cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of alcohol and coca on foot temperature responses of highland Peruvians during a localized cold exposure.

Two groups of highland Quechua Indian males were tested under conditions of local foot exposure to cold air (0°C). Foot temperatures were monitored throughout the hour cold test and for 16 minutes recovery at room temperature (24°C). In the first group (age range 14–20 years), 29 subjects were tested while chewing coca leaves and while under control conditions. The second group (age range 20–50 years) of 25 subjects was tested while consuming 1.1 gm of ethyl alcohol per kilogram of body weight and again under control conditions. Both drugs (coca and alcohol) are habitually consumed by members of the native population. The mastication of coca leaves had no effect on foot skin temperatures. Alcohol consumption, however, elevated foot temperatures to between 4 and 6°C higher than control values at the end of 60 minutes of cold exposure. It is suggested that alcohol consumption gives the Indian a slight thermal advantage and increases levels of comfort during natural cold exposure.
Two Sides to the Caregiving Story

AbstractPurpose: This descriptive study examined problems and successes that a sample of 73 adult caregivers new to the role expressed in the first year of caring for stroke survivors. Data were collected from May 2002 to December 2005. Method: Bimonthly, trained telephone interviewers asked the participants open-ended questions to elicit their experience in caregiving. Guided by Friedemann’s framework of systemic organization, we analyzed the data using Colaizzi’s method of content analysis. Results: There were 2,455 problems and 2,687 successes reported. Three themes emerged from the problems: being frustrated in day-to-day situations (system maintenance in Friedemann’s terms), feeling inadequate and turning to others for help (coherence), and struggling and looking for “normal” in caring (system maintenance vs. change). Three themes were attributed to the successes: making it through and striving for independence (system maintenance), doing things together and seeing accomplishments in the other (coher...
Timing noise effects on dynamical localization

The quantum kicked rotor is studied experimentally in an atom-optics setting, where we observe the center-of-mass motion of cold cesium atoms. Dynamical localization in this system typically suppresses classical diffusive motion, but is susceptible to the addition of various forms of noise. We study in detail the effects of timing noise, where variations are introduced to the times at which the kicks occur. This noise is particularly interesting because it does not directly induce momentum diffusion. However, it is found that the addition of timing noise efficiently destroys both the classical correlations that give rise to fluctuations in the classical diffusion rate as well as quantum coherences that lead to dynamical localization.
Accelerated Decline of Aerobic Fitness With Healthy Aging What Is the Good News

As we get older, even if we are healthy, we become less fit. At the extreme, we become disabled and eventually die. Although this deterioration in physical work capacity is widely accepted, few studies have characterized changes in aerobic capacity across the age span. Instead, the majority of studies have utilized cross-sectional designs. These studies are limited, however, by selective survival—ie, older participants, as a group, are inherently healthier than younger individuals, as evidenced by their survival. Thus, the 5% to 10% drop in aerobic fitness per decade, defined from cross-sectional studies, may well be an underestimate.1–6 See p 674 The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging began recruiting healthy individuals into a long-term descriptive study in 1978.7 Subjects were screened at baseline for clinical heart disease. Screening included a symptom-limited exercise test supplemented by nuclear perfusion imaging in men >40 and women >50 years of age. The participants were predominantly white and college educated and lived in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. Every 2 years they spent 2 full days at the Gerontology Research Center in Baltimore, Md, where they underwent medical, physiological, and psychological testing. Individuals without onset of clinical heart disease underwent maximal treadmill exercise testing on alternate visits. It should be noted that although elimination of individuals who developed clinical heart disease allowed the researchers to examine the effects of aging per se on exercise capacity without the confounding effects of disease, this approach almost certainly removed less-fit individuals from the analysis because poor fitness is a well-known cardiac risk factor. A total of 3379 exercise tests were performed in this study, all consistently supervised by the same cardiologist (Dr Fleg). Another 10% of tests were excluded because of failure to attain 85% of the maximal predicted heart rate or because the tester deemed a test …
Legal Issues in Pediatric Transport

The field of pediatric medical transport presents a number of legal questions and challenges. Relevant laws and regulations come from a variety of federal, state, and local agencies. Medical liability arises when a duty to a patient is breached, causing damages. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act requires that a patient receives both a medical screening examination and stabilization of any emergency medical condition. The Health Information Portability and Accountability Act requires that protected health information is kept secure and only disclosed to authorized individuals. At the time of patient handoff during most transports, there are periods of shared responsibility. With constantly changing rules and regulations, it is important to have access to informed legal advice. Equally important is a commitment to providing high-quality, compassionate clinical care in a team-based environment with excellent documentation and communication.
Victimization and Perpetration of Unwanted Sexual Activities Among High School Students Frequency and Correlates

The objective of this study was to report the frequency of perpetration and victimization of unwanted sexual activities (threatened to end relationship or other pressures to engage in sexual activities, threatened or actual physical force, and facilitated by drugs or alcohol) in a large, statewide sample of high school males and females. Among 18,030 students, 18.5% reported victimization and 8.0% perpetration in the past year. Although females were more likely to report unwanted sexual activities due to feeling pressured, there were no significant sex differences among those reporting physical force or unwanted sexual activities due to alcohol or drug use.
Combined association of maternal and paternal family history of diabetes with plasma leptin and adiponectin in overweight Hispanic children

Aims To investigate the importance of a maternal and paternal family history of Type 2 diabetes and their combined association with plasma leptin and adiponectin levels in overweight Latino children with a family history of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods This cross-sectional study investigated the combined association of a maternal and paternal family history of T2DM with leptin and adiponectin in 175 overweight Latino children (age 11.1 ± 1.7 years). All subjects had a family history of T2DM. Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels, body fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Tanner stage, age and insulin sensitivity were assessed. Results After adjustment for age, gestational diabetes, insulin sensitivity and body fat, a combined maternal and paternal family history of T2DM was associated with higher leptin concentrations ( P = 0.004) compared with a maternal or paternal family history alone. This association was most pronounced at Tanner stage 1 ( P for interaction family history × tanner stage = 0.022). The presence of a combined maternal and paternal family history of T2DM accounted for 4% ( P = 0.003) of the variation in leptin concentrations. No such combined association was observed for adiponectin levels. Conclusions Maternal and paternal family history of T2DM may have an additive impact on leptin, but not on adiponectin levels independent of adiposity and insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino children. This may contribute to a further clinically relevant deterioration of metabolic health in this population.
Central Limit Theorems for Permuted Regenerative Estimators

We prove strong laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for some permuted estimators from regenerative simulations. These limit theorems provide the basis for constructing asymptotically valid confidence intervals for the permuted estimators.
MOVEMENT AND COMPOSITION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID OF CARTILAGE.

A method is described for determining the rate of mechanical expression and resorption of fluid from cartilage and for determining its composition. Human articular cartilage, unlike costal tissue, showed little change in its total or expressible fluid throughout life. The extruded material resembled synovial fluid except for its low protein content and viscosity. It is suggested that the expressed fluid was held osmotically in the ground substance. Es describite un methodo pro determinar le valor del mechanic expression e resorption de liquido ab cartilagine e pro observar su composition. Human cartilagine articular-per contrasto con tissu costal-monstrava in le curso del vita pauc alteration in su total de exprimibile liquido. Le exprimite material resimilava liquido synovial, excepte que illo habeva un basse contento de proteina e un basse viscositate. Es proponite le these que le exprimite liquido esseva retenite osmoticamente in le substantia de base.
IMMPACT recommendations for clinical trials: opportunities for the RDC/TMD

Summary The Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) recommendations for core domains and measures of outcome in clinical trials complement the parallel work completed on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). The overall approach of the RDC/TMD is consistent with the IMMPACT recommendations, although the specific tools used to quantify clinical presentation are appropriately different based on the precedents established in the TMD literature. The IMMPACT recommendations, while directed at clinical trials, have broad utility for all clinical research in TMD. Future TMD studies should consider including a measure of health-related quality of life and tracking participant disposition, as well as tracking adverse events from treatment and assessing the participant's global assessment of change in clinical trials. The RDC/TMD methodology provides a rich basis upon which to develop standards for quantifying the clinical significance of treatment outcomes across multiple domains, an area ripe for development. Axis II may benefit from a shift in conceptualisation in which measurement focuses on screening for depression and somatisation to a new, dimensional approach in which Axis II domains are measured and evaluated on a continuum of symptom severity. Combined with the expansion of Axis II to include measures of catastrophising and sleep disturbance, the resulting approach may provide a powerful method for evaluating risk profiles associated with poor outcomes in TMD.
Reactions to Individuals Who Are Consistently Positive or Negative: The Impact of Differing Interaction Goals

This experiment exposed subjects to one of two interaction goals, and examined their attraction to interaction partners who differed in valence and variability. Specifically, subjects evaluated the desirability of potential interaction partners who were positive vs. negative in their evaluations of people and objects, and who exhibited high versus low variability in their evaluations. In addition, the subject's interaction goal was manipulated: Half of the subjects were led to desire self-enhancement, or to receive information increasing their self-regard; the other half were led to desire cognitive clarity, or to receive information that would increase their accurate understanding of everyday experiences. Consistent with predictions, subjects were more attracted to interaction partners who were positive than to interaction partners who were negative, and subjects were more attracted to interaction partners who were highly variable than to interaction partners who were low in variability. Also consistent ...
Exotic Enterprise No More? Adolescent Reports of Family and Parenting Processes From Youth in Four Countries

The current investigation cross-nationally examined the relationship between adolescent reports of family or parenting processes and a series of developmental outcomes in a sample of adolescents (N 58,417) from Hungary, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Based on confirmatory factor analyses and tests of scalar equivalence, results suggest that the Adolescent Family Process Measure (AFP), which assesses maternal and paternal closeness, support, monitoring, communication, conflict, and peerapproval,wasvalidandreliablefor males,females,middleadolescents, and late adolescents in all four national contexts. In addition, based on model-free LISREL analyses, findings suggested that the relationships between these family processes and measures of adolescent externalizing (alcohol use, drug use, school misconduct, and total deviance) and internalizing (anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and low well-being) behaviors were similar cross-nationally. Findings are discussed in terms of their importance for the conceptualization and measurement of family and parenting processes. In the current investigation, three important gaps in the literature were addressed. First, consistent with arecent call issuedby Gray and Steinberg (1999; Steinberg, 2001) to ‘‘unpack’’ the most frequently studied parenting typologies (e.g., authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive; Baumrind,
Assessment of Potential Predation Costs of Male Decoration and Courtship Display in Wolf Spiders Using Video Digitization and Playback

We used video digitization and playback techniques to examine the potential predation risk of leg decorations and visual displays of male wolf spiders, which vary across the genus Schizocosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Video images of courting males of four Schizocosa species were modified by adding or removing tufts and presented on LCD minitelevisions to the wolf spider Hogna helluo, a common predator of Schizocosa. Predatory responses of H. helluo varied significantly among stimuli and were highest for S. ocreata (which has decorative tufts and leg-waving displays) and lower for S. rovneri, S. duplex, and S. uetzi (which lack decorations and visual displays). Removal of tufts from S. ocreata significantly reduced predatory responses of H. helluo, but addition of tufts to other species had no effect. Results suggest that leg decorations may increase detection of active leg-waving displays and thereby increase predation risk.
Classroom Media Reviews

Carbon for Water (DVD, 2008, 22 minutes; http://www.carbonforwaterfilm.com) In western Kenya, 9-year-old Anzelma is forced to cut trees for firewood. Because no safe water is found in the area, the people must boil their water to make it safe and, to do this, must gather wood from threatened forests. Anzelma is afraid and has been warned not to be caught by the rangers, because when trees are cut, there will be no rain and the world will dry up. In her society, it is the woman’s role to take care of the kitchen, and young girls are taught to gather and carry water and wood. It is risky for them, because going into the forest in the early morning poses the danger of being raped, attacked by wild animals, or drowning in the river. This poignant story introduces the problem and sets the stage for a creative solution. Not strictly a biology film, it illustrates how political and economic factors can be used as a basis for solving biological and environmental problems. The once great equatorial forest ecosystem is almost gone. Climate change has greatly affected the area, and the gradual disappearance of the forest has been accompanied by reduced rainfall. Drinking-water sources are the same as those used for laundry, bathing, and animal use. This leads to dangerous pollution and disease transmission. There is much concern about the rapidly growing Kenyan population and that the already stressed environment will be unable to support the projected increase. There is an urgent need to protect the forest, because the problems could lead to civil war and genocide, as did the conflict over natural resources in Rwanda. Carbon for Water, a privately financed water treatment program, is a large-scale campaign in which community health workers go door-to-door to thousands of homes to install LifeStraw water filters, eliminating the need to …
Using a hybrid data model to manage ultrasound signaling data

Data modeling must often strike a balance between competing goals. Data normalization reduces data duplication and therefore eliminates insertion, update, and deletion anomalies. Normalized data, however, makes reporting slow and more complicated due to the many joins in the queries. Furthermore, researchers in medical labs are accustomed to using spreadsheets and data analysis tools that utilize comma-separated values (CSV) files. We present a real-world example from a medical research lab that balances the benefits of a normalized data model with a star schema or spreadsheet-line data model. Often, introductory database classes teach only the normalized data model. An example, similar to what we present, could be included in database classes as a way to balance competing design goals in the real world.
Spectral Recomposition Using Separable Nonlinear Least Squares

Spectral recomposition splits the seismic spectrum into Ricker components. It provides a tool for imaging and mapping temporal bed thicknesses and geologic discontinuities. We propose a separable nonlinear least-squares estimation in spectral recomposition. Employing the Gauss-Newton method, separable nonlinear least-squares approach estimates fundamental signal parameters: peak frequencies and amplitudes.
Altered expression of CD44 in human prostate cancer during progression.

There is a great need for markers that distinguish slowly progressive from rapidly progressive prostate cancers in paraffin-embedded tissues. CD44, an adhesion molecule that has been useful for the prediction of prognosis in some other cancers, has not been described in prostate cancer. The expression of CD44 was investigated with the monoclonal antibody GKW.A3 in prostate cancer in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of (1) whole prostates from 50 patients with 74 prostate cancers ; and (2) lymph node metastases from 14 patients. Sixty percent of primary prostate cancers expressed CD44 moderately to strongly. No metastases expressed CD44 moderately to strongly ; only 14% of metastases expressed even low levels of immunohistochemically detectable CD44. There is a difference between primary and metastatic prostate cancer (P <.0006) in the expression of CD44 and an inverse correlation (P <.05) between histological differentiation (Gleason grade) and the expression of CD44. The magnitude of the differential expression of CD44 in primary and metastatic prostate cancers suggests it should be investigated as an indicator of prognosis in a large prospective study.
The Outsider in the Senate: An Alternative Role

The growing concern of students of politics with the social structure of official bodies and the behavior expected of their members promises to make the Senate of the United States a prime target of research. Two recent books make notable contributions and suggest the trend. One is William S. White's Citadel: The Story of the U.S. Senate , an “insider's” impressions based on years of close observation; and the other is Donald R. Mathews' U.S. Senators and Their World , the work of a political scientist. One (though not the only) concern of both books is the system of norms for behavior of members of the Senate. Although reached through different routes (White's largely inferred from observed behavior, Matthews' principally from interviews) their statements of Senate norms and the way they work have much in common. The norms (or “folkways,” as Matthews calls them) are viewed as cultural “oughts” upon which there is a high degree of consensus. The members who conform most closely to the norms are, generally speaking, the most influential and effective members. This general view is almost certainly correct, as it would be for any stable human group; in this the Senate is not unique (as White sometimes seems to suggest it is) but typical. But what about the senator who does not conform? What is his place in the Senate and what happens to him there? This study will explore these questions through a case study of such a senator. But first it may be useful to try to restate the relevant parts of the analysis of White and Matthews (without holding them in any way responsible for the restatement) in terms of role theory, which will provide the conceptual framework for the analysis of the senator's experience.
The Problem of the Dangerous Carrier of Hemolytic Streptococci IV. Observations upon the Role of the Hands, of Blowing the Nose, of Sneezing, and of Coughing in the Dispersal of These Microorganisms

Previous investigations of carriers* of hemolytic streptococci** have shown that nasal carriers expel on an average about one hundred times as many streptococci into the environment as do throat carriers with negative nose cultures,1 and furthermore, nasal carriers who disperse great numbers of streptococci are responsible for many more secondary cases of streptococcal infection than are throat carriers.2 These observations emphasized the importance of determining which respiratory activities play the dominant role in the transfer of hemolytic streptococci from
An innovative orthodontic and surgical technique for bilateral complete cleft lip-presurgical noso-alveolar molding and early simultaneous lip-nose-alveolar repairs

Objective Presurgical nose-alveolar molding for infants with cleft lip and palate has been one of new methods and techniques of the cleft lip and palate team approach.The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of presurgical nasoalveolar molding in bilateral complete cleft lip/palate and early simultaneous lip-nose-alveolar repairs and to discuss the optimum time,methods,skills,characteristics of using the technique.Methods 21 cases with bilateral complete cleft lip/palate were underwent presurgical noso-alveolar molding which including the premaxillo-backward,the gap-closing of cleft alveolar in two sides,lip taping and nosa-stent until he age of approximately 6～9 months at which time the surgery was performed.All cases with presurgical nosoalveolar molding have been operated early simultaneous lip-nose-alveolar repairs with modification of Chang Gung's technique for the bilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity.Results After being done nonsurgical nose-alveolar molding in 21 infants with bilateral cleft lip/palate about 3～5 months.the premaxilloary was backward,the width of cleft lip was narrowed,the soft tissues of both sides of the cleft were growth and expansion and the width of alveolar cleft became 1～2 mm in all cases.These operated cases have satisfactory lip-nose feature and closure the fistulas of mouth-nose.13 cases with presurgical nosoalveolar molding have gained the whole uninterrupted alveolar and the eruptional deciduous teeth at original cleft alveolar after 1～5 years following up.Conclusions In order to gain satisfactory lip-nose shape and good oral function to operated babies with bilateral complete cleft lip/palate,It would be used widely the presugical nasoalveolar molding and early simultaneous lip-nose-alveolar repairs which is a practical,non-surgical,feasible,safe,simple and cost savings' technique for babies with bilateral complete cleft lip/palate.
Ontogeny of gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in suckling rabbits.

Gastric mucosal homogenates were prepared from resting and stimulated stomachs of rabbits, age 3-57 days postnatal, and fractionated by differential centrifugation. Total H(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) (assayed as K(+)-dependent ouabain-insensitive hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate) was low in the first 3 wk but rapidly accumulated between days 20 and 43. Specific activity rose eightfold from day 3 to a typically adult level of 2 mumol.mg-1.h-1 by day 43. The microsomal fraction (P3) was subfractionated on sucrose gradients (20, 27, and 33% steps or 10-40% continuous gradient). H(+)-K(+)-ATPase from P3 of resting stomachs was distributed bimodally on the continuous gradients, with activity mainly in the denser peak (or on the 33% sucrose step) before day 20, but accumulating mainly in the lighter peak (or in the lighter step-gradient fractions) after day 20. Throughout the age range tested, in vivo stimulation with histamine just before removal of the stomach caused a loss of most H(+)-K(+)-ATPase from P3 and an increase in H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in a lower-speed fraction P1. Thus, even in the 1st postnatal wk, when H(+)-K(+)-ATPase is low, most of the enzyme occurs in cells with histamine H2 receptors and all the intracellular mechanisms for fusion of oxyntic cell tubulovesicles (enriched in P3) with the apical membrane (enriched in P1). These studies delineate a 3-wk period of sharply accelerated synthesis of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase before weaning. Age-related changes in distribution of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase among microsomal density subfractions suggest maturational changes either in the intracellular partitioning of the enzyme or in properties of the membranes containing the enzyme.
An investigation of the levels of abstraction of tags across three resource genres

This study investigates how resource genres affect the specificity or level of abstraction of user-generated tags. This study found significant variations in frequency of assignment of superordinate, subordinate and basic level terms representing news, blog and ecommerce resource genres. Study observed users' preferences to represent news and blog resources with basic or subordinate level tags and ecommerce resources with superordinate and basic level of tags. Study also observed multifaceted representation of resource genres, suggesting that use of genre tags is "situated" and grounded in language. This study suggests that representation of knowledge based on resource genres and levels of abstraction of user-generated tags may improve representation, organization, and findability of the resources in the distributed knowledge environments.
Commercial Crew Programs

In January 2015, SpaceX’s Dragon moved one step closer to flying astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) with the announcement that the vehicle had passed NASA’s Certification Baseline Review (CBR) which was an assessment of how SpaceX planned to transport crews to and from the orbiting outpost using Dragon V2. The CBR was part of SpaceX’s Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract with NASA and CCtCap was one element of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program (CCP) (Figure 2.1).
Public attitudes toward blameworthiness and control of the mortgage foreclosure crisis

The twenty-first century has seen a wave of white-collar and corporate crime scandals and the economic crisis associated with the home mortgage foreclosure debacle is but one prominent example. Understanding who is to blame for this crisis and what steps can be taken in the future to limit a reoccurrence are important topics of inquiry. Similarly important is understanding public perceptions associated with the mortgage foreclosure crisis, especially since public sentiments are potentially important in influencing crime control policy. Using data from a random sample survey of American adults, this chapter examines the degree to which the public blames banks/lenders as opposed to individual homebuyers for the American foreclosure problems as well as the extent to which they favor specific control and prevention strategies such as government limitations on executive pay or bonuses and legislation aimed at increasing the regulation of business.
Becoming “babies” in real time: Temporal emergence in the classroom mangle:

Through multimodal retellings of kindergarten children’s performances of “baby,” this article aims to contribute to the emerging “posthuman conversation” within early childhood studies. Specificall...
HETEROBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT IN SIX SPECIES OF WILD PIPER: Piper baccatum Blume, Piper firmum Blume, Piper majusculum C.DC, Piper miniatum 1 Blume, Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. and Piper retrofractum Vahl.

Heteroblastik pada tanaman adalah adanya bentuk karakter morfologi daun yang sangat berbeda pada fase muda dan fase dewasa,yang terus berlangsung dari fase muda sampai dewasa. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang perubahan morfologi daun pada tiga jenis sirih (Piper spp.) liar yang tumbuh di kawasan Hutan Konservasi Suaka Margasatwa Maninjau Utara-Selatan, Tanjung Raya,Kabupaten Agam, Provinsi Sumatra Barat dan tiga jenis sirih liar koleksi Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan-Kebun Raya Bogor-LIPI.Dalam penelitian ini, jumlah individu yang diamati dari setiap jenisnya adalah 5 individu muda dan 5 individu dewasa, dengan masing-masing jenis/spesies 5 kali ulangan; sedangkan jumlah spesimen voucher setiap jenisnya adalah 10 spesimen. Data yang dicatat adalah kondisi habitat (di hutan dan di Kebun raya Bogor); lokasi di mana tumbuhan tersebut ditemukan (tepi sungai, tepi jalan, merambat di batu, pohon atau tempat rambatan lainnya). Data lain yang dicatat adalah ukuran daun (lebar dan panjang ),bentuk daun pada fase muda dan dewasa. Selain itu juga dicatat karakteristik morfologi daun lainnya. Enam jenis sirih liar (Piper baccatum, P. firmum, P. majusculum, P. miniatum, P.porphyrophyllum dan P. retrofractum) dari kawasan hutan konservasi Suakamargasatwa Maninjau Utara-Selatan dan Kebun Raya Bogor, memiliki perubahan morforlogi daun pada fase muda dan fase dewasa yang dikenal dengan sebutan perkembangan heteroblastik.
Risk is still relevant: Time-varying associations between perceived risk and marijuana use among US 12th grade students from 1991 to 2016

Abstract Background Perceived risk of harm has long been a key preventive factor for adolescent marijuana use. However, in recent years, perceived risk has decreased markedly and marijuana use has increased only slightly, leading to new questions about their association. This study investigates the magnitude and stability of the US adolescent marijuana risk/use association from 1991 to 2016, overall and by gender and race/ethnicity. Methods Self-reported data on past 12-month marijuana use, perceived risk of regular marijuana use, gender, and race/ethnicity were obtained from 275,768 US 12th grade students participating in the nationally representative Monitoring the Future study. Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) was used to examine the marijuana risk/use association over time. Results Both before and after controlling for gender and race/ethnicity, perceived risk was a strong protective factor against adolescent marijuana use. The magnitude of the great risk/use association strengthened for Hispanic students; remained generally stable over time for 12th graders overall, males, females, and White students; and weakened for Black students. The magnitude of the moderate risk/use association strengthened for 12th graders overall, males, females, White and Hispanic students, but did not continue to strengthen for Black students from 2005 onwards. In general, marijuana use prevalence decreased over time within all levels of perceived risk. Conclusions Perceived risk remains a strong protective factor for adolescent marijuana use, and the protective association for moderate risk (vs. no/slight risk) is actually increasing over time. Results suggest that accurate and credible information on the risks associated with marijuana use should remain a key component of prevention efforts.
Political Effects of Having Undocumented Parents

The current US undocumented population is large and settled. As a result, millions of US-born citizens are growing up with undocumented parents or siblings. In this paper, we use original survey da...
Teacher and administrator perceptions of gender in the classroom

Gendered stereotypes persist in American classrooms despite efforts to create equitable learning environments. Within this qualitative study, we examined both teachers’ and administrators’ percepti...
Anthropogenic influences on riverine fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon to the oceans

Bicarbonate (HCO3−), the predominant form of dissolved inorganic carbon in natural waters, originates mostly from watershed mineral weathering. On time scales of decades to centuries, riverine fluxes of HCO3− to the oceans and subsequent reactions affect atmospheric CO2, global climate and ocean pH. This review summarizes controls on the production of HCO3− from chemical weathering and its transport into river systems. The availability of minerals and weathering agents (carbonic, sulfuric, and nitric acids) in the weathering zone interact to control HCO3− production, and water throughput controls HCO3− transport into rivers. Human influences on HCO3− fluxes include climate warming, acid precipitation, mining, concrete use, and agricultural fertilization and liming. We currently cannot evaluate the net result of human influences on a global scale but HCO3− fluxes are clearly increasing in some major rivers as shown here for much of the United States. This increase could be partly a return to pre-industrial HCO3− fluxes as anthropogenic acidification has been mitigated in the United States, but elsewhere around the world anthropogenic acidification could be leading to decreased concentrations and fluxes.
The high abortion cost of human reproduction

Information from many large data bases and published studies was integrated to estimate the age-specific spontaneous abortion rate in an economically-developed human population. Accuracy was tested with published data from a diverse array of studies. Spontaneous abortion was found to be: i) the predominant outcome of fertilization and ii) a natural and inevitable part of human reproduction at all ages. The decision to reproduce is inextricably coupled with the production of spontaneous abortions with high probability, and the decision to have a large family leads to many spontaneous abortions with virtual certainty. The lifetime number of spontaneous abortions was estimated for a “canonical” woman (constrained to have average age at marriage, first birth, inter-birth intervals, and family size) in two populations: one with and the other without effective birth control (including free access to elective abortions). Birth control was found to reduce lifetime abortions more than 6-fold.
Aggregation behavior of semolina gluten during dough production and fresh pasta cooking upon kansui treatment

Sodium salt reduction in cereal products has been one of the top health trends. During pasta-making, kansui (an alkaline salt with reduced sodium) was added at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (total flour weight basis) to modify semolina gluten aggregation reactions in dough production and pasta cooking. Adding 1.0% kansui enhanced pasta dough elasticity and strength, but cooking quality was changed barely. These consequences may be attributed to more polymeric glutenin incorporated in the network through thiol (SH)/disulfide (SS) exchange or other non-redox reactions/interactions by introducing kansui, which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, FTIR, and HPLC results. The protein cross-linking induced by kansui (1.0%) improved the texture properties of pasta without compromising the cooking and coloration characteristics. Considering the process convenience and food safety of reducing sodium chloride with natural alkaline salt reagent in industrial pasta production, this could be a potential approach for sodium reduction.
Transnasal Induction of Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neuroprotection

Effective control of core body temperature and producing hypothermia is the standard of care for comatose patients with cardiac arrest and also in neurogenic fevers. Nasopharyngeal space has been a region of great interest to induce therapeutic hypothermia for a long time. This is primarily due to the favorable location of the nasal heat exchanger directly beneath the brain, the main target for hypothermia. This chapter focuses on achieving therapeutic hypothermia of the brain and core body temperature by using transnasal dry air.
A Parameter for Evaluating Initial Cooling Treatments for Fresh Foods11A paper of Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. This work was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant FD-00119-04

Resume Un parametre est presente dans le but d'evaluer divers traitements de manutention et de refroidissement des aliments frais. L'obtention de ce parametre suppose que la qualite des aliments est grandement affectee par la temperature et la duree du stockage. La procedure developpee permet d'estimer les parametres des traitements de refroidissement initiaux des aliments refrigeres.
Navigating an identity playground: An exploration of work identity and routines in a virtual world

Technology is often ignored in organizational research, despite the fact that its use is almost ubiquitous in organizations. Importantly, virtual world technology provides a unique forum for experi...
Robust numerical computation of the 3D scalar potential field of the cubic Galileon gravity model at solar system scales

Direct detection of dark energy or modified gravity may finally be within reach due to ultrasensitive instrumentation such as atom interferometry capable of detecting incredibly small scale accelerations. Forecasts, constraints and measurement bounds can now too perhaps be estimated from accurate numerical simulations of the fifth force and its Laplacian field at solar system scales. The cubic Galileon gravity scalar field model (CGG), which derives from the DGP braneworld model, describes modified gravity incorporating a Vainshtein screening mechanism. The nonlinear derivative interactions in the CGG equation suppress the field near regions of high density, thereby restoring general relativity (GR) while far from such regions, field enhancement is comparable to GR and the equation is dominated by a linear term. This feature of the governing PDE poses some numerical challenges for computation of the scalar potential, force and Laplacian fields even under stationary conditions. Here we present a numerical method based on finite differences for solution of the static CGG scalar field for a 2D axisymmetric Sun-Earth system and a 3D Cartesian Sun-Earth-Moon system. The method relies on gradient descent of an integrated residual based on the normal attractive branch of the CGG equation. The algorithm is shown to be stable, accurate and rapidly convergent toward the global minimum state. We hope this numerical study, which can easily be extended to include smaller bodies such as detection satellites, will prove useful to future measurement of modified gravity force fields at solar system scales.
Effects of culling white-tailed deer on tree regeneration and Microstegium vimineum, an invasive grass

Abstract Reduction of forest regeneration due to overbrowsing by white-tailed deer is a growing concern for land managers. Abundant deer can impede forest regeneration through direct predation on tree seedlings. Additionally high deer density can facilitate the establishment of a dense understory of browse tolerant plant species that shades seedlings and persists even in the absence of deer. In response to these challenges, land managers have sought to reduce deer herds to restore tree regeneration, but few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of this management. Our study took place in Catoctin Mountain Park, a US National Park Service unit with a history of high deer density. The park has been heavily invaded by Microstegium vimineum, an invasive grass that can completely cover the forest floor. Using permanent plots established prior to the start of deer management, we were able to assess the joint effects of deer culling and M. vimineum on tree seedling density. We found that tree seedling density increased in response to deer reductions. M. vimineum cover initially increased, but then decreased. Seedling densities were higher in plots with more M. vimineum cover, indicating that it did not form a recalcitrant understory that would suppress regeneration. However, eight years after deer management began, few tree seedlings were >30 cm tall, implying that it will be many years before they grow into the sapling stage. Our results indicate that deer culling can be an effective tool in restoring tree regeneration despite the presence of M. vimineum, but that success will require a long-term commitment.
Family Values and the Star Phenomenon: Strategies of Mutual Fund Families

We examine the extent to which a fund’s cash flows are affected by the stellar performance of other funds in its family - and consequences of such spillovers. We show that star performance results in greater cash inflow to the fund and to other funds in its family. Moreover, families with higher variation in investment strategies across funds are shown to be more likely to generate star performance. We argue that spillovers may induce lower ability families to pursue star creating strategies. Consistent with our conjecture, families with high variation in investment strategies across funds significantly underperform low variation families.
Hallucination of speech recognition errors with sequence to sequence learning.

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is an imperfect process that results in certain mismatches in ASR output text when compared to plain written text or transcriptions. When plain text data is to be used to train systems for spoken language understanding or ASR, a proven strategy to reduce said mismatch and prevent degradations, is to hallucinate what the ASR outputs would be given a gold transcription. Prior work in this domain has focused on modeling errors at the phonetic level, while using a lexicon to convert the phones to words, usually accompanied by an FST Language model. We present novel end-to-end models to directly predict hallucinated ASR word sequence outputs, conditioning on an input word sequence as well as a corresponding phoneme sequence. This improves prior published results for recall of errors from an in-domain ASR system's transcription of unseen data, as well as an out-of-domain ASR system's transcriptions of audio from an unrelated task, while additionally exploring an in-between scenario when limited characterization data from the test ASR system is obtainable. To verify the extrinsic validity of the method, we also use our hallucinated ASR errors to augment training for a spoken question classifier, finding that they enable robustness to real ASR errors in a downstream task, when scarce or even zero task-specific audio was available at train-time.
Cardiac pauses in critically ill Coronavirus Disease-2019 patients

Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 is associated with a variety of arrhythmias. However, there are limited data regarding bradyarrhythmias and cardiac pauses in COVID-19. Objective: The objective was to characterize significant cardiac pauses in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Design: This was a case series of 26 consecutive patients with confirmed COVID-19 at an academic medical center in Shreveport, Louisiana. Setting: The study was conducted in the intensive care unit (ICU) and step-down ICU. Participants: Patients were either on mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen by nasal cannula. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and medication data were analyzed. Continuous telemetry monitoring was utilized to record number, type, and duration of bradyarrhythmic events as well as their risk determinants. Results: The median age of the 26 patients was 49.5 years (range 33–78). Fifteen (57.7%) were men. Incidence of significant bradycardia and cardiac pauses, defined as an event, occurred in 11 (42.3%) patients. The median age of patients with an event was 57 years (range 33–66) and 5 (45.5%) were men. The average pause duration was 6.77 s with a range of 1.6–30 s. Five of 11 (45.5%) patients had high-grade atrioventricular (AV) nodal block. One patient required temporary pacemaker insertion for complete heart block and recurrent asystole arrests. A trend toward higher troponin I level in bradyarrhythmia patients was noted (mean troponin I was 2.72 ng/mL, [standard deviation] 4.48) compared to patients without event(s) (mean 0.42 ng/mL 0.52, P = 0.07). Conclusions and Relevance: Significant bradycardic events in critically ill patients with COVID-19 occurred in 42.3% of patients. This is the first case series of such events in COVID-19 patients. Increased awareness of these findings could affect management techniques and call for enhanced monitoring of such patients.
Nrg1β Released in Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Myocardial Perfusion and Decreases Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via ErbB2-Mediated Rescue of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Abrogation of Trx2 Autophagy.

Objective Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an intervention process where the application of multiple cycles of short ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a remote vascular bed provides protection against I/R injury. However, the identity of the specific RIPC factor and the mechanism by which RIPC alleviates I/R injury remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the identity and the mechanism by which the RIPC factor provides protection. Approach and ResultS: Using fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we found that RIPC induces Nrg1β expression in the endothelial cells, which is secreted into the serum. Whereas, RIPC protected against myocardial apoptosis and infarction, treatment with neutralizing-Nrg1 antibodies abolished the protective effect of RIPC. Further, increased superoxide anion generated in RIPC is required for Nrg1 expression. Improved myocardial perfusion and nitric oxide production were achieved by RIPC as determined by contrast echocardiography and electron spin resonance. However, treatment with neutralizing-Nrg1β antibody abrogated these effects, suggesting Nrg1β is a RIPC factor. ErbB2 (Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) is not expressed in the adult murine cardiomyocytes, but expressed in the endothelial cells of heart which is degraded in I/R. RIPC-induced Nrg1β interacts with endothelial ErbB2 and thereby prevents its degradation. Mitochondrial Trx2 (thioredoxin) is degraded in I/R, but rescue of ErbB2 by Nrg1β prevents Trx-2 degradation that decreased myocardial apoptosis in I/R. Conclusions Nrg1β is a RIPC factor that interacts with endothelial ErbB2 and prevents its degradation, which in turn prevents Trx2 degradation due to phosphorylation and inactivation of ATG5 (autophagy-related 5) by ErbB2. Nrg1β also restored loss of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) function in I/R via its interaction with Src.