cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radionuclide Gastric Emptying: Correlation Between the Anterior-Only and the Geometric Mean Method

The purpose of our study was to compare the attenuation-corrected method and noncorrected method in calculating gastric emptying in patients with a clinical diagnosis of delayed emptying. Two different methods of calculating gastric emptying time were analyzed in 135 patients. Patients were given 100 ml of microwave-cooked egg whites labeled with 2.0 mCi of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and 300 ml of water. Anterior and posterior counts were obtained by a computer, interfaced to a gamma camera, with the patients in an upright position. The correlation coefficients for the 60- and 90-min data were 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. The results of the anterior-only method differed from the geometric mean method in 13% of the patients at 60 min and in 10% at 90 min. Assuming the diagnosis of delayed gastric emptying by the geometric mean method to be true, 3 of 135 patients (2.2%) at 60 min and 5 of 135 patients (3.7%) at 90 min could have been missed by the anterior method. Only 3 of 135 patients (2.2%) could have been missed by both 60- and 90-min anterior studies. The advantages of the anterior-only method may overcome the theoretical advantage of the geometric mean method in the usual clinical practice.
Utilization of larval cholesterol-4-C14 for reproduction in house flies fed unlabeled cholesterol in the adult diet.

Larvae of the house fly. Musca domestica L., were reared aseptically on a synthetic diet containing cholesterol- 4-C14. Adults obtained from these larvae were fed on a diet containing unlabeled cholesterol to study the utilization and metabolism of the larval sterols for oogenesis. Sterols were initially incorporated into the eggs at 0.53 μg/mg, and rapidly decreased with succeeding oviposition. Hatchability was not significantly affected even when the concentration dropped to 0.15 μg/mg. Esterification of sterols was high in the female flies and increased appreciably in their eggs. Dehydrogenation of cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol was minor in the adult flies, but increased slightly with succeeding collections of eggs.
Global e-Readiness—for What? Readiness for e-Banking

With the rapid diffusion of the Internet worldwide, there has been considerable interest in the e-potentials of developing countries giving rise to a first generation of e-readiness studies. Moreover, e-readiness means different things to different people, in different contexts, and for different purposes. Despite strong merits, this first generation of e-readiness studies assumed a fixed, one-size-fits-all set of requirements, regardless of the characteristics of individual countries, the investment context, or the demands of specific applications. This feature obscures critical information for investors or policy analysts seeking to reduce uncertainties and make educated decisions. But there is very little known about e-readiness for e-banking. In particular, based on lessons learned to date and their implications for emerging realities of the 21st century, the authors designed and executed a research project with theoretical as well as practical dimensions to answer the question of “e-Readiness for Wha...
The Habitats of Gerris F. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) in Connecticut

Ten habitat parameters were measured in the field for 10 species of Gerris . Each of the 10 species occupies a different niche and each species employs a different strategy to exclude other species from its niche.
Discussion of Permian in Songliao basin

Songliao basin through geological features of abdominal Permian stratigraphic analysis to determine the Permian,shallow metamorphic grade,black fender rock,crystal limestone-based,there is a red meat Hercynian granite and black granite intrusion,and see a small amount of slightly higher metamorphic grade of metamorphic sandstone,altered andesite,diabase,etc.with Songliao Permian Basin area surrounding outcrop largely related to stratigraphic comparison group.
Self-reported therapeutic errors to a poison control center.

BACKGROUND The techniques for avoiding medication errors in healthcare settings can be extrapolated to improving pharmaceutical care and medication safety in the patient's home. Understanding patient self-dosing errors in self dosing is important in the development of prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE To examine cases of therapeutic errors in patient self dosing as reported to the Oklahoma Poison Control Center, with the goal of proposing prevention strategies and education. METHODS A retrospective study of self-dosing errors was performed examining root cause, patient age, and pharmaceutical agent. RESULTS Patient self-dosing errors accounted for 8.75% of all poison control exposures as compiled by the Oklahoma Poison Control Center in 2001. The most common reasons for therapeutic errors in all age groups involved taking or giving the wrong formulation or concentration, inadvertently taking/giving medication twice and another incorrect dose. CONCLUSION Patient education is the key to preventing therapeutic errors in the home.
Negative regulation of the rat Na-K-ATPase alpha 3-subunit gene promoter by thyroid hormone.

Na-K-ATPase alpha 3-subunit mRNA levels are both positively and negatively controlled by thyroid hormone [3,5,3'triiodothyronine (T3)] in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. In this ...
Daptomycin in combination with ceftolozane-tazobactam or cefazolin against daptomycin-susceptible and -nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro, hollow-fiber model

Ceftolozane-tazobactam (TOL-TAZ) is a novel cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor with activity against several Gram-negative pathogens. Daptomycin (DAP) has demonstrated synergistic activity with beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates with reduced lipopeptide and glycopeptide susceptibilities. Our objective was to determine if DAP and TOL-TAZ possess synergy in hollow-fiber pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. One isogenic pair of daptomycin-susceptible and daptomycin-nonsusceptible MRSA strains was evaluated. DAP, TOL-TAZ, and cefazolin (CFZ) MIC determinations were performed. DAP MIC determinations were also performed in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of TOL-TAZ and CFZ. Ninety-six-hour in vitro models were run, simulating DAP at 10 mg/kg of body weight/day; TOL-TAZ at 1,500 mg every 8 h; TOL at 1,000 mg every 8 h; and DAP combined with TOL-TAZ (DAP+TOL-TAZ), DAP+TOL, DAP+TAZ, and DAP+CFZ at 2,000 mg every 8 h. DAP MICs were 0.5 and 4 μg/ml for strains R8845 and R8846, respectively. In the presence of CFZ, R8845 and R8846 DAP MICs were reduced 8-fold and 16-fold, respectively. TOL and TAZ had no effect on DAP MICs. PK/PD models demonstrated bactericidal activity with DAP+CFZ against both strains. The combination of DAP+TOL-TAZ was bactericidal against R8845 but was not bactericidal against daptomycin-nonsusceptible strain R8846. DAP+TOL and DAP+TAZ were not bactericidal. No other regimens were bactericidal. DAP+TOL-TAZ did not demonstrate synergistic activity against daptomycin-nonsusceptible S. aureus but prevented daptomycin-nonsusceptible MRSA emergence. Because DAP+TOL or TAZ alone did not prevent daptomycin-nonsusceptible MRSA emergence, the combination TOL-TAZ may be necessary for synergy with DAP. DAP+CFZ demonstrated enhancement against both strains. The combination of DAP+CFZ warrants further clinical study.
Fundamental research on spiking, recovery and understanding seed coat nep counts in AFIS analysis of pre-opened cotton:

Understanding seed coat fragment (SCF) spiking results in advanced fiber information systems (AFIS) analysis of seed coat neps (SCN) in ginned cottons is confounded by the opening of entangled fibers in the instrument’s fiber individualizer. This may influence seed coat tissue fragmentation and recovery since a high degree of machine-fiber interaction is required to individualize entities for sensing. In this paper, slivers were pre-opened in the AFIS followed by manual cleaning, spiking, and AFIS analysis. A protocol was developed to spike the pre-opened slivers. The percent recovery of the spiked entity was dependent on the species and cultivar of the cotton used to prepare the slivers. The lowest recovery was with Pima fibers. Also, the recovery improved with the increase in length of the fibers biologically attached to the SCF surface. Delinted seed coat fragments produced the lowest recovery. Seed coat fragments carefully removed from ginned lint and added to the processed slivers gave the highest re...
Friendships of Virtue, Pursuit of the Moral Community, and the Ends of Business

It is argued here that business firms can and do provide an incubator that enables the Aristotelian category of friendships of advantage to develop into friendships of virtue. This contradicts other literature that views acquaintances of utility as the business norm, and expresses pessimism concerning more advanced virtuous development of friendship within the business firm. It is argued here, however, that this virtuous development is integral to the Kantian social aim of pursuing a moral community, an aim which declares the appropriate moral motivation for business, and that certainly should incorporate a role for developing virtuous relations as a component of that pursuit. An atmosphere that encourages the development of relations of virtue is feasible, exists in real business, and is optimal for pursuit of moral business communities.
Dinâmica Socioecológica e Resiliência da Pesca Ornamental no Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil

We characterize the dynamics of ornamental fishing in the municipality of Barcelos (Brazilian Amazon) from the perspective of socio-ecological systems and resilience theory. Using the adaptive cycle as a heuristic model, we present the social actors involved in the activity, its history and some factors related to its collapse is suggested. Although ornamental fishing might be ecologically and socially viable, economic factors contributed greatly to its decline. The traditional use of multiple natural resources, cash transfer programs and income opportunities from the commercial and sport fishing, are factors that are contributing to the reorganization of the system. The effects of these changes are not known yet, but an increase in fishing pressure on stocks can adversely affect the resilience of the ecological system.
Pathology of Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders

Surgical pathology is an important component in the diagnosis and management of patients with intestinal dysmotility. A wide variety of clinicopathological entities have been described, and many of these conditions can be subgrouped into primary neuropathies or myopathies, based in part on their anatomically distinct features. Common neuropathies include congenital aganglionosis (Hirschsprung disease), hypoganglionosis, ganglioneuromatosis, intestinal neuronal dysplasia, and a number of inflammatory or neurodegenerative conditions. Myopathies include malformations of enteric smooth muscle, genetic defects of smooth muscle cytoskeletal elements, and inflammatory or degenerative myopathies. Accurate diagnosis depends on appropriate tissue samples, high-quality histological preparation, occasional ancillary techniques, and experienced pathological interpretation. Patients are best served by clinicians who understand these principles and develop a strong collaborative relationship with their pathology service.
A smartphone compatible colorimetric biosensing system based on porous silicon

A colorimetric biosensing system based on a porous silicon (PSi) rugate filter is demonstrated. Using an imaged-based technique that monitors RGB intensity, a spectral shift less than 0.25nm can be reliably detected. The porous silicon rugate filter demonstrates a sensitivity of 310 nm/RIU, which corresponds to a detection limit near 7×10-4 RIU. In this work, an external light source and camera are employed for proof-of-concept demonstration. By utilizing a smartphone camera LED and smartphone camera as the light source and detector, respectively, this system could serve as an effective, low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic tool.
Zero Vision: enlightenment and new religion

This paper traces Zero Vision as a product both of Enlightenment thinking (particularly in its aim to perfect humanity and society through measurement, science and rationality) and a continuation of traditionally religious promises that deliverance from suffering is achievable and morally desirable. It then explores how a Zero Vision might look in the twenty-first century, focusing on a limitation on top-down, rule-driven, centrally governed control over safety outcomes in the pursuit of zero; a switch to looking for and understanding our successes, rather than our shrinking number of failures; and a suggestion that secular organizations can commit to an alleviation of suffering as a morally acceptable and practically doable substitute for its eradication.
Aerosolized bacteria and microbial activity in dental clinics during cleaning procedures

Abstract Use of sharp instruments, handpieces, water-air sprays, and high speed rotary devices during dental cleaning procedures can release oral bacteria, which may cause significant occupational bioaerosol exposure risks. This study aimed at sampling of airborne bacteria and identification of prevalent bacterial genera and testing of overall microbial activity in settled splatter over clinic floors in several US dental clinic rooms during dental cleaning procedures (n = 15). Culturable airborne bacteria were measured by a Biostage impactor and the diversity and relative abundance of the airborne culturable bacterial community were evaluated by pyrosequencing of 16s rRNA genes. ATP levels were determined in swabbed splatter samples collected from floor surfaces for understanding overall microbial activity and estimating the general cleanliness of the clinic surfaces. Concentrations at the beginning, during, and after dental cleaning procedures were 671±525, 917±1203, and 899±823 CFU/m 3 , respectively for airborne bacteria and 91±101, 243±129, and 139±77 RLU/sample, respectively for ATP levels on floors. The dominant bacterial phylum was Proteobacteria . A total of 45 bacterial genera were detected, notable among them included Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas, Sporosarcina, and Streptococcus . Several pathogenic bacterial species such as Psychrobacter sp. (including P. pulmonis , and P. faecalis ), Streptococcus sp. (including S. thermophiles , S. parasanguinis , and S. oralis ), Pseudomonas sp. (including P. graminis ) were identified in air samples collected at different stages of the dental cleaning procedures. The concentration of airborne bacteria in dental clinic rooms did not increase significantly during the cleaning procedures. The diversity of culturable bacteria, however, changed. This change in the diversity and the similarity in major taxa detected in our study to the bacterial taxa reported recently from acute or chronic root canal infections and supragingival plaque samples indicate that oral bacteria from patients can significantly contribute to airborne bacterial load in dental clinics during cleaning procedures.
Ethics, Malingering, and a Lie-Detector at the Bedside

A psychiatric consultation is presented in which the physician uses a cardiac monitor in the manner of a lie-detector. Ethical analysis of a clinician's duties in cases of suspected malingering addresses both the standard of informed consent necessary for such assessments and the potential forensic consequences of unanticipated clinical findings.
Deletion of lynx1 reduces the function of α6* nicotinic receptors.

The α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit is an attractive drug target for treating nicotine addiction because it is present at limited sites in the brain including the reward pathway. Lynx1 modulates several nAChR subtypes; lynx1-nAChR interaction sites could possibly provide drug targets. We found that dopaminergic cells from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) express lynx1 mRNA transcripts and, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation, α6 receptors form stable complexes with lynx1 protein, although co-transfection with lynx1 did not affect nicotine-induced currents from cell lines transfected with α6 and β2. To test whether lynx1 is important for the function of α6 nAChRs in vivo, we bred transgenic mice carrying a hypersensitive mutation in the α6 nAChR subunit (α6L9′S) with lynx1 knockout mice, providing a selective probe of the effects of lynx1 on α6* nAChRs. Lynx1 removal reduced the α6 component of nicotine-mediated rubidium efflux and dopamine (DA) release from synaptosomal preparations with no effect on numbers of α6β2 binding sites, indicating that lynx1 is functionally important for α6* nAChR activity. No effects of lynx1 removal were detected on nicotine-induced currents in slices from SNc, suggesting that lynx1 affects presynaptic α6* nAChR function more than somatic function. In the absence of agonist, lynx1 removal did not alter DA release in dorsal striatum as measured by fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Lynx1 removal affected some behaviors, including a novel-environment assay and nicotine-stimulated locomotion. Trends in 24-hour home-cage behavior were also suggestive of an effect of lynx1 removal. Conditioned place preference for nicotine was not affected by lynx1 removal. The results show that some functional and behavioral aspects of α6-nAChRs are modulated by lynx1.
REMARKS ON A RADON-NIKODYM THEOREM FOR VECTOR MEASURES*

Publisher Summary The classical Radon–Nikodym (RN) theorem for a pair of σ-finite measures ν, μ on a σ-field Σ of a nonempty set Ω has been extensively studied and generalized when ν : Σ → y, a Banach or a locally convex linear space. There are problems when an appropriate vector space is a vector measure and when there is a Radon–Nikodym density of ν relative to μ. This second generalization has not been sufficiently explored in contrast to the first one. The chapter discusses this problem, presents an RN theorem for conditional measures, and focuses on a class of vectors, called measures, to solve the problem.
Turning Toward the Beloved (Virgil, Petrarch, Scève)

Orpheus’ turn toward Eurydice, while ascending from Hades, is a memorable way of emphasizing the absolute intentionality of love. Langer analyses this episode of the myth in Virgil’s Georgics as not only conveying the “frenzy” of love, but also as advancing an argument for equity (and pardon), using the kinesic intelligence that allows us to absorb and understand the physical turn toward the beloved. This particular empathic movement is essential to a more general movement from universal qualities to specific qualities that is at the heart of Renaissance love lyric, as illustrated in a mourning sonnet by Petrarch and in a poem of praise of the beloved, in Sceve’s Delie. Orpheus’ tragic gesture constitutes the core of a kinesic memory in the lyric tradition.
Letter by Clerkin et al Regarding Article, "Importance of Routine Antihuman/Leukocyte Antibody Monitoring: De Novo Donor Specific Antibodies Are Associated With Rejection and Allograft Vasculopathy After Heart Transplantation".

We read the article by Wong et al with interest and congratulate the authors for their addition to the literature regarding de novo donor specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (dnDSA) following heart transplantation.1 DSA have been shown to be detrimental following heart transplantation, leading to increased cellular rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, antibody mediated rejection (AMR), and mortality.2–4 We recently reported our experience with a prospective cohort of …
Outcome of the Discussion: From Relaxation to Repression

The popular comments to only selected articles of the constitution were discussed by Stalin at the 8th Congress of Soviets. The small number of accepted amendments confirms that the rationale of the discussion was a process per se—an orchestrated exercise in political conformity, not an adjustment of the constitution to the people’s demands. Stalin’s response shows that the warnings from the NKVD, officials, and the public about numerous enemies, delivered to authorities during the campaign, found fertile ground in his suspicious mind. His speech at the Congress, in the context of his disappointment with the results of the national census in January 1937 and the political turn to repressions at the February–March Central Committee Plenum the same year, speaks in favor of his reevaluation of conditions in society and explains his shift from political relaxation to the Great Terror.
Insights into the Charge-Transfer Stabilization of Heterostructure Components with Unstable Bulk Analogs

Solid state chemists have yet to find a targeted approach based on simple rules to predict new materials with desired physical properties. Recent advances in computational high-throughput methods have led to the creation of large databases with predicted new compounds. While many of these compounds are unstable, some may be stabilized inside heterostructures. BiSe is an example for such a compound where the rock-salt structure is unstable in bulk but can be found in misfit layer compounds and ferecrystals. In some of these heterostructures, BiSe also exhibits antiphase boundaries (APBs), periodic Bi–Bi pairings that interrupt the alternating pattern of the rock-salt structure. Understanding the behavior of BiSe may aid in the discovery of new heterostructure components where no stable bulk analog exists. We used density functional theory (DFT) and crystal orbital Hamilton populations (COHPs) to explain the different stabilities of rock-salt structured BiSe. COHPs show that rock-salt structured BiSe has oc...
Mergers and Innovation

Merger review is the most active area of U.S. antitrust policy. It is now widely believed that merger policy must move beyond its traditional focus on short-run, price and output effects to account for longer-run effects on technological innovation. The question is, how should merger policy adapt to technological change? Some have argued that the right response is for antitrust authorities to reduce merger enforcement to prevent unintended harm to innovation. Others have suggested that the enforcement agencies analyze a merger's effects on innovation using the same framework they use to analyze a transaction's effects on prices and output levels. We argue that merger authorities should neither treat innovation like price and output under the existing framework nor retreat from enforcement in the name of innovation. We examine how merger policy should change both to accommodate the influence of innovation on traditional, static efficiency concerns and to recognize that innovation can itself be an important dimension of market performance affected by a merger.
The role of glycine in pain and spasticity

Neuropathic pain is an intense pain perceived without an obvious noxious stimulus. Spasticity is heightened stretch reflexes and excessive muscle tonus. Both are a common and severely debilitating sequela to injury of the nervous system and both conditions frequently occur together simultaneously. In order to support this glycine-based theory we tested the primary hypothesis with the assumption that a relationship exists between segmentai glycine levels and neuropathic pain and spasticity. These tests included: 1) the detection of segmentai glycine release after motor and sensory pathway stimulation in normal injured animals, 2) the reduction of pain and spasticity following administration of glycine, and its receptor agonists, and 3) the production of pain and spasticity following administration of glycine receptor antagonists. Once fulfilled, results from these experiments would support the goal directed toward enhancing glycine receptor mechanisms as treatment for neuropathic pain and spasticity. Two animal models were employed to test the hypothesis, 1) a classic model of neuropathic pain in the rat created by sciatic nerve constriction, and 2) an established model of spasticity in the rabbit created by spinal cord ischemia.
Compromising the Uncompromisable: Speed Limits, Parades, Cigarettes

I use the non-aggression axiom of libertarian philosophy to discuss topics such as speed limits, cigarettes, and parades.
Homogeneity, Heterogeneity, Pigs and Pandas in Human History

Historians are curious creatures. We believe nowadays in the uniqueness of events, so much so that notions of regularity, pattern, and system have become inherently suspect. Sometimes efforts to see these in the human past are deemed evidence of some nefarious political inclination toward domination or imperialism. Thus we ordinarily leave the very big picture to others, such as journalists, sociologists, or even biologists such as Jared Diamond [6]. Their work offers a challenge from which historians usually shrink, although that charge cannot be leveled at David Christian [3] who has recently sought to find regular patterns not only in human history, but throughout the history of the Universe. In this chapter I offer two different attempts to identify big patterns, regularity, and system in human history. The first concerns a proposed pattern in the evolution of differentiation and integration in human culture, or, as I put it, using terms for the conditions rather than the processes, heterogeneity and homogeneity. The second considers analogies between animal species and human societies.
Both Bone Forearm Fractures

Optimal treatment of pediatric both bone forearm fractures is determined by patient age, fracture pattern, and location. As compared to their adult counterparts, pediatric patients can generally tolerate more displacement and angulation because of their increased remodeling potential. The mainstay of treatment for these injuries continues to be closed reduction and casting. However, operative fixation has increased significantly over the past decade. Currently, both flexible intramedullary nailing and plate fixation are acceptable options in this population. Flexible intramedullary nailing has the advantage of decreased surgical dissection and preservation of local biology, as well as decreased operative times; however, this treatment option may necessitate a return to the operating room for hardware removal. Open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws may more accurately restore bony anatomy, with the potential to retain the implants. However, the optimal method of fixation has not been established and outcomes with both techniques appear to produce satisfactory results in a majority of patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the treatment options for these common pediatric and adolescent injuries.
Incorporation of a spectral model in a convolutional neural network for accelerated spectral fitting.

Purpose MRSI has shown great promise in the detection and monitoring of neurologic pathologies such as tumor. A necessary component of data processing includes the quantitation of each metabolite, typically done through fitting a model of the spectrum to the data. For high-resolution volumetric MRSI of the brain, which may have ~10,000 spectra, significant processing time is required for spectral analysis and generation of metabolite maps. Methods A novel unsupervised deep learning architecture that combines a convolutional neural network with a priori models of the spectrum is presented. This architecture, a convolutional encoder-model decoder (CEMD), combines the strengths of adaptive and unbiased convolutional networks with models of magnetic resonance and is readily interpretable. Results The CEMD architecture performs accurate spectral fitting for volumetric MRSI in patients with glioblastoma, provides whole-brain fitting in 1 min on a standard computer, and handles a variety of spectral artifacts. Conclusion A new architecture combining physics domain knowledge with convolutional neural networks has been developed and is able to perform rapid spectral fitting of whole-brain data. Rapid processing is a critical step toward routine clinical practice.
The Millennium Development Goals and Education: Accountability and Substitution in Global Assessment

Precise international metrics and assessments may induce governments to alter policies in pursuit of more favorable assessments according to these metrics. In this paper, we explore a secondary effect of global performance indicators (GPIs). Insofar as governments have finite resources and make trade-offs in public goods investments, a GPI that precisely targets the provision of a particular public good may cause governments to substitute away from the provision of other, related, public goods. We argue that both the main effect of the GPI (on the measured public good) and this substitution effect vary systematically based on the domestic political institutions and informational environments of targeted states. Specifically, we contend that both the main and substitution effects of GPIs should be largest for governments that are least accountable (opaque and nondemocratic) and should be smallest for those that are most accountable. We illustrate the logic of these arguments using a formal model and test these claims using data on primary and secondary enrollment rates across 114 countries. We find that countries substitute toward primary education enrollment rates (which is targeted by the Millennium Development Goals) and away from secondary (which is not), and that these effects are mitigated as accountability rises.
Summary of Workshop Discussion

J. Yao moderated the discussion in the final session. He began the session by presenting the state of the art on the topics addressed in the workshop. This report was prepared jointly with G. Natke and was based on a framework provided by the list of topics in Fig. 3 of the Preface. This state of the art is summarized in the final chapter: Concluding Remarks and Recommendations.
Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among adults in rural Sylhet district of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives Low-income and middle-income countries are undergoing epidemiological transition, however, progression is varied. Bangladesh is simultaneously experiencing continuing burden of communicable diseases and emerging burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). For effective use of limited resources, an increased understanding of the shifting burden and better characterisation of risk factors of NCDs, including hypertension is needed. This study provides data on prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among males and females 35 years and older in rural Bangladesh. Methods This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in Zakiganj and Kanaighat subdistricts of Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Blood pressure was measured and data on risk factors were collected using STEPS instrument from 864 males and 946 females aged 35 years and older between August 2017 and January 2018. Individuals with systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive drugs were considered hypertensive. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with hypertension. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 18.8% (95% CI 16.3 to 21.5) and 18.7% (95% CI 16.3 to 21.3) in adult males and females, respectively. Among those who were hypertensive, the prevalence of controlled, uncontrolled and unaware/newly identified hypertension was 23.5%, 25.9% and 50.6%, respectively among males and 38.4%, 22.6% and 39.0%, respectively among females. Another 22.7% males and 17.8% females had prehypertension. Increasing age and higher waist circumference (≥90 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females) were positively associated with hypertension both in males (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.5 to 6.4) and females (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0 to 4.1). Conclusions In view of the high burden of hypertension and prehypertension, a context-specific scalable public health programme including behaviour change communications, particularly to increase physical activity and consumption of healthy diet, as well as identification and management of hypertension needs to be developed and implemented.
Nanopore Digital Counting of Amplicons for Ultrasensitive Electronic DNA Detection

We demonstrate the feasibility of using the single molecule sensing nanopore as a digital counter to enumerate the amplicons for ultrasensitive electronic nucleic acid analysis. We show that the nanopore digital counting approach could capture the DNA replication dynamics in the LAMP reaction and has the potential to be used in a qualitative test as well as in a quantitative test. By keeping nanopores as simple as possible and by leveraging the amplification assay’s high sensitivity, the amplification-coupled nanopore digital counting approach provides a promising optics-free method for highly sensitive and specific nucleic acid testing.
Cytomorphologic findings of cervical Pap smears from female-to-male transgender patients on testosterone therapy.

Background The cervical cancer screening recommendation for transgender female-to-male (FTM) patients is the same as that for cisgender females. A lack of literature on testosterone-induced changes in cervical cytology in these patients may result in interpretation errors, especially without a proper clinical history. The aim of this study was to delineate the Papanicolaou (Pap) test findings in this patient population. Methods A pathology laboratory information system was used to obtain a cohort of FTM transgender patients on testosterone therapy (2009-2019). A cohort of age-matched, atrophic, control cisgender female patients (postpartum or menopausal) was selected. A retrospective review of the cytomorphologic findings on cervical Pap smears, pertinent follow-up, and human papillomavirus (HPV) test results was performed. Results Fourteen transgender patients (age range, 21-64 years; mean age, 42.5 years) receiving testosterone therapy with 17 Pap smears were identified. One of the 5 available HPV tests was positive for HPV, and 4 were negative. A Pap smear review revealed the following: negative for intraepithelial lesion (NILM; 82.4%), unsatisfactory (5.9%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS; 5.9%), and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (5.9%). The Pap smears of the atrophic cisgender cohort (102 patients) revealed the following: NILM (92.5%), unsatisfactory (0.9%), ASCUS (5.6%), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (0.9%). The difference between the rates of epithelial cell abnormality in the 2 cohorts was not statistically significant. Although atrophy was noted in both groups, cytomorphologic findings of transitional cell metaplasia (TCM; 88.2%) and "small cells" (82.4%) were characteristic of the testosterone-treated transgender cohort. Histologic correlates of TCM and small cells were noted in hysterectomy specimens from 6 patients. Conclusions Small cells and TCM are common cytomorphologic findings in Pap smears of testosterone-treated transgender (FTM) patients. On the basis of histologic follow-up, small cells most likely represent atrophic parabasal cells of cervical-vaginal epithelium.
Food insecurity on a college campus: Prevalence, determinants, and solutions

Objective: Students are at risk of food insecurity. We aimed to determine: the prevalence of food insecurity among students; the variables associated with student food insecurity; and appropriate solutions. Participants: We collected data from 339 students at a large state university in the western United States between December 2016 and February 2017. Methods: We used an anonymous online survey that incorporated the USDA US Six-Item Short Food Security Survey. Results: First, 54% of respondents had been food insecure within the last year. Second, students in receipt of financial aid were significantly more likely to be food insecure. Third, respondents proposed solutions to student food insecurity that included on-campus food assistance programs, education initiatives, and off-campus food assistance programs. Conclusions: Our paper contributes to a growing body of knowledge about the extent and causes of, and solutions to, food insecurity among college students.
Using Mind-Body Medicine to Reduce the Long-Term Health Impacts of COVID-Specific Chronic Stress

Mental health continues to be a rising concern for the global population during the COVID-19 pandemic (1, 2). Addressing these issues requires us to consider the COVID-19 pandemic as a major, global and chronic life-stressor. Stresses related to the pandemic include the risk/fear of getting infected; social isolation; lack of schooling for children; potential for increased interpersonal conflict (domestic violence/trauma), and job/income loss (1, 2). While exact numbers are difficult to come by, early evidence suggests that the global COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in acute stress, along with a corollary increase in anxiety and depression across multiple countries and populations studied (1, 3–5). However, these stressors have already lasted for almost a year and may continue as lockdowns continue to be enforced worldwide, thus making them chronic rather than acute in nature. Moreover, despite the advent of vaccines, public health experts, such as Dr. Fauci (head of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infection Disease) suggested a return to normality might only occur at the end of 2021 in the US. Viewing the effects of COVID-19 pandemic as a chronic stressor is important for two reasons: (1) it suggests that the long-term effect of pandemic-related stress may be a worsening of both chronic physical and mental health, both of which are well-documented related to the impacts of chronic stress (6–8). (2) It suggests that specific, practical, affordable, and globally implementable strategies shown to help with chronic stress can be utilized.
Challenges and opportunities in building circular-economy incubators: Stakeholder perspectives in Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract What are the challenges and opportunities involved in the development of circular-economy incubators in a developing economy? A grounded theory approach is used to explore these challenges and opportunities in Trinidad and Tobago. Local stakeholders, including entrepreneurs, non-profits, academics and government agencies, are interviewed and the results are analyzed via axial coding to extract trends in attitudes and perceptions. Two principal results emerge from the analysis: First, while government involvement was viewed as part of the process, stakeholders do not trust the government to lead the development. Second, many stakeholders do not fully understand circular-economy strategies and opportunities, emphasizing traditional waste management approaches such as recycling over value-added conversion of waste. Different stakeholders demonstrate different knowledge gaps, e.g. entrepreneurs tend not to recognize the financial case for circular economy, a prerequisite to their motivation to participate in incubation. These results suggest that circular-economy incubators would help entrepreneurs find and pursue circular-economy opportunities with a limited role for government. Also, education about circular-economy approaches is needed to motivate and inform participation in a circular-economy incubator.
Case of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) associated with black cohosh.

Drug-induced liver injury is an uncommon yet fatal cause of liver injury. Black cohosh is a herbal supplement that is derived from Actaea racemosa. It has been used for vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women, but it can cause liver injury. A 50-year-old Afro-American woman presented with a 2-month history of malaise, itching and severe jaundice. The labs showed elevation of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. The patient had a history of black cohosh use for postmenopausal symptoms before she developed her current symptoms. The extensive workup for infective and autoimmune pathology was negative. Black cohosh was discontinued. The patient improved clinically, and her liver enzymes normalised 6 months after the discontinuation of black cohosh. This report emphasises the need to recognise black cohosh as a potential hepatotoxic agent and to monitor the liver enzymes for a patient on black cohosh.
Eye Tracking Lateralized Spatial Associations in Early Childhood

This experiment tests the age at which left-to-right spatial associations found in infancy shift to culture-specific spatial biases in later childhood, for both numerical and non-numerical informat...
ORGANIZATIONAL LISTENING DURING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: PERSPECTIVES OF EMPLOYEES AND EXECUTIVES

During organizational change, organizations increase their listening initiatives to monitor resistance, lower uncertainty, and enhance commitment to change. Scholars have argued that many of these ...
Decide on the MRT

Governor of Special Capital Territory of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta), Jokowi, still has not decided whether the mass rapid transit (MRT) project will run or not. This Rp 15 trillion-worth project is highly anticipated by the people of Jakarta because it is believed to be the only solution to traffic congestion in Jakarta. The underground MRT line is planned to run for 110.8km from Lebak Bulus, Hotel Indonesia Roundabout, to Kampung Bandan, and the first phase will be completed in 2016. It will be fully completed in 2017.
Natural Variability in Parent-Child Puzzle Play at Home.

Here we observed 3- to 4-year-old children (N = 31) and their parents playing with puzzles at home during a zoom session to provide insight into the variability of the kinds of puzzles children have in their home, and the variability in how children and their parents play with spatial toys. We observed a large amount of variability in both children and parents’ behaviors, and in the puzzles they selected. Further, we found relations between parents’ and children’s behaviors. For example, parents provided more scaffolding behaviors for younger children and parents’ persistence focused language was related to more child attempts after failure. Altogether, the present work shows how using methods of observing children at a distance, we can gain insight into the environment in which they are developing. The results are discussed in terms of how variability in spatial toys and spatial play during naturalistic interactions can help us contextualize the conclusions we draw from lab-based studies.
Pellet acceleration using an ablation-controlled electrothermal launcher

The NCSU ablation-controlled electrothermal launcher SIRENS has been used to accelerate plastic (Lexan polycarbonate) pellets to investigate the possibility of using electrothermal launchers as frozen pellet injectors for tokamak fueling. Successful installation of such a device would include a protective shell (sabot) to shield the hydrogenic pellet from ablation and allow it to maintain its integrity throughout the acceleration. The SIRENS device has been modified to include specially designed barrel sections equipped with diagnostic ports. A pulse forming network (PFN), provides a longer pulse length of 250 /spl mu/s, which allows for an extended period of pellet acceleration. Pellet masses between 300 and 1000 milligrams were used, and plastic sabots with 70 milligram plastic payloads were also tested. Measured velocities are in the range of 1500 m/s for the short pulse shots and 2000 m/s for the PFN long pulse shots. The 1D, time dependent gas dynamics code "ODIN" was modified to include a section to model the pellet's movement, and the additional pellet terms were included in the set of governing equations. The pellet movement as predicted by the code compared favorably with experimental results, and the plasma parameters within the electrothermal launcher behaved as predicted.
CASTING NEW LIGHT ON AN OLD SUBJECT: DEATH PENALTY ABOLITIONISM FOR A NEW MILLENNIUM

This paper examines recent U.S. efforts to abolish capital punishment, using Austin Sarat's 2001 book "When the State Kills" as the centerpiece of its exploration. The book, rather than mounting a principled "frontal assault" on the death penalty, instead surveys the numerous ways in which capital punishment negatively affects American law, politics, and culture. The paper considers the broader historic significance of this tactical shift and reflects upon the consequences and prospects for its ultimate success.
The Art of Art Therapy : What Every Art Therapist Needs to Know

Foreword to the Revised Edition. Introduction. Part I: The Art Part. Knowing Materials. Knowing Processes. Knowing Products. Part II: The Therapy Part. Knowing Development. Knowing Dynamics and Deviations. Knowing Therapy. Knowing Art Therapy. Part III: The Interface. Setting the Stage. Evoking Expression. Enabling Creation. Facilitating Reflection. Working Artfully. Part IV: Applications. Different Populations. Different Settings. Different Modes. Part V: Related Service. Knowing Teaching. Knowing Supervision. Knowing Consultation. Knowing Research. Knowing Theory. Addendum: Knowing What You Don't Know. Appendix A: Books on Art Therapy and Related Subjects. Appendix B: DVD Contents.
Petrous carotid aneurysms treated by endovascular techniques

Aneurysms that arise from the petrous segment of the internal carotid artery are rare, with only 30 cases reported. We report seven additional patients who presented with symptoms due to a petrous carotid aneurysm, all effectively treated by endovascular techniques (6 patients) or surgical ligation (1 patient). In one patient with a saccular aneurysm the aneurysm was thrombosed with preservation of the parent artery. In the remaining six patients, with fusiform aneurysms, proximal occlusion or trapping procedures were performed. In all cases the presenting symptoms were alleviated following aneurysm thrombosis.
The Intestinal Phase of Pancreatic Polypeptide Release

The purpose of this study was to determine whether nutrients in the small intestine cause a change in plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration and, if so, the relative potencies of the major nutrient stimuli at different levels of the small intestine. We first compared the pancreatic polypeptide response to gastric and duodenal instillation of a test meal with that to ingestion of the same meal and modified sham feeding, in 10 healthy subjects. Intragastric feeding accounted for 70%, intraduodenal feeding accounted for 60%, and modified sham feeding accounted for 16% of the integrated pancreatic polypeptide response to meal ingestion. In separate experiments using a double-balloon intestinal perfusion technique, we examined the effects on plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations of 60-min infusions of isocaloric and isosmolar solutions of essential amino acids, oleic acid, and glucose in the upper, middle, and distal small intestine in random order in 7 healthy subjects. In the proximal small intestine, all three nutrients produced a significant rise in plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations, with a sequence of potency of: amino acids mixture (response = 3.04 ± 0.64 ng·min/ml), oleic acid (response = 1.25 ± 0.29 ng·min/ml), and glucose (response = 0.52 ± 0.14 ng·min/ml). The three nutrients retained their relative potencies in the middle small intestine, but were less effective than in the proximal segment (responses = 1.20 ± 0.26, 0.64 ± 0.12 and 0.39 ± 0.10 ng·min/ml for amino acids, oleic acid, and glucose, respectively). None of the nutrients perfused into the distal small intestine elicited a pancreatic polypeptide response. Thus, this study shows that the small intestine plays an important role in pancreatic polypeptide secretion which is dependent upon the nature of the nutrient and diminishes in effectiveness with distal progression. The demonstration of the existence of an enteropancreatic mechanism for the release of pancreatic polypeptide supports a possible physiologic role of pancreatic polypeptide as an inhibitor of postprandial pancreatic and biliary secretion.