cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fault‐Driven Circulation Model for the Lost City Hydrothermal Field

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field on the Atlantis Massif is an off-axis hydrothermal system, hosted in serpentinized ultramafic and metagabbroic rocks, that discharges through high-permeability faults and fractures. High-pH fluids vent through carbonate chimneys with temperatures ranging between 24°C and 91°C, and vent fluid geochemistry indicates quantitative removal of magnesium and water-rock reactions consistent with heating to between 250°C and 300°C, conductive cooling, and mixing with seawater. This paper develops a relatively simple, steady state, fault-controlled fluid circulation and crustal heat transfer model that is consistent with these observations. The model results predict that the (1) heat output at Lost City is ~4 × 104 W, (2) circulation depth is approximately 2.7 km, and (3) permeability of the fault zone is ~10−14 m2. The model assumes that the hydrothermal system mines heat from the adjacent country rock, and it does not appear that heat from serpentinization reactions or cooling intrusions is needed to drive the system. Because it takes ~105a for the current model to reach steady state, earlier episodes of hydrothermal activity at LCHF may have operated differently and vent temperatures may have been higher.
Living Lean: Donna Johnson and the Bottlenecks

This case is part of the "Living Lean" series, which presents accessible, everyday scenarios for a Lean process-improvement journey. In this episode on bottlenecks, an entrepreneurial stay-at-home mom contends with the limits of her own productivity and a shared laundry facility. Excerpt UVA-OM-1449 Rev. Nov. 4, 2013 LIVING LEAN: DONNA JOHNSON AND THE BOTTLENECKS Illustrations by Michael Twery. Donna Johnson lived in Trendy Hills, an apartment complex just north of the Darden School of Business, where her husband, Jordan, was a first-year MBA student. Donna had given birth to their son, Jake, only months before Jordan entered the program, and because her husband was often gone until late at night, Donna frequently found herself alone in the apartment with the baby. Out of boredom one day, she began to read the large casebooks that Jordan kept stacked in a precarious pile by the front door. Her favorite were the cases on Operations. Donna decided that she would do something with her time, so she began to research ideas for small businesses. She knew she'd stumbled upon something great when she saw some advertisements on Facebook for a local jewelry maker. “My designs are more stylish than that,” she thought. “I could drive traffic to a website with my own jewelry, using social media and other search engine optimization techniques. It's the perfect way to spend the time that Jake doesn't need me.” . . .
Owner-requested Changes in the Design and Construction of Government Healthcare Facilities

Abstract In the inherently dynamic industry of healthcare design and construction, organizations are continually working to achieve balance between customer demands and the need to manage cost, schedule, and quality. Owner-requested changes throughout the design and construction process can lead to budget and schedule overruns as well as increased uncertainty for the project delivery team. Effective strategies for the management of these changes can be used by project teams to reduce the number of changes during construction. The aim of this paper is to develop a multi-pronged approach to the management of owner-requested changes through the analysis of a relevant case study project. A review of existing literature showed that extensive research has been done on the cause and effect of project change, however, none focused solely on owner-requested changes. To expand the current knowledge base, a case study method was used to collect information on challenges and potential strategies for the management of these changes. A quantitative analysis examined project data in order to understand how owner-requested changes impacted and shaped the construction of the case study project. An in-depth qualitative analysis built on the project data through semi-structured interviews with project stakeholders. The themes identified in the data formed the framework for the compilation of lessons learned and best practices offered by the interview participants. It is hoped that these strategies will be utilized by future project teams to effectively prevent or mitigate owner-requested changes. The results of the analysis underscore the significant challenges involved in the design and construction of healthcare facility projects. Extended timeframes for project delivery, constant changes in technology, stringent regulations, and the sheer complexity of the building typology make healthcare projects among the most complex and logistically challenging projects built today.
From Original Antigenic Sin to the Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine

Antibody responses are essential for protection against influenza virus infection. Humans are exposed to a multitude of influenza viruses throughout their lifetime and it is clear that immune history influences the magnitude and quality of the antibody response. The ‘original antigenic sin’ concept refers to the impact of the first influenza virus variant encounter on lifelong immunity. Although this model has been challenged since its discovery, past exposure, and likely one’s first exposure, clearly affects the epitopes targeted in subsequent responses. Understanding how previous exposure to influenza virus shapes antibody responses to vaccination and infection is critical, especially with the prospect of future pandemics and for the effective development of a universal influenza vaccine.
Abstract 9688: Sleep Quality is a Significant Determinant of Executive Attention in Adults With Heart Failure

Background: Cognitive impairment is found in 25-50% of adults with heart failure (HF). Attention is an essential component of neurocognitive functioning and very sensitive to inadequate sleep. Little is known about attention in HF relative to sleep disturbances, but in the general population women have more sleep disturbances than men. So, the purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with attention in adults with HF and determine if gender differences exist. Methods: Using a cross-sectional observational design, a sample of 280 adults with chronic HF was enrolled from 3 out-patient settings in the northeastern US. Patients were excluded if they had significant cognitive impairment (measured on TICS) or significant depression (PHQ-9). Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Attention was measured as neurobehavioral response speed (RS) on the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT)-a well-validated measure of vigilant attention deficits relative to sleep loss. General linear modeling (GLM) was performed separately by sex to identify significant determinants of RS. Results: Overall sleep quality was worse in women (mean 7.8±4.1, 95% CI 7.0-8.6) than men (mean 6.9±4.0, CI 6.3-7.5). Response speed was slower in women (mean 3.0 ± .73 sec, CI 2.9-3.1]) than in men (mean 3.2±.73 sec, CI 3.2-3.3]). A model of 3 variables explained 28.7% of the variance in PVT RS in women (n=100, mean age 60±12.7, 36% Black): higher PSQI daytime dysfunction from poor sleep, higher alcohol intake, and lower education levels predicted slower RS. In men (n=180, mean age 63±12.3, 33% Black), 4 variables explained 53% of the variance in PVT RS. Significant predictors of slower RS in men were worse PSQI sleep efficiency, higher PSQI daytime dysfunction from poor sleep, higher creatinine, and taking more medicines. Conclusions: Reduced sleep quality, as indexed by higher daytime dysfunction complaints due to poor sleep, was a significant determinant of psychomotor speed during vigilant attention performance in both women and men with HF. Sleep quality can be modified; interventions designed to improve sleep quality may improve RS and cognition in HF patients.
Extracellular Vesicle Injection Improves Myocardial Function and Increases Angiogenesis in a Swine Model of Chronic Ischemia

Background Mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are believed to be cardioprotective in myocardial infarct. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of human mese...
Teaching Statistics Using Small-Group Cooperative Learning

Current recommendations for reforming statistics education include the use of cooperative learning activities as a form of active learning to supplement or replace traditional lectures. This paper ...
Monitor and control for the SKA1 CSP Mid.CBF utilizing the Stratix-10 FPGA equipped with HPS

We present design considerations and a prototyping progress report for a low-level monitor and control communication system designed to operate on the Stratix-10 System on a Chip (SoC) Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) equipped with a Hard Processor System (HPS). The goal of this activity is to allow remote clients to use high level communication protocols (ie. TANGO) to access IP blocks within a Stratix-10 FPGA chip by taking advantage of very low latency communication between HPS and the FPGA fabric, eliminating the need to implement Ethernet protocols within the FPGA logic.
The Water Molecule

The behavior of water in any of its phases depends ultimately on the structure and properties of the isolated water molecule. Since quantum mechanics provides an accurate description of molecular phenomena, a detailed understanding of the water molecule is available from theory. This implies that it is possible, in principle, to predict the structure and properties of water, or of any other molecule, from a knowledge of the number of particles and the values of their masses, charges, and spins. Because of significant limitations on the extent to which such a theoretical analysis can be carried out in practice, a judicious combination of theory and carefully designed experiments provides the most powerful tool for the investigation of chemically interesting species.
Fluorescent Protein Conjugates

This chapter deals with the methods for the preparation, purification, and characterization of fluorescent protein conjugates. The methods of preparation are approached from the viewpoint of the functionally reactive groups in proteins and in the molecule acting as a label. The purification of conjugates includes the important phases of removal of the free, unbound dye as well as methods to effect some degree of fractionation to yield materials of relatively uniform degrees of labeling. The methods of characterization are based upon a variety of chemical, optical, immunological, and miscellaneous physical properties such as sedimentation constant, electrophoretic behavior, and solubility. The application of fluorescent protein conjugates to a variety of chemical and biological problems is discussed.
Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Conjunction

A very striking feature of the system of categorial grammar in Ades and Steedman (1982) and Steedman (1985), which differentiates it from most other current work in categorial grammar as well as from related theories like Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (Gazdar et al., 1985), is its appeal to the operation of functional composition as a highly general rule of natural language grammars: Steedman and Ades include in their grammars not only the familiar functional application rule (1) but also the functional composition rule (2) (for which their term is partial combination):
Selective CO2 Separation from CO2−N2 Mixtures by Immobilized Carbonate−Glycerol Membranes

Separation of carbon dioxide from a humid mixture of CO2−N2 through membranes containing immobilized solutions of Na2CO3−glycerol in porous and hydrophilic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) substrate was experimentally studied for use as a venting membrane in space-walk applications. The effects of Na2CO3 concentration, CO2 partial pressure, and feed stream relative humidity (RH) were investigated. The carbonate concentration was in the range of 0−4.0 mol/dm3. The feed gas RH range was 49−100%; the sweep gas was dry helium. CO2 partial pressure (pCO2,f) range was 0.007−0.77 atm. Addition of Na2CO3 increased the CO2 permeability drastically at lower carbonate concentrations; at higher Na2CO3 concentrations, this permeability increase is partly compromised by increased solution viscosity and salting-out effect. N2 permeability coefficient decreased with an increase in Na2CO3 concentration. Very high CO2/N2 selectivities were observed at high Na2CO3 concentrations. Higher CO2/N2 selectivities were observed at...
Mobile layers of 2015 Copenhagen shooting: sounds, witnesses, and tweets @FEMENINNA:

The article examines the case of the terrorist attack on a free speech event hosted at Krudttonden cafe in Copenhagen on 14 February 2015, exactly at the time when Femen’s leading activist Inna She...
Systemic anti-CD20 (rituximab) as primary treatment for symptomatic primary uveal lymphoma.

Purpose Uveal lymphomas are indolent, frequently choroid-involving neoplasms that are mainly CD20-positive B-cell extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. Irreversible visual loss may occur from retinal detachment and/or glaucoma among untreated symptomatic patients, or from radiation-induced changes secondary to external beam radiotherapy. To avoid radiation-induced complications, we used systemic rituximab monotherapy as primary treatment, and present two cases to show its long-term effectiveness for symptomatic primary uveal lymphoma. Observations Two elderly men who presented with painless blurred vision were clinically diagnosed with symptomatic primary uveal lymphoma, which were biopsy-confirmed to be marginal zone lymphoma. Both patients with symptomatic, primary marginal zone uveal lymphoma that appeared as multiple yellow, nummular choroidal infiltrates, had complete ocular remission after three and one cycles of systemic rituximab monotherapy (375mg/m2 infused intravenously once weekly for four consecutive weeks), with disappearance of the lesions and improvement of visual acuity. Both patients tolerated systemic monotherapy well without any adverse systemic or ocular effects. There was no local ocular recurrence at 29 and 39 months after the last treatment. Conclusions and Importance: Systemic rituximab monotherapy induced complete ocular remission and improved visual acuity, without adverse effects, and without local ocular recurrence of uveal lymphoma 29-39 months following the last treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first manuscript to show long-term effectiveness of systemic rituximab monotherapy as the primary treatment for symptomatic primary uveal lymphoma. Long-term follow-up of this indolent neoplasm is still imperative to monitor its ocular and systemic course.
Blood-based tumor mutation burden: continued progress toward personalizing immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Tumor mutation burden (TMB) measures the number of somatic coding alterations in a tumor. Increased presence of these alterations contributes to immunogenicity through the generation of neoantigens targeted by T cell responses. Accordingly, a higher TMB is associated with favorable response rate and survival across multiple cancer types (1). TMB is independent of PD-L1 and is emerging as a promising immunotherapy biomarker. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), multiple studies have affirmed the utility of TMB as a marker for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) (2-5). For example, advanced NSCLC patients with high TMB (≥10 mutations per Mb) treated with front-line combination ICI therapy had improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared to standard chemotherapy (HR 0.58, P<0.001) while patients with lower TMB did not (3).
A therapeutic panorama of the spongiform encephalopathies.

The spongiform encephalopathies are a group of uniformly fatal, transmissible amyloidoses of humans and animals, for which the causative agents have not yet been precisely defined; in some respects they resemble viruses, but in other respects appear to be replicating host polypeptides. A vast array of anti-infective and other drugs has been studied in animal models, among which a few membrane-active compounds (heteropolyanions and amphotericin B) consistently prolong the course of infection, and occasionally even prevent the illness. However, because no form of therapy has any effect when given after the disease becomes clinically manifest, and because there is no laboratory test to detect preclinical infection, therapeutic efforts in humans have been predictably unsuccessful. If infection and disease turn out to depend upon the pathological accumulation of an amyloidogenic host protein, the prospects for future therapy may include genetic engineering and perhaps even the ‘poisoning’ of protein crystal gr...
Ethnic media as alternative media for South Asians in Metro Vancouver, Canada: Creating knowledge, engagement, civic and political awareness

South Asians, making 11% of the total population of Metro Vancouver, have established a large number of ethnic media sources including exclusive 24/7 radio stations, several newspapers, magazines, and online media in different South Asian languages for their audience. This qualitative research study of ethnic media of South Asian communities living in Metro Vancouver, reveals that ethnic media, specifically radio, provided active media space for discussion and dialogue on crucial issues concerning their everyday life challenges as ‘immigrant communities’. According to the participants, ethnic media triggered political activism and awareness through their content, especially due to mainstream media’s failure of coverage or negative coverage of ethnic minorities. This qualitative study uses in-depth interviews with thirteen South Asian ethnic media practitioners including media owners, journalists, and anchorpersons, as well as focus group discussions with South Asian audiences in Metro Vancouver. The article discusses the role of South Asian ethnic media, as alternative media, in creating knowledge, engagement, civic and political awareness, and giving a participatory platform to raise the voices of their audiences.
Transitions from irrigated to dryland agriculture in the Ogallala Aquifer: Land use suitability and regional economic impacts

Abstract Many agricultural communities depend on groundwater irrigation as a supplemental or primary water source. However, groundwater resources are finite, and depletion can make continued irrigation inviable. When modeling the economic impacts of future aquifer decline, studies often assume that irrigated cropland will transition uniformly to dryland crop production. In reality, irrigation has allowed crops to be grown across a wider range of soil and climate conditions than can support dryland crop production. Here, we test the agronomic and economic importance of this assumption by mapping the spatiotemporal distribution of anticipated future irrigation losses across the Ogallala or High Plains Aquifer (USA) at annual, 30 m resolution. We then develop a land use suitability model to determine whether these lands would transition to dryland agriculture or pasture use. We find that 22,000 km2 (24 %) of currently irrigated lands in the High Plains Aquifer may be unable to support irrigated agriculture by 2100, and 13 % of these areas are not suitable for dryland crop production due primarily to low quality soils. To quantify the farm-scale and regional-scale economic importance of land use suitability, we selected six case study counties across the aquifer and modeled farm and community-scale economic outcomes (gross revenue and value added, respectively) with and without consideration of land use suitability. We find that not accounting for land use suitability leads to an overestimate of economic benefits in transitioned land by 12–45 %, with variability across counties primarily driven by the distribution of soil capability, dryland crop mix, and local economic factors. Notably, this implies that the economic impacts of land transitions are not directly proportional to area lost but rather mediated by underlying variability in these three factors. Our analyses highlight the importance of considering local biophysical constraints in planning for future land use trajectories. Community and regional land use planning needs to incorporate the possibility that irrigated cropland may transition to non-irrigated pasture production rather than dryland crop production, which can have substantial biophysical and economic impacts.
Using CT Encounters to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization: Cross-Sectional Survey Results From the National Health Interview Survey.

Abstract Purpose Millions of patients undergo CT imaging examinations every year. These encounters may represent opportunities to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates among patients who have not received recommended CRC screening. Using a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, our purpose was to estimate the proportion of patients who have undergone CT examinations who have not received recommended CRC screening. Methods Survey respondents aged 45-75 years in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey without history of CRC were included. Proportion of patients who have undergone CT examinations among those who have not received recommended CRC screening was estimated. Multiple variable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics and CRC screening adherence. Analyses were conducted accounting for complex survey design features. Results Sixteen thousand two hundred and six survey respondents met inclusion criteria. About 44.3% (43.1, 45.5) reported having ever received a CT scan and 50.8% (49.6, 51.9) underwent CRC screening. Among those who previously had CT scans, Asian race participants and participants without health insurance coverage had lower odds of adherence, while increasing household income and education were associated with higher odds of adherence (P Conclusion Among patients who have not received recommended CRC screening, nearly 1 out of 3 report having undergone a CT examination. CT encounters may represent opportunities to improve overall CRC screening rates.
Wave-optics Investigation of Turbulence Thermal Blooming Interaction: I. Using Steady-state Simulations

Part I of this two-part paper uses wave-optics simulations to look at the Monte Carlo averages associated with turbulence and steady-state thermal blooming (SSTB). The goal is to investigate turbulence thermal blooming interaction (TTBI). At wavelengths near 1 μm, TTBI increases the amount of constructive and destructive interference (i.e., scintillation) that results from high-power laser beam propagation through distributed-volume atmospheric aberrations. As a result, we use the spherical-wave Rytov number and the distortion number to gauge the strength of the simulated turbulence and SSTB. These parameters simplify greatly given propagation paths with constant atmospheric conditions. In addition, we use the log-amplitude variance and the branch-point density to quantify the effects of TTBI. These metrics result from a point-source beacon being backpropagated from the target plane to the source plane through the simulated turbulence and SSTB. Overall, the results show that the log-amplitude variance and branch-point density increase significantly due to TTBI. This outcome poses a major problem for beam-control systems that perform phase compensation.
Catalysis Modeling Employing Ab Initio and Bond Order Conservation-Morse Potential Methods

One probably cannot know such a thing accurately, but, it has been estimated that the worldwide value of products, of which the production relies on the technology of catalysis, is in excess of one trillion dollars per year [1]. It has also been estimated that one sixth of the value of all the goods manufactured in the United States involves catalytic processes [2]. In this author’s mind these are probably conservative estimates, particularly when one consideres the indirect effects of catalyzed processes (for example the present health standards in developed countries due to drugs synthesized via catalytic steps and such things as present vehicular transportation requiring fuels which depend on catalysis for production). Certainly our society and the societies of other developed nations depend on catalyzed processes. It is not really possible to quantify the impact on the human race from processes that depend on catalysis.
A 27-year-old female with sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma of the left ethmoid sinus

Abstract Background Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a rare and poorly recognized variant of low-grade fibrosarcoma. SEF most often occurs in the soft tissue of the extremities and trunk. Treatment results and therapeutic options are poorly characterized. The head and neck are rare sites of occurrence and no study to date has described a case of SEF occurring in the paranasal sinuses. Case presentation We report the case of a 27-year-old woman who presented with worsening left-sided nasal congestion. CT revealed a low-density mass occupying most of the left ethmoid sinus and protruding into the left nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Left nasal mass excision with pathology showed tumor with bland proliferation of ovoid to slightly spindled cells in a uniform distribution in collagenous stroma, indicative of SEF. Conclusions SEF of the left maxillary sinus was treated by surgical excision followed by anterior skull base resection. Morphological characteristics played a greater role in diagnosing SEF than immunohistochemistry findings. While rare, SEF should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nasal cavity masses.
Reply to Wierzchos et al.: Microorganism-induced gypsum to anhydrite phase transformation.

In response to Wierzchos et al. (1) regarding the mechanism of water extraction from gypsum rock by desert colonizing microorganisms (2), we provide details that refute their incorrect assessments. We carefully selected areas without microorganism colonies that only contained gypsum, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), for our culture experiments. Raman is useful for localized analysis of phase on surfaces, but here, it is complementary to XRD, which provides sample-wide detection (3, 4). Furthermore, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirms anhydrite, exhibiting arcs at 0.347 ± 0.003 nm and 0.278 ± 0.002 nm [(200) and (211) planes, respectively] with a [01−1] zone axis (Fig. 1 A and B ). The closest reflection for gypsum, the (130) plane, was not observed. SAED and fast Fourier transform (FFT) show twofold symmetry of the arcs, while the gypsum (130) plane exhibits fourfold symmetry, which was not observed. Finally, the crystal morphology of gypsum (monoclinic) was observably different from anhydrite (orthorhombic) (Fig. 1 C − F ). Thus, XRD, high-resolution … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: david.k{at}uci.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Building a rapid autopsy program – a step-by-step logistics guide

Rapid Autopsy Programs offer an opportunity to collect tissue from patients immediately after death, providing critical biological material necessary to develop more effective therapies and improve patient outcomes. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to build a cancer-focused Rapid Autopsy Program, based on our own experiences building “The Legacy Project” at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center. The linear timeline of events is separated into four phases: 1) Building the Infrastructure, 2) Recruiting and Consenting, 3) Preparing for Death, and 4) Tissue Collection and Follow up. Important considerations and methods for adaptation are discussed throughout the protocol. Using these methods, we successfully collected a total of 533 specimens from 9 subjects. The average time from death to last specimen acquisition was 6.1 h (range: 4.03–7.66 h; median: 5.71 h). A diverse team with various areas of expertise is critical for successful program implementation. Our goal herein this protocol is to provide a comprehensive framework and foundation for other institutions to use as a model.
Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged

According to system justification theory, people are motivated to preserve the belief that existing social arrangements are fair, legitimate, justifiable, and necessary. The strongest form of this hypothesis, which draws on the logic of cognitive dissonance theory, holds that people who are most disadvantaged by the status quo would have the greatest psychological need to reduce ideological dissonance and would therefore be most likely to support, defend, and justify existing social systems, authorities, and outcomes. Variations on this hypothesis were tested in five US national survey studies. We found that (a) low-income respondents and African Americans were more likely than others to support limitations on the rights of citizens and media representatives to criticize the government; (b) low-income Latinos were more likely to trust in US government officials and to believe that ‘the government is run for the benefit of all’ than were high-income Latinos; (c) low-income respondents were more likely than high-income respondents to believe that large differences in pay are necessary to foster motivation and effort; (d) Southerners in the USA were more likely to endorse meritocratic belief systems than were Northerners and poor and Southern African Americans were more likely to subscribe to meritocratic ideologies than were African Americans who were more affluent and from the North; (e) low-income respondents and African Americans were more likely than others to believe that economic inequality is legitimate and necessary; and (f) stronger endorsement of meritocratic ideology was associated with greater satisfaction with one's own economic situation. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the dissonance-based argument that people who suffer the most from a given state of affairs are paradoxically the least likely to question, challenge, reject, or change it. Implications for theories of system justification, cognitive dissonance, and social change are also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Challenges in Cyber Deception

While the previous chapter focused on insights and promising directions based upon the current book, this chapter examines challenges in cyber deception that are found more broadly in the existing literature. As a point of reference, we refer to the research works mentioned in Chap. 4. The literature discussed in Chap. 4 points towards four major challenges in cyber deception.
Golgi-associated Rab GTPases implicated in autophagy

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation process in eukaryotes that facilitates the recycling and reutilization of damaged organelles and compartments. It plays a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis, pathophysiological processes, and diverse diseases in humans. Autophagy involves dynamic crosstalk between different stages associated with intracellular vesicle trafficking. Golgi apparatus is the central organelle involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking where Golgi-associated Rab GTPases function as important mediators. This review focuses on the recent findings that highlight Golgi-associated Rab GTPases as master regulators of autophagic flux. The scope for future research in elucidating the role and mechanism of Golgi-associated Rab GTPases in autophagy and autophagy-related diseases is discussed further.
Developing a Meaningful Measure of L2 Reading Comprehension for Graduate Programs at a USA Research University: The Role of Primary Stakeholders’ Understanding of the Construct

University of Chicago graduate students are required to demonstrate their ability to read in a foreign language in order to conduct research and participate in an international community of scholars. Previously, like many institutions, the University asked students to show evidence of this ability through a translation exam. A number of concerns arose from various stakeholders regarding the use of this exam, primarily that a translation exam failed to measure the skills required in the research domain. To address these concerns, the University of Chicago Language Center initiated the process of developing an alternate assessment measure—the Academic Reading Comprehension Assessment (ARCATM). This chapter details the steps taken to enact this change, beginning with transferring administration of the exam to language assessment specialists and then conducting meetings with each department to discuss the construct of reading for research purposes, introduce the format of the exam, and convince faculty and deans of its validity. Next, we discuss the results from follow-up focus-group interviews with these key stakeholders to explore their understanding of the theoretical and pedagogical rationale underpinning the construct of academic reading comprehension and task types in the ARCA and its effect on a re-evaluation of their language requirements. We then present a model that can be replicated to gain buy-in among key stakeholders in similar contexts, and we summarize our findings into insights that can be utilized to bring similar innovations or improvements to language assessment practices by increasing assessment literacy.
On Analyzing COVID-19-related Hate Speech Using BERT Attention

The emergence of COVID-19 has engendered a new wave of online hate speech in social media platforms such as Twitter. Its widespread effects range from acts of cyber-harassment towards certain ethnic communities (e.g., the Asian community), to targeting older people belonging to age groups correlated with higher mortality rates (termed infamously as "Boomer Remover"). Thus, an urgent need arises for a timely mitigation of this new wave of online hate speech. In this work, we aim to discover the hate-related keywords linked to COVID-19 in hateful tweets posted on Twitter so that users posting such keywords can be asked to reconsider posting them. We first collect a new dataset of tweets targeting older people supplementing with a dataset targeting the Asian community. Then, we develop an approach to analyze the datasets with BERT (a transformer-based model) attention mechanism and discover 186 novel keywords targeting the Asian community and 100 keywords targeting older people. Based on our study, we then propose a control mechanism wherein a user can be asked to reconsider using certain sensitive words identified by our approach. We further perform an exploratory analysis of BERT attention mechanism and find that the most high-impact, long distance attentions are learned in the earlier or later layers of the model depending on the underlying data distribution. Our study indicates that the BERT model in some cases uses a hate keyword and an associated group or individual to make predictions, a finding that is inline with existing hate-speech research, which suggests that hate-speech is often aimed at certain groups or individuals.
HMG-CoA to Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate — Enzymology and Inhibition

Compactin (1, Fig. 1) and related compounds (Endo et al. 1976; Alberts et al. 1980) are powerful inhibitors (Ki ≈10−10M) of HMG-CoA reductase (Fig. 2). Examination of the structure of compactin does not suggest any obvious reasons why it should be an effective inhibitor of this enzyme.
The Health of Alaska Native Women: Significant Problems, Emerging Solutions

Abstract Native American women living in Alaska have a number of health problems with higher incidence and mortality rates than other women in the United States. These include certain cancers (cervical, lung), sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, human papilomavirus), and use of alcohol and tobacco. These health concerns are exacerbated by restricted access to medical services, lack of culturally sensitive health promotion efforts by health providers, and Native women's limited use of preventive health behaviors. Suggestions for health promotion with this population include framing health promotion in a holistic manner that includes Native values and spirituality, use of cultural symbols (such as the talking stick), and cultural teaching traditions (talking circle, story-telling).
The Confirmation Mess

Constitutional theory is widely regarded by scholars as one of the great disasters in contemporary legal thought. None of the popular theories is seen as finally workable, all are contingent and internally chaotic, and the courts that must do the serious work of interpreting the Constitution show no serious interest in any of them. The evermessier business of nominating and confirming Justices to serve on the Supreme Court is, in its way, contributing to the chaos, and things were spiraling downward well before the Senate's decisive rejection of the nomination of Robert Bork. The Senate, unable to agree on the precise role that it should play in the selection process, now finds itself trapped between the notion that it should act to enforce a set of professional standards, reviewing nominees only to ensure that they possess proper qualifications, and the idea that it should inquire deeply into the substantive judicial philosophy of each nominee, to keep from the Court those whose constitutional visions are too extreme for the American people to stomach. Neither of these roles is a useful one for the Senate to play the one because it trivializes the process, the other because it trivializes the Constitution. There is higher ground, however, and this is a small story about how the Senate might get there.
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (1807–1873)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (contributions to natural history of United States); existence of ‘Ice Age’
Computer as a Research Tool in Paleontology

In many areas of paleontological research, the computer has taken its place with the microscope and handlens as a basic research tool. Most of the standard applications are digital and include various types of biometrical analysis, information processing (including collection management), computer graphics, and statistical testing of hypotheses.
Strategic embarrassment: The culprit of emotion

Publisher Summary The dynamics of strategic embarrassment accentuates the emotional and social outcomes found in cases of unintentional embarrassment. This chapter discusses the nature of` unintentional embarrassment and then focuses principally on discussing strategic embarrassment as a culprit of emotion. Embarrassment is experienced by people in all cultures and age groups, with particular frequency during adolescence. When embarrassment occurs, recipients experience a variety of physical, emotional, communicative, and psychological reactions. Physiologically embarrassment is “characterized by blushing, rising in temperature, increased heart rate, muscle tension, grinning, smiling, or laughing, avoidance of eye contact and self-touching.” These physiological outcomes are referred to as objective symptoms. The personality of recipients may also affect the likelihood and degree to which they become embarrassed. Individuals embarrassed in front of many observers experience more intense embarrassment as do individuals embarrassed in front of higher status observers. Because embarrassment often impedes social interaction, it may be viewed as an obstacle or barrier temporarily affecting the communication.
Mercury's weak magnetic field: A result of magnetospheric feedback?

[1] The internal magnetic field of Mercury is anomalously weak compared with the fields of other solar system dynamos. Here we investigate the effect that magnetospheric currents may have on the internal dynamo process. Although strong dipolar dynamos are not markedly affected by such magnetospheric currents, a dynamo in a weak-dipole state can be stabilized in such a configuration by magnetospheric feedback. We suggest that Mercury's core dynamo was stabilized in a weak-field state early in Mercury's history, when the solar wind was much stronger than today, and has been maintained in that state to the present by magnetospheric feedback. A prediction of this scenario is that secular variation should occur more rapidly for Mercury's internal field than would be expected for some other models for the planet's weak field.
First Annual LGBT Health Workforce Conference: Empowering Our Health Workforce to Better Serve LGBT Communities

The Institute of Medicine has identified significant health disparities and barriers to health care experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations. By lowering financial barriers to care, recent legislation and judicial decisions have created a remarkable opportunity for reducing disparities by making health care available to those who previously lacked access. However, the current health-care workforce lacks sufficient training on LGBT-specific health-care issues and delivery of culturally competent care to sexual orientation and gender identity minorities. The LGBT Healthcare Workforce Conference was developed to provide a yearly forum to address these deficiencies through the sharing of best practices in LGBT health-care delivery, creating LGBT-inclusive institutional environments, supporting LGBT personal and professional development, and peer-to-peer mentoring, with an emphasis on students and early career professionals in the health-care fields. This report summarizes the findings of the first annual LGBT Health Workforce Conference.
Possible obligatory functions of cyclic nucleotides in hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation in adult rats

Current evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) and vasodilating prostanoids, possibly via the actions of cGMP and cAMP, play permissive roles in hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation. The present stu...
Developmental Regulation of Plasticity in the Forepaw Representation of Ferret Somatosensory Cortex

This study characterized the spatiotemporal responses in ferret somatosensory cortex after sensory deprivation at different phases of cortical development. We hypothesized that cortical responses to stimulation of intact superficial radial nerve in adults will vary systematically according to maturation of thalamocortical relationships at the time of an ulnar nerve transection. Depending on the age of the animal at the time of the lesion, we found differential effects on the spatial distribution of the short- and long-latency components of the cortical response. In animals lesioned at postnatal days 5-7, when thalamic projections are not yet stabilized and layer 4 is not yet formed, we found that initial (short-latency) cortical responses are widespread and fragmented. Ulnar nerve transections performed at postnatal day 20 or 21, when thalamocortical afferents are more stabilized and layer 4 is clearly identifiable, yield moderate expansions in the distribution of short- and long-latency components of the cortical response. Nerve lesions in adults lead to a wider distribution of long-latency cortical activity. Neonatal lesions broaden the spatial distribution and increase the latency of the initial cortical response; interruption of nerve input in older juveniles alters both the early and later components; and nerve lesions in adult animals expand the distribution of later cortical activity only. These findings demonstrate correlation between developmental phase at the time sensory input is interrupted and the latency of affected components of the cortical response. This supports the hypothesis that differential response changes are regulated by functional reorganization of thalamocortical connections after neonatal lesions and alteration of corticocortical dynamics after adult lesions.
Tear anisotropy in films blown from polyethylenes of different macromolecular architectures

Blown films of different types of polyethylenes, such as branched low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear high-density polyethylene (HDPE), are well known to tear easily along particular directions: along the film bubble's transverse direction for LDPE and along the machine direction (MD) for HDPE. Depending on the resin characteristics and processing conditions, different structures can form within the film; it is therefore difficult to separate the effects of the crystal structure and orientation on the film tear behavior from the effects of the macromolecular architecture, such as the molecular weight distribution and long-chain branching. Here we examine LDPE, HDPE, and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) blown films with similar crystal orientations, as verified by through-film X-ray scattering measurements. With these common orientations, LDPE and HDPE films still follow the usual preferred tear directions, whereas LLDPE tears isotropically despite an oriented crystal structure. These differences are attributed to the number densities of the tie molecules, especially along MD, which are considerably greater for linear-architecture polymers with a substantial fraction of long chains, capable of significant extension in flow. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 413–420, 2005
Controlling Pharmaceutical Crystallization with Designed Polymeric Heteronuclei

To investigate the hypothesis that molecules acting as crystallization inhibitors in solution could be transformed into crystallization promoters, additives were synthesized that mimic the pharmaceuticals acetaminophen and mefenamic acid and also possess polymerizable functionality. It was found that, in solution, these additives face-selectively inhibit crystal growth and lead to overall slower crystal appearance. In contrast, when the tailor-made additives were incorporated into an insoluble polymer, the induction time for the onset of crystal formation for both pharmaceuticals was substantially decreased. This approach now allows for the synthesis of tailor-made polymers that decrease the induction time for crystal appearance and may find application in compounds that are resistant to crystallization or in improving the fidelity of heteronucleation approaches to solid form discovery.
An outbreak of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a dermatology ward associated with an environmental reservoir.

Objective: To investigate a cluster of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a dermatology ward. Design: An outbreak of mupirocin-resistant S aureus was noted on the dermatology ward during a prospective epidemiologic study of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and borderline methicillin-susceptible S aureus (BMSSA). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of whole-cell DNA digested with Sma I was used as a marker of strain identity. Setting and Patients: An 850-bed university hospital with a 12-bed inpatient dermatology ward. Most patients have severe, exfoliating dermatologic disorders. Results: MRSA or BMSSA were isolated from 13 patients on the dermatology ward over a 14-month period. Eleven of these isolates (84.6%) were mupirocin-resistant. Nine isolates were present on admission (81.8%); 8 of these patients had been hospitalized on the same ward within the last two months. Nasal and hand cultures from 36 personnel were negative for mupirocin-resistant MRSA or BMSSA. Extensive environmental culturing revealed that a blood pressure cuff and the patients' communal shower were positive for mupirocin-resistant BMSSA. PFGE of all mupirocin-resistant isolates demonstrated that the nine patients and both environmental sources had identical DNA typing patterns. Interventions: Changing of blood pressure cuffs between patients and more stringent cleaning of communal areas was initiated. Repeat environmental cultures were negative. Conclusions: S aureus is not usually associated with an environmental reservoir; however, these patients all had severe desquamation, which may have prolonged environmental contamination.