cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial cell populations in a continuously changing environment.

Abstract A model relating the development of bacterial cell populations to their environment is presented in which the population is described in terms of the cell size distribution. To characterize the basic processes of cell growth, division and death, we assume that (1) the rate of cell growth is dependent on the diffusion of nutrient to the cells, (2) the rate of cell division is a function of cell size, and (3) the rate of cell death is a function of nutrient and toxic product concentrations. Equations governing the dynamic behavior of a pure culture in a continuously changing environment are formulated. Numerical solutions are presented which show how the population growth curve, the cell size distribution, and the chemical environment vary with time.
Vikings in America: Theories and Evidence

P UBLICATIONS proving the discovery and settlement of the North American continent by the Vikings or Norsemen are increasing in a neverending flood. Every month brings out a new list of articles, newspaper announcements, monographs, and books on the subject, some adding "new" information, others rearranging and restating discoveries and theories which had been previously issued. What is the origin of, what is the motivation for, this flood?
Antimicrobial activity and effectiveness of a combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide in killing and removing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms from surfaces

Aims: To evaluate both the antimicrobial activity and the effectiveness of a combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide (Ox-B) for killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19142 cells and removing P. aeruginosa biofilms on aluminum or stainless steel surfaces. Methods and Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were developed in tryptic soy broth containing vertically suspended aluminium or stainless steel plates. Biofilms were exposed to a mixed sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide solution as a sanitizer for 1, 5 and 20 min. The sanitizer was then neutralized, the cells dislodged from the test surfaces, and viable cells enumerated. Cell morphologies were determined using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cell viability was determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Biofilm removal was monitored by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. Cell numbers were reduced by 5-log to 6-log after 1 min exposure and by 7-log after 5 min exposure to Ox-B. No viable cells were detected after a 20 min exposure. Treatment with equivalent concentrations of sodium hypochlorite reduced viable numbers by 3-log to 4-log after 1 min exposure and by 4-log to 6-log after 5 min, respectively. A 20 min exposure achieved a 7-log reduction. Hydrogen peroxide at test concentration treatments showed no effect. FTIR analysis of treated pseudomonad biofilms on aluminium or stainless steel plates showed either a significant reduction or complete removal of biofilm material after a 5 min exposure to the mixed sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide solution. SEM and TEM images revealed damage to cell wall and cell membranes. Conclusions: A combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide effectively killed P. aeruginosa cells and removed biofilms from both stainless steel and aluminium surfaces. Significance and Impact of the Study: The combination of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide can be used as an alternative disinfectant and/or biofilm remover of contaminated food processing equipment.
Solubility of liquids in compressed hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

The vapor-phase solubilities of carbon tetrachloride, iso-octane, toluene, and n-decane were measured in compressed hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide at 50° and 75°C. and at various pressures between 20 and 90 atm. The virial equation of state was used to describe the volumetric properties of the vapor mixtures, and the second virial cross coefficients were evaluated from the solubility data. The results indicate that the vapor phase departs from ideality very quickly for these systems as the pressure increases, particularly at pressures greater than 10 atm.
Validity-weighted model vector-based retrieval of video

Model vector-based retrieval is a novel approach for video indexing that uses a semantic model vector signature that describes the detection of a fixed set of concepts across a lexicon. The model vector basis is created using a set of independent binary classifiers that correspond to the semantic concepts. The model vectors are created by applying the binary detectors to video content and measuring the confidence of detection. Once the model vectors are extracted, simple techniques can be used for searching to find similar matches in a video database. However, since confidence scores alone do not capture information about the reliability of the underlying detectors, techniques are needed to ensure good performance in the presence of varying qualities of detectors. In this paper, we examine the model vector-based retrieval framework for video and propose methods using detector validity to improve matching performance. In particular, we develop a model vector distance metric that weighs the dimensions using detector validity scores. In this paper, we explore the new model vector-based retrieval method for video indexing and empirically evaluate the retrieval effectiveness on a large video test collection using different methods of measuring and incorporating detector validity indicators.
Triangular shaped waveguide diode ring laser fabricated using Cl2 RIBE in InP/InGaAsP

A triangular shaped ridge waveguide diode ring laser is fabricated in InP/InGaAsP. The laser facets are etched using Cl2 RIBE. The device lases at 1.21 µm under room temperature pulsed testing.
Parietal depressions in skulls of the extinct saber-toothed felid Smilodon fatalis: evidence of mechanical strain

ABSTRACT Examination of nearly one thousand skulls and braincases of the Pleistocene North American felid Smilodon fatalis revealed localized depressions in the parietal bones in 36% of the sample. The depressions are hypothesized to be the consequence of heightened local mechanical stresses in fibers of the temporalis muscle. Comparative dissections of modern felids indicate that this region is the attachment site for deep temporalis bundle fibers where masticatory stresses in this muscle would naturally be manifested. The depressions occur in skulls of a variety of extant and extinct carnivorans. Inferences from computerized axial tomographic scans and clinical observations of bone pathology indicate that the depressions are most likely cortical desmoids, bony defects created by avulsive processes associated with overexertion in highly active muscles.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS AND NEUROSARCOIDOSIS: A CASE REPORT

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains a clinical diagnosis without definable biomarkers. The pathomechanism of motor neuron degeneration in ALS has yet to be elucidated. Here we present a case of limb-onset ALS, with autopsy findings of Bunina bodies and skein-like inclusions, as well as sarcoid granulomas predominating among motor neurons. The targeting of the motor neurons by the sarcoid inflammation raises questions regarding the role of cellular immunity in the pathomechanisms for ALS.
Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the heart: Report of two cases

Abstract Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease) is a rare disease that typically occurs in lymph nodes. While many body sites have been reported to be involved in extranodal manifestations of the disease, the cardiovascular system has been largely absent in this literature. We report two cases of Rosai–Dorfman disease that involves the heart. Case 1 was a 40-year-old man with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia who was incidentally noted to have Rosai–Dorfman disease on autopsy after succumbing to respiratory failure in the setting of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Case 2 was a 57-year-old woman known to have Rosai–Dorfman disease involving mediastinal lymph nodes and found to have a right atrial mass on workup for atypical chest pain. Both cases showed a similar histologic picture of large, multinucleated histiocytes with immunoreactivity to S100, emperipolesis, and marked plamacytosis. This study expands our knowledge of organs involved in extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease.
Dichotic verbal transformations and evidence of separate processors for identical stimuli.

AFTER listening for several seconds to a clear recording of any word or phrase repeated over and over, a listener experiences illusory changes called “verbal transformations” (VTs), and hears a series of abrupt transitions, sometimes to new forms, sometimes back to the actual stimulus or to illusory forms reported earlier1. Considerable phonetic distortion may take place, so that with the repeated stimulus ‘tress’ listeners can believe they are hearing clearly words as far removed as ‘purse’ or ‘florist’. The temporary receptive aphasia and perceptual reorganisation produced by VTs have provided access to mechanisms for speech processing not otherwise available for study2. Previous investigations have been restricted to one repeated statement at a time; we have extended this research with VTs to investigate dichotic presentation of separate stimuli to each ear.
Development of Interarterial Intercoronary Anastomoses by Arteriovenous Fistula Between Pulmonary Artery and Left Atrium.

Summary1. No interarterial intercoronary anastomoses between any branch of right and left coronary artery could be demonstrated at autopsy in normal dogs with a vinyl plastic injection mass. 2. Following surgical production of arteriovenous fistula (10-12 mm long) between main pulmonary artery and left atrium, interarterial intercoronary anastomoses between right and left coronary arteries were demonstrated at postmortem examination in 5 of 7 dogs examined at intervals of 2 days to 14 weeks following surgery. These anastomotic communications were arterial in size.
An algorithm for the solution of a location problem with metric constraints

In many location problems, the solution is constrained to lie within a closed set. In this paper, optimal solutions to a special type of constrained location problem are characterized. In particular, the location problem with the solution constrained to be within a maximum distance of each demand point is considered, and an algorithm for its solution is developed and discussed.
Factors influencing preschool-age children's acceptance of models presented as overweight

Objective. To investigate whether preschool-age children's ratings of an overweight model were influenced by perceptions of responsibility for weight, type of play activity (i.e., running or cards), and information (i.e., positive or neutral). Methods. A total of 152 children (74 boys), aged 3 to 6 years, were randomly assigned to watch two videotapes; one presented information about the model (positive or neutral) and one depicted the model engaged in an activity (running or playing cards). Results. Children who blamed models for being overweight provided lower acceptance ratings than those who did not. Ratings provided by children who blamed models were influenced by information and activity condition. This was not true for children who did not blame the models. Conclusions. Results were marked by complexity, indicating that the interplay of perceptions of responsibility and contextual cues influenced ratings. In the future, researchers should consider other variables that might interact with perception...
Characterization of asymptotic statistical equivalent double and single sequences

This paper presents a series of four-dimensional matrix characterizations of statistically asymptotically equivalent double and single sequences. These characterizations begins with the presentation of definitions for asymptotically equivalent and asymptotically statistical equivalent of multiple L for double and single sequences. The type of questions we provided answers for are those of the following sort. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions on the entries A that ensure the preservation of statistically asymptotically equivalent rate of convergence.
Future Orientation, School Contexts, and Problem Behaviors: A Multilevel Study

The association between future orientation and problem behaviors has received extensive empirical attention; however, previous work has not considered school contextual influences on this link. Using a sample of N = 9,163 9th to 12th graders (51.0 % females) from N = 85 high schools of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the present study examined the independent and interactive effects of adolescent future orientation and school contexts (school size, school location, school SES, school future orientation climate) on problem behaviors. Results provided evidence that adolescent future orientation was associated independently and negatively with problem behaviors. In addition, adolescents from large-size schools reported higher levels of problem behaviors than their age mates from small-size schools, controlling for individual-level covariates. Furthermore, an interaction effect between adolescent future orientation and school future orientation climate was found, suggesting influences of school future orientation climate on the link between adolescent future orientation and problem behaviors as well as variations in effects of school future orientation climate across different levels of adolescent future orientation. Specifically, the negative association between adolescent future orientation and problem behaviors was stronger at schools with a more positive climate of future orientation, whereas school future orientation climate had a significant and unexpectedly positive relationship with problem behaviors for adolescents with low levels of future orientation. Findings implicate the importance of comparing how the future orientation-problem behaviors link varies across different ecological contexts and the need to understand influences of school climate on problem behaviors in light of differences in psychological processes among adolescents.
MODERN LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION BY RADIO

Author's summary.— A number of forces are working simultaneously to increase the need for a functional knowledge of modern language in the United States. Some of these forces, such as radio, can be used advantageously in satisfying the need. It appears that American broadcast teachers can profit from European developments where modern language instruction has become one of the most popular subjects on the air.
Polarization of neutrons produced in the D—D reaction

Polarization of neutrons from the d(d,n) He reaction was measured at an average deuteron energy of 93 kev and emission angles of 43 and 53 in the laboratory system. The values of P/sub n/. are found to be --10.6% sintering time 2.3% and --9.5% sintering time 3.7%, respectively. These are in excellent agreement with previous results at higher energies. The results of all experiments suggest that the polarization is independert of deuteron bombarding energy between 93 kev and 700 kev. (auth)
APPLICATION FOR EPA PERMITS TO DISCHARGE OIL FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES: REVISED INTERIM GUIDELINES1

ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) has prepared revised guidelines on discharging oil into U.S. waters to assist research efforts on the prevention, preparedness and response to oil pollution that cannot be conducted in a laboratory, test tank, or other facility. The revised guidelines update the 1971 guidelines developed for the same purpose. Under these guidelines, the applicant for an oil discharge permit should; 1) provide data on the methods used to assess the environmental effects of the proposed test; 2) provide information and demonstrate (if possible) that the proposed test site has been selected to minimize adverse environmental impacts; 3) assess the potential impacts of the proposed test on the aesthetic, recreational, and economic uses of the proposed test site; 4) address potential impacts to public health; 5) describe how expected environmental effects will be controlled; 6) provide an opportunity for public participation in the permitting process; 7) prov...
Ligand spin polarization and antiferromagnetic coupling in transition metal dimers

Abstract Starting with spin polarized determinants for an antiferromagnetic transition metal dimer and spin projected states obtained from them, we show that both superexchange coupling and ligand spin polarization contribute to the Heisenberg coupling constant J describing a ladder of spin states. A single broken symmetry UHF calculation when combined with an independent calculation for the high-spin state yields J from the equation, E(Smax) − EB = − S2maxJ. Ligand spin polarization affects the average value of both spin-independent one-electron operators like the electron density at the metal site and spin-dependent operators such as A tensors at metal and ligand sites. The theoretical analysis here shows a number of new physical effects and generalizes the results of our previous paper which dealt solely with the effects of superexchange coupling. The limitations of this approach are also examined. A more comprehensive theory is readily formulated for computational purposes, but closed form equations as a function of S are very complicated. In general, the spin hamiltonian is not of Heisenberg form when all ligand spin polarization terms are included. However, the major ligand spin polarization terms and the superexchange terms are of Heisenberg form. Both of these are included in the broken symmetry approach.
Structured observation of motor performance (SOMP-I) applied to neonatally healthy fullterm infants at the ages of 0–10 months

A new protocol for structured observation of motor performance in infants, SOMP-I, was applied to 72 neonatally healthy fullterm infants at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 10 months of age. It contains 13 items, formed as ascending scales, consisting of detailed descriptions of motor performance in different body positions and body parts. The observed motor performance is assessed regarding level of development (progress), and degree and type of deviation from the described performance (quality). When observed according to the new protocol, the infants' motor performance corresponded to higher levels of motor development with increasing age and agreed with descriptions in other standardized developmental scales. With age, the motor performance observed was distributed over more levels in the different scales and the number of infants with deviations from the described performance increased in most positions, but decreased in the prone position. The item for the head, at 2 months, showed the largest number of infants with deviations. The total number of deviations in each infant was small. In conclusion, the SOMP-I protocol can describe motor performance in a group of infants who were healthy at birth and is detailed enough to identify differences regarding progress of motor development and quality of motor performance. The assessment is easily performed.
Where the Difference Lies in Image-Text Studies

As a PhD candidate studying image-texts 1550–1700, I have found that four debates structure the study of image and text in the Reformation. As a researcher and as a teacher, I do believe that scholarly debate can expose assumptions, promote revision, and ultimately, advance the discipline. Therefore I approach each debate with two goals: first, to find where the difference really lies, and second, to point a way forward for future scholarship. I begin with the ‘‘nature of the book’’ and a debate between Adrian Johns and Elizabeth Eisenstein. I find the difference concerns not only the ‘‘fixity’’ of the book, but the ‘‘agents of change’’ in the emplotment of Reformation history. I turn, then, to the circulation and price of illustrated books, especially as disputed within Elizabeth Evenden and Thomas S. Freeman’s Religion and the Book in Early Modern England. I find this project argues for a contextualist history, unlike neighboring projects that address iconophobia. Like many scholars, they have now found reasons to object to the narrative of English iconophobia from 1580 onward. I will conclude by suggesting a new model for iconophobia that draws exceptions for narrative image.
Comparing and Contrasting the Effects of Iodine Doping on Different Types of Polyacetylene Films

A comparison between Shirakawa polyacetylene or S-(CH)x, Naarmann polyacetylene or N-(CH)x, and Tsukamoto polyacetylene or ν-(CH)x during iodine vapor phase doping has been made. Thin films of each type of polyacetylene were polymerized directly onto quartz crystal substrates. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is used to measure the mass change during doping (oxidation) of polyacetylene with iodine in the vapor phase. For the same mass of dopant, the highest conductivity is observed for ν-(CH)x. The most dense polyacetylene, ν-(CH)x, has the smallest diffusion coefficient on the order of 10-14 cm2/s. The diffusion coefficient for short times (<3000 s) is similar for all three types of polyacetylene (10-12 cm2/s); however, at longer times (10 000−70 000 s), the diffusion coefficients correlate with the densities of the undoped materials.
Kisspeptin increases GnRH mRNA expression and secretion in GnRH secreting neuronal cell lines

Kisspeptins, and their G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), are key components in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in humans and other mammals. Several studies demonstrate that the central or systemic administration of kisspeptin increases GnRH and gonadotropin secretion in both prepubertal and adult animals; however, the cellular targets and intracellular mechanisms of action in the central reproductive axis are unclear. In this study, we documented the presence of GPR54 in two GnRH secreting neuronal cell lines (GT1-7 and GN11). Kisspeptin treatment increases GnRH secretion and GnRH mRNA levels in a dose and time dependent manner. 10(-9)M kisspeptin maximally stimulated GnRH secretion by 2-fold and GnRH mRNA levels up to 4-fold after 4h of treatment in both cell lines. Negative regulation by 17beta-estradiol of GnRH secretion and GnRH mRNA was antagonized by kisspeptin. Co-treatment with kisspeptin and 17beta-estradiol increased GnRH secretion by 2-fold and GnRH mRNA by 4-fold over estradiol alone in both cell lines. Intracellular signaling pathway studies showed that an ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor (PD98059) and a PI3K inhibitor, LY29402, attenuated the effects of kisspeptin on GnRH mRNA modulation. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation of both MAPK and Akt substrates increased with kisspeptin treatment. This work demonstrates that the kisspeptin-GPR54 system plays a significant role stimulating GnRH secretion and positive regulation of GnRH mRNA levels in GnRH neurons in culture, and also, demonstrates the activation of MAPK and Akt signaling pathways by kisspeptin in GT1-7 and GN11 cell lines.
Photodynamic therapy for treatment of AIDS-related mucocutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (Invited Paper)

Since 1975, Phase I/II studies have demonstrated the successfulness of hematoporphyrin derivative photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of various malignancies of the skin, eye, bladder, lung, and head and neck. Moreover, in 1981 two cases of traditional Western cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (TKS) have been treated with photodynamic therapy with both early and late complete response. To date, attempts to cure and palliation of the more aggressive AIDS-related oral Kaposi's sarcoma with conventional radiation, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, or surgical excision have been limited and often associated with debilitating mucositis and further immunosuppression. Certain aspects of photodynamic therapy may be efficacious for treatment of mucocutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma: (1) the selective retention of hematoporphyrin derivative by neoplastic lesions (endothelial cell tumors); (2) a tumor- specific cytotoxic agent (i.e., free oxygen radical); (3) absence of systemic toxicity from immunosuppression; (4) the potential for retreatment without increasing side effects; and (5) porphyrin-mediated photoinactivation of enveloped viruses. Herein presented are seven cases of AIDS-related KS (EKS) with diffuse, superficial, and nodular mucocutaneous lesions treated with dihematoporphyrin derivative and photodynamic therapy with subsequent dramatic early partial and complete responses.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kinetics of acid efflux from chloroplasts following the acid-base transition.

Abstract Swollen chloroplasts, suspended in succinic or other acids at pH 4 were mixed with alkali in a stopped-flow apparatus to permit observation of the pH of the medium following an acid-base transition. Immediately after mixing the observed pH values were as much as 0.6 units more alkaline than the final equilibrium pH, then dropped to the equilibrium value over a period of several seconds. Experimental results support the idea that most of the slowly appearing acidity represented diffusional loss from the thylakoids of organic acid molecules, previously absorbed from the initial acid medium. Time-courses for the approach to equilibrium pH showed apparent first-order kinetics, with two distinct components: (a) the major portion of acid loss, having a Q 10 of 2, and (b) a minor residual portion of the acid loss, having a Q 10 of 1.2. Component (a) could be distinguished by faster kinetics only at 20° or above. Uncouplers had relatively little effect on (b), but diminished the extent and duration by accelerating the velocity of initial acid loss (a). The combined results of several diverse experiments showed a correlation between the ability to make ATP, and the existence of large and relatively slow initial acid loss (a). Kinetics of this initial phase are similar to those of the post illumination pH drop studied previously, under equivalent conditions. The very slow response times of the glass pH electrode in unbuffered solutions described previously was found here to limit the observed rate constants for the chloroplast light-induced pH rise, thereby calling into question the accuracy of some previously published kinetic studies.
Narrative Tools of History and Identity

History has widely been viewed as being an essential ingredient in the formation of identity. This article examines this assumption from the perspective of how narratives about the past serve as a kind of 'cultural tool' in 'mediated action' that creates and re-creates identity. Some properties of narratives as cultural tools are outlined, and it is argued that both the production and consumption of these cultural tools must be taken into account in order to develop an adequate analysis of history and identity. The notions of 'mastery' and 'appropriation' are introduced as preferable to the undifferentiated construct of 'internalization' when interpreting findings reported in other articles of this issue's special topic as well as elsewhere.
On multivortices in the electroweak theory II: Existence of Bogomol'nyi solutions in ℝ2

In this paper we study the Bogomol'nyi equations of the electroweak theory in the full plane. We will show that, for any distribution of the vortices, there exists a two parameter family of gauge-distinct solutions. Moreover, we also establish some sharp decay rate estimates for these solutions.
Telerobotic systems for restoration work in structured hazardous environments

A hazardous human environment is one in which harm could potentially occur to any human or animal that enters into it. There is a need for autonomous and/or semiautonomous systems to replace humans on such dangerous jobs. The operational reliability of the robot in the hazardous environment is critical. This paper will address possible improvements in mission success when variable controlled task programming is applied to task planning in concert with virtual simulation. This is achieved through the use of a telerobot in a structured environment to mimic its recreated structured virtual environment. By programming more of the operators' knowledge of the task into the operational aspects of the robot, the robot is better able to complete a task when and if contact is lost with its operator due to environmental conditions and/or system malfunction.
Impact analysis of change requests on source code based on interaction and commit histories

The paper presents an approach to perform impact analysis (IA) of an incoming change request on source code. The approach is based on a combination of interaction (e.g., Mylyn) and commit (e.g., CVS) histories. The source code entities (i.e., files and methods) that were interacted or changed in the resolution of past change requests (e.g., bug fixes) were used. Information retrieval, machine learning, and lightweight source code analysis techniques were employed to form a corpus from these source code entities. Additionally, the corpus was augmented with the textual descriptions of the previously resolved change requests and their associated commit messages. Given a textual description of a change request, this corpus is queried to obtain a ranked list of relevant source code entities that are most likely change prone. Such an approach that combines information from interactions and commits for IA at the change request level was not previously investigated. Furthermore, the approach requires only the entities that were interacted and/or committed in the past, which differs from the previous solutions that require indexing of a complete snapshot (e.g., a release). An empirical study on 3272 interactions and 5093 commits from Mylyn, an open source task management tool, was conducted. The results show that the combined approach outperforms an individual approach based on commits. Moreover, it also outperformed an approach based on indexing a single, complete snapshot of a software system.
Management of visual loss after optic nerve sheath decompression in patients with pseudotumor cerebri

Purpose: To determine the appropriate management of patients with pseudotumor Cerebri with early, progressive visual loss after optic nerve sheath decompression (ONSD). Methods: The records of all patients with pseudotumor Cerebri who underwent ONSD were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who showed visual loss within 1 month of surgery were studied. Results: Five patients with pseudotumor Cerebri, including two with renal failure and hypertension, had visual loss within 1 month of ONSD. The first patient had an abrupt decrease in vision 6 days after ONSD. In this patient, a vessel on the nerve sheath bled into the surgical site. At the time of ONSD, this patient had a visual acuity of 20/20 1 day after surgery. Six days later, visual acuity decreased to 20/200. After high-dose intravenous corticosteroids failed to improve vision, emergency lumboperitoneal shunt resulted in full visual recovery. An apparent infectious optic neuropathy developed in the second patient 3 days after surgery. After 72 hours of intravenous antibiotics, visual acuity improved from 20/600 to 20/15. The other three patients had gradual visual loss after ONSD, which stabilized after lumboperitoneal shunts. Conclusions: Avoidance of bleeding during ONSD may prevent fibrous occlusion of the surgical site. Patients with no identifiable cause for visual loss after ONSD, who do not respond to intravenous corticosteroids, should be evaluated for emergency lumboperitoneal shunting. Postoperative infectious optic neuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abrupt visual loss after ONSD.
Protein structure prediction constrained by solution X-ray scattering data and structural homology identification.

Abstract Here we perform a systematic exploration of the use of distance constraints derived from small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements to filter candidate protein structures for the purpose of protein structure prediction. This is an intrinsically more complex task than that of applying distance constraints derived from NMR data where the identity of the pair of amino acid residues subject to a given distance constraint is known. SAXS, on the other hand, yields a histogram of pair distances (pair distribution function), but the identities of the pairs contributing to a given bin of the histogram are not known. Our study is based on an extension of the Levitt-Hinds coarse grained approach to ab initio protein structure prediction to generate a candidate set of Cα backbones. In spite of the lack of specific residue information inherent in the SAXS data, our study shows that the implementation of a SAXS filter is capable of effectively purifying the set of native structure candidates and thus provides a substantial improvement in the reliability of protein structure prediction. We test the quality of our predicted Cα backbones by doing structural homology searches against the Dali domain library, and find that the results are very encouraging. In spite of the lack of local structural details and limited modeling accuracy at the Cα backbone level, we find that useful information about fold classification can be extracted from this procedure. This approach thus provides a way to use a SAXS data based structure prediction algorithm to generate potential structural homologies in cases where lack of sequence homology prevents identification of candidate folds for a given protein. Thus our approach has the potential to help in determination of the biological function of a protein based on structural homology instead of sequence homology.
Earliest Phanerozoic or latest Proterozoic fossils from the Arabian Shield

Cloud, P., Awramik, S.M., Morrison, K. and Hadley, D.G., 1979. Earliest Phanerozoic or latest Proterozoic fossils from the Arabian Shield. Precambrian Res., 10: 73--93. We report here the first biologically definable fossils from pre-Saq (pre-Middle Cambrian) rocks of the Arabian Shield. They include the distinctive helically coiled tubular filaments of the oscillatorialean blue-green alga Obruchevella parva as well as two size classes of spheroidal unicells of uncertain affinity. Also present is the conical stromatolite Conophyton and unidentified stromatolites. All occur in cherty limestones of the Jubaylah Group, northern Saudi Arabia, a nonmarine to locally marine taphrogeosynclinal sequence that fills depressions along the northwest-trending Najd faults. Conophyton has heretofore been found only in strata older than about 680 Ma (except for puzzling records in modern hot springs) while Obruchevella is so far known only from rocks between about 680 and 470 Ma old. Thus it appears that the Jubaylah Group is close to the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. The simple spheroidal nannofossils are not diagnostic as to age. Their relationships within what appears to be early diagenetic chert suggest a classical algal-mat association. The brecciated and microchanneled appearance of much of the fossiliferous rock, its locally dolomitic nature, and the prevalence of cryptalgalaminate favors a very shallow, locally turbulent, and perhaps episodically exposed marine or marginal marine setting. The Jubaylah Group lies unconformably beneath the Siq Sandstone (basal member of the Saq Sandstone) of medial Cambrian age, rests nonconformably on crystalline basement, *The "Subcommission on Precambrian Stratigraphy" of the International Union of Geological Sciences in July 1977 recommended the use of the time-honored term Proterozoic for time and events between Archean and Phanerozoic (James, 1978) and this usage has been adopted by the U.S. Geological Survey (Sohl and Wright, 1978). To date the Subcommission has not reached a decision on placement of the ProterozoicPhanerozoic boundary. In this paper, however, we follow the practice of including in the Phanerozoic, and thus regarding as post-Proterozoic, those sub-Cambrian rocks and events that are referable to the paleontologically defined Ediacarian System of Termier and Termier (1960) as discussed by Cloud (1976). For clarity in discussion, the term Precambrian with a capital P is here avoided and rocks older than Ediacarian (or Vendian are designated as pre-Phanerozoic.
Immigration and the U.S. Liberal Welfare State: Why Mainstream Theories Fail to Explain Patterns of Immigration and Access to Political Mobilization

Welfare state policies and immigration policies are inseparable when considering the impact of the welfare state structure on issues of social cohesion and the inclusiveness of the nation-state. The inclusion or exclusion of particular social groups is critically shaped by not only their political rights, but also their entitlement to social assistance. States, for example, have restricted or expanded welfare benefits as a tool to (unsuccessfully) control migration flows. This chapter examines the convergence of these two policy domains - social welfare and immigration - in the United States, asking whether current theories fall short of conceptualizing immigrants' relationship to the welfare state.
Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach Modeling of Prompt Fission Neutrons and Gamma Rays

The decay of fission fragments is studied through Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach model calculations taking into account the competition between the emissions of prompt fission neutrons and gamma rays. The importance of initial excitation energy and spin dis- tribution in the primary light and heavy fragments is demonstrated through comparison with experimental data. Excitation energy sorting mechanisms at scission are discussed in the light of these advanced simulations. Preliminary results on prompt fission gamma rays are also reported.
A GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF WANDER AZIMUTH FRAMES

Wander azimuth frames are one of the most popular reference frames used in inertial navigation systems today. Perhaps the only difficulty with these frames is that they are so hard to visualize. This paper presents a simple, closed-form geometric representation of wander azimuth frames along all small and great circles for a spherical earth model. An experiment with globe and paper makes wander azimuth frames understandable on an intuitive, visual level.
Long-term follow-up of Van Nes rotationplasty in patients with congenital proximal focal femoral deficiency

Van Nes rotationplasty may be used for patients with congenital proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD). The lower limb is rotated to use the ankle and foot as a functional knee joint within a prosthesis. A small series of cases was investigated to determine the long-term outcome. At a mean of 21.5 years (11 to 45) after their rotationplasty, a total of 12 prosthetic patients completed the Short-Form (SF)-36, Faces Pain Scale-Revised, Harris hip score, Oswestry back pain score and Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaires, as did 12 age- and gender-matched normal control participants. A physical examination and gait analysis, computerised dynamic posturography (CDP), and timed ‘Up & Go’ testing was also completed. Wilcoxon Signed rank test was used to compare each PFFD patient with a matched control participant with false discovery rate of 5%. There were no differences between the groups in overall health and well-being on the SF-36. Significant differences were seen in gait parameters in the PFFD group. Using CDP, the PFFD group had reduced symmetry in stance, and reduced end point and maximum excursions. Patients who had undergone Van Nes rotationplasty had a high level of function and quality of life at long-term follow-up, but presented with significant differences in gait and posture compared with the control group. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:192–8.
Performance comparisons of the CEBus with other protocols

The CEBus has been compared to ALOHA, CSMA, and CSMA/CD media access protocols. Numerical analyses and/or simulation experiments have been used to investigate throughput and delay tradeoffs. The results of the comparisons show that the CEBus protocol with three priorities is highly efficient and well suited for its task. >
Experimental evaluation of augmented reality in object assembly task

This study evaluated the effectiveness of spatially overlaid instructions using augmented reality (AR) in an assembly task comparing with other traditional media. Results indicate that overlaying 3D instructions on the workspace reduce error rate by 82%, particularly cumulative errors. Measurement of mental effort also suggests some of the mental workload is offloaded to the computer.
Breeding FHB-resistant soft winter wheat: Progress and prospects

Soft winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs in the US have used two general approaches to developing FHB-resistant cultivars: 1) incorporation of Fhb 1 plus other minor QTL from Asian wheat cultivars and their derivatives and 2) reliance on resistance native to the soft winter wheat gene pool. Although each approach has shown some success, it is believed that the two must be integrated to develop the highest levels of resistance. The most favorable scenario for integration is the incorporation of Fhb 1 into adapted material with good native resistance, high yield and test weight, and superior milling and baking quality.
Testability enhancement for behavioral descriptions containing conditional statements

A high-level test synthesis methodology based on BIST is proposed. This methodology targets the conditional if-then-else statements in a behavioral description because such statements can introduce testability problems in the resulting circuit. How well the operations in each branch of a conditional statement can be tested depends on the probability of taking each branch and the quality of the test patterns used in each branch. Behavioral modifications are presented that can resolve these testability issues. Experimental results from three practical examples show that this technique is effective.
ReEnact: using thread-level speculation mechanisms to debug data races in multithreaded codes

While removing software bugs consumes vast amounts of human time, hardware support for debugging in modern computers remains rudimentary. Fortunately, we show that mechanisms for Thread-Level Speculation (TLS) can be reused to boost debugging productivity. Most notably, TLS's rollback capabilities can be extended to support rolling back recent buggy execution and repeating it as many times as necessary until the bug is fully characterized. These incremental re-executions are deterministic even in multithreaded codes. Importantly, this operation can be done automatically on the fly, and is compatible with production runs.As a specific implementation of a TLS-based debugging framework, we introduce ReEnact. ReEnact targets a particularly hairy class of bugs: data races in multithreaded programs. ReEnact extends the communication monitoring mechanisms in TLS to also detect data races. It extends TLS's rollback capabilities to be able to roll back and deterministically re-execute the code with races to obtain the race signature. Finally, the signature is compared to a library of race patterns and, if a match occurs, the execution may be repaired. Overall, ReEnact successfully detects, characterizes, and often repairs races automatically on the fly. Moreover, it is fully compatible with always-on use in production runs: the slowdown of race-free execution with ReEnact is on average only 5.8%.
Race and General Cognitive Ability: The Myth of Diminishing Returns to Education

The impact of education on racial differences in general cognitive ability was assessed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. To control for attrition during the educational process, we compared the scores of individuals who ultimately attained the same level of education but who were tested at different points in their educational careers. Multiple regression analyses revealed that education can have a strong positive effect on cognitive ability in both whites and blacks. Whites benefited more from education than blacks during the high school years, but blacks benefited much more than whites from a college education, substantially narrowing the gap between the races. These findings contradict the hypothesis that racial differences in intelligence are relatively immutable, in part because of the diminishing returns from increases in education.
A 20-MHZ ultrasound system for imaging the intestinal wall

An ultrasound system has been developed which uses high-frequency (20 MHz) ultrasound to provide high-resolution images of tissue. The system provides 0.21-mm range and 0.65-mm lateral resolution. The transducer aperture size is 1.8 mm maximum. Miniature probes have been developed which can image via the biopsy channels of standard fiberoptic endoscopes as well as probes for imaging in vitro. A commercially available video "frame grabber" is used in conjunction with a standard microcomputer for image acquisition. This allows images to be displayed and recorded on standard television equipment and be stored and manipulated digitally. The features of the system allow in vivo imaging, in vitro imaging after resection, and histological images of the same tissue region to be acquired and compared. This method is particularly useful in learning how to correctly interpret ultrasonic images of the intestinal wall. The use of 20 MHz is advantageous in achieving excellent resolution and small size probes. The system provides a unique approach to imaging the intestinal wall.
Comparison of mitral valve prolapse in dogs and humans.

To the Editor: I read with great interest the comprehensive review on mitral valve prolapse in the dog by Pedersen and Haggstrom [1]. Although I have had a longstanding interest in mitral valve prolapse in humans and knew that mitral valve prolapse is the commonest cardiac disease in the dog [2] as in humans [3], I have never examined a dog with mitral valve prolapse. However, I was greatly impressed by the similarities between mitral valve prolapse in the dog and in the human, as were convincingly presented by Pedersen and Haggstrom [1]. Sudden cardiac death is a recognized, though relatively rare …
DECIDABILITY AND UNIVERSALITY IN THE AXIOMATIC THEORY OF COMPUTABILITY AND ALGORITHMS

In this paper, we study to what extent decidability is connected to universality. A natural context for such a study is provided by the axiomatic theory of computability, automata and algorithms. In Section 2, we introduce necessary concepts, constructions, axioms, postulates, conditions and problems. Section 3 contains the main results of the paper. In particular, it is demonstrated (Theorems 1 and 2) that undecidability of algorithmic problems does not depend on existence of universal algorithms and may be caused by weaker conditions. At the same time, results of Theorems 2 and 3 demonstrate that decidability is incompatible with universality. It is also proved (Theorem 5) that sufficiently big classes of total algorithms/automata, such as the class of all primitive recursive functions, cannot have universal algorithms/automata.