cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Significance of Pancreatic Metastases in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Systemic Therapy.

Abstract Background Pancreatic metastases (PM) are a rare site of metastasis for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It has been suggested that patients with metastases to the pancreas have a more favorable prognosis, but little is known about the long-term outcomes of these patients with systemic therapy. Objective To understand the outcomes of patients with metastatic RCC with PM treated with systemic therapy. Design, Setting and Participants We conducted a pooled analysis of 4736 metastatic RCC patients treated on phase II and III clinical trials. Systemic therapies included anti-VEGF targeted therapy, mTOR-targeted therapy, and cytokine therapy. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis The primary endpoint was overall survival in patients with PM versus those without PM. Statistical analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression. Results and Limitations Among 4736 patients, 235 patients (5.0%) were identified to have baseline PM at therapy initiation. Median OS in patients with PM was significantly prolonged with OS of 41.7 months vs 19.0 months (adjusted HR: 0.52, p Conclusions The presence of PM in RCC is an independent positive predictor for survival and improved response to systemic therapy. These findings suggest RCC with PM is associated with favorable outcomes and further work to understand the underlying disease biology of these patients is warranted.
Shape of atomic nuclei in heavy ion collisions

In the hydrodynamic model description of heavy ion collisions, the final-state anisotropic flow $v_n$ are linearly related to the strength of the multi-pole shape of the distribution of nucleons in the transverse plane $\varepsilon_n$, $v_n\propto \varepsilon_n$. The $\varepsilon_n$, for $n=1,2,3,4$, are sensitive to the shape of the colliding ions, characterized by the quadrupole $\beta_2$, octupole $\beta_3$ and hexadecapole $\beta_4$ deformations. This sensitivity is investigated analytically and also in a Monte Carlo Glauber model, and we observe a robust linear relation, $\langle\varepsilon_n^2\rangle = a_n'+b_n'\beta_n^2$, for events in fixed centrality. The $\langle\varepsilon_1^2\rangle$ has a contribution from $\beta_3$ and $\beta_4$, and $\langle\varepsilon_3^2\rangle$ from $\beta_4$, but there are little cross contributions between $\beta_2$ and $\varepsilon_3$ and between $\beta_3$ and $\varepsilon_2$. Additionally, $\langle\varepsilon_n^2\rangle$ are insensitive to non-axial shape parameters such as the triaxiality. This is good news because we can use measurements of $v_2$, $v_3$ and $v_4$ to constrain simultaneously the $\beta_2$, $\beta_3$, and $\beta_4$ values. This is best done by comparing two colliding ions with similar mass numbers and therefore nearly identical $a_n'$, to obtain simple equation that relates the $\beta_n$ of the two species. This opens up the possibility to map the shape of the atomic nuclei at a timescale ($<10^{-24}$s) much shorter than probed by low-energy nuclear structure physics ($<10^{-21}$s), which ultimately may provide information complementary to those obtained in the nuclear structure experiments.
Notification alert! Effects of auditory text alerts on attention and heart rate variability across three developmental periods.

In a modern world saturated with cellphone-related stimuli, surprisingly little is known about their psychological effects. A small number of previous studies have found global distracting effects ...
American Protestantism in the Age of Psychology

Introduction: 1. The fall and rise of psycho-religious cooperation Part I. Therapy as Ministry in Clinical Pastoral Education: 2. The priest must drink at the scientific well 3. Being the love of God Part II. Therapy as Fellowship in Alcoholics Anonymous: 4. Democracy is a therapy 5. Came to believe Part III. Therapy as Evangelism in The Salvation Army: 6. Freud is not a suitable psychologist 7. New creatures in Christ Conclusion: 8. American psychology in an age of faiths.
A Note on the Representation of Environmental Risks in the News

This paper examines the role of the media in representing environmental risks to society, focusing on how environmental realities are constructed via the objectivist and subjective perspectives. This study explores the construction of reality centered on space exploration, namely, the Cassini space probe. In this study, 200 respondents were asked to read four news articles from various sources and comment on the information contained in the articles. Their comments addressed the extent to which the articles were useful in helping them assess their risk to potential plutonium exposure in the event of a launch disaster. A large majority of the respondents noted that while the information presented by newspaper coverage helped to provide insight, the news coverage often left more questions than answers. However, respondents also noted that the information was not sufficient to help draw specific conclusions about their risk of toxic exposure. Rather, this information was considered adequate for makeing a general assessment of potential environmental hazards in their immediate environment. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol4/iss1/6 A Note on the Representation of Environmental Risks in the
Allergic, Rheumatic, and Etiologically Unclarified Joint Inflammations

Repeated parenteral administrations of serum, a protein foreign to the body, often lead to joint inflammation. This process may serve as a paradigm for the explanation of some inflammatory processes taking place in the joint capsule. Two to eight days after repetition of an intramuscular injection of serum against tetanus, some individuals experience swelling of joints associated with urticaria of the skin and exudation in body cavities. This syndrome ist termed serum sickness. Pirquet [1261] demonstrated that the concurrent changes represent an allergic phenomenon which is elicited as an anaphylactic reaction by some organs or structures to the injected foreign protein. The foreign serum or plasma is countered by antibodies, either already available or produced within a few days [131]. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the wall of blood vessels, the glomeruli of the kidneys, the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver and spleen, and the synovial cells of the joint capsules.
Morphological Correlates for Transmitter Synthesis, Transport, Release, Uptake and Catabolism: A Study of Serotonin Neurons in the Nucleus Paragigantocellularis Lateralis

The aim of this report is to gather available evidence from the literature and to provide fresh evidence from new experiments for the morphological intraneuronal correlates for transmitter synthesis, packaging, transport, uptake, and metabolism in the mammalian central nervous system. A large body of literature is available for the catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) and gamma-amino butyric acid and they have been the subject of recent extensive reviews (Bloom, 1973; Roberts et al., 1976). The present report will explore the indoleamine-serotonin systems. The pathways for the biosynthesis and catabolism of serotonin (5HT) and related indoleamines are well known and aptly discussed by Cooper et al., 1974, pp. 175–199. The essential steps are summarized in Table 1. The essential amino acid tryptophan is converted enzymatically by tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme, to 5-hydroxytryptophan which undergoes decarboxylation to form 5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin (5HT). These initial steps represent the synthesis of 5HT; once formed, 5HT is stored, transported or released by the indole amine neuron in the course of its activity. 5HT is metabolized by monoamine oxidases in the presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase to form 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. This report will review the findings of several pertinent studies using cytochemical or immunological methods in order to discover the intracellular organelles in indoleamine neurons which relate to the synthesis, transport, uptake, and catabolism of 5HT.
A Semigroup Approach to Burgers' System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Burgers system that couples one ordinary and one partial differential equation and is intended to portray the flow in a channel. The system was proposed by J. Burgers and intends to be as simplified model that incorporate some of the features of the more complicated Navier–Stokes system. The chapter presents the theory of analytic semigroups to obtain global solutions and a variation of parameters representation of solutions. Exploitation of the semilinear structure of the problem provides an exponential representation of the solutions and discusses the qualitative structure of the problem. The chapter also presents Burgers system as an ordinary differential equation in a Banach space.
Assessing Recent Textbooks and Casebooks in Human Service Administration

Abstract Little attention has been given to assessing texts currently available to students of social work administration. This article evaluates twelve books in the field including descriptive findings related to audience, structure, definitions, managerial practice, and knowledge acquisition and skill development. The analysis utilizes an eleven-role framework to assess the relationship between the contents of the books and an empirical description of managerial work in the human services. The article concludes with a set of interpretations related to the balance between knowledge and skills, the degree to which theory informs practice, the use of empirical findings about practice, and the nature of learning strategies that include case-based and problem-centered learning.
Geostatistical noise filtering of geophysical images: application to unexploded ordnance (UXO) sites.

Geostatistical and non-geostatistical noise filtering methodologies, factorial kriging and a low-pass filter, and a region growing method are applied to analytic signal magnetometer images at two UXO contaminated sites to delineate UXO target areas. Overall delineation performance is improved by removing background noise. Factorial kriging slightly outperforms the low-pass filter but there is no distinct difference between them in terms of finding anomalies of interest.
Oxidation of isopropanol by rat liver microsomes: possible role of hydroxyl radicals.

Isopropanol, a branched chain alcohol, served as a substrate for the microsomal alcohol oxidizing system. Isopropanol oxidation required NADPH; H2O2 or an H2O2-generating system did not effectively support isopropanol oxidation, indicating that isopropanol was not a substrate for the peroxidatic activity of catalase. The addition of azide by itself or H2O2 (in the presence of azide and NADPH) stimulated isopropanol oxidation, suggesting a pivotal, indirect role for H2O2 in the system. H2O2 may serve as a precursor of hydroxyl radicals. Accordingly, the oxidation of isopropanol was inhibited by hydroxyl radical scavenging agents, namely dimethylsulfoxide, mannitol, benzoate and 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid. Fe-EDTA, which is known to increase hydroxyl radical generation, stimulated the oxidation of isopropanol. The stimulation by Fe-EDTA was blocked by competing hydroxyl radical scavengers. Model hydroxyl radical generating systems such as the coupled oxidation of xanthine by xanthine oxidase, especially in the presence of Fe-EDTA, or the autoxidation of ascorbate in the presence of Fe-EDTA could also oxidize isopropanol. These results indicate that (a) rat liver microsomes are capable of oxidizing branched chain alcohols, and (b) hydroxyl radicals or a species with the oxidizing power of the hydroxyl radical, generated from microsomal electron transfer, may play a role in isopropanol oxidation.
Damage Tolerance of Laminated Composites Containing an Open Hole and Subjected to Tensile Loadings

An investigation was conducted to study tensile failure of laminated composites containing an open hole. This investigation was especially concerned with determining the response, type and extent of damage in composites as a function of applied load. Both an analysis and experiments were performed for graphite/epoxy composites during the study. A progressive damage analysis was developed to study the problem. The analysis was verified by an extensive comparison between the numerical calculations based on the analysis and the experimental data obtained during the investigation as well as from published literature. Different graphite/epoxy composite materials were considered in the study. Overall, good agreements were found between the calculations and the data. Based on the study, it was found that the types and extent of internal damage in the notched composites strongly depend on the ply orientation of the laminates. The types and the size of damage directly affect the strength and failure mode of the co...
Assessment of a heterogeneous PWR assembly for plutonium and minor actinide recycle

Options for both full and partial transuranics (TRU) recycle in pressurized water reactors with a heterogeneous assembly design have been assessed. The impacts of these options on proliferation resistance, fuel handling, and repository performance were evaluated. The results indicate that the option of all-TRU recycle is the one most beneficial for the repository and nonproliferation, but this option also results in the most problems for fuel handling at the fabrication stage as a result of the high spontaneous fission neutron emission rate. Recycling americium in the fuel cycle provides significant benefits for both nonproliferation and repository performance over that obtained with plutonium-only recycling. Coupling americium recycling in the fuel cycle with storage of curium is an option that appears promising, if an appropriate solution for curium storage is found. Results for the various performance indices suggest that at least seven recycles of the TRU can be performed using the heterogeneous assembly design, provided remote handling of fuel is a price that is acceptable for the transmutation mission. Three recycles with an extended cooling interval prior to loading in advanced reactor transmutation systems is another option; the delay time provided by this campaign could be used to develop and deploy the advanced systems.
The Unit of Political Analysis: Our Aristotelian Hangover

Every scholar knows that assumptions shape conclusions. In particular, students of politics know that the unit chosen for analysis has a crucial effect on what is seen and recommended. At different times and places the analytical unit has been the family, the tribe, the corporation, the individual, the group, social class, the mass (and or the elite), the nation, and even “the globe.”
Conversion of Percutaneous Cholecystostomy to Internal Transmural Gallbladder Drainage Using an Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided, Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent

Patients with acute cholecystitis sometimes require placement of percutaneous cholecystostomy catheters, either as a bridge to surgery or as primary therapy. In patients who cannot undergo surgery, subsequent removal of the catheter can lead to recurrence of cholecystitis, whereas leaving the drain in place can cause adverse events. We investigated internalization of percutaneous cholecystostomy drainage catheters, using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided placement of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) as an alternative treatment strategy. Seven patients (median age, 57 years; 6 men) underwent EUS-guided cholecystoenterostomy for internalization of gallbladder drainage with EUS-guided placement of a 10- or 15-mm LAMS. All had initially been treated with placement of a percutaneous cholecystostomy catheter for cholecystitis and were later deemed unfit for cholecystectomy. Technical success was achieved in all patients in 1 endoscopic session, with subsequent removal of all percutaneous drains. Two patients required placement of self-expandable metal stents within the LAMS to successfully bridge the gallbladder and gastrointestinal lumen. No adverse events occurred after a median follow-up of 2.5 months. EUS-guided cholecystoenterostomy using a LAMS is therefore a viable option for internal gallbladder drainage in patients who have a percutaneous cholecystostomy catheter and are poor candidates for cholecystectomy.
Lyapunov exponents of parametrically coupled linear two-DOF stochastic systems and related stability problems

Abstract The almost-sure asymptotic stability of elastic systems subjected to parametric excitation is studied. The excitation consists of a harmonic function on which a stochastic term is superposed. The effect of the parametric action on the stability of a coupled system of differential equations is studied. By means of stochastic transformations of state norm process, the stability boundaries are determined using the stochastic averaging method and a technique due to Khasminskii. As an application, the problem of coupled flexural–torsional instability of a deep rectangular beam in the presence of fluctuating axial loads and end moments is considered.
Excess nitrogen in selected thermal and mineral springs of the Cascade Range in northern California, Oregon, and Washington: Sedimentary or volcanic in origin?

Abstract Anomalous N2/Ar values occur in many thermal springs and mineral springs, some volcanic fumaroles, and at least one acid-sulfate spring of the Cascade Range. Our data show that N2/Ar values are as high as 300 in gas from some of the hot springs, as high as 1650 in gas from some of the mineral springs, and as high as 2400 in gas from the acid-sulfate spring on Mt. Shasta. In contrast, gas discharging from hot springs that contain nitrogen and argon solely of atmospheric origin typically exhibits N2/Ar values of 40–80, depending on the spring temperature. If the excess nitrogen in the thermal and mineral springs is of sedimentary origin then the geothermal potential of the area must be small, but if the nitrogen is of volcanic origin then the geothermal potential must be very large. End-member excess nitrogen (δ15N) is +5.3‰ for the thermal waters of the Oregon Cascades but is only about +1‰ for fumaroles on Mt. Hood and the acid-sulfate spring on Mt. Shasta. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations are highest for thermal springs associated with aquifers between 120 and 140°C. Chloride is the major anion in most of the nitrogen-rich springs of the Cascade Range, and N2/Ar values generally increase as chloride concentrations increase. Chloride and excess nitrogen in the thermal waters of the Oregon Cascades probably originate in an early Tertiary marine formation that has been buried by the late Tertiary and Quaternary lava flows of the High Cascades. The widespread distribution of excess nitrogen that has been generated in low to moderate-temperature sedimentary environments is further proof of the restricted geothermal potential of the Cascade Range.
Real-Time Control of a Multiple-Element Mechanical Linkage with a Microcomputer

In real applications, many devices are highly nonlinear and are difficult to control effectively. Variabilities within the systems and strong external influences make the problem more difficult. One example is the control of electric motors driving elements of a mechanical linkage system such as in an industrial manipulator. By adding a microprocessor to the system, however, the system can be made to operate as if it was linear with a time constant determined by the designer. A method of thus linearizing the system is the so-called ``sliding mode'' control scheme in which the controller causes the system to follow a prescribed straight-line path in phase space. By applying two different control laws on opposite sides of this switching line, the system is said to be in ``sliding'' mode between the two individual laws. Advantages of the method include insensitivity to plant parameter variations, applicability to highly nonlinear systems, and simplicity.
The use of research problems in high school geometry

Despite curricular changes associated with “the new math”, many high school mathematics students do not realize that the body of mathematical knowledge is constantly growing. That is, they regard mathematics as an essentially “dead” science, while being at least vaguely aware of research progress in physics, chemistry, and biology. In order to help them appreciate the lively nature of mathematics, and thus to quicken their interest in the subject, they should be told about recent mathematical discoveries and about some of the as-yet-unsolved problems that occupy the attention of mathematical researchers. This is not feasible at the high school level in most areas of mathematics, but it is feasible in Euclidean and analytic geometry. By way of illustration, some suitable problems are presented below. The discussions are not complete, but should suffice to convey the flavor of each problem. References to more detailed discussions are also included. All but one of the problems appear in two films that I have recently completed [16], and additional references concerning them can be found in the viewer’s manuals for those films.
X-ray crystal comparisons and rates of conversion between RS/SR and RR/SS-[Ni(n-PrAO)2–H]+

Abstract The planar bis-[N-alkyl-α-amineoxime] complexes of nickel(II) are shown to be relatively stable in either the meso(RS/SR) or dl (RR/SS) form by 1H NMR and X-ray analysis. They can be isolated, quantitatively separated and analyzed for by HPLC. As bromide salts they crystallize separately having different crystal morphology and color. The X-ray crystal structures have different unit cell symmetry: meso, orthorhombic, Aba2 while the dl isomer is monoclinic, P21/c. The unit cells contain similar monomeric nickel(II) cations, bromide ion and a non-coordinated water molecule. They differ only in the geometric arrangement around the asymmetric nitrogens. In solution, the isomers slowly convert to equilibrium mixtures (t1/2≈1–5000 min at 0°), with the rate and Keq being highly dependent on the solvent and the solution acidity. The equilibrium constant, Keq=[meso]/[ dl ], measured in various solvents, combined with the observed first-order rate constants for rearrangement give kf and kr values. These are compared under different conditions and possible mechanisms for racemization are discussed. Both the rates of interconversion and the equilibrium ratios are very sensitive to solvent composition.
Laminar capillary flow of compressible viscous fluids

Laminar flow of compressible Newtonian fluids in capillaries is analysed. A perturbation solution is obtained to the vorticity–stream function form of the hydrodynamics equations for weakly compressible flow, having a relatively simple form. In contrast with previous analyses of this flow, we find both a non-zero radial velocity and non-zero radial pressure gradient. Expressions for pressure drop and friction factor are also found that show significant deviations from the incompressible case (Hagen–Poiseuille equation) that arise from both fluid inertia and bulk viscosity.
Mode of action and in-vitro activity of vancomycin

Vancomycin is a unique glycopeptide structurally unrelated to any currently available antibiotic. It also has a unique mode of action inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. There is also evidence that vancomycin alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis. Induction of bacterial L-phase variants from susceptible organisms with vancomycin is extremely difficult, and such variants are unstable. Stable L-phase variants induced by other agents are susceptible to vancomycin. Vancomycin is active against a large number of species of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains), Staph. epidermidis (including multiple-resistant strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multiple-resistant strains), Str. pyogenes, Str. agalactiae, Str. bovis, Str. mutans, viridans streptococci, enterococci, Clostridium species, diphtheroids, Listeria monocytogenes, Actinomyces species and Lactobacillus species. There has been no increase in resistance to vancomycin during the past three decades. Enhancement of antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated with the combination of vancomycin and an aminoglycoside against Staph. aureus, Str. bovis, enterococci and viridans streptococci. The combination of vancomycin and rifampicin are antagonistic to most strains of Staph. aureus, though indifference and occasionally synergism have been shown, but is synergistic against strains of Staph. epidermidis. It shows indifference against enterococci. Vancomycin and fusidic acid are indifferent against Staph. aureus.
Magnetic resonance imaging for white matter degradation in fornix following mild traumatic brain injury

The alterations of the fornix in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were investigated using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and T1-weighetd anatomical imaging. The primary goal of this study was to test that hypothesis that the fornix might play a major role in the memory and learning dysfunctions in the post-concussion syndrome, which may related to the white matter (WM) degradations following mild traumatic brain injury. N=24 mTBI patients were longitudinally studied in two time points with 6-month intervals using a 4-Tesla MRI scanner to measure the WM integrity of fornix and the fornix-to-brain ratio (FBR), and compared with matched healthy controls. Our data show that the WM degradation in fornix onset in the acute stage after mild TBI when the post-injury time was less than 6 weeks, and that this WM degradation continued during the following 6-month period of recovery. In summary, using DTI and structural MRI together can effectively detect the fornix changes in both cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. Further studies are warranted to exam the association between the fornix alterations and neurocognitive performance of TBI patients.
Intracellular Ca2+ Increases the Mitochondrial NADH Concentration During Elevated Work in Intact Cardiac Muscle

It is not clear how mitochondrial energy production is regulated in intact tissue when energy consumption suddenly changes. Whereas mitochondrial [NADH] ([NADH]m) may regulate cellular respiration rate and energetic state, it is not clear how [NADH]m itself is controlled during increased work in vivo. We have varied work and [Ca2+] in intact cardiac muscle while assessing [NADH]m using fluorescence spectroscopy. When increased work was accompanied by increasing average [Ca2+]c (by increasing [Ca2+]c or pacing frequency), [NADH]m initially fell and subsequently recovered to a new steady state level. Upon reduction of work, [NADH]m overshot and then returned to control levels. In contrast, when work was increased without increasing average [Ca2+]o (by increasing sarcomere length), [NADH]m fell similarly, but no recovery or overshoot was observed. This Ca(2+)-dependent recovery and overshoot may be attributed to Ca(2+)-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. We conclude that the immediate initial increase in respiration rate upon elevation of work is not activated by increased [NADH]m (since [NADH]m rapidly fell) or by [Ca2+]o (since work could also be increased at constant [Ca2+]c). However, during sustained high work, a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism causes slow recovery of [NADH]m toward control values. This demonstrates a Ca(2+)-dependent feed-forward control mechanism of cellular energetics in cardiac muscle during increased work.
Japan, Russia, and the Northern Territories: Continuities, changes, obstacles, opportunities

Japan and Russia need each other. Few relationships make more economic sense. Japan is the world's leading manufacturing, financial and technological power but is natural resource poor, while Russia's economy is collapsing but is natural resource rich. Yet this potentially highly complementary relationship remains limited. Japan and Russia share the same backyard, but their doors are closed if not locked and they peer suspiciously at each other from curtained windows. Much of this distrust is understandable. Moscow and Tokyo fought four wars against each other, in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), in Siberia (191822), on the Manchurian border (1938) and in the closing days of World War Two (1945). These wars reflected a geopolitical rivalry over,Northeast Asia which extended back to the mid-19th century. Since Truman announced his containment policy in 1947, Tokyo has been Washington's geopolitical anchor in the region, and the geoeconomic engine of growth for the entire East Asian rim. In 1983 Prime Minister Nakasone summed up Tokyo's role as the 'unsinkable aircraft carrier' in the US-Japan alliance against the Soviet Union. Technically the Soviet Union and Japan are still at war because they have yet to sign a peace treaty ending World War Two. The recent collapse of communism and the Soviet empire would seem to offer Tokyo the opportunity to tap deeply into the seemingly endless treasure trove of natural resources, to sell billions of dollars in equipment, consumer goods and components, to invest in mines and factories, and to extend billions of dollars in credit to the new republics across the Japan Sea. Yet Japan has not willingly joined in with other members of the Group of Seven in aiding the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) that has emerged from the ruins of the Soviet Union. Moscow and Tokyo remain split by a territorial dispute that transcended the Cold War and remains unsolved in the 'New World Order'. In the last days of World War Two, the Soviet Union, acting under Allied agreements reached at the February 1945 Yalta conference, seized four islands off Hokkaido's northeast coast. Although Tokyo seemed to write off the islands by signing the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty, from the mid-1950s it has claimed sovereignty over the islands and demanded their return. Tokyo and Moscow remain deadlocked over the issue, both backing their ownership claims with compelling legal arguments. Tokyo has limited its development aid and investments to Russia until the territorial dispute is resolved in its favour.
What to Make of New York's New Economy? The Politics of the Creative Field

Inner-city ensembles featuring novel mixes of culture, technology and commerce are generating synergies of production, consumption and place. Yet, this `new economy of the city' is also linked to contradictory economic impulses and negative effects. Proposing that economistic accounts have a limited ability to explain the rise of these ensembles, their effects and the possibilities for policy, the idea of a `creative field' is revised in order to analyse how politics have shaped a creative ensemble in Lower Manhattan. It is shown that the political influence of real estate has helped to displace firms and residents of modest means, and has stunted campaigns by creative sectors to access resources, build institutions and upgrade capacities. However, a survey of creative industry politics hints at alternative policies that, in the wake of the financial collapse, might promote progressive ties between creative segments and modest neighbourhoods.
Excess gains in weight and waist circumference associated with childbearing: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of childbearing with weight and waist circumference (WC) changes, we compared women with and without pregnancies or births during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, longitudinal observational study over 10 years. Comparison groups defined by the number of pregnancies and births during follow-up: P0 (0 pregnancies; nongravid), P1 (1+ miscarriages or abortions; ‘short’ pregnancies), B1 (1 birth), and B2 (2+ births). Mean changes in weight and WC for P1, B1 and B2 groups vs P0 were examined separately by race (black and white), baseline parity (nulliparous and parous) and baseline weight status (normal weight; BMI <25 kg/m2 and overweight; BMI ≥25 kg/m2). SUBJECTS: A population-based sample of 2070 women aged 18–30 y at baseline (1053 black subjects and 1017 white subjects) from Birmingham, Alabama, Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Oakland, California were examined five times between 1985–1986 and 1995–1996. MEASURMENTS: Weight and WC measurements were obtained using standardized protocol at baseline and examinations at years 2, 5, 7 and 10. Sociodemographic, reproductive, and behavioral attributes were assessed at baseline and follow-up examinations. RESULTS: Gains in weight and WC associated with pregnancy and childbearing varied by race (P<0.001), baseline parity (P<0.05) and overweight status (P<0.001). Among overweight nulliparas, excess gains in weight (black subjects: 3–5 kg, white subjects: 5–6 kg) and WC (black subjects: 3–4 cm, white subjects: 5–6 cm) were associated with ‘short’ pregnancies and one or more birth(s) during follow-up compared to no pregnancies (P<0.01 and 0.001). Among normal weight nulliparas, excess gains in weight (about 1 kg) and WC (2–3 cm) were associated with follow-up birth(s) (P<0.05). Among women parous at baseline, no excess weight gains were found, but excess WC gains (2–4 cm) were associated with follow-up births. CONCLUSION: Substantial excess weight gain is associated with both short pregnancies and a first birth in women overweight prior to initiation of childbearing. Excess weight gain was not associated with higher order births. Increases in waist girth were cumulative with both first and higher order births among overweight as well as normal weight women. Interventions to prevent obesity should be targeted at women who are overweight prior to initiation of childbearing. The impact of excess WC gains associated with childbearing on women's future health risk should be evaluated further.
Fermi surfaces in N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory

We investigate and classify Fermi surface behavior for a set of fermionic modes in a family of backgrounds holographically dual to $\mathcal{N}=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory at zero temperature with two distinct chemical potentials. We numerically solve fluctuation equations for every spin-$1/2$ field in five-dimensional maximally supersymmetric gauged supergravity not mixing with gravitini. Different modes manifest two, one, or zero Fermi surface singularities, all associated with non-Fermi liquids, and we calculate dispersion relations and widths of excitations. We study two limits where the zero-temperature entropy vanishes. In one limit, a Fermi surface approaches a marginal Fermi liquid, which we demonstrate analytically, and conductivity calculations show a hard gap with the current dual to the active gauge field superconducting, while the other is insulating. In the other limit, conductivities reveal a soft gap with the roles of the gauge fields reversed.
Molecular dynamics study of disulfide bond influence on properties of an RGD peptide. J. Peptide Res., 1999, 53, 188–200.

We regret that equations 1–5 on pages 191 and 192 of the above article were printed incorrectly. The correct equations and accompanying text are displayed below. We apologize for any confusion caused.
Radical Intellectuals: What Happened to the New Urban Sociology?*

This article is about the rise and fall of radicalism among ‘new urban sociologists’ during the 1960s and 1970s. First, I analyze the social and theoretical developments of that time and demonstrate the novelty of the questions that the new urban sociologists posed. Second, I examine the features of the practical engagements and motivations of the members of this group and show how they changed over time. Finally, I discuss the processes of institutionalization of this group. The story of the new urban sociologists is the story of members of the same generation who, dissatisfied with the development of theory in their field, developed a distinct approach to urban problems. The project that they developed combined elements of both intellectual and political projects. I consider both aspects of this project in light of Gouldner’s sociology of intellectuals, and show that de-radicalization was a consequence of a peculiar combination of political disillusionment, theoretical triumph and a successful project of professionalization. Cet article porte sur l’essor et la chute du radicalisme chez les ‘nouveaux sociologues urbains’ au cours des annees 1960–70. Tout d’abord, il analyse les evolutions sociales et theoriques de cette epoque en demontrant la nouveaute des questions posees par ces sociologues. Ensuite, il examine les caracteristiques des engagements concrets et des motivations des membres de ce groupe, en marquant leurs changements avec le temps. Il termine par les processus d’institutionnalisation du groupe. L’histoire des nouveaux sociologues urbains est celle de personnes d’une meme generation qui, insatisfaits de l’evolution theorique dans leur domaine, ont mis au point une approche differente des problemes urbains. Le projet qu’ils ont developpe combinait des elements de travaux tant intellectuels que politiques; l’article en examine ces deux aspects a la lumiere de la sociologie des intellectuels de Gouldner, demontrant que la de-radicalisation a resulte d’une association particuliere de desillusion politique, de succes theorique et d’un travail reussi de professionnalisation.
Animating hashing algorithms for computer science education

We address the conceptual problem of how to visualize computer science algorithms by describing the hashing algorithm part of a large scale project focusing on algorithm animation for computer science education. We concentrate on the two tasks of how to visualize data objects and operations on those objects and illustrate our findings by discussing extensive examples of hashing animations. We also describe how to visualize algorithm analysis and outline the scripting facility to support the generation of hashing animations.
Suppression of Sebaceous Gland Development in Laboratory Animals by 17α-Propyltestosterone

Topical application of the testosterone derivative 17α-propylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one (Win 17665) caused a dose-related regression of the hamster flank organ and guinea pig supracaudal gland in mature male animals. Histological examination confirmed that this action of Win 17665 was on the size of the hamster sebaceous glands and was reversible on cessation of treatment. Topical application of Win 17665 also counteracted flank organ stimulation by directly applied 5α-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Seminal vesicle weight was reduced after the repeated subcutaneous administration of 100 mg/kg of Win 17665 but not after repeated oral administration of 320 mg/kg or topical administration of 1 gm/kg of Win 17665.
Magma zonation: Effects of chemical buoyancy and diffusion

Numerical simulations and scale analysis are used to assess the viability of the marginal box-filling mechanism for producing compositional zonation in magma bodies. Scale analysis and two-dimensional numerical experiments both show that box-filling occurs provided a critical ratio of compositional-to-thermal buoyancy is exceeded. This critical ratio depends on the ratio of thermal-to-chemical diffusivity; application of this result to magma bodies suggests that box-filling may occur for components with relatively high-chemical diffusivities such as water. However, box-filling will not produce significant zonation for components with small chemical diffusivities, such as silica, unless diffusive coupling increases silica diffusivity.
Reduction of Reflections in Interleaved Bi-directional DWDM Systems Using SOA Inline Amplification

We have analysed the sources of reflections in interleaved bi-directional DWDM SOA transmission. We have numerically and experimentally demonstrated the reduction of reflections by reducing both the SOA bias current and facet reflectivities.
214 VENTRICULAR INTERDEPENDENCE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

A two-dimensional echocardiographic study using short axis, long axis and four chamber views was performed to evaluate right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) geometry and interrelationships in 10 CF patients with severe obstructive lung disease and secondary cor pulmonale. All patients had clinical scores less than 50, vital capacity less than 55% of predicted, evidence of RV failure, hypoxia, and were receiving diuretics. Six patients were receiving digoxin. RV enddiastolic dimension (RVED), RV outflow tract (RVOT), ratio of RVOT to aortic root (AO) and ratio of RVED to LV end-diastolic dimension (LVED) were significantly (p< 0.005) larger than predicted normal values derived from M-mode studies. LVED was smaller than predicted. The massively enlarged RV encroached on the LV in all patients. This resulted in persistently abnormal interventricular septal configuration with bulging of the septum into the LV, an eccentric oval shaped LV chamber, and flat or paradoxic septal motion. This was associated with dyskinetic contraction and relaxation of the LV chamber, which could contribute to diminished performance. Thus massive RV enlargement may be a major factor in producing LV dysfunction in chronic cor pulmonale.
Safe Enough? A Building Code to Protect Our Cities and Our Lives

Seminal works on earthquake engineering hold that greater seismic resistance of building stock is impractical; that the public is unwilling to pay for it; that the public has no proper role in sett...
Nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 13. design and synthesis of an orally active pyrazolopiperazinone nonpeptide fibrinogen receptor antagonist

Abstract The synthesis and antiplatelet activity of a series of pyrazolopiperazinone nonpeptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists is reported. The sulfonamide analog 6 (L-734, 115), significantly inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation 24 h after oral administration at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg to dogs and rhesus monkeys, respectively.
Kinetics of mercuric reduction in intact and permeabilized Escherichia coli cells

Abstract The kinetics of mercuric ion ( Hg 2+ ) reduction by Escherichia coli was studied with ether-permeabilized and intact cells. Permeabilized cells reduced Hg 2+ 5.5 times faster than intact cells. The reduction by intact cells exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior with respect to Hg 2+ concentration. In contrast, the reduction by permeabilized cells followed substrate inhibition kinetics with respect to Hg 2+ concentration and Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to NADPH concentration. An expression was adopted to describe the simultaneous dependence of the reduction rate of permeabilized cells on the Hg 2+ and NADPH concentrations. Experimental data confirmed the general validity of the rate expression in a wide range of Hg 2+ and NADPH concentrations.
Coronary Health Improvement Project (CHIP) is associated with improved nutrient intake and decreased depression.

Abstract Objective We evaluated the efficacy of the Coronary Health Improvement Project (CHIP) at lowering depression by modifying selected daily nutrients from food. Methods A randomized controlled trial was used, with 348 participants 24 to 81 y of age from metropolitan Rockford, Illinois. Participants were assessed at baseline and at 6 wk and 6 mo of follow-up. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure depression. Results Those in the intervention group compared with the control group were 63% more likely to show a decrease in BDI through 6 wk ( P P P Conclusion The CHIP, which improves daily nutrients from food and cardiovascular risk factors, also lowers depression.
Low Frequency Entrainment of Oscillatory Bursts in Hair Cells

Sensitivity of mechanical detection by the inner ear is dependent upon a highly nonlinear response to the applied stimulus. Here we show that a system of differential equations that support a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, with a feedback mechanism that tunes an internal control parameter, captures a wide range of experimental results. The proposed model reproduces the regime in which spontaneous hair bundle oscillations are bistable, with sporadic transitions between the oscillatory and the quiescent state. Furthermore, it is shown, both experimentally and theoretically, that the application of a high-amplitude stimulus to the bistable system can temporarily render it quiescent before recovery of the limit cycle oscillations. Finally, we demonstrate that the application of low-amplitude stimuli can entrain bundle motility either by mode-locking to the spontaneous oscillation or by mode-locking the transition between the quiescent and oscillatory states.
The force on a dislocation

Abstract Recent computer simulation results pertaining to the behaviour of the dislocation core under stress have prompted a reevaluation of the concept of force on a dislocation. The hypothesis that the strains act as carriers for the force leads to the conclusion that, in elastically anisotropic materials, certain strain fields exert an intrinsic force on a dislocation. It is argued that these forces, while not changing the thermodynamic picture of dislocation glide, can, by distortion of the dislocation core, give rise to some unexpected effects. Possible applications to point defect softening and brittle fracture in b.c.c. metals are discussed briefly.
Cardiovascular hemodynamics and the internally placed cardiac pacemaker

Abstract 1. 1. Cardiovascular hemodynamics were studied in a patient with complete heart block and an indwelling cardiac pacemaker having an external induction-coil control unit. 2. 2. Determinations at varying heart rates demonstrated a system capable of increasing its cardiac output by increasing the heart rate at the expense of a fall in stroke volume. 3. 3. An implanted cardiac pacemaker with an external control unit offers an excellent bioelectric system for the study of the effects of physical activity on the heart as well as the nonchronotropic effects of cardiovascular drugs, since a major variable of cardiac function, i.e., heart rate, can be held constant .
Repetitive impact response of a beam structure subjected to harmonic base excitation

Abstract This paper investigates the forced response dynamics of a clamped–clamped beam to which a rigid body is attached, and in the presence of periodic or non-periodic impacts between the body and a comparatively compliant base structure. The assembly is subjected to base excitation at specified frequency and acceleration, and the potentially complex responses that occur are examined analytically. The two sets of natural frequencies and vibration modes of the beam-rigid body structure (in its in-contact state, and in its not-in-contact state), are used to treat the forced response problem through a series of algebraic mappings among those states. A modal analysis based on extended operators for the (continuous) beam and (discrete) rigid body establishes a piecewise linear state-to-state mapping for transition between the in-contact and not-in-contact conditions. The contact force, impulse, and displacement each exhibit complex response characteristics as a function of the excitation frequency. Periodic responses occurring at the excitation frequency, period-doubling bifurcations, grazing impacts, sub-harmonic regions, fractional harmonic resonances, and apparently chaotic responses each occur at various combinations of damping, excitation frequency, and contact stiffness. The results of parameter studies in structural asymmetry and the eccentricity of the contact point's location are discussed.