cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humane Neonatal Care Initiative

The author has worked for many years in experimental departments in the former Soviet health system. Now, with integration into the western health system, many questions are being asked about high-technology neonatal medicine and whether it is sufficiently humane. The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) movement is well known all over the world, but unfortunately it is only used for healthy children in maternity hospitals. A paradoxical situation has been created: the routines of maternity wards comply with the BFHI, whereas a neonatal intensive care unit in the same hospital may not meet the requirements of the BFHI. BFHI mainly cover breastfeeding in maternity hospitals. Humane Neonatal Care Initiatives include minimum aggressive therapy, minimum contact between sick newborns and medical staff, and maximum contact with mothers; the number of tests and examinations should be reduced to a minimum. Eleven steps towards the improvement of psychosocial and medical care in units for sick newborns are presented. This article is intended to provoke serious discussion.
Bioavailability of iron and zinc from a multiple micronutrient-fortified beverage

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that micronutrient beverages can provide the daily iron and zinc needs of small children. Study design Forty children aged 6 to 9 years were recruited (Lima, Peru). For 4 weeks, they received a daily serving of a beverage containing multiple micronutrients. Over 2 consecutive days, subjects received stable isotope-labeled servings of the beverage with and without a meal as well as an intravenous dose of zinc. Iron and zinc bioavailability were assessed using mass spectrometry. Results Iron absorption was significantly lower with a meal than without (9.8 ± 6.7% versus 11.6 ± 6.9%, P =.04), but zinc absorption was not (24.5 ± 10.7% versus 22.8 ± 7.6%, P =.2). In either case, however, a single daily serving provided most of the iron and zinc requirements for the children. Conclusions Single daily servings of multinutrient-fortified beverages can meet much of the mineral needs for small children. Food has a small inhibitory effect on iron, but not zinc, absorption; therefore, these beverages can be efficacious even when given with a meal.
General Health Status and Incidence of First-Onset Temporomandibular Disorder: The OPPERA Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) overlaps with other health conditions, but no study has examined which of these conditions increase the risk of developing first-onset TMD. The authors prospectively evaluated the relationship between health status at enrollment and subsequent incidence of TMD in 2,722 men and women. Participants aged 18 to 44 years had no history of TMD and were clinically free of TMD when enrolled in 2006 to 2008 at 4 U.S. study sites in the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) prospective cohort study. First-onset examiner-classified TMD developed in 260 people over a median 2.8 years of follow-up. Cox regression estimated the association between health conditions and TMD incidence while accounting for potential confounders. Incidence of first-onset TMD was 50% higher for people with low back pain (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.50, 95% confidence limits [CLs]: 1.08, 2.10) and 75% higher for people with genital pain symptoms (AHR = 1.75, 95% CLs = 1.04, 2.93) than people without a history of these pain disorders. Digit ratio, a marker of intrauterine exposure to sex hormones, was significantly associated with TMD incidence. Other independent predictors of first-onset TMD were sleep disturbance and cigarette smoking. These findings reveal multiple influences of health status on incidence of first-onset TMD. Perspective This article examines health conditions that commonly overlap with TMD to determine which ones predict first-onset TMD. A history of low back pain and genital pain conditions at baseline were important predictors. Novel findings were that disrupted sleep and conditions in utero may increase incidence of first-onset TMD.
The assessment game in sand fiddler crab contests for breeding burrows

Abstract The single enlarged claw of male sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator , is used in contests for control of breeding burrows. The larger of the two contestants has the larger claw and usually wins. Males use one or more of 10 agonistic elements that vary in intensity from a no-contact extension of the claw to the flip of an opponent. We used the sequence of elements employed and the duration of unstaged, naturally occurring contests in a South Carolina salt marsh to evaluate three models of extended contests: (1) energetic war of attrition, (2) cumulative assessment and (3) sequential assessment. Contests usually began with elements of low action intensity and often proceeded to elements of high intensity. Elements of higher intensity were correlated with both contest duration and the number of contest elements. Contest duration increased as opponents became more evenly matched in size, a result consistent with both cumulative and sequential assessment models. Variation in duration increased as the relative sizes of opponents increased, also in accordance with sequential assessment. The absolute size of the smaller contestant had no effect on contest duration, in contrast to predictions based on cumulative assessment or energetic war of attrition models. Contestants that lost a fight were more likely to engage immediately in another fight without loss of contest intensity, if their previous fight had been long and intense. This result is inconsistent with contests of endurance, such as the energetic war of attrition or the cumulative assessment game, but it is consistent with the ritualized display of strength and fighting skill. Thus, sequential assessment appears to best explain ritualized fiddler crab contests. Cumulative assessment, however, may be the appropriate model for extended, nonritualized, all-out fights. Cumulative assessment may also explain the tenure of individuals on breeding grounds where multiple engagements are likely to test endurance and tolerance to damage over a period of days. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide in Controlling Mortality Associated with External Columnaris on Walleye and Channel Catfish Fingerlings

Abstract The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris infections on walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings was evaluated in two on-site trials. Microscopic examination of skin scrapes before treatment confirmed the presence of bacteria indicative of columnaris disease. In separate trials, walleyes (12 g) and channel catfish (2.3 g) were exposed to a total of three every-other-day hydrogen peroxide treatments of 0, 50, 75, or 100 mg/L for 60 min. Each treatment regimen was tested in triplicate, and each replicate contained 13 walleyes or 26 channel catfish. Hydrogen peroxide exposures of 50 mg/L for 60 min significantly increased walleye survival relative to that at other treatment concentrations, including the controls. Exposures of 50, 75, or 100 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide for 60 min significantly increased channel catfish survival in comparison with that of controls. These trials indicate...
Transport of Particulates in a Rotating Internal Cooling Ribbed Duct

A ribbed square duct (P/e = 10, e/Dh = 0.10, and rotating with an angular velocity ωz ) subjected to sand ingestion is studied using an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework. Particle sizes of 10μm and 50μm with response times (normalized by friction velocity and hydraulic diameter) of 0.06875 and 1.71875 respectively are considered. The calculations are performed for a nominal bulk Reynolds number of 20,000 and a Rotation number of 0.35 (based on hydraulic diameter and mean velocity) under fully-developed conditions. It is found that at any given instant in time about 67% of the total number of 10 micron particles are concentrated in the vicinity (within 0.05 Dh ) of the duct surfaces, compared to 99% of the 50 micron particles. Both the particle sizes show preferential concentration near the smooth walls. The 10 micron particles, which are more sensitive to changes in flow, exhibit selective concentration on the trailing wall as compared to negligible concentration of the 50 micron particles. Both the particle sizes show negligible accumulation on the leading wall due to the action of Coriolis forces which push the particles towards the trailing wall. At the side walls of the duct, the 10 micron particles exhibit a high potential to erode the region in the vicinity of the rib due to secondary flow impingement. At the ribbed walls, while the 10 micron particles exhibit a fairly uniform but low propensity for erosion, the 50 micron particles show a much higher tendency to erode the surface. The trailing wall rib face facing the flow is by far the most susceptible to erosion and deposition for all particle sizes. In comparison to the front surface, the top and back surfaces of the rib do not exhibit a large propensity to be eroded. The potential for erosion in the rotating duct at the trailing wall and rib is at least an order of magnitude larger than in a stationary duct, whereas the leading wall has little or no erosion.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Mitochondrial transfer from bone-marrow-derived stromal cells to pulmonary alveoli protects against acute lung injury.

Bone-marrow–derived stromal cells are known to protect against acute lung injury. Jahar Bhattacharya and colleagues now show that one way these cells offer such protection is to transfer their mitochondria to the injured lung epithelia to improve the bioenergetics of the recipient cells, thus probably allowing them to recover from injury more efficiently.
Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in conventional and organic farming systems

Abstract Dynamics of microbial communities during two growing seasons were compared in soils under tomatoes managed by conventional (2- and 4-y rotations), low input, or organic practices. Fumigation extractable carbon (FEC) and nitrogen (FEN), potentially mineralizable N, arginine ammonification and substrate induced respiration (SIR) were significantly higher in organic and low input than conventional systems on most sample dates. Microbial variables were significantly negatively correlated with amounts of soil mineral N in the conventional 4 y system, whereas they were positively correlated with mineral N in the organic system. The C-to-N ratios of material released after fumigation extraction were significantly higher in the conventional than organic soils. In all farming systems, soil moisture was positively correlated with FEC or FEN, but negatively correlated with the C-to-N ratio of the microbial biomass and SIR. Soil temperature was negatively correlated with FEC and FEN, but positively correlated with the C-to-N ratio of microbial biomass.
A fantasy theme analysis of political cartoons on the Clinton-Lewinsky-Starr affair

–We used Symbolic Convergence Theory to analyze 2,000 political cartoons on the investigation, impeachment, and trial of the president. The cartoonists' vision incorporates components from Starr's and Clinton's visions: “Our public figures (Clinton, Starr, Congress, the news media) are engaged in a tawdry burlesque drama.” The number of levels in a rhetorical vision depends on the vision's complexity. We show that multiple, independent, rhetors can create a rhetorical vision. These messages, highly visual and generally critical, freely use metaphor and allusions, allowing multiple interpretations and rendering the fantasy themes in these dramas accessible to readers with widely divergent attitudes. Despite their fictionality, these messages concern important issues and make moral judgments on these public figures.
Test–Retest reliability of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in patients with early Parkinson's disease: Results from a multicenter clinical trial

Our objective was to assess the test-retest reliability of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The UPDRS is the most widely used instrument for measuring severity of parkinsonian symptoms in clinical research and in practice. The validity and inter-rater reliability of this scale have been previously studied. We examined the test-retest (intrarater) reliability of the UPDRS and derived subscales. Four hundred patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) who were participating in a multicenter clinical trial were evaluated using the UPDRS on two separate occasions (screening and baseline visits) prior to receiving treatment. The same neurologist at each center rated the subjects at both examinations that were, on average, 14.6 +/- 7.6 days apart (range 3-36 days). Test-retest reliability was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the total UPDRS score, the mental, ADL, and motor subscale scores, and other derived subscale scores. Weighted kappa statistics were calculated for individual UPDRS items. The ICCs for the UPDRS scores were as follows: total score, 0.92; mental, 0.74; ADL, 0.85; motor, 0.90. ICCs for derived symptom-based scales ranged from 0.69-0.88. Reliability of specific items was generally lower than for summary scales. Reliability was slightly better in patients for whom the testing interval was within 14 days. Based on conventional standards, the UPDRS scores were found to have excellent test-retest reliability in this sample of patients with early PD rated by academic movement disorder specialists. The findings are in agreement with previous reports on interrater reliability.
Mechanical and electromechanical coupling in carbon nanotube distortions

A simple approach is presented for using bond-stretching and bond-bending modes to describe the static deformations of carbon nanotubes and related actuation effects. This approach allows us to analyze various phenomena in a unified way and to clarify their relationships. We discuss gap energy modulation by external strains, dimensional and torsional deformations caused by charge injection, and stretch-induced torsion. We show how symmetry determines the property dependence on the chiral angle of nanotubes. Electrically driven actuator responses related to deformation-induced modulation of electron kinetic energy are particularly interesting and relevant for applications. The strong oscillatory dependence of these responses on the nanotube geometry is explained within an intuitively clear picture of bonding patterns. We show how anisotropic (shear) deformations play an important role in nanotubes, making their responses distinctly different from graphite's.
On the dynamic activity in sheared corridors of large delta spots

A study of registered, highly time-compressed, white-light movies, made from digital data obtained at Big Bear, revealed dynamic and complex photospheric activity for the first time inside the large delta spot of the March 1989 region. Similar activity in two other regions of large delta spots with sheared penumbral structure was found. They are NOAA Nos. 5629 and 5747 in August and October of 1989, respectively. Both are extraordinarily flare-prolific regions as well. The unusual dynamic activity consists of two parts: the motion of the penumbra and the emergence of new spots in the midst of the penumbral motion. The manner and place of emergence are different from those in ordinary emerging flux regions, and often the spots are without observable opposite polarity flux.
Heat Loss during Surgical Skin Preparation

Background:Hypothermia develops rapidly during the 1st h of anesthesia and results in part from evaporative heat loss during surgical skin preparation. The authors tested the hypothesis that evaporation of skin preparation solution contributes significantly to hypothermia.Methods:Five healthy, unane
Numerical study of the X-31 high angle-of-attack flow characteristics

The application of CFD methods to high-angle-of-attack flight regimes is studied. The X-31 configuration was chosen as the model due to its inherent designed high-angle-of-attack characteristics and capabilities, the existence of a wind tunnel database, and the ongoing flight test program. The flow characteristics of the X-31 at high angle-of-attack are presented and the CFD capability for studying the effects of canard deflection on aerodynamic control during poststall is revealed.
The trigonometric background to Georg Cantor's theory of sets

1 Cantor's papers on the theory of sets and transfinite numbers have been most widely popularized by the writings of P. E. B. Jourdain, and in particular through his translation, Georg Cantor: Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers, trans: Jourdain (Chicago, 191 5 ; Dover reprint: New York, 1955). Despite Jourdain' s occasionally torturous rendering of the German into English, his introduction manages to describe the context and development of Cantor's mathematical work, though Jourdain says little about the papers on trigonometric series. A more detailed account of Cantor's mathematical corpus is given by Jourdain in a series of articles: "The Development of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers," Archiv der Mathematik und Physik (Grunert's Archiv), 10 (1906) 254-281; 14 (1909) 289-311; 16 (1910) 21-43; 22 (1913) 1-21. For details on the significance and interpretation of Cantor's continuum hypothesis consult Kurt Godel: "What is Cantor's Continuum Problem ?" American Mathematical Monthly, 542 (1947) 515-525. Godel's paper is reprinted in a revised and expanded version in P. Benacerraf & H. Putnam, eds. : Philosophy of Mathematics, Selected Readings (New Jersey, 1964).
Enhanced binding of RNAP II CTD phosphatase FCP1 to RAP74 following CK2 phosphorylation.

FCP1 (TFIIF-associated CTD phosphatase) is the first identified CTD-specific phosphatase required to recycle RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). FCP1 activity has been shown to be regulated by the general transcription factors TFIIF (RAP74) and TFIIB, protein kinase CK2 (CK2), and the HIV-1 transcriptional activator Tat. Phosphorylation of FCP1 by CK2 stimulates FCP1 phosphatase activity and enhances binding of RAP74 to FCP1. We have examined consensus CK2 phosphorylation sites (acidic residue n + 3 to serine or threonine residue) located immediately adjacent to both RAP74-binding sites of FCP1. We demonstrate that both of these consensus CK2 sites can be phosphorylated in vitro and that phosphorylation at either CK2 site results in enhanced binding of RAP74 to FCP1. The CK2 site adjacent to the RAP74-binding site in the central domain of FCP1 is phosphorylated at a single threonine site (T584). The CK2 site adjacent to the RAP74-binding site in the carboxyl-terminal domain can be phosphorylated at three success...
Bifunctional chiral synthons via microbiological methods. 2. optically-active α-hydroxy aldehydes.

Abstract A versatile chemical-microbiological approach has been developed for the preparation of chiral α-hydroxy aldehydes via stereoselective reduction of the corresponding α-keto thioacetals or via optical resolution of the racemic α-acetoxy esters.
Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook

Students of Persian change identity with every cohort, and with every generation they change in their aptitude, attitude, degree and kind of preparation, and goals. The target language and the medi...
Design of a SWIR computed tomographic imaging channeled spectropolarimeter

We present the implementation of snapshot imaging spectropolarimetry in a short-wave infrared (SWIR) system. It is the first of its kind to provide imaging spectropolarimetry with no moving parts and snapshot capability. This has applications in many fields, such as mining, biomedical imaging, and astronomy. The SWIR Computed Tomographic Imaging Channeled Spectropolarimeter (CTICS) is a snapshot imaging spectropolarimeter with 54X46 pixel spatial resolution and 10-band spectral resolution from 1.25-1.99 μm for the purpose of object identification. First, we present the design of the two main parts: the Computed Tomography Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS) and the channeled spectropolarimetry components. A discussion follows on the reconstruction technique. We then present the final assembled system and testing results.
Cognitive hacking and intelligence and security informatics

This paper describes research on cognitive and semantic attacks on computer systems and their users. Several countermeasures against such attacks are described, including a description of a prototype News Verifier system. It is argued that because misinformation and deception play a much more significant role in intelligence and security informatics than in other informatics disciplines such as science, medicine, and the law, a new science of intelligence and security informatics must concern itself with semantic attacks and countermeasures.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rapid Growth of Cerebral Aneurysms Before Rupture

Ruptured intracranial aneurysms often have poor clinical outcome. International Study on Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms has demonstrated the value of treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms and that aneurysms larger than 7mm may benefit from treatment. Although aneurysm size appears to be the major indication for rupture, other risk factors, including anatomical location and patient history, are also important in clinical evaluation and cannot be overlooked. Aneurysms at the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) especially have higher rupture risk and rupture at smaller sizes than other aneurysms.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Intelligent concurrent engineering environment

Abstract Though several are the in-roads that have been made towards achieving design-for-manufacturability (DFM) and design-for-assembly (DFA), speaking of some of the crucial issues associated with concurrent engineering, yet very few comprehensive blue-prints exist that speak of a near-complete concurrent engineering environment. This could mainly be attributed to the multifarious versions of how to successfully setup a concurrent engineering environment for today's ever changing engineering scenario. An operational concurrent engineering environment needs to be addressed in its totality or near-totality. This paper is one such venture.
Aflatoxin Accumulation and Associated Traits in QPM Maize Inbreds and their Testcrosses

Preharvest aflatoxin (AF) contamination by Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr is one of the main limitations for maize (Zea mays, L.) production in the southern USA, causing enormous economic losses and posing a risk to animal and human health. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate aflatoxin accumulation and expression of associated traits in quality protein maize (QPM) inbreds and their testcrosses, (2) to compute their repeatabilities and correlations, and (3) to study the relationship between inbred lines and their testcrosses for aflatoxin accumulation. Forty-eight inbreds and their testcrosses plus checks were grown in one and three locations in south and central Texas, respectively. Aflatoxin concentration was evaluated in the plants following inoculation with A. flavus. Average aflatoxin concentration overall for inbreds was 286.3 ng g−1, and for testcrosses 596.5 ng g−1 at Corpus Christi, TX, 325.1 ng g−1 at Weslaco, TX, and 105.1 ng g−1 at College Station, TX. Flinty orange inbreds developed from CIMMYT Population 69 were the least susceptible to aflatoxin accumulation in both inbreds and testcrosses at all locations. Repeatability for aflatoxin was 0.67 in inbreds at Weslaco, TX and 0.54 in testcrosses across locations. Aflatoxin in testcrosses was positively correlated both phenotycally and genotypically with endosperm texture and kernel integrity, and negatively correlated with grain yield and silking date. Less aflatoxin accumulation was associated with flinty endosperm texture, better kernel integrity, and later maturities. Association between the expression of traits in inbreds and aflatoxin in testcrosses was relatively high for endosperm texture (R 2 = 0.62), silking date (R 2 = 0.44), kernel integrity (R 2 = 0.39), and aflatoxin (R 2 = 0.60 for log ng g−1). It seems plausible to select for associated traits having high heritabilities and strong correlation with aflatoxin, in addition to low aflatoxin accumulation in inbreds and hybrids to reduce the risk of aflatoxin contamination.
Use of a TR T-DNA promoter to express genes in plants and bacteria

A series of plasmids have been constructed in which a promoter from the TR region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid has been fused to genes encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) or a cDNA clone encoding a 22 kd zein protein. After recombination into the Ti-plasmid pTiA6, A. tumefaciens strains harboring these plasmids were used to incite tumors on sunflower hypocotyl sections. Tumors containing the NPT II gene in the correct orientation relative to the promoter were able to grow on normally inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotic G418. Tumors with the NPT II gene in the incorrect orientation, or with the zein gene in either orientation, were killed by the antibiotic. S1 nuclease protection experiments indicated that for both the NPT II and zein genes, the T-DNA promoter was functioning correctly. The T-DNA fragment containing the promoter active in plants also contained promoter sequences active both in E. coli and in A. tumefaciens.
5.3: LCD Projection Image Source for Head‐Up Display

This paper describes the performance requirements, design, and fabrication of a LCD projection image source for use in a wide field of view head-up display (HUD) optical system. The LCD projector replaces the commonly used CRT, with the intended benefits of lower cost, multicolor, improved raster brightness, and digital interface. Predicted and measured results are reported, with descriptions of the key technical challenges.
Advances in learning for intelligent mobile robots

Intelligent mobile robots must often operate in an unstructured environment cluttered with obstacles and with many possible action paths to accomplish a variety of tasks. Such machines have many potential useful applications in medicine, defense, industry and even the home so that the design of such machines is a challenge with great potential rewards. Even though intelligent systems may have symbiotic closure that permits them to make a decision or take an action without external inputs, sensors such as vision permit sensing of the environment and permit precise adaptation to changes. Sensing and adaptation define a reactive system. However, in many applications some form of learning is also desirable or perhaps even required. A further level of intelligence called understanding may involve not only sensing, adaptation and learning but also creative, perceptual solutions involving models of not only the eyes and brain but also the mind. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion of recent technical advances in learning for intelligent mobile robots with examples of adaptive, creative and perceptual learning. The significance of this work is in providing a greater understanding of the applications of learning to mobile robots that could lead to important beneficial applications.
Sucrose metabolism in resting-cell suspensions of caries associated and non-caries-associated dental plaque.

Small specimens of cariogenic plaque (CP) and non-cariogenic plaque (NCP) from the same tooth were individually dispersed in buffer, divided equally, and incubated for 45 min with [14C]sucrose uniformly labeled either in the glucosyl moiety or the fructosyl moiety. Sucrose metabolism was analyzed periodically during an anaerobic incubation at 37°C. Radiochemical techniques were devised to analyze formation of lactic acid, soluble extracellular polysaccharide, total cell-bound and insoluble products, intracellular polysaccharide, lactic acid from intracellular polysaccharide catabolism, insoluble extracellular glucan, CO2, total volatile acids, individual volatile acids, and rates of sucrose consumption. The contribution of the glucosyl and fructosyl moieties of sucrose to each metabolic by-product was determined. All of the metabolic data were adjusted to the size of the plaque specimens as determined by colony-forming units, Coulter counter particle counts, and fluorometric protein analyses. Both types of dental plaque transformed from 70 to 80% of the consumed sucrose into lactic acid and cell-bound and insoluble products, primarily intracellular polysaccharide and extracellular glucan. Volatile acids accounted for most of the remaining by-products. CP metabolized significantly more sucrose than NCP and consequently produced significantly higher levels of each metabolic by-product. High levels of Streptococcus mutans were found in CP (averaging 40% of colony-forming units), whereas it was virtually absent in NCP. Actinomyces and S. sanguis levels were distinctly higher in NCP. NCP harbored more anaerobes and dextranase-forming microorganisms than CP.
Choroid plexus cysts do not affect fetal neurodevelopment

To determine whether an isolated finding of a choroid plexus cyst (CPC) during routine ultrasound is associated with altered fetal growth or development. Prospective, case–control study comparing 35 CPC cases to 67 controls. Neurobehavioral development assessment included 50 min long serial recordings of heart rate, motor activity and their interrelation at 24, 28, 32 and 36 weeks gestation. Growth measurement was based on three ultrasound evaluations of femur length, biparietal diameter, head circumference and abdominal circumference at initial exam, 28 and 36 weeks. Longitudinal analyses revealed no differences in fetal heart rate, variability or accelerations; the number or duration of fetal movements or total motor activity; nor fetal movement-fetal heart rate coupling. CPC cases had slightly smaller head and abdominal circumferences at 28 weeks, but these differences had disappeared by 36 weeks. CPC detection was more common when routine exams were conducted earlier (18.8 versus 19.5 weeks; P<0.01). Despite the presumption that CPCs with normal karyotypes are benign variants, little empirical support exists. These results indicate that CPCs detected by prenatal ultrasound do not pose or reveal a threat to fetal development.
Current Management of Infantile Hemangiomas and Their Common Associated Conditions

This article reviews the most current practice guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of infantile hemangiomas. Several systemic conditions that can be associated with hemangiomas, such as PHACES syndrome, are also discussed. Propranolol has become an effective first-line treatment, and protocols for its use as well as its potential risks are outlined.
Sex and the basic scientist: is it time to embrace Title IX?

Background New drugs must be deemed safe and effective by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they are made available to the public. The FDA can also withdraw drugs from the market if unexpected adverse effects are detected in postmarketing surveillance after initial approval. The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) reviewed ten prescription drugs withdrawn from the market during the period of January 1997 and December 2000 and found that 8 out of the 10 drugs were withdrawn due to adverse events occurring predominantly in women. Women were at greater risk for valvular heart disease for the appetite suppressants fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, and Torsades de Pointes for the
The Application of a Semiautomated Postoperative Care Program in a Community Hospital: Early Results

Abstract The clinical involvement of computer technology in a medical center environment has been successfully utilized in the postoperative care of patients following open intracardiac operations. This report describes the initial experience in a community hospital with the adaptation and evaluation of such a system in the postoperative care of critically ill patients. The early experience with this noncomputerized system suggests the clinical usefulness of the approach, the potential increase in manpower utilization, and the greater utilization of the nursing staff in true patient care. The early results of the study do not indicate that this approach to patient care is necessarily economically feasible or technically applicable in all community hospitals.
TRPM-2 gene expression in normal rat ventral prostate following castration and exposure to diethylstilbestrol, flutamide, MK-906 (finasteride), and coumarin.

TRPM-2, not normally expressed in the rat ventral prostate, has been identified as an important genetic marker of castration-induced apoptotic cell death. It is not known whether other agents capable of causing growth inhibition of the rat ventral prostate also induce TRPM-2 expression. To investigate this further, 270 mature Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into one of six groups: control, castration, diethylstilbestrol (DES), flutamide, MK-906 (finasteride), or coumarin. Five rats per group were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 21. Serum testosterone, body weights, and prostate weights were determined at each time point. The ventral prostate was removed and cellular RNA extracted. Northern blot analysis using cDNA probes for TRPM-2 and γ-actin were performed at each time point. Only DES significantly decreased rat weights. DES and castration reduced serum testosterone to undetectable levels by the next day. Flutamide caused a 3.0- to 4.5-fold increase in serum testosterone above control. Coumarin and MK-906 did not affect serum testosterone levels. DES and castration reduced prostate weights to 20% and 6% of control, respectively, while inducing TRPM-2 expression to a maximum on day 5 of the experiment. DES induced TRPM-2 expression over a longer duration than did castration, suggesting that more than just the decrease of serum testosterone to castrate levels plays a role in the expression of TRPM-2. MK-906, coumarin, and flutamide reduced prostatic weights to a lesser extent (50%, 63%, 71% of control, respectively), but these agents did not induce TRPM-2 expression at any time during the experiment. TRPM-2 expression in the rat ventral prostate does not correlate simply with catabolic effects on the prostate. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A clustering algorithm for object-oriented development of distributed computing system software

In object-oriented development of distributed computing system software, one of the important tasks is to cluster objects into modules for achieving high performance, which is heavily affected by intermodule communication and the degree of parallel execution of modules. In this paper, a clustering algorithm is presented based on reducing intermodule communication and increasing concurrency for module execution as well as satisfying user's specifications on clustering of objects. An example is given to illustrate the clustering algorithm.
Class Consciousness and Common Property: The International Fishermen and Allied Workers of America

The story of the International Fishermen and Allied Workers' of America (IFAWA), a Pacific North American trade union, allows a closer look at the relation between class consciousness and common property natural resources. In light of this story, I reexamine the range of organizational forms considered in the literature on common property nat ural resource management, and conventional assumptions about the context of union organization, to demonstrate that both are excessively narrow. The characterization of fishers and other smallholders as independent entrepreneurs belies the relations of pro duction and class that hold in the fisheries, and organized labor can represent an effective attempt to restructure a particular political ecology. Working-class consciousness emerged among Pacific coast fishers during the first half of the twentieth century, and collective ef forts to manage common property reflected that class-consciousness. Realizing the fact that the precious species of salmon and other valuable food fish are decreasing rapidly and are facing extinction, and that thousands of fishermen and cannery workers on the Pacific Coast of the U.S.A. are depending on the fish ing industry for a living, it is our object to use our influence, individually and col lectively, urging National and State Governments to enact laws against the un scrupulous tactics in fishing and improper seasonal limits in order to safeguard this
Characterization of human fibrocytes as circulating adipocyte progenitors and the formation of human adipose tissue in SCID mice

An increase in fat mass associated with obesity results from recruitment and differentiation of adipocyte progenitor cells. The precise origin of these cells is unknown, although accumulating evidence suggests that circulating stem cells can differentiate into cells of mesenchymal lineage. It is currently unclear whether a progenitor adipocyte population exists in circulation. One potential candidate is the fibrocyte, which may represent a common progenitor cell for several mesenchymal lineages. We demonstrate that these circulating progenitors become adipocytes when cultured under adipogenic conditions, with intracellular lipids accumulation and up-regulation of proteins specific for adipocyte differentiation, including leptin, PPARgamma, and FABP4. cDNA microarray analysis revealed gene clusters that were differentially regulated during adipogenesis of fibrocytes, which were similar to visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue preadipocyte-to-adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, these progenitors engrafted and formed human adipose tissue following injection into SCID mice. Although fibrocytes express an array of chemokine receptors, we observed an up-regulation of CCR2 expression following fibrocytes differentiation into adipocytes, which was associated with increased chemotactic response to CCL2. This paradigm supports the notion that elevated CCL2 levels in visceral adipose tissue associated with Metabolic Syndrome is a chemotactic niche, whereby fibrocytes can home to and differentiate into adipocytes to perpetuate its tissue formation.
A one-dimensional analysis of rigid-body penetration with high-speed friction

AbstractA new law for high-speed friction is presented in this paper. This law is based on observations made by several investigators regarding the asymptotic behaviour of sliding friction as the s...
ALUMINUM-COATED CORRUGATED STEEL-PIPE FIELD PERFORMANCE

The design life used by many agencies for planning drainage structures has increased to 50 years or more in recent years. This has created a niche for a more durable product in the low‐cost market. Aluminum‐coated corrugated steel pipe (CSP) is one contender for this niche. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has aluminum‐coated CSP field test sites that have been monitored since their installation in 1981. To date, however, monitoring has consisted primarily of visual inspections. The objective of this study was to quantitatively document the performance of the FHWA installations in terms of site conditions and in comparison with adjacent galvanized and aluminum‐zinc‐coated CSP culverts. Culvert deterioration was evaluated by measuring the maximum pit depth in the metal samples taken from pipe inverts. The conclusions of this study are limited by the small size of the data set and the young age of the data. However, during the first seven years of exposure, the aluminum‐coated CSP studied performed...
West Nile Virus: Case Report with MR Imaging Findings

We report a case of serologically proved West Nile virus encephalitis. Striking bilateral hyperintensities were noted in the basal ganglia and thalami on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR images, similar to previous accounts of the imaging findings in cases of Japanese encephalitis. Recognition of the MR imaging appearance of this entity is important because of the expanding epidemic.
Estimating Sustainable Live-Coral Harvest at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea

Live coral is harvested throughout the Indo-West Pacific to make lime, used in the consumption of the world’s fourth-most consumed drug, betel nut. Coral harvesting is an environmental concern; however, because lime-making is one of the few sources of income in some areas of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the practice is unlikely to stop. To better manage coral harvest, we used standard fishery-yield methods to generate sustainable-harvest guidelines for corymbose Acropora species found on the reef flat and crest at Lababia, PNG. We constructed a yield curve (weight-specific net annual-dry-weight production) by: 1) describing the allometric relationship between colony size and dry weight, and using that relationship to estimate the dry weight of Acropora colonies in situ; 2) estimating annual growth of Acropora colonies by estimating in situ, and describing the relationship between, colony dry weight at the beginning and end of one year; and 3) conducting belt-transect surveys to describe weight-frequencies and ultimately to predict annual weight change per square meter for each weight class. Reef habitat covers a total 2,467,550 m2 at Lababia and produces an estimated 248,397 kg/y (dry weight) of corymbose Acropora, of which 203,897 kg is produced on the reef flat/crest. We conservatively estimate that 30,706.6 kg of whole, dry, corymbose, Acropora can be sustainably harvested from the reef flat/crest habitat each year provided each culled colony weighs at least 1805 g when dry (or is at least 46 cm along its major axis). Artisanal lime-makers convert 24.8% of whole-colony weight into marketable lime, thus we estimate 7615.2 g of lime can be sustainably produced annually from corymbose Acropora. This value incorporates several safety margins, and should lead to proper management of live coral harvest. Importantly, the guideline recognizes village rights to exploit its marine resources, is consistent with village needs for income, and balances an equally strong village desire to conserve its marine resources for future generations.
On the dispersion of zero sound in liquid4He

A new derivation of Pines' zero-sound model of the phonon in liquid4He is presented which shows that the essential assumption in the model is that the mechanism of phonon damping in no way depends upon the mechanism for creating phonon modes. The result of a numerical calculation of the dispersion relation for zero sound in the wave number range 0≤k≤0.2 A−1 is given and is shown to be in very good agreement with recent direct measurements of the speed of superthermal phonons in He II by Narayanamurti, Andres, and Dynes.
The critical perspective in psychological jurisprudence theoretical advances and epistemological assumptions.

The critical perspectives of psychological jurisprudence identified above, along with their corresponding epistemological assumptions, reflect a radical agenda for change at the law-psychology divide. Although not exhaustively reviewed, the individual theories represent different approaches by which structural reform can be enacted and citizen well-being can therefore be realized. Collectively, the critical perspectives and their attending presuppositions challenge conventional wisdom about prospects for transforming (i.e., humanizing) the legal apparatus. I submit that the future viability of the law-psychology movement, and its overall utility for society, considerably depends on its capacity to facilitate and secure such widespread change. By focusing on critical theoretical inquiry, this article makes painfully clear that much of what is wrong with the legal system, especially in its interactions with and interpretations of people, cannot be amended or solved through it. Indeed, as Roesch (1995) observed, "changes in the justice system will never be sufficient to create a just society, nor will within system changes by themselves ever have much of an impact on individuals who come into conflict with the law" (p. 3). I agree. Accordingly, it is time to move on and, where necessary, to look elsewhere for guidance. The radical agenda in psychological jurisprudence represents a provocative strategy, providing a meaningful basis for critique and a sustainable basis for reform. Both are integral to the call for justice embodied in the founding of the AP-LS decades ago. Realizing this challenge, however, remains an unfulfilled dream. Thus, the task that awaits is to apply the insights of critical psychological jurisprudence to relevant areas of research and policy. I submit that the academy can ill afford to dismiss this task. Indeed, in the final analysis, to do so would not only defer prospects for justice but would destroy its very possibility, especially for citizens disillusioned by the status quo and desperate for change that makes a difference.
Serotonin-Induced Spike Narrowing in a Locomotor Pattern Generator Permits Increases in Cycle Frequency During Accelerations

During serotonin-induced swim acceleration in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina, interneurons of the central pattern generator (CPG) exhibit significant action potential narrowing. Spike narrowi...
Dr. LEGOHead, Ph.D.: a real-world story construction environment

This demonstration will introduce a new kind of real-world construction environment designed to support children's creation of stories. Prior real-world constructionist environments for children were designed to support the creation of machines and creatures. Through the construction of these devices, children discovered many powerful ideas from disciplines such as mathematics and engineering. However, the low-level "brick and motor" approach to building required children to focus more on mechanical and electrical engineering, and less on the kind of "narrative engineering" toward which they are naturally inclined. Research is currently being conducted into the value of construction environments that emphasize narrative, as well as other forms, of construction.
Crisis intervention services and empirical data: lessons learned from the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP).

Nationally, health care is moving toward standards of evidence-based treatments and practices. Evidence-based care is rooted in empirical data that demonstrate safety and efficacy for the intervention in question. In time, all medicines, surgical interventions, rehabilitation approaches, and psychological treatments will be expected to be rooted in data. Crisis intervention services will not be exempted from this national standard. This paper reviews the lessons learned from the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP) data base to illustrate how empirical data can meet the national standard of evidence-based care and improve the quality of services provided. The ASAP data have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of ASAP as well as providing insights for risk management strategies in the changing face of patient violence. Language: en
Optimal no-go theorem on hidden-variable predictions of effect expectations

No-go theorems prove that, under reasonable assumptions, classical hidden-variable theories cannot reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics. Traditional no-go theorems proved that hidden-variable theories cannot predict correctly the values of observables. Recent expectation no-go theorems prove that hidden-variable theories cannot predict the expectations of observables. We prove the strongest expectation-focused no-go theorem to date. It is optimal in the sense that the natural weakenings of the assumptions and the natural strengthenings of the conclusion make the theorem fail. The literature on expectation no-go theorems strongly suggests that the expectation-focused approach is more general than the value-focused one. We establish that the expectation approach is not more general.