cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Untangling French voting behavior: Pierce replies to Rosenthal

Rosenthal (1981) gets off to a bad start. The first sentence says "Pierce (1981) claims to have tested the Rosenthal-Sen (1973, 1977) spatial model of French voting behavior by using individual survey responses" (p. 363). Readers will look in vain for any such claim in my article. What I did, "by a different method than that employed by Rosenthal and Sen" (Pierce, 1981, p. 118), was to apply the same basic theory from which the Rosenthal-Sen spatial model was derived: the Davis, Hinich, and Ordeshook (1970) concept of the relationship between alienation and electoral participation. I presented evidence in support of three propositions: (1) Participation at the second ballot in France in forced-choice situations can be accounted for by partisan attitudes (as measured by thermometer scores) but not by perceptions of partisan locations on the Left-Right dimension; (2) the partisan choices of the voters in such situations can be better explained by partisan attitudes than by Left-Right perceptions; and (3) deliberate abstainers in such situations resemble ballot spoilers, while chronic abstention and random abstention are long-term phenomena. I. The first of these propositions is the most important, both substantively and in relation to the Rosenthal-Sen spatial model (1973). That model accounted for spoiled ballots (as opposed to participation) at the second round of voting in France in terms of distances between the available parties and the voter both when measures of partisan attitudes and Left-Right locations were employed as indicators of the distances involved. In other words, the Rosenthal-Sen (1973) work implied that Left-Right perceptions were as powerful a determinant of electoral participation as partisanship was. Now, I do not doubt Rosenthal for a moment when he writes that "Sen and I were mainly interested in testing the spatial approach, not in arguing for the Left-Right dimension" (1981, p. 368). But while I too had a
Iridium(III) and Rhodium(III) Complexes Bearing Chelating Cyclopentadienyl−Phosphine Ligands as C−H Activation Catalysts for the Deuteration of Hydrocarbons in D2O

The complex Cp*(PMe3)IrCl2 (1) catalyzes H/D exchange between D2O and water-soluble organic and organometallic molecules in aqueous solution. This complex undergoes a ligand redistribution reaction to produce [Cp*(PMe3)2IrCl](Cl) and (Cp*IrCl2)2, which is believed to be responsible for an erosion of exchange activity at long reaction times. We therefore have devised strategies for synthesizing metal complexes which feature chelating cyclopentadienyl−phosphine ligands to inhibit the redistribution reaction. Multistep syntheses of the chelating cyclopentadienyl−phosphine complexes (η5:η1-Me2PCH2CMe2C5H4)IrX2 (X = I (3), OTf (4)) are reported, as are one-pot procedures for the synthesis of (η5:η1-Me2PCH2SiMe2C5Me4)IrX2 (X = I (7), Br (8)) and (η5:η1-Me2PCH2SiMe2C5Me4)RhX2 (X = I (11), Br (12)). We further report the preparation of (η5:η1-Me2PCH2SiMe2C5Me4)Ir(OSO2CF3)2 (9) and [(η5:η1-Me2PCH2SiMe2C5Me4)Ir(OH2)2](SO4) (10). Complexes 3 and 4 are not catalysts for the exchange of deuterium between D2O and organ...
Quinoline syntheses by reaction of hydrazoic acid with α,β-disubstituted cis-chalcones

Hydrazoic-sulfuric acid mixture converted cis-α-phenyl-β-benzoylchalcone (trans-dibenzoylstilbene, 4) into 2,3-diphenyl-4-benzoylquinoline (5) the structure of which was proved by debenzoylation to 2,3-diphenylquinoline. α,β-Diphenyl and cis-α,β-dibromochalcones similarly were converted respectively into 2,3,4-triphenylquinoline (19) and 2-phenyl-3,4-dibromoquinoline (20). The structure of 19 was shown by difference from the corresponding isoquinoline 21 (synthesized). Smith's mechanism for the analogous conversion of o-phenylbenzophenone into 9-phenylphenanthridine through the 9-fluorenol and the 9-hydroazide with loss of nitrogen and ring expansion, was supported by methyl label experiments using 2-(p-tolyl)benzophenone which gave a 53:47 mixture of 3- and 8-methyl-6-phenylphenanthridines. Applicability of the mechanism to the reactions with disubstituted cis-chalcones was shown by sulfuric acid conversions of two of these into indenol 22 and 2-bromo-3-phenylindenone (24), respectively. trans-Dibenzoylstilbene underwent resinification in sulfuric acid, giving the quinoline (5) only when hydrazoic acid was present.
A rules‐based model for the analysis and evaluation of organizational communication

This paper combines an interactionist perspective with a rules‐based approach for the purpose of analyzing and evaluating organizations. It is suggested that an organization is analogous to a culture and that it can be analyzed by identifying its collectively defined master contract. It may be critiqued by assessing the process by which that master contract is communicated among its members. The organization and its individual members can then be evaluated according to the competence with which members can coorient themselves to the master contract and can coordinate their activities within the constitutive and regulative rules established by the organization. A case study suggests this new approach to organizational communication will be a useful one for communication theory as well as for consultants.
R. B. Sheridan's “verses to the memory of Garrick”: Poetic reading as formal theatre

This essay sees Richard Brinsley Sheridan's “Verses to the Memory of Garrick” as adding to English stage history a fresh concept of poetic reading as theatrical entertainment. It offers to justify the concept in terms of Sheridan's prosody.
MATERNAL/NEONATAL INCEST: A NEWLY RECOGNIZED FORM OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

The least reported form of incest is mother/son, and even more rarely reported is mother/infant sexual abuse. Four women enrolled in the Perinatal Addiction Project of Northwestern University reported manual stimulation of their infant son's genitals, fellatio, and use of the child for masturbation beginning in the neonatal period and lasting through 18 months of age. These 4 women (Group I) were compared to a group of 5 age- and income-matched substance-abusing women who had no evidence of sexually misusing their infant sons (Group II). Two of the Group I women had a history of incest during their own childhood and 3 had been raped. None of the Group II women had a history of incest but 2 of these women had been raped. In Group I, 1 woman was heterosexual, 1 woman homosexual and the other 2 women bisexual. All women in Group II were heterosexual. All women in Group I lived alone and expressed feelings of isolation with no sexual outlet available, while Group II women had a steady sexual relationship and had no evidence of physical or emotional isolation. All Group I women had been diagnosed prenatally as Borderline Personality on the DSM-III code, while 2 of the women in Group II had a diagnosis of Borderline Personality and 3 had no major psychiatric diagnosis. Health care professionals should be alerted to the possibility of maternal/neonatal incest and predisposing factors in the maternal history, including chemical abuse, social isolation and psychological makeup.
Perceptions of the Impact of Accountability on the Role of Principals

Calls for accountability in America's schools have created increased responsibilities for educational leaders. In this article, we describe and discuss a study of elementary, middle, and high school principals' perceptions of the state-wide educational accountability program in North Carolina. The respondents indicated that the state's accountability program has had its greatest impact on how they monitored student achievement, aligned the curriculum to the testing program, provided student remedial or tutorial opportunities, assigned teachers to grades levels or subjects, and protected instructional time. Views of some components, such as measures of school effectiveness, school safety standards, expectations and promotion standards for students, and financial bonuses received by staff members in schools that meet expected achievement standards, were viewed favorably. In contrast, the No Child Left Behind Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) requirement (incorporated into the state's accountability program), testing requirements for Limited English Proficiency students and special education students, the sanctions applied to schools that do not meet expected growth, and the school status designation labels that are applied to schools based upon student achievement were perceived more negatively. The predictable and unpredictable outcomes of a mandated accountability program on the perceptions (and behavior) of school principals create important considerations which are discussed for policy-makers and other professionals dealing with standards-based reform.
Acid recycling to optimize citric acid-modified soybean hull production

Modification of soybean hulls with citric acid (CA) improves the metal ion binding capacity of the hulls. A process for this modification has been developed. However, the process must be optimized for it to be cost effective. In this regard, the objectives of this study were (1) to develop a wash procedure to remove non-reacted or residual CA after soybean hull modification in order to maximize the amount of non-reacted acid removed, but minimize the subsequent effect on the product's ability to adsorb copper ion (Cu2+), and (2) to determine whether recycling non-reacted acid in the modification process, along with unused acid, can produce a product with similar copper ion adsorption compared with the use of unused acid only. To meet these objectives, an effective water washing procedure was developed to remove the residual CA associated with the modified soybean hulls. This washing procedure included removal of non-reacted acid, evaporation of excess water to the original volume of acid solution used, and addition of unused CA to reconstitute the solution to its original molarity. Reconstituted CA solutions prepared in this manner were used through three cycles of soybean hull modification. The effectiveness of the reconstituted CA to modify soybean hulls after each cycle was measured by the modified hulls ability to bind copper ions in solution. After three reaction cycles, there was a 7% reduction in copper ion adsorption. In general, two water wash cycles were necessary to remove sufficient non-reacted CA so that metal ion binding of the hulls was not affected, and the use of residual CA to modify soybean hulls can be successfully accomplished with only a small reduction in copper ion binding.
Spins and attenuation coefficients of the 86.5 and 105.3 keV states in 155Gd

Nuclear orientation was used to determine the spins of the 86.5 and 105.3 keV states in 155Gd as 52 and 32 respectively. Derived values for the attenuation coefficients showed that the orientation is strongly perturbed in the 86.5 keV state.
Reconstruction of speed-of-sound and electromagnetic absorption distributions in photoacoustic tomography

The conventional imaging model in photoacoustic tomography (PAT) assumes the object is acoustically homogeneous. In many practical applications of PAT this assumption may not be valid, resulting in image distortions and artifacts. Knowledge of the acoustic speed distribution of the object can be incorporated into the imaging model to mitigate such artifacts, but this information is not typically available. In this work, we propose a heuristic method for reconstructing both the acoustic speed and electromagnetic absorption distributions of a weakly scattering object. The method exploits a two-fold data redundancy that exists in a complete set of PAT measurement data. A preliminary computer-simulation study is presented to demonstrate the method.
A new slip stacking RF system for a twofold power upgrade of Fermilab's Accelerator Complex

Abstract Fermilab׳s Accelerator Complex has been recently upgraded, in order to increase the 120 GeV proton beam power on target from about 400 kW to over 700 kW for NOνA and other future intensity frontier experiments. One of the key ingredients of the upgrade is the offloading of some Main Injector synchrotron operations – beam injection and RF manipulation called “slip stacking” – to the 8 GeV Recycler Ring, which had until recently been used only for low-intensity antiproton storage and cooling. This required construction of two new 53 MHz RF systems for the slip-stacking manipulations. The cavities operate simultaneously at V peak ≲ 150 kV , but at slightly different frequencies ( Δ f = 1260 Hz ). Their installation was completed in September 2013. This paper describes the novel solutions used in the design of the new cavities, their tuning system, and the associated high power RF system. First results showing effective operation of the RF system, beam capture and successful slip-stacking in the Recycler Ring are presented.
Early stages of oxidation of Fe(001) observed by electron diffraction and x-ray emission

Abstract Chemically clean (001) surfaces on iron were prepared by a combination of high temperature oxidations, argon ion bombardments and hydrogen reductions. During such treatments carbon was observed to form a c(2 × 2)-C structure only for surface concentrations below about two monolayers. This pattern exhibited an order-disorder transformation at a temperature which was a function of the carbon surface concentration. On exposure to oxygen the “clean” iron surface was found to react with a near unit sticking coefficient. This value steadily decreased as the oxide film increased. The kinetics of oxide growth was independent of specimen temperature from 25 to 150°C, being dependent only on the total number of molecules/cm 2 striking the surface. Structural information during surface cleaning and the initial stages of growth of oxide films was obtained using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). For the first monolayer coverage of oxygen only broadening of the iron diffraction-maxima was observed indicating a p(1 × 1)-O structure. Further exposure led to the formation of a fcc type lattice. With longer exposures a spinel type pattern developed. The mean interplanar spacing of the oxide increased with time of exposure from 8.18 ± 0.04 A to 8.34 ± 0.06 A. These results suggest the formation of a cubic oxide in which the iron to oxygen ratio increases with time up to a limiting value between that of γ-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 .
Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis Incorporated Into Rotator Cuff Repair Using Suture Anchors

A simple and effective technique is described for incorporating arthroscopic biceps tenodesis into arthroscopic suture anchor rotator cuff repair.
Defense against an opportunistic challenger: Theory and experiments

Abstract This paper considers a contest setting in which a challenger chooses between one of two contests to enter after observing the level of defense at each. Despite the challenger’s chance of success being determined by a proportional contest success function, the defenders effectively find themselves in an all-pay auction that largely dissipates the value of the defended resources because the challenger will target the weaker defender. However, if the defenders form a protective alliance then their expected profits increase despite the fact that a successful challenge is theoretically more likely, given the overall reduction in defense. Controlled laboratory experiments designed to test the model’s predictions are also reported. Observed behavior is generally consistent with the comparative static predictions although challengers exhibit the familiar overbidding pattern. Defenders appear to anticipate this reaction and adjust their behavior accordingly.
Gasoline demand and car choice: estimating gasoline demand using household information

In recent years, calls for carbon taxes as a policy tool to combat global warming have kept a discussion of the price and income elasticities of gasoline demand alive. To date, gasoline demand elasticity estimates are almost exclusively based on aggregate data that are subject to aggregation problems and make distributional concerns impossible to address. By using household-level data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and imputed fuel efficiency measures and gasoline prices, I estimate household demand for gasoline and the corresponding price and income demand elasticities. An attempt is made to include data on the car stock in the estimation since car-portfolio and gasoline demand decisions are closely related. Empirical results from a selection corrected gasoline demand regression suggest low short-run price and income elasticities and clear differences in gasoline demand across the population. These results suggest that a gasoline tax is not likely to result in large decreases in gasoline consumption while potentially imposing hardship on identifiable segments of the population.
Individual Insurance Benefits To Be Available Under Health Reform Would Have Cut Out-Of-Pocket Spending In 2001–08

Under the Affordable Care Act, individual health insurance will probably become more generous and more like employment-related insurance. Currently, individual insurance typically has less generous benefits than employment-related insurance. This study compared out-of-pocket spending on health care between individual and employment-related insurance, controlling for numerous characteristics such as health status. Then it simulated the impact of full implementation of provisions of the Affordable Care Act on adults who currently have individual insurance, including important subgroups—adults with chronic conditions, the near-elderly (ages 55–64), and low-income populations. If adults who had individual insurance during 2001–08 had instead had benefits similar to those under the Affordable Care Act, their average annual out-of-pocket spending on medical care and drugs might have been $280 less. The near-elderly and people with low incomes might have saved $589 and $535, respectively. An important improvemen...
Surveillance of sentiment and affect in open source text: a unified model of affect analysis and topic modeling

New topics of discussion emerge continuously as political and cultural environments shift. These topics can convey a range of ideas, stories, values, and shared experiences. In open source data, discourse is often infused with emotionally-charged prose expressed by large and diverse pools of authors. Manually identifying and analyzing the emotional content of combined discussions from millions of individuals is an impossible task for any single analyst or decision maker. Technologies that can automatically identify emerging topics of discussion and align them with public opinions can provide early warning to acts of violence or other threats [1]. We present an approach to detecting basic emotions associated with topics by combining work in topic modeling with affect analysis. We apply the correspondence LDA topic model (CorrLDA2) [2] to correlate emotional states with topics. Using this technique, topics have associated emotions and emotion categories are correlated over a corpus of text.
Low temperature crystallization of glasses in the H2O-NaCl-dimethyl sulphoxide ternary system

The determination and application of ternary H2O-NaCl-cryoprotective agent phase diagram information appears to offer materials scientists and biologists a unique opportunity for co-operative research. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is a widely used cryoprotective agent and in this investigation the H2O-NaCl-DMSO system appears to develop a glassy phase even at relatively low cooling rates (25°C min−1) for those water-rich compositions where the ratio of DMSO to NaCl varies from 2 to 1/2. This glassy phase is relatively unstable and the kinetics of the glass-to-crystalline phase transition have been investigated and shown to be first order. Activation energies (Q) and the times required for the completion of this first order transformation have been evaluated by differential thermal analysis. Such information may be useful in interpreting the effects of long term storage on rapidly frozen biological materials perfused with DMSO.
Only Time Can Tell if Geography is Still Destiny: Time, Space, and NAFTA in a U.S.-Mexican Border City

This article highlights sociopolitical implications of local responses to globalization as reflected in their time and space orientations. It illustrates two local responses in El Paso, Texas, to the ongoing integration of the U.S. and Mexican economies: 1) an economic strategy promoted by a group of labor advocates to address social dislocation caused by plant relocations; and 2) an economic plan embraced by the local business community in relation to regional infrastructural needs for international production. This article explores developmental implications of these responses regarding sharp discrepancies among local groups as well as between local and global entities. These discrepancies entail complex sociopolitical dynamics influencing the allocation of resources not only in terms of local groups but, increasingly, in terms of international operations. In theoretical terms, the case study provides a vivid illustration of contrasts and changes that suggest tangible new insights about the temporal and...
The Jodhpur regency: princely education, politics and gender in post-colonial India

In 1952, Maharani Krishna Kumari of Jodhpur was widowed at the untimely age of 26, and her son, the heir apparent Gaj Singh II, was only 4 years old. Although the princely states had nominally lapsed after 1947, Krishna Kumari was inaugurated as regent during her son's minority, following a policy that had long been practised by Indian royal families. She would subsequently oversee his education during the 1950s and 1960s, adroitly using the counsel of her male relations and engaging in a sophisticated dialogue with the new government of India. Her regency would ensure a strong foundation for her son's future prominence in democratic India. This article analyses the oft-disregarded role of gender and family in the case of a post-colonial princely dynasty, and in the long run the fabric of the Indian nation.
Assessment of best management practices to minimise the runoff of manure-borne phosphorus in the United States

Abstract Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient in crop and livestock agriculture, can cause and accelerate freshwater eutrophication. Intensification of farming systems has resulted in local accumulations of P in some agricultural watersheds with related increases in P runoff. In most cases, continual land application of manure at rates exceeding crop P removal is the proximate cause of P runoff. To mitigate associated water quality impairments, P‐based agricultural best management practices (BMPs) are now becoming a part of farm nutrient planning. This planning involves the selection, timing, and implementation of source and transport BMPs at field, farm, and watershed scales. Source measures include balancing P imports and exports, improved livestock feed management, chemical and physical treatment of manures, appropriate rate, method, and timing of land application based upon regular soil and manure testing, adequate manure storage and transport infrastructure, and composting. Transport measures aim to...
The role of the combination of IL-2 and TGF-β or IL-10 in the generation and function of CD4+ CD25+ and CD8+regulatory T cell subsets

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on thymus-derived CD4+ regulatory T cells that constitutively express CD25 and have a contact-dependent, cytokine-independent mechanism in vitro. However, peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can also be induced to become regulatory T cells. Here we review our studies using the combination of IL-2 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) to generate regulatory T cell subsets ex vivo, and the work of others using IL-10 to induce suppressive activity. Under certain conditions, the autocrine effects of TGF-beta and IL-10 induce peripheral T cells to produce immunosuppressive levels of each of these cytokines. This effect of TGF-beta is IL-2 dependent. Under other conditions IL-2 and TGF-beta can induce CD4+ cells to develop potent contact-dependent, cytokine-independent regulatory activity. At present, there is considerable confusion concerning the mechanism of action of CD4+ CD25+ cells because cytokine-producing regulatory T cells generated in the periphery can express CD25 and other markers displayed by naturally occurring, thymus-derived regulatory T cells. We, therefore, propose a nomenclature that identifies thymus-derived and peripheral regulatory cells, and that also differentiates T regulatory cells from T helper cells. Because T regulatory cells broadly control T helper cell reactivity, the mechanisms that control regulatory cell function are also reviewed. Finally, the potential use of regulatory T cells generated ex vivo as an adoptive immunotherapy for certain autoimmune diseases, to prevent organ graft rejection, or to prevent pathologic host responses to infectious agents is discussed.
Environmental concerns in cross-national context :how do mass publics in Central and Eastern Europe compare with other regions of the world?

Research examining the globalisation of environmental concern shown in public opinion surveys is currently underspecifi ed, as the coun- tries in Central and Eastern Europe are not explicitly showcased in empiri- cal research. To address this gap in the literature, this research examines two measures of environmental concern, awareness of environmental threats and willingness to sacrifi ce, emphasising former state socialist countries both in comparison with countries around the globe and across countries located within this regional block. Results reveal that Central and Eastern European countries exhibit unique qualities regarding the content of environmental concern, and that, although the determinants of environmental threat aware- ness differ to some extent within this region, the social bases of willingness to sacrifi ce are strikingly similar across the six former state socialist countries in this sample. These results extend prior research and offer important direc- tions for future scholarship.
NCGIA education activities: The core curriculum and beyond

Abstract Education has been part of the NCGIA's mission from the earliest discussions of the concept of the Center at the National Science Foundation. To respond to the need for short-term solutions to the shortage of adequately trained personnel in GIS, the Center developed a set of teaching materials or core curriculum. The steps in its development are described and an analysis of initial distribution statistics is presented. Current efforts to develop a framework for laboratory materials are outlined. The paper ends with an assessment of the project and comparison with other disciplines.
TAAR1 transforms thinking about a plant alkaloid that transformed the practice of medicine.

In this issue of the Journal Sukhanov et al., report their experimental results in support of the hypothesis: trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) mediates apomorphine's effects in mice – in particular, climbing activity. For many familiar with this alkaloid the conclusions reached by these authors come as a surprise. After all, apomorphine is one of the oldest and most studied drugs still used in human and veterinary medicine (Taba et al., 2013). Originally made by dehydrating morphine – itself an alkaloid produced by poppies of the somniferum species – in boiling sulfuric acid, a process first reported by Arppe in 1845, apomorphine was subsequently found to be native to two Nymphaea species of water lily: Nymphaea caerulea (the Egyptian blue lotus) and Nymphaea ampla . Interestingly, these same species of water lily are known to have been cultivated more than one thousand years ago on both sides of the Atlantic where they were consumed for their psychoactive effects during religious ceremonies (Bertol et al., 2004). Apomorphine's potential as a medication was first explored in 19th century Northern Europe where large animal veterinarians found it efficacious at controlling stereotypies (Feser, 1873) in addition to its usefulness as a forceful emetic (Siebert, 1871). However, it was in Harnack's (1874) publication of his extensive pharmacologic study of apomorphine's effects in various animal species that he made the significant observation that the drug probably acts on multiple brain areas given its pronounced effects on motivated behaviour, sensory perception, the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular and respiratory tone (Harnack, 1874). Ten years later Weil (1884) was the first to suggest that apomorphine might provide relief to sufferers of Parkinson's disease and other disorders of movement control; findings confirmed and expanded by Schwab et al. (1951) and Cotzias et al. (1970) transforming the treatment of …
IVR: Its Coherent and Incoherent Dynamics

In this paper, we discuss the dynamics of intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR) in two limits: the coherent and incoherent limits. These descriptions are introduced to account for experiments done in time and frequency domains. We present a more general model for IVR, namely the model of overlapping resonances, which describes coherence (quantum beats), congestion and nonexponentional decays.
$Z$ -Source Inverter for Residential Photovoltaic Systems

This paper proposes a Z-source inverter system for a split-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system. The operation principle, control method, and characteristics of the system are presented. A comparison between the new and traditional system configurations is performed. Simulation and experimental results are also shown to verify the proposed circuit and analysis
A Specification of the Cat and Mouse Problem

The cat and mouse problem described herein was proposed as a sample real-time pedagogical problem at the REX workshop. It is very simple, and includes some real-time aspects. I decided to specify this particular problem to demonstrate one way of dealing with time in the specification language Z. This paper contains a description of the problem, the Z specification, and a justification for choosing Z as the specification language.
Rhodopsin and Porphyropsin Fields In the Adult Bullfrog Retina

Though it had been supposed earlier that the bullfrog undergoes a virtually complete metamorphosis of visual systems from vitamin A2 and porphyropsin in the tadpole to vitamin A1 and rhodopsin in the adult, the present observations show that the retina of the adult frog may contain as much as 30–40% porphyropsin, all of it segregated in the dorsal zone. The most dorsal quarter of the adult retina may contain 81–89% porphyropsin mixed with a minor amount of rhodopsin; the ventral half contains only rhodopsin. Further, the dorsal zone contains a two to three times higher concentration of visual pigments than the ventral retina. The pigment epithelium underlying the retina contains a corresponding distribution of vitamins A1 and A2, predominantly vitamin A2 in the dorsal pigment epithelium, exclusively vitamin A1 in the ventral zone. The retina accepts whatever vitamin A the pigment epithelium provides it with, and turns it into the corresponding visual pigment. Thus, a piece of light-adapted dorsal retina laid back on ventral pigment epithelium regenerates rhodopsin, whereas a piece of light-adapted ventral retina laid back on dorsal pigment epithelium regenerates predominantly porphyropsin. Vitamin A2 must be made from vitamin A1, by dehydrogenation at the 3,4-bond in the ring. This conversion must occur in the pigment epithelium, presumably through the action of a vitamin A-3,4-dehydrogenase. The essential change at metamorphosis is to make much less of this dehydrogenase, and to sequester it in the dorsal pigment epithelium. Some adult bullfrogs, perhaps characteristically taken in the summer, contain very little porphyropsin—only perhaps 5%—still sequestered in the dorsal retina. The gradient of light over the retinal surface has little if any effect on this distribution. The greater density of visual pigments in the dorsal retina, and perhaps also—although this is less clear—the presence of porphyropsin in this zone, has some ecological importance in increasing the retinal sensitivity to the dimmer and, on occasion, redder light received from below.
An interoperable spatiotemporal weather radar data dissemination system

This paper investigates an interoperable framework to disseminate Earth Science data to different application domains. The proposed framework can manage different Earth science data products and raster snapshots over time through the use of relevant metadata information. The framework generates images to be accessed by GIS software for various Earth science and web-based applications. The access is enabled through the compliance with OpenGeospatial Consortium's Web Map Service (WMS) for interoperability such that any WMS viewer can access the service. The framework can provide GIS users the capability to incorporate geospatial information from other WMS servers. Using the United States NEXt generation weather RADar (NEXRAD) data, we demonstrate how the proposed framework can facilitate the dissemination of Earth Science data to a broad community in a near real-time fashion. The proposed framework can be used to manage and disseminate various types of spatiotemporal Earth science data.
FORECASTING PCB CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE MICHIGAN SALMONIDS: A DYNAMIC LINEAR MODEL APPROACH

Ecological time-series data often consist of highly variable observations collected from ecosystems whose structure and function are changing, making trend assessment and forecasting difficult. Dynamic linear models (DLMs) were used to study time trends in annual average PCB concentrations in five species of Lake Michigan salmonids, using data collected from 1972 to 1994 by both the Michigan and Wisconsin Departments of Natural Resources. DLMs use an adaptive fitting procedure to track trends in the rate of decline over time, in contrast to other approaches that fit fixed parameters. We used this method to make forecasts of PCB concentrations in these fishes, along with Bayesian credible-interval estimates associated with these forecasts. Point estimates of PCB concentrations in all five species show a decline through a 10-yr forecast horizon. However, upper bounds on the 90% credible-interval uncertainty estimates for chinook salmon and lake trout indicate that steady or slightly increasing annual averag...
Ab initio theory and calculations of X-ray spectra

Abstract There has been dramatic progress in recent years both in the calculation and interpretation of various x-ray spectroscopies. However, current theoretical calculations often use a number of simplified models to account for many-body effects, in lieu of first principles calculations. In an effort to overcome these limitations we describe in this article a number of recent advances in theory and in theoretical codes which offer the prospect of parameter free calculations that include the dominant many-body effects. These advances are based on ab initio calculations of the dielectric and vibrational response of a system. Calculations of the dielectric function over a broad spectrum yield system dependent self-energies and mean-free paths, as well as intrinsic losses due to multi-electron excitations. Calculations of the dynamical matrix yield vibrational damping in terms of multiple-scattering Debye–Waller factors. Our ab initio methods for determining these many-body effects have led to new, improved, and broadly applicable x-ray and electron spectroscopy codes. To cite this article: J.J. Rehr et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009).
On the use of Verilog HDL in the conversion of existing hardware designs to newer technology

The trend towards greater integration of hardware continues, with the attendant benefits of increased density, speed, manufacturability, and reliability. When the updating of an existing design to a new hardware technology becomes necessary, its adaptation must allow for the differences in speed, structure and function of the new hardware medium. With the appearance of hardware description languages and the powerful CAE tools now available, the prospect of automating such a process appears plausible. We consider the "re-spin" of a board design from a TTL/PLD implementation to a gate array implementation, and the question of the automated conversion of hardware designs.
Intracranial pressure variation associated with changes in end-tidal CO2.

Maintaining intracranial pressure (ICP) below 20- 25mmHg is an important clinical goal in the treatment of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is well known that the partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) can affect cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and therefore ICP. The end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) is usually monitored by clinicians as a proxy for PaCO2. We show examples where subclinical fluctuations in ETCO2 are associated with clinically significant fluctuations in ICP. We estimated ICP from past and present values of ETCO2 with a linear estimator. The variance of the ICP residuals was 37 percent of the variance of the ICP signal at frequencies above 0.33mHz. We suggest that a large proportion of clinically significant ICP fluctuations could be eliminated or reduced if the patients ventilation and CO2 levels were more tightly regulated.
SAFETY-RESTRAINT USE RATE AS FUNCTION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER FACTORS: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

Persistent use of safety restraints prevents deaths and reduces the severity and number of injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes. However, safety-restraint use rates in the United States have been below those of other nations with safety-restraint enforcement laws. With a better understanding of the relationship between safety-restraint law enforcement and safety-restraint use, programs can be implemented to decrease the number of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes. Does safety-restraint use increase as enforcement increases? Do motorists increase their safety-restraint use in response to the general presence of law enforcement or to targeted law enforcement efforts? Does a relationship between enforcement and restraint use exist at the countywide level? A logistic regression model was estimated by using county-level safety-restraint use data and traffic citation statistics collected in 13 counties within the state of Florida in 1997. The model results suggest that safety-res...
Micronesian Mangrove Forest Structure and Tree Responses to a Severe Typhoon

Tropical cyclones are common disturbances that have strong effects on mangrove composition and structure. Because there are numerous ecosystem services provided by mangroves, it is important to understand their adaptations and responses to these climatic events. In April 2004, Typhoon Sudal, a category 3–4 cyclone, passed over the state of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia. For four months following the typhoon we measured forest structure, above-ground biomass, tree mortality and response in six mangroves. The sites were dominated by species common in mangroves throughout the Indo-Pacific—Sonneratia alba, Brugueira gymnorrhiza, and Rhizophora apiculata. Total above-ground biomass (TAGB) of mangrove forests ranged from 211–573 Mg ha-1. Tree mortality ranged from 6% to 32% among stands. Adaptations and responses to the typhoon varied by species, as well as by geographic location. Sonneratia alba had a higher frequency of mainstems broken (26%), but was the only species that vigorously sprouted from dormant basal or epicormic tissues. Standing live trees accounted for 80–95% of TAGB, suggesting that adaptations of mangrove trees can facilitate the persistence of an intact forest structure following typhoons of this intensity. Climatic changes such as sea level rise and increased severity of cyclonic events could alter this relationship.
Taste Quality and Intensity of 100 Stimuli as Reported by Rats: The Taste–Location Association Task

The interpretation of neural activity related to sensory stimulation requires an understanding of the subject’s perception of the stimulation. Previous methods used to evaluate the perception of chemosensory stimuli by rodents have distinct limitations. We developed a novel behavioral paradigm, the taste–location association task, to complement these methods. First we tested if rats are able to learn associations between five basic taste stimuli and their spatial locations. This spatial task was based on four prototypical tastants and water. All four rats trained to perform the task reached levels of performance well above chance. Control trials demonstrated that the rats used only taste cues. Further, the learned stimulus set was resistant to interference, allowing for generalization experiments performed subsequently. We tested the rats’ gustatory generalizations of 100 tastants to the five trained stimuli, both regarding their taste qualities as well as intensity ratings. The taste profiles generated by these experiments contribute to the understanding of how perception of the specific taste stimuli relate to the perception of the five basic taste qualities in intact behaving rats. In this large taste space we found that intensity plays a major role. Furthermore, umami stimuli were not reported as being similar to other basic tastants. Our new paradigm enables neurophysiological studies of taste-based learning and memory in awake, freely moving animals.
Pneumonectomy: The final cut in a rare incidence of persistent bronchopleural fistula following empyema.

The incidence of necrotizing pneumonia and empyema complicated by bronchopleural fistula is rising. We describe the case of a 2-year-old boy who presented with empyema thoracis and necrotizing pneumonia who developed a bronchopleural fistula. At initial thoracotomy for decortication, necrotic lung was found and resected. He subsequently underwent further thoracotomy, prolonged chest tube drainage and endobronchial glue application attempts to close a bronchopleural fistula. The fistula was only sealed at third thoracotomy and completion pneumonectomy. This case highlights the potential challenges faced when dealing with air leaks in the setting of infection and we discuss the treatment options available. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:617–621. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conquering hierarchical difficulty by explicit chunking: substructural chromosome compression

This paper proposes a chromosome compression scheme which represents subsolutions by the most expressive schemata. The proposed chromosome compression scheme is combined with the dependency structure matrix genetic algorithm and the restricted tournament replacement to create a scalable optimization tool which optimizes problems via hierarchical decomposition. One important feature of the proposed method is that at the end of the run, the problem structure obtained from the proposed method is comprehensible to human researchers and is reusable for larger-scale problems. The empirical result shows that the proposed method scales sub-quadratically with the problem size on hierarchical problems and is able to capture the problem structures accurately.
Prognostic factors for survival in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent brain metastases after prior whole brain radiotherapy.

Purpose To evaluate prognostic factors for survival after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for new, progressive, or recurrent brain metastases (BM) after prior whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Methods and Materials Patients treated between 1991 and 2007 with Gamma Knife SRS for BM after prior WBRT were retrospectively reviewed. Potential prognostic factors were analyzed overall and by primary site using univariate and stepwise multivariate analyses and recursive partitioning analysis, including age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), primary tumor control, extracranial metastases, number of BM treated, total SRS target volume, and interval from WBRT to SRS. Results A total of 310 patients were analyzed, including 90 breast, 113 non–small-cell lung, 31 small-cell lung, 42 melanoma, and 34 miscellaneous patients. The median age was 56, KPS 80, number of BM treated 3, and interval from WBRT to SRS 8.1 months; 76% had controlled primary tumor and 60% had extracranial metastases. The median survival was 8.4 months overall and 12.0 vs. 7.9 months for single vs. multiple BM treated ( p = 0.001). There was no relationship between number of BM and survival after excluding single-BM patients. On multivariate analysis, favorable prognostic factors included age 60, and controlled primary in non–small-cell lung cancer patients; and smaller total target volume in melanoma patients. Conclusions Among patients treated with salvage SRS for BM after prior WBRT, prognostic factors appeared to vary by primary site. Although survival time was significantly longer for patients with a single BM, the median survival time of 7.9 months for patients with multiple BM seems sufficiently long for salvage SRS to appear to be worthwhile, and no evidence was found to support the use of a cutoff for number of BM appropriate for salvage SRS.
Herding Cats and Big Dogs: Tensions in the Faculty-Administrator Relationship

This chapter builds on previous work of the authors by examining a much underexplored limitation to effective shared governance in higher education—the fragile relationship between faculty and administrators. An assessment of the literature was undertaken to uncover evidence of the sources of tension in the relationship in three academic contexts where faculty and administrators interact: (i) curriculum and teaching; (ii) academic entrepreneurship and research; and, (iii) hiring, promotion and tenure, and reward systems. The chapter concludes by suggesting theoretical approaches which might advance our knowledge about this relationship as one step toward improvement in faculty-administrator collaboration and ultimately in shared governance processes.
Opposing Effects of Cucurbit[7]uril and 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose on Amyloid β25-35 Assembly.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brain. The conversion of soluble monomers to amyloid Aβ fibrils is a complicated process and involves several transient oligomeric species, which are widely believed to be highly toxic and play a crucial role in the etiology of AD. The development of inhibitors to prevent formation of small and midsized oligomers is a promising strategy for AD treatment. In this work, we employ ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the structural modulation promoted by two potential inhibitors of Aβ oligomerization, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose (PGG), on early oligomer and fibril formation of the Aβ25–35 fragment. One and two CB[7] molecules bind to Aβ25–35 monomers and dimers, respectively, and suppress aggregation by remodeling early oligomer structures and inhibit...