cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Titan Submarine: Exploring The Depths of Kraken Mare

The conceptual design of a submarine for Saturn's moon Titan was a funded NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase I for 2014. The effort investigated what science a submarine for Titan's liquid hydrocarbon approximately 93 Kelvin (-180 degrees Centigrade) seas might accomplish and what that submarine might look like. Focusing on a flagship class science system (approximately100 kilograms) it was found that a submersible platform can accomplish extensive and exciting science both above and below the surface of the Kraken Mare The submerged science includes mapping using side looking sonar, imaging and spectroscopy of the sea at all depths, as well as sampling of the sea's bottom and shallow shoreline. While surfaced the submarine will not only sense weather conditions (including the interaction between the liquid and atmosphere) but also image the shoreline, as much as 2 kilometers inland. This imaging requirement pushed the landing date to Titan's next summer period (approximately 2047) to allow for continuous lighted conditions, as well as direct-to-Earth (DTE) communication, avoiding the need for a separate relay orbiter spacecraft. Submerged and surfaced investigation are key to understanding both the hydrological cycle of Titan as well as gather hints to how life may have begun on Earth using liquid/sediment/chemical interactions. An estimated 25 megabits of data per day would be generated by the various science packages. Most of the science packages (electronics at least) can be safely kept inside the submarine pressure vessel and warmed by the isotope power system. This paper discusses the results of Phase I as well as the plans for Phase II.
Gene Expression and Chromatin Modifications Associated with Maize Centromeres

Centromeres are defined by the presence of CENH3, a variant of histone H3. Centromeres in most plant species contain exclusively highly repetitive DNA sequences, which has hindered research on structure and function of centromeric chromatin. Several maize centromeres have been nearly completely sequenced, providing a sequence-based platform for genomic and epigenomic research of plant centromeres. Here we report a high resolution map of CENH3 nucleosomes in the maize genome. Although CENH3 nucleosomes are spaced ∼190 bp on average, CENH3 nucleosomes that occupied CentC, a 156-bp centromeric satellite repeat, showed clear positioning aligning with CentC monomers. Maize centromeres contain alternating CENH3-enriched and CENH3-depleted subdomains, which account for 87% and 13% of the centromeres, respectively. A number of annotated genes were identified in the centromeres, including 11 active genes that were located exclusively in CENH3-depleted subdomains. The euchromatic histone modification marks, including H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac, detected in maize centromeres were associated mainly with the active genes. Interestingly, maize centromeres also have lower levels of the heterochromatin histone modification mark H3K27me2 relative to pericentromeric regions. We conclude that neither H3K27me2 nor the three euchromatic histone modifications are likely to serve as functionally important epigenetic marks of centromere identity in maize.
Radiation enhanced diffusion of Nd in UO2

Abstract Single crystal UO 2 thin films with Nd as tracer elements in the film mid-plane have been grown on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates. The films were irradiated with 1.8 MeV Kr + ions in the temperature range from 400 °C to 1113 °C, where an evident enhanced diffusion was found in UO 2 . The temperature dependent measurements have shown an activation energy of 0.56 ± 0.04 eV below 800 °C, and 1.9 ± 0.3 eV above 900 °C. The rate-dependent measurements have shown a linear dependence on the radiation flux, which indicates radiation enhanced diffusion (RED) is in the sink limited kinetics regime. Comparison of the RED results between UO 2 and CeO 2 has shown significant differences, which indicates that CeO 2 used as UO 2 surrogate may be questioned in terms of cation diffusion.
Combined Use of Ciprofloxacin and Sucralfate

The effect of sucralfate on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was assessed in 12 healthy male volunteers. The study was a four-period crossover design where subjects were randomized to one of four treatment sequences at entry. Treatments A, B, and C included sucralfate 2 g q12h for five doses. For treatment A, the fifth dose sucralfate was administered concurrently with ciprofloxacin 750 mg. For treatment B, 750 mg of ciprofloxacin was administered two hours before the fifth dose of sucralfate. Treatment C consisted of ciprofloxacin 750 mg six hours before the fifth dose of sucralfate. A 750-mg dose of ciprofloxacin was administered alone for treatment D. Blood and urine samples were collected at predetermined time intervals for 24 hours. Ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC. The area under the concentration versus time curve from zero to infinity and the urinary recovery of ciprofloxacin were used for determining relative bioavailability. Concurrent administration of ciprofloxacin and sucralfate (treatment A) resulted in a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in ciprofloxacin absorption. The relative bioavailabilities for treatments A, B, and C were 0.0429 +/- 0.0202, 0.829 + 0.21, and 0.965 + 0.32, respectively, relative to ciprofloxacin alone. In normal volunteers, ciprofloxacin may be administered between two and six hours before sucralfate, allowing sufficient time for ciprofloxacin absorption prior to the sucralfate dose and thereby minimizing the chance of a significant interaction. In patients with decreased gastric emptying the interaction may be more difficult to avoid.
Thalamocortical Projections onto Behaviorally Relevant Neurons Exhibit Plasticity during Adult Motor Learning

Layer 5 neurons of the neocortex receive direct and relatively strong input from the thalamus. However, the intralaminar distribution of these inputs and their capacity for plasticity in adult animals are largely unknown. In slices of the primary motor cortex (M1), we simultaneously recorded from pairs of corticospinal neurons associated with control of distinct motor outputs: distal forelimb versus proximal forelimb. Activation of ChR2-expressing thalamocortical afferents in M1 before motor learning produced equivalent responses in monosynaptic excitation of neurons controlling the distal and proximal forelimb, suggesting balanced thalamic input at baseline. Following skilled grasp training, however, thalamocortical input shifted to bias activation of corticospinal neurons associated with control of the distal forelimb. This increase was associated with a cell-specific increase in mEPSC amplitude but not presynaptic release probability. These findings demonstrate distinct and highly segregated plasticity of thalamocortical projections during adult learning.
Laser Beam Failure Mode Effects and Analysis (FMEA) of the Solid State Heat Capacity Laser (SSHCL)

A laser beam related FMEA of the SSHCL was performed to determine potential personnel and equipment safety issues. As part of the FMEA, a request was made to test a sample of the drywall material used for walls in the room for burn-through. This material was tested with a full power beam for five seconds. The surface paper material burned off and the inner calcium carbonate turned from white to brown. The result of the test is shown in the photo below.
HIV voluntary counseling and testing in Kecheng district of Quzhou in the year 2010

Objective To understand the HIV-infected status,population type,distribution and consultation motivation of HIV voluntary counseling and testing in Kecheng district in the year 2010 in order to provide scientific basis for further services of VCT.Methods Information of AIDS voluntary counseling and testing in Kecheng district in 2010 was obtained from the AIDS network direct reporting system and the relative statistical analysis was made.Results A total of 609 people had HIV testing in 2010.The main reason for seeking consultation was risky sexual behavior(66.83%).There were 4 HIV-positive cases,the rate of HIV infection detection being 0.66%.There were 2 cases of male-male sexual contact,the rate of HIV infection detection being 10.53%.Conclusion VCT services help us to early detect HIV infection and reduce the further spread of HIV,which is one of the effective measures to prevent AIDS.
Epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis in Zhangjiakou City from 2005-2010

[Objective] To analyze the epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis(TB) in Zhangjiakou City from 2005-2010,and provide scientific evidence for its prevention and control.[Methods]The TB data of Zhangjiakou City downloaded from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System were adopted for epidemiological analysis of time distribution,geographical distribution,and population distribution with descriptive epidemiological method.[Results] The TB incidence showed upward tendency in Zhangjiakou City from 2005-2010,fluctuating from 40.88/100 000-64.55/100 000,with average annual incidence rate of 55.82/100 000.The cases distributed throughout a year,with peak in December.And cases appeared in all countries and districts,Wei County had the maximum which occupied 11.53% of all cases.The top 3 counties in case number were Wei County,Xuanhua County,Zhangbei County with a total of 4 355 cases which occupied 28.34% of total cases.The ratio of male to female was 2.39∶1,male cases was obviously more than female cases.The 45 year age group had the peak incidence of 19.66%,80.45% cases were peasants.[Conclusion]Zhangjiakou is the TB infected area in history,with TB cases in all districts and counties in recent 6 years.It is necessary to adopt integrated control measures on key areas and key groups.
Enablers for Patients to Adopt Web-Based Personal Health Records (PHR)

This study analyzed what are enablers to adopt web-based Personal Health Records (PHR) from patients' perspective while many studies are conducted from providers' perspective. Patients may consider Perceived Value of Information, Perceived Worthwhileness of Searching, Privacy, Information Trust, and Security before adopting web-based PHR. By using HINTS (Health Information National Trends Survey), this study found out that Perceived Value of Information is the most critical enabler for patients to adopt web-based PHR. Privacy, Information Trust, and Security are also enablers to adopt web-based PHR. But, Perceived Worthwhileness of Searching is not statistically significant to explain adoption of web-based PHR. However, Perceived Value of Information is strong antecedent of Perceived Worthwhileness of Searching. Based on this study, patients are more likely to adopt web-based PHR when they realize that web-based PHR provides valuable and reliable information with protecting privacy and security.
Trade in Services Negotiations

This chapter will examine the nature and importance of the erosion of the counter-hegemonic challenge to the application of liberal trade and investment principles to services production and exchange. The policies and role of India in international negotiations on services liberalization will be examined as an illustration or case of the shifting dynamics of counterhegemony. It is the argument of this chapter that by considering the possibility and implications of the declining counter-hegemonic consensus among and in developing countries, we can arrive at a more adequate understanding of the emergence of a broadened liberal institutional order for services and of the general changes taking place in international economic institutions.
An Intrinsically Disordered Region of the DNA Repair Protein Nbs1 Is a Species-Specific Barrier to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 in Primates

Humans occasionally transmit herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) to captive primates, who reciprocally harbor alphaherpesviruses poised for zoonotic transmission to humans. To understand the basis for the species-specific restriction of HSV-1 in primates, we simulated what might happen during the cross-species transmission of HSV-1 and found that the DNA repair protein Nbs1 from only some primate species is able to promote HSV-1 infection. The Nbs1 homologs that promote HSV-1 infection also interact with the HSV-1 ICP0 protein. ICP0 interaction mapped to a region of structural disorder in the Nbs1 protein. Chimeras reversing patterns of disorder in Nbs1 reversed titers of HSV-1 produced in the cell. By extending this analysis to 1,237 virus-interacting mammalian proteins, we show that proteins that interact with viruses are highly enriched in disorder, suggesting that viruses commonly interact with host proteins through intrinsically disordered domains.
HEDS: Hybrid Email Deduplication System

In this chapter, we show a server-side deduplication component, HEDS (Hybrid Email Deduplication System) for the proposed deduplication framework. HEDS removes redundancies by trading-off of file-level and block deduplication for email systems while achieving good storage space savings and low processing overhead.
Trends in Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure and Preterm Birth: Use of Smoking Bans and Direct ETS Exposure Assessments in Study Designs

For decades, many studies have linked maternal smoking to an increased risk of preterm birth. As a result, the scientific community has long hypothesized that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), commonly referred to as second-hand smoke, is also associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Multiple studies have examined this proposed association through different strategies and approaches. Recently, a small number of epidemiology studies have examined preterm birth trends before and after the implementation of antismoking legislation in various jurisdictions. We found that these studies have largely revealed a significant trend of decreasing population-level preterm birth rates after the implementation of smoking bans. However, most of the studies reviewed did not distinguish the impact of maternal smoking from ETS in their analyses, making it difficult to specifically evaluate the effects of smoking bans on ETS exposure. Other studies have taken the approach of directly measuring matern...
Mesoscale perturbations in midtail lobe/mantle during steady northward IMF: ARTEMIS observation and MHD simulation

In this study we investigate an event of sharp and transient (≤ 10 min) plasma and magnetic field perturbations observed by Acceleration Reconnection Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) probes in the mid-tail lobe at X ~ –60 RE. This event occurred under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and these mesoscale perturbations continued for many hours even as all solar wind and IMF parameters remained steady. Main characteristics of these transient perturbations are: (1) An increase in density and plasma pressure; (2) a drop in Bx; (3) an enhancement in the tailward (–Vx) speed; (4) tailward propagation. We conduct a global magnetohyrodamic (MHD) simulation for this event using the observed solar wind/IMF conditions. In the simulation, Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) vortices are formed at the near-Earth flank and are convected tailward. The K-H vortices have a two-mode structure with the inner mode extending several RE inside the magnetosphere from the magnetopause. The inner mode vortical flows transport denser mantle plasma from near the magnetopause deeper into the lobe, resulting in localized density and pressure enhancements, while magnetic field changes accordingly with the enhanced flow shear and pressure gradients. As these localized changes pass a fixed location, they create transient perturbations characteristically similar to those observed by ARTEMIS.
An Exploratory Research on Perceived Destination Attractiveness from Viewing Korean Film of Thai Private University Students: A Case Study of Bangkok University

Korean wave phenomenon is an emerging area in film tourism research since it is an important driver of tourism demand to Korea. Past research found that Korean films had been very popular among Thai young viewers and suggested that films were powerful strategies to portray appeals of destinations, to reinforce destination image and to increase number of tourists to the destination. This study aimed to explore the dimensions of perceived destination attractiveness from viewing Korean film among Thai young viewers. This exploratory study employed in-depth interviews with Bangkok University students. The results showed that Korean film elements such as celebrities, plot, locations and songs created positive destination attractiveness, and destination preference. The study proposed a conceptual model, contributions of the study and future research avenues.การวจยเพอสำรวจการรบรดานความดงดดใจของแหลงทองเทยวจากการชมภาพยนตรเกาหลของนกศกษามหาวทยาลยเอกชนไทย: กรณศกษามหาวทยาลยกรงเทพปรากฏการณกระแสคลนเกาหลเรมเปนหวขอวจยดานการทองเทยวเชงภาพยนตร เนองจากเปนแรงขบเคลอนทสำคญในการดงดดนกทองเทยวไปยงประเทศเกาหล งานวจยในอดตพบวาภาพยนตรเกาหลไดรบความนยมอยางมากในกลมเยาวชนไทยและไดระบวาภาพยนตรเปนกลยทธทมอทธพลในการนำเสนอเสนหของแหลงทองเทยว ตอกยำภาพลกษณของสถานท และเพมจำนวนนกทองเทยวใหแกแหลงทองเทยวไดงานวจยนจงมวตถประสงคเพอสำรวจมตการรบรดานความดงดดใจของแหลงทองเทยวจากการชมภาพยนตรเกาหลในกลมเยาวชนไทยดำเนนงานวจยโดยใชการสมภาษณเชงลกกบนกศกษามหาวทยาลยกรงเทพผลการวจยแสดงใหเหนวาองคประกอบของภาพยนตรเกาหล เชน นกแสดง เนอเรอง สถานทถายทำ และเพลงประกอบ ทำใหเกดความดงดดใจของแหลงทองเทยวในเชงบวกและความชนชอบในแหลงทองเทยว งานวจยนไดนำเสนอกรอบแนวคดประโยชนของการวจย และแนวทางสำหรบการวจยในอนาคต
A new figure-of-merit for CML gate delay estimation

This paper introduces a Figure-of-Merit (FoM) for the evaluation of high-speed device performance. The proposed FoM is extracted from small-signal S-parameter measurements by manipulation of the Y-parameters. A group-delay value is calculated that can be closely related to the common-mode logic (CML) gate-delay of the device under test. A methodology is provided to accurately extract the proposed FoM, and it is experimentally compared to reported classical methods. The proposed method is very promising, because it can potentially replace the traditional labor and cost intensive evaluation approaches of building and measuring actual ring-oscillators and static-frequency dividers, with simple S-parameter measurements of single-device test structures.
NFE2L2, PPARGC1α, and pesticides and Parkinson's disease risk and progression.

Abstract Objective To investigate three expression-altering NFE2L2 SNPs and four PPARGC1α previously implicated SNPs and pesticides on Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk and symptom progression. Methods In 472 PD patients and 532 population-based controls, we examined variants and their interactions with maneb and paraquat (MB/PQ) pesticide exposure on PD onset (logistic regression) and progression of motor symptoms and cognitive decline (n = 192; linear repeated measures). Results NFE2L2 rs6721961 T allele was associated with a reduced risk of PD (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.94) and slower cognitive decline (β = 0.095; p = 0.0004). None of the PPARGC1α SNPs were marginally associated with PD risk. We estimate statistical interactions between MB/PQ and PPARGC1α rs6821591 (interaction p = 0.009) and rs8192678 (interaction p = 0.05), such that those with high exposure and the variant allele were at an increased risk of PD (OR ≥ 1.30, p ≤ 0.05). PPARGC1α rs6821591 was also associated with faster motor symptom progression as measured with the UPDRS-III (β = 0.234; p = 0.001). Conclusion Our study provides support for the involvement of both NFE2L2 and PPARGC1α in PD susceptibility and progression, marginally and through pathways involving MB/PQ exposure.
Topology of Tree-Like Networks

The study of tree-like networks has revealed some important insights into the spatial organization of geographic surfaces. Research has focused upon network topology, attempting to describe and explain the pattern or arrangement of branch elements that connect into a network. Network topology has also provided a convenient framework for storage of other measurements on surface geometric properties. This paper will examine the tree-like networks of river channels and ridges that may be used to characterize the topographic surface of fluvially-eroded terrain. Some of this work developed in economic geography, modeling spatial flows over potential surfaces (Wamtz, 1966); and some aspects can be related to a theory of generalized geographic surface networks (Pfaltz, 1976). Topologic analyses of tree-like networks have found applications to spatial systems outside geography: including botanical networks of plant stems and roots (Thornley, 1977), physiological branching systems of bronchial airways and neural Purkinje cells (Hollingworth and Berry, 1975; Horsfield et al., 1971), and various engineering situations dealing with fluid flow through porous media (Liao and Scheidegger, 1969). Non-spatial applications include the study of evolutionary trees (Harding, 1971).
The Domestic Preconditions for International Policy Diffusion: The Case of Environmental Ministries

Given the rapid growth of resource consumption and pollution in the developing world, the importance of environmental governance in the global South has increased in recent years. In this article, we examine the global spread of environmental ministries. We argue that developing countries have strong incentives to establish environmental ministries when they (i) are undergoing a democratic transition and (ii) the international salience of environmental problems is high. We test this interactive theory against a new dataset on environmental ministries, 1970-2010, and find strong support to it. Our theoretical and empirical analysis illuminates the evolution of national capabilities for environmental governance in an era of unprecedented global environmental destruction. In a major departure from previous research, we also show that the interaction of domestic and environmental factors is fundamentally important for understanding international policy diffusion.
Trajectories of sexual identity development and psychological well-being for highly sexually active gay and bisexual men: A latent growth curve analysis.

Objective Examining sexual identity development-the process through which sexual minorities discover and disclose their sexual orientations-within a minority stress framework may help to contextualize sexual and mental health disparities among gay and bisexual men. Research on sexual identity development has typically focused on ages of achieving specific milestones (i.e., awareness, identification, sexual experience, and disclosure), though differences in onset and speed of the process and impact of these trajectories on healthy functioning in adulthood are understudied. Method We analyzed cross-sectional data from 374 highly sexually active gay and bisexual men in NYC. Using latent growth curve modelling, we examined trajectories of sexual identity development through the four primary milestones. We next examined their associations with childhood and background characteristics, adult experiences of sexual minority stress, and adult mental health. Results Gay sexual identity and greater childhood gender nonconformity were associated with earlier reported onset of sexual identity development and younger age was significantly associated with faster progression through the developmental process. The model showed that faster progression through sexual identity development was associated with higher levels of sexual orientation-based discrimination, emotion dysregulation, sexual compulsivity, and anxiety and depression in adulthood. Conclusions These findings support the need for a comprehensive and developmentally-informed model of adulthood functioning among gay and bisexual men that considers trajectories of sexual identity development-including onset and duration-as potential precursors to mental health difficulties in adulthood. Given the early onset of sexual identity development and potential lifelong sequelae, early prevention programs promoting positive sexual identity development are warranted.
Display Signal Processing

The focus of this chapter is on display signal or image processing. Specifically, this chapter focuses on accepting images encoded in a standard format, such as sRGB, and manipulating the image data to be presented on a display. The base image processing algorithms discussed seek to render the image as a metameric match to the original scene. That is, these algorithms seek to render image information using various combinations of display primaries which have equivalent chromaticity coordinates to information in the original scene. While this is not sufficient to insure that the rendered image will match the information in the original image for any given user, it should approximate the colors of the original scene, permitting the users to learn and estimate the color in the original scene. Steps for rendering images as a metameric match is first discussed for RGB images and then for multi-primary displays. Although the focus of the chapter is on providing a metameric match, it is acknowledged that departures from this assumption can provide higher quality images on the same display under certain conditions and, therefore, methods to depart from the metameric match to harvest some of these advantages are discussed. However, these departures are designed to provide the advantages with a minimum of color distortion. The discussion of multi-primary displays begins with a series of assumptions which make the accurate conversion from an RGB image to a RGBW multi-primary image simple. These assumptions are relaxed and the algorithm is extended to include a broad range of multi-primary displays. Finally, rendering HDR images on multi-primary displays is discussed.
"Won’t You be my Neighbor?"

This study investigates family perceptions of character education and social emotional learning in PBS Kids educational media programming. Interview transcripts of parents and their children were analyzed to investigate their perceptions of the media programming and the impact it has on character development and social emotional well-being. This study indicates that many parents who were exposed to PBS in their youth and are returning to PBS for foundational support when in raising their children. The wholesome messages depicted on PBS shows, like Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood, are helping parents teach their children about complex topics, such as how they feel, what they value, and cleanliness in the home. This assistance, in turn, enables parents to have conversations that help their children thrive, and foster a healthy and supportive parental/child relationship.
Implicit revanchism: Gang injunctions and the security politics of white liberalism:

As part of our theorization of the place-making conduct of new residents living in a gentrifying neighborhood of Los Angeles, we identify a curious paradox in which white liberals openly disavow ov...
An in vitro evaluation of importance of airway anatomy in sub-regional nasal and paranasal drug delivery with nebulizers using three different anatomical nasal airway replicas of 2-, 5- and 50-Year old human subjects.

Abstract Intranasal delivery of nebulized drugs with the consideration of the nasal anatomy is not adequately studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate nasal and paranasal drug delivery with nebulizers, with and without pulsating airflow, in three anatomically-different nasal models in different age groups, considering normal and bidirectional breathing techniques. Anatomically-accurate nasal models of 2-, 5-, and 50-year old subjects were developed and tested to quantify sub-regional deposition of an aqueous solution of a model drug, nebulized with PARI SinuStar™ and Sinus™ nebulizers. Paranasal delivery was significantly enhanced using pulsating nebulization under bidirectional breathing administration technique for all subjects (p 68.41 ± 13.56 % , compared to the standard design, 10.35 ± 1.75 % . In the adult subject, paranasal delivery was equal to 19.34 ± 1.21 % , and 5.99 ± 0.95 % using PARI Sinus™ nebulizer, with and without pulsating airflow, respectively. In the pediatric subjects, pulsating paranasal delivery was 12.80 ± 0.28 % , but without pulsating airflow no drug reached the target. This study confirmed that bidirectional breathing and pulsating airflow are beneficial for improved paranasal aerosol delivery in children similar to previous findings for adults.
Victims of Traditions: Representing Immigration, Gender and Race In Buchi Emecheta’s Second Class Citizen

Through analysis of Buchi Emecheta’s Second Class Citizens, I argue that racism and gender inequalities are still pervasive in our society despite efforts to overcome them. Exploring the character on Ada in the book, I argue that traditions and institutionalized system of racism of gender inequality need to be addressed more aggressively and this will require that all of us playing our roles.
Mesoscopic entanglement of atomic ensembles through nonresonant stimulated Raman scattering

We propose a scheme of generating and verifying mesoscopic-level entanglement between two atomic ensembles using nonresonant stimulated Raman scattering. Entanglement can be generated by direct detection or balanced homodyne detection of the Stokes fields from the two cells after they interfere on a beam splitter. The entanglement of the collective atomic fields can be transferred to the anti-Stokes fields in a readout process. By measuring the operator moments of the anti-Stokes fields, we can verify the presence of entanglement. We model the effects of practical factors such as Stokes-field detector quantum efficiency and additive thermal noise in the entanglement generating process, and anti-Stokes-field losses in the entanglement verification process, and find achievable regimes in which entanglement can be verified at the levels of tens to hundreds of atomic excitations in the ensembles.
Direct measurements of semi-volatile organic compound dynamics show near-unity mass accommodation coefficients for diverse aerosols

The partitioning of low- and semi-volatile organic compounds into and out of particles significantly influences secondary organic aerosol formation and evolution. Most atmospheric models treat partitioning as an equilibrium between gas and particle phases, despite few direct measurements and a large range of uncertain mass accommodation coefficients (α). Here we directly measure the dynamic, isothermal partitioning of specific organic compounds using mass spectrometry in a Teflon chamber. Measurements are conducted under dry and humid conditions using seeds of different properties that are atmospherically relevant. α values determined independently from gas- and particle-phase observations are consistent and average 0.88 ± 0.33 for all the studied seeds and probe gases. Our results also imply fast mixing, within ~200 s, between dry α-pinene/O3 SOA and the oxidized compounds. These results indicate that mass transfer limitations in the atmosphere may be less important than some recent studies suggest. Partitioning of volatile organic compounds between air and airborne particles is usually treated as an equilibrium process. Here mass spectrometry is used to measure the dynamic isothermal partitioning of such compounds, finding that gas-to-particle mass transfer is rapid in the lower atmosphere.
Role of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin and Autophagy in Alcohol-Induced Adipose Atrophy and Liver Injury

Chronic alcohol consumption induces adipose tissue atrophy. However, the mechanisms for how alcohol induces lipodystrophy and its impact on liver steatosis and injury are not fully elucidated. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, which regulates cellular homeostasis. Mice with autophagy deficiency in adipose tissue have impaired adipogenesis. However, whether autophagy plays a role in alcohol-induced adipose atrophy and how altered adipocyte autophagy contributes to alcohol-induced liver injury remain unclear. To determine the role of adipose autophagy and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in alcohol-induced adipose and liver pathogenesis, we generated adipocyte-specific Atg5 knockout (KO), adipocyte-specific mTOR KO, adipocyte-specific Raptor KO, and adipocyte-specific tuberous sclerosis complex 1 KO mice by crossing floxed mice with Adipoq-Cre. The KO mice and their matched wild-type mice were challenged with chronic-plus-binge alcohol mouse model. Chronic-plus-binge alcohol induced adipose atrophy with increased autophagy and decreased Akt/mTOR signaling in epididymal adipose tissue in wild-type mice. Adipocyte-specific Raptor KO mice experienced exacerbated alcohol-induced steatosis, but neither adipocyte-specific mTOR nor adipocyte-specific tuberous sclerosis complex 1 KO mice exhibited similar detrimental effects. Adipocyte-specific Atg5 KO mice had increased circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and adiponectin and were resistant to alcohol-induced adipose atrophy and liver injury. In conclusion, autophagy deficiency in adipose tissue leads to reduced sensitivity to alcohol-induced adipose atrophy, which ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice.
92 Using physical parameters of bovine zygotes to predict in vitro development success

The objective of this study was to determine if physical parameters of bovine zygotes are correlated with in vitro development success. We examined the relationship between a zygote's outer diameter (OD), cell area, and zona pellucida (ZP) thickness on blastocyst development and blastomere number. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes, from abattoir-derived ovaries, were matured in tissue culture medium 199-based maturation medium for 21-23 h. In vitro fertilisation was performed with frozen thawed semen containing a pool of 4 Holstein bulls. After incubation with sperm for 16-18 h, presumptive zygotes (n = 875) were denuded and placed in 5 µL droplets of synthetic oviductal fluid-bovine embryo 1 medium (SOF-BE1) under oil to be individually photographed using an inverted scope with a digital camera. Zygotes were then group-cultured in 50 µL of synthetic oviductal fluid-BE1 droplets in a polyester micromesh to identify individuals. Development to the blastocyst stage was recorded on Day 7 and Day 8 of culture, and Day 8 embryos were fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342 (n = 87). ImageJ was used to measure the OD, area, and ZP from images. Data were analysed with a logistic regression using the lme4 package in R with Day 7 or Day 8 blastocyst development as the response; OD, area, and ZP as predictors; and study replicate (n = 11) and culture droplet as random effects. Residual estimates of area and ZP calculated from OD were used to account for collinearity. Average OD was 151.2 µm, ranging 130.4-171.6 µm. Average ZP was 11.8 µm, ranging 7.2-17.5 µm. Area averaged 9856.7 µm2, ranging from 6421.9 to 13 814.8 µm2. There was a tendency for an effect of OD on probability of development on Day 8 (P = 0.08) but not Day 7. There was an effect of ZP on the probability of development on Day 8 (P = 0.04) but not Day 7. Blastocyst rates on Day 8 for zygotes with ZP 11.8 µm were 21.7%. There was an interaction (P 12.7 µm and OD >155.8 µm averaged 43.3%. The observed blastocyst rates for these two groups were 26.2% and 25%, respectively. Zygotes with OD between 146.9-155.8 µm and ZP between 10.7-12.7 µm had an estimated development probability of 22.2%. The obtained Day 8 blastocyst rate for this group was 22.5%. Area did not affect probability of development, but was positively correlated with total blastomere number at Day 8 (P = 0.01; marginal R2 = 0.09). The observed interaction between ZP thickness and OD may be indicative of an optimum ooplasm area before maturation or fertilisation that may enhance development. Area assessment after fertilisation is not correlated with development success. In addition, these data in comparison with our previous data generated in parthenogenetic embryos indicate that artificial activation of oocytes is not an ideal model in place of IVF for studying development. We continue to demonstrate that physical parameters of zygotes may have potential as a noninvasive, objective selection tool of embryos.
Characterization of Threshold Voltage Instability Under Off-State Drain Stress and Its Impact on p-GaN HEMT Performance

The $p$ -GaN gate technology is commonly implemented to achieve normally OFF gallium nitride (GaN) devices. Nonetheless, the threshold voltage instability under OFF-state stress remains a concern. In this article, the characterization technique of threshold voltage shift is proposed and the $V_{\text {th}}$ shift’s impact on device performance is investigated. Specifically, a fast $V_{\mathrm {th}}$ the measurement circuit is introduced and validated to successfully characterize both the magnitude and the time-constant of the $V_{\mathrm {th}}$ shift. According to the experimental results, the $V_{\mathrm {th}}$ increases by more than 50% within several $\mu \text{s}$ after the high drain voltage is applied. In contrast, the $V_{\mathrm {th}}$ slowly (tens of seconds) gets back to the static value after the stress is removed. Following the characterization, the threshold voltage instability’s impact on the device’s static/switching performance is studied experimentally. A knee point shift is observed at low gate voltage, and the static ON-resistance value remains unchanged. Regarding the switching performance, the turn-ON loss increases by >20% after the high drain voltage stress. The change in turn-ON loss can be reduced when the gate resistance is decreased from 20 to $0~\Omega $ . In terms of the turn-OFF loss, the impact of the $V_{\mathrm {th}}$ shift is negligible. It is concluded that time-dependent threshold voltage shift needs to be considered in $p$ -GaN device’s modeling, and high gate drive voltage together with low gate resistance is recommended to mitigate the $V_{\mathrm {th}}$ instability’s effect on $p$ -GaN high-electron-mobility transistor’s performance.
The Complete Neurologic Exam

The neurologic exam is important because laryngeal dysfunction is often due to a neurological disorder. The neurological exam can clarify the nature and extent of neurological disease that may extend well beyond the larynx. In this chapter we will discuss performance of the neurological exam, the combinations of findings that suggest which neurological subsystems are compromised, and how this leads to diagnosis. The goal of the neurological exam is to use physical findings to identify an anatomic localization for the patient’s symptoms. Accurate localization will help narrow the differential diagnosis and lead to a more concise workup and appropriate treatment plan. The complete neurological examination reviewed in this chapter includes the following components: examination of mental status, cranial nerves, motor system, somatosensory system, reflexes, coordination, and posture/gait. After summarizing each of the components, the neurological exam is discussed in the context of the fundamental neurological disease patterns, including: upper motor neuron (corticospinal) dysfunction, lower motor neuron (peripheral nervous system) dysfunction, cerebellar dysfunction, neuromuscular junction and muscle dysfunction, and extrapyramidal dysfunction.
Assessment of Leaching Characteristics for Cerium and Cesium as Surrogates for Radioactive Materials

The leaching behavior of cerium and cesium from different mixtures of rapid setting cement (RSC) with deionized water (DIW) and artificial seawater (ASW) under both dynamic and static leach conditi...
Integrated sensing and delivery of oxygen for next-generation smart wound dressings.

Chronic wounds affect over 6.5 million Americans and are notoriously difficult to treat. Suboptimal oxygenation of the wound bed is one of the most critical and treatable wound management factors, but existing oxygenation systems do not enable concurrent measurement and delivery of oxygen in a convenient wearable platform. Thus, we developed a low-cost alternative for continuous O2 delivery and sensing comprising of an inexpensive, paper-based, biocompatible, flexible platform for locally generating and measuring oxygen in a wound region. The platform takes advantage of recent developments in the fabrication of flexible microsystems including the incorporation of paper as a substrate and the use of a scalable manufacturing technology, inkjet printing. Here, we demonstrate the functionality of the oxygenation patch, capable of increasing oxygen concentration in a gel substrate by 13% (5 ppm) in 1 h. The platform is able to sense oxygen in a range of 5–26 ppm. In vivo studies demonstrate the biocompatibility of the patch and its ability to double or triple the oxygen level in the wound bed to clinically relevant levels. Paper-based sensors that measure and adjust oxygen levels within chronic wounds could provide a low-cost solution for accelerating recovery. Such persistent injuries often result from diabetes and long-term hospitalization, and treatment is largely reliant on subjective assessment by healthcare providers. Babak Ziaie of Purdue University and colleagues have developed a proof-of-concept platform for manufacturing inkjet-printed, paper-based dressings that enable close control over oxygen levels in wound tissue—an important factor in the healing process. Their design employs arrays of integrated luminescent oxygen sensors, alongside catalytic regions that can be exposed to hydrogen peroxide to rapidly generate oxygen as needed. The authors demonstrate the potential utility of this approach with both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and they envision this platform as a foundation for future multi-sensor ‘smart’ wound dressings that can be affordably mass produced.
Time-resolved HO2 detection with Faraday rotation spectroscopy in a photolysis reactor

Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) employs the Faraday effect to detect Zeeman splitting in the presence of a magnetic field. In this article, we present system design and implementation of radical sensing in a photolysis reactor using FRS. High sensitivity (100 ppb) and time resolved in situ HO2 detection is enabled with a digitally balanced acquisition scheme. Specific advantages of employing FRS for sensing in such dynamic environments are examined and rigorously compared to the more established conventional laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS). Experimental results show that FRS enables HO2 detection when LAS is deficient, and FRS compares favorably in terms of precision when LAS is applicable. The immunity of FRS to spectral interferences such as absorption of hydrocarbons and other diamagnetic species absorption and optical fringing are highlighted in comparison to LAS.
Food allergy history and reaction to propofol administration in a large pediatric population.

Background Anaphylaxis to propofol is rare; however, providers face a clinical quandary as medication warnings still exist regarding propofol administration to egg-, soy-, and peanut-allergic patients. Aims The primary aim evaluated the rate of allergic reactions during propofol-containing anesthesia in patients listed allergic to egg, soy, or peanut compared with nonallergic patients who received propofol. The secondary aim evaluated the relationship between food allergy history and allergy testing data. Methods A retrospective chart review conducted between May 2012 and October 2018 identified pediatric patients listed allergic to egg, soy, and/or peanut, who received propofol. Allergy testing and results are presented. Evidence of allergic reaction to propofol during anesthesia was evaluated, and compared with a large nonallergic cohort who received propofol. Results Of the 232 392 anesthetics administered, 177 360 (76%) included propofol and 11308 (6%) involved a patient listed allergic to at least 1 index food. A large number of patients had no food allergy testing (n = 6153) or negative testing (n = 2198). Of the 3435 patients listed egg-allergic, 976 tested positive; 750 tested negative; and 1709 had no testing. Of the 2011 patients listed soy-allergic, 322 tested positive; 585 tested negative; and 1104 had no testing. Additionally, 5862 patients were listed peanut-allergic; 1659 tested positive; 863 tested negative and 3340 had no testing. One record of proven propofol anaphylaxis occurred; it was in a patient without a history of food allergies. There were 6 other cases of suspected allergy to propofol. One had a peanut and tree nut allergy and was lost to follow-up; one had no testing available, while 4 patients had positive propofol allergy testing and positive allergy tests to other medications. The rate of proven propofol anaphylaxis during anesthesia in the nonallergic cohort was 0.06/10 000, and the rate in egg- and soy-allergic patients was 0/5446. One patient with a listed peanut allergy had a possible reaction to propofol. Conclusions In the listed food-allergic cohort, the majority had no allergy testing or negative testing. We found no evidence of a relationship between food allergy history and perioperative propofol reaction. We suggest multiply allergic and atopic patients may have a similar likelihood of propofol reaction as with other medications.
Usability and Acceptability of a Mobile App for the Self-Management of Alcohol Misuse Among Veterans (Step Away): Pilot Cohort Study.

Background: Alcohol misuse is common among Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans, yet barriers limit treatment participation. Mobile apps hold promise as means to deliver alcohol interventions to veterans who prefer to remain anonymous, have little time for conventional treatments, or live too far away to attend treatment in person. Objective: This pilot study evaluated the usability and acceptability of Step Away, a mobile app designed to reduce alcohol-related risks, and explored pre-post changes on alcohol use, psychological distress, and quality of life. Methods: This single-arm pilot study recruited Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans aged 18 to 55 years who exceeded National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism drinking guidelines and owned an iPhone. Enrolled veterans (N=55) completed baseline and 1-, 3-, and 6-month assessments. The System Usability Scale (scaled 1-100, ≥70 indicating acceptable usability) assessed the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction dimensions of usability, while a single item (scaled 1-9) measured the attractiveness of 10 screenshots. Learnability was assessed by app use during week 1. App engagement (proportion of participants using Step Away, episodes of use, and minutes per episode per week) over 6 months measured acceptability. Secondary outcomes included pre-post change on heavy drinking days (men: ≥5 drinks per day; women: ≥4 drinks per day) and Short Inventory of Problems–Revised, Kessler-10, and brief World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire scores. Results: Among the 55 veterans enrolled in the study, the mean age was 37.4 (SD 7.6), 16% (9/55) were women, 82% (45/55) were White, and 82% (45/55) had an alcohol use disorder. Step Away was used by 96% (53/55) of participants in week 1, 55% (30/55) in week 4, and 36% (20/55) in week 24. Step Away use averaged 55.1 minutes (SD 57.6) in week 1 and <15 minutes per week in weeks 2 through 24. Mean System Usability Scale scores were 69.3 (SD 19.7) and 71.9 (SD 15.8) at 1 and 3 months, respectively. Median attractiveness scores ranged from 5 to 8, with lower ratings for text-laden screens. Heavy drinking days decreased from 29.4% (95% CI 23.4%-35.4%) at baseline to 16.2% (95% CI 9.9%-22.4%) at 6 months (P<.001). Likewise, over 6 months, Short Inventory of Problems–Revised scores decreased from 6.3 (95% CI 5.1-7.5) to 3.6 (95% CI 2.4-4.9) (P<.001) and Kessler-10 scores decreased from 18.8 (95% CI 17.4-20.1) to 17.3 (95% CI 15.8-18.7) (P=.046). Changes were not detected on quality of life scores. Conclusions: Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans found the usability of Step Away to be acceptable and engaged in the app over the 6-month study. Reductions were seen in heavy drinking days, alcohol-related problems, and Kessler-10 scores. A larger randomized trial is warranted to confirm our findings.