cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lightweight parallel accumulators using C++ templates

The Boost.Accumulators framework provides C++ template-based support for incremental computation of many important statistical functions, such as maximum, minimum, mean, count, variance, etc. Basic accumulators can be combined to build more sophisticated ones. We explore how this framework can be extended to implement lightweight parallel accumulators that allow multiple threads to Store sample data, and support concurrent GetResult operations that incrementally compute desired functions over the data. Our evaluation shows that our parallel accumulators are scalable and can effectively exploit programmer-supplied knowledge to achieve significant optimizations for some important cases.
Reduced kinetic mechanism for NOx formation in laminar premixed CH4/air flames

Abstract A reduced mechanism was developed for the chemical kinetics of hydrocarbon oxidation and NO x formation in freely propagating, laminar premixed methane/air flames. The reduction is based on sensitivity and rate of reaction analysis. The reduced scheme was evaluated for a range of equivalence ratios from 0.85 to 1.15, and it was found to provide good predictions of both thermal and prompt NO.
Karenia brevis monitoring, management, and mitigation for Florida molluscan shellfish harvesting areas

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the State of Florida Karenia brevis monitoring, management and mitigation procedures for the harvesting of safe molluscan shellfish. Monitoring and management to prevent public health impacts of due to brevetoxins from K. brevis in shellfish has worked successfully for over forty years. Over the past forty years there have been no reports of human illness resulting from the consumption of commercial or recreational harvest harvested of shellfish from Florida waters that were classified as open. Therefore, this monitoring and management program has been a highly successful public health program. In addition, opportunities exist for mitigation which may allow for limited shellfish harvesting and safe consumption during blooms. The key elements of the Florida program are provided as a “model” or “ideal” monitoring, management, and mitigation program.
The praxis of acknowledgement: from bibliometrics to influmetrics

The practice of acknowledgement in scholarly communication is widespread and growing. Acknowledgements define a variety of cognitive and social relationships between researchers within and across disciplines, and could thus be used to map networks of influence. We explore the relationship between authorship, acknowledgement and citation -the «Reward Triangle»- in the context of the academic audit process. We also consider the case for using acknowledgement data conjointly with established bibliometric indicators, such as citations, in performance assessment.
Soil Cleanup by In-Situ Surfactant Flushing. IX. Electrical Effects in Micelle Formation

Abstract BASIC computer programs were written to model the tendency of ionic surfactants to form micelles at various concentrations. A mass-action, multispecies approach involved the use of the hydrophobic effect and the electrical repulsion of the ionic heads. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation was used to model the electrical effects in both planar and spherical coordinates and with and without linearization of the charge density term. In the most elaborate model a modified Boltzmann charge density expression took into account the finite sizes of the ions surrounding the micelle. A “zero surface tension” approach allowed the calculation of the maximum size of the micelle. Calculations focused on the behavior of sodium dodecylsulfate. Micelle formation as a function of ionic strength and surfactant size were satisfactorily modeled. Temperature dependence was not good, and a fitted nonsurface energy term remains unresolved.
TWO CONP-COMPLETE SCHEDULE ANALYSIS PROBLEMS

While many forms of schedule decision problems are known to be NP-complete, two forms of schedule analysis problems are shown to be coNP-complete in the strong sense. Each of these involve guaranteeing that all deadlines are met for a set of task-graphs in statically-mapped, priority-based, multiprocessor schedules given particular variabilities. Specifically, the first of these allows run-times which axe bracketed, where the actual run-time of some tasks can take on any value within a given range. The second deals with task-graphs which arrive asynchronously, that is where the release-time for each task-graphs may take either any or a bracketed value. These variations correspond to task-graphs with either release-time or run-time jitter. The results are robust in the sense that they apply when schedules are either preemptive or non-preemptive as well as for several other problem variations.
A Computer Terminal with Synthetic Speech Output

The hardware configuration and software for a voice-output communications station are described. Advantages of such a capability in computer-aided instruction and as an aid for the visually handicapped are noted. The man-computer communication station incorporates a relatively inexpensive digitally controlled voice synthesizer.
RF emitter location estimation in the presence of antenna array manifold mismatch

There is an increasing demand for RF emitter geolocation capability using airborne antenna arrays. However, when an antenna array is mounted on an aircraft, scattering from the aircraft structure significantly affects the array's magnitude and phase response, which is known as the array manifold. Accurate knowledge of the array manifold is required for angle of arrival estimation. Thus, the derived emitter location estimates will have significant uncertainty unless the user performs a time consuming and costly in-situ calibration of the array. We consider the task of estimating emitter locations when the in-situ manifold is only approximately known. We show that, over a short flight, the errors induced by such ‘manifold mismatch’ are unbiased and that the true emitter location can be found accurately by considering many measurements at once.
Live 3D echo guidance of catheter-based endomyocardial injection.

Local delivery of therapeutic agents into the myocardium is limited by suboptimal imaging. We evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of live 313 echo to guide left ventricular endomyocardial injection. An intramyocardial injection catheter was positioned in the left ventricle in five healthy Yorkshire pigs using fluoroscopy. All other catheter manipulations were performed with live biplane and 3D echo guidance. In each animal, a total of 12 endomyocardial injections (volume, 50-100 mu l) of echo contrast mixed with blue tissue dye were performed. Four injections, 10 mm apart, were directed to three myocardial target zones: the anterior septum at the mitral valve level (zone 1); the posterolateral wall between the heads of the papillary muscles (zone 2); and the apex (zone 3). The injections were aimed to form a transverse line in zones 1 and 2 and an inverted triangular pyramid in zone 3. The animals were sacrificed, the hearts were inspected and the left ventricular endocardium was examined to create a map of injection marks. Success, defined as a visible injection of tissue dye, was 95%, and accuracy, defined as an injection into the target zone, was 83%. There was no significant difference in accuracy between the zones. Live 3D echo can successfully guide endomyocardial injections by accurately targeting specific myocardial zones, verifying catheter apposition and, when combined with echo contrast, providing real-time visualization of injectate deposition. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reaction kinetic analysis of the gas-phase epoxidation of propylene over Au/TS-1

Abstract The superior activity and stability of Au/TS-1 catalysts has allowed the first comprehensive kinetic analysis of the propylene epoxidation system in the absence of significant deactivation. A unique design of experiments combining the best features of factorial experiments with one-at-a-time experimentation over the nonflammable range was used to collect kinetic information, from which a power rate law was extracted using the statistical software package JMP. Explaining the resultant fractional reactant orders ( O 2 = 0.31 ± 0.04 , H 2 = 0.60 ± 0.03 , and C 3 H 6 = 0.18 ± 0.04 ) requires a sequence of elementary kinetic steps having a minimum of two active sites participating in the rate-determining step. A reaction sequence is proposed that accounts for the experimentally determined reaction orders and is consistent with DFT calculations and other results from the literature. This mechanism suggests that titanium and gold sites must generate and use the epoxidation oxidant simultaneously rather than sequentially, as previously suggested in the literature.
Photolytic production of CN in metastable argon-cyanogen flows

Abstract Photolytic production of CN molecules in a flow of metastable argon and cyanogen is reported. At the maximum pump laser fluence investigated (0.4 J/cm2), ground-state CN concentration is found to be enhanced by about 1% over the ambient CN produced by collisional dissociation of C2N2 by Ar*. It is concluded that this signal is due to photodissociation of CN polymer formed in the flow downstream of the mixing zone. The presence of such species does not affect the interpretation of CN optical-optical double resonance experiments being carried out in our laboratory.
Microfluidic modeling and design for continuous flow in electrokinetic mixing‐reaction channels

Advances in microfluidics have inspired novel designs of LoC systems with integrated functionality and improved thermal and mass-transfer characteristics. As important functional subsystems of LoC, microfluidic reaction systems can significantly reduce the need for space, materials, and energy, and often have shorter response times. Iterative design studies require accurate and fast models for subsystems. Here, we present two PFR-network-based models and a method of lines model for reaction subsystems. These two models employ two different discretization methods to reduce the set of PDEs into a system of coupled ODEs. We use our model to analyze an example micro mixing-reaction system. The results illustrate how reaction channel length and the electric potential difference influence the product yields and selectivities. These models are ready to be combined other subsystem models for the design of integrated LoC systems.
If you spoke as she does, sir, instead of the way you do: a sociolinguistics perspective of gender differences in virtual communities

This study examines virtual community quality through sociolinguistics theory. According to sociolinguistics, in oral discourse men communicate to establish superior social standing, while women communicate with the undertone of rapport, compassion, and empathy. The study shows that these differences carry over to the asynchronous written environment of virtual communities and affect men's and women's respective perceptions of community quality. Women go to virtual communities to give and to get social support and have a more favorable assessment of the capability of others. This pattern generally holds even when comparing mostly single-gender communities and mixed-gender communities. However, a closer look at these differences reveals a more complex picture, with undertones in mixed-gender communities being less than in their respective mostly single-gender communities.
Drama, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): II. Leadership, Historiography, and Winston Churchill:

This paper, the second in a series, suggests (a) that there is a Rorschachian inner creation side to both leadership and historiography, (b) that the former is illustrated by the Hofferian mass movement leader, and the latter by the “geisteswissenschaftliche,” “literary intellectual” approach to history, and (c) that such a leader will be such a historian. Winston Churchill is one of Hoffer's mass movement leaders. That he is also such a historian is supported by the testimonies of Isaiah Berlin, Denis Brogan, and J. H. Plumb. Their testimonies combined with those of Alan Brooke and B. H. Liddell Hart warrant concluding that as historian and as World War II military leader, Churchill may be fairly described as long on Rorschachian inner creation and short on Rorschachian rationality.
In search of Ukrainian national identity: 1840–1921

Abstract Many recent scholars, influenced by nationalist historians, intellectual trends, or political leaders, seek to antedate and create a nation or national identity when in reality none existed. They tend to apply theories based on non‐rational, emotional aspects of ethno‐nationalism to the formation of national consciousness in general. Thus, the large‐scale vertical identity of modern nationalism is projected back into an era which was characterized by a set of horizontal identities. This article seeks to explore the genesis and development of modem national identity in Ukraine during the period 1840 to 1921. Focusing on social‐structural and circumstantial conditions, it attempts to demonstrate that the appeals to ethno‐national sentiments throughout this period failed to generate a group identity and solidarity among the Ukrainian people. The Ukrainian case, along with that of other subordinate ethnic groups, suggests that nationalism by itself was not operational before the emergence of the so‐c...
Real-time multifunctional optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate real-time acquisition, processing, and display of tissue structure, birefringence, and blood flow in a multi-functional optical coherence tomography (MF-OCT) system. This is accomplished by efficient data processing of the phase-resolved inteference patterns without dedicated hardware or extensive modification to the high-speed fiber-based OCT system. The system acquires images of 2048 depth scans per second, covering an area of 5 mm in width x 1.2 mm in depth with real-time display updating images in a rolling manner 32 times each second.
Complete spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastatic melanoma.

background. Complete spontaneous regression of melanoma metastatic to the lungs is a rare event. objective. To report a case of biopsy-proven melanoma metastatic to the lung with complete spontaneous regression. methods. Multidisciplinary case report. results. A 35-year-old white female was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma to the lung. A pleural biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Partial spontaneous regression was noted by a staging computed tomography scan prior to enrollment in an investiga-tional protocol. Complete spontaneous regression occurred over 5 months without any form of conventional or alternative therapy, and the patient remains disease-free 3 years after diagnosis. conclusions. Our case represents the seventh case of complete spontaneous regression of melanoma metastatic to the lung, and the only case with histologic confirmation of both the primary and pulmonary metastatic lesions. The patient was pregnant twice between the time of her initial diagnosis of primary melanoma and pulmonary metastatic disease.
Relationship between strain rate, temperature, and impact failure mechanism for poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene terephthalate)

One approach to the purification of recycled thermoplastic mixtures is selective grinding to induce differences in sizes and shapes between polymers with different compositions. These mixtures can then be separated using one of several technologies including conventional sieving or hydrocyclones. Recycled poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) often are cross-contaminated with each other since they have overlapping density ranges and are very difficult to separate using methods such as flotation. Selective grinding followed by physical separation might be a preferred method for separating such a polymer pair if processing “windows” for inducing differences in failure mechanisms can be found. There is a temperature range over which PET fails in a ductile mode while PVC fails in a brittle mode for impact grinding experiments. This range is not accurately predicted by failure mechanism and β-transition temperature diagrams.
Pichia besseyi sp. n.

A new species ofPichia has been described.Pichia besseyi was isolated from a marsh near the town of Bonaventure, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. The hemispheroidal shape of the ascospores of this species is particularly noteworthy.
Remote Monitoring of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators versus Quarterly Device Interrogations in Clinic: Results from a Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial

ICD: Remote Monitoring Versus Clinic Interrogations. Introduction: Remote monitoring is increasingly becoming the new standard of care for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) follow-up. We sought to determine whether remote monitoring of ICDs improves patient outcomes compared with quarterly device interrogations in clinic. Methods and Results: In this single-center pilot clinical trial, adult patients with an ICD were randomly assigned to remote monitoring versus quarterly device interrogations in clinic. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular hospitalization, emergency room visit for a cardiac cause, and unscheduled visit to the electrophysiology clinic for a device-related issue at 1 year. We also examined health-related quality of life, costs, and patient satisfaction with their ICD care. Of 151 patients enrolled in this trial, 76 were randomized to remote monitoring and 75 to quarterly device interrogations in clinic. There was no significant difference in the primary endpoint (32% in the remote monitoring arm vs 34% in the control arm; P = 0.8), mortality, or cost between the 2 arms. Quality of life and patient satisfaction were significantly better in the control arm than in the remote monitoring arm at 6 months (83 [25th, 75th percentiles 70, 90] vs 75 [50, 85]; P = 0.002 and 88 [75, 100] vs 75 [75, 88]; P = 0.03, respectively), but not at 12 months. Conclusion: We showed no significant reduction in cardiac-related resource utilization with remote monitoring of ICDs. However, given the small number of patients in our study, the real clinical and health economics impact of remote monitoring needs to be verified by a large, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 545-550, May 2010)
Technology and collegiallity

Using technology in a school/school district will foster the collegiality necessary for sustaining enthusiasm for teaching and will contribute to the professional development of each teacher.
Micropuncture measurement of lung microvascular pressure profile in 3- to 4-week-old rabbits.

ABSTRACT: We have reported the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance in the three segments (arteries, microvessels, and veins) of the pulmonary circulation of adult rabbits (J Appl Physiol 60:539-545, 1986). To determine the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance in lungs of younger animals, we measured microvascular pressures in the subpleural microcirculation in nine isolated blood perfused lungs of 3- to 4-wk-old rabbits. We used micropipettes and the servonull pressure measuring system to directly measure pressures in 20-50 µm diameter subpleural arterioles and venules. We also measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures and lung blood flow. To determine the influence of vascular tone on segmental vascular resistance, in four lungs we measured microvascular pressures both before and after paralyzing the vasculature with papaverine. We found that 51% of the total pressure drop in the pulmonary circulation was in arteries, 24.5% in microvessels, and 24.5% in veins. Vascular tone contributed minimally to baseline arterial resistance. The greater arterial and venous resistance in lungs of 3- to 4- wk-old rabbits as compared to that in adult rabbits is probably due to differences in vessel geometry.
The nature of the diversity of Antarctic fishes

The species diversity of the Antarctic fish fauna changed notably during the ≈40 million years from the Eocene to the present. A taxonomically restricted and endemic modern fauna succeeded a taxonomically diverse and cosmopolitan Eocene fauna. Although the Southern Ocean is 10% of the world’s ocean, its current fish fauna consists of only 322 species, small considering the global diversity of ≈25,000–28,000 species. The fauna is “reasonably well-known” from a taxonomic perspective. This intermediate designation between “poorly known” and “well-known” indicates that new species are regularly being described. A conservative estimate of the number of undescribed species is ≈30–60; many of these may be liparids. On the Antarctic continental shelf and upper slope the fauna includes 222 species from 19 families of benthic fishes. The most speciose taxa are notothenioids, liparids and zoarcids, accounting for 88% of species diversity. Endemism for Antarctic species is also, coincidentally, 88%, at least threefold higher than in faunas from other isolated marine localities. Eight notothenioid families, including five that are primarily Antarctic, encompass a total of 44 genera and 129 species, 101 Antarctic and 28 non-Antarctic. The 101 Antarctic species make up 45% of the benthic species diversity in the Antarctic region. However, at the highest latitudes, notothenioids contribute 77% of the species diversity, 92% of the abundance and 91% of the biomass. Although species diversity is low compared to other shelf habitats, the nature of the adaptive radiation in organismal diversity among notothenioids is noteworthy in the marine realm. In some notothenioid clades phyletic diversification was accompanied by considerable morphological and ecological diversification. The exemplar is the benthic family Nototheniidae that underwent a habitat or depth related diversification centred on the alteration of buoyancy. They occupy an array of pelagic and benthopelagic habitats at various depths on the shelf and upper slope. Diversification in buoyancy is the hallmark of the nototheniid radiation and, in the absence of swim bladders, was accomplished by a combination of reduced skeletal mineralisation and lipid deposition. Although neutral buoyancy is found in only five species of nototheniids some, like Pleuragramma antarcticum, are abundant and ecologically important. Much work remains to be done in order to frame and to use phylogenetically based statistical methods to test hypotheses relating to the key features of the notothenioid radiation. To reach this analytical phase more completely resolved cladograms that include phyletically basal and non-Antarctic species are essential.
Dynamics of the Primary Processes of Protein Folding: Helix Nucleation

We report on the folding and unfolding dynamics of α-helix nucleation in two model helical peptides. One of the peptides studied unfolds at lower temperatures (cold denatures) in solutions of 9% hexafluoroisopropanol. Laser-induced temperature jumps were used to rapidly perturb the helix/coil equilibrium in this peptide from a predominantly unfolded to a more folded ensemble. The peptide conformation was monitored through time-resolved absorption of the amide I‘ band. These experiments directly probe α-helix nucleation, as a majority of α-helices formed must start from a completely random coil conformation. In another α-helical peptide, the unfolding and folding kinetics of specific residues were monitored through the use of isotopically (13CO) labeled amino acids. By selectively measuring the unfolding kinetics of the middle of the helix, one can minimize the contribution of end-fraying effects and explicitly probe the crossing of a nucleation free energy barrier in the helix to coil direction. The resul...
Localization of Bacterial Nucleic Acids and Mechanism of the Gram Reaction

As a consequence of the brilliant studies of Stacey and co-workers, reviewed by Webb1, many investigators of the Gram reaction in bacteria are agreed that the Gram complex is a combination of basic dye and pentose nucleoprotein, apparently localized at or in the cell wall. However, as Lison2 has pointed out, the problem of localization in cytochemistry is a difficult one, and it is not altogether certain that the basophilic component of the Gram complex normally occurs at the cell wall.
Synergistic enhancement of type I and III collagen production in cultured fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β and ascorbate

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a prototype of a family of polypeptides that regulates cellular growth and phenotypic differentiation [(1986) Science 233, 532-534; (1987) Cell 49, 437-438]. TGF-β injection induces angiogenesis and fibrosis locally [(1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4167-4171; (1987) Science 237, 1333-1336] and stimulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin, collagens, and proteoglycans in vitro in many cell types [(1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4337-4345; (1987) Biochem J. 247, 597-604]. Ascorbate is also known to induce collagen synthesis and to promote wound healing [(1988) J. Invest. Dermatol. 90, 420-424; (1986) Coll. Rel. Res. 6, 455-466]. We report that in cultured human skin fibroblasts, ascorbate and TGF-β synergistically enhance the biosynthesis of type I and III collagens and their steady-state mRNAs. TGF-β alone has no enhancing effect on type III collagen synthesis. The cooperation between ascorbate and TGF-β may be of significance in wound healing and in disorders of fibrosis.
Distinct roles for IP-10/CXCL10 in three animal models, Theiler's virus infection, EAE, and MHV infection, for multiple sclerosis: Implication of differing roles for IP-10

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes demyelination with inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) in mice and is used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 kDa (IP-10) is a CXC chemokine and a chemoattractant for CXCR3+ T cells. IP-10 mRNA is expressed in the CNS during TMEV infection. However, administration of anti-IP-10 serum caused no difference in clinical signs, inflammation, demyelination, virus persistence or anti-virus antibody response in TMEV infection, while levels of virus specific and autoreactive lymphoproliferation increased. This likely reflects a difference in the pathogenesis of TMEV infection from that of two other animal models for MS, mouse hepatitis virus infection and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), where blocking of IP-10 resulted in clinical and histological improvement with suppression of antigen specific lymphoproliferation. In this review, we compare and contrast the roles of IP-10 between the three animal models for MS, and discuss the relevance to MS patients with different clinical courses.
Performance comparison between copper, carbon nanotube, and optical interconnects

The interconnect bottleneck presents a compelling reason to explore novel interconnect architectures. In this work, we have quantified and compared the performance of two promising interconnects: carbon nanotube (CNT) and optical interconnects with the scaled Cu/low-k on-chip and off-chip interconnects for future high-performance ICs.
Child wastage, due to malnutrition in Sekhukuniland.

An attempt to assess the ex tent of child wastage due to malnutrition in Sekhukuniland is made by analysis of hospital admissions in the yea r 1956, which was chosen at random. Of the 1,430 children under 12 years admitted to Jane Furse Hospital , 4.5 per cent. had "" malnutrition"" as the primary diagnosis on discharge. Twenty per ce nt. of these cases died and malnutrition was the ca use of death in 20 per cent. of a all deaths under twelve years. Five groups of overt malnutrition are descriptionbed and stress laid on the fact that suboptimal nutrition and development are the rule rather than the exception in infants over six months and young children. The absence of parasitic diseases in the area accentuates the role played by malnutrition in children as a cause of ill-health-often prolonged and sometimes fatal. While economic factors may be difficult to remedy, an appreciation of the ignorance, superstition and apathy prevalent in matters of infant care serves as a constant reminder of the vital importance of health education. Great importance is attached by the mother to the youngest child , and it is most encouraging to find how willing many mothers are to carry out simple health measures once confidence and trust in the doctor and the hospital have been established.
Necessity for adjuvant neck dissection in setting of concurrent chemoradiation for advanced head-and-neck cancer

Abstract Purpose Neck dissection has traditionally played an important role in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who present with regionally advanced neck disease (N2-N3). Radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy improves overall survival in advanced head-and-neck cancer compared with radiotherapy alone. The necessity for postchemoradiation neck dissection is controversial. The intent of this report was to define the value of neck dissection in this patient population better. Methods and materials Patients with locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck who also presented with nodal disease and underwent hyperfractionated radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy constituted the study population. Adjuvant modified neck dissection (MND) was planned 6 to 8 weeks after completion of chemoradiation in those patients who had a biopsy-proven pathologically complete response at the primary tumor site, irrespective of the clinical/radiographic neck response. A cohort of patients underwent electrode assessment of tumor oxygenation. Pathologic findings from the MND were used to compute the negative and positive predictive values and overall accuracy of the clinical/radiographic response (cCR). Regional control, failure-free survival, and survival were compared according to whether patients actually underwent MND. Results A total of 154 patients received concurrent chemoradiation. Of these, 108 presented with nodal disease: N1, n = 30; and N2-N3, n = 78. MND was performed in 65 (60%) of 108 patients, including 13 (43%) of 30 with Stage N1 and 52 (66%) of 78 with Stage N2-N3. For N1 patients, the negative predictive value of a cCR, positive predictive value of less than a cCR, and the overall accuracy for clinical response was 92%, 100%, and 92%, respectively. For N2-N3 patients, the corresponding values were 74%, 44%, and 60%. Patients with poorly oxygenated tumors were more likely to have residual disease at MND. The median follow-up was 4 years. The 4-year disease-free survival rate was 70% for N1 patients, irrespective of the clinical response or whether MND was performed. The 4-year disease-free survival rate was 75% for N2-N3 patients who had a cCR and underwent MND vs. 53% for patients who had a cCR but did not undergo MND ( p = 0.08). The 4-year overall survival rate was 77% vs. 50% for these two groups of patients ( p = 0.04). Conclusion The clinical and pathologic responses in the neck correlated poorly with one another for patients with N2-N3 neck disease undergoing concurrent chemoradiation for advanced head-and-neck cancer. MND still appears to confer a disease-free survival and overall survival advantage with acceptably low morbidity. Tumor oxygenation assessment may be useful in selecting patients who are especially prone to have residual disease. Better tools need to be developed to determine prospectively whether this procedure is required for individual patients.
Increased Peripheral IL-4 Leads to an Expanded Virtual Memory CD8+ Population

Memory-phenotype CD8(+) T cells can arise even in the absence of overt Ag stimulation. Virtual memory (VM) CD8(+) T cells are CD8(+) T cells that develop a memory phenotype in the periphery of wild-type mice in an IL-15-dependent manner. Innate CD8(+) T cells, in contrast, are memory-phenotype CD8(+) T cells that develop in the thymus in response to elevated thymic IL-4. It is not clear whether VM cells and innate CD8(+) T cells represent two independent T cell lineages or whether they arise through similar processes. In this study, we use mice deficient in Nedd4-family interacting protein 1 to show that overproduction of IL-4 in the periphery leads to an expanded VM population. Nedd4-family interacting protein 1(-/-) CD4(+) T cells produce large amounts of IL-4 due to a defect in JunB degradation. This IL-4 induces a memory-like phenotype in peripheral CD8(+) T cells that includes elevated expression of CD44, CD122, and Eomesodermin and decreased expression of CD49d. Thus, our data show that excess peripheral IL-4 is sufficient to cause an increase in the VM population. Our results suggest that VM and innate CD8(+) T cells may be more similar than previously appreciated.
Space-frequency localized image compression

Subband and wavelet-based image compression can be viewed as frequency oriented techniques because each subimage in the decomposition is essentially a band-pass version of the original image. The authors suggest a space-frequency partition scheme to fully exploit the excellent localization properties of wavelets in both the spatial and frequency domains. Due to the relatively large number of blocks in this partition compared with traditional subband coders, the rate required for communicating the quantizer configurations must be taken into account. An iterative bit allocation algorithm is suggested that minimizes the mean square error given the overall rate for specifying the quantization configuration and for quantizing the wavelet coefficients. Images encoded using scalar quantization under this scheme show improvements in PSNR versus rate over traditional subband and wavelet-based methods. >
ABCG1 is deficient in alveolar macrophages of GM-CSF knockout mice and patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) display impaired surfactant clearance, foamy, lipid-filled alveolar macrophages, and increased cholesterol metabolites within the lung. Neutralizing autoantibodies to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are also present, resulting in virtual GM-CSF deficiency. We investigated ABCG1 and ABCA1 expression in alveolar macrophages of PAP patients and GM-CSF knockout (KO) mice, which exhibit PAP-like pulmonary pathology and increased pulmonary cholesterol. Alveolar macrophages from both sources displayed a striking similarity in transporter gene dysregulation, consisting of deficient ABCG1 accompanied by highly increased ABCA1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a known regulator of both transporters, was deficient, as reported previously. In contrast, the liver X receptor α, which also upregulates both transporters, was highly increased. GM-CSF treatment increased ABCG1 expression in macrophages in vitro and in PAP patients in vivo. Overexpression of PPARγ by lentivirus-PPARγ transduction of primary alveolar macrophages, or activation by rosiglitazone, also increased ABCG1 expression. These results suggest that ABCG1 deficiency in PAP and GM-CSF KO alveolar macrophages is attributable to the absence of a GM-CSF-mediated PPARγ pathway. These findings document the existence of ABCG1 deficiency in human lung disease and highlight a critical role for ABCG1 in surfactant homeostasis.
Crystallization of L-alanine in the presence of additives on a circular PMMA platform designed for metal-assisted and microwave-accelerated evaporative crystallization

Crystallization of L-alanine in the presence of L-valine and L-tryptophan additives on a circular poly(methyl) methacrylate (PMMA) platform designed for Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization (MA-MAEC) technique was investigated. Theoretical simulations predicted homogeneous temperature and electric field distributions across the circular PMMA platforms during microwave heating. Crystallization of L-alanine with and without additives on the blank and silver nanoparticle films (SNFs) modified sides of the circular PMMA platform occurred within 32–50 min using MA-MAEC technique, while the identical solutions crystallized within 161–194 min at room temperature. Optical microscopy studies revealed that L-alanine crystals without additives were found to be smaller in size and had several well-developed faces, whereas L-alanine crystals grown with additives appeared to be larger and had only one dominant highly-developed face. Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements showed that all L-alanine crystals had identical peaks, despite the morphological differences between the L-alanine crystals with and without additives observed by optical microscope images.
Structure of mammalian orthoreovirus particles

An overview of the mammalian orthoreoviruses and comparisons with other double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses are included to stimulate speculation about the evolution of these viruses and their structures.
AIDS: A Personal Perspective that Engenders Hope

I was deeply moved by David Sanford's Wall Street Journal article, which follows. As David's story recounts, he came to me in deep despair. He believed that there was little hope to escape what is commonly termed a "death sentence" from AIDS. With state-of-the-art treatment, he has regained considerable health, as his HIV viral load has fallen to undetectable levels and his helper T-cell number has increased. How long these changes will be sustained and what the future holds are still unclear. But it is clear that David is pursuing life with great vigor and his sense of optimism and commitment to survive have been restored. I believe the hematologist/oncologist is in a particularly unique position in the clinical care of people with AIDS. Our history of conquering diseases which were, like AIDS, regularly associated with decline and death, gives us a perspective that engenders hope. I recall a friend and classmate in the fifth grade in Public School 187 in Queens, New York, who died of childhood leukemia. In those days, mentioning the word "leukemia" was forbidden, so our teacher informed us that Eric had died of "blood poisoning." We children all sat confused, wondering how to protect ourselves from such insidious "poisons." Childhood leukemia is now curable in the majority of afflicted children; I suspect that Eric would have been saved had the current treatment regimens existed in the early 1950s. Similar triumphs against lymphoma and testicular cancer are held up as real examples of progress in the field of oncology. I point to such victories in counseling patients with AIDS facing currently incurable diseases. AIDS is a moving target. Important breakthroughs in rational drug design provided us with the protease inhibitors, and laid the foundation for combination therapy which might potentially control the replication of the virus for decades and thereby restore longevity. Prospects for a true cure (full eradication of the virus from the system) are still hotly debated, but no one can deny that the clinical gains made in the last two years have been significant. We have witnessed the first clinical remission of AIDS. David Sanford's individual story is a mirror to the larger world of people with HIV. His restoration of health is not unique, not an isolated antidote, but a prototype of what is being seen in controlled clinical trials. Moreover, the importance of access to medical care, particularly new drugs, is evident from his tale. The impact of these new therapies on a humanitarian plane is the greatest, but its economic impact, with reduction of hospitalization, and increase in individual productivity, is also apparent. I find myself, as a physician, being importantly instructed by people like David Sanford. Our greatest gratification comes from science changing clinical reality, and restoring productive lives that become filled with realistic hopes.
Low-Cost, Experimental Curriculum in Materials Science Using Candy Glass Part 2: Home-Built Apparatuses

We have been developing a collection of low-cost experiments for exploring the science of glassy materials through hands-on activities with sucrose based glass (a.k.a. hard candy). These form a mini-curriculum of glass science, consisting of inter-related experiments and home built apparatuses. It provides an environment to develop an understanding of glassy materials through active, prolonged engagement. Some of our earlier experiments were reported four years ago[1]. Since that report we have made substantial improvements and added new topics, including electrical and thermal conductivity, an improved DTA apparatus, and improved methodology for crystallization kinetics. All of our experiments are designed to be low-cost (typically <$100) and the apparatuses are designed for construction by students or teachers.
Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Maternal and Child Positive Behaviors in Daily Life Among Youth With Asthma

Objective Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poorer behavioral and emotional outcomes in children with asthma. This study investigated the associations between maternal income and education and naturalistically observed behaviors and affect during everyday parent–child interactions. Methods 53 predominantly low-income youth with asthma, aged 10–17 years, wore a naturalistic event-sampling device, the Electronically Activated Recorder, for 4 days to assess mother and child positive behaviors and affect in daily life. Results Maternal education, but not income, was positively associated with child positive behaviors, displays of mother and child positive affect, and increased maternal responsiveness. Maternal positive affect and maternal responsiveness mediated the effect of maternal education on child positive affect. Conclusions Our findings suggest that maternal education has an important influence on the socioemotional adjustment of youth with asthma and point to the importance of investigating the independent influence of socioeconomic status components on everyday parent–child interactions.
Of Bugs and Joints: The Relationship Between Infection and Joints

Abstract The association between microbes and joints has existed since antiquity, and remains complex. Diagnosis is often difficult to determine despite highly suspicious clinical characteristics for the presence of an underlying infection. Over the several past decades, considerable advances have occurred in diagnostic methodologies and therapy. However, the morbidity and mortality of septic arthritis remain high. Great advances have occurred in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic management of reactive arthritis, and there is evidence that when the responsible microorganism is Chlamydia trachomatis , complete remission and cure are possible. Emergent infections, especially viral, have been recognized, that is, HIV, hepatitis C, and most recently Chikungunya virus, and in the case of HIV associated articular manifestations, the introduction of HAART has resulted in a decrease in the incidence and development of newer complications such as the immune reconstitution syndrome. The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis is being strongly considered once again, and the exciting association with periodontal disease is at the forefront of intense research. The gut microbiota is also being investigated and new and most interesting data are being gathered of the potential role of commensal gut organisms and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Modeling advanced collective communication algorithms on cell-based systems

This paper presents and validates performance models for a varietyvof high-performance collective communication algorithms for systems with Cell processors. The systems modeled include a single Cell processor, two Cell chips on a Cell Blade, and a cluster of Cell Blades. The models extend PLogP, the well-known point-topoint performance model, by accounting for the unique hardware characteristics of the Cell (e.g., heterogeneous interconnects and DMA engines) and by applying the model to collective communication. This paper also presents a micro-benchmark suite to accurately measure the extended PLogP parameters on the Cell Blade and then uses these parameters to model different algorithms for the barrier, broadcast, reduce, all-reduce, and all-gather collective operations. Out of 425 total performance predictions, 398 of them see less than 10% error compared to the actual execution time and all of them see less than 15%.
Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problems and the Use of Intermediate Levels of Automation for Improved Control System Functioning and Safety

Human supervisory control and monitoring of automated systems, as well as, passive system(s) information processing can all be classified as forms of out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance. Whether the operator's task is to decide if process control intervention is necessary, detect a critical system event, or accept or reject the actions of a computer controller, he or she is removed from direct, real-time control of the system. OOTL performance is a critical issue in overall automated systems functioning because it is associated with numerous negative consequences including: (a) operator failure to observe system parameter changes and intervene when necessary (vigilance decrements); (b) human over-trust in computer controllers (complacency); (c) operator loss of system or situation awareness; and (d) operator direct/manual control skill decay. These consequences have been found to impact human performance under both normal operating conditions and system failure modes, with a greater effect on the latter [15] leading to serious problems in operator ability to perform their assigned tasks when working with automated systems. Level of automation (LOA) has been put forth as an approach to ameliorating OOTL performance problems. It is intended to determine the optimal assignment of control between a human operator and computer in order to keep both involved in system operations. LOA considers the capabilities and capacities of both the human and computer controller in determining their optimal coupling. It constitutes a systems approach to resolving OOTL performance problems by minimizing the negative consequences associated with the removal of the operator from active system control, and allows for the strengths of both human decision making and computer processing to be realized. When compared to a technological approach that assesses only the capabilities of the computer in allocating as much responsibility to the machine as possible, and assigning the remaining tasks to the human operator, the advantages can be considerable. A LOA taxonomy will be presented along with research examining its utility in a dynamic control task. Using LOA to identify optimal combinations of human and computer control was found to produce improvements in system performance under intermediate levels. These levels involve joint human and computer control of various system functions, such as monitoring, planning, and option selection and implementation. Results indicated decreases in the number of system processes/tasks overlooked by operators. These improvements may translate into cost reductions due to improved operational safety and are anticipated to be applicable to process control operations.