cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROSAT observations of the black hole candidate V404 Cygni in quiescence

V404 Cyg was detected with the ROSAT PSPC in a 16 ks observation 1265 days after the 1989 May outburst. This is the first unambiguous detection of a soft X-ray transient or X-ray nova black hole candidate in quiescence. The observed X-ray spectrum is extremely soft and can be described equally well by either a blackbody, power-law, or a thermal bremsstrahlung continuum. The best-fit blackbody spectrum is characterized by a temperature of 0.2 keV. A significant amount of absorption, both along the line of sight and intrinsic to the V404 Cyg system, is required to understand the observations. The 0.2-2.4 keV light curve of V404 Cyg exhibits substantial variability on timescales of less than a day. Assuming a distance of 3.5 kpc, the quiescent X-ray luminosity of V404 Cyg is 8 x 10(exp 33) ergs/s, nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the upper such as Cen X-4. The lack of a significant hard X-ray luminosity in quiescence, the presence of a large and cold neutral region in the accretion disk, and a low-mass accretion rate suggests that an accretion disk instability might account for the outburst of V404 Cyg.
Learning Lessons on Location

Abstract Teacher training is more important than ever with high expectations by schools and society. This paper describes how two University professors provide training at elementary school sites for teacher candidates that integrates theory and practice. The focus is on developing passionate, engaging, knowledgeable, and well-trained teachers that are prepared for the realities of professional teaching.
The Effect of Self-Control on Victimization in the Cyberworld

Abstract In light of the differences between traditional forms of victimization and cybercrime victimization, this study examined whether the expansion of self-control theory to the field of victimization could help explain cybercrime victimization as well. This study found that self-control had a weak relationship with multiple forms of cybercrime victimization, but it did not have a direct effect on victimization after controlling for offending measures. Considering that this was incongruent with previous victimization research, these findings raise theoretical and empirical questions for the entire field of victimization regarding the importance of self-control when controlling for relevant peer offending.
Use of achiral ion-pairing reagents with chiral stationary phases

Abstract The influence of the structure and concentration of achiral ion-pairing additives upon the retention and enantioselectivity of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivatives of α-amino acids and 2-aminophosphonic acids on a commercial ( R -N-(2-naphthyl)-alanine-derived chiral stationary phase has been examined. A mobile phase of methanol-aqueous phosphate buffer was used and the effect of methanol concentration was studied. Increasing the concentration of the alkyltrimethylammonium ion-paring reagent enhances retention and enantioselectivity of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivatives of both α-aminocarboxylic acids and 2-aminophosphonic acids. An increase in the chain length of the alkyl portion of the ion-pairing reagent gives increased retention but no significant change in selectivity for the enantiomers. The concentration of the organic modifier in the mobile phase dramatically affects the retention of the enantiomers. A minimum in enantioselectivity occurs at about 60% methanol.
Themira athabasca n. sp. (Diptera: Sepsidae) with a Revised Key to North American Themira and Notes on the Sexual Morphology of Sympatric Species

Themira athabasca n. sp. from Circle, Alaska is described, and a revised key to nearctic Themira is given. The sexual morphology and mating behavior of the sympatric arctic and midwestern U. S. species indicate that communities in these habitats demonstrate the parallel evolution of these characteristics. Sexual selection for mating efficiency is proposed as the evolutionary force responsible for the similarity of the communities.
Relation of lipopolysaccharide character to P1 sensitivity in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Phage P1 clr (a variant of P1 kc ), grown on an LT2 derivative so as to be appropriately modified, was tested for ability to produce plaques on numerous Salmonella typhimurium strains of different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) character: the rate of irreversible adsorption of P1 clr by representative strains was measured. It appeared that the P1-resistance of wild-type (i.e., smooth) S. typhimurium (and of some classes of rough mutant) results from failure to adsorb the phage. P1 clr plated efficiently only on the four LPS classes which are sensitive to phage C21 and make either galactose-deficient (classes galE and rfaH ) or glucose-deficient incomplete core LPS (classes rfaG and galU ). Rates of adsorption ≥ 40 > 10 −11 /bacterium/min. were observed only for bacteria unable to make UDPgalactose, either by point mutation at galE or by deletion of the gal operon. A low, variable e.o.p. (usually 10 −5 to 10 −6 was obtained on mutants making complete core LPS, either without 0 chains (classes rfb, pmi , and rfaL ) or with only single 0 units (class rfaF ). Phage P1 clr had no detectable effect on smooth strains or mutants with various other LPS core defects. Phage P1 cm had the same host-range, except that it plated efficiently on some strains on which P1 clr plated with low and variable efficiency; it converted some P1-sensitive strains to chloramphenicolresistance, but the number of resistant colonies obtained was always less than the number of plaques produced. Phage P1 clr grown on E. coli K12 plated efficiently on galE , etc., derivatives of an LT2 line made restriction-negative by mutations at hspLT and hspS , but did not plate (e.o.p. −3 ) on LT2 galE wild-type for restriction.
Rationale for, and recent progress in, 3D reconstruction of the heart and lungs

Abstract Three-dimensional information of the structure and function of the heart and lungs is needed for several reasons including the following: (a) An apparent change in shape or location of the imaged ventricular wall may either be due to the heart moving through the imaged region, or because it truly represents that change in geometry, or a mixture of the two. In addition, as diseases of the heart and lungs are often heterogeneous in their spatial distribution, we expect the structural and functional consequences to also be heterogeneous in their spatial distribution; (b) Comparison of a selected anatomic feature (e.g., a coronary artery stenosis or pulmonary opacity) at long time intervals may make detection and/or quantitation of lesion progression questionable. The use of a 3D reconstruction to calculate a projection image with a reproducible angle of view is a particularly powerful consequence of 3D image reconstruction; (c) Use of image information from one imaging modality helps improve the quantitative characteristics of an image generated with another imaging modality; (d) Radiation treatment planning requires knowledge of the 3D distribution of radiation attenuation coefficients so that 3D distribution of the regional deposition of radiation energy can be quantitated, (e) Allows for indirect estimation of the physiological dimensions of one aspect of an organ so that the degree of disease of that part of the organ can be assessed. This can be achieved by imaging contiguous and/or organs dependant on the structure of immediate interest; and (f) For heart or lung transplant the shape and volume of the anatomic space available for the new organ should be known to prevent the problem of compressing the organ or the adjacent tissues after placement of the organ.
Radio-frequency gas discharge (RFGD) fluorination of polymers: Protein and cell interactions at RFGD-fluorinated interfaces

Abstract Proteins naturally adsorb at foreign surfaces. Adsorbed proteins on biomaterial surfaces are important to the biocompatibility of medical implants and devices, as well as to uses in biosensors, diagnostics, separations and industrial bioprocesses. There is ample evidence that the composition, organization, and conformations of the proteins adsorbed at a foreign interface are sensitive to the composition, topography, and molecular mobility of the substrate surface. The protein layer can also change in all the above aspects with time. Thus, it is a dynamic, “living” coating whose character is a direct reflection of the character of the substrate surface. Therefore, it is not surprising that many researchers have modified biomaterial surface compositions in order to influence protein absorption and subsequent conformational changes. The gas discharge process is one of the more useful methods for modification of biomaterial surfaces. Surfaces may be ablated (or etched) in a process which removes material and creates a cleaner, but chemically-modified surface. Gas discharge may also be used to deposit a polymer-like coating of a new composition on the surface, such as silicone and fluorocarbon coatings on hydrocarbon polymer surfaces. Certain of these fluorocarbon discharge-deposited polymers have been shown to enhance retention of adsorbed proteins, presumably by increased hydrophobic interactions with the modified substrate. Furthermore, platelet adhesion on such surfaces may be increasingly reduced as the adsorbed protein is increasingly bound to the fluorinated surface. These unusual results and their biologic implications are discussed in this paper.
Cloud Chamber Photographs of Counter Selected Cosmic-Ray Showers

A detailed discussion is given of the appearance of cosmic-ray showers from a lead plate 1.3 cm thick in a large cloud chamber controlled by three G\char22{}M counters, one above and two below the chamber. Showers of photons were responsible for about half the triple coincident counts, but sprays of electrons from the lead accounted for the tripping of the lower counters in most of the other cases. Three-quarters of the single-centered electron shower sprays were due to electrons which traversed the upper counter and struck the lead from above. The remainder were due to nonionizing rays, presumably photons. Twenty-three photographs out of a total of a hundred seventy-four showed complex phenomena. The distributions of the showers according to size and the shower electrons according to angular spread are given.
Comparative chemical properties of avian oncornavirus polypeptides.

Abstract Chemical studies of the four major internal polypeptides p27, p19, p15, and p12 from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus (PR-RSV) are presented. Tryptic peptide mapping studies show that the individual polypeptides of AMV possess unique amino acid sequences with no detectable regions of sequence shared by any two polypeptides. Comparisons of the amino acid compositions, amino termini, and tryptic peptide profiles of AMV and PR-RSV polypeptides indicate that analogous polypeptides possess similarities in structure which can be correlated with their antigenic properties.
Fuzzy neural trees

Abstract The paper introduces fuzzy neural trees and an approach for converting these trees into feedforward neural network architectures. The proposed approach is unique in that it introduces the ways to use either technology as a “tool” within the framework of a model based on the other. It is of the highest significance as it results in new neural network algorithms where no time-consuming iterative training is required.
Cleavage crystals of InBi

Abstract Filamentary crystals of InBi have been obtained by cleaving large single crystals. The InBi cleavage crystals are oriented along the a direction. These crystals break when subjected to bending tests but can withstand tensile stresses which produce strains up to 0.40±0.04%.
A counseling center psychologist teaches a seminar for freshmen: “Life Lessons from the Writings of Alice Walker”

The focus of this brief report is on a literature seminar—especially designed for first-year students—taught by a counseling center psychologist. Carrying dual responsibilities in working both as a full-time psychologist and faculty member, the author writes of her experiences in helping to create a caring and intellectually stimulating class environment sensitive to individual development and group dynamics. The seminar has provided learning opportunities for students to read and discuss poetry and prose, analyze films and give formal class presentations. As a result of taking this course, students have spoken of acquiring an appreciation for poetry and other creative modalities as well as a keener understanding of the development of “voice” and psychological change.
Issues and Challenges With Integrating Patient-Reported Outcomes in Clinical Trials Supported by the National Cancer Institute–Sponsored Clinical Trials Networks

Purpose The objective of this report is to provide a historical overview of and the issues and challenges inherent in the incorporation of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) into multinational cancer clinical trials in the cancer cooperative groups. Methods An online survey of 12 cancer cooperative groups from the United States, Canada, and Europe was conducted between June and August of 2006. Each of the cooperative groups designated one respondent, who was a member of one of the PRO committees within the cooperative group. Results There was a 100% response rate, and all of the cancer clinical trial cooperative groups reported conducting PRO research. PRO research has been conducted in the cancer cooperative groups for an average of 15 years (range, 6 to 30 years), and all groups had multidisciplinary committees focused on the design of PRO end points and the choice of appropriate PRO measures for cancer clinical trials. The cooperative groups reported that 5% to 50% of cancer treatment trials and an estim...
Entericidin Is Required for a Probiotic Treatment (Enterobacter sp. Strain C6-6) To Protect Trout from Cold-Water Disease Challenge

Flavobacterium psychrophilum causes bacterial cold-water disease in multiple fish species, including salmonids. An autochthonous Enterobacter strain (C6-6) inhibits the in vitro growth of F. psychrophilum, and when ingested as a putative probiotic, it provides protection against injection challenge with F. psychrophilum in rainbow trout. In this study, low-molecular-mass (≤3 kDa) fractions from both Enterobacter C6-6 and Escherichia coli K-12 culture supernatants inhibited the growth of F. psychrophilum. The ≤3-kDa fraction from Enterobacter C6-6 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and subsequent tandem mass spectroscopy identified EcnB, which is a small membrane lipoprotein that is a putative pore-forming toxin. Agar plate diffusion assays demonstrated that ecnAB knockout strains of both Enterobacter C6-6 and E. coli K-12 no longer inhibited F. psychrophilum (P ) and the wild-type strain (C6-6) were added to the fish diet every day for 38 days. On day 11, the fish were challenged by injection with a virulent strain of F. psychrophilum (CSF 259-93). Fish that were fed C6-6 had significantly longer survival than fish fed the ecnAB knockout strain (P < 0.0001), while fish fed the complemented knockout strain recovered the probiotic phenotype (P = 0.61). This entericidin is responsible for the probiotic activity of Enterobacter C6-6, and it may present new opportunities for therapeutic and prophylactic treatments against similarly susceptible pathogens.
What We Know and Need to Know about Preventing Problem Behavior in Schools

When chronic problem behaviors occur in schools, the tendency is to react with stringent and restrictive consequences. Recently, emphasis has shifted toward proactive prevention strategies. In this article, we focus on what we know and need to know about school-wide applications of effective practices and systems for preventing problem behaviors. We describe why this emphasis is important, what defines one prevention approach called school-wide positive behavior support, what current research results indicate about this approach, and what future research is needed to prevent development and occurrences of problem behavior in schools.
Case Study Research Using Senior Design Projects: An Example Application

Case study research in engineering design, while not as formalized and accepted as in the social sciences, is growing in popularity because of its ability to yield significant insights into how designers interact with design problems, processes, artifacts, and each other. A wealth of evidence for use in case studies exists in the form of undergraduate senior design courses, which produce documentation related to the design of new artifacts every academic semester. The resulting documentation can be effectively mined to test hypotheses about design processes and designer behaviors. In this paper, we offer an example application of how to apply case study research to a completed senior design project in order to test a theory for how designers, users, and artifacts behave as a complex adaptive system. The evidence from the case study supports the descriptive power of the theoretical framework and supports the practical conclusion that effective communication between designers and users is particularly important and should be strengthened to foster overall project success, especially during the problem definition stage of design.
Release of Neuronal HMGB1 by Ethanol through Decreased HDAC Activity Activates Brain Neuroimmune Signaling

Neuroimmune gene induction is involved in many brain pathologies including addiction. Although increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines has been found in ethanol-treated mouse brain and rat brain slice cultures as well as in post-mortem human alcoholic brain, the mechanisms remain elusive. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a nuclear protein that has endogenous cytokine-like activity. We previously found increased HMGB1 in post-mortem alcoholic human brain as well as in ethanol treated mice and rat brain slice cultures. The present study investigated the mechanisms for ethanol-induced release of HMGB1 and neuroimmune activation in a model of rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) brain slice cultures. Ethanol exposure triggered dose-dependent HMGB1 release, predominantly from neuronal cells. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) promoted nucleocytoplasmic mobilization of HDAC1/4 and HMGB1 resulting in increased total HMGB1 and acetylated HMGB1 release. Similarly, ethanol treatment was found to induce the translocation of HDAC1/4 and HMGB1 proteins from nuclear to cytosolic fractions. Furthermore, ethanol treatment reduced HDAC1/4 mRNA and increased acetylated HMGB1 release into the media. These results suggest decreased HDAC activity may be critical in regulating acetylated HMGB1 release from neurons in response to ethanol. Ethanol and HMGB1 treatment increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β as well as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Targeting HMGB1 or microglial TLR4 by using siRNAs to HMGB1 and TLR4, HMGB1 neutralizing antibody, HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin and TLR4 antagonist as well as inhibitor of microglial activation all blocked ethanol-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β. These results support the hypothesis that ethanol alters HDACs that regulate HMGB1 release and that danger signal HMGB1 as endogenous ligand for TLR4 mediates ethanol-induced brain neuroimmune signaling through activation of microglial TLR4. These findings provide new therapeutic targets for brain neuroimmune activation and alcoholism.
Automated Deconvolution of Overlapped Ion Mobility Profiles

Presence of unresolved ion mobility (IM) profiles limits the efficient utilization of IM mass spectrometry (IM-MS) systems for isomer differentiation. Here, we introduce an automated ion mobility deconvolution (AIMD) computer software for streamlined deconvolution of overlapped IM-MS profiles. AIMD is based on a previously reported post-IM/collision-induced dissociation (CID) deconvolution approach [J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.23, 1873 (2012)] and, unlike the previously reported manual approach, it does not require resampling of post-IM/CID data. A novel data preprocessing approach is utilized to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the deconvolution process. Results from AIMD analysis of overlapped IM profiles of data from (1) Waters Synapt G1 for a binary mixture of isomeric peptides (amino acid sequences: GRGDS and SDGRG) and (2) Waters Synapt G2-S for a binary mixture of isomeric trisaccharides (raffinose and isomaltotriose) are presented.
Reduced Cerebral Grey Matter Observed in Alcoholics Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Twenty-eight chronic alcoholics and 36 age- and sex-matched non-alcoholic controls were examined with magnetic resonance imaging and brain morphometric analyses. Results confirmed large increases in subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume and mild ventricular enlargement in the alcoholics and revealed associated volume reductions of localized cortical and subcortical cerebral structures. Volume losses in the diencephalon, the caudate nucleus, dorsolateral frontal and parietal cortex, and mesial temporal lobe structures were the most prominent. Significant correlations between increments in cortical and ventricular CSF and decrements in the volume of cortical and subcortical grey matter were noted. Although there was little evidence for relationships between performance on neuropsychological tests and volume of grey matter structures, significant correlations between some cognitive measures and subcortical and cortical fluid volumes were found. The parallels between this pattern of affected structures and recent neuropathological findings are discussed.
Why Explore in Sacramento Valley?: ABSTRACT

Sacramento Valley exploration and development drilling for natural dry gas fields is setting a brisk pace. Incentives supporting this level of activity are found in geology, economics, and politics. Geologically, the basin contains a thick section or rocks with favorable reservoir and source characteristics, a portion of which has already been proved productive. A moderately active orogenic history has provided an environment conducive to petroleum traps. Paleocene and Cretaceous portions of the basin are relatively unexplored. Economically, the most important factor is the competitive position of this domestic gas by virtue of its proximity to an assured expanding market and an ample latitude for future price increases without destroying this position with imported gas and(or) fuel oil. The value of Sacramento Valley gas is slightly more than double the average wellhead price throughout the United States. Average Sacramento drilling, completion and land acquisition costs are very favorable when compared with other areas of the nation. Politically, the California producer, selling his product within the state, is not subject to Federal regulation of his producing activities or his pricing negotiations. To date, no controls are imposed on his production rate by State authority. The producer can enjoy the benefits of a successful exploration program without artificial restraints. End_of_Article - Last_Page 128------------
Observations of diffuse interstellar lines toward stars with low column densities of H2

The diffuse interstellar band at 5780 A has been observed in lines of sight where the column density of H2 is less than 10 to the 16th/sq cm. The strength of 5780 A toward Gamma Cas, Kappa Ori, and Rho Leo argues strongly against a molecular carrier of the 5780 A feature. The interstellar band at 5797 A also appears to be present in Kappa Ori and Rho Leo. Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, it is concluded that the diffuse features at 5780 A and 5797 A are carried by dust grains.
Patterns in linear algebra

(1989). Patterns in Linear Algebra. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 105-117.
Selection of tests for identifying yeasts.

IN ecological studies, it is often necessary to identify very many organisms. Loader's new work on yeast classification1, 2 recommends about sixty physiological tests for identification, as well as microscopical observations, thus providing a formidable task for anyone bent on identifying hundreds or thousands of yeasts. Hence, to identify a group of yeasts, one must usually select certain tests to use and not others. Here a successful application is described of the systematic method proposed earlier3 for selecting tests to identify strains found in a recent survey of yeasts on strawberries4; we also discuss the relative efficiencies of the tests in Lodder's work, the uncorrected proofs of which were kindly made available for study.
MICROBIAL SAFETY OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE PROCESSES1

The effect of supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) processes on the population of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined in both phosphate buffer solution and ground beef systems at 35, 42.5 and 50C/10.34, 20. 67 and 31.03 MPa. Higher pressures and temperatures significantly decreased the D-values of both bacteria. No cells survived at 50C. E. coli was more resistant to SC-CO 2 processes than was S. aureus in phosphate buffer solution at 35C and in ground beef at 42.5C. After applying SC-CO 2 at 35C for 1 h in a phosphate buffer solution, pH values dropped from 6. 6-6. 8 to 3. 7-3. 9 at each pressure and remained relatively constant at that level for 6 h. While the count of S. aureus recovered completely after 18 h of incubation, under similar conditions E. coli did not.
AAGP Position Statement: Disaster Preparedness for Older Americans: Critical Issues for the Preservation of Mental Health

The Disaster Preparedness Task Force of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry was formed after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans to identify and address needs of the elderly after the disaster that led to excess health disability and markedly increased rates of hopelessness, suicidality, serious mental illness (reported to exceed 60% from baseline levels), and cognitive impairment. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) outlines risk groups which fail to address later effects from chronic stress and loss and disruption of social support networks. Range of interventions recommended for Preparation, Early Response, and Late Response reviewed in the report were not applied to elderly for a variety of reasons. It was evident that addressing the needs of elderly will not be made without a stronger mandate to do so from major governmental agencies (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] and SAMHSA). The recommendation to designate frail elderly and dementia patients as a particularly high-risk group and a list of specific recommendations for research and service and clinical reference list are provided.
A NEW COMBINATION AND NEW CHROMOSOME COUNTS IN THE TARWEED TRIBE (COMPOSITAE–MADIEAE)

ABSTRACT A new combination, Deinandra peninsularis (Moran) B. G. Baldwin, comb. nov., is proposed for D. greeneana subsp. peninsularis of Baja California, Mexico, a taxon that does not belong within D. greeneana, based on recent molecular and cytogenetic work. New chromosome counts for D. peninsularis and D. streetsii and previously reported counts for the other 20 species of Deinandra indicate that all perennial or facultatively perennial taxa of the genus share the modal, and probably basal, chromosome number of 2n = 12II. A new chromosome count for another member of the tarweed tribe, Arnica mallotopus [≡ Mallotopus japonicus] (2n = 19II), in Arnicinae, strongly contrasts with an earlier (somatic) count for that species (2n = 18), which is often treated in a different genus based in part on the previously reported chromosome number.
Competitive strategies: a cognitive choice model

Abstract A theory of competition between firms in heterogeneous markets is formulated using a psychological model of choice, the heteroscedastic form of the Thurstone random strength model. Market shares are defined in terms of random variables which portray individual variation in perceived utility. The analysis focuses on the relationship between market shares and utility variances. Besides the general theory of competition two special cases are analyzed, each of which can be identified without precise knowledge of the utility parameters. The conclusions tend to support conventional marketing wisdom but emphasize that the degree of dominance of the market leader is a significant factor in its competitive strategy. Short and long-run analyses of the model are presented, and it is shown that the best policy for a particular firm in the short run remains optimal in the presence of competitors' reactions, but it may no longer be effective. The paper concludes with some comments on statistical implementation.
Motor-pattern production: interaction of chemical and electrical synapses

Summary A pair of neurons exhibiting postinhibitory rebound, if connected through reciprocally inhibitory chemical synapses, will exhibit a stable pattern of alternating bursts. If two such oscillating pairs, of similar but no identical properties, are connected by means of an electrical synapse and an inhibitory chemical synapse between two neurons, one in each pair, the burst patterns may drift, may lock in synchrony, may entrain in antiphase, may entrain at an intermediate phase, or may be suppressed in the inhibited pair. The behavior depends on the strengths of the chemical and electrical coupling as well as on the degree of depression at the chemical synapse. These relationships of the motor patterns are illustrated quantitatively through theoretical calculations.
Hepatic recognition and catabolism of serum glycoproteins

WITH THE exception of albumin, essentially all serum proteins are glycoproteins, that is, proteins to which one or more carbohydrate chains are bound in covalent linkage. The sugars most commonly found in association with proteins are galactose, mannose,N-acetylhexosamine, sialic acid, and fucose. Glucose occurs rarely, if at all, as a normal constituent of circulating proteins. In general, the carbohydrate moiety may be envisaged as consisting of two domains. The outer, nonreducing terminus is composed of the trisaccharide, sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylglucosamine. Usually, between two and four such terminal triads may be linked glycosidically to the second domain, which is composed of three mannose and twoN-acetylglucosamine residues. The structure of a typical, complex carbohydrate chain is illustrated in the Figure. On treatment with neuraminidase, the sialic acid moiety is cleaved to reveal the penultimate galactose moiety as the new, nonreducing termini of the resulting asialoglycoprotein. Fucose, which
Controls on biochemical oxygen demand in the upper Klamath River, Oregon

Abstract A series of 30-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) experiments were conducted on water column samples from a reach of the upper Klamath River that experiences hypoxia and anoxia in summer. Samples were incubated with added nitrification inhibitor to measure carbonaceous BOD (CBOD), untreated to measure total BOD, which included demand from nitrogenous BOD (NBOD), and coarse-filtered to examine the effect of removing large particulate matter. All BOD data were fit well with a two-group model, so named because it considered contributions from both labile and refractory pools of carbon: BOD t = a 1 (1 − e − a 0 t ) + a 2 t . Site-average labile first-order decay rates a 0 ranged from 0.15 to 0.22/day for CBOD and 0.11 to 0.29/day for BOD. Site-average values of refractory zero-order decay rates a 2 ranged from 0.13 to 0.25 mg/L/day for CBOD and 0.01 to 0.45 mg/L/day for BOD; the zero-order CBOD decay rate increased from early- to mid-summer. Values of ultimate CBOD for the labile component a 1 ranged from 5.5 to 28.8 mg/L for CBOD, and 7.6 to 30.8 mg/L for BOD. Two upstream sites had higher CBOD compared to those downstream. Maximum measured total BOD 5 and BOD 30 during the study were 26.5 and 55.4 mg/L; minimums were 4.2 and 13.6 mg/L. For most samples, the oxygen demand from the three components considered here were: labile CBOD > NBOD > refractory CBOD, though the relative importance of refractory CBOD to oxygen demand increased over time. Coarse-filtering reduced CBOD for samples with high particulate carbon and high biovolumes of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae . There was a strong positive correlation between BOD, CBOD, and the labile component of CBOD to particulate C and N, with weaker positive correlation to field pH, field dissolved oxygen, and total N. The refractory component of CBOD was not correlated to particulate matter, instead showing weak but statistically significant correlation to dissolved organic carbon, UV absorbance at 254 nm, and total N. Particulate organic matter, especially the alga A. flos-aquae , is an important component of oxygen demand in this reach of the Klamath River, though refractory dissolved organic matter would continue to exert an oxygen demand over longer time periods and as water travels downstream.
Genetic stability of quantitative characters in successive generations in maize inbred lines

Genetic stability was evaluated in 11 long-time inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) by measuring 10 plant, ear, and seed characters in successive generations reproduced by self-pollination in ear-to-row progenies. The lines were reproduced through 10 generations, and the studies were made for generations 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. All lines had been inbred more than 10 generations before the start of the study. For 106 F-tests among generations, significant variation was observed for 40 tests (P<0.05). Major changes were observed in two inbred lines; in most other cases, the statistically significant changes were too small to be of practical importance.
Incidental Parotid Neoplasms: Pathology and Prevalence

ObjectiveTo better characterize parotid masses incidentally identified on imaging.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsMedical records were r...
Transcript initiation and 5'-end modifications are separable events during vesicular stomatitis virus transcription.

In this report we describe a novel, bipartite vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication system which was used to study the effect of mutations in the transcription start sequence on transcript initiation and 5'-mRNA modifications. The bipartite replication system consisted of two genomic RNAs, one of which (VSVDeltaG) was a recombinant VSV genome with the G gene deleted and the other (GFC) contained the G gene and two non-VSV reporter genes (green fluorescent protein [GFP] and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase [CAT]). Coinfection of cells with these two components resulted in high-level virus production and gave titers similar to that from wild-type-VSV-infected cells. Mutations were introduced within the first 3 nucleotides of the transcription start sequence of the third gene (CAT) of GFC. The effects of these changes on the synthesis and accumulation of CAT transcripts during in vivo transcription (e.g., in infected cells), and during in vitro transcription were determined. As we had reported previously (E. A. Stillman and M. A. Whitt, J. Virol. 71:2127-2137, 1997), changing the first and third nucleotides (NT-1 and NT-3) reduced CAT transcript levels in vivo to near undetectable levels. Similarly, changing NT-2 to a purine also resulted in the detection of very small amounts of CAT mRNA from infected cells. In contrast to the results in vivo, the NT-1C mutant and all of the second-position mutants produced near-wild-type amounts of CAT mRNA in the in vitro system, indicating that the mutations did not prevent transcript initiation per se but, rather, generated transcripts that were unstable in vivo. Oligo (dT) selection and Northern blot analysis revealed that the transcripts produced from these mutants did not contain a poly(A)(+) tail and were truncated, ranging in size from 40 to 200 nucleotides. Immunoprecipitation analysis of cDNA-RNA hybrids with an antibody that recognizes trimethylguanosine revealed that the truncated mutant transcripts were not properly modified at the 5' end, indicating the transcripts either were not capped or were not methylated. This is the first demonstration that transcript initiation and capping/methylation are separable events during VSV transcription. A model is proposed in which polymerase processivity is linked to proper 5'-end modification. The model suggests that a proofreading mechanism exists for VSV and possibly other nonsegmented minus-strand RNA viruses, whereby if some transcripts do not become capped during transcription in a normal infection, a signal is transduced such that the polymerase undergoes abortive elongation and the defective transcript is terminated prematurely and subsequently degraded.
Applying Research and Theory in Program Planning: An Example from a Nutrition Education Intervention:

Public health practitioners often hear that effective interventions are theory-based and draw from practice and research. However, operationalizing this integration of theory, research, and practice to develop a concrete program that can be delivered in communities is a difficult task that many practitioners feel illequipped to accomplish. This article describes the steps and processes used in designing the Teens Eating for Energy at School (TEENS) study, a school-based nutrition education program. The goal of TEENS is to increase middle and junior high students’ intake of fruits, vegetables, and lower fat foods to reduce their future risk of cancer. In this article, the authors describe a 10-step process of creating health behavior change programs. The authors use examples from the TEENS study to illustrate how a very concrete, community-based intervention is developed from behavioral theory, research, and knowledge of practice and the target audience.
Pulse Frequency Demodulation Without Spike Detection

One of the primary goals in the analysis of microelectrode recordings (MER) is to estimate the time-varying component of the firing rate, also known as the process intensity. This is typically done by applying a spike detection algorithm to create a spike train and then smoothing the spike train to estimate the slowly-varying fluctuations in intensity. In noisy recordings from microelectrode arrays or low-impedance microelectrodes used in stereotactic neurosurgery, this approach is often not possible because spike detection algorithms cannot accurately discriminate action potentials from single neurons. This paper compares the performance of a traditional spike-detection approach with an optimal threshold to a power demodulation approach similar to the full-wave rectifiers that are often used for the analysis of electromyograms (EMG). The results demonstrate that, in most cases, the power demodulation approach is as accurate as an optimal threshold detector. In signals with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) less than 0.1, the power demodulation approach performs slightly better than the detection-based approach
Depletion of Three BMP Antagonists from Spemann's Organizer Leads to a Catastrophic Loss of Dorsal Structures

Transplanted Spemann's organizer induces dorsal embryonic cell fates such as the nervous system and somites, but in normal development, elimination of individual organizer signals (such as the bone morphogenetic protein [BMP] antagonists) has surprisingly modest effects on these tissues. Thus, the role of BMP antagonists may be limited to fine tuning the size of the dorsal domain. However, at least five BMP antagonists are specifically expressed in the organizer, and all can mimic aspects of organizer function, suggesting overlapping functions. Here, we deplete the function of three BMP antagonists, chordin, noggin, and follistatin, in Xenopus tropicalis. We demonstrate that this results in catastrophic failure of dorsal development and expansion of ventral and posterior fates. We conclude that BMP antagonists are required for formation of the neural plate and dorsal mesoderm. In addition, our results show that neural specification requires the continuous activity of BMP antagonists from blastula through gastrula stages.
The family lives of lesbian mothers

Abstract Forty‐five lesbians who are also parents provided information on their families of creation via a researcher‐designed questionnaire. The purpose of the study was to gather descriptive data about the family lives of the women, using an ecological perspective for interpretation of results. The major findings revealed that the women were cognizant of the impact of their sexual orientation on their children, that they were vigilant about maintaining the integrity of their families, and that the stress they felt was buffered by social support networks.
Acoustic emission during fatigue of porous-coated Ti-6Al-4V implant alloy.

Acoustic emission (AE) events and event intensities (e.g., event amplitude, counts, duration, and energy counts) were recorded and analyzed during fatigue loading of uncoated and porous-coated Ti-6Al-4V. AE source location, spatial filtering, event, and event intensity distributions were used to detect, monitor, analyze, and predict failures. AE provides the ability to spatially and temporally locate multiple fatigue cracks, in real time. Fatigue of porous-coated Ti-6Al-4V is governed by a sequential, multimode fracture process of: transverse fracture in the porous coating; sphere/sphere and sphere/substrate debonding; substrate fatigue crack initiation; slow and rapid substrate fatigue crack propagation. Because of the porosity of the coating, the different stages of fracture within the coating occur in a discontinuous fashion. Therefore, the AE events generated are intermittent and the onset of each mode of fracture in the porous coating can be detected by increases in AE event rate. Changes in AE event rate also correspond to changes in crack extension rate, and may therefore be used to predict failure. AE offers two distinct advantages over conventional optical and microscopic methods of analyzing fatigue cracks--it is more sensitive and it can determine the time history of damage progression. The magnitude of the AE event intensities increased with increasing stress. Failure mechanisms are best differentiated by analyzing AE event amplitudes. Intergranular fracture and microvoid coalescence generated the highest AE event amplitudes (100 dB), whereas, plastic flow and friction generated the lowest AE event amplitudes (55-65 dB). Fractures in the porous coating were characterized by AE event amplitudes of less than 80 dB.
The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and the Zapatistas

Tracing the political origins of the Mexican indigenous rights movement, from the colonial encounter to the Zapatista uprising, and from Chiapas to Geneva, Courtney Jung locates indigenous identity in the history of Mexican state formation. She argues that indigenous identity is not an accident of birth but a political achievement that offers a new voice to many of the world's poorest and most dispossessed. The moral force of indigenous claims rests not on the existence of cultural differences, or identity, but on the history of exclusion and selective inclusion that constitutes indigenous identity. As a result, the book shows that privatizing or protecting such groups is a mistake and develops a theory of critical liberalism that commits democratic government to active engagement with the claims of culture. This book will appeal to scholars and students of political theory, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology studying multiculturalism and the politics of culture.
Social and Discourse Contributions to the Determination of Reference in Cross-Situational Word Learning

How do children infer the meanings of their first words? Even in infant-directed speech, object nouns are often used in complex contexts with many possible referents and in sentences with many other words. Previous work has argued that children can learn word meanings via cross-situational observation of correlations between words and their referents. While cross-situational associations can sometimes be informative, social cues to what a speaker is talking about can provide a powerful shortcut to word meaning. The current study takes steps toward quantifying the informativeness of cues that signal speakers' chosen referent, including their eye-gaze, the position of their hands, and the referents of their previous utterances. We present results based on a hand-annotated corpus of 24 videos of child-caregiver play sessions with children from 6 to 18 months old, which we make available to researchers interested in similar issues. Our analyses suggest that although they can be more useful than cross-situatio...
Nature and Extent of the Deep Biosphere

In the last three decades we have learned a great deal about microbes in subsurface environments. Once, these habitats were rarely examined, perhaps because so much of the life that we are concerned with exists at the surface and seems to pace its metabolic and evolutionary rhythms with the overt planetary, solar, and lunar cycles that dictate our own lives. And it certainly remains easier to identify with living beings that are in our midst, most obviously struggling with us or against us for survival over time scales that are easiest to track using diurnal, monthly or annual periods. Yet, research efforts are drawn again and again to the subsurface to consider life there. No doubt this has been due to our parochial interests in the resources that exist there (the water, minerals, and energy) that our society continues to require and that in some cases are created or modified by microbes. However, we also continue to be intrigued by the scientific curiosities that might only be solved by going underground and examining life where it does and does not exist. But really, is life underground just a peculiarity of most life on the planet and only a recently discovered figment of life? Or is it actually a more prominent and fundamental, if unseen, theme for life on our planet? Our primary purpose in this chapter is to provide an incremental assembly of knowledge of subsurface life with the aim of moving us towards a more complete conceptual model of deep life on the planet. We aim to merge the consideration of the subsea-floor and the continental subsurface because it is only through such a unified treatment that we can reach a comprehensive view of this underground life. We also provide some thoughts on a way forward with what we …
Global and regional cerebral blood flow in neonatal piglets undergoing pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass with continuous perfusion at 25°C and circulatory arrest at 18°C:

To investigate the influence of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (HCPB) at 25°C and circulatory arrest at 18°C on the global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during pulsatile perfusion, we performed the following studies in a neonatal piglet model.Using a pediatric physiologic pulsatile pump, we subjected six piglets to deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) and six other piglets to HCPB. The DHCA group underwent hypothermia for 25 min, DHCA for 60min, cold reperfusion for 10 min, and rewarming for 40 min. The HCPB group underwent 15 min of cooling, followed by 60 min of HCPB, 10min of cold reperfusion, and 30 min of rewarming. The following variables remained constant in both groups: pump flow (150 ml/kg/min), pump rate (150 bpm), and stroke volume (1 ml/kg). During the 60-min aortic crossclamp period, the temperature was kept at 18°C for DHCA and at 25°C for HCPB. The global and regional CBF (ml/100g/min) was assessed with radiolabeled microspheres.The CBF was 48% lower during deep hypotherm...