cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contributions of William Funk to American Constitutional Law Scholarship

This Essay discusses the contributions of Professor William Funk to American constitutional law scholarship on the occasion of a festschrift held in his honor at Lewis & Clark Law School on April 5, 2019. Reviewing Professor Funk’s varied scholarship reveals his careful, attentive, and even-handed approach. The Essay concludes by comparing Professor Funk’s style of constitutional law scholarship to the approach to substantive due process embraced by Justice David Souter in his classic concurring opinion in Washington v. Glucksberg. Just like Justice Souter’s analysis in Glucksberg, Professor Funk’s scholarship seeks justification for rules in the results they generate, rejects arid all-or-nothing approaches to constitutional principle, and, even while acknowledging the imperative of legal evolution, recognizes that the surest foundations of such evolution lay in what had come before. This comparison reveals the great value of Professor Funk’s contributions to the American constitutional project of creating a system that fairly balances the imperatives of order and liberty.
The intrinsic cell type-specific excitatory connectivity of the developing mouse subiculum is sufficient to generate synchronous epileptiform activity

Key points The activity of local excitatory circuits of the subiculum has been suggested to be involved in the initiation of pathological activity in epileptic patients and experimental animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. We have taken advantage of multimodal techniques to classify subicular cells in distinct subclasses and have investigated their morphofunctional properties and connectivity in vitro. Our results indicate that local subicular excitatory circuits are connected in a cell type-specific fashion and that synapses are preferentially established on basal vs. apical dendrites. We show that local excitatory circuits, isolated from extrasubicular inputs and pharmacologically disinhibited, are sufficient to initiate synchronous epileptiform activity in vitro. In conclusion, this work provides a high-resolution description of local excitatory circuits of the subiculum and highlights their mechanistic involvement in the generation of pathological activity. Abstract The subiculum has been suggested to be involved in the initiation of pathological discharges in human patients and animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Although converging evidence has revealed the existence of functional diversity within its principal neurons, much less attention has been devoted to its intrinsic connectivity and whether its local excitatory circuits are sufficient to generate epileptiform activity. Here, we have directly addressed these two key points in mouse subicular slices. First, using multivariate techniques, we have distinguished two groups of principal cells, which we have termed type 1 and type 2. These subgroups roughly overlap with what were classically indicated as regular and bursting cells, and showed differences in the extension and complexity of their apical dendrites. Functional connectivity was found both between similar (homotypic) and different (heterotypic) types of cells, with a marked asymmetry within heterotypic pairs. Unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (uEPSPs) revealed a high degree of variability both in amplitude, failure rate, rise time and half-width. Post hoc analysis of functionally connected pairs suggested that the observed uEPSPs were mediated by few contact sites, predominantly located on the basal dendrites. When surgically isolated from extrasubicular excitatory afferents, pharmacologically disinhibited subicular slices generated hyper-synchronous discharges. Thus, we conclude that local subicular excitatory circuits, connected according to cell type-specific rules, are sufficient to promote epileptiform activity. This conclusion fits well with a previous suggestion that local subicular events, purely mediated by excitatory connections, may underlie the pre-ictal discharges that govern interictal-ictal transitions.
Youth provide caregiving to adults with ALS: How do we support them?

The burden of caregiving in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is notably intense even compared to other neurologic diseases1 and is shouldered predominantly by family members. Given the rapid disease progression in most cases, caregivers often experience physical exhaustion, poor mental health, and isolation as they attempt to keep up with escalating physical needs and simultaneously process their grief as their loved one accumulates disability and approaches the end of life.2,3
Volume and Heat Budgets in the Coastal California Current System: Means, Annual Cycles, and Interannual Anomalies of 2014–16

AbstractThe data-assimilating California State Estimate (CASE) enables the explicit evaluation of spatiotemporally varying volume and heat budgets in the coastal California Current System (CCS). An...
A New Era in Radio Astronomy

By the early 1950s the US Department of Defense, especially the Navy, and the newly created National Science Foundation (NSF) began to play a major role in American science, especially in astronomy. Meanwhile, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), which founded and operated the Brookhaven National Laboratory, was looking for new business. During these Cold War times, the United States could not afford to fall behind in the exciting and rapidly developing new area of radio astronomy. Caltech, MIT, Harvard, and Naval Research Laboratory scientists discussed how to get the United States more involved in this emerging field that had clear commercial and military applications as well as extraordinary opportunities for basic research. Two key conferences held at the end of 1953 and the start of 1954 provided the catalyst for an NSF-funded feasibility study aimed toward the goal of establishing a national radio astronomy facility.
Taxonomic identity of Molineria garoense and lectotypification of Hypoxis trichocarpa (Hypoxidaceae)

Molineria garoense (Hypoxidaceae) described from Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India is treated here as a synonym of highly variable species Molineria trichocarpa. Besides, a lectotype is also designated for the name Hypoxis trichocarpa in the present paper.
Is There a Difference in the Diagnostic Outcomes of Calcifications Initially Identified on Synthetic Tomosynthesis Versus Full-Field Digital Mammography Screening?

Abstract Purpose To compare the outcomes of microcalcifications recalled on full-field digital (FFDM) and FFDM and combined tomosynthesis (Combo) to synthetic (SM) screening mammograms. Method We reviewed medical records, radiology, and pathology reports of all patients found to have abnormal calcifications requiring further evaluation on mammography screening at our institution between 11/1/2016-11/1/2018 and collected patient demographics, calcification morphology and distribution, and mammography technique (SM, FFDM, or Combo). We used biopsy pathology or at least 1-year imaging follow-up to establish overall diagnostic outcome (benign or malignant). Fisher’s exact test was used to compare validation rates at diagnostic work-up, BI-RADS category, and final outcome of calcifications identified on each screening technique. T-test was used for continuous variables. Results Of 699 calcifications in 596 women recalled, 176 (30%) of 596 were from SM and 420 (70%) FFDM/Combo. There was a significantly higher rate of calcifications unvalidated at diagnostic work-up for SM compared to FFDM/Combo (0.8% vs. 10%, p Conclusions Synthetic tomosynthesis screening results in a higher rate of false positive and unvalidated calcification recalls compared to FFDM/Combo.
An index for ray operators in 5d E n SCFTs

We construct an index for BPS operators supported on a ray in five dimensional superconformal field theories with exceptional global symmetries. We compute the E n representations (for n = 2, . . . , 7) of operators of low spin, thus verifying that while the expression for the index is only SO(2n − 2) × U(1) invariant, the index itself exhibits the full E n symmetry (at least up to the order we expanded). The ray operators we studied in 5d can be viewed as generalizations of operators constructed in a Yang-Mills theory with fundamental matter by attaching an open Wilson line to a quark. For n ≤ 7, in contrast to local operators, they carry nontrivial charge under the ℤ 9 − n ⊂ E n center of the global symmetry. The representations that appear in the ray operator index are therefore different, for n ≤ 7, from those appearing in the previously computed superconformal index. For 3 ≤ n ≤ 7, we find that the leading term in the index is a character of a minuscule representation of E n . We also discuss the case n = 8, which presents a unique technical challenge, and remains an open problem.
Financial Analytics Toolkit: Weighted Average Cost of Capital

Central to a firm's long-term success, is allocating capital so that it generates economic value. The two most common decision rules based on economic value are to (i) accept proposals that have a positive net present value (NPV) when discounted at the appropriate hurdle rate or (ii) to accept proposals whose internal rate of return (IRR) exceeds the appropriate hurdle rate. Key to both rules, in economic terms, the hurdle rate reflects the appropriate opportunity cost of devoting capital to the given proposal rather than an equally risky alternative. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the most commonly used hurdle rate, and this note explains why it is useful as a hurdle rate, discusses how it is calculated, and explores some issues related to its use. A one-page summary of implementation best practices is also provided. The concepts in this note are applied to the firm Morgan Industries, a setting that has been integrated across all the Financial Analytics Toolkit series of technical notes. Excerpt UVA-F-1850 Jul. 16, 2019 Financial Analytics Toolkit: Weighted Average Cost of Capital A proper allocation of resources is central to a firm's long-term success. An important objective in this regard is to allocate capital so that it generates economic value. The two most common decision rules based on economic value are to (i) accept proposals that have a positive net present value (NPV) when discounted at the appropriate hurdle rate or (ii) accept proposals whose internal rate of return (IRR) exceeds the appropriate hurdle rate. The hurdle rate is key to both rules. In economic terms, the hurdle rate reflects the appropriate opportunity cost of devoting capital to the given proposal rather than an equally risky alternative. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the most commonly used hurdle rate, and this note justifies its use as a hurdle rate, discusses how it is calculated, and explores issues related to its implementation. Basic Definition and Justification . . .
A Review of the Evidence for Corticosteroids in COVID-19.

Objective:To review available evidence on corticosteroids in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and other viral pneumonias.Data Sources:A literature se...
Adaptive huge-page subrelease for non-moving memory allocators in warehouse-scale computers

Modern C++ server workloads rely on 2 MB huge pages to improve memory system performance via higher TLB hit rates. Huge pages have traditionally been supported at the kernel level, but recent work has shown that user-level, huge page-aware memory allocators can achieve higher huge page coverage and thus performance. These memory allocators deal with a trade-off: 1) allocate memory from the operating system (OS) at the granularity of a huge page, achieve high performance, but potentially waste memory due to fragmentation, or 2) limit fragmentation by breaking up huge pages into smaller 4 KB pages and returning them to the OS, but reduce performance due to lower huge page coverage. For example, the state-of-the-art TCMalloc allocator handles this trade-off by releasing memory to the OS at a configurable release rate, breaking up huge pages as necessary. This approach balances performance and fragmentation well for machines running one workload. For multiple applications on the same machine however, the reduction in memory usage is only useful to overall performance if another workload uses this memory. In warehouse-scale computers, when an application releases and then reacquires the same amount or more memory quickly, but no other application uses the memory in the meantime, the release causes poorer huge page coverage without any system-wide benefit. We introduce a metric, realized fragmentation, to capture this effect. We then present an adaptive release policy that dynamically determines when to break up huge pages and return them to the OS to optimize system-wide performance. We built this policy into TCMalloc and deployed it fleet-wide in our data centers, leading to an estimated 1% fleet-wide throughput improvement at negligible memory overhead.
Abstract ND04: CLBR001+SWI019: A novel switchable CAR-T cell platform enabling functionally reversible on/off control of CAR-T cell activity for B cell malignancies

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting CD19 has been transformative in the treatment of patients with relapsed, refractory B cell malignancies. However, despite remarkable response rates, CAR-T cell therapy is limited by the potential for uncontrolled cytokine production from the genetically engineered cells, resulting in cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Further, continuous activity of CD19-targeted CAR-T cells can result in persistent B cell aplasia due to on-target, off-tumor activity of CAR-T cells. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel “switchable” CAR-T cell therapy which affords greater versatility and the potential for improved efficacy and safety compared with existing CAR-T cell approaches. The therapy has been designed in two parts - first, a “universal” genetically engineered autologous humanized, third generation CAR-T cell (CLBR001); and second, a humanized antibody-based “switch” molecule (SWI019) with conventional drug-like properties that controls the genetically engineered cells. As designed, SWI019 controls the turning “on” and “off” of the CLBR001 CAR-T cells. We have shown, the dose of SWI019 tightly correlates with the amount of cytokine produced from CLBR001 while retaining potent in vivo activity in mouse models of leukemia. Importantly, cessation of SWI019 dosing in preclinical models led to termination of CLBR001 cytotoxic and cytokine production within 5 days. This is expected to be important in mitigating adverse events such as CRS and ICANS in patients. We further found that the cyclical nature of on/off stimulation of the switchable CAR-T cells affords greater memory and persistence of the cells in surrogate mouse models, while also allowing B cell repopulation, thus avoiding potential long-term adverse events due to B cell aplasia. A Phase 1 trial was initiated in mid-2020 for patients with relapsed, refractory B cell malignancies. We believe this approach has the potential to be applied to solid tumors in the future leveraging these “universal” CLBR001 CAR-T cells. Citation Format: Travis Young. CLBR001+SWI019: A novel switchable CAR-T cell platform enabling functionally reversible on/off control of CAR-T cell activity for B cell malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr ND04.
Practical machine learning for rendering: from research to deployment

• Give insights into closing the gap between taking a research neural model to deployment • Understand the challenges in development, training, deployment, and iteration of neural networks for rendering • Show practical use cases, tools, and networks to start your path toward neural rendering in production software
Bridging the Gap: The Predictive Roles of Emotion Dysregulation and Stalking-related Attitudes on Offline and Online Stalking and Intrusive Harassment.

Stalking and intrusive harassment (SIH) are prevalent and serious public health issues associated with significant psychological, social, and economic consequences. Further exacerbating this proble...
The Type 9 Secretion System Is Required for Flavobacterium johnsoniae Biofilm Formation

Flavobacterium johnsoniae forms biofilms in low nutrient conditions. Protein secretion and cell motility may have roles in biofilm formation. The F. johnsoniae type IX secretion system (T9SS) is important for both secretion and motility. To determine the roles of each process in biofilm formation, mutants defective in secretion, in motility, or in both processes were tested for their effects on biofilm production using a crystal violet microplate assay. All mutants that lacked both motility and T9SS-mediated secretion failed to produce biofilms. A porV deletion mutant, which was severely defective for secretion, but was competent for motility, also produced negligible biofilm. In contrast, mutants that retained secretion but had defects in gliding formed biofilms. An sprB mutant that is severely but incompletely defective in gliding motility but retains a fully functional T9SS was similar to the wild type in biofilm formation. Mutants with truncations of the gldJ gene that compromise motility but not secretion showed partial reduction in biofilm formation compared to wild type. Unlike the sprB mutant, these gldJ truncation mutants were essentially nonmotile. The results show that a functional T9SS is required for biofilm formation. Gliding motility, while not required for biofilm formation, also appears to contribute to formation of a robust biofilm.
Information About Sea-Level Rise and Its Effects on Home Search Behavior

A great deal of information about property elevation and potential flood risk is available to homebuyers. Most Florida homebuyers are moving from another Florida residence, and therefore are at least somewhat familiar with both storms and tidal flooding. Flood insurance requirements also are a source of information about flood risk. Part of the flood insurance purchase process requires the home buyer to acquire a certificate of elevation that indicates the point at which wave action, tidal action or storm surge will flood the first floor of the house. In 2020, the National Association of Realtors® added two more indicators of flood risk to their realtor.com listings: information about the FEMA insurance classification of the property as well as maps and text from Flood Factor presenting a numerical score representing the flood risk factor of the property on a scale from 1 to 10. At the time of our survey, two to three months after this change, Realtors® reported little response to this additional information from either buyers or sellers. The respondents to the survey indicated that some homebuyers are avoiding low-lying property susceptible to flooding, but most real estate agents stated that it is not the flood risk itself but instead the cost of flood insurance that drives buyer response to coastal property.
Applied Cardiac Anatomy for Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has emerged as a promising treatment strategy. A thorough understanding of cardiac anatomy is vital to prevent complications and for procedure success. Complications secondary to catheter ablation of AF such as atria—esophageal fistula, phrenic nerve damage, pericardial effusion, pulmonary vein stenosis, and tamponade can possibly be prevented by detailed knowledge of cardiac anatomy.
Perioperative Myocardial Infarction

The proportion of elderly patients with significant cardiac comorbidities undergoing noncardiac operations is likely to increase in the future. A perioperative myocardial infarction is associated with high in-hospital mortality and poor long-term outcomes. The majority of these events are clinically and electrocardiographically silent requiring active surveillance with cardiac biomarkers (preferably troponins).
Preference between precoital and daily use of Duet® and BufferGel in Zimbabwe.

Duet® is a microbicide-delivery system and cervical barrier for use daily or precoitally. We conducted a crossover study among 80 Zimbabwean women to explore factors associated with use-regimen preference. Women were assigned in random order to 14 days of precoital and 14 days of daily Duet and BufferGel use. About 51 % of women preferred precoital use, 39 % preferred daily use, and 10 % liked both equally. Overall product adherence during sex was similar for both use-regimens. In multivariable analysis, diaphragm experience was associated with preference for precoital use (AOR 2.80, 95 % CI 1.01–7.76). Reasons for preferring precoital use included use only when needed, cleanliness, and discomfort with daily use. Daily use preference included convenience, discreetness, and being prepared for “sex-on-demand.” Different personal and life circumstances may result in varying use-regimen preferences. Methods that can accommodate both coitally-related and daily use may be advantageous by providing more choice to users.
Catalog of solar-terrestrial models available

The National Space Science Data Center, Greenbelt, Md., recently published “Solar Terrestrial Models and Applications Software,” by Dieter Bilitza (NSSDC 90-19, July 1990, 98 pp.), which identifies and describes more than 70 model software packages in several areas of the solar-terrestrial environment. Some of these may be accessed and run on the NSSDC Online Data and Information Services (NODIS) account by external researchers. The principal areas and parameters covered include ionosphere (electron density and temperature, ion temperature, composition, and drift, electric field and current, precipitating particle flux, etc.), atmosphere (density, temperature, winds, etc.), magnetosphere (internal- and external-source geomagnetic fields, energetic proton and electron fluxes, etc.), Sun and interplanetary space (IR and EUV reference spectra, solar protons, cosmic rays, etc.) and Venus atmosphere and ionosphere. Representative models include the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), the Heppner-Maynard-Rich ionospheric electric field model, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Interna tional Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), the Tsyganenko geomagnetic models (1982, 1987, and 1989), the AP8 and AE8 trapped particle models, the revised SERF2 solar EUV Flux model [Tobiskas, 1990], the Jet Propulsion Laboratory solar proton model, and the CREME cosmic ray program.
Collective Memory and History: How Abraham Lincoln Became a Symbol of Racial Equality

Abraham Lincoln's changing relation to the African American community of memory is a means of addressing unresolved problems in the work of Maurice Halbwachs. Many sociologists, beginning with Halb...
A real-time performance comparison of distributable threads and event channels

No one middleware communication model completely solves the problem of ensuring schedulability in every DRE system. Furthermore, there have been few studies to date of the trade-offs between alternative middleware communication models under different application scenarios. This paper makes three contributions to the state of the art in middleware for distributed real-time and embedded systems. First, it describes what we believe is the first example of integrating release guards directly with CORBA distributable threads to ensure appropriate release times for sub-tasks along an end-to-end computation. Second, it presents empirical results in which release guards improve schedulability of distributable threads compared to a greedy protocol in which arriving tasks simply begin to run as soon as they can. Third, we offer the first empirical comparisons of the distributable thread and event channel models under three different communication scenarios and then using a randomized workload.
Racial Disparities in Pubertal Development

The question of whether or not children, particularly girls, are entering puberty earlier than they did in the past has been a concern in both the medical community and the general population. A secular trend analysis of the current data on pubertal timing in boys and girls is limited by variations in the study design, the population assessed, and the methods used to determine pubertal development. These differences present a challenge when interpreting the available data, especially when comparing multiple studies. The influence of race on pubertal timing and development had not been assessed before the 1970s. The purpose of this article is to review the reported variations in pubertal timing among different racial/ethnic groups. Data suggest African American girls enter puberty earlier and reach menarche earlier than Caucasian and Hispanic girls. In addition, the trend toward earlier timing of puberty seems to be occurring faster in African American girls compared with Caucasian girls over the past 25 years. While the mechanism and understanding of the cause of racial disparities in pubertal development remain to be discerned, genetic and/or environmental factors may play a role and require further investigation.
Fibroblast growth factor-2 facilitates rapid anastomosis formation between bioengineered human vascular networks and living vasculature

Many common diseases involve the injury, loss, or death of organ tissues. For these patients, organ transplantation is often the only viable solution. Nonetheless, organ transplantation is seriously limited by the relative scarcity of living and non-living donors, a situation that is worsening with aging of the world population. Tissue Engineering (TE) is a research discipline in regenerative medicine that aims to generate tissues in the laboratory that can replace diseased and damaged tissues in patients. Crucially, engineered tissues must have a vascular network that guarantees adequate nutrient supply, gas exchange, and elimination of waste products. Therefore, the search for clinically relevant sources of vasculogenic cells and the subsequent development of methods to achieve rapid vascularization is of utmost importance. We and others have previously shown that human blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) have the required vasculogenic capacity to form functional vascular networks in vivo. These studies demonstrated that, in the presence of an appropriate source of perivascular cells, ECFCs can self-assemble into microvascular networks and connect to the host vasculature, a process that takes approximately 7 days in vivo. The prospect is to incorporate these vascular networks into future engineered tissues. However, engineered tissues must have a functional vasculature immediately after implantation in order to preserve viability and function. Thus, it is critical to further develop strategies for rapid formation of perfused vascular network in vivo. Here, we describe a methodology to deliver ECFCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice in the presence of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). This approach significantly reduces the time needed to achieve functional anastomoses between bioengineered human blood vessels and the host vasculature. This methodology includes (1) isolation, characterization and culture of ECFCs, (2) isolation, characterization and culture of MSCs, and (3) implantation of ECFCs and MSCs, in the presence of FGF-2, into immunodeficient mice to generate perfused vascular networks.
Track-follow Control for High-density Probe-based Storage Devices

Abstract Probe-based data-storage devices are being considered as ultra-high-density, small-form-factor and low-power alternatives to conventional data storage. Ultra-high storage densities of up to 1 Tb/in2 or more can be achieved by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to write, read back, and erase data in very thin polymer films. High data rates are achieved by parallel operation of large arrays with thousands of micro/nanomechanical cantilevers. MEMS-based x/y micro-scanners are used to navigate the AFM probes over the storage medium. The ultra-high storage densities that probe-storage devices can realize pose a significant challenge to the control design for positioning and navigation. This paper focuses on the track-follow control of a MEMS-based micro-scanner for a high-density probe-based storage device. The positioning requirements are described, and controllers designed for tracking performance as well as controllers using sensor fusion are presented. Experimental results of information recorded at high densities and read back without errors validate the control performance.
Alternating current control of the half-wave bridge magnetic amplifier

RECENT developments in transistors indicate great promise for a high-gain, high-power-output servo amplifier consisting of a transistor preamplifier in combination with a fast-response half-wave bridge magnetic power amplifier. Existing literature on this type of magnetic amplifier does not discuss certain problems inherent in applying this device as an output stage fed by an a-c pre-amplifier.1,2 Among these are the problems of reduced output as a result of large control signals, and variation in operation caused by different types of load.
The anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris sera are pathogenic

Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus are two closely related, but clinically and histologically distinct, autoimmune skin diseases. The autoantigens for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus are desmoglein 3 and desmoglein 1, respectively. The anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in pemphigus foliaceus and anti-desmoglein 3 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris are pathogenic as determined by immunoglobulin G passive transfer animal models. More than 50% of pemphigus vulgaris sera also contain anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibodies; however, the pathogenicity of the anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris remains unknown. In this study, we used soluble recombinant extracellular domains of desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 to obtain affinity-purified anti-desmoglein 1 and anti-desmoglein 3 autoantibodies from pemphigus vulgaris sera and examined the pathogenicity of each fraction separately using the passive transfer mouse model. By immunoprecipitation, the purified anti-desmoglein 1 and anti-desmoglein 3 showed no cross-reactivity. The anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris induced typical pemphigus foliaceus lesions in neonatal mice, whereas the anti-desmoglein 3 fraction induced pemphigus vulgaris-like lesions. In addition, the pathogenic anti-desmoglein 1 and anti-desmoglein 3 autoantibodies in pemphigus vulgaris had predominant IgG4 subclass specificity. These findings suggest that the anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris are pathogenic.
Bio-assay of Prolactin. Analysis of the Pigeon Crop-Sac Response to Local Prolactin Injection by an Objective and Quantitative Method

A method is described for objectively quantifying pigeon crop-sac responses to local (intradermal) prolactin injections. The procedure was used to evaluate several aspects of the crop-sac response. An apparatus was designed and constructed for holding pigeon hemicrops while applying a uniform degree of stretch on them. The device permits removal of a standardized 4 cm diameter disc of the crop-sac mucosal epithelium (ME) from the site of local injection. Responses were objectively quantified by determining the dry weight of this disc. Completeness of removal of the ME was verified by histologic inspection of intact and treated hemicrops. The dry weight of the ME was highly correlated with the thickness of the ME. The method permitted measurement of responses which were not visually detectable. Mucosal dry weight responses were highly correlated with response diameter and response area measurements. The responsiveness of the crop-sac ME to local prolactin injection was unrelated to either the initial thick...
Family Structure and Aggressive Behavior in a Population of Urban Elementary School Children

ABSTRACT Objective This report examined associations between family structure and 393 fourth-grade children's aggressive behavior. Method In an epidemiologically defined urban community population, both teacher and parent ratings of child aggressive behavior were examined among family structures that reflected current demographics. Relative risks for teacher- and parent-rated child aggressive behavior in mother-alone households were compared with those in the next most prevalent family structures (mother-father, mother-grandmother, and mother-male partner families). Results With all income groups combined, teachers rated boys and girls in mother-alone families as more aggressive relative to mother-father families. Among low-income families, the protective effects for mother-father families were not apparent, and mother-male partner families were associated with an increased risk for teacher-rated aggression for boys. Conclusions Absence of and type of second adult present, child gender, home and school context, and income were important factors that moderated the associations between family structure and child aggressive behavior in this urban setting.
Distribution and Evolution of CH4, N2, and CO Ices on Pluto's Surface: 1995 to 1998

We present new near-infrared spectra of the planet Pluto obtained at Lowell Observatory on 83 nights during 1995–1998. The dense temporal sampling of our observations enables us to measure with unprecedented detail cyclical changes in the depths of methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen ice absorption bands, modulated by Pluto's diurnal rotation. We show that CO, N2, and weak CH4 absorption band depths exhibit rotational patterns very different from those of Pluto's visible lightcurve, unlike the strong CH4 absorption bands which are closely correlated with the visible lightcurve. Our observations are used to constrain the longitudinal distributions of the three ice species on Pluto's surface. The data also reveal a subtle, longer term strengthening of Pluto's strong near-infrared CH4 bands, which is used to constrain the latitudinal distribution of CH4 ice. We simulate the observed diurnal and seasonal spectral and photometric behavior of Pluto by means of model distributions of three terrain types. We see no evidence for changes in the distributions of Pluto's surface ices during the 1995–1998 interval.
Protein Levels for Finishing Pullets

Abstract IT IS common practice, as shown by the statements of Carrick (1927), Card (1928), Newlon and Buster (1929), and Kennard and Bethke (1930), to feed pullets, between the ages of about two and six months, rations that are lower in protein than either starting or laying rations. Many poultrymen believe that, unless the protein is reduced during this “finishing” period, production will begin earlier and while the birds are smaller; the eggs will be smaller and remain so for a longer period of time; production will not be as intensive or persistent; and the birds will remain underweight and will be more likely to molt during the winter. Since no experimental evidence was found in the literature for such practices, experimental feeding tests were started in 1928 to obtain information on the beliefs mentioned above. Trial I.—Three lots of 35 eight-week-old Leghorn pullets each were started on experiment May . . .
Recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40.

Abstract Seven temperature-sensitive (ts) SV40 mutants have been isolated and characterized. All of the mutants were defective in a late function. Four of the mutants were assigned to complementation group B, one to a new group designated C and two could not be assigned to a complementation group. Recombination occurred between mutants in the B and C complementation groups and between mutants in the B group. The recombination frequency (RF) between tsB302 and tsB306 was about 2.0 × 10−4 when virus was used for infection, but was 10-fold higher when infectious ts SV40 DNAs were used. Treatment of doubly infected cells with 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) to interrupt DNA synthesis increased the RF 3- to 14-fold. Ultraviolet irradiation of viral inocula to 1–5% survival resulted in a 25- to 40-fold increase in RF. However, only a 2-fold increase in RF was obtained when uv-irradiated ts SV40 DNAs were used for infection. Ultraviolet irradiation of host CV-1 cells or pretreatment of host CV-1 cells with nonirradiated or uv-irradiated CV-1 DNA prior to infection failed to increase the RF between tsB302 and tsB306.
Three-dimensional elliptic grid generation about fighter aircraft for zonal finite-difference computations

An elliptic grid-generation method for finite-difference computations about complex aerodynamic configurations is developed. A zonal approach is used, which involves first making a coarse global grid filling the entire physical domain and then subdividing regions of that grid to make the individual zone grids. The details of the grid-generation method are presented along with results of the present application, a wing-body configuration based on the F-16 fighter aircraft.
Inverse atmospheric radiative transfer problems: A nonlinear minimization search method of solution

The paper studies the inversion of the radiative transfer equation describing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmospheric aerosols. The interaction can be considered as the propagation in the aerosol medium of two light beams: the direct beam in the line-of-sight attenuated by absorption and scattering, and the diffuse beam arising from scattering into the viewing direction, which propagates more or less in random fashion. The latter beam has single scattering and multiple scattering contributions. In the former case and for single scattering, the problem is reducible to first-kind Fredholm equations, while for multiple scattering it is necessary to invert partial integrodifferential equations. A nonlinear minimization search method, applicable to the solution of both types of problems has been developed, and is applied here to the problem of monitoring aerosol pollution, namely the complex refractive index and size distribution of aerosol particles.
Effect of low level carbon monoxide on compensatory tracking and event monitoring.

Abstract Experiments by Putz et al. [6,7] concerning the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure on compensatory tracking and monitoring in healthy young men were replicated. Task and procedural variables were reproduced as closely as practical. Subjects were exposed to either room air or 100 ppm CO. Mean carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in the high CO exposure groups were 5.1% for Putz et al. [6] (70 ppm exposure), and 8.24% for the present study (100 ppm exposure). In both studies elevated COHb produced a statistically significant increase over time in log mean absolute deviation scores (tracking error) with respect to control groups. The magnitude of the effect was smaller in the present study, perhaps because of subtle methodological or training differences between studies. The relationship between task difficulty and magnitude of CO-induced dysfunction remains unresolved. In contrast to Putz et al. [6], no statistically significant effect of COHb in monitoring behavior was found. The failure to replicate this feature of [6] may reflect the large differences in baseline performance, and higher variance in the present study.
Large amplitude acoustic excitation of swirling turbulent jets

A swirling jet with a swirl number of S = 0.12 is exited by plane acoustic waves at various Strouhal numbers (St = fD/U sub alpha). The maximum forcing amplitude of excitation was at 6.88 percent of the time-mean axial velocity at a Strouhal number of St = 0.39. The maximum time-mean tangential and axial velocities at the nozzle exit were 18 and 84 m/sec respectively. It was observed that the swirling jet was excitable by plane acoustic waves and the preferred Strouhal number based on the nozzle diameter and exit axial velocity of the jet was about 0.39. As a result of excitation at this frequency, the time-mean axial velocity decayed faster along the jet centerline, reaching about 89 percent of its unexcited value at x/D = 9. Also the half velocity radius and momentum thichness, at 7 nozzle diameters downstream, increased by 13.2 and 5.8 percent respectively, indicating more jet spread and enhanced mixing. To our knowledge, this is the first reported experimental data indicating any mixing enhancement of swirling jets by acoustic excitation.
Distributed knowledge management minitrack

The goal of this track is to explore the notion of managing knowledge in today's distributed environment. Specifically, we solicited papers that explore issues, challenges, and case studies of sharing and leveraging knowledge using new advances in protocols, approaches or technology in a distributed, collaborative, virtual, or global context. In the first paper, knowledge management in distributed environments: roles of informal network players, Yukika Awazu examines the saliency of informal networks on three knowledge management activities - aggregation, transfer, and sensemaking. Her paper's novelty lies in her examination of how the importance of informal roles emerges as knowledge is managed in a distributed organization. The second paper is by Adel Al-Taitoon and Carsten Sorensen - supporting mobile professionals in global banking. The authors examine the role of ICT-support call-centers in supporting mobile professionals. Mobile professionals need pervasive and ubiquitous access to information. The ability of an agent to use ICTs is hence critical in order for them to attain task objectives. Technology, however, is bound to experience failure or disruption in service. This paper examines how a global help desk accomplishes the role of providing pre-, in-, and post-mobility support. The third paper is robustness of a distributed knowledge management model by Mogens Kuhn Pedersen and Michael Holm Larsen. The authors examine the role of incentives in fostering a stable distributed knowledge management model. Here the term distributed is used in the decision making sense - spreading decision making authoring to the front lines. A set of 9 static and 5 dynamic propositions is calibrated for the model to maintain symmetric incentives between different actor networks. The final paper is by Andreas Nilsson, Johan Magnusson, and Hakan Enquist - change management implications for network organizations. The paper investigates possible change management implications for networks organizations. The authors apply six critical management issues (CMIs) from the change management framework DELTA on a taxonomy consisting of three generic types of network organizations.
MOLECULAR MODELING OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE FROM ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA FOR THE PREDICTION OF NEW ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS. • 992

MOLECULAR MODELING OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE FROM ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA FOR THE PREDICTION OF NEW ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS. • 992
Condition of coral reef Cnidarians from the Northern Florida reef tract: pesticides, heavy metals, and histopathological examination

Abstract Scleractinian corals and octocorals from two reefs within Biscayne National Park off southeast Florida were compared with respect to 1. relative abundances, 2. gross field condition, 3. concentrations of pesticides and heavy metals, and 4. histopathological condition. The northernmost reef, Bache Shoal, is near a large urban area (Miami) and potentially receives pollutants from this source. The southernmost reef, Alina's Reef, is less likely to be influenced by runoff from Miami, but may receive runoff from an important agricultural centre (Homestead). No consistent differences between the two coral reef communities were found; however, high frequencies of blemishes and abnormalities (bite marks, unusual growth forms, bleached tissues), tissue necrosis, and invading pathogens were evident at both sites. Additionally, high levels (to ppm) of organochlorine pesticides (lindane, heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide, α/γchlordane, and DDT residues) and heavy metals (As, Cu, Pb) were detected in several of the reef coelenterates from both sites.
Differentiation of bacteria using protein profiles from matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is demonstrated as a means for rapidly differentiating bacteria based upon their water-soluble-protein profiles. The procedure involves release of cell contents by breaking cell membranes using a sonication method, and is performed with minimal sample preparation. Minimal purification of cell contents is required for the procedure. Protein profile signals obtained are found to be enhanced greatly by the use of a Nafion substrate.
Understanding Nonidealities of the Osmotic Pressure of Concentrated Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract Previously Vilkeret al.(J. Colloid Interface Sci.79(2), (1981)) reported the osmotic pressure of concentrated bovine serum albumin (BSA) up to 475 g/L in 0.15 M sodium chloride at pH 4.5, 5.4, and 7.4. The authors used a semiempirical model based on Donnan theory to predict the osmotic pressure with good agreement. However, the formal application of a three-term virial expansion with the coefficients determined from the potential energy of interaction between BSA molecules resulted in poor agreement with their data. In this study, modeling of the osmotic pressure was reexamined using a free-solvent model that considered average solute–solvent and microion–solute interactions in a mole fraction concentration variable. The resulting fits were excellent for all three pH. The model is designed with no fitted parameters; however, the model results were highly sensitive to the selected hydration and microion binding. Therefore the hydration was further regressed from its initial estimate of 1 g H2O/g BSA (based on water-17O magnetic resonance studies of other globular proteins) to minimize the least-squares error between the predicted values and data. The resulting average hydration was determined to be 1.14 ± 0.03 g H2O/g BSA for all pH values. However, the standard error in hydration for each pH was no greater than ±0.0063 g H2O/g BSA. These results demonstrate that solvent–solute interaction and the concentration variable may be critical factors when evaluating osmotic pressure data of concentrated protein solutions.
Tip-enhanced photoexpansion nano-spectroscopy using tunable quantum cascade lasers

We report a novel mid-IR nano-spectroscopy technique. Absorption is detected by measuring associated sample expansion. High sensitivity and spatial resolution are obtained using local intensity enhancement below a metal atomic force microscope tip.
The Big Five related to risky sexual behaviour across 10 world regions: differential personality associations of sexual promiscuity and relationship infidelity

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16 362 participants from 52 nations responded to measures of the Big Five and ‘risky’ sexuality. It was expected that low levels of agree...
Cytokines: regulators of eosinophilic inflammation

Cytokines are glycoproteins that are secreted and that regulate immunologic inflammation. The cytokine system is characterized by much redundancy and cross-reactivity. Of the more than 100 cytokines that have been identified, interleukin-5 (IL-5) and the chemokine (chemotactic cytokine), eotaxin, are the most selective for cells of eosinophilic origin. Because of this relative specificity, and because of their important immunoregulatory roles, IL-5, eotaxin, and their receptors IL-5R and CCR3 are potential targets for non-glucocorticosteroid pharmacological treatment of eosinophilic inflammation.