cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3924: PARP inhibition as a radiosensitizing strategy to improve locoregional control in inflammatory breast cancer

Purpose: Sustained locoregional control of disease is a significant issue in patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) with local control rates Methods: Pharmacologic PARP1 inhibitors, olaparib and veliparib, were used at various concentrations (10-5 to 10-12 M). Proliferation assays were used to determine the IC50s of these inhibitors in three independent IBC cell lines (SUM 149, SUM 190, MDA-IBC-3). Clonogenic survival assays were used to determine the radiosensitization in cell lines after pharmacologic PARP inhibition (PARPi). DNA damage was quantified using γH2AX staining in IBC cell lines. Transcriptomic, protein and signaling pathway changes were measured using RNA-Seq and RPPA, respectively. In vivo tumor growth was also measured in CB17-SCID mice with varying control and treatment groups (16-20 tumors/group) that included radiation (RT) alone, olaparib alone, and RT+olaparib. Results: PARPi via olaparib and veliparib had limited single agent efficacy in all three independent IBC models with IC50 values >10 µM. Despite limited single agent efficacy, sub micromolar concentrations of PARPi with RT led to significant radiosensitization with radiation enhancement ratios of 1.20-1.35 in the same three models (500 nM in SUM 190, 500 nM in MDA-IBC-3, 2 nM in SUM 149). This effect was partially dependent on BRCA 1/2 mutational status. Radiosensitization was due, at least in part, to delayed resolution of double strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks at 12, 16, and 24 hours in all models. Additionally, this effect is mediated, at least in part, by a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanism and was not dependent on homologous recombination (HR). RNA-Seq and RPPA protein pathway data identify key pathways that regulate the radiosensitization in these IBC models. Additionally, xenograft studies show significant differences in tumor doubling and tripling times between treated and untreated tumors. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the PARP1 inhibition improves the therapeutic index of radiotherapy in IBC cell lines. Combined PARPi with RT leads to unresolved dsDNA breaks and decreased clonogen survival. These studies provide the rationale for a phase II randomized trial of RT +/- PARPi (olaparib) in women with IBC that has recently opened for accrual (SWOG 1706 - NCT03598257). This work was supported by a grant from Komen for the Cure and NIH T-32-GM007315. Citation Format: Anna Michmerhuizen, Andrea Pesch, Leah Moubadder, Meleah Cameron, Amanda Zhang, Nicole Hirsh, Meilan Liu, Kari Wilder-Romans, Lori J. Pierce, Reshma Jagsi, Corey Speers. PARP inhibition as a radiosensitizing strategy to improve locoregional control in inflammatory breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3924.
Evolutionary insights from behavioural geography: plasticity, evolution, and responses to rapid environmental change

Background: Species with complex phylogeographies often exhibit patterns of behavioural variation that appear to mirror variation in selective pressures, whereas in other cases population differences are not clearly adaptive. The genetic and environmental causes of this variation are diverse, and are likely to vary geographically even when phenotypes are similar. Questions: How can geographic variation provide insight into fundamental evolutionary processes? In what ways can geographic variation in behaviour provide novel insights into the responses of populations and species to rapid environmental change? Methods: The threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) comprises, in part, a postglacial adaptive radiation in which ocean fish have given rise to a diversity of independently derived freshwater populations. Our understanding of the causes of variation in, and the underpinnings of behavioural variation in this radiation is used to provide insights into evolutionary processes and to provide direction for research on the likely evolution of populations in response to rapid environmental change as mediated by behaviour. Behaviour is considered to be of special importance because it exhibits remarkable plasticity that is likely to influence the evolutionary process. Behaviour and the evolutionary process: The plasticity of behaviour can facilitate or constrain evolution and can enhance population persistence. Patterns of plasticity can evolve, but equally, unexpressed behavioural traits also can persist for long periods, re-emerging as environments change. Re-emergent traits can appear to be novelties, rather than ancient, recently unexpressed traits. Behaviour and responses to rapid environmental change: Remarkable regional variation in behaviour can exist in widespread, phylogeographically complex populations. Similar phenotypes in different regions can have different genetic and plastic underpinnings, with the outcome that populations in different regions are likely to have different responses to environmental change. Behavioural mediation of evolutionary responses is likely to be difficult to detect but is critical to evaluate.
A Study on Measurement Method of Exhaust Flames Temperature for Solid Propellant Rocket Engine

The multiple target multi-spectral pyrometer based on the exhaust flames characteristics of solid propellant rocket engine(SPRE) is developed for measuring simultaneously the exhaust flames temperature of six targets with eight working wavelengths for each target.An applicable effective true temperature solving method is presented.The measurement of SPRE exhaust flames temperature and its distribution is completed with multi-spectral pyrometer.
Computer-Aided Detection/Diagnosis in Breast Imaging: A Focus on the Evolving FDA Regulations for Using Software as a Medical Device

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided detection (CAD) applications for medical tasks are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices. The purpose of this paper to review CAD and its categories, explain why AI counts as a medical device, and describe its FDA approval process. The review will also include some of the recent advancements in AI-based CAD for different modalities in breast imaging. To keep up with the rapid pace of AI, changes have recently been made by the FDA in how CAD software is classified and regulated. The expedited 510(k) FDA approval pathway has facilitated the expansion of AI-based imaging applications with faster access to the most up-to-date technologies. However, gaps may remain in the FDA process for vigorous quality testing to approve such products
How, When, and With Whom Should Cost of Care Conversations Occur? Preferences of Two Distinct Cancer Survivor Groups

PURPOSE:Cost of care (CoC) conversations should occur routinely in oncology practice. However, patient preferences about with whom, when, and how to have these conversations are missing and prefere...
In Vivo Corrosion of Modular Dual-Mobility Implants: A Retrieval Study.

Abstract Background Modular dual-mobility (MDM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) implants have an additional metal-metal interface between the metal liner and outer metal shell that poses a risk of corrosion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate retrieved MDM liners to evaluate qualitative and quantitative damage and corrosion patterns at this interface. Methods Twelve MDM implants of one design with a mean in situ duration of 26 months (range, 1-57 months) were evaluated. Six implants (50%) were from primary THAs and 6 (50%) from revision THAs. The taper region of the liner at risk of damage was qualitatively graded using modified Goldberg criteria while quantitative dimensional assessment was performed with a validated coordinate measurement machine. Results Among the retrieved implants, 2 (17%) demonstrated severe grade 4 corrosion, 5 (42%) moderate grade 3 corrosion, 4 (33%) mild grade 2 corrosion, and 1 (8%) grade 1 (no visible corrosion). Mean maximum linear corrosion depth at the taper interface measured 35.5 microns (range, 8.4-176.2 microns). All implants had a maximum linear corrosion depth >7 microns, a threshold suggestive of potentially clinically significant material loss. Three corrosion patterns were identified: generalized corrosion, a stripe of corrosion about the middle of the taper region, and focal areas of corrosion at the portion of the taper closest to the joint surface. Conclusion Visual and dimensional analysis of all 12 retrieved MDM implants demonstrated identifiable corrosion/wear of the cobalt-chromium metal liner taper of varying severity. These implants should be used judiciously until larger series with clinical correlation can be completed.
Grade IV Renal Laceration in a 13-Year-Old Boy With Cross-fused Renal Ectopia.

ABSTRACT A 13-year old boy presented with gross hematuria following a skateboarding accident and was found to have cross-fused renal ectopia of the left kidney with a grade IV right renal laceration and urinary extravasation. Despite a double-J ureteral stent, urinoma drain, and indwelling bladder catheter, his urinoma drain maintained high output. He underwent a ureteral stent exchange and upsizing. A percutaneous nephrostomy tube was subsequently placed for maximal urinary diversion, which led to the resolution his urinary leak. This case highlights our endourologic management of a severe urinary leak despite conservative measures in a pediatric patient with a renal anomaly.
Tea Plantations in the Darjeeling Hills Geo-Ecological Impact and Livelihood Implications

The geo-ecological stability of a place has an important role in contributing to the livelihood security of its people. A disturbance to the geo-ecology of a region jeopardizes the livelihood resources of the population and creates pressures for livelihood security. Human interventions in the form of destruction of forests and degradation of land significantly alter the geo-ecology of a region. Moreover, interventions with forests result in several other forms of degradations of the geo-ecology of a region. In the light of this understanding, the present study evaluates the impact of tea plantations on the geo-ecology of Darjeeling Hills, Inia and the consequent impact on the livelihood security of the people in the region.
Status, Appropriate Sampling Scheme, and Movement in the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) in Yellowstone National Park

Due to the current trend of amphibian declines (Wake 1998, Alford and Richards 1999, Semlitsch 2000), the monitoring and study of amphibian populations has become increasingly necessary. To properly do such studies, we must consider several issues. Some of these include the detectability of the species at a site, current status of the population, and the spatial scale for sampling of a population. Determining the detectability of a species is important to consider because some amphibian species may have different difficulties of detection. Therefore, if a species is difficult to observe, it may occupy a greater number of sites than a survey indicates (MacKenzie et al. 2002). The appropriate spatial scale is also important for monitoring studies. For example, in a pond breeding amphibian, do one or two breeding ponds with the appropriate terrestrial habitat constitute the correct sampling area for a population, or does a population utilize multiple ponds within a larger terrestrial area? If the sampling scale is not appropriate, then any conclusions made may be inaccurate (Wiens 1989). In addition, understanding the terrestrial habitat use of pond breeding amphibians is important for both monitoring and conservation reasons. Many pond-breeding amphibians use the ponds for breeding and then utilize terrestrial zones around the pond for the rest of the year. The total area that is encompassed by these terrestrial zones is known as the terrestrial "buffer zone" or core habitat area for that population (Semlitsch 1998). To identify these core habitat areas, we must know not only the distance that the amphibians physically move from the breeding pond, but also the type of habitat that they will use. For example, short, steep slopes or rivers can serve as a barrier to amphibian movement (Laan and Verboom 1990, Storfer 1999), even if they are within the movement range of a population. Understanding individual movement may also give insights into the spatial population structure of the species. If we can identify the average distance of movement, we can then extrapolate if a breeding pond is likely to have an isolated subpopulation based on its distance from other ponds.
The Influence of Charge-Gas Dilution and Temperature on DI Diesel Combustion Processes Using a Short-Ignition-Delay, Oxygenated Fuel

The influence of nitrogen dilution and charge-gas temperature on in-cylinder combustion processes and engine-out NO x and smoke emissions was investigated in an optically accessible heavy-duty Dl diesel engine using a high-cetane-number, oxygenated fuel. Engine-out measurements of NO x and smoke emissions and in-cylinder images of natural luminosity were obtained for charge-gas oxygen concentrations from 9% to 21% and TDC charge-gas temperatures of 680 and 880 K. Charge-gas temperature was found to have a significant influence on engine-out NO x emissions, but NO x emissions levels less than 0.2 g/ihp-hr were achieved at both the 680 and 880 K charge-gas temperatures within the investigated range of oxygen concentrations. An indicated engine-out NO x emissions level of 0.09 g/ihp-hr at 18 bar IMEP was achieved using charge-gas dilution and 3.0 bar intake boost pressure. The proportion of NO 2 to NO emissions increased with decreasing oxygen concentration, with NO 2 reaching 81% of NO x emissions at an oxygen concentration of 12%. The increasing fraction of NO 2 with decreasing oxygen concentration is attributed to increased quenching of NO 2 -to-NO reactions due to decreasing flame temperatures. Flame lift-off lengths were measured using in-cylinder images of natural luminosity. The measured flame lift-off lengths and estimated charge-gas conditions were used to determine the local mixture stoichiometry at the flame lift-off length. The results show that soot incandescence can be negligible for fuel-rich local mixture stoichiometries that would result in intense soot incandescence under undiluted operating conditions. It is hypothesized that flame temperatures and/or residence times are too small for soot inception under highly dilute charge-gas conditions. Reduced flame temperatures also potentially explain the low measured NO x emissions levels.
Sheath Acceleration of Photoelectrons by Jupiter’s Satellite Io

We are investigating a model of the influence of Jupiter’s moon Io on Jovian decametric radiation due to plasma sheaths formed around Io’s surface. With Io, we are dealing with a large, partially-conducting, and photoemitting body with a large V × B potential (~ 700000 Volts) across its diameter. A well-known model by Goldreich and Lyden-Bell (1969) assumes Jupiter’s field lines are frozen to Io, while we are proposing instead that sheaths form around Io and electrons are accelerated across these sheaths.
Variations of the Mean Meridional Circulation in the Thermosphere

Studies of the global circulation in the thermosphere have shown that the thermosphere is a dynamically active region with large variations about a basic state. This is due primarily to the variable nature of the main forcings for thermospheric dynamics—heating due to absorption of solar EUV and UV radiation, heating due to auroral particle precipitation, Joule heating due to the dissipation of ionospheric currents, momentum addition due to ionospheric drifts, and the effects of tides and other disturbances that propagate upward from the lower atmosphere and are dissipated in the thermosphere. Most of these energy and momentum sources have seasonal, solar cycle, and geomagnetic storm time variations that greatly influence the thermospheric structure and circulation. Several different theoretical models have been used to examine various aspects of the main global thermospheric variations. Some of these models are given by Geisler, 1967; Kohl and King, 1967; Dickinson et al. 1968; Dickinson, 1969; Mayr and Volland, 1972; 1973; Blum and Harris, 1975; Creekmore et al. 1975; Richmond and Matsushita, 1975; Hong and Lindzen, 1976; Forbes and Garrett, 1976.
Applied Z-numbers

Z-number is an emerging paradigm that has been utilized in computing with words among others. The concept of a Z-number is intended to provide a basis for computation with numbers that deal with reliability and likelihood. Z-numbers are confluence between the two most prominent approaches to uncertainty, probability and possibility, which allow computations on complex statements. computations on Z-numbers require solving a complex optimization problem over the space of all possible probability distribution which leads in to its slow adoption to computing with words machinery. This paper seeks to provide an applied model of Z-numbers based on certain realistic assumptions regarding the probability distributions. An algorithm and example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model.
Saving the Phenomena: The Background to Ptolemy's Planetary Theory:

Le terme phenomene utilise en astronomie est analyse afin de demontrer s'il y a eu des changements significatifs depuis la theorie planetaire de Ptolemee
The Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Third Rate Doctrine for Third Party Consultants

Due to the increasingly complex legal landscape, lawyers often rely on information and guidance from non-lawyer consultants such as accountants, investment bankers, and public relations specialists to provide fully informed legal advice to their corporate clients. Currently, however, there is little agreement among federal courts on the appropriate standard to analyze the attorney-client privilege when communications involve third party consultants. Moreover, at the margins, third party attorney-client privilege doctrine is overly broad and overly narrow. The narrow interpretation shields third party communications in the rarest of situations, e.g., when the consultant is acting solely as an interpreter. The broadest interpretation protects communications whenever they help the lawyer provide legal advice - at the expense of the public's access to information. Thus, the doctrine protects communications even those in favor of a robust corporate attorney-client privilege would not approve and denies protection in the very contexts for which the doctrine was created. This Article examines when communications with third party consultations should be protected. It is informed, in part, by some empirical research I conducted on attorneys' communications with external public relations consultants. It argues that exchanges between attorneys and third party consultants should be protected in certain circumstances. As a means to achieve that protection, this Article recommends the attorney-client privilege protect these exchanges when there is a strong nexus between the consultant's service and the legal advice provided to the client. It proposes that the proponent show that communication with the third party was necessary to provide legal advice or services. To guard against the use of attorneys as shields for non-privileged communications and to help the court determine that the primary purpose of the exchange was for legal (as opposed to business) advice, it proposes that courts also take into account: 1) whether the lawyers were not skilled in the area in which they sought expert assistance; 2) the way the communication was conducted or distributed; 3) contemporaneous documentary support e.g., a separate retainer agreement; and 4) the substance of the law involved. Unlike the narrowest standard, this multi-factored nexus test embraces the role third party consultation plays in the provision of legal advice to large corporations. Unlike the broadest standard, this test prevents the ease with which corporations can funnel communications with third party consultants unrelated to legal services through their attorneys for protection. Further, these recommendations simplify the current doctrine and make it slightly more predictable.
A Deterministic Analysis of Noisy Sparse Subspace Clustering for Dimensionality-reduced Data

Subspace clustering groups data into several lowrank subspaces. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework to analyze a popular optimization-based algorithm, Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC), when the data dimension is compressed via some random projection algorithms. We show SSC provably succeeds if the random projection is a subspace embedding, which includes random Gaussian projection, uniform row sampling, FJLT, sketching, etc. Our analysis applies to the most general deterministic setting and is able to handle both adversarial and stochastic noise. It also results in the first algorithm for privacy-preserved subspace clustering.
Laboratory‐Scale Method for Estimating Explosive Performance from Laser‐Induced Shock Waves

A new laboratory-scale method for predicting explosive performance (e.g., detonation velocity and pressure) based on milligram quantities of material is demonstrated. This technique is based on schlieren imaging of the shock wave generated in air by the formation of a laser-induced plasma on the surface of an energetic material residue. The shock wave from each laser ablation event is tracked for more than 100 μs using a high-speed camera. A suite of conventional energetic materials including DNAN, TNT, HNS, TATB, NTO, PETN, RDX, HMX, and CL-20 was used to develop calibration curves relating the characteristic shock velocity for each energetic material to several detonation parameters. A strong linear correlation between the laser-induced shock velocity and the measured performance from full-scale detonation testing has been observed. The Laser-induced Air Shock from Energetic Materials (LASEM) method was validated using nitrocellulose, FOX-7, nano-RDX, three military formulations, and three novel high-nitrogen explosives currently under development. This method is a potential screening tool for the development of new energetic materials and formulations prior to larger-scale detonative testing. The main advantages are the small quantity of material required (a few milligrams or less per laser shot), the ease with which hundreds of measurements per day can be obtained, and the ability to estimate explosive performance without detonating the material (reducing cost and safety requirements).
Concurrent interstitial radiotherapy and infusional chemotherapy for recurrent gynecologic malignancies

Patients with unresectable locally recurrent gynecologic malignancies pose a difficult therapeutic challenge. Conventional therapies are frequently unsuccessful and offer only marginal palliation. In this study, interstitial 192iridium-needle implants and concomitant infusional 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) or carboplatin (CBDCA) chemotherapy were used to treat 14 women with recurrent pelvic tumors. Malignancies of the cervix, endometrium ovary, tube and vulva are represented; all patients were heavily pretreated. Twenty interstitial implants were performed in these 14 patients. Needle distributions and doses were individualized to accommodate the recurrent tumor volumes. Tumor responses were seen in 12 patients (six complete and six partial responses). Four women remain clinically free of disease and four are alive with disease at 18–34 months of follow-up. There were no severe acute toxicities, however, four patients have subsequently developed fistulae associated with tumor progression. Although longer follow-up is required, the high response rate, wide applicability and acceptable toxicity observed in this heavily pretreated patient population warrant further study of combined interstitial radiation and chemotherapy.
Nonaqueous chromatography of biopolymers by means of their poly(ethylene glycol)‐mediated solubilization in alcohols

Freeze-drying of aqueous solutions of biopolymers and excess poly(ethylene glycol)s leads to formation of hydrophobic complexes. Complexation with PEG increases solubility of low molecular weight DNA, RNA, and several proteins in neat ethanol and methanol. Solubilized nucleic acids can be fractionated, and proteins separated by nonaqueous reversed-phase HPLC. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Journalism, Television, Poetry: Rainald Goetz's 1989

(2006). Journalism, Television, Poetry: Rainald Goetz's 1989. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 202-220.
Polarization impedance of stainless steel bipolar electrodes in brain

Abstract The polarization impedance of a stainless steel bipolar electrode, which is used for chronic implants in laboratory rats, has been measured across the frequency spectrum from 200 Hz to 100 kHz. The polarization impedance has been measured in various solutions which are used for perfusion fixation, and it has also been measured in brain before and after fixation for electron microscopy. For the electrodes in brain, a significant amount of polarization impedance remained at 100 kHz, and prevented an accurate determination of tissue capacitance. However, tissue resistance was estimated by measuring impedance at several frequencies.
Surgery improves quality of life in patients with "mild" hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background Surgical treatment of patients with "classic" hyperparathyroidism improves quality of life, but these benefits to patients with "mild" disease remain unclear. Methods The SF-36 Health Survey was administered to 174 patients 1 week before, 1 week after, and 1 year after undergoing parathyroidectomy. Results One hundred fifty-one patients completed at least 2 surveys. There were 18 and 133 cases of "mild" and "classic" hyperparathyroidism, respectively. Preoperatively, the groups did not differ significantly in the 10 scales. One year after surgery, patients with "classic" and "mild" disease improved significantly in 9/10 and 10/10 scales, respectively ( P Conclusions Quality of life significantly improved in surgically treated patients with both "mild" and "classic" hyperparathyroidism, supporting surgical treatment of "mild" hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, quality of life may improve more in patients with "mild" rather than "classic" disease.
Masher: Mapping Long(er) Reads with Hash-based Genome Indexing on GPUs

Fast and robust algorithms and aligners have been developed to help the researchers in the analysis of genomic data whose size has been dramatically increased in the last decade due to the technological advancements in DNA sequencing. It was not only the size, but the characteristics of the data have been changed. One of the current concern is that the length of the reads is increasing. Although existing algorithms can still be used to process this fresh data, considering its size and changing structure, new and more efficient approaches are required. In this work, we address the problem of accurate sequence alignment on GPUs and propose a new tool, Masher, which processes long (and short) reads efficiently and accurately. The algorithm employs a novel indexing technique that produces an index for the 3, 137Mbp hg19 with a memory footprint small enough to be stored in a restricted-memory device such as a GPU. The results show that Masher is faster than state-of-the-art tools and obtains a good accuracy/sensitivity on sequencing data with various characteristics.
Shape Optimizing Nacelle near Flat-Plate Wing Using Multiblock Sensitivity Analysis

A major design task in reducing the overall aircraft drag is the integration of the engine nacelles and the airframe. With this impetus, a methodology was demonstrated to optimize nacelle shapes with and without the presence of a e at-plate nearby to account for the wing interference. Overly simplie ed shapes notwithstanding, this process requires multiblock grids not only for its aerodynamic analysis, but also for its optimization. Although the former is a standard practice, the latter has only recently been possible for the gradient-based optimizations with the development of the sensitivity analysis with domain decomposition scheme. The analyses were obtained by solving the three-dimensional, compressible, thin-layer Navier ‐ Stokes equations using an implicit, upwind-biased, e nite volume scheme. In addition to demonstrating the present method’ s suitability for automated shape optimization of interfering aircraft components, such as a nacelle and a wing, the results verie ed two important issues. First, accounting for the aerodynamic mutual interference between components in close proximity manifested itself in a shape different than that obtained when a component was assumed to be isolated. Secondly, even for isolatedcomponent designs, neglecting the viscous effects compromised not only the e ow physics but also the optimized shapes.
Plans for a Proton Driver at Fermilab

During the last several years, stunning experimental results have established that neutrinos have nonzero masses and substantial mixing. The Standard Model must be extended to accommodate neutrino mass terms. The observation that neutrino masses and mass splittings are all many orders of magnitude smaller than those of any of the other fundamental fermions suggests radically new physics, perhaps originating at the GUT or Planck Scale, or perhaps the existence of new spatial dimensions. In some sense we know that the Standard Model is broken, but we don't know how it is broken. Whatever the origin of the observed neutrino masses and mixing, it is likely to require a profound extension to our picture of the physical world. The first steps in understanding this revolutionary new physics are to pin down the measurable parameters and to address the next round of basic questions: (1) Are there only three neutrino flavors, or do light, sterile neutrinos exist? (2) If there are only three generations, there is one angle ({theta}{sub 13}) in the mixing matrix that is unmeasured. How large is it? (3) Which of the two possible orderings of the neutrino mass eigenstates applies? (4) If {theta}{sub 13} is large enough onemore » it may be possible to measure the quantum-mechanical phase {delta}. If {theta}{sub 13} and {delta} are non-zero there will be CP violation in the lepton sector. These questions can be addressed by accelerator based neutrino oscillation experiments. The answers will guide our understanding of what lies beyond the Standard Model, and whether the new physics provides an explanation for the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (via leptogenesis), or provides deep insight into the connection between quark and lepton properties (via Grand Unified Theories), or perhaps leads to an understanding of one of the most profound questions in physics: Why are there three generations of quarks and leptons? The answers may well further challenge our picture of the physical world, and will certainly have important implications for our understanding of cosmology and the evolution of the early Universe. The current Fermilab Program is an important part of the world-wide accelerator based effort to explore and understand the physics of neutrino oscillations. By early 2005, with both MINOS and MiniBooNE taking data, Fermilab will be able to answer some of the most pressing first-round questions raised by the discovery that neutrinos have mass. Fermilab's high-intensity neutrino beams are derived from 8- and 120-GeV proton beams. MiniBooNE is currently taking data using 8 GeV Protons from the Booster. The 120 GeV NuMI beam will start to operate in early 2005 using a 0.25 MW proton beam power from the Main Injector. Future neutrino programs will build on these existing facilities. New short and long baseline experiments have been proposed. There are proposals to increase the available number of protons at 8 and 120 GeV with the goal of addressing the full range of questions presented by neutrino oscillations. Key to that vision is a new intense proton source that usually is referred to as the Proton Driver.« less
Methods for shot-to-shot normalization in laser ablation with an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Single-shot laser ablation (one laser pulse per analysis) combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry offers tremendous potential for the direct elemental analysis of solid samples with high spatial resolution. However, the precision of the method is usually limited by variations in the laser irradiance and in the specimen being sampled. In this study, two data analysis techniques were evaluated to improve single-shot measurement precision. Both methods exploit the simultaneous full-spectrum acquisition capability of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In the first approach, a normalization factor is computed from the summed signal generated by all sample constituents, the reasoning being that the summed spectrum should be proportional to the total mass of sample ablated. This scheme results in a greater than factor of two improvement in precision, moderately better than is possible with a single internal standard. The enhancement in measurement precision was found to be concentration dependent, with the greatest improvement (10–50 fold) experienced by high concentration elements. The second method correlates the attenuation of plasma matrix ions to analyte intensities. The attenuation technique demonstrated no statistically significant improvement in precision, limited by the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio of the attenuated signals.
The Relationship Among Constructs in the Career Thoughts Inventory and the Self-Directed Search:

An understanding of vocational interests and Holland's RIASEC theory are helpful ideas for most persons involved in career decision making. Yet, sometimes dysfunctional thinking interferes with thi...
Physical usability and the mobile web

This paper examines the degree of overlap between good design for physical ease of access on the Web in general, and design for physical ease of use on the mobile Web. There are marked differences in the basic interaction techniques used and usability issues experienced. As a group, people with physical impairments tend to have a broader range of needs. These differences impact Web page design in various ways. Problems can be addressed in a unified way by designing for device independence. At least for physical ease of access, a unified set of mobile/accessibility best practice guidelines would be mutually beneficial. This approach may be helpful in preventing fragmentation of the Web.
Finite element modeling of polymer hot embossing using a glass‐rubber finite strain constitutive model

A hyperelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model for amorphous polymers was used in finite element simulations of micro-hot embossing across the glass transition. The model was selected for its ability to capture finite strain temperature and rate dependence over a wide range of temperatures, including across the glass transition. The simulations focused on the glass transition temperature regime, and particularly probed the effects of time and temperature during cooling and mold release. The results show that strong temperature sensitivity of the material across the glass transition leads to a wide range of required embossing force and springback. The interplay between changes in material properties upon cooling and stress relaxation can lead to significant increases in embossing force during the cooling stage, especially when high cooling rates are employed. The effects of thermal expansion also complicate the problem during rapid cooling. Nonlinear material behavior is shown to affect results in parametric hot embossing studies. Careful tailoring of embossing temperature, cooling rate, and demolding temperature is critical in acceptable feature replication. The best results are found for moderate cooling rates, which allow adequate time for stress relaxation in the material prior to mold release. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Seasonal Survey of Click Beetles in Two Potato Production Areas of Interior Alaska

Wireworms are becoming more of a problem in potato [Solanum tuberosum (L.)] producing areas, especially where potatoes are seasonally rotated with grasses, like in interior Alaska. The objective of this research was to study the species composition and seasonal biology of adult elaterids (Coleoptera: Elateridae) associated with potato production at two localities in interior Alaska: Fairbanks (N64.85°, W147.85°) and Delta Junction (N64.04°, W145.73°). A total of 1,329 elaterids were collected during the years 2006 and 2008. Ninety-three percent of the total number of specimens were either Hypnoidus bicolor (Eschscholtz) (29%) or Limonius pectoralis (LeConte) (64%). However, adult insect counts reversed between localities; 84% individuals from Delta Junction were H. bicolor, whereas 91% of the individuals from Fairbanks were L. pectoralis. The species composition was also different between localities. Five species were collected from the Delta Junction area, while seven species were collected from the Fairbanks area. The highest insect count observed was 62 adult L. pectoralis per 14-day sampling period on May 30 in the Fairbanks area. In spite of the highest insect trap catch recorded, insect counts in Fairbanks remained below 0.2 insects per trap per 14-day sampling period during most of the season. In the Delta Junction area, L. pectoralis was collected from late May until mid August with a population peak of 12 insects per trap per 14-day sampling period. Adult elaterid counts start to build up and end activities earlier in Fairbanks as compared to Delta Junction. This represents the first long term report on species diversity of elaterids in potatoes from interior Alaska. In addition, this is the first time elaterids have been shown associated with potatoes in Delta Junction, Alaska.
Cyproheptadine for intrathecal baclofen withdrawal.

Abstract Meythaler JM, Roper JF, Brunner RC. Cyproheptadine for intrathecal baclofen withdrawal. 2003;84:638-42. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cyproheptadine in the management of acute intrathecal baclofen (ITB) withdrawal. Design: Descriptive case series. Setting: University hospital with a comprehensive in- and outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants: Four patients (3 with spinal cord injury, 1 with cerebral palsy) with implanted ITB infusion pumps for treatment of severe spasticity, who had ITB withdrawal syndrome because of interruption of ITB infusion. Interventions: Patients were treated with 4 to 8mg of cyproheptadine by mouth every 6 to 8 hours, 5 to 10mg of diazepam by mouth every 6 to 12 hours, 10 to 20mg of baclofen by mouth every 6 hours, and ITB boluses in some cases. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical signs and symptoms of ITB withdrawal of varying severity were assessed by vital signs (temperature, heart rate), physical examination (reflexes, tone, clonus), and patient report of symptoms (itching, nausea, headache, malaise). Results: The patients in our series improved significantly when the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine was added to their regimens. Fever dropped at least 1.5°C, and heart rate dropped from rates of 120 to 140 to less than 100bpm. Reflexes, tone, and myoclonus also decreased. Patients reported dramatic reduction in itching after cyproheptadine. These changes were associated temporally with cyproheptadine dosing. Discussion: Acute ITB withdrawal syndrome occurs frequently in cases of malfunctioning intrathecal infusion pumps or catheters. The syndrome commonly presents with pruritus and increased muscle tone. It can progress rapidly to high fever, altered mental status, seizures, profound muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis, brain injury, and death. Current therapy with oral baclofen and benzodiazepines is useful but has variable success, particularly in severe cases. We note that ITB withdrawal is similar to serotonergic syndromes, such as in overdoses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or the popular drug of abuse 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy). We postulate that ITB withdrawal may be a form of serotonergic syndrome that occurs from loss of γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of serotonin. Conclusion: Cyproheptadine may be a useful adjunct to baclofen and benzodiazepines in the management of acute ITB withdrawal syndrome.
Three Trousseaux of Jewish Brides from the Fatimid Period

Trousseau lists in the hundreds, complete or fragmentary, have survived in the Cairo Geniza. Normally they are included in marriage contracts, rarely in engagement settlements, and many have been preserved separately, bearing only the names of the bride and the groom with or without date, and often lacking even these pieces of information. This happened when the extant sheet had originally formed part of a larger document, or when the trousseau was listed in a record book of the community.
Modeling flow over an initially dry bed

The one-dimensional groundwater flow equations are coupled with the St. Venant equations to simulate the flow resulting from a sudden removal of a dam over an initially dry downstream bed. The St. Venant equations are solved using a Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme, while the groundwater flow equations are solved using the Bubnov-Galerkin finite element scheme. The comparison of the computed water surface and discharge per unit width profiles with the corresponding analytical solutions, for a dambreak over frictionless horizontal bed, show that the model possesses excellent phase accuracy, for both positive and negative waves, and can predict the discharge distribution accurately. Also, the computed water surface profiles are compared with the available measured data for the dambreak flows over smooth and rough surfaces of horizontal and sloping channels. In addition, the results obtained from only the St. Venant equations with minimum depth criteria are presented for comparison with the above model.
Master ward identity for nonlocal symmetries inD=2 principal chiral models

We derive, in path integral approach, the (anomalous) master Ward identity associated with an infinite set of nonlocal conservation laws in two-dimensional principal chiral models.
Fusion of LiDAR and imagery for estimating forest canopy fuels

Due to increased fuel loading as a result of fire suppression, land managers in the American west are in need of precise information about the fuels they manage, including canopy fuels. Canopy fuel metrics such as canopy height (CH), canopy base height (CBH), canopy bulk density (CBD) and available canopy fuel (ACF) are specific inputs for wildfire behavior models such as FARSITE and emission models such as FOFEM. With finer spatial resolution data, accurate quantification of these metrics with detailed spatial heterogeneity can be accomplished. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and color near-infrared imagery are active and passive systems, respectively, that have been utilized for measuring a range of forest structure characteristics at high resolution. The objective of this research was to determine which remote sensing dataset can estimate canopy fuels more accurately and whether a fusion of these datasets produces more accurate estimates. Regression models were developed for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stand representative of eastern Washington State using field data collected in the Ahtanum State Forest and metrics derived from LiDAR and imagery. Strong relationships were found with LiDAR alone and LiDAR was found to increase canopy fuel accuracy compared to imagery. Fusing LiDAR with imagery and/or LiDAR intensity led to small increases in estimation accuracy over LiDAR alone. By improving the ability to estimate canopy fuels at higher spatial resolutions, spatially explicit fuel layers can be created and used in wildfire behavior and smoke emission models leading to more accurate estimations of crown fire risk and smoke related emissions.
Too much lactate or too little liver

We describe a 67-year-old woman with cholangiocarcinoma who was scheduled for cholecystectomy, trisegmentectomy, bile duct resection, and regional lymphadenectomy. Her case was complicated by hyperlactatemia, sepsis, and multiorgan failure. The discussion reviews the possible causes of the hyperlactatemia and reviews measures that could be used to reduce this risk.
The Trauma Egg as an Intervention with the Spouses of Sexually Addicted Men

An estimated 17 to 37 million Americans struggle with sexual addiction (Carnes, 1994; Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000; Morris, 1999; Wolfe, 2000), the majority of those being heterosexual men (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000). The following article reflects the results of a pilot study group focused on the use of the trauma egg as an intervention, for three Caucasian women married to sexually addicted men. Emergent themes resulting from the processing of the trauma egg intervention, as well as recommendations for future research, are presented.
EXOPLANETARY TRANSITS OF LIMB-BRIGHTENED LINES: TENTATIVE Si IV ABSORPTION BY HD 209458b

Transit light curves for stellar continua have only one minimum and a “U” shape. By contrast, transit curves for optically thin chromospheric emission lines can have a “W” shape because of stellar limb-brightening. We calculate light curves for an optically thin shell of emission and fit these models to time-resolved observations of Si IV absorption by the planet HD209458b. We find that the best fit Si IV absorption model has Rp,Si IV/R∗ = 0.34 +0.07 −0.12 , similar to the Roche lobe of the planet. While the large radius is only at the limit of statistical significance, we develop formulae applicable to transits of all optically thin chromospheric emission lines. Subject headings: planets and satellites: atmospheres — stars: chromospheres — ultraviolet: planetary systems
Erfahrungen bei einer Gruppe mit einem abschätzbaren infektiösen Tuberkulose-Belastungsrisiko

244 Kinder im Alter von 0–5 Jahren wurden gegen Tuberkulose BCG-geimpft, weil sie einem abschatzbaren hohen infektiosen Belastungsrisiko ausgesetzt wurden. Die Beobachtungsdauer betrug 5 Jahre.
Quantum mechanics versus macroscopic realism: Is the flux there when nobody looks?

It is shown that, in the context of an idealized ``macroscopic quantum coherence'' experiment, the predictions of quantum mechanics are incompatible with the conjunction of two general assumptions which are designated ``macroscopic realism'' and ``noninvasive measurability at the macroscopic level.'' The conditions under which quantum mechanics can be tested against these assumptions in a realistic experiment are discussed.
Teaching and Learning Experiences in a Collaborative Distance-Education Environment

The Great Plains Distance Education Alliance (Great Plains IDEA) emphasizes the importance of a collaborative environment for instructors and students in distance education. The authors highlight a number of important principles for distance-education programs and point out similarities and differences when compared to traditional face-face-to classes such as communication, classroom management, connectivity, and technical challenges. They summarize general topics concerning the faculty, the syllabus, office hours, the calendar, and announcements. Three essential lesson components are noted: an overview, the lesson itself, and supplemanetary material. The authors also take the student perspective, emphasizing the diversity of students, the importance of computer proficiency, and student interactions. Finally, they summarize a first round of course evaluations in the Great Plains IDEA gerontology master's program.