cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic care of a patient with an intracranial hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy

Thrombolytic therapy is being used with increasing frequency to treat acute myocardial infarction (MI). It is important for both the general and cardiac anesthesiologist to understand the effects of thrombolysis on hemostasis and myocardial function, since these patients can present for emergent surgery in the cardiac or general operating theater. The authors report a case of a patient who developed an intracranial hemorrhage following thrombolytic therapy that required emergency surgical intervention.
TENDON INJURIES ABOUT THE FOOT AND ANKLE IN CHILDREN

Sixty-four children with tendon injuries about the foot and ankle have been reviewed in order to present a plan of management when such injuries occur. One-third involved the tendo Achillis; the others were equally distributed between the dorsum and sole of the foot, and in only 12% was more than one tendon involved. Sensory nerves were frequently severed, but nearly all recovered completely after early repair. The results of immediate repair of tendons were good. When repair was delayed the results were less satisfactory, as severe deformities developed in the growing feet. Early exploration and surgical repair of selected tendons are recommended to avoid future disability.
The koilocyte and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Time-trend analysis of a recent decade

To determine whether the role of the human papillomavirus in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has changed recently, cervical biopsy specimens from the years 1972 and 1982 were reviewed to compare the frequency of diagnosis of human papillomavirus-associated koilocytosis in patients with suspected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. No significant difference was found in the frequency of koilocytosis in biopsy specimens with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia between the years, koilocytosis being present in about half of the cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during both years. In each year koilocytosis was more common in grades 1 and 2 lesions. Koilocytotic atypia without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia also was present in a relatively constant proportion of cases over the decade (8.0% and 6.5%). The average patient age was younger in 1982 than in 1972 (27.6 versus 32.6 years), but analysis of patients by age groups again showed no significant difference in the occurrence of koilocytosis. This study suggests that the relative importance of human papillomavirus in the evolution of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has remained unchanged in the recent past.
Characterization of catalase purified from Drosophila melanogaster by hydrophobic interaction chromatography

Abstract 1. 1. A rapid procedure for the purification of Drosophila melanogaster catalase (H 2 O 2 oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.6) to apparent homogeneity has been developed and monospecific antibodies have been raised against the purified antigen. 2. 2. Biochemical properties of the purified enzyme with emphasis on the mechanism of inactivation by the irreversible inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, are reported and discussed with reference to the characteristics of catalase from other sources. 3. 3. Rocket immunoelectrophoretic techniques have been developed for the quantitative determination of catalase-specific cross-reacting-material (CRM) in strains of Drosophila which differ in their steady state levels of catalase activity.
Speed limit of protein folding evidenced in secondary structure dynamics

As the simplest and most prevalent motif of protein folding, α-helix initiation is the starting point of macromolecular complexity. In this work, helix initiation was directly measured via ultrafast temperature-jump spectroscopy on the smallest possible helix nucleus for which only the first turn is formed. The rate’s dependence on sequence, length, and temperature reveals the fastest possible events in protein folding dynamics, and it was possible to separate the rate-limiting torsional (conformational) diffusion from the fast annealing of the helix. An analytic coarse-grained model for this process, which predicts the initiation rate as a function of temperature, confirms this picture. Moreover, the stipulations of the model were verified by ensemble-converging all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, which reproduced both the picosecond annealing and the nanosecond diffusion processes observed experimentally.
The Many‐Worlds Interpretation and Quantum Computation

David Deutsch and others have suggested that the Many‐Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics is the only interpretation capable of explaining the special efficiency quantum computers seem to enjoy over classical ones. I argue that this view is not tenable. Using a toy algorithm I show that the Many‐Worlds Interpretation must crucially use the ontological status of the universal state vector to explain quantum computational efficiency, as opposed to the particular ontology of the MWI, that is, the computational histories of worlds. As such, any other interpretation that treats the state vector as representing real ontological features of a system can explain quantum speedup too.
Renal clearance of para-amino salicylic acid in the dog.

SummarySimultaneous measurements of the renal clearance of PAS and creatinine in the dog indicate that the former substance is not excreted by the renal tubules. Benemid does not appear to diminish the renal clearance of PAS in the dog. This raises question as to the rationale of employing Benemid as an adjunct to PAS therapy in man. The volume of distribution of PAS appears to correspond closely with that of creatinine.
High wallplug efficiency vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using lower barrier DBR mirrors

A lower energy barrier p-type Al 0.67 Ga 0.33 As/GaAs DBR mirror has been incorporated into a previously reported vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser structure. CW measurements at room temperature demonstrate lower threshold voltages or 1.86V, and a record high power-conversion efficiency or 14.9% was achieved
Heparin management test versus activated coagulation time during cardiovascular surgery: Correlation with anti-Xa activity

Objective: To compare the abilities of the heparin management test (HMT) and the activated coagulation time (ACT) to provide a measurement of heparin effect in patients undergoing cardiac or peripheral vascular surgery. These measurements of heparin effect were also compared with measurements of heparin concentrations tested by anti-Xa activity. A secondary objective was to compare the performance of the noncitrated HMT with that of the citrated HMT. Design: A prospective study. Setting: A single-center study conducted in a university hospital. Participants: After human investigation committee approval and informed consent were obtained, adult patients undergoing cardiac or peripheral vascular surgery were included in this study. Interventions: In both surgical groups, blood was sampled for ACT, HMT, and anti-Xa activity. Each HMT was performed on both noncitrated and citrated samples. Measurements and Main Results: As an indicator of heparin effect, the HMT had a strong correlation with the ACT (r = 0.899; p < 0.01). In addition, the HMT had a significantly stronger correlation with anti-Xa activity than the ACT (p < 0.01). The correlation obtained from the noncitrated samples was identical with that obtained from the citrated samples (r = 0.819; p < 0.001 for both groups). Conclusion: The ability of the HMT and the ACT to measure heparin effect was similar. The HMT performed better than the ACT when using anti-Xa activity as a measure of heparin concentration. Noncitrated HMT results were similar to citrated HMT results, thus supporting the use of fresh whole blood for testing purposes.
“LIVING” EDUCATION: ACTION RESEARCH AS A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO CONGREGATIONAL EDUCATION

Abstract Action research as an educational strategy suggests that educators engage in an intentional, collaborative cycle of observing, reflecting, planning, and acting. This approach deliberately attempts to bring theory and practice together in praxis. Action research may be helpful for religious educators who wish to improve their educational practice. This article focuses on ways in which action research might be employed by congregationally based educators.
A miniature wildlife tracking UAV payload system using acoustic biotelemetry

Studying the biological processes of wildlife and how they react and prevail with human population growth and development has become very important to sustain species and prevent extinction. Wildlife tracking has become a very important tool in this matter by giving researchers an idea of animal territory and habitat. However, the process of finding the animal after it has been tagged can be very tedious and costly. To make this tracking process more efficient, researchers at Utah State University (USU) are developing a low cost RF telemetry system for wildlife tracking using an autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for triangulation and geo-location of the target. The use of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for wildlife tracking offer many advantages such as cost reduction, human effort reduction and data acquisition efficiency due to the usage flexibility offered by the system in comparison to conventional methods. This paper presents the design of this tracking system, and shows some experimental data.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Knowledge structure in international marketing: a multi-method bibliometric analysis

This study examines the underlying forces that shape the international marketing (IM) field using three bibliometric methods: exploratory factor analysis (EFA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). We apply these techniques to evaluate the knowledge structure of IM publications for the 1999–2008 period and to concurrently provide a supplemental examination of the findings for the 2009–2010 period. Overall, our database contains 228,929 citations used in 3,632 IM articles from 34 academic journals in which marketing publications appear. We initially trace the underpinning knowledge structure in the literature in five-year increments for all influential IM publications. We then refine our analysis and examine marketing-centered scholarly influences on the IM literature and undertake an examination of the developments in later years. The results indicate that the IM field is expanding and is considerably more inclusive, sophisticated, and increasingly more complex than in earlier periods. Our findings also demonstrate that other disciplines (principally management) have had a profound influence on the development of the IM literature during the 12-year period under investigation. Using the bibliometric results derived from our data, we provide guidelines for future research and contrast them with those forwarded in review studies of the international marketing literature.
Officer Perceptions of Risk of Contracting HIV/AIDS in Prison: A Two-State Comparison

A theme of the late modernity perspective as applied to prisons is maximizing safety and minimizing risk in the face of an uncertain work environment. Correctional officers in two states were surve...
Large Nonlinear Refraction and Higher Order Nonlinear Optical Effects in a Novel Organic Dendrimer

The fast electronic nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of a novel synthetic organic dendrimer are reported. The complete synthesis of the organic dendrimer is provided. Both the z-scan and self-phase modulation techniques were used to measure the nonlinear refractive index. The magnitude of the nonlinear refractive index (n2) was measured to be 1.1 × 10-4 cm2/GW. The presence of two-photon absorption was observed and the coefficient (β) was found to be 1.2 × 10-2 cm/GW. The nonlinear figure of merit of the dendrimer system is found to be 0.02 for intensities used in our experiments. The NLO responses of the individual structural components of the dendrimer molecule are provided to probe the structure−function relationships. The presence of a higher order, χ(5), NLO effect was also detected and analyzed. The fast electronic processes of the dendrimer molecule and its components where also investigated by up-conversion luminescence spectroscopy. These studies provide the first probe into the ultrafast elect...
Root length density and carbon content of agroforestry and grass buffers under grazed pasture systems in a Hapludalf

Enhancement of root development helps to improve soil physical properties, carbon sequestration, and water quality of streams. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in root length density (RLD) and root and soil carbon content within grass buffer (GB), agroforestry buffer (AgB), rotationally grazed pasture (RG) and continuously grazed pasture (CG) treatments. Pasture and GB areas included red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and lespedeza (Kummerowia stipulacea Maxim.) planted into fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) while AgB included Eastern cottonwood trees (Populus deltoids Bortr. ex Marsh.) planted into fescue. One-meter deep soil cores were collected from each treatment in August 2007 and 2008 with a soil probe. Three soil cores were sampled at six replicate sampling positions. Soil cores were collected in plastic tubes inserted inside the metal soil probe. Soils were segregated by horizons, and roots were separated into three diameter classes (0–1, 1–2, >2 mm) by soil horizon. Root length was determined using a flatbed scanner assisted with computer software. Buffer treatments (167 cm/100 cm3) had 4.5 times higher RLD as compared to pasture treatments (37.3 cm/100 cm3). The AgB treatment had the highest (173.5 cm/100 cm3) RLD and CG pasture had the lowest (10.8 cm/100 cm3) value. Root carbon was about 3% higher for the buffers compared to RG treatment. Soil carbon was about 115% higher for the buffers compared to pasture treatments. Results from this study imply that establishment of agroforestry and GB on grazed pasture watersheds improve soil carbon accumulation and root parameters which enhance soil physical and chemical properties thus improving the environmental quality of the landscape.
Factors which influence polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon decomposition on wood smoke particles

Abstract The rates of decomposition of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on airborne wood soot in the presence of sunlight, O 3 , or NO 2 (in the dark), were estimated. Experiments were conducted in 25-m 3 outdoor Teflon film chambers. PAH with molecular masses of 228 (benzo[a]anthracene) or greater exhibited small sampling losses and were found primarily in filter as opposed to XAD-2 extracts. Preliminary experiments indicated that major PAH losses due to O 3 reaction during filter sampling did not occur. PAH were found to be stable on airborne wood soot particles in the dark. In sunlight, however, a rapid decay resulted. Pseudo-first-order decay rates were calculated for selected PAH. These ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 min −1 for outdoor solar intensities of 1.1–1.3 cal cm −2 min −1 (4.6–5.4 Joule cm −2 min −1 ). At concentrations of 0.1–0.2 μL/L of O 3 or NO 2 , estimated PAH decay in the dark was much slower than that which was observed under midday sun.
An Introduction to Clinical Significance: An Alternative Index of Intervention Effect for Group Experimental Designs

The present article provides an overview of two result interpretation aids commonly used in group experimental design research: (a) statistical significance testing and (b) practical significance (...
Needlestick Injuries and Hepatitis B Immunization in Florida Paramedics: A Statewide Survey

Study objectives: To determine the incidence of needlestick injury among paramedics working in Florida during 1987, to describe the circumstances surrounding such injuries, and to assess the hepatitis B vaccination status of this group. Design: Survey of a systematic random sample of paramedics using a self-administered questionnaire. Setting: Florida. Type of participants: Paramedics. Main results: A completed questionnaire was returned by 300 of 500 paramedics (60%) who received the mailed questionnaire. Sixty-nine paramedics (23%) reported a total of 110 needlestick injuries. More than one third of injuries occurred in conjunction with recapping needles. Almost 62% of reported injuries could have been prevented had proper needle disposal technique been used. Sixty-two percent of paramedics reported having had at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine. Sixty-five percent of the unvaccinated paramedics said they would take the hepatitis B vaccine if it was offered free. Conclusion: The majority of needlestick injuries among paramedics in Florida could be prevented with proper needle disposal. Offering the hepatitis B vaccine at no charge to paramedics in Florida could increase the vaccination rate substantially.
Dynamic heterogeneity and the need for multicore virtualization

As the computing industry enters the multicore era, exponential growth in the number of transistors on a chip continues to present challenges and opportunities for computer architects and system designers. We examine one emerging issue in particular: that of dynamic heterogeneity, which can arise, even among physically homogeneous cores, from changing reliability, power, or thermal conditions, different cache and TLB contents, or changing resource configurations. This heterogeneity results in a constantly varying pool of hardware resources, which greatly complicates software's traditional task of assigning computation to cores. In part to address dynamic heterogeneity, we argue that hardware should take a more active role in the management of its computation resources. We propose hardware techniques to virtualize the cores of a multicore processor, allowing hardware to flexibly reassign the virtual processors that are exposed, even to a single operating system, to any subset of the physical cores. We show that multicore virtualization operates with minimal overhead, and that it enables several novel resource management applications for improving both performance and reliability.
Implementation of a mental health consultation model and its impact on early childhood teachers' efficacy and competence

Early childhood mental health (MH) consultants work closely with childcare teachers onsite to serve as a resource for childcare providers as they foster and enhance children's early development. The increase in the quality of care that can be supported through an early childhood MH consultation program makes this type of consultation an optimal tool for enhancing the childcare environment and overall child development. This article details the initial launch of the MH consultation program to childcare centers in the state of Louisiana. Analyses support the assertions that (a) a model of MH consultation can be implemented successfully at a statewide level, (b) MH consultation is associated with an increase in teacher self-efficacy, and (c) teachers' report that the MH consultation increased their competence in specific areas related to children's socioemotional development. Analyses indicate that there is a differential impact on teachers based on their age and level of experience. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
University of Washington implementation

APL/B5500, as implemented by Computer Science students at the University of Washington, is designed to service eight remote model 33 teletypes on the B5500 while allowing background processing to proceed normally. The implementation uses reserved words for operators. The transliteration chosen (see attached page) omits several obvious characters, including>,
Non-invasive prenatal measurement of the fetal genome

The vast majority of prenatal genetic testing requires invasive sampling. However, this poses a risk to the fetus, so one must make a decision that weighs the desire for genetic information against the risk of an adverse outcome due to hazards of the testing process. These issues are not required to be coupled, and it would be desirable to discover genetic information about the fetus without incurring a health risk. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to non-invasively sequence the entire prenatal genome. Our results show that molecular counting of parental haplotypes in maternal plasma by shotgun sequencing of maternal plasma DNA allows the inherited fetal genome to be deciphered non-invasively. We also applied the counting principle directly to each allele in the fetal exome by performing exome capture on maternal plasma DNA before shotgun sequencing. This approach enables non-invasive exome screening of clinically relevant and deleterious alleles that were paternally inherited or had arisen as de novo germline mutations, and complements the haplotype counting approach to provide a comprehensive view of the fetal genome. Non-invasive determination of the fetal genome may ultimately facilitate the diagnosis of all inherited and de novo genetic disease.
Reconstructing the distribution and depositional history of the sedimentary deposits of Arabia Terra, Mars

Abstract The sedimentary deposits of Meridiani Planum formed during the martian climate transition at the Noachian–Hesperian boundary between warm–wet and cold–dry conditions, and give valuable insight into how and when this transition occurred. We show that these deposits share characteristics with sedimentary outcrops across Arabia Terra. Despite near-ubiquitous dust cover across much of Arabia Terra, spectral signatures of polyhydrated sulfate minerals resembling those in Meridiani were identified in Schiaparelli and another unnamed crater. An erosional morphology analysis using both image and topographic data was then used to identify morphologies characteristic of Meridiani-type deposits and catalogue their occurrences throughout Arabia Terra. The occurrences of deposits with compositions and morphologies resembling the Meridiani deposits throughout Arabia Terra suggest that Meridiani-type sedimentary rocks were once more widespread. Elevations of the eroded remnants were used to reconstruct the pre-erosional paleo-surface of the deposits. Within this study area, these deposits once covered ∼2.5–3.6 × 106 km2 and represent an eroded volume of 0.9–1.7 × 106 km3 of sediment. Crater retention ages using craters of a range of preservation states and stratigraphic levels reveal that the deposits were laid down and subsequently eroded during a ∼270 Myr period between ∼3.83 and 3.56 Ga. The deposits formed following the transition from fluvial dissection to evaporite deposition at the end of the Noachian. The high erosion rates (∼3 × 10−6 m/yr) suggest that Mars may have maintained a thick atmosphere relative to today even as it dried out in the Early Hesperian.
Gd3N@C2n (n = 40, 42, and 44): Remarkably Low HOMO−LUMO Gap and Unusual Electrochemical Reversibility of Gd3N@C88

High-performance liquid chromatography was used to isolate two new trimetallic nitride endohedral fullerenes, Gd3N@C2n (n = 42 and 44), and they were characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, U...
Tiagabine May Reduce Bruxism and Associated Temporomandibular Joint Pain

Tiagabine is an anticonvulsant gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake inhibitor commonly used as an add-on treatment of refractory partial seizures in persons over 12 years old. Four of the 5 cases reported here indicate that tiagabine might also be remarkably effective in suppressing nocturnal bruxism, trismus, and consequent morning pain in the teeth, masticatory musculature, jaw, and temporomandibular joint areas. Tiagabine has a benign adverse-effect profile, is easily tolerated, and retains effectiveness over time. Bed partners of these patients report that grinding noises have stopped; therefore, the tiagabine effect is probably not simply antinociceptive. The doses used to suppress nocturnal bruxism at bedtime (4–8 mg) are lower than those used to treat seizures.
Database Schema Design for a Web Services Supply Chain Manager: Requirements and Proposed Infrastructure

Web services enable the commoditization of computer code components for distributed system execution in cross-organizational platforms via the Internet. At any point in time, the state of a set of composite applications and the web services they are consuming constitutes an instance of a new type of dynamic software supply chain. Proper management of what we refer to as this "web services supply chain" requires seamlessly integrated and automated B2B relationships with responsibilities for procurement, performance monitoring, benchmarking, cost allocation and ongoing relationship maintenance requiring new hybrid organizational infrastructure constructs. To cope with the increased complexity of managing this dynamic supply chain, we elaborate requirements and propose an exemplar database schema design with web-scripts as a means for pre-specifying and monitoring organizationally approved patterns of web service invocations. The database research challenges associated with long-running transactions are discussed in our schema design, including reflections of the realities associated with web-script failure, variable quality-of-service (QoS) levels, the share-ability of web-scripts between organizational business processes, the need for continuous updating of web-scripts by agents (human or automated), and the scalability of designs to accommodate evolutionary change.
Prediction of kidney mercury content by isotope techniques

Prediction of kidney mercury content by isotope techniques. A 61-year-old female patient accidentally aspirated liquid mercury during a medically ordered diagnostic procedure. To develop animal-based guidelines, liquid mercury was introduced into the lungs of four dogs. Based on the study ofthese animals, a method of predicting the kidney inorganic mercury burden was developed using radioactive isotope dilution techniques. It was further demonstrated in dogs that oral administration of dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) increased mercury excretion and reduced the kidney burden. A rat experiment was performed permitting a statistical evaluation of the assumptions basic to the use of the method. The method was applied to the patient with the result that the kidney inorganic mercury burden was predicted to be 28.1mg, 8 months after the accident. Treatment with DMPS increased urinary excretion and the post-treatment kidney burden was estimated at 19.6mg Hg. Inasmuch as the radioactive dose to the subject may be kept at a negligible level and because sensitive methods exist for measurement of radioactive and stable mercury concentrations, the technique may be applicable in special cases to the estimation of kidney inorganic mercury burdens incurred by industrial exposure. Prediction du contenu renal en mercure par des techniques isotopiques. Une femme de 61 ans a aspire accidentellement du mercure liquide pendant un acte diagnostique prescrit par un medecin. Afin de developper des bases d'origine animale, du mercure liquide a ete introduit dans les poumons de quatre chiens. D'apres l'etude des ces animaux, une methode permettant de prevoir le contenu renal en mercure inorganique a ete developpee par des techniques de dilution d'isotope radioactif. Il a ensuite ete montre chez des chiens que l'administration orale de sulfonate de dimercaptopropane (DMPS) augmentait l'excretion mercurielle et en reduisait le contenu renal. Une experience a ete entreprise chez le rat pour permettre une evaluation statistique des hypotheses de base permettant l'emploi de la methode. Cette methode a ete appliquee a malade, et a permis de predire que le contenu renal en mercure inorganique etait de 28,1mg, 8 mois apres l'accident. Le traitement au DMPS a augmente l'excretion urinaire et le contenu renal post-therapeutique a ete estime a 19,6mg Hg. Dans la mesure ou la dose radioactive donnee au sujet peut etre maintenue a un niveau negligeable, et puisqu'il existe des methodes sensibles de mesure des concentrations de mercure radioactif et stable, cette technique est applicable a des cas particuliers pour estimer le contenu renal en mercure inorganique lie a une exposition industrielle.
Energy and the Structure of Agriculture: A Political Economic Analysis

An analysis of the influence of the energy crisis on the future direction of US agricultural development is presented. Emphasis is placed on the major forces that will influence change in organizational type and size distribution of farm units. The study concludes that with an intense cost-price squeeze arising to a considerable degree from energy scarcity and the nature of agricultural input and output markets, family-type farms are unlikely to witness the specific kind of research development or government programs that will permit or enhance their viability. It is recommended that family farm-owners form a political alliance to effect government policy changes necessary for their future survival. (JMT)
Results of Surgical Treatment for Abnormal Penile Curvature: Peyronie's Disease and Congenital Deviation by Modified Nesbit Plication (Tunical Shaving and Plication)

ABSTRACTPurpose: We report a modification of the Nesbit plication with partial thickness shaving instead of conventional excision of a wedge of tunica albuginea. The technique minimizes intraoperative bleeding, obviates cavernous tissue damage and improves adhesion of plicated tunical layers.Materials and Methods: Between September 1988 and September 1994, 32 patients underwent modified plication repair of chordee secondary to Peyronie's disease (26) or congenital penile deviation (6). The results were evaluated in the spring of 1996.Results: Mean age plus or minus standard deviation was 55 +/− 8.8 years for patients with Peyronie's disease and 27 +/− 6.85 years for those with congenital penile deviation. Mean duration of Peyronie's disease was 22 +/− 9 months. Eight patients complained of erectile dysfunction and penile curvature. Plication for congenital deviation (6 patients) resulted in 100% satisfaction with the surgical result. Of the 26 men with Peyronie's disease 19 (78%) reported a good to excell...
Lack of dietary specialization in adult Aplysia californica : evidence from stable carbon isotope composition

Natural abundance, 13 C/ 12 C ratios (δ 13 C) of Californian sea hares, Aplysia californica , (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) were measured for comparison with the animals preferred red algal diets, Plocamium cartilagineum and Laurencia pacifica . Isotopic compositions of animals collected from around Santa Catalina Island, did not reflect those of the favoured red algal diets, nor the majority of algal species found in the field. However, animals held in seawater tanks and fed diets with a constant carbon isotopic composition exhibited δ 13 C values similar to their food. Fast turnover tissue, such as the muscle tissue of actively growing juveniles or egg masses laid by adults, showed δ 13 C values within ±2‰ of the algal diet. Slow turnover tissue, such as the muscle tissue of large adults, reflected the diet over several months. Stable carbon isotope ratios thus proved a useful tool to clarify the extent to which specialized feeding in A. californica can occur upon algae which are only moderately to rarely common.
Effects of expectancy on assessing covariation in data: "Prior belief" versus "meaning"

Abstract A large number of researchers have addressed the question of how prior beliefs affect assessment of covariation in new data. Some have suggested that prior beliefs disrupt covariation assessment ( Nisbett & Ross, 1980 ), while others have claimed they help ( Wright & Murphy, 1984 ). Research in this tradition has not consistently distinguished meaningfulness of the data from expectations about the particular relationship between the variables to be assessed. We collected covariance judgments on meaningful variable pairs where subjects had a prior belief in a positive relation, had a prior belief in a negative relation, had a prior belief that the variables are unrelated, or were agnostic about the existence or nature of relation. Subjects rated data with negative, positive, and zero correlations. We evaluated performance in terms of subjects' ability to discriminate objectively different correlations, rather than simply comparing to a reference statistic, and also on the bias subjects showed. Subjects with no prior belief, with positive beliefs, and with negative beliefs were all reasonably well able to discriminate among different objective correlations. In addition, subjects with no prior belief showed appropriate use of the judgment scale, while those having a positive or negative expectation were biased in the direction of their prior belief. In contrast, subjects with the prior belief that the variables were unrelated showed essentially no discrimination. Our results disconfirm the hypothesis that prior beliefs generally facilitate correlation assessment of summarized data. Judgments of meaningful data were best when subjects were initially agnostic.
Measuring uncertainty and uncertainty-based information for imprecise probabilities

After a brief overview of the various theories of imprecise probabilities, the paper focuses on the issue of measuring uncertainty and uncertainty-based information in the individual theories. This issue is covered in three parts. First, essential requirements that must be satisfied by any measure of uncertainty are discussed in generic terms. Next, an overview of established uncertainty measures for the various types of imprecise probabilities is presented. Finally, open problems in this area of research are briefly surveyed.
Interactions of PSGL-1 with selectins

Summary form only received as follows: The selectins are membrane-anchored C-type lectins that enable flowing leukocytes to tether to and roll on the vessel wall, the first step in inflammation. Activated endothelial cells and/or platelets express E- and P-selectin, and leukocytes express L-selectin. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-l (PSGL-1) is a disulfide-bonded homodimeric sialomucin on leukocytes that binds to all 3 selectins. P- and L-selectin bind to an N-terminal region of PSGL-1 that requires sulfation of at least one of 3 clustered tyrosines and attachment of a core-2, sialylated and fucosylated O-glycan to a specific threonine. PLI, a mAb that binds to this N-terminal region, blocks tethering and rolling of leukocytes on P-selectin and partially inhibits L-selectin-dependent leukocyte-leukocyte contacts that amplify leukocyte accumulation on vascular surfaces. A small N-terminal tryptic fragment of PSGL-1 or a small synthetic glycosulfopeptide comprising the N-terminal region binds with high affinity to P-selectin. Even after elimination of its single disulfide bond, PSGL-l forms noncovalent dimers on the cell surface that interact efficiently with P-selectin. To mediate leukocyte rolling under shear stress, selectin-ligand bonds must form and break rapidly, and they must also resist dissociation by applied force. Murine pre-B cells expressing P- or L-selectin roll on transfected CHO cells that co-express PSGL-1 with core 2 /spl beta/1,6-GlcNAc transferase and Fuc-TVII. Cells expressing Por L-selectin also roll on cells expressing PSGL-1 constructs with only one of the 3 tyrosines. However, the cells roll faster and skip more frequently because of increases in either the intrinsic koff or the reactive compliance of the selectin-PSGL-l bond. The degree of tyrosine sulfation, the type of glycosylation, and the specific amino acid sequence of the N-terminal glycosulfopeptide region of PSGL-1 may modulate the intrinsic biochemical properties or the mechanical properties of selectin bonds.
Long-term assessment of post-cardiac-arrest neurological outcomes with somatosensory evoked potential in rats

Cardiac arrest (CA) can produce complex changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) indicate the intactness of somatosensory pathways and are commonly used for brain function monitoring during surgeries. Multiresolution biorthogonal wavelet analysis was applied to SSEPs recorded during established CA experiments and post-CA long-term recovery periods in rats. Our results showed that during the first 4 hours after CA, the amplitudes of SSEP, defined here as the difference between the amplitudes of P23 and N20, decreased greatly while the inter-peak latencies between N20 and P23 increased greatly. In the long-term recovery period (within 72 hours), both the amplitudes of SSEPs and the interpeak latencies returned to the baseline. Our results suggest that the changes of SSEPs may represent the post-CA neurological injuries and recovery in the somatosensory afferent pathways. The results here lay ground work for establishing the relationship between SSEPs and post-CA neurological injuries and functional outcomes as well as deploying SSEP in clinical settings to monitor patients resuscitated from CA in the future.
Probing Subunit-Subunit Interactions in the Yeast Vacuolar ATPase by Peptide Arrays

BACKGROUND Vacuolar (H(+))-ATPase (V-ATPase; V(1)V(o)-ATPase) is a large multisubunit enzyme complex found in the endomembrane system of all eukaryotic cells where its proton pumping action serves to acidify subcellular organelles. In the plasma membrane of certain specialized tissues, V-ATPase functions to pump protons from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space. The activity of the V-ATPase is regulated by a reversible dissociation mechanism that involves breaking and re-forming of protein-protein interactions in the V(1)-ATPase - V(o)-proton channel interface. The mechanism responsible for regulated V-ATPase dissociation is poorly understood, largely due to a lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular interactions that are responsible for the structural and functional link between the soluble ATPase and membrane bound proton channel domains. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To gain insight into where some of the stator subunits of the V-ATPase associate with each other, we have developed peptide arrays from the primary sequences of V-ATPase subunits. By probing the peptide arrays with individually expressed V-ATPase subunits, we have identified several key interactions involving stator subunits E, G, C, H and the N-terminal domain of the membrane bound a subunit. CONCLUSIONS The subunit-peptide interactions identified from the peptide arrays complement low resolution structural models of the eukaryotic vacuolar ATPase obtained from transmission electron microscopy. The subunit-subunit interaction data are discussed in context of our current model of reversible enzyme dissociation.
SNPicker: a graphical tool for primer picking in designing mutagenic endonuclease restriction assays

Summary: Simple, low-cost and accurate genotyping methods for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are in high demand in the post-genome-sequencing era. We present a graphical tool called SNPicker, implemented in Java, which significantly facilitates the design of mutagenic endonuclease restriction assays. SNPicker uses the online NEB REBASE to automatically scan for all possible designs of mutagenic primers that can facilitate the picking of mismatched PCR primers to artificially introduce or abolish a restriction site at the target SNP site. We successfully applied SNPicker in designing endonuclease restriction assays for 14 SNPs for the MTHFR gene, the Coagulation Factor II gene and the Coagulation Factor V gene. The SNP assays designed using SNPicker were cross-validated using the MassARRAY technology. Availability: SNPicker, as a software tool in the Web-based SeqVISTA Suite, is freely available at http://zlab.bu.edu/SeqVISTA/. A tutorial for SNPicker is available at http://zlab.bu.edu/SeqVISTA/manual/SNPicker.htm
The effect of food deprivation on responding for food odor in the rat

Abstract Lever pressing for food odor was shown to be a negatively accelerated function of food deprivation time up through 12 hr. Responding declined slightly but reliably at 23-hr deprivation. The reinforcing properties of food odor declined over repeated test sessions in a similar fashion for all groups, and data are presented demonstrating paralleled within-session decrements in odor reinforcement properties.
CMOS half-wave and full-wave precision voltage rectification circuits

Novel CMOS implementations of half and full-wave precision voltage rectifier circuits are presented. These implementations have the advantage that they avoid the use of both diodes and resistors, and that they employ only one amplifier and a simple voltage comparator.
Analysis of chronic endometritis for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction

Chronic endometritis is characterized histologically by plasma cells infiltrating endometrial stroma. Although it has been speculated that many instances of chronic endometritis are infectious, the origin of most cases is not apparent by routine histopathologic evaluation. Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is known to cause chronic endometritis in the setting of pelvic inflammatory disease. The authors analyzed 43 specimens of histopathologically diagnosed chronic endometritis from 38 patients for C trachomatis by PCR using primers for the single-copy major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene. C trachomatis was detected in only one such case in which dense plasma cell infiltrates were present and concurrent C trachomatis infection of the cervix was documented. Using serially diluted DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded McCoy cells, the sensitivity of this method was shown to be equivalent to a single infected cell in a paraffin section. In conjunction with the results of other studies, these data indicate a limited role, if any, of C trachomatis in the origin of mild or moderate chronic endometritis.
THE RISE OF FISH EMBRYOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

SYNOPSIS. The nineteenth century was critical for the empirical and conceptual growth of developmental biology. Fishes played a central role in this process. The study of fish development, mainly that of teleosts but also chondrichthyans, can be traced back to classical times. In the nineteenth century, it merged with modern descriptive embryology, continued with the rise of comparative embryology associated with evolutionary studies, and moved into the experimental and physiological analysis of development. Any consideration of fish development must take into account that fishes phylogenetically are the most diverse group of the vertebrates and also the most speciose. These features are reflected in the diversity of their development. The descriptive embryology of fishes is reviewed from Aristotle to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The study of chondrichthyans, especially viviparous species, was characteristic of this period. During the nineteenth century, there was a progressive development of knowledge of the descriptive embryology of teleosts and chondrichthyans. Teleosts came to the fore because artificial fertilization ensured a ready supply of material and their transparent eggs were well suited for microscopy. The subsequent development of embryological microtechnique made possible the examination of sectioned material and moved research to a more cellular level. By the end of the century, an in-depth description of development was in place. Interest in the comparative embryology of fishes was stimulated by Haeckel's melding of embryology and evolution and led to a description of development of agnaths, chimaeras, lungfish, and primitive actinopterygian fishes. Experimental and analytical methods of inquiry began to be used at mid-century. The experiments of Ransom on the contractility of egg cytoplasm, Lereboullet's experimental teratology, chemical studies of embryonic nutrition in viviparous fishes, in vitro observation of blastomeres, His's concrescence theory of embryo formation and Kastschenko's and Morgan's testing of it are considered.
Clostridium difficile infection in the United States: A national study assessing preventive practices used and perceptions of practice evidence

We surveyed 571 US hospitals about practices used to prevent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Most hospitals reported regularly using key CDI prevention practices, and perceived their strength of evidence as high. The largest discrepancy between regular use and perceived evidence strength occurred with antimicrobial stewardship programs. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(8):969–971
Durkheim's sociology of scientific knowledge

Durkheim's thinking on scientific knowledge reveals several contradictions, resulting from the relativist implications of his substantive theory of culture and the positivist assumptions of his metatheoretical definition of scientific methods in sociology. In his explanations of historical and cross-cultural differences in „truthful” representations of reality, Durkheim suggests that logical and conceptual structures of knowledge are determined by social morphology, and that the validity of any truth-claim is limited to cultural contexts in which designated criteria of validation are normatively maintained. However, in epistemological works such as The Rules, Durkheim suggests that social factors are of little importance in constructing scientific knowledge, and that truths of science mirror external reality and so their validity transcends cultural boundaries.
A Match-based approach to the estimation of polar stratospheric ozone loss using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations

Abstract. The well-established "Match" approach to quantifying chemical destruction of ozone in the polar lower stratosphere is applied to ozone observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on NASA's Aura spacecraft. Quantification of ozone loss requires distinguishing transport- and chemically induced changes in ozone abundance. This is accomplished in the Match approach by examining cases where trajectories indicate that the same air mass has been observed on multiple occasions. The method was pioneered using ozonesonde observations, for which hundreds of matched ozone observations per winter are typically available. The dense coverage of the MLS measurements, particularly at polar latitudes, allows matches to be made to thousands of observations each day. This study is enabled by recently developed MLS Lagrangian trajectory diagnostic (LTD) support products. Sensitivity studies indicate that the largest influence on the ozone loss estimates are the value of potential vorticity (PV) used to define the edge of the polar vortex (within which matched observations must lie) and the degree to which the PV of an air mass is allowed to vary between matched observations. Applying Match calculations to MLS observations of nitrous oxide, a long-lived tracer whose expected rate of change is negligible on the weekly to monthly timescales considered here, enables quantification of the impact of transport errors on the Match-based ozone loss estimates. Our loss estimates are generally in agreement with previous estimates for selected Arctic winters, though indicating smaller losses than many other studies. Arctic ozone losses are greatest during the 2010/11 winter, as seen in prior studies, with 2.0 ppmv (parts per million by volume) loss estimated at 450 K potential temperature (~ 18 km altitude). As expected, Antarctic winter ozone losses are consistently greater than those for the Arctic, with less interannual variability (e.g., ranging between 2.3 and 3.0 ppmv at 450 K). This study exemplifies the insights into atmospheric processes that can be obtained by applying the Match methodology to a densely sampled observation record such as that from Aura MLS.
The evolution of workflow standards

Evolving standards enable workflow management systems to automate and coordinate work done by independently developed applications across enterprises and over the Internet. Modern workflow can interact with such technology as OOP, business object models, APIs, XML, and HTTP. The paper discusses the standards for workflow management produced by the Workflow Management Coalition.