cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinoic acid regulates the development of a gut-homing precursor for intestinal dendritic cells

The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) regulates intestinal immune responses through immunomodulatory actions on intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes. Here, we show that RA also controls the generation of gut-tropic migratory DC precursors, referred to as pre-mucosal DCs (pre-μDCs). Pre-μDCs express the gut trafficking receptor α4β7 and home preferentially to the intestines. They develop in the bone marrow (BM), can differentiate into CCR9+ plasmacytoid DCs as well as conventional DCs (cDCs), but preferentially give rise to CD103+ intestinal cDCs. Generation of pre-μDCs in vivo in the BM or in vitro is regulated by RA and RA receptor α (RARα) signaling. The frequency of pre-μDCs is reduced in vitamin A-deficient animals and in animals treated with RAR inhibitors. The results define a novel vitamin A-dependent, RA-regulated developmental sequence for DCs and identify a targeted precursor for CD103+ cDCs in the gut.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of soybean fatty acid content

The quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil depends greatly upon its fatty acid composition. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci affecting the relative content of the fatty acids composing soybean seed oil. The mapping was done in a population formed from a cross between aG. max experimental line and aG. soja plant introduction. Sixty F2-derived lines from this population were genotyped with 243 restriction fragment length polymorphism, five isozyme, one storage protein and three morphological markers. The genotyped lines were grown in a replicated trial, and the seed harvested was analyzed for palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. Markers significantly (P>0.005) associated with each fatty acid were found. Individual markers were associated with up to 38% of the total variance in specific fatty acids among the F2 lines. The greatest associations between markers and fatty acid content were observed with markers on two major linkage groups.
Managed care and the patient: surgical, ethical and legal considerations

Abstract There is an increasing tendency for control of medical practice by insurance companies, governmental agencies, or hospitals in the name of cost containment. Such control has within it the potential for significantly changing the relationship between the surgeon and the patient. This paper examines some of the historical documents emphasizing the centrality of the patient in medical and neurosurgical decision making, describes some of the threats to this centrality under managed care, points out that medical ethics, surgical practice and the law all appear to agree that the patient should remain central in surgical decision making, and appeals for a recognition of a covenant between patient and surgeon that mandates an attempt to keep third-party agents as inconspicuous as possible in the provision of health care.
Institutional response to computer‐related repetitive strain injury

Describes results of efforts to find institutional models for preventing computer‐related repetitive strain injury.
Comparative studies on distribution, excretion, and metabolism of Hydroxyzine‐3H and its methiodide‐14C in rats

Abstract The comparative excretion, distribution, and metabolism of hydroxyzine- 3 H hydrochloride and hydroxyzine methiodide- 14 C were studied in rats after intraperitoneal administration. Both compounds were excreted mainly within the 1st day and mainly in feces uia the bile. Hydroxyzine was rapidly distributed to the organs, with the highest specific activity found in the lungs, followed by fat, liver, spleen, and kidneys. It was completely metabolized in the bile and urine mainly to the glucuronides of the diphenylmethane derivatives. Based on differential solvent extraction and TLC, five metabolites, p- chloro-p′- hydroxybenzophenone, p- chlorobenzhydrol, p- chlorobenzophenone, piperazine, and 2-[2-(1-piperazinyl)ethoxy]ethanol, were identified. The distribution pattern of hydroxyzine methiodide was basically similar to that of hydroxyzine, except that it was restricted to fewer organs with lower specific activity. It was excreted mainly unchanged as studied by paper chromatography.
Effects of disrupting medial prefrontal cortex GABA transmission on decision-making in a rodent gambling task.

Decision-making is a complex cognitive process that is mediated, in part, by subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC). Decision-making is impaired in a number of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia. Notably, people with schizophrenia exhibit reductions in GABA function in the same PFC areas that are implicated in decision-making. For example, expression of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67 is reduced in the dorsolateral PFC of people with schizophrenia. The goal of this experiment was to determine whether disrupting cortical GABA transmission impairs decision-making using a rodent gambling task (rGT). Rats were trained on the rGT until they reached stable performance and then were implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the medial PFC. Following recovery, the effects of intra-PFC infusions of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) or the GABA synthesis inhibitor l-allylglycine (LAG) on performance on the rGT were assessed. Intracortical infusions of BMI (25 ng/μl/side), but not LAG (10 μg/μl/side), altered decision-making. Following BMI infusions, rats made fewer advantageous choices. Follow-up experiments suggested that the change in decision-making was due to a change in the sensitivity to the punishments, rather than a change in the sensitivity to reward magnitudes, associated with each outcome. LAG infusions increased premature responding, a measure of response inhibition, but did not affect decision-making. Blocking GABAA receptors, but not inhibiting cortical GABA synthesis, within the medial PFC affects decision-making in the rGT. These data provide proof-of-concept evidence that disruptions in GABA transmission can contribute to the decision-making deficits in schizophrenia.
Externally Suppressive +1 “Glycine” Frameshift: Possible Quadruplet Isomers for Glycine and Proline

WE have reported our original finding of frameshift suppression in Salmonella1,2. The frameshift we studied initially was induced in the histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH) gene with the intercalating agent ICR-191 (ref. 3.) It is a +1 type most likely containing an extra C in an mRNA repeat of C residues2. External suppressors are efficiently induced by ICR-191 (ref. 1). The suppressors restore small amounts of HDH with the normal amino-acid sequence to the mutant cell4. We have hypothesized a proline suppressor tRNA with a quadruplet (+G) anticodon or its functional equivalent2,4. Prompted by our findings, Riddle and Roth showed that most frameshifts tentatively classified as +1 types by genetic criteria are externally suppressible. Almost all were induced with ICR-191 (ref. 5). Two classes of suppressible frameshift were found, each with a set of mutually exclusive suppressors5. Judging from the demonstrated capacity of ICR compounds to produce + 1 additions in DNA repeats of GC pairs, we have further suggested to Riddle and Roth that these two frameshift-suppressor systems represent +1 additions in RNA repeats of C residues (proline codons, glycine anticodons) and in RNA repeats of G residues (glycine codons, proline anticodons)4 (personal communication to J. R. Roth, Histidine Workshop, 1970); that is, the two types of +1 frameshift are genetic “isomers”, the one involving proline and the other glycine (Fig. 1). The recent demonstration by Riddle and Roth of altered proline tRNA and glycine tRNA in appropriate suppressed strains6 is consistent with this suggestion. Further characterization of frameshifts of the type originally investigated has implicated a proline mRNA quadruplet, CCCg, as a sufficient if not necessary condition for suppression7,8. A requirement for neighbouring sequences, particularly chain terminating codons, cannot be completely ruled out, however8. I have now examined a suppressible frameshift of the second type and present evidence that it contains a +1 addition in or near a glycine codon (Fig. 2). Oddly enough, this mRNA site is followed by an extensive nucleotide sequence reminiscent of two out of three +1 “proline” sequences examined (Fig. 2)8. The ICR compounds seem to have a marked bias for inducing suppressible +1 frameshifts in this extensive sequence. Whether some property of this extensive sequence is crucial to suppression is not yet clear.
Role of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in pancreatic ascites

We present a case of pancreatic ascites. The diagnosis was strongly suspected on the basis of ascitic fluid analysis and was confirmed by observation of pancreatic duct contrast leakage at endoscopic retrograde panreatography (ERP). Computed tomography was not helpful in this case. For localization and final confirmation of the lesion, ERP is the most valuable investigative method.
Collinear acousto-optical interactions in proton-exchanged lithium niobate waveguides

The results of a theoretical study on collinear acousto-optic (AO) interactions in proton- exchanged lithium niobate (PE:LiNbO3) planar waveguides are presented. The guided-to- leaky mode-conversion for an input optical beam at the wavelength of 623.8 nm by the induced diffraction grating from a collinear surface acoustic wave is analyzed using the coupled-mode theory. Conversion efficiency and AO bandwidth have been calculated as functions of acoustic frequency, interaction length, and acoustic drive power density for different waveguide structures.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses of Atrial Pacing

There are occasions when atrial pacing can be usefully employed both diagnostically and therapeutically. Diagnostically, atrial pacing provides mechanisms for easily, safely, and reproducibly stressing the heart that can help in the evaluation of patients with a variety of cardiac disorders. It is particularly useful in the assessment of patients with coronary disease. Therapeutically, atrial pacing has been applied in four general areas: (1) to terminate or slow supraventricular tachyarrhythmias; (2) to accelerate the heart rate in patients with sinus bradycardia and intact atrioventricular conduction; (3) to suppress ventricular irritability; and (4) to augment cardiac output. Techniques of atrial pacing are discussed. Currently, a major problem with both temporary and long-term pervenous atrial pacing is erratic pacing. The development of electrodes and pacemakers designed specifically for atrial pacing, as well as further experience with stimulation from the coronary sinus may lead to more reliable pa...
Nicotinamide in relation to dietary nicotinic acid and nine other vitamins and larval development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).

This study was undertaken to understand why Ceratitis capitata larvae reared on a diet fortified with nine vitamins except nicotinic acid had 100% mortality, while those reared on a 10-vitamin-free diet had 66% survival (Chang, C. L.; Li, Q. X. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2004, 97, 536−540). Our results showed that nicotinamide was detected at a level of 0.07 μg/g in second-instar larvae reared on the 10-vitamin-free diet and 0.30 μg/g in the corresponding spent diet, while it was not detected in either the larvae reared on the diet fortified with 707 μg/g of nine vitamins (nicotinic acid absent) or the corresponding spent diet. Nicotinamide was detected at concentrations of 0.13 and 0.15 μg/g in the larvae fed the diets that were fortified with 707 μg/g of nine other vitamins and 2 and 20 μg/g of nicotinic acid, respectively, but it was not found in the larvae fed the 0.2 μg/g of nicotinic acid diet. Nicotinamide was detected at concentrations of 0.44, 0.52, and 0.55 μg/g in the spent diets that were fortifie...
High Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Filter Using ZnO/Diamond/Si Structure

Diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is receiving much attention as surface acoustic wave (SAW) substrate material, due to its remarkable characteristics of large SAW velocity to offer much attraction in fabrication of high frequency SAW devices. The basic properties of SAW propagating in a ZnO/diamond/Si structure were studied utilizing thin film poly-crystalline diamond. Phase velocity, group velocity, electro-mechanical coupling coefficient (K2), and temperature coefficient of frequency ( TCF) were examined by experiments and theoretical calculations. And it was confirmed that this structure provides high phase velocity up to 10000 m/s, high K2 up to 4.8% and pratical TCF value of -28 ppm/° C. An 1.3 GHz SAW filter of a ZnO/diamond/Si structure was fabricated for the first time.
Effect of soil pH on plant growth and nodulation of cowpea

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil pH on rhizobium inoculation, plant growth and nodulation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Both inoculated and non‐inoculated seeds of the cultivar ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ were grown in the greenhouse in plastic pots with growth medium being a Norfolk sandy loam (Fine, loamy siliceous, thermic, Typic Palendult) soil under different pH levels. Both soil pH and rhizobium inoculation significantly affected root length, plant height, nodule and pod number per plant. Within the pH range of 6.6 to 7.6, these growth parameters generally were at their maximum, decreasing above or below this pH range. Non‐inoculated plants produced some nodules, indicating failure of the methyl bromide to totally destroy all residual soil rhizobta before inoculation treatment. The inoculated plants produced more seeds and the increased number of nodules of treated plants was directly related to increased seed weight. Since nodule number was highest at the approximate p...
Random generation of digits as a measure of attention: Relation to text redundancy and recall

Generation of a random series of digits appears to require more attention than a nonrandom series; thus the randomness of a series can be used to monitor attention. Instructions to recall rather than listen to passages varying in approximation to English while S s were simultaneously generating random digits produced a significant decrement in randomness. The decrease varied inversely with the amount recalled. Recall varied positively with level of approximation. The findings suggest that more attention is being paid to the higher levels of approximation, accounting in part for the increase in recall.
Carbohydrate binding activities of Bradyrhizobium japonicum: IV. Effect of lactose and flavones on the expression of the lectin, BJ38

BJ38 is a galactose/lactose-specific lectin (Mr ∼ 38000) found at one pole ofBradyrhizobium japonicum. It has been implicated in mediating the adhesion of the bacteria to soybean roots, leading to the establishment of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. When the ligand lactose is added to cultures of the bacteria for at least 1 h prior to harvesting the cells for BJ38 isolation, the yield of the protein was found to be elevated in a dose-dependent fashion. Half maximal stimulation was observed at ∼ 50 µm; the effect was saturated at ∼ 1mm, where a 10-fold higher yield of BJ38 was obtained. Saccharides with a lower affinity for BJ38 than lactose yielded a correspondingly smaller induction effect when compared at a concentration of 1mm. The higher level of BJ38 induced by lactose is also manifested by an elevated amount of BJ38 detectable at the cell surface and by a higher number ofB. japonicum cells adsorbed onto soybean cells. Surprisingly, the induction of BJ38 expression seen with lactose was also observed with certain, but not all, flavonoids that induce thenod genes of the bacteria; genistein mimicked the induction observed with lactose, whereas luteolin failed to stimulate BJ38 production.
Software domains in incremental development productivity decline

This research paper expands on a previously introduced phenomenon called Incremental Development Productivity Decline (IDPD) that is presumed to be present in all incremental software projects to some extent. Incremental models are now being used by many organizations in order to reduce development risks. Incremental development has become the most common method of software development. Therefore its characteristics inevitably influence the productivity of projects. Based on their observed IDPD, incrementally developed projects are split into several major IDPD categories. Different ways of measuring productivity are presented and evaluated in order to come to a definition or set of definitions that is suitable to these categories of projects. Data has been collected and analyzed, indicating the degree of IDPD associated with each category. Several hypotheses have undergone preliminary evaluations regarding the existence, stability and category-dependence of IDPD with encouraging results. Further data collection and hypothesis testing is underway.
Psychosomatic aspects of temporomandibular joint dysfunction

Of 30 subjects with temporomandibular joint syndrome, 23 were emotionally disturbed. The oral, physical and emotional status of patients with this syndrome should be evaluated. In the emotionally disturbed, relief can be effected only when situations threatening the subject’s security have been removed, and appropriate occlusal adjustments have been made when indicated. Radical procedures should be postponed until conservative therapy has been utilized.
Motion planning with uncertainty: a landmark approach

Abstract In robotics uncertainty exists at both planning and execution time. Effective planning must make sure that enough information becomes available to the sensors during execution, to allow the robot to correctly identify the states it traverses. It requires selecting a set of states, associating a motion command with every state, and synthesizing functions to recognize state achievement. These three tasks are often interdependent, causing existing planners to be either unsound, incomplete, and/or computationally impractical. In this paper we partially break this interdependence by assuming the existence of landmark regions in the workspace. We define such regions as “islands of perfection” where position sensing and motion control are accurate. Using this notion, we propose a sound and complete planner of polynomial complexity. Creating landmarks may require some prior engineering of the robot and/or its environment. Though we believe that such engineering is unavoidable in order to build reliable practical robot systems, its cost must be reduced as much as possible. With this goal in mind, we also investigate how some of our original assumptions can be eliminated. In particular, we show that sensing and control do not have to be perfect in landmark regions. We also study the dependency of a plan on control uncertainty and we show that the structure of a reliable plan only changes at critical values of this uncertainty. Hence, any uncertainty reduction between two consecutive such values is useless. The proposed planner has been implemented. Experimentation has been successfully conducted both in simulation and using a NOMAD-200 mobile robot.
Meeting the Human Resource Challenges of JIT through Management Development

In a three‐year study of a firm undergoing major technical changes, the factors related to successful implementation of a JIT programme were determined. These factors could all be categorised as human relations or organisational behaviour issues and included: (1) communication skills, (2) management commitment, (3) worker commitment, and (4) appropriate performance evaluation goals. No technical factors were rated as most important to programme success. Management development training programmes that would enhance these key success factors were then identified. Training and development should include a comprehensive pilot programme, a series of initial pre‐implementation sessions, and ongoing training. The content of these sessions is discussed. Management development practitioners must recognise these behavioural needs since a behavioural focus for such technological changes is important and the engineering focus alone is not enough for the successful implementation of such major changes in an organisation.
Warning Compliance: Effects of a Video Warning Sign and Modeling on Behavior:

The effectiveness of warnings and social influence (modeling) for improving safety behavior was examined in a laboratory setting. Although training programs aimed at improving safety behavior in the workplace frequently use videotapes with models portraying safe and unsafe behaviors, the effectiveness of training interventions of this type are rarely evaluated nor have results been published in the research literature. Training to increase safety behaviors can translate into large savings to an organization in terms of reductions in equipment damage, cost of liability litigation, and decreases in injury to both consumers and employees. The present research examined the effects of a posted (video) warning, video role-modeling, and a voice warning on compliance with safety behaviors. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, warning alone, warning and exposure to a video model performing the appropriate safety behaviors, or warning, video modeling, and a voice warning. The results show...
Mass spectrometry for translational proteomics: progress and clinical implications

The utility of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analyses and their clinical applications have been increasingly recognized over the past decade due to their high sensitivity, specificity and throughput. MS-based proteomic measurements have been used in a wide range of biological and biomedical investigations, including analysis of cellular responses and disease-specific post-translational modifications. These studies greatly enhance our understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of the proteome in biology and disease. Some MS techniques, such as those for targeted analysis, are being successfully applied for biomarker verification, whereas others, including global quantitative analysis (for example, for biomarker discovery), are more challenging and require further development. However, recent technological improvements in sample processing, instrumental platforms, data acquisition approaches and informatics capabilities continue to advance MS-based applications. Improving the detection of significant changes in proteins through these advances shows great promise for the discovery of improved biomarker candidates that can be verified pre-clinically using targeted measurements, and ultimately used in clinical studies - for example, for early disease diagnosis or as targets for drug development and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review the current state of MS-based proteomics with regard to its advantages and current limitations, and we highlight its translational applications in studies of protein biomarkers.
Primed LD Typing: Reagent Preparation and Definition of the HLA-D-Region Antigens

Primed LD typing cells were prepared against single HLA haplotypes within families and used to type a random panel of 48 individuals. PLT cells could be grouped on the basis of highly correlated responses with the panel test cells; the 21 different PLT cells could be used to define 6 different PL antigens. One of these, PL 3, was split by the responses of two of the 21 PLT cells which measured an antigen called PL 3.1.
The impacts of land use policy on the soil erosion risk: a case study in central Belgium

Set-aside programs of the European government have a double impact on the regional soil erosion risk in agricultural regions: (1) there is less area susceptible to soil erosion and (2) fields with a high erosion rate are preferably taken out of production resulting in a decrease of the average erosion risk. In order to quantify this double effect an inquiry among farmers in central Belgium was set up to find out which fields are preferably taken out of production. A statistical analysis pointed out that fields with a weak slope gradient, a loamy topsoil and good soil drainage have a low probability of being taken out of production. The results of the questionnaire were used to construct a transition probability map representing for each field the probability that it will be taken out of production. These transition probabilities were used to simulate the decrease in regional erosion risk for different scenarios. The outcome of these simulations suggests that there is a negative power relation between the set-aside percentage and the regional soil erosion risk.
Outcomes of Pregnancy for Addicts Receiving Comprehensive Care

This study reports pregnancy outcomes for 105 addicted women enrolled in New York Medical College's Pregnant Addicts and Addicted Mothers Program. Three classes of variables are examined: prenatal care variables, obstetrical outcomes, and neonatal outcomes. As a first step, percentage distributions are shown for all variables within each class. With respect to the second and third classes, comparisons are made when possible to findings reported elsewhere on heroin-addicted, methadone-maintained, and drug-free populations. Zero-order correlations are then shown for the prenatal care variables versus the neonatal outcomes. It is found that the mother's number of prenatal medical visits correlates significantly with the neonate's gestational age at birth and birth weight, and that her methadone dose at time of delivery correlates significantly with the neonate's withdrawal status. The effect of the prenatal care variables on the two key neonatal outcomes-gestational age at birth and birth weight-is then exam...
Testosterone-induced plasticity of synaptic inputs to adult mammalian motoneurons

The effects of testosterone administration on penile reflexes, and on the motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus which innervate perineal muscles involved in these reflexes, were investigated in castrated male rats. Penile reflexes were restored following 48 h of testosterone administration initiated 6 weeks after castration. The amount of synaptic input to the identified motoneurons was increased following short term testosterone treatment, compared to that seen in animals receiving no testosterone, albeit to a lesser extent than that seen in animals receiving long term testosterone treatment. This increase in synaptic inputs in the short term testosterone group occurred despite the lack of an increase in somatic area. Thus, plasticity of the synaptic input to these neurons, as well as recovery of penile reflexes, occurred as a result of alterations in the hormonal state of the animal, and such changes occurred relatively rapidly.
Explanation for unusual potency of salmon calcitonin.

THE calcitonins are polypeptide hormones of thirty-two amino-acids which lower serum calcium in mammals by inhibiting bone resorption1. During evaluation of these hormones as a means of treating skeletal disorders in man, particularly Paget's disease of bone2, 3, the surprising observation was made that calcitonin from the salmon (SCT) is 20–200 times more potent than porcine calcitonin (PCT) and at least ten times more potent than human calcitonin3, 4. SCT is far more potent than any mammalian calcitonin yet tested in a wide variety of animal species5, 6. This unusual potency of salmon calcitonin could reflect either a greater hormone affinity for receptor sites or a greater resistance to metabolic destruction. We now report evidence which supports the latter possibility, infused SCT disappears from the circulation of the dog much more slowly than does PCT.
Drug shortages in developed countries—reasons, therapeutic consequences, and handling

Drug shortages in developed countries pose a serious public health problem and have far-reaching implications for healthcare providers and their patients. Given the current state of the market, with the limited number of manufacturers and the array of manufacturing quality issues, drug shortages have become a global concern, forcing regulatory authorities to explore and implement strategies to prevent and mitigate drug shortages.
A simple mirror electron microscope-low-energy electron diffraction apparatus for surface studies

A new mirror electron microscope–low‐energy diffraction (MEM–LEED) apparatus based on previous designs has been constructed. In addition to its simplicity of fabrication, advantages of MEM–LEED over conventional LEED include: (1) A variable magnification, real‐space image of the surface is obtained. In our system, the magnification is 10–40. (2) The diffraction pattern is imaged on a flat screen and the spot spacings do not change with incident energy. Our instrument has a transfer width greater than 40 nm. (3) Only one vacuum port is required. (4) Changes in the surface potential are easily measured. (5) Large magnetic fields near the sample do not degrade the performance; for example, operation at 7‐eV incident energy in 10‐G fields is routine for our instrument. (6) Fabrication costs are low. In our MEM–LEED an 8‐keV primary beam is decelerated by a Johansson lens of which the sample forms the mirror element. The focal length is 25 cm. A major practical advantage in our MEM–LEED, unlike previous designs, is that the sample is near ground potential. The system is mounted through a 10‐cm‐diam port and is retractable. Examples of applications are given and the performance is demonstrated to surpass that of conventional display LEED systems.
Transition Metal Speciation in the Cell: Insights from the Chemistry of Metal Ion Receptors

The essential transition metal ions are avidly accumulated by cells, yet they have two faces: They are put to use as required cofactors, but they also can catalyze cytotoxic reactions. Several families of proteins are emerging that control the activity of intracellular metal ions and help confine them to vital roles. These include integral transmembrane transporters, metalloregulatory sensors, and diffusible cytoplasmic metallochaperone proteins that protect and guide metal ions to targets. It is becoming clear that many of these proteins use atypical coordination chemistry to accomplish their unique goals. The different coordination numbers, types of coordinating residues, and solvent accessibilities of these sites are providing insight into the inorganic chemistry of the cytoplasm.
Identification of a nuclear protein component of interchromatin granules using a monoclonal antibody and immunogold electron microscopy

A monoclonal antibody, designated 780-3, has been generated which preferentially recognizes an antigenic component of interchromatin granules in human cells. By indirect immunofluorescence procedures, monoclonal antibody 780-3 produces a cell cycle-specific speckled nuclear staining pattern in adult human fibroblasts which is dramatically altered during metaphase. In contrast, transformed cells appear to express this antigen throughout the cell cycle in increased quantities. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that the nuclear antigen is intimately associated with interchromatin granules in human cells. Analysis by immunoblot procedures showed that monoclonal antibody 780-3 recognizes two polypeptides of 105 and 41 kD. From these data, a possible nucleolar derivation of interchromatin granules is discussed. These studies demonstrate for the first time that monoclonal antibodies may be used in combination with immunogold electron microscopy to identify the ultrastructural location of nuclear antigens.
An econometric analysis of U.S. vital wheat gluten imports

Abstract In light of the wheat wet milling industry's development in the E.C. and of the prominent role U.S. imports play in the international market for wheat gluten, this paper discusses the international market for wheat gluten, an important component of processed grain products. An econometric analysis of the U.S. import demand for wheat gluten is undertaken. The price of flour, income, and the U.S. value of wheat protein are found to be important determinants of wheat gluten imports.
Systematics of the tribe Orcuttieae (Gramineae) and the description of a new segregate genus, Tuctoria

The two genera Neostapfia and Orcuttia, recognized as being closely allied and sharing unusual features, are treated as the sole members of the tribe Orcuttieae. Neostapfia is monotypic; Orcuttia comprises eight taxa, six of which are universally treated as species, and two as varieties. Studies reported here are based on field work throughout the ranges of these two genera and examination of 550 herbarium specimens. Chromosome counts and seed protein analyses for all taxa are presented. These data indicate that each taxon is worthy of specific status and that Orcuttia, as traditionally treated, consists of discordant elements. It is concluded that a more satisfactory taxonomy results when this group is split into two genera. A new genus, Tuctoria, is described, and the combinations T. fragilis (Swallen) J. Reeder, T. greenei (Vasey) J. Reeder, and T. mucronata (Crampton) J. Reeder are proposed.
The Use of Dehydrated Beet Leaves in Chick Rations

Abstract IN harvesting sugar beets considerable quantities of the leaves are available for animal feeding. When dehydrated, this by-product is a good source of riboflavin and carotene and is low in fiber. Heretofore, limited use had been made of this product because of its oxalic acid content. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if dehydrated beet leaves, because of their oxalic acid content, were injurious when fed to chicks, and if so, to determine means of overcoming these effects. Beet leaves, dehydrated or fresh, have been fed successfully to many types of farm animals. Muscavitch (1940) maintained that, in the dried form, beet leaves are 85 percent as valuable as alfalfa hay for feeding cattle and sheep. Christensen (1940) reported that beet top silage, when properly supplemented with limestone, was one-third to one-half as good as corn silage for feeding steers. Alberti (1936) advised the feeding of bonemeal, lime . . .
Preexisting antitumor immunity augments the antitumor effects of chemotherapy

Efficacy of cancer chemotherapy is generally believed to be the result of direct drug killing of tumor cells. However, increased tumor cell killing does not always lead to improved efficacy. Herein, we demonstrate that the status of antitumor immunity at the time of chemotherapy treatment is a critical factor affecting the therapeutic outcome in that tumor-bearing mice that possess preexisting antitumor immunity respond to chemotherapy much better than those that do not. Enhancing antitumor immunity before or at the time of chemotherapy-induced antigen release increases subsequent response to chemotherapy significantly. By in vitro and in vivo measurements of antitumor immunity, we found a close correlation between the intensity of antitumor immunity activated by chemotherapy and the efficacy of treatment. Immune intervention with interleukin-12 during the early phase of chemotherapy-induced immune activation greatly amplifies the antitumor response, often resulting in complete tumor eradication not only at the chemo-treated local site, but also systemically. These findings provide additional evidence for an immune-mediated antitumor response to chemotherapy. Further, our results show that timely immune modification of chemotherapy-activated antitumor immunity can result in enhanced antitumor-immune response and complete tumor eradication.
School-age children's understanding of explanation adequacy

ABSTRACT A study examined developmental differences in students' recognition of the types of explanations that help most in mathematics peer-group interactions. Scripted interactions of eight male and eight female dyads working on math problems were videotaped. In each interaction one actor in the dyad would request non-specific assistance and the other would provide one of four types of responses: (1) answer, (21 procedure, (3) procedure and justification, or (4) procedure and demonstration. Subjects, 62 third and fifth graders, worked on each of the math problems, were shown the videotape of the dyad working on the same problem, then rated the degree to which they thought the reply helped the other actor to understand the math work. Sixty adults who read the scripts of the interactions also indicated how much they thought the response helped the other actor. Results indicated age-related differences in children's differentiation among different types of replies to requests for information. Older subjects made greater distinctions between replies that only provided them with an answer and those tnat provided them with information about the process of problem solving. In addition, older subjects were better able to verbalize this distinction. They referred more often to the need for a response that contained information that would teach them the process and allow generalization to future math problems. Appendices provide girl and boy scripts for 3rd and 5th grade stimuli and a description of the coding system for juotification of subject's ratings. (HTH)
Headache in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Part I: Clinical features

Headache is a common, although under-emphasized, feature of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the literature on the clinical features of headache in ischemic cerebrovascular disease (Part I) and elaborate upon the underlying mechanisms of the head pain (Part II-December issue).
Characterization of Rat CD4 T Cell Clones Specific for the Major Surface Glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii

Pneumocystis carinii are coated by abundant heterogenous major surface glycoproteins (MSGs), which facilitate interaction with the host. We have produced MSG-specific T-cell clones from the spleens of P. carinii-exposed Lewis rats and analyzed five for antigen specificity to native MSG and a recombinant form of MSG, cell surface markers, and cytokine profiles. All five of the clones were CD4+. All of the clones proliferated specifically to both the native MSG and the recombinant MSG only in the presence of antigen presenting cells demonstrating that the response is antigen/driven rather than mitogen/driven. All five of the clones secreted IL-2 and IFN-gamma, although in differing amounts, implicating a Th1 response. Only one of the clones produced any detectable IL-4. This is the first report of T cell clones responsive to a specific antigen of P. carinii, MSG. We conclude that the T cell clones will be helpful in mapping protective epitopes present in MSG and in functional studies of MSG.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid from plasma and brain.

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) from plasma or brain tissue is described. Samples were deproteinized with perchloric acid, centrifuged, alkalinized with potassium hydroxide and recentrifuged. The supernatants were derivatized with o-phthaldialdehyde and injected onto a C18 3-μm column (100 mm × 4 mm I.D.) pumped with 1 ml/min methanol—acetonitrile—0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.0 (28:5:67, v/v). The retention times for ACPC and the internal standard were 15 and 31 min, respectively. The minimum detectable amount of ACPC was 0.08 nmol. The extraction recovery of ACPC (2.7–270 nmol) from spiked plasma or brain tissue ranged from 88 to 109%. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for 27 nmol ACPC were 3.9 and 4.9%, respectively. This method was utilized to obtain preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters following ACPC administration to mice.
Striatal dopamine D2 receptor quantification and superior temporal gyrus: Volume determination in 14 chronic schizophrenic subjects

Chronic schizophrenic (n = 14) and normal subjects (n = 15) were studied with resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Two PET scans were carried out to estimate caudate dopamine D2 receptor densities. MRI was used to measure the volume of the superior temporal gyrus. Average striatal D2 receptor density (Bmax) was significantly higher in the schizophrenic group than in the normal group. Average left superior temporal gyral volume was significantly smaller in the schizophrenic group than in the normal group, and the same tendency was found for the right superior temporal gyrus. Thus, the main finding of this combined analysis of functional and structural neuroimaging techniques was an inverse relationship between reduced superior temporal gyral volume and elevated striatal D2 receptor Bmax values. These preliminary findings require confirmation in larger groups of patients and control subjects.
Solar Wind Eight: Proceedings of the Eighth International Solar Wind Conference

Most of us think of the Sun only for the pleasure and sustenance it provides on a diurnal and seasonal basis. Thankfully, this is not so for the authors of Solar Wind Eight! The public is aware of the Sun's waxing and waning during its approximately 11-year sunspot cycle. Some solar physicists continue, since Galileo's 17th century observations, to count sunspots that provide a crude, cyclic proxy for this waxing and waning of solar activity. Fortunately, the general public has recently become aware of solar wind-induced concerns such as “space weather” effects on electrical power grids, satellite system components, and communication disruptions. Since the 1960s, when the solar wind was discovered, we have known that space weather effects are caused by interplanetary disturbances transmitted to the Earth and the other planets through solar activity by this ever-present solar plasma and magnetic field.
Continuous versions of some discrete maps or what goes on when the lights go out

We show how to realize a variety of discrete maps as time-one evaluations of integrable Hamiltonian flows.
Management Education as Intentional Learning: A Knowledge-Transforming Approach to Written Composition:

Philosopher Alfred North Whitehead long ago warned educators of the danger in teaching "inert ideas"—propositional knowledge that students can express but not use. In the context of management education, this article elaborates differences between the traditional model of instruction, which is teacher-centered and focuses on content knowledge, and the more contemporary model, which is meaning-centered and focuses on merging knowledge, thinking, and learning to enhance students' problem-solving skills. This article discusses an approach to teaching that fosters intentional learning, using knowledge as the means rather than the end, which helps students build their own knowledge structures. Finally, writing assignments that are explicitly knowledge transforming rather than knowledge telling illustrate ways of advancing intentional learning skills.
Antecedent Knowledge and Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction

Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction (ICAI) is an area of artificial intelligence that has received considerable attention from educators. Recently, special educators have taken an interest in this form of computer based instruction, particularly given the growing disappointment in traditional computer assisted instruction. This article reviews ICAI programs as they are typically conceptualized and notes their shortcomings for students with learning disabilities. The remainder of the article discusses ways in which ICAI programs could be useful to these students if sufficient attention is paid to antecedent knowledge; that is, a structured knowledge of the important facts, concepts, rules, and/or strategies of a particular content area. The authors argue that antecedent knowledge is taught best when content analysis and design techniques are used.
The Harmonic Minor Scale Provides an Optimum Way of Reducing Average Melodic Interval Size, Consistent with Sad Affect Cues

Small pitch movement is known to characterize sadness in speech prosody. Small melodic interval sizes have also been observed in nominally sad music––at least in the case of Western music. Starting with melodies in the major mode, a study is reported which examines the effect of different scale modifications on the average interval size. Compared with all other possible scale modifications, lowering the third and sixth scale tones from the major scale is shown to provide an optimum or near optimum way of reducing the average melodic interval size for a large diverse sample of major-mode melodies. The results are consistent with the view that Western melodic organization and the major-minor polarity are co-adapted, and that the structure of the minor mode contributes to the evoking, expressing or representation of sadness for listeners enculturated to the major scale.
Mesh-free Modeling of Ultrasonic Wave Fields in Damaged Layered Half-spaces

Modeling of an ultrasonic wave field inside a layered half-space is carried out by using the mesh-free semi-analytical Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM). The complete field is computed in a la...
Radiological manifestations of neurosarcoidosis: report of three cases and review of literature.

The neuroradiological findings in three anergic patients with pituitary and endocrine disturbances, as well as typical pulmonary findings of sarcoidosis during the course of their disease, are presented. Biopsy confirmation of the intracranial lesion was obtained in one case. The pertinent literature is reviewed. Suprasellar calcification was found in one case. Polytome pneumoencephalography demonstrated suprasellar lesions in two cases. One case had angiographic findings which could represent a type of arteritis not previously described in association with neurosarcoidosis. The authors conclude that patients with sarcoidosis and neurological changes should undergo thorough neuroradiological evaluation to define the extent of disease. This should include, in addition to the usual plain skull radiographs, arteriography and pneumoencephalography with tomography.
Repeated Commit-or-Defer Decisions with a Deadline: The Influenza Vaccine Composition

Seasonal products have an effective inventory deadline, a time by which the inventory must be ready to distribute. The deadline creates an incentive to start early with production. However, opportunities to gather information that might change production decisions provide an incentive to defer the start of production. We study the resultant dynamic decision problem with alternatives that commit to one of several courses of action now and an alternative to defer the commitment to gather more information about the possible consequences of each alternative. The deadline increases the effective cost of gathering information because that cost includes the value sacrificed by reducing the time available to produce inventory. We frame our model using the annual influenza vaccine composition decision: deciding between strains of the virus to include, which must happen in the spring to allow time for vaccine production before the fall flu season begins. Our analysis describes the optimal decision strategies for this commit-or-defer decision. Many insights are drawn from this model that could contribute to more informed flu vaccine composition decisions. We comment on the relevance of this commit-or-defer decision model to a firm's production decisions for other seasonal products with an inventory deadline such as fashion goods.
Balancing Certainty and Uncertainty in Clinical Practice.

Purpose In this article, I question how practitioners can balance the certainty and confidence that they can help their patients with the uncertainty that makes them continually question their beliefs and assumptions. Method I compare the mechanisms of science and models of clinical practice that may help practitioners achieve the right balance between total acceptance of the status quo and an open willingness to explore and accept new ideas. Conclusion Clinical practice, unlike science, has no independent self-correction mechanism that leads to consensus about best clinical practices. Evidence-based models provide principles and guidelines for clinical practice, but ultimately, clinical decisions may be influenced most by a practitioner’s epistemology (belief systems) and propensity for rational thinking.