cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of young men with organic erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men under the age of 40 was once thought to be entirely psychogenic. Over the last few decades, advances in our understanding of erectile physiology and improvements in diagnostic testing have restructured our understanding of ED and its etiologies. Although psychogenic ED is more prevalent in the younger population, at least 15%-20% of these men have an organic etiology. Organic ED has been shown to be a predictor of increased future morbidity and mortality. As such, a thorough work-up should be employed for any man with complaints of sexual dysfunction. Oftentimes a treatment plan can be formulated after a focused history, physical exam and basic lab-work are conducted. However, in certain complex cases, more testing can be employed. The major organic etiologies can be subdivided into vascular, neurologic, and endocrine. Specific testing should be directed by clinical clues noted during the preliminary evaluation. These tests vary in degree of invasiveness, precision, and at times may not affect treatment. Results should be integrated into the overall clinical picture to assist in diagnosis and help guide therapy.
Economic rhythms, Maslow Windows and the new space frontier

Abstract This paper explores the possible relationship between space exploration and long swings in the economy and socio-technical systems. We posit that the early phases of long upswings are characterized by periods of optimism and the spirit of adventure that provided a motivation for large-scale explorations and other great infrastructure projects in the past. These Maslow Windows help us understand prior eras of exploration and cultural dynamism, and offer a hopeful scenario for space exploration in the next two decades. We offer some observations as to what the exploratory thrust might look like, including a return to the lunar surface combined with other activities. Of course, we also point out that the next great wave of space exploration will almost certainly have a much more international flavor than has heretofore been the case.
The child care worker's response to the death of a child

Although every child will grieve in an individualized manner, several factors convery to influence a child's mode of grief. Among these factors are development stage, status in the group, relationship with the deceased, and supports of the environment. A child care worker can play a key role in helping children cope with their grief over a lost peer. The first task is to understand the normal patterns of grief work employed by each age group so that the worker can recognize normal reactions. The worker can then apply various techniques to guide the group or individual children through the stages of their unique grieving process. These techniques include verbal exercise, play, routine, and ritual.
Digital output volumetric pulmonary artery catheters eliminate interoperator interpretation variability and improve consistency of treatment decisions.

Background The pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) has been fraught with controversy over issues of safety and impact on outcomes variables for many years. Multiple attempts to quantify the utility of this diagnostic instrument have failed to resolve the matter. Previous investigations have focused on either quantifying inter-rater variability of waveform output interpretation from PACs or on clinical outcomes when PACs are used in care. We tested the hypothesis that the true link between a diagnostic tool and outcomes is treatment selection, and an instrument that minimizes or eliminates the need for data interpretation would also minimize the variability of treatment selections. Study Design We performed a prospective, single institutional, single blinded survey study. Results The inter-rater variability of waveform interpretation among all raters was notable (p 0.05), independent of patient ventilator status. Conclusions Digital output volumetric PACs eliminate inter-rater variability of data interpretation, decrease inter-rater variability of data-driven treatment selections, and improve rater agreement with clinical practice guidelines when compared with traditional waveform output PACs.
The Paradox of Respectability: The Limits of Indexing and Harrison Salisbury’s Coverage of the Vietnam War

In December 1966 through January 1967, Harrison Salisbury of the New York Times wrote dispatches based on a visit to Hanoi that disputed the administration’s claims that its highly accurate bombing did not hit civilian targets in North Vietnam. Administration officials, other journalists, and even his own paper challenged his reporting. Deemed unpatriotic, Salisbury was denied a Pulitzer Prize. This case study employs documents from the files of the New York Times , the CIA, and the Harrison Salisbury Papers at Columbia University, as well as content analysis of his coverage of Vietnam compared with other reporting by him that won a Pulitzer. The study shows how editorial standards of news sourcing become higher when correspondents challenge the official line. While illustrating factors that lead newspapers and reporters to index foreign news to the prevailing political consensus, it also demonstrates the limits of indexing and the conditions under which journalists may effectively challenge the official ...
The effects of ethanol alone and in combination with phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, or chlordiazepoxide.

Abstract The nature of the interaction of ethanol (E) in combination with phenobarbital (Pb), chlorpromazine (CPZ), or chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was investigated in our laboratory. E, Pb, CPZ, or CDP was administered ip to male, albino mice and the dose causing 50% of the mice to fall from a 60° inclined screen (median paralyzing dose, PD50) determined for each agent. Since the dose-response curves did not deviate from parallelism (P > 0.05), one-half the PD50 of E was then given in combination with one-half the PD50 of Pb, CPZ, or CDP such that the times of peak effect coincided. Only CDP in combination with E produced a potentiation of effects in this test method: Pb and CPZ in combination with E resulted in addition of effects. In a similar manner, one-half the PD50 of Pb, CPZ, or CDP was combined with one-half the loss of righting reflex ED50 of E. In this testing procedure, all three agents in combination with E demonstrated potentiation. Blood levels of ethanol (BLE) were followed in both of the above studies to determine the possibility that increased BLE might be responsible for the potentiation seen. Blood sample times were 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min post E administration. Combinations of drug with E were compared to identical doses of E administered in the absence of a drug. In no case was a significant increase in BLE seen at the early collection periods, a time by which the behavioral effects would have already occurred. Therefore, elevations in BLE cannot account for the behavioral effects seen. However, our data do suggest that CPZ in combination with one-half the PD50 of E may retard the rate of disappearance of E from the blood.
Development of an in situ Hall-effect sensor for on-line monitoring of thickness and compaction during composite curing

Abstract An in situ thickness/compaction sensor has been developed the operation of which is based on the Hall effect. The basic Hall sensor is a transducer that produces an output voltage when subjected to changes in an applied magnetic field. The output voltage of the sensor is empirically related to the distance between the sensor, located on the tooling surface, and a magnet mounted on the caul plate. The sensor is non-intrusive, non-destructive, can withstand the harsh curing environment, and is simple, reliable, and of low cost. The sensor accounts for the effect of changing temperature and can be used to detect vacuum failure and vacuum bag leaks in certain regions of the cure cycle. The accuracy of the sensor is approximately 7.62 × 10 −3 cm (0.003 in) over the range 0.229–0.635 cm (0.090–0.250 in). The sensor was coupled with an acoustic monitoring apparatus to demonstrate the strategy of sensor fusion. This work has shown that the sensor can be successfully used for on-line monitoring of thickness and compaction of a curing composite.
Inverse muon decay and neutrino dimuon production at the Tevatron

Abstract We report on two recent measurements by the CCFR collaboration using the Fermilab Tevatron quad-triplet neutrino beam with neutrino energies up to 600 GeV. In a sample of 666,000 neutrino and 132,000 antineutrino events, 1151 inverse μ-decay events νμe− → μ−νe, were isolated corresponding to a rate with respect to ν μ-N charged current interactions of (0.125±.009 (stat.) ± .003 (sys.)) × 10−2. The data also contain 1522 νμ and 275 ν μ induced opposite sign dimuon events which are due predominantly to charm production at the hadronic vertex. Using this sample, we have measured the strange sea content of the nucleon, ηs = ∫ dχ(2χs(χ))/ ∫ dχ(χu(χ) + χd(χ)) = .057−0.008+0.012, the Cabbibo-KObayashi-Maskawa matrix element, |Vcd| = 0.220−.015+.018, and the slow-rescaling model charm mass parameter, mc = 1.3−0.5+0.6GeV. 0868
Preparation and surface characteristics of perfluoroalkane Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract Surface pressure-area curves for the perfluoroalkanes C16F34, C20F42 and C24F50 showed that monolayers were formed on the sur water. The monolayers of C20F42 and C24F30 were deposited on various substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique; LB films on hydrophobized mica show excellent water repellency with contact angles of water of 155 ° and 153 ° respectively. It was shown by comparison of the reflection-absorption and transmission IR spectra that difluoromethylene chains in the perfluoroalkane LB films are oriented perpen- dicular to the substrate.
Wide-angle Wave Field Propagation Using Paraxial Extrapolators

We have recently presented a method in which acoustic wavefield propagation can be modeled with paraxial extrapolators [Graves and Clayton, 19871. The paraxial method is approximate and is most accurate for energy traveling within a restricted angular region centered about the extrapolation direction. Using a continued fractions expansion to represent the exact one-way dispersion relation provides a straightforward technique to derive succecsively higher order paraxial approximations. Following this approach, we have developed a 41r order paraxial operator which is accurate for propagation angles out to nearly 80’. Implementation of the resulting extrapolation system is accomplished as a catcade of two 2”’ order systems. This technique can be applied to migration as well ss modeling. For modeling problems in complex media, the effects of scattering can be included within the extrapolation system. By using the wide angle paraxial operator, we can model the energy scattered from steeply dipping structures in a more complete manner. To illustrate this, we have analyzed the problem of wavea scattered from a point diffractor.
What motivates adolescent smokers to make a quit attempt

A sample of 120 adolescent smokers (80 males, 40 females), most of whom were referred by school personnel after being caught with cigarettes at school (n=113), reported motivations for making a quit attempt during a smoking cessation project. Most students (n=76) were randomly assigned to a four session cessation program that included discussion of a number of motivational topics, and the remaining students were assigned to a self-help control group that received a pamphlet recommending strategies for quitting. Reported motivations for quitting did not differ significantly across the two treatment conditions. Concern about future health (73%) was the most popular reason given for making a quit attempt, followed by concern about current health (65%). Concerns about physical appearance (59%), the cost of cigarettes (52%), and athletic performance (51%) were also listed as motivators by a majority of the participants. Future health was the most popular choice for the most important motivator to quit (35%). Females and participants with fewer best friends smoking were more likely to report that the prevalence of non-smoking teenagers, the relationship between smoking and weight, and physical appearance concerns were motivators to quit. African Americans were more likely than Whites to list current health concern as the most important motivator.
Sign of Leser-Trélat in Newly Diagnosed Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma

An 82-year-old man was in his usual state of health when henoticed the rapid appearance of seborrheic keratoses along his shoul-ders and back. Around this time, he also started to experience wors-ening nausea, constipation, dysphagia, and a 10-pound weight loss.He was evaluated with endoscopy, which revealed a large ulceratedmass along the lesser curvature of the stomach with some oozing.Biopsieswereperformedandpathologyshowedpoorly-differentiatedadenocarcinoma, signet-ring–cell type, arising in a background ofgastritis with intestinal metaplasia. Carcinoembryonic antigen wasmeasured at 1.3 ng/mL. Further work-up including a computed to-mography of the abdomen/pelvis demonstrated diffuse thickening ofthe distal stomach along with a subcentimeter hypervascular lesion inthe liver thought to represent a hemangioma. Also appreciated wassoft tissue nodularity within the gastrohepatic and gastrocolic liga-mentsandomentum.Onphysicalexam,thepatientwasnotedtohaveextensive seborrheic keratoses along his back consistent with the signof Leser-Tre´lat (LT; Fig 1). The patient underwent an exploratorylaparotomy. Intraoperatively, a large mass within the lesser curvatureof the stomach could be visualized along with adenopathy within thegastrohepaticligament.Alsonotedwerenoduleswithintheperitonealsurfaces, diaphragm, omentum, and liver. These were biopsied, andfrozen sectioning revealed metastatic carcinoma. Given the presenceof advanced disease, the patient’s tumor was deemed unresectable,and it was decided to proceed with a palliative feeding jejunostomy.This was then followed with palliative chemotherapy.LT is a rare, paraneoplastic condition characterized by the sud-den eruption of multiple seborrheic keratoses often associated withinternal malignancies. The term arises from two European surgeons,Edmund Leser and Ulysse Tre´lat, who initially and independentlycharacterized cutaneous manifestations of internal cancers in the1890s.
Pediatric Advocacy: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

The reason that advocacy is so much embedded in the work of pediatrics is that children have little political voice of their own and rely on the proxy voice of others including pediatricians to speak out on their behalf. This voice is so important because of the overrepresentation of our children among the poor and underserved. It should be stated that the “shared voice” of pediatrics has been heard throughout our history—speaking on behalf of all children. As we proceed into the next millennium, it is proper to reflect on pediatrics’ past, our present, and future so that, as a profession, advocacy will continue to play a key role. At the turn of the century, there were about a half dozen practitioners devoted to the care of children. Today, the membership of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is >57 000 physicians. The role of advocacy in pediatrics dates back to the end of the 19th century when an epiphany within medicine crystallized the necessity that children deserved a cadre of professionals dedicated to their care. In addition, it was evident even then that an emphasis on advocacy and the protection of children would comprise a core aspect of the profession. In the United States, Dr Abraham Jacobi is considered the “Father of Pediatrics.” In 1859, he published his seminal text titled: Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children. In addition, he was the first professor of pediatrics in America at New York Medical College, and in 1860 established the first free pediatric clinic in America.1 Dr Jacobi was one of the pediatric pioneers who understood the link between the environmental milieu children found themselves and the incidence of disease. His efforts characterized the beneficence of our profession. The emergence of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century led … Reprint requests to (C.N.O.) Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota Medical School Maternal and Child Health Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health West Bank Office Building, 1300 Second St South—Ste 300, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail: oberg001{at}umn.edu
Clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of oral PF-03491390, a pancaspase inhibitor - a randomized placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 969–978 Summary Background Elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reflect hepatocellular injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). Increased apoptosis and activated caspases are present in these patients. PF-03491390 inhibits multiple caspases and lowers serum AST and ALT levels in patients with chronic liver diseases. Aim To determine if treatment with an oral pancaspase inhibitor could reduce serum AST and ALT in patients with HCV. Methods Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-dose study in 204 patients treated with placebo or PF-03491390 (5, 25 or 50 mg) orally twice daily (b.d.) for up to 12 weeks. Serum AST and ALT were monitored weekly. Results Significant reductions in serum AST and ALT were observed within 1 week of initiating PF-03491390 in all treatment groups (P < 0.0001). These reductions in AST and ALT were maintained throughout the 12 week treatment period and returned to baseline levels when PF-03491390 was discontinued. Increasing the dose did not further lower AST or ALT. The most frequently reported adverse events were headache and fatigue. Conclusion PF-03491390 significantly reduced serum AST and ALT levels in patients with chronic HCV, and was well tolerated over 12 weeks.
Fully 3D system model estimation of OPET by Monte Carlo simulation

OPET is a combined optical and positron emission tomography (PET) scanner for small animal imaging, whose geometry presents several challenges for PET image reconstruction. The most important are the effects of depth-of-interaction, inter-crystal gaps, and angular sampling. Although these effects can be ameliorated through gantry rotations, the results are sub-optimal when reconstructing with filtered-back projection (FBP), because the system geometry is not modeled accurately. In this work, we present a study estimating the system model of the PET side of OPET with GATE, the Geant4 Application for PET and SPECT simulations, and the use of the model in iterative image reconstruction. At each image position, a 1 MBq voxel source irradiating isotropically in 3D was simulated. Coincidences were recorded for 10 seconds and the detected counts normalized and used as entries in the system matrix. Four transaxial and one axial image symmetries were exploited to reduce the number of simulations, but no assumptions were made on the model being axial or angularly independent. Resolution experiments were conducted by simulating a point source in warm background at various radial positions and images were reconstructed with the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm. The simulations demonstrate that the use of the system model together with a statistical reconstruction produces images with improved and more uniform resolution across the field-of-view over FBP images.
A multi-agent technique for contingency constrained optimal power flows

This paper does three things. First, it proposes that each critical contingency in a power system be represented by a "correction time" (the time required to eliminate the violations produced by the contingency), rather than by a set of hard constraints. Second, it adds these correction times to an optimal power flow and decomposes the resulting problem into a number of smaller optimization problems. Third, it proposes a multi-agent technique for solving the smaller problems in parallel. The agents encapsulate traditional optimization algorithms as well as a new algorithm, called the voyager, that generates starting points for the traditional algorithms. All the agents communicate asynchronously, meaning that they can work in parallel without ever interrupting or delaying one another. The resulting scheme has potential for handling power system contingencies and other difficult global optimization problems. >
Introspection in System-Level Language Frameworks: Meta-Level vs. Integrated

Reflection and automated introspection of a design in system level design frameworks are seen as necessities for the CAD tools to manipulate the designs within the tools. These features are also useful for debuggers, class and object browsers, design analyzers, composition validation, type checking, compatibility checking, etc. However, the central question is whether such features should be integrated into the language, or if we should build frameworks which feature these capabilities in a meta-layer, leaving the system-level language intact. In our recent interactions with designers, we have found differing opinions. Especially in the context of SystemC, the temptation to integrate reflective APIs into the language is great, because C++ is expressive, and already has type introspective packages available. In this paper, we analyze this issue and show that (i) it is a better EDA system architecture to implement reflection/introspection at a meta-layer in a design framework (ii) there are relatively unexplored territories of design automation, such as behavioral typing of component interfaces, corresponding type-theory, and their implication in automating component composition, interface synthesis, and validation, which can be better incorporated if the introspection is implemented at a meta-layer.
Relationships between Δ14C and the molecular quality of dissolved organic carbon in rivers draining to the coast from the conterminous United States

[1] Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters possesses chemical and molecular qualities indicative of its source and age. The apportionment of DOC by age into millennial and decadal pools is necessary to understand the temporal connection between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. We measured Δ14C-DOC and chemical composition indices (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254), fluorescence index (FI), hydrophobic organic acid fraction (HPOA) content) for 15 large river basins in the conterminous United States. Across all rivers the average proportion of HPOA in DOC correlated strongly with SUVA254 (r2 = 0.93 p Modern) in the Altamaha River for the year 2009. When adjusted by total discharge, these U.S. Rivers export modern carbon at between 34 and 46‰, a signal dominated by the Mississippi River. The variation in Δ14C correlates to indices of the aromaticity of the DOC measured by the SUVA254 (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.001), and FI (r2 = 0.6; p < 0.001) as well as differences in annual river discharge (r2 = 0.46, p < 0.006). SUVA254 was further correlated to broad scale vegetation phenology estimated from the Enhanced Vegetation Index derived from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). We show that basins with high discharge, high proportions of vegetation cover, and low human population densities export DOC enriched in aromatic material that corresponds to recently fixed atmospheric CO2. Conversely old DOC is exported from low discharge watersheds draining arid regions, and watersheds more strongly impacted by humans. The potential influence from fossil carbon from human inputs to aquatic systems may be important and requires more research.
Unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated gynecologic care in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules.

Abstract Objective: To measure gynecologic resources required to care for women who have unexpected vaginal bleeding while using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Design: A retrospective cohort study based on review of medical records. Setting: A large health maintenance organization. Patient(s): We studied 284 women using continuous combined HRT and 306 women receiving cyclic HRT. Main Outcome Measure(s): We noted episodes of unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated clinic visits and gynecologic procedures recorded during a mean follow-up period of 2 years. Result(s): Among women using cyclic HRT for the first time, 38.3% had ≥1 visit for unexpected bleeding and 12.3% had ≥1 endometrial biopsy. Among women starting continuous combined HRT, 41.6% had ≥1 visit for unexpected bleeding and 20.1% had ≥1 endometrial biopsy. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, we found that recipients of cyclic and continuous combined HRT had similar risks of unexpected bleeding and endometrial biopsy. However, among women continuing HRT for >2 years, those using the continuous combined regimen had somewhat lower rates of unexpected bleeding (22.3 events per 100 patient-years) and endometrial biopsy (10.3 events per 100 patient-years) than those using the cyclic regimen (37.8 episodes of unexpected bleeding per 100 patient-years and 13.9 endometrial biopsies per 100 patient-years). Conclusion(s): Unexpected vaginal bleeding and the gynecologic resources required to manage it decreased after 2 years in women using continuous combined HRT but did not decline among those using cyclic HRT.
Scarcity effects on value: A quantitative review of the commodity theory literature

Commodity theory (Brock, 1968) deals with the psychological effects of scarcity. According to the theory, scarcity enhances the value (or desirability) of anything that can be possessed, is useful to its possessor, and is transferable from one person to another. This article introduces commodity theory to the marketing literature, reports a meta-analysis of studies designed to test the theory, and discusses the marketing implications of the theory along with suggestions for future marketing research.
Aggression and RHP in the Northern Swordtail Fish, Xiphophorus cortezi: The Relationship Between Size and Contest Dynamics in Male–Male Competition

Current theory predicts that contest outcome, as well as decisions on whether to initiate a contest, escalate during a contest or retreat are decided by asymmetries in resource holding potential (RHP) and/or expected payoffs between contestants. In this investigation, dyadic contests were staged between male swordtail fish (Xiphophorus cortezi) where individuals were paired based on cumulative fight records and were ranked at the end of the trials in order to approximate RHP. Size was the only asymmetry that I did not attempt to control for and as a result, I was able to determine the relationships between size, contest initiation, escalation and outcome. Individuals changed their contest initiation strategy based on their size relative to that of their opponents, and contrary to predictions, the smaller of the two males in each contest was more likely to initiate the conflict than was the larger male. However, the larger of the two males was more likely to win and standard length proved to be a moderate predictor of an individual's final rank. Regardless of size, initiators fared poorly, winning only 31% of the contests. In instances where the smaller males won the contests, they were no more likely to initiate the encounter than was the larger male. However, when small males did win, fights lasted longer, suggesting that in some cases smaller males may be able to outlast their opponents.
Nurses' use of the media to provide public health information during a hepatitis A outbreak.

s t t s u r w T WAS FRIDAY AFTERNOON, and, although we were still in our offices at Robert Morris Uniersity, thoughts drifted to plans for the upcoming eekend. And then, the long shadow of Mark Weintein, our public relations director, appeared in the allway. Now, the fact that he did not call but came to ur offices clearly indicated to us that he had somehing important to talk about. We were not wrong. A ocal television station was looking for health care exerts who would be willing to answer questions this vening on a live call-in talk show about the recent ocal hepatitis A outbreak. Hepatitis A had been conracted by hundreds of patrons at a popular chain resaurant in a local mall. It had served thousands of peole over the several weeks before the outbreak. This epatitis A outbreak turned out to be the largest ever in he United States. Therefore, many people were rushng to receive immunoglobulin injections to prevent ontracting the disease. Others, with symptoms, were eeking advice for protecting family members. There as much confusion about basic issues of transmission, isk, and prevention. We were motivated to respond to the request for nformation for several reasons. Most importantly, as urses, one of our key functions is to provide current nd accurate health care information to the public, but
Outbreak of coinfection with human metapneumovirus and measles virus resulting in the death of a child at a hospital in China

Two children with different digestive diseases were admitted to the gastroenterology department of a children's hospital in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, in May 2010. They manifested successively acute lower respiratory tract infection symptoms during their stay in the hospital. The epidemiologic and experimental evidence supports that one child acquired nosocomial coinfection with measles virus and human metapneumovirus from another child while they shared the same ward.
Efficient resonant drive of flapping-wing robots

Flapping-wing air vehicles can improve efficiency by running at resonance to reduce inertial costs of accelerating and decelerating the wings. For battery-powered, DC motor-driven systems with gears and cranks, the drive torque and velocity is a complicated function of battery voltage. Hence, resonant behavior is not as well defined as for flapping-wing systems with elastic actuators. In this paper, we analyze a resonant drive to reduce average battery power consumption for DC motor-driven flapping-wing robots. We derive a nondimensionalized analysis of the generic class of a motor-driven slider crank, considering motor and battery resistance. This analysis is used to demonstrate the benefits of efficient resonant drive on a 5.8g flapping-wing robot and experiments showed a 30% average power reduction by integrating a tuned compliant element.
Structural Equilibrium Characterization in the 'Perpetual Race to Stay Ahead'

I find new results for the `Perpetual Race' analyzed in Horner 2004. The 'Perpetual Race' is an infinite horizon stochastic state space game for which Markov Perfect equilibria are characterized. My results characterize equilibrium strategy structure in a previously unexplored parameter region (spillovers) and offer a new impatience condition for the case examined by Horner (no spillovers). The technique, a generalization of an argument of Horner, uses the fact that a necessary condition for optimality is that an equilibrium strategy is deviation proof with respect to adjacent state pairs.
Radiation effects on luminescent coupling in III–V solar cells

Advances in the architecture of GaInP solar cells have recently lead to ∼21% conversion efficiencies under the global spectrum due to high radiative efficiencies, and the resulting strong luminescent coupling in GaInP/GaAs tandems has lead to record dual-junction efficiencies. The suitability of these newer GaInP cells to space applications has not been examined, however. Here we present a study to compare the radiation hardness of rear-heterojunction and more traditional GaInP junctions and the resulting luminescent coupling. Pairs of GaInP/GaAs tandem cells were irradiated with 1 MeV electrons at fluences up to 1015 e/cm2. The cells were thoroughly characterized, before and after irradiation, by measuring the quantum efficiency, IV characteristics, electroluminescence and luminescent coupling. We find the luminescent coupling to be unchanged below ∼1013 e/cm2, and to decrease to zero by 1015 e/cm2. For all fluence levels, the rear heterojunction structure had a higher coupling constant than the front junction structure. Despite these advantages, the efficiency degraded at the same rate for both structures.
Promoting Economic Justice in the Face of Globalization

This paper offers recommendations about how we can promote economic justice in the face of globalization. At the outset this paper discusses the dramatic increase in earnings and income inequality since the 1970s, about the time when globalization took off. Next, this paper considers the government's role in countering the free market's tendency to push us toward greater and greater economic inequality. Finally, this paper offers a few recommendations about how our government can promote economic justice in the face of globalization. More specifically, we should fix the tax system, reform the welfare system, restructure the Social Security system, move to a mandatory universal pension system, provide universal health care coverage, and move to full employment.
Pattern Analysis of Acoustical Behavior in Four Species of Ground Squirrels

Acoustical behaviors of Spermophilus armatus, S. columbianus, S. elegans, S. richardsonii , and S. elegans × S. richardsonii hybrids were studied in an area of sympatry in southwestern Montana. Calls, categorized as chirps, churrs, squeals, growls, and teeth-clatters, were described in detail; further distinctions were noted for some taxa. Audiospectrograms were coded into two-dimensional arrays for correlation, and subsequent cluster analysis of call syllable patterns determined both within-call structure, and phenetic relationships between species. Tests to determine whether chirp, churr, and preface syllables paralleled systematic relationships were inconclusive but chirp calls seemed to be convergent where species were sympatric while churr calls seemed unaffected.
EVOLUTION OF THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE UNDERLYING FITNESS IN THE PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITO, WYEOMYIA SMITHII.

We examined the genetic basis for evolutionary divergence among geographic populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, using protein electrophoresis and line-cross analysis. Line-cross experiments were performed under both low density, near-optimal conditions, and at high, limiting larval densities sufficient to reduce fitness (rc ) in parental populations by approximately 50%. We found high levels of electrophoretic divergence between ancestral and derived populations, but low levels of divergence between two ancestral populations and between two derived populations. Assessed under near-optimal conditions, the genetic divergence of fitness (rc ) between ancestral and derived populations, but not between two derived populations or between two ancestral populations, has involved both allelic (dominance) and genic (epistatic) interactions. The role of dominance and epistasis in the divergence of rc among populations affects its component traits in a pattern that is unique to each cross. Patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of W. smithii provide evidence for a topographically complex "adaptive landscape" as envisioned by Wright in his "shifting balance" theory of evolution. Although we cannot definitively rule out the role of deterministic evolution in the divergence of populations on this landscape, ecological inference and genetic data are more consistent with a stochastic than a deterministic process. At high, limiting larval density, hybrid vigor is enhanced and the influence of epistasis disappears. Thus, under stressful conditions, the advantages to fitness due to hybrid heterozygosity can outweigh the deleterious effects of fragmented gene complexes. These results have important implications for the management of inbred populations. Outbreeding depression assessed in experimental crosses under benign lab, zoo, or farm conditions may not accurately reveal the increased advantages of heterozygosity in suboptimal or marginal conditions likely to be found in nature.
Reelin Proteolysis Affects Signaling Related to Normal Synapse Function and Neurodegeneration.

Reelin is a neurodevelopmental protein important in adult synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Recent evidence points to the importance for Reelin proteolysis in normal signaling and in cognitive function. Support for the dysfunction of Reelin proteolysis in neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction comes from postmortem analysis of Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) tissues including cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), showing that levels of Reelin fragments are altered in AD compared to control. Potential key proteases involved in Reelin proteolysis have recently been defined, identifying processes that could be altered in neurodegeneration. Introduction of full-length Reelin and its proteolytic fragments into several mouse models of neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatric disorders quickly promote learning and memory. These findings support a role for Reelin in learning and memory and suggest further understanding of these processes are important to harness the potential of this pathway in treating cognitive symptoms in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND THEIR EXPLANATION

Summary Patterns of species diversity and equitability, and the hypotheses suggested to explain them are examined in the terrestrial and marine environments, and the fossil record. Although all the hypotheses are important in explaining diversity, none of them singularly or in various combinations are sufficient to explain the observed patterns. Quantification of the variables suggested to explain the observations will no doubt help clarify and give more credibility to the explanation of diversity, but such studies are only in their infancy. Even the most casual observer notices that all parts of the globe do not contain the same number of species. The great increase in the number of species with decrease in latitude is particularly striking and has been the subject of discussion among biologists for many years. Among the most popular hypotheses suggested to explain this and other observed patterns of species diversity are time-stability-competition-predation-productivity-spa- tial heterogeneity and their various subcombinations (see Pianka 1966, for a review). Recently, there has been an increasing trend toward utilizing not only the number of species present but also measures which take into account the relative abundance of species (species dominance or equitability) as an aspect of species diversity. In this way the observer can utilize the information which previously could only be tabled as a listing of relative abundances. Although some studies of diversity arbitrarily group data from various habitats, such as the number of species present in large quadrats, there has been an increasing trend toward studying species diversity within habitats, and comparing trends between these habitats. In the present paper we will utilize data from both approaches. The purpose of the present study is to review recent and fossil patterns of species diversity and to attempt to make some assessment of our progress in explaining the observed patterns. It is by no means intended to be complete review of all papers dealing with species diversity, as that would require a book of some length and a knowledge of the literature probably beyond the capacity of a single individual. Rather, it is an attempt to summarize the patterns and the adequacy of the hypotheses suggested to explain them from a number of selected papers.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF MEMBERS OF THE VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS COMPLEX

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic examination of viruses selected from the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) complex revealed distinct strain to strain differences in profiles of the two virion envelope proteins. The core protein was identical in all viruses tested. We detected five electrophoretic patterns into which the virus strains could be classified and these were designated alpha (alpha), beta (beta), gamma (gamma), delta (delta), and episolon (episolon). Isolates representing variant E of subtype I exhibited a profile characterized by only one apparent envelope band. The epizootic subtypes I-A, I-B, I-C and the sylvatic subtype II viruses contained at least two envelope proteins which differed in molecular weight according to virus strain but which were not necessarily specific for antigenic variety. These results generally, though not uniformly, support the serologic classification of the VEE virus complex and suggested that the usefulness of the classification scheme could be complemented by the inclusion of biochemical criteria.
A method for isolation of rat renal microvessels and mRNA localization.

The objective of this study was to develop a technique to identify and dissect segments of the rat renal microcirculation and to apply reverse transcription (RT) to specific mRNAs with subsequent amplification of the cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate gene expression. To circumvent the difficulty associated with visualizing specific microvessels, we intrarenally infused blue latex microparticles, 1-5 microns in diameter, with subsequent identification and microdissection of specific segments of the renal microvasculature under stereomicroscopy. To demonstrate its utility, we assessed expression of mRNAs encoding fibronectin and renin. As expected, mRNA encoding fibronectin was localized along the renal microcirculation, and mRNA encoding renin was primarily present in afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries. Identity of the amplified cDNA fragments was verified by sequencing. This perfusion-microdissection technique coupled to RT-PCR should be useful in the evaluation of gene expres...
Comparison of milligram scale deadweights to electrostatic forces

This paper presents a comparison of milligram scale deadweights to electrostatic forces via an electrostatic sensing & actuating force measurement system. The electrostatic sensing & actuating force measurement system is designed for measuring force below 200 mN with an uncertainty of few nanonewton. The force measurement system consists of three main components: a monolithic flexure stage, a three-electrode capacitor for position sensing and actuating and a digital controller. The principle of force measurement used in this system is a static force balance, i.e. a force to be measured is balanced by a precisely controlled, electrostatic force. Four weights of 1 mg to 10 mg were tested in this comparison. The results of the comparison showed that there exist extra stray electrostatic forces between the test weights and the force measurement system. This extra electrostatic force adds a bias force to the measurement result, and was different for each weight. In principle, this stray electrostatic force can be eliminated by installing a metal housing to isolate the test weight from the system. In the first section, we briefly introduce the electrostatic sensing and actuating force measurement system, and then we describe the experimental setup for the comparison and the results. Finally, we give a discussion and outlook.
Metabolic alterations after total body doses of x-radiation. II. Incorporation of deoxycytidylic and thymidylic acid into purified DNA and nuclei in presence of regenerating-liver supernatant.

Abstract The incorporation of [ 3 H]deoxycytidylic acid and [ 3 H]thymidylic acid into purified deoxyribonucleic acid was measured in the presence of regenerating liver supernatant obtained at various time intervals after partial hepatectomy. The animals were sacrificed either 6 h or 24 h after X-radiation. The results suggest that X-radiation interferes with the biosynthesis of the enzymes involved in the last steps of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The effect of X-radiation on the nucleus was also investigated by studying the incorporation of [ 3 H]deoxycytidylic acid into the deoxyribonucleic acid of regenerating liver nuclei (48 h after partial hepatectomy) obtained from animals sacrificed 24 h after the administration of 1500 R in vivo . The incorporation of the precursor was found to be considerably reduced by X-radiation.
Pain-Related Symptom Reporting Among Hispanics: Implications for Forensic Psychological Evaluations

Competent forensic psychologists constantly pursue the understanding of cultural differences. The purposes of this paper were to describe and explain the literature regarding the influences of the Hispanic culture on reports of pain-related symptoms and disabilities, and to illustrate ways in which culture-specific factors can impact a forensic psychological evaluation that includes malingering identification. The reviewed literature indicates that, as a group, Hispanics do not consistently differ from other ethnic groups on pain-related symptom reports. However, when examining culture-specific indicators, individuals from a Puerto Rican background and those with high acculturation to the American culture tend to report more pain and psychological distress than non-Hispanic Whites and other Hispanic subgroups. Additionally, language barriers and cultural-structured views of health and illness seem to hinder help-seeking options among the Mexican and less-acculturated Hispanics. Based on these results, we discuss a number of recommendations to make forensic psychological evaluations more sensitive to differences in acculturation and country of heritage. By taking these within-culture characteristics into consideration, the forensic psychologist can most accurately comprehend the meanings associated with the Hispanic client’s pain-related experience.
Correction for deflections of the vertical at the runup site

The effects of unmodeled deflections of the vertical on aircraft inertial navigation system performance are considered. It is argued that, with few exceptions, the work on the area to date has ignored an important aspect, the correlated effects of deflections of the vertical at the runup site interacting with the systems's self-alignment algorithm. The author reviews statistical analysis and flight test results, examines the effects of self-alignment on navigation errors, and describes a methodology that applies appropriate corrections during self-alignment and static navigation testing, and removes those corrections during flight. An implementation that substantially reduced the resulting errors for navigation time of one or two Schuler cycles was successfully demonstrated during flight test of the Mini-GEANS (Gimbaled Electrostatic Gyro Aircraft Navigation System). >
Introduction: The Process and Pedagogy of Historical Theory

Historical Theory and Methods through Popular Music, 1970–2000: Those are the New Saints examines forms of late twentieth-century popular music from various schools of historical theory.