cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the Hidden Informational Content of Protein Sequences: FOLDABILITY OF PROINSULIN HINGES ON A FLEXIBLE ARM THAT IS DISPENSABLE IN THE MATURE HORMONE

Protein sequences encode both structure and foldability. Whereas the interrelationship of sequence and structure has been extensively investigated, the origins of folding efficiency are enigmatic. We demonstrate that the folding of proinsulin requires a flexible N-terminal hydrophobic residue that is dispensable for the structure, activity, and stability of the mature hormone. This residue (PheB1 in placental mammals) is variably positioned within crystal structures and exhibits 1H NMR motional narrowing in solution. Despite such flexibility, its deletion impaired insulin chain combination and led in cell culture to formation of non-native disulfide isomers with impaired secretion of the variant proinsulin. Cellular folding and secretion were maintained by hydrophobic substitutions at B1 but markedly perturbed by polar or charged side chains. We propose that, during folding, a hydrophobic side chain at B1 anchors transient long-range interactions by a flexible N-terminal arm (residues B1–B8) to mediate kinetic or thermodynamic partitioning among disulfide intermediates. Evidence for the overall contribution of the arm to folding was obtained by alanine scanning mutagenesis. Together, our findings demonstrate that efficient folding of proinsulin requires N-terminal sequences that are dispensable in the native state. Such arm-dependent folding can be abrogated by mutations associated with β-cell dysfunction and neonatal diabetes mellitus.
Short period spectral intensity measurements

Abstract Details are presented for the construction and testing of an automatic switch interposed in a spectrograph between multiplier phototube and recorder. The switch transmits the signal only during a short time interval, the length of which can be varied as well as the delay after an initiating signal. This device is useful for the investigation of repetitive phenomena such as sparks and is capable of giving a time resolution of half a microsecond and can handle intensity ratios of more than 104 tc one. It eliminates much of the background noise. The ability of this device to select only the arc-like portions of individual spark discharges makes it possible to combine the reproducibility of the controlled spark with the sensitivity of the direct current arc.
Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES‐9 satellite data

The free availability of GOES satellite data every 15 minutes makes these data an attractive tool for studying short-term changes on cloud-free volcanoes in the Pacific basin. We use cloud-free GOES-9 data to investigate the chronology of the January 1997, episode 54 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Seventy-six images for this effusive eruption were collected over a 60-hour period and show the opening and shutdown of active fissures, the draining and refilling of the Pu‘u ‘O‘o lava lake, and the cessation of activity at the ocean entry.
Better home shopping or new democracy?: evaluating community network outcomes

This is a perspective paper on community networks - socio-technical infrastructures supporting villages, towns, and neighborhoods. Community networking is well-established, world wide, and addresses critical societal issues, such as the “crisis of community” and the sociality of the Internet. However, community network projects have not emphasized evaluation. Relatively little is known about the economic, social, and psychological consequences of community networks for the individuals, groups, and communities served. Evaluating community networks is a momentous mutual opportunity for the development of CHI evaluation methodologies and for bringing technical CHI expertise to bear on societal issues.
Partitioning of cations between coexisting single- and multi-site phases: A discussion

Cations partitioning between coexisting single and multisite phases in pyroxenes and olivines
Creep Study for Fatigue Life Assessment of Two Lead-Free High Temperature Solder Alloys

Creep of two lead-free high temperature solder alloys, 95Sn-5Ag and 99Sn-1.0Cu was studied in this investigation. Room and high temperature creep tests were performed to examine deformation mechanisms and to establish mathematical models of creep deformation for the alloys. A state variable creep model was introduced to model both primary and secondary creep deformation of these two alloys which show a very significant primary creep. Fatigue life models of the alloys were established based on an energy-based failure criteria, which was deduced from variable strain amplitude tests at a constant strain rate of 0.003/sec, and from variable strain rates tests with two constant strain amplitudes of 0.005 and 0.01. Applications of the creep model includes determination of peak loads and hysteresis strain energy density in strain-controlled fatigue tests. It is demonstrated that the creep model can be very helpful to establish fatigue failure criteria and to assess fatigue lives of these two alloys.
FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy applications in qualitative and quantitative analyses of solid samples

The information content of photoacoustic FTIR spectra has been found to be sufficient for a variety of qualitative and quantitative analyses of solid materials despite the common presence of truncation of strong absorbance bands by photoacoustic signal saturation.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efficient method for the determination of image correspondence in airborne applications using inertial sensors

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for the measurement of a dense image correspondence vector field using supplementary data from an inertial navigation sensor (INS). The application is suited to airborne imaging systems, such as an unmanned air vehicle, where size, weight, and power restrictions limit the amount of onboard processing available. The limited processing will typically exclude the use of traditional, but computationally expensive, optical flow and block matching algorithms, such as Lucas–Kanade, Horn–Schunck, or the adaptive rood pattern search. Alternatively, the measurements obtained from an INS, on board the platform, lead to a closed-form solution to the correspondence field. Airborne platforms are well suited to this application because they already possess INSs and global positioning systems as part of their existing avionics package. We derive the closed-form solution for the image correspondence vector field based on the INS data. We then show, through both simulations and real flight data, that the closed-form inertial sensor solution outperforms traditional optical flow and block matching methods.
Autophosphorylation, Phosphotransfer, and DNA-binding Properties of the RegB/RegA Two-component Regulatory System inRhodobacter capsulatus

In the purple, photosynthetic bacterium,Rhodobacter capsulatus, the RegB/RegA two-component system is required for activation of several anaerobic processes, such as synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus and assimilation of CO2 and N2 . It is believed that RegB is an integral membrane histidine kinase that monitors the external environment. Under anaerobic growth conditions, it transduces a signal through phosphorylation of the response regulator, RegA, which then induces target gene expression. We used an in vitroassay to characterize the phosphorylation of wild-type RegA and a mutant variant (RegA*) that is responsible for abnormally high photosynthesis gene expression under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Phosphorylation assays indicate that phosphorylated RegA* (RegA*∼P) is much more stable than RegA∼P, indicating that it may be locked in a conformation that is resistant to dephosphorylation. DNase I footprint assays also indicate that unphosphorylated RegA* has a much higher affinity for specific DNA binding sites than the wild-type protein. Phosphorylation of RegA* increases DNA binding 2.5-fold, whereas phosphorylation of RegA increases DNA binding more than 16-fold. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that RegA* is a constitutively active variant that does not require phosphorylation to assume a structural conformation required to bind DNA.
Using higher precision-based response surface designs to determine the optimal process target

The selection of the optimal process target is critically important as it directly affects the defect rate, material cost, scrap and rework costs, and the loss to customers. Within the context of the optimal process target problem, a new model is proposed in this paper and two distinct contributions to the related topic are offered. First, while most research work assumes a given process distribution with a known variance, this paper integrates response surface designs into solving the optimal process target problem, thus removing the need to make assumptions regarding process parameters. Second, typical response surface designs consider second-order fitted functions; however, this paper considers a procedure to include higher-order polynomial terms that will result in higher prediction capabilities, thereby giving a more accurate representation of the true process. A constrained nonlinear optimization scheme is used to facilitate the development of this methodology and a numerical example is provided for illustration.
Optimal and Suboptimal Control Synthesis for Minimum Time VTOL Transition

Optimal open-loop and suboptimal closed-loop controls for a VTOL aircraft in a minimum climb-to-cruise time transition are presented in this paper. The optimal open-loop controls are synthesized by a proposed gradient technique which provides for the selection of desired changes in physically meaningful parameters during each iteration step. The suboptimal closed-loop controls are synthesized as integral mean-square approximations to the optimal open-loop controls over the minimum time-to- climb interval. Piecewiseconstant feedback gains and switching times are synthesized for multidimensional control vectors which are linear combinations of observable states. Several computational results are presented for optimal and suboptimal minimum time controls with constrained and unconstrained terminal flight-path angles.
Relativistic three-body calculation of π d scattering

We present a unitary, Lorentz-invariant three-body calculation of pion-deuteron elastic scattering, based upon the idea of quasiparticle-dominated two-body interactions. We make detailed comparisons of these results with those of a conventional fixed-scatterer approach and find that the fixed-nucleon calculation does not adequately reproduce the three-body results, demonstrating the importance of properly treating the three-body kinematics (i.e., of including nucleon recoil and isobar propagation). The multiple scattering expansion converges much more rapidly in the three-body approach than in the fixed-scatterer calculation. Intermediate nucleon-nucleon interactions play an important role, giving contributions to the scattering amplitude of the same order as those given by pion multiple scattering; these effects are especially significant for back-angle scattering. Finally, we compare our results with the available experimental data for the $\ensuremath{\pi}d$ total and integrated elastic cross sections and obtain good agreement. Nucleon spin is neglected in all calculations.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{2}\mathrm{H}(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$, $E=80\ensuremath{-}240$ MeV; relativistic three-body calculation of elastic scattering.
Mesenchymal dysgenesis in Peters' anomaly, sclerocornea and congenital endothelial dystrophy

Abstract Among the congenital malformations of the ocular anterior segment, Peters' anomaly, sclerocornea and cogenital endothelial dystrophy represent mesenchymal dysgeneses of the cornea. In Peters' anomaly, the corneal leukoma is central, avascular and overlies a posterior stromal defect which is frequently bordered by central iris synechiae. Sclerocornea involves the extension of vascularized scleral tissue onto the peripheral cornea and is frequently associated with other ocular and systemic defects. Congenital endothelial dystrophy is characterized by diffuse edematous clouding of the entire cornea in an otherwise normal eye. By light and electron microscopy, all three conditions exhibit similar defects of the endothelium and Descemet's membrane, plus stromal abnormalities with variable enlargement of collagen fibrils, which suggest the occurrence of related developmental disorders of the corneogenic mesenchyme.
Small molecule microarrays: from proteins to mammalian cells – are we there yet?

A recent publication by Stockwell and colleagues documents a leap forward toward the continued development of small molecule microarray (SMM) technology. By creating microarrays of small molecules impregnated in a biodegradable polymer, the authors have, for the first time, shown that SMMs can be used in a cell-based format. This technological improvement opens the door for using SMMs to perform high-throughput screens in mammalian cells.
Respiratory protection equipment developments by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps.

Abstract In addition to its mission of developing respiratory protective equipment for protection of the United States armed forces against the hazards of toxicological warfare agents, the U. S. Army Chemical Corps has the responsibility for the procurement, storage, and issue of several types of safety and rescue type respiratory protective equipment for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. An illustrated discussion is presented on the following classes of individual respiratory protective equipment which have been standardized by the U. S. Army Chemical Corps: military protective masks, special purpose gas masks, self-contained breathing apparatus, dust masks and paint spray respirators. Also discussed are two (2) experimental protective masks developed by the Chemical Corps for the Federal Civil Defense Administration. The procedures used by the Chemical Corps in undertaking the development and testing of new items of respiratory protective equipment are briefly described.
Unintentional injuries among elderly people: incidence, causes, severity, and costs.

Abstract People aged 60 years or older (1,313 injured) treated for unintentional injuries at the emergency department of the Regional Hospital in Umea, Sweden, over a period of one year were included in the material. The injury, fracture, and mortality rates per 1,000 persons aged 60 years or over were 57, 31, and 0.6, respectively. The causes of injuries were falls (70%), vehicle accidents (10%), and other (20%). Injury incidence, severity of injuries, proportion of injuries that were fractures, femur neck fracture frequency, duration of hospitalization, and mean costs of medical care increased with age of patients. Women had a higher injury rate, more severe injuries, longer duration in hospital, and higher cost of medical care than men. The cost of medical care of this group of elderly, making up 15% of all injured in the primary admission area, was SEK ∗ 14 million; this being almost half the cost for all injured. Since the elderly population, especially the very old, is expected to increase in the future, prevention of falls (taking up 80% of total treatment costs) and vehicle accidents (causing the most critical injuries) is of utmost importance.
A Study on Laser Engineered Net Shaping Prototyping Technology

The objectives of this work are to study Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) produced materials and identify the microstructures. Numerical method was used to examine the influence of materials’ type and LENS™ process parameters on the forming of the specific microstructures from thermodynamics and fluid dynamics point of view. Samples of 4140 low alloy steel and 316L stainless steel were examined, microstructures of samples were used to estimate the corresponding cooling rate, and the cooling rate was compared with the numerical results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Turbulence-driven Diffusion in Protoplanetary Disks: Chemical Effects in the Outer Regions

The chemistry and dynamics of protoplanetary disks are likely to be intricately linked, with dynamical processes affecting the chemical composition and chemistry, in turn, controlling the ionization structure and hence the ability of a process such as the magnetorotational instability to drive turbulence. Here we present the results from chemical models of the outer disk, which include diffusive mixing driven by turbulence. We show that diffusion in the vertical direction can greatly affect the column densities of many molecules, increasing them by up to 2 orders of magnitude. Previous models have shown that disks consist of three chemically distinct layers, with the bulk of the observed molecular emission coming from a region between the cold midplane and the irradiated surface layers. Diffusion retains this structure, but increases the depth of the molecular layer, by bringing atoms and atomic ions formed by photodissociation in the layers into more shielded regions where the molecules can reform. The column densities of molecules whose abundances peak closer to the midplane, e.g., NH3 and N2H+, are not altered by diffusion. We find that diffusion does not affect the ionization fraction of the disk. We compare the calculated column densities to observations of DM Tau, LkCa 15, and TW Hya and find good agreement for many molecules for models with a diffusion coefficient of 1018 cm2 s-1.
Determination of nalbuphine hydrochloride, methylparaben, and propylparaben in nalbuphine hydrochloride injection by high performance liquid chromatography

A stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of nalbuphine hydrochloride, methylparaben, and propylparaben in nalbuphine hydrochloride injection. Reversed-phase chromatography was carried out using a mobile phase containing 0.05 % trifuoroacetic acid, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 280 nm. Validation data for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness are presented. The chromatographic system resolves nalbuphine from synthetic impurities and degradation products.
Inhibition as a Transplant-Mediated Therapy: A New Paradigm for Treating Parkinson's?

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell,Martinez-Cerdeno and colleagues (2010) transplant interneuron precursors from the MGE into the striatum of a rat model of Parkinson's disease and observe a 5% increase in the endogenous GABAergic interneuron population resulting in behavioral benefits in both lesioned and wild-type animals.
Evaluation theory tree re-examined

Abstract When examining various evaluation prescriptive theories comparatively, we find it helpful to have a framework showing how they are related that highlights features that distinguish theoretical perspectives, thus a “theory” about theories. The evaluation theory tree that we presented in Alkin's recent book, Evaluation Roots [Eisner, E. (2004). The roots of connoisseurship and criticism: A personal journey. In M. Alkin (Ed.), Evaluation roots: Tracing theorists’ views and influences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y., (2004). The roots of fourth generation evaluation: Theoretical and methodological origins. In M. Alkin (Ed.), Evaluation roots: Tracing theorists’ views and influences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Stake, R. (2004). Stake and responsive evaluation. In M. Alkin (Ed.), Evaluation roots: Tracing theorists’ views and influences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Wholey, J. S. (2004). Using evaluation to improve performance and support policy decision making. In M. Alkin (Ed.), Evaluation roots: Tracing theorists’ views and influences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage], is such a framework. Just as theorists modify their views over time, in this paper we suggest modifications to the theory tree presented in the Roots book, including a repositioning of a few theorists, the addition of theorists, and a reconceptualization of the valuing branch.
UNRAVELING THE PROCESS OF CREATIVE DESTRUCTION: COMPLEMENTARY ASSETS AND INCUMBENT SURVIVAL IN THE TYPESETTER INDUSTRY

When radical technological change transforms an industry established firms sometimes fail drastically and are displaced by new entrants, yet other times survive and prosper. Drawing upon an unusually rich data set that covers the technological and competitive history of the typesetter industry from 1886 to 1990, this paper uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis to unravel this process of creative destruction. It argues that the ultimate commercial performance of incumbents vs. new entrants is driven by the balance and interaction of three factors: investment, technical capabilities, and appropriability through specialized complementary assets. In this industry, specialized complementary assets played a crucial role in buffering incumbents from the effects of competence destruction, and an analysis that examined investment or technical capabilities in isolation would have led to misleading results. This work thus highlights the importance of considering multiple perspectives when examining the competitive implications of technological change.© 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Strength-Based Approach to Parent Education for Children With Autism

Despite the ubiquitous nature of parent education in autism treatment, relatively few studies directly address how parent education should be conducted. Given that the literature on parental well-b...
A cell-membrane bound fraction of bacterial DNA

Received January 25, 1965 In contrast to the abundance of information on the enzymatic replication of DNA in vitro (Kornberg, -1962), the organization and replication of the bacterial chromosome is not well understood. Genetic and autoradiographic studies suggest a model of the bacterial genome as a closed ring, only a small critical region of which is being replicated at any given time (Sueoka, 1963; Cairns, 1963; Nagata, 1963; Lark and Lark, 1964; Hanawalt and Ray, 1964). Jacob, 5. a. (1963), proposed a model in which replication might occur in direct association with the cell membrane. There is no direct evidence for the site of DNA replication in the cells, although Lark and Lark (1964) suggested the possible involvement of some structural protein cell wall material in the regulation of chromosome replication. However, many relevant facts have been reported, mostly concerning the localization of nascent DNA, i.e., DNA which is enriched in counts from a recent pulse of labeled precussors. Goldstein and Brown (1961) using 1. coli protoplasts, showed the occurrence of DNA synthesis in a sedimentable heavy particle fraction which was resistant to sonic oscillation and rich in nascent DNA. BenPorat, et. al -(1962), found that nascent DNA from mammalian cells was preferentially agglomerated at an interface during deproteinization. DNA-polymerase complexes in E. coli lysates were reported by Billen (1962) and Kadoya, et. al -* (1964). In g. subtilis, Ganesan (1963)
Plasma exchange conditioning for ABO-incompatible renal transplantation

The supply of deceased donor kidneys is inadequate to meet demand. To expand the pool of potential donors, ABO-incompatible transplants from living donors have been performed. We present the Mayo Clinic experience with such transplants. Enrollment was open to patients when the only available potential living kidney donor was ABO-incompatible. Conditioning consisted of plasma exchanges followed by intravenous immunoglobulin. Splenectomy was performed at the time of transplant surgery. Post-transplant immunosuppression consisted of anti-T lymphocyte antibody, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Isoagglutinin titers and scores were determined before and after each plasma exchange. Transplant outcomes were determined. Twenty-six ABO-incompatible transplants were performed. No hyperacute rejection occurred. Mean patient follow-up was 400 days. Patient and graft survivals at last follow-up were 92 and 85%, respectively. Antibody-mediated rejection occurred in 46% and was apparently reversed in 83% by plasma exchange and increased immunosuppression. The initial plasma exchange reduced immediate spin and AHG hemagglutination reactivity scores by 53.5 and 34.6%, respectively. Over the course of the pretransplant plasma exchanges, the immediate spin and AHG hemagglutination reactivity scores decreased by 96.4 and 68.5%, respectively. At 3 and 12 months, the immediate spin and AHG hemagglutinin reactivity scores and titers were less than those at baseline but greater than or equal to those on the day of transplantation. Despite an increase in scores and titers, antibody-mediated rejection was not present. Pre-transplant plasma exchange conditioning combined with other immunosuppressives can be used to prepare patients for ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation from living donors, but antibody-mediated rejection post-transplant is a common occurrence and allograft survival may be reduced. Controlled clinical trials are needed to identify the optimum conditioning for ABO-incompatible renal transplants.
A scheduling algorithm for uplink data services in wireless networks

We propose a new scheduling algorithm based on concave maximization of a revenue function. The model is useful in rate allocation schemes for real-time, delay-sensitive UMTS services.
Form factors for mobile computing and device symbiosis

Several novel portable and wearable form factors have been prototyped at IBM over the last eight years. Each of the different form factors has some unique advantages and addresses different user needs. This invited paper present our experience building these prototypes and describe how improvements in technology have advanced our prototypes over time. Recently we have been investigating the middleware necessary to use a collection of devices symbiotically to address some of the limitations of each form factor. Drawbacks of some form factors include battery, small screen size, limited bandwidth and limited user interface capability. However form factors with such limitations also typically come with several advantages, i.e., they are always with you and provide a private display and a trusted platform. The paper sketches a few applications that could use devices symbiotically and outline some of the challenges that need to be overcome to enable this symbiosis.
Modelling disparities in health services utilisation for older Blacks: a quantile regression framework

With the on-going ageing of the United States population, resolving health disparities continues to be a prominent and worthwhile goal, particularly in the areas of promoting minority health and reducing racial/ethnic disparities. This analysis employs the 2004 and 2005 Household Component records from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, which correspond to data files H89 and H97, to examine utilisation by race across the entire distribution function; more specifically, applying the behavioural model of health services utilisation and employing a Quantile Regression (QR) framework. This is a noteworthy contribution because the conditional mean may not be the best approximation for a skewed-location distribution. In contrast, QR is robust to outliers and scale effects since the estimation minimises least absolute deviation. The sample consists of 2,525 older adults at least 65 years of age with 303 corresponding to Black and 2,222 corresponding to White. Results suggest older Blacks continue to utilise health services (i.e. office or clinic visits with a physician or medical provider) at lower levels and this is more pronounced at and below the median quantile (i.e. below the 50th cut-off). Usual source of care (USC) continues to play an important role. Beliefs surrounding the need for insurance and medical intervention are also significant and explain some of the racial disparities. Although utilisation disparities persist for older Blacks, collaborative and flexible models of care can reach this group.
The response of mouse oocytes injected with sea urchin spermatozoa

Sea urchin spermatozoa were injected into mature mouse oocytes to determine whether they can activate mouse oocytes and, if so, how they behave within the oocyte cytoplasm of such a distant species. While injection of a single spermatozoon into each oocyte did not activate any of the oocytes, injection of 10 spermatozoa activated about 20%. Within the cytoplasm of unactivated oocytes, sperm heads commonly transformed into chromosome-like structures. When a single spermatozoon was injected, and oocytes were then activated by Sr2+, about 30% of the activated oocytes had both female (mouse) and male (sea urchin) pronuclei when examined 8 h after sperm injection. These results indicated that sperm-borne oocyte activating factor(s) and the cytoplasmic factors controlling the development of the sperm pronucleus are not strictly species-specific.
Simulation as a planning and scheduling tool for flexible manufacturing systems

This paper describes a flexible simulation technique which facilitates automated experimentation of different scheduling rules. An enhanced version of Arena/SIMAN is used to develop an extremely high fidelity model of the manufacturing system. The decision making of an FMS is characterized and a framework for simulation-based scheduling and control is also introduced.
Experiments of Astrophysical Significance Using a Laser Strainmeter

We are currently operating a 30 m laser strainmeter in an unworked gold mine near Boulder, Colorado. We are using the instrument to study earth tides, earth normal modes, and other problems of geophysical interest. In addition we are conducting a series of experiments of astrophysical significance. It is this latter group of experiments that we wish to report on here.
Osteonecrosis Complicating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Few patients with osteonecrosis that complicates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been reported. We describe 5 patients whose symptoms of osteonecrosis developed with viral suppression and improvement in CD4 lymphocyte counts as a result of antiretroviral therapy. In addition, we review previously reported cases. The mean patient age was 35 years, and HIV was the sole risk factor in only 33%. Eighteen patients (55%) were receiving antiretroviral treatment when osteonecrosis was diagnosed. For 16 patients whose CD4 lymphocyte counts were reported, the mean CD4 count was 350 cells/mm 3 . In 10 of these patients, the occurrence or worsening of symptoms of osteonecrosis appeared to be related to successful antiretroviral therapy. We conclude that osteonecrosis is an emerging manifestation of HIV infection and that it may be either a consequence of immunologic and virologic improvement resulting from antiretroviral therapy or a complication caused by the drugs themselves.
Delay discounting behavior and white matter microstructure abnormalities in youth with a family history of alcoholism.

Background: Youth with family history of alcohol abuse have a greater risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Brain and behavior differences may underlie this increased vulnerability. The current study examined delay discounting behavior and white matter microstructure in youth at high risk for alcohol abuse, as determined by a family history of alcoholism (FH+), and youth without such family history (FH−). Methods: Thirty-three healthy youth (FH+ = 15, FH− = 18), ages 11 to 15 years, completed a delay discounting task and underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Tract-based spatial statistics (Smith et al., 2006), as well as follow-up region-of-interest analyses, were performed to compare fractional anisotropy (FA) between FH+ and FH− youth. Results: FH+ youth showed a trend toward increased discounting behavior and had significantly slower reaction times (RTs) on the delay discounting paradigm compared to FH− youth. Group differences in FA were seen in several white matter tracts. Furthermore, lower FA in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the right optic radiation statistically mediated the relationship between FH status and slower RTs on the delay discounting task. Conclusions: Youth with a family history of substance abuse have disrupted white matter microstructure, which likely contributes to less efficient cortical processing and may act as an intrinsic risk factor contributing to an increased susceptibility of developing AUD. In addition, FHP youth showed a trend toward greater impulsive decision making, possibly representing an inherent personal characteristic that may facilitate substance use onset and abuse in high-risk youth.
Beta ratio, axisymmetric flow distortion and swirl effects upon orifice flow meters

Abstract The objective of this study is to measure the response of the orifice meter to known upstream flow field disturbances generated by a concentric tube flow conditioner and a vane-type swirl generator. These disturbances are characterized by measuring the axial and tangential velocity profiles at the upstream flange tap with no orifice plate present. Two different flow rates are examined which correspond to Reynolds numbers of 91 100 and 120000 in a 50.8 mm diameter pipe. Eight orifice plates with β ratios of 0.43, 0.45, 0.484, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7 and 0.726 are studied at both flow rates. The response of each orifice meter to the disturbance is characterized by measuring the axial wall pressure distribution near the orifice plate and the discharge coefficient. These data show that a nondimensionalized pressure does not change with varying axisymmetric flow distortions. However, the pressure distribution is very dependent upon the swirl. The axial momentum distribution is quantified by calculating the second-order moment of axial momentum ( R 2[u] from the velocity profile data. Swirl is quantified by determining the centripetal acceleration flux of the flow (ψ), also from the velocity profile data. Surface fits indicating the variation of discharge coefficient as a' function of β ratio and R 2[u] or ψ are developed.
Clinical assessment of drug-induced disease

Summary Physicians are often confronted with patients who state that they are "allergic" to a drug or drugs. Knowing which medications can be prescribed safely is therefore difficult, and care of such patients frustrating. The goal of this review is to help physicians develop management plans for patients who present with drug-induced diseases. It provides information that allows physicians to differentiate between reactions that are truly allergic in nature and those that are not immunologically mediated. Relevant information on medical history, physical findings, and laboratory tests that may be helpful in the assessment are discussed, and guidance is provided on when and if a drug may be safely readministered. Unfortunately, however, until we are able to better understand the mechanisms responsible for drug-induced reactions, our management tools will remain limited.
The two sides of beauty: Laterality and the duality of facial attractiveness

We hypothesized that facial attractiveness represents a dual judgment, a combination of reward-based, sexual processes, and aesthetic, cognitive processes. Herein we describe a study that demonstrates that sexual and nonsexual processes both contribute to attractiveness judgments and that these processes can be dissociated. Female participants rated the general attractiveness of faces presented in either their left or right visual field. In order to examine sexual and nonsexual components of these judgments, general attractiveness ratings were correlated with ratings of these same faces made by two independent groups of raters in two specific contexts, one sexual and one nonsexual. Based on an items analysis, partial correlation coefficients were computed for each individual and used as the dependent variable of interest in a 2 (laterality: right, left) by 2 (context: sexual, nonsexual) ANOVA. This analysis revealed an interaction such that faces rated in a sexual context better predicted attractiveness ratings of faces shown in the left than right visual field, whereas faces rated in a nonsexual context better predicted attractiveness of faces shown in the right than left visual field. This finding is consistent with the assertion that sexual and nonsexual preferences involve predominantly lateralized processing routes that independently contribute to what is perceived to be attractive.
Improved quality control processing of peptide-centric LC-MS proteomics data

Motivation: In the analysis of differential peptide peak intensities (i.e. abundance measures), LC-MS analyses with poor quality peptide abundance data can bias downstream statistical analyses and hence the biological interpretation for an otherwise high-quality dataset. Although considerable effort has been placed on assuring the quality of the peptide identification with respect to spectral processing, to date quality assessment of the subsequent peptide abundance data matrix has been limited to a subjective visual inspection of run-by-run correlation or individual peptide components. Identifying statistical outliers is a critical step in the processing of proteomics data as many of the downstream statistical analyses [e.g. analysis of variance (ANOVA)] rely upon accurate estimates of sample variance, and their results are influenced by extreme values. Results: We describe a novel multivariate statistical strategy for the identification of LC-MS runs with extreme peptide abundance distributions. Comparison with current method (run-by-run correlation) demonstrates a significantly better rate of identification of outlier runs by the multivariate strategy. Simulation studies also suggest that this strategy significantly outperforms correlation alone in the identification of statistically extreme liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) runs. Availability: https://www.biopilot.org/docs/Software/RMD.php Contact: bj@pnl.gov Supplementary information:Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.
Gas sensor fabricated in commercial CMOS technology

Reports the design of a bulk-micromachined gas sensor fabricated in commercial 2 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS technology using a high level computer aided design tool. The gas sensor is a palladium-oxide-polysilicon micromachined MOS structure. The design includes an additional layer in CMOS called 'open' which enables the formation of a 'cavity' in the silicon substrate. After the fabrication of CMOS chips single maskless etch in an aqueous solution of ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol (EDP) or xenon difluoride (XeF/sub 2/) is done to create a cavity. This results in a micromachined structure with the polysilicon and the oxide on it, suspended over the 'cavity' formed. Finally palladium is deposited over the micromachined structure in a high vacuum evaporator. The adsorption of the hydrogen gas in palladium changes C-V characteristics of the MOS structure. In the present work we report part of the studies on gas sensor development.
Diagnostic Difficulties in the Management of H-type Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic difficulties and pitfalls in establishing the diagnosis of congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula.Material and Methods: A retrospective review of all cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula that were diagnosed in a single unit over a 6-year period. The variables assessed were age at presentation, presenting symptoms, time to diagnosis, investigations, and time to surgical repair of H-type fistula. The investigations leading to a definitive diagnosis are assessed and discussed.Results: Between 1998 and 2004, five cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula presented to our unit. All cases had an upper gastrointestinal contrast study/tube esophagogram. In addition, four cases had a chest radiograph, three cases had a bronchoscopy, and one case an esophagoscopy. The median delay from the time of first presentation to diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula was 14 days (7–58 days). Median age at surgery was 15 days (8–60 days).Conclusion: Although symptoms are us...
Mapping the depth dependence of shear properties in articular cartilage.

Determining the depth dependence of the shear properties of articular cartilage is essential for understanding the structure–function relation in this tissue. Here, we measured spatial variations in the shear modulus G of bovine articular cartilage using a novel technique that combines shear testing, confocal imaging and force measurement. We found that G varied by up to two orders of magnitude across a single sample, exhibited a global minimum 50–250mm below the articular surface in a region just below the superficial zone and was roughly constant at depths 41000mm (the ‘‘plateau region’’). For plateau strains gplateauE0.75% and overall compressive strains eE5%, Gmin and Gplateau were E70 and E650 kPa, respectively. In addition, we found that the shear modulus profile depended strongly on the applied shear and axial strains. The greatest change in G occurred at the global minimum where the tissue was highly nonlinear, stiffening under increased shear strain, and weakening under increased compressive strain. Our results can be explained through a simple thought model describing the observed nonlinear behavior in terms of localized buckling of collagen fibers and suggest that compression may decrease the vulnerability of articular cartilage to shear-induced damage by lowering the effective strain on individual collagen fibrils. r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Strategies for Developing Domestic and International Markets for Nicaragua's Dairy Products

This paper analyzes the capacity of Nicaragua's dairy industry to expand domestic dairy product sales and exports profitably. The paper (a) presents information on traits of Nicaragua's dairy industry that influence domestic and export market expansion capabilities, and (b) benchmarks Nicaragua's dairy industry against principles that have been discovered to have relevant, profitable applications in the dairy industries of other countries for expanding domestic sales and exports. Six strategies for expanding Nicaragua's domestic dairy product sales and dairy exports are specified in the paper.
Territorial Differentiation and Societal Change in the United States and Canada

A theory based on four stages of social and cultural changes for large territorial units is presented and three hypotheses are deduced linking territorial differentiation to societal change. The stages are measured by die degree to which the territorial units of a society display similar characteristics, and whether the units are diverging or converging from one another. Hypothesis I asserts that the form of societal change among territorial units over time is curvilinear. Hypothesis II maintains that changes in technological efficiency lead to changes in territorial differentiation on selected social and cultural characteristics. Finally, according to Hypothesis III, changes in territorial differentiation on technological efficiency are directly related to changes in territorial differentiation on selected social and cultural characteristics. The hypotheses are tested in terms of changes in the United States and Canada and receive strong support from the direction and magnitude of the relations.
Temperature Dependence of Micromagnetic Domain Structure in Cobalt Films

The magnetic domain structure in Co and Co-based alloys is strongly influenced by the pronounced crystalline anisotropy of hcp Co. The energy associated with this crystalline anisotropy is given by: $$ E_a = K_1 \,\sin ^2 \phi + K_2 \,\sin ^4 \phi + \ldots $$ where K1 and K2 are the first and second anisotropy constants respectively and φ is the angle between the magnetisation and the c-axis.
Youth and surveillance in the Facebook era

Facebook's meteoric rise-from a small Harvard-based website that began in 2004, to a global digital platform with a membership of 1.2 billion people a decade later-has made it one of the most profitable and high-profile corporations in today's contemporary digital culture. Its aggressive marketing and data collection practices, however, have placed Facebook at the center of public policy debates over consumer privacy in the Big Data era. This paper explores those controversial practices, focusing especially on their effects on youth.More than 80% of teens use social media, which have become an essential arena for personal and social development, and which may well be altering some of young peoples' behavior patterns. But except for a handful of studies (mostly published in marketing journals) the growing body of academic literature on social media and youth has ignored the role of marketplace forces. Yet economic imperatives and powerful e-commerce business models are fueling the growth of these new platforms, shaping their structures and operations, and both responding to and influencing user behaviors.The driving force behind the growth of social media-and, indeed, all digital media-is a complex set of data collection, tracking, and targeting systems that monitor and monetize individual users' behaviors as well as their interactions with friends and acquaintances. Facebook's marketing, data collection, tracking, and targeting operations are specially attuned to key aspects of adolescent development, both tapping into young peoples' needs and taking advantage of their unique vulnerabilities. Because of adolescents' emotional volatility and their tendency to act impulsively, they are more vulnerable than adults to such techniques as real-time bidding, location targeting (especially when the user is near a point of purchase), and "dynamic creative" ads tailored to their individual profile and behavioral patterns.Given the unique role that digital media play in the lives of young people, new strategies will be required to ensure that their privacy is enshrined as a fundamental right. One way to accomplish this is to develop a set of "Fair Information and Marketing Principles for Children and Teens," drawn from the long-established and well-recognized Fair Information Privacy Practices. These principles should take into account the unique needs and vulnerabilities of youth, and be designed to balance the ability of young people to participate fully in the contemporary media culture-as producers, consumers, and citizens-with the governmental and industry obligation to ensure they are not subjected to unfair, manipulative, and deceptive data collection and marketing practices. In order to achieve these goals, advocacy organizations, educators, parents, scholars, and youth need to work together as part of a broad, social movement, making privacy for children and youth part of the larger policy agenda on behalf of all consumers and citizens.
Distribution of Metastases in the Brown-Pearce Tumor. II. Effect of Fifteen Years of Transplantation.

This analysis is concerned with the possible effect on the distribution of metastases of successive transplants of the Brown-Pearce tumor at monthly intervals for more than 15 years into a variety of rabbits. The data are derived from 2 series of rabbits. The first series of 191 young adult male rabbits of common mongrel type was reported by Pearce and Brown in 1923, shortly after discovery of the tumor1 The second series of 202 young adult male rabbits from 19 standard breeds was reported by the author in 1938.2 The animals in both series) received a single intratesticular injection of 0.3 to 0.5 cc of a saline emulsion of rabbit tumor tissue. In the first series 111 and in the second series 137 animals presented gross metastases at necropsy. The postmortem technic was the same in both series, but there were slight differences in the particular muscles, bones, and distant nodes selected for examination.The distribution of metastases in the first and second series is presented in Table I for those sites i...