cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Unreliability in the Avionics Suite of a Launch Vehicle

The main objective of the Advanced Launch System (ALS) program is to realize a substantial reduction in recurring launch costs over present launch systems. A methodology is presented for assessing the impact of the reliability of the avionics suite on the recurring launch cost of the ALS. The methodology is illustrated by focusing on two architectures. The first is a distillation of a typical architecture for this type of application. The second is a simplified implementation of the Advanced Information Processing System (AIPS) technology developed at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Both architectures utilize redundancy of hardware to tolerate faults. the key contributors to the cost of unreliability are identified and modeled utilizing Markov modeling techniques for each of the two architectures. The results are presented along with the more traditional costs for these avionics suites.
Discovery of Radio Emission from the Transient Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar XTE J1810-197

We report the first detection of radio emission from any anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP). Data from the Very Large Array (VLA) MAGPIS survey with angular resolution 6'' reveals a point-source of flux density 4.5 {+-} 0.5 mJy at 1.4 GHz at the precise location of the 5.54 s pulsar XTE J1810-197. This is greater than upper limits from all other AXPs and from quiescent states of soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs). The detection was made in 2004 January, 1 year after the discovery of XTE J1810-197 during its only known outburst. Additional VLA observations both before and after the outburst yield only upper limits that are comparable to or larger than the single detection, neither supporting nor ruling out a decaying radio afterglow related to the X-ray turn-on. Another hypothesis is that, unlike the other AXPs and SGRs, XTE J1810-197 may power a radio synchrotron nebula by the interaction of its particle wind with a moderately dense environment that was not evacuated by previous activity from this least luminous, in X-rays, of the known magnetars.
Priapism in a 28-year-old Male with Bipolar Disorder.

Priapism is a serious but rare side effect of psychiatric medications. We report the case of a 28-year-old male who has been mentally stable for a year on a combination of sertraline, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Two weeks after he was started on topiramate, the patient experienced priapism that led to a medical admission and surgical intervention. This case report suggests that topiramate might induce ischemic priapism, either directly or through interactions with other medications. Further studies are warranted to establish such a link.
BLUE ECONOMY AND ITS LONG TERM COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Purpose: This study seeks to determine whether China’s coastal tourism industry can remain competitive in the long run under the blue economy ideology. Specifically, the motivations and perceptions of various stakeholder groups are explored to empirically test the generalizability of consensus of the current literature for the case of China, which tends to find that when the ocean becomes over-commercialized by the tourism industry, it can potentially lose its pristine amenities, which tourists are attracted to in the first place. Methodology: Quantitative data was gathered through an online survey completed by both coastal tourists and residential stakeholders regarding their views, use and intended use of coastal resources, and tourism service characteristics. The data were analyzed using a series of statistical-based processes to determine the validity and significance of the findings. Findings: This study concludes that the threat of overdevelopment is not impeding progress and need not result in overdevelopment based economic decline because coastal tourists and residents not only have overlapping desires but also have interchangeable identities. Implications: By conducting tourism service quality management and by taking advantage of the blue economy transition, China’s coastal regions have the potential to satisfy both tourists and residents’ needs simultaneously. Originality: There is ample research in the areas of tourism-based economic development and coastal area development, but there is a gap in the recent literature on the specific topic of tourism-based economic development of coastal areas in China. This study seeks to begin the work of addressing that gap.
Predictive Model for Operative Intervention after Blunt Abdominal Trauma in Children with Equivocal CT Findings: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background To study the clinical and radiologic factors predicting the need for surgical intervention after blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) in children with equivocal computed tomography (CT) scan findings. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the trauma database at our level I pediatric trauma center between 2011 and 2019. We selected patients with BAT and equivocal findings for surgical intervention on CT scan. We studied five factors: abdominal wall bruising (AWB), abdominal pain/tenderness (APT), thoracolumbar fracture, the presence of free fluid (FF), and the presence of solid organ injury, all previously reported in the literature to predict the need for operative intervention. We used t-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression to study the association of these factors with the need for operation in our pediatric cohort. Results Of 3044 blunt trauma patients, 288 had abdominal CT scans with 61 patients demonstrating equivocal findings. Operation was performed for 12 patients (19.7%) confirming surgically correctable traumatic injuries. The need for surgical intervention was significantly associated with the age of the patients (P = 0.03), the presence of APT (P = 0.001), AWB (P = 0.01), and FF (P = 0.04). The presence of thoracolumbar fracture and solid organ injury were not significantly associated with the need for operation. For the subset of 37 patients who were injured in a motor vehicle crash, five (13.5%) required surgical intervention, which was significantly associated with the presence of AWB (P = 0.04), APT (P = 0.01), and FF (P = 0.03). A predictive model that used these factors produced a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86. Conclusions In cases of equivocal abdominal CT scan findings to evaluate BAT in children, the presence of abdominal wall tenderness, AWB, or FF may be significant factors predicting more accurately the need for operative intervention. A predictive model using the combination of clinical and image findings might determine with more certainty, the need for surgical intervention in children with BAT and equivocal CT findings. Validation on a larger multi-institutional data set should be done.
Patterns of pollen and resource limitation of fruit production in Vaccinium uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea in Interior Alaska.

Many recent studies assessing fruit productivity of plants in the boreal forest focus on interannual variability across a forested region, rather than on environmental variability within the forest. Frequency and severity of wildfires in the boreal forest affect soil moisture, canopy, and community structure at the landscape level, all of which may influence overall fruit production at a site directly or indirectly. We evaluated how fruit production in two boreal shrubs, Vaccinium uliginosum (blueberry) and V. vitis-idaea (lingonberry), was explained by factors associated with resource availability (such as canopy cover and soil conditions) and pollen limitation (such as floral resources for pollinators and pollen deposition) across boreal forest sites of Interior Alaska in 2017. We classified our study sites into upland and lowland sites, which differed in elevation, soil moisture, and active layer. We found that resource and pollen limitation differed between the two species and between uplands and lowlands. Lingonberry was more pollen limited than blueberry, and plants in lowland sites were more pollen limited relative to other sites while plants in upland sites were relatively more resource limited. Additionally, canopy cover had a significant negative effect in upland sites on a ramet’s investment in reproductive tissues and leaves versus structural growth, but little effect in lowland sites. These results point to importance of including pollinator service as well as resource availability in predictions for changes in berry abundance.
Prevalence of birth defects among infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome in Illinois, 2015-2016.

Background Opioid use has reached historically high levels across the United States and infants exposed during pregnancy are at risk of developing a drug withdrawal syndrome called neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). The prevalence of birth defects among Illinois infants exhibiting NAS has not been estimated. Methods We linked birth certificate data for Illinois-resident infants born in Illinois in 2015 or 2016 to previously collected NAS and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Reporting System birth defect data. We examined the prevalence of selected specific birth defects and of newborn infants with one or more of the National Birth Defects Prevention Network's (NBDPN) birth defects, comparing infants with and without NAS. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio for having one or more NBDPN birth defects in infants with and without NAS, after adjusting for other risk factors. Results Of 302,043 Illinois-resident births, 899 (3.0/1,000 live births) had NAS, and 4,250 (140.7/10,000 live births) had one or more NBDPN birth defect. Infants with an NBDPN birth defect were 1.9 (95% CI [1.3, 2.9]) times more likely to have developed NAS at delivery, and specifically, there was a higher prevalence of ventricular septal defect, club foot, and oral cleft, among infants with NAS when compared to those born without. Conclusions Elevated prevalence rates and odds ratios add to the growing evidence of an association between NAS and birth defects. Other studies have found similar associations between opioid exposure and the birth defects identified in this analysis.
Ultrasound multi-needle detection using deep attention U-Net with TV regularizations

A deep-learning model based on the U-Net architecture was developed to segment multiple needles in the 3D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images. Attention gates were adopted in our model to improve the prediction on the small needle points. Furthermore, the spatial continuity of needles was encoded into our model with total variation (TV) regularization. The combined network was trained on 3D TRUS patches with the deep supervision strategy, where the binary needle annotation images from simulation CTs were provided as ground truth. The trained network was then used to localize and segment the HDR needles for a new patient TRUS images during high-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy. The needle shaft and tip errors against CT-based ground truth were used to evaluate other methods and other methods as comparison. Our method detected 96% needles of 339 needles from 23 HDR prostate brachytherapy patients with 0.29±0.24 mm at shaft error and 0.442±0.831 mm at tip error. For shaft localization, our method resulted in 96% localizations with less than 0.8 mm error (needle diameter is 1.67 mm), while for tip localization, our method resulted in 75% needles with 0 mm error and 21% needles with 2 mm error (TRUS image slice thickness is 2 mm). No significant difference was observed (p = 0.83) on tip localization between our results with the ground truth. Compared with U-Net and deep supervised attention U-Net, the proposed method delivers a significant improvement on both shaft error and tip error. Besides, to our best knowledge, this is the first attempt on multi-needle localization in the prostate brachytherapy. The 3D rendering of the needles could help clinicians to evaluate the needle placements. It paves the way for the development of real-time radiation plan dose assessment tools that can further elevate the quality and outcome of prostate HDR brachytherapy.
Surfactant inhibition mechanisms of carbonate mineral dissolution in shale

Abstract Surfactants are common additives to hydraulic fracturing and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) fluids, and are under consideration for amendment to supercritical carbon dioxide for geological carbon sequestration (GCS). The effect of a common anionic surfactant, internal olefin sulfonate (IOS), on mineral dissolution from shale into brine was evaluated. When added to brine at concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration (94 mg/L), IOS inhibited carbonate mineral dissolution in an Eagle Ford shale, as well as dissolution of optical quality calcite (the dominant carbonate in the shale). Laser profilometry images provide spatial resolution across > 3 orders of magnitude, and indicate that IOS addition to brine both enhances the formation of new etch pits in calcite, and impedes their further growth. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry surface profiles show for the first time that IOS preferentially adsorbs at calcite pit edges versus flat calcite surfaces (i.e., terraces). Surface pressure calculations, sulfur K-edge near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy results, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations support this observation; the DFT results indicate that the sulfonate head group of the IOS molecule binds strongly to the calcite step site as compared to the terrace site. The S K-edge NEXAFS results indicate that IOS adsorbed more to etched calcite surfaces compared to smooth calcite surfaces. Overall, the results indicate that weak adsorption on flat calcite surfaces (i.e., terraces) disrupts water structure and enhances mass transfer of dissolution, while strong adsorption on calcite pit edges displaces adsorbed water and inhibits further etch pit growth. This work provides the first direct evidence of preferential adsorption of IOS to etched calcite surfaces and links it to macroscopic dissolution kinetics. This work has implications for surfactant-containing fluids used in hydraulic fracturing, EOR and potentially GCS for subsurface injection into carbonate rich reservoirs.
“I Need to Sit on My Hands and Put Tape on My Mouth”: Improving Teachers’ Design Thinking Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes Through Professional Development

This case study reports the quantitative and qualitative findings of a professional development program focused on design thinking. The program took place in two rural southeastern counties in the USA. The professional development program was designed for elementary school teachers with limited science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) engagement. The goal of this program was to broaden the teachers’ understanding of incorporating STEM in their classrooms through the implementation of design thinking lessons. Design thinking is a powerful process that can allow teachers to transcend teaching STEM content areas alone and effectively integrate these disciplines into one problem-solving process. Through a weeklong professional development program, the teachers improved the knowledge of, skills in, and attitudes toward design thinking. Based on quantitative measures, there was a statistically significant increase in all three areas. Through thematic analysis, we found that participants specifically learned about implementing the design thinking process. This included providing students an opportunity to fail and struggle as they worked through the learning process. Also, providing students an opportunity to share their progress and ideas was highly supported by participants. Based on the evaluation of the professional development program, it was impactful due to the authentic opportunities for the teachers to practice what they were learning and opportunities for collaborative planning with their peers. We discuss the findings of this case in the context of relevant literature and provide suggestions for future professional development programs.
Lessons Not to Learn About Merger

Analysis of decision in Ram’s Gate Winery v Roche, holding the vendor’s representations about seismic stability of property survived closing of escrow.
An approximation approach to decentralized H/sub /spl infin// control

In this paper, we propose a decentralized H/sub /spl infin// control design technique through approximation. We show that a decentralized H/sub /spl infin// control problem as well as any fixed structured H/sub /spl infin// control problem can be (conservatively) converted into a model approximation problem. We then propose some explicit parameterizations of the decentralized controllers and the final decentralized controllers are obtained through some convex optimization.
Consequential Life Cycle Assessment With Market-Driven Design Development and Demonstration

Summary This article describes the development of a consequential life cycle assessment (cLCA) with endogenous market-driven design (MDD). Incorporation of MDD within cLCA (cLCAMDD) is beneficial because design decisions, influenced by market forces, are a major source of environmental emissions and resource consumption in many life cycle systems. cLCAMDD captures the environmental impact of these design responses resulting from industrial and policy decisions. We begin by developing the concept of cLCA-MDD, then present a case study that demonstrates how design responses can be endogenously captured in a cLCA analysis. The case study is in two parts: First, we incorporate endogenous design responses into a cLCA of a mid-size vehicle and, second, we conduct a policy analysis using a cLCA-MDD approach. The case study illustrates that cLCA-MDD can capture multiple “ripple effects” resulting from an industrial decision (e.g., downsizing a vehicle’s engine) or a policy decision (e.g., raising gasoline taxes) and that these effects significantly influence results. A key challenge of the approach is appropriately managing and communicating uncertainties associated with the choice of economic parameters or models. We discuss sources of uncertainty in cLCA-MDD and demonstrate a presentation scheme to facilitate communication of result sensitivity to uncertainties from input parameters, models, and model structure.
Efficacy of Racemic Albuterol Versus Levalbuterol Used as a Continuous Nebulization for the Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial

Objective. To compare racemic albuterol (RAC) with levalbuterol (LEV) in continuous form for the treatment of acute pediatric asthma exacerbations in the emergency department. Study design. Children between the ages of 6 and 17 inclusive were enrolled if they had a history of asthma, presented to the emergency department with an acute asthma exacerbation, and had an initial forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <70% predicted. Patients were then randomized to receive either 7.5 mg of RAC or 3.75 mg of LEV over 1 hour, in addition to standard asthma therapies. Spirometry and asthma scoring were performed at the end of the first hour, and a second hour-long nebulization with the same drug was administered if deemed necessary. Spirometry and asthma scoring were again performed and the final disposition was recorded. As a second, optional part of the study, baseline serum albuterol levels were collected on some patients before treatment. Results. A total of 99 patients completed the study (44 RAC and 55...
Mutant mice with small amounts of BubR1 display accelerated age-related gliosis.

Abstract Aging is an intricate biological process thought to involve multiple molecular pathways. The spindle assembly checkpoint protein BubR1 has recently been implicated in aging since mutant mice that have small amounts of this protein (BubR1H/H mice) develop several early aging-associated phenotypes. The phenotype within the brain of BubR1H/H mice has not yet been established. Here we show that BubR1H/H mice exhibit features of age-related cerebral degeneration. We found that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of reactive astrogliosis, was expressed at increased levels in the cortex and thalamus of BubR1H/H mice as early as 1 month of age. Furthermore, CD11b, a marker of microgliosis, was markedly elevated in the cortex and hippocampus of BubR1H/H mice at 5 months of age. Levels of both GFAP and CD11b further increased with age. Our results demonstrate that BubR1 acts to prevent cerebral gliosis of both astrocytes and microglial cells, and suggest a role for BubR1 in the aging process of the brain.
Electron-transfer processes: the electrochemical reduction of N,N-dimethyl-and p-cyanobenzene-sulfonamide

Abstract The redox behavior of N,N-dimethyl-and p -cyanobenzenesulfonamide has been studied in dimethylformamide by electroanalytical methods. The tertiary sulfonamide is reduced in successive one-electron steps to give first its stable radical anion and then its dianion. The latter species is unstable and rapidly decomposes by sulfur-nitrogen bond cleavage to give dimethylamide anion and p -cyanobenzenesulfinate ion. One-electron reduction of the sulfinate to its stable dianion radical occurs at the applied potential and completes the reduction pathway. The reduction pathway for the primary sulfonamide is potential dependent. At the potential of the first cathodic wave, the primary sulfonamide is reduced irreversibly to its radical anion. This species undergoes nitrogen-hydrogen bond cleavage and affords hydrogen and the conjugate base of the primary sulfonamide as products. The base is then reduced to its stable dianion radical at more negative potential. Reduction of the primary sulfonamide at the potential of the second cathodic wave gives its dianion, a species which rapidly undergoes decomposition by nitrogen-sulfur bond cleavage to give amide anion and p -cyanobenzenesulfinate. Subsequent chemical and electrochemical reactions involving these species and the primary sulfonamide formally give p -NCC 6 H 4 SO 2 NH −2 as the principal product in an overall two-electron step.
Mathematical programming models to determine civil service salaries

Abstract Increased criticism has been directed in recent years at the present fixed step salary method used for compensating civil servants. Under this method the relative monetary value of an individual to the department of agency is based only on two factors: civil service grade and the number of years of experience in the particular grade. This paper describes how two mathematical programming methods, linear programming and goal programming, can be applied to determine a civil service salary structure for the New York State Department of Transportation (Region 10). The mathematical salary model employed was developed by J.E. Bruno.
Measurement of the effect of particle size variation on the detrital remanent magnetization to anhysteretic remanent magnetization ratio in some abyssal sediments

Abstract Deposition experiments have been carried out to measure the effect of particle size variation on the relationship between detrital remanent magnetization (DRM), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), and geomagnetic field intensity in sediments. Foraminiferal ooze from a box core taken in the Columbian Basin south of Jamaica was separated into several particle size ranges and redeposited in the laboratory in known magnetic fields. The intensity and alternating field (AF) demagnetization characteristics of the DRM and a subsequently applied ARM were compared for the various particle size ranges. The results show a variation of DRM/ARM ratios with particle size. The DRM intensities and directions indicate that particle sizes greater than 38 μm do not contribute significantly to the DRM of the total sediment. ARM intensities for larger particle sizes and particle size analysis of the whole sediment indicate that the fraction greater than 38 μm does make a significant contribution to the total ARM of a sample. Use of the DRM/ARM ratio in experimental measurements of magnetic paleointensity indicates that the method is unsatisfactory for sediments having a significant fraction of magnetic particles larger than 38 μm. It is also shown that, for sediments having a significant fraction of high-coercivity magnetic grains, the relative orientation of the ARM and DRM will affect ARM intensities, making necessary the use of corrected ARM and DRM intensities for ratio calculations.
Non-local patch regression: Robust image denoising in patch space

It was recently demonstrated in [13] that the denoising performance of Non-Local Means (NLM) can be improved at large noise levels by replacing the mean by the robust Euclidean median. Numerical experiments on synthetic and natural images showed that the latter consistently performed better than NLM beyond a certain noise level, and significantly so for images with sharp edges. The Euclidean mean and median can be put into a common regression (on the patch space) framework, in which the l2 norm of the residuals is considered in the former, while the l1 norm is considered in the latter. The natural question then is what happens if we consider lp (0 <; p <; 1) regression? We investigate this possibility in this paper.
10 Factor XI deficiency

Summary That factor XI has a role in normal blood coagulation is evidenced by the fact that patients with deficiency are prone to excessive bleeding after haemostatic challenge. The role of factor XI in physiological processes has become clearer since the discovery that it is activated by thrombin; this fact has contributed to a revised model of blood coagulation. Factor XI deficiency is particularly common in Ashkenazi Jews. Bleeding is typically provoked by surgery in areas of increased fibrinolysis, and is not restricted to individuals with severe deficiency. The bleeding tendency is variable and the reasons for this are not fully understood, although in severe deficiency there is some correlation between phenotype and genotype. The factor XI gene is 23 kb long, and two mutations are responsible for most factor XI deficiency in the Ashkenazi population. A total of 13 mutations have thus far been published. Factor XI deficient patients may need specific therapy to cover surgery and dental extractions. Although a factor XI concentrate is available there have been recent reports of coagulation activation and thrombosis indicating that it should be used cautiously. Fresh frozen plasma may be an acceptable alternative in some situations.
ASSOCIATION OF THE NEURON-SPECIFIC RNA BINDING DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN ELAV WITH THE COILED BODY IN DROSOPHILA NEURONS

The subcellular distribution of theDrosophila nervous system-specific RNA binding domain-containing protein ELAV was investigated using ELAV-specific antibodies and scanning confocal laser microscopy. ELAV is predominantly localized within the nucleus where it concentrates within discrete domains we describe as dots and webs. To characterize these discrete domains an analysis ofDrosophila coiled bodies was initiated. The polyclonal antibody R288 raised against human coilin was used to identify coiled bodies in cells of theDrosophila larval central nervous system. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry showed that, similar to vertebrate and plant systems, small nuclear ribonucleo-proteins are enriched within these structures. Further analysis of ELAV revealed that subnuclear domains enriched with this molecule localize within and close to coiled bodies and close to subnuclear domains enriched with splicing factors. A preliminary analysis aimed at defining a region within ELAV that may mediate a molecular or functional interaction important for its subnuclear localization revealed that deletion of the ELAV alanine/glutamine-rich amino-terminal auxiliary domain has no discernible effect on localization and that proteins produced fromelav lethal alleles distribute normally.
Structural and functional models of nitrile hydratase

Abstract Nitrile hydratase, the enzyme involved in microbial nitrile assimilation, comprises either one non-heme low-spin iron(III) or a non-corrinoid cobalt(III) center at the active site. Two carboxamido nitrogens, one cysteine-sulfur, and two sulfurs from a cysteine-sulfenic (Cys-SO) and a cysteine-sulfinic (Cys-SO2) acid moiety respectively constitute the donor set around the metal center of this hydrolytic enzyme. Binding of one molecule of NO at the sixth site of the iron(III) center modulates the activity of the enzyme. It is suggested that a metal-bound hydroxide could be involved in the hydration of nitriles. Attack of water (or hydroxide) on a metal-bound nitrile is another possibility. During the past few years, modeling work by several groups have provided a great deal of insight into the structure and function of nitrile hydratase. Structural and spectroscopic studies on iron(III) and cobalt(III) complexes of various designed S,N-containing ligands have shown that the unusual coordination structure of the M(III) site (a) raises its potential and shuts off any redox activity, (b) allows binding of NO at the sixth site and oxidative modification of the bound S donors, and (c) brings the pKa of metal-bound water close to 7. Attempts to synthesize catalytically active model complexes have met with limited success. This review includes the results and implications of the modeling studies reported so far.
Trace metal partitioning in the aqueous surface microlayer of a salt marsh

The trace metals copper, cadmium, lead, iron, and zinc were studied in the microlayer of a Delaware salt marsh. Freeze-dried microlayer samples were extracted with organic solvents of differing polarity. The majority (approximately 95%, excluding cadmium) of trace metals in the microlayer could not be extracted with any of the organic solvents used, and are presumed associated with the inorganic phases of the microlayer. For organic-solvent-recoverable metals, acetone extracted the largest proportion of those metals. Portions of the work reported here strongly suggest that humic-like materials sequester the organically soluble metals in the salt marsh surface microlayer.
RNA polymerase structure and function at lac operon

Transcription of E. coli lac operon by RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a classic example of how the basic functions of this enzyme, specifically the ability to recognize/bind promoters, melt the DNA and initiate RNA synthesis, is positively regulated by transcription activators, such as cyclic AMP-receptor protein, CRP, and negatively regulated by lac-repressor, LacI. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in structural and biochemical studies of RNAP and its binary and ternary complexes with CRP and lac promoter. With structural information now available for RNAP and models of binary and ternary elongation complexes, the interaction between these factors and RNAP can be modeled, and possible molecular mechanisms of their action can be inferred.
Is Age an Appropriate Criterion for Moving Journals to Storage

One solution to accommodating a growing journal collection is to move lesser-used journals to storage. Past studies have found that scientists tend to use the older, rather than the newer, literature of related disciplines to support their research. If literature is shared between disciplines with different usage patterns, should age be used to select journals for storage? A synchronous citation study was used to examine literature use in physical chemistry. Analysis of the data concluded that use and age are not related and that storage decisions about physics journals need not be contingent on the secondary needs of chemists.
Ex vivo expansion of HIV type 1-specific cytolytic T cells from HIV type 1-seropositive subjects.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes that specifically lyse HIV-1-infected cells occur at uncommonly high frequency in the blood of infected individuals. The CTL response is dominated by the recognition of a sm...
The dsRNA Viridae and their catalytic capsids.

dsRNA viruses share similar replicative strategies and the same unusual inner capsid architecture. The fold of the inner capsid protein is not conserved, however.
Identification and concentration of airborne basidiospores

Abstract Although clinical investigations have shown that basidiospores are allergenic, very little information exists on the airborne concentration or identification of these spores. The atmosphere in Tulsa, Oklahoma has been monitored for the presence of basidiospores using Burkard Volumetric Spore Traps. The concentration of total basidiospores shows that they are a significant component of the Tulsa atmosphere during certain periods. Overall spores of 18 genera have been identified from the atmosphere; the morphology of these spores is described. Field studies have shown that fruiting bodies of all these genera are common within the city. In addition other basidiospores present in the atmosphere include those identifiable only to the family level as well as many morphologically indistinct hyaline basidiospores.
Nanoparticle Formation within Dendrimer-Containing Polymer Networks: Route to New Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Higher generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have the unique ability to act as templates for the formation of inorganic nanoclusters. Here, we use dendrimers dispersed in a polymer matrix to create a new type of polymer−inorganic composite material. Hydrophilic polymer networks (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)) that contain poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were swollen in aqueous solution, and metal ions were attached to the dendrimers. Chemical reduction on these precursor ions results in nanoparticles that are located inside the dendrimers, which are dispersed in the polymer matrix. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize gold, platinum, and copper nanoclusters within the polymer networks. These new organic−inorganic hybrid materials may be important for a combination of optical or catalytic properties of the colloids with the mechanical properties provided by the polymer network.
Inspection of helicopter rotor blades with the help of guided waves and "turning modes": Experimental and finite element analysis

Modern helicopter rotor blades constructed of composite materials offer significant inspection challenges, particularly at inner structures, where geometry and differing material properties and anisotropy make placement of the probing energy difficult. This paper presents an application of Lamb waves to these structures, where mode conversion occurs at internal geometric discontinuities. These additional modes were found to successfully propagate to the targeted regions inside the rotor and back out, allowing evaluation of the structure. A finite element model was developed to simulate wave propagation and mode conversion in the structure and aid in identifying the signals received in the laboratory experiment. A good correlation between numerical and experimental results was observed.
Comparison of symptoms related to positioning of double-pigtail stent in upper pole versus renal pelvis.

Purpose: This study was a comparison of the symptomatology associated with placement of the upper coil of a double-pigtail stent in the upper pole or the renal pelvis. Patients and Methods: A prospective study with 40 patients was performed. In 20 patients, the stent was placed in the upper pole (Group A) and in another 20 patients (Group B) in the renal pelvis. A questionnaire was addressed to all patients before the removal of the stent concerning the presence and severity of flank pain (using a standardized 10-point scale), the presence and severity of urinary urgency (using a standardized 10-point scale), the presence of dysuria, and quality of life with the stent in place. Results: Flank pain was present in 17 (85%) and 15 (75%) patients in Groups A and B, respectively. The average severity of flank pain was 4.3 (range 0-7) and 4.5 (range 0-10) in Group A and B, respectively (p = 0.764). Urinary urgency was present in 13 (65%) and 15 (75%), patients in Group A and B, respectively. The average severit...
Seawater chemistry, coccolithophore population growth, and the origin of Cretaceous chalk

The magnesium/calcium ratio (Mg/Ca) and calcium (Ca) con- centration of seawater have oscillated throughout geologic time; our experiments indicate that these variables have strongly influ- enced biomineralization and chalk production by coccolithophores. The high Mg/Ca ratio of modern seawater favors precipitation of high-Mg calcite and/or aragonite. In contrast, the low Mg/Ca ratio of imputed Cretaceous seawater favored precipitation of low-Mg calcite. We have discovered that some coccolithophore species to- day secrete skeletal elements of high-Mg calcite, rather than low- Mg calcite, as conventionally believed. These species incorporated less Mg when the ambient Mg/Ca ratio was lowered, secreting low- Mg calcite in imputed Cretaceous seawater. Calcification stimu- lates coccolithophore population growth by contributing CO2 to photosynthesis. Three extant coccolithophore species multiplied much faster as the composition of ambient seawater was shifted toward that estimated for Cretaceous seas. Two of these species secreted high-Mg calcite in ambient seawater having Mg/Ca . 1, and incorporation of Mg in a calcite crystal inhibits growth. Cal- cification of the third species, which secreted low-Mg calcite at all ambient Mg/Ca ratios, is hindered by the high Mg/Ca ratio and low absolute concentration of Ca of modern seawater. We conclude that the ionic composition of Cretaceous seawater enabled cocco- lithophores to produce massive chalk deposits, and conversely, that the ionic composition of modern seawater inhibits population growth for most extant coccolithophore species, which occupy nu- trient-poor waters and fail to respond to fertilization by nitrate, phosphate, or iron.
Fluctuations in ion channel gating currents. Analysis of nonstationary shot noise

Conti and Stuhmer (1989. Eur. Biophys. J. 17:53–59) have measured the nonstationary shot noise in the gating current of a population of sodium channels. Here we present expressions for the autocovariance and variance of such noise from general Markov models of channel kinetics, based on the theoretical work of E. Frehland. We compare the predictions of the independent, two-state gating model used by Conti and Stuhmer with a six-state model of sodium channel activation based on the work of Armstrong and Gilly (1979. J. Gen. Physiol. 74:691–711). We find that Conti and Stuhmer's experiment would not be able to distinguish between these schemes. We describe experimental conditions under which better model discrimination would be possible.
Radio Loud AGN Unification: Connecting Jets and Accretion

While only a fraction of Active Galactic Nuclei are observed to host a powerful relativistic jet, a cohesive picture is emerging that radio-loud AGN may represent an important phase in the evolution of galaxies and the growth of the central super-massive black hole. I will review my own recent observational work in radio-loud AGN unification in the context of understanding how and why jets form and their the connection to different kinds of accretion and growing the black hole, along with a brief discussion of possible connections to recent modeling work in jet formation. Starting from the significant observational advances in our understanding of jetted AGN as a population over the last decade thanks to new, more sensitive instruments such as Fermi and Swift as well as all-sky surveys at all frequencies, I will lay out the case for a dichotomy in the jetted AGN population connected to accretion mode onto the black hole. In recent work, we have identified two sub-populations of radio-loud AGN which appear to be distinguished by jet structure, where low-effi ciency accreting systems produce 'weak' jets which decelerate more rapidly than the 'strong' jets of black holes accreting near the Eddington limit. The two classes are comprised of: (1)The weak jet sources, corresponding to the less collimated, edge-darkened FR Is, with a decelerating or spine-sheath jet with velocity gradients, and (2) The strong jet sources, having fast, collimated jets, and typically displaying strong emission lines. The dichotomy in the vp-Lp plane can be understood as a "broken power sequence" in which jets exist on one branch or the other based on the particular accretion mode (Georganopolous 2011).We suggest that the intrinsic kinetic power (as measured by low-frequency, isotropic radio emission), the orientation, and the accretion rate of the SMBH system are the the fundamental axes needed for unification of radio-loud AGN by studying a well-characterized sample of several hundred Fermi-detected jets. Finally, we present very recent findings that the most powerful strong jets produce gamma-rays by external Compton rather than SSC emission, placing the origin of the IC emission in these strong jets at a radius inside the BLR and/or molecular torus (Meyer 2012).
Incorporating new information into existing world knowledge

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of how and under what circumstances new information is incorporated into a person's existing world knowledge. We propose that the primary functional characteristic of incorporated information is that it is easy to retrieve and use such information in a context that is different from the one in which it was originally learned. Subjects in our experiments learned a long story that introduced true facts about real but previously unknown terms. We then examined subjects' ability to answer questions about this newly learned information as a function of test context. The effect of test context differed depending on whether subjects were led to believe the material was real or artificial. Two ways of conceptualizing the distinction between compartmentalized and incorporated information are presented, and the pattern of priming in a speeded lexical decision task is used to distinguish between these two classes of model.
Abstract 458: Regulation of HIF1a by Set9 lysine methyltransferase

HIF-1 is consisted of an oxygen-sensitive HIF-1α and a constitutive HIF-1β subunit. The activity of HIF-1 is implicated in human cancer development. In normoxia, the HIF-1α subunit is constantly synthesized, but rapidly degraded by the oxygen-dependent mechanism. In hypoxia due to tumor growth and anti-angiogenic therapy, HIF-1α is stabilized and dimerizes with HIF-1β to form HIF-1, which transactivates genes promoting cancer hallmarks, including angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, migration and invasion. Notably, HIF-1 increases multiple genes on the glycolytic pathway, which mediates the metabolic adaptation of hypoxic stress. Therefore, HIF-1α is an intriguing anticancer target. However, how HIF-1α is regulated in hypoxia is poorly understood. Here, we report that the histone methyltransferase Set9 promotes HIF-1α protein stability in hypoxia and plays an important role in cancer cell glycolytic adaptation. Specifically, Set9 interacts with HIF-1α to maintain its stability in hypoxia. Silencing of Set9 by siRNA in hypoxia significantly reduces HIF-1α protein level, reduces HIF-1 transcriptional activity, and attenuates expressions of HIF-1-responsive glycolytic genes as well as hypoxia-induced glycolysis. Further, we have found that Set9 binds to the chromatins of hypoxia response elements within HIF-1-responsive glycolytic genes. The results suggest that Set9 epigenetically contributes to the glycolytic phenotype of cancer through HIF-1. Citation Format: Qiong Liu, Hao Geng, Changhui Xue, Tomasz M. Beer, David Z. Qian. Regulation of HIF1a by Set9 lysine methyltransferase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 458. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-458
Interleukin-1β-Induced Promatrilysin Expression is Mediated by NFκB-Regulated Synthesis of Interleukin-6 in the Prostate Carcinoma Cell Line, LNCaP

Previously, our laboratory showed that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes induces promatrilysin expression in the prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP. We now demonstrate that IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression is mediated by an indirect mechanism that requires nuclear factor Kappa B (NFkappaB)-dependent synthesis of IL-6. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide blocked IL-1beta-mediated induction of matrilysin mRNA suggesting that synthesis of one or more additional factors is required for IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin protein expression. Blockage of NFkappaB transactivation activity abrogated IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression to baseline levels suggesting that NFkappaB transactivation activity is necessary. Inhibition of IL-6 activity attenuated IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin, but not NFkappaB transactivation activity indicating that IL-6 acts downstream of NFkappaB in potentiation of IL-1beta-mediated promatrilysin expression. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide did not alter IL-6-induced induction of matrilysin mRNA indicating that, contrary to the mechanism by which IL-1beta regulates promatrilysin expression, IL-6-mediated matrilysin mRNA expression does not require new protein synthesis. Transient transfection with dominant negative STAT3 inhibited IL-1beta- and IL-6-induced promatrilysin. These data provide evidence that NFkappaB-mediated IL-6 synthesis is required for IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression, and IL-6 signaling through STAT3 plays a role in IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression.
Quantifying Reductive Carboxylation Flux of Glutamine to Lipid in a Brown Adipocyte Cell Line

We previously reported that glutamine was a major source of carbon for de novo fatty acid synthesis in a brown adipocyte cell line. The pathway for fatty acid synthesis from glutamine may follow either of two distinct pathways after it enters the citric acid cycle. The glutaminolysis pathway follows the citric acid cycle, whereas the reductive carboxylation pathway travels in reverse of the citric acid cycle from alpha-ketoglutarate to citrate. To quantify fluxes in these pathways we incubated brown adipocyte cells in [U-(13)C]glutamine or [5-(13)C]glutamine and analyzed the mass isotopomer distribution of key metabolites using models that fit the isotopomer distribution to fluxes. We also investigated inhibitors of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial citrate export. The results indicated that one third of glutamine entering the citric acid cycle travels to citrate via reductive carboxylation while the remainder is oxidized through succinate. The reductive carboxylation flux accounted for 90% of all flux of glutamine to lipid. The inhibitor studies were compatible with reductive carboxylation flux through mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase. Total cell citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate were near isotopic equilibrium as expected if rapid cycling exists between these compounds involving the mitochondrial membrane NAD/NADP transhydrogenase. Taken together, these studies demonstrate a new role for glutamine as a lipogenic precursor and propose an alternative to the glutaminolysis pathway where flux of glutamine to lipogenic acetyl-CoA occurs via reductive carboxylation. These findings were enabled by a new modeling tool and software implementation (Metran) for global flux estimation.