cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The helium paradoxes.

The ratio ^3He/^4He (R) plays a central role in models of mantle evolution that propose an undegassed lower mantle, rich in the primordial isotope ^3He. A large primordial volatile-rich reservoir, a feature of recent models, is inconsistent with high-temperature accretion and with estimates of crustal and bulk Earth chemistry. High R can alternatively reflect high integrated ^3He/(U+Th) ratios or low ^4He abundances, as expected in refractory portions of the upper mantle. I show that high R materials are gas-poor and are deficient in radiogenic ^4He compared with midocean ridge basalts. The seemingly primitive (i.e., high R) signatures in “hotspot” magmas may be secondary, derived from CO_2-rich gases, or residual peridotite, a result of differential partitioning of U and He into magmas. A shallow and low ^3He source explains the spatial variability and the temporal trends of R in ocean islands and is consistent with a volatile-poor planet. A shallow origin for the “primitive” He signature in ocean island basalts, such as at Loihi, reconciles the paradoxical juxtaposition of crustal, seawater, and atmospheric signatures with inferred “primitive” characteristics. High ^(238)U/^(204)Pb components in ocean island basalts are generally attributed to recycled altered oceanic crust. The low ^(238)U/^3He component may be in the associated depleted refractory mantle. High ^3He/^4He ratios are due to low ^4He, not excess ^3He, and do not imply or require a deep or primordial or undegassed reservoir. ^(40)Ar in the atmosphere also argues against such models.
Nonlinear exchange rate predictability

Abstract We study whether the nonlinear behavior of the real exchange rate can help us account for the lack of predictability of the nominal exchange rate. We construct a smooth nonlinear error-correction model that allows us to test the hypotheses of nonlinear predictability of the nominal exchange rate and nonlinear behavior on the real exchange rate in the context of a fully specified cointegrated system. Using a panel of 19 countries and three numeraires, we find evidence of nonlinear predictability of the nominal exchange rate and of nonlinear mean reversion of the real exchange rate. Out-of-sample Theil’s U -statistics show a higher forecast precision of the nonlinear model than the one obtained with a random walk specification. Although the robustness of the out-of-sample results over different forecast windows is somewhat limited, we are able to obtain significant predictability gains—from a parsimonious structural model with PPP fundamentals—even at short-run horizons.
Activation of adenosine deaminase in MCF-7 cells through IGF-estrogen receptor alpha crosstalk

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) regulates cellular levels of adenosine and deoxyadenosine, and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) induces ADA mRNA in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. IGF-I also induces ADA gene expression in these cells, and induction of this response through IGF activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) was further investigated. IGF and other polypeptide growth factors induce reporter gene expression in MCF-7 cells cotransfected with ERalpha expression plasmid and pADA211, a construct containing the -211 to +11 region of the ADA gene promoter which is required for high basal and E(2)-inducible activity. Deletion analysis of this promoter demonstrates that IGF activates ERalpha/Sp1 interactions with multiple GC-rich sites in the promoter and this response is abrogated in cells transfected with ERalpha containing mutations at Ser(118) or Ser(163). IGF induces both MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and PI3-K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) phosphorylation cascades in MCF-7 cells; however, using a series of inhibitors and dominant negative constructs, our results show that induction of ADA by IGF activation of ERalpha/Sp1 is dependent on the MAPK signaling pathway.
Arginine Vasotocin Gene Expression and Secretion during Osmotic Stimulation and Hemorrhagic Hypotension in Hens

In chickens, hyperosmolality stimulates the secretion of vasotocin (AVT) and up-regulates hypothalamic AVT gene expression. Hemorrhage, on the other hand, has not been considered an effective stimulus for AVT release in this species. The effects of acute osmotic stress and prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension on AVT gene expression and secretion were studied in White Leghorn hens. Conscious hens were osmotically stimulated by administering a single ip injection of 3MNaCl (5 ml/kg). Urethane-anesthetized hens were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 80–90 mm Hg and the pressure was maintained within this range by additional bleeding. A total of about 30% of the estimated blood volume was removed. Both experiments were terminated after 1 hr of stimulation. Plasma AVT levels in the hyperosmotic and hypovolemic hens were 4- and 2-fold higher, respectively, compared to controls. Hypothalamic AVT mRNA levels, detected by Northern blot analysis, were 2.5- and 2-fold higher in the osmotically stimulated and hypotensive groups, respectively, compared to control groups. As determined byin situhybridization, both osmotic stimulation and hypovolemia resulted in an increase in the number of AVT mRNA-containing neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Our results indicate that, under the conditions used, hypotension and hyperosmolality are equally effective in stimulating AVT gene expression and secretion of AVT.
Accurate determination of the frequency-to-time-domain matrix and its application to the inverse laplace transform of high order systems

Abstract A technique for accurately determining the inverse of the frequency to time domain matrix is developed. The matrix is applied to the inverse Laplace transformation evaluation.
Gauge Theories on Open Lie Algebra Noncommutative Spaces

It is shown that noncommutative spaces, which are quotients of associative algebras by ideals generated by highly nonlinear relations of a particular type, admit extremely simple formulae for deformed or star products. Explicit construction of these star products is carried out. Quantum gauge theories are formulated on these spaces, and the Seiberg–Witten map is worked out in detail.
Can we define climate using information theory

The standard definition of climate is, by convention, based on a thirty-year sample. But why? One way to define the sampling period for constructing climatologies is to ask: What is a sufficient sample to construct probability density functions (PDF) for key meteorological variables? I propose an information-theoretic framework for evaluating climatic sampling periods based on level of detail and associated uncertainties in the estimated PDF, the Shannon entropy growth curve and its discrete derivative, and the Kullback-Leibler divergence. I compute these quantities for 235 years of daily data from the Central UK Temperature record and use these statistics to compare popular sampling periods and discuss the feasibility of determining an optimal sampling period.
Monoaminergic neurons, chemosensation and arousal.

In recent years, immense progress has been made in understanding central chemosensitivity at the cellular and functional levels. Combining molecular biological techniques (early gene expression as an index of cell activation) with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry, new information has been generated related to neurochemical coding in chemosensory cells. We found that CO(2) exposure leads to activation of discrete cell groups along the neuraxis, including subsets of cells belonging to monoaminergic cells, noradrenaline-, serotonin-, and histamine-containing neurons. In part, they may play a modulatory role in the respiratory response to hypercapnia that could be related to their behavioral state control function. Activation of monoaminergic neurons by an increase in CO(2)/H(+) could facilitate respiratory related motor discharge, particularly activity of upper airway dilating muscles. In addition, these neurons coordinate sympathetic and parasympathetic tone to visceral organs, and participate in adjustments of blood flow with the level of motor activity. Any deficit in CO(2) chemosensitivity of a network composed of inter-related monoaminergic nuclei might lead to disfacilitation of motor outputs and to failure of neuroendocrine and homeostatic responses to life-threatening challenges (e.g. asphyxia) during sleep.
Self-Related and Other-Related Pathways to Subjective Well-Being in Japan and the United States

Cross-cultural comparisons demonstrate that subjective well-being (SWB) is rated lower among East Asian than Western individuals. Regardless of such cultural differences, however, factors that predict SWB among people from various cultures may be similar. In the current study we demonstrate the universality of two potential pathways to SWB: those which are more self-related (e.g., independent self-construal; personal expression of emotions), and those which are more other-related (e.g., interdependent self-construal; giving social support to others). Using the MIDUS II and the MIDJA datasets, we find that even though American older adults (N = 1,248) report higher levels of SWB, emotional expression, and social support provision than their Japanese counterparts (N = 1,010), there are similar influences of both self and other-related pathways on SWB. Specifically, emotional expression and social support provision contribute equally to SWB in both groups. Moreover, structural equation models revealed that in both cultural groups, independent self-construal has a direct positive effect on SWB, but also indirectly predicts SWB via increased emotional expression and giving support to others. Interdependent self-construal also has a positive effect on SWB. However, it indirectly has both a positive effect (through giving more support to others) and a negative effect (through less emotional expression) on SWB. These findings were nearly identical across cultures, except that Americans showed a stronger positive relationship between independent self-construal and emotional expression, and Japanese showed a stronger positive relation between independence and giving social support. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Preparation of ultrafine chalcopyrite nanoparticles via the photochemical decomposition of molecular single-source precursors.

The synthesis and characterization of ultrafine CuInS2 nanoparticles are described. Ultraviolet irradiation was used to decompose a molecular single source precursor, yielding organic soluble ∼2 nm sized nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. UV−vis absorption, 1H and 31P{1H} NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopies and mass spectrometry were used to characterize decomposition of the precursors and nanoparticle formation. The nanoparticles were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction, inductively coupled plasma analysis, UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. They have a wurzite-type crystal structure with a copper-rich composition. The hypsochromic shift in their emission band due to quantum confinement effects is consistent with the size of the nanocrystals indicated in the HRTEM and XRD analyses.
Reactive Programming Optimizations in Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing systems are begging for programming models and methodologies specifically suited to the particular cyber-physical nature of these systems. Reactive (rule-based) programming is an attractive model to use due to its built-in safety features and intuitive application development style. Without careful optimization however, reactive programming engines could turn into monstrous power drains of the pervasive system and its sensor network. In this paper we propose two optimizations for reactivity engines. The first, which we prove to be optimal, assumes all sensors in the space are equally important to the application. The other, which is adaptive, employs and estimates a probability for each sensor based on application usage. Both optimizations use a mixed push/pull approach to achieve optimal or near optimal energy efficiency. We present an experimental evaluation of the two algorithms to quantify their performance over a range of parameters.
Impacts of Terrestrial and Shoreline Stressors on Eelgrass in Puget Sound: An Expert Elicitation

We used expert elicitation to examine potential responses of eelgrass to several restoration strategies in Puget Sound. Restoration strategies included shoreline armor removal and modification, removal and modification of overwater structures, and efforts to improve water clarity via reductions in anthropogenic nutrient and sediment loadings. Expert responses indicated a general belief that reducing stressors would increase eelgrass cover; however, responses varied greatly among stressors. Our analyses revealed that removal of overwater structures, nutrient loading and shoreline armoring will have significantly larger effects on eelgrass recovery than would removal of sediment loading, with removal of overwater structures having the largest effect. We then used a probabilistic model to estimate what actions, singularly or in combination, could yield a large increase in eelgrass cover. Reducing single stressors could, in theory, result in recovery of eelgrass in Puget Sound; however, the magnitude of actio...
Implementation of the SU(2) Hamiltonian Symmetry for the DMRG Algorithm

Abstract In the Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) algorithm (White, 1992, 1993) [1] , [2] , Hamiltonian symmetries play an important role. Using symmetries, the matrix representation of the Hamiltonian can be blocked. Diagonalizing each matrix block is more efficient than diagonalizing the original matrix. This paper explains how the the DMRG++ code (Alvarez, 2009) [3] has been extended to handle the non-local SU(2) symmetry in a model independent way. Improvements in CPU times compared to runs with only local symmetries are discussed for the one-orbital Hubbard model , and for a two-orbital Hubbard model for iron-based superconductors . The computational bottleneck of the algorithm and the use of shared memory parallelization are also addressed. Program summary Program title: DMRG++ Catalog identifier: AEDJ_v2_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEDJ_v2_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Special license. See http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/AEDJ_v2_0.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 211560 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 10572185 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C++. Computer: PC. Operating system: Multiplatform, tested on Linux. Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: Yes. 1 to 8 processors with MPI, 2 to 4 cores with pthreads. RAM: 1GB (256MB is enough to run the included test) Classification: 23. Catalog identifier of previous version: AEDJ_v1_0 Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Comm. 180(2009)1572 External routines: BLAS and LAPACK Nature of problem: Strongly correlated electrons systems , display a broad range of important phenomena, and their study is a major area of research in condensed matter physics . In this context, model Hamiltonians are used to simulate the relevant interactions of a given compound, and the relevant degrees of freedom. These studies rely on the use of tight-binding lattice models that consider electron localization , where states on one site can be labeled by spin and orbital degrees of freedom. The calculation of properties from these Hamiltonians is a computational intensive problem, since the Hilbert space over which these Hamiltonians act grows exponentially with the number of sites on the lattice. Solution method: The DMRG is a numerical variational technique to study quantum many body Hamiltonians. For one-dimensional and quasi one-dimensional systems, the DMRG is able to truncate, with bounded errors and in a general and efficient way, the underlying Hilbert space to a constant size, making the problem tractable. Running time: Varies. The test suite provided takes about 10 min to run on a serial machine.
Investment Value Analysis for Renewable Energy Projects

The accelerated deployment of renewable energy resources in the utility grid is affected by various economic, technical and regulatory barriers. While we are making substantial progress with the technical and regulatory issues, there is a need for refined economic evaluation methodologies to provide a better understanding of renewable energy investments. This paper presents an alternative, easy to use, economic evaluation methodology and examines the sensitivity of each parameter on the investment value or worth of renewable projects based on the anticipated cash flow taking tax incentives and local constraints into account. This methodology is applicable to all renewable and alternative energy investments under different types of ownership.
When intermittent power production serves transient loads

Abstract Renewable power generation exhibits notorious intermittence. The power load varies daily and also seasonally. The topic of renewable generation, storage and grid interfacing is complex in that it brings into one setting many diverse interests and technologies. Our long-term goal is to help define ways to profitably increase renewable generation. In this paper, we focus on normal day for a grid operator, PJM, (Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland). The variability of wind and (and assumed) solar outputs require a certain capability for load following or storage. Using dynamic modelling, we estimate the variability of the wind output and we simulate a projected solar penetration of 3% of new capacity. To save for eventual use every unit of energy thus generated, a storage system must have the capability to levelize the supply of renewable power. The capacity requirements for storage and generation of such a system are mapped out in 1 min intervals, and are used to define the capacities and ramp rates for a hypothetical pumped storage plant. Knowledge of weather patterns may be helpful to plan dispatch and storage of renewable energy. The results of a brief excursion into the difficult topic of weather patterns are recorded here too.
Time dilation visualization in relativity

This work extends our previous effort in visualizing the spatial aspect of relativistic effects, and treats the phenomenon of time dilation; an inherent temporal effect of special relativity.Here, we demonstrate through still-frame images and live animations that in observing the viewing independent time dilation, the finite light transit time involved in performing the observation makes the observed time dilation also depend on the viewing condition.As we introduce the physics of special relativity into ray-tracing and make time to pass as a ray travels through space, we are able to link the spatial and temporal dimensions in a fundamental and consistent way in our simulations, and generate images that reveal the spatial and temporal properties of the 4D geometry of spacetime.Our exploration highlights the interplay of the imaging process and the imaged physical events in producing the final images. It reveals a richly detailed physical reality which the mathematical language of thought experiment in relatively does not directly provide.
Convair 990 transonic flow-field simulation about the forward fuselage

A three-dimensional, viscous flow code was used to calculate the transonic flow about the forebody of the Convair CV-990 (Galileo II) research aircraft stationed at NASA Ames Research Center. The computations were used to determine the location for a differential pressure system. In addition, attitude sensor placements were verified. These instruments comprise a meteorological measurement system, which will be used for global determination of three-dimensional wind data. The code solves the thin layer form of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using an implicit numerical procedure. The governing equations are written in a generalized, nonorthogonal coordinate system, and are cast in a strong conservation law form. Laminar boundary layer results are presented for free stream Mach number of 0.8 and angles of attack of zero and 2 deg. Use of this computational tool reduced the development time for the location of the sensors and aided in the optimal placement on the aircraft of these devices.
Minkowski roots of complex sets

An n-th Minkowski root /spl otimes//sup 1/n/ A of a given complex set A is defined by the property {z/sub 1/z/sub 2/...z/sub n/|z/sub i//spl isin//spl otimes//sup 1/n/ A}/spl equiv/A, i.e., the set of all products of n independently chosen values from /spl otimes//sup 1/n/ is identical to A. Hence, the n-th Minkowski power of /spl otimes//sup 1/n/A yields the original set A. Minkowski root extractions are fundamental operations in the Minkowski geometric algebra of complex sets: depending on the nature of A, subtle issues concerning the existence, uniqueness and minimality or maximality of /spl otimes//sup 1/n/A may arise. For a domain A with a smooth boundary that is strictly logarithmically convex, we show that each connected component of the "ordinary" root A/sup 1/n/={z|z/sup n//spl isin/A} is a Minkowski n-th root. /spl otimes//sup 1/n/A has a more intricate structure, however when /spl part/A has logarithmic inflections. For example, if A is a circular disk, /spl otimes//sup 1/n/A is (a single loop of) the "n-th order" ovals of Cassini or lemniscate of Bernoulli when 0/spl notin/A or 0/spl isin//spl part/A, respectively. But when 0 is in the interior of A, a composite curve (portions of the Cassini ovals and a higher-order curve) is required to describe /spl otimes//sup 1/n/A.
Formalin treated chicken erythrocytes as indicators of influenza A virus (Asian) and its antibody.

SummaryFormalinized chicken erythrocytes were equivalent to fresh cells for measurement of influenza A virus (Asian) and its antibody. The preserved cells were smaller than fresh ones, requiring some volumetric adjustment. It was necessary, also, when titrating HA ability of treated cells to incorporate small amounts of protein into the diluent.
Heated inlet sampling system for removing carbonaceous aerosol

ABSTRACT A method for separating airborne particles made of refractory materials from ambient aerosol particles has been developed. A heated inlet device was fabricated from a tube furnace and tested using aerosol produced in the laboratory and found in the ambient outdoor environment. By removing interfering particulate matter, this heated inlet increases the efficiency for microanalysis of small refractory particles. Areas of application include the analysis of mineral particles (ambient crustal dusts, asbestos, etc.) and particles from nuclear accidents.
The effects of exogenous ethylene and methyl jasmonate on the accumulation of phenolic antioxidants in selected whole and wounded fresh produce

Selected fruits and vegetables were exposed to wounding, methyl jasmonate (MJ) or ethylene (ET) stress and effects on the phenylpropanoid metabolism were determined. Lettuce, cilantro, cabbage, green beans, apples, plums, peaches, table grapes, strawberries, bell peppers, asparagus, celery, carrots, radishes, potatoes, and jicama were evaluated for phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (AOX). The phenolic synthesis response to the stresses was tissue-dependent, including decreases, increases or no effects. The use of phytohormones enhanced the wound response on some crops, confirmed by an increase in phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and HPLC phenolic profiles. Several reasons could explain the phenolic accumulation, including the plant genetic machinery, the presence of a common signalling response and differences in phenolic synthesis and degradation kinetics. The synthesized phenolics increased the overall AOX (μg trolox/g FW) of the tissue. Furthermore, the specific AOX (μg trolox/mg phenolics) of the synthesized phenolic compounds was influenced by type of tissue and phytohormone used.
New Testament scholarship through one hundred years of the "Harvard theological review"

In order to answer the question of the involvement of Harvard Theological Review in the publication of essays relating to the New Testament, I have gone through all the published indices that were issued by the journal. The first index was published in 1938 and covered the journal's first thirty years; thereafter indices were published at ten-year intervals. The figures to which I shall refer in this paper are not necessarily exact, but they offer a reasonably good indication of the commitment of Harvard Theological Review to the field of New Testament studies. I did not limit the following survey to essays that deal with the New Testament proper, narrowly defined. There are numerous articles that contribute to New Testament studies indirectly, as they deal with the literature of postexilic Israel, the so-called Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, or rabbinic Judaism. Other areas of scholarly endeavor relating to the New Testament and early Christianity are the history of ancient Christianity, New Testament apocrypha including the writings from Nag Hammadi, the Apostolic Fathers, early Christian apologists, and ancient church history in general. Finally, many of these essays, often written by New Testament scholars, deal with material from the Greco-Roman world.
Treatment strategies for dystonia.

Importance of the field: Dystonia is a neurological syndrome characterized by involuntary twisting movements and unnatural postures. It has many different manifestations and causes, and many differ...
Composition of Cooked Pork Chops: Effect of Removing Subcutaneous Fat Before Cooking

Conventionally trimmed (0.6 cm) and completely trimmed (0 cm) prok chops were used to evaluate the effect of removing subcutaneous fat on lipid retention during broiling of pork. Composition of the lean portion of cooked chops was not affected by removal of external fat before cooking. Conventional chops contained 4.4% either extractable lipid and completely trimed chops contained 4.3%. Lipid retention was also the same at 94–99%. Recovery of moisture, protein, and lipid was 98–99%, using ether extraction or chloroform:methanol extraction. Therefore, the concept of lipid migration during cooking was not a tenable explanation for reports of lipid retention exceeding 100% during broiling of pork chops typical of those available to consumers.
Anxiety States and Sustained Attention in a Cognitively Intact Elderly Sample: Preliminary Results:

For elderly volunteers (10 high and 10 low on anxiety) scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Mini-Mental State Examination, and subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised suggested anxiety adversely affected sustained attention of these elderly persons, but may not be evident on verbal and figural memory tasks.
Novel interactions of cations with dihydropyridine calcium antagonist binding sites in brain.

Abstract The effects of monovalent (Na+, Li+, K+, Rb+) and divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) cations on dihydropyridine calcium antagonist binding sites in brain and cardiac membranes were investigated using a low ionic strength buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4), and the dihydropyridine, [3H]-nitrendipine. At 25 degrees C, the monovalent cations Na+, Li+, and K+ (100 mM) but not Rb+ significantly decreased the apparent dissociation constant (KD) but had no effect on the maximum binding site capacity (Bmax) of [3H]-nitrendipine in brain. The divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ (2 mM) significantly increased the Bmax, but did not affect the KD of [3H]-nitrendipine. The effects of cations were concentration-dependent (EC50 monovalent cations 10-25 mM; EC50 divalent cations 50-200 microM) and demonstrated brain region selectivity. The effect of Ca2+, but not Mg2+ or Mn2+ on [3H]-nitrendipine binding was described by a two-site model. At 25 degrees C, neither mono- nor divalent cations altered the characteristics of [3H]-nitrendipine binding to rat cardiac membranes. At 37 degrees C, Na+ (100 mM) but not K+ (100 mM) significantly increased the Bmax of [3H]-nitrendipine in rat brain membranes. Ca2+ (2 mM) significantly increased the Bmax of [3H]-nitrendipine binding to rat brain membranes to a greater extent than at 25 degrees C. Both Na+ and K+ had no effect on [3H]-nitrendipine binding to cardiac membranes, while Ca2+ (2 mM) significantly decreased the KD of [3H]-nitrendipine. It is suggested that the selective effects of mono- and divalent cations on [3H]-nitrendipine binding to rat brain and cardiac membranes may be associated with differences in the calcium current blocking activity of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists in brain and cardiac tissues.
The impact of culture and education on non-verbal neuropsychological measurements: A critical review

Clinical neuropsychology has frequently considered visuospatial and non-verbal tests to be culturally and educationally fair or at least fairer than verbal tests. This paper reviews the cross-cultural differences in performance on visuoperceptual and visuoconstructional ability tasks and analyzes the impact of education and culture on non-verbal neuropsychological measurements. This paper compares: (1) non-verbal test performance among groups with different educational levels, and the same cultural background (inter-education intra-culture comparison); (2) the test performance among groups with the same educational level and different cultural backgrounds (intra-education inter-culture comparisons). Several studies have demonstrated a strong association between educational level and performance on common non-verbal neuropsychological tests. When neuropsychological test performance in different cultural groups is compared, significant differences are evident. Performance on non-verbal tests such as copying figures, drawing maps or listening to tones can be significantly influence by the individuals culture. Arguments against the use of some current neuropsychological non-verbal instruments, procedures, and norms in the assessment of diverse educational and cultural groups are discussed and possible solutions to this problem are presented. 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
A Topological Characterization of End Sets of a Twinning of a Tree

We give two topological characterizations of which subsets of ends of a tree T can be the twinned ends of a twinning of T. We then use this characterization to prove that in a semi-homogeneous tree with countable degrees, a subset S of ends of T can be the set of twinned ends if and only if S is countable and dense in the topology on the set of ends of T.
The effect of ethanol on the constituents of the gastric mucous barrier

Abstract The effect of ethanol on the gastric ‘mucous barrier’ and gastric mucosal constituents was investigated. Deranged gastric secretions were obtained by perfusion in vivo of Ghosh-Lai rat stomachs with 10%, 15% and 20% ethanol in saline. The content of protein, immunoreactive albumin and haemoglobin were determined on native perfusates. Lipids were extracted from dialysed and lyophilized samples of ethanol perfusates and saline controls, separated into individual components by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, and compared. The content and composition of protein bound carbohydrates was determined on the insoluble residues after lipid extraction. Significant increments in the level of glycolipids (glyceroglucolipids), cholesterol esters, glycerides, protein, immunoreactive albumin, and protein bound carbohydrates were found in the ethanol perfusates. Six times greater quantities of glycolipids, proteins and immunoreactive albumins were found in 20% ethanol perfusates as compared to saline controls. Also, a ten fold increase of protein bound carbohydrates and neutral glycerides, and an 18 fold increase of cholesterol esters in 20% ethanol perfusates were detected. The glycolipid fractions consisted of neutral and sulphated glyceroglucolipids. The saline and 10%, 15% and 20% ethanol perfusates were devoid of phospholipids and glycosphingolipids. The data shown indicate that the presence of ethanol in the stomach causes depletion of the mucous barrier and leakage of serum proteins into the gastric lumen. From the absence of phospholipids and glycosphingolipids in the perfusates one may infer that the gastric epithelial membranes and vascular membranes remained intact. Also, the data presented indicate that the mucous barrier contains glycoproteins and considerable quantities of lipids of which glyceroglucolipids are the most prominent components, but in which phospholipids and glycosphingolipids are not present.
Investigation of the Coordination Interactions of S-(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-L-Cysteine Ligands with M(CO)3+ (M=Re, 99mTc)

Development of new ligands for fac-M(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)(+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) led the investigation with S-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-l-cysteine, 1. The ligand 1 has potential to coordinate with the metal through three different tridentate modes: tripodal through cysteine (O,N,S) and two linear involving the S-pyridyl and cysteine (O,S,N(Py), N,S,N(Py)). From the reaction with 1, two species were observed in the (1)H NMR, where the primary product was the linear fac-Re(N,S,N(Py)-1)(CO)(3)(+), 2a, complex. To identify the coordination mode of the minor product, functionalized analogues of 1 were prepared from S-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-Boc-l-cysteine-methyl ester, 3, with orthogonal protecting groups on the C terminus (methyl ester) in S-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-l-cysteine methyl ester, 4, or N terminus (Boc) in S-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-Boc-l-cysteine, 6, that specifically directed the coordination mode of fac-M(H(2)O)(3)(CO)(3)(+) to either N,S,N(Py) or O,S,N(Py), respectively. Two diastereomers [fac-Re(CO)(3)(N,S,N(Py)-4)](+), 5a and 5b, were observed and independently characterized by X-ray structure analysis and NMR in high yield with 4. Surprisingly, the O,S,N(Py) Re complex with ligand 6 was not observed and simplified versions, 3-(pyridin-2-ylmethylthio) propanoic acid, 7, and 2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylthio)acetic acid, 8, were investigated. Ligand 7 did not yield the desired linear tridentate O,S,N(Py) product. However, the shorter ligand 8 formed fac-Re(CO)(3)(O,S,N(Py)-8), 9, in high yield. (99m)Tc labeling studies were conducted and yielded similar results to the rhenium complex and effective (>99%) at 10(-5) M ligand concentration.
Distributed decision making in complex organizations: the adaptive enterprise

In this paper, we give a tutorial overview of how the convergence of business decision making (BDM), information technology and computer aided process decision making can make organizations adaptive. One framework for advancing the conflux of these ideas is provided by distributed network theory and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In this theory, the integrated system of decision makers, software and physical devices are viewed as a network of semi-autonomous activities that interact through boundary conditions. The dynamics of such systems can be stabilized using inventory and flow control. Decision making based on value analysis leads to trajectories that are stable and minimize cost. We describe the basis for evaluating business performance using the intrinsic value of new processes and products. We finish by reviewing very briefly how the drive towards excellence can make it easier for universities and industry to carry out cooperative R&D.
Hydrosol deposition in fibrous beds

Abstract Clean filter coefficients (or unit collector efficiencies) for the removal of small particles from dilute liquid suspensions by fibrous filters were calculated using different porous media models. Based on the numerical results obtained, approximate expressions of the filter coefficient were established and relate the filter coefficient with various relevant dimensionless parameters. The results were found to be in good agreement with experiments conducted as part of this study.
Escaping Davy Jones' Locker: How the Motion Picture Industry Can Stop Digital Piracy Without Unnecessary Litigation

Contrary to popular belief, motion picture piracy is not a modern phenomenon. 2 Indeed, Hollywood studios have been engaged in a continuous battle against pirates ever since theatres began showing films in the late nineteenth century. 3 One of the earliest methods of motion picture piracy, for example, was the “bicycling of prints,” a practice by which a theatre operator would literally transport film reels between multiple theatres by bicycle to avoid the cost of licensing reels for each. 4 With the advent of the Internet, however, the rate of motion picture piracy has increased exponentially. While truly measuring the extent of such illegal activity is impossible, recent estimates by the Motion Picture Association of America (“MPAA”) suggest that somewhere between 300,000 and 350,000 motion pictures are illegally downloaded from the Internet every day. 5 With Hollywood studios already losing four billion dollars in potential profits each year to analog piracy, 6 the continuous growth of digital piracy threatens the very existence of the motion picture industry. It is no surprise, then, that industry trade organizations like the MPAA are now feverishly searching for an effective way to address the problems posed by digital piracy.
N-Propyldihydrolipoamide glass beads An immobilized reducing agent

Abstract N -Propyllipoamide-controlled pore glass has been synthesized and utilized as a potential immobilized reducing agent. It has been shown to be effective in reducing glutathione, cysteine and thiolated gelatin. N -Propyllipoamide glass can also be employed to activate papain (EC 3.4.4.10). However, after activation a substantial percentage of the papain activity remains non-covalently bound to the N -propyllipoamide glass. The attraction between the glass derivative and papain appears to be hydrophobic and can be reduced by the addition of non-ionic detergents. N -Propyllipoamide glass has also been used for the activation of mercuripapain and as an immobilized chelation agent with specificity toward heavy metal ions, e.g. Hg 2+ , Pt 2+ , Au 3+ .
Neoadjuvant therapy for pancreas cancer: Past lessons and future therapies

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a most deadly malignancy, with an overall 5-year survival of 5%. A subset of patients will be diagnosed with potentially resectable disease, and while complete surgical resection provides the only chance at cure, data from trials of postoperative chemoradiation and/or chemotherapy demonstrate a modest survival advantage over those patients who undergo resection alone. As such, most practitioners believe that completion of multimodality therapy is the optimal treatment. However, the sequence of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy is frequently debated, as patients may benefit from a neoadjuvant approach by initiating chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation prior to resection. Here we review the rationale for neoadjuvant therapy, which includes a higher rate of completion of multimodality therapy, minimizing the risk of unnecessary surgical resection for patients who develop early metastatic disease, improved surgical outcomes and the potential for longer overall survival. However, there are no prospective, randomized studies of the neoadjuvant approach compared to a surgery-first strategy; the established and ongoing investigations of neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer are discussed in detail. Lastly, as the future of therapeutic regimens is likely to entail patient-specific genetic and molecular analyses, and the treatment that is best applied based on those data, a review of clinically relevant biomarkers in pancreatic cancer is also presented.
Immunology of Mercury

The heavy metal mercury is ubiquitously distributed in the environment resulting in permanent low-level exposure in human populations. Mercury can be encountered in three main chemical forms (elemental, inorganic, and organic) which can affect the immune system in different ways. In this review, we describe the effects of these various forms of mercury exposure on immune cells in humans and animals. In genetically susceptible mice or rats, subtoxic doses of mercury induce the production of highly specific autoantibodies as well as a generalized activation of the immune system. We review studies performed in this model and discuss their implications for the role of environmental chemicals in human autoimmunity.
The Checkpoints of Viral Gene Expression in Productive and Latent Infection: the Role of the HDAC/CoREST/LSD1/REST Repressor Complex

At the portal of entry into the body, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) vigorously multiply and spread until curtailed by the adaptive immune response. At the same time, HSV invades nerve ending-abutting infected cells and is transported in a retrograde manner to the neuronal nucleus, where it establishes a latent (silent) infection. At intervals, as a consequence of physical or metabolic stress, the virus is activated and transported in an anterograde manner to the body surface. The progression of infection is regulated at four checkpoints. In cell culture or at the portal of entry into the body, HSV uses components of the HDAC1- or HDAC2/CoREST/LSD1/REST repressor complex to activate α genes (checkpoint 1) and then uses an α protein, ICP0, to suppress the same repressor complex from silencing post-α gene expression (checkpoint 2). In neurons destined to harbor latent virus (checkpoint 3), HSV hijacks the same repressor complex to silence itself as a first step in the establishment of the latent state. Suppression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) plays a key role in the reactivation from latency (checkpoint 4). HSV has evolved a strategy of using the same host repressor complex to meet its diverse lifestyle needs.
The characterization of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation in inactivating airborne microorganisms.

In this study, we explored the efficacy of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) in reducing the concentration of Serratia marcescens and Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) aerosols in enclosed places. We constructed a facility (4.5 m x 3 m x 2.9 m) in which both ceiling- and wall-mounted UV fixtures (UV output: 10W and 5W respectively) were installed. The use of ceiling- and wall-mounted UV fixtures (total UV output: 15W) without mixing fan reduced the concentration of S. marcescens aerosols by 46% (range: 22-80%) at 2 air changes per hour (ACH) and 53% (range: 40-68%) at 6 ACH. The use of ceiling- and wall-mounted UV fixtures with mixing fan increased the UV effectiveness in inactivating S. marcescens aerosols to 62% (range: 50-78%) at 2 ACH and to 86% (81-89%) at 6 ACH. For BCG aerosols, UV effectiveness in inactivating BCG aerosols at 6 ACH were 52% (range: 11-69%) by ceiling-mounted UV fixture only (total UV output: 10W) and 64% (51-83%) by both ceiling- and wall-mounted UV fixtures (total UV output: 15W). Our results indicated that the equivalent ventilation rate attributable to upper-room UVGI for BCG aerosols ranged from 1 ACH to 22 ACH for ceiling-mounted UV fixtures and from 6.4 ACH to 28.5 ACH for ceiling- and wall-mounted UV fixtures. Both generalized linear and generalized additive models were fitted to all our data. The regression results indicated that the number of UV fixtures, use of mixing fan, and air exchange rate significantly affected UV effectiveness (p < 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 respectively). However, the strain difference (S. marcescens vs. BCG) appeared less important in UV effectiveness (p = 0.26). Our results also indicated that UV effectiveness increased at higher temperature ((italic)p(/italic) < 0.01), lower dry-bulb temperature ((italic)p(/italic) = 0.21), and colder air from a supply grill located near the ceiling (p = 0.22).
Testing the biological basis of a stream habitat classification using benthic invertebrates

The biological basis of a physical channel unit classification system for a warmwater stream was evaluated. We compared measures of benthic invertebrate communities in 11 channel units in three segments of the Jacks Fork River, Missouri, USA, in two different seasons. Within-group community similarity, as measured by Whittaker's percentage similarity, significantly increased by grouping the entire fauna into three flow habitat groups, and in most cases, community similarity significantly increased by further division into the 11 channel units. Community structure, measured as the ranking of abundance of fauna at the family level of taxonomy, was consistent for the same channel units from different segments of stream during the same season, as well as over time as measured by correlation analysis. Communities most consistent both spatially and over time were edgewaters, high gradient riffles, and races, while the least concordant faunas were from vegetated edgewaters, forewaters, and obstruction pools. Channel units did not maintain unique faunal relations over space or time when measured by the community-level measures of diversity, taxon richness, and abundance. We conclude that channel units have properties not found at other spatial scales and serve as an appropriate scale to coordinate interdisciplinary management goals and strategies.
Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on ruminal nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows

Ten lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas that were part of a larger feeding trial were blocked by days in milk into 2 groups and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 incomplete 5 × 5 Latin squares. Diets contained [dry matter (DM) basis] 25% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate. Rolled high-moisture shelled corn was replaced with solvent-extracted soybean meal to increase crude protein (CP) from 13.5% to 15.0, 16.5, 17.9, and 19.4% of DM. Each of the 4 experimental periods lasted 28 d with data and sample collection performed during the last 8 d. Digesta samples were collected from the omasum to quantify the ruminal outflow of different N fractions. Intake of DM was not affected but showed a quadratic trend with maxima of 23.9 kg/d at 16.5% CP. Ruminal outflow of total bacterial nonammonia N (NAN) was not different among diets but a significant linear effect of dietary CP was detected for this variable. Bacterial efficiency (g of total bacterial NAN flow/kg of organic matter truly digested in the rumen) and omasal flows of dietary NAN and total NAN also showed positive linear responses to dietary CP. Total NAN flow increased from 574 g/d at 13.5% CP to 688 g/d at 16.5% CP but did not increase further with the feeding of more CP. Under the conditions of this study, 16.5% of dietary CP appeared to be sufficient for maximal ruminal outflow of total bacterial NAN and total NAN.
Baby Think It Over: Evaluation of an Infant Simulation Intervention for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention

In an intervention aimed at showing students the amount of responsibility involved in caring for an infant, 353 predominantly ninth-grade and Latino students carried the Baby Think It Over simulation doll in an intervention and completed matched pre- and posttest measures. Statistically significant gains were found on the total score and the impact of having a baby on academics, social life, and other family members; emotional risks; understanding and handling an infant's crying; and apprehension of the amount of responsibility involved in infant care. On a posttest-only measure, 108 participants reported statistically significant differences before and after carrying the doll with regard to the age at which they wished to have a child, their career and education plans, and the perceived interference of an infant with those education and career plans and their social life.