cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the Stark effect of H − resonances

Resonances in the photodetachment cross sections of H/sup -/ in a strong dc electric field are studied theoretically in hyperspherical coordinates in the adiabatic approximation. In terms of the variation of one-dimensional effective potentials with electric field for different channels, the experimental results of Gram et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 107 (1978)) are interpreted. In particular, the linear Stark splitting of the Feshbach resonance at low fields and the stability of the shape resonance against electric fields up to a few thousand kV/cm are understood from their associated effective potential curves. A new mechanism of field ionization for the ''blue-shifted'' Stark states is also discussed.
Digital image comparison using feature extraction and luminance matching

This paper presents the results of comparing two digital images acquired using two different light sources. One of the sources is a 50-W metal halide lamp located in the compartment of an industrial borescope and the other is a 1 W LED placed at the tip of the insertion tube of the borescope. The two images are compared quantitatively and qualitatively using feature extraction and luminance matching approaches. Quantitative methods included the images' histograms, intensity profiles along a line segment, edges, and luminance measurement. Qualitative methods included image registration and linear conformal transformation with eight control points. This transformation is useful when shapes in the input image are unchanged, but the image is distorted by some combination of translation, rotation, and scaling. The gray-level histogram, edge detection, image profile and image registration do not offer conclusive results. The LED light source, however, produces good images for visual inspection by the operator. The paper presents the results and discusses the usefulness and shortcomings of various comparison methods.
"Crying alone with my child:" parenting a school age child diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Recent years have seen a rise in the number of children diagnosed at an early age with bipolar disorder and evidence is increasing that parents are performing most of the caregiving and illness management. This existential phenomenological study describes the personal experience of the parents whose children, age 6–11 years, are diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder. The thematic structure that emerged revealed that the parents in this study, strong advocates for their children, were experiencing unrelenting fear, frustration, loneliness, and hurt. The considerable health implications, affecting both the parent and the child, of lack of respite, loss of self, asynchrony, and chronic fear are discussed. Based on the findings of this study, the psychiatric nurse is in an ideal position to increase interventions that are supportive of parents.
Temperature, weight (= age), and resistance to asphyxia in pouch-young opossums

Summary Sixteen litters of pouch-young opossums (a total of 80 animals) whose ages varied from 2 to 80 days, were asphyxiated in 95% N2 + 5% CO2 at controlled body temperatures of 35°C, 30°C, 25°C, 20°C, 15°C, and 10°C. Electrocardiograms were recorded as well as the animals behavior during cooling, asphyxiation, and recovery. Every animal cooled to 30 to 25°C or to 20°C gasped for a longer time than did any of its warmer littermates. Since the cessation of gasping in animals at 15°C and 10°C often did not indicate a terminal state, the animals in this temperature range were subjected to multiples of the exposures which were lethal for their 35°C littermates. All cold animals exposed to less than 3× the time of last gasp of their warm littermates resumed respiration spontaneously upon being removed from the gas and being permitted to rewarm. A significant relationship was found between the age of the pouch young and their resistance to asphyxia. The longest survivals at coeno- and hypothermic levels were by the youngest animals: a 2-day-old animal survived 123 min of asphyxia at 15°C while an animal over 80 days of age at the same temperature succumbed to 11 min of exposure. Although the data on “embryonal” pouch young are incomplete, it is suggested that they may prove to be the most resistant to asphyxia of all animals tested to date. In addition, there were indications that, as has been found for most species, opossums at 15°C are more resistant to asphyxia than are animals whose temperatures are either higher or lower.
What Matters in Movie Ratings? Cross-country Differences in how Content Influences Mature Movie Ratings

We examine the weight that the USA and other countries place on different types of movie content when assigning movies a mature rating. We use data on the international movie ratings for over 1,000 movies reviewed by either Screen It or Kids in Mind, two companies that provide measures of different types of movie content. Among English-speaking countries, the United States is unique in that, it places the most weight on profanity but the least weight on violence. Across all countries, the USA and Asian countries place the largest weight on sex, while Scandinavian countries place the least weight on sex but the largest weight on violence. The approach the USA takes toward assigning mature ratings is puzzling since, of the three types of content, violence has the strongest body of evidence to document harm to children.
Effect of Estradiol on Hyaluronic Acid in Skin of Male Mice

Male mice were injected daily with 5 μ of 17 β-estradiol and with radioactive glucose in order to study the mechanism for the large increase in hyaluronic acid in the skin which results from treatment with estrogen. The isolated hyaluronic acid was fractionated into four subfractions on the basis of molecular weight. It was observed that estradiol increased the quantity of lowest molecular weight fraction by five-fold and the other fractions by approximately three-fold. The t1/2 was decreased approximately 40% in all fractions while the rate of synthesis was increased ten-fold in the lowest molecular weight fraction and five-fold in the others. It is to be noted that the dose of 17 β-estradiol must be considered to be pharmacological and that the changes observed are dramatically the opposite of those reported previously in the hyaluronic acid isolated from the skin of aging male mice.
A Single Center’s Experience with the Ross Procedure in Pediatrics

The use of a pulmonary autograft for aortic valve replacement (AVR) has become more prevalent than other forms of AVR in the pediatric population. We reviewed the data on pediatric patients who underwent the Ross procedure at our institution from 1993 to 2005. Sixty patients <18 years old who underwent a Ross procedure had available clinical and echocardiographic data collected and statistical analysis performed. Mortality rate was 3.3%, while overall survival and freedom from reoperation of either the homograft or the autograft were 96.7% and 66.2%, respectively, at 10 years. Freedom from reoperation of the left ventricular outflow tract was 60.5% at 10 years. Echocardiographic data showed aortic regurgitation to be mild or less in 76% of patients by last follow-up, while dilation of the sinuses of Valsalva had occurred in 52%. Compared to other AVR options, the Ross procedure in eligible pediatric patients demonstrates good intermediate survival rates and continued growth potential, yet a time-dependent need for reoperation.
Effects of capacitors, resistors, and residual charges on the static and dynamic performance of electrostatically actuated devices

The important practical and realistic design issues of an electrostatic actuator/positioner with full-gap travel are discussed. Analytic expressions and numerical simulations show that parasitic capacitances, and non-uniform deformation in two and three dimensions influence the range of travel of an electrostatic positioner stabilized by the addition of a series capacitor. The effects of residual charge on electrostatically-actuated devices are described. The dynamic stepping characteristics of the positioner under compressible squeeze-film damping and resistive damping are compared. The physical descriptions of devices being fabricated in the MUMPs process are presented along with 3D simulation results that demonstrate viability.
Demand for international reserves: survey of recent empirical studies

In the last decade many countries have preferred to move to a system of managed floating that is intermediate between the extremes of fixed rates and a clean float. Since managing the float requires international reserves, it is clear that the study of these reserves is as relevant today as it has been in the past. There are at least six reviews of the literature relevant to this study: Clower and Lipsey (1968), Niehans (1970), Salant (1970), Grubel(1971), Williamson (1973) and Cohen (1975). The justification for writing this review is that since completion of the last survey, many papers have appeared which contribute to the stock of knowledge in this field. However, unlike the previous reviews which have concentrated on the broader issues pertaining to international liquidity, such as the demand for reserves, the supply of reserves, the composition and distribution of reserves, etc., this study focuses solely on surveying empirical studies bearing on the demand for international reserves. This review wi...
Differential coulometric oxidation following post column-switching high pressure liquid chromatography for fluorescence measurement of unmetabolized folic acid in human plasma

Abstract Although many countries have fortified their grain supplies with folic acid (FA) to decrease the incidence of neural tube defects, others have not due to concerns that this synthetic folate might have some adverse effects. Persistent unmetabolized FA has been found even in plasma from fasted subjects. To facilitate measurement of low levels of folic acid in human plasma, post-column coulometric oxidative cleavage was used to convert poorly fluorescent FA into a highly fluorescent compound determined to be 6-formyl-pterin. To minimize sample work-up and maximize recovery, column-switching HPLC transferred a window of eluate containing the FA from the first column (C8) onto a second column (phenyl-hexyl). The pH of two mobile phases were adjusted to be above and then below a p K of the FA α-carboxyl group, thus promoting separation from compounds coeluting from the C8-column. This permitted sample preparation using only a simple high recovery protein precipitation. Definitive identification of FA in human plasma was accomplished by duplicate injections of sample with the electrochemical voltage set above and below its half-potential. The LOD (S/N = 3) was 0.10 nM. The intra- and inter-assay CV's were 2.3% and 5%, respectively. Comparison of these results with those obtained by HPLC/MS/MS with stable isotope internal standard showed a slope of 1.00 ± 0.019. This simple, sensitive, and repeatable assay facilitates a more thorough investigation of the response of various human populations to folic acid intake. Post-column differential coulometric electrochemistry can expand the variety of compounds amenable to fluorescence detection.
Context-Dependent Multi-Sensor Fusion for Landmine Detection

We present a novel method for fusing the results of multiple landmine detection algorithms that use different types of features, different classification methods, and different sensors. The proposed fusion method, called context-dependent multi-sensor fusion (CDMSF) is motivated by the fact that the relative performance of different detectors can vary significantly depending on the sensor, mine type, geographical site, soil and weather conditions, and burial depth. The training part of CDMSF has two components: context extraction and algorithm fusion. In context extraction, the features used by the different algorithms are combined and used to partition the feature space into groups of similar signatures, or contexts. The algorithm fusion component assigns an aggregation weight to each detector in each context based on its relative performance within the context. Results on ground penetrating radar (GPR) and wideband electromagnetic induction (WEMI) data collections show that the proposed method can identify meaningful and coherent clusters and that different expert algorithms can be identified for the different contexts. Our initial experiments have also indicated that the context-dependent fusion outperforms all individual detectors.
A unified framework for conservative and optimistic distributed simulation

A great deal of research in the area of distributed discrete event simulation has focussed on evaluating the performance of variants of conservative and optimistic methods on different types of applications. Application characteristics like lookahead, communication patterns, etc. have been found to affect the suitability of a specific protocol to simulate a given model. For many systems, it may be the case that different subsystems possess contradictory characteristics such that whereas some subsystems may be simulated efficiently using a conservative protocol, others may be more amenable to optimistic methods. Furthermore, the suitability of a protocol for a given subsystem may change dynamically. We propose a parallel simulation protocol that allows different parts of a system to be simulated using different protocols, allowing these protocols to be switched dynamically. A proof of correctness is presented, along with some preliminary performance discussion.
Albumin Therapy in Clinical Practice

Albumin is the predominant product of hepatic protein synthesis and one of the more abundant plasma proteins. Among its multiple physiologic roles, it plays an essential part in the generation of colloid-oncotic pressure. In the United States, the indications for which albumin therapy are considered include hypovolemia or shock, burns, hypoalbuminemia, surgery or trauma, cardiopulmonary bypass, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemodialysis, and sequestration of protein-rich fluids. The use of this relatively expensive therapy accounts for up to 30% of the total pharmacy budget in certain hospitals. The use of albumin therapy in different clinical situations and its influence in morbidity and mortality have been reviewed in multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. Despite frequent reviews, the use of albumin remains controversial in several clinical situations. At the same time, these valuable reviews seem to have documented the advantages of albumin therapy in the management of ascites and clarified the use of albumin in volume resuscitation. More studies have been recommended to investigate the use of albumin in different doses and its role in hypoalbuminemia. This article will provide an overview of albumin metabolism, use of albumin for volume expansion, the potential therapeutic role of albumin in liver disease, and the role of albumin therapy in nutrition.
Ultrasound Imaging of Oxidative Stress In Vivo with Chemically-Generated Gas Microbubbles

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have tremendous potential for in vivo molecular imaging because of their high sensitivity. However, the diagnostic potential of UCAs has been difficult to exploit because current UCAs are based on pre-formed microbubbles, which can only detect cell surface receptors. Here, we demonstrate that chemical reactions that generate gas forming molecules can be used to perform molecular imaging by ultrasound in vivo. This new approach was demonstrated by imaging reactive oxygen species in vivo with allylhydrazine, a liquid compound that is converted into nitrogen and propylene gas after reacting with radical oxidants. We demonstrate that allylhydrazine encapsulated within liposomes can detect a 10 micromolar concentration of radical oxidants by ultrasound, and can image oxidative stress in mice, induced by lipopolysaccharide, using a clinical ultrasound system. We anticipate numerous applications of chemically-generated microbubbles for molecular imaging by ultrasound, given ultrasound’s ability to detect small increments above the gas saturation limit, its spatial resolution and widespread clinical use.
Modeling and Design of an Inertial Vibration Reflector

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of a novel vibration suppression device. This reflector system exerts inertial forces, induced by tuned pendular motion, to control translational vibration ofa primary system. Tuning ofthe reflector critically depends on the parameters of the pendula and on the rotational speed at which they are spun about an axis oriented parallel to the undesired motion. Consequently, one of its most appealing attributes is this devices's ability to be tuned to, and thus actively track, the dominant frequency of disturbance forces. The paper describes how governing equations from an integrated physical model are developed using a bond graph approach and then used to derive relations applicable in design of an inertial reflector system. It is shown how the model supports component selection and tradeoff studies as well as simulation. Experimental results from testing of a laboratory realization of prototype system are used to verify the design and to compare with simulation of a mathematical model. The results from the laboratory demonstrate the ability of the inertial reflector to control steady and transient vibration, and the favorable results suggest extended investigation for active vibration control situations. In particular, applications in low frequency vibration mitigation are promising.
Reckoning the nonexistent: Putting the science right

Abstract Patten (2014) focuses upon some obvious conflicts between environmental action and the science of ecology and asks whether either should be revised to achieve better accord. It appears that both need to be reconsidered, but it is the conventional notion of science that seems more in need of emendation. The materialist/mechanist metaphysics of conventional science renders it unsuitable for the interpretation of ethics and inadequate to the full treatment of the phenomenon of life. Fortunately, the study of ecological networks provides a natural introduction of the apophatic (that which does not exist) into science, because it makes possible the quantitative parsing of the organization inherent in a network from its residual flexibility (an apophasis, or lack of constraint). Data suggest that both are necessary for sustainability, and methods for achieving a balance between the opposing attributes are outlined. The conventional mechanistic picture of the ecological world as a noisy clockwork must be transformed into the metaphor of a dialectic between the buildup of autocatalytic constraints and the entropic decay of system organization. Enduring configurations of mutualistic contingencies appear more relevant to the explanation of ecosystem behavior than is classical dynamical theory. With this transition to a more encompassing metaphysics, most of the inconsistencies observed by Patten evaporate. For example, the full picture reveals that there are contexts under which maximum power should be allowed full reign, while other conditions call for the environmentalist's conservative approach.
Comparative thyroid function in adult Japanese quail and Ring doves: Influence of dietary iodine availability

Thyroid function was studied in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, and Ring doves, Streptopelia risoria, when both were fed the same dietary iodine (I; 930 micrograms I/kg). We also compared thyroid function in groups of doves receiving low I (less than 100 micrograms I/kg) or moderate I (930 micrograms I/kg). We measured thyroid gland (TG) weight, TG stable I content, TG 125I uptake, and 125I labeling of thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in TGs and serum were also determined. Our results indicate that doves and quail receiving the same dietary I show similar serum T3 (the presumed metabolically active hormone) and TG functional state but that there are some differences between the species in the way in which this functional state is achieved. We also assessed the effects of differences in I availability on thyroid function in doves. With low dietary I doves show decreases in some measures of thyroid function (reduced serum T4 and TG-hormone stores) compared to doves with moderate I but maintain a comparable level of serum T3. This regulation of T3 appears to be independent of serum T4 or TG-hormone stores.
Synchronous Motor Effects in Induction Machines

Many induction motors do not have the smooth speed torque curves which are to be expected from elementary theory. Many motors at no load show a tendency to run at some speed way below that normally expected. This is sometimes called ``sub-synchronous'' speed, or the motor is said to be ``crawling.'' In the present paper one cause of this phenomenon is explained. It is found that certain combinations of phases, rotor slots, and poles cause the motor to run as a synchronous motor at some intermediate speed between zero and normal no-load induction motor speed. This effect has been christened the ``synchronous motor effect'' in induction machines and is shown to be due to the locking of harmonic fields, generated by the stator winding with similar harmonic fields, generated by the rotor windings. The method of avoiding this trouble by the proper selection of the number of rotor slots is given.
High-level power estimation and the area complexity of Boolean functions

Estimation of the area complexity of a Boolean function from its functional description is an important step towards a power estimation capability at the register transfer level (RTL). This paper addresses the problem of computing the area complexity of single-output Boolean functions given only their functional description, where area complexity is measured in terms of the number of gates required for an optimal implementation of the function. We propose an area model to estimate the area based on a new complexity measure called the average cube complexity. This model has been implemented, and empirical results demonstrating its feasibility and utility are presented.
The Hsp70-like StkA functions between T4P and Dif signaling proteins as a negative regulator of exopolysaccharide in Myxococcus xanthus.

Myxococcus xanthus displays a form of surface motility known as social (S) gliding. It is mediated by the type IV pilus (T4P) and requires the exopolysaccharide (EPS) to function. It is clear that T4P retraction powers S motility. EPS on a neighboring cell or deposited on a gliding surface is proposed to anchor the distal end of a pilus and trigger T4P retraction at its proximal end. Inversely, T4P has been shown to regulate EPS production upstream of the Dif signaling pathway. Here we describe the isolation of two Tn insertions at the stk locus which had been known to play roles in cellular cohesion and formation of cell groups. An insertion in stkA (MXAN_3474) was identified based on its ability to restore EPS to a pilA deletion mutant. The stkA encodes a DnaK or Hsp70 homolog and it is upstream of stkB (MXAN_3475) and stkC (MXAN_3476). A stkB insertion was identified in a separate genetic screen because it eliminated EPS production of an EPS+ parental strain. Our results with in-frame deletions of these three stk genes indicated that the stkA mutant produced increased level of EPS while stkB and stkC mutants produced less EPS relative to the wild type. S motility and developmental aggregation were affected by deletions of stkA and stkB but only minimally by the deletion of stkC. Genetic epistasis indicated that StkA functions downstream of T4P but upstream of the Dif proteins as a negative regulator of EPS production in M. xanthus.
Optical approaches for controlling epitaxial growth

Optical spectroscopy of surface and near-surface regions has advanced to the stage where detailed measurements can be made and analyzed in real time. Here, we discuss reported and potential applications of optical probes for sample-driven closed-loop feedback control of semiconductor epitaxy. Parameters that have been controlled include temperature, thickness in both deposition and etching, and composition, including continuously graded compositions. Although considerable progress has been made, much remains to be done before these techniques become viable production tools.
The mouse metallothionein-I gene is transcriptionally regulated by cadmium following transfection into human or mouse cells

Abstract Recombinant vectors containing the mouse metallothionein-I gene ( MT-I ) and the Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (gpt) were used to transfect human hgprt − HeLa cells. Transfected MT-I genes are transcriptionally regulated by cadmium but not by glucocorticoids. S1 mapping indicates that the transcripts from transfected MT-I genes begin at the correct transcription initiation site. We also transfected mouse tk − L cells with a vector containing the mouse MT-I gene and the herpes simplex virus-I thymidine kinase gene. MT-I gene transcription is regulated by cadmium but not by glucocorticoids in this homologous system as well. Finally, we fused the MT-I gene promoter/regulatory region to the thymidine kinase structural gene. Thymidine kinase activity is regulated by cadmium when this fusion gene is transfected into mouse tk − L cells. Deletion mapping experiments indicate that the DNA sequences necessary for regulation of the MT-I gene by cadmium lie within 148 bp of its transcription start site.
A role for inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase in the control of neuronal glycolysis☆

Increased glycolysis is the result of the sensing of glucose by hypothalamic neurons. The biochemical mechanisms underlying the control of hypothalamic glycolysis, however, remain to be elucidated. Here we showed that PFKFB3, the gene that encodes for inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (iPFK2), was expressed at high abundance in both mouse hypothalami and clonal hypothalamic neurons. In response to re-feeding, PFKFB3 mRNA levels were increased by 10-fold in mouse hypothalami. In the hypothalamus, re-feeding also decreased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Thr172) and the mRNA levels of agouti-related protein (AgRP), and increased the mRNA levels of cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART). Similar results were observed in N-43/5 clonal hypothalamic neurons upon treatment with glucose and/or insulin. In addition, knockdown of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in N-43/5 neurons caused a decrease in rates of glycolysis, which was accompanied by increased AMPK phosphorylation, increased AgRP mRNA levels and decreased CART mRNA levels. In contrast, overexpression of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in N-43/5 neurons caused an increase in glycolysis, which was accompanied by decreased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased AgRP mRNA levels and increased CART mRNA levels. Together, these results suggest that PFKFB3/iPFK2 responds to re-feeding, which in turn stimulates hypothalamic glycolysis and decreases hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation and alters neuropeptide expression in a pattern that is associated with suppression of food intake.
Linking Spatial Pattern and Ecological Responses in Human-Modified Landscapes: The Effects of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation on Biodiversity

Studies of forest loss and fragmentation provide clear examples of the linkages between ecological pattern and process. Reductions in forest area lead to higher within-patch extinction rates, the eventual loss of area-sensitive species, and declines in species richness and diversity. Forest loss also results in increased isolation of remnants, lower among-patch immigration rates, and less ‘rescue’ from surrounding populations. Specific responses, however, are sometimes counterintuitive because they depend on life-history tradeoffs that influence population dynamics and species co-existence in heterogeneous landscapes, not just forest remnants. Thus, while fragmentation generally favours r-selected, generalist strategies, such as high dispersal and a wide niche breadth, ecological outcomes may be confounded by species-specific responses to conditions in the human-dominated matrix and the ways in which forest edges shape cross-landscape movements. Given that pressures on global forestlands continue to intensify due to growing population sizes, economic pressures, and needs for space and resources, successfully maintaining or restoring species will necessitate a combination of short- and long-term actions that address both habitat protection and restoration. Doing so will require an interdisciplinary approach that gives adequate attention to the manners by which forest loss and fragmentation affect population dynamics through changes in forest area, isolation, habitat quality, matrix properties, and edge effects as well as the synergistic interactions of fragmentation with climate change, human-altered disturbance regimes, species interactions and other drivers of species population declines.
Anterior commissure--posterior commissure revisited.

Objective: The anterior commissure (AC) and posterior commissure (PC) are the two distinct anatomic structures in the brain which are difficult to observe in detail with conventional MRI, such as a 1.5T MRI system. However, recent advances in ultra-high resolution MRI have enabled us to examine the AC and PC directly. The objective of the present study is to standardize the shape and size of the AC and PC using a 7.0T MRI and to propose a new brain reference line. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four, 21 males and 13 females, healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. After determining the center of each AC and PC, we defined the connection of these centers as the central intercommissural line (CIL). We compared the known extra- and intra-cerebral reference lines with the CIL to determine the difference in the angles. Additionally, we obtained horizontal line from flat ground line of look front human. Results: The difference in angle of the CIL and the tangential intercommissural line (TIL) from the horizontal line was 8.7 ± 5.1 (11 ± 4.8) and 17.4 ± 5.2 (19.8 ± 4.8) degrees in males and females, respectively. The difference in angle between the CIL and canthomeatal line was 10.1 in both male and female, and there was no difference between both sexes. Likewise, there was no significant difference in angle between the CIL and TIL between both sexes (8.3 +/- 1.1 in male and 8.8 +/- 0.7 in female). Conclusion: In this study, we have used 7.0T MRI to define the AC and PC quantitatively and in a more robust manner. We have showed that the CIL is a reproducible reference line and serves as a standard for the axial images of the human brain. Index terms: Anterior commissure; Posterior commissure; Brain reference; Tangential intercommissureal line; Central intercommissural line; Canthomeatal line
Anonymous Social Networks versus Peer Networks in Restaurant Choice

We compare the effect of anonymous social network ratings (Yelp.com) and peer group recommendations on restaurant demand. We conduct a two stage choice experiment and combine it with online social network reviews from Yelp.com and find that peers have a stronger impact on restaurant demand than anonymous reviewers.
Tobacco‐Control Policies in Tobacco‐Growing States: Where Tobacco Was King

UNLABELLED POLICY POINTS: The tobacco companies prioritized blocking tobacco-control policies in tobacco-growing states and partnered with tobacco farmers to oppose tobacco-control policies. The 1998 Master Settlement Agreement, which settled state litigation against the cigarette companies, the 2004 tobacco-quota buyout, and the companies' increasing use of foreign tobacco led to a rift between the companies and tobacco farmers. In 2003, the first comprehensive smoke-free local law was passed in a major tobacco-growing state, and there has been steady progress in the region since then. Health advocates should educate the public and policymakers on the changing reality in tobacco-growing states, notably the major reduction in the volume of tobacco produced. CONTEXT The 5 major tobacco-growing states (Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) are disproportionately affected by the tobacco epidemic, with higher rates of smoking and smoking-induced disease. These states also have fewer smoke-free laws and lower tobacco taxes, 2 evidence-based policies that reduce tobacco use. Historically, the tobacco farmers and hospitality associations allied with the tobacco companies to oppose these policies. METHODS This research is based on 5 detailed case studies of these states, which included key informant interviews, previously secret tobacco industry documents (available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu), and media articles. This was supplemented with additional tobacco document and media searches specifically for this article. FINDINGS The tobacco companies were particularly concerned about blocking tobacco-control policies in the tobacco-growing states by promoting a pro-tobacco culture, beginning in the late 1960s. Nevertheless, since 2003, there has been rapid progress in the tobacco-growing states' passage of smoke-free laws. This progress came after the alliance between the tobacco companies and the tobacco farmers fractured and hospitality organizations stopped opposing smoke-free laws. In addition, infrastructure built by National Cancer Institute research projects (COMMIT and ASSIST) led to long-standing tobacco-control coalitions that capitalized on these changes. Although tobacco production has dramatically fallen in these states, pro-tobacco sentiment still hinders tobacco-control policies in the major tobacco-growing states. CONCLUSIONS The environment has changed in the tobacco-growing states, following a fracture of the alliance between the tobacco companies and their former allies (tobacco growers and hospitality organizations). To continue this progress, health advocates should educate the public and policymakers on the changing reality in the tobacco-growing states, notably the great reduction in the number of tobacco farmers as well as in the volume of tobacco produced.
Neuroscience, free will, and criminal responsibility

This chapter argues that the folk-psychological model of the person and responsibility is not challenged by determinism in general or by neurodeterminism in particular. Until science conclusively demonstrates that human beings cannot be guided by reasons and that mental states play no role in explaining behavior, the folk-psychological model of responsibility is justified. This chapter discusses the motivations to turn to science to solve the hard normative problems the law addresses, as well as the law's psychology and its concepts of the person and responsibility. Then it considers the general relation of neuroscience to law, which I characterize as the issue of "translation." The limits of neurolaw are canvassed and the chapter argues that neurolaw poses no radical challenge to the concepts of the person and responsibility. The chapter is cautiously optimistic about the contribution that neuroscience may make to law in the near and intermediate term. The penultimate section examines some of the claims concerning responsibility made in other chapters in this volume followed by a brief conclusion.
Invisible Trade-offs: Van Noordwijk and de Jong and Life-History Evolution.

When I started my PhD in 2000, I was a part of a cohort of graduate students delighted with the prospect that evolutionary biology could be used to predict and explain patterns of traits observed in nature. We were surrounded by a wealth of wonderful theory at varying levels of abstraction from reality, and our goal was to apply this theory to data from the specific systems that we studied. Making predictions about traits in evolutionary biology invariably involves discussions of trade-offs. Everything eventually comes back to survival and fertility, and if there is nothing to hold back survival (or fertility), you can predict nothing more interesting than that survival (or fertility) should bemaximized. Consequently, almost every graduate student in my cohort was looking for a trade-off. Not one of us could find one. It was frustrating; we thought Darwinian demons were unlikely. We knew that, somewhere, allocation decisions must have a cost; but in systems ranging from birds to plants, none of us had any success in quantifying anything that looked like one fitness component going up while another came down. In my system, plants that grew better also survived better and often produced more seeds. And then one of us stumbled across van Noordwijk and de Jong’s 1986 paper in The American Naturalist. There are many reasons to treasure this paper—for example, it contains my favorite definition of life-history theory: “an elaborate answer to the simple question of why havingmore offspring is not always selected for” (p. 137)—but it also
Effect of Furosemide on Renal Medullary Sodium Gradient.

SummaryFurosemide, 25 mg/kg/hr (25 mg/kg prime) abolished the sodium medullary gradient in the dog kidney. It is concluded that the natruresis produced by furosemide is due, at least in part, to inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Analysis of prognostic factors for allogeneic marrow transplantation following busulfan and cyclophosphamide in myelodysplastic syndrome and after leukemic transformation.

Prognostic factors in 42 patients aged 11 to 62 (median 46) years, with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or after leukemic transformation, who underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation between 1984 and 1999 were analyzed. Thirty-six had advanced disease morphology; 19 had leukemic transformation. Twenty-nine received a preparative regimen of BuCy2 and 13 busulfan 14 mg/kg, etoposide 50 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg. Severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) occurred in three patients all of whom received anti-leukemic chemotherapy prior to transplantation. Fifteen patients (36%) died from early transplant-related complications; nine patients relapsed. The estimated 4 year disease-free survival (DFS) was 35% (95% CI 26–44%). Older age was the most significant adverse prognostic factor. Patients with leukemic transformation who underwent early transplantation had significantly better DFS than those treated first with chemotherapy (P = 0.002). Delayed toxicity was rare in these patients; no late relapses occurred. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 1219–1222.
Refinery Short-Term Scheduling Using Continuous Time Formulation: Crude-Oil Operations

This paper addresses the problem of crude-oil short-term scheduling, which is the first part of the overall refining operations. The problem involves the optimal operation of crude-oil unloading from vessels, its transfer to storage tanks, and the charging schedule for each crude-oil mixture to the distillation units. A novel model is developed based on a continuous-time representation and results in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The state-task network representation is used throughout this paper. The proposed formulation is applied to several case studies and leads to fewer binary and continuous variables and fewer constraints compared with existing discrete-time models. Thus, an efficient solution can be achieved using available MILP solvers.
Effects of Levamisole on Normal and Malignant Murine Lymphocytes

Levamisole enhanced transformation of murine lymphocytes stimulated either by mitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. In a similar dose-dependent pattern it stimulated in vitro growth of L1210, P1798, and 6C3HED but not YAC lymphoma cells. Stimulation of growth of lymphoma cells was greater by peritoneal cells harvested from normal mice 4 days after levamisole injection than by peritoneal cells from untreated mice. This effect correlated with the shortened survival time of BALB/c mice treated with levamisole prior to P1798 implantation compared to that of a control group not pretreated. Administration of levamisole with iodoacetamide-modified tumor cells in immunoprophylaxis studies had no effect on the rejection of a tumor implant or on development of tumor-specific antibody. Levamisole was added to regimens involving asparaginase therapy of 6C3HED-bearing C3H mice and chemoimmunotherapy of BALB/c mice bearing P1798 with methotrexate and iodoacetamide-modified P1798 cells. In neither case were there increased numbers of survivors, and mean survival time was generally decreased for the levamisole-treated groups. The stimulated tumor growth may have been mediated by a direct effect of levamisole on the lymphoma cells, through an effect on other cell types, or by both effects; these effects apparently outweighed potentially beneficial effects of levamisole on the immune system.
The Integration on PDM Application Program and AutoCAD

In this paper the requirement of exchange between PDM application software and AutoCAD is analyzed some knowledge for solution of that problem is provided and an example is displayed. As a result of those efforts the integration between PDM application program and AutoCAD has come true.
Seasonal Population Dynamics of Three Potato Pests in Washington State.

Pest phenology models allow producers to anticipate pest outbreaks and deploy integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Phenology models are particularly useful for cropping systems with multiple economically damaging pests throughout a season. Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) crops of Washington State, USA, are attacked by many insect pests including the potato tuberworm ( Phthorimaea operculella Zeller), the beet leafhopper ( Circulifer tenellus Baker), and the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae Sulzer). Each of these pests directly damages potato foliage or tubers; C. tenellus and M. persicae also transmit pathogens that can drastically reduce potato yields. We monitored the seasonal population dynamics of these pests by conducting weekly sampling on a network of commercial farms from 2007 to 2014. Using these data, we developed phenology models to characterize the seasonal population dynamics of each pest based on accumulated degree-days (DD). All three pests exhibited consistent population dynamics across seasons that were mediated by temperature. Of the three pests, C. tenellus was generally the first detected in potato crops, with 90% of adults captured by 936 DD. In contrast, populations of P. operculella and M. persicae built up more slowly over the course of the season, with 90% cumulative catch by 1,590 and 2,634 DD, respectively. Understanding these seasonal patterns could help potato producers plan their IPM strategies while allowing them to move away from calendar-based applications of insecticides. More broadly, our results show how long-term monitoring studies that explore dynamics of multiple pest species can aid in developing IPM strategies in crop systems.
Interfacial friction analysis for fibre-reinforced composites during fibre push-down (indentation)

Effects of Coulomb friction and radial clamping stress on the mechanical properties at the fibre/matrix interface are considered for fibre-reinforced composites when an axial compressive stress (or indentation) is used to push on the free-surface end of the embedded fibre. The interfacial frictional shear stress, the elastic stress transfer, the length of the sliding zone, and the fibre and the matrix displacements along the fibre length are analysed analytically. Specific results are calculated for SiC-fibre-reinforced AI2O3 composites. The results show that the interfacial shear stress is not constant, but decreases along the fibre length with increasing distance from the surface. Also, the interfacial shear stress increases as the coefficient of friction, the radial clamping stress, or Poisson’s ratio of the fibre increases, which in turn results in an increase in the elastic stress transfer from the fibre to the matrix, and a decrease in both the length of the sliding zone and the fibre displacement in the loading direction. However, when Poisson’s ratio of the matrix increases, the stress transfer from the fibre to the matrix decreases.
Financial Coaching: Defining an Emerging Field

This chapter provides an overview of the concept of financial coaching as it develops a unique identity in the USA. Coaching is used in other fields, such as business and health, but the application of coaching to personal financial management is still evolving. Coaching approaches are grounded in theories from positive psychology and, ideally, are client-directed and focused on performance improvement. Financial coaching programs require some degree of structure, especially if a coaching program is the subject of a program evaluation or other study wherein a consistent approach is preferred. This chapter provides an overview of these issues and suggests the A|4 model as a well-defined financial coaching framework with a foundation based on existing evidence and also amenable to being used in future research.
El giro ideológico y político del Partido Conservador a comienzos de los Años treinta

The present paper attempts to argue in favor the thesis that the Conservative Party, after the Ibanez dictatorship, culminated a political and ideological transition which moved from a practical liberalism, –that the Party was professed from the second part of the XIX century with the purpose to defend the Church–, to an authoritarian anti liberalism, based on a traditionalist framework. This transformation was consequence of the considerable historical changes that happened in the country, among them, the irruptions of working and middle class, based on the Social Church doctrine, which could not be coopted by Conservative Party. Hence, the party began to see in the mentioned classes a threat that it was necessary to control. In this line, the article –after to describe the historical trajectory of the Party– analyzes the speech pronounced by Hector Rodriguez de la Sotta in the XI General Conservative Convention, which seems it culminated the mentioned ideological and politic evolution. Keywords: liberalism; authoritarianism; traditionalism; ideological and politic evolution.
Science-Based Discussion of Free Will

The question of ‘free will’ is the most important unresolved issue in the development of a science-based conception of reality. Its importance stems from the fact that a person’s belief about the capacity of his mental aspects to influence his physical behavior affects his actions, and thereby both his own future, and potentially the future of the society in which he is embedded.
rt-PA plus heparin aspirin for acute myocardial infarction?

Source Citation Hsia J, Hamilton WP, Kleiman N, et al. for the Heparin-Aspirin Reperfusion Trial (HART) Investigators. A comparison between heparin and low-dose aspirin as adjunctive therapy with t...
Evaluation of a semi-automated computer algorithm for measuring total fat and visceral fat content in lambs undergoing in vivo whole body computed tomography

Computed tomography (CT) is a suitable tool for measuring body fat, since it is non-destructive and can be used to differentiate metabolically active visceral fat from total body fat. Whole body analysis of body fat is likely to be more accurate than single CT slice estimates of body fat. The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between semi-automated computer analysis of whole body volumetric CT data and conventional proximate (chemical) analysis of body fat in lambs. Data were collected prospectively from 12 lambs that underwent duplicate whole body CT, followed by slaughter and carcass analysis by dissection and chemical analysis. Agreement between methods for quantification of total and visceral fat was assessed by Bland-Altman plot analysis. The repeatability of CT was assessed for these measures using the mean difference of duplicated measures. When compared to chemical analysis, CT systematically underestimated total and visceral fat contents by more than 10% of the mean fat weight. Therefore, carcass analysis and semi-automated CT computer measurements were not interchangeable for quantifying body fat content without the use of a correction factor. CT acquisition was repeatable, with a mean difference of repeated measures being close to zero. Therefore, uncorrected whole body CT might have an application for assessment of relative changes in fat content, especially in growing lambs.