cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral auditory processing changes seasonally in Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow

Song in oscine birds is a learned behavior that plays important roles in breeding. Pronounced seasonal differences in song behavior and in the morphology and physiology of the neural circuit underlying song production are well documented in many songbird species. Androgenic and estrogenic hormones largely mediate these seasonal changes. Although much work has focused on the hormonal mechanisms underlying seasonal plasticity in songbird vocal production, relatively less work has investigated seasonal and hormonal effects on songbird auditory processing, particularly at a peripheral level. We addressed this issue in Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), a highly seasonal breeder. Photoperiod and hormone levels were manipulated in the laboratory to simulate natural breeding and non-breeding conditions. Peripheral auditory function was assessed by measuring the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) of males and females in both conditions. Birds exposed to breeding-like conditions demonstrated elevated thresholds and prolonged peak latencies when compared with birds housed under non-breeding-like conditions. There were no changes in DPOAEs, however, which indicates that the seasonal differences in ABRs do not arise from changes in hair cell function. These results suggest that seasons and hormones impact auditory processing as well as vocal production in wild songbirds.
Restoring Lepidopteran Communities to Oak Savannas: Contrasting Influences of Habitat Quantity and Quality

Ecological restoration is deemed important for the long-term conservation of biodiversity, but ecologists still lack an understanding of how habitat availability and habitat quality in a restored system interact to determine species diversity. This problem seems particularly apparent in Tallgrass Prairie and savanna ecoregions, where restored management units represent the majority of extant habitat. In this study, we tested three principal hypotheses, each stating that the diversity of Lepidoptera would be greater in (1) patches of savanna habitat that were larger; (2) patches that were of higher habitat quality; and (3) patches that had greater connectivity to management units of similar physiognomy. Lepidoptera were sampled in 2003 from 13 unmanaged woodland remnants within Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, a 2,292-ha prairie and savanna reconstruction project. We also measured 11 environmental variables within each site to assess variation in habitat quantity and quality. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify major gradients of environmental variation among the 13 sites. Our PCA differentiated among woodlands along three environmental gradients, defined by (1) stand size, shape, topography, and oak dominance; (2) degree of disturbance; and (3) isolation. Total lepidopteran species richness, however, was only predicted by variation in the first principal component. Species richness of Lepidoptera known to be oak specialists was significantly affected by variation along all three PCA gradients. Surprisingly, more isolated woodland remnants contained a greater richness of oak feeders. Our results suggest that approaches to restoring oak savannas should emphasize aspects of both habitat quantity and quality. Beyond making individual management units larger, priority sites for restoration should possess a low importance of trees that are indicative of past habitat disturbance (e.g., Honey locust, White mulberry) even if canopy closure is substantial. Connectivity among restored habitats may benefit savanna moth communities only when habitat linkages contain a flora similar in composition to focal patches.
The Effects of Nonresponse Rates on Group-Level Correlations

This study investigates the effects of group member nonresponse in research that examines relationships between group-level constructs aggregated from the responses of individual group members. Simulation data show that the effects of nonresponse vary greatly depending on levels of between-group variability and within-group variability expressed jointly as intraclass correlation, or ICC(1), values. Even high response rates, for example, can produce significantly attenuated correlations between group-level variables with ICC(1) levels commonly reported in group studies. Conversely, even low response rates can yield accurate group-level correlations when ICC(1) levels are high. These effects of nonresponse are equivalent whether nonresponse derives from a random or biased process. Group size appears to play no important role in moderating the effects of response rate. Suggestions for research design and post hoc diagnosis of findings are discussed.
Topographic analysis of epidural pure-tone-evoked potentials in gerbil auditory cortex.

This study investigated the tonotopic organization of pure-tone–evoked middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MAEPs) recorded at the auditory cortical surface in unanesthetized gerbils. Multielectrode array recording and multiple linear regression analysis of the MAEP demonstrated different degrees of tonotopic organization of early and late MAEP components. The early MAEP components P1 and N1 showed focal topography and clear dependence in location and size of cortical area covered on pure-tone frequency. The later components P2 and N2 showed a widespread topography which was largely unaffected in location and size of cortical area covered by pure-tone frequency. These results allow delimitation of the neural generators of the early and late MAEP components in terms of the spectral properties of functionally defined neural populations.
Implementation of an Anesthesia Information Management System in an Ambulatory Surgery Center

Anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) are increasingly being implemented throughout the United States. However, little information exists on the implementation process for AIMS within ambulatory surgery centers (ASC). The objectives of this descriptive study are to document: 1) the phases of implementation of an AIMS at an ASC; and 2) lessons learnt from a socio-technical perspective. The ASC, within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), has hosted an AIMS since 2008. As a quality improvement effort, we implemented a new version of the AIMS. This new version involved fundamental software changes to enhance clinical care such as real-time importing of laboratory data and total hardware exchange. The pre-implementation phase involved coordinated preparation over six months between multiple informatics teams along with local leadership. During this time, we conducted component, integration, and validation testing to ensure correct data flow from medical devices to AIMS and centralized databases. The implementation phase occurred in September 2014 over three days and was successful. Over the next several months, during post-implementation phase, we addressed residual items like latency of the application. Important lessons learnt from the implementation included the utility of partnering early with executive leadership; ensuring end user acceptance of new clinical workflow; continuous testing of data flow; use of a staged rollout; and providing additional personnel throughout implementation. Implementation of an AIMS at an ASC can utilize methods developed for large hospitals. However, issues unique to an ASC such as limited number of support personnel and distinctive workflows must be considered.
PU matrix completion with graph information

Motivated by applications in recommendation systems and bioinformatics, we consider the problem of completing a low rank, partially observed binary matrix with graph information. We show that the corresponding problem can be set up in a positive and unlabeled data learning (referred to as PU learning in literature) framework. We make connections to convex optimization and show that existing greedy methods can be used to solve the problem. Experiments on simulated data as well as gene-disease associations data from bioinformatics show that using graphs, and adapting matrix completion in the PU learning setting, yield advantages over the standard binary matrix completion.
Thermal effects of microinverter placement on the performance of silicon photovoltaics

Abstract Typical installation of a microinverter in a plane parallel position on the back side of a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) panel can lead to differential heating of the PV cells immediately above the microinverter by as much as 4 °C. Rotation of the microinverter to a perpendicular position allows the microinverter itself to run cooler by about 4 °C and completely removes the distinctive heat signature on the panels. Because the thermal effects of the microinverters are significant for only two of the 72 cells on the panel, changes in DC power output from the panels are not detectable. However, lower microinverter temperatures increase microinverter efficiency by about 0.65%, such that overall AC power production is increased by about 0.09%. In addition to these small improvements to be gained by the repositioning of microinverters, there are also potential long-term concerns that nonuniform heating may lead to accelerated degradation in the affected area of the panel.
Carved Atlatl from Northwest Coast

On June 7, 1952, the writers were shown the artifact, seen in Figure 70, by Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Johnson of La Conner, Washington. According to the informants, the artifact was dredged from the mouth of the Northwest distributary of the Skagit River near its confluence with the Straits of Georgia (about forty-five miles north of Seattle). The artifact is about forty centimeters long and approximately eleven centimeters in maximal height. It is carved from wood of an unknown origin. The raised grain and deep checks suggest long continued immersion subsequent to the execution of the carving.
Optic Nerve Response to Retinal Stimulation in the Rabbit.

With changes in intensity and duration of light, the retinal potential undergoes slight changes in form, while the nerve discharges show transformations corresponding to the form of the stimulus.The fore part of the rabbit's brain was removed under ether, exposing the optic nerves. Records were taken from one nerve and from across the corresponding retina. Light intensities used were high but within the physiological range, as indicated by reduction of response with reduction of intensity. Experiments were conducted in a dark room, flashes being delivered at about 1 per second from a 2-mm slit in the lamp housing, in front of which a sector disk was rotated. A lens projected an image of the slit on the rabbit's cornea, the eye thus focused an image of the lens on the retina. This image stimulus was compared with one from a diffusing screen close to the cornea illuminated with a 1 ¼-inch spot of light.With flashes as short as 5 ms the retinal potential shows the usual a wave, a diphasic b wave, and no c. T...
Chemical and Physical Principles of Processing that affect Microstructure of Al2O3-ZrO2 Composites

Aqueous processing of 1- to 20-% v/v binary suspensions containing 0.50-μm α-Al 2 O 3 and 0.71-μm m-ZrO 2 was investigated in the presence and absence of AlCl 3 from pH 2 to 12 using sedimentation, rheological, electrokinetic, and potentiometric techniques. Differential sedimentation of the oxide particulates leads to a nonuniform distribution of ZrO 2 when colloidally stable slurries are used. However, processing under conditions that promote weak association of the oxides improves uniformity, with optimal conditions in the absence of AlCl 3 being in the pH range 5 to 6. Thus, prefired microstructure depends on the pH at which processing occurs, behavior derived from the different, pH-dependent surface properties of the oxides. Pre-exposure of m-ZrO 2 to AlCl 3 in the pH range of 4 to 8 alters the final composite microstructure via adsorption of Al-species and renders the two solids more similar electrostatically, thereby reducing the forces responsible for the weak association and uniform distribution.
The Effect of Restricted Caloric Intake Upon the Egg Weight Response to Dietary Corn Oil

Abstract THE effect of dietary fats and fatty acids upon the egg weight of chickens has been extensively investigated in recent years. Workers at the Washington State Experiment Station have concluded that the response is primarily attributable to the linoleic acid content of the supplemental fat (Shutze and Jensen, 1963). However, Menge et al. (1965a) observed different egg weight responses from pullets fed diets supplemented with safflower and menhaden oils at the same linoleic acid intakes. Menge et al. (1965b) among others have found that pullets reared on diets containing no unsaturated fatty acids produce eggs devoid of linoleic acid. Marion and Edwards (1962) demonstrated that the addition of 10 percent corn oil to the diet of young laying pullets increased egg weight, but had no effect upon the percent of lipid or dry matter in eggs. The data of Harms and Waldroup (1963) indicate a positive relationship between the trends …
The Saloon and the Mission: Addiction, Conversion, and the Politics of Redemption in American Culture. By Eoin F. Cannon. (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013. Pp. xv, 321. $28.95.)

This book is cultural history happily married to literature. The author came to the topic in part because he had abused alcohol and drugs and in part because he wanted to study “the reinvention of ...
TIDAL INLET FLOW DYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

A numerical simulation model for the computation of tidal and -j fresh water flow exchange through a coastal inlet developed by Amein ) was modified and calibrated with field data (current, water surface elevation and bottom topography) for Lockwoods Folly Inlet, North Carolina. The calibrated model was then used to predict the changes in the flow regimes brought about by natural and manmade changes such as storms and dredging, respectively, and to predict the changes in flow regimes caused by the Lockwoods Folly River. A generalized hypothesis of the patterns of sediment through and bypassing the inlet were formulated from an evaluation of the flow data and from an analysis of the orientation and structure of the bedforms observed in the inlet and on the offshore bar. The bedforms were analysed in the field and from an uncontrolled mosaic made from multispectral aerial photographs. Confirmation and refinement of the transport rates and movement patterns during ebb tide were made by introducing 454 kilograms (1000 lbs.) of fluorescent tracer sand in two colors into the inlet channels. The sediment movement through the inlet was established and correlated with the numerical simulation model. Confirmation and refinement of the transport rates and movement patterns during flood tide were made by introducing 680 kilograms (1,500 lbs.) of fluorescent tracer sand in three colors into the surf zone on the updrift beach and on the offshore bar. The sediment movement indicated the existence of bar bypassing (which was the dominant bypassing mechanism) and tidal flow bypassing. The bypassing mechanism of the inlet was found to agree with other atlantic coast inlets. When used in conjuction with an analysis of bedform and tracer sand data the numerical simulation model was found to be a valid method for monitoring the high energy inlet environment.
Urea cycle intermediate kinetics and nitrate excretion at normal and "therapeutic" intakes of arginine in humans

We investigated the effects of a high dietary supplement of arginine on plasma arginine, ornithine, and leucine kinetics and on urea production and excretion in five healthy young adult men. Subjec...
Pathogenic Bacteria in Cooked Meat Products in Luyang Town After Lushan “4. 20”Earthquake

Objective To assess the food safety status in market cooked meat products in disaster area of Luyang at the initial period of reconstruction after Lushan"4. 20"earthquake,and thus to provide references for ensuring the food safety. Methods The contamination status caused by Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria in the cooked meat products made and sold by part of the catering service units were monitored and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The total detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria was 20. 00% and the qualified rate was 80. 00%. Conclusion In Luyang town,the contamination status caused by pathogenic bacteria is comparatively serious in the market cooked meat products in the initial period of reconstruction after Lushan "4. 20"earthquake.
Regulation of protein traffic in polarized epithelial cells

The plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells is divided into apical and basolateral surfaces with different compositions. Proteins can be sent directly from the trans Golgi network (TGN) to either surface, or can be sent first to one surface and then transcytosed to the other. The glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor is a signal for apical targeting. Signals in the cytoplasmic domain containing a beta-turn determine basolateral targeting and retrieval, and are related to other shorting signals. Transcytosed proteins, such as the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) are endocytosed from the basolateral surface and delivered to the apical recycling compartment underneath the apical surface. This compartment is a central sorting station, as it receives material from both surfaces and sorts them to the correct surface. Delivery to the apical surface from both the TGN and the apical recycling compartment is regulated by protein kinase A and protein kinase C, and endocytosis from the apical surface is also regulated by kinases. Transcytosis of the pIgR is additionally regulated by phosphorylation of the pIgR and by ligand binding to the pIgR. Regulation of traffic in polarized epithelial cells plays a central role in cellular homeostasis, response to external signals, and differentiation.
Iatrogenic Pituitary Abscess

Spontaneous pituitary abscesses are rarely encountered; they represent less than 0.6 % of patients with sellar lesions undergoing surgical resection. (See Chap. 51.)
Association between Attitude Toward Death and Completion of Advance Directives

Advance directives provide health-care instruction for incapacitated individuals and authorize who may make health-care decisions for that individual. Identified factors do not explain all variance...
Vitamin D Deficiency in HIV-Infected Children.

OBJECTIVES Improvement in life expectancy with the use of combination antiretroviral therapy has come with the recognition of the complications associated with chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Vitamin D has been of particular interest because of its effect on bone health and immune functions. The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin D status in children in relation to the duration and severity of their human immunodeficiency virus infection and nutritional status, as well as to determine whether there was any effect of seasonality. METHODS The study design was cross-sectional and all children 0 to 21 years of age were eligible to participate. RESULTS A total of 59 participants provided informed consent, with 54 subjects completing all study activities. Thirteen (24.1%) had sufficient vitamin D levels, 13 (24.1%) had insufficient levels, and 28 (51.9%) had deficient levels per the guidelines of the Endocrine Society. In our univariate analysis, younger age was associated with higher vitamin D levels (P = 0.030). Higher CD4 counts were associated with higher vitamin D levels (P = 0.018). A significant association between the vitamin D intake per day and vitamin D level was seen (P = 0.013). In the multivariate analysis, the best ordinal logistic regression model had the CD4 count as predictor (P < 0.005), higher CD4 counts were associated with decreased odds of vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.80). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency was common among the patients included in this study.
Wrongs and Formations of Violent Identities: Theorizing Caste and Race

This chapter offers an overview of the history and ongoing struggle of Dalits in India. Caste-based logic and oppression manifest themselves daily in the perpetration of wrongs, both in brutal and seemingly “ordinary” ways. The chapter theorizes wrongs as “rituals of humiliation.” Rituals of humiliation are enacted against those persons who are perceived to move “out of place.” This is often rooted in inherited discriminatory logics of the past that have historically enjoyed legal, cultural, and/or religious sanction. When the continuing impact of histories of discriminatory logics is not critically interrogated, persons from privileged and dominant social locations inherit violent identities and perpetuate social violence. The chapter also discusses critiques of Gandhi and facilitates a conversation between theorists of caste and race.
Engineering the human blood-brain barrier in vitro

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the vasculature and the brain, regulating molecular and cellular transport into the brain. Endothelial cells (ECs) that form the capillary walls constitute the physical barrier but are dependent on interactions with other cell types. In vitro models are widely used in BBB research for mechanistic studies and drug screening. Current models have both biological and technical limitations. Here we review recent advances in stem cell engineering that have been utilized to create innovative platforms to replicate key features of the BBB. The development of human in vitro models is envisioned to enable new mechanistic investigations of BBB transport in central nervous system diseases.
Grief: From Normal to Pathological Reactions

The death of a loved one is a universal experience, and marker of the human condition. Grief, the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to bereavement, is both a ubiquitous and a unique psychological process. Thus, health providers often find themselves in a dilemma, caught between the need to alleviate an individual’s distress and impairment, and the danger of overly “pathologizing” their grief reaction. This chapter reviews how acute grief reactions generally evolve over time, the clinical presentation of complicated grief, and finally, other psychiatric disorders that might develop or be precipitated in the aftermath of the death of a loved one.
The Utility and Limits of Canons of Construction in Public International Law

This draft chapter, for a volume that considers canons of construction and other interpretive principles in public international law, considers the utility and limits of such canons, drawing in part upon lessons learned from schools of American jurisprudence (formalism, realism, pragmatism) with respect to statutory interpretation. In international law, there are certain obligatory canons of construction that have been expressly incorporated in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. These canons are essential elements of the interpretive process; while in any given context, one or the other of these elements might be favored, they are all to be “thrown into the crucible” in order to arrive at a proper interpretation. By contrast, other canons of construction – such as “effet utile,” “ex abundante cautela,” or “in dubio mitius” – are regarded as less essential to the interpretive process, and hence of more limited value. They certainly should not be approached as providing a mechanical or decisive means for resolving cases, given the likely ability to pair any given canon with another canon that calls for a different outcome. Indeed, the invocation of a canon as requiring a particular outcome may be an attempt to mask with legal jargon the interpreter’s own policy preference. Even when invoked simply as an interpretive aide, such canons must be used with caution, taking full account of the context at issue. Over time, perhaps there will develop within international law a better understanding (if not theory) for when it is that such canons should be employed, making their use more consistent and legitimate. In the meantime, such canons have been found useful in international discourse, and hence are referred to and relied upon. A canon might provide assistance to an interpreter as a non-obligatory guide for how best to approach analyzing certain elements of Vienna Convention Article 31, such as understanding the context of a treaty provision. If application of the elements of Article 31 have led to an interpretive outcome that is problematic, a canon might provide an alternative path of reasoning, of the kind envisaged in Article 32, perhaps by suggesting a general approach for harmonizing the diverse system of international law. Indeed, since the canons might be viewed as expressing an interpretive code understood within the international legal community, a canon might help in divining what was likely intended by the drafters of a treaty (or of a unilateral declaration). In any event, at a minimum, a canon can serve as one tool in the international lawyer’s toolkit, providing a simple way of expressing a complex logical claim, even if susceptible to rebuttal by an opposing logical claim.
Improving the quality of drug court clinical screening: a call for performance measurement policy reform

Despite the widespread use of the drug court model, standardized performance measures for drug courts are not uniformly utilized, and rarely include process measures. To ensure that drug courts are being implemented in the most effective manner, the use of performance measurement tools should be considered for wide scale adoption. Drug court effectiveness is moderated by participant characteristics, and is most effective for individuals with the highest substance use needs. Therefore, having quality clinical screening processes is crucial to ensuring that drug courts are serving the population for which they are effective. This paper examines clinical screening in drug courts, to answer the following 1) what is the current state of screening, 2) what works, and 3) why measurement matters. It also proposes a clinical screening performance measure to improve fidelity and ensure appropriate participant enrollment. The creation of a performance measure would create opportunities to improve drug court outcomes, and leverage pay-for-performance models.
Growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of a novel high-protein corn distillers dried grains with solubles

The objective of this study was to use the recently determined ME and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values of AA for a novel high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS; PureStream 40, Lincolnway Energy LLC, Nevada, IA) to determine the optimal dietary inclusion rates in diets for nursery pigs. Three hundred and sixty pigs (BW = 6.79 ± 0.02 kg) were blocked by BW, and pens within blocks were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment, 9 pigs/pen). Dietary treatments consisted of adding 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% HP-DDGS to nursery diets during phase 2 (days 7-21) and phase 3 (days 21-42) of a three-phase nursery feeding program. Diets within each phase were formulated to contain equivalent amounts of ME, SID Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp, Ca, standardized total tract digestible P, vitamins, and trace minerals. Calculated SID Leu to Lys ratios for 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% HP-DDGS diets were 119%, 137%, 156%, and 173% in phase 2 diets and 120%, 131%, 143%, and 160% in phase 3 diets. The SID Ile to Lys ratios ranged from 60% to 69% in phase 2 diets and from 54% to 59% in phase 3 diets. The SID Val to Lys ratios ranged from 63% to 79% in phase 2 diets and 64% to 68% in phase 3 diets. Body weight and feed disappearance were measured weekly. During phase 2, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were reduced linearly (P < 0.01) as the diet inclusion rate of HP-DDGS increased. Similarly in phase 3, increasing dietary levels of HP-DDGS depressed ADG, ADFI, and G:F linearly (P < 0.01). Overall growth performance of phases 2 and 3 of nursery pigs was negatively affected by increasing levels of HP-DDGS in these diets. Pigs acquired a Streptococcus suis and Escherichia coli disease challenge during the experiment. Although no differences in morbidity were observed throughout the experiment, including HP-DDGS in diets tended to decrease (P = 0.08) mortality. In conclusion, a linear decrease in nursery pig growth performance was observed as increasing levels of HP-DDGS were added in diets, which was probably due to overestimation of SID AA content of the HP-DDGS, antagonistic effects of excess Leu, and the effects of relatively high fiber content.
Changes in Advertisements During the Civil War

The Civil War was a time when uncertainty was high. No one knew what was going to happen to them. The families that were left behind during the war were uncertain if they were going to be forced out of their house and left with no place to go, or even worse they are left to die. The men were off at war… How would a family survive if they have no income and children to feed or have to pay for a doctor to come to the house and administer medicine for a sickly child? The soldiers had their doubts about whether or not they were going to live through the next battle that they were fighting in and whether or not they were going to be able to survive an injury if one occurred. The men that fought in the war had their doubts and were uncertain if they were even going to make it home to their families. They also had to deal with the fact that they could come home to their entire family being deceased or the family had to move to a new area and they were not able to communicate where they are now living. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Advancing MSn spatial resolution and documentation for glycosaminoglycans by sulfate-isotope exchange.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are carbohydrate polyionic polymers that participate in a host of critically important biological processes. A significant difficulty in the comprehensive structural characterization of GAGs is the determination of specific sulfation position isomers. We chose to circumvent sulfate lability by its liberation followed by specific isotope exchange that makes it amenable to methylation, collisional induced dissociation, and MSn disassembly for a detailed structural characterization. A set of chemistries that include sulfate release, isotopic (CD3– and CD3–CO–) replacement, and methylation have been modified to yield a stable product ideal for sequencing by MSn. Disassembly of these samples provides a detailed read-out of sequence inclusive of all sulfation sites. As documenting steps, we applied these chemical modifications to a series of disaccharides and a synthetic GAG pentamer, Arixtra®. Upon disassembly, glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages define the monomer composition including individual sulfation positions. The N- and O-sulfates are differentiated by deuterium-containing mass compositions. The uronic methylesters do not significantly alter the fragmentation patterns. A fragment library of these products is being assembled as an adjunct to our larger fragment library, some 15 years in the making.
Circadian Function in Multiple Cell Types Is Necessary for Proper Timing of the Preovulatory LH Surge.

The timing of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), which occurs on the evening of proestrus in female mice, is determined by the circadian system. The identity of cells that control ...
Strain, negative emotion, and cyber violence among South Korean Juveniles: A mediation analysis

Abstract While there has been moderate support for General Strain Theory (GST), the extant body of literature has been criticized for its lack of diversity (i.e., not sufficiently considering cross-cultural differences) as well as for its lack of stringency in testing mediators between strain and criminal behavior. As such, the current study investigated the intervening effect of the negative emotion of anger between school strain, as well as family strain, and cyber violence among South Korean youth. Also, it focused on their strains, which due to their traditional roots in Confucian culture, may be qualitatively and quantitatively different than those experienced by youth in Western societies. By using a manifest mediation analysis and a bias-corrected bootstrap method, this study found that the reason they committed cyber violence was not so much due to getting stressed out from the toxic relationship with their teacher as due to anger’s mediating role in the relationship between the strain and cyber violence. Results from the present study provided full support for GST’s application to a Confucian-based country. Theoretical and policy implications were discussed.
Antibiotic prescribing patterns for adult urinary tract infections within emergency department and urgent care settings.

Abstract Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common reason for emergency department (ED) and urgent care (UC) visits. Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are frequently prescribed for treatment of UTI in the outpatient setting; however, data evaluating prescribing patterns after FDA safety warnings is limited, especially in UC. The study goal was to investigate and compare antimicrobial prescribing for UTIs in a single-site ED and an off-site UC in an urban, academic health system. This retrospective study included patients presenting with a UTI to the ED or UC between January and June 2018. Those 18 years or older with uncomplicated, complicated UTI, or pyelonephritis were included. Exclusion criteria were catheter-related UTI, urinary tract abnormalities, immunocompromised, or hospitalization. Primary outcome was FQ prescribing rate for all UTI in the ED and UC. Secondary outcomes were rates of non-FQ prescribing, re-presentation, bug-drug mismatch, and treatment durations. 184 patients were included. FQ prescribing rate was similar in ED and UC (21.2% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.4). Non-FQs prescribed in ED and UC were nitrofurantoin (20.2% vs 53.6%), beta-lactams (46.1% vs 22.6%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (12.5% vs. 5%). A longer than recommended duration was identified in 46.3% UC patients compared to 21.2% ED patients. Thirty-day re-presentation with persistent UTI symptoms occurred more frequently in the ED compared to UC (13.5% vs. 7.5%). Predictors of FQ prescribing on logistic regression were male, recurrent UTI, and malignancy. FQ prescribing rate for UTI treatment was low with no difference between ED and UC. Opportunity exists to improve treatment duration and antimicrobial choice.
Improved cyber-physical system captured post-flowering high night temperature impact on yield and quality of field grown wheat.

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is essential to maintain food security for a large proportion of the world’s population. With increased risk from abiotic stresses due to climate variability, it is imperative to understand and minimize the negative impact of these stressors, including high night temperature (HNT). Both globally and at regional scales, a differential rate of increase in day and night temperature is observed, wherein night temperatures are increasing at a higher pace and the trend is projected to continue into the future. Previous studies using controlled environment facilities and small field-based removable chambers have shown that post-anthesis HNT stress can induce a significant reduction in wheat grain yield. A prototype was previously developed by utilizing field-based tents allowing for simultaneous phenotyping of popular winter wheat varieties from US Midwest and advanced breeding lines. Hence, the objectives of the study were to (i) design and build a new field-based infrastructure and test and validate the uniformity of HNT stress application on a scaled-up version of the prototype (ii) improve and develop a more sophisticated cyber-physical system to sense and impose post-anthesis HNT stress uniformly through physiological maturity within the scaled-up tents; and (iii) determine the impact of HNT stress during grain filling on the agronomic and grain quality parameters including starch and protein concentration. The system imposed a consistent post-anthesis HNT stress of + 3.8 °C until maturity and maintained uniform distribution of stress which was confirmed by (i) 0.23 °C temperature differential between an array of sensors within the tents and (ii) statistically similar performance of a common check replicated multiple times in each tent. On average, a reduction in grain-filling duration by 3.33 days, kernel weight by 1.25% per °C, grain number by 2.36% per °C and yield by 3.58% per °C increase in night temperature was documented. HNT stress induced a significant reduction in starch concentration indicating disturbed carbon balance. The pilot field-based facility integrated with a robust cyber-physical system provides a timely breakthrough for evaluating HNT stress impact on large diversity panels to enhance HNT stress tolerance across field crops. The flexibility of the cyber-physical system and movement capabilities of the field-based infrastructure allows this methodology to be adaptable to different crops.
Happy, healthy, and wedded? How the transition to marriage affects mental and physical health.

Decades of research have documented the apparent health benefits of marriage, but the dynamics of how health may change across the transition to marriage are not fully understood. In two studies, we compared being unmarried or married on several indices of mental and physical health. In Study 1, we used a national sample of 1,078 individuals in different-sex relationships who completed surveys by mail. Compared with those who were cohabiting or dating, married individuals generally reported better mental and physical health than those in less committed relationships, and most differences remained when controlling for putative selection factors. Study 2 used longitudinal data from the participants in the Study 1 sample who later married (N = 168) to study changes within individuals over the transition to marriage on the same indicators. Six waves of mailed surveys spanning 20 months were employed. Findings of Study 2 indicated that although some indicators of mental and physical health were improving up until the point of marriage, these indicators then stabilized or began to decline, with women experiencing these declines more than men. Findings are more consistent with selection effects (i.e., better-adjusted individuals are more likely to get married) than social causation effects (i.e., marriage causes improvements in mental and physical health) and suggest that if marriage does have a causal effect on well-being in the short term, it may actually manifest in the lead-up to the wedding. Implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
A Methodology for Codesign

This chapter focuses on a methodology for codesign. The opening section discusses the amount of unification present in various hardware/software design approaches. Following this discussion, the basic principles and philosophies adopted in the methodology are outlined. Next, a framework for hardware/software codesign [239], a codesign methodology which supports many of the concepts developed in the previous chapter, is described. The term framework implies a general “structure” whose purpose is to identify and guide important areas of investigation. Finally, an example is used to illustrate some aspects of the methodology.
Efficient mechanisms with small subsidies

We address the problem of designing efficient mechanisms that never yield revenue, instead requiring small subsidies. Such mechanisms will be pertinent for settings in which taxing agents is undesirable or impractical---imagine, e.g., a government or private philanthropist that seeks to make a minimal monetary contribution that will allow a group of individuals to reach an efficient decision without being stripped of any of the surplus. Our approach is a close analog of [1], where structure in agent valuations is used to arrive at agent-independent revenue lower bounds for the VCG mechanism that form the basis for redistributing VCG revenue back to the agents without distorting incentives; in the current paper we use valuation structure to obtain revenue upper bounds that form the basis for a second stage of redistribution, returning the revenue of the redistribution mechanism of [1] such that revenue is non-positive but still close to zero. The mechanism we propose is applicable to arbitrary decision problems, always achieving dominant strategy efficiency, ex post individual rationality, and no-revenue. In single-item allocation settings it is asymptotically strongly budget-balanced as the population size grows; we show empirically that for standard distributions over valuations it requires subsidies that are less than 5% of social value, in expectation, for groups of more than 5 agents.
Designing a DHT for low latency and high throughput

Designing a wide-area distributed hash table (DHT) that provides high-throughput and low-latency network storage is a challenge. Existing systems have explored a range of solutions, including iterative routing, recursive routing, proximity routing and neighbor selection, erasure coding, replication, and server selection. This paper explores the design of these techniques and their interaction in a complete system, drawing on the measured performance of a new DHT implementation and results from a simulator with an accurate Internet latency model. New techniques that resulted from this exploration include use of latency predictions based on synthetic co-ordinates, efficient integration of lookup routing and data fetching, and a congestion control mechanism suitable for fetching data striped over large numbers of servers. Measurements with 425 server instances running on 150 PlanetLab and RON hosts show that the latency optimizations reduce the time required to locate and fetch data by a factor of two. The throughput optimizations result in a sustainable bulk read throughput related to the number of DHT hosts times the capacity of the slowest access link; with 150 selected PlanetLab hosts, the peak aggregate throughput over multiple clients is 12.8 megabytes per second.
The Point of Hume's Skepticism with Regard to Reason: the Primacy of Facility Affect in the Theory of Human Understanding

Soulevant la question du role de l'affection dans la conception humeenne de l'entendement humain, en particulier du role de la facilite dans le passage de la pensee, l'A. examine les principes de la connaissance et de la probabilite etablis par Hume dans le chapitre «Sur le scepticisme a l'egard de la raison» du «Traite de la nature humaine». Par comparaison avec la definition de la croyance en termes de vivacite, l'A. met en evidence la primaute de la facilite sur tout autre principe de l'entendement, ainsi que la primaute de la relation facilite-vivacite sur les autres relations philosophiques.
Exploring Beowulf clusters

Beowulf clusters provide the computational power of parallel programming at minimal cost, making this technology available to small colleges and individual labs. In this paper, we explore the construction and programming of four distinct varieties of Beowulf clusters over the Linux operating system. We compare the clusters for: ease of construction; ease of use and support; and (in a preliminary way) computational efficiency. As newcomers to both Beowulf and Linux, our experiences may be useful to others considering experimenting with cluster computing. In this spirit, we provide many useful links and references.
Use of bromovirus RNA2 hybrids to map cis- and trans-acting functions in a conserved RNA replication gene.

Abstract Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) are related positive-strand RNA viruses with tripartite genomes. RNA replication by either virus requires genomic RNAs 1 and 2, which encode protein 1a and the polymeraselike, 94-kilodalton 2a protein, respectively. Proteins 1a and 2a share extensive sequence similarity with proteins encoded by a wide range of other positive-strand RNA viruses of animals and plants. Heterologous combinations of BMV and CCMV RNAs 1 and 2 do not support viral RNA replication, and although BMV RNA2 is amplified in CCMV-infected cells, CCMV RNA2 is not amplified by BMV. Construction of hybrids by precise exchange of segments between BMV and CCMV RNA2 has now allowed preliminary mapping of such virus-specific replication functions in RNA2 and the 2a protein. The ability to support replication in trans with BMV RNA1 segregated with a 5' BMV RNA2 fragment encoding the first 358 2a gene amino acids, while a 5' fragment extending over 281 BMV 2a codons transferred only cis-acting competence for RNA2 amplification in cells coinfected with wild-type BMV. Successful trans-acting function with CCMV RNA1 segregated with a CCMV RNA2 3' fragment that included the last 206 2a gene codons. Thus, the less conserved N- and C-terminal 2a segments appear to be involved in required interaction(s) of this polymeraselike protein with the 1a protein or RNA1 or both. Moreover, when individual hybrid RNA2 molecules that function with either BMV or CCMV RNA1 were tested, BMV- and CCMV-specific differences in recognition and amplification of RNA3 templates appeared to segregate with RNA1.
Coleccionando memorias: Modernidad e historia en Noticias del Imperio

La autora se propone hacer una lectura doble de la novela en la que cada fragmento, residuo, o memoria de la ruina historica tiene simultaneamente resonancias de su texto y contexto originales, incorporandose en una totalidad completamente distinta. Argumenta que, en Noticias del Imperio , novela mas explicitamente historica, el motivo de la coleccion puede ser leido simultaneamente como una alegoria del imperialismo y como una revaluacion de las fuerzas sociales imperiales y de la herencia problematica de otros modelos esteticos de la modernidad.
Receptor interacting protein kinase 1 mediates murine acetaminophen toxicity independent of the necrosome and not through necroptosis

Although necrosis in the acetaminophen (APAP) model is known to be regulated by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) through interaction with mitochondria, the role of necroptosis through receptor-interacting proteins 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3) has also been suggested. Our aim was to determine the relationship between these two mechanisms of cell death. To verify the participation of RIPK1, we used antisense knockdown and confirmed protection comparable to the RIPK1 inhibitor, necrostatin, in vivo and in vitro. However, we found no evidence that RIPK3 is expressed in primary mouse hepatocytes under basal conditions or after APAP and RIPK3−/− mice were not protected. RIPK3 was exclusively expressed in nonparenchymal cells. RIPK1 knockdown protected RIPK3−/− mice to the same extent as wild-type mice, underscoring the independent role of RIPK1. We confirmed that necroptosis is not involved in APAP toxicity by using mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) knockout mice, which were not protected from APAP. Next, we addressed whether there is interplay between RIPK1 and JNK. RIPK1 knockdown decreased the level of JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria and abrogated subsequent translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Interestingly, APAP induced translocation of RIPK1 to mitochondria, which was unaffected by knockdown of the mitochondrial JNK docking protein, Sh3 homology 3 binding protein 5 (Sab). Conclusion: RIPK1 participates in APAP-induced necrosis upstream of JNK activation whereas RIPK3 and MLKL are dispensable, indicating that necroptosis does not contribute to APAP-induced necrosis and RIPK1 has a unique, independent role.(Hepatology 2015;62:1847–1857)