cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate thigh inter-muscular adipose quantification using a data-driven and sparsity-constrained deformable model

The thigh inter-muscular adipose tissue (IMAT) quantification plays a critical role in various medical analysis tasks, e.g., the analysis of physical performance or the diagnose of knee osteoarthritis. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed to perform automated thigh tissues quantification. However, nobody has provided effective methods to track fascia lata, which is an important anatomic trail to distinguish between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and I-MAT in thigh. As a result, the estimation of IMAT may not be accurate for subjects with pathological conditions. On the other hand, tissue prior information, e.g., intensity, orientation and scale, becomes critical to infer and refine the fascia lata boundary from image appearance cues. In this paper, we propose a novel data-driven and sparsity-constrained de-formable model to obtain accurate fascia lata labeling. The model deformation is driven by the target points on fascia lata detected by a local discriminative classifier in a narrowband fashion. By using a sparsity-constrained optimization, the deformation is solved with errors and outliers suppression. The proposed approach has been evaluated on a set of 3D MR thigh volumes. In a comparison with another state-of-art framework, our approach produces superior performance.
Culture and the Human Body: An Anthropological Perspective

Culture and the Human Body: An Anthropological Perspective. John W. Burton. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2001. Pp. 129. vii.
How Mistakes Excuse: Genuine Desert, Moral Desert, and Legal Desert

Gideon Yaffe’s "Excusing Mistakes of Law" seeks to explain "the asymmetry between the excusing force of mistakes of fact and law." In this paper, I offer a competing explanation of the asymmetry and criticize Gideon's explanation. Behind some of the specific issues concerning mistake of fact and mistake of law lie more fundamental questions about the nature of law and about the relation between law and morality. Underlying Gideon's proposal seems to be an assumption that the legal domain has an internal structure parallel to that of the moral domain: legal reasons, legal obligations, legal excuses, and so on bear the same relations to each other that, within the moral domain, moral reasons, moral obligations, moral excuses, and so on bear to each other. In particular, Gideon relies on the assumption that just as, absent special circumstances, one who acts on morally wrong principles is, for that reason, morally blameworthy or morally deserving of reproach or punishment, so one who acts on legally wrong principles is, for that reason, legally deserving of punishment. I argue that this assumption ignores the problem of explaining when and why mistake of law excuses (and when and why it does not), rather than helps us toward a solution. To the extent that the law's treatment of mistake of law is puzzling, it is in large part because, in many cases of legal mistake, the defendant does not seem genuinely deserving of punishment, whether the relevant understanding of desert is specifically moral or more general. Perhaps ironically, Gideon's assumption that legal desert relates to legal mistake in the same way that moral desert relates to moral mistake yields a technical notion of legal desert, one on which acting on the basis of false legal beliefs makes one ipso facto deserving of punishment. We cannot usefully understand when and why legal mistakes excuse in criminal law in terms of a technical notion of legal desert that is internal to the legal domain and independent of moral desert (and of desert simpliciter), but modeled after it. Instead, we need to explain how legal mistakes relate to genuine desert.
Airway management for CO2 laser surgery on the larynx: Venturi jet ventilation and alternatives

Supralaryngeal Venturi jet ventilation provides superb surgical visualization and access to the larynx, including the anterior and posterior commissure. When VJV is delivered through a metal cannula and laryngoscope or all-metal endotracheal tube or bronchoscope, there is no inorganic combustible material in the surgical field, making supralaryngeal VJV a safe as well as effective technique for CO2 laser surgery on the airway.
Prospects for prevention and treatment of cancer with selective PPARγ modulators (SPARMs)

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor and transcription factor that regulates the expression of many genes relevant to carcinogenesis, is now an important target for development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Deficient expression of PPARγ can be a significant risk factor for carcinogenesis, although in some cases overexpression enhances carcinogenesis. Ligands for PPARγ suppress breast carcinogenesis in experimental models and induce differentiation of human liposarcoma cells. By analogy to the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) concept, it is suggested that selective PPARγ modulators (SPARMs), designed to have desired effects on specific genes and target tissues without undesirable effects on others, will be clinically important in the future for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancer.
Some common errors in diagnosis and treatment of chest problems

The above discussion of chest problems and the illustrative case reports are an index to the frequency with which physicians not especially interested in this field are contributing to mortality and morbidity by their failure to pursue proper diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These errors are made not only by men who neglect altogether to read medical journals, but frequently by otherwise generally efficient physicians and surgeons as well. Some of the most common errors in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures which are made by the general profession are as follows: 1. 1. Failure to request bronchoscopic examinations in doubtful cases such as those discussed above. Lack of appreciation of the pathology, physiology, and varying etiology of atelectasis and lung abscess seems in particular to be noteworthy, the term “unresolved pneumonia” being used altogether too frequently. 2. 2. Failure to consider the various potential etiologic factors in empyema, thereby allowing diagnostic curiosity to be too frequently satisfied with an x-ray report of empyema is common. It is necessary to realize that lung abscesses from various causes, including lung carcinomata and aspirated foreign bodies, may have been present previous to the empyema. 3. 3. Failure to determine whether or not multiple encapsulations are present in neglected cases of empyema and to treat these pockets by open thoracotomy with breaking of the septa instead of simple insertion of a single drainage tube with consequent drainage of only one pocket. 4. 4. The still too frequent tendency to classify all chronic coughs and accompanying symptoms as tubercular; and allowing individuals to go for weeks or months “awaiting developments” when early pursuit of procedures, such as lipiodol injections and bronchoscopy, might be life-saving, particularly in early bronchogenie carcinoma. 5. 5. Failure to appreciate that thoracic surgeons now have ample statistics proving that pneumonectomy, lobectomy, pneumonotomy and thoracoplastic procedures judiciously used are tremendously valuable in otherwise hopeless chest conditions including, in addition to those disorders mentioned above, far advanced bilateral cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis.
Resolving the algorithms-as-requirements versus algorithms-as-design conundrum

This paper explores the origins and consequences of two inherent non-uniformities in the software systems engineering process: 1. An inherent non-uniformity of requirements "levels" in the beginning of the software systems requirements engineering process. 2. A resultant lack of parallelism between levels of refinement of abstraction in the expression of requirements and levels of refinement and decomposition in systems and software design. These non-uniformities are shown to be potentially contributing factors, possibly the principal contributing factors, to the "algorithms as requirements" versus "algorithms as design" conundrum, a key component of the "what" versus "how" distinction in software requirements versus software design documents that has never been as settled as we might wish it to have been. A reasonably rigorous argument is made that the first of these non-uniformities is related to an intrinsically ambiguous role for algorithms in the software systems engineering process and that it is intrinsic problem, not an artifact of poor requirements syntax in the various languages in which requirements are expressed. As the second problem, the lack of parallelism between levels of requirements and levels of design follows from the first, it too would seem therefore to be an intrinsic issue, not unique to any specific requirements or design methodology. To resolve the ambiguity and the problems it has lead to in software systems engineering processes, the necessity for a dualistic view of algorithms is proposed and the practical engineering consequences of the dualism are discussed. A careful set of semantics to distinguish between the dualism's alternatives is proposed and recommended for use in organizing and expressing requirements for software intensive systems.
Nursing Attitudes Toward Patients with Substance Use Disorders in Pain

The problem of inadequate pain management in hospitals is well documented. Patients who have substance use disorders (SUD) have many medical problems and are often in pain as a result of these problems. Nurses often lack knowledge of appropriate treatment of both pain and SUD, and have been identified as having negative attitudes toward patients with SUD. The negative attitudes may affect the quality of care delivered to patients with problems of pain and SUD. The purpose of this study was to identify and explore nurses' attitudes toward hospitalized patients with SUD who are in pain, to expand the knowledge about nurses' attitudes and interactions with patients with SUD in pain, and to generate theory that will contribute to a greater understanding of the problem. Grounded theory methodology was used to interview hospital-based nurses who work with patients with SUD who are in pain. Individual interviews, using a semistructured interview guide, were conducted with 14 nurses who worked with this population. Additionally, an expert addictions nurse was interviewed at the end of the study to validate the findings. Interviews were analyzed and coded with the use of grounded theory concepts. A model illustrating the categories and their relationships was developed based on the theory generated as a result of the study. The implications for nursing practice, education, research, and policy are discussed.
Behavioral ecology of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) : Aggregating behavior and chemotaxis.

Field observation indicated that extensive aggregation behavior occurs in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, an important echinoid herbivore in rocky subtidal zones of northern New England. The relationship of this behavior to the behavioral ecology of this species was investigated. Laboratory studies indicated that urchins are chemically sensitive to the stimuli of food and other urchins. Quantitative field experiments with tagged animals and transects showed the existence of two types of aggregations: feeding and nonfeeding, which appear to be pervasive phenomena in the biology of S. droebachiensis.
Recombinant Fertilization Antigen-1 Causes a Contraceptive Effect in Actively Immunized Mice

Recombinant (r) fertilization antigen (FA)-1 was investigated for its immunocontraceptive effect using the mouse as a model. Active immunization with the murine rFA-1 antigen raised high antibody titers in all the immunized mice (n = 16 in two trials); these titers were long lasting and reached preimmunization levels by the 255th day. There was a significant (p 0.05) effect on the litter size compared to that of controls. There was a significant (p = 0.025) correlation (r = 0.76) between the reduction in fertility and the circulating rFA-1 antibody titers. Anti-rFA-1 antibodies from immunized mice, and not the immunoglobulins from the PBS-control mice, significantly (p < 0.001) blocked murine sperm binding to zona pellucida and in vitro fertilization of murine oocytes. In a Western blot procedure, the anti-rFA-1 antibodies specifically recognized the protein band of approximately 47 kDa (dimeric form of cognate FA-1 antigen) only in the protein extract of testes and not in the extracts of somatic tissues tested, namely kidney, liver, intestine, spleen, muscle, heart, lung, brain, and ovary. In conclusion, our data indicate that active immunization with rFA-1 antigen induces a strong and sperm/testis-specific antibody response that causes a reversible inhibition of fertility by affecting sperm-zona binding and the fertilization process. These findings suggest that rFA-1 antigen is an exciting candidate for the development of a contraceptive vaccine.
Expression of FSH receptor in the hamster ovary during perinatal development.

FSH plays an important role in ovarian follicular development, and it functions via the G-protein coupled FSH receptor. The objectives of the present study were to determine if full-length FSHR mRNA and corresponding protein were expressed in fetal through postnatal hamster ovaries to explain the FSH-induced primordial follicle formation, and if FSH or estrogen (E) would affect the expression. A full-length and two alternately spliced FSHR transcripts were expressed from E14 through P20. The level of the full-length FSHR mRNA increased markedly through P7 before stabilizing at a lower level with the formation and activation of primordial follicles. A predicted 87 kDa FSHR protein band was detected in fetal through P4 ovaries, but additional bands appeared as ovary developed. FSHR immunosignal was present in undifferentiated somatic cells and oocytes in early postnatal ovaries, but was granulosa cells specific after follicles formed. Both eCG and E significantly up-regulated full-length FSHR mRNA levels. Therefore, FSHR is expressed in the hamster ovary from the fetal life to account for FSH-induced primordial follicle formation and cAMP production. Further, FSH or E regulates the receptor expression.
LEAD FRACTURE IN CEPHALIC VERSUS SUBCLAVIAN APPROACH WITH TRANSVENOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR SYSTEMS

Lead fracture, occurring in approximately 1%-4% of patients, is an infrequent, but potentially catastrophic complication of permanent pacing systems. Its incidence in transvenous defibrillator systems has not been established. We analyzed data from 757 patients undergoing implantation of transvenous cardioverter defibrillator systems using the Medtronic Transvene Lead system between October 20, 1989 and June 25, 1992 to determine if site of venous approach influenced incidence of lead fracture. All patients received a 3-lead system in 1 of 3 configurations: (1) right ventricle/superior vena cava/subcutaneous patch; (2) right ventricle/coronary sinus/subcutaneous patch; or (3) right ventricle/superior vena cava/coronary sinus. Of 767 right ventricular leads placed, 523 were placed via the subclavian vein, 221 via cephalic vein, and 18 via the internal jugular (5 leads were implanted using another vein). The total number of leads is greater than the total number of patients, as five patients received a second defibrillator system if the initial system was explanted and reimplanted for any reason. Seven patients (0.9%) had right ventricular lead fracture, presenting with inappropriate defibrillator shocks (1), loss of pacing ability (3), both loss of pacing ability and inappropriate shocks (1), or increased pacing threshold (2). All patients required reoperation. All had leads placed by the subclavian venous approach, with chest X ray confirming fracture at the clavicle-first rib junction in 6 of 7 cases. Using Fisher's Exact test, the difference in lead fracture between subclavian and cephalic vein implant approached statistical significance (P = 0.08). The trend toward increased lead fracture incidence with leads placed via subclavian vein suggests that cephalic vein approach may be preferable to avoid this complication.
Evolution of ultracold neutral plasmas.

We present the first large-scale simulations of an ultracold neutral plasma, produced by photoionization of laser-cooled xenon atoms, from creation to initial expansion, using classical molecular-dynamics methods with open boundary conditions. We reproduce many of the experimental findings such as the trapping efficiency of electrons with increased ion number, a minimum electron temperature achieved on approach to the photoionization threshold, and recombination into Rydberg states of an anomalously low principal quantum number. In addition, many of these effects establish themselves very early in the plasma evolution ( $\ensuremath{\sim}$ ns) before the present experimental observations begin.
Obstetrician–Gynecologists' Practices and Perceived Knowledge Regarding Immunization

Background Obstetrician–gynecologists can play a key role in providing appropriate vaccinations to women of childbearing age. Purpose This study investigated immunization knowledge and practices, and opinions concerning potential barriers to immunization, among obstetrician-gynecologists. Methods In 2007, surveys were sent to Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network members, a representative sample of practicing Fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 394 responded (51.2%). Data analysis was completed in 2008. Results Most responding obstetrician–gynecologists disagreed that “routine screening for vaccine-preventable diseases falls outside of the routine practice of an ob/gyn.” A majority (78.7%) stock and administer at least some vaccines. Among those who stock vaccines, 91.0% stock the human papillomavirus vaccine, and 66.8% stock the influenza vaccine. All other vaccines were stocked by Conclusions Immunization is an important part of women's health care and has been, at least partially, incorporated into obstetrician–gynecologist practice. Financial burdens and knowledge regarding vaccine recommendations remain barriers to vaccine administration. Additional training and professional information may benefit obstetric–gynecologic practice.
A spectroscopic and computational exploration of the cybotactic region of gas-expanded liquids: methanol and acetone.

Local compositions in supercritical and near-critial fluids may differ substantially from bulk compositions, and such differences have important effects on spectroscopic observations, phase equilibria, and chemical kinetics. Here, we compare such determinations around a solute probe dissolved in CO2-expanded methanol and acetone at 25 °C from solvatochromic experiments with molecular dynamics simulations. UV/vis and steady-state fluorescence measurements of the dye Coumarin 153 in the expanded liquid phase indicate preferential solvation in both the S0 and S1 states by the organic species. Simple dielectric continuum models are used to estimate local compositions from the spectroscopic data and are compared to molecular dynamics simulations of a single C153 molecule dissolved in the liquid phase at bubble point conditions. The simulations provide information about the local solvent structure around C153. They suggest the presence of large solvent clustering near the electron-withdrawing side of the probe....
Blood Levels of 1-131 after Tracer Doses in the Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism

SummaryBy prolonging the study of blood levels after tracer doses of 1-131 to 96 hours we have been able to measure secretion of thyroid hormone into the circulation rather than concentration and fixation by the thyroid gland. This appears to be the best method presently available for clinical use in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. A single blood or plasma sample of one cubic centimeter gives diagnostic values when counted after air drying. The determination of the protein-bound fraction only very rarely gives additional information but can be used to exclude spurious high levels as are occasionally found in cases of renal insufficiency where excretion of the circulating inorganic 1-131 is delayed.
Non-Rayleigh Distributions in Underwater Acoustic Reverberation in a Patchy Environment

In this communication, two main causes for the probability distribution function (pdf) of reverberation amplitude to deviate from the Rayleigh model are identified: (1) sonar configuration and (2) environmental variability. If the total environment may be considered as a patchwork of local environments that are resolvable by the sonar system, but not reliably distinguishable due to positional inaccuracies and overlap in the range of reverberation amplitude values, then the resulting ensemble may have a pdf that is a mixture of the pdfs of the local components. The number of components in a mixture of Rayleigh models is examined, using the measurements and results of Abraham and Lyons [J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 106, pp. 1307-1315, 1999]. The patchiness of the environment determines the number of components and their proportions in the mixture, while the sonar configuration determines the kernel of the pdf. Finally, the issue of stationarity is discussed as it applies to a patchy environment. It is concluded that although the reverberation from a patchy environment is, strictly speaking, nonstationary, the perception of stationarity may be achieved if the components in the mixture recur with some regularity, and if the sampling window is wide enough in space and/or time to include a sufficient number of recurrences of all components.
Efficient general AGH-unification

General E-unification is an important tool in cryptographic protocol analysis, where the equational theory E represents properties of the cryptographic algorithm, and uninterpreted function symbols represent other functions. The property of a homomorphism over an Abelian group is common in encryption algorithms such as RSA. The general E-unification problem in this theory is NP-complete, and existing algorithms are highly nondeterministic. We give a mostly deterministic set of inference rules for solving general E-unification modulo a homomorphism over an Abelian group, and prove that it is sound, complete and terminating. These inference rules have been implemented in Maude, and will be incorporated into the Maude-NRL Protocol Analyzer (Maude-NPA).
Minimal free resolutions of monomial curves in P3k

Abstract Minimal free resolutions for prime ideals with generic zero ( t n 3 , t n 3 − n 1 0 t n 1 1 , t n 3 − n 2 0 t n 2 , t n 3 1 ), n 1 n 2 n 3 positive integers, ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 )=1, are determined.
Brief Summary and the Believability of Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising

A study was done to test the prediction of attribution theory that a brief summary (i.e., negative information) would increase the believability of prescription drug ads among consumers. Mock ads for two antidepressants were presented to subjects recruited at a college campus (n = 42). One product claimed to be the drug of choice for the depressed elderly; the other claimed it was for depressed college students. For half of the subjects, the former ad contained a brief summary and the latter did not. This procedure was reversed for the other half of the subjects. After he viewed an ad, the subject was asked about his confidence in the ad messages of: product effectiveness, drug of choice, and specific believability of the effectiveness and claims of drug of choice for the medication for the elderly. The presence of a brief summary had no effect on the believability of the medication indicated for college studcnts.
Senior capstone: A software defined radio design for amateur astronomy

This paper describes a unique interdisciplinary Senior Design Capstone project to design and implement a Software Defined Radio (SDR) receiver that emulates the hardware-based NASA-specified Radio JOVE system. Radio JOVE receivers are used by amateur astronomers to detect and record Jovian radiation and solar radiation from the sun over the decametric band of 3MHz to 40MHz. Our SDR system is designed to work at 20.1MHz with a bandwidth of 1MHz. As the culminating experience of our undergraduate program, this capstone project was sponsored by physics astronomers and required our group of three students to demonstrate expertise in RF, signal processing, FPGA-based digital design, Linux USB interfacing and high-level software. Included in the design and implementation are the RF-based analog front end (bandpass filtering and level adjustment), digital board (ADC, digital down-conversion and data interface) and the PC-based software GUI (further signal processing and user interface). Of particular challenge were the high precision requirements along with fairly high speed throughput all while maintaining a low price-point. A custom solution to data formatting was employed while then taking advantage of the freeware GNU Radio toolkit at the back end. Preliminary field trials have demonstrated the system's viability. Included in this paper are detailed discussions of the design and implementation along with certain key performance metrics.
Cbfbeta interacts with Runx2 and has a critical role in bone development.

Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2, also known as Cbfa1, Osf2 and AML3) is essential for bone development in mice, and mutations in RUNX2 are found in 65-80% of individuals with cleidocranial dysplasia. Although all Runx family members can interact with Cbfbeta (core-binding factor b, encoded by Cbfb), a role for Cbfbeta in bone development has not been demonstrated owing to lethality in Cbfb(-/-) mouse embryos at 12.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) from hemorrhages and lack of definitive hematopoiesis. Using a 'knock-in' strategy, we generated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells that express Cbfb fused in-frame to a cDNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Cbfb(+/GFP) mice had normal life spans and appeared normal, but Cbfb(GFP/GFP) pups died within the first day after birth. The Cbfb(GFP/GFP) mice exhibited a delay in endochondral and intramembranous ossification as well as in chondrocyte differentiation, similar to but less severe than delays observed in Runx2(-/-) mice. We demonstrate that Cbfbeta is expressed in developing bone and forms a functional interaction with Runx2, and that Cbfb(GFP) is a hypomorphic allele. The fusion allele maintains sufficient function in hematopoietic cells to bypass the early embryonic lethality, and identifies a new role for Cbfb in bone development. Our findings raise the possibility that mutations in CBFB may be responsible for some cases of cleidocranial dysplasia that are not linked to mutations in RUNX2.
Holes, pits, and valleys: guiding large-display touchless interactions with data-morphed topographies

Large, high-resolution displays enable efficient visualization of large datasets. To interact with these large datasets, touchless interfaces can support fluid interaction at different distances from the display. Touchless gestures, however, lack haptic feedback. Hence, users' gestures may unintentionally move off the interface elements and require additional physical effort to perform intended actions. To address this problem, we propose data-morphed topographies for touchless interactions: constraints on users' cursor movements that guide touchless interaction along the structure of the visualized data. To exemplify the potential of our concept, we envision applying three data-morphed topographies---holes, pits, and valleys---to common problem-solving tasks in visual analytics.
Spontaneous‐adjustment emission of inertia‐gravity waves by unsteady vortical motion in the hurricane core

Spontaneous-adjustment emission of inertia-gravity waves (IGWs) from unsteady vortical motion in the hurricane core is further examined. An idealized divergent barotropic model simulation is conducted in an unforced framework using a highly asymmetric potential vorticity (PV) field, consisting of an offset monopole embedded in an elliptically shaped ring, which is motivated by concentric eyewalls that were observed in the inner core of hurricane Ivan (2004). The simulation proceeds in two phases. The first phase is marked primarily by inner-core potential vorticity (PV) mixing and rearrangement as the monopole interacts with the ring, however axisymmetrization does not occur. This leads to a second phase characterized by a prolonged (lasting at least 36 h) period of spontaneous-adjustment emission of IGWs to the environment. During the spontaneous-adjustment phase, unsteady vortical motion acts as an IGW source, constraining the frequency and radial wavenumber of the waves. Diagnostics of this simulation reveal two important conclusions. First, the spontaneous radiation of IGWs is insignificant for vortex intensification or decay; rather, PV mixing in the early portion was more important. Secondly, using a non-divergent barotropic model simulation of the same configuration and idealized simulations, we demonstrate that non-axisymmetrization in this case-study is caused primarily by PV (Rossby wave) dynamics, with the Rossby-IGW instability only playing a minor role. These results support the existence of a slow quasi-manifold with exponentially small fuzziness at small Froude and large Rossby numbers. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Experimental studies of the laminar separation bubble on a two-dimensional airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

The laminar separation, transition and turbulent reattachment near the leading edge of a two-dimensional NACA 663-018 airfoil were investigated using a low speed, smoke visualization wind tunnel. Lift and drag force measurements were made using an external strain gauge balance for a chord Reynolds number range of 40,000 to 400,000. An extensive flow visualization study was performed and correlated with the force measurements. Experiments were also conducted with distributed surface roughness at the leading edge and external acoustic excitation to influence the development of the airfoil boundary layer. This study delineates the effects of angle of attack and chord Reynolds number on the separation bubble characteristics and airfoil performance
THE INDUSTRIAL MARKET AS AN INTERFIRM ORGANIZATION

Recent theorizing in the marketing and organization theory literature attests to the notion that the market is a complex organizational form. We discuss the techno-economic and institutional forces that structure the industrial market as an interorganizational network. The manner in which these forces structure the market determines segmentation and integration and the changing nature of co-operation and competition in industrial markets.
Parental involvement in children's residential treatment: From preplacement to aftercare.

Abstract Policy reforms and empirical evidence supporting family focused care for children have increased parental involvement in children's residential treatment. Reasons for encouraging family involvement in children's out-of-home care and factors that inhibit parents from participating in children's residential care are outlined. Methods used by treatment facilities to encourage family participation in children's preplacement, treatment, and aftercare stages of placement are reviewed. Important questions nd research necessary to increase parental involvement in children's residential treatment are identified.
Humility : Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research

Humility is a neglected virtue in the social and psychological sciences. Virtually no empirical research directly has addressed this long-revered construct. In this article, contrasting conceptions of humility are reviewed. Although humility frequently is equated with a sense of unworthiness and low self-regard, theoreticians view true humility as a rich, multifaceted construct that entails an accurate assessment of one's characteristics, an ability to acknowledge limitations, and a “forgetting of the self.” Scientific study of the nature and implications of humility is still in its infancy. Work in this area would be greatly enhanced by the development of theoretically informed measures of humility. Closely related constructs (self-esteem, modesty, and narcissism) are discussed, along with future directions for research.
Multidimensional processing: nonlinear optics and computing

The purpose of this paper is to overview some of the trends and directions in computing, as performed by optical hardware, resulting from the demands made by multidimensional signal processing. Optical information processing or optical computing is a vast field and some of the more significant issues are discussed here. We discuss future developments and architectural consequences for such potentially highly parallel and interconnected processing systems. Particular emphasis is placed on energy and speed considerations, associated with the use of nonlinear optical materials in optical systems and devices.
Electron Irradiation of Graphene Field Effect Transistor Devices

We report the effects of electron irradiation on graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) devices. We irradiated the graphene devices with 30keV electrons and measured the electrical transport properties in high vacuum in-situ. Upon electron irradiation, a Raman ‘D’ band appears. In addition, we observed that the doping behavior of the graphene devices changed from P to N type as a result of the irradiation. We also observed a shift of the Dirac point while the graphene FET device stays in vacuum and after it interacted with environmental molecules under ambient conditions.
High performance liquid chromatography for the detection of homozygotes and heterozygotes of Niemann-Pick disease.

Summary: A method is developed for the detection of homozygotes and heterozygote carriers of Niemanu-Pick disease type A by employing a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for the measurement of sphingomyelin (SP) as well as for the assay of the enzyme sphingomyelinase (SPase) in skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cell cultures. A simple, less than 10-min, HPLC of the lipid extract of fibroblasts (about 2 × 106 cells) and measurement of the ratio of the area of SP peak to that of other phospholipids present in the cell-lipid extract show accumulation of SP in Niemann-Pick type A fibroblasts compared to normal. The SPase assay was performed by HPLC measurement of the substrate SP before and after hydrolysis by the enzyme. By employing this technique, it was shown that cells from patients with Niemann-Pick disease type A have less than 10% of the normal SPase activity, whereas the heterozygote carriers of this disease have about 50% of the normal activity. Speculation: The HPLC method for the measurement of SP could be used for preliminary screening of a large number of samples suspected of Niemann-Pick disease. The diagnosis could be further confirmed by the actual SPase assay.
The bright future of single-molecule fluorescence imaging.

Single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is an essential and maturing tool to probe biomolecular interactions and conformational dynamics in vitro and, increasingly, in living cells. Multi-color smFRET enables the correlation of multiple such events and the precise dissection of their order and timing. However, the requirements for good spectral separation, high time resolution, and extended observation times place extraordinary demands on the fluorescent labels used in such experiments. Together with advanced experimental designs and data analysis, the development of long-lasting, non-fluctuating fluorophores is therefore proving key to progress in the field. Recently developed strategies for obtaining ultra-stable organic fluorophores spanning the visible spectrum are underway that will enable multi-color smFRET studies to deliver on their promise of previously unachievable biological insights.
Differential ionisation measurements for positron impact

An overview of methods being used at the University of Missouri-Rolla to measure differential ionisation for positron impact is presented. Examples of triply differential electron emission and doubly differential positron scattering and energy loss data are given and contributions to each due to binary and recoil events are discussed. In addition, angular distribution data for electron emission due to double and triple ionisation are presented.
Is localized collision responsible for O2 photodesorption from Ag(110)

Abstract O 2 adsorbs in the troughs on Ag(110) at 100 K as a dioxygen species with its internuclear axis oriented along the 〈110〉 azimuth. Irradiation of this surface by 248 nm light leads to dissociation and molecular O 2 desorption. The photodesorption cross section decreases dramatically with the decrease in O 2 coverage. Angle-resolved measurement carried out in a plane containing the 〈110〉 azimuth shows enhanced desorption flux at 45° with respect to the surface normal. These results provide evidence for a displacement mechanism in which an energetic O atom resulting from photodissociation displaces a neighboring O 2 within the restricted alignment. Both localized collision , i.e., momentum transfer, and substrate-mediated electronic effects may be involved.
Consul: a communication substrate for fault-tolerant distributed programs

As human dependence on computing technology increases, so does the need for computer system dependability. This dissertation introduces Consul, a communication substrate designed to help improve system dependability by providing a platform for building fault-tolerant, distributed systems based on the replicated state machine approach. The key issues in this approach--ensuring replica consistency and reintegrating recovering replicas--are addressed in Consul by providing abstractions called fault-tolerant services. These include a broadcast service to deliver messages to a collection of processes reliably and in some consistent order, a membership service to maintain a consistent system-wide view of which processes are functioning and which have failed, and a recovery service to recover a failed process. Fault-tolerant services are implemented in Consul by a unified collection of protocols that provide support for managing communication, redundancy, failures, and recovery in a distributed system. At the heart of Consul is Psync, a protocol that provides for multicast communication based on a context graph that explicitly records the partial (or causal) order of messages. This graph also serves as the basis for novel algorithms used in the ordering, membership, and recovery protocols. The ordering protocol combines the semantics of the operations encoded in messages with the partial order provided by Psync to increase the concurrency of the application. Similarly, the membership protocol exploits the partial ordering to allow different processes to conclude that a failure has occurred at different times relative to the sequence of messages received, thereby reducing the amount of synchronization required. The recovery protocol combines checkpointing with the replay of messages stored in the context graph to recover the state of a failed process. Moreover, this collection of protocols is implemented in a highly-configurable manner, thus allowing a system builder to easily tailor an instance of Consul from this collection of building-block protocols. Consul is built in the x-Kernel and executes standalone on a collection of Sun 3 work-stations. Initial testing and performance studies have been done using two applications: a replicated directory and a distributed wordgame. These studies show that the semantic based order is more efficient than a total order in many situations, and that the overhead imposed by the checkpointing, membership, and recovery protocols is insignificant.
Further studies of the nucleolar material in salivary gland nuclei of Sciara coprophila.

The nucleolar-like bodies or micronucleoli of Sciara coprophila salivary gland nuclei have been studied with phase contrast, the Nomarski optics, Azure B staining, and electron microscopy. In the late fourth instar the main nucleolus formed at the X-chromosome may become extensively fragmented and may appear as a large aggregate of micronucleoli. At about the same time large numbers of micronucleoli in a more peripheral location are also found. Studies in partially squashed and stained nuclei, as well as in unfixed glands have shown that, at a time when the nucleolar material is abundant, the X-NOR is highly ramified with its branches permeating much of the nuclear space. These observations make it appear probable that most or all of the nucleolar material, even the more peripherally located, is actually in contact with the main nucleolar organizer or its branches. On the other hand, many chromosomal bands are also in close association with micronucleoli. At the level of electron microscopy some of the associations between chromo somal bands and micronucleoli are very intimate with the nucleolar material often found deep within the band. In other instances there seems to be physical continuity between extensions of band chromatin and certain areas of the fibrillar component. The bands in question could be the sites of secondary nucleolar organizers. In the electron microscope a large aggregate of micronucleoli, interspersed with portions of chromatin can often be seen in an approximately central location. This is interpreted as the main nucleolus with portions of its NOR. Both the main nucleolus and the more peripheral micronucleoli are indistinguishable in their fine structure and show the components typically found in nucleoli, i.e., fibrils and granules. On the other hand the fine structure of both RNA and DNA puffs is strikingly different.
DISCOVERY OF A FERTILE PELAGOPHYCUS×MACROCYSTIS(PHAEOPHYTA) PUTATIVE HYBRID AND SUBSEQUENT PRODUCTION OF F2 SPOROPHYTES IN THE LABORATORY1

A fertile putative hybrid of Pelagophycus porra (Lem.)Setch. × Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) was discovered in Big Fisherman Cove, Santa Catalina Island, California, in March 1986. The plant possessed a single, solid primary stipe that bifurcated into two secondary stipes, each with a hooked-shaped pneumatocyst. A total of 15 blades, 14 with sori, were produced on two to three dichotomies above and below each pneumatocyst. Gametophyte development of spores released from sori and the resulting early sporophtes (2–3 mm) were typical of Laminariales. Gametophytes appeared within a day of spore germination, 500-cell stage sporophytts within 3–4 weeks, and 2–3 mm sporophytes within 5–6 weeks. The cultures expired before branching patterns could be determined.
DRC-free high density layout exploration with layout morphing and patterning quality assessment, with application to SRAM

A system for layout exploration without design-rule checking is presented. It comprises of two key and new capabilities: 1) layout morphing to generate multi-mask layer layout variants, given basis layouts, and 2) feature-driven layout quality evaluation using through-process patterning simulations. The former uses morphing techniques inspired from image processing. The latter uses design-specific marker shapes to identify relevant features and efficient geometric operations on the simulated contours and these markers. The methodology is useful for high-density layout design and design rule development where design rules are insufficient or irrelevant, especially at 22 nm technology and beyond. We demonstrate it on an aggressive 22 nm SRAM bitcell design.
Age specificity of ‘egg dumping’ in Gargaphia solani (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

This study tests two hypotheses concerning the unusual oviposition behaviour of the lace bug, Gargaphia solani. In this species, females facultatively place their eggs in the egg masses of conspecifics and thus avoid the costs associted with subsequent maternal care. Since the costs of maternal behaviour are positively correlated with female reproductive value, it was of interest to test whether ‘egg dumping’ is a function of reproductive value, and whether egg dumpers discriminate between egg recipients with high and low reproductive values. The results of age-specific observations and oviposition choice tests demonstrate that females with high reproductive value act as egg dumpers significantly more frequently than females with low reproductive value, but that egg dumpers do not discriminate between egg recipients of different ages, leaving eggs with the first susceptible female encountered.
Nondestructive Assay Instrumentation for a Savannah River Plant Upgrade Project

We have designed and are developing three different computer-based spectrometer systems. Two will measure the concentration of Pu solutions by gamma-ray and by stimulated x-ray fluorescence emissions. The third will measure relative isotopic abundances from the gamma-ray emissions of solid samples in closed containers. All systems are coupled to remote terminals and bar code readers, and also to mini-computer based MCAs, which in-turn are linked to another computer to provide a state-of-the-art NDA measurement capability. Installation at SRP is planned in late 1985.
A comparative study of selective stimulation of raphe nuclei in the cat in inhibiting dorsal horn neuron responses to noxious stimulation

Consistent inhibition of cord nociceptive neurons was obtained at low levels of stimulation (5 V or 50-100 micro A) within raphe magnus. Less consistently and with higher stimulus intensities, inhibition was observed on stimulating raphe pallidus. Still less frequently, and generally only with stimulation in the 20 V or 500 micro A range, inhibition was observed in raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus and centralis superior. No inhibition could be obtained by stimulation in linearis intermedias or linearis rostralis. Nearly all midline sites where inhibition of cord nociceptive neurons was observed were those within or in immediate proximity to raphe nuclei.
Disorders of Higher Cortical Functions in Acute Confusional States

Summary Twenty-four patients with metabolic or toxic disorders of rapid onset, and without focal brain lesion, were selected as “confused” on the basis of an alteration of attention. They were given a short neuropsycho-logical examination, their performances being compared to those of ten controls and to their own after recovering from confusion. The following disorders were observed: a) disturbances of mood and behavior, disorientation, unconcern toward illness; b) mild word-finding difficulties, tendency toward verbal paraphasias in repetition and reading test, slowing of verbal fluency, marked dysgraphia; c) mild spatial disturbances (right-left recognition; test of Head), constructional apraxia, disturbances in finger recognition and in calculation, memory defect. Most of the disorders disappeared completely after clearing up of the acute confusional state.