cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmotic release oral system methylphenidate prevents weight gain during a smoking-cessation attempt in adults with ADHD.

BACKGROUND Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for both cigarette smoking and being overweight or obese. Although smoking cessation tends to result in weight increase, potentially initiating or exacerbating weight problems, adults with ADHD who are treated with osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) tend to lose weight. It is unclear how the use of OROS-MPH during a smoking-cessation attempt might affect the typical weight gain that accompanies cessation. METHOD We examined changes in weight and hunger during a smoking-cessation attempt in 215 adults with ADHD who completed a multisite, randomized, controlled trial and were randomized to either OROS-MPH (n = 107) or placebo (n = 108) (NCT #00253747). Both groups also received open-label transdermal nicotine replacement and counseling. RESULTS Participants who received OROS-MPH lost an average of 1.6% of their body weight during the 11-week study, whereas those who received placebo gained an average of 1.3% of their weight (p < .001). Hunger ratings were lower in the OROS-MPH group (M = 1.1, SD = 0.8) than in the placebo group (M = 1.6, SD = 0.9; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The use of OROS-MPH during a smoking-cessation attempt prevents weight gain in adults with ADHD who substantially reduce or quit smoking. The potential utility of OROS-MPH in individuals with ADHD who are attempting to quit smoking and for whom weight gain would be problematic warrants further research.
Eggs of leach's storm petrel: O2 Uptake, water loss, and microclimate of the nest

Abstract 1. 1. The O2 consumption and water loss of eggs of Leach's storm petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) were measured during their natural incubation on Kent Island, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. 2. 2. During their 42-day incubation period, the 10.5 g eggs had a total O2 consumption of 1.81 and the O2 uptake at the pre-internal pipping stage was estimated at 100 ml/day. 3. 3. The rate of water loss was followed over a 21-day period, averaging 47mg/day, and for the total incubation period predicts a total diffusive water loss of 1.96g. 4. 4. Egg temperatures and burrow temperatures were 33.4 and 8.3°C, respectively, resulting in an egg-nest water vapor pressure difference of 30.7 Torr, which when multiplied by the water vapor conductance of the shell, 1.55mg/day Torr, accounts for the observed daily water loss. 5. 5. The average number of pores per egg was 1516, SD 274.
ClariSense: Clarifying sensor anomalies using social network feeds

The explosive growth in social networks that publish real-time content begs the question of whether their feeds can complement traditional sensors to achieve augmented sensing capabilities. One such capability is to explain anomalous sensor readings. Towards that end, in this paper, we build an automated anomaly clarification service, called ClariSense. It explains sensor anomalies using social network feeds. Explanation goes beyond detection. When a sensor network detects anomalous conditions, our system automatically suggests hypotheses that explain the likely causes of the anomaly to a human by identifying unusual social network feeds that seem to be correlated with the sensor anomaly in time and in space. To evaluate this service, we use real-time data feeds from the California traffic system that shares vehicle count and traffic speed on major California highways at 5 minute intervals. When anomalies are detected, our system automatically diagnoses their root cause by correlating the anomaly with feeds on Twitter. The identified cause is then compared to official traffic and incident reports, showing a great correspondence with ground truth.
Structural clusters of evolutionary trace residues are statistically significant and common in proteins.

Given the massive increase in the number of new sequences and structures, a critical problem is how to integrate these raw data into meaningful biological information. One approach, the Evolutionary Trace, or ET, uses phylogenetic information to rank the residues in a protein sequence by evolutionary importance and then maps those ranked at the top onto a representative structure. If these residues form structural clusters, they can identify functional surfaces such as those involved in molecular recognition. Now that a number of examples have shown that ET can identify binding sites and focus mutational studies on their relevant functional determinants, we ask whether the method can be improved so as to be applicable on a large scale. To address this question, we introduce a new treatment of gaps resulting from insertions and deletions, which streamlines the selection of sequences used as input. We also introduce objective statistics to assess the significance of the total number of clusters and of the size of the largest one. As a result of the novel treatment of gaps, ET performance improves measurably. We find evolutionarily privileged clusters that are significant at the 5% level in 45 out of 46 (98%) proteins drawn from a variety of structural classes and biological functions. In 37 of the 38 proteins for which a protein-ligand complex is available, the dominant cluster contacts the ligand. We conclude that spatial clustering of evolutionarily important residues is a general phenomenon, consistent with the cooperative nature of residues that determine structure and function. In practice, these results suggest that ET can be applied on a large scale to identify functional sites in a significant fraction of the structures in the protein databank (PDB). This approach to combining raw sequences and structure to obtain detailed insights into the molecular basis of function should prove valuable in the context of the Structural Genomics Initiative.
Real-time parameter identification in a class of distributed systems using Lyapunov design method Part II. Applications

Abstract In this paper, the parameter identification algorithms developed in Part I are applied to a number of distributed systems. Sensitivity analyses are performed to determine how sensitive this identification method is to changes in the variables of the method, such as finite element length, derivative filter cut-off frequency and gain constants The effect of the measurement noiso is also investigated via computer simulation.
153. Latent CMV infection accounts for the age-related differences in the mobilization and egress of senescent CD8+ T-cells in response to acute exercise

Acute-exercise facilitates the trafficking of peripheral blood CD8+ T-cells, preferentially mobilizing effector-memory and senescent cells. Although this response appears to be greater in older subjects, it is also amplified in young people with latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. As CMV prevalence increases with age, these age-related differences in the CD8+ T-cell response to exercise may be due to CMV. Sixteen young (Y, 20–35 years) and 16 older (O, 50–64 years) subjects cycled for 30-min at 80% peak-power. Eight participants in both Y and O were seropositive (pos) for CMV. Blood lymphocytes isolated before, immediately after and 1 h after exercise were analyzed for numbers and proportions of CD3+/CD8+ T-cells and, naive (KLRG1−/CD28+), memory (KLRG1+/CD28+) and senescent (KLRG1+/CD28−) subsets. Exercise increased numbers of senescent, memory and naive CD8+ T-cells, followed by an egress 1 h later. Age (+32%), CMV (+24%), and age-×-CMV interaction effects were found for proportions of senescent CD8+ T-cells. For senescent cells, CMVpos had an amplified ingress (61 vs 29%) and egress (66 vs 30%) compared to CMVneg, while Yneg and Oneg did not differ for ingress (29 vs 29%) or egress (31 vs 29%). However, this response was greater in Opos than Ypos for ingress (66 vs 55%) and egress (82 vs 50%). In conclusion, these data indicate that latent CMV infection may account for the apparent age-related effects on the CD8+ T-cell response to acute exercise.
Thermal Transport Mechanisms at Nanoscale Point Contacts

We have experimentally investigated the heat transfer mechanisms at a 90±10 nm diameter point contact between a sample and a probe tip of a scanning thermal microscope (SThM). For large heated regions on the sample, air conduction is the dominant tip-sample heat transfer mechanism. For micro/nano devices with a submicron localized heated region, the air conduction contribution decreases, whereas conduction through the solid-solid contact and a liquid meniscus bridging the tip-sample junction become important, resulting in the sub-100 nm spatial resolution found in the SThM images. Using a one dimensional heat transfer model, we extracted from experimental data a liquid film thermal conductance of 6.7±1.5 nW/K. Solid-solid conduction increased linearly as contact force increased, with a contact conductance of 0.76±0.38 W/m 2 -K-Pa, and saturated for contact forces larger than 38±11 nN. This is most likely due to the elastic-plastic contact between the sample and an asperity at the tip end
All God's children: Leading diversity in churches as organizations

Abstract Segregation by race, ethnicity, culture, and socio-economic class continues to pervade organizations. Leaders wishing to root out segregation, however, must begin by changing biases and stereotypes embedded in human cognitive and behavioral processes. Voluntary organizations, which are premised on change through follower concern and collective commitment, would appear to have optimal motives for reducing segregation. Yet, because leaders of such organizations face problems of communicating their vision for change as well as lack direct control over follower responses, leaders may not accomplish desegregation as a goal. Moreover, the presence of pluralistic interests and viewpoints may further complicate the leader's goals. The study examined how leaders integrated interests and created shared symbolic meanings of common activities, problems, and concerns using varieties of informal power. It analyzed pastors of urban churches and found they used four key influence strategies: (a) raising awareness and support for different racial, ethnic, cultural, and gender interests across organizations; (b) using cognitive dissonance, expertise, and credibility to introduce and modulate change; (c) giving voice to different stories; and (d) mediating transcendent vision and lived experiences. Based on the findings, the article suggests ways in which leaders in similar organizational structures, such as self-directed and team-based forms, can influence change.
Epigenetic silencing of multiple genes in primary CNS lymphoma

Epigenetic silencing of functionally important genes is important in the development of malignancies and is a source of potential markers for molecular detection. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an increasingly common tumor that has not been extensively examined for changes in promoter region methylation. We examined 14 tumor suppressor genes in 25 cases of PCNSL using methylation-specific PCR. Methylation was observed in DAPK (84%), TSP1 (68%), CRBP1 (67%), p16(INK) (4a) (64%), p14(ARF) (59%), MGMT (52%), RARbeta2 (50%), TIMP3 (44%), TIMP2 (42%), p15(INK) (4b) (40%), p73 (28%), hMLH1 (12%), RB1 (8%) and GSTP1 (8%). Promoter methylation of p14(ARF), p16(INK) (4a) and MGMT was correlated with loss of expression by immunohistochemical staining. The methylation of many of these genes in PCNSL is similar to that reported in other high-grade B-cell lymphomas. All 25 cases of PCNSL had methylation of at least 2 genes. Methylation of DAPK, p16(INK) (4a) or MGMT was found in 96% of the tumors, suggesting simple marker strategies to detect circulating methylated DNA in serum that might facilitate early tumor detection. Our study provides insight into the epigenetic alterations in PCNSL and provides potential biomarkers of disease.
Sudan Black Method for Staining Sites of Calcification

IN 19581 a method was described for staining sites of calcification at the ‘calcification front’—the edge of the preosseous matrix in bone, the cartilage around the hypertrophic cells of the epiphyseal cartilage and the junction of predentin arid dentin. The method consisted, after fixation, in extracting the tissue with hot pyridine, decalcifying, embedding in gelatin, and staining with an alcoholic solution of sudan black B after sectioning on a freezing microtome. The sections were mounted in glycerine jelly. A fuller account of the method was published later2.
Black Box Arguments

“Black box argument” is a metaphor for modular components of argumentative discussion that are, within a particular discussion, not open to expansion. In public policy debate such as the controversy over abstinence-only sex education, scientific conclusions enter the discourse as black boxes consisting of a result returned from an external and largely impenetrable process. In one way of looking at black box arguments, there is nothing fundamentally new for the argumentation theorist: A black box argument is very like any other appeal to authority, and what might be said about any particular form of black box will turn out to be a particularized version of what might be said about evaluating arguments based on authority. But in another way of looking at black box arguments, they are a constantly evolving technology for coming to conclusions and making these conclusions broadly acceptable. Black boxes are to argumentation what material inventions are to engineering and related sciences. They are anchored in and constrained by fundamental natural processes, but they are also new things that require theoretical explication and practical assessment.
The intergenerational cycle of teenage motherhood: an ecological approach.

Objective Daughters of teenage mothers have increased risk for teenage childbearing, perpetuating intergenerational cycles. Using Ecological Systems Theory, this study prospectively examined risk factors for teenage childbearing among a national sample of adolescent girls. Design Data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Participants (N = 1,430) were recruited in early adolescence and interviewed yearly for 6 years. Survival analysis was used to examine the rate of childbirth across the teenage years by maternal age at first birth. Hierarchical Cox regression was used to identify multivariate predictors of teenage childbearing and to test whether risk factors differed between daughters of teenage versus older mothers. Primary outcome measure Age at first childbirth was based on cumulative information collected at yearly interviews. Results Daughters of teenage mothers were 66% more likely to become teenage mothers, after accounting for other risks. Individual (school performance), family (maternal education, marital status, number of children), peer (dating history), and environmental (race, enrichment) factors predicted teenage childbearing. Risks unique to daughters of teenage mothers were deviant peer norms, low parental monitoring, Hispanic race, and poverty. Conclusion Results support multidimensional approaches to pregnancy prevention, and targeted interventions addressing unique risk factors among daughters of teenage mothers.
Identity of coupling factor 2 and factor B.

Abstract Enzymatic and immunological evidence has been obtained to suggest the identity of coupling Factor 2 and Factor B.
Language Learning in Context Teacher and Toddler Speech in Three Classroom Play Areas

Interventions to promote language development in young children are increasingly being delivered within natural environments. In classroom-based programs, free play is often the setting for intervention. Recent research suggests that play context, defined by types of toys available, affects the language and interactive style of both adults and children. In this study, both teacher speech toward toddlers and toddler speech were recorded and analyzed in three classroom play contexts: doll/house play, block/truck play, and large motor play. Significantly different language-use patterns by teachers were found in each area, and these were associated with differences in the rate and nature of child language. Teachers may be best able to implement practices to facilitate child language in play contexts that are compatible with the desired learning goals.
Second law analysis of the Ames solid waste recovery system

Abstract This paper presents a case study of an availability analysis of the solid waste recovery system in Ames, Iowa. Using this approach, the authors provide a more comprehensive way of characterizing the overall utilization of solid waste as a supplemental boiler fuel than does conventional energy accounting. Availability balances are applied to the processing plant, the steam generator, and the overall system. In each case, effectiveness parameters are defined that accurately assess the performance of corresponding systems.
Bimodal AIDS vaccine approach: induction of cellular as well as humoral immunity can protect from systemic infection.

Abstract HIV clade C (HIV-C) strains comprise ∼56% of all HIV infections worldwide, and AIDS vaccines intended for global use must protect against this subtype. Our vaccine strategy has been to induce balanced antiviral immunity consisting of both neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, an approach we tested in primates. As reported earlier, after isolating recently transmitted HIV-C strains from Zambian infants, we used env from one such virus, HIV1084i, to generate a multimeric gp160 immunogen. From another virus, isolated from a different child of the same mother–infant cohort, we cloned env to generate a recombinant simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), which was adapted to rhesus monkeys to yield SHIV-1157ip. Infant macaques were immunized with recombinant viral proteins, including multimeric HIV-C Env 1084i. To test whether cross-protection could be achieved, we mismatched HIV-C Env immunogens and challenge virus env. All vaccinated and control monkeys were exposed orally to low-dose SHIV-1157ip . Animals with no or only transient infection were rechallenged intrarectally with a high dose of R5 SHIV-1157ipd3N4, a “late”, animal-evolved variant of SHIV-1157ip. Compared to controls, the vaccinees had significantly lower peak viral RNA loads, and one vaccinee remained completely virus-free, even in lymphoid tissues. Data from our novel heterologous mucosal challenge model and our protein-only immunogens imply that significant protection against heterologous viruses circulating in the local community may be achievable with a strategy that seeks to simultaneously induce cellular immunity as well as neutralizing antibody responses.
Microstructure-performance relations of ultra-high-performance concrete accounting for effect of alpha-quartz-to-coesite silica phase transformation

Abstract The effect of the α-quartz-to-coesite silica phase transformation on the load-carrying and energy-dissipation capacities of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) under dynamic loading with hydrostatic pressures of up to 10 GPa is evaluated. The model resolves essential deformation and failure mechanisms and provides a phenomenological account of the transformation. Four modes of energy dissipated are tracked, including inelastic deformation, distributed cracking, interfacial friction, and the energy dissipated through transformation of the quartz aggregate. Simulations are carried out over a range of volume fractions of the constituent phases. Results show that the phase transformation has a significant effect on the energy-dissipation capacity of UHPC for the conditions studied. Although transformation accounts for less than 2% of the total energy dissipation, the transformation leads to a twofold increase in the crack density and yields almost an 18% increase in the overall energy dissipation. Structure-response relations that can be used for materials design are established.
Nutrition monitoring reports: Opinions and recommendations from users

The Society for Nutrition Education, along with other scientific and nutrition organizations, strongly supported the passage of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act (Public Law 101-445) (1). Signed by President Bush on October 22, 1990, the law requires developing and carrying out a ten-year plan for Federal nutrition monitoring activities. Among the requirements are reports to Congress by a scientific organization on the dietary, nutritional and health status of Americans and the nutritional quality of the food supply. These reports are to be published at least once every five years. The preparation of scientific reports is a continuation of a major objective of the 1981 Joint Implementation Plan for a Comprehensive National Nutrition Monitoring System (2). The first report, "Nutrition Monitoring in the United States: A Progress Report from the Joint Nutrition Monitoring Evaluation Committee," was published in 1986 (3). It provided an overview of the dietary and nutritional status of the United States population based on surveys sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). A second report, "Nutrition Monitoring in the United States: An Update Report on Nutrition Monitoring," was published in 1989 (4). It updated the information in the 1986 report and provided an in-depth analysis on two topics of public health interest. Another publication, "The Directory of Federal Nutrition Monitoring Activities," was released in 1989 (5). The intended audience for the scientific reports is members of Congress and their staffs; however, the reports are valuable resources for all nutrition and health professionals. Nutrition monitoring data can be used to set and justifY program objectives and to develop educational materials for dietary guidance. For example, nutrition educators can use information on the intake of food sources of fat, saturated
APL teaching bugs

This paper discusses “APL teaching bugs”, in three senses: (1) issues inherent in the teaching of APL that confront the instructor with difficult choices; (2) potential mistakes sometimes made by instructors teaching APL; and (3) problematic aspects of the design of APL that are especially difficult to explain. These teaching bugs are presented as provocative questions, but the “answers” are left to individual instructors. By facing these questions, teachers may make APL more comprehensible and hence foster its acceptance and growth.
Decomposition of puromycin aminonucleoside by Arthrobacter flavescens

Abstract The decomposition of puromycin aminonucleoside by washed cells and cell-free extracts of Arthrobacter flavescens has been studied. The bacteria must be adapted to the aminonucleoside in order to decompose it. Hypoxanthine, dimethylamine, ammonia and CO 2 were identified as products of decomposition of puromycin aminonucleoside by washed-cell suspensions. Cell-free extracts formed hypoxanthine, dimethylamine, ammonia, small amounts of a reducing substance, probably ribose, and a compound that forms hypoxanthine and 3-amino-3-deoxyribose on acid hydrolysis and appears to be an aminonucleoside of hypoxanthine. These and other observations indicate that the first step in the decomposition of puromycin aminonucleoside is the removal of the dimethylamine moiety. The resulting hypoxanthine aminonucleoside is probably deaminated and then cleaved to hypoxanthine and ribose.
Quantitative determination of propranolol, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol in brain tissue by electron capture gas chromatography

A method for the quantitative determination of propranolol and two of its active metabolites, 3-(α-naphthoxy)-1,2-propanediol (propranolol glycol) and N-desisopropylpropranolol, in brain tissue of mice is described. Tissues are homogenized in perchloric acid-acetonitrile. Propranolol and its metabolites are isolated from the supernantant by solvent extraction and separated and detected as their trifluoroacetyl derivatives by electron capture gas chromatography. Chemical structures of the derivatives were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The electron capture detector response of all three compounds is high, 0.7–2.0 × 10−16 moles/sec. Brain levels of 10–250 ng/g can be detected of all three compounds with high specificity and good precision.
Non-stationarity in multisensory neurons in the superior colliculus.

The superior colliculus (SC) integrates information from multiple sensory modalities to facilitate the detection and localization of salient events. The efficacy of “multisensory integration” is traditionally measured by comparing the magnitude of the response elicited by a cross-modal stimulus to the responses elicited by its modality-specific component stimuli, and because there is an element of randomness in the system, these calculations are made using response values averaged over multiple stimulus presentations in an experiment. Recent evidence suggests that multisensory integration in the SC is highly plastic and these neurons adapt to specific anomalous stimulus configurations. This raises the question whether such adaptation occurs during an experiment with traditional stimulus configurations; that is, whether the state of the neuron and its integrative principles are the same at the beginning and end of the experiment, or whether they are altered as a consequence of exposure to the testing stimuli even when they are pseudo-randomly interleaved. We find that unisensory and multisensory responses do change during an experiment, and these changes are predictable. Responses that are initially weak tend to potentiate, responses that are initially strong tend to habituate, and the efficacy of multisensory integration waxes or wanes accordingly during the experiment as predicted by the “principle of inverse effectiveness”. These changes are presumed to reflect two competing mechanisms in the SC: potentiation reflecting increases in the expectation that a stimulus will occur at a given location, habituation reflecting decreases in stimulus novelty. These findings indicate plasticity in multisensory integration that allows animals to adapt to rapidly changing environmental events while suggesting important caveats in the interpretation of experimental data: the neuron studied at the beginning of an experiment is not the same at the end of it.
Unique and Common First Names of Males and Females

This study examined sex differences in unique and common first names of 6125 infants born over a 5-yr. period. Females were more likely than males to receive unique first names. This helps explain the results of previous research which showed that males with unique names were more likely to be maladjusted while this was not true for females.
De-Carbonization in Former Soviet Republics, 1992–2000: The Ecological Consequences of De-Modernization

I use panel data to empirically assess the effects of a variety of theoretically important structural factors on national level CO2 emissions in the former Soviet republics, a context of de-modernization and peripheralization. Several theories address the effects of modernization on the environment, but they neglect to consider the environmental consequences of de-modernization. Unlike the trends in most other nations over the twentieth century, former Soviet republics in the 1990s saw their collective population size, economy, level of urbanization, level of industrialization, and international trade decline, and, thus, they provide an ideal context in which to assess the effects of de-modernization on the environment. In addition to the dramatic changes in economic and demographic factors, the size of the militaries of the former Soviet republics changed substantially during the 1990s, with some republics expanding their militaries while other were scaling theirs back. I take advantage of the substantial variation within the former Soviet republics, and assess the effects of militarization, in addition to economic and demographic factors, on CO2 emissions. I find that de-modernization, as indicated by declines in GDP per capita and urbanization, led to declines in CO2 emissions, countering claims that further modernization is necessary to resolve the environmental crisis. I also find that militarization has an effect on CO2 emissions above and beyond that of economic development.
RCRA Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Single-Shell Tank Waste Management Area A-AX at the Hanford Site, Interim Change Notice 1

This ICN documents the installation of two additional downgradient monitoring wells and two additional upgradient wells. It updates the monitoring network. The project scientist will provide a schedule change request providing the list of additional wells to the sample scheduler.
Thermal stability of spinel Li1.1Mn1.9−yMyO4−zFz (M = Ni, Al, and Li, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.3, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.2) cathodes for lithium ion batteries

The thermal stability characteristics of spinel oxide and oxyfluoride cathodes Li1.1Mn1.9−yMyO4−zFz (M = Ni and Al, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.3, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 0.2) have been investigated systematically. The oxides and the oxyfluoride samples have been synthesized by a low-temperature fluorination reaction at 450 °C of the spinel oxide precursors and have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), redox titration, electrochemical cycling, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal characteristics are assessed in terms of the onset temperature and reaction enthalpy for the exothermic reaction. The peak onset temperature increases and the reaction enthalpy decreases (i.e. thermal stability increases) with decreasing lithium content in the cathode in the charged state or increasing specific capacity (i.e. with increasing amount of lithium extraction).
Quantification of point-source groundwater discharges to the ocean from the shoreline of the Big Island, Hawaii

Aerial thermal infrared imaging has revealed that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) along the western coast of the Big Island of Hawaii is often focused as point-source discharges that create buoyant groundwater plumes that mix into the coastal ocean. We quantified the SGD fluxes associated with several plumes using natural geochemical tracers. Offshore transects of 222Rn and 224Ra show elevated activities and corresponding low salinities in the nearshore waters within the plumes, indicating that these naturally occurring radionuclides can be useful tracers of groundwater inputs in this area. Using a series of simultaneous mass balance equations for water, salt, and radon, we determined the groundwater fluxes of six plumes near Kona, Hawaii. The average SGD fluxes ranged from 1100 m3 d21 to 12,000 m3 d21 of total (fresh + saline) SGD. The fresh (meteoric) groundwater equivalents for the same flows, modeled by adjusting the groundwater end member to reflect freshwater rather than brackish groundwater composition, ranged from 630 m3 d21 to 8600 m3 d21. These fluxes are in general agreement with earlier results obtained by hydrological water budgets and physical oceanographic analyses of fresh SGD rates in this region.
Properties of Streptomyces fradiae Mutants Blocked in Biosynthesis of the Macrolide Antibiotic Tylosin

We isolated numerous mutants of Streptomyces fradiae blocked in tylosin biosynthesis after N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. These mutants were classified into nine groups, based upon the tylosin-like compounds produced and upon cofermentation analyses. More than 80% of the mutants isolated produced no tylosin-like compounds, and the majority of these were blocked only in the formation of tylactone. Four classes of mutants blocked in the biosynthesis or addition of tylosin sugars were isolated; tylA mutants were blocked in the formation of all three tylosin sugars, whereas tylB, tylC , and tylD mutants were blocked specifically in the biosynthesis or the addition of mycaminose, mycarose, and 6-deoxy-d-allose, respectively. Two classes of mutants ( tylH and tylI ) blocked in specific oxidations of tylactone and two classes ( tylE and tylF ) blocked in specific O-methylations of demethylmacrocin and macrocin were also characterized. Cofermentation and bioconversion studies with these mutants suggested the following relationships: (i) the tylosin sugars are derived from a common intermediate; (ii) tylactone is the first intermediate which can be excreted in appreciable quantities; (iii) the addition of mycaminose to the C-5 hydroxyl group of tylactone must precede oxidations at C-20 and C-23; (iv) oxidation at C-20 normally precedes the attachment of mycarose to the 4′ hydroxyl position of mycaminose; and (v) 6-deoxy-d-allose is added to the C-23 hydroxyl position of the lactone and subsequently O-methylated at 2‴ and 3‴ positions. The O-methylations appear to be the final two steps in tylosin biosynthesis, and the 2‴ O-methylation must occur before the 3‴ O-methylation can take place. All of the tyl mutants except the tylG mutants produced relatively high levels of tylosin-like intermediates or shunt products. Mutants blocked in specific steps other than 3‴ O-methylation, including a mutant blocked in 2‴ O-methylation of demethylmacrocin, produced normal levels of macrocin O -methyltransferase. Mutants apparently containing specific tylosin structural gene mutations produced normal levels of aerial mycelia and spores, produced low levels of tylosin aldehyde reductase, and were resistant to high levels of tylosin. However, three atypical tylG mutants produced no tylosin-like compounds, could not cosynthesize tylosin with any other tyl mutant, could not bioconvert tylactone or macrocin to tylosin, and produced no macrocin O -methyltransferase. These three mutants produced elevated levels of tylosin aldehyde reductase. In addition, one was very succeptible to tylosin and did not produce aerial mycelia or spores.
Females' Perceptions of Offensive Advertising: The Importance of Values, Expectations, and Control

Abstract The advertising industry has consistently been a target of criticism over the years. One criticism especially prevalent among activists and audience members alike involves advertising's ability to offend. By incorporating female consumer perspectives from in-depth interviews, this study presents a grounded theory conceptualization of advertising offensiveness that includes conditions and consequences surrounding the construct. This conceptualization provides needed insight into a phenomenon that is often experienced by the advertising industry but is seldom planned. Employing qualitative methodology to understand how women are offended will assist both advertising professionals develop more effective communication strategies and advertising researchers measure the offensiveness construct.
Disruption of TrkB-Mediated Signaling Induces Disassembly of Postsynaptic Receptor Clusters at Neuromuscular Junctions

ing to its simple organization and accessibility for analy- ses in living animals. The three cell types that comprise junctions, the terminal Schwann cell, the presynaptic Summary terminals of motor neurons, and the postsynaptic mus- mice. When TrkB-mediated signaling was dis- postsynaptic muscle fibers release neurotrophins and rupted in cultured myotubes in the absence of motor other signaling molecules that are essential for the sur- nerve terminals and Schwann cells, agrin-induced vival of motor neurons and that these are taken up by AChR clusters were also disassembled. These results presynaptic motor nerve terminals, which express the demonstrate a novel role for neurotrophin signaling appropriate receptors and transport neurotrophin bound through TrkB receptors on muscle fibers in the ongo- to receptor retrogradely to the motor neuron cell body ing maintenance of postsynaptic AChR regions.
Male and Female Photographic Representation in 50 Years of "Music Educators Journal".

Considering the potential for stereotypes to shape professional expectations, the four researchers in this study investigated photographic representation of adult men and women in implied positions...
Robust control and coordination of engine systems

In this paper, a novel two-step design procedure is introduced for robust control and coordination of engine idle speed and emission systems. The procedure starts with the optimal broad-band decoupling of engine subsystems via feedforward compensation. The problem can be reduced to a standard H/sup /spl infin// optimization problem and solved by using Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation. A robust decentralized control in H/sup /spl infin// is then employed to achieve robust stabilization and disturbance attenuation of the compensated systems. A computer search algorithm for optimal decentralized PI controllers is developed. Benefits of the two-step design include modularization of control tasks, enhancement of robustness and performance, reduction of calibration time and complexity.
Digital inpainting based on the Mumford-Shah-Euler image model

Image inpainting is an image restoration problem, in which image models play a critical role, as demonstrated by Chan, Kang & Shen's [12] recent inpainting schemes based on the bounded variation and the elastica [11] image models. In this paper, we propose two novel inpainting models based on the Mumford–Shah image model [41], and its high order correction – the Mumford–Shah–Euler image model. We also present their efficient numerical realization based on the Γ-convergence approximations of Ambrosio & Tortorelli [2, 3] and De Giorgi [21].
Magneto-reactance based detection of MnO nanoparticle-embedded Lewis lung carcinoma cells

We demonstrate the capacity of detecting magnetically weak manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles and the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cancer cells that have taken up these nanoparticles using a novel biosensor based on the magneto-reactance (MX) effect of a soft ferromagnetic amorphous ribbon with a microhole-patterned surface. While the magnetic moment of the MnO nanoparticles is relatively small, and a magneto-impedance based sensor fails to detect them in solution (0.05 mg/ml manganese oxide lipid micellar nanoparticles) and inside cells at low concentrations (8.25 × 104 cells/ml), the detection of these nanoparticles and the LLC cells containing them is achieved with the MX-based sensor, which, respectively, reaches the detection sensitivity of ∼3.6% and 2.8% as compared to the blank cells. Since the MnO nanoparticles are a promising contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of lung cells, the MX-based biosensing technique can be developed as a pre-detection method for MRI of lung cancer cells.
Extracting baseline patterns in Internet traffic using Robust Principal Components

Robust BaseLine (RBL) is a formal technique for extracting the baseline of network traffic to capture the underlying traffic trend. A range of applications such as anomaly detection and load balancing rely on baseline estimation. Once the fundamental period of the pattern for analysis is recognized, e.g., based on user interest or a period detector such as Autocorrelation Function (ACF), the basic extraction is carried out in two steps. First, the common component across the dataset is separated using Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA). The fundamental pattern in the common component is extracted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the second step. Scaling factors required to fit the base-pattern back into the data are returned automatically by PCA. Two types of traffic baselines may be extracted: RBL-L captures the common behavior across time on a single link, and RBL-N captures the common behavior across a network of links, i.e., in space. RBL-N is particularly useful for specifying traffic matrices more efficiently over time, which normally requires multiple updates to follow baseline trends. The derived base-patterns for a single link or a single time period is then extended over the entire network or thru the entire observation period with a compressive analysis. The compressed base-pattern provides a smoother baseline and also a filter to separate baseline traffic and the deviations on the fly from traffic measurements. When compared against BLGBA (Baseline for Automatic Backbone Management) the proposed scheme provides a less noisy, more precisely fitting baseline. It is also more effective in revealing anomalies.
Toward a general framework for the analysis of deviance: A comment on Block and Bernard

In their article, “Crime in the Waste Oil Industry,” Block and Bernard describe recent changes in behavior and definitions of behavior. They then apply selected theoretical explanations to the phenomena described. These Include “strain,” “differential opportunity,” and “social reaction” theories. Each of these is useful in illuminating the social processes involved. I have developed an alternative approach to the analysis of this and other cases of deviant behavior. This alternative approach is more comprehensive and ecological than most theories contained in the deviance literature. It more explicitly incorporates a variety of aspects of social and physical reality. It is a general framework for the analysis of deviance (GFAD). The general framework is built up from five sub‐models and their interconnections. The sub‐models are: 1. the environmental, technological, economic, and social context of deviance, 2. impacts on individuals, 3. public perceptions of the phenomena, 4. public decision making and ac...
Multiple Outcomes from Product R&D: Profitability Under Different Strategic Orientations

This study examines the outcomes of business-level product research and development intensity and their impact on return on investment under two business strategies: differentiation and cost leadership. Three different types of outcomes from product R&D spending are proposed: accounting, disruptive, and investment outcomes. These are described and are found to differ by strategy. In a cost leadership strategy, stronger disruptive and investment outcomes were found than in a differentiation strategy. The differentiation strategy, by comparison, had longer investment outcomes and greater stability of product R&D. Nevertheless, the investment outcomes were ephemeral for both strategies.
Ecological Variables in the Cross-Cultural Study of Delinquency

Students of delinquency, preoccupied with subcultural and value conflict theories, have recently produced fewer ecological studies. However, for the much-needed task of assessing the cross-cultural applicability of contemporary delinquency theories, ecological studies need to be conducted in other cultures to indicate where delinquency occurs and among whom. Ecological data are presented on juvenile offenders and their offenses from Cordoba, Argentina. These are discussed against a background of United States studies and implications are drawn concerning delinquency theory. In general, the ecology of delinquency in this Latin-American urban setting shows characteristics precluding the uncritical application of current delinquency
Interrogating Whiteness Within Criminology

This paper merges critical White studies with the sociological field of criminology as a means to progress understanding of criminal behavior, justice, and social control. Up to this point, criminology has largely neglected the significance of whiteness within its boundaries of study. Thankfully, a strong foundation of research and theoretical statements has been completed in the interdisciplinary field of critical White studies. The formation of criminal law can be more clearly understood through the inclusion of frameworks offered by critical White studies. Additionally, nuanced explanations of criminal behavior and hate crime among Whites can be attained through this perspective.
A phenomenological study of fatigue in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Aim. This paper reports the findings of research on the lived experience of fatigue in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis – a type of chronic liver disease. Background. Fatigue is a universal phenomenon, commonly associated with both acute and chronic illness, but also seen in healthy individuals. However, it is not often addressed in healthcare encounters despite its disabling nature, perhaps because of the multitude of contributing factors and the lack of effective treatments. It is a common and debilitating symptom in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Despite the prevalence of fatigue in this condition, patients’ experiences of this symptom have not been researched. Method. An interpretive-phenomenological approach developed by van Manen was chosen and this combines features of descriptive and interpretive phenomenology. Eight participants were interviewed during 2005 about their fatigue experience. Thematic analysis was conducted. Findings. Five themes were identified: an unreliable body, fatigue as always present yet insidious, planning a life to conserve energy, struggling to maintain normality and emotional consequences. These themes reflected the unrelenting, intrusive nature of fatigue into the lives of those affected. Conclusion. This research will provide empathic insight into the fatigue experience in this condition and generate communication about coping strategies. It will add to the body of research on fatigue in chronic conditions and may generate ideas for intervention research.
Joint-transform correlator systems using deformable-mirror spatial light modulators

Two joint-transform correlator systems based on deformable-mirror-device (DMD) spatial light modulators and charge-coupled-device (CCD) video cameras are described. The system designs provide for real-time correlation between video-formatted input scenes and stored reference images. The DMD light modulators are used exclusively for inputting data in the optical stages of these systems, and the CCD cameras are used to provide the critical square-law detection required in joint-transform architectures. Experimental verification of the functionality of these DMD/CCD joint-transform systems is also presented.
Effect of Ni/Mn Ordering on Elementary Polarizations of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Spinel and Its Nanostructured Electrode

Elementary polarizations of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel materials with disordered structure (space group, F d −3 m) and ordered structure (space group, P 43 3 2) are quantitatively analyzed in order to clarify how the differences in crystallographic structure affect the rate performance of the cathode materials. A comparative analysis of the disordered and ordered structures disclosed that the nickel and manganese ordering in the spinel-framework would distinctly aggravate the charge-transfer reactions. Furthermore, the ordinary approach to increase the rate performance of an electrode through a reduction of the diffusion lengths and an enlargement of the active surface area with the nano-structured electrode which consists of the disordered spinel revealed that both charge-transfer and solid-state diffusion resistances reduced, but the resistance of lithium migration through the surface films increased significantly. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.059309jes] All rights reserved.
Key features and benefits of a computerized position requisition system as utilized by the division of nursing

The budgeting process of an organization establishes a standard for the number and type by job code of positions available for hire. As applicants become employees the position becomes completely or partially filled. As employees transfer in and out, or terminate, the position in turn becomes unfilled or filled again. One of the responsibilities of a manager is to keep payroll expenses within the parameters of the budget. Hiring more than the budgeted number of positions will exceed the parameter. Hiring less than the budgeted number of positions may compromise the level of care and may lead to increased stress and burnout of the staff. A method utilized to provide the manager with timely information regarding the status of the budgeted positions for a specific department is a computerized position requisition system.