cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Beginning of the Accommodation Debate, 1761–1789

This chapter begins with two case studies of how accommodation impacted theology and hermeneutics. Moving to monographs dedicated to the doctrine of accommodation and the beginning of the accommodation debate, I discuss several themes central to the debate. The relationship between accommodation and a historical approach to biblical interpretation is examined from both sides of the debate. Also, I explore the issue of to what extent Jesus and the disciples used accommodation in their teaching ministry in its many aspects.
Reluctant to embrace innocence: an experimental test of persevering culpability judgments on people’s willingness to support reintegration services for exonerees

People are hesitant to fully support reintegration efforts (e.g., opportunities to receive psychological counseling, career counseling, job training, housing assistance, educational opportunities, financial compensation) to help exonerees wrongfully convicted of a crime. However, underlying reasons motivating people’s hesitancy remain unaddressed. This research examined the influence of being wrongfully convicted of a race stereotypic-consistent crime on people’s judgments of exonerees’ culpability and willingness to support reintegration programs. Using an experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to read a news story that depicted an African-American or White male who was exonerated after being wrongfully convicted of assault or embezzlement. Participants then offered their culpability judgments (i.e., their belief in the exoneree’s guilt and confidence in that belief) and willingness to support reintegration services. Participants were less confident of the exoneree’s innocence and less supportive of psychological counseling services when the exoneree was a White, compared to African-American, male wrongfully convicted of the race stereotypic-consistent crime of embezzlement. An exploratory conditional mediation analysis indicated that less confidence in the exoneree’s innocence after being wrongfully convicted of a race stereotypic-consistent crime was, in turn, associated with people’s hesitancy to support psychological counseling for the exoneree. Basic and applied implications to overcome people’s hesitancy to support reintegration efforts for exonerees are discussed.
A Trial to Test a Novel Approach to Diabetes Prevention

Randomization is generally considered ethically sound when there is uncertainty about whether the novel treatment to be tested against the standard treatment (or placebo when warranted) is of poten...
Fiscal policy under a minimum-time objective

In an endogenous growth model, we characterize the fiscal policy driven by a minimum-time objective of economic development. We find that in equilibrium government should levy the highest possible consumption taxes, reduce public expenditures to the lowest possible level, and keep labor income tax rate and capital income tax rate satisfy a substitution relationship at the balanced budget constraint. We also identify the condition under which income tax rate should be set to zero. We further find that the equilibrium fiscal policy is equivalent to the growth-maximizing fiscal policy, whereas it generally deviates from the welfare-maximizing fiscal policy. We hence identify a circumstance where setting the policy goal of reaching an economic-performance target as soon as possible cannot be justified in the sense of maximizing the welfare of households.
A Distributional and Orthographic Aggregation Model for English Derivational Morphology

Modeling derivational morphology to generate words with particular semantics is useful in many text generation tasks, such as machine translation or abstractive question answering. In this work, we tackle the task of derived word generation. That is, we attempt to generate the word “runner” for “someone who runs.” We identify two key problems in generating derived words from root words and transformations. We contribute a novel aggregation model of derived word generation that learns derivational transformations both as orthographic functions using sequence-to-sequence models and as functions in distributional word embedding space. The model then learns to choose between the hypothesis of each system. We also present two ways of incorporating corpus information into derived word generation.
Designing an EAC Program for the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University: Early Initiatives and Lessons from the Literature

In Fall 2015 the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University began a systematic expansion of an ethics across the curriculum program as part of its Life Science Ethics Program. This essay presents the initial elements of that program, reviews the literatures on ethics across the curriculum programs and responsible conduct of research education programs, and concludes with lessons from the literature for ethics education program development. While ethics across the curriculum programs, such as ASU’s Life Science Ethics Program, are likely to be eclectic in specific activities and teaching approaches, they can benefit from (a) having a coordinating body, (b) attending to development of ethics and ethics education competencies across faculty in the community, and (c) using assessment to illuminate opportunities for improvement.
A proposed method of conceptual clustering for structured and decomposable objects

A method of clustering structured, decomposable objects in the presence of background knowledge is proposed, with the ability to construct its own ‘bias’ (generalization hierarchies), thus allowing it to evolve from search-intensive (knowledge limited) behavior to a knowledge intensive (search limited) behavior.
Screening Basics: Differentiating a Screen from a Diagnostic Tool

To provide knowledge and understanding of the statistical underpinnings pertinent to swallow screens with an emphasis on differentiating a screen from a diagnostic tool and why a reliable and validated swallow screen is valuable for patient care.
Superiority of SPECT/CT over SPECT & planar I-123 MIBG in workup of patients with known or suspected pheochromocytoma (PHEO)

1560 Objectives MIBG scan has enhanced image quality & better SPECT imaging ability when performed with I-123 than I-131. In addition to improved contrast resolution with SPECT, SPECT/CT imaging can also display anatomic correlation of SPECT findings. This study directly compares diagnostic accuracy & certainty of PHEO in planar, SPECT only & SPECT/CT I-123 MIBG, both qualitatively & quantitatively. Methods We evaluated 20 patients with known/suspected PHEO (age 39 ± 22 years, 8 men) who had planar & SPECT/CT I-123 MIBG performed. Planar, SPECT & SPECT/CT were separately reviewed by 2 observers for lesion (LS) presence, location & specific diagnosis based on each scan. Confidence in these assessments was classified as uncertain, probable or certain. Regions of interest were drawn over LS, background (BK), liver (L) & myocardium (H), & LS/B, LS/L, LS/H ratios were calculated on both planar & SPECT/CT. Final diagnosis was histologically confirmed to be PHEO in 7, or other pathology/adrenal hyperplasia in 5, while clinical follow up showed normalized/borderline biochemistry in 8 patients with previously excised PHEO. Results The sensitivity, specificity & diagnostic certainty of planar, SPECT & SPECT/CT I-123 MIBG are summarized in table 1. Unlike planar & SPECT, LS in SPECT/CT were accurately correlated to specific abnormality or physiologic sites on companion CT. ANOVA analysis of the different ratios showed significant correlation with PHEO of only LS/B & LS/H ratios of SPECT/CT. Conclusions In our group of patients, SPECT/CT confidently distinguished between physiologic & abnormal I-123 MIBG uptake significantly more than planar or SPECT only imaging. The quantitative assessment of LS/B & LS/H ratios in SPECT/CT may also add to the PHEO diagnostic strength of this technique
Physiological Responses and Functional Architecture of the Monkey Visual Cortex

Over the last 15 years Torsten Wiesel and I have been engaged in a study of the normal visual cortex in cats and monkeys. We have attempted to learn how far one can come in understanding how the cortex is put together and what becomes of the visual information reaching it. Our main technique has been the recording of impulses from single cells while stimulating the retina with light, but we have also used a variety of anatomical methods.
Core Turbulence Effect on Naturally Occurring Modes in a Circular Jet

Measurements were made of instability modes (axisymmetric and azimuthal) triggered by naturally occurring disturbances in a circular jet. A modal spectrum technique was developed using eight circum-ferentially located hot-wire probes, and applied to a high Reynolds number (400,000) jet for both untripped (transitional) and tripped (turbulent) nozzle exit boundary layers and for core turbulence levels of 0.15 and 5 percent. The energy content of the higher order modes (m > 1) was significantly lower than the axisymmetric (m = 0) and the azimuthal (m = ±1) modes. In the early evolution of the jet the axisymmetric mode was dominant with the azimuthal modes dominating only after the end of the potential core. For a fixed level of core turbulence (0.15 percent) the growth of the axisymmetric and azimuthal modes occurred closer to the nozzle exit for the untripped (transitional) boundary layer case than for the tripped (turbulent) case. For the tripped (turbulent) boundary layer case, when the core turbulence was increased from 0.15 to 5 percent, the growth of the instability wave and its subsequent “saturation” amplitude were reduced.
Kinetic Evidence for a Tetrameric Functional Unit in Hemoglobin

Abstract The time course of the appearance of rapid hemoglobin, as judged by the results of partial photodissociation of carbon monoxide, was followed with a stopped-flow flash photolysis apparatus. Deoxyhemoglobin was mixed with carbon monoxide and a photolysis flash was fired after a short accurately measured time interval. There is a marked lag in the appearance of rapid hemoglobin. Analysis of the results suggests that this is not due to a first order process following ligand binding. The lag cannot, therefore, be due to dissociation of hemoglobin into subunits or to loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The results appear to be incompatible with schemes having the dimer as the prime unit of function. It is proposed that the change in reactivity associated with the appearance of rapid hemoglobin occurs after at least three ligand molecules have combined. This conclusion is supported by experiments with the hybrid species αNOβCO which behaves as a functional tetramer. The time course of the appearance of rapid hemoglobin was not significantly influenced by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.
Vitamin A: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements

Vitamin A (retinol) physiology comprises of reactions that take place in the intestine (absorption), liver (uptake, storage, metabolism, secretion, and elimination), and target organs including nearly all the tissues of the body, especially the eye, immune system, reproductive organs, and other epithelial tissues. These reactions result in the conversion of dietary forms of vitamin A, either retinyl esters or β -carotene, into functionally active metabolites, 11- cis -retinal in the retina, and all- trans -retinoic acid in nearly all tissues. Various binding proteins, enzymes, and nuclear receptors participate in the metabolism and functions of vitamin A in vision and the regulation of gene expression.
A Modified Super-Wideband Planar Elliptical Monopole Antenna

In this paper, a modified planar elliptical monopole antenna design has been presented for super-wideband applications. The proposed antenna design is composed of an elliptical patch radiator, a tapered microstrip feed line, and a trapezoid ground plane. It has been demonstrated that the ratio bandwidth of 28.57: 1 has been achieved in the frequency range of 0.7-20 GHz by utilizing a tapered microstrip feed line. Measurements of the proposed antenna has also been done to validate the simulation results and a good agreement has been observed between both the results. Furthermore, the proposed planar antenna offers acceptable gain with good radiation characteristics for the entire bandwidth.
Moderate Frequency of Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies in the Early Phase of Subacute Thyroiditis.

Background: Subacute thyroiditis is generally believed to be induced by viral infection, and little attention has been paid to anti-thyroid antibodies. Objectives: Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of anti-thyroid antibodies in patients with subacute thyroiditis. Methods: Anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) were measured with 4 different immunoassay kits currently used in 40 patients in the early phase of subacute thyroiditis. Results: The proportion of samples positive for TgAb was 52.5 ± 13.7% (mean of 4 kits), which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that positive for TPOAb (15.6 ± 6.5%). The prevalence of positive TgAb alone (negative TPOAb) was also significantly higher than that of TPOAb alone (negative TgAb). TgAb titers decreased or disappeared within 4 months to 6 years in 6 patients. Conclusions: Patient samples were moderately positive for TgAb initially, but the titer decreased or disappeared afterwards in subacute thyroiditis.
"A Lot of Inner-City Kids": How Financial Aid Policies and Practices Reflect the Social Field of Color-Blind Racism at a Community College Urban Campus.

In the U.S. educational system of higher education, community colleges are positioned as the institutions of access, with student financial aid as the primary policy lever to drive student enrollme...
“It’s Global Warming, Stupid”: Aggressive Communication Styles and Political Ideology in Science Blog Debates About Climate Change:

The current study examined the effects of aggressive communication styles on individuals’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Two underlying mechanisms—psychological reactance and expectancy v...
Time-Resolved Shadowgraph Photography of Laser-HeatedPlasmonic Gold Nanoparticles in Water

Fragmentation and the subsequent heat transfer from solvated gold nanoparticles with sizes 50, 100, 150, and 250 nm to water are studied by time-resolved shadowgraph photography. The measured fragm...
Understanding Osteoporosis Screening Practices in Men: A Nationwide Physician Survey

Objective: To understand osteoporosis screening practices, particularly in men, by a diverse cohort of physicians, including primary care physicians, endocrinologists and geriatricians. Methods: We surveyed randomly selected members of the American Academy of Family Practice (AAFP), Endocrine Society and American Geriatrics Society. Respondents were asked to rate how often they would screen for osteoporosis in four different clinical scenarios by ordering a bone density scan. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with offering osteoporosis in men screening in each clinical scenario. Physicians were also asked to note factors that would lead to osteoporosis screening in men. Results: Response rate was 63% (359/566). While 90% respondents reported that they would always or frequently screen for osteoporosis in a 65-year old postmenopausal woman, only 22% reported they would screen a 74-year-old man with no significant past medical history. Endocrinologists were more likely to screen a 74-year-old man compared to primary care physicians [odds ratio (OR) 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-4.88]. In addition to chronic steroid use (94%), history of non-traumatic fractures (88%) and androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer (82%), more than half the physicians reported suppressive doses of thyroid hormone (64%) and history of falls (52%) as factors leading to screening for osteoporosis in men. Conclusion: Our survey results highlight heterogeneity in osteoporosis screening in men, with underscreening in some scenarios compared to women, and identifies factors that lead to screening in men. These findings can help design interventions to improve osteoporosis screening in men.
Hospitality Bridging Healthcare: Career Opportunities for The Future Hotel School Graduate:

Hospitality Bridging Healthcare or H2H services can create a satisfying experience for the patient/guest, which can lead to long-lasting loyalty. Hospitality and health care services will play a cr...
Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog-2 (EZH2) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.

Background Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal childhood brain tumor and the majority of patients die within 2 yr after initial diagnosis. Factors that contribute to the dismal prognosis of these patients include the infiltrative nature and anatomic location in an eloquent area of the brain, which precludes total surgical resection, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which reduces the distribution of systemically administered agents. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a direct infusion technique to deliver therapeutic agents into a target site in the brain and able to deliver a high concentration drug to the infusion site without systemic toxicities. Objective To assess the efficacy of enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2) inhibitor by CED against human DIPG xenograft models. Methods The concentration of EZH2 inhibitor (EPZ-6438) in the brainstem tumor was evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We treated mice-bearing human DIPG xenografts with EPZ-6438 using systemic (intraperitoneal) or CED administration. Intracranial tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence image, and the therapeutic response was evaluated by animal survival. Results LC/MS analysis showed that the concentration of EPZ-6438 in the brainstem tumor was 3.74% of serum concentration after systemic administration. CED of EPZ-6438 suppressed tumor growth and significantly extended animal survival when compared to systemic administration of EPZ-6438 (P = .0475). Conclusion Our results indicate that CED of an EZH2 inhibitor is a promising strategy to bypass the BBB and to increase the efficacy of an EZH2 inhibitor for the treatment of DIPG.
Computational Modeling of Flexible Biodegradable Films with Engineered Defects

A new material model within the peridynamic framework was implemented to study the deformation and failure of flexible biodegradable films with engineered defects. The new approach was demonstrated by performing peridynamic simulations of a structure under tension with a number of defect (slit) configurations. The simulations were first performed without allowing failure in the material to study deformation patterns. The failure patterns were then examined for two different critical stretch values. The effects of horizontal and vertical spacing values separating the slits, and slit arrangements were identified. This study demonstrated the suitability of peridynamic approach for parametric studies of structures with manufactured defects.
Techno-economic uncertainty analysis of wet waste-to-biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction

Abstract Wet waste hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has the potential to make economically competitive and environmentally sustainable biocrude. However, there are few studies available on the continuous-flow wet waste HTL process. Therefore, stochastic techno-economic analysis (TEA) is needed to evaluate the economic feasibility and risks of the wet waste HTL process. This work leveraged our previous uncertainty quantification work on algae HTL and in-house wet waste HTL continuous system testing data. A “component additivity” model was developed to predict HTL product yields and qualities from different wet waste compositions. With the established HTL yield model, a process reduced-order model (ROM) coupled with an economic model was built in Microsoft Excel® to replace the rigorous but computationally intensive Aspen Plus® model for uncertainty analysis. The proposed stochastic TEA approach using the ROM reduces the computational time for the analysis by 2000 times, compared to the full Aspen-based model. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to quantify the uncertainties from feedstock composition, HTL yield model, aqueous-phase product treatment, utility consumption, and equipment sizing and costing. The stochastic TEA indicates that the MBSP for wet waste HTL ranges from $2.65/gge ($0.75/L) to $4.93/gge ($1.41/L) (10th and 90th percentiles) with a median of $3.55/gge ($1.01/L). Feed moisture, HTL reactor model, and capital investment are the main contributors to the economic uncertainty of the wet waste HTL process. Uncertainty in the MBSP could be reduced by roughly 50% if uncertainties in the feed moisture and HTL reaction yield model can be effectively controlled or decreased.
Regional variation in gastroschisis: a nationwide database review of demographics and outcomes.

Gastroschisis is an index neonatal malformation with an increasing incidence from earlier decades. The aim of this study was to investigate regional variations in patient demographics, outcomes, and costs in gastroschisis. The 2016 kid’s inpatient database (KID) obtained from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) was used to obtain gastroschisis birth, demographic, and outcome data across four U.S. geographical regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. Categorical variables were analyzed with Pearson’s Chi-squared test. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported for variables with significance (p < 0.05). Appropriate logistic regressions were used for comparing categorical, cardinal, and continuous data. 2043 gastroschisis cases were obtained from the 2016 KID database with a weighted incidence of 5.1 per 10,000 live births. Incidence of gastroschisis across regions was similar when controlling for a number of hospitals reporting to KID. Prematurity was common, with 59% (1204) of neonates with gastroschisis born at less than 37 weeks. 52% (N = 1067) of gastroschisis infants were male. 46% (955) were White, 9% (178) African American, 22% (450) Hispanic, and 8% (155) other. The overall mortality of gastroschisis in this database was 3.6% (75). The average length of stay was 39 days and average cost of treatment was $357,436. Though without significant differences in mortality, there were significant differences in demographics, costs, and lengths of stay between regions. There has been a significant increase in gastroschisis incidence over the last three decades. This significant increase appears to be related to an increase in socioeconomic inequality and an alteration in the population demographics in the United States. Further study of regional variations will facilitate the development of best practice guidelines that benefit all.
Epistemic Gaps: Freedom and Mutual Dis-identification

In this chapter, I develop new yields to the concept of freedom that results from moral indeterminacy and gaps in epistemic knowledge, such as intellectual modesty instead of moral skepticism. After I emphasize the characteristic of unknowability in relational subjectivity and the vulnerability to foreclose its infinite dynamism, I explore a shift in ethics that impels dis-identifying from personal labels.
Migration and fuel use in rural Zambia

What is the effect of migration on fuel use in rural Zambia? Opportunities to increase income can be scarce in this setting; in response, households may pursue a migration strategy to increase resources as well as to mitigate risk. Migrant remittances may make it possible for households to shift from primary reliance on firewood to charcoal, and the loss of productive labor through migration may reinforce this shift. This paper uses four waves of panel data collected as part of the Child Grant Programme in rural Zambia to examine the connection between migration and the choice of firewood or charcoal as cooking fuel and finds evidence for both mechanisms. Importantly, this paper considers migration as a process, including out as well as return migration, embedding it in the context of household dynamics generally. Empirical results suggest that while out-migration helps move households away from firewood as a fuel source, return migration moves them back, but because the former is more common, the overall effect of migration is to shift households away from primary reliance on firewood.
The effects of low pressure helium ion bombardment on hydrogenated amorphous silicon

The benefits of low pressure Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) using helium as the dilutant gas were investigated in a variety of conditions to identify the techniques feasibility as a low band gap material yielding deposition method. Films and photovoltaic devices with intrinsic layers processed at lower pressures with helium dilution are thought to possess improved characteristics with lower hydrogen content and lowered optical band gaps. When films are grown at lower pressures in the presence of helium the optical band gap tends to decrease. Amorphous silicon a-Si:H generally has a band gap around 1.75eV. This work intends to decrease this band gap as far as possible. Films grown under these conditions exhibited reasonable growth rates considering the conditions and yielded very good photo and dark conductivity. It was expected that dilution with helium at low pressure would decrease hydrogen content by increasing ion bombardment. This was confirmed by FTIR results that indicated hydrogen content of 7-9%. Both films and devices were fabricated that achieved optical band gaps around 1.62-1.65eV. Devices exhibited Urbach energies that were typically lower than 50meV indicating a good quality amorphous structure. High current and fill factor was not achieved due to the possibility of an increase in defect density and high series resistances. The cause of high defect density and series resistance was not determined.
Geochemical Profiles of Three Deep-sea Hydrothermal Plumes of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center

Inputs from deep-sea hydrothermal vents influence ocean geochemical budgets worldwide. Hydrothermal vents produce buoyant and chemically dynamic plumes that are rich in trace seawater elements. The mineral diversity in lower plumes is a direct result of interactions between local geology, hydrology, and biology. Because of this, differences in geochemical trends among naturally occurring plumes are detectable. Past studies have focused on geologic and bulk-chemistry differences between hydrothermal vents (Ferrini et al. 2008; Baker et al. 2005; Pearce et al. 1995; Tivey et al. 2005), while mineral differences among individual plumes remain poorly understood. This study examines and compares lower plume geochemistry of three hydrothermal vents located along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC). Deep-sea hydrothermal plumes were sampled by in-situ filtration using ROV Jason2 and the SUPR Sampler (Breier et al. 2009). Samples were collected 0.5 meters above each vent onto polycarbonate membrane filters. Plume particles on the filters were examined by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping. Subsequently, a total of 67 filter-bound particles underwent X-ray ray diffraction (XRD) to define the crystalline minerals. Differences among sites are compared and discussed regarding: (1) geologic setting; (2) vent fluid chemistry; and (3) lower-plume mineral species. Reduced metal polysulfides were detected in concentrations that coincide with previous bulk-chemistry studies (Mottl et al., 2011; Tivey et al., 2007; Ishibashi and Urabe, 1995). In addition, this study will introduce a new method to rate confidence levels associated with the identification of mineral species using X-ray microprobe XRD and XRF analysis.
Post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides during fetal monkey pituitary development: II. β-lipotropin (β-LPH)-related peptides☆

We have studied the post-translational processing of POMC-derived peptides during fetal monkey pituitary development using immunoassay and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC). Whole pituitary glands obtained from Day 50 and 55 fetal monkeys and separated lobes from Day 65 to 155 were extracted, fractionated, and analyzed for β-melanotropin (β-MSH), midportion β-endorphin (β-EP), and acetylated β-EP immunoactivity. Separated adult pituitary lobes were analyzed for comparison. At Day 50, POMC-containing cells were located in both the anterior and intermediate pituitary lobes by immunofluorescence staining, the majority of these cells were localized in the anterior lobe. The Day 50 and 55 whole pituitaries contained predominantly β-lipotropin (β-LPH), γ-lipotropin (γ-LPH), β-EP(1–31), and 2.2-kda β-MSH. No acetylated products were found in Day 50 whole pituitary extracts. By Day 55, carboxy-shortened and acetylated β-EPs were barely detectable in whole pituitary extracts. These forms were more apparent in the Day 65 separated neurointermediate lobe (NIL) extracts, and were similar to adult proportions by Day 80. The adult anterior lobe contained predominantly β-LPH, β-EP, and γ-LPH. Adult NILs contained almost exclusively 2.2-kda β-MSH, α-N-acetyl β-EP(1–31) and α-N-acetyl β-EP(1–27). The production of 2.2-kda β-LPH in the monkey NIL indicates that monkey β-LPH is different from rat β-LPH in that it must contain the paired-basic cleavage site required for the formation of 2.2-kda β-MSH that is known to be lacking in rat β-LPH. Another finding was that monkey β-EP contains a Tyr residue at position 27 as found in human β-EP but appears to have the rat Gln substitution at position 31. The post-translational processing patterns characteristic of each lobe were well established by midterm fetal development (Day 80).
Search in Power-law networks

Many communication and social networks have power-law link distributions, containing a few nodes that have a very high degree and many with low degree. The high connectivity nodes play the important role of hubs in communication and networking, a fact that can be exploited when designing efficient search algorithms. We introduce a number of local search strategies that utilize high degree nodes in power-law graphs and that have costs scaling sublinearly with the size of the graph. We also demonstrate the utility of these strategies on the GNUTELLA peer-to-peer network.
The regulation by insulin of glucose transporter gene expression in 3T3 adipocytes.

The effect of insulin on the expression of the gene encoding the rat brain glucose transporter (GT) was studied in 3T3 F442A murine adipocytes. Differentiation from fibroblasts into adipocytes did not alter the basal expression of this gene, but did confer on the cells the ability to accumulate GT mRNA in response to insulin. Concentrations of the hormone less than 40 nM were capable of stimulating about a 5-fold increase in GT mRNA in adipocytes, whereas insulin was without effect in fibroblasts. The stimulation in adipocytes by insulin was maximal 4 h after the addition of the hormone and was preceded by a 4-6-fold augmentation in the transcription of the GT gene. In NIH/3T3 HIR3.5 cells, which express 3 X 10(6) insulin receptors per cell due to the introduction of the receptor cDNA by DNA-mediated gene transfer (Whittaker, J., Okamoto, A., Thyss, R., Bell, G.I., Steiner, D.F., and Hofmann, C. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 5237-5241), insulin increased GT mRNA levels at the same concentrations and to the same extent as in adipocytes. The augmentation in GT gene expression in HIR3.5 cells occurred 3-4 h of addition of insulin correlated with a 3-4-fold increase in glucose transport in these cells. These data demonstrate that: 1) the differentiation from fibroblasts to adipocytes is accompanied by the acquisition of an insulin-stimulated mechanism for the regulation of GT gene expression. 2) In fibroblasts, the limiting factor in the pathway regulating GT mRNA levels by insulin is the low number of receptors, since their expression by gene transfer in the absence of differentiation is sufficient to confer sensitivity to insulin.
The pediatric convalescence hospital.

I was delighted to read Dr. Frederic Burke excellent analysis of the important and unique role of the specialized children hospital designed to meet the complex needs of long-term childhood illness (PEDIATRICS, 43:879, 1969). We operate a similar intermediate-care children hospital facility at Stanford, having a parallel historical origin which has now evolved into a comprehensive program providing inpatient and outpatient care, teaching and training, and research in the chronic diseases of childhood and youth.
l-Arginine and Thrombosis

To the Editor: Kapostza et al1 reported that the administration of l-arginine (the precursor of nitric oxide synthesis) after surgery resulted in a highly significant reduction in the frequency of embolic signals after carotid endarterectomy in patients who were already being treated with aspirin and heparin. Patients with carotid artery disease usually suffer from coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore, it would be useful to know the impact of l-arginine …
Planning at the Intention Level

Intentions enable an agent to achieve long-term goals. When an agent wishes to achieve an intention, it uses actions to bring it about. In this paper we investigate the relationship between intentions and actions. We begin by describing previous work involving a responsive agent capable of coherencebased belief revision. We then describe the implementation and testing of a system capable of representing and manipulating high level intentions. The implications of planning at the intention level are then discussed. We conclude that the architecture we put forward facilitates the development of agents which are able to plan pro-actively while still being able to cope with variation in the environment.
Managing the President's Message: The White House Communications Operation, by Martha Joynt Kumar

What do we know about presidential communications operations? It turns out that we know quite a bit, especially compared with the knowledge we have about other political actors' communication pract...
A January Angular Momentum Balance in the OSU Two-Level Atmospheric General Circulation Model.

The present investigation is concerned with an analysis of the atmospheric angular momentum balance, based on the simulation data of the Oregon State University two-level atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). An attempt is also made to gain an understanding of the involved processes. Preliminary results on the angular momentum and mass balance in the AGCM are shown. The basic equations are examined, and questions of turbulent momentum transfer are investigated. The methods of analysis are discussed, taking into account time-averaged balance equations, time and longitude-averaged balance equations, mean meridional circulation, the mean meridional balance of relative angular momentum, and standing and transient components of motion.
Clotho: addressing the scalability of forward time population genetic simulation

Forward Time Population Genetic Simulations offer a flexible framework for modeling the various evolutionary processes occurring in nature. Often this model expressibility is countered by an increased memory usage or computational overhead. With the complexity of simulation scenarios continuing to increase, addressing the scalability of the underlying simulation framework is a growing consideration. We propose a general method for representing in silico genetic sequences using implicit data structures. We provide a generalized implementation as a C++ template library called Clotho. We compare the performance and scalability of our approach with those taken in other simulation frameworks, namely: FWDPP and simuPOP. We show that this technique offers a 4x reduction in memory utilization. Additionally, with larger scale simulation scenarios we are able to offer a speedup of 6x - 46x.
Redundant bit vectors for quickly searching high-dimensional regions

Applications such as audio fingerprinting require search in high dimensions: find an item in a database that is similar to a query. An important property of this search task is that negative answers are very frequent: much of the time, a query does not correspond to any database item. We propose Redundant Bit Vectors (RBVs): a novel method for quickly solving this search problem. RBVs rely on three key ideas: 1) approximate the high-dimensional regions/distributions as tightened hyperrectangles, 2) partition the query space to store each item redundantly in an index and 3) use bit vectors to store and search the index efficiently. We show that our method is the preferred method for very large databases or when the queries are often not in the database. Our method is 109 times faster than linear scan, and 48 times faster than locality-sensitive hashing on a data set of 239369 audio fingerprints.
On modeling and adaptation in robot control

Performance enhancement through modeling of high-frequency dynamics (such as structural resonant modes or actuator time-delays) and on-line parameter estimation (of large loads with unknown mass properties, or of characteristics of the environment in compliant motion control) is discussed in the context of sliding control. It is shown that such additions can be easily incorporated in existing controllers and yield predictable performance improvements.
Medullary c-Fos activation in rats after ingestion of a satiating meal

The distribution and chemical phenotypes of hindbrain neurons that are activated in rats after food ingestion were examined. Rats were anesthetized and perfused with fixative 30 min after the end of 1-h meals of an unrestricted or rationed amount of food, or after no meal. Brain sections were processed for localization of the immediate-early gene product c-Fos, a marker of stimulus-induced neural activation. Hindbrain c-Fos expression was low in rats that ate a rationed meal or no meal. Conversely, c-Fos was prominent in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and area postrema in rats that ate to satiety. There was a significant positive correlation between postmortem weight of gastric contents and the proportion of NST catecholaminergic neurons expressing c-Fos. Cells in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) were not activated in rats after food ingestion, in contrast with previous findings that stimulation of gastric vagal afferents with anorexigenic doses of cholecystokinin activates c-Fos expression in both NST and VLM catecholaminergic cells. These findings indicate that anatomically distinct subsets of hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons are activated in rats after food ingestion and that activation of these cells is quantitatively related to the magnitude of feeding-induced gastric distension.
Inelastic electron scattering from small metal spheres

Inelastic electron scattering from isolated metal spheres is considered. Expressions for the scattering cross section and for radiative scattering are derived. The only energy-loss mechanism studied here is due to local plasma-oscillation excitation.
The stability of de Sitter space with a scalar quantum field (II). The linear analysis

Abstract Using the semiclassical Einstein equations, we study the spatially homogeneous perturbations of a spatially flat de Sitter metric arising from fluctuations of a scalar quantum field about the Bunch-Davies vacuum state. The exact solution for the metric perturbation in the linear approzimation is obtained in terms of its Laplace transform, and analyzed for late times and arbitrary initial conditions. The results indicate the existence of only two undamped modes: (i) a “neutrally stable” mode, which derives from a spatial coordinate re-scaling symmetry in flat, Robertson-Walker space-times, and (ii) an unstable but unphysical “ghost” mode with a typical time scale m P −1 = G , which is related to the Landau ghost of the underlying quantum field theory. We show how to remove the latter mode by a restriction on the initial data. The existence of any physical instability in this spatially homogeneous system has been ruled out.
Numerical procedures for the determination of an unknown coefficient in semi-linear parabolic differential equations

We consider a finite difference approximation to an inverse problem of determining an unknown source parameter p(t) which is a coefficient of the solution u in a linear parabolic equation subject to the specification of the solution u at an internal point along with the usual initial boundary conditions. The backward Euler scheme is studied and its convergence is proved via an application of the discrete maximum principle for a transformed problem. Error estimates For u and p involve numerical differentiation of the approximation to the transformed problem. Some experimental numerical results using the newly proposed numerical procedure are discussed.
DNA Typing and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Two Affiliated Hospitals

Objective: To describe control of endemic and outbreak-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at two affiliated hospitals. Design: Prospective surveillance of patients with MRSA. Disposable gloves were used by all staff having direct contact with the affected patient or his immediate environment, and patient isolates were typed by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of genomic DNA. Surveillance and PFGE typing were used concurrently to identify possible nosocomial outbreaks, confirm or refute cross-infection, and support a need for additional outbreak control interventions. Setting: A university hospital (Hospital A) and a university-affiliated public hospital (Hospital B). Participants: Patients with MRSA colonization or infection over an 18-month interval (June 1993-November 1994). Intervention: Proper handwashing and gloving practices were reemphasized with staff following confirmation of outbreaks. Results: Hospital A had 60 community-acquired and 48 nosocomial cases of MRSA. Two small outbreaks (affecting a total of seven patients) and two pseudo-outbreaks were identified. Hospital B had 36 community-acquired and 22 nosocomial cases of MRSA. Only one outbreak affecting five patients occurred. All outbreaks ended shortly after staff meetings that emphasized ongoing and extremely careful handwashing and gloving when caring for identified patients. The majority of nosocomial cases at both hospitals were not related epidemiologically or had isolates with unique PFGE types. Pseudo-outbreaks were confirmed by demonstrating that isolates from epidemiologically related cases (by time and clinical service or hospital unit) had different PFGE types. Hospital A cases had 39 different PFGE types, and Hospital B cases had 31 different PFGE types. Conclusion: MRSA in hospitals, including outbreaks identified by prospective surveillance and confirmed by PFGE typing, can be controlled by minimal special precautions and interventions. This is possible despite the continuous admission of patients with MRSA from the community. PFGE typing is useful to confirm outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks, demonstrate differences among epidemiologically unrelated isolates, and substantiate the efficacy of MRSA control programs within hospitals.
ROLE OF MENINGOCOCCAL ENDOTOXIN IN MENINGOCOCCAL PURPURA

Enteric bacilli and meningococci (MGC) both contain potent endotoxins, but purpuric skin lesions indistinguishable from the experimental dermal Shwartzman reaction are much more common during meningococcal bacteremia than during bacteremia with enteric organisms. Highly purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS), virtually free of contamination by protein, RNA, and capsule, were extracted by a modification of the phenol-water technique from MGC (serogroups A, B, and C) and enteric bacilli (Escherichia coli 04 and 0:111, and Salmonella typhimurium). Polysaccharides in these LPS were similar by gas chromatography except for one galactose-deficient strain of MGC (135B). LPS from MGC and enterics were equally potent for the general Shwartzman reaction and mouse lethality, but LPS from MGC was 5-10 times more potent in inducing the dermal Shwartzman reaction. The greater skin potency of LPS from MGC explains the prominence of purpura in meningococcemia. Comparison of the properties of LPS may explain other differences in clinical syndromes caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Discrimination learning in children as a function of reinforcement condition, task complexity, and chronological age

Abstract In a two-choice paired-presentation discrimination task, 120 children at two age levels were either reinforced for correct responses, punished for incorrect responses, or rewarded for correct responses and punished for incorrect responses at either of two levels of task complexity. Reinforcement and punishment were nonverbal and were accomplished by either presenting or removing tokens. Task complexity was varied in terms of the number of irrelevant stimulus dimensions to which a response could be made. Highly significant treatment effects favored the combination of reinforcement and punishment, with no difference appearing between the reinforcement group and the punishment group. This relationship was constant across both age and task complexity, with no significant interactions occurring.
Absorption Barriers in the Rat Intestinal Mucosa: 2. Application of Physiologically Based Mathematical Models to Quantify Mechanisms of Drug Permeation and Metabolism

The absorption of drug molecules is often investigated using in vitro or in situ models of the intestinal mucosa; however, few studies have quantified the kinetics that limit absorption. The objective of this study was to quantify kinetic rates of rat intestinal absorption, metabolism, and efflux using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. A multicompartment model accurately described the absorption and distribution of atenolol and verapamil as well as the metabolism of verapamil and distribution of the metabolite, norverapamil. The accurate description of atenolol data required inclusion of an intermediate compartment in addition to paracellular clearance, whereas verapamil and norverapamil were modeled in the absence of paracellular clearance. The absorption of verapamil was well characterized by linear kinetics, whereas the formation and distribution of norverapamil were well characterized by Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The model identified EDTA as a modulator of physical barriers, ketoconazole as an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and PSC-833 and GF-120918 as specific P-gp inhibitors. These results demonstrate the utility of a physiologically based model to characterize (i) the drug distribution across the in situ perfused rat intestine and (ii) the effect of chemical modulators in this biological system. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:999–1015, 2010
Generation IV International Forum: A decade of progress through international cooperation

Abstract The Generation IV International Forum has marked significant progress in developing a next generation of reactor technologies that break out of the limitations of currently deployed nuclear energy systems. In slightly more than 10 years, the Forum down selected to the six most promising systems, forged a powerful framework for multilateral cooperation, organized itself into the necessary functional groups, created four overarching research objectives, established a dozen international projects, and completed hundreds of milestones. The Forum has focused research on viability and performance issues. A revised technology development roadmap completed in 2013 lays out the research agenda for the next decade. This paper summarizes the overall accomplishments of the Forum and the development status of the six advanced reactor systems. Accompanying papers describe the related research and development activities for each system.