cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sub 1-volt subthreshold bandgap reference at the 14 nm FinFET node

Abstract As supply voltages continue to decrease, it becomes harder to ensure that the voltage drop across a diode connected BJT is sufficient enough to conduct current without sacrificing die area. One such solution to this potential problem is the diode connected FinFET operating in weak inversion. In addition to conducting appreciable current at voltages significantly lower than the power supply, the diode connected FinFET reduces the total area for the bandgap implementation. A 14 nm bandgap reference was created and simulated across Monte Carlo for 100 runs at nominal supply voltage and 10% variation of the power supply in either direction. The average temperature coefficient was measured to be 153.6 p p m C ° and the voltage adjustment range was found to be 204.1 mV. The two FinFET subthreshold diodes consume approximately 2.8% of the area of the BJT diode equivalent. Utilizing an appropriate process control technique, subthreshold bandgap references have the potential to overtake traditional BJT based bandgap architectures in low power, limited area applications.
Is Single-Sex Education Inherently Unequal?

This Essay reviews Rosemary C. Salomone, Same Different, Equal: Rethinking Single-Sex Schooling (New Haven: Yale University Press 2003). Professor Salomone, a leading education law scholar, advances an argument that supports publicly-funded single-sex schooling on constitutional, statutory, and policy grounds. Paradoxically, Professor Salomone notes that in certain circumstances single-sex schooling options can enhance rather than degrade equal educational opportunity, especially for (but not necessarily limited to) low-income and minority girls. Part I considers how single-sex schooling forces constitutionalists and feminists to confront anew the complicated and dynamic equal educational opportunity doctrine. The implications of the Supreme Court's VMI decision for the recently created Young Women's Leadership School, serving low-income minority girls in East Harlem, receive particular attention. Drawing on the structure of Salomone's argument, Part II assesses how Salomone's use of social science evidence informs her legal and policy analyses and arcs back to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Part III places the prospect of single-sex education within the larger education reform context. Owing in part to fundamental shifts in education reform policy, in conclusion I consider whether the legal and political fate of all-girls' schools might be inexorably tied to the legal and political fate of all-boys' schools.
Mechanisms of Regulating the Respiratory Burst in Leukocytes

When leukocytes encounter opsonized microorganisms or a variety of inflammatory stimuli, their utilization of oxygen is substantially enhanced. This phenomenon was first observed as increased oxygen uptake by the stimulated cells (Baldridge and Gerard, 1933; Sbarra and Karnovsky, 1959) and was correlated with the production of hydrogen peroxide (Iyer et al., 1961). Concomitant with the alterations in respiration, enhanced glucose oxidation via the hexose monophosphate shunt occurs as well (Sbarra and Karnovsky, 1959). In recent years, it has become clear that oxygen utilization in activated phagocytic cells can proceed by one electron reduction steps, and that the initial product is probably superoxide anion ( 2 - ) (Babior et al., 1973). Two molecules of 2 - can then interact in a dismutation reaction, resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These reactions are outlined in Eqs. (1) and (2): $$ {O_2} + {e^ - } \to O_2^ - $$ (1) $$ 2O_{_2}^ - + 2{H^ + } \to O_2^ - + {H_2}{O_2} $$ (2)
Introduction: Rule of Law in an Era of Change – Challenges and Prospects

The rule of law (RoL) is a concept that has undergone several transformations in its long and turbulent history. With the end of the cold war, RoL has witnessed a major revival; a revival that has proven to be a mixed blessing at best. On the one hand, it has become an indispensable component in the efforts to build well-ordered societies, particularly in the aftermath of conflict situations. It is ritualistically invoked by leaders of regimes all over the world, whether democratic, illiberal democratic, transitioning, or authoritarian, as well as by international agencies. Its alleged reach though is global and goes beyond merely assisting in broad democratization and peacebuilding efforts. Its proponents claim that it can contribute to the cure of major domestic and international societal ills that include poverty, gross, and systematic human rights violations, as well as intra- and interstate violence. This core belief is best reflected in the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 67/1, which reaffirmed the concept’s “fundamental importance…for the further development of the three main pillars upon which the United Nations is built: international peace and security, human rights and development.” In addition to such official pronouncements, many studies have joined the chorus of extolling the RoL’s virtues. In a certain sense, the moral appeal of the RoL resembles that of human rights: everybody is in favor even – or, some may say, particularly – when they routinely violate them.
An initial investigation of the unique relationship between disgust propensity and body dysmorphic disorder.

Abstract Disgust is a universal emotion that has received recent empirical attention for its potential role in various forms of psychopathology. We conducted two studies using varying methods to explore the relationship between disgust propensity, a construct related to obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Study 1 found a significant and unique (i.e., above and beyond co-occurring depression and anxiety) relationship between higher disgust propensity and more severe BDD symptoms, as measured by a standardized self-report and via an in-vivo task aimed at eliciting BDD-related concerns (N = 200). In Study 2, a clinical sample of individuals with BDD (N = 50) reported higher disgust propensity compared to mentally healthy controls (N = 36). This finding remained significant when controlling for depression and anxiety. Findings are the first to our knowledge to demonstrate a relationship between disgust propensity and BDD symptoms and provide directions for future research exploring the role of disgust in BDD.
Zika virus dynamics partial differential equations model with sexual transmission route

Abstract Inspired by the system of ordinary differential equations in Agusto et al. (2017) that models Zika virus dynamics by taking into account of both sexual and vector-borne transmissions, we furthermore add diffusive terms in order to capture the movement of human hosts and mosquitoes, considering the unique threat of the sexual transmission route of Zika virus. We conduct complete theoretical analysis. In particular, we show that every initial data that is continuous and non-negative admits a unique continuous and non-negative solution for all positive times. Moreover, we derive the basic reproduction number and when it is beneath one, we prove that the disease-free-equilibrium is globally attractive. Finally, when the basic reproduction number is above one, and any of the exposed males or the exposed females or the exposed mosquitoes is not identically zero, we prove the existence of a positive asymptotic lower bound for every component of the solution which in particular implies the uniform persistence of the disease, as well as the existence of at least one positive steady state.
Suspicion and Persistence: A Case of Pediatric Brugada Syndrome

This is the case of a 9-year-old girl who initially presents with episodes of syncope and potentially concerning family history. An extensive evaluation is unrevealing, and she appears to have simple benign autonomic dysfunction. Eventually, a rare and life-threatening disease is uncovered, and she receives appropriate treatment. The case report highlights the persistence and suspicion of the managing providers that ultimately allowed the diagnosis to be revealed as well as some of the key features of the underlying disease.
Increasing Perception Space of a Ground Standing Robot via Data Transmission from an Aerial Robot

In this paper, an approach to increase perception space of a ground standing robot via data transmission from an aerial robot is presented. Since the collected point cloud data from two robots have different coordinates, a rigid registration based approach is applied to align the coordinate of the aerial robot’s perception space to the ground robot’s one. First, the static markers which are attached to the base position of the ground robot are used to compute the transformation. However, they did not work properly when the markers are accidentally invisible due to its kinematic limits. To solve the issue, the dynamic markers which are attached to both fixed (base) and movable links of the ground robot are also studied. To account for kinematic changes of dynamic markers, forward kinematics of the ground robot’s limb is iteratively updated and applied to the rigid transformation computation. The both approaches were tested and evaluated through experiments with a full-sized armed robot and a drone in a mock-up of task field.
Follow-Up Care and 6-Month Continuation Rates for Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Abstract Study Objective Describe follow-up care patterns and continuation rates during the first 6 months after initiating a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) device among adolescent and young adult women. Design Retrospective chart review among patients who had an intrauterine device (IUD) or subdermal implant placed between January 2015 and December 2016. Setting Urban adolescent specialty care clinic. Participants Women ages 13-23 years. Main Outcome Measures Follow-up encounters were defined as scheduled and unscheduled phone calls, outpatient clinic visits, or emergency department visits during the 6 months after device placement. Continuation was defined as not having the device removed or expelled during the 6 months after initiation. Frequencies were calculated, and logistic regression was used to determine predictors of follow-up encounters and continuation. Results Among the 177 patients, 180 LARC devices were placed. Most were 13-17 years of age (56%), non-Hispanic black (64%), publicly insured (57%), and had an IUD placed (57%). Most (86%) had 1 or more clinical encounters during the 6 months: 70% attended a scheduled encounter and 53% had an unscheduled encounter. Approximately half (45%) attended the scheduled 2-week office visit; only 6% attended the 6-month office visit. The 6-month LARC continuation rate was 92% (n = 166), with most discontinuations among IUD users (n = 12; 7%). Conclusion LARC continuation rates were high in our study population. Most adolescent and young adult women have at least 1 follow-up encounter in the 6 months after LARC placement. Clinical practices should be prepared to address issues that arise during follow-up encounters, whether in person or by phone.
Batch cultivation of non-transgenic males suitable for SIT programs

The field performance of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is improved by sex-sorting and releasing only the sterile males. This can be accomplished by resource-intensive separation of males from females by morphology. Alternatively, sex-ratio biasing genetic constructs can be used to selectively kill one sex without the need for manual or automated sorting, but the resulting genetically engineered (GE) control agents would be subject to additional governmental regulation. Here we describe and demonstrate a method for the batch production of non-GE males that is applicable for sex-selective production of males suitable for genetic biocontrol programs. This method could be applied to generate the heterogametic sex (XY, or WZ) in any organism with chromosomal sex determination. We observed up to 100% sex-selection with batch cultures of more than 103 individuals. Using a stringent transgene detection assay, we demonstrate the potential of mass rearing of transgene free males.
Abstract PR02: Melanoma evolves complete immunotherapy resistance through acquisition of a hypermetabolic phenotype

Advances in our understanding of tumor immune biology and development of cancer immunotherapies have led to improved outcomes for patients who suffer from aggressive cancers such as melanoma. Despite the clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade, a majority of patients still fail to respond, and the underlying mechanisms that drive resistance remain unclear. To understand why a subset of tumors fail to respond to immunotherapy, we established a novel murine model of melanoma that is fully resistant to immune checkpoint blockade. By in vivo passaging nonresponding B16 melanoma tumor cells, we selected for a resistant variant that fails to respond to the combination of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 blockade. In comparing gene expression of parental versus resistant tumor cells and analyzing the corresponding immune infiltrate, we determined the adaptations associated with resistance to therapy. We found that evasion of immunotherapy was associated with a “hypermetabolic” phenotype, characterized by an upregulation of glycolytic, oxidoreductase, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways to establish a hypoxic, metabolically hostile microenvironment. Enforced expression of two key genes associated with these pathways in parental tumor cells was sufficient to mediate resistance to triple checkpoint blockade. Flow cytometry assays determined that T cells infiltrating resistant tumors had diminished glycolytic capacity and effector function, indicating a metabolic disadvantage. Consistent with our findings, melanoma patients who failed dual checkpoint blockade exhibited similar metabolic alterations as seen in our resistant variant. Using a novel MRI-based imaging approach, we observed distinct metabolic changes that stratified responding versus nonresponding tumors in live mice. Applying this method to patients could provide insight into predicting response rates to checkpoint modulation. Overall, our data indicate that resistant melanoma tumor cells acquire a “hypermetabolic” phenotype to establish a hostile microenvironment that is capable of inhibiting the antitumor immune response. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A24. Citation Format: Ashvin R. Jaiswal, Arthur J. Liu, Shivanand Pudakalakatti, Prasanta Dutta, Priyamvada Jayaprakash, Todd Bartkowiak, Casey Ager, Zhiqiang Wang, Alex Reuben, Zachary Cooper, Cristina Ivan, Zhenlin Ju, Felix Nwajei, Jing Wang, Michael A. Davies, R. Eric Davis, Jennifer A. Wargo, Pratip K. Bhattacharya, David S. Hong, Michael A. Curran. Melanoma evolves complete immunotherapy resistance through acquisition of a hypermetabolic phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PR02.
The Association Between Obesity and Long-Term Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States and has been associated with negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. However, an obesity paradox has emerged which suggests that the effects of obesity may vary by age, with older adults potentially seeing a protective effect of obesity. This study examined the effects of overweight and obese status on cognitive performance at baseline and follow-up. It was hypothesized that obese middle-aged adults would perform worse than normal weight peers, but that reverse would be observed in older adults. Data from 701 participants in the Midlife in the United States study were included. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were employed as measures of obesity. Z-scores for executive function, memory, and global cognition were used to quantify cognitive performance. While obese participants tended to perform worse on average than normal weight individuals there were no significant differences in performance between obese and normal weight participants in global cognition (p=.134), executive function (p=.164), or episodic memory (p=.708). Additionally, age did not moderate this relationship. However, there was a significant effect of education on all three domains. When stratified by education, participants with some college or higher, had a significant time*obesity*age interaction (F[3,328]=3.016, p<.05). For the oldest-old participants, executive function scores were higher for obese participants at follow-up compared to normal weight participants, but not at baseline. These findings suggest that level of education may serve as a form of cognitive reserve which compensates for deficits due to obesity.
Examining the frequency of crenulated premolars and their association with crenulated molars

Crenulated occlusal surfaces have previously been described on maxillary and mandibular molars; however, the occurrence of crenulations on premolars is only anecdotally supported. This study applies a modified version of a recordation scale developed for molar crenulations to record the frequency of crenulated premolars on the maxillary and mandibular premolars of modern individuals from a variety of populations: African, African American, Asian, Australian, European American, Latino, and Malay (n = 1238). Crenulations on the molars of the same individuals were also recorded to assess the relationship between occurrences on premolars and molars. Observations were compiled into frequency tables and analyzed using chi-square tests and correspondence analysis; relationships among teeth were quantified with polychoric correlation coefficients. Although crenulated premolars are observed rarely overall, the frequency of occurrence is significantly associated with group membership. Crenulated premolars occur most frequently in African, African American, and Australian samples and are observed least often among European American and Malay samples. Additionally, there is a strong relationship between third and fourth premolars, particularly within a jaw, and between fourth premolars and the molars in the same jaw. Interestingly, crenulations in premolars are most strongly associated with Grade 2 crenulations on molars. The observed differences between populations, and the associations between crenulated premolars and molars are evaluated with respect to function, tooth size, and dental development. Based on the results presented here, we recommend the addition of premolar crenulations to existing dental morphological traits used to study human population variation.
Classroom Location, Activity Type, and Physical Activity During Preschool Children's Indoor Free-Play

Preschool children spend most of their day in the indoor classroom, but it is unknown which learning centers or activity types are associated with physical activity (PA) or if children even use learning centers for their intended purpose (e.g., block play in the block center). The present study aimed to describe activity types in which children participate within classroom locations and to compare location- versus activity type-based approaches to characterizing children's classroom PA. Preschoolers' (N = 50) classroom location and activity type were video-coded and matched with PA level (measured as accelerometer vector magnitude in counts/s) for one indoor free-play period. Multiple activities occurred within each location (median = 6.5), with the predominant activity type accounting for 40.7 (sociodramatic play in group location) to 88.4 (manipulative play in sensory location) percent of time in that location. Children spent the most time in the group location (17.9%) and the sociodramatic activity type (19.9%). PA varied by location and activity type with the loft location (37.3 counts/s) and gross motor activity type (46.3 counts/s) promoting the highest PA levels. Activity types elicited varying PA levels depending on location (e.g., block activity in block vs. group location: 22.8 vs. 43.9 counts/s). Children do not always participate in the type of activity for which a space was designed but this can facilitate PA. Activity type- and location-based approaches to characterizing children’s play and PA are not interchangeable but these approaches may provide additive information about classroom behavior, which is a methodological consideration for future studies.
Generalizing the predictive relationship between 1-month motor skill retention and Rey–Osterrieth Delayed Recall scores from nondemented older adults to individuals with chronic stroke: a short report

Motor learning is fundamental to motor rehabilitation outcomes. There is growing evidence from non-neurological populations supporting the role of visuospatial memory function in motor learning, but current predictive models of motor recovery of individuals with stroke generally exclude cognitive measures, thereby overlooking the potential link between motor learning and visuospatial memory. Recent work has demonstrated that a clinical test of visuospatial memory (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Delayed Recall) may predict 1-month skill learning in older adults; however, whether this relationship persists in individuals with chronic stroke remains unknown. The purpose of this short report was to validate previous findings using Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Delayed Recall test scores to predict motor learning and determine if this relationship generalized to a set of individuals post-stroke. Two regression models (one including Delayed Recall scores and one without) were trained using data from non-stroke older adults. To determine the extent to which Delayed Recall test scores impacted prediction accuracy of 1-month skill learning in older adults, we used leave-one-out cross-validation to evaluate the prediction error between models. To test if this predictive relationship generalized to individuals with chronic ischemic stroke, we then tested each trained model on an independent stroke dataset. Results indicated that in both stroke and older adult datasets, inclusion of Delayed Recall scores explained significantly more variance of 1-month skill performance than models that included age, education, and baseline motor performance alone. This proof-of-concept suggests that the relationship between delayed visuospatial memory and 1-month motor skill performance generalizes to individuals with chronic stroke, and supports the idea that visuospatial testing may provide prognostic insight into clinical motor rehabilitation outcomes.
A new spacecraft mission concept combining the first exploration of the Centaurs and an astrophysical space telescope for the outer solar system

Abstract We present a concept study for a distinctive robotic spacecraft mission that combines both the exploration of a never-before-visited class of planetary bodies and cutting-edge astrophysical investigations. The planetary targets are a class of objects called Centaurs that have relatively recently escaped from the Kuiper Belt and currently orbit closer to the Sun among the giant planets. We developed a trajectory that would visit several Centaurs, including the second largest known Centaur, 2060 Chiron, which displays enigmatic coma activity at large heliocentric distances and orbiting ring or dust structures. This concept takes advantage of the cruise times between planetary encounters to conduct nearly continuous astrophysical observations at wavelengths that are not accessible by ground-based facilities. Additionally, ride-along cubesats included aboard can be deployed at different points in the mission to perform various experiments or observations. This mission concept achieves its objectives with solar power (MegaFlex arrays), no new technology development, and within the approximate budget of a NASA New Frontiers class mission. The mission design accomplishes its objectives using solar electric propulsion and the recently developed NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) ion engines.
Educating for Power: How Higher Education Contributes to the Stratification of Social Class

Educational attainment in the United States has become increasingly linked to socioeconomic mobility. In particular, systems of higher education provide resources that give power and legitimacy to a limited group of U.S. citizens: the middle and upper classes. This power translates into political influence, financial control, and cultural supremacy that further divide social classes. By breeding graduates with economic privilege and marketable skills, systems of higher education contribute to the widening gap among people in different socioeconomic statuses. Acknowledging and examining the oppressive structure in which college students are engaged may help to extend educational opportunities to more Americans and challenge our perceptions of scholarship.
Aspects of Planarian Biology and Behavior

Planarians are most interesting creatures to study, and I think part of their fascination, for me at least, is their unpredictability. For example, if I decide after weeks of study that they are likely to do a certain thing under certain conditions, I promptly find their ideas on the subject are quite different. McConnell’s story of their climbing on an electrode to avoid shock is typical (1965).
A Patient Cinema or a Cinema of Patience? (Robert Bresson for Foreigners

Keith Reader _Robert Bresson_ Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000 ISBN 0 7190 5365 X (hardback) 0 7190 5366 8 (paperback) 166 pp.
Conceptual substructural systems for short span bridges

Systems approach for abutments of short-span bridges is presented. Ten different systems have been analyzed in detail with a view toward ease of erection, economy, maintenance, longevity, efficiency, versatility, etc. Reinforced earth, gabions, segmental plank, cellular box, steel bent, driven steel pile bent, concrete bent, stub system, concrete and timber cribbing are reasonable suggestions for short-span bridge abutments. Depending upon the merits and demerits gabions, concrete bent, cellular box, segmental plank and timber cribbing appear to be best suited from the industrialized construction viewpoint.
Physical Implementation of Coherently Coupled Oscillator Networks

We present a combined experimental and simulation study of the physical implementation of coherently coupled oscillator networks composed of spin-torque oscillators (STOs). Based on published works and on our recent experiments, we review the behavior of individual oscillators and arrays of coupled oscillators. We construct models that are calibrated by experiments, and our simulations demonstrate that an array of coherently coupled STOs exhibits the basic functionality of an associative memory.
Sterility and partial sterility in the South African clawed toad following the pricking of the egg

Bounoure (1934) first described the presence in the egg of the frog Rana temporaria of a special cytoplasmic differentiation, which he termed the ‘germinal cytoplasm’. He was able to trace the developmental history of this plasm as it moved from its original position just under the cortex of the vegetal pole of the fertilized egg, to its inclusion in a number of cells of the early gastrula endoderm, and also mapped the migration of these cells into the gonad rudiments. Bounoure believed that the germinal cytoplasm is the definitive germcell determinant, and that its presence in a cell is a prerequisite for the cell to undergo meiosis and differentiate into a gamete. Since Bounoure's discovery, germinal cytoplasm has been described in the eggs of a number of other anuran species (Nieuwkoop, 1956; Blackler, 1958; DiBerardino, 1961; Gipouloux, 1962) and a number of techniques have been used to test Bounoure's determinant hypothesis.
A Review of “The Industrial Revolution in World History”

Written by social historian Peter Stearns, Provost and professor of history at George Mason University, The Industrial Revolution in World History (3rd edition) is an aptly named book. It traces th...
Dye-labeled silver nanoshell-bright particle

Silica beads with average diameters of 40−600 nm were prepared, and Ru(bpy)32+ complexes were incorporated into the beads. These beads were coated by silver layer by layer to generate porous but continuous metal nanoshells. The thicknesses of these metal shells were 5−50 nm. The emission band from the dyes in the silica cores was more narrow and the intensity was enhanced with growth of silver shell thickness due to coupling of the emission light from Ru(bpy)32+ in the cores with the metal plasmon from the silver shells. The enhancement of emission intensity was also dependent on the size of the silica core, showing that the enhancement efficiency decreased with an increase in the size of the silica beads. Lifetime measurements support the coupling mechanism between the dye and metal shell. This study can be used to develop novel dye-labeled metal particles with bright and narrow emission bands.
Changing Fatty Acid Content of Growth Cone Lipids Prior to Synaptogenesis

The developing mouse was used to assess biochemical changes in membrane lipids during the period when nerve growth cones become synapses. Growth cone particles and synaptosomes were simultaneously obtained from common brain homogenates. Incorporation of the essential fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω-3), was correlated with the developmental changes in endogenous fatty acid content of growth cones and synaptosomes. Analysis of endogenous lipid content indicated that, at all ages studied, the growth cones contained more arachidonoyl acyl chains (20:4ω-6) than did synaptosomes. Before the onset of synaptogenesis, levels of arachidonoyl chains increased and levels of 22:6, oleoyl and linoleoyl chains decreased in synaptosomes. Although stearoyl and palmitoyl (16:0) remained stable in synaptosomes, 16:0 decreased in growth cones. With the exception of 16:0 and 20:4, endogenous fatty acyl content of growth cones and synaptosomes became similar by postnatal day 10, which coincides with the onset of synaptogenesis. When 5-day-old mouse pups were injected intraperitoneally with [3H]22:6, the incorporation into growth cone and synaptosome phospholipids was greatest in phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by phosphatidylser-ine and phosphatidylcholine. Nominal labeling was present in phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol. Labeling in neutral lipids was less than that of phospholipids, with tria-cylglycerol incorporating most of the neutral lipid label, followed by diacylglycerol and free 22:6. Only the growth cone fraction contained detectable amounts of 22:6-labeled cholesterol esters. The distribution of 22:6 label in plasma 72 h after injection indicated that ∼60% of the label was in phospholipids with ∼40% in neutral lipids and <5% in free fatty acids. Collectively, the data indicate that changes in fatty acid composition occur during the conversion of growth cones to synapses.
Keynote Paper: Aphasiology 1990: A view from the colonies

Abstract The first part of this paper's title was provided by Dr Chris Code. The second part was purloined from Alistair Cooke. It is an attempt to take stock-to determine where we are in the management of aphasic patients and where we may want to go from here. Also, I am attempting to associate myself with Mr Cooke's wise and worldly views. For years, his column, ‘A View From the Colonies’, crossed the Atlantic, and, since the 1960s, he has captured the Sunday-night hearts and minds of Americans on public television. I need all of the sophistication, as the following will demonstrate, that I can capture.
Indentation Creep Behavior of a Direct-filling Silver Alternative to Amalgam

Amalgam creep has been identified as a key parameter associated with marginal breakdown and corrosion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent deformation (creep) of a novel silver filling material as an alternative to amalgam. We made the silver specimens by pressing a precipitated powder at room temperature to a density that can be achieved in clinical hand consolidation. The surface of the silver was either polished or burnished. To examine local contact creep and the effect of surface finishing, we used an indentation creep method in which a Vickers indenter was loaded on the specimen surface at a load of 10 N with dwell times of 5 sec to 6x10(4) sec. We used a bonded-interface technique to examine subsurface creep mechanisms. The flexural strength (mean+/-SD; n = 10) was 86+/-20 MPa for amalgam, 180+/-21 MPa for polished silver, and 209+/-19 MPa for burnished silver-values which are significantly different from each other (family confidence coefficient = 0.95; Tukey's multiple-comparison test). Indentation creep manifested as hardness number decreasing with increased dwell time. With dwell time increasing from 5 sec to 6x10(4) sec, the hardness number of amalgam was reduced by approximately 80%; that of the polished silver and the burnished silver was reduced by only 40%. Subsurface creep in amalgam consisted of the shape change of the alloy particles from spherical to elongated shapes, and the separation of matrix grains from each other, possibly due to grain-boundary sliding. Creep of the polished silver occurred by densification reducing porosity and increasing hardness; that of the burnished silver occurred by the displacement of the burnished layer. These results suggest that, due to creep-induced subsurface work-hardening and densification, the consolidated silver exhibits a higher resistance to indentation creep than does amalgam. The hardness number of silver approaches that of amalgam after prolonged indentation loading.
Are Survey Experiments Externally Valid

Social science researchers seek to establish causal relationships that are generalizable—that is, they try to maximize internal and external validity. Survey experiments are becoming more popular among scholars because they seem to possess both properties. The random assignment of respondents to treatment and control conditions reveals whether one factor causes another, whereas the use of a representative sample allows generalization to the larger population. However, even in nationally representative survey experiments, external validity may still be a concern if the treatments do not resemble the relevant phenomena in question or if the experimental setting exaggerates the effect of the stimulus. This article investigates a question that recent studies have raised (e.g., Gaines, Kuklinski, and Quirk 2007; Kinder 2007) but that has not been examined empirically: are the causal findings of survey experiments reliable predictors of how opinion changes in the wake of actual political events? For researchers using survey experiments, the implicit assumption is that a significant treatment effect says something about the direction, if not the rough magnitude, of effects that might be expected to occur in the real world (Gaines, Kuklinski, and Quirk 2007, 5). Our study investigates this assumption. We do so by
Choroidal Detachment Following the Use of Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Purpose To report choroidal detachment following tamsulosin (Flomax, an α 1A -adrenoceptor antagonist) treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Design Case report. Methods Chart review, serial examination. Results A 65-year-old man underwent uncomplicated cataract extraction and placement of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. The patient subsequently developed three separate episodes of choroidal detachments in the operated eye. Each episode was preceded by treatment with an α 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist. Conclusions Tamsulosin may cause adverse ocular effects including recurrent choroidal detachments. α 1A is the dominant α-adrenoceptor in the rabbit choroid, and the mechanism for choroidal detachment in this patient could include some effect of antagonists like tamsulosin on these receptors.
BIG BLUE: high-altitude UAV demonstrator of Mars airplane technology

BIG BLUE (baseline inflatable-wing glider, balloon-launched unmanned experiment) is a flight experiment envisioned, designed, built, and flown primarily by undergraduate students in the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky. BIG BLUE was conceived as a demonstration of unique inflatable wing technologies with potential for application for Mars airplanes. On May 3, 2003, BIG BLUE achieved the first-ever deployment and curing of UV hardening inflatable wings and reached an altitude of 27.1km (89,000ft). BIG BLUE II was launched successfully on May 1, 2004 with a second-generation optimized wing design. The wings were deployed and cured to an excellent symmetric flying shape from a flight ready fuselage with an autonomous autopilot, sensor and communication systems. To date, over 100 students have participated directly in the design, fabrication and testing of BIG BLUE, exposing them to the challenge and excitement of aerospace careers. BIG BLUE is supported by the NASA Workforce Development Program which has objectives to attract, motivate, and prepare students for technological careers in support of NASA, its missions, and its research efforts. BIG BLUE provides multidisciplinary experiential learning directed specifically toward entering the aerospace workforce
Spectroscopic studies of purine. II. Properties of purine substituted at the second and sixth carbons.

— Substitution of an amino group at the C2 carbon of purine causes the two main components of the X absorption band to be separated by 200–500 A: primarily this reflects the Occurrence of the lowest-lying transition at much longer wavelengths than in purine since, except in deoxyguanosine, there is an appreciable absorption component at ˜ 2420 A in these compounds. Unlike purine, the wavelength shifts produced by different solvents are not simply related to the dielectric constant or hydrogen bonding capacity of the solvents. In agreement with previous predictions thatπ-π*states should be the lowest-lying excited singlets, no phosphorescence is observed from 2–aminopurine—the fluorescence quantum yield is close to unity. Besides strong fluorescence very weak phosphoresence can be detected when another amino group is added at C6 and when an oxygen is attached to the sixth carbon (guanine) fluorescence and phosphorescence of comparable intensities are observed: the sum of the quantum yields for both types of emission is of the order of unity. Thus, the lowest-lying singlet transition must be a π-π*state. At room temperature themal quenching is the most important parameter in determining the fluorescence intensity of these molecules, however, at lower temperatures the intensity—similar to the wavelength—f this emission apparently also depends upon the ability of a given solvent to reorient and/or perturb Franck-Condon surfaces. Discrepancies observed between absorption and excitation spectra in deoxyguanosine and azaguanine appear to reflect emission caused respectively by aggregation of molecules and by keto-enol shifts.
Improved method for the analysis of furosemide in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Modifications of existing rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic procedures for the determination of furosemide in plasma were made in order to achieve greater sensitivity. To a small volume of plasma was added an internal standard structurally related to furosemide. Then, following previously described procedures, acetonitrile was added to precipitate the proteins and the clear supernatant was separated. However prior to injection of the supernatant the pH and composition of the sample were adjusted. This modification of the sample enabled an injection volume of up to 300 μl of the supernatant to be injected onto the chromatographic column. The effluent was monitored spectrofluorimetrically. A standard linear calibration curve with a mean precision of ± 4.4% was obtained for plasma samples containing 20–900 ng/ml of furosemide. Two structurally related compounds were used as internal standards in the furosemide assay.
Osteochondrosis of the Articular-Epiphyseal Cartilage Complex in Young Horses: Evidence for a Defect in Cartilage Canal Blood Supply:

The objectives of this study were to determine in horses 1) the ages at which viable cartilage canal vessels are present in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex of three predilection sites and one nonpredilection site of osteochondrosis (OC), 2) the prevalence of lesions of OC in these sites, and 3) whether there was an association of lesions of OC with necrotic cartilage canal blood vessels. The medial femoral condyle, lateral femoral trochlear ridge, and distal ends of the tibia and proximal phalanx were examined grossly, microradiographically, and histologically in 35 horses 18 months old or younger. Cartilage canals containing patent blood vessels were present in all sites examined in foals less than 3 weeks old and were absent from all sites by 7 months of age. The overall prevalence of lesions of OC at one or more of the sites examined was 12/35 (34%). Prevalence increased to 11/22 (50%) in horses 2 months old and older. These lesions occurred primarily in the medial condyle of the femur (n = 5) and the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia (n = 5). All lesions seen in horses between 3 weeks and 5 months of age were associated with necrotic cartilage canal blood vessels. In horses 7 months of age and older, lesions of OC were considered chronic because of extensive involvement of the subchondral bone and bone marrow. These results suggest that OC lesions develop prior to 7 months of age and that ischemic necrosis of cartilage secondary to a defect in vascular supply is an important factor in the pathogenesis of this disease in horses.
The Application of Radiochemical Techniques to the Study of the Interaction of Hair Fibers with Aqueous Solutions

Radioactive tracer techniques have proved to be uniquely adaptable to the study of the inter action of hair fibers with various aqueous solutions including dye baths. NaBr solutions, NaBr- HBr solutions, NaCl solutions, and an acid dye bath containing a sulfur-labelled acid dye for wool were used.It was found that appreciable amounts of NaBr were absorbed by hair from solution with a linear relationship existing between the equilibrium amount absorbed and the molarity of the treating solution. If acidic or basic solutions were used, additional absorption resulting from the well-known amphoteric properties of keratin was observed. In a preliminary experiment, the absorption of each of three componen's of an acid dye bath was followed by taking advantage of differences in radioactive behavior of the three species. Certain rate processes have also been followed.
Core reporting practices in structural equation modeling.

Abstract Background Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a popular analysis technique because of the wide range of questions that it can help answer. There are several pieces of information specific to SEM that should be reported when this technique is used. Objectives To demonstrate a basic framework for reporting SEM analyses, to provide definitions of key terms readers will encounter, and to illustrate 2 examples for reporting SEM results. Methods Data from 650 participants who completed 3 self-report surveys were used to test a confirmatory factor analysis and a structural model as examples of information to be reported. Results The results displayed are requisite information for any SEM analysis. Conclusions It is important for investigators to provide this information so that readers can properly evaluate the results and conclusions based on the analyses.
Aberration invariant optical/digital incoherent systems

We have developed a fundamental technique for control of important known and unknown lens aberrations. Control of lens aberrations through traditional means is very difficult in high-performance optical systems. Minimizing aberrations caused by deterministic design errors as well as statistical fabrication errors has often led to costly systems and fabrication techniques. By employing a special-purpose optical phase mask and digital signal processing we can form imaging systems that are invariant, or substantially insensitive, to a number of important lens aberrations.
Exploiting photon energy dependence in photoemission from Si(111)-Mo interface

Abstract We present synchrotron radiation photoemission data from Si(111)-Mo in the coverage range 0.5–20.5 monolayers. Intermixing takes place at room temperature. The energy dependence of 4d photoemission cross section is used to discuss the nature of the chemical bond in the reacted region.
Activity of isocitric dehydrogenase in the fat bodies of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae (F).

ISOCITRIC dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is responsible for the formation of α-ketoglutarate from isocitrate. During the reaction, oxalosuccinate is formed (as an intermediate) owing to the presence of two pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases in biological systems. One dehydrogenase is linked with NAD and the other is linked with NADP. They first catalyse the oxidation of isocitrate, and then its decarboxylation in the presence of the manganous ion. If NADP is used in the reaction, it is reduced and, because of the reversibility of the process, carbondioxide is fixed in oxalosuccinate and isocitrate. Isocitric dehydrogenase has been isolated from heart tissue of the pig1, yeasts2, and various animal tissues3. This enzyme was discovered in the supernatant fraction of the homogenates of the fat bodies of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana4,5. Its presence has been reported in the haemolymph of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, by Prota (see previous communication). Hence, the purpose of this investigation was twofold: to determine whether this enzyme could be detected in normal and aposymbiotic fat bodies of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae; and to determine whether the presence of the enzyme in this tissue is due to the action of the tissue, the symbionts or both.
Retrieval of words from long-term memory

Subjects were shown a noun category paired with either an adjective or a letter, and had to produce a word that fell in the space defined by the two, for instance, “animal-Z,” with the correct response being “Zebra”. The size of the noun category had little effect on reaction time (rho = − .22), and the number of possible correct instances had no effect (rho = .02). This is interpreted as evidence against successive scanning, and is discussed in terms of a complex hierarchical model in which every noun category can be entered directly. Frequency and dominance were both strongly related to reaction time.
Joint effects of ethanol and caffeine on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon

Interactions between ethanol and caffeine were studied in pigeons keypecking under a multiple fixed ratio 30 fixed interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. When ethanol was administered alone, rates of responding under both components of the multiple schedule were generally decreased in a dose-related manner. Caffeine alone either decreased or had no effect on rates of responding under both the fixed ratio and fixed interval components. When caffeine and ethanol were combined, doses of caffeine which did not decrease rates of responding when given alone attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of ethanol.