cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antisense to protein kinase C-alpha and p47phox attenuates the pro-inflammatory effects of human C-reactive protein in macrophages of biobreeding diabetic rats

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) confers an increased propensity to both microvascular and macrovascular complications.1 Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetic patients.2,3 C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototypic marker of inflammation and has been shown to predict cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients.4,5 Also, CRP has been shown to induce pro-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells and macrophages (MOs) both in vitro and in vivo.6,7 CRP levels are increased in patients with T1DM8–10 along with other biomarkers of inflammation. Previous studies have shown a significant association between increased intima–media thickness (IMT) and decreased flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) with CRP in patients with T1DM, and recently, CRP levels predicted progression of nephropathy in patients with T1DM.11–14 The biobreeding diabetes-prone (BB-DP) rats spontaneously develop T1DM through a T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells.15 The rat appears to be the preferred model to test the effects of human C-reactive protein (hCRP).16 Also, we showed that hCRP increases oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and tissue factor (TF) release and induces matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) activity in MOs and impairs vasoreactivity and the endothelial glycocalyx of non-diabetic Wistar rats.6 Recently, we showed that hCRP accentuates MO activity in biobreeding (BB) rats and induces both protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) and membrane p47phox.17 Hence, in this report, we tested the effect of in vivo molecular inhibition of both these pathways using antisense therapy in the BB rat model.
Tissue-directed pharmacokinetics

Azalide antibiotics demonstrate pharmacokinetics distinct from all antibacterial agents in common use. Following oral absorption, conventional oral antibiotics diffuse through serum and interstitial compartments and are eliminated rapidly. A minimal to moderate degree of intracellular penetration may be observed. The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, the first azalide, are characterized by a rapid and extensive movement of the drug from the serum into intracellular compartments. A dynamic equilibrium exists between the intracellular, interstitial, and serum compartments, with predominant flux into tissue sites. Azithromycin is concentrated to a high degree within phagocytes and transported by chemotactic mechanisms to the site of infection. High concentrations of azithromycin are found in pulmonary, genital, and lymphatic tissues. Azithromycin's serum levels decline in a polyphasic manner with a terminal half-life of approximately 60 hours. These kinetics allow azithromycin to be administered once daily. It is predicted that after drug administration for 5 days, therapeutic levels of azithromycin will be maintained at the tissue sites of infection for an additional 4-7 days. Consideration of the extravascular pharmacodynamics of azithromycin is necessary when making predictions regarding its therapeutic application.
A unified approach to predicting interactions among creep, cyclic plasticity, and recovery☆

Abstract A phenomenological set of constitutive equations has been developed in recent years for high temperature structural analysis. The equations provide a unified description of deformation in both the so-called “short-time plastic” and “long-time creep” regimes for monotonic and cyclic behavior. In particular, a single strain-rate equation is utilized in both regimes, and a single set of internal variables (which reflect such metallurgical features as dislocation pileups, subgrains, and Cottrell atmospheres) governs the non-elastic strain rate under all conditions. These internal variables thus provide the means for calculating interactions such as the effect of creep on subsequent cyclic response or the effect of cold work, recovery, and/or cyclic straining on subsequent creep response. Specific examples of such simulations are given.
Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II catalytic activity by the antiviral agents 7-chloro-1,3-dihydroxyacridone and 1,3,7-trihydroxyacridone.

Abstract Previously we reported that the antiproliferative and antiviral actions of 7-chloro-1,3 dihydroxyacridone (compound 1) and its derivatives may be mediated through the inhibition of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. In the present work, we have extended our investigation into the mechanism of topoisomerase II inhibition by these agents. Both compound 1 and its 7-OH derivative, compound 2, inhibited topoisomerase II catalytic activity in vitro , yet neither agent affected the activity of topoisomerase I. DNA unwinding assays indicated that compound 1 and compound 2 bound to DNA, although no correlation was found between DNA unwinding and topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition. Neither agent enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage in vitro ; however, both compound 1 and compound 2 antagonized breaks induced by etoposide and amsacrine. Experiments indicate that interference with etoposide-stimulated breaks results from inhibition of topoisomerase II·DNA binding by compound 1. These findings suggest that compound 1 and its derivatives may represent a novel structural class of topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors.
Religion and Human Cloning: An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data

Human cloning has recently entered the public sphere as a contentious issue and religious groups have spoken out in opposition to these technologies. To date, there has been no research to specifically determine whether the laity agrees with the positions of the leadership or to more generally sort out the views of the religious public on the issue of cloning. In this article I examine two relatively unknown public opinion polls that included questions on both cloning and the religious identity, practices, and beliefs of the respondent. I find that evangelicals are more opposed to cloning than the rest of the public and are more likely to see cloning as a religious issue. I explore these relationships further with a survey from one denomination and find that it is not ignorance of science that results in opposition to cloning, but—at least for the evangelicals—a desire to keep religion and science distinct. I conclude with suggestions for how future researchers can build upon this first limited opinion data.
Aortic aneurysm associated with cardiac defects in theophylline stimulated chick embryos

Theophylline(1 ml 0.02 M in 0.15 M saline) was administered to embryonic chicks (Hamburger-Hamilton developmental stages 24.27). The drug was topically applied to the surface of the chorioallantoic membrane in the vicinity of the embryonic heart. At necropsy, 63% (44/70) of the theophylline-exposed embryos demonstrated an aneurysm in the ascending aorta. Among the cases exhibiting aortic aneurysm, 48% (21/44) of the embryos demonstrated ventricular septal defects. Four cases of truncus arteriosus were also observed. The morphogenesis and mechanism of theophylline-induced cardiac defects with accompanying aortic aneurysm may be related to the development of the conotruncal region of the heart.
Source level transformations to improve I/O data partitioning

The main goal for parallel I/O is to increase I/O parallelism by providing multiple, independent data channels between processors and disks. To realize this goal, I/O streams need to be parallelized and partitioned at multiple system layers. Contention at any level can dramatically decrease performance and limit scalability. To address this disk contention bottleneck, it is important to carefully study disk access patterns.From our previous work on I/O profiling, we found that I/O access patterns of parallel scientific applications are usually very regular and highly predictable. Thus it is possible to detect I/O access patterns statically during compiler time. Large datasets are logically linearized in file space on disk, and these intensive data accesses follow a linear space traversal. In this paper, we present our recent work on compiler-directed I/O partitioning, based on Linear Disk Access Descriptors (LDAD). We use the SUIF compiler infrastructure to perform data-flow analysis and recognize LDADs. We then use these LDADs to guide our I/O data partitioning that utilizes multiple disks to significantly increase I/O throughput.
Role of cellular immunity in protection against Trypanosoma cruzi in mice

Summary The importance of antibodies in the maintenance of immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi in mice is emphasized by the failure of either immunization or transfer of immune T cells to afford B cell suppressed mice complete protection against a lethal infection. Both procedures did, however, significantly prolong survival indicating a contributory role for T cells other than simply as helper cells in antibody production. The complete protection afforded intact mice following transfer of immune T cells can be attributed to a significant T cell-mediated augmentation of IgG antibody production.
Traveling waves in large-aspect-ratio thermosolutal convection

Numerical simulations of two-dimensional thermosolutal convection in a long box of aspect ratio d = 16, with free but impenetrable boundaries, reveal solutions in the form of traveling, standing, and modulated waves. These nonlinear solutions are closely related to the theoretical predictions for an unbounded layer. An unexpected feature is that the traveling waves reverse their direction of propagation in an episodic manner; this is not the case for the modulated waves. The calculations are related to recent experiments on convection in binary fluid mixtures.
Magnetic properties of substitutional 3d transition metal impurities in silicon carbide

Using the linearized muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method within both the atomic sphere approximation and full potential (FP) implementations and within the local spin-density-functional method and a supercell approach, we study the magnetic properties of cubic (3C) silicon carbide (SiC) doped by first-row transition metals (TM's). The magnetic properties are found to depend strongly on the doping site. For substitution on the Si site, a nonmonotonic behavior of the magnetic moments with d state filling is found. This is due to the large hybridization of the TM d states with the neighboring dangling bonds, which leads to a larger crystal field than spin splitting. This leads to low-spin states. On the other hand, for the unrelaxed structures, substitution on the C site leads to large-spin states, following an atomiclike Hund's rule because of the weak hybridization with the surrounding dangling bonds. The relaxation effect, studied with FP-LMTO in selected cases, is large for the C site and small for the Si site. It leads to a suppression of the high magnetic moments for the C substitution. In any case, the calculated energies of formation indicate a strong preference for Si substitution, even when relaxation effects are included. In the case of neighboring pairs of TM dopants, there is generally a suppression of the magnetic moments, except for the Cr and Mn cases on the Si site. Ferromagnetic (FM) coupling is found to be preferred strongly for Cr. For Mn ferromagnetic coupling is found when relaxation is included. The tendencies towards ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic (AFM) behavior are discussed in view of the Anderson-Hasegawa models of superexchange and double exchange. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that Cr and Mn doping on Si should be favorable. In fact, Si substitution would be preferred in the C-rich limit and neither Cr nor Mn is a strong carbide former. The strong energetic preference for FM over AFM ordering indicates possibly a high Curie temperature.
Long‐term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments: toward a global model of decomposition

We analysed data on mass loss after five years of decomposition in the field from both fine root and leaf litters from two highly contrasting trees, Drypetes glattca, a tropical hardwood tree from Puerto Rico, and pine species from North America as part of the Long-Term lntersite Decomposition Experiment (LIDEn. L1DET is a reciprocal litter­ bag study involving the transplanting of litter from 27 species across 28 sites in North and Central America reflecting a wide variety of natural and managed ecosystems and climates, from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforest. After 5 years, estimated k-values ranged from 0.032 to 3.734, lengths of Phase I (to 20% mass remaining) from 0.49 to 47.92 years, and fractional mass remaining from 0 to 0.81. Pine litter decomposed more slowly than Drypetes litter, supporting the notion of strong control of substrate quality over decomposition rates. Climate exerted strong and consistent effects on decomposi­ tion. Neither mean annual temperature or precipitation alone explained the global pat­ tern of decomposition; variables including both moisture availability and temperature (i.e. actual evapotranspiration and DEFAC from the CENTURY model) were generally more robust than single variables. Across the LIDET range, decomposition of fine roots exhibited a QI0 of 2 and was more predictable than that of leaves, which had a higher QI0 and greater variability. Roots generally decomposed more slowly than leaves, regardless of genus, but the ratio of above- to belowground decomposition rates differed sharply across ecosystem types. Finally, Drypetes litter decomposed much more rapidly than pine litter in 'broad leaved habitats' than in 'conifer habitats', evidence for a 'home-field advantage' for this litter. These results collectively suggest that relatively simple models can predict decomposition based on litter quality and regional climate, but that ecosystem-specific problems may add complications.
Northeast Asian pollen records for the last 150,000 years from deep-sea cores V28-304 and RC14-99 taken off the Pacific coast of Japan

Pollen, radiolarian and oxygen isotope analyses of deep-sea sediment cores V28-304 and RC14-99 provide continuous chronostratigraphically-controlled records of the regional vegetation of the Pacific coast of the Japanese archipelago over the last 150,000 years. These detailed time series (sampled at ∼2000 year-intervals) chronical the changing composition of temperate forests of Japan in which gymnosperms are more abundant than angiosperms. Pinus and Picea characterize glacial intervals and the expansion of Cryptomeria, along with Sciadopitys, characterizes nonglacial intervals between ∼ 120,000 and ∼ 70,000 yr B.P.
Evaluation of Catmint Oil and Hydrogenated Catmint Oil as Repellents for the Flour Beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum

Catmint oil and hydrogenated catmint oil were evaluated as repellents for adult Tribolium casteneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the red flour beetle, and T. confusum (DuVal), the confused flour beetle, using both a traditional method of visual assessment of distribution and a video recording method to determine movement patterns of individual insects. Visual assessments of distribution using groups of adults showed that the hydrogenated catmint oil was more effective than the pure catmint oil, but there was no significant difference between species. However, when repellency was measured using single insects and the visual recording system, both oils were significantly more repellent to T. castaneum than T. confusum at the concentrations evaluated in the study. Avoidance movement and change in direction when T. castaneum encountered the repellent were observed. Results indicate that repellents may be more accurately assessed using single insects rather than groups of individuals, and simple visual observations of distribution may be less sensitive in measuring repellent efficacy. Procedures for utilizing a video system are described as models for future evaluations of repellents for stored-product beetles.
Forward-integration Riccati-based output-feedback control of linear time-varying systems

In applications involving time-varying systems, the state dynamics matrix is often not known in advance. To address this problem, this paper investigates the effectiveness of a forward-in-time Riccati-based control law. This approach is motivated by the fact that the optimal state estimator is based on a forward-in-time Riccati-based solution that does not require advance knowledge of the system dynamics. In this paper we show that a forward-in-time Riccati-based control law stabilizes the system if the dynamics of the quasi-dual system are asymptotically stable. This property holds if the closed-loop dynamics are symmetric, and, for some plants, is achieved by dynamics with sufficiently fast time variation. In addition, using a separation principal type result, we guarantee closed-loop stability in the case of output feedback.
Alteration of Sidman avoidance baselines by CSS paired with avoidable or unavoidable shock.

Su7nmafy.-2 tones, pired either with avoidable or unavoidable shock, were assessed for relative aversireness or fear-evoking properties by presentation during Sidman avoidance responding. Results obtained from 8 dogs indicated no significant difference in the increase in avoidance rates produced by either tone. The increase in rate change am related to the ratio of reinforced to unreinforced CS presentation during ftar conditioning. Several studies have suggested that uncontrollable elecuic shock has greater adverse effects on an organism than controllable shock of the same duration and intensity. Mowrer and Viek ( 1948) report that uncontrollable shock produces, in addition to pain, the fear that the shock may persist indefinitely; this additional aspect of uncontrollable shock they termed "fear from a sense of helplessness" which made uncontrollable shock more aversive and fear evoking. Seligman and Maier (1967) have also used "helplessness" to describe a characteristic effect due to the use of uncontrollzble shock; Ss, as a result of prior experience with uncontrollable shock, subsequeatly showed markedly increased avoidance and escape latencies. Weiss (1968) indicated that rats which had responses available to avoid or escape electric shock developed fewer gastric lesions and lost less body weight than yoked controls that had no control over shock occurrence or duration. Thus, the differential effects resulting from uncontrollable vs controllable shock can be measured physiologically as well as behaviorally. Do these results imply that uncontrollable shock is a more aversive event than controllable shock? If so, one possible consequence of using uncontrollable shock is that the neutral stimuli signaling this type of shock will become more aversive or more fear evoking. A study by Kamin, Brimer, and Black (1963) indicated that as the Ss learned to avoid shock, the SD for avoidance evoked less and less fear when measured independently by the conditioned suppression procedure. Is this reduction in fear evocation attributable to the greater control over shock duration and occurrences attendant upon avoidance response learning or to some other factor? The study outlined below attempted to assess further whether the aversive or fear-evoking properties of a stimulus associated with uncontrollable shock differ from the fear-evoking properties of a stimulus associated with controllable shock. In order to avoid the complications of individual differences between members of a yoked-conuol group and those of an experimental group (Church, 1964), 'This research was supported by a grant from U.S. Public Health Service (MH-13558) to J. Bruce Overmier. The author wishes to thank J. Bruce Overrnier for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Requests for reprints should be sent to Ralph J. Payne, Deparunent of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
Hydrogen Bonding in a Host−Guest System: C-Undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene and Water in Benzene

The behavior of water in a benzene solution of C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene (UR) is studied by 1H 2D NMR exchange spectroscopy and by 1D NMR. The rate constants for exchange of the UR hydroxyl protons, Ha, with water over the temperature range 298−338 K are 0.7−4.6 s-1 and those for the exchange of UR hydroxyl protons, Hb, over the temperature range 298−328 K are 1.8−8.1 s-1. Activation energies calculated for these exchange processes are 9.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and 10.2 ± 1.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The chemical shift of dissolved water is largely dependent upon the concentration of UR. An upper limit for the critical aggregation concentration of UR is 10-5 M as shown by 1H NMR.
Intensive Agriculture and the Soil Carbon Pool

There is a strong link between food security and the carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, notably the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Quantity and quality of the SOC pool are essential to soil quality, agronomic production, and use efficiency of inputs. Furthermore, limiting global warming to a 2°C increase in Earth's mean temperature requires the identification of appropriate sinks for atmospheric CO2. Sequestration of C in soils is almost an obvious climate solution, which ironically has been overlooked by policy makers. Yet, it is a proverbial “low-hanging” fruit with numerous co-benefits. Most soils of the agroecosystems are depleted of their antecedent SOC pool by 25%−75%, equivalent to 10−30 Mg/ha, which is also the technical sink capacity of C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration in soils of the tropics and subtropics is 100−500 kg/ha/year. The potential global soil C sink capacity is 1.2−3.1 Pg C/year, 25−50 years. While mitigating climate change, an increase in SOC pool also enhances cr...
Analyses of asthma severity phenotypes and inflammatory proteins in subjects stratified by sputum granulocytes.

Background Patients with severe asthma have increased granulocytes in their sputum compared with patients with mild to moderate asthma. Objective We hypothesized that inflammatory granulocytes in sputum may identify specific asthma severity phenotypes and are associated with different patterns of inflammatory proteins in sputum supernatants. Methods This hypothesis was tested in 242 patients with asthma enrolled in the Severe Asthma Research Program who provided sputum samples for cell count, differential cell determinations, cell lysates for Western blot, and supernatant analyses by inflammatory protein microarrays and ELISAs. ANOVA and multiple linear regression models tested mediator associations. Results Stratified by sputum granulocytes, 2-fold in sputa with ≥40% neutrophils. Microarray analyses stratified by severity of asthma identified 6 to 9 proteins increased >2-fold in sputa in subjects with severe asthma compared with nonsevere asthma. ELISA data stratified by sputum granulocytes showed significant increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, IL-1β, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α/CCL20 for those with ≥40% neutrophils; these mediators demonstrated positive associations with neutrophil counts. Conclusion Combined increased sputum eosinophils and neutrophils identified patients with asthma with the lowest lung function, worse asthma control, and increased symptoms and health care requirements. Inflammatory protein analyses of sputum supernatants found novel mediators increased in patients with asthma, predominantly associated with increased sputum neutrophils.
Crystallization and initial crystallographic characterization of a vicilin-type seed storage protein from Pinus koraiensis.

The cupin superfamily of proteins includes the 7S and 11S seed storage proteins. Many members of this family of proteins are known allergens. In this study, the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) vicilin-type 7S seed storage protein was isolated from defatted pine-nut extract and purified by sequential gel-filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. Well diffracting single crystals were obtained by the vapor-diffusion method in hanging drops. The crystals belong to the primitive cubic space group P213, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 148.174 A. Two vicilin molecules were present in the asymmetric unit and the Matthews coefficient was determined to be 2.90 A3 Da−1, with a corresponding solvent content of ∼58%. A molecular-replacement structural solution has been obtained using the program Phaser. Refinement of the structure is currently under way.
A Culture of Everyday Credit: Housekeeping, Pawnbroking, and Governance in Mexico City, 1750–1920 – By Marie Eileen Francois

Mexico City's poor relied on credit to allow basic consumption of foodstuffs, while their slightly wealthier compatriots sought financing to permit them to continue consuming the goods associated w...
Changes in patients' beliefs about their antidepressant during the acute phase of depression treatment.

Abstract Purpose To test hypotheses regarding medication beliefs in relation to adherence, side effects, and response during the acute phase of an antidepressant treatment episode. Methods Participants were 163 patients with unipolar major depression participating in the acute phase of a multi-stage trial of medication and psychotherapy. Before starting citalopram, patients underwent measures of treatment beliefs and depression. They continued taking citalopram until either responding, discontinuing due to side effects, or failing to respond within 14 weeks. Assessments of adherence, side effects and depression were made at weeks 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 (as applicable) and at trial exit. Beliefs were reevaluated at exit. Results Perceived need for medication increased between baseline and exit ( P =.01) while perceived medication harmfulness dropped between baseline and exit ( P P =.022), and side effects were related to baseline perceived harmfulness ( P =.002). Change in depressive symptoms was significantly related to both baseline perceived need ( P =.039) and mean adherence ( P =.036) but not baseline perceived harmfulness ( P =.184) or side effects ( P =.102). At exit, perceived need was unrelated to change in depression severity ( P =.565), while perceived harmfulness was related to prior side effects ( P Conclusion Patients' medication perceptions become more pro-adherence as treatment proceeds. Their perceptions of antidepressant necessity predict their subsequent medication adherence and response, while their perceptions about medication harmfulness show strong prospective associations with actual side effects. Clinicians ought to adjust their prescribing decisions accordingly. Interventions that target beliefs ought to capitalize upon the apparently bidirectional association between harm perceptions and actual side effects.
Prostate Cancer Disparities throughout the Cancer Control Continuum

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in the United States. The American Cancer Society estimates that 238,590 U.S. men will develop PCa and 29,720 men will die from the disease in 2013. PCa exhibits the most profound racial disparities of all cancers with African American men having a 70% higher incidence rate and more than two times higher mortality rate than Caucasian men. Published research on PCa disparities focuses on singular outcomes such as incidence, mortality or quality of life. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive summary of the racial disparities found at each stage of the PCa Care Continuum which includes prevention, detection, treatments, and outcomes and survival. It focuses primarily on disparities among Caucasian (white) and African American men.
The effect of dexamethasone and glucagon on the expression of hepatocyte plasma membrane proteins during development.

The regulation of different maturational processes in the liver is believed to be influenced by the hormonal system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two hormones, glucagon and dexamethasone, on levels of plasma membrane proteins in rat liver cells during late fetal and early postnatal stages of development. For this purpose, 18-day-old rat fetuses and 1-day-old newborns were treated with glucagon or dexamethasone and killed at 22 days of gestation and 3, 5 and 7 days of age, respectively. Postnuclei liver membranes were isolated using a sucrose gradient method and assessed for levels of specific membrane proteins. Asialoglycoprotein receptor and 110,000 Mr glycoprotein, denoted GP 110, representing the sinusoidal and bile canalicular domains, respectively, were quantitated using the immunoblot method. Membrane enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and γ-glutamyl transferase were evaluated using enzymatic methods. The data showed that glucagon and dexamethasone have a differential effect on membrane constituents according to the stage of development. Glucagon increased the levels of membrane enzymes during the late fetal stage but had no effect on liver membrane proteins in the newborn animal. In contrast, although dexamethasone elevated GP 110 in fetal rat livers, none of the other marker proteins was significantly affected. On the other hand, in newborns dexamethasone reduced the amount of asialoglycoprotein receptor and alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase enzyme activities but greatly augmented the level of γ-glutamyl transferase. Thus, glucagon primarily affects plasma membrane proteins in late gestation while dexamethasone does so during the early postnatal period. The roles that these two hormones may play during ontogeny is discussed with respect to liver development.
Laser-induced-fluorescence visualization of transverse gaseous injection in a nonreacting supersonic combustor

A laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) visualization study is reported of transverse gaseous injection into a Mach 2.07 freestream. The purpose of the study was to obtain an experimental data base for validating calculations of three-dimensional mixing in supersonic combustor flowfields without chemical reaction. Three injection configurations were studied: 1) injection from a single orifice into a constant-area duct, 2) injection from a single orifice behind a rearward-facing step, and 3) injection from staged orifices behind a reaward-facing step. Densitometer scans of LIF photographic negatives allowed injectant penetration and spreading profiles to be quantitatively determined for each injection configuration over a range of injection dynamic pressure ratio. These data represent the first detailed measurements of the three-dimensional flowfield in the vicinity of the injectors. Shock-structure tirple points were located visually as a second measure of injectant penetration. Parametric functions were fit to the data to establish quantitatively the effect of a rearward step, staged injection, and injection dynamic pressure ratio on injectant penetration and spreading into a supersonic flow without chemical reaction.
Preventive intervention with adolescents and divorced mothers: A conceptual framework for program design and evaluation

Abstract This article highlights the need for an empirically based, developmentally relevant program for adolescents and their divorced mothers. A conceptual framework for program development and evaluation is then proposed for preventive intervention efforts designed to reduce the prevalence of maladjustment in adolescents in single divorced-mother families and increase effective functioning of the mothers in those families. Attention is given to applied use of the growing literature on linkages between divorce and adolescent adjustment, and particularly to the role of several family processes in adolescents' postdivorce adjustment: maternal expectations, discipline, decision making, and parent-adolescent relationships.
Lead-lag vibrational frequencies of a rotating beam with end mass

Abstract Transverse vibrations of the lead-lag motion of a uniform rotating beam with tip mass have been investigated. A finite element consistent mass formulation is developed. This formulation accounts for the centrifugal force field and the centripetal acceleration effects. The generalized eigenvalue problem is defined and numerical solutions are generated. Both fixed and hinged end conditions are considered while solutions are obtained for lead-lag as well as flapping frequencies. Numerical results for the first 12 eigenfrequencies are presented, in a useful tabular form, for a wide range of parameter changes.
Relationships among accumulated lifetime life events, prosocial skills, and behavior problems in elementary school children

Relationships among life events, prosocial skills, and behavior problems for 91 first through fourth grade children were examined. The data were based on mothers' reports of their children's lifetime life events, current prosocial skills, and current behavior problems. Higher prosocial skills scores significantly predicted lower Externalizing behavior problem scores. Higher weighted life events scores significantly predicted higher Internalizing behavior problem scores. The weighted life event scores×prosocial skills scores interaction did not significantly predict either Externalizing or Internalizing behavior problem scores. The more parsimonious main effects conceptualization suggests that life events and prosocial skills are orthogonal in young, elementary school children.
A new method of measuring renal function in conscious rats without the use of radioisotopes

The purpose of the current experiment was to develop fast and accurate assays for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). An enzymatic method was developed for the determination of inulin, and a colorimetric method was developed for determination of p-aminohippurate (PAH) in the plasma and urine of rats. These assays are easily automated and do not require the use of radioisotopes or corrosive chemicals. Glomerular filtration rate was measured by the clearance of inulin, and effective renal plasma flow was measured by the clearance of PAH. Blood pressure, heart rate, and renal function (urine volume, electrolytes, GFR, and ERPF) were measured in conscious rats for 1.5 h prior to drug treatment and for 3 h after treatment. Baseline renal function was compared to historical data. Acute changes in GFR and ERPF following administration of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) were accurately measured with results similar to those obtained with older methodologies. These new methods offer many advantages over previously described methods by eliminating the use of radioisotopes and harsh chemicals. In addition, these methods can be used with an automated instrument with high accuracy and precision. Therefore, these new methods can be used to accurately determine GFR and ERPF and are sensitive enough to detect acute changes in GFR and ERPF in conscious animals.
The lay person's understanding of sexual harassment

The literature on how lay people interpret behavior as sexual harassment is reviewed. An attributional model of this interpretation process is proposed. An experiment testing some of the basic postulates of the attribution model is reported. The results of the experiment generally supported the attribution model.
Adsorption of Nitrogen Monoxide and Carbon Monoxide on Copper-Exchanged ZSM-5: A Cluster and Embedded Cluster Study

We present a systematic study on the adsorption of NO and CO in Cu−ZSM-5, using an ab initio embedded cluster methodology at the B3LYP level of theory. We found that the effects of the cluster size...
Homing imprinting and immunomodulation in the gut: role of dendritic cells and retinoids.

Lymphocyte migration is at the heart of chronic inflammatory ailments, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Whereas naive lymphocytes migrate to all secondary lymphoid organs, they are mostly excluded from nonlymphoid peripheral tissues. Upon activation, lymphocytes change their pattern of adhesion receptors and acquire the capacity to migrate to extralymphoid tissues. Antigen-experienced T cells are subdivided into different subsets based on their expression of homing receptors that favor their accumulation in specific tissues, such as the skin and the gut mucosa. B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASC) also show tissue-tropism, which is somewhat correlated with the class of immunoglobulin that they produce. In fact, IgA-ASC are located in mucosal tissues, where they produce IgA, the main class of antibodies found in secretions. Although IgA-ASC are usually considered as a homogeneous pool of cells, those located in the small bowel have some unique migratory characteristics, suggesting that they are generated under different conditions as compared to IgA-ASC in other mucosal compartments. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(REG)) can also exhibit tissue-specific migratory potential and recent evidence suggests that T(REG) can be imprinted with gut-specific homing. Moreover, foxp3(+) T(REG) are enriched in the small bowel lamina propria, where they can be generated locally. The present review addresses our current understanding of how tissue-specific homing is acquired and modulated on T cells, B cells, and ASC, with a special emphasis on the intestinal mucosa. Harnessing these mechanisms could offer novel, effective, and more specific therapeutic strategies in IBD.
Daily cycles in body temperature, metabolic rate, and substrate utilization in pigeons: influence of amount and timing of food consumption

Pigeons lived in individual chambers where instantaneous metabolic rate (MR; indirect calorimetry), body temperature (Tb), and substrate utilization (RQ) were measured 24 times each hour throughout the 12h:12h light:dark cycle. The amount of food consumed influenced the amplitude of the MR and Tb cycles, primarily by affecting the dark-phase segment of the cycle: when food was consumed ad lib, low-amplitude daily cycles in MR and Tb occurred in which levels in the dark phase were lower than in the light; during reduced food intake in restricted feeding or in fasting, high-amplitude cycles occurred primarily because nocturnal hypometabolism and hypothermia developed; in restricted feeding, the level of MR and Tb during the dark-phase segment of the cycle was directly related to short-term variation in amount consumed. The timing of food consumption primarily affected the light-phase segment of the MR and Tb cycles: when feeding was restricted to a time late in the light phase, these measures became depressed early in the light phase, and then greatly elevated near the scheduled time of feeding. This distinctive light-phase pattern developed quickly after the restricted feeding schedule began and may reflect the influence of a circadian food-entrainable oscillator. RQ indicated carbohydrate utilization for most of the 24-h cycle during ad lib feeding and in restricted feeding. However, approximately 2 h before the first feeding bout of the day, the RQ cycle indicated a sizable shift towards lipid utilization, which terminated after the bout was completed. There was a smaller, more transient, decrease in RQ near the time of the light-dark transition, which may imply cessation of digestive activity in preparation for the nocturnal decrease in Tb. During fasting, RQ indicated lipid utilization throughout the entire cycle. Whole-day energy expenditure by pigeons in these laboratory circumstances was shown to be closely related to the changes in within-day cycles associated with variations in the amount and timing of food intake.
Long-chain alkylbenzenes: their analytical chemistry, environmental occurrence and fate.

Abstract Since ca. 1950 long-chain alkylbenzenes have been produced industrially for the synthesis of alkylbenzenesulfonates, the anionic surfactants most commonly used in commercial detergents. Prior to 1965 the alkylbenzenes were generated by Frieldel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with tetrapropylene. This reaction produces a complex assemblage of phenylalkanes (TABs) having highly branched side chains. Due to their stability, the TABs proved to be environmentally troublesome and were ultimately replaced (during the mid-1960s) by the linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). The LABs consist of a mixture of secondary phenylalkanes with linear alkyl side chains ranging in length from C10 to C14. Because of their unique structures and composition, these compounds are easily identified and measured in complex environmental samples. The linear alkylbenzenes are also found in municipal wastewaters where their presence is thought to result from the use of domestic and industrial detergents. Because they are synthetic and u...
New Developments in the Cyclopentadienyl Chemistry of the Alkaline-Earth Metals

Recent developments in the chemistry of cyclopentadienyl derivatives of the alkaline-earth (group 2) metals are reviewed. New complexes and their applications in organometallic and materials synthesis reflect the growing number of ways that can be used to manipulate the alkaline-earth−cyclopentadienyl bond. Complementing the experimental work are computational studies using density functional theory methods. These can now reproduce the geometries of many group 2 molecules with encouraging accuracy and have provided new insight into the energetics of metal−ring bonding. The progress made in group 2 cyclopentadienyl chemistry in the past decade indicates that more expansion can be expected.
From Nevskii Prospekt to Zoia's Apartment: Trials of the Russian Procuress

Immediately after the October Revolution, the fictional character of the brothel madam or procuress served to highlight the decadence of the ancien regiLne in a number of works that supported the Bolsheviks' radical attempts to restructure Russian society. For example, in 0. Frelikh's 1926 film, A Prostiute/Cr-ushed by Life, the gluttonous, greedy, and religious Aunty Varvara gleefully sells her adopted daughter Liuba into prostitution, setting the film's moralizing story in motion.' Much like Amalia Ivanovna Lippewechsel, who forces the innocent Sonia Marmeladova to sell sex in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment (1 866), Aunty Varvara aggressively pushes her innocent and trusting charge down the primrose path that leads to her physical and spiritual fall. Unlike Sonia Marmeladova, who finds her salvation in Christ's selfless love, Liuba is redeemed by a sisterhood of rehabilitated prostitutes for whom the Soviet government provides medical assistance and employment. The fates of Liuba and Sonia differ due to the opposing ideologies that inform the works in question. Dostoevsky preaches his own personal and profoundly antirational brand of Russian Orthodoxy in Crime aid Puniskhrnent, whereas Frelikh puts forth the standard Bolshevik message that labor and inclusion in the collective will redeem the downtrodden. Interestingly, in spite of the tremendous divergence between the fates of these two prostitutes, the procuresses who precipitate their falls are almost identical in terms of their description and function. Aunty Varvara and her Dostoevskian counterpart receive unequivocal condemnation in both the 1866 novel and the 1926 film. In spite of Bolshevik claims to have reorganized society to allow those disenfranchised before the
Structure And Properties Of Binary Rodlike/Flexible Polyimide mixtures.

Binary mixtures of a rodlike poly(p-phenylcne pyroincllitimide) (PMDA-PDA) and a flexible 6F-BDAF polyimide synthesized from hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride and 2,2-bis(4-aminophenoxy-p-phenylcne) hexafluoropropane were prepared by solution-blending of the mcta-PMDA-PDA poly(amic ethyl ester) and 6F-BDAF poly(arnic acid) precursors, followed by solvent evaporation and thermal imidization. The size scale of the phase separation, as measured by light scattering, is ca. 1 μm or smaller in most cases. Dynamical mechanical thermal analysis measurements indicate that the glass transition temperature of 6F-BDAF is unaffected in all of the mixtures studied, indicating complete demixing of rodlike and flexible polyimides in agreement with theory. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show a strong surface segregation of 6F-BDAF in mixtures containing as low as 10% by weight of the 6F-BDAF component in the bulk. The mixtures with PMDA-PDA as the major matrix component therefore maintain excellent bulk properties of rodlike polymers, i.e., high modulus to 500°C, and low coefficients of thermal expansion (< ca. 10 ppm/°C). On the other hand, the surface properties of the mixtures are dominated by the flexible 6F-BDAF, resulting in excellent polymer/polymer self-adhesion (lamination) properties between fully imidized films.
Surface Charge Effects Involved in the Control of Stability of Sols Comprising Uniform Cholesterol Particles

The reported is a method for the preparation of stable dispersions of narrowly dispersed cholesterol crystals, which may provide an excellent model for the aggregation studies thereof. The effects of experimental parameters that include concentration, pH, ionic strength, temperature, and aging on the resulting morphologies are acknowledged. Regardless of the cause of destabilization, the multilayered aggregates of cholesterol particles are formed by “face-to-face” stacking of the original platelets, as promoted by higher surface charge density on particle sides comparing to their faces. In accordance with the crucial involvement of surface charge effects in stabilization of cholesterol dispersions produced hereby, aggregation of the original particles becomes enhanced at increased salt contents and at pH conditions that correspond to the isoelectric point of the dispersed particles.
β-Adrenergic Agents Stimulate Tissue Plasminogen Activator Activity and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in Cultured Rat Granulosa Cells*

Expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) gene is stimulated by gonadotropins in granulosa cells. Because adrenergic agents interact with specific granulosa cell receptors to increase progesterone biosynthesis, the effects of these pounds on tPA activity and mRNA levels were also investigated. Cells obtained from immature estrogen-treated rats were initially cultured with FSH or medium alone for 2 days. They were then reincubated with various adrenergic agents before measurement of medium tPA activity using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by a fibrin overlay technique. In addition, cellular RNA was extracted, and tPA mRNA levels were analyzed using a specific rat cRNA probe. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulated the secretion of tPA activity in a dose-dependent manner, with FSH-pretreated cells secreting higher levels of the enzyme than cells without FSH priming. Northern blot hybridization of total RNA showed the accumulation of a 22S species tPA message in cells treated with isoproterenol, suggesting increased expression of the tPA gene. Furthermore, slot blot hybridization of RNA from these cells indicated a time-dependent increase in tPA mRNA, with maximal induction between 1-3 h of incubation. A selective beta 2-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline, but not the beta 1-agonist dobutamine, stimulated tPA activity. Also, the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol was blocked by a beta 2-antagonist (ICI-118,551) but not by a beta 1-antagonist (practolol), suggesting the involvement of a beta 2-receptor. Like FSH and LH, isoproterenol increased extra- and intracellular cAMP levels. Cotreatment of a saturating dose of isoproterenol with FSH or LH did not further stimulate tPA activity. Similar to that in cells treated with FSH, inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in the superinduction of tPA mRNA in isoproterenol-treated cells. Thus, activation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors in granulosa cells induces tPA mRNA and activity, presumably through the protein kinase-A pathway shared by gonadotropins. Adrenergic neurotransmitters may be potential intraovarian regulators of this important protease.