cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic secretion of apoB-100 is impaired in hypobetalipoproteinemic mice with an apoB-38.9-specifying allele.

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) truncation-specifying mutations cause familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL). Lipoprotein kinetics studies have shown that production rates of apoB-100 are reduced by 70-80% in heterozygous FHBL humans, instead of the expected 50%. To develop suitable mouse models to study the underlying mechanism, apoB-38.9-only (Apob 3 8 . 9 / 3 8 . 9 ) mice were crossbred with Apobec-1 knockout (Apobec-1 - / - ) mice or apoB-100-only (Apob 1 0 0 / 1 0 0 ) mice to produce two lines of apoB-38.9 heterozygous mice that produce only apoB-38.9 and apoB-100, namely Apobec-1 - / - /Apob 3 8 . 9 / + and Apob 3 8 . 9 / 1 0 0 mice. In vivo rates of apoB-100 secretion were measured using [ 3 5 S]Met/ Cys to label proteins and Triton WR-1339 to block apoB-100 VLDL lipolysis/uptake. Rates of secretion were reduced by 80%, rather than the expected 50%, in both Apobec-1 - / - / Apob 3 8 . 9 / + and Apob 3 8 . 9 / 1 0 0 mice compared with those of the respective Apobec-1 - / - /Apob + / + and Apob 1 0 0 / 1 0 0 control mice. Continuous labeling and pulse-chase experiments in primary hepatocyte cultures revealed that rates of apoB-100 synthesis by Apobec-1 - / - /Apob 3 8 . 9 / + and Apob 3 8 . 9 / 1 0 0 hepatocytes were reduced to the expected 50% of those of the respective controls, but the efficiency of secretion of apoB-100 was significantly lower in apoB-38.9 heterozygous hepatocytes. The greater-than-expected decreases in apoB-100 production rates of FHBL heterozygous humans appear to be attributable to a defect in secretion rather than in the synthesis of apoB-100 from the unaffected apoB allele.
Gallbladder lesions identified on ultrasound. Lessons from the last 10 years.

Possible mass lesions identified on ultrasound (US) of the gallbladder may prompt an aggressive surgical intervention due to the possibility of a malignant neoplasm. This study aims to utilize a large modern series of patients with gallbladder lesions identified on US to evaluate imaging characteristics consistent with malignancy. A retrospective review was conducted of gallbladder ultrasound reports and clinicopathologic data of patients with a mass identified on US. Approximately 59,271 abdominal ultrasounds and 9,117 cholecystectomies were performed between February 2000 and February 2010. We identified 213 patients with a questionable gallbladder neoplasm on ultrasonography who underwent surgical exploration. Median age was 52 years (range = 11–87 years) and 147 (69%) were females. Final pathology demonstrated no neoplasm in 130 patients (61%), while 32 patients (15%) had a wall adenomyoma, 36 (17%) had a polyp (five of which were malignant), 14 (7%) had an adenocarcinoma not arising from a polyp, and one patient had a cystic papillary neoplasm. The smaller the lesion, the more likely it was to be a pseudo-mass. For lesions measuring 52 years (p 9 mm (p 5 mm (p 9 mm, age >52 years, US suggestion of invasion at the liver interface, and wall thickening >5 mm, especially in the presence of gallstones, should raise the suspicion of malignancy.
Extending the von Bertalanffy growth model using explanatory variables

von Bertalanffy parameters are usually estimated for a species, perhaps by sex, in some well-defined geographical area. An alternative way to estimate von Bertalanffy parameters is to model them in...
Using meta-analyses for comparative effectiveness research

Comparative effectiveness research seeks to identify the most effective interventions for particular patient populations. Meta-analysis is an especially valuable form of comparative effectiveness research because it emphasizes the magnitude of intervention effects rather than relying on tests of statistical significance among primary studies. Overall effects can be calculated for diverse clinical and patient-centered variables to determine the outcome patterns. Moderator analyses compare intervention characteristics among primary studies by determining whether effect sizes vary among studies with different intervention characteristics. Intervention effectiveness can be linked to patient characteristics to provide evidence for patient-centered care. Moderator analyses often answer questions never posed by primary studies because neither multiple intervention characteristics nor populations are compared in single primary studies. Thus, meta-analyses provide unique contributions to knowledge. Although meta-analysis is a powerful comparative effectiveness strategy, methodological challenges and limitations in primary research must be acknowledged to interpret findings.
Thoracic stretch receptors in crayfish and rocklobster

Abstract 1. (1) The properties and functions of thoracic stretch receptor organs have been investigated in Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and Panulirus interrupts (Randall). 2. (2) A new terminology is proposed for the specification of the thoracic and the abdominal organs. 3. (3) It is shown by electrical recording and by staining that each of the first five segmental thoracic nerves is connected to a single receptor cell (N-cell) which is a specialized receptor muscle; the sixth nerve in Procambarus innervates a single slow stretch receptor, and in Panulirus a fast one in addition. 4. (4) The seventh and eighth nerves each innervate typical slow and fast receptors which represent the beginning of the abdominal series. 5. (5) In the crayfish the slow receptors of the sixth nerve and the most posterior N-cell are concerned with detecting abduction of the abdomen on the thorax, those of the two sides being reciprocal; in Panulirus the next N-cell has the same function. 6. (6) The remaining three N-cells in Panulirus are located on a slip of the attractor epimeralis muscle and discharge synergistically when the latter is stretched. 7. (7) In Ptrocambarus the most anterior two N-cells have this same location and function; the next two are located on the contractor epimeralis muscles and respond in a manner recirprocal to that of the anterior pair. 8. (8) It is pointed out that the anterior N-cells may be involved in signalling internal fluid pressures of the thoraci cavity. 9. (9) The N-cells of Procambarus react to acetylcholine with an increase and to gamma aminobutyric acid with a decrease in discharge rate.
Enhancement of molecular fluorescence by metallic nanocavities

We study enhancement of fluorescence of molecular species bound within metallic nanocavities. An electromangetic model of dipole radiation within a nanocavity shows an increase in radiative output consistent with experimental yield estimates and also verifies the strong fluorescence isolation from species lying outside the nanocavity.
Voting with their feet: institutional ownership changes around forced CEO turnover

Abstract We investigate whether institutional investors “vote with their feet” when dissatisfied with a firm's management by examining changes in equity ownership around forced CEO turnover. We find that aggregate institutional ownership and the number of institutional investors decline in the year prior to forced CEO turnover. However, selling by institutions is far from universal. Overall, there is an increase in shareholdings of individual investors and a decrease in holdings of institutional investors who are more concerned with holding prudent securities, are better informed, or are engaged in momentum trading. Measures of institutional ownership changes are negatively related to the likelihoods of forced CEO turnover and that an executive from outside the firm is appointed CEO.
Tangential velocity profile for pseudoplastic power-law fluids in the hydrocyclone — A theoretical derivation

Abstract The tangential velocity profile for pseudoplastic power-law fluids in a hydrocyclone is determined with an analytical solution to a simplified momentum balance equation by the method of perturbation. A numerical solution of the non-linear two-point boundary-value problem by the finite-difference method provides a verification of the perturbation solution. The tangential velocity is found to be controlled by a modified Reynolds number involving the radial velocity at the outer radius of the hydrocyclone and the consistency and flow-behavior indices of the fluid. The radial position of the maximum tangential velocity decreases with an increase in the modified Reynolds number and/or the degree of pseudoplasticity of the fluid. This analysis suggests that improved performance of hydrocyclones may be possible for pseudoplastic fluid systems as the tangential velocity profiles are steeper and the free-vortex zone is extended inwards.
COMMONALITIES OF THE SEM PARAMETERS OF SEVERAL SIMPLE THIN WIRE GEOMETRIES

ABSTRACT The Singularity Expansion Method (SEM) parameters (natural frequencies, natural modes, and coupling coefficients) are presented for several different geometries each composed of four arbitrarily-oriented, thin, straight wire scatterers with one end of each of the four straight members connected at a common intersection point. Various choices of the orientations (and lengths) of these four members result In specific configurations which have been investigated previously (perpendicular crossed wires, planar symmetric tri-arm, L-shaped wire, and straight wire) as well as several other configurations which have not (nonplanar symmetric and nonsyrametrlc tetra-arms, nonplanar symmetric and nonsymmetrlc trl-arms, and arbitrarily bent wire). The SEM parameters for the general tetra-arm structure are calculated for a wide range of geometrical configurations. Commonalities which exist between the SEM parameters of the general tetra-arm scatterer and the previously analyzed “dipoles”, “tripoles” and “cross...
A trace-driven simulation study of two-level cache systems

Abstract This paper presents a trace-driven simulation study to examine the performance of 2-level cache system using different combinations of replacement policies. The replacement schemes considered are: LRU-LRU, LRU-FIFO, FIFO-LRU and FIFO-FIFO. The address streams that drive the simulator were collected by a SUN SPARC-2 workstation running three different application programs: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Binary Search and Quick Sort application programs. The software tracing technique was used to collect address traces. It was found that the LRU-LRU replacement combination has the best performance followed by LRU-FIFO, FIFO-LRU and FIFO-FIFO, respectively. The simulation results have shown that for a fixed total memory size of the two caches, the larger the level-1 memory, the smaller the total effective access time, t eff , for the entire memory hierarchy. Finally, the performance of the two-level cache system was found to be more sensitive to the block(line)size variation than the number of sets variation.
Bikers Are Like Tobacco Shops, Formal Dressers Are Like Suits: Recognizing Urban Tribes with Caffe

Recognition of social styles of people is an interesting but relatively unexplored task. Recognizing "style" appears to be a quite different problem than categorization, it is like recognizing a letter's font as opposed to recognizing the letter itself. Similar-looking things must be mapped to different categories. Hence a priori it would appear that features that are good for categorization should not be good for style recognition. Here we show this is not the case by starting with a convolutional deep network pre-trained on Image Net (Caffe), a categorization problem, and using the features as input to a classifier for urban tribes. Combining the results from individuals in group pictures and the group itself, with some fine-tuning of the network, we reduce the previous state of the art error by almost half, going from 46% recognition rate to 71%. To explore how the networks perform this task, we compute the mutual information between the Image Net output category activations and the urban tribe categories, and find, for example, that bikers are well categorized as whiptail lizards by Caffe, and that better recognized social groups have more highly-correlated Image Net categories. This gives us insight into the features useful for categorizing urban tribes.
An elementary analysis of physiologic shock and multi-organ failure: The Autodigestion Hypothesis

Physiological shock and subsequent multi-organ failure is one of the most important medical problems from a mortality point of view. No agreement exists for mechanisms that lead to the relative rapid cell and organ failure during this process and no effective treatment. We postulate that the digestive enzymes synthesized in the pancreas and transported in the lumen of the small intestine as requirement of normal food digestion play a central role in multi-organ failure. These powerful enzymes are usually compartmentalized in the lumen of the intestine by the mucosal barrier, but may escape into the wall of the intestine if the permeability of the mucosal lining increases. Entry of the digestive enzymes into the wall of the intestine precipitates an autodigestion process as well as an escape of pancreatic enzymes and breakdown products generated by them into the system circulation. The consequence of autodigestion is multiorgan failure. We discuss the possibility to block the digestive enzymes in acute forms of shock as a potential therapeutic intervention.
Contingency management in outpatient methadone treatment: a meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted on contingency management interventions in outpatient methadone treatment settings. The outcome measure of interest was drug use during treatment, as detected through urinalysis. The results confirm that contingency management is effective in reducing supplemental drug use for these patients. The analysis of behavioral interventions yielded an overall effect size (r) of 0.25 based on 30 studies. Significant moderators of outcomes included type of reinforcement provided, time to reinforcement delivery, the drug targeted for behavioral change, number of urine specimens collected per week, and type of subject assignment. These factors represent important considerations for reducing drug use during treatment.
Complexity of Hop Oil

PROGRESS in instrumental methods of analysis during the past 10 years, particularly in the new field of gas chromatography, has provided the chemist with powerful tools for the separation and identification of complex mixtures. Nevertheless, it is often advantageous to fractionate the mixture prior to gas chromatography analysis in order to simplify the task of isolation and identification of single components. The oil of the hop (Humulus lupulus L. var. Bullion) isolated by the method of Wright and Connery1 has been fractionated as follows: hydrocarbons were selectively separated from oxygenated compounds through alumina or silica-gel columns using light petroleum ether as eluant2. Esters and ketones were separated from alcohols by selective elution from a neutral alumina column using absolute ether as eluant. Esters were subjected to methanolysis using mineral acid as catalyst, and the resulting methyl esters separated from the freed alcohols, as described here. Compounds having a straight chain of seven carbons or more were separated from shorter or branched chain compounds by formation of crystalline adducts with urea in methanol3. Carbonyls were extracted from mixtures containing other oxygenated compounds by the Girard method4,5. Unsaturated compounds were separated from saturated compounds by bromination in carbon tetrachloride6. Unsaturated compounds having a conjugated double-bond system were separated from others by the Diels–Alder reaction7.
SU‐E‐T‐03: A Comparison of HDR Near Source Dosimetry Using a Treatment Planning System, Monte Carlo Simulation, and Radiochromic Film

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the high dose rate (HDR) 192Ir brachytherapy, including near source dosimetry, of a catheter‐based applicator from 0.5 mm to 1 cm along the transverse axis. Methods: Radiochromic film and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation were used to generate absolute dose for the catheter‐based applicator. Results from radiochromic film and MC simulation were compared directly to the treatment planning system (TPS) based on the AAPM Updated Task Group 43 (TG‐43U1) dose calculation formalism. Results: Difference between dose measured using radiochromic film along the transverse plane at 0.5 mm from the surface and the predicted dose by the TPS was 24%±13%. Dose difference between the MC simulation along the transverse plane at 0.5 mm from the surface and the predicted dose by the TPS was 22.1%±3%. For distances from 1.5 mm to 1 cm from the surface, radiochromic film and MC simulation agreed with TPS within an uncertainty of 3%. Conclusion: The TPS under‐predicts the dose at the surface of the applicator, i.e., 0.5 mm from the catheter surface, as compared to the measured and MC simulation predicted dose. MC simulation results demonstrated that 15% of this error is due to neglecting the beta particles and discrete electrons emanating from the sources and not considered by the TPS and 7% of the difference was due to the photon alone, potentially due to the differences in MC dose modeling, photon spectrum, scoring techniques, and effect of the presence of the catheter and the air gap. Beyond 1mm from the surface, the TPS dose algorithm agrees with the experimental and MC data within 3%.
Postembryonic ontogeny of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus (Anura: Pelobatidae): Skeletal morphology

Postembryonic skeletal ontogeny of the pelobatid frog Scaphiopus intermontanus is described based on a developmental series of cleared-and-stained, whole-mount specimens. The focus is on laboratory-reared individuals fed a herbivorous diet as larvae. Although there is variation in the timing of ossification of individual skeletal elements relative to developmental stages based on external morphological criteria, the sequence of skeletal development generally is conservative. Compared with its close relative, S. bombifrons, ossifications that occur during prometamorphosis tend to be slightly delayed in S. intermontanus; however, cranial bones that ossify during late metamorphic climax in S. intermontanus are delayed until postmetamorphosis in S. bombifrons. The differences in timing between the two species are consistent, however, with differences observed between two developmental series of S. intermontanus raised at two different temperatures. Noteworthy features of skeletal development in S. intermontanus include: 1) presence of palatine ossifications that form from independent centers of ossification and soon fuse with the postnarial portion of the vomers to form the compound vomeropalatine bones; 2) compound sphenethmoid that may arise from four or more endochondral centers of ossification and one dorsal, dermal center of ossification; and 3) presence of transverse processes and vestigal prezygapophyses on the first postsacral vertebra. The morphology of the larval orbitohyoideus and interhyoideus muscles is compared. The record of skeletal ontogeny and muscle morphology presented herein for the herbivorous larval morph can serve as a baseline for comparisons with the ontogeny of the carnivorous larval morph of Scaphiopus. J. Morphol. 238:179–244, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment: A rejoinder to Elardo and Bradley's comment

Abstract This paper is a rejoinder to Elardo and Bradley's comment upon my paper which critiqued their literature review of the research using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scale. A summary of both the 16 critical points which I originally raised and their comments on 12 of these issues is presented. Two issues are discussed in some depth: (1) the calculation of the specificity of an instrument, and (2) the reason I included a section on genetic-environment confounding in my initial critique despite the appearance of a similarly worded section in Elardo and Bradley's original review.
The impact of preparation and motivation on learning performance

Basic speech course students at a mid‐sized, midwestern university (N = 245) reported preparation strategies and amounts as they readied themselves to demonstrate communication knowledge on the final exam for the course. In this exploratory study, two strategies led to significantly higher scores on the final exam: reviewing the concepts delineated on the study guide and silent reading of class notes. Overall grade point average correlated positively with final exam scores. A second study examined the relationship between students' motivation toward the course and their demonstration of communication knowledge and public speaking skill. Student motivation (N = 263) was positively related to public speaking competence, but not to the demonstration of communication knowledge.
A case for guarded power gating for multi-core processors

Dynamic power management has become an essential part of multi-core processors and associated systems. Dedicated controllers with embedded power management firmware are now an integral part of design in such multi-core server systems. Devising a robust power management policy that meets system-intended functionality across a diverse range of workloads remains a key challenge. One of the primary issues of concern in architecting a power management policy is that of performance degradation beyond a specified limit. A secondary issue is that of negative power savings. Guarding against such “holes” in the management policy is crucial in order to ensure successful deployment and use in real customer environments. It is also important to focus on developing new models and addressing the limitations of current modeling infrastructure, in analyzing alternate management policies during the design of modern multi-core systems. In this concept paper, we highlight the above specific challenges that are faced today by the server chip and system design industry in the area of power management.
Prebirth predictors of coparenting experiences in early infancy

Le but de nos recherches etait d'identifier des facteurs de prediction d'experiences de coparentage durant la transition a la condition de parent, ceci avant la naissance de l'enfant. Des questionnaires ont ete utilises pour evaluer 101 couples durant le troisieme trimestre de la grossesse et a 1, 3, 6 mois apres la naissance du premier enfant. Les resultats d'analyses lineaires hierarchiques de modelisation ont indique differents facteurs de prediction de niveau de coparentage, de changement lineaire, et de fluctuation pour les meres et les peres. Pour les meres, les experiences de coparentage etaient associees a l'âge, a l'education paternelle, aux inquietudes concernant la facon d'elever l'enfant, aux differences de philosophie sur la maniere d'elever l'enfant, et a la reactance. Alors que pour les peres, les experiences de coparentage etaient liees a la profession, au developpement de l'ego de la mere, au coparentage dans la famille d'origine, et a la motivation des deux parents d'elever des enfants. Nous avons trouve des indications que les meres pousseraient/conduiraient le developpement de la relation de coparentage pour les deux parents.
Nonlinear electromagnetics in multi-domain negative-index metamaterials

Extraordinary properties of coherent nonlinear-optical coupling of ordinary and backward electromagnetic waves in negative-index metamaterials are reviewed such as second harmonic generation, frequency-mixing and optical parametric amplification. Striking contrast with the properties of the counterparts in ordinary materials is shown. The possibilities for compensating strong losses inherent to plasmonic metamaterials, which present major obstacle for their numerous exciting applications, and possibilities for creation of unique ultracompact photonic devices such as data processing chips and sensor are proposed. Similar three-wave mixing processes in crystals based on optical phonons with negative dispersion are discussed.
Tunable bandgap in graphene by the controlled adsorption of water molecules.

Graphene, a single-atom-thick layer of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms, has generated considerable excitement in the scientifi c community due to its peculiar electronic band structure, which leads to unusual phenomena such as the anomalous quantum Hall effect, [ 1,2 ] spin-resolved quantum interference, [ 3 ] ballistic electron transport, [ 4 ] and bipolar supercurrent. [ 5 ] However, pristine graphene is a semimetal with zero bandgap; the local density of states at the Fermi level is zero and conduction can only occur by the thermal excitation of electrons. [ 2 ] This lack of an electronic bandgap is the major obstacle limiting the utilization of graphene in nano-electronic and -photonic devices, [ 6,7 ] such as p–n junctions, transistors, photodiodes, and lasers. The graphene band structure is sensitive to lattice symmetry and several methods have been developed to break this symmetry and open an energy gap. These methods are based on a variety of techniques, such as defect generation, [ 8 ] doping (e.g., with potassium [ 9 ] ), applied bias, [ 10–12 ] and interaction with gases [ 13 ] (e.g., nitrogen dioxide). For instance, in reference [ 12 ] a tunable bandgap of up to 0.25 eV was achieved for electrically gated bilayer graphene by a variable external electric fi eld. Similarly, an internal electric fi eld produced by an imbalance of doped charge between two graphene layers has been shown to open a bandgap. [ 9 ] It has been demonstrated that a gap of ≈ 0.26 eV can be produced by growing graphene epitaxially on silicon carbide substrates. [ 14 ] This gap originated from the breaking of sublattice symmetry due to the graphene–substrate interaction. Patterned adsorption of atomic hydrogen onto the Moire superlattice positions of graphene [ 15 ] has resulted in a bandgap of ≈ 0.73 eV opening, while half-hydrogenated graphene [ 16 ] resulted in a bandgap of ≈ 0.43 eV. A graphene nanomesh structure [ 17 ] has also been shown to exhibit a bandgap. In this graphene structure, lateral quantum confi nement and localization effects due to
Positional effects of click cyclization on β-hairpin structure, stability, and function

The use of the copper(I)-assisted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, or “click” reaction) as a method of β-hairpin stabilization was investigated at several different positions to determine the impact on hairpin structure and function, including hydrogen bonded sites, non-hydrogen bonded sites, and at the peptide termini. The role of the turn sequence in the peptide and the chain length of the azide were also investigated. It was determined that the CuAAC reaction was a suitable method for locking in β-hairpin structure in peptides possessing either the type I′ turn, VNGO and the type II′ turn, VpGO. Moreover, all cyclic variants exhibited improved thermal stability and resistance to proteolysis as compared to the non-cyclic peptides, regardless of the position in the strand. Additionally, the function of the CuAAC cyclized peptides was not altered as exhibited by similar binding affinities for ATP as the WKWK peptide. These studies provide a comprehensive investigation of CuAAC cyclization of β-hairpin peptides, which could further be applied to the inhibition of protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interactions.
Rhoptry secretion of membranous whorls by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites

Electron microscopy of sporozoites of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei, reveals electron-dense multilaminate membranous whorls within components of the rhoptry-microneme complex after fixation with tannic acid in conjunction with glutaraldehyde. This multilaminate material, which has a dark line to dark line periodicity of approximately 5 nm, appears to be secreted from the sporozoite since it is also found adhering to the sporozoite's external surface. The material may function in sporozoite gliding motility and in invasion of host cells.
Experiments with attitude: attitude displays for teleoperation

Attitude control refers to controlling the pitch and roll of a mobile robot. As environments grow more complex and cues to a robot's pose sparser it becomes easy for a teleoperator to lose situational awareness. Information from separated attitude displays may be difficult to integrate with an ongoing navigation task and lead to errors. In this paper we report an experiment comparing a gravity referenced display (GRV) with a standard fixed camera with separated attitude Indication. Results show shorter task times and better path choices for users of the GRV.
Screening Mammograms by Community Radiologists: Variability in False-Positive Rates

Despite many recent improvements in mammography (1), the ultimate interpretation still depends on individual physicians. The level of agreement among radiologists interpreting the same test set of mammograms is relatively low (2–6), which may delay the detection of breast cancer (7). However, recent data have shown that mammography test sets may not adequately represent actual clinical practice in a community setting (8). Few studies of variability have been done in the community setting. One study (9) found variability among radiologists' recommendations for biopsy, with radiologists in academic settings having a higher positive predictive value in their recommendations to undergo biopsy compared with community radiologists. This community-based study, however, did not control for possible differences in the patient populations or for differences among radiologists other than their affiliation with an academic institution. In our previous work (10), we estimated that a woman's cumulative risk of experiencing at least one false-positive interpretation after 10 mammograms was approximately 50%. Several variables predicted the likelihood of a woman having a false-positive result (11). Risk ratios for a false-positive screening result increased with younger age of the woman, family history of breast cancer, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), time between screenings, no comparison with previous mammograms, and the radiologists' tendency to call mammograms abnormal. The single largest predictor, noted in our earlier work (11), was the radiologist's individual tendency to call mammograms abnormal. The present study was designed to explore in more detail the extent of variability among radiologists in a community setting. Our goals were to 1) describe variability among radiologists in their specific observations, interpretations, and false-positive rates in screening mammograms; 2) evaluate the impact on variability of additional individual characteristics of the patients and the radiologists (i.e., sex, age, experience) and of additional testing characteristics (i.e., year of the mammogram, health maintenance organization [HMO] versus community facility); and 3) determine if the variability noted among radiologists would be reduced after adjusting for differences in patients, radiologists, and testing characteristics.
Differential Expression of the Inhibitory IgG Fc Receptor FcγRIIB on Germinal Center Cells: Implications for Selection of High-Affinity B Cells

The murine low-affinity receptor for IgG, FcgammaRIIB, mediates inhibition of B cell receptor-triggered events in primary B cells. We investigated the expression of FcgammaRIIB on germinal center (GC) cells to better understand its role in memory B cell development. Immunohistological analyses demonstrated differential regulation of FcgammaRIIB on GC cells. Its levels are markedly down-regulated on GC B cells and up-regulated on follicular dendritic cells (FDC) at all times during the GC response. Analyses of surface expression of FcgammaRIIB by flow cytometry and FcgammaRIIB mRNA levels by RT-PCR analysis confirmed that this FcR is down-regulated in GC B cells. In mice lacking FcgammaRIIB, the development of the secondary FDC reticulum in GCs is substantially delayed, although the overall kinetics of the GC response are unaltered. These findings have direct implications for models proposed to account for the selection of high-affinity B cells in the GC and suggest a role for FcgammaRIIB in promoting the maturation of the FDC reticulum.
Facebook Advertisements for Inexpensive Participant Recruitment Among Women in Early Pregnancy

Facebook advertisements were used to recruit nulliparous women in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy for an online survey about their childbirth preferences. A campaign of ads was targeted to women, aged 18 to 44 years, residing in the United States. The ads were viewed 10,577,381 times by 7,248,985 unique Facebook users over 18 weeks in 2011. The ad campaign yielded 6,094 clicks by 5,963 unique users at a mean cost of $0.63 per click and a unique click-through rate of 0.08%. Of those who clicked through to the study site, 18% (n = 1,075) consented to participate. The participant pool was reduced to 344 women after application of strict eligibility criteria. Participants represented 43 states and the District of Columbia, their mean age was 20.9 years (Mdn = 19.0, SD = 4.0), and their mean weeks' gestation was 11.5 (SD = 5.8). The campaign cost was $3,821.81 or $11.11 per eligible participant.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Grapevine Dieback Fungus Eutypa lata UCR-EL1

The vascular pathogen Eutypa lata, which causes Eutypa dieback in grapevines, is a major threat to grape production worldwide. Here, we present the first draft genome sequence of E. lata (UCR-EL1). The computational prediction and annotation of the protein-coding genes of UCR-EL1 provide an initial inventory of its potential virulence factors.
FDTD modeling incorporating a two-port network for I/O line EMI filtering design

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters are often utilized on I/O lines to reduce high-frequency noise from being conducted off the printed circuit board (PCB) and causing EMI problems. The filtering performance is often compromised at high frequencies due to parasitics associated with the filter itself, or the PCB layout and interconnects. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) modeling can be used to quantify the effect of PCB layout and interconnects, as well as filter type, on the EMI performance of I/O line filtering. FDTD modeling of a T-type and /spl pi/-type filter consisting of surface-mount ferrites and capacitors is considered herein. The FDTD method is applied to model PCB layout and interconnect features, as well as the lumped element components, including the nonlinear characteristics of ferrite surface-mount parts. The EMI filters with ferrites; are included in the modeling by incorporating the time-domain Y-parameters of the two-port network into the FDTD time-marching equations. Good agreement between the FDTD modeling and S-parameter measurements supports the new FDTD algorithm for incorporating two-port networks.
Evolution and Conservative Christianity How Philosophy of Science Pedagogy Can Begin the Conversation

I teach Philosophy of Science at a four-year state university located in the southeastern United States with a strong college of education. This means that the Philosophy of Science class I teach attracts large numbers of students who will later become science teachers in Georgia junior high and high schools—the same schools that recently began including evolution "warning" stickers in science textbooks. I am also a faculty member in a department combining Religious Studies and Philosophy. This means Philosophy of Science is often expected to provide dialogue, debate, and bridge-building on the issues of creationism and evolution. I am expected to provide a welcoming atmosphere to all the religious perspectives that the students bring to class, but at the same time I feel responsible for giving them a serious respect for evolution. This tension between religious tolerance and secular science education has had important consequences in American schools, most notably with the issue of Intelligent Design Theory (ID) in the classroom.
A dynamic adaptive light field sampling approach for smart lighting control

Smart lighting is used to provide the right light to meet occupants’ needs for efficiency, productivity and health. The development of adaptive control in smart lighting requires advanced real-time sensing technologies for monitoring the generated light field. This paper introduces a systematic approach to dynamic light field sampling using a distributed sensor network. A dynamic adaptive sampling algorithm is introduced to guide the adaptive selection and real-time reallocation of sample locations to track and estimate the generated light field and the daylight field. This approach generates a multi-scale functional representation of the light field, which can be an effective basis for lighting control. Experimental results have shown that a systematic dynamic selection of sensor locations can significantly reduce the error in representation of the light field with corresponding improvement in the lighting control.
Natural history and prognostic value of corticospinal tract Wallerian degeneration in intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background-—The purpose of this study was to define the incidence, imaging characteristics, natural history, and prognostic implication of corticospinal tract Wallerian degeneration (CST-WD) in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) using serial MR imaging. Methods and Results-—Consecutive ICH patients with supratentorial ICH prospectively underwent serial MRIs at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. MRIs were analyzed by independent raters for the presence and topographical distribution of CST-WD on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Baseline demographics, hematoma characteristics, ICH score, and admission National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) were systematically recorded. Functional outcome at 3 months was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the motor-NIHSS. Twenty-seven patients underwent 93 MRIs; 88 of these were serially obtained in the first month. In 13 patients (48%), all with deep ICH, CST-WD changes were observed after a median of 7 days (interquartile range, 7 to 8) as reduced diffusion on DWI and progressed rostrocaudally along the CST. CST-WD changes evolved into T2-hyperintense areas after a median of 11 days (interquartile range, 6 to 14) and became atrophic on MRIs obtained after 3 months. In univariate analyses, the presence of CST-WD was associated with poor functional outcome (ie, mRS 4 to 6; P=0.046) and worse motor-NIHSS (5 versus 1, P=0.001) at 3 months. Conclusions-—Wallerian degeneration along the CST is common in spontaneous supratentorial ICH, particularly in deep ICH. It can be detected 1 week after ICH on DWI and progresses rostrocaudally along the CST over time. The presence of CST-WD is associated with poor motor and functional recovery after ICH. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000090 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113. 000090)
Mössbauer study of iron-cobalt-rhodium spinels

Abstract Mossbauer source and absorber studies have been carried out on the spinel system CoFexRh2−xO4 for x = 0.005, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5. For 0.005 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.2, the cation distribution is normal with Co2+ on Asites. At x = 1.5, the distribution is nearly inverse. In the cases x = 0.005 and 0.3, iron on the B sites does not produce a quadrupole doublet indicating that the B sites are cubic which is contrary to the usual case in spinels.
A MODEL OF INTERSECTIORAL MIGRATION AND GROWTH

Stable URL:http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-7653%28197303%292%3A25%3A1%3C72%3AAMOIMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-POxford Economic Papers is currently published by Oxford University Press.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/oup.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academicjournals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.http://www.jstor.orgWed Oct 10 11:10:33 2007
So ¿te fuiste a Dallas? (So you went to Dallas?/So you got screwed?): Language, Migration, and the Poetics of Transgression

Drawing on recent work on the linguistic production of social markedness, this article explores the cross-border usage of what I term the “Dallas” chronotope: a form of poetics that critically frames the political-economic logics that undergird the markedness structure central to the time–space relational construction of migrant illegality. In a community where back-and-forth movements between Mexico and the United States result in varying degrees of Spanish–English bilingualism, the Spanish expression “da' las” (to give ‘em)—short for “dar las nalgas” (to give your buttocks; a reference to getting screwed, comparable to the English colloquial expression “to give it up” in reference to a sexual offering)—is invoked as a phonetic equivalent of “Dallas,” the name of the city in Texas, figuratively equating the social violation of migrants with sexual violation of the body. I extend the analytical frame of markedness through an application of the notion of biopolitics to these instances of linguistically mediated spatiotemporality within a U.S.–Mexico transnational context in order to describe how embodied poetics figuratively construct a resilient sense of migrant personhood that undermines its marked status and literally performs resiliency into being.
Recruitment and Retention Strategies for Minority or Poor Clinical Research Participants: Lessons From the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span Study

Purpose of the study: Investigating health disparities requires studies designed to recruit and retain racially and socioeconomically diverse cohorts. It is critical to address the barriers that disproportionately affect participation in clinical research by minorities and the socioeconomically disadvantaged. This study sought to identify and rectify these barriers to recruit and retain a biracial (African American and non-Hispanic White) and socioeconomically diverse cohort for a longitudinal study. Design and Method: The Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study is a 20-year longitudinal examination of how race and socioeconomic status influence the development of age-related health disparities. One goal was to create a multifactorial recruitment and retention strategy. The recruitment paradigm targeted known barriers and identified those unique to the study’s urban environment. The retention paradigm mirrored the recruitment plan but was based on specifically developed approaches. Results: This cohort recruitment required attention to developing community partnerships, designing the research study to meet the study hypotheses and to provide benefit to participants, providing a safe communitybased site for the research and creating didactics to develop staff cultural proficiency. These efforts facili tated study implementation and enhanced recruitment resulting in accrual of a biracial and socioeconomically diverse cohort of 3,722 participants. Implications: Recruiting and retaining minority or poor research participants is challenging but possible. The essential facets include clear communication of the research hypothesis, focus on providing a direct benefit for participants, and selection of a hypothesis that is directly relevant to the community studied
Basis for the design of smoke shafts

How do you determine the required size of smoke shafts, and what is a proper application of them? These are questions examined by the authors.
Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios

Abstract The temporal and spatial distributions of primary and secondary organic carbon aerosols (OC) over the continental US from 15 June–31 August 1999, were estimated by using observational OC and elemental carbon (EC) data from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization project (SEARCH) networks, coupled with the primary OC/EC ratios, (OC/EC) pri , obtained from an emission/transport-model (i.e., US EPA Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model). It was found that the mean primary OC concentrations over the Northeast, Southeast, Central, West and West Pacific regions were 0.39±0.09 (mean ± standard deviation), 1.02±0.55, 0.47±0.34, 0.51±0.24, and 0.96±0.68 μg C m −3 , respectively, while the mean secondary OC concentrations were 1.27±0.15, 1.52±0.59, 0.90±0.51, 0.51±0.29, and 0.94±0.52 μg C m −3 , respectively. The contribution of secondary OC to the measured OC ranged from 48±16% over the West to 77±3% over the Northeast. The mean values of modeled (OC/EC) pri ratios ranged from 1.16±0.13 over the Northeast to 3.49±1.22 over the West Pacific. The results at the SEARCH sites indicate that the daily mean values of modeled (OC/EC) pri ratios ranged from 0.84 to 2.99 at Yorkville and the contributions of secondary OC to OC ranged from 0% to 66% at North Birmingham. Our results indicate significant temporal and geographic variability in the relative contributions of primary and secondary OC and that the use of a constant value to represent the (OC/EC) pri ratio at a location is not appropriate over the time scales studied here.
Reconstitutiom of the Solubilized Insulin Receptor in Phospholipid Vesicles1

The insulin receptor was solubilized from turkey erythrocyte membranes by extraction with 1% β-octylglucopyranoside. Insulin binding was enhanced when the solubilized material was reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. The affinity of the reconstituted vesicles for various insulins was similar to that of the intact membranes: porcine insulin > proinsulin > desoctapeptide insulin. A curvilinear Scatchard plot was obtained for insulin binding to the reconstituted system at 15d`C. A high affinity association constant of 1.4 X 109 M-1 was obtained from the Scatchard plot. This is a four-fold increase over the value for the turkey erythrocyte membrane, which contains more highly saturated phospholipids. This suggests that the insulin receptor may be sensitive to the lipid composition of the membranes in which it is embedded.
Dynamic effect of balcony thermal bridges on the energy performance of a high-rise residential building in Canada

Abstract Typically the effect of thermal bridges on the energy performance of buildings is taken into account by implementing an average U-value in 1D whole building energy simulation program, which is referred to as the equivalent U-value method. This treatment accounts for the effect of thermal bridges on the overall thermal transmittance of envelope details, while their thermal inertia effect is ignored. In this paper, the dynamic effect of balcony slab as thermal bridges on the energy performance of a high-rise residential building is investigated by comparing the annual space conditioning loads obtained by the equivalent U-value method to that obtained from 3D dynamic modeling of the balcony junctions implemented in WUFI Plus program. The simulation results show that the equivalent U-value method underestimates the annual heating loads by 2.8–4.4% for the building as-designed. With the increase of balcony portion and better insulated walls, the difference in annual space heating loads modeled using these two methods is increased to 8.6–15.2%. With the implementation of balcony thermal break the annual heating loads are reduced by 8.8–25.7% and the difference between these two modeling methods is also reduced to 1.9–11.5% for the cases investigated.