cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization and analysis of a pulse forming network based 11 stage Marx system for a high power microwave, plasma and beam physics test stand

The University of New Mexico Electrical and Computer Engineering Department is developing advanced high power microwave sources and charged particle beam accelerators and pulsed power capabilities. This paper presents the characterization, analysis, implementation and modification of a high power Marx coupled to a low impedance charged particle beam accelerator. The 11 stage Marx is a bipolarity charged 100 kV device and each stage is comprised of the main capacitor and switch as well as an LCR based pulse forming line and a fast rise time peaking switch. A numerical model of the device has been created that includes the pulse forming network and is compared to experiments at various charging voltages. A configuration as well as experimental data for unipolar charging will also be presented. A variable load impedance has been designed that allows for output characterization of the Marx driving different impedances. To match the driver to a low impedance device and conical transmission line has been designed and numerical as well as experimental results of this are also presented. The initial triggering scheme called for electrical high voltage triggering of the first three stages but a design of a laser trigger based on 800 nm laser burst impinging on one of the electrode and its implementation will also be presented along with jitter measurements.
Introduction to special review series: experimental advances in understanding cancer pain.

Managing pain in the cancer patient can be a formidable challenge. Cancer pain is often severe and its treatment may require a high level of knowledge and skill. For example, severe bone pain is relatively rare in general medical practice, but is present in about one-third of patients with cancer pain [1]. The therapeutic challenge may be increased by the medical frailty of the patient, who may have multiple organ dysfunction, and by the sometimes prolonged and fluctuating course of a progressive incurable illness. Importantly, chronic cancer pain is becoming far more common. …
Practical imaging approach to bowel obstruction in neonates: a review and update.

The newborn with intestinal obstruction can elicit unease in many radiologists and neonatologists. The clinical presentation may be nonspecific, with bilious or nonbilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and often failure to pass meconium evident. The etiology of neonatal intestinal obstruction could lie anywhere from esophagus to anus. Some disorders, such as malrotation with midgut volvulus, are lifethreatening and require prompt decision-making, whereas others, such as duodenal atresia, which often have a similar clinical presentation, may be managed semielectively. This is one scenario in which the application of a logical approach, radiology, provides the most definitive information. The overarching goal of this article is to provide a helpful and practical imaging strategy for evaluating newborn intestinal obstruction and to review the myriad causes as well as their characteristic imaging features.
A Scalable High-Throughput Chemical Synthesizer

A machine that employs a novel reagent delivery technique for biomolecular synthesis has been developed. This machine separates the addressing of individual synthesis sites from the actual process of reagent delivery by using masks placed over the sites. Because of this separation, this machine is both cost-effective and scalable, and thus the time required to synthesize 384 or 1536 unique biomolecules is very nearly the same. Importantly, the mask design allows scaling of the number of synthesis sites without the addition of new valving. Physical and biological comparisons between DNA made on a commercially available synthesizer and this unit show that it produces DNA of similar quality.
An Experimental Investigation of Auditors' Liability: Implications for Social Welfare and Exploration of Deviations from Theoretical Predictions

This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to investigate how legal regimes affect social welfare. We investigate four legal regimes, each consisting of a liability rule (strict or negligence) and a damage measure (out‐of‐pocket or independent‐of‐investment). The results of the experiment are for the most part consistent with the qualitative predictions of Schwartz's (1997) model; however, subjects' actual choices deviate from the point predictions of the model. We explore whether these deviations arise because: (1) subjects form faulty anticipations of their counterparts' actions and/or (2) subjects do not choose the optimal responses given their anticipations. We find that subjects behave differently under the four regimes in terms of anticipation errors and departures from best responses. For example, subjects playing the role of auditors anticipate investments most accurately under the regime with strict liability combined with out‐of‐pocket damages, but are least likely to choose the op...
Cochannel isolation characteristics in an urban land mobile environment at 900 MHz

Field tests have been performed in various environments in the Chicago area to evaluate cochannel isolation characteristics. As cell sizes shrink in order to increase capacity, cellular systems must address cochannel isolation degradation associated with hostile environments and its effect on reuse, for both omnidirectional and directional antennas. Measurement results are reported on directivity distortion due to scattering by close-in buildings, median signal level variations with omnidirectional antennas, and lognormal shadowing characteristics in 'minicells'. Simulations of C/I (carrier/interference ratio) performance were performed using measured data, and results indicate that median signal level variations can degrade C/I by up to three times that caused by directivity distortion. >
Endocrine Therapy Toxicity: Management Options

Treatment with adjuvant endocrine therapy, including tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors, has resulted in notable improvements in disease-free and overall survival for patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Despite their proven benefit, however, adherence to and persistence with the medications is poor in part because of bothersome side effects that can negatively affect quality of life. Retrospective analyses have identified possible predictors of development of toxicity. Reports have also suggested that development of toxicity may be a biomarker of better response to therapy. In addition, there has been considerable research investment into the management of these side effects, which may lead to improved adherence and persistence with therapy. However, although notable advances have been made, much more remains to be done to provide patients with truly personalized therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.
Calibration of Electromagnetic Dot Sensor—Part 1: B-Dot Mode

The electromagnetic dot (EM-dot) sensor is a time integrating device that measures the temporal change in the electric flux density (D-dot mode) and the magnetic flux density (B-dot mode) simultaneously serving the function of two devices commonly referred to as the D-dot and the B-dot, respectively. Theoretical and experimental calibration studies are presented in this paper pertaining to the EM-dot in B-dot mode. Calibration theories are verified with experimental calibration studies and allow for custom calibration or calibration correction. Absolute measurements are accurate to within a 1.1% in B-dot mode over the entire history of the pulse stimulus originating and terminating in noise. Point-by-point within a 95% noise confidence interval, the EM-dot tracks the reference test signal over 100% of the entire history of the calibration pulse stimulus.
On the complexity of polyhedral separability

It is NP-complete to recognize whether two sets of points in general space can be separated by two hyperplanes. It is NP-complete to recognize whether two sets of points in the plane can be separated withk lines. For every fixedk in any fixed dimension, it takes polynomial time to recognize whether two sets of points can be separated withk hyperplanes.
Why Some Countries Trade More Than Others: The Effect of the Governance Environment on Trade Flows

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: We study why some countries trade more than others by examining the effect of governance environment on trade flows between countries. We argue that countries with highly rule-based governance environments are relatively easy to trade with their transparent regulations and fair rules. In contrast, countries with highly relation-based governance environments are more difficult and/or more costly to trade with and therefore tend to have smaller trade flows. Research Findings/Results: Examining trade patterns among 44 countries representing 89 per cent of world trade, we find that overall, rule-based countries trade more than relation-based countries. Countries with a large gap in governance environments tend to trade less. A positive effect on trade flows exist between two highly rule-based countries, but not between two highly relation-based countries. Any trade relationship involving a relation-based country negatively affects trade flows. Theoretical Implications: This study refines and extends institutional theory and contributes to both governance and trade literatures by distinguishing two governance environments and how they affect trade flows between countries. Practical Implications: In addition to trade policies, governments must pay attention to the governance environment to evaluate their own and their trading partners' trading environment. When selecting trading partners, a firm needs to consider the prospective trading partner's characteristics (such as reputation, resources, and so forth), the trade policies of the partner's country, and the governance environment of that country.
Liquid‐solid mass transfer in packed beds with downward concurrent gas‐liquid flow

Mass transfer coefficients were determined by measuring the rate of solution of cylindrical 3 or 6 mm benzoic acid tablets into water in the presence of flowing nitrogen, helium, or argon. Gas flow rates varied from 0 to 1.6 kg/(m2·s) and liquid flow rates from 0.5 to 25 kg/(m2·s), resulting in hydrodynamic flow patterns varying from trickle to turbulent pulse types of flow. In the pulse regime, the mass transfer coefficient was markedly affected by gas flow rate but did not depend on gas density explicitly if correlated in terms of an energy dissipation function.
Standard-geometry chains fitted to X-ray derived structures: validation of the rigid-geometry approximation. II: Systematic searches for short loops in proteins: applications to bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and human lysozyme

A rigid-geometry approach to protein conformational searches has been used to calculate stable structures for localized regions of the molecules bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and human lysozyme. The search method is essentially an application of the local deformation algorithm of Gō and Scheraga [Macromolecules, 3, 178–187 (1970)]. A series of local chain deformations is produced in the polypeptide chain. The deformations are screened to eliminate structures having serious atomic overlaps or energetically unreasonable backbone dihedral angles. The remaining structures are refined by energy minimization and the rms deviations of the energy-minimized structures, relative to the native structures, are calculated. The correlation between low rms deviation and low energy is reasonably good, indicating that this method should be useful in generating a small number of candidate structures for further energy refinement. Further applications to proteins with an unknown structure, such as homology-based modeling applications, should now be amenable to this type of procedure.
A utility-driven framework for loss and encoding aware video adaptation

We present a framework for multidimensional utility-driven adaptation for multi-stream video applications. A notable driving application is 3D tele-immersion. Our framework directly models the utility of video frames as well as representation dependencies that arise from differential encoding. The problem of evaluating past and future data utility in the presence of packet loss is specifically addressed and two possible approaches are described. One relies on reliability semantics of the underlying transport-level protocol in order to optimize encoding relationships. The other folds the decision to retransmit packets known to be lost into the utility framework. We quantitatively demonstrate the ability of both approaches to increase performance of a prototype application and show that the second approach is generally superior.
Cavity mediated strain localization and overall ductility in eutectic tin-lead alloy

A combined experimental and numerical study is undertaken to examine the effects of pre-machined holes on strain localization and overall ductility in eutectic tin-lead alloy. Thin-sheet specimens with equal-sized holes aligned in the tensile loading direction are used. The tensile tests were performed at room temperature with a nominal strain rate of 0.001 s � 1 . The specimen, containing one hole, showed a significant reduction in ductility compared to the control (no-hole) specimen. With an increasing number of holes, however, the overall strain-to-failure increases and fracture tend to follow shear bands generated locally from the hole edges. Finite element analyses, taking into account the viscoplastic response, were carried out to provide a mechanistic rationale to corroborate the experimental findings. The dispersion of plastic deformation and the effect of hole interaction are both found to contribute to the observed behavior. The local maximum equivalent plastic strain decreases with increasing number of holes, resulting in more delayed fracture. Plastic deformation becomes more intense inside the shear band when the holes are spaced more closely, which explains the increasing propensity of fracture along the shear bands in specimens containing more pre-machined holes. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Precise proteomic identification using mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeling

Stable isotope labeling (SIL) can assist mass spectrometry to improve its specificity and throughput in protein identification, de novo sequencing, and characterization of post translational modifications. This Education article summarizes the unique characteristics of stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry for accurate protein identification without requirements for ultrahigh mass accuracy. Some applications are discussed here to demonstrate the general experimental procedures, data interpretation, and the improvements in accuracy and throughput compared to the use of mass spectrometry alone.
Auricular Acupuncture as an Adjunctive Treatment for Cocaine Addiction: A Pilot Study

The authors conducted a single-blind study of auricular acupuncture in 36 cocaine-dependent inpatient veterans on a substance abuse treatment unit to determine whether the treatment could help reduce craving, increase treatment retention, and prevent relapse. Acupuncture was given on a predetermined schedule to both treatment and control groups, with status assessed regularly by independent, blinded raters. The study failed to show a significant difference between treatment and control groups. However, the study patients, as a whole, did remain in treatment longer than a retrospectively analyzed group who received no acupuncture.
Cardiovascular metrics and transepidermal water loss in a high heat risk environment

Heat stress is currently primarily classified by environmental factors and not physiological factors. It is already known that certain cardiovascular metrics such as heart rate, stroke volume, blood pressure and vascular compliance undergo changes as the body traverses the different classifications of heat stress from heat oedema to heat stroke. However, there is no specific metric that provides a consistent indication for the onset of heat stroke. Twenty four subjects were observed over a 30-minute time frame performing exercise where WBGT equalled 27.5°C to determine if gender, activity-level or age had a significant effect on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) rate in addition to the relationship that the cardiovascular metrics had with TEWL rate. It was determined that heart rate, elapsed time exercising in the high temperature/humidity environment and age of subject all had significant effects on TEWL rate at a 95% confidence. Preliminary results demonstrate the possible existence of a relationship between sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity, cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity and TEWL.
Dynamic software reconfiguration in sensor networks

Reconfiguration and self-adaptation are vital capabilities of sensor networks and networked embedded systems that are required to operate in dynamic environments. This paper presents an approach for software reconfiguration based on exploration of the design space of the application. The design space is represented by formally modeling all the software components, their alternative implementations and their interactions. Reconfiguration is triggered by monitoring the system and is performed by transitioning to a new configuration that satisfies the system constraints. The approach is demonstrated using experimental results for a representative tracking application.
On the generation of skeletons from discrete Euclidean distance maps

The skeleton is an important representation for shape analysis. A common approach for generating discrete skeletons takes three steps: 1) computing the distance map, 2) detecting maximal disks from the distance map, and 3) linking the centers of maximal disks (CMDs) into a connected skeleton. Algorithms using approximate distance metrics are abundant and their theory has been well established. However, the resulting skeletons may be inaccurate and sensitive to rotation. In this paper, we study methods for generating skeletons based on the exact Euclidean metric. We first show that no previous algorithms identify the exact set of discrete maximal disks under the Euclidean metric. We then propose new algorithms and show that they are correct. To link CMDs into connected skeletons, we examine two prevalent approaches: connected thinning and steepest ascent. We point out that the connected thinning approach does not work properly for Euclidean distance maps. Only the steepest ascent algorithm produces skeletons that are truly medially placed. The resulting skeletons have all the desirable properties: they have the same simple connectivity as the figure, they are well-centered, they are insensitive to rotation, and they allow exact reconstruction. The effectiveness of our algorithms is demonstrated with numerous examples.
Individual Differences in the Real-Time Comprehension of Children with ASD

Many children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) demonstrate deficits in language comprehension, but little is known about how they process spoken language as it unfolds. Real-time lexical comprehension is associated with language and cognition in children without ASD, suggesting that this may also be the case for children with ASD. This study adopted an individual differences approach to characterizing real-time comprehension of familiar words in a group of 34 three- to six-year-olds with ASD. The looking-while-listening paradigm was employed; it measures online accuracy and latency through language-mediated eye movements and has limited task demands. On average, children demonstrated comprehension of the familiar words, but considerable variability emerged. Children with better accuracy were faster to process the familiar words. In combination, processing speed and comprehension on a standardized language assessment explained 63% of the variance in online accuracy. Online accuracy was not correlated with autism severity or maternal education, and nonverbal cognition did not explain unique variance. Notably, online accuracy at age 5½ was related to vocabulary comprehension 3 years earlier. The words typically learned earliest in life were processed most quickly. Consistent with a dimensional view of language abilities, these findings point to similarities in patterns of language acquisition in typically developing children and those with ASD. Overall, our results emphasize the value of examining individual differences in real-time language comprehension in this population. We propose that the looking-while-listening paradigm is a sensitive and valuable methodological tool that can be applied across many areas of autism research.
Imaging of acute conditions affecting the hepatic vasculature

Liver imaging primarily consists of evaluating the parenchyma and biliary system. However, the liver has a rich, complex vascularity which can also be affected by numerous disease processes. By considering disease processes that primarily affect the hepatic veins, portal veins, and hepatic arteries, an anatomy-based approach of hepatic vascular diseases can be applied to image interpretation to allow rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound are all effectively used to evaluate the liver and can play complimentary roles. In this article, the key imaging findings of acute conditions affecting the hepatic veins (passive congestion, acute thrombosis/Budd–Chiari, stenosis), portal veins (thrombosis, phlebitis, stenosis), hepatic arteries (laceration, pseudoaneurysm, thrombosis), and arteriovenous structures (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, arteriovenous fistula) will be reviewed.
Integrating Environmental Issues Into The Business Curriculum

Over the past several years, the reporting environment has changed for companies reporting environmental information. This change comes primarily from stakeholder interest in protecting the environment. This paper addresses the topic of integrating environmental issues into accounting and business courses. Background information on environmental issues is provided. In addition, suggested classroom assignments and resources that can be used to enhance the learning environment for business students are provided.
Is there evidence to support the use of constraint-induced therapy to improve the quality or quantity of upper extremity function of a 2 1/2-year-old girl with congenital hemiparesis? If so, what are the optimal parameters of this intervention?

The purpose of “Evidence in Practice” is to illustrate how evidence is gathered and used to guide clinical decision making. This article is not a case report. The examination, evaluation, and intervention sections are purposely abbreviated. A 28-month-old girl came to our physical therapy department with left-sided spastic hemiparesis, the result of a right cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in utero. Although she had delays in gross and fine motor development because of her hemiparesis, her cognitive and language development were typical for her age. Spontaneous use of her left upper extremity (UE) was markedly impaired in both quantity and quality of movement; however, she was able to use the left UE with prompting when she was given a 2-handed task (eg, holding a “sippy” cup with handles, holding a big ball with 2 hands) or when her right UE was therapeutically constrained. The child’s parents were well educated and well versed in therapeutic opportunities for improving left UE function, and they approached our university through their primary physical therapist to investigate the opportunity of involving their daughter in a student research project on pediatric constraint-induced therapy (PCIT). Through their support and information network, they had heard many anecdotal success stories related to the use of PCIT with children with sensory and motor impairments in the UE, and they were excited at the prospect of their daughter receiving this intervention. They contacted researchers conducting controlled clinical trials on PCIT in Alabama and New York. They put their child on a waiting list for a program at a university conducting PCIT clinical trials, but they recognized many drawbacks to attending this program, including the financial burden and the need to leave their home. The child was without any major medical complications or procedures since her diagnosis at 6 months of age. Upon diagnosis, …
Municipal Courts--Another Urban Ill

This study of the municipal court system in Ohio consists of a three-pronged examination of the role poverty plays in the outcome of cases involving misdemeanors. First, proceedings before municipal courts in urban centers throughout the state were observed, and these observations were recorded. Some suburban and rural courts were also observed in order to provide information for a comparison with what was found in the urban courts. Secondly, in depth interviews were conducted with many of the state's municipal court judges, attorneys who participate in those courts, and several persons who had appeared in the courts as defendants. Finally, data was gathered on more than 1000 Cleveland Municipal Court cases involving persons charged with violations of state misdemeanor statutes during a 4-month period in 1966.
Effect of chain length on the wetting properties of alkyltrichlorosilane coated cellulose-based paper

The effect of alkyl chain length on the wetting properties of alkyltrichlorosilane coated cellulose-based paper is reported for four different reagents: methyltrichlorosilane (MTCS; –CH3), butyltrichlorosilane (BTCS; –C4H9), dodecyltrichlorosilane (DTCS; –C12H25) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTCS; –C18H37). SEM analysis reveals that by systematically varying alkyl chain length, films with different surface morphologies can be generated on flat silicon wafer control samples and on cellulose-based paper samples. The variation in surface morphology leads to different wetting behavior, as determined by measuring static water and oil contact angles. Due to the nano- and micron- scale roughness on MTCS coated substrates, paper samples coated with MTCS display superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 152.2°, which is the highest water contact angle among these four alkyltrichlorosilanes. However, additional nano-scale roughness from MTCS coating reduces the oil resistance of coated paper samples, while paper samples coated with long-chain alkyltrichlorosilanes have lower surface energy and also lack nano-scale roughness. As a result, paper samples coated with OTCS display the highest resistance against oils (ethylene glycol contact angle 125.5°; diiodomethane contact angle 101.3°). The intrinsic porosity of paper is largely retained after coating, as indicated by the fact that low surface tension fluids like methanol can easily penetrate coated paper samples.
Series power combining: Enabling techniques for Si/SiGe millimeter-wave power amplifiers

We review series power combining techniques for power amplifiers that have significantly enhanced the output power and power density of millimeter-wave power amplifiers implemented in Silicon (Si) and Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) integrated circuit processes. Two of the record highpower demonstrations for Si/SiGe have included transistor stacking and sub-quarter-wavelength power combiners. A 30-GHz power amplifier implemented in 45-nm CMOS SOI demonstrates 24.5 dBm of output power with 30% PAE using four stacked FETs. A two-stage, 114–130 GHz power amplifier with stacked HBTs and sub-quarter-wavelength baluns also demonstrates a record 22 dBm output power and 254 mW/mm2 output power per unit area.
Experiments dealing with the relation of the sinus node to the effects of stimulation of the vagus nerves

Experiments by a number of investigators on the sino-auricular node have warranted the conclusion that this structure is responsible for stimulus production and the maintenance of the rate of the heart. Flack thought that this node formed a station in the pathway, both of the vagus and of the accelerator nerves, and that through its agency they exercised their influence on the heart. He attempted to show that exclusion of the node from function consequently interrupted impulses passing over the nerves.It is the purpose of this paper to report that a large number of experiments have been performed on dogs to determine the relation of the vagus nerves to the sinus node. The experiments were performed under ether; a small opening in the chest was made by resecting one or two ribs, and both vagus nerves were dissected, cut and laid on shield electrodes. Records were taken electrocardiographically. The results of stimulation of both vagus nerves were first registered. Then the sinus node was carefully clamped ...
Color doppler Ultrasonography in testicular torsion : is it reliable

ABSTRACT: Color Doppler Ultrasonography is being increasingly used in testicular torsion to differentiate it from acute epididymoorchitis. Three children in whom the diagnosis of acute epididymoorchitis was made based on the above test subsequently developed testicular atrophy. The need for early exploration in doubtful cases is stressed in this article.
Introduction: The Politics of Ascetics and Governing

For many authors and artists seeking institutional affiliation today, Jeff Ferrell’s decision to leave a position as a tenured professor in order to live as a dumpster diver and trash picker1 may seem extraordinary. This is not only because tenured positions are hard to come by, but also because the path of the academic career is such that if one decides to forego institutional affiliation one is often disqualified from future institutional affiliation. The rules governing these types of decisions are complex enough that the ascetic engines of academia — The Chronicle of Higher Education and Chronicle Vitae — dedicate significant space to advising those who struggle with the question of what I discuss in this book as the contemporary ascetics of knowledge production: the ethic of practice valued by the institutions with which producers of knowledge must be associated in order to be successful as well as the practices implicitly valued in the knowledge that they produce.
Modified Far Lateral Approach for Posterior Circulation Aneurysms: An Institutional Experience

Objective The modified far lateral approach is a modified version of the far lateral approach without drilling of the condyle. This approach can be used for accessing aneurysms anterior and anterolateral to the brainstem and craniovertebral junction. We describe the surgical outcome and complications of the modified far lateral approach for vertebrobasilar, proximal posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and vertebral artery aneurysms. Methods The records of 26 patients with vertebrobasilar aneurysms who underwent surgery using the modified far lateral approach from 1994 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed to analyze the clinical outcomes. Results Mean age of patients was 61 years (range, 38–84 years), and 18 patients were women. The most common presenting symptoms were sudden-onset headache (77%) and dizziness (35%). Of patients, 21 (81%) had saccular aneurysms, and 5 (19%) had fusiform aneurysms. The modified far lateral approach was used in 16 patients with posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms, 6 patients with vertebral artery aneurysms, 2 patients with basilar aneurysms, 1 patient with a vertebrobasilar junction aneurysm, and 1 patient with an anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. All aneurysms were clipped successfully. Follow-up data were available for 25 patients (median duration 67 months). At last follow-up, 22 patients had a good recovery (modified Rankin Scale score 1–3), and 3 patients had a poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 4–6). Four patients developed lower cranial nerve palsy, and 7 patients developed new-onset hydrocephalus. Conclusions The modified far-lateral approach without condyle resection and vertebral artery mobilization is associated with low procedure-related morbidity and comparable outcomes to the more extensive traditional approach.
Cellular immunotherapy for refractory hematological malignancies.

7039 Background: Allogeneic cellular infusion is a potent immune stimulus. We present data from our FDA approved IND Phase II clinical trial (BrUOG 273) where allogeneic haploidentical lymphocytes ...
Volatiles for the Perfume Industry

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by D.J. Murphy, volume 3, pp. 1180–1181, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
Improving Efficiency and Accuracy of Formula-Based Debugging

Formula-based debugging techniques are extremely appealing, as they provide a principled way to identify potentially faulty statements together with information that can help fix such statements. These approaches are however computationally expensive, which limits their practical applicability. Moreover, they tend to focus on failing test cases and ignore the information provided by passing tests. To mitigate these issues, we propose on-demand formula computation (OFC) and clause weighting (CW). OFC improves the overall efficiency of formula-based debugging by exploring all and only the parts of a program that are relevant to a failure. CW improves the accuracy of formula-based debugging by leveraging statistical fault-localization information that accounts for passing tests. Although OFC and CW are only a first step towards making formula-based debugging more applicable, our empirical results show that they are effective and improve the state of the art.
The Use of a “Ringer” in Natural History Identification Tests

Abstract To encourage greater depths of both processing and retrieval by students during testing, the authors inserted one new, unfamiliar plant (i.e., a “ringer”) into the pool of samples assembled for each plant-identification quiz. Each ringer was chosen to be superficially similar to — and yet distinctively different from — a plant species covered earlier in the course. The addition of the ringer made the tests both more authentic and more valuable by training students to look beyond the superficial details and make substantive, evidence-based identifications.
Bibliometrics: Understanding Author-, Article- and Journal-Level Metrics

Numerous types of metrics are available to assist in the evaluation of scholarship. The focus for this column of In Lay Terms is bibliometrics, the quantitative analysis of publication data using a...
The Indivisibility of Human Rights

This article defends a novel, normative conception of the indivisibility of human rights. Human rights are indivisible because normative commitment to one mutually entails normative commitment to another. The normative conception enables us to defend three important theoretical and practical corollaries. First, as a conceptual thesis normative indivisibility lets us see how human rights constitute a unified system not liable to the typical counter-examples to indivisibility as mutual indispensability. Second, as a dialectical thesis, normative indivisibility can support linkage arguments in defense of controversial human rights. And third, as a political thesis, normative indivisibility can show why the political thesis of indivisibility means that states lack discretion to ‘pick and choose’ which human rights to implement.
A new proof of the existence of Kähler-Einstein metrics onK3, II

On utilise la theorie des «twisteurs» pour donner une demonstration entierement differente de l'existence de metriques de Kahler-Einstein sur K 3
Trends in resource utilization and rate of cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion throughout the United States from 2006 to 2013.

Abstract Background Context The typically accepted surgical procedure for cervical disc pathology has been the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), although recent trials have demonstrated equivalent or improved outcomes with cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA). Trends for these two procedures regarding utilization, revision procedures, and other demographic information have not been sufficiently explored. Purpose The present study aims to provide data regarding ACDF and CDA from 2006 to 2013 in the United States. Design The present study is a retrospective national database analysis. Patient Sample The present study included 20% sample of discharges from US hospitals, which is weighted to provide national estimates. Outcome Measures Functional measures such as national incidence, hospital costs, length of stay (LOS), routine discharge, revision burden, and patient characteristics were used in the present study. Methods Patients from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database who underwent primary ACDF, revision ACDF, primary CDA, and revision CDA from 2006 to 2013 were included. Demographic and economic data for the procedures' respective International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were collected. Results A total of 1,059,403 ACDF and 13,099 CDA surgeries were performed in the United States from 2006 to 2013. The annual number of ACDF increased by 5.7% nonlinearly from 120,617 in 2006 to 127,500 in 2013 (mean per year 132,425; range 120,617–147,966); CDA increased by 190% nonlinearly from 540 in 2006 to 1,565 in 2013 (mean per year 1,637; range 540–2,381). Cervical disc arthroplasty patients were younger and had more private or “other” insurance, including worker's compensation (p Conclusions Nationally approximately 132,000 ACDFs are done each year compared with only 1,600 CDAs. The number of ACDF surgeries performed far outpaces CDA by a ratio of 81:1 in the United States without a clear direction in the trend for utilization given recent fluctuations. Cervical disc arthroplasty revision burden was more than double compared with the ACDF revision burden (5.9% vs. 2.3%), which was not accounted for by patient baseline demographics. The etiologies of these findings are likely multifactorial and require further research.
The Formation of Structural Components

Cells responsible for chondrogenesis were among the favorite objects for study in the early phases of the investigation of the Golgi apparatus. Then when attention turned to secreting glandular cells, chondrocytes were somewhat neglected.
Contact engineering for 2D materials and devices

Over the past decade, the field of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials has surged, promising a new platform for studying diverse physical phenomena that are scientifically intriguing and technologically relevant. Contacts are the communication links between these 2D materials and the three-dimensional world for probing and harnessing their exquisite electronic properties. However, fundamental challenges related to contacts often limit the ultimate performance and potential of 2D materials and devices. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the basic understanding and importance of contacts to 2D materials and various strategies for engineering and improving them. In particular, we elucidate the phenomenon of Fermi level pinning at the metal/2D contact interface, the Schottky versus Ohmic nature of the contacts and various contact engineering approaches including interlayer contacts, phase engineered contacts, and basal versus edge plane contacts, among others. Finally, we also discuss some of the relatively under-addressed and unresolved issues, such as contact scaling, and conclude with a future outlook.
Transplant renoportal vein conduit for complete mesenteric thrombosis: a case report.

Portal vein thrombosis, which is present in up to one quarter of patients with end-stage liver disease, presents a technical challenge at the time of liver transplantation. Thromboendovenectomy when feasible has been advocated in these patients. However, in patients with complete mesenteric thrombosis where this technique is typically not successful, a number of alternative techniques have been attempted including caval transposition, portal arterialization, and multi-visceral transplantation often with discouraging results. We present herein a single case where transplant renal vein outflow was used to provide portal vein inflow in a patient with complete mesenteric thrombosis undergoing simultaneous liver-kidney transplant.
TIME SERIES MEASUREMENTS OF ESTUARINE MATERIAL FLUXES

Abstract Annual material flux estimates were made in a major tidal creek cross-section of the North Inlet marsh-estuarine system, South Carolina. Fluxes were computed as a cross-correlation between instantaneous material concentration and instantaneous discharge. The concentrations were obtained from one daily water sample. A simultaneous estimate of the tidal discharge was simulated from a multiple regression model based on the tide record. A year-long time series of daily fluxes of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-α resulted. By averaging these fluxes over 30 days the tidal variability was eliminated, yielding monthly mean values. Over the year, there was a highly significant export of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and a significant export of total phosphorus. Chlorophyll-α was simultaneously imported. The organic carbon flux plus the carbon accumulated in the sediment indicate a minimum annual net production of 503 g carbon fixed per m2 within the North Inlet marsh-estuary system.
Low-Rank Plus Sparse Tensor Models for Light-field Reconstruction from Focal Stack Data

Hand-held light-field cameras have enabled new photographic features such as refocusing and perspective shifts in post-processing. These cameras have traditionally sampled the 4D light-field directly by multiplexing angular measurements with spatial measurements on a single photosensor. This requires an undesirable trade-off between spatial and angular resolution. Focal stack cameras record varying projections of the light-field by capturing a set of photographs at different sensor positions. Prior techniques for reconstructing the 4D light-field from focal stack measurements have required depth estimation or ignored the existence of occlusions in the scene. We present low-rank plus sparse models for the light-field and apply them to the problem of reconstructing from focal stack measurements. We explore regularizers based on low-rank tensor decompositions to better exploit the dimensionality of the data. We optimize our model with a block proximal gradient method using a majorizer that provides a convergence guarantee. Numerical experiments show a several dB improvement in PSNR over traditional reconstruction methods and improved accuracy of depth estimation from light-fields reconstructed by the proposed methods.
Abstract P337: CardioClick an Innovative Telehealth Approach to Lifestyle Intervention in High Risk South Asians

Introduction: Exercise & nutritional intervention programs are effective in lowering cardiovascular events in randomized control trials but success in real world settings may be limited by resource...
On the inference of the state of turbulence and mixing efficiency in stably stratified flows

Scaling arguments are presented to quantify the widely used diapycnal (irreversible) mixing coefficient is the Ozmidov length scale. These formulations are also tested with DNS data to highlight their validity. These novel findings could prove to be a significant breakthrough not only in providing a unifying (and practically useful) parameterization for the mixing efficiency in stably stratified turbulence but also for inferring the dynamic state of turbulence in geophysical flows.
A continuum damage mechanics framework for modeling the effect of crystalline anisotropy on rolling contact fatigue

Abstract Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is the primary mode of fatigue failure in well-lubricated rolling element bearings. Typical fatigue failures in bearings are characterized by microcrack formation (initiation phase), which then coalesce to a large crack that grows to the surface (propagation phase). Hence, RCF is a micromechanical phenomenon driven by microstructural inhomogeneity. This paper presents a coupled damage mechanics - cohesive element method (DM-CEM) to model crack initiation and propagation in polycrystalline material aggregates subject to RCF loading. The material microstructural topology is represented using Voronoi tessellations. The grain boundaries are modeled using cohesive elements. Each grain is composed of cubic anisotropic material and is randomly oriented in material space. A quasi-static Hertzian pressure profile is passed over the surface to simulate a bearing race under dynamic loading. Damage is initiated at the grain boundaries by degradation of the cohesive elements and the rate of damage/degradation is used to characterize the fatigue life evolution. The resulting final spall patterns and fatigue life scatter corroborate well with existing results from open literature. The model was extended and used to demonstrate the feasibility of the Fatemi - Socie criterion as a possible approach for estimating RCF life.
The Polyphonic Courtroom: Expanding the Possibilities of Judicial Discourse

This Article draws upon the ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin to critique judicial discourse as embodied in written opinions. Judicial opinions are typically monologues which reject exploration of complex issues of meaning in favor of simply justifying a result. Opinions should instead be part of a continuing dialogue whose hallmark is exploration, not simplification - what the Article characterizes as "polyphonic," Polyphonic opinions should embrace dialogue and complexity and recognize the validity of mutliple perspectives. This goal can not simply be willed, however, because cognition by necessity simplifies. To meet this challenges, the Article concludes with recommendations for "judicial calisthenics," including techniques drawn from social psychology, to promote polyphonic judicial decision-making.
Entrepreneurial Persistance: Entprepreneurial Virtues as Dynamic Constraints Over the Entire Lifepath

In this paper, we encourage a widespread expansion of entrepreneur development beyond its current focus on the tools and skills associated with venture startup and development. Although important, this skills-based paradigm fails to provide guidance to entrepreneurs—perhaps the majority—who are not currently engaged in venture development or are reeling in the aftermath of an initial failure. To address this gap, we draw from three complementary streams of psychological research (identity theory, ecological psychology, and positive psychology) to posit a more holistic view of entrepreneur development across the entire lifepath—including the “white spaces” before, after, and between venture building. Specifically, we develop a distinction between venture development activities that are primarily skills based, and entrepreneur development activities (EDAs) that are primarily virtues based. We posit that increasing our understanding and dissemination of EDA insights can both guide entrepreneurs through psychologically amorphous interregnums along the entrepreneurial lifepath and encourage greater persistence following venture failures.
Numerical analysis of electroconvection in cross-flow with unipolar charge injection

Electrohydrodynamic convection between parallel electrodes with unipolar injection is investigated numerically. A parameter $Y$, defined as the ratio of the local electric force to the viscous force, characterizes the stability of the flow system.