cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Neurosurgical Focus yearly summary.

The remarkable success of Neurosurgical Focus in becoming the world’s most widely read electronic neurosurgical journal is dependent upon three distinct constituent elements contributing to each Topic publication. These three elements are the authors of manuscripts submitted for review and potential publication; the editorial review board members (along with select outside reviewers), who provide meticulous reviews of manuscripts submitted for each monthly Topic; and the editorial staff in our Charlottesville office, who carefully review and edit each manuscript accepted for publication, including a process of bibliographic verification that is unique to publications of The Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG) amongst all neurosurgical publications. Each manuscript submitted to Neurosurgical Focus is peer-reviewed by three or four experts before a decision is made to accept, revise, or reject a given submission. Each reviewer, in turn, has a 5-day “turnaround” time to complete an initial review or review of a revision to ensure that we meet our rapid publication deadlines. The competition is keen, requiring detailed analysis of each manuscript to ensure a publication of the highest order. We are grateful to the following individuals who have devoted their valuable time to ensure the success of Neurosurgical Focus during 2014:
Comparison of plate and asthenospheric flow models for the thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere

Although seafloor depth and heat flow for young oceanic lithosphere can be descibed by modeling the lithosphere as the boundary layer of a cooling halfspace, a long standing question has been why data at older ages deviate from those expected for a halfspace. Two classes of models have been proposed for these deviations. In one, heat added from below 'flattens' depth and heat flow. In the other, asthenospheric flow beneath the lithosphere perturbs the depths. We compare recent versions of the model classes: the GDH1 thin-lithosphere plate model (Stein and Stein, 1992) and an asthenospehric flow model (Phipps Morgan and Smith, 1992). The plate model fits heat flow data better than the flow model for all cases considered, and topographic data in all but one case. The flow model significantly overpredicts depths for the North Atlantic, because the assumed asthenospheric flow in the plate motion direction would yield deepening for old ages rather than the observed flattening. Overall, the GDH1 global average model does better than this flow model, whose parameters were fit to specific plates. Moreover, the plate models fit to specific plates do better than the flow model. Plate models thus appear more useful than this flow model, suggesting that deviations from a cooling halfspace are largely thermal in origin.
NG2-cells are not the cell of origin for murine neurofibromatosis-1 (Nf1) optic glioma

Low-grade glial neoplasms (astrocytomas) represent one of the most common brain tumors in the pediatric population. These tumors frequently form in the optic pathway (optic pathway gliomas, OPGs), especially in children with the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-inherited tumor predisposition syndrome. To model these tumors in mice, we have previously developed several Nf1 genetically-engineered mouse strains that form optic gliomas. However, there are three distinct macroglial cell populations in the optic nerve (astrocytes, NG2+ (nerve/glial antigen 2) cells and oligodendrocytes). The presence of NG2+ cells in the optic nerve raises the intriguing possibility that these cells could be the tumor-initiating cells, as has been suggested for adult glioma. In this report, we used a combination of complementary in vitro and novel genetically-engineered mouse strains in vivo to determine whether NG2+ cells could give rise to Nf1 optic glioma. First, we show that Nf1 inactivation results in a cell-autonomous increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein+ (GFAP+), but not in NG2+, cell proliferation in vitro. Second, similar to the GFAP-Cre transgenic strain that drives Nf1 optic gliomagenesis, NG2-expressing cells also give rise to all three macroglial lineages in vivo. Third, in contrast to the GFAP-Cre strain, Nf1 gene inactivation in NG2+ cells is not sufficient for optic gliomagenesis in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that NG2+ cells are not the cell of origin for mouse optic glioma, and support a model in which gliomagenesis requires Nf1 loss in specific neuroglial progenitors during embryogenesis.
Shape analysis of two-dimensional echocardiograms in mitral valve prolapse

The inter- and intraobserver variability in applying current diagnostic criteria for mitral valve prolapse as seen on two-dimensional echocardiograms is appreciable. It is therefore proposed that new methods employing computer-based pattern recognition algorithms be developed. The criteria will focus on the shape of the valve throughout systole. Shape analysis is first used to detect prolapsing sections of the valve. These prolapsing segments are fit using spline regression with a minimal number of knots. This mathematical description provides a basis for new shape descriptors.
Gifts and Commodities: Exchange and Western Capitalism since 1970

Gifts and Commodities: Exchange and Western Capitalism since 1970. JAMES G. CARRIER. New York: Routledge, 1995. xvi. 240 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Design and analysis of a scheme to mitigate condensation on an assembly used to cool a processor module

System performance of an IBM RS/6000Â® workstation was improved by cooling to sub-ambient temperatures the CMOS circuits of a single-chip module (SCM) mounted on a card. However, when refrigeration temperatures are sufficiently low, the temperature of all or a portion of the card on which the module is mounted can fall below the environmental dew point, resulting in unwanted condensation. Strategically placed heaters can maintain the temperature of the card surface above the dew point, but at the expense of increasing the total heat load the refrigeration unit must remove from the system. A 3D finite element analysis was used to investigate some of the key parameters that affect the thermal packaging design of a refrigeration-cooled low-temperature processor module with the objective of preventing condensation on exposed module card surfaces with minimal power input to the added heaters.
Treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma with vincristine and carboplatin

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of chemoreduction using vincristine and carboplatin in preventing or delaying external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or enucleation in patients with intraocular retinoblastoma. Patients and Methods: Twenty-five patients (43 eyes) with newly diagnosed intraocular retinoblastoma received primary treatment with eight courses of vincristine and carboplatin. Focal treatments were delayed until documentation of disease progression. Outcome measures for each eye were length of time to disease progression, avoidance or delay of EBRT, and globe survival. Event-free survival was defined as the length of time to EBRT or enucleation. Results: Disease in all eyes responded to chemotherapy and progressed in only two patients before completion of the eight courses of therapy. Disease in all but four eyes progressed and required focal treatments. Event-free survival estimates at 2 years were 59.2% ± 12.0% for Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, and III eyes and 26.3% ± 9.2% for group IV and V eyes. ...
Energy Metabolism and Brain Slice Function

The brain slice preparation has been used in a wide variety of investigations since its development in the 1930s by Quastel and by Elliot (Elliot and Wolfe, 1962). Prior to the 1970s, most of this work centered on slice metabolism, with a particular focus on the metabolic consequences of electrical activity (McIlwain and Bachelard, 1971). Although these studies were fundamental to the whole development of the brain slice as a useful preparation, they had a serious drawback in that normal electrophysiological responses could not be obtained from these cortical preparations. Thus, electrical activity was mimicked by profound membrane depolarizations, produced either by high-frequency electrical stimulation or by large changes in extracellular K+ concentrations. More recently, the development of the olfactory and the hippocampal slice preparations (Yamamoto and Kurokawa, 1970; Skrede and Westgaard, 1971) has opened the door to much more sophisticated studies of the relationship between neural activity and energy metabolism than was possible with the previous cortical slice preparation. Thus, it is now possible to correlate metabolic and electrophysiological changes in different conditions and thereby determine mechanisms by which neural transmission affects metabolism and vice-versa (Yamamoto and Kurokawa, 1970).
Through wafer interconnects on active pMOS devices

The objective of this research is to demonstrate the ability to create through-wafer interconnects (TWIs) on wafers with active devices. TWIs have previously been demonstrated on blank Si wafers. The application of TWIs in an industrial setting requires no damage or yield loss to the existing devices during additional processing steps. The test vehicle chosen is a simple pMOS test chip, which includes different structures such as transistors and invertors. The processing steps and sequence required to integrate TWIs into wafers with active devices is demonstrated.
Incidence and distribution of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital lesions in college women

During a 9-month period, 9,772 women were treated at the student health center's gynecology clinic. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from 30 of 57 patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from a herpetic or herpetic-like genital infection for a virological incidence rate of 0.31%. Using virus plaque diameter in chick embryo cells and heat stability of viral thymidine kinase, 37% of the isolates were classified as herpes simplex virus type 1 and 63% were classified as herpes simplex virus type 2.
Emission Enhancement in a Plasmonic Waveguide at Cut-Off

Enhancement of molecular emission is usually obtained by coupling small optical emitters with external resonant structures and systems, as first established by Purcell several decades ago, and verified in several recent investigations using molecules or quantum dots coupled with plasmonic nanoantennas. Here we theoretically investigate in detail a different mechanism for emission enhancement, based on our recent idea of a plasmonic nanolauncher [Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 043902], i.e., a metamaterial-inspired ultranarrow waveguide channel operating near its cut-off frequency. Such system is not necessarily at resonance, but its peculiar operation may provide enhanced emission over a relatively broad physical area, which may allow enhancement of emission independent of the position of an individual or of a group of molecules along such plasmonic channel, and the possibility to bend and route the emitted energy with large flexibility. We present here extensive theoretical and numerical results that confirm this intuition and may envision a novel method for molecular emission enhancement at the nanoscale, with more flexibility than the conventional Purcell resonance techniques.
Effect of Oxygen Gradients on the Activity and Microbial Community Structure of a Nitrifying, Membrane-Aerated Biofilm

Shortcut nitrogen removal, that is, removal via formation and reduction of nitrite rather than nitrate, has been observed in membrane-aerated biofilms (MABs), but the extent, the controlling factors, and the kinetics of nitrite formation in MABs are poorly understood. We used a special MAB reactor to systematically study the effects of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at the membrane surface, which is the biofilm base, on nitrification rates, extent of shortcut nitrification, and microbial community structure. The focus was on anoxic bulk liquids, which is typical in MAB used for total nitrogen (TN) removal, although aerobic bulk liquids were also studied. Nitrifying MABs were grown on a hollow-fiber membrane exposed to 3 mg N/L ammonium. The MAB intra-membrane air pressure was varied to achieve different DO concentrations at the biofilm base, and the bulk liquid was anoxic or with 2 g m(-3) DO. With 2.2 and 3.5 g m(-3) DO at the biofilm base, and with an anoxic bulk-liquid, the ammonium fluxes were 0.75 and 1.0 g N m(-2) day(-1), respectively, and nitrite was the main oxidized nitrogen product. However, with membrane DO of 5.5 g m(-3), and either zero or 2 g m(-3) DO in the bulk, the ammonium flux was around 1.3 g N m(-2) day(-1), and nitrate flux increased significantly. For all experiments, the cell density of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was relatively uniform throughout the biofilm, but the density of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) decreased with decreasing biofilm DO. Among NOB, Nitrobacter spp. were dominant in biofilm regions with 2 g m(-3) DO or greater, while Nitrospira spp. were dominant in regions with less than 2 g m(-3) DO. A biofilm model, including AOB, Nitrobacter spp., and Nitrospira spp., was developed and calibrated with the experimental results. The model predicted the greatest extent of nitrite formation (95%) and the lowest ammonium oxidation flux (0.91 g N m(-2) day(-1)) when the membrane DO was 2 g m(-3) and the bulk liquid was anoxic. Conversely, the model predicted the lowest extent of nitrite formation (40%) and the highest ammonium oxidation flux (1.5 g N m(-2) day(-1)) when the membrane-DO and bulk-DO were 8 g m(-3) and 2 g m(-3), respectively. The estimated kinetic parameters for Nitrospira spp., revealed a high affinity for nitrite and oxygen. This explains the dominance of Nitrospira spp. over Nitrobacter spp. in regions with low nitrite and oxygen concentrations. Our results suggest that shortcut nitrification can effectively be controlled by manipulating the DO at the membrane surface. A tradeoff is made between increased nitrite accumulation at lower DO, and higher nitrification rates at higher DO.
Purification of β‐Galactosidase by Ion Exchange Chromatography: Elution Optimization Using an Experimental Design

β-Galactosidase is an enzyme industrially used to hydrolyze milk lactose, generating dairy products destined for people intolerant to this sugar. Its importance is due to its galactosiltransferase activity. The effects of elution pH and salt gradient volume were evaluated for purification of β-galactosidase by ion exchange chromatography using an experimental design and response surface techniques. The best conditions for purification of β-galactosidase were pH 5.5 with an elution volume of 62.8 mL, obtaining a yield of 85.5 % and a 12-fold increase in the purification factor in a one-step chromatography process. Purification of β-galactosidase by application of a single stage of ion exchange and evaluation of the important process parameters using an experimental design provided good results in the recovery and purification factor that could subsequently be scaled up.
Seeking Information on Behalf of Others: An Analysis of Calls to a Spanish-Language Radio Health Program.

Objective. Spanish-monolingual Latinos account for 13% of U.S. residents and experience multiple barriers to effective health communication. Information intermediaries/proxies mediate between the linguistically isolated and health care providers. This study characterizes the information needs of surrogate callers and their subjects to a U.S.-based Spanish-language radio health program. Method. Content analysis of calls placed (N = 281 calls). Results. Women made 70% of calls; 39.1% of calls were on behalf of children, 11.0% on behalf of parents/older adults, and 18.5% on behalf of spouses/siblings/contemporary adults. Most common topics were disease symptoms/conditions (19.6%), cancer (13.9%), and reproduction/sexuality (12.9%). Calls for children were more likely than those for parents/other adults to pertain to current illness symptoms or conditions; calls for parents were more likely to be about cancer/chronic conditions. Half of all calls sought clarification about a previous medical encounter. Conclusion: Information-seeking surrogates may represent a useful strategy for linguistic minorities to overcome structural and individual barriers to health information access. Results suggest that Latinos are willing to seek information on behalf of friends and family and highlight the need for improved, culturally and linguistically appropriate health communication sources. Practice Implications. Leveraging Latinos’ natural familial social networks/willingness to share information may improve dissemination of culturally and
13C CP/MAS: Application to glycine

In a previous article (Concepts Magn Reson 22A(1) 37-49 (2004)), the initial setup of the C-13 CP/MAS experiment was described. The advantages of the experiment over direct C-13 excitation were also given. In this article, the experiment is applied to three polymorphic structures of glycine. Temperature calibration of the experiment to investigate molecular dynamics as a function of temperature is also described. Though the C-13 CP/MAS experiment is widely applicable, it cannot be universally used. The C-13 CP/MAS experiment works at ambient temperature for both the alpha and gamma polymorphic structures of glycine. However, the cross-polarization technique fails to provide a signal at low temperature from either polymorph. The failure of the technique for both polymorphs arises from the shortened H-1 T-1rho at low temperatures. This shortened T-1rho results from the hindered rotation of the -NH3 group. The technique even fails at ambient temperature for beta-glycine. Again, the reason is a shortened H-1 T-1rho. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and classification of factitious disorders : An analysis of cases reported during a ten year period

Objective:The current article offers a new conceptualization of Factitious Disorders based on Cases Reported in the Literature.Method:The Current Analysis Examines Twenty-Nine Cases Of Factitious D...
Stereotactic radiosurgery for pediatric brain tumors

Six papers from the recent literature are reviewed for outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery used to treat pediatric brain tumors. Results indicate that radiosurgery is feasible in children with brain tumors. The efficacy is approximately 80% local control for benign astrocytomas. The local control is less effective in malignant tumors. Only 4 of 15 children with recurrent ependymoma were controlled. The complication rate of all the papers combined is approximately 11%. Permanent neurologic complication owing to stereotactic radiosurgery is approximately 5%. These complications are discussed.
Shack-Hartmann Phasing of Segmented Telescopes: Systematic Effects from Lenslet Arrays

The segments in the Keck telescopes are routinely phased using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with sub-apertures that span adjacent segments. However, one potential limitation to the absolute accuracy of this technique is that it relies on a lenslet array (or a single lens plus a prism array) to form the subimages. These optics have the potential to introduce wavefront errors and stray reflections at the subaperture level that will bias the phasing measurement. We present laboratory data to quantify this effect, using measured errors from Keck and two other lenslet arrays. In addition, as part of the design of the Thirty Meter Telescope Alignment and Phasing System we present a preliminary investigation of a lenslet-free approach that relies on Fresnel diffraction to form the subimages at the CCD. Such a technique has several advantages, including the elimination of lenslet aberrations.
Interactive wifi connectivity for moving vehicles

We ask if the ubiquity of WiFi can be leveraged to provide cheap connectivity from moving vehicles for common applications such as Web browsing and VoIP. Driven by this question, we conduct a study of connection quality available to vehicular WiFi clients based on measurements from testbeds in two different cities. We find that current WiFi handoff methods, in which clients communicate with one basestation at a time, lead to frequent disruptions in connectivity. We also find that clients can overcome many disruptions by communicating with multiple basestations simultaneously. These findings lead us to develop ViFi, a protocol that opportunistically exploits basestation diversity to minimize disruptions and support interactive applications for mobile clients. ViFi uses a decentralized and lightweight probabilistic algorithm for coordination between participating basestations. Our evaluation using a two-month long deployment and trace-driven simulations shows that its link-layer performance comes close to an ideal diversity-based protocol. Using two applications, VoIP and short TCP transfers, we show that the link layer performance improvement translates to better application performance. In our deployment, ViFi doubles the number of successful short TCP transfers and doubles the length of disruption-free VoIP sessions compared to an existing WiFi-style handoff protocol.
Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of fluoropyrimidine nucleosides and fluorouracil in plasma and urine☆

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic method employing on-column alkylation and a nitrogen-sensitive detector was developed for the analysis of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, 5-fluorouridine, and 5-fluorouracil in plasma and urine. Samples (0.72 ml) containing the fluoropyrimidine and internal standard (5-chloro-2′-deoxyuridine for nucleoside analyses and 6-methyluracil for 5-fluorouracil analyses) were prepared for gas-liquid chromatography by sequential cation-exchange and anion-exchange column chromatography. Recoveries of fluoropyrimidines were 71–95% over the concentration ranges studied. The dried eluate from the anion-exchange column was dissolved in p-tolyltrimethylammonium hydroxide in methanol before gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. Columns packed with either 3% SP-2100 on Supelcoport or 3% OV1 on Gas-Chrom Q were suitable for nucleoside analyses; a column packed with 0.75% Carbowax 20M-5% KOH on Chromsorb G was used for 5-fluorouracil analyses. The fluoropyrimidine nucleosides were well separated from each other and from the potentially interfering endogenous compounds 2′-deoxyuridine and uridine; 5-fluorouracil was well separated from uracil. Linear standard curves (peak area ratio method) were obtained for plasma containing 0.025 to 20 μg FdUrd (0.1 to 81 μ m ) or 0.05 to 1.0 μg FUrd (0.2 to 3.8 μ m ), and for urine containing 0.2 to 1.0 μg (0.8 to about 4 μ m ) of the nucleosides. Standard curves for 5-fluorouracil (1.5 to 7.9 μ m ) and 2′-deoxyuridine (0.9 to 4.4 μ m ) were also linear. A measurable amount of 5-fluorouracil, equivalent to 4 to 7% of the 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine injected, was formed from the nucleoside on the gas-liquid chromatographic column, requiring correction of 5-fluorouracil concentrations measured in the presence of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine. Applicability of the analytical method to determination of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine in the dog was demonstrated. Total, metabolic, and renal clearances of the drug were 42.8, 38.6, and 4.2 ml/kg/min, respectively.
'I thought horses was the best thing ever' : Irish jarveys in Dublin

Tourism is a major source of income for the Irish economy: in 2002 there were 1.55 tourists per resident of the Republic. When high unemployment rates hit the country in the 1980s, a new niche in the tourist economy was opened in Dublin: jarveying, or taking tourists around the city by horse and carriage. Involving agency and entrepreneurship, the Dublin jarveys are of proletarian origins, coming from some of the poorest areas in the city. The fathers of many of the pioneers were carters during the petrol shortage of the Second World War and its aftermath, and sons thus had a knowledge of handling horses. They in turn trained sons and nephews and young wannabe jarveys in the trade. Conscious of their class origins, the jarveys are notable for their love of horses and their enjoyment of taking tourists on a routinized 'walk' around the city, while pointing out sites of historical or contemporary significance. They are entrepreneurs due to both need (labor market disadvantage) and desire, and have carved out for themselves a photogenic niche in Dublin's tourist economy.
Goserelin acetate in combination with radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Improvements in longer-term survival rates have been demonstrated for locally advanced prostate cancer patients treated with adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and in subsets of men with clinically localized disease treated with ADT combined with external-beam radiotherapy (RT). In these studies, ADT was administered in the form of surgery (orchiectomy) or with a class of drugs called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Goserelin acetate is a member of this class, and 10 of 11 major Phase III trials demonstrating better outcomes with ADT and RT used goserelin acetate. The reduction in deaths from prostate cancer noted in the mid-1990s may largely be due to the early use of these agents in men with intermediate-to-high-risk disease.
Sugar-beet powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae)

Summary Erysiphe betae causes sugar-beet powdery mildew, a serious fungal foliar disease resulting in sugar yield losses of up to 30%. The fungus occurs world-wide in all regions where sugar beet is grown and it also infects other edible beet crops, e.g. beetroots (garden beets). Unlike other powdery mildews, E. betae has so far received relatively little attention from pathologists and the precise mechanisms by which it infects its host remain unclear. Sources of genetic resistance have been identified in cultivated and wild Beta germplasm and molecular markers developed linked to Pm, the only single major R gene described so far, and also to QTL. Taxonomy: Erysiphe betae (Vanha) Weltz.—Kingdom Fungi, Subdivision Ascomycotina, Class Pyrenomycetes, Order Erysiphales, Family Erysiphaceae, Genus Erysiphe. Identification: Superficial persistent mycelium; unbranched erect conidiophores; conidia ripen singly, are hyaline, ovoid, 30–50 µm × 15–20 µm; cleistothecia globose, dark brown/black, 80–120 µm in diameter; mostly 4–8 asci per cleistothecium, mostly 2 or 3 spores per ascus. Host range: A monophagous parasite specific to Beta species. Disease symptoms: Infected foliage and inflorescences bear numerous powdery, white colonies. Under favourable environmental conditions the colonies coalesce, host tissue develops chlorosis and usually senesces early. Cleistothecia develop on heavily infected leaves in late summer and are small black/dark brown globose bodies resting on the mycelial surface. Control: Chemical control and partial genetic resistance.
Recognizing Faces in Recorded Meetings via MRC-Boosting

Person-based indices and timelines can enable fast and non-linear access to recorded meetings. This paper focuses on how to automatically construct those indices and timelines by using face recognition techniques. While there exist extensive research in generic face recognition, recognizing faces in recorded meetings is still an understudied area. Real-world meeting videos impose several interesting and unique challenges including complex lighting, low imaging quality, and large variations in head pose and size. In this paper, a promising approach based on MRC-Boosting is presented to address these challenges, which achieves encouraging performance on real-world meeting videos and shows superior accuracy and robustness compared to two popular existing approaches.
Obesity in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by adipose tissue hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration

Obesity is currently viewed as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in which there is a pro-inflammatory alteration in the serum adipocytokine profile as well as an infiltration of white adipose tissue by activated macrophages. The etiology of this inflammation, however, is poorly understood. Hypothesizing that local hypoxia within expanding white adipose tissue depots may contribute to obesity-related inflammation, we compared body composition, serum inflammatory marker concentrations and the expression of several hypoxia-regulated genes in white adipose tissue derived from lean, dietary-induced obese (DIO) and ob/ob male C57BL/6J mice. We also examined white adipose tissue for the presence of hypoxia using both a pimonidazole-based antibody system and a fiberoptic sensor for real-time pO2 quantification in vivo. Finally, using cell-specific leukocyte antibodies, we performed immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analyses to further characterize the cellular nature of adipose inflammation. We determined that obesity in male C57BL/6J mice is associated with increased expression of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) isoforms and GLUT-1, and that white adipose tissue hypoxia was present in the obese mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed hypoxic areas to colocalize predominantly with F4/80+ macrophages. Interestingly, CD3+ T cells were present in large numbers within the adipose of both DIO and ob/ob obese mice, and flow cytometry revealed their adipose to possess significantly more CD8+ T cells than their lean cohort. White adipose hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell invasion are features of obesity in C57BL/6J mice and are potential contributors to their local and generalized inflammatory state.
Efficient Online Inference for Bayesian Nonparametric Relational Models

Stochastic block models characterize observed network relationships via latent community memberships. In large social networks, we expect entities to participate in multiple communities, and the number of communities to grow with the network size. We introduce a new model for these phenomena, the hierarchical Dirichlet process relational model, which allows nodes to have mixed membership in an unbounded set of communities. To allow scalable learning, we derive an online stochastic variational inference algorithm. Focusing on assortative models of undirected networks, we also propose an efficient structured mean field variational bound, and online methods for automatically pruning unused communities. Compared to state-of-the-art online learning methods for parametric relational models, we show significantly improved perplexity and link prediction accuracy for sparse networks with tens of thousands of nodes. We also showcase an analysis of Little-Sis, a large network of who-knows-who at the heights of business and government.
Remarks on motivic homotopy theory over algebraically closed fields

We discuss certain calculations in the 2-complete motivic stable homotopy category over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Specifically, we prove the convergence of motivic analogues of the Adams and Adams-Novikov spectral sequences, and as one application, discuss the 2-complete version of the complex motivic J -homomorphism.
British-American Rivalry in the Chilean Trade, 1817–1820

The early commercial relations between the United States and South America in the years preceding the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine have until quite recently received but scant attention. This neglect may in part be attributed to the historian's concern with the political implications of the revolutionary movements in Spanish. America and their bearing upon our foreign policies. In part, also, it may be ascribed to the paucity of materials (either published or in manuscript); information on commercial affairs transmitted by American special agents and consuls in the ports of Latin America was generally fragmentary and incomplete. Yet even a tardy examination of our trade relations with Chile in the years 1817-1820 may be of value, especially since the materials available for this study present a picture of the volume, the variety, and the difficulties of our trade that is unique in the annals of our early relations with South America.
Participative Budgeting and Managerial Performance

Recent analytical and empirical research in budgeting has focused on conditions under which participation may or may not prove beneficial to the firm. The present study seeks to examine (in a budget setting) the impact on firm returns of managerial participation, private state information, and relative skill. Experimental results indicate a significant improvement in firm and managerial welfare across favorable and unfavorable private state information with budgetary participation. A significant interaction between the type of state information and participation is reported for managers but not firm returns. Finally, relative skill signals are shown to lead to improved managerial performance.
Master-Slave Parallel Genetic Algorithms

Master-slave parallel GAs are easy to implement, often yield considerable improvements in performance, and all the theory available for simple GAs can be used to choose adequate values for the search parameters. The analysis of this chapter showed that, for many applications, the reduction in computation time is sufficient to overcome the cost of communications. The calculations presented here should be useful to design fast master-slave GAs that utilize the computing resources in the best possible way.
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in the Patient with Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery

Patients with degenerative joint diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, or other rheumatic disorders will frequently undergo either hip or knee replacement procedures, knee arthroscopy, or spine surgeries as part of their ­disease treatment. It is important for the medical consultant to be familiar with the incidence of venous thromboembolic events and the modalities to prevent these complications in the postoperative period. Overall, patients with rheumatologic diseases undergoing orthopedic surgery have the same high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) if venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is not applied (as reported by Pedersen et al., J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:2156–2164, 2010).
Erwinia Infections in Man

(1973). Erwinia Infections in Man. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 341-355.
BeemmLink - a new tool with integration of Wolfram Mathematica and Autodesk Maya in modeling and simulation of dynamical systems, and its application to terrain-following navigation.

This paper presents BeemmLink ‐ a software tool for modeling, simulation, visualization, and analysis of a variety of dynamical systems. Within the BeemmLink architecture Wolfram Mathematica serves as a computation engine, while Autodesk Maya performs as visualizer, geometry modeler, and simulation driver. BeemmLink is implemented as a set of C/Objective-C/C++ frameworks and libraries/bundles, using standard C/C++ APIs of both Mathematica Mathlink and Maya. In addition to providing the connection and communication services between Mathematica and Maya, BeemmLink embodies custom algorithms that govern simulation parameters and logic, as well as invoking the appropriate Mathematica solvers. The paper discusses testing of BeemmLink on the well-researched dynamical problem of a double pendulum, showing the results from both stand-alone Mathematica component and full Maya-Mathematica assembly of this tool. The paper also demonstrates application of BeemmLink to the dynamical problem of terrainfollowing and presents simulation results for 2D and 3D models. The last part of the paper introduces modeling and simulation of formation motion with BeemmLink.
A Robust Test in the Multivariate Two-Sample Location Problem

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTA frequently employed test for the equality of two mean vectors is Hotelling's two-sample T2, which assumes multinormality of the populations. When the multinormality assumption is violated, modified versions of T2 and/or nonparametric statistics are utilized. In this paper, it is shown that if Hotelling's T2 statistic is computed as a function of the ranks (instead of the original observations), the resulting statistic is a monotone function of a nonparametric statistic. Just as T2 reduces to the square of a t-statistic in univariate distributions, the rank T2 reduces to a rank transform statistic TR proposed by Conover and Iman (1981). For several bivariate distributions, Monte Carlo results are presented, which suggest robustness of rank T2.
The Cultural Construction of Legitimated Interests: The Rise of American Chambers of Commerce

This paper illustrates the role of legitimated interests in the formation and ongoing construction of organizational fields. As an institution that emerged for the pursuit of capitalists’ interests...
A grain-boundary model for polycrystals and sintered carbides: Verification of the theoretical response of a two-dimensional plane-strain model of a polycrystalline or sintered-carbide system to applied stress is demonstrated by tests reported in this paper

Experimental verification is given for the predicted action of a model depicting polycrystalline or sintered-carbide systems under stress as proposed by Drucker. The models employed consisted of a regular array of hexagonal bars of aluminum separated by asphalt “cement” layers of uniform thickness throughout. Construction of the models as well as the methods used to determine the viscoelastic properties of the asphalt are described in detail. The results of a series of creep tests, each at a constant load, are compared with the predicted behavior.
The American Society of Nephrology at 50: A Personal Perspective

Dr. William (Bill) Bennett was the founding Editor-in-Chief of the Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology ( CJASN ), a Past President of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN), and the generous donor establishing the William and Sandra Bennett Clinical Scholars Program. His passion for
Multiple Diffusion Pathways in Pluronic F127 Mesophases Revealed by Single Molecule Tracking and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Single molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) are used to investigate probe molecule diffusion within the mesophase structures of Pluronic F127 gels. Mixtures are prepared in the hexagonal, lamellar, and cubic regions of the ternary F127/water/butanol phase diagram and are doped with nanomolar concentrations of a perylene diimide dye (DTPDI). Flow aligned F127 gels comprised of hexagonally arranged cylindrical micelles exhibit distinct one-dimensional (1D) DTPDI motion in wide-field videos, with diffusion occurring parallel to the flow alignment direction. The slow 1D dye motion observed is attributed to single molecule diffusion within the viscous, hydrophobic micelle cores. FCS data acquired from the same samples reveal a bimodal distribution of diffusion coefficients with the slower component assigned to 1D motion in the micelle core and the faster component to 3D diffusion in the interconnected micelle coronas. The rate of diffusion for both components increases with d...
Purely Sequential and Two-Stage Bounded-Length Confidence Intervals for the Bernoulli Parameter with Illustrations from Health Studies and Ecology

Infestation affects supplies of food and nutrition as well as the environment, thus making a deep impact in the ecological balance of the health of humans, animals, plant populations, and other natural resources. It is well known, for example, that estimation of (i) the probability of presence of infestation, (ii) the chance of getting a disease, and (iii) the chance of a relapse are very important in entomology and health studies. They frequently involve binary data modelled by a Bernoulli(p) distribution where p is an unknown parameter, \(0 1),\) we develop approximately \(100(1-\alpha )\,\%\) confidence intervals \((L_{N},U_{N})\) for p such that \(0<L_{N}<U_{N}<1\) and \(U_{N}-L_{N}\le d\) w.p.1. Here, N is a properly designed and determined stopping variable obtained via both two-stage and purely sequential sampling strategies. The proposed two-stage and purely sequential bounded-length confidence interval methodologies are shown to enjoy both asymptotic first-order efficiency and asymptotic consistency properties. Then, we present summary performances of the new methodologies by analyzing data generated from simulations. We have also implemented the proposed methodologies for three real data sets of size small to moderate to large.
What guides professional behavior of dentists

The purpose of this paper is to explore the question of what guides professional behavior in the hope that those who read it will reflect on how they conduct their relationships with patients, business associates, and employees. I propose that the ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct are only a portion of what guides dentists' ethical behavior. The Principles and Code are founded on basic personal ethics and societal standards, and in the U.S. they are in turn the foundation for the state dental practice acts.
Treatment of Huntington’s Disease and Tardive Dyskinesia with Choline Chloride

Reports that choline chloride increased brain acetylcholine in rats stimulated clinical trials of this drug in patients with Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia (Cohen and Wurtman, 1975; Haubrich et al., 1975; Davis et al., 1976; Aquilonius and Eckernas, 1977; Growdon et al., 1977a; Tamminga et al., 1977). The use of choline chloride in these movement disorders was based on previous investigations indicating that physostigmine, which increases central cholinergic activity, reduced the frequency of abnormal movements in some patients with Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia (Aquilonius and Sjostrom, 1971; Klawans and Rubovits, 1972; 1974; Gerlach et al., 1974). If choline chloride increases brain cholinergic activity, it would also be expected to improve the abnormal movements of patients with Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia in patients who were benefited by physostigmine.
Language, Scientific Knowledge, and the “Context of Learning” in African Education

Every human society has an educational program, i.e., a system of training the young to become responsible citizens. The education includes the transmission of cultural values, morals, kinship systems, inheritance procedures, specialized skills needed for survival, religious beliefs, legends and history of the community, customs and traditions pertaining to various aspects of life and living (including dying), rites of passage, duties and responsibilities associated with age as well as sex and gender etc.
Cultured PC12 Cells: A Model for Neuronal Function, Differentiation, and Survival

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a model for neuronal function, differentiation, and survival of cultured pheochromocytoma PC12 cell lines. The optimal final dilution of the collagen should be determined empirically by testing various concentrations for their capacities to foster cell attachment and nerve growth factor (NGF)-promoted neurite outgrowth. Spread the collagen evenly over the surface of the culture dish with the use of an L-shaped glass rod. Dry collagen by leaving the plates uncovered for 1–2 h in a tissue culture hood. One needs to store collagen-coated dishes at room temperature and use within one week after preparation. Dislodge the cells from the surface of the dish by repeated and forceful discharge of the culture medium directly onto the cells with a disposable glass Pasteur pipette. Forceful trituration of the cell suspension within the Pasteur pipette also decreases cell clumping. To determine the numbers of PC12 cells suspended in culture or other medium, pellet the cells by centrifugation, aspirate to remove the medium, and resuspend the cells in a known volume of the working nuclei-counting solution.
A two-dimensional global simulation study of inductive-dynamic magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

We present the numerical methods and results of a global two-dimensional multifluid-collisional-Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation model of the ionosphere-thermosphere system, an extension of our one-dimensional three-fluid MHD model. The model solves, self-consistently, Maxwell's equations, continuity, momentum, and energy equations for multiple ion and neutral species incorporating photochemistry, collisions among the electron, ion and neutral species, and various heating sources in the energy equations. The inductive-dynamic approach (solving self-consistently Faraday's law and retaining inertia terms in the plasma momentum equations) used in the model retains all possible MHD waves, thus providing faithful physical explanation (not merely description) of the magnetosphere-ionosphere/ thermosphere (M-IT) coupling. In the present study, we simulate the dawn-dusk cross-polar cap dynamic responses of the ionosphere to imposed magnetospheric convection. It is shown that the convection velocity at the top boundary launches velocity, magnetic, and electric perturbations propagating with the Alfven speed toward the bottom of the ionosphere. Within the system, the waves experience reflection, penetration, and re-reflection because of the inhomogeneity of the plasma conditions. The reflection of the Alfven waves may cause overshoot (stronger than the imposed magnetospheric convection) of the plasma velocity in some regions. The simulation demonstrates dynamic propagation of the field-aligned currents and ionospheric electric field carried by the Alfven waves, as well as formation of closure horizontal currents (Pedersen currents in the E-region), indicating that in the dynamic stage the M-I coupling is via the Alfven waves instead of field-aligned currents or electric field mapping as described in convectional M-I coupling models.
Weaving Evaluation into the Fabric of Youth Development

An Empowerment Evaluation process served to engage staff and campers and foster integration of authentic assessment methods into youth camp programming over a three-year period. Key elements to the process included program planning, staff training, timing and balance of action and reflection activities, data collection and management. Camp staff involved for 2-3 years reported improved focus and staff who served in the third year achieved mastery in communication, leadership, teaching, and management skills. A purposive sample of three different camp venues evaluated in Year 3 indicated that campers improved significantly in outdoor and life skills. Over 70% felt safe, supported, and enabled to build skills. Implications for practice, research, and policy are discussed.
Automatic Integration and Querying of Semantic Rich Heterogeneous Data: Laying the Foundations for Semantic Web of Things

Enormous amount of data from physical objects, such as devices comprising Internet of Things (IoT), is being made available through Web APIs on a daily basis. Manual discovery and integration of relevant data sources can be cumbersome. A unified view of relevant data sources is desirable for creating applications for monitoring and decision making. Considerable research has been conducted in the Semantic Web domain in terms of modeling and integrating data from physical devices, which has the potential of becoming one of the foundations for the future of IoT. In this chapter, we present different techniques for modeling semantic rich data using ontologies. We highlight the benefits of semantic modeling in terms of ease of data integration. We then discuss approaches of querying semantically rich data using various techniques aimed at users with different levels of expertise. We present this discussion in the context of how the suite of technologies that have been developed for Semantic Web can facilitate in effective handling of IoT infrastructure.