cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of size and birefringence of the in vivo mitotic apparatus.

Long chain glycols augment in size and birefringence the in vivo mitotic apparatus (MA) of marine eggs. Dinitrophenol and caffeine antagonize the effect but they can be balanced by glycols. Caffeine inhibits the phosphodiesterase for cyclic AMP (CAMP) and CAMP levels increase in its presence. However, added dibutyryl CAMP does not affect MAs or cleavage, but is taken up by eggs. Oxygen uptake studies show that caffeine depresses oxidative metabolism but does not affect ATP levels. Action through the pentosephosphate shunt is suggested. Glycols influence the assembly of tubulin. Optical ultracentrifuge patterns of tubulin polymerized without glycol show a 6S and 30S peak. Similar patterns of tubulin polymerized at pH 6.4 in glycol and depolymerized in its absence show 6S, 8–18S, and 30S, peaks. The 8–18S peak appears in equilibrium with the 6S peak. If glycol is added to cold tubulin polymerized without glycol, only 6S and 30S peaks occur. Preparations with no 30S peak do not show 450 A rings in the EM. Calcium depolymerizes microtubules. In the absence of glycols 450 A rings are seen. In the presence of glycol, much higher concentrations of calcium are necessary for depolymerization, and few 450 A rings occur. We suggest that glycols prevent formation of the stable 30S peak, favor an intermediate structure in equilibrium with the 6S peak, and antagonize calcium depolymerization. Their in vivo effects may arise from these interactions.
The influence of viewing eye on pseudoneglect magnitude.

Various factors influence the degree of leftward error (pseudoneglect) that typifies the performance of normal individuals in line bisection tasks. This experiment reveals that the eye through which stimuli are viewed also exerts a modulating influence on spatial attention, as indexed by significant alterations in the magnitude of pseudoneglect. Using a forced-choice tachistoscopic line bisection protocol, 24 participants (12 male; 12 female) bisected horizontally oriented lines (22.6 degrees w x 0.39 degrees h) presented to central vision in 3 conditions: left uniocular viewing (L), right uniocular viewing (R), and binocular viewing (B). Perceived line midpoint, a measure of bisection accuracy, deviated significantly leftward of veridical (p < .05) in all viewing conditions, confirming a tonic asymmetry of visuospatial attention in normal young observers. In addition, a significant influence of viewing condition was found (p < .05) where pseudoneglect was greatest in the L condition, followed by the B and R conditions, respectively. Analysis of the slopes of the psychometric functions revealed significantly greater bisection precision in the binocular versus uniocular viewing conditions (p < .05). The results are interpreted to suggest that phasic effects on spatial attention can be produced by uniocular viewing via asymmetric retinotectal projections. The results are consistent with activation-orientation theories of attentional asymmetry.
Student Co-Researchers: How Principals Can Recruit, Train, and Enlist the Help of Students to Examine What Works and Does Not Work in Their Schools

This article describes an e fort by principals and university researchers to create student co-research groups at several high schools. The authors describe the student co-research team concept, ho...
Double Exchange and Small-Polaron Hopping in Magnetic Semiconductors

A many-electron approach to double exchange which explicitly considers the indistinguishability of mobile and valence electrons has been developed. The theory is applied to small-polaron motion in magnetic systems. The temperature dependence of the small-polaron mobility in antiferromagnets is shown to differ significantly from that in paramagnets and ferromagnets.
Dimensions of Fatigue as Predictors of Performance: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Among Registered Nurses

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study developed and evaluated a quantitative model relating dimensions of occupational fatigue and performance among registered nurses. Fatigue is a likely contributing factor to medical errors, with implications for both patient and provider safety. Thus, there is an ongoing need to further understand, define, and quantify the effects of fatigue on performance in healthcare workers, particularly nurses. The final model developed here supports existing evidence that mental and physical fatigue are distinct dimensions that contribute to a separate construct—total fatigue. Further, mental and physical fatigue dimensions had both direct and indirect effects on perceptions of mental and physical performance in this population. This model can be used by practitioners to evaluate fatigue interventions and estimate potential changes in perceived performance based on subjective measures of performance. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: While fatigue has been linked to performance decre...
Cyclosporin-mediated inhibition of bovine calcineurin by cyclophilins A and B.

The Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is inhibited by the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A in the presence of cyclophilin A or B. Of the two isoforms, cyclophilin B is more potent by a factor of 2-5 when either the phosphoprotein [32P]casein or the [32P]phosphoserine [Ser(32P)] form of the 19-residue bovine cardiac cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit peptide RII, [Ser(32P)15]RII, is used as substrate. With [Ser(32P15]RII as substrate, the concentrations of the cyclosporin A.cyclophilin A and cyclosporin A.cyclophilin B complexes, which cause 50% inhibition of calcineurin activity, are 120 and 50 nM, respectively. Lowering the concentration of calcineurin 80% with [32P]casein as substrate lowered the apparent inhibition constant for each complex even further; 50% inhibition of calcineurin was observed at 40 nM for cyclosporin A.cyclophilin A, whereas it was less than 10 nM for cyclosporin A.cyclophilin B. In all inhibition assays with [32P]casein or [Ser(32P)15]RII, the concentration of calcineurin required for measurable phosphatase activity is such that these complexes behave as tight-binding inhibitors of calcineurin, and steady-state kinetics cannot be used to assess inhibition patterns or Ki values. Limited trypsinization of calcineurin produces a fragment that is still inhibited, indicating that the interaction of cyclosporin.cyclophilin with calcineurin does not require either calmodulin or Ca2+.
Transcutaneous Bilirubin Monitoring of Newborns

Using skin jaundice measurements as an index of infant bilirubin status is subject to a number of uncertainties as described by many investigators. They are illustrated by the experience with a commercial device described here. In view of the widespread need for a quantitative measurement that can replace the visual inspections and subjective evaluations of jaundice being routinely used in clinical settings, such jaundice meters are likely to gain increasing acceptance. We expect future research to include more studies on: (1) reflectance spectra or multiple wavelength measurements for SBI; (2) quality control needed for SBI determinations; (3) the relative significance of physiological factors that influence tissue bilirubin deposits; and (4) the comparative significance of blood versus tissue bilirubin concentrations as true indicators of potential nervous tissue damage.
Loss and well-being in ALS: a different perspective on the challenge.

The Editorial by G. Foley (1) is important and thought-provoking. As she notes, her qualitative research suggests that “loss for people with ALS…included physical and existential loss” and “…unremi...
Pentoxifylline attenuates HPV-16 associated necrosis in placental trophoblasts

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been associated with placental inflammation resulting in high-risk preterm birth. The premise for this study was that treatment with anti-inflammatory pentoxifylline would inhibit HPV-mediated placental cell death. The objectives were: (1) to study the effects of HPV-16 exposure on trophoblast cells and (2) to evaluate pentoxifylline in preventing the damaging effects of HPV-16. Mouse embryos (1-cell) were cultured (G1plus medium, 72 h, 37 °C, 5 % CO2 in air), divided into four groups at blastocyst-stage and incubated to implantation stage. Implanted trophoblasts were exposed to either HPV-16 (group 1), concomitant HPV-16 and 3 mM pentoxifylline (group 2), 3 mM pentoxifylline only (group 3) or control medium (group 4) and further incubated for 24 h. HPV-16 were from SiHa cell lysates. Trophoblast structural integrity was assessed by morphometric analysis while apoptosis and necrosis were detected using dual-stain fluorescence assay. Trophoblast outgrowth was reduced by 90 % (P < 0.05) in HPV-16 presence (629 ± 265 µ2, mean + SEM) when compared with controls (6,456 ± 795 µ2). Pentoxifylline attenuated the effects of HPV-16 (4,308 ± 362 µ2). Nuclear size of HPV-16 infected trophoblasts was smallest among the groups (P < 0.005). HPV-16 decreased cell viability and increased necrosis but not apoptosis. Pentoxifylline prevented HPV-16 associated necrosis in trophoblasts. HPV-16 decreased nuclear size and trophoblast outgrowth but these effects were attenuated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, pentoxifylline. The action of HPV-16 on trophoblasts was increased cell necrosis suggesting that HPV-16 pathogenesis involved either cAMP inhibition and/or activated TNF pathways.
An economic model of the intake disposition of juvenile offenders

Abstract In Becker's model, punishment is not constrained by a normative ‘socially acceptable’ level. Carr-Hill and Stern show that the justice system requires a concept of ‘appropriate’ punishment which places either an upper bound on punishment or a cost of deviating from the ‘appropriate’ penalty. We estimate the social loss function implicitly minimized by police intake officers' processing of juvenile offenders. The calculation of social cost appears to ignore both the private costs of punishment and the seriousness of the crime. This suggests that concepts of rights and appropriate penalties affect decisions and provide a nonbinding upper bound on punishment.
Stability of planetary orbits in binary systems

The possible existence of stable orbits is investigated in binary systems using Hill's method. Analytical stability conditions are established for satellites, for inner planets and for outer planets, allowing arbitrary values for the mass-ratio of the binary.
Process generalization and the prediction of performance on mental imagery tasks.

Kosslyn (1980, 1983) theorized that performance measures on imagery tasks may vary as a function of the existence of independent processes in imaging ability. Tue present study determined whether improvement can be made in performance on such tasks with practice. It also considered whether performance on such tasks improves with practice and whether this improvement generalizes. Experiment 1 determined whether improvement in a mental rotation task generalizes to improvement in a geometric analogies task, with both tasks weighted in Kosslyn'sfind process, but not in a line drawing memory task weighted in Kosslyn'sregenerate process. In Experiment 2, we examined generalization in improvement from a geometric analogies task to a mental rotation task. In Experiment 3, we tested whether improvement in an animal imagery task (Kosslyn, 1975) generalizes to improvement in a line drawing memory task, with both tasks weighted in Kosslyn'sregenerate process, but not to improvement in a mental rotation task. Performance improved with practice on all tasks. Furthermore, performance improved from one task to another only if both tasks loaded on the same process.
Histochemical assay of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: correlation with biochemical assays and patients' response to endocrine therapies.

A histochemical steroid hormone receptor assay was performed on a number of cases of primary recurrent and metastatic breast cancer and then these findings were correlated with more expensive biochemical assays and patients response to endocrine therapies. The histochemical procedure used ligand-conjugates composed of 17 beta-estradiol and 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone covalently linked to bovine serum albumin and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate for measuring estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) respectively. When results from the histochemical assay were compared with determinations from conventional biochemical receptor assay they correlated for ER in 92% of the 313 tumors and for PR in 86% of the 86 specimens. Various endocrine therapies performed in 40 women with Stage 4 disease were correlated with ER and PR determinations in terms of clinical response. In 80% of cases including 8 which could not be fully analyzed by biochemical methods the histochemical assay gave successful prediction of clinical response.
A review: Acoustic emission, a tool for composite-materials studies

The technique of acoustic emission has two broad applications areas. The first is nondestructive evaluation. The second is as a tool in studies or research which are not fundamentally directed towards acoustic emission. It is this second application with which we are concerned here. Acoustic emission is a very useful tool in this role because of its high sensitivity, real-time capability, volume-monitoring approach, and sensitivity to any process or mechanism which generates sound waves. This paper presents a comprehensive review of areas where acoustic emission (AE) has been used for materials studies on composite materials. The following fields, among others, will be covered: (1) time-dependent composite properties, (2) impact studies, (3) correlation of AE with stress level, (4) application to matrix cure studies, (5) relationship of AE-detected damage to other measures of damage, (6) studies of the effects of matrix material, (7) application to differences in second phase, (8) interface studies, (9) AE and dimensional stability, (10) AE applied to orientation studies, and (11) environmental effects. This review will emphasize the roles that AE can play as a tool for the materials scientist: (1) discovery of damage mechanisms, (2) characterization of damage progression with increasing time or stress, (3) optimization of fabrication variables, and (4) reduction in the numbers of test specimens required in various studies.
Lipolytic enzyme content of rat tissues.

Summary1. Studies have been made of the concentration in the tissues of the rat of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of olive oil and tributyrin. 2. Serum liberated from an emulsified olive oil substrate an average of 6.6 micromoles of fatty acid per ml during the first hour of hydrolysis. 3. Liver, kidney and spleen were found to contain 3 to 6 times as much enzyme that splits olive oil as observed in serum. Pancreas showed 6000 times as much enzyme that splits olive oil as found in serum. Brain yielded low and questionable values. 4. In analyses with emulsified tributyrin as substrate, tissue extracts liberated 4 to 100 times as much fatty acid as was split from olive oil under the same conditions.
Chelating agent differences in ferrous iron determinations

Abstract Experiments were conducted to test the ability of ferrous iron (Fe2+) chelating agents to discriminate between Fe2+ and ferric iron (Fe3+), to determine ranges of Fe2+ detection in reactions, to determine interactions of chelating agents with phosphorus (P) which is common in plant tissue, and to evaluate some of the complexities of methodology for Fe2+ determinations. PDTS [ferrozine; 3‐(2 pyridyl)‐5,6‐bis (4‐phenyl‐sulfonic acid)‐l,2,4‐triazine] reacted with only small amounts of Fe3+, had a fairly wide range of Fe2+ detection (0–200 μg), P did not interfere with the reaction, and methodology was relatively simple. TPTZ [2,4,6‐tripyridyl‐s‐triazine] was very specific for Fe2+, did not react with Fe3+, had a relatively narrow range of Fe2+ detection (0–40 μg), P did not interfere with the reaction, and methodology was relatively simple. BPDS [4,7‐diphenyl 1.10‐phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid] reacted with a small amount of Fe3+, had a fairly wide range of Fe2+ detection (40–200 μg), did not react ...
Neurotoxicity in Ovarian Cancer Patients on Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Protocol 218: Characteristics Associated with Toxicity and the Effect of Substitution with Docetaxel: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Objectives To describe characteristics associated with neurotoxicity (NT) in advanced ovarian cancer patients treated on Gynecologic Oncology Group 218 and examine effect of substituting docetaxel for paclitaxel in these patients.
Nuances of Informed Consent: The Paradigm of Regional Anesthesia

Informed Consent is the primary method employed in clinical practice by which patients and their physicians incorporate a patient’s values, preferences, expectations, and fears in treatment decision-making [1]. Grounded in the philosophical concept of autonomy, it reflects a departure from the paternalistic tradition of western medicine, revealed first in the writings of Hippocrates and remaining dominant until recent times [2]. The practice of Informed Consent in the clinical arena evolved primarily through the medical profession’s responses to various decisions by the courts. In this paper we review the concept of Informed Consent from a historical and ethical perspective and, in so doing, provide a context for a discussion of these considerations to a specific clinical domain, that of regional anesthesia.
In situ genetic conservation of a naturally restricted and commercially widespread species, Pinus radiata

Abstract Unlike many other forest tree species of commercial significance, the domestication of Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) has occurred largely outside its native range in coastal California and Mexico. The extant native forest is represented by only five disjunct populations: three along the central coast of California and two on Mexican islands off the coast of Baja California. The remaining native forest is dwarfed in comparison with the area in plantation culture—over 4 million ha—largely in Chile, New Zealand, Australia, and Spain. The biological attributes of Monterey pine most relevant to genetic conservation challenges and strategies are its population structure (few, coastal, or insular populations that are highly differentiated genetically and ecologically); an evolutionary history that suggests considerable population movement, expansion, and local extirpations and founding events in response to climatic triggers; an evolutionary relationship with fire disturbance; and semi-serotinous cones that are held tightly on trees, often for years. Mirroring the high degree of population differentiation, threats to overall longevity and genetic diversity vary considerably in intensity and expression from one population to another. With a large proportion of the current habitat in private ownership, and continuing loss and fragmentation of native forest, the most critical conservation action is land purchase to protect remaining forests from degradation or conversion to other uses. Complementary, recent, and effective conservation measures include conservation easements on privately held Monterey pine forests, the public education and (regulatory) monitoring activities of environmental nongovernmental organizations, nonpolitical educational fora for habitat owners and managers, and international collaborations that bring the commercial interest in the species into the sphere of conservation of native gene pools.
Breast reduction in adolescents: indication, timing, and a review of the literature.

Abstract Background Adolescent breast hypertrophy can have long-term negative medical and psychological impacts. In select patients, breast reduction surgery is the best treatment. Unfortunately, many in the general and medical communities hold certain misconceptions regarding the indications and timing of this procedure. Several etiologies of adolescent breast hypertrophy, including juvenile gigantomastia, adolescent macromastia, and obesity-related breast hypertrophy, complicate the issue. It is our hope that this paper will clarify these misconceptions through a combined retrospective and literature review. Methods A retrospective review was conducted looking at adolescent females (≤18 years old) who had undergone bilateral breast reduction surgery. Their preoperative comorbidities, BMI, reduction volume, postoperative complications, and subjective satisfaction were recorded. In addition, a literature review was completed. Results 34 patients underwent bilateral breast reduction surgery. The average BMI was 29.5 kg/m2. The average volume resected during bilateral breast reductions was 1820.9 g. Postoperative complications include dehiscence (9%), infection (3%), and poor scarring (6%). There were no cases of recurrence or need for repeat operation. Self-reported patient satisfaction was 97%. All patients described significant improvements in self body-image and participation in social activities. The literature review yielded 25 relevant reported articles, 24 of which are case studies. Conclusion Reduction mammaplasty is safe and effective. It is the preferred treatment method for breast hypertrophy in the adolescent female and may be the only way to alleviate the increased social, psychological, and physical strain caused by this condition.
A shallow junction submicrometer PMOS process without high temperature anneals

A PMOS process resulting in very shallow, low-leakage source-drain junctions without high-temperature annealing following doping is discussed. The doping is performed using gas immersion laser doping which relies on a melt/regrowth process, initiated by a pulsed excimer laser (XeCl, lambda =308 nm), to drive in the dopant species. The properties of the resulting source/drain layers are discussed. A significant feature of this process is that unwanted diffusions are eliminated because no high-temperature anneals are used after the doping step. Submicrometer PMOS devices fabricated using this process exhibit excellent short-channel behavior with some process conditions resulting in very little or no threshold-voltage shift down to submicrometer gate lengths. >
On the Eneström-Kakeya theorem and its sharpness

Abstract A new proof, based on the Perron-Frobenius theory of nonnegative matrices, is given of a result of Hurwitz on the sharpness of the classical Enestrom-Kakeya theorem for estimating the moduli of the zeros of a polynomial with positive real coefficients. It is then shown (Theorem 2) that the zeros of a particular set of polynomials fill out the Enestrom-Kakeya annulus in a precise manner, and this is illustrated by numerical results in Fig. 1.
Protection against experimental bubonic and pneumonic plague by a recombinant capsular F1-V antigen fusion protein vaccine

The current human whole-cell vaccine is ineffective against pneumonic plague caused by typical F1 capsule positive (F1+) strains of Yersinia pestis. The authors found this vaccine to also be ineffective against F1-negative (F1-) Y. pestis strains, which have been isolated from a human case and from rodents. For these reasons, the authors developed a recombinant vaccine composed of a fusion protein of F1 with a second protective immunogen, V antigen. This vaccine protected experimental mice against pneumonic as well as bubonic plague produced by either an F1+ or F1- strain of Y. pestis, gave better protection than F1 or V alone against the F1+ strain, and may provide the basis for an improved human plague vaccine.
Cloning and Tissue Expression of the Rat RAB 3C GTP-Binding Protein

Abstract A cDNA clone which encodes the low molecular weight GTP-binding protein rab 3C was isolated from a rat PC12 pheochromocytoma library. The 1.0 kb clone contains the entire coding region (681 bp), as well as 5′ (89 bp) and 3′ (230 bp) untranslated sequences. The predicted amino acid sequence of the rat rab 3C clone is 98% identical to the bovine rab 3C sequence and 85% identical to the rat rab 3A sequence. Northern blot analyses using probes containing coding and noncoding sequences of the rat rab 3C clone hybridized to a 9.5 kb transcript in brain, adrenal gland, and pituitary RNA pools.
‘Iraqi Winnebagos™ of death’: imagined and realized futures of US bioweapons threat assessments

In February 2003, then-Secretary of State Colin Powell gave his now famous speech to the United Nations, laying the groundwork for the US invasion of Iraq. Using specially declassified intelligence information, Powell highlighted, with dramatic visual imagery, Iraq's continued development of biological weapons (BW), emphasizing the purported development of a mobile BW capability. Yet, within a year, all the evidence about the mobile biological labs presented in Powell's UN speech was discredited. In this paper, I will illustrate how US intelligence analysts used particular kinds of anticipatory assumptions and communication techniques to produce classified and unclassified information about the Iraqi mobile labs, which contributed to the flawed assessments and public understanding of the threat. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Determination of the aggregation number of detergent micelles using steady-state fluorescence quenching

The development of a simple, reliable method for determination of detergent micelle aggregation number that relies solely on measurement of steady-state fluorescence quenching is presented. The degree of steady-state fluorescence quenching of a micelle-solubilized fluorophore (pyrene) by a quencher that partitions greatly into the micelles (coumarin 153) is dependent on the micelle concentration, which can therefore be determined. The aggregation number is calculated as the micelle concentration/detergent monomer concentration (the total detergent concentration above the critical micelle concentration). For the determination to be accurate, the partition coefficient of the quencher into the micelle phase is determined and used to calculate the micellar concentration of quencher. Also, the quenching of pyrene by a coumarin 153 molecule within the same micelle must be complete, and this was confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence measurements. Aggregation numbers were determined for one cationic and several nonionic detergents and were found to be consistent with literature values. The approach presented is an improvement on a previous luminescence quenching technique (Turro, N.J., and A. Yekta. 1978. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100:5951–5952) and can be used on cationic, anionic, and nonionic detergents with micelles ranging greatly in size and under varying conditions, such as detergent concentration, ionic strength, or temperature.
Interdiffusion in PbIn thin film couples

Abstract Interdiffusion in PbIn thin film couples has been examined by an X-ray diffraction technique. Initial results indicate that the interdiffusion in such couples is significantly faster than that expected from reported bulk data.
Good stents gone bad: endoscopic treatment of proximally migrated pancreatic duct stents

Background Pancreatic duct stents are used for a variety of endoscopic pancreatic manipulations, and small surgical stents are used prophylactically to bridge pancreatic-enteric anastomoses. With increasing use of pancreatic stents, many complications have been recognized. Objective To determine the complications and outcomes of pancreatic stent migration. Design Case series from a retrospective review of all cases of upstream or proximally migrated pancreatic duct stents, placed either endoscopically or surgically, identified between 2000 and 2007. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients This study involved 33 patients; 23 postendoscopic and 10 postsurgical stents. Main Outcome Measurements Retrieval rates, minor/major complications. Results Endoscopic stents had a successful retrieval rate of 78%. Most patients were asymptomatic. The most common procedure was balloon extraction (8 of 18; 44%). Nine patients required multiple procedures (3 patients, 2 attempts; 5 patients, 3 attempts; 1 patient, 4 attempts). Five stents could not be retrieved. Of these, 4 were associated with downstream stenosis. Four patients underwent surgery, and 1 patient was treated with observation. Complications included pancreatic duct disruption (1 of 23), stent fragmentation (1 of 23), and postprocedure pancreatitis (1 of 23). Surgically placed stents had a successful retrieval rate of 80%. Most surgical stents had migrated into the biliary tree (8 of 10). All of these patients were symptomatic with pain or fever. Two stents could not be retrieved; 1 of those patients underwent surgery. Limitation Retrospective study. Conclusion The majority of upstream-migrated stents can be endoscopically removed. Despite manipulation of the pancreatic duct, pancreatitis was infrequent. Surgically placed pancreatic stents migrate downstream and into the open biliary anastomosis and are associated with pain, cholangitis, or liver abscesses.
Infrared properties of the glue propagator in non-abelian gauge theories

Abstract In a pure Yang-Mills theory, the Dyson equation for the gluon propagator is studied in the infrared regime, under the assumption that, as in QED, only those parts of the proper gluon vertex functions determined by the Ward identities are relevant. The calculations are all carried out in the axial gauge. With a number of simplifying assumptions the resulting integral equation for the gluon propagator can be solved in the IR regime. The solution displays a power singularity in the IR for the renormalized coupling constant g ( q 2 ).
Light-front QCD. II. Two-component theory.

The light-front gauge ${A}_{a}^{+}=0$ is known to be a convenient gauge in practical QCD calculations for short-distance behavior, but there are presistent concerns about its use because of its "singular" nature. The study of nonperturbative field theory quantizing on a light-front plane for hadronic bound states requires one to gain a priori systematic control of such gauge singularities. In the second paper of this series we study the two-component old-fashioned perturbation theory and various severe infrared divergences occurring in old-fashioned light-front Hamiltonian calculations for QCD. We also analyze the ultraviolet divergences associated with a large transverse momentum and examine three currently used regulators: an explicit transverse cutoff, transverse dimensional regularization, and a global cutoff. We discuss possible difficulties caused by the light-front gauge singularity in the applications of light-front QCD to both old-fashioned perturbative calculations for short-distance physics and upcoming nonperturbative investigations for hadronic bound states.
Method of fabricating high-Q silicon varactor diodes

A new processing technique has been developed for the fabrication of high-Q and high-voltage varactor diodes. The process utilises ion implantation and laser annealing for heavily-doped p++ and n++ layers and epitaxial growth for low impurity concentrations. The technique provides good yield and repeatability, and it has allowed fabrication of varactor diodes which have breakdown voltages of 120 V and a Q as high as 600 at −8 V bias and 50 MHz frequency.
Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease:

The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. The major risk factors identified to date are family history, age, and elements of rural living. Nearly one-third of all PD cases are familial, a small subset of which appears autosomal dominant; however, the majority exhibit no clear inheritance pattern. Autosomal dominant PD is genetically heterogeneous: two PD genes have been mapped to chromosomes 2 and 4 and there may be additional as yet unidentified genes. The common forms of PD-both familial and sporadic cases-appear to involve a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. The observations that rural residence and pesticide exposure increase the risk of developing PD, and that a synthetic drug, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, can cause parkinsonism, suggest that at least a subset of PD may be caused by a toxin. Furthermore, modest but significant associations have been reported between PD susceptibility and genes that regulate metabolism of drugs and neurotoxins. There is also evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, a finding that was recently traced to anomalies in mitochondrial DNA. At the present time, the genetics of PD appear to be complex, involving multiple nuclear genes and possibly mitochondrial genes as well.
Ill-Formed and Non-Standard Language Problems

Prospects look good for making real improvements in Natural Language Processing systems with regard to dealing with unconventional inputs in a practical way. Research which is expected to have an influence on this progress as well as some predictions about accomplishments in both the short and long term are discussed.
Beating the power limit of LC oscillators

This paper presents a novel LC oscillator topology that requires lower minimum power for startup than other LC oscillators. The Gm-boosted LC oscillator topology introduced here can drop the power required to start an oscillation by 35% in a 0.18 mum CMOS process, without significant degradation in phase noise levels compared to a standard LC oscillator. Such an oscillator may be useful in low power, low noise communication transceivers.
The Life and Times of Emmy Noether: Contributions of Emmy Noether to Particle Physics

The contributions of Emmy Noether to particle physics fall into two categories. One is given under the rubric of Noether’s theorem, and the other may be described as her important contributions to modern mathematics. In physics literature, the terminology Noether’s theorem is used to refer to one or another of two theorems, or their converses, proved by Noether. These will be discussed along with an historical account of how they were discovered and what their impact has been. This paper also gives, for physicists, an overview of the important role of Emmy Noether’s work in the development of modern mathematics. In addition a brief biography is given.
Static stability and control characteristics of scissor wing configurations

A scissor wing geometry is introduced as an alternative to variable sweep and oblique wing designs. It is shown that this configuration offers certain enhancements to the stability and control of the aircraft in addition to aerodynamic advantages associated with sweep. It is shown that a scissor wing configuration can maintain a constant static margin throughout its flight Mach numbers. The dependence of the motion of the aircraft neutral point on the sweep angle is shown to be a function of the chord and span ratios. The control authority is studied and shown not to suffer with changes in the sweep angle. It is also suggested that with the use of wing mounted elevons, additional pitch and attitude control can be obtained over a range of sweep angles.
MODELING OF THE GERMINATION OF SPORES FROM CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FOOD POISONING ISOLATES

Clostridium perfringens type A isolates carrying a chromosomal gene for enterotoxin production (chromosomal c. perfringens enterotoxin [C-cpe]strains) are frequent causative agents of food poisoning. Predictive models for their growth in meat products have been published; however, the development of germination models needs further research. In this study, the Weibull function was used to describe the germination of C-cpe food poisoning strains in phosphate and Tris–HCl buffer as affected by pH (5.8–8.5), germinant concentration (1–100 mM KCl) and germination temperature (23–60C). As indicated by estimators of model accuracy and bias, an empirical model for spore germination as a function of germination temperature only, predicted accurately the germination potential of 4 C-cpe food poisoning strains in buffer and in laboratory media in the 23–50C range. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Thermal processing models based on the inactivation of a heat-resistant spore ignore the potential germination and outgrowth of spore survivors as recommended by new food safety guidelines. Germination models for spore survivors to be used in conjunction with outgrowth models should be developed using as samples the product of interest because the bioavailability and concentration of germinants such as ions and free amino acids vary with the product and its manufacturing process. Another germination model application is in conjunction with new processing technologies such as high pressure processing (HPP). The inactivation of bacterial spores has been a major challenge to HPP process developers. Since germinated spores are sensitive to pressure, germination models would be useful to design combined strategies of food thermal treatment and HPP.
Trap Coverage: Allowing Coverage Holes of Bounded Diameter in Wireless Sensor Networks

Tracking of movements such as that of people, animals, vehicles, or of phenomena such as fire, can be achieved by deploying a wireless sensor network. So far only prototype systems have been deployed and hence the issue of scale has not become critical. Real-life deployments, however, will be at large scale and achieving this scale will become prohibitively expensive if we require every point in the region to be covered (i.e., full coverage), as has been the case in prototype deployments. In this paper we therefore propose a new model of coverage, called trap coverage, that scales well with large deployment regions. A sensor network providing trap coverage guarantees that any moving object or phenomena can move at most a (known) displacement before it is guaranteed to be detected by the network, for any trajectory and speed. Applications aside, trap coverage generalizes the de-facto model of full coverage by allowing holes of a given maximum diameter. From a probabilistic analysis perspective, the trap coverage model explains the continuum between percolation (when coverage holes become finite) and full coverage (when coverage holes cease to exist). We take first steps toward establishing a strong foundation for this new model of coverage. We derive reliable, explicit estimates for the density needed to achieve trap coverage with a given diameter when sensors are deployed randomly. Our density estimates are more accurate than those obtained using asymptotic critical conditions. We show by simulation that our analytical predictions of density are quite accurate even for small networks. We then propose polynomial-time algorithms to determine the level of trap coverage achieved once sensors are deployed on the ground. Finally, we point out several new research problems that arise by the introduction of the trap coverage model.
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) during assembly and disassembly of Chlamydomonas flagella

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) of particles along flagellar microtubules is required for the assembly and maintenance of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. In Chlamydomonas, anterograde and retrograde particles viewed by light microscopy average 0.12-microm and 0.06-microm diameter, respectively. Examination of IFT particle structure in growing flagella by electron microscopy revealed similar size aggregates composed of small particles linked to each other and to the membrane and microtubules. To determine the relationship between the number of particles and flagellar length, the rate and frequency of IFT particle movement was measured in nongrowing, growing, and shortening flagella. In all flagella, anterograde and retrograde IFT averaged 1.9 microm/s and 2.7 microm/s, respectively, but retrograde IFT was significantly slower in flagella shorter than 4 mum. The number of flagellar IFT particles was not fixed, but depended on flagellar length. Pauses in IFT particle entry into flagella suggest the presence of a periodic "gate" that permits up to 4 particles/s to enter a flagellum.
Experimental Assessment of the Influence of Zooplankton Size and Density on Gizzard Shad Recruitment

Abstract Available prey influence fish recruitment, especially when size-dependent processes, such as starvation or predation, dictate larval survival. Yet, for zooplanktivorous larval fishes. quantitative assessments of how zooplankton density and quality (i.e., size or taxonomic composition) influence foraging success, growth, and survival are rare. With small-scale experiments, we tested whether high densities of small zooplankton promote recruitment of age-0 gizzard shad Dorosonia cepedianum from the larval (<25 mm total length, TL) to the juvenile (≥25 mm TL) stage. In our first experiment, in which larval and early juvenile gizzard shad (10–29 mm TL) were exposed to a range of densities of small zooplankton, foraging success varied substantially but generally increased at zooplankton densities over 200/L for larvae less than 20 mm TL and at densities over 100/L for individuals 20 mm TL or longer. In a second experiment. larval gizzard shad (15 mm TL), after 2 weeks in 1-m3 enclosures, survived more ...
Socio-regulatory upheaval, reference points and strategic evolution of the cigarette industry

Abstract During the past 3 decades, the US cigarette industry has seen increased social and political turbulence affect market growth. The six major competitors (Phillip Morris (PM), R.J. Reynolds (RJR), American Tobacco, British American Tobacco (BAT), Lorillard and Liggett & Myers) have all responded to the increasingly unattractive environment through diversification efforts. Still, facing similar, hostile environments, the various patterns of product and international diversification of the firms have been divergent in terms of both scope and depth. The integration of strategic reference points offers a preliminary explanation for these divergent strategies. Firms who were industry leaders and industry laggards regarding average industry performance indicators were observed to take greater strategic risks in each decade. Firms performing at the industry median took relatively less risk in each decade.
Do people remember the temporal proximity of unrelated events

In the present study, we tested the ability to remember the temporal proximity of two unrelated events that had happened within 7 days of one another. In three experiments, 1,909 participants judged whether pairs of news events, ranging in age from 1 month to about 6 years, had occurred within a week of each other and, if not, how far apart they had occurred. Some event pairs were related, and others were unrelated. For unrelated event pairs, same-week and separation judgments were very poor. Accuracy was much greater for both kinds of judgments when the events were related. Participants often guessed the separation of unrelated event pairs, whereas they frequently deduced the separation or remembered the proximity of related event pairs. For both types of pairs, the participants reported using the strength of the memories or the general period in which the events had occurred.
Successful Computational Prediction of Novel Imprinted Genes from Epigenomic Features

Approximately 100 mouse genes undergo genomic imprinting, whereby one of the two parental alleles is epigenetically silenced. Imprinted genes influence processes including development, X chromosome inactivation, obesity, schizophrenia, and diabetes, motivating the identification of all imprinted loci. Local sequence features have been used to predict candidate imprinted genes, but rigorous testing using reciprocal crosses validated only three, one of which resided in previously identified imprinting clusters. Here we show that specific epigenetic features in mouse cells correlate with imprinting status in mice, and we identify hundreds of additional genes predicted to be imprinted in the mouse. We used a multitiered approach to validate imprinted expression, including use of a custom single nucleotide polymorphism array and traditional molecular methods. Of 65 candidates subjected to molecular assays for allele-specific expression, we found 10 novel imprinted genes that were maternally expressed in the placenta.
Late Quaternary dynamics of tundra and forest vegetation in the southern Niagara Escarpment, Canada

Summary •Here, paleoecological studies from southern Ontario, Canada, are detailed to reconstruct vegetation history of the last 13 000 14 C year, with emphasis on late-glacial treeless vegetation. •Two sites (Crawford Lake and Twiss Marl Pond) were investigated using combined pollen and plant–macrofossil stratigraphic data. Comparison of multivariate analysis of pollen data with climate variations inferred independently from oxygen isotopes at the same site facilitated systematic evaluations of climate–vegetation interactions during different stages of vegetation development. •Pollen results show a distinctive successional change from Alnus – Dryas –Cyperaceae sparse tundra or periglacial desert to Salix – Juniperus –Cyperaceae dense tundra, with abundant arctic/alpine plant macrofossils, during the first few centuries after ice retreat. The area around the two sites was then dominated by Picea ( c. 12 000–10 000 14 C BP). Vegetation shifts, summarized by log-contrast principal component analysis of the pollen record, indicated a lagged response of forests to deglacial climate warming. The major vegetation shift at c. 7500 14 C BP from coniferous Pinus -dominated to mixed forests probably corresponded to a major shift from deglacial to full postglacial climates. Vegetation during the mid- and late Holocene responded more directly to natural (drought-triggered pathogen-induced Tsuga decline) and human disturbances (aboriginal and EuroCanadian settlements). •This study demonstrates that bedrock basins most faithfully recorded the earliest vegetation change because they usually experienced a short delay in lake formation after ice retreat.
Determination of the Gelation Mechanism of Freeze–Thawed Hen Egg Yolk

A study of yolks stored up to 168 d at -20 °C was conducted to determine the gelation behavior and mechanism of freeze-thawed yolk. Methods used were rheology, native and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native- and SDS-PAGE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy for matrix mobility. Results indicate that both constituents of plasma and granules contributed to gelation of yolk under freezing. PAGE analyses suggest that granular proteins participated in aggregation during freeze-thaw. Increasing gel strength and particle size and decreasing water and lipid-water mobility indicate that lipoproteins or apolipoproteins aggregated. At storage times ≥84 d, increased protein and lipid mobility, the detection of smaller particles, and secondarily increased gel strength suggest the liberation of protein or lipoprotein components from previously formed aggregates and further aggregation of these constituents. Disruption of the gelled yolk matrix observed with TEM supported that ice crystal formation was required for gelation to occur. A two-stage dynamic gelation model is thus proposed.