cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotoxic bioactivation of constituents of a diesel exhaust particle extract by the human lung

The ability of the human lung to catalyze genotoxic bioactivation of constituents of diesel exhaust particle (DEP) extract (DEPE) and the identity of the lung enzymes involved in the bioactivation were investigated using human lung tissues obtained from surgical resections. Genotoxicity was determined by lung S9-catalyzed mutagenicity of DEPE constituents to Salmonella typhimurium TA98NR in the Ames test and by DEPE-induced pneumocyte DNA damage response as determined by γH2Ax expression in ex vivo tissues. S9 was prepared from lung explants treated ex vivo with either DEPE to induce pulmonary enzymes (DEPE-S9) or vehicle only (CON-S9). TA98NR served as the tester strain for the purpose of enhancing and minimizing the contribution of lung S9 and Salmonella, respectively, to DEPE bioactivation. DEPE-S9 was 2.2–fold more active than CON-S9 or rat liver S9 in DEPE bioactivation and the bioactivation was inhibited 58, 45, 22, and 16% by α-naphthoflavone, dicumarol, ketoconazole, and ticlopidine, respectively. Alveolar S9 was less active than bronchioalveolar S9 in DEPE bioactivation. DEPE and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) induced γ-pH2Ax expression in pulmonary cells. Pulmonary CYP1A1 and NQO1 were induced by DEPE treatment, with the constitutive and induced CYP1A1 distributed throughout all peripheral lung regions, whereas NQO1 was limited in distribution to bronchiolar epithelium. The results show that the human lung is highly active in catalyzing genotoxic bioactivation of diesel emission constituents and that CYP1A and NQO1 play major roles in the reaction. The findings underscore the usefulness of human lung tissues in studies of the pneumotoxicity potential of chemicals to humans. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:158–171, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Efficient Interaction Framework for Mobile Web Services

The increased number of smart phone users requesting information from the Internet has resulted in times when the average access time the time a user must wait to download his/her requested service is quite lengthy.The use of the wireless carrier's broadcast channels to transmit mobile web services has been proven to be an economical way to handle the increased volume of users. However, the existing approaches that minimize the average access time fail to take into account the dynamic popularities of web services when design the allocation of service data among broadcast channels. This paper presents an efficient interaction framework that provides guidance of optimizing service data allocations among multiple broadcast channels. This framework incorporates both current usage data i.e., popularity over specified time period and the size of service data for channel allocation, thus resulting in the lowest average access time. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution have been demonstrated in the conducted experimental study.
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, a User Facility in Support of Research in High Magnetic Fields

The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) develops and operates high magnetic field facilities at its main location at Florida State University, Tallahassee, as well as a pulsed magnetic field facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A number of specialized facilities are also available to collaborators at the University of Florida for research at ultra-low temperatures, advanced magnetic resonance imaging, and materials sciences. The NHMFL is supported by the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and by the State of Florida. It is a user facility available to qualified users through a peer review proposal process. The facilities and staff support research and development at the extremes of parameter space. A part of its activities is devoted to the advancement of the state of the art of superconducting, pulsed, resistive, and hybrid magnets. This involves cryogenic materials research, the development of high strength, high conductivity conductors, and the development of low and ultra low temperature systems.
Reconciliation of methods for bipolar transistor thermal resistance extraction

The various methods in the literature for determination of bipolar transistor thermal resistance are reviewed. Apparent differences are reconciled with two definitions of R/sub th/. Extensive measurements on III-V HBTs, where R/sub th/ is variable and relatively large, reveal limitations. Most appropriate methods are identified. Some caveats are reported.
Using fuzzy logic for system criticality analysis

Fuzzy logic provides a tool for directly manipulating the linguistic terms that an analyst employs in making a criticality assessment for a failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). This allows an analyst to evaluate the risk associated with item failure modes in a natural way. Appropriate actions to correct or mitigate the effects of the failure can be prioritized even though the information available is vague, ambiguous, qualitative, or imprecise. >
Neurotrophic delivery in Alzheimer’s-model mice

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has emerged as one of the most common brain disorders, begins in the hippocampal formation and gradually spreads to the remaining brain at its most advanced stages, and is characterized partly by deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain tissue but also in the blood vessels themselves. Our studies have dealt with both the delivery of neurotrophic factors through the FUS-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening to the hippocampus in both the presence and absence of disease in AD mouse models. The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is widely and abundantly expressed in the CNS and is available to some peripheral nervous system neurons that uptake the neurotrophin produced by peripheral tissues. BDNF can modulate neuronal synaptic strength and has been implicated in hippocampal mechanisms of learning and memory. As BDNF has been proven to serve as a neuroprotective agent, delivery of exogenous BDNF is a good candidate for therapeutic treatment of several CNS disorders.
Small renal masses

Small renal masses are increasingly diagnosed incidentally. This results in management dilemma because at histopathology significant numbers of small renal masses are either benign tumors such as angiomyolipoma (AML) or oncocytoma, or are neoplasms with relatively indolent behavior [1]. Surgical treatments such as partial and total nephrectomy although provide excellent oncologic control is associated with development and worsening of renal insufficiency and associated cardiovascular morbidity [2]. Therefore, ability to non-invasively investigate renal tumor histopathology and aggressiveness can guide treatment decision and lower treatment cost. Within this paradigm, the role of radiologist and imaging is evolving from traditional role of identifying renal lesion and detecting enhancement, to predicting aggressiveness and biology of the tumor as well as providing operative guidance. MR imaging can play a very important role not only as a problem solving tool in traditional sense by detecting subtle enhancement and macroscopic and microscopic fat, but can provide deeper insight into tumor biology. Number of key observations highlighting the role of MR in evaluation of renal masses is as listed below:
Integrated management activities in the joint Institute for Advancement of Flight Sciences

An instance of a major university coming on-site at a federal laboratory (NASA Langley) to establish a full resident credit graduate program is discussed. The evolution of this program from its modest beginning in 1968 to the ongoing expansion of academic degree programs at the master's and doctoral level, the inclusion of research grant activities, and the future plans for this partnership are presented. The master's degree in engineering management (MEM) and management techniques in JIAFS are described. It is concluded that the interactive management approach used in the MEM program has been invaluable in assuring the success of the program. >
Evolution of metabolic and functional derangements of pancreatic islets in phosphate depletion.

Phosphate depletion (PD) causes a rise in basal level of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) of pancreatic islets, a decrease in their basal and stimulated ATP content, a reduction in the maximum velocity (Vmax) of Ca2+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and Na(+)-K+ ATPase, impaired glucose-induced calcium signal and decreased glucose-induced insulin secretion. The sequence of events that lead to these derangements during the evolution of PD are not defined. The present study examined this issue by measuring the metabolic and functional profile of pancreatic islets weekly during the evolution of PD over a period of 6 weeks, and whether phosphate repletion reverses these abnormalities. The results show that initial abnormalities are a rise in Vmax of Ca2+ ATPase and modest rise in basal [Ca2+]i. This was followed by a fall in basal and stimulated ATP content. With the fall in ATP content, the Vmax of Ca2+ ATPase and Na(+)-K+ ATPase decreases and the rise in [Ca2+]i becomes more pronounced. A decrease in glucose-in...
Some changes required to increase the public's utilization of preventive dentistry.

Acknowledgement Sincere appreciation now is expressed to the many volunteer workers and other persons, without whose cooperation and assistance the various aspects of this study would not have been possible, Special thanks are due Dr. Mamie JO Jones, and her staff, of the Georgia Department of Education, Services for Exceptional Children, and to Mrs. Louise Stewart, Executive Secretary, Georgia Association for Retarded Children, and her staff.
Selective News Exposure, Personal Values, and Support for the Iraq War

News media coverage of the Iraq war plays a significant role in informing the public about the war event itself. This study examined whether exposure to different news sources had an impact on the public's opinion on the war starting from the initial military-action phase through the early postwar period. It also explored how the public's patriotic values, political orientations, and religious convictions influenced the relations between their news source exposure and support for (or opposition to) the war.
Evaluating the recession’s impact on state school finance systems

The Great Recession’s effect on state school finance systems was unlike previous downturns in the early 1990s and early 2000s in that it a) involved a greater loss of taxable income in many states, thus greater loss to state general fund revenues, b) also involved a substantial collapse of housing markets and related reduction or at least leveling of growth of taxable property wealth, c) but also involved a substantive infusion of federal “fiscal stabilization” aid to be used to fill holes in state general aid formulas. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of the recession on equity of state school funding systems with respect to child poverty concentrations. Using school district level panel data from 1993 to 2011, we evaluate the interplay between local, state and federal source revenues through the course of the recent recession by comparison with the less severe economic downturn of the early 2000s. Then using state level estimates of elasticities between revenue and spending measures and district poverty rates, we estimate whether changes in the distribution of state, local or federal revenue contribute most to changes in overall equity of current spending and whether those contributions changed during the recent recession.
Percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung for diffuse parenchymal disease.

Percutaneous needle lung biopsies were performed on 61 patients with diffuse parenchymal disease. A specimen was obtained in 90 per cent of all cases. Diagnosis was established in 85 per cent of all cases. A chest tube was left indwelling in all patients following lung biopsy. Complications were few. On the basis of this experience and a brief review of the literature, the following conclusions are made: 1) lung biopsy is valuable as an early diagnostic procedure; 2) percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung in diffuse parenchymal disease is a safe procedure with a high diagnostic yield; 3) when physically possible, the insertion of a chest tube in all cases is thought to be an added safety factor; 4) a culture from the specimen is a useful adjunct and should be done in all cases; 5) needle lung biopsy should be considered prior to all cases of open biopsy for diffuse disease except when thoracotomy is otherwise indicated; 6) except when contraindicated, needle biopsy of the lung is indicated in any diffuse pulmonary disease for which the etiology is not apparent on routine chest medical work-up.
Flux Growth of Chrysoberyl and Alexandrite

Chrysoberyl (A12BeO4) and alexandrite (Al2BeO4:Cr) crystals have been grown successfully by the flux-melt method in lengths from 0.1 to 10.0 mm. A satisfactory composition for chrysoberyl is PbO 66.6, A12O3 16.7, and BeO 16.7 mole yo; for alexandrite, LizMoOQ 40.4, MooB 50.6, A12O3:Cr 4.5, and BeO 4.5 mole yo. Morphological characteristics of the crystals produced are described.
Voltammetric determination of carbon monoxide at gold electrodes

Abstract A voltammetric method has been developed for the determination, of dissolved carbon monoxide in 0.01 F sodium hydroxide solutions. Details of the activation process are discussed as well as effects of various supporting electrolytes. The peak current is diffusion-controlled and is directly proportional to the percentage by volume of carbon monoxide in gas mixtures used to saturate the electrolysis solution. In the concentration range of 10–100% by volume the method gives errors in accuracy of less than ± 2%.
In-situ small-angle studies of microstructural changes in polymers

Etude par SAXS de la cristallisation secondaire et primaire et de la fusion de PE de TMPS et de PVDF. La forme des courbes SAXS est utilisee pour determiner si la cristallisation primaire a lieu par croissance de spherolites «denses» ou «de squelette». L'intensite integree est utilisee pour etablir si les 2 cristallisations ont lieu simultanement. La nature de la cristallisation secondaire est etudiee a l'aide des intensites absolues des deplacements de pics reversibles et des rapports des intensites de pic de 1er et 2eme ordre. Etude du vieillissement physique du PP
HPLC DETERMINATION OF AN AQUEOUS CEFEPIME AND METRONIDAZOLE MIXTURE

A high performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay of a cefepime and metronidazole mixture in aqueous solution. The separation and quantitation were achieved on a phenyl column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of 94.5:5.5 v/v water-acetonitrile containing 0.015 M pentane sulfonic acid sodium salt (adjusted to pH 3.4 with glacial acetic acid and then 4.0 with 45% potassium hydroxide) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with detection of both analytes at 280 nm. The separation was achieved within 10 min with sensitivity in the ng/mL range for each analyte. The method showed linearity for cefepime and metronidazole in the 18.77 – 300.2 and 9.39 – 150.1 μg/mL ranges, respectively. Accuracy and precision were in the 0.52 – 2.40 and 0.63 – 2.77% ranges, respectively, for both analytes. The limits of detection for cefepime and metronidazole were 125 and 63 ng/mL, respectively, based on a signal to noise ratio of 3 and a 10 μL injection.
A silver(I) coordinated phenanthroline-based polymer with high ethylene/ethane adsorption selectivity

We report a non-porous silver(I) coordinated phenanthroline-based polymer, which exhibits a high ideal ethylene/ethane adsorption selectivity (15/1) and high ethylene uptake (5.0 mmol g−1) at ambient temperature and pressure. Both silver(I) coordination and polymer structures are important for the high uptake of ethylene.
Effects of Reserpine on Calcium Levels in Cardiac Tissue of Mice

In four stocks (TS, DBA, RF, and C) of mice the calcium contents of atrium and ventricle were measured. After seven daily injections of 0·1 mg/kg reserpine the amounts of calcium were reduced in both heart chambers of all four stocks. Reserpine exerted its most depleting action on the stocks (DBA and TS) which had the highest control levels of calcium.
Fortran 8x—its public review

The ANSI Standards Subcommittee X3J3 has recently released the draft proposed Fortran standard [1] for public review. The proposed revision, informally known as Fortran 8x, is being reviewed, beginning October 23, 1987, and ending February 23, 1988. It represents an upward compatible revision of the current standard Fortran 77 [2] in the sense that all Fortran 77 standard-conforming programs conform to the proposed Fortran 8x language.
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis masquerading as carcinoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature.

Background Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is an uncommon, benign entity with a diagnosis of exclusion. The typical clinical presentation of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis often mimics infection or malignancy. As a result, histopathological confirmation of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis combined with exclusion of infection, malignancy and other causes of granulomatous disease is absolutely necessary.
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications

Research conducted within the general paradigm of cognitive bias modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, the authors examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. The techniques and goals of CBM research are compared with other approaches to understanding cognition-emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and, more generally, about causal relationships between cognitive processing and emotion.
Money for nothing: exploiting negative externalities

We show that existence of negative externalities among market participants competing for a scarce resource, a setting typical for electronic commerce and internet advertising, allows for emergence of the no-allocation equilibrium with positive revenues for the seller. A monopolist selling K indivisible items to a large number of unit-demand buyers who face negative externalities whenever their rivals get the items, can exploit these negative externalities. If the number of buyers is large enough, the no-allocation equilibrium emerges: no items get allocated, yet buyers still pay the seller to avoid a potential exposure to negative externalities. We provide conditions on the magnitude of externalities and on the level of buyer competition that yield optimality of the no-allocation equilibrium.In the context of internet advertising, the no-allocation equilibrium allows the monopolist seller of a limited number of ad slots to simultaneously (1) optimize revenues by collecting a small payment from each of the potential advertisers who are concerned with negative externality effects, and (2) ensure ad-free experience to its users. Therefore, our results describe settings in which ad-free user experience can be supported not just by charging users, but could be subsidized by potential advertisers whose ads will not be shown.
Material parameters and vector scaling in transformation acoustics

The degree to which the coordinate transformation concept first demonstrated for electromagnetic waves can be applied to other classes of waves remains an open question. In this work, we thoroughly examine the coordinate transformation invariance of acoustic waves. We employ a purely physical argument to show how the acoustic velocity vector must transform differently than the E and H fields in Maxwell's equations, which explains why acoustic coordinate transformation invariance was not found in some previous analyses. A first principles analysis of the acoustic equations under arbitrary coordinate transformations confirms that the divergence operator is preserved only if velocity transforms in this physically correct way. This analysis also yields closed-form expressions for the bulk modulus and mass density tensor of the material required to realize an arbitrary coordinate transformation on the acoustic fields, which we show are equivalent to forms presented elsewhere. We demonstrate the computation of these material parameters in two specific cases and show that the change in velocity and pressure gradient vectors under a nonorthogonal coordinate transformation is precisely how these vectors must change from purely physical arguments. This analysis confirms that all of the electromagnetic devices and materials that have been conceived using the coordinate transformation approach are also in principle realizable for acoustic
Parallel comparison merging of many-ordered lists

We consider the problem of merging m disjoint ordered lists, each of size n⧸/m. We determine up to a constant factor the worst case and average case deterministic and randomized parallel comparison complexity of the problem for all the range of n, m and p where p is the number of processors used. The worst case deterministic time complexity is Θlog mlog(1+p⧸n)+loglog nlog(2+p⧸n) That means Θn log mp+log log n for p⩽2n and Θlog mlog(p⧸n)+loglog nlog(p⧸n)for p⩾2n Clearly merging two equal lists and sorting are special cases of this problem for m = 2 and m = n respectively. We also prove that these bounds hold for randomized algorithms and even for the average case of deterministic or randomized ones. Therefore the average case of the best deterministic or randomized algorithm for this problem is not faster than the worst case of the best deterministic one by more than a constant factor.
CORRELATIONS AMONG MOFPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF FINGERLING CATFISHES AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO DRESSING PERCENTAGE AT HARVEST

Blue (Ictalurus furcatus), channel (I. punctatus), white (I. catus) and hybrid catfish grown under similar conditions to a size of 30 g differed in their body conformation (head length, head width, head depth, body depth, caudal peduncle depth and caudal peduncle width to total length ratios; P <.01) and dressing percentage (P < .05). Strains of channel catfish also differed from each other in their body conformation (P < .01) and dressing percentage (P < .05). Body conformation at 30 g was correlated to dressing percentage at 500 g (P < .01). Head width, caudal width and body depth had the largest effects upon dressing percentage (P < .05). Blue catfish, Auburn and Rio Grande strains of channel catfish had higher dressing percentage (P < .05) than the hybrids, white catfish and four remaining channel catfish crosses. Auburn x Rio Grande channel catfish crossbreds had larger (P < .01) heads, caudal peduncles and body depth than their parents, but the Marion x Kansas crossbred channel catfish did not have larger values than their parents. It appears that overdominance for body conformation was prevalent in intraspecific crossbreds. Morphologies of channel-blue hybrids were between those of their parent species. The correlations between morphometric traits were different (P < .01) among the 10 genetic groups.
Reply to M. Roschewski et al.

Roschewski et al highlight an important issue related to minimal residual disease (MRD) determination and its application in multiple myeloma (MM): the methodologies used to detect MRD will play a critical role in determining or predicting outcome in future. Sensitivity and/or specificity of tests used to determine MRD are impacted by the ease of carrying out the test, the ability to acquire adequate samples for the study, and the availability of technical expertise to perform sensitive assays. Investigators have been using various methods within their technical capabilities. We agree with Roschewski et al that we need a standardized method that defines the number of antibodies used and the timing of testing. Importantly, a critical and often limiting factor is the number of events measured, which will affect our ability to detect MRD with adequate statistical power. Nonetheless, it is gratifying to see that so many institutions are in fact attempting to detect MRD. Another issue is to determine superiority of flow-detected MRD versus molecular MRD using newer sequencing technologies. The molecular MRD method does not depend on the surface expression of molecules, which can change over time and decrease sensitivity. Moreover, one can now evaluate more than 5 million cells and detect one in 10 cells. However, molecular MRD determination will require an initial diagnostic sample that contains myeloma cells to identify multiple myeloma–specific immunoglobulin H sequence; newer technologies allow such a determination from even a few thousand cells. Finally, we agree with Roschewski et al that a concerted collaborative clinical study will determine the relative effectiveness of these methods to detect MRD, followed by the development of a consensus methodology to allow for their routine clinical application.
Combining census, dual-system, and evaluation study data to estimate population shares.

Abstract The 1990 census and Post-Enumeration Survey produced census and dual system estimates (DSE) of population by domain, together with an estimated sampling covariance matrix of the DSE. Estimates of the bias of the DSE were derived from various PES evaluation programs. Of the three sources, the unadjusted census is the least variable but is believed to be the most biased, the DSE is less biased but more variable, and the bias estimates may be regarded as unbiased but are the most variable. This article addresses methods for combining the census, the DSE, and bias estimates obtained from the evaluation programs to produce accurate estimates of population shares, as measured by weighted squared- or absolute-error loss functions applied to estimated population shares of domains. Several procedures are reviewed that choose between the census and the DSE using the bias evaluation data or that average the two with weights that are constant across domains. A multivariate hierarchical Bayes model is propose...
The Apollo fallacy and its effect on US energy policy

US Policy makers have made continual references to the Apollo Program as a model for development of alternative energy technologies. This model, however, is inappropriate for energy policy, and its use is termed the Apollo fallacy. The goal of the Apollo Program was the demonstration of engineering prowess while any alternative energy technology must succeed in the marketplace. Several Apollo-like energy programs have been tried and all have failed at high cost. It is argued that the use of Apollo has political benefits but that it is detrimental to the adoption of potentially effective energy policies.
Unexpected coronary artery findings in mucopolysaccharidosis. Report of four cases and literature review

Abstract Introduction The mucopolysaccharidosis syndromes are a group of lethal inherited disorders affecting multiple organ systems by the progressive deposition of glycosaminoglycan. Advances in treatment such as enzyme replacement and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have significantly improved the outcome of these disorders. An in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of heart disease in these disorders is essential since death from cardiac causes continues to be common. Epicardial coronary artery luminal narrowing from myointimal proliferation and glycosaminoglycan deposition is well described in severe mucopolysaccharidosis type I [Hurler syndrome, mucopolysaccharide IH] but poorly understood in other “non-Hurler” phenotypes of these disorders. Given the rarity of these conditions, autopsy specimens are uncommon. Methods Tissue from epicardial coronary arteries from autopsies of four patients with non-Hurler mucopolysaccharidosis (attenuated type I, type IIIA, type IIIC, and type VI) who had died after hematopoietic cell transplantation (within 1 month in three cases; after 5 years in the fourth) was examined by light microscopy. Results Unexpectedly, near-normal coronary arteries were observed in the patient with attenuated mucopolysaccharidosis type I, while the coronaries from patients with type IIIA, IIIC, and VI demonstrated classic histologic features of glycosaminoglycan deposition. The most severe findings were found in the MPS IIIC patient who had 5 years of full donor engraftment after transplantation. Conclusions Our current understanding of the cardiac manifestations of the mucopolysaccharidoses fails to explain why near-normal coronary arteries may be observed when abnormalities would be most likely to be expected and, conversely, why significant histopathology is present when it would be least expected. Identification of downstream effects of glycosaminoglycan deposition may identify other metabolites or metabolic pathways that are important in the clinicopathologic manifestations of these diseases. Summary The mucopolysaccharidosis diseases are a group of inherited disorders affecting multiple organ systems by the progressive deposition of glycosaminoglycan. Severe coronary artery disease is well recognized in severe type I mucopolysaccharidosis (Hurler syndrome), but unexpected coronary artery disease occurs in other, “non-Hurler” mucopolysaccharidoses. Factors responsible for the development of coronary pathology in the mucopolysaccharidoses remain elusive.
Histotripsy Lesion Formation Using an Ultrasound Imaging Probe Enabled by a Low-Frequency Pump Transducer

When histotripsy pulses shorter than 2 cycles are applied, the formation of a dense bubble cloud relies only on the applied peak negative pressure (p-) exceeding the "intrinsic threshold" of the medium (absolute value of 26-30 MPa in most soft tissues). It has been found that a sub-threshold high-frequency probe pulse (3 MHz) can be enabled by a sub-threshold low-frequency pump pulse (500 kHz) where the sum exceeds the intrinsic threshold, thus generating lesion-producing dense bubble clouds ("dual-beam histotripsy"). Here, the feasibility of using an imaging transducer to provide the high-frequency probe pulse in the dual-beam histotripsy approach is investigated. More specifically, an ATL L7-4 imaging transducer (Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA, USA), pulsed by a V-1 Data Acquisition System (Verasonics, Redmond, WA, USA), was used to generate the high-frequency probe pulses. The low-frequency pump pulses were generated by a 20-element 345-kHz array transducer, driven by a custom high-voltage pulser. These dual-beam histotripsy pulses were applied to red blood cell tissue-mimicking phantoms at a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz, and optical imaging was used to visualize bubble clouds and lesions generated in the red blood cell phantoms. The results indicated that dense bubble clouds (and resulting lesions) were generated when the p- of the sub-threshold pump and probe pulses combined constructively to exceed the intrinsic threshold. The average size of the smallest reproducible lesions using the imaging probe pulse enabled by the sub-threshold pump pulse was 0.7 × 1.7 mm, whereas that using the supra-threshold pump pulse alone was 1.4 × 3.7 mm. When the imaging transducer was steered laterally, bubble clouds and lesions were steered correspondingly until the combined p- no longer exceeded the intrinsic threshold. These results were also validated with ex vivo porcine liver experiments. Using an imaging transducer for dual-beam histotripsy can have two advantages: (i) lesion steering can be achieved using the steering of the imaging transducer (implemented with the beamformer of the accompanying programmable ultrasound system), and (ii) treatment can be simultaneously monitored when the imaging transducer is used in conjunction with an ultrasound imaging system.
Mitochondrial complex I activity suppresses inflammation and enhances bone resorption by shifting macrophage-osteoclast polarization.

Summary Mitochondrial complex I (CI) deficiency is associated with multiple neurological and metabolic disorders. However, its effect on innate immunity and bone remodeling is unclear. Using deletion of the essential CI subunit Ndufs4 as a model for mitochondrial dysfunction, we report that mitochondria suppress macrophage activation and inflammation while promoting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via both cell-autonomous and systemic regulation. Global Ndufs4 deletion causes systemic inflammation and osteopetrosis. Hematopoietic Ndufs4 deletion causes an intrinsic lineage shift from osteoclast to macrophage. Liver Ndufs4 deletion causes a metabolic shift from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis, accumulating fatty acids and lactate (FA/LAC) in the circulation. FA/LAC further activates Ndufs4 −/− macrophages via reactive oxygen species induction and diminishes osteoclast lineage commitment in Ndufs4 −/− progenitors; both inflammation and osteopetrosis in Ndufs4 −/− mice are attenuated by TLR4/2 deletion. Together, these findings reveal mitochondrial CI as a critical rheostat of innate immunity and skeletal homeostasis.
Sequential heating and cooling responses of a controlled environmental space

Verification of models previously advanced through results of tests conducted under rigidly controlled conditions is presented. It is shown that thermal responses of the test space follow closely a series of first order curves. The sequences of heating responses are demonstrated to be functions of the means of energy input.
Analysis of Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Marker Abundance in Ricin Toxin Preparations for Forensic Information

One challenge in the forensic analysis of ricin samples is determining the method and extent of sample preparation. Ricin purification from the source castor seeds is essentially a protein purification through removal of the nonprotein fractions of the seed. Two major, nonprotein constituents in the seed are the castor oil and carbohydrates. We used derivatization of carbohydrate and fatty acid markers followed by identification and quantification using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to assess compositional changes in ricin samples purified by different methods. The loss of ricinoleic acid indicated steps for oil removal had occurred, and a large decrease of ricinoleic acid was observed between unextracted mash and solvent extracted and protein precipitate preparations. Changes to the carbohydrate content of the sample were also observed following protein precipitation. The differential loss of arabinose relative to mannose was observed indicating the removal of the major carbohydrate fraction of the seed and enrichment of the protein content. When the data is combined and multivariate principle component analysis is applied, these changes in fatty acid and carbohydrate abundance are discriminating enough to be indicative of the preparation method used for each sample.
Implication of the GABAb receptor in gamma vinyl‐GABA's inhibition of cocaine‐induced increases in nucleus accumbens dopamine

Previously, we demonstrated that gamma vinyl-GABA (GVG, Vigabatrin) dose-dependently inhibits cocaine-induced increases in dopamine (DA) concentrations in both the rodent and primate brain. Furthermore, it abolishes cocaine self-administration and conditioned place preference, while having no effect on locomotor activity or drug delivery to the brain. In an effort to better understand the mechanisms underlying this inhibition, we examined the effect of the selective GABA(B) receptor antagonist SCH 50911 on the GVG-induced decrease in cocaine's elevation of extracellular DA concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NACC). Cocaine administration alone (20 mg/kg i.p.) produced a 480% increase in extracellular NACC DA levels. GVG (300 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced this increase by 25% (P<0.01). In sharp contrast, extracellular DA levels increased to 550% after the sequential administration of SCH 50911 (3 mg/kg i.p.), GVG, and cocaine. This increase is significantly different than GVG and cocaine (P<0.05) but similar to cocaine alone. These results demonstrate that the GABA(B) antagonist SCH 50911 was able to completely abolish GVG's inhibition of cocaine-induced increases in DA in the NACC and implicates the GABA(B) receptor in the mechanism underlying this inhibition.
Hormonal secretion in male rats chronically treated with [D-Trp6, Pro9-NEt]-LRF.

Abstract Chronic daily administration of the LRF agonist [DTrp 6 , Pro 9 NEt]LRF (A) was accompanied by a blunting of the LH, FSH and testosterone responses. However, plasma LH levels continued to be elevated with each injection, while plasma FSH values remained within control range. As a result, LH/FSH ratios of treated rats were higher than those of control animals. Preinjection plasma testosterone levels were significantly lowered. Repeated injections of A were usually accompanied by increases in plasma progesterone levels which were largest on the second day of qd administration schedules. The intermittent administration of A every 2nd, 3rd or 4th day resulted in continued large increases in plasma progesterone concentrations. These results suggest that the periodically elevated secretion of progesterone and/or LH in the presence of lowered levels of circulating testosterone, may play a role in the paradoxical antigonadal effects of LRF agonists.
Random phase mask coded multiplexing for high-density and secure holographic memory

A new method of phase-coded multiplexing is proposed and tested. The construction of this multiplexing scheme combines a rotating cylindrical-collimating lens system (RCCLS) with a random phase transparent mask. It is verified that such a system is capable of storing over 1000 images in a doped LiNbO3 crystal. Experimental results and theoretical analyses presented in this paper demonstrate that a compact, all optical, secure and high capacity volume holographic memory system can be implemented with further exploitation of the method.
Intra-arterial histamine in the treatment of occlusive peripheral arterial disease.

Intra-arterial histamine was found to increase significantly the walking tolerance of a small series of cases of obliterative peripheral arterial disease with intermittent claudication. Physiologic determinations during injection show tachycardia, increased cardiac output, increased stroke volume and increased homolateral femoral arteriovenous oxygen difference. The similarity of these results to those caused by arteriovenous fistulas is noted.
Contribution of the Phosphodiester Backbone and Glycosyl Linkage Intrinsic Torsional Energetics to DNA Structure and Dynamics

The intrinsic conformational energetics of macromolecules are an important contribution to their structure and dynamics. This information, however, is lacking for most dihedrals about rotatable bonds in nucleic acids. To bridge this gap, high-level ab initio quantum mechanical calculations have been performed on a number of furanose-based model compounds designed to model the intrinsic torsional energetics of the dihedrals e, γ, β, and χ in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Energy profiles have been obtained with furanose in both the C3‘ endo and C2‘ endo conformations, to model the torsions in the context of the two conformational ranges populated by the sugar in DNA. The resulting energy profiles are compared to the corresponding crystallographically determined population distributions, with which they can be reconciled to a large extent. This suggests that the models used to derive these energy surfaces are relevant to DNA. Torsion e is found to be intrinsically very flexible with the low-energy regions enc...
Short-Range Order and the Electronic Structure of Binary Alloys and Liquid Metals: A Comparison of Different Approaches

A number of exact results concerning the effects of short-range order on the energy spectrum of disordered systems are derived. In a single-band model of the substitutional alloy, it is shown that the height and width of the minority subband must scale as ${[\frac{x}{(1+\ensuremath{\epsilon})}]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and ${[x(1+\ensuremath{\epsilon})]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, respectively. Here $x$ is the impurity concentration and $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is a parameter that specifies the degree of short-range order, i.e., the enhanced probability that impurity atoms will be nearest neighbors. These results depend only on the form of the (nearest-neighbor) two-site distribution function and it is, therefore, rather surprising that they are not reproduced exactly by any of the existing theories of short-range order. In each case, the difficulty can be traced to an improper factorization of the three-site distribution function. As a simple model of the liquid metal, we consider a close-packed array of nonoverlapping spherical-well potentials of depth $\ensuremath{\delta}$, radius ${R}_{m}$, and mean density $n$. This model is used to compare alternate formalisms: the quasicrystalline approximation of Lax, and the more recent approaches of Gyorffy, and of Schwartz and Ehrenreich. The fact that the short-range order guarantees that the potentials are nonoverlapping allows us to extract from each order in perturbation theory the leading contribution to the moments of the electron self-energy. The result is simply expressed in terms of the renormalized cumulants ${Q}^{(p)}(x)$, where $x$ is the dimensionless density parameter $x=\frac{n4\ensuremath{\pi}{{R}_{m}}^{3}}{3}$. These contributions isolate just those terms of higher order in $x$ that are most important for the moments of the electronic spectrum and are reproduced to all orders by only the equations of Schwartz and Ehrenreich.
The influence of trisomy 21 on outcome in children with Hirschsprung's disease

The association of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and trisomy 21 has been well recognised. Seventeen (13%) of 135 patients presenting with HD between 1975 and 1992 had trisomy 21. Nine (53%) presented in the neonatal period, with intestinal obstruction (5), enterocolitis (2), or perforation of the colon (2). Eight patients presented after the neonatal period, with constipation. Pathological involvement included rectosigmoid (12), long segment (4), and total colonic aganglionosis (1). Definitive surgery was performed in 14 patients. At the mean follow-up of 8 years (4 to 15 years), only one of the 13 patients has normal bowel function. Eight have persistent soiling, and two have reverted to permanent stomata. There were two deaths in the series; one resulted from enterocolitis complicating HD, and the other from congenital cardiac disease. These data suggest that long-term bowel function in children with HD and trisomy 21 is poor and should be taken into consideration when planning the management.
Multilayered film analysis: evaluation of ammonia and creatinine slides

We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem multilayer ammonia and creatinine slides. For various concentrations of control material the precision (CV) within- and (between-day) ranged from 0.8 to 7.8% (4.4-9.0%) for ammonia, and 1.9-25.1% (3.6-13.9%) for creatinine. A number of commercial control fluids were unacceptable choices due to the presence of elevated endogenous ammonia levels. For both analytes, analytical recovery was in the range of 100 to 108%. Comparison with the Jaffe reaction demonstrated good correlation for creatinine, and linearity was judged acceptable for both analytes. For ammonia, serum values were nearly double those of paired plasma samples. Plasma and serum samples, therefore, cannot be used interchangeably. No serum versus plasma differences were observed for creatinine.
Cryogenic Hydrogen as a Wind Tunnel Test Gas

Theme T HE cryogenic wind tunnel concept has been developed and demonstrated at the Langley Research Center as a practical way of increasing the test Reynolds number capability at transonic speeds. During development of the concept, liquid nitrogen was utilized as the coolant with the resultant test gas being nitrogen. Experimental and analytical studies' have shown cryogenic nitrogen to be an acceptable test gas. Use of another diatomic gas, hydrogen, which has a much lower vapor temperature than nitrogen, would give even higher test Reynolds numbers (Fig. 1) or equivalent Reynolds numbers either at much lower operating pressures or for a much smaller tunnel. A theoretical analysis of the suitability of parahydrogen as a test gas for a cryogenic wind tunnel has been made.
On the theory of fluctuations around non-equilibrium steady states: A generalized time-convolutionless projector formalism

Abstract A new method of finding nonlinear Langevin type equations of motion for relevant macrovariables and the corresponding master equation for systems far from thermal equilibrium is presented by generalizing the time-convolutionless formalism proposed previously for equilibrium hamiltoian systems by Tokuyama and Mori. The Langevin type equation consists of a fluctuating force, and the nonlinear drift coefficients which are always identical to those of the master equation. A simple formula which relates the drift coefficients to the time correlation of the fluctuating forces is derived. This is a generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of the second kind in equilibrium systems and is valid not only for transport phenomena due to internal fluctuations but also for transport phenomena due to externally-driven fluctuations. A new cumulant expansion of the master equation is also obtained. The conditions under which a Langevin and a Fokker-Planck equation of a generalized type for non-equilibrium open systems can be derived are clarified. The theory is illustrated by studying hydrodynamic fluctuations near the Rayleigh-Benard instability. The effects of two kinds of fluctuations, internal fluctuations of irrelevant macrovariables and external (thermal) noises, on the convective instability are investigated. A stochastic Ginzburg-Landau type equation for the order parameter and the corresponding nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation are derived.
Calcium-binding phosphoprotein from pig brain: Identification as a calcium-dependent regulator of brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

Abstract A homogeneous, acidic, Ca 2+ -binding phosphoprotein from pig brain has been identified as the mediator of a Ca 2+ -dependent activation of a partially purified pig brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Crude extracts prepared from porcine brain have been resolved into two fractions by column chromatography with ECTEOLA-cellulose. One fraction possesses phosphodiesterase activity which is stimulated from 4- to 12-fold, depending upon the preparation and the assay conditions, by nanogram quantities of a purified Ca 2+ -binding phosphoprotein from pig brain at 5 × 10 −5 , m Ca 2+ . The stimulation is eliminated by ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N′ -tetraacetate. The second fraction contains an endogenous, Ca 2+ -dependent activator of the phosphodiesterase activity. Further purification of the crude activator by hydroyxlapatite chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and acrylamide gel electrophoresis has established that the activator and the purified Ca 2+ -binding phosphoprotein are identical with respect to Chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, and electrophoretic migration. Both proteins bound Ca 2+ and were stable to boiling for 5 min. At saturating concentrations of the Ca 2+ -dependent regulator, half-maximal stimulation of the phosphodiesterase was observed at a Ca 2+ concentration of 4 × 10 −6 , m . Purified preparations of the acidic Ca 2+ -binding phosphoprotein from bovine adrenal medulla and testis were also active in stimulating the brain phosphodiesterase. Preparations of other known Ca 2+ -binding proteins, such as rabbit muscle troponin and pig brain S-100 protein, were nonstimulatory.