cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The subjective effects of MDMA and mCPP in moderate MDMA users

The present study is part of a research program designed to better understand the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the abuse liability of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans. In these studies, MDMA will be compared to prototypical dopamine (D-amphetamine) and serotonin (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, mCPP) releasing agents on a variety of measures related to dependence. In order to determine an acceptable dose range (safe but active) of MDMA and mCPP for these studies, moderate MDMA users were administered escalating doses of MDMA (75, 110 and 145 mg/70 kg) and mCPP (17.5, 35 and 52.5 mg/70 kg). Each participant received a single dose under controlled laboratory conditions, i.e. this was a six-group design with a separate group for each dose. There were five participants tested in each group. MDMA increased blood pressure and heart rate whereas mCPP had no effect on these physiological measures. MDMA produced increases in subjective effects indicative of both stimulant (increases in POMS Elation, ARCI Amphetamine, VAS High and Stimulated scale scores) and hallucinogenic effects (increases on five of the six scales of the Hallucinogenic Rating Scale). mCPP produced similar stimulant effects (e.g. increases on POMS Elation, VAS High and Stimulated), as well as hallucinogenic effects (four of the six scales of the Hallucinogenic Rating Scale), which has not been observed in previous studies.
QUALITY OF FRESH‐CUT TOMATOES

Tomato fruit at pink or light-red stages of ripening were cut into slices, rinsed with water containing 50 μL.L−1 sodium hypochlorite and drained. They were stored in perforated polyethylene package at 1C in air or controlled atmosphere for five and ten days. Weight loss, chlorophyll and lycopene contents, seed discoloration, fungal infection, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugar/acid ratio, pH, flavor and taste, firmness, ascorbic acid content, rate of respiration and ethylene production, and electrolyte leakage were evaluated after each storage period. The overall quality of controlled atmosphere-stored slices was better than that of air stored slices. Slices from light-red fruit had lower weight loss, minimum seed discoloration, lower
Assessment and Risk Reduction in Lymphedema

Objectives To inform oncology nurses about current concepts and practices for the diagnosis and assessment of patients with cancer-related lymphedema and to examine risk-reduction strategies. Data Sources Peer reviewed literature. Conclusion Although there is not an established, standardized protocol for the assessment of these patients, multiple diagnostic and assessment tools are available and in use. In a clinical setting for comprehensive lymphedema care, development of assessment protocols that are reproducible and utilized over the course of care is necessary. Risk-reduction strategies for lymphedema are an emerging focus in oncology care. Implications for Nursing Practice Established methods for diagnosis and assessment are available and should be incorporated into practice. Risk-reduction strategies should be considered.
Enhanced vibration controllability by minor structural modifications

A procedure for checking whether small changes in a structure have the potential for significant enhancements of its vibration control system is described. The first step in the procedure consists of the calculation of the sensitivity of the required strength of the control system to small changes in structural parameters. The second step consists of the optimization of the structural parameters to produce maximal reduction in required control system strength with minimal change in the structure. The procedure has been demonstrated for a flexible beam supported by four cables and controlled by a rate feedback single-colocated force-actuator velocity-sensor pair. Large changes in control strength requirement were obtained with small structural modifications. Analytical predictions of such effects have also been validated experimentally.
Automated Parameterization of Land Surface Process Models Using Fuzzy Logic

All land surface process models require parameters that are proxies for spatial processes that are impractical or impossible to measure. Recent developments in model parameter estimation theory suggest that information obtained from calibrating such models is inherently uncertain in nature. As a consequence, identification of optimum parameter values is often highly non-specific. A calibration framework using fuzzy logic is presented to deal with such uncertain information. An application of this technique to calibrate the sub-canopy controls on transpiration in a land surface process model demonstrates that objective estimates of parameter values and expected ranges of predictions can be obtained with suitable choices for objective functions. An iterative refinement in parameter estimates was possible with conditional sampling techniques. The automated approach was able to correctly identify parameter tradeoffs such that two strongly different sets of parameters could
TrustGraph: Trusted Graphics Subsystem for High Assurance Systems

High assurance MILS and MLS systems require strict limitation of the interactions between different security compartments based on a security policy. Virtualization can be used to provide a high degree of separation in such systems. Even with perfect isolation, however, the I/O devices are shared between different security compartments. Among the I/O controllers, the graphics subsystem is the largest and the most complex. This paper describes the design and implementation of TrustGraph, a trusted graphics subsystem for high assurance systems. First, we explain the threats and attacks possible against an unsecured graphics subsystem. We then describe the design of TrustGraph, the security principles it is built upon, and its implementation. Finally, we verify our implementation through different levels of verification which include functionality testing for simple operations, attack testing for security mechanisms, and formal verification for the critical components of the implementation. An analysis of the graphics API covert channel attack is presented, its channel capacity is measured, and the capacity is reduced using the idea of fuzzy time.
Devonian metamorphic event in the northeastern Klamath Mountains, California

Shared characteristics including parental rock types, lithologic associations, isoclinal folding accompanied by greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism, parallel structural trends, and Devonian metamorphic age support a correlation between metamorphic rock units previously assigned to the Duzel Formation (“Eastern Klamath belt”) and Grouse Ridge Formation (Central Metamorphic belt) in northern California. Contact relations and mineral assemblages suggest that Devonian metamorphism and deformation occurred during juxtaposition of the Central Metamorphic belt and ultramafic rocks from the Trinity mafic-ultramafic complex, perhaps during eastward subduction. Ages and contact relations of two unmetamorphosed Eastern Klamath belt units (the Gazelle Formation and the Moffett Creek Formation) suggest that these units were faulted into their present positions subsequent to the Devonian metamorphic event.
Lenalidomide-induced graft-Vs.-leukemia effect in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplant

A 67-year-old male received an HLA matched unrelated peripheral blood stem cell transplant after a non-myeloablative conditioning regimen for heavily pretreated refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in partial remission. His disease relapsed on day +90 post-transplant with persistent 100% engraftment of the donor cells. Immunusuppression was tapered off by day +96 and he was started on lenalidomide 10 mg per day on day +126. After 6 doses he acutely developed severe hepatitis potentially attributed to the lenalidomide mediated graft-versus-host disease. His liver enzymes slowly improved after cessation of lenalidomide and he achieved complete remission (CR) of the CLL without further treatment, presumably attributed to the graft-versus-leukemia effect induced by lenalidomide. He is alive and in CR over four years after the transplant with no additional therapy.
Development of a Pediatric Hospitalist Curriculum to Promote Faculty Development, Teaching Excellence, and Evidence-Based Care

Objective: The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies (PHMCC), published in 2010, serve as the foundation for development of pediatric hospital medicine curricula to standardize and improve inpatient pediatric training and practice. Here the authors describe development of a PHMCC-based curriculum for faculty development, improved teaching, and evidence-based care, and as the basis for scholarly projects. Methods: A 2-year repeating curriculum of 51 topics based on the PHMCC was designed, presented by hospitalists for division members at weekly division conferences, and recorded for asynchronous learning. Fourteen of those topics were created for online viewing only. Topic development included use of pertinent medical research, guidelines, and local experts. Presentations followed a standardized format and were reviewed by senior division members before delivery. Attendees evaluated all presentations. Results: Twenty live topics were presented. All talks received ratings of 4.3 or higher (on a scale of 1 to 5) on evaluation by attendees, and 70% of presentations were reported as likely to change practice by 80% or more of attendees. Opportunities for increased mentorship were realized. The division was recognized for its work through an invitation to present topics 4 times annually at a community-wide continuing medical education program and regional pediatric meetings, and proposals have been submitted for national meetings. Conclusions: The PHMCC-based curriculum has led to increased opportunities for education, mentorship, and improvement in the quality of care by attendees. Other academic divisions may benefit from a curriculum to enhance professional development and standardize clinical care and teaching.
Phenotypic and Molecular Evidence Suggests That Decrements in Morning and Evening Energy Are Distinct but Related Symptoms.

Abstract Context Little is known about energy levels in oncology patients and their family caregivers. Objectives This study sought to identify latent classes of participants, based on self-reported energy levels and evaluate for differences in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics between these classes. Methods Energy subscale scores from the Lee Fatigue Scale were used to determine latent class membership. Morning and evening energy scores were obtained just before, during, and for four months after the completion of radiation therapy. Genetic associations were evaluated for 15 proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. Results Two latent classes with distinct morning energy trajectories were identified. Participants who were younger, female, not married/partnered, black, and had more comorbidities, and a lower functional status were more likely to be in the low morning energy class. Two polymorphisms (IL2 rs1479923 and NFKB1 rs4648110) were associated with morning energy latent class membership. Two latent classes with distinct evening energy trajectories were identified. Participants who were younger and male and who had more comorbidities, decreased body weight, and a lower functional status were more likely to be in the moderate evening energy class. Five different polymorphisms (IL1R2 rs4141134, IL6 rs4719714, IL17A rs8193036, NFKB2 rs1056890, and TNFA rs1800683) were associated with evening energy latent class membership. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence that decrements in morning and evening energy are associated with different phenotypic risk factors and cytokine gene variations.
From inertia to innovation: Information-based organizations in the Age of Intelligence

As the Information Age has given rise to the Intelligence Age, institutions of all kinds are challenged to adopt a culture of constant innovation. Innovation is the broad term and includes the concepts of invention, ingenuity, and improvisation. Organizations go through a process of inquiry, instigation, insight, initiation, imagination and inspiration, and inlightenment to ultimately achieve innovation. However, the road to full innovation offers many options like creating an incubator or being iterative, instantaneous, incomplete, or infectious in approach to innovating. To begin the innovative process, organizations must be willing to look at all aspects of their operations, make long-term commitments to funding, accept the possibility of some failure, and look seriously at their missions, value systems and value propositions. Organizations that are insular, inflexible, inbred, insincere about innovating, insecure in their ability to deliver, and operate independently are more likely to disappear or diminish in their influence because their environment and culture will not sustain innovation.
Robust bit extraction from images

We describe an algorithm for robust extraction of bits from image blocks and a method for synthesizing a Gaussian pseudo-random sequence from those bits. The bits are extracted by thresholding projections onto random smooth patterns generated from a user-specified key. The extracted bits are further utilized to synthesize a Gaussian pseudo-random sequence that changes continuously with the image block yet depends sensitively on the secret key. The proposed technique is quite general and can be combined with the majority of oblivious watermarking schemes that generate watermarks from pseudo-random sequences. We anticipate that this algorithm will find applications in many oblivious watermarking schemes including secure data embedding into videos and watermarking images for tamper detection.
Chemical and microstructural characterization of rf-sputtered BaTiO3 nano-capacitors with Ni electrodes

Abstract Chemical and microstructural evaluation techniques have been used to characterize sputter deposited 100–150 nm thick BaTiO 3 nano-capacitors with 30 nm thick Ni electrodes fabricated on Si/SiO 2 wafers. More than 99% of devices had resistance > 20 MΩ. Electrodes were found to have a roughness, R a , of about 0.66 ± 0.04 nm, and the BaTiO 3 had a R a value of 1.3 ± 0.12 nm. Characterization of the BaTiO 3 film chemistry with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed the films had excess oxygen and Ba:Ti ratios ranging from 0.78 to 1.1, depending on sputtering conditions. X-ray diffraction showed a broad peak between approximately 20° and 35° 2 θ , indicating the films were either amorphous or contained grain sizes less than 5 nm. Focused ion beam images confirmed the presence of smooth, conformal films, with no visible signs of macro-defects such as pin-holes, cracks, or pores. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of a nearly amorphous film with limited short range order. No correlation was found between the chemical and microstructural studies with the dielectric permittivity (280–1000), loss (0.02–0.09), and/or resistivity (8.7 × 10 10 –1.5 × 10 12 Ω cm) values.
A 934MHz 9Gb/s 3.2pJ/b/iteration charge-recovery LDPC decoder with in-package inductors

A 576-bit LDPC decoder is designed using a charge-recovery logic family and in-package inductors. The decoder testchip is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS flip-chip process. Unlike all previously published high-performance charge-recovery chips, which use on-chip inductors to recover charge from parasitic capacitance, this charge-recovery design uses in-package inductors, avoiding the area overheads of on-chip inductors and achieving higher quality factors. Specifically, charge recovery is performed using 16 high-quality inductors that have been embedded in a custom-designed 6-layer FC-BGA package, significantly improving the area efficiency and energy consumption of the design compared to alternative implementations with on-chip inductors. When operating at 934MHz, the decoder consumes 3.2pJ/b/iteration to deliver a throughput of 9Gb/s at 10 decoding iterations.
Green peach aphid resistance by glandular trichomes in Solanum tuberosum x S. berthaultii hybrids

Three interspecific F3 hybrid clones ofSolarium tuberosum L. x 5.berthaultii Hawkes bearing both Type A and Type B glandular trichomes were assessed for resistance to the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer). In glasshouse trials, aphid mortality and population development on hybrid clones were similar to those on the aphid-resistant parent,S. berthaultii. Trichome exudate of the hybrid, B227-63, was as effective in aphid immobilization as that ofS. berthaultii. Field populations of the green peach aphid on hybrids were intermediate between those onS. berthaultii and susceptibleS. tuberosum cultivars.
Wing design utilizing topology optimization and additive manufacturing

The local rib design was then manufactured in both plastic and aluminum to show the capabilities of additive manufacturing with aircraft components. A computer-aided design model of the wing was developed and inserted into Altair's virtual wind tunnel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. The static loading conditions were obtained through CFD analysis of the wing and the results were applied to calculate the baseline displacement, von-Mises stresses, and buckling conditions. Topology optimization (TO) was then performed both locally on the ribs of wing and on a global scale where the entire internal structure of the wing acted as the design space. Areas where the TO created high-density elements, notably near the root of the wing along the main spar, were considered a template for the fuel tank. The TO method used is the power-law approach, otherwise referred to as the simple isotropic material with penalization method.
Study on molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of food Listeria monocytogenes isolates from Hubei

Objective:This study is to investigate the genetic relativity and genotype distribution of Listeria monocytogenes strains separated from various foods in Hubei Province.Methods:According to international standardized Lm-PFGE protoco1,36 Lm strains isolated from foods were characterized by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis(PFGE).Results:36 Lm strains isolated from Hubei province yielded 12 different genotypes by using PFGE,which had indirect association.Conclusion:The foodborne origin Lm strains are different clones which are distributed diffusedly in Hubei Province.No evidence indicates the prevalence of single genotype of Lm in Hubei.
Dobutamine modifies myocardial infarct size through supply-demand balance.

We investigated dobutamine effect on infarct size during permanent coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The coronary artery of closed-chest dog was embolized by a 2.5-mm Teflon bead. Regional flow was measured 8 min after embolization with microspheres and, in drug-treated animals, again 20 min after starting dobutamine infusion (10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 5 h immediately after the first microsphere measurement). The percent of the ischemic region progressing to infarct was determined 48 h later in each animal. Percent necrosis in the control group correlated closely with collateral flow to the epicardial one-third of the ischemic zone normalized against flow to the corresponding layer in the nonischemic zone. This flow should reflect an index of supply (collateral flow) and demand (flow to the nonischemic region determined by autoregulation). Percent necrosis in the drug-treated group did not correlate with normalized collateral flow measurement made before drug infusion, indicating that dobutamine had modified the course of infarction. Percent necrosis correlated well with normalized collateral flow measured during drug infusion, and that relationship was not different from that in the control group. Dobutamine increased infarct size over that expected from the predrug flow measurement in some dogs and reduced it in others. In all cases, however, the drug effect on infarct size was clearly reflected in normalized collateral flow measurement during drug infusion. Percent necrosis correlated with absolute collateral flow but less closely than with the normalized one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Energy-Aware Approach to Noise-Robust Moving Object Detection for Low-Power Wireless Image Sensor Platforms

This paper presents an energy-aware approach to moving object detection that requires very low computation and memory while ensuring robust performance under noisy environments. The proposed approach is integrated into a wireless image sensor platform with a block-based processing unit and the motion JPEG encoder. The sensor platform is designed as an ASIC in 130nm CMOS for energy/area analysis, as well as prototyped into Virtex-5 FPGA for functional validation. The sensor platform designed with the proposed approach consumes less energy and area than the platforms with the existing methods such as Gaussian Mixture Model, while maintaining a reliable delivery of region-of-interest.
Age-related differences in twitch properties and muscle activation of the first dorsal interosseous

Abstract Objective To examine twitch force potentiation and twitch contraction duration, as well as electromyographic amplitude (EMGRMS) and motor unit mean firing rates (MFR) at targeted forces between young and old individuals in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Ultrasonography was used to assess muscle quality. Methods Twenty-two young (YG) (age = 22.6 ± 2.7 years) and 14 older (OD) (age = 62.1 ± 4.7 years) individuals completed conditioning contractions at 10% and 50% maximal voluntary contraction, (MVC) during which EMGRMS and MFRs were assessed. Evoked twitches preceded and followed the conditioning contractions. Ultrasound images were taken to quantify muscle quality (cross-sectional area [CSA] and echo intensity [EI]). Results No differences were found between young and old for CSA, pre-conditioning contraction twitch force, or MFRs (P > 0.05). However, OD individuals exhibited greater EI and contraction duration (P Conclusions Lower levels of potentiation with elongated contraction durations likely contributed to greater muscle activation during the conditioning contractions in the OD rather than altered MFRs. Ultrasonography suggested age-related changes in muscle structure contributed to altered contractile properties in the OD. Significance Greater muscle activation requirements can have negative implications on fatigue resistance at low to moderate intensities in older individuals.
Gravimetric localization on the surface of small bodies

The localization of landers on the surface of small bodies has traditionally relied on observations from a mothership (e.g. Rosetta's Philae lander and Hayabusa 2's MASCOT and MINERVA landers). However, when line-of-sight with the mothership is not always available, or for surface rovers that travel large distances, alternative mothership-independent localization techniques may be required. On-board vision-based techniques have demonstrated effective localization in terrestrial applications as well as for Mars rovers, but may be unreliable on small bodies where rovers must contend with fast-moving shadows and issues acquiring images such as dusty lenses, sun blinding, and a rotating field of view. We investigate the feasibility of an entirely new localization approach based on surface gravimetry, where a rover can constrain its location on the surface by precisely measuring the local gravity vector. This mothership-independent localization technique is well-suited to hopping rovers that can bounce and tumble over the surface of small bodies; it is insensitive to surface illumination, and even works at night. We develop a Bayesian framework for computing localization “likelihood maps” from gravimetry data, accounting for all sensor and model uncertainties. We then propose a method for deriving landing distributions of a bouncing rover from simulation data to serve as a prior for the localization estimate. Finally, we conduct a case study on the Philae lander, where we show how this approach could have helped reject localization hypotheses and significantly narrow the search area for the lost Philae lander. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
That Old Black Magic of Femininity

The unconscious source of tension between the sexes has long been a subject of fascination and concern. This essay will explore the lure of femininity, the “black magic” power of it, to help explain what can still be called the battle between the sexes. We can think of it as an envy war. Each sex symbolizes a force the other craves. In this essay, we will focus on the male’s conflict based on a wish for, and fear of, merger. However, there are reciprocal feelings in the female toward the male concerning power. These will also be discussed later in the essay. Early mother-son interactions that contribute to the adult male’s ambivalence will be detailed. Our hope is that by making these, at times, nearly invisible conflicts visible, we can lessen the schism that still exists. Also, while there have been many recent societal advances in greater equality between the sexes, it is felt that attention to these unconscious factors may facilitate greater, more permanent change.
Recognizing Anxiety Disorders in the Aftermath of the World Trade Center Crisis

This article seeks to educate the reader on how to recognize the presence of anxiety disorders as they occur in the church community. The author uses medical information, Scriptural wisdom and a case illustration to help concerned Christians to assist sufferers in getting appropriate care. Anxiety disorders in the aftermath of the World Trade Center trajedy will be on the rise and the paper addresses this matter particularly for clergy, caregivers and professional counselors.
LAMBDA LIGHT CHAINS AND IDIOTYPE-BEARING T CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lambda light chains and idiotype (Id)-bearing T cells. Id are serologic determinants that characterize the distinctive V domains of the immunoglobulins (Igs) produced by one or a small number of B cell clones. The structural analysis of a polypeptide chain, including extensive amino acid sequencing, generally requires about 1 μmol or 10 17 molecules. Mice with a particular locus of linked genes for heavy chains of Igs respond to primary immunization with the 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenacetyl (NP) group by producing anti-NP antibodies and anti-NP T-cells that have several features in common. Most of the anti-NP antibodies share three notable properties: (1) they have a common Id called–NP b Id; (2) they exhibit heteroclitic binding activity having about ten times higher affinity for NIP, the 5-iodo analog of NP, than for NP itself; and (3) they have λ1 light chains. These chains are relatively rare being present in only about 4% of normal Igs.
Interferon--a candidate mediator of cell growth.

Interferon (IFN) was originally discovered in 1958, when it was found that extracts of virally infected cells conferred anti-viral resistance in host cells.1 Since the discovery of IFN, it has become clear that there are at least three antigenically defined families of IFNs (IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IFN-α) and that such IFNs have diverse, pleiotropic effects on IFN receptor-bearing host cells.2-3 Some of these host cell effects include the modulation of cell growth and the induction of antigens of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The ability of IFN s to stimulate the expression of MHC antigens suggests that they could be involved in the immunopathological responses of tissues to disease or injury. This may be the case for the destruction of islet γ cells in the diabetic pancreas4 or demyelination of CNS neurons in multiple sclerosis.5 In this chapter, however, the ability of CNS cells to produce (and, or make biological responses to) IFN in the context of normal developmental processes and proliferation will be used as a model to illustrate the scope for IFN action. Studies of CNS injury and development at the molecular level might have implications for similar functions in the pancreas.6
Case 48: Zone I/II/III Open Globe and Eyelid Lacerations from a Box Cutter with Post-Operative Wound Dehiscence

A 43-year-old man presented with a Zone I-II-III open globe injury of the left eye with associated facial lacerations from a box cutter knife. The patient underwent repair of this open globe injury first followed by repair of his eyelid and facial lacerations. Given his complex eyelid lacerations, Jaffe lid speculums were not able to be used for eyelid retraction and silk sutures were used through the eyelid margin to achieve appropriate exposure for repair. Post-operative follow up was complicated by a wound dehiscence after corneal suture removal. This complication can be avoided by leaving sutures in for an extended period of time in long or complex wounds and by careful patient education.
Cyber Intelligence Analysis

Cyber intelligence (CYBINT) evolves recently as a discipline with major tasks related to cyber intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination. CYBINT can be related to several categories of INT (e.g., HUMINT, SIGINT, and OSINT). However, in comparison with those, CYBINT deals with very broad and illusive intelligence spectrum that can require daily changes in terms of intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination. Additionally, CYBINT can easily cross-national borders bypassing all kinds of security controls. For example, a worm that is created somewhere in the world can spread within hours, minutes, or even seconds to thousands of computers all over the world. One more distinction is that with the five main collection disciplines mentioned earlier, key players are typically countries, government agencies, or some medium to large size companies. On the other hand, in CYBINT, a key player can be just an individual (e.g., a professional hacker) who is making a large impact across the world.
The Right to Write: Who “Owns” the Case Report?

In this Letter to the Editor, Agrawal et al. debate the conflicts that can arise regarding the authorship of case reports. Like all other medical journals, EJCRIM has zero tolerance for the willful undisclosed re-submission of papers that have already been published elsewhere. However, this may occasionally happen by accident, especially in large healthcare institutions in which multiple teams of physicians may care for a patient throughout their illness.
Black Women Engineers as Allies in Adoption of Environmental Technology: Evidence from a Community in Belize

Abstract Oftentimes, environmental engineering projects meet technical objectives, but overlook social implications, which results in unused projects and division among community members and engine...
Autobiography of Morton Deutsch: A Personal Perspective on the Development of Social Psychology in the Twentieth Century

Reflecting on his career as a social psychologist, Morton Deutsch guides us through a remarkable number of significant events that have shaped the field. He begins with his experience under the leadership of Kurt Lewin and the impact of the intellectual atmosphere that prevailed at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, which shaped not only his dissertation but also his entire value orientation as a social psychologist. He tells of his later work within the more applied atmosphere of the National Training Laboratory led by Ron Lippitt, describing his own particular research and many of the indelible contributions he has made to the field. Deutsch observes that his career as a social psychologist has centered on two continuing themes: cooperation, competition, and conflict on the one hand and distributive justice on the other. He concludes his reflections with the hope that future social psychologists will achieve a successful integration of three of the intellectual heroes of his youth: Freud, Marx, and Lewin.
Detection and management of atypical femur fractures.

Purpose of reviewThis article summarizes the risk factors for atypical femur fractures (AFF), discusses current and emerging imaging modalities for early identification of AFF, and offers recommendations for prevention and management of AFFs based on the current concepts.Recent findingsAntiresorptiv
Anesthetic management of catheter‐based patent ductus arteriosus closure in neonates weighing <3 kg: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background The patent ductus arteriosus is a cardiac lesion commonly found in premature neonates. Though surgical closure via thoracotomy is the most definitive treatment option, it is associated with significant morbidity. New catheter-based closure options offer a potentially safer alternative treatment, even in premature neonates. However, no literature reports the anesthetic techniques, challenges, and risks associated with this procedure in this population. Aim This study documents the anesthetic challenges and potential complications associated with the management of catheter-based closure of the ductus arteriosus in neonates under 3 kg. Methods This single-center, retrospective study examined patients who underwent catheter-based ductus arteriosus closure between August 2015 and February 2019. A clinical protocol for anesthetic management of these patients was utilized throughout the study period. Clinical outcomes considered were new hemodynamic instability or vasoactive medication requirements, hypothermia, prolonged intubation (>3 days postoperatively), postprocedure acute kidney injury, perioperative red blood cell transfusion, and accidental extubation. Results Seventy-six neonates underwent 78 procedures. No patient developed perioperative hemodynamic instability, vasoactive medication requirements, or acute kidney injury. Four patients (5%) required red blood cell transfusion, two (3%) became hypothermic, and one (1%) was accidentally extubated. Closure was achieved in 73 patients (96%) on the first attempt. However, 17 patients (40%) required prolonged periods of mechanical ventilation following the procedure. Conclusion Despite multiple clinical and logistical challenges, anesthetic risk associated with catheter-based PDA closure in small neonates can be effectively managed through standardized and multidisciplinary care.
Cesarean Delivery Under General Anesthesia in a Septic Patient

A 26-year-old woman, G2P1 and at 36 weeks gestation, presents to L&D with an infected left breast. The lesion started a few days ago as a small area of redness and tenderness near the nipple but now the entire breast is inflamed and exquisitely tender. She reports not having had any appetite for the preceding 24 hours and feeling hot and flushed all over. She has been drinking lots of fluids but still feels dizzy when she stands up too quickly, and she threw up in the car on the way to the hospital. Her vital signs on admission are BP = 80/60, HR = 126, RR = 24, temperature = 102.1 degrees Fahrenheit, weight = 178 lbs., and height = 5 feet 6 inches (L-1). Her past medical history is unremarkable and her previous baby was born vaginally under epidural anesthesia.
Exploring Student Thinking about Addition Reactions

Organic chemistry is a required course sequence for many STEM students. However, research indicates that organic chemistry reaction mechanisms are especially challenging for students due to a mixture of underlying conceptual difficulties, the process-oriented thinking inherent to the discipline, and the representations commonly used to depict mechanisms. While student reasoning about many of the reaction types covered in the organic chemistry curriculum has been studied previously, there is minimal research focused specifically on how students think about the mechanisms of addition reactions. Understanding students’ conceptions about addition reactions is valuable for both instructors and researchers, as these reactions are among the first for which students must consider different chemical properties to make a decision about alternate reaction pathways. This study provides insight into how students think about these reactions by probing first semester organic chemistry students’ thinking using think-aloud interviews as they worked through two addition reactions. To elicit a range of thinking, students worked through the mechanisms using either paper and pencil or an app that dynamically represents the molecules. Generally, students were able to identify the steps of the two addition reactions but did not always successfully apply chemical thinking during the mechanistic steps. Most prominently, both groups of students struggled with the concepts related to carbocation stability, frequently misapplying stabilization via substitution and demonstrating difficulty in identifying the potential for resonance stabilization. Our results suggest that instructors should emphasize the conceptual grounding that directs mechanistic steps, in particular when determining carbocation stability. More generally, our findings suggest that instructors must emphasize the skill of considering and weighing different chemical properties when making decisions about alternative reaction pathways.
Concentration Dependence of the Size and Symmetry of a Bottlebrush Polymer in a Good Solvent

Bottlebrush polymers consist of a linear backbone with densely grafted side chains which impact the rigidity of the molecule. The persistence length of the bottlebrush backbone in solution is influ...
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction

Suppose, as in Chap. 11, that the model for y is an Aitken model. In this chapter, however, rather than considering the problem of estimating cTβ under that model (which we have already dealt with), we consider the problem of estimating or, to state it more accurately, predictingτ ≡cTβ + u, where u is a random variable satisfying $$\displaystyle \mbox{E}(u) = 0, \quad \mbox{var}(u) = \sigma ^2h, \quad \mbox{and cov}(\mathbf {y}, u) = \sigma ^2\mathbf {k}. $$ Here h is a specified nonnegative scalar and k is a specified n-vector such that the matrix \(\left (\begin {array}{cc}\mathbf {W} & \mathbf {k}\\{\mathbf {k}}^T & h \end {array}\right )\),which is equal to (1∕σ2) times the variance–covariance matrix of \(\left (\begin {array}{c}\mathbf {y}\\u\end {array}\right )\), is nonnegative definite. We speak of “predicting τ” rather than “estimating τ” because τ is now a random variable rather than a parametric function (although one of the summands in its definition, namely cTβ, is a parametric function). We refer to the joint model for y and u just described as the prediction-extended Aitken model, and to the inference problem as the general prediction problem (under that model). In the degenerate case in which u = 0 with probability one, the general prediction problem reduces to the estimation problem considered in Chap. 11.
Katz, Carpenter, and Classical Conservatism

In 1967, in Katz v. United States, the Supreme Court adopted a privacy-based framework for determining whether government conduct constitutes a Fourth Amendment search. Under that standard, a search occurs when the government infringes on an expectation of privacy that “society is prepared to recognize as ‘reasonable.’” Although the Court qualified its commitment to Katz in 2012 by asserting that an older, property-based approach survived Katz and remains the first-line test for identifying Fourth Amendment searches, most of the Court today is committed to preserving a role for the Katz standard. Yet most of the justices have also recognized problems with Katz, including its indeterminacy and potential for doctrinal circularity and the superior capacity of legislatures to address Katz’s seemingly ahistorical directive. In this Article, I offer a traditionalist alternative to the mainstream conception of Katz as ahistorical. I draw on classically conservative, or Burkean, constitutional theory, which rejects both rigid forms of originalism and ahistorical living constitutionalism. Such a model requires reference to history and tradition as a basis for identifying society’s core commitments, but it allows for incremental reform as tradition evolves over time. This rubric is consistent with the way the Court has sometimes applied Katz, and it addresses the primary flaws commentators have associated with the Katz framework. The Court should apply this traditionalist approach to Katz in a more consistent, self-conscious way to achieve more principled outcomes in the future.
Privileging Power: Early Childhood Educators, Teachers, and Racial Socialization in Full-Day Kindergarten

This paper critically unpacks the racialized and gendered hierarchies between the co-teaching model of early childhood educators (ECEs) and Ontario certified teachers (OCTs) in full-day kindergarten (FDK), and how such positionalities speak to racial socialization in early learning spaces. While young children and early learning spaces are often portrayed as raceless, ahistorical, and apolitical, extant literature suggests that children as young as two years of age are aware of visible and cultural differences between themselves and other groups. The paper employs a reconceptualist framework by drawing on critical race theory to explorehow racialized power relations between ECEs and teachers inform hierarchies of dominance and impact processes of racial socialization in FDK learning spaces. While both professions are predominantly feminized, the overwhelming majority of teachers in Ontario are white and middle class, whereas ECEs in FDK programs are more likely to be racialized and marginalized due to low wages and diminished professional status as care workers rather than educators. Although there has been great emphasis on the importance of diversifying the teacher workforce, there is minimal study on the impact of the hierarchies and racialized power relations between ECEs and OCTs and their impact on racial socialization in FDK programs. This conceptual paper seeks to address this gap.
Sleep Dysregulation and Daytime Electrodermal Patterns in Children With Autism: A Descriptive Study.

Sleep deficiency influences emotion and behavior regulation but the mechanisms of influence are poorly understood. Emotion, behavioral, and sleep theories highlight differences in autonomic functio...
The Economics of Cost Recovery in Transport: Introduction

This paper serves as an introduction to a special issue titled, “The Economics of Cost Recovery in Transport.” The author relates that the traditional divide between “Continental” approaches, heavy on regulation to achieve wide socio-economic goals and allowing market forces to operate only when they dovetail with those goals, and “Anglo-Saxon” thinking, which has a neo-classical emphasis on the unencumbered operation of markets, has increased its tilt in favor of the latter, to the point where transportation has entered the Age of Deregulation. It began with the 1978 deregulation of the U.S. domestic airline industry and has spread with a resulting downward trend in costs and rise in utilization. Among the issues to have arisen in this transition is how fixed costs are recovered in a competitive marketplace. Methods of capital cost recovery are examined. They include subsidies, monopolies, internal coalitions and arrangements between supplier and customer. Vertical integration and advance revenue with subsequent capital adjustments are other possible approaches. A final approach discussed is discriminate pricing. The essays in this special issue center on the challenge of achieving full cost recovery in transport markets. While efficiency of recovery methods is important, given transportation’s tight links with the socio-economic underpinnings of the society it serves, political considerations can also be just as important.
Unpacking the invisible knapsack: The invention of white privilege pedagogy

AbstractThis article uses Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of suspicion, an interpretive strategy directed to the hidden or repressed meanings behind texts, to examine the origins of white privilege pedagogy, in particular their foundational technique, “unpacking the invisible knapsack.” This article’s chief finding is that this pedagogy, though designed to fight racism, has the unintended effect of supporting white privilege. Teaching whites to “unpack their invisible knapsack” does not make them more willing to take action against racial inequality. On the contrary, it makes them more complacent, more at home in an unjust world, and more comfortable with their whiteness. White privilege pedagogy does this by focusing on personal identity (whites’ personal identity) over institutional structures, by paying more attention to whites’ experiences than to blacks’, by falsely claiming that the confession of white privileges leads to social action beneficial to blacks, and by restoring and expanding whites’ sense of mor...
The Effect of Meeting Analyst Forecasts and Systematic Positive Forecast Errors on the Information Content of Unexpected Earnings

This paper focuses on two distinct, but related, issues with respect to managers' incentives to report earnings that meet or exceed analysts' expectations. First, we assess the differential stock price sensitivity to earnings that meet or exceed analysts' expectations compared to those that do not. Second, we examine whether the market implicitly revises analysts' earnings forecasts for firms that systematically report earnings that exceed forecasts. We find that the earnings response coefficient (ERC) is significantly higher for firms that meet analysts' forecasts. Additionally, we find that the market recognizes and adjusts the forecast error of firms that exhibit a systematic pattern of reporting positive or negative unexpected earnings. The market fully adjusts for the systematic component of the forecast error when it is negative; however, only a partial adjustment is made when the systematic component is positive. Overall, our evidence suggests that managers who try to report earnings that meet analysts' forecasts are responding to two market incentives. First, the market provides a premium to positive forecast errors and assigns a higher multiple to the level of positive unexpected earnings. Second, though the market recognizes systematic bias in analysts' forecasts, it does not fully adjust for systematically positive forecast errors. Our evidence provides, at a minimum, a partial explanation for managers' fixation on reporting positive unexpected earnings.
Evaluating the Fairness of Special Education Hearings

The U.S. Congress mandated due process hearings in special education disputes to ensure parental involvement in educational decision making and to promote individual justice. The present study explored two kinds of justice, defined as objective and subjective fairness, and examined parent and school officials' subjective experience of the fairness of their hearings. Findings indicate that hearings are not achieving subjective fairness. Neither school officials nor parents felt positively about the experience. Supplements to hearings, such as mediation and negotiation, should be studied to see if they are more effective vehicles for achieving congressional intent and for avoiding costly and emotionally draining hearings.