cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the Indian Ocean in determining the tropical pacific SST response to radiative forcing in an idealized model

Abstract The complexity of the tropical climate system demands the development of a hierarchy of models to ensure our understanding of its response to anthropogenic forcing. The response of the tropical Pacific Ocean to radiative forcing has been studied previously with a box model. The model has provided insights into the tropical Pacific climate change that are otherwise not easily attainable. But that model only encompasses the tropical Pacific region. Recent studies have also shown that the Indian Ocean (IO) may be important in the response of the Pacific Walker circulation to radiative forcing, raising the need to expand the model to take into account the role of IO. This study presents the results concerning the tropical Pacific response to radiative forcing from an expanded-box model that includes the tropical IO, which influences the tropical Pacific through an inter-basin SST gradient. The three-box model predicts an enhanced zonal SST gradient in tropical Pacific in response to the increased radiative forcing, similar to the previous two-box model. It is further noted that in the three-box model, a warmer IO relative to the Pacific enhances Pacific easterlies and subsequently strengthens the equatorial ocean circulation. Because of this ocean dynamical cooling, the warming response in the Pacific is effectively reduced in the three-box model that includes the role of IO compared with that in the two-box model. The role of the IO warming trend in enhancing the Pacific trade winds is confirmed using an atmospheric general circulation model experiment. These results may help to fully explain the relatively small observed warming trend in the tropical Pacific compared to that in the tropical IO evident in 20th century SST reconstructions.
A Holistic Approach to Streamlining Pharmaceutical Processes: A Conversation.

Nearly 10 years ago, Frank Gupton and I had a chance encounter where we learned that we both had interest in creating efficient routes to generic medicines. Lucky for me, Frank and I began mentoring each other—Frank teaching me wisdom gained from 30 years in industry and I sharing what I knew about the academic world. As some who know Frank will understand, his lessons in some cases seem devilishly obvious and should be chanted daily like a zen koan while others are subtle and complex, requiring many years of reflection. Frank was asked by OPR&D to offer these lessons in a condensed form so that others might learn what I have. Frank and I decided that a transcript of our many conversations condensed into one document might do the trick.
The Influence of Conservative Surgery on Growth and Occlusion

This chapter shows skeletal and facial growth patterns inherent in the patient. The interaction of surgery with facial and palatal growth and the degree of palatal osteogenesis are all the factors that need to be considered in treatment planning.
Hierarchical control of locomotion by distinct types of spinal V2a interneurons in zebrafish

In all vertebrates, excitatory spinal interneurons execute dynamic adjustments in the timing and amplitude of locomotor movements. Currently, it is unclear whether interneurons responsible for timing control are distinct from those involved in amplitude control. Here, we show that in larval zebrafish, molecularly, morphologically and electrophysiologically distinct types of V2a neurons exhibit complementary patterns of connectivity. Stronger higher-order connections from type I neurons to other excitatory V2a and inhibitory V0d interneurons provide timing control, while stronger last-order connections from type II neurons to motor neurons provide amplitude control. Thus, timing and amplitude are coordinated by distinct interneurons distinguished not by their occupation of hierarchically-arranged anatomical layers, but rather by differences in the reliability and probability of higher-order and last-order connections that ultimately form a single anatomical layer. These findings contribute to our understanding of the origins of timing and amplitude control in the spinal cord.
Inhibitors of tri- and tetra- polyamine oxidation, but not diamine oxidation, impair the initial stages of wound-induced suberization

The mechanisms regulating, and modulating potato wound-healing processes are of great importance in reducing tuber infections, reducing shrinkage and maintaining quality and nutritional value for growers and consumers. Wound-induced changes in tuber polyamine metabolism have been linked to the modulation of wound healing (WH) and in possibly providing the crucial amount of H2O2 required for suberization processes. In this investigation we determined the effect of inhibition of specific steps within the pathway of polyamine metabolism on polyamine content and the initial accumulation of suberin polyphenolics (SPP) during WH. The accumulation of SPP represents a critical part of the beginning or inchoate phase of tuber WH during closing-layer formation because it serves as a barrier to bacterial infection and is a requisite for the accumulation of suberin polyaliphatics which provide the barrier to fungal infection. Results showed that the inhibitor treatments that caused changes in polyamine content generally did not influence wound-induced accumulation of SPP. Such lack of correlation was found for inhibitors involved in metabolism and oxidation of putrescine (arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and diamine oxidase). However, accumulation of SPP was dramatically reduced by treatment with guazatine, a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase (PAO), and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), a putative inhibitor of S-adenosylmethione decarboxylase which may also cross-react to inhibit PAO. The mode of action of these inhibitors is presumed to be blockage of essential H2O2 production within the WH cell wall. These results are of great importance in understanding the mechanisms modulating WH and ultimately controlling related infections and associated postharvest losses.
Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Polycrystalline NiAl at 1000 K

The low-cycle fatigue behavior of polycrystalline NiAl was determined at 1000 K, a temperature above the monotonic brittle-to-ductile transition temperature (BDTT). Fully reversed, plastic strain-controlled fatigue tests were conducted on B2 intermetallic samples prepared by two fab-rication techniques: hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of prealloyed powders and extrusion of vacuum induction-melted [cast plus extruded (C+E)] castings. At 1000 K, in an air environment both the hot-isostatically pressed (“hipped”) and C + E samples cyclically softened throughout most of their fatigue lives, though the absolute change in stress was no greater than about 35 MPa. At this temperature, samples were insensitive to processing defects, which were a source of failure initiation in room-temperature tests. The processing method had a small effect on fatigue life; the lives of the hipped samples were about a factor of 3 shorter than the fatigue lives of the C+E NiAl. The C+E material also underwent dynamic grain growth during testing, while the hipped NiAl maintained a constant grain size. Stable fatigue-crack growth in both materials was intergranular in nature, while final fracture by tensile overload occurred by transgranular cleavage. However, at plastic strain ranges below 0.3 pct, the fatigue lives of the hipped NiAl were controlled by intergranular cavitation and creep processes such that the fatigue lives were shorter than anticipated. Finally, hipped samples tested in vacuum had a factor of 3 longer life than specimens tested in air. A comparison of NiAl to typical superalloys (which it may replace) showed that NiAl exhibited a superior fatigue life on a plastic strain basis but was inferior to most superalloys on a stress basis.
Augmented Reality als Teil des Messe-Erlebnisses: Eine Vision zum Einsatz von AR als Service für Messeteilnehmer

Fachmessen spielen fur Unternehmen eine bedeutende Rolle und haben nach der eigenen Homepage die zweithochste Wichtigkeit im Kommunikations-Mix (vgl. AUMA e.V. 2016, S. 17). Viele Unternehmen nutzen das Medium Fachmesse unter anderem, um Produkte und Innovationen prasentieren zu konnen, Kontakte zu knupfen und zu pflegen und sich im Wettbewerbsumfeld zu positionieren.
Social Determinants of Health and Care Outcomes Among People With HIV in the United States.

Background Fewer than 70% of people with HIV (PWH) in the United States have achieved durable viral suppression. To end the HIV epidemic in the United States, clinicians, researchers, and public health practitioners must devise ways to remove barriers to effective HIV treatment. To identify PWH who experience challenges to accessing health care, we created a simple assessment of social determinants of health (SDOH) among PWH and examined the impact of cumulative social and economic disadvantage on key HIV care outcomes. Methods We used data from the 2015-2019 Medical Monitoring Project, a yearly cross-sectional survey of PWH in the United States (n = 15 964). We created a 10-item index of SDOH and assessed differences in HIV care outcomes of missed medical appointments, medication adherence, and durable viral suppression by SDOH using this index using prevalence ratios with predicted marginal means. Results Eighty-three percent of PWH reported at least 1 SDOH indicator. Compared with PWH who experienced none of the SDOH indicators, people who experienced 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more SDOH indicators were 1.6, 2.1, 2.6, and 3.6 as likely to miss a medical appointment in the prior year; 11%, 17%, 20%, and 31% less likely to report excellent adherence in the prior 30 days; and 2%, 4%, 10%, and 20% less likely to achieve durable viral suppression in the prior year, respectively. Conclusions Among PWH, cumulative exposure to social and economic disadvantage impacts care outcomes in a dose-dependent fashion. A simple index may identify PWH experiencing barriers to HIV care, adherence, and durable viral suppression in need of critical supportive services.
VIRTUAL FACTORIES AND DYNAMIC CORE COMPETENCY: A CASE STUDY OF ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR ENGINEERING

Due to globalization, advanced information and communication technology has fuelled competition, and building and sustaining of competition advantages are major concerns of companies. Developing dynamic core competency has become a new competition strategy and an important way to help companies remain flexible and able to respond quickly to unpredicted changes in the environment. The development of dynamic core competences requires accumulation of technology and skill over time. In turn, companies can exploit these invisible assets to develop new products and new markets and to out-compete competitors. The Internet could provide value-added service to allow companies to communicate with each other. As such, the Internet-based virtual factory had been implemented to facilitate connections among partners. Taiwan based company Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE), one of the world’s largest integrated circuit assembly and testing manufacturers, has constructed its virtual IC factory to strengthen bonds with upstream customers. Customers are able to directly access ASE’s information system and thereby receive immediate status reports of their orders or other types of feedback. In this paper, the framework of ASE’s virtual IC factory is introduced, and the competitive advantages resulted from this virtual factory are investigated. Implications of ASE’s experience are then discussed. Keyword: Virtual factory, Internet, Electronic commerce, Dynamic core competency
Adenosine pathway is associated with the control of immune activation and inflammation in nonprogressive SIV infection (VIR1P.1009)

Adenosine (ADO) is associated with immunosuppression in multiple diseases, yet its role in modulating immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL) in HIV-1/SIV infection is unclear. We compared changes in ADO pathway-associated markers between African green monkeys (AGMs) that control SIV-related IA/INFL and pigtailed macaques (PTMs) that exhibit IA/INFL associated with AIDS progression. CD39/CD73 and CD26 (which promote ADO production or breakdown to inosine) were assessed by flow cytometry on T cells from blood, lymph nodes (LNs) and intestine of AGMs and PTMs pre and post SIV infection. ADO was measured by mass spectrometry in frozen tissues. Baseline CD39/CD73 expression on Tregs from LNs and intestine were intrinsically high in AGMs and remained high throughout SIV infection. CD26 and inosine did not change in AGMs. In the gut, basal ADO was high in AGMs and further increased early after infection. Conversely, in PTMs, CD26 expression dramatically increased in the gut early in infection, a change associated with increased inosine. CD39/CD73 only increased during late infection in PTMs. Our results suggest a key role for ADO in the control of IA/INFL in nonprogressive SIV infections and that ADO production may be counteracted by the early increase of CD26 in pathogenic HIV/SIV. Furthermore, changes of ADO levels predominately occur in the gut rather than in blood or LNs, suggesting that future studies of the ADO pathway should focus on mucosal sites of viral replication.
Clays and humic acids affect the persistence and biological activity of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis in soil

Publisher Summary Insecticidal proteins produced by various subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis bound rapidly and tightly on clays and on humic acids extracted from soil. In the study explained in the chapter, this binding reduced the susceptibility of these proteins to microbial degradation and the bound proteins retained their insecticidal activity. Both purified proteins and proteins released from the biomass of transgenic Bt corn and in root exudates of growing Bt corn exhibited binding and persistence in soil. The toxin released in root exudates of Bt corn or from the degradation of the biomass of Bt corn is not toxic to a variety of organisms in soil. However, the presence of the toxin in the guts and casts of earthworms, grown with Bt corn and in soil amended with biomass of Bt corn, indicated again that the released toxin bound on surface-active particles in soil that protected the toxin from biodegradation, similar to the observation with purified toxins.
Enhanced major histocompatibility complex class I-dependent presentation of antigens modified with cationic and fusogenic peptides

Enhanced major histocompatibility complex class I-dependent presentation of antigens modified with cationic and fusogenic peptides
Sudden mesospheric warming over equatorial region

Using M-100 meteorological rocketsonde data collected over Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (8°32′N, 76°52′E), Trivandrum, India for the period January to May 1972, a sudden mesospheric warming followed by an almost equal cooling has been detected over this region on 1st March 1972. The Thumba equatorial mesospheric temperature showed an increase of about 50 to 60 °C in an altitude region between 60 and 70 km from 23 February to 1 March 1972 which was followed by a cooling of about 50 to 70 °C from 1 to 15 March in that altitude region. Sudden warmings in the stratosphere at high latitudes during winter time are well known. However, sudden mesospheric warnings over equatorial regions have not been observed too frequently and are thus relatively less studied compared to high latitude warnings. The sudden warming observed in the equatorial mesosphere on 1st March 1972 is quite rare and unique event which followed minor midwinter stratospheric warmings at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, although the equatorial stratosphere remained practically undisturbed in its thermal structure during this period.
Students' with Visual Impairments Conceptions of Causes of Seasonal Change

The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand and describe the misconceptions that may exist among students with visual impairments and instructional techniques that may help them learn scientific concepts of seasonal change. Teachers' perceptions of student learning were also examined. Data were obtained from students 1 week prior to and 2 weeks after instruction. Students in a comparison group received traditional instruction concerning seasonal change that included textbooks, 3-D models, and lectures. Students in an inquiry-based group received instruction that included student generated models, graphs of temperature data, and 3-D models. Students who participated in the traditional instruction all exhibited alternative conceptions before instruction. Reasons for seasons included the Earth's rotation on its axis, a change in distance between the Earth and the Sun, and the Earth's tilt moving back and forth as it orbited the Sun. After instruction, students in this group all continued to exhibit alternative understandings of seasons. Only one student in this group held a scientific fragment (e.g., Earth orbiting the Sun) within his alternative explanation. The comparison group teacher believed that his students had a scientific understanding of the cause of seasons after completion of the curriculum which did not reflect students' actual documented learning. Students who were members of the inquiry-based group also had alternative conceptions before instruction. Reasons for seasons included the Earth's tilt moving back and forth as it orbited the Sun, a change in the amount of moisture levels in the atmosphere, and the rotation of the Earth on its axis. One student was able to explain that the Earth orbited the Sun, but could not explain how this motion caused seasons. After instruction, students in this group all had scientific understandings of seasons or scientific fragments, and none held alternative understandings. The inquiry-based group teacher believed that her students had a scientific understanding of the causes of seasons upon completion of the curriculum which was reflective of students' documented learning.
Jesus as Astral Prophet

Jesus' final discourse in the Synoptics is replete with words, phrases and statements typical of ancient Mediterranean astronomy/astrology. Further, forecasts concerning the Son of Man coming from the sky and the destruction of a Jerusalem, a temple city, clearly entail astronomical and astrological dimensions. These features point to traditions about Jesus as astral prophet and his concern with sky events, much like Israel's astral prophets and their focus on celestial territoriality.
Construindo a gestão estratégica sustentável: um estudo sobre a empresa Mercur S.A.

The pressures for economic growth of organizations have been leading to society and companies to become aware that humanity lives in a world where natural resources are finite and that the impacts of this growth can cause damage for present and future generations. Thus, the present study aimed contributed with this discussion, under the perspective of sustainable development approach, evaluating how the organizational environment seeks to promote the confluence between enterprise strategies and sustainable strategic management. For this, it sought through a case study, qualitative and exploratory; retrieve the main theoretical approaches related to enterprise strategies and sustainable development. The results of the study allowed identifying that the development of organizational awareness of sustainability, contributed to the formulation process of sustainable business strategies.
Parents’ Age Unrelated to Leucosis in Progeny

Abstract Coles (1955) stated that “birds in their hen year failed to transmit resistance (to leucosis) because of incomplete ability to do so with increasing age” and that “a parent bird may increasingly fail with age to transmit genetic resistance to its offspring.” Age has no influence upon the genotype of an individual bird nor does it determine which genes are distributed to the functional gametes. Coles did not specify any mechanism by which age of the dam might influence resistance of her progeny, and the data given in support of his theory were scarcely conclusive. However, since in mice a non-chromosomal influence of age of dam on the incidence of spontaneous leukemia in her progeny is known (MacDowell, Potter and Taylor, 1945), it seemed desirable to examined our records for any evidence that might support Coles’s theory. From the records of our White Leghorns for the six years, 1949 to …
Stark effects in optically pumped CH(3)OH far infrared laser.

The Stark tuning properties of the 118.8-μm CH3OH FIR laser line pumped by the P(36) 9.4-μm CO2 laser line are investigated. A laser model using a rate equation approach is derived. Observed Stark tuning effects include (1) frequency shifting of CH3OH absorption line, (2) frequency shifting of the FIR laser line, and (3) amplitude modulation of the FIR laser output. Frequency shifting of the CH3OH absorption line closer to the CO2 pump laser line center results in a Stark enhancement of the 118.8-μm FIR laser line by a factor of 3 with a Stark field of 180 V/cm. Frequency shifting of about 7 MHz of the 118.8-μm FIR laser line is observed with a Stark field of 362 V/cm. Amplitude modulation characteristics of the FIR laser output are observed to be similar to those for Stark absorption modulation.
A new general synthesis of Zeise's dimer, [PtCl2(C2H4)]2, and its analogs

Abstract When ether solutions of complexes having the structure trans -[PtCl 2 (olefin)(L)], where L is a neutral base such as pyridine, are stirred with a large excess of cationic exchange resin, the L is removed and the dimer [PtCl 2 (olefin)] 2 is formed. This procedure provides a convenient route to such dimers.
Primary care management of the depressed hypertensive patient

Abstract Depression can develop in the hypertensive patient for a variety of reasons and can present complex problems of combination treatment. Solid data from well-controlled studies are generally lacking in the literature. Based on his survey of information available, the author presents the primary care practitioner with general guidelines for management.
Air–water gas transfer and near-surface motions

Rates of gas transfer between air and water remain difficult to predict or simulate due to the wide range of length and time scales and lack of experimental observations of near-surface fluid velocity and gas concentrations. The surface renewal model (SR) and surface divergence model (SD) provide the two leading models of the process, yet they remain poorly tested by observation because near-surface velocity is difficult to measure. To contribute to evaluation of these models, we apply new techniques called interfacial particle imaging velocimetry (IPIV) and three-dimensional IPIV (3D-IPIV) for measuring water velocities within a millimetre of a moving deformable air–water interface. The latter technique (3D-IPIV) simultaneously measures the air–water interface topography. We apply these techniques to turbulent open-channel water flows and wind-sheared water flows with microscale breaking waves. Additional measurements made for each flow condition are bulk turbulent length scales, bulk turbulent velocity scales, air–water gas transfer rates, friction velocities, and wave characteristics. We analyse these data to test the surface divergence models for interfacial gas transfer. The first test is of predictions from the Banerjee (Ninth International Heat Transfer Conference, Keynote Lectures, vol. 1, 1990, pp. 395–418, Hemisphere Press) surface divergence model for gas transfer for homogeneous isotropic turbulence interacting with a planar free surface. The second test is of predictions from the McCready, Vassiliadou and Hanratty (AIChE J., vol. 32(7), 1986, pp. 1108–1115) surface divergence model, as applied in both open-channel flow and wind-sheared wavy flows. We find the predictions of the Banerjee and McCready et al. models to agree with the experimental data taken for open-channel flow conditions. On the other hand, for wind-driven flows with wind waves we find disagreement between the McCready et al. predictions and our direct measurements of the gas transfer coefficient. The cause of the disagreement is investigated by Lagrangian tracking of surface divergence of surface water patches, and by analysis of the corresponding Lagrangian time series with advection–diffusion concepts. A quantitative criterion based on surface divergence strength and lifetime is proposed to distinguish the effectiveness of each near-surface motion toward causing interfacial gas transfer. Capillary waves are found to contribute to surface divergence but to have too short a time scale to cause interfacial gas transfer. As wind speed increases, the presence and intensity on the air–water interface of capillary waves and other ineffective near-surface motions is diminished by the rise of turbulent wakes from microscale breaking waves thus causing the disagreement of the surface divergence model’s predicted transfer rates with measurements. A model of air–water gas transfer that combines the surface renewal and surface divergence models is formulated and found to agree with the data from both open-channel flows and wind-driven flows without requiring an empirical coefficient.
The effect of gap dynamics on the size and spatial structure of Solidago sempervirens on primary coastal dunes

. The role of gap dynamics in shaping the spatial and size distributions of the gap specialist Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) were examined on the primary dune grassland (Ammophila breviligulata, American beachgrass) of an Atlantic barrier island. Results suggest that coastal dune blowouts are patchy disturbances that allow S. sempervirens to temporarily establish and disperse seed. Natural measurements and clipping experiments demonstrated that A. breviligulata competitively dominated S. sempervirens in undisturbed grasslands. Coastal dune blow-outs reversed this dominance by temporarily burying A. breviligulata and increasing densities and above-ground biomass of S. sempervirens. Examination of size/density distributions of S. sempervirens suggested that blow-outs were seed sources but not regeneration sites. Regeneration was found primarily in neighboring transition and undisturbed grassland areas. Comparison of lateral growth by A. breviligulata on blow-out margins suggested that disturbances were closed by lateral encroachment from gap edges. After blow-out recovery, greater densities and skewed size distributions of S. sempervirens could still be detected for a number of years after blow-out recovery.
Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: Environmental impacts and ethics

Less than 0.1% of pesticides applied for pest control reach their target pests. Thus, more than 99.9% of pesticides used move into the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota, and contaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem. Improved pesticide application technologies can improve pesticide use efficiency and protect public health and the environment.
GAINSHARING AND MUTUAL MONITORING: A COMBINED AGENCY-ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE INTERPRETATION

This study examines the behavioral consequences of “gainsharing” using a theoretical framework that includes elements of agency and organizational justice theory. We propose that when gainsharing is used as a collective form of incentive alignment, mutual monitoring among employees is a direct function of procedural and distributive fairness. The hypothesis was supported in a quasi-experimental field study of 221 employees working for two firms. The implications of the study for future extensions of agency theory to intraorganizational phenomena are discussed.
Orthorhombic Sulphur formed by Photosynthetic Sulphur Bacteria

THE formation of large mineral deposits of elementary sulphur, for example in Sicily, France, Texas and Louisiana, has often been attributed to microbial processes1–3. The similarity of stable sulphur isotope ratios in various sulphur bearing minerals4–8 to fractionation rates obtained in laboratory bacterial cultures9–12 gives strong support to the biogenic origin of sulphur deposits.
Growth and development in the U.S. retail organic food sector.

This study uses retail purchase data reported by the Nielsen Homescan panel to examine the development of selected U.S. organic food sectors since the implementation of the National Organic Standards. Results show that organic market shares within the fresh fruit and vegetable sectors grew slightly in 2003–2006. Apples, bananas, carrots, and tomatoes prove to have the highest share of organic sales within their sectors. The share of organic milk sales attributed to private labels has increased from 12 to 32 percent in 2004–2007. The organic market share within the strained baby food sector almost doubled from 8 to 15 percent in 2004–2007. Findings show a demographically diverse group of consumers willing to expend their food dollars on organic foods.
An Investigation of the Relationships among Negative Affect, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, and Features of Borderline Personality Disorder

This study investigated the indirect effects of problematic emotion regulation on features of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) when accounting for negative affect in 456 participants from two distinct geographic regions. Participants completed the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and the Borderline Symptom List (BSL). Results from this study supported a model in which there were significant indirect effects of both a lack of emotional clarity and limited access to emotion regulation strategies on features of BPD when accounting for negative affective intensity. Results also supported a second model in which there were significant indirect effects of both limited access to emotion regulation strategies and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior on features of BPD when accounting for negative affective reactivity. The results highlight important inter-relationships among features of BPD, difficulties regulating emotions, and negative affective intensity and reactivity.
Distribution and morphology of the juxtapositions between growth hormone-releasing hormone-(ghrh)-immunoreactive neuronal elements.

Abstract Previous studies revealed that growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons form a circumscribed cell group in the basal infundibulum/median eminence of the human hypothalamus. GHRH from these neurons is released into the hypothalamo–hypophyseal portal circulatory system in a pulsatile manner. It is a common consensus that the pulsatile release of GHRH is the main driving force behind the pulsatile release of growth hormone (GH) and may contribute to the regulation of other hypothalamic functions. The pulsatile release of GHRH requires synchronized activity of GHRH-IR neurons. However, the morphological basis of this synchronization between the GHRH-IR neural elements has not been elucidated yet. Since the utilization of electron microscopy combined with immunohistochemistry is virtually impossible in the human brain due to the long post mortem period, immunohistochemistry, evaluated with oil immersion light microscopy, was used in order to reveal the associations between the GHRH elements. Numerous GHRH–GHRH juxtapositions have been detected in the infundibular area/median eminence, where GHRH-IR axonal varicosities often formed multiple contacts with GHRH-IR perikarya. Examination of these associations with high magnification oil immersion light microscopy revealed (1) axonal swellings at the site of the contacts and (2) no gaps between the contacting elements suggesting that these juxtapositions may be functional synapses. The large number of GHRH–GHRH juxtapositions in the infundibular area/median eminence suggests that these synapse-like structures may represent the morphological substrate of the synchronized activity of GHRH neurons that in turn may result in the pulsatile release of GHRH in human.
AOU as indicator of water-flow direction in the central North Pacific

Salinity, preformed phosphate and AOU distribution on the sigma-t surfaces of 26.8 and 27.3 of the central North Pacific Ocean, as well as the topography of these density surfaces, were studied. The direction of water flow suggested by the AOU distribution on these density surfaces was compared to that indicated by the acceleration potential contours on theδ t =125 cl/ton andδ t =80cl/ton surfaces drawn by Joseph L.Reid, Jr. The disagreements were explained in terms of mixing and possible gradients of primary production at the sea surface. On the 26.8 sigma-t surface a southward flow connecting the westward flow south of the Aleutian chain and the eastward flow farther south, between 175‡E and 180‡ is suggested by the AOU distribution but is not implied by the acceleration potential contours. If the circulation pattern at this density surface is similar to that at the sea surface, this southward flow is very likely to be real.
Proof by EPR Spectroscopy that the Unpaired Electron in an Os27+ Species Is in a δ* Metal-based Molecular Orbital

Variable temperature structural and EPR studies are reported on the paddlewheel compound [Os2(hpp)4Cl2]PF6, 1, (hpp = the anion of the bicyclic guanidine 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyr...
Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to construct clinically ready, load-independent indices of myocardial contractile performance

Abstract Background Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) reliably determines intracardiac chamber volumes without left ventricular (LV) geometric assumptions, yet clinical assessment of contractile performance is often on the basis of potentially inaccurate, load-dependent indices such as ejection fraction. Methods In 6 chronically instrumented dogs, RT3DE estimated LV volumes at various loading conditions. Preload recruitable stroke work and end-systolic pressure-volume relationships were constructed. RT3DE-derived indices were compared with similar relationships determined by sonomicrometry. Results Highly linear preload recruitable stroke work and end-systolic pressure-volume relationships were constructed by RT3DE and sonomicrometry. Mean preload recruitable stroke work slopes correlated between methods, but volume intercepts differed as a result of geometric assumptions of sonomicrometry. Conversely, RT3DE-derived end-systolic pressure-volume relationships did not correlate well with sonomicrometry. Conclusions These data are unique in reporting load-independent measures of LV performance using RT3DE. These techniques would strengthen evaluation of LV function after myocardial ischemia or cardiac operation, in which frequent changes in ventricular geometry or loading conditions confound functional assessment by more traditional methods.
Polymorphism of Glutathione S-Transferase in Laboratory Rats

L'electrophorese de la glutathione S-transferase du foie d'une lignee de rats differe de celle des autres lignees, a l'anode et a la cathode. Des backcross montrent que ces differences seraient le fait d'un seul locus
Tumoral calcinosis: Serial images to monitor successful dietary therapy

Tumoral calcinosis involves formation of periarticular calcified soft tissue masses. Experimental evidence suggests a metabolic etiology with dietary restriction of calcium and phosphorus as beneficial therapy. We prospectively monitored serum levels of calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) while successfully treating a patient with tumoral calcinosis. The values were compared with changes on serial radiographic and radionuclide bone and gallium images. Our work suggests using serial serum phosphate levels and the ESR as the most sensitive indications of progress in dietary treatment of tumoral calcinosis.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE NEURONE THEORY

Summary During the last decade certain authors have considered the classical neurone theory to be obsolete and have resuscitated the long-rejected hypothesis of a nervous syncytium, mainly on histological evidence. Bauer believes in connexions between embryonic neuroblasts, serving as pathways for the growth of nerve fibres which thus develop intraprotoplasmically. This concept must be regarded as entirely hypothetical. Anastomoses found between neuroblasts and nerve fibres growing in tissue culture are emphasized by the reticularists, but this is not overwhelmingly against the neurone theory since such anastomoses are by no means universal and they depend on the part of the nervous system cultured and on the properties of the medium. Claims by Bauer on the continuity of nerve cells with each other and with neuroglia disagree with the demonstrated existence of free dendrites and of synapses withneurones. Reticularists also maintain the continuity of neurones in the autonomic system, but this too is open to serious criticism on histological grounds. Moreover, autonomic ganglia afford good material for the demonstration of synaptic endings both in -fixed and living preparations. The reality of independent neurones is confirmed by the degeneration of synaptic boutons in the central nervous system after the destruction of nerve tracts, and by the degeneration and regeneration of preganglionic fibres in autonomic ganglia, in which the loss and recovery of function are confirmed experimentally. The existence of the synapse in confirmed by the delay in impulse transmission, varying with the type of synapse, and by the nicotine block to impulses from preganglionic fibres to autonomic ganglia. The recent criticisms of the neurone theory are based on preparations made exclusively by the Biel-schowsky technique, unsupported by experimental work, and the several workers disagree widely in their evidence. Boeke claims that the finer divisions of the autonomic system contain a meshwork of neurofibrils clearly distinguishable from the surrounding connective tissue; this structure is not found, however, with other neurofibrillar methods but appears with silver carbonate which does not stain nervous structures. Stohr believes in a fine terminal reticulum of the autonomic and sensory systems surrounding every cell in the body. Again other competent histologists, working with techniques which do not stain connective tissue fibres, have failed to confirm Stohr, whose claims are moreover unsupported experimentally. The reticularists cannot agree among themselves on their substitute for the neurone theory and it would seem wise to retain this concept until better proof is offered of the syncytial nature of the nervous system.
Finite temperature QCD with four light quark flavours

Abstract QCD with four light flavours of dynamical staggered quarks (m = 0.025 lattice units) was simulated on a 123×4 lattice using the hybrid algorithm. We found clear evidence for a first order transition to a quark-gluon plasma. This is in agreement with simulations on smaller lattices (up to 83×4). This contrasts with the intermediate mass range ( m ⪸ 0.1 ) where transitions seen on smaller lattices appear to be a finite size effect rather than true first order transitions.
Time-reversible and equivariant pitchfork bifurcation

Abstract In this note we describe a new phenomenon in steady-state bifurcations of time-reversible and equivariant vector fields. When the eigenspace associated with a pair of imaginary eigenvalues that passes through zero onto the real line is separable from the nullspace associated with the fixed zeros of the spectrum, we prove that a pitchfork bifurcation occurs.
Percolation transitions in the hard‐sphere fluid

The number densities (ν/V) above or below which “pockets” of additional-sphere excluded volume (ρpe) and available volume (ρpa) begin to percolate the whole volume of the system, sometimes referred to as percolation thresholds, have been determined for the equilibrium hard-sphere fluid of diameter σ using a Monte Carlo (MC) approach. Values obtained are ρpeσ3 = 0.0785 ± 0.01 and ρpaσ3 = 0.537 ± 0.005. The present value of ρpeσ3 agrees with an interpolation of previous data for the percolation diameter (σp) for various densities from Heyes et al. The available volume (Va) can be resolved as a “radial acceptance function” (u(r)), which is easily obtained from MC acceptance ratio statistics providing a direct route to the chemical potential up to liquid-like densities. The closed-virial equation-of-state of the hard-sphere fluid is found to deviate slightly, but significantly from thermodynamic pressures at densities exceeding ρpa. Knowledge of the hard-sphere fluid percolation transitions could lead to a more formal description of the critical point and origins of the liquid state, in the spirit of van der Waals. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
The sensitivity of an eulerian hydrocode impact analysis to user-selected impact parameters

Abstract In this analysis, the impact of a tungsten projectile on an aeroshield or spacecraft debris shield was calculated using the PINON hydrocode. The phenomena that took place during the impact and led to the formation of thin-shelled balloons of debris is described. The effect of variations in several user-selected input parameters was examined and a set of parameters was selected. The most significant finding from these parameter variation studies is that a very fine noding os required to accurately resolve the axial distribution of the tungsten debris.
Nonideal adsorption from multicomponent gas mixtures at elevated pressures on a 5A molecular sieve

Abstract Single component adsorption isotherms for H 2 , CH 4 , CO and CO 2 at pressures upto 800 psia, and multicomponent adsorption equilibria for various mixtures of these gases at 214 and 314 psia were measured on a 5A molecular sieve at 298 and 373 K. The extended Langmuir (EL) and ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) models were tested against the data. The predictions from these models were very similar. The IAS model also showed that the binary data exhibited considerable nonideal adsorbed solution (NAS) behavior which was further demonstrated from the experimental adsorbed phase activity coefficients and from the correlation with the spreading pressure-dependent (SPD) NAS model. Strong negative deviations from Raoult's law were generally exhibited; however, moderate positive deviations from Raoult's law also occurred from one of the components in some systems. In addition, the effects of gas phase nonidealities on the experimental adsorbed phase activity coefficients, and on the component loadings and adsorbed phase activity coefficients obtained from the SPD-NAS models, were studied. In both cases, the effects were significant only for the activity coefficients of systems which exhibited markedly different single component isotherms.
Reversal of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced depression of ouabain biliary excretion by pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile and spironolactone in isolated perfused rat livers☆

Perfusate disappearance and biliary excretion of ouabain were depressed in isolated perfused livers of adult male rats 10 days after treatment with a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 25 μg/kg). When TCDD-treated rats were given pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN, 75 mg/kg/day) or spironolactone (S, 75 mg/kg/day) on Days 6–9, the depression in ouabain perfusate disappearance and biliary excretion on Day 10 was reversed, but the degree of reversal afforded by PCN was greater than S. Liver surface membrane (LSM) Mg2+ ATPase and Na+, K+ ATPase activity were also depressed 10 days after TCDD treatment and when TCDD-treated rats were given S on Days 6–9 the depression in both ATPase activities was completely reversed but treatment with PCN was less effective. Liver excretory function for ouabain and LSM Na+, K+, or Mg2+ ATPase activity in control and TCDD-treated rats were altered independently by PCN and S treatment. Adrenalectomy on Day 6 after TCDD treatment did not reverse the depressant effects of TCDD on ouabain disposition but did prevent the increase in liver weight observed on Day 10. In view of the dissociation between hepatic excretory function for ouabain and LSM ATPase activities it is suggested that LSM Mg2+ ATPase and Na+, K+ ATPase are not directly involved in hepatic ouabain transport. We postulate that a LSM ouabain carrier unit, separate and distinct from these ATPases, is responsible for hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of ouabain.
DNA Excited-State Dynamics: Ultrafast Internal Conversion and Vibrational Cooling in a Series of Nucleosides

To better understand DNA photodamage, several nucleosides were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. A 263-nm, 150-fs ultraviolet pump pulse excited each nucleoside in aqueous solution, and the subsequent dynamics were followed by transient absorption of a femtosecond continuum pulse at wavelengths between 270 and 700 nm. A transient absorption band with maximum amplitude near 600 nm was detected in protonated guanosine at pH 2. This band decayed in 191 ± 4 ps in excellent agreement with the known fluorescence lifetime, indicating that it arises from absorption by the lowest excited singlet state. Excited state absorption for guanosine and the other nucleosides at pH 7 was observed in the same spectral region, but decayed on a subpicosecond time scale by internal conversion to the electronic ground state. The cross section for excited state absorption is very weak for all nucleosides studied, making some amount of two-photon ionization of the solvent unavoidable. The excited state life...
Relationship of fibrin formation to serum bactericidin.

IN a previous communication1 a clotting factor present in aqueous fibrin extracts was described. It was antigenically related to C reactive protein, which is found in the sera of patients suffering from acute infectious diseases. No antibacterial effect could be demonstrated with C reactive protein or aqueous fibrin extract. The bactericidal activity of serum has recently been reported to be localized in its β-lipo-protein fraction2, and since in serum clotting factor becomes associated with β-lipoprotein1, an attempt was made to relate this factor to serum bactericidin.
Characteristics of Space Shuttle Main Engine failures

During development and operation of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), 27 ground test failures of sufficient severity to be termed 'major incident' have occurred. Resourecs including NASA Failure Investigation Board reports, contractor failure reports, originally recorded data, along with engineering notes, data bases, and presentations connected with the failures were available for compilation into the engine failure review presented in this paper. Most SSME failures were a result of design deficiencies stemming from inadequate definition of dynamic loads. High cycle fatigue was the most frequent mechanism leading to failure. Eighteen of the 27 failures occurred during constant power level operation. Formal board reports were not available for all failures. Therefore, the failure history presented in this paper is not complete or of uniform quality.