cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue Expansion Using Hyaluronic Acid Filler for Single-Stage Ear Reconstruction: A Novel Concept for Difficult Areas

Background Auricular reconstruction is one of the most challenging procedures in plastic surgery. An adequate skin envelope is essential for cartilage framework coverage, yet few good options exist without additional surgery. We propose a novel method for minimally invasive tissue expansion, using hyaluronic acid (HA) filler to allow for single-stage ear reconstruction. Objectives To introduce the novel concept of HA filler for tissue expansion in ear reconstruction, and as an alternative to traditional expansion techniques. Methods Macrolane is a large particle HA gel developed for large volume restoration. Expansion of the non-hair-bearing mastoid skin was performed in our clinic weekly or every other week. Final expansion was completed one week prior to reconstructive surgery. Tissue from one patient's expanded pocket was sent for histological analysis. Results Ten patients underwent single-stage auricular reconstruction with preoperative expansion. Injection sessions ranged from 7 to 13 (mean, 9.7). Mean injected volume per session was 2.03 mL per patient, for an average total of 19.8 mL (range, 14.5-30 mL). There were no major complications. One minor complication required removal of exposed wire from the antihelix in the office. Hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed similar histology to that seen with traditional expanders. Conclusions This novel expansion technique using serial HA injections allowed for optimized skin coverage in single-stage ear reconstruction. The concept of tissue expansion using HA filler is a new frontier for research that may be applicable to other arenas of reconstruction. Level of Evidence 4.
Spectral Heterogeneity of Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites Demystified by Spatially Resolved Emission

Solution-processed films of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) perovskites have remarkable photoluminescence (PL), with utility in light-emitting devices (LEDs) and photodiodes; however, the PL emission is often complex, heterogeneous, anomalous, or poorly understood. We provide a deeper understanding by studying PL spectra of single MAPbBr3 crystallites with intracrystallite spatial resolution. We uncover an emission emanating from the crystallite boundaries that is spectrally distinct from the band-to-band recombination-based emission from the crystallite interiors. Both forms of emission contribute to spatially averaged PL measured on heterogeneous samples. We also map the PL emission spectrum in a distant-dependent manner across a single crystallite. The systematic distance dependence observed reveals that a portion of the PL emission emanating from within a crystallite is waveguided and outcoupled from the boundaries of the crystallite in a form that is spectrally modulated by self-absorption. Spa...
Post-Soviet Demographic Paradoxes: Ethnic Differences in Marriage and Fertility in Kazakhstan

The dramatic and generalized socioeconomic and political crisis that followed the collapse of the socialist system has produced unique demographic responses in the former Soviet Union. This study addresses the differences in nuptiality and early fertility before and after the onset of the crisis and between the indigenous and European-origin population in Kazakhstan. Drawing on data from the 1995 Kazakhstan Demographic and Health Survey, this study finds that, contrary to the logical expectation, European-origin women are significantly more likely to marry earlier than indigenous women, and this difference has become even more pronounced during the crisis. However, the crisis is also associated with a longer interval between first marriage and first birth among European-origin women. The analysis shows that European-origin women prolong this interval through increasing use of contraception and abortion. The study attempts to link these findings to the sociopolitical and ethnic climate in Kazakhstan and to changing meanings of and attitudes toward marriage and childbearing.
Effect of Adjusting for Tanner Stage Age on Prevalence of Short and Tall Stature of Youths in the United States.

Objective To evaluate the extent to which pubertal timing alters the classification of extremes of attained stature across race-ethnicity groups of youths in the US. Study design We performed analyses of height and Tanner staging data of 3206 cross-sectional national sample of youths ages 8-18 years (53% male, n = 1606), 72% of whom were non-Hispanic white, 9% Mexican American, and 19% non-Hispanic black . Specialized growth models were used to derive Tanner-stage-age-adjusted z scores (TSAHAZ). The prevalence of shortness ( Results Highly variable patterns of prevalence of shortness and tallness via chronologic age height z score (CAHAZ) were observed in results stratified by race-ethnicity and sex. Tallness CAHAZ prevalence was high among non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black male youths relative to Mexican American (40.0%-43.3% vs 20.5%) with a similar pattern in female youths. In both sexes, this pattern was eliminated with TSAHAZ, with Mexican American youth becoming statistically not different from their non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black peers. Conclusions Differences in timing of puberty between race-ethnicity groups affects estimated prevalence of shortness and tallness of attained height that remains uncaptured with CAHAZ. Adjustment for pubertal development might help isolate crucial determinants of attained stature and other aspects of body composition that may be most responsive to intervention programs in populations. The curves developed by adjusting for pubertal status may help the clinician avoid misclassification of children with early and late pubertal development.
SR and the B-Theory

In Part I of our inquiry we wish to consider the principal arguments typically adduced on behalf of a tenseless or B-Theory of time. The reader may be surprised to find no mention of McTaggart’s Paradox. This is because McTaggart’s famous argument is, as I understand it, primarily an argument against the reality of tense and, hence, an A-Theory of time. Rather than being a positive demonstration of the B-Theory, it attempts to show the logical incoherence of the tensed theory and so is best considered as an objection to the A-Theory of time. Accordingly, I have discussed it as such in my companion volume The Tensed Theory of Time: a Critical Examination. In this volume we wish to consider arguments which seek to demonstrate more positively the truth of a B-Theory of time.
Similar uptake but different trafficking and escape routes of reovirus virions and infectious subvirion particles imaged in polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney cells

Polarized epithelial cells that line the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts form a barrier that many viruses must breach to infect their hosts. Current understanding of cell entry by mammalian reovirus (MRV) virions and infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), generated from MRV virions by extracellular proteolysis in the digestive tract, are mostly derived from in vitro studies with nonpolarized cells. Recent live-cell imaging advances allow us for the first time to visualize events at the apical surface of polarized cells. In this study, we used spinning-disk confocal fluorescence microscopy with high temporal and spatial resolution to follow the uptake and trafficking dynamics of single MRV virions and ISVPs at the apical surface of live polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Both types of particles were internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but virions and ISVPs exhibited strikingly different trafficking after uptake. While virions reached early and late endosomes, ISVPs did not and instead escaped the endocytic pathway from an earlier location. This study highlights the broad advantages of using live-cell imaging combined with single-particle tracking for identifying key steps in cell entry by viruses.
Echocardiographic evaluation of aorta to right atrial fistula secondary to ruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm.

We present the case of a 37 year old male who presented with new onset dyspnea, tachycardia, palpitations, and chest tightness. His initial work up demonstrated a dilated pulmonary artery with reflux of contrast dye in to the IVC. Transthoracic echocardiogram identified a “windsock” appearance indicating Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) and severe aortic regurgitation. As a result, the patient was taken for emergent surgery where the windsock tissue was surgically repaired with bovine pericardial patch. This case illuminates the uncommon occurrence of SVA and the ability to recognize these findings on multiple imaging modalities including transthoracic, transesophageal two and three dimensional echocardiography as well as direct surgical field visualization.
Synthesis of multifunctional homopolymers via sequential post-polymerization reactions

Multifunctional homopolymers, homopolymers with multiple pendent functionalities, can offer unparalleled properties not possible with traditional polymers. Preparation of multifunctional homopolymers has been a challenge, but one promising approach involves sequential and selective post-polymerization modification of macromolecular precursors. Approaches considered thus far include the use of polymers that contain monomer units with masked reaction sites for successive functionalization or the use of orthogonal or chemoselective reactions. In this mini-review, we highlight recent developments in synthesis of multifunctional homopolymers via these routes and offer insight into the promise and utility of the resulting macromolecules for materials applications.
DATA AND DATA MANAGEMENT

“what we have to go on” or “accumulated records of observations and their expeditious reorganization”
The Evolution of a Pitch-Angle "Bite-Out" Scattering Signature Caused by EMIC Wave Activity: A Case Study

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are understood to be one of the dominant drivers of relativistic electron loss from Earth's radiation belts. Theory predicts that the associated gyroresonant wave‐particle interaction results in a distinct energy‐dependent “bite‐out” signature in the normalized flux distribution of electrons as they are scattered into the loss cone. We identify such signatures along with the responsible EMIC waves captured in situ by the Van Allen Probes on 15–16 February 2017. Using the cold plasma approximation, we predict the pitch‐angle cutoffs for the scattering signature for the captured EMIC wave and find it in good agreement with the observed electron bite‐out scattering signature. Employing the close conjunction between the Van Allen Probes and THEMIS during this time, we explore the temporal and spatial evolution of the scattering signature, as well as the surrounding wave activity, and find that the scattering signature formed during continued wave activity over a period less than a day. These results are consistent with wave‐particle interaction theory and support the hypothesis that EMIC waves are an important mechanism for rapid relativistic electron loss from the radiation belts.
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the flame retardants (PBDE-47, PBDE-99 and PBDE-209) in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread as flame-retardants in different types of consumer products. PBDEs present in the air or dust and their inhalation can damage human health by influencing the respiratory system. We evaluated the effects of environment relevant concentrations (0.01–1 μM) of PBDE-47, PBDE-99 and PBDE-209 on the mechanism of oxidative stress, dysregulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage and repair (in term of H2AX phosphorylation ser139) in an in-vitro/ex-vivo model of bronchial epithelial cells. PBDEs (−47, −99 and −209) at the environment relevant concentrations (0.01 and 1 μM) induce oxidative stress (in term of NOX-4 expression as well as ROS and JC-1 production), activate the mechanism of DNA-damage and repair affecting Olive Tail length (comet assay) production and H2AX phosphorylation (ser139) in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Furthermore PBDEs, although do not affect cell viability, induce cell apoptosis and single cell capacity to grow into a colony (like a cancer phenotype) in bronchial epithelial cells. Finally, PBDE-47 had a greater effect than −99 and −209. PBDE-47, -99 and −209 congeners exert cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, and play a critical role in the dysregulation of oxidative stress, damaging DNA and the related gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells. Our findings might suggest that PBDEs inhalation might have adverse effect on human health regarding pulmonary diseases in the areas of environmental pollution.
Teaching Ethics to Undergraduate Psychology Students: Review of the Evidence and Recommendations:

Teaching ethics to undergraduate psychology students has been the focus of professional organizations for several years. However, the evidence that psychology programs are teaching ethics and its e...
Nanobioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Lindane: Overview and Research Challenges

γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH, also called γ-BHC and lindane) as a halogenated organic insecticide has become an issue of environmental concern over the years. The isomers of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) mainly consist of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and δ-HCH. Among these isomers, only γ-HCH has insecticidal applications and thus, leading to cumulative toxic effects through bioaccumulation in food chains. The demand for techniques to decontaminate γ-HCH in soils is gradually growing. The previous studies investigated integrated nanobioremediation techniques involving the use of nanoparticles and indigenous microbes, on the degradation of halogenated organic contaminants, especially lindane, in soils and groundwater. The application of nanomaterials, for instance nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), has recently been researched extensively. However, its efficiency is limited by low aqueous solubility and high hydrophobicity of the contaminants. Moreover, the degradation of contaminants by nanomaterials may not be complete resulting relatively high levels of toxic intermediates. This critical review highlights (i) the applications of nanoparticles for the degradation of γ-HCH (nanoremediation); (ii) the applications of microorganisms for γ-HCH remediation (bioremediation); and (iii) the combination of nanoremediation and bioremediation through the application of nanomaterials and microbes, respectively, in order to achieve effective remediation of γ-HCH (nanobioremediation). Further research on effective biological methods complementing nanoremediation is needed to the development of effective and efficient remediation strategies for recalcitrant halogenated organic contaminants in the subsurface environments.
Effect of Methotrexate on Salpingostomy Completion Rate for Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether completion rates of salpingostomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy are compromised by initial medical management with methotrexate (MTX). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Single academic hospital system. PATIENTS Patients requiring surgery for ectopic pregnancy between 2006 and 2017. INTERVENTIONS A subset of patients who went directly to surgery, and all patients who failed MTX before requiring surgery underwent detailed chart review. Salpingostomy plan and success rate and salpingostomy failure reasons were compared between patients pretreated with MTX and those who were MTX-untreated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among 94 ectopic pregnancies requiring surgery after failed MTX treatment, 55 (59%) underwent planned salpingostomy. From 693 ectopic pregnancies managed without MTX, 166 were analyzed in detail, of which 80 (48%) underwent planned salpingostomy. The patients who underwent planned salpingostomy were thinner (body mass index 27.3 ± 7.2 kg/m2 vs 29.3 ± 8.3 kg/m2; p = .048), less frequently African American (33% vs 47%; p = .017), and more likely to have a visualized adnexal lesion (70% vs 52%; p = .004) than those undergoing planned salpingectomy. Preoperative ultrasound identified fetal cardiac activity and hemoperitoneum at comparable rates. MTX exposure was not associated with age, body mass index, race, ectopic risk factors, human chorionic gonadotropin levels, or gestational age at diagnosis, but the patients treated with MTX underwent surgery later than those who were untreated (gestational age 53.4 ± 11.2 days vs 43.5 ± 11 days; p <.001). The differences between the adnexal lesion size and rates of fetal cardiac activity and hemoperitoneum on ultrasound related to MTX exposure did not meet significance. Planned salpingostomy was completed in 22 (40%) of the patients treated with MTX vs 34 (42%) of those who were untreated. The reasons for failure, surgery time, and rates of hemoperitoneum or ectopic rupture were not associated with MTX exposure. Body mass index, race, tubal anastomosis history, visualization of the adnexal lesion, and MTX exposure were not significantly associated with the salpingostomy rate in a multivariate logistic regression model, but having a subspecialist surgeon (odds ratio 2.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-6.76; p = .033) and tubal rupture at surgery (odds ratio 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.54; p = .001) were. CONCLUSION The initial medical management of an ectopic pregnancy with MTX is not associated with a decreased salpingostomy success rate.
A user-friendly application for predicting the outcome of co-crystallizations

An automated application, CoForm, was used for predicting the outcomes of attempted co-crystallizations between two active pharmaceutical ingredients, loratadine and desloratadine, and 41 potential co-formers from the general interest (OGI) list. The predictive abilities of the app were compared to structure-informatics tools based on hydrogen-bond propensity (HBP) and molecular complementarity (MC). The results indicate that CoForm delivered a success rate of 78% for both loratadine and desloratadine compared to 76% and 54%, respectively (HBP), and 39% and 22%, respectively (MC).
Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics in Spine Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

Background Surgical site infections are common and costly complications after spine surgery. Prophylactic antibiotics are the standard of care; however, the appropriate duration of antibiotics has yet to be adequately addressed. We sought to determine whether the duration of antibiotic administration (preoperatively only versus preoperatively and for 24 hours postoperatively) impacts postoperative infection rates. Methods All patients undergoing inpatient spinal procedures at a single institution from 2011 to 2018 were evaluated for inclusion. A minimum of 1 year of follow-up was used to adequately capture postoperative infections. The 1:1 nearest-neighbor propensity score matching technique was used between patients who did and did not receive postoperative antibiotics, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to control for confounding. Results A total of 4,454 patients were evaluated and, of those, 2,672 (60%) received 24 hours of postoperative antibiotics and 1,782 (40%) received no postoperative antibiotics. After propensity-matched analysis, there was no difference between patients who received postoperative antibiotics and those who did not in terms of the infection rate (1.8% compared with 1.5%). No significant decrease in the odds of postoperative infection was noted in association with the use of postoperative antibiotics (odds ratio = 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.620 to 2.23; p = 0.628). Additionally, there was no observed increase in the risk of Clostridium difficile infection or in the short-term rate of infection with multidrug-resistant organisms. Conclusions There was no difference in the rate of surgical site infections between patients who received 24 hours of postoperative antibiotics and those who did not. Additionally, we found no observable risks, such as more antibiotic-resistant infections and C. difficile infections, with prolonged antibiotic use. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Comparison of the effect of isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine solution rinses on body temperature of female cats undergoing sterilization surgery.

ObjectivesIsopropyl alcohol 70% as a rinse agent for chlorhexidine scrub has been shown to decrease body temperature more quickly than chlorhexidine solution in mice prepared aseptically prior to s...
Do bots have moral judgement?: the difference between bots and humans in moral rhetoric

Understanding moral foundations can yield powerful results in terms of perceiving the intended meaning of the text data, as the concept of morality provides additional information on the unobservable characteristics of information processing and non-conscious cognitive processes. Considering that moral values vary significantly across cultures and yet many recurrent themes are observed and that each culture builds its societal and ideological narratives on top of its moral virtues, an enhanced understanding of morality can prove to be a valuable tool in deterring disinformation narratives by adversaries. Therefore, we investigate the evolution of latent moral loadings over time and across different sub-narratives on human and bot-generated tweets. For this purpose, we analyze the Syrian White Helmets-related tweets from April 1st, 2018 to April 30th, 2019. For the operationalization and quantification of moral rhetoric in tweets, we use Moral Foundations Dictionary in which five psychological dimensions (Harm/Care, Subversion/Authority, Cheating/Fairness, Betrayal/Loyalty and Degradation/Purity) are considered. Our results present the significant differences between the strength and patterns of moral rhetoric for human and bot-generated content on Twitter.
The narrative framework of psychological jurisprudence: Virtue ethics as criminal justice practice

Abstract Recently, Ward and Durrant (2021) utilized the construct of “practice frameworks” to better organize the important theoretical aspects of two major correctional interventions (i.e., Good Lives Model and Restorative Justice). This organization included the configuration of three interlinked conceptual levels that bridge ontological and epistemological gaps between core functional values, causal assumptions, and practical applications. In this paper, we employ the practice framework strategy to highlight a different way to think about forensic and correctional psychology. We explain how this alternative way advances ethical principles that reconceive the nature of offending and redirect the epistemology of offender treatment. First, we elucidate the key conceptual principles of Psychological Jurisprudence (PJ). These include the values of reciprocal consciousness, inter-subjectivity, and mutual power as conceived of and developed within continental philosophy. Second, we examine the operating assumptions of PJ. These include the stipulations that: (1) the unconscious exists and it is structured much like a language; (2) subjectivity is always politicized because unconscious structured language pre-codes and prefigures conscious thought; and (3) power functions through the politics of discourse, producing circumscribed and deferred knowledge about human interrelatedness and interdependence. Third, we explain how PJ's core set of values and operating assumptions reframe the therapeutic practice of forensic and correctional psychology. This reframing radicalizes the ontology of offending and the epistemology of offender treatment. To substantiate this claim, we discuss several prevailing approaches to therapeutic practice, including the deficit-correcting (RNR), desistance-management (GLM), and normative-reconciliation (NRJ) models. Fourth, we propose alternative therapeutic practice guidelines for practitioners who work within treatment and therapy as well as recovery and reentry spaces of carceral coexistence.
Myotonia and Myotonic Disorders

Myotonia is the delayed relaxation of muscles following voluntary contraction (action myotonia) or mechanical stimulation (percussion myotonia). Action myotonia can be demonstrated by asking the patient to release a tightly clinched fist quickly or by having a patient look down after sustained upgaze. (The upper lids will remain hung for up to 10 seconds.) Typically, action myotonia improves with repeated activity although an occasional patient will report the reverse situation (paradoxical myotonia). Exposure to cold frequently worsens the problem while heat has the opposite effect. Percussion myotonia is useful diagnostically when elicited by the examiner but does not cause symptoms. It can be evoked in the thenar eminences, tongue, and wrist extensors by briskly tapping these areas with a reflex hammer. A positive response is seen as sustained dimpling in the region struck with the hammer. Action and percussion myotonia are not equally expressed in myotonic patients and a specific search for each type is necessary on routine physical examination.
A Comparison of Insulating Materials

The increased use of various solids as insulating material for low temperature equipment has prompted the study of factors influencing heat transport through them.
What Makes a Successful Futures Contract?: Case of China's Stock Index Futures

China's stock index futures contract, known as the Hushen 300 Index futures, was launched just over three years ago on April 16, 2010. It has developed into one of China's most successful futures contracts in terms of trading volume, despite the declining underlying stock market. This study investigates the root causes of its success. The most important contributing factors are the difficulty in margin trading and short selling of the underlying stock market index, the continual loosening of regulations, and the improved futures contract's price-discovery functions. Although the spot market seems to have led the price-discovery process over the entire period, there have recently been significant improvements in the futures market's price-discovery functions and cross-market information flows.
Effects of a muscle exercise program on exercise capacity in subjects with osteoarthritis

Maximal aerobic power and muscle function have been shown to decrease with age and to be even lower in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). This study was designed to determine if subjects with OA who underwent only a muscle exercise program had improved exercise capacity and cardiovascular fitness. A maximal graded exercise test was given before and after 3 months of exercise (isometric, isotonic, and isometric force generated as a function of time contractions, three times a week). Maximal strength and the tension-time index improved significantly. Peak aerobic power increased from 15.99 +/- 3.96 mL.kg-1.min-1 to 20.34 +/- 3.29 mL.kg-1.min-1. On average, maximal walking speed increased from 2.0 +/- 0.6 mph to 2.4 +/- 0.7mph. Exercise time increased 22%, from 9.2 +/- 2.3 minutes to 11.2 +/- 2.7 minutes. There were significant reductions in submaximal heart rate (15b.min-1) and systolic blood pressure (15mmHg) after training. It would appear that the reduction in aerobic fitness of subjects with OA is secondary to their reduced muscle function. By improving muscle function, increases in exercise capacity and aerobic fitness occurred.
The Elements of Protest: Combining Coordination, Cooperation, and Communication in the Lab

Collective political action, such as protests, riots or social movements, requires the resolution of both cooperation and coordination problems. Solutions to these problems are widely seen to depend on the network that connects individuals to each other, because this network is a way for individuals to learn about the actions of others and decide if they want to participate. Although there is a general sense that networks and communication are important for collective political action there is little research exploring the relationship between network structure and group behavior. We address that gap in the literature by utilizing an experimental approach that combines both coordination and cooperation in a networked setting. We find that there are considerable differences in collective behavior based on the network structure that connects individuals. In particular, we find in our experiments that more connections in a network and the presence of highly connected nodes can both facilitate solutions to collective problems. This suggests that in building networks it would be useful to either build many connections or create recognizable leaders that can facilitate coordination.
The primary structure of fatty-acid-binding protein from nurse shark liver. Structural and evolutionary relationship to the mammalian fatty-acid-binding protein family.

The primary structure of a fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) isolated from the liver of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) was determined by high-performance tandem mass spectrometry (employing multichannel array detection) and Edman degradation. Shark liver FABP consists of 132 amino acids with an acetylated N-terminal valine. The chemical molecular mass of the intact protein determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Mr= 15124 ± 2.5) was in good agreement with that calculated from the amino acid sequence (Mr= 15121.3). The amino acid sequence of shark liver FABP displays significantly greater similarity to the FABP expressed in mammalian heart, peripheral nerve myelin and adipose tissue (61 – 53% sequence similarity) than to the FABP expressed in mammalian liver (22% similarity). Phylogenetic trees derived from the comparison of the shark liver FABP amino acid sequence with the members of the mammalian fatty-acid/retinoid-binding protein gene family indicate the initial divergence of an ancestral gene into two major subfamilies: one comprising the genes for mammalian liver FABP and gastrotropin, the other comprising the genes for mammalian cellular retinol-binding proteins I and II, cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein myelin P2 protein, adipocyte FABP, heart FABP and shark liver FABP, the latter having diverged from the ancestral gene that ultimately gave rise to the present day mammalian heart-FABP, adipocyte FABP and myelin P2 protein sequences. The sequence for intestinal FABP from the rat could be assigned to either subfamily, depending on the approach used for phylogenetic tree construction, but clearly diverged at a relatively early evolutionary time point. Indeed, sequences proximately ancestral or closely related to mammalian intestinal FABP, liver FABP, gastrotropin and the retinoid-binding group of proteins appear to have arisen prior to the divergence of shark liver FABP and should therefore also be present in elasmobranchs. The presence in shark liver of an FABP which differs substantially in primary structure from mammalian liver FABP, while being closely related to the FABP expressed in mammalian heart muscle, peripheral nerve myelin and adipocytes, opens a further dimension regarding the question of the existence of structure-dependent and tissue-specific specialization of FABP function in lipid metabolism.
Wet Cooling Tower Backfitting Economics

Following enactment of legislation designed to reduce thermal discharge to the environment, the electric utility industry is faced with the prospect of backfitting their existing installations with closed-cycle cooling systems of some sort. Wet cooling towers offer an attractive choice since they perform reliably and their design is an accomplished act. A technique is presented for evaluating the cost of backfitting a power plant currently using open-cycle cooling with a closed-cycle mechanical-draft crossflow wet cooling tower. Basic relations and normalized charts for estimating the total backfit cost have been developed and are prescribed that enable inclusion of first costs and continuing resultant operating costs appropriate to the backfit cost estimate. An example is given to illustrate the methodology and the relevant parameters for the cost estimation.
Linking information through function

How information resources can be meaningfully related has been addressed in contexts from bibliographic entries to hyperlinks and, more recently, linked data. The genre structure and relationships among genre structure constituents shed new light on organizing information by purpose or function. This study examines the relationships among a set of functional units previously constructed in a taxonomy, each of which is a chunk of information embedded in a document and is distinct in terms of its communicative function. Through a card-sort study, relationships among functional units were identified with regard to their occurrence and function. The findings suggest that a group of functional units can be identified, collocated, and navigated by particular relationships. Understanding how functional units are related to each other is significant in linking information pieces in documents to support finding, aggregating, and navigating information in a distributed information environment.
The Tick-Tock of Aging?

lin-4, an evolutionarily conserved microRNA, and its regulatory target lin-14, encoding a nuclear protein, constitute a biological timing mechanism that advances Caenorhabditis elegans larval development. In his Perspective, Antebi discusses the report by Boehm and Slack that shows how these components may also regulate adult longevity. The microRNA and its target may work through DAF-16/FOXO, a forkhead transcription factor that extends life in diverse species. Hence, biological timers may regulate aging.
Replacement of filters for respirable quartz measurement in coal mine dust by infrared spectroscopy

The objective of this article is to compare and characterize nylon, polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane filters that might be used to replace the vinyl/acrylic co-polymer (DM-450) filter currently used in the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) P-7 method (Quartz Analytical Method) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods 7603 method (QUARTZ in coal mine dust, by IR re-deposition). This effort is necessary because the DM-450 filters are no longer commercially available. There is an impending shortage of DM-450 filters. For example, the MSHA Pittsburgh laboratory alone analyzes annually approximately 15,000 samples according to the MSHA P-7 method that requires DM-450 filters. Membrane filters suitable for on-filter analysis should have high infrared (IR) transmittance in the spectral region 600-1000 cm(-1). Nylon (47 mm, 0.45 µm pore size), PP (47 mm, 0.45 µm pore size), and PVC (47 mm, 5 µm pore size) filters meet this specification. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were determined from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements of blank filters. The average measured quartz mass and coefficient of variation were determined from test filters spiked with respirable α-quartz following MSHA P-7 and NIOSH 7603 methods. Quartz was also quantified in samples of respirable coal dust on each test filter type using the MSHA and NIOSH analysis methods. The results indicate that PP and PVC filters may replace the DM-450 filters for quartz measurement in coal dust by FTIR. PVC filters of 5 µm pore size seemed to be suitable replacement although their ability to retain small particulates should be checked by further experiment.
Robust Control of Particle Accelerators

In this paper, we present a new technique for controlling the electric fields of an electron particle accelerator. This new scheme has greater stability and performance robustness than was previously achieved.
A New Eutherocephalian (Therapsida, Therocephalia) from the Upper Permian Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia

ABSTRACTA new therocephalian therapsid, Ichibengops munyamadziensis, gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of two partial skulls from the upper Permian (Wuchiapingian) upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia. The specimens offer insights into the diversity of therocephalians in a poorly sampled region, preserving unique maxillary structures, dental morphology that is intermediate between basal therocephalians and eutherocephalians, and a maxillovomerine bridge forming an incipient secondary palate. A phylogenetic analysis of 135 craniodental and postcranial characters from 56 therapsid taxa (including 49 therocephalians) recovered I. munyamadziensis as the sister taxon of the Russian Chthonosaurus, with both taxa resolving near the hofmeyriid + whaitsiid + baurioid clade (either as the sister group to this clade or nested near whaitsiids). Ichibengops shares with Chthonosaurus several features, including a ventral maxillary flange in which the upper postcanines are situated ...
Gravity Waves, Compensating Subsidence and Detrainment around Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Gravity waves play an important role in the redistribution of heat and moisture in a deep convecting cloud field. We explore this role in a two-dimensional numerical experiment on a simple moist convecting system consisting of an isolated long-lasting nonprecipitating cloud in a calm atmosphere with no surface forcing. The cloud develops a horizontally averaged density variation with height which is neutrally buoyant with respect to a moist adiabatic. The buoyancy difference between the cloud and the undisturbed sounding produces circulations that can be understood as spreading gravity waves which adjust the environmental buoyancy to be equal to the cloud buoyancy by compensating subsidence. Unlike the circulations inside clouds, this adjustment takes place without turbulent mixing. Hence, the “buoyancy adjustment time” T1 during which the environment comes into rough buoyant equilibrium with the clouds is much shorter than the “mixing time” T2 which it takes a tracer, initially concentrated at s...
Modeling and simulation of thin SOI MOSFET's: concepts, tools, and results

Abstract The basic physics of fully depleted SOI MOSFET's is reviewed, and a contemporary device model and circuit simulation tool are used to provide insight regarding performance and design optimization of SOI CMOS IC technologies.
ITERATIVE MATRIX APPROXIMATION FOR MODEL UPDATING

Abstract Alternating projection algorithms for matrix approximation are applied for structural model updating. Desired matrix properties such as sparsity, definiteness, and satisfaction of eigenconstraints are imposed as side constraints for a minimisation problem formulated to produce an updated matrix model which better matches measured data. Included are formulations of the update problem and discussion of the determination of solutions, convergence of the alternating projections approach as seen through geometric interpretations, and experimental verification. These approaches are verified through an application to locate damage in a laboratory truss structure using stiffness matrix approximation with experimental vibration measurements.
Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain Syndrome: Interrater Reliability of Physical Diagnosis Signs

Abstract Dromerick AW, Kumar A, Volshteyn O, Edwards DF. Hemiplegic shoulder pain syndrome: interrater reliability of physical diagnosis signs. Objective To determine the interrater reliability of shoulder physical diagnosis signs in the acute stroke rehabilitation setting. Design Prospective inception cohort. Setting Academic inpatient stroke rehabilitation service. Participants People admitted to stroke rehabilitation service. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The Neer impingement test, Speed test, acromioclavicular shear test, Rowe shoulder score, and palpation. Results Two examiners evaluated 46 consecutively admitted participants at 18.9±14.1 days after stroke. Percentage agreement was 78% or higher on all tests. The κ statistic was in the fair to excellent interrater reliability range on all tests except those involving the acromioclavicular joint, for which findings were infrequent. Conclusions Most of the shoulder physical diagnosis signs used in this study have sufficient interrater reliability for use in future clinical studies of hemiplegic shoulder pain.
Sequence relationships between single repeat units of highly reiterated African Green monkey DNA

Individual monomer and dimer units of the highly repeated alpha-component DNA of African Green monkeys were isolated and amplified by molecular cloning in pBR322. The purified sequences were characterized by digestion with restriction endonucleases and by primary nucleotide sequence analysis. Comparison of the cloned units with the 172 base pair long sequence representing the most abundant nucleotide at each position in the set of sequences comprising alpha-component allows the following conclusions. The set of sequences comprising alpha-component is made up of a very large number of related but slightly divergent sequences. Two neighboring repeats of the monomer unit are not necessarily more similar to one another than are randomly isolated monomers.
Sedentism, Storage, and the Intensification of Small Seeds: Prehistoric Developments in Owens Valley, California

Many archaeological models describe the development of restricted residential mobility, or sedentism, in prehistoric settings. Sedentism is often part of a suite of cultural changes, often accompanied by seed intensification, storage, population increase, environmental degradation, establishment of social hierarchy, and agriculture. Most models describe these changes as a series of events, with one precipitating the next. As a result, sedentism is interpreted as either a direct byproduct or a causative trigger of other societal changes. Results of excavations at the village site of Sunga'va (CA-INY-3806) are used to examine the timing of sedentism in relation to the development of storage and seed intensification in the Owens Valley of California. The site, which has evidence for two separate occupations from a period that has heretofore not been the subject of intensive research, suggests that sedentism developed at the same time or just before storage and some 800 years before seed intensification. Data do not support social models, such as the activity of aggrandizers or the stabilization of long-distance exchange networks, in these developments.
Effects of dietary supplements and a tryptophan-free diet on aggressive behavior in rats.

Abstract The effects of dietary excesses of tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine or choline and of a tryptophan-free diet were examined on shock-induced fighting, muricide and jump-flinch thresholds. Following the tryptophan-free diet, shock-induced fighting and pain sensitivity were specifically increased. The increased incidence of muricide was not specific to the lack of tryptophan in the diet. Groups of rats which were pair fed chow or had 0.15% L-tryptophan added to the tryptophan-free diet increased muricide as well. Brain 5-HT levels were 41% depleted following the tryptophan-free diet and reduced 13% with the 0.15% tryptophan supplement. In addition body weights were reduced in the three groups compared to control. None of the excess diets affected shock-induced fighting, muricide and jump-flinch thresholds. Body weights were decreased in the excess tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine and choline groups. These data indicate that the expression of different forms of aggression appears to be influenced by a tryptophan deficiency in the diet, but not excesses of tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine and choline.
REMARKS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC MASS DIFFERENCES.

An $O(4, 2)$ model for the electromagnetic transitions of the $I=\frac{1}{2}$ nucleon resonances is inserted into a finite-energy sum rule for forward off-shell Compton scattering in order to estimate the neutron-proton mass splitting. The result is encouraging. Comments are made on the importance of the nonpole terms and of the high-momentum-transfer behavior of the form factor in the case of the pion mass difference.
FGF‐2 mRNA and its antisense message are expressed in a developmentally specific manner in the chick limb bud and mesonephros

FGF-2 protein is present in the ectoderm and mesoderm of the developing chick limb bud. Its importance has been shown by the ability of ectopically applied FGF-2 to replace the apical ectodermal ridge, allowing complete outgrowth and subsequent pattern formation of the limb bud. The first goal of this study was to determine whether FGF-2 mRNA was present in the same ectodermal and mesodermal regions of the chick embryo as FGF-2 protein. FGF-2 also has an antisense message that is convergently transcribed from the opposite DNA strand (Kimelman and Kirschner [1989] Cell 59:687-696; Volk et al. [1989] EMBO J. 8:2983-2988). The second goal was to demonstrate the expression and distribution of the antisense message. Using RNAse protection assays we detected a full length protected fragment that corresponds to chick embryo FGF-2 mRNA, and a partially protected fragment that corresponds to the antisense message. We used in situ hybridization to show that FGF-2 mRNA was present in the ectoderm and subjacent mesoderm of the chick wing bud. FGF-2 mRNA was also present in body ectoderm and undifferentiated mesoderm throughout the embryo, and in muscle cells, dorsal neural tube, and mesonephros. In situ hybridization also revealed evidence for the presence of the natural antisense message in the embryo in most, but not all, of the same regions as the FGF-2 mRNA. FGF-2 mRNA and its antisense message colocalized in undifferentiated limb mesoderm; however, antisense message was not detected in differentiated muscle or cartilage. It is important to note that FGF-2 mRNA was always present in the mesonephros but that the antisense message was never observed in the mesonephros, thereby providing an internal control for non-specific signal. Although little is known about its function, Kimelman and Kirschner ([1989] Cell 59: 687-696) proposed that the antisense message may increase turnover of FGF-2 mRNA. When we compared the in situ hybridization data of both mRNAs with levels of FGF-2 protein (Savage et al. [1994] Dev. Dyn. 198:159-170), interesting tissue specific patterns emerged that support this hypothesis.
Physiological Nature of Gene-Controlled Growth Form in Trifolium fragiferum L. II. Auxin-Gibberellin Relationships to Growth Form.

A recessive gene whiclh determined erect growth of stems of strawberry clover, as contrasted with normal stoloniferous growth, was previously reported (1, 2). Besides growing erect, the stems have shorter internodes and are more lignified than stoloniferous plants. In stoloniferous plants, environmental conditions such as reduced light intensity and flooding of top growth induce stolons to grow upright. These tw-o growth forms were, therefore, useful for investigating the phy-siological basis for the differing growth. The role of auxin in plant growth and tropism suggested the possibility that the gene for erect growth may control the activity of this hormone. However, in preliminary studies applications of gibberellic acid not only increased internode length but also induced erect growth in stolons of strawberry clover. The auxin-gibberellin relationship of erect and stoloniferous plants was investigated by evaluating the response of both erect and stoloniferous plants tLo application of various concentrations of gibberellic acid and auxin or anti-auxin in all combinations. Internode lengtlh anid plant orientation were used to evaluate plant respolnse.
Long-term Results of Percutaneous Lumbar Decompression for LSS: Two-Year Outcomes

Objective:The aim of this report was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of mild lumbar decompression for the treatment of neurogenic claudication associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. This technique uses a percutaneous dorsal approach to remove small portions of ligament and lamina