cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competing Taxonomies: Reexamination of the female-based genera of Brachycistidinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)

Analysis of the female-based genera of the tiphiid wasp subfamily Brachycistidinae revealed the need to remove Astigmometopa Mickel & Krombein from synonymy with Brachycistis and synonymize it under Glyptacros Mickel & Krombein, synonymize the genus Quemaya Pate under Stilbopogon Mickel & Krombein, synonymize Bruesiella Mann and Aulacros Mickel & Krombein under Brachycistis Fox, and synonymize Xeroglypta Mickel & Krombein under Glyptacros. , In addition, shared characteristics found only in Aglyptacros Mickel & Krombein and Colocistis Krombein demonstrate the need toand synonymize Aglyptacros under Colocistis. Females This is the first time that females have been identified for two genera, Colocistis and Stilbopogon. Previously, females were only known for Brachycistis.[neither of the previous two sentences make sense in light of the rest of the ms – the first suggests either that you are describing two femalebased genera and the second that there has, until now, only been one-please clarify this], Phylogenetic analysis of the generic groupings based upon 21 binary morphological characters resulted in two moderately supported clades, Aglyptacros Colocistis+ Brachycistis, Glyptacros, and Stilbopogon + Genus A (an unnamed, phylogenetically discrete group of females). New generic combinations involve moving all of the species of Quemaya into Stilbopogon; the placement of Bruesiella formicaria Mann, Glyptometopa americana Ashmead, Eurycros furtivus Mickel & Krombein and Aulacros latior Mickel & Krombein in Brachycistis; the assignment of Glyptometopa eureka Banks to Colocistis and Xeroglypta egregia Mickel & Krombein and Astigmometopa emarginata Mickel & Krombein to Glyptacros.
Proteomic analysis of mesenchymal to Schwann cell transdifferentiation.

Abstract While transplantation of Schwann cells facilitates axon regeneration, remyelination and repair after peripheral nerve injury clinical use is limited by cell bioavailability. We posit that such limitation in cell access can be overcome by the use of autologous bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). As MSCs can transdifferentiate to Schwann cell-phenotypes and accelerate nerve regeneration we undertook proteomic evaluation of the cells to uncover the protein contents that affects Schwann cell formulation. Transdifferentiated MSCs secrete significant amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in cell-conditioned media that facilitated neurite outgrowth. MSC proteins significantly regulated during Schwann cell transdifferentiation included, but were not limited to, GNAI2, MYL9, ACTN4, ACTN1, ACTB, CAV-1, HSPB1, PHB2, TBB4B, CTGF, TGFI1, ARF6, EZR, GELS, VIM, WNT5A, RTN4, EFNB1. These support axonal guidance, myelination, neural development and neural growth and differentiation. The results unravel the molecular events that underlie cell transdifferentiation that ultimately serve to facilitate nerve regeneration and repair in support of cell transplantation. Significance statement While Schwann cells facilitate axon regeneration, remyelination and repair after peripheral nerve injury clinical use is limited by cell bioavailability. We posit that such limitation in cell access can be overcome by the use of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transdifferentiated to Schwann cell-phenotypes. In the present study, we undertook the first proteomic evaluation of these transdifferentiated cells to uncover the protein contents that affects Schwann cell formulation. Furthermore, these transdifferentiated MSCs secrete significant amounts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in cell-conditioned media that facilitated neurite outgrowth. Our results demonstrate that a number of MSC proteins were significantly regulated following transdifferentiation of the MSCs supporting roles in axonal guidance, myelination, neural development and differentiation. The conclusions of the present work unravel the molecular events that underlie cell transdifferentiation that ultimately serve to facilitate nerve regeneration and repair in support of cell transplantation. Our study was the first proteomic comparison demonstrating the transdifferentiation of MSCs and these reported results can affect a wide field of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and proteomics.
Evaluating Evidence on Intermediate Outcomes: Considerations for Groups Making Healthcare Recommendations.

Introduction Groups making recommendations need evidence about whether preventive services improve health outcomes (HOs). When such evidence is not available, groups may choose to evaluate evidence about effects on intermediate outcomes (IOs) and the link between IOs and HOs. This paper aims to describe considerations for assessing the evidence linking changes in IOs to changes in HOs. Methods Working definitions of IOs, HOs, and other outcomes were developed. All current U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations through April 2016 were examined to identify how evidence of the IO–HO link was gathered and the criteria that appeared to be used to determine the adequacy of the evidence. Methods of other expert and recommendation-making groups were also examined. Results Forty-four USPSTF recommendations involved a relevant IO–HO link. The approaches used most commonly to gather evidence about the link were selected review (19 of 44, 43%) and systematic review (12 of 44, 27%). Some key considerations when assessing the adequacy of evidence about the IO–HO link include adjustment for confounding, proximity of the IO to the HO in the causal pathway, and independence of IO–HO relationship from specific treatments. Conclusions Considerations were identified for recommendation-making groups to use when gathering and assessing the adequacy of evidence about the IO–HO link. Using a standard set of written principles could improve the transparency of assessments of the IO–HO link, especially if used together with judgment in a reasoned conjecture and refutation process. Ideally, the process would result in an estimate of the magnitude of change in HOs that is expected for specified changes in IOs.
Liver Cell Dysplasia and the Development of HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1–4]. Due to a lack of specific symptomatology, HCC is most often diagnosed at an advanced stage leading to limited treatment options and a dismal prognosis [5]. Studies have shown that, when compared to smaller tumors, cure rates for HCC larger than 2 cm decrease and curative treatment become even less likely for lesions larger than 3 cm [6]. Therefore, the ability to identify the precursor lesions at an earlier stage in which resection and cure are still possible has received increased attention in recent years [2, 5, 7].
Trade-offs between Rate and Security in Linear Multicast Network Coding

We obtain a relationship between the rate and security for secure multi-cast linear network codes in the presence of a “wire-tap” adversary who can eavesdrop on a bounded number of network edges. Specifically, we show that a network code that can communicate information at rate $R$ and is secure against an adversary eavesdropping on $z$ network edges can be transformed to a code that allows communication at rate $R-1$ while being secure against a more potent adversary eavesdropping on $z+1$ network edges. Results of this nature are known under the assumption that only the network source node has the ability to generate random keys used to obfuscate the communicated messages. The novelty of this work lies in studying the setting in which each network node may generate independent random keys.
Common Sports Hand Injuries

Hand injuries are common in children and adolescents, and there is an increasing incidence due to increased sports participation. This chapter reviews the mechanisms, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of many hand injuries, including Salter-Harris III fractures of the thumb, phalangeal base fractures, metacarpal fractures, and jersey fingers. Case examples of athletes are provided. Also discussed are complications and treatment decisions for in-season athletes.
And the MVP award goes to: Major vault protein

MVP functions as an endogenous suppressor of NF-κB and regulates obesity-associated metabolic disease.
David Oliver: Vaccination sceptics are immune to debate

In 2018 we learnt that rates of vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) in under 10s fell in the UK for the sixth consecutive year.1 From 2010 to 2017 an estimated half a million children missed their MMR vaccination.2 The UK’s MMR coverage is now well below the 95% recommended by the World Health Organization to ensure effective herd immunity. Unicef reported that over 21 million children a year worldwide miss their measles vaccination. The picture is similar for several vaccine preventable conditions.3 WHO announced that, from 2017 to 2018, reported measles cases in Europe tripled.4 The United Nations reported that cases had quadrupled worldwide.5 Experts such as Helen Bedford, writing for the BBC, set out links between declining uptake of vaccination and the rise in outbreaks.6 Academic and journalistic analyses of vaccine hesitancy and falling uptake have highlighted the role of social media activism and pseudoscience in citing vaccination as …
Cell Type- and Sex-Dependent Transcriptome Profiles of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells

Understanding the physiology and pathology of an organ composed of a variety of cell populations depends critically on genome-wide information on each cell type. Here, we report single-cell transcriptome profiling of over 6,800 freshly dispersed anterior pituitary cells from postpubertal male and female rats. Six pituitary-specific cell types were identified based on known marker genes and characterized: folliculostellate cells and hormone-producing corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, somatotrophs, and lactotrophs. Also identified were endothelial and blood cells from the pituitary capillary network. The expression of numerous developmental and neuroendocrine marker genes in both folliculostellate and hormone-producing cells supports that they have a common origin. For several genes, the validity of transcriptome analysis was confirmed by qRT-PCR and single cell immunocytochemistry. Folliculostellate cells exhibit impressive transcriptome diversity, indicating their major roles in production of endogenous ligands and detoxification enzymes, and organization of extracellular matrix. Transcriptome profiles of hormone-producing cells also indicate contributions toward those functions, while also clearly demonstrating their endocrine function. This survey highlights many novel genetic markers contributing to pituitary cell type identity, sexual dimorphism, and function, and points to relationships between hormone-producing and folliculostellate cells.
The validity and reliability of simplified Chinese version of the pediatric sleep questionnaire for screening children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Beijing

Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the simplified Chinese version of pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) used in screening obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) of children in Beijing. Methods: Children with snoring who presented to the Sleep Center of Beijing Children's Hospital between August 2014 and July 2015 and healthy children were included in the study. All children underwent PSG and then were divided into OSAS group and control group based on the PSG and their guardians were asked to complete the simplified Chinese version of PSQ that was formed by both translation from PSQ and retroversion to PSQ. Structure validity evaluation included confirmatory factor analysis which used Amos structural equation model and exploratory factor analysis which used principal component analysis. Predictive validity were measured with Logistic regression model. Internal reliability and test-retest reliability were evaluated by Cronbach 's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. The screening efficiency was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results: The study included 235 children aged 3-16 years old, 145 children of them with the age of (5.8±2.1) in OSAS group and 90 children with the age of (7.7±3.3) in control group. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated most items belonging to individual factors with load coefficient ≥ 0.5. Predictive validity analysis revealed 13 items positively related to the diagnosis of OSAS (all OR>1, all P<0.05). Cronbach's alpha coefficients were respectively 0.703 (overall reliability), 0.767 (breathing factor), 0.849 (sleepiness factor) and 0.689 (behavior factor). The test-retest ICC reliability was 0.986 (PSQ), 0.991 (breathing factor), 0.727 (sleepiness factor), and 0.870 (behavior factor) with P<0.05. In receiver operating characteristic curve, the area under curve of simplified Chinese version PSQ score was 0.922 with P<0.05 and the cutoff value of PSQ score was 7 in 22 items with the sensitivity of 0.776, specificity of 0.867, positive predictive value of 0.868 and negative prediction value of 0.774. Conclusions: The simplified Chinese version of PSQ is suitable to the screen of OSAS for the children in Beijing area with good reliability and validity. It also has acceptable sensitivity and specificity for screening children with OSAS when the cutoff score is 7 points.
In situ vinylindole synthesis: Diels–Alder reactions with N-phenylmaleimides, 1-tetralones and 4-chromanones to give annulated tetrahydrocarbazoles

An acid-catalyzed condensation of indole 4 with 1-tetralones 5a–f formed a vinylindole which reacted in situ with N-phenylmaleimides 7a–g. This cascade of condensation and Diels–Alder reaction was ...
Sweetened syndemics: diabetes, obesity, and politics in Puerto Rico

Obesity is prevalent in Puerto Rico due to intersecting structural inequalities such as poverty and unemployment. At the same time, type 2 diabetes mellitus is also highly prevalent on the island due to similar structural factors. The role of food access and identity contributes to the ways in which the illnesses interact. The two illnesses furthermore form part of a syndemic in Puerto Rico. The island’s status as a US territory leaves Puerto Rico with limited economic resources from the US government for necessary programs like Medicare. As such, this paper proposes that obesity and diabetes form a syndemic in Puerto Rico. Interviews were conducted with 75 Puerto Ricans, recruited from the Centro de Diabetes Para Puerto Rico. Thirty-six participants had obesity, and an additional 14 were overweight. Sixty-five participants had type 2 diabetes. Study participants perceived that Puerto Rico’s subaltern status deleteriously affected obesity rates due to limited US federal assistance for health insurance and for imported fresh foods and vegetables. Diabetes was due to both weight mismanagement and a lack of healthcare providers. Obesity and diabetes form a syndemic in Puerto Rico through multiple and interacting structural factors, such as crime, unemployment, and a broken healthcare system. Puerto Rico’s economic and healthcare crises leave the island in a difficult situation, unable to support itself and without the resources to improve its situation.
Novel copolymers of styrene. 1. Alkyl ring-substituted 2-cyano-3-phenyl 2-propenamides

Novel electrophilic trisubstituted ethylene monomers, alkyl ring-substituted 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenamides, RC6H4CH=C(CN)CONH2 (where R is 2-methyl, 3-methyl, 4-methyl, 4-ethyl, 4-i-propyl, 4-i-butyl, and 4-t-butyl), were synthesized by potassium hydroxide catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and cyanoacetamide, and characterized by CHN elemental analysis, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. Novel copolymers of the ethylenes and styrene were prepared at equimolar monomer feed composition by solution copolymerization in the presence of a radical initiator, AIBN at 70 °C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. High T g of the copolymers in comparison with that of polystyrene indicates a substantial decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps, first in the 200–500 °C range with residue (5–7 wt%), which then decomposed in the 500–800 °C range.
Minimum risk point estimation of the size of a finite population under mark–recapture strategy

In this article, we address the problem of minimum risk point estimation for the size of a closed population using the weighted squared error loss function with a penalty of cost for each observati...
The Product View and its Impact on Supply Chain Excellence

The process of delivering goods and services better, faster and cheaper sounds simple but can sometimes be unpredictable and lead to shortages or surpluses. Over the past two decades, the supply chain journey has evolved through a number of distinct phases along with a shift in power from suppliers to customers. Over the course of this evolution, supply chain professionals have expanded their perspective and philosophy from an inventory-centric view in the 1980s to an order-centric view in the ’90s to a product-centric view today. As product lifecycles shrink, innovation has risen to the top of the CEO agenda. But product innovation cannot meet the business objectives of lifecycle profitability without supply chain process considerations.
Tariff War and Impact on India

Recent years have witnessed a return of protectionism as tariff barriers were raised by the United States and other large trading partners, mainly China. However very little attention has been paid to the impact of the trade war on outside trading partners having trade relations with the US and China. This paper analyzes the impact of the tariff war on India, a large country having significant trade ties with both the US and China, yet not directly involved in the tariff war. Using product level data on exports and imports, the paper analyzes the implication of the tariff war on India through the lens of trade diversion and the pricing power of exporters. The analysis reveals a significant impact of the trade war on India’s external trade which points towards a substitution effect in products affected by the trade war. Further, the paper observes a heterogeneous impact of the tariff war across different product classifications. Final goods exports increased significantly due to the US tariffs applied within the tariff war, especially in more substitutable commodities.
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT TORSION IN CONCRETE MEMBERS

Recent research on torsion in concrete members is reviewed and summarized. Different versions of the skewed bending concept are compared and the effect of web reinforcement and prestress on the torsional strength are examined. The validity and limitations of the different torsion-bending and torsion-shear interaction curves as well as several interaction surfaces are reviewed. Several essential areas for additional research on torsion and its inaction with shear and moment are delineated.
Chapter 13. Methods for the Assessment of Site-Specific Histone Phosphorylation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods for the assessment of site-specific histone phosphorylation and their application in several in vivo and in vitro systems. However, for a more complete analysis of phosphorylation occurring at growth associated sites, the more extensive procedure addressed in this chapter must be employed. The procedure is also applicable to the study of H1 histone phosphorylation in vivo. In nongrowing tissues, such as adult rat liver, the phosphopeptide analysis serves in identifying ser 37 phosphorylation and in distinguishing it from radioactive contaminants normally present in H1 isolated by trichloroacetic acid extraction, as no in vivo phosphorylation of ser 106 has so far been detected. Among the properties that can be used to distinguish protein kinases, the nature of the substrates phosphorylated is the most useful; it is also a property that is likely to be closely related to the function of the protein kinase.
Other Starchy Underground Vegetables

The world production of other starchy root and tuber crops are shown in Table 14.1. The aroid, yautia, is included in Table 14.1. Though the production compared to the major root and tuber crops is small, these minor crops are important in some parts of the world.
Investment in hydrogen tri-generation for wastewater treatment plants under uncertainties

Abstract In this article, we present a compound real option model for investment in hydrogen tri-generation and onsite hydrogen dispensing systems for a wastewater treatment plant under price and market uncertainties. The ultimate objective is to determine optimal timing and investment thresholds to exercise initial and subsequent options such that the total savings are maximized. Initial option includes investment in a 1.4 (MW) Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) fed by mixture of waste biogas from anaerobic digestion and natural gas, along with auxiliary equipment. Produced hydrogen in MCFC via internal reforming, is recovered from the exhaust gas stream using Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification technology. Therefore the expansion option includes investment in hydrogen compression, storage and dispensing (CSD) systems which creates additional revenue by selling hydrogen onsite in retail price. This work extends current state of investment modeling within the context of hydrogen tri-generation by considering: (i) Modular investment plan for hydrogen tri-generation and dispensing systems, (ii) Multiple sources of uncertainties along with more realistic probability distributions, (iii) Optimal operation of hydrogen tri-generation is considered, which results in realistic saving estimation.
450mm SEMI physical interface standards: Architecture and efficiency

Like the 300mm standards, the 450mm physical interface standards define the multitude of parameters that are essential to factory automation and interoperability. In addition, 450mm standards drive factory efficiency much farther than the 300mm standards did. This paper will review the standards architecture and critical parameters defined by the standards with a focus on the efficiency improvements that were incorporated into the 450mm standards using the learning that the industry has acquired over the last 15 years.
Dietary restriction slows age pigment accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium.

Purpose. The accumulation of age pigment, or lipofuscin, in postmitotic cells appears to be a universal feature of the aging process in animals. In mammals, the lipofuscin content of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) increases progressively during senescence. Dietary restriction has been shown to slow the rate at which many biologic parameters change during aging. Experiments were conducted to determine if dietary restriction alters the rate of age pigment accumulation in the RPE. Methods. Male Wistar rats were placed on one of three dietary regimens starting at weaning. One group was fed a nutritionally complete diet ad libitum. Another group was fed the same diet but was only allowed to consume 60% as much food daily as the ad libitum group ate. The final group was fed ad libitum a nutritionally complete diet that had a lower caloric density per gram than the diets fed to the other animals primarily because of the replacement of carbohydrate with oat fiber. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis was used to determine the RPE age pigment content in the first group at 6 months of age, and in all of the groups at 18 months of age. Results. Dietary restriction, achieved either by reducing total food intake or by reducing the caloric content of the diet, resulted in significant decreases in RPE lipofuscin accumulation. Conclusions. Dietary restriction provides a relatively simple means by which RPE age pigment content can be modulated. This should prove useful in assessing the role of RPE lipofuscin accumulation in age-related retinal disorders. That the oat fiber diet fed ad libitum was almost as effective as restriction of total food intake in slowing RPE age pigment accumulation indicates that the effect of restricted caloric intake is not mediated by almost constant hunger. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993; 34:3297-3302.
Effective Lagrangian for qq-tilde{sub i}{sup '}{chi}{sub j}{sup +}, qq-tilde{sub i}{chi}{sub j}{sup 0} interactions and fermionic decays of the squarks with CP phases

We compute the one loop corrected effective Lagrangian for the quark-squark-chargino and quark-squark-neutralino interactions. The effective Lagrangian takes into account the loop corrections arising from the exchange of the gluinos, charginos, neutralinos, W, Z, the charged Higgs, and the neutral Higgs. We further analyze the squark decays into charginos and neutralinos and discuss the effect of the loop corrections on them. The analysis takes into account CP phases in the soft parameters. It is found that the loop corrections to the stop decay widths into chargino and neutralinos can be as much as 30% or even larger. Further, the stop decay widths show a strong dependence on the CP phases. These results are of relevance in the precision predictions of squark decays in the context of specific models of soft breaking in supergravity and string based models.
IMPROVING SAFETY BELT ACCEPTABILITY TO THE CONSUMER

To reduce the likelihood of consumer rejection and non-use of automatic as well as manual belt systems, research has been conducted to develop performance specifications for improved comfort and convenience. This paper discusses specifications and criteria to improve the safety belts by reducing comfort and convenience variables for both manual and automatic systems.
Discovering and using web services in m-commerce

Web Services is slowly evolving to be a promising technology for developing application in open, loosely coupled and distributed computing environments and in mobile commerce. The web is no longer a repository of information and has evolved into a medium for providing general and user-specific services to customers. One of the key requirements of the web services to meet user expectation is its universal accessibility free from temporal and spatial constraints. Such accessibility is not easy to achieve through wired internet and it appears that mobile approach is the only way out. Thus to access the web services from anywhere and anytime, a suitable wireless web services architecture is needed which must overcome the limitations of the mobile environment (service discovery, low bandwidth, limited power source and scalability bottleneck). This paper exploits the advances in wireless broadcast discipline and proposes a new architecture that overcomes a number of problems in discovering and using web services.
Emerging targets for anti-inflammatory therapy

Cytokines mediate acute and chronic inflammatory processes in disease. A new target for anti-inflammatory therapy has now been revealed, in the form of a kinase that promotes translation of specific cytokine messenger RNA species into proteins.
A sensitivity analysis of the spectral mismatch correction procedure using wavelength-dependent error sources (solar cell testing)

A detailed investigation has been completed concerning the influence of wavelength-dependent random and bias measurement errors on the spectral mismatch correction procedure associated with solar cell performance measurements and reference cell calibration. It is shown that common distributions for random and bias measurement errors can result in an overall uncertainty of over +or-3% in short-circuit current using a solar simulator. This analysis has also identified a reference cell calibration procedure with one-half the uncertainty associated with the best outdoor calibration procedure. >
Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure and withdrawal leads to adaptations in nucleus accumbens core postsynaptic density proteome and dendritic spines

Alcohol use disorder is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by the loss of ability to control alcohol (ethanol) intake despite knowledge of detrimental health or personal consequences. Clinical and pre-clinical models provide strong evidence for chronic ethanol-associated alterations in glutamatergic signaling and impaired synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the neural mechanisms that contribute to aberrant glutamatergic signaling in ethanol-dependent individuals in this critical brain structure remain unknown. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we investigated the effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure on neuroadaptations in postsynaptic density (PSD)-enriched proteins in the NAc of ethanol-dependent mice. Compared with controls, CIE exposure significantly changed expression levels of 50 proteins in the PSD-enriched fraction. Systems biology and functional annotation analyses demonstrated that the dysregulated proteins are expressed at tetrapartite synapses and critically regulate cellular morphology. To confirm this latter finding, the density and morphology of dendritic spines were examined in the NAc core of ethanol-dependent mice. We found that CIE exposure and withdrawal differentially altered dendrite diameter and dendritic spine density and morphology. Through the use of quantitative proteomics and functional annotation, these series of experiments demonstrate that ethanol dependence produces neuroadaptations in proteins that modify dendritic spine morphology. In addition, these studies identified novel PSD-related proteins that contribute to the neurobiological mechanisms of ethanol dependence that drive maladaptive structural plasticity of NAc neurons.
Low Frequency Waves and Irregularities in the Auroral Ionosphere as Determined by Radar Measurements

For many years it had been apparent that high-frequency communications were disturbed by auroral or magnetic activity. It was also known that signals could sometimes be propagated over long distances by way of reflections off aurora. In the early 1950’s experiments showed clearly that radar echoes could be obtained from the auroral ionosphere during magnetic disturbances. Some of these early data also suggested to Dr. Sidney Chapman (1952) that radar echoes could only be obtained when the line of sight from the radar to the region where the scattering was thought to occur made nearly a perpendicular angle with the earth’s magnetic field in the scattering region. This geometry is illustrated in Figure 1. Later work has substantiated Dr. Chapman’s concept and suggests that this magnetic aspect condition — or perpendicularity condition — must be satisfied within just a very few degrees or no echoes are obtained.
Acerca del género en lademografía mexicana

Resumen es: El trabajo presenta una reflexion critica acerca de la incorporacion del genero en la demografia mexicana, tomando como punto de referencia algunos de...
Early failures with single clavicular transosseous coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction

Introduction Coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction remains a challenging procedure. The ideal reconstruction is biomechanically strong, allows direct visualization of passage around the coracoid, and is minimally invasive. Few published reports have evaluated arthroscopic techniques with a single clavicular tunnel and transcoracoid reconstruction. One such report noted early excellent results, but without specific outcome measures. This study reports the clinical and radiographic results of a minimally invasive, arthroscopically assisted technique of CC ligament reconstruction using a transcoracoid and single clavicular tunnel technique. Materials and methods A retrospective review was performed of 10 consecutive repairs in 9 active duty patients who underwent CC ligament reconstruction with the GraftRope (Arthrex, Naples FL, USA). All reconstructions were performed according to the manufacturer's technique by a single, fellowship-trained surgeon. Medical records and radiographs were evaluated for demographics, operative details, loss of reduction, and return to duty. Results In 8 of 10 repairs (80%) intraoperative reduction was lost at an average of 7.0 weeks (range, 3-12 weeks). Four patients (40%) required revision. Subjective patient outcomes included 5 excellent/good results, 1 fair result, and 4 poor results. Tunnel widening was universally noted, and the failure mode in most patients appeared to be at the holding suture. Conclusion This transcoracoid, single clavicular tunnel technique was not a reliable approach to CC ligament reconstruction. We noted a high percentage of radiographic redisplacement and clinical failure. This technique, in its current form, cannot be recommended to treat AC joint injuries in our population.
Short-term anorexigenic effects of central neuropeptide VF are associated with hypothalamic changes in chicks.

The present study was designed to measure food and water intake, changes in hypothalamic chemistry, and other behaviour modifications after central injection of neuropeptide (NP) VF in broiler type chicks. In Experiment 1, chicks responded to central NPVF with a reduction in food intake for up to 90 min post injection. Water intake was unaffected. In Experiment 2, NPVF exerted a less potent and shorter duration of attenuated food intake than did the structurally related NPFF. In Experiment 3, 16.0 nmol NPVF reversed the prolactin-releasing peptide induced orexigenic effect. In Experiment 4, central NPVF treatment was associated with decreased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral hypothalamus, whereas c-Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsome-dial nucleus, infundibular nucleus (homologue to the mammalian arcuate nucleus) and ventromedial nucleus was increased. In Experiment 5, behaviours unrelated to ingestion including sit, stand, deep rest and locomotion were affected by central NPVF injection. Some of these behaviours are incompatible with ingestion and may contribute to hypothalamic associated perception of satiety after central NPVF. In conclusion, NVPF is a short-term regulator of appetite and its effects are associated with hypothalamic and behaviour changes in chicks.
Linkage and association of CYP17 gene in hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer.

Androgens are essential for prostate development, growth and maintenance and the association between androgen levels and prostate cancer is well established. Since the CYP17 gene encodes the enzyme cytochrome P450c17alpha, which mediates 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities in the androgen biosynthesis pathway, sequence variations in the gene and association with increased risk to prostate cancer has been studied. In particular, several groups have studied the association between a polymorphism in the 5' promoter region and prostate cancer using a population-based association approach. However, the results from these studies were inconclusive. To further study this polymorphism and its possible role in hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), we performed a genetic linkage analysis and family-based association analysis in 159 families, each of which contains at least 3 first-degree relatives with prostate cancer. In addition, we performed a population-based association analysis to compare the risk of this polymorphism to hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer in 159 HPC probands, 249 sporadic prostate cancer patients and 211 unaffected control subjects. Evidence for linkage at the CYP17 gene region was found in the total 159 HPC families (LOD = 1.3, p = 0.01, at marker D10S222). However, family-based association tests did not provide evidence for overtransmission of either allele of the CYP17 polymorphism to affected individuals in the HPC families. The allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism were not statistically different among the HPC probands, sporadic cases and unaffected control subjects. In conclusion, our results suggest that the CYP17 gene or other genes in the region may increase the susceptibility to prostate cancer in men; however, the polymorphism in the 5' promoter region has a minor role if any in increasing prostate cancer susceptibility in our study sample.
The effects of supplemental vitamin B6 and exercise on the contractile properties of rat muscle

Abstract A 4-wk study was performed on 24 mature, male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four equal and random groups in a 2×2 design. Animals received diets containing the minimum daily requirement (MDR) for vitamin B6 or diets containing 100MDR. Body weights and food intake were recorded. One MDR group and one 100MDR group were trained to climb a rotating drum treadmill for nine 10-sec bursts with no attached weights (wk 1), tailweights equal to 5% body weight (wk 2), 10% body weight (wk 3) and 15% body weight (wk 4). Upon completion of the training program, animals were anesthetized and the right leg gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were isolated and electrically stimulated. Muscle contractile values were recorded. Animals were sacrificed and the left leg gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles removed. Muscle wet and dry weights were obtained. Results indicated that animals receiving 100MDR tended to eat less food and gain less weight than the MDR rats. Rats receiving 100MDR had significantly lower muscle wet and dry weights with the 100MDR/exercise group having the lowest muscle weights. Rats in the exercise groups had significantly greater muscle contractile values for most measurements. Rats in the 100MDR groups had somewhat decreased total muscle developed force values (p
Reduction of cytochrome aa3 measured by near-infrared spectroscopy predicts cerebral energy loss in hypoxic piglets.

Reduction of Cytochrome aa 3 Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Predicts Cerebral Energy Loss in Hypoxic Piglets
Critical states in 2D disk-shaped type-II superconductors in periodic external magnetic field

Abstract Following the procedure of Mikheenko and Kuzovlev, we present analytical solutions of field and current patterns in thin film disk-shaped type-II superconductors in perpendicular time-varying periodic external magnetic fields. We also calculate the magnetic moment and effective susceptibility. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the critical state model assuming a constant critical current. Our results are compared to that of Mikheenko and Kuzovlev; and we discuss the discrepancies.
Isolation and structure of mitochondria from Ascaris lumbricoides muscle.

Abstract As observed in the electron microscope, particles with an approximate diameter of 0.33 μ were localized predominantly in the central cytoplasmic region of muscle cells from Ascaris lumbricoides var. suis . They also occurred in lesser frequency between bundles of intracellular contractile elements. The presence of tubular cristae which probably originate at the limiting membrane indicates that the particles are mitochondria. Cristae extended only short distances into the matrix and then usually changed their direction in another plane. The presence of lamellar cristae and double outer membranes as described in higher organisms was not observed. In a variety of attempts to obtain the mitochondrial particles of Ascaris muscle in cell-free preparations, it was found that morphological changes were minimal only when dialyzed perienteric fluid was used during the preparative procedure. These particles uniformly contained only few internal tubules and were similar in this respect to particles in situ . It is suggested that the small number of cristae may be related to the essentially anaerobic type of metabolism characteristic for Ascaris.
A Broadband Wave Division Multiplexed (WDM) Local Area Network for Military Aircraft Using Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Components

The US Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) has recognized the need to rapidly test and evaluate (T&E) Generation II commercial, fiber optic and photonic components for use in harsh, military aerospace environments. This paper describes the Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Fiber-Optic Network (FON) demonstration program for the Navy EA-6B aircraft. The EA-6B Integrated Program Team is designing, developing and flight-testing a broadband fiber-optic Local Area Network (LAN) using ruggedized commercial WDM components and single mode cables and connectors. This WDM fiber optic backbone will be the first test demonstration of a network capable of simultaneously transferring both multi-protocol digital information and broadband radio frequency (RF) analog signals. Flight-testing of the digital portion of the system will take place on the EA-6B Tactical Electronic Attack aircraft with the support of NAVAIR at Patuxent River, MD. RF performance testing will take place at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Pt. Mugu California EA-6B Weapon System Support Laboratory. The first phase of this program [Flight Testing Optical Communication Using Open Standards (FOCUS) Phase I] demonstrated the survivability of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) fiber-optic single mode and multi-mode network hardware technology (cables, connectors, transmitters, receivers, encoders, decoders, and test equipment) on the EA-6B aircraft. The objective of the second phase of this program (FOCUS Phase II) is to design, develop, test and demonstrate, in the laboratory a (WDM ) network capable of simultaneously transmitting ultra wideband Radio Frequency (RF) analog signals as well as digital transmission protocols including Ethernet (10baseT), MIL-STD-1553, and ARINC-429 (et. al.) over a single fiber cable. The WDM FON system will then be installed and tested in the EA-6B aircraft. This paper will describe the backbone network design, which includes the network topology, test results on the proposed COTS components (lasers, couplers, add/drops, receivers etc.), and bandwidth allocation on the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) grid. Packaging of the COTS components to survive the extremely harsh military aircraft environment is also described.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest Using High-Dose Epinephrine

To the Editor. — We read with interest the recent article entitled "Successful Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest Using High-Dose Epinephrine Therapy."1 We agree with the authors' recommendation that further investigation be conducted to determine the optimal dosing of epinephrine in treating patients with cardiac arrest. However, we disagree that their patients "failed to respond" to conventional epinephrine therapy. Patient 1 was in ventricular fibrillation (VF) when given her first 1-mg intravenous dose of epinephrine ten minutes after arrest. Defibrillation did not change the rhythm. Following administration of lidocaine, the patient developed asystole. At 13 minutes after arrest, another 1-mg intravenous epinephrine dose was administered, and junctional bradycardia as well as spontaneous respiratory movements were noted. There were no palpable pulses, and the rhythm deteriorated into VF. On two subsequent occasions, epinephrine (in 5-mg intravenous doses) apparently facilitated defibrillation to bradycardic junctional rhythm—the first time deteriorating into VF and the second
Tumor invasion and metastasis.

A metastatic colony is the end result of a complicated series of tumor—host interactions.1,2 Potential mechanisms underlying this complex process are outlined in Table I. In this regard, primary tumor initiation and promotion are followed by the transition from in situ to locally invasive cancer and angiogenesis.3–6 Newly formed tumor vessels are often defective and easily invaded by tumor cells within the primary mass. At the invasion front, tumor cells also invade pre-established host blood vessels. Tumor cells are discharged into the venous drainage in single cell form and in clumps. For rapidly growing tumors 1 cm in size, millions of tumor cells can be shed into the circulation every day. Fortunately for the patient, only a very small percentage (< .01%) of circulating tumor cells initiate metastatic colonies. Tumors generally lack a well-formed lymphatic network. Therefore, communication of tumor cells with lymphatic channels occurs only at the tumor periphery and not within the tumor mass. Tumor cells entering the lymphatic drainage are carried to regional lymph nodes where they arrest in the subcapsular sinus. Within 10–60 min after initial arrest in the lymph node, a significant fraction of the tumor cells detach and enter the efferent lymphatics. These tumor cells eventually end up in the regional or systemic venous drainage due to the existence of numerous lymphatic—hematogenous communications. Thus, the regional lymph node does not function as a true mechanical barrier to tumor dissemination. Lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination occurs in parallel (see also Chapter 28).
Altered hepatic microsomal function and elevated protooncogene expression as residual effects in rats exposed to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract The microsomal activation of the potent hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and the expression of selected protooncogenes were investigated in the livers of rats exposed to Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). At equimolar levels of cytochrome P-450, the microsome-mediated binding of AFB 1 to DNA was significantly lower (56% of the controls) in preparations from drug exposed rats. Hepatic expression of the c-k-ras protooncogene was 3-fold higher in THC exposed animals. These results suggest the possible occurrence of long lasting residual effects in the rats exposed to THC.
Added Ammonia or Microbial Inocula for Fermentation and Nitrogenous Compounds of Alfalfa Ensiled at Various Percents of Dry Matter

Abstract Laboratory bag silos were used to assess additions of microbial inocula and ammonia on fermentation of alfalfa silage. In Experiment 1, 500 and 1000 g microbial inocula per 1000 kg and .7 to 1.2% ammonia added to alfalfa forage increased lactic acid. Water soluble carbohydrates and pH were lower for treated than for control silages 50 days after ensiling. In Experiment 2, microbial inocula and ammonia were added to alfalfa wilted to 30, 40, 50, and 60% dry matter and allowed to ensile for 0, 3, 7, and 21 days. Addition of ammonia increased lactic acid at all dry matters and inhibited proteolysis as indicated by increased insoluble nitrogen and decreased free amino acids. Microbial inocula also increased lactic acid at all dry matters, but final pH of inocula-treated silage was lower than the control only at 50 and 60% dry matter.
Applications of the Ogilvie-Tuck Formulae to Ship Hydrodynamics

The work of Ogilvie and Tuck [1] was critical in extending strip theory to problems with forward speed. Salvesen et al. [2] used some of those findings in their classical work to determine the hydrodynamic coefficients in five degrees-of-freedom. Other methods have also utilized the formulae with success. The original derivation makes several assumptions about the hull shape and the steady flow around it. In practice, these assumptions do not hold exactly. Other simplifications are usually made, i.e. the mean ship speed is used instead of the actual steady flow around the hull. These may violate the original assumptions, but the results are generally satisfactory. The truly elegant aspect of the Ogilvie-Tuck hydrodynamic coefficients is that they can be calculated from zero-speed results. This is a product of the approach, assumptions, and mathematics done in Appendix A of the original work [1] to derive the Ogilvie-Tuck theorem, also called Tuck’s theorem by many authors. The Ogilvie-Tuck formulae include the hydrodynamic coefficients, expressions of the mj terms, and the Ogilvie-Tuck theorem. This paper discusses the original derivation and several practical applications, including those where the assumptions may be violated. Several qualitative or quantitative statements can be made about the errors introduced by simplifications. Some computational results are presented to emphasize the significance in practical use.Copyright © 2010 by ASME