cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic Gene Therapy: Twenty-Five Years On.

» Orthopaedics pioneered the expansion of gene therapy beyond its traditional scope of diseases that are caused by rare single-gene defects. Orthopaedic applications of gene therapy are most developed in the areas of arthritis and regenerative medicine, but several additional possibilities exist. » Invossa, an ex vivo gene therapeutic for osteoarthritis, was approved in South Korea in 2017, but its approval was retracted in 2019 and remains under appeal; a Phase-III clinical trial of Invossa has restarted in the U.S. » There are several additional clinical trials for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis that could lead to approved gene therapeutics for arthritis. » Bone-healing and cartilage repair are additional areas that are attracting considerable research; intervertebral disc degeneration and the healing of ligaments, tendons, and menisci are other applications of interest. Orthopaedic tumors, genetic diseases, and aseptic loosening are additional potential targets. » If successful, these endeavors will expand the scope of gene therapy from providing expensive medicines for a few patients to providing affordable medicines for many.
A Comparison of Natural Language Processing Methods for the Classification of Lumbar Spine Imaging Findings Related to Lower Back Pain.

Rationale and Objectives The use of natural language processing (NLP) in radiology provides an opportunity to assist clinicians with phenotyping patients. However, the performance and generalizability of NLP across healthcare systems is uncertain. We assessed the performance within and generalizability across four healthcare systems of different NLP representational methods, coupled with elastic-net logistic regression to classify lower back pain-related findings from lumbar spine imaging reports. Materials and Methods We used a dataset of 871 X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging reports sampled from a prospective study across four healthcare systems between October 2013 and September 2016. We annotated each report for 26 findings potentially related to lower back pain. Our framework applied four different NLP methods to convert text into feature sets (representations). For each representation, our framework used an elastic-net logistic regression model for each finding (i.e., 26 binary or “one-vs.-rest” classification models). For performance evaluation, we split data into training (80%, 697/871) and testing (20%, 174/871). In the training set, we used cross validation to identify the optimal hyperparameter value and then retrained on the full training set. We then assessed performance based on area under the curve (AUC) for the test set. We repeated this process 25 times with each repeat using a different random train/test split of the data, so that we could estimate 95% confidence intervals, and assess significant difference in performance between representations. For generalizability evaluation, we trained models on data from three healthcare systems with cross validation and then tested on the fourth. We repeated this process for each system, then calculated mean and standard deviation (SD) of AUC across the systems. Results For individual representations, n-grams had the best average performance across all 26 findings (AUC: 0.960). For generalizability, document embeddings had the most consistent average performance across systems (SD: 0.010). Out of these 26 findings, we considered eight as potentially clinically important (any stenosis, central stenosis, lateral stenosis, foraminal stenosis, disc extrusion, nerve root displacement compression, endplate edema, and listhesis grade 2) since they have a relatively greater association with a history of lower back pain compared to the remaining 18 classes. We found a similar pattern for these eight in which n-grams and document embeddings had the best average performance (AUC: 0.954) and generalizability (SD: 0.007), respectively. Conclusion Based on performance assessment, we found that n-grams is the preferred method if classifier development and deployment occur at the same system. However, for deployment at multiple systems outside of the development system, or potentially if physician behavior changes within a system, one should consider document embeddings since embeddings appear to have the most consistent performance across systems.
Carbon availability regulates soil respiration response to nitrogen and temperature

The response of soil CO2 fluxes (Rsoil) to interactions between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability or C and temperature conditions is not well understood, but may increasingly affect future C storage under the combined anthropogenic impacts of N deposition and climate change. Here we addressed this uncertainty through a series of laboratory incubation experiments using soils from three contrasting ecosystems to investigate how changes in C, N, and temperature regulate Rsoil through changes to Michaelis–Menten parameters (i.e. Vmax and Km). Results of this study demonstrate that Rsoil response to N enrichment and changes in temperature are dependent on the C availability of soil substrates. N addition influenced Rsoil through both the maximum rate (Vmax) and the half saturation constant (Km). The increase in Km corresponded to a decrease in Rsoil when C was limited. Alternatively, when C was abundant, N enrichment increased Rsoil, which corresponded to an increase in Vmax. Regulation of temperature sensitivity through Vmax and Km was also dependent on C availability. Both Vmax and Km demonstrated positive temperature responses, supporting the hypothesis of a canceling effect at low C concentrations. While temperature sensitivity was influenced by both C quantity and C complexity, our results suggested that C quantity is a stronger predictor. Despite strong differences in climate, vegetation, and management of our soils, C–N and C-temperature interactions were markedly similar between sites, highlighting the importance of C availability in the regulation of Rsoil and justifying the use of Michaelis–Menten kinetics in biogeochemical modeling.
Marsh, Othniel Charles (1831‐1899)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Marsh, Othniel Charles (dinosaurs and early mammals)
X‐ray Microscopy

During the last few years near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (nexafs) spectroscopy/microscopy has evolved into a useful characterization tool for polymer science, providing quantitative compositional mapping with minimal radiation damage at a spatial resolution of presently about 40 nm. This article reviews the spectroscopic principles of nexafs, discusses some polymer nexafs reference spectra to illustrate the underlying utility of nexafs spectroscopy to nexafs microscopy, and provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of x-ray microscopy instrumentation. Applications of nexafs microscopy are wide ranging and include mapping the composition of polymer thin films and their surfaces, as well as the composition of ultrathin sections of bulk materials ranging from polymer blends to multilayers. To date, nexafs microscopy is still a specialized technique that requires powerful synchrotron radiation sources, similar to established polymer science tools such as neutron and x-ray small-angle scattering and reflectivity. Keywords: NEXAFS; XANES; microscopy; composition; orientation; X-rays; analysis; characterization; polymers
Unified theory of orientational relaxation

In liquids, the autocorrelation function for angular velocity, , and the corresponding correlation time, τω , where can be determined only indirectly. Several methods are discussed: computer experiments; measurement of reorientation correlation times, τl , and the determination of τω through the Hubbard relation, measurement of spin-rotational correlation times, τ sr, by measn of magnetic resonance and the subsequent identification of τ sr with τ ω; and the analysis of spectral lineshapes, Il (ω), and the approximate relationship of to the Fourier transform of ω 2 Il (ω). By the application of a previously constructed theory, the unified theory of orientational relaxation (UTOR), expressions are obtained for τω and τωτl in terms of intermolecular torques, and these formulae can be recast in terms of experimentally measurable moments of spectral lineshapes. We discuss the significance and short-comings of each of these methods. We find that in the rotational diffusion limit, ...
Regulation of placental growth and chorionic somatomammotropin in the rhesus monkey: Effects of protein deprivation, fetal anencephaly , and placental vessel ligation

An isocaloric protein-deficient diet (0.5 gm/kg of body weight) was administered throughout pregnancy to 10 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Ligation of the fetal interplacental bridging vessels (n = 6) and functional fetal hypophysectomy (experimental induction of anencephaly) (n = 10) were performed at midgestation. Monkey chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS) concentrations were measured serially in maternal plasma and in fetal plasma at birth. Fetal weight, trimmed placental weight, and placental DNA content were determined near term in the experimental groups and in controls matched for gestational age. Maternal mCS concentrations rose steadily until term and this rise paralleled the increase in placental weight (mCS at term = 16.5 +/- 0.90 microgram/ml in maternal plasma and 0.024 +/- 0.001 microgram/ml in fetal plasma). At term, maternal mCS correlated with placental DNA (r = 0.61, P less than 0.01) and placental weight (r = 0.49, P less than 0.01), but not fetal weight. Maternal mCS levels were not affected by protein deprivation, fetal anencephaly, or ligation of the interplacental bridging vessels. Maternal protein deprivation had a negative effect on fetal birth weight (409 +/- 22 versus 472 +/- 18 gm for controls, P less than 0.05) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy but had no effect on placental DNA or trimmed placental weight. Fetal anencephaly resulted in a 23% reduction in trimmed placental weight, no change in placental DNA, a 40% reduction in fetal body weight, and a reduced fetal/placental weight ratio. Ligation of interplacental bridging vessels resulted in atrophy of the secondary placental disc, an increase in weight and DNA content of the primary placenta, and normal fetal weight. We have concluded that the hemochorial placenta of the rhesus monkey responds to interruption of the fetal villous circulation in the first half of gestation by initiating compensatory hyperplasia. Placental cellular replication in the second half of rhesus pregnancy in minimally regulated by the fetal central nervous system or the pituitary gland. Secretion of mCS is primarily controlled by the mass of functioning trophoblast.
Destruction of superconductivity in Nd 2 − x Ce x CuO 4 − δ thin films by ion irradiation

We have measured the resistivity and Hall coefficient of ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (NCCO) thin films sequentially damaged by ion irradiation. The ${T}_{c}$ of the NCCO decreases linearly with residual resistivity and extrapolates to zero at ${R}_{\ensuremath{\square}}/(\mathrm{unit}\mathrm{}\mathrm{cell})\ensuremath{\approx}5\ensuremath{-}10 \mathrm{k}\ensuremath{\Omega},$ results similar to Y-Ba-Cu-O. We suggest that the physical basis for this behavior in NCCO may be disorder effects in a homogeneous two-dimensional superconductor. Unusual behavior of the Hall coefficient gives further evidence that NCCO may be a two-carrier conductor.
ras-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells: possible involvement of fos and jun.

Abstract Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells differentiate to sympathetic neuron-like cells upon treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF). The ras and src transforming proteins also induce PC12 neuronal differentiation and are likely to involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway. Using a number of ras mutants, we have established that the domains of oncogenic ras protein responsible for PC12 differentiation overlap those required for cellular transformation. All of the ras mutants that induced neuronal differentiation also activated c-fos transcription through the dyad symmetry element (DSE). Transforming ras protein activated an intracellular signal pathway, which led to the induction of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-responsive elements; activation was enhanced by coexpression of the proto-oncogene jun (encoding AP-1) and was further augmented by fos. Nuclear extracts from ras-infected PC12 cells showed an increased AP-1 DNA-binding activity. Transcriptional activation by ras was independent of the cyclic AMP-dependent pathway of signal transduction. We propose a possible involvement of fos and jun in ras-induced differentiation.
New Masculinities and Gay-Friendly High Schools: A Review of The Declining Significance of Homophobia

The Declining Significance of Homophobia examines issues of homophobic language and masculinities within secondary schools in the United Kingdom. Mark McCormack's work challenges some deeply rooted assumptions about the pervasive nature of homophobia, while lobbying for a new era where gendered expectations and sexuality are less important for male teens.
A SIMPLE PISTON CORER FOR SAMPLING SAND BEACHES

A corer is described that penetrates most wet sands without difficulty and can be used for taking deep samples in sand beaches.
Output convergence analysis of continuous-time recurrent neural networks

This paper discusses the global output convergence of a class of continuous-time recurrent neural networks with globally Lipschitz continuous and monotone nondecreasing activation functions and locally Lipschitz continuous time-varying thresholds. We establish several sufficient conditions to guarantee the global output convergence for this class of neural networks. The present results do not require symmetry in the connection weight matrix. These convergence results are useful in the design of the recurrent neural networks with time-varying thresholds.
Effects of steroids on thrombogenic markers in patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains an important complication after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Systemic thrombin generation starts perioperatively. Inflammation, characterized by a rise in interleukin-6 (IL6), initiates the coagulation cascade, but low-dose steroids can reduce post-TKA IL6 levels. This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study enrolled 30 patients undergoing unilateral TKA to assess the effect of perioperative steroids on serum prothrombin fragment (PF1.2), a marker of thrombin generation, and plasmin-alpha-2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), a marker of fibrinolysis. Study patients received 100 mg of intravenous hydrocortisone 2 h prior to surgery, and controls received normal saline. Blood samples, drawn pre-incision and at 4 h post tourniquet release, were assayed for PF1.2 and PAP. The study group had significantly lower mean PF1.2 at 4 h compared to controls (616 ± 358 pMol/L vs. 936 ± 332 pMol/L, p = 0.037). The mean rise in PF1.2 in the control group was significantly greater compared to the study group (672 ± 173 pMol/L vs. 350 ± 211 pMol/L, p < 0.001). Mean PAP was higher in the study group at 4 h (1639 ± 823 µg/L vs. 1087 ± 536 µg/L), but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). These results may have clinical implications in terms of postoperative VTE risk and management. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Bill Paul: The heart of immunology

Sadly, on September 19, 2015, a giant in the field of immunology, William “Bill” Paul, died of lymphoma. The passing of this outstanding scientist, with his warm avuncular personality and intense excitement about immunology, is a great loss to the field. His self-effacing manner and erudition were instrumental in advancing modern immunology as a discipline, an influence that continues through the many immunologists he has trained and influenced. Bill was born in Brooklyn in 1936 to parents who were European emigres. He attended local schools, including Brooklyn College and the State University of New York College of Medicine, Downstate, followed by internal medicine training at Massachusetts Memorial Hospital, now Boston Medical Center. To fulfill his military obligation, Bill joined the Public Health Service and engaged in clinical and laboratory research in the Endocrinology Branch of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. There, in the research group of Roy Hertz, Bill participated in the first curative chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma. His laboratory work in developing a radioimmunoassay for thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulated his nascent interest in fundamental aspects of immune responses.
Laryngomalacia: disease presentation, spectrum, and management.

Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in newborns, affecting 45–75% of all infants with congenital stridor. The spectrum of disease presentation, progression, and outcomes is varied. Identifying symptoms and patient factors that influence disease severity helps predict outcomes. Findings. Infants with stridor who do not have significant feeding-related symptoms can be managed expectantly without intervention. Infants with stridor and feeding-related symptoms benefit from acid suppression treatment. Those with additional symptoms of aspiration, failure to thrive, and consequences of airway obstruction and hypoxia require surgical intervention. The presence of an additional level of airway obstruction worsens symptoms and has a 4.5x risk of requiring surgical intervention, usually supraglottoplasty. The presence of medical comorbidities predicts worse symptoms. Summary. Most with laryngomalacia will have mild-to-moderate symptoms and not require surgical intervention. Those with gastroesophageal reflux and/or laryngopharyngeal reflux have symptom improvement from acid suppression therapy. Those with severe enough disease to require supraglottoplasty will have minimal complications and good outcomes if multiple medical comorbidities are not present. Identifying patient factors that influence disease severity is an important aspect of care provided to infants with laryngomalacia.
Probe dendritic functions through poking and peeking

Several photonic approaches have been utilized to study functional dynamics of olfactory bulb dendrites, which plays a critical role in odor discrimination and recognition. Firstly, with infrared differential interference contrast (DIC) video microscopy, we can visualize living nerve cells in an olfactory bulb slice preparation and target glass electrodes to different dendritic locations for direct electrical measurement. This furnishes a high temporal resolution of signal recording from dendrites. Secondly, by using a cooled CCD camera and loading calcium-sensitive dyes into neurons, we have explored the spatial distribution and propagation of spike signals within complex dendritic trees. Thirdly, two-photon microscope enables us to analyze active properties of very tiny dendritic structures such as dendritic spines. Lastly, by using UV light pulse to release calcium ions from caged compounds, we have examined the mechanisms for signal communication between two dendrites with reciprocal synaptic connections. Our research highlights an important contribution of optical imaging methods to functional dissection of neuronal circuitry in the brain.
Temporal lobe seizures triggering recurrent syncope by ictal asystole

Described here is a case of a patient with left temporal lobe epilepsy and recurrent complex partial seizures associated with asystole. The posturing and myoclonus caused by the nonepileptogenic syncope during the asystole gave the appearance of secondary generalization prompting a surgical evaluation. A distinct atonic phase that interrupts the transition from a complex partial semiology to generalization is a critical clue to the presence of ictal asystole and is easily detected by video/EEG monitoring.
Exogenously provided peptides of a self-antigen can be processed into forms that are recognized by self-T cells.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules can present peptides derived from two different sources. The predominant source of peptide in uninfected antigen presenting cells (APCs) is from self-proteins that are synthesized within the cell and traffic through the MHC class II compartment. The other source of antigen is endocytosed proteins, which includes both self- and foreign proteins. Foreign protein antigens generate adaptive immune responses, whereas self-peptides stabilize the MHC class II heterodimer on the cell surface, allowing positive and negative selection of thymocytes. Therefore, self-antigens play an important normal role in shaping the T cell receptor repertoire as well as a pathological role in autoimmunity. To determine whether processing and presentation of self-antigens by MHC class II molecules differs depending on whether the antigen is supplied through synthesis within the cell or by endocytosis, we used a T cell clone against an Eα peptide presented by I-Ab to show that processing through these two routes can differ. We also show that mice can be tolerant to the epitope formed through the endogenous route, but responsive to the epitope that can be formed through endocytosis. This suggests that negative selection occurs primarily against antigens that are synthesized within the APC, and that endocytosed self-antigens could serve as autoantigens. Finally, we also demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells are defective for uptake, processing, and presentation of this self-antigen, and that this correlates with the increased expression of the costimulatory molecules B7.1 and B7.2. This may provide a model for studying the onset of an autoimmune response.
Corrosion Risk Assessment of Aircraft Structures

This paper presents a comprehensive summary of IAR/NRC research on risk assessment of aging aircraft structures in the presence of corrosion and fatigue. Extensive test data, especially for fuselage splices containing corrosion and multiple site fatigue damage (MSD) and coupons cut from service exposed aircraft lap joints, have been generated under previous projects. Based on these test data, an empirical stochastic crack growth model was first developed to analyze the probabilistic fatigue characteristics of the splices. Risk analysis was then performed on the fuselage splices using the computer codes PRISM (Bombardier Aerospace, Inc.) and PROF (United States Air Force). Holistic life assessment methodology (HLAM), which aims to quantify structural integrity in the entire life cycle by addressing the interaction effects of corrosion and fatigue, has advanced considerably during the past five years. Risk analysis based on HLAM was carried out on the fuselage splices. The analytical results, which were obtained at different stages, are compared with the test results. It is shown that corrosion in lap joints, even at the levels less than the typical maintenance limit (i.e., 10 % material loss), could significantly increase the risk level of structural failure.
Laser microdissection of semi-thin sections from plastic-embedded tissue for studying plant–organism developmental processes at single-cell resolution

The ability to analyze the gene activity occurring within a single cell has ushered in a new understanding of complex biological processes. Furthermore, this capability has established the prerequisite technologies for the analysis of cells involved in complex pathogenic and/or symbiotic interactions. Collectively, the identification of biological models permitting the analysis of individual cells and improvements in histological technology are allowing for analyses of cells positioned within tissues and involved in complex cellular interactions at unprecedented resolution. Here, a plastic embedding procedure is used for laser microdissection of plant tissues infected with a pathogen. This technique enabled the acquisition of nucleic acids from semi-thin sections that can be used for downstream biological studies of host–pathogen interaction at the single-cell resolution.
The Role of Tea in Human Health: An Update

Tea is an important dietary source of flavanols and flavonols. In vitro and animal studies provide strong evidence that tea polyphenols may possess the bioactivity to affect the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the results from epidemiological and clinical studies of the relationship between tea and health are mixed. International correlations do not support this relationship although several, better controlled case-referent and cohort studies suggest an association with a moderate reduction in the risk of chronic disease. Conflicting results between human studies may arise, in part, from confounding by socioeconomic and lifestyle factors as well as by inadequate methodology to define tea preparation and intake. Clinical trials employing putative intermediary indicators of disease, particularly biomarkers of oxidative stress status, suggest tea polyphenols could play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer and heart disease.
238U-230Th dating of chevkinite in high-silica rhyolites from La Primavera and Yellowstone calderas

Abstract Application of 238U–230Th disequilibrium dating of accessory minerals with contrasting stabilities and compositions can provide a unique perspective on magmatic evolution by placing the thermochemical evolution of magma within the framework of absolute time. Chevkinite, a Th-rich accessory mineral that occurs in peralkaline and metaluminous rhyolites, may be particularly useful as a chronometer of crystallization and differentiation because its composition may reflect the chemical changes of its host melt. Ion microprobe 238U–230Th dating of single chevkinite microphenocrysts from pre- and post-caldera La Primavera, Mexico, rhyolites yields model crystallization ages that are within 10's of k.y. of their corresponding K–Ar ages of ca. 125 ka to 85 ka, while chevkinite microphenocrysts from a post-caldera Yellowstone, USA, rhyolite yield a range of ages from ca. 110 ka to 250 ka, which is indistinguishable from the age distribution of coexisting zircon. Internal chevkinite–zircon isochrons from La Primavera yield Pleistocene ages with ~ 5% precision due to the nearly two order difference in Th/U between both minerals. Coupling chevkinite 238U–230Th ages and compositional analyses reveals a secular trend of Th/U and rare earth elements recorded in Yellowstone rhyolite, likely reflecting progressive compositional evolution of host magma. The relatively short timescale between chevkinite–zircon crystallization and eruption suggests that crystal-poor rhyolites at La Primavera were erupted shortly after differentiation and/or reheating. These results indicate that 238U–230Th dating of chevkinite via ion microprobe analysis may be used to date crystallization and chemical evolution of silicic magmas.
The role of radionuclide brain imaging and computerized tomography in the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis

Abstract We have reviewed the medical records and radiographic examinations of 12 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis to assess the role of RN and CT in the early diagnosis of this disease. The initia RN study was positive in 83% (10/12) of cases while the initial CT study was positive in 75% (9/12) of cases. The earliest positive RN was seen on the second day after the onser of neurologic signs or symptoms while the earliest positive CT was seen on the third day. We describe various abnormal patterns encountered in HSE and discuss their diagnostic reliability. We make recommendations for the diagnosis of HSE based on our findings and on the information available in the literature.
Joint Influence of Month and Age of Calving on Milk Yield of Holstein Cows in the Northeastern United States

Abstract Month-age constants were estimated from milk records on 242,425 purebred Holstein cows from the northeastern United States by the maximum likelihood method with elimination of biases due to environmental trend, herd differences, and selection based on previous performance. These constants revealed month of calving by age interactions of sufficient magnitude that comparisons of individual records and bull proofs could be badly biased if no adjustments were made for interaction. It was concluded that monthly mature-equivalent factors could not be adequately grouped into a few seasons, that all records should be adjusted for season of calving, and that the most appropriate method of adjusting for both season and age of calving was by multiplicative factors which simultaneously adjust records to the expected yield, had all other conditions remained the same.
Studies on the mechanism of the cardiovascular effects of methyldopa

Abstract Oral administration of methyldopa (100 mg/kg, twice daily for 3 days) to mongrel dogs produced a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. The drug treatment affected neither the resting venous tone nor the cardiac output. Thus, the hypotensive effect of the drug was predominantly due to a reduction in total peripheral resistance. Vasoconstrictor responses of the renal vasculature to sympathetic nerve stimulation were significantly impaired after methyldopa at all the frequencies, while mesenteric vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were impaired only at the lower stimulation frequencies. In addition, methylnorepinephrine was a significantly less potent vasoconstrictor than norepinephrine in the renal vasculature, but was equipotent to norepinephrine in the mesentery. The finding of a reduction in the renal vascular resistance of methyldopa-treated dogs, with no such alteration in the mesenteric vascular resistance, is consistnet with the nerve stimulation studies. Therefore, the results of the present investigation indicate that in addition to the existing evidence favoring a central site of action for methyldopa, the impairment of peripheral sympathetic neuronal function is also of importance in accounting for the hemodynamic alterations observed following treatment with methyldopa.
Freezing as an avoidance response: Another look at the operant-respondent distinction☆

Abstract Groups of rats were trained with shock either contingent on freezing (punishment procedure) or contingent on not freezing (avoidance procedure). Although the different contingencies produced different levels of freezing behavior, these levels were attained immediately rather than over a number of trials. This result, together with the results of control rats, suggest that while freezing can be controlled by both punishment and avoidance procedures, in both cases the effects on freezing are due to elicitation rather than learning.
Effectiveness of Ketorolac Tromethamine 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution for Chronic Aphakic and Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema

The effect of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution (a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent) treatment was compared to placebo treatment in patients with chronic, angiographically proven aphakic or pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (visual acuity less than or equal to 20/40 for six months) during a three- to four-month double-masked, randomized study. Twenty-six patients completed this study without significant ocular or systemic toxicity. The improved distance visual acuity observed in the ketorolac treatment group (8/13 patients) was statistically different from the improved vision observed in the placebo treated group (1/13 patients) (P = .005). No patient on a regimen of ketorolac therapy had a significant decrease in Snellen distance visual acuity while on treatment, but two patients in the placebo group demonstrated a decrease in visual acuity of two lines or more. Fluorescein angiography was consistent with changes in visual acuity.
"BODY-BRACE" ŒSOPHAGITIS, A COMPLICATION OF KYPHOSCOLIOSIS THERAPY

Abstract Oesophagitis developed in 4 patients, 3 of whom had scoliosis braces and 1 a body cast after surgery for kyphoscoliosis. Symptoms varied from chronic epigastric pain to gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Prophylaxis of œsophageal disease in children undergoing correction of scoliosis may prevent severe œsophagitis.
Commonality of Response to Personality Tests

Ss from a Quaker secondary school (N = 121), a high prestige liberal art college (N = 32), and a nursing school (N = 70) were given five personality tests, and their responses examined whenever any one group agreed 80% or more. High commonality was found, and the values of the groups were inferred from their responses. Common values pose a problem for the assessment of the individual, since his responses to tests may reflect over-all cultural values rather than his unique opinions.
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN POST-VOID RESIDUAL AND VOIDED VOLUME AMONG COMMUNITY DWELLING MEN

ABSTRACTPurpose: We describe the natural history of post-void residual (PVR) and voided volume (VV) in men.Materials and Methods: A random sample of community dwelling men (529 men 40 to 79 years old) were followed with a sonographic PVR and VV every 2 years for up to 12 years (median 5 examinations). Men were censored at the time of treatment for a prostate condition.Results: The median annual change (slope) for PVR was 2.2% (p=0.03) and for VV was -2.1% (p <0.0001). There was considerable variability in PVR slopes (25th percentile -11%, 75th percentile 18%). A rapid increase in PVR slope (greater than 80th percentile) was more likely in men with a baseline American Urological Association Symptom Index greater than 7 (age adjusted odds ratio [OR]1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5). There was less variability in VV slopes (25th percentile -8.0%, 75th percentile 3.1%). A rapid decrease in VV slope (less than 20th percentile) was more likely in men with baseline age 70 to 79 years than 40 to 49 years (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2....
Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Potential DNA Groove-Spanning Chelate: [MV][Pt(2)(hdta)Cl(2)].4H(2)O (MV(2+) = 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, hdta(4)(-) = 1,6-Hexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate).

Light yellow crystals of [MV][Pt2(hdta)Cl2]·4H2O (1) (MV2+ = 1,1‘-dimethyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium, hdta4- = 1,6-hexanediamine-N,N,N‘,N‘-tetraacetate) were examined by X-ray diffraction. A 0.08 × 0.24 × 0.24 nm crystal was shown to have space group C2/c, having unit cell dimensions of a = 22.757(5) A, b = 13.566(3) A, and c = 12.120(2) A and unit cell angles of α = γ = 90° and β = 109.07(3)° with Z = 4. A total of 3195 independent reflections were refined to R = 0.0454. Each PtII site has the anticipated NO2Cl square-planar mer coordination. The Pt−N(1) distance (N(1) is the N donor of the hdta4- ligand) is 2.001(9) A, only slightly shorter than typical Pt−N distances (2.04−2.09 A) for sp3 donors. The Pt−O distances to the coordinated glycinato donors in 1 are 2.012(7) and 2.000(8) A, values very similar to those of trans-[Pt(gly)2] (gly = glycinate). The Pt−Cl distance of 2.310(3) A is in the range of 2.27−2.32 A observed for other Pt(II)−Cl- bonds. The bond angles are close to the ideal 90° or 180° value: ∠N...
Scaling of bite force in the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus.

Abstract Although bite force is a frequently studied performance measure of feeding ecology, changes in bite force over ontogeny have rarely been investigated. Biting by the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus was theoretically modeled over ontogeny to investigate the scaling of bite force, the morphological basis of the observed scaling relationship, the ecological consequences of ontogenetic changes in performance, and whether cranial morphometrics can be used as an accurate proxy for bite force. Theoretical bite force, which was positively allometric with respect to total length (TL), ranged from 32 N (61 cm TL) to 423 N (152 cm TL) at the anterior tips of the jaws and from 107 (61 cm TL) to 1083 N (152 cm TL) at the posterior teeth. This observation is attributed to positive allometry in the mechanical advantage of the jaw-adducting mechanism and the cross-sectional area of all four jaw-adducting muscles. Theoretical bite force was accurately predicted by cranial morphometrics including prebranchial length and head width as well. Although positive allometry of bite force in C. limbatus would seem to indicate an ecological necessity for this phenomenon, dietary analyses do not necessarily indicate any ontogenetic shift in prey types requiring larger bite forces. The positively allometric increase in theoretical bite force may be associated with numerous other selective pressures including maintenance of an apical position within the ecosystem.
Fostering Sustainability: A Case Study of a Pilot Mentoring Program at a Private University

The purpose of this paper is to provide documentation of a one year Pilot Mentoring Program (PMP) that was implemented within a department at a school of education within a private university. PMP was tied to the culture and specific needs of the department. It included seven newly hired faculty members and their mentor who were from various programs within the department. Even though PMP evolved over the course of an academic year, and was labeled a formal mentoring program, it was restricted to a trial basis. As PMP evolved, an exploratory qualitative action-research study was conducted.
Physical characterization of DNA from bacteriophage SP3

Abstract High molecular weight DNA from Bacillus subtilis phage SP3 was characterized using the techniques of sedimentation velocity, rotating cylinder viscometry and electron microscopy. Results indicate that SP3 DNA is a linear molecule having a molecular weight of 147 · 10 6 –166 · 10 6 . The sedimentation coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of T4r DNA were also measured at the same time; comparison of results calculated by current equations consistently gives a ratio of 1.28–1.30 for the molecular weights of SP3 DNA and T4r DNA. The longitudinal base heterogeneity of SP3 DNA was studied in a controlled-shearing experiment. Preliminary results indicate that SP3 DNA has approximately one-quarter of its length possessing 38 % GC and three-quarters possessing 34 % GC. It is suggested that SP3 DNA may be a superior high molecular weight standard because breakage is readily apparent as a double peak upon banding in CsCl.
The Hidden Curriculum of Doctoral Advising

We examined the hidden curriculum of doctoral advising by conceptualizing the advisor as a teacher. Using autoethnographic methods in this case study, we simultaneously explored both sides of the a...
Stability and electronic properties of InAs/InP strained superlattices.

On determine les parametres des reseaux plans et les distances anion-cation a l'equilibre a l'aide de l'energie totale des parametres de reseaux. De la, on simule (i) le cas ou le systeme InAs/InP croi←t en mode autoporte et (ii) celui ou InAs croi←t sur un substrat d'InP. L'etude des effets de la deformation sur les proprietes electroniques des superreseaux montre que la distorsion uniaxe affecte les parametres de la bande de valence et laisse entrevoir la possibilite d'ajuster les proprietes de transport
A priori assessment of reintroduction strategies for a native ungulate: using HexSim to guide release site selection

Reintroduction of native species to unoccupied portions of their historical range is a common management strategy to enhance the future viability of animal populations. This approach has met with mixed success, due to unforeseen impacts caused by human or other factors. Some of these impacts could potentially be mitigated through the use of anticipatory modeling coupled with appropriate management strategies prior to release. As part of an ongoing restoration program, we evaluated a portion of the former range of the tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) in the Central Valley of California for potential reintroduction of a free-ranging herd. We used a new spatially explicit population model (HexSim) to analyze four different elk release scenarios. Each scenario corresponded to a different release location, and the model was used to compare simulated elk movement and population dynamics 25 years into the future. We also used HexSim to identify likely locations of human–elk conflict. Population forecasts after the 25-year period were highest (mean female population size of 169.6 per iteration) and potentially harmful barrier interactions were lowest (mean 8.6 per iteration) at the East Bear Creek site. These results indicate the East Bear Creek site release scenario as the most likely to result in a successful elk reintroduction, producing the most elk and generating the fewest human conflicts. We found HexSim to be a useful tool for this type of reintroduction planning and believe that other reintroduction efforts could benefit from this type of anticipatory modeling.
What protects the core when the thiolated Au cluster is extremely small

The title question is motivated by the fact that extremely small thiolated-gold clusters such as Au20(SR)16 have been isolated, but their undetermined structures cannot be fully rationalized by the present knowledge derived from single-crystal structures of larger clusters. One needs to go beyond the linear monomer (RSAuSR) and V-shaped dimer (RSAuSRAuSR) motifs that were found to protect larger clusters. We hypothesize that the U-shaped trimer motif (RSAuSRAuSRAuSR) is required to protect the core of some extremely small thiolated-gold clusters, which have about 20 or fewer Au atoms. We test this hypothesis by proposing structural models for Au10(SR)8 based on two trimer motifs protecting a tetrahedral Au4 core and for Au20(SR)16 based on four trimer motifs protecting an Au8 core.
An evaluation of the meulengracht regime in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer

1. The results obtained in a series of 21 cases of bleeding peptic ulcer treated with the Meulengracht regime are presented. These are compared with a control group of 72 cases treated with the older “star-vation-Sippy” method. 2. Mortality statistics of all cases treated with the Meulengracht regime, thus far reported in the literature, are presented. These are compared with similar statistics for the older methods of treatment. 3. The mortality rate in the Meulengracht series was 4.76 per cent. This is a decided improvement over the 11.1 per cent mortality in the control group. 4. The patients receiving early liberal feedings manifested a well-being not noted in those under the older method of treatment. 5. The average period of hospitalization was not decreased under the Meulengracht regime. 6. Two of our 21 cases (9.5 per cent) were further complicated by the occurrence of perforation, whereas this occurred in only one patient in our control series (1.4 per cent). The possible role played by the increased feedings is considered.
Regulatory perspective of seismic issues

Abstract Some of the current seismic issues facing the nuclear power industry, such as seismic design criteria (USI A-40), seismic qualification of equipment in operating nuclear power plants (USI A-46), eastern United States seismicity, operating basis earthquake (OBE) exceedance criteria, seismic instrumentation, post OBE inspection of nuclear power plants, anchor bolts too close to a free edge, seismic margins of plants, and the potential for external events to cause severe accidents, are presented and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's perspective on the resolution of these issues are discussed.
A two-phase mixture model of liquid-gas flow and heat transfer in capillary porous media—II. Application to pressure-driven boiling flow adjacent to a vertical heated plate

Abstract The two-phase mixture model developed in Part I is applied to investigate a pressure-driven two-phase boiling flow along a heated surface embedded in a porous medium. The general governing equations in Part I for the transport of mass, momentum and liquid (constituent) mass for the two-phase mixture are simplified for the above system. The present formulation, owing to its strong analogy to the classical description of multicomponent convective flows, suggests that a thin capillary layer exists over the solid surface at high Peclet numbers and that the two-phase flow is confined only to this boundary layer. Using approximations analogous to the classical boundary layer theory, a set of boundary layer equations for two-phase flow is derived and solved by a similarity transformation. The resulting ordinary differential equations are numerically integrated using a combination of the Gear stiff method and a shooting procedure. Numerical results for the saturation field and the flow fields of the two-phase mixture and the individual phases are presented and discussed.
Comparison of treatments of bleeding varices: effects of differences between treatment intended and treatment received.

Ninety-seven patients with recent or active var-iceal bleeding were randomly assigned to oral pro-pranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy plus oral pro-pranolol, or transhepatic sclerotherapy plus oral propranolol. The effects of treatment on the number of units transfused, rebleeding of any magnitude, major rebleeding, and death were assessed in these patients, 82% of whom were alcoholic and 81% Child's Class C. After a minimum follow-up interval of 2 yr (range, 27-65 mo), major rebleeding rates were 65% for propranolol alone, 45% for endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol, and 60% for transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol. The corresponding death rates were 81% for propranolol alone, 55% for endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol, and 66% for transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol (p = 0.03). Thirty-three patients (34%) never received propranolol; 8 due to medical contraindications and 25 because they died or bled enough to meet the definition of treatment failure within 3 or 4 days of randomi- zations (no significant differences among treatment groups). Patients assigned to propranolol alone bled sooner, bled more units, and had a higher mortality rate than patients treated by endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol. Patients treated with transhepatic sclerotherapy plus propranolol had intermediate results. Propranolol alone is inadequate treatment for esophageal var-iceal bleeding in patients with advanced liver disease.
Tree-cut and a lexicon based on systematic polysemy

This paper describes a lexicon organized around systematic polysemy: a set of word senses that are related in systematic and predictable ways. The lexicon is derived by a fully automatic extraction method which utilizes a clustering technique called tree-cut. We compare our lexicon to WordNet cousins, and the inter-annotator disagreement observed between WordNet Semcor and DSO corpora.
Epinasty promoted by salinity or ethylene is an indicator of salt-sensitivity in tomatoes

Abstract Six genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) that differ in their salt-tolerance, were exposed to 200 mol m−3 NaCl for 4 weeks. Seedlings exhibited a marked decline in shoot dry weight accumulation and increased petiolar epinasty after exposure to salinity stress. Ranking accessions on the basis of their relative growth reduction in response to salinity, provided good agreement with the level of epinasty promoted during the salinity treatment. In the absence of salt-stress, leaf epinasty promoted by exogenous ethylene treatment was found to be a positive indicator of the genotypes incipient salt-sensitivity. Endogenous ethylene levels in untreated plants were negatively correlated with ethephon-induced epinasty. Genotypes with normally high endogenous C2H4 levels were less responsive to ethephon treatment and also exhibited greater salt-tolerance than genotypes with low endogenous C2H4 levels. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that a main feature of adaptation in the genotypes examined may involve modulation of their cellular sensitivity to C2H4. The results indicate that leaf epinasty, whether salt- or ethylene-induced, is a sensitive indicator of salt-sensitivity. Ethylene-induced epinasty may, therefore, provide a simple basis upon which to identify and select salt-tolerant plants.