cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis in a Retained Gallbladder Remnant after Cholecystectomy

A 54-year-old man presented with acute epigastric pain radiating into his right back, and left shoulder pain with bilious emesis and diaphoresis. He had no previous episodes. Pertinent history was: occasional alcohol consumption; Type 2 diabetes mellitus, controlled on two oral agents; an open cholecystectomy 24 years earlier; and a hospitalization for acute onset of chest pain. Laboratory tests revealed aw hite blood cell count of 14,300/ L, lipase 45 U/L, bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL, ALT 20 U/L, and AST 13 U/L. CT revealed inflammation at the gallbladder fossa with the appearance of a small gallbladder remnant (A, white arrow). ERCP showed a cystic duct coming off the right hepatic duct (B, white arrow identifies the spiral Heister’s valves) with a large contrast filling defect (B, black arrow) and surgical clips. This patient had a repeat open cholecystectomy with removal of the gallbladder remnant. After an extensive adhesiolysis, the remnant was found, attached to the right hepatic duct by a rather long cystic duct just proximal to the bifurcation (as shown by preoperative ERCP). The gallbladder remnant had operative clips attached and was adherent to the hepatic artery. Within the remnant, a 1.51.0 0.7-cm stone was found. The patient has had no recurrence of symptoms 3 years after the reoperation. Gallbladder remnants after cholecystectomy that cause significant symptoms are extremely rare. The presentation is similar to simple symptomatic cholelithiasis or cholecystitis,anddistinctfromtheMirizzisyndrome(extrinsicgallstone compression of the common hepatic duct resulting in obstruction). Both gallbladder remnants and the Mirizzi syndrome make operative intervention difficult because of the added risk of biliary tract injury. Partial cholecystectomy has been described as an alternative to complete cholecystectomy or cholecystostomy for both high-risk 1 and low-risk 2 patients. Often partial cholecystectomy is performed for chronic cholecystitis (50%), Mirizzi syndrome (35%), or acute cholecystitis (10%). 2 The patient’s presentation is consistent with either a cystic duct remnant or a gallbladder remnant. In the prelaparoscopic era these entities were indications for reoperation of the extrahepatic biliary tract in 0.3% 3 to 5% 4 cases. Symptomsrecurred3.8to4.3yearsaftercholecystectomy. 3
Endogenous Sequencing of Firm Decisions

Abstract When firms are symmetrically informed, a Stackelberg leader prefers to be leader rather than a Cournot duopolist. However, when the leader has superior information about demand, the leader may earn lower ex ante profits than it would earn if it was choosing quantities simultaneously with the follower. In this paper I give the firm with superior information the option of delaying its quantity decision until the decision period of the less informed firm (so that decisions are made simultaneously). Surprisingly, in the unique stable outcome, the informed firm moves first, regardless of its private information. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C73, D82, L10.
Activity sharpens the regenerating retinotectal projection in goldfish: Sensitive period for strobe illumination and lack of effect on synaptogenesis and on ganglion cell receptive field properties

The regenerating optic nerve of goldfish first reestablishes a rough retinotopic map on the contralateral tectum and then sharpens it. Disruption of visual activity, either by blocking activity with intraocular tetrodotoxin (TTX; Schmidt and Edwards, 1983) or by synchronizing activity with strobe illumination (Schmidt and Eisele, 1985), disrupts the sharpening process: the map is correctly oriented but the multiunit receptive fields at each point average 25-40 degrees in diameter. In order to test whether strobe and TTX interfere with the same mechanism, we have tested whether their sensitive periods are the same, and whether strobe, like TTX treatment, does not affect either ganglion cell receptive field properties or synaptogenesis. In parallel studies, we exposed fish to 2 weeks of either strobe illumination or intraocular TTX beginning at various times after crush and determined via electrophysiological recordings that the periods of sensitivity were nearly identical. There was no effect of either treatment during the first 2 weeks (before the fibers arrive at the tectum), maximal disruption of sharpening between 14 and 50 days (the period of rapid synaptogenesis), decreasing disruption between 50 and 125 days, and no effect beyond that point or in the normal projection. In addition, long strobe exposures of up to 142 days produced no greater disruptions than shorter 2-3-week exposures, indicating no cumulative effect. The reestablishment of synaptic transmission in tectum, assayed by recording field potentials elicited by optic nerve shock, was not affected by stroboscopic illumination. Finally, individual ganglion cells, recorded intraretinally following long-term strobe exposure, had receptive fields that were normal both in size and in their characteristic responses to light-on, to light-off, or to both on and off. These findings support the hypothesis that strobe-like TTX prevents retinotopic refinement by preventing the correction of errors initially made by the ingrowing optic axons (Schmidt et al., 1988).
Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) receptors in the regulation of ethanol intake in rodents

Evidence indicates that the serotonergic system is important in mediating dependence on and craving for alcohol. Among serotonin receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) receptors have been associated with drug abuse including alcohol. In this review, the neurocircuitry involving 5-HT1B receptors in central reward brain regions related to alcohol intake are discussed in detail. Emphasis has been placed on the pharmacological manipulations of 5-HT1B receptor-mediated alcohol intake. Furthermore, 5-HT1B auto- and hetero-receptors regulate alcohol intake through the regulatory mechanism involving release of 5-HT, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and glutamate is evaluated. Thus, interactions between 5-HT1B receptors and these neurotransmitter systems are suggested to modulate alcohol-drinking behavior. This review on the role of 5-HT1B receptors in neurotransmitter release and consequent alcohol intake provides important information about the potential therapeutic role of 5-HT1B receptors for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Derivation of miss ratios for merged access streams

An access stream is the sequence of storage accesses made by an executing program; a merged stream results from the multiprogramming of a number of individual access streams. Assuming that LRU (least recently used) miss ratio functions for individual streams are known, we consider the problem of predicting the LRU miss ratio function for merged streams. Each access stream is modeled as a sequence of independent, identically distributed LRU stack distances which evolves in time as a Poisson process and the merged stream is taken to be the superposition of these processes. For an arbitrary number of such streams, a closed form expression for the expected miss ratio function is obtained.
Completion of advance directives among U.S. consumers.

Background Current, ongoing national surveys do not include questions about end-of-life (EOL) issues. In particular, population-based data are lacking regarding the factors associated with advance directive completion. Purpose To characterize U.S. adults who did and did not have an advance directive and examine factors associated with their completion, such as the presence of a chronic condition and regular source of health care. Methods Data were analyzed in 2013 from adults aged 18 years and older who participated in the 2009 or 2010 HealthStyles Survey, a mail panel survey designed to be representative of the U.S. population. Likelihood ratio tests were used to examine the associations between advance directive completion and demographic and socioeconomic variables (education, income, employment status); presence of a chronic condition; regular source of health care; and self-reported EOL concerns or discussions. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified independent predictors related to advance directive completion. Results Of the 7946 respondents, 26.3% had an advance directive. The most frequently reported reason for not having one was lack of awareness. Advance directive completion was associated with older age, more education, and higher income and was less frequent among non-white respondents. Respondents with advance directives also were more likely to report having a chronic disease and a regular source of care. Advance directives were less frequent among those who reported not knowing if they had an EOL concern. Conclusions These data indicate racial and educational disparities in advance directive completion and highlight the need for education about their role in facilitating EOL decisions.
Photorefractivity in a Novel Polymer Composite with High Diffraction Efficiency and Broad Optical Transparency

A novel photorefractive polymer composite has been developed in which a new organic dye, 4-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylamino]-4‘-[(6-hydroxyhexyl)sulfonyl]stilbene, is used as a second-order nonlinear optical chromophore together with poly(N-vinylcarbazole) as the hole-transporting matrix, tricresyl phosphate as a plasticizer, and C60 as a photosensitizer. The photoconductive, electro-optic, and photorefractive properties of the material have been experimentally studied at wavelengths of 488, 514.5, and 632.8 nm. The amplitude and the phase dependencies of the electro-optic response have been investigated. The composite shows high photorefractivity over a broad wavelength range. Diffraction efficiencies between 20% and 40% as well as net two-beam coupling gains of 25−65 cm-1 have been obtained at wavelengths of 488, 514.5, and 632.8 nm.
Trade Wars: A Comparative Study Of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, And Hawley-Smoot Conflicts

Three trade wars are examined using variable-sum game theory. The Anglo-Hanse trade wars (1300–1700) are explained as an iterated Prisoners' Dilemma that failed to evolve into cooperation due to transaction costs, rent seeking, and economic recession. The late-igthcentury tariff war between France and Italy is a case of an asymmetric trade war that illustrates the danger to a weak country of provoking a trade war with a strong country, with the result that the former is forced to make major concessions. The Hawley-Smoot conflicts of the 1930s are cited as an example of the cooperation-inhibiting effect of publicness in trade negotiations.
Determination of relative gas-phase basicities by the proton-transfer equilibrium technique and the kinetic method in a quadrupole ion-trap.

Abstract It is shown for the first time that a quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer permits determination of gas-phase basicities. Two methods for measuring relative values of these molecular parameters are demonstrated, the proton-transfer equilibrium technique and the kinetic method. The proton-transfer equilibrium technique is the more accurate and precise, and is useful for a wider range of relative basicities. The kinetic method proves more valuable for determining basicities of solids, owing to their low volatilities. For example, the basicity of l-adamantanamine has been measured for the first time and found to be 903.9 ± 0.8 kJ/mole. Basicity values found for substituted pyridines agreed with the literature values to within 1 kJ/mole.
An Analysis of Elementary Teachers' Beliefs Regarding the Teaching and Learning of Science.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the beliefs of elementary teachers regarding the teaching and learning of science and the extent to which the teachers' beliefs were consistent with the philosophy underlying science education reform. Sixteen teachers from two school districts involved in a local systemic initiative for science education reform participated in the study. Each teacher was observed teaching a lesson from the program. The observation served as the context for an interview with the teacher regarding his or her beliefs about the teaching and learning of science. One overarching belief emerged: Teachers believe that the teaching and learning of science should be student centered. Five patterns of teachers' responses support this characterization of the teachers' belief. Although varying gaps exist between the teachers' beliefs and the principles of reform, the teachers' beliefs suggest that the teachers are moving in a direction consistent with science education reform. A modified case study of three teachers represents the patterns of beliefs expressed by teachers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed86:1–22, 2001.
Obtaining gunite-bodies with the additions of the waste products of the aluminum industry

We studied the possibility of using the waste products of the aluminum industry as additives for obtaining gunite-bodies. In order to carry out guniting of the electrolytic cells, we suggested the application of the lining-slag type systems and the systems based on corundum for improving the service life of the refractory lining of these units.
Empirical Relationships for the Emission Energies and Lifetimes of the F‐Center

Empirical relations for the emission energies ϵ of the F-center in the Na, K, Rb, and Cs halides, and for the lifetimes τ have been established with the following forms: and where Ko is the optical dielectric constant. Two different relations appear to exist for τ. One follows from measurements of τ at liquid helium temperature, the other follows from τ extrapolated from measurements above liquid nitrogen temperature with the Swank-Brown curve. The implications of the existence of these curves are discussed. Zwischen den Emissionsenergien ϵ des F-Zentrums in den Halogeniden von Na, K, Rb und Cs und den entsprechenden Lebensdauern τ bestehen empirische Beziehungen der Form und Dabei ist Ko die optische Dielektrizitatskonstante. Es scheinen zwei verschiedene Beziehungen fur τ zu bestehen: Die eine ergibt sich aus Messungen bei der Temperatur des flussigen Heliums, die andere gilt fur die Werte von τ, die man aus den bei der Temperatur des flussigen Stickstoffs und daruber gemessenen Werten durch Extrapolation der Swank-Brown-Kurven erhalt. Eine Interpretation der gefundenen Beziehungen wird versucht.
Vestibular Deficits Following Concussion

Investigators from the Division of Emergency Medicine, Sports Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, and Sports Medicine, Somerset, NJ, performed a retrospective cohort study of 247 patients ages 5-18 years with concussion referred from July 2010 to Dec 2011; 81% of patients showed a vestibular abnormality on initial clinical examination.
Modulation of pituitary responsiveness to LRF by estrogen.

ABSTRACT In order to delineate the estrogen-pituitary feedback, the acute and chronic effects of estrogen administration in hypogonadal subjects were determined by serial assessment of pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness to synthetic LRF. Rapid increase in circulating estradiol (E2) concentrations to pharmacological levels via constant E2 infusion (50 μg/hr) induced a prompt and marked diminution in pituitary responsiveness to LRF. This finding indicates a direct inhibitory action of estradiol on the pituitary gonadotrophs' sensitivity to LRF which may represent an important component of the negative feedback system on gonadotropin release. When chronic administration of smaller doses of ethinyl estradiol (EE, 1 μg/kg/day × 4 weeks) was assessed before and at weekly intervals during treatment, the pituitary responsiveness to LRF showed a biphasic course of LH release; an initial augmentation with a slower response was found during the first and second weeks of treatment; during the third and fourth week...
Policy Watch U.S. Economic Policy Toward the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

As the Soviet Union and the countries in Eastern Europe take steps towards market economies and democratic political systems, the U.S. and other western countries have been confronted by a range of difficult and important questions about the appropriate economic policy response. What role should government policies play? How much assistance should be given? In what form? What actual policies have been undertaken? Are they a lot or a little? At one extreme, some argue that the United States and other developed countries should finance the rebuilding of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe—even though it may cost tens of billions of dollars per year, for at least a decade. At the other end of the spectrum are those who argue that Eastern Europe does not warrant official U.S. assistance, other than for humanitarian purposes, because the situation is just too precarious, because there are worthier uses of scarce government resources, or because any restructuring should be undertaken by the private sector. This paper suggests a framework for answering these questions that considers both the nations of Eastern Europe and recent proposals for direct assistance to the Soviet Union. It draws upon the valuable lessons to be learned from assistance to the developing countries and from historical experience.
Incorporating communication delays in the guidance of a moving actuator/sensor for performance enhancement of controlled distributed parameter systems

This paper examines the effects of position-dependent delays of mobile actuator/sensor pairs when employed for the control of spatially distributed systems. It is assumed that a collocated pair moves freely within the spatial domain in order to minimize the effects of a moving source. A time delay that depends on the distance of the actuator/sensor pair from the base station is incorporated into the guidance scheme and the supervisor has to manage conflicting objectives: that of stability robustness by keeping the moving agent close to the base station in order to minimize position-dependent delays, and of performance enhancement by commanding the mobile agent to the spatial region with the largest deviation from equilibrium, and inadvertently increasing the time delays. An algorithm that contains a time-delay management along with performance enhancement is proposed and extensive numerical studies that examine the delay effects on controller performance and agent trajectory are included.
Categorical Inference Is Not a Tree: The Myth of Inheritance Hierarchies ☆ ☆☆

One enduring principle of rational inference is category inclusion: Categories inherit the properties of their superordinates. In five experiments, I show that people do not consistently apply this principle when evaluating categorical arguments involving natural categories and a single nonexplainable predicate such as all electronic equipment has parts made of germanium, therefore all stereos have parts made of germanium. Participants frequently did not apply the category inclusion rule despite affirming the relevant categorical relation (e.g., stereos are electronic equipment). They failed to apply the rule even when categories were universally quantified unambiguously. Instead, judgments tended to be proportional to the similarity between premise and conclusion categories. Neglect of category inclusion relations was observed using arguments concerning natural kinds, artifacts, and social kinds.
Elastoid Changes in the Gingiva of Aged Humans

Elastotic changes were demonstrable in the gingivae of both dentulous and edentulous jaws obtained from both male and female humans varying in age from 62–92 years. Sections of gingivae from all the aged individuals exhibited numerable thick fibers that stained positive with iron hematoxylin or orcein. These positive staining fibers were found in the lamina propria radiating into the connective tissue papillae, coursing throughout the zona reticularis, as well as appearing as black amorphous masses. Pretreatment of sections with acid hydrolysis before staining by the two elastic tissue stains led to a loss of stainable fibers for elastin. In contrast the gingivae of a young adult did not contain elastic positive fibers as seen in the aged gingivae. The thick elastotic fibers found in the aged gingivae were argyrophilic in nature when the sections were impregnated with silver nitrate indicating that they were collagenous in nature. It is felt that the elastoid-like fibers in aging gingiva are another phase in the altering of collagen during the aging process.
The Conundrum of Children in the Us Health Care System

One area in which children’s rights are rarely considered in the USA is that of autonomy over their bodies. This right is routinely ignored in the arena of health care decision making. Children are routinely excluded from expressing their opinions involving medical decisions that affect them. This article discusses the complex reasons why children’s voices are typically not heard in the USA, the consequences of their disempowerment, and the ethical obligations of health care providers to advocate for the rights of children, even in the absence of a legal mandate to do so.
Problems of citation analysis: A study of uncited and seldom-cited influences

To determine influences on the production of a scientific article, the content of the article must be studied. We examined articles in biogeography and found that most of the influence is not cited, specific types of articles that are influential are cited while other types of that also are influential are not cited, and work that is “uncited” and “seldom cited” is used extensively. As a result, evaluative citation analysis should take uncited work into account. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AZMAT: Sentence Similarity Using Associative Matrices

This work uses recursive autoencoders (Socher et al., 2011), word embeddings (Pennington et al., 2014), associative matrices (Schuler, 2014) and lexical overlap features to model human judgments of sentential similarity on SemEval-2015 Task 2: English STS (Agirre et al., 2015). Results show a modest positive correlation between system predictions and human similarity scores, ranking 69th out of 74 submitted systems.
Selective Activation of MAPKerk1/2 by Laminin-1 Peptide α1:Ser2091–Arg2108 Regulates Macrophage Degradative Phenotype

Components of the extracellular matrix contain cryptic domains, which are exposed by proteolysis and elicit biological responses distinct from intact molecules. The disparate cellular response to extracellular matrix fragments and parent intact molecules suggests differential recognition and signaling pathways. In experiments reported here, we demonstrate that urokinase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by RAW264.7 macrophages is stimulated by a synthetic laminin peptide derived from the α1-chain (SRARKQAASIKVAVSADR), whereas intact laminin-1 has no effect on proteinase expression by macrophages. Incubation of macrophages with α1:SRARKQAASIKVAVSADR stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)erk1/2. In contrast, neither intact laminin-1 nor the β1-chain peptide CDPGYIGSR stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in these cells. Inhibition of tyrosine kinases or protein kinase C blocked α1-chain peptide-induced phosphorylation of MAPKerk1/2 and the up-regulation of steady state levels of urokinase mRNA and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. A MAPK kinase inhibitor blocked α1-chain-induced phosphorylation of MAPKerk1/2 and the induction of proteinase expression. Intact laminin-1, which was unable to induce macrophage proteinase expression, failed to stimulate the phosphorylation of MAPKerk1/2. These data demonstrate that incubation of macrophages with α1:SRARKQAASIKVAVSADR, but not intact laminin-1, triggers protein kinase C-dependent activation of MAPKerk1/2, leading to the up-regulation of proteinase expression.
A practical approach for 'zero' downtime in an operational information system

An operational information system (OIS) supports a real-time view of an organization's information critical to its logistical business operations. A central component of an OIS is an engine that integrates data events captured from distributed, remote sources in order to derive meaningful real-time views of current operations. This event derivation engine (EDE) continuously updates these views and also publishes them to a potentially large number of remote subscribers. The paper first describes a sample OIS and EDE in the context of an airline's operations. It then defines the performance and availability requirements to be met by this system, specifically focusing on the EDE component. One particular requirement for the EDE is that subscribers to its output events should not experience downtime due to EDE failures, crashes or increased processing loads. Toward this end, we develop and evaluate a practical technique for masking failures and for hiding the costs of recovery from EDE subscribers. This technique utilizes redundant EDEs that coordinate view replicas with a relaxed synchronous fault tolerance protocol. A combination of pre- and post-buffering of replicas is used to attain a solution that offers low response times (i.e., 'zero' downtime) while also preventing system failures in the presence of deterministic faults like 'ill-formed' messages. Parallelism realized via a cluster machine and application-specific techniques for reducing synchronization across replicas are used to scale a 'zero' downtime EDE to support the large number of subscribers it must service.
The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: a large survey

Background: Statistical tests for funnel-plot asymmetry are common in meta-analyses. Inappropriate application can generate misleading inferences about publication bias. We aimed to measure, in a survey of meta-analyses, how frequently the application of these tests would be not meaningful or inappropriate. Methods: We evaluated all meta-analyses of binary outcomes with e 3 studies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2003, issue 2). A separate, restricted analysis was confined to the largest meta-analysis in each of the review articles. In each meta-analysis, we assessed whether criteria to apply asymmetry tests were met: no significant heterogeneity, I2 4. We performed a correlation and 2 regression asymmetry tests and evaluated their concordance. Finally, we sampled 60 meta-analyses from print journals in 2005 that cited use of the standard regression test. Results: A total of 366 of 6873 (5%) and 98 of 846 meta-analyses (12%) in the wider and restricted Cochrane data set, respectively, would have qualified for use of asymmetry tests. Asymmetry test results were significant in 7%–18% of the meta-analyses. Concordance between the 3 tests was modest (estimated k 0.33–0.66). Of the 60 journal meta-analyses, 7 (12%) would qualify for asymmetry tests; all 11 claims for identification of publication bias were made in the face of large and significant heterogeneity. Interpretation: Statistical conditions for employing asymmetry tests for publication bias are absent from most meta-analyses; yet, in medical journals these tests are performed often and interpreted erroneously.
The T Cells in Peripheral Taste Tissue of Healthy Human Adults: Predominant Memory T Cells and Th-1 Cells

A healthy taste system is important to the maintenance of nutrition and overall quality of life, and taste disorders are associated with many inflammatory states. We previously determined the immune cells in normal human gustatory tissue; they are predominantly dendritic cells and CD4 T cells with a few macrophages and B lymphocytes present. There are, however, few reports of the subtypes of resident lymphocytes in or near taste tissues. The present study further characterized the distribution and population of the major subtypes of T cells in situ within biopsies of healthy human fungiform papillae (FP). Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that T-helper (Th)1 cells (CCR5+) were more predominant in FP than Th2 T cells (CCR4+). CD45RO+ memory T cells were the principal T cells in gustatory tissue, whereas CD45RA+ naive T cells were uncommon. Regarding subcompartments of the tissue, most intraepithelial lymphocytes of FPs were γ/δ T cells, whereas the major subtype of lymphocytes in the lamina propria were α/β T cells. Regulatory T cells that express CTLA-4 (CD152) and interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R, CD25) were found at low levels in FP. The T cells stand ready to respond to inflammatory and infectious insults and may play a role in the taste alterations observed during acute and chronic inflammatory states.
Hall Effect Measurement System for Characterization of Doped Single Crystal Diamond

A temperature dependent Hall Effect measurement system with software based data acquisition and control was built and tested. Transport measurements are shown for boron-doped single crystal diamond (SCD) films deposited in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) reactor. The influence of Ohmic contacts and temperature control accuracy are studied. For a temperature range of 300K-700K IV curves, Hall mobilities and carrier concentrations are presented.
Induced forces in annular magneto-fluid dynamic traveling wave devices

Formulated and analyzed here is the problem of electromagnetic propagation through a circular cylindrical traveling-wave tube, infinite in extent in both directions, and inside of which a conducting fluid of arbitrary, but constant, conductivity is moving axially in an annulus with uniform speed U Asymptotic solutions valid for fcJRi 1, where h is the wave number and RI the inner radius, are obtained and analyzed Concentrating specifically on the axial body force induced in the fluid, the kRi » 1 solution indicates, fixing the current sheet input and geometry, that the magnitude of the induced axial force is a marked function of five dimensionless parameters The most important of these is the parameter /3, which represents the fluid magnetic Reynolds number based on wave speed and wavelength multiplied by the slip Fixing the remaining parameters, the body force rises linearly with ft for small j8, reaches a peak, and then, because of the inability of the electromagnetic field to penetrate into the conductor with increasing ft (skin effect), falls exponentially for large ft From the practical viewpoint, the results suggest the adjustment of the electrical and fluid mechanical parameters so that operation occurs at those values which optimize the force It is further indicated that, for efficient utilization and conservation of working fluid mass and electrical eneigy, injection and acceleration take place in an annulus of the tube close to the coils with the coie region filled with laminated magnetic material of high permeability rathei than inject and accelerate throughout the entire cross section
A pulsation mode in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia

A streamfunction EOF method is developed to identify long-term thermohaline variations within a strong baroclinic current. The temporal variability associated with meandering fronts and mesoscale eddies is removed by projecting hydrographic data into a baroclinic streamfunction space. The residual field, after removing the streamfunction mean field, is analyzed to find empirical orthogonal functions. The method is applied to a time series of hydrographic sections across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) south of Australia. The temperature variation in the surface layer (0‐300 dbar) is dominated by a seasonal signal. In the subsurface water (300‐3000 dbar), a separately calculated first EOF mode dominates the thermohaline variation and exhibits two phases. In the strengthening phase both salinity and temperature in the Subantarctic Mode Water increase and the ACC section is characterized by less Antarctic Intermediate Water and higher salinity at the core of the Circumpolar Deep Water. The water masses vary conversely in the relaxing phase. The authors call this mode the ACC pulsation mode and hypothesize that it is related to the ACC barotropic transport and is a response to the large-scale wind stress variation. Observations of westerly winds and ACC transport appear to support the hypothesis as they all display semiannual periods nearly in phase with higher coherence to the south.
The Effect Of International Financial Reporting Standards Convergence On U. S. Accounting Curriculum

Major changes are coming to U.S. financial accounting and accounting education as U. S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS) converge within the next few years. In 2008, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) published a proposed road map for the potential convergence of U. S. companies to IFRS beginning with large filers for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2014. On February 24, 2010, the SEC issued a new timeline which would require IFRS for U.S. reporting in 2015 or 2016 at the earliest (Derstine and Bremser, 2010). Obviously, this change to IFRS requires an adjustment in U. S. accounting education. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of accounting curricula and IFRS. An examination was made of both required and elective international accounting courses offered to students in the top 20 undergraduate, graduate and doctoral programs. These programs were identified by the Public Accounting Report in its October 31, 2009 issue. It was conjectured that the top programs would take the lead in IFRS education. The universities online websites and catalogues were examined for program requirements and course titles. The results show a paucity of accounting coursework related to international accounting and IFRS.
Mental Health Outcomes of Drug Conflict Among University Students at the U.S.-Mexico Border.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate to what extent young adults with close ties to Mexico were at greater risk for self-reported negative mental health outcomes than comparison groups during drug-related armed conflict from 2008 through 2012, and the effect of type and number of traumatic events on mental health outcomes. Using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, 202 university students living in the El Paso–Ciudad Juarez border region were surveyed for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Students with close ties to Mexico reported symptoms of anxiety and posttraumatic stress at significantly higher rates compared with those without connection to Mexico, but there was no significant difference in rates of depression. Although more than a third of participants reported experiencing 5 or more traumatic events connected with the drug war, being confined to home had the most significant effect. Frequency of traumatic events reported by students as well as rates of anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms were higher among students with greater connection to Mexico. Rates of clinically-significant depressive symptoms among all students were higher than expected for U.S. adults but comparable with all U.S. college students. This study presents important new data on the mental health effects of Mexico’s drug war.
A Noninvasive Means of Detecting Preclinical Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Dystrophin is a key linker protein between the sarcolemma of the myocyte and the contractile apparatus, the sarcomere [(1,2)][1]. When dystrophin is deficient, various clinical phenotypes may develop, the most devastating of which is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [(3)][2]. This disorder is
A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skin

Background All-trans retinol, a precursor of retinoic acid, is an effective anti-aging treatment widely used in skin care products. In comparison, topical retinoic acid is believed to provide even greater anti-aging effects; however, there is limited research directly comparing the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on skin. Objectives In this study, we compare the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on skin structure and expression of skin function-related genes and proteins. We also examine the effect of retinol treatment on skin appearance. Methods Skin histology was examined by H&E staining and in vivo confocal microscopy. Expression levels of skin genes and proteins were analyzed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The efficacy of a retinol formulation in improving skin appearance was assessed using digital image-based wrinkle analysis. Results Four weeks of retinoic acid and retinol treatments both increased epidermal thickness, and upregulated genes for collagen type 1 (COL1A1), and collagen type 3 (COL3A1) with corresponding increases in procollagen I and procollagen III protein expression. Facial image analysis showed a significant reduction in facial wrinkles following 12 weeks of retinol application. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that topical application of retinol significantly affects both cellular and molecular properties of the epidermis and dermis, as shown by skin biopsy and noninvasive imaging analyses. Although the magnitude tends to be smaller, retinol induces similar changes in skin histology, and gene and protein expression as compared to retinoic acid application. These results were confirmed by the significant facial anti-aging effect observed in the retinol efficacy clinical study.
Public Attitudes and Regime Support: How Russians and Indonesians Understand 'Democracy'

This paper analyzes how citizens of two countries that underwent democratization during the past twenty years — Russia and Indonesia — understand “democracy.” Evaluating both large-N public opinion surveys and open- and closed-ended questions from interviews with a quota sample of the population in Russia and Indonesia, this paper provides a comprehensive picture of popular conceptualizations of democracy in these two distinct societies. I find that while both Russians and Indonesians view democracy through the lens of freedom, Russians have expressed their freedom by not participating in politics, while Indonesians have increased their engagement in contentious activities. These differences may help explain Russians’ general indifference to Russia’s authoritarian backsliding and low levels of political participation, as well as Indonesians’ unusually high levels of political activism. This paper further finds that measures of popular understandings of “democracy” depend heavily on how the question is worded and the scope of possible responses.
A Review of “The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, by Gregory S. Paul”

Gregory Paul needs no introduction to readers of this journal. Widely recognized as one of the most influential dinosaur artists of his generation, Paul is often grouped among that select fraternit...
Towards 3-dimensional and optimized design of wireless networks for smart environments

We present methods for 3-dimensional design of future smart environments. Our goal is to facilitate the optimized design of buildings equipped with wireless sensors in an immersive, virtual reality-based tool. This work is an extension of our ongoing work on immersive and interactive virtual design environments and wireless sensor networks. We first present techniques used to optimize several network parameters such as power consumption and coverage. In addition, we integrate the proposed optimization scheme with the 3-dimensional design tools that have been developed at our Virtual Reality Center as part of the information science curriculum in the areas of human computer interaction, information visualization and multimedia.
Complications in Revision Sinus Surgery: Presentation and Management

• Revision surgery holds the same potential hazards and complications as primary sinus surgery.
Vessel Activity, 2009–2010

Automatic identification system position data is used to describe the spatial and temporal variation in service vessel activity in the Gulf of Mexico from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2010. The evaluation period included the Macondo blowout in April 2010 but no significant hurricane activity. A total of 1.1 million vessel arrivals and departures between onshore and offshore locations were recorded, and between 2009 and 2010, the number of vessel events increased by 40 % due in part to the Macondo oil spill and cleanup response. Port-to-port movements comprise the majority of events, and about 30 % of activity related to movements offshore. Port Fourchon, Venice, New Orleans, Sabine-Neches, and Lake Charles were the most active ports during the period. A detailed breakdown of vessel counts is provided and the chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the analysis.
Hyperkalemia constitutes a constraint for implementing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition: the widening gap between mandated treatment guidelines and the real-world clinical arena

Recent studies have reported a large gap between the forceful and assertive recommendations in the guidelines and real-world practice in the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors (RAASi) therapies. A comprehensive, retrospective analysis of a large database of electronic medical records (>7 million patients) was undertaken to evaluate 3 pivotal concerns: (i) whether RAASi are being prescribed according to treatment guidelines, (ii) what happens to RAASi prescriptions after hyperkalemia events, and (iii) what the clinical outcomes are in patients whose RAASi are discontinued or who are prescribed at doses lower than the guidelines recommend. The results indicate that a substantial gap exists between guideline recommendations and real-world prescribing patterns for RAASi. Among patients with cardiorenal comorbidities for which RAASi are recommended by the guidelines, more than one-half were prescribed lower-than-recommended doses, and approximately 14% to 16% discontinued RAASi therapy. RAASi prescribing patterns may be altered by the development of hyperkalemia. Moderate-to-severe hyperkalemia events were followed by down-titration or discontinuation of RAASi therapy in nearly one-half of all patients on maximal dose and by discontinuation in nearly one-third of patients on submaximal dose. This analysis highlights the challenge behind RAASi prescribing decisions, balancing the risk of provoking hyperkalemia with the benefits to reducing cardiorenal morbidity and mortality. Patients who are known to derive the greatest benefit from these drugs (chronic kidney disease patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus or heart failure) are the same patients who are at highest risk of developing hyperkalemia. These observations constitute a "call to action" to develop newer treatment modalities to lower serum potassium and to achieve and sustain normokalemia long-term.
Acid inhibition of immobilized cells: Quantitative comparison of model and experiment

A quantitative comparision is offered between a kinetic model for product-inhibited, immobilized cell, metabolism and a high-resolution scanning microfluorimetric characterization of variation of cell growth rates with position in immobilized cell cultures. The kinetic model is based exclusively on kinetic parameters derived from free cell suspension cultures and literature data for diffusion in biomass-loaded gels; the scanning microfluorimetry provides a high-resolution characterization of the point-by-point variation in cell growth rate in gel immobilizedE. coli under cultivation with acid (formic, acetic) inhibition. The agreement between model and experiment is very good, indicating a strong potential for scanning microfluorimetry as a quantitative instrument in immobilized cell studies and for use of free cell kinetics in immobilized cell models.
Natural History Observations of Anolisomyia rufianalis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Infesting Anolis Lizards in a Rain Forest Canopy

We provide some natural history observations on larval biology and ecology of the sarcophagid fly Anolisomyia rufianalis Lopes from Puerto Rico. We found larvae lethally parasitize 2 syntopic species of Anolis Lizards (Lacertillia: Polychridae) living in the canopy of a Puerto Rican rain forest. Of ≈50 individuals of each lizard species sampled, we found 3 of the green, unspotted A. evennanni Stejneger and 1 of the gray, spotted A. stratulus Cope lethally infected by A. rufianalis larvae.
Access to Sustainably Produced Food: An Investigation of Organic Food Availability in Manhattan, New York

Increasing access to food and improving the sustainability of producing and marketing food are both goals of the "food movement." One problem embedded in these dual goals is that improving access relies on low-priced food, while increasing sustainability of the food system necessarily raises prices. Further complicating the discussion is the fact that while the definition of a sustainable food system is intuitive, it is also vague, which does not make an analysis of sustainable food simple. Thus we use organic food as a case study to provide insight into the availability of a sustainably produced (but not necessarily sustainably marketed) food. This paper is a first step toward exploring potential links among availability, access, and consumers. Using a new data set of in-store organic food availability in Manhattan, mapping suggest that stores that carry a wider range of organic products are located in neighborhoods with populations that are both highly educated and affluent. Neighborhoods with a higher proportion of black households have little access to organic food. Bivariate correlation coefficients find that the relationship between education and organic food access increases as the level of education rises, that median household income is positively associated with organic food availability, and that the relationship between the proportion of black residences is weakly and negatively correlated with organic food availability.
Photochemical Behavior of Cyclopropyl-Substituted Benzophenones and Valerophenones

p-Cyclopropylbenzophenone, 20, gives no photoreduction when irradiated in i-PrOH solvent. This is a general phenomenon and a number of cyclopropyl-substituted benzophenones, including 4-(endo-6-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl)benzophenone, 19, 4-(cis-2,3-dimethylcyclopropyl)benzophenone, 21, 4-(cis-2-vinylcyclopropyl)benzophenone, 22, and 4-(endo-7-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-enyl)benzophenone, 23, also fail to undergo photoreduction. Instead these latter compounds undergo cis−trans isomerization when irradiated. A mechanism involving formation of an (n, π*) triplet, which subsequently fragments the strained cyclopropane bond to give a lower energy and unreactive open triplet, has been suggested. p-Cyclopropylvalerophenone, 25, and p-(endo-6-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl)valerophenone, 24, also undergo photoisomerization and fail to undergo the Norrish Type II photoreactions. Triplet energy dissipation by fragmentation of the cyclopropane bond is also proposed. In addition to the Norrish Type II reaction, p-cyclobutylvalerophenone, 2...
Acidities of Platinum(II) μ-Hydroxo Complexes Bearing Diphosphine Ligands

The pKa values in DMSO of the monoprotic complexes [(L2Pt)2(μ-OH)(μ-NMePh)]2+ (4) (L2 = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 (dppe), Ph2PCMe2PPh2 (dppip)) are 11.9 ± 0.1 (L2 = dppe) and 13.5 ± 0.2 (L2 = dppip) as determined by 31P NMR equilibrium titration with bases of known pKa. Complexes 4 were prepared by treatment of [L2Pt(μ-OH)]22+ (1) with N-methylaniline. The oxo complexes [(L2Pt)2(μ-O)(μ-NMePh)]+, formed in the equilibrium titration reactions, were independently synthesized in THF by deprotonation of [(L2Pt)2(μ-OH)(μ-NMePh)]2+ with NaN(SiMe3)2 and characterized as NaBF4 adducts. Similar experiments with diprotic [L2Pt(μ-OH)]22+ (L2 = dppe, Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2 (dppp)) were complicated by exchange processes and were less conclusive, giving pKa1 18 in DMSO.
The Hydrologic Cycle

This chapter describes the hydrologic cycle and the conservation of water in the climate system. The water balance equation is introduced and the observed values of precipitation, evaporation and runoff presented. The Bowen ratio and the equilibrium Bowen ratio are defined. Penman’s equation and the potential evapotranspiration are introduced and used to infer how the hydrologic cycle might change in a warmer or cooler climate. The annual variations of the hydrologic cycle at various locations are described.