cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse effects of orally administered ampicillin

A prospective clinical study was performed documenting the incidence of diarrhea, vomiting, and skin rashes relative to varied dosage schedules of orally administered ampicillin. Four hundred children were treated by randomization with one of four doses; 100 each received 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg. per kilogram per day administered in four equally divided doses, for a period of at least seven days. Vomiting or severe diarrhea was rare and was not dose related. Mild or moderate diarrhea was commonly encountered in patients regardless of dose. Erythematous maculopapular skin rashes occurred in 3 to 7 per cent of patients; there was some increase in incidence with increasing dosages but not to a significant degree. Urticarial skin rashes occurred in 1 per cent of patients and were unrelated to dose. Perineal moniliasis occurred exclusively in infants in diapers, usually with associated mild diarrhea; the incidence was significantly dose related.
Simulation evaluation of controller-managed spacing tools under realistic operational conditions

Controller-Managed Spacing (CMS) tools have been developed to aid air traffic controllers in managing high volumes of arriving aircraft according to a schedule while enabling them to fly efficient descent profiles. The CMS tools are undergoing refinement in preparation for field demonstration as part of NASA's Air Traffic Management (ATM) Technology Demonstration-1 (ATD-1). System-level ATD-1 simulations have been conducted to quantify expected efficiency and capacity gains under realistic operational conditions. This paper presents simulation results with a focus on CMS-tool human factors. The results suggest experienced controllers new to the tools find them acceptable and can use them effectively in ATD-1 operations.
Reaction parameters of the solvated electron in diffusion controlled reactions in polar solvents

Abstract Measured specific rates (in 10 9 M −1 s −1 ) of the reaction of the solvated electron with phenan threne in n -alkanols from C 1 to C 10 are between 6.1 and 1.4. The results have been interpreted in terms of cage effects. The cage is larger in longer carbon chain n -alkanols.
Power and Popular Protest, Latin American Social Movements

Power and Popular Protest, Latin American Social Movements. Susan Eckstein (editor). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. $47.50 (cloth), $16.00 (paper). ISBN 0-520-06217-5, ISBN 0-520-06414-3.
Determination of the Beta-Decay Interaction from Electron-Neutrino Angular Correlation Measurements

The angular correlation coefficients in the allowed beta decays of ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{19}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{23}$, and ${\mathrm{A}}^{35}$ have been experimentally determined from measurements of the energy spectra of the recoil ions. The form of the beta-decay interaction has been deduced from these measurements. The experimental results are summarized in the following table together with the beta-decay interaction forms which are indicated by each measurement. It is apparent from the last column that the experimental results are consistent if we assume that the dominant beta-decay interaction is the $\mathrm{VA}$ combination.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a problem-solving intervention addressing barriers to cardiovascular disease prevention behaviors in 3 underserved populations: Colorado, North Carolina, West Virginia, 2009.

INTRODUCTION In low-income and underserved populations, financial hardship and multiple competing roles and responsibilities lead to difficulties in lifestyle change for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. To improve CVD prevention behaviors, we adapted, pilot-tested, and evaluated a problem-solving intervention designed to address barriers to lifestyle change. METHODS The sample consisted of 81 participants from 3 underserved populations, including 28 Hispanic or non-Hispanic white women in a western community (site 1), 31 African-American women in a semirural southern community (site 2), and 22 adults in an Appalachian community (site 3). Incorporating focus group findings, we assessed a standardized intervention involving 6-to-8 week group sessions devoted to problem-solving in the fall of 2009. RESULTS Most sessions were attended by 76.5% of participants, demonstrating participant adoption and engagement. The intervention resulted in significant improvement in problem-solving skills (P < .001) and perceived stress (P < .05). Diet, physical activity, and weight remained stable, although 72% of individuals reported maintenance or increase in daily fruit and vegetable intake, and 67% reported maintenance or increase in daily physical activity. CONCLUSION Study results suggest the intervention was acceptable to rural, underserved populations and effective in training them in problem-solving skills and stress management for CVD risk reduction.
Colon cancer and polyps in acromegaly: increased risk associated with family history of colon cancer.

SUMMARY A cohort of 52 subjects diagnosed with acromegaly in southeastern Michigan and northern Ohio between 1935 and 1985 were followed to determine the incidence of colon cancer and polyps. Medical records were reviewed, subjects or their next-of-kin were interviewed, and screening examinations of the colon were offered to the living patients who were located. Data on demographics, personal histories of cancer and colon polyps, family history of colon cancer, and cure from acromegaly were obtained for both living and deceased subjects. The risk for colon cancer compared to the general population was estimated using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). The expected number of cases was determined utilizing age, sex and race-specific rates provided by the cancer registry in southeastern Michigan. Among the 52 subjects, one could not be located and nine were deceased, none from colon cancer, with one known to have a history of colon polyps. Of 13 (31 %) who declined the screening physical, one had a history of polyps and none reported a history of colon cancer. Two of 29 screened patients were found to have right-sided adenocarcinoma of the colon. Of the entire cohort, eight people (including one deceased) had a current or previous diagnosis of polyps, with five known to be histologically adenomatous. The SIR for colon cancer was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 0.6–17.1). Seven subjects, including the two with detected adenocarcinoma and four of the six living subjects with polyps only, reported a family history of colon cancer. The SIR for the subset of subjects with a family history of colon cancer was 29.1 (95% confidence interval of 3.5–104.6). Logistic regression analysis of the subset of the acromegalic cohort that was screened demonstrated that family history of colon cancer and male gender were predictive of the presence of colonic neoplasms at P< 0.001 and P< 0.009, respectively. This study supports the association between acromegaly and colon cancer reported by others and suggests that an increased risk of colon cancer in these patients may be associated with a family history of colon cancer. We recommend that patients with acromegaly routinely undergo colon cancer screening, particularly those with a positive family history for colon malignancies.
Potential role for Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of glaucoma.

Glaucoma is becoming recognized as a condition for which not only elevated intraocular pressure, but also non-pressure-dependent risk factors are responsible. New avenues of treatment into which investigations are being initiated include agents which could possibly improve blood flow to the eye and neuroprotective drugs. Only calcium channel blockers are presently available for such treatment in glaucoma, and these have not been widely adopted, in contrast to clinical trials involving a number of neuroprotectants in other neurologic disorders. Ginkgo biloba extract is freely available and has several biological actions which combine to make it a potentially important agent in the treatment of glaucoma: improvement of central and peripheral blood flow, reduction of vasospasm, reduction of serum viscosity, antioxidant activity, platelet activating factor inhibitory activity, inhibition of apoptosis, and inhibition of excitotoxicity. The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract as a potential antiglaucoma therapy deserves intensive scrutiny.
Sexuality for Women with Cancer: Assessment, Theory, and Treatment

Women with cancer are at risk for sexual difficulties and dysfunction(s) following treatment. Common malignancies (breast, colo/rectal, lung, gynecologic and hemotologic) are described and a brief review of sexual outcomes is provided. The domains for assessment are presented, including sexual behavior, the sexual response cycle and corresponding dysfunctions, and sexual schema (i.e. sexual self concept). A process model for the occurance and maintenance of sexual difficulties is proposed, and clinical treatment strategies are detailed.
The minimum clinically significant difference in Patient-Assigned 11-Point numeric pain scale scores for pain

Study objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the minimum clinically significant difference in a patient-assigned, 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS-11) score for the assessment of pain in adult emergency department (ED) patients. Methods: This prospective, observational study was approved by the hospital institutional review board. A tertiary care academic ED served as the study setting. ED patients presenting with pain consented and were enrolled in this study by an investigator or a trained research assistant. Patients were asked to rate their pain on the NRS-11, a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being "no pain" and 10 being "the worst pain they could imagine" on entry into the study. Patients were asked to reevaluate their pain intensity every 20 minutes for 2 hours on the NRS-11. Patients contrasted this pain with their pain intensity at the previous evaluation. For the contrast, patients were asked to choose 1 of the following responses: "a lot more pain," "a little more pain," "about the same pain," "a little less pain," or "a lot less pain." The minimum clinically significant difference was defined as the difference between scores when a patient's pain was rated "a little more" or "a little less" severe. Results: Three hundred one patients were enrolled in the study, and 1,192 comparisons were made. Of these comparisons, 187 were rated as "a little less pain," and 82 were rated as "a little more pain." The mean difference between current and preceding NRS-11 scores in these 269 comparisons was 1.41 (SD±1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28 to 1.54). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the minimum clinically significant difference in patient-assigned NRS-11 pain scores is 1.41 (SD±1.05; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.54). Studies that report a change of less than 1.41 points may indicate statistical significance, but the findings may not have clinical significance. Additional research is needed to determine whether the minimum clinically significant difference varies with age, race, or ethnicity.
Targeted plasmid integration into the human genome by an engineered zinc-finger recombinase

The development of new methods for gene addition to mammalian genomes is necessary to overcome the limitations of conventional genetic engineering strategies. Although a variety of DNA-modifying enzymes have been used to directly catalyze the integration of plasmid DNA into mammalian genomes, there is still an unmet need for enzymes that target a single specific chromosomal site. We recently engineered zinc-finger recombinase (ZFR) fusion proteins that integrate plasmid DNA into a synthetic target site in the human genome with exceptional specificity. In this study, we present a two-step method for utilizing these enzymes in any cell type at randomly-distributed target site locations. The piggyBac transposase was used to insert recombinase target sites throughout the genomes of human and mouse cell lines. The ZFR efficiently and specifically integrated a transfected plasmid into these genomic target sites and into multiple transposons within a single cell. Plasmid integration was dependent on recombinase activity and the presence of recombinase target sites. This work demonstrates the potential for broad applicability of the ZFR technology in genome engineering, synthetic biology and gene therapy.
Design and implementation of a Macintosh-CAMAC based system for neutral beam diagnostics

An automated personal computer-based CAMAC data-acquisition system is being implemented on the DIII-D neutral beamlines for certain diagnostics. The waterflow calorimetry (WFC) diagnostic is the first system to be upgraded. It acquires data with a Macintosh II computer containing an IEEE-488 card, and uses LabView software. Macintosh communicates with CAMAC through an IEEE-488 crate controller. The Doppler-shift spectroscopy, residual gas analysis, and armor-tile infrared image diagnostics will be modified in similar ways. To reduce the demand for Macintosh CPU time, the extensive serial highway data activity is performed by means of a new Kinetic Systems 3982 list-sequencing crate controller dedicated to these operations. A simple local area network file server is used to store data from all diagnostics together, and in a format readable by a standard commercial database. This reduces the problem of redundant data storage and allows simpler interdiagnostic analysis. >
Unique phase changes induced by electromigration (EM) in solder joints

Electroinigmtion has bccn a key and persistent reliability problem in inicroclcctronic tcchnolog?-. It involves both atomic flus and electron flus \\hose distribution in intcrconnccts is most important concerning electroinigralioii damage. Comparing with AI and Cu interconnects. cutcctic solders are two-phase alloys with higher atomic diffusivity. In this article: the unique features of solder joints electmndgration will be discussed with emphasis on thc cffccts of ciirrent crowding. eutectic composition, pol'zity effect on clieinical reaction and solder composition. Thermal and Electrical Contributions to EM With further dimensional scaling down of vcn.-largescale-integration (VLSl) of circuits on Si dcvice. flip chip technology. 111 due to its Irighcr inpuUoutput (VO) density. smaller feather size and grcater perfoniiance_ Ius become the only one to satis& the' new rcquircuments of electronic packaging at the present time. The current design rulc for flip chip teclmolog?- requires each solder bump to caq 0.2 Amp and it is cxpectcd to extend to 0.4 Amp. For a future solder bump of 50 pm in diameter. the current density will be in the order of 10' Alcm'. At this current densit\-_ electronugration in solder bumps will become a serious rcliability concern due to the low melting temperature and lug11 atomic difrusivih in solder alloys. [2-1 I] Electromigration is defined iis atomic diffusion drivcn by
The structure of 1-cinnamoylmelianolone, a new insecticidaltetranortriterpenoid, from L. (Meliaceae)

Abstract 1-Cinnamoylmelianolone ( 1 ), a new insecticidal tetranortriterpenoid, was isolated from methanolic extracts of the fruit of Melia azedarach L. The structure of 1 is proposed on the basis of spectral data.
MULTICRITERIA OPTIMIZATION IN PRODUCT PLATFORM DESIGN

A product platform is a set of common components, modules or parts from which a stream of derivative products can be created. Product platform design requires selection of the shared parts and assessment of the potential sacrifices in individual product performance that result from parts sharing. A multicriteria optimization problem can be formulated to study such decisions in a quantitative manner at the product performance level. Studying the Pareto sets that correspond to various derivative products leads to a systematic methodology for design decision making. Design of a nail gun platform is used to illustrate the concepts presented.
Instruction subsetting: Trading power for programmability

Power consumption is an increasingly important consideration in the design of mixed hardware/software systems. This work defines the notion of instruction subsetting and explores its use as a means of reducing power consumption from the system level of design. Instruction subsetting is defined as creating an application specific instruction set processor from a more general processor such as a DSP. Although not as effective as an ASIC solution, instruction subsetting provides much of the power savings while maintaining some level of programmability. Instruction set choice strongly affects the savings. We synthesized 5 ASIPs through place and route and found that a poorly chosen instruction set may consume more than 4 times the energy of an ASIP with a proper instruction set choice. This finding will allow designers to consider another set of trade-offs in their hardware/software design space exploration.
A model-driven approach to RFID application programming and infrastructure management

This paper describes a model-driven methodology to provide a systematic means of programming RFID applications and managing a distributed RFID infrastructure. The centerpiece of the approach is a model that captures the device infrastructure, business operation structure, and their relationship. Building on the model, a management system can be designed to support various management tasks effectively, such as the enrollment, provisioning, and monitoring of devices. Similarly an application framework can be created for solution developers to create distributed RFID applications. Applications can be written against a business operation model and deployed on an evolving device infrastructure. A prototype shows that the approach facilitates the management and programming of an RFID infrastructure
A boundary condition capturing immersed interface method for 3D rigid objects in a flow

To simulate the flow around an object, we can replace the object with the fluid enclosed by a singular force. We can then simulate the flow on a fixed domain with a fluid-fluid interface supporting the singular force. In this paper, we present a boundary condition capturing approach to determine the singular force for a 3D rigid object. We apply a discontinuous body force to enforce the rigid motion of the fluid replacing the object and compute the singular force based on the kinematics of the object. Due to the singular force and the body force, the flow is not smooth across the interface. We solve the flow using the immersed interface method. Our boundary condition capturing immersed interface method is very efficient and stable, and its accuracy based on the infinity norm is near second order for the velocity and above first order for the pressure.
Male Mating Success in the Presence of a Conspecific Opponent in a Madagascar Hissing Cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

The influence of a conspecific competitor on male mating behavior was examined in a Madagascar hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa. Previous studies have suggested that both male-male competition and female discrimination during courtship interactions may influence male mating success. Familiar pairs of males with a known social association were placed in an arena with a single virgin female and observed. As expected, subordinate males mated significantly less often than their dominant opponents. In pairs in which one male mated, dominant individuals limited the access of subordinates to females. Dominant males displayed an increased frequency and duration of interaction with the female. However, in pairs where both males remained unmated, the mating behavior of dominant and subordinate males did not differ significantly. As interactions progressed, as in the case of males that remained unmated, subordinate males gained increased access to the female. Mated males tended to be larger than their opponent although within a rank, males that mated were no larger than those that remained unmated. These results are discussed in light of the possible roles of male-male competition and female discrimination during courtship interactions.
Positron Production in Multiphoton Light-by-Light Scattering

A signal of 106 {+-} 14 positrons above background has been observed in collisions of a low-emittance 46.6-GeV electron beam with terawatt pulses from a Nd:glass laser at 527 nm wavelength in an experiment at the Final Focus Test Beam at SLAC. Peak laser intensities of {approximately} 1.3 {times} 10{sup 18} W/cm{sup 2} have been achieved corresponding to a value of 0.3 for the parameter {Upsilon} = {var_epsilon}*/{var_epsilon}{sub crit} where {var_epsilon}* = 2{gamma}{var_epsilon}{sub lab} is the electric field strength of the laser transformed to the rest frame of the electron beam and {var_epsilon}{sub crit} = m{sup 2}c{sup 3}/e{bar h} = 1.3 {times} 10{sup 16} V/cm is the QED critical field strength. The positrons are interpreted as arising from a two-step process in which laser photons are backscattered to GeV energies by the electron beam followed by a collision between the high-energy photon and several laser photons to produce an electron-positron pair. These results are the first laboratory evidence for a light-by-light scattering process involving only real photons.
Collaborative automated trust negotiation in peer-to-peer systems

The increasing popularity of peer-to-peer systems has promoted the development of new techniques to support various kinds of business transactions. However, users are reluctant to conduct high value transactions over P2P systems due to the inherent untrustworthiness of peers. In this paper, we investigate building trust through automated trust negotiation, which is orthogonal to existing reputation-based approaches. Trust negotiation makes it possible to prove a peer satisfies certain trust requirements imposed by the ongoing business. We also introduce locally trusted third parties, which we demonstrate can effectively promote successful trust negotiations in peer-to-peer systems.
Evaluation of chronic diabetic wounds with the Near Infrared Wound Monitor

Sixteen human diabetic foot ulcers were interrogated using a near infrared wound monitor that is based on Diffuse Photon Density Wave (DPDW) methodology of Near Infrared spectroscopy. Temporal changes of oxy- and total hemoglobin concentration were significantly different in healing vs. non-healing wounds.
The Chemical Etch of Tungsten Single Crystals and Foils With XeF2

The chemical etching of W(100) single crystals and polycrystalline tungsten foils using a XeF2 molecular beam has been studied with and without simultaneous bombardment by energetic inert ions. The surface fluorine concentration, measured under different XeF2 pressures (10−7 to 10−5 torr) and ion current densities, is found to be always less than a monolayer. Depth profiles of the fluorine layer show that in both single crystal and poly samples, the fluorine is surface localized, although slightly deeper in the W(100). A kinetic model is presented to account for the enhanced etching under ion bombardment. The mechanism proposed is mainly a defect driven enhancement of the etch yield. This model is consistent with both the fluorine concentrations measured in this work as well as the etch product yields reported by Winters.
Fourier Transform Infrared Studies of the Mechanism of Oxidation of Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene

Abstract The thermal autoxidation of cis-1,4-polybutadiene was studied by FTIR at various temperatures. The spectral information obtained gives more details of the autoxidation than was previously available by dispersive infrared spectroscopy. The primary mechanism involves both cyclic alkoxyperoxides that had been previously suggested by Bevilacqua and Bolland, respectively. We have demonstrated that the loss of cis and the formation of trans structures at 25° and 60°C is an oxidative process.
Silverman's Game on Intervals

(1979). Silverman's Game on Intervals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 277-281.
Use of a Chinstrap in Treating Sleep Disordered Breathing and Snoring

LE TT E R T O T H E E D IT O R A authors of the 2007 Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine case report1 that generated the investigation by Bhat et al. entitled “The Effi cacy of a Chinstrap in Treating Sleep Disordered Breathing and Snoring,”2 we read the paper published August 2014 with both interest and appreciation. We note for colleagues a cautionary tale on the unintended and unforeseen consequences of case reports and to remark on the paper itself. In our case report, an elderly slender male with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) had a remarkably benefi cial response to the use of a chin strap. Of interest, upper endoscopy by an otolaryngologist with the chin strap in place revealed an obvious improvement in the posterior airway space. We recommended further scientifi c investigation to ascertain if the chin strap might be benefi cial (and in what patient group). Subsequent to our case report, we received numerous contacts from apnea patients throughout the country (some physicians) and overseas about the potential utility of the chin strap. We learned that entrepreneurs were advertising high priced (to our mind) chin straps for treatment of snoring and OSAS, and that information from our case report was used to bolster claims of chin strap effectiveness. The lead author spent considerable time answering emails and phone calls to state unequivocally that we at Eastern Virginia Medical School Sleep Medicine did not support the use of the chin strap for the treatment of OSAS, and that more investigation was warranted. We thus applaud Bhat et al. for their work in investigating the potential utility of the chin strap for treatment of snoring and OSAS. They demonstrated that the chin strap appears to be an ineffective treatment for a typical apnea population. We note however, that their population did not match our case report patient, a 75-year-old male with a BMI of 24 Use of a Chinstrap in Treating Sleep Disordered Breathing and Snoring
Value Creation and Evaluation in Arts Incubators

This research explores and deepens our understanding of an element of arts infrastructure in the United States: the arts incubator, an organizational form or programmatic initiative that exists at the intersection of artistic production, entrepreneurship, and public policy. The study is a qualitative cross-case analysis of four arts incubators of different types: Arlington Arts Incubator, Intersection for the Arts, Center for Cultural Innovation, and Mighty Tieton.The research opens the black box of incubator operations to find that arts incubators create value for client artists and arts organizations both through direct service provision and indirect echo effects but that the provision of value to communities or systems is attenuated and largely undocumented. Arts incubators, like many small arts organizations, tend to look retrospectively at outputs rather than at the processes that convert inputs to tangible impacts, or means into ends. This is an issue not relegated only to the arts and culture sector; business incubators share some of these tendencies. Despite these issues, arts incubators remain a potentially impactful tool of cultural policy if their processes and activities align with their strategic goals and those processes and activities are assessed formatively and summatively.
Analysis of the qualitative interview on the establishment and management of clinics for canine-caused injuries in Chengdu

Objective The study was conducted to assess the current situations on the establishment and management of clinics for canine-caused injuries in downtown Chengdu, so to provide basic information and references for the design of standardized management protocols. Methods 60 medical staffs from 21 dog injury clinics in Chengdu were conducted an one-on-one in-depth interview, which inquired about the installation of hardware and supporting facilities, status in management, and existing problems with the clinics. Results Current situation and problems with the clinics included: hardware-wise, some of the clinics had insufficient work space, unreasonable space distribution, and poor floor plan; supporting facility-wise, some of the clinics needed improvement in wound care, cold chain, and emergency facilities; management-wise, some of the clinics did not strictly enforce their management policies, some of which were not well-defined, either; improvement in medical treatments for canine-caused injuries and quality of service were needed as well. Conclusion Further standardization and improvement are required for the establishment and management of clinics for canine-caused injuries. Healthcare administrative agencies should establish and develop more detailed standards for the installation of software and hardware and management of the clinics.
Uncovering Earth’s virome

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth, but challenges in detecting, isolating, and classifying unknown viruses have prevented exhaustive surveys of the global virome. Here we analysed over 5 Tb of metagenomic sequence data from 3,042 geographically diverse samples to assess the global distribution, phylogenetic diversity, and host specificity of viruses. We discovered over 125,000 partial DNA viral genomes, including the largest phage yet identified, and increased the number of known viral genes by 16-fold. Half of the predicted partial viral genomes were clustered into genetically distinct groups, most of which included genes unrelated to those in known viruses. Using CRISPR spacers and transfer RNA matches to link viral groups to microbial host(s), we doubled the number of microbial phyla known to be infected by viruses, and identified viruses that can infect organisms from different phyla. Analysis of viral distribution across diverse ecosystems revealed strong habitat-type specificity for the vast majority of viruses, but also identified some cosmopolitan groups. Our results highlight an extensive global viral diversity and provide detailed insight into viral habitat distribution and host–virus interactions.
Laryngeal Preservation Surgery

Patients afflicted with selected laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers have garnered benefit from laryngeal preservation procedures for more than a century. Billroth performed the first hemilaryngectomy for malignancy in 1874 (1). Over the ensuing decades numerous procedures evolved to afford patients the maintenance of speech and swallowing without permanent tracheostomy. In 1947, Alonso (2,3) first described the open supraglottic laryngectomy to spare the true vocal cords and arytenoids by resecting the upper portion of the thyroid cartilage with the supraglottic structures. The procedure was popularized in Europe by Bocca and in the United States by Ogura, Som, and Kirchner (4). The boundaries of resection were pushed further by Majer and Reider (5) in 1959 with the introduction of the supracricoid partial laryngectomy, which provided an alternative to total laryngectomy for patients with selected glottic and supraglottic cancers. Critical review has provided refinements in these procedures. Specific indications have been established based on an improved understanding of surgical anatomy and patterns of tumor spread that have allowed for selected ablation of laryngeal components without the need for total laryngectomy and its associated morbidity.
Mechanistic modeling of the loss of protein sieving due to internal and external fouling of microfilters

Fed-batch and perfusion cell culture processes used to produce therapeutic proteins can use microfilters for product harvest. In this study, new explicit mathematical models of sieving loss due to internal membrane fouling, external membrane fouling, or a combination of the two were generated. The models accounted for membrane and cake structures and hindered solute transport. Internal membrane fouling was assumed to occur due to the accumulation of foulant on either membrane pore walls (pore-retention model) or membrane fibers (fiber-retention model). External cake fouling was assumed to occur either by the growth of a single incompressible cake layer (cake-growth) or by the accumulation of a number of independent cake layers (cake-series). The pore-retention model was combined with either the cake-series or cake-growth models to obtain models that describe internal and external fouling occurring either simultaneously or sequentially. The models were tested using well-documented sieving decline data available in the literature. The sequential pore-retention followed by cake-growth model provided a good fit of sieving decline data during beer microfiltration. The cake-series and cake-growth models provided good fits of sieving decline data during the microfiltration of a perfusion cell culture. The new models provide insights into the mechanisms of fouling that result in the loss of product sieving. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1323-1333, 2017.
Ensuring Confidential Access to HIV Testing, Treatment and Prevention for Minors and Young Adults

Most underage youths (“minors”) lack medical privacy. Pursuant to state laws, the majority of minors are unable to self-consent to their own healthcare. In healthcare decision making, laws require the consent of a third-party decision-maker, such as a parent or guardian (“caregiver”). Although caregiver involvement is desirable in many contexts, it can create a significant barrier to reaching minors and young adults in the context of HIV testing, treatment, and prevention. This chapter focuses on foundational legal and ethical implications of HIV testing, treatment and prevention for adolescents and young adults. I divide challenges into three interrelated dimensions: consent, confidentiality, and cost. Discourse focuses principally on identifying the legal and ethical barriers unaccompanied minors and young adults experience when accessing HIV-related care. Part A of this chapter focuses on statutory exceptions to the general caregiver consent rule, proposes a framework for understanding them, and applies that framework to HIV testing, treatment, and prevention (including HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, with the goal of expanding access for self-consenting minors). Part B explores the challenge of ensuring confidentiality for adolescent minors and young adults by surveying protections of and limitations on patient privacy. Cornerstone discussions pertain to HIPAA, Title X, and insurance billing and claim communications (commonly known as "EOBs”). In Part C, the barrier of financing HIV-related care in the post-ACA healthcare environment is explored, focusing on eliciting the disparities caused by the partial expansion of Medicaid among U.S. states. In Part D, recommendations for clinicians and advocates are proposed.
Evaluating physical-layer security for secondary users in cognitive radio systems with attackers

Cognitive radio network (CRN) is regarded as an emerging technology for better spectrum efficiency where unlicensed secondary users (SUs) sense RF spectrum to find idle channels and access them opportunistically without causing any harmful interference to licensed primary users (PUs). However, RF spectrum sensing and sharing along with reconfigurable capabilities of SUs bring severe security vulnerabilities in the network. In this paper, we analyze physical-layer security (secrecy rates) of SUs in CRN in the presence of eavesdroppers, jammers and PU emulators (PUEs) where SUs compete not only with jammers and eavesdroppers who are trying to reduce SU's secrecy rates but also against PUEs who are trying to compel the SUs from their current channel by imitating the behavior of PUs. In addition, a legitimate SU competes with other SUs with a sharing attitude for dynamic spectrum access to gain a high secrecy rate, however, the malicious users (i.e., attackers) attempt to abuse the channels egotistically. The main contribution of this work is the design of a game theoretic approach to maximize utilities (that is proportional to secrecy rates) of SUs in the presence of eavesdroppers, jammers and PUEs. Furthermore, SUs use signal energy and cyclostationary feature detection along with location verification technique to detect PUEs. As the proposed approach is generic and considers different attackers, it can be particularized to a situation with eavesdroppers only, jammers only or PUEs only while evaluating physical-layer security of SUs in CRN. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach using results obtained from simulations. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms other existing methods.
A Comprehensive Approach to Convert a Radiology Department From Coding Based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, to Coding Based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to adapt our radiology reports to provide the documentation required for specific International Classification of Diseases, tenth rev (ICD-10) diagnosis coding. Materials and Methods Baseline data were analyzed to identify the reports with the greatest number of unspecified ICD-10 codes assigned by computer-assisted coding software. A two-part quality improvement initiative was subsequently implemented. The first component involved improving clinical histories by utilizing technologists to obtain information directly from the patients or caregivers, which was then imported into the radiologist's report within the speech recognition software. The second component involved standardization of report terminology and creation of four different structured report templates to determine which yielded the fewest reports with an unspecified ICD-10 code assigned by an automated coding engine. Results In all, 12,077 reports were included in the baseline analysis. Of these, 5,151 (43%) had an unspecified ICD-10 code. The majority of deficient reports were for radiographs (n = 3,197; 62%). Inadequacies included insufficient clinical history provided and lack of detailed fracture descriptions. Therefore, the focus was standardizing terminology and testing different structured reports for radiographs obtained for fractures. At baseline, 58% of radiography reports contained a complete clinical history with improvement to >95% 8 months later. The total number of reports that contained an unspecified ICD-10 code improved from 43% at baseline to 27% at completion of this study ( P Conclusion The number of radiology studies with a specific ICD-10 code can be improved through quality improvement methodology, specifically through the use of technologist-acquired clinical histories and structured reporting.
Potential Neuroprotective Strategies for Ischemic Injury

Stroke (ischemic injury) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for 5 million deaths per year. Oxygen deprivation due to stroke leads to rapid neuronal death and dysfunction of the body part controlled by the affected neurons. Thus, stroke is not only responsible for mortality and morbidity but also for serious long-term disability, including paralysis, cognitive deficits, dementia, dizziness, vertigo, impaired vision, memory loss, language deficits, emotional difficulties, pain, and depression. About 4.7 million stroke survivors currently live in the USA. The number of stroke patients is expected to increase worldwide as the population continues to age.
Uniqueness and Lipschitz Conditions for Ordinary Differential Equations

We have considered some special cases in which one can explicitly determine a solution of a differential equation with initial condition, and conclude that the solution is unique. Many other special cases can also be handled exactly (cf. Kamke [1944]).
Millennial Men's Shopping Orientation for Apparel: Comparison of Korean and American Consumers

The purpose of the study was (1) to determine the important shopping orientations of millennial men in apparel purchase; (2) to examine differences in shopping orientations between Korean and American millennial men. Results indicate that quality is the most important shopping orientation among millennial men regardless of culture. American respondents showed higher mean scores than Korean respondents in other shopping orientations. The second most important shopping orientation was convenience among American respondents, while it was brand-consciousness among Korean respondents. Fashion-consciousness was an important shopping orientation for both respondents, but recreation was the lowest scored shopping orientation. Discussion and practical implications for millennial men' shopping orientation in apparel purchase were provided.
Autoimmune Hepatitis and Immune-Mediated Cholestatic Liver Diseases

Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis are immune-mediated chronic liver diseases of uncertain cause that have a global distribution and highly variable occurrence. The goals of this review are to describe the epidemiological studies that have identified the populations at risk, estimated the incidence and prevalence of each disease, suggested environmental and genetic bases for their occurrence, and indicated trends that should direct the allocation of healthcare resources and investigational efforts. Population-based epidemiological studies have described patterns of susceptibility for each liver disease that reflect predilections for certain age groups, gender, geographical regions, and ethnic background. Familial studies and genetic analyses have implicated a genetic predisposition for each disease, and population-based studies have suggested associations with triggering agents, including pollutants, xenobiotics, viruses, bacteria, and the intestinal microbiome. Variations in prevalence between ethnic groups within regions or between countries may reflect differences in early diagnosis, management, and outcome, and the increasing incidence of these diseases in certain regions and ethnic groups may help identify pivotal etiological factors that might be modified. Population-based epidemiological studies are lacking in China, India, and developing countries, and they are needed to complete the global perspective of these diseases and their consequences. In conclusion, autoimmune hepatitis and the immune-mediated cholangiopathies are rare, but they constitute a global healthcare burden that is increasing in certain geographical regions and ethnic groups. Populations at risk and susceptibility factors must continue to be characterized, and interventions must be tailored to meet individual and regional needs.
Concurrent marking of shape-changing objects

Efficient garbage collection is a key goal in engineering high-performance runtime systems. To reduce pause times, many collector designs traverse the object graph concurrently with the application, an optimization known as concurrent marking. Traditional concurrent marking imposes strict invariants on the object shapes: 1) static type layout of objects, 2) static object memory locations, 3) static object sizes. High performance virtual machines for dynamic languages, for example, the V8 JavaScript virtual machine used in the Google Chrome web browser, generally violate these constraints in pursuit of high throughput for a single thread. Taking V8 as an example, we show that some object shape changes are safe and can be handled by traditional concurrent marking algorithms. For unsafe shape changes, we introduce novel wait-free object snapshotting and lock-based concurrent marking algorithms and prove that they preserve key invariants. We implemented both algorithms in V8 and achieved performance improvements on various JavaScript benchmark suites and real-world web workloads. Concurrent marking of shape-changing objects using the wait-free object snapshotting algorithm is enabled by default in Chrome since version 64.
The role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in revolutionizing green energy

Though the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the renewable energy sector is in its infancy, this field is projected to witness a tremendous growth in the near future. This paper highlights the current role of UAVs and their application potential in revolutionizing green technology. Conventional approaches for inspection and monitoring of renewable energy generation units are discussed. Current advancements and benefits of employing UAVs along with the challenges associated with the wide spread deployment of UAVs are also discussed in detail.
Characterizing the Nutritional Health of Unaccompanied Homeless Youth

ObjectiveThere is a dearth of information about the nutritional health of homeless youth, a population considered one of the most vulnerable within society. Nutritional health influences the risk f...
A unified method for maximal truncated Calderón-Zygmund operators in general function spaces by sparse domination

In this note we give simple proofs of several results involving maximal truncated Calderon–Zygmund operators in the general setting of rearrangement-invariant quasi-Banach function spaces by sparse domination. Our techniques allow us to track the dependence of the constants in weighted norm inequalities; additionally, our results hold in ℝ n as well as in many spaces of homogeneous type.
Elusive Utopia: The Struggle for Racial Equality in Oberlin, Ohio. By Gary J. Kornblith and Carol Lasser. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. xvii, 324. $48.00.)

Gary Kornblith and Carol Lasser's Elusive Utopia: The Struggle for Racial Equality in Oberlin, Ohio transforms the study of the abolition and black freedom movements by centering the struggle outsi...
CHAPTER 6 – Cardiac Mucosa

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to cardiac mucosa and focuses on the importance of oxyntocardiac mucosa. One of the definitions of cardiac mucosa is by its histologic characteristics irrespective of any perceived anatomic or endoscopic location. This definition is considered to be correct because it does not depend on any unproved or subjective information but on a microscopic slide, and therefore is verifiable and reproducible. The second definition of cardiac mucosa is that it is the epithelium that lines the anatomic or endoscopic cardia. Oxyntocardiac mucosa is defined histologically as an epithelium containing glands composed of a mixture of mucous and parietal cells. The distinction between cardiac and oxyntocardiac mucosa is of fundamental importance. During embryologic development, parietal cells never occur in the esophagus. While cardiac mucosa resembles some normal fetal esophageal epithelia composed of only mucous cells, oxyntocardiac mucosa represents an aberrant epithelium for the esophagus. The importance of recognizing oxyntocardiac mucosa and differentiating it from cardiac mucosa is that the expression of the genetic signal that dictates parietal cell development in esophageal metaplastic columnar epithelium appears to preclude the genetic changes that direct intestinal metaplasia.
Bestiality Among Sexually Violent Predators

Bestiality, or sexual contact between humans and nonhuman animals, is a poorly understood aspect of sexual behavior. There is a dearth of scientific research on the prevalence of bestiality, the motivations for individuals to engage in the behavior, and the risk that such individuals pose for interpersonal sexual and nonsexual violence. This study is a descriptive analysis of bestiality in all individuals found to be sexually violent predators (SVPs) in the state of Virginia between the years 2003 and 2017. Of 1,248 SVPs, 33 (2.6%) had a history of engaging in bestiality. SVPs with a history of bestiality were significantly more likely to be victims of childhood sexual abuse (P < .005), to engage in nonsexual animal abuse (P < .0001), and to have committed child sexual abuse (P < .005). They were most likely to report sexual contact with dogs and demonstrated a breadth of other atypical sexual behavior. The lifetime prevalence of 2.6 percent is low compared with other published findings, suggesting that offenders may have intentionally minimized their history of atypical sexual behavior. The relationship between childhood sexual victimization and bestiality has not previously been reported in the literature and represents an important nidus for future investigation. Further research is necessary to characterize human-animal sexual interactions in SVPs and other populations.