cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicolor lineage tracing using in vivo time-lapse imaging reveals coordinated death of clonally related cells in the developing vertebrate brain

The global mechanisms that regulate and potentially coordinate cell proliferation & death in developing neural regions are not well understood. In particular, it is not clear how or whether clonal relationships between neural progenitor cells and their progeny influence the growing brain. We have developed an approach using Brainbow in the developing zebrafish to visualize and follow multiple clones of related cells in vivo over time. This allows for clear visualization of many dividing clones of cells, deep in proliferating brain regions. As expected, in addition to undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration and cell division, cells also periodically undergo apoptosis. Interestingly, cell death occurs in a non-random manner: clonally related cells are more likely to die in a progressive fashion than cells from different clones. Multiple members of an individual clone die while neighboring clones appear healthy and continue to divide. Our results suggest that clonal relationships can influence cellular fitness and survival in the developing nervous system, perhaps through a competitive mechanism whereby clones of cells are competing with other clones. Clonal cell competition may help regulate neuronal proliferation in the vertebrate brain.
Raymond A. Weiss: World War II Veteran, Professional Leader, Life-long Learner, and Philanthropist

Raymond Allen Weiss, Ph.D., Ed.D., was born on Sunday, October 22, 1916 and passed away on Thursday, May 16, 2019. In her poem The Dash, Ellis (1996) reminded us all that it is the time spent in be...
Breathiness and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) in Patients Undergoing Medialization Laryngoplasty With or Without Arytenoid Adduction.

Summary Objectives We hypothesized that, in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP), the auditory-perception of breathiness measured with Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) would be higher preoperatively in patients who undergo medialization laryngoplasty (ML) with arytenoid adduction (AA) compared to ML alone. We further hypothesized that increased breathiness would correlate with increased glottal area at maximum glottal closure. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods CAPE-V recordings were rated by expert judges in 105 subjects with UVFP (47 ML+AA and 58 ML). Component scores of the CAPE-V prior to laryngeal framework surgery and those at 3 and/or 12 months postoperatively were compared. Assessment of glottal area width during maximum glottal closure was attempted. Results Breathiness scores prior to laryngeal framework surgery were significantly greater in UVFP patients having ML+AA compared to ML only (P Conclusions In patients with UVFP baseline perception of breathiness is greater in those clinically selected for ML+AA compared to ML only. Glottal area measurements were not representative of the UVFP cohort and more stringent criteria are needed for valid and reliable glottal area assessment when using clinical flexible stroboscopic exams. Findings support the idea that surgeons may be making decisions about AA based, to at least some degree, on auditory perceptual evaluation of voice.
Novel Waveforms, Models, Algorithms for Cable Health Monitoring

Cables in power generation and delivery are under high thermal stress cycles. Such high temperature can lead to cable insulation degradation, which will reduce the projected lifetime. Existing methods mainly focus on cable fault detection or insulation degradation mechanism. There is no existing tools for diagnosing the insulation degradation level and predicting the remaining useful life of the cable. The goal of my Ph.D. research is to develop reflectometry and data based approaches to monitor the health status of cables. The research will be conducted in three steps: (1) development of reflectometry based method to monitor the cable insulation degradation; (2) feature extraction and cable insulation degradation dynamic modeling based on the accelerated aging test data; (3) development of risksenstive particle filtering based fault diagnosis and prognosis algorithms for cable degradation; and (4) verification and validation the proposed solution with new experiment data and comparison with existing approaches.
Creation of a Middle Communicating Artery With External Carotid Artery-Radial Artery Graft-M2 Middle Cerebral Artery Interpositional Bypass and M2 Middle Cerebral Artery-M2 Middle Cerebral Artery Reimplantation for a Recurrent Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Dolichoectatic aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation pose unique treatment challenges.1 One treatment consists of an extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) interpositional bypass and double-reimplantation of the M2 divisions.2-8 We present a variation of this construct in which an M2 MCA-M2 MCA end-to-side reimplantation was performed, creating a middle communicating artery (MCoA). The patient, a 61-yr-old woman, had previously undergone a "picket fence" clip reconstruction of an unruptured, giant left MCA bifurcation aneurysm in 2014.9 After the patient provided informed written consent for treatment, a 5-yr surveillance angiogram revealed substantial aneurysm regrowth opposite the clips. A pterional craniotomy was performed, and the aneurysm was exposed through a transsylvian approach. Proximal external carotid artery-radial artery graft (ECA-RAG) anastomosis was performed to arterialize the graft. The distal RAG was anastomosed end-to-side to the temporal division of the M2 segment, and the vessel proximal to the bypass inflow was transected from the aneurysm. We repurposed this "dead-end" as an MCoA by end-to-side reimplantation onto a branch of the frontal M2 trunk. The superior trunk was then clip occluded at its origin at the aneurysm. The aneurysm could not be proximally occluded due to lenticulostriate arteries arising from the back of the bifurcation. Postoperative angiography confirmed patency of the MCoA and its donor bypasses. The aneurysm no longer filled, and the lenticulostriate arteries were preserved. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3 and made an excellent recovery (3-mo modified Rankin Scale [mRS] = 1). The MCoA is a novel construct that redistributed flow from the interpositional graft into the superior trunk, without the need for additional ischemia time while working with the inferior trunk. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute.
Human germinal centres engage memory and naive B cells after influenza vaccination.

Influenza viruses remain a major public health threat. Seasonal influenza vaccination in humans primarily stimulates pre-existing memory B cells, leading to a transient wave of circulating antibody-secreting plasmablasts1–3. This recall response contributes to “original antigenic sin,” the selective boosting of antibody specificities from prior exposures to influenza virus antigens4. It remains unclear whether such vaccination can also induce germinal centre (GC) reactions in the draining lymph node (LN) where diversification and maturation of recruited B cells can occur5. Here we used ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration to serially sample the draining LNs and investigate the dynamics and specificity of GC B cell responses after influenza vaccination in humans. We show that influenza vaccine-binding GC B cells can be detected as early as 1 week after vaccination. In 3 out of 8 participants, we detected vaccine-binding GC B cells up to 9 weeks after vaccination. Between 12% and 88% of the responding GC B cell clones overlapped with those detected among early circulating plasmablasts. These shared B cell clones had high frequencies of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and encoded broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In contrast, vaccine-induced B cell clones detected only in the GC compartment exhibited significantly lower SHM frequencies and predominantly encoded strain-specific mAbs, suggesting a naive B cell origin. Electron microscopy-based epitope mapping revealed that some of these strain-specific mAbs recognized epitopes that were not targeted by the early plasmablast response. Our results indicate that influenza virus vaccination of humans can elicit a GC reaction to which B cell clones targeting novel epitopes are more likely to be recruited, thereby broadening the spectrum of vaccine-induced protective antibodies against this rapidly mutating pathogen.
Postmortem Vitreous Humor Analysis in the Dog, Cat, and Horse.

Postmortem chemistry can be a useful ancillary technique that the forensic pathologist can use during a death investigation. In stark contrast, there is limited information available for use of postmortem vitreous humor analysis in animals. In order to use postmortem vitreous humor in veterinary forensic investigations, validation of a method to analyze vitreous humor is required. The goal of this study was to determine the precision, bias, TEobs, and sigma (σ) of the Element DC chemistry analyzer, assess its precision using vitreous humor collected postmortem from dogs, cats, and horses, and assess the stability of postmortem vitreous humor from all 3 species. Analysis of quality control material (QCM) and pooled vitreous humor samples for the three species was used to test for sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), creatinine (Crea), and blood/vitreous urea nitrogen (BUN/VUN). Analysis of QCM showed that the Element DC was both precise and accurate. When analyzing the pooled vitreous humors, most within-run CVs were found to be <5% and the between-run CVs for 5 out of 6 analytes were all found to be <5% for the dog, cat, and horse. In all three species, capped samples of vitreous humor were stable out of the refrigerator for up to 5hr. The results of this study show that the Element DC can successfully be used to analyze postmortem vitreous humor from the dog, cat, and horse.
Rectified diode response of a multimode quantum cascade laser integrated terahertz transceiver

We characterized the DC transport response of a diode embedded in a THz quantum cascade laser as the laser current was changed. The overall response is described by parallel contributions from the rectification of the laser field due to the non-linearity of the diode I–V and from thermally activated transport. Sudden jumps in the diode response when the laser changes from single mode to multi-mode operation, with no corresponding jumps in output power, suggest that the coupling between the diode and laser field depends on the spatial distribution of internal fields. The results demonstrate conclusively that the internal laser field couples directly to the integrated diode.
Poor antigen-specific responses to the second BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals

The advent of COVID-19 vaccines will play a major role in helping to end the pandemic that has killed millions worldwide. Vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust humoral responses and have protected against infection. However, efficacy trials were focused on individuals with no prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and, as a result, little is known about immune responses induced by these mRNA vaccines in individuals who recovered from COVID-19. Here, we evaluated immune responses in 32 subjects who received two-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. In individuals naive to SARS-CoV-2, we observed robust increases in humoral and antigen-specific antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses following each dose of vaccine, whereas individuals with prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated strong humoral and antigen-specific ASC responses to the first dose but muted responses to the second dose of the vaccine for the time points studied. These data highlight an important gap in our knowledge and may have major implications for how these vaccines should be used to prevent COVID-19. One sentence summary Immune responses to the booster dose of mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 are poor in subjects with a prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Experience With Ventriculoperitoneal and Lumboperitoneal Shunting for the Treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Single Institution Series.

Background CSF shunting is among the most widely utilized interventions in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) and lumboperitoneal shunting (LPS) are 2 possible treatment modalities. Objective To evaluate and compare complications, malfunction, infection, and revision rates associated with VPS compared to LPS. Methods Electronic medical records were reviewed to identify baseline and treatment characteristics for patients diagnosed with IIH treated with VPS or LPS. Results A total of 163 patients treated with either VPS (74.2%) or LPS (25.8%) were identified. The mean follow-up was 35 mo. Shunt revision was required in 40.9% of patients. There was a nonsignificant higher rate of revision with LPS (52.4%) than VPS (36.4%, P = .07). In multivariate analysis, increasing patient age was associated with higher odds of shunt revision (P = .04). LPS had higher odds of shunt revision, yet this association was not significant (P = .06). Shunt malfunction was the main indication for revision occurring in 32.7%, with a significantly higher rate with LPS than VPS (P = .03). In total, 15 patients had shunt infection (9.4% VPS vs 12.2% LPS P = .50). The only significant predictor of procedural infection was the increasing number of revisions (P = .02). Conclusion The incidence of shunt revision was 40.9%, with increasing patient age as the sole predictor of shunt revision. The incidence of shunt malfunction was significantly higher in patients undergoing LPS, while there was no significant difference in the incidence of shunt infection between the 2 modalities.
Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants for treatment of left ventricular thrombus; a systematic review.

Introduction Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a well-recognised complication of ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart disease. The incidence of this complication has drastically reduced due to reperfusion therapies. Current guidelines recommend using warfarin for at least three months. But, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used as an off-label alternative to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) to treat LVT. In this article, we will review the use of DOACs for the treatment of LVT. Methods and results We conducted a literature search for published case series, meta-analyses, and review articles in four electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, and Google Scholar from inception until 1 August 2020. Fifteen articles including meta-analyses, review articles and case series were included. A total of 292 patients with LVT from 7 articles are analysed. The majority (n = 110) were treated with rivaroxaban followed by apixaban (n = 86), and warfarin (60). 26 patients from 292 were not included in the analysis. Of the 206 patients on DOACs, 180 (87.3%) had resolution of LVT. 22 had persistent LVT. Six patients had reported bleeding. Three patients had gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. One patient had pulmonary haemorrhage while one other had epistaxis requiring blood transfusion. Five of six patients who had bleeding were on either single or dual antiplatelet therapy in addition to DOAC. One patient had reported a cardioembolic stroke while on a DOAC. Median follow-up duration varied from one month to two years. Conclusion Based on our review, DOACs are likely to be at least as effective and safer as VKA for stroke prevention and thrombus resolution in patients with LVT.
Student Recommendations and Subsequent Stock Returns for Smif Investments

This paper measures the predictive power of buy-sell-and-hold recommendations made by students engaged in the management of a student-managed investment fund (SMIF). In their roles as analysts and portfolio managers for the SMIF, undergraduate students were required to follow traditional security analytical techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis and comparative valuation that were taught in the introductory investment management class, which is a pre-requisite. We evaluated the stock price performance of the stocks which the students analyzed across multiple holding periods, following student recommendations to buy, sell, or hold. We also compared the recommendations of the student-analysts to the contemporaneous recommendations of sell-side equity analysts.
Promoting African American Activism: Experiences of Racism-Related Stress and Spirituality:

This study investigates how spirituality, psychological orientation to religion, and racism-related stress are associated with African American activism. Measures of Race-Related Stress, Quest Reli...
Comparing Primary Health-Care Service Delivery Disruptions Across Disasters.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare primary care appointment disruptions around Hurricanes Ike (2008) and Harvey (2017) and identify patterns that indicate differing continuity of primary care or care systems across events. METHODS Primary care appointment records covering 5 wk before and after each storm were identified for Veterans Health Affairs (VA) facilities in the greater Houston and surrounding areas and a comparison group of VA facilities located elsewhere. Appointment disposition percentages were compared within and across storm events to assess care disruptions. RESULTS For Hurricane Harvey, 14% of primary care appointments were completed during the week of landfall (vs 33% for Hurricane Ike and 69% in comparison clinics), and 49% were completed the following week (vs 58% for Hurricane Ike and 71% for comparison clinics). By the second week after Hurricane Ike and third week after Harvey, the scheduled appointment completion percentage returned to prestorm levels of approximately 60%. CONCLUSIONS There were greater and more persistent care disruptions for Hurricane Harvey relative to Hurricane Ike. As catastrophic emergencies including major natural disasters and infectious disease pandemics become a more recognized threat to primary and preventive care delivery, health-care systems should consider implementing strategies to monitor and ensure primary care appointment continuity.
Comparison of Elastic and Anelastic Properties of SiC and MoSi 2 /Ti 5 Si 3 as a Function of Temperature

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT) was used at frequencies near 120 kHz to measure the elastic and anelastic properties of two kinds of advanced ceramics as a function of temperature (T) up to about 1300 K and of strain amplitude in the range 10 - 7 to 10 - 4 . The specimens consisted of commercially available silicon carbide (SiC) from Norton Co., reaction-formed SiC (RFSC) [with and without molybdenum disilicide (MoSi 2 ) additions] made at NASA Lewis Research Center, and MoSi 2 /Ti 5 Si 3 [with Ti 5 Si 3 (pentatitanium trisilicide) concentrations in the range 10 to 50%] made at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The measured values of dynamic Young's modulus, E, damping, Q - 1 , and strain amplitude were analyzed. The main findings are: The values of (1/E(0))(dE/dT), where E(0) is the value of E at room temperature, fall near -3 × 10 - 4 K - 1 ; the damping in the materials is small and independent of strain amplitude for most of the specimens and temperatures used; and limited data for the silicides with 30 and 40% Ti 5 Si 3 indicate a breakaway of the strain amplitude dependence of damping. The similarities and differences in the behavior of the mechanical properties are discussed for the two types of material.
6 The U.S. Northeast shelf large marine ecosystem:Zooplankton trends in fish biomass recovery

Abstract As the application of ecosystem-based management of marine fish and fisheries evolves, it will be necessary to extend the scope of stock assessment methodologies to include indicators of trends in lower level food chain components of ecosystems. Zooplankton as a ubiquitous food chain component can be used as an indicator of changing trends in ecosystem states pertinent to ecosystem effects on fish management actions. Spatial and temporal biomass and species diversity of zooplankton have been examined in a continental shelf ecosystem for indications of variability in abundance levels associated with effort reduction management actions for the recovery and sustainable maintenance of depleted bottom fish stocks. Analyses were conducted on 19,000 zooplankton samples collected seasonally over two decades from the U.S. Northeast Shelf ecosystem (1977 to 1999). Fish stock results were obtained from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's bottom trawl survey indices of spawning biomass of selected demersal (cod, haddock, yellowtail flounder) and pelagic (herring and mackerel) fish species. The emerging pattern of the zooplankton component of the ecosystem showed biomass values close to or above the 22-year median from the late 1980s through the 1990s, during the recovery of herring and mackerel in the mid-1980s, and the initiation of recovery of demersal stocks as indicated by strong year-classes of haddock and yellowtail flounder in the late 1990s following reductions in fishing effort. The zooplankton component of the ecosystem has not undergone any significant decline during the rebuilding of the fish stocks and is being used as an indicator of stability in the lower trophic levels of the NE Shelf ecosystem food web during the fish-stock recovery period.
Another example in which lump-sum money creation is beneficial

A probabilistic version of lump-sum money creation is studied in a random matching model with indivisible money and individual holdings bounded at 2 units. Sufficient conditions are obtained for an ex ante optimum from among implementable steady states to involve lump-sum creation of money. The role of that creation is to change the distribution of money holdings to permit more trade to occur. Beneficial money creation is impossible in a version with a 1 unit upper bound on individual holdings, but can almost certainly happen for all higher bounds.
False Alarms and Human-Machine Warning Systems

False alarms are likely to have significant frequencies as well as detrimental influence on the effectiveness of human-machine warning systems. Several factors are responsible for false alarms including the need to predict uncertain conditions in the future, variability of human perception, and low a priori probabilities of traffic collisions. The effect of false alarms on human trust in warning systems and on credibility of warnings could be considerable even for low false alarm rates. One way to decrease false alarm rates would be to focus on predicting possible conflicts, which are much more probable than actual collisions (thus increasing a priori probabilities). One of the suggested future research directions is to assess directly what different individuals will view as being a false alarm. In the majority of existing studies, the researchers defined this outcome. It is possible that people will change their behavior based on their perception of false alarms rather than on a researcher's definition of them.
Emerging technologies to support indirect procurement: two case studies from the petroleum industry

This paper discusses the use of emerging Internet technologies to support indirect (non-production oriented) procurement processes. We provide an overview of objectives and available technologies and outline some of the critical success factors and key decision points. Two case studies from the Petroleum Industry help demonstrate the concepts.
Airborne Observations of Far-Infrared Emission Lines from the Photodissociation Regions in Planetary Nebulae: Properties and Masses of the Neutral Components

Measurements of the main far-infrared cooling lines from photodissociation regions in planetary nebulae were obtained with NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory, using a moderate-resolution far-infrared cooled grating spectrometer (Erickson et al. 1985). We surveyed about 20 nebulae in the [O I] 63 μm line, and detected it in most of the observed objects. We found that its strength correlates well with the total far-infrared power, with an average ratio of about 0.2%, as predicted by models of photodissociation regions (e.g. Tielens & Hollenbach 1985; Wolfire et al. 1990). Strong 63 μm emission is absent only for objects in which the ionization of the gas is just beginning and for a few evolved objects where the ionized nebula is probably matter-bounded.
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can lead to serious medical consequences, including depression, cognitive impairment, and death or injury from sleeprelated accidents. It can also have a deleterious impact on social functions such as work and marriage. To successfully prevent or remedy such negative outcomes, it is important to periodically screen PD patients for EDS. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), which can be completed in about 5 minutes, is a reasonable screening tool when used in conjunction with a focused history. When EDS is present, assessment of safety is a priority, and recommendations should be clearly stated to the patient. Next, an underlying cause of EDS can often be identified. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common and treatable cause of EDS in the general population. Patients with PD are also at increased risk for other sleep disorders that cause EDS, such as rapid eye movement (REM), sleep behavioral disorder, and insomnia. PD symptoms can directly cause EDS by dramatically reducing sleep quality. PD treatment can cause EDS directly, or cause hallucinations and dyskinesias that similarly interfere with sleep. Furthermore, medications that reduce these side effects also cause somnolence. Finally, the underlying pathophysiology of PD also appears to directly cause EDS. Polysomnography may be needed to clarify the etiology of EDS, but often history and physical examination can lead to correct diagnosis and specific treatment. When no cause can be found, or treatment is unsuccessful, it may be appropriate to treat patients with wakefulness-promoting agents. Our goal is to provide the clinician with a rational, flexible, and cost-effective approach to evaluate and manage EDS in patients with PD. Sleep attacks and driving are additional issues that we discuss at the end of this chapter
A CMOS analog-to-digital converter for a digital RF memory

The authors describe the design of a CMOS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for use with a CMOS digital RF memory (DRFM) previously constructed. The ADC is needed to digitize the incoming RF signal, which is bandlimited to 50 MHz, so that the DRFM can store and operate on the digital words instead of the analog signals. CMOS technology is used with the intent of eventually integrating the ADC into the same package as the DRFM. The theory of operation of the major circuits of the ADC and major multiplexing blocks is reported. HSPICE simulations of the key ADC components were conducted. >
LANGXIAN'S DILEMMA OVER THE CULT OF MARTYRDOM AND FILIAL PIETY: A WORLD OF EMPTINESS IN “THE SIEGE OF YANGZHOU”

Ming vernacular stories are filled with images of martyrdom. The authors of these stories typically present positive images of suicide that support the neo-Confucian valorization of martyrdom for the sake of female chastity, filial piety, and political loyalty. In “The Siege of Yangzhou” and within the entire late-Ming Shi dian tou collection, the author Langxian rejected the dominant cultural ideal of martyrdom as sublime. Langxian expanded his text from previous versions of the same story, and through the ruptures and puzzling narrative discontinuities introduced into his rewriting of the text an undermining of the moral value of the protagonist's gruesome martyrdom. This story is an ironic deflation of female martyrdom that goes against the current view of Langxian as a conservative adherent of neo-Confucian ideology.
Sorting the Wash

It is a great pleasure and honor to have the opportunity to elutriate the criticisms of my book by three distinguished economists. Since two of the three reviews expressed some discomfort about either the general purpose and/or the basic orientation of the book, I will start out with a brief restatement about what it is supposed to be. This seems particularly necessary because my name is still associated by too many with Abraham Maslow and The Challenge of Humanistic Economics (written in the 1970s), while my subsequent work is much less known. To cut a long story short, in the early 1980s Ken Lux and I found it desirable to put our ethical economics on a more durable philosophical foundation inspired by Kantian moral philosophy and Amartya Sen's questioning of utilitarianism and "welfarism".1 In the process, the hierarchy of basic human needs was de-emphasized, and its place taken by the notion of a "dual self," the idea that humans have not only a (phenomenal) acting ego, but also a "higher" or aspirational self (akin to a moral self or the self we would want to be). Formally, this new device allowed us to rework rationality based on firstand second-order preferences, to recognize moral commitment, to help pioneer "multi-utility" frameworks, etc.2 It also paved the way for integrating the idea of human dignity into normative economics, together with human rights, the notion of economic democracy and principles of a more sound ecological economics. I mention this because one reviewer, Steve Pressman, seemed unaware of this
SEIZURES: SIGNIFICANT SIDE EFFECT OF CHLORAMBUCIL THERAPY

Of 88 children with nephrotic syndrome treated with 96 courses of chlorambucil and prednisone, 6 (3 males, 3 females) experienced seizures during therapy. Diagnoses by renal biopsy were: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (3), mesangial proliferative variant (1) and minimal lesion (1); one steroid responsive patient was not biopsied. The age at onset of disease ranged from 1.1-6.2 yrs, duration of illness from 0.4-8.5 yrs. The dose of chlorambucil varied between 0.18-0.67mg/kg/d for 8 days-13 weeks of treatment (total dose 1.6-36.7mgAg). In all, seizures were initially focal with progression to generalized myoclonus; 3 had multiple seizures while on therapy. No child had previous seizures while on steroid therapy alone except one who had a seizure with hypertensive encephalopathy 4 yrs previously. No child had hypertension, fever or metabolic abnormality at the time of seizures. Lumbar puncture in 4 was within normal limits. EEG showed focal changes in 5 and diffuse slowing in one; follow-up EEG in 4 had returned to normal. No child had persistence of seizure activity after chlorambucil discontinued. Even though seizure activity can not be related to age, duration of illness, sex, dosage, duration of treatment, or underlying disease, chlorambucil appears to be implicated as a contributing factor to these seizures.
Deformation and Fracture Testing for Hot Working Processes

A hot workability testing apparatus has been designed and constructed for determining flow stress and fracture of materials at elevated temperatures. The system is composed of four major elements: a closed-loop servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine with programmable and custom-made control components; a high temperature tooling and radiant heating furnace for isothermal test conditions; a test specimen transfer device for ease of testing and rapid quenching; and a computerized data acquisition and reduction system. Isothermal, homogeneous compression tests are performed for flow stress determination, while upset and bend tests are used for workability evaluation. Test temperatures to 1200°C may be achieved, along with constant strain rates up to 20s’1 for both compression and bend tests. Specimens can be quenched within 0.5-0.75s to permit the study of the microstructures developed during hot deformation. In both compression and bending, interrupted deformation schedules can be programmed. Change of rate tests to measure strain rate sensitivites are also possible. Capabilities of the system are illustrated by results obtained for the multiphase alloy MP35N (35% Co, 35% Ni, 20%o Cr, and 10% Mo).
Effect of work of adhesion on contact of a pressurized blister with a flat surface

The axisymmetric deflection of a circular thin film (or blister) pressurized on one side and coming into contact with a flat surface is considered. The edge of the blister is immovable. Attractive forces between the blister and surface cause an increase in the radius of the contact region. This problem is different from the usual blister test in which the film debonds at its edge as the pressure is increased. The blister is modeled here as a thin plate with no rotation at its edge, either excluding or including stretching resistance, and as a membrane with no bending resistance. Adhesion is modeled using both a JKR energy approach and a DMT approach. The effect of the work of adhesion on the contact radius is determined.
Polycyclic azetidines. I. The preparation of benzo [c]‐cis‐6‐azabicyclo[3.2.0] heptane

The title compound was prepared from compounds readily obtained from 2-carbomethoxy-I-indanone oxime (5) or from the N-chlorosulfonyl isocyanate adduct of indene (9). Apart from its ability to undergo transformation to the azetidine, compound 9 upon refluxing with excess LAII was found to undergo reductive decompostion to cis-2-hydroxymethyl-1-indanamine (2).
Quantitative determination of glucosamine by column chromatography and radioisotope dilution.

Abstract A specific method for the quantitative determination of protein-bound glucosamine using radioisotope dilution and ion-exchange chromatography is described. Plasma glucosamine levels of a group of normal male humans and hospitalized patients are reported. Evidence is presented that variable preferential destruction of either the added isotopically labeled glucosamine or the protein-bound glucosamine is not a significant factor in the results obtained.
MSFC Stream Model Preliminary Results: Modeling Recent Leonid and Perseid Encounters

The cometary meteoroid ejection model of Jones and Brown [Physics, Chemistry, and Dynamics of Interplanetary Dust, ASP Conference Series 104 (1996b) 137] was used to simulate ejection from comets 55P/Tempel-Tuttle during the last 12 revolutions, and the last 9 apparitions of 109P/Swift- Tuttle. Using cometary ephemerides generated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) HORIZONS Solar System Data and Ephemeris Computation Service, two independent ejection schemes were simulated. In the first case, ejection was simulated in 1 h time steps along the comet’s orbit while it was within 2.5 AU of the Sun. In the second case, ejection was simulated to occur at the hour the comet reached perihelion. A 4th order variable step-size Runge-Kutta integrator was then used to integrate meteoroid position and velocity forward in time, accounting for the effects of radiation pressure, Poynting-Robertson drag, and the gravitational forces of the planets, which were computed using JPL’s DE406 planetary ephemerides. An impact parameter (IP) was computed for each particle approaching the Earth to create a flux profile, and the results compared to observations of the 1998 and 1999 Leonid showers, and the 1993 and 2004 Perseids.
A condensation heat transfer correlation for millimeter-scale tubing with flow regime transition

This study documents local convection heat transfer and flow regime measurements for HFC-134a condensing inside a horizontal rectangular multi-port aluminum condenser tube of 1.46 mm hydraulic diameter. The data is compared with condensation heat transfer correlations and flow regime maps from the literature. Existing correlations are found to overpredict both heat transfer and the stratified-to-annular flow regime transition velocity. Results of the experiments suggest that liquid drawn into the corners of the tube alter the phase distribution in the annular flow regime as well as stabilizing the annular flow regime at lower vapor velocities. To predict the heat transfer data, two correlations, each representing the physics of the specific phase distributions, are developed. A boundary layer analysis is applied for annular flow, in which the friction multiplier and dimensionless boundary layer temperature are evaluated specifically for this tube configuration. For stratified flow, documented film condensation and single-phase forced convection correlations are combined with straightforward void fraction weighting. Finally, a weighting correlation is successfully proposed to account for the all data regardless of the mix of flow regimes experienced. This weighting applies the result of a modified flow regime map developed from the flow visualizations. The final result is a practical correlation for the design of a condenser with millimeter-scale tubes.
Low-income women's conceptualizations of food craving and food addiction.

Abstract Food craving and food addiction have been proposed as targets for obesity focused interventions. However, individuals' conceptualizations of these constructs are not well understood and no studies have employed a qualitative approach. Therefore, we sought to understand how women conceptualize food craving and food addiction. Low-income women with preschool-aged children (2–5 years old) participated in either a semi-structured individual interview or focus group in which they were asked about their conceptualization of eating behaviors among adults and children. All responses were audio-recorded and transcribed. Themes were identified using the constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Identified themes revealed that the women perceived food craving to be common, less severe and to a degree more humorous than food addiction. It was not felt that food cravings were something to be guarded against or resisted. Food addiction was described in a very “matter of fact” manner and was believed to be identifiable through its behavioral features including a compulsive need to have certain foods all the time. A more detailed understanding of how the general population perceives food craving and food addiction may enable more refined measurement of these constructs with questionnaire measures in the future. In addition, interventions may be designed to use the language most consistent with participants' conceptualizations of these constructs.
Accelerated molecular dynamics of rare events using the local boost method

We present the local boost method for accelerating molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of rare-event processes. To accelerate the dynamics, a bias potential is used to raise the potential energy in regions other than the transition states. This method reduces the number of MD time steps spent simulating motion in the potential-energy minima, and allows long-time simulations to be run. Correct equilibrium and dynamical quantities are achieved by using a time increment based on the principles of importance sampling. Two different bias potentials are probed. Both bias potentials are based on the potential energies of individual atoms. In both cases, the bias potential is turned on (off) when the energy of an individual atom is below (above) a boosting threshold energy. Implementing this method requires only minor modification to a conventional MD code, and the associated computational overhead is negligible. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the diffusion of atoms on Lennard-Jones fcc(001) and fcc(111) surfaces. Both single and multiple boosting-threshold energies are employed in these studies. These results show that the local boost method with multiple-boosting thresholds holds significant promise for application in large-scale MD simulations.
What's in the dictionary (or Is It?)*

Abstract We develop a formal framework in which to study dictionaries satisfying a seemingly desirable property. A dictionary is said to be closed if every word used in that definition is itself defined (elsewhere in the dictionary). We show that any closed dictionary is degenerate: all words have the same meaning. Implications of this result are discussed, as well as potential remedies.
Kinetics of hydrogen absorption in alpha titanium

Hydrogen absorption and desorption often limits a material’s application. For titanium, hydrogen absorption kinetics determine its suitability for tritium storage, tritium gettering, and vacuum pump applications. This study examines the absolute rate theory energy surface which molecular hydrogen gas encounters as it is absorbed into alpha-phase titanium. This results in useful new predictions for hydrogen absorption rates, desorption rates, and surface coverages on titanium. The only energy surface which is consistent with observed activation and absorption enthalpies, while predicting all absorption/desorption rate data, is found to contain a new activation barrier. Accuracy is within a factor of 3.6 for two surface preparations and temperatures between 250 and 500 °C.
Protease dimer formation disrupted.

A small-molecule inhibitor of the obligate dimeric protease of human Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus was identified. The agent functions by a 'monomer trap' mechanism in which the compound binds to a partially unfolded monomer and disrupts the formation of the enzymatically active protease dimer.
Electron interaction in weakly confining quantum dot potentials

The electronic structure of three model potentials for quantum dots has been studied. The potentials are of finite depth and spherical symmetry and have a range between 5 to 25 nm. The sequence of electronic states differs markedly from the one familiar from atomic systems. The occurrence of high angular momentum components in low-energy excited states is particular noteworthy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Periventricular preoptic-hypothalamic lesions: effects on isoproterenol-induced thirst.

Abstract Lesions of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) have been shown to block the dipsogenic properties of many experimental manipulations, including injections of angiotensin. The present study examines the ability of rats with ablations of the AV3V to initiate drinking responses following administrations of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist which is thought to elicit drinking in part by activating the peripheral renin-angiotensin system. It was found that rats bearing lesions of the AV3V region drank significantly less across a range of doses than animals with sham lesions. When taken together with results from other studies, the present findings suggest that destroying the AV3V region inhibits the thirst-inducing properties of endogenous, as well as exogenous angiotensin.
Basic Dutch: A Grammar and Workbook. by OOSTERHOFF, JENNEKE A.

The article reviews the books "Basic Dutch: A Grammar and Workbook" and "Intermediate Dutch: A Grammar and Workbook," both volumes of the Grammar Workbook series, by Jenneke A. Oosterhoff.
THE SAVINGS-INVESTMENT RELATIONSHIP: COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY EVIDENCE FROM UEMOA COUNTRIES

The relationship between saving and investment has been sharply debated in the empirical literature following the pioneering work of Feldstein and Horioka (1980). This paper contributes to this literature. As opposed to most previous studies, which have used panel estimation methods, we test for cointegration and causality between saving and investment in time-series settings for the UEMOA member countries by using the bounds test for cointegration proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) and the Granger causality test of Toda and Yamamoto (1995). The results show that domestic saving plays an active role in financing investment in only three countries. For the other four countries, the domestic savings rate and investment rate are not related.
Interference Filters With Irregular Spectral Transmittance Characteristics

For many technological applications filters with rather complicated and irregular spectral transmittance curves are required. A number of numerical approaches to the design of all-dielectric interference filters with such characteristics have been described in the past. A brief outline is given of two different automatic thin film synthesis programs developed for this purpose by the author. With these it is possible to design filters with any desired spectral transmittance curve, providing that the range over which the latter is designed is not excessive. The resulting filter designs call for thin films whose refractive indexes are intermediate to those of known materials, and whose thicknesses may assume any value. A brief des-cription of the apparatus and procedures suitable for the experimental realization of such filters is given. The results obtained for a number of prototype filters are discussed.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cloning the 5′ flanking region of neuron-specificHel-N1: evidence for positive regulatory elements governing cell-specific transcription

Abstract A 5.4 kilobase-pair segment of DNA flanking the 5′ end ofHel-N 1 was isolated and characterized. Primer extension studies with normal human brain and neuroblastoma cells revealed a major and minor transcription-initiation site. Sequence analysis of the initial 536 bp upstream to the major start site revealed a core promoter (−1 to −181) which contained two CCAAT boxes, a weakly-conserved TATA box, and an SP1 site. This region was also moderately GC-rich (62%). Using a transient luciferase-reporter-gene assay, the core promoter was found to be essential for basal transcription both in neural (PC12) and non-neural (HeLa and glial) cell types. Two positive regulatory elements, however, were identified in the initial 536 by ( −1 to −181 and −182 to −350) which produced a five- to six-fold increase in transcriptional activity in PC12 cells vs. HeLa or glial cells. These elements, therefore, were sufficient to confer cell-specific enhanced transcription and likely contribute to the neuronal specificity ofHel-N 1 mRNA expression.
Symptoms and rehabilitation needs of patients with early stage breast cancer during primary therapy.

The treatment for women diagnosed with early breast cancer is complex, dynamic, and controversial. More choices are available for local control and indications for systemic adjuvant therapy have changed dramatically. Knowledge of predictable physical and psychological responses through the various phases of primary treatment is the first critical element for the rehabilitation of these oncology patients. The health care provider can then anticipate problems, prepare the patient with accurate information, and institute interventions early to minimize symptoms. Information and psychological needs dominate the diagnostic phase, during which communication and emotional support are of paramount importance for decision making. Psychological distress persists through the treatment phase regardless of the choice of mastectomy or breast conservation surgery with radiation. The physical symptoms of these choices are similar, primarily related to the axillary lymph node dissection. Fatigue, breast soreness, sensation, and skin changes are common symptoms with breast irradiation that resolve over time. Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hair loss, menopausal symptoms, and weight gain are predictable chemotherapy-related side effects and are reported as mild to moderately distressful by the majority of patients. Consistency of information, support, collaboration, coordination of care, and communication among patients and health care providers are essential to meet the challenge of successful treatment and rehabilitation. Cancer 66:1392-1401, 1990.
Nonlinear Schrödinger equations and sharp interpolation estimates

A sharp sufficient condition for global existence is obtained for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {(NLS)} & {2i\phi _t + \Delta \phi + \left| \phi \right|^{2\sigma } \phi = 0,} & {x \in \mathbb{R}^N } & {t \in \mathbb{R}^ + } \\ \end{array} $$ in the case σ=2/N. This condition is in terms of an exact stationary solution (nonlinear ground state) of (NLS). It is derived by solving a variational problem to obtain the “best constant” for classical interpolation estimates of Nirenberg and Gagliardo.