cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Faculty Member Changes in an Innovative Educational Doctorate Program

Recent criticisms of the Educational Doctorate (Ed.D.) have challenged faculty members to create or reform such programs. In response to these concerns, faculty members at a particular institution designed and implemented a new Ed.D. program focused on leadership and innovation. We conducted this action research study in order to examine the changes faculty members experienced as they implemented the program along with the factors to which they attributed these changes. Data were gathered with an online survey; and results indicated changes had occurred in perceptions of research, teaching, and students as well as professional identities. Participants attributed these changes to collaborative teaching, a community of practice, and strong leadership. Findings will guide program leaders and faculty members in the coming years and may provide insights to leaders of similar programs and to those guiding innovative efforts.
Relationship between ADHD and Anxiety in Boys: Results from a Family Study

ABSTRACT Objective Recent studies have found an increased risk for both anxiety disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the adult relatives of children with ADHD in comparison with adult relatives of normal controls. Such findings may account for the high rates of comorbid anxiety found in children with ADHD, and they suggest a relationship between the two disorders. However, additional studies are needed to address this relationship that include both anxiety disorder and normal control groups. Method The first- ( n = 239) and second-degree relatives ( n = 1,266) of clinically referred boys with ADHD ( n = 49), clinically referred boys with anxiety disorder ( n = 46), and controls who have never been psychiatrically ill (NPI controls) ( n = 37) were assessed with structured interview and diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria. Lifetime rates of ADHD and anxiety disorder were then compared for relatives in the three proband groups. Results Female relatives of ADHD probands had significantly higher rates of anxiety disorder than female relatives of NPI controls. However, relatives of anxious probands and NPI controls did not differ for ADHD. Furthermore, no evidence of cosegregation of anxiety disorder with ADHD was found in the relatives of probands in the two patient groups. Conclusions ADHD and anxiety may share common risk factors but appear to be independently transmitted in families. The high rate of anxiety in female relatives of ADHD probands was comparable with that found in relatives of anxious probands and warrants further investigation.
International trade data: Reported by the office of consumer goods, U.S. Department of Commerce

Services diponibles, pour l'industrie US de l'edition, a l'Office of Consumer Goods, qui est une division du International Trade Administration, ministere du Commerce des USA
Explaining rape victim blame: A test of attribution theory

Rape victim‐blaming attitudes are examined with data from a probability sample of students at a southern university (male, n = 511; female, n = 666). Hypotheses derived from two competing versions of attribution theory, “defensive attribution” and “need for control,” are tested to examine the effects of gender, past female sexual victimization, past male sexual aggression, nonsexual crime victimization, and risk taking on rape myth acceptance. The results show that: (1) Females are substantially less likely to blame rape victims; (2) For the female subsample, risk taking and rape victim blame are negatively associated; (3) Among males, past sexual aggression and risk taking are positively related to victim blaming; and (4) Male experience with nonsexual victimization is negatively related to victim blaming. Each version of attribution theory is partially confirmed by the findings. Nationality, race/ethnicity, class standing, and rape prevention knowledge also influence victim blaming attitudes.
Modeling of Autism Genetic Variations in Mice: Focusing on Synaptic and Microcircuit Dysfunctions

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders that are characterized by deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and restrictive interests and repetitive behaviors. While human genetic studies have revealed marked heritability in ASD, it has been challenging to translate this genetic risk into a biological mechanism that influences brain development relevant to the disorder phenotypes. This is partly due to the complex genetic architecture of ASD, which involves de novo gene mutations, genomic abnormalities, and common genetic variants. Rather than trying to reconstitute the clinical disorder, using genetic model animals to examine specific features of core ASD pathophysiology offers unique opportunities for refining our understanding of neurodevelopmental mechanisms in ASD. A variety of ASD-relevant phenotypes can now be investigated in rodents, including stereotyped and repetitive behaviors, and deficits in social interaction and communication. In this review, we focus on several prevailing mouse models and discuss how studies have advanced our understanding of synaptic mechanisms that may underlie ASD pathophysiology. Although synaptic perturbations are not the only alterations relevant for ASD, we reason that understanding the synaptic underpinnings of ASD using mouse models may provide mechanistic insights into its etiology and lead to novel therapeutic and interventional strategies.
THE ONSET OF RETONATION

Abstract The onset of the retonation wave in a stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture contained in a 1 in. × 1·5 in. tube has been observed by means of schlieren streaks and instantaneous photographs. Some interesting details of transverse oscillation characteristics of spin which accompany this event have been revealed. Experimental records have been interpreted by means of a wave dynamic analysis to determine the state of the medium where the oscillations are set in. Their frequency has been found to be in agreement with the eigenvalue solution of the linear wave equation. It appears that the process has been initiated by a point explosion that is preceded by a deflagrative implosion. In this respect the phenomenon bears an interesting similarity to high frequency combustion instabilities in rocket thrust chambers, promising thus to serve as a useful tool for the study of their physicochemical aspects.
Modified Chebyshev-Picard Iteration Methods for Orbit Propagation

Modified Chebyshev-Picard Iteration methods are presented for solving high precision, long-term orbit propagation problems. Fusing Chebyshev polynomials with the classical Picard iteration method, the proposed methods iteratively refine an orthogonal function approximation of the entire state trajectory, in contrast to traditional, step-wise, forward integration methods. Numerical results demonstrate that for orbit propagation problems, the presented methods are comparable to or superior to a state-of-the-art 12th order Runge-Kutta-Nystrom method in a serial processor as measured by both precision and efficiency. We have found revolutionary long solution arcs with more than eleven digit path approximations over one to three lower-case Earth orbit periods, multiple solution arcs can be patched continuously together to achieve very long-term propagation, leading to more than ten digit accuracy with built-in precise interpolation. Of revolutionary practical promise to much more efficiently solving high precision, long-term orbital trajectory propagation problems is the observation that the presented methods are well suited to massive parallelization because computation of force functions along each path iteration can be rigorously distributed over many parallel cores with negligible cross communication needed.
Dyssynchrony in Obese Subjects without a History of Cardiac Disease Using Velocity Vector Imaging

Background The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of intra–left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony in obese versus nonobese subjects without known cardiac disease using Velocity Vector Imaging (VVI). Methods One hundred ninety consecutive subjects with no known cardiac disease had their echocardiograms analyzed using VVI after excluding subjects with QRS durations > 120 msec or LV ejection fractions 30 kg/m 2 ) and nonobese ( 2 ). Results The final cohort included 136 subjects (74 obese; 32% women; mean age, 55 ± 16 years). The occurrence of intra–LV dyssynchrony was higher in the obese group compared with the nonobese group. Conclusions There was an increased prevalence of intra–LV dyssynchrony in obese subjects, especially longitudinal and radial dyssynchrony. This dyssynchrony may signal a mechanism by which obesity predisposes to the development of heart failure.
In situ electrochemical investigations of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of nickel–metal hydride traction batteries

Abstract Although large ampere hour nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) traction batteries are in the stage of being commercialized for electric and hybrid vehicle applications, little is known about their performance characteristics. By using a standard Hg/HgO reference electrode in a commercial Ni–MH battery, we were able to conduct in situ measurements to determine both kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the system, including the characteristics of individual electrodes. Using the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), we simultaneously and effectively determined the open-circuit voltage of the battery, the equilibrium electrode potentials, and the diffusion coefficient of proton and hydrogen in the nickel and metal hydride electrode, respectively, as a function of the states of charge (SOC). Using the current-step excitation technique, we found that the internal resistance of the battery primarily comes from the metal hydride electrode, which is greater by one order of magnitude than that of the Ni electrode. The cyclic linear micro-polarization experiments, on the other hand, showed that the charge-transfer resistance of the electrochemical reaction at the metal hydride electrode is about twice larger than that of the Ni counterpart above 20% SOC. In comparison, the internal resistance is an order of magnitude smaller than those of the electrochemical charge-transfer reactions. The micro-polarization technique also allowed us to calculate the exchange current densities of the respective electrode electrochemical reactions and the associated specific exchange current densities. These in situ, simple but detailed, characterizations of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the Ni–MH system provided valuable information for better understanding of the battery performance.
Leiomyoma of tunica albuginea of testis.

Abstract Leiomyoma is an uncommon lesion which may originate anywhere within the genitourinary system where smooth muscle is present. The third case of leiomyoma of the testicular tunica albuginea is reported, and other reports of genitourinary leiomyomas are revetwed.
The decomposition F = FeFp, material symmetry, and plastic irrotationality for solids that are isotropic-viscoplastic or amorphous

Abstract This study develops a general framework for discussing both isotropic-viscoplastic materials and amorphous materials. The framework, which allows for large deformations, is based on the Kroner–Lee decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts, a system of microforces consistent with its own balance, and a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via the microforces, work performed during inelastic flow. The constitutive theory allows for dependences on the elastic and inelastic parts of the deformation gradient and on the inelastic stretch-rate, but dependences on the inelastic spin are not included. The constitutive equation for the microstress Tp conjugate to inelastic flow – suitably restricted by the second law – and the microforce balance are shown to be together equivalent to a flow rule that includes a back stress due to the variation in the free energy with inelastic deformation. The introduction of a concept of material microstability reduces this flow rule to one of classical Mises-type. In a theory based on the Kroner–Lee decomposition, there are two classes of symmetry transformations available: transformations of the reference configuration and transformations of the relaxed spaces. We discuss the notion of material symmetry for a general class of materials that includes, as special cases, isotropic-viscoplastic solids, and amorphous solids. Essential to this discussion of symmetry is a general constitutive relation for the microstress Tp. The symmetry-based framework allows us to show that for typical boundary-value problems involving isotropic, viscoplastic solids or amorphous solids, if a problem has a solution, then every time- and space-dependent rotation of the relaxed spaces also yields a solution, and it is possible to choose this rotation such that the transformed solution is inelastically spin-free: Wp ≡ 0. Thus, when discussing such materials, we may, without loss in generality, restrict attention to flow rules that are inelastically irrotational.
A plankton picker

Abstract An instrument to facilitate rapid and continous removal of microplankters from liquid samples is described.
Examination of Mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and PTEN in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma

Frequent somatic mutation of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), a downstream effector of the rat sarcoma oncogene (RAS) signaling pathway, is described in melanoma and other tumors. Our analysis of melanoma cell lines suggests that activating mutations in BRAF can occur simultaneously with inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), but neuroblastoma RAS (NRAS) mutations are not coincident. We determined the concurrent prevalence of mutations in BRAF and NRAS, and alteration of PTEN expression in 69 primary cutaneous melanomas. BRAF mutations were seen in 57% of cases. NRAS was mutated in 17% of samples, exclusively in exon 2. Two cases showed concurrent BRAF and NRAS mutations. Using immunohistochemistry, PTEN protein expression was lost or greatly reduced in 19% of tumors. Seven tumors with reduced PTEN yielded DNA amenable to sequencing, and three also showed mutation in BRAF but none in NRAS. In all, 11 (85%) of 13 tumors showing reduced PTEN expression were greater than 3.5 mm thick, and the association of increasing Breslow thickness and loss or reduction of PTEN expression was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Mutations in NRAS were not coincident with reduced PTEN expression, and the concurrent mutation of NRAS and BRAF was rare.
Adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase inhibition modulate spinal adenosine- and opioid agonist-induced antinociception in mice.

Endogenous purinergic systems mediating antinociception, and their interactions with opioids, were characterized following intrathecal (i.t.) administration of inhibitors of adenosine clearance in mice. 5'-Amino,5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-NH2dAdo), an inhibitor of adenosine kinase, induced significant antinociception after i.t. injection and enhanced antinociception induced by selected opioids (i.t.). Isobolographic analysis of antinociception following coadministration (i.t.) of 5'-NH2dAdo with opioids revealed additive interactions with mu-, and synergistic interactions with delta-, opioid receptor-selective agonists. Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase, deoxycoformycin and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3nonyl) adenine (EHNA), generally failed to induce antinociception when administered (i.t.) alone or to enhance opioid (i.t.)-induced antinociception, however, was significantly enhanced by either 5'-NH2dAdo or deoxycoformycin. These results confirm different physiologic roles for adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase in spinal purinergic systems. 5'-NH2dAdo interactions with opioid receptor-selective agonists demonstrate significant, but heterogeneous interactions between endogenous adenosine and opioid spinal systems mediating antinociception.
Active Control of Dynamic Supraparticle Structures in Microchannels

Paramagnetic particles in microchannels form dynamic and reversible self-assembled regularly spaced structures when exposed to an external magnetic field. The magnetically induced micron-scale patterns can be formed and reformed spontaneously, thus providing an alternative to traditional microfabrication techniques for pattern creation. Under the influence of a varying magnetic field, these structures could be rotated through all axes without loss of structural form allowing dynamic micron-scale movement without direct mechanical, electrical, or photonic interactions. The structures are not attached to the wall of the enclosure and are free to move without loss of form from both pressure-induced flow and electrokinetic effects. The dynamic supraparticle patterning can be used in an extensive variety of on-chip applications and for unique microfabrication techniques.
Movin' on through with Cdc2.

Proteins that control the cell cycle would seem to have little to do with cell migration. However, a recent report indicates that Cdc2, a key cyclin-dependent kinase, can also enhance cell migration. Levels of Cdc2 are upregulated in cells that express high levels of the αvβ3 integrin, a protein that has long been implicated in enhanced migration and invasion of tumour cells.
Specific Requirement for the p85-p110α Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase during Epidermal Growth Factor-stimulated Actin Nucleation in Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract We have studied the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in MTLn3 rat adenocarcinoma cells. Stimulation of MTLn3 cells withepidermal growth factor (EGF) induced a rapid increase in actin polymerization, with production of lamellipodia within 3 min. EGF-stimulated lamellipodia were blocked by 100 nm wortmannin, suggesting the involvement of a class Ia PI 3-kinase. MTLn3 cells contain equal amounts of p110α and p110β, and do not contain p110δ. Injection of specific inhibitory antibodies to p110α induced cell rounding and blocked EGF-stimulated lamellipod extension, whereas control or anti-p110β antibodies had no effect. In contrast, both antibodies inhibited EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. An in situ assay for actin nucleation showed that EGF-stimulated formation of new barbed ends was blocked by injection of anti-p110α antibodies. In summary, the p110α isoform of PI 3-kinase is specifically required for EGF-stimulated actin nucleation during lamellipod extension in breast cancer cells.
Reduction of Mutagen Formation in Cooked Nitrite-Free Bacon by Selected Cooking Treatments

A newly detected cooking-generated promutagenic fraction in nitrite-free bacon was evaluated to determine the heating conditions required for its formation. This apparent nonnitrosamine mutagenic activity was detected by the Ames mutagenicity assay when the product was heated by frying, baking, broiling, or high temperature autoclaving, but was not detected in microwave irradiated, steamed, or conventionally autoclaved samples. The ingestion of .the genotoxin(s) can be avoided by employing low temperature cooking methods or strictly controlling heating time. The toxicologic significance of exposures to this genotoxic fraction is unknown.
Multi-Core Embedded Wireless Sensor Networks: Architecture and Applications

Technological advancements in the silicon industry, as predicted by Moore's law, have enabled integration of billions of transistors on a single chip. To exploit this high transistor density for high performance, embedded systems are undergoing a transition from single-core to multi-core. Although a majority of embedded wireless sensor networks (EWSNs) consist of single-core embedded sensor nodes, multi-core embedded sensor nodes are envisioned to burgeon in selected application domains that require complex in-network processing of the sensed data. In this paper, we propose an architecture for heterogeneous hierarchical multi-core embedded wireless sensor networks (MCEWSNs) as well as an architecture for multi-core embedded sensor nodes used in MCEWSNs. We elaborate several compute-intensive tasks performed by sensor networks and application domains that would especially benefit from multi-core embedded sensor nodes. This paper also investigates the feasibility of two multi-core architectural paradigms—symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) and tiled many-core architectures (TMAs)—for MCEWSNs. We compare and analyze the performance of an SMP (an Intel-based SMP) and a TMA (Tilera's TILEPro64) based on a parallelized information fusion application for various performance metrics (e.g., runtime, speedup, efficiency, cost, and performance per watt). Results reveal that TMAs exploit data locality effectively and are more suitable for MCEWSN applications that require integer manipulation of sensor data, such as information fusion, and have little or no communication between the parallelized tasks. To demonstrate the practical relevance of MCEWSNs, this paper also discusses several state-of-the-art multi-core embedded sensor node prototypes developed in academia and industry. We further discuss research challenges and future research directions for MCEWSNs.
What does genomic medicine mean for diverse populations

The completion of the effort to sequence the human genome opened up a new era in human genomics. The new tools and technologies developed, as well as new models for collaboration, data sharing, and data release provided a good foundation for the international projects that attempted to characterize genomic variation in diverse populations. The first of these global efforts, the International HapMap Project (http://www.hapmap.org), generated a catalog of common genetic variation in eleven global populations reflecting different ancestries. The 1000 Genomes Project (http://www.1000genomes.org) greatly expanded the scope of known human variation by sequencing over 2500 individuals from 26 global populations. The data from these projects, as well as from other projects of more limited scope, yielded an unprecedented knowledge of the scope of human genetic variation, provided data on selective forces on the human genome and led to new research designs and technologies (e.g., genome-wide association studies [GWAS], whole exome capture/sequencing and whole genome sequencing) for finding disease loci. The ever-mounting volume of new discoveries of disease-associated loci is providing unprecedented insights into biology and suggesting paths to clinical translation, leading to the growing acknowledgment of the dawn of the era of genomic medicine (Muenke 2013).
Plasma sex-steroid binding protein in a seasonally breeding reptile, Alligator mississippiensis

The properties of a sex-steroid binding protein (SSBP) in the plasma of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, were partially characterized. Alligator SSBP has a sedimentation coefficient of 4S in a 5-20% sucrose gradient. It binds to estradiol-17 beta (E2) and testosterone (T) with limited capacities and moderate affinities (association constant for [3H]E2 is 4.70 +/- 0.09 X 10(8) M-1 and for [3H]T is 1.05 +/- 0.07 X 10(8) M-1, mean +/- SEM of six determinations). Plasma SSBP level, as measured by plasma [3H]E2 binding capacity, varies from 30 to 140 nmol per liter plasma (nM) and was found to be dependent on the gender, sexual maturity, and reproductive state of the animal. Distinct annual fluctuations in plasma SSBP level were observed in female alligators. In adult females, plasma SSBP levels were high (122 +/- 6 nM) in the fall during the nonbreeding season and low (30-60 nM) in spring and early summer during the breeding season. A minimum (33 +/- 6 nM) was reached in mid-June coinciding with the time of oviposition and rapid decline in circulating estrogen levels. This decline in adult female plasma SSBP levels during the breeding season was not observed in immature females. On the contrary, plasma SSBP levels in immature females increased from 81 +/- 14 nM in April to 134 +/- 9 nM in June. Plasma SSBP levels in male alligators showed little changes throughout the entire breeding season; they remained within the range of 80-100 nM from March to June. We believe that seasonal fluctuations in plasma SSBP levels constitute part of the mechanism involved in the regulation of free steroid delivered to target organs in female alligators and that such a mechanism does not exist in male animals.
The role of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the management of unresectable gross disease or gross residual disease after surgery in ependymoma.

Purpose/Objective To evaluate the efficacy and the toxicity of Gamma Knife (GK)-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of gross disease in ependymoma.
Agriculture and energy use in the year 2000: discussion of technological changes

A forecast of continued heavy dependence on energy by all sectors of the food industry concludes that energy users, who must believe an energy problem exists before they will take action, will not resist economic pressures to change consumption habits as much as they will resist the structural changes caused by new energy technologies. To allow for the long lead time for new development and to avoid major disruptions when economics justifies change, energy policies are needed to support research, development, demonstration, and incentive programs in alternative energy supplies. Biomass is suggested as an area in which research to improve photosynthetic efficiency could provide an economically feasible system of agriculture in the future.
Multivariate correlation and prediction of the synthesis of vanadium substituted mesoporous molecular sieves

Abstract Vanadium substituted mesoporous molecular sieves (V-MCM-41) were prepared following a synthesis procedure developed in our laboratory [J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 8437]. N 2 adsorption and X-ray diffraction experimental results show that our samples have a highly ordered hexagonal structure and fairly good stability. X-ray absorption and UV–vis spectra provide strong evidence that most vanadium ions are incorporated into the framework of siliceous MCM-41. The most important variable properties are the structural order, pore diameter, and vanadium loading which can be controlled easily by changing synthesis variables in such a way that collapse of the V-MCM-41 structure does not occur. A more quantitative model was built to correlate the structure, pore size, and vanadium content with the main synthesis variables and their cross terms. Modeling results show that our models are reasonably good at predicting the structure and pore diameter, it also can predict vanadium loading content well with longer alkyl chain length.
On the mechanism of deoxygenation of secondary alcohols by tin hydride reduction of methyl xanthates and other thiocarbonyl derivatives

Abstract The room temperature deoxygenation of xanthates and thionocarbonates using ( n -Bu) 3 Sn-H — Et 3 B — air has been studied, especially with 119 Sn N.M.R. spectroscopy. The original conception of tin radical attack on thiocarbonyl is confirmed.
Maternal environmental effects on fitness, fruit morphology and ballistic seed dispersal distance in an annual forb

Summary 1. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity enables plant lineages to match trait expression to contemporary environmental conditions, while maternal environmental effects arise in response to environmental factors encountered in the previous generation. Maternal effects on seed dispersal distance in spatially structured habitats could determine the level of microenvironmental variation encountered by a lineage across generations. 2. We conducted a greenhouse experiment that spanned three generations to assess the relationship between variation in maternal phenotype and seed dispersal distance, maternal environmental effects on fitness in response to variation in nutrient availability across generations, fruit morphology, and seed dispersal distance in populations of an invasive annual forb Erodium cicutarium growing on serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Macro- and micronutrient availability is lower on serpentine soils than surrounding non-serpentine soils and result in a significant source of stress for plants growing on serpentine soils. 3. The combined effects of maternal and offspring environment on the fitness of E. cicutarium were substantial. We demonstrated a positive relationship between fruit length and ballistic dispersal distance, and found no evidence for a trade-off between fruit length and seed number in either high- or low-nutrient environments. The maternal environment had a significant effect on the mean ballistic seed dispersal distance such that lineages exposed to consistent nutrient availability across generations disperse their seeds significantly farther than lineages exposed to environmental heterogeneity. Although lineages exposed to different environments across generations on average dispersed their seeds shorter distances, there was a marginally non-significant trend for greater variance in dispersal distance in response to environmental heterogeneity than lineages exposed to consistent environments across generations. On average, lineages from non-serpentine source populations had significantly greater variance in dispersal distance than serpentine lineages. 4. This pattern of maternal effects on mean seed dispersal distance, and the observed trend for maternal effects on the breadth of the dispersal kernel, could be adaptive in the mosaic serpentine soil landscape where E. cicutarium was collected. However, field experiments are needed to rigorously demonstrate the fitness consequences of maternal environmental effects on seed dispersal.
Genetic Identification of Spinal Interneurons that Coordinate Left-Right Locomotor Activity Necessary for Walking Movements

The sequential stepping of left and right limbs is a fundamental motor behavior that underlies walking movements. This relatively simple locomotor behavior is generated by the rhythmic activity of motor neurons under the control of spinal neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs) that comprise multiple interneuron cell types. Little, however, is known about the identity and contribution of defined interneuronal populations to mammalian locomotor behaviors. We show a discrete subset of commissural spinal interneurons, whose fate is controlled by the activity of the homeobox gene Dbx1, has a critical role in controlling the left-right alternation of motor neurons innervating hindlimb muscles. Dbx1 mutant mice lacking these ventral interneurons exhibit an increased incidence of cobursting between left and right flexor/extensor motor neurons during drug-induced locomotion. Together, these findings identify Dbx1-dependent interneurons as key components of the spinal locomotor circuits that control stepping movements in mammals.
Skeletal graphs for efficient structure from motion

We address the problem of efficient structure from motion for large, unordered, highly redundant, and irregularly sampled photo collections, such as those found on Internet photo-sharing sites. Our approach computes a small skeletal subset of images, reconstructs the skeletal set, and adds the remaining images using pose estimation. Our technique drastically reduces the number of parameters that are considered, resulting in dramatic speedups, while provably approximating the covariance of the full set of parameters. To compute a skeletal image set, we first estimate the accuracy of two-frame reconstructions between pairs of overlapping images, then use a graph algorithm to select a subset of images that, when reconstructed, approximates the accuracy of the full set. A final bundle adjustment can then optionally be used to restore any loss of accuracy.
Binary trait mapping in experimental crosses with selective genotyping.

Selective genotyping is an efficient strategy for mapping quantitative trait loci. For binary traits, where there are only two distinct phenotypic values (e.g., affected/unaffected or present/absent), one may consider selective genotyping of affected individuals, while genotyping none or only some of the unaffecteds. If selective genotyping of this sort is employed, the usual method for binary trait mapping, which considers phenotypes conditional on genotypes, cannot be used. We present an alternative approach, instead considering genotypes conditional on phenotypes, and compare this to the more standard method of analysis, both analytically and by example. For studies of rare binary phenotypes, we recommend performing an initial genome scan with all affected individuals and an equal number of unaffecteds, followed by genotyping the full cross in genomic regions of interest to confirm results from the initial screen.
Spontaneous regression of crizotinib-associated complex renal cysts during continuous crizotinib treatment.

This study describes the development and regression of crizotinib-associated complex renal cysts (CACRCs) in a female patient with ALK-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer with an ongoing complete response while on continuous crizotinib treatment. The clinical context of crizotinib use requires frequent imaging studies; therefore observation is probably the best approach to CACRC management in asymptomatic patients. The natural history of CACRCs remains unknown, and large-scale longitudinal follow-up studies of these cysts are eagerly awaited.
Soft X-Ray Spectra of Molecules

The basic starting point for our discussion is to be the Spin-Polarized-Hartree-Fock method [1] (SPHF). In this model, the electronic wavefunction is assumed to be a single Slater determinant of one-particle wavefunctions. The Hamiltonian of the system is given to be $$ {\rm H} = - \sum\limits_i {\nabla _i^2} - \sum\limits_{i,I} {\frac{{2{z_I}}}{{|{r_i} - {R_I}|}}} + \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{i,j} {\frac{2}{{|{r_i} - {r_j}|}}} + \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{I,J} {\frac{{2{Z_I}{Z_J}}}{{|{R_I} - {R_J}|}}} $$ (1) In obtaining this Hamiltonian, one must make one of two approximations. Either one must separate out the nuclear motion by the Born-Oppenheimer approximation or one must assume the nuclei to be infinitely heavy [2]. The corrections to the theory due to the kinetic energy of the nuclei are beyond the scope of the pre-sent lecture. In equation (1), an atomic system of units is used. Here e = \(\sqrt 2 \), ħ = 1, m e = 0.5 and the unit of energy is the Rydberg (1 Ry ≈ 13.6 eV), the unit of the length is the atomic unit (1 a.u. = 1 bohr radius ≈ 0.53 A). The upper case letters refer to nuclear coordinates and properties, while the lower case letters refer to electronic coordinates and properties.
Uncertainty quantification for evaluating impacts of caprock and reservoir properties on pressure buildup and ground surface displacement during geological CO2 sequestration

A series of numerical test cases refl ecting broad and realistic ranges of geological formation properties was developed to systematically evaluate and compare the impacts of those properties on pressure build-up and ground surface displacement and therefore risks of induced seismicity during CO2 injection. A coupled hydro-geomechanical subsurface transport simulator, STOMP (Subsurface Transport over Multiple Phases), was adopted to simulate the migration of injected CO2 and geome- chanical behaviors of the surrounding geological formations. A quasi-Monte Carlo sampling method was applied to effi ciently sample a high-dimensional parameter space consisting of injection rate and 12 other parameters describing hydrogeological properties of subsurface formations, including poros- ity, permeability, entry pressure, pore-size index, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio for both reser- voir and caprock. Generalized cross-validation and analysis of variance methods were used to quanti- tatively measure the signifi cance of the 13 input parameters. For the investigated two-dimensional cases, reservoir porosity, permeability, and injection rate were found to be among the most signifi cant factors affecting the geomechanical responses to the CO2 injection, such as injection pressure and ground surface uplift. We used a quadrature generalized linear model to build a reduced-order model that can estimate the geomechanical response instantly instead of running computationally expensive numerical simulations. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Influences of IGF-I gene disruption on the cellular profile of the diaphragm

The impact of a targeted disruption of the Igf1 gene, encoding the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), on diaphragm (DIA) cellularity was studied in 2-mo-old homozygous mutant [IGF-I(−/−)] mice a...
Comparison of Bactericidal Activities of Intermittent and Continuous Infusion Dosing of Vancomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis

Study Objective. To describe the pharmacokinetic profiles of vancomycin administered by continuous infusion and intermittent dosing and compare the duration of activity of the regimens. Design. Randomized, open-label, crossover study. Setting. Clinical research center at an academic medical center. Subjects. Twelve healthy, nonpregnant volunteers age 27.6 ± 2.3 years. Intervention. Subjects received the following intravenous vancomycin regimens: 1 g every 12 hours; 2 g continuous infusion over 24 hours; and 1 g continuous infusion over 24 hours. Dosages were administered with and without gentamicin 2 mg/kg. Measurements and Main Results. Serum samples were collected, drug concentrations determined, and bactericidal activity measured against two isolates each of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Subjects had poor tolerability for continuous infusions. Trough concentration for the intermittent regimen was 5.5 ± 1.9 mg/ml, and steady-state concentrations were 8.8 ± 1.6 and 16.9 ± 1.9 mg/ml for 1 and 2 g continuous infusions, respectively. In general, all regimens provided bactericidal activity throughout the study interval. Against one isolate of E. faecalis, 2 g continuous infusion plus gentamicin provided cidal activity for a significantly greater percentage of the dosing interval (p<0.001). Conclusion. Continuous infusion does not greatly improve the activity of vancomycin and should not be routinely administered. However, it may prove useful against isolates with reduced susceptibility to the agent.
Key Exchange Using Random Signals and Feedback—Statistical Analysis

Randomness plays an important role in secure communications. Instead of high SNR, the goal is to make signal small and fluctuations large. Statistical analysis is performed to determine signals and fluctuations in a recently proposed key exchange protocol. Ensemble averages and probability density functions are obtained. The dependence of signal on transit time is determined. Factors contributing to fluctuations are identified. Results may lead to the optimization of the protocol.
A Theoretical Analysis: Physical Unclonable Functions and the Software Protection Problem

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) or Physical One Way Functions (P-OWFs) are physical systems whose responses to input stimuli are easy to measure but hard to clone. The unclonability property is due to the accepted hardness of replicating the multitude of uncontrollable manufacturing characteristics and makes PUFs useful in solving problems such as device authentication, software protection and licensing, and certified execution. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of PUFs for software protection in hostile offline settings. We show that traditional non-computational (black-box) PUFs cannot solve the software protection problem in this context. We provide two real-world adversary models (weak and strong variants) and security definitions for each. We propose schemes secure against the weak adversary and show that no scheme is secure against a strong adversary without the use of trusted hardware. Finally, we present a protection scheme secure against strong adversaries based on trusted hardware.
Analysing security risks in computer and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) networks using attack and protection trees

The commercial use of the internet has grown to a point where much of the world's economy is reliant on its ability to securely provide connectivity for most businesses and government agencies. Additionally the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies has permeated many aspects of our daily lives where accountability and access are involved. In recent years, attack trees have been developed to describe processes by which malicious users attempt to exploit or break computer software AND/OR networks. Attack trees are a way of decomposing, visualising, and determining the cost or likeliness of attacks. Attack trees by themselves do not offer enough analysis capability to determine which protections to implement and where to place them in the system to mitigate the vulnerabilities found. We propose the use of protection trees to offer a detailed risk analysis in the protection of a system. To illustrate their use, attack and protection trees are developed and analysed.
Toward Parallel Document Clustering

A key challenge to automated clustering of documents in large text corpora is the high cost of comparing documents in a multi-million dimensional document space. The Anchors Hierarchy is a fast data structure and algorithm for localizing data based on a triangle inequality obeying distance metric, the algorithm strives to minimize the number of distance calculations needed to cluster the documents into "anchors'' around reference documents called "pivots''. We extend the original algorithm to increase the amount of available parallelism and consider two implementations: a complex data structure which affords efficient searching, and a simple data structure which requires repeated sorting. The sorting implementation is integrated with a text corpora "Bag of Words'' program and initial performance results of end-to-end document processing workflow are reported.
Quantitation of GD2 Synthase mRNA by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: Clinical Utility in Evaluating Adjuvant Therapy in Neuroblastoma

Purpose: Minimal residual disease (MRD) is one of the final hurdles to cancer cure. Because therapy (myeloablation, immunotherapy, or differentiation) for MRD is applied at the time of clinical remission, objective surrogate markers are needed to gauge treatment efficacy. Patients and Methods: Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of GD2 synthase (β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.92) mRNA, we evaluated MRD response to anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody 3F8 adjuvant therapy, namely, one cycle of radioimmunotherapy using iodine-131 (131I)-3F8 plus one cycle of unlabeled 3F8 in 45 stage 4 neuroblastoma patients (newly diagnosed or without prior relapse) on the N7 protocol at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The prognostic effect of MRD in their bone marrows before and after this phase of adjuvant therapy on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was also analyzed. Results: Before 3F8 treatment, 24 of 45 patients were in complete remiss...
Developing A Community Of Practice Through Learning Climate, Leader Support, And Leader Interaction

The Communities of Practice (CoP) concept and the knowledge management literature both provide useful frameworks for conceptualizing how an individual’s performance in the classroom (e.g., earning a grade) or in an organization (e.g., solving a client’s problem) can be supported by a collection of other individuals performing similar tasks and pursuing similar goals. When individuals in a CoP report high levels of meaning, involvement, identification, and belongingness to the community (Wenger, 1998) the individuals act “as resources to each other exchanging information, making sense of situations, sharing new tricks and new ideas, as well as keeping each other company and spicing up each other’s working days” (Wenger, 1998, p. 47). In this paper, we report the results of a study that identifies three factors (learning climate, leader support and leader interaction) that impact the development of a CoP. Specifically, among a sample of 94 undergraduate business students in two cohort groups participating in a year-long program, we found that meaning and involvement were related to leader interaction in a positive manner, identification was related to leader support and CoP climate in a positive manner, and belongingness was related to leader support and leader interaction in a positive manner. Implications are presented for practitioners and educators who wish to facilitate the development of a Community of Practice.
Evidence for immunologic injury to leukocytes exposed to ionizing radiation

Abstract One component of injury from ionizing radiation may be the formation of new cellular antigens which are in turn immunologically rejected by the host. The following evidence seems consistent with this concept. Albino rats were immunized with bone marrow from either irradiated or nonirradiated isologous donors. When subsequently challenged with radioactive phosphorus, the irradiated-marrow recipients developed significantly more severe granulocytopenia than those immunized with normal marrow cells. These observations closely parallel more extensive ones obtained previously with radiomimetic alkylating agents. If the antigenic changes reflect modifications of DNA, then a possible mechanism for some of the cumulative and lasting effects of injury from ionizing radiation is suggested.
Game Development and Social Science

This short article discusses ways that game development and social science can help each other. Games are increasingly social; even single-player titles spawn communities of interest. These communities cannot be ignored and, like all other human communities, they spawn emergent markets and politics that are tough to manage. While these are design problems, they directly replicate policy issues that social scientists have studied for centuries. At the same time, the academic community ought to start taking advantage of the amazing power of games as research tools. Social scientists and game designers have much to gain, and while they are professionally distant now, they should start working together more often.
Chesapeake Bay Program – A Watershed Approach to Management

The Chesapeake Bay Program is a unique regional partnership that directs and conducts conservation actions in the Chesapeake Bay watershed directed at sustainable use and development. It brings together local, state, and federal governments; non-profit organizations; watershed residents; and the region’s leading academic institutions in a partnership effort for protection, restoration, and application of sustainable management of the Bay. Those involved in the Chesapeake Bay Program have committed to a partnership directed at reducing pollution, restoring habitat, and sustainably management principles. This paper presents the history of this partnership and a description of its organization, identification of sustainable management principles and the Bay Program goals, an assessment of the health of the Bay, and status report on the progress toward sustainable management.
Unrecognized trauma in infants and children.

A group of cases of traumatically induced bone lesions is presented. In none of these patients was there any history of trauma obtainable at the time of admission. Subsequent studies were felt to confirm the fact that these cases were all due to trauma. This subject was reviewed and the following points are felt to be particularly significant. The diagnosis of traumatic injury to young bones should be made with a relative degree of certainty on the initial roentgenographic examination and confirmed by survey films of the long bones. The recognition of trauma induced by adults or older siblings will save considerable time and effort in an attempt to arrive at a diagnosis. The early recognition of the condition may be lifesaving, for removal of the child, if at all possible, from the environment in which these injuries occur should result in complete cure. Close cooperation with enlightened juvenile authorities can be invaluable.