cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor Progression Locus 2 Promotes Induction of IFNλ, Interferon Stimulated Genes and Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses and Protects against Influenza Virus

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP) cascades are important in antiviral immunity through their regulation of interferon (IFN) production as well as virus replication. Although the serine-threonine MAP kinase tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2/MAP3K8) has been implicated as a key regulator of Type I (IFNα/β) and Type II (IFNγ) IFNs, remarkably little is known about how Tpl2 might contribute to host defense against viruses. Herein, we investigated the role of Tpl2 in antiviral immune responses against influenza virus. We demonstrate that Tpl2 is an integral component of multiple virus sensing pathways, differentially regulating the induction of IFNα/β and IFNλ in a cell-type specific manner. Although Tpl2 is important in the regulation of both IFNα/β and IFNλ, only IFNλ required Tpl2 for its induction during influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies revealed an unanticipated function for Tpl2 in transducing Type I IFN signals and promoting expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Importantly, Tpl2 signaling in nonhematopoietic cells is necessary to limit early virus replication. In addition to early innate alterations, impaired expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells accompanied delayed viral clearance in Tpl2-/- mice at late time points. Consistent with its critical role in facilitating both innate and adaptive antiviral responses, Tpl2 is required for restricting morbidity and mortality associated with influenza virus infection. Collectively, these findings establish an essential role for Tpl2 in antiviral host defense mechanisms.
The Calling of Socrates

Responding to the call of Being with openness is to endure cheerfully being ‘held out’ for questioning. This enduring identifies our ‘bearing up’ for the wandering that we now understand as a ‘giving in to’ the clearing of Learning. In this ‘giving in’ we have wandered into the Teaching of Being, and offer our openness as the gift of teach-ability.
Urban Environmental Law: Emergent Citizens' Rights for the Aesthetic, the Spiritual, and the Spacious

The issues in environmental law have been largely directed toward the natural environment, however, very recently and with growing force, new law has been channeled into the service of our nation’s urban centers. Traditionally, urban environmental law included only broad schemes to redress urban ills, such as zoning laws, public housing programs, and urban renewal. In the past few years, there has been an increase in the development of personally held and asserted citizens rights to a quality urban environment. While articles on the urban environment often deal with statutory and administrative action, this article presents a different perspective, that of citizen enforcement and the judicial consequences of such a development. Illustrative of the emergent role of courts in enforcing citizens’ claims are the areas of historic preservation, noise regulation, and the use of environmental impact statements.
Tectonics of a fast spreading center: A Deep-Tow and sea beam survey on the East Pacific rise at 19°30′ S

Sea Beam and Deep-Tow were used in a tectonic investigation of the fast-spreading (151 mm yr-1) East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 19°30′ S. Detailed surveys were conducted at the EPR axis and at the Brunhes/Matuyama magnetic reversal boundary, while four long traverses (the longest 96 km) surveyed the rise flanks. Faulting accounts for the vast majority of the relief. Both inward and outward facing fault scarps appear in almost equal numbers, and they form the horsts and grabens which compose the abyssal hills. This mechanism for abyssal hill formation differs from that observed at slow and intermediate spreading rates where abyssal hills are formed by back-tilted inward facing normal faults or by volcanic bow-forms. At 19°30′ S, systematic back tilting of fault blocks is not observed, and volcanic constructional relief is a short wavelength signal (less than a few hundred meters) superimposed upon the dominant faulted structure (wavelength 2–8 km). Active faulting is confined to within approximately 5–8 km of the rise axis. In terms of frequency, more faulting occurs at fast spreading rates than at slow. The half extension rate due to faulting is 4.1 mm yr-1 at 19°30′ S versus 1.6 mm yr-1 in the FAMOUS area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Both spreading and horizontal extension are asymmetric at 19°30′ S, and both are greater on the east flank of the rise axis. The fault density observed at 19°30′ S is not constant, and zones with very high fault density follow zones with very little faulting. Three mechanisms are proposed which might account for these observations. In the first, faults are buried episodically by massive eruptions which flow more than 5–8 km from the spreading axis, beyond the outer boundary of the active fault zone. This is the least favored mechanism as there is no evidence that lavas which flow that far off axis are sufficiently thick to bury 50–150 m high fault scarps. In the second mechanism, the rate of faulting is reduced during major episodes of volcanism due to changes in the near axis thermal structure associated with swelling of the axial magma chamber. Thus the variation in fault spacing is caused by alternate episodes of faulting and volcanism. In the third mechanism, the rate of faulting may be constant (down to a time scale of decades), but the locus of faulting shifts relative to the axis. A master fault forms near the axis and takes up most of the strain release until the fault or fault set is transported into lithosphere which is sufficiently thick so that the faults become locked. At this point, the locus of faulting shifts to the thinnest, weakest lithosphere near the axis, and the cycle repeats.
A SYNOPTIC WEATHER TYPE ANALYSIS OF JANUARY HOURLY PRECIPITATION AT LAKE CHARLES, LOUISIANA

Each measurable hourly precipitation event during January at Lake Charles, Louisiana, over the 1951–80 period has been classified by associated synoptic weather type. Using Muller's synoptic classification, four types were found to produce rainfall over the study period. Frontal Overrunning accounted for 71% of the hourly events with an average hourly intensity of 1.78 mm. Frontal Gulf Return accounted for the greatest hourly intensity of the four types (3.05 mm) and accounted for 24% of the observations. The Gulf Return and Coastal Return types produced few hours of precipitation at this time of year owing to both the cooler surface temperatures which limit convection and the dominance of the frontal activity. The frequency of the events associated with these types varied significantly over the study period. The frontal-related weather types increased dramatically during the colder months, and also increased in association with El Nino events and related cyclogenesis in the western Gulf of Mexico. Non-fr...
Inhibition by Actinomycin D of Uridine Diphosphoglucose Synthetase Activity During Differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum

Actinomycin D inhibits the increase in specific activity of uridine diphosphoglucose synthetase during differentiation of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The degree to which this inhibition occurs is strictly correlated with, and may result from, the general inhibition of morphogenesis by actinomycin D.
Is the pleth variability index a surrogate for pulse pressure variation in a pediatric population undergoing spine fusion

Summary Objective: To compare simultaneous measurements of pulse pressure variation (PPV) and pleth variability index (PVI) in patients undergoing spinal fusion. Aims: To determine if PVI can be used as a surrogate for PPV and also the influence of the prone position on these measurements. Background: Spine fusion is an involved surgical procedure requiring attention to fluid administration. Dynamic indices for assessing fluid responsiveness like PPV have proven useful to guide fluid administration. Plethysmographic waveform variation like PVI is an appealing surrogate for measurements like PPV that require invasive arterial pressure measurement. Spine fusion patients are unique and the potential of either PPV or PVI to guide fluid therapy has not been studied. Methods: Patients undergoing spine fusion for scoliosis were studied. In addition to the usual monitors including direct arterial pressure measurement, a multi-wavelength pulse co-oximeter was applied to measure PVI. Paired measurements of PPV and PVI were obtained and limits of agreement determined using the method of Bland and Altman. PPV and PVI in prone and supine positions were compared by paired t-test. Results: The bias between PVI and PPV measurements was −0.56% with 95% limits of agreement of +21.67% to −20.55%. There was no significant difference between the prone and supine measurements at the P = 0.05 level (Table 1). Table 1. Demographics of subjects and case information. Subjects 5 and 8 were excluded due to lack of data in the supine position Subject Age (years) Wt (kg) ASA Sex Duration (h) EBL (ml) Average TV (ml) Average PIP (cmH2O) IV Fluid (ml) Blood (ml) EBL, estimated blood loss; TV, tidal volume; PIP, peak inspiratory pressure. 001 12 43.7 2 M 5.33 1000 401 19 4000 150 002 17 62.2 1 M 7.63 1250 518 20 4000 275 003 16 50 2 F 6.9 1700 355 19 4500 881 004 16 71.3 2 F 6.67 500 524 18 4500 0 006 17 62.3 2 F 6.15 600 490 17 3500 600 007 18 54 2 M 6.12 600 419 15 4200 0 009 11 52.4 1 F 7.27 300 348 29 3000 0 010 14 24.5 3 F 8.37 600 290 18 3500 380 011 18 72.1 2 M 7.02 400 397 15 3100 0 012 16 64.1 1 M 8.9 850 411 20 3300 120 013 13 39.2 3 F 5.33 1100 261 17 5250 739 014 13 49.6 2 M 8.3 1500 376 17 5000 885 015 14 45.2 2 M 6.43 600 350 18 3200 0 016 11 64.6 2 F 6.48 325 468 18 3000 0 017 18 62.1 2 M 8.37 1400 440 21 4000 0 018 13 44 1 F 11.4 400 297 16 4900 0 019 17 67.7 2 M 7.07 600 472 18 4400 100 020 14 47 2 F 4.53 200 351 18 3400 200 021 15 69.3 2 M 6.28 800 570 17 5000 150 022 18 62.5 1 M 7.82 1100 471 17 3250 1100 023 16 56 2 M 6.48 800 370 19 4000 800 024 14 37.8 3 M 8.62 900 342 17 4000 200 Conclusions: Our data indicate that PVI is not a surrogate for PPV. PVI measurements were not influenced by changing from the supine to prone position and therefore may prove useful for patients undergoing spine surgery.
Histochemical methods for the detection of apoptosis in the nervous system.

Neuroscientists often need to detect neuron death at the light microscope level in tissue sections derived from animal models of neurological disease. In many instances there is a need to detect apoptosis, the most common morphology of programmed cell death. This unit provides two protocols for the detection of apoptosis by immunostaining for either activated forms of caspases or their cleavage products. When used in conjunction with nuclear dyes, these protocols permit visualization not only of caspase activation, but also the nuclear chromatin clumps characteristic of apoptosis. The first protocol utilizes peroxidase-mediated chromogen deposition to visualize antibodies by brightfield microscopy. The second protocol utilizes fluorophores to visualize antibodies by epifluorescence. Double immunofluorescence labeling can be performed to identify the phenotype of cells in which caspases are activated. Not all cell death is apoptotic. Therefore, a third protocol is presented for suppressed silver staining, a useful method to screen for all morphologic forms of cell death. Keywords: apoptosis; programmed cell death; caspases; immunohistochemistry; silver staining
Hierarchical decentralized fusion from correlated sensor measurements

In this paper we consider hierarchical decentralized fusion of possibly correlated noisy measurements of a random variable. Our goal is to obtain initial estimates in a decentralized fusion (based on disjoint groupings of the measurements) so that, when these estimates are fused, they give a good overall estimate. In general, this final estimate is worse than the one based on all measurements, this decentralized structure, however, has other advantages that can potentially outweigh this compromise in performance. Since most works on multisensor data fusion assume that noise among different sensors is uncorrelated (i.e.,the noise covariance matrix has a block diagonal structure) which is not always a valid assumption, our approach in this paper allows us to analyze the degradation in performance incurred when we erroneously assume uncorrelated sensor measurements. With the help of sensitivity analysis, upper bounds on this degradation are derived in terms of the off-block diagonal part of the noise covariance matrix that is not taken into account.
Identification of a new class of negative regulators affecting sporulation-specific gene expression in yeast.

We characterized two yeast loci, MDS3 and PMD1, that negatively regulate sporulation. Initiation of sporulation is mediated by the meiotic activator IME1, which relies on MCK1 for maximal expression. We isolated the MDS3-1 allele (encoding a truncated form of Mds3p) as a suppressor that restores IME1 expression in mck1 mutants. mds3 null mutations confer similar suppression phenotypes as MDS3-1, indicating that Mds3p is a negative regulator of sporulation and the MDS3-1 allele confers a dominant-negative phenotype. PMD1 is predicted to encode a protein sharing significant similarity with Mds3p. mds3 pmd1 double mutants are better suppressors of mck1 than is either single mutant, indicating that Mds3p and Pmd1p function synergistically. Northern blot analysis revealed that suppression is due to increased IME1 transcript accumulation. The roles of Mds3p and Pmd1p are not restricted to the MCK1 pathway because mds3 pmd1 mutations also suppress IME1 expression defects associated with MCK1 -independent sporulation mutants. Furthermore, mds3 pmdl mutants express significant levels of IME1 even in vegetative cells and this unscheduled expression results in premature sporulation. These phenotypes, and interactions with RAS2-Val19 suggest that unscheduled derepression of IME1 is probably due to a defect in recognition of nutritional status.
Throughput maximization under guaranteed dissemination coverage for VANET systems

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) technology enables efficient inter-vehicular communications for the broad-casting of public-safety and other critical message flows among unmanned autonomous vehicles. A key challenge in VANET broadcasting is to achieve a high throughput rate while at the same time assure the delivery of packet flows to all the vehicles traveling over a targeted segment of the highway. We have proposed a Vehicular Backbone Network (VBN) protocol for dynamically synthesizing a networking scheme that supports message flows from a Road Side Unit (RSU) to vehicles traveling along a highway. Though proven to achieve significant throughput-rate improvements compared with existing protocols, a design of a VBN that maximizes the end-to-end throughput rate while guaranteeing the coverage scope of message flows has not been addressed. In this paper, we develop an analytical model that accurately characterizes the maximum throughput rate performance achievable under a prescribed outage probability constraint. We consider a spatial-reuse TDMA-based VBN. A joint optimization of inter-relay distances, transmission rates, and spatial-reuse factors, which has not yet been addressed in the existing literatures, is carried out. These results are confirmed by comparison with simulation results. They also serve as essential benchmark and performance upper bounds that characterize the behavior of robust distributed VBN protocols, applicable to VANET systems that provide vehicle-to-vehicle communications among stochastically roaming highway vehicles.
Does magnesium exposure affect neonatal resuscitation

Objective Research on immediate neonatal resuscitation suggests that maternal magnesium exposure may be associated with increased risk of low Apgar scores, hypotonia, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. However, not all studies support these associations. Our objective was to determine whether exposure to magnesium at the time of delivery affects initial neonatal resuscitation. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of the Randomized Controlled Trial of Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Cerebral Palsy that evaluated whether the study drug (magnesium or placebo) that was administered at the time of delivery was associated with increased risk for a composite adverse neonatal resuscitation outcome (5-minute Apgar score Results Data for 1047 patients were analyzed, of whom 461 neonates (44%) were exposed to magnesium. There was no increased risk for the primary composite outcome associated with magnesium exposure. Individual adverse neonatal outcomes and other secondary short-term neonatal outcomes that were evaluated also did not demonstrate an association with magnesium exposure. Conclusion Exposure to magnesium sulfate did not affect neonatal resuscitation or other short-term outcomes. These findings may be useful in planning neonatal care and patient counseling.
Goldhelox: a project to view the x-ray sun

The `Goldhelox' project (`GOLD' for the color of the sun and `HELOX' for heliocentric observations in x rays) includes a student run research team, involving more than 30 volunteer students and five advising professors, to design and build a project to obtain observations of the sun in x rays by using the Space Shuttle as a platform while situated in a NASA Get-Away Special (GAS) canister. The GAS program allows universities, companies, and others to send small self-contained experiments into space in canisters that are placed in the Shuttle's cargo bay. The main scientific objective is to construct a high-resolution soft x-ray telescope to take rapid succession, full disk pictures of the sun, hopefully during Solar Max. These images will help in the understanding of such solar features as the corona, flares, and chromosphere. The project is organized into four major groups. The Flight Readiness Team is in charge of testing, quality control, all safety aspects, and NASA documentation. The optics system is being designed and built by the Optics Team, and this includes the telescope that has curved- substrate, multilayer mirrors, an x-ray filter, a microchannel plate (MCP) detector, a phosphor screen, a fiberoptic plate, and a customized camera that uses ordinary film. The motors for driving the telescope in two axes, worm drives, sealed container for the electronics and batteries, and the overall structure are part of the Mechanical Team. The Electrical Team's responsibilities include the photodiode sun sensor, a small heater for environmental control, lead-acid gel batteries, the main data collecting computer, telescope controller, supporting electronics, and electrical feedthroughs. This project should increase knowledge in the area of x-ray optics and spaced-based physics.
Short-term dispersion of indoor aerosols : can it be assumed the room is well mixed?

Abstract Monitoring of aerosols is typically performed over 3 h to diurnal time scales for outdoor concentration levels and 15 min to 8 h scales indoors. At these scales, concentration is assumed to be well mixed with little spatio-temporal variability around the sampler. Less attention has been given to the potential for acute exposure to contaminants during the initial minutes after a point-source release, where point-wise concentrations may greatly exceed the well-mixed conditions. Here, we seek to demonstrate that the commonly used well-mixed assumption is flawed in the first minutes after a contaminant is released because point-wise concentration levels are initially highly non-uniform and are influenced by turbulent structures caused by the presence of obstacles in the room. This assumption was examined by releasing 3 μm aerosols in a test room with HEPA filter ventilation and by varying controlled conditions of room furnishings (furnished vs. unfurnished) and contaminant release locations (at the inlet vent or under a desk). For each experiment, aerosol concentrations were measured simultaneously at seven locations by nephelometry. Complementary computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to lend confidence to the experiments and to provide detailed pictures of the velocity and particle concentration profiles. The experimental and numerical results corroborated the hypothesis. For both release locations in the furnished room, a completely well-mixed condition did not occur 600 s after the release, and aerosol dispersion was dictated by the turbulent airflow pattern. For the empty room, there was significantly less spatial variability in the point-wise measured concentrations after 300 s than for the furnished room. This information may aid in evaluating the potential for occupant exposure to aerosolized hazardous substances and in supporting optimization of detector placement.
Thermal conductivity of Apollo 12 fines at intermediate density

The thermal conductivity of an Apollo 12 fines sample (12001,19) was measured under vacuum conditions over a temperature range of 200 K to 400 K for a density of 1640 kg/m3. It was found to vary from approximately 1.2 × 10−3 W/m − K to about 2.6 × 10−3 W/m − K respectively. A least-squares curve fitted to the data according to the relationk =A +BT 3 was found to represent the data satisfactorily.
Albian calcareous nannofossils from ODP Site 1258, Demerara Rise

Abstract Site 1258, drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 207 on Demerara Rise off the northern coast of South America, recovered organic-rich Albian sediments that yield abundant, moderately to well preserved calcareous nannofossils. Biostratigraphic analysis shows the section primarily spans Roth’s (Initial Reports DSDP 44. US Government Printing Office, Washington (1978) 731) middle to late Albian Zone NC9. A disconformity separates these sediments from overlying uppermost Albian laminated shales from Zone NC10. The presence of Seribiscutum primitivum within the Albian section represents the first known occurrences of this species at such low latitudes, as Demerara Rise was located within 15° of the equator during the mid-Cretaceous. This species exhibits a bipolar distribution and is considered a cool-water, high-latitude species. Its presence on Demerara Rise indicates cooler water incursions either through changes in surface circulation or upwelling conditions during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic.
Elevated Serum Creatine Phosphokinase in Subjects with McLeod Syndrome

McLeod phenotype red cells of the Kell blood group system have acanthocytic morphology and reduced in vivo survival. The phenotype has an X-linked mode of inheritance and is found in some males who have no abnormality of leukocyte function and in some who have X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). We now describe an association between the McLeod phenotype and an abnormal elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK). The increase is of the MM isoenzyme type, derived from skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle, and muscle biopsy shows evidence of muscle cell changes. All of 11 males who have McLeod syndrome but do not have CGD have high levels of serum CPK. Males with McLeod syndrome and CGD may have normal or high levels of the enzyme. Individuals with other variant phenotypes in the Kell system have normal levels of serum CPK. Studies on a large kindred, which includes 5 people of McLeod phenotype, show high CPK levels only in the members of McLeod type. We conclude that the high level of CPK in the serum of these people is a reflection of a muscle cell anomaly and that in these individuals it is a pleiotropic effect of the X-linked gene that produces the McLeod red cell phenotype.
Reversible photochemistry in a chlorophyll model system.

A reversible, endothermic photochemical redox reaction, sensitized by chlorophyll a and related compounds, has been demonstrated in a heterogeneous particulate system. The oxidant, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB), is photoreduced to the thiolate which remains primarily in an aqueous phase. Reductants are trisubstituted hydrazines, capable of oxidation to tetrazanes in the hydrocarbon particle phase. In the course of three days in the dark, thiolate and tetrazane react to regenerate DTNB in yields approaching 100%. A novelty of the present system is that photoreaction often takes place in discrete rate regimes, which are related to the presence of spectrally identifiable associations of chlorophyll pigments, Mg-containing and free bases. Among the associations that promote photochemical activity are those of chlorophyll and pheophytin with themselves and with each other. Perhaps more active are associations of a Mg rhodochlorin allomerization product of chlorophyll with its free base. Contributing to the associations is the stabilizing presence of amphiphiles that both ligate the Mg of chlorophyll strongly and hydrogen-bond to carbonyls: 2-tridecylimidazole, 2-tridecylimidazoline, and (2-aminoethyl)myristamide. Results of this work demonstrate the possibility of generating reaction center models in an artificial heterogeneous system, and of conducting reversible photochemical reactions with them.
Contour mode piezoelectric ring micro-resonators on Si for series resonant converters

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators on Si have the potential to replace discrete L-C components in series resonant converters. With acoustic coupling rather than inductive coupling, these MEMS resonators achieve better electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance, and reduce size, weight and volume of the power converter. In this paper, ring shaped piezoelectric microresonators are presented. These resonators vibrate in contour mode achieving a low resonant frequency, thus implementation in power converter circuits is possible. COMSOL Multiphysics simulation results have been provided showing the mode of vibration at resonance. A CMOS compatible fabrication process has been proposed and implemented. In addition, the fabricated devices have been characterized and experimental results are detailed. Finally, a PSIM simulation of a series resonant inverter incorporating the equivalent electrical model of the resonator has been performed.
THE METHYLAMINE REACTIVE SITE AND PROTEASE INHIBITION IN α2‐MACROGLOBULINa

The inactivation of alpha 2M by the nucleophiles, NH4+, hydrazine, and methylamine, follows pseudo-first-order (second order, overall) rates. The rate of incorporation of nucleophiles however, is biphasic with the faster rate consistent with inactivation. Protease cleavage of alpha 2M is prevented by complete inactivation of alpha 2M by methylamine. Loss of protease cleavage is slower than methylamine incorporation but parallels inactivation. Our results are consistent with a complex model of sequential conformation changes leading to binding and inactivation of proteases by alpha 2M. Our results suggest that cross-linking of the protease to alpha 2M by aminolysis of the thiolester is not required for inactivation of the protease.
Quantum oscillations due to higher lying electron bands in bismuth

Abstract The first direct observation of subsidiary electron bands in bismuth has been made by a study of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect in tellurium-doped crystals.
Near-tip dynamic fields for a crack advancing in a power-law elastic-plastic material: Modes I, II and III

Abstract Near-tip dynamic asymptotic stress fields of a crack advancing in an incompressible power-law elastic-plastic material are presented. It is shown that the stress- and strain-singularity are, respectively, of the order (In( R 0 / r )) 1/( n −1) and (In( R 0 / r )) n /( n −1) , where R 0 is a length parameter, r measures distance from the crack tip, and n is the power-law exponent. The angular variations of these fields are identical with those corresponding to dynamic crack growth in an elastic-perfectly-plastic material (Gao and Nemat-Nasser, 1983a,b).
Endocrine FGFs and Klothos: emerging concepts

Endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) control a variety of physiological processes including suppression of bile acid synthesis in hepatocytes, promotion of lipolysis in adipocytes, and inhibition of phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D biosynthesis in renal tubular cells. Endocrine FGFs require the Klotho gene family of transmembrane proteins as co-receptors to bind cognate FGF receptors. Importantly, expression of endocrine FGFs is regulated by nuclear receptors whose lipophilic ligands are generated under the control of these hormones in their target organs. Thus, novel endocrine axes have emerged that regulate diverse metabolic processes through feedback loops composed of the FGF, Klotho, and nuclear receptor gene families. This review covers roles of Klotho family proteins in the regulation of activity and expression of endocrine FGFs.
Heat Capacity Anomalies of Superfluid He Under the Influence of a Counterflow Near T

We present a thermodynamic treatment of superfluid helium in the presence of an applied heat current, Q, which produces a counterflow velocity W→. We show that the heat capacity can be expressed in terms of the dependence of the superfluid density on W→. Near Tλ, both mean field theory and renormalization group theory give a divergent heat capacity with an exponent of 0.5 at a depressed transition temperature. In contrast, if W→ rather than Q is held constant, the heat capacity remains finite.
Management of facial dog bite injuries.

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are frequently called on to evaluate and treat patients with facial trauma. While vehicular accidents and interpersonal violence are the most frequent causes, an estimated 44,000 facial injuries are encountered annually from dog bites in the United States. ~ With the exception of a few isolated case reports, discussions of these injuries have been virtually nonexistent in the oral and maxillofacial surgery literature. The purpose of this article is to provide the oral and maxillofacial surgeon with a comprehensive review of the incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of facial dog bite injuries (FDB1).
The Phonemes of Moroccan Arabic

Moroccan Arabic is divergent from the other modern Arabic dialects in important phonological aspects, chiefly in the change of most occurrences of short vowels to ǝ, and of a · >ae ·, in the lessening of phonetic distinction between emphatic and corresponding non-emphatic consonants (e. g. between ṭ and t), and in the loss of distinction between dental spirants and stops (e. g. between θ and t) in some parts of Morocco. Moroccan Arabic is used as a trade language in many Atlantic seaports of Africa south of Morocco, and many of its phonological features are present also in the Arabic of Algeria and Tunisia. Dialects of various Moroccan cities differ from each other both in the phonetic ranges of phonemes and in their phonemic system. The material presented here is based mostly on the speech of Mr. and Mrs. Abdul Kader Larbi of Casablanca; Mrs. Larbi comes from Casablanca, and Mr. Larbi from the town of Bir Rshid, 40 km from that city. Wherever their dialects differed, the forms used here are those spoken by Mrs. Larbi.
Idiopathic Right Atrial Enlargement with Pericardial Effusion

An asymptomatic patient with idiopathic right atrial enlargement is described in whom the interesting feature was associated pericardial effusion; this association has not been reported previously. Both of these conditions had been present for 16 years and both remained nonprogressive.
Valence states and hybridization in vanadium oxide systems investigated by transmission electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

The electronic structure of vanadium oxides and (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is investigated by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. The O K pre-edge in (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is substantially different from that of vanadium oxides, whereas the profiles of V ${\mathit{L}}_{2}$/${\mathit{L}}_{3}$ transition show no significant differences between these materials. We attribute the change of the O K pre-edge to the change of local symmetry of oxygen atoms in (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and the change of hybridization from pure d-p hybridization in vanadium oxide to mixed d-p-\ensuremath{\sigma} hybridization in (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. It is also inferred that the V ${\mathit{L}}_{2}$/${\mathit{L}}_{3}$ transition ratio of (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is more like that of ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Estimating accuracy of 17O NMR measurements in oxide glasses: Constraints and evidence from crystalline and glassy calcium and barium silicates

Abstract The use of 17O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure site populations in silicate and aluminosilicate glasses has provided insights and challenges to conventional models of glass structure. In order to better understand the level of accuracy and precision achievable, we have synthesized crystalline barium metasilicate (BaSiO3), barium orthosilicate (Ba2SiO4), tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5), a barium silicate glass ((BaO)0.45(SiO2)0.55), and a calcium silicate glass ((CaO)0.56(SiO2)0.44), and report 17O NMR spectra for all of these. After correcting the observed intensities for quadrupolar effects, we measure an NBO content of 66.7% ± 0.6% for the BaSiO3, compared to the known value of 66.7%. Applying the same techniques for the glasses gives an NBO content of 58.8% ± 0.8% (vs. the expected 55.5% ± 1.4% from stoichiometry) for the barium silicate and 76.9% ± 1.2% (vs. 78.6% ± 1.4%) for the calcium silicate. Within our uncertainties, we find no evidence for deviation from conventional models of glass structure for the glasses studied here. We also see no NMR signal (detection limit of about 0.5%) at the expected position for “free” oxide ions (bonded only to Ca2 +), as newly constrained by our data for crystalline Ca3SiO5, which contains this species.
METALS IN GRAINS SOLD UNDER VARIOUS LABELS – ORGANIC, NATURAL, CONVENTIONAL

Samples of barley, brown rice, corn meal and lentils purchased under labels as organic and natural were compared for metal content to samples marketed normally (conventinal). With very few exceptions no significant differences were found between the market labels. Differences between replicate samples of similarly labeled grains were very large and inconsistent. There appeared to be more Zn and Pb in “organic” corn meal than in the “natural” but more Cu in the “natural.” Average levels (range) of metals (μgms/gm) are similar to those reported in the literature: (Fe, 13–117) (Zn, 12–42) (Cu, 0.8–9), (Pb, 0.5–7) (Cd, .09–0.4). Lentils accumulate higher levels of metals than the cereal grains.
Attitude dynamics as a hierarchical structure.

Summary This study examined the relationship between incoming information and a person's attitude. The hypothesis tested was that information operates on the cognitive component of attitude which, if sufficiently reorganized, occasions change in the affective component, and that this, if sufficiently large, finally actuates the behavioral component. This hierarchical tricomponent hypothesis was tested by (a) establishing through factor analysis that cognition, affect, and behavior (each represented by 10 Likert-type statements) were unique attitude components, and thus that dynamic consistency among them is attributable to linkages and not duplication; (b) establishing through χ2 analysis that observed triadic change patterns were significantly more consistent with the hypothesized hierarchy than chance alone would allow; (c) establishing through a comparison of conditional component changes that the direction of the critical dyadic change patterns were consistent with the hypothesized hierarchy: namely, ...
Cost And Coverage Implications Of The McCain Plan To Restructure Health Insurance

Senator John McCain's (R-AZ) health plan would eliminate the current tax exclusion of employer payments for health coverage, replace the exclusion with a refundable tax credit for those who purchase coverage, and encourage Americans to move to a national market for nongroup insurance. Middle-range estimates suggest that initially this change will have little impact on the number of uninsured people, although within five years this number will likely grow as the value of the tax credit falls relative to rising health care costs. Moving toward a relatively unregulated nongroup market will tend to raise costs, reduce the generosity of benefits, and leave people with fewer consumer protections.
Identification and evaluation of volatile compounds of vacuum and modified atmosphere packaged beef strip loins.

Abstract Beef strip loins were packaged and stored for up to 28 days at 3°C in high-oxygen barrier film under vacuum and in 100% CO 2 , 40% CO 2 /60% N 2 and 20% CO 2 /80% O 2 . As storage progressed, loins packaged and stored in 20% CO 2 /80% O 2 developed strong off-odors. 1-hexene, methyl thiirane, ethyl acetate, benzene and 1-heptene were detected in these packaged loins beginning at 7 to 14 days of storage. With the exception of 1-hexene, these compounds were not consistently detected in loins stored in vacuum, in 100% CO 2 , or in 40% CO 2 /60% N 2 , and these packaged loins developed much less off-odor during storage than loins packaged and stored in 20% CO 2 /80% O 2 . A large number of volatile compounds from the headspace of the packaged loins originated from the packaging material. Lactobacillus plantarum became the dominant flora on loins stored under vacuum and under 40% CO 2 /60% N 2 while Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides predominated in loins stored in 100% CO 2 . Pseudomonas putida eventually dominated on loins stored in 20% CO 2 /80% O 2 .
Hepatitis C virus infection in the mothers and infants cohort study.

Objectives. To estimate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission rate, the effect of potential risk factors, and the pattern of HCV antibody response and viremia in HCV-infected infants. Study Design. The Mothers and Infants Cohort Study enrolled both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women at five obstetric clinics in New York City in a prospective cohort study between January 1986 and January 1991. HCV-infected mothers and their 122 offspring were followed-up for a minimum of 12 months for evidence of HCV infection as determined by persistent HCV antibodies or detection of HCV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Comparisons among groups for categorical variables were performed using the Fisher9s exact test. Results. Seven (6%; 95% confidence interval, 2%-11%) of the 122 infants were HCV-infected. There was a tendency for increased risk of transmission with maternal viral and obstetrical factors, such as coinfection with HIV (7% vs 4%), high HIV viral load (13% vs 6%), HCV viremia (8% vs 3%), vaginal delivery (6% vs 0%), and female gender of offspring (8% vs 3%), although none of the associations reached statistical significance. After loss of maternal antibody, HCV antibody seroconversion occurred at a mean age of 26 months in 3 HIV-coinfected infants compared with 7 months of age in 4 HCV-infected HIV-uninfected infants. Serial samples showed that HCV RNA persisted in 6 infants for at least 18 to 54 months. Conclusions. Our study is in accordance with other studies that have shown low overall HCV vertical transmission risk and a trend toward higher risk with maternal risk factors such as HIV-coinfection or HCV viremia. A delay in infant HCV antibody response may be associated with HIV coinfection although larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Absence of an effect of chronic administration of growth hormone on serum lipids

Abstract Human growth hormone (hGH) was administered to a group of osteoporotic patients at two dosage levels for a period of 6 mo each. The first dose employed was 2 units subcutaneously daily, and the second dose was 0.2 W 3 4 units (where W is body weight expressed in kg) daily. There was no significant change in serumcholesterol or triglyceride concentration despite the production of hyperglycemia and soft-tissue swelling on the higher dosage regimen. A number of factors may account for the conflict between our findings and a previous report in which hGH administration had a hypocholesterolemic, hyperglyceridemic effect. These factors include differences in sex, age, dosage, and duration of treatment. Nonetheless, it is clear that from a therapeutic vantage, even if hGH were readily available, it would not be a useful hypocholesterolemic agent.
Tactile virtual buttons for mobile devices

This paper presents a technique to add the tactile cues of real buttons to virtual buttons displayed on mobile devices with touch screens. When the user's finger is on the display, tactile feedback coveys a feeling of button location and activation. We describe two implementations of the technique, using a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a pressure sensitive tablet.
On the influence of substrate morphology and surface area on phytofauna

The independent effects and interactions between substrate morphology and substrate surface area on invertebrate density or biomass colonizing artificial plant beds were assessed in a clear-water and a turbid playa lake in Castro County, Texas, USA. Total invertebrate density and biomass were consistently greater on filiform substrates than on laminar substrates with equivalent substrate surface areas. The relationship among treatments (substrates with different morphologies and surface areas) and response (invertebrate density or biomass) was assessed with equally spaced surface areas. Few statistically significant interactions between substrate morphology and surface area were detected, indicating that these factors were mostly independent from each other in their effect on colonizing invertebrates. Although infrequently, when substrate morphology and surface area were not independent, the effects of equally spaced changes in substrate surface area on the rate of change of phytofauna density or biomass per unit of substrate surface area were dependent upon substrate morphology. The absence of three-way interactions indicated that effects of substrate morphology and substrate area on phytofauna density or biomass were independent of environmental conditions outside and inside exclosures.
Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Venous Thromboembolism in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Trials

BackgroundThe putative effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on the association between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and venous thromboembolism (VTE) have not been assessed in a random...
Synthesis of isoeuparin, a benzofuran extractive of tagetes patul

Abstract The structure of isoeuparin, a constituent isolated from seedlings of Tagetes patula , is confirmed by a short synthesis, involving reaction of cuprous isopropenylacetylide with 2,4-dihydroxy-3-iodoacetophenone.
The Gator Tech Smart House: a programmable pervasive space

Research groups in both academia and industry have developed prototype systems to demonstrate the benefits of pervasive computing in various application domains. Unfortunately, many first-generation pervasive computing systems lack the ability to evolve as new technologies emerge or as an application domain matures. To address this limitation, the University of Florida's Mobile and Pervasive Computing Laboratory is developing programmable pervasive spaces in which a smart space exists as both a runtime environment and a software library. Service discovery and gateway protocols automatically integrate system components using generic middleware that maintains a service definition for each sensor and actuator in the space. The Gator Tech Smart House in Gainesville, Florida, is the culmination of more than five years of research in pervasive and mobile computing. The project's goal is to create assistive environments such as homes that can sense themselves and their residents and enact mappings between the physical world and remote monitoring and intervention services.
UMConnect one year later: promoting live@edu services

In 2010, the University of Montana successfully switched student email service from a campus hosted system to Microsoft's Live@Edu services. For the most part, student email, called UMConnect, is robust and dependable. However, marketing some of its related features proved more difficult than we imagined. Live@Edu offers three kinds of services for universities: communication, collaboration, and productivity. Communication services include student email mailboxes with 10 GB of storage space, a calendar for personal and educational use, and contacts. Collaboration opportunities are available through SkyDrive, 25 GB of online storage space allowing for individual use, file sharing, and working together with fellow students. Productivity tools through SkyDrive offers access to Microsoft Office Web Apps, online companions to Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote.During the first year of implementation, UM's primary focus was on Live@Edu communication services. Once we determined that students were successfully using these services, our focus expanded to include Sky Drive and Office Web Apps. Information about these services is now available in our student brochures, on student email web pages, display boards, bulletin boards, and is also included in demonstrations at student orientations, technical group meetings and workshops.As we began marketing SkyDrive and Office Web Apps, we noticed two things: either students had no idea these services were available and they wanted to learn more, or they had negative impressions of them.How did we address these very different student attitudes? We needed more information to determine the best way to continue marketing Live@Edu collaboration and productivity services. In this paper we look closely at these services, how they function, additional student input on the positives and negatives, and how we arrived at a marketing plan that successfully promotes Microsoft's Live@Edu SkyDrive and Office Web Apps at UM.
Effect of electron trapping on the ion-wave instability.

Electron trapping effect on ion-wave instability in plasma, deriving expression for saturation energy spectrum
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Three Isoforms of the 100-kDa a Subunit of the Mouse Vacuolar Proton-translocating ATPase

We have identified cDNAs encoding three isoforms (a1, a2, and a3) of the 100-kDa a subunit of the mouse vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase). The predicted protein sequences of the three isoforms are 838, 856, and 834 amino acids, respectively, and they display approximately 50% identity between isoforms. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that all three isoforms are expressed in most tissues examined. However, the a1 isoform is expressed most heavily in brain and heart, a2 in liver and kidney, and a3 in liver, lung, heart, brain, spleen, and kidney. We also identified multiple alternatively spliced variants for each isoform. Reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction revealed that one splicing variant of the a1 isoform (a1-I) was expressed only in brain, whereas two other variants (a1-II and a1-III) were expressed in tissues other than brain. These alternatively spliced forms differ in the presence or absence of 6–7 amino acid residues near the amino and carboxyl termini of the proteins encoded. The a3 isoform is also encoded by three alternatively spliced variants, two of which are predicted to encode a protein that is truncated near the border of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of the a subunit and therefore lacks the integral transmembrane-spanning helices thought to participate in proton translocation. Expression of each isoform (with the exception of a1-I) was detectable at all developmental stages investigated, with a1-I absent only in day 7 embryos. The results obtained suggest that isoforms of the 100-kDa a subunit may contribute to tissue-specific functions of the V-ATPase.