cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of GPS and lidar salt marsh DEMs

Digital elevation models (DEMs) were compared to characterize how well airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) data depict the microtopography of a salt marsh. 72,000 GPS points and 700,000 lidar points from a 1 km2 salt marsh island were linearly interpolated using identical DEM configurations. Overall, 78% of lidar elevations were within ±0.15 m of the high precision GPS elevations. Spatial arrangement of difference values reveal that lidar performed best on the marsh platform, and poorly along tidal creeks and creek heads. Also, the overall shape of the salt marsh was poorly defined, even where lidar data were within the reported range of accuracy. These observations indicate that lidar appears to be a robust tool for mapping intertidal landscapes. However, lidar DEMs may not adequately resolve the microtopographic variations of a salt marsh, and for research questions that require accurate depiction of small-scale tidal creek networks and subtle terrain features lidar data should be augmented with other information. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem Cell Policy as Bar-Room Brawl: A Round in the Courts

This brief Observation analyzes the multiyear, multiround litigation of Sherley v. Sibelius, in which plaintiffs, adult stem cell researchers, challenged the NIH policy of funding human embryonic stem cell research as in violation of the so-called Dickey-Wicker Amendment, an appropriations rider that prohibits HHS from funding "research in which" an embryo is destroyed.
Organization and developmental timing of the Bombyx mori chorion gene clusters in strain C108

We have standardized the map of chorion structural gene clusters in Bombyx mori strain C108 by analyzing quantitative and qualitative chorion electrophoretic markers in recombinant progeny from four independent crosses. In all we assigned 22 markers to three gene clusters, representing about one-third of the total number of chorion genes: 2 to Ch 1, 9 to Ch 2, and 8 to Ch 3. Three additional markers belong either to Ch 7 or Ch 2. By referring to published chorion protein synthesis patterns, we show that the clusters are restricted in their developmental specificities: Ch 3 appears to be an early locus, carrying all of the mapped early markers (4) and half of the early middles (3/6), while Ch 1 and Ch 2 carry predominantly middle (4/5) and all late, Hc (6) markers, along with some early middle markers (3). We cite evidence to show that Ch 1 and Ch 2 compose the left and right halves of a single gene cluster, which we formally designate as Ch 1–2.
Do you see what I see: crowdsource annotation of captured scenes

The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes has captured 400 million images. Many of these cameras and images are of street intersections, a subset of which has experienced built environment improvements during the past seven years. We identified six cameras in Washington, DC, and uploaded 120 images from each before a built environment change (2007) and after (2010) to the crowdsourcing website Amazon Mechanical Turk (n=1,440). Five unique MTurk workers annotated each image, counting the number of pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles. Two trained Research Assistants completed the same tasks. Reliability and validity statistics of MTurk workers revealed substantial agreement in annotating captured images of pedestrians and vehicles. Using the mean annotation of four MTurk workers proved most parsimonious for valid results. Crowdsourcing was shown to be a reliable and valid workforce for annotating images of outdoor human behavior.
Community Engagement in a Graduate-Level Community Literacy Course

A case study of a graduate-level community literacy seminar that involved a tutoring project with adult digital literacy learners, this essay illustrates the value of community outreach and service-learning for graduate students in writing studies. Presenting multiple perspectives through critical reflection, student authors describe how their experiences contextualized, enhanced, and complicated their theoretical knowledge of public rhetoric and community literacy. Inspired by her students’ reflections, the faculty co-author issues a call to graduate programs in writing, rhetoric, literacy studies, and technical communication to develop a conscious commitment to graduate students’ civic engagement by supporting opportunities to learn, teach, and research with community partners.
Notes on Variation in Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in Colorado and Adjacent States, and Description of a New Subspecies

A recurrent pattern of microgeographic variation in peripheral, montane populations of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in the Rocky Mountain region is described. Use of formal subspecific nomenclature for the disjunct but convergently similar populations is questioned. Taxonomic status of thirteenlined ground squirrels of the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado is reviewed. That population, heretofore generally referred to S. t. parvus , is distinguished as a new subspecies.
Diffuse Ionised Gas in Edge-on Galaxies

We review observations of diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in edge-on spiral galaxies. Deep imaging has revealed a variety of morphologies for 'extraplanar' (above the HII region layer) or 'halo' DIG: some show widespread prominent layers of truly diffuse gas and filamentary structures, others show just one patch or a few patches of extraplanar emission, while still others show no detectable extraplanar DIG at all. The key galactic property which appears to govern the prominence of the DIG layer is the star-formation activity. Smaller-scale connections between DIG and local star formation activity can be seen in some of the galaxies. DIG halos are also related to radio continuum, X-ray and HI halos. Those galaxies with the most prominent DIG layers also have the most prominent radio halos. In NGC 891, there are spatial correlations between extraplanar DIG, radio emission, X-ray emission and HI, and these in turn are related to the underlying disk star-formation activity. Progress on identifying the sources of ionisation and heating of the gas has come from spectroscopy, imaging in different emission lines, and Fabry-Perot observations. By comparing with theoretical predictions, much evidence is found for photoionisation by disk stars as the primary ionisation and heating mechanism, but recent observations are beginning to point towards the need for additional sources of ionisation and/or heating.
Dirac neutrino helicity flip in dense media

Abstract The effective field for a Dirac neutrino in a background of matter is derived. As an application, the cross section for helicity flip in neutrino-nucleus scattering is calculated. It is found that the matter background is negligible when the neutrino momentum is much larger than the matter induced potential. The implications of these results for a 17 keV neutrino are discussed.
Comparative breast tumor imaging and comparative in vitro metabolism of 16α-[18F]Fluoroestradiol-17β and 16β-[18f]fluoromoxestrol in isolated hepatocytes

16beta-[18F]Fluoromoxestrol ([18]betaFMOX) is an analog of 16alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17beta ([18F]FES), a radiopharmaceutical known to be an effective positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) human breast tumors. Based on comparisons of target tissue uptake efficiency and selectivity in a rat model, [18F]betaFMOX was predicted to be as effective an imaging agent as [18F]FES. However, in a preliminary PET imaging study with [18F]FMOX of 12 patients, 3 of whom had ER+ breast cancer, no tumor localization of [18F]betaFMOX was observed. In search for an explanation for the unsuccessful [18F]betaFMOX clinical trial, we have examined the rate of metabolism of [18F]FMOX and [18F]FES in isolated rat, baboon, and human hepatocytes. We have also studied the effect of the serum protein sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which binds [18F]FES better than [18F]betaFMOX, on these rates of metabolism. Immature rat hepatocytes were found to metabolize [18F]FES 31 times faster than [18F]betaFMOX, whereas mature rat cells metabolized [18F]FES only 3 times faster, and baboon and human hepatocytes only 2 times faster than [18F]betaFMOX. In the presence of SHBG, the metabolic consumption rate for [18F]FES in mature rat hepatocytes decreased by 26%. Thus, the very favorable target tissue uptake characteristics of [18F]betaFMOX determined in the rat probably result from its comparative resistance to metabolism (vis-a-vis [18F]FES) in this species, an advantage that is strongly reflected in comparative metabolism rates in rat hepatocytes. In the baboon and human, [18F]FES is extensively protein bound and protected from metabolism, an effect that may be reflected to a degree as a decrease in the rate of metabolism of this compound in baboon and human hepatocytes relative to [18F]betaFMOX. Thus in primates, SHBG may potentiate the ER-mediated uptake of [18F]FES in ER+ tumors by selectively protecting this ligand from metabolism and ensuring its delivery to receptor-containing cells. In addition to current screening methods for 18F-estrogens that involve evaluating in vivo ER-mediated uptake in the immature female rat, studies comparing the metabolism of the new receptor ligands in isolated hepatocytes, especially those from primates or humans, may assist in predicting the potential of these ligands for human PET imaging.
Disorder-Mediated Dispersive Transport in a-SiGe Studied by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy

Photoexcited carrier dynamics in a-SiGe:H are studied using optical-pump/terahertz-probe spectroscopy. We find dynamics that are dominated by dispersive transport with a time-dependent mobility that varies systematically with the degree of disorder in the material.
Partial Maxillectomy in the Dog Comparison of Suture Materials and Closure Techniques

This study compares the healing of oronasal defects created by partial maxillectomy when closed using two different suture materials and two different suture patterns. In experiment 1, 24 dogs were divided into four equal groups. Partial maxillectomy was performed on each dog and was closed using either a two-layer simple interrupted suture pattern (12 dogs) or a modified Mayo mattress pattern (12 dogs) with either polyglactin 910 (12 dogs) or polypropylene (12 dogs) sutures. On the seventh postoperative day, the dogs were euthanized, suture line bursting pressures were measured, and wound healing was evaluated grossly and histopathologically. Suture line dehiscence occurred in one dog from each of the four groups. These were the only dogs in which electrocoagulation had been used. The healing of suture lines closed with the two-layer simple interrupted pattern was superior to that of those closed with the modified Mayo mattress pattern based on the degree of gross oral ulceration, suppurative inflammation, fibrosis and oral epithelial covering at the suture line, and the number of necrotic sites in the adjacent tissue. The healing of suture lines closed with polypropylene was superior to that of those closed with polyglactin 910 based on suture line bursting pressures and the degree of suppurative inflammation and tissue necrosis at the suture sites. In Experiment 2, partial maxillectomies were performed on four dogs, and closure was achieved using a two-layer simple interrupted suture pattern with either polyglactin 910 (two dogs) or polypropylene (two dogs). On the 30th postoperative day, the dogs were euthanized, and wound healing was evaluated grossly and histopathologically. All suture lines were well healed. All polyglactin 910 oral sutures were absent, while all polypropylene oral sutures were still present.
Free-Breathing, Motion-Corrected Late Gadolinium Enhancement Is Robust and Extends Risk Stratification to Vulnerable Patients

Background— Routine clinical use of novel free-breathing, motion-corrected, averaged late-gadolinium-enhancement (moco-LGE) cardiovascular MR may have advantages over conventional breath-held LGE (bh-LGE), especially in vulnerable patients. Methods and Results— In 390 consecutive patients, we collected bh-LGE and moco-LGE with identical image matrix parameters. In 41 patients, bh-LGE was abandoned because of image quality issues, including 10 with myocardial infarction. When both were acquired, myocardial infarction detection was similar (McNemar test, P =0.4) with high agreement (κ=0.95). With artifact-free bh-LGE images, pixelwise myocardial infarction measures correlated highly ( R 2=0.96) without bias. Moco-LGE was faster, and image quality and diagnostic confidence were higher on blinded review ( P <0.001 for all). During a median of 1.2 years, 20 heart failure hospitalizations and 18 deaths occurred. For bh-LGE, but not moco-LGE, inferior image quality and bh-LGE nonacquisition were linked to patient vulnerability confirmed by adverse outcomes (log-rank P <0.001). Moco-LGE significantly stratified risk in the full cohort (log-rank P <0.001), but bh-LGE did not (log-rank P =0.056) because a significant number of vulnerable patients did not receive bh-LGE (because of arrhythmia or inability to hold breath). Conclusions— Myocardial infarction detection and quantification are similar between moco-LGE and bh-LGE when bh-LGE can be acquired well, but bh-LGE quality deteriorates with patient vulnerability. Acquisition time, image quality, diagnostic confidence, and the number of successfully scanned patients are superior with moco-LGE, which extends LGE-based risk stratification to include patients with vulnerability confirmed by outcomes. Moco-LGE may be suitable for routine clinical use.
Several circuit applications of amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The incorporation of amorphous semiconductor devices in several circuit applications is presented considering such aspects as linear amplification, ternary threshold logic, and clocked binary gates. The circuit descriptions are brief in favor of presenting the principles of operation. Detail design data are available from laboratory reports and published papers appropriately cited in the paper. Working laboratory models were “breadboarded” for each of the circuits, however, it is cautioned that a hand selection of devices was required. Furthermore, no attempt in optimization was made. It is believed that with modification, while retaining basic principles considerable improvement in circuit performance can be achieved. It may be that crystalline semiconductor devices would avail circuits usually simpler in concept and design than those which are described here. However, the virtues of the circuits discussed herein, lie in their novelty as an application of new circuit elements that may yield ideas for improving their methods of application or give insight into new methods of employing these devices.
Seismic Monitoring of a CO2 Flood At Weyburn Field, Saskatchewan, Canada: Demonstrating the Robustness of Time-lapse Seismology

The Weyburn CO2 flood is the largest horizontal injection program in the world, involving a 30 m thick fractured carbonate reservoir at 1400 m depth. The Reservoir Characterization Project of the Colorado School of Mines used new triaxial vibrators to acquire the first high-resolution 4-D, 9-C land seismic survey in Canada to monitor the flood. A baseline survey was shot in 2000 prior to CO2 injection and a monitor survey was acquired in September 2001 after 23 BCF of CO2 was injected via horizontal wells. A P-wave difference volume gave a high-resolution time-lapse seismic image of the CO2 flood in a pilot 4–pattern area and showed CO2 fingering along off-trend high permeability zones. These zones are conduits for movement of CO2 out of pattern and the cause of early response and breakthrough. This vital information can be used to modify the injection program to more effectively sweep the reservoir.
The Methods of Herbarium Taxonomy

Taxonomic knowledge of any group of plants com prises two parts?descriptive and phylogenetic. This duality is embodied in definitions of taxonomy, such as that of Simpson (1961), who defined systematics1 as: "the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of or ganisms and of any and all relationships among them." Descriptive and phylogenetic studies have dif ferent goals and methods. Descriptive taxonomy is mostly concerned with the delimitation of species and the associated activities of description and nomencla ture. Phylogenetic analysis is mostly concerned with discovering relationships among taxa and the associ ated activity of classification. Phylogenetic study of a group depends, of course, on descriptive knowledge of that group, but the converse is not true. Descriptive taxonomy is the first stage in the taxonomic process, and lays the foundation for all that follows. Because of this, it might be argued that the descriptive stage is the more important one. It is somewhat paradoxical, then, that despite the spectacular advances in phylo genetic analysis over the last 30 years there have been few, if any comparable advances in descriptive meth odology. Indeed, Stevens (2000) considered that gen eral systematic practice at the species level had changed little over the last century. It is remarkable that there has been so little discussion and so few con
Studies of liquid radioactive effluent discharged to the aquatic environment from C.E.G.B. nuclear power stations—a sequential scheme for the analysis of major metallic radioisotopes

Abstract This paper sets out the reasons for undertaking a study of the radioactive effluent discharged from the Central Electricity Generating Board's first-phase nuclear-powered generating stations, and describes the development of a sequential analytical scheme to separate and measure the major metallic radioisotopes present in their aqueous effluent. Radioantimony is first precipitated as the sulphide, and radioisotopes of manganese, zirconium, cobalt, niobium, iron and zinc are then separated individually using one anion-exchange column in the chloride form. Caesium is removed by adsorption on zirconium phosphate, and finally chromium and cerium are obtained as separate fractions using an anion-exchange column in the nitrate form. Simple one- or two-gate gamma-counting using a sodium iodide crystal is used to assay between 10 and 12 gamma-emitting isotopes; iron-55 is measured by gel-scintillation or proportional counting.
Ultrasonic induction of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes.

We analyzed sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies as an indicator of DNA damage induced in human lymphocytes by ‘real-time’ ultrasound. A range of exposure times and intensities was tested in a series of blind, randomized, in vitro experiments under spatial and sonographic conditions simulating exposure of a gravid abdomen and uterus. Our studies showed small but consistent effects of ultrasound on SCE frequencies, for each experiment. Differences between matched control and exposed means were significantly different from zero. X2 tests for homogeneity indicated no significant differences among either the means or the total distributions of the controls, nor among each of the separate dose levels. Consequently, experiments were pooled, and X2 analysis indicated significant differences both among distributions and among means of SCE frequencies for controls versus exposed cells (P(0.001). The pooled control mean was also significantly different from each of the pooled dose means. Correcting for multiple comparisons gave identical results for the paired comparisons of means except for the 20-min level which was borderline (0.025P(0.01). We conclude that the well-established value of clinical ultrasonography warrants its continued use; however, minimizing the numbers and lengths of exposure per patient would seem prudent, pending further information on clinical implications of our results.
Differential diagnosis of mental subnormality and abnormality: The contribution of psychometrics

In a psychiatric population, cognitive abnormality impacts on intellectual functioning and is often misconstrued as subnormality, i.e., mental retardation. Standard IQ and neuropsychological tests contribute little to the differential diagnosis, which hinges on the question of developmental failure. A developmentally rooted psychometric battery, one that assesses conceptual, perceptual-motor, and social maturity, is proposed as an objective diagnostic method. Research confirms the validity of this approach for distinguishing between psychosis with severe functional vs. developmental impairment, even when matched for IQ. Diagnostic and treatment implications are discussed.
Ambient pressure upregulates nitric oxide synthase in a phosphorylated-extracellular regulated kinase- and protein kinase C-dependent manner.

Purpose Using endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell (SMC) cocultures, we have demonstrated that pressurized endothelial cell coculture inhibits SMC proliferation and promotes apoptosis, and that this effect is transferable through pressurized endothelial medium. We now hypothesized that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a significant role in mediating these pressure-induced effects. Methods Conditioned media from endothelial cells and SMCs exposed to ambient and increased pressure were transferred to recipient SMCs. We counted cells after 5 days of incubation with these media and evaluated eNOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) levels by Western blot. Results Conditioned media from pressurized endothelial cells significantly decreased recipient SMC counts. This effect was sustained when N -nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to recipient cells but abolished when L-NAME was added to donor cells. SMCs were then exposed to control and pressurized conditions in monoculture or in coculture with endothelial cells. Pressure and coculture caused similar increase in iNOS levels but had no additive effect in combination. Finally, endothelial cells were exposed to control and pressurized environments. Pressure caused a 24% ± 1.6% increase in eNOS protein ( P = .04, n=12). This effect was sustained when cells were treated with L-NAME (32% ± 1.6% increase, P = .02) but abolished when endothelial cells were treated with calphostin C or PD98059 to block protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Pressure also increased endothelial phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) by 1.8-fold to 2.6-fold compared with control conditions after exposure of 2, 4, and 6 hours ( P = .02, n=4). This increase was sustained after pretreatment with calphostin C. Conclusion Pressure modulates endothelial cell effects on SMC growth by increasing eNOS in an ERK-dependent and PKC-dependent manner.
Imperfections, lattice constants and densities of cold-drawn and of recrystallized aluminium wires

Aluminum contains in lesser or larger amounts excess atoms, depending on the kind of mechanical or thermal treatment and on the concentration of trace impurities. The number of excess atoms in a 99.9 % pure recrystallized Al wire is 18 per 10 000 unit cells, and they may be a constituent of the denser segregations. The lattice constant of a cold drawn Al wire in the direction of its axis was slightly smaller (a25=4.049 44) than that of the recrystallized wire (a25=4.049 47 A), but was larger in the transverse direction (a25=4.049 63 A). The thermal expansion coefficient of the recrystallized wire (α=22.9·10−6) between 10 and 60 °C did not differ (significantly) from that of the hard drawn wires. The density of the whole hard wire wasd25=2.700 4 g/cm3 (core −2.698 9), that of the recrystallized wire was smaller (2.699 3 g/cm3). The concentration of interstitials was largest in the outside layers of the wire (at least 4 atoms per 1 000 unit cells or 1.5·1013 atoms per cm2). Previous measurements, giving lower densities for cold worked metals, may be explained by the fact that crack and capillary formation during cold work frequently outbalance the effect of density increase due to increase of interstitial atom (blocking dislocation) concentration, created by the process of slipping and deformation. Strain hardening appears then as a consequence of the increasing number of interstitial atoms. The latter processes are in agreement with the theories as discussed bySchmid andBoas. From the density decrease of the hard wire (after heating) the volume of submicroscopic fissures per cm3 was estimated: 10−4 cm3. They may be created by moving dislocations and vacancies (formation of dislocation cracks), during the deformation process. Only both, lattice constant and density measurements of the same material give a correct picture of conditions inside (in terms ofn′) of a deformed as well as of a recrystallized metal or another crystalline material.
An Experimental Investigation of State-Variable Modal Decomposition Method for Modal Analysis

This work presents the experimental evaluation of the statevariable modal decomposition (SVMD) method for modal parameter estimation of multi degree-of-freedom (MDOF) vibration systems. Using output response ensembles only, the generalized eigenvalue problem is formed to estimate eigen frequencies and modal vectors for a lightly damped linear clamped-free experimental Euler beam. The estimated frequencies and modal vectors are compared against the theoretical system frequencies and modal vectors. Satisfactory results are obtained for estimating both system frequencies and modal vectors for the first five modes. To validate the actual modes from the spurious ones, modal coordinates are employed that together with frequency and vector estimates substantiate the true modes. The paper also addresses the error associated with estimation when the number of sensors is less than the active/dominant modes of the system shown via a numerical example.© 2009 ASME
Changes in Sodium Caseinate Heated in Various Model Systems

Abstract Sols containing 3% sodium caseinate in deionized water (heated and unheated), .02M calcium chloride, 5% lactose, .011M potassium phosphate, .01M sodium citrate, .039M sodium chloride, synthetic ultrafiltrate, and milk dialysate were heated at 100C for 30min. Quantitative and qualitative differences in composition were demonstrated chromatographically and electrophoretically which suggested formation of aggregates that varied with the composition of the dispersing medium. Losses ranging from 1.9 to 75, 5.5 to 71.6, 3.9 to 23.7, and .4 to 31.3% occurred in γ-, κ-, β-, and α s -caseins. One aggregate appeared on heating in the presence of calcium chloride and another in the presence of calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, synthetic ultrafiltrate, and milk dialysate. An unresolved casein aggregate appeared in all model systems and ranged from 5.1% in the unheated control to 14.4% in sodium chloride.
Interference of geometries in quantum gravity

The intensity of the wave function of a quantum particle is shown to undergo a spatial oscillation due to the influence of a quantum superposition of space-time geometries in a simply connected region, even though each geometry is flat in this region.
Mouse spermatozoal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the X-linked form.

Abstract Mouse spermatozoal “glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase” was characterized for substrate utilization, electrophoretic mobility, and by immunoinactivation with an antibody to human, erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzymatic activity was found to have the properties of the X-linked form ( Gpd-2 ).
Early experience with enabling national housing strategies

The United Nations' statement, Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000, underscores the urgency for developing countries to prepare throughfful, comprehensive shelter strategies. This article summarizes the experience of four countries (Barbados, Jamaica, Kenya and Zimbabwe) which undertook strategy development projects before the UN's recent call. A number of lessons are drawn on which elements contribute to a successful strategy project, ie one which yields a strategy which is technically sound and garners the necessary support for implementation.
Separation of hepatocytes from suspensions of mouse liver cells using programmed gradient sedimentation in gradients of ficoll in tissue sulture medium.

Abstract Liver cells were obtained in suspension using a solution of lysozyme in Joklik's modification of minimum essential medium. Hepatocytes were separated in 74.2 ± 12.9% purity from other liver cells having different densities using isopycnic centrifugation, in 97.1 ± 1.9% purity from other liver cells having different diameters using velocity or rate-zonal centrifugation. A previously reported computer integration of the differential sedimentation equation was employed in determining the gradient design and the speed and duration of centrifugation which would permit purification of hepatocytes from other liver cells. More than 98% of the hepatocytes separated by velocity sedimentation excluded trypan blue. Velocity sedimentation is superior to isopycnic centrifugation for the separation of hepatocytes from liver cell suspensions because it gives more highly purified hepatocytes and because it requires lower centrifugal forces for shorter periods of time.
Sales Teams or Salespersons: Performance Implications for Embracing Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultural Values in a Global Marketplace

Identifying antecedents of salesperson performance is a long-standing objective in the sales management research field. The purpose of this article is to outline how the practical understanding of, and the willingness to embrace, sales employees' cultural value-systems adds value while considering performance drivers, individualistic versus collectivistic values, and performance outcomes. The cultural dimensions under consideration, individualism and collectivism, cannot be approached as a dichotomy. As is the case for all cultural dimensions, they represent a continuum and not absolutes. In this study, the work preferences and predispositions of participants were compared using an international data set. Respondents were culturally classified based on research (i.e., Americans and Australians as individualists and Japanese and South Koreans as collectivists). Specifically, it was found that individualists were less attached to their current work situation; collectivists indicated less work/family conflict; and individualists valued independent work more while collectivists valued deciding work time. This is important because of the need to understand how to effectively connect with the values of people to encourage positive performance outcomes. The reality is that value holds differing degrees of emphasis; the performance formula is the theoretical framework to guide this research. The implications of the results for sales management professionals are discussed.
Host Plants of the Sugarbeet Root Maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis

To test the host range of the sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Roder), 25 plant species and varieties were tested for oviposition or larval development and survival under laboratory or field conditions. These included 19 Chenopodiaceae (14 species and varieties of Beta and 5 species in 4 other genera), and 6 species in 5 other families. Only members of the genera Beta, Spinacia, and A triplex (all Chenopodiaceae) were suitable as hosts. Five common weeds in 4 families previously reported as hosts were found not suitable. The sugarbeet root maggot is native to western North America, but all suitable hosts found thus far are introduced.
Congruence of Behavioral Symptomatology in Children with ADD/H, ADD/WO, and Learning Disabilities

Although evidence generally supports the behavioral differentiation of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD/H) and attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADD/WO), a growing body of literature suggests that children with learning disabilities (LD) share behavioral symptomatology with children diagnosed as having ADD/WO. The present study examined this issue by comparing parent and teacher behavioral ratings among groups of children diagnosed as having ADD/H, ADD/WO, and LD on symptoms of impul-sivity, inattention, and social withdrawal. The subjects were 77 outpatients in a diagnostic and referral-service clinic who were divided into three groups. Group 1 included children with a primary diagnosis of ADD/H (n = 35), Group 2 included children with a primary diagnosis of ADD/WO (n = 25), and Group 3 included children with a primary diagnosis of learning disabilities (n = 17). The results indicated that parents and teachers view children with ADD/H as more disruptive than children wit...
Artificial Nutritional Support in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Narrative Review

Objective Malnutrition is common in hemodialysis (HD) patients and is a powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality. While much progress has been made in identifying the causes and pathogenesis of malnutrition in patients on HD, no consensus has been reached on its management. Nutritional counseling, appetite stimulants, growth hormone, androgenic anabolic steroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs have been tested with contradictory and nonconclusive results. Oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) and intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) also have been studied. Design/Setting/Patients We searched the MEDLINE and PubMed databases for randomized clinical trials, comparative nonrandomized clinical trials, studies with patients who were controls for themselves, and single-arm studies on ONS and IDPN. Thirty-four studies (3223 patients) have been identified and analyzed. Seventeen studies were on ONS (778 patients) and 17 were on IDPN (2475 patients). Results ONS may improve serum albumin levels and/or other nutritional parameters, whereas there are insufficient data on clinical outcome. IDPN improves serum albumin and body weight. Conclusion Data on survival are conflicting but the only study with an adequate population sample shows that IDPN does not influence survival. Randomized, controlled studies are needed to clarify the role of ONS and IDPN in the treatment of malnutrition in HD.
Effect of Hyperinsulinemia on the Development of Blood Coagulation in the Lamb Fetus

ABSTRACT: Infants of diabetic mothers have an increased risk for thrombosis. The etiology of their hypercoagulable state is unknown. To examine the effects of hyperinsulinemia on the development of coagulation during fetal life, 10 sets of chronically catheterized fetal lambs were studied. One twin from each pair of 120-d gestation lamb fetuses was infused with insulin at a rate of 2.5 U/h for 48 h, whereas its twin sibling was infused with an equal volume (20 ml.) of dextrose 5% in water Changes in coagulation factor activities were measured before and after the infusions, and differences were analyzed by paired t tests. There was a significant decrease in protein C after insulin treatment in the insulin-treated twins. There were relative increases in fibrinogen factors V, VII, and XI when the insulin-treated group was compared with the controls. The changes are consistent with an increased risk of thrombosis and may explain, in part, the higher incidence of thrombosis in infants of diabetic mothers.
The Development of a Personal Learning Environment in Second Life

In this qualitative pilot study, the authors report on curriculum field trials within a personal learning environment PLE designed by a collaboration of academic researchers and nonprofit volunteers working together in the virtual world of Second Life. The purpose of the PLE is to provide learners less likely to have access to educational opportunities with a means to create a 'new life' in the real world, through a basic web-based curriculum and an advanced Second Life curriculum. Field trials of the Second Life curriculum were held with youth from underserved populations n=6 to identify participant characteristics that facilitate success with the curriculum. Performance on instructional outcomes was examined in addition to a participatory action research methodology PAR that was employed with participants as co-researchers. To protect identities, the authors use a case study approach to track one composite participant/co-researcher through the curriculum.
The recovery-from-extinction of an avoidance response following an inescapable shock in the avoidance apparatus

18 albino rats were trained in a one-way avoidance box until they had reached a learning criterion. Then the shock was turned off and the Ss were run until they had reached an extinction criterion. At this point three different treatments were introduced. One group of six (the experimental group) received a 3-sec. inescapable shock in the “danger” side of the avoidance box. A second group (the shock-control group) received the inescapable shock in what had previously been the “safe” side of the avoidance box. A third group (the handling-control group) received the same handling as the experimental group, except that no shock was administered. The experimental group showed complete recovery-from-extinction. The avoidance performance of the handling-control group continued to deteriorate, while the shock-control group virtually ceased all avoidance responding.
Schizophrenia: refining the phenotype, resolving endophenotypes.

Abstract The conceptual history of the diagnosis of schizophrenia is reviewed and the current definition of the illness is examined (e.g. DSM-IV). A dimensional alternative to the traditional categorical model of diagnosis is discussed with a specific emphasis on the four dimensions of psychopathology represented by reality distortion (hallucinations, delusions), disorganization (positive formal thought disorder, bizarre behavior), negative symptoms (flattened affect, avolition, alogia, asociality), and premorbid social functioning. Also discussed is the development of structured psychiatric interviews that emerged from the clinical/research context that gave rise to explicit (i.e. operational) diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. The general methodological approach used to detect valid endophenotypes for schizophrenia liability—i.e. indicators of liability not visible to the unaided naked eye—as well as their potential diagnostic and research utility is presented in overview. The rationale for linking such indicators to schizophrenia liability, which is conceptualized as a latent construct, is also reviewed. Future directions in the development and refinement of the diagnostic approach to schizophrenia and schizophrenia liability are highlighted.
Reconstruction of protein networks from an atlas of maize seed proteotypes

A comprehensive knowledge of proteomic states is essential for understanding biological systems. Using mass spectrometry, we mapped an atlas of developing maize seed proteotypes comprising 14,165 proteins and 18,405 phosphopeptides (from 4,511 proteins), quantified across eight tissues. We found that many of the most abundant proteins are not associated with detectable levels of their mRNAs, and we provide evidence for three potential explanations: transport of proteins between tissues; diurnal, out-of-phase accumulation of mRNAs and cognate proteins; and differential lifetimes of mRNAs compared with proteins. Likewise, many of the most abundant mRNAs were not associated with detectable levels of their proteins. Across the entire dataset, protein abundance was poorly correlated with mRNA levels and was largely independent of phosphorylation status. Comparisons between proteotypes revealed the quantitative contribution of specific proteins and phosphorylation events to the spatially and temporally regulated starch and oil biosynthetic pathways. Reconstruction of signaling networks established associations of proteins and phosphoproteins with distinct biological processes acting during seed development. Additionally, a protein kinase substrate network was reconstructed, enabling the identification of 762 potential substrates of specific protein kinases. Finally, examination of 694 transcription factors revealed remarkable constraints on patterns of expression and phosphorylation within transcription factor families. These results provide a resource for understanding seed development in a crop that is the foundation of modern agriculture.
Sample differences in genetics and intelligence data: sibling and parent--offspring studies.

Possible causes of the heterogeneity of parent-offspring and sibling IQ correlations based on a review of the world literature were investigated. A meta-analysis of the parent-offspring data indicated that sample differences in the size of the IQ correlations were due to sampling error, test unreliability, and differences in the distribution of IQs. A similar analysis of the sibling data failed to reveal the cause of the variability in sibling IQ correlations.
The thermodynamics of nitrogen austenites containing noble-metal substitutional solutes

Abstract A gas-solid equilibration technique has been used to determine the partial thermodynamic functions of nitrogen dissolved in fcc Fe-Rh solid solutions. The data span the temperature range 1370–1530 K and the composition range 0–6 at.% Rh. The N-contents never exceeded 5 × 10-2 at. %. The data were analyzed in terms of the cell model for ternary solid solutions. Adherence to the model was good and revealed that Rh atoms produce shallow trapping sites for N in the fcc lattice. Their depth, relative to the potential minima in the Fe-N system is -2.3 kJ/mol.
Blastomyces dermatitidis as a Cause of Middle Lobe Syndrome

ABSTRACT: Middle lobe syndrome is a clinical term used to describe right middle lobe atelectasis with or without bronchial compression. Fungal disease has been implicated rarely as a cause of middle lobe syndrome. This is a patient with Blastomyces dermatitidis infection who presented with right middle lobe syndrome.
Reciprocal function of Gαi2 and Gαi3 in graft-versus-host disease

This study delineates specific functions of Gαi2 and Gαi3 in T cell mobilization during the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and reveals reciprocal effects of these two G proteins on the onset and morbidity of the disease. A deletion of Gαi2 hampered trafficking of pathogenic T cells from secondary lymphoid tissues to inflammatory sites and sufficiently prevented GVHD. In contrast, a severer disease was induced in mice adoptively transferred with Gαi3-deficient T cells than those mice transferred with wild-type T cells. In agreement with this, pathogenic Gαi2–/– T cells displayed a defect in response to CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5, whereas lack of Gαi3 augmented T effector cell chemotaxis induced by CXCL10 and CXCL11 and resulted in their preference of homing to the liver and colon. Absence of either Gαi also abrogated sphingosince-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated inhibition of T cell chemokinesis and facilitated T cell homing and expansion in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes at the early phase of GVHD development, which is another key determinant in the severity and early onset of the disease in the mice infused with Gαi3–/– T cells. These observations underscore interplay between Gαi2 and Gαi3 and potentially provide a novel strategy to prevent GVHD by blocking T cell homing at early stages and T effector cell trafficking at later time points.
The role of complement in host resistance to bacteria

Some of the earliest observations that led to our current understanding of the function of the complement system were made just before the turn of the century when it was noted that fresh blood had the power to kill certain types of bacteria [3, 17]. Analysis of the bactericidal activity of blood led to the recognition of factors called into play by the presence of specific antibodies to the bacterial surface that were responsible for the lytic of bactericidal event. Because early investigators thought that this activity occurred only after the binding of antibody, it was called complement. More detailed analysis of these factors elucidated the protein components active in the “classic” complement pathway, or cascade, and later that in the “alternative” pathway. As our understanding of this system developed, it became clear that complement plays a major role in protecting the individual from overwhelming bacterial infection and participates in both “specific” and “nonspecific” immunity. Complement mediates its effects through at least two important mechanisms. The first to be recognized was the bactericidal reaction, that is, the direct complement killing of microorganisms; later, it became clear that complement proteine act as opsonins, coating bacteria with protein fragments which are recognized with great specificity by phagocytic cells and which facilitate the phagocytic process.
A design study of a cable-driven hexapod

This article illustrates the use of dynamic performance analysis in the design of legged robots, specifically hexapods. This is accomplished by comparing the dynamic performance of a cable-driven hexapod to that of a more conventional design in which the actuators are mounted at the joints. By integrating the actuators into the torso and through the use of cable transmission, the mass and inertias of the legs are reduced in order to attain the high accelerations and backdrivability. The dynamic performance described herein is bounded by the actuator torque limits and the no-slip condition at the ground contact points. The result is a description of how well each hexapod can accelerate its torso without causing slippage at the ground contact points. Although somewhat mixed, the results show some advantage to the use of a cable-driven transmission.
Enthalpies of dilution of dodecyl- and tetradecyl-trimethylammonium bromides in aqueous sodium bromide at elevated temperatures

Abstract Enthalpies of dilution of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetradecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide in NaBr(aq) have been measured at 373.7 and 448.8 K with a mass-flow temperature-rise calorimeter. Measurements of the enthalpy of dilution of dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide in NaBr(aq) have also been made at 323.7 and 348.8 K. The results were fitted using a non-linear least-squares cubic-spline method. Critical-micelle-molality regions were obtained. The change in critical-micelle-molality region with respect to molality of NaBr was used to calculate micellar “counter-ion binding fractions” at each temperature.