cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass and momentum conservation for fluid simulation

Momentum conservation has long been used as a design principle for solid simulation (e.g. collisions between rigid bodies, mass-spring elastic and damping forces, etc.), yet it has not been widely used for fluid simulation. In fact, semi-Lagrangian advection does not conserve momentum, but is still regularly used as a bread and butter method for fluid simulation. In this paper, we propose a modification to the semi-Lagrangian method in order to make it fully conserve momentum. While methods of this type have been proposed earlier in the computational physics literature, they are not necessarily appropriate for coarse grids, large time steps or inviscid flows, all of which are common in graphics applications. In addition, we show that the commonly used vorticity confinement turbulence model can be modified to exactly conserve momentum as well. We provide a number of examples that illustrate the benefits of this new approach, both in conserving fluid momentum and passively advected scalars such as smoke density. In particular, we show that our new method is amenable to efficient smoke simulation with one time step per frame, whereas the traditional non-conservative semi-Lagrangian method experiences serious artifacts when run with these large time steps, especially when object interaction is considered.
The influence of a forest canopy on top‐down and bottom‐up diffusion in the planetary boundary layer

Results from two nested-grid large-eddy simulations comparing cases with and without a plant canopy are presented. Through comparisons of numerically generated mean and turbulence statistics, the influence of a plant canopy with a leaf area index of two is shown to modify the air flow compared with an identical case without plants. Investigations of instantaneous fields and spatial spectra show that a plant canopy alters the spatial structure of turbulence and acts to shift the dominant scale to a scale on the order of the canopy height. Distributed drag and scalar sources, representing the presence of a scalar emitting deciduous forest, have little influence on top-down diffusion, but enhanced mixing and increased turbulence intensities result in a dramatic modification to bottom-up scalar diffusion up to ∼4.5 times the height of the canopy. Use of previously proposed bottom-up gradient function with observations of scalar gradients under unstable stability conditions at 50 m over a 25 m tall forest (leaf area index of two) are shown to lead to an underestimate of the scalar emission flux by a factor of four. New top-down and bottom-up functions are proposed to include these canopy-induced effects for this particular canopy. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Commentary: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists: Implications for Postdoctoral Training

Postdoctoral training is a critical milestone in the training of pediatric psychologists. It facilitates the development of clinical specialization and expertise through clinical experiences with specific pediatric populations, equips researchers to be competitive for funding and to become independent researchers, provides continued clinical experiences necessary for licensure, and, on a practical level, can facilitate the transition to employment.
Comparison of broadband noise mechanisms, analyses, and experiments on rotors

A study is made of the various mechanisms which generate broadband noise on a range of rotors The sources considered are load fluctuations due to inflow turbulence, due to turbulent boundary layers passing the blades' trailing edges, and due to tip vortex formation Vortex shedding noises due to laminar boundary layers and blunt trailing edges are not considered as they can be prevented in most cases Various prediction methods have been reviewed and extended in some cases An extensive search was made of existing experiments and calculations based on the various prediction methods were made This study shows that present analyses are adequate to predict the spectra from a wide variety of experiments on fans, full scale and model-scale helicopter rotors, wind turbines, and propellers to within about 5 to 10 dB Better knowledge of the inflow turbulence improves the accuracy of the predictions The results of this study indicate that inflow turbulence noise depends strongly on ambient conditions and dominates at low frequencies Trailing edge noise and tip vortex noise are important at higher frequencies if inflow turbulence is weak Boundary layer trailing edge noise is important especially in the presence of large rotors; it increases slowly with angle of attack but not as rapidly as tip vortex noise, which can be important at high angles of attack for wide chord, square edge tips
Sexual Function and Satisfaction in Adults Based on the Definition of Child Sexual Abuse

Introduction. The literature shows a discrepancy in the association between child sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual function. One of the proposed explanations for this discrepancy is the different ways in which CSA is assessed. While some studies explicitly ask potential participants whether they are sexual abuse survivors, others ask whether participants experienced specific unwanted sexual behaviors. Aim. This study investigated the differences between women who self-identified as CSA survivors, women who experienced similar unwanted sexual experiences but did not identify as CSA survivors (NSA), and women with no history of sexual abuse (control). CSA was defined as unwanted touching or penetration of the genitals before the age of 16. Methods. A sample of 699 college students anonymously completed a battery of questionnaires on sexuality and sexual abuse history. Main Outcome Measures. Sexual function was measured with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and sexual satisfaction was measured with the Sexual Satisfaction Scale-Women. History of CSA was measured with a modified version of Carlin and Ward's childhood abuse items. Results. Differences emerged between women who experienced sexual abuse before age 16 and women who never experienced sexual abuse (control) on the personal distress subscale of the Sexual Satisfaction Scale. The CSA group (N = 89) reported greater sexual distress compared to the NSA (N = 98) group, and the NSA group reported more distress than the control group (N = 512). No significant group differences were observed in the FSFI. Character- istics of the abuse that predicted whether women identified as CSA survivors included vaginal penetration, fear at the time of the abuse, familial relationship with the perpetrator, and chronic frequency of the abuse. These abuse characteristics were associated with sexual satisfaction but not with sexual function. Conclusions. Differences in levels of sexual satisfaction between women with and without a history of CSA were associated with the type of CSA definition adopted. It remains unexplained why the CSA group showed more personal distress about their sexuality but not more sexual dysfunction. Rellini A, and Meston C. Sexual function and satisfaction in adults based on the definition of child sexual abuse. J Sex Med 2007;4:1312-1321.
Synthesis of Pure and Manganese‐, Nickel‐, and Zinc‐Doped Ferrite Particles in Water‐in‐Oil Microemulsions

In recent years, the materials research focuses toward synthesis of finer and finer microstructural features. The unique properties of nanosized particles outweigh their higher production costs. Precipitation in microemulsion is one technique, which promises to produce small particles of controlled size and morphology at reasonable cost. The present study demonstrates the synthesis of nanocrystalline α-Fe 2 O 3 (hematite), Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 . and Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 particles in a reverse micellar microemulsion system [water-iso-octane-AOT (sodium di-2ethylhexylsulfosuccinate)]. The synthesis of α-Fe 2 O 3 is performed to obtain baseline data for the synthesis of Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 and Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 in the microemulsion system. Nanosized, spherical α-Fe 2 O 3 , Ni-Zn ferrite, and Mn-Zn ferrite particles (20-80 nm) with very narrow particle size distribution are synthesized. Crystallization of the particles is obtained at temperatures as low as 300°C.
Method for processing of fetal breathing epoch analysis: studies in the primate

An automated method for detecting fetal breathing and an analytic technique for providing significant data reduction that take the episodic nature of fetal breathing activity into account are described. The aim of the new technique, called epoch analysis, is to derive parameters of breathing and apnea that both summarize the activity and permit examination of its relationship to changes that occur naturally during day and night and with fetal maturation. The discussion covers: the acquisition of data from pregnant baboons; the breath detection process, for which a program was written; the recognition of breathing; computer recognition of artifacts; epoch characterization; validation of the methods of breath detection and epoch characterization; and application of the method. It is found that the technique has a broad capacity for data reduction and provides summaries of the activity that are amenable to analysis with standard statistical techniques. >
What is "nano" in the context of a filled dielectric?

Some evidence in the literature suggests that nano fillers in a polymer matrix can provide beneficial dielectric properties. The obvious question is "What is 'nano'?" Where and based on what criteria is a system nanofilled or microfilled? A statistical approach is applied to this problem to develop criteria based on worst case field conditions over critical distances. The criteria are based on previous work related to electrical tree initiation and insight gained from large scale 3-D field simulations of filled systems.
Minimal overwintering temperatures of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): a possible cue for emergence?

Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis(Say in James, 1823)) in Manitoba, Canada, undergo 8 months of continuous winter dormancy prior to spring emergence. As in other ectothermic species, increases in ground temperature may be the cue for emergence from winter dormancy in these populations. To test this hypothesis, we meas- ured body temperatures during winter dormancy by surgically implanting small temperature loggers into 32 female red- sided garter snakes before they entered their native hibernaculum. The following spring, we recaptured seven of the snakes implanted with temperature loggers. Body temperature declined gradually from mid-September (14.7 ± 0.24 8C, mean ± SE) to early April (1.1 ± 0.16 8C, mean ± SE) during winter dormancy, reaching minimal values approximately 1 month prior to spring emergence. Body temperatures of emerging snakes ranged from 0.5 8C during early spring to 6.3 8C during late spring (3.4 ± 0.84 8C, mean ± SE). These results do not support the hypothesis that an increase in ground temperature (and hence body temperature) is necessary for emergence from winter dormancy. We suggest that critically low tempera- tures (i.e., 0.5-1 8C) are a Zeitgeber entraining an endogenous circannual cycle that regulates snake emergence. These re- sults offer new insight into the mechanisms regulating seasonal emergence from winter dormancy. Resume ´ : Les couleuvres rayees aflancs rouges (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis(Say in James, 1823)) du Manitoba, Can-
The Evaluator/Researcher as Person vs. the Person as Evaluator/Researcher

This paper outlines two views of what it means to be a person and then discusses the relationship of these views to the issues of relativism and research methods. The contention is that relativism is an inevitable consequence of our interpretive or significance-making mode of being in the world. This is so for our daily lives and, because methodology is insufficient to allow us to transcend this mode of being, equally so for our professional lives. It is argued that what does not overly concern us at the former level, should likewise not concern us at the latter level.
Natural Observations of the Links between Attractiveness and Initial Legal Judgments

Employing natural observations, female and male courtroom judges set the fines or bail amounts in misdemeanor and felony cases for 915 female and 1,320 male defendants. These persons varied widely in attractiveness and were unable to alter their appearance before presentation to their judges. Police officers, acting as confederates, rated the defendants' attractiveness levels. These levels were compared with bails and fines set by the judges. Defendant attractiveness levels were important only in bail and fine amounts for misdemeanor charges, not for felonies. Implications of the results for additional inquiry in ecologically justifiable litigation settings are presented.
Pomacentrus aurifrons , a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from Melanesia

A new species of pomacentrid fish is described from coral reefs of Papua New Guinea. Specimens were collected by the author between 1982 and 2000. Pomacentrus aurifrons is described from 12 specimens, 22.4 61.5 mm SL, collected at depths between 7 12 m. It closely resembles P. smithi Fowler and Bean from Indonesia and the Philippines. These species have similar morphology but are easily distinguished by the taller dorsal fin of P. aurifrons (tallest dorsal ray averaging 1.37 in HL versus 1.65 in HL for P. smithi) and colour pattern differences, particularly the broad zone of yellow encompassing the snout, forehead, and base of the anterior dorsal spines.
Overview of Surgical Techniques and Implants for the Anterior Upper Cervical Spine

The upper cervical spine represents a unique biomechanical and anatomic region that requires specialized surgical techniques and implants. Most commonly, the upper cervical spine is affected by trauma (odontoid fractures and nonunions), occipital-cervical dislocations, or degenerative processes, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, which result in atlantoaxial instability. Trauma indications include Jefferson fractures with instability and disruption of the transverse ligament, odontoid fractures that are mobile in flexion and extension, and C1–2 dislocations. In rheumatoid degenerative instability of the C1–2 joints, the indications are also decompression of the spinal cord and then subsequent stabilization. The four most common surgical techniques for the region are anterior odontoid screw fixation, transoral resection of the odontoid process, posterior C1–2 fixation, and anterior transarticular screw fixation (Ruf M, Melcher R, Harms J, Transoral reduction and osteosynthesis C1 as a function-preserving option in the treatment of unstable Jefferson fractures, Spine 29:823–827, 2004; Russo A, Albanese E, Quiroga M, Ulm AJ, Submandibular approach to the C2–3 disc level: microsurgical anatomy with clinical application. J Neurosurg Spine 10:380–389, 2009; Schmelzle R, Harms J, [Craniocervical junction-diseases, diagnostic application of imaging procedures, surgical techniques], Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 32:206–208, 1987; Vender JR, Harrison SJ, McDonnell DE, Fusion and instrumentation at C1–3 via the high anterior cervical approach. J Neurosurg 92:24–29; 2000).
Parasitic Disease of the Bovine Nervous System

Parasitic disease of the nervous system of cattle is mainly caused by migrating nematodes, expanding cestode cysts, or by rickettsiae and protozoa in the central nervous system. Common parasitic causes of neurologic diseases in cattle in the United States are Hypoderma larvae, toxins produced by Dermacentor ticks, and metabolic changes associated with intestinal coccidiosis.
Abstract 1534: Bioassay-guided identification of novel P-glycoprotein inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is an obstacle for therapeutic success of anticancer agents. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by ABCB1 gene, plays a key role in conferring MDR via active efflux of anticancer drugs from cells. Previous efforts with several generations of P-gp inhibitors had not been successful in modulating clinical MDR. Recently, an increasing number of cancer patients are using complementary and alternative medicines, in particular, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), in combination with conventional anticancer agents. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of TCM extracts on modulating P-gp function. We initiated our study from four single herbal products (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Hibiscus syriacus, Tripterygium wilfordii, and Cephalotaxus sinensis) and one formula of herbal mixture (Si-Wu-Tang), using a bio-assay guided fractionation method. Crude extracts were firstly prepared with ethanol. The most active extracts identified were further extracted with hexane, chloroform, acetone and ethanol sequentially to obtain fractions of increasing polarity. The MDR modulating effects of the crude extracts and individual fractions were evaluated based on their capability to enhance daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation in P-gp over-expressing human leukemia cell line K562/DOX. The intracellular fluorescence intensity in the presence or absence of test drugs or known P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine A (10 µM) was measured by flow cytometer. The crude extracts were also tested for cytotoxicity against K562/DOX cells by the MTS cell proliferation assay. This study revealed that among the five TCMs, the crude extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii demonstrated a dose-dependent effect on increasing the DNR accumulation, indicating the presence of novel P-gp inhibitor(s). Upon further separation, the chloroform fractions of this herb showed the highest P-gp inhibitory activity. However, known compounds present in this herb, celastrol, triptolide and myristic acid did not show effects on DNR accumulation. Most of the plant extracts tested were able to inhibit the growth of K562/DOX cells with Cephalotaxus sinensis being the most effective, consistent with literature reports that this herb contains highly cytotoxic compound homoharringtonine and congeners. The potency of P-gp inhibition for the five TCMs was not correlated with their cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the chloroform fractions of Tripterygium wilfordii contain unknown components for P-gp inhibition. Our current efforts are focused on isolation and identification of active compounds from it. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1534.
Co(III)-porphyrin-mediated highly regioselective ring-opening of terminal epoxides with alcohols and phenols

Co-T(p-OMe)PP-SbF6 (1-SbF6, T(p-OMe)PP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrinato) is demonstrated to be a highly active and regioselective catalyst in the ring-opening of various epoxides with alcohols and phenols. 1-SbF6 is demonstrated to be twice as active as the established Co-salen-SbF6 (2-SbF6, salen = trans-N,N-bis(3,5-ditertbutylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine) catalyst, exhibiting >99% regioselectivity in many cases. The catalyst is suggested to promote the ring-opening via a cooperative bimolecular mechanism because the Co-porphyrin dimer, 1d-OTs, is significantly more active compared with the monomeric catalyst, 1-OTs.
The Salton Sea Geothermal Field as a Natural Analog for the Near-Field in a Salt High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository

The Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF), on the delta of the Colorado River in southern California, is being studied as a natural analog for the near-field environment of proposed nuclear waste repositories in salt. A combination of mineralogical and geochemical methods is being employed to develop a three dimensional picture of temperature, salinity, lithology, mineralogy, and chemistry of reactions between the reservoir rocks and the hot brines. Our aim is to obtain quantitative data on mineral stabilities and on mobilities of the naturally occurring radionuclides of concern in Commercial High-Level Waste (CHLW). These data will be used to validate the EQ3/6 geochemical code under development to model the salt near-field repository behavior. Maximum temperatures encountered in wells in the SSGF equal or exceed peak temperatures expected in a salt repository. Brines produced from these wells have major element chemistry similar to brines from candidate salt sites. Relative to the rocks, these brines are enriched in Na, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ra and Po, depleted in Ba, Si, Mg, Ti, and Al, and strongly depleted in U and Th. However the unaltered rocks contain only about 2–3 ppm of U and 4–12 ppm of Th, largely in detrital epidotes and zircons. Samples of hydrothermally altered rocks from a wide range of temperature and salinity show rather similar uniform low concentrations of these elements, even when authigenic illite, chlorite, epidote and feldspar are present. These observations suggest that U and Th are relatively immobile in these hot brines. However Ra, Po, Cs and Sr are relatively mobile. Work is continuing to document naturally occurring radionuclide partitioning between SSGF minerals and brine over a range of temperature, salinity, and lithology.
MEASURING WORKAHOLISM: CONTENT VALIDITY OF THE WORK ADDICTION RISK TEST ', '

A total of 20 psychotherapists, randomly selected from a state list, critically examined the 25 items on the Work Addiction Risk Test for content validity. Subjects were asked to identify 25 items from a list of 35 which most accurately measured work addiction. Selected test items have generally high content validity for the domain of work addiction.
Mass Revolution and Totalitarianism

THE first of the two books reviewed, Professor Vali's, is-despite some of the criticism that will follow-the best and most comprehensive historical study of the Hungarian revolution so far available. Rift and Revolt in Hungary leads us through a whole period of Hungarian history, from the establishment of the Stalinist dictatorship in I949 to the postrevolutionary consolidation of the regime in I957-I958. The narrative takes place in the broader contexts of "satellitism" and Soviet policies toward East-Central Europe. The trauma of the Rakosi terror (I949-I953), the first experiment with the "New Course" (0953I955), the serious division of Party ranks (i955-i956), and finally the explosion of i956 unfold through the description of the simultaneous crisis of the Soviet Empire. The title itself reflects the dual pattern of events: the rift within the Communist leadership, and the revolt of the masses that in the end overthrew the Communist regime. Professor Vali's analysis leans heavily on ethnic, religious, and cultural factors. The subtitle of the volume is Nationalism versus Communism and, indeed, the struggle between two ideologies occupies a central position in the book. Accordingly, "the case study [of Hungary] begins a thousand years ago" (p. i9). Vali sees the dynamics of the Hungarian revolution in national aspirations that were frustrated by Great Russian nationalism and an alien political form, the two factors reciprocally enhancing each other's momentum (p. 494). The test of the proposition is a comparison of Hungary's experience with that of the other European satellite countries, from which the hypothesis emerges that resistance to communism tends to be highest where religion, pro-Slav national affinities, or national phobias other than antiRussian (e.g., anti-German) do least to mitigate frustrations produced by Russian domination. Hungary was the satellite most prone to revolt against communism because, by traditional, ethnic, and religious factors
Is There a Transgender Canon?: Information Seeking and Use in the Transgender Community

Because transgender issues are not often openly discussed, little is known about the transgender community and its information needs. Yet, people who are dealing with transgender issues may have pressing needs. In ongoing focus group research we are exploring the ways in which members of the community have sought to meet their own information needs. En raison du fait que les problemes transgenres sont rarement abordes ouvertement, on connait peu de choses sur la communaute transgenre et sur ses besoins informationnels. Cependant, les individus qui sont confrontes aux problemes transgenres peuvent avoir des besoins pressants. A l’aide d’un groupe de discussion permanent, nous explorons les methodes utilisees par les membres de cette communaute pour combler leurs propres besoins informationnels.
Study on Hot-Dip Aluminizing Technology for Oil Pipe Steels and Properties of the Hot-Dipped Aluminizing Coating

The oil pipes made of J55 and N80 steels are liable to corrosion-induced perforation, which leads to serious obstacle and damage to the safe production in oil fields. Fortunately, it is feasible to greatly increase the heat-and corrosion-resistance of the steels making use of hot-dip aluminizing. Thus a study was made with respect to the optimization of hot-dip aluminizing technology for the oil pipe steels, and the two-bath flux method was established as the optimal aluminizing technology for the oil pipe steels, based on comparison with various other methods for aluminizing. The thickness and microstructure of the resulting hot-dip aluminizing coatings on J55 and N80 steels were analyzed by means of optical microscopy. The corrosion resistance of the J55 and N80 steels, with and without the hot-dip aluminizing coatings, immersed in aqueous solution of 3% NaCl was comparatively evaluated, while the fracture strength of the J55 and N80 steels with and without the hot-dip aluminizing coatings was determined using a pull-force machine for strength measurement. The results showed that the hot-dip aluminizing coatings on both the J55 and N80 steels were composed of aluminum layer and Fe-Al intermetallic compound layer. The J55 and N80 steels coated with the hot-dip aluminizing coatings showed better corrosion resistance than those without the aluminizing coatings, but the mechanical strength of the aluminized steels was decreased to some extent. Namely, owing to the tempering at high temperature and growing up of carbides during the aluminizing process, the fracture strength of the aluminized J55 and N80 steels dropped by 10.5% and 8.2%, respectively, as compared to those without aluminizing.
Application adaptive dynamic grid to coupled motion of fluid and floating body

In order to overcome the difficulties of the large amplitude motion of floating body in fluid field and to compute wave profile and forces acting on solid body more accurately,ALE(arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian) method was used to build the mathematical model of fluid-solid coupled motion with free surface.The dynamic grid was applied to tracking the motion of the floating body.The adaptive grid was utilized to fine the grids near the free surface.The motions of floating body coupled with inviscid and viscous fluid were calculated and compared with the analytical ones from spring-object vibrating model.The swaying with initial list angle of the floating body coupled with viscous flow was also computed.The results show that the heaving of the floating body in inviscid flow well agrees with the one from the spring-object vibration model.In viscous flow,the agreement between the heaving of the floating body and the practical one was sound because it was the damping vibration,and the angle of list decreased with the time.The list vibration of the floating body well agrees with the one from the theory in the case of small angle.The results show that the computational program is reliable and accurate.The job laid a foundation for application of ALE method to analyzing fluid-multibody coupled motion in the future.
Picliucci, M. 2002. Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science. Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts. 338 pp. ISBN 0-87893-659-9, price (paper), $24.95

M. Picliucci 2002. Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts. 338pp. ISBN 0-87893-659-9, price (paper), $24.95. All science educators, from elementary school to graduate school, should both be aware of the creation-evolution debate and be armed with the knowledge necessary to engage in it in a manner meaningful to their students. Difficulty arises because this debate is not a scientific one, but involves core belief systems. Numerous volumes that address this debate ah-eady exist, but Denying Evolution addresses the underlying reasons for the debate from both points of view. Although this topic often is emotional, Pigliucci discusses it clearly and objectively. Whereas this is stated as the major goal of the book, a great deal of time is also spent debunking creationists' arguments against evolution. Many of these are addressed in other works, and the author presents no new insights. Nonetheless, he does discuss several scientific fallacies (such as the Piltdown Man hoax). Few scientists like to discuss these because they highlight errors made and propagated by scientists. However, Pigliucci pays these errors great justice by pointing out that scientists eventually discover and correct them. The book begins with a brief history of the creation-evolution debate, during which the author makes 2 interesting points. …
Hyperthermia in cancer treatment (I).

In recent years there have been numerous randomized and nonrandomized studies conducted to assess the efficacy of hyperthermia combined with either radiation therapy or chemotherapy especially in the treatment of superficially seated malignant tumors. The major impact of hyperthermia is currently on loco-regional control of tumor. Heat may be directly cytotoxic to tumor cells or inhibit repair of both sublethal and potentially lethal damage after radiation. These effects are augmented by the physiological conditions in tumor which lead to states of acidosis and hypoxia. Blood flow is often impaired in tumor relative to normal tissue, and hyperthermia may lead to a further decrease in blood flow and augment heat-sensitivity. Three major areas of clinical investigation have borne the greatest fruit for hyperthermia as adjunctive therapy to radiation therapy. These include recurrent and primary breast lesions, melanoma, and head and neck neoplasms. Thermal enhancement ratio was increased in all cases and is estimated to be 1.4 for neck nodes, 1.5 for breast and 2 for malignant melanoma. In general, the most important prognostic factors for complete response are radiation dose, tumor size and minimal thermal parameters (minimal thermal dose (t43min), mean minimal temperature (Tmin) or T90, i.e., temperature exceeded by 90% of thermal sensors). The number of heat fractions administered per week appears to have no bearing on the overall response, which may be indicative of the effects of thermotolerance. The total number of heat fractions delivered also appears irrelevant provided adequate heat is delivered in one or two sessions. The major prognostic factors for the duration of local control are tumor histology, concurrent radiation therapy, dose, tumor depth and Tmin.
School Psychologists and School Counselors’ Perspectives on Bullying

In this chapter, DeOrnellas and Palomares outline the roles of school psychologists and school counselors. Despite differences in the responsibilities of school psychologists and school counselors, their training as mental health professionals often puts them at the forefront when bullying becomes a problem in the schools they serve. DeOrnellas and Palomares describe how both professionals may work individually with students who have been bullied or who are bullies as well as how they often take a broader role by developing or implementing school- or district-wide programs to prevent bullying by instituting a “culture of respect” for all students. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the roles of school psychologists and school counselors in planning and implementing evidence-based bully prevention programs.
Cinematic Explosion: New Products, Unpredictabilty and Realized Quality in the Digital Era

While file sharing has undermined firms’ ability to generate revenue for their products, other technological change has reduced entry barriers in cultural industries, with substantial positive impacts on the availability of new books and recorded music. Unpredictability of product quality is a generic feature of cultural goods, including music, books and movies, so an infusion of new products holds the possibility of bringing not just low-appeal products but also new products that consumers find highly appealing. This paper explores the effects of reduced costs of production, promotion and distribution in the motion picture industry, asking four questions. First, we document substantial growth in the number of movies brought to market, particularly since the early 2000's. Second, we document growth in institutions by which consumers can discover new movies, many of which are produced outside of the major studios and not released in theaters. Third, we show that the new independent movies account for a growing share of commercially successful movies. Finally, we present evidence, based on both critical assessments and usage, that recent vintages are more appealing to consumers than earlier offerings. These findings on movies echo developments documented elsewhere for recorded music and books.
Advanced lithographic filtration and contamination control for 14nm node and beyond semiconductor processes

Two versions of a specific 2nm rated filter containing filtration medium and all other components produced from high density polyethylene (HDPE), one subjected to standard cleaning, the other to specialized ultra-cleaning, were evaluated in terms of their cleanliness characteristics, and also defectivity of wafers processed with photoresist filtered through each. With respect to inherent cleanliness, the ultraclean version exhibited a 70% reduction in total metal extractables and 90% reduction in organics extractables compared to the standard clean version. In terms of particulate cleanliness, the ultraclean version achieved stability of effluent particles 30nm and larger in about half the time required by the standard clean version, also exhibiting effluent levels at stability almost 90% lower. In evaluating defectivity of blanket wafers processed with photoresist filtered through either version, initial defect density while using the ultraclean version was about half that observed when the standard clean version was in service, with defectivity also falling more rapidly during subsequent usage of the ultraclean version compared to the standard clean version. Similar behavior was observed for patterned wafers, where the enhanced defect reduction was primarily of bridging defects. The filter evaluation and actual process-oriented results demonstrate the extreme value in using filtration designed possessing the optimal intrinsic characteristics, but with further improvements possible through enhanced cleaning processes
Cross-resistance to purified Bt proteins, Bt corn and Bt cotton in a Cry2Ab2-corn resistant strain of Spodoptera frugiperda

BACKGROUND Gene-pyramiding by combining two or more dissimilar Bt proteins into a crop has been used to delay insect resistance. The durability of gene-pyramiding can be reduced by cross-resistance. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major target pest of the Cry2Ab2 protein used in pyramided Bt corn and cotton. Here, we provide the first experimental evaluation of cross-resistance in S. frugiperda selected with Cry2Ab2 corn to multiple Bt sources including purified Bt proteins, Bt corn and Bt cotton. RESULTS Concentration-response bioassays showed that resistance ratios for Cry2Ab2-resistant (RR) relative to -susceptible (SS) S. frugiperda were −1.4 for Cry1F, 1.2 for Cry1A.105, >26.7 for Cry2Ab2, > 10.0 for Cry2Ae, and −1.1 for Vip3A. Larvae of Cry2Ab2-heterozygous (RS), SS, and RR S. frugiperda were all susceptible to Bt corn and Bt cotton containing Cry1 (Cry1F or Cry1A.105) and/or Vip3A proteins. Pyramided Bt cotton containing Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab2 or Cry1Ab+Cry2Ae were also effective against SS and RS, but not RR. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Cry2Ab2-corn selected S. frugiperda is not cross-resistant to Cry1F, Cry1A.105, or Vip3A protein, or corn and cotton plants containing these Bt proteins, but it can cause strong cross-resistance to Cry2Ae and Bt crops expressing similar Bt proteins.
Cultura no ensino de língua estrangeira

No ensino de lingua estrangeira * , o ensino de cultura ainda e um tema de debate acalorado. O que e cultura? Qual e a sua relacao com a lingua? Qual cultura deve ser ensinada? A cultura de quem? Qual o papel da cultura do aluno no processo de aquisicao de conhecimento da cultura-alvo? Como podemos evitar a essencializacao das culturas e o ensino de estereotipos culturais? Ainda, como podemos desenvolver, nos alunos, uma competencia intercultural em que a sua cultura e a cultura-alvo nao sejam tratadas de forma injusta, mas que sejam percebidas como mediadores culturais em um mundo globalizado? Este artigo explora essas questoes a partir da perspectiva obtida por meio de inumeras pesquisas desenvolvidas na Australia, na Europa e nos Estados Unidos nos ultimos 20 anos. Tambem relaciona o estudo da cultura com o estudo do discurso (KRAMSCH, 1993, 1998, 2004) e com o conceito de competencia transcultural e translingual proposto pela Modern Language Association (KRAMSCH, 2010). Uma atencao especial sera dada ao papel inigualavel que a antiga cultura persa pode ter como promotora dos mediadores culturais de amanha. * Esta e uma traducao do artigo Culture in Foreign Language Teaching, publicado no Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research (http://www.urmia.ac.ir/ijltr), v. 1, n. 1, 2013. A publicacao da traducao foi autorizada pela autora, em email enviado no dia 12/04/2017, e pelo Editor-Chefe do periodico, o Dr. Karim Sadeghi, em email enviado no dia 23/06/2017. O link para o texto em ingles e http://www.urmia.ac.ir/ sites/www.urmia.ac.ir/files/Article%204_1.pdf
Somali American female refugees discuss their attitudes toward homosexuality and the gay and lesbian community.

UCare Fund of the Minnesota Medical Foundation [grant number 2010-02R]; The New Researcher Award, St. Cloud State University; The IDEA Multicultural Research Award, University of Minnesota; The Planning Grant in Health Disparities Research [grant number PHDR-2009-301].
Sequential function approximation on arbitrarily distributed point sets

Abstract We present a randomized iterative method for approximating unknown function sequentially on arbitrary point set. The method is based on a recently developed sequential approximation (SA) method, which approximates a target function using one data point at each step and avoids matrix operations. The focus of this paper is on data sets with highly irregular distribution of the points. We present a nearest neighbor replacement (NNR) algorithm, which allows one to sample the irregular data sets in a near optimal manner. We provide mathematical justification and error estimates for the NNR algorithm. Extensive numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate that the NNR algorithm can deliver satisfactory convergence for the SA method on data sets with high irregularity in their point distributions.
140 Making every day count for patients in an acute hospital at the end of life: silver to gold bed days

Background Wirral University Teaching Hospitals NHS FT serves a population of 330,000. Patients who subsequently die in hospital spend 21 days (mean) of their last 100 days of life in hospital. When time is so precious, it is crucial that every day spent in hospital 9counts9. Inpatient specialist palliative care and end of life care provisions was fragmented. The aim was to improve care and cohesiveness by putting patient9s wishes at the centre of clinical process. Methods The 9red to green days9 concept (developed for Safer Patient Flow) was adapted to focus on patient experience of care. At the start of the day a board round assesses 9what matters most today9 for each patient, with agreed actions across the team. The patient9s day starts as silver and is then recorded as 9gold9 only if progress is made against the patient9s expressed wishes. A silver day means a patient receives high quality care, but no action to achieve wishes. The team applied 9Plan Do Study Act9 methods to develop this approach from concept to practice. Results Patients9 wishes were more consistently understood and met. Examples include: obtaining a wig, a urinary catheter, complex spiritual care, wedding ceremony, rapid discharge, hospice bed, physical symptom control. The focus on 9what matters most9 to patients increased team cohesiveness, greater peer support and shared responsibility rather than individual caseloads. Performance was monitored using Statistical Process Control and ongoing analysis of barriers to achieving a gold day. There is an association between patient flow and the ability of the SPC team to meet patient wishes. Conclusions A singe focus on patients9 wishes and what matters to them helps team working together to meeting these goals. Collecting evidence on why patients are unable to achieve their wishes supports thematic learning to guide future commissioning and service developments.
Cyclodextrins and Nanostructured Porous Inorganic Materials

The discovery of ordered mesoporous materials in 1992 by Mobil Oil Corporation (Mobils) scientists has opened great opportunities for new applications in many emerging fields such as heterogeneous catalysis, biocatalysis, energy conversion, biosensors, photocatalytic devices and environmental technologies. Porous materials are grouped by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) into three classes according to their pore diameter: microporous ( 50 nm). One of the most versatile methods for the preparation of these materials is the soft-template approach which combines the sol-gel process with the molecular self-assembly. Materials with monodisperse particle sizes, well-defined architectures and tunable porosity can be built by this approach using micelles formed by ionic or non-ionic surfactants, as well as amphiphilic polymers, as templates. On the other hand, the supramolecular assemblies formed between cyclodextrins and block copolymers have been less investigated in the literature for the preparation of inorganic materials or nanocomposites, despite their large chemical and structural diversity.
Long-term care, rehabilitation, and legal and ethical considerations in the management of neuromuscular disease with respiratory dysfunction.

SUMMARY Neuromuscular disease, while for the most part progressive, allows for ample time to discuss options for long-term care. Frank discussions among clinicians, the patient, and family will allow for an ethical decision process. With the clinician’s awareness of the inherent difficulties in judging life satisfaction, an early discussion of first noninvasive measures, then tracheostomy with positive pressure ventilation, will allow for a rational, moral, and continuing treatment plan. The early introduction of rehabilitation techniques should allow for maximal time in the home setting where life satisfaction may be enhanced. As the disease progresses, the issues such as ventilator withdrawal or even the decision not to initiate invasive ventilation need to be addressed. The better our understanding, through continuing study of NMD, of the instances when the use of continued technology will enhance life, will support ethical discussions, guide clinicians and patients, and help shape a national health-care agenda.
Prefrontal Limbic-Striatal Circuits and Alcohol Addiction in Humans

Growing evidence from human neuroscience indicates the critical importance of the prefrontal-limbic-striatal (PLS) circuit in the experience and regulation of emotion, stress, reward learning, and decision making. Alcohol is a powerful modulator of emotions, indicating the high relevance of the PLS circuit to alcohol addiction. This chapter reviews key PLS regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and ventral striatum and their functions, followed by evidence supporting the effects of dysfunctional PLS circuit in increasing risk for alcohol addiction. The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the PLS circuit is also presented. Finally, dysfunction of this circuit and its relationship to high alcohol craving and relapse risk are discussed. We conclude that critical gene and environmental adversity interactions influence the PLS circuit function, which in turn affects vulnerability to the development of alcohol addiction as well as relapse risk in the course of recovery from alcoholism.
A Deep Neural Network Model using Random Forest to Extract Feature Representation for Gene Expression Data Classification.

In predictive model development, gene expression data is associated with the unique challenge that the number of samples (n) is much smaller than the amount of features (p). This “n ≪ p” property has prevented classification of gene expression data from deep learning techniques, which have been proved powerful under “n > p” scenarios in other application fields, such as image classification. Further, the sparsity of effective features with unknown correlation structures in gene expression profiles brings more challenges for classification tasks. To tackle these problems, we propose a newly developed classifier named Forest Deep Neural Network (fDNN), to integrate the deep neural network architecture with a supervised forest feature detector. Using this built-in feature detector, the method is able to learn sparse feature representations and feed the representations into a neural network to mitigate the overfitting problem. Simulation experiments and real data analyses using two RNA-seq expression datasets are conducted to evaluate fDNN’s capability. The method is demonstrated a useful addition to current predictive models with better classification performance and more meaningful selected features compared to ordinary random forests and deep neural networks.
Three-Point Functions for MN/SN Orbifolds¶with?= 4 Supersymmetry

The D1–D5 system is believed to have an “orbifold point” in its moduli space where its low energy theory is a ?=4 supersymmetric sigma model with target space MN/SN, where M is T4 or K3. We study correlation functions of chiral operators in CFTs arising from such a theory. We construct a basic class of chiral operators from twist fields of the symmetric group and the generators of the superconformal algebra. We find explicitly the 3-point functions for these chiral fields at large N; these expressions are “universal” in that they are independent of the choice of M. We observe that the result is a significantly simpler expression than the corresponding expression for the bosonic theory based on the same orbifold target space.
Regionalism With and Without Metropolitanism: Governance Structures of Rural and Non-Rural Regional Intergovernmental Organizations

While prior scholarship has investigated many tools for regional governance across the rural-to-urban spectrum, the literature on regional organizations (councils of governments, planning district ...