cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FORCE-FREE, COLLINEAR PLASMA STRUCTURES.

Abstract : Detailed measurements of the trapped magnetic fields and currents in plasma structures generated by conical theta-pinches are reported. Studies of these structures interacting with a magnetic barrier, and with each other in a collision at the center of a magnetic mirror, are reported. The magnetic well formed by the collision has been studied by simultaneous use of several diagnostic techniques. The measurements are in agreement with a force-free, collinear magnetic field configuration (Wells, 1972). Arguments relating superposability and collinearity of flow fields to these observations are given. (Author)
Synthesis of porous, high surface area MgO microspheres

Abstract Porous MgO microspheres with nanocrystallites have been prepared by a wet precipitation process using ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium hydroxide as precipitants. The as-precipitated powders are composed of crystalline Mg 5 (OH) 2 (CO 3 ) 4 .4H 2 O microspheres with porous and hollow microstructure and are decomposed and transformed to nanocrystalline cubic MgO after being calcined at 500 °C. The average crystallite size of MgO microspheres increases from 10 nm to 31.6 nm with increasing temperature from 500 °C to 1100 °C. The surface area of the MgO powder decreases from 90.7 m 2 /g to 31.5 m 2 /g with increasing temperature from 500 °C to 1100 °C.
A Prologue To The Protest Movement: The Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration Of 1939

A MONG the many factors affecting the process of historical change within the United States today, one, more than any other, seems to stand out. This is the increasing use of the protest demonstration, both as a means of calling public attention to social ills and as a way of prodding government to take the necessary action to correct those ills. The effectiveness of the demonstrations of the 1950s and 1960s cannot yet, of course, be accurately measured. At least one earlier group protest, however-a sharecropper roadside demonstration in Southeast Missouri in 1939-does provide an excellent case study of how this device was successfully used during the depression as a peaceful weapon for social change. The 1939 sharecropper demonstration bears remarkable similarity to the contemporary protest movement. It was in the public view; it attracted national attention; it exposed conditions that shocked the public conscience; it was mostly composed of Negroes; it was charged with being inspired by outside agitators and Communists; it fomented cries of police terrorism; it brought about an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and it aroused considerable activity on the part of local citizens and state government. Finally, although the demonstration caused a stir in the upper echelons of the federal government, it apparently failed to bring about any fundamental change in the attitude of the New Deal toward the sharecropper and the tenant.' The 1939 demonstration occurred in the region of Missouri popularly re
A high cholecystectomy rate in a cohort of Mexican American women who are postpartum at the time of oral contraceptive pill initiation.

Abstract Background Opinions regarding the association between gallbladder disease and oral contraceptive (OCs) differ. The objective of this article is to quantify cholecystectomy rate among women initiating OCs. Study design Women under the age of 25 years were enrolled at four sites in a randomized trial evaluating initiation of OCs. Hospitalizations while enrolled were elicited during follow-up interviews, and medical records of women who underwent cholecystectomy were reviewed. Results Of 757 women enrolled at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), 8 underwent cholecystectomy, a rate of 25.3/1000 woman-years (95% CI=8.1, 42.5). All eight were Mexican American and postpartum when they initiated OCs. The expected rate is 4.2/1000 woman-years for U.S. women aged 15–44. Conclusions Women enrolled at the UTSW site had an increased rate of cholecystectomy and were more likely to be postpartum and Mexican American than women enrolled at the other sites.
Interpersonal Closeness and Social Reward Processing

According to the phylogenetic perspective of social engagement and attachment proposed by [Porges (2003)][1], human social behavior fundamentally depends on a dynamic “push–pull” mechanism between two opposing emotional neural circuits ([Fig. 1][2]). Within this framework, major importance is
Akathisia, pseudoakathisia and tardive dyskinesia: Clinical examples

Abstract Akathisia is a side effect of neuroleptic drugs characterized by a subjective sense of inner restlessness leading to an inability to sit still and a compulsion to move. 1 There has been a great deal of recent literature encouraging clinicians to consider the diagnosis of akathisia. The major emphasis of these reports has been to distinguish akathisia from the anxiety and hyperactivity frequently seen in psychotic patients and thereby to prevent worsening of this extrapyramidal symptom by the addition of increasing doses of neuroleptics. 1–5 In other words, the thrust of the literature has been education to avoid underdiagnosing akathisia. We believe that there may also be a need to avoid overdiagnosing akathisia. Specifically, it is often difficult to distinguish akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. The involuntary, late onset, treatment unresponsive lower extremity involvement of tardive dyskinesia is not always clinically distinct from the subjectively distressful akathisia which is theoretically of early onset, is treatment responsive and has voluntary movements as a secondary phenomenon. A review of the literature on akathisia and tardive dyskinesia suggests several possible important relationships between these disorders. First, there may be a positive association between the occurrence of akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Second, some akathisia may actually be tardive dyskinesia or some form fruste of tardive dyskinesia which we have called pseudoakathisia. Finally, there may be a progression from true akathisia through pseudoakathisia and finally to clear cut tardive dyskinesia.
The effect of salt crust on the thermal conductivity of one sample of fluvial particulate materials under Martian atmospheric pressures

[1] A line-heat source apparatus was used to measure thermal conductivities of a lightly cemented fluvial sediment (salinity = 1.1 g · kg−1), and the same sample with the cement bonds almost completely disrupted, under low pressure, carbon dioxide atmospheres. The thermal conductivities of the cemented sample were approximately 3× higher, over the range of atmospheric pressures tested, than the thermal conductivities of the same sample after the cement bonds were broken. A thermal conductivity-derived particle size was determined for each sample by comparing these thermal conductivity measurements to previous data that demonstrated the dependence of thermal conductivity on particle size. Actual particle-size distributions were determined via physical separation through brass sieves. When uncemented, 87% of the particles were less than 125 μm in diameter, with 60% of the sample being less than 63 μm in diameter. As much as 35% of the cemented sample was composed of conglomerate particles with diameters greater than 500 μm. The thermal conductivities of the cemented sample were most similar to those of 500-μm glass beads, whereas the thermal conductivities of the uncemented sample were most similar to those of 75-μm glass beads. This study demonstrates that even a small amount of salt cement can significantly increase the thermal conductivity of particulate materials, as predicted by thermal modeling estimates by previous investigators.
Rewards and Challenges of Using Ethnography in Family Research

Ethnography offers many potential benefits to family researchers, such as providing on-the-ground knowledge of the contexts that affect family functioning and processes. This article describes ethnographic methods and reviews how they have been and may be used in family research, whether alone or in combination with more traditional approaches. The author's fieldwork experiences are used to discuss some of the rewards and challenges of ethnography. The ways in which issues of personal identity and power may impact the relationship between the ethnographer and research participants are examined. Also discussed are the ways in which contemporary constructions of private and public space and time affect the ethnographic process. The goal of the article is to highlight the value of ethnography to family research and to increase awareness of some of the factors to be considered while planning such work.
Radiation exposure to the spine surgeon in lumbar and thoracolumbar fusions with the use of an intraoperative computed tomographic 3-dimensional imaging system.

Study design A prospective clinical research article. Objective The primary goals were to determine (1) radiation exposure to the spine surgeon with the use of an intraoperative 3-dimensional imaging system and (2) to define the safe distance from the computed tomographic scanner. Summary of background Intraoperative radiation exposure to the spinal surgeon has been assessed during 2-dimensional fluoroscopy but has not been investigated during intraoperative 3-dimensional imaging. Methods Ten patients undergoing lumbar or thoracolumbar fusion were enrolled in a prospective trial to determine the radiation exposure to a spine surgeon standing in the substerile room, with the use of the O-ARM Imaging System (Medtronic, Memphis, TN). A thermolucent digital dosimeter was worn at chest level without a lead apron. Dosimeter readings and distance from the spine surgeon were recorded. RESULTS.: Average surgeon exposure was 44.22 ± 17.4 μrem (range: 17.71-70.76 μrem). The mean distance from the O-ARM was 4.56 ± .32 m, and the surgeon was exposed for an average of 19.6 ± 5.7 seconds (range: 8.05-28.7 s). The annual number of necessary procedures required to surpass the exposure limit, according to the data presented here, would be 113,071 operations using O-ARM. Hence, the number of necessary procedures for O-ARM use is predicted to be 1,130,710 annual procedures to reach the occupational exposure limits for extremity, skin, and all other organs and 339,213 procedures to reach the limits for the lens of eye. Conclusion Radiation exposure is minimal to the surgical team during routine use of the O-ARM imaging system. The number of procedures required to surpass occupational exposure limits is high if using appropriate distance from the O-ARM.
Smuggling and Economic Welfare: A Comment

Appropriateness of the H-S analysis, 643. — Adequacy of conclusion, 646. — Smuggling and protective structures, 649.
Platelet–Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Interactions after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion

The adhesion of both leukocytes and platelets to microvascular endothelial cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several vascular beds. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions induced in the cerebral microvasculature by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion, and (2) define the molecular determinants of the prothrombogenic and inflammatory responses in this model of focal I/R. MCAO was induced for 1 hour in wild-type (WT) mice, WT mice treated with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to either P-selectin or GPIIb/IIIa, and in P-selectin-/-(P-sel-/-) chimeras. Isolated platelets labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDASE) were administered intravenously and observed with intravital fluorescence microscopy. Leukocytes were observed after intravenous injection of rhodamine 6G. One hour of MCAO followed by 1 hour of reperfusion resulted in the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in venules, and after 4 hours of reperfusion, the adhesion of both leukocytes and platelets was detected. Although both the P-selectin and GPIIb/IIIa mAbs significantly reduced the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets at 4 hours of reperfusion, the antiadhesive effects of the P-selectin mAb were much greater. The leukocyte and platelet adhesion responses were significantly attenuated in both P-sel-/- --> WT and WT --> P-sel-/- bone marrow chimeras, compared with WT --> WT chimeras. Neutropenia, induced by antineutrophil serum treatment, also reduced the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets after cerebral I/R. These findings implicate a major role for both platelet-associated and endothelial cell-associated P-selectin, as well as neutrophils in the inflammatory and prothrombogenic responses in the microcirculation after focal cerebral I/R.
Association of Streptomyces community composition determined by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis with indoor mold status

Both Streptomyces species and mold species have previously been isolated from moisture-damaged building materials; however, an association between these two groups of microorganisms in indoor environments is not clear. In this study, we used a culture-independent method, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), to investigate the composition of the Streptomyces community in house dust. Twenty-three dust samples each from two sets of homes categorized as high-mold and low-mold based on mold-specific quantitative PCR analysis were used in the study. Taxonomic identification of prominent bands was performed by cloning and sequencing. Associations between DGGE amplicon band intensities and home mold status were assessed using univariate analyses as well as multivariate recursive partitioning (decision trees) to test the predictive value of combinations of bands intensities. In the final classification tree, a combination of two bands was significantly associated with mold status of the home (p = 0.001). The sequence corresponding to one of the bands in the final decision tree matched a group of Streptomyces species that included Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces sampsonii, both of which have been isolated from moisture-damaged buildings previously. The closest match for the majority of sequences corresponding to a second band consisted of a group of Streptomyces species that included Streptomyces hygroscopicus, an important producer of antibiotics and immunosuppressors. Taken together, the study showed that DGGE can be a useful tool for identifying bacterial species that may be more prevalent in mold-damaged buildings.
A field study of distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction and organizational commitment.

The effects of distributive (outcome) and procedural factors on the satisfaction and organizational commitment of university administrative and support (i.e., non-faculty) personnel (N=138) were examined two months after a restructuring of job classifications. Aspects of outcome were stronger predictors of satisfaction and commitment than were aspects of procedure. Neither fairness nor level of outcome consistently interacted with procedural justice. The relative importance of distributive and procedural factors may vary across time and/or may be due to employees using an inductive process in assessing organizational outcomes. Suggestions include the need to investigate distributive and procedural factors separately and the necessity of employing longitudinal designs. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
Creating an integrative general education: The Bates experience

A college education has never been so necessary, or so expensive. It is incumbent upon us, the educators, to do it the best we can. The products of our work are not the buildings on our campuses but our students who go out into this complicated and exciting world to serve as its leaders, its citizens, and its workers. The Bates College general education curriculum is used in this chapter to articulate the importance of several integrative goals and processes that make up our new general education curriculum.
Fountain code based Adaptive multi-hop Reliable data transfer for underwater acoustic networks

In this paper, we investigate multi-hop reliable data transfer for underwater acoustic networks. We propose a new protocol, called FOuntain Code based Adaptive multi-hop Reliable data transfer (FOCAR). FOCAR is essentially a hybrid ARQ scheme which integrates Fountain codes with hop-by-hop retransmission-upon-failure. It considers the half duplex nature of the underwater acoustic modems and adapts the block size of each hop to optimize the end-to-end delay for the multi-hop network scenario. Extensive simulation results show that FOCAR can achieve high reliability with low end-to-end delay and high energy efficiency.
Photochemical effects on flavor and nutrients of fluid milk.

Abstract Acceptance of fluid milk by the consumer is determined to a great extent by quality measures of flavor, shelf life and nutritional value. A major flavor defect and nutrient loss factor associated with today's marketing environment of fluid milk is attributed to the extended exposure to fluorescent light used to illuminate display cases. Criteria for the photochemical reactions to occur require the presence of light, protein, riboflavin and oxygen. This review will discuss the problem, flavor development and container relationships, origin of the light-induced flavor, destruction of vitamin A, B2 and C and their relationship to off flavor formation, and the effects of fluorescent light on milk proteins and amino acids. Awareness of the potential problems, as defined here for milk systems, may be of concern in other food commodities sold through similar distribution and marketing channels.
Psoas abscess rarely requires surgical intervention.

Abstract Background Surgeons are increasingly encountering psoas abscesses. Methods We performed a review of 41 adults diagnosed and treated for psoas abscess at a county hospital. Treatment modalities and outcomes were evaluated to develop a contemporary algorithm. Results Eighteen patients had a primary psoas abscess, and 23 had a secondary psoas abscess. Patient characteristics were similar in both groups. Intravenous drug abuse was the leading cause of primary abscesses. Secondary abscesses developed most commonly after abdominal surgery. Treatment was via open drainage (3%), computed tomography–guided percutaneous drainage (63%), or antibiotics alone (34%). Four recurrences occurred in the percutaneous group. Statistical analysis showed that the median size of psoas abscesses in the percutaneous group was significantly larger than in the antibiotics group (6 vs 2 cm; P Conclusions Initial management of psoas abscesses should be nonsurgical (90% success). Small abscesses may be treated with antibiotics alone, and surgery can be reserved for occasional complicated recurrences.
West Nile virus encephalitis infection in a heart transplant recipient: A case report

Infection with West Nile virus (WNV) ranges from causing no symptoms to causing non-specific fever, meningitis, meningo-encephalitis and death. Advanced age and immunosuppression are the greatest risk factors for the development of encephalitis or other neurologic manifestations of WNV. We report the first fatal case of primary WNV infection in an orthotopic heart transplant recipient. We reviewed the literature on WNV infection in the general population and in immunocompromised hosts. As WNV becomes more common in the United States, it will become an increasing threat to our transplant population.
On the Performance of Stochastic Model-Based Image Segmentation

A new stochastic model-based image segmentation technique for X-ray CT image has been developed and has been extended to the more general nondiffraction CT images which include MRI, SPELT, and certain type of ultrasound images [1,2]. The nondiffraction CT image is modeled by a Finite Normal Mixture. The technique utilizes the information theoretic criterion to detect the number of the region images, uses the Expectation-Maximization algorithm to estimate the parameters of the image, and uses the Bayesian classifier to segment the observed image. How does this technique over/under-estimate the number of the region images? What is the probability of errors in the segmentation of this technique? This paper addresses these two problems and is a continuation of [1,2].
Trade in Public Goods: A Diagrammatic Analysis

I. Optimum trade in public goods, 63. — II. The all-or-none offer, 70.— III. The core of Pareto-optimal outcomes, 73. — IV. Summary, 78.
Developing Elementary Teachers' Knowledge about Functions and Rate of Change through Modeling

The purpose of this article is to describe the development of elementary school teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching as they participated in a Modeling Instruction environment that placed heavy emphasis on improving their subject-matter knowledge as a basis for affecting the development of their pedagogical content knowledge. We investigate the development of the teachers’ content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge by considering the results of our iterative revisions with supporting documentation of the insights we made as we refined the course to explore teachers’ knowledge. We conclude that Modeling Instruction helped the teachers conceive of mathematics as a tool to explain scientific phenomena and provided the teachers with opportunities to reflect upon the process of learning mathematics, which were both foundational to the development of their subject matter knowledge and their pedagogical content knowledge.
Pediatric primary care providers and adolescent depression: a qualitative study of barriers to treatment and the effect of the black box warning.

Abstract Purpose The recent black box warning on antidepressants has drawn attention to controversies regarding the treatment of adolescent depression in primary care settings, but little is known about how providers decide to treat depressed youth and what resources are employed. Methods We conducted focus groups with 35 providers and staff in nine community-based pediatric practices in rural and urban settings of western Washington State. Discussion topics included perceived barriers to the treatment of depression in youth, how providers addressed these barriers, and the impact of the recent Federal Drug Administration (FDA) black-box warning. Focus groups were audiotaped and professionally transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was conducted using Atlas ti software and differences in coding were resolved via discussion by three independent reviewers. Results Based on analysis of interviews, a conceptual model was developed detailing factors influencing primary care providers’ (PCP) decisions about depression treatment. The three key themes that influenced doctors’ decisions about treating depression were lack of availability of mental health resources in the community, feeling responsible for helping based on long-standing relationships with patients and families, and patient and family beliefs and preferences regarding treatment. Most of the approaches to address barriers were not systemized and were physician dependent. Most providers expressed concern about recent antidepressant warnings, but many continued to treat and none had developed new strategies for closer monitoring of youth initiating treatment with antidepressants. Conclusion The decision of when and how PCPs decide to treat adolescent depression is strongly influenced by PCP perceptions of their role in treatment, availability of other treatment resources, and family and patient preferences and resources. Few practices have developed changes in the approach to practice needed to meet FDA black-box recommendations regarding close monitoring of response to medications.
Bilateral congenital absence of the abducens nerve

A patient with lifelong, bilateral horizontal gaze palsies is presented. The anatomical findings of bilateral absence of the abducens nerve as it affected the brainstem, the course of the cranial nerves to the extraocular muscles, and muscle innervation are described. The possible relationship of these findings to Duane's syndrome and Mobius syndrome is discussed.
The Determinants of Young Women's Wages: Comparing the Effects of Individual and Occupational Labor Market Characteristics☆

Abstract We investigate the effects of individual resources and occupational labor market characteristics on the wages of young women, using data from the 1979 through 1987 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We find that both individual- and occupational-level factors have significant effects on the wage attainment process, indicating that young women's wages are determined in part by their own human capital, but also by characteristics of their occupations. Net of work experience and occupational characteristics, our data show that mothers tend to be paid less than non-mothers. However, tests of statistical interaction indicate that the negative effect on wages of being a mother holds for non-black women only. We use these findings to inform theory regarding the effects of market relative to human capital characteristics on wages, and to understand how young non-black mothers are at a particular disadvantage in the wage attainment process.
Perspective: Graduation time

Universities should forego profits from tuberculosis, say David G. Russell and Carl F. Nathan.
Channel reduction schemes for fiber-optic angle encoders

Abstract Three fiber-optic sensor systems designed to remotely determine angular position that achieve high angular resolution with fewer channels than comparable Gray code encoders are described. Two of the Systems use a sheet polarizer affixed to a “codewheel” and the third system uses a two-channel digital shaft encoder style “codewheel.” The first polarization scheme uses four optical channels, two of which are analog and two digital. The ratio of the two analog channel intensities yields tan2θ. The fourfold quadrant ambiguity is resolved by the two digital channels that are transected by two semicircular masks on the polarizer codewheel (Ref. U.S. Patent No. 4,577,414, 25 Mar 1986). The second polarization scheme again uses quadrant ambiguity masks but employs only one analog channel that simulates a polarization vector that oscillates through 90°. The oscillating vector is produced by the superposition of two sine-wave-modulated beams at the polarizer codewheel. The modulations of the two beams have...
Survival to the Age of 52 Years in a Man with Unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect during infancy. It is composed of a ventricular septal defect, an overriding aorta, obstruction of right ventricular outflow, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Most patients experience cyanosis at birth and die in childhood without surgical intervention. The rate of survival at 40 years without surgical correction is only 3%. We present the case of a man with tetralogy of Fallot who survived until the age of 52 years without surgical intervention.
PROTONATED DIGERMYL AND DISTANNYL ETHERS WITH PARTIAL GERMYLIUM AND STANNYLIUM ION CHARACTER

Abstract Hydrolysis of trimethylgermylium and triethylstannylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate produced respectively bis(trimethylgermyl)oxonium and bis(triethylstannyl)oxonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, that is, the protonated forms of bis(triemthylgermyl) ether and bis(triethylstannyl) ether. The crystal structures of both molecules respectively show increased GeO and SnO bond lengths and flattened tetrahedra about germanium and tin. These structural features indicate pronounced germylium and stannylium ion character.
n and p Substitutional doping of r.f.-sputtered a-SiC:H

Abstract Substitutional doping of r.f.-sputtered amorphous SiC is achieved by adding controlled amounts of diborane (B2H6) and phosphine (PH3) to the argon atmosphere. The samples were deposited at a constant substrate temperature of 200 °C. Electron probe microanalysis measurements show an increase in boron and phosphorus content with increasing partial pressure of B2H6 and PH3 respectively. However, effective doping is seen to depend on the low overall density of gap states. The conductivity increases about one order of magnitude for a sample doped with phosphorus and in the presence of 0.5 m Torr of hydrogen. The sign of the thermoelectric power at room temperature is positive for the boron-doped samples and negative for the phosphorus-doped samples. It is also observed that doping does not shift the optical absorption edge.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the cDNA encoding the murine thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes S-methylation of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfhydryl compounds, including anticancer and immunosuppressive thiopurines. Here we report the isolation and functional characterization of the murine TPMT cDNA. The screening of expressed sequence tags database led to isolation of a murine cDNA clone containing an uninterrupted ORF encoding the protein with an amino acid sequence that is 82% similar and 78% identical to the human TPMT. The expression product of the murine cDNA in rabbit reticulocyte and wheat germ lysate coupled transcription-translation systems showed TPMT enzymatic activity. We conclude that the isolated cDNA clone represents the murine TPMT cDNA.
TEM Analyses Of Cu-Ta And Cu-Tan Interfaces

This paper reports an extensive interfacial study of Cu deposited on Ta and TaN barrier layers. It has been reported that the Cu/Ta interface develops a uniform and thin amorphous layer at the interface upon thermal treatment[l]. However, our high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis shows atomically sharp interfaces for all conditions without any amorphous layer at the interfaces, especially for the ones which underwent one hour annealing at 400°C and 500°C. The “amorphization” effect is only observed if the Cu/Ta TEM specimen is exposed to oxygen. It exists usually at the thinner regions of the TEM specimen or if the specimen is left in air for > 24 hours. Energy dispersion x-ray (EDX) analysis of the “amorphized” region shows that it is a mixture of Cu, Ta, and O.
A model for the more effective use of theory in group work

Abstract A three-level dimension model describes the dimensions of a comprehensive approach to group work within which effective decisions concerning the selection of theories can be made.
Possible influences of barbiturate anesthesia on cerebellar operation: a computer simulation study.

A network model of the mammalian cerebellar cortex is used to examine the possible influence of barbiturate anesthesia on the cerebellar response to mossy fiber inputs. It is proposed that barbiturates reduce the background level of mossy fiber input as well as depress the excitability of Purkinje cells to parallel fiber inputs. The effects of parameter modifications reflecting these actions are examined by introducing simulated parallel fiber and mossy fiber inputs into the network. Transient changes in Purkinje cell activity induced by brief inputs of either mossy or parallel fiber origin are shown to be relatively insensitive to the parameter modifications made to simulate the effects of barbiturate anesthesia. In contrast, mossy fiber inputs of longer duration lead to very different temporal patterns of Purkinje output when these parameters are varied. Despite rather large changes in parameters, an off-beam inhibitory action of basket cells is predicted in all cases. It is concluded that while the tem...
DIDS and the Janus-faced Na⁺-K⁺-activated ATPase. Focus on "DIDS inhibits Na-K-ATPase activity in porcine nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells by a Src family kinase-dependent mechanism".

the maintenance of mammalian cell volume fundamentally rests on net cation extrusion through Na+-K+-activated ATPase, the Na+ pump. The publication by Shahidullah et al. ([11][1]) persuasively identifies the series of events by which a widely used inhibitor of anion transport, DIDS, can reduce Na+
Automated open flow respirometry in continuous and long-term measurements: design and principles

Sustaining high-quality respirometry measurements on animals for estimating metabolic rate and fuel use is challenging. I present a general discussion and selected methods for automated measurement...
Random Projections for Manifold Learning

We propose a novel method for linear dimensionality reduction of manifold modeled data. First, we show that with a small number M of random projections of sample points in ℝN belonging to an unknown K-dimensional Euclidean manifold, the intrinsic dimension (ID) of the sample set can be estimated to high accuracy. Second, we rigorously prove that using only this set of random projections, we can estimate the structure of the underlying manifold. In both cases, the number of random projections required is linear in K and logarithmic in N, meaning that K < M ≪ N. To handle practical situations, we develop a greedy algorithm to estimate the smallest size of the projection space required to perform manifold learning. Our method is particularly relevant in distributed sensing systems and leads to significant potential savings in data acquisition, storage and transmission costs.
2.4GHz On-Board Parallel Plate Soil Moisture Sensor System

Moisture content measurements are very important to the evaluation and maintenance of highway pavements. Such applications require sensors can provide relative long time, continuous, and accurate measurements in hostile pavement environments. And sensors should be in contact with soils, concrete, asphalt or other pavement material In this paper, a 2.4GHz integrated parallel-plate soil moisture sensor system is presented. The moisture sensor is based on the principle that the phase shift in the transmission line is the function of medium dielectric constant, which is related to the moisture content. Compared with other methods like TDR and microstrip resonator, the phase shift detection method has better performance for these applications. Detailed sensor head design is based on the consideration of sensitivity, linearity, impedance match, dynamic range and power plane requirement. The solution is fully digital with integrated RF synthesizer, micro-controller, phase detection circuitry, baseband signal processing circuits, and digital communication protocol. The system calibration is built in the software program. The power management system reduces power consumption. The sensor network is able to handle as much as 256 sensors with single pair RS485 interface
VERSE VERSUS NONVERSE: A RESEARCH NOTE

Strmmasy.-Two rhymed and metered messages were re-written to remove those poetic qualities of rhyme and meter without otherwise changing the messages. A rhymed version of one message and an unrhymed version of the other message were read by 158 college students who then evaluated the authors by checking "yes" or "no" to whether each author was "probably a professional communicator" and "probably college-educated." They also rated each author on a set of semantic differential scales. Analysis indicated that the authors of rhymed and metered messages enhance their "images" by using the poetic form. Mr. Charles Osgood of CBS News broadcasts two brief news/commentary pieces each weekday, "Newsbreak" and "The Osgood File." He frequently casts his reports into rhymed and metered verse. Does his going to the work and bother of versifying enhance his communicative impact? Jusczyk (1977) exposed children in Grades 1 and 3 to various poetic devices and measured their appreciation of the material on several devices. He found that these young children were able to appreciate rhyme and rhythm in poetry but that alliteration in poetry was not appreciated. Hayes, Chemelski, and Palmer (1982) exposed preschool children to stories both in prose and poetry and measured their short-term retention of material in the stories as well as their liking of them. They found that, although the children liked the stories in verse better, they were less able to answer questions about them if they were in verse. Another study reported in the same article exposed adz~lt~ to rhyming and nonrhyming stories; these older subjects were better able to recall information from the rhyming stories. The results were explained in terms of the enjoyment of rhyming having interfered with the learning of the preschoolers but having facilitated that of the adults. When news surfaced that Koko, a female gorilla who was taught American Sign Language, had learned to rhyme words represented by signs in ASL and that this was a sign of intelligence, the present study was begun.
Alcohol: high density lipoproteins, apolipoproteins

Plasma lipids, including high density lipoproteins (HDL) components, were studied in 26 healthy male alcohol abusers. Age- and gender-matched controls denied the use of substances or behaviors associated with increased HDL. On admission to abstinence treatment, the alcohol abusers' total cholesterol and triglycerides were usually normal. Their HDL-cholesterol levels were high, and fell to normal within 2 weeks of sobriety. Apolipoprotein (APO) AI and AII were high initially and also became normal in 2 weeks. APO A I and II to HDL-cholesterol ratios appeared to change during abstinence, while APO AI/AII did not. APO CIII, high initially, fell during treatment, but was still high after 4 weeks of sobriety. Therefore, alcohol seems to affect several components of HDL and these HDL changes move toward normal at different rates. If alcohol is protective against some cardiovascular disease, it remains to be established whether HDL is involved and which HDL component is most important.
Lifetime asymptotics of iterated Brownian motion in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$

Let be the first exit time of iterated Brownian motion from a domain started at and let be its distribution. In this paper we establish the exact asymptotics of over bounded domains as an improvement of the results in DeBlassie (2004) [DeBlassie, Ann. Appl. Prob. 14 (2004) 1529–1558] and Nane (2006) [Nane, Stochastic Processes Appl. 116 (2006) 905–916], for where . Here λD is the first eigenvalue of the Dirichlet Laplacian in D , and ψ is the eigenfunction corresponding to λD . We also study lifetime asymptotics of Brownian-time Brownian motion, , where X t and Y t are independent one-dimensional Brownian motions, in several unbounded domains. Using these results we obtain partial results for lifetime asymptotics of iterated Brownian motion in these unbounded domains.
“If you’re fat, then I’m humongous!”: Frequency, content, and impact of fat talk among college women.

Fat talk (women speaking negatively about the size and shape of their bodies) is a phenomenon that both reflects and creates body dissatisfaction. Our study investigated the content, frequency, and impact of fat talk among college women. Participants (168 female students at a Midwestern U.S. university) completed online surveys containing fat talk-specific questions and measures of body dissatisfaction and thin-ideal internalization. Most participants reported engaging in fat talk with one third reporting frequent or very frequent fat talk. Evidence indicated a strong third-person effect wherein participants thought they engaged in fat talk less than other college women. Self-reported frequency of fat talk was associated with greater body dissatisfaction and internalization of the thin-ideal but not body mass index (BMI). Despite the association between fat talk and body dissatisfaction, over half of the participants reported that they believe fat talk makes them feel better about their bodies. The most c...
Development of an inverse analysis framework for extracting dynamic soil behavior and pore pressure response from downhole array measurements

SUMMARY Observations from earthquakes over the past several decades have highlighted the importance of local site conditions on propagated ground motions. Downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile, and also to record the pore pressure response within the soft soil profiles during excitation. The degradation of soil stiffness as excess pore pressures are generated during earthquake events has also been observed. An inverse analysis framework is developed and demonstrated to directly extract soil material behavior including pore water pressure (PWP) generation from downhole array measurements that can then be readily used in 1D nonlinear site response analysis. The self-learning simulations (SelfSim) inverse analysis framework, previously developed for total stress site response analysis, is extended to extract PWP generation behavior of the soil in addition to cyclic response during ground shaking. A Neural Network based constitutive model is introduced to represent PWP generation during cyclic loading. A new analysis scheme is introduced that can use data from co-located piezometer and accelerometer sensors. The successful performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated using four synthetic vertical array recordings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prox1 is a master control gene in the program specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate.

Early during development, one of the first indications that lymphangiogenesis has begun is the polarized expression of the homeobox gene Prox1 in a subpopulation of venous endothelial cells. It has been shown previously that Prox1 expression in the cardinal vein promotes and maintains the budding of endothelial cells that will form the lymphatic vascular system. Prox1-deficient mice are devoid of lymphatic vasculature, and in these animals endothelial cells fail to acquire the lymphatic phenotype; instead, they remain as blood vascular endothelium. To investigate whether Prox1 is sufficient to induce a lymphatic fate in blood vascular endothelium, Prox1 cDNA was ectopically expressed by adenoviral gene transfer in primary human blood vascular endothelial cells and by transient plasmid cDNA transfection in immortalized microvascular endothelial cells. Transcriptional profiling combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses revealed that Prox1 expression up-regulated the lymphatic endothelial cell markers podoplanin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. Conversely, genes such as laminin, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, neuropilin-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, whose expression has been associated with the blood vascular endothelial cell phenotype, were down-regulated. These results were confirmed by the use of specific antibodies against some of these markers in sections of embryonic and adult tissues. These findings validate our previous proposal that Prox1 is a key player in the molecular pathway leading to the formation of lymphatic vasculature and identify Prox1 as a master switch in the program specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate. That a single gene product was sufficient to re-program the blood vascular endothelium toward a lymphatic phenotype corroborates the close relationship between these two vascular systems and also suggests that during evolution, the lymphatic vasculature originated from the blood vasculature by the additional expression of only a few gene products such as Prox1.
First-principles prediction of the high-pressure phase transition and electronic structure of FeO: Implications for the chemistry of the lower mantle and core

Under shock-wave compression, Fe{sub 1{minus}x}O undergoes a transition to a dense metallic phase at pressure near 70 GPa. The geochemical significance of this transition has been unclear. Here, first-principles electronic structure calculations (using the FLAPW method and GGA exchange-correlation) show that the shock-wave discontinuity of FeO results from a RB1 (rhombohedrally distorted NaCl structure) to B8 (NiAs structure) transition. The metallic nature of the FeO (B8) phase is argued to result from a breakdown of the Mott insulating condition, rather than an Fe(3d)-O(2p) gap closure. As such, the metallization of FeO is probably not a basis for invoking oxygen in the Earth`s core. The stability of FeO(B8) over FeO(RB1) at high pressure is comparable to the ideal {minus}T{Delta}S of mixing of FeO in (Mg, Fe)O at mantle temperatures. Consequently, it is uncertain if FeO(B8) is present as a separate phase in the Earth`s interior. 27 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Tracking the impact of the National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Awards on child health research: developing and evaluating a measurement strategy

Since 2006, the National Institutes of Health has provided institutional infrastructure grants, called Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs), to support adult and pediatric clinical and translational research in United States institutions. A CTSA Consortium Child Health Oversight Committee workgroup developed metrics to measure the impact of CTSAs on child health (CH) research. A cross-sectional survey to collect metric data was distributed to the 46 institutions that received CTSAs during 2006-09. Thirty-seven (80%) institutions responded to the survey. Data regarding 7 metrics were reported by >70% of responding institutions: the proportion of overall funding (median, interquartile range; 0.12, 0.06–0.19) and pilot grants (0.15, 0.11–0.21) supporting CH research; the proportion of active clinical research center studies involving children (0.23, 0.15–0.35); the proportion of IRB-approved (0.24, 0.16–0.30) and funded (0.22, 0.18–0.30) studies involving children; the proportion of mentored research training awards to CH investigators (0.18, 0.11–0.28); and, the proportion of CTSA leadership positions held by pediatricians (0.18, 0.12–0.28). CTSAs provide substantial support for CH research, although additional investment in CH research is needed to improve the health of children. These metrics provide an initial means to track the impact of CTSAs on CH research.
A Proposal Regarding the Identity of Chiropractic: Embrace the Centrality of the Spine

ABSTRACT Objective To offer the following proposition: the spine is inextricable from and absolutely essential to the identity of the chiropractic profession. Discussion In order to determine the identity of the chiropractic profession two separate approaches are made: first, the question is examined philosophically; the profession is defined by determining its essence; what it is, what it is not, and what it is for. Second, the question is examined pragmatically, by determining chiropractic's role in people's lives; how it is defined by the public and what chiropractic practitioners actually do. Conclusions Philosophically, chiropractic's essence, boundaries, and purpose are oriented by the spine; practically speaking, the spine is where doctors of chiropractic apply the vast majority of their work. The author suggests that embracing the spine as the center of chiropractic identity does not limit the profession but, rather gives the public and the profession a common referent to define chiropractic's function and value.
An online decision support system for diagnosing hematologic malignancies by flow cytometry immunophenotyping

A knowledge-based decision support system to interpret online flow cytometry results for hematologic malignacies has been developed in this study as a complete client-server application. The list mode data files are loaded to the system where gating, dot plot, histogram and contour plot have been performed. Upon gating, the CD marker results are generated as a percentage with associated positive or negative designation. Differential diagnosis with different confidence levels is generated based on a semantic network of knowledge base embedded in an extensible mark up language (XML). Java programming is used to implement the inference engine where tree structure and search algorithm are employed. A set of 273 flow cytometry list mode data files are fed into the system and diagnosis was correctly included in top three differential diagnoses in 94% of all cases tested.