cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causality and Causal Laws in Kant: A Critique of Michael Friedman

The questions of just what the Second Analogy purports to show and its role in both Kant’s overall theory of experience and his philosophy of science remain matters of some controversy. At the heart of the controversy is the problem of the connection between the transcendental principle of causality and particular causal laws known through experience. Although Kant consistently denies that ordinary empirical laws can be derived from the transcendental principles alone, he is less clear on the precise relationship between them. On the one hand, he characterizes empirical laws as “special determinations of still higher laws,” the highest of which stem from the understanding itself (Al26).1 This suggests a relatively straightforward picture according to which the principles or transcendental laws of themselves guarantee the empirical lawfulness of nature. Experience is required to arrive at particular laws, but the general principle of the empirical lawfulness of nature is sufficiently guaranteed by the transcendental principles. On the other hand, in the Appendix to the Dialectic of the first Critique and the two versions of the Introduction to the third Critique Kant seems to suggest a more complex story. According to this story, not only the unifiability of particular laws into theories, but also the nomological status of particular uniformities
Known and Potential High Performance Computing Applications in Computer Graphics and Visualization

This paper describes past, current, and future applications in computer graphics and scientific visualization which utilize high performance computers. First, a historical perspective will be presented which gives a flavor, though not an all inclusive listing, for computer graphics and visualization implementations for high performance computers. Next, the current state of the field is described. Finally, some observations about applications for computer graphics and visualization in high performance computing are presented. One thing to note is the variety of applications which have differing emphasis in terms of algorithmic development. Computer rendering algorithms which produce photorealistic images may take from minutes to hours to render an image but the goal is producing a high degree of realism as fast as possible. Whereas, scientific visualization algorithms typically strive for real-time rendering of images often sacrificing image quality for rendering speed (i.e. gouraud shading vs ray-tracing). Obviously, this leads to a dichotomy for these two differing application areas. One needs to be cognizant of the underlying goals for a particular algorithm when comparing implementations.
Pathways to Prison: Life Histories of Former Clients of the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems

This study examines the relationship between child maltreatment and future offending from the viewpoint of former clients. Imprisoned adults describe their experiences in child welfare and juvenile justice system services. Specifically, those placed out of the home originally into the child welfare system have a different perspective on their path to prison than those placed into the juvenile justice system as delinquents. The study contributes to the literature by examining the relationship between the services children receive in the child welfare system as well as the juvenile justice system and their imprisonment as adults from a former service recipient's point of view
The Purposes of Privacy: A Response

In this essay, Jeffrey Rosen responds to eight articles about his recent book, The Unwanted Gaze, published as part of a special symposium issue of the Georgetown Law Journal. The eight contributors to the symposium were Professors Anita Allen, Julie Cohen, Rosa Ehrenreich, Lawrence Lessig, Sanford Levinson, Robert Post, Jed Rubenfeld and Nadine Strossen. Rosen defends his argument that privacy protects against the dangers of being judged out of context, insisting that invasions of privacy can lead to social misinterpretations that constitute an injury distinct from injuries to dignity or autonomy. He expands on his claim that some of the indignities currently defined as gender discrimination under sexual harassment law are better conceived as invasions of privacy, and he explores the distinction between offenses against honor and offenses against dignity. Finally, he discusses the tensions between privacy and free speech, insisting that the most appropriate remedies for social misunderstanding are often social rather than legal.
Disrupting the Pipeline: Critical Analyses of Student Pathways through Postsecondary STEM Education.

Critical mixed methods approaches allow us to reflect upon the ways in which we collect, measure, interpret, and analyze data, providing novel alternatives for quantitative analysis. For institutional researchers, whose work influences institutional policies, programs, and practices, the approach has the transformative ability to expose and create space for altering rather than reproducing problematic institutional stratifications and inequities. The usefulness of this approach is illustrated here using examples from a critical mixed methods study of student pathways through postsecondary STEM education.
The Key to Successful Independence: State-Funded Post-Secondary Educational Assistance for Emancipated Foster Youth

The troubled status of youth leaving foster care in America is well documented. Despite the state’s responsibility to prepare foster youth for adulthood, statistics suggest that many emancipated youth are not able to be self-sufficient in the "real world." This article explores the relationship between higher education and independence, as well as the barriers facing foster youth who wish to attend post-secondary academic or vocational training programs. Central to this inquiry is an examination of state funding of such programs for youth after they emancipate from foster care, with a comparison to court-ordered funding for children of divorce. The article proposes state implementation of Former Foster Youth Educational Assistance Programs designed to provide grants and tuition waivers to public colleges, universities, and vocational training programs for former foster youth.
Defective lysosomal degradation of immune complexes drives activation of cytosolic sensors in lupus-prone mice. (BA4P.210)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by heightened production of autoantibodies to nuclear antigen resulting in immune complex (IC) formation. While the loss of tolerance in SLE has been connected with the formation of ICs, little is known about the mechanism of immune dysregulation. Recently, we found that low levels of ICs are displayed via FcγRs on dendritic cells, macrophages (MFs) and B cells from C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, cells from lupus-prone (MRL/ lpr ) mice show a 30-50-fold increase in surface bound ICs. We’ve demonstrated that MRL/ lpr MFs fail to properly mature their lysosomes following phagocytosis of ICs, causing them to be recycled back to the cell surface 48-72 hours later. Impaired lysosomal degradation has been demonstrated to form frustrated phagosomes, which can leak vesicular cargo into the cytosol. Internalized ICs contain both nuclear antigen and IgG, both of which can bind to intracellular sensors. Here we demonstrate that impaired lysosomal degradation in MRL/ lpr MFs results in dsDNA from ICs activating the cytosolic sensors Aim2 and IFI204. In addition, the IgG activates the cytosolic sensor TRIM21. The combined activation of these cytosolic sensors leads to increased cell death from pyroptosis and the secretion of the IFNα. Overall, we have defined a novel defect associated with SLE where the inability to degrade ICs drives the activation of cytosolic sensors that contribute to SLE related pathologies.
Proton states in 85 Y

The $^{84}\mathrm{Sr}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, d)^{85}\mathrm{Y}$ reaction has been studied at a bombarding energy of 18 MeV to extend the systematics of proton states in the odd-$A$ yttrium nuclei. Thirty-seven states in the previously uninvestigated $_{39}^{85}\mathrm{Y}_{46}$ were observed. A distorted-wave analysis was used to determine $l$ values and spectroscopic strengths. The ground state of $^{85}\mathrm{Y}$ is assigned ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=\frac{1}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and the first excited state (at 20 keV) $\frac{9}{{2}^{+}}$. The results are compared with previous ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $d$) reaction studies on $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ and $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$.
Cryptococcal Meningitis Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in an Immunocompetent Soldier

ABSTRACT Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that commonly causes disease in individuals in the setting of immunocompromised states. It is rarely reported in immunocompetent patients in the literature. Highlight of a Report: An active duty service member with no significant medical history presented with persistent headache, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and nocturnal fevers for 2 months. The patient was admitted to the hospital where a lumbar puncture was performed showing an elevated white blood cell count, low glucose, and elevated protein. Subsequent cerebral spinal fluid analysis yielded cryptococcal antigen latex screen and culture which speciated C. neoformans. The patient received fluconazole and flucytosine, and completed a 10-week course to result in a full recovery. Conclusion: C. neoformans is found throughout the world in soil contaminated with bird droppings and usually causes infection and disease in individuals who are immunosuppressed. Rare case reports exist whe...
Judicial Ideology and the Selection of Disputes for U.S. Supreme Court Adjudication

In political science, the well-known “attitudinal model” of legal decision making dictates that judges' sincere policy preferences drive legal outcomes. In contrast, the celebrated “selection hypothesis” from the law and economics literature suggests that litigants carefully consider factors affecting potential case success (including judicial ideology) and accordingly choose, in the name of efficiency, to settle or not pursue cases in which legal outcomes can be readily predicted. Thus, judges end up adjudicating a nonrandom set of cases that, in the typical situation, should not lend themselves to ideological judicial decision making. From this perspective, the influence of Supreme Court justices' ideological preferences on outcomes could be obviated by the forward-thinking decisions of mindful litigants. We are left with two dominant theories on jurisprudential outcomes that appear to be at odds with each other. We endeavor to address this situation by incorporating litigation case sorting considerations into a basic attitudinal account of Supreme Court justice decision making in environmental cases. Our primary thesis is that the influence of judicial ideology on legal outcomes is conditioned on case sorting decisions (by both litigants and justices) that precede the justices' voting decisions on the merits. We augment our assessment of this thesis by evaluating our basic model on a subset of cases involving the Court's most formidable litigator—the federal government. We find that in both scenarios, the influence of justices' attitudes on their merits voting is indeed conditioned on case sorting. We conclude that the effect of justices' attitudes on Supreme Court policy making likely works in both direct and indirect ways in that their known ideological proclivities may lead to the strategic sorting of cases for Supreme Court adjudication.
Gaussian beam as a bundle of complex rays

It is observed that the function G(P)=eikr/r, where r is the distance from the observation point P to a fixed point having a complex location, represents the field of a Gaussian beam. This can be used to justify, without further computation, the application of formulas of ordinary optics to the transformation of beams through optical systems. It can also be used to solve very simply some problems of diffraction and scattering of Gaussian beams.
Legible user input for intent prediction

In assistive teleoperation, the robot provides assistance by predicting the user's intent. Prior work has focused on improving prediction by adapting it to the user's behavior. In this work, we investigate adaptation in the opposite direction: training the user's behavior to the prediction. Results from our user study suggest that users can significantly improve the performance of a simple static predictor after brief exposure to its behavior. In addition, we find this improvement to be more significant when the cognitive load of teleoperation is reduced.
Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification.

Abstract Background Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification (ISC) is an uncommon condition of calcium deposition at the level of the sclera and choroid of the posterior pole. With normal acuity and visual field, it typically manifests in asymptomatic older males. It can be diagnosed on clinical grounds, appearing as multiple geographic, yellowish, placoid-like lesions in the sclera and choroid, commonly found in the super-otemporal arcade of the midperipheral fundus in both eyes. Ocular ultrasound and fluorescein angiography have classic results. Case Report An 85-year-old white man came to us for routine examination. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 O.D. and O.S. Dilated fundus examination revealed several midperipheral yellowish-white deposits with retinal pigment epithelium hyperpigmentation temporally in each eye. Ocular ultrasound revealed high reflectivity consistent with calcium. The lesions demonstrated mild hyperfluorescence in the late phase of fluorescein angiography. Laboratory testing was void of abnormal calcium or phosphorous metabolism, and a diagnosis of ISC was made. Conclusion Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification is a benign lesion of calcium deposition in the posterior pole, often discovered on routine examination. Although it is idiopathic, systemic evaluation is warranted to rule out dystrophic or metastatic calcification by various pathological conditions associated with abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism— most notably, hyperparathyroidism. Differential diagnoses include choroidal osteoma, melanoma, and metastatic carcinoma.
Fish interactions with the sediment-water interface

In two mesocosm experiments of cross-classified design, using sixteen 900-liter containers, we measured how benthivorous, omnivorous, and planktivorous fish interact with the sediment—water interface to influence planktonic and benthic production. Experiment 1 used three fish treatments (Ictalurus punctatus, Notemigonus crysoleucas, Lepomis macrochirus) and a fishless control in the presence or absence of a natural pond sediment layer. The benthivorous Ictalurus enhanced turbidity but had no effects on dissolved oxygen, diel changes in dissolved oxygen, pH, or nutrient concentrations. All parameters measured were unaffected by the planktivorous Notemigonus. Experiment 2 compared Ictalurus nebulosus with those of other benthivorous (Cyprinus carpio) and omnivorous (Dorosoma cepedianum) fish, again in the presence or absence of a sediment layer but at a higher stocking density than experiment 1. In the second experiment, Dorosoma enhanced dissolved oxygen levels but had no effect on turbidity while Cyprinus and Ictalurus enhanced turbidity but suppressed dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen concentrations in sediment tubs were enhanced by Cyprinus and Ictalurus but nitrogen concentrations in sediment-free tubs were enhanced by Dorosoma. This would suggest that the benthivores affected nutrient levels through resuspension of sediments while omnivores affected nutrient levels through physiological processes.
Current status of prevention, diagnosis, and management of coronary artery disease in patients with kidney failure.

Abstract Background Patients with kidney failure have a heavy burden of coronary artery disease. The results of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures developed in nonuremic populations cannot automatically be extrapolated to this unique group of patients. Methods and Results Articles were reviewed if they contained English language text or an abstract identified by MEDLINE search from 1980 to 1999, supplemented by manual review of bibliographies of published articles and abstract issues of national cardiology meetings, studies on diagnostic techniques, risk modification measures, pharmacologic agents, and coronary revascularization procedures in patients with uremia. Descriptive and quantitative data as appropriate were extracted. Lipid-lowering agents may be safely administered to uremic patients. Direct evidence of lipid lowering in this population is not available and is not likely to be forthcoming. Erythropoietin therapy is effective in reversing the cardiovascular perturbations of uremic anemia, but an approach of normalizing the hematocrit cannot be recommended. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors used in acute coronary syndromes require downward dose adjustment or are contraindicated. Thrombolytic agents are underutilized in the management of myocardial infarction. Noninvasive testing is less accurate than in nonuremic populations. Coronary revascularization offers relative clinical advantages over medical therapy similar to non–kidney failure populations, even though the results in uremic patients is significantly less favorable than for nonuremic patients. Stenting is the preferred revascularization approach, and conventional balloon percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty the least favorable. Conclusions Many but not all of the benefits of therapies developed in nonuremic patients extend to patients with kidney failure. Physicians should be familiar with the advantages and limitations of each of these modalities in this population. (Am Heart J 2000;139:1000-8.)
Comparative sequence analysis of full-length genome of FIPV at different tissue passage levels

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), an alpha Coronavirus, is the causative agent of a fatal immune mediated disease in cats. It is currently unclear if this virus circulates in the field or develops in felines that are infected with Feline enteric coronavirus. To better understand the genomic changes associated with viral adaptation, we sequenced the complete genomes of FIPV WSU 79-1146 at different tissue passage levels: passage 1, passage 8, and passage 50 tissue culture. Twenty-one amino acid differences were observed in the polyprotein 1a/ab between the different passages. Only one residue change was observed in the spike glycoprotein, which reverted back on subsequent passages, four changes were observed in the 3c protein, and one change was observed in each 3a, small membrane, nucleocapsid and 7a proteins. The mutation rate was calculated to be 5.08–6.3 × 10−6 nucleotides/site/passage in tissue culture suggesting a relatively stable virus. Our data show that FIPV has a low mutation rate as it is passed in cell culture but has the capacity for change specifically in nsp 2, 3c, and 7b as it is passed in cell culture.
Quantum-well states and magnetic coupling between ferromagnets through a noble-metal layer.

Using inverse photoemission and photoemission we find that the bulk bands become discretized in highly perfect layer structures, such as Cu on fcc Co(100), Cu on fcc Fe(100), Ag on bcc Fe(100), Au on bcc Fe (100), fcc Co on Cu(100), and bcc Fe on Au(100). The electronic structure is analyzed in the framework of quantum-well states consisting of bulk Bloch functions modulated by an envelope function. The wavelength of the envelope function is determined from the \ensuremath{\lambda}/2 interferometer fringes produced by the periodic appearance of quantum-well states with increasing film thickness. Using k conservation, one obtains an absolute measurement of the band dispersion for the s,p bands of Fe, Cu, Ag, and Au. Quantum-well states at the Fermi level are found to be closely connected with oscillatory magnetic coupling in superlattices. They are spin polarized, even in noble metals, due to the spin-dependent band structure of the confining ferromagnet. The oscillation period is half the wavelength of the envelope function. The corresponding wave vector is given by the Fermi wave vector and by the wave vector of the nearest s,p band edge via 2(${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{edge}}$-${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$). This turns out to be equivalent to Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida theory.
The proliferation inhibitory proteins p27Kip1 and retinoblastoma are involved in the control of equine lymphocyte proliferation

Observations in early equine pregnancy clearly reveal maternal immune recognition of and response to the presence of the conceptus. Nevertheless, both maternal cellular and humoral responses appear ineffective in destroying the developing placenta and fetus in early pregnancy. Our previous studies had shown that the pre-conditioned medium generated from the culture of equine invasive trophoblast inhibited mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and the expression of cytokine messenger RNA in vitro. Those findings also suggested that lymphocytes might have been halted in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. To characterize the cell cycle and the intracellular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, equine peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in fresh medium, or in medium pre-conditioned through cell culture of invasive trophoblast cells or fetal fibroblasts. Two-color flow cytometric analysis for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation by stimulated lymphocytes, and concomitant DNA staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD), indicated that a greater proportion of lymphocytes were found in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle when cultured in the invasive trophoblast cell pre-conditioned medium compared to controls. Analysis using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) fluorescence intensity demonstrated that lymphocytes cultured in the presence of invasive trophoblast cell pre-conditioned medium had fewer cells going through division, but that those fewer cells sustained similar numbers of cell divisions as in control cultures. Hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein expression was increased and p27Kip1 expression was maintained at higher levels in lymphocytes cultured in invasive trophoblast pre-conditioned medium compared to fresh medium. In agreement with these data, flow cytometric measurement of the Ki-67 protein expression in lymphocytes cultured in invasive trophoblast pre-conditioned medium was lower in comparison to controls. These findings suggest that the equine lymphocyte proliferation is at least partially regulated by the expression of proliferation inhibitory proteins such as p27Kip1 and hypophosphorylated Rb. These proteins seem to be important regulators of cell cycle transition between G1 and S phase in equine lymphocytes.
The end of what modernity

When I went to college in the late 1940s, we learned about the virtues and the realities of being modern. Today, almost a half-century later, we are being told of the virtues and the realities of being post-modern. What happened to modernity that it is no longer our salvation, but has become instead our demon? Is it the same modernity of which we were speaking then and are speaking now? Of which modernity are we at an end?
On estimating contributions of basin ejecta to regolith deposits at lunar sites

We have developed a quantitative model for predicting characteristics of ejecta deposits that result from basin-sized cratering events. This model is based on impact crater scaling equations (Housen, Schmitt, and Holsapple 1983; Holsapple 1993) and the concept of ballistic sedimentation (Oberbeck 1975), and takes into account the size distribution of the individual fragments ejected from the primary crater. Using the model, we can estimate, for an area centered at the chosen location of interest, the average distribution of thicknesses of basin ejecta deposits within the area and the fraction of primary ejecta contained within the deposits. Model estimates of ejecta deposit thicknesses are calibrated using those of the Orientale Basin (Moore, Hodges, and Scott 1974) and of the Ries Basin (Horz, Ostertag, and Rainey 1983). Observed densities of secondary craters surrounding the Imbrium and Orientale Basins are much lower than the modeled densities. Similarly, crater counts for part of the northern half of the Copernicus secondary cratering field are much lower than the model predicts, and variation in crater densities with distance from Copernicus is less than expected. These results suggest that mutual obliteration erases essentially all secondary craters associated with the debris surge that arises from the impacting primary fragments during ballistic sedimentation; if so, a process other than ballistic sedimentation is needed to produce observable secondary craters. Regardless, our ejecta deposit model can be useful for suggesting provenances of sampled lunar materials, providing information complementary to photogeological and remote sensing interpretations, and as a tool for planning rover traverses (e.g., Haskin et al. 1995, 2002).
Adolescent Religiosity and Psychosocial Functioning: Investigating the Roles of Religious Tradition, National-Ethnic Group, and Gender

This study utilized data from over 9,300 youth from 11 national or within-nation ethnic groups to evaluate the relationship between youth religiosity and youth social outcomes (social initiative, antisocial behavior) and psychological outcomes (self-esteem and depression) considering the roles of religious tradition, national-ethnic group, and gender. We created national-ethnic group by religious tradition (NEG × RT) combinations, partitioned religiosity into between-group and within-group components, and performed a series of mixed model regressions for each outcome. The levels of all four outcomes of interest differed significantly across NEG × RT groups, and these differences were attributable to national-ethnic group rather than religious tradition. Youth reports of antisocial behavior and self-esteem were predicted by between-group religiosity. Additionally, within-group religiosity predicted all four outcomes, indicating that the protective role of religiosity functions in a comparative, or relative, manner with youth who are more religious than others in their group reaping the most benefits.
Inner-Shell Vacancy Production in Ion-Atom Collisions

Theoretical and experimental work relevant to the creation of atomic inner-shell vacancies in collisions of ions and atoms is reviewed. The experimental data on total excitation cross sections and electron and x-ray emission spectra are discussed in some detail. Energy loss data from inelastic scattering experiments involving heavy ions are also reviewed. An attempt is made to relate the different kinds of data to one another and to the available theoretical models. Excitation by the light ions (protons, alpha particles) has been well described theoretically in terms of perturbation by an incident point charge. However, no comprehensive model yet exists for the case of incident heavier ions, although the heavy-ion data for low collision velocities support an interpretation based on the formation of a transient quasimolecule. The literature has been reviewed to about April 1972.
Lights, camera, action: high-throughput plant phenotyping is ready for a close-up

Anticipated population growth, shifting demographics, and environmental variability over the next century are expected to threaten global food security. In the face of these challenges, crop yield for food and fuel must be maintained and improved using fewer input resources. In recent years, genetic tools for profiling crop germplasm has benefited from rapid advances in DNA sequencing, and now similar advances are needed to improve the throughput of plant phenotyping. We highlight recent developments in high-throughput plant phenotyping using robotic-assisted imaging platforms and computer vision-assisted analysis tools.
Giving a shout out to Seagram's gin: Extent of and attitudes towards brands in popular songs

Two exploratory studies were conducted regarding the extent of and attitudes towards brands in popular songs. A longitudinal analysis of 3476 top 10 songs from 1955 to 2002 reveals an increase in brand mentions over the five decades, with a noticeable spike beginning in 1995, and the dominance of automotive, alcohol, and fashion brands. A survey of consumers indicates that respondents perceive music placements less positively than film placements, yet not negatively overall. Furthermore, they consider hip-hop/rap as the most appropriate music genre for brand placement, followed by pop and country. Implications and directions for research on this under-studied area are provided.
Anxiety, Task-Experience, and Vocal-Style of Judges as Determinants of Performer Confidence:

Summary.-To examine the effect of umpiring vocal-manner on a performance-measure of confidence, 30 baseball players viewed a series of videotaped pitching-catching-umpiring sequences and rated confidence in their ability to hit each pitch. Matched sequences were presented under each of rwo controlled conditions: for Conventional, the umpire called "strikes" emphatically and "balls" in an indifferent manner; for Mod~fied, this vocal-manner was reversed. A single Conventional (or, Modifled) sequence embedded within a serles of contrasting sequences and a "bad" pirch (clearly out of the strike-zone) were included as tests of the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation. Results indicated : ( 1 ) Modified umpiring enhanced confidence; (2) this effect was most prominent among highly experienced players; (3) low-anxiety players showed higher confidence under both conditions; (4) Modified sequences embedded within a Conventional background elicited significantly greater confidence than the background sequences. In recent years, measures have been incorporated into baseball rules and procedures to offset shifts in the balance of pitching and hitting effectiveness. Lower pitching mounds, smaller surke zones, and a designated hitter to bat for the traditionally weak-hitting pitcher have been utilized to compensate for pitching dominance. Such changes have been concerned with fundamental modifications of the actual playing of the game, with little emphasis on the psychological effects of these proposals. It should, therefore, be useful to isolate alternative factors, such as psychomotor antecedents, which may also be capable of enhancing batting performance. Research which identifies and leads to the utilization of such faccors may then serve to strengchen the role of hitters, while maintaining the essential nature of the game.
Reversible inhibition of mammalian brain acetylcholinesterase and sodium potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase by cyclopropane

Abstract Membrane-bound and purified forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) derived from beef brain caudate nucleus tissue were inhibited reversibly by cyclopropane at low gas pressures (0.025 to 0.25 atm). Inhibition followed mixed kinetics which suggested interactions of the anesthetic gas with both active sites(s) and other sites on the enzyme molecule. At gas pressures of 1 atm and higher, cyclopropane inhibited membrane-bound and solubilized preparations of brain Na+-K+-ATPase without affecting Mg2+-ATPase activity. This inhibition was reversible, followed uncompetitive kinetics and was not due to pressure per se. AT32P-labeling experiments suggested that cyclopropane inhibited Na+-K+ATPase at or before the phosphorylation step in the enzyme reaction cycle.
Escape reaction performance of myelinated and non-myelinated calanoid copepods

Abstract Calanoid copepods from seven families in three superfamilies were exposed to a controlled near-field hydrodynamic stimulus and their escape reactions were recorded using high-speed videographic techniques. Copepod species have two distinct mechanisms for increasing conduction speed of neural signals: larger diameter nerve axons and insulated axons, i.e., myelination. Myelinated axons have been found in certain species of the more recently-evolved calanoid superfamilies. Copepod representatives from these superfamilies were expected to have shorter response latencies than species from more ancestral superfamilies due to the increased conduction speed of nerve impulses in myelinated neurons. Using frame-by-frame playback and computerized motion analysis techniques, response latency, jump speed, and acceleration were measured. Kinetic performance of copepods was highly variable, with mean escape speeds ranging between 100–250 mm s − 1 and accelerations of 9–230 m s − 2 . Minimum behavioral response latencies of 2 ms were recorded for both myelinated and non-myelinated calanoids. There was no significant difference between the response latencies of copepods from the myelinated and non-myelinated superfamilies. Furthermore, no relationships were found between copepod latency and size for either myelinated or non-myelinated species. Previous research may suggest that myelin may shorten the response latencies of certain calanoid species. However, our results show that non-myelinated copepods are also capable of responding rapidly, within as few as 2 ms, to hydrodynamic stimuli and produce similar kinetic performance to myelinated species. The main advantage of myelination over giant nerve axons is their more efficient transfer of nerve impulses resulting in a metabolic energy savings. Although this energetic reward would be important for copepods in food-limited environments, for coastal copepods, in food-rich habitats, either mechanism is a viable solution.
Understanding the workforce outcomes of education

This chapter examines the sources of workforce data available, describes workforce metrics currently in use and those considered to measure program effectiveness and justify program costs, and closes with a discussion of the challenges inherent in connecting education and workforce data.
TRPV4 in porcine lens epithelium regulates hemichannel-mediated ATP release and Na-K-ATPase activity

In several tissues, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are involved in the response to hyposmotic challenge. Here we report TRPV4 protein in porcine lens epithelium and show that TRPV4 activation is an important step in the response of the lens to hyposmotic stress. Hyposmotic solution (200 mosM) elicited ATP release from intact lenses and TRPV4 antagonists HC 067047 and RN 1734 prevented the release. In isosmotic solution, the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (GSK) elicited ATP release. When propidium iodide (PI) (MW 668) was present in the bathing medium, GSK and hyposmotic solution both increased PI entry into the epithelium of intact lenses. Increased PI uptake and ATP release in response to GSK and hyposmotic solution were abolished by a mixture of agents that block connexin and pannexin hemichannels, 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid and probenecid. Increased Na-K-ATPase activity occurred in the epithelium of lenses exposed to GSK and 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid + probenecid prevented the response. Hyposmotic solution caused activation of Src family kinase and increased Na-K-ATPase activity in the lens epithelium and TRPV4 antagonists prevented the response. Ionomycin, which is known to increase cytoplasmic calcium, elicited ATP release, the magnitude of which was no greater when lenses were exposed simultaneously to ionomycin and hyposmotic solution. Ionomycin-induced ATP release was significantly reduced in calcium-free medium. TRPV4-mediated calcium entry was examined in Fura-2-loaded cultured lens epithelium. Hyposmotic solution and GSK both increased cytoplasmic calcium that was prevented by TRPV4 antagonists. The cytoplasmic calcium rise in response to hyposmotic solution or GSK was abolished when calcium was removed from the bathing solution. The findings are consistent with hyposmotic shock-induced TRPV4 channel activation which triggers hemichannel-mediated ATP release. The results point to TRPV4-mediated calcium entry that causes a cytoplasmic calcium increase which is an essential early step in the mechanism used by the lens to sense and respond to hyposmotic stress.
Mobile digital communications via tone calibration

A new digital signaling technique that is particularly suited for channels impaired by multipath fading is presented. The proposed modulation scheme employs a continuous-wave (CW) tone to calibrate the mobile channel against the multipath-induced phase uncertainties. This technique is applicable to quaternary phase shift keying as well as to more complicated signal constellations such as M-ary phase shift keyed schemes. The advantages of tone calibration are: 1) robustness of the receiver and 2) elimination of the link dependent error floor. Furthermore, since the CW tone can also be used for coherent signal demodulation, carrier phase acquisition can be achieved within a bit time. This property is particularly attractive when a burst of data with a short burst length has to be detected. This radio technique is useful for both the terrestrial mobile and the newer satellite-aided mobile communication (SAMC) services.
Frequency of HLA-DP-specific antibodies and a possible new cross-reacting group

Clinical studies have demonstrated that HLA-DP-specific antibodies can be detrimental to a transplanted kidney. The number of patients affected is proportional to the frequency of DP antibodies. We determined the frequency of HLA-DP-specific antibodies en toto and in the absence of cross-reactive DR antibodies. Of 650 waitlisted renal patients, 271 (42%) were reactive with HLA-DP antigens in solid-phase immunoassays. Of these 271 sera, 58 (21%) were negative for reactivity with cross-reactive DR antigens, and 16 (5.9%) had no class II antibody other than DP. Eliminating sera containing DR cross-reactive antibodies reduced the frequency but not the overall strength of DP antibodies. Although most DP antibodies were not expected to yield a positive cytotoxicity crossmatch, 2 DP-specific antibodies yielded cytotoxic crossmatch tests with titers of >512. The occurrence of HLA-DP-specific antibody differed significantly between previously transplanted (62%) and nontransplanted (38%) patients, but no difference was observed among patients categorized by race or sex. One serum demonstrated strong cross-reactivity between DP and DRB1*01:03 in the absence of DR1 or DR11 reactivity. Sequence alignments were performed and a possible new cross-reactivity between DRB1*01:03 and DP2, DP9, DP10, DP13, DP16, and DP17 was defined. Two additional sera confirmed this cross-reactivity.
Modelling and forecasting reliability

Abstract Four (counter) examples are used to estblish the proposition that good forecasting requires a meaningful and proper model, particularly when forecasting into situations that differ greatly from those that characterize the data upon which the model estimates are based. It is also argued that, contrary to much current opinion, it is this latter activity that is the real art of forecasting. The central notion of a ‘meaningful and proper’ model is defined, and the process leading to its construction is examined.
Exponential lower bounds for finding Brouwer fixed points

Abstract The computation of Brouwer fixed points is a central tool in economic modeling. Although there have been several algorithms for computing a fixed point of a Brouwer map, starting with Scarf's algorithm of 1965, the question of worst-case complexity was not addressed. It has been conjectured that Scarf's algorithm has typical behavior that is polynomial in the dimension. Here we show that any algorithm for computing the Brouwer fixed point of a function based on function evaluations (a class that includes all known general purpose algorithms) must in the worst case perform a number of function evaluations that is exponential in both the number of digits of accuracy and the dimension. Our lower bounds are very close to the known upper bounds.
Strong Interactions and Associated Production

The concept of a hierarchy of strong interactions allows a number of possibilities for the particular inter-action Lagrangian. The production processes for LAMBDA K deg , EPSILON deg K deg , EPSILON -K/sup +/, and EPSILON +K/sup +/ from pi + N collisions were investigated in an attempt to reduce the possible choices. (W.D.M.)
Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of mollusk shells from marine and fresh-water environments

Results are given of a systematic survey of differences in the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen of modern mollusk shells from marine and continental environments. Marine shells analysed show a range of δC13 (relative to Chicago PDB standard) from +4.2 to −1.7 %., whereas the fresh-water mollusk shells have relatively C13-deficient carbon, in the range δC13 = −0.6 to −15.2. There is a similar difference in O18 content. Within the marine group, environmental sub-groups differ mainly in O18 content and the differences are consistent with the temperature dependence previously studied by other investigators. Within the fresh-water group, the most striking difference between sub-groups is in the C13 content of pelecypod shells from large lakes (δC13 = −2.4 to 6.0%.), and from rivers (δC13 = − 8.3 to −15.2 %.), a difference which is shown to be environment-controlled rather than speciescontrolled. The soft parts of pelecypods also show characteristic differences of carbon isotopic composition from marine to lacustrine to fluvial specimens. The ligament of pelecypods is found to consist partly of aragonite fibers which are isotopically different from shell carbonate. It is concluded that the carbon isotope ratio in mollusk shells is considerably influenced by the proportional amount of land-plant derived carbon included in the food of the mollusks or contributed by humus decay to dissolved bicarbonate in the water. It appears likely that the observed isotopic differences can be applied to the environmental study of fossils and sedimentary carbonate rocks, and to the source identification of shell artifacts of archaeological interest.
Solitary diverticular type V bile duct cyst

Bile duct cysts are a rare form of biliary disease characterized by single or multiple dilations anywhere along the biliary tree. Todani Type V bile duct cysts are intrahepatic and typically involve multiple fusiform dilations. We present the case of a neonate with an unusual prenatally identified solitary diverticular type V bile duct cyst that was evaluated, monitored, and subsequently resected with right lobectomy at the age of 6 months. The importance of imaging in diagnosis and approaches to management are discussed.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve: intraoperative study on the effect of stimulus parameters on the excitation site in man.

Magnetic stimulation (magStim) of the intracranial facial nerve is performed in clinical and research settings, but the activation site is a matter of controversy. Latencies of nasalis muscle responses to magStim were, therefore, compared with those obtained by direct electrical stimulation of the facial nerve (a) at the root exit zone (REZ); (b) at the porus of the facial canal; and (c) in the stylomastoid fossa during microvascular decompression operations in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Measurements of latencies of the nasalis muscle response, obtained while the stimulating coil was placed over the parieto-occipital area of the scalp, indicated that it was the labryinthine segment of the facial canal, 5 to 16 mm distal to the CPA, that was activated. This would be in agreement with studies of physical models reported in the literature that showed (a) the strength of the electrical current generated by a magnetic field is particularly high close to a nerve foramen; and (b) excitation to magStim is most likely to occur where the induced electrical field changes rapidly over distance, i.e., at anatomical boundaries between media of high and low specific resistance. These characteristics are found at the end of the labyrinthine segment of the facial canal, where the facial nerve leaves the low-resistance cerebrospinal fluid and enters the high-resistance petrous bone. The site of neural excitation is robust and unaffected by stimulus intensity and current direction within a wide range, or by large changes in location of the coil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Developmental study of ambiguity level in picture-story stimuli.

Summary Previous research has shown that moderate ambiguity of meaning in pictures composing a TAT-type series results in maximum productivity with adults. Ss, 5 and 12 years old, and of average and above-average intelligence, were used to study the relevance of ambiguity of picture design with children. Highly structured, high emotion pictures evoked greater response productivity from the older sample. By contrast, the younger children responded more productively to the ambiguous series of pictures. A structured positive affect picture elicited the least productive stories in both age groups when compared with negative affect and ambiguous stimuli.
Crystal structure, phase stability, and electronic structure of Ti-Al intermetallics: Ti3Al

The structural phase stability and electronic properties of the intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{TiAl}}_{3}$ are investigated with use of the self-consistent all-electron total-energy linear muffin-tin orbitals band-structure method within the local-density-functional approximation. The calculated equilibrium volumes have a Wigner-Seitz radius of 2.92 a.u. for the D${0}_{22}$ and D${0}_{19}$ structures, and 2.91 a.u. for the L${1}_{2}$ structure, showing the expected consistency in the volume among the different structures. The calculated value also agrees with experiment for the D${0}_{22}$ structure to within 2%. The calculated heats of formation are 0.42, 0.37, and 0.28 eV/atom for the D${0}_{22}$, L${1}_{2}$, and D${0}_{19}$ lattices, respectively. The D${0}_{22}$ structure is calculated to be the most stable phase, as observed experimentally. The calculated bulk moduli are 1.2, 1.5, and 1.1 Mbar for D${0}_{22}$, L${1}_{2}$, and D${0}_{19}$, respectively. Among the three structures, the density of states at the Fermi energy, N(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$), is lowest in D${0}_{22}$ and so is consistent with the inverse relation between N(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$) and stability found for other aluminum intermetallic compounds.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the evolution of abortion policy, 1951-1973: the politics of science.

The autonomy granted to physicians is based on the claim that their decisions are grounded in scientific principles. But a case study of the evolution of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ abortion policy between 1951 and 1973 shows that decisions were only secondarily determined by science. The principal determinant was the need to preserve physician autonomy over the organization and delivery of services. As a result, the organization representing physicians who specialized in women’s reproductive health was marginal to the struggle for legalized abortion. But, the profession was central to decisions about whether physicians would perform abortions and how they would be done. This case study finding has implications for understanding the role that organized medicine might take in the ongoing debates about national health policy.
Art Therapy, Profession or Idea? A Feminist Aesthetic Perspective

(2000). Art Therapy, Profession or Idea? A Feminist Aesthetic Perspective. Art Therapy: Vol. 17, Is art therapy a profession or an idea?, pp. 7-10.