cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the central ascending neurotransmitter systems in the psychostimulant effects of caffeine

Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world. It is a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist that in the brain targets mainly adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. The same as classical psychostimulants, caffeine produces motor-activating, reinforcing and arousing effects. This depends on the ability of caffeine to counteract multiple effects of adenosine in the central ascending neurotransmitter systems. Motor and reinforcing effects depend on the ability of caffeine to release pre- and postsynaptic brakes that adenosine imposes on the ascending dopaminergic system. By targeting A1-A2A receptor heteromers in striatal glutamatergic terminals and A1 receptors in striatal dopaminergic terminals (presynaptic brake), caffeine induces glutamate-dependent and glutamate-independent release of dopamine. These presynaptic effects of caffeine are potentiated by the release of the postsynaptic brake imposed by antagonistic interactions in the striatal A2A-D2 and A1-D1 receptor heteromers. Arousing effects of caffeine depend on the blockade of multiple inhibitory mechanisms that adenosine, as an endogenous sleep-promoting substance, exerts on the multiply interconnected ascending arousal systems. Those mechanisms include a direct A1-receptor mediated modulation of the corticopetal basal forebrain system and an indirect A2A-receptor mediated modulation of the hypothalamic histaminergic and orexinergic systems.
Circumstances and mechanisms of inhibition of translation by secondary structure in eucaryotic mRNAs.

This paper describes in vitro experiments with two types of intramolecular duplex structures that inhibit translation in cis by preventing the formation of an initiation complex or by causing the complex to be abortive. One stem-loop structure (delta G = -30 kcal/mol) prevented mRNA from engaging 40S subunits when the hairpin occurred 12 nucleotides (nt) from the cap but had no deleterious effect when it was repositioned 52 nt from the cap. This result confirms prior in vivo evidence that the 40S subunit-factor complex, once bound to mRNA, has considerable ability to penetrate secondary structure. Consequently, translation is most sensitive to secondary structure at the entry site for ribosomes, i.e., the 5' end of the mRNA. The second stem-loop structure (hp7; delta G = -61 kcal/mol, located 72 nt from the cap) was too stable to be unwound by 40S ribosomes, hp7 did not prevent a 40S ribosomal subunit from binding but caused the 40S subunit to stall on the 5' side of the hairpin, exactly as the scanning model predicts. Control experiments revealed that 80S elongating ribosomes could disrupt duplex structures, such as hp7, that were too stable to be penetrated by the scanning 40S ribosome-factor complex. A third type of base-paired structure shown to inhibit translation in vivo involves a long-range interaction between the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences.
Emergency, acute, and surgical management of spine trauma.

Abstract Objectives: To assess trends in emergency, acute, and surgical management of spinal cord injury (SCI), and evaluate the relations between surgery and the occurrence of specific complications. Setting: Model SCI Care Systems. Design: Case series. Participants: Consecutive samples of 3,756 acute spinal injuries admitted to the Midwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury Care System between 1990 and 1999, 2,204 individuals admitted to a Model SCI System within 24 hours of injury before 1995, and 941 individuals who were injured between December 1995 and August 1998 and were admitted to a Model System within 24 hours of injury. Main Outcome Measures: Frequencies of injury types, nonoperative treatment and types of spine surgeries, and time sequence associated complications including postoperative wound infections, pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia or atelectasis. Results: Eighty-eight percent of cases entering a Model System through acute care were admitted within 72 hours of injury, 85% were admitted within 24 hours. Comparing 1990 with 1998, the number of persons admitted to Model Systems within 72 hours of injury declined 11%. Operative treatment within the Model Systems increased 5% ( p Conclusions: The reduction in 72-hour admissions suggests an increasing percentage of admissions are directly to rehabilitation at a Model System after receiving acute care elsewhere. The increase in the use of surgical procedures involving surgical decompression of the spine is probably due to advances in surgical technology and increased experience and confidence in spine surgery. Surgery does not influence complication development beyond the usual expectations for those who sustain SCI.
Quaternary alkalinity fluctuations recorded in rock varnish microlaminations on western U.S.A. volcanics

Abstract Rock varnish contains an alternating micron-scale layering of manganese-rich and manganese-poor microchemical laminations. Holocene varnishes have lower Mn:Fe ratios when exposed to alkaline environments and higher Mn:Fe ratios when exposed to less-alkaline environments. This is consistent with abiotic and biotic mechanisms of varnish formation, as alkalinity inhibits the concentration of manganese in both models. Mn:Fe variations with depth in varnishes in the western U.S. are interpreted as fluctuations in alkalinity or local microenvironmental influences. If enough varnishes are sampled from different rocks in a region, local effects can be ruled out. KAr dating of volcanics in the Coso, Cima, Lunar Crater and Crater Flat volcanic fields in the western Basin and Range provide numerical age control throughout the Quaternary, and allow the number of alkalinity fluctuations to be assessed for given periods of time. Alkalinity fluctuations in varnishes are likely tied to fluctuations in the abundance of alkaline aerosols, which are in turn related to fluctuations in the cover of water over playas and the cover of vegetation over soils. Microchemical laminations in varnish, therefore, have the potential to serve as an indicator of environmental fluctuations for the entire Quaternary.
Black children experience worse clinical and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury: an analysis of the National Pediatric Trauma Registry.

BACKGROUND:: Recent studies suggest racial disparities in the treatment and outcomes of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aims to identify race-based clinical and functional outcome differences among pediatric TBI patients in a national database. METHODS:: A total of 41,122 patients (ages 2-16 years) who were included in the National Pediatric Trauma Registry (from 1996-2001) were studied. TBI was categorized by Relative Head Injury Severity Score (RHISS) and patients with moderate to severe TBI were included. Individual race groups were compared with white as the majority group. Differences between races in functional outcomes at discharge in three domains-speech, locomotion, and feeding-were determined using multiple logistic regression. Cases were adjusted for age, sex, severity of head injury (using RHISS), severity of injury (using New Injury Severity Score and Pediatric Trauma Score), premorbidities, mechanism, and injury intent. RESULTS:: A total of 7,778 children had moderate or severe TBI with or without associated injuries. All races had similar demographics. Hispanics (n = 1,041) had outcomes comparable to whites (n = 4,762). Black children (n = 1,238) had significantly increased premorbidities, penetrating trauma, and violent intent. They also had higher unadjusted mortality and longer mean intensive care unit and floor stays. After adjustment, there was no difference in the odds of death between black and white children. However, black patients were more likely to be discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility and had increased odds of possessing a functional deficit at discharge for all three domains studied. CONCLUSION:: Black children with traumatic brain injury have worse clinical and functional outcomes at discharge when compared with equivalently injured white children. Language: en
Multibeam scintillation cumulative distribution function

The gamma–gamma probability density function is commonly used to model the scintillation of a single laser beam propagating through atmospheric turbulence. One method proposed to reduce scintillation at the receiver plane involves the use of multiple channels propagating through independent paths, resulting in a sum of independent gamma–gamma random variables. Recently, a novel approach for an accurate, closed-form approximation for the sum of independent, identically distributed gamma–gamma random variables was introduced by Chatzidiamantis et al. [GLOBECOM 2009—2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (2009)]. Using this approximation, we present the first analytic model for the distribution of irradiance due to propagating multiple independent beams. This model compares favorably to wave-optics simulations.
The effect of plastic strain and temperature on microcrack propagation in iron-3% silicon

Abstract Microcracks, one grain diameter (0.10 mm) in length were produced in polycrystalline specimens of iron-3% silicon by cathodic charging with hydrogen. Following degassing at 200°C, the specimens were prestrained various amounts ep at temperatures Tp between 240 and 700°K and were then fractured at temperatures Tf between 77 and 200°K. The fracture stress was found to vary with combinations of ep, Tp and TF. Metallographie studies indicated that dislocations spread from the tips of these cracks at stresses below the macroscopic yield stress, and the distance these dislocations spread was found to agree favorably with recent theoretical predictions. Those results could best be interpreted by a model which predicts that a stopped crack does not reinitiate directly in a brittle manner, but must first advance by microcleavage until a dynamic situation is achieved in which the Griffith criterion is satisfied. Macroscopic plastic deformation produces both microcleavage and blunting of the original crack and the stress concentration factor at its tip can be increased or decreased depending on the amount of plastic strain and the temperature at which it is introduced.
175 Identification of Actionable Items for Systems Improvement Through Patient Safety Executive Walkrounds in a Pediatric Hospital (USA)

Background: This institution is participating in a multi-center quality improvement initiative, Executive Walkrounds (EW), designed to provide hospital staff with a forum to communicate safety concerns to leadership. We developed a method to transform these concerns into actions and facilitate follow-up.
The Tell-Tale Look: Viewing Time, Preferences, and Prices

Even the simplest choices can prompt decision-makers to balance their preferences against other, more pragmatic considerations like price. Thus, discerning people’s preferences from their decisions creates theoretical, empirical, and practical challenges. The current paper addresses these challenges by highlighting some specific circumstances in which the amount of time that people spend examining potential purchase items (i.e., viewing time) can in fact reveal their preferences. Our model builds from the gazing literature, in a purchasing context, to propose that the informational value of viewing time depends on prices. Consistent with the model’s predictions, four studies show that when prices are absent or moderate, viewing time provides a signal that is consistent with a person’s preferences and purchase intentions. When prices are extreme or consistent with a person’s preferences, however, viewing time is a less reliable predictor of either. Thus, our model highlights a price-contingent “viewing bias,” shedding theoretical, empirical, and practical light on the psychology of preferences and visual attention, and identifying a readily observable signal of preference.
The effects of 17β-estradiol on the rate of synthesis of RNA in the uterus

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of 17β-estradiol on the in vivo rate of RNA synthesis in the uterus of the ovariectomized mouse have been determined. Rates of synthesis were calculated from measurements of the incorporation of radioactivity into uridine and cytidine 5′-nucleotide pools, and into RNA-incorporated UMP and CMP, at several intervals after intravenous administration of [5-3H]cytidine and [2-14C]uridine. 2. 2. The rates obtained were unexpectedly high, for both control and 17β-estradiol stimulated uteri. The mean rate was 1.45 nmoles UMP incorporated into RNA/min per uterus (4.00 pmoles UMP/min per μg uterine RNA) in control mice, and, at 4 h after 17β-estradiol administration, was increased by about 75 % to 2.56 nmoles UMP/min per uterus. A very similar percentage increase was obtained when rates of RNA synthesis were calculated as nmoles CMP incorporated into RNA/min per uterus, but the rates in both types of uteri were somewhat lower. The rate of RNA synthesis in the uterus at 2 h after 17β-estradiol administration was about the same as that at 4 h, but at 10 h was further increased. 3. 3. These results suggest that most of the RNA being synthesized in both the control and 17β-estradiol-stimulated uterus has a very short half-life, and evidently is not ribosomal precursor RNA.
Finite-rate mixing effects in reburning

Application of natural gas reburning for NO x control involves the injection of fuel jets into the furnace cavity. In the region near the jets both mixing and reaction occur simultaneously, leading to the observation that finite-rate turbulent mixing strongly influences chemical NO x reduction. In this paper, the effect of finite-rate mixing on reburn performance is investigated using a simplified integral model of a turbulent, reacting jet (based on the Two-Stage Lagrangian model of Broadwell and Lutz). Various sets of mixing-influenced reburning data from Kolb et al. are modeled and compared with plug flow reactor (PFR) calculations. Although the mixing times are relatively fast in these experiments, results show that the effect of finite-rate mixing is to significantly improve reburning performance as compared with the reburning efficiency obtained from the perfectly mixed limit (PFR simulations). In all cases considered, the predictions of the finite-rate mixing model are in better agreement with the data than the infinitely fast mixing (PFR) model. This implies that finite-rate mixing plays an important, positive role in reburning performance. The cause of the improved reburning performance in the finite-rate mixing environment is described using reaction-rate analysis.
From one to another: group consultation for group psychotherapy

Supervisees and consultees may take their groups and the feelings associated with them to another group for clinical advice. Crucial to the practice of consultation is the perplexing question of how material is carried from one group to another. This paper presents a model, with illustrative vignettes, of a consultative sequence that relies on the conveyance of subjective as well as objective data. As the presenter tells about his or her therapy group, the members of the consultant or supervisory group experience reactions that mirror, parallel, or identify with dynamic processes that originated in the first place. In response to the creative interaction between presenter, presented, and receivers, the consultation group can arrive at formulations that provide the consultee with new understandings and action plans. This protocol can be used for single-session consultations or adapted for ongoing group supervision.
Reverse osmosis separations of polyethylene glycols in dilute aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes

Reverse osmosis separations of eight polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutes in the average molecular weight range of 200 to 6750 in single-solute dilute aqueous solutions have been studied using porous cellulose acetate membranes at the operating pressures of 50, 75, and 100 psig. Diffusivity data for the above PEG solutes have also been obtained from experimental data on intrinsic viscosities. From an analysis of all experimental data, numerical values for the parameters representing the polar (−ΔΔG/RT), steric (δ*ΣEs), and nonpolar (ω*Σs*) forces governing reverse osmosis separations of PEG solutes have been generated. These numerical values are useful for precise characterization of cellulose acetate membranes for whose specifications sodium chloride is not the appropriate reference solute because of its low or practically negligible separation under reverse osmosis operating conditions. This work also illustrates that solute separation in reverse osmosis can predictably increase or decrease with increase in operating pressure depending on experimental conditions.
Mutational analyses of dinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellites in Escherichia coli: influence of sequence on expansion mutagenesis

Mutagenesis at [GT/CA]10, [TC/AG]11 and [TTCC/AAGG]9 microsatellite sequences inserted in the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene was analyzed in isogenic mutL+ and mutL– Escherichia coli. In both strains, significantly more expansion than deletion mutations were observed at the [TTCC/AAGG]9 motif relative to either dinucleo­tide motif. As the HSV-tk coding sequence contains an endogenous [G/C]7 mononucleotide repeat and ~1000 bp of unique sequence, we were able to compare mutagenesis among various sequence motifs. We observed that the relative risk of mutation in E.coli is: [TTCC/AAGG]9 > [GT/CA]10 ~ [TC/AG]11 > unique ~ [G/C]7. The mutation frequency varied 1400-fold in mutL+ cells between the tetranucleotide motif and the mononucleotide motif, but only 50-fold in mutL– cells. The [G/C]7 sequence was destabilized the greatest and the tetranucleotide motif the least by loss of mismatch repair. These results demonstrate that the quantitative risk of mutation at various microsatellites greatly depends on the DNA sequence composition. We suggest alternative models for the production of expansion mutations during lagging strand replication of the [TTCC/AAGG]9 microsatellite.
Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses.

Summary Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is characterised by blood in the airways after strenuous exercise and results from stress failure of the pulmonary capillaries. The purpose of this experiment was to establish a threshold value of transmural pulmonary arterial pressure at which haemorrhage occurs in the exercising horse. Five geldings, age 4–14 years, were run in random order once every 2 weeks at 1 of 4 speeds (9, 11, 13, 15 m/s); one day with no run was used as a control. Heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure and oesophageal pressure were recorded for the duration of the run. Transmural pulmonary arterial pressure was estimated by electronic subtraction of the oesophageal pressure from the intravascular pulmonary arterial pressure. Within 1 h of the run, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and the red and white blood cells in the fluld were quantified. Red cell counts in the lavage fluid from horses running at 9, 11 and 13 m/s were not significantly different from the control value, but after runs at 15 m/s, red cell counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher. White cell counts were not different from control values at any speed. Analysis of red cell count vs. transmural pulmonary arterial pressure indicated that haemorrhage occurs at approximately 95 mmHg. Red cell lysis in the lavage fluid was also apparent at transmural pulmonary arterial pressures above 90 mmHg. We conclude that, in the exercising horse, a pulmonary arterial pressure threshold exists above which haemorrhage occurs, and that pressure is often exceeded during high speed sprint exercise.
Nonenzymatic acetolactate oxidation to diacetyl by flavin, nicotinamide and quinone coenzymes.

Acetolactate nonenzymatically reduced flavins, quinones and nicotinamide coenzymes in a time-dependent manner at physiological pH and moderate temperature. In the presence of excess acetolactate, the reduction of FAD and NAD+ followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate of reduction was proportional to the concentration of acetolactate, and the rate constants at 37°C and pH 7.5 were 4.8 · 10−2 M−1 s−1 and 7.4 · 10−3 M−1 s−1 for FAD and NAD+, respectively. In contrast, ubiquinone reduction followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics in the presence of excess acetolactate. At 37°C and pH 7.5, the rate of reduction was proportional to the acetolactate concentration, and the apparent rate constant was 8.3 · 10−6 s−1. In contrast to FAD, the rate of reduction of ubiquinone was higher at low pH. The kinetics of ubiquinone reduction suggested that the rate-limiting step was acetolactate decarboxylation and formation of the enolate anion, whereas the rate of FAD reduction was governed by the second-order reaction of the enolate anion. Following the oxidation, acetolactate was converted to diacetyl. Reduced FAD formed by the reaction with acetolactate generated a low rate of O2 consumption during assays of the oxygenase activity of acetohydroxy acid synthase. The reaction of acetolactate with quinones may provide a mechanism for the nonenzymatic formation diacetyl in whole milk.
Comparison of biofragmentable anastomosis ring and sutured anastomoses for subtotal colectomy in cats with idiopathic megacolon

Objective— To report use of a biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR) device in cats with idiopathic megacolon (FIM) and compare outcome after subtotal colectomy with sutured colocolic anastomosis. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Nineteen cats with megacolon. Methods— Medical records (January 1990–January 2004) of cats treated surgically for idiopathic megacolon with sutured (SUT) or BAR anastomosis were retrieved and reviewed. Operative, short- and long-term complications, and survival times were recorded and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis used to assess outcome. Results— There were 11 SUT and 8 BAR cats. One BAR cat had anastomotic dehiscence 36 hours after surgery. Mild serosal tearing during BAR insertion in 6 cats was corrected by suture reinforcement. One SUT cat developed anastomotic stricture at 32 days. Short-term complication rates at 3 and 7 days were 18% and 45% in the SUT group and 25% and 87.5% in the BAR group, respectively (P=.058). Two SUT cats had persistent loose stool consistency and were euthanatized 254 and 1661 days after surgery. One BAR cat had recurrence of constipation which was managed medically. Long-term complication rates were not significantly different between SUT and BAR (P=.61). The 1 and 4-year survival rates were 90% for SUT and 100% for BAR (P=.29). Conclusions— No difference was detected for short and long-term complication rates and survival times between SUT and BAR groups. Clinical Relevance— The BAR device can be used for colocolic anastomosis in cats with idiopathic megacolon. Serosal tearing during BAR insertion was a common intraoperative complication. Regardless of anastomotic technique, survival outcome after colonic resection is excellent for cats with FIM.
Disparities in diabetes self-management and quality of care in rural versus urban veterans☆ , ☆☆

Abstract Background There are distinct geographic differences in diabetes-related morbidity and mortality; however, data regarding self-management and clinical outcomes are limited. This study examined diabetes care among veterans residing in rural versus urban areas. Methods A national data set was analyzed based on 10,570 veterans with type 2 diabetes. Residence was determined according to US census-based metropolitan statistical area. Primary outcomes were self-management behaviors (lifestyle and self-monitoring) and quality of care indicators (provider visits, laboratory monitoring and preventive measures). Multivariate analyses were done using STATA v10 to assess the independent effect of veteran residence on each outcome measure and to account for the complex survey design. Results Among veterans with diabetes, 21.4% were rural residents. Compared to urban veterans, rural veterans had significantly lower education, less annual income and less received diabetes education ( P =.002). The final regression model showed that daily foot self-check was the only self-management behavior significantly higher among rural veterans (odds ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.10–1.70). Provider-based quality of care was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions Diabetes self-foot care was significantly better among rural veterans than their urban counterparts, but quality of care was equivalent. This suggests that clinical diabetes care among veterans is uniform; however, greater efforts for patient education and support in diabetes self-management are needed to improve outcomes.
Early ictal face wiping in frontal lobe epilepsy

We describe two patients with medication-resistant nonlesional mesial frontal lobe epilepsy and seizures that manifested with early face wiping prior to other motor phenomena. Ictal scalp monitoring either was nonlocalizing or involved the central regions. Intracranial monitoring demonstrated anterior mesial frontal ictal low-voltage gamma activity during the face wiping activity in both patients. Habitual seizures with the same clinical characteristics were induced during extraoperative functional mapping with stimulation of the same region. Ictal activation of mesial frontal regions can elicit early ictal face wiping activity, and this clinical sign may play a role in presurgical evaluation.
Postcyclic Transmission of Leptorhynchoides thecatus and Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus (Acanthocephala) to Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Abstract This study investigated the postcyclic transmission of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus and Leptorhynchoides thecatus, including gravid female worms, between largemouth bass. Twenty largemouth bass were each given 10 individuals of N. cylindratus taken from the enteric system of largemouth bass, and 10 largemouth bass were each given 10 individuals of L. thecatus taken from the enteric system of largemouth bass. After 2 wk, bass were necropsied and examined for the presence of worms. Six and a half percent of N. cylindratus and 11% of L. thecatus were successfully transferred postcyclically, thus demonstrating that postcyclic transmission of N. cylindratus and L. thecatus, including gravid females, does occur. This provides a potential explanation for the high prevalence of these acanthocephalans often observed in large, exclusively piscivorous largemouth bass.
ATP requirement for methanogenesis in cell extracts of methanobacterium strain M.o.H.

Abstract 1. 1. ATP stimulation of methane formation in cell extracts of hydrogen-grown Methanobacterium strain M.o.H. has been studied. 2. 2. Less than one ATP molecule is broken down per molecule of methane produced. 3. 3. Resynthesis of ATP by the cell-free extract is to show to account for this lack of stoichiometry. 4. 4.Wnen cell-free extracts are producing methane at a maximal rate after ATP addition, the depletion of ATP by a hexokinase trap does not stop methane synthesis.
Peer Coaching of At-Risk Students in a Remedial Mathematics Course.

Remedial mathematics at the college level has evidenced strikingly low retention and passing rates. It has been shown that at least 25% of the variation in student performance is explained by students’ affective variables such as attitudes, study skills, and mathematics anxiety. This study endeavored to address affective variables by: (a) incorporating the teaching of study skills into an elementary algebra course; and (b) identifying at-risk students and assigning these students “coaches,” who functioned both as tutors and counselors, providing regular personalized assistance. The results showed that the attrition rate was significantly lower in the treatment groups, and the overall passing rate for coached students was significantly higher.
Sex Differences in US Mortality Rates for Stroke and Stroke Subtypes by Race/Ethnicity and Age, 1995–1998

Background and Purpose — Ischemic stroke accounts for 70% to 80% of all strokes, but intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhagic strokes have greater fatality. Age-standardized death rates from overall stroke are higher among men than women, but little is known about sex differences in stroke subtype mortality by race/ethnicity. Methods — We analyzed 1995 to 1998 national death certificate data to compare sex-specific age-standardized death rates (per 100 000) for ischemic stroke (n=507 256), intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (n=98 709), and subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke (n=27 334) among whites, blacks, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. We calculated rate ratios and 95% CIs comparing women with men within age and racial/ethnic groups. Results — Age-specific rates of ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke deaths were lower for women than for men aged 25 to 44 and 45 to 64 years but were higher for ischemic stroke among older women, aged ≥65 years. Only among whites did women have higher age-standardized rates of ischemic stroke. Age-standardized death rates for intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke among women were lower than or similar to those among men in all racial/ethnic groups. Women had higher risk of death from subarachnoid hemorrhagic; this sex differential increased with age. Conclusions — The female-to-male mortality ratio differs for stroke subtypes by race/ethnicity and age. A primary public health effort should focus on increasing the awareness of stroke symptoms, particularly among people at high risk, to decrease delay in early detection and effective stroke treatment.
Ultrasonography in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Ultrasonography was found to be a valuable investigation in the assessment and management of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD). It was used to assess 23 patients with LCPD in 25 affected hips and was compared with radiographs obtained at the same time. A chronological five-part staging of LCPD is proposed, expressing the degree of flattening and fragmentation as well as reconstitution of the femoral head as seen on ultrasound examination. Thickening of articular cartilage was documented, and associated findings of synovitis and lateral extrusion of the femoral head were evaluated. An intraarticular hip effusion was present in 74% of cases in stages I–II. Lateral extrusion increased from stage II onwards until the healing stage. The phase of reconstitution (stage IV) demonstrated both resorption of the necrotic bone and formation of new immature osteoid tissue. Lateral extrusion and the start of the healing phase can be shown earlier by ultrasonography than by radiography.
FTIR-based polarimeter with high-quality Brewster's angle polarizers

A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer-based broadband infrared polarimeter has been developed around a pair of high-quality Brewster angle polarizers. These polarizers consist of four Ge plates in a chevron geometry and have been measured to have extinction ratios of less than 10-5 at four laser wavelengths from 0.63 micrometer to 10.6 micrometer. The polarimeter has been used to characterize wire-grid polarizers from 1 micrometer to 12 micrometer, as well as for full Mueller matrix determination from 1 micrometer to 5 micrometer using a rotating-retarder arrangement with a pair of MgF2 retarders.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kinetic stereoselectivity in tetraamine Co(III) aminoacid complexes: The effect of methyl groups in the 2,9 positions of the triethylenetetraamine Ligand upon acid catalyzed decarboxylation of β1 and β2 bound α,α-aminomethylmalonic acid

The acid catalyzed decarboxylation of Δ(+)436β1-[(2S,9S)-2,9-diamino-4, 7-diazadecanecobalt(III)-S-aminomethylmalonate] ClO4·H2O (1) and Λ(−)436β2-(triethylenetetraaminecobalt(III)-R-aminomethylmalonate)ClO4 (2) each lead to unequal amounts of R- and S-alanine products. A systematic dependence on steric bulk is evident upon decarboxylation, of a series of 2,9-methyl substituted triethylenetetraaminecobalt(III)-aminomethylmalonate complexes, where the excess of S-alanine over R-alanine varies from 10 to 30%.
Planning-Horizon Theorems for Knapsack and Renewal Problems with a Denumerable Number of Activities

This paper considers a class of knapsack and renewal problems and gives necessary conditions and sufficient conditions under which there is an easily found immediate decision that is optimal with or without discounting for all sufficiently large horizons.
Factors Associated with Frequency of Emergency Department Visits for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation

Background Little is known about the factors associated with frequency of emergency department visits (FEDV) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with recurrent exacerbations.
Hyperfine Structure and the Gross Structure Analysis of the Spectrum of Doubly Ionised Antimony

Hyperfine Structure and the Gross Structure Analysis of the Spectrum of Doubly Ionised Antimony
Workshop on computer applications in electromagnetics education

The preface of his text on electromagnetics [l], Marcus Zahn stated that, "Electromagnetic field theory is often the least-popular course in the electrical engineering curriculum. Heavy reliance on vector and integral calculus can obscure physical phenomena so that the student becomes bogged down in the mathematics and loses sight of the application." Edmund K. Miller, in a recent article [2], also noted that unless and until the problems with electromagnetics education are resolved, this area is likely to inexorably continue its steady decline into the status of an academic backwater discipline.
Discrimination of Mood Regulation Expectancies From Dysphoria: Confirmatory Factor Analytic Findings

The Generalized Expectancy for Negative Mood Regulation (NMR) Scale measures beliefs that one can terminate a negative mood; it presumably is related to, but different from, depression. Previous studies have provided strong evidence that scores on the NMR Scale are correlated with measures of depressive symptoms. However, only indirect evidence of the discriminant validity of the NMR Scale from depression measures exists. A large sample of college students (N = 1,177) was administered the NMR Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Two alternative confirmatory factor models were tested using LISREL 7. An oblique two-factor model posited that components of the NMR Scale and the BDI loaded on separate, correlated factors; a single factor model posited that all components of both scales loaded on one general factor. The oblique two-factor model fit the data well, while the single factor model fit poorly. These results are consistent with the proposed relationship of NMR expectancies with depression (c...
Changing Works: Visions of a Lost Agriculture

Changing Works: Visions of. Lost Agriculture. Douglas Harper. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001. 313pp.
Family of Hermitian low-momentum nucleon interactions with phase shift equivalence

Using a Schmidt orthogonalization transformation, a family of Hermitian low-momentum nucleon-nucleon ($NN$) interactions is derived from the non-Hermitian Lee-Suzuki (LS) low-momentum $NN$ interaction. As special cases, our transformation reproduces the Hermitian interactions of Okubo and Andreozzi. Aside from their common preservation of the deuteron binding energy, these Hermitian interactions are shown to be phase shift equivalent, all preserving the empirical phase shifts up to decimation scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. Employing a solvable matrix model, the Hermitian interactions given by different orthogonalization transformations are studied; the interactions can be very different from each other particularly when there is a strong intruder state influence. However, because the parent LS low-momentum $NN$ interaction is only slightly non-Hermitian, the Hermitian low-momentum nucleon interactions given by our transformations, including the Okubo and Andreozzi ones, are all rather similar to each other. Shell model matrix elements given by the LS and several Hermitian low-momentum interactions are compared.
Long-Time Containment of a Pure Electron Plasma

A pure electron plasma has been confined in cylindrical geometry for many minutes. Confinement scalings with background pressure and magnetic field show that the maximum confinement times, while long, are 100-5000 times shorter than the limit set by electron-neutral collisions.
Design and analysis of a family of speed and state Sliding Mode observers with compound manifolds for the induction motor drive

The paper discusses the problem of speed and state estimation for the induction motor (IM) drive and presents the design of a family of Sliding Mode (SM) observers that are constructed using compound manifolds. Generally, given the stationary reference frame model of the IM, several methods can be used to estimate the speed and the states. In particular, if estimation is done with SM methods, it is typical to use simple manifolds (usually, the current mismatches). However, SM observers with compound manifolds have very interesting properties. The paper examines a specific observer that uses a discontinuous speed estimate; then, it attempts to design similar SM observers with alternative compound manifolds. Three observers are attempted and their convergence and estimation properties are investigated. The paper finds that the original observer offers the only viable design. The theory is supported by simulations.
Error Frequency in 5-S RNA from Cells Grown in 5-Bromodeoxyuridine

Chinese hamster cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 72 h under conditions where about 50% of the thymine residues were replaced by bromouracil. The substitution in the genes coding for 5-S ribosomal RNA occurred to approximately the same extent as in the rest of the genome. Cell growth and viability were not affected. Ribosomal 5-S RNA labelled with [32P]phosphate was isolated from BrdUrd-treated and control cultures and the oligonucleotides from a T1 ribonuclease digest analysed by fingerprinting techniques. The fingerprints of the two samples were similar. The frequency of errors in the nucleotide sequence of 5-S RNA from BrdUrd-treated cells was very low compared with the reported frequency of errors in a transcription system in vitro. The sequence of Chinese hamster 5-S RNA is the same as that reported for other mammalian species.
Communications to the Past: Astrolabes to Zodiacs

Teaching and Communicating Astronomy – JENAM’04 A. Ortiz-Gil and V. Mart´inez (eds) EAS Publications Series, 16 (2005) 45–53 COMMUNICATIONS TO THE PAST: ASTROLABES TO ZODIACS V. Trimble 1 Abstract. In past centuries, astronomers have used a very wide range of techniques to explain what they are doing, how, and why it was worth doing to their equivalents of sponsoring agencies, voters, and students. We here examine an inital set of seven examples of seemingly successful communication, each with lesson to oﬀer, and then, more brieﬂy a wider range of examples, some apparently very good for their purpose and a few that were perfectly awful. Introduction: Motivations, Audiences, and Media Before starting out to do something, it is perhaps wise to ask why, who, and how. “What” will be dealt with in the following sections. It is actually a little diﬃcult to describe the motivations, past to present, for explaining science to the rest of the world. It tends to come out sounding very much like, “we want more funding”. This is, of course, true and not unique to our generation. But anyone who worries about the future of the world also wants an informed electorate, and this is clearly also part of our motivation. Who should we be trying to reach? It is a long list, beginning with the spon- soring agencies, from the Emperor Rudolph to PPARC. The second-order spon- sors, voters and taxpayers, are a more recent audience. One can describe various parts of the public as “interested” –the traditional educated layman and (at one time at least perceived as a separate audience) women, children, and amateur as- tronomers. There is also the uninterested public, at whom one gets an occasional brief chance through moments like eclipses and meteor showers and the appear- ance of naked-eye comets. There is the future educated public, reached in medieval times through the quadrivium and more recently (at least in the USA) through compulsory science courses taken by college students aiming at medical, business, legal, and other careers. Special techniques will be needed to reach scientists in other disciplines, who can be our allies, and the pipeline of future scientists, who Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of California, Irvine CA 92697-4575, USA c EAS, EDP Sciences 2005 DOI: 10.1051/eas:2005061
TOTAL GONADOTROPHIC POTENCY OF MULE DEER PITUITARIES

ACOOPERATIVE, study of reproductive phenomena in mule deer at the National Bison Range, Moiese, Montana was initiated in the fall, 1953 by the Department of Zoology, Montana State University and the Montana Wildlife Research Unit cooperating with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Montana Fish and Game Department. A deer herd reduction program was to be instituted on the National Bison Range for management purposes. In order to take advantage of this material prompt action was necessary. It was agreed that part of the reduction program could be spread over a period of one year in order that autopsy material could be collected every month of the year by us. The principal objective of the present investigation is to report on the total gonadotrophic potency of entire pituitaries of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) collected from three different age groups throughout the year. Reproductive tracts, endocrine glands, and other tissues were also collected. The analysis of material in the...
A DIGITIZED SPARK CHAMBER FOR AUTOMATIC DATA RETRIEVAL

A spark chamber is described in which the usual plate electrodes are replaced by wire grids. Toroidal ferrite memory cores threaded on these wires are set by the spark current and yield information about spark location when they are interrogated by circuits like those used in computer memories. This system may be read out very rapidly (on the order of 110 μs) if desired, permitting operation of the associated spark chamber at a rate determined by the recovery properties of the chamber itself, provided means are available to handle the large amount of information produced. Resolution of about 0.4 of a wire spacing was obtained and it is expected that the use of close wire spacings will make the main uncertainty in track location be the accuracy with which sparks indicate the true track position. Comparisons are made with other systems proposed for automatic retrieval spark chambers and test results from runs in a cyclotron beam are given. The chamber and associated circuits were designed for on-line operation with the Maniac III computer. Development work is being continued.
National integration in India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan: Constitutional and élite visions

How do states envision themselves and what is the vision of elite members of nationalities within the state? What does the panoply of visions and voices at play in the political arena tell us about the project of national integration? A summary of the available scholarly writing on integration, co‐operation and nation‐building sets the backdrop for an examination of self‐defining propositions from the Indian, Pakistani and Sri Lankan constitutions and a digest of ideas on integration expressed by elite interview respondents in Madras, India and Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1996. The article concludes by deriving a definition of integration from these sources.
Manufacturing cell design: an integer programming model employing genetic algorithms

The design of a cellular manufacturing system requires that a part population, at least minimally described by its use of process technology (part/machine incidence matrix), be partitioned into part families and that the associated plant equipment be partitioned into machine cells. At the highest level, the objective is to form a set of completely autonomous units such that inter-cell movement of parts is minimized. We present an integer program that is solved using a genetic algorithm (GA) to assist in the design of cellular manufacturing systems. The formulation uses a unique representation scheme for individuals (part/machine partitions) that reduces the size of the cell formation problem and increases the scale of problems that can be solved. This approach offers improved design flexibility by allowing a variety of evaluation functions to be employed and by incorporating design constraints during cell formation. The effectiveness of the GA approach is demonstrated on several problems from the literature.
Hypercoordination in triphenyl oxinates of the group 14 elements

Abstract The triphenyl oxinates of the group 14 elements (M = Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) contain the 8-hydroxyquinoline ligand (HO x ), which can function in either a bidentate or monodentate fashion. The compounds Ph 3 MO x were prepared by reaction of the triphenylmetal chloride with HO x in the presence of an HCl scavenger triethylamine or, sodium acetate, and in the case of lead, with the sodium salt of 8-hydroxyquinoline. The interaction of the nitrogen with the central atom was studied through the use of the NMR chemical shifts of the central metal atom and the 15 N atom of the ligand. The chemical shifts of the central metal provided evidence that the triphenylgermanium and silicon oxinates are uncoordinated while the triphenyltin and lead oxinates are five-coordinate. These conclusions are confirmed by molecular modeling, 15 N chemical shifts and the metal– 13 C one bond coupling constants at the ipso carbon. The NMR data provides evidence that the strength of the interaction of the nitrogen with the metal increases from silicon and germanium to lead. Two peaks in the 5-coordinate region of the 207 Pb NMR spectra can be rationalized with the postulate that strong interaction with lead produces two geometrical isomers. Two peaks were also present in the 5-coordinate region of the 119 Sn NMR spectra at low temperatures indicating a rapid exchange between the two geometrical isomers at room temperature.
STRESS IN MARITAL INTERACTION AND DIET BEHAVIOR

The research examines the effects of stress in the marital relationship on dietary behavior. The theoretical model predicted that the marital stress of inequality and role disagreement would lead to an unfavorable reflected appraisal and low self-efficacy. The latter two variables are predicted to be related to the dietary indicator of fat consumption. One hundred and fifty-five married couples were selected by a random area sample from the state of Iowa. Husbands and wives were interviewed separately in the home. The results supported the stress model. Marital interaction stress had an effect on diet as mediated by the reflected self (how one imagines they are perceived by significant others) self-efficacy (perceived control over one's outcomes). Also, interesting gender differences were found. For husbands, reflected appraisal was related to per cent calories from fat in the diet whereas for wives, self-efficacy was related to per cent calories from fat. The differences in part reflect the changing role of women.