cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulations of fracture-toughness improvement using short shaped head ductile fibers

Abstract Fibers can be shaped so as to anchor inside the matrix and resist pullout at a crack face, thus improving the fracture-toughness of the composites. This anchoring ability enables a greatly improved utilization of the plastic potential of ductile fibers, increasing fracture-toughness while maintaining stiffness. The purpose of this paper is to explore this property of shaped head fibers for composites with weak fiber–matrix bonding. Because of the difficulty in estimating the fracture-toughness contribution of shaped head fibers analytically or experimentally, we use a FEM based numerical scheme to investigate stress profiles induced during pullout of two chosen shaped head families. Annealed copper fiber with a large residual plastic potential and an elastic epoxy matrix have been used as representative materials. Using the computed strain energy distribution in the matrix as a measure of fracture-toughness contribution, we find that flat-head fibers out-perform ball-head fibers in minimizing failure potential. We have further discovered that within each shape family there exist optimal shapes. The optimal shape for the flat-head family is also computed for the example material system.
Management of a bronchopleural fistula using differential lung airway pressure release ventilation

A 65-year-old male patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease underwent a right upper lobectomy for surgical resection of a large Pancoast tumor. His postoperative course was complicated by the early development of a significant BPF: the expiratory volume was less than 10% of the inspiratory volume on the affected side. Attempts at open surgical closure with an omentum flap failed to decrease the air leak. Postoperatively, pressure-controlled (PC) differential lung ventilation was instituted through a dual-cuffed endobronchial tube (Broncho-Cath Size 39F-left; Mallinckrodt, Hazelwood, MO). Initial ventilator (Model 7200A; Puritan-Bennett, Pleasanton, CA) settings were 1.0 FIO2 and pressure limits of 30 cm H2O and 24 cm H2O on the left and right sides, respectively. Over the ensuing 2 hours, the I:E ratio for the left lung ventilation was increased to provide adequate oxygenation. The right lung was ventilated and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 15 cm H2O was added. The patient developed increasing arterial hypoxemia and hypercarbia because of both the persistent, large air leak on the right side and poor function of the left lung (Table 1). Hemodynamic instability—culminating in cardiopulmonary arrest for a period of approximately 30 seconds—occurred and necessitated treatment with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and manual ventilation with 1.0 FIO2. APRV (Drager Evita 2 dura; Drager Medical, Inc., Telford PA) was then used for ventilating only the left lung. Initial ventilatory settings were P1 28 mmHg, P2O mmHg, T1 5 seconds, T2 0.8 seconds, and 1.0 FIO2; CPAP continued to be applied to the right lung. After subsequent arterial blood gas analysis revealed hypercarbia, T1 was decreased to 2.2 seconds, providing quite adequate ventilation and oxygenation (Fig 1). The right lung was placed on T-piece, as the patient spontaneous ventilation increased gradually, the FIO2 was weaned, and the patient’s requirement for sedation decreased. Additionally, the hemodynamic profile showed no significant change in the pulmonary artery pressure except an increased cardiac output. Although his BPF resolved completely, several weeks later he succumbed to septic shock.
Identification of road salt contamination using multiple regression and GIS

A multiple regression model of atmospheric deposition of salt, combined with geographic information systems (GIS) data on four classes of roads, is used to predict sodium concentrations in 162 randomly chosen streams in Massachusetts. All four classes of roads, as well as atmospheric deposition, were found to be highly significant in a model that explains 68% of the observed variation in sodium concentration. The highest salt loading rates are associated with interstate and major state roads with an estimated 22,500 and 17,700 kg of salt per kilometer, respectively. Our mass balance calculations indicate road salt is the major source of salt to the streams in Massachusetts.
Existence of best approximations

Abstract A simple, yet general, existence theorem for best approximations is proved. It contains the majority of the known existence theorems.
Volumetric evaluation of hepatic tumors: multi-vendor, multi-reader liver phantom study

To compare liver lesion volume measurement on multiple 3D software platforms using a liver phantom. An anthropomorphic phantom constructed with ten liver lesions of varying size, attenuation, and shape with known volume and long axis measurement was scanned (120 kVp, 80–440 smart mA, NI 12). DICOM data were uploaded to five commercially available 3D visualization systems and manual tumor volume was obtained by three-independent readers. Accuracy and reproducibility of linear and volume measurements were compared. The two most promising systems were then compared with an additional prototype system by two readers using both manual and semi-automated measurement with similar comparison between linear and volume measures. Measurements were performed on 5- and 1.25-mm data sets. Inter- and intra-observer variability was also assessed. Overall mean % volume error on the five commercially available software systems (averaging all ten liver lesions among all three readers) was 8.0% ± 7.5%, 13.7% ± 11.2%, 14.2% ± 15.2%, 16.4% ± 14.8 %, and 16.9% ± 13.8%, varying almost twofold across vendor. Moderate inter-observer variability was present. Volume measurement was slightly more accurate than linear measurement, but linear measurement was more reproducible across readers and systems. On the two “best” systems, the manual measurement method was more accurate than the automated method (p = 0.001). The prototype system demonstrated superior semi-automated assessment, with a mean % volume error of 5.3% ± 4.1% (vs. 17.8% ± 11.1% and 31.5% ± 19.7%, p < 0.001), with improved inter- and intra-observer variability. Accuracy and reproducibility of volume assessment of liver lesions varies significantly by vendor, which has important implications for clinical use.
Resistivity, Hall Constant, and Seebeck Coefficient of CsAu

Measurements of resistivity, Hall constant, and Seebeck coefficient have established that CsAu is an $n$-type semiconductor with carrier concentrations ${10}^{18}$-${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The carrier concentration is essentially independent of temperature over the range 4.2-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the mobility is 30-60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. It is suggested that excess cesium introduces an impurity band which overlaps the conduction band. The Seebeck coefficient (-0.023 mV/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) indicates that the Fermi level lies about 0.02 eV above the conduction band based on optical lattice scattering.
Ethnicity in the reported pain, emotional distress and requests of medical outpatients

Abstract Relationships of patents' ethnicity to their reported pain, emotional distress and requests were investigated. When patients aged over 60 years were compared. Italian-Americans were found to more frequently report pain than were Anglo-Americans; however, this difference was not replicated in the younger patients of Italian and Anglo backgrounds. In addition to patients' age, their sex also was found to mediate the relationship of ethnicity to the expression of pain. In particular, older female Italian-Americans were likely to report pain while, in contrast, older male Anglo-Americans were not. Age and sex may be important mediators of ethnic differences because older and female patients may carry on ethnic traditions more than do younger and male patients. Ethnicity was not found to be significantly related to emotional distress and requests.
Practical Hagiography: James of Voragine’s Sermones and Vita on St Margaret of Antioch

AbstractIn addition to his exceedingly popular Legenda Aurea, James of Voragine wrote in another hagiographical genre: sermons on the saints. The Sermones de sanctis likewise became immediately popular, as his Dominican brothers used James’s model sermons to learn to preach about the saints in a format that would provide the laity with intelligible and practical theological instruction. James’s corpus gives us a rather unusual opportunity to compare the ways in which a single author manipulates multiple hagiographical genres, and his writings on St Margaret of Antioch allow us to explore how a medieval preacher used a historically disputed saint — a dragon-fighter — to provide a practical model of sanctity to his lay audience. I compare the representations of Margaret in James’s sermones and vita, arguing that James adapted certain features of Margaret’s saintly example in the vita to instruct the audience of his sermons about proper Christian virtues and actions. As a point of comparison, I explore a ser...
Totally-Ordered, Reliable Multicast over Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper summarizes the evaluation of a totally-ordered, reliable multicast protocol over a cognitive radio (CR) network. Multicast enables a group of nodes to subscribe to broadcast messages. Reliability ensures that all nodes receive messages correctly, totally-ordered ensures that all nodes receive messages in sequential order. In the proposed architecture, CR nodes employ multicast to exchange radio environment maps and to perform dynamic spectrum access. Emulation and wireless test beds were constructed and baseline unicast quality of service (QoS) measured. The Spread open-source multicast software toolkit was installed on all nodes and the resulting multicast QoS measured. Channel effects were applied to the emulation test bed, so that its QoS modeled that of the wireless test bed. This paper demonstrates that it is feasible to characterize multicast QoS over a CR wireless network, through the use of an equivalent emulated network.
Science teacher shortage: Fact or fiction?

(1991). Science teacher shortage: Fact or fiction? Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 48-52.
Analysis of diacyl peroxides by Ag+ coordination ionspray tandem mass spectrometry: free radical pathways of complex decomposition.

Organic peroxides have significance in organic synthesis and biological processes. Characterization of these compounds with weak O-O bonds is sometimes difficult due to their thermal instability and sensitivity to acid or base. Coordination of diacyl peroxides with AgBF4 provides a means for analysis of these compounds by coordination ionspray tandem mass spectrometry (CIS-MS/MS). Precursor ion (Q1) scans of acetyl benzoyl peroxide give two Ag+ adducts, [M + Ag + solvent]+ and [M + Ag + M]+. These silver ion adducts can be selectively dissociated (CID) to give unique structural information about the analyte. Decomposition of the [M + Ag + solvent]+ adduct generates fragmentation products due to apparent homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond followed by decarboxylation of the resultant radicals. The bis-diacylperoxide complex, [M + Ag + M]+ gives CID pathways that involve homolysis of the O-O bond and free radical cross-coupling of the two diacyl peroxides coordinated to the silver ion, i.e. formation of dibenzoyl peroxide, phenyl benzoate, and biphenyl from acetyl benzoyl peroxide. The observation of free radical CID modes is uncommon in mass spectrometry but these pathways are consistent with well-known solution and gas phase processes for peroxide compounds. The proposed fragmentation pathways have been supported by experiments with 18O and deuterated substrates. This technique can be applied to analyze diacyl peroxides with different substituents as well.
Population structure of a hilltopping butterfly

The hilltopping behavior of individuals in a closed demographic unit ofEuphydryas editha is examined. Both males and females hilltop but the behavior differs between the sexes. Most males appear to hilltop throughout their reproductive lives. Females hilltop only as virgins. The occurrence of hilltopping in a population is influenced by the density and age structure of the population. In addition, some males appear not to hilltop, but instead “patrol” below the hilltop, a strategy which may be favored in periods of high density. We suggest that in order to understand the ecological and evolutionary significance of hilltopping, its populational aspects need to be investigated as well as individual behaviors, such as territoriality, which hilltopping butterflies may also exhibit.
Quorum Sensing “Flips” the Acetate Switch

The term “acetate switch” refers to the transition from acetate production (dissimilation) to acetate utilization (assimilation). Best studied with the enteric bacterium Escherichia coli , the acetate switch takes place as cells deplete their environment of acetate-producing (acetogenic) carbon
THE SYSTEMS ARCHITECT: SPECIALTY, ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

Architects, from the early Egyptians to modern systems architects, are specialists in the creation and building of complex structures, qualitatively different from those that have gone before. The architect, working with and acting as the agent of the client, creates and manages the design to maintain system integrity and to help achieve client satisfaction with the built system. This paper updates the ideas and conclusions of the teaching and study of systems architecting at the University of Southern California over the last six years.
The First Day of Class: How It Matters

Teachers are novices at any stage of their careers when they are faced with incidents that disrupt their expected patterns of teaching and learning. A first-day-of-school incident experienced by the author illustrates the evolution of a teacher's personal pedagogical theory construction, which is ultimately illuminated through the lens of Nel Noddings's ethic of care.
Productive aging and civic participation

Abstract We argue that civic participation is one form of productive aging. We explore how age is related to different types and levels of civic participation among adults in Boston, MA. To accomplish our analysis, we employ recently released survey data from the Boston Area Study (BAS). Our results indicate that voting is the most common form of civic expression among Bostonians, followed by attending local government meetings. Volunteering for political organizations and candidates is the least common form of activity. Educational status is a strong predictor of most forms of civic-oriented activity and it is consistently related to activity for those persons 60 years old and older. Further, we evaluate a model of civic participation that shows a curvilinear relationship between age and various activities; this pattern holds after controlling for a number of other covariates. We discuss the contributions and limitations of our research and indicate additional steps that should be taken in future research to address some unresolved issues.
Bounds on the Length of Terminal Stuck-Fault Test

A terminal stuck fault in a logic network is represented by one or more stuck-at-1 or stuck-at-0 faults on the n input lines or single output. It is shown that for n ? 5, a least upper bound on the test length is n + 1, and for n ≫ 5, an upper bound is 2n - 4. A greatest lower bound is 3, for all n ≫ 1. The upper bounds are based on a maximum size alternating 1-tree in the n-cube representation of the function. Of the more than 600 000 equivalence classes of functions of n variables, n ? 5, only one does not have an n-edge alternating 1-tree. An algorithm is proposed for constructing tests based on alternating 1-trees.
An architectural approach for decentralized trust management

To guard against malicious peers, peer-to-peer applications must incorporate suitable trust mechanisms. Current decentralized trust-management research focuses mainly on producing trust models and algorithms, whereas the actual composition of trust models into real applications has been largely unexplored. The practical architectural approach for composing egocentric trust (Pace) provides detailed design guidance on where and how developers can incorporate trust models into decentralized applications. In addition, Pace's guiding principles promote countermeasures against threats to decentralized systems. Several prototypes demonstrate the approach's use and feasibility.
Choline and acetylcholine: regional distribution and effect of degeneration of cholinergic nerve terminals in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract The regional distribution of choline and acetylcholine was examined in rat brain. Choline was found to have a distribution similar to that of acetylcholine. With the exception of the cerebellum the ratio of choline to acetylcholine in different brain regions ranged between 2.5 and 3.6. When the majority of the cholinergic nerve endings in the hippocampus were destroyed by placement of a lesion in the medial septal area the concentrations of acetylcholine and choline in the hippocampus were reduced by 70–74 and 20–32 %, respectively. These results suggest that a significant portion of the free choline in brain is associated with cholinergic neurones.
Equatorial F-region ionization differences between March and September, 1979

Abstract Ionospheric total electron content and the F-region maximum electron density at a number of stations in the equatorial region, during the recent solar activity maximum period 1979 to 1980, show significant differences between the two equinoctial periods. Ionization during the month of March is higher than in September, irrespective of the station location both in northern and southern hemispheres, and in different longitude sectors. The observed pattern is compared with those predicted by different models, in particular with one of the authors which includes processes such as ionization production, loss, electrodynamic drifts, winds and global composition changes involved in the equatorial ionosphere. It is found that a change in the neutral composition is primarily responsible for the observed F-region density differences between March and September.
Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of theg4Δ–a4Δ System of FeF

Abstract The emission spectrum of FeF has been observed in the near infrared region from 9000 to 12 000 cm −1 . The bands were excited in a high temperature carbon tube furnace and recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer at a resolution of 0.02 cm −1 . The observed bands have been assigned as the 0–1, 0–0, 1–0, and 2–0 bands of the g 4 Δ i –a 4 Δ i transition analogous to the F 4 Δ i –X 4 Δ i transition of FeH at 1 μm. Each vibrational band consists of four sub-bands assigned as 4 Δ 1/2 – 4 Δ 1/2 , 4 Δ 3/2 – 4 Δ 3/2 , 4 Δ 5/2 – 4 Δ 5/2 , and 4 Δ 7/2 – 4 Δ 7/2 . The rotational analysis of these bands has been performed and molecular constants have been determined. This work represents the first observation of the g 4 Δ–a 4 Δ transition of FeF. We discuss the correspondence between the low-lying electronic states of FeF, FeH, and Fe + .
Bombyx mori Pheromone-Binding Protein Binding Nonpheromone Ligands: Implications for Pheromone Recognition

Insect pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) transport sex pheromones through the aqueous layer surrounding G protein-coupled receptors that initiate signaling events leading to mating. This PBP-receptor system strongly discriminates between ligands with subtle structural differences, but it has proved difficult to distinguish the degree of discrimination of the PBP from that of the G protein-coupled receptor. The three-dimensional structures of the PBP of Bombyx mori, the silkworm moth, both with and without its cognate ligand bombykol ([E,Z]-10,12-hexadecadienol), have been determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR. In this paper, the structures of the same binding protein with bound iodohexadecane and bell pepper odorant were determined at 1.9 and 2.0 A, respectively. These structures illustrate the remarkable plasticity in the ligand binding site of the PBP, but suggest the protein might still act as a filter during pheromone signal processing.
Aimé Césaire's Letter to Maurice Thorez: The Practice of Decolonization

Aime Cesaire's Letter to Maurice Thorez is sad a commentary on the contro- versial and uneasy relationship between the Marxist Internationalist Left and Third-world anticolonial activists. Written shortly after the Second Congress of Black Writers and Intellectuals, the Letter forcefully reintro- duces race and the colonial question at the heart of battles that were being waged mainly along ideological lines. Cesaire articulates the repudiation of Communist paternalism on the imperative, for colonized elites, to reclaim the historical initiative, therefore elevating the duty of responsibility as the ultimate test of decolonization. I contend, however, that this radical anticolonial stance ought to be nuanced by the pragmatism that character- ized Cesaire as the politician and chief advocate for departementaliza- tion. Cesaire's resignation from the French Communist Party, against the background of the Algerian war against French domination, could also be defined as both a powerful "discourse on colonialism" as well as a political, intellectual, and ideological declaration of independence. The Letter, both a mirror and a vanguard call to action, deserves it rightful place in the glorious archives of men and women who stood up against colonial dehu- manization, that is, who made this world more humane for both colonizers and colonized.
Similarity: Its definition and effect on the visual analysis of complex displays

Contemporary feature models of form perception have typically defined visual similarity in terms of shared (or discordant) sets of points. Two experiments tested the adequacy of this definition. In a same/different task, subjects were required to detect a single “different” form in displays of two, four, or six forms. In separate conditions, the “different” form was produced by various geometric transformations, where the number of discordant points could be held constant for some of those transformations. The first experiment compared the detectability of three transformations: deletion of an end-of-a-line segment, a break in continuity, and a mirror-image reversal. Reversals were detected most rapidly and accurately, with performance independent of display size. Although breaks and deletions produced the same number of discordant points, breaks were detected more rapidly and accurately. The second experiment tested whether the better detectability of reversals was due to a greater number of discordant points or to changes in the orientation of diagonal lines. The results indicated that entire displays can be rapidly organized (in “parallel”) on the basis of line orientations. In general, the experiments suggest that the similarity of forms may depend upon the transformations by which they are related rather than their common features.
Computational comparison of two mouse draft genomes and the human golden path

Background: The availability of both mouse and human draft genomes has marked the beginning of a new era of comparative mammalian genomics. The two available mouse genome assemblies, from the public mouse genome sequencing consortium and Celera Genomics, were obtained using different clone libraries and different assembly methods. Results: We present here a critical comparison of the two latest mouse genome assemblies. The utility of the combined genomes is further demonstrated by comparing them with the human ‘golden path’ and through a subsequent analysis of a resulting conserved sequence element (CSE) database, which allows us to identify over 6,000 potential novel genes and to derive independent estimates of the number of human protein-coding genes. Conclusion: The Celera and public mouse assemblies differ in about 10% of the mouse genome. Each assembly has advantages over the other: Celera has higher accuracy in base-pairs and overall higher coverage of the genome; the public assembly, however, has higher sequence quality in some newly finished bacterial artifical chromosome clone (BAC) regions and the data are freely accessible. Perhaps most important, by combining both assemblies, we can get a better annotation of the human genome; in particular, we can obtain the most complete set of CSEs, one third of which are related to known genes and some others are related to other functional genomic regions. More than half the CSEs are of unknown function. From the CSEs, we estimate the total number of human protein-coding genes to be about 40,000. This searchable publicly available online CSEdb will expedite new discoveries through comparative genomics.
Pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a universal complication in patients with chronic renal failure. Hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands is typically seen in these patients. In early renal failure, alteration in vitamin metabolism, decreased levels of calcitriol and moderate decreases in ionized calcium may allow greater synthesis and secretion of PTH. As the disease progresses, there is a decrease in the number of vitamin D receptors (VDR) and calcium receptors (CaR). The decreased number of VDR and CaR makes the parathyroid glands more resistant to calcitriol and calcium. Phosphorus induces hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands independent of calcium and calcitriol, and by a post-transcriptional mechanism increases PTH synthesis and secretion. Experimental work in uremic rats demonstrated that if the animals are fed a high-phosphorus diet, they not only developed secondary hyperparathyroidism but parathyroid cell hyperplasia. If the diet is then reduced in phosphorus, the levels of PTH return to normal. However, the parathyroid cell hyperplasia persists and no apoptosis is seen. Thus, the control of the three most important factors, calcium, calcitriol and phosphorus, is critical to prevent the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands.
Recovering Occlusion Boundaries from a Single Image

Occlusion reasoning, necessary for tasks such as navigation and object search, is an important aspect of everyday life and a fundamental problem in computer vision. We believe that the amazing ability of humans to reason about occlusions from one image is based on an intrinsically 3D interpretation. In this paper, our goal is to recover the occlusion boundaries and depth ordering of free-standing structures in the scene. Our approach is to learn to identify and label occlusion boundaries using the traditional edge and region cues together with 3D surface and depth cues. Since some of these cues require good spatial support (i.e., a segmentation), we gradually create larger regions and use them to improve inference over the boundaries. Our experiments demonstrate the power of a scene-based approach to occlusion reasoning.
Identifying the Factor Structure of the SOCRATES in a Sample of Latino Adolescents

The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) is a frequently used measure to assess client motivation to change an alcohol use problem. The factor structure of this measure has most extensively been studied in samples of adult clients with alcohol use disorders with very little research conducted with adolescents or ethnic minority participants. The purpose of the current study is to determine if the factor structure of the SOCRATES (Version 8A-Alcohol) found in prior research can be generalized to a sample of Latino adolescents with substance use disorders. Latino adolescents (N = 106) were administered the SOCRATES and assessed for alcohol use at a pretreatment baseline assessment as part of a larger study. Competing factor models were tested and results via confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a 14-item two factor model best fit the data for the Latino adolescents in this sample. In addition, scores on the Taking Steps factor predicted alcohol use variables. Implications for these results and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Entamoeba histolytica Genome Project: an update.

Abstract A round table discussion for scientists participating in the Entamoeba histolytica Genome Project was held 13 November 2001, at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Comparing noise removal in the wavelet and Fourier domains

This paper compares time series decomposition in the frequency domain via the discrete Fourier transform to time series decomposition in the wavelet domain via the Wavelet transform for the purpose of signal smoothing and noise removal. The information cost of the signal is computed as a predictor of the performance of the filtering process. Simulations are conducted comparing the frequency domain filter to wavelet domain filters on a variety of signals corrupted with additive Gaussian noise.
A Microwave Sensor for Steam Quality

In this paper, a microwave-based in-line sensor for steam quality is described, and test results are reported. The sensor employs a novel high-pressure process seal that minimizes mismatch effects when water condenses on its inner surface.
A Review of “The Evolution of Urban Form: Typology for Planners and Architects”

It is nearly impossible to open a recent book on urbanism without finding some reference to the value of form-based codes as a mechanism for “fixing” a variety of problematic conditions in urban an...
Effects of sealant placed over composite resin restorations

However, in vitro studies have limitations, and the ultimate evaluation of sealant behavior must be based on in vivo experimentation.' The purpose of this in vitro and in vivo study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the sealant in preserving the surface integrity and marginal seal of composite restorations and to measure the durability of the sealant materi­ al.
Ontogenetic variation of heritability and maternal effects in yellow-bellied marmot alarm calls.

Individuals of many species produce distinctive vocalizations that may relay potential information about the signaller. The alarm calls of some species have been reported to be individually specific, and this distinctiveness may allow individuals to access the reliability or kinship of callers. While not much is known generally about the heritability of mammalian voca- lizations, if alarm calls were individually distinctive to permit kinship assessment, then call structure should be heritable. Here, we show conclus- ively for the first time that alarm call structure is heritable. We studied yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and made nine quantitative measurements of their alarm calls. With a known genealogy, we used the animal model (a statistical technique) to estimate alarm call heritability. In juveniles, only one of the measured variables had heritability significantly different from zero; however, most variables had significant maternal environmental effects. By contrast, yearlings and adults had no significant maternal environmental effects, but the heritability of nearly all measured variables was significantly different from zero. Some, but not all of these heritable effects were significantly different across age classes. The presence of significantly non-zero maternal environmental effects in juveniles could reflectthe impact of maternalenvironmental stresses on call structure. Regard- less of this mechanism, maternal environmental effects could permit kinship recognition in juveniles. In older animals, the substantial genetic basis of alarm call structure suggests that calls could be used to assess kinship and, paradoxically, might also suggest a role of learning in call structure.
Estimation of breed and heterosis effects for growth and carcass traits in cattle using published crossbreeding studies

Current genetic evaluations are performed separately for each breed. Multiple breed genetic evaluations, however, assume a common base among breeds, enabling producers to compare cattle of different breed makeup. Breed and heterosis effects are needed in a multibreed evaluation because databases maintained by breed associations include few crossbred animals, which may not be enough to accurately estimate these effects. The objective of this study was to infer breed effects, maternal effects, direct heterosis effects, and maternal heterosis effects for growth and carcass traits using least squares means estimates from crossbreeding studies published in the literature from 1976 to 1996. The data set was formed by recording each least squares mean along with the breed composition, maternal breed composition, and direct and maternal heterozygosity. Each trait was analyzed using a single trait fixed effect model, which included study as a fixed effect and breed composition and heterozygosity as covariates. Breed solutions for each trait were expressed relative to the Angus breed. Direct breed effects for weaning weight ranged from -7.0 +/- 0.67 kg (British Dairy) to 29.3 +/- 0.74 kg (Simmental), and maternal effects ranged from -11.7 +/- 0.24 kg (Hereford) to 31.1 +/- 2.22 kg (Gelbvieh). Direct breed effects for birth weight ranged from -0.5 +/- 0.14 kg (British Dairy) to 10.1 +/- 0.46 kg (Continental Beef), and maternal effects ranged from -7.2 +/- 0.13 kg (Brahman) to 6.0 +/- 1.07 kg (Continental Beef). Direct breed effects ranged from -17.9 +/- 1.64 kg (Brahman) to 21.6 +/- 1.95 kg (Charolais), from -6.5 +/- 1.29 kg (Brahman) to 55.8 +/- 1.47 kg (Continental Beef), from -8.1 +/- 0.48 cm(2) (Shorthorn) to 21.0 +/- 0.48 cm(2) (Continental Beef), and from -1.1 +/- 0.02 cm (Continental Beef) to 0 +/- 0.00 cm (Angus) for postweaning BW gain, carcass weight, LM area, and fat thickness, respectively. The use of literature estimates to predict direct and maternal breed and heterosis effects may supplement their direct prediction in a multibreed evaluation.
3-D model of electric field and space charge in the barbed plate-to-plate precipitator

A finite element method of a characteristics model of 3-dimensional electrode geometries with corona discharge is used to predict space charge density, current density, electric potential and electric field in point-to-plane, single barb plate-to-plane, and hexagonal barbed plate-to-plate geometries. Although a modification of Peak's formula for the hyperboid-to-plane was initially used to establish a boundary condition at the edge of the corona, predicted total current did not agree with measured values. As a result, it was necessary to use measured current-voltage characteristics to establish the space charge density at the corona. An additional problem in modeling point discharges is specification of shape and size of the corona sheath. Both the results and much earlier work by Trichel suggest that the thickness of the corona sheath cannot be automatically neglected. >
Rapid TLC determination of methadyl acetate and some in vitro metabolites.

Abstract Methadyl acetate was metabolized by microsomal preparations of rat liver to yield nor‐methadyl acetate and 6‐(dimethylamino)‐4, 4‐diphenyl‐3‐heptanol. The identification and separation of these three compounds was established by TLC, using iodoplatinate spray as a visualizing agent.
High throughput, cell type-specific analysis of key proteins in human endometrial biopsies of women from fertile and infertile couples

background: Although histological dating of endometrial biopsies provides little help for prediction or diagnosis of infertility, analysis of individual endometrial proteins, proteomic profiling and transcriptome analysis have suggested several biomarkers with altered expression arising from intrinsic abnormalities, inadequate stimulation by or in response to gonadal steroids or altered function due to systemic disorders. The objective of this study was to delineate the developmental dynamics of potentially important proteins in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, utilizing a collection of endometrial biopsies from women of fertile (n ¼ 89) and infertile (n ¼ 89) couples. methods and results: Progesterone receptor-B (PGR-B), leukemia inhibitory factor, glycodelin/progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP), homeobox A10, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, calcitonin and chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) were measured using a high-throughput, quantitative immunohistochemical method. Significant cyclic and tissue-specific regulation was documented for each protein, as well as their dysregulation in women of infertile couples. Infertile patients demonstrated a delay early in the secretory phase in the decline of PGR-B (P , 0.05) and premature mid-secretory increases in PAEP (P , 0.05) and CXCL14 (P , 0.05), suggesting that the implantation interval could be closing early. Correlation analysis identified potential interactions among certain proteins that were disrupted by infertility. conclusions: This approach overcomes the limitations of a small sample number. Protein expression and localization provided important insights into the potential roles of these proteins in normal and pathological development of the endometrium that is not attainable from transcriptome analysis, establishing a basis for biomarker, diagnostic and targeted drug development for women with infertility.
Silver nanoparticle structures realized by digital surface micromachining

We report a new surface micromachining process using commercial silver nanoparticle inks and digital fabrication methods. This process is entirely digital (non-lithographic patterning), the feature sizes can be ≪20µm, and the maximum temperature is less than 250°C. Furthermore, we have completed materials property characterization in order to enable design in this process. As a demonstration, silver cantilevers were fabricated using this process and subsequently characterized to determine the silver film's mechanical properties.
Independent subsection shift and a new simplified write technique for self-shift AC plasma panels

Enhanced drive schemes to increase the flexibility of parallel self-shift plasma display/memory panels are presented. The panel is divided electrically into strips that can be shifted independently. Writing is done with pulsewidth modulation, requiring simple circuitry and no extra power supply. The performance of these extensions is evaluated, and possible system configurations are discussed.
Relating Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear and Food Behavior: Correlation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic, Rheological, Sensory and Oral Processing Behavior of Whey Protein Isolate/κ‐Carrageenan Gels

Creating desirable food textures begins with a fundamental understanding of texture, which involves measuring mechanical properties of the food product. Large strain mechanical properties have been correlated with sensory and oral processing characteristics; however, most large strain testing in food research involves determination of fracture properties rather than examination of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Relationships between nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and food texture were determined by measuring and correlating nonlinear viscoelastic properties of several whey protein isolate/κ-carrageenan gels to sensory, oral processing and large strain rheological characteristics. Nonlinear viscoelastic properties correlated (R2 > 0.5, P < 0.05) to sensory, oral processing and large strain rheological behaviors. Sensory correlations included aspects evaluated after several chews as well as first bite aspects. Oral processing correlations generally involved jaw movement terms rather than electromyographical data. Understanding the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of food allows a better understanding of food structure and deformation mechanism and how that structure impacts food texture. Practical Applications This work demonstrates the applicability of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) testing in food science. The LAOS measurement and analysis method may be applied to foods with a wide range of structure and texture, allowing measurements of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior in materials that cannot be tested under current methodology. In addition, LAOS measurements can indicate structural aspects of the material, and correlations between structure and texture may be made from this information.
Felis domesticus papillomavirus, isolated from a skin lesion, is related to canine oral papillomavirus and contains a 1.3 kb non-coding region between the E2 and L2 open reading frames

We have characterized the complete genome (8300 bp) of an isolate of Felis domesticus papillomavirus (FdPV) from a domestic cat with cutaneous papillomatosis. A BLAST homology search using the nucleotide sequence of the L1 open reading frame demonstrated that the FdPV genome was most closely related to canine oral papillomavirus (COPV). A 384 bp non-coding region (NCR) was found between the end of L1 and the beginning of E6, and a 1.3 kbp NCR was located between the end of E2 and the beginning of L2. Phylogenetic analysis placed FdPV in the E3 clade with COPV. Both viruses contain the atypical second NCR, which has no homology with sequences in existing databases.
Post-deployment usability: a survey of current practices

Despite the growing research on usability in the pre-development phase, we know little about post-deployment usability activities. To characterize these activities, we surveyed 333 full-time usability professionals and consultants working in large and small corporations from a wide range of industries. Our results show that, as a whole, usability professionals are currently not playing a substantial role in the post-deployment phase compared to other phases of user-centered design, but when they do, practitioners find their interactions quite valuable. We highlight opportunities in HCI research and practice to bridge this gap by working more closely with software support and maintenance teams. We also raise the need to understand what might be called 'usability maintenance,' that is, the process and procedures, by which usability is maintained after deployment.
The mass of the Λ0 hyperon

The mass of the Λ0-hyperon has been measured using nuclear emulsions:MΛ=(1 115.55±0.15) MeV.
The Political Economy of Alignment: Great Britain's Commitments to Europe, 1905–39

deeply to the core of international relations theory as the origins of diplomatic alignments. If only one of the great powers had chosen a different alliance strategy at any of several critical junctures over the past century, the course of world history might have been radically altered. Germany might have succeeded in the conquest of Europe, or it might have been deterred from hostilities altogether. Much depended on Great Britain, which avoided entangling itself in continental crises until each world war had already become inevitable. By making a stronger commitment to France in the early 1910s, or by forging a close partnership with the Soviet Union in the late 1930s, Britain might have been able to persuade German leaders that military conoict would not have been worth the risk. Given the enormous stakes of great power politics, it is of vital importance for the aeld of international relations to provide a compelling account of how states choose their allies and adversaries. The academic debate over alignment has centered on two schools of thought within the realist paradigm. One view posits that states tend to balance against the most powerful actor in the system; the other asserts that states concern themselves only with speciac threats to their national security. Using these theories as a point of departure, many scholars have also explored secondorder factors that affect great power alignments, including offense-defense balance, revisionist motives, domestic regime characteristics, and intra-alliance bargaining dynamics. Such works have not directly challenged the core asThe Political Economy of Alignment
HAPI Bands: A haptic augmented posture interface

In the instruction of motor tasks, feedback from a teacher in the form of visual demonstration, aural directives, or physical guidance enhances student performance and facilitates motor learning. When the teacher's guidance is not available, or visual and aural cues are not appropriate, a wearable presentation of haptic feedback that mimics the teacher's touch is an alternative solution. We present HAPI Bands, a set of user-worn bands instrumented with eccentric mass motors that provide vibrotactile feedback for guidance of static pose. Joint misalignment from a target pose is corrected for 15 degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the upper-body. HAPI Bands uses a low-cost range camera, the Microsoft Kinect, and related software to measure the 3D position of a user's joints in space. We developed a novel algorithm that computes 6-DOF joint pose by integrating Kinect position sensing with orientation data from body-mounted accelerometers. Accuracy of the system's sensing was measured against Optotrak data, resulting in average joint biases of approximately 2.33°, 7.13°, and 7.48° for torso, shoulder, and elbow joints, respectively, with an average static RMS measurement error of 0.59°. In a user study, haptic feedback was found to be as effective as visual feedback in reducing endpoint error in 1-DOF movements of the torso and arm. Future work is planned to evaluate the HAPI Bands system in realistic applications and explore guidance of dynamic motion trajectories.
Work in progress - unified technical writing guidelines for engineering courses

Teaching of technical writing in an engineering program is usually a difficult task because of the wide range of technical subjects in the engineering field and the inherently different writing styles adopted by the various engineering disciplines. This is compounded by the different background of engineering faculty, the dichotomy of the background of students in a typical engineering class, and different author requirements by different technical journals. These, sometimes mutually exclusive issues, tend to impede student's learning of technical writing. In the course of their training at Grand Valley State University (GVSU), beginning with the freshman semester and continuing until the senior year, engineering students are required to complete numerous writing assignments. These assignments are usually in a variety of different engineering courses with different topical emphasis. To help engineering students master the fundamental aspects of technical writing, the faculty in the School of Engineering at GVSU have developed unified technical writing guidelines for engineering students. In this paper we discuss some of the features of the unified guidelines and preliminary results obtained from using these guidelines in some of the sophomore level courses