cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact behavior of reduced-activation ferritic steels irradiated in the Fast Flux Test Facility

Abstract Reduced-activation Cr-W steels with chromium concentrations varying from 2.25 to 12 wt% were irradiated at 365°C to ~ 7 dpa in the Fast Flux Test Facility. Irradiation caused a loss of toughness for all steels, as measured in Charpy impact tests; increases in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and decreases in the upper-shelf energy were observed after irradiation. Two steels with 9% Cr showed the greatest resistance to the effects of irradiation: the DBTT of a 9% Cr steel with 2% W and 0.25% V increased by 68°C during irradiation; this same composition with an addition of 0.07% Ta developed an increase in DBTT of only 4°C. These shifts in DBTT compared to increases of over 100°C for the rest of the steels. Observations on the steels with 2.25% Cr indicated that a steel containing a combination of 2% W and 0.25% V was less severely affected by irradiation than steels with vanadium and no tungsten, tungsten and no vanadium, or with 1% W and 0.25% V.
Computational design optimization: A review and future directions

Abstract A mathematical model for design optimization of engineering systems is defined. Computational algorithms to treat the model are reviewed and their features are discussed. The attributes of a good algorithm are given. Sequential quadratic programming algorithms that generate and use the approximate Hessian of the Lagrange function to calculate the search direction are the most recent methods. They are the most reliable methods among the available ones. Several other computational aspects, such as robust implementation of algorithms, use of a knowledge base, interactive use of optimization, and use of a database and database management system, are discussed. Recent developments in the field and future directions are presented.
Adaptive high-speed high-resolution quantization for image sensors

An image quantization and mixed-signal processing technique presented in this paper significantly increases speed and resolution of image digitization while consuming minimum energy. It also performs image compression in the mixed signal domain. This has been achieved by exploiting strong correlation between neighboring pixels within each frame and between successive frames. The correlation is utilized by adaptive combining of several quantizers with different sampling rates and numbers of bits and by quantizing the entire image in a small fraction of frames while generating only discontinuity signals in the rest of the frames.
Evaluating the effects of estradiol on endothelial nitric oxide stimulated by erythrocyte-derived ATP using a microfluidic approach

Recently, estrogens have been reported to have protective effects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the molecular mechanism for such a protective effect is currently incomplete, we hypothesized that estradiol may reduce the release of ATP from erythrocytes (ERYs), thereby lowering the production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. Here, we report on the use of a microfluidic device to investigate the direct effects of the estrogen estradiol on endothelial cell nitric oxide production. In addition, the incorporation of a thin polycarbonate membrane into the device enabled the passage of ERYs through the device to determine indirect effects of estradiol on NO production that may be meditated by ERYs. When these ERYs were incubated with increasing concentrations of estradiol, the NO production from the endothelial cells was attenuated to a value that was only 59 ± 7% of ERYs in the absence of estradiol. This decrease in NO production coincides with reductions in ERY-derived ATP release in the presence of estradiol. Estradiol is typically reported to have NO-stimulating effects; however, such reports have employed in vitro experimental designs that include only a single cell type. To demonstrate the potential importance of this attenuation of ATP from ERYs, results from a small-scale study show that the ATP release obtained from healthy controls was 138 ± 21 nM (n = 18) while the release from the ERYs obtained from people with MS was 375 ± 51 nM (n = 11). The studies reported here involving multiple cells types (endothelial cells and ERYs) may lead to a reappraisal of the in vivo activities of estradiol.
Chemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel

This paper describes the status of the present nuclear fuel reprocessing industry and comments on trends for the future. It also discusses the developmental work and plans for reprocessing of future reactor fuels. Improved technology is being applied not only to the main process but also to the containment of radioactive effluents. The Purex process is almost universally used for making the separations. For the light-water reactor (LWR) fuels, the chop-leach head-end has become the preferred method. For hightemperature, gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs), burning of the graphite fuel matrix appears to be the favored head-end step. This burning procedure presents a unique off-gas treatment problem which appears to be near solution. Certain differences inherent in liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) fuels make them more difficult to process. Because of their high content of valuable plutonium, a factor of 10 higher than that of light-water reactor fuel, there is a large economic incentive for processing at shorter decay times. This, coupled with the fact that LMFBR fuels will operate at higher power densities, 150 vs 35 kW/kg for LWR fuel, and to burnups of the order of 100, 000 MWd/metric ton, creates a serious heating problem in handling the fuel. These same factors increase the amounts of volatile fission products, such as iodine, xenon, krypton, and tritium, which must be handled and contained in the plant. A comprehensive development program is being carried out in the United States of America to solve these and other problems associated with the processing of spent LMFBR fuels. Methods are being developed for the deactivation and removal of sodium. Handling techniques to provide reliable cooling of the spent fuel elements are also being developed. In the head-end, the fuel is chopped and the volatile fission products are removed by a new process, called voloxidation, which involves oxidation at 450°C. Dissolution and feed preparation for the high-plutonium-content, high-burnup fuel are also being studied. Other countries, notably France, Germany, and the USSR, have similar programs under way. In addition, France and the USSR are developing fluoride volatility processes for LMFBR fuels.
Localization of vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1/VR1)-like immunoreactivity in goldfish and zebrafish retinas: Restriction to photoreceptor synaptic ribbons

The vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1/VR1) is a non-specific calcium-permeable ionotropic cation channel expressed in the peripheral sensory system as well as in the central nervous system. An endogenous ligand for TRPV1 is arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide), which also activates the metabotropic cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). Previous studies in this laboratory reported CB1 receptors and CB1-mediated effects on voltage-gated currents in goldfish cones and bipolar cells. In this study, we show TRPV1-like-immunoreactivity (TRPV1-L-IR) by immunoblot analysis of goldfish retina and rat brain homogenates with a guinea pig polyclonal antibody against the C-terminus of the rat TRPV1. Light-level immunocytochemistry showed restriction of the guinea pig-TRPV1 antibody to a very narrow band in the outer plexiform layer in goldfish and zebrafish retinas. However, no immunoreactivity was detected using rabbit-polyclonal antibodies against the C or N-termini of the rat TRPV1. Pre and post-embedding electron microscopy (EM) immunocytochemistry revealed that TRPV1-L-IR (using the guinea pig antibody) was restricted to synaptic ribbons of all cones and many rods, but never was observed at the synaptic ribbons of bipolar cells. While pre-embedded tissue showed diffuse label associated only with photoreceptor-synaptic ribbons, analysis of post-embedded tissue showed label tightly restricted to synaptic ribbons of all cones and many rods. Oblique sections showed that immunogold particles were confined to the outer electron dense region of the ribbons, with few or no gold particles in the ribbon core or associated with tethers or vesicles. Although TRPV1-L-IR described here, does not necessarily represent TRPV1 antigen associated with synaptic ribbons, these data provide an unequivocal label with which to study the functional dynamics of ribbon formation and degradation in teleost photoreceptors.
A model of slow plateau-like oscillations based upon the fast Na+ current in a window mode

Abstract Divalent ions, which block Ca2+ currents, combined with partial block of outward currents give rise to slow plateau-like oscillations (10–50 s period) with long duration plateaus and long inter-plateau intervals in leech heart interneurons (Opdyke, Calabrese, J. Comp. Physiol. 175 (1994) 781–789.) We present a simplified mathematical model that replicates the main characteristics of these observations and suggests an underlying biophysical mechanism. A model containing transient Na+ current (INa), leakage and outward currents can generate oscillations with long plateau duration. The plateaus arise from a window mode of INa and do not require noninactivating Na+ current (IP). The long inter-plateau intervals are produced reliably after including IP.
Enhancing attributional style and positive life events predict increased hopefulness among depressed psychiatric inpatients

A prospective study was conducted to investigate whether enhancing attributional style and positive life events are associated with recovery from depression through the mediation of increased hopefulness, as predicted by the Needles and Abramson (1990) model of recovery from depression. The Attributional Style Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, Uplifts Scale, and Revised Hassles Scale were administered to 32 depressed psychiatric inpatients shortly after admission and readministered a mean of 10 days later. The results indicated that the combined effects of enhancing attributional style and positive life events predicted decreases in hopelessness, which were in turn associated with decreases in depression symptom levels. By contrast, neither the combined effects of depressotypic attributional style and life events nor the combined effects of dysfunctional attitudes and life events was associated with decreases in hopelessness or depression symptom levels.
Government intervention or market liberalization: the Korean financial crisis as a case of market failure:

This paper questions the conventional view that the Korean financial crisis of 1997 was simply the result of pervasive government intervention in the economy. While Korea has had a long history of state involvement, and while state policies did contribute to inefficient resource allocation and inefficiencies, the strategy of market liberalization introduced in the early 1990s hardly performed any better. In fact, this paper illustrates that, although not the immediate trigger of the Korea’s financial and currency meltdown, the poorly sequenced and implemented financial liberalization contributed greatly to the scale and pace of the crisis.
Identifying the Dynamics of Real Interest Rates and Inflation: Evidence Using Survey Data

In the context of an equilibrium asset-pricing model, the dynamics of the instantaneous real interest rate and the instantaneous rate of expected inflation are estimated. Unlike previous models, we allow real interest rates and inflation to be mutually dependent processes. The model is estimated as a state-space system that includes observations on various maturity Treasury bills and NBER-ASA survey forecasts of inflation. Over the period 1968-88, we find evidence that instantaneous real interest rates and expected inflation are significantly negatively correlated. Real interest rates also display greater volatility and weaker mean reversion than expected inflation. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Osgood's Folly: The Sixth Edition of Leaves of Grass

Examines the relationship between Whitman and his 1881 Boston publisher, James Ripley Osgood, emphasizing their early acquaintance at Pfaff's beer hall in New York and re-examining the 1882 controversy over the "banning" of Leaves of Grass in Boston.
Hyperparathyroidism: A comparison of sestamibi scintigraphy, mri, and ultrasonography

For patients with persistent or recurrent hyperpara-thyroldism, parathyroid imaging is indicated to confirm the presence of abnormal parathyroid gland(s) and identify their location. These imaging techniques are being modified constantly and newer methods have been developed. Sestamibi scintigraphy, MRI and sonography were compared in 23 patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative 99m-Technetium Sestamibi (MIBI), MRI and ultraaono-graphic (US) studies of 23 patients with 25 histopatho-logically confirmed abnormal parathyroid glands were compared, using independent prospective interpretations. All patients had been operated upon previously for hyperparthytroidism. Accuracy of various combinations of MRI. MIBI, and US also were calculated. The results are shown for all abnormal glands (n = 25): sensitivities and accuracies were 88 and 84% for MRI. 80 and 80% for MIBI. and 58 and 44% for US. For only parathyroid adenomas (n = 18). sensitivities and accuracies were 89 and 89% for MRI, 94 and 94% for MIBI. and 58 and 39% for US. Finally, for parathyroid hyperplasla (n = 7 glands in five patients), sensitivities and accuracies were 83 and 71% for MRI. 43 and 43% for MIBI, and 57 and 57% for US. Either MIBI or MRI results were significantly better for detecting abnormal parathyroid glands than US (P <0.01), but MRI and MIBI were not statistically different. Combining MRI and MIBI produced a combined accuracy of 92%, whereas combining either of these tests with US did not improve on the accuracy of either test alone. In conclusion, for patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism, MRI and MIBI are equally accurate for detecting abnormal parathyroid glands, and the combination of both tests may be more accurate than either test alone.
A versatile synthesis of retinoids via condensation of the side-chain to cyclic ketones

Abstract A simple synthesis of ethyl 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-nonatriene-8-ynoates and their corresponding alcohols is presented; codensation with various cyclic ketones can lead to retinoids having modified ring structures.
PHOTOINHIBITION OF MECHANICALLY STIMULABLE BIOLUMINESCENCE IN THE AUTOTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE CERATIUM FUSUS (PYRROPHYTA)1

Ceratium fusus (Ehrenb.) Dujardin was exposed to light of different wavelengths and photon flux densities (PFDs) to examine their effects on mechanically stimulable bioluminescence (MSL). Photoinhibition of MSL was proportional to the logarithm of PFD. Exposure to I μmol photons·m−2s−1 of broadband blue light (ca. 400–500 nm) produced near-complete photoinhibition (≥90% reduction in MSL) with a threshold at ca. 0.01 μmol photons·m−2·s−1. The threshold of photoinhibition was ca. an order of magnitude greater for both broadband green (ca. 500–580 nm) and red light (ca. 660–700 nm). Exposure to narrow spectral bands (ca. 10 nm half bandwidth) from 400 and 700 nm at a PFD of 0.1 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 produced a maximal response of photoinhibition in the blue wavelengths (peak ca. 490 nm). A photoinhibition response (≥ 10%) in the green (ca. 500–540 nm) and red wavelengths (ca. 680 nm) occurred only at higher PFDs (1 and 10 μmol photons·m−2·s−1). The spectral response is similar to that reported for Gonyaulax polyedra Stein and Pyrocystis lunula Schutt and unlike that of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech et Tangen. The dinoflagellate's own bioluminescence is two orders of magnitude too low to result in self-photoinhibition. The quantitative relationships developed in the laboratory predict photoinhibition of bioluminescence in populations of C. fusus in the North Atlantic Ocean.
IgE synthesis in man. II. Comparison of tetanus and diphtheria IgE antibody in allergic and nonallergic children.

Abstract Specific IgE and IgG antibodies were quantitated in 91 allergic and 80 nonallergic age- and sex-matched children between 4 and 17 yr of age. Statistically significant increased antidiphtheria and antitetanus IgE antibodies (p 500 U/ml, 19 of 52 (37%) and 25 of 52 (48%) had elevations (>2 SD above nonallergic control mean) of serum antitetanus or antidiphtheria IgE antibody, respectively, whereas only 2 of 35 allergic children with serum IgE 2 SD) of these antibodies. Antitetanus and antidiphtheria IgG antibodies were measured by passive sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination. Geometric mean antitetanus IgG antibodies were higher in allergic (4.9 AU/ml) as compared to nonallergic (1.7 AU/ml) children (p
Rennet Coagulability of High‐Heat Treated Milk Influenced By Time of pH Adjustment

The coagulability of high-heat treated (91 degrees C for 16 or 60 sec) milk was measured with a Formagraph. Coagulation (hysteresis) and curd formation by such milk was increased by direct acidification to pH < 6.4 before rennet addition. Coagulation properties were increased greatly when such milk was pH-cycled (i.e., acidified to pH 5.5, held overnight at 4 degrees C, then neutralized to pH 6.2-6.4) before rennet addition.
Addressing Evaluation and Assessment while Delivering Online Learning for the Army.

Abstract The author addresses questions of evaluating online learning for the Army. Specifically, is the customary Army “go/no-go” assessment applicable in an online environment? Are the traditional evaluations and assessment criteria applicable to the online learning environment? How will the role of the instructor determine the process in which evaluation is assessed or conducted? With supporting literature and documentation from the US Army Research Institute (ARI) for Behavioral and Social Sciences [Evaluating Decision Aiding Systems (Fact Sheet), Alexandria, VA: United States Army, 1999], the author describes studies that address the issues of assessment, the instructor's role, and new evaluation and assessment tools that are progressing learning strategies for soldiers in an online environment. While instructor and evaluators are managing a more proactive role, longitudinal field studies demonstrated the process of determining future learning outcomes in an online environment. The results support the premise that when learners are actively involved in collaborative learning, the outcomes can be as good as or better than those for traditional classes [J. Asynchronous Learn. (2000) http://www.aln.org/alnweb/journal/jaln-vol4issue1.htm .], but when individuals are not engaged in higher complex cognitive learning environments the results can be disappointing.
Two-Dimensional Spatial−Spectral ESR Imaging of Diffusion Based on Molybdenum(V)

The diffusion coefficients of MoV (as MoCl5) at 300 K in solutions of poly(acrylic acid) in dimethylformamide (DMF) have been measured by two-dimensional spatial−spectral electron spin resonance imaging (2D ESRI), at polymer contents of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w in the solvent. The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients is consistent with the free volume theory. The central position of molybdenum complexes in redox and acid−base catalysis, together with the possibilities opened by this study, suggest that the method of ESRI based on MoV could become important for measuring transport properties and spatial characteristics of reactions in heterogeneous catalysis. Further developments of the approach taken in this study are discussed.
Changes in the long head of the biceps tendon in rotator cuff tear shoulders.

Abstract Background. Morphologic changes in the long head of the biceps tendon have been described in association with rotator cuff disease, yet mechanical significance of these changes remains unclear. Methods. An experiment was designed to test the hypotheses that the cross-sectional area and material properties of the long head of the biceps tendon are different in shoulders with full thickness rotator cuff tears and shoulders with intact rotator cuff tendons. Seven pairs of cadaver shoulders were tested. In each pair one shoulder had a full thickness rotator cuff tear and the other did not. Thus, a matched design was used. Cross sectional areas were measured. Tendon material properties were measured using an optical strain system. Findings. We were unable to detect a statistically significant difference in the long head of the biceps area or material properties between tendons in shoulders with and without rotator cuff tears. An a priori power analysis was conducted indicating the sample size was sufficient to detect a difference of 70 MPa in the elastic modulus measurement. Interpretation. Our data indicate there is no difference in the long head of the biceps cross sectional area or material properties. Therefore, the long head of the biceps tendon appears to retain its material properties in the presence of a rotator cuff tear. The clinical significance of this finding is that the long head of the biceps can be retained in the presence of a rotator cuff tear without concern that mechanical properties have substantially deteriorated.
Emerging issues in traumatic stress studies

This special section of the Journal of Traumatic Stress includes 10 articles that collectively present some of the key issues facing the field of traumatic stress studies in 2007. These articles draw on work that was presented at the 22nd International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) Annual Meeting held in Hollywood, California in November 2006. There are three groups of articles presented in this special section. The first section, including articles by Amaya-Jackson and DeRosa, Wagner and colleagues, and Zatzick and Galea, concerns issues that are pertinent to clinical practice. These articles discuss particular considerations about the development, and application of trauma-focused intervention for both adults and children. The second section, including articles by Bush and colleagues, Lyons and Parker, Yehuda and Flory, and Ozbay and colleagues, concerns issues pertinent to biologic inquiry about the consequences of traumatic events. The authors of these articles discuss both the biology of short-term traumatic stress reactions and the neurobiologic mechanisms that may explain the relations between traumatic event exposure and long-term psychological functioning. Together these two first sections present articles that span the full range of interest in the field of traumatic stress. It is one of the particular strengths—and challenges—of the field of traumatic stress studies that it draws interest from scientists and practitioners whose interest truly
Biosensor for the Detection of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Based on the Degradation of Cell Membrane Model Immobilized on QCM and its Application to the Detection of Nonylphenol

For detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a novel biosensor based on the degradation of cell membrane model by EDCs is proposed. As a cell membrane model, liposome cluster was prepared from cationic liposome and membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin. We fabricated a biosensor to detect EDCs by immobilization of the cluster on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) through ionic alkyl thiol. Nonylphenol was examined as representative EDCs and the sensor detected nonylphenol at the range of 1.0 ppb-1.0 ppm.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Associated With Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A 69-year-old woman presented with a progressive limb weakness. Both clinical and neurophysiological findings were consistent with diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Two days after admission, the patient suffered from an acute coronary syndrome without stenosis at coronary arteriography. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular in- ferior wall and apical akinesia and decreased ejection fraction. A diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was then made. Left ventricular dysfunction and electrocardiography normalized within one month. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can be developed as a complication of GBS. (Korean J Clin Neurophysiol 2015;17:73-75)
Oscillatory behavior of β‐galactosidase enzyme activity in Escherichia coli during perturbed batch experiments

The behaviour of a wild-type and mutant strain of Escherichia coli under batch aerobic conditions were studied. In these experiments the bacteria were initially grown with lactose as the sole carbon source. When exponential growth on lactose was achieved, the batch was perturbed with D-glucose. Periodic off-line samples were taken from the fermentor and analyzed for US -galactosidase enzyme activity, D-glucose, and lactose. Continuous on-line measurements of optical density of fermentation media were also made. Oscillations in the measured enzyme activity were observed. Oscillatory behavior of US -galactosidase enzyme in E. coli was previously reported by Knorre. In his study cells were grown in D-glucose, washed, and then grown on lactose. Oscillations were attributed to the varying enzyme synthesis rate. In the present study the cells were grown initally on lactose, thus assuring high synthesis rates of US -galactosidase from the start. The oscillations observed after perturbation with glucose are pronounced and appear to be the result of combined changes in the substrate transport system and enzyme activity in addition to possible changes in enzyme synthesis rate. 10 references.
THE AKR THYMIC ANTIGEN AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN LEUKEMIAS AND NERVOUS TISSUES

A clear-cut serological differentiation between AKR lymphocytes of thymic and non-thymic origin is reported: these two cell types are antigenically distinct. In newborn mice, the AKR thymic antigen was found at a high concentration only in thymus. In adult mice, the antigen was present at a high level in thymus, all nervous tissues tested, and some leukemias. It was present at much lower levels in lymph node lymphocytes, splenic lymphocytes, appendix, lung, and certain other leukemias, which appeared to be of non-thymic origin. The AKR thymic antigen was present at a high level in thymus and nervous tissues of RF mice, but was absent from thymocytes of sixteen other mouse strains. These sixteen strains possessed the C3HeB/Fe thymic antigen. The distribution of this antigen in neonatal and adult tissues of the strains tested was similar to that of the AKR thymic antigen in AKR mice. No exceptions were found. These results were obtained by use of immune cytolysis, and of a new method for the quantitative treatment of data from absorption experiments.
L'Oedipe Africain, a retrospective.

L’Oedipe Africain is a vital text from the early years of post-colonialism and transcultural psychiatry. Psychologist Marie-Cecile Ortigues and her philosopher husband, Edmond Ortigues produced this study after 4 years of clinical work (from 1962 to 1966) at the Fann Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. These were years of intense creativity at Fann, as Dr Henri Collomb set in motion a series of innovations that transformed a classical asylum into an open-door, culturally sensitive therapeutic center. L’Oedipe Africain confronts the transcultural project in the early post-colonial era with such candor and insight that it continues to speak to the profession today. The discussion of transference in situations of racial and cultural difference, and the theorizing of the cultural and universal dimensions to the psyche, emerge as enduring contributions of this text. The assumptions about history, tradition and modernity, and the gloss on female patients prove less durable.
Fluorocarbon air pollutants II.

Abstract Improvements in previously reported techniques now make it possible to routinely measure fluorocarbon 11 and 12 at 1.0 × 10 −12 by volume and 10 × 10 −12 by volume, concentrations well below typical levels of background unpolluted air. Irradiation of fluorocarbons 11, 12, 113 and 114 in ambient Riverside air, simulated heavy smog, and simulated heavy smog plus SOx indicated that these compounds were photochemically very stable, and show no measurable tendency to decompose. Fluorocarbons 11 and 12 were used to provide a good label for following the movement of polluted air inland from Los Angeles.
Building School-University Partnerships: Subjectivity, Power, and the Process of Change.

In the flurry of 1980s educational reforms, school-university collaborative partnerships appeared as a popular and promising vehicle for change. The growth of partnerships has been accompanied by an increasing knowledge about the process of change. This study, based on ethnographic and interview data, further extends the knowledge by focusing on one facet of the process: the initiation of partnership relations between a college of education and surrounding elementary and secondary schools. The study finds that the subjective perceptions of school people toward change plays a critical role in the development of partnership relations. These perceptions are grounded in the existing relations between school and university people, and in the harsh conditions of work in schools. School people's relation to these conditions, as manifest in their sense of power or powerlessness, shaped their willingness to work with the university.
Reviving the "policy bargain" discussion : professional accountability and the contribution of teacher - performance assessment

(2005). Reviving the 'Policy Bargain' Discussion: Professional Accountability and the Contribution of Teacher-performance Assessment. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 177-182.
Generic two-phase coexistence, relaxation kinetics, and interface propagation in the quadratic contact process: Simulation studies

The quadratic contact process is formulated as an adsorption-desorption model on a two-dimensional square lattice. It involves random adsorption at empty sites and correlated desorption requiring diagonally adjacent pairs of empty neighbors. We assess the model behavior utilizing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. One finds generic two-phase coexistence between a low-coverage active steady state and a completely covered or "poisoned" absorbing steady state; i.e., both states are stable over a finite range of adsorption rates or "pressures." This behavior is in marked contrast to that for equilibrium phase separation. For spatially homogeneous systems, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the kinetics of relaxation to the steady states. We analyze rapid poisoning for higher pressures above an effective spinodal point terminating a metastable active state, nucleation-mediated poisoning in the metastable region, the dynamics of poisoned droplets within the two-phase coexistence region, and behavior reminiscent of bootstrap percolation dynamics for lower pressures. For spatially inhomogeneous systems, we analyze the propagation of planar interfaces between active and absorbing states, fully characterizing an orientation dependence which underlies the generic two-phase coexistence.
Water chemistry and sedimentological observations in littlefield lake, michigan: Implications for lacustrine marl deposition

A combination of both water chemistry and sedimentological information was used to investigate the carbonate-producing mechanism in Littlefield Lake, a small lake located in Isabella County, central Michigan. Data on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium were obtained on a monthly basis over a 13-month period, with each parameter determined at 1m intervals over a depth range of 20m. The loss of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) from warm surface waters during direct degassing, and to a lesser extent during photosynthetic uptake by lacustrine macrophytes and phytoplankton during the summer, results in massive precipitation of the low-magnesium calcite which predominates in all Littlefield Lake sedimentary facies However, despite the fact that carbonate precipitation in this rather typical temperate-region marl lake is directly related to, and may be driven by, seasonal variation in these physiochemical parameters, most calcite forms as encrustations around cyanophytic and chlorophytic macrophytes. Such relationships demonstrate that carbonate precipitation in marl lakes may result from complex interactions between both biochemical and physiochemical processes. As such, marl formation in this, and probably many other calcareous lake systems, can not be simply ascribed to one or the other of these two general mechanisms.
Epidemiology of psychiatric medication use in patients recovering from critical illness at a long-term acute-care facility.

Study objectives To describe the pharmacoepidemiologyof psychotropic medication prescription in patients recovering fromlife-threatening medical and surgical illness. Design Retrospective analysis of a random sample of medical records. Setting Regional referral center. Patients Eighty-nine randomly selected patientstransferred from an ICU to the study facility. Interventions None. Measurements andresults Patients had been treated at the referring ICU for33 ± 24 days (mean ± SD) and remained at the study hospital for64 ± 52 days. Most of the patients had prolonged respiratoryfailure. Nearly half of the patients (47%) received an antidepressantmedication while at the facility, and 48% received at least one doseof a benzodiazepine on the first day after transfer. In the sample of75 patients not prescribed an antidepressant before transfer, 37% werestarted on therapy with an agent, usually within 3 weeks andpredominantly in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor orpsychostimulant class. Younger patients and those evaluated by a mentalhealth specialist were more likely to be prescribed an antidepressant, compared to other patients. Forty percent of patients were stillreceiving at least one dose of a benzodiazepine in a 24-h period aftertheir third week at the facility. Conclusion Althoughthe efficacy of antidepressant pharmacotherapy in patients withcomparable severity of medical illness has not been established, asubstantial proportion of patients recovering from critical illness ata specialized facility are prescribed antidepressant medications. Benzodiazepine exposure is frequent after transfer, and the prevalencein patients who remain at the facility minimally decreases overtime.
Denervation induced changes in subcellular pools of 16S acetylcholinesterase activity from adult mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors which differ in lipid solubility and thus in their ability to penetrate cell membranes were utilized to study the effects of denervation on discrete pools of 16S AChE from endplate regions of adult rat anterior gracilis muscle. Such pools have been interpreted as extra- and intracellular fractions of endplate 16S AChE activity. Denervation caused an almost immediate decay of intracellular 16S AChE, and a later (12–18 h) but roughly parallel decrease in its extracellular counterpart. Thus, the level at which the motor nerve exerts its primary regulatory influence on adult mammalian skeletal muscle endplate 16S AChE activity appears to be within muscle cells. This influence may affect the molecule's synthesis, assembly, and/or degradation.
Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) nonaiododibismuthate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(C2H8N2)3][Bi2I9], crystallizes in the ortho­rhom­bic space group Cmc21. The asymmetric unit contains half of a [Co(en)3]3+ cation (en is ethyl­enediamine) and half of a [Bi2I9]3− anion. Both species are located on mirror planes, requiring the [Co(en)3]3+ cation to be present as a statistically disordered mixture of both enantiomeric forms. Crystals were grown solvothermally from an ethanol–water solvent mixture using rac-[Co(en)3]I3 and bis­muth triiodide as starting materials. The compound is a rare example of a mixed-metal halobismuthate material.
Japan's urban transportation system in the major transport spheres

The urban areas in Japan have undergone rapid changes in the last two and one-half decades. At the same time, the urban transportation system has been faced with numerous problems which need to be solved urgently. This paper presents the development stage and problems in the three largest metropolitan areas, designated as transport spheres, in Japan. Japan's problems in urban transportation are similar to those of most Western nations with regard to such issues as rapid urbanization, growth in travel, increasing auto ownership, growing transit operating deficits, rising wages and air pollution. The differences are the large modal split of transit from automobile trips, major expansion of the rail transit network, and the large number of transit operators in each urban area in Japan. In addition, governmental policies to help solve the urban transport problems are briefly described. In order to make the policies effective, coordination among government agencies is required. The establishment of a unified government agency is regarded as the first priority in dealing with the urban transport problem. It is expected that the government will offer bold new countermeasures to cope with urban transportation problems.
$omega$ INDEPENDENCE OF INTERNAL REGGE COUPLINGS AT ZERO MOMENTUM TRANSFER.

Based on the analyticity properties of production amplitudes, we prove that the Reggeon-Reggeon-particle coupling $K({t}_{1}, {t}_{2}, \ensuremath{\omega})$ is independent of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ angle when either ${t}_{1}$ or ${t}_{2}$ vanishes. This phenomenon is connected with the fact that the surfaces ${t}_{1}=0$ and ${t}_{2}=0$ are asymptotes of physical boundaries on which $cos\ensuremath{\omega}$ is not defined. Our finding allows a considerable simplification of phenomenological analyses of multiparticle production data.
Differential cross sections for electron capture in fast proton--multielectron-atom collisions

Differential cross sections for electron capture in fast-proton--multielectron-atom collisions are obtained by using the eikonal approximation for the internuclear interaction and the two-state, two-center atomic-expansion method for the electron-capture amplitude in the impact-parameter formulation. The importance of the internuclear potential and the various approximations for the electron-capture probability for the differential cross section is examined. It is found that when the projectile deflection is included, the two-state, two-center atomic-expansion method can predict differential cross sections with good agreement with experimental data of Cocke et al. and of Bratton et al.
Meningitis due to salmonella manhattan

Summary 1. The case of a patient with S. manhattan meningitis is reported. Thisis the first case of S. manhattan meningitis reported in the literature. 2. Recovery without sequelae followed treatment of the case with streptomycin. 3. Because of a block of the spinal fluid, the cisternal route of administration had to be used.
On the Use of Domain Terms in Source Code

Information about the problem domain of the software and the solution it implements is often embedded by developers in comments and identifiers. When using software developed by others or when are new to a project, programmers know little about how domain information is reflected in the source code. Programmers often learn about the domain from external sources such as books, articles, etc. Hence, it is important to use in comments and identifiers terms that are commonly known in the domain literature, as it is likely that programmers will use such terms when searching the source code. The paper presents a case study that investigated how domain terms are used in comments and identifiers. The study focused on three research questions: (1) to what degree are domain terms found in the source code of software from a particular problem domain?; (2) which is the preponderant source of domain terms: identifiers or comments?; and (3) to what degree are domain terms shared between several systems from the same problem domain? Within the studied software, we found that in average: 42% of the domain terms were used in the source code; 23% of the domain terms used in the source code are present in comments only, whereas only 11% in the identifiers alone, and there is a 63% agreement in the use of domain terms between any two software systems.
Gene transfer into skeletal muscle using novel AAV serotypes.

Background Skeletal muscle is an interesting target for gene delivery because of its mass and because the vectors can be delivered in a noninvasive way. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are capable of transducing skeletal muscle fibers and achieving stable and safe transgene expression. To date, most animal experiments using AAV have been based on AAV serotype 2, but some recent studies have demonstrated that AAV1 is more efficient than AAV2/2 in transducing muscle fibers. Recently, novel AAVs (AAV7 and AAV8) were isolated from rhesus macaques. Methods We injected three different muscles (gastrocnemius, soleus, biceps femoris) of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice with different pseudotyped AAV serotypes (AAV2/1, AAV2/2, AAV2/5, AAV2/7 and AAV2/8) and quantitatively compared the different gene transfer efficiencies. Results The efficiencies of transduction in skeletal muscle with AAV2/7 and AAV2/8 were similar to AAV2/1, and higher than that seen with AAV2/2 and AAV2/5. All serotypes were able to transduce both slow and fast muscle fibers similarly at the vector titer used (1 × 1011 genome copies per mouse). Despite a limited inflammatory response (slightly higher when using AAV2/2, AAV2/7 and AAV2/8 vectors than AAV2/1 and AAV2/5), transgene expression was observed throughout the length of the experiment. Discussion These results show that AAV2/7 and AAV2/8 are able to transduce muscle fibers of immunocompetent mice very efficiently, offering new perspectives in gene transfer of skeletal muscle. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jails as a Repository for Former Mental Patients

This paper analyses and explores one aspect of the relationship between the mental health system and the criminal justice system. Specifically, it deals with that portion of a jail population which, at one time or another, had been in the care of psychiatric hospitals. The data were collected from 339 inmates serving time in three New Jersey institutions (urban, suburban and rural). The findings suggest that the deinstitutionalization movement, marked by stringent requirements for hospitalization in mental hospitals, and less onerous criteria for fitness to be discharged, has created a socially marginal class of people who are increasingly becoming a burden on our lock-ups and jails.
THE PRESERVATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PIÑON RESINS BY GC-MS IN POTTERY FROM THE WESTERN GREAT BASIN*

Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of a sherd from the Nevada Test Site revealed a high quantity of terpenes, including sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids, demonstrating that pinon resins were prepared in the pot in prehistoric times. The presence of these biomarkers allowed for a very specific identification of the products prepared in the pot, a level of detail not often achieved in lipid residue analysis. That the terpenes are relatively unoxidized demonstrates that they are quite stable over long periods of time. The study also shows that sherds on the surface of archaeological sites can preserve lipids and terpenes and are amenable to organic residue analysis.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS : XIII. SENSITIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH PICRIC ACID

A method of establishing regular and intense sensitivity to picric acid is described, based upon an initial sensitization by a "split-adjuvant" technique in which the intradermal injection of mycobacteria in paraffin oil precedes or follows the administration of allergen to the same sites. When subsequent contact applications of picric acid are later made, the degree of sensitivity rises in steps such that reactivity occurs in tests made with low concentrations of picric acid, in the range of 0.06-0.006% but varying somewhat from one experiment to another. This heightening of picric acid reactivity represents an anamnestic response in the area of delayed hypersensitivity. The characteristics of contact reactions to the weak allergen, picric acid, differ from those encountered with covalently binding haptens, PCI and DNCB. A slow evolution from an initial micropapular reaction to full reaction requires about 3 days, leading often to a micaceous scale, with histological evidence of vesiculation even while the reaction is still feeble, and to an infiltrate containing a significant number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Substitution of an emulsion of picric acid in complete Freund's adjuvant as a priming experience proved to be much less efficient. The split-adjuvant technique offers a general plan for sensitizing with weak allergens. Indeed, technically, sensitization can be acquired even when, for priming, the allergen is applied topically over intradermal depots of mycobacteria in paraffin oil. Compatibility between sensitizer and adjuvant is not required.
Isocitrate lyase activity in the regenerating forelimb of the adult newt.

Regenerating and non-regenerating limb tissues from the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescens, were assayed for isocitrate lyase activity. The enzyme assays were performed by micromodifications of existing procedures. In general, the whole homogenate, or a soluble fraction of the homogenate, was incubated with the substrate isocitrate. Isocitrate is cleaved by isocitrate lyase to glyoxylate and succinate. At the termination of the reaction, the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative of glyoxylate was produced, extracted and quantitated spectrophotometrically. Isocitrate lyase activity was localized to bulb and two-digit regenerates. The reaction product, glyoxylate (a monocarboxylic keto acid), was of special interest due to its role as a potent in vitro metabolic inhibitor. Therefore, the endogenous level of monocarboxylic keto acids, and the ability of regenerating tissue to produce and accumulate monocarboxylic keto acids, were investigated. Whole homogenates of regenerating tissue always contained more monocarboxylic keto acids than intact forearm or stump tissue. Also, after 30 minutes incubation with buffer alone, only regenerating tissue produced and accumulated additional monocarboxylic keto acids. In regenerating tissue, the isocitrate lyase reaction may be utilized in the metabolism of lipid. Since regenerating tissue can produce and accumulate monocarboxylic keto acids in vitro, glyoxylate produced by the isocitrate lyase reaction may accumulate in vivo and participate in metabolic regulation.
Applying Leaf Compost to Reduce Fertilizer Use In Tomato Production

For two consecutive years, one-inch (50 T/A) of leaf compost was applied to plots on a sandy terrace soil (Windsor, Connecticut) and a loamy upland soil (Mt. Carmel, Connecticut). These compost-amended plots were fertilized with 10-10-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) at three rates: 0, 650 (half), 1300 (full) lb/A and cottonseed meal at a rate of 2166 lb/A. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) yield from compost-amended plots were compared to yield from unamended control plots fertilized with 1300 lb 10-10-10/A. In both years, at both sites, plots only amended with compost had yields equivalent to the fertilized control plots. In both years, the greatest yields at Mt. Carmel were from plots amended with compost and the full rate of inorganic fertilizer. In the second year, yields from compost-amended plots fertilized at half the rate were equivalent to compost-amended plots fertilized at full rate. The yields from the organic plots were similar to the control plots the first year and to plots amended with compost and h...