cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locality in Correlatives

Correlativization seems to be an intrinsicallynon-local strategy, where the Correlative clause can appeardiscontinuous from the noun phrase it modifies. I show that correlative constructions in the Modern Indo-Aryan languages neverthelessdisplay locality effects.The nature of these locality effects depends upon whether the correlativeclause involves a single relativization ('Simple') or mutiplerelativizations ('Multi-Head'). The generalization that emerges is thata Correlative clause must be merged as locally as possible to the phrasethat it modifies. Simple correlatives modify DPs and so they startadjoined to the DP that they modify and then are fronted to an IP-adjoinedposition. Such an approach is able to explain the hitherto unexplainedsensitivity of the correlative-modified phrase relationship to islands.Multi-Head Correlatives modify IPs and therefore they start adjoined to the smallestIP that contains the variables bound by the Multi-Head Correlative, followedby optional movement to the clause-initial position. My proposal argues that Simple Correlatives and Multi-Head Correlatives involve different derivational histories. This difference in derivationalhistory is then used to account for the many differences in their syntactic behavior. Finally, the 'Condition on Local Merge' from which this analysis follows is shown to have cross-linguistic support.
Engineering entangled-photon states using two-dimensional PPLN crystals

We propose to use periodically poled lithium niobate crystals (PPLN) as a source of specially engineered entangled photon pairs. We demonstrate the generation of polarization-entangled states using one-dimensional PPLN, and frequency-entangled states using two-dimensional PPLN.
Cold pre-conditioning neuroprotection depends on TNF-α and is enhanced by blockade of interleukin-11.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 187–196. Abstract Cold pre-conditioning reduces subsequent brain injury in small animals but the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. As hypothermia triggers systemic macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and other neural pre-conditioning stimuli depend on this cytokine, we reasoned that microglia and TNF-α would be similarly involved with cold pre-conditioning neuroprotection. Also, as slice cultures closely approximate their in vivo counterpart and include quiescent microglia, we used rat hippocampal slice cultures to confirm this hypothesis. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine gene screening with subsequent PCR and immunostaining confirmation of targeted mRNA and related protein changes showed that cold pre-conditioning triggered a significant rise in TNF-α that localized to microglia and a significant rise in interleukin (IL)-11 that localized mainly to hippocampal pyramidal neurons and, more rarely, astrocytes. Importantly, co-stimulation with cold and IL-11, an anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits TNF-α expression, abrogated the otherwise evident protection. Instead, cold pre-conditioning coupled with blockade of IL-11 signaling further enhanced neuroprotection from that seen with cold pre-conditioning alone. Thus, physiological activation of brain pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, and its amplification by inhibition of coincident anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling, may be opportune targets for the development of novel therapeutics that can mimic the protection seen in cold pre-conditioning.
In the face of fear: Anxiety sensitizes defensive responses to fearful faces

Fearful faces readily activate the amygdala. Yet, whether fearful faces evoke fear is unclear. Startle studies show no potentiation of startle by fearful faces, suggesting that such stimuli do not activate defense mechanisms. However, the response to biologically relevant stimuli may be sensitized by anxiety. The present study tested the hypothesis that startle would not be potentiated by fearful faces in a safe context, but that startle would be larger during fearful faces compared to neutral faces in a threat-of-shock context. Subjects viewed fearful and neutral faces in alternating periods of safety and threat of shock. Acoustic startle stimuli were presented in the presence and absence of the faces. Startle was transiently potentiated by fearful faces compared to neutral faces in the threat periods. This suggests that although fearful faces do not prompt behavioral mobilization in an innocuous context, they can do so in an anxiogenic one.
Apparent copper absorption from a vegetarian diet

BACKGROUND Vegetarian diets often contain more copper than do nonvegetarian diets, but observations of decreased plasma copper associated with vegetarian diets suggest that these diets have lower copper bioavailability than do nonvegetarian diets. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine apparent copper absorption from controlled lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. DESIGN Eighteen women aged 20-43 y consumed lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian weighed diets for 8 wk each in a randomized, crossover design. The lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian diets provided 1.45 and 0.94 mg Cu, 38 and 16 g dietary fiber, and 1584 and 518 mg phytic acid, respectively, per 9.2 MJ (2200 kcal). After the women had been consuming each diet for 4 wk, their apparent copper absorption was determined by measuring the fecal excretion of the 65Cu stable isotope, extrinsically added to the entire menu as 65CuCl2. RESULTS Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin were not affected by diet. The efficiency of apparent copper absorption from the lactoovovegetarian diet was less (33%) than that from the nonvegetarian diet (42%) (pooled SD: 9%; P < 0.05). However, because the lactoovovegetarian diet contained approximately 50% more copper, the total apparent copper absorption from the lactoovovegetarian diet (0.48 mg/d) was greater than that from the nonvegetarian diet (0.40 mg/d) (pooled SD: 0.09 mg; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Although copper was less efficiently absorbed from a vegetarian diet than from a nonvegetarian diet, total apparent copper absorption was greater from the vegetarian diet because of its greater copper content.
MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging

Abstract Introduction The Mediterranean and dash diets have been shown to slow cognitive decline; however, neither diet is specific to the nutrition literature on dementia prevention. Methods We devised the Mediterranean-Dietary Approach to Systolic Hypertension (DASH) diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diet score that specifically captures dietary components shown to be neuroprotective and related it to change in cognition over an average 4.7 years among 960 participants of the Memory and Aging Project. Results In adjusted mixed models, the MIND score was positively associated with slower decline in global cognitive score (β = 0.0092; P Discussion The study findings suggest that the MIND diet substantially slows cognitive decline with age. Replication of these findings in a dietary intervention trial would be required to verify its relevance to brain health.
The Gendering of Cancer Survivorship

This article examines the relationship between gender and cancer survivorship. I argue that gender is as critical as a category of analysis for understanding cancer survivorship as it is missing from survivorship studies, particularly as concerns the identificatory basis of survivor culture and clinical studies regarding survivors’ quality of life (QOL). This under-studied question of the gendering of survivorship is critical because the consequences of the social production of disease is far-reaching, from the nature of medical research to social awareness, to funding to the well-being of cancer survivors themselves.
The Drum and the Mask: Time of the Tubuan.

The Drum and the Mask: Time of the Tubuan. 1999. 29 minutes. video by Caroline Yacoe. Charles Chess. and David Yacoe. For more information, contact University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street, Fourth Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704.
Adult-onset cerebello-brainstem dominant form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy presenting as multiple system atrophy: case report and literature review.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder and is caused by ABCD1 mutations. A cerebello-brainstem dominant form that mainly involves the cerebellum and brainstem is summarized in a review of the literature, with autopsy-confirmed cases exceedingly rare. We report a 69-year-old White man who was diagnosed with this rare disorder and describe neuropathologic, ultrastructural and genetic analyses. He did not have adrenal insufficiency or a family history of X-ALD or Addison's disease. His initial symptom was temporary loss of eyesight at age 34 years. His major symptoms were chronic and progressive gait disorder, weakness in his lower extremities and spasticity, as well as autonomic failure and cerebellar ataxia suggesting possible multiple system atrophy (MSA). He also had seizures, hearing loss and sensory disturbances. His brain MRI showed no obvious atrophy or significant white matter pathology in cerebrum, brainstem or cerebellum. He died at age 69 years with a diagnosis of MSA. Microscopic analysis showed mild, patchy myelin rarefaction with perivascular clusters of PAS-positive, CD68-positive macrophages in the white matter most prominent in the cerebellum and occipital lobe, but also affecting the optic tract and internal capsule. Electron microscopy of cerebellar white matter showed cleft-like trilamellar cytoplasmic inclusions in macrophages typical of X-ALD, which prompted genetic analysis that revealed a novel ABCD1 mutation, p.R163G. Given the relatively mild pathological findings and long disease duration, it is likely that the observed pathology was the result of a slow and indolent disease process. We described a patient who had sporadic cerebello-brainstem dominant form of X-ALD with long clinical course, mild pathological findings, and an ABCD1 p.R163G substitution. We also review a total of 34 cases of adult-onset cerebello-brainstem dominant form of X-ALD. Although rare, X-ALD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of MSA.
The transition to school: Adaptation in young children with and without intellectual disability.

Background Previous research has highlighted the importance of the transition to school for young children and their families. A child’s successful adaptation to school is likely influenced by a number of factors, including academic, social, emotional, behavioural and cognitive competencies. Children with intellectual disability (ID) may be at heightened risk for early school difficulties, in part due to their deficits in cognitive and adaptive behaviours. Methods Factors associated with the adaptive transition to school in young children with ( n =  ) and without ( n =  ) ID were examined. Adaptive transitions were defined as having few teacher-reported problem behaviours and positive student‐teacher relationships. Child self-regulatory skills and both parent- and teacher-reported social skills were evaluated to determine if they predicted positive adaptation in school for  - to  -year-old children. Data were gathered from child assessments, parent reports on standardized measures, direct observations of delay of gratification tasks and teacher reports on standardized measures. Results Children with ID had significantly more teacher-reported problem behaviour, poorer overall student‐teacher relationships, fewer parent- and teacher-reported social skills and fewer selfregulation skills than typically developing children. Self-regulation at child age  months (latency to touch a desired toy) was significantly related to adaptation to school, as were parent and teacher reports of social skills. Social skills significantly predicted adaptation to school, even after accounting for the effects of child IQ and adaptive behaviour. Conclusions Children with ID had less positive early school experiences, as indicated by multiple indices of adaptation to school. Fostering early social skills may be an important target for increasing the positive adaptation to school for young children, especially those with ID.
Multimodal Affect Classification at Various Temporal Lengths

Earlier studies have shown that certain emotional characteristics are best observed at different analysis-frame lengths. When features of multiple modalities are extracted, it is reasonable to believe that different temporal lengths would better model the underlying characteristics that result from different emotions. In this study, we examine the use of such differing timescales in constructing emotion classifiers. A novel fusion method is introduced that utilizes the outputs of individual classifiers that are trained using multi-dimensional inputs with multiple temporal lengths. We used the IEMOCAP database which contains audiovisual information of 10 subjects in dyadic interaction settings. The classification task was performed over three emotional dimensions: valence , activation , and dominance . The results demonstrate the utility of the multimodal-multitemporal approach. Statistically significant improvements in accuracy are seen for in all three dimensions when compared with unimodal-unitemporal classifiers.
Photothermal mapping of defects in the study of bulk damage in KDP

Interest in producing high-damage-threshold KH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} (KDP) and (D{sub x}H{sub 1-x}){sub 2}PO{sub 4} (DKDP) for frequency conversion and optical switching applications is driven by the requirements of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). At present only the best crystals meet the NIF system requirements at the third harmonic (351 nm) and only after a laser conditioning process. Neither the mechanism for damage in bulk KDP nor the mechanism for conditioning is understood. As part of a development effort to increase the damage thresholds of KDP and DKDP, we have been developing a diagnostic tool that will find these locations, we will use other measurement techniques to determine how these locations differ from the surrounding material and why they cause damage. This will allow crystal growers to focus their efforts during the growth process in improving damage thresholds.
Oxidation and Hydrolysis of Lactic Acid in Near-Critical Water

Hydrothermal reactions (oxidation and hydrolysis) involving lactic acid (LA) were studied at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 °C and a nominal pressure of 27.6 MPa. Kinetic models were develope...
The facial edema of vena cava syndrome mistaken for angioneurotic edema

Abstract Three cases of superior vena cava obstruction are presented. It is pointed out that this syndrome may in the early stages masquerade as an allergic illness. In three cases the syndrome was misdiagnosed as either drug reaction or angioneurotic edema, and the patients were treated accordingly until the correct diagnosis became apparent. There are several characteristic features of the history and physical examination which make it possible to differentiate the superior vena eava syndrome from allergic illnesses early in the course of the disease. These include the distribution and nature of the edema, localized changes is venous pressure, and the appearance of venous collaterals with associated skin changes. Reference is given to the numerous etiologies of the syndrome which have been reported. It is, therefore, necessary to perform a thorough diagnostic work-up prior to embarking on a course of therapy.
Prospects for the Future: The Use of Participatory Action Research to Study Educational Disadvantage.

Of all the varieties of educational disadvantage, issues involving students who are homeless, or who move frequently because of poverty, are perhaps some of the most difficult for public school educators in the US to address. Using a pragmatic mixed methods design, this study evaluates the efficacy of participatory action research (PAR): (1) as a mechanism to engage educators in issues of disadvantage, (2) as professional development, (3) as a means of encouraging the increase in three domains of educational practice. Resulting from an extensive review of the literature concerned with the complex nature of homeless education, the three domains measured were: access to services, welcoming school culture, and flexible instructional strategy. Qualitative information was collected throughout the study from interviews, focus groups, and reflective practises. Data were open and selectively coded using Atlas/ti software and results were triangulated, when possible, with survey data. Findings confirm that this us...
Influenza: Its Control in Persons and Populations

This case description is from what surely was an influenza epidemic in the year 1557 and is similar to influenzal illnesses seen currently. The pattern of occurrence of influenza is for millions of such cases to occur in epidemics. Hippocrates referred to an epidemic in the year 412 B.C., and history has recorded many influenza epidemics and pandemics since that time. In 1974, an Influenza Research Center (IRC) was established at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston). It has been devoted primarily to obtaining answers to many of the epidemiological questions relat-
Emotional Compatibility and the Effectiveness of Antidrinking Messages: A Defensive Processing Perspective on Shame and Guilt

Abstract Five studies examine how the two distinct emotional states of shame and guilt influence the effectiveness of messages that highlight socially undesirable consequences of alcohol consumption. Appeals that frame others as observing versus suffering the negative consequences of binge drinking differentially activate shame and guilt. Given these emotional consequences of message framing, the authors examine the interaction between incidental shame or guilt and message framing on drinking intentions and behavior. Compatible appeals (i.e., appeals that elicit the same emotion as being incidentally experienced by the consumer) are less effective in influencing behavioral intentions and beverage consumption because of a process in which consumers discount the notion that they may cause the negative consequences outlined in the message. Such defensive processing of compatible messages is driven by a desire to reduce the existing negative emotion.
EFFECT OF A BLOCK COPOLYMER ON THE ADHESION BETWEEN INCOMPATIBLE POLYMERS.I, SYMMETRIC TESTS

We have studied the adhesion (welding) of polystyrene (PS) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the effect of incorporating a thin layer of PS/PMMA block copolymer in the joint. The minimum thickness of copolymer layer necessary to increase the joint failure energy G to that of the bulk was about half the interlamellar spacing (long period) of the block copolymer. This tends to suggest a simple model of the block copolymer organizing on the interface with the two halves of the copolymer dissolved in the relevant homopolymers, however, we have no direct evidence for this. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical microscopy were used to study the failure path. Without copolymer the crack propagated partly in the polystyrene and partly on the interface. Crazes grew from the interface into the polystyrene and the crack tended to follow such a craze for a short distance then jump back to the interface. With the copolymer, the failure mode was very similar, but there was evidence now of crazing on the interface. In no case was there evidence of a significant amount of PMMA on the PS side of the failure.
In vivo complete neural isolation of the rat jejunoileum: a simple model to study denervation sequelae of intestinal transplantation.

Background Our aim was to develop and validate a technically easy, reliable, and reproducible method of complete jejunoileal denervation in the rat to allow study of the physiologic effects of intestinal transplantation devoid of immunologic phenomena and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Materials and methods Six adult Sprague–Dawley rats underwent transection and reanastomosis of the proximal jejunum and proximal colon, transection of all neurolymphatic tissues at the base of the mesentery, stripping adventitia off the superior mesenteric artery and vein, and radial transection of the intervening mesenteries, thereby denervating the jejunoileum in situ without disrupting blood flow. Three rats each were sacrificed 1 and 6 months later. Intestinal smooth muscle from the still-innervated duodenum and the denervated jejunum, mid-small bowel, and ileum was compared to corresponding tissues from a normal rat for tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, a marker of extrinsic innervation. Results One and six months after denervation, all duodenal samples demonstrated normal tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. In contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was undetectable in jejunum, mid-small bowel, or ileum of rats at 1 month and 2 of the 3 rats at 6 months; 1 rat at 6 months had low levels of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity at the mesenteric border of jejunum and mid small bowel. Conclusion This simple technique of in situ neural isolation effectively and reproducibly achieves complete extrinsic denervation of the entire rat jejunoileum. Low levels of neural regeneration may be present 6 months after denervation.
Evaluating Academic Outcomes of Head Start: An Application of General Growth Mixture Modeling.

Abstract This study intends to illustrate the utility of general growth mixture modeling (GGMM) for evaluation of early childhood education programs, using a sample of children with Head Start experience. In the first analysis of this study growth mixture modeling (GMM) found that children with Head Start experience had two distinct growth patterns. In the second analysis of this study general growth mixture modeling found that children with two or more years of program participation did not have faster achievement growth, on average, than children with only one year of program participation. This study also found that a gender gap in mathematics and an income gap in reading and mathematics were exclusively exhibited by the children with no preschool experience. Therefore, it was concluded that the Head Start program may be reducing both a gender gap in mathematics and an income gap in reading and mathematics.
Reduction of structural dimensionality through incorporation of auxiliary ligands in lanthanide tetracyanoplatinates

Abstract The synthesis of a series of lanthanide tetracyanoplatinates containing the auxiliary ligands 1,10′-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) have been carried out by reaction of Ln 3+ nitrate salts with phen or bpy and potassium tetracyanoplatinate in solvent systems containing dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide. The use of these solvents has lead to the isolation of [{ Ln (DMSO) 2 (C 12 H 8 N 2 )(H 2 O) 3 } 2 Pt(CN) 4 ](Pt(CN) 4 ) 2 ·2C 12 H 8 N 2 ·4H 2 O ( Ln = Eu ( Eu-1 ), Tb ( Tb-1 ), Yb( Yb-1 )), [ Ln (DMF) 3 (C 12 H 8 N 2 )(H 2 O) 2 NO 3 ]Pt(CN) 4 ( Ln = La ( La-2 ), Eu ( Eu-2 ), Tb ( Tb-2 )), and [ Ln (DMF) 3 (C 10 H 8 N 2 )(H 2 O) 2 NO 3 ]Pt(CN) 4 ( Ln = La ( La-3 ), Sm ( Sm-3 ), Eu ( Eu-3 ), Tb ( Tb-3 )) in the form of single crystals. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been used to investigate their structural features. The use of DMSO versus DMF as the solvent results in markedly different structural features. Eu-1 contains [{Eu(DMSO) 2 (C 12 H 8 N 2 )(H 2 O) 3 } 2 Pt(CN) 4 ] 2+ complex cations where the two Eu 3+ centers are linked by a trans-bridging Pt(CN) 4 2− anion to form a dimeric lanthanide complex cation. An additional uncoordinated Pt(CN) 4 2− anion balances charge. Eu-2 and Eu-3 consist of zero-dimensional salts with [Eu(DMF) 3 (C 12 H 8 N 2 )(H 2 O) 2 (NO 3 )] 2+ or [Eu(DMF) 3 (C 10 H 8 N 2 )(H 2 O) 2 (NO 3 )] 2+ complex cations, respectively, and only non-coordinated Pt(CN) 4 2− anions. Photoluminescence measurements illustrate that the Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ compounds for all three structure types display enhanced emission due to intramolecular energy transfer from the coordinated cyclic amines.
Selective microstimulation of central nervous system neurons.

The goal of this study was to identify stimulus parameters and electrode geometries that were effective in selectively stimulating targeted neuronal populations within the central nervous system (CNS). Cable models of neurons that included an axon, initial segment, soma, and branching dendritic tree, with geometries and membrane dynamics derived from mammalian motoneurons, were used to study excitation with extracellular electrodes. The models reproduced a wide range of experimentally documented excitation patterns including current-distance and strength-duration relationships. Evaluation of different stimulus paradigms was performed using populations of fifty cells and fifty fibers of passage randomly positioned about an extracellular electrode(s). Monophasic cathodic or anodic stimuli enabled selective stimulation of fibers over cells or cells over fibers, respectively. However, when a symmetrical charge-balancing stimulus phase was incorporated, selectivity was greatly diminished. An anodic first, cathodic second asymmetrical biphasic stimulus enabled selective stimulation of fibers, while a cathodic first, anodic second asymmetrical biphasic stimulus enabled selective stimulation of cells. These novel waveforms provided enhanced selectivity while preserving charge balancing as is required to minimize the risk of electrode corrosion and tissue injury. Furthermore, the models developed in this study can predict the effectiveness of electrode geometries and stimulus parameters for selective activation of specific neuronal populations, and in turn represent useful tools for the design of electrodes and stimulus waveforms for use in CNS neural prosthetic devices. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8717Nn, 8719La, 8719Nn, 8717Aa
Mesenchymal stem cell response to TGF-β1 in both 2D and 3D environments

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are critical in stabilizing developing vascular networks, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has been shown to promote SMC differentiation from stem cells. Previously, our lab has developed a chemically modified fibrin-based hydrogel that induces endothelial cell (EC) phenotype and network formation from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) without exogenous cytokines. Additionally, we have shown that this hydrogel system is capable of releasing growth factors in a controlled manner. In the present work, the effects of TGF-β1 on hMSCs in both monolayer and fibrin-based gel culture systems were demonstrated. The objective was to enhance SMC properties through TGF-β1 signaling for vessel stability while maintaining EC gene expression and morphology. Proliferation was decreased with higher TGF-β1 concentration in both monolayer and 3D gel cultures. EC genes were predominantly downregulated in the presence of TGF-β1 in monolayer cultures, while SMC genes were generally upregulated. In fibrin-based gels, several SMC genes were significantly upregulated at high concentrations of TGF-β1. Even at elevated TGF-β1 concentrations, no significant differences were seen in EC genes for hMSCs in gels compared to controls. Network formation and growth occurred in PEGylated fibrin gels loaded with TGF-β1 and were not significantly different from gels without loaded growth factor. Additionally, production of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) was significantly increased in gels loaded with TGF-β1. These results demonstrate a simultaneous response of hMSCs to both the 3D biomatrix and cytokine signaling cues.
A novel aminosterol reverses diabetes and fatty liver disease in obese mice

Abstract Background/Aims Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in obesity. However, weight reduction alone does not prevent the development or progression of NAFLD. Since NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, we hypothesized that improvement of these factors would reverse obesity-related NAFLD. Methods We examined the effects of an aminosterol, 1436, on glucose, lipids and liver metabolism in Lep ob/ob mice, a model of obesity, severe insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Results 1436 decreased body weight, specifically fat content, by inhibiting food intake and increasing energy expenditure. In contrast to weight loss from food restriction, this aminosterol specifically lowered circulating lipids, reversed hepatic steatosis and normalized alanine aminotransferase level. 1436 decreased glucose, increased adiponectin and enhanced insulin action in liver. These changes culminated in inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis and increased fatty acid oxidation. Gene expression studies confirmed a reduction in lipogenic enzymes in liver, and elevation of enzymes involved in lipid catabolism. Conclusions These results demonstrate that 1436 is an effective treatment for insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in Lep ob/ob mice, by decreasing hepatic lipid synthesis and stimulating lipolysis. In contrast, weight loss from food restriction has no substantial effect on insulin resistance, lipids and hepatic steatosis.
Walking the Labyrinth: An Innovative Approach to Counseling Center Outreach

This article introduces the use of the labyrinth as one systemic approach counseling centers can use when conducting outreach targeting the college community. The author discusses the labyrinth's history and its recent resurgence in professional settings, summarizes the principles of walking the labyrinth, illustrates its introduction on one university campus, and outlines practical considerations for incorporating the labyrinth in college counseling center outreach efforts.
A 6-port 60 GHz coupler for an RN 2 beam former

A 6-port coupler has been implemented for use in an RN2 beam former at 60 GHz. The coupler was synthesized to provide the appropriate magnitude and phase division and then realized using micromachined TEM transmission lines. At 60 GHz, all signal paths of the coupler have a measured insertion loss less than 1.14 dB and a phase error of less than 3.8 degrees
Tailoring Absorber Thickness and the Absorber-Scaffold Interface in CdSe-Coated ZnO Nanowire Extremely Thin Absorber Solar Cells

Abstract Extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cells can theoretically provide higher efficiencies than planar cells for low quality absorbers, but only if their nanostructured morphology and interfaces are properly controlled. We report on the dependence of photovoltaic performance on absorber and buffer layer thickness in ETA solar cells containing CdSe-coated ZnO nanowires with CdS buffer. The optimal thickness of electrodeposited CdSe absorber was ∼50 - 80 nm, as determined using planar cells. Thicker films lead to poor charge separation efficiency due to bulk recombination, while thinner films suffered from poor light absorption and increased interfacial recombination. In ETA cells, the addition of a sub-5 nm CdS buffer layer significantly reduced interfacial recombination and improved fill factor and open circuit voltage. CdS prevents dissolution of the ZnO during CdSe deposition and improves interface quality. With appropriate selection of absorber thickness and interfacial treatment, ETA cells had efficiencies that were 30% larger and short circuit current densities that were two times larger than optimized planar cells. This work presents a rational approach toward designing ETA cell morphology, and it demonstrates a test case where the ETA architecture provides superior performance compared to planar cells made with the same materials and processing conditions.
Chimeric receptors with 4-1BB signaling capacity provoke potent cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia

To develop a therapy for drug-resistant B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we transduced T lymphocytes with anti-CD19 chimeric receptors, consisting of an anti-CD19 single-chain variable domain (reactive with most ALL cases), the hinge and transmembrane domains of CD8α, and the signaling domain of CD3ζ. We compared the antileukemic activity mediated by a novel receptor (‘anti-CD19-BB-ζ’) containing the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137; a crucial molecule for T-cell antitumor activity) to that of a receptor lacking costimulatory molecules. Retroviral transduction produced efficient and durable receptor expression in human T cells. Lymphocytes expressing anti-CD19-BB-ζ receptors exerted powerful and specific cytotoxicity against ALL cells, which was superior to that of lymphocytes with receptors lacking 4-1BB. Anti-CD19-BB-ζ lymphocytes were remarkably effective in cocultures with bone marrow mesenchymal cells, and against leukemic cells from patients with drug-resistant ALL: as few as 1% anti-CD19-BB-ζ-transduced T cells eliminated most ALL cells within 5 days. These cells also expanded and produced interleukin-2 in response to ALL cells at much higher rates than those of lymphocytes expressing equivalent receptors lacking 4-1BB. We conclude that anti-CD19 chimeric receptors containing 4-1BB are a powerful new tool for T-cell therapy of B-lineage ALL and other CD19+ B-lymphoid malignancies.
Unearthing mammalian origins

The number of known fossils of Mesozoic mammals has soared in past 30 years. So an extended update to the classic Mesozoic Mammals is welcome. Now entitled Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs, our reviewer says it was well worth the wait.
Characteristics of nosologically informative data sets that address key diagnostic issues facing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) and International Classification of Diseases, eleventh edition (ICD-11) substance use disorders workgroups.

Aims Over the past two decades, many nosological issues have been addressed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) substance use disorders workgroups. Even with those efforts, there are key issues that have not been resolved and must be revisited, or addressed de novo, by the workgroups. These lingering points are broad, due to the array of substances classified under the diagnostic umbrella of substance use disorders. They include substantive issues ranging from dimensional approaches, similar criteria for each substance, cut-points and thresholds, distinct abuse and dependence classifications, new criteria and drugs, to less substantive ones, such as the adjectives used to describe the severity of the behaviors. Results This paper describes the characteristics of the data sets that will be needed to resolve the key nosological issues. Ten points are described: (1) data must be true to nomenclature under study; (2) flexible regarding rearrangements of scoring algorithms; (3–4) able to assess substances individually and retain former versions of the criteria; (5) not rely on shortened versions; (6) utilize samples that are generalizable; (7) make diagnoses with transparent algorithms; (8) combine mixed methods for corroborating data; (9) utilize assessments that collect reliable and valid diagnoses and criteria; and (10) stretch the limits by allowing for new discoveries. Conclusions This paper describes each of these and gives examples of the limitations and strengths of data for the purpose of defining a useful, unified concept of addictive behaviors.
Multicomponent T2* mapping of knee cartilage: technical feasibility ex vivo.

Disorganization of collagen fibers is a sign of early-stage cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritic knees. Water molecules trapped within well-organized collagen fibrils would be sensitive to collagen alterations. Multicomponent effective transverse relaxation (T2*) mapping with ultrashort echo time acquisitions is here proposed to probe short T2 relaxations in those trapped water molecules. Six human tibial plateau explants were scanned on a 3T MRI scanner using a home-developed ultrashort echo time sequence with echo times optimized via Monte Carlo simulations. Time constants and component intensities of T2* decays were calculated at individual pixels, using the nonnegative least squares algorithm. Four T2*-decay types were found: 99% of cartilage pixels having mono-, bi-, or nonexponential decay, and 1% showing triexponential decay. Short T2* was mainly in 1-6 ms, while long T2* was ∼22 ms. A map of decay types presented spatial distribution of these T2* decays. These results showed the technical feasibility of multicomponent T2* mapping on human knee cartilage explants. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Supervised HITS Algorithm for MEDLINE Citation Ranking

How to present information retrieval results is one main problem that needs to tackle in biomedical information retrieval. A single query may retrieve a large number of results and advanced ranking algorithms are necessary to rank the results so that most relevant result is shown on the top of the list. In this paper, we explored to rank MEDLINE citations using HITS (Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search) algorithm. HITS uses web links from one page to another to rank web pages. It has proven to be successful in web search engines. We further extended HITS to supervised HITS to rank citations. Our results showed that supervised HITS algorithm significantly outperforms HITS algorithm (p<0.01). Compared with HITS, supervised HITS can improve citation ranking from 15% to more than 59% in almost all the cases we tested. Furthermore, MeSH terms outperforms text words in ranking citations, especially when HITS was applied (p<0.01).
Angle‐domain common‐image gathers for migration velocity analysis by wavefield‐continuation imaging

We analyze the kinematic properties of offset‐domain common image gathers (CIGs) and angle‐domain CIGs (ADCIGs) computed by wavefield‐continuation migration. Our results are valid regardless of whether the CIGs were obtained by using the correct migration velocity. They thus can be used as a theoretical basis for developing migration velocity analysis (MVA) methods that exploit the velocity information contained in ADCIGs.We demonstrate that in an ADCIG cube, the image point lies on the normal to the apparent reflector dip that passes through the point where the source ray intersects the receiver ray. The image‐point position on the normal depends on the velocity error; when the velocity is correct, the image point coincides with the point where the source ray intersects the receiver ray. Starting from this geometric result, we derive an analytical expression for the expected movements of the image points in ADCIGs as functions of the traveltime perturbation caused by velocity errors. By applying this ana...
Enhancement of the memory of a previously learned aversive habit following pre-test administration of a variety of serotonergic antagonists in mice.

The present study examined the effects of pre-test administration of a number of serotonergic receptor antagonists on the retrieval of a previously learned aversive habit in the mouse. All of the receptor antagonists (pirenperone, ketanserin, mianserin, methysergide and metergoline) produced a dose-dependent increase in the latency to complete 5 s of drinking 48 h after training. This suppression of drinking could not be attributed to nonspecific effects of the drugs on behavior (e.g., illness, reduced thirst, or activity), as non-contingently trained mice failed to exhibit similar elevations in their test scores. These results are, therefore, further support for an important role for serotonin in the processes underlying learning and memory.
Out-of-hospital and Emergency Department Management of Epidemic Scombroid Poisoning

Abstract. Objective: To report two epidemic outbreaks of scombroid food poisoning and their emergency medical services (EMS) response and emergency department (ED) treatment, analyzing the impact of early physician involvement and on-line medical control. Methods: Retrospective case series of two multiple-casualty incidents (MCIs) involving scombroid food poisoning. Results: A total 57 patients were treated from two separate incidents, with 30 patients transported to area hospitals. One patient required treatment with a cardiac medication in the field and another patient eventually required hospital admission. On-scene medical control (incident 1) and early identification of the index case (incident 2) were instrumental to out-of-hospital care interventions and conservation of resources. Patient triage, field treatment, and hospital transport were expedited, with some patients treated and released from the scene. Conclusions: Immediate diagnosis of a food-borne illness in the out-of-hospital setting allows rapid treatment at the scene and allows for the efficient transport of multiple patients to a single receiving facility. EMS medical directors should be able to immediately respond to such incidents to make presumptive diagnoses and accurately direct patient care. When this is not possible, early identification of the index case facilitates early diagnosis and treatment.
Manipulation of cell volume and membrane pore comparison following single cell permeabilization with 60- and 600-ns electric pulses

Intense nanosecond-duration electric pulses (nsEP) open stable nanopores in the cell membrane, followed by cell volume changes due to water uptake or expulsion, as regulated by the osmolality balance of pore-impermeable solutes inside and outside the cell. The size of pores opened by either fifty 60-ns EP (~13 kV/cm) or five, 600-ns EP (~6 kV/cm) in GH3 cells was estimated by isoosmotic replacement of bath NaCl with polyethylene glycols and sugars. Such replacement reduced cell swelling or resulted in transient or sustained cell shrinking in response to EP. depending on the availability of pores permeable to the test solute. Unexpectedly, solute substitutions showed that for the same integral area of pores opened by 60- and 600-ns treatments (as estimated by cell volume changes), the pore sizes were similar. However, the 600-ns exposure triggered significantly higher cell uptake of propidium. We concluded that 600-ns EP opened a greater number of larger (propidium-permeable pores), but the fraction of the larger pores in the entire pore population was insufficient to contribute to cell volume changes. For both the 60- and 600-ns exposures, cell volume changes were determined by pores smaller than 0.9 nm in diameter; however, the diameter increased with increasing the nsEP intensity.
Infrared/Millimeter Wave Common-Aperture Optics

A catadioptric Cassegrain optical system is described that permits simultaneous operation as an infrared (IR) imager and a millimeter wave (MMW) radar through a common aperture. Separation of IR and MMW focal points is achieved by use of suitable dichroic coatings and substrate materials. We have evaluated our design by building a prototype and measuring its performance in the laboratory, with particular attention given to isolating the degradation suffered by each mode due to the presence of the other. We present our test results and conclude from an analysis of the data that although our design is feasible, improvements are needed both in the design of the secondary element and in the technology for conductive dichroic coatings.
Islam and Orthodox Russia: From Eurasianism to Islamism

Abstract The growing and increasingly politically active Russian Muslims of diverse ethnic backgrounds provide various political models for their relationship with Russians. Some still accept Eurasianism but assume that it is Muslims not Orthodox Russians who should be the “older brothers” in the alliance or, in any case, that the very notion of older and younger brother should be put to an end. The others want complete separation from Russia or at least the minimization of their relationship with it. Finally, others believe in the Islamization of Russia. The models provide a glance at the possible scenarios for Russia's future.
Evolution of therapy for pharyngoesophageal (Zenker's) diverticulum

Abstract The early publications of Zenker and later reports by Clagett and Payne highlight our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of pharyngoesophageal diverticulum. A historical review of events surrounding these contributions provides perspectives on their respective roles in the development of current therapy for this disorder.
A comparison of classical eyelid conditioning in adults and infants

Abstract In a classical conditioning procedure an eyeblink-eliciting tap to the glabella (the flat region of skin between the eyebrows) was presented 500 ms after the onset of a mild l-kHz tone. As tone-tap presentations proceeded, the probability of an eyeblink during the latter part of the tone increased in both infants (median age 8 months) and adults, but the infants were slower to condition than the adults and were more variable. Overall, the latency of the conditioned response to tone was significantly longer for infants than for adults, but the latency of the unconditioned response to tap was significantly shorter for infants than for adults.
Using Social Stories to Decrease Aggression and Increase Positive Peer Interactions in Normally Developing Pre-School Children.

Social stories have been widely used for children with autism and developmental delays; however, little research has been conducted that examines their effectiveness with pre‐school children who have no developmental delays. The present study investigated this previously undocumented use of social stories. Social stories were used to decrease aggression and improve positive peer relations in a Head Start pre‐school setting. Participants included three four‐year‐old pre‐school students. A single‐subject, ABC multiple baseline design with counterbalanced treatment order was implemented where social stories were compared to a neutral book. Direct observations and pre‐ and post‐Behaviour Assessment System for Children‐2 (BASC‐2) Teacher Rating Scale (TRS) scores were examined. Results revealed some support for the usefulness of social stories in this setting and with this population. Limitations of the study are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
Bäcklund transformations, homotopy operators, and solutions of linear balance equations

Abstract Balance equations of the form ∂,v = ∂ x F(x, t, v, ∂ x v, ∂,v, ∂ x ∂ x v, …) are shown to arise from certain classes of PDE, that are not balance equations, through use of a Backlund transformation that can be integrated with a linear homotopy operator. When F is linear in v , with x- independent coefficients, the Backlund transformation becomes an auto-Backlund transformation, and the homotopy operator gives an integral recursion relation that maps solutions into solutions. This result is used to construct explicit solutions to initial value problems for linear balance equations. People with a more applied bent often ask for an example where use of a linear homotopy operator will allow them to obtain explicit answers to a problem of practical importance. A simple, nontrivial such example is the construction of solutions to a fairly general class of linear conservation equations. Solutions constructed in this way turn out to be particularly effective in solving initial value problems, so there is an added payoff.