cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A project-based curriculum for algorithm design and np-completeness centered on the Sudoku problem

Algorithms and complexity are fundamental to Computer Science (CS). This paper presents the Sudoku version of an NSF-funded, project-based curriculum for algorithm design that includes strategies for intractable problems and NP-Completeness. This curriculum is a sequence of laboratory projects comprising increasingly sophisticated solvers for a single NP-Complete problem. The curriculum is designed to integrate into existing, one-term, undergraduate courses that teach algorithm design and/or intractability without sacrificing traditional course content. The curriculum includes feasible approaches for tackling intractable problems, such as probabilistic algorithms. Three versions of the curriculum have been developed to facilitate its sustained adoption, each centered on a well-known problem: Traveling Salesperson (TSP), Satisfiability (SAT) and Sudoku. This paper presents the version of the curriculum that is centered on the Sudoku Problem, including student learning outcomes, descriptions of eight laboratory projects, many recommended project sequences, and preliminary assessment results.
Improving detection of higher-risk or locally advanced disease features in stage I and II renal cell carcinoma.

625Background: Pathologically upstaged T3a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) carries higher oncologic risk than corresponding preoperative clinical stage and presents unique risks from a treatment plannin...
Chapter 52 – Peroxisomal Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various aspects of peroxisomal disorders. The peroxisomal disorders are genetically determined and associated frequently with seizures and severe and progressive neurologic deficits. The disorders of peroxisome biogenesis include the Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), the infantile Refsum disease (IRD), and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). These disorders involve many organ systems that almost all of the patients have dysmorphic features of varying severity, and that psychomotor retardation is profound in most patients and is aggravated by impaired vision, attributable to retinal degeneration, and at times to cataracts or glaucoma. The disorders of peroxisome biogenesis have been shown to be caused by defects of this targeting or import mechanism. Seizures have been the first clinical manifestation in 7% of patients with the childhood cerebral form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). It is possible to normalize the plasma levels of patients with X-ALD by administering oils that contain monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and erucic acids. It is found that bone marrow transplantation has been of benefit when performed in the early stages of the childhood cerebral form of X-ALD.
Development of a measure of the relative reinforcing value of food versus parent-child interaction for young children.

Abstract The relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food captures individual differences in the motivation to eat and is associated with weight status among infants, children, and adults. Currently, there is no concurrent measure of the RRV of food versus a non-food alternative for 4-to-5-year-old children. The present study aimed to develop and validate a measure of the RRV of food versus time spent interacting with a parent in the context of reading among 4-to-5-year-old children. The first phase of the study involved an online survey. Parents of 4-to-5 year olds (n = 102) reported their children's consumption frequency and liking for thirty-six snack foods. A priori criteria were used to identify snacks that were well-liked and served at least sometimes for use in the subsequent laboratory study. Then, a validation study was conducted in the laboratory to examine the construct validity of the finalized RRV task. Thirty-one parent-child dyads completed a laboratory visit, in which children's RRV of food versus time spent reading with a parent was measured concurrently on a progressive ratio reward schedule. Linear regression was used to assess validity of the task. Children's RRV of food positively and significantly predicted BMI z-scores among children with complete data (B = 0.41, p
Abstract A41: Novel mithramycin analogues with improved pharmacologic profile and efficacy in ETS transcription factor-driven tumors

Fast-starts are brief, sudden accelerations used by fish during predatorsprey encounters. The kinematics and performance of fish during fast-start manoeuvres have received a lot of attention since they may determine the outcome of predatorsprey interactions in terms of feeding success or survival. We will discuss recent progress on (1) the kinematics of escape responses and feeding strikes, (2) the fast-start performance of species with different body morphologies and from different habitats, and (3) the functional significance of fast-start kinematics and performance within the context of predatorsprey interactions.
Institutionalized Police Brutality: Torture, the Militarization of Security, and the Reform of Inquisitorial Criminal Justice in Mexico

How can societies restrain their coercive institutions and transition to a more humane criminal justice system? We argue that two main factors explain why torture can persist as a generalized practice even in democratic societies: weak procedural protections and the militarization of policing, which introduces strategies, equipment, and mentality that treats criminal suspects as though they were enemies in wartime. Using a large survey of the Mexican prison population and leveraging the date and place of arrest, this paper provides causal evidence about how these two explanatory variables shape police brutality. Our paper offers a grim picture of the survival of authoritarian policing practices in democracies. It also provides novel evidence of the extent to which the abolition of inquisitorial criminal justice institutions—a remnant of colonial legacies and a common trend in the region—has worked to restrain police brutality.
“I’ll see you again in 25 years”: doppelganging nostalgia & Twin Peaks: The Return

Airing 25 years after its initial run, Twin Peaks’ television revival complexified nostalgic fulfillment through its subversive treatment of narrative, character, and temporality. Nowhere was nosta...
Vocational Education for Students with Special Needs in Rural America: Problems and Solutions.

Changes within society, the work force, and education all contribute to a need for appropriate employment options upon graduation for students with special needs living in rural America. Due in par...
Ableist Rhetoric: How We Know, Value, and See Disability : by Jim Cherney, University Park, PA, Penn State UP, 2019, 200 pp., $29.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-271-08469-5

At one of the last national conferences I attended, a panelist closed their presentation by stating that “ignoring X issue would handicap the field” The irony of using an ableist metaphor to argue ...
Spreadsheet Comprehension: Guesswork, Giving Up and Going Back to the Author

Spreadsheet users routinely read, and misread, others' spreadsheets, but literature offers only a high-level understanding of users’ comprehension behaviors. This limits our ability to support millions of users in spreadsheet comprehension activities. Therefore, we conducted a think-aloud study of 15 spreadsheet users who read others’ spreadsheets as part of their work. With qualitative coding of participants’ comprehension needs, strategies and difficulties at 20-second granularity, our study provides the most detailed understanding of spreadsheet comprehension to date. Participants comprehending spreadsheets spent around 40% of their time seeking additional information needed to understand the spreadsheet. These information seeking episodes were tedious: around 50% of participants reported feeling overwhelmed. Moreover, participants often failed to obtain the necessary information and worked instead with guesses about the spreadsheet. Eventually, 12 out of 15 participants decided to go back to the spreadsheet's author for clarifications. Our findings have design implications for reading as well as writing spreadsheets.
Incidental Teaching of Conversational Skills for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder

This article describes a process for the incidental teaching of conversation skills to students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in inclusive settings. The incidental teaching of conversation sk...
Seasonal Variation in Epistaxis Recurrence and Mortality in Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

Purpose Studies have shown seasonal variation in the incidence of epistaxis. However, this trend has not been evaluated in patients with left ventricular assist device (LVADs), who are at an increased risk for this frequent adverse event. We assessed the seasonality of epistaxis recurrence and its impact on mortality in LVAD patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 103 patients undergoing LVAD implantation from 2015-2020. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate predictors for mortality. Results 33 (32%) patients developed epistaxis; of these patients, 25 (75%) had recurrent events. The median time to event was 27 (10, 225) days post-implantation, and 67% of events occurred within 3 months. Fall and winter were the seasons with the most events (36% and 33%, respectively), while spring and summer had comparatively fewer events (18% and 12%, respectively). Patients with epistaxis in winter were most likely to have a recurrence (91%), followed by spring, summer, and fall (83%, 75%, and 58%, respectively). Winter implantation (OR 9.5; 95% CI 1.7-78.14) and age ≥ 58 years (OR 14.88; 95% CI 2.15-303.8) were significantly associated with mortality in LVAD patients with epistaxis (P Conclusion We found that the fall and winter seasons had an increased number of epistaxis events, which is consistent with the results of studies conducted in non-LVAD patient populations. Older patients with epistaxis are at an increased risk for mortality. Furthermore, the effect of winter implantation on mortality in epistaxis patients warrants further investigation. Larger, prospective studies should be done to validate these findings.
Advances in anesthetic and obstetric management of patients with placenta accreta spectrum.

Purpose of review The incidence of placenta accreta spectrum is increasing and it is a leading cause of peripartum hysterectomy and massive postpartum hemorrhage. The purpose of the present article is to provide a contemporary overview of placenta accreta spectrum pertinent to the obstetric anesthesiologist. Recent findings Recent changes in the terminology used to report invasive placentation were proposed to clarify diagnostic criteria and guidelines for use in clinical practice. Reduced morbidity is associated with scheduled preterm delivery in a center of excellence using a multidisciplinary team approach. Neuraxial anesthesia as a primary technique is increasingly being used despite the known risk of major bleeding. The use of viscoelastic testing and endovascular interventions may aid hemostatic resuscitation and improve outcomes. Summary Accurate diagnosis and early antenatal planning among team members are essential. Obstetric anesthesiologists should be prepared to manage a massive hemorrhage, transfusion, and associated coagulopathy. Increasingly, viscoelastic tests are being used to assess coagulation status and the ability to interpret these results is required to guide the transfusion regimen. Balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta has been proposed as an intervention that could improve outcomes in women with placenta accreta spectrum, but high-quality safety and efficacy data are lacking.
Isolated angioedema of the bowel caused by aspirin

Angioedema is a self-limited, localized tissue swelling, resulting from fluid extravasation into interstitial spaces. It may occur in isolation or be accompanied by urticaria and/or anaphylaxis. The phenomenon has been linked to multiple medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). NSAID-induced angioedema is observed in < 0.3% of patients taking NSAIDs. While isolated visceral angioedema has been reported from ACEIs, it has not been documented from NSAID use, particularly aspirin usage. Here, we report a case of isolated visceral angioedema attributed to aspirin use.
The Walking Dead: How the Criminal Regulation of Sodomy Survived Lawrence v. Texas

Eighteen years after the Supreme Court held in Lawrence v. Texas that a law criminalizing sodomy violated the constitutional guarantee to substantive due process, individuals are still arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and incarcerated pursuant to statutes that are the material equivalent of the one at issue in Lawrence as a matter of course. Though this seems both strange and unfair, it is neither all that unusual nor accidental. Because the constitutional order renders the judiciary a passive institution and radically fragments authority across a polycentric collection of governments, noncompliance with judicial decisions is endemic to American institutional design. While the Lawrence decision cast unflagging constitutional disapproval on statutes criminalizing private, consensual, nonprocreative intercourse, multiple states continue to enforce criminal prohibitions on sodomy on the theory that Lawrence only proscribes inequitable applications of categorical sodomy bans, as opposed to leaving them unenforceable entirely. This Article thus represents the first comprehensive examination of how criminal prohibitions on sodomy have stubbornly survived their own intended death. States enforce laws criminalizing sodomy through both direct prosecution as well as collateral means, namely, by requiring individuals convicted under bans on consensual sodomy to register as sex offenders. This Article maintains that a faithful reading of Lawrence demands the wholesale abandonment of laws facially criminalizing private, consensual sexual intimacy, and recommends the legislative repeal of programs enabling both direct and collateral enforcement of categorical prohibitions on sodomy.
Noninvasive prenatal exome sequencing diagnostic utility limited by sequencing depth and fetal fraction.

OBJECTIVE Sequencing cell-free DNA now allows detection of large chromosomal abnormalities and dominant Mendelian disorders in the prenatal period. Improving upon these methods would allow newborn screening programs to begin with prenatal genetics, ultimately improving the management of rare genetic disorders. METHODS As a pilot study, we performed exome sequencing on the cell-free DNA from three mothers with singleton pregnancies to assess the viability of broad sequencing modalities in a noninvasive prenatal setting. RESULTS We found poor resolution of maternal and fetal genotypes due to both sampling and technical issues. CONCLUSION We find broad sequencing modalities inefficient for noninvasive prenatal applications. Alternatively, we suggest a more targeted path forward for noninvasive prenatal genotyping.
Feature Extraction and Seam Recognition Techniques

The previous chapter discussed the various techniques available for sensing and measurement of the surface geometry. This chapter provides details on processing the vision data for extracting and recognizing the seam’s features in the image and subsequently modeling the seam environment. In a broad sense, the images generated as a result of the signal transduction by vision-based systems can be classified as intensity images or range images. Intensity images are a rectangular array of intensity values corresponding to spatial points on the surface being measured. On the other hand, range images generated using position sensitive photo-detectors can be described by an array of range values (distance) corresponding to spatial points in the scene being measured. These range image arrays are rectangular when the laser beam can be moved along two axes and linear in the case of synchronized scanning systems where the beam is scanned along a line.
The Importance of CO2 Buffering and of the Total Ionic Balance in Measurements on the Durability of Glasses

A solution has been developed to the problem of pH control in interactive (finite dilution) leach tests on waste forms. To make sure that the pH, which exercises a major influence on the reactivity...
U.S. Court Upholds Antitrust Action Against Patent Troll

On March 2, 2015, Judge Paul W. Grimm of the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland offered a wide-ranging analysis of antitrust claims against the conduct of famous “patent troll” Intellectual Ventures (IV). IV sued Capital One for patent infringement, Capital One sought to amend its Answer and Counterclaims to add antitrust counterclaims, and, in this opinion, Judge Grimm allowed this amendment. The opinion in Intellectual Ventures v. Capital One is important for three primary reasons.The first involves market definition. The court defined the relevant market narrowly to cover only IV’s patent portfolio. In moving “upstream” to patents, such a maneuver is not constrained by the limits of customer demand and whether products can be substituted in a “downstream” product market. The second development centers on predatory monopolization conduct. The court plowed new ground in finding monopolization based on the acquisition of a patent portfolio. It distinguished between a “bona fide” patent acquisition and IV’s process of working backwards from product to patent, locating companies with sunk product investments and then suing them for patent infringement. Third, the court resuscitated the oft-criticized Brown Shoe case and its incipiency standard. The court offered just such a framework in asserting that “it may be that Plaintiffs’ first 10, or 100, or 1,000 patent acquisitions did not violate § 7,” but that “at some point, the acquisitions...created a monopoly and crossed the line to actionable under § 7.” In short, the decision in Intellectual Ventures v. Capital One offers an aggressive roadmap for the antitrust analysis of patent trolls. This court can provide more guidance as the case goes forward, as the framework promises to have a significant effect on patent trolls, particularly in their acquisition and use of patent portfolios.
Diffusional transport during the cyclic oxidation of γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys

The cyclic oxidation behavior of several cast γ+β, Ni-Cr-Al(Y, Zr) alloys and one LPPS γ+β, Ni-Co-Cr-Al(Y) alloy was examined (γ, fcc; β, NiAl structure). Cyclic oxidation was performed by cycling between 1200°C and approximately 70°C. Oxide morphologies and microstructural changes during cyclic oxidation were noted. Recession of the high-Al β phase was nonparabolic with time. Kirkendall porosity resulting from diffusional transport within the alloy was observed in the near-surface γ-phase layer of one alloy. Concentration profiles for Ni, Cr, and Al were measured in the γ-phase layer after various cyclic oxidation exposures. It was observed that cyclic oxidation results in a decreasing Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface due to a high demand for Al (a high rate of Al consumption) associated with oxide scale cracking and spalling. In addition, diffusion paths plotted on the ternary phase diagram shifted to higher Ni concentrations with increasing cyclic oxidation exposures. The alloy with the highest rate of Al consumption, and highest Al content, underwent breakaway oxidation after 500 1-hr cycles at 1200°C. Breakaway oxidation occurred when the Al concentration at the oxide-metal interface approached zero. The relationship between the Al transport in the alloy and breakaway oxidation is discussed.
The mean, the median, and the St. Petersburg paradox.

The St. Petersburg Paradox is a famous economic and philosophical puzzle that has generated numerous conflicting explanations. To shed empirical light on this phenomenon, we examined subjects’ bids for one St. Petersburg gamble with a real monetary payment. We found that bids were typically lower than twice the smallest payoff, and thus much lower than is generally supposed. We also examined bids offered for several hypothetical variants of the St. Petersburg Paradox. We found that bids were weakly affected by truncating the gamble, were strongly affected by repeats of the gamble, and depended linearly on the initial “seed” value of the gamble. One explanation, which we call the median heuristic, strongly predicts these data. Subjects following this strategy evaluate a gamble as if they were taking the median rather than the mean of the payoff distribution. Finally, we argue that the distribution of outcomes embodied in the St. Petersburg paradox is so divergent from the Gaussian form that the statistical mean is a poor estimator of expected value, so that the expected value of the St. Petersburg gamble is undefined. These results suggest that this classic paradox has a straightforward explanation rooted in the use of a statistical heuristic.
Domagk, Gerhard Johannes Paul

1895–1964 German pathologist and bacteriologist who discovered the first of the sulfa drugs or sulfonamides. Keywords: bacteriology; chemotherapy; pathology; sulfa; sulfonamides
Therapy for the pregnant patient with sickle hemoglobinopathies: A national focus

UNTIL THE LATE 196Os, maternal as well as reproductive outcome in pregnant patients with severe sickle hemoglobinopathies was very discouraging.‘, 2 Within the last decade, improvement in the perinatal salvage rate and the outlook for the parturient have been evident in almost all areas of the country.3* * During this time, there has been much debate in regard to the role of partial prophylactic exchange transfusions during pregnancy in these patients as a means of achieving the improved statistics.5 Although many laud the use of this method,fi, ‘I various centers offer equally good maternal and infant outcome with very conservative approaches to management. These authors utilize intense assessment of risk, and reserve transfusions for those patients with severe complications.8, ’ Another problem associated with these patients is not related to the method of treatment or to the severity of the complications but, rather, to the frequency of severe sickle hemoglobinopathies during pregnancy. Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin SS), hemoglobin SC, and hemoglobin S-thalassemia constitute the entity of sickle cell disease in most hematologic nomenclature. The frequency is estimated to be 11204 to 625 for hemoglobin SS, l/31 1 to 835 for hemoglobin SC, and l/7 14 to 1667 for hemoglobin S-thalassemia among black Americans.‘O Since the frequency with which these entities appear in pregnancy seems to be much less than most stated figures, it has been suggested that many cases go unreported.
Urinary nitrate excretion in relation to murine macrophage activation. Influence of dietary L-arginine and oral NG-monomethyl-L-arginine.

Murine macrophage oxidation of L-arginine guanidino nitrogen to nitrite/nitrate yields an intermediate effector, possibly nitric oxide, with antimicrobial activity. Total body nitrogen oxidation metabolism (NOM) was measured in vivo by determining the urinary nitrate excretion of mice ingesting a chemically defined nitrite/nitrate-free diet. As reported previously, mycobacterial infection with bacillus Calmette-Guerin led to a large increase in urinary nitrate excretion. This increase was temporally related to macrophage activation in vivo. The substrate for macrophage nitrogen oxidation metabolism in vitro, L-arginine, was deleted from the diet without ameliorating the urinary nitrate excretion response induced by BCG. This suggested that L-arginine was synthesized endogenously because there are no other known natural substrates for NOM. A competitive inhibitor of NOM, the L-arginine analog, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine was fed to mice in their drinking water. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine ingestion blocked both basal and bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced urinary nitrate excretion over a 2-4 week time span. These experimental conditions should prove useful for further investigation on the role of macrophage NOM in host defense against intracellular microorganisms.
City-Industry Agglomeration and Changes in the Geographic Concentration of Industry

This paper investigates the effects of industry agglomeration on growth in U.S. metropolitan areas, and then examines whether these agglomeration effects contribute to changes in the geographic concentration of industry. Study results suggest that a high localization of industry, measured using location quotients, leads to a decrease in city-industry growth as indicated by the net change in establishment counts. Alternatively, large initial city-industry size is associated with an increase in the change in the number of establishments above or below what is explained by overall metropolitan area growth. Both of these agglomeration effects contribute to a greater dispersion of industry.
Low proliferative potential and impaired angiogenesis of cultured rat kidney endothelial cells.

Objective Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is histologically characterized by interstitial fibrosis, which may be driven by peritubular capillary dropout and hypoxia. Surprisingly, peritubular capillaries have little repair capacity. We sought to establish long-term cultures of rat kidney endothelial cells to investigate their growth regulatory properties.
Auto-Oxidation and Oligomerization of Protein S on the Apoptotic Cell Surface Is Required for Mer Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Prompt phagocytosis of apoptotic cells prevents inflammatory and autoimmune responses to dying cells. We have previously shown that the blood anticoagulant factor protein S stimulates phagocytosis of apoptotic human B lymphoma cells by human monocyte-derived macrophages. In this study, we show that protein S must first undergo oxidative activation to stimulate phagocytosis. Binding of human protein S to apoptotic cells or to phosphatidylserine multilamellar vesicles promotes auto-oxidation of Cys residues in protein S, resulting in covalent, disulfide-linked dimers and oligomers that preferentially bind to and activate the human Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) receptor on the macrophages. The prophagocytic activity of protein S is eliminated when disulfide-mediated oligomerization is prevented, or when MerTK is blocked with neutralizing Abs. Protein S oligomerization is independent of phospholipid oxidation. The data suggest that membranes containing phosphatidylserine serve as a scaffold for protein S-protein S interactions and that the resulting auto-oxidation and oligomerization is required for the prophagocytic activity of protein S. In this way, apoptotic cells facilitate their own uptake by macrophages. The requirement for oxidative modification of protein S can explain why this abundant blood protein does not constitutively activate MerTK in circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages.
Effect of 5' splice site mutations on splicing of the preceding intron.

Abstract Three exon constructs containing identical intron and exon sequences were mutated at the 5' splice site beginning intron 2 and assayed for the effect of the mutation on splicing of the upstream intron in vitro. Alteration of two or six bases within the 5' splice site reduced removal of intron 1 at least 20-fold, as determined by quantitation of either spliced product or released lariat RNA. The prominent product was skip splicing of exon 1 to exon 3. Examination of complex formation indicated that mutation of the 5' splice site terminating exon 2 depressed the ability of precursor RNAs containing just the affected exon to direct assembly in vitro. These results suggest that mutation at the end of an internal exon inhibits the ability of the exon to be recognized by splicing factors. A comparison of the known vertebrate 5' splice site mutations in which the mutation resides at the end of an internal exon indicated that exon skipping is the preferred phenotype for this type of mutation, in agreement with the in vitro observation reported here. Inhibition of splicing by mutation at the distal and of the exon supports the suggestion that exons, rather than splice sites, are the recognition units for assembly of the spliceosome.
Filament winding of bicomponent fibers consisting of polypropylene and a liquid crystalline polymer

This paper is concerned with novel wholly thermoplastic composite materials suitable for use in filament winding. Bicomponent fibers consisting of a sheath of polypropylene (PP) of lower melting point and a core of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) of higher melting point were produced in a ratio of 30/70(w/w) using a modification of a standard bicomponent spinning process. The modifications were required to handle the necessity of melting the TLCP at a temperature in the range of 320°C while not raising the temperature of PP above 300°C which would lead to significant degradation of PP. The tensile modulus and strength of the fibers were 38.7 GPa and 465 MPa, respectively. A methodology was developed for establishing the conditions for filament winding these bicomponent composite fibers, which would allow adequate consolidation without disrupting the molecular orientation within the TLCP component and hence reinforcing properties. Cylinders and rings were generated with winding angles of 90 and 80°C under conditions in which the PP was melted but the TLCP retained its properties. The degree of consolidation was evaluated using the interlaminar shear strength test and optical microscopy. Because of the uniform distribution of the reinforcing component there was no failure observed in this test. The void content was determined to be 5.2%. The tubes generated from these materials have the potential for transport liquid oxygen and corrosive fluids.
The effect of performance cues and leader behavior on questionnaire ratings of leadership behavior

It has been suggested that questionnaire-based measures of leadership behavior reflect not only ratee behavior, but also a systematic bias introduced by the perceptual-memory processes of raters (Rush, M. C., Thomas, J. C., & Lord, R. G. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1977, 20, 93–110). This study experimentally manipulated both stimulus behavior and performance cues to examine their joint effect on LBDQ leadership ratings. Results showed highly significant main effects for both the performance cue and the stimulus behavior manipulations, but a nonsignificant interaction. The generalizability of these results to applied settings and their implications for leadership research employing questionnaire measures of behavior were carefully considered. Several possible means of reducing contextually related biases in future studies of leadership were suggested.
Investigating Alternative Certification for Early Childhood Teachers

(1996). Investigating Alternative Certification for Early Childhood Teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 82-87.
Introduction to immunostimulatory DNA sequences.

Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) consisting of mycobacterial extract in oil immersion was initially characterized 60 years ago [7] as an immune adjuvant. Although it contains many immunologically active substances, it has recently been shown that much of the immunostimulatory ability of CFA is attributable to the bacterial DNA fraction (discussed by S. Yamamoto et al. in this volume). Tokunaga and coworkers discovered that DNA purified from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) induced an innate antitumor activity that appeared to be mediated through its ability to activate NK cells and induce production of interferons (IFNs) α/β/γ [26]. A variety of synthetic 45-mer oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) corresponding to various coding regions of three BCG proteins were synthesized. The ODNs that induced IFN secretion and augmented NK cell activity included CpG dinucleotides within a palindromic hexamer (also known as CpG motifs), e.g., 5’-GACGTC-3’, 5’-AGCGCT-3’ and 5’-AACGTT-3’ [27]. Furthermore, only bacterial and not vertebrate DNA produced the NK-immunostimulatory effect. This initial observation demonstrated for the first time that DNA carries information about its originating organism in addition to its genetic blueprints (discussed by D. Pisetsky in this volume). A consensus motif of rrCGyy (where r = purine and y = pyrimidine) has been proposed [12]; however, this CpG motif is only a loose rule: there are sequences that are stimulatory that do not follow the motif and sequences that would be included within the consensus that are not stimulatory. Recent work proposes that the optimal human immunostimulatory sequences are 5’-rTCGyy-3’ or a shortened version, 5’-TCG-3’ (discussed by H. Liang et al. in this volume). However, we have found that the sequence 5’-AACGTTCG-3’ has pronounced stimulatory ability in both mouse and human systems. Some DNA sequences without CpG have stimulatory ability, which is why we prefer the functionally defined name immunostimulatory DNA sequence (ISS) to the structurally defined name CpG motif. Table 1 gives an annotated list of the sequences that have been demonstrated to have potent immunostimulatory activity to date.
Effects of temperature on frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus multiplication: thermosensitivity of initiation, replication, and encapsidation of viral DNA.

Abstract The effects of temperature on frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus DNA replication and on encapsidation of viral genomes into virions were examined in baby hamster kidney cells. A cell fractionation technique was used to distinguish two classes of viral DNA, replicating DNA and encapsidated DNA. At temperatures permissive for infectious virus production (28°), both classes of DNA were first demonstrable 2–4 hours after infection and they increased concomitantly for about 17 hours. Production of infectious virus paralleled encapsidation of viral genomes. Viral DNA replication was required throughout the virus growth cycle for continuous virion production. At temperatures nonpermissive for infectious virus production (33°–37°), a number of virus-specific thermosensitive functions were detected. At 33° viral DNA replicated but encapsidation was inhibited. At 34° or 37° no viral DNA was made; however, if viral DNA synthesis was initiated at 28°, it continued when infected cultures were shifted to 34° but not if shifted to 37°. At 34° replicated DNA did not become encapsidated. Thermosensitivity of viral DNA synthesis and encapsidation were reversed when cultures were shifted from a nonpermissive temperature of 34° or 37° to permissive temperature (28°). However, if viral DNA was made at 28° and then the infected cells were incubated at 37°, the preformed viral DNA was not encapsidated when cultures were shifted to 28°; de novo synthesis of viral DNA was necessary for subsequent encapsidation. The effect of temperature on virus-induced DNA polymerase activity also was studied at 28°, 34°, or 37°. The “early” temperature block at 34° for initiation of viral DNA synthesis occurred before virus gene expression for DNA polymerase activity. If viral DNA polymerase activity was induced at 28°, enzyme activity was maintained when infected cultures were shifted to 34° but not if shifted to 37°. The thermosensitivity of virus-induced DNA polymerase activity may be responsible for inhibition of viral DNA synthesis at 37°. These experiments indicate that depending on the incubation temperature, several virus-specific functions involved in some event(s) before initiation of viral DNA synthesis and in initiation, replication, and encapsidation of viral DNA are thermosensitive.
Classroom Ecology and Acquaintanceship

Earlier research has established that students sitting in the front of the room are more academically oriented than those in the rear. The present study assesses the possibility that students sitting in the rear are more socially oriented. This was tested by determining the number of full names of other students known by students in five university lecture classes. As predicted, students in the rear half of the room knew more full names than did those sitting in the front. Further research is needed to identify effective reinforcers for students who voluntarily select the back areas of the classroom.
Satisfactions and Regrets of Midlife Parents: A Qualitative Analysis

The study examined the satisfactions and regrets of midlife parents at a specific family life-cycle milestone, their child’s graduation from high school. The purpose was to compare mothers’ and fathers’ appraisals of the gains and losses associated with this developmental transition and turning point in their parenting roles. A total of 260 parents (147 mothers; 113 fathers) who had a child graduating from high school responded in writing to open-ended questions regarding their satisfactions and regrets at this stage of their lives. Responses were coded to identify themes salient to these parents. Results indicate that both mothers and fathers are aware of both the gains and losses at this time in their family life cycle, but they differed in how they expect to be affected by the transition. Mothers’ responses suggest that they are anticipating and planning for the transition. Fathers’ responses suggest they are less aware of the personal implications of this family transition and are less prepared for its emotional impact.
Stable free radicals in soil humic acid.

Abstract Solid soil humic acid contains stable organic free radicals, on the order of 1018 radicals/g. Solutions in organic solvents also exhibit paramagnetism. Fractionation studies reveal that these radicals are not caused by impurities or by unstable species trapped in the solid humic acid polymer but rather are an integral part of the molecule. Analysis of the EPR spectrum suggests that two stable free radicals co-exist in humic acid. One of these could be a semiquinone of a catechol-resorcinol-type copolymer; the other could be a quinhydrone-type radical.
Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole/carbon nanotube nanoscale composites using well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays

Polypyrrole/carbon nanotube nanoscale composites were successfully fabricated by electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole over each of the carbon nanotubes in well-aligned large arrays. The thickness of the polypyrrole coating can be easily controlled by the value of the film-formation charge. For both thin (low film-formation charge) and thick (high film-formation charge) films, the polypyrrole coating on the surface of each nanotube is very uniform throughout the entire length, as observed by transmission electron microscopy.
Stereoisomer-differentiating esterification of diols with methylboronic acid. A simple method for the separation of cis- and trans-1,2-diols

Abstract A simple procedure for the separation of cis–trans-stereoisomeric 1,2-diols by the selective esterification of cis-isomer with methylboronic acid is described.
Conceptualizing international labor migration: a structuration perspective.

This article applies the theory of structuration to international labor migration using case study material from the Philippines. It first provides a brief review of the functional and structural a...
GTP is the Primary Activator of the Anti-HIV Restriction Factor SAMHD1

SAMHD1 (SAM domain- and HD domain-containing protein 1) is a dGTP-dependent dNTP triphosphohydrolase that converts dNTPs into deoxyribonucleosides and triphosphates. Therefore, SAMHD1 expression, particularly in non-dividing cells, can restrict retroviral infections such as HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus by limiting cellular dNTPs, which are essential for reverse transcription. It has previously been established that dGTP acts as both an activator and a substrate of this enzyme, suggesting that phosphohydrolase activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by dGTP availability in the cell. However, we now demonstrate biochemically that the NTP GTP is equally capable of activating SAMHD1, but GTP is not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Activation of SAMHD1 phosphohydrolase activity was tested under physiological concentrations of dGTP or GTP found in either dividing or non-dividing cells. Because GTP is 1000-fold more abundant than dGTP in cells, GTP was able to activate the enzyme to a greater extent than dGTP, suggesting that GTP is the primary activator of SAMHD1. Finally, we show that SAMHD1 has the ability to hydrolyze base-modified nucleotides, indicating that the active site of SAMHD1 is not restrictive to such modifications, and is capable of regulating the levels of non-canonical dNTPs such as dUTP. This study provides further insights into the regulation of SAMHD1 with regard to allosteric activation and active site specificity.
Guanine, the principal nitrogenous component of the excrements of certain spiders.

Abstract Guanine accounts for more than 85% of the total nitrogen of the excrements of two species of spiders.
Effect of Limited Proteolysis on Phospholipase C-γ1 Kinetics

Abstract Phospholipase C-γ1 is a tightly regulated, multidomain protein that generates the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Kinetic analysis reveals that phospholipase C-γ1 displays apparent allosteric behavior. A previous study determined that proteolytic cleavage of the SH domain region of phospholipase C-γ1 yields an activated form of the enzyme (A. W. Fernald, G. A. Jones, and G. Carpenter Biochem. J. 302, 508, 1994). In this study, we show that activation of phospholipase C-γ1 by proteolysis decreases both the cooperativity and the half-maximal value of the enzyme for substrate. Kinetic analysis revealed that the mole fraction of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) that resulted in half-maximal PIP 2 hydrolysis ( S 0.5 ) was lower for proteolyzed than uncleaved phospholipase C-γ1 (0.08 mole fraction vs 0.18 mole fraction of PIP 2 ). The cooperativity index was lower for proteolyzed than full-length phospholipase C-γ1 ( n = 2.5 vs n = 4). Kinetic analysis also revealed that the estimated dissociation constant was lower for phospholipase C-γ1 that had been subjected to proteolysis (0.1 mM vs 1.0 mM PIP 2 for cleaved vs uncleaved phospholipase C-γ1, respectively). It was previously hypothesized that activation of phospholipase C-γ1 requires a conformational change that results in increased accessibility of substrate to the active site and that the SH domain of the enzyme is involved in the activation event. These experiments support the hypothesis that a portion of the protein covers the active site, allosterically inhibiting the enzyme, and that the removal of this “lid” domain activates the enzyme.
The National Women's Study: Relationship of victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder to bulimia nervosa

Objective In recent years there has been increased interest regarding the role of crime victimization in the development and/or maintenance of eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa. Method: To examine the relationship among assault, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, a national, representative sample of 3,006 women completed structured telephone interviews. Results: Lifetime prevalence of completed, forcible rape for respondents with bulimia nervosa was 26.6%, as compared with 11.5% for respondents with binge eating disorder and 13.3% for respondents without bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. Compared to respondents without bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder, aggravated assault history was significantly more prevalent in women with bulimia nervosa (26.8%), as was a lifetime history of posttraumatic stress disorder (36.9%). Characteristics of sexual assault experiences were not associated with dysfunctional eating patterns. Specific types of disordered eating such as compensatory behaviors in bulimia nervosa were associated with higher rates of victimization. Conclusions: In sum, the significantly higher rates of both sexual and aggravated assault among women with bulimia nervosa compared with women without such a diagnosis support the hypothesis that victimization may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of bulimia nervosa. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 213–228, 1997.
Dehydration, dehydroxylation, and rehydroxylation of single-walled aluminosilicate nanotubes.

Single-walled metal oxide (aluminosilicate) nanotubes are excellent candidates for addressing the long-standing issue of functionalizing nanotube interiors, due to their high surface reactivity and controllable dimensions. However, functionalization of the nanotube interior is impeded by its high surface silanol density (9.1 −OH/nm2) and resulting hydrophilicity. Controlled dehydration of the nanotubes is critical for the success of functionalization efforts. We employ a range of solid-state characterization tools to elucidate dehydration and dehydroxylation phenomena in the nanotubes as a function of heat treatment up to 450 °C. Vibrational spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared, FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), nitrogen physisorption, solid-state NMR, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that a completely dehydrated condition is achieved at 250 °C under vacuum and that the maximum pore volume is achieved at 300 °C under vacuum due to partial dehydroxylation of the dehydrate...
NO/char reactions at pulverized coal flame conditions

The effective rate of the NO/char reaction measured over the temperature range 1250 to 1750 K has been found to be given by (d NO/dt)=4.18×104 exp (−34.70 K cal/RT) AEPNO moles/sec where AE is the external surface area of the char in m2/gm, and PNO is in atmospheres. The rate of the reaction is found to be retarded by water vapor and enhanced by CO by amounts that decrease with increasing temperature. This is consistent with a hypothesis that the NO/C reaction is retarded by the formation of a chemisorbed layer which can be removed by reaction with CO. Support for this hypothesis is provided by transient experiments which show that, at low temperatures, NO reacts with carbon to form N2 and a chemisorbed oxygen layer, and that the chemisorbed oxygen decomposes at higher temperatures to form CO or reacts with CO to form CO2.
Configurations of Robot’s Manipulators and Their Identification, and the Execution of Prescribed Trajectories. Part 2: Investigations of Manipulators Having Five, Seven, and Eight Degrees of Freedom

The methods discussed in Part 1 of this paper are applied for the determination of all potential configurations of manipulator links and the execution of prescribed trajectories. The research is performed for manipulators having five, seven, and eight degrees of freedom.
Cephalopod species collected by deepwater exploratory fishing off New England

Federal resources have been used to subsidize exploratory trawling beyond the edge of the continental shelf by refitted New England fishing vessels. Potential targets include deepwater species of fishes, decapod crustaceans, and cephalopods. The first eight cruises of the F/V CONTENDER captured 18 species of cephalopods in 12 families, including four octopods, 11 oegopsid squids, one myopsid squid, and two sepiolids. One additional species of oegopsid squid was collected by jigging from F/V PERSEVERANCE. Of all the species captured, only jigging for Ommastrephes bartramii has much potential for development of a directed cephalopod fishery.
The worldwide hematopoietic cell transplantation experience for cerebral x-adrenoleukodystrophy

Abstract The International Storage Disease Collaborative Study Group has evaluated the effectiveness of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) to halt the progressive neurologic deterioration, dementia, and early death of cerebral X-adrenoleukodystrophy (CXALD) in 126 patients (? donor: 3) from July 1982 to January 1999. HCT can achieve neurologic and neuropsychologic stabilization as well as preservation of life in boys with CXALD especially when performed early in the disease course. A centralized HCT CXALD database is needed so that clinical trials can be performed.
Chapter 6 Cytotoxic and immune complex reactions

Etude comparative des differents types de cytotoxicite pouvant se developper pendant des reponses immunes et des phenomenes allergiques. La reaction ADCC, l'activite des cellules NK et la cytotoxicite mediee par les lymphocytes T ont ete etudiees