cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new direction for titin pulling.

Many proteins are known to serve roles as structural scaffolds in cells and tissues. These proteins maintain the shape of the cell, act as local force sensors, and are essential to form tissues that are exposed to large external forces. Although seemingly passive elements, these structural proteins have unique physical features that are worthy of a closer look. In particular, it is critically important to understand how scaffolding proteins and protein complexes respond to the high external forces commonly encountered in biology. In this issue of PNAS, Bertz et al. (1) report a remarkable new feature of these load-bearing complexes. Apparently, evolution has molded these proteins to be remarkably resistant to unfolding when pulled in the same direction as they would experience in the cell. However, in other pulling directions the complex is relatively fragile.
Formability and Correlation between Formability Indices of Al-0.9Mg-1.0Si-0.7Cu-0.6Mn Alloy for Automotive Body Sheets

The texture, the formability and the correlation between formability indices of Al-0.9Mg- 1.0Si-0.7Cu-0.6Mn alloy for automotive body sheets subjected to solid solution, T4, annealing treatment and artificial aging at 443k for different time were investigated by orientation distribution functions(ODF) analysis, tensile and cupping test, FLD measurement and regression analysis method. The results showed that the textures of cold rolled alloy sheets consist mainly of copper and brass orientations, which are transformed into the texture mainly containing {001} orientation after recrystallization, and aging treatment has little influence on the recrystallization texture. The formability of alloy sheets subjected to solid solution, T4 and annealing treatment is similar, however, the formability was observably deteriorated after aging at 443k. The correlation between uniform elongation δu and FLD0 is the most remarkable in all the given formability indices, the correlation between strain-hardening exponent n and the FLD0 take second place, while there is no correlation between plastic strain ratio r and FLD0. The correlation between reduction of area ψ and cupping value IE is distinct, while ψ and IE have little correlation with FLD0.
Projective Identification: How Does It Work?

Projective identification is a clinical enactment and part of the common currency of the psychoanalytic process that occurs especially around the difficult nodal points at the deepest levels of our psychic organization that seem resistant to change. Neurophysiological studies of pre-symbolic, unconscious emotional systems offer a biological explanation for the clinical experience of resistance to change. In addition, recent findings in affective neuroscience and infant research help us to understand how the spontaneous matching of emotional states between patient and analyst that occurs in projective identification and the system of mirror neurons that is fundamental to the observation and communication of intention contribute to change. Furthermore, the capacity for self-reflective thought, embedded in feeling and language, offers the potential for consolidating change. Thus, change at the deepest, affect-laden levels of psychic organization involves both pre-symbolic and symbolic levels of self-organiza...
Influence of short-term fasting during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle on ovarian follicular development during the ensuing proestrus of ewes.

Short-term fasting of mature ewes during diestrus results in increased serum concentrations of progesterone and a delayed pre-ovulatory surge release of LH. To determine if these changes in reproductive hormones influence subsequent follicular development, mature ewes observed in estrus were assigned randomly to control (n=10) or fasted (n=15) groups. Control ewes had ad libitum access to feed, whereas fasted ewes were not fed from day 7 through 11 of their estrous cycle. Daily blood samples were collected from control and fasted ewes throughout the fasting period. Fasting increased (P or =5mm) follicles were enumerated. Total numbers of follicles were less (P or =0.4) at hour 0 following PGF(2alpha). Hypothalamic and stalk median eminence contents of GnRH were not influenced (P> or =0.2) by fasting at any time period. Fasting during the luteal phase perturbs gonadotropin secretion and may influence fertility by causing a delay in ovarian follicle development.
Local Cell Membrane Stiffness and Viscosity Mapped by Thermal Noise Imaging

Cell membrane signaling depending on lateral diffusion is modulated by sub-microscopic membrane domains, such as cholesterol stabilized domains and membrane cytoskeleton fences. Thermal noise imaging (TNI) uses and optical trap to track the diffusion of a colloid labeled membrane protein with microsecond and nanometer. We show here how this method can be used to resolve the local membrane viscosity, accessibility and membrane stiffness with a few nanometer resolution in intact living cells. This require linearization of the detection and use of an optical trap to confine the diffusion to a small area of the membrane providing sufficient statistics for high resolutions maps of the diffusion. We find areas of reduced diffusion which are cholesterol dependent. These area are also stiffer than the remaining membrane and can be stabilized by cholera toxin incubation. Beta-cyclodextrin extraction of the membrane cholesterol removes the domains of reduced diffusion, but increases the interaction of GPI-anchored proteins with the membrane fences imposed by the membrane cytoskeleton. TrfR proteins only show interaction with the membrane fences.
Role of DNMT3A, TET2, and IDH1/2 mutations in pre-leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia

Aberrant changes in the epigenome are now recognized to be important in driving the development of multiple human cancers including acute myeloid leukemia. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to the identification of recurrent mutations in genes that regulate DNA methylation including DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2), and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2. These mutations have been shown to promote self-renewal and block differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Acquisition of these mutations in hematopoietic stem cells can lead to their clonal expansion resulting in a pre-leukemic stem cell (pre-LSC) population. Pre-LSCs retain the ability to differentiate into the full spectrum of mature daughter cells but can become fully transformed with the acquisition of additional driver mutations. Here, we review the effects of mutations in DNMT3A, TET2, and IDH1/2 on mouse and human hematopoiesis, the current understanding of their role in pre-LSCs, and therapeutic strategies to eliminate this population which may serve as a cellular reservoir for relapse.
Ego-Involvement and Attitude Change: Toward a Reconceptualization of Persuasive Effect.

This study contends that conclusions regarding persuasive effects derived from much contemporary research are based upon questionable assumptions concerning the nature of attitude. It is proposed that attitudinal content cannot be adequately measured by a single score expressing a most acceptable position but must also include latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and noncommitment. Using Sherif's notions of ego‐involvement as a theoretic base, predictions were derived concerning persuasive effects exhibited by highly involved subjects on their latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and noncommitment relative to changes on their most acceptable position. Results supported the proposed reconceptualization of an expanded notion of persuasive effect. Implications for a theory of persuasion are discussed.
Noninvasive vs. selective invasive biliary imaging for acute biliary pancreatitis: an economic evaluation by using decision tree analysis.

Background ERCP is used selectively in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). In patients with ABP, ERCP often is difficult and has the potential to cause further damage. In addition, the prevalence of residual choledocholithiasis in ABP is low ( Methods A decision tree was constructed, modeling standard care for nonsevere ABP (selective ERCP) and severe ABP (ERCP with sphincterotomy and balloon sweep). The other arms included either EUS or MRCP first, with the conversion to or the addition of ERCP when a bile-duct stone was seen. Probabilities and accuracy of EUS and MRCP were taken from published data. Costs were locally quantified in Canadian dollars (CDN), including nursing/technical/professional personnel, equipment maintenance, and disposable equipment. The robustness of assumptions was tested by sensitivity analyses. Results Overall, EUS in all patients with ABP was marginally dominant compared with standard care with selective ERCP ($58 CDN per patient less expensive; 0.9% fewer cases of pancreatitis [ERCP-related or recurrent]). In the severe ABP subgroup, EUS was more clearly dominant ($742 CDN per patient less expensive; 3% fewer cases of pancreatitis), and the nonsevere subgroup had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $17,000 per case of pancreatitis avoided. MRCP was more expensive than EUS in both subgroups. Conclusions EUS is dominant in severe ABP. In nonsevere ABP, it is slightly more costly but is associated with fewer ERCPs and ERCP-related complications. A randomized trial would help to quantify the benefits of avoiding ERCP in these patients.
Stability of unique Fourier-transform phase reconstruction

The problem of Fourier-transform phase reconstruction from the Fourier-transform magnitude of multidimensional discrete signals is considered. It is well known that, if a discrete finite-extent n-dimensional signal (n ≥ 2) has an irreducible z transform, then the signal is uniquely determined from the magnitude of its Fourier transform. It is also known that this irreducibility condition holds for all multidimensional signals except for a set of signals that has measure zero. We show that this uniqueness condition is stable in the sense that it is not sensitive to noise. Specifically, it is proved that the set of signals whose z transform is reducible is contained in the zero set of a certain multidimensional polynomial. Several important conclusions can be drawn from this characterization, and, in particular, the zero-measure property is obtained as a simple byproduct.
Institutional Influences on Poverty in the Nineteenth Century: A Quantitative Comparative Study

We apply disjoint principal components analysis to study institutional influences on the course of poverty in the nineteenth century. Classificatory data summarize varied facets of economic and noneconomic institutional structure and change.Four sets of countries are distinguished by characteristics of the course of poverty. The components models show that the impact of economic and demographic changes (export expansion, marketization, industrial expansion, immigration) have consequences for poverty that vary greatly between and within country sets, depending on the character of institutions: above all, land systems, dependence relationships, and political institutions.
Survival of heterotopic heart xenografts from Helisoma duryi, Planorbula armigera, and Planorbarius corneus in Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata, Basommatophora, Planorbidae): evidence for phylogenetic relatedness?

. Heart xenografts from the pulmonate snail Helisoma trivolvis survive in Biomphalaria glabrata, whereas xenografts from most other pulmonate snail genera are rejected within 3 to 15 days. To test whether xenografts from snails closely related to H. trivolvis were also accepted, specimens of an albino strain of B. glabrata were implanted with hearts from H. duryi, Planorbula armigera, and Planorbarius corneus. The fate of implants was monitored for 180 days by measuring heartbeat and by histological analysis. All 3 types of implants survived beyond the 3 to 15 days required for the complete destruction of incompatible xenografts, suggesting a degree of physiological and immunological compatibility between B. glabrata and these donors. Among the 3 types of xenografts, all from H. duryi survived for the entire 180 days. Fewer grafts from P. armigera and P. corneus survived for prolonged periods, although some still were beating at 60 and 180 days post implantation (DPI) respectively, suggesting that a range of histocompatibility, and perhaps phylogenetic relatedness, with B. glabrata occurs within this group. Paradoxically, the initial hemocytic response by the recipient was strongest against grafts from H. duryi, the most compatible donor, while responses to grafts from P. armigera and P. corneus were mild or did not occur during the first 7 DPI. We used 2 albino strains of B. glabrata in these studies, and the data suggest slight differences in recipient strain compatibility.
Exploring Properties of Networkwide Flow-Density Relations in a Freeway Network

The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of network-level traffic flow relationships in a freeway network with the use of commonly available loop detector data. The impact of the spatial and temporal distribution of congestion in a selected network on the shape and properties of the flow-density relation is investigated, with emphasis on the formation and characterization of hysteresis patterns. Accordingly, a path-dependent characterization of hysteresis patterns in freeway networks is introduced and illustrated conceptually as well as through empirical observations. Comparison of the spatial and temporal distribution of congestion throughout a selected subnetwork on different days suggests a relationship between the size of the hysteresis loop and the inhomogeneity of the traffic distribution. The maximum network average flow is not a constant value but varies across different days. In addition, for the same value of average network occupancy, the variation of occupancy is higher dur...
American Hegemony and the Future of East—West Relations

This brief essay sketches a view of international politics as a realm of variegated hierarchy and highlights the importance of authority in the conduct of hegemonic foreign policies. After developing a conception of hierarchy in international relations, the framework is applied to the future East–West relations. Conflict with rising powers, especially China, is not foreordained, but is a function in part of the policy choices made by the United States. In the long run, China will overtake the United States in some aggregate measures of international power. If current trends continue, and the United States attempts to counter this challenge on its own, it will slowly but inexorably lose its supremacy. On the other hand, by building authority, the United States can, at a minimum, face a future Chinese superpower with strong subordinates who benefit from its leadership. At a maximum, it might even succeed in locking China into an American-dominated international order.
A prey chamber for the experimental analysis of raptor hunting

A chamber is described for use with raptorial birds and live prey. The chamber is equipped with visual and physical access doors and is designed to be operated in conjunction with an instrumented perch and electromechanical programming equipment. The search, detection, pursuit, and capture components of a hunting episode are separable with this system; participation by the raptor in each component can be controlled and measured.
A Fast Mask Projection Stereolithography Process for Fabricating Digital Models in Minutes

The purpose of this paper is to present a direct digital manufacturing (DDM) process that is an order of magnitude faster than other DDM processes that are currently available. The developed process is based on a mask-image-projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) process, in which a digital micromirror device (DMD) controls projection light to selectively cure liquid photopolymer resin. In order to achieve high-speed fabrication, we investigate the bottom-up projection system in the MIP-SL process. A two-way linear motion approach has been developed for the quick spreading of liquid resin into uniform thin layers. The system design and related settings for achieving a fabrication speed of a few seconds per layer are presented. Additionally, the hardware, software, and material setups for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) digital models are presented. Experimental studies using the developed testbed have been performed to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the presented fast MIP-SL process. The test results illustrate that the newly developed process can build a moderately sized part within minutes instead of hours that are typically required.
Effective Range of Micro and Synthetic Jets for Flow Control

Effectiveness of two-dimensional synthetic jet is studied using numerical simulations. A Navier-Stokes (NS) solver for moving and deforming meshes has been modified to investigate numerically the diaphragm-driven flow in and out of two synthetic jet cavity geometries. Compressible flow simulations are required for rarefied gas flows to accurately predict the micro flow field. The solver is modified to accommodate slip wall boundary condition proposed in literature for micro scale flow problems. The piezoelectric-driven diaphragm of the cavity is modeled in a realistic manner as a moving boundary to accurately compute the flow inside the jet cavity. The primary focus of the proposed paper will be on the analysis of the design space determined by the geometric and flow-type design variables that identify the effectiveness of the synthetic jet by means of the orifice jet velocity and local jet momentum rate. The design variables are the membrane oscillation frequency (f), membrane oscillation amplitude (A), orifice width (d), and membrane width (W). The present computations for jet discharging into quiescent medium reveal that these variables have determining effects on the flow control parameters, which are the jet exit velocity, local momentum rate, as well as vortex shedding from the orifice.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A note on the median voter theory and voter alienation

Abstract This note explores the consequences of movement of candidates toward the center of the political distribution. Uniform and normal distributions are considered. Movement toward the center of the political distribution can increase or decrease the number of votes received by a candidate. However, even if the candidate loses votes by such a move, as long as the distribution is denser in the center than in the tails, the candidate will benefit relative to his/her opponent. If both the candidate and his/her opponent move toward the center, the individual who makes the greater move benefits at the expense of the other individual.
An application of robust Bayesian analysis to a medical experiment

Abstract This paper reviews a design for a clinical trail that uses expert opinion to guide the selection of treatments for patients in a way intended to be more favorable than random selection. The problems of analyzing data from the design are discussed. Using real data from a trial of two agents for treating hypertension after open heart surgery, issues of how to display the data are considered, and the extent to which the design and analysis may be robust to elicitation error is discussed.
Upregulation of IFN-γ Receptor Expression by Proinflammatory Cytokines Influences IDO Activation in Epithelial Cells

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces the enzyme indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) in a variety of human cell types. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) synergistically increase IFN-induced IDO activity. Inasmuch as cytokines can upregulate cytokine receptor expression, one mechanism of cytokine synergy may be at the level of receptor expression. To test the hypothesis that this mechanism of IDO regulation is active in epithelial cells, HeLa cells were treated with IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-1beta to determine optimal cytokine concentrations and time for maximal cytokine receptor expression. Flow cytometric analysis with antibodies to receptors for IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-1beta indicated that each cytokine upregulated expression of the other cytokine receptors by 4 h, with maximal expression observed between 16 and 20 h after cytokine treatment. Furthermore, increases in IFN-gamma receptors (IFNGR) induced by IL-1beta were found to be dependent on NF-kappaB transactivation. To determine if increases in IFNGR expression alone contributes to synergistic IDO induction, cells were stimulated with IL-1beta to upregulate receptor expression, and the NF-kappaB concentration was allowed to return to basal levels. When treated with IFN-gamma, enhanced Stat1 signaling and IDO induction were still observed, indicating that increased cytokine receptor expression contributes to synergistic increases in IDO activity.
Total synthesis of the supposed structure of (-)-sclerophytin A and an improved route to (-)-7-deacetoxyalcyonin acetate.

Stereoselective acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 15 → 16 is the central step in total syntheses of (−)-7-deacetoxyalcyonin acetate (1) and the compound with the alleged structure of sclerophytin A (2). Since tetracyclic diether 2 is not identical to sclerophytin A, the structure of this antineoplastic marine diterpene must be revised. The conversion of 15 → 16 demonstrates for the first time that tetrahydrofurans containing (Z)-1-methylalkenyl side chains can be prepared by Prins−pinacol rearrangements.
PXT-based path protection for multicast sessions in WDM networks

Due to the huge bandwidth provided by an optical fiber, a fiber cut in an optical network will disrupt a large number of communication sessions. Therefore, it is important to protect both unicast and multicast traffic against link failures. Link failures have more serious impact on multicast sessions than unicast ones since multiple destinations may be affected by a link failure on the multicast tree. To protect multicast sessions efficiently, researchers have proposed path-based and segment-based protection schemes. However, these schemes require long restoration time. While p-cycle-based link protection schemes have short restoration time, they are not capacity efficient. In this paper, we address the dilemma by proposing a PXT-based path protection scheme that provides both short restoration time and high capacity efficiency. The basic idea is to use pre-cross-connected PXTs to protect individual destinations on multicast trees. Simulations results show that our scheme is significantly more efficient than a p-cycle-based link protection scheme.
Pigmentation and tumorigenicity of reconstituted, cybrid and hybrid mouse cells.

Abstract Cybrid, reconstituted and hybrid cells were formed by fusing cytoplasts with whole cells, cytoplasts with nucleoplasts, or whole cells with whole cells, respectively. The cells or cellular fragments were derived from murine melanomas expressing melanocytic functions and from tumorigenic or non-tumorigenic fibroblasts. The cybrids and reconstituted cells resembled the nuclear donor parent in the expression of melanocytic activity and tumorigenicity. The hybrid cells resembled the fibroblastic parent when comparable numbers of chromosomes were present from each parent. A ratio of 1.5:1 in favor of the melanoma genome resulted in hybrids of either phenotype. The expression and extinction of melanocytic functions and the expression and suppression of tumorigenicity were transmitted only through the nucleus. The stable expression of A-type viral particles, on the other hand, may have been inherited also by cytoplasmic transfer.
Latent hardening and dislocation density in α-phase Cu-Al alloy crystals

Abstract Single crystals containing from 0.5 to 10.0 at. % Al in Copper have been strained in single glide at room temperature to just past the yield point. The density of primary dislocations in slip bands has been measured by etch-pitting the cross glide plane deep within the crystal after this plane had been exposed by sectioning. The density of primary dislocations was found to vary with the square of the yield stress. This is consistent with latent hardening measurements made earlier. It is suggested that the onset of secondary slip, and the consequent termination of slip band formation in these crystals is controlled mainly by internal stresses due to the accumulation of primary dislocations.
Enhancing Digital Information Access in Public Libraries

To explore the impact of public digital library resources on urban residents, to elucidate the current usage patterns of public digital library resources/services and levels of satisfaction with the resources/content in urban digital libraries and make recommendations as to steps that would improve service to this population.
Thin film windows for use in a bulge tester and as a piezoelectric actuator

This paper reports the results of experimental studies using a bulge tester and accompanying models. The bulge tester applies a load on the backside of the thin film and measures the resulting deflection. The load-deformation data can then be used to establish a mode that can be used to determine Young's modulus and the in-plane stress of the film. A variety of different films are tested under different conditions and the results are compared to theoretical values and to the result of a non-linear finite element model. The approach of the computer model is inverse to the tester. The determined values are used as input for the model and the load-deformation data is the output. The experimental results are found to be in excellent agreement with the numerical prediction. The applicability of using a thin piezoelectric film on top of another film in a window as an actuator is also investigated. The ultimate goal is to create a smart thin film window that can precisely sense and control stretching and/or deflection of the base film. This could be very useful in lithography procedures in order to align and control the mask or particular potions of the mask.
Further consideration of the estimation of spectroscopic trends by a perturbation method using Hellmann pseudopotentials

Abstract The use of new values of Hellmann pseudopotential parameters and wave functions is shown to yield much better predictions by the method previously proposed. Corrected results are presented for predictions of ionization potentials and the lowest 1 Σ- 1 Σ transitions of alkali metal molecules. New predictions are made for the lowest 1 Π- 1 Σ transitions of alkali metal molecules.
Logistics of Chemoprophylaxis of Tuberculosis

This study was made, first, to estimate what may be expected from the application of available tuberculosis morbidity data to the various indications recommended for isoniazid chemoprophylaxis; second, to review the relevance of the studies upon which some of the recommendations are based. The data show that the effort expended in relation to the results obtained justify the use of chemoprophylaxis among patients with inactive tuberculosis; among tuberculin reactors with certain clinical conditions which reduce resistance to tuberculosis; among contacts of cases of active tuberculosis; and among tuberculin converters. However, among tuberculin positive adolescents and in the child-centered tuberculosis eradication program, the effort expended is out of all proportion to the results in terms of cases of tuberculosis prevented. Further, a review of some of the reports on the value of chemoprophylaxis reveals no data upon which to base any expectation of continuing protection from isoniazid beyond the year of its administration in these two groups.
Relationships between mandibular joint size and craniofacial size in human groups

Substantial evidence attests to the capability of the joint to undergo morphological alteration in response to biomechanical forces transmitted to it during function. Measurements expressing the size of mandibular condyles and fossae were obtained from skulls representative of a broad spectrum of subsistence practices and tooth use. Craniofacial dimensions were measured for some groups. Considerable differences in joint size were noted between groups roughly consistent with known or presumed intensity of masticatory stress. Size was largest in the hunter-gatherers, intermediate in aboriginal horticulturalists and smallest in 20th century American caucasoids and 17th century British. In each group, male joint size was absolutely larger than females. With the exception of condylar breadth, male joint dimensions were not relatively larger than female when corrected for differences in craniofacial size. In contrast, same-sex comparisons of Eskimo and American caucasoid means adjusted for differences in craniofacial size showed joint size in Eskimos to be significantly larger, both absolutely and relatively. Eskimo females had relatively larger joints than American caucasoid males. Thus, intergroup differences in joint size persist even when differences in craniofacial size are taken into account. Although the influence of genetic factors cannot be excluded, differences in the nature or intensity of tooth use during growth may account, at least in part, for the observed differences in joint size.
Organizational Assimilation of Electronic Procurement Innovations

We investigate the assimilation of electronic procurement innovations (EPIs) and its impact on procurement productivity in buyer organizations. We identify online reverse auctions, electronic catalog management, electronic order fulfillment, and electronic payment and settlement as moderate complements for the performance of the procurement process. We develop a theoretical model that is informed by the literature on innovation assimilation and by structuration theory to explain the aggregated assimilation of EPIs. Our empirical study is based on survey data collected about EPIs from 166 buyer firms. Based on our analysis, we isolate the organizational, technological, and interorganizational factors that shape the meta-structures for the aggregated assimilation of EPIs. Our results also provide evidence of a substantial impact of the assimilation of these innovations on procurement productivity. Our post hoc analysis provides insights on differences across stages and across EPIs on the factors and meta-structures that enable assimilation.
Suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation by black currant seed oil.

The subcutaneous air pouch formed in Sprague-Dawley rats was used to study the effect of diets enriched in black currant seed oil (BCSO) on acute inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals. The BCSO enriched diet suppressed significantly both the cellular and fluid phases of inflammation (polymorphonuclear leucocyte and exudate accumulation). In contrast, administration of normal chow or of a diet enriched in safflower oil (polyunsaturated fatty acid control) did not influence monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in this model. The findings indicate that a diet which provides both n-6 (gammalinolenic acid) and n-3 (alphalinolenic acid) fatty acids as substrates alternative to arachidonatic acid for oxidative metabolism, modifies monosodium urate crystal-induced acute inflammation.
Ruthenium-catalysed copolymerization of 4-benzoylpyridine or benzophenone and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane competition between formation of cyclic co-monomers and linear copolymers

Abstract Dihydridocarbonyltris (triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (Ru)-catalysed copolymerization of 4-benzoylpyridine and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane leads to a mixture of 2,3-benzo-6,6,8,8-tetramethyl-7-oxa-11,12-m-pyridino-6,8-disilacyclododecan-l-one, cyclic co-monomer (I), and copoly (2′,3-[4-benzoylpyridinylene]/3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-oxa-3,5-disilaheptanylene). Similarly, Ru-catalysed reaction of benzophenone and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane leads to a mixture of 5,6,8,9-dibenzo-2,2,12,12-tetramethyl-l-oxa-2,12-disilacyclododeca-7-one, cyclic co-monomer (III) and copoly (2,2′-benzophenonylene alt. 2,6-benzophenonylene/3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-oxa-3,5-disila-1,7-heptanylene). The formation of these products apparently results from the fact that only two of the four ortho hydrogens of 4-benzoylpyridine or benzophenone are reactive under Ru catalysis. Further, preferential reaction of one ortho hydrogen on each aromatic ring of 4-benzoyl-pyridine or benzophenone takes place. Products have been characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si n.m.r., i.r., u.v.-vis spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis and/or high resolution peak matching. In addition, g.p.c., d.s.c., and t.g.a. of copolymers have been determined.
Shuttling of G Protein Subunits between the Plasma Membrane and Intracellular Membranes

Heterotrimeric G proteins (alphabetagamma) mediate the majority of signaling pathways in mammalian cells. It is long held that G protein function is localized to the plasma membrane. Here we examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of G protein localization using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, fluorescence loss in photobleaching, and a photoswitchable fluorescent protein, Dronpa. Unexpectedly, G protein subunits shuttle rapidly (t1/2 < 1 min) between the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. We show that consistent with such shuttling, G proteins constitutively reside in endomembranes. Furthermore, we show that shuttling is inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate. Thus, contrary to present thought, G proteins do not reside permanently on the plasma membrane but are constantly testing the cytoplasmic surfaces of the plasma membrane and endomembranes to maintain G protein pools in intracellular membranes to establish direct communication between receptors and endomembranes.
Birth, Life, and Death in Microelectronic Systems

In order to exploit the technological promises of microelectronics, electronic system techniques must be developed so that defective portions of a system can be tolerated without system malfunction. Such defects might be introduced during manufacture (at birth), or cause errors during operation (life). The number of permanent failures which could be endured by a system before it fails completely will determine its lifetime (death). In this paper, an adaptive vote-taker is proposed which compares the outputs of paralleled (redundant) system parts in a binary system and determines the most probable answer based on past performance of the separate parts. Initially, the vote-taker assigns equal significance to each redundant part, and (in a binary system) requires that a simple majority of the parts be correct. With experience, the vote-taker continually reduces the weight (significance) of the outputs from those parts that make mistakes, thereby gradually eliminating the defective parts. Thus the vote-takers (which also may be paralleled if they are unreliable) act as automatic repairmen which delete defective parts of a system. System dependability and life expectancy can be made to exceed the dependability and average life expectancy of the component parts. The heart of an adaptive vote-taker is an element providing variable gain with memory. A variable resistor with memory (memistor), which uses electrochemical deposition or removal of copper to achieve the variable memory, has been successfully applied to this function.
Elemental mobility in phosphatic shales during concretion growth and implications for provenance analysis

Shale-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns record variable redox conditions in coprolitic phosphorite concretions and their host shales from the Pennsylvanian-age cyclothems in the U.S. midwestern states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Ohio as well as the Mississippian-age Fayetteville Shale of Arkansas. Shale-normalized enrichments in middle REE (MREE) developed as the phosphatic concretions lithified under reducing conditions in pore waters of organic-rich muds. Depletions in MREE (Sm–Ho) in host shales correspond to the MREE enrichments in some nearby concretions. Rare and weak negative cerium depletions in both reworked and unreworked phosphorite concretions suggest exposure to oxygenated waters. Positive europium anomalies in thick phosphorite coatings on coprolitic phosphorite concretion cores suggest extreme reduction during lithification of the phosphorite coating. Flat REE patterns in both host shales and phosphorite concretions probably reflect detrital influence. Phosphate diagenesis can affect the trace element chemistry of black shale enough to alter provenance signals. Overall enrichment in REE in phosphorite relative to host shale suggests movement of REE as does the MREE-enriched phosphorite near the MREE-depleted host shale. Diagenetically mobile REE can affect La–Th–Sc relationships used in provenance analysis. The extent of the diagenetic modification of La–Th–Sc distribution is related to the amount of P2O5 present. Typical La–Th–Sc distribution in host shale results when P2O5 values are below 0.5%. High La abundance substantially skews La–Th–Sc distribution when P2O5 is above 5.0%, but when P2O5 is between 0.5% and 5.0% the extent of the effect is unclear. Oxides of aluminum and other major elements may be useful in recording detrital influence and proximity to the shoreline in phosphorite concretions. Most of the concretions nearest to shoreline sources of detrital input have both flat REE patterns and elevated values of Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3).
Beyond Socialization versus Development: Kohlberg's Approach to Moral Education

Abstract Traditionally, Durkheimian and Piagetian perspectives on moral education have been regarded as standing in opposition to one another, but Lawrence Kohlberg's recent work, published posthumously, shows that an integrated socialization-developmental approach to moral character education is possible. This article contrasts the socialization approach of Emile Durkheim and the developmental approach of Jean Piaget, and then reviews Kohlberg's approach, emphasizing its creative integrative strengths and continuing sociological weaknesses.
Barrett's oesophagus and colonic tumours.

Abstract Of 65 patients with Barrett's oesophagus, all of whom were white, 29 (44·6%) had colonic tumours; 19 were benign and 10 were malignant. The frequency of colonic cancer was especially high (38%) in patients with Barrett's oesophagus aged 64 years or older. 7 of the 65 patients had had previous colonic resections for cancer and 3 were found prospectively to have malignant tumours. Benign tumours had been removed by colonoscopic polypectomy in 3 of the 19 patients; in 16 patients the tumours were diagnosed prospectively. In comparison with two other high risk groups, malignant tumours were found in 7·7% of 325 symptomatic patients admitted for colonoscopy and in 11 · 3% of 120 symptom-free patients with occult blood in the stools. The probability of finding this number of malignant tumours in an age-matched random sample of the general population is less than one in a million.
Comparing Approaches for Simulating the Reactive Transport of U(VI) in Ground Water

The reactive transport of U(VI) in a well-characterized shallow alluvial aquifer at a former U(VI) mill located near Naturita, CO, was predicted for comparative purposes using a surface complexation model (SCM) and a constant K d approach to simulate U(VI) adsorption. The ground water at the site had U(VI) concentrations that ranged from 0.01 to 20 µM, alkalinities that ranged from 2.5 to 18 meq/L, and a nearly constant pH of 7.1. The SCM used to simulate U(VI) adsorption was previously determined independently using laboratory batch adsorption experiments. Simulations obtained using the SCM approach were compared with simulations that used a constant K d approach to simulate adsorption using previously determined site-specific K d values. In both cases, the ground water flow and transport models used a conceptual model that was previously calibrated to a chloride plume present at the site. Simulations with the SCM approach demonstrated that the retardation factor varied temporally and spatially because of the differential transport of alkalinity and dissolved U(VI) and the nonlinearity of the U(VI) adsorption. The SCM model also simulated a prolonged slow decline in U(VI) concentration, which was not simulated using a constant K d model. Simulations using the SCM approach and the constant K d approach were similar after 20 years of transport but diverged significantly after 60 years. The simulations demonstrate the need for site-specific geochemical information on U(VI) adsorption to produce credible simulations of future transport.
Formation and Effects of Secondary Defects in Ion implanted Silicon

The clustering of isolated interstitial silicon, implanted atoms, and vacant lattice sites produced by low temperature and room temperature ion implantation during subsequent annealing is reviewed. An electron microscope method for studying the kinetics of the amorphous to crystalline transformation in silicon is described. The technique is applied to measurement of the activation energy for interface migration and the formation of microtwins for different growth directions. A very brief review of the effects of laser annealing after ion implantation is included.
The Bispectrum of IRAS Redshift Catalogs

We compute the bispectrum for the galaxy distribution in the IRAS QDOT, 2 Jy, and 1.2 Jy redshift catalogs for wavenumbers 0.05 ≤ k ≤ 0.2 h Mpc-1 and compare the results with predictions from gravitational instability in perturbation theory. Taking into account redshift-space distortions, nonlinear evolution, the survey selection function, and discreteness and finite-volume effects, all three catalogs show evidence for the dependence of the bispectrum on the configuration shape predicted by gravitational instability. Assuming Gaussian initial conditions and local biasing parameterized by linear and nonlinear bias parameters b1 and b2, a likelihood analysis yields 1/b1 = 1.32, 1.15 and b2/b = -0.57, -0.50 for the 2 and 1.2 Jy samples, respectively. This implies that IRAS galaxies trace dark matter increasingly weakly as the density contrast increases, consistent with their being underrepresented in clusters. In a model with χ2 non-Gaussian initial conditions, the bispectrum displays an amplitude and scale dependence different from that found in the Gaussian case; if IRAS galaxies do not have bias b1 > 1 at large scales, χ2 non-Gaussian initial conditions are ruled out at the 95% confidence level. The IRAS data do not distinguish between Lagrangian and Eulerian local bias.
Establishing Microporosity in Open Metal−Organic Frameworks: Gas Sorption Isotherms for Zn(BDC) (BDC = 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylate)

Construction of microporous metal-organic frameworks by copolymerization of organic molecules with metal ions has received widespread attention in recent years, with significant strides made toward the development of their synthetic and structural design chemistry.1 Cognizant of the fact that access to the pores and understanding the inclusion chemistry of these materials are essential to their ultimate utility, we prepared rigid frameworks that maintain their structural integrity and porosity during anion-exchange and guest sorption from solution and in the absence of guests.2-4 Although gas sorption isotherm measurements are often used to confirm and study microporosity in crystalline zeolites and related molecular sieves,5 such studies have not been established in the chemistry of open metal-organic frameworks6 thus leaving unanswered vital questions regarding the existence of permanent porosity in this class of materials. Herein, we present the synthesis, structural characterization, and gas sorption isotherm measurements for the Zn(BDC) microporous framework of crystalline Zn(BDC)‚(DMF)(H2O) (BDC ) 1,4benzenedicarboxylate and DMF ) N,N′-dimethylformamide). Slow vapor diffusion at room temperature of triethylamine (0.05 mL) and toluene (5 mL) into a DMF solution (2 mL) containing a mixture of Zn(NO3)2‚6H2O (0.073 g, 0.246 mmol) and the acid form of BDC (0.040 g, 0.241 mmol) diluted with toluene (8 mL) yields colorless prism-shaped crystals that were formulated as Zn(BDC)‚(DMF)(H2O). X-ray single-crystal analysis8 on a sample obtained from the reaction product revealed an extended open-framework structure composed of the building unit shown in Figure 1. A total of four carboxylate units of different, but symmetrically equivalent, BDC building blocks are bonded to two zinc atoms in a di-monodentate fashion. Each zinc is also linked to a terminal water ligand to form an overall arrangement that is reminiscent of the carboxylate bridged M-M bonded molecular complexes. Although the Zn-Zn distance (Zn1-Zn1A ) 2.940 (3) A) is indicative of some M-M interaction, it does not represent an actual bond.9 The structure extends into the (011) crystallographic plane by having identical Zn-Zn units linked to remaining carboxylate functionalities of BDC to yield 2-D microporous layers. These layers are held together along the a axis by hydrogen-bonding interactions between water ligands of one layer and carboxylate oxygens of an adjacent layer as illustrated in a. Stacking of the layers in the
Pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly and granulocytic dysplasia associated with human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Pseudo-Pelger–Huet anomaly (PHA) refers to mono- or bi-lobed granulocytes, reportedly observed in patients with severe infections and inflammation or hematological malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Dysplastic changes in granulocytes are typical manifestations in MDS and granulocytic leukemias. Here, we report the unique case of a patient found to have human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), a tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a Gram-negative coccobacillus. This patient showed striking hematological manifestations including a large number of pseudo-PHA, a severe degree of left shift, and dysplastic granulocytes. These hematological presentations on the peripheral smear all resolved with doxycycline treatment, implying that the changes were most likely reactive manifestations secondary to HGA, rather than underlying hematological malignancies such as MDS or AML.
Integrated Experimental–Numerical Approach for Estimating Material-Specific Moisture Damage Characteristics of Binder–Aggregate Interface

An integrated experimental-numerical approach is presented for estimating the material-specific moisture damage characteristics of binder-aggregate interfaces. A pull-off test is conducted with a pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument to determine the bond strength between asphalt film and the aggregate surface to which various types of antistripping additives are applied with various levels of moisture conditioning. A sequentially coupled moisture diffusion-mechanical analysis is implemented with a finite element technique to model the bond strength and progressive interfacial degradation caused by moisture diffusion, followed by mechanical pulling pressure. To simulate the adhesive fracture at the binder-aggregate interface, a cohesive zone model is incorporated into the approach. The integrated approach results in a degradation function that characterizes interfacial damage caused by moisture uptake with two model parameters representing the remaining bond strength and the degradation trend. Wit...
Hazards of solar blue light

Short-wavelength visible light (blue light) of the Sun has caused retinal damage in people who have stared fixedly at the Sun without adequate protection. The author quantified the blue-light hazard of the Sun according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines by measuring the spectral radiance of the Sun. The results showed that the exposure limit for blue light can be easily exceeded when people view the Sun and that the solar blue-light hazard generally increases with solar elevation, which is in accordance with a model of the atmospheric extinction of sunlight. Viewing the Sun can be very hazardous and therefore should be avoided except at very low solar elevations.