cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-reported Pain in Adolescents With Leukemia or a Brain Tumor: A Systematic Review

Background Given the changes adolescents experience in psychosocial domains as they transition from childhood to young adulthood, the experience of cancer at this time of life is likely to differ in regard to symptom manifestation and relative distress. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to examine self-reported pain among adolescents diagnosed with leukemia or a brain tumor. Methods Electronic searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews since inception to May 2014 were conducted. Search terms included pain; a second term including adolescent, juvenile, youth, child, or childhood; and a third term including cancer, leukemia, or brain tumor. Adolescents were defined as being 10 to 19 years of age. Results A total of 30 articles met inclusion criteria. Pain was reported associated with the cancer itself, with treatments, and with procedures and was assessed via a variety of measures and methods. Pain was also found to persist long after treatment completion. Conclusion Pain is a frequently reported symptom among adolescents with leukemia or a brain tumor. More consistent inclusion of established measures across studies could increase the availability of data suitable for meta-analyses while also providing information on which aspects of the pain experience are understudied. Implications for practice Rigorous assessment of pain should be conducted from diagnosis throughout the cancer continuum into long-term survivorship or end of life, with particular attention paid to before and after treatment procedures. Improved pain management incorporating behavioral and/or pharmacological strategies may result in improved quality of life for adolescents with cancer.
Using a Supply Chain Analysis To Assess the Sustainability of Farm-to-Institution Programs

Interest in local and sustainable food among colleges and universities has risen considerably in the last decade. This study focuses on how to foster farm-to-institution programs by exploring barriers, opportunities, and potential solutions from different perspectives in the supply chain. We use a values-based supply chain approach to see what unique insights can be offered to people developing and maintaining these programs. Three research methods — a national survey of college students, a survey of institutional food service buyers in California, and in-depth interviews of people in the California distribution system, including farmers, distributors, and food service buyers — are used to collect data and perspectives from throughout the supply chain. Using the concepts from supply chain literature of product flows, financial flows, and information flows, we highlight key insights for various participants in the supply chain. Strengthening information flows and building relationships that allow all parties to build trust over time emerged as one of the most important elements in the success of these values-based supply chains. Educational institutions and the media can support these chains by becoming the vehicles for ongoing exchange of information among supply chain partners and the public.
Promoting Comfort and Confidence With Conducting Research Through a Pluralistic Ignorance Project

This article documents a pluralistic ignorance project, which serves as an appropriate mid-level research experience for psychology students, and aims to foster students’ comfort and confidence with the research process. For the project, small groups of students utilized an established research paradigm to explore varied topics. After being assessed in a pilot study, the project was evaluated by a group of students enrolled in a social psychology course at various points throughout the assignment. Students reported broad enjoyment of the assignment and supported its future use. They also reported greater comfort and confidence with aspects of the research process (e.g., forming hypotheses, providing feedback to classmates). Data suggested the project has the potential to foster positive attitudes toward the research process, with potential long-term effects. Suggestions for customizing the pluralistic ignorance project are discussed.
The Late Second Coming of the Automobile

ABSTRACTThe automobile has produced dramatic changes in economy and lifestyles. It has generated a significant technology system and infrastructure, but it is my contention that the latter has become a symbol of yesterday's technology systems similar to tube-based televisions and electronics and the mainframe computer of recent times. Major technology and management systems changes are needed to bring the relative cost/price of an automobile back to the range of being a good value for the money to make it a competitive consumer product.
Clinical utility of assays for circulating immune complexes

There are now many assays for the quantification of circulating immune complexes, each with distinct specificity and sensitivity. In a wide variety of rheumatic, infectious, neoplastic, and metabolic conditions, levels of circulating immune complexes may be elevated. In select situations, determination of circulating immune complex levels may help clinicians in the management of their patients. In lupus erythematosus, circulating immune complex levels, in conjunction with other immune parameters, may provide more insight into the disease course and activity than assessment of end organ parameters alone. In the differential diagnosis of infective endocarditis, serial levels of circulating immune complexes may provide evidence of effectiveness or failure of treatment. There is evidence that assays for circulating immune complexes may be of potential benefit in the management of Lyme disease and acute myelogenous leukemia.
Position response preference following unilateral brain ablation in monkeys

Monkeys with surgical removal of the right hemisphere showed an ipsilateral position response preference greater than normal animals or animals with partial, right, prestriate-temporal decortications. While other factors may contribute to this bias, a visual field defect of homonymous hemianopsia appears to be primarily related to the performance reported.
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors on Skin Fibroblasts in Familial Affective Disorder

Cultured human skin fibroblasts possess muscarinic receptors with the properties of specific binding, saturability, pharmacologic specificity, inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase, and increased binding after incubation with an antagonist. The number of binding sites appears to be a stable characteristic of each cell line. We studied fibroblasts from 18 patients with a major affective disorder and found that they had a higher density of binding sites than cells from 12 normal controls. Fibroblasts from 18 relatives who had histories of major or minor affective disorder also had a higher density, and those from five normal relatives were similar to controls. These results, although still preliminary, suggest that increased cholinergic-receptor density may be associated with vulnerability to affective disorders in some familial cases.
New standard of next generation BUS——Real-time at a high speed ethernet PROFINET

To meet the high speed development of industry communication,PROFINE is a real-time solution on automation application.PROFINET can cover NRT,RT and IRT communication requirement.PROFINET is quick,simple,controllable,determinable industry communication.
Lessons from U.S. Coastal Wind Pools About Climate Finance and Politics

The financial costs of extreme weather are profound, not only in terms of the distress of those immediately affected but also in broader, more long-term macroeconomic and public budgetary effects. This Article focuses on the role that private and public insurance can play, both positively and negatively, on these effects. It also provides one of the most detailed analyses in the legal literature to date on the finances of three state residual-risk wind pools in the Gulf and Southeastern United States that have been created specifically with hurricane risks in mind.
The type 2 diabetes presumed causal variant within TCF7L2 resides in an element that controls the expression of ACSL5.

One of the most strongly associated type 2 diabetes loci reported to date resides within the TCF7L2 gene. Previous studies point to the T allele of rs7903146 in intron 3 as the causal variant at this locus. We aimed to identify the actual gene(s) under the influence of this variant. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease, we generated a 1.4 kb deletion of the genomic region harbouring rs7903146 in the HCT116 cell line, followed by global gene expression analysis. We then carried out a combination of circularised chromosome conformation capture (4C) and Capture C in cell lines, HCT116 and NCM460 in order to ascertain which promoters of these perturbed genes made consistent physical contact with this genomic region. We observed 99 genes with significant differential expression (false discovery rate [FDR] cut-off:10%) and an effect size of at least twofold. The subsequent promoter contact analyses revealed just one gene, ACSL5, which resides in the same topologically associating domain as TCF7L2. The generation of additional, smaller deletions (66 bp and 104 bp) comprising rs7903146 showed consistently reduced ACSL5 mRNA levels across all three deletions of up to 30-fold, with commensurate loss of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5 (ACSL5) protein. Notably, the deletion of this single-nucleotide polymorphism region abolished significantly detectable chromatin contacts with the ACSL5 promoter. We went on to confirm that contacts between rs7903146 and the ACSL5 promoter regions were conserved in human colon tissue. ACSL5 encodes ACSL5, an enzyme with known roles in fatty acid metabolism. This ‘variant to gene mapping’ effort implicates the genomic location harbouring rs7903146 as a regulatory region for ACSL5.
Collaborate and Innovate: The Impact of Academic Librarians on the Commercialization of University Technology

ABSTRACTThe University of Arizona Library, in collaboration with the campus commercialization unit, created a partnership that contributes to the early development of inventions in the commercialization pipeline. The library-commercialization business-intelligence workgroup was incorporated into the overall campus commercialization business-development workflow in 2014 and is comprised of librarians and commercialization professionals working together to provide insight and decision support for development of commercialization strategies for inventions emerging from university research that aligns with market drivers. These efforts are recognized by university leadership as critical to the strategic plan of the university. This article discusses the impact of the workgroup and how the group of librarians contributed to the development of new companies, new licenses, and financial impact of economic development at a large land-grant university and larger community.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Influenza Vaccine Uptake in US Children

BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly used in the United States. Although CAM is mostly used in conjunction with conventional medicine, some CAM practitioners recommend against vaccination, and children who saw naturopathic physicians or chiropractors were less likely to receive vaccines and more likely to get vaccine-preventable diseases. Nothing is known about how child CAM usage affects influenza vaccination. METHODS: This nationally representative study analyzed ∼9000 children from the Child Complementary and Alternative Medicine File of the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Adjusting for health services use factors, it examined influenza vaccination odds by ever using major CAM domains: (1) alternative medical systems (AMS; eg, acupuncture); (2) biologically-based therapies, excluding multivitamins/multiminerals (eg, herbal supplements); (3) multivitamins/multiminerals; (4) manipulative and body-based therapies (MBBT; eg, chiropractic manipulation); and (5) mind–body therapies (eg, yoga). RESULTS: Influenza vaccination uptake was lower among children ever (versus never) using AMS (33% vs 43%; P = .008) or MBBT (35% vs 43%; P = .002) but higher by using multivitamins/multiminerals (45% vs 39%; P < .001). In multivariate analyses, multivitamin/multimineral use lost significance, but children ever (versus never) using any AMS or MBBT had lower uptake (respective odds ratios: 0.61 [95% confidence interval: 0.44–0.85]; and 0.74 [0.58–0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Children who have ever used certain CAM domains that may require contact with vaccine-hesitant CAM practitioners are vulnerable to lower annual uptake of influenza vaccination. Opportunity exists for US public health, policy, and medical professionals to improve child health by better engaging parents of children using particular domains of CAM and CAM practitioners advising them.
Using everyday objects to engage students in standards education

This paper describes an innovative approach to standards education in an undergraduate mechanical engineering technology design course. The work is focused on making standards appeal to students by using “everyday objects” (e.g. toaster, ladder, grill, etc.) as catalysts to introduce the topic of standards in a way that connects to students' daily lives. The project involves instructor-librarian collaboration to incorporate information literacy and campus library resources into the standards curricula, so that students not only become familiar with standards resources, but also proficient at searching for and locating the documents. Preliminary results and observations indicate this is an effective approach to introduce the topic of technical standards in design courses.
Reimagining the Wheel: Detention and Release of Non-State Actors under the Geneva Conventions

After more than a decade of sustained armed conflict, the international community continues to struggle with the issues posed by non-State actors participating in hostilities. Issues range from the micro, of if and when individuals may be targeted and detained, to the macro if not meta level of which legal regime to apply. This chapter considers detention from a pragmatic approach and proposes that the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols I and II, outmoded and seemingly inapplicable though they are in some respects, offer the most thorough, humane, realistic and readily available option for determining how to treat and when to release non-State actors detained during armed conflict.
How many or how much? Testing the relative influence of the number of social network risks versus the amount of time exposed to social network risks on post-treatment substance use.

Abstract Background Having high-risk, substance-using friends is associated with young adult substance use disorder (SUD) relapse. It is unclear, however, whether it is the total number of high-risk friends, or the amount of time spent with high-risk friends that leads to relapse. Unclear also, is to what extent low-risk friends buffer risk. This study examined the influence of number of high-risk and low-risk friends, and the amount time spent with these friends on post-treatment percent days abstinent (PDA). Method Young adult inpatients ( N = 302) were assessed at intake, and 3, 6, and 12 months on social network measures and PDA. Mixed models tested for effects of number of high- and low-risk friends, and time spent with these friends on PDA, and for net-risk friend effects to test whether low-risk friends offset risk. Results Within and across assessments, number of, and time spent with high-risk friends was negatively associated with PDA, while the inverse was true for low-risk friends. Early post-treatment, time spent with friends more strongly predicted PDA than number of friends. Participants were more deleteriously affected by time with high-risk friends the longer they were out of treatment, while contemporaneously protection conferred by low-risk friends increased. This interaction effect, however, was not observed with number of high- or low-risk friends, or number of friends net-risk. Conclusions Young adult SUD patients struggling to break ties with high-risk friends should be encouraged to minimize time with them. Clinicians should also encourage patients to grow their social network of low-risk friends.
The role of ultrasonic cavitation in refining the microstructure of aluminum based nanocomposites during the solidification process

Abstract Recent studies showed that the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum based nanocomposites can be significantly improved when ultrasonic cavitation and solidification processing is used. This is because ultrasonic cavitation processing plays an important role not only in degassing and dispersion of the nanoparticles, but also in breaking up the dendritic grains and refining the as-cast microstructure. In the present study, A356 alloy and Al2O3 nanoparticles are used as the matrix alloy and the reinforcement, respectively. Nanoparticles were added into the molten A356 alloy and dispersed via ultrasonic cavitation processing. Ultrasonic cavitation was applied over various temperature ranges during molten alloy cooling and solidification to investigate the grain structure formation and the nanoparticle dispersion behavior. Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to investigate in detail the differences in the microstructure characteristics and the nanoparticle distribution. Experimental results indicated that the ultrasonic cavitation processing and Al2O3 nanoparticles play an important role for microstructure refinement. In addition, it was shown in this study that the Al2O3 nanoparticles modified the eutectic phase.
The Evolution of Mammalian Brains from Early Mammals to Present-Day Primates

The changes in brains as they evolved from early mammals to modern humans involved a great expansion of overall brain size and especially neocortex. Early mammals were small, and their small brains had a proportionately small cap of neocortex divided into approximately 20 functionally distinct areas. Numbers of areas and the size of the cortical sheet increased with the first primates and contained 40–50 cortical areas. Overall the six million years of the evolution of modern humans from early bipedal apes, brains evolved from a great ape size of 400 cc to roughly 1400 cc, with neocortex having an estimated 200 cortical areas occupying 80% of the brain. This cortical mass of 16 billion neurons, together with a high level of hemispheric specialization, appears to be critically involved in mediating the impressive cognitive abilities of modern humans.
Effect of dislocation density-twin interactions on twin growth in AZ31 as revealed by explicit crystal plasticity finite element modeling

Abstract In this work, we employ the recently developed framework for the explicit modeling of discrete twin lamellae within a three-dimensional (3D) crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model to examine the effects of dislocation densities in the twin domain on twin thickening. Simulations are carried out for 1 ¯ 012 " open=" 10 1 ¯ 1 extension twins in a magnesium AZ31 alloy. The model for the twin lamellae accounts for the crystallographic twin-matrix orientation relationship and characteristic twin shear transformation strain. The calculations for the mechanical fields as a result of twinning consider that one of three types of twin-dislocation density interactions have occurred. One case assumes that the expanding twin retains in its domain the same dislocation density as the parent. The second one considers that twin expansion has lowered the dislocation density as the twin thickens, and the last one, the Basinski effect, assumes that when twin sweeps the region, the dislocation density incorporated in the twin domain is amplified. In the modeling approach, the twin is thickened according to a criterion that maintains the stress state in the vicinity of the grain at a pre-defined characteristic twin resistance. The calculations show that most of the averaged properties, such as the rate of dislocation storage in the entire twin grain, the twin growth rate, the stress field in the twinned grain and neighboring grains, and the slip activity in the parent matrix are not significantly altered by dislocation storage in the twin. The results indicate that, however, the slip activity in the twinned domain is affected. In particular, in the increased dislocation density case, the rate of dislocation density in the twin domain increases at low strains when the twin is first growing from 2% to 5% volume fraction. This initial boost in the dislocation density storage rate causes the newly expanded dislocation twin to contain more stored dislocations than the other cases for all strain levels. Another interesting difference concerns the preference for one or two twins for the same total twin volume fraction; for the increased dislocation twin or twin that retains the dislocation density as it grows, formation of two twins is favored. For a twin that removes dislocation density, only one twin is preferred. The results imply that in the case with reduced dislocation density leads to lower stored dislocations and dislocation storage rates, and lower pyramidal slip activity.
Insights into Activation of Cobalt Pre-Catalysts for C(sp2)-H Functionalization.

The activation of readily prepared, air-stable cobalt (II) bis(carboxylate) pre-catalysts for the functionalization of C(sp2)-H bonds has been systematically studied. With the pyridine bis(phosphine) chelate, iPrPNP, treatment of 1-(O2CtBu)2 with either B2Pin2 or HBPin generated cobalt boryl products. With the former, reduction to (iPrPNP)CoIBPin was observed while with the latter, oxidation to the cobalt(III) dihydride boryl, trans-(iPrPNP)Co(H)2BPin occurred. The catalytically inactive cobalt complex, Co[PinB(O2CtBu)2]2, accompanied formation of the cobalt-boryl products in both cases. These results demonstrate that the pre-catalyst activation from cobalt(II) bis(carboxylates), although effective and utilizes an air-stable precursor, is less efficient than activation of cobalt(I) alkyl or cobalt(III) dihydride boryl complexes, which are quantitatively converted to the catalytically relevant cobalt(I) boryl. Related cobalt(III) dihydride silyl and cobalt(I) silyl complexes were also synthesized from treatment of trans-(iPrPNP)Co(H)2BPin and (iPrPNP)CoPh with HSi(OEt)3, respectively. No catalytic silylation of arenes was observed with either complex likely due to the kinetic preference for reversible C-H reductive elimination rather than product- forming C-Si bond formation from cobalt(III). Syntheses of the cobalt(II) bis(carboxylate) and cobalt(I) alkyl of iPrPONOP, a pincer where the methylene spacers have been replaced by oxygen atoms, were unsuccessful due to deleterious P-O bond cleavage of the pincer. Despite their structural similarity, the rich catalytic chemistry of iPrPNP was not translated to iPrPONOP due to the inability to access stable cobalt precursors as a result of ligand decomposition via P-O bond cleavage.
Fanny Calderón de la Barca: The Power and Privilege of Observation

Frances Erskine Inglis, popularly known as Fanny Calderon de la Barca, traveled to Mexico with her husband, first Spanish Ambassador to Mexico, where the couple lived for two and a half years. Her narrative, Life in Mexico (1843), is informed by her Scottish origins, her role as the wife of a Spanish diplomat and an unofficial researcher for William H. Prescott, renowned US historian and family friend. This chapter analyzes the ways in which Calderon de la Barca negotiates these multiple perspectives in her portrayal of Mexico. Her discussions of independence, modernization, women’s roles in society, and religion, among other topics, reveal how women used travel narratives to engage with the transnational political and cultural debates of nation building during post-independence.
Surgical re-excision vs. observation for histologically dysplastic naevi: a systematic review of associated clinical outcomes

Background The management of histologically dysplastic naevi (HDN) with re-excision vs. observation remains controversial because of lack of evidence about associated melanoma outcomes. Objectives To assess published data on the development of biopsy-site primary cutaneous melanoma among biopsy-proven HDN managed with either re-excision or observation. Methods A systematic review of all published data: a total of 5293 records were screened, 18 articles were assessed in full text and 12 studies met inclusion criteria. No controlled trials were identified. Results Most studies (11 of 12, 92%) were retrospective chart reviews, and one was both a cross-sectional and cohort study. Many studies (nine of 12, 75%) had no head-to-head comparison groups and either only reported HDN that were re-excised or observed. A total of 2673 (1535 observed vs. 1138 re-excised) HDN of various grades were included. Follow-up varied between 2 weeks and 30 years. Nine studies reported that no melanomas developed. Eleven biopsy-site melanomas developed across three of the studies, six among observed lesions (0·39%) and five among re-excised lesions (0·44%). Conclusions Based upon the available evidence the rates of biopsy-site primary melanoma were similarly low among observed lesions and re-excised lesions. This suggests that HDNs can be observed with minimal adverse melanoma-associated outcomes. However, all included articles were of low quality and further prospective trials could better guide clinical decision making.
Where exactly are the difficulties in reasoning logically about code? experimentation with an online system

CS students can typically reason about what a piece of code does on specific inputs. While this is a useful starting point, graduates must also be able to logically analyze, comprehend, and predict the behavior of their code in more general terms, no matter what the inputs are. Results of data collection and analysis from an online educational system show it can help to pinpoint the difficulties in doing this for individual students and groups, and to partition the groups in terms of their difficulties so that instructional interventions may be better targeted. Unlike traditional debugging, this online system helps reveal difficulties in reasoning in more general terms because it is equipped with a verification engine.
Are Electricity Markets Getting Closer Together

Over the past decade, there have been a large number of papers that have attempted to show that energy markets have grown more integrated. The articles attempt to infer that, because the correlation (in various forms) of prices between markets has increased during the several ten years, there has been a reduction in the transaction costs between markets. This article suggests that a more appropriate modeling technique, based on the theory of arbitrage, is better suited to answering this question. The methodology is then applied to electricity markets in the Western United States.
Is Exposure to Violence a Persistent Risk Factor for Offending across the Life Course? Examining the Contemporaneous, Acute, Enduring, and Long-term Consequences of Exposure to Violence on Property Crime, Violent Offending, and Substance Use:

Objectives:To examine the contemporaneous (cross-sectional), acute (1 year), enduring (5–7 years), and long-term (12–13 years) effects of exposure to violence on offending behaviors.Methods:We anal...
Mechanical Properties and Electronic Transport in Carbon Nanotubes

The field of carbon nanotubes is undergoing an explosive growth due to both the intrinsic interest in these molecular structures and their technological promise in, e.g., high strength, light weight materials, superstrong fibers, novel nanometer scale electronic and mechanical devices, catalysts, and energy storage. Despite the potential impact that nanotubes could have in many areas of science and industry, the characterization of their mechanical and electrical properties is still incomplete. We show that nanotubes under high strain conditions can undergo a variety of atomic transformations, often occurring via successive bond rotations. The barrier for the rotation is dramatically lowered by strain. While very high strain rates must lead to breakage, (n,m) nanotubes with can display plastic flow under suitable conditions. This occurs through the formation of a 5–7–7–5 defect, which then splits into two 5–7 pairs. The index of the tube changes between the 5–7 pairs, potentially leading to metal-semiconductor junctions. We have also computed quantum conductances of strained tubes, defects, and nanotube junctions, since these deformations are likely to occur when nanotubes are used to form nanoscale electronic devices. The results show that the defect density and the contacts play key roles in reducing the conductance at the Fermi energy, while bending and mechanical deformations affect differently the conductance of achiral and chiral nanotubes. Our results are in good agreement with recent experimental data.
Unbundling Too Big to Fail

Since the 2008 financial crisis, the problem of financial institutions being "too big to fail," or TBTF, has been front and center in the public debate over the reform and regulation of the financial industry. Commentators across the political spectrum decried bailouts of the biggest Wall Street financial institutions, arguing that bailouts would establish too big to fail as public policy. When it was time for reform, legislators tried to address this problem, and even incorporated into the full title of the Dodd-Frank Act that one of the bill’s purposes was "to end 'too big to fail.'" Yet more than five years after the financial crash, the biggest banks are 37 percent larger than they were before, and the debate over what to do about the size of financial institutions continues. Policy proposals range from improving resolution mechanisms, to more stringent prudential standards such as leverage limits, to charging fees to eliminate the implicit government subsidy the biggest banks receive, to capping the size of the banks, to instituting a new Glass-Steagall Act. Each approach is hotly contested, with commentators frequently arguing that the proposed solution will not actually fix the problem of financial institutions that are too big to fail. The problem at the heart of the debate over too big to fail is that the popular moniker has come to mean more than the concern that big firms get a government bailout in the event of failure. It captures a variety of concerns with the financial industry: economic, competitive, systemic, firm level, political, legal, and regulatory. This report identifies the full range of reasons reformers might be worried about TBTF. It then describes the various policy options that are most frequently discussed with regard to reforming TBTF, and it connects the specific reforms to the concerns they address. To make progress, reformers and critics alike need to engage in a more precise debate. Critics too often dismiss reforms without fully addressing the concerns reformers seek to address, and when outlining proposals, reformers could be clearer about the problems they seek to solve. Ultimately, people will disagree about what aspects of TBTF are most concerning to them. But the first step toward a more meaningful debate over reform requires greater clarity about the particular concern — or concerns — with big financial institutions and the specific solutions that address those concerns.
Overturning of nonlinear compressional and shear waves subject to power-law attenuation or relaxation

Abstract Despite accounting for certain loss mechanisms, model equations for nonlinear compressional and shear waves may predict waveform overturning (multivalued waveforms) when the source amplitude exceeds a critical value. Waveform overturning reveals that essential physics is not represented in the mathematical model. To restore physical relevance when overturning occurs, the model must be supplemented by weak-shock theory or augmented to include an additional loss mechanism. The present work determines the critical source amplitudes associated with two loss operators, one that accounts for power-law attenuation and the accompanying dispersion, and the other for relaxation. Radiation of a progressive plane wave from a monofrequency source is assumed. Both compressional and shear waves are considered, corresponding to quadratic and cubic nonlinearity, respectively. The model equations are transformed into intrinsic coordinates [Hammerton and Crighton, J. Fluid Mech 252, 585 (1993)], enabling numerical simulation of waveform evolution up to and beyond the distance at which the time derivative of the waveform first becomes infinite, denoting the onset of waveform overturning. It is found that attenuation coefficients that are proportional to frequency raised to a power less than unity, as well as the attenuation and dispersion corresponding to a single relaxation mechanism, are insufficient to prevent waveform overturning at all source amplitudes. In the parameter space for which overturning occurs, the distance at which an infinite derivative first appears in the time waveform is determined as a function of source amplitude.
Psychiatric genetics researchers' views on offering return of results to individual participants

In the middle of growing consensus that genomics researchers should offer to return clinically valid, medically relevant, and medically actionable findings identified in the course of research, psychiatric genetics researchers face new challenges. As they uncover the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders through genome-wide association studies and integrate whole genome and whole exome sequencing to their research, there is a pressing need for examining these researchers' views regarding the return of results (RoR) and the unique challenges for offering RoR from psychiatric genetics research. Based on qualitative interviews with 39 psychiatric genetics researchers from different countries operating at the forefront of their field, we provide an insider's view of researchers' practices regarding RoR and the most contentious issues in psychiatry researchers' decision-making around RoR, including what are the strongest ethical, scientific, and practical arguments for and against offering RoR from this research. Notably, findings suggest that psychiatric genetics researchers (85%) overwhelmingly favor offering RoR of at least some findings, but only 22% of researchers are returning results. Researchers identified a number of scientific and practical concerns about RoR, and about how to return results in a responsible way to patients diagnosed with a severe psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, findings help highlight areas for further discussion and resolution of conflicts in the practice of RoR in psychiatric genetics research. As the pace of discovery in psychiatric genetics continues to surge, resolution of these uncertainties gains greater urgency to avoid ethical pitfalls and to maximize the positive impact of RoR.
Acute Pain Management in Older Adults

Acute and chronic pain is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients, especially among those admitted for surgery or cancer. It is also very common among general medical inpatients with more than 50% experiencing significant amounts of pain during their hospitalization (Cascinu et al., Support Care Cancer. 11:587–592, 2003; Whelan et al., Arch Intern Med. 164:175–180, 2004). Moreover, there appears to be important variation in the quality of pain assessment and treatment for hospitalized patients, especially older adults.
ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Monitoring and patient education-2018

Purpose The results of the 2018 ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings are presented. Methods Pharmacy directors at 4,897 general and children's medical-surgical hospitals in the United States were surveyed using a mixed-mode method of contact by mail and email. Survey completion was online using Qualtrics. IMS Health supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from IMS's hospital database. Results The response rate was 16.6%. The percentage of hospitals that routinely have pharmacists assigned to provide drug therapy management has increased. Transitions-of-care processes have generally increased over the last 6 years. The percentage of hospitals with pharmacists in a wide variety of clinic types and clinical practice areas has increased over the last 2 years. Opioid stewardship programs are emerging in many U.S. hospitals, with pharmacists participating or taking the lead in program implementation. Outsourcing of compounded sterile product preparation is common. The proportion of hospitals not using any technology when compounding sterile preparations has declined. Pharmacy departments commonly track and monitor trends for administrative, operational, quality, and outcome metrics. Conclusion Pharmacists continue to improve drug therapy monitoring for patients in U.S. hospitals. They are also responding to public health issues related to medication use. These advancements include taking an active role in opioid stewardship programs, safe compounding of sterile medications for patients, and reducing the need for hospital-based care.
Outside the Hospital Walls: Associations of Value Based Care Metrics and Community Health Factors

As the healthcare industry shifts from traditional fee-for-service payment to value-based care models, the need to accurately quantify and compare the performance of institutions has become an integral component of both policy and research. To date, several notable metrics have been introduced, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaids Hospital Value Based Purchasing (HVBP) program. However, despite widespread adoption, these standards suffer from a fundamental oversight. Where the factors utilized to characterize performance reflect only intrinsic facets of an institutions care, capturing elements of mortality rates, patient satisfaction, outcomes, and spending. Yet, this approach is directly at odds with our current understanding of health and wellness, as it is well known that social, economic, and community factors are deeply intertwined with healthcare outcomes. To this end, with institutions spread across diverse geographic regions, our manuscript demonstrates that HVBP performance metrics do not exist in isolation. Rather, they possess strong associations to the community factors in which the institution resides. Aggregating a broad set of factors from disparate data sources, this work moves through the informatics pipeline. Identifying performance scoring profiles though clustering and employing robust linear models to uncover novel relationships and advance the discussion around the need for value-based care quality metrics.
High-order matrix-free incompressible flow solvers with GPU acceleration and low-order refined preconditioners

Abstract We present a matrix-free flow solver for high-order finite element discretizations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes and Stokes equations with GPU acceleration. For high polynomial degrees, assembling the matrix for the linear systems resulting from the finite element discretization can be prohibitively expensive, both in terms of computational complexity and memory. For this reason, it is necessary to develop matrix-free operators and preconditioners, which can be used to efficiently solve these linear systems without access to the matrix entries themselves. The matrix-free operator evaluations utilize GPU-accelerated sum-factorization techniques to minimize memory movement and maximize throughput. The preconditioners developed in this work are based on a low-order refined methodology with parallel subspace corrections, as described for diffusion problems in [1]. The saddle-point Stokes system is solved using block-preconditioning techniques, which are robust in mesh size, polynomial degree, time step, and viscosity. For the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, we make use of projection (fractional step) methods, which require Helmholtz and Poisson solves at each time step. The performance of our flow solvers is assessed on several benchmark problems in two and three spatial dimensions.
Communities of Grief: Surviving War in the Fiction of Ralph Salisbury

In That the People Might Live, Jace Weaver explains that “[i]n the case of Native Americans . . . grief can never be finally ‘abolished.’ Any Native scholarship or intellectual work must, however, take the ongoing and continual healing of this grief . . . as both a goal and a starting point. It must expand the definition of liberation to include survival. Natives engaged in literary production participate in this healing process” (34). Weaver also notes that “[t]he Cherokee can never forget the Trail of Tears . . . because its importance to heritage and identity are passed down through story from generation to generation. . . . so deeply engrained and psychologically embedded that one can describe it as being ‘in the blood’” (7). Taken together, Weaver’s claims that the experience of Removal is permanently embedded ‘in the blood’ of Cherokee citizens and, simultaneously, that Native literary production is a way of healing such perpetual grief, establish a useful framework for contextualizing Cherokee writer Ralph Salisbury’s short fiction. Salisbury documents the diverse ways in which war damages and isolates both soldiers and civilians—but, by recording and connecting those stories, he uses grief as a common ground upon which to rebuild fragmented communities; and, to borrow Weaver’s words, his stories begin the process of “ongoing and continual healing.” Salisbury’s last collection of stories, The Indian Who Bombed Berlin, wrestles with the continual grief that arises from his relatives’ stories of the Trail of Tears as well as the more immediate anguish of his own experiences fighting in World War II. Like the residual pain of Removal, this grief seems also to have been inherited. The stories define fathers, grandfathers, cousins, uncles, and brothers by the wars that they “survived”—a term that is seriously called into question as we encounter veterans who are missing fingers or eyes, who attack their families and contemplate suicide. At first glance, these stories seem only loosely connected to Cherokee culture and traditions. However, the references to the Trail of Tears and the steady stream of racism that Salisbury’s protagonists endure are only surface-level indicators of the “grief that can never be finally ‘abolished’” (Weaver 7). In fact, the collection is built on a foundation of Cherokee values, particularly the importance of community and storytelling. As a result, the stories construct multiple communities: first, a community of characters who appear and reappear, in slightly varied forms, from one story to the next; second, a community of warriors and veterans whose experiences, shared within and between stories, become the first step in the healing process that takes place through literary production; and third, as part of a larger conversation among writers—such as Leslie Marmon Silko and Jim Northrup—who tell the stories of Native veterans surviving American wars.
Warum eine wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung wichtig ist

Viele Denker haben bei ihrer Suche nach den besonderen Eigenschaften der Wissenschaft bei deren angeblich einzigartiger Methode angesetzt. Diese Vorgehensweise hat Kritik hervorgerufen. Denn es hat sich gezeigt, dass viele Wissenschaftler in der Praxis gar nicht die Arbeitsschritte anwenden, die Wissenschaftsphilosophen als die begrundende Basis dieser Arbeit ansehen. Das soll nicht heisen, es gebe keine wichtigen Faktoren in der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit, die eine grose Bedeutung fur den erkenntnistheoretischen Sonderstatus der Wissenschaft haben konnten.
Interactions Among Donors'Aid Allocations: Evidence from an Exogenous World Bank Income Threshold

This study investigates the effects of the World Bank's exogenously-determined income threshold for eligibility for concessionary International Development Association (IDA) loans on the allocations of bilateral donors. The donors might interpret the World Bank's policies and allocations across recipients as informative signals of where their own aid might be used most effectively. Alternatively, other donors might compensate for reduced IDA allocations by increasing their own aid. This paper shows that the signaling effect dominates any crowding out effects. The analysis uses panel data with country fixed effects and finds that aid from the bilateral donor countries is significantly reduced after countries cross the IDA income cutoff, controlling for other determinants of aid. Allocations by other donors are not sensitive to actual IDA disbursements, only to the IDA income threshold. Because crossing the income cutoff for eligibility significantly reduces aid levels from other donors as well as from the World Bank, government officials in recipient countries may have an incentive to manipulate their national accounts data to understate per capita income when it is near the IDA threshold. However, tests for "bunching" of observations just below the income threshold find no evidence to support data manipulation concerns. These findings suggest that graduation from IDA should be an even more gradual process than it already is, to dampen the sharp drops in aid experienced by countries after crossing an arbitrary income threshold.
Ecological characteristics of epilithic and epiphytic Rhodobryum ontariense (Bryaceae) in western North Carolina1

Rhodobryum ontariense is a dendroid moss that occurs both as a facultative epilith and as a facultative epiphyte. A few studies have addressed its chemical constituents, but almost none have examined its ecological characteristics, even though it is a common and characteristic species of eastern deciduous forests. We collected data on substrate, patch size, chlorophyll content, overstory trees, and associated bryophytes of R. ontariense at three sites in western North Carolina: the Big Ivy area of Pisgah National Forest, Catawba Falls, and Dupont State Forest. Rhodobryum ontariense occurred mostly on rocks at Catawba Falls, mostly on trees at Dupont Forest, and nearly equally on rocks and trees at Big Ivy, where patch size did not differ between substrates. Epiphytic patches occurred most often on Liriodendron tulipifera and Quercus alba, and trees hosting epiphytic patches tended to be larger in diameter than trees nearest to epilithic patches. We documented 28 species of associated bryophytes, including 25 mosses and three liverworts. Eleven species (including all three liverworts) were only on rocks, eight were only on trees, and nine were on both rocks and trees. Only five species occurred at all three sites, including Thuidium delicatulum, which was the most common associate on both substrates, followed by Anomodon attenuatus. Chlorophyll levels did not differ between epilithic and epiphytic R. ontariense, suggesting that photosynthetic capacity was similar on both substrates.