cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Phase Diagrams of Carriers in Self-Assembled Quantum Dots: Violation of Hund's Rule and the Aufbau Principle for Holes

We study the ground-state orbital and spin configurations of up to six electrons or holes loaded into self-assembled $\mathrm{InAs}/\mathrm{GaAs}$ quantum dots. We use a general phase-diagram approach constructed from single-particle pseudopotential and many-particle configuration interaction methods. The predicted hole charging energies agree with recent charging experiments, but offer a different interpretation: we find that while the charging of electrons follows both Hund's rule and the Aufbau principle, the charging of holes follows a nontrivial charging pattern which violates both the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule.
Growth, Efficiency, and Livability of Newly Hatched Broilers as Influenced by Hydration and Intake of Sucrose

Abstract Water or water that contained 10 percent sucrose was fed to newly hatched chicks for 12 hours prior to the placement of feed. At the end of eight weeks, both groups of birds exhibited significantly heavier body weights and numerically lower feed conversion ratios than their respective hatch-mates that received water and feed or a 10 percent sucrose solution and feed simultaneously. Additionally, the birds that received sucrose prior to the placement of feed exhibited numerically greater body weights and lower feed conversion ratios than the chicks that received only water prior to feed. These data suggest that hydration and hydration accompanied by a readily available energy substrate favor metabolism that results in growth.
Successful endoscopic treatment of intraductal extension of a villous adenoma with high-grade dysplasia, with 3-year follow-up

a e c F a Periampullary villous adenomas are premalignant lesions that are being increasingly endoscopically treated. Surgical options include pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) or transduodenal ampullectomy, which can occasionally leave behind residual adenomatous tissue. Endoscopic ampullectomy is an alternative option with low morbidity.1 We describe a unique case of a large, periampullary, villous adenoma with high-grade dysplasia and intraductal extension successfully treated by endoscopic resection followed by photodynamic therapy, with a disease-free follow-up period of 3 years.
Using Avian Morphology To Enhance Aircraft Maneuverability

Birds are perhaps the most versatile and graceful flying objects in the atmosphere. Even in complex urban environments, they are able to rapidly change shape to transition from efficient cruise to aggressive maneuvering and precision descents. Avian morphology permits a wide range of wing configurations, each of which may be used for a particular flight task. The shapes into which birds morph are of considerable interest for small UAVs, whose typically-fixed geometries preclude similarly-diverse maneuverability. Simple mechanical analogues to bird wing structures can be used to expand the flight envelope for conventional UAVs. Aerodynamic and dynamic metrics are used to determine optimal shapes for various missions within the configuration space afforded by the morphing wings. Computational aerodynamics are used to estimate the performance and dynamic characteristics of each wing shape. Classical mission objectives such as long range cruise, endurance loitering, and minimum radius turns are used to identify appropriate wing shapes for each mission. Other tasks such as steep descents and sensor-pointing are designed to enhance the operation of UAVs in the vicinity of urban obstacles. The optimized wing geometries are found to converge to biological solutions in several instances. A mission profile example is presented to illustrate the performance improvement resulting from morphing. Transient morphing between tasks is achieved using a simple approach where configuration trajectories move towards the shape goal while avoiding areas of undesirable dynamics. The configuration change is controlled using a set of stability criteria, which can guarantee pilotability or controllability for all morphing conditions.
ACTIVATION OF METHIONINE FOR TRANSMETHYLATION

Enzymatic activation of methionine has been clearly established as a prerequisite for the transfer of the methyl group of this compound to a variety of methyl acceptors (1). The reaction involves an ATP’-dependent conversion of methionine to AMe. Enzyme systems capable of catalyzing this activation have been found in the tissues of many mammalian species (2, 3) and in extracts of Escherza in yeast, however, a nucleoside closely related to AMe accumulates in large quantities under certain nutritional conditions (6). This nucleoside, thiomethyladenosine, was isolated from yeast as long ago as 1912 (7), but only recently Schlenk and his coworkers established that it is formed as a chemical breakdown product of AMe during extraction of the yeast (8). An additional possibility is that some thiomethyladenosine may arise enzymatically in yeast, as it presumably does in E. coli, as the moiety remaining after the transfer of the aliphatic side chain of AMe to a suitable acceptor. In either case, however, these facts indicated that yeast contains the enzymatic capacity for the synthesis of AMe. The present paper describes the isolation and some of the properties of the yeast MAE which were studied in the hope of further elucidating the intimate mechanism of the activation process. Furthermore, a comparison of the yeast enzyme with the analogous enzyme from mammalian liver seemed of interest from the viewpoint of comparative biochemistry.
Apo- and cellopentaose-bound structures of the bacterial cellulose synthase subunit BcsZ.

Cellulose, a very abundant extracellular polysaccharide, is synthesized in a finely tuned process that involves the activity of glycosyl-transferases and hydrolases. The cellulose microfibril consists of bundles of linear β-1,4-glucan chains that are synthesized inside the cell; however, the mechanism by which these polymers traverse the cell membrane is currently unknown. In Gram-negative bacteria, the cellulose synthase complex forms a trans-envelope complex consisting of at least four subunits. Although three of these subunits account for the synthesis and translocation of the polysaccharide, the fourth subunit, BcsZ, is a periplasmic protein with endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity. BcsZ belongs to family eight of glycosyl-hydrolases, and its activity is required for optimal synthesis and membrane translocation of cellulose. In this study we report two crystal structures of BcsZ from Escherichia coli. One structure shows the wild-type enzyme in its apo form, and the second structure is for a catalytically inactive mutant of BcsZ in complex with the substrate cellopentaose. The structures demonstrate that BcsZ adopts an (α/α)6-barrel fold and that it binds four glucan moieties of cellopentaose via highly conserved residues exclusively on the nonreducing side of its catalytic center. Thus, the BcsZ-cellopentaose structure most likely represents a posthydrolysis state in which the newly formed nonreducing end has already left the substrate binding pocket while the enzyme remains attached to the truncated polysaccharide chain. We further show that BcsZ efficiently degrades β-1,4-glucans in in vitro cellulase assays with carboxymethyl-cellulose as substrate.
Numerical Simulation and Mixing Study of Non-Newtonian Fluids in an Industrial Helical Static Mixer

Static mixers are increasingly being used to perform a variety of mixing tasks in industries, ranging from simple blending to complex multi-phase reaction systems. Use of static mixers to process non-Newtonian fluids is quite common. Data on the pressure drop of non-Newtonian fluids in static mixers and the degree of mixing of materials through the mixer are very useful in the design and engineering application of these tools. This paper extends a previous study by the authors on an industrial helical static mixer and illustrates how static mixing processes of single-phase viscous liquids can be simulated numerically. A further aim is to provide an improved understanding of the flow pattern of non-Newtonian single-phase liquids through the mixer. A three-dimensional finite volume simulation is used to study the performance of the mixer. The non-Newtonian fluid is modeled by the Carreau law model for the shear stress. The effects of the Reynolds number of the flow and also properties of non-Newtonian fluids on the static mixer performance have been studied. The flow velocities, pressure drops, etc. are calculated for various flow rates. The computed pressure drop is in good agreement with existing experimental data. A comparison of the mixer performance for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids is presented. It is shown that for low Reynolds number flows, the fluid type is less effective on the degree of mixing, while as flow Reynolds number increases and the viscosity decreases, it manifests more influence on the downstream mixing. It is also shown that the fluid type has a major impact on the pressure drop across the mixer.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Two-stage procedures for multiple comparisons with a control in steady-state simulations

Suppose that we have k different stochastic systems, where /spl mu/i denotes the steady-state mean of system i. We assume that the system labeled k is a control and want to compare the performance of the other sys tems, labeled 1,2,...,k - 1, relative to this control. This problem is known in the statistical literature as multiple comparisons with a control (MCC). Independent steady-state simulations will be performed to compare the systems to the control. Two-stage procedures, based on the method of batch means, are presented to construct simultaneous lower one sided confidence intervals for/spl mu/i - /spl mu/k (i = 1, 2, . . ., k), each having prespecified (absolute or relative) half width 6. Under the assumption that the stochastic processes representing the evolution of the systems satisfy a functional central limit theorem, it can be shown that asymptotically (as /spl delta/ /spl rarr/ 0 with the size of the batches proportional to 1//spl delta//sup 2/), the joint probability that the confidence intervals simultaneously contain the /spl mu/i - /spl mu/k (i = 1, 2,..., k - 1) is at least 1 - /spl alpha/, where /spl alpha/ is prespecified by the user.
Thin film epitaxy and near bulk semiconductor to metal transition in VO2/NiO/YSZ/Si(001) heterostructures

We have grown VO2/NiO epitaxial thin films by pulsed laser deposition where integration with Si(001) substrates was achieved by cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) buffer layer. The most interesting aspect of this work is that a complete relaxation along c-axis of VO2 is achieved in these large misfit systems through the domain matching epitaxy paradigm, which is critical for controlling the semiconductor to metal transition (SMT) characteristics. Regarding x-ray diffraction and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy results, the epitaxial relationship across the YSZ/Si(001) interface was (001)[100]YSZ (001)[100]Si. In the case of YSZ/NiO interface, the epitaxial relationship was (001)[010]YSZ ⋎(111)[001]NiO. The epitaxial relationship at the NiO/VO2 interface was determined to be (010)[001]VO2 ⋎(111)[001]NiO. The SMT characteristics of these fully relaxed films were determined, and a transition temperature of 341 K. with amplitude over four orders of magnitude and the hysteresis of 3.4 K. hysteresis were obtained, which are close to those of the bulk high quality single crystals.
In vitro tritium labeling of anti-sendai virus antibody.

Abstract Anti-Sendai virus immunoglobulin G was tritium labeled in vitro by the borohydride exchange method. Tritium was incorporated into the antibody at 28.5 μCi per mg of protein, with little detectable loss of antiviral activity.
Primer on Neonatal Electroencephalograms for the Neonatologist

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. List indications for obtaining an electroencephalogram (EEG) in a neonate. 2. Define electrographic seizures. 3. Describe normal patterns in the EEG reading that correlate with conceptional age. 4. List EEG background patterns associated with encephalopathies and their prognostic significance. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a valuable noninvasive tool for assessing neonatal brain function. It has the unique property of providing functional information about the brain, rather than simply the anatomic information that is provided by neuroimaging studies. The major areas in which an EEG can provide unique information in the assessment of newborns are: 1) diagnosis and treatment of seizures, 2) evaluation of severity of cerebral dysfunction from primary neurologic disorders (eg, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) or systemic diseases, 3) identification of specific neurologic entities (eg, periventricular leukomalacia, congenital brain malformations, viral encephalitis, and metabolic encephalopathies), and 4) determination of prognosis and long-term neurologic outcome. Serial EEGs provide information about the effectiveness of treatment and disturbances in brain maturation. An EEG should be considered in the neonate when questions arise regarding the cause of the child’s abnormal neurologic status. There are many situations in which the EEG provides much-needed information that is either unavailable or difficult to obtain. For example, it is difficult to obtain an adequate neurologic assessment of a neonate who is heavily sedated or paralyzed with neuromuscular blocking agents. Neuroimaging studies are difficult to obtain in infants who are unstable and mechanically ventilated. The EEG can be obtained at the bedside. Another situation in which the EEG is particularly useful is when there is a question about seizures. Neonatal seizures often are subtle, which makes their clinical identification challenging. An EEG can discriminate easily between epileptic seizures and nonepileptic events in the neonate. In the case of the paralyzed or sedated infant, sudden and …
Stress analysis of wooden structures exposed to elevated temperatures

An analytical method is presented for calculating stresses and strains inside wooden structures exposed to elevated temperature. The method combines stress analysis of elasticity with thermal analysis of heat transfer and property degradation models. Finite element methods were used for the analyses. Numerical results were generated for two different types of wooden structures made of Southern Pine. Stresses and deformations were calculated for the structures exposed to different environmental loading conditions. It was found that, based on the proposed analysis, the order of thermal and mechanical loading sequence had no effect on resulting stress distributions inside the wooden struc tures.
Abnormal erythrocyte anion exchange in Alzheimer disease.

Abstract Context.—Several abnormalities have been described in red blood cells of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), but to date none of these has been confirmed by a second, independent study. Erythrocyte anion exchange has been reported to be abnormal in AD; we have developed a new technique for measuring anion exchange. Objectives.—To confirm the abnormality of erythrocyte anion exchange in AD and to determine whether the phenomenon has potential for clinical utility. Design.—Comparison of patients with probable AD to age-matched controls. Setting.—University hospital and ambulatory clinic. Methods.—Chloride-bicarbonate exchange was measured in erythrocyte ghosts resealed with a fluorescent probe of chloride concentration. Results.—Erythrocyte anion exchange is abnormal in AD. This difference appears in citrate but not EDTA anticoagulant. Mahalanobis's generalized distance between the 2 populations is 1.7, and a discriminant function derived from our technique classifies 82% of the study population ...
The new generation of books on writing computer user documentation

Criteria are established that can be used to evaluate any book that promises to explain how one should go about writing documentation. Eight new books on the topic of computer user documentation were published in late 1984 and the first half of 1985. Only those new books that are either better than the books that have appeared previously or that offer something new and important are recommended. Comparing these books, the author considers the qualities that would constitute a perfect book on computer user documentation and judges which of those available come closest to the mark.
Correlation between immunoreactive vasotocin in optic tectum and seasonal changes in reproductive behaviors of male rough-skinned newts

Previous studies have shown that intracranial administration of the amphibian neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) to male rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) can stimulate masculine sexual behaviors. The present study was conducted to determine whether concentrations of endogenous AVT in specific brain areas are correlated with seasonal changes in sexual behavior. Immunoreactive (ir) AVT was measured in the dorsal preoptic area and in the optic tectum throughout the course of the reproductive cycle. In the optic tectum, irAVT levels were low throughout the summer, fall, and winter, but rose over fivefold in the spring when sexual behaviors are most prevalent in male newts. In contrast, irAVT levels in the dorsal preoptic area were high in the summer, but declined in the fall and fluctuated widely during the winter and spring. Thus, there are site-specific changes in irAVT concentrations in the brain of male newts during the seasonal reproductive cycle. The finding that irAVT concentrations in the optic tectum are seasonally correlated with newt sexual behaviors provides further evidence that AVT in this brain area may be important in the expression of sexual behavior.
GeneTrack—a genomic data processing and visualization framework

Motivation: High-throughput ‘ChIP-chip’ and ‘ChIP-seq’ methodologies generate sufficiently large data sets that analysis poses significant informatics challenges, particularly for research groups with modest computational support. To address this challenge, we devised a software platform for storing, analyzing and visualizing high resolution genome-wide binding data. GeneTrack automates several steps of a typical data processing pipeline, including smoothing and peak detection, and facilitates dissemination of the results via the web. Our software is freely available via the Google Project Hosting environment at http://genetrack.googlecode.com Contact: [email protected]
Big data and advanced spatial analytics

Today's business and government organizations are challenged when trying to manage and analyze information from enterprise databases, streaming servers, social media and open source. This is compounded by the complexity of integrating diverse data types (relational, text, spatial, images, spreadsheets) and their representations (customers, products, suppliers, events, and locations) - all of which need to be understood and re-purposed in different contexts. Identifying meaningful patterns across these different information sources is non-trivial. Moreover, conventional IT tools, such as conventional data warehousing and business intelligence alone, are insufficient at handling the volumes, velocity and variety of content at hand. A new framework and associated tools are needed. Dr. Lopez outlines how data scientists and analysts are applying Spatial and Semantic Web concepts to make sense of this Big Data stream. He will describe new approaches oriented toward search, discovery, linking, and analyzing information on the Web, and throughout the enterprise. The role of Map Reduce is described, as is importance of engineered systems to simplify the creation and configuration of Big Data environments. The key take away is use of spatial and linked open data concepts to enhance content alignment, interoperability, discovery and analytics in the Big Data stream.
Satisfying database service level agreements while minimizing cost through storage QoS

The emerging paradigms of service oriented architectures and utility-based computing have the potential to greatly reduce the cost of data management. Data management service providers negotiate with their customers to agree on a service level agreement (SLA) that guarantees performance and reliability. However, these providers have the freedom to cut costs by taking advantage of economies of scale across multiple customers. In this paper, we examine the problem of choosing a QoS level for each table or index in a service provider's backend databases so as to minimize the dollar cost of provisioning storage while satisfying application-level SLAs. This problem is difficult because changes in the access cost of different portions of the database can cause the database to alter its access patterns. We develop an algorithm that optimizes the choice of query execution plans and storage layout simultaneously to meet an SLA at minimum cost. In our experiments we use a part of the TPC-H benchmark as the workload and several models of the incremental cost of placing a volume at a high quality of service. Our results show that significant cost savings are possible through selective use of high storage QoS levels.
Soil microbial properties under permanent grass, conventional tillage, and no-till management in South Dakota

The objective of this study was to determine how no-till and conventional tillage affected microbial properties of soil quality, using permanent grass fields as a standard of local high-quality soils. Agricultural fields in South Dakota were matched within soil type and location so that each set contained one field managed in permanent grass cover, one managed for annual crops using conventional tillage, and one managed for annual crops using no-till. Microbial biomass and activities, particularly those related to nitrogen and phosphorus availability were examined in 0–15 cm soil samples. Most measures of microbial activity were similar in the two annually cropped management systems but less than under permanent grass. Soils managed under permanent grass contained approximately 160% greater labile carbon and 50% greater microbial biomass, and supported approximately 150% greater dehydrogenase enzyme activity, 50% greater respiration, and 180% greater acid phosphatase activity, than no-till and conventionally tilled soils, which were similar in these measures. Grassed soils also mineralized 460% greater N under anaerobic conditions and 80% greater N under aerobic conditions, while potential nitrification was 25% greater on average than cropped soils. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized 76% of observed root segments under grass, 63% under no-till, and 55% under conventional tillage. Among the suite of tests in this study, only alkaline phosphatase activity and C mineralized in 12 days were significantly different under no-till and conventional tillage, both greater under no-till. Crops grown in a no-till system may be expected to resist low available P as well as other stresses better than crops in conventionally tilled soils due to greater activity of alkaline phosphatase and marginally increased mycorrhizal colonization of roots. No-till management in central South Dakota has allowed enhancement of readily mineralizable C and alkaline phosphatase activity. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Positional Identification of Hypertension Susceptibility Genes on Chromosome 2

Chromosome 2 has been consistently identified as a genomic region with genetic linkage evidence suggesting that one or more loci contributes to blood pressure and hypertension status. As with all complex disease traits, following-up linkage evidence to identify the underlying susceptibility gene(s) is an arduous yet biologically and clinically important task. Using combined positional candidate gene methods, the Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) has concentrated efforts in narrowing a large region of chromosome 2, demonstrating evidence for linkage in several populations, and identifying underlying candidate hypertension susceptibility gene(s). Initial informatics efforts identified the boundaries of the region and the known genes within it. A total of 82 polymorphic sites in 8 genes were genotyped in a large hypothesis-generating sample consisting of 1640 African Americans, 1339 whites, and 1616 Mexican Americans. After resampling-based false discovery adjustment, SLC4A5, a sodium bicarbonate transporter, was identified as a primary candidate gene for hypertension. Polymorphisms in SLC4A5 were subsequently genotyped and analyzed for validation in two other subcomponents of the FBPP, each contributing African Americans (N=461; N=778) and whites (N=550; N=967). Again, single nucleotide polymorphisms within this gene were significantly associated with blood pressure levels and hypertension status. Although not identifying a single causal gene variant that is significantly associated with blood pressure levels and hypertension status across all samples, the results further implicate SLC4A5 as a candidate hypertension susceptibility gene. Moreover, the present study validates previous evidence for one or more genes on chromosome 2 that influence hypertension-related phenotypes in the population-at-large.
Alteration in elemental body composition in thyroid disorders.

Recent developments in the technique of total-body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA) have made it possible for the first time to measure precisely total body levels of calcium, phosphorous, sodium and chlorine in human subjects. This technique has been employed here to evaluate the degree of skeletal demineralization in patients with thyroid disorders both prior to and following the initiation of therapeutic regimes. The loss of Ca in white thyrotoxic patients was found to average 9.4% in terms of expected normal values. The Ca and P levels of 2 black patients with thyrotoxicosis were within the range of their expected normal values. The expected normal Ca values (CaP) were empirically derived from the height and potassium levels of 14 normal subjects. Following the institution of a therapeutic program, whether with drugs, surgery or 131I treatment, body Ca increased 8.4% on the average in the first 9 months. At the same time Na decreased along with the P/Ca ratio, and lean body mass (measured by K) and...
Is the prediction of power system blackouts possible

Based on the previous research results, this presentation will summarize the statistical features of power system blackouts, and discuss the possibility of the prediction of power system blackouts and its difficulties through an example.
A Domain Specific Innovativeness Perspective Of Student Enrollment In New Major Offerings

Colleges and universities have embraced educational innovation as a way to meet needs of students and provide flexibility in delivery of course content. Innovation includes launching new majors such as Digital Media Arts and Accounting Information Systems. Successful new majors must attract students to sustain the major and build a critical mass of students. Schools have often spent little time and effort on marketing new majors and targeting prospective students for the new major. It would be useful for schools to identify prospective students who are innovators, and more likely to enroll in new majors. Prior research on adoption of educational innovations has focused on the educators accepting and implementing new approaches. There is a paucity of research on students’ adoption of educational innovations. This study addresses this gap in the research Diffusion of Innovation research has identified that personal characteristics of the adopter influence the likelihood of if and when an individual will adopt an innovation. Goldsmith and Hofacker (1991) found that domain specific innovativeness (DSI) is a useful predictor for consumers purchasing new products. This study extends the application of the DSI scale to the student decision of whether to enroll or not to enroll in a new major. Two hundred and fifty-nine undergraduate business students enrolled in new and old majors were sampled in the study. Students completed a survey that included Goldsmith and Hofacker’s (1991) six item DSI scale adapted to the domain of new majors. Exploratory factor analysis identified that three of the six DSI items constituted a unidimensional scale which is consistent with Grewal, et. al (2000). The resulting scale demonstrated strong psychometric properties suggesting that the three item scale is well suited for measuring student innovativeness. Study results suggest higher levels of DSI, math SAT score, and high school average for students selecting a new major. Gender and verbal SAT scores do not differ significantly between new majors and old majors. The results of the study are useful to administrators interested in launching a new major and to academic researchers’ in understanding innovativeness in the context of students’ course of study decisions.
Effect-Directed Analysis of Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Nuclear Receptors (PPARγ1) Ligands in Indoor Dust

Agonism of human peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor gamma (PPARγ1) was recently observed in 15 of 25 samples of indoor dust extracts at environmentally relevant exposure levels. In this study, an effect-directed analysis approach was used to identify the primary contributors of PPARγ1 activity in the dust extracts. Three dust extracts showing significant PPARγ1 activity were fractionated with normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) and each fraction was tested for PPARγ1 activity. Three dust extracts showed a similar PPARγ1 activity distribution in the NP-HPLC fractions. In most active fractions, fatty acids (FAs), including oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid, were the primary chemicals identified using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemical measurements of the FAs in house dust extracts revealed a positive and significant correlation with the observed PPARγ1 activity. To test the role of FAs in the activity, a mixture of four FAs was prepared in the ratios measured in the dust samples and tested for activity. The activity of this mixture was 30-50% of the activity observed in the dust extracts, suggesting they were contributing to the observed activity, but also suggesting additional unknown compounds are likely still present in the dust extracts. To tentatively identify sources of FAs in the dust samples, FAs were quantified in human/animal hair, dead skin cells, and cooking oil. FAs were abundant in all samples and our data indicate that all of these may be sources to indoor dust.
Puffing Precedents: The Impact of the WHO FCTC on Tobacco Product Liability Litigation in Japan

This paper investigates and explores the contours of tobacco control-related product liability litigation in Japan. While there have been several dozen smoking-related lawsuits in Japan to date, few of these have focused directly on the tobacco industry and the nation’s liability for the harms caused by tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke. Review of litigation documents in these cases reveals that the WHO FCTC has been affirmatively integrated into the civil justice discourse relating to tobacco product liability since the Treaty’s coming-into-force in February 2005. Not surprisingly, the Treaty has been primarily employed by plaintiffs’ lawyers while its significance has been downplayed or ignored by defense counsel and the courts in the proceedings. Nevertheless, the FCTC’s value in empowering plaintiffs, their legal counsel, and surrounding litigation support groups is obvious. Moreover, the Treaty’s implicit impact on judicial perceptions seems evident. These points suggest there being some room for optimism, though real justice is waiting.
Reverse time migration with random boundaries

Reading wavefield checkpoints from disk is quickly becoming the bottleneck in Reverse Time Migration. We eliminate the need to write the wavefields to disk by creating an increasingly random boundary around the computational domain when propagating source function. The wave-field that encounters the boundary region is pseudo-randomized. Reflections off the random layer have minimal coherent correlation with the receiver wave-field but can be reformed by running the wave equation in the reverse direction. This allows the source to first be propagated to the maximum recording time and then to be backward propagated simultaneously with receiver wave-field significantly reducing memory and IO requirements. We demonstrate the methodology on the Sigsbee synthetic and show that it it significantly reduces coherent correlations.
Dynamic inhomogeneities in the La2CuO4-Based superconductors

Polarization-dependent X-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements on the local structure of the La 2 CuO 4 -based high-T c superconductors La 2-x Sr x CuO 4 , La 2-x Ba x CuO 4 , and La 1.6-x Sr x Nd 0.4 CuO 4 find, among others, orientation disorder induced in the Cu-O 2 planes by doping Sr, Ba, and alloying Nd atoms, all such atoms residing in La-sites. The orientation disorder is of two types: mostly static-buckling disorder, and dynamic disordering of the tilt angles of the Cu-O 6 octahedra correlated in nanoscale regions, with respect to neighboring nanoscale regions. Buckling disorder in the Cu-O 2 planes has the greatest detrimental effect on T c and conductivity for such foreign atoms.
Development of a Health Education Electronic Mail Directory

(1996). Development of a Health Education Electronic Mail Directory. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 326-326.
Carcinoma of the esophagus

The findings at the time of operation showed the lesion to be no longer a local one, and thus, strictly speaking, was not an operative case. The disease had not only spread to the immediate surrounding structures but had already passed on to the lymphatic system. In view however of his extreme suffering and of the otherwise hopeless outlook, it was decided to attempt a radical surgical cure. For a period of nine months, the patient was able to work, and was free from disability. He was able to live a perfectly normal life during this time. When one considers the fact that this patient was treated for a period of nine months (from the time his symptoms had become fairly characteristic of this lesion to the time he was admitted to the hospital for operation), it is only fair to assume that the result would have been a much different and happier one if the surgical procedure could have been applied at the beginning of this period. In other words, in this disease as in others of similar nature, the important and essential factor is early diagnosis.
Is silent ischemia a treatable risk factor in patients with angina pectoris

Silent myocardial ischemia is increasingly recognized as a common phenomenon in a variety of populations with coronary artery disease. In patients with angina pectoris, this condition has been recognized during either exercise stress testing or ambulatory monitoring when ischemic-type ST-segment shifts occur without symptoms. Although more information is clearly needed, available data suggest an important independent relation between ambulant ischemia, most of which is silent, and adverse outcome. Other studies show that currently available antianginal agents can prevent or modify symptomatic as well as silent ischemic episodes. Several reports indicate that when these agents are prescribed to control symptomatic ischemic episodes, silent ischemia may continue to occur. Yet, when antianginal drugs are used either alone or in combination in those with recurrent silent ischemia, both the frequency and duration of the silent ischemic episodes are greatly reduced. To date, however, no data are yet available on the impact on outcome of a strategy directed at detecting and treating silent ischemia. Until this information is available, more attention should be focused on identifying and adequately controlling ischemia rather than on simply managing chest pain.
Retinopathy of prematurity

Overview: a "developmental" retinopathy reconsidered W. A. Silverman & J. T. Flynn An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity J. T. Flynn The pathology of retinopathy of prematurity A. Garner Animal models of retinopathy of prematurity G. A. Cole Perinatal retinal vascular physiology R. W. Flower Initiating events in the development of retinopathy of prematurity F. L. Kretzer & Helen M. Hittner Monitoring and controlling neonatal oxygen therapy J. D. Horbar Vitamin E and retinopathy of prematurity Dale L. Phelps Retinal ablative therapy for active proliferative retinopathy of prematurity E. A. Palmer, A. W. Biglan & R. J. Hardy Retinal detachment in retinopathy of prematurity W. Tasman The sequelae of regressed retinopathy of prematurity B. J. Kushner Epidemiology of retinopathy of prematurity Eva D. Alberman Developmental issues in blind infants and children with retinopathy of prematurity S. W. Teplin .
Knowledge Management – An Empirical Study with Special Reference to Business Schools of Pune Region

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to investigate knowledge management initiatives and study the factors those have an impact on knowledge management initiatives in business school. Design/Methodology/Approach: To explore business school opinions about knowledge management total of 38 declarative statements were presented to teaching and non-teaching staff members. These were measured on 5 point likert scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce 38 statements to manageable size. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to show that identified factors positively impact t
The Pedagogy and Team of a Highly Successful Bug & Plant Camp The Oldest Bug and Plant Camp in the Nation!

“We are so excited to get to bring Winston to camp this year and finally meet you (previously his grandparents have been bringing him to camp). He has changed a bunch since you saw him last including becoming the winner of the SW Georgia regional Science Fair. He was able to attend the State Science Fair competition UGA and loved the experience. Winston also won the Florence Burns Science Award for “BEST SCIENCE STUDENT” for the entire Scholar's Academy School. Needless to say much of this success is due to the love of Science that is fostered there at MSU Entomology Camp.“ - Kim Cornish 2016 “It's the best week of the year for me, better even than Christmas. Before I came to bug camp, I never found anybody who understood why I like bugs so much. With the people who come here, it's just unspoken that everyone likes bugs.” - Breanna Lyle “Where have you been all of my life?” Brady Dunaway
Some Patches in the Quilt: Cases of Impact Translation

This chapter presents the last dimension of the “stretched” transnational perspective developed in this book. It looks at concrete dynamics of impact translation. An overview of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) impact literature shows that while the Convention has been used often and in many different countries, such use is typically not systematic or continuing. The chapter then analyses impact translation processes in two States Parties: Chile and Finland. These two cases were selected because of their high connectivity with CEDAW and because their context differences help clarify how the Convention has been used under varying conditions. The analysis shows that domestic repercussions of the Convention in both States Parties have been significant, but it also confirms that impact translation usually remains unfinished business.
Adaptive Management for Drought on Rangelands

On the Ground Adaptive management can be used to manage complexity, such as how to match forage production variability across years and within portions of a grazing season with animal demand through management flexibility. Adaptive management strategies should incorporate flexibility and feedback mechanisms informed by appropriate seasonal weather variables and monitoring metrics to both increase resiliency of rangeland ecosystems and reduce risk for the ranching enterprise associated with drought. For management flexibility, we provide four general strategies that ranchers can use to deal with drought: 1) predict it using weather and climate forecasting tools, 2) track it, 3) employ conservative stocking rates, and 4) utilize inherent spatial variability. Adaptive grazing management plans that seek to integrate drought prediction tools, conservative but flexible stocking, and existing and predicted spatial heterogeneity in forage quantity and quality can be incorporated into conservation practices where ...
High-Dimensional Function-on-Scale Regression via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers

In [10] and [16], we proposed tools for simultaneous variable selection and parameter estimation in a functional linear model with a functional outcome and a large number of scalar predictor. We call these techniques Function-on-Scalar Lasso (FSL) and Adaptive Function-on-Scalar Lasso(AFSL). A scalar group lasso was used to fit the FSL and AFSL estimates. While this approach works well, we improve it by producing custom ADMM methods which are specifically designed for functional data. We propose this new framework as a computational tool for finding FSL estimates. Through our numerical studies, we demonstrate the computational improvement of our methodology.
Maresin 1 induces a novel pro-resolving phenotype in human platelets.

Abstract Essentials Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) promote the resolution of inflammation. This study sought to investigate the effects of SPMs on human platelet function. The SPM, Maresin 1, enhanced hemostatic, but suppressed inflammatory functions of platelets. SPMs uniquely regulate platelet function and may represent a new class of antiplatelet agents. Background Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of modern medical practice and is routinely employed to reduce the likelihood of myocardial infarction, thrombosis and stroke. However, current antiplatelet therapies, such as aspirin, often have adverse side-effects, including increased risk of bleeding, and some patients are relatively 'aspirin-resistant'. Platelets are intimately involved in hemostasis and inflammation, and clinical consequences are associated with excessive or insufficient platelet activation. Objectives A major unmet need in the field of hematology is the development of new agents that safely prevent unwanted platelet activation in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, while minimizing the risk of bleeding. Here, we investigate the potential of endogenously produced, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as novel antiplatelet agents. SPMs are a recently discovered class of lipid-derived molecules that drive the resolution of inflammation without being overtly immunosuppressive. Methods Human platelets were treated with lipoxin A4, resolvin D1, resolvin D2, 17-HDHA or maresin 1 for 15 min, then were subjected to platelet function tests, including spreading, aggregation and inflammatory mediator release. Results We show for the first time that human platelets express the SPM receptors, GPR32 and ALX. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that maresin 1 differentially regulates platelet hemostatic function by enhancing platelet aggregation and spreading, while suppressing release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators. Conclusions These data support the concept that SPMs differentially regulate platelet function and may represent a novel class of antiplatelet agents. SPMs also may play an important role in the resolution of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases.
The role of vocabulary versus knowledge in children’s language learning: a fifty-year perspective / El papel del vocabulario frente al conocimiento en el aprendizaje lingüístico de los niños: una perspectiva de cincuenta años

Much public attention has been drawn to the ‘30 million-word gap’ between children growing up in more vs. less privileged families. I argue in this paper that conceptualizing the gap in quantity of...
Chemopreventative phytochemical 3,3′-diindolylmethane inhibits histone deacetylases in prostate cancer cells

Increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3, 3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), phytochemicals derived from crucifero...
Thomas Young: The Foundations of Light, Color, and Optics

Thomas Young (1773–1829) made contributions to many fields, but is perhaps best remembered for his trichromatic theory of color vision that was expanded upon by Hermann von Helmholtz and James Clerk Maxwell decades after his death and confirmed by modern neurophysiologists. He also correctly concluded that, under certain circumstances, light behaves as a wave and made observations on accommodation and astigmatic refractive error that were in advance of his time. He received only a small portion of the credit due to him during his lifetime because of his lack of focus and his limited ability to communicate his ideas clearly to others.
Shock Tube Studies on the Stability of Polyatomic Molecules and the Determination of Bond Energies

This paper is concerned with the determination of bond energies using the comparative rate single pulse shock tube technique. The relationships between high pressure unimolecular rate constants, equilibrium constants for reaction, the enthalpies of reaction and the heat of formation of individual radicals formed from the breaking of chemical bonds are developed. A detailed description of the physical phenomena and experimental procedures is given. The special aspects of comparative rate single pulse shock tube experiments are described. The treatment of data and in particular the dependence on a variety of ancillary information for the extraction of bond energies or radical heats of formation is illustrated with specific examples. A summary of the heats of formation of the organic radicals determined by this method will be presented and compared with determinations arrived at by other procedures. The results are generalized in the context of the high temperature stability of polyatomic organic molecules.
Changing environmental spectra influence age-structured populations: increasing ENSO frequency could diminish variance and extinction risk in long-lived seabirds

As global climate changes, there is increasing need to understand how changes in the frequencies of environmental variability affect populations. Age-structured populations have recently been shown to filter specific frequencies of environmental variability, favoring generational frequencies, and very low frequencies, a phenomenon known as cohort resonance. However, there has been little exploration of how changes in the spectra of environmental signals will affect the stability and persistence of age-structured populations. To examine this issue, we analyzed a likely example to show how changes in the frequency of an influential climate phenomenon, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), could affect a marine bird population. We used a density-dependent, age-structured population model to calculate the transfer function (i.e., the frequency-dependent sensitivity) of Brandt’s cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), a representative marine bird species known to be influenced by ENSO. We then assessed how the population would be affected by ENSO forcing that was doubled and halved in frequency. The transfer function indicated this population is most sensitive to variance at low frequencies, but does not exhibit the sensitivity to generational frequencies (cohort resonance) observed in shorter-lived species. Doubling the frequency of ENSO unexpectedly resulted in higher mean adult population abundance, lower variance, and lower probability of extinction, compared to forcing with the historical or reduced ENSO frequency. Our results illustrate how long-lived species with environmentally driven variability in recruitment, including many species of marine birds and fish, may respond in counterintuitive ways to anticipated changes in environmental variability.