cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P2D-6 Ultrasound Color Doppler Imaging on a Fully Programmable Architecture

Ultrasound color Doppler imaging is widely used for real-time evaluation of blood flow in a user-specified region of interest. However, it is computationally expensive and burdensome for low-end ultrasound machines. In this paper, we have investigated the feasibility of performing color Doppler processing on a low-cost programmable architecture consisting of a field programmable gate array (FPGA) (e.g., Cyclone II, Altera, San Jose, CA) and a digital signal processor (DSP) (e.g., TMS320C64x, Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX). From the feasibility study, we have found that only 63.8% and 49.2% of the resources in the FPGA and DSP, respectively, are utilized to support all the digital processing (i.e., front-end and back-end) for color Doppler imaging with a typical system configuration for portable ultrasound machines. These results indicate that a low-cost programmable architecture can meet the requirements of front-end and back-end processing in ultrasound color Doppler imaging
Ultrathin and micro‐sized solar cell performance optimization via simulations

Back-contacted, ultrathin (<10 µm), and submillimeter-sized solar cells made with microsystem tools are a new type of cell that has not been optimized for performance. The literature reports efficiencies up to 15% using thicknesses of 14 µm and cell sizes of 250 µm. In this paper, we present the design, conditions, and fabrication parameters necessary to optimize these devices. The optimization was performed using commercial simulation tools from the microsystems arena. A systematic variation of the different parameters that influence the performance of the cell was accomplished. The researched parameters were resistance, Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) lifetime, contact separation, implant characteristics (size, dosage, energy, and ratio between the species), contact size, substrate thickness, surface recombination, and light concentration. The performance of the cell was measured with efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. Among all the parameters investigated, surface recombination and SRH lifetime proved to be the most important. Through completing the simulations, an optimized concept solar cell design was introduced for two scenarios: high and low quality materials/passivation. Simulated efficiencies up to 23.4% (1 sun) and 26.7% (100 suns) were attained for 20-µm-thick devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hook Formation of Electrically Driven DNA Collisions with Finite-Sized Obstacles

We present a comprehensive study of the hooking mechanism of a single DNA molecule in electrophoretic motion colliding with a single microfabricated obstacle. During a collision, DNA impacts an obstacle and deforms. The impact conditions dictate whether this collision results in a “roll-off” event or “hooking” event. Our objective is to better understand the physics of a collision. Specifically, we note that a finite-sized insulating obstacle induces local electric field gradients that can enhance the size-dependent hooking probability. We validate that the hooking mechanism is analogous to a polymer in a transient, non-homogeneous elongational field with a strength characterized by the Deborah number, De. We then show that hook formation increases with De for finite-sized obstacles in the regime De<40.
Comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders and prospective risk for suicide attempt in the year following inpatient hospitalization

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify predictors of nonfatal suicide attempts in veterans discharged from acute hospitalization with depression and/or alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnoses. We hypothesized that primary depression confers similar risk for attempt whether or not it is accompanied by secondary AUD, and that a suicide attempt in the prior year would confer greatest risk of the variables studied. METHOD: Veteran Health Administration (VHA) patients discharged from acute inpatient hospitalization in 2011 with AUD and/or non-bipolar depression diagnoses (N=22,319) were analyzed using information from the computerized record system and national database on suicidal behavior. Proportional hazard regression models estimated unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) for risk of a nonfatal attempt within one year following discharge. RESULTS: As hypothesized, primary depression with secondary AUD [AHR (95% CI)=1.41 (1.04, 1.92)] and without secondary AUD [AHR (95% CI)=1.30 (1.00, 1.71)] conferred similar prospective risk for attempt (AUD without depression, reference). Although prior suicide attempt was associated with increased risk, acute care in "general psychiatry" during hospitalization [AHR (95% CI)=6.35 (3.48, 13.00)] conferred the greatest risk among the variables studied. Transfer to another inpatient setting reduced risk [AHR (95% CI=0.53 (0.34, 0.79). LIMITATIONS: Analyses were based on administrative data and did not include information on mortality. CONCLUSION: When primary depression is severe enough to warrant inpatient hospitalization, a secondary diagnosis of AUD may not contribute additional prospective risk for nonfatal attempt. Within VHA, acute psychiatric care during hospitalization is a potential marker for increased risk for nonfatal attempt. Transfer to an additional inpatient setting may reduce risk for nonfatal attempt. Language: en
Exercising Quality Control in Interdisciplinary Education: Toward an Epistemologically Responsible Approach.

This article argues that certain philosophically devised quality control parameters should guide approaches to interdisciplinary education. We sketch the kind of reflections we think are necessary in order to produce epistemologically responsible curricula. We suggest that the two overarching epistemic dimensions of levels of analysis and basic viewpoints go a long way towards clarifying the structure of interdisciplinary validity claims. Through a discussion of how best to teach basic ideas about numeracy in Mind, Brain, and Education, we discuss what it means for an interdisciplinary curriculum to respect both the minds of students and the complexity of the subject matter.
Examining restricted and repetitive behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorder during two observational contexts

This prospective study of the FIRST WORDS® Project examined restricted and repetitive behaviors in a sample of 55 toddlers at a mean age of 20 months who were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Restricted and repetitive behaviors were coded using the Repetitive Movement and Restricted Interest Scales in two video-recorded observation methods-structured sampling procedures in a clinic and naturalistic everyday activities at home. Measures of restricted and repetitive behaviors were higher in the clinic setting than in the home observation, especially for behaviors involving object use. Repetitive movements with objects in the clinic predicted nonverbal developmental scores and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule social affect scores at later follow-up. In contrast, repetitive movements with objects at home significantly predicted later Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule restricted and repetitive behaviors scores. These results support the utility of the Repetitive Movement and Restricted Interest Scales to detect restricted and repetitive behaviors in toddlers and suggest that observations of restricted and repetitive behaviors in clinic and home settings may provide unique and important diagnostic information for improving early detection of autism spectrum disorder.
The Design and Performance of Regional Institutions

collaborative attempt by a group of well-known scholars to use their in-depth knowledge of particular cases to evaluate, challenge, and expand upon a conceptual framework known as the "rational design of international institutions" (RDII) research program (Koremenos, Lipson, and Snidai 2001). The Achaiya and Johnston volume takes as its jumping off point the observation that there is significant variation both in the design and performance of regional economic and security institutions across the globe. The collaborators seek to describe and explain variation in design, and then to evaluate the effects of design choices on institutional efficacy. Achaiya and Johnston explain in their introductory chapter to the volume that while they build heavily on the RDII research program, they find three limitations in existing work: (1) a lack of focus on the effect of variance in institutional design on the effectiveness of cooperation; (2) a lack of focus on "ideational" variables; and (3) a lack of study of non-Western regional institutions (p. 13). By expanding the focus of RDII in these three ways, they hope to advance understanding of the design and effects of international institutions. The organization of the case studies is primarily by region, with one chapter on institutions in southeast Asia, in Latin America, in Africa, and in the Arab world, plus two focusing on primarily European institutions - one on NATO and one on the EU. This is a very different organizational focus than was used in the Koremenos et al. (2001) volume, where contributors analyzed the design of institutions in particular issue areas. Achaiya and Johnston report that while they provided chapter writers with a list of potentially important independent variables, they explicitly decided against testing deductive hypotheses. The editors conclude that "one of the strengths of the project [is] its inductive richness' ' (16). This inductive focus is apparent in the resulting case studies, which provide historical descriptions of the emergence, development, and general success of a wide range of regional organizations and cooperation. The conclusion reached by Achaiya and Johnston from their contributors' case studies is that identity and domestic political (in) security are much more important in explaining variance in both the design of institutions and the effect of institutional design on cooperation than are the types of cooperation problems confronted. Since the explicit focus is on regionally delimited institutions (not on the many institutions that cross regional boundaries), and the case studies mix together institutions aimed at different problems in drawing conclusions about a region's institutions, it is perhaps not surprising that a primary finding of the study is that regional identity shapes these institutions and that the effect of the type of cooperation problem is less apparent.
Spouse's Religious Commitment and Marital Quality: Clarifying the Role of Gender

Objective Research on religion and marriage consistently finds a positive association between spousal religious commitment and more positive marital outcomes. But findings regarding the moderating influence of gender on this relationship have been mixed. This article clarifies whether returns to marital quality from having a devout spouse are greater for married women or men. Method Drawing on data from the nationally representative 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, and utilizing 12 different measures of marital quality, I estimate ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models to test my hypotheses. Results In analyses of the full sample, spouse's religious commitment generally predicts positive marital outcomes, net of controls for respondents’ gender as well as their religious and sociodemographic characteristics. However, when models are estimated for women and men separately, the returns to marital quality from having a religiously committed spouse are much stronger and more consistent for women than for men. Conclusions Findings suggest that, ceteris paribus, having a spouse who is more religious predicts positive marriage outcomes, but women benefit from having a religiously committed spouse more than men do. Possible explanations are discussed.
High Seas to High Explosives: The Evolution of Calcaneus Fracture Management in the Military

ABSTRACT Calcaneus fractures typically occur as a consequence of axial load. In the civilian population, this is most often because of motor vehicle accidents or falls from height. Early management of these injuries in the military population largely mirrored that of civilian surgeons. However, calcaneus fractures secondary to underfoot blasts became a significant source of morbidity and mortality in World War II. First described in the aftermath of large-scale naval battles between metal-deck ships, this “deck-slap” phenomenon is associated with high rates of concomitant injuries, infection, and amputation. We review the historical and contemporary management of calcaneus fractures by military orthopedic surgeons, as well as detailing the unique challenges faced in managing the soft-tissue component and associated injuries commonly observed in this population. Combat-related calcaneus fractures are associated with very high rates of concomitant injuries and extensive soft-tissue wounds. Despite significa...
Activation of the Erythropoietin (EPO) Receptor by Bivalent Anti-EPO Receptor Antibodies

Oligomerization of cytokine receptors including the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor has been advanced as a model for activation. If homodimerization of the EPO receptor activates it, then bivalent antibodies raised to the extracellular domain of the EPO receptor should also homodimerize and activate. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (IgG) raised to the soluble, extracellular domain of the human EPO receptor (EPOR) were found that would stimulate thymidine uptake of an human EPO-dependent cell line, UT-7/EPO. Dose response curves showed bell shapes where activity was low at low and high concentrations. Monovalent (Fab) fragments bound to the receptor but did not stimulate thymidine uptake, which indicates that two antibody binding sites are required for activation. The anti-EPOR antibodies stimulated the formation of burst forming unit erythroid colonies from human CD34+ cells purified from peripheral blood. This indicates that homodimerization of the EPO receptor by anti-EPOR antibodies is sufficient for both proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells and that the constraints on dimerization necessary for activation are rather loose.
Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the anterior abdominal wall following multimodality treatment for carcinoma of the rectum.

Postradiation sarcomas are rare, and the most commonly reported ones are malignant fibrous histiocytoma, osteosarcoma, angiosarcoma , fibrosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma, not otherwise specified. There are a few case reports of postradiation rhabdomyosarcomas following treatment of retinoblastoma, breast cancer, endometrial adenocarcinoma, and Hodgkin’s disease. Secondary neoplasms following radiation and surgical treatment of rectal adenocarcinomas have not been reported in the English literature. We report a case of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the anterior abdominal wall following treatment of rectal carcinoma, and we review the
Surface tension depression by low-solubility organic material in aqueous aerosol mimics

Abstract Surface-active material, including long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), comprises a significant fraction of organic aerosol mass. Surface-active species are thought to form a film at the gas–aerosol interface, with implications for aerosol heterogeneous chemistry and cloud formation. However, LCFA phase behavior and surface-bulk partitioning has not been characterized under most conditions typical of tropospheric aerosol water (i.e. acidic, high ionic content), making it challenging to predict surface film formation in aerosols. In this study, we present measurements of the surface tension of aqueous solutions containing the slightly soluble LCFAs oleic and stearic acid. The effect of varying pH, organic concentration, and inorganic salt content was tested for each system. We observe surface tension depression compared to water of up to ∼30 and 45% for aqueous solutions containing stearic or oleic acid at pH 0–8 and high inorganic salt concentrations (NaCl and (NH4)2SO4). This suggests that surface film formation is favorable for these species in atmospheric aerosols.
Adult onset startle epilepsy.

A 45-year-old gentleman presented for classification of spells precipitated by startle. During these spells, he would briefly lose awareness, develop tonic stiffening of his extremities and fall. He had previously been diagnosed with paroxysmal kinesogenic dyskinesia and treated unsuccessfully with clonazepam, levetiracetam and carbamazepine. The patient was admitted for prolonged video EEG monitoring, during which numerous spells induced by startle were captured. His EEG revealed brief, fast beta activity in the midline central head region during each spell consistent with startle epilepsy. The present case demonstrates that startle epilepsy can rarely be diagnosed in adults; typically seizure onset in this condition is during infancy to childhood. Our patient’s ictal EEG further implicates mesial structures in the generation of startle-provoked seizures. Although our patient continued to have startle-provoked seizures at last follow-up, his improvement on lamotrigine supports observations that this anticonvulsant can reduce seizure frequency and resulting morbidity.
Examining Teacher–Child Relationships and Achievement as Part of an Ecological Model of Development

The purpose of the present study is to examine associations between quality of teacher–child relationships from preschool through third grade and children’s third-grade achievement using Phases I, II, and III data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Care and Education, a prospective study of 1,364 children from birth through sixth grade. There are three main findings. First, positive associations were found between quality of teacher–child relationships and achievement. Second, high quality teacher–child relationships buffered children from the negative effects of insecure or other maternal attachment on achievement. Third, the effect of quality of teacher–child relationships on achievement was mediated through child and teacher behaviors in the classroom. In sum, high quality teacher–child relationships fostered children’s achievement. Implications for educational practice are discussed.
MR imaging of abdominopelvic involvement in neurofibromatosis type 1: a review of 43 patients

Background: Plexiform neurofibromas are a frequent complication of neurofibromatosis type 1. This article discusses MR imaging findings and distribution of plexiform neurofibromas in the abdomen and pelvis. Objective: To define the most prevalent patterns of involvement and MR imaging findings in abdominopelvic neurofibromatosis type 1. Materials and methods: We reviewed the MR appearance of abdominopelvic lesions in 23 male and 20 female patients (median age: 16 years) with type 1 neurofibromatosis. The patients were part of a multi-institutional study of 300 patients. Imaging included coronal or sagittal, and axial short tau inversion recovery images. Results: The most common abdominopelvic involvement was in the abdominopelvic wall (n=28, 65%) and lumbosacral plexus (n=27, 63%). Retroperitoneal involvement was frequent (n=15, 35%). Lesions were less often intraperitoneal (21%) (P=0.001). Pelvic disease (n=27, 63%), neural canal involvement (n=18, 42%), and hydronephrosis (n=4, 9%) were also noted. Target-like appearance of plexiform lesions was noted in more than half the patients. Conclusion: Abdominopelvic involvement in neurofibromatosis type 1 is primarily extraperitoneal. Although lesions are most prevalent in the abdominopelvic wall and lumbosacral plexus, retroperitoneal and pelvic involvement is common and usually affects important organs. MR imaging added information in the initial and follow-up clinical evaluation of these patients.
Matched-field estimation of aircraft altitude from multiple over-the-horizon radar revisits

Over-the-horizon (OTH) radar uses the refractive properties of the ionosphere for wide-area surveillance of targets at long ranges. Currently, OTH radars can localize targets in latitude and longitude but have difficulty estimating target altitude, which is important for classification purposes. Methods that have been proposed for aircraft altitude estimation using OTH radar take advantage of micro-multipath returns due to ground reflections local to the aircraft and are typically limited in performance by the radar bandwidth and observation time. In previous work, electromagnetic matched-field processing was proposed for estimating aircraft altitude using a single dwell by exploiting the altitude dependence of unresolved multipath returns in complex range-Doppler space. However, the performance of the single dwell method suffers in situations where the coherent integration time (CIT) of the radar is short. To overcome this limitation, this paper presents a matched-field estimation approach that exploits the altitude dependence of dwell-to-dwell shape changes of the complex range-Doppler multipath return as the basis for multi-dwell maximum likelihood (ML) altitude estimation. Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that using a short CIT, moderate signal bandwidth, and 30-s revisit rate, multi-dwell matched field altitude estimation can achieve better than /spl plusmn/2500 ft accuracy after as few as four radar dwells. The results of processing actual radar data for both high-flying commercial aircraft and a low-flying twin engine aircraft are also presented and validated against aircraft altitude ground truth.
Soil biodegradation of carbofuran and furathiocarb following soil pretreatment with these pesticides

A field application level (9 μg·g−1) of carbofuran was completely hydrolyzed within 1 to 3 days in a loamy sand soil pretreated with the same level of carbofuran, while <5% of the carbofuran was hydrolyzed in control soil not pretreated. The number of microbial carbofuran-hydrolyzers was substantially greater in loamy sand soil treated twice with a field application level (9 μg·g−1) of carbofuran than in untreated soil. Also, carbofuran-adapted soil showed no significant change in the number of carbofuran-hydrolyzers during the period of rapid degradation. Inorganic nitrogen, at a typical fertilization level, appeared to slightly stimulate the enhanced degradation of carbofuran in the pretreated soil. Soil pretreated with an application level hydrolyzed 65% of a residue level (8 ng·g−1) within two days, but virtually none of the remaining carbofuran was hydrolyzed thereafter. A microbial biomass carbon experiment with a sandy loam soil indicated that only 0.2% of the applied carbonyl-C could be attributed to biomass. Soil pretreated with a residue level did not show rapid degradation of the same level or a field application level, although the field application level was degraded slightly faster in this soil than in soil not pretreated. Soil pretreated with a field application level of carbofuran or furathiocarb also rapidly hydrolyzed the same level of furathiocarb, but furathiocarb is probably converted into carbofuran before hydrolysis.
Interactions of Carbon Nanomaterials With Mammalian Cells

Despite their diverse application potential, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have adverse effects in vitro, and in vivo. Previous research has focused on the in vitro cytotoxic impact of CNT aggregates and associated nanoparticulate impurities. In this study, we compared the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) aggregates, and their associated finely dispersed, non-aggregated carbon nanomaterials on rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC), through filtration of the aggregates from the CNT-treated cell culture media. In general, our research shows that the removal of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) aggregates from cell culture test media inhibited the growth in SMC to a lower extent than the corresponding unfiltered media at pre-filtered SWNT dosages below 0.10 mg/ml. We also found suspended nanoparticles (likely amorphous and graphitic carbon associated with the SWNT) and a small quantity of SWNT in the filtered media may have contributed to the observed cell growth inhibition by the filtered media. In addition, we compared the effect of SWNT, a nano-sized material, with activated carbon (AC), a nanoporous, microparticulate material, on SMC growth. AC (0.1 mg/ml) was found to be less inhibitory to SMC growth than the SWNT aggregates and suspended matter (at 0.1 mg/ml prefiltered dosage), potentially implying an inverse proportionality between carbon nanomaterial size regimes and cell growth inhibition.
Evaluation of soybean meal source and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and gizzard development

Abstract Although there have been several reports concerning the effects of particle size of cereal grains on productive performance of poultry, there is limited information about the effects of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on broiler performance. The objective of the present experiments was to evaluate the effects of SBM source and particle size on broiler performance, gizzard weight, and nutrient digestibility. The first experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 SBM sources: expeller-extracted (ESBM) and solvent-extracted (SSBM), and 2 particle sizes: coarse grind, 971 µm, and fine grind, 465 µm. The second experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,290 µm, and fine grind, 470 µm, and 2 corn particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,330 µm, and fine grind, 520 µm. In the first experiment, there was an interaction (P
Schistosome Egg Antigens Elicit a Proinflammatory Response by Trophoblast Cells of the Human Placenta

Schistosomiasis affects nearly 40 million women of reproductive age. Many of these women are infected while pregnant and lactating. Several studies have demonstrated transplacental trafficking of schistosome antigens; however, little is known regarding how these antigens affect the developing fetus and placenta. To evaluate the impact of schistosomiasis on trophoblasts of the human placenta, we isolated primary trophoblast cells from healthy placentas delivered at term. These trophoblasts were placed in culture and treated with Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens (SEA) or plasma from S. japonicum-infected pregnant women. Outcomes measured included cytokine production and activation of signal transduction pathways. Treatment of primary human trophoblast cells with SEA resulted in upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α). Cytokine production in response to SEA was dose dependent and reminiscent of production in response to other proinflammatory stimuli, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonists. In addition, the signaling pathways extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), p38, and NF-κB were all activated by SEA in primary trophoblasts. These effects appeared to be mediated through both carbohydrate and protein epitopes of SEA. Finally, primary trophoblasts cocultured with plasma from S. japonicum-infected pregnant women produced increased levels of IL-8 compared to trophoblasts cocultured with plasma from uninfected pregnant women. We report here a direct impact of SEA on primary human trophoblast cells, which are critical for many aspects of a healthy pregnancy. Our data indicate that schistosome antigens can activate proinflammatory responses in trophoblasts, which might compromise maternal-fetal health in pregnancies complicated by schistosomiasis.
Can Modeling of Fine-Scale Spatial Patterns of Environmental Markers of Zoonotic Infections Enhance Disease Prevention and Clinical Outcomes?

When evaluating patients with an undiagnosed infectious disease, physicians in general (and infectious disease specialists in particular) are trained to obtain a history of factors such as recent travel, location of residence, country of birth, occupation, and contact with animals. These factors are taken into account when generating a ranked differential diagnosis. For example, a history of work as a professional landscaper in the setting of a compatible clinical presentation would likely trigger specific diagnostic testing and presumptive treatment of tularemia. 1 Unfortunately, physicians generally lack the expertise to identify factors such as specific ecotones associated with risk of zoonotic infections. On the other hand, infectious disease ecologists and epidemiologists consider the role of the environment to be critical in vector-borne and zoonotic disease transmission, 2–4 and they are increasingly aware of the need to consider the effective range of transmission overlap of several pathogens, model the potential benefits of integrated control, and define the environmentally appropriate level for control efforts. 5,6 In this issue, Eisen and others 7 report the development of a fine-scale model to predict the risk of plague and hantavirus infection in humans in northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. The environmental risk of plague was related to precipitation and distance to pinon-juniper ecotones, whereas the risk of hantavirus infection was related to precipitation and elevation; half the area had risk for both zoonotic infections. The authors suggest that fine-scale identification of areas of increased disease risk would be useful for targeting education activities, resulting in improved disease prevention and management. Targeting disease prevention activities for these significant, rodent-borne infections should at a minimum lead to more efficient use of public health funding, which in turn could lead to more effective prevention activities. Education of healthcare providers also might lead to some improvement in disease management, but it is not clear whether targeted education with training on fine-scale identification of areas of increased disease risk or targeting training in areas of increased risk would be more effective than general, regional educational activities without this training. Early initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy for plague reduces mortality; management by an experienced critical care team in a tertiary care center, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in some centers, reduces mortality in severe hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), also known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. 8–10
Levels of responsibility in school-based suicide prevention: Legal requirements, ethical duties, and best practices

Youth suicide is a national public health problem with devastating consequences. In an attempt to address it, schools have been viewed as appropriate venues for focused efforts at youth suicide prevention. School personnel have both legal and ethical responsibilities to prevent youth suicide whenever possible, a situation that is most likely to occur if evidence–based “best practices” in prevention and intervention are implemented. There are differing levels of responsibility within these three domains, with each succeeding level having a corresponding – and more stringent – modification in requirements. The purpose of this article is to describe these three levels, proceeding from the lowest level of responsibility (i.e., legal requirements) to the highest (i.e., best practices). Implications of these different levels of responsibility for school personnel engaged in youth suicide prevention efforts are discussed.
Mutational landscape of aggressive prostate tumors in African American men

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and second most fatal nonskin cancer among men in the United States. African American men are two times more likely to develop and die of prostate cancer compared with men of other ancestries. Previous whole genome or exome tumor-sequencing studies of prostate cancer have primarily focused on men of European ancestry. In this study, we sequenced and characterized somatic mutations in aggressive (Gleason ≥7, stage ≥T2b) prostate tumors from 24 African American patients. We describe the locations and prevalence of small somatic mutations (up to 50 bases in length), copy number aberrations, and structural rearrangements in the tumor genomes compared with patient-matched normal genomes. We observed several mutation patterns consistent with previous studies, such as large copy number aberrations in chromosome 8 and complex rearrangement chains. However, TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions and PTEN losses occurred in only 21% and 8% of the African American patients, respectively, far less common than in patients of European ancestry. We also identified mutations that appeared specific to or more common in African American patients, including a novel CDC27-OAT gene fusion occurring in 17% of patients. The genomic aberrations reported in this study warrant further investigation of their biologic significant role in the incidence and clinical outcomes of prostate cancer in African Americans. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1860-8. ©2016 AACR.
Spherical Diffusion Model of Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer in Steady-State Methanogenic Reactors

A previously developed spherical diffusion model of interspecies molecular hydrogen transfer was applied to a mathematical model of ethanol and propionate methanogenesis in a dispersed-growth, continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Steady-state methanogenesis at a 0.10 day −1 space velocity required a hydrogen concentration difference of 1.12 × 10 −5 aim (8.4 × 10 −12 moles/cm 3 ) between the surface of the propionate organisms and the bulk solution. The total difference in hydrogen concentration between source organism and sink organism Ihydrogenotrophic methanogenstwas 2.1 × 10 −5 atm (1.6 × 10 −11 moles/cm 3 ). Steep gradients in hydrogen concentration existed only at close proximity to the bacterial spheres, with hydrogen concentration approaching bulk solution concentration at distances greater than 10 microns. Small hydrogen gradients and the bulk solution concentration prevailed through the majority of the reactor aqueous volume. Overall, the incorporation of hydrogen mass transfer resistance into the mathematical model had only a slight effect on hydrogen partial pressure, organic substrate levels, and bacterial mass concentrations predicted by the steady-state solution.
Territoriality and the Africanized honey bee

Unlike domesticated European honey bees, Africanized honey bee (AHB) colonies can be extremely defensive. Extremely defensive colonies appear to practice territorial defence wherein members of the colony aggressively patrol and defend territories that extend well beyond the nest entrance. These territories expand and contract in response to frequency of disturbance. Organisms that employ aggression in their defence of territory normally employ a dramatic signalling behaviour designed to repulse intruders. If successful, fighting is avoided. Perhaps the most dramatic signalling behaviour employed by highly defensive AHB to maintain their territory is ‘head butting’. Since butting is an easily recognized element of the repertoire of highly defensive honey bee colonies, anyone encountering bees engaged in butting should recognize the behaviour as a warning that they have entered the territory of a highly defensive colony and quickly retreat to avoid further harm.
E-033 Single Session, Single Pedicle Injections in the Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Background and Purpose Cure rates using traditional open surgical techniques decrease and risks increase as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) increase in size, develop deep venous drainage, or encroach upon areas of eloquence. Using a percutaneous transluminal approach, Onyx may be used to cure AVMs in a single treatment session offering an alternative to open surgery. Materials and Methods Twelve patients underwent Onyx embolisation of an AVM using a novel technique, termed the plug then push, in which a well-formed plug is formed around the treatment catheter prior to injecting the Onyx. The plug mitigates the risk of backflow and catheter entrapment, thereby allowing the user to inject higher volumes of Onyx at higher injection rates. All patients were followed clinically throughout the immediate post-operative course. Requests were made to return for 2 month, 12 month, and 24 month follow up imaging. Results Using the plug then push technique, it was possible to inject an average of 8.8 mL of Onyx into the AVM, significantly more than using traditional techniques (p=0.049). The faster injection rate and need for only a single treatment session reduced treatment time by over 50% (p Conclusion The plug then push technique allows for a more rapid injection of contrast due to the formation of a well controlled plug prior to treatment, mitigating the risk for backflow of Onyx and entrapment of the catheter. As such, complete obliteration of an AVM can be expected in at least 83% of cases after a single session, resulting in an approximate 50% reduction in total procedural time. Long term results from this study and the literature suggests that 6–12 months of follow-up imaging may be insufficient to declare a permanent angiographic cure. We suggest that a “cure” should not be declared until at least the 2 year follow-up demonstrates no residual or recurrent AVM. Disclosures C. Durst: None. A. Evans: 1; C; The For the Love of Molly Foundation.
Multifidelity Airfoil Shape Optimization Using Adaptive Meshing

Gradient-based aerodynamic shape optimization is investigated using adaptive mesh refinement. Instead of using a mesh with a fixed cell spacing and total mesh size, the mesh is adapted to each design iteration. In the early stages of optimization, the objective function is evaluated only on the coarse mesh, and progressively more mesh adaptations are performed as the design approaches optimality. This approach has several features that can reduce optimization time. First, the multifidelity aspect allows the early portion of the optimization to be computed on meshes that require much reduced computational resources. Second, output-based adaptive meshing allows the flow calculations to target areas of the flow that most affect the objective function, which reduces total mesh size for a given level of accuracy. Finally, output error estimates reduce the chance of over-optimizing on a coarse mesh, or under-optimizing on a fine one. In this work, the framework is tested on several airfoil optimization test cases, and it is compared in computational expense to other approaches, which include a traditional fixed-mesh optimization, optimization using a constant level of fidelity, and optimization using uniform refinement for the multifidelity aspect. The multifidelity schemes require additional setup time, and a framework is introduced to reduce this burden.
THE MOTIVATION IN SCHOOL OF YOUNG CHILDREN: SOME INTERVIEW DATA*

(1962). The Motivation in School of Young Children. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 327-335.
Diagnosis and treatment of minor motor seizures.

This discussion details a number of seizure types whose manifestations differ but that share an early onset, an electroencephalographic picture characterized by a spike and wave pattern other than the regular three per second, and a poor prognosis both in terms of seizure control and ultimate intellectual development. Therapeutic principles, including the use of the ketogenic diet, are outlined.
The Emergence of Y-junctions in the Zebrafish Cone Mosaic

Cone photoreceptor cells in the retina of teleost fish are arranged in a remarkably ordered, crystalline pattern. Just like an atomic crystal, this “cellular crystal” exhibits topological defects; they are known as Y-junctions in the fish literature and correspond to edge dislocations in the terminology of materials science. Although the presence of Y-junctions in the cone mosaic has previously been noted, they have never been studied systematically. We have characterized Y-junctions within the zebrafish cone mosaic using two methods. The first is a flat mount retina prepared from transgenic zebrafish in which the UV-opsin promoter drives expression of GFP in UV cones. With image processing software, we characterized the distribution of Y-junctions across the retina. We found that Y-junctions coalesce into grain boundaries and are distributed throughout the retina. Using this information, we developed a second live-imaging method that allows us to study the dynamics of Y-junctions. We generated a transgenic construct that expresses a photoconvertible protein, mEOS, in the nucleus of UV cones. Multiphoton microscopy allows us to visualize Y-junctions in live juvenile fish and photoconvert the cones around an identified Y-junction. We are able to track the Y-junction defect in the cone mosaic pattern over time to determine whether the defect is immobile after it forms or whether the pattern is reorganized as the retina grows.
Non-coding RNA: More uses for genomic junk

It emerges that nascent non-coding RNAs transcribed from regulatory DNA sequences called enhancers bind to the enzyme CBP to promote its activity locally. In turn, the activities of CBP stimulate further enhancer transcription.
Investigating Selection Criteria of Constrained Cluster Analysis: Applications in Forestry

Forest measurements are inherently spatial. Soil productivity varies spatially at fine scales, and tree growth responds by changes in growth-age trajectories. Measuring spatial variability is a perquisite to more effective analysis and statistical testing. In this chapter, current techniques of partial redundancy analysis and constrained cluster analysis are used to explore how spatial variables determine structure in a managed regular spaced plantation. The objectives of this research are to measure, test, and map spatial variability in simulated forest plots. We test for spatial relationships in the data and then explore how those spatial relationships are manifested into spatially recognizable structures. Partial redundancy analysis was found to be a good method for detecting the presence or absence of spatial relationships (~95% accuracy). We found that the Calinski-Harabasz method consistently performed better at detecting the correct number of clusters when compared to several other methods. Constrained cluster analysis has promising applications in forestry and that the Calinski-Harabasz criterion will be most useful.
The transition from riparian to upland forest plant communities on headwater streams in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, United States

Fixed-width buffer zones on rivers and streams are designed to protect the diverse riparian community and its important function in the ecosystem. However, recent data suggest that riparian areas of some western forests have become more fire prone because of restrictions on fuel reduction treatments within buffer zones. Surprisingly little is known about where and how the plant community transitions from riparian to upland vegetation, but understanding that transition would inform the restoration of riparian forest structure and function and its associated management applications (e.g., prescribed fire or mechanical thinning) that may be necessary to achieve restoration. Using data collected from the Kings River Experimental Watersheds, we assessed the transition in plant structure and composition from riparian near-stream areas to upland locations, in mixed-conifer and red fir forests on headwater streams of the southern Sierra Nevada, CA. Our data strongly support the conclusion that the riparian zone, as evidenced by the riparian plant community, extends beyond 10 m from the stream on these narrow, first- and second-order streams. The herbaceous community at 10 m from the stream was distinct from the upland community and had greater similarity to locations closer to the stream in mixed-conifer forest. Species richness was three to four times greater in riparian areas compared with upland areas, and there was little overlap of the more-abundant herbaceous species. In addition, riparian forests were generally denser, with smaller trees in mixed-conifer forest, but had similar stand structure to upland forests in red fir forest. Differences between mixed-conifer and red fir forests may reflect different departures from the historical fire regime in these two community types. Compared with riparian areas of wetter climates, riparian areas of dry climates, such as the Sierra Nevada, may harbor even greater species diversity relative to nearby upland areas, indicating that buffer zones of restricted management may be justified in these forests if the goal is the preservation of biodiversity. However, perhaps more important, these findings, along with recent literature, highlight the need to identify site-specific goals when undertaking restoration of riparian forests in the western USA: herbaceous biodiversity, fuels reduction, historic tree composition and structure, and/or water quality.
Seeing human: Do individual differences modulate the Uncanny Valley?:

The Uncanny Valley (UV) hypothesis states that agents that look humanlike but are not perfectly human elicit feelings of eeriness in human observers, associated with negative ratings of mind, trust and likability. However, empirical evidence for the UV is sparse and individual dispositions are not considered to moderate the UV. The present study assesses whether dispositions like empathy, social reasoning and mentalizing skills moderate the UV during a task that requires rating agents of varying degrees of humanness in terms of likability, trust and the capability of having a mind. Nested model comparisons showed that ratings of likability, trust and internal states followed a UV pattern, but that this pattern was not further moderated by individual differences in empathy, social reasoning or mentalizing abilities. These results indicate that the UV is a robust phenomenon when assessing attitudes towards agents of varying degrees of humanness that is not dependent on specific individual preferences or abi...
The Clifford algebra

Let A be a commutative ring. Let M be an A-module. A quadratic form Q is a mapping M → A such that a) Q(Xm) = λ 2 Q(m) for λ in A and m in M and for all m and n in M, b) (m, n) = Q(m + n) — Q(m) — Q(n) for all m and n in M is a symmetric bilinear form on M.
Provably-correct fault tolerant control with delayed information

In this paper, we study a class of hierarchical finite transition systems representing a set of fault configurations, and we consider synthesizing fault tolerant controllers for such systems that lead to a graceful degradation as faults occur. In previous work, the problem was solved under the assumptions that (i) the specification for each fault configuration is of “reach-avoid-stay” type, (ii) the knowledge of the fault occurrence is immediate. We extend the previous work in two aspects. First, we propose an algorithm that works for specifications given in a more general fragment of linear temporal logic. Secondly, we show how the proposed algorithm can be modified to synthesize controllers that guarantee satisfaction of the specification even in the presence of fault detection delays.
High strength films from oriented, hydrogen-bonded "graphamid" 2D polymer molecular ensembles.

The linear polymer poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), better known by its tradename Kevlar, is an icon of modern materials science due to its remarkable strength, stiffness, and environmental resistance. Here, we propose a new two-dimensional (2D) polymer, “graphamid”, that closely resembles Kevlar in chemical structure, but is mechanically advantaged by virtue of its 2D structure. Using atomistic calculations, we show that graphamid comprises covalently-bonded sheets bridged by a high population of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Molecular and micromechanical calculations predict that these strong intermolecular interactions allow stiff, high strength (6–8 GPa), and tough films from ensembles of finite graphamid molecules. In contrast, traditional 2D materials like graphene have weak intermolecular interactions, leading to ensembles of low strength (0.1–0.5 GPa) and brittle fracture behavior. These results suggest that hydrogen-bonded 2D polymers like graphamid would be transformative in enabling scalable, lightweight, high performance polymer films of unprecedented mechanical performance.