cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Returns of a Community College Education: Evidence From the National Education Longitudinal Survey

Using the 2000 follow-up of the National Education Longitudinal Survey, the authors estimated earnings effects of a community college education. Previous research relied on data collected from students enrolled 20 or 30 years ago. Because the labor market and community colleges have changed dramatically since then, the authors provide an update by studying students enrolled in the 1990s. They found substantial evidence that a community college education has positive effects on earnings among young workers. This effect was larger for annual earnings than for hourly wages. Earnings benefits accrued both to those who failed to earn a credential and to those who earned an associate degree. The current results are similar to estimates for earlier cohorts. The stability of the wage advantage of a community college education during a period of growing enrollment provides evidence of a growing relative demand for a community college over a high school education.
Quantum Hall effect from finite-frequency studies

Abstract An overview is given of two finite frequency ( f ≈ 10–100 MHz and 0.2–14 GHz) experiments on the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in GaAs/ Al x Ga 1− x As heterostructures at dilution refrigerator temperatures in the quantum Hall effect regime. In the lower frequency experiment, Re σ xx and Im σ x are simultaneously measured in a high mobility sample and a giant dielectric constant is observed in the insulating phase reentrant around the 1 5 fractional quantum Hall effect liquid. The data provide new evidence for Wigner crystal order in the insulator, where the crystal is strongly pinned by residual impurities in close proximity to the 2DES. In the high-frequency experiment, Re σ xx is measured in an ƒ range that can be continuously tuned from well-below to well-above kT/h of the sample. Dynamic scaling was observed in the plateau to plateau transition of integer quantum Hall effect in a low mobility sample.
Fragonomics: fragment-based drug discovery

The use of smaller molecules (fragments) in the drug discovery process has led to success in delivering novel leads for many different targets. This process is a highly integrated process, starting from library design to screening and medicinal chemistry. An overview of this process is presented with particular emphasis placed on the NMR aspect of screening.
An Investigation of Design Methodology

A methodology other than that used for research may be more appropriate for designing and engineering projects. This paper compares the purposes and methodologies of research and of designing, and concludes that while their purposes are different, their current methodologies are the same. The research or scientific methodology---with analysis as its hallmark---is shown to restrict the effectiveness of a design solution. To achieve an effective design solution, a methodology distinctly different from the research methodology is required. This paper reports on research which attempted to delineate the actual strategies used by outstanding professionals in various fields. It was found that such experts, although in different fields, have strong similarities in the steps of the strategy each used. The applications of an empirical ten-step design strategy with function determination and ideal systems development as hallmarks have shown much better results than conventional strategies based on the research methodology. Additional research is suggested to verify these early conclusions and to make the stated design strategy more effective.
Generalized Riemann hypothesis and factoring polynomials over finite fields

Abstract It is shown that, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis , there exists a deterministic polynomial time algorithm, which on input of a rational prime p and a monic integral polynomial f , whose discriminant is not divisible by p and whose roots generate an Abelian extension over Q , computes all the irreducible factors of f mod p in F p [ x ].
Accountability and Q-Accountable Logging in Wireless Networks

In this paper, we first present a scheme called flow-net, which is designed to record events and their relations through the collaboration of the nodes in a network. Flow-net can be used to accomplish accountability and to detect attacks in networks. Then, we present two novel methods to evaluate the accountability of a network via the users' accepted overhead (called Q-Accountable Logging by Overhead) and the flow-net record depth (called P-Accountable Logging), respectively. Finally, we study how flow-net records are used to determine whether a potential attack occurs.
A correlation between the Pilling-Bedworth ratio and the radius of curvature of metallic substrates with coherent thin oxide layers

A correlation between the radius of curvature of metallic substrates with strainfree coherent monolayers of oxides and the Pilling-Bedworth ratio was found to follow the expression ¦R¦≏19.5/¦φ−1¦ for a large number of metal-“ oxide” systems in which the metal and the oxide have identical cubic structures. For any given Pilling-Bedworth ratio φ, the radius of curvature of basally oriented hexagonal substrates was lower than that when the surface was perpendicular to the basal plane.
Tailored synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 hollow nanostructures for catalytic applications

Nanostructured TiO2 has attracted significant attention due to its advantageous properties for practical catalytic applications. TiO2 hollow nanostructures consisting of nanoscale porous shells are highly desirable because they possess high active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, and improved accessibility, which provide many new opportunities to the design of highly active nanostructured catalysts. Although much has been explored, tailored synthesis of TiO2-based hollow nanostructures towards practical catalytic applications has been very limited. In this article, we first introduce the general synthetic strategies for preparing TiO2 hollow nanostructures, and then focus our discussion on the novel synthetic strategies developed in our group with emphasis on controlling the crystallinity as well as physical characteristics of TiO2 hollow nanostructures. We further discuss several catalytic applications of TiO2-based hollow shells and metal@TiO2 yolk–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic dye degradation, H2 production and gas-phase CO oxidation. Finally, we conclude with our personal perspective on the future research efforts for addressing several remaining challenges in the design of TiO2-based catalysts.
Modeling of nonlinear physiological systems with fast and slow dynamics. I. Methodology.

Effective modeling of nonlinear dynamic systems can be achieved by employing Laguerre expansions and feedforward artificial neural networks in the form of the Laguerre–Volterra network (LVN). This paper presents a different formulation of the LVN that can be employed to model nonlinear systems displaying complex dynamics effectively. This is achieved by using two different filter banks, instead of one as in the original definition of the LVN, in the input stage and selecting their structural parameters in an appropriate way. Results from simulated systems show that this method can yield accurate nonlinear models of Volterra systems, even when considerable noise is present, separating at the same time the fast from the slow components of these systems effectively. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Goodput and Delay in Networks with Controlled Mobility

The use of mobility has been shown to be beneficial in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, for improving communication performance and other functionality. This paper discusses the communication throughput, goodput and delay considerations when a set of mobile nodes is used as relays to transfer data among multiple static nodes. While previous work has considered randomly mobile nodes, we consider controlled mobile agents. Randomly mobile agents are not available in many network scenarios, such as embedded sensor network deployments, and the use of controllably mobile agents has been considered for such networks. We derive results for the worst case delay, throughput and goodput with controllably mobile relays. Our analysis indicates that this scenario differs fundamentally from the random mobility case. This scenario could, however, be used in defense applications for better communications yield. Further, our results are guaranteed to be achieved in a particular topology, as opposed to previous results which are probabilistic for a particular deployment. We also discuss practical algorithms that can be used to control the routes of mobile agents.
Topology-based inequalities and inverse problems for near force-free magnetic fields

We review a conjecture characterizing the knotting of current paths arising as solutions to an inverse problem involving near force-free magnetic fields. Results about the nonexistence of solutions involving force-free fields supported in a finite domain are then considered, as are explicit constructions of force-free solutions in unbounded domains. This shows why truncating solutions defined on unbounded domains has proven ineffective in the literature, and why the solution to the inverse problem involves a "near force-free magnetic field". Solutions are then characterized by inequalities involving the current distribution's mean asymptotic linking and crossing numbers. The inequalities are related to the invariants involved in the conjecture of Crager and Kotiuga.
Powdery Mildew of Dogwoods: Current Status and Future Prospects

Cornus is a large genus of trees and shrubs that are collectively referred to as dogwoods. Flowering dogwood (C. florida L.) and kousa dogwood (C. kousa (F. Buerger ex Miq.) Hance) and interspecific hybrids of these species are popular ornamental trees that are known for their showy bracts, red berries (drupes), and/or fall color. Other species that are commercially grown for specialty markets include the pagoda dogwood (C. alternifolia L.), giant dogwood (C. controversa Hemsl.), cornelian cherry (C. mas L.), Pacific dogwood (C. nuttallii Aud.), and redosier dogwood (C. sericea L.). The foliage of native species, such as flowering dogwood and pagoda dogwood, is high in calcium (12) in quantities above what is needed for skeletal growth of wildlife; it is the preferred browse material for lactating does in late spring while many other trees are still leafless (13,22). The berries of flowering dogwood have high oil content and provide mast for numerous species of migrant songbirds, wild turkeys, and large and small mammals (22). For many years, nurseries that produced flowering and kousa dogwoods had the luxury of working with relatively diseasefree crops. Disease management and control costs were minimal and estimated at approximately $120/ha/year. In the late 1970s, flowering and kousa dogwoods were threatened by a new disease, dogwood anthracnose, caused by Discula destructiva (39), which was reviewed by Daughtrey et al. (3). In 1994, another disease, powdery mildew, reached epiphytotic levels in flowering dogwoods. Tens of millions of dollar’s worth of dogwoods were destroyed and millions of cultivated seedlings lost their commercial value because formal management strategies were not formulated. In subsequent years, fungicide management costs were estimated to be $1,975/ha/year. Many small producers of dogwoods terminated production of the tree because they could not afford the additional overhead or were not inclined to continue routine fungicide sprays every 2 weeks from May to October. Powdery mildew on C. florida was first reported in 1887 by Burrill and Earle (1), but this disease was rarely reported on flowering dogwood in the United States before 1994. However, the disease appeared simultaneously in forest, landscape, and nursery plantings statewide in Alabama in 1994 (8). Similar outbreaks of powdery mildew were observed in Tennessee, where many nursery fields of flowering dogwood were abandoned (Fig. 1). Powdery mildew has emerged as a nationwide disease of flowering dogwood (2). Although the host side of the disease triangle remained constant, we do not know whether the change of frequency and severity of powdery mildew in flowering dogwood was due to a change in the pathogen or a change in the environment.
Nonlinear stability of mixed convection flow under non-Boussinesq conditions part 2: mean flow characteristics

Based on amplitude expansions developed in Part 1 (Suslov & Paolucci 1999), we examine the mean flow characteristics of non-Boussinesq mixed convection flow of air in a vertical channel in the vicinity of bifurcation points for a wide range of temperature differences between the walls, and Grashof and Reynolds numbers. The constant mass flux and constant pressure gradient formulations are shown to lead to qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different, results. The physical nature of the distinct shear and buoyancy disturbances is investigated, and detailed mean flow and energy analyses are presented. The variation of the total mass of fluid in a flow domain as disturbances develop is discussed. The average Nusselt number and mass flux are estimated for supercritical regimes for a wide range of governing parameters.
Intracellular edema and dehydration ; Effects on energy metabolism in alveolar macrophages

The effects of intracellular edema and dehydration on energy metabolism in alveolar macrophages were studied. Intracellular edema increased lactate production and reversibly decreased oxygen consumption. Dehydration caused no significant change in lactate production but irreversibly decreased oxygen consumption. These phenomena may be applicable to a wide variety of clinical problems including lung and brain edema.
International Assistance: Its Variety, Coordination, and Impact Among Public Corporations in Kenya and the East African Community

The diverse interests of donors and the desires of recipients to shop for the best deals mean that coordination of projects in international assistance causes problems along with promises of greater efficiency. Evidence from East Africa indicates that political competition and lack of candor and comparability in donors' reports limit the effectiveness of efforts at donor coordination. On the other hand, the policies of Kenya and the East African Community permitting virtual autonomy to profitable public corporations in their dealings with foreign governments and businessmen compromise the opportunity to optimize the use of assistance available in a multi-donor situation.
Overexpression of BclXL in B Cells Promotes Th1 Response and Exacerbates Collagen-Induced Arthritis

B cells play a pathogenic or regulatory role in many autoimmune diseases through production of autoantibodies, cytokine production, and Ag presentation. However, the mechanisms that regulate these B cell functions under different autoimmune settings remain unclear. In the current study, we found that when B cells overexpress an antiapoptotic gene, BclXL, they significantly increased production of IFN-γ and enhanced Th1 response. Consistently, Bcl-xL transgenic mice developed more severe and sustained collagen-induced arthritis due to the enhanced Th1 response. The production of autoantibodies in BclXL transgenic mice was comparable to that in wild-type mice. Thus, our results indicate a novel role of BclXL in regulating B cell functions and immune responses. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, arthritogenic B cells often up-regulate BclXL expression, which may not only render B cells resistant to apoptosis but also alter the ability of the autoreactive B cells to produce cytokines and modulate the inflammatory response. This may have therapeutic implications if BclXL expression can be down-regulated in autoreactive B cells.
Energy Levels of a Disordered Alloy

A study is made of the one-electron energy levels of a disordered alloy by means of perturbation theory, extending the results of Nordheim and Muto. To the accuracy of first-order perturbation theory, a disordered alloy is equivalent to a particular perfect crystal, the "virtual crystal," as was shown by Muto. For a certain rather general model, the effects of second-, third-, and fourth-order perturbation theory upon this "virtual-crystal" approximation are analyzed. The question of convergence of the perturbation approach is studied. A certain basic limitation of the perturbation approach is discussed, namely, the limitation to nonlocalized states. Accurate results obtained by Landauer and Helland for a hypothetical one-dimensional alloy are compared with results obtained by perturbation theory. It is pointed out that the same approach can be used with equal validity in discussing not only disordered alloys but also other types of imperfect crystals; e.g., imperfections resulting from dislocations. The most striking prediction of perturbation theory, i.e., the "tailing-off" of the density-of-states curve into a forbidden band, appears to have some experimental verification.
Optimum root placement in a multiple-hop wireless network

A multi-hop wireless network using a rooted spanning tree as routing backbone has to deal with reliability and congestion problem when the network size increases. In this paper, we consider the problem of adding a new root with its own rooted spanning tree to the network to alleviate such problems. Based on minimum-depth and minimum-load metrics, we present efficient algorithm that achieves optimum selection of root(s).
How will the growing threat of resistant hypertension impact the future treatment of high blood pressure

Hypertension treatment and control efforts represent a major component of primary care with dedicated clinical guidelines and recommendations. However, high blood pressure (BP) control rates are complicated with the difficult to treat and resistant hypertensive patients. This category of patient, therefore, affects the development and implementation of the clinical guidelines. The recommendations of specific algorithms for resistant hypertension and difficult-to-treat patients with elevated BPs have been developed in consideration of new therapies and combination drug treatment. Hypertension treatment guidelines include and will continue to grade evidence from randomized clinical trials with detailed strategies on the management of these high-risk patients. Although resistant hypertension affects high BP control rates, the inclusion of refined pharmaceutical and device treatment strategies in evidence-based guidelines will be expected to have a significant impact on the clinical management of this high-risk patient population.
Long-wavelength S-wave velocity structure throughout the mantle

SUMMARY Long-wavelength S-wave velocity anomalies are obtained for the entire mantle by inverting 6OOO long-period (40-100s) SH body waves and lo00 long-period (100-500 s) Love waves. In the shallow mantle, the patterns of fast and slow velocity anomalies correlate well with age and tectonics. In the depth range of 400-1000 km, we find two antipodal fast velocity anomalies, one in the western Pacific and the other in South America. They form a fairly strong I = 2 anomaly, Moreover the 1 = 2 anomaly is the largest spherical harmonic component throughout the entire mantle except for in the layer of 1000-1300 km depth. A fast-velocity anomaly near the Caribbean, previously reported by several other investigators, is found between the depths of 1000 and 1300km. With diminishing amplitudes, it can be traced to Canada and the Aleutians and may be related to old subducted slabs. In the same depth interval, similar size anomalies can be found in the middle of the Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. These could be checked by more detailed studies to judge the reliability of this study. Heterogeneity power has a peak at the surface and a secondary peak at the bottom of the mantle (D”), consistent with the existence of chemical and/or thermal boundary layers. At the base of the mantle we also find a fast-velocity anomaly which surrounds the Pacific Ocean. This feature has been found by other researchers previously, but its interpretation is difficult due to the trade-off between velocity anomaly and (core-mantle) boundary deformation.
Foreign “Direct” and “Portfolio” Investment in Real Estate: An Eclectic Paradigm

Executive Summary. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) are traditionally treated as mutually exclusive, and researchers generally focus on only one or the other. ...
Longitudinal distribution of O3 absorption in the lung: gender differences and intersubject variability

Bush, Michele L., Patrick T. Asplund, Kristen A. Miles, Abdellaziz Ben-Jebria, and James S. Ultman. Longitudinal distribution of O3 absorption in the lung: gender differences and intersubject varia...
Why Care About Caregivers? Using Communitarian Theory to Justify Protection of "Real" Workers

Both law and theory have failed to solve the caregiver conundrum for employees who experience conflicts between work and caring for their families. I call these employees “real” workers in contrast to what most employers expect of their employees, the somewhat mythical “ideal” workers, who never miss work or need time off for caregiving responsibilities. This Article proposes using the communitarian theory to justify protection of all caregivers in the workplace, including real workers. Communitarian theory’s emphasis on the priority of responsibilities over rights, the value of raising children well, and the importance of working together to reach a common goal provides the necessary justification for supporting broad reform efforts aimed at ending the caregiver conundrum for all caregivers, both real and ideal workers. This Article argues that communitarian theory justifies protection of real workers by overcoming two common hurdles to comprehensive reform for working caregivers. First, communitarian theory counters the rhetoric of choice by explaining that caregiving is a responsibility, not merely a choice. Second, this theory reduces the stigma of special treatment in the workplace by emphasizing the importance and benefit to all of society when parents raise their children well. Thus, a turn to communitarian theory can combat both the apathy and resentment of employers and co-workers alike. Put another way, communitarian theory explains why we should care about caregiving.
Stability of Dynamical Systems-On the Role of Monotonic and Non-Monotonic Lyapunov Functions [Bookshelf]

The contents of the book are a review of dynamical systems,the principal stability and boundedness results on metric spaces, specialized stability and boundedness results on metric spaces, applications to discrete-event systems, stability results for finite-dimensional dynamical systems, applications to the stability of finite-dimensional dynamical systems, and stability results for infinite-dimensional systems. Each chapter ends with three final sections: Notes and References, Problems, and Bibliography; these sections are welcome additions that provide insights and perspectives beyond the main content of the chapters. This second edition provides more emphasis on the stability of discrete-event and hybrid systems than the first edition [1] (see [2] for an earlier review), and it emphasizes the use of non-monotonic Lyapunov functions, which the authors developed in their recent research publications. In the Preface, the authors motivate the introduction of non-monotonic Lyapunov functions; this generalization is used to derive a general form of Lyapunov stability results. Further, in the case that the Lyapunov functions are monotonic, standard Lyapunov stability results are obtained. In practice, this extension is primarily motivated by discrete event and hybrid dynamical systems. These new features add significant material to the first edition. This new edition of the book provides a scholarly and comprehensive view of Lyapunov stability that should be accessible to mathematically inclined graduate students and to many researchers in the control field. It is a welcome addition to the published literature.
Helping novice programming students succeed

A beginning programming student has much to learn in the first programming class: new editing software, correct syntax, application of the syntax, logical sequence of steps, making sense of compiler error messages, appropriate formatting, modularized functionality and complex concepts such as arrays and pointers. The professor needs to get a lot of information across to the students, but how can the bridge be built from the plethora of information to successful application of the concepts into code by the individual student? The cognitive apprenticeship learning model can be very beneficial to the novice programming student. This teaching method helps the student in better understanding the programming concepts and as a result he can become more self-reliant as the semester progresses.
Another View of Family Conflict and Family Wholeness

A family life educator's suggested solutions of family problems will spring from his beliefs abou the sources of human conflict. This paper sketches a theory of conflict that is rooted in the individual's betrayal of his/her own fundamental values. Hypocrisy and self-deception ensue, and individuals insidiously provoke each other to do the very things for which they blame one another. This means that people can desist form the attitudes that throw them into conflict and live harmoniously. But because of their self-deception, seeing how to do this is not easy. Ultimately, the solution lies in moral responsibility. Implications for family life educators are explored.
Global civil society and education policy in post-genocide Rwanda:

Drawing on the case of Rwanda, this article investigates why certain global norms are more likely to be ‘translated’ to national educational policies and the differential influence of inter-governm...
Approaches To Teaching Practical English Comprehensive Course

It is beneficial to adopt approaches to teaching Practical English Comprehensive Course (PECC) as PECC has revolutionized and systematized the English course of the higher professional education.
Estimating Long-Term Survival of Adults with Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Relapsed/Refractory B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with Blinatumomab Using Historical Data.

Introduction Blinatumomab is a bispecific T cell-engaging antibody construct indicated for adult patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) Ph(−) B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), an aggressive disease with poor prognosis. A phase 2 single-arm clinical study showed that 43% of patients achieved CR/CRh within two cycles and approximately 20% of patients receiving blinatumomab were still alive after 2 years.
Environments Recreated: The Unique Struggles of Children Born to Abused Mothers

Approaches to understanding the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment are complex and often fail to take into account the multiple forms of maltreatment including childhood sexual abuse. The goal of the current chapter is to discuss the developmental trajectories of individuals born to women who experienced childhood sexual abuse. Using examples from the results of a 30 year longitudinal cohort study, the current chapter argues that while these women are unlikely to sexually abuse their children directly, they are at great risk for creating an environment that fails to protect their children. Beginning prenatally and continuing through adolescence into their own adulthoods, these children are at greater risk for experiencing hardships including premature birth, cognitive disadvantage, and attachment insecurity, putting them at risk for becoming abused themselves. Implications for clinicians and policymakers to prevent future instances of childhood sexual abuse by disrupting the intergenerational transmission are discussed.
Open-path dual comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector.

We demonstrate a new technique for spatial mapping of multiple atmospheric gas species. This system is based on high-precision dual-comb spectroscopy to a retroreflector mounted on a flying multicopter. We measure the atmospheric absorption over long open-air paths to the multicopter with comb-tooth resolution over 1.57–1.66 μm, covering absorption bands of CO2, CH4, H2O, and isotopologues. When combined with GPS-based path length measurements, a fit of the absorption spectra retrieves the dry mixing ratios versus position. Under well-mixed atmospheric conditions, retrievals from both horizontal and vertical paths show stable mixing ratios as expected. This approach can support future boundary layer studies as well as plume detection and source location.
Biennial fecal occult-blood screening reduced colorectal cancer mortality

Source Citation Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jorgensen OD, Sondergaard O. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet. 1996 Nov 30;348:1467-71.
Endoscopic DCR using bipedicled interlacing mucosal flaps.

Objective Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is a relatively common condition that affects patients of all ages, races, and sexes. The surgical gold standard for complete nasolacrimal duct obstruction and dacryocystitis is dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). The purpose of this study was to describe a novel, bipedicled interlacing mucosal sparing flap technique for endoscopic DCR (eDCR). Methods A posteriorly based mucosal flap over the fundus is combined with a novel, anteriorly based mucosal flap over the intraosseus portion of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD). This exposes a wide area of the maxillary bone, allowing for exposure and identification of the NLD/sac complex in a safer, more inferior position. The interlacing mucosal flaps may be replaced at the conclusion of the procedure, thereby minimizing bone exposure and maintaining excellent long-term patency. Results The authors have utilized this technique in 55 procedures with 100% positive identification of the NLD and lacrimal sac, 0% complication rate, 100% anatomical patency rate, and 96.4% success rate after a minimal follow-up of 6 months. Discussion The bipedicled interlacing flap technique for eDCR provides for safe and reproducible identification of the NLD and lacrimal sac while minimizing bone exposure and restenosis rate. Conclusion The bipedicled interlacing flap technique for eDCR provides for safe and reproducible identification of the NLD and lacrimal sac while minimizing bone exposure and restenosis rate. Level of evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 128:794-797, 2018.
Application of p–i–n photodiodes to charged particle fluence measurements beyond 1015 1-MeV-neutron-equivalent/cm2

Abstract Methods are developed for the application of forward biased p–i–n photodiodes to measurements of charged particle fluence beyond 1015 1-MeV-neutron-equivalent/cm2. An order of magnitude extension of the regime where forward voltage can be used to infer fluence is achieved for OSRAM BPW34F devices.
A Problem-Solving Basis for General Systems Research

The recent orientation of our research—and that of the group with which we work at the School of Advanced Technology—has been directed toward a not unfounded reservation which we occasionally encounter and which is succinctly represented by Bunge’s observation that “...some scientists have misgivings because GST’s have not delivered all the goods promised by their most enthusiastic proponents.”
American Academic Public Finance: The First Fifty Years

This paper examines the institutionalization of public finance as a subfield of economics in American universities from the founding of professional academic economics departments in the 1880’s through the eve of the Great Depression. To do so, we examine the development of a community of scholars recognized as specialists in public finance and the professionalization of public finance as a distinct field within economics. This includes examination of the subject’s definition, its boundaries, and the types of analyses undertaken. Academic training, including courses and readings, at Columbia, Chicago, Harvard, and Wisconsin are compared.
Detection of a metastable magnetic phase in the La1.85Ba0.15CuO4-y system

The authors have made samples of La/sub 1.85/Ba/sub 0.15/CuO/sub 4-y/ with varying heat treatments. They have measured their dc magnetization and electron paramagnetic resonance, and have examined them by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For samples annealed only a few hours, cooling the material below 5 K causes a magnetic transition and a thermal hysteresis. These observations, taken with the EPR data, suggest a possible spin-glass or ferromagnetic phase. Annealing samples in an oxygen atmosphere appears to remove that magnetic phase. For the phase with the K/sub 2/NiF/sub 4/ structure, no superlattice spots are seen in electron diffraction at room temperature or at 77 K.
Diets and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidence-Based Assessment

With rising obesity, despite low-fat diet recommendations, there is an increased interest in weight loss and alternative dietary approaches for cardiovascular health. Physicians must have an understanding of the literature to better counsel their patients about diets and cardiovascular disease. This review examines several dietary approaches to cardiovascular health and evaluates the available scientific evidence regarding these diets.
Polarization Studies on Solid State Electrolytes

The purpose of this tutorial paper is to review the theory, the method of measurement and treatment of the data for experiments on polarized solid electrolytes according to the theory of C. Wagner and the developments of H. Rickert, K. Weiss, D. O. Raleigh, A. Joshi and others. Methods to obtain the total and electronic conductivities, transport number, number and mobility of electronic charge carriers and the double layer capacitance at the electrolyte-electrode interface are to be discussed. Examples will be chosen which exhibit good agreement with theory--primarily the silver and copper halides.
Rgs12 enhances osteoclastogenesis by suppressing Nrf2 activity and promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species

ABSTRACT The Regulator of G-protein Signaling 12 (Rgs12) is important for osteoclast (OC) differentiation, and its deletion in vivo protected mice against pathological bone loss. To characterize its mechanism in osteoclastogenesis, we selectively deleted Rgs12 in OC precursors using the LysM-Cre transgenic line or overexpressed the gene in RAW264.7 cells. Rgs12 deletion led to increased bone mass with decreased OC numbers, whereas its overexpression increased OC number and size. Proteomics analysis of Rgs12-deficient OCs identified an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes under the transcriptional regulation of Nrf2, the master regulator of oxidative stress. We confirmed an increase of Nrf2 activity and impaired production in Rgs12-deficient cells. Conversely, Rgs12 overexpression suppressed Nrf2 through a mechanism dependent on the 26S proteasome, and promoted RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NFκB, which was abrogated by antioxidant treatment. We therefore identified a novel role of Rgs12 in regulating Nrf2, thereby controlling cellular redox state and OC differentiation.
When to Take Credit for Terrorism? A Cross-National Examination of Claims and Attributions

Rationalist research expects that groups claim credit for terrorism. Yet, the vast majority of attacks are not claimed. Of the unclaimed attacks, about half are attributed to a specific group. What...
Engineering Properties of Asphalt Binders from Different Sources and Their Influence on Stiffness of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

The quality and quantity of asphalt binder are crucial for proper adhesion, cohesion, and performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures. The current Superpave grading system for asphalt binders pro...
Obamacare Interrupted: Obstructive Federalism and the Consumer Information Blockade

Millions of Americans are now insured through the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and implementation forges ahead nationwide. Nevertheless, some states remain defiant. The ACA’s foundation in cooperative federalism lets states embrace or reject some of the laws’ most significant tenets — one such rejection is the southern states’ widely-criticized refusal to expand Medicaid. Less well known and little criticized, however, is certain states’ quiet rejection of a second, equally significant underpinning of the ACA: informational transparency for consumers. Lack of informational transparency means lower enrollment, but also less consumer protection and higher health insurance rates. This article posits that the states rejecting the ACA’s consumer information provisions are thereby relegating their citizens to a second-class ACA status, in which the ACA’s federally-administered penalties apply but the consumer benefits remain elusive. Part I summarizes the ACA’s goals and the informational transparency provisions designed to help accomplish the goals; Part II explains certain states’ obstructive federalism and how these states are ignoring or undermining the ACA’s transparency provisions; and Part III describes the perverse, secondary results of this rejection and possible means of ameliorating these outcomes.
N-Acetyltransferase 1 Knockout Elevates Acetyl Coenzyme A Levels and Reduces Anchorage-Independent Growth in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Elevated expression of N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is associated with invasive and lobular breast carcinomas as well as with bone metastasis following an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We investigated the effect of NAT1 gene deletion in three different human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and ZR-75-1. Human NAT1 was knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and two different guide RNAs. None of the NAT1 knockout (KO) cell lines exhibited detectable NAT1 activity when measured using its selective substrate p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Endogenous acetyl coenzyme A levels (cofactor for acetylation pathways) in NAT1 KO cell lines were significantly elevated in the MDA-MB-231 (p 0.05). Although the effects of NAT1 KO on cell-doubling time were inconsistent across the three breast cancer cell lines, the ability of the NAT1 KO cell lines to form anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar was dramatically and consistently reduced in each of the breast cancer cell lines. The NAT1 KO clones for MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and ZR-75-1 had a reduction greater than 20-, 6-, and 7- folds in anchorage-independent cell growth, respectively, compared to their parental cell lines (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.05, respectively). The results indicate that NAT1 may be an important regulator of cellular acetyl coenzyme A levels and strongly suggest that elevated NAT1 expression in breast cancers contribute to their anchorage-independent growth properties and ultimately metastatic potential.
Bullying Victimization and Disability Status Are Associated with Television Watching in Adolescence

Television time has been on the rise for American youth, and health professionals have raised concerns about the negative physical and mental health outcomes associated with extended television time. A clearer understanding of how television watching is related to bullying and disability status is needed. The present study used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, a nationally representative and longitudinal study of American school-aged children from 1998–2006. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to predict television watching of eighth grade students from bullying victimization and disability status. The final analytic sample was 6529 students. Bullying victimization (B = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.14–0.84) significantly predicted daily television time, after controlling for demographic covariates. This relationship was moderated by disability, in which youth with a disability who were bullied at school watched significantly more television than youth without a disability who were not bullied (B = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.21–2.34). Students reporting lower reading test scores watched more television, as did males and African Americans. Television watching is significantly higher among students with disabilities who experience bullying. Further research should explore the mechanism by which television watching, bullying victimization, and disability status are related.
Immunoregulation in Human Tuberculosis

Infection of humans with Mycobacterium tuberculosis provides an attractive model for investigating regulation of the immune response for several reasons. First, the causative agent is cultivable on synthetic medium and a cDNA genomic expression library has been prepared. Therefore, purified native and recombinant mycobacterial antigens can be tested directly for immunoregulatory activity. Second, the immune response in healthy subjects with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to mycobacteria can be contrasted to patients with tuberculosis to elucidate patterns of immunoregulation which are characteristic of disease. Third, although infection with M. tuberculosis or attenuated mycobacteria is an excellent model for DTH in experimental systems, the paradoxic occurrence of anergy in some patients can be explored in the laboratory.
Validation of algorithms to identify adverse perinatal outcomes in the Medicaid Analytic Extract database

Background The Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) is a health care utilization database from publicly insured individuals that has been used for studies of drug safety in pregnancy. Claims-based algorithms for defining many important maternal and neonatal outcomes have not been validated. Objective To validate claims-based algorithms for identifying selected pregnancy outcomes in MAX using hospital medical records. Methods The medical records of mothers who delivered between 2000 and 2010 within a single large healthcare system were linked to their claims in MAX. Claims-based algorithms for placental abruption, preeclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, small for gestational age, and noncardiac congenital malformation were defined. Fifty randomly sampled cases for each outcome identified using these algorithms were selected, and their medical records were independently reviewed by two physicians to confirm the presence of the diagnosis of interest; disagreements were resolved by a third physician reviewer. Positive predictive values (PPVs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the claims-based algorithms were calculated using medical records as the gold standard. Results The linked cohort included 10,899 live-birth pregnancies. The PPV was 92% (95% CI, 82%-97%) for placental abruption, 82% (95% CI, 70%-91%) for preeclampsia, 74% (95% CI, 61%-85%) for postpartum hemorrhage, 92% (95% CI, 82%-97%) for small for gestational age, and 86% (95% CI, 74%-94%) for noncardiac congenital malformation. Conclusions Across the perinatal outcomes considered, PPVs ranged between 74% and 92%. These PPVs can inform bias analyses that correct for outcome misclassification.
MR Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging: A Systematic Review.

The purpose of this systematic review is to identify trends and extent of variability in intracranial vessel wall MR imaging (VWI) techniques and protocols. Although variability in selection of protocol design and pulse sequence type is known, data on what and how protocols vary are unknown. Three databases were searched to identify publications using intracranial VWI. Publications were screened by predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Technical development publications were scored for completeness of reporting using a modified Nature Reporting Summary Guideline to assess reproducibility. From 2,431 articles, 122 met the inclusion criteria. Trends over the last 23 years (1995-2018) show increased use of 3-Tesla MR (P < .001) and 3D volumetric T1-weighted acquisitions (P < .001). Most (65%) clinical VWI publications report achieving a noninterpolated in-plane spatial resolution of ≤.55 mm. In the last decade, an increasing number of technical development (n = 20) and 7 Tesla (n = 12) publications have been published, focused on pulse sequence development, improving cerebrospinal fluid suppression, scan efficiency, and imaging ex vivo specimen for histologic validation. Mean Reporting Summary Score for the technical development publications was high (.87, range: .63-1.0) indicating strong scientific technical reproducibility. Innovative work continues to emerge to address implementation challenges. Gradual adoption into the research and scientific community was suggested by a shift in the name in the literature from "high-resolution MR" to "vessel wall imaging," specifying diagnostic intent. Insight into current practices and identifying the extent of technical variability in the literature will help to direct future clinical and technical efforts to address needs for implementation.
How do invariant transformations affect the calibration and optimization of the Kalman filtering algorithm used in the estimation of continuous-time affine term structure models?

In studying affine term structure models (ATSM), researchers have made significant theoretical advances in simplifying the burden of the Kalman filtering algorithm (KF) procedure and its optimization process by incorporating mathematical relationships implied by invariant transformations. Through the usage of National Science Foundation granted supercomputing resources, we assess the effects of invariant transformations on the calibration and optimization of the KF when used in the estimation of three, four, and five factor ATSM. From our analysis, we find that restrictions imposed on ATSM by these transformations do affect the estimation risk in the optimization process of the KF, albeit in different ways. Of all components connected to the optimization process, the prediction error of the measurement of the bond yield constructed by the KF and its affiliated covariance matrix demonstrate the least variability. The conditional covariance of the state vector at the prediction and update step demonstrates the largest variability. Estimation of the Kalman gain and conditional mean of the state vector at both the prediction and update step demonstrate a moderate degree of estimation risk. We interpret from our research that some considerations contributing to variation in the effect of such restrictions include the increase in the number of constraints that come with the greater number of factors and the type of invariant transformation undertaken. Our findings support theoretical predictions made by economic theory. Directions for further research are provided.
Can Habit Formation Be Reconciled with Business Cycle Facts

Many asset pricing puzzles can be explained when habit formation is added to standard preferences. We show that utility functions with a habit then gives rise to a puzzle of consumption volatility in place of the asset pricing puzzles when agents can choose consumption and labor optimally in response to more fundamental shocks. We show that the consumption reaction to technology shocks are too small by an order of magnitude when a utility includes a habit. Alternative models with consistent and exogenous but stochastic labor input are considered. A model with persistent technology shocks and stochastic labor is shown to be potentially consistent with substantial consumption variability as well as procyclical labor input and labor productivity even when a habit is present.