cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redefining ‘community’ through collaboration and co-teaching: a case study of an ESOL specialist, a literacy specialist, and a fifth-grade teacher

AbstractThis article explores the development of a professional learning community through a case study of three teachers – an ESOL specialist, a literacy specialist, and a fifth-grade teacher – who engaged in co-teaching and collaboration. The emerging community of practice offered these teachers a space to learn and problem-solve by utilizing their specialized disciplinary knowledge of students and expanding the application of reading strategies during language arts. Concurrently, opportunities for revising curriculum and instruction remained unrealized, as teachers struggled to negotiate roles and responsibilities within the top-down administratively initiated collaboration that required redefining their professional community. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
The Politics of Fairyland: Neil Gaiman and the Enchantments of Anti-Bildungsroman

ABSTRACTThis study argues that Neil Gaiman’s recent fictions mark a sharp pivot in contemporary fantasy discourse by reinterpreting escapism through the ethics of enchantment. While Marxist criticism has long disparaged fantasy for its anti-political aesthetics, Coraline and The Ocean at the End of the Lane subvert this notion by fusing the formal structures of the bildungsroman and the fairy tale to develop a new politics of self and society. By employing the theories of Jane Bennett, I analyze how Gaiman develops the fantasy anti-bildungsroman as the “novel of enchantment” in response to the dominant “novel of disenchantment” that is the realist bildungsroman, a generic innovation that reconsiders both humanity’s relationship with capitalist society and the role of fantasy in contemporary life. In particular, I examine Gaiman’s use of “parallel consciousness” as a formal technique operating as a new mode of materialist phenomenology.
The Tallinn Manual and International Cyber Security Law

The Tallinn Manual is a consensus academic work identifying the lex lata applicable to cyber warfare. It focuses on the jus ad bellum and on the jus in bello applicable to State conduct in and through cyberspace and, thus, constitutes a rather selective or sectorial approach to cyber security. Although cyber security is highly dependent upon a public-private cooperation and although it is predominantly challenged by cybercrime, the Tallinn Manual’s approach is justified by the fact that there is a genuinely military dimension of cyberspace. The Tallinn Manual is not an obstacle to a coherent approach to cyber security but rather an important first step in the development of international cyber security law as a distinct branch of international law.
Addressing the Needs of Survivors of Torture: A Pilot Test of the Psychosocial Well-Being Index

AbstractSurvivors of torture experience numerous psychosocial stressors that threaten individual well-being in resettlement. This study reports findings from a pilot test that applied the newly developed Survivors of Torture Psychosocial Well-Being Index. The study used a case-level mixed design to assess survivor psychosocial well-being across 16 life domains from intake up to 18 months. Ecological systems theory grounds this study. Participants demonstrated increased well-being as evidenced by statistically significant change on the mean ratings of their total scores. Three case examples illustrate the instrument. Practice applications, lessons learned, study limitations, and future directions are presented.
The Propositional Calculus

This chapter focuses on the propositional calculus. Boolean algebra is very closely related to the system of elementary logic known as the propositional calculus. A disjunctive normal form for the function is a disjunction of terms, each of which is a conjunction of logical variables and their negations. Any logical function, in any number of variables, can be expressed in terms of conjunction, disjunction, and negation. In switching circuit terms, and-gates, or-gates, and inverters are sufficient to represent any logical or Boolean expression. A prime advantage of Polish notation is that in scanning a formula from right to left for prefix notation, or left to right for postfix notation, all operands are encountered before their operators. The search for well-formed formulas involves a determination of nesting of parentheses. Using a Polish notation, the determination becomes a simple numerical procedure involving a single scan of the formula. A set of axioms is a set of well-formed formulas. A rule of inference is a procedure, production, or algorithm for generating a new well-formed formula from given ones.
Clinical Genomic Testing

Abstract Increasingly, the experience and knowledge gleaned via research-based interrogation of the human genome is being leveraged and translated for use in the clinical realm to inform medical decision making. The clinical implementation of genome-based diagnostics is fraught with a variety of challenges that include but are not limited to the scope of: knowledge and the medical significance of genome-based data, scalable technology and infrastructure, informatics, and regulatory requirements. This chapter will provide an overview of state-of-the-art genomic technologies with a focus on DNA-based Next-Generation Sequencing. Herein is a review of the clinical applications of genomic testing and the common considerations for developing this testing in the clinical laboratory setting. The common challenges to incorporating genomics into clinical care for the laboratory, clinicians, and patients are also addressed.
The application of active notification medical procedure for the assistance of elderly patients

Care of the elder patients usually differs from standard medical procedures. The medical examination of elderly patients should be done with a different approach. The elderly also have different, often more complicated health care problems, such as multiple disorders and inabilities, which may require additional time to transfer for further examination and should not be rushed. This study proposed an active notification medical process combined with well-trained elder assistants can be applied to improve medical flow to deal more effectively with older patients. When an elder patient was identified by the register system or wristband RFID, a notification agent will push alert message to notify the assistant group on the system and provide an instance help in the exact location. A satisfaction survey was conducted, 106 patients evaluated, where 32.1% between the age of 70 to 75, 24.5% between the age of 60–70, and general medicine patients 33.5% (69), obstetrics and gynecology 8.7%(18) and the most satisfied item is the decrease of waiting time.
Neighbour effects on tree architecture: functional trade-offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance

Summary The architecture of trees is the result of constrained, morphologically plastic growth – constrained by an underlying architectural model embedded in their genome, the structure of which can be significantly altered during growth to match the changing environmental conditions to which the tree is exposed. Here, we examined the hypothesis that crowding from neighbours should cause trees to optimize traits for light competition at the expense of wind resistance, with the reverse being true for trees lacking neighbours. Previous studies have examined the influence of light competition or wind resistance on shaping tree architecture, but few, if any, have simultaneously addressed trade-offs for optimizing these traits in response to crowding from neighbouring trees in forests, as compared to open-grown conditions. We studied the response of tree- and branch-level architectural traits of temperate, broad-leaved, deciduous tree species of differing shade tolerance and wood strength from multiple locations across the north-eastern United States. Trees ranged in size (4–83 cm diameter at 1·3 m) and crowding conditions (open- and forest-grown) and occupied different canopy positions. The open-grown trees represented a null condition, where the lack of neighbouring trees to shape architectural traits could be contrasted with the influence of different levels of crowding in forests. Our results show strong evidence for a tree neighbourhood-induced convergence of architectural traits across species and conditions, even when trees are growing in urban rather than natural forest conditions. After accounting for crowding, the effects of species and sample location contributed very little to explaining variation in architectural traits. One exception was crown dimensions, for which species-specific differences explained about 15% of the residual variation. Under open-grown conditions, alleviation of light competition caused trees to develop relatively large crowns and branches and a squat growth form suitable to resist greater wind exposure. By contrast, increasing shading from neighbouring trees caused forest-grown trees to become increasingly more spindly in the main stem, with slender branches sparsely distributed over a disproportionately large crown volume – presumably to maximize light capture. Although the latter is an intrinsically less wind-stable form, it can be adopted to increase light capture because neighbouring trees reduce exposure to the wind, which should greatly reduce the likelihood of stem breakage or uprooting under critical wind pressures. A lay summary is available for this article.
Toward 1-km Ensemble Forecasts over Large Domains

AbstractPrecipitation forecasts from convection-allowing ensembles with 3- and 1-km horizontal grid spacing were evaluated between 15 May and 15 June 2013 over central and eastern portions of the United States. Probabilistic forecasts produced from 10- and 30-member, 3-km ensembles were consistently better than forecasts from individual 1-km ensemble members. However, 10-member, 1-km probabilistic forecasts usually were best, especially over the first 12 h and at rainfall rates ≥ 5.0 mm h−1 at later times. Further object-based investigation revealed that better 1-km forecasts at heavier rainfall rates were associated with more accurate placement of mesoscale convective systems compared to 3-km forecasts. The collective results indicate promise for 1-km ensembles once computational resources can support their operational implementation.
High-sensitivity spin-based electrometry with an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

We demonstrate a spin-based, all-dielectric electrometer based on an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) defects in diamond. An applied electric field causes energy-level shifts symmetrically away from the ${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$'s degenerate triplet states via the Stark effect; this symmetry provides immunity to temperature fluctuations allowing for shot-noise-limited detection. Using an ensemble of ${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{s}$, we demonstrate shot-noise-limited sensitivities approaching 1 (V/cm)/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ under ambient conditions, at low frequencies ($l10$ Hz), and over a large dynamic range (20 dB). A theoretical model for the ensemble of ${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{s}$ fits well with measurements of the ground-state electric susceptibility parameter $\ensuremath{\langle}{k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$. Implications of spin-based, dielectric sensors for micron-scale electric-field sensing are discussed.
QCD Axion Dark Matter with a Small Decay Constant

The QCD axion is a good dark matter candidate. The observed dark matter abundance can arise from misalignment or defect mechanisms, which generically require an axion decay constant f_{a}∼O(10^{11}) GeV (or higher). We introduce a new cosmological origin for axion dark matter, parametric resonance from oscillations of the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking field, that requires f_{a}∼(10^{8}-10^{11}) GeV. The axions may be warm enough to give deviations from cold dark matter in large scale structure.
Effect of bioenergy crop type and harvest frequency on beneficial insects

Abstract Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and a mix of native warm season grasses with forbs (NWSG-mix) have received attention as cellulosic biofuel sources. While numerous studies support greater biodiversity within those biofuel crops than corn, it is unclear how switchgrass and NWSG-mix affect beneficial insects such as pollinators (PO) and predators/parasites/parasitoids (PPP). Also, few empirical studies have explored the effects of biofuel crop harvest on insects. We investigated the responses of PO and PPP insects to those two biofuel crops and harvest frequency in Mississippi, USA, during 2011–2013. We established 16 fields on agricultural lands and randomly assigned each one of 4 treatments: switchgrass with single harvest; switchgrass with multiple harvests; NWSG-mix with single harvest; NWSG-mix with multiple harvests. We set up 3 sampling stations per field and conducted insect sampling 1–3 times monthly during summer to fall using colored pan traps. We tested treatment effects with general linear mixed models and redundancy analyses. While treatment effects varied by season and year, biofuel crop type influenced abundance and insect family diversity but harvest frequency did not. During summer, total abundance and guild-level (PO and PPP) abundance were high in switchgrass in 2011. During fall, total abundance and abundance of PPP were high in NWSG-mix in 2011 and 2012 and abundance of PO in 2011 and 2013. Family richness was also greater in NWSG-mix across seasons in 2011 and 2012 and during fall in 2013. More families tended to be associated with NWSG-mix than switchgrass. Our results suggest that 1) biofuel crop type is a more important factor influencing beneficial insects than harvest frequency and 2) compared to NWSG-mix, switchgrass may provide more resources for insects during summer or during the first year after establishment; however, NWSG-mix could enhance insect diversity and abundance of pollinators for a longer period of time.
Structural Analysis of Somatostatin Receptors

Somatostatin receptors have been characterized by ligand binding studies using intact cells or cell lines and membrane fractions from various tissues including brain (1,2), anterior pituitary (3–5), adrenal cortex (6,7), and both exocrine (8–10) and endocrine (11) pancreas.
Influence of Radiation Regimens on the Risk of Interstitial Pneumonitis in Leukemia Patients Treated with Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation

The research reported here was supported by grant 40053 from the National Cancer Institute, DHHS, contract N01-AI-62530 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DHHS, contract BI6-084-US from the Commission of the European Communities and grants provided to the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry by the Apple Family Foundation, A.J. Bitker Memorial Foundation, Jacob and Hilda Blaustein Foundation, Brotz Foundation, Henry W. Bull Foundation, Charles E. Culpeper Foundation, Fairchild Foundation, Lester Glen Family Foundation, William Randolph Hearst Foundation, Heller Foundation, William L. Law Foundation, Lederle Laboratories, Ambrose Monell Foundation, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Elsa U. Pardee Foundation, Ann and Robert Perdes, Procter & Gamble Co., R.G.K. Foundation, Betty and Arthur J. Runft, Sandoz, Inc., Joan and Jack Stein, Swiss Cancer League and the Upjohn Company.
A characterization of product BMO by commutators

Let b be a function on the plane. Let H_j, j=1,2, be the Hilbert transform acting on the j-th coordinate on the plane. We show that the operator norm of the double commutator [[ M_b, H_1], H_2] is equivalent to the Chang-Fefferman BMO norm of b. Here, M_b denotes the operator which is multiplication by b. This result extends a well known theorem of Nehari on weak factorization in the Hardy space H^1 to the same theorem on H^1 of a product domain. The product setting is more delicate because of the presence of a two parameter family of dilations. The method of proof depends upon (a) A dyadic decomposition of product BMO by wavelets (b) a prior estimate of Ferguson and Sadosky involving rectangular BMO (c) and a careful control of certain measures related to those of Carleson.
Two-period linear mixed effects models to analyze clinical trials with run-in data when the primary outcome is continuous: Applications to Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Introduction Study outcomes can be measured repeatedly based on the clinical trial protocol before randomization during what is known as the “run-in” period. However, it has not been established how best to incorporate run-in data into the primary analysis of the trial. Methods We proposed two-period (run-in period and randomization period) linear mixed effects models to simultaneously model the run-in data and the postrandomization data. Results Compared with the traditional models, the two-period linear mixed effects models can increase the power up to 15% and yield similar power for both unequal randomization and equal randomization. Discussion Given that analysis of run-in data using the two-period linear mixed effects models allows more participants (unequal randomization) to be on the active treatment with similar power to that of the equal-randomization trials, it may reduce the dropout by assigning more participants to the active treatment and thus improve the efficiency of AD clinical trials.
Wrongful Convictions and the Culture of Denial

On the surface, it appears the United States has a more serious problem with wrongful convictions than Japan, for it has uncovered many more cases of this kind. Yet this gap is probably more apparent than real, for Japan does a poor job of discovering wrongful convictions. To reduce the problem of wrongful convictions in Japanese criminal justice and capital punishment, reformers must make structural reforms, but they must also confront a “culture of denial” (hitei no bunka) that makes it difficult to acknowledge mistakes.
Optimal Panel Size: Are We Asking the Right Question?

Paige and colleagues' systematic review found surprisingly thin evidence about the association between primary care panel size and aims of health care. The editorialists believe that the right ques...
Student perspectives on climate change through place-based filmmaking

The study examined high school students’ perspectives on climate change before and after participation in an informal science education program. During the program, students made a short, place-bas...
Simultaneous effects of rice husk silica and silicon carbide whiskers on the mechanical properties and morphology of sodium geopolymer

The current research is focused on developing a geopolymer binder using rice husk ash–derived silica nanoparticles. Four types of rice husks were collected directly from various rice fields of Bang...
Fissure caries inhibition with a CO2-9.3 µm short-pulsed laser: a randomized, single blind, split mouth controlled, one-year clinical trial

The objective of this randomized, split-mouth controlled, clinical trial was to evaluate whether the use of a short-pulsed 9.3µm CO2-laser increases the caries resistance of occlusal pit and fissures in addition to fluoride therapy over 12-months. 60 participants were enrolled. Second molars were randomized into test and control. Test molars were irradiated with a 9.3μm CO2-laser. Test molars received laser and fluoride treatment, control teeth fluoride alone. 57 participants completed the 6-month, 51 the 12-month recall. Laser treated surfaces showed very slight ICDAS improvements. Control teeth showed significantly higher ICDAS increases. Differences in ICDAS-changes between the groups were statistically significant. A total of 22% of the participants developed ICDAS-3 scores on the control teeth. Microsecond short-pulsed 9.3µm CO2-laser irradiation markedly inhibits caries progression in pits and fissures in comparison to fluoride varnish alone.
What is a Protection Gap? Homeowners Insurance as a Case Study

In the past few years, the insurance community has paid increasing attention to the “protection gap”—the extent to which significant losses are not covered by insurance. The Geneva Association, the insurers’ global think tank, has pioneered the concept, and it has become widely adopted. Insurance always presents gaps in coverage; not all risks are insured or indeed insurable. The protection gap concept necessarily embodies a normative component—that insureds with limited coverage, potential insureds who lack insurance, and society as a whole suffer when certain gaps in insurance exists. It is this normative component of the protection gap concept that has not been fully developed and is the subject of this article. Part I of the article explains the commonly used definitions of the protection gap. The most commonly used definition—the “risk protection gap”—is purely empirical, measuring the difference between total losses and insured losses. Analytically superior but harder to operationalize is the “insurance protection gap,” which is the difference between the amount of insurance that is economically beneficial and the amount of insurance in place. The insurance protection gap properly introduces a normative element to the concept, but it does not capture all of the considerations at stake. Part I offers a different definition: In a particular context, the protection gap is the difference between the amount of insurance that is in place and the amount of insurance that should be in place. Part II of the article expands on the definition and discusses how much insurance “should be” in place. The method begins by defining a particular insurance context and then constructs policyholder expectations in that context. To define a baseline against which a protection gap should be measured, however, policyholder expectations must be reasonable. Therefore, the risks at issue must be insurable, the insurance must not be undermined by other effectiveness issues, and the social effects of coverage or its absence must be taken into account. Part III illustrates how the article’s definition of the protection gap can be applied by analyzing several issues in homeowners insurance. A major problem, and a clear instance of the protection gap, is the extent to which homeowners frequently are underinsured for their losses. The most frequently discussed protection gap involves disaster losses, so this part applies the analysis to flood losses. The part concludes by considering whether several more mundane issues constitute protection gaps, damage caused by rain runoff, and matching of damaged and undamaged property.
Approaches to regulating recreational fisheries: balancing biology with angler satisfaction

Recreational fishing is practiced by ~ 350 million people globally, and while it historically has been thought to have minimal ecological impact relative to commercial fishing, numerous recreational fisheries have recently declined or collapsed. The potential for recreational fishing to contribute to ecological decline, as well as the incentives of recreational anglers that are distinct from those of commercial fishers, highlights the need for greater understanding of recreational fisheries regulatory options. To aid managers in the decision-making process, we conduct the first comparative review of all seven major approaches to recreational fisheries regulation: harvest size restrictions, harvest quantity restrictions, spatial management, temporal restrictions, accessibility restrictions, rights-based management, and gear restrictions. We provide a synthetic guide for students and practitioners covering how these regulations can benefit target stocks, their potential limitations in achieving sustainability, and angler perceptions of their relative effectiveness and behavioral impositions. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of each strategy, we identify three key fishery metrics that together can guide selection of a suitable combination of regulations that will achieve the requisite biological outcome without restricting angler behavior more than is necessary. With this perspective, we reflect on uncertainties that complicate informed and effective, recreational fisheries regulation.
Forced Trades in a Free Market

A free trade is always Pareto-improving. But some “free trades” are actually forced in the sense that they reflect the trader’s poverty rather than his or her preferences. We propose a rigorous concept of forced trade, and apply it to the ethical evaluation of Walrasian equilibria.
Research and Teaching at a Research University.

This paper examines tensions between the research and teachingcomponents of the faculty role. It does so by reporting resultsfrom a case study of committed undergraduate teachers at aresearch university. Having agreed that research was the dominantelement in the university's academic reward system, samplemembers were cross-classified along two dimensions: First, theirown adaptation to the reward structure, as indicated by theirfive-year records of involvement in funded research; second,individuals' stated attitudes and beliefs toward the teaching andresearch roles. Although the 11 active researchers (ARs) withinthe sample reported somewhat more positive attitudes towardsresearch than did the 18 less-active researchers (LAs), we foundconsiderable overlap across, and variation within, the twosubsamples. Particularly noteworthy were the presence of a strongallegiance to the historic teaching mission of publicuniversities among both groups and, among the LAs, anoppositional cadre of politically adept senior faculty who hadachieved some success in preserving or expanding the place ofundergraduate teaching in the reward systems of their departmentsand colleges. The paper concludes by considering the case studyfindings in light of both recent theoretical work on intrinsicmotivation and the future of the teaching role.
Air Quality Implications of Methanol Fuel Utilization

Methanol fuel utilization has been proposed as a way to reduce ozone levels in urban areas experiencing concentrations in excess of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Since methanol is less reactive than the complex mixture of organic compounds emitted by gasoline engines, emissions from methanol fueled engines may form less ozone. A three-tiered modeling study has been developed to quantify the reduction in ozone attainable with methanol fuel utilization. The results of the final tier of the modeling program, use of an airshed model to calculate changes in basinwide ozone levels, are presented here. Results indicate that methanol fuel utilization reduces ozone levels to a greater extent than conventional control scenarios do, but the amount of reduction is somewhat sensitive to the amount of formaldehyde in the vehicle emissions.
SELECTION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS FOR AUTOMATED SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS FROM TODAY'S RESEARCH

Over the next two decades, the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) National Airspace System (NAS) Plan for new automated air traffic control systems will radically change the role of the Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS)19. While introduction of automation is not new to the occupation, the NAS Plan calls for automating more critical job tasks than could have been previously supported by technology. The challenge of identifying the characteristics of the controller to operate these future automated systems is currently facing the FAA.
Improving packet delivery efficiency using multi-radio diversity in wireless lans

Data transmissions in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) often suffer front bit errors that arise front the notoriously complex and time-varying signal propagation characteristics of the wireless medium. A number of physical factors such as attenuation and multi-path are prevalent indoors and can lead to high bit-error rates at the link layer. These in turn lead to packet losses, low throughput, and higher and more variable packet latencies observed at higher layers, degrading the performance of many delay-sensitive and traffic-intensive wireless applications such as games, file-sharing, voice-over-IP, and streaming video. We use the notion of path diversity to develop an approach that improves data delivery efficiency and throughput in presence of transmission errors. Path diversity relies on multiple access points (APs) covering a given area or multiple radios on the user's device (or both). The hypothesis underlying this system is as follows: because frame errors are often path-dependent (e.g., due to multi-path fading), location-dependent (e.g., clue to noise), and statistically independent between different transmitting radios, transmissions are likely to succeed from at least one of the available transmitters (transmit diversity). Likewise, multiple radios that all receive versions of the same transmission may together be able to correctly recover a frame, even when any given individual radio is not (receive diversity). Using these principles, we design and implement the Multi-Radio Diversity (MRD) system, which leverages the properties of path diversity at the transmitter and receiver to reduce frame loss rates in the link-layer, leading to increased throughput and packet delivery efficiency. We introduce several techniques that make path selection, retransmission, and rate adaptation work efficiently in a MRD system based on the 802.11 MAC. We used commodity PCs and wireless interfaces to build a MRD system and conducted a wide range of indoor experiments. Our experiments measured throughput gains up to three times over conventional schemes without consuming much extra wireless bandwidth. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)

Prehistoric images are particularly versatile and difficult to grasp. In a few cases of historical continuity, local cultural glosses provide researchers with a rich corpus of data and help in the interpretation of the imagery. Such approaches contribute to the interpretation of the material in a 'frozen time" perspective. Their impact on the development of archaeological methodologies enabling researchers to deal with strictly prehistoric image making traditions without any known descendant communities remains to be felt. This paper is an attempt to develop a subtle and robust archaeological methodology for the study of prehistoric images. The sug gested approaches are replicable, and conclusions arefalsifiable. Les images pr?historiques sont particuli?rement versatiles, et leur sens difficile ? cerner en raison de leur polys?mie. Dans une poign?e de cas, l? ou il y a continuit? historique, les chercheurs ont r?ussi ? constituer une riche documentation sur les pratiques culturelles li?es ? V utilisation des images. Ilslelles parviennent ainsi ? des niveaux d'interpr?tation tr?s d?taill?e, dans une conception paradoxalement r?ifi?e des soci?t?s en question, conservant des pratiques culturelles inchang?es pendant des mill?naires. L impact de telles approches sur V ?laboration de bonnes m?thodes arch?ologique est n?gligeable. Dans la plupart des cas, les images et les vestiges mat?riels sont le uniques t?moins des soci?t?s pr?historiques ?tudi?es. Cet article s'efforce de d?velopper des m?thodes, ? la fois subtiles et robustes,
Planes, Trains and Automobiles: The Importance of Location for Knowledge Transfer in the Transportation Sector

Using over 200,000 U.S. patent citations, we test whether knowledge transfers in the transportation sector are sensitive to distance, and whether that sensitivity has changed over time. Controlling for self-citation by inventor, assignee and examiner, multivariate regression analysis shows that physical distance is becoming less important for spillovers with time, albeit in a nonlinear fashion.
On the use of empirical gramians for controllability and observability analysis

This short paper illustrates the use of empirical gramians for controllability/observability analysis of nonlinear systems and compares the extracted information to results obtained from linear gramians and nonlinear observability matrices. It is shown that empirical gramians can more accurately represent controllability/observability of a nonlinear system over an operating region than if linear gramians are used. At the same time the information contained in empirical gramians is easier to extract and interpret than if Lie algebra-based controllability or observability matrices are used.
Engaging within the Academy: A Call for Critical Physical Geography

“Should some political ecology be useful?” Within many environmental fields the answer to Blaikie’s (2012) question is painfully obvious; for Political Ecology, it’s just painful. As Blaikie noted many, perhaps even most, Political Ecologists seem to be profoundly ambivalent about helping to craft the natural resource logics, policies, and plans we critique. We may understand what is wrong with those documents and ideas, but that does not often crystallize into determined engagement in reworking them.
Ultrastructural study of lichen planus: an evaluation of the colloid bodies.

: Colloid bodies, which are eosinophilic, dyskeratotic, damaged epidermal cells that show signs of fibrinoid necrosis and premature keratinization, may play a rote in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. An ultrastructural study of two patients with lichen planus focusing on the colloid bodies suggests the possibility of these bodies initiating the lichenoid dermal reaction.
A Real-Time Weather System for Forestry

The Forestry Weather Interpretations System (FWIS) has been pilot-tested in 12 southern states from Virginia to Texas for two years. Hourly surface observational data from airport locations, upper-air soundings, and Georgia forecast data, entered manually into the system by the personnel of the National Weather Service Atlanta Forecast Office, are localized by interpolation, and specialized for forest managers by driving user-decision models with the weather data base. Average annual daily use of the system was 70 accesses per day, with total usage peaks in spring and winter. Forecast and observational products each accounted for 40% of total accesses, and special forest management products accounted for 20%; however, the demand for special products is growing faster than that for forecast or observed products. Total accesses varied depending on season and current weather, but, in general, there was a continuing upward trend for all products.
Pheromonal stimulation of spawning release of gametes by gonadotropin releasing hormone in the chiton, Mopalia sp.

The chiton Mopalia sp., a mollusc, was exposed to various dilutions of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in sea water to determine whether this peptide is capable of acting as a pheromone that could stimulate release of ripe gametes (spawning). Two of the peptides, lamprey GnRH-1 and tunicate GnRH-2, had this action at a higher concentration (1.0 mg/L) but dilutions to 50 μg/L no longer were effective. Three other GnRHs: lamprey GnRH-3, tunicate GnRH-1, and a modified chicken GnRH-2, had no such action under the same test conditions. Since the spawning response could be produced by some GnRHs and not by others, it would appear that some kind of molecular recognition is involved, possibly by specific binding to a receptor. In earlier preliminary experiments tunicate GnRH-2 rapidly stimulated gamete release in a hemichordate, Saccoglossus. Thus it is suggested that GnRHs, in at least some invertebrates, may function as pheromones, serving to stimulate simultaneous spawning of individuals in a population of animals, and in this way assure more successful fertilization in species that must release their gametes into the water in which they live.
A vorticity method for the solution of natural convection flows in enclosures

Vorticity formulations for the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations have certain advantages over primitive‐variable formulations including the fact that the number of equations to be solved is reduced through the elimination of the pressure variable, identical satisfaction of the incompressibility constraint and the continuity equation, and an implicitly higher‐order approximation of the velocity components. For the most part, vorticity methods have been used to solve exterior isothermal problems. In this research, a vorticity formulation is used to study the natural convection flows in differentially‐heated enclosures. The numerical algorithm is divided into three steps: two kinematic steps and one kinetic step. The kinematics are governed by the generalized Helmholtz decomposition (GHD) which is solved using a boundary element method (BEM) whereas the kinetics are governed by the vorticity equation which is solved using a finite element method (FEM). In the first kinematic step, vortex sheet strengths are determined from a novel Galerkin implementation of the GHD. These vortex sheet strengths are used to determine Neumann boundary conditions for the vorticity equation. (The thermal boundary conditions are already known.) In the second kinematic step, the interior velocity field is determined using the regular (non‐Galerkin) form of the GHD. This step, in a sense, linearizes the convective acceleration terms in both the vorticity and energy equations. In the third kinetic step, the coupled vorticity and energy equations are solved using a Galerkin FEM to determine the updated values of the vorticity and thermal fields. Two benchmark problems are considered to show the robustness and versatility of this formulation including natural convection in an 8×1 differentially‐heated enclosure at a near critical Rayleigh number.
An exceptionally facile homolytic displacement in the reaction of nitrogen trichloride with trialkylboranes

Abstract Nitrogen trichloride undergoes an exceptionally facile reaction with trialkylboranes, apparently by a free radical chain process involving a homolytic substitution at the boron center, providing a new route from organoboranes to the corresponding alkyl chlorides.
Quantitative determination of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of hard red spring wheat by SDS-PAGE. II. Quantitative effects of individual subunits on breadmaking quality characteristics

ABSTRACT High molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits were investigated in terms of “good” or “poor” subunits for determining the breadmaking quality of hard red spring wheat. Relationships between quantitative changes of individual HMW glutenin subunits and rheological properties of doughs and aggregation properties of native (nonreduced) glutenin proteins were investigated. Native glutenin proteins were separated by multistacking SDS-PAGE procedures. Seven genotypes with the same HMW glutenin subunits (2*, 7+9, 5+10) were used in correlation studies between solubilities of individual HMW glutenin subunits and physical properties of doughs, while three genotypes with diverse baking qualities were used to investigate solubility changes of HMW glutenin subunits during dough overmixing in the mixograph. Native glutenins in total flour proteins extracted with SDS buffer were separated based on their migrations at stacking gel origins of different acrylamide concentrations. After reduction of glutenin aggreg...
Tax accrual workpapers and the discovery process: Textron provides insight

Abstract The paper examines certain recent developments concerning the extent to which tax accrual workpapers are subject to discovery by third parties. One context in which this issue has arisen has involved IRS efforts to attain such workpapers from accountants in the course of conducting a tax audit. Arguments raised in an effort to protect such workpapers from discovery have included: the attorney-client privilege, tax practitioner privilege and work product doctrine. Assertion of the work product doctrine has met with some success in recent cases, e.g., Roxworthy and Textron . Included among the topics discussed in this paper are the IRS definition of tax accrual workpapers, standards and rules concerning the application and waiver of the work product doctrine, and the recent United States District Court decision in the Textron case.
Neural Correlates of Motor Memory Consolidation

Computational studies suggest that acquisition of a motor skill involves learning an internal model of the dynamics of the task, which enables the brain to predict and compensate for mechanical behavior. During the hours that follow completion of practice, representation of the internal model gradually changes, becoming less fragile with respect to behavioral interference. Here, functional imaging of the brain demonstrates that within 6 hours after completion of practice, while performance remains unchanged, the brain engages new regions to perform the task; there is a shift from prefrontal regions of the cortex to the premotor, posterior parietal, and cerebellar cortex structures. This shift is specific to recall of an established motor skill and suggests that with the passage of time, there is a change in the neural representation of the internal model and that this change may underlie its increased functional stability.
Pulmonary Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review

Background The purpose of this article is to summarize the literature that documents the long-term impact of cancer treatment modalities on pulmonary function among survivors of cancer and to identify potential areas for further research. Methods Systematic reviews of clinical trials, observational studies, case series, and review articles were conducted. Articles were limited to the studies that discussed pulmonary toxicity or late effects among pediatric cancer survivors and to follow-up investigations that were conducted a minimum of 2 years after completion of cancer-related treatment or 1 year after hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Results Sixty publications (51 clinical studies/reports and nine reviews) published from January 1970 to June 2010 in PubMed met the inclusion criteria. Data showed an association between radiotherapy, alkylating agents, bleomycin, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and thoracic surgery and pulmonary toxicity, as well as possible interactions among these modalities. Conclusions Pulmonary toxicity is a common long-term complication of exposure to certain anticancer therapies in childhood and can vary from subclinical to life threatening. Pulmonary function and associated loss of optimal exercise capacity may have adverse effects on long-term quality of life in survivors. Lung function diminishes as a function of normal aging, and the effects of early lung injury from cancer therapy may compound these changes. The information presented in this review is designed to provide a stimulus to promote both observational and interventional research that expands our knowledge and aids in the design of interventions to prevent or ameliorate pulmonary late effects among survivors of childhood cancer.
Stochasticity in numerical solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The cubically nonlinear Schrodinger equation is an important model of nonlinear phenomena in fluids and plasmas. Numerical solutions in a spatially periodic system commonly involve truncation to a finite number of Fourier modes. These solutions are found to be stochastic in the sense that the largest Lyapunov exponent is positive. As the number of modes is increased, the size of this exponent appears to converge to zero, in agreement with the recent demonstration of the integrability of the spatially periodic case.
Tests of combustion product detectors in a radiation environment

Will ionization type combustion product detectors respond satisfactorily in an accelerator-produced radiation environment? To find out, the authors conducted a series of tests with six different models of detector produced by four different manufacturers.
Scalp electrical potentials reflect regional cerebral blood flow responses during processing of written words.

Abstract Functional brain imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have identified blood flow changes in widely separated areas of the brain during the performance of word-related tasks. In the present study, we have utilized event-related electrical potentials (ERPs) to investigate the temporal relationships among cortical areas previously identified by PET to be differentially activated when performing a task involving generating the uses of visually presented nouns versus reading aloud. ERPs showed strong task-related differences over left and middle inferior frontal and left parietotemporal regions. Frontal and left parietotemporal channels revealed these differences around 200 and 700 msec, respectively, after word presentation. These results provide the time course for parts of the anatomical circuit involved in generating the meaning of a word. Our results also demonstrate how combining the spatial localization of PET with the temporal resolution of ERPs greatly enhances the capacity to understand the mechanisms involved in human cognition.
Modulation of the metastatic activity of melanoma cells by laminin and fibronectin

Metastatic mouse melanoma cells have a high affinity for the basement membrane and the ability to degrade it; these properties may allow tumor cells to invade the membrane and disseminate. In this study it was found that the metastatic potential of mouse melanoma cells varied when the cells were exposed in culture to fibronectin or laminin. After removal of fibronectin or exposure to laminin, the cells had an increased affinity for basement membrane collagen, were more invasive of basement membranes in vitro, and produced more lung colonies in vivo. These changes are correlated with and may be due to an increase in the laminin-binding capacity of the tumor cell surface.
Destiny is anatomy

The destiny of an embryo is the anatomy of the organism. The development of the structure of an organism at any level is what we developmental biologists seek to explain. A good description of anatomy is thus a crucial prerequisite of our science, and often provides inspiration for new lines of
Picosecond excitation of I2 B→X Emission in CCl4 solution: ultrafast decay and spectrum

Abstract Excitation of the B 3π0+u state of I2 in CCi4 solution with ≈8 ps fwhm 531 nm mode-locked pulses yields substantial fluorescence, which contrasts with the pure resonance Raman emission spectrum displayed under 514.5 nm cw argon ion laser pumping.
Using Software-Based Animations of Signal Processing Mathematics to Enhance Learning

In teaching digital signal processing (DSP) and related discrete-time signals and systems topics, there are instances where improved understanding of the underlying mathematics can be obtained via a software animation. What makes the use of animation additionally attractive, is when it is combined with a screen-cast lecture format. The screen-cast is then made available to the students for after class viewing and even distance learning via the course Web Site. The software animations themselves are also made available as stand-alone applications, or applications that run within a freely available plLayer, e.g., the MIathematica 6 Player [1]. This way students can replay the lecture video to review the animations in action, and then run the animations on their own computer. Learning needs to be fun whenever possible, and the computer today, in many ways replaces the home electronics workbench with proto-boards and used/homemade test equipment of yesterday.