cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Comparisons of Cross-Shore Transport Models

During the Nearshore Sediment Transport Study experiment at Torrey Pines Beach, CA, in November 1978, beach profiles were measured over a several week period concurrent with extensive daily measurements of wind, waves, and currents. These surf zone data were used to predict the cross-shore transport of sand using eight models available in the literature. Several models were found to have skill in predicting major changes, but none was capable of predicting more than a third of the total beach volume variability.
Understanding the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism of Si nanowire growth and doping to synthetically encode precise nanoscale morphology

Bottom-up, chemical methods to control the morphology of semiconductor nanostructures are a promising complement to the top-down fabrication techniques that currently dominate the semiconductor industry. Among bottom-up techniques, nanowire (NW) growth using the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism has received great attention. In this Highlight article, we review our recent progress toward understanding the microscopic processes that govern VLS NW growth, doping, and dopant modulation. Quantitative measurements of Si NW growth rates and P dopant profiles under a range of synthetic conditions are interpreted with a kinetic analysis of VLS growth that includes the microscopic reactions of incorporation, evaporation, and crystallization. The analysis allows us to identify synthetic conditions that yield both diameter-independent growth rates and abrupt, diameter-independent dopant transitions. The optimized conditions allow precise, sub-10 nm morphology to be encoded along the growth axis of Si NWs, enabling the bottom-up chemical nanofabrication of complex structures that are typically fabricated by high-resolution, top-down lithography.
The Association of a Preschool Voice Education Program with Changes in Yelling Frequency

Voice problems in children can occur as early as infancy. Early onset of voice problems can carry social and academic penalties, and negatively affect voice in adolescence or adulthood. Unfortunately, only 1% of school-aged children receive voice therapy despite a 6 to 24% prevalence of voice disorders in school-aged children. One alternative may be to use a classroom-based voice education curriculum to effectively reduce yelling frequency, the most common behavior associated with phonotrauma-related voice problems in children. A classroom-based voice education curriculum was administered to preschool children by the preschool speech-language pathologists in a university-affiliated program. Classroom teachers provided cueing and reinforcement of curriculum strategies for 8 weeks following the program. Baseline frequencies of participant yelling behaviors were compared with postprogram frequencies. Results demonstrated significant reduction in yelling frequencies from pre- to postprogram, particularly in those judged as high-frequency yellers prior to the program. Important factors for future consideration are discussed.
Survey of multidrug-resistant bacteria causing nosocomial infections

OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of nosocomial infections caused by the multidrug-resistant bacteria so as to provide guidance for effective clinical prevention and treatment.METHODS The monitoring data of the nosocomial infections that occurred in 2009-2011were statistically analyzed by means of retrospective method. RESULTS Of totally 55 422cases of hospitalized patients investigated during 2009-2011,the nosocomial infections occurred in 1 755cases with the infection rate of 3.17%;the incidence of the nosocomial infections was 2.61%in 2009,3.05%in 2010,3.93%in 2011.There were 138(0.25%)cases of nosocomial infections caused by the multidrug-resistant bacteria,among which 0.22% were in 2009,0.23%in 2010,0.29%in 2011.Totally 31 939 specimens were submitted for bacterial culture with the submission rate of 57.63%;a total of 4 469strains of pathogens have been isolated with the isolation rate of 13.99%;totally 1 030strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria have been isolated with the isolation rate of 3.22%,among which 4.2% were isolated in 2009,3.81% in 2010,1.63%in 2011.The multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Streptococcus pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermis ranked the top 5,accounting for 22.14%,22.04%,17.38%,9.61%,and 8.64%,respectively.CONCLUSION The detection rate of multidrugresistant bacteria decreases year by year,while the incidence of nosocomial infections caused by the multidrug-resistant bacteria increases,to which the clinical physicians,hospital chiefs,and administrative management department of health should attach great importance.
Sodium nitroprusside stimulates Ca2+ -activated K+ channels in porcine tracheal smooth muscle cells

To directly investigate the possible role of large-conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ (KCa) channels in nitro-vasodilator-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle, we used cell-attached patch-clamp t...
Critical Phenomena in He 3 and He 4

Nearly one hundred years ago, T. Andrews deduced that for every gas, there should be a “critical temperature” above which the gas cannot be liquefied no matter how much it might be compressed. Further studies revealed that the critical temperature was one coordinate of a point on the P-V-T surface where differences between the intensive properties of the liquid and of the gas disappear (the P-V-T properties near the critical point are schematically diagrammed in Fig. 7.1). Since the time of Andrews, a tremendous body of literature has accumulated on the subject of critical-point phenomena, but progress in characterizing the critical point has been difficult because this point, much like the absolute zero of temperature, is approachable but not attainable.
The Acid Rain Program Part 1: Lake Acidity in the Adirondacks

Detrended correlation analysis in the sample period 1992-2015 shows that on an annual time scale the acidity of rain in NY is responsive to the combined anthropogenic SO2 emissions in EPA Regions 1, 2, and 3; but that the acidity of lakes in the Adirondacks is not responsive to the acidity of rain in NY. An attempt to explain lake acidity in terms of dry deposition of anthropogenic SO2 emissions also failed. Our results are consistent with previous research which found no relationship between rain acidity and lake acidity and explained lake acidity in terms of soil chemistry in the catchment area of the lakes.
Political Stakeholder Theory: The State, Legitimacy, and the Ethics of Microfinance in Emerging Economies

How does the state influence stakeholder legitimacy? And how does this process affect an industry’s ethical challenges? Stakeholder theory adopts a forward-looking perspective and seeks to understand how managers can address stakeholders’ claims to improve the firm’s ability to create value. Yet, existing work does not adequately address the role of the state in defining the stakeholder universe nor the implications this may have for subsequent ethical challenges managers face. This article develops a political stakeholder theory (political ST) by weaving together the political economy, stakeholder theory, and legitimacy literatures. Political ST shows how state policies influence stakeholder legitimacy and, in turn, affect an industry’s ethical challenges. This article integrates the concept of agonism to address the perennial tension between markets and states and its implications for firms and their managers. Political ST is then applied to the case of microfinance, followed by a discussion of the contributions of this approach.
Effects of livestock grazing exlosure on aquatic macroinvertebrates in a montane stream, New Mexico

Aquatic macroinvertebrate populations inhabiting reaches of a stream within areas excluded from livestock grazing for a decade were markedly different from those in grazed areas when density, biomass, biotic condition indices, and mean chi square indices of the two populations were compared. Increased densities and biomasses of more tolerant forms of macroinvertebrates were observed in grazed reaches. Because pretreatment data were not available, differences in macroinvertebrate populations and relative tolerances of taxa in grazed and ungrazed areas could be as easily attributed to linear changes in stream habitat as to removal of domestic livestock. Results of this study have implications for the design of future research on the effects of livestock grazing on stream environments and biota: (1) baseline/pretreatment information is prerequisite, and (2) the study should take a watershed (ecosystem) approach.
CHAPTER 26 – An RNA Paradigm

A typical RNA-based experimental design includes an assessment of steady-state levels of RNA and, perhaps, the rate of transcription in control and experimental cell populations. These techniques are performed to assign observed changes in the prevalence of certain messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to the transcriptional level or to the result of some posttranscriptional events. Experimental modifications could include selecting an alternative method of RNA isolation, selecting an alternative biological source, selecting a more sensitive assay, or performing induction of the genes of interest by chemical or physiological stimulation. In an initial characterization, analysis of total cellular and total cytoplasmic RNA may be very useful because many transcribed RNAs are degraded in the nucleus (heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)), and hence, do not mature and appear in the cytoplasm in the form of mRNA. If a probe hybridizes to cellular RNA samples and not to cytoplasmic RNA samples, it suggests some type of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in action. If initial assessment yields encouraging data, a more detailed examination of the system is in order.
On a cross-diffusion system modeling vegetation spots and strips in a semi-arid or arid landscape

Abstract In this paper we study a model which describes the pattern formation of vegetation spots and strips in a semi-arid or arid landscape. The mathematical model consists of a nonlinear cross-diffusion system with evaporation and absorption sources. Global existence and uniqueness in classical sense for the system are established. Some asymptotic behaviors of the solution are derived for a linearized system. It is shown that the solution of the linearized system is asymptotically stable near the steady-state solution. Moreover, we show that the Turing phenomenon occurs for the linearized cross-diffusion system and the cross-diffusion destabilizes the ecosystem.
The application of 3-dimensional printing for preoperative planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats.

Objective To describe the application of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in advanced oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) and to discuss the benefits of this modality in surgical planning, student and resident training, and client education. Study design Retrospective case series. Animals Client-owned dogs (n = 28) and cats (n = 4) with 3D printing models of the skulls. Methods The medical records of 32 cases with 3D printing prior to major OMFS were reviewed. Results Indications for 3D printing included preoperative planning for mandibular reconstruction after mandibulectomy (n = 12 dogs) or defect nonunion fracture (n = 6 dogs, 2 cats), mapping of ostectomy location for temporomandibular joint ankylosis or pseudoankylosis (n = 4 dogs), assessment of palatal defects (n = 2 dogs, 1 cat), improved understanding of complex anatomy in cases of neoplasia located in challenging locations (n = 2 dogs, 1 cat), and in cases of altered anatomy secondary to trauma (n = 2 dogs). Conclusion In the authors' experience, 3D printed models serve as excellent tools for OMFS planning and resident training. Furthermore, 3D printed models are a valuable resource to improve clients' understanding of the pet's disorder and the recommended treatment. Clinical relevance Three-dimensional printed models should be considered viable tools for surgical planning, resident training, and client education in candidates for complex OMFS.
Simulation and experimental comparison of the thermo-mechanical history and 3D microstructure evolution of 304L stainless steel tubes manufactured using LENS

Additive manufacturing enables the production of previously unachievable designs in conjunction with time and cost savings. However, spatially and temporally fluctuating thermal histories can lead to residual stress states and microstructural variations that challenge conventional assumptions used to predict part performance. Numerical simulations offer a viable way to explore the root causes of these characteristics, and can provide insight into methods of controlling them. Here, the thermal history of a 304L stainless steel cylinder produced using the Laser Engineered Net Shape process is simulated using finite element analysis (FEA). The resultant thermal history is coupled to both a solid mechanics FEA simulation to predict residual stress and a kinetic Monte Carlo model to predict the three-dimensional grain structure evolution. Experimental EBSD measurements of grain structure and in-process infrared thermal data are compared to the predictions.
Attempts to demonstrate phosphate secretion in the rat.

The renal tubular secretion of phosphate from peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen has been conclusively demonstrated in some non-mammalian kidneys, yet the presence of such a pathway in the mammalian kidney is still in question (1–9). It is generally agreed that, in the mammalian kidney, the reabsorption of phosphate filtered at the glomerulus is the predominant transport process. Recent studies in man, dog and rat, however, have reopened the question of the existence of a phosphate secretory mechanism (7–9). The current investigations were designed to re-examine this question, utilizing a modification of the precession technique.
Creative Writing for Professional Writing Majors

While universities usually offer creative writing courses as part of the traditional literature major, this arrangement can obscure the professional value of the skills taught in creative writing workshops (including storytelling, extended peer review, and concern for sentence craft). This chapter argues for the inclusion of creative writing courses in the professional writing curriculum and describes a program in which creative writers participate with aspiring journalists, editors, and marketing writers in an undergraduate writing and rhetoric major. Programs like these allow creative writing students to learn editing, digital media skills, and rhetorical history, while the professional writers and journalists develop empathy and other creative habits of mind as they practice collaboration and critique in writing workshops.
Trends in Long-Term Mortality After Congenital Heart Surgery

Abstract Background Congenital heart surgery has improved the survival of patients with even the most complex defects, but the long-term survival after these procedures has not been fully described. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term survival of patients (age Methods This study used the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium data, a U.S.-based, multicenter registry of pediatric cardiac surgery. Survival analysis included 35,998 patients who survived their first congenital heart surgery at Results After a median follow-up of 18 years (645,806 person-years), 3,191 deaths occurred with an overall SMR of 8.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.0 to 8.7). The 15-year SMR decreased from 12.7 (95% CI: 11.9 to 13.6) in the early era (1982 to 1992) to 10.0 (95% CI: 9.3 to 10.8) in the late era (1998 to 2003). The SMR remained elevated even for mild forms of CHD such as patent ductus arteriosus (SMR 4.5) and atrial septal defects (SMR 4.9). The largest decreases in SMR occurred for patients with transposition of great arteries (early: 11.0 vs. late: 3.8; p Conclusions In this large U.S. cohort, long-term mortality after congenital heart surgery was elevated across all forms of CHD. Survival has improved over time, particularly for severe defects with significant changes in their management strategy, but still lags behind the general population.
On the Theory of Metallic Lithium

The pseudopotential formalism has been extensively applied to the interpretation of different physical properties of simple metals.1–3 However there are some well-known drawbacks to this approach, (i) Its use requires an accurate knowledge of both the core-state eigenfunctions and the core-state eigenvalues. Unfortunately these are not known very accurately. In fact the core-state eigenvalue shifts in the metal as compared to the free ion.4 For this reason model potentials have been introduced.4–7 However, Heine and Abarenkov,5 Ashcroft6 and Shaw7 make no attempt to base the shape of their model potentials on any physical principle. This and the missing information about the core shift show the importance of first-principle pseudopotentials. (ii) In reality, the electron gas screens the ionic pseudopotentials. This effect requires a knowledge of the dielectric function of the electron gas. However, there is still some uncertainty about the best approximation to include the effects of exchange and correlation.8–12
Crystalline Deformation Belts

Crystalline rock is different from sedimentary and volcanic rock primarily because layering and differential erosion of layers play a less prominent role in landscape development. Layering in rocks creates a certain amount of predictability in both the geology and the landscape of an area that may not be present in crystalline rock. Instead, the landscape may be monotonous, somewhat random, massive, or shaped by structural influences. Crystalline deformation belts form the rear of foreland fold-and-thrust belts where thrust faults cut deep enough into the crust to carry crystalline rock toward the surface to be exposed via erosion. This chapter discusses landscape development in the crystalline Appalachians, Northern Rockies, North Cascades, and Superior Upland. The Appalachians are considered an ancient mountain belt, but present-day topography may be less than 15 million years old. New England forms the glaciated northern continuation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces. The North Cascades have undergone recent uplift in a wet climate, resulting in some of the steepest and most rugged terrain in the United States.
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF COMORBID ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND MAJOR DEPRESSION

Background Alcohol Dependence (AD) and Major Depression (MD) are leading causes of disability, and they often co-occur. Genetic epidemiologic data have shown that they share, at least to some extent, a common genetic etiology. The molecular nature of this shared genetic basis is poorly understood. To detect genetic risk variants for comorbid AD and MD and to determine whether polygenic risk alleles are shared with neuropsychiatric traits or subcortical brain volumes. Methods This Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) analyzed criterion counts of comorbid AD and MD in data sets of African Americans (AA) and European Americans (EA) that were collected as part of the Yale-Penn study of the genetics of drug and alcohol dependence from 2000–2013. After excluding subjects who were never exposed to alcohol or had missing information for any diagnostic criterion, we performed GWAS on two samples (“Yale-Penn-1” and “Yale-Penn-2”) totaling 4,653 AAs and 3,169 EAs. AAs and EAs were analyzed separately. We then tested whether Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) derived from potentially related traits in EAs could be used to predict comorbid AD and MD. Comorbid criterion counts (ranging from 0–14) comprised for DSM-IV AD (7 criteria) and MD (9 criteria, scaled to 7). Results Of the 7,882 participants, 42.7% were female. The median comorbid criterion count was 6.2 (interquartile range [IQR], 2.3–10.9). Under the linear regression model, rs139438618 at the Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) locus was significantly associated with AD-MD comorbidity in AAs in the Yale-Penn-1 sample (beta coefficient [β]=0.89, P=2.76×10-8). In the Yale-Penn-2 sample, the association was also significant (β=0.83, P=2.06×10-4). Meta-analysis of the two samples yielded a more robust association (β=0.87 [95% CI, 0.61–1.12], P=2.41×10–11). There was no significant association identified in EAs. PRS analyses showed that individuals with a higher risk of neuroticism (β=1.01 [95% CI, 0.50–1.52]) or depressive symptoms (β=0.87 [95% CI, 0.32–1.42]) and a lower level of subjective well-being (β=-0.94 [95% CI, -1.46 to -0.42]) and educational attainment (β=-1.00 [95% CI, -1.57 to -0.44]) were at higher level of AD+MD; while larger intracranial (β=1.07 [95% CI, 0.50–1.64]) and smaller putamen volumes (β=-1.16 [95% CI, -1.86 to -0.46]) predicted higher risks of AD+MD. Discussion SEMA3A variation is significantly associated with comorbid AD and MD in AAs. Using PRS analyses, we identified pleiotropy with neuropsychiatric traits and brain volumes. Further studies are warranted to understand the biological and genetic mechanisms of this comorbidity, which could facilitate medications development and other treatments for comorbid AD and MD.
Photon measurements in proton and nucleus collisions at PHENIX

Direct photons provide an excellent probe in studying both the proton and nucleus collisions. The PHENIX measurements of the direct photon-hadron and neutral pion-hadron correlations in p+p collisions searches for the breakdown of the QCD factorization. The measurements of the fragmentation functions in Au+Au collisions provide an excellent tool to understand the dynamics of the energy loss mechanism in the heavy ion collisions. Furthermore, we summarize the results on the direct photon measurements at low-pT in order to study the thermal radiation in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at different collision energies.
Smoking and gastrointestinal cancer patients-is smoking cessation an attainable goal?

Background and objectives Negative consequences of tobacco use during cancer treatment are well-documented but more in-depth, patient-level data are needed to understand patient beliefs about continued smoking (vs cessation) during gastrointestinal (GI) cancer treatment. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 patients who were active smokers being treated for GI cancers and 5 caregivers of such patients. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and uploaded to NVivo. We consensus coded data inductively using conventional content analysis and iteratively developed our codebook. We developed data matrices to categorize the themes regarding patient perspectives on smoking as well as presumed barriers to smoking cessation during active therapy. Results Our interviews revealed three consistent themes: (a) Smoking cessation is not necessarily desired by many patients who have received a cancer diagnosis; (b) Failure in past quit attempts may lead to feelings of hopeless about future attempts, especially during cancer treatment; (c) Patients perceived little to no access to smoking cessation treatment at the time of their cancer diagnosis. Conclusions Well-designed systemic changes that promote the positive and efficacious effects of quitting smoking during cancer treatment, and that provide barrier-free access to such treatments may be helpful in promoting tobacco-free behavior during cancer treatment.
A linked‐read approach to museomics: Higher quality de novo genome assemblies from degraded tissues

High-throughput sequencing technologies are a proposed solution for accessing the molecular data in historical specimens. However, degraded DNA combined with the computational demands of short-read assemblies has posed significant laboratory and bioinformatics challenges for de novo genome assembly. Linked-read or "synthetic long-read" sequencing technologies, such as 10× Genomics, may provide a cost-effective alternative solution to assemble higher quality de novo genomes from degraded tissue samples. Here, we compare assembly quality (e.g., genome contiguity and completeness, presence of orthogroups) between four new deer mouse (Peromyscus spp.) genomes assembled using linked-read technology and four published genomes assembled from a single shotgun library. At a similar price-point, these approaches produce vastly different assemblies, with linked-read assemblies having overall higher contiguity and completeness, measured by larger N50 values and greater number of genes assembled, respectively. As a proof-of-concept, we used annotated genes from the four Peromyscus linked-read assemblies and eight additional rodent taxa to generate a phylogeny, which reconstructed the expected relationships among species with 100% support. Although not without caveats, our results suggest that linked-read sequencing approaches are a viable option to build de novo genomes from degraded tissues, which may prove particularly valuable for taxa that are extinct, rare or difficult to collect.
Post-transcriptional regulation of cellulose synthase genes by small RNAs derived from CESA antisense transcripts

Abstract Transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing plant cell wall biosynthesis are incomplete. Expression programs that activate wall biosynthesis are well understood, but mechanisms that control the attenuation of gene expression networks remain elusive. Previous work has shown that small RNAs (sRNAs) derived from the HvCESA6 (Hordeum vulgare, Hv) antisense transcripts are naturally produced and are capable of regulating aspects of wall biosynthesis. Here, we further test the hypothesis that CESA-derived sRNAs generated from CESA antisense transcripts are involved in the regulation of cellulose and broader cell wall biosynthesis. Antisense transcripts were detected for some, but not all members of the CESA gene family in both barley and Brachypodium distachyon. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that antisense transcripts are detected for most primary cell wall CESA genes, suggesting a possible role in the transition from primary to secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Focusing on one antisense transcript, HvCESA1 shows dynamic expression throughout development, is correlated with corresponding sRNAs over the same period and is anticorrelated with HvCESA1 mRNA expression. To assess the broader impacts of CESA-derived sRNAs on the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis, transcript profiling was performed on barley tissues overexpressing CESA-derived sRNAs. Together the data support the hypothesis that CESA antisense transcripts function, through an RNA-induced silencing mechanism, to degrade cis transcripts, and may also trigger trans-acting silencing on related genes to alter the expression of cell wall gene networks.
Automated Coupling of Nanodroplet Sample Preparation with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Single-Cell Proteomics

Single-cell proteomics can provide critical biological insight into the cellular heterogeneity that is masked by bulk-scale analysis. We have developed a nanoPOTS (nanodroplet processing in one pot for trace samples) platform and demonstrated its broad applicability for single-cell proteomics. However, because of nanoliter-scale sample volumes, the nanoPOTS platform is not compatible with automated LC-MS systems, which significantly limits sample throughput and robustness. To address this challenge, we have developed a nanoPOTS autosampler allowing fully automated sample injection from nanowells to LC-MS systems. We also developed a sample drying, extraction, and loading workflow to enable reproducible and reliable sample injection. The sequential analysis of 20 samples containing 10 ng tryptic peptides demonstrated high reproducibility with correlation coefficients of >0.995 between any two samples. The nanoPOTS autosampler can provide analysis throughput of 9.6, 16, and 24 single cells per day using 120, 60, and 30 min LC gradients, respectively. As a demonstration for single-cell proteomics, the autosampler was first applied to profiling protein expression in single MCF10A cells using a label-free approach. At a throughput of 24 single cells per day, an average of 256 proteins was identified from each cell and the number was increased to 731 when the Match Between Runs algorithm of MaxQuant was used. Using a multiplexed isobaric labeling approach (TMT-11plex), ∼77 single cells could be analyzed per day. We analyzed 152 cells from three acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, resulting in a total of 2558 identified proteins with 1465 proteins quantifiable (70% valid values) across the 152 cells. These data showed quantitative single-cell proteomics can cluster cells to distinct groups and reveal functionally distinct differences.
Grappling with the tick microbiome

Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus are the predominant vectors of multiple human pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in North America. Differences in the habitats and host preferences of these closely related tick species present an opportunity to examine key aspects of the tick microbiome. While advances in sequencing technologies have accelerated a descriptive understanding of the tick microbiome, molecular and mechanistic insights into the tick microbiome are only beginning to emerge. Progress is stymied by technical difficulties in manipulating the microbiome and by biological variables related to the life cycle of Ixodid ticks. This review highlights these challenges and examines avenues to understand the significance of the tick microbiome in tick biology.
Roles of adenosine A 1 receptors in the regulation of SFK activity in the rat forebrain.

Adenosine A1 receptors are widely expressed in the mammalian brain. Through interacting with Gαi/o -coupled A1 receptors, the neuromodulator adenosine modulates a variety of cellular and synaptic activities. To determine the linkage from A1 receptors to a key intracellular signaling pathway, we investigated the impact of blocking A1 receptors on a subfamily of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, that is, the Src family kinase (SFK), in different rat brain regions in vivo. We found that pharmacological blockade of A1 receptors by a single systemic injection of the A1 selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) induced an increase in autophosphorylation of SFKs at a consensus activation site, tyrosine 416 (Y416), in the two subdivisions of the striatum, the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. DPCPX also increased SFK Y416 phosphorylation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) but not the hippocampus. The DPCPX-induced Y416 phosphorylation was time dependent and reversible. In immunopurified Fyn and Src proteins from the striatum, DPCPX elevated SFK Y416 phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity in Fyn but not in Src proteins. In the mPFC, DPCPX enhanced Y416 phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity in both Fyn and Src immunoprecipitates. DPCPX had no effect on expression of total Fyn and Src proteins in the striatum, mPFC, and hippocampus. These results demonstrate a tonic inhibitory linkage from A1 receptors to SFKs in the striatum and mPFC. Blocking this inhibitory tone could significantly enhance constitutive SFK Y416 phosphorylation in the rat brain in a region- and time-dependent manner.
Humidity and Moisture

Knowledge of the basic definitions in common use is essential for an understanding of the principles of moisture measurement.
ANACONDA: robust synthesis of analog circuits via stochastic pattern search

Analog synthesis tools have traditionally traded quality for speed, substituting simplified circuit evaluation methods for full simulation in order to accelerate the numerical search for solution candidates. In this paper we develop a new numerical search algorithm efficient enough to allow full circuit simulation of each circuit candidate, and robust enough to find good solutions for difficult circuits. Comparison of synthesized circuits against manual industrial designs demonstrates the utility of the approach.
The Institutional Analysis and Development Framework and the Commons

Let me commend Michael Madison, Brett Frischmann, and Katherine Strandburg for writing such an interesting and useful article on the study of commons in cultural environments. We have tried to develop a useful framework for analyzing a wide variety of questions. Their adoption of a modified form of our Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework for this important set of questions reassures us that we met our goal. Charlotte Hess and I organized a conference and coedited a book that examined some aspects of the knowledge commons using the IAD framework.1 We have learned that aspects of cultural environments can be thought of as “cultural commons” because cultural products (e.g., new knowledge or software) are often available to many users who do not have to pay the producer in order to use those products.2 Many important questions related to the study of cultural commons await a careful institutional analysis. The IAD framework has a long history that may be interesting to the readers of this issue. Larry Kiser was a visiting scholar at the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University (Workshop) during the early 1980s, when we were engaged in extensive discussions about how to conduct institutional studies. Roger Parks, Gordon Whitaker, and other colleagues had just completed the fieldwork for an extensive series of studies related to the organization
SMART: an integrated multi-action advisor for storage systems

The designers of clustered file systems, storage resource management software and storage virtualization devices are trying to provide the necessary planning functionality in their products to facilitate the invocation of the appropriate corrective actions in order to satisfy user specified service level objectives (SLOs). However, most existing approaches only perform planning for a single type of action such as workload throttling, or data migration, or addition of new resources. As will be shown in this paper, single action based plans are not always cost effective. In this paper we present a framework SMART that considers multiple types of corrective actions in an integrated manner and generates a combined corrective action schedule. Furthermore, often times, the best cost-effective schedule for a one-week lookahead could be different from the best cost-effective schedule for a one-year lookahead. An advantage of the SMART framework is that it considers this lookahead time window in coming up with its corrective action schedules. Finally, another key advantage of this framework is that it has a built-in mechanism to handle unexpected surges in workloads. We have implemented our framework and algorithm as part of a clustered file system and performed various experiments to show the benefits of our approach.
The Tec Kinases Itk and Rlk Regulate NKT Cell Maturation, Cytokine Production, and Survival

The Tec kinases Itk and Rlk are required for efficient positive selection of conventional CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the thymus. In contrast, recent studies have shown that these Tec kinases are dispensable for the development of CD8 + T cells with characteristics of innate T cells. These findings raise questions about the potential role of Itk and Rlk in NKT cell development, because NKT cells represent a subset of innate T cells. To address this issue, we examined invariant NKT cells in Itk −/− and Itk/Rlk −/− mice. We find, as has been reported previously, that Itk −/− mice have reduced numbers of NKT cells with a predominantly immature phenotype. We further show that this defect is greatly exacerbated in the absence of both Itk and Rlk, leading to a 7-fold reduction in invariant NKT cell numbers in the thymus of Itk/Rlk −/− mice and a more severe block in NKT cell maturation. Splenic Itk −/− and Itk/Rlk −/− NKT cells are also functionally defective, because they produce little to no cytokine following in vivo activation. Tec kinase-deficient NKT cells also show enhanced cell death in the spleen. These defects correlate with greatly diminished expression of CD122, the IL-2R/IL-15R β-chain, and impaired expression of the T-box transcription factor, T-bet. These data indicate that the Tec kinases Itk and Rlk provide important signals for terminal maturation, efficient cytokine production, and peripheral survival of NKT cells.
The Development of the Quebecois Identity: Literary and the Historical Images

L'evolution de l'identite quebecoise a travers l'historiographie et la litterature canadiennes depuis la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle
The Evolution and Challenges of Online Journalism in Nigeria

The last seven years have seen the phenomenal growth and expansion of not only traditional online journalism but also social media online journalism in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation. In this chapter, I trace the evolution and idiosyncratic features of online journalism in Nigeria, explore its variegated manifestations, capture the relational and professional tensions that have erupted between Web-only, mostly diasporan, citizen journalists and more traditional homeland journalists, and show how all this has altered journalistic practice in Nigeria. I also discuss the tensile relationship between citizen online journalists and the Nigerian government, a relationship that has led to the high-profile arrests of diasporan citizen journalists who traveled to Nigeria from their base in the West for routine business. Finally, I explore how the emergent genre of citizen social journalism helped shape the 2011 general elections in Nigeria and enriched homeland traditional journalistic practice.
Parallel Machine Models (Stochastic)

This chapter deals with parallel machine models that are stochastic counterparts of models discussed in The body of knowledge in the stochastic case is somewhat less extensive than in the deterministic case
Maternal and child health bureau : roots

The Maternal and Child Health Bureau has roots that go back over 80 years to the creation of the United States Children9s Bureau on April 9, 1912, when President William Howard Taft approved an Act of Congress that created the Children9s Bureau and directed it "to investigate and report on all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people." This was the federal government9s first recognition that it has a responsibility to promote the welfare of our nation9s children. The Bureau9s Chief was to be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. Originally placed in the Department of Commerce and Labor, it was transferred to the newly formed Department of Labor in March, 1913. The Children9s Bureau was a logical sequel to several child-oriented social and public health activities of the late 19th century: the establishment of milk stations; concern with the spread of communicable disease after compulsory school attendance laws were passed; the movement to outlaw child labor; and, the opening of Settlement Houses. Lillian Wald, organizer of public health nursing, an ardent fighter against child labor, and the founder of the Henry Street Settlement in New York City, was the person who first suggested a federal Children9s Bureau. A bill, with the support of President Theodore Roosevelt, was introduced in both houses of Congress in 1906 and annually during the next 6 years. It met with fierce opposition both from states which felt that the federal government was usurping their responsibility for the welfare of children and from those who feared that it would give federal employees the right to enter and regulate the homes of private citizens.
Quantal Neurotransmitter Secretion Rate Exhibits Fractal Behavior

The rate of exocytic events from both neurons and non-neuronal cells exhibits fluctuations consistent with fractal (self-similar) behavior in time, as evidenced by a number of statistical measures. We explicitly demonstrate this for neurotransmitter secretion at Xenopus neuromuscular junctions and for rat hippocampal synapses in culture; the exocytosis of exogenously supplied neurotransmitter from cultured Xenopus myocytes and from rat fibroblasts behaves similarly. The magnitude of the fluctuations of the rate of exocytic events about the mean decreases slowly as the rate is computed over longer and longer time periods, the periodogram decreases in power-law manner with frequency, and the Allan factor (relative variance of the number of exocytic events) increases as a power-law function of the counting time. These features are hallmarks of self-similar behavior. Their description requires models that exhibit long-range correlation (memory) in event occurrences. We have developed a physiologically plausible model that accords with all of the statistical measures that we have examined. The appearance of fractal behavior at synapses, as well as in systems comprising collections of synapses, indicates that such behavior is ubiquitous in neural signaling.
PlasmoDB: The Plasmodium Genome Resource

The Plasmodium Genome Database was introduced in 2000, in response to emerging needs of the malaria research community for access to genomic-scale datasets. In its earliest manifestations, prior to completion of the Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence and curated annotation, PlasmoDB focused on automated analysis of available sequence data, enabling researchers to identify draft sequences for specific genes of interest, even in the absence of the surrounding genomic context. The availability of an effectively complete P. falciparum genome sequence has stimulated a wide range of functional genomics research, and PlasmoDB has endeavored to keep pace with these studies, providing access to the underlying datasets, and allowing a variety of integrative queries, e.g., finding all genes for which both transcript and proteomics data suggest expression in gametocyte stage parasites. PlasmoDB will continue to integrate new datasets as they emerge, developing tools of interest to the malaria researcher and facilitating the discovery of new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines. PlasmoDB provides the user with a variety of analysis tools for examining and extracting information from the genome and predicted proteome, using BLAST, electronic PCRs, defined motif searches, and tools for the analysis of microarray and proteomics data. Gene Pages provide an encyclopedic view of the Plasmodium genome, where it is possible to look up all information about a specified gene. Plasmodium parasites may be gleaned by browsing the genome in Sequence View mode, and information on specific genes may be obtained from the various Gene Pages.
Are biofuels antithetic to long-term sustainability of soil and water resources?

Abstract Sustainability of biofuels is a contentious but old topic that has reemerged with increased use of crops as feedstocks. There are vastly different land requirements for different feedstocks, and disagreement on the energy balance of their conversion to biofuel. To be sustainable, biofuel systems should (1) have favorable economics, (2) conserve natural resources, (3) preserve ecology, and (4) promote social justice. With the possible exception of sugarcane production in Brazil, it seems unlikely that ethanol production from crops will be economically viable without government support. Less is known on cellulosic feedstock economics because there are no commercial-scale plants. Natural resources that may be affected include soil, water, and air. In the United States, agricultural intensification has been associated with greater soil conservation, but this depended on retaining residue that may serve as cellulosic feedstocks. The “water footprint” of bioenergy from crops is much greater than for other forms of energy, although cellulosic feedstocks would have a smaller footprint. Most studies have found that first-generation biofuels reduce greenhouse gas emissions 20–60%, and second generation ones by 70–90%, if effects from land-use change are excluded. But land-use change may incur large carbon losses, and can affect ecological preservation, including biodiversity. Social justice is by far the most contentious sustainability issue. Expanding biofuel production was a major cause of food insecurity and political instability in 2008. There is a large debate on whether biofuels will always contribute to food insecurity, social justice, and environmental degradation in poor countries.
Tibial Fractures Involving the Ankle in Children. The So-Called Triplane Epiphyseal Fracture

Triplane fractures of the distal end of the tibia in fifteen children (average age, thirteen years) represented 6 per cent of 237 consecutive epiphyseal fractures of the ankle. Thirteen children were treated by closed methods (including manipulation) and two had open reduction of the fractures. At an average of twenty-six months after injury, three of fourteen patients showed roentgenographic evidence of premature symmetrical epiphyseal closure with less than 0.5 centimeter of shortening and no angular deformity. Of twelve children examined clinically, three had a 5 to 10-degree external rotation deformity and one patient also had an articular incongruity due to inadequate reduction. In the five cases in which tomograms were used to the medial malleolus, and the anteromedial part of the epiphysis. The lateral fragment included the remainder of the epiphysis together with a piece of posterior metaphysis with attached fibula.
Evaluation of methods to improve EUV OPC model accuracy

Several methods are evaluated to improve the accuracy of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography OPC models by including additional physical effects which are not commonly used in deep ultraviolet (DUV) OPC. The primary additions to the model in this work are model based corrections for flare and two different corrections for mask shadowing effects, commonly referred to as HV bias. The quantitative, incremental, improvement from each of these additions is reported, and the resulting changes in tape-out flow and OPC runtime are discussed
RNAi puts a lid on virus replication

Effective inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication in mice by RNA interference suggests an antiviral treatment strategy.
Enzyme-Substrate Intermediate Formation at Lysine 329 of Human Deoxyhypusine Synthase

Deoxyhypusine (Nepsilon-(4-aminobutyl)lysine) is the key intermediate in the posttranslational synthesis of the unique amino acid, hypusine (Nepsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine). Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the formation of deoxyhypusine by conjugation of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of one specific lysine residue of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) precursor protein. However, in the absence of the eIF-5A precursor, catalysis involves only the NAD-dependent cleavage of spermidine to generate 1,3-diaminopropane and a putative 4-carbon amine intermediate that gives rise to Delta1-pyrroline. We have obtained evidence for a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate that accumulates in the absence of the eIF-5A precursor. Incubation of human recombinant enzyme with [1, 8-3H]spermidine and NAD, followed by reduction with NaBH3CN, resulted in specific radiolabeling of the enzyme. The radioactive component in the reduced enzyme intermediate was identified as deoxyhypusine and was shown to occur at a single locus. The fact that labeled deoxyhypusine was found after treatment with a reducing agent suggests an intermediate with the butylamine moiety derived from spermidine attached through an imine linkage to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the enzyme. This residue has been identified as lysine 329. Separate experiments showing efficient transfer of labeled butylamine moiety from enzyme intermediate to eIF-5A precursor strongly support a reaction mechanism involving an imine intermediate.