cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping system-on-chip designs from 2-D to 3-D ICs

System-on-chip (SoC) designs suffer from the growing global interconnect delay as device density and chip area increase. Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) have been proposed as a way to reduce global wire length. Despite this key advantage of 3D ICs, 3D designs must effectively address two critical issues: heat dissipation and manufacturing cost. In this paper, we propose a new methodology that explores the trade-off between performance and cost of a SoC design, while keeping maximum on-chip temperature at an acceptable level. We analyze the performance of two multimedia systems and describe the implications of scaling SoC designs to 3D.
Explicit computation of performance as a function of process variation

Each manufactured chip is a little bit different, and designers want as many as possible of these chips to work. Process variation is a function of many variables, as the width, thickness, and inter-layer thickness can vary independently for each layer on a chip, as can temperature and voltage. Currently designers cope with this by picking a few subsets of these conditions, called process corners, and analyzing at these conditions. However, it's easy to show this approach is both too conservative (the specified conditions will seldom occur) and not conservative enough (it misses errors that can occur due to process variation). We present a unified theory of process variation that includes inter-chip variation, intra-chip deterministic variation (such as caused by proximity effects and metal density), and intra-chip statistical variation. Using this mechanism, we can explicitly compute performance as a function of process variation. This allows us to compute less pessimistic timing numbers and address yield optimization in the design process.
Long term follow-up of arthroscopic synovectomy for chronic hemophilic synovitis

Recurrent hemarthrosis of the knee in hemophiliac patients leads to chronic synovitis, predisposing the joint to further hemarthroses and degeneration. Open synovectomy controls bleeding, however, significant loss of motion frequently results. We are reporting on seven patients who underwent arthroscopic synovectomy and had decreased bleeding episodes while maintaining range of motion. The seven patients had frequent recurrent hemarthroses despite medical management. All had had signs of degenerative arthritis preoperatively. Five of the seven had loss of motion. Length of follow-up averaged 4 years. Six of the seven had reduced bleeding episodes with an average of 0.22 hemarthroses per week. The seventh patient required significantly less Factor to control bleeding. No patient lost more than 10 degrees of motion. Three patients had increases in motion; two were unchanged. Radiographic progression of degenerative changes was noted in five patients, the other two were unchanged. We recommend early arthroscopic synovectomy in the treatment of recurrent hemarthrosis in hemophiliac patients.
In Vivo Imaging of Corneal Inflammation: New Tools for Clinical Practice and Research

Purpose: Infectious and inflammatory corneal diseases are a major cause of blindness. To date, assessment of corneal inflammation, has only been possible by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The purpose of this study is to review the current state of imaging technologies enabling in vivo imaging of inflammation in the cornea.Methods: Literature review of peer-reviewed articles on in vivo imaging modalities.Results: Current means of diagnosis and treatment follow-up for immune and infectious keratitis are limited to slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Several modalities are currently emerging, allowing for in vivo imaging of corneal inflammation, including in vivo confocal microscopy, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and intravital multiphoton microscopy.Conclusion: Several in vivo imaging technologies are currently evolving, allowing for objective assessment of corneal inflammation and treatment response.
Adaptive geometric templates for feature matching

Robust motion recovery in tracking multiple targets using image features is affected by difficulties in obtaining good correspondences over long sequences. Difficulties are introduced by occlusions, scale changes, as well as disappearance of features with the rotation of targets. In this work, we describe an adaptive geometric template-based method for robust motion recovery from features. A geometric template consists of nodes containing salient features (e.g., corner features). The spatial configuration of the features is modeled using a spanning tree. This paper makes the following two contributions: (i) an adaptive geometric template to model the varying number of features on a target, and (U) an iterative data association method for the features based on the uncertainties in the estimated template structure in conjunction with its individual features. We present experimental results for tracking multiple targets over long outdoor image sequences with multiple persistent occlusions. A comparison of the results of the data association method with a standard Mahalanobis distance gating applied to individual features is also presented
Historical Interpretations of the Columbian Voyages

The five hundredth anniversary of the Columbian discovery of America is upon us, and with it the obligation to assess existing interpretations of the significance of that voyage and the establishment of permanent links between the Old and the New Worlds. The most influential of the several schools of interpretation are, on the one hand, the newest and analytic, and the other, the classic and bardic. The former is for many recondite and discomforting. The latter, the one most often taught, dramatized, and believed in North America, is for most as comfortable as an old pair of slippers. We learned it at primary school.
Lightweight Coloring and Desynchronization for Networks

We study the distributed desynchronization problem for graphs with arbitrary topology. Motivated by the severe computational limitations of sensor networks, we present a randomized algorithm for network desynchronization that uses an extremely lightweight model of computation, while being robust to link volatility and node failure. These techniques also provide novel, ultra-lightweight randomized algorithms for quickly computing distributed vertex colorings using an asymp- totically optimal number of colors. I. INTRODUCTION As inherently distributed computational systems, sensor networks rely critically on coordination between nodes to effectively sense, communicate and interpret environmental data. Individual nodes face severe battery and computational limitations, so a notion of coordinated task-sharing and duty- cycling is critical to maintaining the longevity and efficient operation of the network. In this sense, desynchronizing the actions of nodes is desirable. Efficient desynchronization pro- tocols can be applied to a variety of sensor network applica- tions, including periodic resource sharing, coordinated sleep schedules, and evenly shared sensing burden across nearby nodes (3).
Impact of perceived cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors.

Abstract Purpose Cognitive impairment is commonly reported by breast cancer survivors, yet little is known regarding its impact on quality of life. The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of breast cancer survivors' experiences of perceived cognitive impairment, its trajectory, and its impact on relationships, daily functioning, work and overall life satisfaction after breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Methods The results are based on qualitative interviews with 22 breast cancer survivors who reported cognitive impairment and who were at least 1 year post-chemotherapy treatment. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a content analysis approach. Results Breast cancer survivors' primarily expressed concerns in 6 major domains including: short-term memory, long-term memory, speed of processing, attention and concentration, language and executive functioning. Concerns emerged as salient after treatment ended as other problems resolved. All of the survivors found these impairments frustrating, and some also reported these changes as detrimental to their self-confidence and social relationships. Employed survivors reported working harder to perform tasks and use of compensatory strategies to complete work tasks. Validation of perceived cognitive impairment by family, friends, and healthcare providers was perceived as important to adjustment. Conclusions Perceived cognitive deficits have broad implications for the well-being of breast cancer survivors. Study findings underscore the broad consequences of this symptom, provide direction for theory development, measurement selection, and additional intervention targets. A greater understanding of cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors may lead to the development of effective treatment of this symptom.
Patient Web Services Integrated with a Shared Medical Record: Patient Use and Satisfaction

Objectives: This study sought to describe the evolution, use, and user satisfaction of a patient Web site providing a shared medical record between patients and health professionals at Group Health Cooperative, a mixed-model health care financing and delivery organization based in Seattle, Washington. Design: This study used a retrospective, serial, cross-sectional study from September 2002 through December 2005 and a mailed satisfaction survey of a random sampling of 2,002 patients. Measurements: This study measured the adoption and use of a patient Web site (MyGroupHealth) from September 2002 through December 2005. Results: As of December 2005, 25% (105,047) of all Group Health members had registered and completed an identification verification process enabling them to use all of the available services on MyGroupHealth. Identification verification was more common among patients receiving care in the Integrated Delivery System (33%) compared with patients receiving care in the network (7%). As of December 2005, unique monthly user rates per 1,000 adult members were the highest for review of medical test results (54 of 1,000), medication refills (44 of 1,000), after-visit-summaries (32 of 1,000), and patient–provider clinical messaging (31 of 1,000). The response rate for the patient satisfaction survey was 46% (n = 921); 94% of survey respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with MyGroupHealth overall. Patients reported highest satisfaction (satisfied or very satisfied) for medication refills (96%), patient–provider messaging (93%), and medical test results (86%). Conclusion: Use and satisfaction with MyGroupHealth were greatest for accessing services and information involving ongoing, active care and patient–provider communication. Tight integration of Web services with clinical information systems and patient–provider relationships may be important in meeting the needs of patients.
Lightweight fault-localization using multiple coverage types

Lightweight fault-localization techniques use program coverage to isolate the parts of the code that are most suspicious of being faulty. In this paper, we present the results of a study of three types of program coverage—statements, branches, and data dependencies—to compare their effectiveness in localizing faults. The study shows that no single coverage type performs best for all faults—different kinds of faults are best localized by different coverage types. Based on these results, we present a new coverage-based approach to fault localization that leverages the unique qualities of each coverage type by combining them. Because data dependencies are noticeably more expensive to monitor than branches, we also investigate the effects of replacing data-dependence coverage with an approximation inferred from branch coverage. Our empirical results show that (1) the cost of fault localization using combinations of coverage is less than using any individual coverage type and closer to the best case (without knowing in advance which kinds of faults are present), and (2) using inferred data-dependence coverage retains most of the benefits of combinations.
Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure With β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists: A Convergence of Receptor Pharmacology and Clinical Cardiology

Despite the absence of a systematic development plan, β-blockers have reached the top tier of medical therapies for chronic heart failure. The successful outcome was due to the many dedicated investigators who produced, over a 30-year period, increasing evidence that β-blocking agents should or actually did improve the natural history of dilated cardiomyopathies and heart failure. It took 20 years for supportive evidence to become undeniable, at which time in 1993 the formidable drug development resources of large pharmaceutical companies were deployed into Phase 3 trials. Success then came relatively quickly, and within 8 years multiple agents were on the market in the United States and Europe. Importantly, there is ample room to improve antiadrenergic therapy, through novel approaches exploiting the nuances of receptor biology and/or intracellular signaling, as well as through pharmacogenetic targeting.
Recovery of MIMO wireless channel ray structure using a modified CLEAN deconvolution algorithm

This paper introduces a method for experimentally probing MIMO wireless channels. Propagation amplitude and phase are measured as a 2-D function of ray departure and arrival angles using rotating antennas. The channel image is recovered with a modified CLEAN deconvolution algorithm.
The Global Profession

To embrace the global profession, we must listen to our colleagues around the world and offer support. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/PYDKtVf5zp4 is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column.
Present situation and key technology of ground mobile robot system

On the basis of summing-up the concept,characteristics and composing structures of ground mobile robot system,the latest trends of this field at home and abroad and its key technology were analyzed,thus provided detailed and accurate information and referencing basis for the further design and development of multi-movement patterned ground mobile robot.Finally,a kind of novel foot and wheel mix-patterned ground mobile robot system was put forward in this paper.Either of the two kinds of motion mode,the wheeled motion mode and the footed motion mode,can be adopted in accordance with different environments so as to reach the unity in both good motion flexibility and rather high moving speed.
Underlying Problems in Research on Subtypes of Developmental Dyslexia

The paper reviews evidences concerning sampling,task feasibility,screening criteria,reliability,validity and theoretical applicability in dyslexia subtypes.It argues that theoretical differences and underlying problems in experimental manipulation challenge the inferential power of empirical findings,which will provide reference for future study on dyslexia subtypes.
Fractionated total body irradiation and high-dose etoposide as a preparatory regimen for bone marrow transplantation for 99 patients with acute leukemia in first complete remission

Ninety-nine consecutive patients with acute leukemia in first complete remission under age 50 (median age 27 years; age range 1 to 47 years) with a histocompatible sibling donor were treated with fractionated total body irradiation (1,320 cGy) and high-dose etoposide (60 mg/kg) followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Sixty-one patients were diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 34 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3 patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia, and 1 patient with acute undifferentiated leukemia. Thirty of the 34 patients with ALL had at least one of the following high-risk factors: age greater than 30, white blood cell count at presentation > 25,000/microL, extramedullary disease, certain chromosomal translocations, or the need for greater than 4 weeks of induction chemotherapy to achieve first complete remission. Cumulative probabilities of disease-free survival and relapse at 3 years were 61% and 12%, respectively, for the 61 patients with AML and 64% and 12%, respectively, for the 34 patients with ALL. By stepwise Cox regression analysis, significant prognostic variables for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia were the presence of acute graft-versus-host disease and increasing age, whereas for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, significant variables were age and the development of cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia. Complications related to graft-versus-host disease and relapse of leukemia were the major causes of death.
The Power of a Black Christology: Africana Pastoral Theology Reflects on Black Divinity

Butler discusses the psychological impact of a Black Christology. He explains why the image of a Black Christ was so important to the Black Consciousness Movement and is still crucial to the African American psyche today. Butler contends that many black people continue to suffer from a pervasive racial self-hatred informed by their inability to see the Imago Dei, the image of the divine, in themselves. He foregrounds two articles from the March 1969 edition of Ebony magazine, which features an image of a Black Jesus on the cover. Butler makes clear the impact that Cleage’s radical black Messiah had in not only improving the black self-image but also informing the development of an Africana pastoral theology, a theology of resistance and liberation.
The Occupation and Participation Approach to Reading Intervention (OPARI): A community of practice study

We employed a community of practice to expand the application of the Occupation and Participation Approach to Reading Intervention (OPARI) and build the capacity of practitioners to support childre...
Depressive symptoms and inflammation are independent risk factors of fatigue in breast cancer survivors.

Background Psychosocial and inflammatory factors have been associated with fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Nevertheless, the relative contribution and/or interaction of these factors with cancer-related fatigue have not been well documented. Method This cross-sectional study enrolled 111 stage 0–III breast cancer patients treated with breast surgery followed by whole breast radiotherapy. Fatigue was measured by the total score of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20. Potential risk factors included inflammatory markers (plasma cytokines and their receptors and C-reactive protein; CRP), depressive symptoms (as assessed by the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self Reported), sleep (as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and perceived stress (as assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale) as well as age, race, marital status, smoking history, menopause status, endocrine treatment, chemotherapy and cancer stage. Linear regression modeling was employed to examine risk factors of fatigue. Only risk factors with a significance level <0.10 were included in the initial regression model. A post-hoc mediation model using PROCESS SPSS was conducted to examine the association among depressive symptoms, sleep problems, stress, inflammation and fatigue. Results At 1 year post-radiotherapy, depressive symptoms (p<0.0001) and inflammatory markers (CRP: p = 0.015; interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: p = 0.014; soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2: p = 0.009 in separate models) were independent risk factors of fatigue. Mediation analysis showed that depressive symptoms also mediated the associations of fatigue with sleep and stress. Conclusions Depressive symptoms and inflammation were independent risk factors for cancer-related fatigue at 1 year post-radiotherapy, and thus represent independent treatment targets for this debilitating symptom.
The law, agency and global climate change

Consideration of policy for addressing global climate change must start with a recognition of the conflicting interests of the industrialised and the developing nations. Effective resource management regimes require a structure of incentives that will induce nations with disparate interests to cooperate and to resist temptations to defect from international agreements. Agency theory offers insights as to how such resource management regimes might be sustained. Industrialised nations must be prepared to offer inducements to agrarian nations to encourage the maintenance of tropical biomass. Moreover, technical assistance to encourage the development of technologies that are efficient in the use of carbon fuels is also essential.
Facilitating the development of preservice teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge of literacy and agentic identities: Examining a teacher Educator's intentional language choices during video-mediated reflection

Abstract This study examined a possible way of facilitating the development of PSTs PCK and agentic identities through video-mediated, guided reflection on literacy field experiences. Particularly, this study examined the intentional language use of a teacher educator as she engaged in dyadic reflection conversations with 26 PSTs. The questions guiding this study were (1) What discursive practices open spaces for PSTs to rehearse/develop both PCK and agentive identities? (2) What particular phrases does a teacher educator use to open such spaces? Positive Discourse Analyses revealed three distinct dialogic patterns that opened spaces for the PSTs to rehearse/develop both PCK and agentive identities.
Ultraselective Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes with Tailored Synergistic Sorption Selective Properties

Membrane-based separations can reduce the energy consumption and the CO2 footprint of large-scale fluid separations, which are traditionally practiced by energy-intensive thermally driven processes. Here, a new type of membrane structure based on nanoporous carbon is reported, which, according to this study, is best referred to as carbon/carbon mixed-matrix (CCMM) membranes. The CCMM membranes are formed by high-temperature (up to 900 °C) pyrolysis of polyimide precursor hollow-fiber membranes. Unprecedentedly high permselectivities are seen in CCMM membranes for CO2/CH4, N2/CH4, He/CH4, and H2/CH4 separations. Analysis of permeation data suggests that the ultrahigh selectivities result from substantially increased sorption selectivities, which is hypothetically owing to the formation of ultraselective micropores that selectively exclude the bulkier CH4 molecules. With tunable sorption selectivities, the CCMM membranes outperform flexible polymer membranes and traditional rigid molecular-sieve membranes. The capability to increase sorption selectivities is a powerful tool to leverage diffusion selectivities, and has opened the door to many challenging and economically important fluid separations that require ultrafine differentiation of closely sized molecules.
Five-phase external rotor permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor for in-wheel applications

This paper presents a five-phase external rotor permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) with low torque ripple and cogging torque for in-wheel applications. Multi-phase internal rotor electric motors have been proposed for vehicular applications as they possess low torque ripple and low back-EMF harmonics. However, increase in the power density while maintaining the same size and amount of PMs has been a challenging issue. In comparison to the internal rotor motors, external rotor motors can be optimally designed to produce higher torque density with low torque ripple. In this study, the design technique to develop an optimal five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRM model is discussed in detail. Detailed finite element simulations are conducted on the optimally designed 3.8kW five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRM and the results are compared with five-phase internal rotor PMa-SynRM. With the same size, volume, and lower PM composition, the 3.8kW five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRM is capable of generating higher torque density with lower torque pulsation and almost negligible cogging torque in comparison to the 3kW five-phase internal rotor PMa-SynRM. Experimental results are compared between five-phase internal and external rotor PMa-SynRMs to validate the simulation results.
Relationship Between Proprioception and Endurance Functionality of the Cervical Flexor Muscles in Chronic Neck Pain and Asymptomatic Participants.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between flexion endurance capacity and joint position error in participants with or without chronic neck pain (CNP). Methods Sixty-one CNP and 60 asymptomatic volunteers participated in this cross-sectional, case-control, and correlational analysis study. The measured variables included absolute and constant joint repositioning errors in the sagittal and horizontal directions, clinical flexor endurance test score, pain intensity, and neck disability index. Results The groups did not statistically differ in flexion endurance (P > .05). The CNP group had a smaller absolute error on the right (P .05). Although flexion endurance was not correlated with any of the joint repositioning error components in either group, pain and disability scores were significantly correlated with left rotation absolute error (r = –0.34 and ρ = –0.37, respectively). Conclusion The clinical cervical flexor endurance test, ignoring the relative contribution of the deep and superficial groups of muscles, may not efficiently characterize CNP patients.
Lessons Learned in Promoting Evidence-Based Public Health: Perspectives from Managers in State Public Health Departments.

Evidence-based public health (EBPH) practice, also called evidence-informed public health, can improve population health and reduce disease burden in populations. Organizational structures and processes can facilitate capacity-building for EBPH in public health agencies. This study involved 51 structured interviews with leaders and program managers in 12 state health department chronic disease prevention units to identify factors that facilitate the implementation of EBPH. Verbatim transcripts of the de-identified interviews were consensus coded in NVIVO qualitative software. Content analyses of coded texts were used to identify themes and illustrative quotes. Facilitator themes included leadership support within the chronic disease prevention unit and division, unit processes to enhance information sharing across program areas and recruitment and retention of qualified personnel, training and technical assistance to build skills, and the ability to provide support to external partners. Chronic disease prevention leaders’ role modeling of EBPH processes and expectations for staff to justify proposed plans and approaches were key aspects of leadership support. Leaders protected staff time in order to identify and digest evidence to address the common barrier of lack of time for EBPH. Funding uncertainties or budget cuts, lack of political will for EBPH, and staff turnover remained challenges. In conclusion, leadership support is a key facilitator of EBPH capacity building and practice. Section and division leaders in public health agencies with authority and skills can institute management practices to help staff learn and apply EBPH processes and spread EBPH with partners.
A critical role for PU.1 in homing and long-term engraftment by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.

We have previously demonstrated that PU.1 is required for the production of lymphoid and myeloid, but not of erythroid progenitors in the fetal liver. In this study, competitive reconstitution assays show that E14.5 PU.1−/− hematopoietic progenitors (HPC) fail to sustain definitive/adult erythropoiesis or to contribute to the lymphoid and myeloid lineages. PU.1−/− HPC are unable to respond synergistically to erythropoietin plus stem cell factor and have reduced expression of c-kit , which may explain the erythroid defect. Fluorescently labeled, PU.1−/− , AA4.1+, fetal liver HPC were transferred into irradiated recipients, where they demonstrated a severely impaired ability to home to and colonize the bone marrow. PU.1−/− HPC were found to lack integrins 4 (VLA-4/CD49d), 5 (VLA-5/CD49e), and CD11b (M). Collectively, this study has shown that PU.1 plays an important role in controlling migration of hematopoietic progenitors to the bone marrow and the establishment of long-term multilineage hematopoiesis.
Sensitive periods for abnormal patterning on a leg segment inDrosophila melanogaster.

The development of a leg segment of the fruitflyDrosophila melanogaster was analyzed in order to determine whether the orderliness of the segment's bristle pattern originates via waves of cellular interactions, such as those that organize the retina. Fly development was perturbed at specific times by either teratogenic agents (gamma rays, heat shock, or the drug mitomycin C) or temperature-sensitive mutations (l(1)63, l(1) Notchts1, orl(1) shibire ts1 ), and the resulting abnormalities (e.g., missing or extra structures) were mapped within the pattern area. If bristles develop in a linear sequence across the pattern, then they should show sensitivity to perturbations in the same order, and wavefronts of cuticular defects should result. Contrary to this prediction, the maps reveal no evidence for any directional waves of sensitivity. Nevertheless, other clues were uncovered as to the nature and timing of patterning events. Chemosensory bristles show earlier sensitivities than mechanosensory bristles, and longer bristles precede shorter ones. The types and sequence of cuticular abnormalities imply the following stages of bristle pattern development: (1) scattered inception of bristle mother cells, each surrounded by an inhibitory field, (2) alignment of the mother cells into rows, (3) differential mitoses, (4) assignment of cuticular fates to the mitotic progeny, (5) polytenization of the bristle cells, (6) fine-tuning adjustments in bristle spacing, and (7) signalling from bristle cells to adjacent epidermal cells, inducing them to form “bracts”.
Water vapor flux in tropical lowland rice

A field experiment was conducted at Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India in the dry seasons of 2015 and 2016 to assess the water vapor flux (FH2O) and its relationship with other climatic variables. The FH2O and climatic variables were measured by an eddy covariance system and a micrometeorological observatory. Daily mean FH2O during the dry seasons of 2015 and 2016 were 0.009-0.092 g m-2 s-1 and 0.014-0.101 g m-2 s-1, respectively. Seasonal average FH2O was 14.6% higher in 2016 than that in 2015. Diurnal variation for FH2O showed a bell-shaped curve with its peak at 13:30-14:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) in both the years. Carbon dioxide flux was found higher with rise in FH2O. This relationship was stronger at higher vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (20 ≤ VPD ≤ 40 and VPD > 40 hPa). The FH2O showed significant positive correlation with latent heat flux, net radiation flux, photosynthatically active radiation, air, water and soil temperatures, shortwave down and upwell radiations, maximum and minimum temperatures, evaporation, and relative humidity in both the years. Principal component analysis showed that FH2O was very close to latent heat flux in both the years (Pearson correlation coefficient close to 1). The two-dimensional observation map of the principal component F1 and F2 showed the observations taken during the vegetative stage and panicle initiation stage, and flowering stage and maturity stage were closer to each other. It can be concluded that the most important climatic variables controlling the FH2O were latent heat of vaporization, net radiation, air temperature, soil temperatures, and water temperature.
Mechanical performance and implications on bone healing of different screw configurations for plate fixation of diaphyseal tibia fractures: a computational study

Diaphyseal tibia fractures may require plate fixation for proper healing to occur. Currently, there is no consensus on the number of screws required for proper fixation or the optimal placement of the screws within the plate. Mechanical stability of the construct is a leading criterion for choosing plate and screws configuration. However, number and location of screws have implications on the mechanical environment at the fracture site and, consequently, on bone healing response: The interfragmentary motion attained with a specific plate and screw construct may elicit mechano-transduction signals influencing cell-type differentiation, which in turn affects how well the fracture heals. This study investigated how different screw configurations affect mechanical performance of a tibia plate fixation construct. Three configurations of an eight-hole plate were considered with the fracture in the center of the plate: eight screws-screws at first, fourth, fifth and eighth hole and screws at first, third, sixth and eighth hole. Constructs' stiffness was compared through biomechanical tests on bone surrogates. A finite element model of tibia diaphyseal fracture was used to conduct a stress analysis on the implanted hardware. Finally, the potential for bone regeneration of each screw configuration was assessed via the computational model through the evaluation of the magnitude of mechano-transduction signals at the bone callus. The results of this study indicate that having screws at fourth and fifth holes represents a preferable configuration since it provides mechanical properties similar to those attained by the stiffest construct (eight screws), and elicits an ideal bone regenerative response.
The Optimal Choice of Promotional Vehicles: Front-Loaded or Rear-Loaded Incentives?

We examine the key factors that influence a firm's decision whether to use front-loaded or rear-loaded incentives. When using price packs, direct mail coupons, FSI coupons or peel-off coupons, consumers obtain an immediate benefit upon purchase or afront-loaded incentive. However, when buying products with in-pack coupons or products affiliated with loyalty programs, promotion incentives are obtained on the next purchase occasion or later, i.e., arear-loaded incentive. Our analysis shows that the innate choice process of consumers in a market (variety-seeking or inertia) is an important determinant of the relative impact of front-loaded and rear-loaded promotions. While in both variety-seeking and inertial markets, the sales impact and the sales on discount are higher for front-loaded promotions than for rear-loaded promotions, from a profitability perspective, rear-loaded promotions may be better than front-loaded promotions. We show that in markets with high variety-seeking it is more profitable for a firm to rear-load, and in markets with high inertia it is more profitable to front-load. Model implications are verified using two empirical studies: (a) a longitudinal experiment (simulating markets with variety-seeking consumers and inertial consumers) and (b) market data on promotion usage. The data in both studies are consistent with the model predictions.
Photobiomodulation Response From 660 nm is Different and More Durable Than That From 980 nm.

Background and objectives Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy uses light at various wavelengths to stimulate wound healing, grow hair, relieve pain, and more-but there is no consensus about optimal wavelengths or dosimetry. PBM therapy works through putative, wavelength-dependent mechanisms including direct stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, and/or activation of transmembrane signaling channels by changes in water activity. A common wavelength used in the visible red spectrum is ~660 nm, whereas recently ~980 nm is being explored and both have been proposed to work via different mechanisms. We aimed to gain more insight into identifying treatment parameters and the putative mechanisms involved. Study design/materials and methods Fluence-response curves were measured in cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to 660 or 980 nm from LED sources. Metabolic activity was assessed using the MTT assay for reductases. ATP production, a major event triggered by PBM therapy, was assessed using a luminescence assay. To measure the role of mitochondria, we used an ELISA to measure COX-1 and SDH-A protein levels. The respective contributions of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase to the PBM effects were gauged using specific inhibitors. Results Keratinocytes and fibroblasts responded differently to exposures at 660 nm (red) and 980 nm (NIR). Although 980 nm required much lower fluence for cell stimulation, the resulting increase in ATP levels was short-term, whereas 660 nm stimulation elevated ATP levels for at least 24 hours. COX-1 protein levels were increased following 660 nm treatment but were unaffected by 980 nm. In fibroblasts, SDH-A levels were affected by both wavelengths, whereas in keratinocytes only 660 nm light impacted SDH-A levels. Inhibition of ATP synthase nearly completely abolished the effects of both wavelengths on ATP synthesis. Interestingly, inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase did not prevent the rise in ATP levels in response to PBM treatment. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of differing kinetics in response to PBM therapy at red versus NIR wavelength. We also found cell-type-specific differences in PBM therapy response to the two wavelengths studied. These findings confirm that different response pathways are involved after 660 and 980 nm exposures and suggest that 660 nm causes a more durable response. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Using Multiple Data Streams in Executive Function Training Games to Optimize Outcomes for Neurodiverse Populations

To be optimally effective, digital technologies should be adaptive to specific learners’ needs. Two examples are presented of data-informed approaches to developing digital games that support the development of executive functions (EF) in neurodiverse populations. The first is an experiment with younger and older adolescents that compared two versions of a video game designed to train the EF skill of inhibition. Based on developmental neurocognitive differences, one version focused on the speed of learners’ responses, while the other focused on the accuracy of responses. Results indicated that, as hypothesized, younger adolescents benefited more from the focus on speed, while the older adolescents benefited more from the focus on accuracy. In the second example, ongoing work on adapting an EF game designed to train the EF skill of shifting for high-functioning adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is presented. A detailed analysis of game log data, specifically data on speed and accuracy of responses in the game, revealed that although accuracy was near ceiling, there was greater variability in speed of responses. This suggests that for high-functioning adolescents with ASD, a version of the EF game that focuses on speed of response would be most beneficial. Next steps for the project are discussed, as are broader implications for data-driven approaches to designing adaptive digital tools for learning.
Who Is Maltreated and How Mandated Reporting Might Help

This chapter treats the epidemiology of child maltreatment as a scientific and public health issue and reviews and compares various methods used to enumerate and chart the incidence and prevalence of child physical abuse, corporal punishment, sexual abuse, and parental behavior such as the shaking of infants. The author discusses the LONGSCAN longitudinal study of children maltreated early in life or considered to be at risk for maltreatment and identifies discrepancies between actual rates of maltreatment and those identified by official figures. The chapter identifies how intervention in child maltreatment has become more nuanced and recognizes that there have been major gains in evidence indicating effective mental health intervention. The chapter also observes the indicators of substantial declines in some kinds of maltreatment. Mandatory reporting is regarded as a valuable part of a broader child protection system. As a method of case identification, it is an important strategy of secondary and tertiary intervention to facilitate child protection, rehabilitation, and well-being.
Experiments in parallel processing for undergraduate students

A series of experiments were designed to allow students to gain experience with several problems associated with parallel programming. A prime number generator was used for each of the experiments. In the first experiment, the prime number generator was run on a single processor. The results were used as a baseline for each of the following experiments. The second experiment given to the students had them modify the prime number generator to run on a set of parallel processors. The students expected the program's run time to decrease by a factor of the number of processors. However, because of the communication method chosen, the run time only decreased by a minimal amount. The students were required to analyze why this happened. The next experiment tried to resolve some of the problems uncovered in the previous experiment. New problems were introduced that produced deadlock. The students used graph theory techniques to show why deadlocked occurred. The last experiment developed was a message passing system. The solution was run on several communication configurations including linear and hypercube [De90, Ka87]. This allowed the students to see how the structure of the parallel communication structure impacted the efficiency of the solution. The experiments were designed to allow the students to gain experience with parallel processing and some of the problems associated with it. The experiments were successful in that the obvious solution did not work as planned. The students were required to analyze why the solutions did not work and to devise alternative solutions.
The Nature of Politics: Selected Essays of Bertrand de Jouvenel

Bertrand de Jouvenel (1903-1987) was one of the great political thinkers of the twentieth century, but he left few disciples. The essays contained in this volume have been selected because they serve to clarify, elaborate, and expand upon the themes of his three masterworks: On Power, Sovereignty, and The Pure Theory of Politics. De Jouvenel's thought stands apart from the main branches of twentieth-century political philosophy and is largely independent of schools and ideologies. By drawing on an older, more persuasive philosophical tradition stretching from Plato to Rousseau, de Jouvenel sought to restore political science to its ancient function: the explanation of political things. With directness and originality, his work addresses questions that go to the heart of the political science enterprise, exploring its nature, its mission, and its attitude to theory, facts, and values. In the realm of political practice, de Jouvenel shares common ground with his contemporaries while remaining essentially independent. He shares with the left a deep concern for reducing human misery and ecological depredation and a belief in the need for government-directed economic planning. On the other hand, he shares the right's abiding suspicion of state power and its belief in the superiority of the market as the presumptive method for economic decision making. De Jouvenel's refreshing freedom from ideological blinders makes him worthy of comparison to Orwell, but his ambition stretches beyond the novelistic in that he attempts to develop a theory of the good state resting upon a clear-sighted understanding of the true nature of political behavior. Graced with a brilliant introduction by Dennis Hale and Marc Landy, this volume serves as an ideal introduction to de Jouvenel's thought. It will be of interest to political scientists, historians, and sociologists.
The Individual Mandate and the Proper Meaning of 'Proper'

The Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution has often been at the center of debates over the limits of federal power. But in the first 220 years of its history, the Supreme Court never gave us anything approaching a comprehensive analysis of what it means for a law to be “proper.” The Court’s recent decision on the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act individual health insurance mandate in NFIB v. Sebelius helps fill this gap. It moves constitutional jurisprudence closer to the proper meaning of proper. In this article, I explain why Chief Justice John Roberts’ key swing-vote opinion was right to conclude that the individual health insurance mandate requiring most Americans to purchase government-approved health insurance is outside the scope of Congress’ power under the Necessary and Proper Clause, because it is not "proper."Part I shows that the Necessary and Proper Clause compels laws authorized by the Clause to meet two separate requirements: necessity and propriety. Both the original meaning of the Clause and Supreme Court precedent support this interpretation. The Necessary and Proper Clause cannot be reduced to a mere “Necessary Clause” that renders the word “proper” meaningless.Part II argues that the individual health insurance mandate is improper because upholding it under the Clause would have given Congress virtually unlimited power to impose other mandates, and also render large parts of the rest of Article I of the Constitution redundant. This is consistent with a relatively minimalistic reading of the word “proper.” I consider and reject various attempts to prove that the health insurance mandate is a special case different from other mandates. I also briefly discuss a broader interpretation of the Clause: that the power to impose mandates on the general population is not a power “incidental” to Congress’ other enumerated powers, but rather a major independent power of its own. Both the minimalistic and broad interpretations of “proper” lead to the same conclusion in the mandate case.Finally, Part III briefly discusses the possible future implications of Roberts’ interpretation of propriety. Here, much depends on the future composition of the Supreme Court and other contingent factors. There is also an ongoing debate over whether the Chief Justice’s Necessary and Proper reasoning is mere dictum that does not bind lower courts. But it is possible that the ruling will have a noteworthy impact in curtailing future federal mandates. Future courts might also build on the NFIB’s interpretation of “proper” as a tool for incrementally strengthening limits on federal power.
Interference to digital avionics due to electromagnetic radiation from personal electronic devices carried aboard aircraft

The possibility of interference due to electromagnetic radiation from portable consumer-type electronic devices has been known for some time. Until recently, there has not been significant problems with interference primarily due to the low frequency and low energy circuits typically found in battery-operated portable equipment. With the steadily increasing clock speeds of so-called "lap top" computers, the potential for interference is, also, steadily increasing. Determining the magnitude of the problem involves the generation of three data bases. First, is the radiation levels of personal electronic devices. Second, is the susceptibility of various avionics systems to degradation from electromagnetic radiation. Finally, the attenuation from within the aircraft cabin to the location of the affected navigation system ingress point must be known. There is virtually an infinite number of permutations of emitter, attenuation, and receptor. This paper outlines the interference problem and addresses the generation of the necessary statistics to fully study the problem. Some of the measurement techniques are discussed along with some of the typical data. This work is being performed in conjunction with RTCA special committee, SC-177. >