cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Defined Human System That Supports Bidirectional Mismatch-Provoked Excision

Abstract Mismatch-provoked excision directed by a strand break located 3′ or 5′ to the mispair has been reconstituted using purified human proteins. While MutSα, EXOI, and RPA are sufficient to support hydrolysis directed by a 5′ strand break, 3′ directed excision also requires MutLα, PCNA, and RFC. EXOI interacts with PCNA. RFC and PCNA suppress EXOI-mediated 5′ to 3′ hydrolysis when the nick that directs excision is located 3′ to the mispair and activate 3′ to 5′ excision, which is dependent on loaded PCNA and apparently mediated by a cryptic EXOI 3′ to 5′ hydrolytic function. By contrast, RFC and PCNA have only a limited effect on 5′ to 3′ excision directed by a 5′ strand break.
GABAergic transmission facilitates ictogenesis and synchrony between CA3, hilus, and dentate gyrus in slices from epileptic rats.

The impact of regional hippocampal interactions and GABAergic transmission on ictogenesis remain unclear. Cortico-hippocampal slices from pilocarpine-treated epileptic rats were compared with controls to investigate associations between seizurelike events (SLE), GABAergic transmission, and neuronal synchrony within and between cortico-hippocampal regions. Multielectrode array recordings revealed more prevalent hippocampal SLE in epileptic tissue when excitatory transmission was enhanced and GABAergic transmission was intact [removal of Mg2+ (0Mg)] than when GABAergic transmission was blocked [removal of Mg2+ + bicuculline methiodide (0Mg+BMI)]. When activity within individual regions was analyzed, spectral and temporal slow oscillation/SLE correlations and cross-correlations were highest within the hilus of epileptic tissue during SLE but were similar in 0Mg and 0Mg+BMI. GABAergic facilitation of spectral “slow” oscillation and ripple correlations was most prominent within CA3 of epileptic tissue during SLE. When activity between regions was analyzed, slow oscillation and ripple coherence was highest between the hilus and dentate gyrus as well as between the hilus and CA3 of epileptic tissue during SLE and was significantly higher in 0Mg than 0Mg+BMI. High 0Mg-induced SLE cross-correlations between the hilus and dentate gyrus as well as between the hilus and CA3 were reduced or abolished in 0Mg+BMI. SLE cross-correlation lag measurements provided evidence for a monosynaptic connection from the hilus to the dentate gyrus during SLE. Findings implicate the hilus as an oscillation generator, whose impact on other cortico-hippocampal regions is mediated by GABAergic transmission. Data also suggest that GABAA receptor-mediated transmission facilitates back-propagation from CA3/hilus to the dentate gyrus and that this back-propagation augments SLE in epileptic hippocampus.
The intersection of s -aspiration/deletion and spirantization in Honduran Spanish

Spanish dialects may differ according to the behavior of voiced obstruents following r, l, s, and the glides. For most dialects, for example, Mexican, fricatives occur in these environments; in some, such as highland Colombian, stops tend to occur. Another feature distinguishing dialects is s-aspiration/deletion. Several Central American dialects are of particular interest because they are both s-aspirating/deleting and stop-conserving in the series of postconsonantal environments (Canfield, 1961/1981). Detailed examination of spirantization in these dialects, as well as of the particular question of what occurs after /s/ → [s] [z] [h] [O] has been nonexistent. Obviously, if s is deleted before a voiced obstruent, the resulting environment of the obstruent is intervocalic, which is a favored environment for spirantization. For this investigation, 14 Honduran speakers were interviewed using standard sociolinguistic interview techniques. Tokens were transcribed and categorized according to whether s-aspiration/deletion had applied, whether spirantization had applied, and by preceding/following environment. It is shown that (a) in Honduran Spanish the group r, l, glides, and s inhibit spirantization variably, much as they do in highland Colombian Spanish; (b) neither voicing, aspiration, nor deletion of (s) favor spirantization, despite the apparently favorable (surface) environment created when deletion applies; (c) even though an analysis of (b) that orders spirantization before deletion is apparently explanatory, a view that attributes spirantization to syllable structure offers a more comprehensive explanation of what happens when the two variable processes intersect by applying to adjacent segments.
On the Irrelevance of Intelligence in Predicting Responsiveness to Reading Instruction

There is increasingly negative sentiment against IQ-achievement discrepancy as a method to identify children with learning disabilities (LD) and, more broadly, intelligence as an explanation of poor academic performance. The evidence for this latter view was examined by reviewing 13 studies involving 1,542 children who were at risk or reading disabled to determine whether IQ predicted responsiveness to reading intervention. In 8 of the 13 studies, it accounted for unique variance. It was a stronger and more consistent predictor among older students in interventions designed to strengthen reading comprehension; a weaker and less consistent predictor among younger children in phonological awareness training. Implications are discussed for the identification and treatment of students with LD and the LD construct.
Phylogeny based discovery of regulatory elements

Algorithms that locate evolutionarily conserved sequences have become powerful tools for finding functional DNA elements, including transcription factor binding sites; however, most methods do not take advantage of an explicit model for the constrained evolution of functional DNA sequences. We developed a probabilistic framework that combines an HKY85 model, which assigns probabilities to different base substitutions between species, and weight matrix models of transcription factor binding sites, which describe the probabilities of observing particular nucleotides at specific positions in the binding site. The method incorporates the phylogenies of the species under consideration and takes into account the position specific variation of transcription factor binding sites. Using our framework we assessed the suitability of alignments of genomic sequences from commonly used species as substrates for comparative genomic approaches to regulatory motif finding. We then applied this technique to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and related species by examining all possible six base pair DNA sequences (hexamers) and identifying sequences that are conserved in a significant number of promoters. By combining similar conserved hexamers we reconstructed known cis-regulatory motifs and made predictions of previously unidentified motifs. We tested one prediction experimentally, finding it to be a regulatory element involved in the transcriptional response to glucose. The experimental validation of a regulatory element prediction missed by other large-scale motif finding studies demonstrates that our approach is a useful addition to the current suite of tools for finding regulatory motifs.
Establishing the Validity of the Spirituality in Clinical Training Scale: Measuring the Level of Integration of Spirituality and Religion in Family Therapy Training

The existing literature suggests that family therapy training programs are not adequately preparing students to address spiritual and/or religious beliefs as a resource for change in therapy. Therefore, this study sought to validate the Spirituality in Clinical Training Scale (SCTS) as a measure of the level of integration of spirituality and/or religion in family therapy training. Additionally, this study examined the latent associations among the subscales of the SCTS and measures of personal importance of spirituality, spiritual clinical competence, and spiritual self-exploration. Finally, given that the type of educational institution (i.e., religious compared to non-religious schools) may influence the extent to which spirituality is addressed in training, this study examined whether attending a religious or non-religious institution moderated the associations among the SCTS and constructs used to assess validity. A sample of 341 master’s and doctoral family therapy students completed an on-line survey for this study. The results suggest that the SCTS is a reliable and valid measure for assessing integration of spirituality into family therapy training. The establishment of this measure is important given that no previous scale measuring the integration of spirituality into therapy training exists. The results also suggest that spiritual self-exploration is associated with increased use of interventions that integrate spirituality into therapy. Implications for clinical training are discussed.
Estimation of force-activation, force-length, and force-velocity properties in isolated, electrically stimulated muscle

Designing advanced controllers for motor neural prosthesis applications requires appropriate models for electrically stimulated muscle. A nonlinear nonisometric muscle model based on a Hill-type structure is presented. Estimation algorithms were derived to parameterize the passive force-length, the passive force-velocity, the active force-length, and the active force-velocity properties, the isometric recruitment curve, and the linear contraction dynamics of the model. All parameters were based on experimental measurements rather than on values taken from the literature. The estimation methods were validated experimentally using isolated hind-limb muscles in two acute animal model preparations. The results demonstrated that the parameterized model is capable of predicting force output with reasonable accuracy for a wide range of simultaneously varying kinematic and stimulation inputs. >
CHEMICAL STIMULATION BY ALCOHOLS IN THE BARNACLE, THE FROG AND PLANARIA.

1. The stimulating efficiencies of some normal primary aliphatic alcohols have been determined for the barnacle, the frog, and Planaria, under conditions which do not involve narcosis or simultaneous stimulation by other agents. 2. Concentrations of the successive alcohols necessary to produce a given stimulatory effect vary according to the following geometrical series: 1: a(-1): a(-2): a(-3): a(-4): . . . ., where a represents some real number. 3. Within certain limits the relationship between the logarithm of the concentration necessary to produce a given effect and the reciprocal of the reaction time is linear in the frog and in Planaria. 4. The concentration effect may be expressed by an equation which contains one constant characteristic of the alcohol series, and another one characteristic of each member. The ratio of the latter constants for successive alcohols represents a in the above series. 5. The stimulation by alcohols in these animals is considered to be due to energy changes at the receptive surfaces, brought about by a definite orientation of the respective alcohol molecules. Increase in stimulating efficiency as the number of CH(2) groups increase must be due to the role of the non-polar portion of the alcohol molecule, since the polar group remains practically constant throughout the series. 6. In homologous series of organic compounds it is conceived that stimulating effects will be produced either by the polar group or the non-polar group, according to which one becomes dominant in effect, or to a combination of the two.
Multi-level partitioning and scheduling under local memory constraint

Massive uniform nested loops are broadly used in scientific and DSP applications. Due to the large amount of data handled by such applications the optimization of data accesses by fully utilizing the local memory and minimizing communication overhead is important in order to improve the overall system performance. Most of the traditional partition strategies do not consider the effect of data access on the computational performance. In this study, multilevel partitioning method based on a static data scheduling technique known as carrot-hole data scheduling, is proposed to control the data traffic between different levels of memory. Based on this data schedule, optimal partition vector scheduling vector and the partition size are chosen in such a way to minimize communication overhead. Non-homogeneous size partitions are the final result of the partition scheme which produces a significant performance improvement. Experiments show that by using this technique local cache misses are significantly reduced as compared to results obtained from traditional methods.
Code size reduction in heterogeneous-connectivity-based DSPs using instruction set extensions

Existing trend of processors shows a progress toward customizable and reconfigurable architectures. In this paper, we study the benefit of combining the architectural design of a VLIW DSP and the concepts of modern customizable processors like ASIPs (application specific instruction set processors) for code size reduction. VLIW DSP architectures exhibit heterogeneous connections between functional units and register files for speeding up special tasks. Such architectural characteristics can be effectively exploited through the use of complex instruction set extensions (ISEs). Although VLIWs are increasingly being used for DSP applications to achieve very high performance, such architectures are known to suffer from increased code size. This paper also addresses how to generate and use ISEs that can result in significant code size reduction in VLIW DSPs without degrading performance. Unfortunately, contemporary techniques for generation of ISEs when applied before resource-binding fail to generate legal ISEs for VLIW architectures with heterogeneous connectivity between the functional units and register files. We propose a heuristic-based approach to generate ISEs for a generalized heterogeneous-connectivity-based VLIW DSP architecture. We achieve an average code size reduction of 25 percent on the MiBench suite with no penalty in performance by applying our ISE generation algorithms on the Tl TMS320C6xx, a representative VLIW DSP. We also show that the overhead of the required architectural assists for our approach is minimal: The TMS320C6xx pipeline meets the required timing with only a limited overhead in area.
Biomass to chemicals: Design of an extractive reaction process for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Abstract Furanic compounds such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be obtained from sugars and have the potential to serve as substitutes of petroleum derived building blocks in the production of fuels and chemicals. In this work, we propose a process for the production of HMF from fructose based on extractive-reaction and formulate an optimization problem in order to find the operating conditions that minimize its cost of production.
Targeted mutagenesis for functional analysis of gene duplication in legumes

Assessment of gene function oftentimes requires mutant populations that can be screened by forward or reverse genetic analysis. The situation becomes more complicated in polyploidy or paleopolyploid genomes that have two or more copies for most genes. Here we describe a method for engineering zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) for the purpose of creating targeted mutations in the paleopolyploid soybean genome. ZFNs are recombinant proteins composed of an engineered zinc-finger array fused to a nonspecific cleavage domain. When engineered to recognize a specific nucleotide sequence, the cleavage domain will generate highly mutagenic DNA double-strand breaks frequently resulting in insertions and deletions at the target locus. Depending on the number of target sites present within the genome, this method has the capacity to target either single- or multi-copy gene families. In this chapter, we describe an inexpensive, rapid, and user-friendly approach for ZFN assembly and application in soybean based on the previously described context-dependent assembly method.
Spatio-temporal quality control: implications and applications for data consumers and aggregators

Quality control for real-time spatio-temporal data is often presented from the perspective of the original owner and provider of the data, and focuses on general techniques for outlier detection or uses domain-specific knowledge and rules to assess quality. The impact of quality control on the data aggregator and redistributor is neglected. As sensor networks proliferate, multiple providers can distribute and redistribute the same original sensor data. Relationships between providers become complex, with data acquired from original and third-party sources. One provider may acquire data from another, and so forth, resulting in larger data sets with value-added components such as quality indicators, but with costs such as increased lag between original observation times and (re)distribution times. The focus of this paper is to define and demonstrate quality control measures for real-time, spatio-temporal data from the perspective of an aggregator to provide tools for evaluation and comparison of overlapping, real-time, spatio-temporal data providers and for assessment and optimization of data acquisition, system operation and data redistribution. We define simple measures that account for temporal completeness and spatial coverage. The measures and methods developed are tested on real-world data and applications. Our results show that these simple measures combine to form methods that are useful in comparing providers and identifying patterns in data which can then be exploited to optimize system performance relative to bandwidth, and to assess the impact of provider quality control mechanisms. The simple measures presented demonstrate the utility of quantifying data quality from the perspective of the data aggregator and redistributor.
Effects of shading on growth rate, flower initiation and flower development of Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum

Seedlings of Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum Hort. ‘Scarletta’ were grown under 0,45, or 57% of ambient light in a glass greenhouse. Shoot dry weight, lateral shoot leaf area, total leaf area, and node number decreased under increasing shade over time. Histological examination of shoot apices indicated that floral initiation occurred two to three weeks later in plants under 57% shade than those under ambient light or 45% shade. Plants under ambient light reached visible bud about five weeks before those under 57% shade and the time of floral development from visible bud to anthesis was also shorter for plants in ambient light compared with those grown under 45 and 57% shade. Staminate flower numbers on the first inflorescence increased under 45% shade compared with ambient light and 57% shade while pistillate flower numbers were unchanged.
Effects of Configuration of Optical Combiner on Near-Field Depth Perception in Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays

The ray-shift phenomenon means the apparent distance shift in the display image plane between virtual and physical objects. It is caused by the difference in the refraction of virtual display and see-through optical paths derived from optical combiners that are necessary to provide a see-through capability in optical see-through head-mounted displays. In this work, through a human-subject experiment, we investigated the effects of ray-shift phenomenon induced by the optical combiner on depth perception for near-field distances (40 cm-100 cm). In our experiment, we considered three different configurations of optical combiner: horizontal-tilt and vertical-tilt configurations (using plate beamsplitters horizontally and vertically tilted by 45°, respectively), and non-tilt configuration (using rectangular solid waveguides). Participants' depth perception errors in these configurations were compared with those in an ordinary condition (i.e., the condition where physical objects are directly shown without the displays) and theoretically estimated ones. According to the experimental results, the measured percentage depth perception errors were similar to the theoretically estimated ones, where the amount of estimated percentage depth errors was greater than 0.3%. Furthermore, the participants showed significantly larger depth perception errors in the horizontal-tilt configuration than in an ordinary condition, while no large errors were found in the vertical-tilt configuration. In the non-tilt configuration, the results were dependent on the thickness of optical combiner and target distance.
Continuous delay of single photons

We report the first demonstration of continuous delay imparted on single photons using a frequency conversion-dispersion technique. Our system shows tunable delays up to 300 ps with on/off efficiencies of 45% and a signal-to-noise ratio up to 5.
Glycogen synthesis in rat liver slices: role of glucose concentration, mesothelium and insulin.

SummaryThe penetration of glucose into liver slices under in vitro conditions was determined histochemically by staining for glycogen. The width of the glycogen band was found to depend on glucose concentration in the medium. The extent to which glucose penetrates mesothelial surfaces was about half that observed at cut surfaces. Although insulin increased glucose penetration 2-fold along the mesothelial surface, there was no comparable effect at the cut edge.
Deep Levels in n-Type 4H-Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Layers Investigated by Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy and Isochronal Annealing Studies

Deep levels were investigated by the capacitance mode deep-level transient spectroscopy (C-DLTS) on 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on $50\;\mu\text{m}$ -thick n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers. C-DLTS scans from 80 K to 800 K revealed the presence of Ti(c), ${{\rm Z}_{1/2}}$ , ${\rm EH}_{5}$ , and ${\rm EH}_{6/7}$ defect levels in the energy range from 0.17 to 1.6 eV below the conduction band edge. The annealing out of primary defects and generation of secondary defects were investigated by systematic and thorough C-DLTS studies from prior and subsequent isochronal annealing in the temperature range from 100 °C to 800 °C. The capture cross-section of Ti(c) was observed to decrease up to 400 °C and remained unchanged at higher annealing temperatures. Defect densities were shown to decrease up to 200 °C and gradually increase at higher temperatures. The ${{\rm Z}_{1/2}}$ and ${\rm EH}_{6/7}$ defect parameters showed similar variation for the temperature range studied. The thermal evolutions of these deep levels in n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers are analyzed and discussed for the first time.
The Game of Politics Examining the Role of Work, Play, and Subjectivity Formation in Papers, Please

This article examines the game Papers, Please to demonstrate how the aesthetic experience of gameplay resonates with the cultural logic of contemporary globalist paradigms. The author demonstrates ...
The Department of Medicine in 2030: A Look Ahead

The authors described the features of a hypothetical academic Department of Medicine in 2030 that would be most effective in improving the public health. Future departments of medicine will be compelled to respond to a projected shortage of physicians through augmented training strategies. The clinical programs will be more decentralized and responsive to patient preferences while demonstrating greater value. Departments will create adaptable, accountable structures in which clinicians working in interdisciplinary teams continuously improve processes and outcomes of care, and clinician and patient satisfaction. The restructuring of health care will afford exciting opportunities to align clinical and scholarly activities. The growing ability to link biological and clinical phenotypic information will lead to more effective and efficient clinical care. In view of the funding constraints and the remarkable opportunities for high-impact research, departmental research programs will become increasingly disciplined. Successful research programs will require durable investments in faculty career development, enabling infrastructure, interdisciplinary research teams, and diverse funding sources. The educational programs will demonstrate proficiency of trainees in the 6 current core competencies, as well as in additional areas critical to health care transformation. To improve organizational effectiveness, departments will create more nimble organizational structures led by individuals with diverse backgrounds. Chairs of departments of medicine will be expected to continuously expand their capacity to meet the evolving needs of their departments and institutions. Members of departments of medicine will be continuously fortified by the privilege and obligations of our profession while embracing the risks necessary to meet the extraordinary opportunities in 2030.
Google My Religion: Unraveling the Gordian Knot of Religious, Moral, and Political Entanglement

“One word: Google. The questions have always been at hand, but now the answers are within our grasp,” said former Pentecostal preacher Jerry DeWitt who became an atheist after 25 years of pastoral services. Notwithstanding the know-it-all reputation of Google Search, cognitive psychologist Tom Stafford has cautioned that “the Internet can give us the illusion of knowledge, making us think we are smarter than we really are.” Is it possible to unravel the Gordian knot of religious, moral, and political entanglement?
Testing the accuracy of low-cost data streams for determining single-person office occupancy and their use for energy reduction of building services

Abstract We explored methods of detecting occupancy in single-person offices using data already collected by the occupant’s PC, or data from relatively cheap sensors added to the PC. We collected data at 15-s intervals for up to 31 days in each of 28 offices. A combination of low/no cost sensors (webcam-based motion detection, and keyboard and mouse activity) was much more accurate at detecting occupancy than a commercial ceiling-based passive infrared (PIR) sensor, and provided overall daytime accuracy >90%, with very low false negative rates. This enhanced detection performance would enable a reduction in the timeout periods for building service curtailment on space vacancy. For example, lighting switch-off timeout could be reduced from the current energy code standard of 20 min to less than 5 min, increasing energy savings potential by 25–45%. We then deployed this system in a proof-of-concept demonstration, using it to control lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and plug loads in a mock-up office environment. Tests were run over nine occupied days (six in cooling season, three in heating season). The system delivered energy savings of 15–68%, with no reported false negative errors.
Liberalization by inertia: The politics of land reform under Zambia's movement for multiparty democracy, 1991–2011

Zambian land is governed under hybrid system that includes statutory and customary tenure, and the administration of the sector has long been regarded as inadequate by a host of international and domestic stakeholders, both neoliberals and pro-poor advocates alike. Consequently, major land reform has been on the agenda for 2 decades, particularly during the rule of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) from 1991–2011, yet scant progress was made. The status quo appeared untenable, inasmuch as it left all sides unsatisfied: It was inconsistent with the country's generally neoliberal, investor-friendly focus; it denied rural smallholders' access to collateral through title, and it simultaneously left rural voters potentially at the mercy of unscrupulous chiefs and savvy domestic and international land investors and speculators. The government largely failed to advance land reform despite years of rhetoric to the contrary. This paper identifies 3 principal reasons for this inertia: first, the system prevented opportunities for rent extraction by unscrupulous chiefs and their counterparts in the local and national land bodies and their international beneficiaries. Second, demand for land reform among the rural poor was diffuse and weakly articulated, meaning advocacy scanty. And third, although perhaps not as incendiary as countries such as Zimbabwe or Kenya, land reform was and remains politically sensitive. As Zambian politics grew increasingly competitive, the MMD could not afford to alienate any constituency. Siding with “investors” would needlessly alienate chiefs and the main users of customary lands, the rural poor, whereas the reverse would jeopardize investment imperatives, particularly in the land-hungry mining, agriculture, and tourism sectors. Thus, Zambia under the MMD can be seen as caught between a model of “traditional,” customary tenure, and a “modern” property rights regime: Various proposals for reforms could not mutually satisfy address poverty alleviation needs and market demand for land. The best solution politically, therefore, was inertia. Yet the result of policy inertia over time is de facto land “reform” by other means, namely, the gradual alienation of the poor from lands to which they previously enjoyed access, in favor of the investor class.
The Age of Angels: spiritualism and evolutionary progressionism in a nineteenth-century geologic time chart

AbstractThe term ‘Anthropocene’ often carries apocalyptic overtones of environmental devastation, but many nineteenth-century iterations of the ‘Age of Humans’ idea were explicitly optimistic. The current time period was framed as a ‘Psychozoic Era’ or ‘Age of Mind’ in which human beings took their predetermined place at the pinnacle of ‘creation’. Hiram Alvin Reid, an amateur scientist in the midwestern United States, took this line of thinking a step further. He drafted a geologic time chart in which the current ‘Age of Man’ was succeeded by a future ‘Age of Angels’, wherein humans will become higher beings. Reid was a Christian spiritualist who thought that evolution drove both physical and spiritual advancement, including the recent development of a ‘sixth sense’ that allowed humans to perceive ghosts and angels. Reid’s views, while idiosyncratic and coloured by his metaphysical beliefs, drew heavily on mainstream concepts in biology and geology. Prominent geologists like James Dana and Joseph Le Cont...
Posttranslational modification of islet autoantigens in type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune diseases are typically initiated by self-proteins, either native proteins or those with posttranslational modifications (PTMs), that break immune tolerance and lead to tissue pathology. Inflammation and oxidative stress amplifies various PTMs such as glutathionylation, nitrosylation and carbonylation, although these pathways are not clearly understood in the genesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). By various proteomic analyses, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy, we identified more than a dozen carbonyl modified islet proteins bound by autoantibodies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and in human T1D. In particular, we identified the beta subunit of prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4Hb) as a carbonylated autoantigen in both human and murine T1D. P4Hb is a conserved protein catalyst known to be critical for proinsulin folding and trafficking in insulin biosynthesis. Of interest, we detected circulating autoantibodies against P4Hb in prediabetic NOD mice, before the onset of hyperglycemia and anti-insulin autoimmunity. Similarly, autoantibodies arise in early onset human T1D prior to anti-insulin autoimmunity. Finally, we demonstrate that carbonyl modified P4Hb is elevated in human pancreatic islets stressed with inflammatory cytokines (INF-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α). These studies provide mechanistic insight into the pathways of creating autoantigens and define a linked set of autoimmune responses (P4Hb and insulin) in the development of T1D.
Linguistic Meaning-Related Differences in ERP Scalp Topography

Certain aspects of language have been hypothesized to be processed in different cortical areas or, at least, by different neural elements. The most obvious example is the classical differentiation of the speech disorders associated with frontal or temporal-parietal lesions of the dominant hemisphere, i.e. expressive versus receptive language disorders. More specific disturbances have been reported which showed impairment of word finding predominantly concerning nouns in some patients and verbs in other patients (Kleist, 1934; Brown, 1972). Nouns and grammatical words have been reported to be differentially affected by anterior and posterior lesions in patients with anomia (Brown, 1972).
Modeling the dynamics of recognition-primed decision making

Motivation-Two decision-making processes have been identified: an analytical process and an intuitive process. One conceptual model of the latter is the Recognition Primed Decision (RPD) model (Klein, 2008). According to this model, decision making in naturalistic contexts entails a situational pattern-recognition process which, if subsequent expectancies are confirmed, lead the decision maker to render a decision to engage in a given course of action. Research approach-In this paper, we describe a system dynamics model of Klein's RPD framework, focusing upon the dynamics of the decision process. Findings/Design-Our framework is based on a model of a set of laboratory phenomena called conjunction benefits and conjunction costs, which was extended to encompass the RPD framework. Research limitations/Implications-Our simulations suggest that decision priming (bias in decision making) should occur in many naturalistic settings. Originality/Value-Originality comes from system dynamics modeling. Take away message-Robust decision making based on pattern recognition may be susceptible to priming.
A biographical sketch of Charles F. Yocum: ;;It's the biochemistry, stupid''.

Charles F. Yocum has been a leader in the applications of biochemical techniques to the resolution and reconstitution of Photosystem II. His formal science education began as an undergraduate in biochemistry at Iowa State University and continued with graduate work in photosynthesis, first at the Illinois Institute of Technology and later at Indiana University. Following postdoctoral work at Cornell University, he joined the faculty of the University of Michigan where he has remained throughout his academic career. Charlie's contributions to a biochemical understanding of photosynthesis, particularly Photosystem II have been considerable, but most notably include his initial isolation of the first highly active oxygen-evolving particle from higher plant chloroplasts, the well-known and widely utilized 'BBY particles'. In the aftermath of that isolation, Charlie's research further resolved these particles into ever finer and simpler, but active, Photosystem II complexes. In addition, Charlie's research has provided significant insight into the roles of both Cl(-) and Ca(2+) as required cofactors in photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
The Role of the Microbiome in Immunologic Development and its Implication For Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy

Our understanding of the microbiome and its role in immunity, cancer initiation, and cancer progression has evolved significantly over the past century. The "germ theory of cancer" was first proposed in the early 20th century, and shortly thereafter the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and later Fusobacterium nucleatum, were implicated in the development of gastric and colorectal cancers, respectively. However, with the development of reliable mouse models and affordable sequencing technologies, the most fascinating aspect of the microbiome–cancer relationship, where microbes undermine cancer immune surveillance and indirectly promote oncogenesis, has only recently been described. In this review, we highlight the essential role of the microbiome in immune system development and maturation. We review how microbe-induced immune activation promotes oncogenesis, focusing particularly on pancreatic carcinogenesis, and show that modulation of the microbiome augments the anti-cancer immune response and enables successful immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer.
Ergative is not inherent: Evidence from *ABA in suppletion and syncretism

I show that case syncretism obeys the same *ABA restriction previously observed in case-sensitive suppletion: no Vocabulary-Insertion rule can apply to both an inherent case and an unmarked core case (nominative/absolutive) without also applying to another core case (accusative/ergative). The case hierarchy that these effects motivate is one where the ergative is consistently put in the same box as the accusative, separately from all inherent cases. This offers a new kind of argument in favor of dependent-case theories, whereby accusative and ergative are both structurallyassigned to nominals that stand in an asymmetric c-command relation to another as-yet-caseless nominal nearby.
Incidence and Clinical Significance of Hyperkalemia Following Heart Transplantation

Introduction Hyperkalemia post-heart transplantation (HT) is common and related to immunosuppressive medications, particularly calcineurin inhibitors with concomitant use of prophylactic antibiotics, mainly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as well as comorbidities like diabetes and renal insufficiency. Most patients are managed with potassium chelating agents and deviations from standard post-transplant protocol. This study aims to report the incidence and clinical significance of hyperkalemia following HT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients that underwent HT at our institution between 4/2014-12/2018. We excluded multi-organ transplant recipients. We defined mild, moderate and severe hyperkalemia as serum potassium >5.0, >5.5 and >6.0 mEq/L, respectively. Patients who experienced moderate or severe hyperkalemia within 1 year (HK group) were compared to the other patients (Non-HK group). Results We included 143 HT patients, mean age was 53±13 years old and 105 (73%) were male. Thirty-four (24%) patients had a history of hyperkalemia within 1 month prior to HT, and only 9 (6%) patients had a history of moderate or severe hyperkalemia. During 1 year following HT, freedom from mild, moderate and severe hyperkalemia was 5%, 38% and 76%, respectively (Figure A). Fifty-four percent of the patients required treatment with polystyrene sulfonate or patiromer. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was stopped due to hyperkalemia in 36% of patients. Overall survival was numerically lower in the HK group (93% vs 98% in 1-year, P=0.185 and 87% vs 98% in 2-year, P=0.066), and infection-free survival was significantly lower in the HK group (34% vs 55% in 1-year, P=0.011 and 26% vs 45% in 2-year, P=0.015, Figure B). Multivariate logistic analysis using recipient and operative factors identified pre-HT GFR as a significant predictor of the HK group (odds ratio 0.790, 95% confidence interval 0.643-0.970, P=0.024). Conclusions The incidence of hyperkalemia following HT is extremely high, and more than half of patients require treatment for hyperkalemia within the first year. Importantly hyperkalemia was related to an increase in the rate of infections at 2 years.
Multi Use Microfluidic Biosensors for Continual Monitoring of Biomarkers from Microphysiological Systems

In this paper, we demonstrate a process for continuous monitoring of biomarkers from microphysiological systems. Despite the proliferation of microphysiological systems for drug screening and biological studies very few sensors exist for continous monitoring of cell secreted biomarkers from these platforms. Here, we demonstrate a chemical-free electrical regeneration process for regenerating the surface of the electrodes. The regeneration process has been demonstrated up to 30 times with little deterioration of the sensor surface. A macrophage secreted biomarker namely Interleukin 8 (IL-8) has been detected several times using the developed platform. The reusable sensor is amenable with microfluidics and will find use in cellular monitoring applications where continuous biomarker monitoring is needed.
Communicating Imperatives Requires Psychological Closeness But Creates Psychological Distance

This article evaluates the psychological correlates of imperative speech through pronouns. We demonstrate that people communicate with more collective immediacy (“we” words) when using imperatives ...
Association of Organizational Factors and Physician Practices' Participation in Alternative Payment Models.

Importance Consolidation among physician practices and between hospitals and physician practices has accelerated in the past decade, resulting in higher prices in commercial markets. The resulting integration of health care across clinicians and participation in alternative payment models (APMs), which aim to improve quality while constraining spending, are cited as reasons for consolidation, but little is known about the association between integration and APM participation. Objective To examine the association of organizational characteristics, ownership, and integration with intensity of participation in APMs among physician practices. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional descriptive study, adjusted for sampling and nonresponse weights, was conducted in US physician practice respondents to the National Survey of Healthcare Organizations and Systems conducted between June 16, 2017, and August 17, 2018; of 2333 responses received (response rate, 46.9%) and after exclusion of ineligible and incomplete responses, the number of practices included in the analysis was 2061. Data analysis was performed from April 1, 2019, to August 31, 2019. Exposures Self-reported physician practice characteristics, including ownership, integration (clinical, cultural, financial, and functional), care delivery capabilities, activities, and environmental factors. Main Outcomes and Measures Participation in APMs: (1) bundled payments, (2) comprehensive primary care and medical home programs, (3) pay-for-performance programs, (4) capitated contracts with commercial health plans, and (5) accountable care organization contracts. Results A total of 49.2% of the 2061 practices included reported participating in 3 or more APMs; most participated in pay-for-performance and accountable care organization models. Covariate-adjusted analyses suggested that operating within a health care system (odds ratio [OR] for medical group: 2.35; 95% CI, 1.70-3.25;P Conclusions and Relevance Greater APM participation appears to be supported by integration and system ownership.
Chapter 154 – Magnetic Sense

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the magnetic field sensitivity in insects. Experimental evidence for magnetic field sensitivity has been reported in insects belonging to various orders, including Isoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. There is evidence that a few insect species obtain directional information from geomagnetic fields for compass orientation. Two alternative properties of the local geomagnetic vector could serve this purpose. Magnetic compass orientation can be useful for insects in the context of home range (topographic) orientation and during long-distance migration, especially in the absence of visual compass cues. Both honey bees building combs in darkness and blind termites building oriented mounds appear to use magnetoreception for aligning their structures. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine how an insect could make adaptive use of sensing the absolute strength of the local geomagnetic field. In flight, the honeybee, Apis mellifera, also uses a magnetic compass in home range orientation. Foraging bees approaching the vicinity of their “target” learn the precise location of resources with respect to surrounding landmarks so they can return to the same place in the future. The most popular hypothesis assumes fast “snapshot”–—like recall of near-target constellations of landmarks. The returning bee finds the target location by matching the current perception of landmarks with the “snapshot memories” of them. While learning the spatial relations of landmarks, bees face in a preferred compass direction, using directional light and the geomagnetic field.
Added Value of Intraoperative Data for Predicting Postoperative Complications: The MySurgeryRisk PostOp Extension.

Abstract Background Models that predict postoperative complications often ignore important intraoperative events and physiological changes. This study tested the hypothesis that accuracy, discrimination, and precision in predicting postoperative complications would improve when using both preoperative and intraoperative data input data compared with preoperative data alone. Methods This retrospective cohort analysis included 43,943 adults undergoing 52,529 inpatient surgeries at a single institution during a 5-y period. Random forest machine learning models in the validated MySurgeryRisk platform made patient-level predictions for seven postoperative complications and mortality occurring during hospital admission using electronic health record data and patient neighborhood characteristics. For each outcome, one model trained with preoperative data alone; one model trained with both preoperative and intraoperative data. Models were compared by accuracy, discrimination (expressed as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve), precision (expressed as area under the precision-recall curve), and reclassification indices. Results Machine learning models incorporating both preoperative and intraoperative data had greater accuracy, discrimination, and precision than models using preoperative data alone for predicting all seven postoperative complications (intensive care unit length of stay >48 h, mechanical ventilation >48 h, neurologic complications including delirium, cardiovascular complications, acute kidney injury, venous thromboembolism, and wound complications), and in-hospital mortality (accuracy: 88% versus 77%; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.93 versus 0.87; area under the precision-recall curve: 0.21 versus 0.15). Overall reclassification improvement was 2.4%-10.0% for complications and 11.2% for in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Incorporating both preoperative and intraoperative data significantly increased the accuracy, discrimination, and precision of machine learning models predicting postoperative complications and mortality.
Pro-Con Debate: Use of Wake-Promoting Agents for the Treatment of Daytime Fatigue in OSA Patients with Curtailed CPAP Use (Less than 6 h)

Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the most common treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults and typically improves excessive daytime sleepiness and quality of sleep. Unfortunately, a certain portion of patients (6–14%) continue to have residual hypersomnia with treated OSA. Many of these patients regularly use PAP for treatment, but not for the entire night every night. This review critically evaluates the appropriate use of wake-promoting agents in patients with residual hypersomnia with less than 6 h of PAP use. Trials of wake-promoting agents such as modafinil, armodafinil, and solriamfetol to treat residual daytime sleepiness in patients with OSA have demonstrated improvement in symptoms despite some of the patients not using PAP for greater than 6 h per night. Residual hypersomnia may be related to permanent damage to the central nervous system from chronic intermittent hypoxia related to sleep apnea and may not improve with PAP therapy alone. Many patients may benefit from use of wake-promoting agents to treat residual hypersomnia in OSA, including patients with curtailed PAP treatment of less than 6 h per night.