cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Tack Fixation Methods on Outcomes in Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair.

Background and Objectives: There are weak data comparing the safety and efficacy of absorbable and permanent tacks in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair with tack-only mesh fixation. In this study,...
The spectrum of lupus myocarditis: from asymptomatic forms to cardiogenic shock

Lupus myocarditis is a serious, potentially deadly disease. When it presents as an acute or fulminant myocarditis in a patient without an established diagnosis of lupus, lupus as an etiology of the condition is not commonly suspected. Meanwhile, it has a distinct treatment which may be lifesaving. Review of the literature can shed more light as current management is mostly based on clinical experience and case reports rather than randomized control trials. In this review we are discussing this diagnostic entity, focusing on cardiogenic shock as a manifestation of lupus myocarditis, and discussing management including aggressive immunosuppression, mechanical circulatory support, and cardiac transplantation.
Predictors of Maternal Participation in Fatherhood Intervention Research With African American Nonresident Fathers

Purpose:The goal of this study was to understand factors that predict mothers’ decisions to participate as data informants in a randomized controlled trial of a fatherhood intervention for African-...
Optimization of mito-roGFP protocol to measure mitochondrial oxidative status in human coronary artery endothelial cells.

Summary Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Endothelial cells (ECs) produce most ATP through glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation; thus mitochondrial ROS production is lower than in other cell types. This makes quantification of changes in EC mitochondrial oxidative status challenging. Here, we present an optimized protocol using mitochondrial-targeted adenovirus-based redox sensor for ratiometric quantification of specific changes in mitochondrial ROS in live human coronary artery EC. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Waypa et al. (2010) ; Liao et al. (2020) ; Gao et al. (2021) .
Chapter 6 Mechanism of gonadotropin releasing hormone action

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent findings on the mechanism of action of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and focuses on the anterior pituitary as the main target of the hormone. GnRH is a decapeptide which is produced in specific neurons in the brain of all vertebrates. The majority of these GnRH neurons transport the hormone intraaxonally to the median eminence of the ventral hypothalamus where GnRH is released into the perivascular space of fenestrated capillaries. The hormone is then carried via a blood-portal system to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). GnRH is produced as a small portion (10 amino acids) of a large (92 amino acids) precursor molecule. GnRH binds to a single class of specific high-affinity membrane receptors on pituitary gonadotropes. The binding of GnRH or a GnRH agonist to the pituitary-membrane receptor initiates a cascade of events that follow the general pathway of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Smooth Muscle Cells From Rat Penile Corpora Cavernosa

Nitric oxide (NO), the main mediator of penile erection, is assumed to be synthesized in the penis by the neuronal constitutive nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, nNOS has not been identified in the penile smooth muscle, the target of NO action. The other NOS isozymes, the inducible NOS (iNOS) and the endothelial NOS (eNOS) have not been reported in any penile tissue. The smooth muscle vascular and trabecular tissue from rat corpora cavernosa is represented in vitro by cell cultures designated RPSMC. To determine whether iNOS can be expressed in penile smooth muscle, RPSMC were treated with different lymphokines and/or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The selected inducer, LPS/interferon, elicited at 48 hours up to a 50-fold increase in nitrites in the medium ; the increase continued by 72 hours. The induction was inhibited by L-Nω-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and dexamethasone, but was resistant to nifedipine and platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB). iNOS induction increased with cell passage. The [ 3 H] L-arginine/citrulline measurement of NO synthesis with intact cells confirmed these results. Incubations of soluble and particulate fractions showed that the cytosol contained most of the activity (Km = 43 μM), which was partially inhibited by ethyleneglycal-bis-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The 4.4-kb iNOS mRNA peaked at a late period (24-30 hours) and remained high for up to 72 hours. iNOS mRNA induction was strongly inhibited by actinomycin D and dexamethasone, partially inhibited by TGF-β1, inhibited slightly by PDGF-AB, and unaffected by nifedipine. These results show that iNOS can be expressed in RPSMC in a cell passage-dependent fashion that has so far not been reported for other cell lines, and that the induction reaches much higher levels than in rat or human vascular smooth muscle cells. The expression pattern is also distinctive for the penile cells in time course of induction, Ca 2+ dependence, response to certain agents, and mRNA stability.
Human erythrocytes and resealed ghosts. A comparison of membrane topology.

Abstract The membrane-impermeable, nitrene precursor reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine), has been employed to study the comparative topology of resealed ghosts and their parent erythrocytes. We have found significant differences in the labeling pattern obtained from resealed ghosts as compared with that obtained from intact erythrocytes. Bands 2.3, 2.4, and 4 (nomenclature adapted from Fairbanks et al. (Fairbanks, G., Steck, T. L., and Wallach, D. F. H. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2606)) show marked changes in labeling depending on the volume of solution in which the lysis and resealing is carried out. From this result we infer that the positions of certain protein components in the direction normal to the plane of the bilayer is measurably affected by the environment of the membrane.
Consumption and Conditionally Heteroskedastic Income

This paper presents a model for an explicitly-solved optimal consumption in which there is a lower marginal propensity to consume out of “human wealth” than out of financial wealth. I deliver this widely-noted consumption property (Friedman (1957) and Zeldes (1989)) by specifying that the conditional variance of income increases in its level. A larger realization of income not only implies a higher level of human wealth, but also signals a riskier stream of future labor income, inducing a higher propensity to save. A natural decomposition of saving is proposed to formulate Friedman’s insights on motives for holding wealth.
Yeast glycogen synthetase in the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form. I. Purification and properties.

Abstract The glucose-6-P-dependent form of glycogen synthetase has been purified about 5,000-fold from yeast extracts. The enzyme was separated from the glucose-6-P-independent form by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and from other proteins by a two-step agarose chromatography, using complex formation with glycogen to change the elution properties of the synthetase. The purified material shows a single band on disc gel electrophoresis and possesses a molecular weight of 300,000, as measured by sedimentation equilibrium. Acrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a major band, molecular weight about 77,000, and a minor band of variable intensity, with molecular weight about 71,000. The faster band is believed to be a proteolysis degradation product of the slow band. Thus, the native enzyme would consist of four subunits of equal molecular weight. The enzyme was labeled with radioactive phosphate by conversion into the glucose-6-P-independent form followed by incubation with [γ-32P]ATP. The amount of radioactivity incorporated corresponds to 1.4 phosphate groups per subunit. Incubation with a muscle protein phosphatase led to a liberation of radioactivity and a parallel increase in glucose-6-P-independent synthetase activity. Lineweaver-Burk plots with the purified enzyme, using either UDP-glucose or glycogen as the variable substrate, showed a biphasic curve, as previously observed with cruder enzymes. Increasing concentrations of glucose-6-P led to a gradual elimination of the line corresponding to a higher Km value.
New Human Rights Issues. Understanding Their Contentious Rise

?Por que ciertos problemas son vistos como temas de derechos humanos, y otros no? Este articulo se enfoca en las estrategias politicas por medio de las cuales grupos marginalizados transforman antiguos reclamos domesticos en reclamos por derechos humanos con reconocimiento internacional. Remarcando los papeles de interaccion de los grupos locales vulnerados, guardianes poderosos en las organizaciones internacionales de derechos humanos, y oponentes estatales y de la sociedad civil, el articulo desarrolla un modelo de cuatro etapas para el desarrollo de nuevos derechos humanos. El articulo tambien desafia teorias constructivistas sobre la formacion del desarrollo de reglamentos internacionales.
The genetic response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)

Endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear stress align in the direction of flow and flow induced mechanotransduction provides an important stimulus for development of the endothelial phenotype. To...
An Ethological Theory of Play

(1968). An Ethological Theory of Play. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 39, No. 7, pp. 36-39.
Impression management in the forced compliance situation.

Abstract Two studies were performed to assess the interpersonal concerns of subjects in the forced compliance paradigm. The first study counterposed dissonance and impression management theory predictions in a 2 × 2 design by varying the public versus private nature of the counterattitudinal behavior and by assessing attitudes with the usual pencil-and-paper method or with a bogus pipeline technique designed to create strong pressures toward sincere reporting. Attitude change occurred only in the Public/Pencil-and-Paper condition and thus supported an interpersonal or impression management interpretation. The second study examined the effect of measuring the critical attitude a second time in the mode not experienced in the first assessment. This three-group design (Pencil-and-Paper/Bogus Pipeline, Bogus Pipeline/Pencil-and-Paper, Control) demonstrated that attitude change occurred only in the Pencil-and-Paper/Bogus Pipeline condition and was maintained on the second assessment when measured by the bogus pipeline. A common-factor analysis of the secondary measures in the second study demonstrated that the Pencil-and-Paper/Bogus Pipeline subjects reported a great deal of negative arousal such as embarrassment and guilt, while the subjects in the Bogus Pipeline/Pencil-and-Paper condition reported feeling manipulated and constrained. The findings of both studies were interpreted as consistent with impression management theory.
Quantitative Analysis of Supplier Quality Surveillance Practices in EPC Projects

AbstractThis study was funded by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) to investigate effective supplier quality practices that can reduce rework associated with supplied components in engineering-procure-construct (EPC) projects. The motivation was to analyze how the level and amplitude of inspection in different stages of a supply chain (from fabrication to mechanical completion) affect the resulting quality of products as measured by the number of nonconformances (NCs) found in its different stages. Quantitative data were collected using an instrument used by CII member organizations to submit data on actual purchase orders and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney (M-W) test on the nonparametric set of data obtained. Following the statistical analysis, interviews with subject matter experts, face-to-face presentations, and sharing of reports with the research team were used to clarify questions, interpret the data, and validate conclusions. The results provide insights regarding where inspection is most...
The Moral Epistemology of First Nations Stories.

One way to view the importance of storytelling in First Nations cultures is to look at the epistemology that informs storytelling and, more generally, practice in those cultures. Listening to the First Nations voices of Carol Geddes on respect, Louise Profeit-Leblanc on responsible truth, Vine Deloria on principles of epistemological method, and Deloria and Lee Hester on the centrality of belief in the West in contrast to the centrality of practice, experience, and story in indigenous worlds suggests that storytelling should be central to environmental education, ethics, and practice.One way to view the importance of storytelling in First Nations cultures is to look at the epistemology that informs storytelling and, more generally, practice in those cultures. Listening to the First Nations voices of Carol Geddes on respect, Louise Profeit-Leblanc on responsible truth, Vine Deloria on principles of epistemological method, and Deloria and Lee Hester on the centrality of belief in the West in contrast to the centrality of practice, experience, and story in indigenous worlds suggests that storytelling should be central to environmental education, ethics, and practice.
Diagnostics of EUV Spectral Emission from Boron-like Ions

Recent developments of EUV diagnostics from transitions in Boron-like ions, C II, N III, O IV, Ne VI, Mg VIII, Al IX, Si X, and S XII, are discussed based on new atomic data (Zhang, Graziani & Pradhan (1994)) and systematic theoretical calculations of line intensity ratios (Peng & Pradhan 1995). The available EUV and UV lines which are good temperature and density diagnostics are summarized. Possible applications of these lines to the investigation of the physical conditions in astrophysical objects are proposed.
Quality of Life as Context for Planning and Evaluation of Services for People with Disabilities

Quality of life has become a dominant theme in planning and evaluating services for people with disabilities. This article reviews definitions of quality of life, explores the concept from the perspective of the optimal theory of personal well-being, and surveys the research on the concept and its implications for planning and evaluating services. This article explores the subjective nature of life quality, particularly for people with disabilities, and relates the concept to both cultural norms and universal human values and needs. Each person experiences life, and disability, in unique ways. Practitioners need to consider quality-of-life issues as a context in planning and evaluating quality services.
Loop selection for thread-level speculation

Thread-level speculation (TLS) allows potentially dependent threads to speculatively execute in parallel, thus making it easier for the compiler to extract parallel threads. However, the high cost associated with unbalanced load, failed speculation, and inter-thread value communication makes it difficult to obtain the desired performance unless the speculative threads are carefully chosen. In this paper, we focus on extracting parallel threads from loops in general-purpose applications because loops, with their regular structures and significant coverage on execution time, are ideal candidates for extracting parallel threads. General-purpose applications, however, usually contain a large number of nested loops with unpredictable parallel performance and dynamic behavior, thus making it difficult to decide which set of loops should be parallelized to improve overall program performance. Our proposed loop selection algorithm addresses all these difficulties. We have found that (i) with the aid of profiling information, compiler analyses can achieve a reasonably accurate estimation of the performance of parallel execution, and that (ii) different invocations of a loop may behave differently, and exploiting this dynamic behavior can further improve performance. With a judicious choice of loops, we can improve the overall program performance of SPEC2000 integer benchmarks by as much as 20%.
Integrating the CIM environment using object-oriented data management technology

Integration of a CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing) environment requires coordinated solutions to data-management problems for individual application systems as well as for exchange of data between these applications. This requires a common framework for data management throughout the CIM environment. The authors discuss the object paradigm as a framework for this purpose. They present an experimental data-management environment for engineering, CAD/CAM, and CIM that is based on object technology. The system ROSE, is able to represent both the structured and operational semantics of the data, leading to greater data integrity and facilitating sharing of data between CIM systems. However, the object paradigm's inheritance mechanism is useful only in limited cases. Hence, the object-oriented layer has been made separate from the total system. >
Peer-Monitoring and Self-Monitoring: Alternatives to Traditional Teacher Management

A peer-monitoring procedure and a self-monitoring procedure were developed to decrease disruption and nonparticipation during the transition activities of a special kindergarten class. Ten children with behavior and/or learning problems attended the class. During peer-monitoring, children were assigned one of three teams and took turns serving as team captains. The team captains monitored each member of their team and awarded points at the end of each of four transition activities to team members and to themselves for following instructions. Following a substantial reduction in inappropriate behavior, the self-monitoring procedure was introduced. Children continued to be assigned to teams; however each child was responsible for awarding his or her own points at the end of the transition activities. Improvements achieved during the peer-monitoring procedure were maintained, for the most part, during the self-monitoring procedure. Results suggest that classroom management can be achieved through a carefully...
Induction of apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells through nuclear entrapment of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase.

The chimeric BCR–ABL oncoprotein is the molecular hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). BCR–ABL contains nuclear import and export signals but it is localized only in the cytoplasm where it activates mitogenic and anti-apoptotic pathways. We have found that inhibition of the BCR–ABL tyrosine kinase, either by mutation or by the drug STI571, can stimulate its nuclear entry. By combining STI571 with leptomycin B (LMB) to block nuclear export, we trapped BCR–ABL in the nucleus and the nuclear BCR–ABL tyrosine kinase activates apoptosis. As a result, the combined treatment with STI571 and LMB causes the irreversible and complete killing of BCR–ABL transformed cells, whereas the effect of either drug alone is fully reversible. The combined treatment with STI571 and LMB also preferentially eliminates mouse bone marrow cells that express BCR–ABL. These results indicate that nuclear entrapment of BCR–ABL can be used as a therapeutic strategy to selectively kill chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
SnakeToonz: a semi-automatic approach to creating cel animation from video

SnakeToonz is an interactive system that allows children and others untrained in cel animation to create two-dimensional cartoons from video streams and images. The ability to create cartoons has traditionally been limited to professional animation houses and trained artists. SnakeToonz aims to give anyone with a video camera and a computer the ability to create compelling cel animation. This is done by combining constraints of the cartooning medium with simple user input and analysis of that input.A cartoon is created in a dialogue with the system. After recording video material the user sketches contours directly onto the first frame of video. These sketches initialize a set of spline-based active contours which are relaxed to best fit the image and other aesthetic constraints. Small gaps are closed, and the user can choose colors for the cartoon. The system then uses motion estimation techniques to track these contours through the image sequence. The user remains in the process to edit the cartoon as it progresses.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Dual-Ligand Divalent Copper Coordination Polymers with Rhomboid Layer, Archimedean Grid, and Self-Penetrated Network Topologies

Four divalent copper coordination polymers containing both 1,2-phenylenediacetate (1,2-phda) and dipyridyl-type coligands have been prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. {[Cu(1,2-phda)(dpa)]·H2O}n (1, dpa = 4,4′-dipyridylamine) possesses a simple (4,4) rhomboid polymeric grid structure but can be considered a (4,6)-connected binodal supramolecular lattice with (4462)(446108) fsc topology. Use of a longer dipyridyl ligand afforded [Cu2(1,2-phda)2(dpp)]n (2, dpp = 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane), which manifests a rare self-penetrated rob lattice (48668 topology) built from the linkage of copper dicarboxylate layers through crossed dpp tethers. [Cu(1,2-phda)(H2O)(4-bpmp)0.5]n (3, 4-bpmp = bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) forms a 5-connected Archimedean cem layer with 334453 topology. The topology of 3 can be alternately described as a 3,4-connected binodal layer with a V2O5-type network. Incorporation of nitrate counterions led to formation of {[Cu(1,2-phda)(H2O)(H4-bpmp)] (N...
Reassessing the ‘Massachusetts Miracle’: Reindustrialization and Balanced Growth, or Convergence to ‘Manhattanization’?

Research suggests that conventional wisdom about the ‘miraculous’ reindustrialization of the regional economy of Massachusetts is much too simplistic. The decline in unemployment was as much the result of low average labor-force growth as it was of rapid job creation. Also Massachusetts has experienced increases in income and wage inequality, and there has been a dramatic slowdown in employment growth. The manufacturing sector is still deindustrializing and high-tech job growth has virtually ceased. Several complementary explanations are offered for these changes. First, a chronic labor shortage is constraining company expansion. Second the declining rate of growth of federal military procurement may particularly affect Massachusetts. Third, the state economy may have begun to converge on a new equilibrium structure. A shift–share analysis of employment changes during the periods 1973 – 79, 1979 – 84, and 1984 – 87 reveals that the state's competitive advantage has narrowed to a small number of business s...
Quenching of Adaptive Control System Response to Test Signal

In adaptive control a test signal may be used to identify the parameters of the system to be controlled. A test signal disturbs the system. Therefore it is desirable to eliminate the effects of this signal as soon as the identification has been completed. After identification a quenching signal may be introduced to eliminate the system response to the test signal. The systems treated here are described by linear differential equations with slowly varying coefficients. The nature of the quenching signal depends on whether or not it is bounded or unbounded. The unbounded quenching signal is a linear combination of a properly weighted impulse and derivatives of an impulse. The weights are determined by the initial conditions on the system at the instant of quenching, and the system parameters. Unbounded quenching is considered to be optimum if the response to the test signal is eliminated with minimum integral squared error. The bounded quenching signal is obtained by scheduling the lengths of time that its value is either at the upper or lower bound. The quenching signal is determined by the test signal and the system to be controlled. Therefore, as soon as the system is identified, quenching can be accomplished by scheduling regardless of the other disturbances to which the system is subject. The method applies to the quenching of system response whether or not adaptive control is involved.
Development of an immunochemical test to assess C1 inactivator function in human serum and its use for the diagnosis of hereditary angioedema

Abstract The antigenic and functional levels of C 1 inactivator were measured in 20 normal and pathological (hereditary angioedema) human sera. The average concentration of C 1 -In protein in normal human sera, determined by radial immunodiffusion, was 137 ± 11 μg/ml, while the level of C 1 -In functional activity, measured by hemolytic titration, was 128 ± 10 μg/ml. The HAE sera fell into two groups: HAE (group I)—sera containing low levels of C 1 -In antigen (average of 30% normal) and nondetectable functional C 1 -In; HAE (group II)—sera containing normal or high levels of C 1 -In antigen, but no detectable functional ( C 1 -In. These characterized sera were used to evaluate a simple immunodiffusion assay which was developed to replace the hemolytic C 1 -In functional test, which requires specialized reagents and is complex and thus impractical for many clinical laboratories. The assay consists of incubating each serum in the presence and absence of 2 mg/ml of the complement activator, aggregated IgG, for 60 min at 37°C, followed by determination of the residual C1r concentrations by radial immunodiffusion. During the incubation with agg IgG, C1r becomes activated and interacts with C 1 -In. This interaction masks the antigenicity of C1r which thus becomes undetectable in the serum. In NHS, the C 1r precipitin ring is totally lost after incubation with 2mg/ml agg IgG. On the other hand, sera lacking functional C 1 -In exhibit no change in the C 1r precipitin ring. Thus all sera lacking functional C 1 -In (HAE (group I) and HAE (group II)) were readily distinguished from those containing functional C 1 -In (NHS). The presence of nonfunctional C 1 -In protein did not interfere with the assay. This simple test which requires only IgG and anti-C1r, which are both commercially available, permits the routine screening of human sera for functional C 1 -In.
Was William James a Patient at McLean Hospital for the Mentally Ill

Rumors that William James was a patient at McLean Asylum near Boston have persisted for several decades. I focus on the reasons why the question has been so difficult to answer in any definitive way; assess the evidence presented in support of the rumors; note that two different periods in James’s life (late twenties and early sixties) have been judged the most likely; and explore the diagnostic question as well: If he was in fact a patient, for what was he being treated? I also discuss evidence that his younger brother Robertson was a patient at McLean and consider the bearing of this evidence on the question of whether William James was a patient at McLean and on the diagnostic issue.
Glyco- and peptidomimetics from three-component Joullié-Ugi coupling show selective antiviral activity.

Chlorination−elimination chemistry coupled with three-component Joullie−Ugi reaction and facile deprotection allowed efficient access to an array of polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines through parallel synthesis that may be considered to be a library of imino (aza) sugars (glycomimetics) and/or dihydroxyprolyl peptides (peptidomimetics). The utility of generating such a library was illustrated by screening against 15 different targets that revealed potent and selective inhibition of the Gaucher's disease glycosyltransferase enzyme glucosylceramide synthase and of primary pathogen model for human hepatitis C virus (HCV) and bovine diarrhoeal virus (BVDV). An observed selectivity for this HCV model over hepatitis B virus and remarkably low toxicity suggest a novel mode of action.
Reduced spinal reflexes following intrathecal baclofen in the rabbit

Intrathecal baclofen is effective in reducing polysynaptic spinal reflexes in awake rabbits. A single lumbar infusion of 2.5-5.0 ng drug caused a significant reduction in the crossed extensor response to electrical stimulation of the plantar surface of the hindlimb. This inhibition lasted 5 h or more. At doses of 3 micrograms or less, the forelimbs were unaffected.
Goal-striving and the implementation of goal intentions in the regulation of body weight

Abstract The enactment of relatively easy-to-implement and relatively difficult-to-implement goal intentions was investigated in a field study of body weight maintenance for 141 university students. Three appraisal processes were examined as mechanisms for implementing intentions: self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and affect towards means. The results showed that goal-directed dieting behaviours for men and women and goal-directed exercising/sport activities for men were influenced by the appraisals in a linear compensatory manner, and goal-directed exercising/sport activities for women were influenced by the appraisals via a three-way interaction. Self-efficacy, in particular, was a strong, pervasive determinant of both dieting and exercising/sport activities for men and women.
Future development environments for computational scientists

Computational Scientists are both creators and end-users of scientific models. Different aspects to their work target different audiences and generally require different development approaches. The research of computational scientists typically involves the development of new computational models and methods often exposed as services. Complex multi-component models, usually bringing together previously developed and new services into a larger dynamical model, are now frequently developed. The communication of scientific models and their predictions is now a major area of science, with policy makers increasingly turning to scientists for predictions of complex dynamical systems. Scientific model development is also often done collaboratively, with different scientific teams working on components of the larger model, becoming analogous to professional software development. It is therefore not surprising that the majority of scientists consider developing scientific software as important for their own research. Despite the need for software to help conduct and communicate scientific research, computational scientists are generally "end-user programmers" with entirely different goals to Software Engineers when creating and composing software. Here we report outcomes of an experimental collaboration between Software Engineers and Computational Scientists to create a new development environment to encompass diverse end user groups.
Patterns of Vertical Migration in Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida)

ABSTRACT The vertical migration patterns of eight freshwater mussel species were studied in outdoor enclosures. Individual experiments lasted from nine to 20 months, during which time mussels were observed three times per week. The mussels displayed two patterns of seasonal vertical migration; in both patterns populations of each species surfaced during spawning in spring and eventually reburied in autumn. These activities coincided with increasing spring water temperatures and decreasing autumn water temperatures, as well as increasing and decreasing durations of daylight. One group of species displayed a unimodal annual pattern, where most of the population surfaced in the spring and remained there until autumn. The second group displayed a bimodal pattern in which the population reburied itself after emerging in spring but then resurfaced and remained at the surface until autumn. We have not been able to associate this second emergence with any biological function. Patterns did not follow generic or su...
Clinical staging and end results classification: TNM system of clinical classification as applicable to carcinoma of the colon and rectum.

Cancer of the accessible primary sites can be classified quite easily by the TNM system. However, rigid adherence to this system becomes difficult and problems are encountered in classifying the extent of involvement in the less accessible sites. Recent examples of the necessity for modifying the TNM clinical classification are carcinoma of the colon and rectum where surgical findings are much more important than clinical findings only. After a study of several years, a proposed classification for carcinoma of the colon, developed at the Sixth National Cancer Conference in 1968, has been subjected to field-trial analysis. A similar study for cancer of the rectum and anus will be initiated by the Task Force on Colon, Rectum, Anus of the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting.
Exact multiplicity of positive solutions for concave–convex and convex–concave nonlinearities

Abstract This note gives an unified treatment of the exact multiplicity results for both S -shaped and reversed S -shaped bifurcation for positive solutions of the two-point problem u ″ + λ f ( u ) = 0 , for − 1 x 1 , u ( − 1 ) = u ( 1 ) = 0 , depending on a positive parameter λ , for both concave–convex and convex–concave nonlinearities f ( u ) .
Advanced communications networking concepts for the National Airspace System

This paper presents terminal-area and en-route communications networking concepts that aim to help meet future aviation requirements. Future aviation applications, combined with increasing air traffic density and aging and antiquated systems, will significantly change the National Airspace System (NAS) and result in a need to develop and adopt new communications technologies. An architectural study for flight information services (FIS) performed by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), which considered both near-term and long-term technologies including terrestrial line-of-sight (LOS) systems, satellite communications (SATCOM) beyond LOS (BLOS) systems, and hybrid architectures which seek to use both types of systems, revealed that there are no existing or envisioned communications solutions that are well-suited for the application in all cases. Furthermore, studies of the terminal area reveal that there is a lack of near-term technologies that can address all requirements. This paper presents a vision of an Internet-like NAS networking architecture, and then presents mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) and wireless local area network (WLAN) concepts that could provide significantly improved networking both in the en-route and terminal areas
Nitrogen Concentration Affects Nutrient and Carotenoid Accumulation in Parsley

ABSTRACT Previous research has suggested that the herbal crop parsley (Petroselinum crispum Nym.) has a relatively high concentration of nutritionally important carotenoid phytonutrients, such as lutein-zeaxanthin and β -carotene. Nitrogen (N) has the most direct impact on plant growth, but influence of N on phytonutritional quality is contradictory. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to measure the effects of different concentrations of N on growth, elemental accumulation, and carotenoid production in parsley. ‘Dark Green Italian’ parsley was greenhouse-grown in a nutrient solution with 6.0, 13.1, 26.3, 52.5, or 105.0 mg N L−1. After 8 weeks, plants were harvested and analyzed for biomass production, micro- and macronutrient concentrations, and lutein-zeaxanthin and β -carotene levels. Increasing N in the nutrient solution increased plant biomass, leaf tissue N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), lutein-zeaxanthin, β -carotene, and chlorophyll. Leaf iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) de...
Chemical Evolution of Protein Sequences

Abstract An estimation of the hydrolytic stability of naturally occurring peptides and homologous sequences within protein chains has been made using Newman's “Rule of Six.” All possible sequences and their corresponding cumulative steric values, “six numbers,” were computer-generated. Those sequences having identical six numbers were grouped as families. The results of this study suggest that, in abiogenesis, peptides and proteins may have most often simply evolved to sequences which are members of the permutationally more populated sequence families.
Quality Improvement in a College of Engineering Instructional Program

This paper summarizes one institution's efforts to develop an ongoing strategy for gathering and analyzing data from constituents for use in appraisal and improvement efforts in its instructional programs. Although a large number of different constituents were identified, for logistical reasons it was decided to focus on five groups: undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, alumni and industry. The primary emphasis of this paper is on the results from the alumni and industry surveys. Demographics of these two groups are given and the influence of these characteristics on responses to survey questions is noted. Comparisons drawn among the two groups show that alumni and industry responses are virtually identical on the importance of specific attributes associated with newly graduated engineers. A short discussion is also given which compares the responses of all five constituent groups on certain instructional program attributes.
Sequential Trials, Sequential Analysis and the Likelihood Principle

(1966). Sequential Trials, Sequential Analysis and the Likelihood Principle. The American Statistician: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 18-23.
Accounting for functional loss in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: beyond cognition.

Abstract Background The relative contributions of cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits to the impairment of physical or instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) may differ in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify the amount of variability in physical self-maintenance and instrumental ADL ratings predicted by cognitive, motor, and behavioral indices separately for patients with autopsy-diagnosed DLB (n = 39) or AD (n = 39). Results Motor dysfunction accounted for significant variance in physical ADLs in DLB ( R 2 change = 0.17), whereas behavioral ( R 2 change = 0.23) and motor dysfunction ( R 2 change = 0.13) accounted for significant variance in AD. Motor ( R 2 change = 0.32) and cognitive ( R 2 change = 0.10) dysfunction accounted for significant variance in instrumental ADLs in DLB, whereas cognitive ( R 2 change = 0.36) and behavioral ( R 2 change = 0.12) dysfunction accounted for significant variance in AD. Conclusions Cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits contribute differently to ADL changes in DLB and AD. Thus, treatments designed to ameliorate a certain aspect of AD or DLB (e.g., cognitive dysfunction) may have a larger impact on everyday functioning in one disorder than the other.
Design of a spintronic arithmetic and logic unit using magnetic tunnel junctions

Conventional electronics technology uses an electron's charge to store information and a current of electrons to transfer information. Spintronics technology, in contrast, uses an electron's 'spin' in addition to its charge to transfer and store information. Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) are spintronic devices that exhibit two distinct resistance states due to the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. Their properties can provide significant advantages over conventional electronics in the design of computer systems. We characterize some of the challenges in using spintronic technology in large systems, and describe a novel design technique called 'union with neutralization' to combine individual component designs into multi-functional units. We use this technique to present the design of an arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) using 20 MTJs and two CMOS-based sense amplifiers. The spintronics-based ALU has the potential to offer considerable area, timing, and power advantages over a conventional CMOS-based ALU.
Gains on Sales of Qualified Small Business Stock

Tax law allows preferential treatment for certain types of transactions. Investment in qualified small business stock (QSBS) is one area where several provisions exist to encourage this type of investment. This paper examines two provisions that apply to sales of QSBS that result in gains. One provision, I.R.C. §1202, provides for an exclusion of up to 50 percent of the gain on the sale. The second, I.R.C. §1045, provides for a deferral of gain on the sale of QSBS if the proceeds are reinvested in other QSBS. While valuable tax incentives are associated with the use of either of these provisions, the question arises as to whether both of these provisions can be used together with regard to the same sale of qualifying stock, and if so, in what order. The provisions are illustrated separately and followed by a discussion and illustration of the provisions in combination.
RANKING WORLD CITIES: MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND THE GLOBAL URBAN HIERARCHY

World-city literature often relies on a priori assumptions rather than quantifiable measures to discern the global urban hierarchy. In search of comparable international indicators, many studies use the corporate headquarters of multinational corporations (MNCs) as primary locational data. Recognizing that MNCs play a dominant role in the global economy, we argue that reliance on headquarters locations alone distorts the contours of the urban hierarchy. The method overstates the importance of urban centers in the developed countries and economies dominated by large corporations; conversely, it underestimates the importance of lower-level circuits of regional communication, transaction centers in developing countries, and cities in less-centralized economies. This bias is not simply a technical matter: it asserts the power of the core economies, while understating the diversity and complexity of global interactions. We propose to include MNC first-level subsidiary locations in a more refined measure of wor...
Velocity Effects on Conical Structure Ice Loads

Existing design codes and most methods for ice load calculation for conical structures do not take velocity effects into account. They were developed as an upper bound estimate for the load from slow moving ice which fails in bending against the cone. Velocity effects can be ignored when the structure is designed for an area with slow ice movement, for example, the nearshore Beaufort Sea. Sakhalin structures will be exposed to ice moving at velocities up to about 1.5 m/sec. Model tests show that quasi-static methods may underestimate the ice load on a steep cone when the interaction velocity is that high. The present paper summarizes results of published model tests with conical structures that show a velocity effect. An empirical correction factor to the Ralston method is developed to account for the increase in cone load with ice velocity. The paper also discusses velocity effects on ice failure length and possible transition from bending failure to an alternative failure mode when the ice velocity is high.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Next Generation Solder-Systems for Thermal Interface and Interconnect Applications via Liquid Phase Sintering

This paper reports on a new paradigm for highly flexible solder design, proffering high electrical and thermal conductivity, in conjunction with good mechanical compliance, via a novel Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) approach. The new LPS solders comprise a high melting point phase HMP (e.g., Cu or Sn) with a small amount of a low melting-point phase LMP (e.g., In) at grain boundaries, such that different properties can be controlled by different constituents. In general, conductivity is dominated by the majority HMP constituent, while deformation is controlled by the minority, LMP grain boundary constituent. The LPS solders are suitable for both thermal interface material (TIM) and interconnect applications. As the application space for solders shifts in the future, and requirements for new property-sets emerge, the flexibility of the LPS solder approach will allow integration of different materials into new LPS solder-systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Thermoelastic Damping of a Laminated Beam in Flexure and Extension

In a classic paper, Clarence Zener [1] considered transverse vibrations of an isotropic, homogenous, thermoelastic beam. He observed that the tensile side of such a vibrating beam cools while the compressional side heats up, resulting in irreversible heat transfer. This observation led him to predict the existence of thermoelastic damping. Pas sive damping is a critically important property from the viewpoint of vibration suppres sion in large, flexible space structures. Unfortunately, Zener's model cannot be extended to calculate damping in heterogeneous materials; therefore, in this article a more funda mental approach is taken. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is taken as the starting point, and the thermoelastic damping is calculated from the entropy created by the irre versible heat transfer in the medium. As a first step toward constructing a general theory for thermoelastic damping in composite materials, we solve the problem of a three-layer beam subjected to uniaxial tension and pure flexure.
An injectable cementing screw for fixation in osteoporotic bone.

With the aging population, osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are becoming more prevalent. Adequate screw fixation in this type of bone is difficult. Screws are often cemented in bone to help obtain purchase. However, current cementing techniques do not ensure implant stability. Here we present a new cannulated screw with side ports that can be injected with polymethylmethacylate (PMMA) for fixation in osteoporotic bone. We compared the ultimate holding power of this cannulated screw injected with PMMA to a solid screw with the same dimensions secured with PMMA by the standard technique. Both screws were placed into embalmed and fresh frozen lumbar vertebral bodies and pulled out using a mechanical testing system. The cannulated screw had a 278% greater holding power compared to the standard screw (p < 0.006). The cannulated screw provided a significant increase in holding power in osteoporotic bone. This novel screw is promising for fixation in osteoporotic bone and warrants clinical evaluation.
Neighborhood and sense of community

In the context of a larger study focused on the development of an instrument to measure sense of community, respondents were asked to identify components (e.g., family, friends, church, neighborhood) that they believe comprise their community. Initial data analysis suggested a potentially important division between respondents who did and did not include “neighborhood” in their definition of their community. These two groups then were compared on the major variables of the larger study: Actual sense of community, ideal sense of community, community satisfaction, and community competence. Results suggest that respondents with a higher ideal sense of community were significantly less likely to identify “neighborhood” as a component of their community; those whose actual sense of community, community satisfaction, and community competence were higher were significantly more likely to include “neighborhood” among the components. The tendency not to consider one's neighborhood important in assessing ideal sense of community, but, rather, to actually consider it an important feature of one's day-to-day sense of community is discussed in light of some suggestions that one's neighborhood has become a less important element in developing or maintaining one's sense of community.
Zeros of the Gell-Mann-Low function and Borel summations in renormalizable theories

Abstract A Borel type summation of perturbation series with a conformal map of the Borel variable is considered for the case where renormalon singularities are present. Application of this method to λφ4/4! field theory in four dimensions allows us to compute a sum for the Gell-Mann-Low function, β(λ), for 0 λ 16π 2 ) . This sum has an ultraviolet stable zero of β at ( λ 16π 2 ) = 0.41 . The case of quantum electrodynamics is also briefly considered.