cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging multiple structural scales with a generalized finite element method

Summary This paper presents a generalized FEM based on the solution of interdependent coarse-scale (global) and fine-scale (local) problems in order to resolve multiscale effects due to fine-scale heterogeneities. Overall structural behavior is captured by the global problem, while local problems focus on the resolution of fine-scale solution features in regions where material heterogeneities may govern the structural response. Fine-scale problems are accurately solved in parallel, and, to address the intrinsic coupling of scales, these solutions are embedded into the global solution space using a partition of unity approach. This method is demonstrated on representative heat transfer examples in order to examine its accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle: loss of functional activity of mitochondria.

Summary Mitochondria isolated from rat gastrocnemius muscles subjected to disuse atrophy displayed a marked loss of respiratory control at a very early stage in the wasting phenomenon. This abnormality was reversed by bovine serum albumin. It is postulated that the effect was caused by free fatty acids. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be of significance in the initiation of disuse atrophy.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RADIAL AND LONGITUDINAL ELECTRIC POLARITIES IN WOOD AND CORTEX OF THE DOUGLAS FIR.

Since it has been shown that the external polarity of the apex can be increased, decreased, inverted, or made equal to zero by an appropriate change in temperature, it becomes of importance to know how a temperature change affects the two different sets of E.M.F.s in the wood and cortex. The following experiments which bear upon these questions yield further confirmatory evidence for the existence of the two oppositely oriented E.M.F.s. They also point to the conclusion that when the temperature of the tree is changed, the pattern of the internal correlation potentials is changed. This result appears to depend fundamentally upon the general fact that equal change in temperature changes the E.M.F. unequally in different loci of the axis in polar tissues. An explanation of this unequal effect has already been presented (Lund 1, 2).
Theoretical prediction of the vibrational spectrum, geometry, and scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force field of phenylsilane, C6H5SiH3

Abstract The optimized geometry and the complete harmonic force field of phenylsilane were determined by using ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations and the 4–21 gaussian basis set. To remove the systematic deficiencies which arise from the use of a finite basis set and neglect of electron correlation and anharmonicity, a set of scaling factors previously optimized for toluene was applied to obtain the final scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force field. Frequencies calculated from the SQM force field of phenylsilane confirm most of the previous experimental assignments for the infrared and Raman spectra. There are, however, a number of interesting discrepancies which point to alternative band assignments. Theoretical infrared intensities reproduce the main features of the spectrum with sufficient accuracy to be helpful in the assignment.
An Investigation Into the Impact of the Performance Efficiency of PEM Fuel Cells From Coupling Channel Dimensions With Flow Configurations

Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells are receiving a great deal of attention due to their low-temperature characteristics and environmental friendliness. Significant research has been conducted towards understanding and perfecting these devices so as to realize their potential to produce power with maximum efficiency and minimum cost. While much work has been done to refine the electrochemical and mass transport models describing the physics of the cell in the vicinity of the catalyst and membrane layers, comparatively little attention has been paid to the fluid dynamics phenomena within the cell and how it impacts the efficiency and performance of the device. The purpose of this work is to combine a subset of previously reported results and determine whether they can be incorporated into a single PEM fuel cell to further increase the performance above and beyond the increase obtained by implementing them separately. Several three-dimensional models with varying channel shapes, relative flow directions, and operating conditions were developed. Various inlet flow distributions were imposed to evaluate the most efficient fuel cell configuration. Results show that there are only minor differences in the average current density of the fuel cell with changes in the channel cross-sectional shape. Moreover, there is little impact on performance with variations in the relative flow directions of the inlet gases. While only slight increases in fuel cell performance were observed with most mass flow rate distributions across the channels, alternating high and low mass flow rates in adjacent channels provided almost a 3% increase in average current density over a uniform profile.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The effects of hypobaric atmospheres on living cells in layers of thin media and implications for electron microscopy.

SUMMARY At present, the only possibility for improved resolution of intracellular movement appears to be electron microscopy using a hydration chamber (EMC) at reduced gas pressures with thinned medium around the cells. The environmental constraints of examining cells under such conditions were examined in the absence of ionizing radiation by using an EMC-analogue fitted to a light microscope. White blood cells and baby hamster kidney cells were examined. A 50% survival pressure value, for hypobaric atmospheres, was determined for these cells. Morphological changes of the hypobarically-exposed cells are described.
Multifunctional Non-Woven Carbon Nanopaper: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications

This paper presents a fundamental study of processing, morphologies, properties, and applications of a novel non-woven nanopaper based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Unique material formulations were developed to tailor the non-woven nanopaper to specific engineering applications. The non-woven nanopaper was made from a variety of nanomaterials (e.g. carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, nanoclay, nickel nanostrands, POSS, etc.) with tailored nanostructures by precisely controlling composition, dispersion, functionalization, orientation, porosity, and thickness during the vacuum infiltration, pressure infiltration, or spray/infiltration process. The polymer matrix was impregnated into the stacked nanopapers to form multi-layered laminated composites. Such non-woven nanopaper based composites were designed and fabricated to achieve high energy dissipation capability for vibrational damping, high thermal conductivity and thermal stability for fire retardancy, ultra-high electrical conductivity and current-carrying capacity for lightning strike protection, and electro-actuation of shape memory polymer composites.
The counteracting influences of increased female headship and decreased number of children on inequality in economic well-being by age: 1960 to 1980

This study uses 1960, 1970, and 1980 US Census data to investigate the effects of increased female headship and decreased number of children on economic well-being. The main findings are (1) while increases in female headship lowered economic well-being, decreases in number of children raised economic well-being so that these changes had counteracting effects, and (2) age inequality in economic well-being changed because family composition changes varied in intensity by age group.
Volume accommodation by distension of gastric fundus (rabbit) and gastric corpus (cat)

In attempts to identify the structures of the proximal stomach responsible for volume accommodation, the dimensions of a herbivore (rabbit) were compared to those of a carnivore (cat) stomach at various degrees of filling. The total gastric surface area was similar in both species, but the proximal stomach of cats consisted primarily of the segment between the incisura angularis and the cardia (gastric corpus), while the proximal stomach of the rabbit was represented largely by the true fundus (segment orad to cardia). In both species, the muscle coat of the proximal stomach was thinner than that of the distal stomach, but this difference was more prominent in rabbits than in cats. In both species, the length and the angulation of the lesser curvature were little affected by filling of the stomach. Most length increases of the greater curvature occurred proximal to the cardia in the rabbit and proximal to the incisura angularis in the cat. Filling the stomach increased the length of the gastric circumference more steeply in the cat than in the rabbit. In both species, the stomachs shortened in their longitudinal axis in response to a drug that excites gastric smooth muscle (carbachol). A drug that inhibits gastric smooth muscle (isoproterenol) gave the stomach a more elongated shape. Cat stomachs ruptured at higher volumes and intragastric pressures than rabbit stomachs. In the cat, volume accommodation takes place in the transverse axis of the stomach, and parallel to the circular muscle fibers of the gastric corpus. In the rabbit, volume unfolds the gastric fundus in the longitudinal and transverse axes in parallel to the radiating course of the oblique muscle fibers.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ATP-SENSITIVE POTASSIUM CHANNELS IN INTESTINAL, CHOLECYSTOKININ-SECRETING CELLS

In the present study, the electrophysiologic properties of ATP-sensitive potassium channels were evaluated in an intestinal, cholecystokinin-secreting cell line (STC-1). Channels were operative under basal conditions and, in cell-attached membrane patches, channel activity was decreased by glucose or disopyramide, agents which classically inhibit ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Channel activity was increased by the KATP channel opener, diazoxide. Intestinal ATP-sensitive potassium channels appear to behave in a similiar manner to those found in cardiac and pancreatic beta cells.
A neural net model for epilepsy.

Abstract A neural net model based in our previous studies with randomly interconnected neural nets is presented here capable of exhibiting epileptic features. These features can be explained in terms of the structural and dynamical properties of the model. In addition, apart from the fact that this model can imitate epileptic phenomena, it might also help to explain some poorly understood clinical phenomena from which general disturbances can produce focal seizures in the brain.
Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures

The three-dimensional culture of MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane results in formation of polarized, growth-arrested acini-like spheroids that recapitulate several aspects of glandular architecture in vivo. Oncogenes introduced into MCF-10A cells disrupt this morphogenetic process, and elicit distinct morphological phenotypes. Recent studies analyzing the mechanistic basis for phenotypic heterogeneity observed among different oncogenes (e.g., ErbB2, cyclin D1) have illustrated the utility of this three-dimensional culture system in modeling the biological activities of cancer genes, particularly with regard to their ability to disrupt epithelial architecture during the early aspects of carcinoma formation. Here we provide a collection of protocols to culture MCF-10A cells, to establish stable pools expressing a gene of interest via retroviral infection, as well as to grow and analyze MCF-10A cells in three-dimensional basement membrane culture.
Smoothing Criteria for Regularized Matrix Inversion of Bistatic Radar Echoes

In 2005, the planet Mars was illuminated 56 times for 20 min each by an unmodulated 75-cm wavelength circularly polarized wave transmitted from the SRI International 46-m antenna in the Stanford foothills. The direct signal and a Martian surface echo, separated by differential Doppler frequency shifts, were received simultaneously at the Mars Odyssey orbiter. The surface echoes exhibit both fluctuating amplitude and varying spectral width, which are responses to surface reflectivity and roughness variations along the surface track, described by a surface scattering function. We analyze the echo data using quasi-specular scattering theory and exploit high-resolution Mars orbiter laser altimeter topographic maps to model the scattering surface in 3-D at positions along the specular track of the echo, assuming a two-scale classical scattering model. We solve for a surface scattering function via regularized matrix inversion using the measured data and our surface scattering model. Optimizing the matrix inversion regularization over the course of each experiment requires consideration of the changing properties of the surface echoes caused by different viewing geometries. At one extreme the echoes appear as a strong narrowband signal, but on the other extreme the echo signals are weak and have a wide bandwidth. In this paper, we describe a scheme for determining a set of regularization constants that result in physically plausible scattering functions over the full range of echo types.
A KNOWLEDGE-ASSISTED APPROACH TO PARAMETERIZED REUSE

We describe a knowledge-based framework for software reuse based on parameterizing and instantiating a generic architecture. The reuse process consists of two phases: (1) an acquisition phase, which creates knowledge components representing problem classes, generic architectures, and the design process, followed by: (2) a synthesis phase, which reuses the knowledge components in instantiating a generic architecture for new applications. We illustrate the process using two case studies in two different domains. The distinguishing features of our approach include the use of both formal and informal representations and the use of knowledge to assist software designers in designing new systems. We present empirical evidence, based on the case studies to argue that the approach improves productivity and reliability.
Application of a Lightweight Engineering Tool: Lazy Parts Analysis and Redesign of a Remote Controlled Car

The objective of this study was to implement the Lazy Parts Indicator Method (LPIM) in the analysis of a remote control (RC) car to identify potential parts for mass reduction. In addition, an example of how the method can be used in conjunction with a part redesign process has been shown through topology optimization of an identified part. The LPIM, which was originally developed for the analysis of automobiles, serves as a set of guidelines for novice designers to identify components that have potential for mass reduction. By successfully using the method on a RC car, the method can be shown to be applicable on smaller scale. The analysis of the RC car consisted of using indicators to identify lazy parts, weighing of those parts, and estimation of mass reduction percentages. From this, it was estimated that approximately 5% of the vehicle’s weight could be reduced. Once the lazy analysis was completed on the car, a component with a high potential for mass reduction was selected for redesign. Topology optimization using ANSYS Mechanical was done to suggest a new design, which contained regions of material removal. After creating a redesigned part, a new mass was measured and used to validate the original mass reduction estimates from the LPIM. The new part design was also validated through physical experimentation in which the part was fabricated and tested. This paper outlines an entire process for lightweight design from start to finish, beginning with an identification of parts with mass reduction using the Lazy Parts Indicator Method.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The threshold shift paradigm of obesity: evidence from surgically induced weight loss

Background: The high prevalence of obesity has called attention to the near-intractable problem of sustained weight reduction and its underlying mechanisms. With diet-induced weight loss, achieved body weight is closely related to initial body weight. Objective: The objective was to compare the relation between initial and achieved body mass index (BMI) in patients treated with diet-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery. Design: We analyzed data from a cohort of 223 healthy individuals who lost a mean (6SD) of 5 6 3 kg body weight over 3 y by diet (diet group) and data from 182 obese individuals [BMI (in kg/m 2 ) $35] who had lost an average of 47 6 17 kg 1 y after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (a restrictive procedure; n = 71) or biliopancreatic diversion (a malabsorptive procedure; n = 111) (surgery group). Results: In the diet group, final BMI was strongly related to initial BMI (r =0 .96,P , 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, the decrease in BMI at 3 y was age independent and was predicted only by initial BMI and sex (both P , 0.0001). Strikingly, final BMI was also strongly related to initial BMI (r =0 .67,P , 0.0001) in the surgery group, irrespective of the type of operation. The surgically induced decrease in BMI was predicted by age (P = 0.0002) and initial BMI (P , 0.0001). In 110 surgery patients, serum leptin concentrations decreased from 39 6 16 to 10 6 5 ng/mL after surgery (P , 0.0001) and were correlated with BMI both before and after surgery, but the slope of the relation was significantly (P , 0.01) flatter after surgery. Conclusion: The strong predictivity of initial BMI for achieved BMI observed even when voluntary control of energy intake is interfered with through diverse anatomical rearrangements of the gastrointestinal tract supports the concept of a weight “threshold” paradigm: in the obese, anabolic responses are triggered by adiposityrelated signals ata higher threshold, which leads to defense of a higher body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:996‐1002.
Improving the Career Decisions of Deaf Seniors in Residential and Day High Schools

Career development interventions can have positive effects on the career decisions that deaf seniors make before graduating from high school. Interviews with 189 seniors from 16 residential and day high schools revealed their career decisions and their experiences with career development activities. School staff evaluated the seniors' career decisions, career decision-making skills, and probable post-high school placements. The results indicated that seniors who had vocational training were more knowledgeable about their vocational aptitudes than were seniors who had no vocational training. Seniors with vocational training were also more likely to have considered other careers prior to making career decisions. Seniors who had received career counseling were more knowledgeable than those who had not about the skills needed to enter their chosen careers and were more interested in their career choices. More importantly, the amount of interest in one's career choice was determined to be related to ratings of motivation, readiness, and prospects for completing the postsecondary placement. The implications of these results are discussed below for professionals in education and rehabilitation.
HYDRATION AND RHEOLOGY OF SOY‐FORTIFIED PREGELLED CORN FLOURS

The objective of this work was to prepare a soy-fortified corn dough having the same rheological properties as the unfortified material. Water sorption isotherms and hydration kinetics of pregelled corn-flour, corn-soy and starch powder systems were investigated. The effect of adding processed full-fat soy flour on hydration, reconstitution and rheological properties of dough systems were studied with Brabender Farinograph and Extensograph instruments. Soy flour imparted an undesirable plasticizing effect on pregelled corn doughs. Rheological properties of model dough systems were studied to solve this problem. Results indicated this effect could be reversed by the addition of pregelled tapioca starch as an elasticizing agent. A corn flour:soy flour:tapioca starch::60:30:10 mixture produced a dough with rheological properties similar to those of a corn flour dough.
Isolation of bacteriophage MX4, a generalized transducing phage for Myxococcus xanthus.

Abstract A new bacteriophage, MX4, was isolated from nature and tested for transduction in strains of Myxococcus xanthus. The phage shows a lytic cycle of growth in strain DZ1 with a latent period of 180 minutes at 35 °C and an average burst size of 75 phage per infected cell. The phage was found to adsorb to but not form plaques on wild-type strains of M. xanthus; it could form plaques on a subclass of host mutants which were isolated as spectinomycin-resistant clones. Auxotrophs were isolated in one of these strains, DZF6, using a new growth medium suitable for nutritional selections. The auxotrophs were transduced to prototrophy at a frequency of about 2 × 10−6 to 4 × 10−5 per plaque-forming unit. Transductions were also performed with several antibiotic resistance markers using a temperature-sensitive phage mutant and maintaining all incubations at 35 °C, the restrictive temperature. In this manner, rifampicin and streptolydigin resistances were co-transduced at frequencies of 88 to 100%. A mutant of phage MX4 was isolated which shows high transduction frequencies. At high multiplicities of infection, this mutant should permit generalized transduction of many unselected markers to recipient strains. For test markers, this frequency was as high as 1 in 200 to 1 in 1200 viable recipient cells. Further, a host range mutation (hrm-1) has been introduced into the phage mutant. Thus genetic analysis of developmental genes in wild-type strains of M. xanthus is now possible.
Patch testing to plants: Some practical aspects of what has become an esoteric area of contact dermatitis

Abstract Patch testing to plants has become more difficult because previous sources of antigens are no longer available. Reagents for a few plants can be obtained from European suppliers. Others can be found in the standard test tray, on the kitchen shelf, and in stores marketing essential oils, but testing for some individual plants may necessitate using plants in the yard or extracts from them. There are problems inherent in the use of noncommercial materials. The methodology and some of the problems are briefly presented.
Stroke Awareness Among Inpatient Nursing Staff at an Academic Medical Center

Background and Purpose—Because 10% of strokes occur in hospitalized patients, we sought to evaluate stroke knowledge and predictors of stroke knowledge among inpatient and emergency department nursing staff. Methods—Nursing staff completed an online stroke survey. The survey queried outcome expectations (the importance of rapid stroke identification), self-efficacy in recognizing stroke, and stroke knowledge (to name 3 stroke warning signs or symptoms). Adequate stroke knowledge was defined as the ability to name ≥2 stroke warning signs. Logistic regression was used to identify the association between stroke symptom knowledge and staff characteristics (education, clinical experience, and nursing unit), stroke self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. Results—A total of 875 respondents (84% response rate) completed the survey and most of the respondents were nurses. More than 85% of respondents correctly reported ≥2 stroke warning signs or symptoms. Greater self-efficacy in identifying stroke symptoms (odds...
Three new virus-specific low molecular weight RNAs in adenovirus type 2 infected KB cells

Summary Low molecular weight RNA synthesized at 16–24 hours after infection (h.p.d.) in adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) infected KB cells was analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three discrete species of RNA moving between the cellular 5S RNA and viral VA RNA were detected. DNA—RNA hybridization indicates that they are coded by the Ad2 genome.
Neuromuscular choristoma of the sciatic nerve and lumbosacral plexus: an association with nerve-territory undergrowth in the pelvis affecting soft tissue and bone.

Background Neuromuscular choristomas (NMC) are rare congenital lesions with differentiated muscle found within peripheral nerves. Patients often present with progressive neuropathy, undergrowth of the affected limb, and limb length discrepancy. In the sciatic nerve (the most common location of NMC), this may lead to specific manifestations in the distal limb, including progressive neuropathy, a shortened atrophic limb and a cavus foot. We hypothesized that the presence of NMC of the sciatic nerve (proximal to the sciatic notch) extending to the lumbosacral plexus could lead to abnormalities in proximal nerve territories (i.e., nerve, muscle and bone) within the hemipelvis.
Measurement of longitudinal phase space in an accelerated H− beam using a laser-induced neutralization method☆

Abstract Laser-induced neutralization of H − ions is a process that can be used to measure the longitudinal phase space of accelerated H − beams. The laser-induced neutralization diagnostic approach (LINDA) measures the longitudinal emittance of an H − beam by photoneutralizing different phase slices of beam microbunches and analyzing the energy distribution of the neutral slices. A LINDA system utilizing a pulsed laser and time-of-flight analysis has successfully measured longitudinal emittance of the 5 MeV H − beam exiting the drift-tube linac of the Los Alamos Accelerator Test Stand. Design considerations associated with the LINDA laser-based emittance measuring system are given. The present LINDA system is described and its limitations are discussed. Experimental results are given from an application of the LINDA system to the measurement of longitudinal emittance growth in a drift space and following insertion into the beamline of beam transport elements comprising a single-arm funnel. A new system is proposed which uses a mode-locked laser and spectrometer to improve resolution and shorten measurement time.
Development and Evaluation of the Curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) Healthy Living: a Diabetes Prevention and Control Program for Underserved Cancer Survivors

Underserved minority communities have few resources for addressing comorbidity risk reduction among long-term cancer survivors. To address this community need, we developed and piloted the Bronx Oncology Living Daily (BOLD) Healthy Living program, the first known diabetes prevention and control program to target cancer survivors and co-survivors in Bronx County, NY. The program aimed to facilitate lifestyle change and improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL) through weekly group nutrition education (60–90 min) and exercise (60 min) classes. We examined baseline characteristics of participants using simple descriptive statistics and evaluated program implementation and impact using the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. The curriculum, which drew from the social-ecological framework and motivational and cognitive behavioral strategies, consisted of 12 culturally and medically tailored modules with options for implementation as a 12- or 4-week program. Seven programs (four 12 weeks and three 4 weeks in length, respectively) were implemented at five community site locations. Sixty-six cancer survivors and 17 cancer co-survivors (mean age 60.5 ± 10.2 years) enrolled in one of the programs. Most participants were female (95.2 %) minority (55.4 % black, 26.5 % Hispanic/Latino) breast cancer survivors (75.7 %). Median program attendance was 62.5 % and did not significantly differ by program length; however, 67.3 % of participants achieved ≥60 % attendance among the 12-week programs, compared to 41.9 % among the 4-week programs, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). Overall, participants reported significant pre/post improvements in perceived health as good/excellent (66.0 to 75.5 %; p = 0.001) and borderline significant decreases in perceived pain as moderate/severe (45.5 to 38.2 %; p = 0.05). More than 90 % of participants reported that the program helped them to achieve their short-term goals, motivated them to engage in healthier behaviors, and felt that the nutrition and exercise classes were relevant to their needs. These results indicate that a short-term lifestyle intervention program for adult cancer survivors was acceptable in our community and motivated cancer survivors to improve their HRQoL. The curriculum can be used as a tool to facilitate development of similar programs in the future.
Police cynicism: What we know from the Niederhoffer scale

Abstract The Niederhoffer cynicism scale has been applied to many samples of police officers. Sometimes the scale itself has been the focus of attention; other times the correlates of cynicism have been the principal concern. This article reviews the police cynicism literature, describing the kinds of analyses undertaken and the generalizations apparent in the literature, and it draws several conclusions regarding police cynicism. The primary conclusion is that measurement of cynicism using the Niederhoffer scale is highly suspect; hence, the veracity of conclusions founded on the cynicism scale are questionable.
Decision making in personal selling: Testing the “K.I.S.S. principle”

The KISS principle (keep it simple, stupid) is often cited as an effective strategy in selling. The premise is that salespeople are more effective when they stick to basics and do not unnecessarily complicate that which is not necessarily complicated. This study tests the KISS principle in the context of salesperson decision making in the prospecting stage of the selling process. Two general research questions are addressed (1) does a simple versus more complex process affect outcomes of decisions made by salespeople, and (2) if so, whom does it affect? The results suggest that process does influence outcome and that lower-performing salespeople's decisions are most likely to be affected by the decision process used. Higher performers seem to be able to focus on key characteristics of sales prospects regardless of the complexity of the decision task, suggesting that higher performers, at least implicitly, know when to keep it simple. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FRACTIONATION OF LOG PHASE ESCHERICHIA COLI RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS BY GEL FILTRATION.

Abstract Ribosomal proteins extracted with acetic acid from Escherichia coli in the log phase have been fractionated on Sephadex G-100 into two mol.-wt. classes. Ultracentrifugal analysis revealed further heterogeneity of molecular size within these classes. The small-mol.-wt. class was found to contain at least 9 components as measured by electrophoresis on starch or polyacrylamide gels. These proteins have an average sedimentation constant of 1.3 S and appear to be basic in nature. Once separated from the larger-mol.-wt. proteins, they are readily soluble at pH values above 4.0 in the absence of urea or high salt concentration, and can be further fractionated on Sephadex G-75, by ammonium sulfate precipitation and on CM-cellulose. The large-mol.-wt. class of proteins from Sephadex G-100 column was found to contain at least 3 additional basic components of intermediate molecular weight as measured by fractionation on Sephadex G-200. However, the bulk of the material would appear to be a mixture of quite large-mol.-wt. proteins which are more acidic in nature than the small-mol.-wt. proteins. The larger class is not soluble at pH values above 4.0 in the absence of urea or high salt concentration.
Complicated goings-on in the metal-manipulated ring-opening of cyclobutene.

Most reported examples of transition metal-mediated pericyclic reactions have been shown to proceed by nonpericyclic mechanisms. However, the conversion of Fe(CO)4-cyclobutenes to Fe(CO)3-butadienes and CO is thought to proceed through a mechanism involving an electrocyclic ring-opening step. We have examined this and possible alternative mechanisms for the parent Fe(CO)4-cyclobutene complex using hybrid HF-DFT calculations. In this system there is an inherent preference for a pathway that avoids metal-templated electrocyclic ring-opening, but the pericyclic pathway is predicted to dominate for more elaborate substrates and under certain experimental conditions.
Nondomination-Level Coordinate System for Parameterizing and Exploring Pareto Frontiers

This paper presents a method for defining a barycentric coordinate system on a k-objective Pareto frontier that is constructed from nondomination levels calculated over subsets of the objectives taken k−1 at a time. Unlike past approaches, these “nondomination-level coordinates” are not limited by the dimensionality, convexity, or curvature of the frontier, and they have an inherent meaning as relative preferences for the competing objectives. This intuitive behavior makes the coordinates particularly useful as the basis for parametric models of the frontier and for conducting sensitivity studies and interactive trade-space exploration. The method is demonstrated on three mathematical example problems exhibiting different geometric properties and on a conceptual wing-sizing problem.
Deep Learning of Behaviors for Security

Deep learning has generated much research and commercialization interest recently. In a way, it is the third incarnation of neural networks as pattern classifiers, using insightful algorithms and architectures that act as unsupervised auto-encoders which learn hierarchies of features in a dataset. After a short review of that work, we will discuss computational approaches for deep learning of behaviors as opposed to just static patterns. Our approach is based on structured non-negative matrix factorizations of matrices that encode observation frequencies of behaviors. Example security applications and covert channel detection and coding will be presented.
Near-Field Optical Addressing of Luminescent Photoswitchable Supramolecular Systems Embedded in Inert Polymer Matrices

Optical recording and luminescence readout of novel covalently linked photochrome/luminophore supramolecular complexes has been demonstrated by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). Localized UV irradiation of these complexes dispersed in polymeric matrices resulted in photoinduced state switching and a concomitant increase in emission intensity. Subsequent luminescence imaging showed well-resolved luminescent data bit arrays with good signal-to-noise ratios. Spatially resolved emission spectra of the luminescent data bits confirmed the switching mechanism.
Optimal paths for thermodynamic systems: The ideal diesel cycle

We apply the method of optimal control theory to determine the optimal piston trajectory for successively less idealized models of the Otto cycle. The optimal path has significantly smaller losses from friction and heat leaks than the path with conventional piston motion and the same loss parameters. The resulting increases in efficiency are of the order of 10%.
On the non-uniqueness of minimal projection in Lp spaces

The main objective of this note is to exhibit a simple example of subspaces [email protected]?L"p(@m) (p 2) that admit two different projections with minimal norm. While for p=1,~, such subspaces are well-known [W. Odyniec, G. Lewicki, Minimal Projections in Banach Spaces, in: Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1449, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Problems of existence and uniqueness and their application], for 1
Unrestricted warfare: Review essay II

(2000). Unrestricted warfare: Review essay II. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 122-123.
The Epidemiology of Congenital Cryptorchidism, Testicular Ascent and Orchiopexy

ABSTRACTPurpose: The frequency, significance and possible etiology of testicular ascent (acquired cryptorchidism) are characterized in light of the known incidence and natural history of congenital cryptorchidism, and data provided by longitudinal and epidemiological studies of ascended testes and orchiopexy rates.Materials and Methods: We comprehensively reviewed the literature addressing the epidemiology of congenital and acquired cryptorchidism and orchiopexy.Results: The incidence of congenital cryptorchidism in full-term males at birth (2% to 4%) and at age 1 year (approximately 1%) has not increased in the last few decades. The risk of ascent may be as high as 50% in cases where 1 testis is significantly retractile. Ascended testes are typically unilateral (77%), identified in mid childhood and located distal to the inguinal canal (77%). Ascended and significantly retractile testes may be prone to the same germ cell maldevelopment seen in congenital cryptorchidism. Cumulative orchiopexy rates in def...
Daily Online Cone Beam Computed Tomography to Assess Interfractional Motion in Patients With Intact Cervical Cancer

Purpose To quantify interfraction motion in patients with intact cervical cancer and assess implications for clinical target volume (CTV) coverage and required planning margins. Methods and Materials We analyzed 10 patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy using online cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before each fraction. CTVs were contoured on the planning CT and on each CBCT. Each CBCT was rigidly registered to the planning CT with respect to bony anatomy. The CTV from each CBCT was projected onto the planning CT and compared to the CTV from the planning CT. Uniform three-dimensional expansions were applied to the planning CTV to assess required planning margins. For each fraction, the minimum margin required to encompass the CTV was calculated, and the volume of CTV (on the CBCT) encompassed by the PTV was determined as a function of margin size. Results A uniform CTV planning treatment volume margin of 15 mm would have failed to encompass the CTV in 32% of fractions. The mean volume of CTV missed, however, was small (4 cc). The mean planning margin (across patients and fractions) required to encompass the CTV was 15 mm. Variation in margin estimates was high, with interpatient variation being the predominant component. Increased rectal volume was associated with posterior ( p p = 0.0004) shifts in the CTV, whereas increased bladder volume was associated with superior shifts ( p Conclusions Interfraction motion results in a high probability of missing the CTV using conventional planning margins, but the volume of CTV missed is small. Adaptive radiotherapy approaches are needed to improve treatment accuracy.
Applications of self-adjoint operators to electrophoretic transport, enzyme reactions, and microwave heating problems in composite media—II. Electrophoretic transport in layered membranes

The problem analyzed in this paper is a specific application of the general M-layered composite reaction/diffusion/convection formulation given by Locke and Arce. The analysis considers electrophoretic transport of a single solute species across a one-dimensional three-layered system and the solution is obtained using operator-theoretic methods. The geometrical structure of the spectrum of the operator is determined for the complete range of the various parameters including the distribution coefficients, applied electric field, electrophoretic mobilities, and diffusion coefficients. The structure of the spectrum allows a complete characterization of all the eigenvalues of the system in terms of all of these physical parameters. Calculation of the first eigenvalue for a number of cases shows its variation with the applied electrical field for various medium porosities and allows a priori estimates of the dynamics of the process. Concentration profiles are given to illustrate the solution.
Pinhole imaging of 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) in an animal model of neuroblastoma.

To evaluate 131I-MIBG scintigraphic localization of xenotransplanted and spontaneously arising neuroblastomas in murine models of high-risk neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma xenografts were created by inoculation of human neuroblastoma cell suspensions into the subcutaneous flanks of athymic nude mice. In addition, spontaneous paraspinal neuroblastomas were detected by direct palpation in MYCN transgenic mice. After measured tumor volumes exceeded 200 mm3, each mouse received an intraperitoneal injection of 18 μCi/g 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG). Pinhole scintigraphy was performed to evaluate the MIBG biodistribution and to attempt to visualize the tumors. Each mouse was imaged on a gamma camera equipped with a 3-mm pinhole on one head and an HEGP collimator on the other. Images demonstrated absorption of radiolabeled MIBG and visualization of tumors. Analysis of the images allowed for quantification of relative MIBG uptake and for determination of linear and area measurements of the tumors. High-energy pinhole imaging effectively demonstrates uptake of radiolabeled MIBG by human neuroblastoma tumors in murine laboratory models. This technique allows for in vivo assessment of tumor burden. In the future, we plan to use this method to evaluate sensitivity for detecting metastatic spread as well as investigating the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose 131I-MIBG in combination with radiosensitizing agents.
NaCl-induced accumulation of tonoplast and plasma membrane H+-ATPase message in tomato

NaCl-induced changes in the accumulation of message for the 70 kDa subunit of the tonoplast H + -ATPase and plasma membrane H + -ATPase were studied in hydroponically grown plants of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Large Cherry Red. There was increased accumulation of message for the 70 kDa (catalytic) subunit of the tonoplast H + -ATPase in expanded leaves of tomato plants 24 h after final NaCl concentrations were attained. This was a tissue-specific response ; levels of this message were not elevated in roots or in young, unexpanded leaves. The NaCl-induced accumulation of this message was transient in the expanded leaves and returned to control levels within 7 days. The temporal and spatial patterns of NaCl-induced accumulation of message for the plasma membrane H + -ATPase differed from the patterns associated with the 70 kDa subunit of the tonoplast H + -ATPase. NaCl-induced accumulation of the plasma membrane H + -ATPase message occurred in both roots and expanded leaves. Initially accumulation of the plasma membrane H + -ATPase message was greater in root tissue than in expanded leaves, but increased to higher levels in expanded leaves after 7 days. These results suggest that increased expression of the tonoplast H + -ATPase is an early response to salinity stress and may be associated with survival mechanisms, rather than with long-term adaptive processes.
Filter-free four-wave mixing wavelength conversion in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Completely filter-free four-wave mixing wavelength conversion is demonstrated, for the first time, in a broad-area semiconductor optical amplifier. The use of a non-collinear four-wave mixing configuration provided 27 dB suppression of the straight-through converter beam relative to the output converted signal without using narrow-band optical filters. A 19.2 dB pump beam isolation was also obtained.
Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a commercially important organic fluorochemical and is considered to have a long half-life in human blood. In this paper, PFOA binding to rat and human plasma proteins was investigated. On the basis of results from size-exclusion chromatography and ligand blotting, most PFOA was in protein-bound form in male and female rat plasma, and the primary PFOA binding protein in plasma was serum albumin. PFOA binding to rat serum albumin (RSA) in the gas phase was observed by electrospray ionization MS. 19F NMR experiments revealed that binding to RSA caused peak broadening and chemical shift changes of PFOA resonances, and on the basis of this observation, the dissociation constant was determined to be ∼0.3 mM. The dissociation constants for PFOA binding to RSA and human serum albumin (HSA) and the numbers of PFOA binding sites on RSA and HSA were also determined by a separation method using microdesalting columns. No significant difference was found between PFOA binding to RSA an...
Beating the Clock: Strategic Management under the Threat of Direct Democracy

This article explores public sector responsiveness to voter-led initiatives, specifically, the degree to which public managers attempt to lock in resources before they are constrained by a particular initiative. The authors posit that such behavior, which they term “beating the clock,” is a function of the potential impact of the proposed initiative, the degree to which managers can react to the initiative's central issues, and the perceived likelihood of passage. Although scholars have explored different responses to voter-led initiatives, this particular form of strategic behavior has yet to be studied. Using longitudinal data on public debt issuance, hypotheses are tested in the context of a reform proposed through the initiative process in Colorado in 2010. Results show that the number of debt issues increased by roughly 150 percent in advance of a potentially binding election, indicating the ability to preempt formal initiative efforts in certain policy areas.
Hu antigens: Reactivity with hu antibodies, tumor expression, and major immunogenic sites

HuD, a human neuronal RNA-binding protein, was the first identified member of a family of antigens that also includes HuC and Hel-N1 (Hu antigens). The serum of all patients with anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and sensory neuronopathy react with HuD and Hel-N1, but the reactivity with HuC is unknown. In the current study we examined (1) the reactivity of anti-Hu sera with HuD, HuC, and Hel-N1; (2) the expression of HuD, HuC, and Hel-N1 messenger RNA in small-cell lung cancer of patients with and those without paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy; (3) the correlation between anti-Hu serum reactivity with these three Hu antigens and the type of neurological symptoms; and (4) the major immunogenic sites of HuD. Our findings indicate that all anti-Hu sera react with HuD, HuC, and Hel-N1. However, only HuD is expressed in the small-cell lung cancer tumors, indicating that among the three Hu antigens, HuD appears to play a central role in triggering the anti-Hu immune response. No differences were identified regarding the reactivity of the anti-Hu antibodies with HuD, HuC, and Hel-N1 and the spectrum of neurological symptoms presented by the patients. Study of the major immunogenic sites of HuD resulted in the identification of two major immunodominant regions with at least two distinct epitopes recognized by the serum of all patients with anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy.
Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research

The ecotourism literature is focused on market segmentation, ecological impacts of wildlife viewing, and community-based ecotourism, but there has been minimal attention to critical areas such as quality control, the industry, external environments or institutions even as the components and parameters of ecotourism are being extended. This imbalance, combined with the fragmentation and lack of integration within the literature, suggest that ecotourism, as a field of academic inquiry, is still in a state of adolescence.
An electron microscopic study of the corpus cardiacum of adult Drosophila melanogaster and its afferent nerves.

The left and right afferent nerves to the corpus cardiacum contain approximately 50 and 90 axons, respectively, when they enter the gland. Both bifurcate within the gland, so that four nerves leave the corpus cardiacum. These, however, contain a total of 90 axons. Of the 50 axons unaccounted for 30 are believed to terminate in the corpus cardiacum and 20 in the corpus allatum. The corpus cardiacum contains 12 intrinsic neurosecretory cells which are disposed laterally with respect to the extrinsic axons. Many of these contain neurosecretory spheres and presumably originate in the brain. The intrinsic corpus cardiacum cells also contain neurosecretory granules, and they produce short cytoplasmic processes which interdigitate with the extrinsic axons.