cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mouse alleles: if you've seen one, you haven't seen them all

The value of an allelic series is appreciated in other genetic systems, and now many mouse geneticists are initiating experiments to produce new alleles at an astounding rate[20xDavis, A.P. and Justice, M.J. Mamm. Genome. 1998; 9: 345–348Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (4)See all References[20]. This can be accomplished via gene targeting or by selecting for them in chemical mutagenesis screens. With the tremendous advances in molecular biology techniques, it will be relatively easy to identify the molecular lesions in the new allelic series, as well as the handful of historic ones that have been collected from mouse colonies over the last half century. As other allelic series are analyzed in molecular and phenotypic detail, structure–function relationships will be revealed. For example, the molecular characterization of the extensive microphthalmia allelic series[21xSteingrimsson, E. et al. Nat. Genet. 1994; 8: 256–263Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (371)See all References[21]helped to explain the various developmental consequences of phenotypes, as well as providing an animal model for the human disease Waardenburg syndrome type 2. Similarly, the detailed description of the agouti series[22xBultman, S.J., Michaud, E.J., and Woychik, R.P. Cell. 1992; 71: 1195–1204Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (570)See all References[22](another largess from the specific locus test) provided molecular clues to its diverse functions, including an understanding of its role in obesity[23xMichaud, E.J. et al. J. Endocrinol. 1997; 155: 207–209Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (30)See all References[23].With the Human Genome Project approaching completion, we will find it necessary in the start of the next millennium to address functional perspectives of the DNA linear code. This will be particularly important in understanding complex human diseases and traits, where a condition might not necessarily result from the loss of a gene but rather, be owing to the summation of several subtle, mutant alleles. The mouse will prove to be the ideal model organism to generate and analyze these alleles individually and in compound genotypes.
Adolescent Scoliosis Classification and Treatment

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of the population. It can be stratified by curve type according to the Lenke classification. This classification system incorporates curve magnitude, flexibility, the lumbar modifier, and the sagittal plane. The Lenke classification serves as a guide for selection of levels for surgical treatment of AIS. Surgical treatment of AIS includes anterior and posterior approaches; most AIS is treated through a posterior approach. Surgical goals include maximizing correction in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes.
Spontaneous Cytosolic Calcium Pulses in Xenopus Melanotrophs Are due to Calcium Influx during Phasic Increases in the Calcium Permeability of the Cell Membrane

We recently discovered that melanotrophs of Xenopus laevis exhibit spontaneous pulse-like rises in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and that this cytosolic Ca pulsing is inhibited by the secreto-inhibitory transmitters dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and neuropeptide-Y and stimulated by the secretagogues CRF and TRH. Here we provide evidence for the factors responsible for the individual cytosolic Ca pulse and the repetitive behavior. Isolated melanotrophs of Xenopus were loaded with fura-2, and fluorescence was recorded from perifused single cells to measure [Ca2+]i and assess the patency of divalent cation channels by Mn quenching of fluorescence. Cytosolic Ca pulsing was arrested by omission of Ca and by the Ca channel blockers Ni and Co, but was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Mn (0.3 mM) caused phasic quenching, each "quench" being synchronous with the rising phase of a cytosolic Ca pulse. Quenching was blocked by Ni, but was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. When introduced during the course of an individu...
The eureka process: A structure for the creative experience in science and engineering

Abstract: There is little in the literature that focuses on both the thoughts and feelings of scientists and engineers when they are in the throes of scientific creation or invention. This investigation was performed to address the question: What is the experience of modeling natural phenomena? Special emphasis was placed on mathematical modeling. A formal heuristic procedure was used to gather data from 12 scientists and engineers. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for general themes and points of view. The data, represented primarily in the form of a structural flow diagram, emphasize both the cognitive and emotional features of the process. The major features that emerged include the existence of creative feedback loops, unipolar‐positive phases of both illumination and acceptance, and unipolar negative phases of blockages to the attainment of the positive poles. Implications and applications emerged in the areas of creativity, validation, education, and motivation. It was co...
Prevention and management of chronic heart failure with electrical therapy

Sudden cardiac death is responsible for >40% of patients with heart failure losing their lives. Thus, the prevention of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias is a major goal in the management of heart failure. In several randomized clinical trials, electrical therapy with the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has proved superior to medical antiarrhythmic therapy in both the secondary and primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with reduced left ventricular function. In addition to the severity of left ventricular dysfunction, the etiology of the cardiomyopathy appears to be a determinant in the benefit derived from this form of electrical therapy. Whereas patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy clearly show improved survival with ICD therapy, outcome data in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy are less convincing. The major challenge lies in the risk stratification of patients with heart failure for arrhythmic death. Catheter ablation is another form of electrical therapy that can help in the treatment of patients with heart failure. In patients with a tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy because of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node and pacemaker implantation can effectively restore a physiologic heart rate, often with dramatic regression of left ventricular dysfunction. In patients with frequent ICD therapies because of frequent recurrences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia can be an effective adjunctive therapy. New catheter ablation techniques and new atrial pacing algorithms can also significantly reduce the atrial fibrillation burden in patients with heart failure who are particularly susceptive to decompensation because of atrial fibrillation. Pacing for hemodynamic benefit in heart failure has evolved from dual-chamber pacing modes with optimized atrioventricular delay to biventricular pacing resulting in cardiac resynchronization. This new treatment modality for advanced heart failure has been shown to result in significant symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement.
Using Microcomputer‐Based Assessment in Career Counseling

The author provides an overview of the current status of microcomputer-based testing, reviews several testing applications available in microcomputer format, and offers ideas on future developments.
Analysis of stealth communications over a public fiber-optical network.

We evaluate the security performance of the recently proposed “stealth” approach to covert communications over a public fiber-optical network. We present quantitative security analysis to assess the vulnerability of such systems against different attacks executed by an eavesdropper. We demonstrate the security advantage of the system by examining the BER/SNR performance as a function of the fidelity of the decoder used by an eavesdropper. Effective key length is constructed as a security metric to gauge the level of confidentiality implicit in the secure transmission.
The role of rhodium and tin oxide in the platinum-based electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation to CO2

Abstract Our recent efforts in developing electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction are focused on the ternary Pt–Rh–SnO 2 catalysts due to their superior performance in splitting C C bond and the ability to fully oxidize ethanol to CO 2 . This work reports on the role of Rh from studies of the well-defined Rh(1 1 1) single-crystal and a series of carbon-supported nanoparticle catalysts for the electrooxidation of ethanol. A comparative study of supported nanocatalysts was carried out and their activity for ethanol oxidation decreased in the order of PtRhSnO 2 > PtSnO 2 > Pt > PtRh > Rh > RhSnO 2 . In situ infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy studies showed that the catalysts’ selectivity toward ethanol total oxidation to CO 2 decreased in the order of: PtRhSnO 2 ∼ RhSnO 2 > PtRh > Pt > PtSnO 2 ∼ Rh, verifying the role of Rh in breaking the C C bond, and the roles of the two other constituents, SnO 2 and Pt, that facilitate the oxidation of the reaction intermediates and lessen their bonding to Rh. These results help understanding the role of Rh and SnO 2 in the catalytic oxidation of ethanol and provide insights for designing catalysts with improved propeties.
Age differences in the oxidation of and neural response to ethanol in mice

Male mice (C57BL/6J) from three age groups, 4, 14, and 26 months, were tested to determine their oxidation rate of intragastrically infused ethanol and the response of the centrally mediated jaw-jerk reflex to ethanol challenge. There were no age-related differences in the rate of oxidation of ethanol. However, age differences in ethanol-induced decrement of the jaw-jerk amplitude were significant. The 26 month animals were the most affected, followed by the 4 month group. The middle aged mice (14 month) showed the greatest resistance to the depression induced by ethanol. The results were evaluated with regard to the current hypotheses.
Modal Decomposition of Aperture Fields in Detection and Estimation of Incoherent Objects

A decomposition of the field at the aperture of an optical system in terms of the eigenfunctions of a certain integral equation is useful in analyzing the detectability of incoherent objects. The kernel of the integral equation is the mutual coherence function of the light from the object. The decomposition permits specification of the number of degrees of freedom in the aperture field contributing to detection of the object. Quantum mechanically the coefficients of the modal decomposition become operators similar to the usual creation and annihilation operators for field modes. The optimum detector of the object is derived in terms of these operators. Specific detection probabilities are calculated for a uniform circular object whose light is observed at a circular aperture. The modal decomposition is also applied to estimating the radiance distribution of the object plane.
Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance: Putting the Question before the Answer

There has been considerable debate in the literature concerning the "appropriate" method for calculating least squares analysis of variance with unequal sample sizes. It is argued here that the choice of the appropriate method depends upon the question the experimenter wants to answer about the data. The different questions reflect different null hypotheses. An example is presented to demonstrate the practical effects of using two alternative methods of analysis (weighted and unweighted means) and the null hypotheses tested under each method. It is shown that the different methods address substantially different experimental questions. Procedures advocated by Appelbaum and Cramer (1974) are challenged on several grounds. An argument is also presented against use of Overall and Spiegel's Method II, based on the general uninterpretability of the hypotheses tested.
Observation of infrared lines in a prominence at 1–5 microns

We have observed 11 hydrogen and 3 helium lines in a quiescent prominence; none have been previously observed except for the He 10830 line. In contrast to Zirker's results based on longer-wavelength infrared lines, we find no net velocity shift, Doppler widths narrower than his by more than 30%, and a hydrogen excitation temperature 3 times higher. From the line intensity method, we find a helium temperature of 5300(±200) K and a hydrogen temperature of 10 900(±1900) K, in reasonable agreement with the findings of visible line studies. We conclude that helium lines are formed in the central region while hydrogen lines are formed around the edges of the prominence.
Antibody-lectin sandwich arrays for biomarker and glycobiology studies.

Protein glycosylation plays an important role in a wide variety of normal and disease-related processes. Because of their frequent association with disease, glycans and glycan-protein interactions are being investigated as targets for intervention and as biomarkers for disease detection [1]. The optimal use of glycan-related information depends upon the ability to characterize the nature and functions of particular glycan modifications and to precisely measure changes in glycan structures on specific proteins. This editorial describes the use of a new approach for measuring glycan variation on specific proteins, the antibody-lectin sandwich array (ALSA). I make the case that ALSA is ideally suited for biomarker studies and particular types of glycobiology studies due to a unique combination of experimental features. The limitations and challenges of the technology are described, as well as a proposed optimal approach to integrating ALSA with other glycoproteomics methods.
Raising Ethnic-Racial Consciousness: The Relationship between Intergroup Dialogues and Adolescents' Ethnic-Racial Identity and Racism Awareness.

Empirical evidence shows that intergroup dialogue programs promote changes in ethnic-racial identity and racism awareness among college students. Expanding on this research, this study examines the effects of intergroup dialogues on adolescents’ racial consciousness. Self-reports of 147 adolescents (13–19 years old), of various racial and ethnic backgrounds were used. Repeated-measures ANOVAs, on pre- and post-tests examined changes in racial consciousness (ethnic-racial identity and racism awareness), controlling for parent education. Group differences (ethnic-racial groups, nativity) also were examined. As predicted, ethnic-racial identity and racism awareness increased after completing the program. Although there were statistically significant ethnic-racial group differences in ethnic-racial identity, no group differences in racism awareness were found. The findings demonstrate that intergroup dialogues can promote adolescents’ ethnic-racial consciousness.
Aldoximes and nitriles as intermediates in the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides

Abstract Young sorghum shoots have been shown to convert tyrosine, p -hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime and p -hydroxyphenylacetonitrile to dhurrin, the cyanogenic glucoside characteristic of this plant. Evidence for the in vivo formation of p -hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime but not p -hydroxyphenylacetonitrile from tyrosine has been obtained from a 'trapping experiment.'
Plasmonic Graphene Transparent Conductors

Plasmonic graphene is fabricated using thermally assisted self-assembly of silver nanoparticles on graphene. The localized surface-plasmonic effect is demonstrated with the resonance frequency shifting from 446 to 495 nm when the lateral dimension of the Ag nanoparticles increases from about 50 to 150 nm. Finite-difference time-domain simulations are employed to confirm the experimentally observed light-scattering enhancement in the solar spectrum in plasmonic graphene and the decrease of both the plasmonic resonance frequency and amplitude with increasing graphene thickness. In addition, plasmonic graphene shows much-improved electrical conductance by a factor of 2-4 as compared to the original graphene, making the plasmonic graphene a promising advanced transparent conductor with enhanced light scattering for thin-film optoelectronic devices.
Educational Needs and the Scientific-Industrial Age.

(1976). Educational Needs and the Scientific-Industrial Age. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 119-130.
Patients Differ in the Amount of Information they Want to Know About Risks and Complications Before Consenting to Treatment

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Informed consent: what do patients really want to know? Degerliyurt K, Gunsolley JC, Laskin DM. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:1849-52. Reviewer O. Ross Beirne, DMD, PhD Purpose/Question To determine the amount of information that patients want about the risks and complications of an oral surgery procedure before agreeing to have treatment. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case series Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade C: Consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series for studies of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or screening.
Boasting in Anglo‐Saxon England: Performance and the heroic ethos

(1981). Boasting in Anglo‐Saxon England: Performance and the heroic ethos. Literature in Performance: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 24-35.
Body composition: salt and water.

1. Jennifer L. Ruth, MD* 2. Steven J. Wassner, MD† 1. *Resident in Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pa 2. †Professor of Pediatrics; Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Pennsylvania State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pa After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the different body fluid compartments and the percentage of body fluid with different ages. 2. Know how the equilibrium between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is maintained. 3. Describe how to calculate the plasma osmolality by using electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose concentration. 4. List the daily requirements for sodium. 5. Discuss the relationship between serum sodium concentration and total body sodium content. 6. Understand the relationship between chronic sodium depletion and intravascular volume depletion. Primitive, single-celled organisms began their ocean life continually surrounded by water and a steady supply of nutrients. As more complex organisms developed and finally left the oceans for dry land, the external sea had to be internalized. The great 19th century physiologist Claude Bernard coined the term “milieu interior” to describe that internal environment. He said that our escape from the sea was due to our ability to control our internal environment, a concept we now call homeostasis. Humans have developed sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms that control salt and water metabolism. This dynamic process changes with age and sex and in response to a variety of disturbances. In this article, we discuss fluid and electrolyte homeostasis as well as selected fluid and electrolyte problems seen within the pediatric age group. Water is the most abundant compound within the human body. It can be found within cells, around cells, within the blood vessels, and in smaller amounts within ligaments and bones. The percentage of body water changes with age and body composition. Early in gestation, almost 90% of a fetus’s body weight is water. This ratio falls to 80% in severely preterm infants, 70% in term infants, 65% in young children, and approximately 60% in older children and adolescents. Body water is distributed into two main compartments: the intracellular and the …
Quality And Demand: The Basis For Fiction Collection Assessment

Over the past half century, librarians have been increasingly interested in carefully and systematically examining their collections—making changes to strengthen and develop these sets of materials at both the individual library and the regional levels. Most of the techniques used to conduct these examinations were originally designed to evaluate the quality of nonfiction collections in academic libraries. In the past few decades, public librarians have successfully modified these techniques to evaluate both the quality and the use of their nonfiction collections. Recently, there has been surprisingly little literature on how these techniques could be applied directly to the evaluation of fiction collections in public libraries.
Some aspects in predicting the point of zero charge of a composite oxide system

Abstract Discrepancies exist among several recently published correlations between the point of zero charge (PZC) of a composite oxide system and those of its component oxides. In this paper, theoretical background and physical meaning for the PZC of a composite oxide were given. Plausible explanations were provided to clarify the differences among the publications. A set of experiments was also carried out for comparison, to determine the PZC of a mechanical mixture of alumina and silica oxides. Suggestions regarding prediction of PZC of a composite oxide system were made.
Excitatory amino acid receptor-mediated neuronal signal transduction: modulation by polyamines and calcium

The excitatory amino acids (EAA), L-glutamate and L-aspartate were initially advanced as excitatory neurotransmitters some 30 years ago but in the past few years investigations on EAA have proceeded rapidly from the identification of the putative neurotransmitters and characterization of their receptors to the clarification of their role in development, learning, memory, and neuropathology. The NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate) class of glutamate receptor has been the subject of much recent interdisciplinary study, as NMDA receptors render over stimulated neurons susceptible to injury and death. This review is focused on the involvement of polyamines in EAA receptor-mediated neuronal signal transduction mechanisms.
Composition dependence of the spin wave stiffness parameter in La1-xCaxMnO3 CMR materials

Abstract Long-wavelength spin waves in La 1− x Ca x MnO 3 CMR materials exhibit conventional Heisenberg dispersion ( E = Dq 2 + Δ ), but with an anomalous temperature dependence for the spin dispersion parameter D . For x ≈0.33, near the optimum CMR composition, D remains approximately 50% of its T =0 K value before exhibiting a near-first-order transition at T c , instead of following the expected power law decrease as T approaches T c . No temperature hysteresis was observed in either D or in the magnetization. Compositions with x =0.40 and 0.45 show more conventional temperature renormalization.
Appraising the performance of police patrol officers: The Florida experience

This study examined the formal appraisal of the performance of law enforcement patrol personnel, based on a survey of all local law enforcement agencies in Florida with over 50 sworn personnel; 76 of the 116 agencies identified responded. The contents and administration of the appraisal instruments are reviewed in this article, as are the types of instruments employed and ways the appraisal information was used by the responding agencies. The effects that the law enforcement accreditation process has had on appraisal practices are summarized. The study concluded that the accreditation process has had beneficial effects on appraisal of the performance of patrol personnel but that performance appraisal in law enforcement continues to be as confused as performance appraisal in general.
Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery

Traces the quest for physical perfection through surgery from the turn of the century to the present. Drawing on a range of sources, including personal accounts, medical journals and beauty guides, the text reveals how culture came to see cosmetic surgery as a panacea for both individual and societal problems. As Americans and their surgeons linked the significance of "normal standards of beauty to social adjustment and economic success, they also linked "undesirable" characteristics to psychological conditions such as the inferiority complex, for which cosmetic surgery appeared to offer a cure. The book also explores the new meanings with which the era of plastic surgery endowed race, ethnicity, ageing and femininity, from Fanny Brice's 1923 nose operation to Michael Jackson's race- and gender-bending transformation of the late-1980s.
Attributes of Services-Their Importance, and Trade-Offs

Abstract Service quality has become an important issue in overall customer satisfaction and positioning of a service business. While service quality has been investigated in earlier studies using a variety of scales, what is not known is the importance of various service quality dimensions1 and the relative trade-off between attributes of services. This paper investigates the relative part worth utilities of attributes of two service providers-a bank and dry cleaning business using conjoint analysis.
Response of hatchling and yearling turtles to thermal gradients: comparison of Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta

Abstract In laboratory tests, young Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta altered their distribution in the presence of a temperature gradient. Selection of temperatures in the gradient for hatchlings and yearlings showed that body temperatures (Tbs) of C. serpentina were lower than T. scripta, but the difference was insignificant. Relatively low Tbs could allow greater activity range and reduced metabolic maintenance cost for C. serpentina, which seldom leaves water.
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: is less than a subtotal resection ever appropriate? A study of long-term outcomes.

Background Our aim was to examine the outcomes of patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (3-HPT) who had limited resection of 1 or 2 parathyroids. Methods We reviewed 140 patients with 3-HPT who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTX) at a single institution. Patients were analyzed according to their operation—limited PTX versus subtotal or total PTX. Results The limited PTX group consisted of 29 patients who underwent resection of 1 ( n = 12) or 2 ( n = 17) parathyroids. The other 111 patients had subtotal ( n = 104), total ( n = 3), and/or reoperative PTX ( n = 12). The mean ± SEM follow-up was 79 ± 5 months. Eucalcemia was achieved in 94% of the patients. All patients with persistent ( n = 2) hypercalcemia underwent subtotal PTX ( P = not significant [NS] vs limited PTX). In a logistic regression model, the extent of operation was not associated with the development of recurrent disease. Additionally, the incidence of permanent hypocalcemia was 7% after subtotal or total PTX versus 0% after limited resection ( P = NS). Conclusion Long-term outcomes in patients with 3-HPT appear to be similar after appropriate limited resection of 1 or 2 parathyroid glands compared to subtotal or total PTX. Therefore, a strategy of limited parathyroid resection seems appropriate for patients with 3-HPT when the disease is limited to 1 or 2 glands.
Spectroscopy of GaSe Nanoparticle Aggregates

The concentration-dependent spectroscopic characteristics of GaSe nanoparticles are interpreted in terms of the particles forming strongly interacting aggregates in high-concentration, room-temperature solutions. The high-concentration absorption spectra are semiquantitatively modeled in terms of the lowest two absorption bands of bulk GaSe, quantum confinement effects, and dipolar coupling between excited state monomers. The model predicts that the lowest energy absorption band shifts slightly to the red and sharpens, while the next band shifts to the blue as the concentration is increased. This correctly explains the observed absorption spectra and their reversible changes with concentrations. Static emission data and initial anisotropies of time-resolved emission may also be qualitatively understood on the basis of this simple model. From the model, the interparticle coupling is estimated to be about −300 cm-1. This is less than the energy differences between adjacent particles in the aggregates but mu...
F - and M -Band Absorption in Heavily Gamma-Irradiated KCl

Measurements of $F$- and $M$-band absorption at room temperature as a function of gamma irradiation are used to study the relation between $F$ centers and $M$ centers in a number of KCl crystals from a variety of sources. Although the $F$-center coloring curves exhibit a variety of forms, presumably due to different trace impurities and imperfections in the crystals, the $M$-center density seems in all cases to be nearly proportional to the square of the $F$-center concentration. The ratio of the $M$-center concentration to the square of the $F$-center concentration appears to be related to trace impurity content. Zone refining decreases the relative $M$-center introduction, as does deliberate doping with calcium; whereas, plastic deformation has no effect on the ratio. Bleaching increases the $M$-center concentration at the expense of $F$ centers; however, short re-irradiation with gamma rays causes the ratio of $M$-center concentration to the square of $F$-center concentration to return to its prebleaching value. The results are thought to indicate that a radiation equilibrium exists between $F$ and $M$ centers which is frozen in when the crystals are removed from the source.
Alternative Feminist Media on the Airwaves: Radio and Women's Music

The author examines radio programs produced by women in the U.S. that feature music by women. Women's music programming offers a variety of music genres and presentation styles. Criteria of music selection also vary, with some programs concentrating solely on women's contributions and musical works, and others that play music by mixed-sex groups and even featuring a male vocal. However, the commonality of all these programs lies in their dedication to highlighting women artists and giving voice to those who would otherwise not be heard. As media artifacts, women's music radio programs offer multiple layers of feminist inquiry.
Small molecule probe diffusion in thin and ultrathin supported polymer films

The translational diffusion of two small molecule probes, decacyclene and lophine, has been studied in supported polymer films as a function of film thickness using fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer. These probes are sufficiently large that their translational motion is coupled substantially to the segmental mobility of the polymer matrix. Probe diffusion in polystyrene films on fused quartz substrates was found to slow as film thickness is decreased below approximately 150 nm. In contrast, no change in probe diffusion as compared to bulk values was found in poly(isobutyl methacrylate) films as thin as 50 nm and poly(2-vinylpyridine) films as thin as 88 nm. These differences cannot be explained in terms of differences in polymer affinity for the fused quartz substrate, indicating that polymer−substrate affinity does not influence probe diffusion in this film thickness range. Probe diffusion toward polymer−substrate and polymer−free surface interfaces has also been studied with little change in dif...
A comparison of various procedures in photon activation analysis with the same irradiation setup

Abstract A sample of known elemental concentrations was activated in the bremsstrahlung photon beam which was created by a pulsed electron LINAC. Several procedures of photon activation analysis, including those applied with/without reference material and with/without photon flux monitor, were conducted to make a comparison of their precision and accuracy in practice. Experimental results have indicated that: (1) relative procedures usually produce better outcome despite that the absolute measurement is straightforward and eliminate the assistance of reference materials; (2) among relative procedures, the method with internal flux monitor yields higher quality of the analytical results. In the article, the pros and cons of each procedure are discussed as well.
WISC-R Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies: a comparison of learning disabled children to the normative sample

Compared the WISC-R Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies of learning-disabled children (N = 100) and of the normative sample. There were frequent occurrences of statistically significant discrepancies in both groups, as well as similar mean discrepancy scores and distributions of Verbal greater than Performance and Performance greater than Verbal patterns. It was concluded that without clinical evidence to suggest otherwise, it cannot be assumed automatically that child's discrepancy score, unless of extreme magnitude, is related to the learning disability itself. The importance to clinicians of making both normative and statistical interpretations of WISC-R discrepancy scores was stressed.
Characterization of the plasticity-related gene, Arc, in the frog brain.

In mammals, expression of the immediate early gene Arc/Arg3.1 in the brain is induced by exposure to novel environments, reception of sensory stimuli, and production of learned behaviors, suggesting a potentially important role in neural and behavioral plasticity. To date, Arc has only been characterized in a few species of mammals and birds, which limits our ability to understand its role in modifying behavior. To begin to address this gap, we identified Arc in two frog species, Xenopus tropicalis and Physalaemus pustulosus, and characterized its expression in the brain of P. pustulosus. We found that the predicted protein for frog Arc shared 60% sequence similarity with Arc in other vertebrates, and we observed high Arc expression in the forebrain, but not the midbrain or hindbrain, of female tungara frogs sacrificed at breeding ponds. We also examined the time-course of Arc induction in the medial pallium, the homologue of the mammalian hippocampus, in response to a recording of a P. pustulosus mating chorus and found that accumulation of Arc mRNA peaked 0.75 h following stimulus onset. We found that the mating chorus also induced Arc expression in the lateral and ventral pallia and the medial septum, but not in the striatum, hypothalamus, or auditory midbrain. Finally, we examined acoustically induced Arc expression in response to different types of mating calls and found that Arc expression levels in the pallium and septum did not vary with the biological relevance or acoustic complexity of the signal.
Lipoprotein uptake by neuronal growth cones in vitro

Macrophages that rapidly enter injured peripheral nerve synthesize and secrete large quantities of apolipoprotein E. This protein may be involved in the redistribution of lipid, including cholesterol released during degeneration, to the regenerating axons. To test this postulate, apolipoprotein E-associated lipid particles released from segments of injured rat sciatic nerve and apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins from plasma were used to determine whether sprouting neurites, specifically their growth cones, possessed lipoprotein receptors. Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, which can be stimulated to produce neurites in vitro, were used as a model system. Apolipoprotein E-containing lipid particles and lipoproteins, which had been labeled with fluorescent dye, were internalized by the neurites and their growth cones; the unmetabolized dye appeared to be localized to the lysosomes. The rapid rate of accumulation in the growth cones precludes the possibility of orthograde transport of the fluorescent particles from the PC12 cell bodies. Thus, receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptake is performed by the apolipoprotein B,E(LDL) (low density lipoprotein) receptors, and in the regenerating peripheral nerve apolipoprotein E may deliver lipids to the neurites and their growth cones for membrane biosynthesis.
Protease Activity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E and Its Light Chain: Cleavage of Actin

We demonstrate here for the first time a proteolytic activity of botulinum neurotoxin type E which is not expressed unless the single chain approximately 150 kDa neurotoxic protein is nicked into the dichain approximately 150 kDa neurotoxin. Actin was cleaved, in vitro, at multiple sites by the dichain neurotoxin and the N-terminal approximately 50 kDa light chain segment isolated from the dichain neurotoxin. The scissile peptide bonds of actin invariably contained Arg or Lys at the P1 site. Proteolytic activity of the isolated light chain and expression of this activity in the dichain form of the neurotoxin are consistent with the light chain's and the neurotoxin's intracellular actions--inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
Energy levels of inner electrons in atoms.

A formula for the energy levels of inner electrons in atoms is obtained by assuming that each electron experiences a Coulombic potential appropriate to its particular shell, an approximation that has been shown to result in a 4% error in the atom's total energy in the limit of large atomic number. Corrections for the non-Coulombic part of the potential, exchange interactions, and relativistic terms are obtained in a manner consistent with the zeroth-order shell-model picture used. Calculated energy levels are then compared with x-ray data for a representative set of atoms from Z=10 to 88 with the result that an average absolute error of 4% is obtained for those levels for which the non-Coulombic potential's contribution is not too large.
Resources Related to Overcoming Resistance to Self-Direction in Learning.

Several key resources related to resistance and self-direction in learning are highlighted.
When and why portal vein thrombosis matters in liver transplantation: A critical audit of 174 cases

Objective:To identify complications associated with different techniques utilized to treat portal vein thrombosis (PVT) during primary liver transplantation and their impact on survival.Background:PVT remains an intricate problem in liver transplantation, and the long-term outcomes of patients with
Curie-point Pyrolysis of Cellulose in the Presence of Potassium Malate

Finely powdered cellulose was pyrolysed in a Curie-point pyrolyser, which was directly attached to a gas Chromatograph and mass spectrometer (CPP-GC/MS), at 358°C for 5 sec in He (gas) without any additives. The pyrolysis products were levoglucosenone as the main component, 2-furaldehyde, l,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde. However, CPP-GC/MS of cellulose in the presence of potassium matate (5% as potassium) gave 2-furanmethanol as the main component, and a number of low molecular compounds were formed; e.g., lactones, ketones and furans. A possible new reaction path for cellulose to 2-furanmethanol via d-xylulose is presented.
Bungee cord-induced corneal lacerations correcting for myopic astigmatism.

We present a patient with a refractive error of −3.00 −0.25 × 150 in the right eye and −3.50 −1.50 ×170 in the left eye who experienced bungee-cord–related corneal lacerations in the left eye. Slitlamp examination revealed a large radial corneal laceration in the vertical meridian and several smaller lacerations in the periphery. Corneal topography showed more central flattening in the left eye than in the right eye. Posttraumatic visual acuity in the left eye was 20/20 with a −1.50 diopter corrective lens. Myopic correction was a surprising outcome of a traumatic corneal laceration that produced a radial-keratotomy–like effect.
HMO enrollment projection process and a proposed linear model

Estimation of enrollment penetration of target employee groups, as a percent of total employees, is a critical task in the planning and development process of HMOs. A heuristic process to estimate penetration rates of employee groups is described. Next, a multivariate linear statistical model is proposed and the parameters of the proposed model are estimated on the basis of a data base comprising 83 employee groups for which penetration rates have been estimated using the heuristic process. The linear multivariate model is found to be statistically significant for both the singles and family (marrieds) penetration rates. The proposed model simplifies the method for estimating penetration but has not been tested against actual data.
Humanitarian Emergencies and the International Criminal Court (ICC): Toward a Cooperative Arrangement between the ICC and UN Security Council

Erratum. International Studies Perspectives 6:4, 431-466 This article analyzes the role of humanitarian intervention in bringing together the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the UN Security Council. It argues that a framework for cooperation between the ICC and Security Council is needed to facilitate a coordinated response to humanitarian emergencies. One of the concepts explored is a mutual legitimacy push, or how the ICC and Security Council can lend effective assistance to one another when responding to humanitarian emergencies. Such a push will not only serve to enhance a response to humanitarian disasters but also close the “critical gap” between the moral legitimacy of international humanitarian action and the legality of the UN Charter. The article concludes that a cooperative relationship will not politicize the ICC, and that the ICC and the Security Council, can, through institutional re-engineering, achieve mutual political benefits.
Vocalizations of the Black and White Colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos Zimmerman 1780)

The vocalizations of the black and white colobus, Colobus polykomos, were recorded on the Kenya Coast. An analysis of spectrographic structure and social context reveals a high degree of similarity with the vocalizations of an allopatric population of C. guereza. While morphological and coloration differences may be particularly significant in discriminating black and white colobus species, vocalizations may be too conservative to be effective taxonomic characters for allopatric populations.
Demonstration of advanced solid state ladar (DASSL)

The Armament Directorate of Wright Laboratory is tasked with pursuing technologies that lead towards autonomous guidance for conventional munitions. Seeker technologies pursued include SAR, imaging infrared, millimeter wave, and laser radar seekers. Laser Radar, or LADAR, systems using uncooled diode pumped solid state lasers operating around 1 micrometers are active sensors providing high resolution range and intensity imagery. LADAR is not susceptible to variations common to thermal IR systems, allowing greater simplicity of autonomous target acquisition algorithms. Therefore, LADAR sensors combined with advanced algorithms provide robust seeker technology capable of autonomous precision guidance. The small smart bomb (SSB) is a next generation weapon concept requiring this precision guidance. The 250 pound SSB penetrator provides the lethality of 2000 pound penetrators by delivering 50 pounds of high explosive with surgical precision. Space limitations, tightly controlled impact conditions, and high weapon velocities suggest laser radar as a candidate seeker. This paper discusses phase I of the DASSL program in which SSB weapon requirements are flowed down to seeker requirements through a structured system requirement analysis, and discusses how these seeker requirements affect seeker design.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The age of maturity for death education: A socio-historical portrait of the era 1976–1985

Abstract History is a fascinating phenomenon. Events happen, people live through them, time passes, and much is forgotten. Then, efforts are made to recall, describe, and analyze those same events and the people involved. Too often, memories are short and recollections are faulty. As a result, what is called history may be an odd re-creation of what actually happened. When such reconstruction of reality takes place, it may be too late to set the record straight.
Police and the Reclamation of Public Places: A Study of MacArthur Park in Los Angeles:

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, MacArthur Park — a 40-acre public park located near downtown Los Angeles — was widely known to be one of the largest open-air drug markets in Los Angeles. The Alvarado Corridor Initiative, a police-led initiative developed in 2003, was designed to address crime and disorderly behaviour in MacArthur Park through a combination of problem-solving, order-maintenance, and situational crime prevention efforts. This paper assesses the impact of the Alvarado Corridor Initiative using information from interviews and focus groups with neighbourhood residents, business-people, police officers, and other individuals familiar with MacArthur Park. The results suggest that many of the problems in MacArthur Park have been resolved and that the park experienced a turnaround that can be linked to the implementation of the Alvarado Corridor Initiative. In assessing the effectiveness of the Alvarado Corridor Initiative, this paper also provides a commentary on the evolution of public places in...
IONIZATION OF NITROGEN AND OXYGEN MOLECULES BY NITROGEN AND OXYGEN MOLECULES

Ionization of nitrogen and oxygen molecules by beams - electron impact ionization and charge transfer neutralization
Pharmacologic considerations for opiate analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

When administering opioid analgesic drugs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, veterinarians are often not familiar enough with the underlying pharmacology of the drugs, particularly with the potential for drug interactions and adverse effects. This article considers some of the pharmacologic features of these drugs and provides a basis for important interactions, contraindications, and adverse effects.
Explicit Directivity-Pulse Inclusion in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is widely used to estimate the ground motion intensity that should be considered when assessing a structure’s performance. Disaggregation of PSHA is often used to identify representative ground motions in terms of magnitude and distance for structural analysis. Forward directivity–induced velocity pulses, which may occur in near-fault (or near-source) motions, are known to cause relatively severe elastic and inelastic response in structures of certain periods. Here, the principles of PSHA are extended to incorporate the possible occurrence of a velocity pulse in a near-fault ground motion. For each magnitude and sitesource geometry, the probability of occurrence of a pulse is considered along with the probability distribution of the pulse period given that a pulse does occur. A near-source “narrowband” attenuation law modification to predict ground motion spectral accelerationSa amplitude that takes advantage of this additional pulse period information is utilized. Further, disaggregation results provide the probability that a given level of ground motion intensity is caused by a pulse-like ground motion, as well as the conditional probability distribution of the pulse period associated with that ground motion. These extensions improve the accuracy of PSHA for sites located near faults, as well as provide a rational basis for selecting appropriate near-fault ground motions to be used in the dynamic analyses of a structure. DOI: 10.1193/1.2790487
Time-dependent transfer processes to aerosol particles in noncontinuum regions

Abstract Time-dependent transfer processes to aerosol particles are discussed for non-continuum regions. An illustration of the approach to a steady state in the transition region is given for a condensing or evaporating aerosol. The correctness of certain quasi-stationary assumptions is examined.
Compressive Flexion and Vertical Compression Injuries of the Subaxial Cervical Spine

Abstract Cervical spine injury is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in young adults. This manuscript focuses on compressive flexion (CF) and vertical compression (VC) injuries of the cervical spine. CF injuries vary from mild blunting and wedging of the vertebral body to severe teardrop fracture dislocations with retrolisthesis and posterior ligamentous disruption, whereas VC injuries range from simple end plate fractures to severe burst fractures with retropulsion of fragments into the canal. Neurologic injury and instability from the injury will determine the treatment selected. Surgery for severe CF and VC injuries usually requires anterior decompression with vertebral column reconstruction.