cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permeation devices for high pressure gases

Abstract Permeation tubes have been used as a convenient, standard gas source. However, they have the disadvantage of producing only one concentration of the gas under constant conditions. In addition, they have a limited lifetime and each new tube must be calibrated before use. This work describes a permeation device which can be used for gases which have liquifaction pressures too high for construction of permeation tubes. Plots of gas pressure vs. final concentration and concentration vs. equilibration time will be presented, as well as studies of the effect of temperature variations and Teflon length on permeation rate. Other advantages to these devices will be discussed.
Are There Standard Conflict Resolution Maneuvers in Air Traffic Control

We analyzed samples of aircraft track data involving conflict alerts and subsequent resolution maneuvers from five U.S. air route traffic control centers. Vertical conflict resolution maneuvers were used in the majority of the cases examined. Within the vertical dimension, reductions of current vertical change (climb or descent) were collectively the most frequent resolution maneuver type, but descents were about three times as frequent as climbs. Three contingency analyses were performed to test for independence between conflict geometries and subsequent resolution maneuvers. The results show that conflict resolution maneuvers do not seem to be independent from conflict geometries. Additional analyses on conflict angles and vertical speed differences between aircraft as continuous variables revealed disproportionately fewer turns on crossing courses than on opposite or same courses. These results provide critical baseline information for understanding just how large departures from the current ingrained ...
A linearization method inN-person nonzero-sum differential games

In the present treatment, a nonlinear system of anN-person nonzero-sum differential game is linearized with respect to the controls. It is shown that the optimal trajectory and the optimal costs of the linearized system lead, under certain conditions, to an approximation of the optimal trajectory and the optimal costs of the original nonlinear system.
Unique features of TRIM5α among closely related human TRIM family members

Abstract The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein, TRIM5α, restricts some retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), from infecting the cells of particular species. TRIM proteins contain RING, B-box, coiled-coil and, in some cases, B30.2(SPRY) domains. We investigated the properties of human TRIM family members closely related to TRIM5. These TRIM proteins, like TRIM5α, assembled into homotrimers and co-localized in the cytoplasm with TRIM5α. TRIM5α turned over more rapidly than related TRIM proteins. TRIM5α, TRIM34 and TRIM6 associated with HIV-1 capsid–nucleocapsid complexes assembled in vitro ; the TRIM5α and TRIM34 interactions with these complexes were dependent on their B30.2(SPRY) domains. Only TRIM5α potently restricted infection by the retroviruses studied; overexpression of TRIM34 resulted in modest inhibition of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV mac ) infection. In contrast to the other TRIM genes examined, TRIM5 exhibited evidence of positive selection. The unique features of TRIM5α among its TRIM relatives underscore its special status as an antiviral factor.
The application of immunohistochemical stains to identify endothelial-lined channels in mammary carcinoma.

The identification of lymphatic and vascular channels with immunohistochemical reagents directed against antigens of the endothelial cells was undertaken in formalin-fixed breast tissues from 100 women with infiltrating mammary duct carcinoma. Fifty women had had lymphatic tumor emboli identified in the original review of their slides. Each case was matched with a control of similar size and laterality. From each case one section containing tumor and normal tissue was stained with antibodies directed against Factor VIII-related antigen, blood group antigen A, blood group antigen B and with Ulex europaeus I agglutinin. All specimens with a reaction displayed variation in the intensity of the stain as well as in the propensity of a given endothelial lined channel to stain at all. Factor VIII-related antigen was identified in 96 tissue samples and Ulex europaeus I agglutinin reacted with 75 specimens. Reactivity of endothelium to blood group antigens either A, B, or both was found in 63 samples. Twenty-one of 26 (81%) samples with endothelial-lined channels which contained tumor emboli in the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) section showed a reaction to one or more of the reagents. In six other cases involvement of endotheliallined channels was detected only in the specially stained sections, but in three of these, the tumor emboli appeared only in these deeper sections and could have been detected by serial sections stained with H & E. The results of this study indicate that examination of H & E sections is a reliable method of identifying tumor involvement of endothelial-lined channels. Immunohistochemical stains may be of assistance in occasional cases, but with the reagents currently available this methodology is subject to false-positive and false-negative results. Cancer 59:51–54, 1987.
Two Mutations associated with Macrolide Resistance in Treponema pallidum: Increasing Prevalence and Correlation with Molecular Strain Type in Seattle, Washington

Background Although azithromycin promised to be a safe and effective single-dose oral treatment of early syphilis, azithromycin treatment failure has been documented and is associated with mutations in the 23S rDNA of corresponding Treponema pallidum strains. The prevalence of strains harboring these mutations varies throughout the United States and the world. We examined T. pallidum strains circulating in Seattle, Washington, from 2001 to 2010 to determine the prevalence of 2 mutations associated with macrolide resistance and to determine whether these mutations were associated with certain T. pallidum strain types. Methods Subjects were enrolled in a separate ongoing study of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis. T. pallidum DNA purified from blood and T. pallidum strains isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed for two 23S rDNA mutations and for the molecular targets used in an enhanced molecular stain typing system. Results Nine molecular strain types of T. pallidum were identified in Seattle from 2001 to 2010. Both macrolide resistance mutations were identified in Seattle strains, and the prevalence of resistant T. pallidum exceeded 80% in 2005 and increased through 2010. Resistance mutations were associated with discrete molecular strain types of T. pallidum. Conclusions Macrolide-resistant T. pallidum strains are highly prevalent in Seattle, and each mutation is associated with discrete strain types. Macrolides should not be considered for treatment of syphilis in regions where prevalence of the mutations is high. Combining the resistance mutations with molecular strain typing permits a finer analysis of the epidemiology of syphilis in a community.
Is There Evidence to Support the Use of Social Skills Interventions for Students with Emotional Disabilities

Scholars and practitioners advocate for the use of social skills interventions for students with emotional disabilities because significant social skills deficits are common among these students. Yet contemporary practices must be vetted for empirical evidence of their efficacy and effectiveness to ensure students are provided appropriate services. In this systematic review, the authors evaluated research examining the effectiveness of social skills interventions for students with emotional disabilities. The authors applied quality indicators to appraise the characteristics of the nine studies identified and found that they did not meet these rigorous methodological criteria. This review underscores the need for more and better studies of school-based social skills interventions within this population to support using such interventions with students with emotional disabilities.
The Diurnal and Seasonal Performance of High-Frequency Radio Transmission over Various Long Distance Circuits

This paper presents a quantity of radio wave propagation data that has been obtained during the past six years by the General Electric Company through the use of its developmental transmission facilities at South Schenectady, New York. Nineteen radio circuits which radiate in various directions from Schenectady are treated. These circuits range in length from 2300 to 11,400 miles. Data are given which will aid in determining the proper frequency to use in any high-frequency radio circuit from 1000 to 10,000 miles in length. It is shown that the daylight-darkness distribution over the path of propagation largely determines the diurnal and seasonal performance of high-frequency transmissions.
CEO Pay in the American Insurance Industry

Academics believe that shareholder and management interests can be productively aligned by directly linking CEO compensation to firm performance (Abowd [1990], Agrawal & Mankelder [1987], Lewellen, Loderer & Martin [1987], and Haugen & Senbet [1981]). Stockholders prefer CEOs pursuing strategies that maximise risk adjusted stock returns, but CEOs are assumed to be interested in strategies that maximise their personal wealth. If rewarded through their pay packages to increase the size of the firm, CEOs may overgrow the firm at shareholder expense to reach that end.
Effects of cytochalasin E on fluid balance in the rat.

Abstract A single lethal dose of cytochalasin E (3.50 mg/kg ip) produced a rapid decrease in plasma protein concentrations of adult male Fischer rats (250–300 g). Plasma concentrations of albumin and globulin were reduced within 20 min without significant change in plasma fibrinogen concentration. Reduction of plasma volume paralleled the appearance of fluid at the site of injection; these changes were dose-dependent. At a dose of 1.0 mg/kg (ip) loss of plasma protein occurred in 3 hr; the protein content gradually returned to control values in the following 20 hr. At the same time, there was an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity which reached a maximum when the plasma volume had returned to the control value. The intraperitoneal administration of cytochalasin E produced a dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial pressure. There was a biphasic response in plasma glucose concentration following a lethal dose (3.50 mg/kg, ip) of cytochalasin E, a hyperglycemia during the first hour after toxin treatment, followed by a mild hypoglycemia. Liver glycogen content was reduced to 9% of control values within 60 min after treatment. Cytochalasin E appears to act directly on the walls of blood capillaries permitting extravascular effusion of plasma fluid, albumin, and globulin; cause of death is apparently due to shock.
Laminar pulsatile two-phase non-Newtonian flow through a pipe

A lighter, less viscous lubricating Newtonian fluid lies above and does not mix with a non-Newtonian fluid whose constitutive equation is either a power law or a modified Bingham plastic. In steady flow, the flux of the non-Newtonian fluid can be significantly larger than in the corresponding single-phase fully filled flow. Here it is shown that such flux gains can be further enhanced by introducing an oscillatory component into the applied pressure gradient and at a cost in terms of additional power that is significantly less than in the corresponding fully filled (single phase) pipe flow.
Do antipsychotic drugs and serotonin down regulate [3H]-spiroperidol binding sites in human cortex?

Abstract [3H]-Spiroperidol binds at several specific sites in postmortem human prefrontal cortex at 21°C (1). The overall selectivity of these sites is serotonergic (1). At 37°C, there is a marked loss of specific [3H]-spiroperidol binding that occurs between 10 and 60 min (1). This loss of binding is not apparently due to 3H-ligand degeneration or metabolism, or to non-specific binding site degradation. The loss of binding can also be produced by serotonin (5-HT), haloperidol and chlorpromazine but not by prazosin. The rate of the loss of binding is dependent on 3H-ligand concentration and protein concentration. The loss of binding is correlated with a loss of serotonin selective [3H]-spiroperidol binding sites having a KD of approximately 0.04 nM. Therefore antipsychotic compounds and 5-HT appear to down-regulate a subset of antipsychotic binding sites in human prefrontal cortex.
Dispersion coalescence: Kinetic stability of creamed dispersions

A model is developed to predict the coalescence behavior in liquid-liquid dispersions. Coalescence times are based on the lifetimes of the single films that are formed between adjoining drops in a creamed or sedimented dispersion. The model is developed for smaller drop sized dispersions (< 100[mu]m) in which the drops are not substantially deformed due to gravitational forces. The model predicts that coalescence occurs between the emulsion drops without the gross separation of the dispersed phase (that is, the dispersion does not separate into distinct oil and water phases). As a result of interdrop coalescence, the mean drop size of the dispersed phase increases along with an increase in the polydispersity of the drop size. The model's predictions are used to develop a quantitative relationship between the lifetime of the single film and the rate of increase of the mean drop size of the dispersion. The model also accounts for the effect of surfactant on dispersion stability via the models of single film drainage in the presence of surfactant.
Predicting Requirements for Growth, Maturity, and Body Reserves in Dairy Cattle

The 1996 National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle equations used to compute growth requirements, target weights, and energy reserves were modified and evaluated for use with dairy cattle. Coefficients used to compute target weights during growth and equations used to predict body weights (BW) for each condition score in computing energy reserves were modified. Equations used to compute net energy and protein requirements for growth were evaluated with data from studies of body composition changes in Holstein heifers; this model accounted for 96% of the variation in energy retained with a 4% bias. Coefficients used to compute target growth rates and BW were evaluated with data from Holstein heifer growth studies. Actual and target shrunk weight gain and BW values were before first pregnancy, 0.82 versus 0.87 kg/d with a 370-kg weight at first pregnancy versus a target of 352 kg; during the first pregnancy, 0.63 versus 0.69 kg/d with a weight at post first calving of 533 versus 545 kg; and first lactation, 0.136 versus 0.104 kg/d with a second post-calving weight of 592 kg versus 590 kg. The equations used to predict body reserves from BW and condition score were evaluated with data from a study of body composition associated with body condition score in Holstein cows; the revised model accounted for 96% of the variation in body fat and predicted 80 kg shrunk BW change per body condition score compared to 85 kg observed.
Anthelmintics - from discovery to resistance.

The scientific meeting entitled ‘Anthelmintics: From Discovery to Resistance’ was held in San Francisco in February 2014. The themes of the meeting were drug discovery, modes of action and resistance. Both human and veterinary parasites were covered in the oral and poster presentations. The attendees were from both academic and industrial backgrounds. In the present article we introduce a number of the papers that emerged from the meeting. Several of the papers covered current drug discovery efforts underway worldwide, with some specific examples focusing on ion channels, protein kinases and cysteine proteases. These efforts included the repurposing of known drugs as well as the discovery of novel actives. Two papers described recently-developed whole-organism screening techniques. Finally, we introduce several papers looking at mechanisms and management of drug resistance in human and veterinary parasites.
Chimeric Vesicular Monoamine Transporters Identify Structural Domains That Influence Substrate Affinity and Sensitivity to Tetrabenazine

The vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) 1 and 2 show close sequence similarity but substantial differences in apparent substrate affinity and drug sensitivity. To identify structural domains that determine these functional characteristics, chimeric transporters were constructed and their properties were analyzed in a heterologous expression system. The results implicate multiple regions in the recognition of serotonin and histamine and the sensitivity to tetrabenazine. Two domains of VMAT2, one extending from transmembrane domain (TMD) 5 to the beginning of TMD8 and the other from the end of TMD9 through TMD12, increase the affinity for serotonin and histamine as well as the sensitivity to tetrabenazine but only in the context of more C-terminal and more N-terminal VMAT2 sequences, respectively. In addition, the extreme N terminus of VMAT2 alone suffices to confer a partial increase in substrate affinity and tetrabenazine sensitivity. Despite these similarities among the interactions with serotonin, histamine, and tetrabenazine, the region of VMAT2 from TMD3 through TMD4 increases serotonin affinity but not histamine affinity or tetrabenazine sensitivity, and whereas the region from TMD5 to TMD8 of VMAT2 increases serotonin affinity in the context of more C-terminal VMAT2 sequences, the region encompassing TMD5 through TMD7 reduces serotonin but not histamine affinity or tetrabenazine sensitivity in the context of more N-terminal VMAT2 sequences. Thus, the chimeric analysis also reveals differences between serotonin recognition and the recognition of both histamine and tetrabenazine that may account for the observed differences in their interaction with the transport protein.
Energy conservation in quantum mechanics

In the classical mechanics of conservative systems, the position and momentum evolve deterministically such that the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy remains constant in time. This canonical trademark of energy conservation is absent in the standard presentations of quantum mechanics based on the Schrodinger picture. We present a purely canonical proof of energy conservation that focuses exclusively on the time-dependent position x(t) and momentum p(t) operators. This treatment of energy conservation serves as an introduction to the Heisenberg picture and illuminates the classical-quantum connection. We derive a quantum-mechanical work-energy theorem and show explicitly how the time dependence of x and p and the noncommutivity of x and p conspire to bring about a perfect temporal balance between the evolving kinetic and potential parts of the total energy operator.
Steroid hormone hydroxylase specificities of eleven cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s.

Abstract Steroid hydroxylation specificities were determined for 11 forms of human cytochrome P450, representing four gene families and eight subfamilies, that were synthesized in human hepatoma Hep G2 cells by means of cDNA-directed expression using vaccinia virus. Microsomes isolated from the P450-expressing Hep G2 cells were isolated and then assayed for their regioselectivity of hydroxylation toward testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone. Four of the eleven P450s exhibited high steroid hydroxylase activity (150–900 pmol hydroxysteroid/min/mg Hep G2 microsomal protein), one was moderately active (30–50 pmol/min/mg) and six were inactive. In contrast, 10 of the P450s effectively catalyzed O -deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin, a model drug substrate, while only one (P450 2A6) catalyzed significant coumarin 7-hydroxylation. Human P450 4B1, which is expressed in lung but not liver, catalyzed the 6β-hydroxylation of all three steroids at similar rates and with only minor formation of other hydroxylated products. Three members of human P450 family 3A, which are expressed in liver and other tissues, also catalyzed steroid 6β-hydroxylation as their major activity but, additionally, formed several minor products that include 2β-hydroxy and 15β-hydroxy derivatives in the case of testosterone. These patterns are similar to those exhibited by rat family 3A P450s. Although several rodent P450s belonging to subfamilies 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D are active steroid hydroxylases, four of five human P450s belonging to these subfamilies exhibited very low activity or were inactive, as were the human 1A and 2E P450s examined in the present study. These studies demonstrate that individual human cytochrome P450 enzymes can hydroxylate endogenous steroid hormones with a high degree of stereospecificity and regioselectivity, and that some, but not all of the human cytochromes exhibit metabolite profiles similar to their rodent counterparts.
Spectroscopic imaging of the uptake kinetics of human brain ethanol.

Previous measurements of the ratio of brain to venous blood alcohol have ranged from 21-100%, depending on the experimental model, pulse sequence, and the concentration reference used. The goal of this study was to evaluate the uptake kinetics and visibility of brain ethanol in comparison to venous blood levels using a pulse sequence that minimizes uncertainties due to differences in J-modulation, T(1), and T(2) between ethanol and the concentration standard. This was achieved using a short TE (24 msec) spin echo sequence with a semiselective refocusing pulse to minimize J-modulation losses of the ethanol. Brain ethanol levels were measured with 10-min time resolution using a 16 x 16 spectroscopic imaging matrix with nominal voxels of 1.44 cc. During the course of the study, the brain/blood alcohol ratio declined from a value of 1.54 +/- 0.74 at 35 min after drinking to a final value of 0.93 +/- 0.16 at 85 min postdrinking. Magn Reson Med 42:1019-1026, 1999.
Structure and strength of composite ceramic materials

A slip-casting technology for preparing two- and three-fraction composite ceramic materials is examined. Their structural parameters are investigated. The strength of the materials is determined. Anomalous behavior of the material strength is found near the percolation threshold (filler content—16%); this is a structural effect.
An Assessment of NHRE Hail Suppression Seeding Technology Based on Silver Analysis

Abstract Detailed analyses of three storms seeded in the National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE) during 1974 investigated the relationships between the occurrence of silver (from AgI) in precipitation and both the seeding activity and the storm histories as documented by radar, aircraft, the precipitation network and radiosondes. Although the results show that the AgI was broadly dispersed when weak, poorly organized storms were seeded, it appears that the seeding agent was confined to only limited regions of the more vigorous storms which had well-defined internal circulation patterns. In several cases, it has been possible to use radar data to identify a specific cell within a storm which produced “seeded precipitation,” and thereby roughly define the pathways taken by the AgI aerosol after release from the aircraft. Analyses have been performed on precipitation from 18 storms seeded by NHRE in the 1973 and 1974 seasons in order to determine the proportion of samples which contained “seeding” silver. I...
The Birth and Meaning of America: A Discussion of The First New Nation*

(1966). The Birth and Meaning of America: A Discussion of The First New Nation. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
Effects of Glove Use in a Coating Removal Task

Workers who are in maintenance and repair occupations are routinely exposed to several musculoskeletal disorder risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glove use during a coating removal task, which is a common maintenance and repair task. Nine healthy subjects (5 male and 4 female) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects removed identical painted sections using either a metal finishing (nylon) pad or a plastic scraper, while wearing one of thirteen glove conditions. The order of the glove conditions was randomized for each subject. Force exertions were monitored along with EMG readings from the finger flexors, finger extensors, biceps, and triceps. The results showed that there were significant increases in force outputs and muscle activities when using gloves as compared to a barehanded condition. There was some evidence that indicated glove material and glove thickness are important characteristics in these observations. These findings may have implicati...
Distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air

Aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in twelve United States cities during 1979–1984 with the help of an instrumented mobile laboratory. Approximately 100 measurements were made at each site over a 1–2 week period on a round-the-clock basis. Measurements at three sites were repeated to obtain seasonal differences. Although variabilities exist in these measurements, the average distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air is benzene 21%, toluene 36%, ethylbenzene 9%, m/p-xylene 15%, o-xylene 7%, 34-ethyl toluene 4%,1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 6 % and 1,3,5-lrimethylbenzene 2 %. Average concentrations in the range of 1–9 ppb benzene, 1–17 ppb toluene, 1–5 ppb ethylbenzene, 0.6–10 ppb m/p-xylene, 0.3–4 ppb o-xylene, 0.2–3ppb 34-ethyltoluene, 0.4–4ppb 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene and 0.1–2ppb 1,3,4-trimethylbenzene have been measured. Maximum concentrations at each site are typically less than 10 times the mean value. For both chemical and meteorological reasons, concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons are at their highest during night and early morning hours with minimum occurring during late morning and early afternoon. Relative diurnal behavior of aromatic hydrocarbons shows that most are depleted at a rate 5–50 times faster than benzene. Based on data in southern California (site 13), it is estimated that a mean OH concentration of at least 2.6 (±0.6) × 106 moleccm−3 must prevail during 0730–1330h even in February. A long-term examination of benzene and toluene data from southern California air suggests that their levels may have declined by a factor of 5–10 over the last two decades. In remote atmospheres benzene is present at a concentration of 0.1–0.2 ppb, and is 1–3 times more abundant than toluene. It is estimated that such air masses are only 2–7 days away from their urban source.
Proton Beam Heavy Ion Source

The feasibility of a very heavy ion source which utilizes ionization by intense proton beams is being investigated as a possible injector for cyclotrons and other heavy ion accelerators. Calculated cross sections for ionization to high charge states are ~10 times larger for protons at optimum energy (300-500 keV) than for electrons in working energy range of a few keV. Use of a superconducting solenoid to compress the proton beam and provide radial charge confinement is assumed in the feasibility model. Space charge repulsion produces magnetron motion of the heavy ions and a natural radial zoning with respect to charge state q which requires a correction for the magnetron period fraction spent in the ionizing flux. The radial zoning of different charge states also suggests a possible method of selective extraction. Preliminary calculations with no space charge compensation by electrons have been carried out for 400 keV protons with beam currents of 10, 25, and 100 mA, a solenoid length of 1 m and a magnetic field of B = 5T. Radial size parameters have been computed for yields of U+25 up to 1 p?A. Yields of 1 ?A appear feasible without compensation of heavy ion space charge while compensation or other modification appear necessary for higher yields to avoid impractical radial dimensions.
The application of Bayes's theorem when the true data state is uncertain

Abstract This paper discusses the application of Bayes's theorem to those cases where the true state of the world is not known with certainty. An algorithm is proposed that relaxes the requirement of Bayes's theorem that the true data state be known with certainty by postulating a true but unobservable elementary event, ω, which gives rise to posterior probabilities which reflect the uncertainty of the data. A derivation is presented for the calculation of Bayesian posterior probabilities which uses as its input these probabilities, rather than the true event, ω, which is assumed to be unavailable. Suggestions are made as to the application of this modification of Bayes's theorem to cascaded inference processes.
Unretarded London-van der Waals Forces Derived from Classical Electrodynamics with Classical Electromagnetic Zero-Point Radiation

The unretarded London-van der Waals force between a neutral polarizable particle and a conducting wall, and between two neutral polarizable particles are derived from classical electromagnetism under the assumption that the universe contains fluctuating classical electromagnetic radiation with a Lorentz-invariant spectrum, (classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation). The classical derivations correspond in detail to the familiar charge-fluctuation arguments which have been advanced previously as qualitative semiclassical descriptions of quantum calculations of these forces.
Improved Glycemic Control After 12 Months Use of Humalog Insulin † 479

Humalog insulin has been available for use since August 1996. In prior studies performed in children, the addition of Humalog led to lower postprandial blood sugars, fewer nocturnal hypoglycemic events, and increased convenience with respect to meal timing. However, HgbA1C values were not significantly lower. We have a large pediatric population of patients with type 1 diabetes using Humalog. We did a chart review of our patients using Humalog for all or part of their rapid acting insulin for at least 6 months. To be included, patients had to have been diagnosed at least 1.5 years prior to beginning Humalog and must have been on a regimen in the past that did not contain Humalog. 49 charts were chosen randomly for review after meeting the above criteria. A1C values at 3, 6 and 12 months after starting Humalog were compared to the average A1C during the six months prior to starting Humalog. Table 1 shows average A1C values. Normal A1C < 6.4.
Correlation in the tolerance to ozone between sporophytes and male gametophytes of several fruit and nut tree species (Rosaceae)

We analyzed relative sensitivities to ozone partial pressure for male gametophytes (pollen and pollen tubes) of five tree-crop species in the family Rosaceae (almond, apple, apricot, nectarine/peach, pear) and of four cultivars of almond. Relative sensitivities to ozone partial pressure were previously described using field-based, whole-plant, physiological measurements for the sporophytes of each of the species and cultivars used in this study. Our objective was to determine the extent of correlation between sporophyte and gametophyte responses to ozone among and within these tree species. If the relative sensitivities prove to be similar for the two generations, two research strategies become possible for breeders interested in developing new cultivars with improved tolerance to atmospheric ozone: First, because screening large numbers of sporophytes for their responses to ozone partial pressure is a formidable task, exploiting the much more easily manipulated male gametophyte generation for large-scale screening of individuals for ozone tolerance could greatly facilitate identification and selection of tolerant genotypes. Second, it opens the possibility of applying selection pressure to the gametophyte generation (as during pollen germination or pollen tube growth) to favor production of ozonetolerant progeny. Results indicate that, among and within species, relative responses of pollen tube growth to ozone partial pressure are highly correlated with that of the sporophytes. Pollen germination was inhibited by ozone treatments for all but one species (pear), but differences among and within species were neither significant nor (with the exception of pear) did they correlate with relative sporophyte sensitivities.
Real-time PCR methods for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance

Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is a challenge to malaria control programs. Policy makers currently depend on in vivo (and, sometimes, in vitro ) resistance testing to set treatment guidelines. Molecular markers such as mutations in dhfr , dhps , pfcrt and pfmdr1 represent potential surveillance tools. In this article, we describe newer high-throughput methods for detecting these molecular markers. One method, 5′ nuclease real-time polymerase chain reaction, is discussed in detail.
Improved corneal storage: penetrating keratoplasties in rabbits.

Abstract In the present study, rabbit corneas were stored in McCarey-Kaufman corneal bathing media (M-K media) at 4°C for up to 14 days and used as donor material in penetrating keratoplasties. These results were compared to penetrating keratoplasties with corneas stored in refrigerated moist chambers. Evaluation of the graft clarity shows that all the M-K media stored corneas were clear from the day of surgery. This contrasted with the 14-day moist chamber stored grafts which were hazy for the first week then either became opaque or remained hazy. Electron microscopy of postoperative grafts of 14-day M-K stored donor corneas, show the endothelial ultrastructure to be normal by the third day postoperative.
Parental and peer influences on alcohol use during the transition out of college.

Parental and peer drinking and attitudes have been identified as predictors of drinking during adolescence and the transition to college, but little is known about these influences during the transition out of college. The current study assessed the influence of parents and peers on drinking behavior in a large sample of college drinkers (N = 1,665), using a cross-lagged panel structural equation model (SEM) across 3 time-points: final year of college and annually for the following 2 years. Multigroup models were tested for White compared with Hispanic and Asian American students to determine if parental and peer influences operated similarly for these groups. RESULTS in the full sample indicated that peer selection effects were present both during the initial transition out of college and between 1 year and 2 years postcollege. Although peer socialization effects were not present during the initial transition out of college, there was evidence of peer socialization from 1 year postcollege to 2 years postcollege. During the initial transition out of college direct effects of familial drinking on student drinking were evident, whereas family drinking indirectly impacted student drinking through peer selection from 1 year to 2 years postcollege. Multigroup analyses identified group differences only between 1 and 2 years postcollege. During this time period, peer selection and family effects on peer selection were evident among ethnic minority students but not among White students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Recent advances in microarrays.

An overview is presented for the current DNA-based microarray market, including applications for microarrays in areas such as gene expression, single-nucleotide polymorphism, strain differentiation, de novo DNA synthesis, aptamers and advances in ‘in situ’ synthesis technology. The development of new detection methods, simplified methodologies and broad application to molecular diagnostics are rapidly migrating microarray technologies into the arena of diagnostics and personalized medicine. Comparisons of microarray technologies from various manufacturers are presented.
LncRNA: a new player in 1α, 25(OH)2 vitamin D3/VDR protection against skin cancer formation

Sunlight, vitamin D and skin cancer form a controversial brew. While too much sunlight exposure causes skin cancer, it is the major source of vitamin D from skin. We propose that these processes can be balanced. Vitamin D signalling (VDS) protects against skin cancer as demonstrated by the susceptibility of the skin to tumor formation in VDR null mice and protection from UVB-induced mutations when VDR agonists are administered. The question is how is protection afforded. Previously, we have focused on the Wnt/β-catenin/hedgehog and DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways. As VDR regulates hundreds of genes with thousands of VDR response elements (VDRE) throughout the genome, and many VDREs are in non-coding regions, we decided to explore long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). LncRNAs are mRNA-like transcripts ranging from 200 bases ~100 kb lacking significant open reading frames. They are aberrantly expressed in human cancers and involved in a spectrum of tumorigenic/metastatic processes (cell proliferation/apoptosis/angiogenesis). We discovered that VDS regulated the expression of certain lncRNAs in a manner consistent with VDS protection against skin cancer. Given the huge variation in genes actively regulated by 1,25(OH)2 D from different cell types, it is conceivable that our results could apply to personalized medicine based on the distinctive lncRNA profiles. These lncRNAs could also serve as skin cancer biomarkers secreted into the blood or urine via exosomes as demonstrated in other cancer types (breast, prostate). Modulation of lncRNA profile by VDS may also provide insight into regulating pathways such as Wnt/s-catenin and hedgehog.
Photoactivated DNA cleavage via charge transfer promoted N2 release from tris[3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazine-4(3H)-one]iron(III)

Visible wavelength ligand-to-metal (LMCT) activated N2 release from tris(3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazine-4(3H)-one]iron(III) produces localized ligand radical intermediates capable of cleaving DNA and represents a new chemical approach to photonuclease design for biological applications.
Tensile Properties of the Murine Ventral Vertical Midline Incision

Background: In clinical surgery, the vertical midline abdominal incision is popular but associated with healing failures. A murine model of the ventral vertical midline incision was developed in order to study the healing of this incision type. Methodology/Principal Findings: The strength of the wild type murine ventral abdominal wall in the midline was contained within the dermis; the linea alba made a negligible contribution. Unwounded abdominal wall had a downward trend (nonsignificant) in maximal tension between 12 and 29 weeks of age. The incision attained 50% of its final strength by postoperative day 40. The maximal tension of the ventral vertical midline incision was nearly that of unwounded abdominal wallby postwounding day 60;there wasno difference in unwounded vs. wounded maximal tension at postwoundingday 120. Conclusions/Significance: After 120 days of healing, the ventral vertical midline incision in the wild type mouse was not significantly different from age-matched nonwounded controls. About half of the final incisional strength was attained after 6 weeks of healing. The significance of this work was to establish the kinetics of wild type incisional healing in a model for which numerous genotypes and genetic tools would be available for subsequent study.
Potential β-sheet surfaces of soybean seed proteins

Volume and amphiphilicity profiles computed for β-sheet conformations of soybean seed proteins (the acidic and basic subunits of glycinin, the α subunit of β-conglycinin, an extensin-like high-proline protein, and a lipid body oleosin) were compared to profiles for selected nonseed proteins and random-sequence polypeptides. The major soy proteins resemble fibrinogen more than silk or collagen but are differentiated from each other by surface polarity. Polarity in acidic glycinin fluctuates somewhat regularly and symmetrically along both sides of the β-sheet, but in basic glycinin, polarity on one side is fourfold that on the other throughout 70% of the protein. Polar residues distribute equally on either side of the β-conglycinin subunit, but half of the acidic and basic residues concentrate in the N-terminal third of the molecule. The remainder of the β-conglycinin contains 90% of the molecule’s tyrosine, of which 70% is along one side. In the high-proline protein, 90% of the tyrosine distributes to one side of a β-sheet; 95% of the acidic residues to the other. Only soy oleosin approximates the per-residue volume, polarity, and uniformity of silk or collagen. Its 85-residue central lipophilic domain is much less polar than silk and nearly as uniform.
A volume control for the sense of smell.

Animals can discriminate between olfactory stimuli, but they perceive different concentrations of a chemical as one stimulus. A recent study suggests how this happens and reveals a neural circuit that mediates olfactory gain control.
A New Paradigm for Enzymatic Control of α-Cleavage and β-Cleavage of the Prion Protein

The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) is found in both full-length and several different cleaved forms in vivo. Although the precise functions of the PrPC proteolytic products are not known, cleavage between the unstructured N-terminal domain and the structured C-terminal domain at Lys-109↓His-110 (mouse sequence), termed α-cleavage, has been shown to produce the anti-apoptotic N1 and the scrapie-resistant C1 peptide fragments. β-Cleavage, residing adjacent to the octarepeat domain and N-terminal to the α-cleavage site, is thought to arise from the action of reactive oxygen species produced from redox cycling of coordinated copper. We sought to elucidate the role of key members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) enzyme family, as well as Cu2+ redox cycling, in recombinant mouse PrP (MoPrP) cleavage through LC/MS analysis. Our findings show that although Cu2+ redox-generated reactive oxygen species do produce fragmentation corresponding to β-cleavage, ADAM8 also cleaves MoPrP in the octarepeat domain in a Cu2+- and Zn2+-dependent manner. Additional cleavage by ADAM8 was observed at the previously proposed location of α-cleavage, Lys-109↓His-110 (MoPrP sequencing); however, upon addition of Cu2+, the location of α-cleavage shifted by several amino acids toward the C terminus. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have also been implicated in α-cleavage at Lys-109↓His-110; however, we observed that they instead cleaved MoPrP at a novel location, Ala-119↓Val-120, with additional cleavage by ADAM10 at Gly-227↓Arg-228 near the C terminus. Together, our results show that MoPrP cleavage is far more complex than previously thought and suggest a mechanism by which PrPC fragmentation responds to Cu2+ and Zn2+.
Excitatory and inhibitory effects of morphine on the intercostal-to-phrenic respiratory reflex

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intravenously administered morphine on the intercostal-to-phrenic reflex in spinal (C1) cats. The carotid and vertebral arteries were ligated. In addition a metal clamp was placed around the neck and tightened in order to occlude all blood flow to the brain. The animals were vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated artificially. End-tidal PCO2 and body temperature were kept constant by means of servocontrollers. The intercostal-to-phrenic reflex was activated by rhythmic tapping of the lower thorax anteriorly with a metal bar. Three different doses of morphine were used. The smallest dose (1 mg/kg) caused a marked stimulation of phrenic activity that lasted for more than 5 min. A larger dose (10 mg/kg) had only a mild excitatory effect. A much larger dose (50 mg/kg), on the other hand, caused inhibition of evoked phrenic activity. Possible mechanisms involved in mediating the dose dependent effects of morphine on the intercostal-to-phrenic reflex are discussed.
Pulmonary Atelectasis After Reconstruction With a Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap

Atelectasis is the most common postoperative complication encountered in head and neck surgery. Risk factors include preexisting pulmonary disease, type of surgery performed, and the length of anesthetic. It is controversial whether reconstruction of defects with regional myogenous flaps predisposes to atelectasis. The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap requires the patient to be placed on his side for a period of time. Whether it is the position or the surgery that contributes to the development of atelectasis has not been examined. Eighteen patients underwent latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap reconstruction following major ablative procedures for head and neck cancer. The cutaneous area transferred ranged from 70 to 225 cm 2 (mean, 128 cm 2 ). The flap size ranged from 7 x 10 to 15 x 15 cm. The majority of flaps were 10 x 15 cm or greater. These patients were compared to 18 patients who did not undergo pedicled myocutaneous chest flap reconstruction. Patients were matched for age, sex, length of operation, site of primary, and stage of disease. Postoperative atelectasis was radiographically detected in 89% of flap patients vs. 79% of controls. Major atelectasis was encountered in 16% of patients undergoing flap surgery vs. 11% of patients in the control group. Patients with large cutaneous paddles on their flaps (>120 cm 2 ) had significantly more atelectasis than patients with smaller cutaneous paddles (P<.05, chi-squared). The incidence of radiographic postoperative atelectasis in patients having a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is high. The size of the skin paddle harvested as well as the position change may contribute to this.
Impact of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution in Argentina

The outbreak of the Hungarian revolution in 1956 brought forth solidarity movements fromHungarian emigres all over the world. In Argentina, the response was overwhelming. Hungarianemigre organizations formed a "Comite de Ayuda pro Hungria Libre" (Aid Committee for a FreeHungary), coordinating the strategies and actions aimed at providing moral and material supportfor the revolution. Supplementing and aiding these actions were those of the Argentinegovernment and population at large. The government named a special commission for refugees;and there was a tremendous outpour of sympathy and material support for Hungarians amongArgentines, with major press coverage for months to come. Of special importance is the literaryand press output following the revolution. These actions provoked fear and rejection from theEmbassy of the People's Republic of Hungary, and it accused the Argentine government of openlysiding with the emigres. Upon the Hungarian Foreign Ministry's instructions, the Embassystrongly intensified the espionage on the emigre institutions and its prominent members for years.Relations between emigre organizations and the Hungarian Government remained nonexistent orstrained until the lifting of the Iron Curtain in 1990.