cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypnagogic exploration: Sleep positions and personality

Explored the possible relationship between sleep positions and personality aspects, as measured by the California Psychological Inventory, in a sample of 51 normal females. Six of 14 sleeping positions were selected by sufficient Ss to permit statistical analysis. Sleep positions, particularly the full fetal position, appear to be related to CPI variables of Sociability, Sense of Well Being, Achievement by Conformance, Femininity, and Social Maturity.
The role of carotid angioplasty and stenting in carotid revascularization.

Abstract Objectives: The gold standard procedure for carotid revascularization has been carotid endarterectomy. Several randomized trials demonstrate that it is more efficacious than medical management in stroke prevention for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients when performed with low surgical morbidity. However, many high-risk patients not included in these trials are now being referred for carotid revascularization. Endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis with angioplasty and stenting has become an established alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for these patients. We provide a review of the current role of carotid stent and angioplasty. Methods: We reviewed our procedural techniques for carotid artery stenting (CAS) with an emphasis on the need for medical therapy before and after the procedure to reduce thromboembolic complications. We also retrospectively analysed our clinical outcomes and incidence of restenosis after CAS. Results: We evaluated 139 of 252 patients treated over a 1...
Absence of p53: No Effect in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been linked in some families to dominantly inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu-Zn SOD1). Transgenic mice expressing a mutant human Cu-Zn SOD1 (G93A) develop a dominantly inherited adult-onset paralytic disorder that replicates many of the clinical and pathological features of familial ALS. Increased p53 immunoreactivity has been reported in the motor cortex and spinal ventral horns of postmortem tissue from ALS patients. The nuclear phosphoprotein p53 is an important regulator of cellular proliferation, and increasing evidence supports the role of p53 in regulating cellular apoptosis. To assess the role of p53-mediated apoptosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mice deficient in both p53 alleles (p53-/-) were crossed with transgenic mice expressing the G93A mutant (G93A+), creating novel transgenic knockout mice. The animals (p53 +/+G93A+, p53+/-G93A+, p53-/-G93A+) were examined at regular intervals for cage activity, upper and lower extremity strength, and mortality. At 120 days from birth mice from each genotype were sacrificed, and L2-L3 anterior horn motor neurons were counted. There was no significant difference in time to onset of behavioral decline, mortality, or motor neuron degeneration between the different genotypes. Despite evidence that p53 plays an important role after acute neuronal injury, the current study suggests that p53 is not significantly involved in cell death in the G93A+ transgenic mouse model of familial ALS.
The future of acquisition speed, coverage, sensitivity, and resolution

Two decades of technology development has continually improved the image quality, spatial-temporal resolution, and sensitivity of the fMRI acquisition. In this article, I assess our current acquisition needs, briefly examine the technological breakthroughs that have benefited fMRI in the past, and look at some promising technologies that are currently under development to try to envision what the fMRI acquisition protocol of the future might look like.
Attitudes of marketing professionals toward ethics in marketing research: A cross-national comparison

The study reported here examines, in the context of Crawford's (1970) items, differences in research ethics attitudes among marketing professionals in Australia, Canada, Great Britian, and the United States. The study results indicate the lack of significant differences in research ethics attitudes among marketing professionals in the four countries. This finding is interpretable as implying the generalizability of the results of previous research ethics studies involving “domestic” (United States) marketing professionals as respondents.
Extrusion Processing Used to Convert Dead Poultry, Feathers, Eggshells, Hatchery Waste, and Mechanically Deboned Residue into Feedstuffs for Poultry

Abstract In Experiments 1 and 2, dead broilers (3 and 5 wk old) and dead turkeys (6 and 12 wk old), and broiler feathers were obtained from commercial sources and evaluated for nutritional contribution when co-extruded with soybean meal (48% CP). Samples of each age of dead birds and two feather treatments, with and without 5.13% proteolytic enzyme premix (INSTA-PRO®), were blended with soybean meal in an 25:75 ratio (wt/wt, wet basis) and processed through an INSTA-PRO® extruder. The resulting six extruded products were used in formulating isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets and were compared with a diet containing corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal with commercial feather meal when fed to broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. In Experiment 1, feeding diets containing dead broilers supported higher (P ≤ .05) body weight than those receiving the corn-soybean meal control diet. There was no difference (P > .05) in feed conversion. Enzyme treatment of the feathers improved growth rate but not feed conversion over the untreated feather diet in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, dead poultry and enzyme-treated feather extruded products were good feed ingredients for broilers with feed efficiency and growth responses comparable to the corn-soybean meal control diet. In Experiments 3 and 4, centrifuged eggshells from egg-breaking plants (Source A or B), centrifuged hatchery solid (Source C or D), centrifuged hatchery solid plus liquid (Source C or D), and mechanically deboned turkey frame residue were each blended with ground corn to produce mixtures with 15 to 25% moisture and processed through an INSTA-PRO® extruder. Two experiments involving 480 Hy-Line® 36 laying hens were conducted for three 28-day periods to evaluate hen performance and egg quality when the extruded products were incorporated into the diet. No differences were found (P The microbiological test (total aerobic count) indicated that the pre-extrusion blended mixtures had significant numbers of colony-forming units per gram of sample. The extruded products that exited from the extruder barrel were free of aerobic microorganisms. The results of these studies indicated that high temperature-short time extrusion is an alternative method for converting these poultry industry residues into feedstuffs.
Medium secure care: forensic aspects of autism and Asperger's syndrome

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a general review of care for individuals on the autism spectrum, including Asperger's syndrome within a medium secure setting.Design/methodology/approach – The authors undertook a review of the current literature relating to pathways to care, offending characteristics and treatment interventions. They examined the available evidence and current practice.Findings – Available evidence suggests offending characteristics of individuals with autism are different to those of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Limited evidence in treatment interventions and in risk management for those with autism presents a challenge to clinicians. The heterogeneity makes a strong case for an individualised case formulation approach to treatment and risk management.Originality/value – This paper offers an overview of the current evidence base relating to the treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorders within medium secure settings.
Effects of cyclosporine and α-difluoromethylornithine on the growth of mouse colon cancer in vitro

Abstract The growth and survival of mouse (MC-26) colon carcinoma in vitro and in vivo are significantly reduced by inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), is a specific and irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC); the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. DFMO treatment inhibits the growth of MC-26 colon cancer cells and decreases MC-26 cell survival both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we examined the effects of cyclosporine (CsA) on growth, survival, and effects on MC-26 colon cancer growth which were similar to DFMO; these effects were blocked by the addition of the polyamine, putrescine. The combination of CsA (8.3×10 −4 mM) and DFMO (0.5 mM or 1.0 mM) inhibited MC-26 cell survival to a greater extent than either agent alone. These results suggest that CsA given in combination with other agents which inhibit polyamine synthesis may be useful for the treatment of colon cancer.
What is an ethnic party

This article shows that even if we stipulate a single definition of both an ethnic group and an ethnic party, there are many reasonable indicators that can be used to classify parties as ethnic, wh...
Relative rates of deprotonation and of bromine-lithium exchange by organolithium reagents: interpretation of some deceptive results

Abstract Two reactions in which bromine-lithium exchange might be considered to be faster than deprotonation of an acidic deuterium on the basis of carbon deuterium labelling in the products, are suggested to involve initial dedeuteration followed by rapid bromine-lithium exchange and subsequent deuteration by a second molecule of deuterio acid.
Comparison of HPA axis hormonal responses to naloxone vs psychologically-induced stress

Although the naloxone challenge has been used to draw inferences about the dynamics of the stress response, this procedure has never actually been compared "head to head" with a psychological stressor. In the present study, we asked 14 healthy volunteers to complete the naloxone challenge and the Trier Social Stress Test in an outpatient GCRC laboratory setting so that the degree of correspondence between the two procedures could be examined. Findings indicated that subjects who had greater ACTH responses to naloxone also had greater ACTH responses to the psychologically-induced stressor. This was true for both ACTH peak (r=0.57; p<0.04) and ACTH AUC response (r=0.64; p<0.02) measures; none of the cortisol summary score measures correlated significantly across the two challenges. Associations were also found between subjects' baseline personality characteristics and their ACTH responses to each of the challenges. Furthermore, the kinds of characteristics that predicted greater ACTH response to the pharmacological challenge were similar to the kinds of characteristics that predicted ACTH response to the psychological challenge. In general, higher scores on the NEO dimensions of Extraversion and Openness predicted greater ACTH responses. These findings give preliminary evidence that novelty-seeking behavior may be associated with HPA axis lability. The commonalities in personality predictors between the two challenges further support the notion that a common biological substrate may be, at least partially, responsible for the similarities in responses. However, caution should be used in assuming that responses to naloxone directly parallel responses to physiological stress.
Rehabilitation of grossly deficient mandibles with combined subperiosteal implants and bone grafts.

Abstract 1.This study has described the osseous reconstruction of deficient edentulous ridges in adult rhesus monkeys. The rebuilt osseous ridgesdid not resorb under complete prosthetic function over a 4 month period. 2.Remodeling of the graft proceeded along the usually observed patterns with mature cortices forming in the grafted areas within 6 months. 3.This procedure has been duplicated for clinical patients with reasonably good results, restoring function in otherwise untenable prosthetic situations which had been refractory to other types of prosthetic and surgical treatment. 4.In the future, this method of marrow-bone grafting with a simultaneous subperiosteal implant may restore function in many edentulous patients who have experienced extreme resorption over the mandibular ridge and in whom conventional implant techniques or the usual type of bone grafting procedures has not been successful.
COMMUNICATION THEORY APPLIED TO METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

Abstract Measurement of a changing meteorological quantity may be treated as a problem in communication, and many developments in the latter field can be applied to an analysis of measuring techniques. It is found that the performance of a measuring system can be expressed in terms of frequency response, phase distortion, and linearity. The characteristics of commonly used systems are investigated, and methods for improving the performance of such systems are discussed. It is shown that the analysis furnishes a basis for the choice or design of measuring systems for particular observational programs.
Proximity requirement for Pd enhanced reducibility of Co2+ in NaY

The temperature which is required to reduce Co2+ ions in NaY can be markedly lowered by the presence of Pd in the same zeolite. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) in combination with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows, however, that the reducibility of Co is enhanced only if Pd2+ and Co2+ ions share the same zeolite cages. No hydrogen spillover effect is detected, if this proximity requirement is not fulfilled.
Synthesis of Linear, H-Shaped, and Arachnearm Block Copolymers By Tandem Ring-Opening Polymerizations

We have demonstrated the two-stage preparation of block polymers with various architectures containing mechanistically incompatible monomers. Three new monounsaturated chain transfer agents (CTAs) were synthesized containing two, four, or eight hydroxyl groups and used for the preparation of telechelic poly(cis-cyclooctene) (PCOE) by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). We observed excellent end-group fidelity along with well-controlled molecular weights based on the initial monomer to CTA ratio. Each PCOE was subsequently used as a macroinitiator for the polymerization of d,l-lactide to produce compositionally controlled BxABx block polymers with linear (x = 1), H-shaped (x = 2), and arachne(spider)arm (x = 4) architectures. Block polymers were prepared containing PLA weight fractions (wL) ranging from 0.25−0.85. This report significantly expands on the method of combining mechanistically incompatible monomers via tandem polymerizations by introducing branched architectures that can facilitate ...
Diagnostic value of exercise-induced S-T segment depression in patients with right bundle branch block

Abstract The sensitivity of submaximal exercise testing in detecting coronary artery disease in patients with right bundle branch block is not known. Thirty patients were identified who had right bundle branch block, submaximal treadmill exercise tests and selective coronary angiography. Eighteen of these patients were found to have significant coronary artery disease. Treadmill exercise testing was associated with S-T segment depression limited to leads V 1 to V 3 in three patients with coronary artery disease, whereas S-T segment depression was noted in leads V 4 to V 6 in eight patients, all of whom had multivessel coronary artery disease. Among patients without significant coronary artery disease, six had S-T segment depression limited to leads V 1 to V 3 during exercise testing. In this patient population, composed predominantly of men with symptoms of ischemic heart disease, the 12 lead submaximal treadmill exercise test had a sensitivity rate of 69 percent and a specificity rate of 45 percent in detecting coronary artery disease in the presence of right bundle branch block. The specificity of the treadmill test appears to be greater if S-T depression is recorded in leads V 4 to V 6 . S-T segment depression limited to leads V 1 to V 3 often represents a false positive exercise test.
Beneficial effects of intra-articular caspase inhibition therapy following osteochondral injury

Summary Objective Recent studies have demonstrated that articular cartilage injury leads to chondrocyte death through a mechanism termed "apoptosis", or programmed cell death (PCD). Inhibitors of caspases, key enzymatic mediators of apoptosis, have been shown to block chondrocyte PCD. We hypothesized that short-term intra-articular administration of a potent caspase inhibitor would decrease chondrocyte PCD and subsequent cartilage degeneration following experimental osteochondral injury in rabbits. Methods Adult New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to osteochondral injuries of their femoral condyles. Knees in the treatment group received daily intra-articular injections of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Z-VAD- fmk for 7 days, while the control group received injections of vehicle alone. Seven days postinjury, one group of rabbits was sacrificed to assess levels of chondrocyte PCD. A second group was sacrificed 42 days postinjury for histological evaluation to measure cartilage degeneration and cartilage repair. Results Seven days postinjury, there was a 45% reduction in chondrocyte PCD in the caspase inhibitor treated knees as compared to controls ( P =0.01). Forty-two days postinjury, treated knees were found to have 17.9% greater chondrocyte survival ( P P =0.01). Conclusions Intra-articular administration of the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD- fmk effectively blocks chondrocyte PCD following experimental osteochondral injury in this model. Inhibition of chondrocyte PCD rescues chondrocytes that would otherwise die, limiting subsequent cartilage loss. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that short-term inhibition of chondrocyte PCD leads to long-term preservation of cartilage in vivo .
Children’s Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence: Causes, Consequences, and Coping

Children’s appraisals of conflictual and aggressive parental interactions mediate their effect on children’s adjustment. Previous studies have relied almost exclusively on self-report questionnaires to assess appraisals; consequently we know little about perceptions that occur naturally when children witness interparental aggression. This study employed a semi-structured interview to assess the thoughts and feelings of 34 children (ages 7–12) whose mothers were receiving services at domestic violence agencies, and mothers reported on interparental aggression that took place in the home. Children’s thoughts centered on consequences and efforts to understand why fights occurred. They generally viewed their mother’s partner as responsible for violence, though a significant number viewed both parents as playing a role. Sadness and anger were more common than anxiety, and children often attempted to stop or withdraw from fights or both. When asked why family violence occurs, most focused on perpetrators’ lack of control of anger or personal characteristics, but approximately one-third viewed victims as provoking aggression. These findings support the idea that children actively attempt to understand the causes and consequences of interparental violence and suggest that their perceptions and interpretations are important for understanding the development of beliefs regarding the use of violence in close relationships.
Identification of flow background to subtract in jet-like azimuthal correlations

We derive an analytical form for flow background to jet-like azimuthal correlations in a cluster approach. We argue that the elliptic flow parameter to use in a jet-correlation background is that from a two-particle method excluding nonflow correlation unrelated to the reaction plane, but including cross-terms between cluster correlation and cluster flow. We verify our result with Monte Carlo simulations. We discuss implications of our findings in the context of jet-like correlations from STAR and PHENIX.
DNA Microarray Applications in Environmental Microbiology

Although the majority of microarray reports are concerned with gene expression profiling in health-related studies, the use of DNA microarray technology is expanding into new fields and new applications. In environmental microbiology, developments are also focusing on the detection of specific sequences in complex environmental samples and on genomic comparisons. Despite the fact that some limitations still exist, microarrays offer several advantages over the more traditional approaches. In this review, we will present examples of specific applications of this exciting new technology relating to the better understanding of the microbial world, with particular emphasis on strain detection, as well as the assessment of microbial diversity, adaptation, and evolution.
Cross-identification of ring signatures in Eocene trees (Sequoia magnifica) from the Specimen Ridge locality of the Yellowstone fossil forests

Abstract We have found a characteristics ring signature in Eocene trees ( Sequoia magnifica ) from the 15–25 m interval of the Specimen Ridge section of the Lamar River Formation in Yellowstone National park U.S.A. This signature indicates that these stumps were contemporaries growing in the same forest. This interpretation supports the theory that trees on the Specimen Ridge section were preserved where they grew in low energy valley facies far from the volcanic source peaks that produced the volcanic sediment.
CO2 reforming of CH4 over Co/MgO solid solution catalysts — effect of calcination temperature and Co loading

Abstract The effect of calcination temperature on the CO 2 reforming of CH 4 over Co/MgO of various Co loadings was investigated and the results can be summarized as follows: (i) the catalysts with Co loadings between 8 and 36 wt.% precalcined at 500 or 800°C provided high and stable activities; (ii) for Co loadings between 4 and 48 wt.%, the high calcination temperature of 900°C yielded low activities or very long activation periods; (iii) a high Co loading (48 wt.%) combined with a calcination temperature of 500 or 800°C resulted in unstable activities. Depending on the calcination temperature and Co loading, one, two or three of the following Co-containing species, Co 3 O 4 , MgCo 2 O 4 , and (Co, Mg)O (solid solution of CoO and MgO) were identified by combining temperature programmed reduction and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Their reducibility decreased in the sequence: Co 3 O 4 >MgCo 2 O 4 >(Co, Mg)O. It is suggested that the high and stable activities observed over most catalysts (except the 48 wt.% one) precalcined at 500 or 800°C as well as the low activities or the long activation periods observed over the 900°C calcined catalysts were induced by the formation of a solid solution between CoO and MgO. The activity decay observed over the 48 wt.% Co catalyst precalcined at 500 or 800°C was most likely caused by the large metallic particles, formed particularly through the reduction of Co 3 O 4 and MgCo 2 O 4 . These particles sintered and stimulated coke formation.
Maximum information with minimum complexity from a coincidence assay system

Abstract Nuclear assays based on coincidence measurements can yield more useful information than is usually derived from them. The additional information can be used to improve assay accuracy and reliability with only a modest increase in the complexity of the electronics. A particular three-channel coincidence system that has had practical application is analyzed as an example.
The biological lifetime of nitric oxide: Implications for the perivascular dynamics of NO and O2

Endothelial nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) is synthesized at the intravascular/extravascular interface. We previously have reported the intravascular half-life of NO, as a result of consumption by erythrocytes, as approximately 2 ms. We report here studies designed to estimate the lifetime of NO in the parenchymal (extravascular) tissue and describe the implications of these results for the distribution of NO and oxygen concentration gradients away from the blood vessel. The rate of consumption of NO by parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) linearly depends on both NO and O(2) concentration. We estimate that the extravascular half-life of NO will range from 0.09 to > 2 s, depending on O2 concentration and thus distance from the vessel. Computer modeling reveals that this phenomenon, coupled with reversible NO inhibition of cellular mitochondrial oxygen consumption, substantially extends the zone of adequate tissue cellular oxygenation away from the blood vessel, with an especially dramatic effect during conditions of increased tissue work (oxygen consumption). This represents a second action of NO, in addition to vasodilation, in enhancing tissue cellular respiration and provides a possible physiological function for the known reversible inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by low concentrations of NO.
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MALCOLM BALDRIGE NATIONAL QUALITY AWARD AND ISO 9000 REGISTRATION

Market globalization, higher requirements for improved quality, and tough, faster-pace, price-sensitive competition have led to two parallel and visible quality thrust: the Baldrige Award in the U.S. and, internationally, the ISO 9000 standards. The relationship between the Baldrige Award and ISO 9000 registration is widely confused. Two common misper-ceptions stand out: (1) that they both cover the same requirements and (2) that they both address improvement, relying on high quality results, and thus, are both forms of recognition. Many have concluded that the Baldrige Award and ISO 9000 are equivalent and that companies should choose one or the other. These conclusions are incorrect. The Baldrige Award and ISO 9000 registration differ fundamentally in focus, purpose, and content. The focus of the Baldrige Award is on enhanced competitiveness. The Award Criteria reflect two key competitiveness thrusts: (1) delivery of ever-improving value to customers and (2) improvement of overall operational performance. The Award's central purpose is educational-to encourage sharing knowledge and experience of competitiveness and to drive this learning, creating an evolving fund of knowledge. By contrast, the focus of ISO 9000 registration is on conformity to practices specified in the registrant's own quality systems. Its central purpose is to enhance and facilitate trade. The Baldrige Award addresses competitiveness factors either not addressed in ISO 9000 registration or addressed differently. These factors include a customer and market focus, results orientation, continuous improvement, competitive comparisons, a tie to business strategy, cycle time and responsiveness, integration via analysis, public responsibility, human resource development, and information sharing. Overall, ISO 9000 registration covers less than 10% of the scope of the Baldrige Award Criteria and does not fully address any of the 28 Criteria items. As a result, the national drive to improve competitiveness could be diminished. Companies required to or electing to seek ISO 9000 registration are encouraged to integrate their conformity efforts with the Baldrige Award competitiveness improvement framework.
A supportive-type prosthetic speech aid

Abstract The design and evaluation of a special speech aid is described as constructed for a patient who had bulbospinal poliomyelitis resulting in almost complete pharyngeal and palatal paralysis. The appliance elevates the palate to a position approximating that of normal retraction, thereby narrowing the lumen of the palatopharyngeal valve. The degree of elevation and retraction of the palate accomplished by the supporting prosthesis represents an adjustment to several requirements: (1) a reduction in palatopharyngeal lumen needed to decrease hypernasality and increase oral pressure for consonant articulation, (2) the preservation of an airway to provide for comfortable nasal breathing, (3) the avoidance of undue stress upon the supporting teeth as the appliance resists the natural elasticity and weight of the palate in elevation, and (4) the absence of injury to the soft palate as a result of pressure from the supporting portion of the palatal section. The patient has worn a speech aid of the type described over a period of more than two years, indicating that the requirements of construction and wearability have been met. The improvement in the patient's speech is demonstrated by portrayal through “visible speech” patterns in which the speech of the patient is shown to approximate that of a normal speaker when the appliance is in situ.
Is Pylorospasm a Cause of Delayed Gastric Emptying After Pylorus-Preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy?

Background Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) occurs in 14% to 61% of patients after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, but its pathogenesis is unclear. We hypothesized that DGE may be due to pylorospasm secondary to vagal injuries at operation and may be preventable by the addition of pyloromyotomy.
Effect of humidity on desorption of fatty acid monolayers at constant area

It is observed that the relative humidity of the atmosphere has an important effect on the surface pressure relaxation of myristic and lauric acid monolayers at the air-water interface. The relaxation at constant area increases with decreasing relative humidity, which suggests that hydrodynamic convection in the liquid due to evaporation may be the origin of the effect. The desorption rate of the monolayer in a saturated environment has been deduced from the surface pressure relaxation behavior using an equation of state. The time course of monolayer desorption at constant area in a saturated environment for myristic and lauric acid is discussed in light of a recently proposed model based on the Brownian motion of a particle in a potential well.
Sub-picosecond Carrier Dynamics in ZnO Nanowires and Films Measured by Time-Resolved THz Spectroscopy (TRTS)

The transient photoconductivity of ZnO nanowires and polycrystalline and nanoparticle films displays non-Drude behavior. Electron injection occurs on sub-picosecond time scales and decay kinetics indicate that surfaces and interfaces are the dominant sources of recombination.
How the Concept of 'Population' Resolves Concepts of 'Environment'

Elsewhere, I defend the “causal interactionist population concept” (CIPC). Here I further defend the CIPC by showing how it clarifies another concept that biologists grapple with, namely, environment. Should we understand selection as ranging only over homogeneous environments or, alternatively, as ranging over any habitat area we choose to study? I argue instead that the boundaries of the population dictate the range of the environment, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, over which selection operates. Thus, understanding the concept of population helps us to understand concepts of selective environment, exemplifying the importance of the CIPC to other concepts and debates.
Percutaneous transcatheter embolization of coronary arteriovenous fistulas

Coronary artery fistulas are infrequently encountered vascular communications that are either congenital or due to cardiac trauma. Most patients with these anomalies are asymptomatic, but late complications can occur and include congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and endocarditis. Therefore, many investigators have recommended surgical repair, even for asymptomatic patients. Although coronary arteriovenous fistulas pose many challenges to interventional cardiologists, early experiences suggest that these abnormal vessels can be successfully obliterated percutaneously; thus, the patient is spared the risks and morbidity associated with cardiac surgical intervention. Herein we present two cases that illustrate many of the technical issues involved in successful transcatheter embolization of coronary artery fistulas.
Surface reconstruction in layer-by-layer sputtering of Si(111)

Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we have investigated vacancy-mediated, layer-by-layer removal of surface atoms from Si(111) under 225-eV Xe-ion bombardment. We observe, with increasing substrate temperature, both the transition from vacancy-cluster nucleation to step retraction, and a transition from disruption to preservation of the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 reconstruction on exposed material. We discuss the consequences of these observations for ion-beam-mediated epitaxy.
Modeling magnetic fields of magnetron sputtering systems

Abstract The strength and direction of magnetic fields of magnetron sputtering systems, including single and multi cathodes, are modeled by computer software based on electromagnetic theories (Maxwell's equations) and finite element analysis. The results of the modeling of magnetic fields are shown to agree closely with the actual measurements of magnetic fields and the resulting target erosion pattern. The pattern of the magnetic field inside the sputtering chamber affects the distribution of plasma density and the substrate bias current density, which, together with the bias potential, determine the film properties. The modeling can be very useful to help in the design and development of new types of magnetron sputtering cathodes and multi-cathode sputtering systems to improve target utilization, sputtering efficiency and properties of deposited films.
Some aspects of the central nervous system of the rat during aging

Abstract Literature pertaining to structural and functional changes in rat brain taking place with increasing age has been reviewed. For the most part, only young rats have been studied. Brain weight does not appear to change dramatically throughout the life span of rats beyond early development. Neuronal and neuropil elements appear to undergo age-related changes with respect to size, number, and intercellular relationships. Intracellular organelles show evidence of degeneration. Additional studies on central nervous system function in relation to age are required in order to ascertain the meaning of particular structural changes.
Optimal foraging when predation risk increases with patch resources: an analysis of pollinators and ambush predators

Pollinators and their predators share innate and learned preferences for high quality flowers. Consequently, pollinators are more likely to encounter predators when visiting the most rewarding flowers. I present a model of how different pollinator species can maximize lifetime resource gains depending on the density and distribution of predators, as well as their vulnerability to capture by predators. For pollinator species that are difficult for predators to capture, the optimal strategy is to visit the most rewarding flowers as long as predator density is low. At higher predator densities and for pollinators that are more vulnerable to predator capture, the lifetime resource gain from the most rewarding flowers declines and the optimal strategy depends on the predator distribution. In some cases, a wide range of floral rewards provides near-maximum lifetime resource gains, which may favor generalization if searching for flowers is costly. In other cases, a low flower reward level provides the maximum lifetime resource gain and so pollinators should specialize on less rewarding flowers. Thus, the model suggests that predators can have qualitatively different top-down effects on plant reproductive success depending on the pollinator species, the density of predators, and the distribution of predators across flower reward levels.
Selective phosphorylation of myosin light chain in intact skeletal muscle.

Abstract The phosphorylation of myosin light chain was quantitated in fast and slow chicken skeletal muscles and in frog sartorius and semitendinosus muscles. The phosphate content of light chain was determined either as moles [ 32 P]phosphate per mole of light chain in 32 P-labeled muscles or as percentage phosphorylated light chain of the total P-light chain, measured by densitometry after separating the phospho and dephospho forms of P-light chain with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Both methods revealed that the percentage of total P-light chain which was phosphorylated did not exceed 50% either in maximally tetanized or caffeine-contracted skeletal muscle. This suggests that one of the two P-light chains is selectively phosphorylated in skeletal muscle.
An inductive approach to teaching object-oriented design

An approach is described in which students learn object-oriented design by using as many of the characteristics of real program development (starting with incomplete specifications, etc.) as possible in a one-month project. Two-person teams are used, both for the benefit of team experience and to divide the effort between an algorithm portion and a GUI portion. Examples of student work are given, together with suggestions for other projects. Ideas for running a project are given in a week-by-week listing. The paper ends with suggestions for grading.
Between Nicodemism and ‘honest’ dissimulation: the Society of Jesus in England*

This article investigates certain aspects of the first mission of the Society of Jesus in England in the context of the current historiographical debate on the issue of religious dissimulation. While traditionally English Catholicism and the Jesuit mission to England have been linked to Nicodemism, or the need to dissimulate one's religious faith in order to escape persecution, this article argues that the clandestine conditions in which the Catholic missionaries were forced to operate constituted an ideal background to experiment with another form of dissimulation, more akin to the kind of ‘offensive’ dissimulation suggested by Machiavelli to his Prince and systematized during the seventeenth century as ‘honest’ dissimulation.
Accessing thermoplastic processing windows in metallic glasses using rapid capacitive discharge.

The ability of the rapid-capacitive discharge approach to access optimal viscosity ranges in metallic glasses for thermoplastic processing is explored. Using high-speed thermal imaging, the heating uniformity and stability against crystallization of Zr35Ti30Cu7.5Be27.5 metallic glass heated deeply into the supercooled region is investigated. The method enables homogeneous volumetric heating of bulk samples throughout the entire supercooled liquid region at high rates (~105 K/s) sufficient to bypass crystallization throughout. The crystallization onsets at temperatures in the vicinity of the “crystallization nose” were identified and a Time-Temperature-Transformation diagram is constructed, revealing a “critical heating rate” for the metallic glass of ~1000 K/s. Thermoplastic process windows in the optimal viscosity range of 100–104 Pa·s are identified, being confined between the glass relaxation and the eutectic crystallization transition. Within this process window, near-net forging of a fine precision metallic glass part is demonstrated.
Bulk and interfacial shear thinning of immiscible polymers

Nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations are used to study the shear-thinning behavior of immiscible symmetric polymer blends. The phase-separated polymers are subjected to a simple shear flow imposed by moving a wall parallel to the fluid-fluid interface. The viscosity begins to shear thin at much lower rates in the bulk than at the interface. The entire shear-rate dependence of the interfacial viscosity is consistent with a shorter effective chain length s(*) that also describes the width of the interface. This s(*) is independent of chain length N and is a function only of the degree of immiscibility of the two polymers. Changes in polymer conformation are studied as a function of position and shear rate. Shear thinning correlates more closely with a decrease in the component of the radius of gyration along the velocity gradient than with elongation along the flow. At the interface, this contraction of chains is independent of N and consistent with the bulk behavior for chains of length s(*). The distribution of conformational changes along chains is also studied. Central regions begin to stretch at a shear rate that decreases with increasing N, while shear induced changes at the ends of chains are independent of N.
The development of a clinical outcomes survey research application: Assessment CenterSM

Introduction The National Institutes of Health sponsored Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) aimed to create item banks and computerized adaptive tests (CATs) across multiple domains for individuals with a range of chronic diseases.
Nature's experiments in brain diversity

This special issue of The Anatomical Record originates from a symposium on the evolution of neurobiological specializations in mammals held at the American Association of Anatomists annual meeting in San Diego in April 2005. The symposium, co-organized by Patrick R. Hof and Lori Marino, provided the impetus for extending the discussion to a greater range of species. This special issue is the product of that goal and is fueled by the philosophy that it is largely against a backdrop of brain diversity that we can extract the higher-order commonalities across brains that may lead us to uncovering general higher-order principles of brain and behavioral evolution. Several major themes emerge from this issue. These are that there are no simple brains, that brains reflect ecology, and that brain evolution is a detective story. The 12 articles in this issue are outstanding reflections of these themes.
Formation of myofibrils in spreading chick cardiac myocytes

Cardiac myocytes were isolated from 5-6-day-old chick embryos and allowed to spread in culture. The distribution of alpha-actinin in the cells was followed for five days in culture by exposing permeabilized cells to rhodamine-labeled alpha-actinin and also by injecting the labeled alpha-actinin into living myocytes. In addition to labeling the Z bands of sarcomeres, the added alpha-actinin also labeled small particles that were usually arranged periodically in linear arrays with a spacing between particles of 0.3-2.0 micron. Actin was localized between the particles of alpha-actinin by means of fluorescein-labeled heavy meromyosin. The punctate localization of alpha-actinin was prominent in pseudopods, behind ruffles, and at the periphery of spreading cells. Long rows of particles of alpha-actinin were often parallel to one another with the alpha-actinin particles in register. These linear arrays appeared to merge laterally to form strands with broader concentrations of alpha-actinin. Other linear arrays were parallel to myofibrils in the cell and some extended outward from the ends of myofibrils. We conclude that during spreading of cardiac myocytes, myofibrils form at the cell periphery behind the extending margins of the cell, and that the aggregates of alpha-actinin found in these areas are nascent Z bands in the forming myofibrils.
Aerosol formation and growth in atmospheric organic/NOχ systems—II. Aerosol dynamics

Aerosol dynamics that were observed in the outdoor smog chamber experiments described in Wang et al. (1992, Atmospheric Environment, 26A, 403-420) are simulated by numerical solution of the aerosol general dynamic equation. The vapor source generation rate was estimated directly from the experimental measurements assuming a single surrogate condensing species for each hydrocarbon studied. Sensitivity analysis of the simulated aerosol dynamics to various input parameters revealed that the physical properties of the condensing vapor are important in determining the interplay between nucleation and condensation while the vapor source generation rate is the only factor that determines the eventual total amount of vapor converted to aerosol. The simulations suggest that over 99% of the mass of condensible vapor is converted to aerosol by condensation even when a significant burst of nucleation occurs.
Laser-based synthesis of Nanomaterials in the Solid State

Lasers are used to synthesize novel nanomaterials in the solid state such as epitaxial graphene on SiC and Si nanoparticles in an SiO 2 matrix. I will discuss advantages and future directions of these approaches.
Paradoxical sleep duration during lights-off and lights-on in ground squirrels

Golden-mantled ground squirrels and rats were exposed to a 1 hr day consisting of equal alternating periods of light and dark. Under this schedule the rats (nocturnal rodents) tended to cluster their paradoxical sleep during the dark periods. Ground squirrels (diurnal rodents) did not show this effect or the opposite effect of massing their paradoxical sleep in the light. Instead, they distributed their paradoxical sleep equally between light and dark periods.
Factors influencing exercise performance in patients with left ventricular dysfunction

Abstract Background: The determinants of exercise performance are multifactorial and incompletely understood in patients with symptomatic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, with much less information regarding asymptomatic LV dysfunction. This study assessed the hemodynamics and neurohormonal factors influencing exercise performance in patients with LV ejection fractions ≤0.35, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, enrolled in Studies of LV Dysfunction. Methods and Results: We studied 103 patients enrolled prospectively in Studies of LV Dysfunction before randomized therapy; 38 were symptomatic and 65 had no or minimal symptoms. By using rest-exercise gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography and cuff blood pressure, we assessed the heart rate, LV and right ventricular (RV) volumes and ejection fractions, total peripheral resistance, the LV peak systolic pressure/end systolic volume ratio as an index of contractility, and plasma renin and norepinephrine at rest and during maximal graded supine bicycle ergometer exercise. Changes between rest and exercise were evaluated as indices of cardiovascular reserve. The cumulative workload ranged from 120 to 2,100 watt-min. At rest, the LV ejection fraction was 0.30 in asymptomatic patients and 0.25 in symptomatic patients, respectively ( P P ≤ .05). Combining all patients, the strongest univariate correlates of exercise workload were the ability to increase heart rate ( r = 0.70), the pressure/volume ratio ( r = 0.63), and systolic blood pressure ( r = 0.55), and to decrease the total peripheral resistance ( r = −0.47) with moderate correlations for the ability to increase LV and RV ejection fractions ( r = 0.33 and 0.35, respectively) ( P 2 = 0.54, P Conclusion: Exercise performance and its hemodynamics differed in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic LV dysfunction. Rather than features at rest, the reserve capacities for increasing heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and the LV and RV ejection fractions were the predominant cardiac mechanisms related to greater exercise performance.
The Courage to Act: 5 Factors of Courage to Transform Business

The article presents a review of the book “The Courage to Act: 5 Factors of Courage to Transform Business,” by Merom Klein and Rod Napier.
Using College of American Pathologists Workload Units for Intralaboratory Comparison

At Temple University Hospital, a 504-bed urban teaching hospital, we have adapted the College of American Pathologists (CAP) workload units from the last published guidelines of the 1992 format to the 1998 Meditech Laboratory Information System MAGIC, version 4.6 (Westwood, MA). At our institution, the laboratory information system was interfaced with the hospital information system—Eclipsys 7000 Series (Atlanta). CAP workload units were adapted for the clinical microbiology and immunology laboratories, which include bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, mycobacteriology, virology, and microbial immunology laboratories. All tests and procedures in the clinical microbiology and immunology laboratories were assigned workload unit values and were compared with workload unit values using the 1992 guidelines. Workload unit values for most procedures were incorporated directly into the Meditech Laboratory Information System; values for general laboratory support procedures such as quality control, phone calls, gowning, gloving, degloving, and other general procedures were incorporated monthly. Databases such as this can be quite useful in monitoring monthly workload trends, increases in workload due to laboratory mergers and acquisitions, and intralaboratory annual laboratory statistics.