cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antinociception following microinjection of dibutyryl cyclic nucleotides into the caudal reticular formation and periaqueductal gray of the rat brain.

Abstract The tail flick, paw pinch, and hot plate tests were used to assess changes in nociceptive threshold following microinjection of dibutyryl derivatives of cyclic nucleotides into areas of the central nervous system previously shown to be involved in modulation of nociceptive threshold and mediation of morphine analgesia. An elevation in the nociceptive threshold was observed on all three tests following administration of 10 μg dibutyryl cyclic 3':5' adenosine monophosphate (db cAMP) into the caudal brainstem reticular formation (CRF) and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Two μg db cAMP produced the same magnitude of analgesia but had a shorter duration of action. Twenty μg dibutyryl cyclic 3':5' guanosine monophosphate (db cGMP) produced analgesia on all three tests following microinjection at CRF sites but not at PAG sites. These data indicate that morphine analgesia and the antinociception produced by cyclic nucleotides may involve, at least in part, common neuronal substrates. However, the observed capacity of db cAMP to elevate nociceptive threshold does not support the hypothesis that the mechanism of morphine's analgesic action involves inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
Box-cox transformation in the analysis of combined effects of mixtures of chemicals

A new general approach to modelling the joint action of two non-interactive toxicants is considered. It is shown that the proposed method provides a more refined characterization of a mixture of two chemicals. The method is based on using the Box-Cox power transformation to derive the most suitable function of concentration to be used in a linear response function obtained from a linearizing transformation. The concepts of concentration and response additivity as two extreme cases of additive joint action are discussed and used to demonstrate the ideas of an “envelope of additivity”. Two examples are used to provide further illustration of the proposed approach.
Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes.

We used the high local electric fields at the junction between the suspended and supported parts of a single carbon nanotube molecule to produce unusually bright infrared emission under unipolar operation. Carriers were accelerated by band-bending at the suspension interface, and they created excitons that radiatively recombined. This excitation mechanism is ∼1000 times more efficient than recombination of independently injected electrons and holes, and it results from weak electron-phonon scattering and strong electron-hole binding caused by one-dimensional confinement. The ensuing high excitation density allows us to observe emission from higher excited states not seen by photoexcitation. The excitation mechanism of these states was analyzed.
Tau method approximation for radiative transfer problems in a slab medium

An approximate method for solving the radiative transfer equation in a slab medium with an isotropic scattering is proposed. The method is based upon constructing the double Legendre series to approximate the required solution using Legendre tau method. The differential and integral expressions which arise in the radiative transfer equation are converted into a system of linear algebraic equations which can be solved for the unknown coefficients. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the method and a comparison is made with existing results.
Effects of pressure on the structure of iron-carbon martensites

Abstract The effects of transformation at 40 kb on the structural characteristics of martensite, as observed by thin foil electron microscopy, have been determined for a high purity iron and a series of iron-carbon alloys with the principal objective of elucidating the influence of solute content and of transformation temperature on these characteristics. For the iron at this high pressure, cooling from the austenite region at only a moderate rate (100°C sec −1 ) induces a martensitic transformation to a structure of parallel elongated grains (“laths”) similar to that of low-carbon martensites formed on quenching rapidly at atmospheric pressure. This behavior is in contrast to that of iron at atmospheric pressure where the martensitic mode of transformation can be induced only by drastic quenching (10 5 °C sec −1 ). In the case of martensites formed in iron-carbon alloys, the range of composition (and, correspondingly, M 8 ) over which internally twinned martensite occurs when transformation is effected at atmospheric pressure is extended at 40 kb to substantially lower carbon contents. The results for both the iron and iron-carbon alloys are discussed in terms of the established effects of pressure on the thermodynamic equilibria involved in this system, namely the depression of both the equilibrium gamma-to-alpha transformation temperature and the M 3 temperature. In the iron, this pressure effect results in a retardation of the non-martensitic mode of austenite decomposition thus permitting martensitic transformation at low cooling rates. The observations on the internally twinned martensites provide support for the hypothesis that the temperature at which transformation to martensite is induced, whether by alloying or by pressure, is a principal factor in determining the specific mode of martensitic transformation.
A mathematical theory of learning control for linear discrete multivariable systems

When tracking control systems are used in repetitive operations such as robots in various manufacturing processes, the controller will make the same errors repeatedly. Here consideration is given to learning controllers that look at the tracking errors in each repetition of the process and adjust the control to decrease these errors in the next repetition. A general formalism is developed for learning control of discrete-time (time-varying or time-invariant) linear multivariable systems. Methods of specifying a desired trajectory (such that the trajectory can actually be performed by the discrete system) are discussed, and learning controllers are developed. Stability criteria are obtained which are relatively easy to use to insure convergence of the learning process, and proper gain settings are discussed in light of measurement noise and system uncertainties.
Influence of Temperature on the Enantioselectivity of Koga Tetraamines on Amylose Chiral Stationary Phases

Enantioseparation is largely based on the formation of transitional complexes, the solvation species, the stationary phase configurations or the diastereomeric complexes formed by analytes and the chiral stationary phase. Temperature and the chemical nature and composition of the eluent play significant roles during that process. In this study; unique temperature-induced behaviors were observed during the enantioseparation of Koga tetraamines, also known as Koga bases, on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases, in which van't Hoff plots were acquired over a temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C with 5 °C increments. Koga bases were eluted by a mixture of methanol and 2-propanol with 0.03% triethylamine as a modifier. The van't Hoff plots are linear in the case of eluent containing equal volumes of methanol and 2-propanol. Increasing 2-propanol concentration from 50% to 85% in volume led to non-linear van't Hoff plots over the entire temperature range studied. Examination of the individual non-linear plots revealed two linear regions of 10 °C-20 °C and 20 °C-40 °C. Transition from one linear region to the other at 20 °C indicates alterations of chiral stationary phase conformation and/or enantioseparation mechanism as a result of temperature changes.
Use of mini-microaggregated albumin® to study reticuloendothelial system (RES) function in C. parvum-treated animals

Mini-microaggregated albumin® colloid (particle size < 80 A) and microaggregated albumin colloid (particle size 500–1000 A) made from human serum albumin were conjugated with 99mtechnetium and used to study reticuloendothelial system (RES) function in animals treated intravenously with C. parvum. The uptake in blood, liver and spleen were studied in untreated mice and in mice at various times after treatment with 150 or 300 μg of C. parvum. The blood clearance of these materials was studied in rabbits before and at various times after treatment with 0.5 mg/kg of C. parvum. In mice, 80 A-microaggregated albumin was cleared significantly faster from the blood and localized to a greater extent in the liver and spleen after C. parvum treatment. There was a positive correlation between the increased organ weight induced by C. parvum and the accelerated clearance of 80 A-microaggregated albumin. The 80 A-microaggregated albumin was also cleared more rapidly from the blood of rabbits after C. parvum treatment. These studies suggest that 80 A-microaggregated albumin labeled with 99mTc is a useful tool for study of RES function in animals and because of its relatively long t12 may also be useful for studies of human RES function.
Chemokine receptors CXCR-1/2 activate mitogen-activated protein kinase via the epidermal growth factor receptor in ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian cancer typically disseminates widely in the abdomen, a characteristic that limits curative therapy. The mechanisms that promote ovarian cancer cell migration are incompletely understood. We studied model SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells and observed robust expression of the alpha chemokine receptors CXCR-1 and CXCR-2. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) treatment caused shape changes in the cells, with membrane ruffling and formation/retraction of thin actin-like projections, as detected by time-lapse microscopy. Stimulation of the CXCR-1/2 receptors by human interleukin 8 (IL-8) rapidly activated the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2)) kinase pathway. Treatment of SK-OV-3 cells with the inhibitors genestein and herbimycin A indicated that tyrosine kinases were involved in the IL-8 activation of Erk1 and Erk2. Of note, IL-8 induced transient phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its association with the adaptor molecules Shc and Grb2. This transactivation of the EGF receptor was dependent on intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Furthermore AG1478, a specific inhibitor of the EGF receptor kinase, blocked Erk1 and Erk2 activation. c-Src kinase was not involved in the IL-8-mediated phosphorylation of the EGF receptor, but was critical for Shc phosphorylation and downstream Erk1/2 kinase activation. These results suggest important "cross-talk" between chemokine and growth factor pathways that may link signals of cell migration and proliferation in ovarian cancer.
Colorectal cancer in 2014: Progress in defining first-line and maintenance therapies

The results of several clinical trials in metastatic colorectal cancer presented in 2014 will influence clinical practice. These findings include definitive data from phase III trials comparing bevacizumab and cetuximab-based therapy in the first-line, studies elucidating the value of maintenance therapy after induction treatment, and data on new agents in this disease.
Structural, stratigraphic, and geochronologic evidence for extension predating Palaeogene volcanism in the Sevier hinterland, east-central Nevada

Alluvial and lacustrine deposits of the >1 km thick, uppermost Cretaceous to middle Eocene Sheep Pass Formation of east-central Nevada provide a unique opportunity to test models of the tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of the Sevier hinterland. Within the south Egan Range, new 1:12,000 geologic mapping and stratigraphic observations reveal that latest Cretaceous initiation of the Sheep Pass basin was marked by megabreccia deposition, growth faults, and fanning dips that formed in response to down-to-the-northwest motion along the Ninemile fault, a presently low-angle normal fault displaying 4 km of stratigraphic throw. Continued Maastrichtian to Late Palaeocene motion along the Ninemile fault is suggested by widespread soft-sediment deformation within the Sheep Pass Formation, interpreted as seismites. Located 20 km to the south of the Sheep Pass Formation type section, the Shingle Pass fault similarly shows evidence for late Palaeocene motion. A subsequent episode of Eocene extension is recorded w...
Effort, Technology and the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives

Abstract The inefficiency of cooperative agriculture relative to private farms is often attributed to difficulties in monitoring or poor incentives. We develop a model to show that, in technologies with numerous sequential steps, even small shortfalls in worker effort can result in large output declines. Using data on cooperative and private farms in El Salvador, we find greater shortfalls in efficiency between cooperatives and private farms, as well as among cooperatives, for coffee, a crop requiring numerous steps in its cultivation, than for maize and sugar, which require fewer steps. Thus the undersupply of effort in cooperatives may be less than differences in productivity suggest, and cooperative agriculture is most likely to be successful where production does not involve many sequential steps.
Martensitic growth in ZrO2—An in situ, small particle, TEM study of a single-interface transformation

A~tract--An in situ TEM experiment on martensitic growth was performed using submicron ZrO 2 particles of a square-platelet shape. The transformation was between the orthorhombic and the monoclinic phases and involved a simple shear plus a dilatation in the shear plane. The o/m interface propagated at a speed of 2 nm/s, while maintaining a sharp habit plane which was stepped on the unit cell scale. The average inclination of this stepped interface obeyed the invariant plane strain condition. While no long-range stresses were present, dislocation-like line contrast was revealed at the steps. These results are analyzed in terms of the coherency dislocation concept. Fundamental properties, such as the interfacial energy, Peierls stress and nucleus size, have been deduced.
A volatile inhibitor immobilizes sea urchin sperm in semen by depressing the intracellular pH.

Sea urchin spermatozoa are normally immotile in semen, but motility can be initiated by increasing gas flow over the semen--for example, by blowing N2 gas over a thin layer of semen. This result indicates that sperm motility is not O2 limited and suggests that seminal fluid contains a volatile inhibitor of motility which is responsible for the paralysis of sperm in semen. This inhibitor might be carbon dioxide, which reversibly immobilizes sperm. /sup 31/P-NMR measurements of pH show that the sperm intracellular pH (pHi) increases by 0.36 pH unit upon dilution of semen into seawater. Since previous studies have shown that this magnitude of pH increase is sufficient to trigger sperm motility, we suggest that the volatile inhibitor is inhibiting sperm motility in semen by depressing the pHi. A simple hypothesis that explains these observations is that the volatile motility inhibitor is CO/sub 2/, which could acidify pHi as a diffusable weak acid. In this regard, sperm diluted into seawater release acid, and this acid release is related to the pHi increase and motility initiation. In fact, nearly half of the acid released by sperm upon dilution is volatile and may therefore be due to CO/sub 2/ efflux. Most ofmore » the acid, however, cannot be attributed to CO/sub 2/ release because it is not volatile. Thus, when sperm are diluted into seawater, they raise their pHi by releasing CO/sub 2/ and protons from the cytoplasm into the surrounding seawater.« less
The Tidal Response of Europa

The tidal response of Europa to a time-varying potential is determined by solving the quasi-static equilibrium equations for a body composed of several uniform, Maxwell viscoelastic layers. Models in which Europa's surface ice extends all the way to the silicate mantle have weak tidal responses (∼1 m vertical deflection) while models in which a liquid “ocean” underlies the ice have about 30 m peak vertical deflection. The phase-lag of the tidal response is very small (<2°) in the case of an ocean, but may be large if there is no ocean and the ice has a viscosity around 1013 Pa s. For models with an ocean, the product of the thickness and strength of the ice determines the tidal response, making it difficult to determine the thickness of the ice by observing the tidal deflection of Europa.
β-Adrenergic Activation of Electrogenic K+ and Cl- Secretion in Guinea Pig Distal Colonic Epithelium Proceeds via Separate cAMP Signaling Pathways

Adrenergic stimulation of isolated guinea pig distal colonic mucosa produced transient Cl− and sustained K+ secretion. Transient short-circuit current (Isc) depended on β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-...
Martian planetary heavy ion sputtering of Phobos

The Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, have long been suspected to be the sources of tenuous neutral gas tori encircling Mars. While direct outgassing has been ruled out as a strong source, micrometeoroid impact vaporization and charged particle sputtering must operate based on observations at other airless bodies. Previous models have addressed solar wind sputtering of Phobos; however, Phobos and Deimos are also subject to a significant, yet temporally variable, flux of heavy planetary ions escaping from Mars. In this report, we use a combination MHD/test-particle model to calculate the planetary heavy ion flux to Phobos and the ensuing neutral sputtered flux. Depending on ambient solar wind conditions and the location of Phobos, heavy ion sputtering of Phobos generates neutral fluxes up to and exceeding that from solar wind sputtering. We model pickup ions from the Phobos torus itself with applications for observations by the upcoming Mars Atmospheric and Volatile Evolution mission.
Culture and cognition

Recent work in cognitive psychology and social cognition bears heavily on concerns of sociologists of culture. Cognitive research confirms views of culture as fragmented; clarifies the roles of institutions and agency; and illuminates supraindividual aspects of culture. Individuals experience culture as disparate bits of information and as schematic structures that organize that information. Culture carried by institutions, networks, and social movements diffuses, activates, and selects among available schemata. Implications for the study of identity, collective memory, social classification, and logics of action are developed.
Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

Abstract To gain insight into the function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms in mammals, we have cloned and characterized two PPAR alpha-related cDNAs (designated PPAR gamma and -delta, respectively) from mouse. The three PPAR isoforms display widely divergent patterns of expression during embryogenesis and in the adult. Surprisingly, PPAR gamma and -delta are not activated by pirinixic acid (Wy 14,643), a potent peroxisome proliferator and activator of PPAR alpha. However, PPAR gamma and -delta are activated by the structurally distinct peroxisome proliferator LY-171883 and linoleic acid, respectively, indicating that each of the isoforms can act as a regulated activator of transcription. These data suggest that tissue-specific responsiveness to peroxisome proliferators, including certain fatty acids, is in part a consequence of differential expression of multiple, pharmacologically distinct PPAR isoforms.
Collagen advanced glycation inhibits its Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2)-mediated induction of lysyl oxidase in osteoblasts

Abstract Diabetes increases the risk of bone fracture. Organic and inorganic bone extracellular matrix components determine bone strength. Previous studies indicate that in diabetes, glycation of collagen causes abnormal arrangements of collagen molecules and fragile bones. Diabetic bone fragility is additionally attributed to reduced levels of lysyl oxidase enzyme-dependent collagen cross-links. The mechanism underlying the presence of lower enzymatic collagen cross-links in diabetic bone has not been directly investigated. Here we determine in primary osteoblast cultures the regulation of lysyl oxidase protein by type I collagen and collagen modified by carboxymethylation (CML-collagen), a form of advanced glycation endproducts. Data indicate that non-glycated collagen up-regulates lysyl oxidase levels both in primary non-differentiated and in differentiating mouse and rat osteoblast cultures, while CML-collagen fails to regulate lysyl oxidase in these cells. Collagen binding to Discoidin Domain Receptor-2 (DDR2) mediates lysyl oxidase increases, determined in DDR2 shRNA knockdown studies. DDR2 binding and activation were disrupted by collagen glycation, pointing to a mechanism for the diminished levels of lysyl oxidase and consequently low lysyl oxidase-derived cross-links in diabetic bone. Our studies indicate that collagen–integrin interactions may not play a major role in up-regulating lysyl oxidase. Furthermore, non-collagenous ligands for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) failed to alter lysyl oxidase levels. Taken together with published studies a new understanding emerges in which diabetes- and age-dependent inhibition of normal collagen-stimulated DDR2- and integrin-signaling, and independent advanced glycation-stimulated RAGE-signaling, each contributes to different aspects of diabetic osteopenia.
Sediment storage, sea level, and sediment delivery to the ocean by coastal plain rivers

Coastal and marine sedimentary archives are sometimes used as indicators of changes in continental sediment production and fluvial sediment transport, but rivers crossing coastal plains may not be efficient conveyors of sediment to the coast. Where this is the case, changes in continental sediment dynamics are not evident at the river mouth. Stream power is typically low and accommodation space high in coastal plain river reaches, resulting in extensive alluvial storage upstream of estuaries and correspondingly low sediment loads at the river mouth. In some cases there is a net loss of sediment in lower coastal plain reaches, so that sediment input from upstream exceeds yield at the river mouth. The lowermost sediment sampling stations on many rivers are too far upstream of the coast to represent lower coastal plain sediment fluxes, and thus tend to overestimate sediment yields. Sediment which does reach the river mouth is often trapped in estuaries and deltas. Assessment of sediment flux from coastal plain rivers is also confounded by the deceptively simple question of the location of the mouth of the river. On low-gradient coastal plains and shelves, the location of the river mouth may have varied by hundreds of kilometers due to sea-level change. The mouth may also differ substantially according to whether it is defined based on channel morphology, network morphology, hydrographic or hydrochemical criteria, elevation of the channel relative to sea level, or the locus of deposition. Further, while direct continent-to-ocean flux may be very low at current sea-level stands, sediment stored in estuaries and lower coastal plain alluvium (including deltas) may eventually become part of the marine sedimentary package. The role of accommodation space in coastal plain alluvial sediment storage has been emphasized in previous work, but low transport capacity controlled largely by slope is also a crucial factor, as we illustrate with examples from Texas.
Correlation of regional wall motion abnormalities detected by two-dimensional echocardiography with perfusion defect determined by technetium 99m sestamibi imaging in patients treated with reperfusion therapy during acute myocardial infarction

Twenty patients (13 men and 7 women; mean age 61 +/- 12 years) with > 30 minutes chest pain and new ST-segment elevation who were treated with reperfusion therapy underwent technetium 99m sestamibi imaging and two-dimensional echocardiography simultaneously before and within 2 hours of each test after acute reperfusion therapy. Nine patients had anterior wall myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients were initially treated with intravenous thrombolytic agents, and five patients underwent urgent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Both myocardial perfusion defect and wall motion score index (WMSI) improved after reperfusion therapy (perfusion defect from 28% to 15%, WMSI from 1.68 to 1.45, respectively; p < 0.005). The overall correlation between WMSI and perfusion defect as a measure of myocardium at risk was significant during the acute phase (r = 0.71) and at hospital dismissal (r = 0.71). Thus myocardial perfusion defect and wall motion abnormalities correlated fairly well in patients with acute myocardial infarction during the acute phase and at predismissal study.
Automated load-independent cell library macromodeling for efficient and accurate waveform simulation

A novel gate-level macromodeling technique is presented. In an attempt to address the increasingly analog behavior of signals in semi-custom digital designs, the technique produces a linear transient macromodel capable of accurately predicting the gate output voltage waveform over a wide range of input and loading conditions. The macromodel is derived by analyzing SPICE generated voltage and current responses for a set of "extreme" operating conditions and is shown to exhibit good waveform prediction capability and average performance errors of approximately /spl plusmn/10%. >
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for young children with cerebral palsy: Effects of therapeutic dosage

Objective To compare effects of 2 dosage levels of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). We hypothesized that high-dosage CIMT would produce larger benefits than moderate-dosage. Methods Three sites enrolled a total of 18 children (6 children per site from 3-6 years) with unilateral CP. Children were randomly assigned to CIMT for 21 days for either 6 hours/day (high-dosage=126 hours) or 3 hours/day (moderate-dosage=63 hours); both groups wore a long-arm cast. Evaluators (blind to dosage) assessed children 1-week prior, then 1-week and 1-month after treatment with the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), The Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) Dissociated Movement and Grasp sections, the Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE), and the Pediatric Motor Activity Log (PMAL). Results All children responded well to casting and received the full intended dosage. Both groups showed statistically significant gains on the AHA, QUEST, SHUEE, and PMAL. Effect sizes ranged from 0.36-0.79. Overall, both groups showed comparable improvements at 1-week and 1-month post-treatment. Conclusions Pediatric CIMT at both moderate and high dosages produced positive effects across multiple reliable, valid outcome measures. The findings refuted the hypothesis of differential dosage benefits. Future research should address long-term effects, enroll larger and more diverse samples, and assess lower dosages to ascertain a minimal-efficacy threshold.
Electron transfer collisions with oriented trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H).

Electron transfer collisions between neutral K atoms and neutral, oriented trifluoroacetic acid molecules, CF3CO2H, are studied in crossed molecular beams at center of mass energies from 6 to 18 eV...
Electromagnetics at Arizona State University

Several research areas being investigated in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Arizona State University's College of Engineering and Applied Sciences are discussed. The topics of research include antennas, propagation, scattering, microwave circuits and devices, microwave measurements, and optical communications. The University's electromagnetic anechoic chamber, which is designed to perform precision antenna-pattern and radar-cross-section (RCS) measurements in the microwave region, is described. >
On the temporal dimension of search

Web search is probably the single most important application on the Internet. The most famous search techniques are perhaps the PageRank and HITS algorithms. These algorithms are motivated by the observation that a hyperlink from a page to another is an implicit conveyance of authority to the target page. They exploit this social phenomenon to identify quality pages, e.g., "authority" pages and "hub" pages. In this paper we argue that these algorithms miss an important dimension of the Web, the temporal dimension. The Web is not a static environment. It changes constantly. Quality pages in the past may not be quality pages now or in the future. These techniques favor older pages because these pages have many in-links accumulated over time. New pages, which may be of high quality, have few or no in-links and are left behind. Bringing new and quality pages to users is important because most users want the latest information. Research publication search has exactly the same problem. This paper studies the temporal dimension of search in the context of research publication search. We propose a number of methods deal with the problem. Our experimental results show that these methods are highly effective.
Image Retrieval in the Industrial Environment

The ability to manage large image databases has been a topic of growing research over the past several years. Imagery is being generated and maintained for a large variety of applications including remote sensing, art galleries, architectural and engineering design, geographic information systems, weather forecasting, medical diagnostics, and law enforcement. Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) represents a promising and cutting-edge technology that is being developed to address these needs. To date, little work has been accomplished to apply these technologies to the manufacturing environment. Imagery collected from manufacturing processes have unique characteristics that can be used in developing a manufacturing-specific CBIR approach. For example, a product image typically has an expected structure that can be characterized in terms of its redundancy, texture, geometry, or a mixture of these. Defect objects in product imagery share a number of common traits across product types and imaging modalities as well. For example, defects tend to be contiguous, randomly textured, irregularly shaped, and they disrupt the background and the expected pattern. We will present the initial results of the development of a new capability for manufacturing-specific CBIR that addresses defect analysis, product quality control, and process understanding in the manufacturing environment. Image data from the semiconductor-manufacturing environment will be presented.
Distribution of Thelastomatoid Nematodes (Nematoda: Oxyurida) in Endemic and Introduced Cockroaches on the Galápagos Island Archipelago, Ecuador

Abstract: The thelastomatoid pinworm fauna (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatoidea) was surveyed in 3 endemic species and 6 introduced species of cockroach hosts (Insecta: Blattaria) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. A total of 658 host specimens were examined from preserved collections that had been collected between 1966 and 2003 from 7 islands in the archipelago. Eight species of pinworms were identified from these cockroach hosts, including the dominant species Cephalobellus ovumglutinosus and a Severianoia sp. as well as Leidynema appendiculata, Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, an unidentified Cephalobellus species resembling Cephalobellus magalhaesi, an unidentified Protrellus species closely resembling Protrellus shamimi, and an undescribed Blattophila sp. Five new host records are identified for C. ovumglutinosus including the endemic Galapagos cockroaches Chorisoneura carpenteri, Ischnoptera snodgrassii, and Ischnoptera santacruzensis. These endemics were also infected with an undescribed Blatticola ...
A summary on democracy

tor. Studies such as those of Lippett and White seemed to support the democratic position. At the same time there were conflicts within the democratic tradition as well as attacks upon it from both the right and the left. But the position was neither ignored nor diluted to meaninglessness.1 Myrdal recommended a defensible method for choosing among conflicting valuations for either theoretical or practical research and followed his own advice in formu-
Clinical Research in Child Psychiatry—Methods and Strategies

Research methods in child psychiatry are derived from many disciplines--epidemiology, genetics, neurochemistry, pharmacology, electrophysiology, psychology, linguistics, and analytical chemistry--as well as several branches of medicine, particularly pediatrics, neurology, and psychiatry. The application of methods must be informed by the knowledge and concerns which emerge from the clinician's authentic clinical engagement with children and families. Research strategies require the definition of specific questions which can be addressed by discrete studies as well as the progressive integration of findings and perspectives. Systematic clinical investigations require institutional supports--opportunities and enticements for young investigators, long-term stability of research groups, and ease of collaboration and among specialists.
Past and present methods for computing the dielectric constant of lattices of spheres

The computation of the effective electromagnetic material parameters for a composite material is a complex and well-visited problem. For collections of spheres in a static field, the celebrated Clausius-Mossotti equation provides extremely good dielectric constant values when mutual interaction between particles is negligible. When mutual coupling is not negligible and identical spheres are arrayed on an infinite lattice, accurate values for the dielectric constant can be found using techniques described by Rayleigh and later refined by McPhedran and McKenzie (1978) and McKenzie et al. (1978). In this paper, we first provide a brief look at the effective dielectric constant methods developed for infinite lattices of identical particles. This is followed by developments in this area using a new T-matrix identity and subsequent extraction of the effective dielectric constant.
Hypersonic Wind-Tunnel Measurements of Boundary-Layer Transition on a Slender Cone

Boundary-layer transition was studied on a sharp 7 deg cone in two hypersonic wind tunnels at Mach numbers of 5, 6, 8, and 14 over a range of freestream Reynolds numbers between 3.3 and 15.4×106/m. High-speed schlieren measurements visualized the intermittent formation of instabilities and turbulent spots within the transitional boundary layer. Surface pressure and heat-transfer measurements revealed how the intermittent behavior of the boundary layer produces the mean character of these quantities. Transition at Mach 5 appeared to be initiated by a combination of first- and second-mode instabilities. These disturbances were isolated and surrounded by an otherwise smooth boundary layer. At higher Mach numbers, the boundary layer was dominated by second-mode instabilities, which covered most of the model before breakdown into turbulent spots. The spots remain surrounded by second-mode waves throughout the transitional region. These differences alter the pressure fluctuations and heat transfer profiles duri...
Decay of Sn 113 50 (112 days) and In 1 1 3 m 49 (1.73 hr)

Samples of $_{50}\mathrm{Sn}^{113}$(112 days) were produced by neutron irradiation of tin enriched in ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{112}$. The gamma rays were studied by scintillation methods using the Argonne 256-channel analyzer; the internal-conversion electrons were investigated by means of a 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray spectrometer. In addition to the well-established 393-kev gamma ray, a gamma ray of 255 kev was found. Studies of all the tin radioisotopes showed the latter to be in the ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{113}$ activity. Energy levels in ${\mathrm{In}}^{113}$ at 393 and 648 kev, the latter having spin \textonehalf{} or $\frac{3}{2}$, are indicated.
Polydentate analogues of 8-hydroxyquinoline and their complexes with ruthenium.

Selective reduction of 2-nitro-3-methoxybenzaldehyde provides 2-amino-3-methoxybenzaldehyde that undergoes the Friedlander condensation with a variety of acetyl-substituted derivatives of pyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline. After cleavage of the methyl ether, the resulting polydentate analogues of 8-hydroxyquinoline are excellent ligands for ruthenium. The resulting oxidation state of the metal center depends on the anionic character of the ligands. The presence of two electron donating anionic ligands results in a Ru(III) complex as evidenced by paramagnetic NMR behavior. The electronic absorption and redox properties of the complexes were measured and found to be consistent with the anionic character of the 8-HQ moieties. A planar pentadentate ligand provides two Ru–O and two Ru–N bonds in the equatorial plane. An X-ray structure shows that the central pyridine of the ligand is oriented toward the metal but held at a distance of 2.44 A.
Opera and Ideology in Prague: Polemics and Practice at the National Theater, 1900-1938

This study presents a history and analysis of the Prague musical community from 1900 until the end of democracy in 1938. 'Opera and Ideology in Prague' not only narrates the fascinating history of a local musical community but also reveals much about music and culture in Europe. The fin-de-siecle period was dominated by the musicologist Zdenek Nejedly's polemics regarding the competing 'legacies' of Smetana and Dvorak and the merits of modernism. After Czech independence in 1918, a new generation of musicians accepted modernist foreign influences only with extreme hesitation. The 1926 Prague premiere of Berg's opera 'Wozzeck' and the ascendancy of a young group of avant-garde composers changed the cultural climate entirely, providing new ground for the exploration of jazz, neo-classicism, quarter tones, and socialist music. As the Czechoslovak Republic drew to a close, a resurgence of nationalism appeared in the musical expressions of both Czechs and German-Bohemians. The analyses of operas and tone poems by Novak, Ostrcil, Zich, Jeremias, Haba, Kricka, and Suk provide a cross-section of musical life in early twentieth-century Prague, as well as a series of interpretations of Czech cultural identity. Populist endeavors such as jazz and neo-classicism represented some of the ways in which composers of the 1930s attempted to regain an audience alienated by modernism: in this respect, the trends in Prague mirrored those of the rest of Europe. Brian Locke is assistant professor of music history at Western Illinois University, Macomb. He has written extensively on twentieth-century music, including Czech operatic and symphonic works and Alban Berg's 'Wozzeck'.
Ion Channeling Studies of CdTe Films on GaAs

Thin films of [111] oriented CdTe have been MOCVD grown onto [111] GaAs substrates. When thicknesses exceed 1000A the epitaxy is quite good (backscattering minimum yield of approximately 15%) in spite of a 14% lattice mismatch. A narrowing of the Cd angular scan suggests a displacement of some of the Cd atoms in the lattice. A model based on a Te vacancy is presented to describe the data.
The effects of inhaled nitrogen oxide in severe hypoxemia of neonates

Objective: To investigate the effects of inhaled nitrogen oxide(iNO) in the neonates with severe hypoxemia.Methods: 38 newborn infants in severe hypoxemia with gestational age of 34±6 weeks,birth weight(2 187 ±181) g,were enrolled in the study.The infants were given iNO with FiO_2≥0.8,MAP≥10 cm H_2O,SPaO_2 ≤90 % lasted for more than 2 hours during the conventional mechanical ventilation(CMV) or oxygenation indexes OI40.The heart rate,arterial blood gas analysis,arterial to alveoli oxygen ratio(a/ A) and the oxygenation index were monitored during iNO.Results: After 2 hours treatment with iNO,SPaO_2 increased to 90%,24 hours later,the arterial to alveoli oxygen ratio(a/ A PaO_2 kPa) increased from 0.09±0.03 to 0.26±0.12,the oxygenation index(OI) deceased from 33±12 to 9±4,and FiO_2(%) deceased rapidly from 79.78±19.81 to 55.31±19.35.Conclusion: iNO was an effective method for neonatal infants with severe res hypoxemia.
Immune dysfunction and illness susceptibility after spinal cord injury: an overview of probable causes, likely consequences, and potential treatments.

(2000). Immune Dysfunction and Illness Susceptibility After Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Probable Causes, Likely Consequences, and Potential Treatments. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 109-110.
Surgical aspects of single lung transplantation.

SUMMARY Single lung transplantation is a viable therapeutic option for selected patients with end-stage lung disease. The techniques described, in conjunction with rigorous preoperative physiotherapy, diligent postoperative care, immunosuppression with early avoidance of steroids, and postoperative rehabilitation, have resulted in a gratifying rate of success. Transplantation of the lung involves not a mere technical transfer of the organ from one body to another. It is a complex logistic undertaking requiring a large team of professionals who attend to the many essential components including patient selection, preoperative rehabilitation, donor selection, postoperative care, immunosuppression, rehabilitation, and long-term follow-up. The operation itself represents an integral, but small, component.
Nail Pigmentation Abnormalities

Color changes of the nail unit may be innocent or may be associated with disease. Four tables provide the reader with a means of categorizing pigmentation abnormalities in the following manner: changes attributable to systemic disorders and some predominantly dermatologic conditions, changes caused by systemic drugs or ingestants, changes attributable to local agents, and changes attributable to some named nail entities.
If I choose when to switch

The present study explored the effects of switching between reading an online article and checking Facebook on recognition memory, moderated by polychronicity, or preference for multitasking. The results of the study indicated that participants recognized online information less efficiently when they were required to check Facebook (forced multitasking) and when they could choose to check Facebook if and when they wanted (voluntary multitasking) compared with the control, non-multitasking, condition. I.e., the opportunity to multitask interfered with the efficiency of online information processing as much as actual multitasking. Polychronicity was a significant moderator of the multitasking effects. Low polychronics were negatively affected by multitasking to a greater extent than high polychronics. Their article recognition levels were lower than those of high polychronics. Two recognition measures derived from the signal detection theory: recognition sensitivity and criterion bias, were used. The study indicated that forced and voluntary multitasking affected high and low polychronics differently. Low polychronics showed greater cognitive effort than high polychronics when they engaged in voluntary media multitasking, while the amount of cognitive resources allocated to processing increased in high polychronics in the non-multitasking (control) condition. When high polychronics did not have control over switching to Facebook (forced multitasking), their recognition of the online article content decreased. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications of the study are discussed. Opportunity to multitask interfered with memory as much as actual multitasking.Multitasking negatively affected low polychronics more than high polychronics.Recognition increased in high polychronics who had control over using Facebook.Low polychronics showed higher cognitive effort during voluntary multitasking.High polychronics showed higher cognitive effort in the nonmultitasking condition.
The Interplay of Inflammation and Cancer

Abstract SCI-4 Efficacious cancer immunotherapies will likely require combinations of strategies that enhance tumor antigen presentation and antagonize negative immune regulatory circuits. We demonstrated that vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) followed by antibody blockade of CTLA-4 accomplishes clinically significant tumor destruction with minimal toxicity in some advanced cancer patients. The detailed analysis of patients achieving sustained clinical benefits from these therapies illustrated the importance of a coordinated cellular and humoral anti-tumor immune response. Indeed, the extent of tumor necrosis in posttreatment biopsies was linearly related to the natural logarithm of the ratio of infiltrating CD8+ effector T cells to FoxP3+ Tregs. Moreover, therapy induced a potent antibody response to several key tumor cell surface and secreted proteins; these antibodies manifest functional activity in vitro , antagonizing tumor cell survival, invasive potential, and angiogenesis. Through an analysis of cytokine deficient mice, we delineated a critical role for GM-CSF in Treg homeostasis. GM-CSF is required for the expression of the phosphatidylserine-binding protein MFG-E8 in antigen-presenting cells, whereas the uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocyte-derived MFG-E8 maintains peripheral Treg activity. While blockade of MFG-E8 can enhance therapeutic immunity in the context of cancer vaccines, loss of Treg homeostasis with MFG-E8 deficiency can lead to chronic inflammation. Mice deficient in GM-CSF and IFN-g develop at high frequency germinal center derived lymphomas and non-small cell lung carcinomas. The pathogenesis of these tumors reflects a combination of tumor-promoting inflammation and a loss of protective tumor immunity. Taken together, these findings highlight dual roles for immunity in cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Single Pulse-per-second Setting Reduces Fluoroscopy Time During Ureteroscopy.

Objective To evaluate the effect of 1 pulse-per-second (pps) fluoroscopy on fluoroscopy time and surgeon radiation exposure during ureteroscopy. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of a single endourologist's operative records was performed over a 12-month period. Adult patients undergoing ureteroscopy were included. At the 6-month point, the switch from continuous "low-dose" to 1 pps "low-dose" fluoroscopy was made. Surgeon radiation exposure was measured using 1 dosimeter placed at the torso under the lead apron and 1 dosimeter overlying the chest outside the lead apron. Results A total of 84 and 70 patients underwent ureteroscopy using continuous and 1 pps fluoroscopy, respectively. No differences were identified between the 2 groups with regard to patient age ( P = .96), sex ( P = .26), body mass index ( P = .95), stone multiplicity ( P = .31), bilateral ureteroscopy ( P = .07), pre-stenting ( P = .99), staged ( P = .84) or failed ( P = .99) primary ureteroscopy, ureteral access sheath utilization ( P = .10), or case duration ( P = .54). Patients in the 1 pps cohort had a larger median stone burden ( P = .04). The median fluoroscopy time was reduced from 77 (interquartile range: 54-115) to 16 seconds (interquartile range: 13-24) using 1 pps fluoroscopy ( P P = .11), from 120.6 ± 101.4 to 49.2 ± 66.6 mRad lens dose equivalent ( P = .10), and from 116.2 ± 97.8 to 47.6 ± 64.0 mRad shallow dose equivalent ( P = .11). Reversion to continuous fluoroscopy was never required during the study period. Conclusion Single pps fluoroscopy is feasible, significantly reduces fluoroscopy time, and lowers surgeon radiation exposure by 64%.