cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface tension and the heat of vaporization: A simple empirical correlation

Abstract We have observed that, for many different types of liquids, ΔHvap varies linearly with γrc2 as a function of temperature in the form ΔH vap {T} = κγ c {T}r c 2 {T} + κ′ where rc is the radius of molecule C, γc is the macroscopic surface tension of liquid C and k and k′ are constants independent of temperature. To justify physically our empirical observation, a simple model of the vaporization process is presented which treats the vaporization of a molecule as consisting of two independent partial vaporization processes and involving a free energy change: 1. (a) the bulk to surface molecular transfer given by ΔFb→s 2. (b) the surface to vapor molecular transfer given by ΔFs→v Fractional coefficients α and α′ are defined as the fraction of total vaporization enthalpy and entropy gained by the bulk to surface molecular transfer process; therefore the free energy change for this process can be written ΔF b→s = α ΔH vap − α′TΔS vap , Since the increase in the free energy for the bulk to surface transfer process is due entirely to creation of surface, the free energy change can be expressed as 4r c 2 γ c = α ΔH vap − α′TΔS vap or rewritten in the form ΔH vap = 4 α γ c r c 2 + α′ α TΔS vap to correspond to our empirical observation. Since TΔSvap is essentially independent of temperature, both α and α′ are constants independent of temperature. The validity of our model is supported by the linearity of plots of ΔHvap vs γcrc2 for a number of different types of liquids over large temperature ranges away from the critical point.
A Comparison of Donor-Acceptor Distance Distributions Derived from Ensemble and Single-Pair FRET Measurements

We engineered a FRET system consisting of a DNA oligonucleotide with FRET acceptor AlexaFluor647 at the 3′ end and a downstream DNA oligonucleotide with FRET donor Cy3 at the 5′ end. These were annealed to antisense DNA oligonucleotide that provided a four nucleotide gap between donor and acceptor residues. Molecular modeling placed the mean Forster radius-normalized inter-probe distance r/R0 between 0.5 and 1.Transfer efficiency was estimated from steady state fluorescence (ssFRET), ensemble time-resolved fluorescence (en-trFRET), and single-pair time resolved fluorescence (sp-trFRET). In our analysis, we sought internal consistency in the estimated FRET efficiency across the measurements. A distribution of inter-probe distances was obtained from the en-trFRET data after including contributions from scattering and unquenched donor in the analysis. Similarly, a distribution of inter-probe distance was obtained from the sp-trFRET data after accounting for scattering by passing the time-tagged time-resolved (TTTR) data through a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC)-based time gated filter and accounting for the population of unquenched donor by collecting data using pulsed interleaved excitation (PIE). We compare the recovered distance distributions from en-trFRET and sp-trFRET.
The fine-structure constant, magnetic monopoles and dirac charge quantization condition

The Dirac quantization condition imposes some very peculiar and stringent constraints on the nature of monopoles. One of the most interesting results is that such a particle has a classical radius larger than its quantum (Compton) or « atomic » (Bohr) radius. No other elementary particle shows this property. This indicates that the monopoles are inherently relativistic. Atom like stable bound states of oppositely charged monopoles are unphysical and a pair of primordial monopoles are prone to annihilation, which may explain the so-called monopole paradox. Conversely, if the value of the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant were greater than unity, then « magnetic-monopole atoms » would have been stable and « electric atoms » unstable. It appears that in a physical universe for a given value of the fine-structure constant only one kind of sources or charges (either electric or magnetic) are permissible. This is a quite general requirement imposed by the laws of electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and relativity acting simultaneously in conjunction to each other.
Abstract 4237: Isoenzyme-selective HDAC activity assays.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the family of enzymes which catalyze removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on both histone and non-histone proteins. The lysine acetylation state of histones is an important post-translational modification which affects both chromatin structure and gene transcription. Thus, by deacetylating the amino-terminal tails of histones, HDACs have a profound effect on numerous and diverse cellular functions including cell proliferation. Given this important regulatory role, as well as evidence for significant HDAC involvement in the modulation of cancer, rapid advancement has been made in the development of broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors. Recently, there has been an increased focus on the development of isoenzyme-specific HDAC inhibitors which may lead to improved therapy, including better efficacy and reduced off target effects. To enable selective HDAC studies, we developed assays that selectively measure specific isoenzyme activities in cells, extracts, or recombinant proteins. The assays use a homogeneous luminescent approach with a single reagent addition that is amenable to HTS. Isoenzyme-selective, luminogenic acetylated peptide substrates provide the basis for HDAC isoenzyme selectivity. Peptide deacetylation is measured by exposure to developer and a luciferin detection reagent. In addition to isoenzyme specificity, the assays show approximately 100-fold or better enhanced sensitivity over fluorescence methods and the versatility necessary for both biochemical and cell-based formats. Citation Format: Kevin R. Kupcho, Nathan J. Evans, Andrew L. Niles, Dan F. Lazar, Thomas A. Kirkland. Isoenzyme-selective HDAC activity assays. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4237. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4237
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis and Diffuse Gastrointestinal Involvement

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly named Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a rare systemic small- and medium-sized-vessel vasculitis, characterized by the presence of severe asthma as well as blood and tissue eosinophilia. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, like diarrhea and abdominal pain, are common; however, there are few reports of histologic evidence of GI involvement. We report the case of a patient on treatment for EGPA who presented with recurrent small bowel obstruction and choledocholithiasis. Biopsies of the esophagus, small bowel and common bile duct showed diffuse eosinophilia, with clear EGPA in the GI tract. Improved awareness of GI EGPA may allow for timely management of this disorder.
Antibody production by blood leucocytes.

Zirkulierende Blutleukocyten produzieren Antikorper nach mehrmaliger Injektion von Protein-Antigen oder einmaliger Verabreichung von Endotoxin. Ursprung und Bestimmungsort dieser Zellen werden diskutiert.
The sensitivity of population growth rate to pertubations in the life cycle components

Abstract A discrete model representing the age distribution of a population in terms of the birth rate and death rate of different age groups is described. Applying this model, we derive inequalities that (1) order the sensitivity of the growth rate with respect to perturbations in (a) fecundity of each age class, and (b) probability of survival from one age class to the next; (2) compare for each class the sensitivity of the growth rate with respect to variations in (a) and (b). Interpretations of these results as regards strategies for colonizing species are discussed.
Role of human type 3 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C2) in androgen metabolism of prostate cancer cells

Four human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) that belong to the AKR1C subfamily function in vitro as 3-keto-, 17-keto- and 20-ketosteroid reductases or as 3alpha-, 17beta- and 20alpha- hydroxysteroid oxidases to varying degrees. By acting as ketosteroid reductases or hydroxysteroid oxidases these AKRs can either convert potent sex hormones (androgens, estrogens and progestins) into their inactive metabolites or they can form potent hormones by catalyzing the reverse reaction. In this manner they may regulate occupancy and trans-activation of steroid hormone receptors. Tissue distribution studies previously indicated that AKR1C2 (type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD)) and AKR1C3 (type 2 3alpha-HSD) are highly expressed in human prostate. An assessment of the directionality of these AKR1C isozymes in a cellular environment would help identify which isozymes are responsible for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) formation or its elimination in the prostate. An imbalance in 5alpha-DHT levels has been implicated in development of prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We focused our attention on AKR1C2 since this is the isoform that will oxidize 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-diol) to 5alpha-DHT in vitro, suggesting it could elevate 5alpha-DHT levels. To determine whether AKR1C2 preferentially functions as a reductase or an oxidase in a cellular context, we transiently transfected AKR1C2 (pcDNA3-AKR1C2) into COS-1 cells and stably transfected pcDNA3-AKR1C2 and pLNCX-AKR1C2 constructs into PC-3 and LNCaP cells, respectively. COS-1 is a monkey kidney cell line, while PC-3 and LNCaP cells are androgen receptor (-) and (+) prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, respectively. In transient COS-1-AKR1C2 and in stable PC3-AKR1C2 transfectants, AKR1C2 functioned as a 3-ketosteroid reductase inactivating 5alpha-DHT. In androgen dependent human prostate cancer cells LNCaP, it was not possible to ascertain the preferred direction of AKR1C2 by stable transfection due to the high rate of 5alpha-DHT and 3alpha-diol glucuronidation. Based on these findings AKR1C2 may diminish 5alpha-DHT and prevent this ligand from activating the androgen receptor in situ.
Blocking of inhibitory conditioning within a serial conditioned stimulus-conditioned inhibitor compound: Maintenance of acquired behavior without an unconditioned stimulus

Abstract Well-trained classically conditioned stimuli, presented unreinforced, were protected from extinction when they were followed by a signal of the omission of the reinforcer (conditioned inhibitor Konorskian type) in eight cats. An aversive classical conditioning paradigm with shock as the reinforcer was used. Of several behavioral (leg flexion, vocalization) and organismic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, respiration amplitude) measures of conditioned responses, the respiration amplitude changes were found to be most informative for the continuous assessment of elicited arousal of low and medium intensity. In all subjects conditioned stimuli presented during extinction in serial compound with the conditioned inhibitor elicited larger responses than did conditioned stimuli presented alone during extinction. The mechanism of protection from extinction in a paradigm in which the elicitor of learned behavior occurs prior to the conditioned inhibitor provides the organism with the mechanism for the maintenance of learned behavior in the absence of a reinforcer.
Putting the clouds back in aerosol-cloud interactions

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) are the consequence of perturbed aerosols affecting cloud drop and crystal number, with corresponding microphysical and radiative effects. ACI are sensitive to both cloud microphysical processes (the "C" in ACI) and aerosol emissions and processes (the "A" in ACI). This work highlights the importance of cloud microphysical processes, using idealized and global tests of a cloud microphysics scheme used for global climate prediction. Uncertainties in key cloud microphysical processes examined with sensitivity tests cause uncertainties of nearly −30 to +60 % in ACI, similar to or stronger than uncertainties identified due to natural aerosol emissions (−30 to +30 %). The different dimensions and sensitivities of ACI to microphysical processes identified in previous work are analyzed in detail, showing that precipitation processes are critical for understanding ACI and that uncertain cloud lifetime effects are nearly one-third of simulated ACI. Buffering of different processes is important, as is the mixed phase and coupling of the microphysics to the condensation and turbulence schemes in the model.
Prognostic factors for survival in adult patients with recurrent glioma enrolled onto the new approaches to brain tumor therapy CNS consortium phase I and II clinical trials.

Purpose Prognostic factor analyses have proven useful in predicting outcome in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. Similar analyses in patients with recurrent glioma could affect the design and conduct of clinical trials substantially. Patients and Methods Between 1995 and 2002, 333 adults with recurrent gliomas were enrolled onto 10 phase I or II trials of systemic or local therapy. The studies had similar inclusion criteria and were conducted within the New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy CNS Consortium. Ninety-three percent of the patients have died. Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) were performed to identify prognostic factors. Results Factors associated with an increased risk of death were increased age, lower Karnofsky performance score (KPS), initial and on-study histologies of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), corticosteroid use, shorter time from original diagnosis to recurrence, and tumor outside frontal lobe. The final PH model includ...
Paleowattmeters: A scaling relation for dynamically recrystallized grain size

During dislocation creep, mineral grains often evolve to a stable size, dictated by the deformation conditions. We suggest that grain-size evolution during deformation is determined by the rate of mechanical work. Provided that other elements of microstructure have achieved steady state and that the dissipation rate is roughly constant, then changes in internal energy will be proportional to changes in grain-boundary area. If normal grain-growth and dynamic grain-size reduction occur simultaneously, then the steady-state grain size is determined by the balance of those rates. A scaling model using these assumptions and published grain-growth and mechanical relations matches stress–grain-size relations for quartz and olivine rocks with no fitting. For marbles, the model also explains scatter not rationalized by assuming that recrystallized grain size is a function of stress alone. When extrapolated to conditions typical for natural mylonites, the model is consistent with field constraints on stresses and strain rates.
Nasal trumpet orthosis to maintain nares opening during a melolabial interpolation flap.

BACKGROUND The nasal trumpet has been used in emergency resuscitation, anesthesia, and facial burns to maintain nares openings. The dermatologic surgery literature is not as familiar with this device to improve respiratory function during the postoperative period after reconstruction of large defects on the nose. OBJECTIVE To present a novel way of using a modified nasal trumpet orthosis to maintain nasal valve patency and improve nasal valve respiratory function postoperatively following a melolabial interpolation flap. MATERIALS A sterile nasal trumpet orthosis. CONCLUSION We present a novel way of using a modified nasal trumpet orthosis after a melolabial interpolation flap procedure. For large defects involving the nares and/or nasal valve of the nose, the nasal trumpet is well tolerated by the patient and can lead to increased post-operative respiratory function while acting as a “bolster” for the closure.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Decomposition of N-Chloroamino Acids. II: Conformationally Restricted Models

The kinetics of decomposition of the following conformationally restricted N-chloro-alpha-amino acids were studied: 1-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (2), 1-amino-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (4), 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (6), and 2-amino-2-benzonorbornanecarboxylic acid (8). The first-order rate constants obtained were 0.520, 5.197, 0.198, and 0.078, respectively, which correlated with the ring strain in the structurally related cyclic ketones cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, norborane-2-one, and benzonorbornane-2-one. The data are supportive of a concerted mechanism for the decomposition reaction involving an imine-like transition state.
An optimization approach for using contextual information in computer vision

Local parallel processes are a very efficient way of using contextual information in a very large class of problems commonly encountered in Computer Vision. An approach to the design and analysis of such processes based on the minimization of a global criterion by local computation is presented.
On spatiochromatic visual sensitivity and peripheral color LOD management

Empirical findings from a gaze-contingent color degradation study report the effects of artificial reduction of the human visual system's sensitivity to peripheral chromaticity on visual search performance. To our knowledge, this is the first such investigation of peripheral color reduction. For unimpeded performance, results suggest that, unlike spatiotemporal content, peripheral chromaticity cannot be reduced within the central 20° visual angle. Somewhat analogous to dark adaptation, reduction of peripheral color tends to simulate scotopic viewing conditions. This holds significant implications for chromatic Level Of Detail management. Specifically, while peripheral spatiotemporal detail can be attenuated without affecting visual search, often dramatically (e.g., spatial detail can be so reduced up to 50p at about 5°), peripheral chromatic reduction is likely to be noticed much sooner. Therefore, color LOD reduction (e.g., via compression), should be maintained isotropically across the central 20° visual field.
Evidence of mutual benefits of nest association among freshwater cyprinids and implications for conservation

Although nest association among Nocomis chubs and other minnows (Cyprinidae) is common throughout North America, the overall outcome of this relationship and its mechanisms of costs and benefits remain unclear. Because imperilment of stream fishes is affected by reproductive traits, the implications of this widespread interaction must be understood. Nest association mechanisms were explored using a multiple working hypotheses framework on fish assemblage data from 25 reaches in three tributaries of the New River, Virginia, USA. Multiple linear regression models predicting reproductive success (age-0 abundance) of chubs and associates were compared based on model weights (wi) calculated from Akaike's Information Criterion, adjusted for small sample size (AICc), and relative change in AICc among models. For age-0 chubs, models represented hypotheses emphasizing the additive effects of adult abundance, nest abundance, and egg dilution by juvenile associates (causing decreased egg predation). For age-0 associates, models represented hypotheses emphasizing adult associate abundance, gravel substrate availability, nest abundance, parental care (as nest defence) from chubs, and egg dilution by chubs. Model evidence suggests that chubs can sustain themselves (w = 0.61), but their reproductive success is enhanced by a dilution effect from juvenile strong associates (w = 0.37). Strong associate reproductive success was best described by variables emphasizing nest association interactions (w = 0.46) and natural sources of habitat variability (w = 0.45), whereas that of weak associates was more closely related to availability of unmodified habitat (w = 0.50). Chubs and associates appear to receive a net benefit from the association, suggesting a mutualistic relationship. Community-wide conservation strategies may be useful for protecting symbiotic spawning fishes. In addition to competition and predation, conservation practitioners should consider positive interactions in conservation plans of imperiled mutualists. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxoplasmic encephalitis during mycophenolate mofetil immunotherapy of neuromuscular disease

Objective: To show that immunotherapy with medications such mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can cause serious complications in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Methods: Two patients with neuromuscular disorders on immunotherapy with long-term MMF who developed toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) were included in this case series. Results: One patient with myasthenia gravis and one patient with inflammatory myopathy on immunotherapy with long-term MMF developed severe TE. Diagnosis was based on clinical presentation, MRI brain imaging characteristics, and CSF PCR positivity for Toxoplasma gondii . Both patients were treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin for 2 months without clinical improvement, and both died. Conclusions: Immunotherapy with medications such as MMF can cause devastating TE in non-HIV patients with neuromuscular disorders. Early consideration and recognition of this complication is important to possibly prevent unfavorable outcomes. The utility of screening and prophylaxis against toxoplasmosis in individuals with neuroimmunologic disorders and other autoimmune disorders who receive immunosuppressive therapy requires future study.
Application of the superposition principle to solar-cell analysis

The principle of superposition is used to derive from fundamentals the widely used shifting approximation that the current-voltage characteristic of an illuminated solar cell is the dark current-voltage characteristic shifted by the short-circuit photocurrent. Thus the derivation requires the linearity of the boundary-value problems that underlie the electrical characteristics. This focus on linearity defines the conditions that must hold if the shifting approximation is to apply with good accuracy. In this regard, if considerable photocurrent and considerable dark thermal recombination current both occur within the junction space-charge region, then the shifting approximation is invalid. From a rigorous standpoint, it is invalid also if low-injection concentrations of holes and electrons are not maintained throughout the quasi-neutral regions. The presence of sizable series resistance also invalidates the shifting approximation. Methods of analysis are presented to treat these cases for which shifting is not strictly valid. These methods are based on an understanding of the physics of cell operation. This understanding is supported by laboratory experiments and by exact computer solution of the relevant boundary-value problems. For the case of high injection in the base region, the method of analysis employed accurately yields the dependence of the open-circuit voltage on the short-circuit current (or the illumination level).
Cost analysis of computer-aided surgery of the paranasal sinuses

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become the standard approach for medically refractory rhinosinusitis since its introduction in the United States in 1985. Transnasal endoscopic techniques have been applied to other pathologies involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, anterior skull base, and orbits in recent years. Computer-aided surgery (CAS) is the latest wave of technology introduced in an effort to enhance safety and expand the operative indications for minimally invasive transnasal endoscopic surgery. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are ideal anatomic spaces for surgical navigation because no gaseous expansion is required, as is the case with laparoscopic surgery, and the bony limits of dissection are static during the operative procedure. As with any new technology, cost effectiveness is a primary concern. If new technology enhances safety, allows for comparable if not better outcomes, and is user friendly, additional expense may be justified. The purpose of this report is to identify costs associated with CAS.
Heat release rates of modern residential furnishings during combustion in a room calorimeter

Summary Results are presented from a number of fire experiments that were conducted in a room environment to study the fire characteristics of typical residential furnishings and assist in the design of a subsequent phase of a project involving fully furnished room fire experiments. The experiments were conducted in a 16-m2 test room (with dimensions 3.8 m wide × 4.2 m long × 2.4 m high), which had a 1.5 × 1.5-m window opening. The furnishings tested included mattresses, bed clothes, bed assemblies, upholstered seating furniture, clothing arrangements, books, plastic audio/video media and storage cases, toys, shoes, and a computer workstation setup. The smoke (gaseous products of combustion) from the room was collected using a hood system in order to measure the heat release rate (HRR) and optical density of the smoke. The test room was instrumented with load cells, heat flux gauges, thermocouples and velocity probes in order to take the following measurements: mass loss, total heat flux on gauge-installed flush with the internal surfaces (floor, walls, and ceiling), temperatures at numerous locations, and gas velocities in the window opening. Twin-size mattresses produced peak HRRs of approximately 3800 kW, and the maximum room temperature was approximately 980°C. The HRRs of bed assemblies of various sizes and configurations ranged from 1800 kW for a twin-size bed to 6250 kW for a bunk bed. The maximum temperature and heat flux recorded in the experiments were 1071°C and 221 kW/m2, respectively. Upholstered chairs and sofas had HRRs ranging from 630 kW for an ottoman to 3360 kW for a two-seat sofa. In tests with clothing, toys, shoes, books, a computer workstation, and CD/DVD media, the peak HRRs ranged from 440 kW for a bookcase to 2045 kW for toys. Furnishings containing a large proportion of rigid thermoplastic plastics, such as shoes and media cases, produced very dense smoke even at low HRRs. The effect of parameters such as bed clothes, mattress type, foundation type, bed assembly and chair size, material composition, and fuel package arrangement was evident in the results. Because the room dimensions and wall lining materials remained constant, temperatures were linearly proportional to the peak HRR (and exposure time) until the ventilation limit (approximately 4100 kW) was reached. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing depression among people with HIV disease

Many people with HIV suffer from depression, which responds to antidepressants, counseling, education, and cognitive strategies. Untreated depression hinders treatment compliance and increases risk of suicide. Management and complications of major depression are described. The evaluation of rational suicide is examined. Clinicians who treat this population need to respond therapeutically to patients with depression and suicidal ideas.
Distribution of labeled cholesterol in animal tissues

SUMMARY Rats were fed single doses of cholesterol-4-C14 and sacrificed at various time intervals. In another experiment, rabbits were injected intravenously with lipoproteins labeled with cholesterol-4-04 obtained from a donor animal and sacrificed at various time intervals. The ratios between specific radioactivities of cholesterol in several tissues and that in the serum were determined and followed as a function of time. For some tissues, this ratio reached values considerably above 1 when a sufficiently long time had elapsed between the administra tion of label and the time of sacrifice. Time curves for specific radioactivities in various tissues, best fitting the experimental data, were calculated with the aid of a digital computer by assuming that each tissue studied represented a single homogeneous compartment of cholesterol and that there was a flow of radioactive cholesterol from plasma into the tissues. Similar time curves, based on the additional assumption that no significant synthesis of cholesterol took place in the tissues, were also constructed. The results indicate that the treatment of cholesterol in each tissue as a single homogeneous compartment in exchange with plasma cholesterol, with a provision of some cholesterol synthesis in the various organs, is adequate to explain the data in most cases examined.
Coupling reduction of coupled double loop GPS antennas using split ring resonators

We utilize broadside coupled split ring resonators (BC-SRRs) for reducing the mutual coupling between two closely spaced miniature coupled double loop (CDL) antennas to improve their performance when employed in miniature anti-jam GPS arrays. The CDL GPS antenna elements have a physical size of 1.1″ × 1.1″ and operate in the L 2 and L 1 bands with measured 5.8dB and 2.8dB gains, respectively. The BC-SRRs were designed to suppress their L 2 band mutual coupling by effectively realizing a homogenous medium that could be characterized with negative permeability. Stacks of BC-SRRs were strategically placed between the 1.1″ (i.e. ∼λ 0 /9) separated CDL antennas to maximize their interaction with the L 2 band magnetic field distribution. Preliminary computational studies demonstrate that the approach can provide >5dB reduction in L 2 band coupling.
Mantic Mary? The Virgin Mother as Prophet in Luke 1.26-56 and the Early Church:

Scholars have noted that Luke’s portrait of Mary, particularly in Lk. 1.26-56, characterizes her as a prophet. Nevertheless, the evangelist refrains from explicitly calling Mary a prophet. A case for the Lukan prophetic characterization of Mary is made on literary, lexical and thematic grounds. The connection between prophecy and virginity is examined in Judaism, Greco-Roman antiquity and early Christianity. Finally, the explicit characterization of Mary as a prophet in the early Church Fathers is demonstrated, and a hypothesis is offered to explain both Luke’s reluctance and the later patristic readiness to identify Mary in such terms.
An Intermeshing Rotor Helicopter Design and Test

Central Connecticut State University's (CCSU) Engineering Department is designing and testing a small scaled counter-rotating intermeshing rotor model helicopter to study various rotor shaft lateral tilt angle effects. One of the main purposes of this research is to explore the possibility of increase the helicopter flight envelope by changing the rotor shaft tilt angle without significantly impacting the required rotor lift and power. Three rotor shaft tilt angles and their associated bevel gear train dynamic components were designed and tested. The fuselage was designed by joining two halves of helicopter fuselages using a hinged plate in order to properly simulate each required rotor shaft tilt angle. The tests were conducted by varying engine throttle positions, collective and cyclic control inputs, and blade root end pitch angles. Forty two data points were collected. Both dimensional and non-dimensional performance information were analyzed. The maximum rotor rpm experienced during the test was recorded at 1,433 rpm. At 90% engine throttle control positions, the maximum blade lift obtained during this test, exceeds 20 lbs when the blade root end collective settings were higher than 7.5. Preliminary results indicated that this was a successful tie down test. This success also extends to functional testing of the helicopter dynamic drive systems, flight control systems, and power generating systems.
Neuroinvasion of Fluorescein-Positive Monocytes in Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia. They represent prominent targets for HIV infection and are thought to facilitate viral neuroinvasion and neuroinflammatory processes. However, many aspects regarding monocyte brain recruitment in HIV infection remain undefined. The nonhuman primate model of AIDS is uniquely suited for examination of the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated encephalitis. Nevertheless, an approach to monitor cell migration from peripheral blood into the central nervous system (CNS) in primates had been lacking. Here, upon autologous transfer of fluorescein dye-labeled leukocytes, we demonstrate the trafficking of dye-positive monocytes into the choroid plexus stromata and perivascular spaces in the cerebra of rhesus macaques acutely infected with simian immunodeficiency virus between days 12 and 14 postinfection (p.i.). Dye-positive cells that had migrated expressed the monocyte activation marker CD16 and the macrophage marker CD68. Monocyte neuroinvasion coincided with the presence of the virus in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid and with the induction of the proinflammatory mediators CXCL9/MIG and CCL2/MCP-1 in the CNS. Prior to neuroinfiltration, plasma viral load levels peaked on day 11 p.i. Furthermore, the numbers of peripheral blood monocytes rapidly increased between days 4 and 8 p.i., and circulating monocytes exhibited increased functional capacity to produce CCL2/MCP-1. Our findings demonstrate acute monocyte brain infiltration in an animal model of AIDS. Such studies facilitate future examinations of the migratory profile of CNS-homing monocytes, the role of monocytes in virus import into the brain, and the disruption of blood-cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier functions in primates.
Isotope shift of uranium in the infrared region between 1817 and 5598 cm−1

The isotope shift (238–235) has been determined for 225 emission lines of uranium in the infrared region between 1984 and 5393 cm−1 (5.0–1.85 μm), and the isotope shift of several levels of neutral uranium has been obtained.
Analysis of dynamic congestion control protocols: a Fokker-Planck approximation

We present an approximate analysis of a queue with dynamically changing input rates that are based on implicit or explicit feedback. This is motivated by recent proposals for adaptive congestion control algorithms [RaJa 88, Jac 88], where the sender's window size at the transport level is adjusted based on perceived congestion level of a bottleneck node. We develop an analysis methodology for a simplified system; yet it is powerful enough to answer the important questions regarding stability, convergence (or oscillations), fairness and the significant effect that delayed feedback plays on performance. Specifically, we find that, in the absence of feedback delay, the linear increase/exponential decrease algorithm of Jacobson and Ramakrishnan-Jain [ Jac 88, RaJa 88] is provably stable and fair. Delayed feedback on the other hand, introduces oscillations for every individual user as well as unfairness across those competing for the same resource. While the simulation study of Zhang [Zha 89] and the fluid-approximation study of Bolot and Shanker [BoSh 90] have observed the oscillations in cumulative queue length and measurements by Jacobson [ Jac 88] have revealed some of the unfairness properties, the reasons for these have not been identified. We identify quantitatively the cause of these effects, via-a-vis the systems parameters and properties of the algorithm used. The model presented is fairly general and can be applied to evaluate the performance of a wide range of feedback control schemes. It is an extension of the classical Fokker-Planck equation. Therefore, it addresses traffic viability (to some extent) that fluid approximation techniques do not address. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-91-18. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/385 Analysis Of Dynamic Congestion Control Protocols: A Fokker-Planck Approximation MS-CIS-91-18 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS LAB 5 Amarnath Mukherjee John C. Strikwerda Department of Computer and Information Science School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6389
Type 2 diabetes in youth: A phenotype of poor cardiorespiratory fitness and low physical activity

Objective. The increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among youth has prompted the development of guidelines for healthy cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA)...
GriPhyN and LIGO, building a virtual data Grid for gravitational wave scientists

Many Physics experiments today generate large volumes of data. That data is then processed in a variety of ways in order to achieve the understanding of fundamental physical phenomena. The goal of the NSF-funded GriPhyN project (Grid Physics Network) is to enable scientists to seamlessly access data whether it is raw experimental data or a data product which is a result of further processing. GriPhyN provides a new degree of transparency in how data-handling and processing capabilities are integrated to deliver data products to end-users or applications, so that requests for such products are easily mapped into computation and/or data access at multiple locations. GriPhyN refers to the set of all data products available to the user as virtual data. Among the physics applications participating in the project is the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), which is being built to observe the gravitational waves predicted by general relativity. We describe our initial design and prototype of a virtual data Grid for LIGO.
Growing opportunities for adjuvant therapy of renal cell carcinoma: targeted drugs and vaccines

The management of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is undergoing a revolution, with the introduction of new agents and surgical paradigms. Thoughtful integration of diagnostic, surgical and medical approaches to the patient is paramount for disease control. Methods of risk stratifying kidney cancers are reviewed, as well as mechanisms of action of newer drugs approved in advanced metastatic kidney cancer. These drugs present opportunities for application to patients in an earlier stage of disease, and adjuvant RCC trials designs are discussed. Improvements have been made in the understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of RCC, both for causative and prognostic markers, with models addressing prediction of tumor behavior and therapeutic targets. Practice patterns have shifted from cytokine therapies to targeted molecular approaches, particularly emphasizing the VEGF pathway, related intracellular kinases and the mammalian target of rapamycin. Autologous vaccine adjuvant studies are maturing. In c...
Atg41/Icy2 regulates autophagosome formation

Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is one of the major degradation systems in eukaryotic cells, and its dysfunction may result in diseases ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer. Although most of the autophagy-related (Atg) proteins that function in this pathway were first identified in yeast, many were subsequently shown to have homologs in higher eukaryotes including humans, and the overall mechanism of autophagy is highly conserved. The most prominent feature of autophagy is the formation of a double-membrane sequestering compartment, the phagophore; this transient organelle surrounds part of the cytoplasm and matures into an autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with the vacuole or lysosome to allow degradation of the cargo. Much attention has focused on the process involved in phagophore nucleation and expansion, but many questions remain. Here, we identified the yeast protein Icy2, which we now name Atg41, as playing a role in autophagosome formation. Atg41 interacts with the transmembrane protein Atg9, a key component involved in autophagosome biogenesis, and both proteins display a similar localization profile. Under autophagy-inducing conditions the expression level of Atg41 increases dramatically and is regulated by the transcription factor Gcn4. This work provides further insight into the mechanism of Atg9 function and the dynamics of sequestering membrane formation during autophagy.
Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Rats

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection model in rats. In this method, the rats are infected under direct visualization of the larynx by using an otoscope without surgery. Male Fischer 344 rats obtained from the National Cancer Institute and ranging in weight from 150 to 250 grams are used in this model. The rats used in this model should be free of Mycoplasma pulmonis and cilia-associated respiratory bacillus, both of which can induce spontaneous pulmonary infection in rats and could interfere with the interpretation of pulmonary findings. The basic protocol involves the inoculation of C. neoformans cells directly into the lungs through the intubated trachea. This procedure is accomplished with an otoscope and provides a mechanism for direct pulmonary inoculation without the need for surgery to expose the trachea. The anesthetized rat is placed supine on the incline board with the head of the rat at the top of the incline. An otoscope is placed in the mouth of the rat, to visualize the trachea and vocal cords. Rats are then infected by placing a blunted spinal needle or an angiocath through the mouth into the trachea with the tip resting at a site distal to the vocal cords and injecting a suspension of yeast cells into the lungs. Rats infected in this manner recover quickly from the actual infection procedure. In the immunocompetent rat, inoculation of C. neoformans into the respiratory tract produces pulmonary infection with low levels of extrapulmonary dissemination.
Clinical course of 771 patients with bilateral breast cancer (BBC): Characteristics associated with overall and recurrence-free survival

546 Background: Women with a personal history of breast cancer have an annual incidence of 0.5–1% and a cumulative incidence from 3–20% of subsequently developing contralateral breast cancer. Despite numerous retrospective and case-control studies, risk factors related to overall (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in BBC are still being defined. The purpose of our study was to describe tumor properties, patient characteristics, and method of cancer detection for a large cohort of BBC patients, and to assess the associations of these factors with OS and RFS. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of the BCMS (Breast Cancer Management System) database at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Among BBC patients, we compared primary versus contralateral tumors and synchronous versus metachronous cancers. Patient and second tumor characteristics were evaluated for an association with OS and RFS, as measured from diagnosis of the second tumor. Results: Of 11,234 primary breast cancer patients seen for an...
Safe haskell

Though Haskell is predominantly type-safe, implementations contain a few loopholes through which code can bypass typing and module encapsulation. This paper presents Safe Haskell, a language extension that closes these loopholes. Safe Haskell makes it possible to confine and safely execute untrusted, possibly malicious code. By strictly enforcing types, Safe Haskell allows a variety of different policies from API sandboxing to information-flow control to be implemented easily as monads. Safe Haskell is aimed to be as unobtrusive as possible. It enforces properties that programmers tend to meet already by convention. We describe the design of Safe Haskell and an implementation (currently shipping with GHC) that infers safety for code that lies in a safe subset of the language. We use Safe Haskell to implement an online Haskell interpreter that can securely execute arbitrary untrusted code with no overhead. The use of Safe Haskell greatly simplifies this task and allows the use of a large body of existing code and tools.
Studies on the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). VI. Hydroxylation and amines in cold-stressed reserpinized rats.

SummaryTryptophan deficiency did not affect either penetration or cerebral retention of reserpine-3H or tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity of brain or liver. Administration of reserpine or acute cold exposure significantly increased tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity in the brain in both sufficient and deficient rats while cold stress, in combination with another stress, was found to be an absolute requirement in decreasing hepatic hydroxylation of either tryptophan or phenylalanine. Cold exposed and reserpinized rats responded with a statistically significant depletion of both cerebral 5-HT and NE with concomitant deep sedation.
Evaluation of deep vein thrombosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), often prodromal for pulmonary embolism, is known to cause significant morbidity and mortality.1 The use of postoperative chemoprophylaxis is controversial among clinicians who care for severe traumatic brain injury patients due to concern of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and its pernicious effects.
The Kodiak Island, Alaska Mw 7 Earthquake of 6 December 1999

A Mw 7 earthquake occurred on 6 December 1999 at 2:12 pm AKST in the Kodiak Island region of Alaska. This event was felt strongly in the towns of Kodiak and Old Harbor as well as surrounding communities. It caused some minor damage, including power and phone outages in Kodiak. Felt reports were received from as far as Fairbanks, 900 km away. The earthquake was located by the Alaska Earthquake Information Center (AEIC) at 57.51°N and 154.67°W at 45.8 km depth. Aftershocks of ML 5.4 and Mw 6.4 followed the main shock by ten minutes and one hour, respectively. Aftershock activity decreased rapidly from about twenty-five events per hour in the first few hours after the main shock to five events a day ten days later. It appears that the main shock triggered a swarm of earthquakes in the Katmai volcano field which subsided in a few hours (Power et al. , 2000). Figure 1. Map of the study area and surrounding regions. Rupture zones of the 1964 ( Mw 9.2) and 1938 ( Mw 8.2) earthquakes, major faults, and the Aleutian trench are shown. Open triangles are seismic stations used in the earthquake relocations. Solid diamonds are active volcanoes. Convergence of the Pacific and North American plates dominates the tectonic framework of the Kodiak region (Figure 1). The plate boundary lies along the Aleutian trench about 100 km seaward of Kodiak Island. A typical volcanic arc accompanying subduction is located on the Alaska Peninsula and the west coast of Cook Inlet. Most of the seismic energy in southern Alaska is released in major earthquakes that rupture the shallow part of the megathrust. The Great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake ( Mw 9.2) ruptured an 800-km-long portion of the megathrust including the Kodiak Island segment (Christensen and Beck, …
Test-Driving Deixis: Formulating Issues, Coining Concepts

Installation art provides intriguing parallels to deixis, especially in the relationship of “here” /”there” and issues connected with agency. A series of test cases that include periods and genres other than early modern lyric establishes characteristics of deixis that the book will explore in more detail. The chapter also establishes certain concepts for that exploration, such as convergers and the colonesque, and it borrows the theory of terroir from the study of wine.