cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ICT Research Into K-16 Teaching and Learning Practices

In this chapter, we, the faculty from the Learning Technologies Program at The University of Texas at Austin, describe our research interests and share findings from our research conducted in past few years. Through multiple research projects examining various factors affecting technology use in K-16, we discuss the affordances of different technologies and outline the challenges as revealed via our research.
Neighborhood Hierarchy of Needs

Neighborhood and homeowners associations represent two forms of neighborhood governance in the United States, and these residential community associations (RCAs) aid in neighborhood development. In...
Complex Litigation: A New Hybrid

Commentary and analysis of the merging doctrine of the “hybrid” class action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. The article discusses the concept of the original hybrid class action in the 1938 class action rule, and its demise in the amended 1966 class action rule. After the 1966 amendment to the rule, a new form of hybrid class action is being pursued under Rule 23(b)(2), the injunctive class, which also seeks compensatory damages – usually reserved for relief under Rule 23(b)(3). Some federal courts have endorsed the possibility of this form of hybrid class action, but require that notice be served to class members. Other courts have not only ordered notice, but also mandated that class members in such hybrid class actions be afforded the right to opt-out. The article explores the implications and significance of this new form of hybrid class action, and the ways in which it blurs the distinctions among the Rule 23(b) class categories. The article discusses the approval of a hybrid settlement class approved in the Southern District of Ohio in In re Cincinnati Radiation Litigation (1999).
Carbon Dioxide Transport

The sections in this article are: 1 Carbon Dioxide Content of Blood 1.1 Dissolved CO2 1.2 Bicarbonate Ion 1.3 Carbamate Compounds 2 Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve 2.1 Buffering of CO2 2.2 Distribution of CO2 Content Between Cells and Plasma 2.3 Haldane Effect 2.4 Relative Contributions to CO2 Exchange 3 Time-Dependent Factors in CO2 Exchange 3.1 Diffusion of CO2 3.2 Dehydration of Carbonic Acid 3.3 Bicarbonate-Chloride Exchange 3.4 Interaction of CO2 and O2 Exchange 3.5 Models of Gas Exchange
Patients' view of retail clinics as a source of primary care: boon for nurse practitioners?

Purpose: To estimate consumer utilities associated with major attributes of retail clinics (RCs). Data sources: A discrete choice experiment (DCE) with 383 adult residents of the metropolitan statistical areas in Georgia conducted via Random Digit Dial survey of households. The DCE had two levels each of four attributes: price ($59; $75), appointment wait time (same day; 1 day or more), care setting-provider combination (nurse practitioner [NP]-RC; physician-private office), and acute illness (urinary tract infection; influenza), resulting in 16 choice scenarios. The respondents indicated whether they would seek care under each scenario. Conclusions: Cost savings and convenience offered by RCs are attractive to urban patients, and given sufficient cost savings they are likely to seek care there. All else equal, one would require cost savings of at least $30.21 to seek care from an NP at RC rather than a physician at private office, and $83.20 to wait one day or more. Implications for practice: Appointment wait time is a major determinant of careseeking decisions for minor illnesses. The size of the consumer utility associated with the convenience feature of RCs indicates that there is likely to be further growth and employment opportunities for NPs in these clinics.
Microscopic scenarios for implementing a dynamic model of electric breakdown in a solid insulation system

Microscopic scenarios for electric tree initiation and propagation are developed for the case where electric breakdown occurs in a thick, homogeneous solid dielectric due to the application of a single, steep-fronted impulse. The scenarios treat the electric tree as a high-temperature, high-conductivity, gaseous region that is formed by rapid, localized, energetic dissociation of the dielectric. The scenarios provide perspective on the processes, time scale, roles of geometry and space charge, and degree of localization, thereby providing guidance for modeling electric breakdown in solids. >
Current views on the role of Notch signaling and the pathogenesis of human leukemia

The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Constitutive activation of Notch signaling has been shown to result in excessive cellular proliferation and a wide range of malignancies, including leukemia, glioblastoma and lung and breast cancers. Notch can also act as a tumor suppressor, and its inactivation has been associated with an increased risk of spontaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This minireview focuses on recent advances related to the mechanisms and roles of activated Notch1, Notch2, Notch3 and Notch4 signaling in human lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia and B cell lymphoma, as well as their significance, and recent advances in Notch-targeted therapies.
Four isomers of [C3H8O]+˙ distinguished by collisional activation

Collisional activation of the molecular ions of 1-propanol, 2-propanol and methyl ethyl ether, and of the m/z 60 ion from 1,2-dimethoxyethane provides evidence for four distinct forms of [C3H8O]+˙. Collision induced decompositions may be explained either by simple cleavages, by cyclic processes involving adjacent substituents, or by bicyclic processes of adjacent substituents. Evidence for a form of [C3H8O]+˙ in which charge and radical site are separate is assembled from the spectra.
One-loop renormalization of pure Yang-Mills theory with Lorentz violation

The explicit one-loop renormalizability of pure Yang-Mills theory with Lorentz violation is demonstrated. The result is consistent with multiplicative renormalization as the required counterterms are consistent with a single rescaling of the Lorentz-violation parameters. In addition, the resulting beta functions indicate that the $CPT$-even Lorentz-violating terms increase with energy scale in opposition to the asymptotically free gauge coupling and $CPT$-odd terms. The calculations are performed at lowest order in the Lorentz-violating terms as they are assumed small.
Phase contrast MR imaging to measure changes in collateral blood flow after stenting of recurrent aortic coarctation: Initial experience

Purpose To assess the feasibility of using phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC-MR) imaging to measure the change in collateral blood flow early after stenting of aortic coarctation. Materials and Methods A total of 10 consecutive patients with coarctation of the aorta underwent MR imaging, X-ray angiography, and stent placement. PC-MR at two sites in the descending aorta was performed before and early after stenting in order to estimate collateral inflow to the descending thoracic aorta. The collateral flow and collateral flow percentage before and after stent placement were compared. Results Before stenting, the mean proximal aortic flow = 43.9 ± 14.6 mL/second; mean distal flow = 54.2 ± 10 mL/second; collateral flow = 10.2 ± 6.8 mL/second; and collateral flow percentage = 30.1 ± 27.9%. After stenting, the mean proximal aortic flow = 62.1 ± 17.9 mL/second; mean distal flow = 60 ± 19 mL/second; collateral flow = –1.9 ± 3.7 mL/second; and collateral flow percentage = –3.3 ± 6.8%. Conclusion PC-MR can be used to measure changes in collateral circulation after stent treatment of coarctation of the aorta. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Compact source of narrowband and tunable X-rays for radiography

Abstract We discuss the development of a compact X-ray source based on inverse-Compton scattering with a laser-driven electron beam. This source produces a beam of high-energy X-rays in a narrow cone angle (5–10 mrad), at a rate of 108 photons-s−1. Tunable operation of the source over a large energy range, with energy spread of ∼50%, has also been demonstrated. Photon energies >10 MeV have been obtained. The narrowband nature of the source is advantageous for radiography with low dose, low noise, and minimal shielding.
WORK PERFORMANCE OF NORMAL RATS UNDER CONDITIONS OF ANOXIA

EARLIER STUDIES (1, 2, 3) indicated that exposure to anoxia was followed by striking changes in the adrenal cortex. Repeated, short exposures to reduced pressure (2, 4, 5) resulted in a marked increase in the size of the adrenal glands and a corresponding decrease in the size of the thymus (5). Studies on adrenalectomized rats (1, 4) and dogs (6) suggested that these animals were unable to survive exposures at a reduction in pressure which was well tolerated by normal animals. However, the altitude tolerance of adrenalectomized rats (4) could be greatly increased by appropriate treatment with adrenal cortex extract. Synthetic desoxycorticosterone acetate therapy also improved the altitude tolerance of adrenalectomized animals but this compound was less effective in this respect than adrenal cortex extract. Preliminary experiments on normal animals, however, failed to reveal any significant improvement in ‘altitude–tolerance’ in normal animals when they were treated with adrenal cortex extract or desoxycor...
A Breath of Fresh Aire

The origin and function of extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) is incompletely defined. In this issue of Immunity, Gardner et al. (2013) show that eTACs are a distinct tolerogenic cell population that functionally inactivates CD4⁺ T cells to induce peripheral tolerance.
Environmental physiology of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat—II. Influences of the burrow environment on metabolism and water loss

1. 1. Oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss were measured in response to burrow and control temperature, water vapor pressure and inspired CO2 concentration for Dipodomys spectabilis. 2. 2. Oxygen uptake of banner-tail kangaroo rats increased in response to increased inspired CO2 and decreased temperature. 3. 3. Oxygen consumption of the kangaroo rats decreased in response to a combination of elevated CO2 and water vapor pressure, relative to elevated CO2 in dry air. but there was no consistent response to increased water vapor pressure, alone or in combination with temperature. 4. 4. Evaporative water loss and heat loss decreased with decreasing temperature and/or increasing water vapor pressure, but water loss increased at elevated inspired CO2 concentrations and decreased in response to the combination of elevated CO2 and water vapor. 5. 5. Seasonal acclimatization of oxygen consumption was evident when data were plotted as responses to control exposures by month. 6. 6. Oxygen uptake and heat loss measured under burrow conditions were related to the seasonal thermal cycle, in that metabolism decreased and heat loss increased during the months of highest burrow temperatures. 7. 7. Evaporative water loss showed little seasonal change under either control or burrow conditions, but had a slight increase in September and October, months in which burrow water vapor pressure was reduced .
Situational, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal Characteristic Associations With Adolescent Conflict Forgiveness

ABSTRACT Given the voluntary nature of adolescent friendships, forgiveness of interpersonal transgressions has been identified as a critical aspect of maintaining these relationships. However, transgression forgiveness is related to a range of situational (e.g., transgression severity), interpersonal (e.g., friendship commitment), and intrapersonal (e.g., victim's empathy) factors. Data from 161 adolescents were used to examine the nature of the relationships between these factors and forgiveness and to examine the differential association patterns for adolescent boys and girls. Results for the overall adolescent sample indicated both situational and interpersonal factor associations with forgiveness (R 2 = .52, p < .001). Examination of separate female and male forgiveness reports indicated similar interpersonal factor associations and differential situational factor associations with female (R 2 = .46, p < .001), and male (R 2 = .60, p < .001) forgiveness. Findings suggest the likelihood of forgiving ma...
Complexity of $\kappa$-Ultrafilters and Inner Models with Measurable Cardinals

The purpose of this paper is to establish a connection between the complexity of κ -ultrafilters over a measurable cardinal κ , and the existence of ascending Rudin-Keisler chains of κ -ultrafilters and of inner models with several measurable cardinals. If V is a model of ZFC + “There exists a measurable cardinal κ ”, then V satisfies “There exists a normal κ -ultrafilter”, that is to say a “simple” κ -ultrafilter. The only known examples of “complex” κ -ultrafilters have been constructed by Kanamori [2], Ketonen [4] and Kunen (cf. [2]) with stronger hypotheses than measurability: compactness or supercompactness. Using the notions of skies and constellations defined by Kanamori [2] for the measurable case, and which witness the complexity of a κ -ultrafilter, we shall show the necessity of such assumptions, namely: Theorem 1. If λ κ is a strongly inaccessible cardinal, the existence of a κ -ultrafilter with more than λ constellations implies that there is an inner model with two measurable cardinals if λ = ω and λ + 1 measurable cardinals otherwise . Theorem 2. Let θ + 1 measurable cardinals . And as a corollary, we obtain: Theorem 3. Let μ κ be a regular cardinal. If there exists a κ -ultrafilter containing the closed-unbounded subsets of κ and {α κ : cf(α) = μ}, then there is an inner model with two measurable cardinals if μ = ω , and μ + 1 measurable cardinals otherwise .
Misrepresentation and Expectations of Misrepresentation in an Ethical Dilemma: The Role of Incentives and Temptation

An investigation of ethical decision making in a negotiation context revealed that focal actors' incentives influenced not only their misrepresentation, but also their expectations of their opponen...
Prevalence and Characteristics of Women at Risk for an Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy (AEP) in the United States: Estimates from the National Survey of Family Growth

Non-pregnant women can avoid alcohol-exposed pregnancies (AEPs) by modifying drinking and/or contraceptive practices. The purpose of this study was to estimate the number and characteristics of women in the United States who are at risk of AEPs. We analyzed data from in-person interviews obtained from a national probability sample (i.e., the National Survey of Family Growth) of reproductive-aged women conducted from January 2002 to March 2003. To be at risk of AEP, a woman had to have met the following criteria in the last month: (1) was drinking; (2) had vaginal intercourse with a man; and (3) did not use contraception. During a 1-month period, nearly 2 million U.S. women were at risk of an AEP (95 % confidence interval 1,760,079–2,288,104), including more than 600,000 who were binge drinking. Thus, 3.4 %, or 1 in 30, of all non-pregnant women were at risk of an AEP. Most demographic and behavioral characteristics were not clearly associated with AEP risk. However, pregnancy intention was strongly associated with AEP risk (prevalence ratio = 12.0, P < 0.001) because women often continued to drink even after they stopped using contraception. Nearly 2 million U.S. women are at AEP risk and therefore at risk of having children born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. For pregnant women and women intending a pregnancy, there is an urgent need for wider implementation of prevention programs and policy approaches that can reduce the risk for this serious public health problem.
Improved incident reporting following the implementation of a standardized emergency department peer review process

Objective Incident reporting is an important component of health care quality improvement. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of an emergency department (ED) peer review process in promoting incident reporting. Design An observational, interrupted time-series analysis of health care provider (HCP) incident reporting to the ED during a 30-month study period prior to and following the peer review process implementation and a survey-based assessment of physician perceptions of the peer review process' educational value and its effectiveness in identifying errors. Setting Large, urban, academic ED. Participants and Interventions HCPs were invited to participate in a standardized, non-punitive, non-anonymous peer review process that involved analysis and structured discussion of incident reports submitted to ED physician leadership. Main Outcome Measures Monthly frequency of incident reporting by HCPs and physician perceptions of the peer review process. Results HCPs submitted 314 incident reports to the ED over the study period. Following the intervention, frequency of reporting by HCPs within the hospital increased over time. The frequencies of self-reporting, reporting by other ED practitioners and reporting by non-ED practitioners within the hospital increased compared with a control group of outside HCPs ( P = 0.0019, P = 0.0025 and P < 0.0001). Physicians perceived the peer review process to be educational and highly effective in identifying errors. Conclusions The implementation of a non-punitive peer review process that provides timely feedback and is perceived as being valuable for error identification and education can lead to increased incident reporting by HCPs.
Validity of a modified-radius born approximation to replace CCBA calculations

Abstract It is shown that under favorable conditions, CCBA calculations can be replaced by ordinary DWBA calculations in which the radius parameters of the optical potentials are appropriately modified.
Comparison of Progressive Relaxation Training and Practice Sessions Using the Adjective Generation Technique

Summary.-The Adjective Generation Technique was used to evaluate and compare progressive relaxation training and practice sessions for one female client. The subject acquired the relaxation skills and maintained them at 3 mo. follow-up. Changes in the referral complaint were also reported. The clinical advantages of using the technique over traditional anxiety scales were described. Ensuring that clients practice relaxation skills outside the therapist's office is a crucial component of progressive relaxation training (3). Research (5) has focused on evaluating therapist-delivered training sessions while largely ignoring a systematic evaluation of out-of-office practice sessions. The present study was initiated to determine whether the Adjective Generation Technique would be clinically useful for evaluating and comparing training and practice relaxation sessions. This measure has proven effective with a non-clinical group who experienced only relaxation training without practice (4). The technique (1) requires clients to write down five adjectives which best describe themselves. No other instructions are given; the anxiety dimension of the measure is not discussed. Norms are available to rate the adjectives on an anxiety scale (0 = lowest anxiery, 600 = highest anxiery, 300 = midpoint). The development of these norms is described elsewhere (2). Test-retest reliability of .74 (P < .001, df
Self-Reported Visual Function and Academic Success: Cattell Revisited:

To test the hypothesis that visual deficits might hamper college students' academic success, we examined the relationship between a reliable self-report measure of visual function and semester grades. The correlation between the Everyday Vision Questionnaire scores and the grades of 331 college students was .01, which replicates and extends the historical findings of Cattell and others.
Biochemical adaptation and loss of genetic capacity in helminth parasites.

Summary 1. Adaptation and loss of genetic capacity differ chiefly in that adaptation is goal- directed whereas loss of genetic capacity is not. Given sufficient information about an individual organism and its environment, adaptations are recognizable without reference to historical events extending beyond a single generation. This is not true of loss of genetic capacity, which requires a preliminary judgement that genetic information now absent was present in ancestral organisms. Together, adaptation and loss of genetic capacity are the major contributors to overall reproductive fitness. Accidental selection is genetically associated with adaptation, but is not goal-directed. 2. Adaptations arevariant or invariant; invariant adaptations comprising biochemical unity, and variant adaptations contributing to biochemical diversity. Variant adaptations may be either exploitive or epigenetic. Exploitive adaptations are a measure of thegenetic capacity for phenotypic response to an altered environment, which the individual may not in fact encounter. Epigenetic adaptations are more rigidly programmed and are responsive to altered environments only insofar as these are a constant feature of the life cycle. 3. Selected observations in the biochemistry of helminth parasites are examined with respect to their interpretation in terms of adaptation, loss of genetic capacity and accidental selection. Secure judgements concerning adaptation are often possible at the most general level, i.e. when the physicochemical properties of the environment, such as temperature or oxygen supply, are clearly defined. I t is more difficult to make judgements concerning the specific mechanisms used in achieving these goals. Conclusions concerning loss of genetic capacity require knowledge of the specific function through-out the life cycle. In many cases loss of genetic capacity is only apparent, as the function appears in another part of the life cycle. Such apparent losses are in reality epigenetic adaptations. These concepts are helpful in interpreting past work and in devising new experiments. 4. Development in helminth parasites includes a pronounced capacity for the orderly release of information to be used in the next stage. As each stage may require a radically different environment, programming for it may lead to phenomena which are superficially puzzling, such as the existence of aerobic electron transport systems in a stage whose energy metabolism is fermentative. The concept of epigenetic adaptation is especially useful for interpreting such observations. 5. Although possible adaptations are most readily apparent in biochemically complex mechanisms, these mechanisms are an expression of the orderly effects of many different primary gene products which have not been much studied. There are indications that organisms possessing relatively complex life cycles may provide opportunities for relating primary gene products, such as isozymes, to their physiological functions.
Origin of low thermal conductivity in nuclear fuels.

Using a novel many-body approach, we report lattice dynamical properties of UO{sub 2} and PuO{sub 2} and uncover various contributions to their thermal conductivities. Via calculated Grueneisen constants, we show that only longitudinal acoustic modes having large phonon group velocities are efficient heat carriers. Despite the fact that some optical modes also show their velocities which are extremely large, they do not participate in the heat transfer due to their unusual anharmonicity. Ways to improve thermal conductivity in these materials are discussed.
A shared-edit & view web-based simulation framework

Web-Based Simulation (WBS) is a key component for collaborative work in cyberspace between the users who are separated geographically. Traditional WBS nevertheless has limitations in showing the changes made by the participants in the model development in real-time. Common in most frameworks is posting the result after the changes. While this method can be of some benefit for the users of Modeling & Simulation (M&S), it has significant drawbacks for true collaborative applications such as Virtual Training Environment (VTE), Virtual Classrooms, and Virtual Labs.Our framework in contrast provides a shared view of the entire M&S process in real-time to all of its participants in the virtual environment. In addition, it also allows its participants to share editing of the simulation model via Mob-Write Share-Edit techniques (MWSE). The platform supports Advanced Distance Learning (ADL) where the students join the training session, collaboratively work on their task, launch and interact with their model of choice, select their simulation engine for executions, and perform their training tasks.This paper describes a prototype implementation of the framework. It currently supports three different simulation engines while others can easily be integrated in the system. Furthermore, the paper provides several benchmark examples developed in this prototype and added to the repository.
Stabilization of the T-state of hemoglobin

Abstract The effect of inositol hexaphosphate and bezafibrate on binding of O2 and CO to HbAo at high concentrations (1 mM) has been evaluated using thin layer optical techniques. Data analysis shows 1) the occurrence of greatly reduced ligand dependent cooperativity (Hill slope of 2.23 for CO and 1.51 for O2), and 2) the presence of significant triply ligated species. The data fits a nested allosteric two-state MWC model in which the T state consists of two allosteric substates, Tt and Tr, where Tt binds only to the α chains and Tr binds to both α and β chains. The model indicates that the triply ligated species consists of a predominant amount of T form, agreeing with kinetic observations of CO ligated hemoglobin. The maximum amount of triply ligated R molecules (CO or O2) implicated is less than 1%, a result similar to that found previously for binding studies made in the absence of BZF and IHP.
Chronic, multi-contact, neural interface for deep brain stimulation

Recent clinical studies show deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a promising therapy for the chronic treatment of major depression. Although an increasing number of studies have shown the clinical benefits of DBS in patients with major depressive disorder, little is known about the underlying mechanisms by which the treatment works. The neural interface described here consists of two multi-contact, polymer-based, microelectrode arrays that were specially-designed and fabricated. The first is for stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the second is for recording local field potentials (LFPs) and event related potentials (ERPs) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Unlike conventional metal wire stimulating arrays, this stimulating array offers 144 spatial configurations, both monopolar and bipolar. We present here preliminary results involving stimulation of various contact points spanning the mPFC, with simultaneous recording from multiple contacts across the temporal lobe.
Effects of various dry ashing temperatures on the determination of 13 nutrient elements in five plant tissues

Abstract Dry ashing five different plant tissues at temperatures from 400 to 700° Cat 4 and 15 hours affected the concentration of Al, B, Cu, Fe, K, and Mn found upon analysis by both emission and atomic absorption spec‐troscopy. The elements Ba, Ca, Mg, Mo, P, Sr, and Zn were not affected by the varying temperatures and times. Dry ashing at 500° C for 4 or 15 hours gave results comparable to the known element concentration or that determined by wet ashing. At temperatures below and above 500° C, volitilization losses and absorption occurred.
Dyspnea, anxiety, and depression in chronic respiratory impairment

In order to examine the relationship of dyspnea to anxiety and depression, the authors rated dyspnea using several methods in 50 patients with chronic respiratory impairment. Anxiety and depression were measured by the Symptom Checklist-90 and the Symptom Questionnaire. Results varied with the method of assessing dyspnea. Physician-rated dyspnea was significantly associated with patients' self-ratings of breathlessness as well as with pulmonary function tests, but not with any of the self-rating scales of emotions. Self-rated breathlessness was significantly associated with self-rated depression. In multiple regression analyses, depression was predictive of breathlessness. When the sample was limited to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the results remained the same. The patients were significantly more depressed and anxious than matched family practice patients. In the study of the complex relationship of dyspnea to physical and emotional factors, it is desirable to use more than one measure of dyspnea because the results depend in part on the method of assessment.
Freeform fabrication of ceramics

Fabrication of ceramic objects by solid freeform fabrication (SFF) techniques is reviewed, with emphasis on ceramic versions of commercial rapid prototyping (RP) methods. A wide range of ceramics have been demonstrated, including aluminium oxide, silica, hydroxyapatite, silicon nitride, and lead zirconate titanate, with techniques based on extrusion, ink jet deposition, green tape lamination, and photopolymerisation. The quality of SFF ceramics compares well with conventionally processed ceramics.
Analysis of fetal loss after transcervical chorionic villus sampling (a review of 719 patients)

Abstract Chorionic villus sampling was performed under real-time ultrasonographic direction on a study group of 719 patients from September 9, 1985, through May 5, 1988. Follow-up of 714 of these patients who would have reached 28 weeks' gestation on September 1, 1988, revealed "an unintended" abortion rate of 4.1% by 20 weeks' gestation. Nine patients had a fetal loss
SU-F-BRE-04: Construction of 3D Printed Patient Specific Phantoms for Dosimetric Verification Measurements

Purpose: To validate a method to create per patient phantoms for dosimetric verification measurements. Methods: Using a RANDO phantom as a substitute for an actual patient, a model of the external features of the head and neck region of the phantom was created. A phantom was used instead of a human for two reasons: to allow for dosimetric measurements that would not be possible in-vivo and to avoid patient privacy issues. Using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic as the building material, a hollow replica was created using the 3D printer filled with a custom tissue equivalent mixture of paraffin wax, magnesium oxide, and calcium carbonate. A traditional parallel-opposed head and neck plan was constructed. Measurements were performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters in both the RANDO phantom and in the 3D printed phantom. Calculated and measured dose was compared at 17 points phantoms including regions in high and low dose regions and at the field edges. On-board cone beam CT was used to localize both phantoms within 1mm and 1° prior to radiation. Results: The maximum difference in calculated dose between phantoms was 1.8% of the planned dose (180 cGy). The mean difference between calculated and measured dose in the anthropomorphic phantom and the 3D printed phantom was 1.9% ± 2.8% and −0.1% ± 4.9%, respectively. The difference between measured and calculated dose was determined in the RANDO and 3D printed phantoms. The differences between measured and calculated dose in each respective phantom was within 2% for 12 of 17 points. The overlap of the RANDO and 3D printed phantom was 0.956 (Jaccard Index). Conclusion: A custom phantom was created using a 3D printer. Dosimetric calculations and measurements showed good agreement between the dose in the RANDO phantom (patient substitute) and the 3D printed phantom.
Impact of oxygen mediated oxidative coupling on adsorption kinetics

Abstract The presence of molecular oxygen in the test environment promotes oxidative coupling (polymer formation) of phenolic compounds on the surface of granular activated carbon (GAC). Both adsorption equilibria and adsorption kinetics are affected by these chemical reactions. Lack of molecular oxygen interference with adsorption kinetics during the initial phase (first 12 h) of adsorbent-adsorbate contact, observed for the experimental conditions tested, can be explained by the lower rate of adsorbate polymerization when compared to the rate of pure adsorption. The homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) adequately describes adsorption kinetics under anoxic conditions, but it fails to accurately predict experimental data collected in the presence of molecular oxygen. For the experimental conditions tested in this study, GAC particle size did not influence the magnitude of the surface diffusion coefficient. However, the increase in the initial adsorbate concentration yielded an increase in the surface diffusion coefficient. This may be attributed to a decrease in the adsorption forces for higher surface coverage.
What happens when “younger” helpers meet “older” recipients? A theoretical analysis of interpersonal helping behaviour in Chinese organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model describing psychological states and behavioral outcomes experienced and exhibited by older generation interpersonal helping behavior (IHB) recipients in Chinese organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws upon relevant literature and develops a theoretical model. Findings – The analysis suggests that the extent of IHB that older generation Chinese employees receive from younger generation employees will lead to loss of mianzi, which will then result in reduced perceived generational guanxi, increased intended social isolation, and reduced intention to share task-related knowledge with the younger generation employees. The paper also proposes that perceived generational guanxi and intended social isolation will mediate the relationship between loss of mianzi and intention to share task-related knowledge with younger generation employees. Practical implications – Because mianzi is an important cultural feature in Chinese ...
The Force Be With You: A Mechanoreceptor Channel in Proprioception and Touch

The TRPN1 ion channel has a role in both hearing and bristle mechanosensation in fruit flies and in proprioception in nematodes. In this issue of Neuron, two papers present evidence that TRPN1 is also required for proprioception in fruit fly larvae and that it is a bona fide mechanoreceptor channel for nematode feeding behavior.
Impurities in an imperfect bose gas II. Quasi-particle scattering

Abstract The problem of quasi-particle scattering by a hard sphere in an imperfect Bose gas is examined in order to gain insight into the behavior of ions in He II. Wave functions and phase shifts are calculated exactly using a simple approximation for the condensate wave function. For wavelengths characteristic of temperatures down to about 0.1°K the consequent cross sections are much like those of classical sound waves. (The depression of the condensate near the sphere plays a crucial role in this result.) At longer wavelengths the total cross section approaches a constant. Such an effect in He II would lead, for temperatures less than about 0.1°K, to ion mobilities substantially smaller than one would predict using acoustic cross sections. The more complicated problem of the scattering of density fluctuations (phonons) is considered briefly, and, with the help of further approximations, it is verified that the phonon scattering exhibits the acoustic characteristics calculated for the single-particle scattering.
Shock-Induced Analgesia in the Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)

For 3 consecutive days cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) received escapable, inescapable, or no shock in an escape task. 24 hr. later minimum shock which initiated movement was identified. Reliably higher shocks were needed to initiate movement in the inescapably shocked roaches. In a second experiment the analgesia induced by inescapable shock was blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone. The results are discussed in relation to the escape deficit and analgesia commonly seen following exposure to inescapable shock in a variety of species.
Childhood sinusitis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Sinusitis complicates 0.5 to 5.0% of upper respiratory infections in children. The condition is difficult to distinguish from uncomplicated upper respiratory infection and allergic rhinitis and resolves spontaneously in more than 40% of patients. The maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are developed at birth whereas sphenoid sinuses develop by 3 to 7 years of age and frontal sinuses by 7 to 12 years of age. The frontal, anterior ethmoid and maxillary sinuses drain into an area known as the ostiomeatal complex. Normal sinus function is related to three factors: (1) patency of the sinus ostia, which are extremely narrow tubular structures; (2) function of epithelial cilia; and (3) quality of secretions, which are required for the normal function of cilia
Radioimmunoassay for Desciclovir, 2-[(2-Amino-9H-Purin-9-YL) Methoxy] Ethanol, A Prodrug for the Antiviral Acyclovir

A direct radioimmunoassay for the detection of desciclovir (DCV)(2) in biological fluids has been developed. The radioimmunoassay was validated by comparing results obtained from human plasma samples analyzed by both this RIA and a gas chromatographic method. None of the crossreactivities noted interfere with the assay system. Although the succinylated antigen has a slightly higher affinity constant, the non-succinylated tritiated antigen was chosen for routine use. The assay is sensitive with an I50 value of 20 nM and with a lower limit of detection of about 3 nM. Intra-assay precision gave sample coefficients of variation which ranged from 2.2 to 9.6% for the standard curve with human plasma and from 2.0 to 8.2% for the standard curve with human urine. Inter-assay precision and accuracy were within acceptable limits.
An energy-based anisotropic yield criterion for cellular solids and validation by biaxial FE simulations

The initial yield surface of 2D lattice materials is investigated under biaxial loading using finite element analyses as well as by analytical means. The sensitivity of initial yield surface to the dominant deformation mode is explored by using both low- and high-connectivity topologies whose dominant deformation mode is either local bending or strut stretching, respectively. The effect of microstructural irregularity on the initial yield surface is also examined for both topologies. A pressure-dependent anisotropic yield criterion, which is based on total elastic strain energy density, is proposed for 2D lattice structures, which can be easily extended for application to 3D cellular solids. Proposed criterion uses elastic constants and yield strengths under uniaxial loading, and does not rely on any arbitrary parameter. The analytical framework developed allows the introduction of new scalar measures of characteristic stresses and strains that are capable of representing the elastic response of anisotropic materials with a single elastic master line under multiaxial loading.
Practicing Learner-Centered Teaching

Learner-centered teaching focuses on the learning ability and process exhibited by the learner. It is not an educational theory or philosophy. Rather, it is an approach to teaching that is tied to ...
AFM, SEM and XPS characterization of PAN-based carbon fibres etched in oxygen plasmas

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to investigate changes in topography and surface chemical functionality on PAN-based carbon fibres exposed to low-temperature, lowpower, oxygen plasmas. Unsized, type II, Cellion 6000 carbon fibres were treated in oxygen plasmas for 2–60 min at a power of ∼25 W. Increasing treatment time caused an increase in oxidation from surface alcohol(ether) to carbonyl and carboxyl species, but the total amount of oxidized carbon near the surface remained constant. SEM confirmed that treatments longer than 15 min resulted in pitting on the fibre surface, but even treatments of 60 min did not significantly reduce the overall fibre diameter. AFM showed surface morphology changes after oxygen plasma treatments for 2 and 15 min. 1 μm×1 μm AFM scans of untreated fibres showed processing grooves with a distribution of depths. Enlarged images along these grooves revealed that their walls were smooth. Oxygen plasma treatments of 2 min roughened fibre surfaces and created holes of the order of 50 nm evenly distributed with a spacing of 150 nm along the bottoms of the grooves. Treatment for 15 min smoothed the overall topography and resulted in smaller holes, of the order of 5–10 nm, with a spacing of < 50 nm. Calculated RMS roughnesses from the AFM data showed an initial increase in roughness with treatment, followed by a decrease to final values lower than those for untreated fibres.
Surgical treatment of complete rectal prolapse.

The Ripstein procedure was used to effect a cure of rectal procidentia in 30 patients. There was no operative mortality, and morbidity was confined to problems related to two patients with intestinal obstruction, one with fecal impaction, and one with wound infection. We believe the operation to be the treatment of choice in patients to control the anatomic and clinical abnormalities related to rectal procidentia. Associated colonic abnormalities, such as an extremely redundant sigmoid or associated diver-ticulitis, may dictate the choice of a different procedure that does not require introduction of a foreign material.
Admissibility of Cut in LC with Fixed Point Combinator

The fixed point combinator (Y) is an important non-proper combinator, which is defhable from a combinatorially complete base. This combinator guarantees that recursive equations have a solution. Structurally free logics (LC) turn combinators into formulas and replace structural rules by combinatory ones. This paper introduces the fixed point and the dual fixed point combinator into structurally free logics. The admissibility of (multiple) cut in the resulting calculus is not provable by a simple adaptation of the similar proof for LC with proper combinators. The novelty of our proof—beyond proving the cut for a newly extended calculus–is that we add a fourth induction to the by-and-large Gentzen-style proof.
The hemoglobins of the mollusc Helisoma trivolvis: comparison of the radular muscle myoglobin and vascular hemoglobin subunit structures

Abstract 1. 1. The radular muscle myoglobin of the planorbid snail Helisoma trivolvis is monomeric with an apparent mol. wt of 17,800 on Sephadex G-100 and of 15,400 ± 200 on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. The extracellular hemoglobin can be partially digested with subtilisin into a heme-containing polypeptide fraction with an apparent mol. wt of 17–19,000 daltons on Sephadex G-100 and 16,500 ± 500 on SDS gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. The cyanmet-myoglobin appears homogeneous upon disc gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the purified myoglobin is reported and resembles closely that of the extracellular hemoglobin. 4. 4. The structures of the radular muscle myoglobin and extracellular hemoglobin are compared with one another and with other molluscan hemoglobins.
Quantitative morphology of landforms in carbonate rock basins in the Appalachian Highlands

Karst topography occurs in the Appalachian Highlands where carbonate rocks are exposed. The principal landforms are sinking streams, dolines, and caves. Landform measures were devised for the drainage features and for dolines and applied to 62 small basins between Pennsylvania and Alabama. Conventional measures included a relief factor, drainage factors, and size and shape factors. Karst measures included carbonate rock fractions, measures of doline development, and measures of internal drainage. Factor analysis showed that the 15 measures contained only five independent variables. Various stream length measures are related to the basin area in much the same way as streams in noncarbonate basins showing the fluviokarst character of the Appalachian basins. Sinking stream length, SINKL, relates to the area of the sinking stream catchment, AB, by SINKL = 2.29 AB 0.85 . Doline karst was measured by either the area of internal drainage into dolines, AD, or by the number of dolines, N, per unit area of carbonate rock. These measures are related by AD = 0.0136 N 1.17 . The frequency of occurrence of dolines falls off exponentially with depth independent of rock type or structural setting. Comparison of several measures of karst in relation to rock type shows smallest and fewest dolines in the Ordovician dolomites and an intermediate size and number in the Ordovician limestones. The largest and most numerous dolines occur in the flat-lying Mississippian limestones of the Appalachian Plateau. This result may be an expression of the more sluggish solution kinetics of dolomite compared to calcite.
Portable cell-based biosensor system using integrated CMOS cell-cartridges

The use of cell-based biosensors outside of the laboratory has been limited due to many issues including preparation of the sample, maintenance of the biological environment, and integration of the electronics for data collection and analysis. This paper describes a system that addresses several of these issues with the development of an integrated silicon-polydimethylsiloxane cell-cartridge. The cell-cartridge contains a CMOS silicon chip that incorporates a digital interface, temperature control system, microelectrode electrophysiology sensors, and analog signal buffering. Additionally, the cell-cartridge supports two separate cell populations in two 10 microl sealed chambers that have independent fluidic channels for sample injection. A portable, microcontroller-based electronics system capable of monitoring the action potential (AP) activity within the cell-cartridges was also developed. The AP activities of cardiomyocyte syncytia in the two chambers differentially responded to the flow of a control medium versus the flow of a biochemical agent. The cell-cartridges and portable electronics system were used to successfully record AP activity from cardiomyocytes outside of the laboratory under realistic application conditions.
To Me It's like Having a Kid, Kind of: Analysis of Student Reflections in a Developmental Mentoring Program.

This qualitative longitudinal study focuses on analyses of journals written by 31 sixth grade students who participated in the Chapel Buddy program. The Chapel Buddy program is a developmental mentoring program that pairs sixth graders with kindergarten students. Mentors responded to guided writing prompts three times during the course of the year. Prompts were designed to encourage mentors to explore their role as mentors and their understanding of the mentor–mentee relationship. Results indicated that the program presented a rich, experiential learning opportunity for the sixth graders to develop a relationship with a younger child, to reflect on what it means to be in a helping relationship, and to examine their experiences as “big kids.” Sixth graders varied in their ability to successfully engage and manage their kindergarten mentees, which in turn meaningfully affected the mentors’ satisfaction. Strategies to maximize the educational value of developmental mentoring programs with younger mentors are...