cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Active Site of α-Chymotrypsin ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATIONS AND KINETICS OF HYDROLYSIS OF CYCLIZED AND NONCYCLIZED SUBSTRATES

Abstract The absolute steric course, stereoselectivity, and kinetics of hydrolysis of cyclized and noncyclized ester substrates by α-chymotrypsin are compared. The cyclized substrates are of the form [see PDF for sequence] The noncyclized substrates are analogous α-substituted β-phenylpropionates, C6H5CH2CH(X)CO2R, II-A, X = —NHCOCH3; II-B, X = OCOCH3; II-C, X =—CH2CO2R; V-A, X = Cl; V-B, X = OH; V-C, X = CH3. The absolute configurations of I-C, I-F, and I-G are established in this work; absolute configurations of the other compounds were previously known or recently established. The active site of α-chymotrypsin is described in terms of loci complementary to a conformation of l(+)-II-A, in which the aryl and ester groups are transoid, the β-aryl and α-hydrogen are directed into the enzyme, and the α-acetamido and hydrolyzing ester groups are directed along the exterior of the enzyme. Conditions for hydrolysis of l and d enantiomers by α-chymotrypsin are described. Association is generally dominated by the β-aryl group at its locus, ar. Hydrolysis requires the ester group to be at the hydrolytic site n. Compounds II-A, II-B, and II-C hydrolyze in the l sense as the large α-substituents occupy the α-acetamido site, am, and may not fit into the α-hydrogen locus, h. Both enantiomers of V-A and V-B are hydrolyzed as the small polar substituents, Cl and HO, may be directed in the l sense toward am and in the d sense toward h. Only the l enantiomer of V-C is hydrolyzed, and the small hydrocarbon group, CH3, may not fit at h. All of the cyclized substrates, IA-IG, with five- and six-membered second rings, are hydrolyzed preferentially in the d sense, but with widely varying reactivity and stereoselectivity. In every case the more effective d sense orientation directs the -X-Y- grouping toward h-ar, leaving the remainder of the carbon chain in the same conformation and orientation as that of l-II-A during its enzymic hydrolysis. In d(-)-I-A, d(-)- I-B, S(-)-I-C, and d(-)-I-D, the groupings -X-Y- fit well into ar-h and very high reactivity and high stereoselectivity result. The α-heteroatoms of I-A and I-B and I-D, and the planar π-electron structure of I-C permit fit in ar-h, as do the α-heteroatom substituents in V-A and V-B. In I-F and I-G, the α-CH2, like the α-CH3 in V-C, does not permit the -X-Y- grouping to fit easily into h-ar, and low reactivity and low stereoselectivity result, still with d preference. During hydrolysis of these cyclized substrates in the d sense, the am site is unoccupied. When the second ring in a cyclized substrate is eight-membered, hydrolysis in the l sense may be preferred.
How Can You Teach Me if You Don't Know Me? Embedded Racism and White Opacity

When I was asked to contribute an essay within the context of philosophy of education, I immediately thought about the theme of “diversity.” I thought that it would be productive to discuss how different cultural experiences add to a more healthy educational experience for students and teachers alike. I thought about how nice it would be to talk about how we as educators have become more open to “differences,” open to those who are not like us, open to new experiences that challenge our assumptions and perspectives. Hence, I thought just how great it would be to rejoice collectively regarding how well we do at being true to our postmodern sensibilities, sensibilities that valorize multiplicity and difference, sensibilities that celebrate our complex and differential epistemic standpoints, and sensibilities that encourage and support our diverse ways of constructing and thinking about the world. But then I thought that this approach would be far too easy. It occurred to me that we do not need a praise song of comfort, but something cacophonous, something far more disruptive. Indeed, it would be a waste of your time to talk about diversity in terms of what I call “Odysseus-style diversity.” If you recall, Odysseus was the Greek mythical figure who tied himself to the mast of a ship and had his men stuff wax in their ears so that they would not hear the beautiful voices of the Sirens lest they be thrown to their death.
Nonfermentative bacilli associated with man. II. Detection and identification.

More than 600 strains of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli were examined to establish reliable procedures for their detection and identification in a clinical laboratory. Growth on the surface but neither growth nor acid in the butt of Kligler iron agar medium was found to be a completely reliable means for detecting these bacilli. However, some strains of Moraxella fail to grow on this medium, hence cannot thus be detected. Six reagents for the oxidase test were examined. Most gave dependable results and did not require careful timing. Aberrant results were obtained with occasional strains of some species. However, all other features of such strains permitted their correct identification. More than 98% of the strains were identified. Identification was effected with a battery of 12 screening tests followed, with a minority of strains, by completion tests. All strains were assigned to one of six groups on the basis of the screening tests; 60% of the strains were also identified by these tests. Completion tests were usually required for identification of weakly saccharolytic and nonsaccharolytic strains. Alkalinization of buffered amides and organic salts was a major part of the completion tests on nonsaccharolytic strains. Such strains are usually not correctly identified by the tests commonly used in clinical bacteriology.
Localization of potential serotonergic facilitator neurons in Aplysia by glyoxylic acid histofluorescence combined with retrograde fluorescent labeling

A variety of evidence suggests that 5-HT participates in presynaptic facilitation of the siphon sensory cells contributing to dishabituation and sensitization of the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Most recently, Glanzman et al. (1989) have shown that the 5-HT neurotoxin 5,7-DHT markedly reduces both the synaptic facilitation and behavioral dishabituation produced by tail shock. To provide more direct evidence for a role of 5-HT, I have used histological techniques to try to locate individual serotonergic facilitator neurons. I first used a modification of the glyoxylic acid histofluorescence technique to map serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in the CNS of Aplysia. Intracellular fluorescent labeling combined with histofluorescence indicates that the previously identified L29 facilitator neurons are not serotonergic. Nerve transection experiments suggest that most of the perisomatic 5-HT histofluorescence in the abdominal ganglion (the location of the siphon sensory cells) comes from neurons whose cell bodies are located in the pedal or cerebral ganglia. As there are at least 500 serotonergic neurons in those ganglia, I combined retrograde fluorescent labeling with histofluorescence to identify a small subset of those neurons which send processes to the abdominal ganglion and are therefore potential serotonergic facilitators. In the following paper, Mackey et al. (1989) show that stimulation of 2 of those neurons in the cerebral ganglia (the CB1 cells) produces presynaptic facilitation of the siphon sensory cells contributing to dishabituation and sensitization of the withdrawal reflex.
Blank Canvas and Glass Ceiling: Using Visual Metaphors and Narratives to Examine Preservice Teacher Development

When preparing college-age teacher candidates to teach in diverse contexts, knowing how they reconcile knowledge, self-author, and negotiate social relationships can enhance pedagogy and inform program design. In this article, the authors use a developmental framework they created to examine how teacher candidates’ visual metaphors about White privilege provide insight into the developmental nature of their conceptual thinking.
The good, the bad and the ugly. A 50-state survey exploring federal and state firearm regulations related to mental health.

The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree, as is the case in the British government. This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty.... The right of self-defense is the first law of nature; in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible. Whenever standing armies are kept up, and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is, under any color or pretext whatsoever, prohibited, liberty, if not already annihilated, is on the brink of destruction.(1) Language: en
Solving the Geriatric Mental Health Crisis in the 21st Century

Weare in themidst of an unprecedented demographic trend: we are aging. By 2050, thepopulation aged65years andolder in the United States will be 84 million. While there are many positive societal aspects to this trend (eg, violence and sociopathywill decrease), health care needs, includingmental health, will increase. The 2012 InstituteofMedicine reportTheMentalHealthandSubstanceAbuseWorkforce forOlder Adults: In Whose Hands? highlights the unfolding crisis of our health care system lacking the capacity to help a growing elderly population in which 1 in 5 individuals has a mental disorder.2 An early taste of this crisis is the large and growing number of older adults who are given benzodiazepines for anxiety and insomnia.3 These sedative anxiolytics cause cognitive, motoric, and functional impairments in older adults; however, it is this very same demographic receiving a skyrocketing number of benzodiazepine prescriptions, particularly in rural America where mental health access is poorest. It is far better to treat the mental disorder than to give sedatives and settle for deleterious (and expensive) consequences, such as hip fracture, accelerated dementia, and functional decline. We need geriatric mental health treatments packaged in modern technology to extend their reach while retaining effectiveness. It is for this reason that the findings of the trial reported by Brenesandcolleagues4 in this issueof JAMAPsychiatry, “Telephone-DeliveredCognitiveBehavioral Therapy andNondirective Supportive Therapy for Rural Older Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” are so important. To understand why, it is essential to know the evidence base for geriatric generalized anxiety disorder treatment. One of the rationales for benzodiazepine use in this age group has been the absence of available evidence-based psychosocial strategies. The evidence base consists mainly of a few trials funded by the National Institute of Mental Health together with supplemental funds from private sources. In summary, antidepressants, particularly serotonin reuptake inhibitorsor selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), and their combination are efficacious in short-termaswell as long-termtreatment (ie, asmaintenance therapy to prevent relapse).5-7 The trial by Brenes and colleagues4 adds considerably to our knowledge base in this area by asking the question of whetherCBT iseffective forgeneralizedanxietydisorderwhen provided in a portable telephone-administered format to rural older adults. Brenes et al4 found that approximately 9 telephone-administeredCBTtreatmentsgivenbygraduate-ordoctoral-level therapists reduced pathological worry to a greater extent than an equivalent amount of supportive therapy, resulting in a response rate of 72% vs 43%. At a randomized sample of 141, this is one of the largest psychotherapy studies in older adults and, to my knowledge, the largest in geriatric Related article page 1012 Editorial Opinion
Scattering from three-dimensional cracks

Scattering from three-dimensional cracks is analyzed and measured. The crack geometry is modeled as a rectangular groove in a perfectly conducting surface. The groove forming the crack may be terminated with an open aperture creating a slit in the conducting surface or with an impedance boundary creating a trough. The scattered fields from a crack are analyzed with two types of scattering mechanisms: a component directly related to the scattered fields from a two-dimensional crack, and a traveling-wave component. >
Inhibition of tonic secretion of luteinizing hormone by progesterone in immature female sheep.

The effect of progesterone on the secretion of LH was studied in intact and castrated immature female sheep between 12 and 42 weeks of age. (First spontaneous ovulation occurs between 30 and 50 weeks of age.) Progesterone was administered by means of Silastic capsules inserted SC to achieve circulating progesterone concentrations similar to those found in the adult during the mid-1 uteal phase of the estrous cycle (3–4 ng/ml). Prior to treatment, concentrations of circulating LH in intact lambs fluctuated widely (2 to 20 ng/ml) over a 24-to 48-h period. These high and variable levels of serum LH, reflecting a pulsatile secretion of LH characteristic of young female sheep, were not altered by the insertion of empty capsules. Implantation of progesterone-containing capsules, however, resulted in a decrease in serum LH to low levels (<0.5 ng/ml) within 4 h. Furthermore, the insertion of progesterone capsules into the same lambs after castration produced an immediate and sustained suppression of LH secretion ...
Pillar‐Assisted Epitaxial Assembly of Toric Focal Conic Domains of Smectic‐A Liquid Crystals

SU-8 pillar-assisted epitaxial assembly of toric focal conic domains (TFCDs) arrays of smectic-A liquid crystals is studied. The 3D nature of the pillar array is crucial to confine and direct the formation of TFCDs on the top of each pillar and between neighboring pillars, leading to highly ordered square and hexagonal array TFCDs. Excellent agreement between the experimentally obtained critical pillar diameter and elasticity calculation is found.
Perspectives on … Improving Turnaround Time for Document Delivery of Materials Owned But Not on the Shelf: A Case Study From an Academic Library

Avec le succes rencontre par leur nouveau systeme de fourniture de document, deliverEdocs, et l'augmentation subsequente du nombre de requetes, les bibliotheques de la Texas A&M University ont souhaite ameliorer les conditions d'utilisation du service. Elles ont teste une nouvelle approche pour reduire le temps de traitement pour les documents qui ne se trouvent pas a leur place sur les rayonnages au moment de la premiere recherche : au lieu d'effectuer une deuxieme recherche le troisieme jour, le personnel adresse la requete aux autres bibliotheques.
Does order of letter analysis contribute to the parafoveal identification asymmetry

Abstract A parafoveally presented target character usually is identified more accurately when flanked by a nontarget character to its foveal side than when flanked by one to its peripheral side. An outside-in process of analysis produced by uncertainty about the target's position could contribute to this asymmetry. Current results revealed a greater asymmetry with relative target position blocked than with it mixed over trials, suggesting that target position uncertainty leads to inside-out, rather than outside-in, analysis.
RIL, a LIM Gene on 5q31, Is Silenced by Methylation in Cancer and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Apoptosis

Gene silencing associated with promoter methylation can inactivate tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in cancer. We identified RIL , a LIM domain gene mapping to 5q31, a region frequently deleted in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), as methylated in 55 of 79 (70%) of cancer cell lines tested. In a variety of primary tumors, we found RIL methylation in 55 of 92 (60%) cases, with highest methylation in AML and colon cancer, and in 30 of 83 (36%) MDS samples, whereas normal tissues showed either absence or substantially lower levels of methylation, which correlates with age. RIL is ubiquitously expressed but silenced in methylated cancers and could be reactivated by the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Restoring RIL expression in colon cancer cells by stable transfection resulted in reduced cell growth and clonogenicity and an ∼2.0-fold increase in apoptosis following UV exposure. In MDS, RIL methylation is a marker of adverse prognosis independent of chromosome 5 and 7 deletions. Our data suggest that RIL is a good candidate TSG silenced by hypermethylation in cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1997–2005]
How the change from FLM to FACS affected our understanding of the G1-phase of the cell cycle.

The frequency of labeled mitoses (FLM) method for analyzing cell-cycle phases necessitates a determination of cell-cycle interdivision times and the absolute lengths of the cell-cycle phases. The change to flow sorting (FACS) analysis, a simpler, less labor intensive, and more rapid method, eliminated determinations of absolute phase times, yielding only percents of cells exhibiting particular DNA contents. Without an interdivision time value, conversion of these fractions into absolute phase lengths is not possible. This change in methodology has led to an alteration in how the cell cycle is viewed. The FLM method allowed the conclusion that G1-phase variability resulted from constancy of S and G2 phase lengths. In contrast, with FACS analysis, slow growing cells exhibiting a large fraction of cells with a G1-phase amount of DNA appeared to be “arrested in G1 phase”. The loss of absolute phase length determinations has therefore led to the proposals of G1-phase arrest, G1-phase controls, restriction poin...
Diffusion and reaction in bidisperse structured catalyst particles

Analyse mathematique de la diffusion dans les grains individuels de poudre microporeuse. Comparaison avec le modele de macro-micropore
Fluctuations in membranes with crystalline and hexatic order

We study the interplay between crystalline (or hexatic) order and thermal fluctuations in membranes with vanishing surface tension. If the connectivity of the crystalline state is preserved, the membrane remains uncrumpled at low temperatures. When dislocations are allowed, however, screening of elastic stresses by buckling reduces dislocation energies, and promotes dislocation unbinding. When the resulting hexatic phase is stable, the stiffness associated with orientational correlations leads to a logarithmic enhancement of the bending rigidity which counteracts the thermal softening found in fluid surfaces. A finite temperature crumpling transition is predicted for crystalline membranes, and possibly for hexatic membranes as well.
Fundulus heteroclitus in the Laboratory: A History

The mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus , was first used in the laboratory as a source of ripe eggs and sperm to provide developing bony-fish eggs. These in turn were used mostly to study embryological processes and responses to various chemicals. Other investigations at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries dealt with regeneration, developmental genetics and hybridization, osmoregulation, behavior, and pigmentation, especially color change. Except for experiments on chromatophore control, endocrinological studies did not get underway until the 1930s. They have included the functioning of the thyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands, and the endocrine control of reproduction, growth, osmoregulation, and calcium metabolism. Among more recently studied subjects are survival at subzero temperatures, adaptation to stress, weightless orientation in space, circadian rhythms, and the bioassay of the exophthalmos-producing substance of man as well as other physiologically active factors. The single attribute of the mummichog that has been most responsible for its remarkable popularity as a laboratory animal is its hardiness in captivity. Despite the fact that it is not widely available like the goldfish, is not easily bred in aquaria like the livebearing guppy, and has no value as a food or game fish like the trout, the mummichog has made a most substantial contribution to experimental biology
Computational Modeling of Intravitrael Drug Delivery in the Vitreous Chamber With Vitreous Substitutes

Effective treatment of posterior segment diseases depends on the ability to deliver appropriate doses of drugs to target tissues in the posterior chamber of the eye. Intravitreal injection of drug is commonly used to treat vitreoretinal diseases. In order to assess the effectiveness of the injected drug, it is critical to know the drug distribution within the eye following injection. This is particularly important when the vitreous has been replaced by substitutes since there is little understanding of the transport of drugs in vitreous substitutes. The main objective of this research is therefore to characterize the drug distribution following intravitreal injection in the vitreous chamber of the human eye with different vitreous substitutes. In the present study, different intravitreal substitutes like silicone oil, fluorosilicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquids are considered. Both direct injection of drugs and injection of a time released drug distribution are studied. The results show that the concentration distribution is highly dependent on the vitreous substitute and the diffusion coefficient of the drug. For drugs with high diffusion coefficients, convection plays a small role. For drugs with low diffusion coefficients and for vitreous fluids with low viscosity, convection is seen to play a more important role.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Results of new mask contamination inspection capability STARlight2+ 72nm pixel for qualifying memory masks in wafer fabs

As the industry embarks on sub 50nm half pitch design nodes, higher resolution and advanced inspection algorithm are needed to resolve shrinking features and find critical yield limited defects. In this paper, we evaluate the detection capability of STARlight2+ 72nm pixel on DRAM masks. The mask sets targeted for this evaluation were focused on critical layers. Although memory mask sets are dominated by multi-die layout, single die layout masks were also inspected because of their significance during research and development. Inspection results demonstrated the performance of STARlight2+ based on its sensitivity to contamination defects, inspectability, first time success rate and throughput. STARlight2+ has single die inspection capability, which is also needed in order to inspect scribe-lines and frame areas. The primary defects of interest are photo induced defects or contamination, causing mask degradation. Contamination continues to be the primary reason for mask returns at 193nm exposure across the industry. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate STARlight2+ 72nm capability to support memory wafer fab mask qualification requirements.
Generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells via the E-cadherin/β-catenin-signaling pathway

Besides their well-characterized role as the initiator of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of self-tolerance, the failure of which could lead to autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. Although it is clear that tolerance is a property of DCs at the steady state, the molecular mechanisms governing their generation, function and regulation remain elusive. Our recent studies have uncovered the E-cadherin/β-catenin-signaling pathway as a novel maturation pathway that achieves DC maturation without inflammatory cytokines. As a result, E-cadherin-stimulated DCs elicited an entirely different T cell response in vivo, generating T cells with a regulatory as opposed to an effector phenotype. These DCs induced tolerance in vivo and more importantly, immunization with these DCs provided complete protection against autoimmune diseases in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Interestingly, while DCs matured upon disruption of E-cadherin-mediated clusters were functional tolerogenic, upon further TLR ligation, they displayed a strong Th1 cytokine profile and much enhanced antigen presentation capacity consistent with enhanced immunity. Thus, E-cadherin/β-catenin-signaling might serve as a novel signal that contributes to the elusive steady-state “tolerogenic DCs”. Targeting E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling to either enhance or reduce DC-mediated tolerance might represent an attractive new strategy to achieve antigen-specific immunotherapy for cancers and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
Motivation as a Factor of Perceived Exertion in Purposeful versus Nonpurposeful Activity

Perceived exertion during the performance of purposeful and nonpurposeful activity was studied in 26 women. The subjects acted as their own controls in the performance of both kinds of exercise. The two exercises were jumping rope, defined as a purposeful activity, and jumping in place without a rope, defined as a nonpurposeful activity. In each activity the subjects exercised to reach the subjective point of "very hard work" on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion. Duration and cessation of exercise were entirely controlled by the performers. Heart rate responses during and immediately after cessation of exercise, measured by electrocardiographic telemetry, and duration of exercise in seconds were compared for the two types of exercise. Results showed that heart rate increase at a given rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher (.001) for jumping rope. This raises the possibility that workload was inadvertently perceived by the performers to be greater in nonpurposeful activity and provides support for the hypothesis that purposeful activity serves as an intrinsic motivator to the performer.
Some considerations on the design and operation of high-temperature catalytic reverse-flow reactors

Reverse-flow operation of catalytic reactors is known to result in very efficient regenerative heat integration. While reverse-flow operation is in particular ideally suited for high-temperature short-contact-time reactions, the application of this reactor concept under such extreme reaction conditions also requires particular care in the design and operation of the reactor. We report results from an experimental study on some of the main design and operating parameters for high-temperature catalytic reverse-flow reactors. Results for reverse-flow operation are compared to conventional stationary reactor operation. Temporal and spatial temperature profiles at periodic steady state are presented, and the influence of the structure of the catalyst and inert zones, the role of homogeneous reactions, and the frequency of flow switching are investigated and discussed.
Reducing flow artifacts in echo-planar imaging

Echo-planar imaging (EPI) is very susceptible to flow artifacts. Two ways to improve its flow properties are presented. First, "partial flyback" is proposed to reduce artifacts arising from flow in the readout direction. Near the center of k-space, only the even echoes of the EPI echo-train are used. Partial flyback is shown to improve the readout-flow properties at the expense of a slight worsening of the phase-encode flow and off-resonance properties. We recommend that the flyback region acquire 95% of the energy in k-space. Second, "inside-out" EPI is used to reduce artifacts arising from flow in the phase-encode direction. Data collection begins at the center of k-space, with separate interleaves to acquire the top and bottom, halves of k-space. Partial flyback is combined with partial-Fourier EPI and inside-out EPI. Partial-flyback inside-out EPI has worse off-resonance properties than partial-flyback partial-Fourier EPI but demonstrates better flow properties and does not require partial k-space reconstruction.
The politics of insurrection: A comparative analysis of the shays', whiskey, and fries' rebellions

Abstract The Shays', Whiskey, and Fries' Rebellions, although of moderate interest to American historians, have received scant attention from political scientists. A closer examination of these three rebellions within a comparative framework suggests that they can be treated as theoretically linked phenomena. By utilizing a model developed to explain the ghetto violence of the 1960s, the Shays', Whiskey, and Fries' Rebellions can be explained by the breakdown of grievance redress mechanisms. This breakdown, coupled with the riot ideology inculcated by the early American experience, occasioned the recourse to violence during these insurrections of the founding era. The model includes a component by which these rebellions can be distinguished from revolutionary political violence and accomodates complementary theories of consolidation, ideology, and rhetoric. While specifically addressing political violence, cast in the context of early American history, this analysis has broader implications for the development of both American political institutions and American political thought.
Percepción y emociones en la moralidad

En este trabajo expongo brevemente el modelo de percepcion moral que otorga valor a lo afectivo en la aprehension de las situaciones morales. Luego bosquejo criticamente dos argumentos que generalm ...
Fatty acids of Monnina emarginata seed oil.

Abstract The oil of Monnina emarginata St. Hill seed contains three unusual acids, 13 l -hydroxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic [(S)-coriolic] acid (30% by weight), 13-oxo-(trans-9,(trans-11-octadecadienoic (0.9%) and 13-oxo-(trans-9-octadecenoic acids (0.2%), in addition to common long-chain fatty acids. Methyl esters of the oxygenated acids were separated from the other components by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Their structures were established by infrared, ultraviolet and NMR spectra; by oxidative degradation; and by hydrogenation and subsequent mass spectral analysis. The plain positive optical rotatory dispersion curve of the hydroxy ester requires that it have the l - or (S)-configuration.
A Report of Occupational Deaths Attributed to Fluorocarbon-113

ABSTRACT This study reports two occupational deaths resulting from exposure to fluorocarbon-113 (1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; FC-113) in enclosed and confined spaces. One incident involved a worker who was exposed to FC-113 after entering a small degreasing tank to clean it. The second case involved a significant spill of FC-113 onboard a marine vessel. The incidents are compared to other fatal exposures.
Temporal course of perceived auditory duration

A series of experiments explored the temporal course of the perceived duration of an auditory stimulus. A backward recognition masking paradigm was utilized, in which the subject was to determine which of two target durations was presented on a given trial. The target tone was followed, after a variable silent intertone interval, by a masking tone which could assume one of three possible durations. Identification of the long target was found to improve consistently with increases in the intertone interval. In contrast, identification of the short target was as accurate at the short as at the long intertone intervals. Blocking the intertone interval across experimental sessions eliminated these differences between the two target tones. Performance on both the long and the short target tones improved monotonically with increases in the intertone interval. When masking tone duration was randomized within an experimental session, identification of the long (short) target was most accurate with the longer (shorter) masking tone. Blocking the duration of the masking tone across experimental sessions eliminated the effect of the duration of the mask, but did not alter any of the other results. A model, proposed to account for the results, assumes that the percept of target duration grows over time, and can be terminated by the onset of the masking tone. The masking tone also acts to lengthen the perceived duration of the target tone, and this lengthening is a direct function of the duration of the masking tone.
Beyond Burke’s Precedent and Back Again: Longinus and the Romantic Sublime

This essay treats the relationship of Longinus’ Peri Hypsous to the history and criticism of sublime theory. Canonical narratives of the sublime suppress Longinus, reading Burke’s Enquiry as developing a theory of the sublime that is wholly new, without precedent. This essay puts Burke’s Enquiry into relationship with Longinus’ treatise in a manner that does not take for granted either Burke’s originality or Longinus’ obsolescence. By analyzing the theories of Burke and Longinus at a remove from the operative hierarchies and oppositions that have determined their relative value and meaning over nearly 300 years, this essay uncovers some of the complex ways that reception has ensured these very hierarchies and oppositions. Rather than the progressive model on which the canon of the sublime has for so long been staked, this model of intellectual entanglement is more attentive to the overlapping publication histories of Burke and Longinus on the sublime. The Peri Hypsous emerges as a treatise crucial to Romanticism as well as our present moment with regard to the theory of concepts as fundamental as originality, nature, art, and modernity itself.
Differences in evolutionary pressure acting within highly conserved ortholog groups

In highly conserved widely distributed ortholog groups, the main evolutionary force is assumed to be purifying selection that enforces sequence conservation, with most divergence occurring by accumulation of neutral substitutions. Using a set of ortholog groups from prokaryotes, with a single representative in each studied organism, we asked the question if this evolutionary pressure is acting similarly on different subgroups of orthologs defined as major lineages (e.g. Proteobacteria or Firmicutes). Using correlations in entropy measures as a proxy for evolutionary pressure, we observed two distinct behaviors within our ortholog collection. The first subset of ortholog groups, called here informational, consisted mostly of proteins associated with information processing (i.e. translation, transcription, DNA replication) and the second, the non-informational ortholog groups, mostly comprised of proteins involved in metabolic pathways. The evolutionary pressure acting on non-informational proteins is more uniform relative to their informational counterparts. The non-informational proteins show higher level of correlation between entropy profiles and more uniformity across subgroups. The low correlation of entropy profiles in the informational ortholog groups suggest that the evolutionary pressure acting on the informational ortholog groups is not uniform across different clades considered this study. This might suggest "fine-tuning" of informational proteins in each lineage leading to lineage-specific differences in selection. This, in turn, could make these proteins less exchangeable between lineages. In contrast, the uniformity of the selective pressure acting on the non-informational groups might allow the exchange of the genetic material via lateral gene transfer.
Design and characterization of whispering-gallery spiral waveguides

Whispering gallery delay lines have demonstrated record propagation length on a silicon chip and can provide a way to transfer certain applications of optical fiber to wafer-based systems. Their design and fabrication requires careful control of waveguide curvature and etching conditions to minimize connection losses between elements of the delay line. Moreover, loss characterization based on optical backscatter requires normalization to account for the impact of curvature on backscatter rate. In this paper we provide details on design of Archimedean whispering-gallery spiral waveguides, their coupling into cascaded structures, as well as optical loss characterization by optical backscatter reflectometry.
Compressive sampling approach to visual attention in image scene analysis

Many image scene analysis applications require a computational approach to visual attention. The foreground in these applications is typically sparse in spatial support. Compressive sampling enables an approach to reconstruct the sparse map of image regions that stand out from the background using fewer measurements. A convex optimization algorithm, for instance, can be used to recover the sparse map in the wavelet domain. Besides being sparse in the transform domain, the background of natural images has an interesting property that the amplitude of the averaged Fourier spectrum is approximately proportional to the inverse of the frequency. This further enables us to approximate an average background signal for extracting the out-of-ordinary foreground signal corresponding to objects of interest.
Heme ferrous-hydroperoxo complexes: some theoretical considerations.

Abstract We report density functional calculations on complexes of ferrous hemes with hydroperoxide, where the axial ligand trans to OOH − is imidazole, thiolate, or phenoxide. The geometrical parameters and charge distributions within the Fe–O–O–H moiety are identical between the ferrous complexes reported here and their ferric counterparts previously described, even though the latter contain one unpaired electron on iron as opposed to the former, which are diamagnetic. The extra negative charge upon going from a formally ferric state to formally ferrous appears to be distributed essentially on the porphyrin. These findings support recent experimental data showing that the ferrous state of certain hemoproteins can interact with peroxides in a catalytically competent fashion, cleaving the O–O bond heterolytically in a manner reminiscent of the “canonical” ferric–peroxo complexes, and contrary to any expectations based on the Fenton concept commonly invoked in non-heme chemistry.
Using online technology to enhance problem-solving skills: an experimental study

The explosive growth of the internet and information technology has redefined the concept of distance learning. Today, colleges and universities around the world are offering online courses and degrees in an attempt to reach more students, reduce the cost of education and increase the level of satisfaction for both the students and faculty. Yet, there is still considerable confusion and a lack of understanding among scholars and practitioners of how effective online education is, especially when it comes to providing the students with the necessary problem-solving skills. This study compares the degree of problem-solving skills attained by students when using these two different methods: online and face-to-face. The implications of some surprising findings and conclusions end the paper.
Renal glomus tumor in an adolescent: a conservative approach

The most common renal neoplasms in the second decade of life are renal cell carcinomas and Wilms' tumors. Glomus tumors arising in the kidney are rare. We report an adolescent with a benign renal glomus tumor excised by wedge resection. Nephron-sparing surgery is the therapy of choice for children with benign renal tumors. Glomus tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a renal mass in a young patient.
Confidence Estimates on the Correctness of Constructed and Multiple-Choice Responses.

Abstract Some conditions under which confidence estimation facilitates problem solving were examined in 603 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students in a study involving the use of spelling, mathematics, and reasoning tests. It was found that participants who used a confidence estimation procedure and whose teacher had learned to value and nurture warranted uncertainty performed better on two tests of spelling, and improved more from Test 1 to Test 2, than did participants who merely used the confidence estimation procedure, or students who did not use the confidence estimation procedure. Consistent individual differences in accuracy of confidence estimates and in bias (toward under- and overconfidence) were found. Correct responses were most characteristic of students whose confidence estimates were either highly accurate, or slightly erring toward underconfidence. Correctness and underconfidence were characteristic of female students, high-verbal students, and students who had received prior training in generating warranted uncertainty. Findings are interpreted within Bayesian and signal-detection theory frameworks, which hold that confidence estimation is a component of rational decision making, and that the expression of uncertainty depends partly on whether it is costly or rewarding to do so, respectively.
Molecular Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes of the Serotype 4b Complex (4b, 4d, 4e) from Two Turkey Processing Plants

Most foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis have been found to involve a small number of closely related strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b. The ecology of these organisms and their reservoirs in nature or in the processing plant environment, however, remain poorly understood. Surveys of environmental samples from two turkey processing plants in the United States indicated presence of L. monocytogenes of the serotype 4b complex (serotype 4b and the closely related serotypes 4d and 4e). In addition, environmental and raw product samples from one plant repeatedly yielded isolates with genetic markers typical of two major serotype 4b epidemic clonal groups, ECI and ECII. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of these isolates, however, were clearly distinct from those of confirmed epidemic-associated strains. Furthermore, we observed minor but consistent differences in PFGE profiles of isolates that harbored ECI- or ECII-specific genetic markers, and that were obtained at different samp...
Analytic Sets of Finite Order

The problem has been solved by Stoll for the case p ( n 1 ) [6] and for the case where n(r, A) is bounded [9], [10] and [11]. In the first part of this paper the case p = 0 is treated. The second part of the paper is devoted to the case 0 < p < (n 1) with the additional condition that the given analytic set A in Vis regular on an ( n 2 -p) -d imens iona l projective subplane of the infinite plane of the projective closure of V. The author wishes to thank Professor Wilhelm Stoll for his advice and encouragement.
Nosocomial salmonellosis and shigellosis.

In this issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Paton et al1 report the results of a six-month study of the occurrence of Salmonella and Shigella infection determined by routine rectal swab culturing of patients either admitted to a large acute and tertiary care hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, or experiencing a nosocomial episode of acute diarrhea during a six-month period of time at the same institution. The background infection rate for 667 sequentially admitted patients was approximately 3% for both agents. Salmonella infection at the time of admission was seen only in the children under 13 years of age. These infected children were older and were found more
Polemical Ambiguity and the Composite Audience: Bush's 20 September 2001 Speech to Congress and the Epistle of 1 John

George W. Bush's September 20, 2001 address to Congress and the first-century CE early Christian text of 1 John both exhibit a form of rhetorical ambiguity, called here “polemical ambiguity,” that does not fit within Eisenberg's concept of strategic ambiguity, but rather serves as its argumentative doppelganger. Polemical ambiguity allows a rhetor to leave real and potential allies in a composite audience in doubt as to the exact parameters of the rhetor's message, while an alienated section of the composite audience perceives a stark and wholly unambiguous message. The following analysis explores how Bush's speech and 1 John, faced with composite audiences, pursue similar goals through the use of polemical ambiguity, as well as how this particular maneuver is closely linked to religious rhetoric.
Yeast mutant, rna1, affects the entry into polysomes of ribosomal RNA as well as messenger RNA

The entry of newly labeled ribosomal subunits and mRNA into polysomes was examined in the yeast mutant rna1. The entry of both types of RNA into polysomes is inhibited rapidly at the restrictive temperature. Analysis of the labeling of the ATP pool and the kinetics of synthesis and processing of mRNA at the restrictive temperature leads to the conclusion that the primary defect in the mutant affects transport of both ribosomes and messenger across the nuclear membrane.
Studies in medieval Inner Asia

The Eastern sphere: the establishment and dissolution of the Turk empire the legendary origin of the Turks some components of the civilization of the Turks (6th to 8th century AD) "Umay", a Mongol spirit honoured by the Turks the Uighur Empire of Mongolia. The Western sphere: reflexions sur la presence Turco-Mongole dans le monde mediterraneen et pontique a l'epoque pre-ottomane the historical Attila Western information on the Kitans and some related questions le Mongol vu par l'Occident some Latin sources on the Khanate of Uzbek Qungyar - a curious Mongol appellation of the Turks. Civilization: the greed of the northern Barbarian the inner Asian warriors the making of a great Kahn interpreters in medieval inner Asia diplomatic practices in medieval inner Asia taking an oath over a dog cut in two the custom of scalping in inner Asia languages and cultural exchange along the silk roads.
Some congenital anomalies of the pulmonary arteries

Abstract We have presented a brief review of some congenital anomalies of the pulmonary arterial vasculature, including aneurysms, coarctations and anomalous origins. Knowledge of these malformations is important to radiologists, since many of the surgically correctible lesions can be suspected from the plain chest roentgenograms and confirmed angiocardiographically.
Sporadic model building for efficiency enhancement of the hierarchical BOA

Efficiency enhancement techniques--such as parallelization and hybridization--are among the most important ingredients of practical applications of genetic and evolutionary algorithms and that is why this research area represents an important niche of evolutionary computation. This paper describes and analyzes sporadic model building, which can be used to enhance the efficiency of the hierarchical Bayesian optimization algorithm (hBOA) and other estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) that use complex multivariate probabilistic models. With sporadic model building, the structure of the probabilistic model is updated once in every few iterations (generations), whereas in the remaining iterations, only model parameters (conditional and marginal probabilities) are updated. Since the time complexity of updating model parameters is much lower than the time complexity of learning the model structure, sporadic model building decreases the overall time complexity of model building. The paper shows that for boundedly difficult nearly decomposable and hierarchical optimization problems, sporadic model building leads to a significant model-building speedup, which decreases the asymptotic time complexity of model building in hBOA by a factor of $$\Uptheta(n^{0.26})$$ to $$\Uptheta(n^{0.5}),$$ where n is the problem size. On the other hand, sporadic model building also increases the number of evaluations until convergence; nonetheless, if model building is the bottleneck, the evaluation slowdown is insignificant compared to the gains in the asymptotic complexity of model building. The paper also presents a dimensional model to provide a heuristic for scaling the structure-building period, which is the only parameter of the proposed sporadic model-building approach. The paper then tests the proposed method and the rule for setting the structure-building period on the problem of finding ground states of 2D and 3D Ising spin glasses.