cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of adult-generated granule cells on coordinated network activity in the dentate gyrus

Throughout the adult life of most mammals, new neurons are continuously generated in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Recent work has documented specific cognitive deficits after elimination of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents, suggesting that these neurons may contribute to information processing in hippocampal circuits. Young adult-born neurons exhibit enhanced excitability and have altered capacity for synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slice preparations in vitro. Still, little is known about the effect of adult-born granule cells on hippocampal activity in vivo. To assess the impact of these new neurons on neural circuits in the dentate, we recorded perforant-path evoked responses and spontaneous network activity from the dentate gyrus of urethane-anesthetized mice whose hippocampus had been focally X-irradiated to eliminate the population of young adult-born granule cells. After X-irradiation, perforant-path responses were reduced in magnitude. In contrast, there was a marked increase in the amplitude of spontaneous γ-frequency bursts in the dentate gyrus and hilus, as well as increased synchronization of dentate neuron firing to these bursts. A similar increase in gamma burst amplitude was also found in animals in which adult neurogenesis was eliminated using the GFAP:TK pharmacogenetic ablation technique. These data suggest that young neurons may inhibit or destabilize recurrent network activity in the dentate and hilus. This unexpected result yields a new perspective on how a modest number of young adult-generated granule cells may modulate activity in the larger population of mature granule cells, rather than acting solely as independent encoding units.
Chemiluminescent multiplex DNA sequencing.

A multiplex DNA sequencing system coupled with chemiluminescent detection chemistry is available in kit form for high-throughput data acquisition.
Multiple Cleavage Activities of Endonuclease V from Thermotoga maritima: Recognition and Strand Nicking Mechanism †

Endonuclease V is a deoxyinosine 3'-endonuclease which initiates removal of inosine from damaged DNA. A thermostable endonuclease V from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The DNA recognition and reaction mechanisms were probed with both double-stranded and single-stranded oligonucleotide substrates which contained inosine, abasic site (AP site), uracil, or mismatches. Gel mobility shift and kinetic analyses indicate that the enzyme remains bound to the cleaved inosine product. This slow product release may be required in vivo to ensure an orderly process of repairing deaminated DNA. When the enzyme is in excess, the primary nicked products experience a second nicking event on the complementary strand, leading to a double-stranded break. Cleavage at AP sites suggests that the enzyme may use a combination of base contacts and local distortion for recognition. The weak binding to uracil sites may preclude the enzyme from playing a significant role in repair of such sites, which may be occupied by uracil-specific DNA glycosylases. Analysis of cleavage patterns of all 12 natural mismatched base pairs suggests that purine bases are preferrentially cleaved, showing a general hierarchy of A = G > T > C. A model accounting for the recognition and strand nicking mechanism of endonuclease V is presented.
Furosemide decreases cerebrospinal fluid formation during desflurane anesthesia in rabbits.

Previous studies suggest that desflurane may increase cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation rate (Vf) and volume, particularly during conditions of hypocapnia combined with elevated CSF pressure. The present study was designed to determine whether treatments routinely used in patients during anesthesia for neurological surgery would decrease Vf during desflurane anesthesia in rabbits. Three groups of six rabbits each were examined at four experimental conditions. Condition 1 was the combination of isoflurane, normocapnia, and normal CSF pressure (baseline, all groups). Condition 2 was the combination of isoflurane (group 1) or desflurane (groups 2 and 3), hypocapnia, and elevated CSF pressure (27 and 33 cm H2O). Conditions 3 and 4 were the same as condition 2 with the addition of furosemide, dexamethasone, mannitol, or fentanyl in groups 2 and 3. Vf, resistance to reabsorption of CSF (Ra), and systemic values were determined at each experimental condition, and brain water content was determined at the end of the study. Mean baseline Vf was 9.8 +/- 2.6 microliters.min-1. During the combination of desflurane, hypocapnia, and elevated CSF pressure, furosemide decreased Vf to 3.2 +/- 1.7 microliters.min-1, mannitol increased plasma osmolality and decreased plasma sodium concentration, and fentanyl decreased heart rate and increased plasma potassium concentration. Values for Ra and brain water content did not differ between groups. Of the four treatments examined, only furosemide decreased Vf during the combination of desflurane, hypocapnia, and elevated CSF pressure.
Phene Synergism between Root Hair Length and Basal Root Growth Angle for Phosphorus Acquisition

Shallow basal root growth angle (BRGA) increases phosphorus acquisition efficiency by enhancing topsoil foraging because in most soils, phosphorus is concentrated in the topsoil. Root hair length and density (RHL/D) increase phosphorus acquisition by expanding the soil volume subject to phosphorus depletion through diffusion. We hypothesized that shallow BRGA and large RHL/D are synergetic for phosphorus acquisition, meaning that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects. To evaluate this hypothesis, phosphorus acquisition in the field in Mozambique was compared among recombinant inbred lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) having four distinct root phenotypes: long root hairs and shallow basal roots, long root hairs and deep basal roots, short root hairs and shallow basal roots, and short root hairs and deep basal roots. The results revealed substantial synergism between BRGA and RHL/D. Compared with short-haired, deep-rooted phenotypes, long root hairs increased shoot biomass under phosphorus stress by 89%, while shallow roots increased shoot biomass by 58%. Genotypes with both long root hairs and shallow roots had 298% greater biomass accumulation than short-haired, deep-rooted phenotypes. Therefore, the utility of shallow basal roots and long root hairs for phosphorus acquisition in combination is twice as large as their additive effects. We conclude that the anatomical phene of long, dense root hairs and the architectural phene of shallower basal root growth are synergetic for phosphorus acquisition. Phene synergism may be common in plant biology and can have substantial importance for plant fitness, as shown here.
The “Hummer”: New Instrumentation for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery:

The “Hummer” microdebrider is a powered rotary shaving device with continuous suction. Its use in functional endoscopic sinus (FES) surgery allows precise and delicate removal of diseased tissue. T...
Multiple applications of the U.S. EPA 1312 leach procedure to mine waste from the Animas watershed, SW Colorado

ABSTRACT Eleven acid-sulphate and quartz-sericite-pyrite altered mine waste samples from the Animas River watershed in SW Colorado were subjected to a series of 5 to 6 successive leaches using the US EPA 1312 leach protocol to evaluate the transport of metals and loss of acidity from mine wastes as a function of time. Multi-acid digestion ICP-AES analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineral identification, total sulphur, and net acid potential (NAP) determinations were performed on the initial starting materials. Multiple leaching steps generally showed a ‘flushing9 effect, whereby elements loosely bound, presumably as water-soluble salts, were removed. Aluminum, Cd, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, Zn, and S showed decreasing concentration trends, whereas Cu concentrations showed initially decreasing trends, followed by increasing trends in later steps. Concentrations of Zn in the first leach step were independent of whole-sample Zn content. Lead and Ba concentrations consistently increased with each step, indicating that anglesite (PbSO 4 ) and barite (BaSO 4 ), respectively, were dissolving in successive leach steps. Comparison of Fe content with NAP resulted in a modest correlation. However, using the S analyses and XRD identification of sulphide minerals to apportion S amongst enargite, barite, anglesite/galena, and sphalerite, and assigning the remaining S to pyrite, provided a useful correlation between estimated pyrite content and NAP. Whole-sample mass loss correlated well with NAP, but individual elements9 behaviors varied between positive correlation (e.g. Al, Fe, Mg), no apparent correlation (Ca, Cd, Pb, Zn), and negative correlation (Cu). Comparison of the summed titrated acidities of the leachates with the whole-sample NAP values yielded an estimate of the fraction of NAP consumed, and led to an estimate of the time it would take to consume the sample acidity by weathering. We estimate, on the basis of these experiments, the acidity in the upper 30 cm would be consumed in 200–1000 years. In addition, calculations suggest that the acidity would be depleted before the complete store of the metals Cu-Cd-Zn in these mine wastes would be released to the environment.
Molecular Breast Imaging as a Cost Effective Diagnostic Tool for Breast Cancer.

Introduction: Molecular breast imaging (MBI), also referred to as breast specific gamma imaging (BSGI), utilizes nuclear medicine imaging with technetium 99-sestamibi to demonstrate metabolic activity of breast tissue. A focused gamma camera is used to assist in detecting lesions concerning for malignancy based on abnormal radiotracer uptake. MBI is performed with the patient in a sitting position and requires less breast compression than mammography. MBI is safe for patients with implanted metallic devices and renal disease. Facility charge for MBI is approximately $600 vs. $2500 for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods: IRB approval was obtained prior to study initiation. Forty four (44) patients underwent MBI with technetium 99-sestamibi after mammography and or ultrasound detected abnormalities for which biopsy was recommended.Results: Forty four (44) women ranging in age from 28 to 82 (median age 52) were found to have abnormal mammogram and or ultrasound findings requiring image guided biopsy. Prior to biopsy, MBI was performed. Fifteen MBI9s were interpreted as demonstrating areas concerning for malignancy. Nine of the 44 patients (20.5%) demonstrated malignancy on biopsy pathology. Eight of these nine patients had positive MBI findings concerning for malignancy (88.9%). The patient whose MBI did not demonstrate findings consistent with malignancy had two sites of DCIS. The positive predictive value of these results was 53.3% and the negative predictive value was 96.55%.Conclusions: MBI shows promise in evaluating patients with abnormal mammogram or ultrasound findings. MBI is available at a much lower cost than MRI ($600 vs. $2500), which would have resulted in savings of $83,600 in this study alone. MBI can be used in patients for whom MRI is not an option such as claustrophobic patients, patients with renal disease limiting use of gadolinium contrast and patients who for other reasons such as body habitus and implanted metallic devices are not candidates for MRI. Further studies evaluating MBI are warranted to determine what role it may play in providing additional diagnostic data about patients with abnormal mammograms or ultrasounds. The role of MBI in settings where breast MRI is not available, is not technically feasible or is not an option due to cost also warrants further evaluation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5014.
Wilson-Peierls Ambiguity in High-Energy Photoproduction

It is pointed out that there exists a very definite possibility of resolving the p/sub 3/2, vs d/sub 3/2 ambiguity by measuring the polarization of the recoil proton in the reaction y + p yields + pi deg + p, and that such an experiment is indeed feasible. (W. D. M.)
Liquid–liquid interfaces: studied by X-ray and neutron scattering

Abstract Major recent advances include the development of new experimental techniques that enabled the first precise measurements of interfacial widths at water–oil interfaces and of the ordering of surfactants adsorbed to these interfaces, studies of phase transitions and domain formation in surfactant monolayers, and studies of interfacial fluctuations confined by and coupled across thin liquid films.
Patterns of innervation of outer hair cells in a chimpanzee: II. Efferent endings

Abstract A morphometric analysis of the efferent innervation of the outer hair cells in the organ of Corti of one chimpanzee was performed. There was a wide variability in the size of efferent endings which ranged from approximately 0.1 to 4.5 μm 3 in volume. Based on the size distribution of endings, a volume of 1.0 μm 3 was chosen to divide efferent endings into two groups, ‘large’ and ‘small’. The incidence of large efferent fibers decreased from base to apex and from the first to third row of each turn, whereas the incidence of small efferents increased from base to apex and from the first to third row in each turn. This data was interpreted to suggest that at least two types of efferent endings may exist at the base of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti in the chimpanzee.
Presence of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in two Connecticut populations of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae).

Two Connecticut populations of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), the vector of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia bugrdorferi sensu stricto Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner, in the northeastern United States, are parasitized by the encyrtid wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri (Howard), formerly Hunterellus hookeri . The wasp was first detected in ticks from a forested site in Bridgeport in 1992. I. hookeri was reared from 18.6% of 148 host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs. In 1993 and 1994, this wasp was found to parasitize 26.0% of 192 engorged nymphs from Bridgeport and 21.8% of 101 nymphs from the Bluff Point Coastal Preserve in Groton. Each parasitized nymph produced an average of 6–8 wasps (range, 3–16) with a female to male sex ratio of 1.9–1. Both study sites are wooded, geographically isolated tracts (Bridgeport, 176 ha and Bluff Point, 326 ha) with high densities (51–72/km2) of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman), and superabundant tick populations similar to that of Prudence Island, RI, where I. hookeri also has been reported. We found that I. hookeri emerged from 16.3% of 399 engorged nymphs and 13.7% of 1,081 engorged nymphs collected as unfed ticks from Prudence Island in 1990 and 1991, respectively. No wasps were obtained from nymphs collected in Stamford ( n = 38) or Old Lyme, CT ( n =241). A high proportion (23.1% of 39) of engorged nymphs obtained from Bridgeport deer produced I. hookeri . However, only 2 nymphs (6.7%) recovered from white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), at Bridgeport were parasitized by the wasp. None of the engorged larvae recovered from deer or mice and fed as nymphs in the laboratory produced I. hookeri ( n = 26 from deer and n = 384 from mice). The presence of this wasp in I. scapularis at these 2 insular-like sites on the Connecticut mainland supports the observation that high tick densities are required for the establishment and maintenance of I. hookeri and that the potential role of this wasp in the biological control of I. scapularis is limited.
Acibenzolar-S-methyl induces resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium and cucumber mosaic virus in cantaloupe

Abstract Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a synthetic analogue of salicylic acid developed for use in a novel strategy for crop protection through systemic acquired resistance (SAR). ASM protected cantaloupe against a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum lagenarium , and a viral pathogen, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). ASM induced the systemic accumulation of chitinase, a marker protein for SAR, in both greenhouse and field grown seedlings. ASM at 50 or 100 μg/ml provided almost complete protection against the fungal pathogen and effectively delayed the spread of CMV in greenhouse trials. In two field trials, ASM had no negative effect on fruit production in the absence of CMV disease pressure.
Experiments characterizing nonlinear shear layer dynamics in a supersonic rectangular jet undergoing screech

Jet screech is the result of a resonant aeroacoustic feedback loop. In modern high-performance aircraft jet screech has given rise to in-flight sonic fatigue failure of nozzle components. For this reason, jet screech has been the focus of numerous investigations. However, the prediction of screech amplitude has been a very elusive goal. A primary objective of the work to be reported is to experimentally characterize the nonlinear instability wave development in the shear layer of a rectangular supersonic jet undergoing screech. Hot-film probes are used to measure the instability wave development in the jet shear layers along a constant Mach number ray. Higher-order polyspectral techniques are employed to determine resonant nonlinear phase locking between multiple instability modes. A detailed comparison of the “inner loop” hot-film measurements with “outer loop” acoustic measurements is made. Such a comparison reveals the importance of incorporating nonlinear effects into a jet screech amplitude predictio...
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is not an independent biomarker of colorectal adenoma risk

Inflammation and its associated pathologies are increasingly suggested as risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Previous research from our group has shown that increased levels of circulating, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα promote colorectal adenoma risk. Emerging data in mice and humans suggest that Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) may act as a tumor suppressor in the intestine, and decreased SOCS3 expression may promote CRC. As SOCS3 has been shown to inhibit the actions of IL-6 and TNFα in the intestine, we hypothesized that decreased SOCS3 expression in normal mucosa may predispose to adenomas and thus increase risk for CRC. We examined SOCS3 mRNA levels in normal mucosa biopsies of 322 screening colonoscopy patients (93 with adenoma and 229 without adenoma) using real-time qRT-PCR. Logistic regression analysis was used to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals to determine if low SOCS3 expression was associated with adenoma status. Median SOCS3 values did not differ between patients with or without adenoma. Logistic regression analysis showed no association (unadjusted or adjusted for age and sex) between SOCS3 and colorectal adenomas. Low SOCS3 mRNA expression is not an independent biomarker of colorectal adenoma risk in the normal mucosa. SOCS3 silencing likely occurs later in CRC progression.
Development Context, Regional Differences among Young Women, and Fertility: The Ecuadorean Amazon

This study examined the impact of individual and contextual factors and their interaction on fertility behavior in Ecuador. It is hypothesized that development changes the impact of higher education paid employment dominant ethnicity and marital status on fertility. Some attributes of development may reduce the fertility-reducing effects of womens social positions. Other attributes such as migration and the greater presence of the state may enhance womens status related to lower fertility. Data were obtained from the 1990 Census of Population for Ecuador on single age cohorts for women aged 20 and 24 years (470835 women). Descriptive profiles revealed the variation in development level and womens population composition. Principal component analysis was used to select factors that could describe all cantons in a single dimension. Findings in the proportional odds logistic models indicate how returns to womens individual statuses vary by context. They also indicate the extent to which individual relationships are modified by the presence or absence of a family-based economy and by differences between Amazonian and national development patterns. Findings indicate that the family-based Amazonian economy lowered the fertility-reducing effects of womens education and employment. In regions with a predominant family-based economy women with higher education enrolled in school or employed in wage work had higher fertility than women in a less-prevalent family-based region. In the family-based economy model the demographic regime model and the migration models contextual variables had small but direct effects on fertility. Interactions revealed that contexts enhanced fertility decline for education employment migration and student status. Affiliation with the dominant ethnic group increased fertility decline fourfold under a high migration context and fivefold where state employment presence was high.
Our Concept Of Quality Control

Our concept of quality control -- arrived at over a period of more than 5 years -- can be defined: Quality control is an objective system designed to determine that the performance of components in a radiology system is or is not as labeled by the manufacturer.
The metabolic cost of reproduction in an oviparous lizard

1. Studies of reproductive effort in ectotherms have focused primarily on the energetic investment in gamete production; much less is known about the indirect energetic costs of reproduction, such as increased metabolic costs of maintenance or activity. 2. The metabolic cost of reproduction in the oviparous lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, was investigated by measuring the metabolic rate of females prior to and following oviposition. 3. The metabolic rates of gravid females were adjusted for embryonic metabolism by subtracting the metabolic rate of egg clutches, measured immediately after oviposition. 4. The metabolic rate of females when gravid was elevated by 122% compared with that when non-gravid. The difference was not detected until the metabolic rates of gravid females were adjusted for the metabolic rates of the embryos. 5. The increment in metabolic rate associated with reproduction was not correlated with clutch mass or body mass, indicating that different components of reproductive effort (i.e. metabolism vs gametic investment) may not covary in a predictable fashion. 6. Indirect energetic costs of reproduction constitute a substantial portion of the reproductive effort of female S. undulatus, and should be incorporated into theoretical considerations of life history.
Mouse nerve growth factor: A rapid isolation procedure for the α and γ subunits

Abstract A rapid method for isolating the α and γ subunits of mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor, as by-products of the commonly used Bocchini-Angeletti (2.5 S) procedure, has been devised. Approximately 40 mg of each subunit is obtained from 400 pairs of adult glands. The subunits isolated in this fashion are indistinguishable from those obtained from the homogeneous 7 S complex as judged by gel electrophoresis or their association-dissociation behavior.
ESTIMATING MEANS FROM A NON-I.I.D. MIXTURE OF POISSON SAMPLES

In this paper, a family of estimators for estimating means when mixing two independent Poisson samples is proposed. This family is based on the probability-generating function of the Poisson distribution and is offered as an alternative to the maximum likelihood estimators, which have some drawbacks. These estimators include the method of moments estimators as a special limiting case.
Correction criteria for the suppression of vitrinite reflectance in hydrogen-rich kerogens: preliminary guidelines

Abstract Thermal maturity is an important factor when assessing the petroleum potential of a basin or particular source rocks. Although the vitrinite reflectance (VR) technique provides excellent results from coal samples, it has limitations when source rocks are used. One problem is the anomalously low VRs (the suppression of VR, VR suppression) in hydrogen-rich kerogens. The anomalously low (suppressed) VRs discussed in this article are mainly caused by the problems that organic petrographers encounter in finding and measuring appropriate vitrinite particles in hydrogen-rich kerogens. VR suppression is recognized when lower-than-normal VRs are measured on exinite-rich (or amorphous-rich) intervals in a VR-well profile (VR vs depth). It can also be recognized when anomalously low VRs, relative to the regional coalification (maturation) pattern, or to regional oil/gas occurrences, are encountered in an interval. Although VR suppression in organic-rich rocks, coals and oil shales is well documented, guidelines for its correction are lacking. A preliminary model (Fig. 1) is presented to help correct the VR suppression in hydrogen-rich kerogens. Measured (suppressed) VR (in % R o ) along with original (when immature) hydrogen index (HIo, estimated via Rock-Eval pyrolysis and/or organic petrography data) of a sample can be used to estimate the maximum true (unsuppressed) VR. Although the VR and HIo data for an individual sample is sufficient to estimate the maximum true VR we recommend the use of data from several closely-spaced samples. The model was tested with examples from published data and found to reasonably correct VR suppression in hydrogen-rich kerogens. We plan to refine the model using data from rock samples (suppressed-unsuppressed pairs) and pyrolysis data.
Considering a species-loss domino-effect before endangered species legislation and protected area implementation

Regulatory legislation by governments is essential for facilitating the recovery of endangered or threatened species. Protecting commercially exploited species, in particular, requires painstaking cooperation among vested parties. However, rules protecting one species may be detrimental to others. If an exploited species is only protected in a portion of its range, exploitative efforts may divert to unprotected portions or similarly valuable species. As a result, the good intentions of protecting species in a limited fashion may manifest a species-loss domino-effect. We illustrate a species-loss domino-effect using a current example from the Mississippi River basin of the United States, where roe fisheries (for caviar) have cascaded because of strict regulations and collapses of sturgeon stocks in Europe and Asia. In the Mississippi River basin the limited protection of a commercially important sturgeon species may increase exploitation in unprotected river reaches and threaten other economically important fishes. Although a species-loss domino-effect is delineated herein using an example from a freshwater fishery in the central United States, the concept should be considered and applied to terrestrial and marine species worldwide.
Extendability of Solutions of the Einstein–Yang/Mills Equations

We prove that any solution to the spherically symmetric SU(2) Einstein–Yang/Mills equations that is defined in the far field and is asymptotically flat, is globally defined. This result applies in particular to the interior of colored black holes.
Achieving service portability using self-adaptive data paths

There is a growing demand for service access through heterogeneous devices attached to diverse networks. For ease of deployment, it is crucial to provide application-level support for transparent roaming and ubiquitous service access. We discuss how to develop such a service infrastructure integrating a variety of telephony arid data services spanning diverse access networks reaching heterogeneous end devices. We describe our techniques for achieving goals of transparent network- and device-independent service access, as well as scalable and fault-tolerant access to composed service entities across the wide area using self-adaptive data paths. We evaluate our implementation through applications that require adaptation to end devices and resource variations. The applications include Universal Inbox, Interactive Voice Room Control, MP3 Jukebox access using a cell phone, and real-time video delivery to wireless clients.
Optically enhanced electron attachment by p-benzoquinone

Abstract The relative rate of formation of long-lived parent anions in p -benzoquinone (BQ) by attachment of electrons with energies between 0 and 3 eV has been measured at an energy resolution of roughly 50 meV using a trochoidal electron monochromator-based electron impact negative ion mass spectrometer. A comparison of measurements taken near 0 eV shows an increase of the order of 10 5 in the attachment cross-section for BQ molecules excited by UV/visible light from a xenon arc lamp over that of ground state molecules. Resonances in attachment by ground state molecules are observed at impact energies of approximately 0.8, 1.0, and 1.3 eV. Negative ion resonances exhibited in the transmitted electron current corroborate these observations. Comparison is made with the results of previous work.
The US Investigation into the Darfur Crisis and the US Government's Determination of Genocide

This article examines the genesis and implementation of the Atrocities Documentation Project initiated by the US State Department as well as the US government's determination that genocide had been perpetrated in Darfur, Sudan, between late 2003 and August 2004. In doing so, the author considers and analyzes the rationale for the investigation and the reasoning for the genocide determination, as given by various US officials. He also delineates and discusses the perceptions of various scholars vis-a-vis the same issues, noting that many of the latter suspect there were ulterior motives behind the genesis and implementation of the investigation as well as the genocide determination. Finally, the author discusses the positive aspects of the investigation and the potential negative ramifications of the genocide determination.
NFATc3 is required for chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in adult and neonatal mice.

Pulmonary hypertension occurs with prolonged exposure to chronic hypoxia in both adults and neonates. The Ca2+-dependent transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells isoform c3 (NFATc3...
Recreational Shooting of Prairie Dogs: A Portal for Lead Entering Wildlife Food Chains

Although lead shot has been banned for waterfowl hunting in North America, some predators continue to exhibit elevated lead burdens, which has been attributed to ingesting metallic lead from other projectiles. Few studies have investigated residual lead fragments in hunted upland animals. Therefore, specific portals for lead entering wildlife food chains remain largely unknown. Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) are shot for recreation with minimal regulation in western North America. Because recreational shooters mostly use expanding bullets and rarely remove or bury carcasses, shot prairie dogs could make lead accessible to predators and scavengers. To determine whether and to what degree shot prairie dogs carry lead fragments, we analyzed carcasses shot by recreational shooters with 2 bullet types. Bullet type influenced the probability of bullet fragments being retained in carcasses; 87% of prairie dogs shot with expanding bullets contained bullet fragments, whereas 7% of carcasses shot with non-expanding bullets did. The amount of bullet fragments per carcass also differed between bullet types; carcasses shot with expanding bullets contained a mean of 228.4 mg of the lead-containing bullet core and 74.4 mg of the copper-alloy jacket, whereas carcasses shot with non-expanding bullets averaged only 19.8 mg of the core and 23.2 mg of the jacket. Lead fragments in carcasses shot with expanding bullets were small in size; 73% of all lead mass in each carcass was from fragments that weighed <25 mg each, small enough to be easily ingested and absorbed by secondary consumers. The amount of lead in a single prairie dog carcass shot with an expanding bullet is potentially sufficient to acutely poison scavengers or predators. Therefore, shot prairie dogs may provide an important portal for lead entering wildlife food chains and may pose risks to raptors and carnivores. Managers should consider measures, such as using non-expanding or lead-free ammunition, to reduce the likelihood of lead consumption and poisoning in upland wildlife.
VSPEC: a declarative specification methodology for system requirements

Systems engineering of computer-based systems demands explicit representation of functional requirements as well as constraints at each level of design abstraction. However, traditional design representation languages such as VHDL and VERILOG do not support requirements representation independent from implementation. This work presents a axiomatic specification language designed to support requirements representation. VSPEC annotates VHDL entity structures supporting declarative specification of input preconditions, output postconditions and performance constraints as a part of the design representation. The declarative nature of the specification supports requirements definition independent of design representation.
The influence of television advertisements on promoting calls to telephone quitlines

The aim of the study was to assess the relative effectiveness of cessation, secondhand smoke and other tobacco control television advertisements in promoting quitlines in nine states from 2002 through 2005. Quarterly, the number of individuals who used quitlines per 10000 adult smokers in a media market are measured. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to link caller rates to market-level exposure to tobacco control television advertisements overall and by message theme. The relationship between caller rates and advertising exposure was positive and statistically significant (P <0.001). Advertisements that focus on promoting cessation (P <0.001), highlighting the dangers of secondhand smoke (P ¼0.037), and all other tobacco countermarketing advertisements (P ¼0.027) were significantly associated with quitline caller rates. For every 10% increase in exposure to cessation, secondhand smoke and other tobacco countermarketing advertisements, caller rates increased by 1.1, 0.2 and 0.4%, respectively. Caller rates significantly increased in quarters when cigarette excise tax increased (P <0.001) and when the percentage of the population covered by comprehensive smoke-free air laws increased (P ¼0.022). Although advertisements promoting cessationarethemosteffectiveindrivingquitline use, other topics, such as messages highlighting the dangers of secondhand smoke, also prompt their quitlines.
Cystadenoma of the pancreas in a newborn

Cystadenoma of the pancreas is a rare entity. In the pediatric population, three cases have been reported. We present a case of cystadenoma of the pancreas in a newborn. The tumor involved the head and body of the pancreas. Subtotal pancreatectomy with preservation of the duodenum, common bile duct, and pancreatic tail was performed.
Reliability and Security Monitoring of Virtual Machines Using Hardware Architectural Invariants

This paper presents a solution that simultaneously addresses both reliability and security (RnS) in a monitoring framework. We identify the commonalities between reliability and security to guide the design of Hyper Tap, a hyper visor-level framework that efficiently supports both types of monitoring in virtualization environments. In Hyper Tap, the logging of system events and states is common across monitors and constitutes the core of the framework. The audit phase of each monitor is implemented and operated independently. In addition, Hyper Tap relies on hardware invariants to provide a strongly isolated root of trust. Hyper Tap uses active monitoring, which can be adapted to enforce a wide spectrum of RnS policies. We validate Hyper Tap by introducing three example monitors: Guest OS Hang Detection (GOSHD), Hidden Root Kit Detection (HRKD), and Privilege Escalation Detection (PED). Our experiments with fault injection and real root kits/exploits demonstrate that Hyper Tap provides robust monitoring with low performance overhead.
Highly stretchable MoS2 kirigami

We report the results of classical molecular dynamics simulations focused on studying the mechanical properties of MoS2 kirigami. Several different kirigami structures were studied based upon two simple non-dimensional parameters, which are related to the density of cuts, as well as the ratio of the overlapping cut length to the nanoribbon length. Our key findings are significant enhancements in tensile yield (by a factor of four) and fracture strains (by a factor of six) as compared to pristine MoS2 nanoribbons. These results, in conjunction with recent results on graphene, suggest that the kirigami approach may be generally useful for enhancing the ductility of two-dimensional nanomaterials.
A Combined Proteome and Ultrastructural Localization Analysis of 14-3-3 Proteins in Transformed Human Amnion (AMA) Cells Definition of A Framework to Study Isoform-Specific Differences

The 14-3-3 proteins constitute a family of highly conserved and broadly expressed multifunctional polypeptides that are involved in a variety of important cellular processes that include cell cycle progression, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although the exact cellular function(s) of 14-3-3 proteins is not fully elucidated, as a rule these proteins act by binding to protein ligands, thus regulating their activity; so far more than 300 cellular proteins have been reported to interact with 14-3-3 proteins. Binding to cognate interacting partners is isoform-specific, but redundancy also exists as several binding peptides can be recognized by all isoforms, and some functions can be carried out by any isoform indistinctly. Moreover by interacting with different ligands in a spatially and temporally regulated fashion the same isoform can play multiple possibly even opposing roles where the resultant cellular outcome will be determined by the integration of the various effects. Although there is a large body of literature on specific aspects of 14-3-3 biology, not much is known on the coordinated aspects of 14-3-3 isoform expression, post-translational modifications, and subcellular localization. To address the question of isoform-specific differences, we carried out a comparative analysis of the patterns of expression, phosphorylation, and subcellular localization of the 14-3-3 β, ɛ, σ, τ, and ζ protein isoforms in transformed human amnion (AMA) cells. To validate as well as broaden our observations we analyzed the occurrence of the various isoforms in a large number of established cell lines and mammary and urothelial tissue specimens. Given the systematic approach we undertook and our application of isoform-discriminating technologies to the analysis of various cellular systems, we expect the data presented in this study to serve as an enabling resource for researchers working with 14-3-3 proteins.
Discriminating between climate observations in terms of their ability to improve an ensemble of climate predictions

In view of the cost and complexity of climate-observing systems, it is a matter of concern to know which measurements, by satellite or in situ, can best improve the accuracy and precision of long-term ensembles of climate projections. We follow a statistical procedure to evaluate the relative capabilities of a wide variety of observable data types for improving the accuracy and precision of an ensemble of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models. Thirty-two data types are evaluated for their potential for improving a 50-y surface air temperature trend prediction with data from earlier periods, with an emphasis on 20 y. Data types can be ordered in terms of their ability to increase the precision of a forecast. Results show that important conclusions can follow from this ordering. The small size of the IPCC model ensemble (20 members) creates uncertainties in these conclusions, which need to be substantiated with the larger ensembles expected in the future. But the larger issue of whether the methodology can provide useful answers is demonstrated.
An extended UTD analysis for RCS computations involving higher order curved surfaces

The extended UTD (uniform geometrical theory of diffraction) analysis involves the use of spatial domain radiation integrals for the scattered fields. The relevant scattering mechanisms are then identified through uniform asymptotic evaluation procedures complemented with some rather heuristic modifications based on physical arguments. The typical scattering mechanisms involved are described by a new set of uniform reflection, first-order edge and zero-curvature diffraction coefficients that remain valid inside the transition regions and also reduce to the classic ray optical expressions in the exterior. In order to illustrate the accuracy of the extended UTD solution, numerical results are presented for a cubic polynomial strip and a superquadric cylinder. In both cases, the extended UTD result compares very well with the method of moments when the higher order mechanisms are not significant. The classic ray optical results, however, exhibit caustic singularities and discontinuities. >
Tutorial on geomagnetic storms and substorms

Geomagnetic storms have been studied for more than a century and substorms for nearly four decades. The space era which began in the late 1950s has ushered new discoveries and given new practical importance to this scientific discipline as we continue to amass technological assets in space. Geomagnetic storms and substorms pose hazards to our venture into the final frontier, much like adverse atmospheric weather does to our outdoor activity. This tutorial provides an overview of the main characteristics of these space phenomena and a brief review of the present theories concerning their initiation. For geomagnetic storms, the two prevailing views on their cause are discussed. One considers a storm to be the accumulated effects of a series of substorms while the other considers it to be the result of strong and prolonged enhancement of the global magnetospheric electric field. A synergistic model combining elements from both views is proposed as the likely explanation for the cause of geomagnetic storms. For substorms, there are generally four categories of models. The first proposes some plasma instabilities or externally-imposed reduction in the magnetospheric electric field at the near-Earth region. The second calls for magnetic reconnection occurring in the mid-tail environment. The third focuses on coupling the ionosphere to the magnetosphere while the fourth invokes abstract descriptions in nonlinear dynamics to address some statistical characteristics of substorms. An evaluation of observations and these models suggests that substorm onset may not be uniquely attributed to a single physical process.
Nursing work environment and nurse caring: relationship among motivational factors.

burtson p.l. & stichler j.f. (2010) Nursing work environment and nurse caring: relationship among motivational factors. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1819–1831. Abstract Title. Nursing work environment and nurse caring: relationship among motivational factors. Aim. This paper is a report of a study of the relationships among compassion satisfaction, nurse job satisfaction, stress, burnout and compassion fatigue to nurse caring. Background. Nurse caring is the most influential dimension of patient advocation and is predictive of patient satisfaction. Qualitative studies have indicated that nurse caring is a key motivational factor impacting recruitment and retention. Methods. A correlational study of nurses (N = 126) was conducted in 2008 at a single, academic medical center. The six variables of interest were operationalized using four valid and reliable research instruments: (1) the Mueller McCloskey Satisfaction Scale, (2) the Professional Quality of Life Scale, (3) the Stress in General Scale and (4) the Caring Behaviors Inventory. Results. Pearson Product–moment correlations showed statistically significant relationships between nurse caring and compassion satisfaction (r = 0·51, P < 0·001), nurse job satisfaction subscales (r = 0·16–0·28, P < 0·05), stress (r = −0·21, P < 0·05), and burnout (r = −0·22, P < 0·01). A statistically significant relationship was found between the nurse caring subscale of knowledge and skill and compassion fatigue (r = −0·22, P < 0·01). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrated that compassion satisfaction (R2 = 0·287, β = 0·536, P = 0·000) and nurse satisfaction with social interaction opportunities related to work (β = 0·223, P = 0·032) explained variability in nurse caring. Conclusion. Fostering compassion satisfaction and social interaction opportunities among nurses may improve nurse caring, potentially sustaining long-term improvements in patient.
Predictability of atmospheric boundary-layer flows as a function of scale

Predictability analysis based on the maximum Lyapunov exponent considers infinitesimal perturbations, which are associated with errors in the smallest fastest-evolving scales of motion. However, these errors become irrelevant for the predictability of larger scale motions. In this study we employ the newly developed Finite Size Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) analysis to assess predictability of atmospheric boundary layer flows as a function of scale. We demonstrate the expected enhanced predictability at large scales and quantify the dependence of predictability on the stability of the atmospheric environment.
Why in the world would I want to talk to someone else about my culture

This paper shares the work and observations from a task-based 6-week email exchange project between participants in Spain and the US. Though small in scale, the study offers insights for those interested in telecollaboration but face constraints on multiple fronts. Close examination of the exchanges reveal participants' engagement on multiple levels, including reflection on one's own culture.
In vitro effect of oestradiol on thymidine uptake in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell: role of the endothelium

1. The effect of different concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta (3-300 nM) on [3H]-thymidine uptake was studied in segments from canine pulmonary artery, and cultures of rat pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). 2. Incubation with oestradiol-17 beta for 24 h, potentiated in a concentration-dependent manner [3H]-thymidine uptake in VSMC cultures. 3. Oestradiol-17 beta potentiated thymidine uptake by pulmonary arterial segments but only when the endothelium had been removed. Autoradiography showed dense incorporation of radioactive thymidine in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the media. 4. The non-steroidal oestrogen, stilboestrol (300 nM), also significantly potentiated [3H]-thymidine uptake, in both VSMC cultures and pulmonary artery segments. Testosterone was ineffective at a similar concentration. 5. Pre-incubation of the pulmonary VSMC with the anti-oestrogen tamoxifen (1 microM) antagonized the potentiating effect of oestradiol-17 beta on [3H]-thymidine incorporation. The effect of tamoxifen was less pronounced in pulmonary arterial segments. 6. These data suggest that oestrogen may promote proliferation of pulmonary VSMC. Endothelial injury or dysfunction may be an important factor in the expression of the oestrogenic effect. 7. We speculate that plasma oestrogen may be a contributing factor to the proliferative lesion observed in certain forms of pulmonary vascular injury in women.
THE SUPPLY PRICE OF COMMITMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE AIR FORCE ENLISTMENT BONUS PROGRAM

In fiscal year 1999, the US Air Force introduced a bonus program designed to encourage longer enlistment terms. This regime shift provides a unique opportunity to estimate the elasticity of labor supply at a new margin: the length of the employment contract. A $5000 bonus differential is estimated to increase the probability that a recruit will choose a 6‐year enlistment over a 4‐year enlistment by 30 percentage points. The program is found to be cost‐effective relative to other policies to increase man‐years.