cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and dissent: religion, authority, and the scientific spirit of Robert Broom.

ABSTRACT The paleontologist Robert Broom developed an image of himself as a scientific rebel, assailing the centers of expert authority from the margins as he pursued a career whose idiosyncratic path was dictated less by the promise of professional security or material reward than by the whims of his curiosity and the desire to be free of institutional constraint. In the 1930s Broom put forward an idiosyncratic evolutionary theory that rejected both Lamarckian and Darwinian mechanisms in favor of “spiritual agencies” responsible for the evolutionary process. He characterized his views as a dissent from the orthodox evolutionary thought of most scientific authorities, and he believed such acts of dissent to be integral to the virtuous conduct of science. Broom was drawing on a familiar trope in the history of the sciences—that of the scientist as a heroic rebel. However, the religious inflection of Broom's theory, and his characterization of fellow scientists as purveyors of orthodoxy, reverses the more c...
Dimensional analysis of detrimental ozone generation by positive wire-to-plate corona discharge in air

The dimensional analysis technique is used to formulate a correlation between ozone generation rate and various parameters that are important in the design and operation of positive wire-to-plate corona discharges in indoor air. The dimensionless relation is determined by linear regression analysis based on the results from 36 laboratory-scale experiments. The derived equation is validated by experimental data and a numerical model published in the literature. Applications of such derived equation are illustrated through an example selection of the appropriate set of operating conditions in the design/operation of a photocopier to follow the federal regulations of ozone emission. Finally, a new current–voltage characteristic equation is proposed for positive wire-to-plate corona discharges based on the derived dimensionless equation. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Hatching asynchrony reduces the duration, not the magnitude, of peak load in breeding green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus)

The peak load reduction hypothesis suggests that hatching asynchrony in altricial birds is adaptive because it reduces parental workload during the most energetically costly time in brood rearing. By staggering the ages of their offspring, parents may ensure that all nestlings do not reach maximum energy demand simultaneously. To test the hypothesis, we used the doubly labeled water technique to measure the energy expenditure of green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus) that reared experimentally manipulated synchronous and asynchronous broods. Peak metabolic rates of the two experimental groups did not differ, but parents of asynchronous broods metabolized significantly less energy than did parents of synchronous broods throughout the first half of the brood-rearing period. Our results suggest that hatching asynchrony in parrotlets substantially shortens the temporal duration of high brood energy demand, but does not reduce the magnitude of peak energy demand.
Importance of Determining Indication for Colonoscopy: Implications for Practice and Policy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States1. Colonoscopy plays a central role in the CRC screening process and can be performed for several indications, ranging from screening to surveillance to diagnostic work-up (Supplemental Table 1)2. In this commentary, we discuss the importance of accurately determining indication for colonoscopy in clinical care, healthcare quality reporting, research, and policy. Colonoscopy indication plays a central role in characterizing adenoma detection rates (ADR), overuse and underuse of CRC screening and surveillance, and the comparative effectiveness of different CRC screening strategies. Accordingly, documentation of procedural indication is one of the key recommendations for colonoscopy reporting from the Quality Assurance Task Force of the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable (NCCRT)3. However, several challenges and inconsistencies make determination of colonoscopy indication difficult. For example, there are several varying perspectives of indication and data sources, each potentially yielding a different answer. We review several published algorithms to determine indication to highlight these issues and propose suggestions for future research in this area.
Design studies for a PET detector module using a PIN photodiode to measure depth of interaction

We present design studies of a multi-layer PET detector module that uses an 8/spl times/8 array of 3 mm square PIN photodiodes to both identify the crystal of interaction and measure the depth of interaction. Each photodiode is coupled to one end of a 3/spl times/3/spl times/30 mm BGO crystal, with the opposite ends of 64 such crystals attached to a single 1" square photomultiplier tube that provides a timing signal and energy discrimination. Each BGO crystal is coated with a lossy reflector, so the ratio of light detected in the photodiode and photomultiplier tube depends on the interaction depth in the crystal, and is used to determine this depth of interaction on an event by event basis, A test module with one 3/spl times/3/spl times/30 mm BGO crystal, one 3 mm square PIN photodiode, and one photomultiplier tube is operated at -20/spl deg/C with an amplifier peaking time of 4 /spl mu/s, and a depth of interaction resolution of 5 to 8 mm fwhm measured. Simulations predict that this virtually eliminates radial elongation in a 60 cm diameter BGO tomograph. The photodiode signal corresponding to 511 keV energy deposit varies linearly with excitation position, ranging from 1250 electrons (e/sup -/) at the end closest to the photodiode to 520 e/sup -/ at the opposite end. The electronic noise is a position independent 330 e/sup -/ fwhm, so the signal to noise ratio is sufficient to reliably identify the crystal of interaction in a 64 element module. >
Optimized Data Fusion in Bandwidth and Energy Constrained Sensor Networks

This paper considers the problem of decentralized data fusion (DDF) for large wireless sensor networks with stringent bandwidth requirements. To reduce the power and bandwidth costs of wireless transmissions, each sensor node is confined to quantize its sensing data and send 1-bit information only. Under this setting, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) data fusion rule for decentralized parameter estimation, and analyze its Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the fusion performance in the sense of mean square distortion. Depending on the underlying noise characteristics, our 1-bit DDF scheme can achieve estimation performance competitive to or even surprisingly better than that of centralized fusion over unquantized data. There is considerable saving in communication costs, which in turn reduces network energy consumption. Furthermore, we investigate network optimization, for which a worst-case robust design methodology is adopted to formulate a well-behaved min/max optimization problem. From the information processing viewpoint, the resulting optimized network offers robust fusion performance at minimal costs of communication resources.
Diffusion closure temperature and age of a mineral with arbitrary extent of diffusion: theoretical formulation and applications

The commonly used expression of the closure temperature, TC, of a diffusing species in a mineral, as derived by M.H. Dodson [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 40 (1973) 259–264], is applicable only to systems which have undergone sufficient diffusion so that even the composition at the center of individual grains is significantly removed from that established at the onset of cooling. We have extended Dodson's formulation to include cases with arbitrarily small amount of diffusion, and applied it to calculate TC and age profiles, which would develop in single crystals of different geometries. These results permit evaluation of the extent of resetting of mineral age and of ion exchange geothermometers during cooling. The measured age profile of a mineral can also be used to constrain its cooling rate. These applications have been illustrated for the cases of garnet–biotite Fe–Mg exchange geothermometer, and the cooling age and closure temperatures of the Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf decay systems in garnet.
Instability Overlooked: Evidence for the Importance of Household Roster Data Collection and Matching over Time

Many studies on instability examine changes in relationships and household composition by using measures such as “are you married?” or “how many children in this household?” and then comparing the answers across time. Instability is determined from changes noted in respondents‟ answers and conclusions are made based on the impact of instability, or the lack thereof. However, these measures are one-dimensional; they do not capture the types of changes that may have occurred between waves. For example, respondents may be married at both waves, but to different people. This misconception calls for a more nuanced examination of households and relationships of members at each point in time. Data from the Making Connections Survey are used to compare different methods of measuring instability in relationships, number of adults, and number of children across waves. The data include a household roster that collects demographic information about each member of the household, as well as their relationship to the respondent. Moreover, household members on the roster are matched across waves and each person is given a unique identifier. This makes it is possible to tell changes in household composition and relationships on an individual basis, instead of relying on singular measures. Findings show that when longitudinal studies closely examine household rosters and link household members over time to measure instability, instead of using only single measures - a significantly greater proportion of change is captured. This study is important because it illustrates the importance of more detailed data collection on household members, and considering the fluid nature of especially poor families, the extent to which instability is overlooked by the usual measures. Finally this study provides evidence suggesting that conventional methods of capturing instability related to people in a household should be revisited.
Guaranteeing correctness of lock-free range queries over P2P data

As P2P systems evolve into a platform for full-fledged distributed database management systems, the need arises for sophisticated query support and guarantees on query correctness.While there has been recent work addressing range queries in P2P systems, the work on query correctness is just beginning. Linga et al.[1] provided the first formal definition of correctness for range queries in P2P systems and described a lock-based range query technique that is provably correct. A natural question that arises is whether it is possible to develop a lock-free protocol that can meet the same guarantee of correctness. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of lock-free correct protocols by first developing a simple, proof-of-concept query protocol and verifying that this protocol meets the correctness conditions. We then describe a more robust extended protocol and prove that for stable systems with only item insertions, item deletions, and item redistributions, this extension insures that every range query can be satisfied correctly.
Query reformulation for content based multimedia retrieval in MARS

Unlike traditional database management systems, in content-based multimedia retrieval databases, it is difficult for users to express their exact information need directly in a precise query. A typical interface allows users to express their information need using examples of objects similar to the ones they wish to retrieve. Such a user interface, however, requires mechanisms to learn the query representation from the examples. In this paper, we describe the query refinement framework implemented in the Multimedia Analysis and Retrieval System (MARS) for learning query representations using relevance feedback. The proposed framework uses a query expansion approach towards modifying the query representation in which relevant objects are added to the query. Furthermore, query reweighting techniques are used to adjust similarity functions.
Late results of suprarenal Greenfield vena cava filter placement.

• Placement of the Greenfield filter above the renal veins was necessary in 71 (9%) of 821 total patients in the filter registries of two institutions. The status of 60 patients (85%) could be verified, with follow-up data ranging from 18 months to 16 years (average, 53 months). Of 24 deaths (34%), none was from recurrent embolism or renal failure; death was most commonly associated with a malignant neoplasm. The recurrent embolism rate was 4%, identical to the infrarenal experience. Duplex evaluation of the filters in 22 patients, representing the majority (61 %) of living patients, showed that all the filters were patent. Sixteen patients (41%) had lower-extremity edema that predated filter insertion, and in no patient did the results of noninvasive venous studies worsen. Filter fracture (two patients) or distal migration (two patients) had no clinical sequelae, and there was no evidence of renal dysfunction. For thrombus extending to the level of the renal veins or within them and for pregnant patients or women of childbearing age, suprarenal placement of the Greenfield filter is safe and effective, with no filter obstruction seen in follow-up extending to 16 years. ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:969-973)
GoalDebug: A Spreadsheet Debugger for End Users

We present a spreadsheet debugger targeted at end users. Whenever the computed output of a cell is incorrect, the user can supply an expected value for a cell, which is employed by the system to generate a list of change suggestions for formulas that, when applied, would result in the user-specified output. The change suggestions are ranked using a set of heuristics. In previous work, we had presented the system as a proof of concept. In this paper, we describe a systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of inferred change suggestions and the employed ranking heuristics. Based on the results of the evaluation we have extended both, the change inference process and the ranking of suggestions. An evaluation of the improved system shows that change inference process and the ranking heuristics have both been substantially improved and that the system performs effectively.
Pulsation and mass loss across the H-R diagram: From OB stars to Cepheids to red supergiants

Both pulsation and mass loss are commonly observed in stars and are important ingredients for understanding stellar evolution and structure, especially for massive stars. There is a growing body of evidence that pulsation can also drive and enhance mass loss in massive stars and that pulsation-driven mass loss is important for stellar evolution. In this review, I will discuss recent advances in understanding pulsation-driven mass loss in massive main-sequence stars, classical Cepheids and red supergiants and present some challenges remaining.
Implicit Motives Modulate Attentional Orienting to Facial Expressions of Emotion

We conducted two studies (Ns=52 and 60) to test the notion that the incentive salience of facial expressions of emotion (FEE) is a joint function of perceivers’ implicit needs for power and affiliation and the FEE’s meaning as a dominance or affiliation signal. We used a variant of the dot-probe task (Mogg & Bradley, 1999a) to measure attentional orienting. Joy, anger, surprise, and neutral FEEs were presented for 12, 116, and 231 ms with backward masking. Implicit motives were assessed with a Picture Story Exercise. We found that power-motivated individuals orient their attention towards faces signaling low dominance, but away from faces that signal high dominance, and (b) that affiliation-motivated individuals show vigilance for faces signaling low affiliation (rejection) and, to a lesser extent, orient attention towards faces signaling high affiliation (acceptance).
Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy: surgical technique using a 3-arm approach and sliding-clip renorrhaphy

Introduction: For the treatment of renal tumors, minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery has become increasingly performed due to proven efficiency and excellent functional and oncological outcomes. The introduction of robotics into urologic laparoscopic surgery has allowed surgeons to perform challenging procedures in a reliable and reproducible manner. We present our surgical technique for robotic assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN) using a 3-arm approach, including a sliding-clip renorrhaphy. Materials and Methods: Our RPN technique is presented which describes the trocar positioning, hilar dissection, tumor identification using intraoperative ultrasound for margin determination, selective vascular clamping, tumor resection, and reconstruction using a sliding-clip technique. Conclusion: RPN using a sliding-clip renorrhaphy is a valid and reproducible surgical technique that reduces the challenge of the procedure by taking advantage of the enhanced visualization and control afforded by the robot. The renorrhaphy described is performed under complete control of the console surgeon, and has demonstrated a reduction in the warm ischemia times in our series.
Participation in Goal Setting: Effects On Self-Efficacy and Skills of Learning-Disabled Children

This experiment tested the hypothesis that participation in goal setting enhances self-efficacy and skills. Subjects were sixth-grade children who previously had been classified as learning disabled in mathematics. Children received subtraction training that included instruction and practice opportunities over several sessions. Some children set proximal performance goals each session, others had comparable proximal goals assigned, and children in a third condition received the training but no goals. Although proximal goals promoted motivation more than no goals, participation in goal setting led to the highest self-efficacy and subtraction skill. Implications for teaching are discussed.
Constitutive phosphorylation of cardiac myosin regulatory light chain prevents development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in mice

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-dependent phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain (RLC) of cardiac myosin is known to play a beneficial role in heart disease, but the idea of a phosphorylation-mediated reversal of a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) phenotype is novel. Our previous studies on transgenic (Tg) HCM-RLC mice revealed that the D166V (Aspartate166 →Valine) mutation-induced changes in heart morphology and function coincided with largely reduced RLC phosphorylation in situ. We hypothesized that the introduction of a constitutively phosphorylated Serine15 (S15D) into the hearts of D166V mice would prevent the development of a deleterious HCM phenotype. In support of this notion, MLCK-induced phosphorylation of D166V-mutated hearts was found to rescue some of their abnormal contractile properties. Tg-S15D-D166V mice were generated with the human cardiac RLC-S15D-D166V construct substituted for mouse cardiac RLC and were subjected to functional, structural, and morphological assessments. The results were compared with Tg-WT and Tg-D166V mice expressing the human ventricular RLC-WT or its D166V mutant, respectively. Echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic studies demonstrated significant improvements of intact heart function in S15D-D166V mice compared with D166V, with the systolic and diastolic indices reaching those monitored in WT mice. A largely reduced maximal tension and abnormally high myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity observed in D166V-mutated hearts were reversed in S15D-D166V mice. Low-angle X-ray diffraction study revealed that altered myofilament structures present in HCM-D166V mice were mitigated in S15D-D166V rescue mice. Our collective results suggest that expression of pseudophosphorylated RLC in the hearts of HCM mice is sufficient to prevent the development of the pathological HCM phenotype.
Long-term use of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis.

Context: Bisphosphonates have been widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Uncommon side effects have emerged in postapproval use. Because bisphosphonates accumulate in bone and are released for months or years after treatment is stopped, it is reasonable to consider the clinical question of how long to treat. Objective: In this personal perspective, we review the pharmacology and mechanism of action of bisphosphonates and the clinical studies that support their efficacy. We then review the literature for longer-term studies and reports of possible side effects that were not seen in clinical trials. Results: Bisphosphonates have demonstrated antifracture efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials of 3 and 4 yr duration and have been widely used since the initial release of alendronate in 1995. For zoledronic acid and risedronate, an early effect (fractures reduced within 6–12 months of starting therapy) has been shown. A sustained effect for risedronate has been shown through 5 yr and suggest...
Infant discrimination of rapid auditory cues predicts later language impairment

The etiology and mechanisms of specific language impairment (SLI) in children are unknown. Differences in basic auditory processing abilities have been suggested to underlie their language deficits. Studies suggest that the neuropathology, such as atypical patterns of cerebral lateralization and cortical cellular anomalies, implicated in such impairments likely occur early in life. Such anomalies may play a part in the rapid processing deficits seen in this disorder. However, prospective, longitudinal studies in infant populations that are critical to examining these hypotheses have not been done. In the study described, performance on brief, rapidly-presented, successive auditory processing and perceptual-cognitive tasks were assessed in two groups of infants: normal control infants with no family history of language disorders and infants from families with a positive family history for language impairment. Initial assessments were obtained when infants were 6-9 months of age (M=7.5 months) and the sample was then followed through age 36 months. At the first visit, infants' processing of rapid auditory cues as well as global processing speed and memory were assessed. Significant differences in mean thresholds were seen in infants born into families with a history of SLI as compared with controls. Examination of relations between infant processing abilities and emerging language through 24 months-of-age revealed that threshold for rapid auditory processing at 7.5 months was the single best predictor of language outcome. At age 3, rapid auditory processing threshold and being male, together predicted 39-41% of the variance in language outcome. Thus, early deficits in rapid auditory processing abilities both precede and predict subsequent language delays. These findings support an essential role for basic nonlinguistic, central auditory processes, particularly rapid spectrotemporal processing, in early language development. Further, these findings provide a temporal diagnostic window during which future language impairments may be addressed.
Correlates of Accurate Knowledge of Cancer

Knowledge acquisition, although a prerequisite of preventive behavior, has been a neglected area of research. Mass communication research shows that audience characteristics explain most of the variation in knowledge acquistion. Since cancer information is mainly disseminated via the media, we hypothesized that the same audience characteristics would be related to accuracy of cancer knowledge. Bivariate and multivariate associations between the hypothesized variables and a cancer knowledge score were tested using a three-stage random sample of Los Angeles County (N = 931). Smoking status, education, degree of cancer worry, health improvement behavior, ethnicity, age, household size, and frequency of health worry were related to knowl edge accuracy. An examination of the underlying dimensions of cancer knowledge revealed three beliefs about cancer: smoking causes cancer; cancer can be cured; and the environment does not cause cancer. Smoking status, ethnicity, health improvement behavior, and worry about c...
IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN THE PRESERVATION OF RENAL FUNCTION

End-stage renal disease has become a major and costly public health problem owing primarily to an accelerating incidence of renal failure from hypertension and diabetes. In both disease groups the primary problem appears to be persistent elevation of blood pressure, and there is evidence that early and effective blood pressure control arrests the renal damage and provides continuing protection to the kidney. It is recommended that the blood pressure be controlled to levels below 150/95 mm Hg for essential hypertension and below 140/85 mm Hg for the hypertensive diabetic. Serial monitoring of renal function can be done with a graph of reciprocal (1/serum creatinine) values of annual serum creatinine measurements, particularly in groups at increased risk for end-stage renal disease. High-risk groups include blacks, older individuals, and those with serum creatinine levels > or = 1.5 micrograms/dL.
Will Johnny/Joanie Make a Good Software Engineer? Are Course Grades Showing the Whole Picture?

Predicting future success of students as software engineers is an open research area. We posit that current grading means do not capture all the information that may predict whether students will become good software engineers. We use one such piece of information, traceability of project artifacts, to illustrate our argument. Traceability has been shown to be an indicator of software project quality in industry. We present the results of a case study of a University of Waterloo graduate-level software engineering course where traceability was examined as well as course grades (such as mid-term, project grade, etc.). We found no correlation between the presence of good traceability and any of the course grades, lending support to our argument.
Planning for Conjunctive Goals

Abstract The problem of achieving conjunctive goals has been central to domain-independent planning research; the nonlinear constraint-posting approach has been most successful. Previous planners of this type have been complicated, heuristic, and ill-defined. I have combined and distilled the state of the art into a simple, precise, implemented algorithm (TWEAK) which I have proved correct and complete. I analyze previous work on domain-independent conjunctive planning; in retrospect it becomes clear that all conjunctive planners, linear and nonlinear, work the same way. The efficiency and correctness of these planners depends on the traditional add/delete-list representation for actions, which drastically limits their usefulness. I present theorems that suggest that efficient general purpose planning with more expressive action representations is impossible, and suggest ways to avoid this problem.
Representation of Mean Arctic Precipitation from NCEP-NCAR and ERA Reanalyses

Abstract An improved monthly precipitation climatology for the Arctic is developed by blending the Legates and Willmott gridded product with measurements from Russian “North Pole” drifting stations and gauge-corrected station data for Eurasia and Canada. The improved climatology is used to examine the accuracy of mean precipitation forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and European Reanalysis Agency (ERA) reanalysis models, based on data for the period 1979–88. Both models capture the major spatial features of annual mean precipitation and general aspects of the seasonal cycle but with some notable errors. Both underestimate precipitation over the Atlantic side of the Arctic. NCEP overestimates annual totals over land areas and to a somewhat lesser extent over the central Arctic Ocean. Except for the North Atlantic–Scandinavia sector, the NCEP model also depicts the seasonal precipitation maximum consistently one month early in July. Overall, the ERA predictions are bette...
Nesting Behavior and the Use of Termitaria by the Andros Iguana (Cyclura Cychlura Cychlura)

Abstract Nest-site selection and the behavioral mechanisms driving selection have received relatively little attention in nesting ecology studies despite their importance when establishing conservation and management programs for endangered taxa that have obligate habitat-specific nesting requirements. The nesting ecology of Cyclura cychlura cychlura was studied on Andros Island, Bahamas, from 2001 to 2004 to elucidate factors influencing nest site selection and address conservation and management implications. Female iguanas predominantly used active Nasutitermes rippertii (Termitidae: Isoptera) termite mounds as egg incubation chambers. Nesting females selected mounds with >5 cm surrounding soil depth and initiated excavation and oviposition in early May. There was no correlation between female body size and termite mound size. Tunnels were excavated into lateral sides of mounds and terminated in nest chambers. Eggs were deposited outside the mound and pushed into the chamber using thrusts of the foreli...
Interacting Nonlinear Waves in A Neural Continuum Model:. Associative Memory and Pattern Recognition

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interacting nonlinear waves in a neural continuum model. Coupled wave equations are derived for the interaction of graded potentials in a neural continuum. Waves diverging from two different sensory input patterns interfere through a quadratic memory non linearity, imprinting a parameter grating. A replica of one of these input waves is Bragg-reflected at the grating, reconstructing the associated wave. Chains and cycles of associated patterns are reconstructed by multiple Bragg reflection, suggesting mechanisms for associative memory and pattern recognition. A simple model of a chemical synapse is developed, which embodies in a skeletal form of the known physiology.
Increasing Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Molecular Coverage during Fossil Oil Analysis by Combining Gas Chromatography and Atmospheric-Pressure Laser Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS)

Thousands of chemically distinct compounds are encountered in fossil oil samples that require rapid screening and accurate identification. In the present paper, we show for the first time, the advantages of gas chromatography (GC) separation in combination with atmospheric-pressure laser ionization (APLI) and ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) for the screening of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fossil oils. In particular, reference standards of organics in shale oil, petroleum crude oil, and heavy sweet crude oil were characterized by GC-APLI-FT-ICR MS and APLI-FT-ICR MS. Results showed that, while APLI increases the ionization efficiency of PAHs, when compared to other ionization sources, the complexity of the fossil oils reduces the probability of ionizing lower-concentration compounds during direct infusion. When gas chromatography precedes APLI-FT-ICR MS, an increase (more than 2-fold) in the ionization efficiency and an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of lower-concentration fractions are observed, giving better molecular coverage in the m/z 100-450 range. That is, the use of GC prior to APLI-FT-ICR MS resulted in higher molecular coverage, higher sensitivity, and the ability to separate and characterize molecular isomers, while maintaining the ultrahigh resolution and mass accuracy of the FT-ICR MS separation.
A MAJOR DEBRIS FLOW ALONG THE WASATCH FRONT IN NORTHERN UTAH, USA

A high-intensity rainstorm focused above Slide Canyon in North Ogden, Utah, released a total of 21.3 cm of rainfall in a 24-hour period during September 1991. This storm exceeded all previous records for the state and resulted in a debris flow that discharged onto an existing fan and into a residential neighborhood (Camarren Cove Subdivision). Poorly sorted deposits of cobbles and boulders with saturated sand-, silt-, and clay-sized fractions issued 500 m beyond the canyon mouth and deposited debris 1.8 m deep. Water and mud also penetrated an additional 100 m into Camarren Cove. Flow depths exceeded 4.2 m in at least two bedrock reaches of the canyon. One home was dislodged 0.6 m off its foundation and destroyed. Approximately 400 homes were affected by the storm in North Ogden, and another 350 in neighboring Harrisville. High-intensity rainfall on a sparsely vegetated, high-gradient mountain canyon containing abundant unconsolidated deposits provided an ideal combination for this disaster. This investig...
A new taxon of helodermatid-like lizard from the Albian–Cenomanian of Utah

Abstract A new platynotan lizard, Primaderma nessovi, gen. et sp. nov., from the Mussentuchit Local Fauna, Cedar Mountain Formation (Albian–Cenomanian) of Utah is unique in having a premaxillary process of the maxilla that forms a vertical flange and fine serrations on anterior and posterior edges of the maxillary teeth. Primaderma is the oldest-known terrestrial platynotan and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is a member of Monstersauria, a clade of helodermatid-like platynotans. The teeth of Primaderma show several derived platynotan characteristics, but do not possess venom grooves. The distribution of this trait in fossil taxa is reassessed. Although a North American origin of helodermatid-like platynotans is likely, it is possible that Primaderma represents another example of an Asian influence on the North American Cretaceous fauna. As with similar taxa, Primaderma was likely highly predaceous, presumably taking vertebrate prey and it appears that helodermatid-like lizards have changed very l...
Beach Nourishment: A Short Course

Beach nourishment, the placement of large quantities of sand in the nearshore, causes both physical and environmental changes. The physical changes and processes which are the main focus of this chapter include induced cross-shore and longshore sediment transport components, the equilibration time scales of which are important to the project performance. Both simple and detailed approaches are available to develop and evaluate alternate designs and to predict their performance characteristics. The simple approaches provide the interrelationships of the relevant parameters and reasonable estimates of project performance. Because the detailed approaches, which require the use of numerical models, are currently in an evolutionary state and some are proprietary, this chapter emphasizes the more simple approaches.
Sharing the Stories of Racism in Doctoral Education: The Anti-Racism Project

ABSTRACTRacism Project. Through shared journaling and group discussions, participants explored and interrogated experiences of racism related to doctoral education. A thematic analysis of qualitative data surfaced several themes: experiences with racism as a doctoral student, noticing the presence of White privilege, learning to teach as an anti-racist educator, and anticipating the job market. Through critical reflection, participants identified ways that schools of social work can better support doctoral students and prepare leaders committed to promoting racial justice.
A Coupled Finite Volume Method for Particle Scale Electrochemical Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly simulated using a volume-averaged formulation (porous electrode theory), using effective properties such as conductivity and diffusivity and assuming a simplified spherical geometry of the electrode particles. Microscopic scans show that the shape, size, and orientation of the particles is highly variable, which can significantly alter pathways for ionic, electronic, or thermal transport. Unlike a volume-averaged spherical formulation, a particle-scale simulation applied to a real electrode geometry is able to predict localized phenomena and enables the optimization of material morphology to maximize battery performance. The physical processes involved in lithium-ion battery simulations are electron, ion, mass, and thermal transport, and a particle-scale simulation yields the spatial variation of Li concentration, electrostatic potential, and temperature throughout time as the battery discharges. In this paper we develop a fully-coupled finite volume methodology for the simulation of the electrochemical equations in a lithium ion battery cell. An unstructured mesh of arbitrary convex polyhedral cells is used to mesh synthetic spherical particles and electrolyte. Second-order discrete conservation equations for Li ion transport and electrostatic potential are developed. Butler-Volmer kinetics are included at the electrode/electrolyte interface. A block-sparse unstructured linear system results from the discretization of the governing equations, and is solved using a BiCGSTAB solver with an algebraic multigrid pre-conditioner. A fully-implicit time stepping scheme is used to compute transients. Our methodology fully couples species, electrostatics, and Butler-Volmer kinetics in a stable and efficient computational algorithm. We demonstrate that it is more stable and takes less time to converge than a conventional sequential solution procedure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Foraging Proficiency and Body Condition of Juvenile American Dippers

We quantified foraging proficiency in nine free-ranging American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus) when they were 39-42 days post-hatching, and correlated foraging proficiency with body condition. Although all nine individuals foraged extensively on the smallest size class of prey, individuals with a relatively low rate of caloric intake (RCI) from the larger prey classes consumed a greater proportion of the smallest size prey. Body mass and hematocrit were significantly correlated with RCI. Mass and hematocrit are relative measures of body condition and the body condition of newly independent juveniles may predict survivorship through the first year. Thus, these data are consistent with the assumption that greater foraging proficiency confers fitness benefits for free-living birds. Alternatively, these data also support the interpretation that juvenile dippers in better physical condition forage more proficiently than birds in poorer condition.
2013 Conference Theme Statement: Power and Persuasion

As the world becomes more interdependent and its governance more complex, both within and between nation-states, the two biggest resources for human cooperation — persuasion and legitimate coercive power — become harder to generate across cultural and linguistic lines and sovereign boundaries. Yet the future will require more of these resources. To help societies meet the needs for political interactions of increasing complexity and scale, political scientists need to understand better the uses and abuses of both persuasion and power in varying contexts and scales. This year's program theme encourages scholars to consider the politics of persuasion and power, along with their many intersections.
Lowland to Highland Mexicanization Processes in Southern Mesoamerica

An Epiclassic period (ca. A.D. 800-1000) Mexican-influenced archaeological pattern is delineated for the Rio Negro and Rio Motagua basins, the two principal arteries of highland Guatemala, which flow to the Gulf and Caribbean lowlands. This pattern is argued to have originated along the Mexican-Mayan cultural frontier of the Gulf coast. A subsequent Toltec pattern in these same river basins parallels Chichen Itza and Mayapan and also can be seen to have originated in the same general Gulf lowlands. Such Mexican/Toltec patterns in archaeology show that ethnohistorical claims by the later Quiche and Cakchiquel peoples for having introduced Toltec cultural forms into the highlands actually predate their stated migratory movement and a threshold of "history" (A.D. 1200s) by centuries.
Incubation Behavior and Temperatures of the Mallard Duck

THE natural incubation environment of wild Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) has received little deterministic study. Prince et al. (1969a) considered the general effect of temperature and humidity under artificial conditions upon Mallard embryos. Batt and Cornwell (1972) intensively investigated the effect of cold on Mallard embryos, while Snart (1970) studied the upper thermal limits of Mallard embryos. They found Mallard embryos much more tolerant of cold than of heat. The above research employed artificial incubation and environmental chamber treatments. The present study was undertaken to describe more adequately the natural incubation environment of Mallard eggs and the hen behavior that produces this environment. Incubation behavior has been more thoroughly studied in avian species other than waterfowl. The incubation period is divided into attentive and inattentive periods which are related to species and clutch size (Skutch 1962). Incubation behavior and attentiveness are also affected by external stimuli (Kossack 1950, Kropivniui 1968, Barry 1962). Kendeigh (1952) reviewed the general daily rhythm of attentiveness to the nest by Anatids. Semenov-Tyan-Shanski and Bragin (1969) studying incubation behavior of Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) and Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) found the duck spent 1/7 to 1/8 of the incubation period off the nest. Cooper (1976) in an intensive study of Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) breeding behavior, found the female spent 98.5% of the incubation period on the nest. Kossack (1950) reported egg wetting in Canada Geese but the function of such behavior is unclear. McKinney (1952) described Mallard behavior patterns resulting in egg movements. Drent (1970) found Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) eggs maintained relatively constant orientation to gravitational forces, but they were frequently moved by the adult. Egg turning by the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), a cavity nester, occurred about once a day (Stewart 1971). Temperatures of naturally incubated bird eggs and nests have been investigated frequently, but little work has been done with waterfowl species. Egg temperatures were recorded for the Canada Goose (Kossack 1947, Cooper 1976) and Wood Duck (Breckenridge 1956).
An Empirical Study on Pay Dispersion,Governance Structure and Performance of High-tech Firms——Comparative Research with High-tech Companies in USA

This paper selects 150 high-tech companies listed before 2007 as a sample.Analyzes and sorts out the data of 2008-2012 from its annual report,uses Stata11.0,make a empirical on the relationship of pay dispersion and performance as well as the adjustment factors.Our empirical results show that:the pay dispersion has a lag effects,it will have a significant negative impact on the firm performance of next year;the effectiveness of corporate governance plays a positive regulatory role on the relationship between pay dispersion and performance.It can weaken the negative correlation between pay dispersion and performance; Managerial discretion plays a positive regulatory role on the relationship between pay dispersion and performance.It can weaken the negative correlation between pay dispersion and performance.Finally,compared with the United States of America high-tech companies,we agree that narrow the pay dispersion between senior executives is in favor of the co-operation between them,and can improve the performance.In addition,about the pay dispersion,Chinese high-tech companies pay dispersion is much lower than the United States of America high-tech companies executives pay dispersion.
A BWR Fuel Channel Tracking System

A relational database management system with a query language, Refer-erence I, has been used to develop a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel channel tracking system on a microcomputer. The software system developed implements channel vendor and Nuclear Regulatory ommission recommendations for in-core channel movements between reactor operating cycles.
Pharmacological Inhibition of Cyclophilin Ameliorates Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Pharmacological Inhibition of Cyclophilin Ameliorates Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis By Zi Ling Huang A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physiology & Biophysics at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015 Principal Investigator: Unsong Oh, M.D. VCU School of Medicine, Neurology A subset of cyclophilins have been implicated in mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that contributes to the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction leading to mitochondrial permeability transition plays a pivotal role in axonal damage and disease progression in Multiple Sclerosis. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a crucial regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transition
Aetiology or Factors associated with Institutional Neurosis

This chapter discusses the factors associated with institutional neurosis. These factors can be grouped conveniently under eight headings: (1) loss of contact with the outside world; (2) enforced idleness; (3) brutality, browbeating, and teasing; (4) bossiness of staff; (5) loss of personal friends, possessions, and personal events; (6) drugs; and (7) loss of prospects outside the institution. Although experience may give the impression that correction of a single factor will in some cases bring about the dramatic recovery, reflection makes one realize that it is difficult, if not impossible, for one factor to alter without others. Scrutiny of each of these constituent factors separately enables a better understanding of the total process of institutionalization of which they are a part.
Using Single Function Agents for Design

Our goal is the detailed study of the interactions, conflicts and conflict resolutions that are possible with a multi-agent design system. We are concerned with the “primitives” of knowledge and reasoning. We have stripped down each agent to an extremely simple form, in order to closely study the multi-agent system’s behavior, the functionality required, the interactions that are possible (and necessary), the amount of and types of knowledge needed, and the conflicts that occur. In this way we can build a better understanding of design conflict management.