cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Hyaluronic Acid in Tissue Culture of Rous Sarcoma

ROUS chicken sarcoma has been known for a long time to produce large quantities of hyaluronic acid1–3. Rous sarcoma homogenates were shown to contain all the enzymes necessary to synthesize hyaluronic acid in vitro4. No information, however, was available as to whether or not Rous sarcoma cells produce hyaluronic acid in tissue culture as they do in the tumour. Such information may have a bearing on the question of identification of the Rous sarcoma cell. Also it was hoped to find a link between the enormous increase of hyaluronic acid synthesis in cells of a virus-induced tumour and certain aspects of virus-cell interaction, such as the increased synthesis of non-viral RNA in cells of a RNA-virus tumour.
Temporal changes in plerixafor administration and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization efficacy: results of a prospective clinical trial in multiple myeloma.

Abstract Plerixafor with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is effective for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization in patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and myeloma; however, labeling requires dosing 11 hours before apheresis. Pharmacodynamic studies show peak blood CD34+ cell counts at 10 to 14 hours; limited data are available for later time points. To address the effect of afternoon plerixafor dosing on CD34+ cell yields, we conducted a prospective clinical trial in myeloma patients undergoing stem cell collection. Thirty-one patients received plerixafor 17 hours before apheresis; blood CD34+ cells were measured before the first plerixafor dose and 1, 3, and 17 ± 1 hours after treatment. The target HSC number (≥10 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg) was collected from 22 subjects (73%) in 1 day and from all subjects within 3 days. Hematopoietic engraftment after transplantation and adverse events were similar to previous studies. Plerixafor given 17 hours before apheresis yields desired HSC collection efficiencies after induction treatment in myeloma patients.
Cross race comparisons between SES health gradients among African-American and white women at mid-life

This study explored how multiple indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) inform understanding of race differences in the magnitude of health gains associated with higher SES. The study sample, 1268 African-American women and 2066 white women, was drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979. The outcome was the Physical Components Summary from the SF-12 assessed at age 40. Ordinary least squares regressions using education, income and net worth fully interacted with race were conducted. Single measure gradients tended to be steeper for whites than African-Americans, partly because "sheepskin" effects of high school and college graduation were higher for whites and low income and low net worth whites had worse health than comparable African-Americans. Conditioning on multiple measures of SES eliminated race disparities in health benefits of education and net worth, but not income. A discussion of current public policies that affect race disparities in levels of education, income and net wealth is provided.
Seminal Vesicle Urinary Reflux as a Complication of Transurethral Resection of Ejaculatory Ducts

AbstractTransurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts has become an effective surgical treatment for male infertility caused by ejaculatory duct obstruction. We report on a patient treated successfully by transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts for a large midline cyst who postoperatively complained of terminal urinary dribbling lasting several minutes. On video urodynamic study reflux into and delayed drainage from the right seminal vesicle were found.
Endoscopic treatment in chronic pancreatitis, timing, duration and type of intervention

Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis (CP) aims to relieve pain by draining the main pancreatic duct (MPD) and to treat loco-regional complications. Half of patients have complete pain relief five years after treatment, with best results obtained if treatment is performed early after the first pain attack. If MPD obstruction is caused by calcifications, ambulatory extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has become a first-line treatment (9-30% of patients require ERCP during follow-up). If MPD obstruction is caused by stricture(s), insertion of single plastic stent is effective but it requires multiple ERCPs for stent exchanges; other protocols are being investigated. Pseudocysts represent an excellent indication for endoscopic treatment with long-term results similar to those of surgery; endosonography-guided techniques allow treatment of almost any pancreatic pseudocyst. Biliary strictures related to CP are challenging due to a high relapse rate and requirement for multiple ERCP sessions. Significant progress has recently been made with new protocols of temporary biliary stenting (multiple simultaneous plastic stents or covered metallic stents).
Are the Tastes of Polycose and Monosodium Glutamate Unique

To study whether Polycose and monosodium L-glutamate (L-MSG) have unique tastes differing from the traditional four basic tastes, chemosensory profiles were established for Polycose, L-MSG and a group of related compounds (sucrose, maltose, monosodium D-glutamate (D-MSG), sodium chloride, calcium chloride). Flavors were assessed using whole-mouth tests in human subjects with nose open or clamped to reduce olfactory input. Polycose (a mixture of glucose-based oligosaccharides) had a flavor consisting of an olfactory component and a maltose-like taste. L-MSG and D-MSG profiles differed from each other, and from NaCl and CaCl 2 . L-MSG had a lower threshold and a higher frequency of 'other' tastes than the D form. The data do not support a 'polysaccharide' taste, but suggest a chiral receptor site for 'umami' taste.
Three-fold effect of lovastatin treatment on low density lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with hyperlipidemia: increase in receptor activity, decrease in apoB production, and decrease in particle affinity for the receptor. Results from a novel triple-tracer approach.

The cholesterol-lowering action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is well established and used clinically. On the cellular level, the inhibitory action on HMGCoA reductase results in secondary increases in the LDL receptor activity (1–5). However, despite increased hepatic LDL receptor activity, which has been demonstrated in humans (6) as well as in animals (7), increased plasma clearance of LDL has not been demonstrated consistently in subjects treated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (8–12). In particular, significant changes in fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of LDL apolipoprotein B (apoB) have not been shown in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia (9, 11) or with combined hyperlipidemia (10). Compared to LDL isolated from control animals, LDL isolated from animals treated with lovastatin has been shown to have changes in composition and metabolism that are associated with apparent reduced affinity for the LDL receptor (13). Similar changes in LDL composition have also been found in humans (11, 14–18). Thus, changes in the properties of LDL might negate, in part, the effect of an increase in LDL receptor activity. These changes in the characteristics of the LDL could result from effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on the initial assembly and secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins or on VLDL metabolism. We have previously found a reduced output of hepatic apoB-containing lipoproteins during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (10, 19), and, recently, VLDL isolated from lovastatin-treated guinea pigs was found to have altered metabolic properties (20). These findings suggest multiple modes of action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and raise the possibility that the clinical effects of these agents may result from complex changes in apoB metabolism. In the present work, we attempted to better define the changes in LDL metabolism occurring in response to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor treatment. Each subject was studied during a pre-treatment baseline period and then again while on lovastatin, in the latter case using autologous tracers representing both pre-treatment and treatment conditions. This unique design, involving three tracer studies, one baseline and two on treatment, allowed us to separate the effects of lovastatin on LDL receptor activity from those on the metabolic or particle characteristics of LDL.
Role of volume and prostaglandin synthesis in the suppression of renin by saline in the rat.

To evaluate the contribution of plasma volume expansion per se on acute inhibition of renin release by sodium chloride infusion, renin responses to comparable plasma volume expansion with intravenous infusions of sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, or albumin were studied in separate groups of sodium chloride-depleted rats. In addition, urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion rate was compared in the saline- and sodium bicarbonate-infused animals to evaluate the relationship between acute changes in renin release and intrarenal PGE2 synthesis. All three groups were plasma volume-expanded by approximately 55%. Plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased in response to saline (12.3 k 1.0 to 6.7 f 0.7 ng AI/ml/hr; P < 0.01) whereas PRA did not change with sodium bicarbonate (1 1.3 f 1.4 to 10.2 f 1.5) or albumin (9.9 f 0.7 to 8.2 k I.O). The rate of PGE2 excretion was not changed by either saline (72.2 k 13.1 to 72.3 f 18.7 pg/min) or sodium bicarbonate infusion (70.7 f 8.8 to 64.9 f 7.0). These results support the hypothesis that acute suppression of PRA by infusion of saline is not dependent upon volume expansion per se. In confirmation of earlier observations, inhibition of renin release by sodium chloride was related to chloride. Finally, the results suggest that the renal tubular mechanism for inhibition of renin release by sodium chloride is not related to overall changes in renal PGE2 synthesis in the rat. 0 1986 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Convectively Driven Mixing in the Bottom Boundary Layer

Closely spaced vertical profiles through the bottom boundary layer over a sloping continental shelf during relaxation from coastal upwelling reveal structure that is consistent with convectively driven mixing. Parcels of fluid were observed adjacent to the bottom that were warm (by several millikelvin) relative to fluid immediately above. On average, the vertical gradient of potential temperature in the superadiabatic (statically unstable) bottom layer was found to be 21.7 3 1024 Km 21, or 6.0 3 1025 kg m24 in potential density. Turbulent dissipation rates («) increased toward the bottom but were relatively constant over the dimensionless depth range 0.4‐1.0z/D (where D is the mixed layer height). The Rayleigh number Ra associated with buoyancy anomalies in the bottom mixed layer is estimated to be approximately 1011, much larger than the value of approximately 10 3 required to initiate convection in simple laboratory or numerical experiments. An evaluation of the data in which the bottom boundary layer was unstably stratified indicates that the greater the buoyancy anomaly is, the greater the turbulent dissipation rate in the neutral layer away from the bottom will be. The vertical structures of averaged profiles of potential density, potential temperature, and turbulent dissipation rate versus nondimensional depth are similar to their distinctive structure in the upper ocean during convection. Nearby moored observations indicate that periods of static instability near the bottom follow events of northward flow and local fluid warming by lateral advection. The rate of local fluid warming is consistent with several estimates of offshore buoyancy transport near the bottom. It is suggested that the concentration of offshore Ekman transport near the bottom of the Ekman layer when the flow atop the layer is northward can provide the differential transport of buoyant bottom fluid when the density in the bottom boundary layer decreases up the slope.
Effect of feed availability on post-milking standing time in dairy cows.

Control programmes for contagious mastitis pathogens, primarily Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, consisting of milking hygiene, treatment or isolation of infected cows and post-milking teat disinfection are relatively effective (McDonald, 1970; Natzke, 1977; Fox & Gay, 1993). Similar control programmes are often ineffective in the prevention of intramammary infections caused by environmental bacteria (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al. 1985; Erskine et al. 1991; Smith & Hogan, 1993). This disparity of success relates to the fact that the principal source of environmental mastitis pathogens is the cow's environment, rather than another cow with an intramammary infection (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al. 1985). Infections of environmental origin are particularly noteworthy because they may remain common in well managed herds, and these infections often cause severe clinical signs and high case fatality rates (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al. 1985; Erskine et al. 1991; Smith & Hogan, 1993).Control programmes for environmental mastitis usually include premilking teat disinfection, decreased use of water in udder preparation, increased concentrations of dietary vitamin E and selenium, improved sanitation of the environment and modification of cow behaviour in the post-milking period (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al. 1984, 1985; Weiss et al. 1990; Erskine et al. 1991; Smith & Hogan, 1993). Environmental infections are thought to result when bacteria lacking specific virulence factors penetrate the teat sphincter (Eberhart et al. 1979; Smith et al. 1985). The bulk of these exposures are thought to occur between milkings. Control of these infections is problematic because the cow's teat sphincter remains open after mechanical milking (McDonald, 1975a). Presumably, cows are predisposed to intramammary infections when the open teat sphincter is exposed when cows lie down. Hence, dairy managers are advised to offer fresh feed to cows immediately after milking to increase the likelihood that the teat sphincter will close at least partly before cows become recumbent.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feed availability on post-milking behaviour in dairy cows. Specifically, the measured dependent variable was the length of time that cows remained standing after leaving the milking parlour.
Evaluation of a one-dimensional cloud model for yellow and green thunderstorms

Many observers have reported observations of green light emanating from severe thunderstorms in the midwestern United States. Spectral measurements have demonstrated that the dominant wavelength of the light is in the green portion of the visible spectrum and that this is not just a subjective impression. According to the theory proposed by Bohren and Fraser [Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74, 2185 (1993)], two effects combine to produce green light from thunderstorms. First, incident solar radiation is reddened by selective scattering by air molecules and particles in the atmosphere before it enters the cloud. Second, the radiation that passes through an optically thick cloud is attenuated in the longer wavelengths because of selective absorption by liquid water. Model calculations indicate that realizable combinations of mean drop diameters, mean liquid-water contents, and cloud thicknesses can satisfy the conditions required for shifting the dominant wavelength of the incident solar radiation to green.
A fundamental basis for power-reduction in VLSI circuits

Presented in this paper is a fundamental mathematical basis for power-reduction in VLSI systems. This basis is employed to (1) derive lower bounds on the power dissipation in digital systems and (2) unify existing power-reduction techniques under a common framework. The proposed basis is derived from information-theoretic arguments. In particular, a digital signal processing algorithm is viewed as a process of information transfer with an inherent information transfer rate requirement of R bits/sec. Different architectures implementing a given algorithm are equivalent to different communication networks each with a certain capacity C (also in bits/sec). The absolute lower bound on the power dissipation for any given architecture is then obtained by minimizing the signal power such that its channel capacity C is equal to the desired information transfer rate R. Numerical calculations for a simple static CMOS circuit and fundamental basis for the power-reduction capabilities of parallel processing and pipelining are presented.
Alterations in habituation of the tail flip response in epigean and troglobitic crayfish.

We demonstrate that the probability of the crayfish, P. clarkii, to tail flip in re- sponse to a touch on the dorsal tail fan is dependent on both the size and the behavioral state of the animal. Alterations in the animal's internal physical state, such as when the animal autoto- mizes its chelipeds, will cause larger-sized animals to tail flip; if they were not autotomized, then no tail flip response would occur. Altering the external environment by removal of water causes small crayfish, which normally habituate slowly, to rapidly habituate. Observation of large adult crayfish in a species, O. australis packardi, one that evolved to live in total cave darkness, re- vealed that they are more likely to tail flip than are the sighted, adult P. clarkii. Results indicate that the behavioral state of the crayfish can result in rapid and long-term alterations in the tail flip response and in habituation rates to repetitive stimuli. This ability to show plasticity in gain setting may be regulated by neuromodulators and can occur in large adults of the sighted cray- fish. Differences between the two species indicate that size may not be the sole contributing factor to account for tail flip behaviors. J. Exp. Zool. 290:163-176, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Calculation of effective permittivity, permeability, and surface impedance of negative-refraction photonic crystals

We consider the eigen-fields of a two-dimensional negative-refraction photonic crystal and obtain negative effective permittivity and negative effective permeability. Effective permittivity, permeability, and surface impedance are calculated by averaging the eigen-fields. The value of the surface impedance is shown to be location-dependent and is validated by finite-difference time-domain simulations. The unique power propagation mechanism in the photonic crystal is demonstrated through time-evolution of eigen-fields.
Analysis of Classical and Quantum Resources for the Quantum Linear Systems Algorithm

The quantum algorithm by Harrow, Hassidim, and Lloyd solves a system of N linear equations and achieves exponential speedup over classical algorithms under certain conditions. The advantage to the algorithm is that log(N) rather than N registers are required. Given an N x N matrix A and vectors x and b, the quantum algorithm seeks to find x such that Ax = b. By representing vector b as a superposition of quantum states |b>, quantum phase estimation is used to find the corresponding eigenvalues of A. Applying the inverse Fourier transform, we solve for |x> such that |x> = A-1|b>. We model the algorithm using a quantum circuit diagram, with data qubits encoded using the Steane code for fault tolerant quantum phase estimation. Fresh ancilla for error correction are provided using an oracular pipelined ancilla architecture. We then analyze the classical and quantum resources needed for implementation. The significance of this case study is to examine how classical and quantum resources interact in implementing this algorithm. The issues raised in this analysis, such as fault tolerant phase estimation using pipelined ancilla, garbage collection, and the preparation of I/O registers to this architecture, will be explored in more detail in future research.
Collisional Solute Release from Thermally Activated Lipid Particles

Solid lipid particles were evaluated for their potential as a thermo-activated drug delivery system. Submicron-sized diphenylhexatriene (DPH)/myristyl alcohol particles were produced by an atomization/drying process and the release rate of DPH into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solutions was measured. The results showed that the presence of micelles and thermal activation was necessary and sufficient for the release of DPH. The initial rate of DPH release was linear for most systems. However, nonlinearity was noted at low micelle concentrations where the rate decreased with time due to the loss of sink conditions with the rising concentration of DPH in the micellar solution. Also at high micelle and particle concentrations, the rate increased with time, which may be due to a loss of particle integrity. Analyzing the data from a design study, the release rate was found to be linearly proportional to particle concentration. In contrast, the rate of release increased with micelle concentration in a nonlinear manner and appeared to approach a plateau at high micelle concentrations. The decrease in rate as the micelle concentration increased is suggestive of a saturable process and may involve a collision-based mechanism.
Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials

[1] Recent, detailed examinations of fault zones show that walls of faults are often bordered by materials that are different from each other and from the more uniform material farther away. In addition, they show that the ultracataclastic core of mature fault zones, where slip is concentrated, is less permeable to flow across it than the adjoining material of the damage zone. Inhomogeneous slip at the interface between materials with different poroelastic properties and permeabilities causes a change in pore pressure there. Because slip causes compression on one side of the fault wall and extension on the other, the pore pressure on the fault increases substantially when the compressed side is significantly more permeable and decreases when, instead, the extended side is more permeable. This change in pore pressure alters the effective normal stress on the slip plane in a way that is analogous to the normal stress alteration in sliding between elastically dissimilar solids. The magnitude of the effect due to induced pore pressure can be comparable to or larger than that induced by sliding between elastic solids with a dissimilarity of properties consistent with seismic observations. The induced pore pressure effect is increased by increasing contrast in permeability, but the normal stress alteration due to elastic contrast increases rapidly as the rupture velocity approaches the generalized Rayleigh velocity. Because the alteration in effective normal stress due to either effect can be positive or negative, depending on the contrast in properties, the two effects can augment or offset each other.
Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to human epidermoid tumor in nude mice.

Theaim of this study was to determine if pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposures could enhance tumor uptake of 111 In-MX-B3, a murine IgG1k monoclonal antibody directed against the Le y antigen. Methods: MX-B3 was labeled with 111 In, purified, and confirmed for its binding to the antigenpositiveA431cellline.Groupsofnudemicewereinoculatedsubcutaneously with A431 tumor cells on both hind flanks. A tumor on one flank was treated with pulsed-HIFU; the other tumor was used as an untreated control. Within 10 min after the HIFU exposure, the mice received intravenous 111In-MX-B3 for imaging and biodistribution studies. Mice were euthanized at 1, 24, 48, and 120 h after injection for biodistribution studies. Results: TheHIFUexposureshortenedthepeaktumoruptaketime(24vs. 48 h for the control) and increased the peak tumor uptake value (38 vs. 25 %ID/g [percentage injected dose per gram] for the control). TheHIFU effect onenhancing tumor uptake wasgreater atearliertimesupto24h,buttheeffectwasgraduallydiminished thereafter. The HIFU effect on enhancing tumor uptake was substantiated by nuclear imaging studies. HIFU also increased the uptake ofthe antibody insurroundingtissues,but the net increase was marginal compared with the increase in tumor uptake. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that pulsed-HIFU significantly enhances the delivery of 111In-MX-B3 in human epidermoid tumors xenografted in nude mice. The results of this pilot study warrant further evaluation of other treatment regimens, such as repeated HIFU exposures for greater delivery enhancement of antibodies labeled with cytotoxic radioisotopes or pulsed-HIFU exposure in addition to a combined therapy of 90 Y-B3 and taxol
Bounded error adaptive control

Identification and control when plant output is corrupted with disturbance and when plant parameters vary with time are considered. It is shown how the error model can be described by a non-homogeneous differential equation. Subject to bounded disturbance and parameter variation and sufficiently rich input the parameter error vector remains bounded and explicit bounds are derived. For inputs that are not sufficiently rich some sufficient conditions for stability and some examples of instability are given. Finally, a non-linear adaptation algorithm is presented for the control problem that insures the boundedness of the parameter error vector and all signals in the system.
Apoplasmic loading in the rice phloem supported by the presence of sucrose synthase and plasma membrane-localized proton pyrophosphatase

Background and Aims Although Oryza sativa (rice) is one of the most important cereal crops, the mechanism by which sucrose, the major photosynthate, is loaded into its phloem is still a matter of debate. Current opinion holds that the phloem loading pathway in rice could involve either a symplasmic or an apoplasmic route. It was hypothesized, on the basis of a complementary body of evidence from arabidopsis, which is an apoplasmic loader, that the membrane specificity of proton pyrophosphatases (H+-PPases; OVPs) in the sieve element–companion cell (SE-CC) complexes of rice source leaves would support the existence of either of the aforementioned phloem loading mechanisms. Additionally, it was contended that the presence of sucrose synthase in the SE-CC complexes would be consistent with an apoplasmic sucrose loading route in rice. Methods Conventional chemical fixation methods were used for immunohistochemical localization of H+-PPases and sucrose synthase in rice and arabidopsis at the light microscopy level, while ultrastructural immunogold labelling of H+-PPases and sucrose synthase was performed on high-pressure frozen source leaves of rice. Key Results Using immunogold labelling, it was found that OVPs predominantly localize at the plasma membrane (PM) of the SE-CC complexes in rice source leaf minor veins, while in the root meristematic cells, OVPs preferentially localize at the vacuoles. The PM specificity of OPVs in the SE-CC complexes was deemed to support apoplasmic loading in the rice phloem. Further backing for this interpretation came from the sucrose synthase-specific immunogold labelling at the SE-CC complexes of rice source leaves. Conclusion These findings are consistent with the idea that, in the same way as in arabidopsis and a majority of grasses, sucrose is actively loaded into the SE-CC complexes of rice leaves using an apoplasmic step.
The New Careers in Nursing Program: A Strong Investment in the Future of Nursing

In 2008, faced with the challenges of a looming nursing shortage and a nursing workforce that did not mirror the diversity of the population of the United States, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation considered how to contribute to a solution. A key challenge was how to rapidly and effectively build a cadre of diverse nurses who were ready to take on the leadership challenges of an evolving health care system. From that challenge, the New Careers in Nursing program was developed. A collaboration between the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, the program set about to change the face of nursing. After investing in over 3,500 scholars and as the program winds down, the program's impact can be seen in the scholars, the schools, the nursing profession, and the future investments of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Editorial on: Pagonabarraga J, Martinez‐Hora S, Fernandez de Bobadilla R et al. Minor hallucinations occur in drug‐naïve Parkinson's disease patients even from the premotor phase. Movement Disorders 2015; Available from: DOI: 10.1002/mds.26432

Keywords: Parkinson's disease psychosis; hallucinations; minor hallucinations; presence hallucinations; passage hallucinations
Instability Suppression in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor Using Microjet Air Injection

In this study, we examine the effectiveness of microjet air injection as a means of suppressing thermoacoustic instabilities in a swirl-stabilized, lean-premixed propane/air combustor. High-speed stereo PIV measurements, taken to explore the mechanism of combustion instability, reveal that the inner recirculation zone plays a dominant role in the coupling of acoustics and heat release that leads to combustion instability. Six microjet injector configurations were designed to modify the inner and outer recirculation zones with the intent of decoupling the mechanism leading to instability. Microjets that injected air into the inner recirculation zone, swirling in the opposite sense to the primary swirl were effective in suppressing combustion instability, reducing the overall sound pressure level by up to 17 dB within a certain window of operating conditions. Stabilization was achieved near an equivalence ratio of 0.65, corresponding to the region where the combustor transitions from a 40 Hz instability mode to a 110 Hz instability mode. PIV measurements made of the stabilized flow revealed significant modification of the inner recirculation zone and substantial weakening of the outer recirculation zone.
Seismological studies at Parkfield. II. Search for temporal variations in wave propagation using vibroseis

Abstract For more than 3 years the propagation characteristics of shear waves have been monitored for paths near the 1966 hypocenter at Parkfield, the presumed nucleation site for the expected next M 6 earthquake there. Data have been collected repeatedly (33 sets as of April 1991) from eight S-wave Vibroseis source positions into the 10 borehole-installed three-component seismometers of the local high-sensitivity digital network. Twenty-second correlated records from a 6- to 24-Hz sweep are acquired, and the entire seismogram is viewed for analysis as the elastic response of the local crustal structure, which includes the San Andreas fault zone. Amplitudes, travel times, spectra, and particle motions of the P and S waves are monitored for indications of any changes in these properties that may be attributed to processes associated with nucleation. The horizontal vibrator at each source point is positioned at three surface-orientations to study anisotropy. Unorthodox methods have been developed to display the waveform properties in time in order to visualize the resulting massive data sets. The first-order variations seen in some of the parameters are attributed to changes from dry to wet conditions in the shallow subsurface due to the seasonal rainfall, which affects the source function of the vibrator. Corrections have been devised for these source-specific variations. Secular variations not obviously coupled to seasonal near-surface changes are also seen in some localized time intervals within the 20-sec records. The most striking of such changes is a progressive travel-time decrease at rates of 3 to 7 msec / year seen for late arrivals (7 to 11 sec travel time) on at least five paths into station VCA, which sample the region southeast of the anticipated epicenter at Middle Mountain. This anomaly appears to be genuine and is now the subject of intensified study. In the same general area, along the fault in the southwestern block, the direct S wave is clearly split, with the faster of the split phases polarized parallel to the fault zone, a result in agreement with that from the VSP survey in the Varian well on the northeast side of the fault.
Predicting the Probability of Slip in Gait: Ramp Walking

When predicting the probability of a slip in gait, previous researchers have only considered level gait. There are no known attempts to apply probabilistic theory to predict the probability of a slip on ramped surfaces, even though there is a larger friction requirement for ramp gait compared to level gait. It is shown that when predicting the likelihood of a slip in ramp gait, the maximum value of the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) over the entire step must be considered. This is in contrast to level gait, where only one of the local maxima of the RCOF time profile is considered. This study predicts the probability of slip in gait for both up-slope gait and down-slope gait and discusses the major differences between the two. In general, it is found that up-slope gait has a higher potential for slip compared to down-slope gait and level gait.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Posterior fossa meningiomas. A report of 30 cases.

The clinical symptoms of thirty patients with surgically treated posterior fossa meningiomas were reviewed. These included 16 cerebellopontine (CPA), 7 cerebellar, 4 carrefour-falco-tentorial (CFT), 2 foramen magnum, and 1 clivus meningiomas. Careful attention to clinical findings is necessary in diagnosing these tumors. With rare exception they have an insidious onset and even after having reached considerable size, the ensuing neurological abnormalities might not be revealing. On occasion there are false localizing neurological findings. Neuroradiological localization is essential to obtain accurate diagnosis and to plan the best operative approach. Radioactive brain scanning offers the best screening method. Although air studies remain useful, angiography of vessels of the posterior fossa is assuming a dominant role in diagnosis and surgical planning.
Low Cost Integrated Sensors Utilizing Patterned Nano-Structured Titania Arrays Fabricated Using a Simple Process

Using a novel low-temperature process, we demonstrate the facile integration of crack-free nanostructured titania (NST) as sensing elements in microsystems. Unlike conventional sol-gel methods, NST layers of interconnected nano-walls and nano-wires were formed by reacting Ti surfaces with aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. Cracks were observed in NST layers formed on blanket Ti films but absent on arrays of patterned Ti pads below a threshold dimension. Analyses using TEM, high resolution SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that NST consists of anatase TiO2 nano-crystals. NST pads were found able to detect oxygen gas of a few ppm. NST pad arrays were integrated on rigid and flexible substrates with potential applications in low cost and wearable sensing systems.
Bearing the Burden: A Model of Presidential Responsibility in Foreign Policy

This paper suggests a research strategy for resolving two problems in the analysis of U.S. foreign policy. One is the question of when and to what degree presidents can control the foreign policy apparatus. The other is the issue of what types of foreign policy leadership presidents should exercise within the boundaries of their power. In short, we seek to show what the limits are to presidential responsibility for foreign policy. After outlining an invariable obligation to exercise the oversight function, our research strategy suggests that the presidential responsibility hinges on the nature of the international environment. It distinguishes the concepts of an international influence structure (i.e., the relative distribution of power) and an international role structure (i.e., the recurring expectations about behavior resulting from the degree of consensus or conflict among countries). Thus, the domestic powers and responsibilities of the president for a particular foreign policy issue depend on the influence and role structures. The prescriptions drawn from our analytic framework are illustrated by judging presidential performance in four policy episodes. They are the launching of the Marshall Plan, the history of the Multilateral Force initiative, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the conduct of the Vietnam war under Johnson.
Evaluating the Patient with a Difficult Airway for Anesthesia

Patients with difficult airways present a challenge when they must undergo anesthesia. This article examines the problems inherent in evaluating patients with difficult airways for surgery. The authors believe that these patients are best evaluated in a Difficult Airway Clinic. The structure and organization of such clinics are examined.
Effect of Spring Application of N Fertilizer and a Nitrification Inhibitor on Corn Grain Yields

Introduction Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management for corn production continues to be a very important issue in Iowa. The goal of N management is to apply enough fertilizer to maximize profits for the crop producer and to limit the potential for environmental contamination from unused fertilizer. The ammonium (NH4) form of N fertilizer doesn’t leach or denitrify in soils. Eventually NH4 is converted to nitrate (NO3) in soils, and once this occurs the potential for N loss increases. Nitrification inhibitors (NI) maintain, for a time, ammonium (NH4) in soils thus reducing the risk of N loss. Research on NIs in Iowa has not shown predictable corn yield increases due to their use, especially when applied in the spring in liquid N fertilizers. This may be because NIs are volatile and may be lost from the soil during application. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a reformulation of the NI nitrapyrin. This product is currently being sold as Stay N. The reformulated product is less volatile than the old material.
Worlds within Worlds

In his short story, The Damned Thing, the nineteenth-century American writer Ambrose Bierce describes the encounter of two beings from different planes of reality. In the tale, a lone hunter and his dog are scouting a mountain meadow one morning when what the hunter assumes to be a breeze flattens a path in the grass ahead of them at the edge of the woods. The dog cowers, whines and refuses to move. The hunter sees nothing except the crushed grass receeding in the distance. This phenomenon of the depressed grass repeats itself a number of times in the weeks that follow and each time it occurs closer to the man and dog. And every time the dog is terrified and cowers at his master’s feet. Gradually the man realizes that the dog is able to sense a presence from a plane that is beyond his own five senses which detect only the movement of the grass. The story reaches its climax when the paths of the hunter and this damned thing coincide.1
High performance 0.15 /spl mu/m self-aligned SiGe p-MOS-MODFET's with SiN gate dielectric

Using jet-vapor-deposited silicon nitride as gate dielectric, self-aligned p-type SiGe metal-oxide-semiconductor modulated-doped field effect transistors are fabricated. For a 0.15 /spl mu/m gate-length device, the gate leakage current is as low as 0.46 nA//spl mu/m at V/sub gs/=3 V and V/sub ds/=-50 mV. A maximum extrinsic transconductance of 305 mS/mm, a unity current gain cut-off frequency of 62 GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency of 68 GHz are measured at low operating biases of V/sub ds/=-0.75 V and V/sub gs/=0.4 V.
Antibodies to spermatozoa. V. Antibody activity in human cervical mucus.

Efforts were made to seek sperm antibody activity in human cervical mucus (C.M.). A procedure of extraction was developed, as well as methods for measurement of total protein and of immunoglubulin level. The antibody testing was done by the Kibrick (K-B-M) and F-D methods. In clear contrast with negative control serum and negative C.M. samples, positive activity could be found in the C.M. extracts from several infertile women. Some of these manifestations were seen as positive K-B-M agglutination, whereas some were seen either as agglutination or immobilization in the F-D test; hence, three kinds of observation can be indicative of sperm antibody in extracts of cervical mucus.
The moral virtue of open-mindedness

This paper gives a new and richer account of open-mindedness as a moral virtue. I argue that the main problem with existing accounts is that they derive the moral value of open-mindedness entirely from the epistemic role it plays in moral thought. This view is overly intellectualist. I argue that open-mindedness as a moral virtue promotes our flourishing alongside others in ways that are quite independent of its role in correcting our beliefs. I close my discussion by distinguishing open-mindedness from what some might consider its equivalent: empathy and tolerance.
Coordinated morphogenesis of neurons and glia.

Glia adopt remarkable shapes that are tightly coordinated with the morphologies of their neuronal partners. To achieve these precise shapes, glia and neurons exhibit coordinated morphological changes on the time scale of minutes and on size scales ranging from nanometers to hundreds of microns. Here, we review recent studies that reveal the highly dynamic, localized morphological changes of mammalian neuron–glia contacts. We then explore the power of Drosophila and C. elegans models to study coordinated changes at defined neuron–glia contacts, highlighting the use of innovative genetic and imaging tools to uncover the molecular mechanisms responsible for coordinated morphogenesis of neurons and glia.
Floating membraneless PV-electrolyzer based on buoyancy-driven product separation

Abstract This paper describes the design and performance of a scalable, stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) electrolysis device used for hydrogen (H2) production by solar-driven water electrolysis. The electrolyzer component of this device is based on a simple, membraneless design that enables efficient operation with high product purity and without active pumping of the electrolyte. Key to the operation of this PV-electrolyzer is a novel electrode configuration comprised of mesh flow-through electrodes that are coated with catalyst on only one side. These asymmetric electrodes promote the evolution of gaseous H2 and O2 products on the outer surfaces of the electrodes, followed by buoyancy-driven separation of the detached bubbles into separate overhead collection chambers. The successful demonstration of this concept was verified with high-speed video and analysis of product gas composition with gas chromatography. While the device based on asymmetric electrodes achieved product cross-over rates as low as 1%, a control device based on mesh electrodes that were coated on both sides with catalyst had cross-over rates typically exceeding 7%. The asymmetric electrode configuration was then incorporated into a standalone, floating PV-electrolyzer and shown to achieve a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 5.3% for 1 sun illumination intensity. The simplicity of this membraneless prototype, as characterized by the lack of a membrane, scaffolding, or actively pumped electrolyte, makes it attractive for low-cost production of hydrogen.
Comparison of gene expression profiles in the aquatic midge (Chironomus tentans) larvae exposed to two major agricultural pesticides

Abstract We developed a high-resolution expression microarray based on 2456 unique transcripts from a cDNA library of the aquatic midge (Chironomus tentans). By using the microarray, we detected that 146, 434 and 243 genes were differentially expressed after C. tentans larvae were exposed to chlorpyrifos (organophosphate insecticide) at 0.1 and 0.5 μg/L, and atrazine (triazine herbicide) at 1000 μg/L, respectively, for 48 h. The number of differentially expressed genes in the larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos at 0.5 μg/L was three times of that in the larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos at 0.1 μg/L. Among the differentially expressed genes in response to chlorpyrifos exposures, 76 genes showed significant Blast hits, and among them 42 were in common between the chlorpyrifos and atrazine exposures. In 19 differentially expressed xenobiotic detoxification genes, 16 were significantly up-regulated in the larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos and/or atrazine. Two cytochrome P450 genes (CtCYP6EV1 and CtCYP4DG2) were specifically up-regulated by chlorpyrifos, whereas three cytochrome P450 genes (CtCYP4DG1, CtCYP6EX3 and CtCYP6EV3) were specifically up-regulated by atrazine. Our results showed that chlorpyrifos exposures even at low concentrations can lead to significant changes in gene expression. The significant transcriptional responses are likely attributed to larval intoxication by the insecticide. These results not only support our previous studies in which candidate gene approaches were used, but also can potentially help develop specific molecular markers for monitoring pesticide exposures in non-target organisms in aquatic systems.
Salt Marsh Ecoscapes and Production Transfers by Estuarine Nekton in the Southeastern United States

Understanding the role of tidal marshes in supporting estuarine nekton populations requires consideration of how different species and life stages use, and depend on, a variety of habitats. The problem might best be viewed from the perspective of a tidal marsh ecoscape, which relates variation in ecological interactions or processes to spatial patterns that emerge when associated marsh habitats are viewed together as a functional unit. Vegetated intertidal habitats, which define the salt marsh and account for most of its areal extent and productivity, are not used directly by most species of estuarine nekton in the southeastern U.S. If they function in the trophic support of these populations, marshes might supply dissolved nutrients to drive primary production in adjacent open waters or they could be a source of passively transported particles (i.e. drift) gathered by nekton from the water column or epibenthos. Alternatively, the few groups of nekton (mostly small marsh resident species) that feed within the marsh vegetation may actively translocate intertidal production horizontally across boundaries within the marsh ecoscape in a type of “trophic relay”. Transfers to open estuarine waters may occur when material is either excreted in subtidal aquatic refugia at low tide, or accumulated biomass is passed along via predator-prey interactions. Temporal and spatial constraints on mobility and feeding behavior of nekton groups likely limit such production transfers to certain places and times, described as “shifting interaction zones”. Identifying these interaction zones within the marsh ecoscape is a prerequisite for developing methods and sampling programs that will provide the type of information needed to address long-standing issues involving the role of nekton in the ecology of estuaries and the functional contribution of marshes to estuarine fisheries.
Ellerby, Kara. 2017. No Shortcut to Change: An Unlikely Path to a More Gender-Equitable World. New York, NY: New York University Press, 288 pp., $30 (paperback). ISBN: 9781479817160

Kara Ellerby’s No Shortcut to Change: An Unlikely Path to a More Gender-Equitable World could not have been more timely, given our newly energized interest in the various ways in which gender inequ...
A Comparison of Mesh Morphing Methods for 3D Shape Optimization

The ability to automatically morph an existing mesh to conform to geometry modifications is a necessary capability to enable rapid prototyping of design variations. This paper compares six methods for morphing hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes, including the previously published FEMWARP and LBWARP methods as well as four new methods. Element quality and performance results show that different methods are superior on different models. We recommend that designers of applications that use mesh morphing consider both the FEMWARP and a linear simplex based method.