cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Television viewing, computer use, obesity, and adiposity in US preschool children

There is limited evidence in preschool children linking media use, such as television/video viewing and computer use, to obesity and adiposity. We tested three hypotheses in preschool children: 1) that watching > 2 hours of TV/videos daily is associated with obesity and adiposity, 2) that computer use is associated with obesity and adiposity, and 3) that > 2 hours of media use daily is associated with obesity and adiposity. We conducted a cross-sectional study using nationally representative data on children, aged 2–5 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002. Our main outcome measures were 1) weight status: normal versus overweight or at risk for overweight, and 2) adiposity: the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds (mm). Our main exposures were TV/video viewing (≤ 2 or > 2 hours/day), computer use (users versus non-users), and media use (≤ 2 or > 2 hours/day). We used multivariate Poisson and linear regression analyses, adjusting for demographic covariates, to test the independent association between TV/video viewing, computer use, or overall media use and a child's weight status or adiposity. Watching > 2 hours/day of TV/videos was associated with being overweight or at risk for overweight (Prevalence ratio = 1.34, 95% CI [1.07, 1.66]; n =1340) and with higher skinfold thicknesses (β = 1.08, 95% CI [0.19, 1.96]; n = 1337). Computer use > 0 hours/day was associated with higher skinfold thicknesses (β = 0.56, 95% CI [0.04, 1.07]; n = 1339). Media use had borderline significance with higher skinfold thicknesses (β = 0.85, 95% CI [-0.04, 1.75], P=0.06; n = 1334) Watching > 2 hours/day of TV/videos in US preschool-age children was associated with a higher risk of being overweight or at risk for overweight and higher adiposity–findings in support of national guidelines to limit preschool children's media use. Computer use was also related to higher adiposity in preschool children, but not weight status. Intervention studies to limit preschool children's media use are warranted.
The ecology of temperate salt-marsh fucoids. II. In situ growth of transplanted Ascophyllum nodosum ecads

Growth, in terms of length, weight, and number of branches and/or dichotomies, in transplanted specimens of Ascophyllum nodosum ecad scorpioides in a temperate salt marsh is described. The ecad scorpioides, when transplanted from its characteristic habitat on the mid-intertidal, Spartina alterniflora-dominated, marsh flats to a location near mean low-water developed characteristics normally associated with A. nodosum ecad mackaii. The growth of these plants was more rapid than those in the mid-intertidal region and was not affected by the shading of algal fronds by S. alterniflora. Unusually high temperatures and light intensities during the winter and spring months were major factors affecting growth in plants that were subjected to relatively long periods of tidal exposure. The presence of S. alterniflora during the summer months may act in a protective capacity for mid-intertidal ecad populations.
Low-power multichip module and board-level links for data transfer

Advanced device technologies such as Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) and diffractive micro lenses can be obtained with novel packaging techniques to allow low-power interconnection of parallel optical signals. These interconnections can be realized directly on circuit boards, in a multi-chip module format, or in packages that emulate electrical connectors. For applications such as stacking of Multi-Chip Module (MCM) layers, the links may be realized in bi-directional form using integrated diffractive microlenses. In the stacked MCM design, consumed electrical power is minimized by use of a relatively high laser output from high efficiency VCSELs, and a receiver design that is optimized for low power, at the expense of dynamic range. Within certain constraints, the design may be extended to other forms such as board-level interconnects.
Bayes Methods for Combining the Results of Cancer Studies in Humans and other Species

Abstract We propose a class of Bayesian statistical methods for interspecies extrapolation of dose-response functions. The methods distinguish formally between the conventional sampling error within each dose-response experiment and a novel error of uncertain relevance between experiments. Through a system of hierarchical prior distributions similar to that of Lindley and Smith (1972), the dose-response data from many substances and species are used to estimate the interexperimental error. The data, the estimated error of interspecies extrapolation, and prior biological information on the relations between species or between substances each contribute to the posterior densities of human dose-response. We apply our methods to an illustrative problem in the estimation of human lung cancer risk from various environmental emissions.
Longitudinal partial coherence of optical radiation

Abstract The spatial coherence between two points, lying on the propagation axis and which are illuminated by a finite extended, quasi-monochromatic, spatially incoherent light source, is studied. We show a Fourier transform relation between the complex degree of coherence and the quadratic radial distribution of the source, and propose two interferometric systems to measure the degree of coherence.
Paulo Freire’s Revolutionary Pedagogy: From a Story-Centered to a Narrative-Centered Communication Ethic:

This article frames Paulo Freire’s literacy project within the metaphors of story and narrative. The metaphors manifest philosophical and practical significance for understanding his literacy proje...
RADIATION DOSE-RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF LEUCOCYTE RECOVERY IN THE MOUSE

Conditions under which radiation dose-response increments result in significant response increments for granulocyte and lymphocyte recovery in the mouse are specified and a dose-response curve is given, which permits estimation of the dosage corresponding to a given level of response. The dose corresponding to a given time of recovery could be estimated with reasonable accuracy for granulocytes over the dose range 275-770 rads and for lymphocytes over the range 450-770 rads. For granulocytes recovery time increased 42% and for lymphocytes 30% per 100 rad dose increment. It was concluded that dose-response characteristics of recovery times are useful in distinguishing between dose- reducing effects and effects relating specifically to recovery processes. (P.C.H.)
Coupling Multicomponent Models with MPH on Distributed Memory Computer Architectures

A growing trend in developing large and complex applications on today's Teraflop-scale computers is to integrate standalone and/or semi-independent program components into a comprehensive simulation package. One example is the Community Climate System Model, which consists of atmosphere, ocean, land-surface, and sea ice components. Each component is semi-independent and has been developed at a different institution. We study how this multicomponent, multi-executable application can run effectively on distributed memory architectures. For the first time, we clearly identify five effective execution modes and develop the MPH library to support application development utilizing these modes. MPH performs component-name registration, resource allocation and initial component handshaking in a flexible way.
Epidermal nuclear immunofluorescence: serological correlations supporting an in vivo reaction.

SUMMARY Epidermal nuclear deposits of immunoglobulins (Ig) were studied by direct immunofluorescence in three groups of patients: ten scleroderma (SD, systemic sclerosis), seven dermatomyositis (DM) and seven systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Each patient had skin biopsies taken from three different sites (nailfold, forearm, buttock) on the same day that a serum sample was also obtained. Epidermal nuclear deposits were observed in nine of twenty-four patients (five SD, two DM, two SLE). A high serum ANA titre correlated significantly with the presence of epidermal nuclear Ig deposits. The nucleolar epidermal nuclear pattern was limited to the SD group, four of ten patients showing this pattern. Two of nine patients with positive results in the nailfold and forearm had negative findings in the buttock, supporting the view that deposition of Ig in the epidermal nuclei occurs in vivo.
Cloning and Sequencing of the Canine Neutrophil Elastase cDNA

Human cyclic neutropenia, also referred to as cyclic hematopoiesis, is a rare disease characterized by periodic fluctuations in blood cell production by the bone marrow and a corresponding recurrent severe neutropenia every 19-21 days. This results in bacterial infections and shortened life expectancy. Platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, and reticulocytes cycle with the same periodicity. It has been determined that the neutrophil elastase (NE) gene is mutated in all cases of human cyclic hematopoiesis. Currently, the only animal model for this disease is the grey collie dog, in which there is a strikingly similar periodic neutropenia every 12-14 days. Towards the validation of this animal model, we have cloned and sequenced the canine NE cDNA from a normal dog (GenBank accession number AF494190).
Sexual Assault and Substance Use in Male Veterans Receiving a Brief Alcohol Intervention

Objective:Many studies have documented the link between substance use and a history of sexual assault in women; however, few studies have examined this relationship in men. The purpose of this study was to explore the rates of sexual assault in a sample of male veterans reporting alcohol misuse and to further explore potential differences in alcohol use patterns and alcohol-related characteristics in those with and without a history of sexual assault. We also explored the types of illicit drugs being used in the past 90 days and whether a clinical sample of male veterans reporting sexual assault are at greater odds of using these substances when compared with their peers with no history of sexual assault.Method:Data were collected on a nationwide sample (N = 880) of male veterans receiving care in Veterans Administration outpatient mental health clinics.Results:We found that 9.5% of our sample reported a history of sexual assault, and those with this history reported increased alcohol consumption, a great...
Genetic Fusion of an α-Subunit Gene to the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotropin-β Subunit Genes: Production of a Bifunctional Protein

The human glycoprotein hormones, hCG, TSH, LH, and FSH, are composed of a common alpha-subunit assembled to a hormone-specific beta-subunit. The subunits combine noncovalently early in the secretory pathway and exist as heterodimers but not as multimers. LH/FSH are synthesized in the pituitary gonadotrophs, and several of the alpha-subunit sequences required for association with either the LHbeta or FSHbeta subunits are different. Thus, it is intriguing that no ternary complexes are observed for LH and FSH in vivo (e.g. two different beta-assembled to a single alpha-subunit). To examine whether the alpha-subunit can interact with more than one beta-subunit, and to study the conformational relationships between the ligand and the receptor, we constructed a vector encoding two tandemly arranged beta-subunits fused to a single alpha-subunit gene (FSHbeta-CGbeta-alpha). This approach permitted structure-function analyses of alpha/beta domain complexes without the possibility of subunit dissociation. We reported previously that the CGbeta or FSHbeta subunit gene can be genetically fused to the alpha-gene and the resulting single chains (CGbetaalpha and FSHbetaalpha, respectively) were biologically active. Here we demonstrate that a triple-domain single chain bearing the configuration FSHbeta-CGbeta-alpha is efficiently secreted from transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and exhibits high-affinity receptor binding to both FSH and LH/hCG receptors, comparable to the native heterodimers. These results indicate that the alpha-subunit can interact with each beta-subunit in the same complex and that an alpha-domain fused to a beta-domain can still interact with an additional beta-subunit. The data also demonstrate the remarkable flexibility of the receptor to accommodate the increased bulkiness of the triple-domain ligand. In addition, the formation of intrachain FSH- and CG-like complexes observed in a triple-domain single chain suggests that the alpha-subunit can resonate, i.e. shuttle between alpha-beta heterodimeric intermediates during the early stages of synthesis and accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Such model compounds could be useful as substrates to generate a new class of analogs in which the ratio of the LH/FSH activity is varied. This could aid in the design of analogs that could be used to mimic the in vivo hormonal profiles.
System power distribution network theory and performance with various noise current stimuli including impacts on chip level timing

Power Quality has become a determining factor in product performance and reliability. The reactive portions of the power distribution network (PDN) have a greater effect on power quality than DC IR drop. Resonance in the parallel inductance and capacitance network creates an impedance peak in the frequency domain and undesirable voltage noise in the time domain. The on-chip voltage noise is usually much higher than PCB PDN noise. A method of determining and simulating circuit parameters and comparing results to a target impedance is presented. A test vehicle has been built and measured to provide laboratory measured results for PDN voltage noise. Switching current patterns are defined which generate typical and pathological voltage waveforms. PRBS patterns are used as a characterization technique to provide reasonable worst case resonance stimulation. The voltage noise is responsible for measured timing and jitter degradation in logic circuits.
DNA IN GAMETOGENESIS AND EMBRYOGENY IN TRADESCANTIA

A microphotometric study of various Feulgen-stained gametophytic and sporophytic nuclei of Tradescantia paludosa was made to test the hypothesis that DNA is maintained in multiples of a basic unit within all cells of an organism. A multiple relationship was found in all tissues analyzed. The lowest amount of DNA was found in gametophytic nuclei, approximately twice and four times this amount in sporophytic nuclei, and approximately three and six times this amount in endosperm nuclei. Intermediate amounts of DNA were found only in tissues presumably undergoing an interphase synthesis of DNA preceding either cell division or endomitosis. It is concluded that within the limitations of present methods of measurement, DNA amounts show a quantitative behavior which supports the "constancy" hypothesis. Such quantitative stability of DNA gives support to the concept that DNA is associated with the stable elements of the gene.
Vertical Patellar Position in Large‐Breed Dogs with Clinically Normal Stifles and Large‐Breed Dogs with Medial Patellar Luxation

Objective— To further define vertical patellar position, as measured by the ratio of patellar ligament length to patellar length (L:P), in large-breed dogs with clinically normal stifles and compare that to the L:P of large-breed dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). Study Design— Retrospective study. Sample Population— Large-breed dogs (n=50) with clinically normal stifle joints and 30 large-breed dogs with MPL. Methods— Large-breed dogs with clinically normal stifle joints or MPL were identified and divided into groups (NORM and MPL, respectively). L:P values were determined for each dog by 4 observers from single lateral stifle radiographs. L:P was compared between NORM and MPL groups and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results— All 4 observers found a significantly higher L:P (more proximally positioned patella) for the MPL group compared with the NORM group. Overall mean (±SEM) L:P were: NORM, 1.71±0.020 and MPL, 1.87±0.025. The 95% CI was determined to be 1.45–1.97 for the NORM group and 1.57–2.17 for the MPL group. Conclusions— Large-breed dogs with MPL had a significantly more proximal vertical patellar position compared with large-breed dogs with clinically normal stifles. Large-breed dogs with L:P values >1.97 are considered to have patella alta. Clinical Relevance— Proximal displacement of the patella within the femoral trochlear groove may play a role in MPL in large-breed dogs.
Mandating treatment for drug possessors: The impact of Senate Bill 123 on the criminal justice system in Kansas

Abstract Kansas' Senate Bill 123 (SB 123) created mandatory community-based drug treatment for individuals convicted of first- or second-offense drug possession. This study examined the impact of SB 123 on sentencing practices, supervision, and treatment services across Kansas. The study indicated that SB 123 diverted drug possessors not from prison, as intended, but from one form of community supervision to another, subjecting more offenders to greater surveillance and longer sentences. Such “front-end” net-widening was due to the structure of the law itself and a lack of understanding of pre-implementation sentencing practices. In some counties, judges engaged in some circumvention of the law, suggesting possible local-level differences in buy-in among courtroom actors; such circumvention was also focused on offenders with more serious criminal histories, indicating judicial-level evaluations of offender amenability to treatment. While SB 123 offenders received the treatment they were assessed to need, the provision of treatment remained heavily concentrated in a few providers, increasing disparities in access to treatment and making the success of the program highly dependant on a small number of institutional actors.
From tele presence to human absence: the pragmatic construction of the human in communications systems research

This paper reflects on the views of the human that were oriented to in two distinct research labs and which have been used to populate an inventive landscape over the past twenty years. It suggests that there are commonalities to the views in question, making them essentially the same. Both emphasise body movement at the expense of expression and both, one could reasonably claim, derive from a conceptual dualism as regards human nature associated with Descartes and then adopted by the computer scientist, Alan Turing. The paper will argue that, whatever conceptual dualists in philosophy or computer science might want to claim or emphasise, the use of this view by the researchers in question was not because it offered an adequate ontology but because it was a pragmatically useful way of looking at the world that enabled and helped drive inventiveness. The paper will report on how this was applied in the domain of communication technologies, particularly telepresence type systems. It will remark on the benefits and limitations of this view for the inventiveness in question and how this view led to many technological innovations that have not been widely adopted and to an indifference to innovation in textually mediated communication, amongst other things. The paper will remark on the value this view might have for future research.
Gallium nitride devices for power electronic applications

Recent success with the fabrication of high-performance GaN-on-Si high-voltage HFETs has made this technology a contender for power electronic applications. This paper discusses the properties of GaN that make it an attractive alternative to established silicon and emerging SiC power devices. Progress in development of vertical power devices from bulk GaN is reviewed followed by analysis of the prospects for GaN-on-Si HFET structures. Challenges and innovative solutions to creating enhancement-mode power switches are reviewed.
Low-Temperature Solid-State Silver Bonding of Silicon Chips to Alumina Substrates

Pure silver (Ag) is used as a bonding medium to bond silicon (Si) chips to alumina substrates. The bonding process is performed at 260°C, which is a typical peak reflow temperature of Sn3.5Ag solders used in electronic industries. A static pressure of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) is applied. This is a solid-state bonding process without any molten phase involved. The Ag foil sandwiched between the Si chip and the alumina substrate is ductile enough to deform and mate with the gold (Au) layers coated, respectively, on the Si chip and on the alumina substrate. Ag and Au atoms on both sides of the bonding interfaces are brought within atomic distance, and bonding is thus achieved. The ductile Ag joints can accommodate significant mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between Si and alumina. Scanning electron microscopy evaluations show that nearly perfect joints are achieved and no voids are observed. A standard shear test is performed to assess the bonding strength. The shear strength measured far exceeds the requirement specified in MIL-STD-883G standard.
Social capital and solving the puzzle of Black women's political participation

In the USA, Black women participate in politics at much higher rates than expected, especially given that the group ranks low on many of the traditional correlates of political participation, such as income and education. Using data from the 2000 Social Capital Benchmark Study and the 2011 American National Elections Study, we present an intersectional model of Black women's political participation. Our results demonstrate that many of the traditional factors associated with high levels of political participation matter less for Black women as a group and that social capital plays a key role in promoting their political participation. The high level of social capital in the group, combined with a strong substantive effect of social capital, illustrates the potential of social capital to help explain the puzzle of Black women's political participation. We provide evidence that social capital plays a particularly important role for Black women's political participation when compared to other groups. Our res...
Polyquinolines: Multifunctional Polymers for Electro-Optic and Light-Emitting Applications

A versatile, and generally applicable modular approach for making second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) side-chain aromatic polyquinolines has been developed. This approach emphasizes the ease of incorporating NLO chromophores onto the pendent phenyl moieties of parent polyquinolines at the final stage via mild Mitsunobu reaction. This method provides the synthesis of polyquinolines with a broad variation of the polymer backbones and great flexibility in the selection of NLO chromophores. These side-chain NLO polyquinolines demonstrate high electro-optic (E-O) activity (up to 35 pm/V at 830 nm and 22 pm/V at 1300 nm, respectively) and a good combination of thermal, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Comparatively, two new electroluminescent (EL) polyquinolines have been prepared via the Friedlander condensation and nucleophilic reaction. The resulting polymers contain a bipolar property with both an efficient hole-transporting moiety, tetraphenyldiaminobiphenyl (TPD), and an electron affinitive light-emitting moiety, bis-quinoline. In addition, they possess high thermal stability, excellent electrochemical reversibility, good thin film-forming ability, and bright light-emitting property. Electrical characterization of two-layer diode devices based on the configurations of ITO/CuPc/TPD-PQ or TPD-PQE/Al showed excellent electroluminescence performance (a rectification ratio greater than 105 and a low turn-on voltage of less than 4 V).
Practicing What We Preach: Teaching Teams Using Validated Team Science

The scientist-practitioner model, upon which many academic programs (including coursework on teams) are built, suggests that education should focus on more than just rote knowledge of a topic. The ...
High-resolution fiber reflectometry for avionics applications

We introduce a tunable-laser-based technique for sub-millimeter resolution fiber reflectometry. We show how the technique is used to locate bends, breaks, bad splices and poor connections in short-haul single- and multimode fiber links.
Can Power from Below Change the World

Prevailing perspectives on power cannot explain why political protests from the bottom of societies sometimes result in reforms that reflect the grievances of the protestors. I propose a new theory of “interdependent power” that provides such an explanation. I argue that, contrary to common views, globalization actually increases the potential for this kind of popular power.
A new sealing compound for museum jars

A plastic sealing compound for museum jars is described. It has the consistancy of toothpaste and is applied in a similar manner directly to the museum jar from a tube. No catalyst or mixing is required. Moisture in the air cures the plastic in 12–24 hours. After the extruded “rope” is applied, the lid is placed on the jar and the jar set aside for the cure. After cure any excess can be trimmed with a scalpel.
An analysis-synthesis hidden Markov model of speech

Continuous speech from one male American speaker is described by a single, large, hidden Markov model. The problems of model parameter estimation, speech-state decoding, and speech-observation decoding are presented under a unified conceptual framework built around a maximum-likelihood approach. The model has 64 states and 1024 observations, and is assumed to be fully connected. This model possesses not only speech analysis but also speech synthesis capabilities. Very-low-bit-rate speech coding is made possible by the fact that very little information is needed to encode speech state sequences. Intelligible speech was produced at 1.68 bits/frame, whereas a 2 bits/frame pitched-excited LPC vector quantizer did not produce intelligible speech. >
Joint Multiple Description Coding and FEC for Delay-Constrained Applications in Congested Networks

Multiple description coding (MDC) and forward error control (FEC) are two frequently used techniques for improving transport performance on lossy packet networks. Typically, these two techniques are used separately and independently with resulting performance dependent on network conditions, the choice of coding parameters and the applications being transported. In this paper we propose and analyze a joint MDC and FEC coding approach for delay-constrained applications on congested networks under some idealized modeling assumptions which are, nevertheless, sufficient to draw some qualitative conclusions. Specifically, for fixed delay constraints we show that under a range of operating parameters, there is an optimal FEC coding block size, channel coding rate and assignment of MDC rates which can achieve significantly improved end-to-end performance, compared to the performance achieved by using only MDC or FEC alone.
Projector Placement Planning for High Quality Visualizations on Real-World Colored Objects

Many visualization applications benefit from displaying content on real-world objects rather than on a traditional display (e.g., a monitor). This type of visualization display is achieved by projecting precisely controlled illumination from multiple projectors onto the real-world colored objects. For such a task, the placement of the projectors is critical in assuring that the desired visualization is possible. Using ad hoc projector placement may cause some appearances to suffer from color shifting due to insufficient projector light radiance being exposed onto the physical surface. This leads to an incorrect appearance and ultimately to a false and potentially misleading visualization. In this paper, we present a framework to discover the optimal position and orientation of the projectors for such projection-based visualization displays. An optimal projector placement should be able to achieve the desired visualization with minimal projector light radiance. When determining optimal projector placement, object visibility, surface reflectance properties, and projector-surface distance and orientation need to be considered. We first formalize a theory for appearance editing image formation and construct a constrained linear system of equations that express when a desired novel appearance or visualization is possible given a geometric and surface reflectance model of the physical surface. Then, we show how to apply this constrained system in an adaptive search to efficiently discover the optimal projector placement which achieves the desired appearance. Constraints can be imposed on the maximum radiance allowed by the projectors and the projectors' placement to support specific goals of various visualization applications. We perform several real-world and simulated appearance edits and visualizations to demonstrate the improvement obtained by our discovered projector placement over ad hoc projector placement.
Brain hyperthermia is induced by methamphetamine and exacerbated by social interaction

Hyperthermia is a symptom of methamphetamine (METH) intoxication and a factor implicated in neurotoxicity during chronic METH use. To characterize the thermic response to METH, it was injected once daily into rats at increasing doses (0, 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg, s.c.) while brain [nucleus accumbens (NAcc), hippocampus] and body (deep temporal muscle) temperatures were continuously monitored. METH produced dose-dependent hyperthermia, with brain structures (especially the NAcc) showing a more rapid and pronounced temperature increase than the muscle. At the highest dose, brain and body temperatures increased 3.5–4.0°C above basal levels and remained elevated for 3–5 hr. Stressful and other high-activity situations such as interaction with a conspecific female are also known to induce a significant hyperthermic response in the rat. A combination of social interaction and METH administration was tested for additive effects. Male rats were exposed daily to a conspecific female for a total of 120 min, and METH was injected at the same doses 30 min after the initial contact with the female. An initial hyperthermic response (∼1.5°C) to social interaction was followed by a large and prolonged hyperthermic response (3.5–5.0°C, 5–7 hr at 9 mg/kg) to METH, which was again stronger in brain structures (especially in the NAcc) than in the muscle. Although the combined effect of the hyperthermic events was not additive, METH administration during social interaction produced stronger and longer-lasting increases in brain and body temperature than that induced by drug alone, heating the brain in some animals near its biological limit (>41°C).
New teachers’ perceptions of a standards-based performance appraisal system

This study was conducted with first-year teachers. It provided insight into two key research questions: (1) What were the perceptions of new teachers regarding a standards-based performance appraisal system as it was implemented on their campus? (2) What factors contributed to the perceptions of new teachers regarding this system as it was implemented on their campus? This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was an online survey consisting of 24 Likert-type, 4-point items designed to elicit responses regarding the individual teachers’ experience with the standards-based evaluation. These survey scores were then totaled and ranked to determine the top and bottom scoring participants. Extreme scoring respondents participated in individual interviews regarding the specific contributing factors behind their perceptions of the evaluation in the second phase. Interview data were then read and phenomena were coded to develop broad themes and subthemes of information that occurred during each interview. These patterns were analyzed to reveal factors that contributed to the negative and positive perceptions. This study found that the value a teacher placed on the evaluation process was influenced by the principal. In addition, teachers who felt well-prepared and well-supported by their peers and their principal viewed the experience positively, and teachers also placed a higher value on the process when they felt they received meaningful and timely feedback and/or were provided opportunity for self-reflection. Finally, this study found that the relationship teachers have with principals is not always a factor in their perception of the standards-based appraisal process.
Evaluation of capillary and myofiber density in the pectoralis major muscles of rapidly growing, high-yield broiler chickens during increased heat stress.

SUMMARY Skeletal muscle development proceeds from early embryogenesis through marketing age in broiler chickens. While myofiber formation is essentially complete at hatching, myofiber hypertrophy can increase after hatch by assimilation of satellite cell nuclei into myofibers. As the diameter of the myofibers increases, capillary density peripheral to the myofiber is marginalized, limiting oxygen supply and subsequent diffusion into the myofiber, inducing microischemia. The superficial and deep pectoralis muscles constitute 25% of the total body weight in a market-age bird; thus compromise of those muscle groups can have profound economic impact on broiler production. We hypothesized that marginal capillary support relative to the hypertrophic myofibers increases the incidence of microischemia, especially in contemporary high-yield broilers under stressing conditions such as high environmental temperatures. We evaluated the following parameters in four different broiler strains at 39 and 53 days of age wh...
Semantic Representation of Tourism on the Internet

With the huge amount of information available on the Internet and the increasing importance of online search, understanding the tourism domain is essential for effective online marketing. This study focuses on the semantic representation of the tourism domain with respect to information provided on tourism-related Web sites and travelers' information needs as expressed through search engine queries. The results show that huge discrepancies exist between the domain ontology derived from tourism Web sites and the one emerging from user queries. This study offers useful insights into the challenge of representing tourism products and services through Web sites and provides directions for developing Internet-based systems that can better support travel planning.
Effects of unique ion chemistry on thin-film growth by plasma-surface interactions.

Plasma processing is a standard industrial method for the modification of material surfaces and the deposition of thin films. Polyatomic ions and neutrals larger than a triatomic play a critical role in plasma-induced surface chemistry, especially in the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. In this paper, low energy CF3+ and C3F5+ ions are used to modify a polystyrene surface. Experimental and computational studies are combined to quantify the effect of the unique chemistry and structure of the incident ions on the result of ion-polymer collisions. C3F5+ ions are more effective at growing films than CF3+, both at similar energy/atom of ≈6 eV/atom and similar total kinetic energies of 25 and 50 eV. The composition of the films grown experimentally also varies with both the structure and kinetic energy of the incident ion. Both C3F5+ and CF3+ should be thought of as covalently bound polyatomic precursors or fragments that can react and become incorporated within the polystyrene surface, rather than merely donating F atoms. The size and structure of the ions affect polymer film formation via differing chemical structure, reactivity, sticking probabilities, and energy transfer to the surface. The different reactivity of these two ions with the polymer surface supports the argument that larger species contribute to the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. These results indicate that complete understanding and accurate computer modeling of plasma–surface modification requires accurate measurement of the identities, number densities, and kinetic energies of higher mass ions and energetic neutrals.
HiFIND: A high-speed flow-level intrusion detection approach with DoS resiliency

Global-scale attacks like worms and botnets are increasing in frequency, severity and sophistication, making it critical to detect outbursts at routers/gateways instead of end hosts. In this paper, leveraging data streaming techniques such as the reversible sketch, we design HiFIND, a High-speed Flow-level Intrusion Detection system. In contrast to existing intrusion detection systems, HiFIND: (i) is scalable to flow-level detection on high-speed networks; (ii) is DoS resilient; (iii) can distinguish SYN flooding and various port scans (mostly for worm propagation) for effective mitigation; (iv) enables aggregate detection over multiple routers/gateways; and (v) separates anomalies to limit false positives in detection. Both theoretical analysis and evaluation with several router traces show that HiFIND achieves these properties. To the best of our knowledge, HiFIND is the first online DoS resilient flow-level intrusion detection system for high-speed networks (e.g. OC192), even for the worst-case traffic of 40-byte-packet streams with each packet forming a flow.
Embodying Music: Matching Music and Dance in Memory

We examined the ability to detect a match between a piece of music and a dance intended to express it. We used three pieces of music and three dances, and we presented these under the four following conditions. (1) Sequential selection: participants were presented with a piece of music and then selected, from among three sequentially presented dances, the one that best matched the music; or they were presented with a dance and then selected, from among three sequentially presented musical pieces, the one that best matched the dance. (2) Sequential judgment: participants were presented with a piece of music followed by a dance, or with a dance followed by a piece of music, and decided how well these matched. (3) Simultaneous judgment: participants were presented simultaneously with a piece of music and a dance and decided how well these matched. (4) Isolated presentation: participants were presented with either a dance or a musical piece and answered questions about its characteristics and their responses to it. Participants in the first three conditions answered similar questions about how they made their decision about the match between music and dance. A total of 942 university students participated. In the sequential selection condition, participants successfully matched the music with the dance intended to express it. In the sequential judgment and simultaneous judgment conditions, participants acknowledged matches between congruent music and dance, but also noted matches between music and dance not intended to be congruent. The various means by which participants detected a match between music and dance are examined.
Minimal Reaction Sets for Escherichia coli Metabolism under Different Growth Requirements and Uptake Environments

A computational procedure for identifying the minimal set of metabolic reactions capable of supporting various growth rates on different substrates is introduced and applied to a flux balance model of the Escherichia coli metabolic network. This task is posed mathematically as a generalized network optimization problem. The minimal reaction sets capable of supporting specified growth rates are determined for two different uptake conditions: (i) limiting the uptake of organic material to a single organic component (e.g., glucose or acetate) and (ii) allowing the importation of any metabolite with available cellular transport reactions. We find that minimal reaction network sets are highly dependent on the uptake environment and the growth requirements imposed on the network. Specifically, we predict that the E. coli network, as described by the flux balance model, requires 224 metabolic reactions to support growth on a glucose-only medium and 229 for an acetate-only medium, while only 122 reactions enable growth on a specially engineered growth medium.
Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

Eight abstracts highlighting the continued evolution of the management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer were presented at the 2011 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (Abstracts #195, #239, #259, #281, #287, #305, #307, #324). These studies address key issues including the role of novel targeted therapies, what chemotherapy regimen should be used in conjunction with radiotherapy, and whether locally advanced pancreatic cancer can be managed with chemotherapy alone. Image: Yale University. New Haven, CT, USA. (logo)
Seating orientations and upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy

This study was conducted to determine the effect of body orientation on upper extremity function in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Thirteen children between ages 8 and 16 and diagnosed as having spastic or athetoid cerebral palsy were placed randomly in different seating orientations (30 degrees, 15 degrees, and 0 degrees of posterior inclination and 15 degrees of anterior inclination). In each seating position, the subject performed an upper extremity activity on cue. The tests were repeated in reverse sequence. Mean performance times were different at all seating orientations for both types of subjects. Performance time was lowest at the 0-degree orientation during the retest for the subjects with spasticity and highest at 15-degree anterior inclination during the retest for the subjects with athetosis. The results of this study show that orientation of the body in space affects upper extremity function and emphasizes the importance of positioning for maximizing upper extremity function.
Income Inequality and Election Outcomes in OECD Countries: New Evidence Following the Great Recession of 2008-2009

Using data on national parliamentary election outcomes in 32 OECD countries from 1975 to 2013, we investigate the importance of economic voting. We focus on the relevance of income inequality which has resurfaced to the forefront of public debate since the last global economic downturn. Additionally, we examine whether the degree of economic voting varies with the political orientation of the incumbent government. Finally, we check whether the Great Recession of 2008–2009 alters the degree to which voters hold the incumbent government, specifically left parties, responsible for poor economic performance and rising inequality. We find that economic growth is the most robust variable for economic voting, before and after the Great Recession. The vote share for left-leaning parties declines when income inequality rises during normal economic times. However, voters are more likely to vote for left-wing incumbents if domestic income inequality and unemployment rate rose during the Great Recession.
Yersinia enterocolitica Septicemia

Yersinia enterocolitica was recovered from the blood of an infant with sepsis and fever but with few gastrointestinal symptoms. The age of this patient was unusual as septicemia owing to this organism has most frequently been seen in adults. Because of the absence of digestive symptoms, it is uncertain what the portal of entry of the organism might have been. Yersinia enterocolitica is not often recognized, either because of difficulties in identification or because it may not be recognized as a human pathogen.
Neonatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Description: A rare, but severe condition characterized by massive bleeding into the lungs and airways. The clinical status deteriorates rapidly with the associated mortality ranging from 50 to 80 %. The incidence of long-term pulmonary morbidity, such as chronic lung disease (CLD) among the survivors exceeds 80 %.
Control of Postural Reactions in Man: The Initiation of Gait

This study seeks to establish how locomotion is initiated and to characterize the role of central and/or peripheral mechanisms in the control of this behaviour. Initiation of gait is defined as a series of postural reactions in both the swing and stance limbs. Postural reactions of both lower limbs were assessed after an auditory signal (AS) on a “walkway” (by recording myoelectric potentials from the TA, MG, S, RF, VM, MH, BiF, G.Med., G. Max. muscles (the abbreviations are defined in the Methods); joint position of ankle, knee and hip; amplitude and position of vertical forces; and moments (torque) about the ankle joints) through one complete stride of the swing leg and through toe-off of the stance leg. The influence of muscle and joint afferents was evaluated by differential suppression of the tibial nerve with dilute solutions of Xylocaine, by inhibiting the excitation-coupling reaction of muscle with a peroral administration of dantrolene sodium, and by restraining joint motion with a below-knee orthosis. In both limbs, the gait was initiated, before angular displacement, by a sudden reduction in EMG activity of the MG and S muscles (e.g. 150 msec after AS) followed shortly by an intense discharge in the TA muscle and to a lesser degree in the RF and G.Med, muscles.
County Transportation Sales Taxes: What Factors Lead the County Board of Supervisors to Place a Legislative Referendum on the Ballot?

County-level local option transportation sales taxes have become an important source of revenue for county and city transportation projects in California. Little has been written in political science about local transportation sales taxes or the decisions of county boards of supervisors to place such taxes on the ballot. Based on data from all 58 counties in California, I find demographic, political, and infrastructure-demand differences between the counties that have gone to the ballot and the counties that have not. Specifically, I find that population pressures along with reductions in transportation revenue from state and federal governments and increased infrastructure-demands increase the likelihood of a county placing a transportation sales tax on the ballot. These findings, based on preliminary models, contribute to a growing body of scholarship on county government, and specifically to scholarship on the impact of county-level factors on democratic decision-making.
College Football, Electronic Arts, and the Right of Publicity: Reality-Mimicking Run Amok

This Article addresses the failure of sports video game makers to compensate the real-life players on whom their games are based. Such an unauthorized use of likeness violates the players’ right of publicity. This Article therefore proposes a modern legal test — the Reality Mimicking Predominant Use Test — for courts to apply when determining whether a videogame exploits a player’s likeness. Under the proposed test, a videogame receives less First Amendment protection if the game’s predominant purpose is to mimic reality. Where a videogame is less about telling a story and more about mimicking reality, a higher burden is placed on the defendant videogame maker to show a fair use. This standard stems from principles established by the Supreme Court in Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Company, where the Court noted that “the strongest case for a right of publicity [is]...the appropriation of the very activity which the entertainer acquired his reputation in the first place.”
Tracking Myself: Assessing the Contribution of Mobile Technologies for Self-Trackers of Weight, Diet, or Exercise

For individuals trying to lose or maintain weight, self-tracking their weight, diet, or exercise is important. In the past, different tracking modes have been examined, like paper and pencil, memory, or personal digital assistants. But the recent advancement and adoption of mobile technologies could also result in easier and simpler self-tracking. However, little is known about self-trackers, their tracking modes, and the absolute or relative contribution of each tracking mode at the population level. This study fills this gap by (a) comparing self-trackers' characteristics across tracking modes and against nontrackers and (b) testing the relationship between mobile self-tracking and tracking outcomes using a representative sample of data from the Pew Internet and American Life Project from 2012. Controls in the model include demographics, technology use, and health indicators. Results suggest that mobile self-trackers are younger and more educated and that mobile self-tracking is a positive contributor and the best tracking mode.