cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Within-session responding as a function of post-session feedings

Ten rats pressed levers or keys for food reinforcers delivered by a multiple variable interval schedule. The delay between the end of the session and the delivery of a post-session feeding varied from 0 to 240 minutes. Contrary to the results reported by Bacotti (1976), response rates were not significantly higher when post-session feedings were delayed than when they were immediate. Response rates also increased and then decreased within the session, regardless of the delay to post-session feedings. These results suggest that subjects do not always integrate rewards across locations. Therefore, theories need not always include the temporal location of post-session feedings in the context of variables that determines responding within the session. Experiments must also take care to ensure that changes in response rates within the session do not confound the interpretation of their results.
STUDY OF 16O, 20Ne, 22Ne, 28Si, AND 32S BY INELASTIC SCATTERING OF POLARIZED PROTONS

Abstract Analyzing powers and cross sections have been measured for elastic and inelastic scattering of 24.5 MeV protons from 20Ne and 22Ne, and for 16O, 28Si and 32S at 30.3 MeV. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of the coupled-channels formalism using the rotational model and (for 32S and 16O) the vibrational model. The results for 20Ne, 22Ne and 28Si show a systematic trend of the hexadecapole deformation. Prolate shapes for 20Ne and 22Ne and an oblate shape for 28Si are confirmed. The results for 32S are almost equally well-reproduced by the vibrational or rotational model, and there is a slight preference for the prolate shape for this nucleus. The best fits for the analyzing power for all the nuclei were obtained by using the full Thomas form for the spin-orbit potential
A review of hydrological modelling of basin-scale climate change and urban development impacts.

Hydrological modelling is a valuable tool for researchers in geography and other dis- ciplines for studying the processes governing impacts of climate change and urban development on water resources and for projecting potential ranges of impacts from scenarios of future change. Modelling is an inherently probabilistic exercise, with uncertainty amplifi ed at each stage of the process, from scenario generation to issues of scale, to simulation of hydrological processes, to man- agement impacts. At the basin scale, signifi cant factors affecting hydrological impacts of climate change include latitude, topography, geology, and land use. Under scenarios of future climate change, many basins are likely to experience changes not only in their mean hydrology, but also in the frequency and magnitude of extreme hydrological events. Impacts of climate change on water quality are largely determined by hydrological changes and by the nature of pollutants as fl or dilution-controlled. The most signifi cant impact of urban development on water resources is an increase in overall surface runoff and the fl ashiness of the storm hydrograph. The increase in impervious surface area associated with urban development also contributes to degradation of water quality as a result of non-point source pollution. Modelling studies on the combined impacts of climate change and urban development have found that either change may be more signifi cant, depending on scenario assumptions and basin characteristics, and that each type of change may amplify or ameliorate the effects of the other. Hydrological impacts of climate change and urban development are likely to signifi cantly affect future water resource management.
Lifecourse Approach to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Obesity

Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care is a national priority, and obesity is a prime target. During the last 30 y in the United States, the prevalence of obesity among children has dramatically increased, sparing no age group. Obesity in childhood is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes and with other long-term adverse outcomes, including both physical and psychosocial consequences. By the preschool years, racial/ethnic disparities in obesity prevalence are already present, suggesting that disparities in childhood obesity prevalence have their origins in the earliest stages of life. Several risk factors during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of offspring obesity, including excessive maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, smoking during pregnancy, antenatal depression, and biological stress. During infancy and early childhood, rapid infant weight gain, infant feeding practices, sleep duration, child’s diet, physical activity, and sedentary practices are associated with the development of obesity. Studies have found substantial racial/ethnic differences in many of these early life risk factors for childhood obesity. It is possible that racial/ethnic differences in early life risk factors for obesity might contribute to the high prevalence of obesity among minority preschool-age children and beyond. Understanding these differences may help inform the design of clinical and public health interventions and policies to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity and eliminate disparities among racial/ethnic minority children.
Effort levels in a Cournot Nash contest with asymmetric information

Abstract Many contests exist where one player does not know his opponent's value of a fixed prize, e.g. unobservable non-market preferences for preservation. This paper explores how changes in the nature of a one-sided information asymmetry affect effort levels in a Cournot Nash contest. The results indicate that the uninformed player's effort is an uncertain input such that his effort is inversely related to risk. This reduces his average odds of success. Comparative static results are driven by the perceived odds of success and risk for the uninformed player and the actual odds of success for the informed player.
The role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in antibody diversification, immunodeficiency, and B-cell malignancies

Before exposure to antigen, antibodies with a wide diversity of antigen-binding sites are created by V(D)J rearrangement. After exposure to antigen, further diversification is accomplished by means of somatic hypermutation of the antibody variable region genes and class-switch recombination between the heavy-chain μ constant region and the downstream γ, e, and α constant region. The variable region mutations are responsible for the affinity maturation of the antibody response, whereas class-switch recombination enables the antibodies to be distributed throughout the body and to carry out different effector functions. Both somatic mutation and class switching require an enzyme called activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) that converts deoxycytidines to deoxyuracils on single-stranded DNA. Genetic defects of AID in human subjects result in hyper-IgM syndrome type 2. The analysis of both mutant mice and immunodeficient patients has led to a better understanding of the mechanism of action and role of AID in immunity, as well as in the malignant transformation of B cells.
Process-Driven Input Profiling for Plastics Processing

Most plastic processing set points are variables that need to be defined for each sample point of the cycle. However, in the absence of on-line measures of part quality, the set points cannot be defined by feedback and need to be prescribed a priori for the entire cycle. In conventional practice, the shape of each set-point profile is defined either heuristically, according to qualitative experience, or mechanistically, to enforce a predefined trajectory for a simulated internal process state that is used as a surrogate measure of part quality (e.g., the velocity profile defined to dictate a constant melt front velocity). The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) to evaluate the efficacy of using a single internal state as the surrogate of part quality, and (ii) to explore the feasibility of devising a multivariate profiling approach, where indices of multiple process states act as surrogates of part quality. For this study, an injection-compression molding process used for production of digital video disks was considered as the development domain, and a pseudo-optimal cycle of the process was found by reinforcement learning to provide a basis for evaluating the ideal behavior of the process states. Compared to conventional molding, the results indicate that the asymmetric process capability index, CPK, was increased by ∼50% with velocity profile optimization and to 120% with both velocity profile and pressure profile optimization. Two general conclusions result. First, velocity and pressure profiling provide important degrees of freedom for optimizing process control and maximizing part quality. Second, estimators for unobservable process states, in this case birefringence and warpage, can be used to develop different machine profiles to selectively trade off multiple quality attributes according to user preferences.
An emergent multiple predator effect may enhance biotic resistance in a stream fish assemblage

While two cyprinid fishes introduced from nearby drainages have become widespread and abundant in the Eel River of northwestern California, a third nonindigenous cyprinid has remained largely confined to ≤25 km of one major tributary (the Van Duzen River) for at least 15 years. The downstream limit of this species, speckled dace, does not appear to correspond with any thresholds or steep gradients in abiotic conditions, but it lies near the upstream limits of three other fishes: coastrange sculpin, prickly sculpin, and nonindigenous Sacramento pikeminnow. We conducted a laboratory stream experiment to explore the potential for emergent multiple predator effects to influence biotic resistance in this situation. Sculpins in combination with Sacramento pikeminnow caused greater mortality of speckled dace than predicted based on their separate effects. In contrast to speckled dace, 99% of sculpin survived trials with Sacramento pikeminnow, in part because sculpin usually occupied benthic cover units while Sacramento pikeminnow occupied the water column. A 10-fold difference in benthic cover availability did not detectably influence biotic interactions in the experiment. The distribution of speckled dace in the Eel River drainage may be limited by two predator taxa with very different patterns of habitat use and a shortage of alternative habitats.
Estimation of the Conditional Variance in Paired Experiments

In paired randomized experiments units are grouped in pairs, often based on covariate information, with random assignment within the pairs. Average treatment eects are then estimated by averaging the within-pair dierences in outcomes. Typically the variance of the average treatment eect estimator is estimated using the sample variance of the within-pair dierences. However, conditional on the covariates the variance of the average treatment eect estimator may be substantially smaller. Here we propose a simple way of estimating the conditional variance of the average treatment eect estimator by forming pairs-of-pairs with similar covariate values and estimating the variances within these pairs-of-pairs. Even though these within-pairs-of-pairs variance estimators are not consistent, their average is consistent for the conditional variance of the average treatment eect estimator and leads to asymptotically valid confidence intervals.
Cutaneous Representations of the Hand and Other Body Parts in the Cuneate Nucleus of a Primate, and Some Relationships to Previously Described Cortical Representations

Dynamic properties of primate somatosensory maps are dependent on normal central adjacencies of cutaneous representations. The cuneate nucleus is an important brainstem processing center of cutaneous information. Surprisingly, there are no descriptions of functional representations of the skin in the primate cuneate nucleus; as a result, the relationships of functional representations at the brainstem level and other levels of the somatosensory neuraxis remain obscure. The present neurophysiological study indicates that the main cuneate nucleus of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) contains organized representations of cutaneous inputs from the hand, forelimb, and adjacent body between the lateral face and proximal hindlimb. Inputs from the glabrous hand are represented continuously across transverse planes in the cuneate, whereas inputs from the hairy hand are represented discontinuously. Inputs from distal to proximal, and radial to ulnar, parts of the hand are mapped in an organized manner. At rostr...
Medical trainee perceptions of medical school education about suffering: a pilot study.

Abstract Background: The relief of suffering is a fundamental goal of medicine, but what medical students are taught about suffering has been largely unexplored. Objective: This pilot study explored the perceptions of physicians in postgraduate training of their medical school education about suffering. Design: Survey research involving physicians in postgraduate family medicine training programs. Results: One hundred eighty-four of 304 surveys were returned for a response rate of 61%. Respondents perceived significant gaps in their education about the understanding and diagnosis of suffering and in their preparation to deal with the feelings engendered by caring for suffering patients. Respondents generally perceived that they were prepared to interact with suffering patients and were taught that the relief of suffering is an inherent function of being a physician, but perceived that more explicit teaching about suffering would have better prepared them for residency training. Conclusions: Perceptions of...
Head and neck manifestations of lipoid proteinosis

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare and poorly understood disease that commonly affects the mucosa and skin of the head and neck. Otolaryngologists should be familiar with the manifestations of this disease and possible need for surgical intervention.
Dynamic hydrogenation studies in a catalytic slurry reactor

Hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene with Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was studied in a three-phase stirred slurry reactor. Responses to step inputs of H2 in N2 carrier gas provided temporal moments that allowed estimation of separate values for reversible adsorption and irreversible surface reaction rates for reactant H2. Mass transfer resistances are either estimated from other sources and shown to be small, or are evaluated from the flow rate dependence of the moments. The adsorption equilibrium constant for H2 on the catalyst was measured with reaction product cumene as the solvent. For temperatures between 290 and 322 K adsorption appears to have the dominant influence on the overall rate of hydrogenation. The energy of activation for the adsorption step was found to be 8 kcal/mol.
Alternate statistical tools and limitations in genetic marker association studies in single-arm drug cancer trials.

In this issue of the Journal, Graziano et al 1 investigate the associations of a number of genotype and haplotype markers with clinical outcome in a sample of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving salvage cetuximab plus irinotecan therapy. This Editorial will review of some of the statistical issues in the results and discussions.Genotypeandhaplotypesmarkerswillbecollectivelyreferredto as genetic markers. In genetic marker association studies, the first set of analyses commonly consists of the investigation of potential pairwise associations between each genetic marker and the clinical outcome of interest.Theseunivariateanalyses,astheyarecommonlyreferredtointhe medicalliterature,arethenfollowedbyaninvestigationoftheeffectof adjustingforotherpotentiallyimportantmolecular,clinical,ordemographic variables. These multivariate analyses are commonly carried out using log-linear parametric logistic models 2 for binary outcomes and log-linear semiparametric Cox proportional hazards models 3 for time-to-event outcomes subject to censoring. The employment of these models is attractive, as they provide a unified framework for statistical inference on the variables and point and interval estimation of the effects (odds ratios for binary outcomes and hazard ratios for time-to-event outcomes). The use of these methods is also attractive from a practical point of view, as they have been widely implemented in commercial software distributions that allow the user, from the novice to the expert, to generate massive amount of output through graphical user interfaces. As with any model, one needs to be concerned about robustness ofthefindingswithrespecttodeviationsfromthemodelassumptions. Considerable deviations may not only invalidate the inferences but mayalsorendertheinterpretationoftheresultsdifficult.Forexample,
Elemental analysis of glass by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-OES)

The elemental analysis of glass evidence has been established as a powerful discrimination tool for forensic analysts. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-OES) has been compared to laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and energy dispersive micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μXRF/EDS) as competing instrumentation for the elemental analysis of glass. The development of a method for the forensic analysis of glass coupling laser ablation to ICP-OES is presented for the first time. LA-ICP-OES has demonstrated comparable analytical performance to LA-ICP-MS based on the use of the element menu, Al (Al I 396.15 nm), Ba (Ba II 455.40 nm), Ca (Ca II 315.88 nm), Fe (Fe II 238.20 nm), Li (Li I 670.78 nm), Mg (Mg I 285.21 nm), Sr (Sr II 407.77 nm), Ti (Ti II 368.51 nm), and Zr (Zr II 343.82 nm). The relevant figures of merit, such as precision, accuracy and sensitivity, are presented and compared to LA-ICP-MS. A set of 41 glass samples was used to assess the discrimination power of the LA-ICP-OES method in comparison to other elemental analysis techniques. This sample set consisted of several vehicle glass samples that originated from the same source (inside and outside windshield panes) and several glass samples that originated from different vehicles. Different match criteria were used and compared to determine the potential for Type I and Type II errors. It was determined that broader match criteria is more applicable to the forensic comparison of glass analysis because it can reduce the affect that micro-heterogeneity inherent in the glass fragments and a less than ideal sampling strategy can have on the interpretation of the results. Based on the test set reported here, a plus or minus four standard deviation (± 4s) match criterion yielded the lowest possibility of Type I and Type II errors. The developed LA-ICP-OES method has been shown to perform similarly to LA-ICP-MS in the discrimination among different sources of glass while offering the advantages of a lower cost of acquisition and operation of analytical instrumentation making ICP-OES a possible alternative elemental analysis method for the forensic laboratory.
Fast food intake among adolescents: Secular and longitudinal trends from 1999 to 2004

Objectives To examine secular and longitudinal changes (1999–2004) in fast food intake among adolescents. Methods Adolescents from Minnesota participating in Project EAT (n = 2516) were surveyed in 1999 and 2004. Mixed-model regressions were used to assess secular and longitudinal changes in percentage reporting frequent fast food intake (≥ 3 times/week) and weekly fast food intake. Results Between 1999 and 2004, a secular increase in the percent of adolescents of middle (high school-aged) adolescents reporting frequent fast food consumption was observed (females: 18.9% to 27.3%, p < .01, males: 23.6% to 30.2%, p = .06). Longitudinal increases in frequent fast food consumption were seen from early to middle adolescence (females: 15.8% to 27.3%, p < .01, males: 16.8% to 30.2%, p < .01), and among males, from middle to late adolescence (23.6% to 32.0%, p < .01). Conclusions The secular increase in fast food consumption among middle adolescents suggests that socio-environmental changes between 1999 and 2004 may have contributed to adolescents' fast food intake, while the longitudinal trends indicate the importance of developmental influences on fast food intake. The transition from early to middle adolescence, and for males, from middle into late adolescence, are key periods during which efforts to reduce fast food consumption are needed.
Mini-midvastus Total Knee Arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been a successful modality in the treatment of end-stage arthritis of the knee. Numerous long-term clinical studies have demonstrated the success of total knee arthroplasty in regard to improving both pain and function of the knee.1, 2, 3, 4 The medial parapatellar arthrotomy is the most commonly used approach to expose the knee.5 This approach was first described by von Langenbeck in 18746 and has proven itself with a successful track record in long-term follow-up studies. However, the incision through the quadriceps tendon can contribute to a long and painful recovery. Additionally, there have been reports of complications related to this approach, including subluxation or dislocation of the extensor mechanism.
HEALTH IMPACT OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT

Summary The only health impact of the Three Mile Island accident that can be identified with certainty is mental stress to those living in the vicinity of the plant, particularly pregnant women and families with teenagers and preschool children. Although increased risks of cancer, birth defects, and genetic abnormalities are potential long-term consequences of low-level irradiation, few if any such effects of the accident are likely, because the collective dose of radiation received by the population within a 50-mile radius of the plant was so small. Estimates of the number of people in the population who may ultimately experience any such effects range from 0.4 to 10, in comparison with hundreds of thousands in the same population who can be expected to develop cancer, birth defects, or genetic abnormalities through natural causes.
Ganglion cell choristoma of the deep branch of the radial nerve: report of a singular case

Ganglion cell-containing tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) include gangliogliomas and gangliocytomas which are among the least common tumours of the CNS.1–3 Ganglion cell-containing tumours of the pituitary gland are extremely rare, and consist of well-differentiated mature ganglion cells within a neuropil-rich background.4–6 There have also been two reported cases of ganglion cell-containing cutaneous tumours, reported as ‘cutaneous ganglion cell choristoma’ 7 and ‘ganglioneuromatous tumour of the skin’.8 Ganglion cells are not normal components of the peripheral nerve, and ganglion cell-containing tumours of the peripheral nerve have not been previously described. We report a ganglion cell-containing benign tumour, corresponding to ganglion cell choristoma, in the peripheral nerve in a 52-year-old man who presented with a deep radial neuropathy. A 52-year-old, right-handed man was evaluated at our institution for left hand weakness of 3 months duration. He first noticed inability to extend his left index finger after waking up from sleep. Subsequently, he noticed weakness in extending all his fingers, and tightness in them. The hand weakness was severe enough to cause functional impairment. There was no associated pain or paresthesias, and no history of preceding trauma. His past medical history was unremarkable. Neurological examination revealed atrophy of the extensor compartment of the left forearm. Severe weakness of finger extension (Figure 1A), and mild wrist extension and supination was noted on the left side. He had preserved elbow flexion from biceps and brachioradialis muscles. No sensory deficit was noted on clinical evaluation. Deep tendon reflexes, including the left triceps jerk, were preserved. The remainder of the neurological examination was normal. A mass lesion could not …
A Behavioral analysis of complete unilateral section of the pyramidal tract at the medullary level in macaca mulatta

Ten Macaca mulatta monkeys were operantly conditioned to perform three motor paradigms designed to evaluate single and combination finger movements. Eight of these monkeys were retested after left medullary pyramidotomy; 2 monkeys underwent left medullary pyramidotomy prior to conditioning. All animals were tested for three years after operation. Monkeys with a completely sectioned medullary pyramid could, with time, perform difficult motor paradigms that required: (1) both individual and combination finger movements; (2) proximal upper extremity motor control; (3) thumb and index finger pincer grasp; and (4) the ability to preprogram and then execute a precision hand movement. The greater the extent of pyramidal tract destruction, the longer the time necessary for recovery of both discrete finger movement and pincer grasp, the greater the effort needed to attain recovery of hand function, and the weaker the affected musculature. The 2 animals in which pyramidotomy of at least 70% of the tract preceded efforts at operant conditioning learned and performed difficult motor paradigms. In all animals, neurological examination revealed that the most enduring and functionally most important deficit that interferes with hand function following pyramidotomy is loss of contactual hand orienting responses and failure of reflex sensorimotor adjustments.
Characterisation of the microstructure of distributions of rigid rods and discs in a matrix

The microstructure of two-phase disordered media can be characterised in terms of a set of n-point matrix probability functions S, which give the probability of finding n points all in the matrix phase. We obtain, for the first time, an exact analytical expression for S, for a distribution of equi-sized rigid rods in a matrix at any density and for all values of its argument. We evaluate, also for the first time, Sz for a distribution of equi-sized rigid discs in a matrix, for a wide range of densities. Using these results for S, and rigorous upper and lower bounds on S3, one may obtain bounds on S, for distributions of rigid rods and discs. The one- and two-dimensional results obtained here are compared to the three-dimensional results of Torquato and Stell at certain particle volume fractions.
Effect of on/off distributions on the cell loss probability in ATM networks

The effect of the distributions of on/off periods (of on/off sources) on the cell loss probability in an ATM network is discussed. Based on the peak and average rates and/or the average burst lengths of the sources, two-state on/off sources, whose on and off periods are exponentially or geometrically distributed, are then constructed. Decomposition methods and asymptotic analysis are used to derive simple, accurate approximations for the cell loss probability in a statistical multiplexer with a finite buffer. Numerical results indicate that, for a given fixed burst length, the distributions of the on/off periods have a significant impact on the cell loss probability. The approximate results are verified using simulation results and are found to be very accurate for most cases. For a buffer size of 400 cells, the maximum link utilization that the link can achieve subject to a cell loss probability of 10/sup -9/ is found to be only about 50-60%. Therefore, heavy load approximation should be used cautiously. The results presented can be used in admission control. >
Urea and biuret as nonprotein nitrogen sources in cooked molasses blocks for steers fed prairie hay

Abstract Eighteen steers (268±16 kg) were used in an intake and digestion study (experiment 1), and six ruminally cannulated steers (459±33 kg) were used in a ruminal fermentation study (experiment 2) to evaluate sources of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in cooked molasses blocks supplemented to cattle fed prairie hay ad libitum. Treatments for experiment 1 were: (1) control (no block); (2) 60% CP block with 83% of the CP from urea (UREA block); and (3) 60% CP block with 42% of the CP from urea and 42% from feed-grade biuret (UREA/BIURET block). Treatments for experiment 2 were the UREA and UREA/BIURET blocks. Blocks were fed once daily at 0.125% of body weight as small pieces that allowed rapid consumption. Experiment 1 lasted 21 days with 15 days for adaptation. In experiment 2, samples of ruminal fluid and blood were collected 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after initiation of treatments. Ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 h and blood samples 5 h after feeding blocks. In experiment 1, intakes of forage OM, NDF and CP tended to increase (P
AN INTEGRATED IMAGE QUANTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR COLORECTAL CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT USING QUANTUM DOTS AND MOLECULAR PROFILING

Colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, is a disease for which there are no known biomarkers of risk that can be used for predicting and preventing the disease. Based on new knowledge of the molecular basis of colorectal cancer, we developed and validated a panel of biomarkers of risk that can be measured in rectal biopsies. The goal of this work is to develop an integrated detection and image analysis quantification system for measuring and applying these biomarkers in clinical research and care. More importantly, the new system can process biopsy images from both traditional and bionanotechnology quantum dot-based IHC, and through a combination of novel and automated image analysis and quantification algorithms, it will significantly reduce processing time by detecting multiple biomarkers simultaneously on the same histologic sections. Clinical application of this novel process of detecting and quantifying biomarkers, coupled with decision support from the analysis of a biomarker quantification database, is expected to open new frontiers in the field of colorectal cancer prognosis and treatment.
Professional Isolation and the Public School Music Teacher

Teacher isolation has been studied within general education for many years, beginning with Schoolteacher by Dan Lortie (1975). A review of the music education literature found no research that examines issues of professional isolation among public school music teachers. In this investigation, one hundred randomly selected Illinois public school music teachers were asked to respond to a series of statements designed to determine to what extent public school music teachers feel professional isolation and to discover its causes. Responses were collected using a 5-point Likert scale. Additional space was provided for open-ended comments. The survey was mailed to music teachers from around the state of Illinois, randomly selected from the total population of public school music teachers in Illinois. Data analysis revealed statistical significance between years of teaching experience and specific likely causes of feelings of professional isolation. These results and suggestions for future research are presented as an initial step toward enhancing the current state of knowledge about this important aspect of the music teaching experience.
Reasoning about assumptions in graphs of models

Solving design and analysis problems in physical worlds requires the representation of large amounts of knowledge. Recently, there has been much interest in explicitly making assumptions to decompose this knowledge into smaller Models. A crucial aspect of problem-solving paradigms based on models is that they include methods to automatically, and efficiently, select and change models. We represent physical domains as Graphs of Models, where models are the nodes of the graph and the edges are the assumptions that have to be changed in going from one model to the other. This paper describes the methods used in the Graphs of Models paradigm for changing models. This knowledge can be represented qualitatively, permitting fast inference mechanisms that provide powerful model changing behaviors.
Endovascular Interventions for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Venous Tinnitus: New Horizons

Pulsatile tinnitus from intracranial venous abnormalities is an uncommon cause of pulse synchronous tinnitus. Endovascular therapies may have applications in many of these disease conditions. They have the advantage of being minimally invasive and may selectively eliminate the site of turbulence. Venous stenting has been used successfully to treat venous stenoses with low complication rates and high success rates in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension though randomized controlled data are lacking. Careful exclusion of other causes of tinnitus should be performed before consideration for surgical or endovascular treatment of presumed causative lesions of venous tinnitus.
A model for explaining learning problems in young children.

This factorial structure has proven rather consistent with the a priori model underlying the construction of the scale and also with the factors associated with learning problems in young children which have been suggested throughout the years by a number of leading authorities in the field. It appears that these factors may contribute significantly to an explanation of learning problems of young school children. In the light of these results, part-scoring schernas which will lead to the establishing of scale profiles are cur
A Progress Report on the g-2 Resonance Experiments

The spin resonance experiments on slow free electrons in vacuum have a long history. In 1953 Bloch proposed to trap electrons in an electric potential well of depth ~l0−5 V and unspecified shape superimposed upon a magnetic field of ~1000 G. Cyclically the latter could be made so inhomogeneous that the effective magnetic hill seen by all electrons not in the lowest, unmagnetic Rabi-Landau level would overcompensate the electric well. Thereby, only those in the lowest level would be retained. Spin- or cyclotron-transitions to the next higher levels induced subsequently would be signaled by loss of the electrons. The levels referred to are given by E = (2n + 1 + gsm)μoH, with n = 0, 1, 2,.... and m = ±1/2, (Rabi, 1928). Also at Stanford in connection with their cyclotron-resonance work in which trapping was carefully avoided Franken & Liebes showed in 1956 that a small external electric field should shift the cyclotron frequency ωc ≡ 2πνc by δωc ∝ φzz/ωc. This suggested that the Penning (1937) trap in the form described by Pierce (1949) should be well suited for the simultaneous measurement of ωc and of the spin resonance frequency ωs ≡ 2πνs on stored electrons. For such a trap the axial field gradient φzz and δωc are constant throughout its volume and δωc = −ωm may be determined by measuring the axial oscillation frequency ωz ≡ 2πνz or the magnetron (drift) frequency ωm ≡ 2πνm on the electrons in situ.
A study of "participating teaching approach" in the teaching reform of colleges and universities

Aiming at the "participating teaching approach" of teaching reform in colleges and universities,the inevitability was expatiated,the content and idea of teaching theory in the post-modern constructivism were studied,and the condition of "participating teaching approach" of teaching reform in colleges and universities was put forward.
A Novel Electronically-Controlled Optical Switch

In this paper, we consider a novel approach to an electronically controlled optical switch, which would be able to switch digital optical signals from one waveguide into other, suitable for subsequent optical communication. The switch operates based on the two TE mode interference, and the free-carrier injection from the published driver circuit. The switch designs with 1% refractive index decrease and the driver circuit are both consistent with the existing unmodified 45 nm SOI-CMOS foundry process. Our switch designs with 1% refractive index decrease of Si, have a few hundred times smaller area footprint on the chip, a switching time that is several times shorter, and also several times smaller energy consumption, than the optical switch based on a traditional Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Also, our switch shows reasonably good simulated performance. We derived the analytical model from Maxwell's equations for our switch design, and showed the match with the simulated results and also mode solver calculation results.
Multitasking basal cells: combining stem cell and innate immune duties.

Human airway basal stem cells contribute to host–microbe interactions and innate immunity in the lung http://ow.ly/Q2UAF
Effect of anatoxin-a(s) from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, and phrenic nerve activity in rats

The effects of anatoxin-a(s) [antx-a(s)] from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 on mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, and phrenic nerve activity were evaluated in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Anatoxin-a(s) was administered by continuous intravenous infusion. The initial effect of the toxin was to slow the heart rate and reduce arterial blood pressure, followed by much more pronounced reductions in these parameters. The marked decline in heart rate and blood pressure frequently occurred before there was a large decrease in respiratory minute volume [reduced by only 15.4 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E.) compared to the predose period], suggesting that antx-a(s) has an important muscarinic action on the cardiovascular system in vivo. Phrenic nerve amplitude increased, but, nevertheless, tidal and minute volumes decreased progressively, indicating that antx-a(s), unlike most low-molecular-weight organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors, does not have any remarkable inhibitory action on central mediation of respiration.
Sacral stress fracture in a female collegiate distance runner: a case report.

Abstract Objective: To present the case of a 19-year-old collegiate distance runner diagnosed with a unilateral sacral stress fracture. Background: Low back and sacroiliac joint pain are common in female athletes but are often difficult to differentiate. Although sacral stress fractures in young female athletes are rarely reported, they are a potential cause of low back pain. Differential Diagnosis: Acute lumbosacral strain, disc disease, gluteus maximus strain, idiopathic low back pain, low back strain, sacroiliac joint sprain, or congenital anomaly. Treatment: Six weeks of active rest and nutritional counseling followed by an incremental 8-week running program. The athlete returned to symptom-free competitive running within 4 months. Uniqueness: This young athlete presented with a unilateral sacral stress fracture with components of the female athlete triad and a vigorous exercise regime. Conclusions: Sacral stress fractures are rare in the young female athletic population. Because stress fractures in female runners have various etiologies, a thorough patient history and diagnostic imaging are necessary in the evaluation. Athletes can return to their normal activity once a successful management strategy has addressed all components of the female athlete triad while providing adequate rest. Prevention strategies, such as screening for the components of the female athlete triad, may help to decrease injuries and promote healthier lifestyles among this population.
Real-time dual-comb spectroscopy with a free-running femtosecond fiber laser

We demonstrate a new laser source for dual-comb spectroscopy. The key idea is to generate the two optical frequency combs from a single laser cavity so that common noise/drifts are cancelled removing the need for complex phase locking apparatus.
Convex Cones in Rn

A cone C in R n is a set of points such that if x∈ C, then so is every nonnegative scalar multiple of x, i.e., if x∈C, then λx∈C for 0 ≤ λ∈R, x∈R n (see Figure 4.1.a for C in R2). If we consider the set of points X = {x}, then the cone generated by X is C = {y|y = λx, 0 ≤ λ∈ R, x∈X}. And if 0∉ X and for each y(≠0)∈C there are unique x∈X with λ > 0 such that y = λx, then X is termed a base of C. Moreover, the point 0∈R n is termed the vertex of a cone and is an element of every cone since Y = 0x = 0∈C. In general, C is “not a subspace” of R n since the definition of C holds only for λ ≥ 0 and not all λ.
An Adaptive Interface Design (AID) for enhanced computer accessibility and rehabilitation

This study was aimed at the development of a non-intrusive, biosensor based, Adaptive Interface Design (AID) that utilizes its users' physical abilities (rather than focusing on their disabilities), while simultaneously honoring their integrity and needs. The target users for this study were patients with arthritis in the hand. The AID comprises of eye tracking and data glove technologies, the latter of which will be used to measure the user's physical ability as it translates hand gestures into computer controls. By developing accessible computer interfaces and exploring their use for telerehabilitation purposes, we want to ultimately impact the inclusion and health outcomes of those who experience disability on a daily basis. Data Glove for rehabilitation that can measure position and strength.Eye tracker and glove for alternative virtual environment interface.Virtual environment to encourage rehabilitation exercise.User experience used to provide improvements device effectiveness.
Array design considerations for exploitation of stable weakly dispersive modal pulses in the deep ocean

Abstract Modal pulses are broadband contributions to an acoustic wave field with fixed mode number. Stable weakly dispersive modal pulses (SWDMPs) are special modal pulses that are characterized by weak dispersion and weak scattering-induced broadening and are thus suitable for communications applications. This paper investigates, using numerical simulations, receiver array requirements for recovering information carried by SWDMPs under various signal-to-noise ratio conditions without performing channel equalization. Two groups of weakly dispersive modal pulses are common in typical mid-latitude deep ocean environments: the lowest order modes (typically modes 1–3 at 75 Hz), and intermediate order modes whose waveguide invariant is near-zero (often around mode 20 at 75 Hz). Information loss is quantified by the bit error rate (BER) of a recovered binary phase-coded signal. With fixed receiver depths, low BERs (less than 1%) are achieved at ranges up to 400 km with three hydrophones for mode 1 with 90% probability and with 34 hydrophones for mode 20 with 80% probability. With optimal receiver depths, depending on propagation range, only a few, sometimes only two, hydrophones are often sufficient for low BERs, even with intermediate mode numbers. Full modal resolution is unnecessary to achieve low BERs. Thus, a flexible receiver array of autonomous vehicles can outperform a cabled array.
Diplopia after Strabismus Surgery

Diplopia is a disappointing and, at times, unanticipated consequence of what might otherwise be considered anatomically successful strabismus surgery. In this study, we review the existing literature regarding diplopia after strabismus surgery in the context of the senior author's experience. We divide postoperative diplopia types into cases that occur in the setting of normal binocular vision (or "normal" suppression) vs. cases that are the consequence of rare or anomalous sensorial adaptations. We then discuss how to identify patients at greatest risk based on history and preoperative testing, and we offer strategies for managing these sometimes-challenging cases.
Observation of unusual critical region behavior in the magnetic susceptibility of EuSe

The Europium Chalcogenides (EuCh: EuO, EuS, EuSe, and EuTe) have been regarded as model examples of simple, cubic, Heisenberg exchange coupled magnetic systems, with a ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor exchange constant J1 and an antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor constant J2. Unlike the other EuCh, EuSe exhibits a range of complex magnetic behaviors, the latter being attributed to EuSe being near the point where J2=-J1, where its magnetism appears to consist of nearly de-coupled 2D ferromagnetic sheets. Analysis of precision SQUID measurements of the magnetic susceptibility χ in EuSe showed that in the region from ∼Tc to ∼2Tc, a fit of the data to the critical equation χ = χ2Tc(T/Tc-1)-γ gives γ=2.0, an exponent not predicted by any current theory. Additionally, this fit predicts that Tc should be ∼0K. We tentatively interpret this by saying that in the paramagnetic region the system "thinks" EuSe should not order above T=0. Tc=0K is predicted by the Mermin-Wagner theorem (MW) for Heisenberg-coupled 2D...
Inverse problem of central configurations in the collinear 5-body problem

In this paper, we study the inverse problem of collinear central configurations of a 5-body problem: given a collinear configuration q = (−s − 1, −1, r, 1, t + 1) of 5 bodies, does there exist positive masses to make the configuration central? Here we proved the following results: If r = 0 and s = t > 0, there always exist positive masses to make the configuration central and the masses are symmetrical such that m1 = m5, m2 = m4, and m3 is an arbitrary parameter. Specially if r = 0 and s=t=s¯, the configuration q=(−s¯−1,−1,0,1,s¯+1) is always a central configuration for any positive masses 0 0, there also always exist positive masses to make the configuration central. For any r ∈ (0, 1) [or r ∈ (−1, 0)], there exist a set E14 (or E25) in the first quadrant of st-plane where every configuration is a central configuration for some positive masses. However, no configuration in the complement of E14 (or E25) is a central configuration for any positive masses.
Scalable ad-hoc UWB network adjustment

UWB-based ranging offers alternative positioning technique in GPS/GNSS-compromised or-denied environments. The UWB positioning relies on the set of static UWB nodes with known coordinates, called UWB network. The coordinates of UWB nodes for an ad-hoc network cannot be measured with alternative technique, such as total station, due to the short time window of the deployment. This is the case in many applications, such as navigating firefighters in a burning building or supporting indoor military operations. Thus, the UWB network has to calculate the node coordinates by itself using the mutually measured ranges among the nodes. Common solution is to use a central unit that collects all observations from the nodes, and then, it solves the network adjustment. Note that this solution is not scalable. For this reason, in this study, we assume that the network nodes share the measured ranges and other local information with their immediate neighbors, and this way, the need for a central unit is eliminated. Two distributed algorithms, namely the consensus subgradient and the accelerated weighted gradient methods, are investigated to solve the network adjustment problem. The algorithms are tested on three network configuration using simulations. We found that the accelerated weighted gradient methods outperforms the consensus subgradient methods in terms of convergence on the network adjustment problem, if global information of the network structure is available.