cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PAPNET computer-aided rescreening for detection of benign and malignant glandular elements in cervicovaginal smears: a review of 61 cases

An increasing proportion of the recent cytodiagnostic literature has focused on automation of the Pap smear screening process in hopes of finding a feasible system to aid in the reduction of the number of reported false-negative cases. In a sense, these systems can be thought of as computer-driven sensitivity enhancers for better detection of abnormalities in smeared cervicovaginal specimens. The PAPNET system (Neuromedical Systems, Inc., Suffern, NY) relies on a neural network of artificial-intelligence technology to recognize the complex cellular arrays present in Pap smears, and was originally intended to aid in the identification of morphologically abnormal cells of squamous origin. Herein, we present the results of 61 smears containing a mixture of known diagnostically important benign, dysplastic, and malignant glandular cellular abnormalities which were reviewed by the PAPNET technology. The PAPNET system detected the diagnostic glandular material in 44 of the 45 benign cases reviewed (98% detection rate). In addition, the PAPNET technology identified abnormal cellular material in 15 of the 16 studied smears from patients with malignant/dysplastic morphology (94% detection rate). These data indicate that the PAPNET neural networks are capable of detecting cells with aberrant glandular cytomorphology. In both cases missed by the PAPNET system, the number of abnormal cells per slide was very low, indicating that as with human screeners, the capabilities of this semiautomated method may be exceeded when an extreme paucity of diagnostic cellular material is present in a given slide. Further and larger reviews of glandular abnormalities by automated technologies are needed to assess these systems for their true efficacy at diminishing false-negative cases.
Interplay of group dynamics and science talk in a design based classroom

This exploratory study investigated the interplay between science discourse and group dynamics of two groups of 6th graders over time as they learned in a technology-rich, inquiry-based science environment. Analysis showed that the group with problematic dynamics engaged in less science talk and failed to improve over time. Despite dynamics and dialogue differences between groups, both groups primarily focused on procedural aspects instead of science. Future studies of group collaboration over time are discussed.
Nurses Caring for the Spirit: Patients With Cancer and Family Caregiver Expectations

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine what patients with cancer and primary family caregivers expect from nurses with regard to having their spiritual needs addressed. RESEARCH APPROACH: Descriptive, cross-sectional, qualitative study using Miles and Huberman s approach to data reduction. SETTING: Outpatient and inpatient settings in a county hospital and a comprehensive cancer center, both located in a large, southwestern, metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: 28 African American and Euro-American adult patients with cancer and primary family caregivers were purposively selected to provide variation of experiences (e.g., religious backgrounds). METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: In-depth, semistructured, tape-recorded interviews conducted by the investigator. Analysis of transcribed interviews concurrently with data collection followed a process of data concentration, data display, and conclusion drawing. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Spiritual needs, spiritual care. FINDINGS: Informants identified nursing approaches for spiritual needs, including kindness and respect; talking and listening; prayer; connecting with symmetry, authenticity, and physical presence; quality temporal nursing care; and mobilizing religious or spiritual resources. To provide spiritual care, nurses must possess requisites of a personal, relational, or professional nature. CONCLUSIONS: Although some patients or caregivers do not want overt forms of spiritual care, others are eager for them. Many recognize nonreligious actions or attitudes that nurses can practice to care for spiritual needs. INTERPRETATION: Nurses must consider how they can address patient preconceptions and requisites for spiritual caregiving. Nurses may need to educate the public regarding their role as holistic and spiritual healthcare providers.
Carboxyl-terminated PAMAM-SN38 conjugates: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation.

In this work, carboxyl-terminated PAMAM G-3.5 was covalently attached to SN38 via glycine and β-alanine spacers. The conjugates were stable at pH 7.4 and moderately hydrolyzed in cell culture media and rat plasma. Similarly to SN38 but to a lesser extent, both conjugates inhibited proliferation of human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and led to nuclear fragmentation. However, activity of the conjugate with glycine spacer (IC50 = 129 nM) was higher compared to that of the β-alanine linked conjugate (IC50 = 387 nM). These PAMAM-SN38 conjugates have the potential for targeted therapy of colorectal carcinoma.
Total knee arthroplasty in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs

Abstract Twenty-six knee arthroplasties were performed in 15 patients with hemophilia A and human immunodeficiency virus infection from 1984 to 1991. Patient age range was 27 to 48 years. After an average follow-up period of 6.4 years (range, 1–9 years) all patients were alive and none of the implants had become infected. T4 lymphocyte counts showed some deterioration, which was not clinically significant. All of the patients were improved following surgery. Nineteen implants were rated excellent, four good, and three fair. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus did not adversely affect the clinical outcome of knee arthroplasty at follow-up periods up to 9 years.
Patients, pacemakers, and implantable defibrillators: human values and security for wireless implantable medical devices

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) improve patients' quality of life and help sustain their lives. In this study, we explore patient views and values regarding their devices to inform the design of computer security for wireless IMDs. We interviewed 13 individuals with implanted cardiac devices. Key questions concerned the evaluation of 8 mockups of IMD security systems. Our results suggest that some systems that are technically viable are nonetheless undesirable to patients. Patients called out a number of values that affected their attitudes towards the systems, including perceived security, safety, freedom from unwanted cultural and historical associations, and self-image. In our analysis, we extend the Value Sensitive Design value dams and flows technique in order to suggest multiple, complementary systems; in our discussion, we highlight some of the usability, regulatory, and economic complexities that arise from offering multiple options. We conclude by offering design guidelines for future security systems for IMDs.
The stereoisomers of retinal--a theoretical study of energy differences.

Abstract The potential energy difference between all- trans -retinal and 11- cis -retinal, is calculated from a consideration of non-bonded interatomic potential functions and π electron energy. A series of trial geometric structures for 11- cis -retinal is investigated, each structure differing by rotation about one or more bonds. The minimum potential energy difference achieved is in good agreement with the enthalpy of isomerization of 11- cis -retinal. The structure corresponding to the potential energy minimum is twisted from planarity by 30° to 50° about both of the single bonds adjacent to the isomerized double bond.
Effect of instantaneous retrieval on indexing criteria

Based on empirical and anecdotal evidence, there appears to be a definite relationship between increased browsing capability (browsability) and user acceptance of lower relevance. New automated microform retrieval devices are providing near instantaneous retrieval of documents. The effect of this new capability on indexing criteria should be further explored. New indexing philosophies should be developed in order to optimize the total document retrieval system to the user's constraints of time and comprehension.
Advertising eugenics: Charles M. Goethe's campaign to improve the race

Over the last several decades historians have shown that the eugenics movement appealed to an extraordinarily wide constituency. Far from being the brainchild of the members of any one particular political ideology, eugenics made sense to a diverse range of Americans and was promoted by professionals ranging from geneticists and physicians to politicians and economists. 1 Seduced by promises of permanent fixes to national problems, and attracted to the idea of a scientifically legitimate form of social activism, eugenics quickly grew in popularity during the first decades of the twentieth century. Charles M. Goethe, the land developer, entrepreneur, conservationist and skilled advertiser who founded the Eugenics Society of Northern California, exemplifies the broad appeal of the eugenics movement. Goethe played an active role within the American eugenics movement at its peak in the 1920s. The last president of the Eugenics Research Association, 2 he also campaigned hard against Mexican immigration to the US and he continued open support for the Nazi regime's eugenic practices into the later 1930s. 3 This article examines Goethe's eugenic vision and, drawing on his correspondence with the leading geneticist Charles Davenport, explores the relationship between academic and non-academic advocates of eugenics in America.
Correntropy based Granger causality

We propose a novel nonlinear extension to Granger causality. It is derived from a nonlinear mapping of a stochastic process using the recently introduced generalized correlation measure called correntropy. The method is demonstrated by detecting the direction of coupling in a chaotic system where the original Granger causality failed.
1657 CHARACTERIZATION OF RESPIRATORY MUCUS GLYCOPROTEINS FROM CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS 1 SPUTA

High molecular weight mucus glycoproteins have been isolated intact from whole sputum from a patient with cystic fibrosis. Complete stabilization of whole sputum was effected with 6 M Urea + 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), protease inhibitors, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease. After carboxylmethylation of sulfhydryl groups, the solubilized sputum was fractionated on a 5.0 × 150 cm column of Sepharose CL-4B in the presence of 6 M Urea. Mucus glycoproteins (i.e. not protease-treated) prepared in this manner were water soluble and formed clear, highly viscous solutions even though disulfide interactions were precluded by carboxymethylation of sulfphydryl groups. Studies are under way to characterize both the polypeptide(s) and digosaccharide moieties of these glycoproteins.
Public assistance of police during criminal investigations: Russian experience

This study examines the high levels of public unwillingness to assist police in criminal investigations in Russia. Variables of public trust of police, fear of crime, victimization, and prior contact with police are used to explain this phenomenon. Also included in the study are variables of police fear and avoidance of police. The findings suggest that higher levels of distrust in, as well as fear and avoidance of police are strong predictors of citizens’ unwillingness to assist police in Russia. The paper discusses potential implications of these findings for the 2011 police reform in Russia.
The Use and Abuse of the Cultural Defense

Invoquer la defense culturelle est devenue une strategie judiciaire populaire bien que controversee. Expliquant dans un premier temps que la portee de la defense culturelle est plus vaste que generalement comprise et qu'elle sert aussi bien a attenuer des sentences, a creer des exceptions a des politiques etablies qu'a augmenter les montants de dommage et interets accordes, j'identifie ensuite les principes normatifs qui justifient ce type de defense. Meme si elle peut etre appuyee fonde sur des principes, si la defense culturelle a une chance d'etre adoptee formellement, des politiques doivent etre etablies pour prevenir des abus. Je propose des criteres d'application de la defense culturelle qui sont illustres par quelques cas. La presentation d'exemples ou la defense culturelle est appropriee est suivie d'une demonstration des abus potentiels, a partir de cas particuliers dans lesquels les arguments culturels avances ne remplissaient pas les criteres du test propose. L'article se termine sur des recommandations pour assister les tribunaux a trouver les experts qui peuvent authentifier les requetes culturelles. Invoking a cultural defense has become a popular but controversial legal strategy. After explaining that the scope of the cultural defense is broader than is often understood and that it is used to mitigate punishment, create exemptions from policies, and increase the size of damage awards, I identify the normative principles that justify such a defense. Although it may be defended as a matter of principle, if this defense has any chance of being formally adopted, policies must be established to prevent its misuse. I propose a cultural defense test and show how it could be applied appropriately in a few cases. Following the analysis of its proper use, I demonstrate the potential for abuse by showing how in particular cases cultural arguments failed to meet the requirements of the cultural defense test I propose. Finally I recommend ways to assist courts in finding cultural experts who can authenticate the cultural claims.
Partially benzylated oxazoline derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose as “standardized intermediates” for oligosaccharide synthesis. preparation of disaccharides having the sequences β-D-GlcpNAc(1→x)-D-Gal and β-D-GlcpNAc(1→4)-D-GlcNAc

Abstract Three benzyl tri-O-benzyl-l-thio-β- D -galactopyranosides (5, 6, and 7) were prepared from the corresponding O-acyltri- O -benzyl- D -galactopyranosyl bromides (1a-c) via the benzylxanthates 2a-c and the fully protected benzyl thiogalactosides 3a-c. The α anomer (4) of 5 resulted from the reaction of bromide 1a with α-toluenethiol. Conditions were found for the successful coupling of O-acetyl-di-O-benzyl derivatives (8 and 13) of 2-methyl-(1,2-dideoxy-α- D -glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline to the thiogalactosides 5-7, and to a partially protected glycoside (16) or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucose. The products were fully substituted disaccharides of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- D -glucose linked 1→3 (9a), 1→6 (11a), 1→4 (14a), and 1→4 (17a), respectively. Cleavage of the single, temporary protecting group (O-acetyl) from these compounds gave partially deblocked disaccharides capable of chain extension from position 3′ (9b and 11b) or 4′ (14b and 17b).
Study of the effect of nanofabricated surface roughness on conductivity in the terahertz regime with a high-Q resonator

A high-Q quasi-optical resonator operating at 400 GHz and 650 GHz is used to measure the conductivity of metal samples with nano-scale textures made using a LIGA-like nanoimprinting process. The results explore the effect of surface roughness on effective conductivity in the terahertz regime.
Intrinsic Stress and Microstructural Evolution in Sputtered Nanometer Single and Multilayered Films

The relationship of intrinsic stress and microstructural evolution in nanometer thick Mo and Si films, and Mo/Si multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering at low working pressure (2.5 mTorr) is studied. The stress depends strongly on the microstructure which evolves with the film thickness. Transition from tensile to compressive films is observed in the metal films, in which nucleation and columnar grain growth occur. Deposition of layered Mo films by time-delayed sequential sputtering of thin layers results in smaller grains that do not extend through the film thickness, and in more tensile stress state than thick films of trie same thickness. The Si films are highly compressive at all thicknesses studied. The multilayers in this study show compressive stresses, with higher compressive stress at longer periods, and decreasing stress at shorter periods. The interface stress in amorphous Mo/Si multilayers is determined to be 1.1 J/m2. Comparison with values in other systems is made.
Thermophilic C-phycocyanin: effect of temperature, monomer stability, and structure

Abstract C-Phycocyanin has been purified from Synechococcus lividus (SyI), which grows between 66 and 73°C at the highest temperature of any cyanobacterium and of any biliprotein-containing organism. The protein was examined at its physiological temperature, 70°C, in order to compare with its properties at 20°C. The protein was found to have virtually identical properties of light harvesting, bilin conformation, fluorescence, and secondary protein structure at both temperatures. The unique absorption maximum of SyI protein was maintained at 70°C. Using the bilins as built-in reporter groups, the response is to resist, over a wide temperature range (10–80°C), the denaturation that would occur in mesophiles, rather than exhibit special adaptation to 70°C. C-Phycocyanin from another thermophile, S . lividus (SyIII), behaved differently. The SyI protein was `temperature-resistant', and the other `cold-dissociated'. In addition, an early assembly step toward the phycobilisome is the formation of monomers (αβ) from bilin-bearing, α and β polypeptides. Unlike larger aggregates, C-phycocyanin monomers from SyI are found to denature between 60°C and 70°C. The instability of monomers at their physiological temperature suggests that they either rapidly aggregate to avoid denaturation, or they are protected from denaturation by some agent. Monomers of the thermophile were, however, much more stable against high temperature than the monomers from mesophiles. The structure of SyI C-phycocyanin and its phycobilisomes were shown to be similar to those of mesophiles.
Use of a Streamer Chamber for Low Energy Nuclear Physics

A small streamer chamber has been implemented for low energy heavy ion reaction studies at the LBL 88" cyclotron. The response of the chamber to light and heavy ions below 35 MeV/nucleon has been examined. The limited sensitivity of light output as a function of ionization works to advantage in recording a wide variety of tracks in the same photograph whose energy loss may vary considerably. Furthermore, as gas targets are attractive for several reasons, we have investigated the suitability of Ar and Xe for use in streamer chambers.
PS1-30: Identification of Distress in the Breast Cancer Patient in a Rural Community Cancer Center.

Background/Aims Community cancer centers are faced with the task of providing multidisciplinary care to their patients in an environment that is challenged for resources, time and reimbursement. Among other patient care factors, psychosocial care has become one such area of concern. The ability to rapidly identify a patient with psychosocial issues can help facilitate providing that care in an expedient and cost-effective manner. The purpose of the study was to develop a profile of a breast cancer patient exhibiting distress.
A deep-submicrometer microwave/digital CMOS/SOS technology

0.35- mu m complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)/silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) n- and p-channel MOSFETs with a metal-over-polysilicon T-gate structure for monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) and digital applications are reported. The measured values for the current-gain cutoff frequency f/sub T/ were >or=20 GHz for both n-channel and p-channel devices, and the values for the unilateral power-gain cutoff frequency f/sub max/ were 37 GHz for the p-channel and 53 GHz for the n-channel MOSFETs. The low effective resistance of the T-gate structure contributed to the very high f/sub max/ values. It is believed that these are the highest f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ values ever reported for MOS devices. The potential of SOS submicrometer MOSFETs for microwave circuit applications is demonstrated. >
The United States Plywood Industry - Systems Study

The U. S. plywood industry is analyzed as a feedback system and simulated on a large-scale digital computer. An industry of thousands of interacting firms is approximately represented by a model of seven interacting sectors by grouping together firms which tend to behave homogeneously in response to the same input variables. The seven sectors include two producing sectors representing, in the aggregate, independent mills of the industry and mills integrated in their organization with wholesale warehouses. Three wholesale sectors represent aggregations of independent jobbers, jobbers integrated organizationally with producers, and office wholesalers who hold no physical inventory. Two retail sectors represent, in the aggregate, retailers and users who buy in box-car-load lots and those who buy in less than box-car-load lots. Description of the independent mill and independent jobber sectors are presented in some detail because of the key role these firms play in the determination of market price. The market price mechanism is discussed along with the method employed to represent, in the aggregate, the information and material handling lags in the system. Preliminary tests of the simulation model are compared with industry data.
SmartCart: A consolidated shopping cart for pareto-optimal sourcing and fair discount distribution

This paper explores two interrelated questions: First, when buyers form a coalition to obtain volume discounts on the purchase of multiple items from multiple sellers, how many of each item should be purchased from each seller to maximize the overall discount? Secondly, when this discount is obtained successfully, how should it be allocated to the buyers who pooled their resources to make one successful group purchase? An auction is the context under which these questions are tested, using a scenario in which multiple buyers form a coalition to consolidate their individual shopping carts into one aggregated shopping cart. A relational database is used to simulate an interactive auction and tracks buyers, sellers, items, prices before discount, prices after discount, purchase decisions, and other key data. When a critical mass of items to be ordered is reached, the shopping carts are locked and the coalition's overall demand for each item is copied to an aggregated shopping cart. To clear the auction, a decision guidance query language (DGQL) is executed to determine, using a MILP optimization, the quantity of each item to be ordered from each supplier to maximize discounts. A formula that allocates discounts to members of the buying coalition is then proposed. DGQL provides a great degree of flexibility and extensibility in the specification of constraints using a high-level language that can be embedded directly in SQL. This analysis provides a foundation from which a working tool could be built to allow buyers to form ad hoc purchasing coalitions to achieve discounts that otherwise would be unavailable to the individual buyers acting in isolation.
Comprehensive case management for substance abuse clients who have mood or anxiety disorders

Background: The Iowa Case Management Project (ICMP) was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive, solution-focused model of case management with rural clients in substance use disorder treatment. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a strengths-based case management model to help clients with and without co-occurring psychiatric disorders reduce substance use and improve psychiatric functioning. Method: Clients admitted to residential or intensive outpatient substance use disorder treatment who volunteered (N = 518), were randomly assigned to one of four research conditions. In three conditions, participants received Iowa Case Management (ICM), while in the fourth condition participants received standard substance use disorder treatment services. Participants completed assessments at intake, three, six and 12 months. Results: A diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder did not impact the effect of case management on substance use, and client substance use decreased significantly in all four ...
A study of jets in a three-dimensional gas fluidized bed

Abstract Measurements of void heights were made at an orifice in the distributor plate of a three-dimensional fluidized bed when the orifice was surrounded by other similar bubbling orifices. The experimental evidence indicates that jets form only when the orifice is surrounded by stagnant zones of particles; this is consistent with the findings of Rowe [7] that it is possible to establish a jet if the particles are not fluidized. It has been shown that bed geometry has a significant effect on the jet height and results from two-dimensional beds or semicircular beds with draft tubes cannot be extrapolated to three-dimensional beds. Jet height data from draft tubes in semicircular beds and from three-dimensional beds have been correlated. The correlations represent the experimental data within ±30% accuracy.
Relationships between the determinants of performance in serial feature-positive discriminations

Three experiments using an appetitive behavioral observation procedure with rats investigated the effects of various pre- and postdiscrimination treatments on learning and performance in serial feature-positive discriminations. Previous work suggests that performance in this discrimination is based on feature-unconditioned stimulus (US) associations, feature-common element associations, and a conditional occasion-setting relation. Experiment 1 examined the effects of prediscrimination reinforcement of the various components of the discrimination. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effects of various postdiscrimination nonreinforcement and reinforcement procedures, respectively, on performance of previously established discriminative responding. The results of the present studies and those of previous work are interpreted to show that the conditional occasion-setting relation may be independent of feature-US associations and may not be dependent on feature-common element associations. The implications of assumming that rats used conditional information independently of simple associations are discussed.
Virus-like particles induced in guinea pig cells by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine are morphologically similar to murine B-type virus.

VIRUS-LIKE particles in tissues of leukaemic and normal guinea pigs have been demonstrated repeatedly1–5. Tumour cells contain intracisternal particles resembling mouse intracisternal A particles3, and extracellular virus-like particles are found in tissues of leukaemic guinea pigs. To the best of our knowledge, a convincing micrograph of a virus-like particle budding from the surface of a guinea pig tumour cell (in vivo) has never been published. In a separate study (J.E.D. and K.P., in preparation), it has been concluded that the guinea pig leukaemia virus1–3 results from the release of intracisternal A particles from dying tumour cells.
The “Wozzeck Affair”: Modernism and the Crisis of Audience in Prague

The Czech premiere of Berg's Wozzeck in 1926 produced an unanticipated storm of controversy that changed the way the Prague music community viewed European modernism and their place in it. Amid mounting political and cultural tensions in the city, the third performance witnessed a planned demonstration of bourgeois subscribers that resulted in a ban of the opera. Critics responded to the work—and each other—with divisive rhetoric. The debate highlights not only the accelerating crisis between artists and audiences in the early twentieth century, but also the problem of incorporating moderate or antimodernist perspectives within the historiography of modernism.
Science Signaling Podcast: 4 May 2010

This is a conversation with Christina Eng and Robert Abraham about a Research Article published in the 27 April 2010 issue of Science Signaling.
Fetal body and breathing movements as predictors of intraamniotic infection in preterm premature rupture of membranes

A prospective study of fetal behavior in cases complicated with preterm premature rupture of membranes was conducted in 41 patients. The length of time and the number of fetal breathing and gross body movements were correlated with the amniotic fluid culture results. An episode of fetal activity (body movements and breathing movements) of ≥30 seconds during 30 minutes of observation was associated with the absence of intraamniotic infection in 100% of the cases. On the other hand, the absence of fetal breathing movements and gross body movements of less than a 50 second duration during 30 minutes of observation was associated with positive amniotic fluid cultures in all cases. If an episode of fetal breathing movements was present but lasted 50 seconds, 64% of patients had an intraamniotic infection.
Making monads first-class with template haskell

Monads as an organizing principle for programming and semantics are notoriously difficult to grasp, yet they are a central and powerful abstraction in Haskell. This paper introduces a domain-specific language, MonadLab, that simplifies the construction of monads, and describes its implementation in Template Haskell. MonadLab makes monad construction truly first class, meaning that arcane theoretical issues with respect to monad transformers are completely hidden from the programmer. The motivation behind the design of MonadLab is to make monadic programming in Haskell simpler while providing a tool for non-Haskell experts that will assist them in understanding this powerful abstraction.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics and optical nonlinearities of low-temperature-grown multiple quantum wells

The ability to engineer the free carrier lifetime of epitaxially grown semiconductors without significantly affecting the desirable nonlinear optical properties would allow the development of an entire new class of high-speed photonic devices. The primary method of achieving this is the controlled introduction of mid-gap defects via a variety of techniques including low temperature growth. We report on a systematic investigation of low-temperature-grown materials including bulk GaAs and Be-doped In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As multiple quantum wells. Using both wavelength-dependent time-resolved nonlinear bandedge absorption spectroscopy and far infrared Terahertz spectroscopy, we unambiguously discriminate between recombination and trapping events and determine the carrier lifetime and mobility in a contactless fashion. We correlate the far infrared response and the bandedge response and thereby explain the apparent discrepancies with previous measurements and clarify the physical origin of the optical nonlinearity as well as the defect densities, carrier lifetimes and mobility.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Augmented anti-acetylcholine receptor response following long-term penicillamine administration.

Because of the association of D-penicillamine (DP) therapy with myasthenia gravis, we have studied long-term DP treatment in five inbred strains of mice with doses comparable to those used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No clinical weakness or anti—acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody developed with up to 6 months of treatment, but augmented responses did occur to challenge with purified AChR in adjuvant. Anti-AChR antibody titers in C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice were significantly higher after challenge with AChR in DP-treated than in control mice. Augmented anti-AChR titers were not seen in strain A mice, but after 6 months of DP treatment increased susceptibility developed to the induction of experimental autoimmune myasthnia gravis. Nine weeks after challenge with purified AChR, 10 of 11 mice developed clinical weakness, leading to death in 6. Results of edrophonium testing were positive in 5 of 6 mice, and electrophysiological abnormalities were demonstrated in 3 of the surviving mice. Long-term DP treatment is associated with augmented anti-AChR antibody responses in C3H/He and C57BL/6 mice, and increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in strain A mice.
Femtosecond reaction dynamics of Rydberg states. Methyl iodide

Femtosecond reaction dynamics of Rydberg states (6p ^2E_(1/2) and 7s^2E_(3/2)) in methyl iodide are reported. The observed ultrafast decay and the large isotope effect reflect the Rydberg-valence potentials crossing to yield CH_3 + I. The dependence of the dynamics on the vibrational mode is studied with focus on the character of the mode and the coherent coupling. Molecular quantum dynamics simulations are also reported.
Efficacy of selective neck dissection for nodal metastasis with involvement of nonlymphatic structures.

Background. Our aim in carrying out this study was to determine the efficacy of selective neck dissection (SND) for cervical metastases with clinical involvement of adjacent nonlymphatic structures. Methods. In all, 39 patients were retrospectively analyzed with respect to 43 extended selective neck dissection (ESND) procedures. Results. Eighteen procedures were performed as part of the primary treatment and 25 for salvage following (chemo)radiation. Although most patients (84%) had nodal disease ≥N2, 91% had disease clinically confined to ≤2 neck levels. SND (levels II–IV) was most commonly performed and the internal jugular vein was the nonlymphatic structure most often sacrificed. Recurrence rate in the ipsilateral targeted neck was 0% and 13% in the primary surgery and postradiation groups, respectively. Conclusions. SND that is extended to include adjacent nonlymphatic structures appears to be effective for advanced nodal metastasis confined to ≤2 nodal levels. We support the use of the term “extended selective neck dissection (ESND)” to describe this modification of neck dissection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Comment on Ziauddin Sardar, ‘do not adjust your mind: postmodernism, reality and the other’, futures, 25(8), October 1993, pages 877–893

Abstract The collapse of belief, postulates postmodernism, has produced a profusion of ‘realities’ competing for our attention. The world is nothing but an artificially created and maintained theatre where everything is managed and manipulated. We live in and by simulations and nothing can be verified as ‘real’, true or meaningful …
Effect of heparin and chondroitin sulfate on the acrosome reaction and fertility of bovine sperm in vitro.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were reported to induce acrosome reactions (AR) in epididymal and ejaculated bovine sperm (4,5). The GAGs chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) and heparin were tested on ejaculated bovine sperm for their ability to increase in vitro fertilization (IVF) frequencies. Regardless of treatment, a sperm-egg incubation time of 18 hr was sufficient to achieve maximal rates of fertilization. The IVF frequency of sperm incubated 6 hr with 10 mug/ml heparin (116 173 , 67%) was increased (P 0.05). In contrast to previous reports, CS-A did not (P>0.05) induce AR in ejaculated (9.5-hr incubation) or epididymal sperm (22.5-hr incubation). Linear increases in fertilization frequency (40% to 81%; P=0.001) and AR (9% to 32%; P</=0.05) occurred with time of sperm exposure to heparin (15 sec to 6 hr) suggesting a direct effect of heparin on sperm. Glucose interfered with the effect of heparin on sperm. These data show heparin can prepare sperm for AR and fertilization in vitro and suggest that heparin-like material present in the female bovine reproductive tract may play a role in vivo in sperm capacitation and fertilization.
Application of TiO2 sol for UV radiation measurements

Abstract The use of a chemically stable TiO2 sol as an actinometer for UV radiation was investigated. The sol produces a visible color change under UV radiation. It can be regenerated to its original transparency upon exposure to oxygen. The actinometer can be used to compare the strengths of different light sources for a wide range of photoinduced chemical processes involving TiO2 particles such as photodegradation of industrial waste or organic synthesis on TiO2, photoinduced deterioration of TiO2-containing materials, and the effectiveness of a TiO2-based sunscreen product. Other potential applications include γ-ray radiation monitoring, oxygen detection, and oxygen permeability measurement for polymer films.
An exploration of gendered systems theory on women-owned businesses in emerging tourism destinations: future directions.

The impacts of tourism on host communities are numerous, complex, and at times nuanced. As a result, tourism researchers have placed heavy emphasis on the exploration and identification of these impacts, including how the community responds. Some of the more understated impacts, such as the role of women in tourism development, can be more difficult to understand. This is especially the case in emerging destinations, where communities in the primary stages of tourism development are beginning to consider the costs and benefits to their culture, social structure, and economy. This article uses ecological systems theory as a framework to examine existing literature related to resident attitudes toward the social impacts of women-owned businesses in tourism. Results from this examination determined the need for future, theory-based research regarding socio-cultural impacts, and more specifically, the impact of tourism on changing social roles and the role of women in emerging destinations.
Embryonic exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and its metabolites, bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A dimethyl ether disrupts normal zebrafish (Danio rerio) development and matrix metalloproteinase expression.

Abstract Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used brominated flame retardant that is persistent in the environment and detected in human serum and breast milk. TBBPA is microbiologically transformed in anaerobic environments to bisphenol A (BPA) and in aerobic environments to TBBPA dimethyl ether (TBBPA DME). Despite the detection of TBBPA DME in the environment, the resulting toxicity is not known. The relative toxicity of TBBPA, BPA and TBBPA DME was determined using embryonic exposure of zebrafish, with BPA and TBBPA DME exhibiting lower potency than TBBPA. TBBPA exposure resulted in 100% mortality at 3 (1.6 mg/L) and 1.5 μM (0.8 mg/L), whereas BPA and TBBPA DME did not result in significant embryonic mortality in comparison to controls. While all three caused edema and hemorrhage, only TBBPA specifically caused decreased heart rate, edema of the trunk, and tail malformations. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression was measured due to the role of these enzymes in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix during tissue morphogenesis, wound healing and cell migration. MMP-2, -9 and -13 expression increased (2–8-fold) after TBBPA exposure followed by an increase in the degradation of collagen I and gelatin. TBBPA DME exposure resulted in only a slight increase (less than 2-fold) in MMP expression and did not significantly increase enzymatic activity. These data suggest that TBBPA is more potent than BPA or TBBPA DME and indicate that the trunk and tail phenotypes seen after TBBPA exposure could be due in part to alteration of proper MMP expression and activity.
Surgical Treatment of Thyroid-related Upper Eyelid Retraction: Graded Müller's Muscle Excision and Levator Recession

A graded, controlled excision of Muller's muscle with or without recession of the levator aponeurosis using sensory without motor anesthesia is an excellent technique for releasing thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction. The procedure has provided statistically significant success rates in the first 53 upper eyelids treated by this technique that were carefully analyzed postoperatively. It has continued to provide consistently good results in an additional 49 upper eyelids. The six complications in the first 53 cases included nasal ptosis (4), diffuse ptosis (1), and residual eyelid retraction (1). These were easily rectified with a second simple surgical procedure. The operation described is considered superior to other techniques in treating thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction because other procedures have not been analyzed in large enough numbers to demonstrate as high a degree of success as this operation. The procedure is simple, based on anatomic and physiologic principles, tailored to the individual patient intraoperatively, and yields consistently good results.
Circulation and its Distribution in Previable Human Fetuses

The course of the circulation, distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow have been extensively studied in fetall lambs. No such information is available in human fetuses. 33 fetuses weighing 12–272 g (estimated gestation 10–20 weeks)were delivered by hysterotomy performed for legal abortion with the mother receiving general anesthesia and 50% O2. while placental circulation continued, a fire teflon canuula was inserted into the umbilical vein (UV), and nuclide-labeled microspheres were injected (within 3 min in most fetuses) to measure the distribution of blood flow. pH, PO2 and PCO2 were measured in arterialized maternal (MA) and in UV and feta arterial (FA) bloods. Mean values for MA were pH 7.47, PCO2 23, and PO2 183, for UV pH 7.41, PCO2 26, and PO2 60, and FA pH 7.27 PCO2 38 and PO2 34. Distribution of blood flow to each organ was expressed as a percentage of systemic venous return (%CO) in 4 weight groups 150 g. The % CO to placenta increased from a mean of 16.9 in 150 g fetuses; %CO to gut rose from 5.5 to 9.2 and to spleen from 0.4 to 0.9; %CO to kidneys fell from 6.5 to 3.2, myocardium 3.3 to 2.1, and brain 16.0 to 11.3. An average of 51.4% of UV blood passed through the ductus venosus; no significant change with growth was noted. In 150 g group. These studies demonstrate that the pattern of circulation in human fetuses is similar to that of other mammals, but there are quantitative differences in distribution of cardiac output. (Supported by NIH Grant HE 06285).
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION IN THE 28–32 WEEK HUMAN NEONATE

In vitro neutrophil function was evaluated in 28-32 week neonates and compared to similar studies of term neonates and adults. Preterm neutrophil random mobility (RM) was decreased as compared to term neonate and adult values. Phagocytosis of yeast particles opsonlzed with a 2.5% final concentration of autologous plasma(AP) was significantly impaired at 30 minutes in the preterm infant as compared to both term and adult neutrophils. Opsonization with 2.5% adult plasma(CP) did not normalize this parameter suggesting an inherent defect in phagocytic capacity. Increasing incubation time to 60 minutes increased the number of yeast phagocytosed by preterm and term neonates. While values for term neonates approached those of adults, preterm neutrophil phagocytosis remained significantly depressed. Chemotaxis (CX) of both preterm and term infants was below adult control values. These studies suggest that severely premature infants have a phagocytic defect which is independent of plasma opsonic capacity.
Microwave Characterization of Microshield Lines

An experimental characterization of a new type of monolithic planar transmission line, the microshield, is presented. Theoretically, it is shown to have the tendency to radiate less than the conventional coplanar waveguide (CPW). To characterize the line, experimental measurement of a scattering parameters of the microwave model is essential. This paper presents characterization through the design, fabrication and measurement of the line and a discontinuity such as the two coupled open-end line. The frequency dependence of the effective dielectric constant is measured and compared to the computed values. Although proposed for applications at lower sub-mm-wave frequencies, fabrication in a hybrid fashion allows for use at microwave frequencies. Present applications of microshield technology are seen in Microtech Cascade probes and feed throughs for package connections in CPW interconnects. In addition, it is possible to use the microshield to connect MMIC's by designing the shield width to accommodate an MMIC. Therefore characterization of the microshield line and discontinuities is necessary.
Work in progress - Year 2 results from a balanced, freshman-first computer engineering curriculum

The Milwaukee School of Engineering replaced a traditional computer engineering curriculum that located the majority of the core computer engineering topics in the final two years of study with a new freshman-first curriculum in academic year 2006-2007. The new curriculum was designed around the 2004 guideline report of the IEEE/ACM Joint Taskforce on Computer Engineering Curricula but took a more aggressive approach by distributing the computer engineering topics throughout all four years of study. The result is a balanced, freshman-first curriculum that presents software, hardware, math, science, and humanities side-by-side for most of the twelve undergraduate quarters. The goals of the curriculum was to improve retention, reduce prerequisite material time gaps, and respond to the industrial advisory committee request for improved soft skills. All three of these goals have been met: first-to-second year retention has improved, large gaps in hardware coverage have disappeared, and a course on teamwork and leadership has been taught for the first time.
Induction of premature chromosome condensation in CHO cells fused with polyethylene glycol.

Abstract Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was induced in either suspension or monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using the chemical fusogen polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). For metaphase-interphase fusions in suspension, the incidence of PCC was comparable to that obtained with UV-inactivated Sendai virus fusion. For monolayer fusions, the incidence of PCC increased gradually after a short exposure to PEG or PEG + DMSO to a maximum at about 10–14 h. Hence, both metaphase-interphase fusions and mitotic asynchrony in multinucleated cells were responsible for the induction of PCC. These results illustrated that no viral components were required for PCC formation.
Multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics and the altered lipids at the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer’s disease

Multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) is a well-developed technology for global lipid analysis, which identifies and quantifies individual lipid molecular species directly from lipid extracts of biological samples. By using this technology, we have revealed three marked changes of lipids in brain samples of subjects with mild cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease including sulfatides, ceramides, and plasmalogens. Further studies using MDMS-SL lead us to the identification of the potential biochemical mechanisms responsible for the altered lipids at the disease state, which are thoroughly discussed in this minireview. Specifically, in studies to identify the causes responsible for sulfatide depletion at the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease, we have found that apolipoprotein E is associated with sulfatide transport and mediates sulfatide homeostasis in the nervous system through lipoprotein metabolism pathways and that alterations in apolipoprotein E-mediated sulfatide trafficking can lead to sulfatide depletion in the brain. Collectively, the results obtained from lipidomic analyses of brain samples provide important insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.