cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studying Interstellar Shells in our Milky Way Galaxy

The effects of generations of stars within the interstellar medium (ISM) have produced a turbulent, multiphase medium whose evolution has shaped how solar systems like our own form within a galaxy. It is clear that the distribution of energy and material in the ISM of our Milky Way Galaxy is largely driven by the stellar winds and supernova explosions of dying stars, forming hot, expanding bubbles that sweep up shells of neutral material. These Interstellar shells gradually cool, slow down, and mix with the ambient ISM, however we still lack a complete picture of the relevant interstellar processes. Studies of numerous shells are required to improve our understanding of their role in the evolution of our Galaxy. The author and undergraduate students have searched the SETHI radio survey database for new shells. In this project, the properties of 76 such shells were explored to evaluate their suitability for (1) follow-up multi- wavelength imaging and (2) follow-up absorption-line spectroscopic studies. These investigations of interstellar shells will improve our understanding of their properties, characteristics, and interactions with the surrounding ISM.
Nurses as psychiatric consultants in a general hospital emergency room.

Psychiatric nurses' experience in milieu therapy, home treatment, community aftercare, and psychotherapy can be the basis for new roles in mental health. This study used psychiatric nurses as consultants to general physicians in a general hospital emergency room. Psychiatric nurses successfully managed 66% of the psychiatric referrals in the emergency room and required only telephone consultation in a majority of the remaining cases to develop and implement a satisfactory treatment plan. The resistance to using nurses in this new role seems a result of anxiety generated in the emergency room staff and physicians. Sensitivity to these discomforts reduces “undermining” behavior and provides the opportunity for new roles to develop, be defined, and be accepted.
Atypical presentation of preeclampsia in high-order multifetal gestations

Objective: To describe our experience with preeclampsia in high-order multifetal gestations. Methods: Records for all triplet and quadruplet pregnancies delivered after 24 weeks' gestation from January 1988 through June 1994 were reviewed. All patients were treated with bed rest from 20 weeks' gestation onward and received corticosteroids weekly beginning at 24 weeks. Tocolytics were used as needed. Results: Twenty-one triplet and eight quadruplet pregnancies were studied. The mean gestational age at delivery was 32.3 and 27.9 weeks, and mean birth weights were 1547 and 1028 g, respectively. Seventeen of 29 patients developed preeclampsia, 14 of the 21 triplet mothers and three of the eight quadruplet mothers. Among 16 patients who were delivered for preeclampsia, only eight had blood pressure (BP) elevation before delivery, whereas ten had epigastric pain, visual disturbances and/or headache; nine had elevated liver enzyme levels; and seven had low platelet counts. Only three patients had proteinuria, and only six had edema. Five women developed the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets postpartum, all of whom had normal BP before delivery. Two patients developed preeclampsia after delivery. A total of 95 infants were delivered, all by cesarean, of whom 93 (98%) survived. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is common in high-order multifetal gestations and often presents in an atypical manner. Hypertension is not always the presenting sign, and symptoms consistent with severe preeclampsia and abnormal laboratory values predominate.
The Effect of Crown Receipt on Measures of Gingival Status

Although the association between crown margins and increased inflammation and probing depth is well-established, studies examining these effects have been largely post hoc. Change in gingival status measures due to receipt of crowns may affect longitudinal evaluations in clinical trials and epidemiological studies. This study examined the effects of receipt of crowns on the periodontal health of the Ramfjord index teeth. Gingival status descriptors included measures of plaque, gingival inflammation, calculus, probing depth, and gingival recession. Changes in periodontal status scores (1987-89) for teeth receiving crowns among 67 patients were compared with change in scores for teeth not receiving crowns. Teeth that were crowned showed small, but significant, differences. These teeth had greater decreases in calculus scores for both surfaces, increases in inflammation compared with decreases for teeth not receiving crowns, and increased facial probing depths. Change in gingival recession was markedly decre...
On the rate of convergence of sequential quadratic programming with nondifferentiable exact penalty function in the presence of constraint degeneracy

We analyze the convergence of a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for nonlinear programming for the case in which the Jacobian of the active constraints is rank deficient at the solution and/or strict complementarity does not hold for some or any feasible Lagrange multipliers. We use a nondifferentiable exact penalty function, and we prove that the sequence generated by an SQP using a line search is locally R-linearly convergent if the matrix of the quadratic program is positive definite and constant over iterations, provided that the Mangasarian-Fromovitz constraint qualification and some second-order sufficiency conditions hold.
Heteropteran Trichobothria (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Abstract I describe and diagram the numbers and arrangements of the abdominal trichobothria of nymphs and adults of the Heteroptera-Trichophora, i.e. the super-families Lygaeoidea (Idiostolidae, Lygaeidae, Piesmatidae, Colobathristidae, Berytidae, and Malcidae), Pyrrhocoroidea (Largidae and Pyrrhocoridae), Coreoidea (Stenocephalidae, Rhopalidae, Alydidae, and Coreidae), and Pentatomoidea (in part: Thaumastellidae, Urostylidae, Corimelaenidae, Cydnidae, and Pentatomidae). Adults of the first 3 superfamilies typically bear 3 pairs of trichobothria each on sterna 3–6, and on 2 on sternum 7. In some members of the Lygaeoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea, nymphs bear fewer and the number increases during ontogeny to the adult number. There is no increase in the Coreoidea. Many first-instar pentatomoids have one trichobothrium; second (and later) instars and adults have 2, on sterna 3–7. There appears to be an overall evolutionary trend for the acquisition of the adult trichobothrial complement ever earlier in the postembryonic ontogeny of the Trichophora. With respect to this trend the Idiostolidae are the most primitive group and the Coreoidea the most advanced. The Pentatomoidea do not fit into the sequence, further evidence that they are separate from the lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreoid line of evolution. There is also a countertrend. Here the usual adult number is not attained at all. The more advanced the group exhibiting this countertrend, the fewer trichobothria the adult will bear; the ultimate condition is that of some Piesmatidae, whose adults lack trichobothria altogether. The Lygaeidae-Blissinae perhaps show the counter-trend. The lygaeoid “malcid-line” probably also does (Lygaeidae-Cyminae, Lygaeidae-Cryptorhamphinae, Malcidae, Colobathristidae, Berytidae, Piesmatidae). During the ontogenetic increase in number, certain trichobothria can be predicted to appear; certain ones on each segment are less labile than others. Variability within a trichobothrial cluster is great, but the position of the cluster itself is invariable. I conclude that trichobothria-determining fields occur on each segment, wherein certain setae may become trichobothria, hormonal balance permitting. I discuss the phylogenetic significance of these numbers and arrangements, at various systematic levels. I also briefly discuss the function of trichobothria.
Genetic analysis of γ-mutagenesis in yeast III. Double-mutant strains

Comparisons between the 60Co gamma-ray survival curves of diploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are homozygous for two non-allelic radiation-sensitive mutations and the corresponding single-mutant diploids suggest that there are two main types of repair of ionizing radiation damage in this organism. The first, which is defined by the rad52 epistasis group, depends on the activities of the RAD50 through RAD57 genes and is responsible for repairing the larger amount of lethal damage. Previous work [22] shows that this type of repair is essentially error-free. The second, defined by the rad6 epistasis group, depends on the activities of the RAD6, RAD9, RAD18, REV1 and REV3 genes and repairs a smaller, though still substantial, amount of lethal damage. It is also responsible for induced mutagenesis [22, 23]. Data for survival and mutation induction after irradiation in air and partial anoxia show that oxygen-dependent damage can be repaired by either of these two pathways. They also show similar oxygen-enhancement ratios for survival and mutagenesis.
Psychosocial aspects of constitutional short stature: Social competence, behavior problems, self-esteem, and family functioning

To determine the psychosocial effects of short stature, we administered a battery of psychologic tests to 24 children (ages 6 to 12 years) with constitutional short stature. Their results were compared to those of a group of 23 healthy children with normal stature matched for age, IQ, sex, and socioeconomic status. The short children had significantly higher scores on parental ratings of behavioral difficulties, especially somatic complaints, social withdrawal, and schizoidal tendencies. There were also indications of impaired self-concept as expressed by feelings of unpopularity and dissatisfaction. Parental responses suggested a tendency to set less clear limits on behavior, but not necessarily toward overprotectiveness. Parents of short children also gave responses indicating poorer communication and cooperation among family members. In contrast to recent studies of growth hormone-deficient children, in which no maladjustment surfaced, these results indicate that children with constitutional delay have characteristic behavioral difficulties.
Teleology and News: The Religious Roots of American Journalism, 1630-1730.

On October 17, 1637, Mary Dyer, a supporter of Anne Hutchinson in the religious controversy then swirling through Boston, delivered a hideously deformed stillborn child. The women attending the birth decided to keep the miscarriage quiet, but rumors began to spread through the town. Eventually, Gov. John Winthrop heard of it, investigated, and ordered the body exhumed. The exhumation was something of a sensation; a crowd of more than one hundred people gathered to gape at the grotesque little corpse.' Mary Dyer's "monstrous birth" was news. Winthrop wrote about it in his journal, suggesting that it was the talk of the town by the spring of 1638. The story was published in a newssheet in London in 1642, one of the first publications of a "strange occurrence" to come out of New England. It was featured in the first account of the Hutchinson controversy, published in 1644. And it appeared in the "Chronological Table of some few memorable occurrences" in one of the earliest New England almanacs. Along with Indian wars, deep snows, earthquakes, shipwrecks, droughts, epidemics, and strange lights in the southern sky, there it was: "Mrs. Dier brought forth her horned-foure-talented [taloned]-monster."2 Why was this sad miscarriage news in New England in the 1630s? More generally, what was news for seventeenth-century New Englanders, and why was it news? What was the nature and function of news in their public life? And what legacy did that conception of news leave for the development of American newspaper journalism
Effect of 24 hours light on circadian rhythms of secretory enzymes and morphology of rat von Ebner's glands.

Von Ebner's glands of the rat are minor salivary serous glands in the posterior portion of the tongue. They secrete two digestive enzymes, lingual lipase and amylase. In this investigation, circadian rhythm in feeding was established under a normal 12 h light/12 h dark cycle, with the rats eating primarily during the dark period. At lights on, the size of the acinar cells and the area of the inclusive secretory granules, and the amount of digestive enzyme activity (lingual lipase and amylase) remaining in the gland was significantly less than in the mid-afternoon, after very little daylight food consumption. However, after 7 days of continuous light the circadian rhythm was altered: the food consumption during the normal night-time hours (5 p.m. to 8 a.m.) went from 88% of total 24 h food consumption to 45%, and during normal daylight hours (8 a.m. to 5 p.m.) from 12% to 55%. These changes were correlated with histometric findings of a near reversal of the areas of acinar cells and secretory granules of a.m. and p.m. samples under continuous light. Lingual lipase activity in the glands went from 35% under 12 h light to 61% under continuous light in the a.m. and from 65% to 39% in the p.m. Amylase activity also showed nearly a reversal in activity remaining in the gland, from 36% at 12 h light to 58% at 24 h light in the a.m. and 64% to 41% for the p.m. samples. These results indicate that the von Ebner's glands of the rat have a circadian rhythm of secretion and storage of secretory proteins that is subject to light entrainment similar to that seen in other exocrine glands such as the parotid and pancreas.
Time dependence of stimulation/recording-artifact transfer function estimates for neural interface systems

A continuous feedback-enabled control system requires simultaneous measurements of the system states and generation of a control output. In neural systems, electric stimulation used to interact with neural activity also creates additional electrical potential variations at measurement points used to monitor neural activity. This stimulus artifact confounds recording of underlying neural activity through the addition of both common mode and differential potentials. We model this artifact as a linearly filtered version of the applied electrical current. We demonstrate a method to determine the properties of this filter using multi-taper techniques for chronically implanted animals stimulated with polarizing low-frequency electric fields (PLEF). When measured repeatedly in chronic experiments with continuous recordings, we observe slow changes of up to 50% transfer function magnitude (figure 1). Such changes reflect a combination bulk impedance changes of the tissue and changes in electrode interface properties. These variations need to be tracked and accommodated for successful chronic continuous feedback neural control systems.
DIFFERENTIAL ADHESION AND THE INITIAL ASSEMBLY OF THE MAMMALIAN OLFACTORY NERVE

During the initial assembly of the olfactory pathway, the behavior of olfactory axons changes as they grow from the olfactory epithelium toward the telencephalic vesicle. The axons exit the epithelium singly or in small fascicles, and their growth cones are simple and bullet-shaped. Outside the epithelium, they make a sharp dorsal turn and fasciculate into a single nerve; the growth cones remain simple. Upon entering the ventromedial telencephalon, the axons defasciculate, branch extensively, and end in complex, lamellate growth cones which extend toward the ventrolateral aspect of the telencephalic vesicle. The distribution of laminin, collagen-IV, and fibronectin varies in register with these changes in olfactory axon and growth cone behavior. Each of these extracellular matrix molecules influences olfactory neurite outgrowth and growth cone morphology in vitro consistent with its distribution in vivo. The distribution of E-cadherin, L1, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the polysialated form of NCAM also varies in register with changes in olfactory axon behavior. In vitro, L1 modulates embryonic olfactory neurite outgrowth and growth cone morphology consistent with its distribution in vivo. Thus, olfactory axon trajectory, fasciculation, and growth cone morphology change within distinct adhesive environments in the nascent olfactory pathway, and some of the molecules that characterize these environments have differential effects upon olfactory neurite growth and growth cone morphology. Consequently, the patterned expression and activity of extracellular matrix and cell surface adhesion molecules may contribute to the initial assembly of the olfactory pathway.
The Real-World Reading Practices of Adults

This study used a diary method to obtain detailed information about the reading practices of a sample of adult readers with diverse educational and occupational experiences. Reading practices were ...
Succinate dehydrogenase from the bay mussel, Mytilus edulis.

An active particulate preparation is described from the posterior adductor muscle of the bay mussel, Mytilus edulis. This preparation contained succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase systems but did not catalyze the oxidation of succinate by molecular oxygen. Soluble succinate dehydrogenase was prepared from the acetone powder of the particulate preparation and was purified with calcium phosphate gel adsorption. The soluble dehydrogenase from the mussel reacted with ferricyanide at a significantly slower rate than other known animal systems. Prolonged incubation of the enzyme with cyanide did not decrease the activity below values due to normal decay. The properties of the solubilized dehydrogenase are compared to those of the succinate dehydrogenase of mammals, fungi, bacteria and an invertebrate worm.
Mussel Periostracum from Deep-Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 2. The Pit Borers

. Mussel periostracum from the Florida Escarpment redox community (3266 m depth) is extensively bored by a variety of microorganisms. Four different types of pit borings were observed and characterized on the basis of SEM images of their resin casts, and/or light and TEM reconstructions: two large, open-pit borers, a “button” borer, and a cone borer. These boring patterns represent distinctive feeding “strategies”. The cumulative activities of periostracum borers remove the protective organic layer from the mussel shells, exposing the mineral to cndolith attack.
Quercetin enhances CD95- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in leukemia cell lines.

CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) and TNF-related-apoptosis-inducing-ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2) are two of the six cellular receptors belonging to the TNF superfamily regulating the extrinsic apoptotic pathways after the interaction with their cognate ligand. Both CD95 and TRAIL are potential candidates to target apoptosis in malignant cells, even if their simple expression is not an essential feature for apoptosis sensitivity.1 In preclinical studies, the administration of soluble recombinant TRAIL (rTRAIL) or anti-CD95 agonistic antibody in experimental animals induced significant tumor regression without systemic toxicity.2, 3 This approach can be used to overcome chemotherapy resistance, for example, several types of leukemias; in this case, tumor resistance can be bypassed by a combined therapy including the activation of death receptors (DR; extrinsic pathway) and chemotherapy (intrinsic way).1 In this contest, a plethora of naturally occurring molecules with potential chemopreventive properties have been recently described.4 Among these, quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), the major dietary flavonoid, abundantly present in a broad range of fruits and vegetables, has been intensively studied for its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiproliferative and, more recently, apoptotic effects in cell cultures and animal models.5
Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma.

High-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma are premalignant and malignant lesions of the esophagus. The incidence of lymphatic or systemic metastases is low and esophagectomy is curative in most patients. Until recently, complete removal of the neoplastic tissue was reliably accomplished with only esophagectomy. New technologies have been developed that allow endoscopic mucosal resection and ablation with preservation of the esophagus for these lesions. Optimal treatment of the patient requires consideration of not only the stage of the lesion but also the pathophysiology of the esophagus and the severity of the underlying reflux disease. Only with this approach can outcomes be optimized for both the dysplasia or cancer and the patient’s reflux disease and long-term quality of life. In this article, we summarize the experience from a surgical center’s perspective.
Modeling plant morphology and development of petunia in response to temperature and photosynthetic daily light integral

Abstract The effects of mean daily temperature (MDT) and mean photosynthetic daily light integral (MDLI) on flowering during the finish stage of two petunia ( Petunia × hybrida ) cultivars were quantified. Petunia ‘Easy Wave Coral Reef’ and ‘Wave Purple’ were grown in glass-glazed greenhouses at 14–23 °C or 14–26 °C and under 4–19 mol m −2 d −1 with a 16-h photoperiod. The flower developmental rate was predicted using a model that included a linear MDT function with a base temperature multiplied by an exponential MDLI saturation function. The flower developmental rate increased and time to flower decreased as MDT increased within the temperature range studied. For example, under a MDLI of 12 mol m −2 d −1 , as MDT increased from 14 to 23 °C, time to flower of ‘Easy Wave Coral Reef’ and ‘Wave Purple’ decreased from 51 to 22 d and 62 to 30 d, respectively. Flower developmental rate increased as MDLI increased until saturation at 14.1–14.4 mol m −2 d −1 . Nonlinear models were generated for effects of MDT and MDLI on flower bud number and plant height at flowering. The number of flower buds at flowering increased as MDT decreased and MDLI increased. For example, at an MDT of 14 °C with 18 mol m −2 d −1 , plants had 2.5–2.9 times more flower buds than those grown at 23 °C and 4 mol m −2 d −1 . Models were validated with an independent data set, and the predicted time to flower, flower bud number, and plant height were within ±7 d, ±20 flowers, and ±4 cm, respectively, for 96–100%, 62–87%, and 93–100% of the observations, respectively. The models could be used during greenhouse crop production to improve scheduling and predict plant quality of these petunia cultivars.
Seasonal Movement Patterns and Habitat Preferences of Age-0 Lake Sturgeon in the Lower Peshtigo River, Wisconsin

Abstract Efforts to restore lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens to former population levels in the Great Lakes will benefit from a thorough understanding of the species' early life history. The rehabilitation of this species will be aided by identifying nursery habitats in riverine environments through characterizing the habitat use and movements of age-0 fish. The objectives of this study were to determine the habitat preferences and movement patterns of age-0 lake sturgeon in the lower Peshtigo River, Wisconsin, a tributary of Lake Michigan. Fish were captured from June through October 2002 and 2003 by means of wading, snorkeling, haul-seine, and backpack electrofishing surveys, and radio transmitters were attached to individuals larger than 74 g. For each capture and relocation site, habitat features were evaluated by measuring water depth, velocity, and temperature and by characterizing substrate type and macroinvertebrate assemblage. Age-0 lake sturgeon were collected and relocated at water depths les...
A simple method for NMR photography.

Abstract The application of a multi-frequency weak pulse to a liquid crystal can excite narrow 1 H NMR peaks at the applied frequencies. By using two-level amplitude coding, namely setting the amplitudes of some of the harmonics to zero, this method can be used to store up to 1024 bits of binary information in the liquid crystal molecules. When the information is retrieved in the form of a spectrum, which is plotted as an array of 32 or 16 segments, the stack of spectral segments reproduces a 2D input pattern quite well. This technique is called “NMR photography.” The original method was a pseudo-2D technique that applies the 1024-frequency pulse in the first step, and reads the signal row-by-row in the second step. The present improvement involves subtracting two spectra obtained with the same 1024-frequency pulse but with different durations, so that the method becomes a 1D technique, with a tremendous saving of experimental time. Several examples are given to illustrate the results.
Employing tumor hypoxia to enhance oncolytic viral therapy in breast cancer.

Abstract Background Hypoxia is a common tumor condition correlated with therapeutic resistance. Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a rate-limiting enzyme for viral replication. We hypothesize that hypoxia-driven transcription of UL39, the gene encoding the large subunit of RR, would enhance herpes oncolytic viral therapy in breast cancer. Methods Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) ELISA was performed on MCF7 human breast cancer cells in hypoxia (1% O 2 ) or normoxia (21% O 2 ). A multimerized hypoxia-responsive enhancer was constructed (10xHRE) and functionally tested in a luciferase assay. 10xHRE was cloned upstream of the UL39 gene (10xHRE-UL39). MCF7 cells were transfected with 10xHRE-UL39, incubated in hypoxia or normoxia, and infected with G207. Cytotoxicity assays and viral titers were performed. Results HIF-1α levels increased 7-fold in hypoxic MCF7 cells ( P P P P Conclusion Hypoxia-driven RR production significantly enhances G207 cytotoxicity in hypoxic breast cancer cells, which would otherwise be resistant to herpes viral therapy alone.
Comparative evaluation of oxygen delignification processes for low and high lignin content softwood kraft pulps

The present study explores the efficiency of delignification achieved during standard oxygen, double-oxygen, and mini-oxygen [(E + O)Dkf=0.05(E + O)] delignification of high- (kappa = 56.2) and low- (kappa = 26.6) lignin-content softwood (SW) kraft pulps in the context of the structural changes occurring in the lignin as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The relative bleachability of the high-kappa pulps was determined to be superior to that of the lower-kappa pulps during the oxygen bleaching experiments. The general trend of increasing ease of bleachability was double oxygen > oxygen > mini-oxygen for both the low- and high-lignin-content pulps. NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that part of the rationale for the higher levels of delignification in the high-kappa pulps was due to higher contents of β-O-4 and methoxy lignin functional groups. In addition, the high-kappa pulp contained a lower number of resistant 5,5‘-condensed lignin units and diphenylmethane structures. The NMR data...
Performance of Steel Moment Connections under a Column Removal Scenario. II: Analysis

AbstractThis paper presents a computational investigation of the response of steel beam-column assemblies with moment connections under monotonic loading conditions simulating a column removal scenario. Two beam-column assemblies are analyzed, which incorporate (1) welded unreinforced flange bolted web connections, and (2) reduced beam section connections. Detailed models of the assemblies are developed, which use highly refined solid and shell elements to represent nonlinear material behavior and fracture. Reduced models are also developed, which use a much smaller number of beam and spring elements and are intended for use in future studies to assess the vulnerability of complete structural systems to disproportionate collapse. The two modeling approaches are described, and computational results are compared with the results of the full-scale tests described in the companion paper. Good agreement is observed, demonstrating that both the detailed and reduced models are capable of capturing the predominan...
Treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a readily diagnosable disorder that responds to treatment. Smoking cessation can reduce symptoms and prevent progression of disease. Bronchodilator therapy is key in improvement of lung function. Three classes of bronchodilators-beta agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline-are available and can be used individually or in combination. Inhaled glucocorticoids can also improve airflow and can be combined with bronchodilators. Inhaled glucocorticoids, in addition, might reduce exacerbation frequency and severity as might some bronchodilators. Effective use of pharmacotherapy in COPD needs integration with a rehabilitation programme and successful treatment of co-morbidities, including depression and anxiety. Treatment for stable COPD can improve the function and quality of life of many patients, could reduce admissions to hospital, and has been suggested to improve survival.
Non-Homologous Sequences of Parathyroid Hormone and the Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide Bind to a CommonReceptor on ROS 17/2.8 Cells

Abstract We and others have recently shown that amino terminal sequences of parathyroid hormone (PTH) andparathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP), which share a 62% homology within the first 13 residues, bindto the same receptor on ROS 17/2.8 cells. The remaining PTHrP sequence is markedly different from PTH,suggesting that receptor binding may be dependent on the first 13 amino acids of either peptide. However,since the amino acid residues 14-34 have previously been recognized as an important binding domain for PTH,conformational similarity within this portion's secondary structure of both peptides could contribute totheir capacity to bind to the same receptor. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized [Tyr36,Cys38]pTHrP-(14-38) and [Tyr3MbPTH(14-34)NH2, and studied binding of both peptides to the common PTH/PTHrP receptor on ROS 17/2.8 cells. Radioiodinated, HPLC-purified [Nle8,18, Tyr34]bPTH(l4-34)NH2 (NlePTH) and [Tyr36]PTHrP- (1-36)NH2 were used to functionally define receptor binding requirements. ...
Adrenal atrophy and thyroid inhibition following PABA.

SummaryThe results clarify a previous report(2) in which the possibility of a direct action of PABA on the adrenal gland was suggested as a more likely mechanism for induction of adrenal atrophy by this goitrogen. These data indicate that under conditions where administration of PABA produced adrenal atrophy, inhibition of the thyroid gland occurred as indicated by reduced thyroidal I131 uptake. Thus further evidence is presented to associate goitrogenic activity with ability to induce adrenal atrophy, though the possibility of a direct action of PABA on the adrenal gland coupled with thyroid inhibition can not be excluded.
Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence

About one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail at least two antidepressant drug trials at 1 year. Together with clinical and experimental evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of MDD is multifactorial, this observation underscores the importance of elucidating mechanisms beyond monoaminergic dysregulation that can contribute to the genesis and persistence of MDD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are mechanistically linked to the presence of neurovascular dysfunction with blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability in selected neurological disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, MDD is frequently comorbid with such neurological disorders and constitutes an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in disorders characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the neurobiology of MDD. More recent evidence links neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to MDD without neurological comorbidity. We review this emerging literature and present a theoretical integration between these abnormalities to those involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in MDD. We discuss our hypothesis that alterations in endothelial nitric oxide levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling are central mechanistic links in this regard. Understanding the contribution of neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to the pathophysiology of MDD may help to identify novel therapeutic and preventative approaches.
A second-order accurate method for solving the signed distance function equation

We present a numerical method for computing the signed distance to a piecewise-smooth surface defined as the zero set of a function. It is based on a marching method by Kim [Kim01] and a hybrid discretization of firstand second-order discretizations of the signed distance function equation. If the solution is smooth at a point and at all of the points in the domain of dependence of that point, the solution is second-order accurate; otherwise, the method is first-order accurate, and computes the correct entropy solution in the presence of kinks in the initial surface.
A strategy for constructing aneuploid yeast strains by transient nondisjunction of a target chromosome

Most methods for constructing aneuploid yeast strains that have gained a specific chromosome rely on spontaneous failures of cell division fidelity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, extra chromosomes can be obtained when errors in meiosis or mitosis lead to nondisjunction, or when nuclear breakdown occurs in heterokaryons. We describe a strategy for constructing N+1 disomes that does not require such spontaneous failures. The method combines two well-characterized genetic tools: a conditional centromere that transiently blocks disjunction of one specific chromosome, and a duplication marker assay that identifies disomes among daughter cells. To test the strategy, we targeted chromosomes III, IV, and VI for duplication. The centromere of each chromosome was replaced by a centromere that can be blocked by growth in galactose, and ura3::HIS3, a duplication marker. Transient exposure to galactose induced the appearance of colonies carrying duplicated markers for chromosomes III or IV, but not VI. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) confirmed that disomic strains carrying extra chromosome III or IV were generated. Chromosome VI contains several genes that are known to be deleterious when overexpressed, including the beta-tubulin gene TUB2. To test whether a tubulin stoichiometry imbalance is necessary for the apparent lethality caused by an extra chromosome VI, we supplied the parent strain with extra copies of the alpha-tubulin gene TUB1, then induced nondisjunction. Galactose-dependent chromosome VI disomes were produced, as revealed by CGH. Some chromosome VI disomes also carried extra, unselected copies of additional chromosomes. This method causes efficient nondisjunction of a targeted chromosome and allows resulting disomic cells to be identified and maintained. We used the method to test the role of tubulin imbalance in the apparent lethality of disomic chromosome VI. Our results indicate that a tubulin imbalance is necessary for disomic VI lethality, but it may not be the only dosage-dependent effect.
Satisfaction guaranteed? Enhanced impact of trainer competence for autonomous trainees

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interplay between perceptions of instructor competence and trainees’ motivational orientations (autonomy orientation) as predictor of trainee satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – Simulating a realistic training initiative, the paper examines survey responses from a sample (n=132) of students enrolled in an introductory business course at a large US university. Findings – Perceptions of instructor competence predict course satisfaction over and above trainees’ motivational orientations. Further, trainee satisfaction is an interactive function of both instructor competence and trainee orientations, with instructor competence being more important for trainees with high autonomy. Research limitations/implications – The results of the present study should be considered in the light of the limitations, including limited generalizability, an exclusive focus on trainee satisfaction as outcome, and a test of only one moderator. Practical implications...
Fronto-limbic dysfunction in mania pre-treatment and persistent amygdala over-activity post-treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder

Rationale Neural deficits at the interface of affect and cognition may improve with pharmacotherapy in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD).
Effect of Short Study Abroad Course on Student Openness to Diversity

An important contributing factor to students' willingness to work with di- verse people is their "openness" to diversi- ty. The objective of this study was to test the effect of a short (3-wk) study abroad course to China on the openness to diversi- ty/challenge of the 23 students participat- ing in the China study abroad course. Stu- dents were given the "openness to diversi- ty" survey at the beginning of the course and at the end of the course. Statistical analysis concerning the change in openness to diversity between pre-test and post-test was conducted using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test (P 0.05). A signifi- cant increase (P = 0.007) in openness to di- versity was observed as a result of the short study abroad course. The overall average change in openness to diversity found for this study (0.07) was consistent with that reported for semester-long study abroad groups (0.074). Together these findings im- ply that short study abroad courses may have a significant effect on students' open- ness to diversity and may be as effective as longer study abroad programs. Overall, any study abroad course presents an opportunity to increase students' openness to diversity.
Solvent Reorganization Energy and Free Energy Change for Donor/Acceptor Electron Transfer at Micelle Surfaces: Theory and Experiment

Theories are presented for calculating the solvent reorganization energy and the free energy change which occur in photoinduced donor/acceptor electron transfer at the surface of micelles. The theories are based on the Marcus theory for spherical reactants in a dielectric continuum. The micelle is modeled with regions of differing dielectric properties, representing the micelle core, the headgroup region, and the surrounding water. The free energy change accompanying electron transfer can be calculated from redox measurements made in bulk liquids. The theories are applied to previously published photoinduced intermolecular electron-transfer data between octadecylrhodamine B (ODRB) and N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) molecules.1 The ODRB and DMA molecules are located in the surface region of three different types of surfactant micelles: dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, and cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB, TTAB, and CTAB, respectively). The data show an increased rate of electron transfer with increasing micelle rad...
Characterization of Near-Surface Geology at Strong-Motion Stations in the Vicinity of Reno, Nevada

Abstract We evaluate site conditions at each of the 21 Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) strong-motion stations in the Reno–Sparks, Nevada, area. Shallow shear-wave velocities are measured using the refraction microtremor (ReMi) technique (Louie, 2001). Average velocities to depths of 30 and 100 m are compared with local geological and soil classifications. Generalized 1:250,000 scale geological classifications show some variations in unit averages of the measured velocities, but variations between units are much smaller than the standard deviations of velocities within units having multiple measurements. Site velocities are weakly correlated with the weight percent of gravel, sand, silt, and clay in the soil unit at the surface. Predictions of site velocities based on these soil sediment percentages fall within ±20% of measured values for all but two of the 21 sites.
Elimination of Self-Peptide Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Reactivity in NOD and β2-Microglobulin-Negative Mice

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and β 2 -microglobulin-gene–ablated mice (β 2 M –/–) show impaired presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and self-peptides, structures now recognized as critical for T-cell education to endogenous peptides. The naturally occurring NOD class I presentation abnormality appears to be attributable to, in part, a quantitative defect in the production of Tap -1 mRNA; Tap -1 with Tap -2 normally functions as a transporter for stable self-peptide and class I assembly. This study attempts to reverse NOD and β 2 M –/– mouse autoreactivity by introduced or reestablished syngeneic class I presentation. Introduction of MHC class I and self-peptides on syngeneic MHC class I-matched cells specifically prevented diabetes in NOD mice and eliminated in vitro class I–directed T-cell autoreactivity in NOD and β 2 M –/– mice. Reestablishment of endogenousclass I and self-peptide presentation in NOD mice was achieved with two well-described cures for the NOD mouse, complete Freund9s adjuvant and mouse hepatitis virus. Both treatments induced Tap -1 mRNA, reestablished class I presentation of endogenous antigens, and eliminated in vitro and in vivo T-cell autoreactivity of self-peptides in the class I groove. These results substantiate a therapeutic role of self-peptide complexed with class I for T-cell education and suggest that some well-described NOD treatments may work, in part, through reestablishment of tolerance through class I and self-peptide.
Holy Intoxication to Drunken Dissipation: Alcohol Among Quichua Speakers in Otavalo, Ecuador

G A S T R O N O M IC A stock gives these lowland landscapes, with their big skies, a kind of twilight feel appropriate to the topic. America’s remaining black farmers form a kind of holdout culture; anyone who has held out on the land under the conditions they have can be assumed to be proud, frugal, and stubborn. In Ficara’s treatment, Rosa Murphy of Brooks County, Georgia, still gripping a well-used hoe on the field in her late eighties, embodies these characteristics. “This is what I do,” she seems almost to be telling us, with a stern skyward glance (p.21). The early photos focus on the theme of people working their fields, and here Ficara displays a talent for conveying the ramshackle beauty of small-scale agricultural landscapes. Later in the book, the focus shifts to documenting political organizing by black farmers, woefully undercovered by the mainstream media, to hold the United States Department of Agriculture (usda) accountable for systemic discrimination in administering farm programs. These photos are as shocking as they are inspiring. More than a century after Reconstruction’s definitive failure to redress the crimes of slavery, African Americans were still having to fight to gain equal treatment from the usda. The tone of the project is understandably elegiac, melancholic. As Williams puts it in the introduction, “Today, all that remains of the nation’s black farmers is a few older folks working the same rich, dark southern soil as their forefathers.” Black Farmers in America is an eloquent start to the telling of an important and unaccountably obscure story.
Replacement of conserved or variable sequences of the mosquito-borne dengue virus 3′ UTR with homologous sequences from Modoc virus does not change infectivity for mosquitoes

The genus Flavivirus includes both vector-borne and no known vector (NKV) species, but the molecular determinants of transmission mode are not known. Conserved sequence differences between the two groups occur in 5′ and 3′ UTRs. To investigate the impact of these differences on transmission, chimeric genomes were generated, in which UTRs, UTRs+capsid, or the upper 3′ UTR stem–loop of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) were replaced with homologous regions from NKV Modoc virus (MODV); the conserved pentanucleotide sequence (CPS) was also deleted from the DENV genome. Virus was not recovered following transfection of these genomes in three different cell types. However, DENV genomes in which the CPS or variable region (VR) of the 3′ UTR were replaced with MODV sequences were recovered and infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with similar efficiencies to DENV. These results demonstrate that neither vector-borne CPS nor VR is required for vector-borne transmission.
Public opinion toward the first, second, and third generations of plant biotechnology

Abstract This paper considers public attitudes toward genetically modified plants in the fields or those soon to be planted. Analyzing a regional public opinion survey of 680 respondents in Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Oklahoma carried out in the Spring–Summer of 2004, we look at the importance of public attitudes toward the three generations of agricultural biotechnology in light of the changing regulatory environment. Specifically, we ask questions concerning the first generation of plants with agronomic qualities, comparing our findings with previous studies, then look at perceptions of the second generation of crops with product quality characteristics, and the third generation, which expresses industrial products and pharmaceutical drugs. We look at perceived benefits, the likelihood, that these plants might accidentally enter the food supply, the likelihood that these plants might be eaten by the respondent, as well as how worried and angry the respondent would be as a result. Finding...
Who Sees the Young Women? A Resource-Sharing Model for Providing Comprehensive Adolescent Women's Health Care

ABSTRACT Female adolescents are underserved in military medicine. This article describes an innovation in preventive care created to address the unmet health needs of female adolescents at a large military community hospital. A “Teen Women's Health Clinic” was created through shared resources between the Departments of Pediatrics and Gynecology. Female teenagers visited the clinic for routine gynecologic care, preventive health maintenance, acute care treatment for gynecologic and general complaints, and subspecialty referral consultation for adolescent medicine. The mean appointment fill rate from May 2001 through April 2002 was 93.8% (range, 63–127%). The mean no-show rate was 16% (range, 0–27%). There was minimal cost to the program. Comprehensive teen women's health with acute and preventive adolescent health care is achievable at the community hospital level at little expense through cooperation between departments. The clinic was well attended, on average working near full capacity, with a low no-sh...
Antegrade rheolytic thrombectomy and thrombolysis for superior sagittal sinus thrombosis using burr hole access

Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis has high morbidity and mortality, and urgent recanalization is critical for severe cases. Standard endovascular techniques for thrombolysis and thrombectomy use retrograde venous access, an approach that may be unsuccessful in cases with extensive firm clot burden involving the dural sinuses distal to the SSS. An anterior open transcranial approach to the SSS for catheter sheath placement to facilitate antegrade mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis of the SSS and more distal sinuses has not been previously described. Here we describe a case in which multiple unsuccessful attempts at retrograde endovascular access were attempted. Thus, a burr hole over the anterior SSS was performed for daily endovascular antegrade procedures using the Angiojet rheolytic catheter device and chemical thrombolysis. Near-complete recanalization of the SSS was achieved with venous outflow via dilated left transverse and left sigmoid sinuses, along with significant collateral flow in multiple cerebral veins.