cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue distribution of the human GLUT3 glucose transporter

The tissue distribution of the GLUT3 glucose transporter protein was examined in human tissues using a rabbit antiserum directed against the C-terminal peptide sequence of human GLUT3. This anti-serum was shown to recognize the human GLUT3 protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with GLUT3 cDNA and to immunoprecipitate an authentic glucose transport protein in brain and testis membranes, as assessed by glucose-inhibitable photolabeling with [3H] cytochalasin-B. The GLUT3 protein, migrating with an apparent mol wt of approximately 48 kilodaltons, was strongly expressed in brain and testis membranes as well as in spermatozoa. It was not detectable in membranes from erythrocytes, adipocytes, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, thyroid, and prostate. Very low levels may be present in placenta. In brain, GLUT3 protein was strongly expressed in grey matter regions and was only weakly expressed in white matter, suggesting that it may be important in providing glucose to regions of high metabolic activity, i.e. to areas associated with synaptic transmission. None was found in peripheral (femoral) nerve. It appeared to be stable for up to 47 h in autopsy brain tissue kept at 4 C. The tissue distribution of human GLUT3 protein thus appears to be highly restricted (brain and testis/spermatozoa), in contrast with a previous report. Its function may be to provide a high affinity glucose transport system in cells that are highly dependent on glucose as a fuel source.
The C-terminal domain of Drosophila βHeavy-spectrin exhibits autonomous membrane association and modulates membrane area

Current models of cell polarity invoke asymmetric cues that reorganize the secretory apparatus to induce polarized protein delivery. An important step in this process is the stabilization of the protein composition in each polarized membrane domain. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is thought to contribute to such stabilization by increasing the half-life of many proteins at the cell surface. Genetic evidence is consistent with a negative role for Drosophila βHeavy-spectrin in endocytosis, but the inhibitory mechanism has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the membrane binding properties of the C-terminal nonrepetitive domain of βHeavy-spectrin through its in vivo expression in transgenic flies. We found that this region is a membrane-association domain that requires a pleckstrin homology domain for full activity, and we showed for the first time that robust membrane binding by such a C-terminal domain requires additional contributions outside the pleckstrin homology. In addition, we showed that expression of the βHeavy-spectrin C-terminal domain has a potent effect on epithelial morphogenesis. This effect is associated with its ability to induce an expansion in plasma membrane surface area. The membrane expansions adopt a very specific bi-membrane structure that sequesters both the C-terminal domain and the endocytic protein dynamin. Our data provide supporting evidence for the inhibition of endocytosis by βHeavy-spectrin, and suggest that the C-terminal domain mediates this effect through interaction with the endocytic machinery. Spectrin may be an active partner in the stabilization of polarized membrane domains.
Cloning and characterization of Tag 1, a tobacco anther β - 1, 3 - glucanase expressed during tetrad dissolution

A critical stage in pollen development is the dissolution of the four products of meiosis, the tetrads, into free microspores. The tetrads are surrounded by a thick callose wall composed of beta-1,3-glucan. At the completion of meiosis, the tetrads are released into the anther locule after hydrolysis of the callose by a beta-1,3-glucanase. Using the polymerase chain reaction, we have amplified and subsequently cloned a cDNA corresponding to a beta-1,3-glucanase, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) anther glucanase (Tag 1), which is expressed exclusively in anthers from meiosis to the free microspore stage of pollen development. The identity of the clone was determined by DNA and deduced protein sequence similarity to other known beta-1,3-glucanases. Several regions strictly conserved among four classes of glucanases are also conserved in the Tag 1 protein. Tag 1 represents a novel class of beta-1,3-glucanase based on phylogenetic analysis and RNA expression pattern. Tag 1 RNA was detected in situ only in the tapetum, with maximal expression just prior to tetrad dissolution. Due to its expression pattern and sequence similarity to other beta-1,3-glucanases, we believe Tag 1 may be involved in tetrad dissolution.
Correlation of singlet energies of aromatic hydrocarbons with the rates of protonation of their anion radicals

Abstract Formation and protonation of aromatic anion radicals in 2-propanol were studied by kinetic spectrophotometric pulse radiolysis. All polycyclic hydrocarbons studied were found to react very rapidly with e − solv . Those with relatively high electron affinity were also reduced by (CH 3 ) 2 CO − . The anion radicals formed undergo protonation by direct reaction with the alcohol molecule. The rate constants for this protonation vary from ≈ 6 × 10 5 s −1 for cis-stilbene and naphthalene down to 20 s −1 for perylene. The variations in rates are discussed in terms of changes in singlet energy separation (Δ E S 1 ← S 0 ). The logarithm of the protonation rate constant for alternant hydrocarbons is linearly dependent on Δ E S 1 ← S 0 .
Development of a measure for the information technology infrastructure construct

The goal of this research was to operationalize the information technology infrastructure (ITI) concept by identifying its underlying dimensions and establishing a valid and reliable measure for the construct. In order to accomplish this task with the highest degree of certainty, two approaches were sequentially applied: exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In evaluating the confirmatory factor model, a step-by-step process was employed, assessing unidimensionality, reliability, discriminant validity, and nomological validity. The dimensions of ITI were determined to be: Chief Information Officer, IT Planning, IT Security, Technology Integration, Advisory Committee, Enterprise Model, and Data Administration. Researchers may now make use of this validated ITI measure to conduct investigations of ITI and other organizational measures. Implications of the ITI measure with other organizational initiatives such as electronic commerce and knowledge management are explored.
Prostaglandin F concentrations in utero-ovarian vein plasma of prepuberal and mature gilts

Abstract Prostaglandin F (PGF) and progestins in utero-ovarian vein (UOV) plasma during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle in unbred mature gilts and following induced ovulation in unbred prepuberal gilts were determined. Prepuberal gilts (120 to 130 days of age) were induced to ovulate with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). The day following HCG was designated as Day 0. Mature gilts which had displayed two or more estrous cycles of 18 to 22 days (onset of estrus = Day 0) were used. Polyvinyl catheters were inserted into the UOV of all gilts and blood was collected at 15 min intervals from 0800 to 1045 hr on Days 10 through 20 or Days 12 through 18. Plasma PGF concentrations in the mature gilts were elevated on Days 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, whereas, plasma PGF concentrations in the prepuberal gilts were elevated only on Days 15, 16 and 17 resulting in a reproductive age (mature vs prepuberal) by day interaction (P
Circadian rhythm phase advance with dawn simulation treatment for winter depression.

A naturalistic pattern of dawn simulation (93 min, 0.001-250 lux) delivered to sleeping patients with winter depression has clinical efficacy similar to postawakening bright light therapy. The authors tested the circadian phase-shifting capacity of the dawn signal in a placebo-controlled, randomized 3-week field trial using 4 photic or nonphotic comparators: 30-min, 10,000-lux bright light therapy; a 13-min, 250-lux light pulse at the end of sleep; and high- and low-density negative air ionization timed to match the dawn. Bright light and dawn treatments both produced average phase advances of ~30 min, while the pulse and ion exposure had minimal effect. The authors conclude that very dim, incremental levels of light at the end of the night, with a dominant red component through eyelid filtering, facilitate circadian rhythm phase advances, possibly in conjunction with room light after awakening.
Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in environmetal waters by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract A quantitative procedure for the analysis of fifteen polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water samples is presented. The analytical technique utilizes a cyclohexane extraction of the PAHs, a cleanup and fractionation with alumina, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and ultraviolet (UV) detection. The analysis is capable of quantitating these PAHs in raw, finished, and distributed waters at concentrations of 1–3 ng/l. The PAHs were detected by three UV detectors in series operating at fixed wavelengths. Compounds were initially identified by retention times, and concentrations were determined by comparing the peak heights of samples to th PAH standards. Extraction efficiencies were then used to correct these results. Further confirmation of identity was afforded by fluorescence emission and excitation spectra. A detailed study of recoveries and stabilities of PAHs at low nanogram-per liter concentrations in water was conducted. The study revealed complete losses in chlorinated water, and selective losses in waters with no measurable chlorine residual. A sodium sulfate pellet spiked with perylene and benzo[ ghi ]perylene is proposed to monitor sample integrity during shipment.
Bone morphogenetic proteins and neurotrophins provide complementary protection of septal cholinergic function during phosphatase inhibitor-induced stress

Cultures of embryonic rat septum were exposed for 24-48 h to 2-5 nm okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of pp1A and pp2A phosphatases. This stress killed approximately 75% of neurons. A neurotrophin (NT) combination (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, each 100 ng/mL) plus a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP6 or BMP7, 5 nm) reduced the death of both cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons, and preserved choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity assayed 2-6 days post-stress. This NT + BMP combination preserved ChAT activity better than either NTs or BMPs alone, and was effective even if trophic factor addition was delayed until 12 h after stress onset. A general caspase inhibitor (qVD-OPH, 10 micro g/mL) also increased survival of stressed cholinergic neurons, but its protection of ChAT activity was shorter lived than that produced by the NT + BMP combination. Neither the NT + BMP combination nor the caspase inhibitor reduced the OA-induced increase in tau phosphorylation. These findings indicate that NTs and BMPs have synergistic protective effects against an OA stress, and suggest that at least some of these protective effects occur upstream of caspase activation.
The influence of competitor density on space use in juvenile striped plateau lizards (Sceloporus virgatus)

Abstract To investigate the role of competitor density in influencing space use patterns of juvenile striped plateau lizards ( Sceloporus virgatus ), a density manipulation experiment was conducted within large (800 m 2 ) field enclosures treated with low (20) and high (60) densities of hatchlings. Enclosures were monitored for 10 months, after which the experiment was replicated. Home range and core area sizes after release of lizards and initial establishment in the fall were significantly reduced in the high-density treatments; fall home range shape, measured as the perimeter-to-area ratio, was significantly reduced in low-density treatments; no significant differences were detected between treatments in core area shape or overlap. During the spring/early summer activity season after the lizard's first winter, no significant differences between density treatments were detected for any of these variables, as enclosure densities had converged between treatments. Individuals in high-density enclosures had increased their space use as competitor density had declined. These results illustrate that competitor density has significant influence on space use by juvenile lizards.
Computer Understanding of Conventional Metaphoric Language

Metaphor is a conventional and ordinary part of language. An approach to metaphor, based on the explicit representation of knowledge about metaphors, has been developed. This approach asserts that the interpretation of conventional metaphoric language should proceed through the direct application of specific knowledge about the metaphors in the language. MIDAS (Metaphor Interpretation, Denotation, and Acquisition System) is a computer program that has been developed based upon this approach. MIDAS can be used to represent knowledge about conventional metaphors, interpret metaphoric language by applying this knowledge, and dynamically learn new metaphors as they are encountered during normal processing.
Effect of amphetamine on extracellular concentrations of amino acids in striatum in neurotensin subtype 1 and 2 receptor null mice: a possible interaction between neurotensin receptors and amino acid systems for study of schizophrenia.

Abstract Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide that acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system mainly through two NT receptors: NTS1 and NTS2. The present study was done to determine the roles of NTS1 and NTS2 on amino acid release in striatum with the use of NTS1 or NTS2 knockout (−/−) mice given d-amphetamine. Both NTS1−/− and NTS2−/− mice had lower extracellular concentrations of d -serine in striatum than did wild type (WT) mice. NTS2−/− but not NTS1−/− mice also had significantly lower basal concentrations of glutamate in striatum as compared to that for WT mice. Systemic administration of d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg, ip) increased glutamate release by 500% in WT mice, as compared to 300% in NTS2−/− mice, and 250% in NTS1−/− mice. Additionally, d-amphetamine injection caused a 4-fold increase in GABA release in both WT and NTS2−/− mice, but only a 2-fold increase in NTS1−/− mice. Therefore, NTS1 and NTS2 modulate basal release of d -serine and glutamate, and also d-amphetamine-induced GABA and glutamate release in striatum. These results provide further support for the involvement of NT receptors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and provide a better understanding of the imbalance of amino acid systems through investigation of a DA-based animal model.
Is there an increased clinical severity of patients with eating disorders under managed care

Abstract Objectives: We sought to examine possible differences in medical status at presentation in 1996, compared to 1991, of adolescents with eating disorders (EDs) at a hospital-based multidisciplinary care program to reflect the increasing market penetration of managed care. Design: Charts were reviewed for all new patients scheduled in a hospital-based outpatient ED program in 1996 and 1991. The 92-item standardized data extraction form included information on demographics, indicators of illness severity at the first visit, and subsequent hospitalization. The need for primary care referral was verified using billing records. Data were analyzed with Student's t -test, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Mann–Whitney U tests using SPSS 7.5. Results: Of the 153 total patients, 133 kept their intake appointment and 130 (98%) of these had charts available for review. The age, racial/ethnic characteristics, and average length of disordered eating behaviors were not significantly different over the 5-year period. Referral from a primary care clinician was more commonly required in 1996 than 1991 (59% vs. 11%; p p = .002). Comparing 1996 to 1991, a similar number of patients had symptoms consistent with anorexia nervosa, whereas fewer patients in 1996 gave a history of bingeing and purging (22% vs. 40%; p = .027). There were no significant differences in indicators of illness severity, treatment by primary care clinician prior to referral, or hospitalization rates for those patients with and without managed care. Conclusions: Patients in 1996 were more likely to require referrals, were less likely to have symptoms consistent with bulimia nervosa, and were more likely to be admitted for medical stabilization. There were no differences in patient presentation characteristics or initial hospitalization rates based on their managed care status. Further research is needed to investigate the changes in illness severity at presentation and to assess the role that managed care plays in the treatment of patients with eating disorders.
Ecodevelopmental Predictors of Early Initiation of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use Among Hispanic Adolescents

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to test the transactional relationships of risk and protective factors that influence initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use among Hispanic youth. Ecodevelopmental theory was used to identify factors at multiple ecological levels with a focus on four school-level characteristics (i.e. school socioeconomic status, school climate, school acculturation, and school ethnic composition). A sample of 741 Hispanic adolescents (M age=13.9, SD=.67) and their caregivers were recruited from 18 participating middle schools in Miami-Dade County, FL. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized ecodevelopmental model of early substance use, accounting for school clustering effects. Results provided strong support for the model (CFI=.95; RMSEA=.03). School SES was indirectly related to the likelihood of starting substance use through perceived peer use norms (β=.03, p<.02). Similarly, school climate had an indirect effect on substance use initiation through family functioning and perceptions of peer use norms (β=-.03, p<.01). Neither school ethnic composition nor school acculturation had indirect effects on initiation of substance use. Results highlight the importance of the interplay of risk and protective factors at multiple ecological levels that impact early substance use initiation. Further, findings underscore the key role of school level characteristics on the initiation of substance use and present opportunities for intervention.
The importance of fluvial hydraulics to fish-habitat restoration in low-gradient alluvial streams

SUMMARY 1 A major cause of degradation and loss of stream fish is alteration of physical habitat within and adjacent to the channel. We describe a potentially efficient approach to fish restoration based upon the relationship between fluvial hydraulics, geomorphology, and those habitats important to fish. 2 The aquatic habitat in a low-gradient, alluvial stream in the Ozark Plateaus physiographical province was classified according to location in the channel, patterns of water flow, and structures that control flow. The resulting habitat types were ranked in terms of their temporal stability and ability to be manipulated. 3 Delineation and quantification of discrete physical spaces in a stream, termed hydraulic habitat units, are shown to be useful in stream restoration programmes if the ecological importance of each habitat unit is known, and if habitats are defined by fluvial dynamics so that restoration is aided by natural forces. 4 Examples, using different taxa, are given to illustrate management options.
Semilattice modes II: the amalgamation property

LetV be a variety of semilattice modes with associated semiringR. We prove that ifR is a bounded distributive lattice, thenV has the amalgamation property. We show that the converse is true whenV is locally finite.
Effect of Gate Dielectric on Performance of Polysilicon Thin Film Transistors

The effect of gate dielectric on the electrical characteristics of n-channel polysilicon thin film transistors was investigated. The following insulators were studied: silicon dioxide grown by wet oxidation, silicon dioxide deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and nitrogen-rich silicon nitride deposited by PECVD. It was observed that the effective electron mobility in TFIs having a deposited dielectric, either silicon nitride or silicon dioxide was higher than that measured in devices with grown silicon dioxide. The TFT leakage current was found to be lowest in devices with PECVD silicon nitride. Devices with deposited dielectrics did not degrade after a positive gate bias stress. However, reduction of the threshold voltage was observed in devices with PECVD silicon nitride, when they were subjected to a negative gate bias stress.
Virtual rehabilitation system

With increasing costs for care giving as well as the number of persons requiring rehabilitation exercises, providing tele-rehabilitation programs becomes very attractive. In this paper, we propose a distributed virtual rehabilitation system which provides real-time interactions between patients and remote physicians. Specifically, using portable immersive facilities, along with a haptics-based exercise platform, therapist is able to assess and guide the patients with wearable body sensors at a different location. Instead of the expensive haptic force feedback communications over the Internet, we use different kinds of virtual 3D models in the virtual environments and keep a consistent simulation of deformable models over networks. Our system offers an interesting and flexible method which makes the rehabilitation an engaging process for both patients and physicians.
An investigation of the effects of temporal alterations in auditory feedback upon stutterers and clutterers.

Abstract This paper presents an investigation of the differential performance of stutterers, clutterers, mixed stutterer-clutterers, and normal talkers when exposed to temporal alterations in auditory feedback during oral reading. The independent variables chosen were: a simulated normal auditory feedback condition (0.001 sec), two accelerated auditory feedback conditions (0.00015 and 0.0005 sec), and three delayed auditory feedback conditions (0.100, 0.200, and 0.300 sec). Four dependent variables were investigated: total reading time, total pause time, total residual phonation time, and word production errors. On all dependent variables the stutterers and clutterers were significantly differentiated. The mixed stutterer clutterers tended to demonstrate behavior indicative of an interaction of the two component disorders. The results are discussed with reference to auditory self-monitoring and differential diagnosis.
R-matrix analysis of the /sup 7/Li system with peripheral channel overlap exchange effects

The parameters of an R-matrix analysis that includes data for all reactions open in the /sup 7/Li system at E/sub x/ less than or equal to 10 MeV suggest that deuteron exchange contributes to the low-energy /sup 6/Li(n,t) reaction. A method for including this mechanism directly in the theory is discussed and preliminary results are given.
POLICE SKEPTICISM OF CITIZEN OVERSIGHT: OFFICERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS, PROCESSES, AND OUTCOMES

ABSTRACT Involving citizens in procedures aimed at holding police officers and agencies accountable for their conduct represents a prominent innovation in policing. Citizen oversight bodies in the United States currently number over 100, a substantial increase from the 13 that existed in 1980. An important obstacle to the creation and effective implementation of these external oversight mechanisms is opposition from police. This paper examines officers’ perceptions of specific aspects of citizen oversight in one Illinois city that recently created such a mechanism. Results show that officers are less supportive of aspects of citizen oversight that offer greater degrees of independence; there is not a consensus of opposition to some oversight features, and officers are less opposed to some functions that have the potential to bring about meaningful change to police policies.
DYNAMIC SETUP REDUCTION IN PRODUCTION LOT SIZING WITH NONCONSTANT DETERMINISTIC DEMAND

Abstract We examine three production policies under nonconstant, deterministic demand and dynamic setup cost reduction, where a decision to invest in setup reduction is made at the beginning of each period of a planning horizon. The three production policies are the reorder point, order quantity ( s , Q ) policy; the fixed production cycle, variable order quantity ( t , Q i ) policy; and the variable production cycle, variable order quantity ( t i , Q i ). We study the behavior of the total relevant cost and develop a lot sizing and an investment solution procedure. Numerical examples are provided and dynamic setup cost reduction is compared with static setup cost reduction, where the decision to invest in setup reduction is made only at the initial setup.
Advanced Single-Aisle Transport Propulsion Design Options Revisited

Future propulsion options for advanced single-aisle transports have been investigated in a number of previous studies by the authors. These studies have examined the system level characteristics of aircraft incorporating ultra-high bypass ratio (UHB) turbofans (direct drive and geared) and open rotor engines. During the course of these prior studies, a number of potential refinements and enhancements to the analysis methodology and assumptions were identified. This paper revisits a previously conducted UHB turbofan fan pressure ratio trade study using updated analysis methodology and assumptions. The changes incorporated have decreased the optimum fan pressure ratio for minimum fuel consumption and reduced the engine design trade-offs between minimizing noise and minimizing fuel consumption. Nacelle drag and engine weight are found to be key drivers in determining the optimum fan pressure ratio from a fuel efficiency perspective. The revised noise analysis results in the study aircraft being 2 to 4 EPNdB (cumulative) quieter due to a variety of reasons explained in the paper. With equal core technology assumed, the geared engine architecture is found to be as good as or better than the direct drive architecture for most parameters investigated. However, the engine ultimately selected for a future advanced single-aisle aircraft will depend on factors beyond those considered here.
Glutamate effect on synaptic transmission mediates neurotoxicity in dissociated rat hippocampal neurons

In dissociated rat hippocampal neurons, slow bath application (1 ml/min) of glutamate (50 microM) increased both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activities. This glutamate effect was abolished by tetrodotoxin or cadmium. The constant perfusion (1 h) of glutamate 50 microM was toxic to the neurons. This toxicity was also blocked by TTX. This suggests that unlike the excitotoxicity at a high (mM) concentration, the glutamate toxicity at 50 microM is mediated by its effect on synaptic transmission.
Cognitive disorders: searching for the circumstances of effective treatment: introduction by the symposium organizer.

Cognitive deficits associated with neurologic disease or damage are quite common and they are known to negatively impact the lives of patients, caregivers and society at large. Unfortunately, documented effective rehabilitation of cognitive deficits is extremely scarce. In addition the concept of cognitive rehabilitation is usually viewed with tremendous skepticism. This pessimism is manifested in so many ways: It is found in the reluctance of skeptical physicians to refer patients to rehabilitation clinicians, it is seen in the reluctance of service payers to fund clinical efforts, it gets reflected in the graduate training programs which place cognitive rehabilitation in the lower echelons of curricular priorities, it underlies the dearth of funded programs in cognitive rehabilitation research, and it even permeates professional organizations and journals where “treatment studies” represent an extreme minority of presentations and articles. The most salient explanation for this therapeutic nihilism is the implicit belief that “everyone knows it doesn't work.”
Isotopic composition of nitrate in sequential Hurricane Irene precipitation samples: Implications for changing NOx sources

Previous studies have concentrated on adverse ecosystem effects resulting from nitrogen (N) loading from runoff and increased N2O emissions due to hurricane activity but little focus has been placed on N inputs delivered by hurricane precipitation. Understanding these N inputs during extreme rain events is increasingly important since global climate change may alter hurricane activity. In this study, ten sequential Hurricane Irene rain samples were analyzed for isotopic composition of nitrate (NO3−) to investigate NOx (=NO + NO2) sources contributing to NO3− deposited by a hurricane. The samples were divided into three groups (I, II, II) by k-means clustering using rain event back trajectories, δ15N–NO3− values, and NO3− concentrations. Chemical, physical and isotopic analyses, including δ15N- and δ18O–NO3−, anions, cations, H+, H2O2, DOC, acetaldehyde, ethanol and rainfall intensity, were then used to explore similarities in geographic origins and potential relationships with NOx and other emission sources. While it is possible that all samples had contributions from various NOx sources, group I samples had marine back trajectories and a mean δ15N–NO3− value (−0.7 ± 1.9‰) suggesting primarily lightning-sourced NOx contributions to NO3− deposition. As the hurricane made landfall, Group II samples transitioned to reflect more of a terrestrial signature with a higher mean δ15N–NO3− value (+11.0 ± 0.5‰) indicating NOx emission contributions from vehicles and power plants sources. As the hurricane continued to move inland, Group III δ15N–NO3− values (−5.5 and −5.7‰) reflect the potential mixing of biogenic soil NOx emissions with vehicle and power plant sources. Higher concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde, NH4+, and carbohydrates in Group III samples support the influence of biogenic sources. The isotopic composition of NO3− in hurricane rain can aid in discerning varying NOx sources contributing to nitrate concentrations in extreme rain events. This knowledge can in turn further our understanding of how forthcoming hurricane events may alter the N cycle of an ecosystem.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN UNION INSTRUMENTALITY

Sex dkferences in perceptions of union instrumentality have been noted in several studies (1, 2). Union instrumentality, e.g., the b&ef chat unions can provide economic benefits, is important because it is positively related to pro-union behaviors such as voting for union representarion. In this note, we compared perceptions of union insrrumentahty by sex for cwo samples drawn from the same metropolitan area to see if dkferences were present. The first sample was comprised of 2401 junior and senior high school students, who have the following characteristics: 72% were 17 years old, and 55% had six months or more work experience. The second sample consisted of 229 college studenrs ar an urban university in the same merropolitan area. There were no significant diFferences in mean age (25.7 yr.), years work experience (8.9), or weekly hours of work (31). Both samples of subjects had similar family and work experience backgrounds which minimizes differences in social and demographic chacacreristics. The same union instrumentality scale (2) was used in both studies with coefficient alpha of .73 for the high school sample and of .83 for the college studenrs. It asked iF respondents believed chat unions provided economic benefits and protected workers from unfair treaunent. High school boys had a significantly higher mean perception of union insrrumentahty than the girls. Among college students, although the women had a higher mean perception of union instrumentality, the diFference was not significant. These results can be taken to show that union instrumentality might be a work atcitude that can change over time as additional work experiences occur. The different work experiences of subjects in h e nvo samples raise issues for subsequent research. It may be worthwhile to focus on the influence of early work experience on the formation of union as well as other work artirudes.
Hyperprolactinemia and thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) responses in men with alcoholic liver disease.

Prolactin responses to provocative thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) stimulation were evaluated in 43 chronic alcoholic men and 11 normal volunteers. The alcoholic men were divided into groups for analysis based on the presence or absence of gynecomastia and the histologic appearance of their livers as determined by percutaneous liver biopsy. Compared to the normal volunteers, alcoholics with reversible liver disease (fatty liver) had reduced basal prolactin levels and exaggerated TRH responses. In contrast, alcoholics with cirrhosis and gynecomastia had markedly elevated basal prolactin levels and reduced responses to TRH. The results of this study combined with previously reported findings in cirrhotic men provide a basis for a possible explanation for the signs of feminization frequently found in alcoholic men.
Understanding the impact of self-concept on the stylistic properties of images ☆

Abstract Much research has shown that the stylistic properties of visual images can serve as an important source of persuasion. However, the existing literature seldom incorporates characteristics of consumers, such as self-concept, as a determining factor in the effectiveness of images' stylistic properties. In the context of exploring a specific stylistic property, camera angle, we demonstrate across three experiments that when an upward-looking camera angle is employed to depict a product, participants with an ought-self (motivated by duties and obligations) generate more favorable product evaluations than participants with an ideal-self (motivated by hopes and aspirations). The reverse is found when a downward-looking angle is utilized. We also explore the mechanism underlying these effects. That is, individuals with an ideal-self and ought-self use different control strategies (influencing versus adapting to existing realities) impacting their product evaluations.
Race and Loss of Privilege: African American/White Differences in the Determinants of Job Layoffs From Upper-Tier Occupations

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics supports predictions from the minority vulnerability thesis concerning the determinants of job layoffs among African Americans and Whites who work in upper-middle-class occupations. Specifically, after controlling for seniority, layoffs for African Americans are relatively unstructured by traditional stratification-based causal factors, namely, background socioeconomic status, human-capital credentials, and job/labor market characteristics. Analyses also indicate that racial differences in the determinants of layoffs are more pronounced in nonservice-based than service-based firms in the private sector and in the private sector relative to the public sector.
Additional evidence for involvement of RNA in maintenance of ATP levels in homogenates.

SummaryPreincubation of liver homogenates with RNAse preparations nearly completely denaturated with respect to enzymatic activity by heat and acid is associated with no reduction in capacity to convert mevalonic acid to non-saponifiable material. Mevalonic acid utilization is completely eliminated by preincubation with native RNAse. The preincubation of liver homogenates with less completely inactivated RNAse involves more complicated phenomena. The results are interpreted to mean that the inactivation of MVA utilization observed with native RNAse is due to enzymatic activity of RNAse rather than to the basic properties of the protein that are not significantly altered on mild de-naturation. Additional evidence is thus provided for the involvement of RNA (or a ribonucleoprotein) in the complete system essential for conversion of mevalonic acid to non-saponifiable material by liver homogenates. Evidence has been presented previously that the RNA is essential for maintenance of ATP levels required in a num...
A county community or the politics of the nation? Border service and baronial influence in the palatinate of Durham, 1377–1413

This article considers gentry service and community in Durham, 1377–1413. The Durham gentry were increasingly constrained by the ongoing reform of the bishop's palatine administration – which favoured his own men – even as the focus of gentry service was shifting northward, to the Scottish border. Brought on by the Scottish wars and border instability, the great beneficiaries of this shift were the Nevilles and Percys, who gained power and prestige as royal march wardens, and who amassed still greater private retinues. These shifts altered the character of gentry service and community in the region, even as some talented gentry men redefined their roles and forged successful careers.
Agreement for tumor grade of ovarian carcinoma: analysis of archival tissues from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results residual tissue repository.

Emerging data suggest that ovarian cancers differ by tumor grade. However, the reliability of microscopic grade from paraffin tissue in the general medical community and as reflected in population-based cancer registries is unknown. We examined grade agreement between two gynecologic pathologists and the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Residual Tissue Repository (SEER). Grade agreement was assessed with percent observer agreement and kappa coefficients for 664 invasive ovarian carcinomas, using previously defined three-tier and two-tier grading systems. A random subset of ovarian carcinomas was selected to compare intra- and inter-pathologist agreement. Five hundred and eighty-six of SEER’s 664 tumors were confirmed invasive. Percent agreement was 49 % with fair kappa coefficient = 0.25 (95 % CI: 0.20–0.30) for the 664 tumors. Agreement improved slightly when restricted to the 586 confirmed invasive cancers; it was better for high grade than low grade tumors, for two-tier than three-tier grading systems, and within (66 %) than between study pathologists (43 %). Grade was not a robust independent predictor of ovarian cancer-specific survival. Grade agreement was fair between SEER and study pathologists irrespective of grading system. Recorded grade in SEER should be used with caution and is probably not a reliable metric for ovarian cancer epidemiology.
Study Descriptions of Healing Touch with Veterans Experiencing Chronic Neuropathic Pain from Spinal Cord Injury

Context Spinal cord injury often results in chronic pain syndromes that conventional pain management is unable to resolve. Healing Touch (HT) is a biofield therapy that involves using the hands to promote healing and mediate the perception of pain by affecting the energy field of the person. The practice of HT is based on the premise that the energy field has the ability to provide valuable information about the person's physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual condition and can influence the dense matter of physical form. Objective This secondary analysis using case study reviews describes two different experiences of receiving a HT session for management of chronic neuropathic pain and its sequelae, utilizing energy field data and reports of participants and their HT practitioners. Design Qualitative case study approach was used. Setting Data were obtained from 42 HT sessions that took place within the homes of seven veterans with spinal cord injury. Method Two cases involving the most common patterns of response were selected from seven cases to represent the participants' and practitioners' experiences. A descriptive qualitative approach informed the results. Results The findings indicate that a variety of experiences can exist in individuals with chronic pain due to spinal cord injury; experiences will also vary with their healing touch practitioners. There are commonalities in the perception of the practitioners in the damage to the energy field and energy centers, with individualized and consistent resolution of the field over time.
Congenital Neuroepithelioma in an Infant Hand

We describe a congenital peripheral neuroepithelioma of the hand in an infant aged 6 weeks. This primitive malignant tumour of neuroepithelial origin is extremely rare in neonates. Peripheral neuroepitheliomas of the hand have not been described in the literature previously. Specific diagnosis and the current therapeutic approaches are discussed.
THE AUTOLYTIC SYSTEM OF PNEUMOCOCCI

1. Living pneumococcus cells contain a group of enzymes, the bacteriolytic system, capable of causing the lysis of heat-killed pneumococci (R and S variants irrespective of type derivation). This lysis expresses itself by a loss of the Gram staining reaction, a disintegration of the cell body, and a clearing of the bacterial suspension. 2. Under certain conditions of treatment with the bacteriolytic complex, it is possible to render the cocci Gram-negative without changing their characteristic morphology, or causing any appreciable clearing of the cell suspension. 3. The enzyme responsible for this change has been partially purified, and some of its properties described. 4. The cellular structure which is responsible for the Gram-positive reaction of pneumococci is resistant to proteolytic enzymes, and is still present when tryptic digestion has reduced the heat-killed cell to a body which has lost 75 per cent of its original weight, and contains only 8 per cent nitrogen. 5. The same enzyme preparation which attacks pneumococci is also capable of liberating reducing sugars from some acetyl amino glucose glucuronides of animal and bacterial origin. The possibility is considered, and discussed, that one and the same enzyme in the autolytic complex is capable of attacking both types of substrates.
Stepped Topography of the Southern Sierra Nevada, California

Irregular steps characterize the topography on granitic terrane on the west slope of the southern Sierra Nevada. These steps are a few hundred feet to a few thousand feet high, one-quarter to 5 miles wide, and up to 10 miles long. Most steps face the San Joaquin Valley, but others line the canyons of the major rivers, facing the streams. Part of the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley is a smooth plain bevelled across granite, and has an origin similar to the steps. Outcrops are common on the fronts of the steps, and near the outer edges of the step treads, but are rare on the back parts of the treads, which are underlain by disintegrated granitic rock as much as 100 feet thick. Treads tend to slope back toward the next higher front. The stepped topography is confined to granitic rocks, and is believed to result primarily from the much more rapid weathering of granitic rocks where buried than where exposed. Weathering is predominantly by partial alteration and expansion of biotite, which shatters the rock. The disintegrated rock can be moved readily by small streams. The unweathered outcrops exposed by accelerated erosion act as local baselevels, because their large joint blocks cannot be moved by even the largest streams. Alternative hypotheses include faulting, differential erosion due to variations in bedrock lithology or in spacing of joints, and parallel retreat of the fronts, with the treads as piedmonttreppen . Evidence is presented that renders each of these hypotheses doubtful. The proposed hypothesis raises questions about the validity of ancient erosion surfaces in the Sierra Nevada.
Asynchronous stereo height and motion estimation from multiple satellite images

Carol E. Vaughn2'Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology Branch NOAAINESDIS2Cooperative Institute for Research in the AtmosphereColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523USAABSTRACTA method has been developed to derive both height and motion from satellite images using a purelygeometrical technique. This is a combination of using stereo to measure height by viewing cloud fromtwo view point and using several images in time to measure motion ofclouds. The method requires thatthe cloud be viewed from two or more different perspectives with at least two ofthe views being atdifferent times. With the new method time coincidence is a disadvantage, and higher accuracy isobtained when all views are at different times. For height verification, improvements have been made inthe cloud height by shadow method. Accuracies ofbetter than 1 km height and 0.5 rn/sec are typical ofthe results.Keywords: satellite winds, stereo heights, cloud heights, cloud winds, geosynchronous satellite, winds.
Evolutionary analysis of herbivorous insects in natural and agricultural environments

Herbivorous insects offer a remarkable example of the biological diversity that formed the foundation for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The ability of insects to evolve resistance rapidly to insecticides and host-plant resistance present a continual challenge for pest management. This paper considers the manner in which genetic constraints, host-plant availability and trade-offs affect the evolution of herbivorous insects in natural and agricultural environments, and the extent to which lessons learned from studying natural systems may be applied to improve insect resistance management in agricultural systems. Studies on the genetic architecture of adaptation by herbivores to host plants and to insecticides are reviewed. The genetic basis of resistance is an important component of simulation models that predict the evolution of resistance. These models often assume monogenic resistance, but available data suggest that this assumption may be overly narrow and that modeling of resistance as oligogenic or polygenic may be more appropriate. As omics (e.g. genomics and proteomics) technologies become more accessible, a better understanding of the genetic basis of resistance will be possible. Trade-offs often accompany adaptations by herbivores. Trade-offs arise when the benefit of a trait, such as the ability to feed on a novel host plant or to survive in the presence of an insecticide, is counterbalanced by fitness costs that decrease fitness in the absence of the selective agent. For resistance to insecticides, and resistance to insecticidal transgenic crops in particular, fitness costs may act as an evolutionary constraint and delay or prevent the evolution of resistance. An important observation is that certain ecological factors such as host plants and entomopathogens can magnify fitness costs, which is termed ecological negative cross-resistance. The application of omics technologies may allow for more efficient identification of factors that will impose ecological negative cross-resistance, thereby bolstering insect resistance management.