cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microdiversity of an Abundant Terrestrial Bacterium Encompasses Extensive Variation in Ecologically Relevant Traits.

Much genetic diversity within a bacterial community is likely obscured by microdiversity within operational taxonomic units (OTUs) defined by 16S rRNA gene sequences. However, it is unclear how variation within this microdiversity influences ecologically relevant traits. Here, we employ a multifaceted approach to investigate microdiversity within the dominant leaf litter bacterium, Curtobacterium, which comprises 7.8% of the bacterial community at a grassland site undergoing global change manipulations. We use cultured bacterial isolates to interpret metagenomic data, collected in situ over 2 years, together with lab-based physiological assays to determine the extent of trait variation within this abundant OTU. The response of Curtobacterium to seasonal variability and the global change manipulations, specifically an increase in relative abundance under decreased water availability, appeared to be conserved across six Curtobacterium lineages identified at this site. Genomic and physiological analyses in the lab revealed that degradation of abundant polymeric carbohydrates within leaf litter, cellulose and xylan, is nearly universal across the genus, which may contribute to its high abundance in grassland leaf litter. However, the degree of carbohydrate utilization and temperature preference for this degradation varied greatly among clades. Overall, we find that traits within Curtobacterium are conserved at different phylogenetic depths. We speculate that similar to bacteria in marine systems, diverse microbes within this taxon may be structured in distinct ecotypes that are key to understanding Curtobacterium abundance and distribution in the environment.IMPORTANCE Despite the plummeting costs of sequencing, characterizing the fine-scale genetic diversity of a microbial community-and interpreting its functional importance-remains a challenge. Indeed, most studies, particularly studies of soil, assess community composition at a broad genetic level by classifying diversity into taxa (OTUs) defined by 16S rRNA sequence similarity. However, these classifications potentially obscure variation in traits that result in fine-scale ecological differentiation among closely related strains. Here, we investigated "microdiversity" in a highly diverse and poorly characterized soil system (leaf litter in a southern Californian grassland). We focused on the most abundant bacterium, Curtobacterium, which by standard methods is grouped into only one OTU. We find that the degree of carbohydrate usage and temperature preference vary within the OTU, whereas its responses to changes in precipitation are relatively uniform. These results suggest that microdiversity may be key to understanding how soil bacterial diversity is linked to ecosystem functioning.
Development of Professional Identity for Counseling Professionals: A Mindfulness-Based Perspective.

Professional identity development (PID), which involves transformational learning, is crucial for counselors and trainees. However most current training approaches focus more on specific tasks related to PID without focusing on the transformational learning aspect. Mindfulness is an important component for transformational learning; however, limited effort has been focused on its likely impact on PID. This conceptual article describes the need for integrating mindfulness into PID, and explains applications of mindfulness practices in assisting counselors to enhance development of a professional identity in the course of completing transformational tasks through a transformative learning process. Recommendations for future practice and research are included.
Impact of Motivational Interviewing on Outcomes of an Adolescent Obesity Treatment: Results from the MI Values Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

The aim of this study is to examine outcomes from MI Values, a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention implemented adjunctive to obesity treatment. Adolescents (n = 99; 73% African American; 74% female; mean body mass index [BMI] percentile = 98.9 ± 1.2) were randomized to receive two MI sessions or education control. All adolescents participated in structured behavioural weight management treatment. Baseline, 3- and 6-month assessments of anthropometrics, dietary intake and physical activity were obtained. Both groups had significant reductions in BMI z-scores and energy intake and increased physical activity at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05). MI participants reported greater reductions in 3-month energy intake compared with controls. Participation in MI is associated with reduction in energy intake, consistent with better adherence to dietitian visits previously reported from MI Values. MI might be an effective adjunct to adolescent obesity treatment; future research is needed to determine if motivational interviewing can enhance BMI outcomes, via greater adherence to behavioural intervention.
High-Level Waste Vitrification Product Characterization

The Nuclear Waste Vitritication Project (NWVP) was conducted to provide a demonstration of the vitrification of high-level liquid waste (HLLW) from spent fuel discharged from an operating LWR.
Altered States of Consciousness

T he terms used in the text to describe states of decreased consciousness are provided in Table 2–1 . With the exception of coma , these definitions are not standard. They are more precise, however, and more useful than such terms as semicomatose and semistuporous . The term encephalopathy describes a diffuse disorder of the brain in which at least two of the following symptoms are present: (1) altered states of consciousness, (2) altered cognition or personality, and (3) seizures. Encephalitis is an encephalopathy accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis.
Ground-Truth Model Evaluation of Subgrid Orographic Base-Flux Parameterization

AbstractHigh-resolution simulation can be a powerful means of evaluating and tuning orographic drag schemes, but connecting the parameterized drag, which is a local forcing, with the model drag, wh...
Intrinsic DNA Shape Accounts for Affinity Differences between Hox-Cofactor Binding Sites

Summary Transcription factors bind to their binding sites over a wide range of affinities, yet how differences in affinity are encoded in DNA sequences is not well understood. Here, we report X-ray crystal structures of four heterodimers of the Hox protein AbdominalB bound with its cofactor Extradenticle to four target DNA molecules that differ in affinity by up to ∼20-fold. Remarkably, despite large differences in affinity, the overall structures are very similar in all four complexes. In contrast, the predicted shapes of the DNA binding sites (i.e., the intrinsic DNA shape) in the absence of bound protein are strikingly different from each other and correlate with affinity: binding sites that must change conformations upon protein binding have lower affinities than binding sites that have more optimal conformations prior to binding. Together, these observations suggest that intrinsic differences in DNA shape provide a robust mechanism for modulating affinity without affecting other protein-DNA interactions.
Interventions for self-management of type 2 diabetes: An integrative review

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the most challenging chronic illnesses to manage. Since the management of diabetes is mainly accomplished by patients and families, self-management has become the mainstay of diabetes care. However, a significant proportion of patients fail to engage in adequate self-management. A priority research question is how do interventions affect the self-management behaviors of persons with Type 2 diabetes? Purpose/Objectives The purpose of this integrative review is to provide a summary and critique of interventions that support diabetes self-management in the patient with Type II diabetes mellitus. Design An integrative review design, with a comprehensive methodological approach of reviews, allowing inclusion of experimental and non-experimental studies. Procedures A comprehensive search was conducted via Ebscohost using databases of Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE, PsycArtiCLES, and PsycInfo. The final number of papers used for this review were: motivational interviewing (6), peer support/coaching (10), problem solving therapy (3), technology-based interventions (30), lifestyle modification programs (7), patient education (11), mindfulness (3), and cognitive behavioral therapy (5). Results Studies were examined from seventeen countries including a broad range of cultures and ethnicities. While interventions have shown mixed results in all interventional categories, many studies do support small to modest improvements in physiologic, behavioral, and psychological outcome measures. Considerable heterogeneity of interventions exists. The most commonly reported physiologic measure was HbA1c level. Outcome measures were collected mostly at 6 and 12 months. Duration of most research was limited to one year. Conclusions Research exploring the impact of interventions for self-management has made major contributions to the care of persons with type 2 diabetes, from offering suggestions for improving care, to stimulating new questions for research. However, implications for clinical practice remain inconclusive, and limitations in existing research suggest caution in interpreting results of studies.
The Curious Case of ZEB1.

The Zinc Finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB1/TCF8 or DeltaEF1) is at the forefront of transcription factors involved in controlling epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). Essentially, EMT allows for the reorganization of epithelial cells to become migratory cells with a mesenchymal phenotype. In addition to ZEB1 being involved in embryonic development, ZEB1 has also been linked to processes involving micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs and stem cells. In recent years there has been an accumulation of evidence with regard to ZEB1 in various cancers. Although increased ZEB1 expression has largely been associated with EMT, cancer invasion, and tumorigenicity, there have been some episodic reports that have gone against the traditional reporting of the role of ZEB1. Indicating that the function of ZEB1 and the mechanisms by which ZEB1 facilitates its activities is more complex than was once appreciated. This complexity is further exacerbated by the notion that ZEB1 can act not only as a transcriptional repressor but a transcriptional activator as well. This review seeks to shed light on the complexity of ZEB1 with respect to cancer.
Sport for Development and Peace: Framing the Global Conversation:

To explore the role of sports journalism in communicating complex social issues, we seek to understand how sport for development and peace (SDP) programs are covered by newspapers around the world....
Three‐dimensional distribution of wall shear stress and its gradient in red cell‐resolved computational modeling of blood flow in in vivo‐like microvascular networks

Using a high-fidelity, 3D computational model of blood flow in microvascular networks, we provide the full 3D distribution of wall shear stress (WSS), and its gradient (WSSG), and quantify the influence of red blood cells (RBCs) on WSS and WSSG. The deformation and flow dynamics of the individual RBCs are accurately resolved in the model, while physiologically realistic microvascular networks comprised of multiple bifurcations, convergences, and tortuous vessels are considered. A strong heterogeneity in WSS and WSSG is predicted across the networks, with the highest WSS occurring in precapillary bifurcations and capillary vessels. 3D variations of WSS and WSSG are shown to occur due to both network morphology and the influence of RBCs. The RBCs increase the WSS by as much as three times compared to that when no RBCs are present, and the highest increase is observed in venules. WSSG also increases significantly, and high WSSGs occur over wider regions in the presence of RBCs. In most vessels, the circumferential component of WSSG is observed to be greater than the axial component in the presence of RBCs, while the opposite trend is observed when RBCs are not considered. These results underscore the important role of RBCs on WSS and WSSG that cannot be predicted by widely used 1D models of network blood flow. Furthermore, the subendothelium-scale variations of WSS and WSSG predicted by the present model have implications in terms of endothelial cell functions in the microvasculature.
A prototype system for dynamically polarized neutron protein crystallography

Abstract The sensitivity of Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography to the presence of hydrogen makes it a powerful tool to complement X-ray crystallographic studies using protein crystals. The power of this technique is currently limited by the relative low neutron flux provided by even the most powerful neutron sources . The strong polarization dependence of the neutron scattering cross section of hydrogen will allow us to use Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to dramatically improve the signal to noise ratio of neutron diffraction data, delivering order of magnitude gains in performance, and enabling measurements of radically smaller crystals of larger protein systems than are possible today. We present a prototype frozen spin system, built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to polarize single protein crystals on the IMAGINE beamline at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). Details of the design and construction will be described, as will the performance of the system offline and during preliminary tests at HFIR.
INTEREST GROUP SESSION—COMMUNITY COLLEGE: THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES IN WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER WITHIN GERONTOLOGY

This symposium will highlight how innovative and often non-traditional Community College Gerontology students are motivated to seek career shifts and intentional training and comprehensive education. Understanding and applying this approach allows students to build on their prior skills, especially caregiving experience, to advance to more professional roles in the field of Gerontology. During this symposium we will focus on the Applied Gerontology aspect of Community College programs, including short-term certificates and other approaches related to and informed by the rapidly evolving workforce development in the field of aging. Selected Community College and University representatives, who understand and are leaders in the field of Applied Gerontology, will highlight models of existing Community College and University partnerships/collaboration that work, as well as provide models of other applied approaches. In addition, there will be an opportunity for robust dialog between Community Colleges and four-year Colleges and Universities – both on developing other effective Applied Gerontology approaches, and on creating even better partnerships and collaboration. This symposium will appeal to professionals working in both two and four-year systems of higher education. Colleges and Universities desiring to develop or enhance relationships with area Community Colleges will find this session especially helpful.
Analytic resolution of time-domain half-space Green's functions for internal loads by a displacement potential-Laplace-Hankel-Cagniard transform method

A refined yet compact analytical formulation is presented for the time-domain elastodynamic response of a three-dimensional half-space subject to an arbitrary internal or surface force distribution...
Political arrests of women under fascism: gender and the special tribunal in Italy 1926–1928

This article analyzes the spatial and temporal patterning of women’s arrests for political crimes during the first period of the fascist regime in Italy from 1925 to 1927. A key element of the fascist dictatorship was the creation of the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State. A focus on the Special Tribunal opens a window on the fascist gender political because this court focused exclusively on political crimes. Using archival data and spatio-temporal analytic techniques this research indicates a complex pattern. Women were arrested at far lower rates than men with very little spatial clustering. Also, the cases of arrested women were dismissed or transferred to the ordinary criminal courts at a much higher rate than those of their male counterparts. Overall, the Special Tribunal seems to have been more lenient with women than with men, although those women whose cases remained in the tribunal seem to have been treated much like the men in terms of sentencing and incarceration. Women and men were both subjected to long periods of surveillance after they were released from court or prison. Once arrested, both women and men might spend many years in prison, exile, or under surveillance irrespective of whether they were judged innocent or guilty. This was an important moment for Western history because this new model of society and state has been consequences also in others totalitarianism raising questions about the treatment of women in other authoritarian regimes in twentieth century Europe and beyond.
Study of tolerancing optimization approaches in Zemax for as-built performance

With the recent addition of Moore's high-yield feature in Zemax, a convenient path to optimiza- tion for as-built performance while reducing computation time has been introduced. In order to analyze the cost and outcome of optimization with the new feature and other approaches, we consider a side-by-side comparison of the conventional approach, high-yield approach, and other alternatives. The benchmark design under consideration is a basic Double Gauss lens due to the extensive studies of its variants since its conception. A total of eight approaches are considered, and the resulting designs and their tolerance sensitivities are presented in order to provide recommendation of a favorable approach.
The effect of the Iraqi marshes environment on the works of artist Mahoud Ahmed

يعد البحث العلمي عن بيئة الاهوار العراقية وجمالها وخصائصها من أهم وظائف الجامعات والمؤسسات العلمية العراقية، لما لها من وقع تاريخي عظيم تتعلق بهوية العراق والعراقيين وأساس العلم والعلوم فمن خلالها سطر أول حرف وأنشأت أولى الحضارات الإنسانية وفي الأهمية ذاتها يعد البحث الفني فيها من أهم وظائف أقسام ومعاهد وكليات الفنون ومراكز البحوث والمتاحف داخل العراق وخارجه. كما أن مراكز بحثية مختصة ببيئة العراق الطبيعية ومنها الاهوار. وعليه فالمأمول من هذا البحث أن يطور الميدان الفني وعلاقته الحميمة مع بيئة الاهوار في الجوانب كلها خاصة فى ظل المفهوم الحديث عن الاهوار ومكانتها في لائحة التراث الانساني العالمي، هذا المفهوم الذى تكون فيه المعرفة هى المحرك الرئيس والدافع الأساس الذي حفز الباحثين في الولوج فيه وفي الاخص الاعم عندما يكون الباحث والفنان ماهود أحمد من بيئة العراق الشاملة. فالفنان ماهود أحمد جسد بها بيئة نشأته الاولى(بيئة الأهوار ) بروائع خالدة تمثل الواقع بدقة متناهية ولكن بأسلوبه الواقعي التعبيري الرمزي اللذي اختص به. وبدون شك أن عوائد البحث الفني هذا عديدة (جمالية واجتماعية وتاريخية وثقافية). وتزداد أهميته في تطوير العلاقة بين دراسة بيئة الاهوار علميا وفنيا ورفد المكتبات العراقية والعربية والعالمية بالمعارف الحديثة والجديدة عن هذه العلاقة ولمساعدة الباحثين كذلك في هذا الشأن بالوقوف على مشكلات هذه الدراسة وابرز حلولها ونتائجها واستنتاجاتها. فكانت ابرز مشاكل الدراسة عن ماهية بيئة الاهوار وتاريخها وأهميتها. وعن ماهية الفنان ماهود أحمد (فتى الاهوار) وعلاقته الروحية بهذه البيئة وتاريخها. وعن أسلوبه ومواضيعه والتقنيات التي نفذ بها منجزاته الفنية. فتحددت الدراسة(1998-2002). وكان هدف الدراسة هو اظهار وإبراز أثر بيئة الاهوار العراقية في اعمال الفنان ماهود احمد. ومن خلال المحور النظري المتمثل في: بيئة الأهوار العراقية وأثرها في الفنانين ودراسة اسلوب الفنان ماهود أحمد. مع المحور التطبيقي الذي تمثل بمجتمع البحث ونماذج عينته وتحليلها خرجت الدراسة بنتائج عدة منها: لبيئة الاهوار العراقية مكانة مهمة في الوسط العلمي والادبي والفني مستمدا من تاريخها الثري واهميتها الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية والعسكرية والثقافية تأثر بها ادباء وعلماء وفنانون وابرز ما تاثر بها هو فتاها الفنان ماهود احمد فأخرج عنها مواسيع فنية تروي احداثها الواقعية ولكن باسلوبه الخاص الرومانسي والتعبيري الرمزي. ثم ختمت الدراسة بأهم المصادر التس استندت عليها ثم الملاحق التي تخصصت بسرد موجز عن هوية الفنان ماهود احمد والتعرف عن انجازاته العلمية ةالادبية والفنية
Variability of C-reactive protein in first-generation Ecuadorian immigrants living in the United States.

OBJECTIVES Establish the variability of C-reactive protein (CRP) within a population of first-generation immigrants living in the United States. Prior work has theorized that individuals with high levels of childhood pathogen exposure may have lower CRP levels in adulthood, and therefore that for these individuals, CRP may not be as accurate an index of chronic disease risk related to low-level inflammation as is presumed based on data from wealthy populations. This potentially has major implications for the interpretation of CRP as a biomarker of chronic inflammation. METHODS This longitudinal study collected a total of 125 dried blood spot (DBS) samples from 31 participants (median 4 samples each) and CRP levels in these DBS were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Surveys were administered to characterize childhood pathogen exposure, and current illness. Variance was estimated using mixed effects regression models. RESULTS On average, participants were adults (mean = 41.9 years old) who had immigrated to the United States nearly 20 years prior to the study and had nearly universally experienced childhood helminth infection and other major pathogen exposures. Median serum-equivalent CRP was 0.77 mg/L. Individuals reliably differed in subacute CRP levels, and, depending on whether untransformed or log-transformed CRP was the outcome variable, 45% or 62% of variance in CRP was attributable to between-individual differences. CONCLUSIONS The variability of CRP levels in individuals with relatively high childhood pathogen exposure is comparable to previously reported studies in North America and Europe. However, CRP values are relatively low. CRP is an appropriate measure of subacute inflammation in this sample.
Sequential sampling enhanced composite likelihood approach to estimation of social intercorrelations in large-scale networks

The increasing access to large social network data has generated substantial interest in the marketing community. However, due to its large scale, traditional analysis methods often become inadequate. In this paper, we propose a sequential sampling enhanced composite likelihood approach for efficient estimation of social intercorrelations in large-scale networks using the spatial model. Given a known population network, the proposed approach sequentially takes small samples from the network, and adaptively improves model parameter estimates through learnings obtained from previous samples. In comparison to population-based maximum likelihood estimation that is computationally prohibitive when the network size is large, the proposed approach makes it computationally feasible to analyze large networks and provide efficient estimation of social intercorrelations among members in large networks. In comparison to sample-based estimation that relies on information purely from the sample and produces underestimation bias in social intercorrelation estimates, the proposed approach effectively uses information from the population without compromising computation efficiency. Through simulation studies based on simulated networks and real networks, we demonstrate significant advantages of the proposed approach over benchmark estimation methods and discuss managerial implications. We also discuss extension of the proposed approach in the context of an unknown population network structure, as well as in an alternative form of the spatial model.
Assessing biological soil crusts as agents of Ca–Mg silicate dissolution and CO2 sequestration

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) monitored over a 25-year period enhance the dissolution of the Ca-silicate plagioclase and the Mg-silicate olivine at Sonoran Desert and Colorado Plateau, USA, study s...
Hot Raman amplification

A parameter regime is identified for Raman amplification at high temperatures, where deleterious laser–plasma instabilities that limit current amplification experiments are avoided, yet sufficient gain for an effective power amplifier is attained. Calculations and kinetic simulations show that even at high temperatures, an amplifier is able to satisfy the criteria set forth to present a proof-of-principle system scalable to high powers, where energy transfer efficiencies are ≥30%, intensity gains are ≥10, and output intensities are ≥100× the pump intensity.
Critical processing temperature for high-performance protected silver mirrors

Silver (Ag) mirrors for astronomical telescopes consist of multiple metallic and dielectric thin films. Furthermore, the topmost surface of such Ag mirrors needs to be covered by a protection coating. While the protection coating is often deposited at room temperature and the entire mirrors are also handled at room temperature, various thin-film deposition techniques offer protection coatings with improved characteristics when carried out at elevated temperatures. Thus, high-performance Ag mirrors were designed and fabricated with a new benchmark. The resulting Ag mirrors were annealed (i.e., post-fabrication annealing) at various temperatures to investigate the viability of introducing thermal processes during and/or after fabrication in improving the overall optical performance and durability of protected silver mirrors. In our experiments, Ag mirror samples were deposited by electron-beam evaporation and subsequently annealed at various temperatures in the range from 60°C to 300°C, and then the mirror samples underwent an environmental stress test at 80°C and 80% humidity for 10 days. While all the mirror samples annealed below 200°C showed negligible corrosion after undergoing the stress testing, those annealed below 160°C presented spectral reflectivity comparable to or higher than that of as-deposited reference samples. In contrast, the mirror samples annealed above 200°C exhibited significant degradation after the stress testing. The comprehensive analysis indicated that delamination and voids caused by the growth of Ag grains during the annealing are the primary mechanisms of the degradation.
The Collusion Problem in Agency Law

The law of agency is one of the basic building blocks of business. Agents facilitate transactions between firms and structure governance relations within firms. Agency law regulates both types of activity. Yet agency law's main focus has always been on the transactional side. The key feature of transactional--traditional--agency law is the tripartitite relationship among the principal, agent, and third party. Law and economics scholars, however, have mostly focused on the role of agency within organizations. More traditional business law scholars have also paid little attention to agency law in recent years. This paper develops an economic theory of transactional agency law. I argue that what makes the three-party structure of agency law different from two-party structures is the potential for collusive behavior between any two of the three parties against the other. My thesis is that transactional agency law can largely be understood as attempting to facilitate transactions by deterring collusion between principals and agents, between agents and third parties, and between principals and third parties. Agency law does this by providing guidelines for determining when collusion of various types should be presumed. I develop a theory of collusive behavior and then apply this theory to various doctrines in agency law that have long troubled scholars and courts, including contractual authority, undisclosed principal, and ratification. Throughout, I compare the collusion theory with an alternative economic theory that explains agency rules under the least cost avoider principle.
Non‐parametric Analysis of Gap Times for Multiple Event Data: An Overview

Summary Multiple event data are frequently encountered in medical follow-up, engineering and other applications when the multiple events are considered as the major outcomes. They may be repetitions of the same event (recurrent events) or may be events of different nature. Times between successive events (gap times) are often of direct interest in these applications. The stochastic-ordering structure and within-subject dependence of multiple events generate statistical challenges for analysing such data, including induced dependent censoring and non-identifiability of marginal distributions. This paper provides an overview of a class of existing non-parametric estimation methods for gap time distributions for various types of multiple event data, where sampling bias from induced dependent censoring is effectively adjusted. We discuss the statistical issues in gap time analysis, describe the estimation procedures and illustrate the methods with a comparative simulation study and a real application to an AIDS clinical trial. A comprehensive understanding of challenges and available methods for non-parametric analysis can be useful because there is no existing standard approach to identifying an appropriate gap time method that can be used to address research question of interest. The methods discussed in this review would allow practitioners to effectively handle a variety of real-world multiple event data.
Induction of Resistance by Listeria monocytogenes Cell Wall Fraction

A crude cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes was prepared by sonic disruption and differential centrifugation of viable, washed cultures. When injected into mice, this sterile, crude cell wall fraction protected mice against an intraperitoneal challenge with 18 to 85 50% mean lethal dose of L. monocytogenes. Resistance was greatly enhanced when bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) was injected along with the cell wall fraction. Resistance was measured both by enumerating the bacteria in the livers and spleens of vaccinated and control mice and by survival studies. Two major lines of evidence suggest that the resistance induced by cell wall fraction is at least in part specific. Unlike non-specific resistance, the cell wall fraction-induced resistance was relatively long-lived, (i.e., it was demonstrable 6 weeks after the last injection of cell wall fraction and lipopolysaccharide). In addition, cell wall fraction protected against challenge with L. monocytogenes, but not against challenge with S. typhimurium.
An assessment of changing ozone loss rates at South Pole: Twenty‐five years of ozonesonde measurements

[1] In 2010, 25 years of regular, year-round ozone soundings at South Pole station, Antarctica, were completed. These measurements provide unique information about the seasonality, trends, and variability of ozone depletion in the polar stratosphere at high vertical resolution. Here, we focus on the observed loss rates, and their changes since the measurement series began. The fastest loss rates occur between the end of August and end of September between 50 hPa and 30 hPa. Loss rates at these pressure levels increased by approximately 40% from the late 1980s to the late 1990s and have remained stable within estimated uncertainties since then. To estimate the time frame when a reduction in ozone loss rates will be observable outside the range of dynamical variability at the South Pole, we scale the estimated loss rates to the future projected concentrations of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC). If a linear relationship between ozone loss rates and EESC is assumed, we project that a change in lower stratospheric ozone loss rates at South Pole station will be first detectable in the 2017–2021 time period.
A time bound on the materialization of some recursively defined views

A virtual relation (or view) can be defined with a recursive statement that is a function of one or more base relations. In general, the number of times such a statement must be applied in order to retrieve all the tuples in the virtual relation depends on the contents of the base relations involved in the definition. However, there exist statements for which there is an upper bound on the number of applications necessary to form the virtual relation, independent of the contents of the base relations. Considering a restricted class of recursive statements, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for statements in the class to have this bound.
An evaluation of the mobility of pathogen indicators, Escherichia coli and bacteriophage MS-2, in a highly weathered tropical soil under unsaturated conditions

Laboratory column experiments were conducted to study the effects of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer and surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on the movement of Escherichia coli and the FRNA phage MS-2. The study was designed to evaluate if PAM or PAM + LAS would enhance the mobility of human pathogens in tropical soils under unsaturated conditions. No breakthrough of phage was observed in a 10 cm column after passing 100 pore volumes of solution containing 1x10(8) plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml. In later experiments, after passing 10-20 pore volumes of influent containing 1x10(8)/ml MS-2 or E. coli through 15 cm columns, the soil was sliced and the organisms eluted. Phage moved slightly deeper in the polymer-treated column than in the control column. There was no measurable difference in the movement of E. coli in either polymer-treated or control columns. The properties of the soil (high amounts of metal oxides, kaolinitic clay), unsaturated flow conditions, and relatively high ionic strengths of the leaching solution attributed to significant retention of these indicators. The impacts of PAM and LAS on the mobility of E. coli or MS-2 phage in the chosen soils were not significant.
Diabetes and depression: does worsening control of diabetes lead to poorer depression outcomes?

Rationale, aims and objectives The relationship between diabetes and depression is complex. The aim of this study was to study the impact of diabetic control in depressed primary care patients with diabetes on clinical remission of their depression at 6 months. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review analysis of 145 adult patients diagnosed with either major depressive disorder or dysthymia and had a score of 10 or greater on the PHQ-9. The dependent variable for this study was depression remission at 6 months. The independent variables for this study were age, gender, marital status, race, BMI and HbA1c level within 2 months prior to the time of depression diagnosis. Results Multiple logistic regression modelling demonstrated that initial diabetic control or obesity were not independent predictors of depression remission at 6 months after index date. Also, the odds for the diabetes being in control (HbA1c <8.0%) after 6 months was only associated with being in control at baseline (OR 5.549, CI 2.364–13.024, P < 0.001). Conclusions Baseline diabetic control does not appear to be an independent predictor for depression outcomes at 6 months. The best predictor of diabetic control after the diagnosis of depression was previous control of diabetes.
Early antecedents to students' expected performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to confirm the predictive validity of several antecedents to students' early perceptions of future performance in collegiate courses.Design/methodology/approach – A non‐experimental design was used to test a proposed model based on a review of relevant literature. Students completed surveys capturing the constructs researched.Findings – Students' internal locus of control predicted student perceptions of social integration, academic self concept and grade point average (GPA) and social integration significantly predicted academic self concept. Moreover, academic self concept significantly predicted early perceptions of expected grade beyond the student's current level of performance as measured by his/her current GPA.Research limitations/implications – Subjects were from one academic program in one university. Also, expected performance was measured with one item, which focused on expected grade, only one aspect of performance. Other aspects of performance and outcom...
A 200 year chronology of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in Saginaw Bay

Abstract After an absence of 50 years, burrowing mayflies ( Hexagenia spp.) colonized western Lake Erie which led to interest in whether this fauna can be used to measure recovery in nearshore waters throughout the Great Lakes. However, in many areas we do not know if mayflies were native/endemic and thus, whether recovery is a logical measure to assess progress of recovery. In the present study, we construct a chronologic record of relative abundance of burrowing mayflies in Saginaw Bay by the use of mayfly tusks and radionuclides in sediments (i.e., a paleoecologic record) and historic records of mayfly nymphs in the bay. These records reveal that mayflies: (1) were few before 1799, which indicates that nymphs were probably native/endemic in the bay, (2) increased between 1799 and 1807 and remained at relatively high levels between 1807 and 1965, probably in response to increased nutrient run-off from the watershed, (3) declined dramatically between 1965 and 1973, probably as a result of excessive eutrophication in the mid-1950s; and, (4) were few and highly variable between 1973 and 2001, probably as a result of low and unstable abundances of mayfly nymphs. Historic records verify that nymphs disappeared in the bay in the late-1950s to early-1960s which is in agreement with the paleoecologic record. Reoccurrence of low abundances of nymphs in the bay between 1991 and 2008 and comparison of chronologic records of nymphs in Saginaw Bay and western Lake Erie suggest that mayflies may return to Saginaw Bay in the early-21st century. Undoubtedly, watershed conservation and three decades of pollution abatement have set the stage for a recovery of burrowing mayflies in Saginaw Bay, and possibly in other areas of the Great Lakes.
Soybean Yield Potential and Phenology in the Ultra-Short-Season Production System

Summer drought is a major yield limitation for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the Midsouth. Yield may be improved by matching crop development to periods of sufficient soil moisture, requiring a crop that matures by late July. Our objective was to evaluate early maturing lines for their ability to avoid drought and yield potential in the Midsouth. We evaluated maturity group (MG) 00 through I lines for yield and other traits in 2000 (222 lines) and 2001 (152 lines), planting irrigated plots in late April with final stands of >800 000 plants ha - 1 . Sixty-one lines selected from the 2000 trials were also grown in 2001. Many lines matured in <78 d from emergence and would avoid mid-July or later droughts. In different environments, the average yield of this maturity class ranged from 1310 to 2712 kg ha - 1 while the maximum yield of individual lines ranged from 2342 to 3594 kg ha - 1 . Other lines matured in 78 and 91 d and would avoid August droughts. In different environments, the average yield of this maturity class ranged from 2630 to 4128 kg ha - 1 while the maximum yield of individual lines ranged from 3144 to 4676 kg ha - 1 . The potential of this ultra-short-season production system to produce a viable crop in less than 78 d may have significant implications as water supplies become more limited and expensive in the Midsouth and many other regions of the world.
Characterization of a new external neutron beam facility at the Ohio State University

A thermal neutron beam facility has been designed and implemented at the Ohio State University Research Reactor. A project is underway to construct a large vacuum chamber such that the facility could have neutron depth profiling and neutron radiography capabili- ties as intended. The neutron beam is extracted from the reactor through a neutron collimator emplaced in Beam Port #2. The neutron spectrum entering the neutron colli- mator was unfolded from foil activation analysis results and also simulated with a full reactor core model in the MCNP Monte Carlo code. The neutron collimator uses polycrystalline bismuth as a gamma ray filter and single- crystal sapphire as a fast neutron filter. The beam is defined by multiple 3.0 cm diameter apertures made of borated aluminum. Characterization of the beam was performed using foil activation to find the flux and a low-budget neutron imaging apparatus to see the beam profile. The modulation transfer function was calculated to offer insight into the resolution of the imaging system and the colli- mation of the beam. The neutron collimator delivers the filtered thermal neutron beam with a *4 cm diameter and a thermal equivalent flux of (1.27 ± 0.03) 9 10 7 n/(cm 2 s) at 450 kW power at the end of the collimator.
Do artifact concepts have cores

Mental representations of everyday categories include many features that are neither necessary nor sufficient for membership in the category. Recent proposals have suggested, however, that they may also contain “core” features that are critical to category membership. Several researchers have suggested that for artifacts (chair, pencil, toy, etc.), function serves as the concept core. We conducted four experiments testing whether function is the primary determinat of membership in artifact categories. We found that some objects that do possess the function associated with a category are excluded from category membership, and some objects that do not possess the standard function are still considered to belong to the category. We also found that membership decisions were more influenced by physical features of the objects than by functions. These results suggest that function may not provide a core for artifact concepts, and they cast doubt on the appropriateness of the core hypothesis for at least some common concepts.
A Kinetic Model of the System: Tyrosyl Radical–Nitrogen Oxide–Superoxide Ion

It is generally recognized that the initial step in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in humans involves the peroxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL). However, there is no agreement on the mechanism that initiates peroxidation. Among the candidates are several that involve tyrosyl radical, nitrogen oxide, and superoxide ion or their mutual reaction products. In this paper a kinetic model of this system is constructed that examines the nature of these reactions, and places some constraints on their possible overall contribution to the initiation of peroxidation. The reversible reaction of nitric oxide and tyrosyl radical acts to "buffer" tyrosyl radical concentrations while the reaction of tyrosyl radical with superoxide ion scavenges tyrosyl radical. Quantitatively, the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide to form peroxynitrite is a more important process, but the physiological significance would appear to be related to details of the decay of peroxynitrite that are still in dispute.
Automated selection of regions of interest for quantitative analysis of lung textures in digital chest radiographs

In order to implement a computerized scheme for quantitative analysis of interstitial lung disease in chest radiographs in clinical situations, a fully automated method of selecting many square regions of interest (ROIs) in peripheral lung areas are developed. First, the peripheral lung regions are identified, based on the automated detection of lung apices, ribcage edges, and diaphragm. Then a large number of ROIs are selected sequentially by filling in the identified peripheral regions. Finally, those ROIs containing sharp edges are removed based on an edge gradient analysis, for which a gradient‐weighted edge orientation histogram is employed. Approximately 200–400 ROIs were automatically selected for each case with this method. The evaluation of using ROC analysis indicated that the automated ROI selection method was effective in quantitative analysis of lung textures in digital chest radiographs.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ASSAYING TOTAL GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT OF PLANT MATERIALS VIA SULFATE-ION-RELEASE USING ION CHROMATOGRAPHY

Naturally occurring phytochemicals possessing unique medicinal properties have become a matter of high interest in recent years. A good example is the enormous increase in the use of Saint John's Wort in Europe to treat depression. The anticancerous property of the vegetables of the family cruciferae, e.g., cauliflower, kale, broccoli, cabbage, mustard, and Brussels sprouts, has been attributed to a class of sulfur-containing phytochemicals known as glucosinolates. From a practical standpoint, the total glucosinolate content is generally considered the important parameter and hence that is what would generally be needed as a marker of product quality. The most frequently used method for the assay of total glucosinolates so far has been by assaying glucose which is produced stoichiometrically by the action of enzyme myrosinase. Various approaches for glucose assay have been employed and most are time-consuming and expensive. Fortunately, all glucosinolates, as a group of compounds, posses a sulfate group a...
The functional roles of the hamstrings and quadriceps during cycling: Lombard's Paradox revisited.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to describe the functional roles of the hamstrings and quadriceps at the hip and knee during cycling as determined both by the standard kinetic (SK) classification method and by the Andrews kinematic (AK) classification method (Andrews, J. biomech Engng , 107 , 348–353, 1985), and to examine the effect of using these two different methods on the existence of paradoxical muscle behavior (Lombard's Paradox). The results of this study indicated that the functional roles determined by the SK and AK methods differed considerably, and these differences led to the existence of paradoxical behavior in the hamstrings and quadriceps at different regions of the crank cycle. Both classification methods led to the existence of considerable paradoxical muscle behavior, with the SK method predicting somewhat more non-paradoxical activity and somewhat less paradoxical activity than the AK method at both the hip and the knee.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy improves long-term survival in patients with unexplained syncope, cardiomyopathy, and a negative electrophysiologic study

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients with unexplained syncope, ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and a negative electrophysiologic study (EPS). Background EPS is frequently performed to evaluate syncope in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Limited long-term data evaluating all-cause mortality in patients with no inducible arrhythmia or examining the potential benefits from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy are available. Methods We evaluated 102 consecutive patients with unexplained syncope, cardiomyopathy, and a negative EPS from September 1996 to December 2000. A blinded matched case-control analysis utilized 51 of these patients (19 treated with an ICD and 32 matched controls treated with conventional therapy). We compared primary endpoint of death and documented cardiac arrest of patients treated with ICD therapy to matched controls. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. There were 14 primary events among the study population during a follow-up period of 44.3 ± 20 months: 2 in the ICD group and 12 in the conventional therapy group. The hazard ratio for the risk of event in the ICD group compared with the conventional therapy group was 0.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.04–0.85; P = .04). Other comorbid conditions, including age, sex, ischemic etiology of heart failure, ejection fraction, and antiarrhythmic use, did not predict outcome. Appropriate ICD shocks occurred in 26% of patients at 2 years. Conclusions This study suggests that empiric ICD therapy improves long-term outcomes in patients with unexplained syncope, ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and negative EPS.