cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.

The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.
Type VIII collagen in murine development : association with capillary formation in vitro

Bovine endothelial and human astrocytoma cells, and a limited number of other normal and malignant cells, synthesize three chains that have been identified as type VIII collagen (180 kDa, 125 kDa, and 100 kDa). Digestion with pepsin converts these forms to major fragments of 65 kD (based on globular protein standards). In this study we have examined the structure and distribution of type VIII collagen in developing mice by immunohistological and immunoblotting techniques. Temporal and tissue-specific expression was observed in embryonic heart, cranial mesenchyme, and placental capillaries. Western blotting of embryonic and neonatal tissues showed major species of 125 and 65 kDa in the brain, placenta, heart, lung, and thymus. The predominant band in pepsin-treated tissues was 60-70 kDa, with additional forms of 250 and 150 kDa in neonatal heart and lung. Type VIII collagen was also synthesized by endothelial cells, forming capillary tubes in vitro. We suggest that type VIII collagen functions in cellular organization and differentiation, and that its various forms reflect not only tissue-specific processing but the presence of several related chains.
Simulations of multistage intense ion beam acceleration

An analytic theory for magnetically insulated, multistage acceleration of high intensity ion beams, where the diamagnetic effect due to electron flow is important, has been presented by Slutz and Desjarlais [J. Appi. Phys. 67, 6705 (1990)]. The theory predicts the existence of two limiting voltages called V 1 (W) and V 2 (W), which are both functions of the injection energy qW of ions entering the accelerating gap. As the voltage approaches V 1 (W), unlimited beam-current density can penetrate the gap without the formation of a virtual anode because the dynamic gap goes to zero. Unlimited beam current density can penetrate an accelerating gap above V 2 (W), although a virtual anode is formed. It was found that the behavior of these limiting voltages is strongly dependent on the electron density profile. We have investigated the behavior of these limiting voltages numerically using the 2-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code MAGIC. Results of these simulations are consistent with the superinsulated analytic results. This is not surprising, since the ignored coordinate eliminates instabilities known to be important from studies of single stage magnetically insulated ion diodes. To investigate the effect of these instabilities we have simulated the problem with the 3-D PIC code QUICKSILVER, which indicates behavior that is consistent with the saturated model.
Phenotypically plastic traits regulate caste formation and soldier function in polyembryonic wasps

Polyembryonic encyrtid wasps are parasitoids that have evolved a clonal form of embryogenesis and a caste system where some progeny become reproducing wasps whereas others develop into a sterile soldier caste. Theory based on the biology of Copidosoma floridanum predicts that the primary role of soldier larvae is to mediate conflict over sex ratio, which also favours female-biased soldier production. Other data, however, suggest that female-biased soldier production reflects a developmental constraint. Here, we assessed whether female-biased soldier function by polyembryonic wasps reflects sex-specific adaptation or constraint by conducting comparative studies with Copidosoma bakeri, a species that produces clutch sizes similar to C. floridanum yet rarely produces broods associated with sex ratio conflict. Our results indicate that the oviposition behaviour of adults, development of progeny and function of soldier larvae differ greatly between C. bakeri and C. floridanum. These findings indicate that caste formation and soldier function in polyembryonic encyrtid wasps are regulated by phenotypically plastic traits. Our results further suggest that the primary function of the soldier caste in some species is defence of host resources from competitors whereas in others it is the resolution of sex ratio conflict.
The Incidence of Early and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections After Midurethral Sling Operations

ABSTRACT Objective: To define the incidence of early and recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) in the 12-month postoperative period following midurethral sling (MUS) operations and evaluate for risk factors. Methods: This retrospective chart review compiled all urine analyses and urine culture results within 12 months of MUS surgery on all patients in the years 2006–2012 for which data were available. All coincident risk factors were tabulated. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS v 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina). Results: 141 MUS procedures were performed in the 6-year time frame utilizing standard antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. 133 had adequate data for analysis. 10 patients (7.5% confidence intervals [CI] [3.7–12.4]) developed an acute UTI in the first 8 weeks postoperatively. 3 of 121 patients (2.3% CI [0.5–5.9]) developed RUTIs in the first year following surgery. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses of the data did not reveal any risk factors for either isola...
Trisomic Mutations in Jute

Corchorus capsularis Willd., the common jute plant, has usually 14 chromosomes in the diploid state. No other number has been reported in the species or varieties of jute.
The effects of scandal on organizational deviance: The case of the FBI

This article is an inquiry into the role of scandal in controlling organizational deviance. It examines the dynamics of scandal and the limits of the scandal process in producing organizational reform. The history of scandal and reform in the FBI (1950–83) provides the empirical basis for the inquiry. It is concluded that a strategy of increasing public access to “normally” concealed organizational information, which would strengthen public disclosure of organizationally deviant practices, is also a strategy for controlling organizational deviance. The study finds that some aspects of organizational structure and process are more subject to change through the mechanism of scandal than other aspects.
Inhibition of copper-containing amine oxidases by Cu(II) complexes and anions

As part of an effort to elucidate the mechanism of O2 reduction by amine oxidases and the role of copper in the overall reaction, inhibition by Cu(II) complexes and anions has been investigated. Copper(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine strongly inhibited both beef plasma and pig kidney amine oxidase. Lysine, tyrosine and salicylate complexes, as well as aqueous Cu2+, inhibited the plasma but not the kidney amine oxidase. A variety of control experiments indicate that the most plausible mechanism for the inhibition is O2− dismutation (intercepting a reaction intermediate) within an active site that is somewhat inaccessible to external reagents. Reactivity differences between pig kidney and beef plasma amine oxidase can also be rationalized on the basis of active site accessibility. Azide and thiocyanate are effective inhibitors of both amine oxidases. The data suggest that inhibition results from coordination to Cu(II) by N3− and SCN−. Ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions are prominent in the absorption spectra of the N3− (λmax$400 nm, ϵ ~ 3300–6300 M−1 cm−1) and SCN− (λmax ~ 370 nm, ϵ ~ 3000 M−1 cm−1) complexes with both amine oxidases. The position and intensity of these bands establish that the anions are equatorially coordinated in a tetragonal Cu(II) complex. Substrate reduction alters the anion binding properties of Cu(II) in beef plasma amine oxidase. The results are consistent with a mechanistic role for copper and indicate that the copper site is sensitive to reactions at the organic cofactor.
A meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of lead exposure on nerve conduction

Group means from nerve conduction studies of persons exposed to lead were used in a meta-analysis. Differences between the control and exposed groups, and the slopes between nerve conduction measurements and log10 blood lead concentrations were estimated using mixed models. Conduction velocity was reduced in the median, ulnar, and radial nerves in the arm, and in the deep peroneal nerve in the leg. Distal latencies of the median, ulnar, and deep peroneal nerves were longer. No changes in the amplitudes of compound muscle or nerve action potentials were detected. The lowest concentration at which a relationship with blood lead could be detected was 33.0 μg/dl for the nerve conduction velocity of the median sensory nerve. Lead may reduce nerve conduction velocity by acting directly on peripheral nerves or by acting indirectly, for example, on the kidney or liver.
An alternative construction of the Percus-Yevick equation based on the equilibrium BBGKY hierarchy

The existing derivations of the Percus-Yevick equation are not readily extendable into the nonequilibrium domain. In particular, the elegant Percus functional construction relies on a test particle theorem which lacks an exact nonequilibrium generalization. We propose here a new construction which utilizes some elementary ideas of functional expansions together with the equilibrium BBGKY hierarchy of equations. Also, we feel this new construction provides fresh insight into the physical basis of the equilibrium Percus-Yevick equation.
Early Devonian paleomagnetic data from the Lower Devonian Karheen Formation suggest Laurentia-Baltica connection for the Alexander terrane

Paleomagnetic data from 29 sites within the Lower Devonian Karheen Formation pass fold and reversal tests, and define two polarity zones that are correlative between two separate stratigraphic sections. We interpret this magnetization to be Early Devonian and thus propose a paleopole for the Alexander terrane that places the terrane at about 14° (north or south). Due to uncertainties of the Early Devonian parts of the North American and Gondwana apparent polar wander paths, several interpretations of the Early Devonian position of the Alexander terrane relative to either North America (Laurentia) or Gondwana are permissible. We use a combined data set of paleomagnetic, detrital zircon, and paleontological observations to narrow the paleogeographic options. Eastern Australia and the Scandinavian part of Baltica lie within the paleolatitude bands, and both are possible sources of Precambrian detrital zircon grains found in the Karheen Formation; however, paleontological data from the underlying Heceta Formation are only consistent with a position near northern Laurentia-Baltica. Therefore, the combined data sets indicate an Early Devonian position near Baltica.
Creating a Positive Workplace Experience: The Issue of Support from Supervisors and Management in Shaping the Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment of Private Correctional Staff

The number of private correctional facilities operated by corporate security businesses has increased rapidly over the past 30 years. There has been a parallel increase in literature, both pro and con, comparing the efficiency and effectiveness of private and public prisons; however, employees of private correctional facilities have been largely ignored. This is a serious oversight in light of the fact that employees are the backbone of these facilities. Organizational support is an aspect of the work environment that may have significant effects on employees. Supervisory support and management support are the two dimensions of organizational support. Multi-variate analysis found that both forms of organizational support are important. Specifically, supervisory support and management support were found to have negative effects on job stress and positive effects on job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees at a private correctional facility.
Numerical solutions and an iterative method for a rate law involving (1 − α) and [−ln(1 − α]n

Abstract Values of α at various temperatures have been obtained by numerical solution of the rate equation dα d T =A/β(1 − α)[−ln(1 − α)]n e−E/RT using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method for cases where n = 1 3 , 1 2 , and 2 3 . An iterative method has been derived using this equation as the rate law. In each case, the solutions have been analyzed by the iterative method. Calculated values of n and E were found to be virtually identical to those used in the solution of the differential equation for n ⩾ 1 2 . Other iterative methods not based on this rate law do not give correct values for n and E. Specific errors have been determined in this work.
Genotoxicity studies on the preemergence herbicide trifluralin.

This paper reports the results of studies conducted within the Lily Research Laboratories and discusses additional studies with trifluralin that have been reported in the literature
Application of Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP®) in graphite anode – A high efficient prelithiation method for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP®) was applied in graphite anode and the effects of this prelithiation method to cell performance were investigated. Performance of prelithiated cells was compared with that of regular graphite based cells. The first cycle capacity loss of SLMP prelithiated cell was largely reduced and the corresponding first cycle Coulombic efficiency was significantly improved. The graphite/NMC cell with SLMP prelithiation but without any standard cell formation process showed better cycle performance than that of none SLMP containing cell with standard formation process. Prelithiation of graphite electrode with SLMP promote stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on the surface of graphite anode. Application of SLMP in lithium-ion battery thus provides an effective method to enhance capacity, and promises a low cost SEI formation process. This also implies the potential use of other promising anode materials, such as Si and Sn that have large first cycle capacity loss, in commercial lithium-ion batteries.
Inter-subband plasmon-emission-based THz Lasers

Abstract We have proposed stimulated generation of plasmons (plasma instabilities) as a novel way to generate THz radiation from low-dimensional semiconductor systems. The microcharge oscillations of such plasmons become the source of electromagnetic radiation in the THz range. This plasma-instability-based concept offers distinct advantages as it relies on a collective phenomenon, which is less susceptible to disruption due to higher temperatures and various scattering effects. Also, since the plasmons are created internally and form a (coherent) collective mode of the electron gas itself, there is no need for an external feedback mechanism. A self-consistent calculational scheme shows the feasibility of plasma instabilities in appropriately designed quantum well structures.
Issues of agreement and contention in employment testing

Abstract This commentary draws out some areas of agreement and contention in the continuing debate over the racial impact of using ability tests for employment decisions. There is general agreement that there exist large differences in performance on general ability tests among the races and that there probably is some relation between general ability and job performance for most jobs. However, there is serious disagreement about whether racial differences in general ability are relatively fixed and about the size and nature of the relation between ability and productivity. Thus, much more research is needed to fully understand the consequences of using ability tests for employment.
Thermodynamic instability of de Sitter space.

The generalized second law of thermodynamics is applied to fluctuations in the Hawking temperature of the cosmological event horizon in de Sitter spacetime. Fluctuations which decrease the temperature, thereby decreasing the scalar curvature, increase the generalized entropy S. Thus, the generalized second law implies that de Sitter space is unstable to fluctuations which decrease the effective cosmological constant.
A Bayesian Approach to Reliability Estimation Using a Loss Function

A Bayesian estimate of reliability for the exponential case is developed which utilizes the basic notion of loss in estimation theory. Since the loss associated with overestimation is usually greater than the loss associated with underestimation of reliability, the loss function can be a useful tool. The loss function and prior distribution of reliability presented are sufficiently flexible to be compatible with many situations in which reliability estimates are require. When no prior information is at hand and a symmetric loss is used, the resulting estimate is seen to be the minimum variance unbiased estimate of reliability. This agreement gives some credibility to the precision of the estimation approach.
Class Compromises in Industrial Democracies

l he stability of democracies has been of critical interest to students of comparative politics. One question that has received limited empirical analysis is, How do we integrate class conflict into the broader concept of democratic stability? We extend the work of Przeworski and Wallerstein. Our principal thesis is that as the material bases of class exchange diminish, the state intervenes economically to expand the resources conducive to class consent. A tripartite coalition thus emerges, with the state facilitating class compromise between labor and capital through economic policies. We explore this thesis in a cross-national analysis of data collected from 20 advanced industrial democracies during the time period 1965-83, and explore the essential conclusions and the political-economic implications of our findings.
A Multidimensional Conceptualization of Organizational Corruption Control

To enable a better understanding of the similarities, distinctions, frictions, and complementarities among corruption control types and to lay the groundwork for future study of their effectiveness in combination, I set forth a theoretical basis for considering a corruption control type in the context of other corruption control types. I draw from both the organizational control literature and the corruption control literature to conceptually derive an interrelated set of corruption control types, based on their important underlying dimensions and functions.
Diminished Soil Quality in an Old-Growth, Mixed Mesophytic Forest Following Chronic Acid Deposition

Abstract Human activities have increased acid deposition throughout the Ohio River Valley due to the large number of coal-fired power-generating facilities. The long-term effects of chronic acid deposition can include a decrease in soil pH, loss of soil fertility, and a decrease in base saturation—all of which can reduce forest productivity. Dysart Woods, a remnant old-growth, mixed mesophytic forest in eastern Ohio, has experienced a decrease in soil pH from 5.0 in 1971 to 4.6 in 1997, which may be due to chronic acid deposition. The objective of this study was to utilize a long-term study to evaluate how soil quality has changed due to chronic acid deposition. To meet the study objectives, a variety of soil chemical properties (pH, base saturation, C, N, P, etc.) were measured from surface soil within two stands of opposing aspect at Dysart Woods within the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Because soil pH correlates strongly with other soil chemical properties, we used pH data from 1971 to estimate how so...
The Architecture of CCAN Proteins Creates a Structural Integrity to Resist Spindle Forces and Achieve Proper Intrakinetochore Stretch

Summary Constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) proteins, particularly CENP-C, CENP-T, and the CENP-H/-I complex, mechanically link CENP-A-containing centromeric chromatin within the inner kinetochore to outer kinetochore proteins, such as the Ndc80 complex, that bind kinetochore microtubules. Accuracy of chromosome segregation depends critically upon Aurora B phosphorylation of Ndc80/Hec1. To determine how CCAN protein architecture mechanically constrains intrakinetochore stretch between CENP-A and Ndc80/Hec1 for proper Ndc80/Hec1 phosphorylation, we used super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and selective protein depletion. We found that at bi-oriented chromosomes in late prometaphase cells, CENP-T is stretched ∼16 nm to the inner end of Ndc80/Hec1, much less than expected for full-length CENP-T. Depletion of various CCAN linker proteins induced hyper-intrakinetochore stretch (an additional 20–60 nm) with corresponding significant decreases in Aurora B phosphorylation of Ndc80/Hec1. Thus, proper intrakinetochore stretch is required for normal kinetochore function and depends critically on all the CCAN mechanical linkers to the Ndc80 complex.
Industrial Districts: Old Wine in New Bottles?

HARRISON B. (1992) Industrial districts: old wine in new bottles?, Reg. Studies 26, 469–483. According to the theory of industrial districts, a new wave of economic growth is being led in a number of regions in Europe, North America and East Asia by spatially concentrated networks of mostly small and medium sized enterprises, often using flexible production technology and characterized by extensive local interfirm linkages. Does this amount to a re-emergence of the dominance of what urban and regional economists call ‘agglomeration economies’ over the well-known pressures on business to spatially disperse its operations? Neoclassical economic theorizing from Marshall to Perroux provides one perspective on the contemporary industrial district phenomenon. Another is afforded by Granovetter's more recent elaboration of the ideas of ‘embedding’, ‘under-’ and ‘over-socialization’. Confronting each of these theoretical approaches with the other leads me to conclude that the industrial district prototypes involv...
Heating of laser-induced plasmas in helium

Abstract This letter reports several observations on the heating of laser-produced plasmas in He. Agreement of a qualitative nature is noted between experiments and published theoretical predictions. The possibility of an instability in the transfer of energy from the radiation field to the electrons in the breakdown region is pointed out.
Tetracyanoethylene chemistry: Indirect photometric determination of anthracene in naphthalene

Abstract Anthracene can be determined in naphthalene indirectly by measuring the destruction of the colour of a naphthalene-tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) complex after anthracene and TCNE have reacted via the Diels-Alder reaction. A trace analysis method of indirect spectrophotometry can be used to extend the determination to as low as 0.01 % (5 × 10 −5 ) of anthracene in the final solution in a ten thousand-fold excess of naphthalene. Pentamethylbenzene can be used instead of naphthalene but it is a less desirable reagent. Various possible interferences have been studied.
Electrostatic force and torque description of generalized spheroidal particles in optical landscapes

Optical trapping, mixing, and sorting of micro- and nano-scale particles of arbitrary shape (e.g., blood cells and nanorods) are but a few of the burgeoning applications of optical interference landscapes. Due to their non-invasive, non-contact manipulation potential, biologists and nanotechnologists alike are showing increased interest in this area and experimental results continue to be promising. A complete and reliable theoretical description of the particles' response within these fields will allow us to accurately predict their behavior and motion. We develop an electrostatic model of the optical force and torque on anisotropic particles in optical intensity gradients. The complete optical field is defined and a Maxwell stress tensor approach is taken to realize the force and torque induced by the electric field due to the polarizability of the particle. We utilize the properties of real dielectrics and steady state optical fields to extend this approach to the electrodynamic case inherent in optical trapping. We then compare our results against our recently reported form factor approach and use the differences to try to determine the importance of polarizability in optical trapping.
Measurement and analysis of buckling and buckle propagation in compressed oxide layers on superalloy substrates

Abstract The mechanisms whereby thin thermally grown aluminum oxide layers detach from superalloy/bond coat substrates have been investigated. Experimental studies have been based on the use of applied compressions that superpose on the residual compression and activate the failure mechanisms. These studies have revealed a sequence comprising buckling, buckle propagation and spalling. The observations have been analyzed using the established decohesion mechanics of compressed films. Consistency between the measurements and the mechanics has been established, enabling the interface adhesion parameters to be ascertained. The results suggest a relatively weak interface, with adhesions typical of those found for metal/oxide interfaces subject to weakening by segregation.
Approximation trade-offs in a Markovian stream warehouse: An empirical study

A large amount of the world's data is both sequential and low-level. Many applications need to query higher-level information (e.g., words and sentences) that is inferred from these low-level sequences (e.g., raw audio signals) using a model (e.g., a hidden Markov model). This inference process is typically statistical, resulting in high-level sequences that are imprecise. Once archived, these imprecise streams are difficult to query efficiently because of their rich semantics and large volumes, forcing applications to sacrifice either performance or accuracy. There exists little work, however, that characterizes this trade-off space and helps applications make an appropriate choice. In this paper, we study the effects - on both efficiency and accuracy - of various stream approximations such as ignoring correlations, ignoring low-probability states, or retaining only the single most likely sequence of events. Through experiments on a real-world RFID data set, we identify conditions under which various approximations can improve performance by several orders of magnitude, with only minimal effects on query results. We also identify cases when the full rich semantics are necessary. This study is the first to evaluate the cost vs. quality trade-off of imprecise stream models. We perform this study using Lahar, a prototype Markovian stream warehouse. A secondary contribution of this paper is the development of query semantics and algorithms for processing aggregation queries on the output of pattern queries-we develop these queries in order to more fully understand the effects of approximation on a wider set of imprecise stream queries.
A Dual-Color Ac Thin-Film Electroluminescent (TFEL) Display

While considerable work has been done in developing monochrome AC thin-film electro-luminescent (TFEL) displays, primarily using yellow-emitting ZnS:Mn, recent work with green-emitting ZnS:TbF3 offers a second bright color. There is also growing need for and interest in an EL panel incorporating more than one color for visual pattern contrast. Since both of these phosphors and the insulators are transparent thin films, a multiple stack construction was selected, using transparent electrodes. Such panels with rudimentary fixed patterns were successfully fabricated and demonstrated as a feasibility study of the stacked construction and evaluation of the color compatibility of these two phosphors in a single display.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dependence of PEM fuel cell performance on catalyst loading

Abstract This study focuses on a determination of the cell voltage losses observed for Pt and PtRu loading reductions in H2/air and reformate/air polymer/electrolyte-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Experiments with catalyst-coated membranes (CCM) of varying anode and cathode catalyst loadings with H2/O2 and H2/air demonstrate that the anode catalyst loading in state-of-the-art membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) operating on pure H2 can be reduced to 0.05 mgPt/cm2 without significant voltage losses, while the cell voltage losses upon a reduction of the cathode catalyst loading from 0.40 to 0.20 mgPt/cm2 for optimized MEAs amounts to 10–20 mV, consistent with purely kinetic losses due to the oxygen reduction reaction. It is shown that H2/air operation with state-of-the-art MEAs very closely approaches the Pt-specific power density (in units of gPt/kW) for large-scale automotive fuel cell applications with pure H2 feed. For reformate/air operation, PtRu anode loadings can be reduced to 0.20 mgPtRu/cm2 for reformate containing 100 ppm CO with a 2% air-bleed. Any further reduction will, however, require either a change in operating conditions (i.e. lower CO concentration or cell temperature ⪢80 °C) or novel, more CO-tolerant anode catalysts.
Music: Was Bessie Smith a feminist?

Angela Y. Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (Pantheon Books, 1998) I Can't Be Satisfied: Early American Women Blues Singers—Town & Country. Vol. 1, Country; Vol. 2, Town (Yazoo, 1997)
ERKed by LRRK2: A cell biological perspective on hereditary and sporadic Parkinson's disease

The leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2/dardarin) is implicated in autosomal dominant familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD); mutations in LRRK2 account for up to 40% of PD cases in some populations. LRRK2 is a large protein with a kinase domain, a GTPase domain, and multiple potential protein interaction domains. As such, delineating the functional pathways for LRRK2 and mechanisms by which PD-linked variants contribute to age-related neurodegeneration could result in pharmaceutically tractable therapies. A growing number of recent studies implicate dysregulation of mitogen activated protein kinases 3 and 1 (also known as ERK1/2) as possible downstream mediators of mutant LRRK2 effects. As these master regulators of growth, differentiation, neuronal plasticity and cell survival have also been implicated in other PD models, a set of common cell biological pathways may contribute to neuronal susceptibility in PD. Here, we review the literature on several major cellular pathways impacted by LRRK2 mutations--autophagy, microtubule/cytoskeletal dynamics, and protein synthesis--in context of potential signaling crosstalk involving the ERK1/2 and Wnt signaling pathways. Emerging implications for calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial biology and synaptic dysregulation are discussed in relation to LRRK2 interactions with other PD gene products. It has been shown that substantia nigra neurons in human PD and Lewy body dementia patients exhibit cytoplasmic accumulations of ERK1/2 in mitochondria, autophagosomes and bundles of intracellular fibrils. Both experimental and human tissue data implicate pathogenic changes in ERK1/2 signaling in sporadic, toxin-based and mutant LRRK2 settings, suggesting engagement of common cell biological pathways by divergent PD etiologies.
A WRKY transcription factor recruits the SYG1-like protein SHB1 to activate gene expression and seed cavity enlargement.

Seed development in Arabidopsis and in many dicots involves an early proliferation of the endosperm to form a large embryo sac or seed cavity close to the size of the mature seed, followed by a second phase during which the embryo grows and replaces the endosperm. SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 (SHB1) is a member of the SYG1 protein family in fungi, Caenorhabditis elegans, flies, and mammals. SHB1 gain-of-function enhances endosperm proliferation, increases seed size, and up-regulates the expression of the WRKY transcription factor gene MINISEED3 (MINI3) and the LRR receptor kinase gene HAIKU2 (IKU2). Mutations in either IKU2 or MINI3 retard endosperm proliferation and reduce seed size. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the seed cavity and hence the seed size remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the expression of MINI3 and IKU2 is repressed before fertilization and after 4 days after pollination (DAP), but is activated by SHB1 from 2 to 4 DAP prior to the formation of the seed cavity. SHB1 associates with their promoters but without a recognizable DNA binding motif, and this association is abolished in mini3 mutant. MINI3 binds to W-boxes in, and recruits SHB1 to, its own and IKU2 promoters. Interestingly, SHB1, but not MINI3, activates transcription of pMINI3::GUS or pIKU2::GUS. We reveal a critical developmental switch through the activation of MINI3 expression by SHB1. The recruitment of SHB1 by MINI3 to its own and IKU2 promoters represents a novel two-step amplification to counter the low expression level of IKU2, which is a trigger for endosperm proliferation and seed cavity enlargement.
Tympanic Membrane Temperature and Emotional Dispositions in Preschool-Aged Children: A Methodological Study

Tympanic membrane (TM) temperature asymmetry has been proposed as a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality in children. Little is known about the stability of TM temperatures or how readily one can obtain a reliable index of the phenotype. TM temperatures were collected from 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 73) over 5 months (Mdn = 34 samples). Seven to 10 samples needed to be aggregated to achieve reliable measures (cs > .70). Using reliable estimates, TM asymmetry remained stable over time, r(72) = .72, p <.01; 70% of the children had warmer left TMs; and TM asymmetry correlated as predicted with measures of children's emotionality. TM asymmetry may be a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality, but measures obtained on one occasion may not reliably index the phenotype.
Cramér-Rao lower bounds for support-constrained and pixel-based multiframe blind deconvolution

Multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) algorithms can be used to reconstruct a single high-resolution image of an object from one or more measurement frames of that are blurred and noisy realizations of that object. The blind nature of MFBD algorithms permits the reconstruction process to proceed without having separate measurements or knowledge of the blurring functions in each of the measurement frames. This is accomplished by estimating the object common to all the measurement frames jointly with the blurring functions that are different from frame to frame. An issue of key importance is understanding how accurately the object pixel intensities can be estimated with the use of MFBD algorithms. Here we present algorithm-independent lower bounds to the variances of estimates of the object pixel intensities to quantify the accuracy of these estimates when the blurring functions are estimated pixel by pixel. We employ support constraints on both the object and the blurring functions to aid in making the inverse problem unique. The lower bounds are presented as a function of the sizes and shapes of these support regions and the number of measurement frames.
The Witt classes of torsion linking forms of (4n−1)-manifolds with pseudo-free circle actions

Abstract In this paper we compute the Witt class of torsion linking forms of (4 n −1)-dimensional closed oriented manifolds admitting orientation preserving pseudo-free circle actions.
Enhanced retention of cytosine arabinoside and its metabolites and synergistic cytotoxicity by sequential treatment with dipyridamole in L5178Y leukemia

Sequential treatment of murine leukemia L5178Y with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) followed by dipyridamole (DP) resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity. Viability of cells exposed to 1 µM ara-C for 4 h was 88% of control values, but if DP was included in the cloning medium, cell viability was reduced to only 30%. When cells exposed to 1 µM ara-C were resuspended in ara-C-free medium containing 10 µM DP, intracellular ara-C and its metabolites were retained for a significantly longer period than when cells were resuspended in drug-free medium. At 4 h after resuspension in ara-C-free medium, total intracellular [3H] was 1.9 pmol/106 cells in control cells but amounted to 6.2 pmol/106 cells in DP-treated cells. Unchanged ara-C was 5.5-fold higher in the DP-treated cells. Presumably because of its effect on the concentration of intracellular ara-C, DP increased the half-life for ara-CTP from 97 to 250 min. Ara-CDP-choline declined with a half-life of 76 min on the transfer of cells to control medium, but levels of this metabolite remained constant or increased slightly in cells transferred to medium containing DP. After 4 h in ara-C-free medium with DP, [3H]-ara-C incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction was 140% of the level attained when cells were transferred to control medium. The increased levels of ara-C metabolites presumably represent the basis for the enhancement of ara-C cytotoxicity by sequential DP treatment.
Polarized Politics and Citizen Disengagement The Role of Belief Systems

This article examines citizens who combine liberalism on one of two major issue dimensions with conservatism on the other, assessing whether they are less politically engaged than “consistent” liberals and conservatives and whether this relationship has strengthened over time with elite polarization. It also explores the contributions of cross-pressures, partisanship, and alienation to contemporary ideological differences in political engagement. This article departs from most existing research by defining ideology two dimensionally. Using the 1984-2008 American National Election Studies, it finds that culturally conservative, economically liberal Americans and to a lesser extent culturally liberal, economically conservative Americans are less engaged in elections than “consistent” liberals and conservatives. Different factors explain these differences with liberals and conservatives, but cross-pressures do not demobilize either “two-dimensional ideologue.” Over time, the increased involvement of liberals...
Reliability-Based Design Optimization Methods

Reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) methods are optimization algorithms that utilize reliability methods to evaluate probabilistic constraints and/or objective functions used to prescribe reliability. For practical applications, it is important that RBDO methods are efficient, i.e, they only require a manageable number of numerical evaluations of underlying functions since each one can be computationally expensive. The type of reliability methods and the manner in which they are used in conjunction with optimization algorithms strongly affect computational efficiency. The first order reliability method (FORM) and its inverse are proved to be efficient and widely accepted for reliability analysis. RBDO methods have therefore employed FORM or inverse FORM to numerically evaluate probabilistic constraints and objective functions. During the last decade, the efficiency of RBDO methods has been further improved through problem reformulation. Our goal is to present RBDO methods from a mathematical optimization perspective by formalizing FORM, inverse FORM, and associated RBDO formulations. This new perspective helps not only to clearly reveal their close relationships but also provides a common ground for understanding different types of RBDO methods. Using numerical studies reported in the literature, we indicate the numerical efficiency, convergence, and accuracy of existing RBDO methods.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Chromium in Swiss chard grown on soil amended with tannery meal fertilizer

Abstract Wastes generated during leather tanning are commonly added to some commercially available organic fertilizers. Since such tannery wastes are typically high in chromium, the possibility of absorption of the metal by crops was of interest. Swiss chard was grown on a soil amended with 5, 10 or 15 percent of a tannery waste fertilizer. Significantly higher concentrations of chromium were found in swiss chard grown on the 10% and 15% treatments versus that in the control chard. Plant growth inhibition was noted at the 10% and 15% rates of tannery waste soil incorporation.
The mechanism of Tonks-Dattner plasma resonances

A hypothesis is developed that successfully explains experimental results on the Tonks-Dattner resonances. The usual dispersion relation for pressure waves propagating in an infinite uniform plasma is considered as well as the locations, amplitudes, and numbers of distinguishable resonances. The effects of pressure, external fields, electron temperature, and exciting electrod dimensions on the Tonks-Dattner resonances are summarized. It is concluded that internal plasma resonances can occur due to standing waves between the cut-off and propagating regions of the column and that these successfully explain the phenomenon of Tonks-Dattner resonance. (R.E.U.)
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF BOVINE MUSCLE FROM FOUR QUALITY GROUPS

Chemical, physical and sensory characteristics were investigated for the longissimus, gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscles from beef carcasses which exhibited musculature of four quality groups as follows: (1) normal in color, firmness and exudation; (2) normal in color but soft and exudative; (3) pale in color, soft and exudative; and (4) dark color, firm and dry. Significant differences were observed among the quality groups for myoglobin, hemoglobin, water-holding capacity, transmission value, tenderness and cooking losses.
Examples, problems, and results in effect algebras

This article discusses various unsolved problems and conjectures that have arisen in the study of effect algebras (orD-posets) during the last few years. We also include some examples, counterexamples, and results that motivate or partially solve these problems. The problems mainly concern sharp and principal elements, the existence of infima in Hilbert space effect algebras, tensor products, and interval algebras.
Development of a pleasure in parenting scale

Two major components of parenting have been identified: warmth and control. There has been a great deal of work on the measurement of control, but there are not many measures of parental warmth. As part of an attempt to develop better measures of warmth, we developed a scale measuring parents' pleasure in carrying out routine caretaking acts with their children. This measure was then related to other measures of positive support such as observation, observer ratings and questionnaires. As there is evidence in the literature that quality of the environment interacts with parenting, we related the measure to measures of stress, observer ratings of quality of the home, marital interaction and parental mood. Finally, we examined the relation of child variables (attachment classification, temperament rating and observed behaviours) to the parents' ratings of pleasure in the child.
On the time delay of the photoplastic effect

Photoplasticity in mercury cadmium telluride, Hg 1-x Cd x Te with x = 0.3, has been studied as a function of light frequency and deformation temperature. We show that there is an easily measurable time delay accompanying irradiation of the crystal and the change in stress. This time delay is temperature dependent, suggesting a diffusion of charge carriers, introduced by the light, to the interior of the crystal. A simple analysis is given of the observed temperature dependence that is consistent with the experiments.
LIPOPHILIC COLLOIDS OF YTTRIUM-90: PREPARATION AND TISSUE LOCALIZATION IN ANIMALS FOLLOWING I.V. ADMINISTRATION

SummaryTwo new lipophilic colloids of radioyttrium, Yttrium-Oleoylacetone Chelate-Y-90 and Yttrium-Dodecyliminodiacetic Acid Chelate-Y-90, have been prepared. Their tissue deposition in experimental animals following i.v. administration has been shown to compare closely with that of the more common inorganic, hydrophilic radiocolloids. Lipophilic character appeared to confer on these products no unique tissue distributional behavior.
Raman analysis of nitrogen doped ZnO

Abstract The mechanism of nitrogen doping is essential for making p -type ZnO. This paper demonstrates that Raman characterization is a potentially powerful tool to study the mechanism of nitrogen doping. We have observed new Raman features near 280, 510, 570, 642, 773, 1360 and 1565 cm − 1 shift in nitrogen doped ZnO (ZnO:N) thin films compared with undoped ZnO films. Peaks at 280, 510, 570, 642, and 773 cm − 1 are attributed to the nitrogen related defect complex. The Raman peaks at 1360 cm − 1 and 1565 cm − 1 shift are assigned to D—(disordered) and G—(Graphitic) bands associated with the carbon-related defect complex, respectively. The intensity and the intensity ratio of peaks at 1360 cm − 1 and 1565 cm − 1 have been found to be sensitive parameters that reflect the conductivity type of ZnO:N. Explanations are presented which correlate the Raman features to the electric conductivity of the films. From this analysis, we found that at temperature lower than or at 400 °C, nitrogen incorporation will form the nitrogen or possible nitrogen carbon related defect complex. As the growth temperature increases to 500 °C, the features associated with nitrogen are difficult to distinguish and the features associated to carbon begin to emerge. This observation possibly indicates the decrease of the nitrogen content and the increase of the carbon content in the ZnO:N film. The increase of carbon content may affect the donor behavior of the film. This observation suggests that growth conditions should be controlled to avoid carbon into the film.