cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food And Agriculture Organization, And World Health Organization Have Changed the World, 1945-1965

This book is a comprehensive examination of economic globalization. Focused on the creation and evolution of post-1945 internationalist ideology, "The Birth of Development" highlights efforts to diffuse the destructive role of the nation-state in world affairs by constructing truly international organizations with global agendas - the World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organization, and the World Health Organization. These organizations, and the men and women who worked for them, pioneered the advancement of the quality of life for all and established an ongoing obligation to promote worldwide economic development. As author Amy Staples reveals, the results of their efforts were often mixed. Grounded in archival research conducted in the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization, as well as in other archives in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, "The Birth of Development" provides a foundational understanding for many of the debates on economic globalization, especially those that involve the World Bank and World Trade Organization. Given the current role of international peace keepers and multinational aid agencies, this story is timely and makes clear that the issues that confronted early postwar planner and reformers remain in many ways unsolved even today. "The Birth of Development" is unique. It is the only, comparative study of these crucial architects of the theory and practice of economic development, and it contributes significantly to the ongoing effort to view the postwar period as more than simply an East-West Cold War. It breaks new ground conceptually and methodologically and will be a welcome addition to the literature in the fields of modern diplomatic history and international relations.
Parenteral Nutrition Use in Ulcerative Colitis

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the provision of all known essential dietary substances. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated when a patient is unable to consume sufficient nutrients and fluid necessary to maintain normal nutritional and hydration status or correct undernutrition and the gastrointestinal tract is either nonfunctional or not sufficiently functional as to allow sufficient oral consumption of nutrients and fluid or the administration of sufficient quantities of nutrient and fluid via a feeding tube. The use of TPN does not appear to have clinical benefit as a primary means for induction of remission in patients with UC but may be a useful adjunct for toxic megacolon or patients who are otherwise unable to eat because of severe abdominal cramping. There appears to be no additional benefit from PN itself in patients with UC who are otherwise able to eat or to receive enteral nutritional support. The use of PN in patients with UC has been associated with increased mortality after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, health insurance, and geographic location and whether the hospital where they were hospitalized was urban/rural and teaching/nonteaching or whether the facility was small or large.
Free and Open Source Software

The sections in this article are 1 Historical Background 2 Intellectual Property Issues 3 Licensing Software 4 Free and Open Source Distributions 5 The Free–Open-Source Debate 6 Evaluating Free and Open Source Software 7 Conclusion
Continuation Theorems for Schrodinger Operators

The purpose of this note is to describe the connection between quantum physics, the absence of positive eigenvalues for Schrodinger operators, and unique continuation theorems for Schrodinger operators. We shall also describe some recent work on unique continuation theorems.
Comparing Linear Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machines

Both Linear Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machines compute hyperplanes that are optimal with respect to their individual objectives. However, there can be vast differences in performance between the two techniques depending on the extent to which their respective assumptions agree with problems at hand. In this paper we compare the two techniques analytically and experimentally using a number of data sets. For analytical comparison purposes, a unified representation is developed and a metric of optimality is proposed.
AN ANALYSIS OF FORD LEASE FLEET FUEL ECONOMY DATA THROUGH 1984 MODELS

Since the 1978 model year, Ford Motor Company (FORD) has been collecting and analyzing on-road fuel economy data for ford vehicles leased by company employees. Based on these data, on-road mpg for 1983-84 model passenger cars is approximately 40% better than for 1978 models. Also, the percent by which average on-road results are below EPA-approved CAFE values (i.e., mean ''% offset'') is 15% for recent models versus 20% for 1978 models. Since 1981, on-road results have been compared to label (i.e., ''city'') values approved by EPA to determine the percentage of drivers who meet or exceed the label mpg. For 1983 and 1984 models, on-road comparisons also are made to mpg values adjusted downward consistent with EPA's fuel economy labeling rules for 1985 models. Comparisons to EPA-approved CAFE and label values, plus to adjusted label values, also are made based on specific driving patterns and for summer vs. winter surveys.
Newcomb's Hidden Regress

Newcomb's problem supposedly involves your choosing one or else two boxes in circumstances in which a predictor has made a prediction of how many boxes you will choose. We argue that the circumstances which allegedly define Newcomb's problem generate a previously unnoticed regress which shows that Newcomb's problem is insoluble because it is ill-formed. Those who favor, as we do, a "no-box" reply to Newcomb's problem typically claim either that the problem's solution is underdetermined or else that it is overdetermined. We are no-boxers of the first kind, but the underdetermination we identify is more radical than any previously identified: it blocks the very set-up of the problem and not just potential solutions to the problem once it has been set up. The defect is subtle, but it cripples every genuine version of the problem, regardless of variations in such things as the predictor's degree of reliability, the basis on which the prediction is made, or the amount of money in each box. The regress shows that, surprisingly enough, no one can understand Newcomb's problem, and so no one can possibly solve it.
Using variable length 13-ary, radix-4 CSD coefficients to achieve low-area implementations of FIR filters

Coefficient representations in the Canonical-Signed-Digit (CSD) number system are widely used, because they lead directly to efficient addition/subtraction networks for implementation of weighted sums of 2's-complement input signals in FIR filters. A recent radix-4 generalization of CSD can dramatically reduce network sizes. By combining radix-4 representations of coefficients with techniques for assigning different numbers of bits to different coefficients, we further reduce the area required for implementation. We draw the conclusion from our data that this process can reduce the space required for implementing these kinds of filters; however, a better approach might be to design filters with coefficients that are readily represented in the number representation scheme before implementation.
Moment Techniques in Atomic and Molecular Scattering Theory

Moment techniques have recently been shown to be useful in ab initio calculation of atomic and molecular continuum processes. We illustrate these methods in a discussion of the photoeffect in hydrogen (H) and H−, and in a discussion of e+−H scattering. As further illustrations of the utility of moments in non-relativistic scattering we consider their use in extracting information from classical trajectory treatments of molecular collisions, and their phenomenological application in correlating experimental data via the “information theory” approach of Bernstein and Levine.
Binding and internalization of low density lipoproteins by perfused arteries

Summary The effect of low temperature (4°C) on trypsin-releasable and trypsin-resistant low density lipoproteins (LDL) was investigated in porcine arteries perfused with pulsatile pressure. Perfusion at 4°C resulted in a significant reduction in arterial LDL uptake. Significant differences in LDL uptake were also found after treatment with trypsin (trypsin-resistant uptake). In contrast the amount of LDL released from the artery by trypsin (trypsin-releasable LDL) was not significantly different at both temperatures. These results parallel those of others previously obtained on the binding and internalization of LDL by cultured cells.
An algorithm to solve the Frobenius problem

McDonald's restaurants in the U.S.A. sell Chicken McNuggets in quantities of 6, 9, and 20. If you want exactly 26 or 27 McNuggets, you could buy them, but you cannot buy 25 or 28. You can buy exactly 41, but you cannot buy exactly 43 McNuggets. If you pick any number larger than 43 you can purchase exactly that many, so 43 is the largest number of Chicken McNuggets that you cannot obtain by combining orders of 6, 9 and 20. This is a special case of the problem of Frobenius: Given n positive integers with greatest common divisor one, find the largest integer not expressible as a nonnegative linear combination of the integers. Not just a curiosity for the mathematically inclined who play with their food, the problem of Frobenius is also connected with probability [4], graph theory [6, 7], Gorenstein rings [10], the theory of concurrency in computer science [14], and the geometry of numbers [9]. Readers may know it as the "postage stamp problem."
SUBMAXIMAL AND MAXIMAL WORKING CAPACITY OF ELITE DISTANCE RUNNERS. PART II. MUSCLE FIBER COMPOSITION AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES

The present study confirms earlier observations that the musculature of elite distance runners is characterized by a high predominance of ST fibers. Although the percent ST fibers effectively discriminates between good and elite distance runners, fiber composition alone is a poor predictor of distance running success within the group of elite runners. Muscle enzyme measurements suggest that the 11 to 20 miles (17.7 to 32.2 km) of daily training performed by the elite runners produced a significantly greater increase in muscle SDH activity than was observed in the good distance runners, who were running 7 to 11 miles (11.3 to 17.7 km) per day, Although such endurance training enhances the oxidative capacity of the muscle, it apparently has little influence on the enzymes of glycogenolysis.
Client Satisfaction With Mental Health Treatment: Methodological Considerations in Assessment

This article critically assesses the evaluation of consumer satisfaction in mental health treatment settings. Methodological problems addressed include uniformity myths, inclu sion of items not measuring satisfaction, ambiguity in response alternatives, lack of precision in the use of terminology, failure to distinguish dissatisfaction and lack of satisfaction, failure to sufficiently probe, poor psychometric practice, the absence of accepted measures, failure to identify norms for satisfaction, lack of control over proce dure, sampling bias, biasing responses, the lack of variability in responses, and primitive design , analyses, and reporting. Consumer satisfaction emerges as an important indicator of the quality of care, but one that must be interpreted with caution.
98 Neurological Maturation, Auditory Evoked Responses and Neonatal Course of Low Birth Weight Infants

An attempt has been made to correlate neurological maturation as estimated from standardized neurological examination with that estimated from latency measurement and wave form of the EEG response evoked by auditory stimuli. 31 infants whose birth weights were between 1110 and 2060 g were studied. All examinations of neurophysiologic reflexes and muscle tone were made by one observer within two weeks after birth and maturation estimated according to the criteria of SAINT-ANNE DARGASSIES and THOMAS. Algebraically summed evoked responses to auditory stimuli were recorded simultaneously from 10 scalp electrodes, using a standard EEG, tape recorder and computer of average transients. Details of the clinical course were observed and recorded in a systematic fashion by special observers. Gestational (post-conceptional) age was estimated from the mother's menstrual history. Group A consists of 15 infants whose birth weights were below the 10th percentile for gestational age (35–40 weeks) according to the Colorado standards. Group B consists of 16 infants whose birth weights were between the 25th and 75 th percentile for gestational age (31–35 weeks). Within this range of birth weights (1110–2060 g), neurological maturation estimated from either neurologic examination or evoked responses was better correlated with gestational age than with birth weight. The infants who were small for age (old for weight) had more mature evoked responses and more mature neurological examinations than those in the same low birth weight group who were not small for age. There were less apneic episodes, less cyanosis and more rapid gain during the neonatal course of small for age infants than of normal weight for age infants. (SPR)
Business Process Insight: An Approach and Platform for the Discovery and Analysis of End-to-End Business Processes

Tracking and analyzing the execution of semi-structured processes is essential for understanding process behavior and its evolution, increasing the effectiveness of business operations, and managing operational risk. A semi structured process is a single process from the perspective of the business but is executed across loosely coupled, heterogeneous, distributed systems and may be cross-organizational and contain human interactions and human decision making. Our goal is to enable the management of semi-structured processes by providing improved semi-automated visibility into their behavior and improved runtime management of their execution by leveraging process intelligence and process-aware analytics. In this paper we present a methodology, system architecture and implementation of a platform for end to end process insight and analytics for the full life-cycle of semi-structured processes: from discovery through execution and evolution. We describe the algorithms employed and how they interact together to create a collaborative platform for business users to analyze and extract insight from such processes.
An Empirical Comparison of Several Interval Estimation Procedures for Coefficient Alpha.

Following a general introduction to Tukey's Jackknife technique and the construction of approximate confidence intervals, ten variants of the procedure are defined for giving interval estimates for coefficient alpha. A data base of known population characteristics was generated and used to compare the robustness of the ten Jackknife alternatives with Feldt's well-known sampling theory based upon the assumptions of normality. The empirical results indicate that out of the ten variants, defined by five transformations and two methods of data subdivision, only two are justifiable competitors to Feldt's approach.
On the Volumetric Assessment of Tool Wear in Machining Inserts With Complex Geometries: Need, Methodology and Validation

The objective of this paper is to qualitatively assess the inadequacies of the current manner of tool wear quantification and consequently to suggest/develop a more comprehensive approach to machining tool wear characterization. Traditional parameters used for tool wear representation such as flank and crater wear are no longer self-sufficient to satisfactorily represent the wear of the complex geometric profiles of more recent cutting tools. These complexities in tool geometries are all the more pronounced when catering to difficult-to-machine materials such as titanium and its alloys. Hence, alternatives to traditional tool wear assessment parameters are briefly explored and a suitable one is selected, that will help understand the very nature of the evolving wear profile itself from a three dimensional standpoint. The assessment methodology is further developed and standardized and suggestions for future use and development provided. The measurement system is evaluated using a gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) study as well. The method is deployed for assessing tool wear during the machining of Ti-6Al-4V at selected process conditions for validation purposes. Further, concepts such as the M-ratio and its derivatives are developed to quantify the efficiency of the cutting tool during each pass as a function of time at a theoretically constant material removal rate (MRR).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Applications of a laser-induced plasma pathway to testing of electronic modules

The authors discuss further developments and experimental applications of an in situ noncontact testing (NCT) system for printed-wire boards (PWBs). The results demonstrate the system's ability to overdrive logic circuits using the signal injection, making it an excellent means for analyzing operating hardware without disruption. The results also indicate that the NCT probe can serve well as a low-cost front end for test systems already in service. >
Adenosine 5‘-O-[S-(4-Succinimidyl-benzophenone)thiophosphate]: A New Photoaffinity Label of the Allosteric ADP Site of Bovine Liver Glutamate Dehydrogenase†

By reaction of adenosine 5‘-monothiophosphate with benzophenone-4-maleimide, we synthesized adenosine 5‘-O-[S-(4-succinimidyl-benzophenone)thiophosphate] (AMPS-Succ-BP) as a photoreactive ADP analogue. Bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase is known to be allosterically activated by ADP, but the ADP site has not been located in the crystal structure of the hexameric enzyme [Peterson, P. E., and Smith, T. J. (1999) Structure 7, 769−782]. In the dark, AMPS-Succ-BP reversibly activates GDH. Irradiation of the complex of glutamate dehydrogenase and AMPS-Succ-BP at λ >300 nm causes a time-dependent, irreversible 2-fold activation of the enzyme. The kobs for photoactivation shows nonlinear dependence on the concentration of AMPS-Succ-BP, with KR = 4.9 μM and kmax = 0.076 min-1. The kobs for photoreaction by 20 μM AMPS-Succ-BP is decreased 10-fold by 200 μM ADP, but is reduced less than 2-fold by NAD, NADH, GTP, or α-ketoglutarate. Modified enzyme is no longer activated by ADP, but is still inhibited by GTP and hi...
Vapour-Liquid Equilibria in Two-Dimensional Lennard-Jones Fluids: Unperturbed and Substrate-Mediated Films

The Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation technique has been applied to study vapour-liquid equilibrium for two-dimensional (2D) fluids of Lennard-Jones (LJ) molecules. Both unperturbed 2D films and films on a model graphite substrate are investigated; in the latter case the fluid parameters are chosen to model methane. Large systems are used, up to 8000 molecules in the case of the unperturbed 2D films. Finite-size effects are accounted for in the region near the critical point, and the critical temperatures and densities are estimated for both systems. For the unperturbed 2D LJ films we find the reduced critical temperature and density to be T*c = 0·498 ± 0·002, and ρ*c = 0·360 ± 0·005. The corresponding values for the monolayer film on graphite are T*c = 0·500 ± 0·002, and ρ*c = 0·368 ± 0·005. The influence of the graphite substrate on the coexistence curve is found to be small, as expected. Comparisons of the simulated coexistence curve with experimental data for methane on graphite show good agreemen...
What Explains FDI Flows to Latin America? A Pooled Analysis, 1980-2006

This paper estimates a pooled (fixed-effects) FDI investment function that seeks to identify some of the major economic and institutional determinants of FDI flows to nine major Latin American countries during the 1980-2006 period. First, it develops a conceptual framework of analysis that seeks to identify some of the major economic and institutional determinants of FDI. Second, the paper gives an overview of FDI flows to Latin America during the 1990-2011 period, with particular emphasis on their contribution to the financing of gross capital formation. Third, an empirical model for FDI flows to Latin America is outlined and an economic rationale is provided for the included variables and their expected signs. Fourth, the estimates from a panel regression designed to explain the variation in FDI flows to Latin America during the 1980-2006 period suggests that market size (proxied by real GDP), credit provided by the private banking sector, government expenditures on education, the real exchange rate, and the level of economic freedom have a positive and significant effect. On the other hand, public investment spending, the debt-service ratio, and the volatility of the real exchange rate have a negative and significant effect on FDI flows. The panel unit root tests on the residuals of the relevant panel regressions also suggest that there is a stable, long-term relationship among the included variables; i.e., the selected variables in the reported regressions are cointegrated over the relevant time period. Finally, the paper summarizes the major findings and offers some policy prescriptions for attracting FDI flows to the region and enhancing their positive direct and indirect effects.
RACE-BASED CONSIDERATIONS AND THE OBAMA VOTE

In the 2008 presidential primaries, Barack Obama seemed to have a problem connecting with Asian American voters, as he lost heavily to Hillary Clinton in states such as California and New Jersey. Many speculated that race-based considerations played a significant role in Asian Americans' overwhelming support for Clinton over Obama, with conjectures built on a limited set of aggregate exit poll data from three states. Race may also have accounted for the high proportion of Asian Americans who in polls said they were undecided heading into the November election. In this article, we analyze the importance of race-based considerations in the Asian American vote, after controlling for other factors such as partisanship, issue preferences, age, and gender. We rely on the National Asian American Survey, a large-scale telephone survey of Asian American voters conducted mostly in the fall of 2008, with interviews in eight languages and with sizable numbers of respondents from the six largest national-origin groups. We find that race-based considerations do indeed help explain the Asian American vote in 2008. Respondents who failed to see political commonality between Asian Americans and Blacks were less likely to vote for Obama in the primary, although other factors, such as age and gender, played a more significant role. Finally, the role of race-based considerations paled in comparison to party identification and issue preferences in the general election, suggesting that election contexts can play an important role in shaping whether or not race is relevant to vote choice.
IMMUNE STATUS OF BLOOD PRODUCT RECIPIENTS

Hemophiliacs are at risk for a newly recognized disorder, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), consisting of opportunistic infections or unusual neoplasms, usually associated with a decreased number of Thelper lymphocytes (TH) and an inverted TH/Tsuppressor lymphocyte ratio (TH/TS). Several studies of clinically asymptomatic hemophiliacs have shown a high incidence of the immune abnormalities found in AIDS, leading to speculation that many hemophiliacs have had exposure to the AIDS agent through blood product therapy. We therefore evaluated the immune status of three groups of blood product recipients without AIDS. Pediatric participants included 8 hemophiliacs 13 to 17 years of age on Factor VIII therapy, 18 thalassemics 9 to 17 years of age who received whole blood, and 12 sickle cell anemics (SCA) 8 to 17 years of age who received whole blood or plasma. Hemophiliacs had a significantly lower lymphocyte count(median 1500 cells/mm3) than did thalassemics (6110 cells/mm3, p<.001 by Wilcox or ranksum test (WRS)) and SCA (5461 cells/mm3, p=.03 WRS), associated with a relatively lower number of TH (median 513 cells/mm3 vs 1831.5 cells/mm3 for thalassemics, p<.001 WRS, and vs 1573 cells/mm3 for SCA, p=.03 WRS). The TH/TS was lower for hemophiliacs (median 0.9), than thalassemics (1.7, p<.01 WRS) and SCA (2.2, p=.001 WRS). We conclude that immune abnormalities exist in this population with hemophilia. Differences may be related to lyophilized factor or to the large number of blood product donors represented by factor therapy.
Adrenomedullin Enhances Invasion by Trophoblast Cell Lines

We have tested the hypothesis that adrenomedullin (ADM), a multifunctional peptide hormone, works as a trophoblast proinvasion factor. Our results showed that ADM receptor components-the mRNA and proteins of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs)-were expressed by human choriocarcinoma JAr cells and first-trimester cytotrophoblast HTR-8/SV neo cells. ADM stimulates both JAr and HTR-8/SV neo cell proliferation. The invasion capabilities of JAr cells and HTR-8/SV neo cells were also enhanced by ADM, and this was associated with increased gelatinolytic activity and reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA expression (SERPINE1). Our data support the notion that ADM may be involved in the human implantation process via regulating trophoblast proliferation and differentiation.
Vibrational relaxation of ICN bulk and surface chloroform

The vibrational relaxation of ICN at the surface of chloroform is studied using classical molecular dynamics computer simulations and is compared with the same process in the bulk liquid. Non-equilibrium classical trajectory calculations and equilibrium force correlation functions are used to investigate the factors that control the vibrational energy relaxation rate. We find that the relaxation rate depends on the initial excitation energy and is a factor of three slower at the interface than in the bulk. In addition, the frequency dependent friction at the interface is found to be orientation dependent, reflecting strong inhomogeneity.
Syzygies, degrees, and choices from a life in mathematics. Retiring Presidential Address

I was excited by the mathematics Joe talked about, and the questions we discussed after the talk have interested me ever since. In this report I’ll mix a description—meant to be broadly accessible—of the mathematics that grew from this interest with a bit of the personal history that surrounded my involvement. Mathematically, I’ll begin with some elementary algebraic geometry and then explain the first milestone in the theory of varieties of minimal degree, the Del PezzoBertini classification theorem. I’ll then describe how Green, Hulek, Popescu and
Expression of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) has no effect on HIV-1 acquisition or progression to AIDS in African Americans.

Document S1. One Table and One FigurexDownload (.28 MB ) Document S1. One Table and One Figure
Investigation of ballistic current in scaled Floating-gate NAND FLASH and a solution

Cell-to-cell interference constraints dictate that the Floating-gate (FG) of NAND FLASH cells be scaled down to very small thicknesses of a few nm. For the first time, we investigate and quantify the ballistic transport that occurs across ultra-thin poly-Si FGs during programming and experimentally determine its mean free path. This ballistic current has an adverse impact on the reliability of the Inter-poly dielectric (IPD) and potentially limits scaling. We have also demonstrated a solution to this problem in the form of an ultra-thin metal FG and have shown three orders of magnitude lesser ballistic current than poly-Si of same thickness. Further, we have demonstrated functional metal FG down to 3 nm.
Biphenylene Dimer. Molecular Fragment of a Two-Dimensional Carbon Net and Double-Stranded Polymer

Biphenylene dimers, which may be considered as “macrocyclic” 2 × 2 fragments of net 1 and dimeric fragments of a double-stranded polymer, 5, are prepared. X-ray crystallography on two polymorphs of the dimer 9 reveals that its bond alternation is analogous to that in biphenylene; the tetraphenylene part of 9 has approximately C2h symmetry with a small dihedral angle (<12°) between the benzene rings in the adjacent biphenylenes. Cyclic voltammetry of 9 gives two reversible waves corresponding to a radical anion and a dianion; the lithium and potassium salts of these anions, 9•-,M+ (M = Li, K) and 92-,2M+ (M = Li, K), were generated and characterized by ESR, NMR, and UV−vis spectroscopies. The spectral data for the dianions are compatible with classical structures; no evidence for “in-plane aromaticity” is found. For polymer 5, a localized band and large density of states near the Fermi level are found, using extended Huckel theory calculations.
Understanding legislators and their perceptions of the tourism industry: the case of North Carolina, USA, 1990 and 2003.

Abstract The tourism industry in North Carolina (USA) is recognized as an important contributor to the state's economy. Successful tourism requires cooperation between government, private, and non-profit agencies. In order to better understand legislators’ perceptions of tourism and enhance communication between legislators and tourism practitioners, this study reviews North Carolina legislators’ knowledge of and attitudes toward the tourism industry in both 1990 and 2003, then analyzes more deeply the 2003 group. The findings indicate that legislators report a more positive attitude toward the economic importance of tourism in 2003 than in 1990, but still have limited knowledge of the tourism industry. The study also analyzes the 2003 North Carolina legislators’ opinions regarding legislative support for tourism. In response to these findings, possible strategies are suggested to improve legislators’ knowledge base, image, and attitudes of tourism with the goal of achieving strengthened legislative support for tourism.
Video Tape As a Poultry Science Teaching Aid

Abstract The Poultry Science Department at the University of Florida has recently acquired video tape equipment in an effort to encourage the use of audio-visuals as a teaching tool. This equipment consists of two separate black and white camera-recorder ensembles, and two 18-inch television monitors. One system is battery powered and completely portable for field use. Tapes may be viewed on standard television sets with an appropriate adapter. Both video and audio may be electronically edited independently. This equipment is presently being utilized to critique scientific papers, to replace or augment field trips and to supplement class and laboratory instruction. In the future, this equipment may be used as a research tool for behavioral studies, in self-instructional programs for basic courses and for the preparation of extension oriented tapes.
Projecting the growth of cellular communications

The tremendous success of cellular technology has fundamentally changed the way people communicate and prompted the evolution of a new multibillion dollar wireless communications industry. Linking service areas, wireless communications has altered the way business is conducted. For instance, with a laptop computer, a PCMCIA modem and a cellular phone, a real estate agent can contact his or her office and clients, check sales listings and arrange appointments while traveling. Field service and sales people can, from customer locations, access corporate databases to check inventory status, prepare up-to-the-minute price and delivery quotes, and cut orders directly to the factory. Two-way paging services allow a firm's workforce to stay in close contact, even when traditional wired communication services are not available. Hand-held hybrids of phone-computer-fax machines feed information to wireless communication networks, allowing an executive to make decisions while watching a little league baseball game.
A Radioimmunoassay for Pancreatic-Glucagon in Chickens

Abstract A radioimmunoassay was evaluated for determining pancreatic glucagon in plasma of chickens. The sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay was 7.5 pg/ml at 95% binding. Recovery of added porcine glucagon to chicken plasma samples had a correlation coefficient of 99.2%. Parallelism was demonstrated for the porcine glucagon standard and increasing aliquots of pooled chicken plasma which confirms the chicken pancreatic glucagon is immunologically similar to porcine glucagon. Parallelism was also demonstrated between porcine glucagon and acid-ethanol extracts of chicken pancreas (chicken pancreatic-glucagon). Since the cross-reactivity between acid-ethanol extracts of chicken pancreas and chicken intestine was only .03%, the antiserum is assumed t o be highly specific for measuring chicken pancreatic glucagon. The pancreatic glucagon in plasma of 2-week-old broiler chicks given continuous light ranged from 325 pg/ml at 1930 hr to 850 pg/ml at 0130 hr. Chicks given a 14:10 hr light-dark period contained a low plasma glucagon concentration of 390 pg/ml at 1630 hr and a high plasma glucagon concentration of 950 pg/ml at 0430 hr. Chicks fed 50% and 75% protein diets contained significantly (P .05).
Employers’ Expectations: A Probabilistic Text Mining Model

Abstract This study uses text mining techniques to analyze employment data posted over the internet. The objective is to identify knowledge areas, skills and expertise relevant to jobs in the construction industry. We utilized the fast growing online job search engines to understand the construction job market and employer expectations. Over 20,000 job advertisements were downloaded from various websites between Oct 14th 2012 and March 15th 2013. We developed a text mining method to identify derived job qualification information from the downloaded pages. The developed algorithm is capable to derive rules by automatically extracting statistically significant patterns present inside preselected qualifications. The selection rules can then be used to detect the presence of these qualifications in new pages. Once the qualifications are identified, we used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify groups of skills that are required by employers. One of the major advantages of implementing LDA model is that it is an unsupervised approach and no training is needed. The algorithm was applied to a case study as an illustrative example.
Educational technology professional development as transformative learning opportunities

The call to integrate technology into education can be used as a starting point for educators' professional growth. Looking at teacher preparation and professional development as much more than technology training, this research bridges the literature and practice of faculty development in educational technology with adult education's transformational learning theory. Research conducted in graduate education courses in educational technology reveals themes of change in their perspective of their profession and educational practice. Technology learning can sometimes be intimidating or frustrating. This article highlights the study's significance of adult learning theory for teachers' professional development and classroom practice particularly in learning to cope with new knowledge bases and incorporating them into practice.
A modeling study of the dynamics of pore water seepage from intertidal marsh sediments

A numerical boundary integral equation model has been used to simulate tidally driven transient variations in pore water seepage from salt marsh sediments into tidal channels and its subsequent recharge by tidal inundation. In general the results show that the maximum seepage discharge occurs at or near the intersection of the creek bank and the channel water surface. Over a tidal cycle typically two-thirds of the total seepage discharge occurs through the creek bank with only about a third discharging from the channel bottom. Of the creek-bank discharge up to a third occurs through the seepage face that develops above the tide line at tidal stages below mean tide. These results indicate that placement of seepage meters only on the channel bottom will not give samples or measures representative of the total seepage. Of the total recharge only about 5% occurs through the upper part of the creek bank with the remainder infiltrating vertically through the marsh platform during early stages of tidal submergence. For the platform recharge about 80% occurs within 3 m of the creek bank. Thus, most of the water that seeps out of marsh sediments is derived from sediments that lie within several meters of the creek bank and accordingly has had a relatively short residence (one to two years) in the marsh. Compared to the distal portion of the marsh this relatively rapid flushing may enhance the productivity of Spartina alterniflora in the creek-bank environment and control the differential generation of radium quartet isotopes.
ADAPTATION OF CUTANEOUS TACTILE RECEPTORS : VI. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM.

1. Both solutions of Ringer plus fifteen times the normal K content, and solutions of Ringer plus fifteen times the normal Ca content markedly hasten the adaptation of single freely branching axon endings in frog's skin to repetitive air puff stimuli. 2. The K effect is produced more rapidly than is that of Ca. The K effect is reversible by washing with Ringer's solution, while the Ca effect is not. The Ca inhibition can, however, be reversed and recovery effected by washing with K rich solutions. 3. Evidence is discussed which indicates that Ca probably plays no role in normal adaptation, and the experiments are interpreted as substantiating the hypothesis of adaptation due to K.
Exposing students to repeat photography: increasing cultural understanding on a short-term study abroad

Traditionally, repeat photography has been used to analyze land cover change. This paper describes how repeat photography may be used as a tool to enhance the short-term study abroad experience by facilitating cultural interaction and understanding. We present evidence from two cases and suggest a five-step repeat photography method for educators to use to increase participation and cultural interaction of students involved in fieldwork, long-haul fieldwork, and study abroad programs. We suggest that through the five steps developed in this paper that students' potential to understand and interact within the host culture is increased.
After-Tax Performance Measurement

Measuring portfolio performance on an after-tax basis is a challenging matter. Whether one uses simple or complex models, one implicitly or explicitly makes certain assumptions about a taxable investor9s time horizon and capital gains recognition behavior. This article integrates the after-tax performance measurement literature with recent advances in after-tax portfolio valuation. It implements a variation of Stein9s [1998] full cost equivalent model using after-tax valuation techniques developed by Horan [2007a, b]. The approach has several advantages. It can be applied relatively easily without sacrificing precision; it accounts for the impact of taxes on portfolio risk; and it can be used to develop a customized after-tax benchmark.
Synthesis of 1-aryl-3,4-dimethylenepyrrolidines by the thermal elimination of sulfur dioxide

The reaction of 3,4-bis(bromomethyl)-2,5-dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide with arylamines to produce 5-aryl-1,3,4,6-tetrahydrothieno[3,4-c]pyrrole 2,2-dioxides was investigated. It was found that the bicyclic compound was obtained in good yields for arylamines with substituent groups with Hammett σ values of less than 0.40. These bicyclic compounds were thermally decomposed to produce the corresponding 1-aryl-3,4-dimethylenepyrrolidines in good yields. Several accompanying products of both of the above reactions were isolated and characterized.
Methodological concerns for analysis of phytolith assemblages: Does count size matter?

Abstract In quantitative phytolith analysis, chance error associated with insufficient counts can affect the robustness of the interpretation, whether it is vegetation reconstruction or taxonomic differentiation. It is therefore vital to choose a count size that will ensure statistically reliable results, while minimizing the time expended. Numerical statistical methods (bootstrapping) that have become available over the past few decades have made it possible to model even complex phytolith assemblages with relative ease. This study used bootstrapping as well as analytic statistical formulas to evaluate the influence of count size on vegetation reconstruction by means of two commonly used indices, D/P (tree cover index) and Iph (aridity index). The analysis indicates that the count size needed to ensure statistical precision depends on the question as well as the observed assemblage composition. Importantly, it is the count of specimens relevant to a specific ratio or other index (“index-specific” count) that matters, whereas the total count is less important. Based on these results, some general guidelines for choice of count size and for the use of statistics in phytolith analysis are suggested.
Kinetic study of the oxidation of Illinois No. 6 coal at low temperatures: Evidence for simultaneous reactions

Abstract The changes which occur during the low-temperature (25–100 °C) oxidation of thin sections of Illinois No. 6 coal were observed using time-resolved in-situ FT-i.r. difference spectroscopy. Graphical visualization of the spectral changes clearly demonstrates that multiple reactions occur. The presence of at least three interrelated reactions is inferred from the temporal behaviour of the absorbance changes. Consequently the overall oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the final oxidized coal will depend critically on both time/temperature conditions of the oxidation as well as the pretreatment and sample handling history of the coal.
Expression of drug targets in patients treated with sorafenib, carboplatin and paclitaxel.

Introduction Sorafenib, a multitarget kinase inhibitor, targets members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and VEGFR kinases. Here we assessed the association between expression of sorafenib targets and biomarkers of taxane sensitivity and response to therapy in pre-treatment tumors from patients enrolled in ECOG 2603, a phase III comparing sorafenib, carboplatin and paclitaxel (SCP) to carboplatin, paclitaxel and placebo (CP).
Numerical and experimental studies of territorial binding of counterions in polyelectrolyte solutions including the added salt case

Abstract This paper provides an extension of a procedure for calculating counterion binding ratios in a polyelectrolyte solution based on the Poisson-Boltzmann formulation of territorial counterion binding to include the presence of excess salt of the counterion. It is an extension of an earlier version which dealt with two counterions with different charge numbers without excess salt. The relative binding parameter of sodium to poly(galacturonic acid) as a function of the degree of neutralization in the presence of excess sodium chloride is determined by 23 Na n.m.r. and compared with the numerical results from the Poisson-Boltzmann and the Manning condensation theories. Agreement is found with the Poisson-Boltzmann results at degrees of neutralization greater than the critical condensation point predicted by the Manning theory. Qualitative elements of both theories appear in the experimental results.
Usefulness of ST-segment changes in ≥2 leads on the emergency room electrocardiogram in either unstable angina pectoris or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction in predicting outcome

Abstract To determine the reliability of the admission electrocardiogram in predicting outcome in patients hospitalized for chest pain at rest, 90 patients were randomized into a trial of aspirin versus heparin in unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, and prospectively followed for 3 months. The emergency room admission electrocardiogram was analyzed for ST-segment deviation ≥1 mm/lead and T-wave changes. Unfavorable outcomes were recurrent ischemic pain, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization with angioplasty or surgery. In patients who underwent coronary arteriography, a myocardium in jeopardy score ranging from 0 to 10 was assigned, based on the number of vessels with a diameter stenosis ≥70% and the location of the stenoses. Considering all 90 patients, an admission electrocardiogram with ST-segment deviation in ≥2 leads had a positive predictive value for adverse clinical events of 79% and a negative predictive value of 64%. In the subset of patients without left ventricular hypertrophy and whose admission electrocardiograms were recorded during chest pain (62 of 90), the positive predictive value of ST deviation in ≥2 leads improved to 89% and the negative value to 72%. Of the 62 patients, 53 underwent coronary arteriography. There was a positive linear correlation between the total number of leads with ST-segment deviation and the myocardium in jeopardy score (r = 0.80, p
Synthesis of sequential polypeptides containing lysine and tyrosine

Sequential polypeptides with the repeating units L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl, L-tyrosyl-(L-lysyl)2, and L-tyrosyl-(L-lysyl)3 have been synthesized by solution polymerization of the N-hydroxy-succinimide esters of the corresponding di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides. The monomers for the polytripeptide and polytetrapeptide were prepared by fragment condensation, using the mixed carbonic anhydride coupoling method. Moderately high molecular weight polypeptides were obtained.
Using video case studies to assess the impact of the use of GIS on secondary students’ spatial thinking skills Robert

Abstract We present the analysis of video case studies of students using geographic information systems (GIS) software to address sophisticated, locally-based problems in a secondary school course. Students show evidence of complex problem definition, hands on resolutions to conceptual and technological issues through the application of advanced geospatial processing, and choice of representations in their work, as well as the application of advanced geospatial processing. We are also conducting a quantitative study of the evolution of the students’ use of spatial language and gesture through the course. Geospatial tools such as GIS demonstrate considerable promise in building students’ ability to conceptualize and solve complicated problems with a spatial component, and the resulting spatial gains may benefit students in other scientific, technological, engineering and mathematical (STEM) domains.
Yukawa coupling of quantum fields in two dimensions. I

A renormalization procedure is proposed. It gives rigorous mathematical meaning to the infinite cancellations in this model. A space cutoff is introduced in the interaction termV and soV has the form\(\int\limits_{\left| x \right| \leqq K} {V\left( x \right)} dx\), but there are no momentum cutoffs inV. There is an infinite constant and an infinite boson mass renormalization in this model. The main result is that the renormalized Hamiltonian is rigorously defined as a bilinear form in the Fock Hilbert space.