cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
James Stirling's Architecture and the Post-War Crisis of Movement

Deleuze's cinema project identifies a crisis of movement, action and thought, established initially in the war-devastated spaces of neo-realist cinema. Indirectly these spaces subordinate architecture as the locus of crisis, which only new, temporal artistic practices can avert. However, an architectural model of the smooth and striated, revealing a sophisticated interplay of the two concepts, can reinstall design practice and the intentional built environment as part of a productive and affirmative image of thought. The designs of James Stirling, whose career unfolds alongside significant developments in post-war spatial thought, reveal sensual expressions of new modes of subjectivity and individuation to accompany the increasingly aleatory and lacunary nature of movement.
The Antioxidants-Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

This is the second in a series of articles reviewing the recent revisions of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and the resulting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). In April of 2000, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences released Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. The central premise of the report did not perpetuate the prevailing popular thought that large doses of antioxidants will prevent chronic diseases. Instead the panel concluded that at this time, insufficient scientific evidence exists to sustain claims that ingesting megadoses of dietary antioxidants can prevent certain chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease or cancer. In some instances recommended nutrient levels were reduced from the previous report in 1989; e.g., for the first time upper tolerable levels of ingestion (UL) were established to prevent the harmful effects of over consumption of essential nutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. Although dietary recommendations do exist for vitamin A, the panel did not set recommendations for beta-carotene or the other carotenoids due to lack of sufficient research to support recommended intakes or upper tolerable levels of intake. However, the panel advises the public to avoid intakes of provitamin A compounds, such as the numerous carotenoids, beyond the levels required to prevent vitamin A deficiency. Changes were also made with regard to estimating the amount of provitamin A carotenoids required to make a unit of retinal. The revised estimate suggests a twofold higher conversion rate than previously believed. Although this comprehensive report on the dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids did not decisively confirm the role of antioxidants for the prevention of chronic diseases in humans, many research studies have generated new data to support this concept. Additional research is needed to define the attributes of antioxidants as studies progress from in vitro and animal studies to human nutrition.
Effect of CMP Slurry Chemistry on Copper Nanohardness

Nanohardness and etch rates of copper films sputter deposited onto a 30 nm tantalum coating on silicon wafers were measured after exposure to aqueous solutions containing various common chemical mechanical planarization slurry additives at different pH values. In most cases, the measured hardness values were consistent with the formation of surface films as indicated by the equilibrium potential-pH diagrams. In general, when the pH is low (<4), hardness values are that of Cu metal or slightly higher. As the pH increases to ∼8, the hardness decreases to less than Cu metal as hydroxides form, or to higher values than Cu metal as oxides form. Exposure to solutions with glycine or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid caused hardness values to be less than Cu metal, as areas of the surface became porous. Exposure to H 2 O 2 causes harder films in some areas and very porous soft films in other areas on the same surface, as passivation and dissolution of the surface occurs.
Human cytomegalovirus riding the cell cycle

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection modulates the host cell cycle to create an environment that is optimal for viral gene expression, DNA replication, and production of infectious virus. The virus mostly infects quiescent cells and thus must push the cell into G1 phase of the cell cycle to co-opt the cellular mechanisms that could be used for DNA synthesis. However, at the same time, cellular functions must be subverted such that synthesis of viral DNA is favored over that of the host. The molecular mechanisms by which this is accomplished include altered RNA transcription, changes in the levels and activity of cyclin-dependent kinases, and other proteins involved in cell cycle control, posttranslational modifications of proteins, modulation of protein stability through targeted effects on the ubiquitin–proteasome degradation pathway, and movement of proteins to different cellular locations. When the cell is in the optimal G0/G1 phase, multiple signaling pathways are altered to allow rapid induction of viral gene expression once negative factors have been eliminated. For the most part, the cell cycle will stop prior to initiation of host cell DNA synthesis (S phase), although many cell cycle proteins characteristic of the S/G2/M phase accumulate. The environment of a cell progressing through the cell cycle and dividing is not favorable for viral replication, and HCMV has evolved ways to sense whether cells are in S/G2 phase, and if so, to prevent initiation of viral gene expression until the cells cycle back to G1. A major target of HCMV is the anaphase-promoting complex E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is responsible for the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of cyclins A and B and other cell cycle proteins at specific phases in the cell cycle. This review will discuss the effects of HCMV infection on cell cycle regulatory pathways, with the focus on selected viral proteins that are responsible for these effects.
Developing a sectoral environmental database for input–output analysis: the comprehensive environmental data archive of the US

Abstract This paper elucidates the data sources and data preparation procedures used in developing the sectoral environmental data of the US. The database described in this paper interlinks (1) Input–Output Table (IOT), (2) environmental emission and resources use statistics, and (3) characterization factors from Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) that quantify environmental impacts. Each of these three modules was designed to describe (1) the economic process that generates environmental interventions, (2) the quantity of the environmental intervention generated and (3) the process through which these environmental interventions realize environmental impacts, respectively. The resulting database encompasses 1344 different types of environmental interventions generated by 480 commodities of the US input–output table, linked to 86 commonly used LCIA models. This paper aims to share the experiences of and to elucidate the procedures and the data sources used for developing the sectoral environmental databa...
A note on computing approximations to the exponential function

Two methods are discussed which result in near minimax rational approximations to the exponential function and at the same time retain the desirable property that the approximation for negative values of the argument is the reciprocal of the approximation for corresponding positive values. These methods lead to approximations which are much superior to the commonly used convergents of the Gaussian continued fraction for the exponential. Coefficients and errors are given for the intervals [-1/2 ln 2, 1/2 ln 2] and [-ln 2, ln 2].Two methods are discussed which result in near minimax rational approximations to the exponential function and at the same time retain the desirable property that the approximation for negative values of the argument is the reciprocal of the approximation for corresponding positive values. These methods lead to approximations which are much superior to the commonly used convergents of the Gaussian continued fraction for the exponential. Coefficients and errors are given for the intervals [-1/2 ln 2, 1/2 ln 2] and [-ln 2, ln 2].
Wildfire and Postfire Restoration Action Effects on Microclimate and Seedling Pine Tree Survivorship

Through modification of structural characteristics, ecological processes such as fire can affect microhabitat parameters, which in turn can influence community composition dynamics. The prevalence of high-severity forest fires is increasing in the southern and western United States, creating the necessity to better understand effects of high-severity fire, and subsequent postfire management actions, on forest ecosystems. In this study we used a recent high-severity wildfire in the Lost Pines ecoregion of Texas to assess effects of the wildfire and postfire clearcutting on six microclimate parameters: air temperature, absolute humidity, mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, soil temperature, and soil moisture. We also assessed differences between burned areas and burned and subsequently clearcut areas for shortterm survivorship of loblolly pine Pinus taeda seedling trees. We found that during the summer months approximately 2 y after the wildfire, mean and maximum wind speed differed between unburned and burned areas, as well as burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas. Our results indicated air temperature, absolute humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture did not differ between unburned and burned areas, or burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas, during the study period. We found that short-term survivorship of loblolly pine seedling trees was influenced primarily by soil type, but was also lower in clearcut habitat compared with habitat containing dead standing trees. Ultimately, however, the outcome of the reforestation initiative will likely depend primarily on whether or not the trees can survive drought conditions in the future, and this study indicates there is flexibility in postfire management options prior to reseeding. Further, concerns about negative wildfire effects on microclimate parameters important to the endangered Houston toad Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis were not supported in this study.
Optimized selection of landfill sites in Houston area using geographical information system

With the fast economic and population growth in Houston-Galveston area, more and more municipal solid wastes are generated in the region. It is expected that more landfill sites need to be built in the future within the next ten or twenty years in Houston-Galveston area. The objective of this study is to identify the best locations for the future landfill sites in Houston-Galveston area using geographical information system (GIS). Landfill site selection is a very important step before building the landfills. An optimized site selection will maximize the cost saving for waste transportation while minimize the adverse social and environmental impacts. In this study, GIS data of different geographical features in Harris County and Galveston County were collected, including constrains of flood plain, streams, hurricane areas, schools, museums, water bodies, hospitals, parks, natural refugee areas and airports that are prescribed by federal and state regulations on landfill sitting. We customized the GIS and generated a grid system composed of grids with 50 acres size. GIS spatial selection method was used to identify the grids that are out of the impact on various environmental sensitive areas. These selected grids have been evaluated in Google Earth using the KML technology. Preliminary results have identified several best sites for future landfills in the region, mainly in the Northeast and Northwest Harris County.
Cryptococcus neoformans with a mutation in the tetratricopeptide repeat-containing gene, CCN1, causes subcutaneous lesions but fails to cause systemic infection.

We studied a Cryptococcus neoformans strain that caused feline chronic nasal granuloma without disseminated disease. This strain, B-4551, grows at temperatures up to 35°C and fails to cause systemic infection in mice. Many cells of B-4551 formed short hyphal elements in feline nasal tissue and occasionally at 35°C in vitro. A complementation and sequence analysis revealed that the temperature-sensitive (Ts) phenotype of B-4551 was due to deletion of a lysine residue in the cryptococcal CCN1 gene. B-4551 complemented with the wild type CCN1 gene grew at 37°C and caused fatal systemic infection in mice. The CCN1 gene encodes a protein containing 16 copies of a tetratricopeptide repeat. CCN1 is homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CLF1 gene, which is required for pre-mRNA splicing, cell cycle progression, and DNA replication, and to the Drosophila melanogaster crn gene, which is involved in neurogenesis. CLF1 complemented the Ts phenotype of B-4551. CCN1, however, failed to rescue the clf1 mutant in S. cerevisiae. These results indicate that the Ccn1p may not be as functionally diverse as Clf1p in yeast.
Lipopolysaccharide activates the muscularis macrophage network and suppresses circular smooth muscle activity

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a causative agent of sepsis-induced ileus. Although it is known that LPS activates macrophages and initiates inflammation, the consequences of LPS on the macrophage network and a potential inflammatory response within the intestinal muscularis have not been investigated. This study was designed to identify cellular and functional changes in rat intestinal muscularis after intraperitoneal LPS. Histo- and immunohistochemistry were used to phenotype leukocytes. Functional alterations were determined using an organ bath. Compared with controls, LPS caused a 21-fold increase in staining for the lymphocyte activation marker-1 (LFA-1) localized to the ED2+ macrophage network 1 h after injection. This was followed by a significant infiltration of neutrophils, mast cells, and monocytes into the muscularis. LPS also caused a 62% reduction in spontaneous circular muscle activity and a 91% suppression of bethanechol-stimulated contractions 12 h after injection. These results demonstrate that endotoxemia 1) acutely activates the muscularis macrophage network, 2) causes the extravasation of leukocytes, and 3) results in circular muscle impairment.
A mobile group I intron from Physarum polycephalum can insert itself and induce point mutations in the nuclear ribosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pp LSU3 is a mobile group I intron in the extrachromosomal nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Physarum polycephalum. As found for other mobile introns, Pp LSU3 encodes a site-specific endonuclease, I-Ppo, which mediates "homing" to unoccupied target sites in Physarum rDNA. The recognition sequence for this enzyme is conserved in all eucaryotic nuclear rDNAs. We have introduced this intron into a heterologous species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which nuclear group I introns have not been detected. The expression of Pp LSU3, under control of the inducible GAL10 promoter, was found to be lethal as a consequence of double-strand breaks in the rDNA. However, surviving colonies that are resistant to the lethal effects of I-Ppo because of alterations in the rDNA at the cleavage site were recovered readily. These survivors are of two classes. The first comprises cells that acquired one of three types of point mutations. The second comprises cells in which Pp LSU3 became inserted into the rDNA. In both cases, each resistant survivor appears to carry the same alterations in all approximately 150 rDNA repeats. When it is embedded in yeast rDNA, Pp LSU3 leads to the synthesis of I-Ppo and appears to be mobile in appropriate genetic crosses. The existence of yeast cells carrying a mobile intron should allow dissection of the steps that allow expression of the highly unusual I-Ppo gene.
A cache coherence scheme with fast selective invalidation

Software-assisted cache coherence enforcement schemes for large multiprocessor systems with shared global memory and interconnection network have gained increasing attention. Proposed software-assisted approaches rely on either indiscriminate invalidation or selective invalidation to invalidate stale cache lines. The indiscriminate approach combined with advanced memory hardware can quickly invalidate the entire cache but may result in lower hit ratios. The selective approach may achieve a better hit ratio. However, sequential selection and invalidation of cache or TLB entries is time consuming. We propose a new solution that offers the fast operation of the indiscriminate invalidation approach and can selectively invalidate cache items without extensive run-time book-keeping and checking. The solution relies on the combination of compile-time reference tagging and individual invalidation of potentially stale cache lines only when referenced. Performance improvement over an indiscriminate invalidation approach is presented.
Robust Information Dissemination in Uncooperative Environments

The open nature of peer-to-peer systems has played an important role in their growing popularity. The current file-sharing applications, for instance, have been widely used largely because they allow anyone to participate in them. This openness, however, brings up new issues because selfish, malicious, faulty, compromised, or resource-constrained peers may degrade a system. The authors explored the case for large-scale information dissemination through the design of the trust-aware multicast (TAM) protocol. Nodes in TAM can exhibit uncooperative behavior such as delaying, discarding, modifying, replaying, and fabricating messages. While detecting such behaviors, TAM computes a level of trust for each node and adapts the underlying multicast tree according to trustworthiness of nodes, which leads to performance improvement in the system. The results from our simulation and PlanetLab experiments show that even with a significant portion of nodes being uncooperative, TAM is able to build a stable dissemination tree that provides lower message delay to well-behaved nodes
Rhenium-catalyzed didehydroxylation of vicinal diols to alkenes using a simple alcohol as a reducing agent.

A new method for the catalytic didehydroxylation of vicinal diols is described. Employing a readily available low-valent rhenium carbonyl complex and a simple alcohol as a reducing agent, both terminal and internal vicinal diols are deoxygenated to olefins in good yield. The optional addition of acid (TsOH, H2SO4) provides access to lower reaction temperatures. This new system enables the transformation of a four-carbon sugar polyol into an oxygen-reduced compound, providing promising evidence for its practical application to produce unsaturated compounds from biomass-derived materials.
Parenting Latino Toddlers and Preschoolers: Clinical and Nonclinical Samples

Parenting practices contribute significantly to the social-emotional development of young children. There is limited literature that addresses the role of culture in parenting, particularly among Latino families who have very young children with significant behavior problems. The current study compared the parenting practices of 30 low-income Latino mothers whose young children had been referred for mental health services for their behavior problems with a similar group of 30 mothers of children without behavior problems. Results showed that mothers in the clinical sample nurtured their children less often and used more frequent verbal and corporal punishment as discipline than the nonclinical sample. The clinical sample also had a significantly higher incidence of mental health problems in their families. Results also showed the significant toll that raising young children with challenging behaviors takes on their mothers. The implications of these findings for the early identification of these children ...
Efficient calibration of thermal models based on application behavior

With increasing power densities, raising operating temperatures in chips threaten system reliability. Thermal control therefore has emerged as an important issue in system design and management. For dynamic thermal control to be effective, predictive thermal models of the system are needed. Such models typically use power as input, which renders them difficult to use in practical systems, where power monitoring is not available at processor or chip level. In this paper, we describe a methodology to infer the thermal model based on the monitoring of existing temperature sensors and of instruction counter registers. This allows the thermal model to be easily established, calibrated, and recalibrated at runtime to account for different thermal behavior due to either variations in fabrication or to varying environmental parameters. We validate the proposed methodology through a series of experiments. We also propose and validate an extension of the model and associated methodology for multicore processors.
A Bilingual (English & Spanish) Psychoeducational Assessment MODEL Grounded in Cattell-Horn Carroll (CHC) Theory: A Cross Battery Approach

The Individual with Disabilities Education Act mandates nondiscriminatory assessment for children who are culturally and linguistically diverse. Because of the overrepresentation of English Language Learners (ELL) in special education programs in the United States, the focus of this article is the psychoeducational assessment of Spanish- and English-speaking children who are classified as ELL. This article presents a bilingual assessment model that incorporates Cattell-Horn Carroll (CHC) based instruments. The premise of this model is that a learning disability is manifested in L1 (primary language) and L2 (secondary language). The writers present cognitive assessments that are available in English, Spanish, and nonverbal modalities that utilize CHC as the underlying theory. By incorporating these assessments, the school psychologist is in a better position to analyze L1 and L2 assessment data and gain a clearer understanding of strengths and weaknesses and provide linguistically appropriate interventions.
Protein Kinase G Iα Inhibits Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Remodeling and Is Required for the Cardioprotective Effect of Sildenafil In Vivo

Background Cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling attenuates cardiac remodeling, but it is unclear which cGMP effectors mediate these effects and thus might serve as novel therapeutic targets. Therefore, we tested whether the cGMP downstream effector, cGMP-dependent protein kinase G Iα (PKGIα), attenuates pressure overload–induced remodeling in vivo. Methods and Results The effect of transaortic constriction (TAC)–induced left ventricular (LV) pressure overload was examined in mice with selective mutations in the PKGIα leucine zipper interaction domain. Compared with wild-type littermate controls, in response to TAC, these Leucine Zipper Mutant (LZM) mice developed significant LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction by 48 hours (n=6 WT sham, 6 WT TAC, 5 LZM sham, 9 LZM TAC). In response to 7-day TAC, the LZM mice developed increased pathologic hypertrophy compared with controls (n=5 WT sham, 4 LZM sham, 8 WT TAC, 11 LZM TAC). In WT mice, but not in LZM mice, phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibition with sildenafil (Sil) significantly inhibited TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and LV systolic dysfunction in WT mice, but this was abolished in the LZM mice (n=3 WT sham, 4 LZM sham, 3 WT TAC vehicle, 6 LZM TAC vehicle, 4 WT TAC Sil, 6 LZM TAC Sil). And in response to prolonged, 21-day TAC (n=8 WT sham, 7 LZM sham, 21 WT TAC, 15 LZM TAC), the LZM mice developed markedly accelerated mortality and congestive heart failure. TAC induced activation of JNK, which inhibits cardiac remodeling in vivo, in WT, but not in LZM, hearts, identifying a novel signaling pathway activated by PKGIα in the heart in response to LV pressure overload. Conclusions These findings reveal direct roles for PKGIα in attenuating pressure overload–induced remodeling in vivo and as a required effector for the cardioprotective effects of sildenafil.
Towards a New Neurobiology of Language

Theoretical advances in language research and the availability of increasingly high-resolution experimental techniques in the cognitive neurosciences are profoundly changing how we investigate and conceive of the neural basis of speech and language processing. Recent work closely aligns language research with issues at the core of systems neuroscience, ranging from neurophysiological and neuroanatomic characterizations to questions about neural coding. Here we highlight, across different aspects of language processing (perception, production, sign language, meaning construction), new insights and approaches to the neurobiology of language, aiming to describe promising new areas of investigation in which the neurosciences intersect with linguistic research more closely than before. This paper summarizes in brief some of the issues that constitute the background for talks presented in a symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. It is not a comprehensive review of any of the issues that are discussed in the symposium.
Electromigration-aware design

The most common wearout phenomena that impact reliability are: metal electromigration (EM), time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), hot carrier induced damage (HCID), negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and thermal cycling. This paper focuses on electromigration and proposes two novel solutions. The first is the use of routing (or slotted) vias for improving electromigration performance for dual damascene copper interconnect without increasing the lateral dimensions of the wires. The second is the use of electromigration “reliability sensors” in order to detect impending failure of interconnect. The proposed solutions show good results in simulations and measurements of test structures.
Polarized/depolarized rayleigh scattering for determining fuel concentrations in flames

Rayleigh scattering has been shown to be a useful diagnostic technique for two-dimensional imaging studies of reacting and non-reacting flows. For example, by combining Rayleigh scattering with a simultaneous measurement of the fuel concentration (e.g., using Raman scattering), mixture fraction and temperature can be determined in flames. In this work, it is demonstrated that the fuel concentration can be obtained by measuring the polarized and depolarized components of the Rayleigh signal and taking their difference or a suitable linear combination. While the depolarized Rayleigh signal is smaller than the polarized signal by a factor of ≈100, this is still a factor of ≈10 larger than the Raman scattering. Application of the technique requires that one of the primary constituents of the fuel stream possess a depolarization ratio sufficiently different from that of the oxidizer. Methane is a convenient candidate as it has no measurable depolarization. Results are shown for methane flames diluted by argon as well as air.
Parenting and Professionalism: A Course for First-Year Medical Students

An elective course on parenting and professionalism for first-year medical students was developed in response to the growing concern about both the declining numbers of students entering the fields of psychiatry and child psychiatry and the dehumanizing, stressful impact of a medical education and career on physicians and their families. The course focused on the needs of children, the needs of parents, the stresses on physicians and their families and the possibilities of successfully combining both career and family. Discussion of personal experiences and ideas by both faculty and students was actively encouraged, with the faculty serving as potential role models. Preliminary results of the favorable impact of the course on the students' views of psychiatry and on the need to make career and family choices in order to successfully combine both were presented.
Enhanced hole mobility and density in GaSb quantum wells

Modulation-doped quantum wells (QWs) of GaSb clad by AlAsSb were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP substrates. By virtue of quantum confinement and compressive strain of the GaSb, the heavy- and light-hole valence bands in the well are split and the hole mobility is thereby significantly enhanced. Room-temperature Hall mobilities as high as 1200–1500 cm 2 /V s were achieved for 5–10 nm QWs and biaxial strains of 1–3%. This contrasts with earlier work on GaSb/AlGaAsSb QWs on GaAs substrates in which the mobilities were found to fall off above 1% strain. Moreover, unlike in comparable InGaSb and InSb QWs, the high mobilities were maintained out to sheet densities of 3.5 � 10 12 /cm 2 . As a result, the sheet resistivities observed in the GaSb/AlAsSb wells reached record levels as low as 1500 X/h. Modeling indicates that this performance gain is due to the larger valence band offset of the GaSb QWs and the consequent reduction in scattering because of the better confinement and the lower doping levels needed for a given sheet charge. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A Theory of Microbaroms

summary A theory analogous to the Longuet-Higgins theory on the generation of microseisms explains the generation of microbaroms by standing water waves associated with marine storms. The spectral characteristics and the amplitude order-of-magnitude of microbaroms that are predicted by this theory agree well with observations. The theory is based on the oscillations of the centre of gravity of the air above the Ocean surface on which the standing waves appear (or of the water below, to explain microseisms). These oscillations are of twice the ocean wave frequency and thereby explain the observed frequency-doubling common to both microbaroms and microseisms. The theory is expanded by statistical methods to predict the microbarom-generating effect of more realistic ocean waves, whose phases vary randomly over the Ocean surface. In addition, the effect of the widespread source on microbarom coherence and resolvability at the receiving array is discussed.
Adsorption and oxidative adsorption of sulfur dioxide on γ-alumina

The adsorption and oxidative adsorption of SO_2 on γ-Al_2O_3 have been investigated at temperatures of 500–700°C by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). At temperatures above 500°C the adsorbed SO_2 species was characterized by an IR band at 1065 cm^(−1). The equilibrium coverage and initial rate of adsorption decreased with temperature, suggesting a two-step adsorption. When γ-Al_2O_3 was contacted with a mixture of SO_2 and O_2, adsorption of SO_2 and oxidation of the adsorbed SO_2 to a surface sulfate characterized by broad IR bands at 1070 cm^(−1) and 1390 cm^(−1) took place. Sulfate formation was found to be reversible, but the reverse reaction took several hours even at 700°C. The results of a series of TGA experiments under different atmospheres (SO_2-O_2-N_2;SO_2-N_2;O_2-N_2;N_2) strongly suggests that surface SO_2 and surface sulfate involve the same active sites such that SO_2 adsorption is inhibited by already formed sulfate. The results also indicate a broad range of site strengths.
Functional characterization of recombinant human ClC-4 chloride channels in cultured mammalian cells.

Members of the ClC chloride channel family participate in several physiological processes and are linked to human genetic diseases. The physiological role of ClC-4 is unknown and previous detailed characterizations of recombinant human ClC-4 (hClC-4) have provided conflicting results. To re-examine the hClC-4 phenotype, recombinant hClC-4 was expressed in three distinct mammalian cell lines and characterized using patch-clamp techniques. In all cells, the expression of hClC-4 generated strongly outward-rectifying Cl− currents with the conductance sequence: SCN−≫ NO3−≫Cl− > Br−≈ I−≫ aspartate. Continuous activity of hClC-4 was sustained to different degrees by internal nucleotides: ATP ≈ ATPγS ≫ AMP-PNP ≈ GTP > ADP. Although non-hydrolysable nucleotides are sufficient for channel function, ATP hydrolysis is required for full activity. Changing the extracellular (2 mm or nominal Ca2+-free) or intracellular Ca2+ (25 or 250 nm) concentration did not alter hClC-4 currents. Acidification of external pH (pHo) inhibited hClC-4 currents (half-maximal inhibition ≈ 6.19), whereas neither external alkalinization to pH 8.4 nor internal acidification to pH 6.0 reduced current levels. Single-channel recordings demonstrated a Cl− channel active only at depolarizing potentials with a slope conductance of ∼3 pS. Acidic pHo did not alter single-channel conductance. We conclude that recombinant hClC-4 encodes a small-conductance, nucleotide-dependent, Ca2+-independent outward-rectifying chloride channel that is inhibited by external acidification. This detailed characterization will be highly valuable in comparisons of hClC-4 function with native chloride channel activities and for future structure-function correlations.
Human skeletal muscle responses vary with age and gender during fatigue due to incremental isometric exercise

The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude and mechanisms of ankle dorsiflexor muscle fatigue in 20 young (33 ± 6 yr, mean ± SD) and 21 older (75 ± 6 yr) healthy men and women of similar physical activity status. Noninvasive measures of central and peripheral (neuromuscular junction, sarcolemma) muscle activation, muscle contractile function, and intramuscular energy metabolism were made before, during, and after incremental isometric exercise. Older subjects fatigued less than young (P < 0.01); there was no effect of gender on fatigue (P = 0.24). For all subjects combined, fatigue was modestly related to preexercise strength (r = 0.49,P < 0.01). Neither central (central activation ratio) nor peripheral (compound muscle action potential) activation played a significant role in fatigue in any group. During exercise, intracellular concentrations of Pi and H2PO 4 − increased more and pH fell more in young compared with older subjects (P < 0.01) and in men compared with women (P < 0.01). These var...
Air Blowers Are Less Effective Pollinators of Greenhouse Tomatoes than Electric Vibrators but Cost Less to Operate

A study was conducted to determine if air blowers would be less time consuming, more economical, and as effective as hand-held electric vibrators to pollinate two greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars. Vibrator-pollinated plants of each cultivar produced greater marketable yield than did blower-pollinated plants. Within cultivars, marketable yield was greater and yields of culls were lower with vibrator-pollinated plants. Fruit weight and diameter and the number of seeds per fruit were greater in vibrator-pollinated plants. Marketable yield of ‘Trust’ was greater and cull yield was lower than that of ‘Caruso’ in 1996. However, marketable yield of ‘Caruso’ was greater than that of ‘Trust’ and cull yield was about the same in 1997. Interactions between pollinating tools and cultivar were not signifi cant except for fruit weight in 1997. The time needed to pollinate 640 plants for 13 weeks was 7.13 and 11.75 person-hours using the air blower and the electric vibrator, respectively. Labor cost for pollination was $49.92 for the air blower and $82.25 for the vibrator. Yield loss using the air blower for pollination was not offset by the savings in operating costs.
Can the Division of Labor Be Re- Engineered to Advance Organizational Dynamism?

The objective of this article is to illustrate how social constructs can be applied to afford a unique opportunity to effect change in varied environments. Technology can be re-configured to systematically chart practicality in organization. The division of labor is reclaimed to illustrate how explicit knowledge can be engineered in at least three ways: It can imply the utilization of tools to make ends meet; it can imply innovative thinking that promotes the development of techniques and methods based on a template that may augment increased productivity; and in the expanded workforce, authentic knowledge also can be described as highly structured skill-sets acquired from years of practice through continuous learning and improvement, and this resource can be usefully shared to advance productivity.
A Programmable Array for Contact-Free Manipulation of Floating Droplets on Featureless Substrates by the Modulation of Surface Tension

This paper presents a contactless droplet manipulation system that relies on thermally generated Marangoni flows. Programmable 2-D control of aqueous microdroplets suspended in an oil film on a plain featureless glass substrate is achieved using a 128-pixel heater array suspended 100-500 mum above the oil layer. The heaters generate surface temperature perturbations (<25degC), resulting in local Marangoni flows that can move droplets in either a push or a pull mode. Programmed movement is achieved by the sequential activation of the heaters, with digital control circuitry and a graphical interface providing addressable control of each heater. Droplets with diameters of 300-1000 mum are manipulated and merged at speeds up to 140 mum/s. Evaporation rates can be reduced by almost two orders of magnitude by using a two-layer-oil medium, and the choice of an optimum carrier fluid can achieve fluid velocities over 17 000 mum/s. The system provides a contactless platform for parallel droplet-based assays. As such, it circumvents the challenges of sample contamination and loss that occur when a droplet interacts with a solid surface.
Nanoporous Polymers for Hydrogen Storage

The design of hydrogen storage materials is one of the principal challenges that must be met before the development of a hydrogen economy. While hydrogen has a large specific energy, its volumetric energy density is so low as to require development of materials that can store and release it when needed. While much of the research on hydrogen storage focuses on metal hydrides, these materials are currently limited by slow kinetics and energy inefficiency. Nanostructured materials with high surface areas are actively being developed as another option. These materials avoid some of the kinetic and thermodynamic drawbacks of metal hydrides and other reactive methods of storing hydrogen. In this work, progress towards hydrogen storage with nanoporous materials in general and porous organic polymers in particular is critically reviewed. Mechanisms of formation for crosslinked polymers, hypercrosslinked polymers, polymers of intrinsic microporosity, and covalent organic frameworks are discussed. Strategies for controlling hydrogen storage capacity and adsorption enthalpy via manipulation of surface area, pore size, and pore volume are discussed in detail.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Clinical, Biological, and Pharmacological Perspectives

Tardive dyskinesia is an involuntary movement disorder that usually occurs after long-term neuroleptic treatment. Tardive dyskinesia most often involves the mouth, lips, and tongue and sometimes extends to the limbs or trunk. It is socially embarrassing and can produce significant disability. Prevalence reports range from 0.5 to 56 percent, with a mean reported prevalence of 15 percent in institutionalized patients. Tardive dyskinesia is the most troublesome side effect of long-term neuroleptic therapy, the best available pharmacological treatment for chronic schizophrenia. A variety of pharmacological agents have been investigated as possible treatments for tardive dyskinesia, including agents that decrease central dopaminergic activity, cholinomimetics, and agonists of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Cholinomimetics currently show the greatest potential for improving the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. New and effective treatments for tardive dyskinesia need to be developed and clinically tested; new antipsychotic agents that do not produce tardive dyskinesia are also needed.
Toward an Adequate Scheme for the ATP Synthase Catalysis

The suggestions from the author's group over the past 25 years for how steps in catalysis by ATP synthase occur are reviewed. Whether rapid ATP hydrolysis requires the binding of ATP to a second site (bi-site activation) or to a second and third site (tri-site activation) is considered. Present evidence is regarded as strongly favoring bi-site activation. Presence of nucleotides at three sites during rapid ATP hydrolysis can be largely accounted for by the retention of ADP formed and/or by the rebinding of ADP formed. Menz, Leslie and Walker ((2001) FEBS Lett., 494, 11-14) recently attained an X-ray structure of a partially closed enzyme form that binds ADP better than ATP. This accomplishment and other considerations form the base for a revised reaction sequence. Three types of catalytic sites are suggested, similar to those proposed before the X-ray data became available. During net ATP synthesis a partially closed site readily binds ADP and Pi but not ATP. At a closed site, tightly bound ADP and Pi are reversibly converted to tightly bound ATP. ATP is released from a partially closed site that can readily bind ATP or ADP. ATP hydrolysis when protonmotive force is low or lacking occurs simply by reversal of all steps with the opposite rotation of the γ subunit. Each type of site can exist in various conformations or forms as they are interconverted during a 120° rotation. The conformational changes with the ATP synthase, including the vital change when bound ADP and Pi are converted to bound ATP, are correlated with those that occur in enzyme catalysis in general, as illustrated by recent studies of Rose with fumarase. The βB structure of Walker's group is regarded as an unlikely, or only quite transient, intermediate. Other X-ray structures are regarded as closely resembling but not identical with certain forms participating in catalysis. Correlation of the suggested reaction scheme with other present information is considered.
The numbers need style

Purpose – Budgetary and activity‐based data examination and analysis are core to planning for all organizations. This paper seeks to explore aspects of budgetary financial data and activity data focusing on how each is presented separately and in tandem for more productive decision making.Design/methodology/approach – Correlations between how data are typically presented versus how they may possibly be presented serve as the basis for a discussion on advantages to a more journalistic and visual approach to looking at numerical analysis.Findings – Using numbers to tell a story is the preferred method to inspire positive action when both presenting and beginning any and all discussions about budgetary and activity data. Library leaders wishing positive outcomes to stem from their data are advised to spend more time making data appealing in form for presentation to a variety of audiences.Originality/value – Financial and outcomes measures data analysis is growing in popularity as a means for making data‐driv...
Reaction Dynamics at Liquid Interfaces

The liquid interface is a narrow, highly anisotropic region, characterized by rapidly varying density, polarity, and molecular structure. I review several aspects of interfacial solvation and show how these affect reactivity at liquid/liquid interfaces. I specifically consider ion transfer, electron transfer, and SN2 reactions, showing that solvent effects on these reactions can be understood by examining the unique structure and dynamics of the liquid interface region.
Measuring Urinary Incontinence in Surveys

This article discusses aspects of urinary incontinence that require special attention for valid survey measurement. Comments from incontinent older adults illustrate the difficulty of identifying, remembering, and reporting the condition given its gradual onset, episodic course, and embarrassing nature. Ideas for further research and some suggestions for improving the survey measurement of urinary incontinence are offered. Among these are that it be adequately introduced within survey interviews, and that survey questions reflect respondents' experiential knowledge of the condition.
NETHDL: abstraction of schematics to high-level HDL

This paper discusses NETHDL, a system for automatic generation of high-level RTL models from switch-level circuit netlist descriptions. NETHDL abstracts several difficult constructs into high-level code using a powerful algorithmic translation which does not sacrifice logic accuracy. NETHDL recognizes constructs such as busses, feedback loops, memory elements, registers, blocks of pass-transistor logic and elements containing contention. NETHDL exploits information from its static circuit analyzer to obtain a highly abstracted model with the same functionality as the netlist. It also uses information about the circuit such as structure, hierarchy and functionality in the generation process. New algorithms are proposed and have been implemented. In all exercised circuits, a significant speedup has been obtained in simulator run-time. >
Recovery of soil productivity with forest succession on abandoned agricultural land

Much of the primary forest in the eastern United States that was converted to farmland between 1600 and 1900 has reverted back to second growth forest as a result of agriculture abandonment. This reversion back to forest gives soil productivity a chance to recover, though the rates of recovery are not well understood. Understanding the legacy effects of past disturbances like agriculture can provide important insights to support ecological restoration efforts on disturbed soils. Our goal with this study was to further understand the effects of forest development on soil productivity after agriculture abandonment. We used a chronosequence approach to examine soil properties over a 60-year temporal scale of forest development on abandoned agricultural lands in Saratoga and Rensselaer Counties in New York, U.S.A. We measured soil properties within this chronosequence to test the hypothesis that there would be measurable recoveries of soil physical properties and fertility over time. We observed rapid recovery of physical properties (lower bulk density and higher macroporosity) of surface soils within 5–10 years after agricultural abandonment. However, we found a legacy effect of agricultural compaction still evident in subsoils, with soil strength measurements indicating that past agricultural practices still limited root growth 55–60 years after abandonment. Soil percent organic matter and mineralizable nitrogen (N) both increased with forest development, but biomass accumulation may be slowed by limited root growth in the subsoil due to high strength. We recommend assessing subsoil physical properties when developing ecological restoration plans for agricultural lands.
Rotational Diffusion in the Nematic Phase: Part I

A theoretical expression for the rotational diffusion coefficient in the nematic phase is derived in this part of the work. The calculations are based on the time dependent angular distribution function which is obtained by solving a Vlasov-type equation including the effect of molecular collisions, A perturbation technique of the Bhatnager-Gross-Krook (BGK) model is used for the collision term and for the linearization of the equation.