cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryptographic cloud storage

We consider the problem of building a secure cloud storage service on top of a public cloud infrastructure where the service provider is not completely trusted by the customer. We describe, at a high level, several architectures that combine recent and non-standard cryptographic primitives in order to achieve our goal. We survey the benefits such an architecture would provide to both customers and service providers and give an overview of recent advances in cryptography motivated specifically by cloud storage.
Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells

Adoptive immunotherapy is defined as the transfer to the tumor-bearing host of immune cells with antitumor reactivity.(1) However, the generation of sufficient quantities of cells with specific antitumor reactivity has been a major obstacle to developing clinically useful adoptive immunotherapy regimens for the treatment of cancer in humans.
Only for my own neighborhood?: Preferences and voluntary provision of local and global public goods

While public goods are defined as non-rival and non-excludable, there are degrees of excludability. This paper reports on the results of a series of experiments designed to investigate the role of preferences on individual willingness to contribute to the provision of a group (excludable) versus a global (non-excludable) public good. The results of this experiment show that when the average per capita return (APCR) to society of the global public good exceeds the APCR to society of the group public good, individuals contribute more to the global good but do not reduce their contributions to the group public good.
Photochemistry of Allyl Chloride in Liquid and Solid State

The photolysis at 2537 A of liquid allyl chloride at 27°C and of solid allyl chloride at 77°K has been studied. The gaseous hydrocarbon products from the liquid photolysis were allene and propene in nearly equivalent amounts. The products from the solid photolysis were allene, propene, and cyclopropane; the yield of C3H6 hydrocarbons averaged 1.7 that of allene, while the average yield of propene alone was 1.3 that of allene. By the use of aqueous acetone as an actinometer, the quantum yield of C3 hydrocarbons in the liquid was found to be about 0.01. The primary process proposed is a breaking of the carbon-chlorine bond to give allyl radical. A parallel primary process may be the formation of cyclopropyl radical. For the liquid the only secondary process needed to account for the products is the disproportionation of allyl radicals to give allene and propene. For the solid, in addition to disproportionation, abstraction of hydrogen atoms from allyl chloride is postulated.
Diabetic Nephropathy for the Primary Care Provider: New Understandings on Early Detection and Treatment

Background Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of renal disease in the United States, occurring in 20%-40% of patients with diabetes. This condition is a distinct manifestation of diabetic renal disease seen in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Despite clear screening and management recommendations, diabetic nephropathy remains substantially underdiagnosed. Methods This review presents recent guidelines and recommendations from varied work groups to identify, monitor, and halt the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Our search of the recent literature focused on diagnostic criteria, the latest screening recommendations, novel screening methods, current research, new treatment recommendations, and goals for early intervention. Results Current recommendations for early detection and treatment of diabetic nephropathy include yearly albumin to creatinine ratio checks and more frequent tests if indicated based on glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria; optimizing glucose control with a target hemoglobin A1c goal of 50 years of age regardless of the coexistence of diabetes. Conclusion With early detection, proper screening, and management, the impact of diabetic nephropathy may be better mitigated to lessen its impact on society and healthcare.
SHARP-NOTCH TENSION TESTING OF THICK ALUMINUM ALLOY PLATE WITH CYLINDRICAL SPECIMENS

Tension tests of notched cylindrical specimens can be used for screening thick aluminum alloy plate, extruded shapes, and forgings for fracture toughness. The influence of certain testing variables, such as method of gripping, specimen diameter and length, notch tip radius, eccentricity, and rate of loading have been studied. /Author/
Communities of Practice Environment (CoPE): Democratic CSCW for Group Production and E-Learning

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Democratic Group Production and e-Learning have overlapping but not identical design and use profiles. We suggest that democratically organized CSCW systems provide an ideal platform for organizing and encouraging group interactions in e-Learning and other democratic group production situations where physical meetings are not feasible. Few attempts at democratic CSCW systems have been made, we argue, largely because the necessary development resources are concentrated in large hierarchical organizations which have little apparent use for such systems. The CoPE CSCW system does seem to provide a promising platform for extension to e-Learning and other characteristically similar environments, and there is an ongoing effort to do this.
Effects of adolescent nicotine exposure and withdrawal on intravenous cocaine self-administration during adulthood in male C57BL/6J mice

Studies of adolescent drug use show (1) a pattern in which the use of tobacco precedes the use of other drugs and (2) a positive relationship between adolescent tobacco use and later drug use. These observations have led to the hypothesis that a causal relationship exists between early exposure to nicotine and the later use of hard drugs such as cocaine. Using male C57BL/6J mice, we tested the hypothesis that nicotine exposure in adolescence leads to increased intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of cocaine in adulthood. Using miniature osmotic pumps, we exposed mice and their littermate controls to nicotine (24 mg/kg/day) or vehicle, respectively, over the entire course of adolescence [postnatal days (P) 28-56]. Nicotine exposure was terminated on P56 and mice were not exposed to nicotine again during the experiment. On P73, mice were allowed to acquire cocaine IVSA (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) and a dose-response curve was generated (0.18, 0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 mg/kg/infusion). Lever pressing during extinction conditions was also evaluated. All mice rapidly learned to lever press for the combination of cocaine infusions and non-drug stimuli. Analysis of the dose-response curve revealed that adolescent nicotine-exposed mice self-administered significantly more (P < 0.05) cocaine than controls at all but the highest dose. No significant differences were observed between adolescent nicotine-exposed and control mice during the acquisition or extinction stages. These results indicate that adolescent nicotine exposure can increase cocaine IVSA in mice, which suggests the possibility of a causal link between adolescent tobacco use and later cocaine use in humans.
Coastal geology and recent origins for Sand Point, Lake Superior

Sand Point is a small cuspate foreland located along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior within Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore near Munising, Michigan. Park managers’ concerns for the integrity of historic buildings at the northern periphery of the point during the rising lake levels in the mid-1980s greatly elevated the priority of research into the geomorphic history and age of Sand Point. To pursue this priority, we recovered sediment cores from four ponds on Sand Point, assessed subsurface stratigraphy onshore and offshore using geophysical techniques, and interpreted the chronology of events using radiocarbon and luminescence dating. Sand Point formed at the southwest edge of a subaqueous platform whose base is probably constructed of glacial diamicton and outwash. During the post-glacial Nipissing Transgression, *Fisher—Timothy.Fisher@UToledo.edu; current address, Castaneda—Geosciences Institute, Department of Physics, National University of Honduras; current address, Higley—Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. Fisher, T.G., Krantz, D.E., Castaneda, M.R ., Loope, W.L., Jol, H.M., Goble, R., Higley, M.C., DeWald, S., and Hanson, P.R., 2014, Coastal geology and recent origins for Sand Point, Lake Superior, in Fisher, T.G., and Hansen, E.C., eds., Coastline and Dune Evolution along the Great Lakes: Geological Society of America Special Paper 508, p. 85–110, doi:10.1130/2014.2508(06). For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org. © 2014 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.
INADVERTENCIA Y RESPONSABILIDAD MORAL

En contra de la posicion de ciertos filosofos, como Thomas Nagel, defiendo la creencia del sentido comun segun la cual las personas no son moralmente responsables de aquello que hacen o producen inadvertidamente. Considero que respuesta podriamos esperar razonablemente de una persona que inadvertidamente hace o produce un evento o condicion que es manifiestamente indeseable o malo; y sugiero que podriamos esperar razonablemente que dicha persona no se sienta culpable, sino mas bien apenada por su inhabilidad para prevenir o evitar esa condicion o evento.
Emotion perception and quality of life in bipolar I disorder

Background Across two studies we examined the role of emotion perception as a correlate of quality of life and occupational functioning in bipolar I disorder.
Regulation of the vesamicol receptor in cholinergic synaptic vesicles by acetylcholine and an endogenous factor

: Cholinergic synaptic vesicles obtained from Torpedo electric organ have an active transport system for acetylcholine (ACh). Linked to ACh transport is a cytoplasmically oriented receptor for the inhibitory drug (–)-trans - 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (vesamicol, formerly AH5183). Storage of freshly isolated vesicles for several days leads to more vesamicol binding. This can be induced immediately by hyposmotic lysis of the vesicles, which reseal to form right-side-out ghosts. The increased drug binding was due to a twofold increase in the affinity and a 20% increase in the amount of the receptor expressed, probably as a result of the release of an endogenous factor. Binding of vesamicol to ghosts was specifically inhibited by exogenous ACh acting with a dissociation constant of 18 mM. This suggests that the vesamicol binding site probably is linked to a low-affinity ACh binding site that is different from the higher affinity transport binding site. Equilibrium and kinetic attempts to determine whether exogenous ACh acts on the outside or the inside of the ghost membrane to inhibit vesamicol binding failed because of rapid equilibration of exogenous ACh across the ghost membrane. It is argued that the endogenous factor released by hyposmotic lysis might be ACh. Potential roles for such a transmembrane signal regulating the vesamicol receptor are discussed.
Use of morphometric analysis for characterization of tobacco root growth in relation to infection byPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae

Development of tobacco root systems was characterized under controlled environmental conditions by use of morphometric root analysis. According to the classification scheme of this system, roots terminating in apical meristems are defined as first-order roots. Elements of second-order roots begin where two first-order roots merge, and so forth. Growth of root systems was similar for susceptible and resistant tobacco cultivars in nonautoclaved and autoclaved soils. During 15 days of growth subsequent to transplanting of 2-week-old plants, relative multiplication and extension rates of first-order and second-order roots were constant. Apparent unit extension rates of first-order and second-order root elements increased through 15 days of root system growth. Classification of tobacco root systems by the morphometric scheme provided a useful means of partitioning susceptibility of tissues to infection byPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. Zoospores applied at the tips of first-order roots were most successful in causing infections; 73.3% of the roots inoculated with 16 zoospores per root tip became infected. Percentages of infections after inoculation of first-order root tissues 2 cm behind root tips or after inoculation of second-order roots were 10 and 4.3%, respectively.
Not quite a myriad of gene patents

A new study assesses the impact of recent US Supreme Court rulings on the changing landscape of US patents claiming nucleic acids.
Marketing patterns of green and hawksbill turtles in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Of the six species of marine turtle in Papua New Guinea, the green turtle Chelonia mydas and the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata are the most common and the most utilized in the Port Moresby region. This paper describes a study carried out in 1989, which monitored the trade in green turtles in the country's main market and the sale of tortoiseshell in a major shopping centre. The price of turtle meat was higher than that of some common reef fish, but cost less when fish was abundant. The commercial trade in tortoiseshell appeared to be negligible. As the urban population increases it is likely that demand for turtle meat will also increase. If this food resource is to be managed sustainably the size of the turtle population needs to be determined. The University of Papua New Guinea is supporting marine turtle field studies and a sea turtle education programme, but more needs to be done to ensure the survival of PNG's marine turtles.
Surgery Versus Stenting: How Medical Device Makers Influence Patient Care

To the Editor: A recent Wall Street Journal article1 highlighted the unfortunate tactics of medical device makers (Medtronic Inc of Minneapolis, in this instance) that influence scientific research by financial incentives to medical consultants who are investigators, aggressive marketing, and ultimately legal action. The above article describes the controversial issues surrounding stent graft repairs of abdominal aortic aneurysms. It caused me to recall another equally disturbing debate that exists regarding the most efficacious treatment of carotid stenosis: carotid endarterectomy (CEA) versus carotid artery stenting (CAS). In a presentation at the November 2002 American Heart Association meeting in Chicago, Illinois, Dr Jay Yadav from the Cleveland Clinic reported the initial results of carotid stenting and angioplasty with protection (filters used to trap debris inside the carotid artery after the plaque is disrupted with a balloon or stent) in patients at high risk for endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE Study). …
Secondary Structure and Structure-Activity Relationships of Peptides Corresponding to the Subunit Interface of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Polymerase

The interaction of the catalytic subunit of herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase with the processivity subunit, UL42, is essential for viral replication and is thus a potential target for antiviral drug discovery. We have previously reported that a peptide analogous to the C-terminal 36 residues of the catalytic subunit, which are necessary and sufficient for its interaction with UL42, forms a monomeric structure with partial alpha-helical character. This peptide and one analogous to the C-terminal 18 residues specifically inhibit UL42-dependent long chain DNA synthesis. Using multidimensional (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have found that the 36-residue peptide contains partially ordered N- and C-terminal alpha-helices separated by a less ordered region. A series of "alanine scan" peptides derived from the C-terminal 18 residues of the catalytic subunit were tested for their ability to inhibit long-chain DNA synthesis and by circular dichroism for secondary structure. The results identify structural aspects and specific side chains that appear to be crucial for interacting with UL42. These findings may aid in the rational design of new drugs for the treatment of herpesvirus infections.
A role for ocean biota in tropical intraseasonal atmospheric variability

[1] We propose that temporal variations within the marine plankton system can induce intraseasonal variations in sea surface temperature (SST) through the effect on solar penetration due to chlorophyll and other optically active organic components. Sensitivity studies with a simple model suggest that these small oscillations in SST may stimulate radiative-convective oscillations in the atmosphere which amplify them and thus induce or modulate significant variability in the coupled system. Long term bio-optical measurements in the Western Pacific, where satellite time series are degraded by clouds, would provide a test of our theory and would improve our understanding of the heat balance in this climatically important region.
Symmetry aspects of finite-temperature confinement transitions

Abstract Analytical and numerical work on confinement phase transitions in finite-temperature Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories is reviewed. These transitions are order-disorder transitions and their critical properties (if any) can be understood from the standard theory of critical phenomena. Strong coupling, large- N , and non-perturbative lattice methods are discussed. The role of matter fields as symmetry-breaking perturbations is noted as important to the eventual unraveling of the phase structure of quantum chromodynamics.
Application of silylcupration of alkynes to stereo- and regiospecific formation of trisubstituted alkenes. A short synthesis of yellow scale pheromone

Abstract Silylcupration of a sterically hindered terminal alkyne, and alkylation, gave trisubstituted, β,γ-unsaturated alkenes 4 stereo- and regiospecifically. Conditions are described for iodinolysis of 4 , and subsequent Pd 0 -catalyzed elaboration to yellow scale pheromone.
The Conditions and Course of Clinically Induced Phonological Change

This two-part study continued the evaluation of minimal pair treatment in phonological change (Gierut, 1989, 1990, 1991a; Gierut & Neumann, 1992). Three linguistic variables relevant to change were...
Providers’ evaluations of family day care services

Family day care is an informal and largely unregulated form of child care with providers a key element in creating effective programs. Relatively little is known of how providers perceive the needs of clients [parents and children] and how they evaluate the adequacy of their services in meeting family needs. Thirty‐two registered home providers estimated parents’ reasons for selecting family day care, and the degree to which their services met parents’ and children's needs for care. They also evaluated the importance of program goals and provider qualifications and indicated their experience and training for day care. Knowledge of providers’ perceptions of the quality of their services and their ability to meet client needs can help educators create training programs with appropriate content and format.
Review on statistical methods for gene network reconstruction using expression data

Network modeling has proven to be a fundamental tool in analyzing the inner workings of a cell. It has revolutionized our understanding of biological processes and made significant contributions to the discovery of disease biomarkers. Much effort has been devoted to reconstruct various types of biochemical networks using functional genomic datasets generated by high-throughput technologies. This paper discusses statistical methods used to reconstruct gene regulatory networks using gene expression data. In particular, we highlight progress made and challenges yet to be met in the problems involved in estimating gene interactions, inferring causality and modeling temporal changes of regulation behaviors. As rapid advances in technologies have made available diverse, large-scale genomic data, we also survey methods of incorporating all these additional data to achieve better, more accurate inference of gene networks.
The effect of epidermal growth factor in human granulosa cells varies with follicle size

EGF decreases aromatase activity and stimulates the proliferation of granulosa cells. To determine if EGF affects follicles of different maturity differently, human granulosa cells obtained from 6 patients at the time of IVF were pooled according to size and cultured in serum free medium with or without EGF. Estrogen production at 72 h was determined by measuring tritiated water formed in a 1-h culture with 1 beta [3H] androstenedione. The change in estrogen production with EGF was compared for cells from the smallest and largest follicles for each patient. Estrogen production in response to EGF decreased with increasing follicular size in all six observations. EGF may mediate luteinized granulosa cell aromatase activity in vivo, and may be a factor responsible for the relative decline in estrogen production in the preovulatory follicle.
A tale of two eddies: Diagnosing coherent eddies through acoustic remote sensing

[1] A 38 kHz vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler is used to explore in detail the dynamics of an anticyclonic and a cyclonic eddy during two transits of the cruise vessel Explorer of the Seas from the Caribbean to New Jersey in July 2007. The radial scale of the two eddies is similar, but whereas the cyclone is strongly surface intensified, the anticyclone has its maximum expression with near–solid body rotation between 200 and 800 m depth. The anticyclone has a minimum in relative vorticity very close to −f at 800 m depth and the cyclone has a maximum of about +1.6 f close to the surface where f is the local Coriolis parameter. By integrating the momentum equation the geopotential anomaly field and hence the potential energy of the eddies can be determined quite accurately, which means that the kinetic and potential energy of the eddies can be determined purely through acoustic remote sensing. Given a density profile just outside the eddy one can integrate the gradient wind equation to obtain an estimate of the density and hence potential vorticity fields through the two eddies. The acoustic backscatter patterns in the eddies are quite distinct from the surrounding waters. The backscatter intensity of the main scattering layer at ∼600 m depth decreases by ∼10 dB in the core of both eddies. In the cyclonic eddy three identifiable scattering layers in the main thermocline show a strong tendency for the scattering layer to track the shoaling density structure toward the center of the eddy.
A Contribution To Knowledge of the Larval Development of Macrobrachium Acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) 1)

Die Beschreibung der Larvenentwicklung von Macrobrachium acanthurus durch Choudhury (1970) wird erganzt und die ersten vier Larvenstadien in Rucken- und Seitenansicht abgebildet.
Overtreatment of men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity.

BACKGROUND: Men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity are susceptible to overtreatment. The authors sought to compare the impact of comorbidity and age on treatment choice in men with low-risk disease. METHODS: The authors sampled 509 men with low-risk prostate cancer diagnosed at the Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Centers between 1997 and 2004. Rates of aggressive treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, brachytherapy) were determined among men of different ages and with different Charlson comorbidity scores. Multivariate modeling was used to determine the influence of both variables in predicting nonaggressive treatment, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compare the risk of other-cause mortality among groups according to Charlson score and age. RESULTS: Men with Charlson scores ≥3 were treated aggressively in 54% of cases (30 of 56 men), while men aged >75 years at diagnosis were treated aggressively in 16% of cases (7 of 44 men). In multivariate analysis, age >75 years was a much stronger predictor of nonaggressive treatment (relative risk, 12.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4-28.3) than a Charlson score ≥3 (relative risk, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9). In survival analysis, men with Charlson scores ≥3 had an 8-fold increased risk (hazard ratio, 8.4; 95% CI, 4.2-16.6) and 70% probability of other-cause mortality at 10 years, whereas age >75 years was associated with a 5-fold increased risk (hazard ratio, 4.9; 95%CI, 1.7-13.8) and a 24% probability of other-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Men with significant comorbidity often were overtreated for low-risk prostate cancer. Like advanced age, significant comorbidity should be a strong relative contraindication to aggressive treatment in men with low-risk disease. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Experimental intraocular infection of guinea pigs with mumps virus.

Summary and Conclusions1. Chick embryo-adapted mumps virus has been shown to infect the tissues of the guinea pig's eye after intraocular inoculation.2. Mumps virus has been carried through 7 successive guinea pig passages by intraocular injection with the subsequent production of complement-fixing antibodies in the sera of guinea pigs in passages I, II and VII. A virus culturally and immunologically indistinguishable from the original virus has been recovered from ocular tissue of passages V, VI and VII by inoculation into chick embryos.3. When doses of virus 6 to 10 times as large as those necessary to infect the anterior chamber were introduced into the plantar spaces, peritoneal cavity, or heart, antibody formation was low or absent as shown by titers of the complement fixing antibody in the convalescent sera.4. The guinea pig appears to be a suitable animal for the study of mumps virus infections when inoculations are made into the anterior chamber of the eye.
The jaundiced gunn rat model of auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony

Objective: High levels of bilirubin are neurotoxic and may result in deafness or auditory neuropathy/auditory dyssynchrony (AN/AD). The jaundiced (jj) Gunn rat animal model of kernicterus has electrophysiologic and neuroanatomic abnormalities of brainstem auditory nuclei with normal cochlear microphonic recordings. We examined morphologic changes in the cochlea, spiral ganglion, and auditory nerve and relate these findings to current understanding of AN/AD. Methods: At 15 days of age, jj and nonjaundiced (Nj) littermates were injected with sulfadimethoxine (sulfa) and killed 3 days later by transcardial perfusion. Sections were cut through decalcified temporal bones, cochlear nerves, and auditory brainstem and processed for light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical localization of calbindin-D and parvalbumin. Results: Spiral ganglion neurons were severely degenerated with a paucity of myelinated axons in jj animals. Electron microscopy of the intramodilar auditory nerve revealed a lack of large caliber axons in jj-sulfa versus Nj-sulfa controls. Large diameter degenerating axons were characterized by an electron-dense atrophied axis cylinder resembling an axonopathy. Conclusions: Our findings of abnormal spiral ganglion cells and selective loss of large, myelinated auditory nerve fibers with no abnormalities in cochlear hair cells, support the sulfa-treated jj Gunn rat as a model for bilirubin induced AN/AD. The paucity of large caliber neurons undermines temporal coding of auditory information and neural synchrony and demonstrates that in addition to brainstem auditory nuclei, spiral ganglion neurons are selectively vulnerable to bilirubin toxicity.
The effect of immunomodulators and biologics on indication for surgical bowel resection in children with Crohn's disease.

Background Despite advances in medical therapies, many children with Crohn's disease (CD) will require bowel resection. Although previous registry studies have attempted to identify risk factors for surgery, the effect of immunomodulators and biologics (IMB) on surgical indications has not been well characterized. Methods We reviewed a series of 125 children with CD who underwent bowel resection with reanastomosis between 1977 and 2011 and were followed up for at least 6 months. We compared patients who underwent surgery for perforating disease (abscess or internal fistula) and patients who were operated on for medically refractory or fibrostenosing disease. Between these 2 groups, we examined medications received before surgery. Other demographic and disease-specific covariates were examined. Results Of the 82 patients who received IMB before surgery, only 19 patients (23%) required surgery for a perforating complication of CD, whereas 63 patients (77%) required surgery for strictures or medically refractory disease. In contrast, of the 43 patients who did not receive IMB preoperatively, 20 patients (45%) developed a perforating complication and 23 patients (53%) required surgery for strictures or refractory disease. These differences across groups were significant, with a lower rate of operation for perforating disease among patients receiving preoperative IMB therapy (P = 0.007). Conclusions In our surgical cohort, children with CD who were treated with IMB were less likely to have surgery for perforating disease. This finding raises the possibility that the administration of IMB in children who require surgery may be associated with a difference in disease behavior.
Discrete quantum hair on black holes and the non-abelian Aharonov-Bohm effect

In an abelian Higgs model where U(1) is broken to Zp by a condensate of charge pe, the U(1) charge QV in a finite volume V is an observable, but charge is screened, so 〈 QV 〉 falls exponentially to zero as V → ∞. It is demonstrated that the Zp charge, QV modulo pe, can be cast as a surface integral by evaluating exp(2πiQVpe) in states containing a shell of unbroken vacuum around the volume, and its value is unaffected by the presence of the condensate inside the shell. Thus in these states QV modulo pe is not screened. This shows that black holes can indeed have Zp hair. The extension to a non-abelian discrete gauge charge is discussed, and the detection of this charge by its non-abelian Aharonov-Bohm interaction with cosmic strings is described.
Emergency Contraception: A Reasonable Personal Choice or a Destructive Societal Influence?

A 2003 petition to the US Food and Drug Administration by the manufacturer to move levonorgestrel emergency contraception from prescription status to over-the-counter sale embroiled the Agency in politics and remains controversial in some circles. This essay addresses the current remaining main points of contoversy about the medication and the Agency's decision.
Parameters related to fiber length and processing in cementitious composites

Effects of fiber length on the tensile and flexural performance of cast and extruded PVA fiber reinforced cement composites were investigated. Microstructural characterization, image analysis, and statistical tools were used to study the influence of processing and fiber length on fiber-matrix bond, fiber dispersion and fiber orientation in the composites. In the extruded composites, shorter fibers improved the performance. In the cast composites, longer fibers gave the best performance. This contradictory trend was found to be a result of differences in fiber failure mechanism, fiber distribution and fiber orientation. Microstructural observations indicated a strong matrix-fiber bond for the extruded composites. Statistical quantification of image analysis indicated a better distribution and alignment of shorter fibers in extruded composites.
The removal of bed‐load from artificial channels

Disturbance by man of nature's balance has, in many cases, resulted in excessive soil-erosion, which is now looked upon with much concern. The eroded material, carried into the main streams by their tributaries, constitutes a major problem for the engineer in endeavoring to rid irrigation, power, and municipal water-supplies of sand and silt deposited in the diversion-channels. The annual expense incurred in the operation and maintenance of water-systems of various kinds carrying sand and silt amounts to many millions of dollars in costs of excavation and in loss of revenue from power or water, due to time required for sluicing.
An effective version of Hall’s theorem

Manaster and Rosenstein [1972] constructed a recursively bipartite highly recursive graph that satisfies Hall's condition for a bipartite graph to have a matching, but has no recursive matching. We discuss a natural extension of Hall's condition which assures that every such graph has a recursive matching. A bipartite graph G = (A, B, E) consists of a set of vertices partitioned into A and B and a set E of edges such that E C A X B. A matching from A to B is a function m: A -B such that for all a E A, (a, m(a)) E E. For any X C A let NG(X) = {b E B: for some a E A, (a, b) EE} and SG(X) = I NG(X)I -I XI . When G is clear from the context we shall drop the subscript. Phillip Hall proved the following THEOREM 0 (P. HALL [1935]). If G = (A, B, E) is a finite bipartite graph then there is a matching from A into B if for all X C A, s(X) > 0. Marshall Hall provided the following extension of this theorem to infinite graphs. Let X C C A denote that X is a finite subset of A. THEOREM 1 (M. HALL [1948]). If G is a bipartite graph such that for every a E A, N({a}) is finite then G has a matching from A into B iff for all X C C A, s(X) > 0. We shall say that G satisfies the Hall condition, denoted H.c., if for all X C C A, s( X) > 0. Theorem 1 is somewhat unsatisfying because, while it asserts the existence of a matching, it does not provide an algorithm for constructing that matching. In fact, in a sense made precise by the following theorem there may be no such algorithm. THEOREM 2 (MANASTER AND ROSENSTEIN [1972]). There is a recursively bipartite, highly recursive graph G = (A, B, E) which satisfies the H.c. but does not have a recursive matching. Some explanation is in order. Roughly speaking, a graph G is recursive if there are algorithms for computing both its vertex set and its edge set; G is highly recursive if it is recursive, every vertex has finite degree and there is an algorithm for computing these degrees; G is recursively bipartite if it is bipartite, say G = (A, B, E), and there is an algorithm for determining membership in A and B. Thus a locally finite Received by the editors June 18, 1982. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03D45. Supported in part by NSF grant ISP-80-11451. ?1983 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/82/0000-0995/$02.00
Injective hulls of monars over inverse semigroups

Abstract A monar is an algebra with unary operations that represents a semigroup acting on a set. Inverse semigroups have “sufficiently many” injective monars, and inverse semigroup monars have injective hulls. These injective hulls are described.
Death and the Making of West Berlin, 1948–1961

This essay traces shifts in attitudes towards death, practices of burial, and rituals of mourning in West Berlin from the 1948 currency reform to the 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall. It shows that West Berliners in the years immediately following the Second World War maintained an arduous devotion to their dead—particularly the war dead. Yet as the war became a less immediate experience over the course of the 1950s, broad cultural shifts took shape, including a renewed sense of optimism and an emerging feeling that the suffering associated with the war could be and was being redeemed. Meanwhile, a cult of the dead long venerated as part of the very foundation of German culture gradually became ‘less German’ and ‘more Western’ over that same period. In this way, it also became a means of distinguishing West Berlin from its Communist neighbour to the East. By focusing on shifts in perceptions and practices surrounding death, the essay reveals part of the process by which moral and ethical values were reconstructed after Nazism, and how the racist collectivism of the Third Reich gradually gave way to the broadly individualist, democratic-socialist humanism that would form the basis of an expressly West German politics and society.
Which Is Better? One or Two?: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Single-plate versus Double-plate Molteno Implantation for Glaucomas in Aphakia and Pseudophakia

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that primary double-plate Molteno implantation may be beneficial. Therefore, the authors performed a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the relative effectiveness and safety of single- versus double-plate Molteno implantation. Methods: From March 1988 to February 1990, 132 patients who underwent Molteno implantation for medically uncontrollable non-neovascular glaucomas in aphakia or pseudophakia were randomly assigned to receive either single- or double-plate implants. Results: The 1- and 2-year life-table success rates (success [survival] defined as 6 mmHg ≤ final intraocular pressure [IOP] ≤ 21 mmHg without additional glaucoma surgery or devastating complication) were 55% and 46% with single-plate implantation and 86% and 71 % with double-plate implantation, respectively. The final postoperative visual acuities were within one line of the preoperative visual acuities or had improved in 73% and 80% of patients, respectively. Choroidal hemorrhages and/or effusions, corneal decompensation, flat anterior chambers, and phthisis bulbi were more common in the patients who had undergone double-plate Molteno implantation; however, transient elevations of IOP during the first few postoperative months were more common in the patients who had undergone single-plate Molteno implantation. Conclusions: Double-plate Molteno implantation more frequently affords IOP control than single-plate Molteno implantation; however, double plates are associated with greater risks of choroidal hemorrhages and/or effusions, corneal decompensation, flat anterior chambers, and phthisis bulbi.
Reliability metric for information systems based on customer requirements

States that a major problem in dealing with information‐systems reliability is the design of a metric that combines the customer’s needs and preferences with the technical specifications and modular reliability of information systems. Develops one such metric, combining the customer’s requirements and utility with the technical structure of the system. The result is a single metric that can be used for tracking the performance of an information system and as an early signal of the system’s persistent malfunction and low quality of service. This metric can also contribute to the continuous improvement of system reliability by identifying the components whose improved reliability could make the most significant contribution to the overall reliability of the system.
Magnetic resonance angiography of renal artery stenosis

Abstract Magnetic resonance angiography is a new noninvasive technique capable of imaging the renal arteries without nephrotoxic contrast agents. Therefore, it may play an important role in patients with suspected ischemic nephropathy. The objective of this discussion is to review the current state of the art of renal magnetic resonance angiography, including a description of the methods for performing magnetic resonance angiography, applications of the techniques specifically to the renal arteries, and a review of the results of several validation studies. These validation studies have reported sensitivities ranging from 83% to 100% and specificities from 92% to 97% for detecting significant (>50%) renal artery stenoses. In addition, magnetic resonance techniques capable of evaluating renal function, including direct measurement of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in individual kidneys, are described.
Dawn and dusk auroras caused by gradual, intense solar wind ram pressure events

Abstract Using Polar UVI data, dawn and dusk auroras are studied. The auroras are shown to be controlled by gradual (T>30 min ) , intense (P ram ⩾10 nPa ) solar wind ram pressure events when the interplanetary magnetic field is northward. The UV auroral intensities vary linearly with the solar wind ram pressure ( ρV 2 ). As the pressure rises, the auroral intensity increases, and as the pressure returns to normal values, the auroral intensity decreases. Linear regression analyses have been performed, and resultant correlation coefficients for different events have been found to be significant. R values lie in a range of 0.79–0.97. The peak auroral intensities occur at peak solar wind pressures. The dawn and dusk auroras are speculated to be generated by some form of viscous interaction occurring on the magnetopause flanks, such as the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, magnetic or by shearing, and Alfven wave heating.
Effect of Hypogammaglobulinemia on the Incidence of Community-Acquired Respiratory Viral Infections After Lung Transplantation

Background Hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) has been associated with an increased risk of infectious complications in lung transplant recipients, but its effect specifically on community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARVs) remains unknown. This study aimed to determine if lung transplant recipients with HGG are at an increased risk of developing CARV infection. Secondary endpoints included the effect of HGG on lung function, incidence of rejection, and mortality. Methods A retrospective review of all lung transplant recipients from 2008 to 2011 was performed. Patients were stratified as either having HGG after transplantation or having normal IgG titers according to their nadir IgG level. HGG was defined a serum IgG level of <700 mg/dL. CARVs included human metapneumovirus, influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus A/B, parainfluenza 1/2/3, rhinovirus, and adenovirus isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage/wash, sputum, or nasal swab. Results The cohort consisted of 263 patients with a mean follow-up time of 612 ± 356 days. The incidence of CARV infection was 27% in patients with normal IgG titers and 23.4% in patients with HGG (P = .62). No difference in rejection, mortality, or lung function was found between the groups. As expected, patients who ever had a CARV infection had a significantly lower 1-second forced expiratory volume % reference on their most recent spirometry than those who had not had a CARV infection (81.6% vs 86.9%; P = .027). Conclusions Although CARV infection has been shown to affect lung graft function, these data suggests that HGG is not associated with the incidence of CARV infection.
Bone marrow transplantation in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, metaphyseal dysostosis and bone marrow dysfunction with a predilection towards severe hematologic complications. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been used as a therapeutic approach for SDS patients with serious hematologic abnormalities with mixed results. There is some concern that these patients may be more susceptible to early (<100 days) transplant-related complications than other transplant groups. We report a patient who received a matched allogeneic transplant without developing serious early transplant-related complications, but eventually died from relapse of his disease. Although experience is limited, a review of the reported cases suggests patients with SDS may be transplanted without significant short-term morbidity and mortality.
The Rise of Money Manager Capitalism and Its Implications for Economic Theory and Policy

Since the 1970s, corporate governance in the United States has become increasingly beholden to Wall Street. This trend is so prominent that the resulting formation is increasingly known as money manager capitalism. This article explores some of the reasons behind this change, and its implications for the American economy.
Utility of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring for predicting recurrence of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients receiving amiodarone

The prognostic implications of changes in ventricular ectopic activity on serial 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings were prospectively evaluated in 107 patients with a history of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias treated with amiodarone for at least 30 days. Twenty-seven patients (25%) had insufficient ventricular ectopic activity Of the 27 patients without significant ventricular ectopic activity on the baseline Holter recording, 9 had an arrhythmia recurrence despite continued infrequent ventricular premature complexes and no repetitive forms on subsequent recordings. The recurrence rate in this group (33%) was similar to the overall recurrence rate. Therefore, among patients taking amiodarone for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: 1) 25% will have insufficient ventricular ectopic activity on 24 hour Holter recordings for serial statistical analysis; and 2) in the remaining 75%, data obtained from serial Holter recordings are not predictive of arrhythmia recurrence.
Implementation and use of SPFDs in optimizing Boolean networks

S. Yamashita et al. (1996) introduced a new category for expressing the flexibility that a node can have in a multi level network. Originally presented in the context of FPGA synthesis, the paper has wider implications which were discussed by R.K. Brayton (1997). SPFDs are essentially a set of incompletely specified functions. The increased flexibility that they offer is obtained by allowing both a node to change as well as its immediate fanins. The challenge with SPFDs is: (1) to compute them in an efficient way, and (2) to use their increased flexibility in a controlled way to optimize a circuit. We provide a complete implementation of SPFDs using BDDs and apply it to the optimization of Boolean networks. Two scenarios are presented, one which trades literals for wires and the other rewires the network by replacing one fanin at a node by a new fanin. Results on benchmark circuits are very favorable.
Exact Fermi energy, susceptibilities, and their singularities for an electron gas in a uniform magnetic field at T = 0 °K

Abstract Exact analysis is presented to derive the magnetic response functions and their singularities of free-electron gas in a uniform magnetic field of arbitrary strength at T = 0 °K. The newly defined functions, Λμ(s) = ∑0[s])(s − n)μ of μ = −1 2 , 1 2 , 3 2 , are employed to obtain the Fermi energy, magnetization, and susceptibility as functions of B. It is revealed that the spin susceptibility is composed of two parts, χs1 and χs2, where χs2 is purely oscillatory diamagnetic. A graphical method of finding the Fermi energy ϵF(B) as a function of B has been obtained. The system is shown to become totally one-dimensional electron gas in the field B greater than B ↓ = (2ηn) 2 3 and the total energy satisfies E t = 1 3 ϵ F (B)N . The obvious extension of the present theory to the Bloch electrons on the ellipsoidal constant energy surface is also discussed.
Conclusions and Parting Words from the Editors.

This final chapter of this volume takes a critical and candid look at athletics at the community college and discusses the place of athletics during the most uncertain economic times since the 1930s.
Matrix equations over rings

Abstract The main purpose of this work is to establish necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution of matrix equations whose coefficient matrices have elements belonging to the ring R= C [z 1 ,z 2 ,…z n ] of polynomials in n variables with complex coefficients and the ring R= R [z 1 ,z 2 ,…z n ] n of rational functions a(z1,z2,…zn)b(z1,z2,…,zn)−1 with real coefficients and b(z1,z2,…,zn)≠0 for all (z1,z2,…,zn) in Rn. Results obtained are useful in multidimensional systems theory and elsewhere.