cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verlagerungen der Tibialis posterior-Sehne

Zwei grundverschiedene Methoden der Verlagerung der Tibialis posterior-Sehne werden vorgestellt. Bei der ersten Methode wird die Tibialis posterior-Sehne durch die Membrana interossea hindurch nach ventral gefuhrt und kann so zur Korrektur einer schlaffen Lahmung der Fussheber eingesetzt werden. Diese Technik wurde 1954 von Watkins beschrieben und 1978 von Hsu und Hoffer fur Patienten mit neuromuskularen Erkrankungen modifiziert. Die zweite Methode ist die Teilverlagerung der Tibialis posterior-Sehne auf die laterale Seite des Fuses oder auf die Peronealsehnen. Sie dient der Verbesserung des Muskelgleichgewichtes bei einer kombinierten flexiblen Varus-Supinationsstellung (Klumpfus-Stellung) im Rahmen zerebraler Bewegungsstorungen. Das operative Vorgehen und die Nachbehandlung werden in allen Einzelheiten beschrieben.
Major histocompatibility complex determinants select T-cell receptor alpha chain variable region dominance in a peptide-specific response.

Abstract Dominant expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha or beta chain variable region (V alpha or V beta) gene families has been observed in the T-cell response to some conventional peptide antigens. Current models for the interaction of TCR V region elements with different determinants of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex, the normal TCR ligand, suggest that the TCR V-J junctional region (CDR3, where J is joining) is the primary contact with a peptide epitope and that other TCR V region segments may interact directly with neighboring MHC determinants. This suggests that V alpha or V beta dominance in a specific response can be MHC-selected. In this case, if related peptides bind to an MHC molecule in a similar orientation, they could select for identical V alpha or V beta dominance even if they are noncrossreactive at the level of T-cell activation. We have screened for this possibility by introducing minimal conservative substitutions in a synthetic peptide, YYEELLKYYEELLK, that is presented to T cells in association with an uncommon A beta E alpha d mixed Ia isotype. We report here that the peptide variant FFEELLKFFEELLK is noncrossreactive with YYEELLKYYEELLK but appears to preserve the same MHC binding motif since T-cell responses are restricted to the same mixed A beta E alpha isotype. Although the two peptides are noncrossreactive in either direction, the same members of the V alpha 4 gene family are dominantly expressed in T cells specific for either peptide. We conclude that the similar topography of the two MHC-peptide complexes gives functional significance to a unique A beta E alpha determinant that selects for V alpha 4 dominance.
ASTROS - A sub-arcsec CCD star tracker

The design and application of ASTROS (Advanced Star and Target Reference Optical Sensor) are described, with emphasis on performance test results acquired with a prototype system. The ASTROS tracker provides extremely precise measurements of star image coordinates as inputs to the Image Motion Compensation (IMC) system used to stabilize the science instrument focal planes. Performance levels achieved are dramatic improvements over the levels achieved with image dissector designs with comparable fields of view.
Rattling “guest” impurities in Si and Ge clathrate semiconductors

Abstract In addition to their ground state, diamond structure, Si, Ge and Sn can form crystalline solids called clathrates. As in the diamond structure, in the clathrates, the Group IV atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated and sp 3 covalently bonded to their neighbors. However, the clathrates contain pentagonal atomic rings and have open-framework lattices containing 20-, 24- and 28-atom “cages”. There are two clathrate lattices: Type I, a SC lattice with 46 atoms per unit cell and Type II, a FCC lattice with 136 atoms per cubic cell. The pure clathrates are semiconductors. The cages can contain weakly bound impurities (“guests”), usually alkali or alkaline earth atoms. The choice of guest may be used to tune the material properties. The guests are electronic donors, but because of their weak bonding, they have small effects on the electronic band structures. However, they can produce low frequency vibrational (“rattling”) modes which can strongly affect the vibrational properties. Some guest-containing clathrates have been shown to be excellent candidates for thermoelectric applications precisely because the guests only perturb the electronic properties weakly, while strongly affecting the vibrational (heat transport) properties. For thermoelectric applications, semiconductor materials are needed. When all cages are filled, the clathrates become semi-metallic due to the excess valence electrons of the guests. To compensate for this, Group III atoms (usually Ga or In) are substituted on the framework sites. After an introduction to clathrates, the results of calculations of the vibrational properties of some experimentally relevant Si- and Ge-based Type I and Type II clathrates are presented. The calculations were carried out using a first-principles, planewave, pseudopotential method. Results for the Si-based Type II materials Cs 8 Ga 8 Si 128 and Rb 8 Ga 8 Si 128 , and for the Ge-based Type I materials Ba 8 Ga 16 Ge 30 and Ba 8 Ga 16 Si 5 Ge 25 will be discussed with an emphasis on the very low frequency rattling modes of the guest impurities.
White lupin utilizes soil phosphorus that is unavailable to soybean

White lupin (Lupinus albus L. var. Ultra) and soybean (Glycine max L. var. Elgin) were grown in an acidic soil low an available phosphorus (P) to investigate their different capacities to acquire soil phosphorus. Experiments done in the controlled environment of a biotron were supplemented with four separate greenhouse experiments. Lupin and soybean were grown in monoculture and intercropped on a soil with low available P that was labeled with carrier-free 32P as phosphate. Lupin had significantly lower values of specific activity of 32P and higher values of isotopically exchangeable P than soybean in all cases. The results show that lupin utilizes soil P from a normally non-labile pool of soil P that is not utilized by soybean.
On the use of simulation metamodeling in solving systems availability problems

Abstract Simulation metamodeling is increasingly applied in solving complex production system problems. Though efficient simulation metamodeling depends on a sound simulation development and thorough knowledge of statistical designs and techniques, these may often be overlooked by the less sophisticated user. This paper investigates the process of simulation metamodeling, identifies its important characteristics and problems that the user should be aware of. Furthermore, an illustration and application to system availability modelling are introduced.
COMPARISON OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS TO HISTOPATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 41 DOGS AND CATS WITH SUSPECTED SMALL BOWEL INFILTRATIVE DISEASE (1985 to 1990)

It was the intent of this study to define which, if any, radiographic observations corresponded with specific causes of diffuse infiltrative small bowel disease and if radiographic findings could differentiate inflammatory disease from neoplastic disease and either of them from normal. Bowel spasticity, luminal narrowing, and thumbprinting tend to indicate the presence of tumor more often than inflammatory disease. Increased bowel gas in cats and barium adhesion in dogs and cats suggest that a component of enteritis is present. Decreased bowel gas in dogs is more often associated with obstructive disease, but is not helpful in differentiating diffuse inflammatory disease from diffuse neoplastic disease. While several observations that can foster differentiation of neoplastic from inflammatory disease were found, this study also indicated that the UGI lacks a high degree of predictive value other than to indicate the presence of infiltrative small bowel disease.
Knockin of mutant PIK3CA activates multiple oncogenic pathways.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subunit PIK3CA is frequently mutated in human cancers. Here we used gene targeting to “knock in” PIK3CA mutations into human breast epithelial cells to identify new therapeutic targets associated with oncogenic PIK3CA. Mutant PIK3CA knockin cells were capable of epidermal growth factor and mTOR-independent cell proliferation that was associated with AKT, ERK, and GSK3β phosphorylation. Paradoxically, the GSK3β inhibitors lithium chloride and SB216763 selectively decreased the proliferation of human breast and colorectal cancer cell lines with oncogenic PIK3CA mutations and led to a decrease in the GSK3β target gene CYCLIN D1. Oral treatment with lithium preferentially inhibited the growth of nude mouse xenografts of HCT-116 colon cancer cells with mutant PIK3CA compared with isogenic HCT-116 knockout cells containing only wild-type PIK3CA. Our findings suggest GSK3β is an important effector of mutant PIK3CA, and that lithium, an FDA-approved therapy for bipolar disorders, has selective antineoplastic properties against cancers that harbor these mutations.
The Serials Department, 1975-1985

The increase in the number of serial publications, the growth of holdings in libraries, and the maturation of librarianship are seen as largely responsible for the development of a specialty in serials librarianship by the time of the American Library Association's centennial celebration in 1976. This development often resulted in the organization of a separate serials department. In the decade following the ALA centennial several trends (e.g., economic stringency and automation) have converged to cause a re-evaluation of organizational patterns. In particular, the form versus function debate regarding serials organization is examined by reviewing professional activities and the published literature.
Modeling the Ductile Brittle Fracture Transition in Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels Using a Cohesive Zone Model Based Approach

Fracture properties of Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) steels show large variations with changes in temperature and irradiation levels. Brittle behavior is observed at lower temperatures and/or higher irradiation levels whereas ductile mode of failure is predominant at higher temperatures and/or lower irradiation levels. In addition to such temperature and radiation dependent fracture behavior, significant scatter in fracture toughness has also been observed. As a consequence of such variability in fracture behavior, accurate estimates of fracture properties of RPV steels are of utmost importance for safe and reliable operation of reactor pressure vessels.A cohesive zone based approach is being pursued in the present study where an attempt is made to obtain a unified law capturing both stable crack growth (ductile fracture) and unstable failure (cleavage fracture). The parameters of the constitutive model are dependent on both temperature and failure probability. The effect of irradiation has not been considered in the present study. The use of such a cohesive zone based approach would allow the modeling of explicit crack growth at both stable and unstable regimes of fracture. Also it would provide the possibility to incorporate more physical lower length scale models to predict DBT. Such a multi-scale approach would significantly improve the predictive capabilities of the model, which is still largely empirical.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Colorimetry-based retardation measurement method with white-light interference

A colorimetry-based retardation measurement (CBRM) method is presented. The specimen, between crossed polarizers, is illuminated with a white-light source. The retardation that is due to the birefringence of the specimen produces a white-light interference color. The x, y chromaticity coordinates of the color produced are measured with a spectrophotometer. The resulting x, y values are compared with a retardation x, y database that we obtained by measuring the retardation with an accurate Senarmont compensator and the x, y chromaticity values along the length of a 0–4-order quartz wedge. The technique was validated by the measurement of a variety of retardation plates. The retardation accuracy (mean error) of the CBRM method is shown to be 3.6 nm. The resolution is ±0.2 nm, and the measurement range is 5–2150 nm. The method substitutes for a polariscope and eliminates errors associated with quarter-wave plates. The CBRM method does not utilize any moving parts and thus is fast and can be automated.
A Superconducting Accelerating Structure for Particle Velocities from 0.12- to 0.23-C

A split-ring resonator has been designed for an optimum particle velocity s = v/c = 0.16 and a frequency of 145.5 MHz. The ratio of peak surface electric field to effective accelerating field in the resonator has been reduced 20% from the value obtained in previously developed split-ring resonators. The improved design results from the use of ellipticallysectioned loading arms and drift-tubes which have been enlarged to reduce peak surface fields and also shaped to eliminate beam steering effects in the resonator. All fabrication problems presented by the more complex geometry have been solved and a prototype superconducting niobium resonator has been completed. An accelerating field of 3.3 MV/m at 4 watts rf input has been so far achieved, corresponding to an effective accelerating potential of 1.17 MV per resonator.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with chlorine dioxide

Abstract The effect of solution pH and temperature on the rate of inactivation of Iowa strain Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts with chlorine dioxide was determined. Oocyst viability was assessed with a modified in vitro excystation method consistent with animal infectivity data. Inactivation curves were characterized by a lag phase followed by Chick–Watson first order kinetics. The rate of inactivation was essentially the same at pH 6 and 8. CT requirements at pH 10 were approximately 20–30% lower than those at pH 6–8. The magnitude of the lag phase and the inactivation rate constant were both found to obey Arrhenius law for the experimental temperature range of 4–30°C. CT requirements for C. parvum oocyst inactivation were found to increase by an average factor of approximately 3.4 for every 10°C decrease in temperature.
Laminated paper-based analytical devices (LPAD) with origami-enabled chemiluminescence immunoassay for cotinine detection in mouse serum.

Laminated paper-based analytical devices (LPAD) with origami-enabled chemiluminescence immunoassay have been developed for the detection of cotinine, a secondhand smoke (SHS) biomarker. The devices were fabricated by a craft-cutter to define flow channels, followed by lamination. This approach of cutting/lamination to fabricate LPAD is very similar to making an identification card, offering advantages in simplicity and rugged backing when compared to the common method of patterning paper using SU-8 or wax. We also developed a protocol of localized incision and paper-folding to isolate the detection zone from flow channels; the simple origami step eliminated possible reagent diffusion and flow during antibody immobilization steps and numerous washings. By incorporating luminol-based chemiluminescence for detecting horseradish peroxidase-conjugated cotinine, we employed origami-enabled LPAD to detect cotinine in mouse serum using competitive immunoassay. The detection limit was determined to be 5 ng/mL, a c...
On the Scalability of Path Exploration Using Opportunistic Path-Vector Routing

It can be argued that, BGP, de-facto inter-domain routing protocol, provides fairly stable routes. Path stability is a desired product of that limited level of deterministic performance of BGP. To attain this performance level, BGP relies on keeping up-to-date (aggregated) global information by incurring the cost of control traffic and delayed convergence. In this work, we developed an Opportunistic Path-Vector (OPVR) protocol which provides nice trade-offs between path stability, routing scalability and path quality to enable flexible inter-domain level routing services. Our approach is to redefine routing problem as a set of smaller scale problems which can be solved locally without requiring a global coordination but local communication. We also provide guidelines on how to solve these localized routing problems efficiently. Our analysis show that our method provide a good compromise between scalability and opportunity through smartly randomized (non-deterministic) choices. Our experiments with OPVRs on Internet AS-level topology show us that OPVRs can provide non-deterministic, scalable path exploration mechanisms with reasonable control traffic cost.
Selection of an antiarrhythmic drug for a sudden-death-prevention trial☆

Abstract Several therapeutic approaches have sought to prevent the occurrence of sudden cardiac death. Many sudden deaths are presumed to be due to an arrhythmia, but the drugs best known for antiarrhythmic activity, the local anesthetic agents, have not been suitable prophylactic agents because of their toxicities and other undesirable pharmacologic characteristics. Several new drugs in this class have been synthesized and are currently being tested for antiarrhythmic activity in clinical trials. One of them may prove to be worthy of a large-scale clinical trial to determine whether chronic arrhythmia suppression reduces the risk sudden death. The characteristics of the “ideal” antiarrhythmic agent are discussed, and a brief summary of the drugs currently being tested in the United States is presented. The discussion of each drug emphasizes the characteristics that might make it suitable—or unsuitable—for use in a sudden-death trial. Many agents being tested are clearly not satisfactory for such a trial. However, they may be prototypes for an ideal drug or combination of drugs that might yet be developed.
Pacing maneuvers for nonpulmonary vein sources: Part II

A A acing maneuvers related to superior vena aval isolation uperior vena caval (SVC) potentials are similar to pulmoary vein (PV) potentials. The concepts of multiple far-field lectrograms and the use of perivenous pacing and specific ite and simultaneous pacing described above are equally pplicable to understanding the complex electrograms ound within the SVC (Figure 1). Specific sites that require acing to determine the components of a complex electroram found in the SVC include the right atrium (RA), zygos vein, anomalous PVs draining into the SVC, and ight upper PV; in some cases, an anomalous superior ranch of the right inferior PV may be required. The ollowing are commonly encountered situations and maneuers specific to SVC isolation.
The reproducibility of complex electrophoretic pattern measurements.

Abstract The reproducibility of quantitative electrophoretic measurements by two optical methods has been compared. The coefficients of variation for measurements with interferometric optics were significantly smaller than they were for the standard schlieren optics. The greater sensitivity of the interferometric system and the direct measurement of refractive indices rather than integration of gradients permit reliable measurements on low concentrations of serum. The three samples of serum studied were found to remain stable over a three month period.
Thermolysis of alkylfuryl alcohols

Abstract Alkylfuryl alcohols, particularly 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylfuran, produce bis(5-alkyl-2-furyl)methane and related ethers when exposed to hydrothermolytic or pyrolytic conditions. The hydrothermolytic route to the di(furyl)methane appears to proceed through a carbonium ion intermediate. However, a triene intermediate, obtained via dehydration, cannot be overlooked for the pyrolytic mechanism. The dimer was detected in condensed cigarette smoke.
Calculations of unsteady reacting droplet flows

The time-dependent history of a burning octane droplet has been computed. The purpose of the calculation is to understand the interplay between the transport phenomena, thermodynamics, and the chemical kinetics for a droplet decelerating from the initial Reynolds number condition of one hundred to a low Reynolds number flow near the end of the droplet lifetime. The results show that the drag and heat transfer characteristics are significantly different than those for an isothermal solid sphere, but that a semi-empirical drag correlation can adequately describe the computed results over most of the droplet lifetime. The heat transfer characteristics of the flow are not described well by a semi-empirical correlation, primarily due to the movement of the flame from the rear towards the forward stagnation region of the droplet.
Sexualities and technologies: How vibrators help to explain computers

Abstract In this article, I stress the importance of focusing on sexualities in critical analyses of computer technologies. Using the example of late nineteenth and early twentieth century vibrators, I demonstrate that by studying historically remote, predigital technologies, students can develop the language and analytical skills needed to interrogate the mutual construction of sexualities and computer technologies. Furthermore, I argue that examining the intersections of sexualities and computer technologies is especially important in networked computer classrooms where students’ sexual identities and concepts of sexuality not only shape interactions with peers and with technologies but can determine the quality of the educational experience for all.
Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma in HIV: report of two cases

Primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) is a subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma arising in the mediastinum with distinctive clinical and morphological features. Though diffuse large B cell lymphoma is one of the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with AIDS, there are no data available regarding the association of HIV and PMLBCL. We report here two cases of PMLBCL arising in AIDS patients. In both cases, PMLBCL presented in a setting of low CD4 T-cell count as rapidly enlarging mediastinal mass. The morphologic and immunophenotypic findings are characteristic of PMLBCL. One of the two patients, a 25-year-old woman who had localized disease and evidence of Epstein–Barr virus in lymphoma cells, did not respond to chemotherapy and died of disease progression 5 months after diagnosis. The second patient, a 38-year-old male with disseminated disease, responded to therapy and is disease-free after 9 months of follow-up.
Chronic Skin Eruptions Preceding a Cavitating Lung Lesion

1988;94;636-638 Chest M G Foreman and G A Salzman lung lesion. Chronic skin eruptions preceding a cavitating http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/94/3/636.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( distributed without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1988by the American is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It Chest
Photocount Probability Distributions for Single Fluorescent Molecules

Most recent work on the detection of single molecules in solution relies in some way on the large average number of fluorescence photons that can be emitted by the analyte molecule before photolytic decomposition. In one way or another, the signal burst from the analyte molecule must be distinguished from the noise when the analyte molecule is not present. The discrimination can be accomplished, for example, by establishing a threshold photocount level so that signals exceeding the threshold are attributed to analyte molecules and those below the threshold to null measurements. The average photon yield before photolysis has been considered to be the primary consideration in selecting a molecule for use as a fluorescent tag. The purpose of this note is to show that photocount distributions for molecules that are photolyzed by a single reaction are less favorable for signal-to-noise discrimination in most cases than are those for molecules with multiple fluorophores that photolyze independently, even though the total photon yields are the same.
From rebellious palpitations to the discovery of auricular fibrillation: Contributions of Mackenzie, Lewis and Einthoven

Abstract An irregular pulse, referred to as rebellious palpitations, delirium cordis and pulsus irregularis perpetuus, was a cause of speculation by physicians since early times. It was James Mackenzie, a Scottish general practitioner in Burnley, England, utilizing an ink-writing polygraph to record and label jugular venous pulses, who would pioneer in deciphering normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms. His key observation that the jugular “A wave” was lost in a patient who went from a normal to an irregular rhythm provided the first insight into the mechanism of auricular fibrillation. Similar jugular venous and arterial pulse findings were discovered by Cushny, Edmunds and Lewis in directly observed experimental auricular fibrillation. In 1909 Lewis in England and Rothberger and Winterberg in Vienna, taking advantage of Einthoven's newly developed string galvanometer, were the first to establish electrocardiographically that auricular fibrillation was the cause of pulsus irregularis perpetuus.
The human ovarian germ cells

The germ cells in human embryonic ovaries arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium. These cells pass through the early maturation phases, including synizesis, beginning at about the third month. Four distinct periods may be distinguished in ovogenesis, each having its own peculiar characteristics: the early embryonic period from seven weeks to three months, the middle embryonic period from three to five months, the late embryonic period from five to seven months, and the adult period. The early embryonic period shows only growth and multiplicative phases; the middle embryonic period is distinguished by maturation phases, among which phases are interpolated which do not appear elsewhere in the species; the late embryonic period is charcterized by phases similar to those of the adult male germ cells, and the adult period by the omission of early maturation phases preliminary to the maturation divisions.
Enriched atmospheric CO2 and soil P effects on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of juvenile ponderosa pine

Abstract Interactive effects of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment and soil P fertility on above- and below-ground development of juvenile ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were examined. Seedlings were reared from seed in atmospheres with 700 μl 1 −1, 525 μl 1 −1, or ambient CO 2 concentrations, and in a potting mix with 68, 43, or 18 μg g −1 soil P, and all were inoculated with the mycobiont Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch shortly after emergence. At 4-month intervals over the 1-year duration of the study, three whole seedlings of each combination of CO 2 and P treatments were harvested to permit detailed assessment of shoot and root growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization. After 4 months, shoot volume, root dry weight, and total root length of seedlings grown in 700 μl 1 −1 CO 2 were greater than those of seedlings grown in the other atmospheres regardless of P treatment, and shoot/root ratios decreased as the CO 2 concentration increased within each P treatment as well. After 8 months, the smallest shoot volumes and root weights and lengths within each P treatment were those of seedlings grown in ambient CO 2. Root weight and total length increased as the CO 2 concentration increased in high soil P, but the greatest root weights and lengths within the medium and low P treatments were those of seedlings reared in the 525 μl l −1 CO 2 atmosphere. Nevertheless, shoot/root ratios decreased with increasing CO 2 in both high and medium soil P at the second harvest, and the highest shoot/root ratio in low P was that of seedlings grown in ambient CO 2. After 1 year, the largest shoot and root volumes within the high and medium P treatments were those of seedlings grown in intermediate CO 2, while the reverse was true in low P. The effects of CO 2 concentration on dry weights, total root length, and shoot/root ratio at the final harvest were nonsignificant. As proved true with seedling growth, CO 2 effects on ectomycorrhizal colonization varied temporally, as mycorrhizal development was not affected by the atmospheric treatments after 4 months, while seedlings grown in ambient CO 2 exhibited the highest percent infections within each P treatment at the second harvest but those grown in 700 μl l −1 CO 2 had the highest percentages after 1 year. These results suggest that elevated CO 2 exerts stimulatory effects on shoot and root development of juvenile ponderosa pine which may be dependent on P availability to some degree, but these effects are somewhat transient and vary in magnitude over time.
THE Si:C:N RATIO OF MARINE DIATOMS: INTERSPECIFIC VARIABILITY AND THE EFFECT OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES1

The variability of marine diatom Si:C and Si:N composition ratios was examined to assess their utility as ecological conversion factors. Twenty-seven diatom species grown under an 18:6 h LD cycle and sampled at the end of the light period gave mean ratios, by atoms, of 0.13 ± 0.04 and 1.12 ± 0.33 for Si:C and Si:N ratios, respectively (95% C.I. reported). The mean ratios for 18 species grown under continuous illumination were 0.12 ± 0.03 for Si:C and 0.95 ± 0.23 for Si:N. The mean ratios of the clones grown under constant light were not statistically different from those calculated for the same species grown under an 18:6 h LD photoperiod. The overall mean Si:C and Si:N ratios for the 18:6 h LD and continuous light experiments taken together, weighted by the number of species in each experiment, are 0.13 and 1.05, respectively. The average ratios for the nine nanoplankton species ( 20 μm) had higher mean ratios, Si:C = 0.15 ± 0.04 and Si:N = 1.20 ± 0.37. Time course sampling throughout a 24 h period revealed twofold variations in both ratios for individual species grown on a 14:10 h LD cycle. Changes in irradiance can also produce factor of two variations, both ratios being higher under low light. Comparisons of these data with those from the literature regarding the effects of temperature and nutrient limitation on diatom elemental composition suggest that use of these ratios to convert field estimates of biogenic silica into nitrogen or carbon units, or to estimate silica production from 14C data, should yield results accurate to within a factor of three under most circumstances.
Researcher "Projection" Revisited: A Response to Kahn

In a recent issue of this journal (The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science), Neck, Godwin, and Spencer (1996) analyzed a case study in an effort to highlight the problems of researcher projection from a conscious (attributive) projection perspective. Along with that article, Kahn (1996) provided a reviewer's comment in which he approached the issue from an unconscious (classic psychoanalytic) projection perspective. Due to the lack of a clear development and comparison of these two underlying projection frameworks, the relative contribution of each perspective remains unclear Consequently, the purpose of this article is to attempt to bring further clarity to the issue of researcher projection in interpreting data.
Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: common clinical deficits.

In this chapter, the authors use the computation, anatomy, and physiology (CAP) principles to consider the impact of common clinical problems on action. They focus on 3 major syndromes: paresis, ap...
The constituent equations of piezoelectric bimorphs

The constituent equations that describe the behavior of piezoelectric bimorphs for various mechanical boundary conditions are derived. The internal energy density of infinitesimally small volume elements in thermodynamic equilibrium is calculated in the presence of a voltage on the electrodes, a clamped cantilever condition on one side of the beam, and a set of three different classical boundary conditions on the other side of the beam: a mechanical moment M at the end of the beam, a force F perpendicular to the beam, applied at its tip, and a body force p. The total internal energy content is calculated by integrating over the entire volume of the beam. The canonical conjugate of the moment is calculated as the angular deflection at the tip of the beam, while that of the force at the tip is the local vertical deflection. The canonical conjugate of the uniform load on the beam proves to be the volume displacement V of the beam. The equations are given in the direct form, with internal parameters (M,V), (F,V), and (p,V) as independent variables. >
A job scheduling model for a flexible manufacturing machine

The problems addressed in this paper arise in industry when flexible, automated machines are used to manufacture parts (jobs). These machines include numerically controlled (N/C) tools, robots,...etc. The goal is to avoid unnecessary set-up operations in order to effectively utilize the michines. In this paper we focus on developing a job scheduling model that considers the tool requirement of each job in an explicit fashion.
Association between self-reported health and physical and/or sexual abuse experienced before age 18.

Abstract Objective The present study evaluated the association between women's health and physical and sexual abuse suffered before age 18. Methods A total of 3,568 randomly sampled insured women ages 18–64 completed a telephone interview to assess history of physical only, sexual only, or both physical and sexual abuse before age 18 (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System); and current health (Short Form-36, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression, Presence of Symptoms surveys). Adjusted analyses compared the health of women with physical abuse only, sexual abuse only, or physical and sexual abuse to the health of women without these abuse histories. Results Poorest health status was observed in women with a history of both physical and sexual child abuse compared to women without these abuse histories. In models that adjusted for age and income, women with both abuse types had increased prevalence of depression (prevalence ratio, 2.16), severe depression (PR, 2.84), physical symptoms (PR range, 1.33 for joint pain to 2.78 for nausea/vomiting), fair/poor health (PR, 1.84), and lower SF-36 scores (3.15–5.40 points lower). Women with physical abuse only or sexual abuse only also had higher prevalence of symptoms and lower SF-36 scores but the associations were not as strong. Conclusions This study adds to the literature showing a graded association between multiple adverse events in childhood and adult health.
Antitumor Activity of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis Inhibitor 4-Methylumbelliferone in Prostate Cancer Cells

4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) is a hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis inhibitor with anticancer properties; the mechanism of its anticancer effects is unknown. We evaluated the effects of 4-MU on prostate cancer cells. 4-MU inhibited proliferation, motility, and invasion of DU145, PC3-ML, LNCaP, C4-2B, and/or LAPC-4 cells. At IC(50) for HA synthesis (0.4 mmol/L), 4-MU induced >3-fold apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which could be prevented by the addition of HA. 4-MU induced caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, upregulation of Fas-L, Fas, FADD and DR4, and downregulation of bcl-2, phosphorylated bad, bcl-XL, phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated IKB, phosphorylated ErbB2, and phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor. At IC(50), 4-MU also caused >90% inhibition of NF-kappaB reporter activity, which was prevented partially by the addition of HA. With the exception of caveolin-1, HA reversed the 4-MU-induced downregulation of HA receptors (CD44 and RHAMM), matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP-2 and MMP-9), interleukin-8, and chemokine receptors (CXCR1, CXCR4, and CXCR7) at the protein and mRNA levels. Expression of myristoylated-Akt rescued 4-MU-induced apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth and interleukin-8, RHAMM, HAS2, CD44, and MMP-9 expression. Oral administration of 4-MU significantly decreased PC3-ML tumor growth (>3-fold) when treatment was started either on the day of tumor cell injection or after the tumors became palpable, without organ toxicity, changes in serum chemistry, or body weight. Tumors from 4-MU-treated animals showed reduced microvessel density ( approximately 3-fold) and HA expression but increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells and expression of apoptosis-related molecules. Therefore, the anticancer effects of 4-MU, an orally bioavailable and relatively nontoxic agent, are primarily mediated by inhibition of HA signaling.
Predicting the influence of wolf‐provided carrion on scavenger community dynamics under climate change scenarios

Climate change poses an immediate threat to the persistence and distribution of many species, yet our ability to forecast changes in species composition is hindered by poor understanding of the extent to which higher trophic-level interactions may buffer or exacerbate the adverse effects of warming. We incorporated species-specific consumption data from 240 wolf-killed elk carcasses from Yellowstone National Park into stochastic simulation models to link trends in the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to food procurement by a guild of scavengers as a function of gray wolf reintroduction. We find that a shift in ENSO towards the El Nino (warming) phase of the cycle coincident with increasing global temperatures reduces carrion for scavengers, particularly those with strong seasonal patterns in resource use such as grizzly bears. Wolves alleviate these warming-induced food shortages by rendering control over this crucial resource to biotic rather than abiotic factors. Ecosystems with intact top predators are likely to exhibit stronger biotic regulation and should be more resistant to climate change than ecosystems lacking them.
Iterative learning control with saturation constraints

We consider the problem of synthesis of iterative learning control schemes for linear systems with saturation constraints. The problem of minimizing the tracking error is formulated as a constrained convex optimization problem, namely a linearly constrained quadratic program. Due the lack of information regarding the disturbances in the process, descent directions cannot be determined without running experiments. This in turn leads to strict limitations on the number of iterations employed in any iterative optimization scheme. Motivated by this fact, we implement an interior point algorithm, specifically the barrier method. The method is demonstrated on a prototype wafer stage testbed and its performance is compared to other existing methods.
LAR, liprin α and the regulation of active zone morphogenesis

Active zones are protein-rich regions of neurons that act as sites of synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release at the pre-synaptic terminus. Although the discovery that the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR and its cytoplasmic binding partner liprin alpha are essential for proper active zone formation is nearly a decade old, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Recent studies have identified a number of binding partners for both LAR and liprin alpha, several of which play key roles in active zone assembly. These include nidogen, dallylike and syndecan--extracellular ligands for LAR that regulate synapse morphogenesis. In addition, liprin-alpha-interacting proteins such as ERC2, RIM and the MALS/Veli-Cask-Mint1 complex cooperate to form a dense molecular scaffold at the active zone that is crucial for proper synaptic function. These studies allow us to propose testable models of LAR and liprin alpha function, and provide insights into the fundamental molecular mechanisms of synapse formation and stabilization.
Extrinsic Signature Embedding and Detection in Electrophotographic Halftoned Images Through Exposure Modulation

Printer identification based on printed documents can provide forensic information to protect copyright and verify authenticity. In addition to intrinsic features (intrinsic signatures) of the printer, modulating the printing process to embed specific features (extrinsic signatures) will further extend the encoding capacity and decoding accuracy. One of the key issues with embedding extrinsic signatures is that the embedding should not degrade the image quality, but needs to be detectable by a detection algorithm. In this paper, we will demonstrate the feasibility of embedding code sequences in electrophotographic halftone images by modulating dot size through laser intensity modulation. We have developed corresponding embedding and detection algorithms to embed and extract information. Experimental results indicate that using a 600 dpi native resolution printer's default halftone algorithm, we can encode 5 bits of information in every 310 printer scan-lines or approximately every 0.5 inches.
A New Type of Partnership for Science Outreach: Princeton Center for Complex Materials, Strange Matter and the Liberty Science Center

All National Science Foundation funded MRSEC centers have education, outreach and community service as one of their major objectives. The Princeton Center for Complex Materials (PCCM) takes this commitment very seriously. PCCM runs a full slate of education activities including a host of Pre-college science and engineering programs and a research experience for undergraduates and teachers program each summer. Our outreach programs are designed to increase awareness, appreciation and knowledge of materials science. Liberty Science Center (LSC) in Jersey City, New Jersey and the Strange Matter traveling exhibit allowed PCCM to expand its outreach program to include tens of thousands of family audience members. LSC gets 1000's of visitors each weekend, and has expertise in communicating with this audience. Princeton University scientists have expertise in materials science. This partnership required coordination between the LSC staff and the PCCM outreach director in facilitating the training and presentations by faculty and other scientists from Princeton. Together we developed a program that sent over 30 scientists from Princeton University to the liberty science center to offer their enthusiasm for material science to the public. Scientists can reach a much larger audience at a science center than at their home institutions. This can be repeated anywhere in the country where there are science centers is and university research centers willing to work together.
Isolation and distribution of a novel iron-oxidizing crenarchaeon from acidic geothermal springs in Yellowstone National Park.

Novel thermophilic crenarchaea have been observed in Fe(III) oxide microbial mats of Yellowstone National Park (YNP); however, no definitive work has identified specific microorganisms responsible for the oxidation of Fe(II). The objectives of the current study were to isolate and characterize an Fe(II)-oxidizing member of the Sulfolobales observed in previous 16S rRNA gene surveys and to determine the abundance and distribution of close relatives of this organism in acidic geothermal springs containing high concentrations of dissolved Fe(II). Here we report the isolation and characterization of the novel, Fe(II)-oxidizing, thermophilic, acidophilic organism Metallosphaera sp. strain MK1 obtained from a well-characterized acid-sulfate-chloride geothermal spring in Norris Geyser Basin, YNP. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MK1 exhibits only 94.9 to 96.1% sequence similarity to other known Metallosphaera spp. and less than 89.1% similarity to known Sulfolobus spp. Strain MK1 is a facultative chemolithoautotroph with an optimum pH range of 2.0 to 3.0 and an optimum temperature range of 65 to 75°C. Strain MK1 grows optimally on pyrite or Fe(II) sorbed onto ferrihydrite, exhibiting doubling times between 10 and 11 h under aerobic conditions (65°C). The distribution and relative abundance of MK1-like 16S rRNA gene sequences in 14 acidic geothermal springs containing Fe(III) oxide microbial mats were evaluated. Highly related MK1-like 16S rRNA gene sequences (>99% sequence similarity) were consistently observed in Fe(III) oxide mats at temperatures ranging from 55 to 80°C. Quantitative PCR using Metallosphaera-specific primers confirmed that organisms highly similar to strain MK1 comprised up to 40% of the total archaeal community at selected sites. The broad distribution of highly related MK1-like 16S rRNA gene sequences in acidic Fe(III) oxide microbial mats is consistent with the observed characteristics and growth optima of Metallosphaera-like strain MK1 and emphasizes the importance of this newly described taxon in Fe(II) chemolithotrophy in acidic high-temperature environments of YNP.
Proton Therapy: Ever Shifting Sands and the Opportunities and Obligations within

Proton therapy is associated with significant benefit in terms of normal tissue sparing and potential radiation dose escalation for many patients with malignant diseases. Due to recognition of these qualities, the availability of this technology is increasing rapidly, both through increased availability of large centers, and with the possibility of smaller, lower cost proton therapy centers. Such expansion is associated with increased opportunity to provide this beneficial technology to larger numbers of patients; however, the importance of careful treatment planning and delivery, deliberate patient selection, rigorous scientific investigation including comparison to other technologies when possible, and mindfulness of ethical issues and cost effectiveness must not be forgotten. The obligation to move forward responsibly rests on the shoulders of radiation oncologists around the world. In this article, we discuss current use of proton therapy worldwide, as well as many of the factors that must be taken into account during rapid expansion of this exciting technology.
Isomer shift of the 2.61 MeV gamma-ray transition in muonic 208Pb

Abstract The isomer shift of the 2.61 MeV γ-ray transition in 208 Pb has been measured as 6.25 ± 0.28 keV. This result is in disagreement with interpretation of the 3 − state as a one-phonon octupole vibration.
Antisense inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange during anoxia/reoxygenation in ventricular myocytes

This study investigated the role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in regulating cytosolic intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) during anoxia/reoxygenation in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Th...
Permeability Barrier of Gram-Negative Cell Envelopes and Approaches To Bypass It

Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Species that have acquired multidrug resistance and cause infections that are effectively untreatable present a serious threat to public health. The problem is broadly recognized and tackled at both the fundamental and applied levels. This paper summarizes current advances in understanding the molecular bases of the low permeability barrier of Gram-negative pathogens, which is the major obstacle in discovery and development of antibiotics effective against such pathogens. Gaps in knowledge and specific strategies to break this barrier and to achieve potent activities against difficult Gram-negative bacteria are also discussed.