cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear adaptive filtering in terrain-referenced navigation

Nonlinear adaptive estimation is applied to terrain-referenced navigation in three dimensions. In this scheme, a bank of parallel filters is initialized with different altitude hypotheses, where each filter represents a discrete (gridded) approximation to the Bayes minimum variance estimator. The importance weight of each filter is recursively updated using the measurement residuals. The altitude bias estimate is found from a weighted sum of the filter hypotheses. Numerical simulations with synthetic data indicate that an altitude bias can be accurately estimated without the use of three-dimensional grids. The computational simplicity and parallel nature of the filter may make it suitable for estimation of additional parameters such as horizontal velocity components.
How firms respond to mandatory information disclosure

Mandatory information disclosure regulations seek to create institutional pressure to spur performance improvement. By examining how organizational characteristics moderate establishments' responses to a prominent environmental information disclosure program, we provide among the first empirical evidence characterizing heterogeneous responses by those mandated to disclose information. We find particularly rapid improvement among establishments located close to their headquarters and among establishments with proximate siblings, especially when the proximate siblings are in the same industry. Large establishments improve more slowly than small establishments in sparse regions, but both groups perform similarly in dense regions, suggesting that density mitigates the power of large establishments to resist institutional pressures. Finally, establishments owned by private firms outperform those owned by public firms. We highlight implications for institutional theory, managers, and policymakers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Graft Polymers

Abstract Since the earliest recorded attempts to modify rubber by the polymerization of monomers dissolved in rubber considerable work has been directed toward the preparation and characterization of copolymers other than those with random distribution based on the reactivity ratios of the two components. Block polymers consisting of A and B chains coupled to form a linear molecule have been reported by many investigators including Melville and coworkers and Woodward and Smets. Woodward and Smets used the different solubilities in selected solvents and their mixtures to separate block copolymers of styrene-methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate-styrene from the two homo-polymers with which they occurred. Solution properties of the isolated materials were then investigated. This technique for isolation and characterization has been used with graft polymers in which branches containing all A are attached to a “backbone” of B units. Claesen and Smets prepared and separated vinyl acetate-polymethyl methacrylat...
A Preliminary Study of the After-Effect or Drift in Rubber under Constant Load

Abstract When a suitable weight is supported by suspension from a piece of rubber, as a stationer's band, the rubber may be stretched any amount up to several times its original length, but its new length is not constant; it increases with time. The increase in length with time is variously known as “after-effect, #x201D; “creep,” “drift,” “flow,” or “time-yield.” This phenomenon, which seems to have been very incompletely investigated, was probably first recognized by Dietzel in 1857. Kohlrausch in 1875 made an entensive study of both torsional and linear after-effect in metal, glass, and rubber. The load used by Kohlrausch on rubber were, however, exceedingly small, and the duration of drift was limited to one day. He came to the conclusion that drift in rubber followed a power law for the first sixty minutes. During the next decade Pulfrich slightly extended the work of Kohlrausch by experimentation on a red rubber tube, using elongations up to 150 per cent, with maximum observation time of 15 days. He...
It’s Moving! A Probabilistic Model for Causal Motion Segmentation in Moving Camera Videos

The human ability to detect and segment moving objects works in the presence of multiple objects, complex background geometry, motion of the observer, and even camouflage. In addition to all of this, the ability to detect motion is nearly instantaneous. While there has been much recent progress in motion segmentation, it still appears we are far from human capabilities. In this work, we derive from first principles a likelihood function for assessing the probability of an optical flow vector given the 2D motion direction of an object. This likelihood uses a novel combination of the angle and magnitude of the optical flow to maximize the information about how objects are moving differently. Using this new likelihood and several innovations in initialization, we develop a motion segmentation algorithm that beats current state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. We compare to five state-of-the-art methods on two established benchmarks, and a third new data set of camouflaged animals, which we introduce to push motion segmentation to the next level.
Crystallization in Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers

Butadiene‐styrene copolymers contain the following units: trans‐1,4‐polybutadiene, cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene, 1,2‐polybutadiene, and bound styrene. Of these the first is the only type which has been shown to form crystals. By the use of published data on volume change arising from crystallization (largely due to Meyer) and on structure as a function of polymerization temperature (largely due to Hampton) it is found that crystallization in emulsion polymers has been observed only when the trans‐1,4‐polybutadiene content has been greater than about 58 percent, becoming more complete the more this value is exceeded. From this observation one can then draw the following conclusions, all of which are in accordance with direct experimentation:(1) Crystallization is not observed if the polymerization temperature is above 60°C.(2) For polymerizations at 50°C a small amount (2 to 6 percent) of bound styrene inhibits crystallization completely.(3) For polymerizations at 5°C the limit is at about 15 to 18 percent bound ...
Unsteady Turbulent Simulations on a Cluster of Graphics Processors

Author(s): Phillips, Everett H.; Davis, Roger L.; Owens, John D. | Abstract: This paper describes the GPU accelerated MBFLO2 multi-block turbulent flow solver completely in double precision using CUDA and the latest generation of GPU processors. On a cluster of 8 Tesla C2050 ''Fermi'' GPUs and Intel Xeon X5550 ''Nehalem'' quad-core CPUs, we achieve 9x speedup over the parallel CPU solver or 70x speedup over the serial solver. High performance is obtained by optimizing the data layout on the GPU, optimizing data transfers and using asynchronous memory copies to overlap GPU execution with communications. We test the solver on a turbulent flat plate and an unsteady turbulent cylinder with 3.2 million grid points. We confirm the GPU results are in agreement with turbulent flow theory. We discuss the GPU optimization techniques used to reach this level of performance.
Reorientation of elongated particles at density interfaces

Density interfaces in the water column are ubiquitously found in oceans and lakes. Interaction of settling particles with pycnoclines plays a pivotal function in nutrient transport between ocean layers and settling rates of marine particles. We perform direct numerical simulations of an elongated particle settling through a density interface and scrutinize the role of stratification on the settling dynamics. It is found that the presence of the density interface tends to turn the long axis of an elongated particle parallel to the settling direction, which is dramatically different from its counterpart in a homogeneous fluid. Although broadside-on settling of the elongated particle is enhanced upon approaching the interface, the long axis rotates toward the settling direction as the particle passes through the interface. We quantify turning couples due to stratification effects, which counteract the pressure-induced torques due to the fluid inertia. A similar behavior is observed for different initial orientations of the particle. It is shown that the reorientation of an elongated particle occurs in both sharp and linear density stratifications.
ProtAnnot: an App for Integrated Genome Browser to display how alternative splicing and transcription affect proteins

Summary: One gene can produce multiple transcript variants encoding proteins with different functions. To facilitate visual analysis of transcript variants, we developed ProtAnnot, which shows protein annotations in the context of genomic sequence. ProtAnnot searches InterPro and displays profile matches (protein annotations) alongside gene models, exposing how alternative promoters, splicing and 3′ end processing add, remove, or remodel functional motifs. To draw attention to these effects, ProtAnnot color-codes exons by frame and displays a cityscape graphic summarizing exonic sequence at each position. These techniques make visual analysis of alternative transcripts faster and more convenient for biologists. Availability and implementation: ProtAnnot is a plug-in App for Integrated Genome Browser, an open source desktop genome browser available from http://www.bioviz.org. Contact: ude.ccnu@eniarola
KinLinks: Software Toolkit for kinship analysis and pedigree generation from HTS datasets

The ability to predict familial relationships from source DNA in multiple samples has a number of forensic and medical applications. Kinship testing of suspect DNA profiles against relatives in a law enforcement database can provide valuable investigative leads, determination of familial relationships can inform immigration decisions, and remains identification can provide closure to families of missing individuals. The proliferation of High-Throughput Sequencing technologies allows for enhanced capabilities to accurately predict familial relationships to the third degree and beyond. KinLinks, developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is a software tool that predicts pairwise relationships and reconstructs kinship pedigrees for multiple input samples using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles. The software has been trained and evaluated on a set of 175 subjects (30,450 pairwise relationships), consisting of three multi-generational families and 52 geographically diverse subjects. Though a panel of 5396 SNPs was selected for kinship prediction, KinLinks is highly modular, allowing for the substitution of expanded SNP panels and additional training models as sequencing capabilities continue to progress. KinLinks builds on the SNP-calling capabilities of Sherlocks Toolkit, and is fully integrated with the Sherlocks Toolkit pipeline.
Transparency by Conformity: A Field Experiment Evaluating Openness in Local Governments

Sunshine laws establishing government transparency are ubiquitous in the United States; however, the intended degree of openness is often unclear or unrealized. Although researchers have identified characteristics of government organizations or officials that affect the fulfillment of public records requests, they have not considered the influence that government organizations have on one another. This picture of independently acting organizations does not accord with the literature on diffusion in public policy and administration. This article presents a field experiment testing whether a county government's fulfillment of a public records request is influenced by the knowledge that its peers have already complied. The authors propose that knowledge of peer compliance should induce competitive pressures to comply and resolve legal ambiguity in favor of compliance. Findings indicate peer conformity affects both in the time to initial response and in the rate of complete request fulfillment.
Biogeographic Dating of Speciation Times Using Paleogeographically Informed Processes

Standard models of molecular evolution cannot estimate absolute speciation times alone, and require external calibrations to do so, such as fossils. Because fossil calibration methods rely on the incomplete fossil record, a great number of nodes in the tree of life cannot be dated precisely. However, many major paleogeographical events are dated, and since biogeographic processes depend on paleogeographical conditions, biogeographic dating may be used as an alternative or complementary method to fossil dating. I demonstrate how a time-stratified biogeographic stochastic process may be used to estimate absolute divergence times by conditioning on dated paleogeographical events. Informed by the current paleogeographical literature, I construct an empirical dispersal graph using 25 areas and 26 epochs for the past 540 Ma of Earth's history. Simulations indicate biogeographic dating performs well so long as paleogeography imposes constraint on biogeographic character evolution. To gauge whether biogeographic dating may be of practical use, I analyzed the well-studied turtle clade (Testudines) to assess how well biogeographic dating fares when compared to fossil-calibrated dating estimates reported in the literature. Fossil-free biogeographic dating estimated the age of the most recent common ancestor of extant turtles to be from the Late Triassic, which is consistent with fossil-based estimates. Dating precision improves further when including a root node fossil calibration. The described model, paleogeographical dispersal graph, and analysis scripts are available for use with RevBayes.
Reply to V. Launay-Vacher, T. Shimokata et al, and C. Porta et al.

from 1979 up to 2010, primarily to limit the confounding effect of the change in creatinine measurement in clinical laboratories to isotope dilution mass spectrometry–traceable creatinine, which may be associated with a step change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). 3 Oldermethods were not standardizedand led tovariable creatinine measurements associated with the analytic equipment used. 4 Because of this variability, the use of a single correction factor will not work across all laboratories and institutions. This was particularly relevant in our study because our data were inherently multiinstitutional and collected across decades, with limited information on assay methodology. The biases observed in the different Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) studies should be traced to the respective laboratories that performed the analysis for each survey. Although correction factors may be applied to bring the NHANES studies in line with standard creatinine and each other, this does not mean that any creatinine determination performed in the period of a particular NHANES study across the nation can be adjusted in the same manner. 5
Rod- and cone-isolated flicker electroretinograms and their response summation characteristics.

This study defined the amplitude and phase characteristics of rod- and cone-isolated flicker electroretinograms (ERGs) and determined how these responses summate to generate the nonreceptor-specific ERG. Full-field ERGs were obtained from six normally sighted subjects (age 26 to 44 years) using a four-primary LED-based photostimulator and standard recording techniques. The four primaries were either modulated sinusoidally in phase to achieve simultaneous rod and cone activation (ERGR+C; nonreceptor-specific) or in different phases to achieve rod-isolated (ERGR) and cone-isolated (ERGC) responses by means of triple silent substitution. ERGs were measured at two mean luminance levels (2.4 and 24 cd/m2), two contrasts (20 and 40%), and four temporal frequencies (2–15 Hz). Fundamental amplitude and phase for each condition were derived by Fourier analysis. Response amplitude and phase depended on the stimulus conditions (frequency, mean luminance, and contrast), however, for all conditions: 1) response phase decreased monotonically as stimulus frequency increased; 2) response amplitude tended to decrease monotonically as stimulus frequency increased, with the exception of the 24 cd/m2, 40% contrast ERGR+C that was sharply V-shaped; 3) ERGR phase was delayed (32 to 210 deg) relative to the ERGC phase; 4) ERGR amplitude was typically equal to or lower than the ERGC amplitude, with the exception of the 2.4 cd/m2, 40% contrast condition; and 5) the pattern of ERGR+C responses could be accounted for by a vector summation model of the rod and cone pathway signals. The results show that the ERGR+C amplitude and phase can be predicted from ERGR and ERGC amplitude and phase. For conditions that elicit ERGR and ERGC responses that have approximately equal amplitude and opposite phase, there is strong destructive interference between the rod and cone responses that attenuates the ERGR+C. Conditions that elicit equal amplitude and opposite phase rod and cone responses may be particularly useful for evaluating rod–cone interactions.
Operation and Performance of the CMS Silicon Tracker

The CMS silicon tracker is the largest silicon detector ever built. It consists of a hybrid pixel detector with 66 million channels and a 200 m2 silicon strip detector with 10 million readout channels. We describe the operation of this detector during the first three year of LHC both during proton-proton as well as heavy ion collisions with results on the operational performance, calibration, signal-to-noise ratio, timing, etc. The resolution and efficiency of the track and vertex reconstruction are measured with data and compared to the results from simulation. With increasing integrated luminosity, monitoring of radiation-induced effects becomes more and more important. Our methods for measuring the evolution of full depletion voltage and leakage current will be presented and the results discussed.
Diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related thrombosis

Thrombotic events are common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with neoplastic diseases. Standard diagnostic tests may give misleading results, and the effects of treatment may not be as expected. This article discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombosis in this difficult setting.
Robust Bayesian FDR Control Using Bayes Factors, with Applications to Multi-tissue eQTL Discovery

Motivated by the genomic application of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, we propose a new procedure to perform simultaneous testing of multiple hypotheses using Bayes factors as input test statistics. One of the most significant features of this method is its robustness in controlling the targeted false discovery rate even under misspecifications of parametric alternative models. Moreover, the proposed procedure is highly computationally efficient, which is ideal for treating both complex system and big data in genomic applications. We discuss the theoretical properties of the new procedure and demonstrate its power and computational efficiency in applications of single-tissue and multi-tissue eQTL mapping.
Pd-Catalyzed Diamination of 1,2,4-Triazinyl Complexant Scaffolds.

As part of ongoing efforts in this laboratory to design and synthesize multidentate soft-N-donors as effective complexants for chemoselective minor actinide extraction from used nuclear fuel, a series of aminated mono-1,2,4-triazinylpyridines were required. This study focuses on streamlining convergent access to a diverse array of functionalized N-donors using Pd-catalysis from a common synthon affording access to pyridinyl triazines as the 4,4′-amino derivatives which are commercially limited and unsuccessful in traditional condensation chemistry. A general Pd-catalyzed method for the double amination of functionalized pyridinyl-1,2,4-triazines with low catalyst/ligand loadings enabling the formation of 16 novel complexants is presented.
Educating Radiologists About Pain.

It is vital that radiologists understand pain. After all, it is the most common symptom that leads patients to seek medical care, and represents one of the most common indications for diagnostic and interventional radiological procedures (1–3). In addition, radiological procedures can be a source of pain to patients, particularly in the context of interventional procedures (4,5). By gaining a better understanding of the nature, assessment, and effective management of pain, radiologists and radiology personnel can do a better job of caring for patients.
Estimating cosmological parameters from the dark matter distribution

A grand challenge of the 21st century cosmology is to accurately estimate the cosmological parameters of our Universe. A major approach in estimating the cosmological parameters is to use the large scale matter distribution of the Universe. Galaxy surveys provide the means to map out cosmic large-scale structure in three dimensions. Information about galaxy locations is typically summarized in a "single" function of scale, such as the galaxy correlation function or power-spectrum. We show that it is possible to estimate these cosmological parameters directly from the distribution of matter. This paper presents the application of deep 3D convolutional networks to volumetric representation of dark-matter simulations as well as the results obtained using a recently proposed distribution regression framework, showing that machine learning techniques are comparable to, and can sometimes outperform, maximum-likelihood point estimates using "cosmological models". This opens the way to estimating the parameters of our Universe with higher accuracy.
Rayleigh fading effect reduction with wideband DS/CDMA signals

Mobile radio fading analyses typically assume a single frequency carrier transmitted through the propagation medium. The results are then used for the case of narrowband transmission. New phenomena occur with wideband transmission. This paper presents an analysis of the mitigation of the Rayleigh fading effect for wideband direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) signaling. There are measurements that show this phenomenon. The reduction of the Rayleigh fading effect is an advantage of CDMA over narrowband transmission systems and it eases the burden of CDMA power control. A general expression for the coefficient of variation of the received wideband signal power is derived. It is shown how the coefficient of variation of the received power decreases as the bandwidth spreading increases. This paper also analyzes the time correlation needed for other analyses (e.g., CDMA power control). >
A truth maintenance system

Abstract : To choose their actions, reasoning programs must be able to make assumptions and subsequently revise their beliefs when discoveries contradict these assumtions. The Truth Maintenance System (TMS) is a problem solver subsystem for performing these functions by recording and maintaining the reasons for program beliefs. Such recorded reasons are useful in constructing explanations for program actions and in guiding the course of action of a problem solver. This paper describes (1) the representations and structure of the TMS, (2) the mechanisms used to revise the current set of beliefs, (3) how dependency-directed backtracking changes the current set of assumptions, (4) techniques for summarizing explanations of beliefs, (5) how to organize problem solvers into 'dialectically arguing' modules, (6) how to revise models of the belief systems of others, and (7) methods for embedding control structures in patterns of assumptions. We stress the need of problem solvers to choose between alternate systems of beliefs, and outline a mechanism by which a problem solver can employ rules guiding choices of what to believe, what to want, and what to do. (Author)
Dynamic multi-physics model for solar array

Summary form only given, as follows. An approach to model the solar cell system with coupled multi-physics equations (photovoltaic, electro-thermal, direct heating and cooling processes) within the context of the resistive-companion method in the Virtual Test Bed computational environment is presented. Appropriate across and through variables are defined for the thermal terminal of the system so that temperature is properly represented as a state variable, rather than as a parameter of the system. This allows enforcement of the system power conservation through all terminals, and allows simultaneous solutions for both the electrical potentials and the system temperature. The thermal port built accordingly can be used for natural thermal coupling. The static and dynamic behaviors of the solar array model based on the approach are obtained and validated through comparison of simulation results to theoretical predictions and other reported data. The electro-thermal modeling method developed here can be generally used in the modeling of other devices, and the method to define the across and through variables can also be generalized to any other interdisciplinary processes where natural coupling is required.
A Sequence of Flushing and Drying of Breeding Habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) Prior to the Low Dengue Season in Singapore

In dengue-endemic areas, transmission shows both a seasonal and interannual variability. To investigate how rainfall impacts dengue seasonality in Singapore, we carried out a longitudinal survey in the Geylang neighborhood from August 2014 to August 2015. The survey comprised of twice-weekly random inspections to outdoor breeding habitats and continuous monitoring for positive ones. In addition, observations of rainstorms were collected. Out of 6824 inspected habitats, 67 contained Aedes aegypti, 11 contained Aedes albopictus and 24 contained Culex spp. The main outdoors habitat of Aedes aegypti was storm drains (54/67). We found that 80% of breeding sites in drains (43/54) were lost after intense rainstorms related to the wet phase of the Northeast monsoon (NE) between November 2014 and early January 2015. Subsequently, 95% (41/43) of these flushed drains had dried out during the dry phase of the NE in late January-February 2015. A return in the outdoor breeding of Aedes aegypti was observed after the onset of Southwest monsoon (SW) between May and August 2015. There was also a reduction in productivity of breeding habitats for larvae and pupae after the onset of the NE. In wet equatorial regions like Singapore, rainfall varies with the monsoons. A monsoon-driven sequence of flushing and drying shapes the outdoor seasonal abundance of Aedes aegypti. This finding can be used to optimize vector control strategies and better understand dengue in the context of climate change.
Revealing disease-associated pathways by network integration of untargeted metabolomics

Uncovering the molecular context of dysregulated metabolites is crucial to understand pathogenic pathways. However, their system-level analysis has been limited owing to challenges in global metabolite identification. Most metabolite features detected by untargeted metabolomics carried out by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry cannot be uniquely identified without additional, time-consuming experiments. We report a network-based approach, prize-collecting Steiner forest algorithm for integrative analysis of untargeted metabolomics (PIUMet), that infers molecular pathways and components via integrative analysis of metabolite features, without requiring their identification. We demonstrated PIUMet by analyzing changes in metabolism of sphingolipids, fatty acids and steroids in a Huntington's disease model. Additionally, PIUMet enabled us to elucidate putative identities of altered metabolite features in diseased cells, and infer experimentally undetected, disease-associated metabolites and dysregulated proteins. Finally, we established PIUMet's ability for integrative analysis of untargeted metabolomics data with proteomics data, demonstrating that this approach elicits disease-associated metabolites and proteins that cannot be inferred by individual analysis of these data.
Channel estimation standard and adaptive blind equalization

Presents a novel concept of channel estimation standard (CES) and applies a new CES error criterion to the process of an adaptive blind equalization. It is shown that the establishment of the CES contributes to the development of a practical communication scheme for approaching to the capacity of a high SNR band-limited channel without using a preamble signal training. >
IMM estimation for multitarget-multisensor air traffic surveillance

This paper deals with the design and implementation of an algorithm for track formation and maintenance in a multisensor air traffic surveillance (ATS) scenario. The major contribution of the present work is the development of the combined likelihood function that enables the replacement of the Kalman filter (KF) with the much more versatile interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator which accounts for the various motion modes of the aircraft. This likelihood function defines the objective function used in the measurement to track assignment algorithm. Data from two FAA radars are used to evaluate the performance of this algorithm. The use of the IMM estimator yields considerable noise reduction during uniform motion, while maintaining the accuracy of the state estimates during maneuver. Overall, the mean square prediction error (to the next observation time) is reduced by 30% and the RMS errors in the altitude rate estimates are reduced by a factor of 3 over the KF. The usefulness of the tracker presented here is also demonstrated on a non-cooperative target.
The Psychological Development of the Terrorist Mind Set: Pertinence in the Sentencing Phase of Capital Trial

This paper reviews past and current scholarly literature about the psychological development of the terrorist mind set with a special focus on how adverse life experiences early in one rsquo s lifetime negatively impacts the normal psychological development Information that pertains to childhood trauma social psychological factors psycho social causes and psycho cultural foundations that play a role in the development of terrorist beliefs and behaviors are explored This paper also reviews several theories that attempt to explain terrorism a few from a social and cultural perspective as a constellation of terrorism research scholars suggest that the development of terrorist behavior is in every way contextual The lives of two known terrorists Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Ted Kaczynski are analyzed to illustrate how the psychological social and cultural factors that make up their backgrounds were applied in the sentencing mitigation phases of their trials resulting in the death penalty being replaced with a life sentence for both nbsp
A note on Wall's modification of the Schur algorithm and linear pencils of Jacobi matrices

Abstract In this note we revive a transformation that was introduced by H. S. Wall and that establishes a one-to-one correspondence between continued fraction representations of Schur, Caratheodory, and Nevanlinna functions. This transformation can be considered as an analog of the Szegő mapping but it is based on the Cayley transform, which relates the upper half-plane to the unit disk. For example, it will be shown that, when applying the Wall transformation, instead of OPRL, we get a sequence of orthogonal rational functions that satisfy three-term recurrence relation of the form ( H − λ J ) u = 0 , where u is a semi-infinite vector, whose entries are the rational functions. Besides, J and H are Hermitian Jacobi matrices for which a version of the Denisov–Rakhmanov theorem holds true. Finally, we will demonstrate how pseudo-Jacobi polynomials (aka Routh–Romanovski polynomials) fit into the picture.
A brief review of e theory

I begin with some memories of Abdus Salam who was my PhD supervisor. After reviewing the theory of nonlinear realisations and Kac–Moody algebras, I explain how to construct the nonlinear realisation based on the Kac–Moody algebra E11 and its vector representation. I explain how this field theory leads to dynamical equations which contain an infinite number of fields defined on a space–time with an infinite number of coordinates. I then show that these unique dynamical equations, when truncated to low level fields and the usual coordinates of space–time, lead to precisely the equations of motion of 11-dimensional supergravity theory. By taking different group decompositions of E11 we find all the maximal supergravity theories, including the gauged maximal supergravities, and as a result the nonlinear realisation should be thought of as a unified theory that is the low energy effective action for type II strings and branes. These results essentially confirm the E11 conjecture given many years ago.
Comprehensive Costs Associated with Fiberoptic and Digital Flexible Ureteroscopes at a High Volume Teaching Hospital

Abstract Introduction Modern flexible ureteroscope ownership costs are considerable. Most prior estimates focus exclusively on repair costs, likely underestimating overall costs, including those of acquisition and reprocessing. Furthermore, to our knowledge no prior cost analyses focus on the latest generation digital flexible ureteroscope, which may differ due to unique purchase and repair prices. We sought to gain greater insight into the comprehensive costs associated with modern flexible ureteroscope use, particularly the difference between digital and fiberoptic models. Methods Data on use and repair of fiberoptic Storz Flex-X2 and digital Flex-Xc flexible ureteroscopes from 2011 to 2015 were reviewed. List prices and repair costs were obtained from Storz. Per case reprocessing costs were estimated, accounting for disposables, reagents and labor. Maintenance costs were estimated by combining cost of repairs and reprocessing. Analyses were performed at list pricing and standard discount rates. Global flexible ureteroscope costs were calculated to account for the cost of acquisition, repair and maintenance of a new scope during its first 100 uses. Results Global costs associated with digital flexible ureteroscope ownership were 1.3 to 1.4 times greater than fiberoptic on a per case basis ($1,008/$1,086 vs $715/$835). The majority of expenses went toward scope repairs (73% vs 71%), with instrument purchase (23% vs 24%) and reprocessing (4% vs 5%) being less costly. Repair rates were not significantly different between fiberoptic and digital devices (12.5 vs 11.5, p=0.757). Conclusions Expenditures associated with ownership of modern flexible ureteroscopes are considerable and driven primarily by the high cost of repairs. Digital instruments are more costly despite comparable rates of flexible ureteroscope damage.
Long-acting reversible contraception in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Among adolescent pregnancies, 75% are unintended. Greater use of highly-effective contraception can reduce unintended pregnancy. Although multiple studies discuss adolescent contraceptive use, there is no consensus regarding the use of long-acting reversible contraception as a first-line contraception option. Objective We performed a systematic review of the medical literature to assess the continuation of long-acting reversible contraceptives among adolescents. Study Design Ovid-MEDLINE, Cochrane databases, and Embase databases were searched using key words relevant to the provision of long-acting contraception to adolescents. Articles published from January 2002 through August 2016 were selected for inclusion based on specific key word searches and detailed review of bibliographies. For inclusion, articles must have provided data on method continuation, effectiveness, or satisfaction of at least 1 long-acting reversible contraceptive method in participants Results This review included 12 studies, including 6 retrospective cohort studies, 5 prospective observational studies, and 1 randomized controlled trial. The 12 studies included 4886 women age Conclusion Adolescents and young women have high 12-month continuation of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. Intrauterine devices and implants should be offered to all adolescents as first-line contraceptive options.
A 10.7-MHz switched-capacitor bandpass filter

An experimental 10.7-MHz switched-capacitor bandpass filter is demonstrated that exhibits a 400-kHz bandwidth with a 42-MHz sampling rate. Basic design issues of such high-frequency filters are also addressed with emphasis on dynamic range and power constraints. A theoretical square relation between power and center frequency agrees well with experimental results. The sixth-order differential bandpass filter chip occupies 2 mm/sup 2/ using a 2.25- mu m gate double-poly CMOS technology. >
Quasisymmetries of the basilica and the Thompson group

We give a description of the group of all quasisymmetric self-maps of the Julia set of f(z) = z2−1 that have orientation preserving homeomorphic extensions to the whole plane. More precisely, we prove that this group is the uniform closure of the group generated by the Thompson group of the unit circle and an inversion. Moreover, this result is quantitative in the sense that distortions of the approximating maps are uniformly controlled by the distortion of the given map.
The saturation number of induced subposets of the Boolean lattice

Abstract Given a poset P , a family F of elements in the Boolean lattice is said to be P -saturated if (1) F contains no copy of P as a subposet and (2) every proper superset of F contains a copy of P as a subposet. The maximum size of a P -saturated family is denoted by La ( n , P ) , which has been studied for a number of choices of P . The minimum size of a P -saturated family, sat ( n , P ) , was introduced by Gerbner et al. (2013), and parallels the deep literature on the saturation function for graphs. We introduce and study the concept of saturation for induced subposets. As opposed to induced saturation in graphs, the above definition of saturation for posets extends naturally to the induced setting. We give several exact results and a number of bounds on the induced saturation number for several small posets. We also use a transformation to the biclique cover problem to prove a logarithmic lower bound for a rich infinite family of target posets.
Investigations of chemical reactions in a turbulent media

Abstract An investigation has been conducted into the effects of ignoring various scalar second-order correlations on the prediction of chemically reacting, turbulent flowfields. A new second-order closure code for such flowfields, METREC, has been employed to investigate the effects of correlations in species ( α′β′ ), temperature ( T′T′ ), and species and temperature ( T′α′ ). The effects of these correlations were evaluated employing a “second-order approximation” within the METREC code. It is shown that the neglect of these correlations can profoundly affect the resulting flowfield predictions, especially the computation of flame velocities of turbulent mixtures. In turbulent diffusion flames, the dominant correlation in the chemical source term is the mixedness correlation, α′β′ / α β , which can lead to orders of magnitude reduction in the effective reaction rate.
Neural Networks for Joint Sentence Classification in Medical Paper Abstracts

Existing models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) for sentence classification often do not incorporate the context in which sentences appear, and classify sentences individually. However, traditional sentence classification approaches have been shown to greatly benefit from jointly classifying subsequent sentences, such as with conditional random fields. In this work, we present an ANN architecture that combines the effectiveness of typical ANN models to classify sentences in isolation, with the strength of structured prediction. Our model outperforms the state-of-the-art results on two different datasets for sequential sentence classification in medical abstracts.
Learning a Mixture of Deep Networks for Single Image Super-Resolution

Single image super-resolution (SR) is an ill-posed problem which aims to recover high-resolution (HR) images from their low-resolution (LR) observations. The crux of this problem lies in learning the complex mapping between low-resolution patches and the corresponding high-resolution patches. Prior arts have used either a mixture of simple regression models or a single non-linear neural network for this propose. This paper proposes the method of learning a mixture of SR inference modules in a unified framework to tackle this problem. Specifically, a number of SR inference modules specialized in different image local patterns are first independently applied on the LR image to obtain various HR estimates, and the resultant HR estimates are adaptively aggregated to form the final HR image. By selecting neural networks as the SR inference module, the whole procedure can be incorporated into a unified network and be optimized jointly. Extensive experiments are conducted to investigate the relation between restoration performance and different network architectures. Compared with other current image SR approaches, our proposed method achieves state-of-the-arts restoration results on a wide range of images consistently while allowing more flexible design choices.
mobileVision: A Face-mounted, Voice-activated, Non-mydriatic “Lucky” Ophthalmoscope

We present mobileVision, a portable, smartphone-based ophthalmoscopy system intended to reduce the barriers to ocular pathology screening in developing regions.
Information Sharing and Privacy in Networks

Users of social, economic, or medical networks share personal information in exchange for tangible benefits, but may be harmed by leakage and misuse of the shared information. I analyze the effect of enhancing privacy in the presence of two opposing forces: network effects and informational interdependencies. I show that two privacy enhancements---reducing the likelihood of leakage and decreasing the level of informational interdependence---have opposite effects on the volume of information sharing, and that although they always seem beneficial to non-strategic users, both privacy enhancements may backfire when users are strategic.
Resurrection axioms and uplifting cardinals

We introduce the resurrection axioms, a new class of forcing axioms, and the uplifting cardinals, a new large cardinal notion, and prove that various instances of the resurrection axioms are equiconsistent over ZFC with the existence of an uplifting cardinal.
Decreasing Operational Distortion and Surrogation Through Narrative Reporting

ABSTRACT Prior research finds that agents who are compensated on an imperfect measure of performance tend to distort their operational decisions and believe that the measure is more reflective of r...
Irrelevant Externality Angst

Public goods are perplexing because insuperable transaction costs are encountered when optimization requires comprehensive negotiation among large populations of beneficiaries. Though scrutiny is certainly warranted, private internalization of public goods externalities is common. Even when many parties can freely utilize the good, if most experience a real but marginally irrelevant external effect, private interactions among the few who experience relevant impacts can suitably balance marginal costs and benefits across entire populations. It is impossible to ascertain the desirability or form of government intervention if empirical tasks are neglected on the basis of inconclusive theoretical conjectures.Journal of Economic Literature Classification: D23, D62, D78, H41, K32, P16, Q28
Floquet Topological Order in Interacting Systems of Bosons and Fermions.

The phases of periodically driven systems of bosons and fermions are topologically classified by pairs of coprime integers.
When Do Leaders Free‐Ride? Business Experience and Contributions to Collective Defense

The logic of free‐riding expects that individuals will underinvest in public goods, but people often behave in ways that are inconsistent with this prediction. Why do we observe variation in free‐riding behavior? This study addresses this question by examining contributions to an important international public good—collective defense in military alliances. It develops a behavioral theory of free‐riding in which the beliefs of world leaders are important for explaining investments in public goods. The argument holds that leaders with business experience make smaller contributions to collective defense because they are egoistic and more comfortable relying on a powerful ally for their defense. An analysis of defense expenditures in 17 non‐U.S. members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from 1952 to 2014 provides evidence consistent with the theory. The findings suggest that leaders with business experience are more likely than other heads of government to act as self‐interested utility maximizers.
U.S. strategic solar photovoltaic-powered microgrid deployment for enhanced national security

Abstract The U.S. electrical grid, the largest and most complex man-made system in the world, is highly vulnerable to three types of external threats: 1) natural disasters, 2) intentional physical attacks, and 3) cyber-attacks. The technical community has recommended hardening the grid to make it more resilient to attack by using distributed generation and microgrids. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are an ideal distributed generation technology to provide power for such microgrids. However, both the deployment velocity and the policy of how to implement such technical solutions have been given far less attention than would be normally considered adequate for a national security risk. To address this threat, this paper reviews the technical and economic viability of utilizing defense contracting for the beginning of a national transition to distributed generation in the U.S. First, the technical scale of electrical demand and the solar PV system necessary is analyzed in detail to meet the first level of strategic importance: the U.S. military. The results found that about 17 GW of PV would be needed to fortify the U.S. military domestically. The current domestic geographic deployment of microgrid installations in the critical U.S. defense infrastructure were reviewed and compared to historical grid failures and existing and planned PV installations to mitigate that risk. The results showed a minimal number of military bases have introduced solar PV systems, leaving large parts of the Department of Defense electrical infrastructure vulnerable to attack. To rectify this situation, the technical skills of the top 20 U.S. defense contractors is reviewed and analyzed for a potential contracting transition to grid fortification. Overall the results indicate that a fortified U.S. military grid made up of PV-powered microgrids is technically feasible, within current contractors skill sets and economically viable. Policy recommendations are made to accelerate U.S. military grid fortification.
A comprehensive set of schemes for PUF response generation

Abstract In this paper we present a comprehensive set of schemes to generate Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) IDs out of raw results generated by multiple PUF designs. Software scripts have been developed to generate the PUF IDs using five different schemes. We also propose a set of PUF metrics that are based on the Worst Case (WC) PUF performance. Values of these metrics, for the Ring Oscillator (RO) PUF and SR-Latch PUF, have been presented and analyzed in the paper. Additionally, the effect of choosing different parameters on PUF quality metrics is thoroughly analyzed.
Market ambiguity and individual investor information demand

Abstract We examine whether ambiguity in the market leads to an increase in information demand by individual investors. Drawing on the asset-pricing model proposed by Mele and Sangiorgi (2015), which incorporates market ambiguity, we measure individual information demand using daily Google searches and measure market ambiguity using a metric based on the market trades of institutional investors. We find that individual investors increase their information demand during periods of greater market ambiguity. We also provide evidence that information demand from individual investors spikes around earnings announcement days primarily when market uncertainty is driven by net-selling activity. Overall, these results suggest that the disagreement among institutional investors either represents uncertainty or contributes to the uncertainty related to a stock, leading to increased demand for information from individual investors.