cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical, chemical and optical characteristics of a clean air mass over Northern Michigan

Abstract Characterization of a clean air mass over and near Seney National Wildlife Refuge was undertaken during June 1979. The study which provides baseline information relative to the prevention of significant deterioration in national parks and wilderness areas, consisted of aircraft measurements of aerosol size distributions, aerosol elemental and chemical composition, aerosol light scattering and light absorption coefficients and trace gas concentrations, including ozone and sulfur dioxide. Mean sulfate concentrations were in the range of 0.6–2.0μg m −3 and are similar to other reported concentrations in background continental air. Also, the nitrate concentration of 0.5μg m −3 was within the suggested background range of 0.1–0.5μg m −3 . The mean aerosol light scattering coefficient was about 0.1× 10 −4 m −1 , which, including Rayleigh scattering, corresponds to a visual range of about 160km. The aerosol light absorption coefficients in this clean air mass were essentially zero, implying a negligible amount of elemental carbon aerosol. With an average total suspended particulate concentration of 5μg m −3 and the mean aerosol scattering coefficient, the ratio of light scattering to particle mass concentration is 2.2 m 2 g −1 . When only sulfates and nitrates are included as fine particle mass, this ratio increases to 3.7 m 2 g −1 . Ozone concentrations were variable between 40 and 60ppbv. The range of SO 2 concentrations was 0.3–2.0 ppbv with an average value of about 0.6 ppbv; these values are also similar to background concentrations found elsewhere in clean continental air. Trace element concentrations were comparable with those found in other clean areas and indicated a significant crustal component. Enhanced levels of Pb and Br suggest automotive exhaust from local activity possibly contributed to background aerosol levels. The clean air measurements were also compared to measurements made on the same day in a nearby slash-burn smoke plume.
THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT USING PARENTAL RATINGS

SUMMARY The goal of the present study was to consider two previously unexplored issues, concerning the usefulness of parental ratings of temperament: (1) the extent in which parents project their own personality into their ratings of the temperament of their children, and (2) the extent to which mothers and fathers agree in their ratings of the temperament of their children. In a sample of 137 Families, mothers and fathers rated themselves and their spouse on an adult version of the EASI Temperament Survey and both of them rated two of their 2-to 6 year-old twin children on the children's version of the EASI Temperament Survey. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that parents project their own personality into their ratings of others. In terms of the second issue, parental agreement, the data were less clear-cut. The average parental agreement for the 11 scales of the EASI Temperament Survey was O.51, corrected for unreliability.
Induction of experimental allergic neuritis with a peptide from myelin P2 basic protein.

EXPERIMENTAL allergic neuritis (EAN) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) produced in animals by injection of homogenates of PNS tissue1 or PNS myelin2 emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant. Although it has been produced in such species as rabbits1, guinea pigs3, and mice3, the neuritogenic determinant has not been identified. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the central nervous system (CNS) counterpart of EAN, the encephalitogen is the myelin basic protein4. PNS myelin has two basic proteins, P1 and P25, and the latter has been suggested to be the neuritogen2. In attempts to induce the disease with intact P2 (refs 6–9), mild symptoms of EAN were occasionally produced, but these were inconsistent. P2 was implicated as the neuritogen when circulating lymphocytes of animals with EAN induced by injection of whole PNS myelin10 were found to be sensitised to P2 but not P1. Physicochemical studies of P2 have demonstrated a very stable β structure in aqueous solution11. Because the conformation is likely to differ in solution and in intact myelin, it is likely that the neuritogenic determinant(s) are altered. We have, therefore, tested peptides derived from the protein in order to minimise alteration of any neuritogenic determinant by extraneous port s of the intact molecule. We have identified a neuritogenic determinant within P2—within a peptide representing the NH2-terminal 21 amino acids of P2.
High-efficiency liquid-crystal optical phased-array beam steering

Efficient, electrically tunable, agile, inertialess, near-diffraction-limited one-dimensional optical beam steering is demonstrated at the infrared wavelength of 10.6 microm with a liquid-crystal phased array.
Effect of request type and situational features on negative politeness in requests

Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) implies that the negative politeness in requests should increase with the degree of threat to the hearer's negative face. The present study asked whether this effect depends on the type of request being made. Participants produced either borrow requests or stop action requests in situations that involved either a high threat or low threat to the hearer's face. As hypothesized, greater face threat produced more negative politeness (apologies and promises) in borrow requests but not in stop action requests.
Spectrophotometric determination of aniline by flow injection analysis in a nonaqueous medium

Abstract A simple, single-line flow injection method for the determination of aniline in a nonaqueous medium is described. Primary aromatic amines react with p -chloranil in dioxane:2-propanol (1:1, v/v), resulting in a blue-purple-colored product. The colored compound is produced on-line by injecting samples of aniline into a carrier of p -chloranil. The absorbance of the product is measured at the absorbance maximum (543 nm) with a flowthrough detector. With injected volumes of 25 μl, approximately 60 measurements per hour are possible with this system. The detection limit using this method was 0.23 m M aniline with a linear dynamic range from 0 to 25 m M .
Seeing Tornado: How Video Traces mediate visitor understandings of (natural?) phenomena in a science museum

This article reports an exploratory study of how people see and explain a prominent exhibit (Tornado) at an interactive science museum (the Exploratorium). Our data was assembled using a novel, technically mediated activity system (Video Traces) that allowed visitors to reflect with an interviewer on video records of their own visits to the exhibit. We present qualitative data comparing initial visits to the exhibit with those in the Video Traces environment to argue that Video Traces offers a promising means of exploring visitors' current understandings of exhibit phenomena, as well as mediating new understandings of these phe- nomena. We illustrate this argument with two vignettes drawn from our data that show the flexibility of Video Traces for supporting different forms of inquiry. Finally, we discuss how an expanded Video Traces system could provide ongoing opportunities for representation and inquiry at interactive science centers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 81:735 - 747, 1997.
Interactive assembly algorithms for molecular cloning

Raven calculates assembly plans for complex genetic constructs from thousands of parts. It integrates user feedback on failed intermediate assemblies to improve the final outcome.
Solubilization of Some Steroids in Aqueous Solutions of a Steroidal Nonionic Surfactant

The solubility of testosterone, methyltestosterone, and testosterone propionate in aqueous solutions of unpurified and partially purified ethoxylated cholesterol was determined. The solubilizing capacities of both the surfactant samples were of the order: testosterone propionate > methyltestosterone > testosterone. The UV spectral characteristics of the three steroids in aqueous solutions of both the surfactant samples were similar to those in various polyethylene glycols. The spectral evidence suggests a mechanism of solubilization involving association of the steroid with the polyoxyethylene portion of the surfactant.
Current leakage relaxation and charge trapping in ultra-porous low-k materials

Time dependent dielectric failure has become a pivotal aspect of interconnect design as industry pursues integration of sub-22 nm process-technology nodes. Literature has provided key information about the role played by individual species such as electrons, holes, ions, and neutral impurity atoms. However, no mechanism has been shown to describe how such species interact and influence failure. Current leakage relaxation in low-k dielectrics was studied using bipolar field experiments to gain insight into how charge carrier flow becomes impeded by defects within the dielectric matrix. Leakage current decay was correlated to injection and trapping of electrons. We show that current relaxation upon inversion of the applied field can be described by the stretched exponential function. The kinetics of charge trapping events are consistent with a time-dependent reaction rate constant, k=k0⋅(t+1)β−1, where 0 < β < 1. Such dynamics have previously been observed in studies of charge trapping reactions in amorphou...
Psychological screening in adolescents with type 1 diabetes predicts outcomes one year later.

Aims Adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk for depression and anxiety, which can adversely affect diabetes management, glycemic control, and quality of life (QOL). However, systematic psychological screening is rarely employed. We hypothesized that higher depression and anxiety screener scores would predict higher HbA1c, less frequent blood glucose monitoring (BGM), and poorer QOL one year later. Raw screener scores were expected to be more robust predictors than cutoff scores.
Choosing Competency-Based, Humanistic and Self-Directed Programs: The Contribution of Personality and Reasoning.

Fifty-five college women enrolled in competency-based, humanistic or self-directed education programs completed their California Personality Inventory and listed five reasons for selecting their program. CPI results indicated that self-directed students scored lower than other students on the Femininity Scale (p≤.001). Using Chickering's seven vectors of change as a framework, the study found competency-based students identifying “purpose” and “competence,” humanistic students identifying “inter-personal relationships and “integrity,” and self-directed student identifying “autonomy” and “purpose” as reasons for enrolling in their nontraditional programs. The study used these results to question the mythology that adherents to different programs are of different personality types and to argue that differences in perceptions of purpose in education distinguish students in the three programs.
"This Is Not Your Country!": Nation and Belonging in Latina/o Literature

In the first chapter of his prizewinning autobiography, Always Running (1993), Luis Rodriguez—peace activist, poet, writer, and former gang member—tells a story about one of the first lessons he received about the politics of identity in this country. Having taken a walk to Will Rogers Park in Los Angeles with his mother and sib- lings, Rodriguez (who was born a US citizen) witnesses his Mexican mother's humiliation at the hands of an "American" woman who contests his mother's right to sit herself and her children on an avail- able park bench. " 'Look spic, you can't sit there!' the American woman yelled. 'You don't belong here! Understand? This is not your country!' " (19). The anecdote serves to introduce Rodriguez's reader to a key theme that runs throughout the book—a theme that motivates much of the action in the plot of his life. From a very young age, Rodriguez heard the message from teachers, policemen, and ran- dom "American" strangers that, as a young, poor, Mexican-origin boy, he was unwanted, out of place, and ultimately disposable. Rodriguez's reaction to his predicament was one that he suggests is completely understandable—he joined a gang. "Gangs," he explains, "are not alien powers. They begin as unstructured groupings, our children, who desire the same as any young person. Respect. A sense of belonging. Pro- tection. The same thing that the YMCA, Little League or the Boy Scouts want. It wasn't any more than what I wanted as a child" (250). What Rodriguez wanted as a child and what he got, however, were two very different things. Although the gangs he joined did ini- tially give him "something to belong to," they did not finally empower him to claim his rightful place as a fully entitled citizen of the US (41). It was not until he began to educate himself through the Chicano Movement about the economic and social institutions that put him and others like him at a structural disadvantage relative to other "Americans" that Rodriguez was able to break free of gang life and begin the long, arduous process toward achieving full, substantive
Galvanic Corrosion Between Copper and Tantalum under CMP Conditions

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) has emerged as the most viable method to planarize copper thin films during fabrication of integrated circuits. The final stage of copper CMP requires the simultaneous polishing of copper and the barrier metal, where the metals are prone to galvanic corrosion due to exposure to slurry. In this study, the extent of galvanic corrosion between copper and tantalum was estimated using electrochemical polarization measurements. A novel setup was designed to make direct measurement of the galvanic current between copper and tantalum and was successfully used to measure galvanic current in two different chemical systems. Galvanic corrosion current values obtained from polarization and direct measurements are compared and their implications during barrier polishing are discussed.
Enhanced myogenic response in the afferent arteriole of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) have normal glomerular capillary pressure even though renal perfusion pressure is higher, suggesting that preglomerular vessels exhibit abnormally high resist...
Environmental Effects on Agonistic Interactions between Males of the Cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea

The effects of different environments on the agonistic behavior of males of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea were investigated. We compared the social interactions between pairs of males that had been reared during the period of sexual maturation, when social behavior develops, under one of four environmental treatments: (1) control (28°C with ad libitum food and water) (2) heat stress (35°C, ad libitum food and water) (3) water deprivation (28°C), or (4) food and water deprivation (28°C). Different environments affected the structure of the interactions between males and the behavior of both dominant and subordinate individuals. The mean number of agonistic acts per minute was similar for all treatment groups except the water-deprived group, which was significantly lower. Water-deprived, food- and water-deprived, and heat-stress rearing conditions reduced the stability of agonistic interactions relative to the control group. When reared under stressful conditions, dominant-scored males decreased the number of aggressive acts and increased the number of submissive acts, and subordinate-scored males decreased the number of submissive acts and increased the number of aggressive acts. Thus, stressful environmental conditions can disrupt agonistic interactions and cause both dominant and subordinate male N. cinerea to adopt different behavioral strategies during male-male competition.
The thermopower of α-phase silver-cadmium alloys from 4.2 to 300°K

Abstract The thermopower of α-phase Ag-Cd alloys has been measured from 4° to 300°K. As in the Cu-Zn alloys, the phonon drag peak persists to high concentrations and moves to lower temperatures as the concentration of Cd increases. These results are discussed in terms of phonon scattering and Fermi surface changes. From quenching experiments it is apparent that some short-range ordering exists in annealed Ag-Cd alloys. The phonon drag peak increases and the room temperature thermopower decreases as the order decreases.
Cancellation of effects of large phase distortions on images by dynamic holograpy using ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulators

We demonstrate real time severe large and small scale phase distortion correction of arbitrary coherent and incoherent images, using ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulators to record the dynamic hologram of the phase distortions.
Development of synchronized activity of cranial motor neurons in the segmented embryonic mouse hindbrain.

Spontaneous electrical activity synchronized among groups of related neurons is a widespread and important feature of central nervous system development. Among the many places from which spontaneous rhythmic activity has been recorded early in development are the cranial motor nerve roots that exit the hindbrain, the motor neuron pool that, at birth, will control the rhythmic motor patterns of swallow, feeding and the oral components of respiratory behaviour. Understanding the mechanism and significance of this hindbrain activity, however, has been hampered by the difficulty of identifying and recording from individual hindbrain motor neurons in living tissue. We have used retrograde labelling to identify living cranial branchiomeric motor neurons in the hindbrain, and [Ca2+]i imaging of such labelled cells to measure spontaneous activity simultaneously in groups of motor neuron somata. We find that branchiomeric motor neurons of the trigeminal and facial nerves generate spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients throughout the developmental period E9.5 to E11.5. During this two-day period the activity changes from low-frequency, long-duration events that are tetrodotoxin insensitive and poorly coordinated among cells, to high-frequency short-duration events that are tetrodotoxin sensitive and tightly coordinated thoughout the motor neuron population. This early synchronization may be crucial for correct neuron-target development.
Realization of hexagonal barium ferrite thick films on Si substrates using a screen printing technique

Hexagonal barium ferrite thick films (50?200??m) have been deposited on Si and Al2O3/Si substrates using a screen printing technique. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and magnetometry were used to characterize and correlate the ferrite films' microstructure and magnetic properties. The experiments indicated that an Al2O3 underlayer was effective in preventing silicon diffusion into the barium ferrite films during a final sintering treatment at temperatures above 1100??C. A two-stage sintering process allowed a reasonable tradeoff between mechanical and magnetic properties. This work reveals the feasibility of fabrication of thick ferrite films on large substrates (up to 25?mm in diameter) for future planar microwave devices compatible with semiconductor integrated circuits processing.
Heteromers of glutamate decarboxylase isoforms occur in rat cerebellum.

The subunit structure of brain glutamate decarboxylase in cerebellum was investigated by using gel electrophoresis and antisera that specifically recognize the individual isoforms of brain glutamate decarboxylase (termed GAD 65 and GAD 67 ). The antisera were prepared against peptides that corresponded to amino acid sequences specific to each isoform. Each antiserum reacted specifically with the appropriate peptide in an ELISA and with the appropriate form of GAD on immunoblots. Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that GAD is principally multimeric with monomeric forms comprising <3% of the total. Immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity chromatography experiments were performed with antisera W624 and W883, which were prepared against peptides specific to GAD 65 and GAD 67 , respectively. Immunoprecipitates prepared from cerebellar supernatants with W624 contained both GAD 66 and GAD 67 , whereas some GAD 67 was left in the supernatant. In a similar manner, immunoprecipitates prepared with W883 contained both GAD 65 and GAD 67 , whereas some GAD 65 remained in the supernatant. In addition, immunoaffinity columns prepared with either W624 or W883 retained both GAD 65 and GAD 67 even after extensive washing. These results are consistent with the presence of heteromultimers of GAD 65 and GAD 67 in cerebellum in addition to homomers of each form.
Vertically distributed multiple tuned mass dampers in tall buildings: performance analysis and preliminary design

This paper investigates the structural performance of vertically distributed multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs), which can save valuable occupiable space near the top of tall buildings, control the first as well as higher mode responses and be installed more easily because of smaller tuned mass damper (TMD) masses. Vertically distributed MTMD theory is presented. With this theory, the effectiveness of vertically distributed MTMDs along the building height is predicted using simplified models, compared with the conventional TMDs installed near the top of tall buildings. Vertically distributed MTMDs are designed for a typical 60-storey tall building subjected to representative dynamic wind loads, and their performance is measured. The results of these studies show that TMDs can be distributed vertically along the building height without substantial loss of their effectiveness. Considering their advantages over the conventional system, vertically distributed MTMDs possess a high potential of practical applications for tall-building motion control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical Genocide Studies

Over the last two decades, the interdisciplinary field of genocide studies has dramatically expanded and matured. No longer in the shadow of Holocaust studies, it is now the primary subject of journals, textbooks, encyclopedias, readers, handbooks, special journal issues, bibliographies, workshops, seminars, conference, Web sites, research centers, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and a unit at the United Nations. If not yet fully theorized, the discipline is characterized by a number of debates and approaches. As the outlines of the field emerge more clearly, the time is right to engage in critical reflections about the state of the field, or what might be called critical genocide studies. The goal is not to be critical in a negative sense but to consider, even as a canon becomes ensconced, what is said and unsaid, who has voice and who is silenced, and how such questions may be linked to issues of power and knowledge. It is, in other words, a call for critical thinking about the field of genocide studies itself, exploring our presuppositions, decentering our biases, and throwing light on blind spots in the hope of further enriching this dynamic field.
Do "Light" cigarettes undermine cessation?

Despite significant tobacco control efforts, in the USA the average smoker tries to stop only once every 2.5 years.1 In Europe, it is even less frequent.2 One hypothesised factor to explain this reluctance to try to quit is that tobacco industry promotion of “Light” cigarettes as a reasonable (and of course easier) alternative to quitting has undermined cessation resolve.3-5 The articles in this issue are some of the best, if not the best, tests of whether this hypothesis is true and, if so, what one could do about it. This editorial summarises both this new evidence and prior evidence for and against this hypothesis. If Light cigarettes undermine cessation, one would expect Light smokers to be less likely to have quit by the time of a survey than regular smokers. Analyses of the 1986 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey data did find this pattern.3 6 Also, one would expect that …
Joint coding-precoding with low-complexity turbo-decoding

We combine error-control coding with linear precoding (LP) for flat-fading channels, as well as for wireless orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmissions through frequency-selective fading channels. The performance is analyzed and compared with the corresponding error-control-coded system without precoding. By wedding LP with conventional error-control coding, the diversity order becomes equal to the error-control code's minimum Hamming distance times the precoder size. We also derive a low-complexity turbo-decoding algorithm for joint coded-precoded transmissions. We analyze the decoding complexity and compare it with an error-control-coded system without LP. Extensive simulations with convolutional and turbo codes for HiperLan/2 channels support the analysis and demonstrate superior performance of the proposed system.
Men’s mate retention varies with men’s personality and their partner’s personality

Abstract Mate retention is the recurrent adaptive problem of retaining a mate in a relationship. Humans may have evolved mechanisms which motivate behavior in response to this problem. We examined the relationship between men’s mate retention and men’s and their partner’s personality in studies of 467 men and 565 women in committed relationships. Participants reported on their own or their partner’s mate retention and both their own and their partner’s personality. Results indicate a negative relationship between men’s Emotional Stability and men’s mate retention and a positive relationship between men’s Agreeableness and men’s benefit-provisioning mate retention. Discussion addresses limitations and directions for future research addressing the links between personality and mate retention.
Evaluation of an upscaled model for DNAPL dissolution kinetics in heterogeneous aquifers

Estimates of contaminant fluxes from DNAPL sources as a function of time and DNAPL mass reduction are important to assess the long-term sustainability and costs of monitored natural attenuation and to determine the benefits of partial source removal. We investigate the accuracy of the upscaled mass transfer function (MTF) proposed by Parker and Park [Parker JC, Park E. Modeling field-scale dense nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution kinetics in heterogeneous aquifers. WRR 2004;40:W05109] to describe field-scale dissolved phase fluxes from DNAPL sources for a range of scenarios generated using high-resolution 3-D numerical simulations of DNAPL infiltration and long-term dissolved phase transport. The results indicate the upscaled MTF is capable of accurately describing field-scale DNAPL dissolution rates as a function of time. For finger-dominated source regions, an empirical mass depletion exponent in the MTF takes on values greater than one which results in predicted mass flux rates that decrease continuously with diminishing DNAPL mass over time. Lens-dominated regions exhibit depletion exponents less than one, which results in more step-function like mass flux versus time behavior. Mass fluxes from DNAPL sources exhibiting both lens- and finger-dominated subregions were less accurately described by the simple MTF, but were well described by a dual-continuum model of the same form for each subregion. The practicality of calibrating a dual-continuum model will likely depend on the feasibility of obtaining spatially resolved field measurements of contaminant fluxes or concentrations associated with the subregions using multilevel sampling or some other means.
Theoretical analysis of a multiscale algorithm for the direct segmentation of tomographic images

Several multiscale objective functions for the direct segmentation of tomographic images are presented. Standard methods of signal detection and estimation are used to develop a theoretical performance analysis, which quantitatively predicts the performance at realistic noise levels. The analysis compares the relative merit of multiscale and monoscale segmentation, and shows the impact of the Shepp-Logan skull's quantization error. >
Pattern smoothing compressed video transmission

In this paper we introduce a video smoothing algorithm for MPEG compressed live video. This algorithm, called pattern smoothing, transmits compressed video via both constant bit rate (CBR) and variable bit rate (VBR) channels. In order to take advantage of the gains achieved through statistical multiplexing of multiple sources over a single link, this algorithm utilizes a CBR channel to reduce the peak rate and variance of the VBR transmission. In addition to presenting this new algorithm, we compare it against three smoothing techniques presented in the literature. Key attributes used for comparison include receiver buffer size, live video support, startup delay, losslessness versus lossiness, and smoothing scale. Because network utilization is the most important performance metric for any smoothing algorithm, we provide a performance analysis of the pattern smoothing algorithm via simulation and compare these results to the best of the three presented smoothing algorithms.
Skin Contamination of Broilers During Commercial Evisceration

Abstract INTRODUCTION MANY modifications have taken place in the techniques used to process poultry during recent years. The findings of Gunderson et al. (1954) led to warm evisceration of poultry in practically all commercial processing plants. Drewniak et al. (1954) made an extensive study of bacterial contamination during commercial evisceration but changes in techniques and processing equipment since this report may have established a different contamination pattern during evisceration. Walker and Ayres (1956 Walker and Ayres (1959) reported on the number and kinds of microorganisms associated with commercially dressed chickens and turkeys. Their work did not include variations in microbial numbers during the evisceration procedure since their samples were taken before and after evisceration but not at intermediate points. The research reported herein was initiated to determine the pattern of contamination at intermediate stations during the evisceration process and to study possible measures to reduce contamination. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Thirteen commercial poultry processing plants were …
Ca++ channel-blocking drugs in shock and trauma: New approaches to old problems?

The development of drugs that inhibit Ca ++ influx through voltage-regulated cell membrane channels of excitable cells represents a new pharmacodynamic addition to the therapy of cardiovascular disorders. These drugs, the Ca ++ channel-blocking agents, have important therapeutic roles in the management of exertional and variant angina and also in the treatment of certain types of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. In addition, a rapidly expanding body of evidence indicates that these compounds also may exert beneficial actions in various other cardiovascular-related disorders, including different forms of shock and trauma. Theoretically, beneficial effects of Ca ++ channel blockade may be explained by either a direct reduction of pathologic Ca ++ overload in injured cells or, indirectly, by vasodilation and hemodynamic improvement in tissue perfusion-oxygen demand relationships. Many questions remain unanswered, however, and recent experimental studies have questioned the routine use of these drugs in shock or trauma. Furthermore, the propensity for hypotensive and cardiodepressant actions of Ca ++ channel blockade may well be enhanced in patients with preexisting or occult loss of myocardial contractile reserves. These complexities should be assessed carefully before Ca ++ channel-blocking drugs are used in the treatment of shock states.
New Perspectives on the Sources of White Matter DTI Signal

A minimalist numerical model of white matter is presented, the objective of which is to help provide a biological basis for improved diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis. Water diffuses, relaxes, and exchanges in three compartments-intracellular, extracellular, and myelin sheath. Exchange between compartments is defined so as to depend on the diffusion coefficients and the compartment sizes. Based on the model, it is proposed that an additive ldquobaseline tensorrdquo that correlates with intraaxonal water volume be included in the computation. Anisotropy and tortuosity calculated from such analysis may correspond better to tract ultrastructure than if calculated without the baseline. According to the model, reduced extracellular volume causes increased baseline and reduced apparent diffusion. Depending on the pulse sequence, reduced permeability can cause an increase in both the baseline and apparent diffusion.
DOSECC’s Deep Scientific Drilling Project at Cajon Pass, California

The San Andreas fault in California presented an ideal target for the first deep scientific drilling project in the U.S. under DOSECC management. The San Andreas, one of only a handful of transform faults worldwide which cut through continental crust, had been under intense scientific study for more than three decades, yet fundamental questions regarding the mechanics of the faulting process remained unanswered. Foremost among these was the magnitude of shear stress at seismogenic depths — between 5 and 15 km. Extrapolations of a few in situ stress measurements in shallow drillholes (e.g. Zoback et al. 1980) coupled with the results from laboratory friction experiments (e.g. Byerlee 1978) suggested that shear stress levels should be on the order of 100 MPa at a depth of 10 km along the San Andreas fault. In direct conflict were the results of heat flow measurements (Henyey 1968; Brune et al. 1969; Lachenbruch and Sass 1980); the lack of an observable heat flow anomaly associated with the fault trace implied that the mean fractional shear stress on the fault plane did not exceed 10 MPa. Deep drilling to seismogenic depths presented a unique opportunity to resolve this stress-heat flow paradox (see also Zoback 1984).
Dispositionai Optimism as a Protective Factor in Resisting HIV Exposure in Sexually Active Inner‐City Minority Adolescents1

Recent investigations have explored dispositional optimism as a determinant of various health-related behaviors though such research has been infrequently conducted in populations where pessimism would be expected to be prevalent. The present study examines optimism and unsafe sexual behavior in 230 sexually active inner-city minority adolescents. Findings suggest that dispositional optimism is a protective factor regarding adolescents intentions to avoid engaging in unsafe sex. Further the benefits of optimism appear to be explained by those who are more optimistic having higher levels of perceived condom use self-efficacy and stronger negative expectancies toward unsafe sex. Future interventions may need to address optimism in concert with behavioral-specific determinants to increase the probability of reducing unsafe sexual behavior in high-risk populations. (authors)
Mixing querying and navigation in MIX

Web-based information systems provide to their users the ability to interleave querying and browsing during their information discovery efforts. The MIX system provides an API called QDOM (Querible Document Object Model) that supports the interleaved querying and browsing of virtual XML views, specified in an XQuery-like language. QDOM is based on the DOM standard. It allows the client applications to navigate into the view using standard DOM navigation commands. Then the application can use any visited node as the root for a query that creates a new view. The query/navigation processing algorithms of MIX perform decontextualization, i.e., they translate a query that has been issued from within the context of other queries and navigations into efficient queries that are understood by the source outside of the context of previous operations. In addition, MIX provides a navigation-driven query evaluation model, where source data are retrieved only as needed by the subsequent navigations. This paper presents how MIX supports QDOM on views of relational databases.
Rank-width and vertex-minors

The rank-width is a graph parameter related in terms of fixed functions to clique-width but more tractable. Clique-width has nice algorithmic properties, but no good "minor" relation is known analogous to graph minor embedding for tree-width. In this paper, we discuss the vertex-minor relation of graphs and its connection with rank-width. We prove a relationship between vertex-minors of bipartite graphs and minors of binary matroids, and as an application, we prove that bipartite graphs of sufficiently large rank-width contain certain bipartite graphs as vertex-minors. The main theorem of this paper is that for fixed k, there is a finite list of graphs such that a graph G has rank-width at most k if and only if no graph in the list is isomorphic to a vertex-minor of G. Furthermore, we prove that a graph has rank-width at most 1 if and only if it is distance-hereditary.
In vivo lactate kinetics at rest and during recovery from exhaustive exercise in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus).

A bolus injection of [14C]lactate was used to measure lactate turnover rates at rest and during recovery from exhaustive exercise in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). At rest, lactate turnover rate in salmon was almost double that in flounder (1.33 versus 0.76 mumol min-1 kg-1), which reflected the higher blood lactate level in salmon (1.00 versus 0.12 mmol l-1). From 2 to 4 h after exercise, when blood lactate levels were at their peak and constant, turnover rates were elevated in both species, though to a greater extent in salmon than in flounder (11.88 versus 2.27 mumol min-1 kg-1). Lactate concentration and turnover rate were linearly correlated in both species. The higher turnover rate in salmon was solely a consequence of the higher blood lactate levels since, at similar blood lactate concentrations, turnover rates in flounder and salmon were the same. Therefore, the lower blood lactate levels in flounder after exercise were not a consequence of higher turnover. In neither species was the turnover rate adequate to account for the rate of lactate clearance from the muscle, suggesting a large portion was retained within the muscle and metabolized in situ. Furthermore, following injection of [14C]lactate, greater than 80% of the total blood activity was recovered as lactate, indicating that little label was incorporated into other products (e.g. glucose). These data suggest that the Cori cycle plays a minimal role in the metabolism of lactate in salmon and flounder. Furthermore, at least in flounder, there was no correlation between the kinetics of lactate clearance and O2 consumption, suggesting that the classical concept of ‘O2 debt’ is not applicable in this species.
Limited Parathyroidectomy in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1-Associated Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Setup for Failure

Recently, some surgeons have suggested that minimally invasive parathyroidectomy guided by preoperative localizing studies of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-associated primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) provides an acceptable outcome while minimizing the risk of hypoparathyroidism. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome for MEN1 patients who underwent limited parathyroidectomy compared with subtotal parathyroidectomy. The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 99 patients with MEN1-associated pHPT who underwent at least one parathyroid operation at their institution. Preoperative imaging studies, intraoperative findings, and clinical outcomes for patients were compared. A total of 99 patients underwent 146 operations. Persistent pHPT was significantly higher in patients whose initial operations involved removal of 1 or 2 glands (69 %) or 2.5 to 3 glands (20 %) compared with those who had 3.5 or more glands removed (6 %) (P < 0.01). Persistent pHPT occurred in 5 % of all operations that cumulatively removed 3.5 or more parathyroid glands compared with 40 % of operations that removed 3 or fewer glands (P < 0.01). The single largest parathyroid gland was correctly identified preoperatively in 69 % (22/32) of the patients. However, preoperative localizing studies missed enlarged contralateral parathyroid glands in 86 % (19/22) of these patients. Preoperative localizing studies missed the largest contralateral parathyroid gland in 16 % (5/32) of the patients. Limited parathyroidectomy in MEN1 is associated with a high failure rate and should not be performed. Preoperative identification of a single enlarged parathyroid gland in MEN1 is not reliable enough to justify unilateral neck exploration because additional enlarged contralateral parathyroid glands are frequently missed.
Long-term Outcomes After Osteochondral Autograft Transfer: A Systematic Review at Mean Follow-up of 10.2 Years

Purpose To evaluate (1) activity level and knee function, (2) reoperation and failure rates, and (3) risk factors for reoperation and failure of osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) at minimum long-term follow-up. Methods A comprehensive review was performed for long-term outcomes after OAT. Studies reported on activity-based outcomes (Tegner Activity Scale) and clinical outcomes (Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee score). Reoperation and failure rates, as defined by the publishing authors, were recorded for each study. Modified Coleman Methodology Scores were calculated to assess study methodological quality. Results Ten studies with a total of 610 patients with an average age of 27.0 years at the time of surgery and a mean follow-up of 10.2 years were included. The mean defect size was 2.6 cm 2 (range, 0.9 to 20.0 cm 2 ). The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 4.8 years. From preoperative to final follow-up, International Knee Documentation Committee scores and Lysholm scores improved significantly by 42.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.8 to 53.1, P P P = .35). Overall failure rate was 28% and reoperation rate was 19%. Increased age, previous surgery, and defect size positively correlated with increased risk of failure. Concomitant surgical procedures negatively correlated with failure rate. Conclusions Overall, OAT showed successful outcomes in 72% of patients at long-term follow-up. Increased age, previous surgery, and defect size correlated positively with failure rate, whereas success improved with concomitant surgical procedures. Nonetheless, this systematic review is limited by heterogeneity in a surgical technique, lesion and patient characteristics, and reporting of nonstandardized outcome measures. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I-IV studies.
Producing High Priests and Princesses: The Father-Daughter Relationship in the Christian Sexual Purity Movement

This article describes and analyzes father-daughter purity balls in the context of the contemporary U.S. American conservative Christian sexual purity movement, with an emphasis on taking the self-understanding of those involved in the movement into account. It shows the ways that the idealization of a hierarchical father-daughter relationship both constructs and reflects sexual purity ideals. The Christian sexual purity teachings frame this father-daughter relationship as an essential part of forming the ideal subject, and as reflective of the right order of the kingdom of God. In the logic of sexual purity, a good man is the strong high-priest leader of the household and the ideal girl is princess-like: white, non-poor, attractive, pure, feminine, delicate, and receptive. She is preparing, under her father’s guidance, for heterosexual marriage. Attention to the father-daughter relationship in the sexual purity movement highlights the ways that sexual purity is primarily about subject formation and the ordering of relationships—in families, in the nation, and in the church—and less about the specifics of when particular sexual acts take place or the public health risks that might come from those acts. This exploration also brings into relief the ways that contemporary conservative Christian sexual purity teachings draw from and build on two prominent aspects of contemporary U.S. American popular culture: the important role of the princess figure, and the buying of goods as indispensable to the formation of the subject.
LIMESTONE WEATHERING AND RATE VARIABILITY, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMAN, JORDAN

Limestone used in construction deteriorates because the environment to which it is exposed differs from its original sedimentary environment. The differing conditions of moisture, temperature, and pressure change the rock into a more stable state, though this alteration is often relatively destructive. Understanding rock weathering is vital for the fields of architectural conservation and landscape modification. The analysis of small-scale architectural features and patterns can be a useful tool in understanding larger-scale weathering. The Great Temple of Amman is located approximately 120 km east of the Mediterranean Sea in a semi-arid region with annual precipitation mean ranges from 300 to 500 mm, at an elevation of 838 m. It is located atop the Citadel of Amman (Jebel al Qal'a)–a prominent hill near the urban center (31°57′N, 35°53′E). The Roman temple is a large, east-west-aligned colonnaded building atop a stepped podium built of pink limestone ca. 165 A.D. The colonnade, entablature, and architrav...
Simulating Axial Force at the Substrate of Growing CNT Forests

A time-resolved carbon nanotube (CNT) forest synthesis model is used to examine the mechanical interactions of actively growing CNT forests. Discrete CNTs in the forest are modeled using linear elastic Euler-Bernoulli beam elements with three degrees of freedom at each node which corresponds to axial displacement, transverse displacement and rotation. The van der Waals force between adjacent CNTs is modeled as linear elastic spring elements and act to locally bond adjacent CNTs in contact. Special consideration is given to the axial forces that arise at the substrate of growing CNTs during the forest growth. While reaction forces are distributed in a spatiotemporal manner, we observe that reaction forces for the slowest growing CNTs are greatest, and in tension, while the fastest growing CNTs experience compressive reaction forces at the substrate.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION. II. THE EFFECT OF CROWDING UPON AN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ATTENUATED STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION.

An aerosol-induced experimental staphylococcal infection of guinea pigs has been described (Simon, 1963a). An infection ("carrier state") could be predictably established in every animal exposed to the aerosol inoculum. The infection was limited to the upper respiratory tract and occurred without detectable systemic dissemination. Cross infection between infected and noninfected control animals kept in adjacent cages did not occur. The initially established infection persisted for 6 days or less in the majority of the exposed animals, after which time the infection was no longer detectable by standard techniques. Tetracycline administration to animals previously infected with tetracycline-resistant staphylococci and apparently recovered resulted in reappearance of culturable organisms. Studies on the mode of action of tetracycline in recalling an apparently latent infection have not yet disclosed the determinative mechanism (s). No growth-stimulating effect of tetracycline on tetracycline-resistant strains of staphylococci was detectable, and tetracycline dependence could not be demonstrated (Simon, 1963a). On the other hand, tetracycline administration to guinea pigs subsequently challenged
Isolation and identification of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in adrenal venous plasma of normal dogs.

SummaryBy criteria of paper chromatography in several systems, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, 4 pregnene-17 α-ol-3.20, dione has been isolated and identified in adrenal vein blood of normal dogs given adrenocorticotropin intravenously. This steroid could not be detected in blood from the systemic circulation of dogs given adrenocorticotropin.The authors wish to express gratitude to Dr. Leo T. Samuels for helpful criticism and to Dr. Gunter Zweig, University of California, Pesticide Residue Research, Davis, Cal., for infrared analysis.