cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Computed Tomography in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

In June 2001, using an "international multidisciplinary consensus," the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society classified the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:277-304). The American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society coined the term idiopathic interstitial pneumonias because the diseases in question have both unknown etiologies and various combinations of inflammation and fibrosis within the lung parenchyma. The consensus included the development of a classification standard of the interstitial pneumonias and discussed the role of surgical lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage evaluation. The classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias is based on histologic criteria, which correlate to imaging patterns on high-resolution computed tomography. The group of lung diseases under the umbrella of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias includes the following: usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, acute interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.
Broad-band excitation mechanism for photoluminescence in Er-doped Ge25Ga1.7As8.3S65 glasses

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy have been carried out at both room temperature and at 5 K on a series of Er-doped GeGaAsS glasses with varying doping concentrations, ranging from 200 to 7400 ppm Er. It is found that increased Er doping concentration results in an increase in the strength of the broad band excitation of the Er 3+ atoms. In addition, at low temperatures, a direct link between the broad band excitation process and the host glass luminescence is observed. The increased strength of the broad band excitation of the Er 3+ dopants corresponds with a decrease in the intensity of the host glass luminescence in the more heavily doped samples. This is interpreted as a quenching of the host glass luminescence through an increase in the non-radiative transfer of energy from defect states in the glass to the Er dopants. This supports a previous hypothesis that the same native defect states in the glass are involved in both the host glass PL and the broad band PLE of the rare earth dopants. The implications of the current results for the understanding of luminescence properties in undoped chalcogenide glasses are discussed briefly.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: An Update

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is currently the preferred procedure for biliary drainage in both benign and malignant obstructions. While ERCP is successful in approximately 95 % of cases, a small subset of cases are unsuccessful due to variant anatomy, ampullary pathology, or malignant luminal obstruction. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is a promising route for biliary decompression that provides multiple advantages over percutaneous and surgical biliary drainage. Multiple retrospective as well as some prospective studies have shown EUS-BD to be safe and effective. Based on the current literature, the cumulative success rate is 84–93 %, regardless of the approach, with an overall complication rate of 16–35 %. EUS-BD appears to a viable therapeutic modality for failed ERCP when performed by highly skilled advanced endoscopists at tertiary centers with expertise in both echo-endoscopy and biliary endoscopy. Larger prospective multicenter randomized comparative studies are needed to further define indications, outcomes, and complications.
Segmented PCA-based compression for hyperspectral image analysis

Hyperspectral images have high spectral resolution that helps to improve object classification. But its vast data volume also causes problems in data transmission and data storage. Since there is high correlation among spectral bands in a hyperspectral image, how to reduce the data redundancy while keeping the important information for the following data analysis is a challenging task. In this paper, we investigate a compression technique based on segmented Principal Components Analysis (PCA). A hyperspectral image cube is divided into several non-overlapping blocks in accordance with band-to-band cross-correlations, followed by the PCA performed in each block. A major advantage resulting from this approach is computational efficiency. The utility of the proposed segmented PCA-based compression in target dtection and classification will be investigated. The experiments demonstrate that the segmented PCA-based compression generally outperforms PCA-based compression in terms of high detection and classification accuracy on decompressed hyperspectral image data.
High-speed operation of travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator

The authors describe the high-speed operation of an electroabsorption modulator with travelling-wave electrodes. The modulator exhibited good performance over a broad bandwidth in 10 and 30 Gbit/s transmission experiments. The polarisation-insensitive electroabsorption modulator required a low switching voltage of /spl sim/1.6 V/sub p-p/.
A model system for motor learning: adaptive gain control of the blink reflex.

An important aspect of the control of movement is how the nervous system produces adaptive gain modification. To investigate this problem in a simple motor system, we studied lid movement and orbicularis oculis muscle activity in human and rabbit subjects during adaptation of reflex eye blinks. The gain of the reflex could be increased or decreased, depending upon the nature of the adaptive stimulus. Since these gain changes could persist upon removal of the adapting stimulus, adaptation appears to result from a modification of the neural program subserving the blink reflex. The orbicularis oculis electromyogram revealed that the neural modifications producing adaptive gain changes predominantly altered the longer latency components of the reflex, while the short latency components remained unchanged. Moreover, in two other paradigms that modulate the gain of reflexes, habituation and reflex modification, similar changes also occured primarily in the longer latency components of the blink reflex. This result suggests that modification of neurons in longer latency, indirect pathways, may underlie different forms of motor learning.
Security issues in watermarking applications - a deeper look

Although it is clear that security is an important issue in digital watermarking applications,the main concerns addressed by the current literature are robustness, capacity and imperceptibility. The inadequacy of the prevailing design paradigm in tackling security issues is mainly due to an incomplete assessment of the threat model. The goal of this paper is to take a detailed and rigorous look at the threat model for a variety of watermarking applications. In this extended abstract, we outline the security requirements for a few common watermarking applications and explore in more detail the threat model for a specific application that involves establishing ownership of multimedia content.
The shifting terminologies of information.

At the heart of any discussion of the information sciences, at least when this discussion is held in the English language, lies the problem of the variant, and shifting, set of concepts and meanings of the terms ‘library’ and ‘information’. The term ‘information’, in particular, has a variety of meanings in different contexts and communities of discourse, providing an excellent example of Wittgenstein‘s language game. This implies that any terminology built around this central concept is in danger of being constructed on ’shifting sands’. This article outlines, for the English language only, some of these diverse meanings of information, and their consequences for the terminology of the information sciences. It focuses on the variant relationships between information and related concepts, particularly data and knowledge. It also includes an account of the view information taken in the hard and soft methodologies of system science, as well as the new discipline of ‘information physics’. From this, some remarks may be made on the changing meanings of the complex terms such as ‘information technology’ and ‘information literacy’, as well as those complex terms involving ‘management’, information management, knowledge management, document management etc. A similar, though shorter, treatment will de given to terminology around the ‘library’ concept, particularly in view of the change toward viewing a library as an organised virtual information space, rather than physical environment.
Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, and special education in U.S. children aged 6 to 15.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adversely affects child neurodevelopment, but little is known about the relationship between PAHs and clinically significant developmental disorders. We examined the relationship between childhood measures of PAH exposure and prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability (LD), and special education (SE) in a nationally representative sample of 1,257 U.S. children 6–15 years of age. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2004. PAH exposure was measured by urinary metabolite concentrations. Outcomes were defined by parental report of (1) ever doctor-diagnosed ADHD, (2) ever doctor- or school representative-identified LD, and (3) receipt of SE or early intervention services. Multivariate logistic regression accounting for survey sampling was used to determine the associations between PAH metabolites and ADHD, LD, and SE. Children exposed to higher levels of fluorine metabolites had a 2-fold increased odds (95% C.I. 1.1, 3.8) of SE, and this association was more apparent in males (OR 2.3; 95% C.I. 1.2, 4.1) than in females (OR 1.8; 95% C.I. 0.6, 5.4). No other consistent pattern of developmental disorders was associated with urinary PAH metabolites. However, concurrent exposure to PAH fluorine metabolites may increase use of special education services among U.S. children.
Patterns of cardiac output response to acute reduction of ventricular preload and afterload pressures

Abstract Venous return and therefore cardiac preload and afterload pressures were reduced by means of lower body decompression in two groups of patients. Group 1 consisted primarily of patients with valvular heart disease and Group 2 of patients with cardiomyopathy. Patients in Group 1 with mitral or aortic stenosis had invariable decreases of cardiac output values irrespective of the height of the initial filling pressures. Patients in Group 2 (with cardiomyopathy) had reduced output values except when the left heart filling pressures were about 40 mm Hg. In patients in Group 1 with nonstenotic valvular disease, cardiac output decreased when initial right and left heart filling pressures were below 8 and 25 mm Hg, respectively, but increased by a small amount when the filling pressures exceeded these values. From these results we have concluded that the cardiac output response to physical reduction of preload and afterload depends on both the type of heart disease and the height of the initial ventricular filling pressures. The small increases in cardiac output that occurred in patients with severely decompensated nonstenotic valvular disease suggested that a shallow descending limb to the cardiac function curve can occur in some types of heart disease. However, this probably resulted from changes in regurgitant fractions at the atrioventricular valves and not from an actual descending limb to a myocardial muscle function curve.
Lymphocytotoxic antibody activity in cryoprecipitates from serum of patients with SLE

Complement-dependent cytotoxic activity against normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected in 11 of 17 cryoprecipitates from the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The lymphocytotoxicity was eliminated by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and iodoacetamide, and it was inhibited by antibody to human IgM but not anti-IgG. The titers of lymphocytotoxic activity in the cryoprecipitates were roughly proportional to the corresponding serum titers, but when they were normalized for IgM concentration it was apparent that selective concentration of lymphocytotoxic antibody occurred in the cryoglobulins. The relationship between cryoprecipitable lymphocytotoxicity and a number of laboratory and clinical parameters of SLE was studied. The amount of protein in the cryoprecipitates, which was greatest in patients with significant renal disease, correlated with a reduction of serum complement and the amount of antibody to DNA. However the lymphocytotoxic activity of the cryoglobulins did not correlate with the severity of SLE. The titer of lymphocytotoxic antibody was independent of a) the presence or absence of active lupus nephritis, b) the total protein or immunoglobulin content of the cryoprecipitates, c) serum complement levels, and d) the amount of circulating antibody to DNA. These findings cast doubt upon the pathogenetic significance of cryoprecipitable lymphocytotoxic antibody.
The nonleptonic Δ I =1/2 rule in the chiral current-mixing gauge theories

LEE and TREIMA~r (1) recently observed tha t the nonleptonie A1 = {~ rule can be realized through the Higgs-boson exchange in the eight-quark version (2) of the ~eorgiGlashow model (3), provided one is free to ad jus t the mass parameter of the Higgs boson, and is willing to assume that , as a result of the strong-interaction dynamics, the effective strength of the Higgs-boson exchange dominates over tha t of the chargedvector-boson exchange. This note sl ightly modifies their observation and shows that , in gauge models in which there exist gauge singlet ntype and k-type states, both righthanded and left-handed, then the nonleptonic A I = 89 rule can be realized, not through the Higgs-boson exchange, bu t through some other massive neutral scalar in termediate bosons. Two impor tan t features of Lee and Treiman 's observation (1) are worth repeating: i) the scalar boson couples the SUs quarks n, k with the SU3-singlet quarks q, q ' ; and ii) the CTlashow, Il iopoulos and Maiani mechanism (4) (GIN mechanism) is used to suppress the two-scalar exchange contributions (1) to the second-order K ~ process and the K 0 ~ 0 mass difference. In most SU2Q U 1 gauge models of weak and electromagnetic interactions tha t have been so far proposed (~.7), however, the Higgs bosons generally do not couple the n, ), guarks with the SU3-singlet quarks, thus the A I = 89 rule would have to arise from the nou-Higgs bosch exchange. In the par t icular class of 8U2| U1 gauge models in which there exist the gauge slnglet n-type, i t y p e and/or q, q ' states, the simplest way of achieving the AI = 89 rule would be through the introduction of a new massive neutral scalar in termediate bOSCh B ~ coupled to n, ~, q, q' with the new
The influence of chlorhexidine on superoxide generation by induced human neutrophils.

Chlorhexidine directly stimulates the generation of superoxide anion (O2) by neutrophils at nontoxic concentrations of the drug (less than 0.01%). The kinetics of drug-induced O2 generation simulated that of receptor-mediated FMLP induction of O2, but not that of PMA-induced synthesis. Nontoxic concentrations of chlorhexidine inhibited FMLP-induced generation of O2 if the neutrophils were pretreated with chlorhexidine or if chlorhexidine and FMLP were added simultaneously. Cells activated first by FMLP were unaffected by chlorhexidine. These data support the concept that chlorhexidine interferes with the binding of FMLP to its receptor. Chlorhexidine inhibited both the velocity and the duration of FMLP-induced O2 synthesis. In contrast, chlorhexidine promoted PMA-induced O2 generation irrespective of the sequence of addition of chlorhexidine and PMA. Chlorhexidine decreased the lag interval between PMA induction and O2 synthesis, and increased the velocity of synthesis, which leads us to propose that chlorhexidine increases PMA penetrance of neutrophils. Since neither nonionic detergents nor polycationic polymers separately minic the effect of chlorhexidine treatment, it appears that more than surfactant or charge effects are involved. The interrelation between the positive charge and the hydrophobic domain of chlorhexidine plays a role in the drug-neutrophil interaction which directly stimulates O2 generation, and which modulates neutrophil responsiveness to FMLP and to PMA.
Neural-scaled entropy predicts the effects of nonlinear frequency compression on speech perception

The Neural-Scaled Entropy (NSE) model quantifies information in the speech signal that has been altered beyond simple gain adjustments by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and various signal processing. An extension of Cochlear-Scaled Entropy (CSE) [Stilp, Kiefte, Alexander, and Kluender (2010). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128(4), 2112–2126], NSE quantifies information as the change in 1-ms neural firing patterns across frequency. To evaluate the model, data from a study that examined nonlinear frequency compression (NFC) in listeners with SNHL were used because NFC can recode the same input information in multiple ways in the output, resulting in different outcomes for different speech classes. Overall, predictions were more accurate for NSE than CSE. The NSE model accurately described the observed degradation in recognition, and lack thereof, for consonants in a vowel-consonant-vowel context that had been processed in different ways by NFC. While NSE accurately predicted recognition of vowel stimuli processed with NFC, it underestimated them relative to a low-pass control condition without NFC. In addition, without modifications, it could not predict the observed improvement in recognition for word final /s/ and /z/. Findings suggest that model modifications that include information from slower modulations might improve predictions across a wider variety of conditions.
TV Characters at Work: Television’s Role in the Occupational Aspirations of Economically Disadvantaged Youths

Television regularly depicts work-related activities of fictional characters and is one of several important sources of occupational information for young people. However, no research appears to have examined the influence of televised occupational portrayals on economically disadvantaged youths, although television may be an especially important source of work-related information for this group. In telephone interviews, 132 economically disadvantaged young people named their favorite television character and the character’s job and rated their perceptions of this career and their wishful identification with the character. They also identified the job they would most like to have. Results show that the income and education levels of respondents’dream jobs are positively correlated with these attributes of the characters’ jobs. Wishful identification is higher for characters whose jobs had higher income, required more education, were seen as more realistic, and were perceived as having greater extrinsic va...
Aggregation in hierarchical systems: Approximate decompositions

One problem facing hierarchical systems theory is that the allowed exact decompositions may result in problems which are too complex to be feasibly implemented. The approach of this paper is to allow aggregations of the exact decomposition. The questions of convergence of the simplified iteration and the nearness of the resulting solution to the true solution are addressed.
Probabilistic design principles for conventional and full-text retrieval systems

Abstract In order for conventionally designed commercial document retrieval systems to perform perfectly, the following two (logical) conditions must be satisfied for every search: (1) There exists a document property (or combination of properties) that belongs to those (and only those) documents that are relevant. (2) That property (or combination of properties) can be correctly guessed by the searcher. In general, the first assumption is false, and the second is impossible to satisfy; hence no conventional IR system can perform at a maximum level of effectiveness. (We are painfully aware of the current poor performance values for Recall and Precision. Furthermore, Recall deteriorates rapidly as document corpora continue to grow in size.) However, different design principles can lead to improved performance. This article presents a view of the document retrieval problem that shows that since the relationship between document properties (whether they be humanly assigned index terms or words that occur in the running text) and relevance is at best probabilistic, one should approach the design problem using probabilistic principles. It turns out that a front end designed to permit searchers to attach probabilistically interpreted weights to their query terms could be adapted for conventional IR systems. Such an enhancement could lead to improved performance.
Exposure to community violence and African American children: A multidimensional model of risks and resources

The present study seeks to investigate how various facets of social and emotional adjustment, in a sample of urban African American children, are affected by their chronic exposure to community violence and other risk factors in their lives. It further explores how various resources in their environment sustain these children's adjustment at home and in school. In examining these issues, we endeavored to account for both the general and the differential effects of risk factors and resources on social-emotional adjustment. The fundamental problem explored in this study is the extent to which the various indicators of adjustment are differentially impacted by a common set of risk factors, and enhanced through a common set of protective mechanisms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On a Lee model with a four-point coupling

It is shown that a modified Lee model in which a four-point interaction involving the N and θ particles is appended to the original trilinear interaction is soluble and provides a convenient example for the discussion of CDD poles. The parameters of the model may be selected in such a way as to allow the existence ofa) two stable particles, orb) one stable and one unstable particle with the quantum numbers of a V-particle. The N-θ scattering amplitude is compared with that of a Lee model with two V-particles.
Monitoring Carbon Nanotube Growth by Formation of Nanotube Stacks and Investigation of the Diffusion-Controlled Kinetics

A novel method is presented to monitor carbon nanotube (CNT) growth by formation of CNT stacks. By this process, CNT growth kinetics are investigated for densely packed CNT films in the gas-diffusion-controlled regime. CNT stacks are fabricated by water-assisted selective etching and the cyclic introduction of ethylene into the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Formation of the CNT stacks allows monitoring of the CNT growth evolution, thereby providing insight into the growth kinetics. A parabolic increase of CNT length versus time is observed, indicating a gas-diffusion-controlled growth mode. The densely packed, well-aligned CNT films act as porous barrier layers to the diffusion of ethylene precursor to the catalyst nanoparticles, since these films form via a base-growth mode under the conditions invoked in our system. By adjustment of CNT growth time and temperature, a quantitative time-evolution analysis is performed to investigate the CNT growth model and extract the gas precursor mass transf...
A Factor Secreted by a Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial-like Cell Line Blocks T-Cell Proliferation between G1 and S Phase

Because the pulmonary alveolar space is both the site of gas exchange for respiration and a portal of entry for foreign antigen, immunologic interactions within that space must be meticulously controlled. Alveolar epithelial cells are ideally situated to play a role in immune regulation within the alveolar space. We have used A549 cells, a cell line that is derived from a human alveolar cell carcinoma and that has been used as a model for alveolar type II epithelial cells, to examine the potential role of alveolar epithelial cells in local pulmonary immune regulation. Medium conditioned by confluent monolayers of A549 cells suppressed proliferation by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with lectin, anti-CD3 antibodies, calcium ionophore and phorbol ester, or in a mixed leukocyte reaction. PBMC that had been incubated in and then removed from A549-conditioned medium went on to proliferate normally. Because the suppressive effect was abrogated by heating or acidification and was not ...
In vivo, thyroid and lens surface exposure with spiral and conventional computed tomography in dental implant radiography.

Abstract Objective: To compare the surface dose exposure to the lens of the eye and the thyroid gland received by patients undergoing spiral and conventional computed tomography (CT) examinations during dental implant pretreatment evaluation in critical radiosensitive structures of the maxillofacial region. Study Design: Two groups of 10 patients each had a dental implant CT examination performed, with 5 patients in each group having maxillary and 5 having mandibular examinations. One group was examined with conventional CT and the other with spiral CT. Seven examination parameters were standardized to both types of examinations. Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed over the thyroid gland, lateral orbit, and infraorbital foramen of each patient to measure the surface dose. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare doses, with statistical significance set at P Results: For the maxillary examination, there was a 57.4% reduction in the surface dose at the lateral orbit, 47% at the infraorbital foramen, and 60.8% at the thyroid when spiral CT was used instead of conventional CT with the same parameters. Similarly, for the mandibular examination, there was a 57.4% reduction at the lateral orbit, 60% reduction at the infraorbital foramen, and 70.9% at the thyroid. All the dose reductions were statistically significant at P Conclusion: The use of spiral CT for preimplant evaluation reduces the surface absorbed dose in certain critical structures of the maxillofacial region compared with conventional CT. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:249-53)
Paradoxes of gender

In this innovative book, a well-known feminist and sociologist-who is also the founding editor of Gender & Society-challenges our most basic assumptions about gender. Judith Lorber argues that gender is wholly a product of socialization, subject to human agency, organization, and interpretation, and that it is a social institution comparable to the economy, the family, and religion in its significance and consequences. Calling into question the inevitability and necessity of gender, she envisions a society structured for equality, where no gender, racial ethnic, or social class group is allowed to monopolize positions of power.
The molecular correlation concept of neoplasia.

Abstract We examined the intermediary metabolism and enzymology of a spectrum of liver tumors of different growth rates. The new results we presented along with those assembled from the literature indicate that a definite pattern of intermediary metabolism does exist. Special stress was laid on the identification of the biochemical parameters which correlate positively or negatively with the growth rate in the hepatomas. With this concept in mind a pattern was identified showing that the synthetic pathways of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and the breakdown pathways of protein and of nucleic acid metabolism decrease parallel with the increase in hepatoma growth rate. On the other hand, the catabolic pathway of carbohydrate metabolism increases progressively, whereas in protein and nucleic acid metabolism the anabolic pathways increase gradually parallel with the increase in hepatoma growth rate. An application of our concepts developed for carbohydrate metabolism interprets these findings as examples of antagonism between synthetic and breakdown pathways centering on opposing, key, one-way, rate-limiting reactions. The metabolic parameters and enzyme activities which do not correlate with the growth rate are usually identifiable as non-rate-limiting reactions or enzymes present in an excess. The metabolic pattern identified in the spectrum of liver tumors of different growth rates offers a framework for experimental testing and application of these concepts to other types of tumors and to chemotherapy.
Assessment of aorto-iliac disease with magnetic resonance angiography using arterial phase 3-D gradient-echo and interstitial phase 2-D fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-echo sequences.

Purpose To evaluate magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the pelvis for the examination of the aorto-iliac system using arterial phase 3-D gradient echo and interstitial phase 2-D fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-echo (SGE), with comparison to surgery and angiography. Materials and Methods Ninety MR angiograms performed on 79 consecutive patients were analyzed, retrospectively, for the presence of narrowing, aneurysm, and dissection. Comparisons were made with angiography and surgery in 50 examinations, and a weighted kappa statistic test was applied to assess agreement. MR examinations were performed at 1.5T 3-D fast imaging in steady state precession (FISP) acquired immediately, and fat-suppressed SGE in the interstitial phase following gadolinium administration. Results MRA had overall sensitivities of 100% at aortic segments, 100% at common iliac, 93.8% at external, and 95.7% at internal iliac, and specificities of 100% at aortic segments, 89.7% at common iliac, 95.2% at external iliac, and 88.7% at internal iliac in detection of vascular disease. The agreement of MRA with the angiography and surgery yielded a weighted kappa statistic of 0.97 at the aortic, 0.94 at the common, 0.85 at the external, and 0.82 at the internal iliac segments. Conclusion This study demonstrates an excellent performance of MRA in the evaluation of aorto-iliac arterial system and almost perfect agreement with angiography and surgery at all vascular levels. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:43–53. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Study of a plane-wave final-state theory of above-threshold ionization and harmonic generation

We compare the predictions of a plane-wave final-state theory of above-threshold ionization with the results of a numerical integration of Schrodinger’s equation. Good qualitative agreement between the model and the numerical integration is observed up to laser intensities of 1014 cm−2 in three-photon ionization of the 1s state of atomic hydrogen. The plane-wave final-state model is also used to calculate the power spectrum of light radiated by the single atom in intense fields, again with good agreement between the model and the numerical integration. The results demonstrate the importance of the above-threshold ionization transitions in accurate calculations of power spectra of radiated light. When the atom is modeled with bound states alone, without the above-threshold ionization inherent in the plane-wave final state, then agreement between the model and the full numerical integration is poor.
Changes in Rabbit Cerebellar Cortical and Interpositus Nucleus Activity during Acquisition, Extinction, and Backward Classical Eyelid Conditioning

Multiple- and single-unit neuronal activities were recorded from cerebellar cortex (Larsell's lobule HVI and adjacent ansiform cortex) and the cerebellar interpositus nucleus during forward (CS-US), backward (US-CS), and explicitly unpaired classical eyeblink conditioning in several rabbits. Whereas learning-related activity was observed in the interpositus nucleus only during forward pairing of the conditioning stimuli, a variety of patterns of learning-related neuronal firings were observed in cerebellar cortex during forward, backward, and even unpaired presentations of the conditioning stimuli. These data suggest that the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei play different roles during classical eyeblink conditioning.
Applying GPS to the study of primate ecology: a useful tool?

Data on the spatiotemporal distribution of resources can be collected and plotted using GPS (global positioning system) and GIS (geographical information system) technologies. By combining such data with information on foraging and ranging behavior of nonhuman primates, one can analyze the influence of resource distribution on social organization and group cohesion. We investigated the abilities of a three-channel GPS receiver to collect location data under varying canopy densities in both temperate and tropical forests. Eighty randomly selected points were sampled in a beech–maple forest in northeast Ohio, USA; 65 points also were sampled at several tropical forests in Costa Rica and Trinidad. At each point we attempted to obtain a GPS position fix; we also determined the speed of satellite acquisition and measured canopy density using a spherical densiometer. The ability to obtain a reading differed greatly between the two forest types (χ2 = 53.79, P < 0.001). Ninety-seven percent of all attempts were successful in the temperate forest, whereas only a 34% acquisition rate was obtained in the tropical forests. Logistic regression showed that the probability of obtaining a reading in Neotropical forests was 75% but only when canopy cover was less than 20%. Thus, these minimal-channel GPS units may be of limited utility for behavioral ecologists working in closed-canopy Neotropical forests. Am. J. Primatol. 46:167–172, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Distribution and isolation of radioactivity from 74As-arsenate and 14C-methanearsonic acid in an aquatic model ecosystem

Abstract A model aquatic ecosystem was used to measure the bioaccumulation and distribution of 74As-arsenate and 14C-methanearsonic acid in the following aquatic organisms: algae, Oedogonium cardiacum; daphnids, Daphnia magna; fish, Gambusia affins and catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; and crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, Procambarus sp. Bioaccumulation ratios (BR) for 74As ranged from 80 to 480 and 4 to 7, for crayfish, and catfish, respectively, in Experiment I. Bioaccumulation ratios were 5, 127, 34, and 5 for daphnids, Gambusia, algae, and crayfish in Experiment II. Values declined for both crayfish and catfish after they were removed to untreated water. Homogenates of all organisms were extracted sequentially with cold 5% trichloroacetic acid, 75% EtOH, and hot 5% TCA. Distribution of the two arsenicals differed with extractant and biological species. The cold acid extracts of algae, daphnids, and crayfish contained the highest levels of 74As. Generally, 14C was distributed more uniformly among the four fractions and was found at a higher percentage in the residue than was arsenate. By gel filtration chromatography, several compounds were separated from extracts of algae, daphnids, Gambusia, and crayfish treated with 74As. These compounds were not arsenate, MSMA, or cacodylic acid. Extracts of MSMA-exposed organisms had one major compound which had the same retention volume (about the same molecular weight) as authentic MSMA. High-molecular-weight material (> 5000) was formed in Gambusia and algae treated with MSMA.
Magnetic amplifiers' influence on hysteresis loops

THE SCOPE of this article is limited to a qualitative description of the steady-state operating characteristics of those high-performance amplifier circuits which are classed as single-phase “self-saturated” types. Only resistive loads are considered.
Analysis of small- and medium-scale cosmic microwave background measurements.

Anisotropies in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background have been detected on a range of scales by several different experiments. In principle, the largest barrier to a clean interpretation of the experimental results is contamination by foreground sources. We address this issue by projecting out likely sources of foreground contamination from seven separate small-angle and medium-angle experiments. All of the experiments are consistent so far with the simplest inflationary models; for {ital n}=1 the experiments` combined best-fit quadrupole amplitude is {ital Q}{sub rms{minus}ps}=18{sub {minus}1}{sup +3}{mu}K, in excellent agreement with the Cosmic Background Explorer two-year data.
Experiments utilizing FeO42− for purifying water

Abstract The reduction of the metal ion content of river and well water by chemical treatment with Na 2 FeO 4 has been studied. Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) Fe(III), Hg(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) are reduced to low levels by the addition of Na 2 FeO 4 and its subsequent decomposition to a Fe(OH) 3 gel. The odors (presumably due to sulfur compounds) are completely removed, the bacterial action greatly reduced and the sedimentation rate significantly increased by this reagent.
Extraction of resonances from transient fields

Let u(x, t) be the transient field in the exterior of a star-shaped reflecting scatterer. A simple way to compute the resonances (natural frequencies) and their multiplicities is given.
EventWave: programming model and runtime support for tightly-coupled elastic cloud applications

An attractive approach to leveraging the ability of cloud-computing platforms to provide resources on demand is to build elastic applications, which can dynamically scale up or down based on resource requirements. To ease the development of elastic applications, it is useful for programmers to write applications with simple sequential semantics, without considering elasticity, and rely on runtime support to provide that elasticity. While this approach has been useful in restricted domains, such as MapReduce, existing programming models for general distributed applications do not expose enough information about their inherent organization of state and computation to provide such transparent elasticity. We introduce EventWave, an event-driven programming model that allows developers to design elastic programs with inelastic semantics while naturally exposing isolated state and computation with programmatic parallelism. In addition, we describe the runtime mechanism which takes the exposed parallelism to provide elasticity. Finally, we evaluate our implementation through microbenchmarks and case studies to demonstrate that EventWave can provide efficient, scalable, transparent elasticity for applications run in the cloud.
Feasibility of Electromyography-Triggered Neuromuscular Stimulation as an Adjunct to Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this case report is to explore the feasibility of electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (EMG-stim) as an adjunct to constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). Case Description. The patient was a 72-year-old man, 10 years poststroke, who did not meet traditional CIMT criteria. The EMG-stim was applied to the wrist extensors of the patient's weaker arm for one half of the CIMT training hours. Outcomes. The intervention was feasible for this individual. Improvements were observed in motor behavior, quality and amount of use, muscle activity, wrist range of motion, and reaction time of the more-affected extremity. These improvements were paralleled by a change in the size and location of the extensor digitorum communis muscle representation in the primary motor cortex, as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping. Discussion. These changes suggest that using EMG-stim as an adjunct to CIMT should be further investigated in individuals who have low functional abilities following stroke.
Aldosterone (ALDO) increases transmembrane influx of Na+ in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells through increased synthesis of Na+ channels

Abstract We have previously reported our studies on glucocorticoid (GC) effects on Na + influx in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. We now report a parallel study on the effect of mineralocorticoid (MC) on Na + influx in VSM cells. Unidirectional influx of Na + was measured in cultured cells of rabbit aortic media with 22 Na as tracer. Cells were treated with near physiologic (5 nM) or supraphysiologic (50 nM) aldosterone (ALDO) for 24 or 48 hours, or for 7 to 10 days, in the presence of competitive inhibitors of MC-receptor binding, K-prorenoate (PRN), or GC-receptor binding, RU 486. ALDO at 5 nM increased Na + influx by 98% ± 12%, but only after 7–10 days of treatment. This effect was inhibited by PRN, but not by RU 486, and blocked by amiloride but not by ethylisopropyl-amiloride or by dichlorobenzamil (DCB). In VSM cell membranes from aortae of rabbits treated in vivo with ALDO (2 mg/day) for 4 weeks, Na + channels were quantified by determination of specific [ 3 H]amiloride binding in the presence of excess of DCB and EIPA to exclude tracer binding from the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger and the Na + /H + antiporter. ALDO doubled the number of of Na + channels in such isolated cell membranes, as determined by B max per mg membrane protein. We propose that this vascular effect of ALDO may constitute an important pathogenetic mechanism of hypertension induced by chronic excess of MC, in addition to the well known renal mechanism.
Structural and functional characterization of second-coordination sphere mutants of soybean lipoxygenase-1.

Lipoxygenases are an important class of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the hydroperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The details of the enzymatic mechanism of lipoxygenases are still not well understood. This study utilizes a combination of kinetic and structural probes to relate the lipoxygenase mechanism of action with structural modifications of the iron's second coordination sphere. The second coordination sphere consists of Gln495 and Gln697, which form a hydrogen bond network between the substrate cavity and the first coordination sphere (Asn694). In this investigation, we compared the kinetic and structural properties of four mutants (Q495E, Q495A, Q697N, and Q697E) with those of wild-type soybean lipoxygenase-1 and determined that changes in the second coordination sphere affected the enzymatic activity by hydrogen bond rearrangement and substrate positioning through interaction with Gln495. The nature of the C−H bond cleavage event remained unchanged, which demonstrates that the mutation...
Good conductors in low-frequency fields

Stevenson's method is applied to good (but not perfect) conductors immersed in a LF incident field. The LF analysis is particularly useful in showing the transition from field equations to circuit parameters.
Blocking Conductance and Mixing in Random Walks

The notion of conductance introduced by Jerrum and Sinclair [8] has been widely used to prove rapid mixing of Markov chains. Here we introduce a bound that extends this in two directions. First, instead of measuring the conductance of the worst subset of states, we bound the mixing time by a formula that can be thought of as a weighted average of the Jerrum–Sinclair bound (where the average is taken over subsets of states with different sizes). Furthermore, instead of just the conductance, which in graph theory terms measures edge expansion, we also take into account node expansion. Our bound is related to the logarithmic Sobolev inequalities, but it appears to be more flexible and easier to compute.In the case of random walks in convex bodies, we show that this new bound is better than the known bounds for the worst case. This saves a factor of $O(n)$ in the mixing time bound, which is incurred in all proofs as a ‘penalty’ for a ‘bad start’. We show that in a convex body in $\mathbb{R}^n$, with diameter $D$, random walk with steps in a ball with radius $\delta$ mixes in $O^*(nD^2/\delta^2)$ time (if idle steps at the boundary are not counted). This gives an $O^*(n^3)$ sampling algorithm after appropriate preprocessing, improving the previous bound of $O^*(n^4)$.The application of the general conductance bound in the geometric setting depends on an improved isoperimetric inequality for convex bodies.
Novel Temperature Compensation Scheme Formicroresonators Based on Controlled Stiffnessmodulation

A novel strategy to compensate for frequency drifts caused by stiffness changes in resonant microstructures is presented. The proposed compensation method is based on a controlled stiffness modulation of the resonator by an additional feedback loop and extracting the frequency changes caused by the modulated stiffness. The feasibility of the suggested method is verified experimentally by compensating for frequency fluctuations of a micromachined resonator induced by ambient temperature changes. In principle, the proposed method can be applied to compensate for all factors influencing the spring constant, such as packaging-induced stresses and material aging. Moreover, the proposed method is applicable to all resonant microstructures featuring excitation and detection elements.
High quality factor photonic crystal nanocavities in “impossible scenarios”: Dual-polarization, low-index materials and air-band modes

We for the first time present designs of high-Q photonic crystal nanocavities in the cases previously rendered “impossible”, including an ultra-high Q dual-polarized nanocavities, high Q/V cavities based on low-index materials, and high-Q air-band-mode cavities.
What Characterize Documents That Bridge Boundaries Compared to Documents That Do Not? An Exploratory Study of Documentation in FLOSS Teams

Organizations bring together people with various access to and understanding of the work at hand. De-spite their different stocks of background knowledge, most of them engage in documentation, whether as writers or readers. This paper explores how documents serve such diverse users by building a framework articulating the characteristics of documents supporting collaborators with asymmetric access to knowledge versus people with symmetric knowledge. Drawing on document-centric approaches we hypothesize that documents supporting asymmetric groups are likely to be more prescriptive and explicate their own use compared to documents supporting symmetric groups. Through exploratory analysis of two kinds of documents, used across three FLOSS projects, we find that documents supporting collaborators with asymmetric knowledge do appear to explicate their own use in more detail. They do so by prescribing their own 1) purpose, 2) context of use, 3) content and form in greater detail than documents used by core community members with symmetric access to project knowledge.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Based Confidentiality for Cognitive Radio Networks

The paradigm of dynamic spectrum access, an intrinsic characteristic of the cognitive radio network (CRN), embraces new opportunity for protecting the privacy of communication content through random channel hopping patterns, which are hard to follow by adversaries. Different from conventional DSA where each active CR user only accesses the spectrum once, the confidentiality driven DSA requires every active user to hop over multiple channels during one transmission session. Hence the DSA process is modeled as a fractional coloring process. By artfully converting two-dimensional color to one-dimensional color through vertex expansion, a Latin square (LS) based DSA is proposed, with confidentiality requirements embedded. Theoretic analysis and simulation results verify the feasibility of the DSA based cryptography and illustrates how confidentiality requirement affects the spectrum utilization efficiency.