cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do job-seekers benefit from contacts? : a direct test

While it is intuitively plausible that using contacts in job search benefits a job-seeker, there is still both theoretical disagreement and inconclusive empirical evidence on why a job-seeker's social capital is associated with her labor-market outcomes (for reviews, see Mouw 2003, 2006). We take an important step toward identifying the source of this association by proposing a direct test for whether or not a job-seeker benefits from using her social networks. This direct test holds an important advantage over an indirect test proposed by Mouw (2003). By using a within-individual fixed-effects methodology, the direct test rules out most sources of between-individual heterogeneity (Yakubovich 2005). Therefore, its results are not influenced by the quality of the measures used to assess a job-seeker's social capital. Using unique data on university graduates' successful and unsuccessful job-searches, we show that, for job-seekers who use contacts to search for jobs, that method leads to better labor-market outcomes than formal methods do. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the literature on job search and social networks.
Staged resection of large vestibular schwannomas: Clinical article

Object Staged resection of large vestibular schwannomas (VSs) has been proposed as a strategy to improve facial nerve outcomes and morbidity. The authors report their experience with 2-stage resections of large VSs and analyze the indications, facial nerve outcomes, surgical results, and complications. The authors compare these results with those of a similar cohort of patients who underwent a single-stage resection. Methods A retrospective review of all patients (age > 18 years) who underwent surgery from 2002 to 2010 for large (≥ 3 cm) VSs at the authors' institution with a minimum of 6 months follow-up was undertaken. A first-stage retrosigmoid approach (without meatal drilling) was performed to remove the cerebellopontine angle portion of the tumor and to decompress the brainstem. A decision to stage the operation was made intraoperatively if there was cerebellar or brainstem edema, excessive tumor adherence to the facial nerve or brainstem, a poorly stimulating facial nerve, or a thinned or splayed f...
Phylogenetic reconstruction of scleraxonian octocorals supports the resurrection of the family Spongiodermidae (Cnidaria, Alcyonacea)

The Scleraxonia are a group of octocorals that share similarities of their axis morphology. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown this group to be largely polyphyletic. As a result, there is a significant lack of understanding of what constitutes distinct evolutionary units among members of this group, particularly at the family level. Prompted by the discovery of an unknown spongiodermid scleraxonian octocoral (Anthothelidae) from shallow water off the Pacific coast of lower Baja California, a phylogenetic analysis of the undescribed specimen, together with members of six scleraxonian families and an additional 29 non-scleraxonian octocorallian families was performed. Two mitochondrial loci (mtMutS and COI) and one nuclear locus (28S) supported a monophyletic spongiodermid clade (Homophyton, Callipodium, Diodogorgia, Titanideum and Sclerophyton, gen. nov.) at the family-level. The unknown scleraxonian was supported as a new genus and species within the spongiodermid clade, sister to the western Atlantic genus Titanideum. A morphological examination of the taxa within this clade revealed shared morphological similarities in solenial (boundary) canals, and medullar and cortical sclerites. A revision, with illustrations, of the Spongiodermidae was performed. Similar to previous studies, this study underscores the importance of combined morphological and molecular analyses in order to resolve unstable systematic relationships among octocorals.
YouTube, Twerking & You: Context Collapse and the Handheld Co‐Presence of Black Girls and Miley Cyrus

The moment former Disney star and mega-artist Miley Cyrus performed “twerking” in a Facebook video that went viral in March 2013, a subversion of the history, complexity, and meaningfulness of the black social dance and the role black females play/played in it began.1 The fine-tuned spectacle of “We Can’t Stop” at the MTV VMAs on August 26, 2013, sent a surge of attention through the networked co-cultures of YouTube’s video-sharing and vlogging ecologies. The song was Cyrus’s new album single released two months earlier on June 19, 2013, via the MileyCyrusVEVO channel. By February 13, 2014, it had accrued 332,269,738 views, nearly as many views as Nicki Minaj’s 2011 hit “Super Bass,” positioned at number 30 on the new YouTube/Billboard Charts established in June 2013. By March 2015, “We Can’t Stop” had reached over 523 million views, which is equivalent to 287 years of watch time by YouTubers.
Measurement of growth variability and environmental quality in Guatemalan children

SummaryThe measurement of within-population growth variability may be a sensitive indicator of environmental quality. Specifically, it is hypothesized that within-population variability will increase in adverse environments. To evaluate this hypothesis the variability in stature growth of three samples of Guatemala school children (5–10 years old) is assessed. These samples include high socioeconomic status (SES) ladinos (84 boys and 98 girls) and low SES ladinos (136 boys and 101 girls) living in Guatemala City and very low SES Mayan Indians (139 boys and 73 girls) living in a rural town near the city. SES is used as a proxy for environmental quality. The coefficient of variation (CV) for distance achieved at each age, or for the increment of growth from age to age, is used as the measure of variability. The three samples differ significantly for variability in stature growth, both for the distance and the increments of growth. Low SES urban ladinos have the largest variability. Very low SES Mayan childr...
Model assessment and Model building in fMRI

Model quality is rarely assessed in fMRI data analyses and less often reported. This may have contributed to several shortcomings in the current fMRI data analyses, including: (1) Model mis-specification, leading to incorrect inference about the activation-maps, SPM{t} and SPM{F}; (2) Improper model selection based on the number of activated voxels, rather than on model quality; (3) Under-utilization of systematic model building, resulting in the common but suboptimal practice of using only a single, pre-specified, usually over-simplified model; (4) Spatially homogenous modeling, neglecting the spatial heterogeneity of fMRI signal fluctuations; and (5) Lack of standards for formal model comparison, contributing to the high variability of fMRI results across studies and centers. To overcome these shortcomings, it is essential to assess and report the quality of the models used in the analysis. In this study, we applied images of the Durbin-Watson statistic (DW-map) and the coefficient of multiple determination (R2-map) as complementary tools to assess the validity as well as goodness of fit, i.e., quality, of models in fMRI data analysis. Higher quality models were built upon reduced models using classic model building. While inclusion of an appropriate variable in the model improved the quality of the model, inclusion of an inappropriate variable, i.e., model mis-specification, adversely affected it. Higher quality models, however, occasionally decreased the number of activated voxels, whereas lower quality or inappropriate models occasionally increased the number of activated voxels, indicating that the conventional approach to fMRI data analysis may yield sub-optimal or incorrect results. We propose that model quality maps become part of a broader package of maps for quality assessment in fMRI, facilitating validation, optimization, and standardization of fMRI result across studies and centers. Hum. Brain Mapping 20:227–238, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SU-E-J-96: Investigation into the Accuracy of Deformable Registration Algorithms for Use in Dose Summation: A Case Study in Combined Modalities.

Purpose: To better understand the accuracy and limitation of deformable registration algorithms for dose summation by studying the results produced through two different deformable registration techniques for a clinical case of combining a Cyberknife radiosurgery plan and an electron boost to the scar tissues.Methods: A patient was treated with a Cyberknife plan with supine CT and an electron boost plan with prone CT concurrently. The CT, RT structures and dose grids were exported from the Cyberknife MultiPlan system and the Pinnacle system and imported into two commercial DICOM viewing systems equipped with deformable registration algorithms. One of the systems uses intensity‐based free‐form deformable registration while the other uses B‐spline free‐form deformable registration. The electron boost plan was first registered to the CK plan using rigid registration, then secondly using deformable registration in each system. The region of interest used for registration was chosen to encompass the whole CT volumes due to the supine vs. prone positions. Results: The summation doses for the Cyberknife CTV and critical structures do not differ between rigid registration and deformable registration for both systems. The electron boost volume does show higher mean dose received for the deformable registration compared with rigid registration for both systems (12.90 Gy vs. 11.71 Gy and 12.39 Gy vs. 11.53 Gy). There are slight variations between the doses produced by the two systems for all the structures, with an averaged difference of approximately 0.02% to 2.63%. Conclusions: These results show that for cases like this one, where the two treatment volumes do not overlap, there will not be significant differences between rigid and deformable registration, and that the only significant difference in summation dose between the different deformable registration algorithms is where the volume is deformed the most, in this case, the electron boost volume.
Embracing heterogeneity with dynamic core boosting

Uniformly distributing parallel workloads amongst threads is an effective strategy for programmers to increase application performance. However, in any parallel segment, execution time is determined by the longest running thread. Even for embarrassingly parallel programs in the form of SPMD (single program multiple data), the threads are not perfectly balanced due to control flow divergence, non-deterministic memory latencies, and synchronization operations. Such an imbalance can be significantly exacerbated by performance asymmetry among cores, which is likely to exist in future generations of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) either for energy efficiency or due to process variation. We propose Dynamic Core Boosting (DCB), a software-hardware cooperative system that mitigates the workload imbalance problem in performance asymmetric CMPs. Relying on dynamic voltage and frequency scaling to accelerate individual cores at a fine granularity, DCB attempts to balance the workloads by detecting and boosting critical threads. DCB coordinates its compiler and runtime to enable asymmetric CMPs to achieve near-optimal utilization of core boosting. The compiler instruments the program with instructions to give progress hints and the runtime monitors their execution, enabling DCB to intelligently accelerate selected threads within a total core boosting budget for better performance. On a simulated eight core system of varying frequency, our experiments using PARSEC benchmarks show that DCB improves the overall performance by an average of 33%, outperforming a reactive boosting scheme by an average of 10%.
Behavior of beaver in lakes with varying water levels in Northern Minnesota

We studied the effects of winter water drawdowns (2.3 m) on beavers in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA. Our study was designed to sample areas within the park that differed in water drawdown regime. Lodges were counted and beavers were livetrapped and radio-implanted to study behavior, movements, and mortality. Active beaver lodge density, determined by aerial survey in 1984 and 1986, was greatest along the shoreline of the drawdown reservoir. In winter beavers living on the drawdown reservoir spent less time inside their lodges than did beavers from stable water environments, foraged more above ice, and they were unable to fully use stored food. Only one case of starvation in the drawdown reservoir was documented, but beavers in reservoirs that were drawn down survived winter in poorer condition than did beavers living in areas in which water levels remained high. In spite of an increasing population and lack of widespread mortality, winter water drawdowns did alter beaver behavior. To reduce these impacts, total annual water fluctuation should not exceed 1.5 m, and winter drawdown should not exceed 0.7 m. Possible management alternatives and costs are discussed.
A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado

Pre- and post-remediation data sets are used herein to assess the effectiveness of remedial measures implemented in the headwaters of the Mineral Creek watershed, where contamination from hard rock mining has led to elevated metal concentrations and acidic pH. Collection of pre- and post-remediation data sets generally followed the synoptic mass balance approach, in which numerous stream and inflow locations are sampled for the constituents of interest and estimates of streamflow are determined by tracer dilution. The comparison of pre- and post-remediation data sets is confounded by hydrologic effects and the effects of temporal variation. Hydrologic effects arise due to the relatively wet conditions that preceded the collection of pre-remediation data, and the relatively dry conditions associated with the post-remediation data set. This difference leads to a dilution effect in the upper part of the study reach, where pre-remediation concentrations were diluted by rainfall, and a source area effect in the lower part of the study reach, where a smaller portion of the watershed may have been contributing constituent mass during the drier post-remediation period. A second confounding factor, temporal variability, violates the steady-state assumption that underlies the synoptic mass balance approach, leading to false identification of constituent sources and sinks. Despite these complications, remedial actions completed in the Mineral Creek headwaters appear to have led to improvements in stream water quality, as post-remediation profiles of instream load are consistently lower than the pre-remediation profiles over the entire study reach for six of the eight constituents considered (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc). Concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc remain above chronic aquatic-life standards, however, and additional remedial actions may be needed. Future implementations of the synoptic mass balance approach should be preceded by an assessment of temporal variability, and modifications to the synoptic sampling protocol should be made if necessary. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acoustic emission applied to crack advance in overlay welds in reactor bodies

Acoustic-emission measurements have been made on crack initiation in growth at weldbase metal boundaries in the materials used for oil hydrocracking reactor vessels. Tests have been made on cylindrical specimens 80 m in diameter and 45 mm high having welded protective layers 7–8 mm thick at one end, which have been kept for 24 h in a medium whose parameters were close to working ones. When the specimens had been cooled to room temperature, cracking occurred, which could be detected for 30 h. The mechanisms of cracking at the weld-base metal boundary are discussed. There are time differences in the acoustic emission activity for specimens with and without welds.
Minimization of components in electronic switching circuits

Switching circuit synthesis presents two basic problems to the engineer. First, he must be able to obtain a circuit which will function according to the input-output specifications. Second, the circuit must be economical in the use of switching components, whether they are transistors, diodes, vacuum tubes, or relay contacts.
Re-colonization of Atlantic and Pacific rivers by anadromous fishes: linkages between life history and the benefits of barrier removal

The last two decades have seen a rapid increase in barrier removals on rivers of the Northern Hemisphere, often for the explicit purpose of expanding the abundance, spatial distribution, and life history diversity of migratory fishes. However, differences in life history such as seasonal timing of migration and reproduction, iteroparity versus semelparity, and the extent of natal homing are likely to affect the capacity for expansion and re-colonization by taxa such as alosines, lamprey, and salmonids. We first review some basic life history traits that may affect re-colonization by migratory fishes, and then present selected examples from Atlantic and Pacific basins to illustrate these patterns and their implications for the success of barrier removal as a measure to advance the goal of fish conservation. We conclude that diadromous fishes have the capacity to rapidly re-colonize newly available habitats, though the life history patterns of each species, the proximity to source populations in the same or nearby river systems, and the diversity of habitats available may control the patterns and rates of re-colonization.
Development of Texas intense positron source

Abstract The Texas Intense Positron Source (TIPS) is a reactor-based low-energy positron beam facility utilizing some novel techniques in positron beam production. This facility will be located at the University of Texas (UT) at Austin Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory (NETL) and is being developed by UT Austin and UT Arlington researchers. TIPS will use a large area (total area of 900–1800 cm 2 ) 64 Cu source to supply fast β + particles for subsequent moderation to form an intense monoenergetic positron beam in the energy range of 0–50 keV with an expected intensity of 10 8 e + /s. Natural copper will be neutron activated near the core of the NETL 1 MW TRIGA Mark II research reactor to produce the 64 Cu isotope. The activated source will be transported to the moderator/remoderator assembly, outside the biological shield of the reactor. This assembly combines the primary moderation and posterior remoderation of the fast β + particles into one stage using solid Kr to produce a low-energy positron source of a few eV with a diameter of 8 mm. The low-energy positron beam is then extracted by an electrostatic modified SOA gun and after further acceleration to 5 keV, the beam is focused onto the object slit of a 90° bending magnet. After further focusing and another 90° bend, the beam enters the main accelerator/decelerator that transports the beam onto the target for experimentation. The components of TIPS have been manufactured and are currently being optimized. In this communication we present some of the details of the TIPS facility and furthermore briefly discuss its intended applications.
MOEMS 3-D scan mirror for single-point control of beam deflection and focus

A 1500-µm-diam silicon/silicon nitride 3-D scan mirror has been built using MOEMS technology. It is capable of static and dynamic beam scanning achieved with a biaxial gimbal. A gold-coated deformable membrane at the center of the device provides both focus control (z axis) and spherical aberration correction. This architecture is able to move the focus of a laser beam throughout a 3-D space with one single optical surface, and is referred to as a MOEMS 3-D scan mirror. This mirror will be incorporated into a miniature confocal laser scanning microscope for biomedical in-situ imaging applications. We describe the 3-D scan mirror design, fabrication, characterization, and briefly describe the target application. A confocal laser scanning microscope using this mirror to achieve beam scanning and focus control is also demonstrated.
Nuclear photon scattering (II)

Abstract The general formalism for nuclear photon scattering presented earlier is simplified and recast in a form more useful to experimentalist. All photon polarization and nuclear orientation effects are included. The cross sections are written as “Fourier series” of angular functions involving the photon directions. The coefficients in this series depend only on nuclear properties and contain the same reduced matrix elements of the nuclear current and magnetization density that enter the theory of photo- and electro-excitation. Special geometries and experimental situations are discussed, and numerical examples involving E1-E2 and E1-M1 interference are presented.
Acoustic emission monitoring of a wind turbine blade during a fatigue test

A fatigue test of a wind turbine blade was conducted at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the fall of 1994. Acoustic emission monitoring of the test was performed, starting with the second loading level. The acoustic emission data indicated that this load exceeded the strength of the blade. From the first cycle at the new load, an oil can type of deformation occurred in two areas of the upper skin of the blade. One of these was near the blade root and the other was about the middle of the tested portion of the blade. The emission monitoring indicated that no damage was taking place in the area near the root, but in the deforming area near the middle of the blade, damage occurred from the first cycles at the higher load. The test was stopped after approximately one day and the blade was declared destroyed, although no gross damage had occurred. Several weeks later the test was resumed, to be continued until gross damage occurred. The upper skin tore approximately one half hour after the cycling was restarted.
17β-Estradiol extends ischemic thresholds and exerts neuroprotective effects in cerebral subcortex against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Abstract Neuroprotective effects of estrogens are demonstrated consistently in the cerebral cortex, but not in subcortical areas. In the present study, transient middle cerebral artery occlusions (MCAO) were induced for various duration, and protective effects of estrogen treatment on the cerebral cortex and subcortex were evaluated. MCAO was induced for 30, 40 or 60 min in ovariectomized rats. Animals were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle (OVX) 2 h before MCAO and sacrificed 24 h after the indicated duration of MCAO. Ischemic lesion was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. E2 treatment reduced the magnitude and delayed the appearance of the total ischemic lesion area and largely prevented TUNEL staining in the cortex. In the subcortex, E2 treatment prevented the ischemic lesion in the 30-min group, reduced lesion area in the 40-min group, but had no effect on ischemic lesion area in the 60-min group. E2 treatment significantly decreased apoptotic cell number in the subcortical area at 30 and 40 min, but not at 60 min of MCAO. This study demonstrated that estrogen treatment can protect the cerebral subcortex in a severity-dependent manner, suggesting that the lack of protective effects of estrogen treatment in the subcortex is not due to the lack of estrogen receptors. Further, this study indicates that estrogens could be used as a neuroprotectant to prolong the therapeutic window of thrombolysis and prolong the time of cerebral circulation intervention for neurosurgical procedure.
Physicochemical properties of the DNA of herpes viruses

Abstract The biochemical and biophysical properties of the DNA of herpes simplex virus type 1 (herpes virus-1) and type 2 (herpes virus-2), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and pseudorabies viruses were compared. Buoyant densities in CsCl were 1.725, 1.727, 1.730 and 1.731 g/cm 3 for the DNAs of herpes virus-1, -2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and pseudorabies virus, respectively. Base composition analysis was conducted by enzymatically hydrolyzing viral DNA and calculating the nucleotide composition from elution patterns obtained from anion-exchange column. From these patterns, the guanine plus cytosine content was calculated to be 69.9% for herpes virus-1 DNA, 72.0% for herpes virus-2 DNA, and 76.7% for pseudorabies virus DNA. When thermally denatured in 0.015 M NaCl-0.0015 M sodium citrate, the DNAs of herpes virus-1, -2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and pseudorabies virus yielded average T m values of 82.6°, 82.7°, 85.6° and 86.6°, respectively. The DNAs of herpes virus-1 and -2 had the same sedimentation coefficient (56 S) in neutral Tris-saline buffer, corresponding to a molecular weight of 88·10 6 . Pseudorabies virus DNA sedimented as two components with sedimentation coefficient values of 26 S and 31 S.
Using fatty acids as dietary tracers in seabird trophic ecology: theory, application and limitations

Analysis of fatty acids (FAs) is an increasingly utilized tool in studies of trophic ecology in marine ecosystems. This powerful technique has proved useful in delineating spatial and temporal variability in diets, identifying the consumption of key species, and providing quantitative estimates of diet composition. Although consumer FA signatures are undeniably influenced by diet, they can also be affected by other factors including life-history stage, diet quality, and physiological state. Here, we review how FAs are assimilated, deposited, and metabolized in birds, and the implications of these processes on the various tissues commonly sampled for FA analyses. We then examine the assumptions underlying FA signature analysis when used in studies of seabird trophic ecology and propose a direction for future laboratory experiments that are needed to refine the approach. The correct interpretation of FA data relies on accounting for factors that alter predator FA metabolism and controlling for variability in the lipid content and FA composition of prey. Efforts should also be made to incorporate uncertainty associated with predator metabolism into models designed for quantitative diet estimation.
PESC reliability panel discussion opening remarks

Carrier Corp. represents a potentially large market for power electronics. We sell, annually, approximately one billion dollars worth of electro-mechanical equipment to consumer, commercial, and industrial markets. We purchase about $84 million worth of electrical equipment, including over $20 million worth of controls, mostly relays, contactors, and switches. A small portion of that $20 million is now electronic, mostly temperature controls and motor overload protectors. Potential applications include solid-state reduced-voltage starters for centrifugal compressors. The two major considerations in qualifying any electronic product are cost and reliability.
Continuous propagation and energy filtering of a cold atomic beam in a long high-gradient magnetic atom guide

We demonstrate the continuous injection and propagation of a cold atomic beam in a high-gradient (up to $2.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}∕\mathrm{cm}$) magnetic guide of $1.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}$ length. Continuous injection is accomplished using a side-loading scheme that involves a sequence of two modified magneto-optic traps. Methods are developed to measure the atomic-flow temperatures and the flux under steady-state conditions. In the high-gradient portion of the guide, the guided atomic beam has a transverse temperature of $420\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$, a longitudinal temperature of $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$, and an average velocity of order $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}∕\mathrm{s}$. Using a radio-frequency current of a fixed frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}$ coupled directly into the guide wires, atoms exceeding a transverse energy of $h\ensuremath{\nu}$ can be continuously and selectively removed from the atomic beam.
The effect of prolactin and CB154 on in vivo lipogenesis and enzyme patterns in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica and of photostimulation on enzyme patterns in the white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis

Abstract 1. 1. A prolactin inhibitor, CB154, inhibited [ 14 C]glucose incorporation into liver lipids in Japanese quail. 2. 2. Prolactin had no significant effect on lipogenesis in Japanese quail. 3. 3. Japanese quail sacrificed at 1 p.m. had higher [ 14 C]glucose incorporation into total liver lipids when compared to quail sacrificed at 7 a.m. 4. 4. Treatment of Japanese quail with prolactin, CB154, or time of treatment did not significantly shift the enzyme pattern from that of saline injected controls. 5. 5. In white-throated sparrows a long photoperiod increased body weight when compared to a short photoperiod. 6. 6. Birds under a long photoperiod, showed a trend toward increased activity in the lipogenic enzymes studied. Gluconeogenic enzyme activity remained unaltered.
Hydrated mineral stratigraphy of Ius Chasma, Valles Marineris

New high-resolution spectral and morphologic imaging of deposits on walls and floor of Ius Chasma extend previous geomorphic mapping, and permit a new interpretation of aqueous processes that occurred during the development of Valles Marineris. We identify hydrated mineralogy based on visible-near infrared (VNIR) absorptions. We map the extents of these units with CRISM spectral data as well as morphologies in CTX and HiRISE imagery. Three cross-sections across Ius Chasma illustrate the interpreted mineral stratigraphy. Multiple episodes formed and transported hydrated minerals within Ius Chasma. Polyhydrated sulfate and kieserite are found within a closed basin at the lowest elevations in the chasma. They may have been precipitates in a closed basin or diagenetically altered after deposition. Fluvial or aeolian processes then deposited layered Fe/Mg smectite and hydrated silicate on the chasma floor, postdating the sulfates. The smectite apparently was weathered out of Noachian-age wallrock and transported to the depositional sites. The overlying hydrated silicate is interpreted to be an acid-leached phyllosilicate transformed from the underlying smectite unit, or a smectite/jarosite mixture. The finely layered smectite and massive hydrated silicate units have an erosional unconformity between them, that marks a change in surface water chemistry. Landslides transported large blocks of wallrock, some altered to contain Fe/Mg smectite, to the chasma floor. After the last episode of normal faulting and subsequent landslides, opal was transported short distances into the chasma from a few m-thick light-toned layer near the top of the wallrock, by sapping channels in Louros Valles. Alternatively, the material was transported into the chasma and then altered to opal. The superposition of different types of hydrated minerals and the different fluvial morphologies of the units containing them indicate sequential, distinct aqueous environments, characterized by alkaline, then circum-neutral, and finally very acidic surface or groundwater chemistry.
TRPM1: The endpoint of the mGluR6 signal transduction cascade in retinal ON-bipolar cells

For almost 30 years the ion channel that initiates the ON visual pathway in vertebrate vision has remained elusive. Recent findings now indicate that the pathway, which begins with unbinding of glutamate from the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), ends with the opening of the transient receptor potential (TRP)M1 cation channel. As a component of the mGluR6 signal transduction pathway, mutations in TRPM1 would be expected to cause congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), and several such mutations have already been identified in CSNB families. Furthermore, expression of TRPM1 in both the retina and skin raises the possibility that a genetic link exists between certain types of visual and skin disorders.
SU-FF-T-105: The Impact of Multileaf Collimator Rotation in IMRT Planning

Purpose:Collimator angle is a degree of freedom that has seldom been explored in IMRT inverse planning. This work investigates the impact of multi‐leaf collimator rotation (IMLCR) on a dosimetric scoring function and lays the groundwork for optimal collimator angle selection in IMRT planning. Method and Materials: The scoring function models the maximum deliverable dose at an arbitrary beam orientation and is calculated using a sampling method. To calculate the scoring function, the beam portal is divided into a grid of beamlets based on collimator movement constraints. The intensity of each beamlet is set at the maximum intensity that does not violate the tolerance of any structure intersected by that beamlet. The score is calculated from the fraction of the dose prescription deliverable by each beamlet. The IMLCR is measured as the increase in the scoring function over all collimator angles. Results: For large tumors (not fully coverable by the beam portal), the mean IMLCR is 22.2%. Collimator rotation enables more exposure of the tumor to the beam, and thus increases the irradiation of the tumor. For small tumors (fully coverable by the beam portal) with nearby critical structures, the mean IMLCR is 9.3%. Collimator rotation allows critical structures to be better isolated from tumor irradiation. When the tolerance of the nearby structures is high relative to the tumor's prescription, collimator rotation has little impact for small tumors.Conclusion: The variation observed in the dosimetric scoring function indicates that collimator rotation can significantly raise the maximum deliverable dose at a given gantry angle. When the tumor is large and/or has nearby critical structures (tolerance <=50% of the tumor's prescription), collimator rotation has the greatest impact and is worth considering. Collimator angle selection could play an important role in improving the quality of IMRT treatment plans.
State-dependent retention in humans induced by alterations in affective state

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether an internal negative affective state might interact with human recall of verbal material. Threat of electrical shock accompanied both or neither presentation of words and a recall test, or one but not the other. The question was whether the internal context or affective state caused by the threat, during only learning or only recall, would induce state-dependent retention (poorer recall when the internal states accompanying learning and recall are different than when they are the same). The results indicated that a shift in affective state may induce state-dependent retention, but the conditions necessary for this effect remain unclear.
Child Development and Intergenerational Programming

Summary This paper explores the connection between child development and intergenerational relationships. The social isolation experienced by today's children as a result of demographic, economic, and social changes and the effect of this isolation on child development are outlined as an overall rationale for intergenerational programming. The discussion focuses on four developmental stages of children from infancy through adolescence. Within each stage, the crucial developmental tasks are described as well as ways in which older adults might foster development at that stage. Examples of current intergenerational programs are highlighted within each stage.
Stability Analysis of a Class of Interconnected Systems

There exists a class of systems that is characterized by having a so called regular cellular structure or homogeneous interconnection. In this note, the bilateral Z-Transform is used to obtain a mathematical model parametrized by z and it is shown that properties of the system can be more easily investigated by a simple test applied to the parametrized model. The analysis is illustrate via three examples: the heat equation, the Euler-Bernoulli beam, and decentralized control of a countably infinite string of interconnected mass-spring-damper systems
Triaxial Vector Accelerometry: A Method for Quantifying Tremor and Ataxia

A triaxial vector accelerometry system for quantitatively assessing tremor and ataxia is described. Since movement at a specific anatomical site can be three dimensional, previously reported single-and dual-axis methods are not satisfactory for quantitative analysis. The accelerometer contains three identical piezoelectric transducers, and it easily attaches to the wrist, hand, ankle, foot, etc., while the subject performs controlled repetitive movement of a particular anatomical site. Signals from the accelerometer are processed by associated electronic circuitry which provides a graphic write-out of selected parameters. Equations from which these parameters were derived are discussed, as is their integration into performance indexes. A brief report is given on testing of normal volunteers and patients presenting abnormal neuromuscular function.
“My‘Partner’in Law and Life”: Marriage in the Lives of Women Lawyers in Late 19th and Early 20th Century America

This essay examines the ways in which women lawyers of two generation–the pioneer generation of the 1880s and the “new woman” generation of the 1910s–confronted the dilemma of marriage and career. Members of the Equity Club in the 1880s revealed three distinct sets of attitudes toward balancing marriage and career: the separatist approach that a professional woman must remain single; the Victorian attitude that a married woman must sacrifice her career; and the integrated approach that a woman could have both marriage and career. Women lawyers surveyed by the Bureau of Vocational Information in 1920 revealed that the “new woman” generation of women lawyers lived in an era of transition. While they shared the same separatist, Victorian, and integrated views toward marriage and law practice as did women lawyers in the 1880s, they also embraced the new values of the early 20th century which shaped both the contours of the legal profession and the parameters of women's lives. Set within the context of the new values of the era, the separatist, Victorian, and integrated approaches to resolving the dilemma of marriage and career, which were originally formulated by women lawyers in the late 19th century, assumed new meanings for women lawyers in the early 20th century.
Directional cloning of cDNA using a selectable SfiI cassette.

Abstract To increase the efficiency of directionally cloning cDNA, we have constructed a pair of vectors and devised cDNA cloning strategy that improves upon previously published methods. The vectors, pLIB: AZ and pLIB: ZA, have to unique (distinct religation specificities; GGCCN/NNNNGGCC) Sfi I sites (Sfil.A and Sfil.b) flanking a stuffer fragment which contains the tetracycline-resistance element. These vectors permit the directional cloning of cDNA in both sense (pLIB:AZ) and antisense (pLIB:ZA) orientation srelative to the promoter for phage T3 RNA polymerase. cDNA that was synthesized using a primer with a 5′ sequence of a Sfil.B site followed by an oligo(dT) 16 3′ tail was then ligated to an adaptor with the sequence of a Sfil.A site produced directional molecules that could be cloned into the pLIB vectors. Complex libraries with 10 7 members were produced from as few as 6 × 10 5 cells. The Sfi I sites and suffer can be subcloned as a cassette to permit directional cloning in other vectors, as there are several restriction enzyme sites flanking this region to the 5′ and 3′.
Two versus 3 lag screws for fixation of long oblique proximal phalanx fractures of the fingers: a cadaver study.

Purpose To compare 2- versus 3-screw fixation for oblique fractures of the proximal phalanx in a cadaver model that simulates active finger motion. Methods We experimentally cut the proximal phalanges of the index, middle, and ring fingers of 9 cadaveric hands. Five fingers were assigned to a control group with no fixation, and 22 were fixed with either 2 or 3 lag screws. One digit was excluded because of iatrogenic fracture during preparation. The fingers were fitted with a differential variable reluctance transducer that measured maximum interfragment displacement while the fingers were subjected to 2,000 full flexion and extension cycles to simulate a 6-week active motion protocol. Results Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between the control group and both the 2- and the 3-screw group. The 2- and 3-screw group average displacements were not significantly different. Both of these groups were equivalent with a power of 90%. Conclusions Biomechanical stability during simulated active motion protocol did not differ in simulated proximal phalanx fractures treated with 2 lag screws or 3. Clinical relevance Fracture fixation using 2 screws may be more cost and time effective and, therefore, more attractive to the surgeon, even when 3 screws can be placed. Furthermore, surgeons may consider using 2 screws rather than resorting to plate fixation when 3-screw fixation is not possible for these types of fractures.
Is Adjuvant Chemotherapy Really Needed After Curative Surgery for Rectal Cancer Patients Who are Node-Negative After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy?

Purpose Adjuvant chemotherapy is currently offered, as standard, after curative resection for patients with rectal cancer who receive neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT). We postulate that adjuvant chemotherapy adds minimal oncologic benefit for patients who undergo total mesorectal excision who are node-negative after neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
Extrapituitary Actions of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Harris (1) first proposed that the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by hypothalamic releasing factors. After the subsequent purification and sequencing of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (2, 3) and the synthesis of potent GnRH agonists and antagonists (4, 5), many laboratories have investigated the effects of these peptides on various reproductive functions. In both males and females, administration of GnRH or its potent agonists results in sustained increases in serum gonadotropins. In women, administration of GnRH causes preovulatory-like surges of gonadotropins (6, 7). In several animal species, a single injection of GnRH induces preovulatory- like surges of LH that trigger ovulation (8–11). Since pituitary gonadotropins are essential for normal gonadal functions and hypothalamic GnRH was believed to act solely on the pituitary gland, treatment with high doses of GnRH and its agonists had been predicted to be a potential means for enhancing fertility. Paradoxically, long term administration...
Osmoregulatory control mechanisms in freshwater coelenterates.

Abstract 1. The contraction rate of the body column of H. littoralis if affected by Na+, CN and ouabain added to the external medium. 2. The electrical potential across the hydra body wall is decreased by a decrease in the external Na+ and decreased temperature. 3. Enteron Na+ and K+ levels are influenced by a variety of experimental conditions. 4. Osmoregulation in freshwater coelenterates is influenced by both external Na+ and total external osmolality.
Solubility of trichlorofluoromethane (F-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12) in seawater and its relationship to surface concentrations in the North Pacific

Abstract The solubilities of trichlorofluoromethane (F-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12) were determined in seawater (35 × 10 −3 ) and in distilled water from 0 to 30°C. Aqueous concentrations were determined by GC-EC subsequent to equilibration with clean, ambient air containing approximately 200 ppt(v) F-11 and 340 ppt(v) F-12. Our compressed air standard was independently calibrated and we estimate the accuracy and precision of the measurement to be approximately 2%. The temperature dependence of the solubility was determined by fitting the observations to the first three terms of the integrated van't Hoff equation at a constant 35 × 10 −3 salinity. A comparison of the extant solubility data in seawater our determinations indicates considerable variability for both F-11 and F-12. Our solubility measurements also are compared to observed concentrations in the surface waters of the eastern, central, and western North Pacific in December 1980, July 1981, June 1982, and March and April 1983, and suggest a supersaturation of 1 to 2% for both fluorocarbons with little or no temperature bias in the surface North Pacific.
Access to Health Promotion, Protection, and Disease Prevention among Impoverished Individuals

Health care access was surveyed in a sample of 182 northern Texas individuals (57% Hispanic) who provided information on 658 family members in northern Texas. Barriers were evaluated using the Institute of Medicine (Millman, 1993) and the L.A. Aday and R. M. Anderson (1981) conceptual framework and a survey research design. Eighty-eight percent of the 182 respondents were 54 years old or younger, yet the majority reported fair health status with currently unmet needs and untreated health problems. Forty-nine percent used an emergency room within the last year. Forty-two percent of the respondents always worry about their future health and 40% perceived little or no influence over their family's future health status. Forty-one percent of the variance in chronic health problems was accounted for by barriers, mental health needs, educational needs, and use of social services. Seventeen percent of the variance in health status was explained by mutable barriers to access. Unmet needs negatively affected physical and mental health. This study demonstrated that this relatively young sample (77% <44 years old) was experiencing health care access needs. These data aid evaluation of the Healthy People 2000 goal of reducing disparities that exist among Americans in health promotion, protection and prevention.
Physicochemical factors affecting ethanol adsorption by activated carbon

Powder and granular activated charcoal were evaluated for ethanol adsorptivity from aqueous mixtures using an adsorption isotherm. Ethanol adsorption capacity was more pronounced at 25 degrees C as compared to 5, 15, and 40 degrees C. When pH of the ethanol-buffer mixture (0.09 ionic strength) was changed from acidic (2.3) to neutral and then to alkaline (11.2), ethanol adsorption was decreased. Increasing ionic strength of the ethanol-buffer mixtures from 0.05 to 0.09 enhanced ethanol adsorption but a further increase to 0.14 showed no significant effect. Ethanol adsorption was more efficient from an aqueous ethanol mixture as compared to semidefined and nondefined fermentation worts, respectively. Heating granular charcoal to 400 degrees C for 1 h and 600 degrees C for 3 h in N(2) increased ethanol adsorptivity and heating to 1000 degrees C (1 h) in CO(2) decreased it when ethanol was removed from dilute solutions by simple pass adsorption in a carbon packed column. Granular charcoal was superior to powdered charcoal and an inverse relationship was noted between the weight of the granular carbon bed in the column and ethanol adsorbed/g carbon. Decreasing the column feed flow rate from 7.5 to 2.0 L aqueous ethanol/min increased the adsorption rate.