cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of AirMOSS root-zone soil moisture profile with a richards' equation-based approach

NASA's Airborne Microwave Observatory of Sub-canopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) project, with more than 1200 flight hours of a P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), was completed in September 2015. The goal of this mission was to improve the estimates of the North American Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) through providing high-resolution observations of root zone soil moisture (RZSM) over nine regions representative of the major North American biomes. AirMOSS flights covered areas of approximately 100 km by 25 km containing FLUXNET tower sites in regions that ranged from boreal forests in Saskatchewan, Canada, to tropical forests in La Selva, Costa Rica. These sites are marked in Fig. 1.
Singlet-quintet mixing in spin-orbit coupled superconductors with j = 3 2 fermions

In noncentrosymmetric superconductors, spin-orbit coupling can induce an unconventional superconducting state with a mixture of $s$-wave spin-singlet and $p$-wave spin-triplet channels. It is commonly thought that inversion symmetry breaking is substantial for mixed-pairing superconducting states. In this paper, we theoretically propose that a new type of mixed-pairing state, namely the mixture of $s$-wave spin-singlet and $d$-wave spin-quintet channels, can occur even in the presence of inversion symmetry when electrons effectively carry ``spin-3/2.'' As a physical consequence of the singlet-quintet pairing mixing, topological nodal-line superconductivity is found in such a system and gives rise to flat-surface Majorana bands. Our work provides a possible explanation of unconventional superconducting behaviors observed in superconducting half-Heusler compounds and suggests that these superconducting materials provide a new platform for exploring unconventional and topological superconductivity.
The Intentionality of Plover Cognitive States

This paper attempts to clarify and justify the attribution of mental states to animals by focusing on two different conceptions of intentionality: instrumentalist and realist. I use each of these general views to interpret and discuss the behavior and cognitive states of piping plovers in order to provide a substantive way to frame the question of animal minds. I argue that attributing mental states to plovers is warranted for instrumentalists insofar as it is warranted for similar human behavior. For realists about intentionality, the complexity, adaptability and flexibility of the plovers’ behavior, along with its ability to utilize the content of its representations and to satisfy the conditions of concept attribution, justifies attributing intentionality to plovers. Getting clearer on what is meant by animal minds, provides a better idea of what to look for in animal behavior. In many respects, investigating such phenomena is similar to investigations in other sciences.
Skeletal Muscle: Architecture of Membrane Systems

In this chapter we focus on mammalian muscle development, with reference to avian and other vertebrate systems when they provide particular insights. The mouse is the principal mammalian model system presented since it is amenable to genetic manipulation, often complemented by direct experimentation on the more accessible chick embryo. In the first part we discuss the formation of trunk and limb muscles that derive from the somites and the regulation of this process by transcription factors and signalling pathways, during embryonic and fetal myogenesis. In the second part we address the formation of anterior skeletal muscles, notably those of the head and some neck muscles that are not derived from somites. In this context, also, myogenic regulatory factors control muscle cell determination and differentiation, but the upstream gene regulatory network is different and there is overlap with cardiogenesis.
Ground, Path, and Fruition: Teaching Zebrafish Development to Tibetan Buddhist Monks in India

In June 2018, I traveled to India to teach in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery under the auspices of the Emory-Tibet Science Initiative (ETSI), a program that brings aspects of science education to the three major Tibetan monastic universities in exile. My role was to teach developmental biology to the monks over a 9-day period, and I found zebrafish development to be an excellent vehicle for introducing them to both the wonder of embryonic development and to some of the most advanced findings in the field of developmental biology. I describe here my experiences, observations, and thoughts about how the monastic system will need to change if the monks are really to develop the ability to think like scientists.
Is there an app for that? A review of mobile apps for information literacy classes

O ur learners are as varied as the techniques we employ in information literacy classes. There is, however, one facet common to almost all of them, and it’s technology use. Let’s look at some recent numbers from the Pew Research Center. In the 18 to 29 age group, 94% of Americans own a smartphone, that number drops to just to 89% for ages 30 to 49. 1 Tablets are also common, with 64% of Gen Xers and 54% of Millennials owning tablets. 2 Spending time online also cuts across generations. In a March 2018 study, Pew reported that 77% of Americans go online daily, with 26% of that group stating that they are “almost constantly” online, and 43% noting that they go online several times a day. 3
Current Role of the CardioMEMS Device for Management of Patients with Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) remains a significant burden to our healthcare system and a leading cause of hospitalizations. Current reactive strategies to treat and manage HF have failed to reduce hospitalizations and improve survival. The CardioMEMS device has recently been demonstrated to improve quality of life in HF and reduce HF-related hospitalizations. Current HF management strategies are reviewed with a particular emphasis on the current role of the CardioMEMS device. The CHAMPION trial is the only randomized trial looking at the CardioMEMS device. Patients managed with targeted pulmonary artery pressures resulted in 28% reduction in the primary end-point of HF-related hospitalization at 6 months (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.85, p = 0.0002) and 37% reduction during the entire follow-up period, which averaged 15 months (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.77, p < 0.0001). The prospective open-label post-approval study recently presented a 58% reduction in HF hospitalizations per patient year (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.38–0.47, p < 0.0001). Management of HF using the CardioMEMS device has been shown to reduce HF hospitalizations and improve quality of life regardless of ejection fraction. Patients best suited for this device are those with recurrent congestive symptoms despite optimal medical therapy.
Fulminant Myocarditis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

Fulminant myocarditis (FM) is a rare, distinct form of myocarditis that has been difficult to classify. Since 1991, the definition of FM has evolved, and it is currently considered an acute illness with hemodynamic derangement and arrhythmias due to a severe inflammatory process requiring support of cardiac pump function and/or urgent management of serious arrhythmias. Diagnosis is aided through use of biomarkers and cardiac imaging, but endocardial biopsy remains the gold standard. Recent evidence has revealed that patients with FM are significantly more likely to die or require heart transplantation than those with the nonfulminant form, refuting previous studies proposing a paradoxically low mortality in patients with FM. Acute hemodynamic derangement is managed by intensive contemporary pharmacologic and interventional approaches, whereas the role of immunosuppressive therapy has not been clarified. Early recognition and aggressive management are essential for favorable outcomes. In conclusion, FM is an inflammatory process requiring intensive support, and it causes a higher morbidity and mortality than acute nonfulminant myocarditis.
Sybil Attack in RPL-Based Internet of Things: Analysis and Defenses

Over the past few years, Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a promising paradigm that connects various physical devices to the Internet, and contributes to the development of countless next-generation applications. As a major enabler for IoT, IPv6-based low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) have been receiving considerable attention as a mature solution for scalable data collection in a ubiquitous computing and communication infrastructure. In order to provide efficient point-to-multipoint and multipoint-to-point communication, a novel routing protocol for LLNs, also well known as RPL, has been proposed and standardized. Nonetheless, due to devices’ constraints on processing power, memory, and energy, and the lack of specific security models of the RPL routing protocol, LLNs become an ideal target for various security attacks. In this article, we propose a Gini index-based countermeasure, also called GINI, to effectively detect and mitigate sybil attack in RPL-based LLNs, where the malicious node multicasts an excessive number of DODAG information solicitation (DIS) messages with different fictitious identities to cause the legitimate nodes to restart the Trickle algorithm frequently and broadcast a large number of DODAG information object (DIO) messages to quickly drain the limited energy resource of legitimate nodes. We also present a simple analytical model and its numerical results in terms of detection rate. We evaluate the proposed GINI countermeasure through extensive simulation experiments using OMNeT++ and compare its performance with two existing schemes, SecRPL and two-step detection. The simulation results show that the proposed GINI countermeasure can not only improve the detection rate and detection latency but also reduce energy consumption, indicating a viable approach against sybil attack in the IoT. For continuous improvement and future research, we further discuss the proposed GINI countermeasure in terms of design features, design constraints, and possible extensions.
Multi-objective design optimization of variable ribs composite grid plates

Grid structures are among the most lightweight elements for stiffening the plates and shells or as self-sufficient structures. There are different known grid patterns, which are composed of variable numbers of parallel ribs. Selecting an optimum pattern and geometries for a grid to achieve the minimum weight and maximum load-bearing capacity is a challenging procedure for designers. In the current study, a variable ribs model (VRM) is proposed to find the optimum architecture of a grid plate. Therefore, using a genetic algorithm process, a multi-objective optimization is implemented to maximize the axial or shear buckling loads at a minimum possible weight of a grid structure. Eleven geometrical parameters including thickness, width, and the number of ribs as well as the orientation of the grid plate are considered the design variables. The multi-objective optimization is carried out employing the e-constraint method. The buckling loads are obtained based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory using the Ritz method.
Social cognition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and idiopathic developmental neuropsychiatric disorders

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common recurrent neurogenetic condition associated with elevated risk for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and intellectual disability. Children and adults with 22q11DS often exhibit marked social impairment as well as neurocognitive deficits, and have elevated rates of both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychosis. However, the relationship between the basic processes of social cognition and cognitive ability has not been well studied in 22q11DS. Here, we examined differences in social cognition in 22q11DS, relative to multiple groups of idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders, and typically developing healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we examined differences in intellectual functioning and its relationship to social cognitive abilities. Finally, we examined the relationship between social cognitive abilities and real-world social behavior. We examined social cognition and intellectual functioning in 273 participants (mean age = 17.74 ± 5.18% female = 44.3%): 50 with 22q11DS, 49 youth with first episode psychosis (FEP), 48 at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, 24 participants with ASD, and 102 HC. Social cognition was assessed using The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), while reciprocal social behavior was assessed via parent/caregiver ratings on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Participants were also administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2nd edition (WASI-II) to assess intellectual functioning. The 22q11DS group exhibited significantly lower social cognitive abilities compared to CHR, FEP, and HC groups after controlling for intellectual functioning, but not in comparison to the ASD group. Significant positive correlations were found between social cognition, as measured by the TASIT and IQ across groups. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between TASIT and real-world social behavior (SRS) for any group. Our findings indicate social cognitive deficits are more prominent in 22q11DS than idiopathic neuropsychiatric conditions across the age range, even after adjusting for global intellectual function. These results contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and social vulnerabilities of 22q11DS in comparison to idiopathic neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings of robust associations between intellectual ability and social cognition emphasizes the importance of accounting for neurocognitive deficits in social skills interventions and tailoring these existing treatment models for 22q11DS and other populations with intellectual impairment.
Colon Cancer Detection Using Hybrid Features and Genetically Optimized Neural Network Classifier

Computer-assisted colon cancer detection on the histopathological images has become a tedious task due to its shape characteristics and other biological properties. The images acquired through the ...
Detailed Image Analysis: Poetic Methodology for Advertising Research

Detailed image analysis, a literary methodology used to analyse verbal images in poetry, is applied to advertising. This article defines the terminology and explains the methodological procedure. The relevance of this technique to advertising in terms of product, persona, company, and consumer is discussed. Three examples of comparable advertisements for luxury fountain pens are analysed to show the method in use. Finally, further research directions are suggested. These include brand and product life-cycle history, brand positioning, and the relationship of imagery to memory and comprehension.
Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of Ru4+ in Cs2ZrCl6 and Cs2SnBr6

High resolution absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (M.C.D.) spectra are reported for Ru4+ (4d4) in the cubic hosts Cs2ZrCl6 and Cs2SnBr6. The spectra were recorded at liquid helium temperature over the ranges 16 000–26 000 cm-1 and 11 000–22 000 cm-1 respectively. All of the major features can be interpreted in terms of ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions. The results illustrate the need to use intermediate coupling in the 4d4 ground state, and a detailed analysis of the charge-transfer bands yields considerable information on the spin-orbit splittings of the ligand MO's and on the magnitude of metal-ligand electrostatic splittings. Excited state spin-orbit coupling is found to be much more important than metalligand electrostatic interactions. Comparisons are made with previous work on OsCl6 2- and OsBr6 2- (5d4).
Integrated circuits for 10-20 Gb/s lightwave systems

In order to determine the suitability of any integrated circuit technologies for regenerators at data rates of 10-20 Gb/s, it is necessary to consider the requirements generated by the overall system. The most stringent requirements, on a given IC technology, occur at the laser driver, in the linear channel (photoreceiver and post amplifiers), and in the timing recovery circuitry. The digital functions (demultiplexer, decision circuit, etc.), although consisting of straightforward digital building blocks, require careful optimization to attain the necessary speed with reasonable power dissipation. The laser or external modulator have drive requirements which include large AC current swings, as well as DC offsets. A typical DFB laser has a threshold of approximately 10-15 mA, and may require a drive current as large as 70-90 mA/sub p-p/. If the laser is impedance matched to 50 ohms this translates to a drive voltage requirement of 4-5 V. External modulators have similar or greater voltage drive requirements, depending on their input impedance and type. >
Parenting Coordination: The Risks of a Hybrid Conflict Resolution Process

Parenting coordination is a conflict resolution process that blends the roles of mediator, decision maker, monitor, assessor, educator, counselor, and enforcer for families involved in high-conflict divorces. This article explores the potential benefits and risks of blending roles in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, trust, posturing, dual roles, self-determination, and allegations of bias.
Factors Controlling the Bioaccessibility of Arsenic(V) and Lead(II) in Soil

The relative oral bioaccessibility of labile Pb(II) and As(V) added to soils was investigated in a well-characterized soil using a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) to simulate metal solubility in a child's digestive system. The effect of soil and PBET (i.e., simulated stomach and small intestine) pH, soil metal concentration, soil to solution ratio, and soil-metal aging time were investigated. Arsenic bioaccessibility was relatively unaffected by a variation in simulated stomach and small intestine pH over the range 2 to 7 and soil pH over the range 4.5 to 9.4. In contrast, Pb(II) bioaccessibility was strongly dependent on both the simulated stomach, small intestine, and soil pH, showing enhanced sequestration and decreased bioaccessibility at higher pH values in all cases. Although the bioaccessibility of Pb(II) was constant over the concentration range of approximately 10 to 10,000 mg/kg, the As(V) bioaccessibility significantly increased over this concentration range. The bioaccessibility o...
The hydration properties of carboxybetaine zwitterion brushes

Combined quantum mechanical calculations and classical molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the hydration properties of carboxybetaine zwitterion brushes with varying separation distances between the quaternary ammonium cation and carboxylic anion. The brushes consist of zwitterion trimers and are investigated to mimic interacting zwitterion chains grafted on a substrate as well as polymers with interacting zwitterion side chains. Our results show that the values of both positive and negative charges, their separation distances as well as chain interactions appear to play a critical role in the hydration properties of the zwitterions. The overall hydration property of these zwitterions is dictated by the competition between the strong hydration of the charged groups and the dehydration of the hydrocarbon chains. The strongest hydration occurs when the -CH2- unit in the hydrocarbon chain reaches 6-8 for these trimers. Further increase in the hydrocarbon chain length to 10-14 leads to significant and sudden dehydration of the trimers. The water structure and the water residence time surrounding the zwitterions also demonstrate substantial alteration at this length scale. This hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transition is induced by the hydrophobic interactions of the trimer chains. Our hydration results could explain the observed trend of the superiority of the methylated carbohydrates and poly(ethylene glycol) as antifouling materials compared to corresponding hydroxyl-terminated compounds.
Ocular fundus photography of patients with focal neurologic deficits in an emergency department.

Objectives: We evaluated the frequency and predictive value of ocular fundus abnormalities among patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with focal neurologic deficits to determine the utility of these findings in the evaluation of patients with suspected TIA and stroke. Methods: In this cross-sectional pilot study, ocular fundus photographs were obtained using a nonmydriatic fundus camera. Demographic, neuroimaging, and ABCD 2 score components were collected. Photographs were reviewed for retinal microvascular abnormalities. The results were analyzed using univariate statistics and logistic regression modeling. Results: Two hundred fifty-seven patients presented to the ED with focal neurologic deficits, of whom 81 patients (32%) had cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and 144 (56%; 95% confidence interval: 50%–62%) had retinal microvascular abnormalities. Focal and general arteriolar narrowing increased the odds of clinically diagnosed CVD by 5.5 and 2.6 times, respectively, after controlling for the ABCD 2 score and diffusion-weighted imaging. These fundus findings also significantly differentiated TIA from non-CVD, even after controlling for the ABCD 2 score. Conclusions: Focal and general arteriolar narrowing were independent predictors of CVD overall, and TIA alone, even after controlling for the ABCD 2 score and diffusion-weighted imaging lesions. The inclusion of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photographs in the evaluation of patients presenting to the ED with focal neurologic deficits may assist in the differentiation of stroke and TIA from other causes of focal neurologic deficits.
Central chemoreception in the region of the ventral respiratory group in the rat

Nattie, Eugene E., and Aihua Li. Central chemoreception in the region of the ventral respiratory group in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1987–1995, 1996.—We injected acetazolamide (AZ; 5 × 10−6 ...
A Communitarian Approach to Physician-Assisted Death

The standard argument in favor of the practice of voluntary physician-assisted death, by means of assisted suicide or active euthanasia, rests on liberal, individualistic grounds. It appeals to two moral considerations: (1) personal self-determination—the right to choose the circumstances and timing of death with medical assistance; and (2) individual well-being—relief of intolerable suffering in the face of terminal or incurable, severely debilitating illness. One of the strongest challenges to this argument has been advanced by Daniel Callahan. Callahan has vigorously attacked the practice of physician-assisted death and the goal of legalization as deep affronts to values of community: “By assuming that the relief of suffering is a goal important enough to legitimate killing as a way of achieving it, we corrupt the idea of such relief as a social goal and duty. We cease helping to bear one another's suffering, but eliminate altogether the person who suffers. We thereby jeopardize both the future of self-determination and the kind of community that furthers its members' capacity to bear one another's suffering. Why bear what can be eliminated altogether?” In another passage Callahan remarks, “For there is a deep sense in which suicide and euthanasia are likely to represent, at least in part, a failure of the community, whether that of the intimate community of family and friends, or the larger civic community, to respond to the needs of another.”
Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain in Rural Versus Urban Dwelling Women in South Carolina

Purpose: An unhealthy prepregnancy weight and/or gaining an inappropriate amount of weight during pregnancy increase the risk for poor pregnancy and birth outcomes. To our knowledge, no studies to date have examined differences in prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) patterns by rurality. Methods: The 2004-2006 South Carolina birth certificate data (n = 132,795) were used. Rurality of residence was determined using Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes. Mothers were categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obese (≥30.0) using their prepregnancy BMI and as having inadequate, adequate, or excessive GWG according to the Institute of Medicine's 2009 GWG guidelines. Chi-square tests and adjusted multinomial logistic regression were used in analysis. Findings: Rural women had higher odds of being overweight and obese compared to urban women. This relationship was found to be partially explained by the higher proportion of minorities living in rural areas. The relationship between GWG and residence type varied by BMI category. Specifically, among normal weight women, rural women had increased odds of inadequate GWG. Among overweight women, rural women had decreased odds of excessive GWG. In obese women, rural women had decreased odds of both inadequate and excessive GWG. Conclusions: Rural women were more likely to have an unhealthy prepregnancy weight than urban women. However, rural residence was found to be protective against unhealthy GWG in overweight and obese women. Future research exploring reasons for these findings and confirmation of these results in other populations is necessary.
Haloperidol does not attenuate conditioned place preferences or locomotor activation produced by food- or heroin-predictive discriminative cues.

Abstract The present study examined whether a discriminative cue previously predictive of food or heroin reinforcement could activate and direct behavior in an environment that had never been paired with primary reinforcement. Olfactory cues, predicting the availability (S+) or unavailability (S−) of either heroin (0.1 mg/kg IV) or food (45 mg Noyes food pellets) reinforcement in the goal box of a straight-arm runway, were later tested in a separate environment for their ability to elicit locomotion (activate behavior) or induce a conditioned place preference (direct behavior). Presentation of the S+, but not the S−, resulted in a reliable increase in spontaneous locomotor activity that was not blocked by pretreatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol. Similarly, subjects displayed a preference for a novel location in which the S+, but not the S−, was placed. This preference was also unaltered by pretreatment with haloperidol. These data suggest that discriminative cues can profoundly affect behavior, even in environments that have themselves never been associated with primary reinforcement. Additionally, the conditioned motivational quality of these cues is unaltered by treatment with the same dopamine receptor antagonist shown in previous work to attenuate the primary reinforcing properties of heroin and food.
Virtue, Praise and Success: Stoic Responses to Aristotle

Ancient critics often argue that the Stoic moralists really have no substantive disagreement with Aristotle, but simply say the same things in more violently paradoxical terms. One of the Stoics' most acute critics, the sceptic Carneades, claims that on the whole question about goods and evils, the Stoics and Peripatetics differ about terms, not about the facts (Cicero, De Finibus iii 41).1 On this view, the apparently extravagant Stoic claims about virtue, happiness, good, and evil, really agree with Aristotle. As Cicero says, when we take a closer look at the Stoic position, it seems much less amazing than it initially seemed.2 If we agree with this, it is easy to infer that the laborious and complex moral theory of the Stoa is really a waste of time, telling us no more than we would already know from Aristotle. But such a criticism might well be quite unjust. For the Stoics may be doing an important service, if they make clear to us what Aristotle is really committed to. Moreover, if we see what Aristo tle is committed to, we may discover that it conflicts with other things he says. Very often philosophers fail to see that two of their doctrines conflict because they do not explore either of them fully enough to reveal the con flict. If the Stoic formulation of some substantially Aristotelian doctrines helps to reveal conflicts within Aristotle's own position, then the Stoics have done more than an important expository service; they have also forced some important choices on our attention. I want to focus especially on the relation of virtue and virtuous actions to external conditions?circumstances that are not in the virtuous person's control. On these issues the Stoics can make a reasonable case for the view
The role of ultrasonography and amniocentesis in the evaluation of pregnancies at risk for neural tube defects

To assess the relative efficacy of amniocentesis versus targeted (detailed) ultrasonography, 225 patients referred because of an elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level (79.6%) or a family history of neural tube defect (20.4%) were evaluated. Ultrasonographic examination alone detected all 26 fetal abnormalities (11 cases of anencephaly, 10 cases of open spina bifida, and five other anomalies). Twenty-eight patients declined amniocentesis; all had normal pregnancy outcomes. Of the 167 patients with apparently normal fetal anatomy by sonography, seven had elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels but no acetylcholinesterase in the amniotic fluid. Six of these pregnancies resulted in normal infants; one infant had congenital nephrosis. The remaining 160 patients had normal sonograms with normal amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels and no fetal malformations at delivery. Although these results suggest that targeted ultrasonography by experienced personnel is a reasonable alternative to amniocentesis in evaluations for neural tube defects, the availability, cost-effectiveness, and diagnostic accuracy of this approach must be well documented in large prospective studies.
Effect of gene dose on the immune response to a 2,4-dinitrophenyl glutamic acid lysine copolymer.

DOMINANT autosomal genes controlling specific immune responses to simple synthetic polypeptides of known composition have been described. In the guinea-pig, the immune response to poly-L-lysine (PLL), a copolymer of glutamine and lysine (GL), polyarginine, protamine and haptenic derivatives of these materials is controlled by the presence of the autosomal dominant, “PLL gene”. As well as random bred Hartley guinea-pigs, in which the gene is variably present, there are inbred strains in which the gene is always present (strain 2) or always absent (strain 13). Strain 2 and Hartley guinea-pigs with the PLL gene are termed “responders” while strain 13 and the rest of the Hartley guinea-pigs are termed “non-responders”. The (2 × 13) F1 hybrid animal is heterozygous for the PLL gene and is always phenotypically a responder animal1–3.
PI3-Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is being explored as a target of inhibition for B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, with agents specific for inhibition of the PI3K-δ subunit showing significant clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Idelalisib (CAL-101, GS-1101) and IPI-145 (INK-1147) are novel oral PI3K-δ inhibitors in development, with rates of objective response of 40-60 % and nodal responses exceeding 70 % in relapsed and refractory CLL. High rates of response have been seen in high-risk CLL (i.e., 17p and 11q deletions), and may allow for more effective therapy in inherently chemotherapy-resistant disease. Combination chemotherapy regimens with idelalisib have similarly demonstrated favorable tolerability and activity. Like other agents that target the B-cell receptor pathway, peripheral lymphocytosis, due to drug-induced changes in lymphocyte trafficking, is common. Noteworthy toxicities include transaminitis and pneumonia/pneumonitis. Multiple studies are evaluating PI3K-δ inhibitor combination regimens, and the rationale for these ongoing and planned studies is reviewed.
Soft-sediment deformation produced by tides in a meizoseismic area, Turnagain Arm, Alaska

Turnagain Arm is a semidiurnal hypertidal estuary in southeastern Alaska with a recorded tidal range of 9 m. Contorted bedding and flow rolls preserved in tidal sediments within the estuary have previously been interpreted as resulting from the Mw 9.2 Great Alaskan earthquake of 1964. Horizons of flow rolls between undeformed beds in sediments and rock strata have been used to infer ancient earthquakes in other areas. Although many types of soft-sediment deformation structures can be formed by earthquakes, observations of sedimentation on tidal flats in the inner parts of Turnagain Arm in the summers of 2003 and 2004 show that a wide range of soft-sediment deformation structures, similar to those inferred to have been formed by earthquakes, can form in macrotidal estuaries in the absence of seismic shock. During sedimentation rate measurements in 2004, soft-sediment deformation structures were recorded that formed during one day's tide, either in response to overpressurization of tidal flats during rapid tidal drawdown or by shear stress exerted on the bed by the passage of a 1.8 m tidal bore. Structures consisted of flow rolls, dish structures, flames, and small dewatering pipes in a bed 17 cm thick. In the future, if the flow rolls in Turnagain Arm were found in isolated outcrops across an area 11 km in length, in an estuary known to have been influenced by large-magnitude earthquakes, would they be interpreted as seismites? These examples show that caution is needed when using horizons of flow rolls to infer paleoseismicity in estuarine deposits because many of the mechanisms (tidal flux, tidal bores, slumping, flooding) that can cause deformation in rapidly deposited, unconsolidated silts and sands, are orders of magnitude more common than great earthquakes.
Physical Restraint Use in Critical Care: Legal Issues

Landmark federal legislation and several other social and clinical forces have induced nursing homes to reduce their use of physical or mechanical restraints on their residents during the past decade. Attention is being paid to the overuse of restraining devices and methods in acute care hospitals, including critical care units, and the need to develop strategies for their reduction or elimination. One of the most serious barriers to accomplishing this objective is anxiety on the part of health professionals and administrators about potential legal liability for patient injury. This article discusses the potential legal implications of physical restraint reduction in hospitals, with special emphasis on the critical care context. It places risks in realistic perspective, ultimately arguing that developing suitable alternatives to restraint use in most cases best serves the legal--as well as the clinical, ethical, and financial--interests of all concerned parties.
Social Desirability and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory

Responses of 71 female and 30 male undergraduates to Bem's inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale yielded differential strength of association of social desirability and Masculinity and Femininity scales. Masculinity accounted for little variance but Femininity was more strongly correlated with social desirability.
Trauma to the aorta and aortic arch branches

Deceleration and crushing injuries of the chest may traumatize the thoracic aorta or its branches. Traumatic aortic rupture has received significant attention over the past 40 years, whereas the aortic arch branch injuries remain under-recognized. Despite the development of new imaging modalities, angiography remains the gold standard for evaluation of a patient with suspected thoracic arterial injury. Recently, computed tomography and transesophageal echocardiography have been used for serial examination of minimal aortic injuries that are treated conservatively. Medical treatment of the ruptured aorta, delayed surgical repair, and endoluminal deployment of stent-grafts are new developments that provide new options and pose new questions in the management of thoracic arterial injuries.
UV-Induced Frontal Polymerization of Multifunctional (Meth)acrylates

Photoinduced frontal polymerization was performed on a variety of multifunctional (meth)acrylates, and evaluation of the effect of monomer structure on the ability to sustain a traveling front was made. Photo-DSC was used to measure the photopolymerization rate of each monomer at 25 °C. The results were correlated with their ability to initiate and sustain a traveling front polymerization. The start time and the front velocity of each (meth)acrylate that could initiate/sustain a front photolytically were measured. The results clearly demonstrate that the molecular weight per double bond is directly related to the front velocity. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), which exhibited the fastest front velocity, was evaluated in depth to determine the effect of varying the photoinitiator and thermal initiator on the frontal polymerization rate. When a multifunctional thiol was added to TMPTA, the start time was dramatically reduced and the velocity increased for low thiol concentrations. However, the veloc...
GENETICS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the past several years have provided the first unbiased evidence of the genes contributing to common cardiovascular disease traits in European and some Asian populations. The results not only confirmed the importance of prior knowledge, such as the central role of lipoproteins, but also revealed that there is still much to learn about the underlying mechanisms of this disease, as most of the associated genes do not appear to be involved in pathways previously connected to atherosclerosis. In this review, I focus on the common forms of the disease and look at both human and animal model studies. I summarize what was known before GWAS, highlight how the field has been changed by GWAS, and discuss future considerations, such as the limitations of GWAS and strategies that may lead to a more complete, mechanistic understanding of atherosclerosis.
The Stigmatization and Resilience of a Female Indigenous Mexican Immigrant

This case study examines the autobiographical writing and interviews of Lupe, an Indigenous Mexican immigrant, at multiple times in her life. The case study is contextualized within social, historical, psychological, and institutional spaces both in the United States and in Mexico. Consequently, Lupe’s journey is an example of how stigmatization and discrimination are critical issues affecting the educational experiences of immigrant adolescents in American schools. The case study, however, is also evidence of an immigrant youth’s perseverance, the factors that positively influenced her resilience process, and her ability to overcome the stigma placed on her throughout her education. Currently this college educated, Mexican, Indigenous women works as a teacher for a school with a predominantly low-income, Latina/o immigrant population.
Extending sensitivity for low-mass neutral heavy lepton searches

We point out the importance of two-body final states of weak isosinglet neutral heavy leptons predicted in several models of new physics beyond the standard model. We concentrate on muon-type neutral heavy leptons ${L}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{0}$ with a mass $Ml2$ GeV that can be searched for with increased sensitivity at a new round of neutrino experiments at CERN and Fermilab. Providing explicit decay rate formulas for the $\mathrm{ee}\ensuremath{\nu}$, $e\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\mu}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\mu}$, and ${a}_{1}\ensuremath{\mu}$ final states, we use general scaling features to estimate the sensitivity of ${L}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{0}$ searches in current and future experiments, emphasizing the importance of the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay mode.
Abstract 549: Role of the glucocorticoid receptor in skin carcinogenesis and stem cell maintenance: Implication for the use of selective GR activators (SEGRA) as anti-cancer drugs

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Glucocorticoids are important physiological and pharmacological regulators of epidermal proliferation, differentiation and skin tumorigenesis. The glucocorticoid effects are mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor that regulates genes expression by DNA-binding dependent transactivation, and DNA-binding independent transrepression through negative interaction with other transcription factors. Our previous studies demonstrated that keratin5.GR transgenic animals are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. We also found that GR diminishes the number of follicular epithelial stem cells (SC), reduces their proliferative and survival potential and affects the expression of follicular SC “signature” genes. To further explore the tumor suppressor role of GR in skin carcinogenesis we generated skin-specific GR knockout animals by breeding of GRflox/flox animals with Keratin5.Cre recombinase animals in C57Bl genetic background. Skin-specific GR KO (Cre/GRfl/fl) mice do not have gross skin or hair phenotype. However, the detailed analysis of keratinocyte markers revealed decreased expression of some intermediate/late markers of differentiation including Keratin 10 and loricrin. We also found that Cre/GRfl/fl mice are more sensitive to the effects of UV irradiation and tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The ongoing DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis experiment showed that Cre/GRfl/fl mice are more prone to skin carcinogenesis: they have higher tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity compared to GRfl/fl littermates. The analysis of global effect of the GR overexpression and GR silencing on gene expression in follicular epithelial SC, basal keratinocytes, and mouse skin tumors 1) revealed important GR targets in keratinocytes including STAT3 and REDD1 - the major regulator of mTOR; 2) provided an unexpected evidence that gene transrepression by GR plays critical role in the maintenance of SC and in inhibition of skin carcinogenesis. It is well understood that therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by GR transreprssion, while many adverse metabolic effects are mediated by GR transactivation. Thus, our findings are important in light of drug discovery programs focused on the development of selective GR acivators (SEGRA) that preferentially induce GR transrepression. Some of SEGRA entered preclinical studies or clinical trials as anti-inflammatory GR ligands with reduced side effects. Our results suggest that SEGRA could be also used for skin cancer prevention/treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 549. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-549
The relative pay of men and women in South Korea

Abstract In this article, we compared earnings differences between men and women in South Korea in 1988. There appears to be explicit discrimination against women in general, with stronger discrimination against married women. We examined women’s average wages relative to men’s average wages due to direct discrimination and to differences in experience, education, and other background variables. Given all of the differences analyzed, we show why women’s wages are 50.4% of men’s wages. We were able to explain 95.9% of the difference between the average wages of men and women.
A top-down design methodology using virtual platforms for concept development

Virtual platforms are widely used for system-level modeling, design and simulation. In this paper, we propose a virtual platform-based, top-down, system-level design methodology for developing and testing hardware/software right from the concept level and even before the architecture is finalized. The methodology is based on using tools such as QEMU, SystemC and TLM2.0 that starts with a functional, high-level description of the system and gradually refines the intricate architectural details. We present our results by testing a novel concept aimed at performing audio blogging. The system under consideration involves the design of a low-power wearable audio recorder, an Android application for user interface and a server for audio analysis. A virtual system consisting of three instances of QEMU and other tools was created to demonstrate the concept and to test this approach. Finally, we describe a suite of tools useful for quickly validating concepts and creating virtual platforms for early hardware/software codesign.
Rescue of familial cardiomyopathies by modifications at the level of sarcomere and Ca2+ fluxes.

Abstract Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that frequently show inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilation. Current data suggest that numerous mutations in several genes can cause cardiomyopathies, and the severity of their phenotypes is also influenced by modifier genes. Two major types of inherited cardiomyopathies include familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). FHC typically involves increased myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity associated with diastolic dysfunction, whereas DCM often results in decreased myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity and systolic dysfunction. Besides alterations in myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity, alterations in the levels of Ca 2+ -handling proteins have also been described in both diseases. Recent work in animal models has attempted to rescue FHC and DCM via modifications at the myofilament level, altering Ca 2+ homeostasis by targeting Ca 2+ -handling proteins, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase and phospholamban, or by interfering with the products of different modifiers genes. Although attempts to rescue cardiomyopathies in animal models have shown great promise, further studies are needed to validate these strategies in order to provide more effective and specific treatments.
Spatial Interactions Modulate Stereoscopic Processing of Horizontal and Vertical Disparities

Stereoscopic processing of horizontal and vertical disparities was assessed by measuring how the stereoscopic appearance of test dots near the fixation point was influenced by inducing stimuli in the near periphery. The inducing stimuli were differentially magnified in the two eyes and varied in horizontal eccentricity. As expected, when the inducers were horizontally magnified, the test dots exhibited depth contrast, slanting in depth in a direction opposite the slant of the inducing dots. When the inducers were vertically magnified, the test dots slanted in depth around a vertical axis toward the eye with the larger vertical image (the induced-size effect). However, two lines of evidence suggested that an eccentricity-dependent weighted average of horizontal and vertical components of inducer-dot magnification determined the slant of the test dots. First, as the horizontal eccentricity of the inducing dots was varied, the trend of test-dot slants measured with vertical inducer magnifications was predict...
Nutrition of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübn.)—I. Some requirements for larval growth and wing development☆

Abstract The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was reared on a meridic diet containing wheat germ (oil and solids) as the only plant adjuvant. Some attempts were made to determine the specific nutrients contained in wheat germ which are essential for Trichoplusia. Wheat-germ residue after chloroform: methanol extraction contained a factor required for normal larval growth, and the lipid fraction contained a factor required both for larval growth and normal wing development. Lack of the wing development factor resulted in various gradations of wing deformity or in failure of the moths to emerge from the pupal case. The factor was contained in the saponifiable portion of wheatgerm oil. A dietary supplement of methyl linoleate promoted larval growth and normal pupation, but did not produce normal wings. Ascorbic acid was also demonstrated to be an essential dietary requirement for Trichoplusia. Deficiency of ascorbic acid resulted in complete larval mortality at an immature stage.