cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Trivium Arts and Contemporary Linguistics: The Contiguity/Similarity Distinction and the Question of Word Order

SUMMARYIn the Prague School, and particularly in its most illustrious representative, Roman Jakobson, two discrete yet somewhat convergent themes of linguistic speculation appear to have come together. First, the notion that word order is a crucial testing ground for observation of the structures of thought and language. Second, the borrowing of rhetorical figures to explain contrasting modes of expression on the mental, linguistic, as well as stylistic-poetic levels. Both themes ultimately derive from traditional speculation on style and language in a characteristic and exemplary process of joining rhetoric and grammar.RESUMEDans l'ecole de Prague, et particulierement chez son plus illustre rep-resentant, Roman Jakobson, deux courants de la speculation linguistique, bien distincts et toutefois historiquement convergeants, semblent se reunir. D'abord, la notion que l'ordre des mots est un terrain d'essai decisif pour l'analyse des structures de la pensee et de la langue. Deuxiemement, l'em-prunt de figures rhetoriques pour expliquer des modalites contrastives de l'ex-pression, aux niveaux soit mental et linguistique, soit stylistique-poetique. Les deux themes derivent, en derniere instance, de la speculation tradition-nelle sur le style et la langue, par un processus de fusion de grammaire et rhetorique.
As the world warms: rising seas, coastal archaeology, and the erosion of maritime history

The human history of coastal regions around the world has been under assault for decades, from forces that include dam building, coastal modifications, the destruction of wetlands, marine erosion, population growth and rampant development, looting, and other processes. Global warming will exacerbate the destruction of cultural resources in coastal zones through accelerated sea level rise, intensified storm cycles, and related coastal erosion. Although average global sea levels have been rising for ∼20,000 years, they slowed dramatically about 7,000 years ago. Rates of sea level rise now appear to be increasing rapidly due to growing anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Global warming and rising seas, especially when combined with population growth and the implementation of measures designed to protect endangered coastal properties, threaten the deep maritime history of human migrations, settlement, and adaptations in coastal areas around the world. Ranging in age from the mid-Pleistocene to recent historic times, coastal archaeological sites contain invaluable data on ancient coastal societies, fisheries, and ecosystems. Archaeologists, historians, and other cultural resource managers must do more to anticipate, evaluate, and mitigate the effects of global warming, sea level rise, and coastal erosion on the long history of human maritime cultures.
Discovery of significant emerging trends

We describe a system that monitors social and mainstream media to determine shifts in what people are thinking about a product or company. We process over 100,000 news articles, blog posts, review sites, and tweets a day for mentions of items (e.g., products) of interest, extract phrases that are mentioned near them, and determine which of the phrases are of greatest possible interest to, for example, brand managers. Case studies show a good ability to rapidly pinpoint emerging subjects buried deep in large volumes of data and then highlight those that are rising or falling in significance as they relate to the firms interests. The tool and algorithm improves the signal-to-noise ratio and pinpoints precisely the opportunities and risks that matter most to communications professionals and their organizations.
Structural Biology of Bacterial Pathogenesis

Research into the pathogenesis of microbial infections has a long and fruitful history, rich with elucidation of mechanisms that have resulted in better treatments and new strategies for vaccine development. Stanley Falkow's investigations into the intimate relationships between bacteria and host cells followed his comment that, "The microbe is just trying to make a living." Structural Biology of Bacterial Pathogenesis, by Gabriel Waksman, Michael Caparon, and Scott Hultgren, is a state-of-the-art treatise describing the known molecular mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens actively probe, sense, and respond to their environment through 2-component systems and through sigma and anti-sigma factors. In addition, the authors describe in great detail the recognition of host receptors by pili and the pilus biogenesis by chaperon-user pathways. The chapter on the role of sortases on surface expression of surface proteins among gram-positive bacteria is comprehensive and well written. Four excellent chapters describe 6 secretion systems among bacterial pathogens and elucidate the specific mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens usurp intracellular mechanisms of the host cell. This book is enjoyable to read, is extensively referenced, and has 52 superb structural models in full color, based in part on x-ray crystallography. Unfortunately, these plates are all in 1 section and require the reader to page back and forth from specific chapters to the "core color plates." This book is not a compendium of bacterial toxins and virulence factors but rather a selection of molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interaction. This is a unique book that will be a valuable asset for researchers in the field of pathogenesis, graduate students, faculty who teach microbial pathogenesis, biotech companies, and pharmaceutical companies involved in antimicrobial drug or vaccine development. The sophisticated molecular mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria have developed through their evolution with the human host, as described in this book, are credible evidence that our adversaries, the microbes, are doing better than "just making a living."
Neutron diffraction analysis of the solvent accessible volume in cubic insulin crystals

The average contact distance between protein and solvent surface atoms in cubic insulin crystals has been determined from two sets of 15 A resolution neutron diffraction data. A contact distance between the water hydrogen sites and the protein surface that is significantly shorter than the average protein-water oxygen contact distance implies that many water molecules are oriented with hydrogen atoms pointed towards the protein surface. The shape of the protein/solvent interface is consistent with the protein envelope obtained from atomic co-ordinates.
Bubble Size Measurement in High-Density Air-Water Mixture Flows with Wide Size Distributions Using Digital Holography

We present experimental results of using in-line digital holography to measure bubble sizes in high-density air-water mixture flows with a wide size distribution.
Other secondary sequelae of treatments for myeloproliferative disorders.

Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are chronic disorders for which there are no medical cures. Clinical sequelae of PV and ET fall into three categories: primary, such as thrombosis and hemorrhage; secondary, resulting from disease progression or treatment. The decision whether to treat the patient is based on the sequelae of no treatment versus short- and long-term toxicities of the three classes of drugs available for treatment: hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, and anagrelide. Thrombosis is the most common short-term sequelae of untreated disease; the risk increases with age and after the first thrombotic complication. Hydroxyurea, a nonalkylating myelosuppressive agent, is mutagenic and probably leukemogenic over 5 to 15 years, which makes it unsuitable for treating most younger patients. Interferon-alpha, a cytokine that is myelosuppressive and immunomodulatory, has been shown to have a therapeutic effect in both PV and ET. Tolerance to the initial flu-like symptoms of interferon-alpha is usually developed, but dose-limiting symptoms of anorexia, asthenia, and neuropsychiatric disease can occur, along with exacerbation or development of autoimmune diseases. Anagrelide, a quinazoline that inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, inhibits platelet aggregation and has an idiosyncratic effect of inhibiting megakaryocyte maturation and platelet budding at doses below those that affect platelet function. This agent is a vasodilator with positive inotropic activity and a side-effect profile that may include palpitations, forceful heartbeat, tachycardia, and headache. One in four patients develop fluid retention and/or edema that are controllable with diuretic therapy. Dizziness is frequent, but mild. Because these side effects usually abate in 2 to 4 weeks, successful management of patients taking anagrelide depends on encouraging them to maintain therapy. The availability of these three classes of drugs with differing modes of action suggests that combination therapy may offer the opportunity to achieve better control of proliferation while reducing short-term side effects as well as the risks of dose-related cumulative sequelae.
Reassembling the Event: Estonia's ‘Bronze Night’:

At the end of April 2007, an event unfolded in Tallinn, Estonia, that came to be called the ‘Bronze Night’. Most of the research on this event—and on events in general—uses an after-the-act representational approach that treats events as effects whose cause lies elsewhere, external to the event in its becoming. Partially because of this, most research into events emphasizes temporal path-dependency and all but ignores the spatiality of events. Following Deleuze's philosophy of the event, I seek to learn from the Bronze Night as an event by using an in-the-act procedure of reassemblage. In reassembling the event, I pay special attention to its spatiality: to processes of deterritorialization and reterritorialization, to event-spaces produced and partially captured, and to the event's transitivity to new spaces. The paper ends with a discussion of the ways in which the conditions of the problem that actualized the event were newly determined in and through the event, creating opportunities for the event's c...
Challenges of Retrenchment: Strategies for Consolidating Programs, Cutting Costs, and Reallocating Resources by James R. Mingle and Associates, San Francisco

(1982). Challenges of Retrenchment: Strategies for Consolidating Programs, Cutting Costs, and Reallocating Resources by James R. Mingle and Associates, San Francisco. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 47-48.
Coupled fully implicit solution procedure for the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract This paper presents a new fully implicit procedure for the solution of the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables. The momentum equations are coupled with a Poisson-type equation for the pressure and solved using the Beam and Warming approximate factorization method. The present formulation does not require the iterative solution of the pressure equation at each time step. Thus, the major drawback of the pressure-Poisson approach, which made it prohibitively expensive for complex three-dimensional applications, is eliminated. Numerical solutions for the problem of the two-dimensional driven cavity are obtained using a non-staggered grid at Re = 100, 400, and 1000. All the computed results are obtained without any artificial dissipation. This feature of the present procedure demonstrates its excellent convergence and stability characteristics. Those characteristics result from the coupling of the pressure equation, which is elliptic in space, with the momentum equations.
Parental Perspectives on Sources of Sex Information for Young People

Abstract Purpose To examine parental perspectives toward sources of sex information. Methods Interviews were conducted with 1605 parents. Results Most parents indicated that youth should receive information from their parents; however, in reality, believe they obtain most of their information from friends and the media. Conclusion Nearly all parents want young people to receive information about sex from their parents.
Multidimensional Scaling of Nominal Data: The Recovery of Metric Information with ALSCAL.

Multidimensional scaling has recently been enhanced so that data defined at only the nominal level of measurement can be analyzed. The efficacy of ALSCAL, an individual differences multidimensional scaling program which can analyze data defined at the nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels of measurement, is the subject of this paper. A Monte Carlo study is presented which indicates that (a) if we know the correct level of measurement then ALSCAL can be used to recover the metric information presumed to underlie the data; and that (b) if we do not know the correct level of measurement then ALSCAL can be used to determine the correct level and to recover the underlying metric structure. This study also indicates, however, that with nominal data ALSCAL is quite likely to obtain solutions which are not globally optimal, and that in these cases the recovery of metric structure is quite poor. A second study is presented which isolates the potential cause of these problems and forms the basis for a suggested modification of the ALSCAL algorithm which should reduce the frequency of locally optimal solutions.
Diffusion of a fluid through an elastic solid undergoing large deformation

Abstract This paper is concerned with the modeling of slow diffusion of a fluid into a swelling solid undergoing large deformation. Both the stress in the solid as well as the diffusion rates are predicted. The approach presented here, based on the balance laws of a single continuum with mass diffusion, overcomes the difficulties inherent in the theory of mixtures in specifying boundary conditions. A “natural” boundary condition based upon the continuity of the chemical potential is derived by the use of a variational approach, based on maximizing the rate of dissipation. It is shown that, in the absence of inertial effects, the differential equations resulting from the use of mixture theory can be recast into a form that is identical to the equations obtained in our approach. The boundary value problem of the steady flow of a solvent through a gum rubber membrane is solved and the results show excellent agreement with the experimental data of Paul and Ebra-Lima (J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 14 (1970) 2201) for a variety of solvents.
Peripheral hearing loss following head trauma in children

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the incidence and type of hearing loss occurring in children who suffered head injuries. Fifty children admitted to the neurosurgical service after sustaining head trauma were studied. Neurologic, otologic, and audiologic evaluations were performed. Diagnostic studies included skull roentgenograms and computerized tomography scans. A 32% incidence of conductive hearing loss and a 16% incidence of high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss was found in this group. All patients with temporal bone fractures had conductive hearing losses, but the presence of a skull vault fracture did not correlate with the presence, type, or degree of hearing loss. In addition, there was no correlation between either cause of injury, loss of consciousness, or Glasgow Coma Scale scores and the presence, type, or degree of hearing loss. There was a significant incidence of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss in this series of patients, which indicates that close audiologic and otologic follow-up is necessary for all head injury patients.
Simulation of ablation in Earth atmospheric entry

The process of ablation for Earth atmospheric entry is simulated using a computational approach that allows thermo-chemical nonequilibrium of the flow field and ablation gases. The heat pulse into the heat shield is modeled. The flowfield and graphite heat shield are coupled through surface mass and energy balances. The surface thermochemistry involves the oxidation of graphite and allows for catalytic recombination of diatomic oxygen. Steady-state simulations are performed on a one meter nose radius sphere at an altitude of 65/km and at freestream velocities of 8 km/s and 10 km/s. A transient simulation is performed at 65 km altitude and a freestream velocity of 10 km/s.
Basicranial axis length v. skull length in analysis of carnivore skull shape

Skull length is the measurement most commonly used as a standard against which other aspects of cranial morphology are compared to derive an index of relative size or proportions. However, skull length is composed of two different functional components, facial skull and cerebral skull, which vary independently and have different scaling relationships with body size. An analysis of carnivore skull shape with measurements standardized against basicranium length produced very different results than an analysis using skull length as the standard. For example, expressions of relative size of cranial measurements were reduced by 13% in mustelids and increased by 20% in canids, reflecting removal of jaw length (short in mustelids and long in canids) from the comparative standard (basicranial axis length). Cranial measurements scale with higher allometric exponents against basicranial axis length than against skull length.
Genealogy of the Modern Theological Understanding of Han 恨

I provide a genealogy and critique of the Korean theological concept of suffering, han. I critique how the concept has been a formative part of the cultural-postcolonial nationalist narrative of Korean spirituality. I look at the historiography of the politicization of han and locate its current theological understanding within the colonial period of Korea (1910–1945). To argue that han forms the core of Korean spirituality is to internalize the beliefs of the colonizers that Koreans suffer from: “the beauty of sorrow” due to the unfortunate geopolitical situation of their country. This idea of sorrow as an aesthetic guiding principle for Koreans was part of the justification for colonizing Korea. This acceptance of han reinforces colonialist opinions about colonized subjects. I problematize the paradigm of han as a theological concept that is unique to Korean culture and argue for a more complex Korean theological discourse.
Aerial application of ULV organic phosphate insecticides for controlling livestock insect pests.

Field populations of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), on range cattle were generally sharply reduced initially and remained supressed throughout the summer with aerial applications of ultra-low-volume organic phosphate insecticides. Applications were made at approximately biweekly intervals for a total of 4 applications in Charles Mix and Douglas Counties, South Dakota. The compounds tested were 95% malathion at 8 oz per acre, 94% RABON® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) at 12 oz per acre, 93% trichlorfon at 8 oz per acre, 93% fenthion at 1.6 oz per acre, and 85% naled at 1, 2, and 3 oz per acre. Control of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, could not be evaluated because of naturally low populations. All compounds suppressed horn fly populations, but trichlorfon and fenthion were less effective in showing initial reductions.
Polyamines, and effects from reducing their synthesis during egg development in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Abstract Development of eggs after a blood meal in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti involves hormonal changes, synthesis of nucleic acids, activation of the digestive enzyme trypsin, and production of the yolk protein vitellogenin. Polyamines have been implicated in growth processes and were here examined for possible involvement during egg development. The data suggest that polyamines are important for normal vitellogenesis in the mosquito. Polyamine levels and activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, key enzymes in the polyamine pathway, were determined in the fat body for two days after a blood meal. During the time that the macromolecules required for vitellogenesis were being synthesized, polyamine levels increased as did the activities of their rate-limiting enzymes. Administration of suicide inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase, α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and α-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine methylester (MDME), limited increased polyamine levels and disrupted macromolecular syntheses, particularly during the first twenty-four hours after blood feeding. Specific metabolic processes reduced by DFMO included trypsin activity, and production of RNA, DNA and vitellogenin. MDME had differential effects on transcription of some mRNA species made after an oogenic meal. The level of actin mRNA was not affected by inhibiting polyamine synthesis, but the mRNA levels of vitellogenin, trypsin, and the vitelline membrane protein were decreased. Adding polyamines to a meal containing DFMO or MDME partially reversed the effects of these inhibitors. Increases in spermidine and spermine were associated with these reversals.
Cutting to the base: Identifying regulators of adventitious rooting

Adventitious roots are distinct from primary and lateral roots in that adventitious roots develop ectopically from aboveground organs. Whole-genome microarrays in poplar provided the first glimpse into the gene networks that are remodeled in cells prior to the development of adventitious roots. In the first 24 hr after removal of stem cuttings, over one-half of the transcripts encoded in the genome showed evidence of differential abundance in the cells that will eventually give rise to adventitious roots. Major processes that were regulated appear related to physiological adaptation of the cutting to acute loss of water and nutrients as well as hormone signaling. Comparative transcriptome analysis of genotypes that differ in their competence to form adventitious roots may be a generally useful strategy to identify genes that regulate adventitious rooting efficiency.
Wavefront Correction Using Micromirror Arrays: Comparing the Efficacy of Tip-Tilt-Piston and Piston- Only Micromirror Arrays

Micromirrors arrays can correct residual wavefront aberrations in certain optical systems. The ability to correct Zernike aberrations using arrays of piston-only and arrays of piston-tip-tilt micromirror arrays are compared. Our micromirror fabrication program is discussed.
Sensing the messenger: The diverse ways that bacteria signal through c-di-GMP

An intracellular second messenger unique to bacteria, c-di-GMP, has gained appreciation as a key player in adaptation and virulence strategies, such as biofilm formation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Diguanylate cyclases containing GGDEF domains and phosphodiesterases containing either EAL or HD-GYP domains have been identified as the enzymes controlling intracellular c-di-GMP levels, yet little is known regarding signal transmission and the sensory targets for this signaling molecule. Although limited in number, identified c-di-GMP receptors in bacteria are characterized by prominent diversity and multilevel impact. In addition, c-di-GMP has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in mammals and several eukaryotic c-di-GMP sensors have been proposed. The structural biology of c-di-GMP receptors is a rapidly developing field of research, which holds promise for the development of novel therapeutics against bacterial infections. In this review, we highlight recent advances in identifying bacterial and eukaryotic c-di-GMP signaling mechanisms and emphasize the need for mechanistic structure–function studies on confirmed signaling targets.
A utility-based unified disk scheduling framework for shared mixed-media services

We present a new disk scheduling framework to address the needs of a shared multimedia service that provides differentiated multilevel quality-of-service for mixed-media workloads. In such a shared service, requests from different users have different associated performance objectives and utilities, in accordance with the negotiated service-level agreements (SLAs). Service providers typically provision resources only for average workload intensity, so it becomes important to handle workload surges in a way that maximizes the utility of the served requests.We capture the performance objectives and utilities associated with these multiclass diverse workloads in a unified framework and formulate the disk scheduling problem as a reward maximization problem. We map the reward maximization problem to a minimization problem on graphs and, by novel use of graph-theoretic techniques, design a scheduling algorithm that is computationally efficient and optimal in the class of seek-optimizing algorithms. Comprehensive experimental studies demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other disk schedulers under all loads, with the performance improvement approaching 100p under certain high load conditions. In contrast to existing schedulers, the proposed scheduler is extensible to new performance objectives (workload type) and utilities by simply altering the reward functions associated with the requests.
Heating of the solar corona

Abstract We review a number of models which are currently being considered for coronal heating, but we consider also heating of the chromosphere which requires nearly as much energy as the active corona, and more energy than coronal holes or the quiet corona. There are basically two types of models, which are motivated by a variety of observations. (1) Models which invoke MHD waves generated by the convective motions are motivated by observations of the ubiquitous presence of Alfven waves in the solar wind. There is evidence that these waves heat and accelerate the solar wind protons and heavy ions. The solar wind thus provides one example of wave heating. Waves have the advantage of being able to heat the chromosphere and photospheric magnetic flux tubes on their way to the corona. MHD turbulence (as observed in the solar wind) or resonance absorption seem to provide adequate dissipation mechanisms. A problem with wave theories is that the waves tend to be reflected by the steep Alfen speed gradient in the chromosphere and transition region, but it is estimated that adequate energy fluxes can enter the open corona, or closed coronal loops if global loop resonances can be excited. Short coronal loops (L≲104 km) can also receive adequate wave energy fluxes even if the loop resonances are not excited, but a problem exists with getting enough energy into intermediate length loops (L≈104-5×104 km) since their resonant frequencies are possibly to high to be excited. (2) Models which invoke the gradual buildup of coronal magnetic energy due to random walks of the photospheric flux tubes, and the subsequent release of that energy via current sheet information and reconnection, are supported by observations indicating that localized impulsive heating and dynamic events occur in the transition region and corona. These models cannot explain the chromospheric heating or the coronal heating on open field lines. They require substantial random walks of the photospheric footpoints, which still need to observationally verified. A third possibility, which has not been studied in detail, is that the chromospheric and coronal heating is associated with emergence and cancellation of magnetic flux. All types of models are ripe for further studies using numerical simulations, and along the way we shall offer several suggestions for fruitful numerical studies.
QCD on a Torus, and Electric Flux Energies from Tunneling

Abstract The energy of ′t Hooft-type electric flux in pure QCD on the hypertorus is a non-perturbative effect, caused by tunneling through a quantum-induced potential barrier. We calculate the electric flux energy using the semiclassical approximation. The problem of infrared divergences is attacked directly, and we show how to treat them consistently, using Luscher's effective Hamiltonian approach. A toy model is first solved to demonstrate the consistency of our approach. Luscher's effective Hamiltonian for the spatially constant modes in QCD is rederived using a Lagrangian approach with a non-local gauge-fixing term, and we show how this rigorously defines an effective action to all loop orders. The removal of the gauge degrees of freedom from the effective Hamiltonian while avoiding Gribov ambiguities is discussed in detail, as are the numerical methods required to treat this non-integrable system. Some consequences of our final result are noted.
Market and evaluation roles in quality assurance.

Competitive markets and formal evaluations offer distinctly different mechanisms for controlling the quality of care based on patients'choices as consumers and applied scientific methods, respectively. As the difficulty of acquiring relevant information and its skewness towardproviders becomes greater, the needfor evaluations increases. Thus the complexities of medical care tend to limit the range of the market. Markets, however, provide information on value, accommodating differences in patient preferences and cost conditions not readily obtained withformal evaluations. Through incentives, markets integrate the evaluation and controlfunctions and may create greater efficiency and responsiveness. A variety of organizational structures for quality assurance are available, andformal evaluations are often incorporated within a market context. The policy task addressed here is to specify how, as conditions vary, greater reliance should be placed on market competition or on formal evaluations and external regu...
Parental acceptance and foster parents

Abstract Parental acceptance is generally regarded as an important parental attribute, yet has been investigated only minimally. In the studies reported here, the Porter Parental Acceptance Scale was used to study foster parents’ acceptance of children as it relates to demographic factors, aspects of their personal history, and their history as foster parents. The malleability of foster parents’ acceptance in response to a foster parent skills training program was also studied. Possible relationships of parental acceptance to success in fostering parenting are discussed.
Impaired Angiogenesis in Glutathione Peroxidase-1–Deficient Mice Is Associated With Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction

Several vascular disease are characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Vascular endothelium is protected from oxidant stress by expressing enzymes such as glutathione perox...
Combined effect of cytochalasin a and adenosine triphosphate onPhysarum polycephalum

Physarum polycephalum microplasmodia exposed to 1.6×10−5 M cytochalasin A evidenced intracellular cytoplasmic condensation, slow contraction, and eventual breaks at discrete surface areas, within one hour. Other cytochalasins tested (CB or CD) did not substitute for CA. CA effects on plasmodia were not abolished by immediate washing or media replacement. In nutrient medium, CA plus ATP (375 μM) produced within minutes herniation (blebbing) and plasmodial disruption. The order of addition of reagents was important; ATP added simultaneously with or prior to CA stimulated the phenomenon, whereas initial addition of CA resulted in no such dynamic response. Several other nucleotides (e.g., AMP, cAMP) could substitute for ATP; however, such changes were not observed with 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate. Blebbing was not abolished in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. In minimal medium, it was best stimulated by simultaneous addition of Ca++ and Mg++. Preincubation of CA with L-cysteine or with β-mercaptoethanol negates its individual or nucleotide-combined effects. Yet, 10−5 M ethacrynic acid, a sulfhydryl-reactive liposoluble drug, in the presence of ATP does not mimic the blebbing response. These observed effects, which take place at or near the plasmodial surface, presumably reflect acceleration of normal contractile processes inPhysarum.
Improving Access to Oral Health Care Services Among Underserved Populations in the U.S.: Is There a Role for Mid-Level Dental Providers?

Nearly one-third of U.S. citizens lack access to basic preventive and primary oral health care services, which is primarily the result of the high costs of care and the uneven geographic distribution of dental providers. This article examines the case for and against one possible solution to address these barriers to oral health care: the introduction of a mid-level dental provider (MDP) position within the dental field.
Gravity-Gradient Effects on the Motion of Two Rotating Cable-Connected Bodies

Analytical and numerical methods are used to investigate the dynamics of a rotating two-body spacecraft system perturbed by first order gravity-gradient torques. The first order linear equations contain periodic coefficients with frequency at twice the system spin rate and the in-plane equations are forced at the same frequency. The amplitudes of all nonresonant steady-state motions are small. Conditions resulting in gravity-gradi ent induced resonances are examined analytically for special cases. The effect of damping on resonance is considered numerically.
The X-ray properties of normal galaxies

The results of an Einstein Observatory study of 51 nearby normal galaxies, including the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and M31, are reported. The X-ray luminosity of normal galaxies is about 0.0002 of the optical luminosity and shows no strong correlation with morphological type. Approximately 30 new supernova remnants were recognized in the Magellanic Clouds. Over 90 sources were detected in M31, of which at least 20 are identified with globular clusters. The number of luminous sources detected in the nearest galaxies per unit mass are similar to the number found in the Galaxy. Individual X-ray sources in the arms of nearby spirals can be very luminous; seven with luminosities in excess of 10 to the 39th ergs/s have been found. The nuclei of some, but not all, normal galaxies are luminous X-ray sources. Possible reasons for this emission are considered.
Thrust vector control of satellites using smart parallel manipulators

This paper presents the concept, control strategy, and simulations of thrust vector control of satellites. First, an innovative thrust vector control concept is introduced, which utilizes the UHM multifunctional smart parallel manipulator to provide precision position control of the thruster vector and vibration suppression capability while the thruster fires. The configuration of the thrust vector control system is then illustrated, and the satellite attitude dynamic model is built. Third, the UHM smart parallel manipulator is introduced and its kinematics and controller design are discussed. The fuzzy logic controller is employed to precisely position the smart parallel manipulator and to compensate the non-linearities due to the friction and backlash of the actuators and the tolerance of the joints. Finally, the satellite attitude controller and the fuzzy logic controller are designed, and simulations are carried out to realize the thrust vector control of a satellite. The results indicate that the smart parallel manipulator can precisely achieve the thrust vector control, the misalignment of the trust vector of the satellite can be corrected effectively, and the position accuracy of the thrust vector is 0.68 arc minutes.
Automatic selection of high-order transformations in the IBM XL FORTRAN compilers

The IBM ASTI optimizer provides the foundation for high-order transformations and automatic shared-memory parallelization in the latest IBM XL FORTRAN (XLF) compilers for RS/6000™ and PowerPC® uniprocessors and symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs), and for automatic distributed-memory parallelizationin the IBM XL High-Performance FORTRAN (XLHPF) compiler for the SP2™ distributed-memory multiprocessor. In this paper, we describe how the transformer component of the ASTI optimizer automatically selects high-order transformations for a given input program and a target uniprocessor, so as to improve utilization of the memory hierarchy (including cache and registers) and instruction-level parallelism. Our solution is centered on a quantitative approach in which optimization problems are formulated using quantitative cost models. The loop and data transformations currently employed by the ASTI transformer for optimizing uniprocessor performance are loop distribution, loop interchange, loop reversal, loop skewing, loop tiling/blocking (with compiler-selected tile sizes), loop fusion, unrolling of multiple loops (with compiler-selected unroll factors), and scalar replacement of selected array references. The design and initial implementation of the ASTI optimizer were completed during the 1991-1993 time period. To the best of our knowledge, the ASTI transformer is the first system to perform automatic selection of this wide range of transformations using a cost-based framework.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Diseases Related to Obesity: An Overview

Obesity is a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. It is a risk factor for many common gastrointestinal symptoms and digestive disorders, including many cancers. Disruption of mechanisms that regulate appetite and satiety are fundamental to the development of obesity. Knowledge of these issues that are discussed in this article will provide the basis to develop health strategies to prevent obesity-related diseases.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Manganese in the Rat IV: Assessing Factors that Contribute to Brain Accumulation During Inhalation Exposure

A recently published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model successfully accounted for steady-state tissue manganese (Mn) concentration seen with normal dietary intakes and for biphasic, whole-body time-course profiles observed with tracer (54Mn) dosing. In this present study, PBPK modeling was used to evaluate Mn kinetics and brain concentrations in rats exposed to Mn both in their diet and by inhalation. Three published studies were used: (1) rats fed on diets ranging from 2 to 100 ppm, (2) rats on 125 ppm in diet and exposed via inhalation at 0.0 to 3.00 mg Mn/m3 each day for 14 d, and (3) rats to 0.1 or 0.5 mg Mn/m3 for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk over a 90-d period. The original model structure with well-mixed and “deep” compartments for each tissue could not describe rapid increases in tissue concentrations and rapid declines seen in high concentration inhalation studies. A second structure was developed that included (1) saturable, high-affinity binding of Mn in all tissues and (2) asymmetric diffusi...
Concurrent regular expressions and their relationship to Petri nets

Abstract We define algebraic systems called concurrent regular expressions which provide a modular description of languages of Petri nets. Concurrent regular expressions are extension of regular expressions with four operators - interleaving, interleaving closure, synchronous composition and renaming. This alternative characterization of Petri net languages gives us a flexible way of specifying concurrent systems. Concurrent regular expressions are modular and, hence, easier to use for specification. The proof of equivalence also provides a natural decomposition method for Petri nets.
Harmful phytoplankton ecology studies using an autonomous molecular analytical and ocean observing network

Using autonomous molecular analytical devices embedded within an ocean observatory, we studied harmful algal bloom (HAB) ecology in the dynamic coastal waters of Monterey Bay, California. During studies in 2007 and 2008, HAB species abundance and toxin concentrations were quantified periodically at two locations by Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) robotic biochemistry systems. Concurrently, environmental variability and processes were characterized by sensors co-located with ESP network nodes, regional ocean moorings, autonomous underwater vehicle surveys, and satellite remote sensing. The two locations differed in their long-term average physical and biological conditions and in their degree of exposure to episodic wind-forced variability. While anomalously weak upwelling and strong stratification during the 2007 study favored toxigenic dinoflagellates (Alexandrium catenella), anomalously strong upwelling during the 2008 study favored toxigenic diatoms (Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). During both studies, raphidophytes (Heterosigma akashiwo) were detected within a similar range of concentrations, and they reached higher abundances at the relatively sheltered, stratified site. During 2008, cellular domoic acid reached higher concentrations and was far more variable at the shallower ESP node, where phytoplankton populations were influenced by resuspended sediments. Episodic variability caused by wind forcing, lateral mixing, internal waves, and subsurface phytoplankton layers influenced ESP detection patterns. The results illustrate the importance of mobilizing HAB detection on autonomous platforms that can intelligently target sample acquisition as a function of environmental conditions and biological patch encounter.
Chemically Produced Excited States

Electronically excited states of organic molecules are formed in many chemical reactions. Such chemically produced excited states are (with one exception) identical to light produced excited states, and they undergo the molecular transformations expected of such states (“photochemistry without light”). The excited states can also be used in energy transfer experiments. This review covers the generation of chemically produced excited states, the chemical reactions they undergo, and the possible role of chemically produced excited states in biology.
Breast Pathology: Diagnostic Dilemmas

We are pleased to serve as guest editors for this issue of Surgical Pathology Clinics focusing on breast pathology. This issue should be viewed as a companion to the 2009 issue of Surgical Pathology Clinics entitled “Current Concepts in Breast Pathology” and edited by Dr Laura Collins. Given that there are no overlaps in topics between these two issues, together they provide a more comprehensive review of contemporary issues in breast pathology than either alone. In this issue, you will find reviews written by leading experts in breast pathology that deal with diagnostic and differential diagnostic considerations in less common variants and mimics of DCIS, invasive lobular carcinoma and its variants, inflammatory and reactive lesions, small glandular proliferations, vascular lesions, metastases to and from the breast (including the uses and limitations of adjunctive immunostains to arrive at the correct diagnosis), and combined epithelial-myoepithelial lesions. In addition, there are reviews addressing several timely topics in breast pathology including the evaluation of breast specimens from patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy, the molecular classification of breast cancer, and prognostic factors (including both traditional prognostic factors and newer, molecular-based prognostic tests). The
Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens: Crafting the Tools Necessary to Navigate the Long Ascent out of the Abyss

The unrelenting rise in antimicrobial resistance is of great concern. The urgency of the problem is compounded by the recognition that fewer new antimicrobial agents are introduced each year [1]. Past efforts to curb resistance have been largely unsuccessful. It is important to note that what attention has been focused on emerging resistance, has been primarily directed toward gram-positive organisms (e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)). Indeed, the few antimicrobial agents introduced in recent years have targeted treatment of multidrug resistant gram-positive organisms.
Ligamentous injuries of the wrist

Wrist injuries occur commonly. Significant wrist injuries such as perilunate dislocation and scapholunate dissociation may occur without carpal bone fracture. The emergency physician can recognize these ligamentous wrist injuries by noting abnormalities of the shapes, joint spaces, and alignments of the carpal bones. Early diagnosis allows for prompt referral and optimal outcome.
A Developmental Genetic Basis for Defining Root Classes

Root class nomenclature has not been standardized across species and groups (families). This has lead to a lack of transferability of conclusions from one species to another. The International Society for Root Research (ISRR) has approved a four class nomenclature for roots (Zobel and Waisel, 2010). A review of literature that has not been routinely cited by plant anatomists suggests that there are at least four classes and eight subclasses of root, based on developmental genetic characteristics across eudicots and monocots. The use of this classifi cation scheme to develop research on specifi c classes of root may suggest a far more simple genetic basis than that suggested by current molecular and proteomic research.
Stator Temperature Estimation of Direct-Torque-Controlled Induction Machines via Active Flux or Torque Injection

This paper proposes two thermal monitoring methods for induction machines with direct torque control (DTC). The stator resistance $R_{s}$ is used as a direct indicator of average winding temperature and is estimated via a dc current offset in the stator winding. In a DTC drive system, the major challenge is how to excite the dc current offset via the only existing flux and torque control loops. The quantitative relationship between the desired dc current offset and the corresponding changes in flux linkage and torque is derived, and this shows that the dc current offset can be achieved either by superimposing flux linkage bias command $[\matrix{{\bf \Delta \Psi} _{{\bm s\alpha},{\rm ref}}\cr {\bf \Delta\Psi}_{{\bm s\beta},{\rm ref}}}]$ in the flux control loop (method 1) or torque ripple command ${\bf \Delta }T_{em,{\rm ref}} $ in the torque control loop (method 2), both shown in Fig. 1 . Simulation results confirm the analytical analysis of the two proposed methods; while the experimental data prove that both methods achieve accurate temperature estimation under various operating conditions. The proposed simple and efficient signal-injection-based temperature estimation technique is particularly advantageous since it eliminates the need for embedded temperature sensors, requires no hardware change to conventional DTC drive systems, and has a minimal impact on the induction machine's normal operation.
Causality in constraint propagation

This paper defines, for use in design, rules for propagating “distribution constraints” through relationships such as algebraic or vector equations. Distribution constraints are predicate logic statements about the values that physical system parameters may assume. The propagation rules take into account “variation source causality”: information about when and how the values are assigned during the design, manufacturing, and operation of the system.
Physical Therapist Management of Fluoroquinolone-Induced Achilles Tendinopathy

Background and Purpose. Use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics is reported to be a cause of adverse musculoskeletal effects, such as tendinopathies and tendon ruptures. The purpose of this case report is to describe the management and outcomes of a patient with bilateral Achilles tendinopathy secondary to fluoroquinolone antibiotic use. Case Description. The patient was a 41-year-old man who developed bilateral Achilles tendon pain on the third day of levofloxacin use. The physical therapy intervention consisted of an initial phase to reduce stress on the tendon through the use of crutches and orthoses and a second phase to progressively stress the tendon through exercise and functional activities. Outcomes. After 11 weeks of physical therapy (14 treatments), the patient's pain decreased from 3/10 to 1/10 on a visual analog scale and his Lower Extremity Functional Scale score increased from 28/80 to 71/80. Discussion. An overlapping 2-phased intervention approach based on connective tissue remodeling principles may be effective in elimination of pain and restoration of function following fluoroquinolone-induced Achilles tendinopathy.