cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Socialization Messages on Entertainment Television: Comparing Content Trends 1997–2002

Previous content analyses of sex on television have relied on differing measures and sampling strategies, which makes it difficult to compare patterns of sexual portrayals over time. This large-scale study (N = 2,817 programs) examines the sexual messages presented on television across both broadcast and cable channels over a 5-year period, applying identical measures to three biennial samples of program content. Results demonstrate that sexual talk and behavior are highly frequent aspects of the television environment. Talk about sex is shown more often than sexual behavior, though both types of content increased significantly from 1997/1998 to 2001/2002. Over that time span, the percentage of shows portraying sexual intercourse doubled from 7 to 14%. Results also show that topics related to sexual risks or responsibilities (e.g., condom use, abstinence) are increasingly included on television, but nonetheless remain infrequent overall. Such safe sex messages occur most frequently in program environments...
Duality in supersymmetric SU(Nc) gauge theory with two adjoint chiral superfields

Abstract We discuss SU(Nc) gauge theory coupled to two adjoint chiral superfields X and Y, and a number of fundamental chiral superfields Qi. We add a superpotential that has the form of Arnold's D series W = TrXk+1 + TrXY2. We present a dual description in terms of an SU(3kNf − Nc) gauge theory, and we show that the duality passes many tests. At the end of the paper we show how a deformation of this superpotential flows to another duality having a product gauge group SU(Nc) × SU(N′c), with an adjoint field charged under SU(Nc), an adjoint field charged under SU(N′c), fields in the (Nc, N′c) and ( N c , N c ) representation, and a number of fundamentals. The dual description is an SU(2kN′f + kNf − N′c) × SU(2kNf + kN′f − Nc) gauge theory.
The development of targeted neurobiological therapies in child and adolescent psychiatry.

he pharmacologic treatments currently available for children and adolescents with T mental disorders have been serendipitously discovered and, for the most part, developed for adults and then applied to children. For the past 2 decades, a series of controlled clinical trials have systematically investigated the therapeutic value and limitations of these medications whose effectiveness and safety are now better understood (Table 1). A new generation of treatment studies is challenging the traditional paradigms of pediatric psychopharmacology research by engaging novel molecular and brain targets and trying to translate basic neuroscience discoveries into targeted treatments. This approach is based on understanding the pathogenesis and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms of the condition being treated and relies on principles of experimental medicine to ensure target engagement and evaluate the dose-effect relation. An example of novel treatment development is offered by current research in fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and found in 1% to 6% of cases of autism spectrum disorder. The pathogenesis of this monogenetic condition has been elucidated since the mutations in the promoter zone of the fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR1) gene were first identified on chromosome X about 20 years ago. Expansion of the CGG sequence in the promoter beyond 200 triplets prevents binding of transcription factors, thus leading to silencing of the FMR1 gene and the consequent lack of production of the FMR1 protein. The FMR1 protein is an RNA-binding protein that acts as a translational repressor to regulate intracellular stability and synaptic transmission. Its absence causes an increase in protein synthesis and in metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5, among others, resulting in dysregulation of neuronal signaling. Building on this knowledge, several
Effect of racemic mephobarbital and d-mephobarbital on hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in rat and monkey

Abstract A standardized procedure for the routine measurement of hepatic mixed function oxidases including aminopyrine N -demethylase, p -nitroanisole O -demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, and azoreductase was used to examine enzyme alteration due to chronic drug administration. Oral treatment of monkeys or rats with either racemic mephobarbital or d -mephobarbital significantly increased liver weights and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. Racemic mephobarbital-treated rats demonstrated higher hepatic enzyme activities compared to d -mephobarbital-treated rats. No differences were noted in the degree of induction of enzyme activities due to either isomer in the monkey.
Analysis of Catalytic Oxidation Products with FTIR

A Nicolet Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (60SX FTIR) was used for the identification of catalytic reaction products. A mixture of dimethyl methylphosphonate and air was passed through a catalytic reactor where oxidation catalysts with 0.16 wt% Pt and 0.01 wt% Rh was contained. The catalytic reaction products were collected in gas cells and analyzed with FTIR in conjunction with gas chromatographic analysis. The result indicated that a decomposition efficiency of 96% of dimehtyl methylphosphonate was achieved during the first eighteen hours of reaction. The details are described in this paper.
Microchannel and Minichannel Heat Exchangers in Advanced Energy Recovery and Conversion Systems

Energy recovery is gaining importance in various industrial process applications because of rising energy costs and geopolitical uncertainties impacting basic energy supplies. Various advanced energy recovery / conversion technologies will require high-performance heat transfer characteristics typical of micro- and mini-channel heat exchangers to achieve energy recovery performance targets and requirements. Initial engineering scoping studies have focused on advanced thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems assuming exhaust gas temperatures of 1033 K (1400 °F) and ambient environment temperatures of 300 K. The engineering analysis used a coupled, integrated thermoelectric (TE) system analysis accounting for the heat exchange / heat transfer performance at both the hot and cold sides and optimum TE device performance to properly predict the power output potential, resulting temperatures and temperature differentials, TEG design and interface requirements, and thermal characteristics across a wide spectrum of potential operating temperature conditions. Modular TEG's capturing about 5% of typical industrial process (e.g., glass manufacturing process) exhaust flows appear to have potential power outputs of 4 - 6 kW using advanced TE materials. Hot-side & cold-side heat exchange requirements were quantified and performance metrics evaluated to enable effective implementation of advanced TEG systems in industrial process energy recovery. Hot side heat transfer requirements create serious engineering, and possibly, scientific challenges to enabling energy conversion systems, including TEG's, in industrial process energy recovery. Future advanced heat transfer R&D is necessary and should occur in parallel with on-going advanced TE materials and systems R&D.© 2006 ASME
Local Kc constructions

As one might suspect, the more useful answer would be “yes”. For theK-construction of [2], this question is open. The problem is that the construction of [2] is not local: because of the full-background-extender demand, it may produce mice projecting to ρ at stages much greater than ρ. Because of this, there is no reason to believe that if E is a λ-strong extender of V , then iE( ~ E) λ = ~ E λ. The natural proof only gives that if κ is Σ2-strong, then κ is strong in L[ ~ E]. 1 Since we do not not how to get started on this question, and suspect that in fact (1) may fail for the construction of [2], we shall look instead for a modification of this construction. What we want for our applications is a construction with output L[ ~ E] such that (1) iteration trees on L[ ~ E] can be lifted to iteration trees on V , (2) ∀δ(δ is Woodin ⇒ δ is Woodin in L[ ~ E]), and (3) (a) ∀κ(κ is a strong cardinal ⇒ κ is strong in L[ ~ E]), and (b) ∀κ∀λ(Lim(λ) ∧ κ is λ-strong ⇒ κ is λ-strong in L[ ~ E]). This question, and the observations we have just recorded, are due to R. Jensen.
Activation of MAP Kinase In Vivo Follows Balloon Overstretch Injury of Porcine Coronary and Carotid Arteries

Vascular restenosis involves contraction, proliferation, and remodeling of the arterial wall in response to overstretch injury. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in both contraction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and studies of porcine carotid arterial muscle strips have shown that mechanical stretch leads to the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) family of MAPKs in vivo. We, therefore, analyzed the acute effect of mechanical overstretch injury on ERK-MAPK (herein referred to simply as MAPK) activity in porcine coronary and carotid arteries in vivo. Balloon angioplasty catheters were inflated to 6 atm three times over 5 minutes at a balloon-artery ratio of 1.2:1 in either porcine coronary or carotid arteries. The arteries were snap-frozen after angioplasty, and MAPK activity was measured. Angioplasty of the left anterior descending (LAD, n = 5), left circumflex (LCx, n = 5), and carotid (n = 5) arteries effected an increase in MAPK activity compared with the activity in uninstrumented right coronary arteries (RCAs) or carotid arteries from the same animals used for controls. Balloon angioplasty of carotid arteries led to an increase in MAPK activity that was 7.7-fold over the activity in control arteries and comparable to the activity in stretched carotid arterial muscle strips in vivo. The increase in coronary artery kinase activity on angioplasty was variable from animal to animal. The increase in MAPK activity over that in control arteries ranged from 4.5- to 31.7-fold (mean +/- SEM, 10.7 +/- 5.3) in the LAD and 1.8- to 31.3-fold (mean +/- SEM, 9.7 +/- 5.7) in the LCx. There were no apparent inherent differences in the levels of MAPK activity in the three different types of coronary arteries (RCA, LAD, and LCx) without instrumentation. MAPK activation occurs rapidly during angioplasty, suggesting that this kinase may play an early role in initiating the injury response in both porcine coronary and carotid arteries. MAPKs may be key enzymes targeted to treat or prevent restenosis.
Using the MMPI-A in identifying trauma symptoms among juvenile offenders

A significant number of youths involved in the juvenile justice system have experienced childhood maltreatment and/or grief and loss. The mental health consequences of such events may have contributed to the development of the mental health and behavioral problems that resulted in juvenile court involvement. As such, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A), the most commonly used assessment measure among forensic psychologists working with this population, should be evaluated for its utility in identifying youths whose mental health and behavioral problems may be related to such traumatic events. This study aimed to determine if adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system that experienced childhood maltreatment and/or grief and loss have demonstrated consistent differences in item-level responses on the MMPI-A compared to those who did not endorse experiencing such traumatic events. Additionally, the study sought to evaluate whether identified items could be used in a s...
Fate of methyl parathion in aquatic channel microcosms

The fate of methyl parathion and the development of biological communities were examined as a function of inorganic nutrient enrichment, inorganic nutrients plus glycerol and presence of sediments in two eight-compartment, continuous-flow channel microcosms. First-order degradation rates of methyl parathion were related to the different nutrient treatments, with higher rates associated with the organically enriched environments. A stable state was generally established in each compartment after 6 weeks of development. Aufwuchs biomass dominated the systems and observed differences (α = 0.10) in nutrient concentrations were reflected by differences (α = 0.05) in some aufwuchs structural parameters and in community function. Inclusion of sediments had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured.
The Educator Must Be Educated: The Study of Religion at the End of the Humanities

This editorial begins with the premise that the liberal arts are in serious trouble. More to the point, it argues that recent attempts assign responsibility for this state of affairs to “postmodernism” naively ignores long-term economic trends. The humanities cannot be saved by just turning over a new leaf and making them more “scientific.” In fact, when it comes to the academic study of religion, the dream of an evolutionary or cognitive “science” of religion may represent a step backwards by virtue of re-introducing sui generis religion.
Controlled growth of carbon nanotubes on graphite foil by chemical vapor deposition

Carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by chemical vapor deposition on graphite foil coated with stainless steel film as catalyst by magnetron sputtering. Annealing in hydrogen was used to convert the stainless steel film to the needed catalyst particles that have a different composition from the initial stainless steel film due to phase segregation during annealing. The catalyst particle size increases with the increase of the initial stainless steel film thickness. The outer diameter of the carbon nanotubes increases dramatically with catalyst particle size, whereas the inner diameter increases slightly first then remains roughly constant at about 7 nm.
Copper Coordination in Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-16 Investigated by Variable-Temperature XRD

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a major atmospheric pollutant produced through the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines. Copper-exchanged zeolites are promising as selective catalytic reduction catalysts for the direct conversion of NO into N2 and O2, and recent reports have shown the enhanced performance of Cu-CHA catalysts over other zeolite frameworks in the NO decomposition of exhaust gas streams. In the present study, Rietveld refinement of variable-temperature XRD synchrotron data obtained for Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-16 is used to investigate the location of copper cations in the zeolite pores and the effect of temperature on these sites and on framework stability. The XRD patterns show that the thermal stability of SSZ-13 is increased significantly when copper is exchanged into the framework compared with the acid form of the zeolite, H-SSZ-13. Cu-SSZ-13 is also more thermally stable than Cu-SSZ-16. From the refined diffraction patterns, the atomic positions of atoms, copper locations a...
The analgesic effects of perioperative gabapentin on postoperative pain: a meta-analysis.

Background and Objectives Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain in animal and human studies. The analgesic effect of its perioperative use has not been fully elucidated. Methods This systematic review (meta-analysis) included 12 randomized controlled trials of 896 patients undergoing a variety of surgical procedures that investigated the impact of perioperative administration of gabapentin on postoperative outcome. Results The pooled visual analog scores for pain at 4 hours and 24 hours were significantly less in those patients who received gabapentin (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.14 to −0.99 and WMD = −0.74; CI, −1.03 to −0.45, respectively). A concomitant decrease in opioid usage by those patients who received gabapentin was also noted (odds ratio [OR] = −17.84; CI, −23.50 to −12.18). Gabapentin administration was associated with sedation and anxiolysis (OR = 3.28; CI, 1.21-8.87) but not associated with a difference in lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea, or vomiting. Conclusions Based on this systematic review, perioperative oral gabapentin is a useful adjunct for the management of postoperative pain that provides analgesia through a different mechanism than opioids and other analgesic agents and would make a reasonable addition to a multimodal analgesic treatment plan.
Effects of 60-Hz electric fields on cellular elongation and radial expansion growth in cucurbit roots.

Serial longitudinal and transverse sections were prepared from roots of Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita maxima that had been exposed/sham-exposed to 60-Hz electric fields for 0–2 days. Field exposures were selected to produce a 10–20% or a 70–80% growth inhibition in whole roots of both species. Cortical cell length and diameter were measured using a microscope and eyepiece micrometer; measurements were conducted “blind”. In both species, inhibition of cellular elongation was associated with exposure to electric fields (EF). Cellular radial expansion was apparently unaffected by exposure to electric fields. The diameters of radially unexpanded or fully expanded C. sativus cortical cells were about 25–30% smaller than those of comparable cells in C. maxima roots. Previous studies of the relationship between rates of root growth and applied EF strength showed that the response thresholds of C. sativus and C. maxima differed by a similar relative amount. These results are consistent with the postulate that EF-induced effects in roots are elicited by induced transmembrane potentials.
Expression of cho and melC operons by a Streptococcus thermophilus synthetic promoter in Escherichia coli

A 63-base-pair synthetic promoter, sP1, was synthesized on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a putative Streptococcus thermophilus promoter. When inserted upstream from the Streptomyces cho operon in a recombinant plasmid, pUCO195P-36, sP1 activated the expression of the cho genes in Escherichia coli, as shown by the production of cholesterol oxidase by the transformants. The sP1-driven cholesterol oxidase production in pUCO195P-36-transformed cells was estimated to be 40% of that produced by Plac-mediated cho expression in a pUCO193-containing host. The recombinant pUCO195P-36 appeared to be segregationally less stable in E. coli DH5α than in HB101. Its non-expressing counterpart, pUCO195P-1, was stable in both E. coli strains. The activity of sP1 was further demonstrated in E. coli by the expression of a Streptomyces melC operon. When placed upstream from the test operon in the pMCU22aPa construct, sP1 activated the melC expression as shown by the production of tyrosinase at (3.0±0.3) × 10−3 U/mg and (16.0±1.0) × 10−3 U/mg protein equivalent of cell extract in the absence and presence of isopropyl β-d-thio-galactopyranoside, respectively. The presence of a counter-oriented Plac at the 3′ end of the operon in the pMCU22bPa plasmid reduced the sP1-mediated tyrosinase production by about 85%.
Resolution-First Scanning of Multidimensional Spaces

Three methods are introduced for generating complete scans of multidimensional spaces. The traditional method is to use a raster (typically generated by nested iteration) which generates points at the maximum resolution and fills the space slowly. New methods are desirable, because in many applications it is desirable for the scanned points to be distributed throughout the space and for the resolution to increase with the number of points scanned. Three simple methods are introduced in this paper. Two of the methods are members of a class of methods in which the reverse-bit-order operator maps points from "R(esolution)-space" to the desired space. In "R-space" the distance from the origin determines the resolution level of the scanned point. The two scans occupy points in such a way that a distance measure such as the L 1 norm or the L (infinity) norm increases with the progress of the scan. The third method uses iteration of primitive polynomials modulo 2 to generate a nonrepeating sequence of binary numbers which eventually fills the space. This method is most computationally efficient, but the L (infinity) norm method generates partial scans which completely sample the space at intermediate levels of resolution. Applications are expected in scientific visualization, graphics rendering, multicriterion optimization, and progressive image transmission.
Role of ITAM signaling module in signal integration

Diverse cell types use a small number of evolutionarily conserved signaling modules to integrate external cues and elicit distinct functions. A question thus arises as to how does a receptor, which contains a single signaling module, produce distinct outcomes to diverse signals, particularly if such module is shared amongst a family of receptors? Emerging data suggest that many immunoreceptors, all of which use a conserved ITAM-module for their signaling, can couple with members of additional classes of membrane receptors to deliver unique signal(s) to the cell. We discuss the possible biological purposes and mechanisms behind these interactions at the plasma membrane. We offer a conceptual framework to understand information processing within the immune system and discuss the new biology of old receptors involving their structural and functional collaborations that evolved to deliver unique signal(s) to the cell using a limited set of conserved signaling modules.
Oil-generating coals of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A.

Abstract Coal beds of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado have significant liquid hydrocarbon generation potential as indicated by typical Rock-Eval Hydrogen Indexes in the range of 200–400 mg hydrocarbon/g organic carbon (type II and III organic matter). Small, non-commercial quantities of oil have been produced from the coal beds at several locations. The oils are characterized by high pristane/phytane (ca 4) and pristane/n-C17 ratios (ca 1.2), abundant C21+ alkanes in the C10+ fraction with a slight predominance of odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes, abundant branched-chain alkanes in the C15+ region, and a predominance of methylcyclohexane in the C4-C10 fraction. The oils are indigenous to the Fruitland Formation coals and probably migrated at thermal maturities corresponding to vitrinite reflectance values in the range 0.7–0.8%. Although the oils found to date are not present in commercial amounts, these findings illustrate the potential of some coals to generate and expel oil under conditions of moderate thermal heating.
Broadening cell selection criteria with micropallet arrays of adherent cells

Background: A host of technologies exists for the separation of living, nonadherent cells, with separation decisions typically based on fluorescence or immunolabeling of cells. Methods to separate adherent cells as well as to broaden the range of possible sorting criteria would be of high value and complementary to existing strategies. Methods: Cells were cultured on arrays of releasable pallets. The arrays were screened and individual cell(s)/pallets were released and collected. Results: Conventional fluorescence and immunolabeling of cells were compatible with the pallet arrays, as were separations based on gene expression. By varying the size of the pallet and the number of cells cultured on the array, single cells or clonal colonies of cells were isolated from a heterogeneous population. Since cells remained adherent throughout the isolation process, separations based on morphologic characteristics, for example cell shape, were feasible. Repeated measurements of each cell in an array were performed permitting the selection of cells based on their temporal behavior, e.g. growth rate. Conclusions: The pallet array system provides the flexibility to select and collect adherent cells based on phenotypic and temporal criteria and other characteristics not accessible by alternative methods. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Switching sliding mode control for a membrane strip with MFC actuators

A switching sliding mode controller for the static shape control of a membrane strip is considered. The membrane strip is augmented with two macro fiber composite (MFC) bimorphs. MFC patches are modeled as monolithic piezoceramics. The combined structure is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam under tensile load. The two bimorphs are actuated independently. One bimorph operates in bending, whereas the other bimorph operates in tension. The presence of the later causes the system to be nonlinear, hence the use of the sliding mode technique, and gives rise to a structural singularity. To evade this problem, a switching command is introduced. Hence, the closed loop system utilizes a hybrid control law, which can cause stability problems. Fortunately, the same Lyapunov function can be used to analyze the stability of both subsystems. Consequently, the switching is safe, and asymptotic stability is guaranteed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the switching slide mode controller.
Li+−Diglyme Complexes: Barriers to Lithium Cation Migration

The potential energy surfaces of Li+−diglyme and Li+−triglyme complexes, which are models for poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes, have been investigated at the HF/6-31G(d) and MP2/6-31+G(d) levels of theory. Eighteen local minima were located that correspond to coordination of Li+ with one to four oxygens. The binding energies of the complexes increase with coordination of Li+ by oxygen, although the binding per Li−O bond decreases. The potential energy surfaces for lithium cation migration between one- and two-coordination sites and two- and three-coordination sites in the Li+−diglyme complexes were investigated, and five transition states were located. While the barriers are small (less than 2 kcal/mol) for lithium cation migration from lower to higher coordination, the barriers are large (20−30 kcal/mol) for higher to lower coordination. The latter corresponds to the barrier for transfer of Li+ from one end of diglyme to the other and is approximately the difference in binding energy of the higher and l...
Gravity torque effects.

W the system of gravitational forces exerted on a satellite by the earth is replaced with a force applied at the mass center of the satellite together with a couple, the torque of the couple generally does not vanish. It is very small, however, in comparison with torques normally taken into account in problems of dynamics, and, therefore, it is natural to wonder whether or not such torques can affect the motion of a satellite significantly. The fact that "gravitystabilized" satellites currently are in use indicates that this, indeed, can be the case. The present note is intended to shed additional light on this topic, particularly with regard to spinning satellites, by reference to plots that describe the motion of a spinning, symmetrical satellite in a circular orbit. These plots are constructed in such a way that effects of gravity torque are readily discernible and can be assessed in both quantitative and qualitative terms. In Fig. 1, E represents the earth; C is a circular orbit; N is a line assumed to be fixed in a newtonian reference frame; and 0 marks the mass center of a satellite S (not shown), the orbital rate of which is denoted by ft. OX, OY, and OZ are mutually perpendicular axes, OX being the local vertical, OY the forward tangent to C at 0, and OZ the normal to the orbit plane. The satellite S is shown in relation to these axes in Fig. 2, in which $ designates the angle between OZ and the symmetry axis OZ* of S, and \// measures the angle between OX and the line of intersection of the X-Y plane with the plane determined by OZ and OZ*. Suppose that and \l/ have the values <£ = $0 and \f/ = 0 at time t = 0 (i.e., when OX and N, in Fig. 1, coincide); and suppose, further, that the angular velocity of S in a newtonian reference frame is parallel to OZ* at this instant. Then, if the resultant moment about point 0 of all gravitional forces exerted on S by E, i.e., the gravity torque, were
EMOTIONAL STRESS AND STRESS RELATED BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENT SIBLINGS OF PEDIATRIC CANCER PATIENTSPILOT

Emotional stress and behavioral effects in the pediatrics cancer patient are well known, but the impact on their healthy siblings is not well defined. This pilot study used standardized tests for adolescents (aged 13-20)-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Achenbach Behavioral Checklist (ABC), and Achenbach Self Report (ASR). A new comprehensive questionnaire (interview) was developed and its use with adolescent siblings explores their understanding, behavior, misconceptions, and past and present feelings about having a brother or sister with cancer. Adolescent siblings were identified from three groups of pediatric cancer patients: 1) with controlled cancer on active therapy; 2) with probable cured cancer off all therapy; and 3) with death more than 12 months prior to testing. Preliminary data show that the MMPI, ABC, and ASR are useful as a general indicator of emotional difficulty and maladaptive behavior. The new questionnaire brings out specific fears and concerns which may be troubling the sibling. Further use of this questionnaire (interview) is necessary to ascertain its value for younger siblings. From the three cancer patient groups their adolescent siblings are compared in regard to their coping, especially fears, concerns, and emotional adjustment.
“Soft” harness for external attachment of large radio transmitters to northern pike (Esox lucius)

Abstract We developed a “soft” harness for dorsally attaching large, external radio transmitters to northern pike ( Esox lucius ). The key harness component was a soft, flexible, thick-walled tubing that prevented tissue abrasion by the attachment lines which passed through the tubing. Six field-tagged fish (1.5–7.5 kg) were monitored for 45–115 days before tracking was terminated. Tracking patterns of fish indicated no apparent effect of these large, external transmitters on movement behavior; further, the transmitters did not appear to entangle the fish in vegetation. One fish with its transmitter still secure was recaptured after 54 days, and there was minimal tissue erosion under the transmitter. With minor improvements for the attachment lines and the transmitter saddle, the method is suitable for externally attaching large telemetry transmitters to fish.
The Polarizing Characteristics of Polaroid Plates for Wave-Lengths 4000A to 20,000A

The polarizing property of the new Polaroid plates is found to be limited almost entirely to the visible spectrum, dropping off very rapidly in the infrared and violet regions.
Primary sarcoma of penis.

Abstract A case of primary sarcoma of the penis is reported. A very slow growth rate of this tumor was observed and prompted conservative treatment. A review of the literature is included. More cases of penile sarcoma should be reported in order to study the not well-documented natural history of this disease.
An adaptive control model for human head and eye movements while walking

When a person walks the head undergoes horizontal and vertical rotations, and also horizontal and vertical translations. To visually fixate on an object while walking, compensatory horizontal and vertical eye movements must be made. The model for this gaze (head plus eye) control system includes three types of eye movements: smooth pursuit, saccadic, and vestibulo-ocular. The smooth pursuit system uses a target-selective adaptive controller that compensates for the large inherent time delay and produces zero-latency tracking of predictable targets. Target movements were selected to minimize the role of the saccadic control system. Typical tracking is shown while seated with the head restrained, standing with unrestrained head, performing voluntary head rotations, and walking. Each additional degree of freedom produced additional head movements that were compensated by additional eye movements. It is shown that while a human walks the effects of head rotations (yaw) cancel the effects of head translations, thus minimizing the resulting horizontal eye rotations necessary to maintain fixation.
The Scanning Optical Microscope: An Overview

In the last few years there has been a resurgence in research on optical microscopes. One reason stems from the invention of the acoustic microscope by Quate and Lemons,1 and the realization that some of the same principles could be applied to the optical microscope. The acoustic microscope has better transverse definition for the same wavelength than the standard optical microscope and at the same time has far better range definition. Consequently, Kompfner, who was involved with the work on the early acoustic microscope, decided to try out similar scanning microscope principles with optics, and started a group with Wilson and Sheppard to carry out such research at Oxford.2 Sometime earlier, Petran et a13 had invented the tandem scanning microscope which used many of the same principles. Now, in our laboratory at Stanford, these ideas on the tandem scanning microscope and the scanning optical microscope are converging. Another aspect of this work, which stems from the earlier experience with the acoustic microscope, involves measurement of both phase and amplitude of the optical beam. It is also possible to use scanned optical microscopy for other purposes. For instance, an optical beam can be used to excite electrons and holes in semiconductors, and the generated current can be measured. By scanning the optical beam over the semiconductor, an image can be obtained of the regions where there is strong or weak electron hole generation. This type of microscope is called OBIC (Optical Beam Induced Current). A second application involves fluorescent imaging of biological materials. Here we have the excellent range definition of a scanning optical microscope which eliminates unwanted glare from regions of the material where the beam is unfocused.3 A third application is focused on the heating effect of the light beam. With such a system, images can be obtained which are associated with changes in the thermal properties of a material, changes in recombination rates in semiconductors, and differences in material properties associated with either acoustic or thermal effects.4,5 Thus, the range of scanning optical microscopy applications is very large. In the main, the most important applications have been to semiconductors and to biology.
A Simple Model for Fluid Flow and Particle Motion Inside the Human Larynx

This study aims to develop a simple and quick, but sufficiently accurate solution method for calculating the air flow and tracking the particles in a complex tubular system, where the flow changes its magnitude and direction in a periodic manner. The flow field is assumed to be quasi-two-dimensional and a pressure-correction method is employed to calculate the spetio-temporal variation of the air velocity inside the larynx. Then, the calculated one-dimensional flow distribution is used to reconstruct a two-dimensional flow field is constructed based on the average velocity along the axial direction. The system geometry is taken as close as possible to the actual larynx for an average person with an average glottis opening. For the current study the walls of the larynx is approximated as rigid walls, but different ways to account for compliant walls are proposed within the context of the one-dimensional mode. The 1-D transient model is validated against a two-dimensional model using a verified commercial code. Particles are introduced into the system and tracked during every time fraction of the respiratory cycle. Then, the histograms of particles that come into contact with the larynx are calculated, and regions with a higher probability for particle deposition are identified.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Demand for cigarettes in the United States: effects of prices in bordering states and contiguity with Mexico and Canada

Based on a cross-section of US states for 2004, this article estimates a demand function for cigarettes after including a proxy for prices in the bordering states and simple proxies for contiguity with Mexico and Canada and for being a major tobacco producer. One major point seems to be that the negative elasticity for within-state price is similar in magnitude to the positive elasticity for the (lowest) price in bordering states. Several additional points also seem noteworthy. First, having a border with Mexico lowers sales in the state sizably. Second, the share of Hispanic/Latino population in the state also lowers sales significantly. Third, contiguity with Canada appears to have no significant effect. Fourth, partial impact of the state being a major tobacco producer appears minor even though consumption in these states is considerably higher. Fifth, education shows the expected negative association with cigarette consumption, but its statistical significance is low. Last, income carries a weak negat...
Generic delimitations of Central American Bignoniaceae

Generic delimitations in the Bignoniaceae are discussed, a number of Central American genera are reduced to synonymy, and a new genusPseudocatalpa is proposed. Generic mergers includeLevya withCydista, Saldanhaea withCuspidaria, Doxantha withMacfadyena, Pseudocalymma withPachyptera, andPhaedranthus withDistictis. New combinations necessitated by these mergers include the following:Arrabidaea costaricensis (Kranzl.) Gentry,A. pubescens (L.) Gentry,Cuspidaria floribunda (DC.) Gentry,C. weberbaueri (Spr.) Gentry,Cydista aequinoctialis var.hirtella (Benth.) Gentry,Distictis buccinatoria (DC.) Gentry,Macfadyena unguiscati (L.) Gentry,Melloa quadrivalvis (Jacq.) Gentry,Pachyptera alliacea (Lam.) Gentry,P. hymenaea (DC.) Gentry,P. kerere var.incarnata (Aubl.) Gentry,P. standleyi (Steyerm.) Gentry, andPseudocatalpa caudiculata (Standl.) Gentry. In addition, the fruits of several species are described for the first time, and their taxonomic significance is discussed.
Comparing Sugary Drinks in the Food Retail Environment in Six NYC Neighborhoods

Obesity is a national public health concern linked to numerous chronic health conditions among Americans of all age groups. Evidence suggests that discretionary calories from sugary drink consumption have been a significant contributor to excess caloric intake among both children and adults. Research has established strong links between retail food environments and purchasing habits of consumers, but little information exists on the sugary drink retail environment in urban neighborhoods. The objective of this assessment was to compare various aspects of the sugary drink retail environment across New York City (NYC) neighborhoods with disparate self-reported sugary drink consumption patterns. In-store retail audits were conducted at 883 corner stores, chain pharmacies, and grocery stores in 12 zip codes throughout NYC. Results showed that among all beverage types assessed, sugary drinks had the most prominent presence in the retail environment overall, which was even more pronounced in higher-consumption neighborhoods. In higher- versus lower-consumption neighborhoods, the mean number of sugary drink varieties available at stores was higher (11.4 vs. 10.4 varieties), stores were more likely to feature sugary drink advertising (97 vs. 89 %) and advertising at multiple places throughout the store (78 vs. 57 %), and several sugary drinks, including 20-oz Coke® or Pepsi®, were less expensive ($1.38 vs. $1.60). These results, all statistically significant, indicate that neighborhoods characterized by higher levels of sugary drink consumption expose shoppers to sugary drinks to a greater extent than lower-consumption neighborhoods. This builds upon evidence documenting the association between the environment and individual behavior.
Inferring competitive market structure based on a model of interpurchase intervals

Abstract Market structure analysis approaches that use brand switching data at the household level have to contend with the issues of heterogeneous individual preferences and multiple usage occasions. This paper presents a technique to structure markets based on a model of interpurchase time that deals with these issues. A parameter of this model measures the substitutability for a pair of brands. The matrix of such measures for all pairs is analyzed to identify the market structure. The method is empirically applied to structuring the coffee market. Various tests are conducted to establish the robustness and validity of our approach.
Executive function abilities in autism and Tourette Syndrome: An information processing approach

This study used information processing paradigms to provide a detailed examination of executive function abilities in autism. The performance of non-retarded autistic children was compared with that of two matched control groups, one with Tourette Syndrome and the other developmentally normal. Autistic subjects performed as well as controls on tasks requiring global-local processing and inhibition of neutral responses. In contrast to both control groups, however, the autistic sample was significantly impaired on a measure of cognitive flexibility. The performance of children with Tourette Syndrome did not differ from that of normal controls on any task. These results refine our knowledge about executive dysfunction in autism and suggest a new conceptual framework and general method for investigating the cognitive underpinnings of neurodevelopmental disorders.
IDEALIZED VERSUS REALIZED OVERALL TREATMENT TIMES

For rapidly proliferating tumors such as squamous cell carcinomas (KC) of the head and neck (H&N), the issue of elapsed overall treatment time during delivery of a curative course of radiotherapy has become of central interest in recent years. Two articles in this issue by Lusinchi et al. and Wong et al. (10, 24) directly address the relationship between overall treatment time and local control for advanced H&N cancers. Efforts to maximize locoregional tumor control with either altered radiotherapy fractionation schedules (lo), or with concomitant radiochemotherapy regimens (24) underscore a potential importance in the precise delivery mechanics of therapy. For combined modality radiochemotherapy in H&N cancer, optimal drugs, doses, schedules and fractionation methods remain to be defined. For radiation alone in H&N cancer, the relationship between fraction size, total dose, overall treatment time, and locoregional tumor control is becoming more clear. The theory is relatively simple and can crudely be boiled down to a mathematical accounting of tumor clonogens. Simply stated, the faster a curative H&N radiotherapy dose is delivered, the less the opportunity for surviving tumor clonogens to repopulate during treatment. A variety of clinical and radiobiological principles can then provide guidance as to field size, fraction size, total dose, predicted acute, and late tissue effects, etc. Accomplishing reductions in overall radiotherapy treatment time requires first that we establish what constitutes a conventional overall treatment time. This issue can be somewhat more elusive than might be expected. The precise elapsed treatment times put forth for “idealized” H&N fractionation schedules can in fact be surprisingly disparate from those elapsed times actually “realized” for clinical trial patients. Such differences may render the predictions made and the conclusions drawn from such idealized schedules quite inaccurate. HOW FAST IS TREATMENT ACTUALLY DELIVERED?
Social data analysis workshop

This workshop addresses a new online phenomenon: social data analysis, that is, collective analysis of data supported by social interaction. The recent democratization of data sources on the Internet--from mandated publication of government-generated data to scientific repositories of experimental data sets--has enabled a new kind of web site where users upload and collaboratively analyze the most varied sorts of data. So far, most of these sites have relied on visualization as an intrinsic part of their analytical arsenal. The goals of this workshop are to: Bring together, for the first time, the social data analysis community Examine the design of social data analysis sites today Discuss the role that visualizations play in social data analysis Explore how users are utilizing the various sites that allow them to exchange data-based insights.
In vitro transformation of dithiopyr by rat liver enzymes: conversion of methylthioesters to acids by oxygenases.

1. Transformation of dithiopyr by rat liver enzymes in vitro produced the corresponding monoacids as the predominant metabolites.2. Transformations of the methylthioester functional groups in dithiopyr to the monoacids were mediated via rat liver microsomal oxygenases, and not via esterases.3. Based on the formation of a dithiopyr-glutathione conjugate, the mechanism of monoacid formation is believed to proceed through an initial sulphur oxidation of the methylthioester group and a subsequent nucleophilic displacement reaction.
Tertiary structure of RBD2 and backbone dynamics of RBD1 and RBD2 of the human U1A protein determined by NMR spectroscopy.

The human U1A protein has two putative RNA binding domains, one at the N-terminal region of the protein (RBD1) and the other at the C-terminal end (RBD2). RBD1 binds tightly and specifically to one of the stem loops of the U1 snRNA, as well as to its own 3‘-UTR. In contrast, RBD2 does not appear to associate with any RNA. The two domains share 25% amino acid identity, and both have the same βαβ−βαβ secondary structure fold. In this work, 13C/15N/1H multidimensional NMR methods were used to obtain side-chain assignments for RBD2, and then the tertiary structure was calculated using a distance geometry/simulated annealing algorithm that employs pairwise Gaussian metrization. RBD2 is shown to fold into an α/β sandwich with a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, which is the typical global topology of these domains. Specific structural features of RBD2 include a β-bulge in β2, N-capping boxes for both α-helices, and an extremely shallow twist of its β-sheet. The 15N backbone dynamics of these two structurally ...
General mental resources and perceptual judgments.

We argue that the requirement of task-general mental resources marks more "cognitive" kinds of perception. In Experiment 1, subjects are slower to discover the alternative organization of ambiguous stimuli if they are simultaneously doing mental arithmetic; in Experiment 2, latency to first reversal is increased by a concurrent memory load of seven digits. In Experiment 3, counting tasks also slow subjects solving the Street figures and judging whether drawings depict possible three-dimensional objects. There is no effect of distractor tasks on the perception of random-dot stereograms. Further, the data argue that the pattern of disruption cannot be attributed either to the unfamiliarity of the judgments or to their latency. We suggest that the distractor tasks are competing with the perceptual judgments for working memory and that perceptual judgments demand memory whenever a perceptual "solution" cannot be locally confirmed. Language: en