cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Level Modeling of the Effects of Charge and Sugars on the Phase Equilibrium of Model Lipid Bilayers

We present a mean-field theoretical molecular model capable of addressing the disparity in results drawn from experiments studying the structural and thermodynamic characteristics within multicomponent anionic model membranes. The experiments were drawn under identical system conditions, differing only in lipid preparation method_electrophoresis, in the presence of sugar solutions, versus a gentle hydration protocol, absent of sugars. The discrepancies in the membrane phase behavior were noted, but left uncharacterized due to constraints on the experimental conditions that limited the yields necessary to evaluate a comparison drawn between the techniques.Such experimental limitations highlight the utility of our theory, from which we can capture the non-trivial coupling between organizational and physiochemical properties within the system. We use a molecular model to quantify the isolated and net contributions of glucose, sucrose, and counterion distribution to the stability of phase-coexistence regions in ternary anionic membranes comprised of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), anionic dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), and cholesterol. The theory is based on a free energy formulation that explicitly accounts for the architecture and charge distribution of all system molecules, while treating the intermolecular interactions within a mean-field approach. A distinguishing attribute of our theory is the rigorous construction of all system components from a molecular foundation, realistically characterizing the system's physics on the scale of the monomer. The size and shape of each monomeric unit are treated explicitly, and all possible conformations, as well as a comprehensive set of translational and rotational states, are included.As delineated in this work, anionic lipid head-regions present hydroxyl groups capable of forming hydrogen-bond networks. The introduction of sugar molecules motivates strong interactions with these networks, tremendously disrupting the stability of phase coexistence regions. Screening of counterions partially alleviates this effect.
Liposomal amphotericin B versus the combination of fluconazole and itraconazole as prophylaxis for invasive fungal infections during induction chemotherapy for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

BACKGROUND Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The authors evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) compared with a combination of fluconazole plus itraconazole (F+I) as prophylaxis in this setting. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed AML or high-risk MDS who were undergoing initial induction chemotherapy were randomized to receive either F+I (fluconazole 200 mg orally every 12 hours plus itraconazole tablets 200 mg orally every 12 hours) or L-AmB (3 mg/kg intravenously 3 times per week) in this prospective, open-label study. RESULTS Seventy-two L-AmB-treated patients and 67 F+I-treated patients were enrolled in the study. Of these, 47% of patients completed antifungal prophylaxis without a change in therapy for proven or suspected fungal infection. Three patients in each arm developed a proven fungal infection. Twenty-three percent of the L-AmB-treated patients and 24% of the F+I-treated patients were changed to alternative antifungal therapy because of persistent fever (P value not significant). Nine percent of the L-AmB-treated patients developed pneumonia of unknown etiology compared with 16% of the F+I-treated patients (P value not significant). Increases in serum creatinine levels to > 2 mg/dL (20% for the L-AmB arm vs. 6% for the F+I arm; P = 0.012) and increases in serum bilirubin levels to > 2 mg/dL (43% vs. 22%, respectively; P = 0.021) were more common with L-AmB. Infusion-related reactions were noted in five L-AmB-treated patients. Responses to chemotherapy and induction mortality rates were similar for the two arms. CONCLUSIONS L-AmB and F+I appear similar in their efficacy as antifungal prophylaxis during induction chemotherapy for patients with AML and MDS. L-AmB was associated with higher rates of increased serum bilirubin and creatinine levels. Cancer 2003;97:450–6. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11094
Analysis of parallelism in modular flowsheet calculations

An analysis of parallelism for modular process flowsheet calculations is given. The central idea is to examine various algorithms that allow one to decouple and decentralize flowsheet calculations for computation in a multiprocessor environment. Specific algorithms are evaluated which make use of quasi-Newton updates to converge the flowsheet equations. From the analysis presented and example problems solved, it is clear that parallel processing can be used to enhance the computational speed of modular flowsheet calculations. In particular, various formulations of the simultaneous modular approach are analyzed to show how parallelism may be taken advantage of in flowsheet solutions.
Effect of chemical kinetics uncertainties on calculated constituents in a tropospheric photochemical model

Random photochemical reaction rates are employed in a 1D photochemical model to examine uncertainties in tropospheric concentrations and thereby determine critical kinetic processes and significant correlations. Monte Carlo computations are used to simulate different chemical environments and their related imprecisions. The most critical processes are the primary photodissociation of O3 (which initiates ozone destruction) and NO2 (which initiates ozone formation), and the OH/methane reaction is significant. Several correlations and anticorrelations between species are discussed, and the ozone/transient OH correlation is examined in detail. One important result of the modeling is that estimates of global OH are generally about 25 percent uncertain, limiting the precision of photochemical models. Techniques for reducing the imprecision are discussed which emphasize the use of species and radical species measurements.
REMARKS TOWARD A GENERAL THEORY OF ORGANIZATION

The paper contains the following elements: (1) a discussion of the role of logical formalisms in scientific theory as a way of establishing legitimacy for general organization theory, (2) a discursive account of the relation between information and entropy in endosomatic and exosomatic evolution, and the deficiencies in such an approach, (3) a formal derivation of the relation between organization, information, and entropy utilizing the work of Brillouin and Watanabe and notions from statistical mechanics, and (4) an application of the theory of organization to the evolution of the scientific process, as well as some suggestions for applications elsewhere.
A simple elemental continuity based model application to study the anaerobic microbial activity for the treatment of dairy manure

A simple anaerobic digestion (AD) model was formulated with emphasis on understanding the microbial activity during AD. The model was formulated according to two main rules that regulate the microbial growth. The first rule was maintaining the elemental continuity of macronutrients C, H, N, O, P, and S. The second rule satisfied the thermodynamics of the main AD catabolic reactions: acidogenesis and both acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Accordingly, the stoichiometric parameters were evaluated as functions of the bacterial yield. The model also considered the enzymatic hydrolysis of solid waste. For a known solid waste composition, experimental data was utilized to estimate microbial initial concentrations, yields and kinetics, i.e., to achieve better understanding of the main AD microbial activity. The model was applied to three sets of batch experiments focusing on anaerobic dairy manure degradation. The model predicted the degradation dynamics, estimated the bacterial concentration in different inoculums, and evaluated the effect of inoculum ratios in speeding up the degradation. Elemental continuity based formulation of the model evaluated additional components that are necessary for future studies of macronutrients recovery, limitation/toxic effects, and chemical equilibrium.
The Bernoullis of Basel

Abstract From the mid-17th century through the 18th century, the Bernoullis were an influential voice in the conduct of mathematical science. Several, including Jacques [Jakob] and Daniel, made seminal contributions to statistics. Some of Daniel's work is highlighted, and his contribution to the history of likelihood, as well as Leonhard Euler's discussion of this work, is reexamined in the light of a little-known manuscript source.
Decomposition of Permutation Networks

The problem of decomposing an arbitrary permutation of a large number of elements into a number of permutations of smaller numbers of elements has become important recently in rearrangeable switching networks and in interconnectors for computer peripheral and processing units. Opferman and Tsao-Wu have published an algorithm for decomposing an arbitrary permutation of n = d × q elements into d permutations of q elements each and (2q - 1) permutations of d elements each. The following is a modified version of their algorithm, wherein a matrix, called the allocator matrix, each of whose elements is a set of integers, is used for obtaining the d permutations of q elements each; and a simpler way of obtaining the (2q - 1) permutations of d elements each is given. The modified algorithm is similar to the backtrack procedure in combinatorics and leads directly to an APL program for any divisor d of n.
Active and Passive Touch: A Research Methodology Project

We describe a perceptual experiment that we have successfully used in Research Methods classes. Students attempt to identify a series of simple cookie cutter shapes using only the fingers and hands...
Cationic liposomes enhance targeted delivery and expression of exogenous DNA mediated by N-terminal modified poly(L-lysine)-antibody conjugate in mouse lung endothelial cells.

Abstract A new and improved system for targeted gene delivery and expression is described. Transfection efficiency of N-terminal modified poly( l -lysine) (NPLL) conjugated with anti-thrombomodulin antibody 34A can be improved by adding to the system a lipophilic component, cationic liposomes. DNA, antibody conjugate and cationic liposomes form a ternary electrostatic complex which preserves the ability to bind specifically to the target cells. At the same time the addition of liposomes enhance the specific transfection efficiency of antibody-polylysine/DNA binary complex by 10 to 20-fold in mouse lung endothelial cells in culture.
Inhibition of AP-1 by the Glucocorticoid-inducible Protein GILZ

The immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids arise largely by inhibition of cytokine gene expression, which has been ascribed to interference between the glucocorticoid receptor and transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-kappa B as well as by competition for common coactivators. Here we show that glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of interleukin-2 mRNA expression in activated normal T cells required new protein synthesis, suggesting that this phenomenon is secondary to expression of glucocorticoid-regulated genes. One of the most prominent glucocorticoid-induced genes is glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), which has been reported to inhibit activation-induced up-regulation of Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA. Indeed, transient expression of GILZ in Jurkat T cells blocked induction of a reporter construct driven by the FasL promoter. This could be accounted for by GILZ-mediated inhibition of Egr-2 and Egr-3, NFAT/AP-1-inducible transcription factors that bind a regulatory element in the FasL promoter and up-regulate FasL expression. GILZ also potently inhibited AP-1-driven and IL-2 promoter-driven reporter constructs, and recombinant GILZ specifically interacted with c-Fos and c-Jun in vitro and inhibited the binding of active AP-1 to its target DNA. Whereas homodimerization of GILZ required the presence of its leucine zipper, the interaction with c-Fos and c-Jun occurred through the N-terminal 60-amino acid region of GILZ. Thus, GILZ represents a glucocorticoid-induced gene product that can inhibit a variety of activation-induced events, at least in part by direct interference with AP-1, and is therefore a candidate for a mediator of glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression.
Shaw receives 2011 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award: Response

Tiffany A. Shaw received the James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding research contributions by a junior atmospheric scientist within 3 years of his or her Ph.D
Human Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells Effectively Reduce GVHD While Preserving Graft-Versus-Leukemia Activity after Allogeneic BMT

S158 dependent caspase-3 activation, and apoptotic cell death in cells exposed to the compounds. In vivo dose-dependent anti-tumor activity of 747 and 777 has been shown in both mouse models of ALL and AML. In addition, biomarker development and the mechansim of cancer cell selectivity with these compunds will be discussed. In all studies, MSK-777 was found to be at least a log more efficacious and therefore was chosen as the lead candidate to continue preclinical and clinical development. Conclusions: Cdc7 kinase inhibition is a novel and efficacious mode of therapy for the hematologic malignancies. MSK-777 is expected to enter Phase I clinical trials in early 2014.
Graphical modeling based gene interaction analysis for microarray data

DNA Microarray provides a powerful basis for analysis of gene expression. Data mining methods such as clustering have been widely applied to microarray data to link genes that show similar expression patterns. However, this approach usually fails to unveil gene-gene interactions in the same cluster. In this paper, we propose to use graphical modeling based interaction analysis for this purpose. We apply graphical gaussian model to discover pairwise gene interactions and use loglinear model to discover multi-gene interactions. We have constructed a prototype system that permits rapid interactive exploration of gene relationships; results can be validated by experts or known information, or suggest new experiments. We have tested our methodology using the yeast microarray data. Our results reveal some previously unknown interactions that have solid biological explanations.
Integration and economic development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The case of the customs and economic Union of Central African States (UDEAC), 1965–1985

(1988). Integration and economic development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The case of the customs and economic Union of Central African States (UDEAC), 1965–1985. Journal of Contemporary African Studies: Vol. 7, No. 1-2, pp. 3-21.
John Chrysostom on Philemon: A Second Look

Recently in this journal Allen D. Callahan argued for a bold, distinctive interpretation of Paul's Epistle to Philemon. Contrary to the conventional interpretation, Onesimus was not a (runaway) slave, but was Philemon's own estranged blood brother. Rather than an appeal for forgiveness for a fugitivus, or a request to retain a slave for further service, the Epistle to Philemon is the apostle's attempt to bring about reconciliation between two brothers. Callahan's thesis constitutes a powerful reminder of how the interpretation of each of Paul's letters, perhaps especially this shortest and most subtle letter, depends acutely upon the interplay between historical reconstruction of the original context and the text itself. Callahan calls for a reconsideration of the most basic, universal presupposition of the interpretation of the letter—that Onesimus was Philemon's slave.
Buoyancy Driven Effects in Formation of Mixing Zones

The release of a mass of hydrogen fuel (gas) into the ambient atmosphere results in the transient formation of flammable mixture zones that represent potential fire, explosion and toxic hazards. The formation of mixing zones of air and hydrogen for this simple geometry follows the classical Rayleigh Taylor (R-T) instability, which is induced when a heavy fluid is placed over a light fluid in a gravitational field. Buoyancy driven mixing in such flow configurations is studied by using the Boussinesq approximation and considering the flow to be laminar. However, this approximation is valid only at low Atwood numbers (non-dimensional density differences). As Atwood number increases (>0.1, i.e. large density differences) the Boussinesq approximation is no longer valid and a distinct bubble and spike geometry of Rayleigh-Taylor buoyant plumes is formed. Aside from asymmetry in the flow the Atwood number also affects key parameters such as the growth constants and molecular mix. The effect of initial conditions on the growth rate of turbulent Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) mixing has been studied using carefully formulated numerical simulations. A monotone integrated large-eddy simulation (MILES) using a finite-volume technique was employed to solve the three-dimensional incompressible Euler equations with numerical dissipation for air and hydrogen mixing at Atwood number 0.875. The study also provides preliminary guidelines for reducing the fire and explosion hazards in enclosures where such situations are present.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Use of Electromyography in Kinesiological Research

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to supply students with suggestions regarding preparation for recording the electromyogram, such as the types of electrodes available, situations in which each has proven satisfactory, and the best methods of application for each type. It is also intended to provide a background for understanding and interpreting electromyograms recorded during kinesiological research, including suggestions for recognition of spread of action potentials from active to inactive tissue, recognition and interpretation of common artefacts, and substantiation of the interpretation by movement analysis based upon sound kinesiological principles.
Structure of beef liver catalase.

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of beef liver catalase has been determined to 2.5 a resolution by a combination of isomorphous and molecular replacement techniques. Heavy-atom positions were found using vector search and difference Fourier methods. The tetrameric catalase molecule has 222 symmetry with one of its dyads coincident with a crystallographic 2-fold axis. The known polypeptide sequence has been unambiguously fitted to the electron density map. The heme is well buried in a hydrophobic pocket, 20 A below the surface of the molecule, and accessible through a hydrophobic channel. Residues that line the heme pocket belong to two different subunits. Tyr357 is the proximal heme ligand and the catalytically important residues on the distal side are residues His74 and Asnl47. The tertiary structure consists of four domains: an extended non-globular amino-terminal arm, which stabilizes the quaternary structure; an anti-parallel, eight-stranded β-barrel providing the residues on the distal side of the heme; a rather random “wrapping domain” around the subunit exterior including the proximal heme ligand; and a final λ-helical structure resembling the E, F, G and H helices of the globins.
On precipitate induced hardening in crystal plasticity: algorithms and simulations

Abstract A crystal elasto-plastic setting was suggested by the authors in Han et al. [Int. J. Plasticity (in press)] to account for precipitate shapes and structure in the kinematic hardening description. In this article, the corresponding elastic–plastic rate independent algorithmic treatment is derived and numerical simulations performed. For the convenience of the computational derivation and implementation, the material formulation is formulated in the unrotated intermediate configuration mapped by the plastic part of the deformation gradient. Several descriptions for the evolution equations, based on the elastic inclusion model [Acta Metal. 29 (1981) 1797] of the kinematic hardening, are suggested and discussed. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to assess the performance of the suggested model and its rate-independent algorithmic treatment.
Algorithmic design of single-input single-output systems with a two-input one-output controller

This paper consider the design of linear time-invariant single-input single-output feedback systems with a two-input one-output controller. Three design algorithms for synthesis, computer-aided design, and robust asymptotic tracking are presented.
Amylolytic activity of the crystalline style of mya arenaria bivalvia mollusca

Abstract 1. 1. Amylolytic activity was analyzed from crystalline styles of the clam Mya arenaria . 2. 2. Amylolytic activity rises with increasing chloride concentrations to a maximum activity at 0.5 M NaCl. 3. 3. pH optima of style amylase are dependent upon the concentrations of chloride present and may occur at pH 6.3, 7.0 and 7.3. 4. 4. Amylase is partially inactivated after one hour at 25–35°C and totally inactivated after one hour at 45°C. 5. 5. Gel filtration indicated that most style amylolytic activity is associated with low molecular weight species. 6. 6. Electrophoresis of style extracts on agarose gels demonstrated three bands of amylolytic activity. Polyacrylamide disc eiectrophoresis demonstrated many more bands.
Matching and backing problems in piezoelectric readout systems

Abstract The effects of matching and backing on the performance of the piezoelectric ceramic transducers used in delay line readout systems for spark chambers are considered. Analysis and probe design are presented for a nonresonant matching system intended for pulse-strain detection application. Particular emphasis is laid on determination of the input acoustical impedance of an exponential matching connector. The input acoustical impedance is calculated and plotted as a function of (a) the normalized frequency, (b) the specific acoustical impedances ratio between the backing material and the matching connector material, and (c) the ratio of the large end diameter-to-small end diameter of the connector.
Component analysis of the urushiol content of poison ivy and poison oak

Abstract The partial separation and quantitation of the components of the urushiol fraction of poison ivy and poison oak are discussed. The urushiol fraction of poison ivy is primarily composed of C 15 side-chain catechol, while the urushiol extract of poison oak is principally the C 17 homolog. The presence of a C 17 homolog in ivy and a C 15 homolog in poison oak urushiol is also detected. Each of these catechol derivatives contain a mixture of congeners which are partially separated by the GLC system used. In each case the tri-olefinic component occurs in greatest abundance and the mono-olefinic congener is least abundant; no saturated material was detected. The compounds were analyzed as trimethylsilyl derivatives and a qualitative analysis was accomplished by GC-MS.
Gender, Ethnicity and Employment: Non-English Speaking Background Migrant Women in Australia, by Rowshan Haque and M. Ohidul Haque. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 2008. 220 pp. ISBN-13 978-3-7908-1999-1 (hbk.). US$119.00.

This book analyzes the likelihood of three labor market outcomes – labor force participation, employment in the primary sector, and unemployment – for immigrant women from non–English-speaking coun...
Abnormal sexual development ofAspergillus nidulans caused by suppressors of a conidial-color mutation

Abstract Green-spore revertants of a dominant-yellow conidial-color mutant ( yB35 ) of Aspergillus nidulans were found to be abnormal in sexual development. Sexual fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) either were completely absent or were overproduced. For each of three revertants analyzed, reversion was due to a second-site suppressor mutation unlinked to the yB locus. Outcrossed strains that carried the suppressor mutations free of the yB mutation retained the aberrations in sexual development exhibited by the corresponding revertants. This finding provides a powerful screening method for rare sexual cycle mutants, since the yB revertants are manifested as easily identified green patches on a lawn of yellow conidia. Possible mechanisms of suppression of the yB phenotype are discussed.
In vitro approaches to analysis of transcription termination

Transcription termination is an important event in the transcription cycle that has been exploited in a variety of genetic regulatory mechanisms. Analysis of transcription termination is greatly facilitated by in vitro approaches. We describe a basic protocol for analysis of transcription termination in vitro, and include descriptions of parameters that can be modified for specific types of experimental questions.
Synthesis of(±)-descarboxylquadrone

Abstract The synthesis of a biologically active anlogue of the antitumor agent quadrone, termed descarboxylquadrone ( 3 ), is described.
Maternal attachment feelings mediate between maternal reports of depression, infant social–emotional development, and parenting stress

Objective: The current study examined whether having a positive maternal postpartum depression screening was associated with maternal report of poorer infant social–emotional development and more negative maternal report of parent–child interaction, and whether scores on a measure of maternal feelings of attachment influenced this relationship. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two first-time mothers and their infants were assessed using self-reporting questionnaires when infants were 2 and 6 months of age. At 2 months, mothers were screened for postpartum depression and their feelings of attachment to their infants were also measured. At 6 months, mothers reported on infant social–emotional development and the parent–child interaction. Results: Findings revealed an association between having a positive screening for maternal depression at 2 months, and reports of both at-risk infant social–emotional development and parent–child dysfunctional interaction at 6 months. Further analyses indicated that maternal...
Onion germplasm interacts with sulfur fertility for plant sulfur utilization and bulb pungency

Sixty-two onion (Allium cepa L.) entries grown under high (4.0 mequiv.liter-1) and low (0.1 mequiv.liter−1) S fertility were evaluated for foliar and bulb S utilization, and pungency. Significant differences were detected among entries at both S fertility levels for foliar and bulb %S, and enzymatically developed pyruvate (pungency) in bulb tissue. Correlations between foliar %S and enzymatically developed pyruvate and between bulb %S and enzymatically developed pyruvate were poor suggesting that S is differentially partitioned into flavor and non-flavor compounds in the bulbs of onion germplasm. Significant S by entry interactions were found for all variables tested indicating that selection for S utilization and bulb pungency in onions be conducted at S fertility levels indicative of targeted production areas.
The unwritten rules: An interview with John Beeson, Author and Principal at Beeson Consulting

0007-6813/$ — see front matter # 2011 Kelley School of Business, I doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2011.06.003 John Beeson is Principal at Beeson Consulting, a management consulting firm based in New York City, where he engages clients on the topics of succession planning; executive assessment, coaching, and development; and organization design. His list of clients includes Best Buy, Colgate-Palmolive, General Electric, International Paper, Philips Electronics, Sprint, Bank of America, Aetna, Mass Mutual Financial Services, and UTC. John is also author of The Unwritten Rules: The Six Skills You Need to Get Promoted to the Executive Level (Jossey-Bass). He holds a BA from Amherst College and an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Business Horizons Editor-in-Chief, Marc J. Dollinger, recently had the opportunity to speak with Mr. Beeson regarding not only his new book, but also other topics of his expertise.
Effect of oxygen non-stoichiometry and temperature on cation ordering in LiMn2−xNixO4 (0.50 ≥ x ≥ 0.36) spinels

Abstract The effect of oxygen stoichiometry on the transition metal ordering and electrochemical activity of LiMn 2− x Ni x O 4 solid solutions was investigated. Temperature–oxygen-partial-pressure–composition ( p O 2 – T – x ) diagrams of ordered and disordered phases of LiMn 2− x Ni x O 4 (0.50 ≥ x ≥ 0.36) in the vicinity of order–disorder transition temperature ( T c ) was constructed by means of infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and galvanostatic measurements. Despite their simplicity and limitations over traditional diffraction techniques, all three techniques offered near excellent capability to distinguish ordered and disordered phases. The effect of oxygen-partial-pressure ( p O 2 ) in the annealing atmosphere and nickel content of the spinel on T c was studied. The transition temperature increased with p O 2 and nickel content, except in oxygen-rich ( p O 2 = 1) atmosphere for the maximum nickel content spinel of LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 . An explanation for the dependence of the transition temperature on the two variables and changes induced by the post-fabrication heat treatments is provided.
Molecular mechanism of plastic deformation of polyethylene

Studies of single-crystal deformation explain the small- and wide-angle x-ray observations of the cold drawing of PE, particularly the effects in the necking zone where the original spherulitic structure is transformed into a highly aligned fiber structure. Whole blocks of folded chains are broken out of the original crystals, which have already undergone a substantial deformation by chain tilting and slip, and incorporated in the new fiber structure. In variance with drawing of single crystals, the plastic deformation of bulk samples adjusts the long period of folded chain blocks to the temperature of drawing so that the obtained value is a function of the latter, but very nearly independent of the long period of the sample before drawing. The amorphous regions of the drawn polyethylene contain a great many highly strained tie molecules with a lower entropy and heat content than in a completely relaxed supercooled liquid. Melting experiments yield the heat content reduction which is a consequence of more extended chain conformation(intramolecular energy)and of closer chain packing(intermolecular energy). The entropy and enthalpy reduction explains the drastic decrease of sorption and diffusion of solvents first observed in wide-line NMR experiment. Annealing lets the sample relax and return to thermodynamic equilibrium nearly instantaneously. The heat content, the diffusion, and sorption resume the values of the undrawn bulk material. The long period grows to the value which one would obtain if the original drawing were performed at the temperature of annealing.
The relative efficiency of stock versus mutual S&Ls: A stochastic cost frontier approach

From an agency theory perspective, recent conversion activity of savings and loan associations (SL (2) that SL and (3) that operating inefficiency was not significantly related to form of ownership.
Electron Beam Generation in Plasma-Filled Diodes

A study has been made of the response of low-density (\ensuremath{\sim} ${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) plasmas when subjected to the very high electric fields of relativistic-electron-beam-accelerator diodes. An anomalous resistive behavior has not been seen. Instead, sheath formation at the cathode and electron-beam generation across the sheath has been found. This has important applications to the design of diodes for future electron-beam machines.
There's No Place Like Home: A Preliminary Study of Toddler Unintentional Injury

This household-based study of 100 parents documents the type and frequency of home toddler unintentional injury and describes parental supervision at the time of injury. Also included is a home assessment for injury-related hazards, parental report of the use of home safety measures, and an 8-week phone survey. The mean number of child injuries was 2.8 (SD = 2.69). Five percent of the injuries required medical attention. Overall, one fifth of the injuries occurred when children were unsupervised. Findings suggest that minor injury may have a developmental component that is different from that of serious injury.
HPLC-n.m.r. studies of radiation damage to d(TpA).

Nine of the products isolated from X-irradiated aqueous solutions of d(TpA) by HPLC are identified from their proton n.m.r. spectra.
Drug testing in the workplace

Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act in April 1988, which resulted in the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. The intent was to establish a substance-free work environment for all federal workers by requiring that all federal employees pass a urine drug test before employment. These guidelines specifically, and exclusively, focus on testing urine specimens for metabolites of marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiates (focusing on heroin metabolites), and amphetamines (including Ecstasy). Since then, there have been many scientific, technical, and legal challenges to the validity of urine drug testing. In response, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, a division operating under the executive branch of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, put forth, through many revisions, strict procedural guidelines and specimen validity-testing criteria to manage suspicious or adulterated samples during and after urine collection. This review focuses on the legal ramifications, the procedural process, and the sensitivity and specificity of the two urine drug tests used for workplace drug testing: immunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, we dissect the problematic issue of cross-sensitivity between illicit and prescription drugs, and how this affects the validity of future urine drug testing.
Liquid Crystals as Inspirations for Fundamental Physics

Liquid crystals fill the symmetry gap between the highest-symmetry homogenous and isotropic fluid phase and the lowest-symmetry crystalline lattices. As such they are ideal materials to probe fundamental concepts relating symmetry and conservation laws to generalized elastic distortions, broken-symmetry dynamics, and topological defects. This talk reviews how nematic and smectic phases illuminated these concepts.
Amelioration of inflammation, angiogenesis and CTGF expression in an arthritis model by a TSP1-derived peptide treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a thrombospondin 1 (TSP1)-derived peptide on inflammation and angiogenesis in an animal model of erosive arthritis and to assess the relationship between TSP1 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Erosive arthritis in Lewis rats was induced by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS). Animals were divided into four groups: (1) negative control and groups receiving, (2) no treatment, (3) treatment with a TSP1-derived peptide, and (4) treatment with a scrambled peptide. Samples obtained from ankle joint, spleen and liver were studied using histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results: Histological data indicated that the TSP1-derived peptide treatment decreased neovascularization, leukocyte infiltration and thickening of the synovial lining of the joint, and reduced granuloma formation in the spleen and liver when compared to control groups. Higher concentrations of CTGF and TSP1 proteins were observed in the affected areas of animals which did not receive TSP1-derived peptide treatment. Also, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analyses showed an increase in CTGF protein expression and regulation, respectively, in the tissues of untreated animals when compared to the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. By immunofluorescence, TSP1 expression was decreased in the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. Moreover, macrophage/monocyte-specific staining revealed a decrease in cell infiltration in the articular tissue of the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. Conclusion: Both inflammation and angiogenesis were decreased after TSP1-derived peptide treatment indicating a potential pathway by which TSP1 interaction with neutrophils induces CTGF in RA affected tissues. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 504–512, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using computer-based math games as an anchor for cooperative learning

This paper reports an empirical experiment that examined the effects of cooperative computer-based math game playing, in comparison to cooperative paper-and-pencil drilling, on cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational math learning outcomes. 141 5th graders were randomly assigned to the two experimental groups and undertook the treatment activities for eight 45-minute sessions during four weeks. The results indicated that game-based cooperative learning context was more effective in promoting positive attitudes toward math.
Macrogeography and the realms of influence in Asia

Many of the recent research efforts in the social sciences have been distinguished by a desire of the investigator to learn all the detailed, microscopic facts pertaining to his subject before commencing the analysis. Unfortunately, this is often an impossible goal. In the pursuit of this objective, moreover, many people fail to recognize the importance and usefulness of macroscopic analysis-investigating the aggregate effects of the combined microscopic units. Many of the great discoveries of science would not have been possible if all thinking had been dominated by microscopic investigations. "As an example, the gas laws developed by Boyle involve relations among temperature, pressure, volume, and the gas content which are characteristics of a gas resulting from the combined effect of the molecules. The interrelations of the macroscopic phenomena in the continuum are predictable, even though the behavior of no individual molecule is, save for certain probability statements. In fact, Boyle's great contribution was made in the absence of knowledge of the actual composition of the samples of gases which he studied. A detailed encyclopedic investigation and description of separate molecules never would have revealed the macroscopic relations. ... "Physics early adopted the macroscopic point of view. In the physical world the common level of experience of the early investigators with phenomena was the macroscopic; the investigator, however detached, is one of the 'molecules' and is involved in day to day and place to place relations with other 'molecules.' It is the contention in this macroscopic approach that the forging of a theory of human society can be greatly aided by finding regularities in the aggregate" (15). Dr. William Warntz, using the macroscopic approach and the basic dimensions of society (distance, time, and number of people), has organized a research program at the American Geographical Society in New York in Macrogeography. As part of this project there have been many statistical testings of working hypotheses which have proved to be significant not only in their own right at the empirical-inductive level, but have also occasioned the adoption of a generalized deductive approach. The specific objective of this research is a macrogeography that considers its phenomena as integrated and coordinated by spatial relations of interconnectedness with a functional
PMFCT‐2D: A Transport Simulator for Various Grid Peclet Numbers

Solute transport simulation using numerical models is an important and widespread tool for evaluation of clean-up strategies as well as for prediction of future transport. Classical simulation algorithms for advective-dispersive transport usually introduce large numerical errors where concentrations are lowest. In general, numerical errors tend to spread (disperse) the solute more than physical processes alone. For simulations where the Peclet number (Pe) is greater than about 2, numerical dispersion can be very significant and could lead to erroneous conclusions. Recent numerical techniques for simulating advective transport minimize numerical errors and provide much better solutions. One such technique, Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT), can preserve sharp concentration fronts by virtually eliminating numerical dispersion. In general, it has been observed that as more detailed knowledge of subsurface flow fields is obtained, smaller dispersivity values are needed to match observed and simulated data. However, for many numerical codes the use of small dispersivities is not practical, because it requires fine grids to keep the grid Peclet number limited. A general purpose transport code, PMFCT-2D, has been developed, including a fast and efficient FCT algorithm, to simulate advective-dispersive transport in variably saturated, heterogeneous porous media, with nonuniform aquifer thickness in the third dimension. PMFCT-2D can bemore » used to accurately simulate high Peclet number transport, including purely advective transport (Pe = {infinity}), resulting from transient or steady-state flow conditions. The code is easily coupled to any flow simulator via generated velocity, saturation, and cell thickness fields.« less
An Evaluation of Navy Unrestricted Line Officer Accession Programs

The Navy currently acquires unrestricted line officers through nine sources that differ widely in their costs and returns. In this paper, we construct a steady state linear programming model that solves for the optimal number of accessions from each source. Costs are minimized subject to the constraint that, for each Navy occupation, the required number of officers at each rank is met. The inputs to the model include the present value of costs, the initial distribution of officers across occupations, retention, and promotion success. The study finds that some of the expensive precommissioning programs enter the optimal solution.
A method of distributed controller design for RTL circuits

This paper describes a design or redesign technique to reduce the control path delay and thus improve the performance of an RTL circuit. The basic idea is to replace an existing centralized controller of an RTL circuit with a distributed controller structure which is made up of multiple local controllers. By placing local controllers close to the datapath resources they control reduces the control wire length which in turn increases the circuit performance, especially at higher frequencies where interconnect delays are dominant. The approach begins with a datapath partitioning into distinct functional blocks, local controller extraction algorithm, followed by hierarchical floor planning. Two local controller styles are presented, the communicating and the and non-communicating local controller, respectively.
Quantifying temporal distributions of self-injurious behavior: defining bouts versus discrete events.

Abstract An objective method is presented to group discrete self-injurious behavior (SIB) events into bouts. Survival analysis was used to determine how long after an SIB the probability of observing a subsequent SIB remained elevated. This estimated bout length criterion time point was determined individually for 19 subjects with developmental disorders and severe SIB. Bout length criterion estimates ranged from .6 to 15.5 seconds. When participants' SIBs were grouped into bouts using the bout length criterion estimate, the rate of bouts and the average number of SIBs in each bout were found to be more stable than the rate of individual SIBs. This approach may facilitate research on factors that initiate and maintain SIB.
Context Prediction Analysis and Episodic Memory

Events that happen at a particular place and time come to define our episodic memories. Extensive experimental and clinical research illustrate that the hippocampus is central to the processing of episodic memories, and this is in large part due to its analysis of context information according to spatial and temporal references. In this way, hippocampus defines ones expectations for a given context as well as detects errors in predicted contextual features. The detection of context prediction errors is hypothesized to distinguished events into meaningful epochs that come to be recalled as separate episodic memories. The nature of the spatial and temporal context information processed by hippocampus is described, as is a hypothesis that the self-regulatory nature of hippocampal context processing is mediated by natural homeostatic operations and plasticity. The presence of context prediction errors by hippocampus is suggested to be valued by the midbrain dopamine system, the output of which is ultimately fed back to hippocampus to update memory-driven context expectations for future events. Thus, multiple network functions (both within and outside hippocampus) combine to result in adaptive episodic memories.
Wide-area streaming analytics: distributing the data cube

To date, much research in data-intensive computing has focused on batch computation. Increasingly, however, it is necessary to derive knowledge from big data streams. As a motivating example, consider a content delivery network (CDN) such as Akamai [4], comprising thousands of servers in hundreds of globally distributed locations. Each of these servers produces a stream of log data, recording for example every user it serves, along with each video stream they access, when they play and pause streams, and more. Each server also records network- and system-level data such as TCP connection statistics. In aggregate, the servers produce billions of lines of log data from over a thousand locations daily.
DEVELOPING A SCALE TO MEASURE THE DIVERSITY OF FEMINIST ATTITUDES

This article reports two studies aimed at developing a new scale of attitudes toward women, incorporating six theoretically derived perspectives: conservative; liberal, radical, socialist, and cultural feminist; and women of color (womanist). In Study 1, an initial pool of 306 items was given to 117 respondents. Selection of 10 attitudinal and 3 behavioral items from each perspective for the final scale was based chiefly on item-total correlations. In Study 2, the Feminist Perspectives Scale was administered to 344 respondents and showed reasonable reliability and validity. For Femscore, a composite of five feminist attitudinal subscales, Cronbach's alpha was .91; test–retest correlations were .91 at 2 weeks and .86 at 4 weeks. Empirical data provided generally good support for the six perspectives, and factor analysis produced partial support for the six-perspective structure.
Terrain visualization through progressive refinement

It is noted that terrain visualization systems attempt to fulfil the competing demands realism (or information volume) and image generation speed. An approach that compromises between these competing demands by addressing the major requirements of each is suggested. The approach is called progressive refinement. With this approach, a reduced informational version of an image is generated at interactive rates, allowing operator exploration of the informational domain. As particularly interesting locations are identified, viewing orientation is frozen and the image progresses through a sequence of increasingly detailed displays. For terrain visualizations, this permits both interactive examination of a gaming area and detailed investigation of key locations on a less expensive computing platform. >