cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sucralfate for Prevention of Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Patients admitted to critical care units (ICUs) develop a spectrum of gastroduodenal mucosal lesions related to severe physiologic stress. Stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding from such lesions has been reported in 8 to 33% of patients admitted to ICUs who do not receive prophylactic therapy, but the incidence of severe or clinically significant bleeding is less than 6% and appears to have decreased during the past decade. Routine prophylaxis against stress-related bleeding is commonplace in ICUs worldwide, represen- ting a substantial cost to patients and use of resources. Sucralfate, primarily in suspension form, has been used extensively as prophylaxis against acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in critically ill patients. This chapter will review the rationale for such therapy, and compare its efficacy with other types of treatment. Other uses of sucralfate for prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding will also be briefly discussed.
Plasticity of astrocytes derived from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres: Changes with cell passage and immortalization

This study was targeted at the beginning to understand the functional status of glial cells derived from aged brain. We have previously characterized passaged cell cultures derived from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres (MACH) and found them to contain large populations of astrocytes, type 1, as well as limited numbers of astrocytes, type 2, oligodendrocytes, and progenitor cells. Using the activity of the astrocyte marker, glutamine synthetase (GS), as an index, we found that MACH astrocytes continue to respond to several microenvironmental signals, including the cAMP-enhancing agents dibutyryl cAMP and R020-1724 (an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase). In addition, whereas the basal activity of GS increased with cell passage, their response to these agents was cell-passage dependent, increasing at early (21-22) passages and decreasing at later (46-51) passages. Because neurotrophins (i.e., NGF and EGF) also provide microenvironmental signals essential to normal glial function, MACH cultures were assessed for their response to these factors. MACH cultures at passage 35 responded to treatment with NGF and EGF with a dose-dependent increase in GS activity by both neurotrophins. With the intention of arresting these cultures at a specific stage of differentiation, these cells were immortalized at passage 19 by transfection with the gene encoding SV40 Large T antigen. These immortalized MACH responded to exposure to dBcAMP and RO20-1724 with a marked decrease in GS activity, mimicking the response of normal MACH glia at late passage. Finally, because it has been shown that glia from both immature and adult brain contain neurotrophins and respond to neurotrophins via a receptor-mediated pathway, we examined expression of NGF protein as well as NGF (p75) and EGF receptor protein in various passages and colonies of normal and immortalized MACH cultures. We found a consistent expression of all three proteins in the various cell populations. Results of this study suggest that astrocytes from aging brain continue to function normally with respect to several parameters (i.e., response to neurotrophins and differentiating agents). Thus, they retain their plasticity to a great degree through early cell passages. However, with advancing cell passage this plasticity declines and cell homeostasis is impaired. We propose, therefore, that astrocytes undergo several critical periods in their functional lifespan, one of which is represented by the functional transition demonstrated in this study.
Tennis Shoes Required: The Role of the Facilitator in Professional Development

Reform efforts to improve physical education often rely on facilitators to promote positive change. Although it is becoming more common, little is currently understood about the facilitation role. Our purpose was to examine facilitators' collective knowledge and experience with ongoing physical education professional development (PD), specifically regarding conceptions of their role in the process. Participants included 12 experienced PD facilitators. Data sources included formal semistructured and informal conversational interviews and participants' curriculum vitae. Results indicated that facilitators held common beliefs about teacher learning and self-identified actions aligned with those beliefs. Adhering to constructivist views of learning, facilitators underscored the role of prior knowledge and the active and social nature of learning. Their remarkably similar views emphasized multiple aspects of teacher capacity building.
The Status of Child Health

The first years of life are crucial in both laying the foundations of good health and improving the quality of life. Of the 125 million children born in 1979 12 million mostly in developing nations were thought unlikely to live to see their 1st birthdays. Equally important is the fact that a large number of survivors will not have good health or develop to their full potential. 1220 million (81%) of the estimated 1500 million children in the world today live in developing countries a majority of them in an environment characterized by malnutrition infection lack of safe water and sanitation and inadequate health care. For infants and young children the risk of dying is very closely related to the environment in which they live. Inadequate food exposure to infections and lack of elementary hygiene and care present hazards with which the young child is unable to cope. The risks begin to appear before birth through the condition of the mother. 6 childhood diseases which have almost disappeared from the developed countries cause some 5 million deaths eacy year--diphtheria pertussis tetanus measles poliomyelitis and tuberculosis. For every child who dies another lives who is crippled blind mentally retarded or otherwise disabled for life. These diseases can be prevented by immunization but less than 10% of the 80 million children born each year in developing countries are now receiving immunization services. In developing countries diarrheal diseases rank among the first 3 leading causes of childrens deaths taking an estimated 5-18 million lives a year. The Primary Health Care Conference held in September 1979 recognized the special needs of those who are the most vulnerable or at greatest risk and it recommended that high priority be given to the special needs of women children working populations at risk and the underprivileged segments of society. The risk strategy is a method for the organization of health services for mothers and children. Its aim is to give special attention to those in greatest need within a framework of improved health for all. The union of maternal heatlh services with child health services makes it considerably easier for the family to utilize services. 1 method of accomplishing the integration is to provide maternity care wherever health care for young children is being provided. Another alternative is to provide services for the care of infants and children wherever health care is provided for women. Nutrition is a factor which has a major role in pregnancy outcome and in survival and outcome in infancy childhood and adolescence. Nutrition clearly demonstrates the intergenerational role i.e. the effect of maternal nutrition on the fetus and infant. Breastfeeding is essential for the survival of most infants in developing countries. Much higher priority in national planning and in the allocation of resources needs to be directed to the total position and health status of mothers children and youth.
Evidence for joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and genetic recombination during mitosis in Saccharomyces.

A procedure for detection of mutants exhibiting either enhanced or reduced spontaneous mutation during mitosis and/or meiosis has been developed to probe the joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and recombination in yeast. A semidominant mutator,rem1-1, recovered by this technique, exhibits enhanced spontaneous mutation, intragenic recombination, and intergenic recombination during mitosis. Diploids homozygous forrem1-1 exhibit normal levels of meiotic intragenic and intergenic recombination and diminished ascospore viability.
Studies of Chemical Bonding in Glasses by X‐Ray Emission Spectroscopy

Silicon and aluminum Kβ band X-ray emission spectra of a series of lithia-aluminosilica (LAS) glasses were determined using the X-ray spectrometric systems of commercially available electron microprobes. Comparison with spectra of reference materials, including glassy and crystalline forms of silica, high-quartz-phase crystals of the L:A:S-1:1:2 (mol ratio) composition (high-eucryptite), and 6- and 4-coordinated aluminum oxides, led to tentative assignment of spectral peaks to specific electronic transitions. Molecular orbital theory and crystallographic structural data were used to assign bands in crystalline materials. The LAS glass spectra indicated progressive bond weakening with decreasing silica content; the Kβ peak shifts permitted approximate calculation of the decreases in Si–O and Al–O bond energies, which were as great as 30 kcal/mol relative to SiO2 (for the L:A:S-1:1:2 glass).
On phenomenology of compact intracloud lightning discharges

[1] We examined wideband electric fields, electric and magnetic field derivatives, and narrowband VHF (36 MHz) radiation bursts produced by 157 compact intracloud discharges (CIDs). These poorly understood lightning events appear to be the strongest natural producers of HF-VHF radiation. All the events transported negative charge upward (or lowered positive charge), 150 were located by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), and 149 of them were correctly identified as cloud discharges. NLDN-reported distances from the measurement station were 5–132 km. Three types of wideband electric field waveforms were observed. About 73% of CIDs occurred in isolation; 24% occurred prior to, during, or following cloud-to-ground or “normal” cloud lightning; and 4% occurred in pairs, separated by less than 200 ms (“multiple” CIDs). For a subset of 48 CIDs, the geometric mean of radiation source height was estimated to be 16 km. It appears that some CIDs actually occurred above cloud tops in clear air or in convective surges (plumes) overshooting the tropopause and penetrating deep into the stratosphere. For the same 48 CIDs, the geometric mean electric field peak normalized to 100 km (inclined distance) was as high as 20 V/m, and for 22 events within 10–30 km (horizontal distance), it was 15 V/m, both of which are higher than that for first strokes in negative cloud-to-ground lightning. The geometric means of total electric field pulse duration, width of initial half cycle, and ratio of initial peak to opposite polarity overshoot were 23 μs, 5.6 μs, and 5.7, respectively.
On the Aharonov-Bohm scattering

The fractional angular momentum, which may be the nature of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, and multiple-valued wave function of a charge, spinless-particle-magnetic-flux-tube composite are briefly discussed. Force fields are necessarily involved in consistent calculations of the Aharonov-Bohm scattering amplitude, which cannot be interpreted as a scattering by the time-invariant vector potential of the flux tube which is inaccessible to the particle. The multiple-valued wave function, which results in no AB scattering amplitude, is consistent with the correspondence principle in multiply connected two-dimensional spaces in the presence of long-range magnetic flux.
Current and future applications of mobile and wireless networks

Wireless and mobile networks are being used in diverse areas such as travel, education, stock trading, military, package delivery, disaster recovery, and medical emergency care.
The Jewish Patient in a Non Jewish Hospital

The healing of the sick is a jewish religious precept. The present paper discusses the special needs of a hospitalized Jewish patient, describes a "Jewish Patient's Bill of Rights," and suggests that the needs of Jewish patients, such as kosher food and religious services in a hospital environment, be provided wherever possible.
Association between Absolute Tumor Burden and Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase in Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma

Background In dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA), increased pretreatment serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity is a negative prognostic factor, associated with shorter disease-free intervals and survival times, but a biologic basis for observed differential serum BALP activities in canine OSA patients remains incompletely defined. Objective Serum BALP activity will correlate with absolute tumor burden in dogs with OSA. Animals This study included 96 client-owned dogs with appendicular OSA. Methods In canine OSA cell lines, the expression and membranous release of BALP was evaluated in vitro. The correlation between serum BALP activity and radiographic primary tumor size was evaluated in OSA-bearing dogs. In dogs developing visceral OSA metastases, serial changes in serum BALP activities were evaluated in relation to progression of macroscopic metastases, and visceral metastatic OSA cells were evaluated for BALP expression. Results In vitro, BALP expression was not associated with either tumorigenic or metastatic phenotype, rather the quantity of membranous BALP released was proportional with cell density. In dogs devoid of macroscopic metastases, there was a positive correlation between serum BALP activity and absolute primary tumor size. In dogs with progressive OSA metastases, serum BALP activity increased and coincided with the development of macroscopic metastases. OSA cells derived from visceral metastatic lesions retained BALP expression. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Tumor burden is a determinant of serum BALP activity in dogs with appendicular OSA. The association between increased pretreatment BALP activity and negative clinical prognosis may simply be attributed to greater initial tumor burden, and consequently more advanced tumor stage.
Single SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion observed in vitro by polarized TIRFM.

Single-vesicle fusion assays in vitro are useful tools for examining mechanisms of membrane fusion at the molecular level mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). This approach allows the experimentalist to define the lipid and protein composition of the two fusing membranes and perform experiments under highly controlled conditions. In previous experiments, in which we reconstituted a SNARE acceptor complex into supported membranes and observed the docking and fusion of fluorescently labeled synaptobrevin proteoliposomes by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy with millisecond time resolution, we were able to determine the optimal number of SNARE complexes needed for fast fusion. Here, we utilize this assay in combination with polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to investigate topology changes that vesicles undergo after the onset of fusion. The theory that describes the fluorescence intensity during the transformation of a single vesicle from a spherical particle to a flat membrane patch is developed and confirmed by experiments with three different fluorescent probes. Our results show that on average, the fusing vesicles flatten and merge into the planar membrane within 8 ms after fusion starts.
Maintenance of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme after disappearance of DHFR mRNA during muscle cell differentiation.

Terminally differentiating mouse muscle cells were used to examine the relationship between mytogenic withdrawal from the cell cycle and the levels of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mRNA and DHFR activity. Differentiation was induced by removal of fibroblast growth factor activity from the medium. DHFR mRNA was measured by a RNase protection assay. DHFR activity was measured by a spectrophotometric assay and by a [3H]methotrexate binding assay. Proliferative myoblasts contained four DHFR mRNA molecules and 1.8×105 DHFR enzyme molecules. By 12.5 h after induction, when [3H]thymidine labeling indices showed all cells had withdrawn from the cell cycle, DHFR mRNA levels had declined to 0.7 copies per cell. In contrast, myogenic withdrawal did not result in reduced DHFR activity. Qualitatively similar results, i.e. down-regulation of mRNA and constitutive expression of activity, were observed in a methotrexate-selected muscle cell line with >50-fold amplification of the DHFR gene. Enzyme synthesis rate and stability measurements indicated that persistence of DHFR activity in postreplicative cells was due to a long enzyme lifetime rather than to continued synthesis from residual normal DHFR mRNA or an alternative mRNA species not detected by the RNase protection assay. Unlike DHFR, thymidine kinase (TK) activity disappeared rapidly as muscle cells differentiated. Both DHFR mRNA and TK mRNA are expressed in a replication-dependent manner; however, the enzymes encoded by these messages are subject to different fates in postreplicative cells.
Towards maximum longevity of energy limited SANETs

One of the major challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) design lies in the constrained energy available to sensor nodes. Workforce selection strategies which unevenly consume sensor energy can reduce the lifetime of the network significantly. This work proposes and evaluates a new class of strategies that provides an energy efficient workforce management for WSNs. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly increases network lifetime by evenly consuming sensors power.
Expanding the concept of belonging in academic domains: Development and validation of the Ability Uncertainty Scale

Abstract Belonging uncertainty, or questioning whether one “fits in” socially, is an important determinate of academic success and retention. We expand this concept to capture uncertainty regarding whether one “fits in” intellectually. This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the 12-item Ability Uncertainty Scale (AUS). Study 1 (N = 605) showed that the AUS is internally consistent and best described by a single underlying factor. Study 2 (N = 253) showed that the AUS is correlated with social belonging, but also has unique predictive validity in accounting for domain motivation and intentions to persist in an academic field. Study 3 (N = 231) replicated Study 2 and additionally showed that the AUS is a better predictor of intentions to persist than a measure of academic self-efficacy. These results indicate that academic belonging is comprised of the related components of ability fit and social fit that each uniquely predict academic outcomes.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extracts inhibit the mutagenicity in microsuspension assay and the proliferation of HeLa cells

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is used as a refreshing beverage and as a traditional medicine. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro effect of phenolic compounds present in aqueous, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of H. sabdariffa against mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), and also the antiproliferative effect of these extracts. Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA fragmentation were tested on transformed human HeLa cells. The hot aqueous extract (HAE) contained 22.27 +/- 2.52 mg of protocatechuic acid (PCA) per gram of lyophilized dried extract, and was not statistically different from the cold aqueous or chloroform extracts; the ethyl acetate extract produced the least amount of PCA. The H. sabdariffa extracts inhibited mutagenicity of 1-NP in a dose-response manner. The inhibition rate on HeLa cells of HAE was also dose-dependent. The HAE did not induce DNA fragmentation. The results suggest that H. sabdariffa L. extracts have antimutagenic activity against 1-NP and decrease the proliferation of HeLa cells, probably due to phenolic acid composition.
RELEVANT FINANCIAL REPORTING QUESTIONS NOT ASKED BY THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

Abstract This paper explores a number of crucial issues and problems that affect U.S. financial reporting and presents a critical perspective on the meager attempts that the accounting profession has made to maintain a high level of commitment to its responsibilities to the public and the capital markets. The profession assumed the responsibilities in 1933 when it was given a monopoly on audits of public companies. It convinced the U.S. Congress of its claim to be independent of the client, but the fallacy of this claim became apparent to some soon after the privilege was granted and has become increasingly troublesome in the years since. This paper chronicles a selection of events and changes during this time and relates them to failures of the accounting profession and its self-regulation system to act on—or to question—the existence of the independence problem.
Accuracy of duplex scanning for measurement of arterial volume flow

Abstract This study examined the accuracy of duplex ultrasound measurements of volume flow in a baboon model. Volume flow (V f ) through the external iliac artery was calculated from measurements of blood velocity averaged over several cardiac cycles (time-averaged velocity [TAV]) and vessel cross-sectional area (A) measured from the B-mode image: V f = TAV × A. Fourteen anesthetized baboons were studied with a duplex scanner with a 7 MHz imaging transducer and 5 MHz pulsed Doppler. B-mode ultrasound measurements of external iliac artery diameters (2.5 ± 0.2 mm) were used for calculation of cross-sectional area. Timed blood collections obtained through a cannula inserted into the common femoral artery and TAV measurements were obtained simultaneously during 6 to 15-second intervals. These measurements were repeated three to five times per animal with different flow rates each time. Flow rates ranged from 56 to 280 ml/min (170 ± 54 ml/min). Average velocity was 55 ± 17 cm/sec. There was no significant difference between the two methods of volume flow measurement (Student t test). Linear regression analysis revealed a high degree of correlation ( r = 0.90, slope 0.95, and p = 0.0001). The absolute percentage error was 13% ± 8%. Volume flow measured by duplex scanning correlates highly with timed blood collections. This method has potential application for the evaluation of diseased arteries and bypass grafts whose rates of flow and waveform patterns are similar to those of this experiment. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:520–6.)
Feminist pedagogy in criminology

Feminist criminology is a vital and growing area of scholarship, but it is not making its way into the classroom. This paper assesses the reasons why such material is not used frequently, makes a case for why it should be used, particularly in a liberal arts curriculum, and offers suggestions for how it can be used.
White matter alterations following thromboembolic stroke: a β-amyloid precursor protein immunocytochemical study in rats

Thromboembolic stroke in rats leads to a well-described pattern of histopathological and behavioral abnormalities. However, limited data are available in animal models concerning the response of the white matter to embolic events. The purpose of this study was to document patterns of white matter abnormalities using β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) immunocytochemistry as a marker of axonal damage. Twelve male Wistar rats underwent photochemically induced right common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT) or sham procedures. At 3 days after CCAT, rats were perfusion-fixed and sections immunostained for the visualization of βAPP or stained with hematoxylin and eosin for routine histopathological analysis. As previously described, CCAT produced small ipsilateral embolic infarcts and ischemic cell change within gray matter structures including the medial cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus. In areas of frank infarction, numerous reactive profiles were observed within borderzones of the damaged site. However, βAPP immunocytochemistry also revealed reactive axonal profiles within various white matter tracts including the corpus callosum, external capsule and fimbria of the hippocampus. In many cases, the presence of axonal damage could not be appreciated with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. These data indicate that CCAT leading to platelet embolization to the brain not only produces embolic infarcts but also produces more subtle white matter abnormalities. Previously undetected white matter damage would be expected to participate in the sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits following embolic stroke.
Disputed Ballots, Partisan Conflict, and Constitutional Uncertainty The Election of 2000 in Historical Context

For more than 5 weeks after the ballots were cast, the presidential election of 2000 continued. During that period, the extensive national, and even worldwide, focus on disputed Florida ballots elicited a wide variety of reactions, ranging from keen interest to apathy, from disgust and anger to confusion and bewilderment. This article addresses from a historical perspective several of the key issues that emerged during this ordeal. After providing broader historical context by summarizing both the constitutional framework for presidential voting and selected past presidential election disputes, this article focuses on the most significant political, legal, and constitutional aspects of the postelection campaign of 2000.
Microwave Spectrum, Rotational Isomerism, and Internal Barrier Functions in Propionyl Fluoride

The microwave spectrum of propionyl fluoride [CH3CH2COF] proves the existence of two stable rotameric conformations. For the cis form (methyl eclipsing oxygen) with a planar heavy‐atom skeleton, rotational constants A = 10 042.53, B = 3762.19, C = 2832.69 MHz and a dipole moment of μtotal = 2.90, μa = 2.22, μb = 1.87 D have been determined. An approximate structure has been fitted to these data. Eight satellite spectra of the cis form have been analyzed yielding a torsional vibration frequency around the central carbon–carbon bond of 85 ± 3 cm−1 and an apparent barrier height V3 = 2400 ± 60 cal/mole hindering the internal rotation of the methyl group. The gauche conformation has rotational constants A = 8701.9, B = 3976.9, C = 3108.7 MHz and a total dipole moment of μtotal = 3.09 D with components μa = 2.93, μb = 0.32, and μc = 0.91 D. The dihedral angle between the CCC and COF plane is found to be 120° ± 2° and the torsional vibration frequency of the gauche form around the central carbon–carbon bond is ...
The Hopfield model with superlinearly many patterns

Abstract We study the Hopfield model where the ratio α of patterns to sites grows large. We prove that the free energy with inverse temperature β and external field B behaves like β α + γ , where γ = P ( 2 β , B ) is the limiting free energy of the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model with inverse temperature 2 β and external field B .
Dissipation in a one-dimensional superconductor: Evidence for macroscopic quantum tunneling

The results of a study of the superconducting transition in very-small-diameter In wires are presented. Several different types of measurements have been performed. First, we have studied the resistive transition in the limit of low applied currents, i.e., I\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{c}}$, where ${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the critical current. Second, the transition to the dissipative state as a function of I has been examined. The results are discussed initially in terms of the thermal-activation model, according to which the dissipation is due to thermally activated motion of the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter over the free-energy barrier which separates metastable states. For certain ranges of sample size, temperature, and current, the thermal-activation theory is consistent with our results. However, for a wide range of these parameters we find that this theory fails, as the observed transition rates are much larger, and have a qualitatively different temperature dependence, than those predicted by the thermal-activation model. We suggest that in addition to thermal activation, quantum-mechanical tunneling of the order parameter through the free-energy barrier may also take place. We show that our results are consistent with this picture.
INDOMETHACIN THERAPY ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE IN VERY-LOW-BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS

It has recently been suggested that early treatment with indomethacin(indo) of premature infants with asymptomatic heart murmurs decreased morbidity since the majority of these infants develop hemodynamically important shunts(SH) through a patent ductus arteriosus(PDA). Others suggest that treatment be given earlier as some infants have "silent" PDA. To investigate the optimal timing for treatment with indo, we performed a double-blind, controlled trial of indo therapy on the first day of life in 110 infants weighing 700-1300g at birth. Infants were treated with indo or placebo at a mean age of 14.8hrs. The incidence of SH in the placebo group was 20% (11/56) and 73% (11/15) of these infants who had asymptomatic murmurs developed SH. Indo therapy was associated with a decreased incidence of SH (2/54, p<.025) and a trend towards decreased surgical ligations (1/54 vs. 6/56, p<.1). There were no differences in incidence of complications including NEC and IVH. There were trends towards improvement in long-term outcome variables including decreased days in oxygen, decreased days of endotracheal intubation and decreased incidence of RLF in the indo group. We conclude that while treatment with indo on the first day of life prevented SH, there was no significant decrease in overall morbidity, perhaps because of the low incidence of SH in our study group. Another approach would be to treat infants with asymptomatic murmurs, as the majority of them will develop SH. However, treatment with indo on the first day of life did not increase complications and is safe to investigate in populations of very-low-birthweight infants with a higher incidence of hemodynamically important PDA shunts.
Multidimensional benefit–cost evaluation of asphaltic concrete overlays of rigid pavements

Using the data from a national study in the USA, this study demonstrated a comprehensive and multidimensional pavement treatment evaluation methodology and used the methodology to evaluate the short-term and life cycle cost-effectiveness (CE) of five rigid pavement rehabilitation treatments. Four measures of effectiveness were used in this study: the sudden decrease in surface roughness, treatment service life, increase in average pavement condition over the service life and the area bounded by the performance curve. This study established relationships that quantify the influence of pre-treatment condition on treatment effectiveness. Also, the models were developed to describe the treatment effectiveness as a function of traffic loading and climatic severity. It is seen that at high traffic loading, there is relatively little difference in treatment effectiveness across various climate severities. This study suggests that superior effectiveness of a treatment does not necessarily translate into superior ...
A reclamation demonstration project at an abandoned deep mine

This project involves an evaluation of the reclamation process at a typical abandoned deep coal mine in the Midwest, U.S.A. The reclamation process included determining the final land use, collection of preconstruction environmental data, development of detailed construction plans, and implementation of the construction plans. A multidisciplinary approach is being used to evaluate post-construction conditions of the site. Current investigations are monitoring groundwater, surface water quality, aquatic ecosystems, revegetation, soil characteristics, erosion and runoff, soil microbial populations, wildlife, and economic effects of the reclamation. Data collected to date indicate a significant improvement in overall environmental quality, a substantial increase in the economic potential of the site and adjacent properties, and a genuine enhancement of the entire area's aesthetic value. This project will also provide design data for future reclamation efforts of this type.
Thermogravimetric study of the defect structure of β-Ta2O5

Abstract The defect structure of β-Ta 2 O 5 was investigated by measuring the mass change as a function of the oxygen partial pressure P O 2 (10 −18 −10 −8 atm) in the temperature range 1000–1200 °C. The deviation from stoichiometry ( x in Ta 2 O 5− x ) as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen showed two distinct regions, namely a P o 2 −1 6 dependence and a region nearly independent of the oxygen partial pressure. The observed thermogravimetric data are described by a majority defect model consisting of doubly ionized oxygen vacancies and the accidental acceptor impurities present in the undoped samples.
Renal findings in 40 individuals with Williams syndrome

We tabulated the frequency of renal abnormalities in 40 Williams syndrome individuals presenting for medical and/or developmental assessment to a multi-disciplinary Williams syndrome program. The average age at time of assessment was 7 2/12 years. Seven individuals (7/40 = 18%) had abnormalities detected, including nephrocalcinosis = 2; marked asymmetry in kidney size = 2; small kidneys = 1; solitary kidney = 1; and pelvic kidney = 1. Renal function was also assessed. Two individuals had evidence of renal dysfunction, one secondary to nephrocalcinosis and the second due to hypercalcemia and interstitial nephritis of unclear pathogenesis. We examined the frequency of renal artery stenosis in 9 individuals who underwent abdominal angiography during cardiac catheterization. We found unilateral or bilateral mild renal artery narrowing in 4 individuals and normal renal arteries in the remaining 5. Persistent hypertension occurred in only 2 individuals and did not correlate with renal artery status. We conclude that intrinsic renal anomalies, as well as problems secondary to hypercalcemia, occur with sufficient frequency to warrant baseline renal screening in all individuals with Williams syndrome.
A possible detection of Jupiter's northern auroral S1(1) H2 quadrupole line emission

An upper limit is presently determined for the mean intensity of the Jupiter northern Auroral UV/thermal hot spot's S1(1) H2 quadrupole emission, over an 8 sq arcsec illuminated beam; the value obtained is 4.2 X 10 to the -6th W/sq m per sr. It is suggested that the nonradiative deexitation of the H2 molecules via collisions with H may have been underestimated by Kim and Maguire (1986), due to uncertainties concerning auroral H density.
Microstructure of reactively sputtered oxide diffusion barriers

Molybdenum oxide (Mo1-x O x ) and ruthenium oxide (RuO2) films were prepared by rf reactive sputtering of Mo or Ru targets in an O2/Ar plasma. Both films exhibit metallic conductivities. The influence of the deposition parameters on the phase that forms and on the microstructure of Mo1-x O x and RuO2 films is reported. A phase transformation is observed in Mo1-x O x films subjected to heat treatment. The diffusion barrier performance of Mo1-x O x and RuO2 layers interposed between Al and Si is compared.
Augmentation of Blood Flow through Cerebral Collaterals by Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase

Summary: We examined the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on normal and collateral cerebral blood flow after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine (nitroarginine), an inhibitor of NO synthase, were examined during normotension and hypotension (arterial pressure, 50 mm Hg) in 49 anesthetized dogs. Following a craniotomy, a branch of the MCA was cannulated, and collateral-dependent tissue was identified using the shadow-flow technique. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with microspheres, and pial artery pressure was measured with a micropipette. Intravenous nitroarginine reduced blood flow to normal cerebrum by approximately 40% (p < 0.05) during normotension and hypotension, with aortic pressure maintained constant after nitroarginine administration. Injection of nitroarginine during hypotension, without control of pressor effects, increased aortic and pial artery pressure approximately twofold. Concurrently, blood flow to normal cerebrum decreased (p < 0.05), while flow to collateral-dependent cerebrum increased (p < 0.05). Phenylephrine was infused during hypotension to increase arterial pressure to values similar to those achieved following nitroarginine. Blood flow to collateral-dependent cerebrum increased (p < 0.05), but flow to normal cerebrum was not altered during infusion of phenylephrine. Thus, inhibition of NO synthase during hypotension increases arterial pressure, decreases blood flow to normal cerebrum, and increases blood flow to collateral-dependent cerebrum. Phenylephrine also increases perfusion pressure and blood flow to collateral-dependent cerebrum, but in contrast to nitroarginine, it does not redistribute blood flow from normal cerebrum.
Customizing system software using OO frameworks

Today's applications have exploded in their diversity, but most operating systems are still general-purpose and inefficient. One of the benefits of using an OO approach is the ability to modify very small details of an operating system, which makes it easy to tailor the system to the application. My experience indicates that optimizing an operating system for the general case can result in mediocre performance for specialized applications, especially parallel applications. Therefore, I envision a customizable operating system built from components that will allow an optimal match between application behavior and hardware architecture. I propose an object-oriented operating system in which design frameworks support alternative implementations of key systems software services.
Can there be reasoning with degrees of belief

In this paper I am concerned with the question of whether degrees of belief can figure in reasoning processes that are executed by humans. It is generally accepted that outright beliefs and intentions can be part of reasoning processes, but the role of degrees of belief remains unclear. The literature on subjective Bayesianism, which seems to be the natural place to look for discussions of the role of degrees of belief in reasoning, does not address the question of whether degrees of belief play a role in real agents’ reasoning processes. On the other hand, the philosophical literature on reasoning, which relies much less heavily on idealizing assumptions about reasoners than Bayesianism, is almost exclusively concerned with outright belief. One possible explanation for why no philosopher has yet developed an account of reasoning with degrees of belief is that reasoning with degrees of belief is not possible for humans. In this paper, I will consider three arguments for this claim. I will show why these arguments are flawed, and conclude that, at least as far as these arguments are concerned, it seems like there is no good reason why the topic of reasoning with degrees of belief has received so little attention.
Anti‐Liver Membrane Protein Antibodies in Dogs With Chronic Hepatitis

Serum from 21 dogs with chronic hepatitis was evaluated for anti-liver membrane protein (anti-LMP) antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ten of the 21 dogs had anti-LMP antibody concentrations greater than 2 SD above the mean value for the 10 healthy control dogs; titers ranged from 1:40 to greater than 1:1,600. Anti-LMP-positive dogs were not restricted by breed, had higher alanine amino transferase activity and total bilirubin concentration, and more severe liver lesions when compared with anti-LMP-negative dogs. This study provided evidence of humoral autoantibodies in dogs with chronic hepatitis, but it did not determine if the autoantibodies were primary or secondary.
In Defense of Artistic Value

Is there a distinctively artistic value that works of art have over and above their aesthetic value? No, Dominic McIver Lopes claims in a recent paper. He canvases various non-aesthetic options for underwriting artistic value. Yet he dispenses too quickly with a promising account of artistic value that would look to the artwork's status as an achievement as the basis of its value: On this achievement-based view, the value of the work of art as art (that is, its distinctively artistic value) consists in the artistically-relevant achievement that it itself constitutes. While I will not seek to vindicate the achievement view itself, I do want to show that Lopes's arguments against it are unsound. Moreover, I argue that Lopes's claim that artistic value might be nothing over and above aesthetic value is untenable, unless it is supplemented by the more basic claim that the aesthetic value in question is something achieved by an artist. Lopes's argument thus only works if he makes recourse to the achievement conception of artistic value that he is keen to reject.
Improved method for the quantification of lysophospholipids including enol ether species by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

LC/ESI-MS/MS has been previously demonstrated to be a powerful method to detect and quantify molecular species of glycerophospholipids including lysophospholipids. In this study, we provide an improved pre-mass spectrometry lipid extraction procedure that avoids the acid-catalyzed decomposition of plasmenyl phospholipids that is problematic with previously reported methods. We show that the use of lysophospholipid internal standards with perdeuterated fatty acyl chains avoids isobar problems associated with the use of internal standards containing odd carbon number fatty acyl chains. We also show that LC prior to MS is required to avoid numerous problems associated with isobars and with MS in-source decomposition of lysophosphatidylserine. The reported method of using normal phase chromatography/ESI-MS is used to quantify lysophospholipids in serum and to quantify lysophospholipids produced in mammalian cells by human group X secreted phospholipase A2. The latter shows that group X phospholipase A2 added exogenously to cells generates a different set of lysophospholipids compared with enzyme produced endogenously in cells, which supports earlier studies showing that this phospholipase A2 can act on cell membranes prior to externalization from cells.
Analytic construction of periodic orbits about the collinear points

A third-order analytical solution for halo-type periodic motion about the collinear points of the circular-restricted problem is presented. The three-dimensional equations of motion are obtained by a Lagrangian formulation. The solution is constructed using the method of successive approximations in conjunction with a technique similar to the Lindstedt-Poincare method. The theory is applied to the sun-earth system.
Microscopic Description of Electron-Solid Interactions at a Surface

A microscopic quantum theory of the scattering of an electron at metal-vacuum interfaces is constructed. The interactions of the electron with the short-range electron-ion core potential, the bulk-density fluctuations (e.g., plasmons), and the induced surface charge all are incorporated into the theory in a systematic fashion. Models of the surface- and bulk-charge-density fluctuations are catalogued as appropriate limiting cases of theory. The structure and predictions of the various models are compared, and the suitability of the models as the basis of a theory of electron-solid scattering is examined. The approximations required to produce from the general theory the usual semiclassical description of bulk- and surface-plasmon emission by keV electron transmission are displayed. Similarly, the theory is applied to "derive" the model Hamiltonian recently used to construct a semiphenomenological quantum-field theory of inelastic low-energy ($10\ensuremath{\lesssim}E\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{3}$ eV) electron diffraction. A distorted-wave-scattering theory of elastic low-energy electron diffraction is proposed in which bulk- and surface-plasmon inelastic processes appear as loss terms in a nonlocal complex optical potential whose nature is examined in detail. In appropriate limits, the optical potential is shown to lead both to the image force and to the empirical local-potential models which have been used in calculating elastic low-energy electron diffraction. The pronounced differences between the empirical models and the predictions of the microscopic theory for the optical potential are explored. Some of the consequences of these differences for the analysis of experimental elastic---low-energy---electron-diffraction data are derived.
FK-binding protein is associated with the ryanodine receptor of skeletal muscle in vertebrate animals

The ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (RyR1) of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle terminal cisternae (TC) contains four tightly associated FK506-binding proteins (FKBP12). Dissociation and reconstitution studies have shown that RyR1 can be modulated by FKBP12, which helps to maintain the channel in the quiescent state. In this study, we found that the association of FKBP with RyR1 of skeletal muscle is common to each of the five classes of vertebrates. TC from skeletal muscle representing animals from different vertebrates, i.e. mammals (rabbit), birds (chicken), reptiles (turtle), fish (salmon and rainbow trout), and amphibians (frog), were isolated. For each, we find the following: 1) FKBP12 is localized to the TC (there are four FKBP binding sites/ryanodine receptor); 2) soluble FKBP exchanges with the bound form on RyR1 of TC; 3) release of FKBP from terminal cisternae by drug (FK590) treatment leads to a significant reduction in the net calcium loading rate, consistent with channel activation (the calcium loading rate is restored to the control value by reconstitution with FKBP12); and 4) RyR1 of skeletal muscle TC can bind to and exchange with either FKBP12 or FKBP12.6 (FKBP12.6 is the novel FKBP isoform found selectively associated with RyR2 of dog cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum). We conclude that FKBP is an integral part of the RyR1 of skeletal muscle in each of the classes of vertebrate animals. The studies are consistent with a role for FKBP in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling.
Hydrogen transport through tubular membranes of palladium-coated tantalum and niobium

Palladium-based membranes have been used for decades in hydrogen extraction because of their high permeability and good surface properties and because palladium, like all metals, is 100% selective for hydrogen transport. We describe experiments with hydrogen-extraction membranes made of palladium-coated niobium and tantalum heat-exchanger tubes. The cost was about $45/ft of 3/8 in. tubular membrane, and the fluxes were as high as 0.001 47 mol/m2 s Pa1/2 at 420 °C. The main transport resistance is in the refractory metal substrate. Durability tests showed a 15% reduction in flux for 31 days of continuous membrane operation. Assuming durability is maintained for at least 1 year, this price and flux should allow competitive application for hydrogen recovery in petrochemical plants and for membrane reactors.
A Healthy Retirement

ABSTRACT As members of the nursing profession age, they must begin planning for their retirement years. Social gerontological theory advocates a high level of activity during senior years. Additionally, individuals must continue lifelong activities as they age and remain engaged socially and professionally. High activity of a continuous nature has been correlated with positive life satisfaction in older adults. AORN J 76 (Nov 2002) 873–874.
Striatal bradykinesia alleviated by intracaudate injection of L-dopa.

Die durch chemische Reizung des Nucleus caudatus herabgesetzte Laufgeschwindigkeit konnte durch Injektion vonl-Dopa in dieses Ganglion wieder den ursprunglichen Werten nahegebracht werden.