cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV stigma reduction and health literacy education program with a cross-generational populaton in an African American faith-based church

The aim of this study was to implement a HIV stigma reduction/health literacy educational program to investigate HIV stigma reduction and HIV knowledge and health literacy expansion within a cross-generational African American faith center on the west side of Chicago. The study included a community-based mixed method design, enveloped with elements of “stigma reduction, intergroup contact and religious social capital” theories, analyzed a sample size of fourteen (N = 14) faith center participants’ pre- and post-assessment scores and their direct quotes gathered from focused observations. The study presented significant difference found in HIV knowledge (p = .007), and (HIV) health literacy (p = .041). Additionally, significant difference was found in four out of fifteen HIV stereotypes subscales scores on the Stereotype About AIDS Questionnaire. The study suggests that HIV stigma has potentiality to reduce within the African American faith center population contrary to previous studies where HIV stigma reduction was not evident. The intervention model provided a protocol for partnership development between this faith center and the local community hospital infectious disease program to address HIV stigma, HIV knowledge and health literacy (HIV health literacy).
Chapter 91 – Dystrophinopathies

DMD gene mutations cause biochemical deficiency of the dystrophin protein in muscle, and result in the most ­common of the muscular dystrophies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The relatively high incidence of gene mutations in all world populations is the result of a high de novo mutation rate of the 2.3 million base pair X-linked gene (1:10,000 sperm and oocytes). Complete loss of dystrophin in muscle causes DMD in males, while partial loss of function causes milder clinical variants (Becker muscular dystrophy). Heterozygous females can sometimes show symptoms (manifesting carriers). Dystrophin is structurally related to spectrin and other rod-shaped actin binding proteins, and is a major component of the myofiber membrane cytoskeleton. It provides a structural link between the intracellular cytoskeleton and contracting myofibrils, and the extracellular connective tissue (basal lamina). The clinical presentation of DMD is slowed motor milestone acquisition in infants (1–3 years), with initial clinical evaluation often in early school age (~ 3–5 years). DMD shows progressive muscle weakness and wasting. Muscle tissue shows a highly dystrophic histological picture from birth onwards (myofiber degeneration/regeneration, progressive fibrofatty infiltration). Therapeutic approaches include physical therapy, and prescription of chronic glucocorticoids. Experimental therapeutics is rapidly expanding both in preclinical models and in DMD patient clinical trials.
Conventional Hemangioma and Lymphangioma

Hemangioma of the bone is a benign neoplasm of endothelial cells that form blood vessels. It is one of the most common tumors of bone and has been found in vertebral bodies in approximately 10% of the adult population. The lesions can be classified according to their morphology and number. They include conventional capillary or cavernous hemangioma, diffuse cystic angiomatosis, and hemangioma/lymphangioma with massive osteolysis (Gorham-Stout syndrome, aka disappearing bone disease). Conventional hemangioma is often asymptomatic and is more frequent in adult women. Vertebral bodies are the most common location, followed by the craniofacial bones and metaphyses of long bones. Imaging of hemangioma is characterized by coarse trabeculations. Asymptomatic lesions may not require treatment. Prognosis is excellent.
Impact resistance and failure mechanism of 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced cellular composites

The present research investigated previously unexplored attributes of 3D printed continuous fiberglass reinforced Nylon composites, Drop-weight and pendulum (Charpy and Izod) impact resistance incl...
Microwave radiation from interactions of modulated electron beams with solid matter

RF-modulated electron beams, such as those produced by an RF linear accelerator, propagating through vacuum, air, and solid matter are well known to drive signals in microwave cavities and waveguides via interactions with these structures. Past experiments with a microwave waveguide in a radiation-shielded vault indicated the presence of a multipath propagation phenomenon, hypothesized to be a result of reflections of RF-modulated x rays. In this work, we study the signals induced in a microwave coaxial cable from nearby beam interactions with materials commonly found in accelerator facilities in order to better understand RF production and propagation in these environments. Our results show that (1) when an RF-modulated electron beam is incident on a block of aluminum, lead, or concrete, the frequency content of the induced microwave signals is strongly dependent on the orientation of the block and the relative position of the detector, (2) at least some of the detected signals are consistent with reflections off of the blocks, and (3) beam interactions with the blocks can induce appreciable microwave signals in detectors located tens of cm from the block.
Management of women at increased risk for breast cancer secondary to high-risk proliferative lesions and family history of the disease

Women with breast biopsies showing high-risk proliferative lesions such as atypical hyperplasia (AH) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Other factors including age, family history of breast cancer, and extent of AH may play a role in increasing breast cancer risk. In addition to women with AH, there is a subset of women with a positive family history of breast cancer, without a known germline mutation, which places them also at an increased risk for breast cancer. Clinical management, screening, chemoprevention, and surgical risk-reduction are discussed in this review to inform the management of these high-risk women. Advanced imaging technology, pharmacologic research into different targets, and innovations in breast reconstruction are changing the way in which patients are counseled of their individual risk.
Phenotypic Variation in an Asexual-Sexual Fish System: Visual Lateralization

Sexual reproduction is nearly ubiquitous in the vertebrate world, yet its evolution and maintenance remain a conundrum due to the cost of males. Conversely, asexually reproducing species should enjoy a two-fold population increase and thus replace sexual species all else being equal, but the prevalence of asexual species is rare. However, stable coexistence between asexuals and sexuals does occur and can shed light on the mechanisms asexuals may use in order to persist in this sex-dominated world. The asexual Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) is required to live in sympatry with one of its sexual sperm hosts –sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) and Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana)—and are ecological equivalents to their host species in nearly every way except for reproductive method. Here, we compare the visual lateralization between Amazon mollies and sailfin mollies from San Marcos, Texas. Neither Amazon mollies nor sailfin mollies exhibited a significant eye bias. Additionally, Amazon mollies exhibited similar levels of variation in visual lateralization compared to the sailfin molly. Further investigation into the source of this variation –clonal lineages or plasticity—is needed to better understand the coexistence of this asexual-sexual system.
Association patterns across multiple gestation cycles within a dynamic sow pen

Abstract The transition of housing gestating sows from individual stalls to group pens allows for a greater freedom of movement and social interactions, but it comes with many challenges to ensure group cohesion and safety of all animals. Previous research on the behavior and welfare of group housed sows has predominately focused on aggression at mixing, feeding systems, and flooring type, with little information on association patterns within the pen. In order to examine the complex direct and indirect relationships among group housed sows, this study recorded dyadic associations (defined as resting in proximity,
Evaluation of Various Spatial Interpolation Techniques for Generating Synthetic CPT Data Profile

In order to incorporate the influence of collected in-situ data, the spatial correlation between the data and the foundation needs to be explored. Statistical information of the soil property can be estimated from available field data obtained from testing at discrete locations across the site. In this research, several well-established spatial interpolation methods like ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK), inverse distance weight (IDW), spline, natural neighbor (NaN), and universal kriging (UK) were incorporated to evaluate the best method for generating synthetic cone penetration test (CPT) data. To remove the spikes, continuous five points averaging was done to generate the smoothed tip resistance. For the analysis, the spatial interpolation was performed in each foot (depth wise). Six CPT cases were investigated in this study. According to the results, four out of six cases, if the first priority is given to bias factor followed by coefficient of variation (COV) and root mean square error (RMSE), the best three spatial interpolation techniques are IDW, OK, and SK sequentially, based on their performance. For the other two cases, in one case, the best three spatial interpolation techniques are OK, IDW, and SK, sequentially, and the other case shows SK, IDW, and OK sequentially are the best three spatial interpolation techniques.
Ministerial Perceptions of Health Counseling.

Abstract The problem of this study was to analyze perceptions of Texas Southern Baptist ministers regarding their health counseling competencies and the health counseling needs of the churchgoer. Ministers from three areas within the state were surveyed. A questionnaire was developed with help from existing instruments and a panel of professionals. Administration of the mail survey yielded 113 responses. The ministers ranked 14 counseling areas from most to least counseled according to their past experience. They also ranked these cases according to perceived needs of the churchgoer. There was significant agreement among all rank orders between groups when the ministers were compared according to age, area, community size, church size, years in the ministry, and level of education. Most ministers felt inadequately trained to counsel in seven areas and recommended educational programs during ministerial training in each area. They were also interested in additional educational opportunities in each counsel...
Algebraic deformations of polarized varieties

Let V be a projectively embeddable complete non-singular variety of dimension n > 1. Let f be a projective embedding of V, U a non-singular variety, W a non-singular variety and φ a morphism of W onto U such that φ-1(u0) = f(V) for some point u0 of U. Denote by ∑(V) the set of all those complete non-singular fibres φ-1(u), u ∈ U, as we consider all possible (f, U, W). Suppose that we call members of ∑(V) (algebraic) deformations of V and propose to study ∑(V) from the stand point of algebraic geometry, as a generalization of the case of curves. This has been taken up at least locally by Kodaira, Spencer, Kuranishi and others in the case of characteristic 0 from a little more general point of view of complex manifolds (cf. [9] and references given in [16]).
IV, 1. Structure of norwalk virus: the prototype human calicivirus

Publisher Summary Norwalk virus (NV) is the prototype human virus in the Caliciviridae , a viral family of non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, and is classified in the genus called “Norwalk-like viruses” (NLVs). The simple architecture of the NV capsid made from a single major gene product and the ability of the expressed protein to spontaneously assemble into a T = 3 capsid make NV an excellent model system to further the understanding of the structural requirements for the assembly of a T = 3 icosahedral capsid. This chapter describes the structure of NV virus-like particles (VLPs) and reviews new insights about NV capsid assembly and composition. Biochemical and structural studies of NV VLPs have helped to understand the structure–function relationships of the calicivirus capsid protein.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins

The rational use of drugs and the design of effective dosage regimens are facilitated by the appreciation of the central paradigm of clinical pharmacology that there is a defined relationship between the administered dose of a drug, the resulting drug concentrations in various body fluids and tissues, and the intensity of pharmacologic effects caused by these concentrations. This dose-exposure-response relationship and thus the dose of a drug required to achieve a certain effect are determined by the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The understanding of the dose-concentration-effect relationship is crucial to any drug—including peptides and proteins—as it lays the foundation for dosing regimen design and rational clinical application. General pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles are to a large extent equally applicable to protein and peptide drugs as they are to traditional small molecule-based therapeutics. Deviations from some of these principles and additional challenges with regard to the characterization of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic peptides and proteins, however, arise from some of their specific properties. This chapter will highlight some of the major pharmacokinetic properties and processes relevant for the majority of therapeutic peptides and proteins and will provide examples of well-characterized pharmacodynamic relationships for protein drugs.
Highly porous interlayer dielectric for interconnect capacitance reduction

Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is a low density material for intra-metal gapfill, that offers low permittivity for interconnect capacitance reduction. Films with k as low as /spl sim/2.2 preferentially form between tightly-spaced metal leads when cured at low temperature (<400/spl deg/C), and interlayer dielectric properties are stable from 1 MHz to 1 GHz. HSQ simplifies the process integration of low-k materials for high performance interconnect applications by using standard semiconductor spin-on production techniques. Use of porous HSQ as a gapfill dielectric dramatically reduces the capacitive coupling between metal leads, resulting in higher interconnect performance.
Forecasting South Carolina tomato prices prior to planting.

South Carolina producers supply tomatoes on a national scale during an approximately five-week market window centered in June. This market window follows a six-month period dominated by Florida production and to a lesser extent Mexican exports. Even though South Carolina is the major East Coast supplier of tomatoes during its market window, the success or failure of South Carolina marketings depends on the stage set by Florida and Mexico. That is, the price level obtained by South Carolina producers for their tomatoes tends to be influenced by the volume of tomatoes delivered to market prior to South Carolina's harvest. South Carolina, Florida, and Mexico serve many of the same markets (i.e., Northeast terminal markets). As a result, the influence of the volume prior to South Carolina's harvest on the state's average tomato price can be used to provide farmers with a price estimate before planting. Specifically, a model is constructed to forecast the average spring tomato price received by South Carolina producers. This forecast must be available to producers by mid-February if it is to serve as a decision-making tool.
Paying the High Price of Active Management: A New Look at Mutual Fund Fees

Financial economists have long known that actively managed mutual funds underperform comparable index funds and that investment management fees are a major contributor to this underperformance. This article shows that the impact of mutual fund fees is even greater when one examines what funds actually do with investors’ money. Many actively managed mutual funds have returns that are closely correlated with comparable index funds and yet have annual fees that can be 100 times higher. Because such “shadow” or “closet” index funds provide minimal active management of the assets they hold, the implied annual cost of the active management can dwarf the stated cost. This article provides a simple measure of what investors are actually paying fund managers for that active management that they can compute for themselves data available for free on the Internet. A sample of 731 actively managed large-cap U.S. mutual funds analyzed for the three years ending December 31, 2009 has a mean active expense ratio of 6.44%, more than 400% greater than their mean reported expense ratio of 1.20%. This article also finds that even large, seemingly low-cost, mutual funds common in retirement plans frequently have active expense ratios above 4% a year.
Civil society and reconciliation in Southern Africa

This article presents some of the key findings of the Southern African Reconciliation Project (SARP). The SARP was a collaborative research project involving five Southern African NGOs in Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It examined how the concept of reconciliation was understood in political and community contexts in Southern Africa and investigated the ways in which national government policies and civil-society participation in reconciliation initiatives have opened up and/or foreclosed on opportunities for reconciliation, transitional justice, and the promotion of a culture of human rights. The author summarises the historical context of reconciliation in Southern Africa, outlines the reconciliation initiatives in each country, and identifies emerging debates around and principles of reconciliation that have surfaced in the work of civil-society organisations (CSOs) in the region.
An Opto-Electronic Alternative to Programmable Digital Time-Delay Functions in High Resolution Synthetic-Aperture Ultrasound Equipment

In the synthetic-aperture method of acoustical imaging, reflections are processed to achieve resolution improvements expected from transducers larger than commonly used in diagnostic ultrasonography. Since in practice transducers cannot exceed about 3 cm in diameter, electronic aperturing simulates a larger transducer with increased azimuthal resolution. All depths in the field of view are equally in focus, eliminating beam divergence. This inexpensive system functions in real time, providing immediately displayed high-resolution B-scans. A single-channel transducer is rapidly driven by novel mechanical means achieving high frame rates and high transducer position densities without costs and complexities of transducer arrays. Data acquisition, processing, and display occur on line, eliminating much memory storage and programmable time-delay functions typical of synthetic aperture systems. Novel optical-electronic computational methods are utilized. Range and azimuthal resolutions of stationary and moving phantoms are compared for identical insonifying frequencies against conventional diagnostic B-scanners.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mercury in the North Atlantic Ocean: The U.S. GEOTRACES zonal and meridional sections

Abstract Mercury (Hg) in the ocean undergoes many chemical transformations, including in situ production of monomethylmercury (MMHg), the form that biomagnifies in marine food webs. Because the ocean is a primary and dynamic reservoir of Hg cycling at earth׳s surface and the principal source of human MMHg exposures through seafood, it is important to understand the distribution of Hg and its chemical species in marine environments. We examined total Hg, elemental Hg (Hg 0 ), MMHg, and dimethylmercury (DMHg) with fully resolved high-resolution profiles during the U.S. GEOTRACES zonal and meridional sections of the North Atlantic Ocean (GEOTRACES GA03). Total Hg in filtered water had both scavenged- and nutrient-type vertical distributions, whereas concentrations of DMHg, Hg 0 , and filtered MMHg were increased in the oxygen deficient zone of the permanent thermocline across the basin, relative to water above and often below. Total Hg and MMHg on suspended particles accounted for less than 10% of total concentrations. The TAG hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) was a source of total Hg and MMHg to nearby waters with apparent scavenging and Hg transformation occurring in the buoyant plume. Uniquely, we observed significant horizontal segregation of filtered total Hg and MMHg, DMHg, and Hg 0 in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) between younger water on the western and older water on the eastern side of the MAR. Relative to eastern NADW, Hg concentrations in western NADW were greater, on average, by 1.14× for filtered total Hg, 1.6× for Hg 0 , 2.5× for filtered MMHg, and 2.6× for DMHg. Total Hg enrichment in deep water of the western basin may have resulted from downwelling of anthropogenic Hg during NADW formation. Enrichment of MMHg, DMHg, and Hg 0 in western basin NADW may be explained by either greater Hg substrate availability or greater methylation and reduction potentials in younger deep waters.
A Brief History of Scholarly Study of Detective Fiction, with Particular Attention to the Detective & Mystery Fiction Area of the Popular Culture Association

Academic study of detective fiction is an outgrowth of several things: the study of popular culture, women's studies, ethnic studies, and gender studies. It has become a legitimate area of study for academic scholars. The Popular Culture Association and American Culture Association's Detective & Mystery Fiction Area has been an important part of the legitimizing of the field, giving scholars a forum in which to present and discuss ideas and scholarly journals in which to publish.
Nonverbal cues to deception among intimates, friends, and strangers

Buller and Burgoon (in press) propose that deceivers attempt to encode strategically nonverbal cues which indicate nonimmediacy and project a positive image. At the same time, deceivers leak arousal and negative affect via their nonverbal display. This experiment tested these predictions, while examining the influence of relational history on deception cues and the stability of deception cues within deceptive conversations. The nonverbal behavior of 130 strangers, friends, and intimates was measured. Results indicated that deceivers signalled nonimmediacy, arousal, and negative affect, but they did not appear to project a positive image. Deception cues were mediated by relational history and showed considerable temporal variation. Strangers leaked more arousal and negative affect than friends and intimates. Further, deceivers, particularly deceiving friends and intimates, seemed to monitor and control their nonverbal behavior during deception by suppressing arousal and negative affect cues and moderating nonimmediate behavior.
Ambient concentrations, scavenging ratios, and source regions of acid related compounds and trace metals during winter in northern michigan

Abstract Daily measurements the atmospheric cocnentrations of HNO 3 , NO 3 - , NO 2 , SO 2 , SO 4 2− , NH 4 + , and several trace metals were made at the University of Michigan Biological Station over a 124-day period during the 1984–1985 winter. The composition of the daily precipitation was also determined. The relative contributions of scavenged NO 3 − and HNO 3 to the precipitation was estimated by assuming that the NO 3 − scavenging ratio was the same as that of trace metals with a similar particle size. Similarly, the SO 4 2− and SO 2 contributions were based on the scavenging ratios of NH 4 + and trace metals. On this basis, it was determined that the event median NO 3 − and HNO 3 scavenging ratios were 500 and 3500, respectively. HNO 3 scavenging accounted for 83% of the total scavenged NO 3 − . Scavenging of SO 4 2− accounted for all the snow SO 4 2− in 67% of the events. In the remaining events, some SO 2 was scavenged, with a median scavenging ratio of 219. Overall, 67% of the snowfall acidity appeared to be due to HNO 3 scavenging. Backward air-mass trajectories that were calculated for each event were used to determine the general source regions of the acidic species. Snow associated with air masses from the south and west accounted for 81 and 75% of the deposited NO 3 − and SO 4 2− , respectively.
Giant Radioactive Halos: Indicators of Unknown Radioactivity?

A new group of giant radioactive halos has been found with radii in excess of anything previously discovered. Since alternate explanations for these giant halos are inconclusive at present, the possibility is considered that they originate with unknown alpha radioactivity, either from isomers of known elements or from superheavy elements.
THE MARKET PRICING OF NET OPERATING LOSS CARRYFORWARDS: IMPLICATIONS OF THE TAX MOTIVATIONS OF MERGERS

An empirical analysis of the market pricing of net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) and the ability for tax considerations to contribute to mergers and the substantial merger premiums often observed by target firms is presented. The restrictive anti-merger tax-transfer provisions of Section 382 of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (TRA) serve as the legislative vehicle through which performance differentials of NOL and non-NOL firms are measured. The results of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that NOLs are at least partially priced in the absence of a merger, a fact that suggests that tax-motivated mergers may be more myth than reality. Since the anti-merger tax-transfer penalties contained within the Tax Reform Act of 1986 merely represent incremental increases over those of the TRA, the results of the study remain relevant in the current legislative environment.
Fine-scale biogeographic differences in the crustacean fauna of a cave system in West Virginia, USA

We examined the distribution patterns of four amphipod and one isopod crustaceans in 23 cave stream segments within a subterranean drainage basin. The patterns indicate that invasion history is a strong determinant of the species' distributions. One set of species likely has invaded the cave system from the zone of interstitial water, and thus is distributed mainly in headwater streams throughout the drainage. One species probably invaded through upstream migration from the resurgence of the cave system, and thus is strongly associated with the larger, higher-order streams. The effect of interspecific interactions on the patterns of distribution is not apparent at our scale of analysis.
The Millstone and Haystack radars

The present his personal memories of his involvement in the Millstone, Haystack and NEROC projects during their development stages.
Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Restoring Habitat for Wildlife

An accumulated body of theory and empirical evidence suggests that habitat selection by animals is a scale-dependent, hierarchical process. Hierarchy theory predicts that habitat suitability is influenced by the interaction of factors at multiple spatial scales from the microsite to the landscape and that higherorder factors impose constraints at lower levels. For instance, large-scale factors such as landscape context may make a site unsuitable for a species even if the vegetation structure and composition are appropriate. In addition, the spatial arrangement of habitat elements at all scales must be considered when planning restoration efforts. For example, the presence of snags does not ensure that the site will be suitable for snag-dependent species. The size, age, and spacing of snags and their juxtaposition to other habitat elements must also be considered. Finally, all habitats are dynamic, and therefore the ecological processes that contribute to those dynamics must be maintained or suitable substitutes included in the recovery plan. When considering restoring habitat for wildlife, we recommend that managers: (1) identify the wildlife species they want to target for restoration efforts, (2) consider the size and landscape context of the restoration site and whether it is appropriate for the target species, (3) identify the habitat elements that are necessary for the target species, (4) develop a strategy for restoring those elements and the ecological processes that maintain them, and (5) implement a long-term monitoring program to gauge the success of the restoration efforts.
Synthesis of Ni and bimetallic FeNi nanopowders by microwave plasma method

Nickel nanopowders can be synthesized by microwave plasma synthesis method. The effect of the feeding rate of the precursor material to the average particle size and crystallinity was studied. FeNi bimetallic alloy nanopowders were also successfully synthesized by pre-mixing the respective precursor raw materials before feeding into the plasma reaction zone. The Ni and FeNi nanopowders were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Sexual dysfunction associated with oral antihypertensive medication: A critical survey of the literature

It is commonly held clinical belief that antihypertensive agents affect sexual performance. The authors survey the English language literature concerning oral antihypertensive agents and critically review studies examining sexual side effects. Surprisingly, few studies support much of the conventional clinical wisdom. Evidence is strong for the pathogenicity of guanethidine upon ejaculatory mechanisms. Contrary to expectation, strong evidence also exists for the ability of propranolol, especially in high doses, to inhibit erectile functioning. Only equivocal support was found for the pathogenicity of methyldopa, reserpine, and clonidine upon sexual functioning. The authors suggest that this may be in part due to underdeveloped methodology for assessing the sexual side effects of hypertensive medications. Suggestions are offered for future studies as well as for the clinical evaluation of sexual dysfunction in the hypertensive patient.
Tradeoff between resistance and tolerance to herbivore damage in a morning glory

MANY plant characters, including toxic secondary compounds, trichomes, spines and tough, nutrient-poor leaves have evolved at least in part as defences against pathogens and herbivores, including phytophagous insects1-6. Models of the evolution of resistance7 9 predict that allocation to defence is determined by a tradeoff between the benefits of resistance, such as reduction in herbivore damage, and costs of resistance, generally envisaged as reduction in fitness in an environment in which herbivores are absent9. However, despite attempts to determine the costs of resistance, there is little convincing evidence that they exist and constrain the evolution of defences10,11. Here we report the existence of such a cost in the tall morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea: genotypes that exhibit relatively high levels of resistance to insects that cause damage to apical meristems exhibit relatively low tolerence to this form of damage. We also show how this type of tradeoff constrains the evolution of resistance.
Amino acid sequence of the heme a subunit of bovine heart cytochrome oxidase and sequence homology with hemoglobin.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the 11.6 K dalton heme a subunit of bovine heart cytochrome oxidase has been completed and is presented here. The sequence investigation has established the positions in the protein of all the possible heme ligands, namely cysteine, methionine, histidine and lysine residues. However, the isolation conditions may have caused the heme a to migrate from its original site or the heme is caged by peptides as pointed out in Reference 6. The sequence of the heme a subunit and the β-chain of hemoglobin shows homology. It is possible that these two proteins have arisen from a common ancestor in the distant past.
Adaptive synthesis of fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase by isolated rat liver cells.

Abstract Hepatocytes were isolated at specified times from livers of diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats during the course of a 48-h refeeding of a fat-free diet to previously fasted rats. The rates of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the isolated cells were determined as a function of time of refeeding by a 2-h incubation with l -[U- 14 C]leucine. Immunochemical methods were employed to determine the amount of radioactivity in the fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase proteins. The amount of radioactivity in the fatty acid synthetase synthesized by the isolated cells was also determined following enzyme purification of the enzyme to homogeneity. Enzyme activities of the fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the cells were measured by standard procedures. The results show that isolated liver cells obtained from insulintreated diabetic rats retain the capacity to synthesize fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The rate of synthesis of the fatty acid synthetase in the isolated cells was similar to the rate found in normal refed animals in in vivo experiments [Craig et al. (1972) Arch. Biochem. Biophys . 152 , 619–630; Lakshmanan et al. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69 , 3516–3519]. In addition the relative rate of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase was stimulated greater than 20-fold in the diabetic animals treated with insulin. Immunochemical assays, when compared with enzyme activities, indicated the presence of an immunologically reactive, but enzymatically inactive, form or “apoenzyme” for both the fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The synthesis of these immunoreactive and enzymatically inactive species of protein, as well as the synthesis of the “holoenzyme” forms of both enzymes, requires insulin.
Synthesis of a MoSi2SiC composite in situ using a solid state displacement reaction

Abstract A high strength in-situ composite of MoSi2SiC was synthesized using a solid state displacement reaction between Mo2C and silicon. Diffusion couples between Mo2C and silicon processed at 1200°C revealed the formation of aligned SiC platelets in an MoSi2 matrix. The reaction zone of this couple had a Vickers microhardness of 12.8 GPa (HV 1000). In-situ composites were also synthesized by blending Mo2C and silicon powders and vacuum hot pressing for 2 h at 1350 °C followed by 1 h at 1700 °C. The resulting microstructure consisted of 30 vol.% SiC particles 1 μm in diameter uniformly dispersed in a fine-grained MoSi2 matrix. Densities of 5.53 g cm−3 were obtained together with a microhardness of 14.2 GPa (HV 1000). Bend bars and chevron-notched bars cut from large-diameter, and slightly less dense, hot-pressed disks revealed a strength of 475 MPa had a fracture toughness of 6.7 MPa m 1 2 at room temperature. Bend strengths increased to 515 MPa at 1000 °C and then decreased to 112 MPa at 1200 °C. Measured fracture toughness increased to 10.5 MPa m 1 2 at 1050 °C. Fractography revealed that the MoSi2 grain size was on the order of 1–2 μm, and it was suggested that the observed SiC particle size and aspect ratio could result in ineffective dislocation pinning and relatively rapid recovery at temperatures above the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of MoSi2. This was substantiated by comparing these results with those obtained for SiC-whisker-reinforced MoSi2 composites.
Undergraduate Research at Two-Year Colleges.

Although undergraduate research may not be considered typical of the community college mission, many two-year colleges have embraced it for hands-on learning and community action projects.
Co-ordination between the activity of the heart and the pectoral muscles during flight in the pigeon☆

Abstract 1. 1. EKG (electrocardiogram) and EMG (electromyogram) measurements from one of the pectoral muscles have been recorded on pigeons flying freely in a wind tunnel. 2. 2. The pectoral muscles in the pigeon were activated several times per wing beat and thereby performed short tetanic contractions during flight. 3. 3. The heart rate during rest was 3·3/sec. It increased to 11/sec after 1 min flight and the maximal rate, 11·7/sec, was obtained in flights longer than 2 min. 4. 4. The ratio between wing and heart beat rate was 1 :1·65 in this study. However, by using wing beat rate data from unstrained pigeons (Pennycuick, 1968) the ratio was found to be close to 1 : 2. 5. 5. Only 28 per cent of the observed heart beats coincided with the activation of the pectoral muscles, which indicates that the bird co-ordinates the timing of these organs in such a way that they are activated relatively few times simultaneously.
Hemodynamic effects of oral ephedrine given alone or combined with nitroprusside infusion in patients with severe left ventricular failure

Potent vasodilator or inotropic agents alone may be of limited value in some patients with severe congestive heart failure because of their exaggerated peripheral vascular effects. Nitroprusside and potent inotropic agents in combination are hemodynamically more effective than either alone. Although oral vasodilators can mimic nitroprusside, there is a need for potent oral inotropic agents. Ephedrine is an oral sympathomimetic inotropic drug. The hemodynamic effects of ephedrine alone (50 mg orally), nitroprusside alone and the two agents combined were studied in 11 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Heart rate increased from 89.9 ± 5.2 (standard error of the mean) to 98.2 ± 5.0 beats/min after ephedrine (P < 0.001) and to 96.4 ± 4.7 beats/min with ephedrine plus nitroprusside (P < 0.02); it was unchanged with nitroprusside alone. Mean systemic arterial pressure increased from 83.7 ± 2.1 to 89.2 ± 2.7 mm Hg after ephedrine (P < 0.02) and decreased to 73.4 ± 2.4 mm Hg with nitroprusside added (P < 0.01). Left ventricular filling pressure was unchanged after ephedrine but decreased from 30.9 ± 2.3 to 20.6 ± 2.1 mm Hg during nitroprusside infusion (P < 0.01). Control cardiac output averaged 3.94 ± 0.30 liters/min and increased by 1.25 ± 0.31 liters/min with nitroprusside, by 1.09 ± 0.30 liters/min after ephedrine and by 2.20 ± 0.34 liters/min with the two combined. Although the increases in cardiac output with each agent alone were significant and similar, the increase with the two combined was significantly greater than with either alone. The data suggest that ephedrine is an orally effective inotropic agent especially when combined with a vasodilator. Further evaluation of ephedrine in congestive heart failure is warranted.
The sinister attribution error: Paranoid cognition and collective distrust in organizations

Recent social psychological research on paranoid cognition has shown that when individuals are self-conscious or feel under evaluative scrutiny, they tend to overestimate the extent to which they are the target of others' attention. As a result, they make overly personalistic attributions about others' behavior. These personalistic attributions, in turn, foster a pattern of heightened distrust and suspicion regarding others' motives and intentions. Drawing on this research, the present work investigates antecedents and consequences of paranoid cognition in groups and organizations. Results of two studies are presented. Study 1 investigates how tenure in a group or organization affects individuals' self-consciousness and susceptibility to paranoid cognition. Study 2 replicates and extends the results of the first study using a new laboratory analog for studying paranoid cognition in small groups. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to theory regarding the origins and dynamics of collective distrust and suspicion.
Robustness of retrospective cost adaptive control to Markov-parameter uncertainty

In this paper we investigate the robustness of an extended version of retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC), in which less modeling information is required than in prior versions of this method. RCAC is applicable to MIMO possibly nonminimum-phase (NMP) plants without the need to know the locations of the NMP zeros. The only required modeling information is an FIR approximation of the plant, which may be based on a limited number of Markov parameters. In this paper we investigate the effect of phase mismatch between the true plant and the FIR approximation. Numerical examples demonstrate the relationship between phase mismatch at the command and disturbance frequencies as well as the required level of regularization in the controller update.
Static sources in classical Yang-Mills theory

We examine initial-time Yang-Mills field configurations which satisfy Gauss's law in the presence of static external sources. We show that if such a configuration is an extremum of the energy, then it is a static solution of the Yang-Mills equations. Next we consider Yang-Mills field configurations which satisfy Gauss's law for one external point source. We show that there exists a large class of such configurations which have lower energy than the Coulomb solution.
Suboptimal risk factor control in patients undergoing elective coronary or peripheral percutaneous intervention.

Background The American Heart Association recommends targeting 7 cardiovascular (CV) health metrics to reduce morbidity and mortality. Control of these targets in patients undergoing CV intervention is uncertain. Methods We prospectively studied patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary or peripheral intervention from November 2010 to May 2012. We recorded data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and social history. Risk factor control was categorized as ideal, intermediate, or poor according to the 7 American Heart Association–defined CV health metrics (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, cholesterol, blood pressure, and metabolic control). Linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between baseline characteristics and poor CV health. Results Among 830 consecutive patients enrolled, mean age is 67.3 ± 10.8 years, 74.2% are male, and 62.1% are white. The adequacy of achievement of ideal CV health is suboptimal in our cohort; the mean number of ideal CV metrics is 2.15 ± 1.06. Less than 1 in 10 (9.7%) met ≥4 ideal CV health metrics. After multivariate analysis, male sex ( P = .04), nonwhite race ( P = .01), prior coronary artery disease ( P P P = .01) were significantly associated with poor CV health. Conclusions Among patients referred for elective CV intervention, achievement of ideal CV health is poor. Elective interventions represent an opportunity to identify and target CV health for risk factor control and secondary prevention.
Ultrasound evaluation of abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms and mesenteric ischemia.

Ultrasound has been used routinely since the mid 1980s to evaluate the abdominal aorta. Color Doppler imaging allows characterization of flow patterns. It is the preferred method for diagnosis and surveillance of abdominal aortic aneurysms because of its accuracy, ease of use, and cost effectiveness. Ultrasound has been used to characterize aortic diseases, such as mycotic aneurysm, posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm, dissection, and detection of mural thrombus, and abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Other applications of sonography include characterization of iliac arterial disease and postoperative evaluation of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ultrasound plays a role in noninvasive diagnosis of mesenteric vascular occlusive disease in patients with suspected chronic intestinal ischemia.
The MX Northern Abell Cluster Survey II: The Abell/ACO Cluster Redshifts and Spatial Analyses

The MX Northern Abell Cluster Survey II is the final stage of a program designed to observe rich Abell clusters with m10 ≤ 17.0. We present 1542 new galaxy redshifts within 117 R ≥ 1 Abell cluster fields that have 16.9 ≤ m10 ≤ 17.0, 0h ≤ α ≤ 24h, -17° ≤ δ ≤ 90°, and |b| ≥ 30°. Of the 117 clusters observed for the MX Survey II, 105 new cluster redshifts were obtained with an average of eight cluster member galaxy redshifts. We update the m10-z estimator for Abell clusters and calculate the spatial number density of Abell clusters to be c = (8.25 ± 1.9) × 10-6 h3 Mpc-3 within z = 0.10. All R ≥ 1 Abell and ACO clusters with measured redshifts were combined to calculate the two-point spatial correlation function ξ(r) = (r/ro)γ for the largest complete sample of rich clusters to date. We find 18.6 ≤ ro ≤ 21.0 h-1 Mpc and -2.03 ≤ γ ≤ -1.95. The slope and correlation length are very robust and remain unaffected by the exclusion of compact and dense superclusters or by accounting for line-of-sight anisotropies, which are explained by the existence of three observationally confirmed and extended superclusters.
Theory and Reduction of Artifacts in Incident, Scattered, and Dual Circular Polarization Forms of Raman Optical Activity:

A simplified Stokes-Mueller theory of the dominant artifacts encountered in the measurement of incident (ICP), scattered (SCP), and dual (DCP) circular polarization (CP) Raman optical activity (ROA) is presented for forward, right-angle and backward-scattering geometries. Sources of common artifacts in CP ROA measurements are identified, and examples of artifacts in spectra are presented. Procedures are given for the elimination or significant reduction of ROA artifacts.
Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 12 mosaicism: Physical and developmental follow-up

Follow-up evaluations were performed on a child at the ages of 2 years 8 months and also at 5 years who had been found on prenatal amniocentesis to be mosaic for trisomy 12. Eight of 36 colonies (22 per cent) were trisomy 12 at amniocentesis, with the remaining colonies showing a normal female karyotype. Cord blood, amnion, chorion, placental, and skin fibroblast chromosome studies failed to show any further evidence of a trisomy 12 cell line. At her evaluations, the child had normal physical and neurological findings. Psychomotor development was appropriate for age on screening.
Is local resection adequate for T1 stage ampullary cancer

Background Concerns for morbidity after a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has led to practitioners adopting endoscopic resection or ampullectomy in the treatment of T1 ampullary cancer (AC). It was hypothesized that survival for patients undergoing local resection of AC was inferior to those undergoing a PD.
Which triptan for which patient

The triptans were developed for the acute treatment of a migraine attack and have revolutionised the treatment of this disorder since their introduction in the early 1990s. Although their mechanisms of actions are similar and based on the stimulation of specific serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptors including peripheral 1B and central and peripheral 1D subtypes, each triptan has its own distinctive pK properties that result in different profiles of efficacy and tolerability. Triptans work by decreasing neurogenic inflammation peripherally in the meninges, vasoconstriction of meningeal vessels and by modulating secondary-order neurons in the brain stem. Studies of patient attitudes towards their acute care regimens reveal that they are often unhappy with some aspect of their treatment—usually the speed of action, degree of efficacy, presence of adverse events and the need for additional doses due to frequent and/or rapid recurrence. The majority of patients, when asked in a clinical trial performed at tertiary care headache centres, are willing to try another triptan. The aim of this article is to review the pK and clinical characteristics of these acute care, migraine-specific triptan medications and discuss how their individual characteristics lead to their preferred choice in various clinical scenarios. The pK and clinical efficacy data presented are taken from older published studies in which triptans were compared to placebo or each other, but the patients were asked to wait till the headache reached moderate or severe intensity prior to taking study medication. New studies have looked at early treatment paradigms and result in better efficacy data, but are difficult to compare due to different endpoints.