T cells and Th2 cells, respectively. To determine how the balance of these factors results in priming for IL-9 secretion, we examined the effects of each pathway on transcription factors that regulate Th cell differentiation. We demonstrated that TGF-β induces the PU.1-encoding Sfpi1 locus and that this is independent of IL-4–induced STAT6 activation. IL-4–activated STAT6 is required for repressing the expression of T-bet and Foxp3 in Th9 cells, transcription factors that inhibit IL-9 production, and STAT6 is required for the induction of IRF4, which promotes Th9 development. These data established a transcription factor network that regulates IL-9 and demonstrated how combinations of cytokine signals generate cytokine-secreting potential by altering the expression of a panel of transcription factors.
‘In the heart, there’s nothing’: unruly youth, generational vertigo and territory

Young Ladakhis have grown up along disputed borders between Pakistan and China in India’s Jammu and Kashmir State. During their lifetimes, conflict in Kashmir and in their hometowns (between the Buddhist majority and Muslim minority) has highlighted the region’s geopolitical vulnerability; in words overheard in the schoolyard and kitchen, religion is always already political and territorial. This article traces how young Muslim and Buddhist Ladakhis in Ladakh’s Leh District are constituted as a category and site of territorial potential, and how the young people I spoke with navigate and elude this positioning. Their grandparents married across religious lines and their parents used family planning enthusiastically, but these practices are now political problems. Youth alternate between cynicism and hopeful visions of the future. Meanwhile, parents see education in distant urban centres as a path to a desired ‘modernity’, but also as a dangerous site where unruly love, lack of supervision and immorality might compromise religious identity. Building on geographies of young people and religion, and on anthropologies of the future, this research draws on two youth projects, a survey and interviews. I suggest that parents, political actors and religious leaders conceive of the young as crucial to the constitution of future territories. This makes their bodies a site of intense anxiety and regulation, as well as hope and potential. Beyond this case study, I offer the concept of generational vertigo, a mixture of apprehension and anticipation regarding the future, and suggest that attending to how and why this vertigo is manifest provides a way to think through relationships between young people, time and territory. The future is located in the volatile bodies of young people; hence the desire to defend territory and shape the future is manifest in attempts to manage the potential of these bodies.
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORT MARKETING GUIDELINES

Bounded rationality theory argues that classical and neoclassical economic theories are unrealistic in assuming that managements have perfect knowledge regarding decision‐making alternatives. Instead, that information tends to be very limited both as to a firm's alternatives and the costs and benefits of each. At best, therefore, managements can make rational decisions only within the bounds of whatever information they possess; this results in many managerial decisions being sub‐optimal with respect to the total reality. Logically, the imperfect knowledge problem applies to all aspects of business, especially to international marketing since such information tends to be very limited.
Effect of cysteine, diethyl maleate, and phenobarbital treatments on the hepatotoxicity of [1H]- and [2H]chloroform☆

The effects of cysteine, diethyl maleate and phenobarbital treatments and 2H-substitution on the hepatotoxicity of chloroform were investigated. Time course studies of covalent binding and hepatoxicity in phenobarbital-treated rats showed that covalent binding of 14C-label from [14C]chloroform was maximal at 6 h after chloroform administration while hepatotoxicity reached a peak at 18 h. Cysteine treatment reduced both covalent binding and hepatotoxicity, while diethyl maleate and phenobarbital treatments increased both the hepatotoxicity of chloroform and the covalent binding of chloroform metabolites to hepatic proteins. A deuterium isotope effect was present on chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity in diethyl maleate-treated rats suggesting that the previously reported inhibition of haloform metabolism by diethyl maleate occurs at a step in the reaction mechanism after phosgene production. These data support the concept that phosgene is the toxic intermediate in chloroform metabolism.
The common law process: Efficiency or order?

The common law applies to conflicts not covered by statutes or the U.S. Constitution. Because constitutional law and common law are applicable (common) to all members of the community, they both confront aggregation problems of the sort discussed by Buchanan and Arrow. p ]Recent writings in law and economics view the common law as an efficient process that promotes the evolution of efficient rules through an auction-like mechanism. Because the common law applies to all individuals, however, the auction analogy fails to cope with the problem of aggregating preferences. Moreover, the belief that the efficiency of the common law is enhanced by assigning disputed rights so as to lower transaction costs is also flawed. The common law provides a form of unanimity by allowing individuals to contract around the rule and provides order by maintaining transitivity, through the use of precedent, in the application of the rule to new situations.
Direct analysis of tumor-associated peptide antigens

Adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can induce tumor regressions in animals and in human cancer patients. Antigens recognized by CTLs from cancer patients are being sought as possible immunogens, a number of which have been identified during the past year. The ultimate result may be the development of novel peptide-based immunotherapies and a new understanding of the T-cell response to human cancer.
Free fermion and parafermion theories in two dimensions

Abstract We show that the spectrum and the observables of a free massless O( N ) parafermion theory of order Q in two dimensions is related to, but not identical with, a free fermion theory with O( N )×O( Q ) symmetry. The Virasoro and the O( N ) Kac-Moody algebras of these theories are given.
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM OF WRITING AND SPEAKING IN THE UNDERGRADUATE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM

ABSTRACT Over the past ten years, the faculty of Maharishi International University have developed a successful college-wide program that incorporates both speaking and writing. The key features of this program are speaking and writing in some form in every academic course, rewriting on the basis of feedback from faculty and peers, and commitment to the program by faculty and administration.
The chondroitin sulfate form of invariant chain trimerizes with conventional invariant chain and these complexes are rapidly transported from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface.

Targeting of MHCII–invariant chain complexes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes is mediated by two di-leucine-based signals present in the cytosolic domain of invariant chain. Generation of this endosomal targeting signal is also dependent on multimerization of the invariant chain cytosolic domain sequences, mediated through assembly of invariant chain into homotrimers. A small subset of invariant chain is modified by the addition of chondroitin sulfate and is expressed on the cell surface in association with MHCII. In the present study, we have followed the biosynthetic pathway and route of intracellular transport of this proteoglycan form of invariant chain. We found that the efficiency of chondroitin sulfate modification can be increased by altering the invariant chain amino acid sequence around Ser-201 to the xylosylation consensus sequence. Our results also indicate that, following sulfation, the proteoglycan form is transported rapidly from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface and is degraded following internalization into an endocytic compartment. Invariant chain–chondroitin sulfate is present in invariant chain trimers that also include conventional non-proteoglycan forms of invariant chain. These data indicate that invariant chain–chondroitin sulfate-containing complexes are transported rapidly from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface in spite of the presence of an intact endosomal localization signal. Furthermore, these results suggest that invariant chain–chondroitin sulfate may play an important role in the generation of cell-surface pools of invariant chain that can serve as receptors for CD44 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
Retinoic acid-induced differentiation increases the rate of oxygen consumption and enhances the spare respiratory capacity of mitochondria in SH-SY5Y cells

Retinoic acid (RA) is used in differentiation therapy to treat a variety of cancers including neuroblastoma. The contributing factors for its therapeutic efficacy are poorly understood. However, mitochondria (MT) have been implicated as key effectors in RA-mediated differentiation process. Here we utilize the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line as a model to examine how RA influences MT during the differentiation process. We find that RA confers an approximately sixfold increase in the oxygen consumption rate while the rate of glycolysis modestly increases. RA treatment does not increase the number of MT or cause measurable changes in the composition of the electron transport chain. Rather, RA treatment significantly increases the mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. We propose a competition model for the therapeutic effects of RA. Specifically, the high metabolic rate in differentiated cells limits the availability of metabolic nutrients for use by the undifferentiated cells and suppresses their growth. Thus, RA treatment provides a selective advantage for the differentiated state.
Spin stability of asymmetrically charged plasma dust

An isolated spherical insulating particulate suspended by an electric field in a flowing plasma is predicted to exhibit an instability that causes it to spin. The instability, which spontaneously breaks the symmetry about the flow direction, arises when the electric dipole moment, caused by asymmetric charging, points opposite to the external electric field. The theoretical instability criterion derived is that the Debye length should exceed approximately the probe radius divided by the Mach number, when the ion flux asymmetry has its intuitive direction and size. The saturated state is then that the particle rotates at a fraction of the ion plasma frequency. However, for the conditions of many experiments, intuition is incorrect, and the direction of charge asymmetry is such as to yield stability.
Proliferating histiocytic lesion. (Histiocytosis-X?). Association of an extensive mediastinal and retroperitoneal sclerosing lesion with Gagel's granuloma of the posterior lobe of the pituitary.

A case of an extensive retroperitoneal and mediastinal sclerosing, histiocytic lesion associated with a solitary focus of histiocytosis-X in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Gagel's granuloma) is presented. The thoracic, retroperitoneal and pituitary lesions were characterized by a histiocytic proliferation with extensive reticulin and collagen production. Electron microscopy of the cellular areas of the mediastinal and retroperitoneal process confirmed the histiocytic nature of the lesion and revealed intracytoplasmic filaments resembling Langerhans' cell granules. These features together with the pituitary lesion in this case suggest that the mediastinal and retroperitoneal sclerosing process may be a form of histiocytosis-X.
A Graph Search Approach to Automate Product Concept Translation

Product data translation is essential for the seamless integration of various product-centric activities. Yet, the process to build translators among different software has been left mostly to individual expertise rather than a formal procedure. In this paper, we propose a framework to automatically determine translation rules to enable translation of instances from one system to another. We use a graph search method to obtain the overall translation rule as a combination of multiple basic functions. We apply this method to a subset of non-geometric product knowledge, such as date of creation, color and name of feature used in two commercial systems. We detect the rules using a manually created training data set and evaluate their correctness manually.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Grid convergence for adaptive methods

The ability of adaptive methods to obtain accurate results is examined using two different Euler solvers for a near-sonic flow containing several important flow features. It is shown that the accuracy obtained can be greatly affected by the lack of resolution of smooth portions of the flow caused by adapting only to the more prevalent flow features such as discontinuities. In particular, common methods of adaptation can lead to results in which shocks are well resolved but whose locations are highly inaccurate due to the lack of resolution of the smoother regions. An explanation for this behavior is given and a correction is proposed.
Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of novel lactam-fused chroman derivatives having dual affinity at the 5-HT1A receptor and the serotonin transporter

Abstract The structure–activity relationship (SAR) for three series of lactam-fused chroman derivatives possessing 3-amino substituents was evaluated. Many compounds exhibited affinities for both the 5-HT1A receptor and the 5-HT transporter. Compounds 45 and 53 demonstrated 5-HT1A antagonist activities in the in vitro cAMP turnover model.
Flow diversion for complex intracranial aneurysms in young children

Pediatric intracranial aneurysms are exceedingly rare and account for less than 5% of all intracranial aneurysms. Open surgery to treat such aneurysms has been shown to be more durable than endovascular techniques, and durability of treatment is particularly important in the pediatric population. Over the past 2 decades, however, a marked shift in aneurysm treatment from open surgery toward endovascular procedures has occurred for adults. The authors describe their early experience in treating 3 unruptured pediatric brain aneurysms using the Pipeline embolization device (PED). The first patient, a girl with Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism Type II who was harboring multiple intracranial aneurysms, underwent two flow diversion procedures for a vertebrobasilar aneurysm and a supraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm. The second patient underwent PED placement on a previously coiled but enlarging posterior communicating artery aneurysm. All procedures were uneventful, with no postsurgical complications, and led to complete angiographic obliteration of the aneurysms. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first series of flow diversion procedures in children reported in the medical literature. While flow diversion is a new and relatively untested technology in children, outcomes in adults have been promising. For challenging lesions in the pediatric population, flow diversion may have a valuable role as a well-tolerated, safe treatment with durable results. Many issues remain to be addressed, such as the durability of flow diverters over a very long follow-up and vessel response to growth in the presence of an endoluminal device.
Electrical properties of devices fabricated on laser-etched silicon

Focused laser etching has been investigated for use in limited area processing (LAP) of silicon wafers. The electrical properties of the etched material have been characterized for the first time by fabricating several different test structures, including isolation trenches, Schottky barrier diodes, and MOS trench capacitors. The etched material is suitable for many applications. >
User requirements for OO CASE tools

Abstract This study assesses developers' demands for OO CASE tool features and indicates the comparative strengths of various OO development features. Important OO features include support for a variety of message types, design analysis support, support for security, and concurrency and multi-thread controls. Developers are also relying on inheritance, data abstraction, and event-oriented/messaging designs in their assessment of CASE tool features. Many system developers indicate that OO CASE tool features are important; however, existing products do not address current design requirements.
CFD Simulation of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Through an Orifice in Millimeter-Scale Rectangular Channel

A numerical model is developed and used to simulate gas-liquid two-phase flow through a plate orifice in a millimeter-scale channel. The channel width is 50 mm and the height is varied from 1.00 mm to 2.00 mm. The contraction ratio and thickness of the orifice are varied over the range 0.04–0.4 and 5–20 mm respectively. The model utilized is based on the multiphase-mixture principle in which transport equations are solved for the mixed phase velocities with allowance for interpenetration of phases and intra-phase transfer processes. The predicted velocity profiles are successfully validated by comparison with the available experimental data for the mixture velocity. The predictions also extend beyond the experimental data to provide the detailed effect of contraction ratio on the flow and gas fraction distribution in the channel. In the range of parameters investigated, the predictions indicate that the flow in such channels will produce no wake in the lee of the orifice for contraction ratios >0.2.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Composition and fluxes of particulate organic matter in a temperate estuary (Winyah Bay, South Carolina, USA) under contrasting physical forcings

Abstract To understand the role that physical processes play on the biogeochemical cycles of estuaries, we conducted intense field studies of the turbidity maximum region within a partially mixed estuary (Winyah Bay, SC, USA) under contrasting conditions of river discharge, tides and wind. Water samples and hydrographic data were collected at different depths and locations along the main channel over several tidal cycles during several cruises to Winyah Bay. Tidal variations in current speed, salinity, total suspended solid concentrations were measured within each cruise and were consistent with estuarine circulation processes. Salinity and total suspended solid concentrations ranged from 0 to 32 and from 20 to over 500 mg L−1, respectively, with the highest salinity and total suspended solid values measured during periods of low river discharge. In fact, comparison of tidally averaged salinity and total suspended solid concentrations revealed marked differences among cruises that were negatively correlated to river discharge and SW wind speed. Moreover, significant contrasts in the chemical compositions of suspended particles were evident among periods of contrasting river discharge and wind regime. For example, the weight percent organic carbon content of suspended particles ranged from 1 to over 6% and displayed a positive correlation with river discharge. Similarly, both the molar carbon to nitrogen ratios (10 to 20 mol:mol) and stable carbon isotopic compositions (−25 to −29%) of the suspended organic matter varied significantly as a function of discharge and wind. Such trends indicate that in Winyah Bay low river discharge and steady SW winds promote resuspension of bed sediments from shallow regions of the estuary. These materials contain highly altered organic matter and their incorporation into the water column leads to the observed trends in suspended particle concentrations and compositions. Furthermore, these conditions result in net landward fluxes of salt, sediment and particulate organic matter throughout most of the water column, promoting efficient trapping of materials within the estuary. Our results illustrate the fundamental connection between physical forcings, such as discharge and wind, sediment transport processes and the cycling of biogeochemical materials in estuarine environments.
in vitro attachment of bacteria to extracts of cementum

Cementum is a specialized mineralized tissue providing for the attachment of periodontal fibers to the root surface of a tooth. In periodontal disease this connective tissue attachment to the cemental surface is lost. The ability of bacteria to adhere to the root surface, an initial event in the disease process, may be influenced by the organic matrix of cementum. Therefore, an in vitro assay of cell attachment was modified to study bacterial adherence to protein extracts of cementum. Petri dishes coated with the extracts were pre-incubated in culture media and then bacteria were added. Using this assay, Capnocytophaga-like species, a gram negative bacterium implicated in periodontal disease, attached preferentially to dishes coated with cemental extracts when compared with Type I collagen or uncoated dishes. This assay system should prove beneficial for studying the attachment of various microorganisms to protein extracts of both normal and diseased cementum, as well as providing insight into the unique attachment properties of cementum.
Glycosylation in vivo of human lens capsule (basement membrane) and diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Glycosylation represents a nonenzymatic posttranslational modification of some proteins in vivo. We have investigated possible glycosylation, in vivo, of human lens capsule (basement membrane of lens epithelium) using a colorimetric method. Our study reveals, for the first time, in vivo glycosylation of human lens capsule. Furthermore, the glycosylation of the lens capsule in the diabetics (57.30 ± 11.26 n moles/mg. protein) is found to be significantly greater than that in their nondiabetic counterparts (29.11 ± 4.90 n moles/mg. protein) (p
Physical characteristics of scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology: Monte Carlo simulation studies

We applied Monte Carlo methods for the simulation of x‐ray scattering in water phantoms. The phantom thickness was varied from 5 to 20 cm, and the monoenergetic incident x rays were varied from 15 to 100 keV. Eight screen pairs and a total absorption system were used as x‐ray receptors. We determined the angular, spectral, and spatial distributions of the scattered radiation and the scatter fractions recorded in the image plane. The dependence of these properties on the incident x‐ray energy, the phantom thickness, and the energy response of the recording system was examined. The results of this study provide useful information for the development of antiscatter techniques and for the evaluation of radiographic procedures.
Road Safety as a Shared Responsibility and a Public Problem in Swedish Road Safety Policy

Sweden’s road safety policy, Vision Zero, seeks to eliminate deaths and serious injuries from traffic crashes, and it recognizes that the bottleneck in improving road safety is displacing mobility ...
Social regulations and domains of social concepts

Children'S social-cognitive development takes place within certain domains: moral, societal, and psychological. Judgments within each of these domains guide the child'S understanding and use of social rules.