cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Extension of the Vector Potential Concept to the Case of a Three‐Dimensional Unsteady Boundary Layer

A method is given for finding a first order solution of the laminar boundary layer equations for a cone whose angle of attack may be changing with time and whose pitch rate may not be zero. The angle of attack and its time derivatives, as well as the pitch rate and its time derivatives, are assumed small. The solution is presented in the form of a power series in x, the distance from the nose of the body. It approaches the solution of Brong for the inviscid case at the outer edge of the boundary layer, and the solution of Moore for the boundary layer in steady flow as the time derivatives go to zero. Viscous interaction is neglected and the gas is assumed ideal. The boundary layer equations are reduced to a series of ordinary differential equations which may readily be solved by computer. Sample numerical solutions are presented for the case: Mach number 10, cone half angle 10°, insulated wall. Es wird ein Verfahren geschildert, um eine Losung erster Ordnung der laminaren Grenzschichtgleichungen fur einen Kegel zu finden, dessen Anstellwinkel und Steigungswinkel sich mit der Zeit andern. Es wird angenommen, das sowohl der Anstellwinkel als auch der Steigungswinkel und ihre Ableitungen nach der Zeit klein sind. Die Losung wird als Potenzreihe in x, der Entfernung von der Spitze des Korpers, angegeben. Sie nahert sich der Losung von Brong fur den reibungsfreien Fall am auseren Rand der Grenzschicht und der Losung von Moore fur die Grenzschicht in stationarer Stromung, wenn die Zeitableitungen verschwinden. Der Einflus der Grenzschichtdicke auf die Druckverteilung wird vernachlassigt. Das Gas wird ideal angenommen. Die Grenzschichtgleichungen werden auf eine Reihe gewohnlicher Differentialgleichungen reduziert, welche leicht numerisch gelost werden konnen. Ein Beispiel fur die numerische Losung wird fur den Fall: Machzahl 10, Kegelhalbwinkel 10°, isolierte Wand gegeben.
Teacher escape, avoidance, and countercontrol behaviors: Potential resoponses to disruptive and aggressive behaviors of students with severe behavior disorders

We develop hypothese based on the research literature regarding behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. Specifically, escape, avoidance, and countercontrol responses are presented as teacher behaviors which may occur in the presence of disruptive and aggressive behaviors (aversive stimuli) which, in part, characterize many students with severe behavior disorders (SBD). The potential for teacher escape, avoidance, and countercontrol responses to the detrimental for both teachers and students is presented, as well as suggestions for addressing aversive behaviors of students in ways to reduce the potential detrimental impact.
Sexual reflexes of spinal male house mice

Abstract The question motivating this study was whether species differences in the sexual behavior of rodents may be reflected in species differences in spinally mediated penile reflexes. Sexually mature male house mice (B6D2F1/J) were tested for penile reflexes after the manner used for Norway rats. Intact mice (n=7) displayed no reflexes in two 30–45 min tests. However, penile erections and cups could be induced and maintained by pressing on the abdomen. Apparently in mice, unlike rats, abdominal pressure can simulate the hydraulic action of the muscles that normally induce erection. A second group of mice (n=10) was spinally transected at the T-9 vertebra and tested for penile reflexes 1, 2, 5 and 7 days after transection. Transected mice displayed clusters of penile erections, cups, and flips similar in form to those of rats. The responses occurred with the brief latencies characteristic of spinal rats, but the mice had many more reflexes per cluster than do spinal rats, and penile flips were especially elevated. The greater number of flips and other reflexes per cluster shown by mice relative to rats may reflect the fact that house mice thrust repeatedly during copulatory intromissions, whereas Norway rats thrust only once during their brief insertions. Data from other species will be needed to test and extend the tentative parallels drawn here between species-typical copulatory patterns and spinally-mediated penile reflexes.
Corynebacterial pneumonia in an African hedgehog.

A 3-mo-old, male African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) was anorectic and lethargic for a period of 3 days prior to death. Necropsy revealed lungs that were diffusely firm, dark red, and dorsally adhered by fibrinous tags to the pericardial sac. Histopathology revealed necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia with pulmonary abscesses and suppurative pericarditis and myocarditis. A Corynebacterium sp. was isolated from the lungs. We believe this is the first reported case of corynebacterial pneumonia in an African hedgehog.
A feminist critique: Public speaking instruction in the age of multiculturalism

Soulevant le probleme de la sensibilite a l'heterogeneite des auditeurs dans le contexte d'un discours public, l'A. etudie les caracteristiques ideologiques de l'enseignement du discours public dans le cadre institutionnel d'un colloque universitaire, d'une part, et l'inscrit dans la realite du multiculturalisme contemporain, d'autre part. Exposant sa critique de la pedagogie du discours public en reference aux critiques feministe et afro-americaine, l'A. denonce l'ideal assimilationniste (I. Young) et la mauvaise foi (W. Fusfield) de la pedagogie du discours public a travers la lecture de l'ouvrage de J. Wilson (et al.) intitule «Public speaking as a liberal art» (1990)
An Adaptive-Rate Continuous Performance Test: Vigilance Characteristics and Reliability for 400 Male Students

Summary.-An adaptive-rate Continuous Performance Task for the assessment of human performance has been developed based on the original method of Rosvold, et al. (1956). The stimulus presentation speeds up after correct deteaions and slows down after errors of omission or commission, allowing applications in a wide range of clinical populations and normal age groups. Adequate error rates are obtained to characterize each individual's performance. Signal detection analysis yields d' and ,8 parameters with adequate test-retest reliability over G mo. A specific decline in d' over time is consistent with other studies of human vigilance. Disorders of attention are prominent experimental laboratory findings in both hyperactivity (Douglas, 1772) Ad schizophrenia (Venables, 1964; Garmezy, 1978). These findings have led many theorists to view attention deficits as fundamental to both diseases. Some authors have also suggested that neurochemical and electrophysiological mechanisms of attention may provide a key for understanding these illnesses (Weingartner, Rapoport, Buchsbaum, Bunney, Ebert, Mikkelsen, & Caine, in press; Buchsbaum, Murphy, Coursey, Lake, & Zeigler, 1978). One measurement of attention which has been used frequently in both normal and clinical populations is the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). This test provides a measure of vigilance or sustained. attention which differentiates hyperactive children from normal children (Douglas, 1972) and longterm remitted schizophrenics from normals (Kornetsky, 1972; Kornetsky & Mirsky, 1966; Orzack & Kornetsky, 1966). After finding that remitted schizophrenics continued to show deficits in performance, Wohlberg and Kornetsky (1973) suggested that the task might be a useful predictor of vulnerability. Subsequently, Rutschmam, Cornblatt, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling (1977) reported decreased vigilance performance on such a task by the children of schizophrenics in comparison to the children. of matched controls. The Continuous Performance Test has also proved sensitive to drug effects, especially amphetamine (Rapoport, Buchsbaum, Zahn, Weingartner, Ludlow, & Mikkelsen, 1978).
Influence of Increasing Prosopis glandulosa on Herbaceous Diversity and Composition on Two Soils in Southern Mixed-Grass Prairie

We evaluate how increasing cover levels of the tree Prosopis glandulosa Torr. influence herbaceous species richness and composition in two soil-landscape positions in the mixed-grass prairie of the southern Great Plains, U.S.A. Herbaceous species biomass and composition and P. glandulosa cover were monitored on silt-loam bottomlands and clay-loam uplands, in spring, summer, and fall from 1995 to 2001 in 8 paddocks varying in size from 1,283 to 2,130 ha. P. glandulosa trees were closely associated with herbaceous plant composition and richness in different ways on each of the soils. Herbaceous species richness was greater on silt-loam bottoms than clay-loam uplands and decreased little except at the highest P. glandulosa cover levels on both soils. Herbaceous vegetation differed between soil sites and between low ( 60%) P. glandulosa cover levels. The greatest species richness on both soils occurred in areas dominated by herbaceous plants and the least at the high...
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Diabetes in the BB/W Rat: A New Model of Autoimmune Endocrinopathy

The Bio Breeding/Worcester (BB/W) rat develops spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus secondary to lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. This destructive process in the pancreas has been postulated to be based on a thymus-dependent cell-mediated autoimmune process. In view of the well recognized association in man of diabetes mellitus and another autoimmune endocrinopathy, chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), the present studies were carried out to determine whether lymphocytic thyroiditis occurred with increased frequency in the diabetic, insulin-treated BB/W rat. The incidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis was strikingly increased in 8-10-mo-old diabetic rats (59%) as compared with their nondiabetic cohorts (11%) (P less than 0.001). Relative thyroid weight was significantly greater in diabetic as compared with nondiabetic rats (P less than 0.01) and in diabetic rats with thyroiditis than in diabetic rats without thyroiditis (P less than 0.025). Lymphocytic thyroiditis was not accompanied by any consistent changes in serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations or in the serum TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) suggesting that the thyroiditis was not of sufficient severity or duration to induce primary thyroid gland failure. The BB/W rat represents the first animal model of multiple autoimmune endocrinopathies and provides a unique opportunity to study the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Raman spectroscopy of naphthalene clusters. Evidence for a symmetrical trimer and an unsymmetrical tetramer

Abstract Mass-selective, ionization-loss stimulated Raman spectra of intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational transitions in isotopomers of naphthalene trimer and tetramer are reported. The intramolecular results provide strong evidence that the trimer has three equivalent, or near-equivalent monomer sites. The corresponding results for the tetramer show that that species has four inequivalent sites. The intermolecular spectra also exhibit clear manifestations of a high-symmetry geometry for the trimer and a low-symmetry one for the tetramer. In addition, they provide evidence that the most Raman-active intermolecular bands are those that involve librations of the naphthalene moieties.
Globalisation and Wages: A Tale of Two Perspectives

This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research on the causes of rising wage inequality particularly the rising skill premium in the United States and other countries. I argue that most recent research has used one of two methodologies: the "labour" approach or the "trade" approach. These two approaches are distinguished by their modelling of the national labour-demand schedule: from the labour perspective this schedule slopes downward everywhere, but from the trade perspective it has infinitely-elastic segments. These different demand schedules imply very different empirical strategies for analyzing the causes of rising inequality. Finally, I speculate on how likely a "protectionist backlash" is in response to rising inequality. I argue that, unfortunately for proponents of free trade, such a backlash is already underway particularly with respect to setting the terms of trade-policy debate in the United States and other countries. Outline
Novelty effects on recollection and familiarity in recognition memory.

Recognition memory is better for novel or distinctive items than for non-novel items. However, it is not known whether these effects reflect changes in recollection or in familiarity-based recognition judgments. Some previous results have indicated that recollection should be more sensitive to novelty than to familiarity, whereas other results have suggested the opposite. We used a von Restorff paradigm in which a small proportion of studied items were made novel by presenting them in a color different from that of the majority of the study items. Memory was tested using a remember-know procedure. Across two experiments, stimulus novelty was found to benefit both recollection and familiarity. The effects on familiarity were observed under intentional and incidental encoding conditions, whereas the effects on recollection were significantly reduced, and no longer significant, under incidental as compared with intentional encoding conditions. Thus, both processes benefit from stimulus novelty, but the extent to which recollection benefits from novelty depends on the encoding condition.
Tubes in the alimentary and respiratory tracts: appearances on CT scans of the head and neck.

The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the appearances of various tubes in the nose, mouth, esophagus, and trachea on CT scans of the head and neck
On understanding inconsistent disciplinary behaviour in schools

Inconsistent disciplinary administration across schools can inequitably impact students’ education access opportunities by separating certain students from familiar learning environments, especially in misconduct cases that result in longer-term removal. We empirically estimate whether such inconsistencies are attributable to heterogeneity in student body demographic characteristics. The results indicate that a greater number of disciplines that remove students from school for an extended period of time are observed in schools with a higher proportion of black students, but no significant differential punishment effects are observed in schools with a higher Hispanic student population. Furthermore, results of decomposing the marginal effects into conditional and unconditional elasticities indicate that it is not the case that schools with predominantly white student bodies have the least severe punishments and schools with more minority students have the most severe punishments. Rather, schools with incon...
E. coli DNA polymerase I and other host functions participate in T4 DNA replication and recombination.

The recognition of bacterial functions involved in DNA metabolism of bacteriophage T4 might reveal interactions between different enzymes during DNA replication and recombination. To detect such functions we have studied the replication of complete and incomplete T4 chromosomes in various mutant strains of Escherichia coli that are defective in their own DNA metabolism. We found that several E. coli functions can substitute for phage functions in T4 replication and recombination, and will discuss here the role of the E. coli pol A gene which codes for DNA polymerase I1–4 and of the dna B and E genes3,5.
LI. On the absorption of Röntgen radiation

(1897). LI. On the absorption of Rontgen radiation. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 44, No. 270, pp. 401-403.
Evidence for earthquake triggering of large landslides in coastal Oregon, USA

Abstract Landslides are ubiquitous along the Oregon coast. Many are large, deep slides in sedimentary rock and are dormant or active only during the rainy season. Morphology, observed movement rates, and total movement suggest that many are at least several hundreds of years old. The offshore Cascadia subduction zone produces great earthquakes every 300–500 years that generate tsunami that inundate the coast within minutes. Many slides and slide-prone areas underlie tsunami evacuation and emergency response routes. We evaluated the likelihood of existing and future large rockslides being triggered by pore-water pressure increase or earthquake-induced ground motion using field observations and modeling of three typical slides. Monitoring for 2–9 years indicated that the rockslides reactivate when pore pressures exceed readily identifiable levels. Measurements of total movement and observed movement rates suggest that two of the rockslides are 296–336 years old (the third could not be dated). The most recent great Cascadia earthquake was M 9.0 and occurred during January 1700, while regional climatological conditions have been stable for at least the past 600 years. Hence, the estimated ages of the slides support earthquake ground motion as their triggering mechanism. Limit-equilibrium slope-stability modeling suggests that increased pore-water pressures could not trigger formation of the observed slides, even when accompanied by progressive strength loss. Modeling suggests that ground accelerations comparable to those recorded at geologically similar sites during the M 9.0, 11 March 2011 Japan Trench subduction-zone earthquake would trigger formation of the rockslides. Displacement modeling following the Newmark approach suggests that the rockslides would move only centimeters upon coseismic formation; however, coseismic reactivation of existing rockslides would involve meters of displacement. Our findings provide better understanding of the dynamic coastal bluff environment and hazards from future subduction-zone earthquakes.
Guidelines for the Use of Systemic Glucocorticosteroids in the Management of Selected Infections

This is one in a series of reports by the Antimicrobial Agents Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) that address issues in antiinfective therapy [1-4]. Glucocorticosteroids (which for convenience will be called steroids in the rest of this statement) have many therapeutic uses, including treatment of selected infectious diseases or their complications. Guidelines will be given for the systemic use of these agents in the treatment of certain infections. Topical therapy with steroids is not addressed, nor is use of steroids to treat certain complications of the infection process in general (e.g., nephrotic syndrome [5], elevated intracranial pressure or other neurologic sequelae [6], hemolysis [7]). Steroids exert major immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory effects in many organ systems [8], impairing antibody production and cell-mediated immunity and affecting many cells of the immune system. T cells are sequestered transiently; their movement is markedly disrupted by steroids [9, 10]. Monocyte traffic, including egress from the circulation, is impaired. The production of most cytokines by lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes is inhibited [I 1]; further, the effects of cytokines on some target cells is also blocked [12]. Steroid therapy transiently reduces polymorphonuclear inflammatory responses and decreases lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts in peripheral blood. These effects on cells are most evident if steroid doses
Perturbative QCD and weak asymmetries in lepton pair production

Abstract The interference of electromagnetic and weak production mechanisms for lepton pair production may give rise to several effects which violate parity and charge symmetry. These effects are generally of the order of 1% for dilepton masses of 10 GeV. The theoretical calculations presented here show that experimental studies of these asymmetries may be useful. In particular, measurements of these asymmetries in collisions of pions with polarized protons may lead to a greatly enhanced understanding of the polarization distribution of quarks in a polarized proton. The polarization structure of the d quark is shown to be of special interest. Measurement of the parity-violating asymmetries in proton-polarized proton collisions may prove to be a sensitive probe of the flavor symmetry of the proton antiquark sea. Analysis of the parity conserving charge asymmetry (which is predicted to occur in collisions of unpolarized hadrons) allows a unique further test of the Drell-Yan model for lepton pair production, as well as of our understanding of weak interactions. The above asymmetries mentioned are computed within the framework of the parton model. The focus of this work is on the asymmetries calculated with the inclusion of first-order perturbative QCD effects. The asymmetries are calculated in a differential form for values of the dilepton transverse momentum large compared with the typical (∼1 GeV) scale of nonperturbative effects, and also in a form in which this transverse momentum has been integrated over. Corrections to the parton model results, which can be large, show rather different structure for the various asymmetries. A parity-violating asymmetry which may occur in collisions of unpolarized hadrons is also discussed. This asymmetry is very sensitive to the nonperturbative structure of hadrons, and is estimated to be approximately 0.01% for dilepton masses of 10 GeV.
One World. One Hope. XI International Conference on AIDS

PIP: The Eleventh International Conference on AIDS was attended during July 7-12, 1996, in Vancouver, by more than 15,000 delegates from around the world at the plenary sessions, oral and poster presentations, and exhibits. Excellence, practicality, sustainability, and solidarity were the guiding principles of the conference. It was divided into the following tracks: basic science, clinical science, epidemiology and public health, and social science research, policy, and action. The pathways of women and HIV, development and HIV, and living with HIV dissected the four tracks. An overview of the conference is presented with focus upon research findings presented at the plenary presentations. HIV/AIDS epidemiology, HIV genetic diversity, pathogenesis, maternal-fetal transmission, laboratory tests, antiretrovirals, prevention, the HIV epidemic in young gay men, developing countries and poor settings, drug policy, vaccinations, and environment, community mobilization, and social change are discussed.
Population responses of Lake Michigan phytoplankton to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment

A natural phytoplankton assemblage from Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan, was treated with factorial enrichments of nitrate and phosphorus, with maintained nutrient concentrations ranging from 5 to 60 µg total soluble phosphorus liter−1 and 0.225 to 1.12 mg nitrate-nitrogen liter−1.One container was spiked with added vitamins, a chelator, and trace metals. The assemblage response was monitored at the species level. Significant differences in growth rates as a function of nutrient enrichment were detected at both the division and the species levels. Growth rates associated with the various levels of enrichment are reported for several diatom taxa. Many of the diatom taxa exhibited highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in growth rate after phosphorus enrichment, with the largest effects occurring between 5 and 15 µg total soluble phosphorus liter−1. Significant (P < 0.05) N effects were also observed, and the nature of these effects was found to be taxon-specific. Taxa also showed significant changes in percent composition, due both to time and to nutrient enrichment, indicating a substantial heterogeneity in response at the species level. Experimentally induced population changes were qualitatively similar to those observed in regions of the Great Lakes which have undergone anthropogenic eutrophication.
Δ + pole parameters from a dispersion-theory fit to photopion production

We use our multichannel dispersion-relation formulation of photoproduction to obtain excellent fits to low-energy $\ensuremath{\gamma}p$ reactions and $\ensuremath{\gamma}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ data. As expected, these fits are quite sensitive to the values of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{+}$ mass. We obtain a ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{+}$ pole position $m\ensuremath{-}i\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}{2}=1208\ensuremath{-}53i$ MeV. Predictions of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ parameters are made.
Strategies to Foster Emotional Intelligence in Christian Higher Education.

This article proposes five initiatives to foster emotional intelligence (EI) education throughout institutions of Christian higher education. Goleman (1995) identifies self-awareness, managing emotions, motivation, empathy, and social intelligence as the hallmark skills of emotional intelligence. The importance of mastering these skills and their role in enhancing academic achievement, emotional health, and professional success in college students has been well documented (Goleman, 1995; Immordino-Yang, 2009; Yilmaz, 2009; Yueh-Tzu, 2009). However, the question of how to infuse EI education into the fabric of Christian higher education remains. This article proposes the following strategies: (a) teach the faculty emotional intelligence skills, (b) incorporate emotional intelligence into the curricula, (c) provide emotional intelligence training to first-year students, (d) incorporate biblical perspectives of emotional intelligence into spiritual formation curricula, and (e) teach counselors (mental health...
A novel COX-independent mechanism of sulindac sulfide involves cleavage of epithelial cell adhesion molecule protein

Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are extensively used over the counter to treat headaches and inflammation as well as clinically to prevent cancer among high-risk groups. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity by NSAIDs plays a role in their anti-tumorigenic properties. NSAIDs also have COX-independent activity which is not fully understood. In this study, we report a novel COX-independent mechanism of sulindac sulfide (SS), which facilitates a previously uncharacterized cleavage of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) protein. EpCAM is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that has been implemented as an over-expressed oncogene in many cancers including colon, breast, pancreas, and prostate. We found EpCAM to be down-regulated by SS in a manner that is independent of COX activity, transcription regulation, de novo protein synthesis, and proteasomal degradation pathway. Our findings clearly demonstrate that SS drives cleavage of the extracellular portion of EpCAM near the N-terminus. This SS driven cleavage is blocked by a deleting amino acids 55–81 as well as simply mutating arginine residues at positions 80 and 81 to alanine of EpCAM. Proteolysis of EpCAM by SS may provide a novel mechanism by which NSAIDs affect anti-tumorigenesis at the post-translational level.
On the contribution of lightning to ultrafine aerosol formation

We propose that locally high concentrations of new ultrafine aerosols may be generated within lightning channels, in which the air is initially highly ionized by discharge currents. In the channel, temperatures are sufficiently elevated to ensure that preexisting condensed materials are vaporized, generating aerosol precursors at concentrations much higher than would be found in ambient air. As the channel expands and cools, ions that survive neutralization attract condensable vapors and grow rapidly. Detailed microphysical simulations indicate that ultrafine particles (>3 nm in diameter) may achieve concentrations of 105–106/cm³ in the channel within 10 seconds after a flash, leading to an effective “production index” of 1013–1014 particles per meter of channel. While lightning may generate very high local concentrations of ultrafine particles, and occur worldwide, the overall contribution to global aerosol production is estimated to be small.
Language changes after neurosurgery for Parkinsonism.

Approximately one-fourth of a series of 123 patients with parkinsonism and other movement disorders showed language changes after thalamotomy, pallidectomy, and mixed pallidectomy-thalamotomy. Incidence of language change was higher in cases of left thalamotomy, multiple thalamotomies, and mixed procedures. Language impairments were predominantly of higher language functions and were not attributable to generalized intellectual impairment.
Graduate Medical Education in the United States

Methodology Information on graduate medical education is collected by means of an annual survey of residency programs and participating institutions. The 1981 survey was conducted in fall 1981 in preparation for an early spring publication of the directory. By Feb 1, 1982, more than 96% of accredited residency programs had responded, providing statistics on the number of residents on duty by year of training by type of medical school (ie, US or Canadian school, foreign school, or osteopathic school), sex, and citizenship. The data on enrollment and graduates of US schools have been obtained from the annual Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) survey of US medical schools. The response rate in this survey has been 100% for the past ten years. The data on residency programs and residents have been tainedfrom the annual survey of residency programs. The response rate has been 94% to 96% for the
Observation of Spurs in Four Strains of White Leghorn Hens as Affected by Season of Maturity and Dietary Nutrient Level

Abstract Four strains of White Leghorn hens were observed for the incidence of spurs at two intervals during two laying trials. One trial began in the fall and the other in the spring. The hens in both trials were subjected to six dietary nutrient density treatments. Little seasonal or dietary effect was noted, even though the incidence of spurs increased with age in all strains. There was a highly significant difference in spur numbers due to strain. Shorter spurs were much more numerous than longer spurs at all sample times. The incidence of longer spurs increased with the age of hen at time of measurement.
Correlated Ab initio electron propagators in the study of molecular wires

Correlated ab initio electron propagators provide a systematic approach to treating correlation effects in the study of molecular wires. Some preliminary formal and computational steps toward the application of such methods to electron transport problems in nanoscience are presented. Retarded and advanced Green functions are expressed in terms of a general electron propagator for a bridge molecule. Terminal and Green function matrices of any rank may be employed. An analytical expression for the current depends on correlated electron binding energies, pole strengths, and Dyson orbitals that may be produced with readily available software. Calculations on benzene dithiolate between gold atoms illustrate the capabilities of this approach. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Poisson's ratio for tetragonal, hexagonal, and cubic crystals

General expressions for Poisson's ratio are derived for arbitrary orientations of crystals in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and cubic systems; simplified forms are given for cases involving symmetry directions.
Global safe assets

Will the world run out of 'safe assets' and what would be the consequences on global financial stability? We argue that in a world with competing private stores of value, the global economic system tends to favor the riskiest ones. Privately produced stores of value cannot provide sufficient insurance against global shocks. Only public safe assets may, if appropriately supported by monetary policy. We draw some implications for the global financial system.
Neuroleptics in the treatment of psychosis in late life: a rational approach

Scientifically assessing the therapeutic benefits of neuroleptics in the treatment of psychoses occurring in late life would require answering two related questions: to what extent are dopaminergic mechanisms at the core of these disorders, and to what extent is the dopaminergic blockade of neuroleptics essential to their beneficial effects? Given the dearth of relevant scientific data, the use of neuroleptics in the treatment of late life psychoses remains justified mostly by extrapolations from data obtained in younger patients and by results of empirical trials in older patients. Based on a careful examination of these data, this article reviews the nosology of the late life psychotic disorders and proposes a rational approach to the use of neuroleptics in their treatment. Suggestions for future research are made.
Hip Hop and Social Justice Education: A Brief Introduction

While rap music has been castigated in the popular media for its controversial lyrics, we seek to locate hip hop as a transformative element in the development of critical teaching and thinking. Al...
A novel O(1) time algorithm for 3D block-based medial axis transform by peeling corner shells

The block-based medial axis transform (BB_MAT, for short) of a 3D (2D) binary image, denoted 3D_BB_MAT (2D_BB_MAT), is defined as the problem to find a minimal set of upright 1-cubes (1-squares) whose union corresponds exactly to the 1-voxels (1-pixels) in the binary image. Many parallel algorithms have been proposed for computing the 2D_BB_MAT, almost all proposed approaches are unable to extend to a solution of the 3D_BB_MAT problem. In this paper, we first propose a novel O(1) time algorithm for solving the 3D_BB_MAT (2D_BB_MAT) problem of a binary image of size NxNxN (NxN) on a linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system (LARPBS, for short) by peeling the 3D (2D) corner shell of each 1-voxel (1-pixel) of the image and revealing some properties of the 3D_BB_MAT (2D_BB_MAT). The 3D (2D) chessboard distance transform problem, denoted 3D_CDT (2D_CDT), is the problem for each 0-voxel (0-pixel) of a 3D (2D) binary image to find its nearest 1-voxel (1-pixel) in the binary image based on chessboard distance metric. In this paper, we also solve the 3D_CDT (2D_CDT) based on the computed 3D_BB_MAT (2D_BB_MAT). All the proposed algorithms are very innovative although they look like ''straightforward''. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed 2D_BB_MAT (2D_CDT) algorithm is the first algorithm that can extend to a solution of the 3D_BB_MAT (3D_CDT) problem in parallel, and the 3D_BB_MAT (3D_CDT) algorithm is the first parallel algorithm proposed for solving the 3D_BB_MAT (3D_CDT) problem.
The MisoPROM study: A multicenter randomized comparison of oral misoprostol and oxytocin for premature rupture of membranes at term ☆

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether induction of labor with oral misoprostol will result in fewer cesarean deliveries than intravenous oxytocin in nulliparous women with premature rupture of membranes at term. Study design Three hundred five women at 10 centers were randomly assigned to receive oral misoprostol, 100 μg every 6 hours to a maximum of two doses or intravenous oxytocin. The primary outcome measure was cesarean deliveries. Secondary outcomes were time from induction to vaginal delivery and measures of maternal and neonatal safety. Results The study was stopped prematurely because of recruitment difficulties. We present the results for the 305 enrolled women. There was no difference in the proportion of women who underwent cesarean delivery (20.1% in the misoprostol group, 19.9% in the oxytocin group). The time interval from induction to vaginal delivery was also similar (11.9 hours for the misoprostol group, and 11.8 hours for the oxytocin group). Maternal and neonatal safety outcomes were similar for the two treatments. More infants born to women in the misoprostol group received intravenous antibiotics in the neonatal period (16.4% vs 6.9%, P = .01), although there were no differences in chorioamnionitis or in proven neonatal infections. Women receiving misoprostol were less likely to have postpartum hemorrhage than those receiving oxytocin (1.9% vs 6.2%, P = .05). Conclusion Oral misoprostol does not offer any advantage in time from induction to vaginal delivery or risk of cesarean section.
PU.1 regulates glutathione peroxidase expression in neutrophils.

Based on knockout models, the tran- scription factor PU.1 has been shown to be impor- tant for the maturation of neutrophils. As the list of genes PU.1 directly regulates in neutrophils is still quite limited, defining PU.1 target genes for this lineage will provide valuable insight into how this factor regulates neutrophil development and ter- minal function. Using the combined techniques of representational difference analysis and a cDNA library screen, we identified four genes that were differentially expressed in the PU.1-expressing 503PU myeloid cell line but not the PU.1 null parent cell line 503. Two of these genes, glutathi- one peroxidase (GPx) and serine leukoprotease inhibitor, are involved in protecting neutrophils from the products they make to destroy pathogens and were analyzed further to determine if PU.1 directly regulates their expression. These studies showed that PU.1 directly regulated the expression of only the GPx gene through binding sites in the promoter and a 3 regulatory region. Thus, PU.1 not only regulates the expression of molecules in- volved in the production of reactive oxygen species but also a gene that protects the neutrophils from these same destructive enzymes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74: 000-000; 2003.
Alveolar epithelial cells regulate the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis

Mesenchymal cell apoptosis is important during development, tissue homeostasis, and repair. We sought to determine whether type II alveolar epithelial cells influence mesenchymal cell apoptosis, us...
Skewed CMOS: noise-tolerant high-performance low-power static circuit family

In this paper, we present a noise-tolerant high-performance static circuit family suitable for low-voltage operation called skewed logic. Skewed logic circuits in comparison with Domino logic have better scalability and are more suitable for low voltage applications because of better noise margins. Skewed logic and its variations have been compared with Domino logic in terms of delay, power, and dynamic noise margin. A design methodology for skewed CMOS pipelined circuits has been developed. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed logic style, 0.35 /spl mu/m 5.56 ns CMOS 16/spl times/16 bit multipliers have been designed using skewed logic circuits and fabricated through MOSIS. Measurement results show that the multiplier only consumed a power of 195 mW due to its low clock load.
β-Adrenergic–regulated phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle CaV1.1 channel in the fight-or-flight response

CaV1 channels initiate excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal and cardiac muscle. During the fight-or-flight response, epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves increase muscle contractility by activation of the β-adrenergic receptor/cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway and up-regulation of CaV1 channels in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Although the physiological mechanism of this pathway is well defined, the molecular mechanism and the sites of protein phosphorylation required for CaV1 channel regulation are unknown. To identify the regulatory sites of phosphorylation under physiologically relevant conditions, CaV1.1 channels were purified from skeletal muscle and sites of phosphorylation on the α1 subunit were identified by mass spectrometry. Two phosphorylation sites were identified in the proximal C-terminal domain, serine 1575 (S1575) and threonine 1579 (T1579), which are conserved in cardiac CaV1.2 channels (S1700 and T1704, respectively). In vitro phosphorylation revealed that CaV1.1-S1575 is a substrate for both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, whereas CaV1.1-T1579 is a substrate for casein kinase 2. Treatment of rabbits with isoproterenol to activate β-adrenergic receptors increased phosphorylation of S1575 in skeletal muscle CaV1.1 channels in vivo, and treatment with propranolol to inhibit β-adrenergic receptors reduced phosphorylation. As S1575 and T1579 in CaV1.1 channels and their homologs in CaV1.2 channels are located at a key regulatory interface between the distal and proximal C-terminal domains, it is likely that phosphorylation of these sites in skeletal and cardiac muscle is directly involved in calcium channel regulation in response to the sympathetic nervous system in the fight-or-flight response.
Dermatomyositis and supraventricular tachycardia

Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, often associated with an underlying malignancy. Its prevalence rate is approximately one per 100,000 in the general population, and is even rarer without evidence of a cancer. Dermatomyositis rarely involves myocardial muscle fibers, but has shown to be associated with cardiac arrhythmias. We present a case of a young female patient with known history of dermatomyositis who presented to hospital with a flare up of her disease. She also complained of paroxysms of palpitation. Telemetry monitoring revealed several episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with heart rate reaching up to 220 beats per minute. Cardiac involvement in dermatomyositis is a very rare, but well known entity. Dermatomyositis patients with palpitations should be monitored on a Holter monitor, and appropriate therapy initiated if found to have a significant arrhythmia.
The relationship of social support to perceived control and subjective mental health in adolescents

This study investigated the link between social support and positive constructs, specifically, psychological well-being and the perceived ability to obtain and savor positive life events. Eighty-two high school students were surveyed. Social support was significantly related to positive dimensions of subjective mental health (happiness, gratification, and self-confidence), but not to its negative components (vulnerability, strain, and uncertainty), and was also significantly related to respondents' perceived ability to obtain and savor positive life events, but not to their perceived ability to avoid or cope with negative events. Future theory and research should examine the link between social support and positive constructs such as psychological well-being and positive life experience.
Immunochemical versus guaiac occult blood stool tests: results of a community-based screening program.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate two guaiac-based and one immunochemical faecal occult blood test in a community screening program. A total of 39,000 test kits consisting of Hemoccult II ® , Hemoccult Sensa ® and HemeSelect ® were distributed and of these 8933 (23%) were returned for testing. Follow-up contact with 1165 individuals who tested positive on at least one of the nine test slides was successful in 1076 cases (92.4%). Physician verification in 631 individuals revealed 25 patients (4%) diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 145 (23%) with polyps, of which 120 (82.7%) were adenomatous. The percentage of smaller adenomatous polyps detected relative to the percentage of large polyps (>1 cm) was: Hemoccult II ® 31% versus 60%, Hemoccult Sensa ® 73% versus 80% and HemeSelect ® 34% versus 57%, respectively. The proportion of adenomatous polyps greater than 2 cm detected by individual tests was even more striking with Hemoccult II ® positive for 83%, Hemoccult Sensa ® for 100% and HemeSelect ® for 75%. Of the 25 patients diagnosed with cancer, 17 (68%) were diagnosed with early-stage disease. A statistically signficant trend ( P ® /HemeSelect ® . While there was no increase in the positive predicted value for adenomatous polyps 1 cm.
SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY OSTEITIS FIBROSA DISSEMINATA, AREAS OF PIGMENTATION, AND A GONADAL DYSFUNCTION FURTHER OBSERVATIONS INCLUDING THE REPORT OF TWO MORE CASES1

The syndrome which is the subject of this paper has recently been described in detail (1) and its literature reviewed.2 It is the object of this paper to report two additional cases, and to discuss certain added information concerning the syndrome which they bring out. Briefly, the characteristics of the syndrome are as follows: a). A disseminated osteitis fibrosa (both hyper and hypo-ostotic), with a distribution suggesting a relationship between the lesions and nerve roots or an embryologic defect in the myotomes; b). Areas of cutaneous pigmentation which have a distribution suggesting some connection between them and the bone lesions; c). Sexual and somatic precocity especially, if not exclusively, when the disease occurs in the female sex. In the previous paper (1) an attempt was made to explain possible relationships between these apparently disconnected manifestations. It was thought that the distribution of the bone and cutaneous lesions was such as to preclude an endocrine or metabolic disturbance...
Potential diagnostic utility of intermittent administration of short-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in gonadotropin deficiency

Objective To determine if intermittent, low-dose, short-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-agonist) administration sufficiently up-regulates pituitary-gonadal function in gonadotropin deficiency to be of diagnostic or therapeutic value. Design Case-control study. Setting General clinical research center. Patient(s) Normal adult volunteers and gonadotropin-deficiency patients. Intervention(s) Low-dose leuprolide acetate administered subcutaneously at 4- to 5-day intervals up to 1 year. Main Outcome Measure(s) Levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sex steroid responses. Result(s) In normal men and women, low-dose GnRH-agonist repetitively transiently stimulated gonadotropins in a gender-dimorphic manner. In congenitally gonadotropin-deficient men (n = 6) and women (n = 1), none of whom had a normal LH response to an initial GnRH-agonist test dose, this regimen consistently stimulated LH to the normal baseline range within 2 weeks. Long-term GnRH-agonist administration to a partially gonadotropin-deficient man did not alleviate hypogonadism, however. Women with hypothalamic amenorrhea (n = 2) responded normally to a single GnRH-agonist injection; however, repeated dosing did not seem to induce the normal priming effect. Conclusion(s) The subnormal LH response to GnRH-agonist in patients with congenital gonadotropin deficiency normalized in response to repetitive intermittent GnRH-agonist administration but not sufficiently to improve hypogonadism. Hypothalamic amenorrhea patients lacked the priming response to repeated GnRH-agonist but otherwise had normal hormonal responses to GnRH-agonist. We conclude that intermittent administration of a short-acting GnRH-agonist is of potential diagnostic value in distinguishing hypothalamic from pituitary causes of gonadotropin deficiency.
Ability of forage grasses exposed to atrazine and isoxaflutole to reduce nutrient levels in soils and shallow groundwater

Abstract Successful implementation of vegetative buffers requires inclusion of plant species that facilitate rapid dissipation of deposited contaminants before they have a chance to be transported in surface runoff or to shallow groundwater. Thirty‐six field lysimeters with six different ground covers [bare ground, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)] were established to evaluate the ability of grasses to reduce nutrient levels in soils and shallow groundwater. Nitrate (NO3 −) and orthophosphate (PO4 3−) were uniformly applied to each lysimeter. In addition, half of the lysimeters received an application of atrazine, and the other half received isoxaflutole (Balance™) at levels indicative of surface runoff from cropland. The leachate from each lysimeter was collected after major rainfall events during a 25‐day period, and soil was collected from each l...