cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probable gallbladder infection in convalescent cholera patients.

Abstract Forty-three cholera patients have been investigated during convalescence as possible asymptomatic vibrio carriers, thirty-four in the immediate postinfection period, eight approximately 1 year later, and one on both occasions. Duodenal intubation and purging were performed in twenty-eight cases, intubation alone in four studies, and purging alone in twelve studies. Two asymptomatic vibrio carriers were found. One patient had positive stool cultures for Vibrio cholerœ after purging with magnesium sulphate on seven occasions over a 23-week period, starting 9 days after his last routine positive rectal swab culture. During the entire 23 weeks he had negative stool cultures except after purging. The second patient was first intubated on the 4th day after his last positive stool culture and on two occasions over a 2-week convalescent period had V. cholerœ cultured from the resultant duodenal aspirate only after being given intravenous cholecystokinin. After both duodenal aspirations, purges by magnesium sulphate also yielded vibrio-positive stools. All subsequent specimens following intubation and purging were negative for vibrios. These two patients, neither of whom received antibiotic therapy, are too few to confirm the efficacy of antibiotics in eradicating vibrios from the cholera patient. The observations do indicate that the gallbladder may harbour vibrios in convalescent cholera patients. The existence of such carriers may well explain recurrence and transmission of cholera.
Pseudomonas syringae Lytic Transglycosylases Coregulated with the Type III Secretion System Contribute to the Translocation of Effector Proteins into Plant Cells

Pseudomonas syringae translocates virulence effector proteins into plant cells via a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by hrp (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes. Three genes coregulated with the Hrp T3SS system in P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 have predicted lytic transglycosylase domains: PSPTO1378 (here designated hrpH), PSPTO2678 (hopP1), and PSPTO852 (hopAJ1). hrpH is located between hrpR and avrE1 in the Hrp pathogenicity island and is carried in the functional cluster of P. syringae pv. syringae 61 hrp genes cloned in cosmid pHIR11. Strong expression of DC3000 hrpH in Escherichia coli inhibits bacterial growth unless the predicted catalytic glutamate at position 148 is mutated. Translocation tests involving C-terminal fusions with a Cya (Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase) reporter indicate that HrpH and HopP1, but not HopAJ1, are T3SS substrates. Pseudomonas fluorescens carrying a pHIR11 derivative lacking hrpH is poorly able to translocate effector HopA1, and this deficiency can be restored by HopP1 and HopAJ1, but not by HrpH(E148A) or HrpH1-241. DC3000 mutants lacking hrpH or hrpH, hopP1, and hopAJ1 combined are variously reduced in effector translocation, elicitation of the hypersensitive response, and virulence. However, the mutants are not reduced in secretion of T3SS substrates in culture. When produced in wild-type DC3000, the HrpH(E148A) and HrpH1-241 variants have a dominant-negative effect on the ability of DC3000 to elicit the hypersensitive response in nonhost tobacco and to grow and cause disease in host tomato. The three Hrp-associated lytic transglycosylases in DC3000 appear to have overlapping functions in contributing to T3SS functions during infection.
Synthesis of [8,9,10,11‐13C4]leukotriene C4

A “one pot” reduction of ethyl [1,2-13C2]bromoacetate with diisobutylaluminium hydride in dichloromethane, followed by reaction with triphenylphosphine, then triethylamine, yields [1,2-13C2]formylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane. Consecutive Wittig reactions of [1,2-13C2] formylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane with methyl 5(S),6(R)-epoxy-6-formylhexanoate and subsequent Wittig reaction with Z-3-nonen- 1-triphenylphosphorane yields [8,9,10,11-13C4]LTA4 methyl ester, which is readily converted to [8,9,10,11-13C4]LTC4.
Far-infrared spectra and barriers to internal rotation for the CF3CXO molecules where X = H, F, Cl, Br, CH3 and CF3

Abstract The far-infrared spectra (350-30 cm−1) of CF3CHO,CF3CFO, CF3CClO, CF3CBrO, CF3CO(CH3) and (CF3)2CO have been recorded at a resolution of 0.10 cm−1. The torsional fundamentals for the CF3 rotors have been assigned at 66.2, 45.6, 41.8, 38.3, 36.1 and 53.8 (39.0) cm−1, respectively, where two frequencies are observed or the CF3 torsional modes of (CF3)2CO, and each fundamental for all of the molecules has several accompanying “hot bands”. Utilizing these torsional data, along with reasonable structural parameters to calculate the kinetic constants, the periodic barriers to internal rotation have been determined. The barrier values for the CF3 rotors with the statistical uncertainties are 292 ± 5, 381 ± 1, 434 ± 2, 429 ± 2, 295 ± 1, and 777 ± 5 cm−1 for these CF3CXO molecules, where X  H, F, Cl, Br, CH3 and CF3, respectively. These results are compared to the methyl barriers in the corresponding series CH3CXO.
Morphological awareness and reading comprehension in a foreign language: A study of young Chinese EFL learners

Abstract This study examined foreign language learners' morphological awareness and its contribution to reading comprehension, focusing on young Chinese EFL learners. Morphological awareness measures covered inflection, derivation, as well as compounding. Results showed that the learners' basic facet of inflectional awareness was better than that of derivational awareness; their compound awareness was better than derivational awareness, for both basic and refined facets; and the advantage of compound awareness over derivational awareness was smaller for the basic facet than for the refined facet. In addition, derivational and compound awareness independently predicted English reading comprehension, over and above vocabulary and grammatical knowledge. These findings were discussed in light of the joint effects of L2 lexical exposure and first language morphological experience on L2 morphological competence, and the importance of morphological awareness to English reading comprehension.
T4 laryngeal carcinoma: Radiotherapy alone with surgery reserved for salvage

Abstract Purpose: To review the results of primary radiation therapy for patients with T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Methods and Materials: Between October 1964 and October 1994, 43 patients with T4 invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx received radiotherapy with curative intent in the University of Florida Department of Radiation Oncology. All patients had a minimum of 2 years follow-up. There were 26 primary cancers of the supraglottic larynx, 11 of the glottic larynx, and 6 of the subglottic larynx. Reults: The 5-year actuarial rate of local control was 52%. By direct calculation, local control was achieved in 8 (38%) of 21 supraglottic carcinomas, 8 (89%) of 9 glottic tumors, and 2 of 6 subglottic tumors. Locl control of nonbulky lesions was achieved in 67%, and 38% of bulky lesions were locally controlled. Only 3 (17%) of 18 local recurrences were successfully salvaged by subsequent surgery. There were 2 (5%) severe complications of irradiations. Conclusions: Fron our series, as well as a review of the literature, local control by primary irradiation has been achieved in approximately 50% of patients with T4 laryngeal cancer. Selection factors for choosing irradiation have not been well described: the present series contains a small amount of informations suggesting that tumor volume may be a reliable predictor of control, but further substantiation is required.
The systematic-risk determinants of the US airline industry

Abstract Understanding the risk nature of the airline industry is important in effectively managing the business. This study aims to investigate firm-specific variables as they relate to systematic risk (beta). Findings from 16 airline companies for the period of 1997–2002 indicate that profitability, growth, and safety are negatively associated with the systematic risk, while the debt leverage and firm size are positively related to the risk. The significant relationship of debt leverage, profitability, growth, and safety to the systematic risk is consistent with previous empirical studies, but the positive association of the firm size with the risk is a paradoxical finding as opposed to the relevant finance theory and previous research. This unique finding proposes significant implications for airline executives as well as investors.
Secondary T cell-T cell synaptic interactions drive the differentiation of protective CD8 + T cells

CD8+ T cell are primed via recognition of cognate peptides presented by APCs. Krummel and colleagues show that optimal CD8+ T cell differentiation then occurs via T cell–T cell interactions dependent on the integrin LFA-1.
Cultural Transmission from the Native's Point of View

of gestalt impossible to translate into two-dimensional black and white. Once frozen on paper, a model is no longer as true to the world as the fleeting insight of the working scientist. Neverthless, the written model still is useful as a mnemonic for other scientists in the process of modeling the world. Only a handful of faithful disciples will be able to follow all the ideas in the Dobbert model, make it their own, and build their own research on it. Most readers will grasp only the general outline. Still, their own thinking will be modified accordingly; after encountering Dobbert's model they always will say to themselves, as they formulate their own models, things such as: "I can't forget Group Composition; Dobbert showed how it fit in." And in trying to incorporate Dobbert's ideas with their own, in struggling to build more and more comprehensive models of the world, thinkers will gain an occasional insight into the process of cultural transmission. This is the valuable joint enterprise in which Dobbert and her colleagues most seriously are engaged.
Optimal control of a functional equation associated with closed range selfadjoint operators

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality of a pair (y*, u*) subject to Ay* = Bu* + f are given. Here A is a selfadjoint operator with closed range on a Hilbert space 'H and B E L(X-). The case Bunbounded is also discussed, which leads to some open problems. This general functional scheme includes most of the previous results on the optimal control of the T-periodic wave equation for all T in a dense subset of iR. It also includes optimal control problems for some elliptic equations.
Investigation of Heptane Combustion at 50-Atm. Using a Shock Tube

Aircrafts are a significant anthropogenic source of NOx and emissions of particulate matter (PM). NOx and PM emissions from aircraft engines need to be reduced for safety and growth of future air travel. However, before we can achieve this goal we need to understand pollutant formation from hydrocarbon fuels at high pressures. Unfortunately there is very little data available on high pressure hydrocarbon combustion. To remedy this situation, we have specifically built a single pulse reflected shock tube to investigate combustion of various gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuels (heptane, decane, and Jet A) at fairly high pressures (~ 50 atm). This paper describes the results of high-pressure heptane oxidation over a temperature range of 1100 to 1600K over a range of equivalence ratios. For each experiment, ignition delay, particle yield, and product distribution data were collected. These data will be very useful in developing an ignition model, database on low-residence time chemical kinetics, and formation of intermediate radicals and species for pollutant emissions studies. Such studies will help refine models of ignition and turbulent combustion used to design the ultra-high pressure, ultra-fuel lean advanced gas turbine combustors of the future.
Novel multirate processing of beamspace noise eigenvectors

A novel implementation of Root-MUSIC is introduced based on the observation that the MUSIC null spectrum created with a beamspace noise eigenvector is bandpass exhibiting nulls at the locations of in-band sources. Thus, after telescoping to element space and modulating to broad-side, the telescoped noise eigenvector may be decimated yielding a small order polynomial with the separation between signal roots increased by the decimation factor. Depending on the out-of-band response of the beamformers, the telescoped noise eigenvector may be passed through a lowpass filter prior to decimation to preserve in-band source nulls. A low cost algorithm is realized by invoking linearity and performing the modulation, filtering, and decimation operations a-priori on the beamformers yielding a transformation to be applied to the beamspace noise eigenvectors. >
Cigarette Smoking and Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Introduction In the present study, we investigated associations among cigarette smoking, smoking cessation treatment, and depressive symptoms in Hispanic/Latino adults. Methods The multisite prospective population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) enrolled a cohort of Hispanic/Latino adults (aged 18-74) from diverse backgrounds (n = 16,412) in 4U.S. communities (Chicago, San Diego, Miami, and Bronx). Households were selected using a stratified 2-stage probability sampling design and door-to-door recruitment, and sampling weights calibrated to the 2010U.S. Population Census. Hispanic/Latino individuals of Dominican, Central American, South American, Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican background were considered. Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation treatment, and depressive symptoms were measured by self-report. Results Results indicated that current smokers had greater odds for significant depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 10) than never smokers in all Hispanic background groups [odds ratio (OR) > 1.5]. Depressed persons were not more likely to receive prescribed smoking cessation medications from a doctor (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.98-2.08), take over-the-counter medications (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.75-1.66), or receive psychotherapy (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.57-1.85). Conclusions In conclusion, these findings suggest that the positive association between smoking status and depressive symptoms is present in all examined Hispanic/Latino background groups.
Physician perspectives of CYP2C19 and clopidogrel drug-gene interaction active clinical decision support alerts

Abstract Objective To determine if physicians find clinical decision support alerts for pharmacogenomic drug-gene interactions useful and assess their perceptions of usability aspects that impact usefulness. Materials and methods 52 physicians participated in an online simulation and questionnaire involving a prototype alert for the clopidogrel and CYP2C19 drug-gene interaction. Results Only 4% of participants stated they would override the alert. 92% agreed that the alerts were useful. 87% found the visual interface appropriate, 91% felt the timing of the alert was appropriate and 75% were unfamiliar with the specific drug-gene interaction. 80% of providers preferred the ability to order the recommended medication within the alert. Qualitative responses suggested that supplementary information is important, but should be provided as external links, and that the utility of pharmacogenomic alerts depends on the broader ecosystem of alerts. Principal conclusions Pharmacogenomic alerts would be welcomed by many physicians, can be built with minimalist design principles, and are appropriately placed at the end of the prescribing process. Since many physicians lack familiarity with pharmacogenomics but have limited time, information and educational resources within the alert should be carefully selected and presented in concise ways.
Utilization of early invasive management strategies for high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative

ContextThe American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for the management of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS) recommend early invasive management for high-risk patients, given the benefits with this approach demonstrated in randomized clinical trials.ObjectivesTo determine the use and predictors of early invasive management strategies (cardiac catheterization <48 hours following presentation) in high-risk patients with NSTE ACS and to examine the association of early invasive management with mortality.Design, Setting, and PatientsThe CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) Quality Improvement Initiative evaluated care patterns and outcomes for 17 926 high-risk NSTE ACS patients (positive cardiac markers and/or ischemic electrocardiographic changes) based on ACC/AHA guidelines recommendations at 248 US hospitals with catheterization and revascularization facilities between March 2000 and September 2002.Main Outcome MeasuresUse of early invasive management within 48 hours of presentation, predictors of early invasive management, and in-hospital mortality.ResultsOf the 17 926 patients analyzed, 8037 (44.8%) underwent early cardiac catheterization less than 48 hours following presentation. Predictors of early invasive management included cardiology care, younger age, lack of prior or current congestive heart failure, lack of renal insufficiency, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, positive cardiac markers, white race, and male sex. Patients treated with early invasive management were more likely to be treated with medications and interventions recommended by the ACC/AHA guidelines and had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for differences in clinical characteristics and after comparing propensity-matched pairs (2.5% vs 3.7%, P<.001).ConclusionsAn early invasive management strategy is not utilized in the majority of high-risk patients with NSTE ACS. This strategy appears to be reserved for patients without significant comorbidities and those cared for by cardiologists and is associated with a lower risk of in-hospital mortality.
In the Hands of Providence: Joshua L. Chamberlain and the American Civil War

Deserve[s] a place on every Civil War bookshelf.""-- New York Times Book Review ""[Trulock] brings her subject alive and escorts him through a brilliant career. One can easily say that the definitive work on Joshua Chamberlain has now been done.""--James Robertson, Richmond Times-Dispatch ""An example of history as it should be written. The author combines exhaustive research with an engaging prose style to produce a compelling narrative which will interest scholars and Civil War buffs alike.""-- Journal of Military History ""A solid biography. . . . It does full justice to an astonishing life.""-- Library Journal This remarkable biography traces the life and times of Joshua L. Chamberlain, the professor-turned-soldier who led the Twentieth Maine Regiment to glory at Gettysburg, earned a battlefield promotion to brigadier general from Ulysses S. Grant at Petersburg, and was wounded six times during the course of the Civil War. Chosen to accept the formal Confederate surrender at Appomattox, Chamberlain endeared himself to succeeding generations with his unforgettable salutation of Robert E. Lee's vanquished army. After the war, he went on to serve four terms as governor of his home state of Maine and later became president of Bowdoin College. He wrote prolifically about the war, including The Passing of the Armies , a classic account of the final campaign of the Army of the Potomac. |A biography of Civil War hero Joshua L. Chamberlain, the professor-turned-soldier who led the 20th Maine Regiment to glory at Gettysburg, earned a battlefield promotion to brigadier general from Ulysses S. Grant, and was chosen to accept the formal Confederate surrender at Appomattox. Chamberlain went on to serve four terms as governor of his home state of Maine and later became president of Bowdoin College.
Electrodiagnostic abnormalities in patients with multiple sclerosis

Prospective electrodiagnostic studies were performed in 26 subjects with definite multiple sclerosis (MS), ranging from mildly to severely affected, to evaluate possible lower motor neuron involvement. Ten of these subjects also underwent single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) examination. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were normal with no evidence of peripheral or entrapment neuropathies. Abnormal late responses with increased amplitude and chronodispersion of F-waves were found in 9 subjects. Abnormal recruitment patterns with decreased numbers of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) of normal amplitude, phasicity, and firing rate were found in 9 subjects. Five of them also presented spontaneous electromyographic (EMG) activity in several muscles with no specific myotomal or peripheral nerve distribution. SFEMG showed increased jitter with no blocking in 4 of the 10 subjects studied. Thus, EMG abnormalities were present in many MS patients with no concurrent peripheral or entrapment neuropathies. Electromyographers must be aware of these abnormalities when performing routine EMG examinations in these patients.
On Our Moral Communities

Notions of race and the full-blown ideologies of racism that often accompany such social distinctions are not now nor have they ever been entirely static phenomena. Much, and arguably too much, social scientific research proceeds as if race and racism were relatively transparent, discrete, and static phenomena. Furthermore, such a perspective implies that lacking such transparency and fixity, race and racism have lost force and salience in social life. Such phenomena need not be fixed or simplex in order to profoundly affect how individuals in a society live or in order to be made the focus of important systematic social research. Yet, the complexity, pliability, and historical specificity of notions of race and of racism do perforce raise for us challenges of conceptual clarity and theoretical logic, and demand of us clear standards for the collection, deployment, and interpretation of evidence. One useful avenue of purchase on these matters involves examinations of notions of community and moral obligation. Political scientist Cara Wong ~2010! proposes that community involves “an image in the mind of an individual, of a group toward whose members she feels a sense of similarity, belonging, or fellowship” ~p. 6!. The concept takes on a moral and political flavor to the extent that these ideas about community demarcate not just a simple perceptual distinction between “us” and “them,” but also implicate moral boundaries of relative esteem, worth, and crucially, mutual obligation or disaffiliation. Wong’s array of survey results shows the powerful ways that images of community—sometimes geographic in scope, sometimes national in scope, and at other times ethnoracial in scope—define both to whom we feel bound and obliged and whom we see as other, alien, and different. This issue of the Du Bois Review can be seen as an extended reflection on how ideas of community, refracted through lenses of race and ethnicity, continue to play out in social experience. Our lead essay is a provocative discussion of the contemporary legal and political dynamics of affirmative action in the United States. The issue of how to address the historic and ongoing disadvantages faced by African Americans and other people of color could not be more timely. It is increasingly clear that rollbacks of affirmative action have had adverse effects on college enrollments for Blacks and Latinos ~Chea 2012!. The possibility of even larger steps backward looms in light of the U.S. Supreme Court decision to hear another major case on the matter
Process Integration Of Low-Dielectric-Constant Materials

As device geometries and operating voltage continue to scale while functional density increases, it is imperative to reduce the RC time delay. The replacement of Si02 as an intermetal dielectric with an insulator of lower dielectric constant is a particularly attractive solution since it provides immediate performance improvement through reduction in capacitance. An embedded polymer integration scheme improves the interconnect performance through line-to-line capacitance reduction by using polymer only between tightly spaced lines. The gapfill polymeric materials do not degrade the electromigration performance of standard multilayered TiN/Al/TiN interconnects. Embedded polymers alleviate many of the integration and reliability problems associated with polymer integration, and can be easily adopted into a standard production process.
Resource sharing for multi-party real-time communication

Approaches to supporting real-time communication allocate network resources either to individual connections, or to aggregates of connections. Resource sharing is a new approach that exploits known relationships between related connections to allow network resources to be shared between them without sacrificing well-defined guarantees. The authors present a fully distributed technique for using resource sharing to provide guaranteed performance communication in a heterogeneous internetwork. Results show that resource sharing leads to a large gain in the connection acceptance rate, and a significant reduction in the computational overhead associated with admission control. Thus, resource sharing is an important tool for providing real-time performance guarantees for large conferences.
Enhancement of Intercalation Properties of V2O5 Film by TiO2 Addition

Although it is well-known that TiO 2 incorporation can greatly improve the cyclic stability of V 2 O 5 , the influences of TiO 2 addition on the Li + intercalation properties of V 2 O 5 remain an issue of debate in literature. In this paper, we report on a systematic investigation of the preparation and intercalation properties of V 2 O 5 -TiO 2 mixture films. The present work demonstrates that high Li + intercalation rates and capacity in V 2 O 5 films are achievable with TiO 2 addition. For example, the addition of 20 mol % Ti into V 2 O 5 polycrystalline demonstrated an approximated 100% improvement in Li + intercalation performance as compared to single V 2 O 5 electrodes. Such enhancement in intercalation properties of V 2 O 5 films with TiO 2 addition was attributed to changes in microstructure, crystallinity, and also a possible lattice structure and interaction force between adjacent layers in V 2 O 5 .
Microstructure–property–quality‐correlated paint design: An LMC‐based approach

Paint is designed to offer various chemical and physical properties for surface protection, styling, and appearance. Nevertheless, the anticipated quality of the surface coating is frequently unsatisfactory, which is often attributed to paint formulation. As new demands on coating performance continuously emerge, paint formulation design becomes much more challenging than ever. It is recognized that paint design can be significantly improved with the help of advanced computational methods, as they can provide great freedom and control over the investigation of paint formulation through any number of in silico experiments virtually under any application conditions. This article introduces a lattice Monte Carlo based computational methodology for paint formulation design. By this methodology and structural analysis techniques, a variety of correlations among paint material, curing condition, coating microstructure, and coating qualities can be generated, which are critical for the development of superior paint formulations. A comprehensive study on acrylic-melamine-based paint design and analysis demonstrates the methodological efficacy. 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 55: 132–149, 2009
Synergism Between Cysteine and Alkylating Agents

Contrary to expectation, l-cysteine did not protect Escherichia coli from the lethal action of two monofunctional alkylating agents (nitrosomethylurethane and methylmethane sulfonate). The antibacterial action of these compounds was actually greatly enhanced by l-cysteine. This synergistic effect was also exhibited, to some extent, by d-cysteine but not by homocysteine, S-methylcysteine, or serine. The synergistic action between methylating agents and l-cysteine was not due to the formation of S-methylcysteine. l-Cysteine had no effect on the bacteriostatic action of ethylmethane sulfonate.
Modelling and simulation of a pulse position modulation (PPM) communications system over urban multipath channels

The authors discuss the performance pulse position modulation (PPM) in an urban multipath environment. A computer simulation using the Signal Processing Worksystem (SPW) was developed that implements an urban multipath channel and a PPM modem. Using SPW, the communications performance of the PPM waveform for this particular channel was examined. By conducting Monte Carlo simulations with the SPW computer model, the average bit error performance of a PPM signal for the urban multipath channel was investigated with additive white Gaussian noise. The bit error performance of PPM was compared with and without multipath. Simulation runs were conducted using different values for the average inter-arrival time and amplitude of the multipath signals, and the signal-to-noise ratio. >
Reactor Physics Characterization of Transmutation Targeting Options in a Sodium Fast Reactor

In sodium fast reactor designs, the fuel related inherent negative reactivity feedback is accomplished mainly through parasitic capture in U-238. However for an efficient minor actinide burning system, it is desirable to reduce or eliminate U-238 entirely to suppress further transuranic actinide generation. Consequently, reactivity feedback is accomplished by enhancing axial neutron streaming during a loss of coolant void situation. This is done by flattening “pancake” the active core geometry. Flattening the reactor also increases axial leakage which removes neutrons that could otherwise be used to destroy minor actinides. Therefore, it is important to tailor the neutron spectrum in the core for optimized feedback and minor actinide destruction simultaneously by using minor actinide and fission product targets.
Secure and flexible certificate access in WS-security through LDAP component matching

As an integral part of the Web Services Security (WS-Security), directory services are used to store and access X.509 certificates. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is the predominant directory access protocol for the Internet, and hence for the Web services. Values of LDAP attribute and assertion value syntaxes, though defined using ASN.1, are encoded in simple octet string formats which generally do not preserve the complete structure of the abstract values. As a result, LDAP matching rules for certificates need to be provided in a certificate-syntax specific way, while X.500 matching rules can be constructed from structured ASN.1 syntax definition. Moreover, LDAP has traditionally lacked the capability to make assertions against components of values of complex syntaxes such as X.509 certificates. The WS-Security needs to be able to locate a target X.509 certificate by matching against arbitrary certificate components in its security token references. Therefore, WS-Security requires the directory server to be prepared with all the possible matching functions for maximum flexibility. This is very cumbersome due to the lack of ASN.1 awareness in LDAP server implementations. This led to development of remedies such as the recently proposed Certificate Parsing Server (XPS). XPS extracts relevant components of the certificate and stores them in separate and searchable attributes. Due to the significant downside of these remedies, we decided to seek after an ASN.1 based Component Matching alternative in an attempt to make an LDAP directory server ASN.1 aware. With Component Matching and ASN.1 awareness, LDAP can provide WS-Security with various matching rules flexibly. In this paper, we describe our implementation of the Component Matching and ASN.1 awareness in OpenLDAP Software. This paper will also describe the use of the Component Matching technology in various security components of Web Services, especially in the context of WS-Security and XKMS. The experimental results show that flexible and secure certificate access can be accomplished without sacrificing performance and manageability.
Avoiding Bid Protests: Some Advice to Agency Counsel

Advice to agency counsel on how the risk of a bid protest should, or should not, affect counsel's actions during conduct of a procurement.
The Individual as Polluter

Individuals are the largest source of dioxin emissions, contribute almost one-third of all ozone precursor emissions, and are a far larger source of several other air toxics than all large industrial sources combined. Thus, after more than 30 years of regulation largely directed at industry, individual behavior has emerged as a leading source of pollution. Professor Michael P. Vandenbergh argues that treating individual behavior as a discrete source of pollution can lead to the development of viable, innovative regulatory instruments that have the prospect of achieving pollution reductions at a relatively low cost. The creation of an individual toxic release inventory, for example, is one such tool. Drawing on the work of norms scholars and leading social psychologists, Professor Vandenbergh argues that environmental norm activation theory can identify the information that is most likely to induce changes to environmental behavior and can help policymakers develop new tools for inducing such change.
Larval Manduca sexta Hemolymph Carboxylesterase Activity During Chronic Exposure to Insecticide-containing Diets

Tobacco hornworm larvae were fed diets containing 1, 2 or 4 ppm monocrotophos, methomyl or endosulfan. Total hemolymph serum protein was elevated by 1 ppm monocrotophos, but 2 and 4 ppm reduced the level when compared with the control. Similar, but less distinct, responses were observed in respect to methomyl and endosulfan. The specific activity and total serum carboxylesterase increased in tobacco hornworms fed 1 ppm monocrotophos-containing diet, but the specific activity was reduced at 2 and 4 ppm. Methomyl and endosulfan had no effect on carboxylesterase specific activity. Disc electrophoresis of hemolymph serum revealed 6 carboxylesterase-positive bands, the activity of which were differentially affected by the insecticide treatments.
How physically active are American children and what can we do about it

Any discussion of obesity in youth must consider physical activity level or energy output. Many suggest that increasing levels of obesity among children is the direct result of declining levels of physical activity. There is accumulating evidence that physical activity among youth has declined over the past several decades. Less time is spent on physical education classes in school and many popular activities among youth such as television and computer games, involve minimal physical exertion. These observations are confirmed by studies of physical fitness and endurance. These measures have also declined among youth. Much has been learned about the factors associated with physical activity among youth. These factors were used to develop several innovative school-based programs which demonstrate increased physical activity and performance. Recommendations are made for increasing physical activity both in the school curriculum and outside the school day. Potential health benefits and likely effects on obesity are substantial.
Optimum Extraction Technology of HB and Its Procoagulant Activities

Objective:To investigate the optimal extracting conditions of HB,and the procoagulant activities of its chloro- form-water extraction in vitro and in vivo.Methods:Rabbits and Wistar rats were devided into blank control,Yunnan Baiyao control,and HB water-extraction groups.Coagulation time,(PT,APPT,FIB,TT)and PLT were detected.Results:The highest extracting rate was obtained at the optimal extracting conditions with ten times of water volume,at 80-90℃for 1.5h.Coagulation time of liB water-extraction group was significandy shorter than blank and Yunnan Baiyao control groups(P0.01)in rabbits in vitro,and it is 70% shorter than control groups.The HB water extract could dramatically increase PLT(p0.01)in rats than control groups.PT of high dose(5,10,20mg/kg)groups were obviously shorter than blank control(p0.01),but it has no signifi- cant difference compared to Yunnan Baiyao control(p0.05)group.No significant difference was found in APTT,FIB,and TT of the HB water-extraction groups and the control groups(P0.05).Conclutions:The HB chloroform-water extract has good pro-coagulant effects in vivo and in vitro.HB chloroform-water extract can increase the platelet counts,and that may be one of the main mechanisms of hemostasis.
Reducing burnout: development of an oncology staff bereavement program.

Purpose/objectives To understand the necessity of providing a mechanism for staff bereavement that promotes stress reduction and enhances job longevity in the oncology nursing work environment and to describe the implementation of one such program. Data sources Journal articles and on-site resources. Data synthesis Personnel conflicts, job dissatisfaction, and workplace burnout caused by constant patient loss are common in oncology nursing. The work setting must offer support for staff to deal with these conflicts to prevent burnout and decrease dissatisfaction. This can foster a sense of understanding among colleagues and provide support mechanisms for closure and acceptance of perpetual patient loss. Conclusion Conflicts, dissatisfaction, and other sources of burnout must be contained so that oncology nurses remain in their vital roles. The potential for long-term professional fulfillment and improved quality of nursing care for patients and their families is increased by implementation of support mechanisms. Implications for nursing practice Educating colleagues about the multifaceted role of the oncology nurse can increase the staff's awareness of the need for support. Implementation of a program to reduce the stressors that oncology nurses encounter will encourage improved care delivery.
A Theory of Multi-Tier Ecolabel Competition

We model competing ecolabels sponsored by an industry trade association and an environmental group. For either sponsor in autarky, multi-tier labels are more attractive when there are many producers with high cost of quality, and the cost gap between low-cost and high-cost firms is large. When the two sponsors compete using binary ecolabels, multiple equilibria exist, and either sponsor may oﬀer the more ambitious label; competition may increase environmental protection. When sponsors compete using multi-tier labels, however, there exists a unique equilibrium and competition produces less environmental protection than would the NGO in autarky.
SU-F-T-48: Clinical Implementation of Brachytherapy Planning System for COMS Eye Plaques

Purpose: To commission the Brachytherapy Planning (BP) system (Varian, Palo Alto, CA) for the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) eye plaques by evaluating dose differences against original plans from Nucletron Planning System (NPS). Methods: NPS system is the primary planning software for COMS-plaques at our facility; however, Brachytherapy Planning 11.0.47 (Varian Medical Systems) is used for secondary check and for seed placement configurations not originally commissioned. Dose comparisons of BP and NPS plans were performed for prescription of 8500 cGy at 5 mm depth and doses to normal structures: opposite retina, inner sclera, macula, optic disk and lens. Plans were calculated for Iodine-125 seeds (OncoSeeds, Model 6711) using COMS-plaques of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 mm diameters. An in-house program based on inverse-square was utilized to calculate point doses for comparison as well. Results: The highest dose difference between BP and NPS was 3.7% for the prescription point for all plaques. Doses for BP were higher than doses reported by NPS for all points. The largest percent differences for apex, opposite retina, inner sclera, macula, optic disk, and lens were 3.2%, 0.9%, 13.5%, 20.5%, 15.7% and 2.2%, respectively. The dose calculated by the in-house program was 1.3% higher at the prescription point, and were as high as 42.1%, for points away from the plaque (i.e. opposite retina) when compared to NPS. Conclusion: Doses to the tumor, lens, retina, and optic nerve are paramount for a successful treatment and vision preservation. Both systems are based on TG-43 calculations and assume water medium tissue homogeneity (ρe=1, water medium). Variations seen may result from the different task group versions and/or mathematical algorithms of the software. BP was commissioned to serve as a backup system and it also enables dose calculation in cases where seeds don't follow conventional placement configuration.
A Mixed-Methods Analysis in Assessing Students' Professional Development by Applying an Assessment for Learning Approach.

Objective. To describe an approach for assessing the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education’s (ACPE) doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) Standard 4.4, which focuses on students’ professional development.Methods. This investigation used mixed methods with triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data to assess professional development. Qualitative data came from an electronic developmental portfolio of professionalism and ethics, completed by PharmD students during their didactic studies. Quantitative confirmation came from the Defining Issues Test (DIT)—an assessment of pharmacists’ professional development.Results. Qualitatively, students’ development reflections described growth through this course series. Quantitatively, the 2015 PharmD class’s DIT N2-scores illustrated positive development overall; the lower 50% had a large initial improvement compared to the upper 50%. Subsequently, the 2016 PharmD class confirmed these average initial improvements of students and also showed further substantial d...
Predictive Validity of a Student Self-Report Screener of Behavioral and Emotional Risk in an Urban High School

Abstract Increasingly, schools are implementing school-based screening for risk of behavioral and emotional problems; hence, foundational evidence supporting the predictive validity of screening instruments is important to assess. This study examined the predictive validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 Behavioral and Emotional Screening System Student Form (BESS Student) in the authentic context of an urban high school that conducted universal screening over 3 years. Multivariate regression, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to examine the BESS Student scores' prediction of internalizing symptoms. BESS Student scores were able to explain a significant proportion of the variance in internalizing symptoms concurrently, but predictive validity estimates decreased over time. Significant gender differences were present; BESS Student scores were better able to predict internalizing symptoms for females. Implications for research and prac...
Further Evidence on the Negativity Bias in Performance Evaluation: When Does the Evaluator's Perspective Matter?

ABSTRACT: In a setting involving a firm using multiple performance measures, we experimentally examine the effect of an evaluator's perspective on the relative performance evaluations of two managers. The performance outcomes of the two managers are linearly equivalent, but one manager's performance includes an equivalent number of above target and below target outcomes (e.g., the mixed manager), while the other manager's performance only includes above target outcomes (e.g., the positive manager). In this setting, we provide new evidence on the negativity bias and whether the bias is moderated based on evaluators' role and the importance of the measures with negative outcomes. Participants are assigned to the role of the supervisor, the mixed manager, or the positive manager and asked to evaluate each manager's performance. We predict and find that participants in all three roles exhibit the negativity bias. In addition, we predict that the strength of the negativity bias exhibited by mixed or positive m...
Adjunct Analgesic Use for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department

Purpose: Multimodal analgesia is common practice in the postoperative setting, but the utility of adjunctive analgesia in the emergency department (ED) is less understood. The primary objective of this study was to analyze ED prescriber ordering habits for adjunct nonopioid pain medication for opioid-naive patients who require intravenous (IV) morphine or hydromorphone for acute pain. Secondary objectives were to assess initial and total opioid consumption in morphine equivalent units (MEU), pain scores, and ED length of stay (LOS) between groups. Methods: A retrospective chart review of adult patients who presented to the ED at a large academic medical center and received IV morphine or hydromorphone for acute pain was conducted. Patients were analyzed according to initial opioid received and presence or absence of adjunct nonopioid analgesics. Results: A total of 102 patient charts were analyzed. Adjunctive nonopioid analgesics were ordered on 38% of patients. Patients who received an adjunct nonopioid analgesic received a smaller mean initial opioid dose than those who did not (4.73 vs 5.48 MEU, p = .08). Initial pain score reduction on the 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) did not differ between patients who received adjunct analgesics versus those who did not (3 vs 4, p = .75). Patients who received adjunct analgesics were associated with a decreased ED LOS (294 vs 342 minutes, p = .04). Conclusion: A small proportion of patients with acute pain received a nonopioid analgesic in conjunction to IV opioids. Further studies are warranted to assess the impact of adjunct analgesics for patients with acute pain.
Integrated Sagnac optical gyroscope sensor using ultra-low loss high aspect ratio silicon nitride waveguide coil

We demonstrate operation of an interferometric optical gyroscope that uses an on-chip 3m ultra-low-loss silicon nitride waveguide coil. The measured minimum waveguide loss of the waveguide coil fabricated using lithographic die stitching was 0.78 dB/m. The angle random walk and bias instability of the gyroscope were characterized to be 8.52 deg/hr1/2 and 58.7 deg/hr respectively.
An Investigation of Mobile Technologies and Web 2.0 Tools Use in Outdoor Education Programs.

This study examined how instructors and learners in residential outdoor education programs utilized mobile technologies and Web 2.0 applications. Twenty semistructured interviews were conducted with instructors, support staff, and administrators at a nonprofit institution that provides outdoor education programs. Sixty-five participants in those programs completed a questionnaire with open-ended questions. Results indicate that full-time instructors who were assigned an iPad utilized mobile technologies effectively and frequently. In contrast, seasonal instructors who had to check out iPads used them less frequently. Most instructors encouraged program participants to share digital media and use Web 2.0 tools. Program participants utilized a variety of mobile devices and applications during the programs. There was disagreement among instructors and staff, however, pertaining to the need for and the use of mobile technologies in outdoor education on public lands and in wilderness areas. Subscribe to JOREL