cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of population viability analysis models for Atlantic and Pacific salmon recovery planning

Uncertainty and risk abound in making natural resource management decisions. Population viability analysis (PVA) includes a variety of qualitative or quantitative analyses to predict the future status of a population or collection of populations and to predict the risk of extinction (or quasi-extinction) over time given some assumptions of the factors driving population dynamics. In this paper, we review the various PVA models applied to Atlantic and Pacific salmon for determination of listing under the Endangered Species Act and in planning recovery actions. We also review the numerous cautions involved in developing PVA models and in interpreting their results. There have been a larger number of PVA models applied to Pacific salmon compared to Atlantic salmon due to the greater geographic range and number of species of Pacific salmon. Models for both Atlantic and Pacific salmon have ranged from simple models that view populations as simply a number of organisms to complex age- or stage-structured models depending on the purpose of the model and available data for model parameterization. The real value of PVA models to salmon conservation is not in making absolute predictions of the risk of extinction, but rather in evaluating relative effects of management alternatives on extinction risk and informing decision making within an adaptive management framework. As computing power, quantitative techniques, and knowledge of mechanistic linkages between terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments advance, PVA models will become an even more powerful tool in conservation planning for salmon species.
Mitochondria and Cell Bioenergetics: Increasingly Recognized Components and a Possible Etiologic Cause of Alzheimer's Disease

Significance: Mitochondria and brain bioenergetics are increasingly thought to play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent Advances: Data that support this view are discussed from the perspective of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which assumes beta-amyloid perturbs mitochondrial function, and from an opposite perspective that assumes mitochondrial dysfunction promotes brain amyloidosis. A detailed review of cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) studies, which argue mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributes to sporadic AD, is provided. Recent AD endophenotype data that further suggest an mtDNA contribution are also summarized. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Biochemical, molecular, cybrid, biomarker, and clinical data pertinent to the mitochondria–bioenergetics–AD nexus are synthesized and the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, which represents a mitochondria-centric attempt to conceptualize sporadic AD, is discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 16, 1434–1455.
965-46 Survival After Large Myocardial Infarction in Rats: Comparison of ACE Inhibition with Captopril Versus Direct Angiotensin II Blockade with Losartan

To compare the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition vs angiotensin II (A-II) receptor blockade on survival, rats with large myocardial infarctions were treated with captopril (N = 46) or losartan (N = 51) a specific A-II antagonist, at a dose of 2 g/L drinking water. Therapy was initiated immediately after coronary artery ligation and continued for one year. Median survival in captopril treated rats was 191.4 ± 14.1 days vs 246.4 ± 15.7 days for losartan treated rats (P l 0.03). Measurements of myocardial function and LV geometry were obtained at one year in surviving rats (N = 5 for captopril; 9 for losartan). No differences were noted in heart weight, LV pressures, dPldt, cardiac index, time constant of relaxation, or LV volume and dimensions. In losartan-treated rats, however, heart rate was increased 1293 ± 19 vs 266 ± 15 beatslmin, P l 0.05) and peak developed pressure was decreased (153 ± 21 vs 180 ± 16 mmHg, P l 0.05). Thus, in the rat model of heart failure, survival was prolonged with losartan compared to captopril, suggesting that the major benefit of ACE inhibition is attenuation of responses mediated through the A-II receptor.
Sequential Composition for Navigating a Nonholonomic Cart in the Presence of Obstacles

In this study, we consider the problem of safely steering a planar nonholonomic cart around obstacles to reach a goal state. We achieve this by the decomposition of the free workspace into triangular tori and generation of local smooth feedback laws that drive the robot from one cell to an adjoining cell. These control laws exploit the fact that for nonholonomic systems, one can generate smooth controllers to reach a particular subset in the configuration space, even though smooth feedback laws cannot be obtained to reach a particular state. These local controllers are then sequenced using discrete motion planning algorithms like A* or incremental D* to reach the goal. We demonstrate the practical efficacy of this methodology by applying it to two experimental platforms: (1) a differential drive robot in which inertial effects are negligible and (2) a hexapedal robot in which inertial effects are significant but difficult to model. In both cases, we use the abstraction of a planar kinematic cart with process noise to develop feedback controllers. We present successful implementation of the controllers to navigate the hexapedal robot in both static and dynamic environments with obstacles.
Investigation of ocean acoustics using autonomous instrumentation to quantify the water-sediment boundary properties

Sound propagation in shallow water is characterized by interaction with the oceans surface, volume, and bottom. In many coastal margin regions, including the Eastern U.S. continental shelf and the coastal seas of China, the bottom is composed of a depositional sandy-silty top layer. Previous measurements of narrow and broadband sound transmission at frequencies from 100 Hz to 1 kHz in these regions are consistent with waveguide calculations based on depth and frequency dependent sound speed, attenuation and density profiles. Theoretical predictions for the frequency dependence of attenuation vary from quadratic for the porous media model of M.A. Biot to linear for various competing models. Results from experiments performed under known conditions with sandy bottoms, however, have agreed with attenuation proportional to f 1.84, which is slightly less than the theoretical value of f2 [Zhou and Zhang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 2494]. This dissertation presents a reexamination of the fundamental considerations in the Biot derivation and leads to a simplification of the theory that can be coupled with site-specific, depth dependent attenuation and sound speed profiles to explain the observed frequency dependence. Long-range sound transmission measurements in a known waveguide can be used to estimate the site-specific sediment attenuation properties, but the costs and time associated with such at-sea experiments using traditional measurement techniques can be prohibitive. Here a new measurement tool consisting of an autonomous underwater vehicle and a small, low noise, towed hydrophone array was developed and used to obtain accurate long-range sound transmission measurements efficiently and cost effectively. To demonstrate this capability and to determine the modal and intrinsic attenuation characteristics, experiments were conducted in a carefully surveyed area in Nantucket Sound. A best-fit comparison between measured results and calculated results, while varying attenuation parameters, revealed the estimated power law exponent to be 1.87 between 220.5 and 1228 Hz. These results demonstrate the utility of this new cost effective and accurate measurement system. The sound transmission results, when compared with calculations based on the modified Biot theory, are shown to explain the observed frequency dependence.
Rural Southeast Texas Air Quality Measurements during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study

The authors conducted air quality measurements of the criteria pollutants carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone together with meteorological measurements at a park site southeast of College Station, TX, during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study II (TexAQS). Ozone, a primary focus of the measurements, was above 80 ppb during 3 days and above 75 ppb during additional 8 days in summer 2006, suggestive of possible violations of the ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in this area. In concordance with other air quality measurements during the TexAQS II, elevated ozone mixing ratios coincided with northerly flows during days after cold front passages. Ozone background during these days was as high as 80 ppb, whereas southerly air flows generally provided for an ozone background lower than 40 ppb. Back trajectory analysis shows that local ozone mixing ratios can also be strongly affected by the Houston urban pollution plume, leading to late afternoon ozone increases of as high as 50 ppb above background under favorable transport conditions. The trajectory analysis also shows that ozone background increases steadily the longer a southern air mass resides over Texas after entering from the Gulf of Mexico. In light of these and other TexAQS findings, it appears that ozone air quality is affected throughout east Texas by both long-range and regional ozone transport, and that improvements therefore will require at least a regionally oriented instead of the current locally oriented ozone precursor reduction policies.
Unique variable-gap polyheterocycles for high-contrast dual polymer electrochromic devices

Abstract We have carried out studies on an extensive series of electron rich monomers which oxidatively polymerize at low potentials. Alkyl derivatized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophenes) (PEDOT's) exhibit a high degree of visible light transparency in the oxidized state, while being an opaque blue in the reduced state. These polymers can be switched rapidly (sub-second) between states with high optical contrasts of up to 60% AT. Multi-ring monomers have been prepared using EDOT moieties as terminal polymerizable un'rts, to yield the most easily oxidized thiophene based monomers reported to date, which efficiently electropolymerize. Polymers have been prepared with electronic band gaps that range from a relatively low 1.4 eV up to 2.5 eV. The inclusion of transition metal ions, electronically coupled to the conjugated backbone, allows further tuning of the polymer's redox properties. These polymers behave as complementary electrochromic materials and have been employed in dual polymer electrochromic devices. Judicious choice of proper cathodically and anodically coloring polymers yield devices which exhibit high optical contrasts (>50% T), multi-color capabilities, long term switching stability (>10 4 deep switches), and rapid switching characteristics with 25% optical contrast observed with 100 mS switches.
Derivatization, complexation, and absolute configurational assignment of chiral primary amines: application of exciton-coupled circular dichroism.

We report here a sensitive method for the determination of the absolute configurations of primary amines using exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD). The method works on a microgram scale by derivatization of chiral amines with quinoline chromophores. Complexation of the chiral ligands with metal ion fixes the geometry of the chromophores, resulting in a twist that is governed by the asymmetric carbon configuration and steric environment of the amine. The absolute configurations of the primary amines can be interpreted from the couplets of the ECCD spectra of the derivatized complexes. Crystal structures, 2D NMR studies, and semiempirical calculations provide structural evidence for our model.
An enhanced protein crosslink identification strategy using CID-cleavable chemical crosslinkers and LC/MSn analysis

We describe a novel two-step LC/MS" strategy to effectively and confidently identify numerous crosslinked peptides from complex mixtures. This method incorporates the use of our gas-phase cleavable crosslinking reagent, disuccinimidyl-succinamyl-aspartyl-proline (SuDP), and a new data-processing algorithm CXLinkS (Cleavable Crosslink Selection), which enables unequivocal crosslink peptide selection and identification on the basis of mass measurement accuracy, high resolving power, and the unique fragmentation pattern of each crosslinked peptide. We demonstrate our approach with well-characterized monomeric and multimeric protein systems with and without database searching restrictions where inter-peptide crosslink identification is increased 8-fold over our previously published data-dependent LC/MS 3 method and discuss its applicability to other CID-cleavable crosslinkers and more complex protein systems.
What's In a Name? Considerations of Homologies and Nomenclature for Vertebrate Social Behavior Networks

Behavioral neuroendocrinology is an integrative discipline that spans a wide range of taxa and neural systems, and thus the appropriate designation of homology (sameness) across taxa is critical for clear communication and extrapolation of findings from one taxon to another. In the present review we address issues of homology that relate to neural circuits of social behavior and associated systems that mediate reward and aversion. We first address a variety of issues related to the so-called "social behavior network" (SBN), including homologies that are only partial (e.g., whereas the preoptic area of fish and amphibians contains the major vasopressin-oxytocin cell groups, these populations lie in the hypothalamus of other vertebrates). We also discuss recent evidence that clarifies anterior hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray homologies in birds. Finally, we discuss an expanded network model, the "social decision-making network" (SDM) which includes the mesolimbic dopamine system and other structures that provide an interface between the mesolimbic system and the SBN. This expanded model is strongly supported in mammals, based on a wide variety of evidence. However, it is not yet clear how readily the SDM can be applied as a pan-vertebrate model, given insufficient data on numerous proposed homologies and a lack of social behavior data for SDM components (beyond the SBN nodes) for amphibians, reptiles or fish. Functions of SDM components are also poorly known for birds. Nonetheless, we contend that the SDM model provides a very sound and important framework for the testing of many hypotheses in nonmammalian vertebrates.
Low-Frequency Eddy Variability at 28°N, 152°W in the Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Abstract A current meter mooring maintained for over three years at 28°N, 152°W, in the eastern North Pacific has yielded velocity and temperature data throughout the water column, with particularly good thermocline resolution The flow is characterized by weak primarily westward mean velocities, with a superimposed eddy field having rms velocities ranging from 10 cm s−1 in the upper thermocline to 3 cm s−1 at 1000 m depth. The eddy energy is divided into two main bands: the low frequency eddies have spatial scales of 250–300 km and periods of 100–200 days, propagate southwestward, and have slightly more zonal than meridional energy. The high frequency eddies also propagate southwestward, have spatial scales of 150–175 km and periods of 40–80 days, and are strongly meridionally oriented. Vertical EOF structure calculated in the frequency domain suggests that the low frequency eddies are more wavelike (linear) in nature than are the high frequency. The entire band appears to derive energy baroclinically fro...
A Bayesian Analysis of a Class of Multistage Decision Problems

This article uses a Bayesian rational approach to analyze a generic set of decision problems. A committee must decide which proposal to submit to a set of decision bodies, which decide separately whether to accept or reject the proposal. The article offers sufficient conditions for the proposing body to reach rational group decisions. The model is applied to decision making in response to an international crisis.
An assessment of the poincare scheme for non-linear oscillators and an improvement of its range of validity☆

Abstract The range of validity of the Poincare method is studied by comparison with the exact solution for the anharmonic and Morse oscillators. The exact solutions for these cases are expressible respectively in terms of elliptic and inverse trigonometric functions. The oscillation frequency is taken as the basis for the comparison. It is seen that the Poincare perturbation gives fairly accurate results up to amplitudes that are 20–30 per cent of the maximum value allowed for periodic solutions depending on the form of the potential energy. A new method is presented as a slight variation over the standard Poincare method. This method differs from the former only by a rearrangement of the differential equation through a collocation approximation for the potential. In spite of its simplicity, the method proves to be a better approximation than the standard Poincare method and gives remarkably accurate results for amplitudes up to 60–70 per cent of the maximum value allowed for periodic solutions.
Future Technology for Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB)

Over the past 5 years, many coronary artery surgeons have embraced technology and advanced the field of beating heart surgery to the point where off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is becoming a mature procedure. Enabling technologies are now available for all stages of the procedure, including cardiac positioning, coronary artery stabilization, coronary artery visualization, and performance of the proximal and distal anastomoses. Despite these successes, only a minority of cardiac surgeons performs this procedure routinely. Proponents of OPCAB and the medical device industry will need to continue to develop new technologies to make OPCAB less technically challenging and more widely accepted. Progress towards routine single-vessel off-pump totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass has been slow. Translating the benefits of multivessel OPCAB to an endoscopic setting remains a formidable challenge that will require further technologic breakthroughs. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Knowing where you stand: Neoliberal and other foundations for social work

The neoliberal philosophy that presently dominates social work in America is often accepted by social workers without question; and when it does come into focus, it is commonly treated as the only perspective that could make sense or be ethical. But in fact every philosophy, including neoliberalism, sometimes calls for tough judgments and requires unpleasant commitments. Many social workers may find that an eclectic and dispassionate but informed approach works best in practice. This article provides thumbnail sketches and cross-comparisons among some of the most commonly mentioned political philosophies, so as to help social workers interpret dialogues, understand clients’ views, and identify potentially divergent threads in their own political orientations.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Control of Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)

ABSTRACT Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an invasive species that forms dense, monotypic stands in wetlands, moist meadows, and riparian areas. We implemented a reed canarygrass removal study at five sites in eastern South Dakota using imazapyr, imazapic, and glyphosate individually and in combination. Eight treatments (five in fall, two in spring, and a control) were applied at each location in fall 2005—spring 2006. Herbicides were applied over clipped vegetation that had residual vegetation removed. Reed canarygrass cover was 93% in untreated plots, and ranged from 21%–66% in herbicide treated plots at the conclusion of the study. Herbicide treatments containing imazapyr provided control for two growing seasons.
Soft tissue and cellular preservation in vertebrate skeletal elements from the Cretaceous to the present.

Soft tissues and cell-like microstructures derived from skeletal elements of a well-preserved Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 1125) were represented by four components in fragments of demineralized cortical and/or medullary bone: flexible and fibrous bone matrix; transparent, hollow and pliable blood vessels; intravascular material, including in some cases, structures morphologically reminiscent of vertebrate red blood cells; and osteocytes with intracellular contents and flexible filipodia. The present study attempts to trace the occurrence of these four components in bone from specimens spanning multiple geological time periods and varied depositional environments. At least three of the four components persist in some skeletal elements of specimens dating to the Campanian. Fibrous bone matrix is more altered over time in morphology and less likely to persist than vessels and/or osteocytes. Vessels vary greatly in preservation, even within the same specimen, with some regions retaining pliability and other regions almost crystalline. Osteocytes also vary, with some retaining long filipodia and transparency, while others present with short and stubby filipodia and deeply pigmented nuclei, or are pigmented throughout with no nucleus visible. Alternative hypotheses are considered to explain the origin/source of observed materials. Finally, a twopart mechanism, involving first cross-linking of molecular components and subsequent mineralization, is proposed to explain the surprising presence of still-soft elements in fossil bone. These results suggest that present models of fossilization processes may be incomplete and that soft tissue elements may be more commonly preserved, even in older specimens, than previously thought. Additionally, in many cases, osteocytes with defined nuclei are preserved, and may represent an important source for informative molecular data.
The central role of protein S12 in organizing the structure of the decoding site of the ribosome.

The ribosome decodes mRNA by monitoring the geometry of codon–anticodon base-pairing using a set of universally conserved 16S rRNA nucleotides within the conformationally dynamic decoding site. By applying single-molecule FRET and X-ray crystallography, we have determined that conditional-lethal, streptomycin-dependence mutations in ribosomal protein S12 interfere with tRNA selection by allowing conformational distortions of the decoding site that impair GTPase activation of EF-Tu during the tRNA selection process. Distortions in the decoding site are reversed by streptomycin or by a second-site suppressor mutation in 16S rRNA. These observations encourage a refinement of the current model for decoding, wherein ribosomal protein S12 and the decoding site collaborate to optimize codon recognition and substrate discrimination during the early stages of the tRNA selection process.
Technological devices for deaf-blind children: needs and potential impact

The authors provide a glimpse into the world of congenitally deaf-blind children and how the application of technology might enable them to lead more productive lives. They describe this population and then summarize the present status of efforts to educate and communicate with them. A review of technological devices presently usable and potentially usable to complement these efforts is given. The authors conclude with a list of technological tools that are needed for communication with deaf-blind persons. >
The Modified Triangular Graph: A Refined Method for Comparing Mortality Profiles in Archaeological Samples

Plotting the percentages of juvenile, prime, and old individuals on a triangular graph has become a popular method for analysing mortality profiles or age structures found in archaeological faunal samples. This method allows easy comparisons of multiple samples or multiple species and appears to work even with small sample sizes. However, the utility of triangular graphs is compromised for two reasons: (1) samples cannot be statistically compared and (2) the points on the graph are based on percentages, and, therefore, they do not provide information about sample size. The modified triangular graph described here offers a method for approximating 95% confidence intervals around the data points by using bootstrapping. Samples with non-overlapping contours are likely to have had different pre- or post-depositional histories. The 95% density contours reflect sample size since they shrink as samples get larger. Thus, the modified triangular graph allows more confident comparisons of three age class data.
Tensile properties and partial alignment of polyacetylene, (CH)x, films

The tensile properties of both cis- and trans-polyacetylene, (CH)x, were investigated in order to determine the variables that influence that ultimate extension ratio (l/l0) of polyacetylene films. It was found that when cis-films of polyacetylene were extended in an inert (argon) atmosphere, ultimate extension ratios as high as 3.3 were obtained and with subsequent isomerization at 160–200°C under stress, a final l/l0, of about 4 was obtained. The extension ratio is extremely sensitive to exposure to oxygen and decreases markedly after periods as short as 1 min. It appears as though crosslinking may occur in the polymer when it is exposed to air and this produces brittleness in the specimen. When (CH)x was isomerized from cis to trans, it became brittle, even in the absence of air.
An experimental study of a high performance motion control system

High speed precision motion is required in applications rangjng from high performance machining to electronic packaging. To achieve tight performance requirement, careful design of the feedback and feedforward controllers is necessary. This paper presents the feedforward controller design for a high speed positioning system after a feedback controller has already been implemented. We adopt the control architecture that consists ofa nominal feedforward based on the approximate inverse of the identified linear model supplemented by an additive corrective control obtained based on iterative learning. Simulation and experimental results are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Terrain classification and identification of tree stems using ground-based LiDAR

To operate autonomously in forested terrain, unmanned ground vehicles must be able to identify the load-bearing surface of the terrain (i.e., the ground) and obstacles in the environment. To travel long distances, they must be able to track their position even when the forest canopy obstructs GPS signals, e.g., by tracking progress relative to tree stems. This paper presents a novel, robust approach for modeling the ground plane and tree stems in forests from a single viewpoint using a lightweight LiDAR scanner. Ground plane identification is implemented using a two-stage approach. The first stage, a local height-based filter, discards most nonground points. The second stage, based on a support vector machine classifier, identifies which of the remaining points belong to the ground. Main tree stems are modeled as cylinders or cones to estimate the diameter 130 cm above the ground plane. To fit these models, candidate main stem data are selected by finding points approximately 130 cm above the ground. These points are clustered into separate point clouds for each stem. Cylinders and cones are fit to each point cloud, and heuristic filters identify which fits correspond to tree stems. Experimental results from five forested environments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. For ground plane estimation, the overall classification accuracy was 86.28% with a mean error for the ground height of approximately 4.7 cm. For stem estimation, up to 50% of the main stems were accurately modeled using cones, with a root mean square diameter error of 13.2 cm.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcome after later combined brachial plexus and shoulder surgery after birth trauma

Of 22 infants aged between 11 and 29 months who underwent a combined reconstruction of the upper brachial plexus and shoulder for the sequelae of a birth injury, 19 were followed up for two or more years. The results were evaluated using a modified Gilbert scale. Three patients required a secondary procedure before follow-up. Three patients had a persistent minor internal rotation contracture. All improved by at least two grades on a modified Gilbert scale.
Optimal inner cladding shapes for double-clad fiber lasers

Summary form only given. Double-clad fiber lasers typically consist of a doped single-mode core carrying and amplifying a laser signal in the 10-W cw range, a large (100-400 /spl mu/m) inner cladding carrying the pump radiation and confining the signal, and an outer cladding confining the pump radiation. Due to the small area ratio the coupling of the pump radiation from the inner cladding to the core is relatively weak. Achieving high laser efficiency depends on optimizing this coupling, which in turn depends on the cross-sectional shape of the inner cladding. We have determined the optimizing condition for this cladding shape.
Experiments in Navigation and Mapping with a Hovering AUV

This paper describes the basic control, navigation, and mapping methods and experiments a hovering autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) designed to explore flooded cenotes in Mexico as part of the DEPTHX project. We describe the low level control system of the vehicle, and present a dead reckoning navigation filter that compensates for frequent Doppler velocity log (DVL) dropouts. Sonar data collected during autonomous excursions in a limestone quarry are used to generate a map of the quarry geometry.
A Model of Perceived Communication in Collective Networks.

Often, past research on communication networks has assumed that perceptions of communication are isomorphic with observable communicative behaviors. If this assumption is invalid, as recent evidence suggests, then a description of the structure of participants’ perceptions is vital to attempts to link perceptions to observable communication. This study tests a descriptive model of perceptions of communication relationships between members of collectives. These perceptions are hypothesized to be the result of formal structure, collective interests, and individual interests. Linear models based on these ideas were tested in high and low uncertainty collectives, in which they accounted for 38% and 45% of the variance in perceived frequency of communication, respectively. Lack of predicted differences between the two organizations suggests that the structure of perceived communication relationships may be similar across organizations, whereas structure in observable communication may be the result of the way those relationships are activated.
Domestic Financial Policies Under Fixed and Under Floating Exchange Rates

T HE BEARING of exchange rate systems on the relative effectiveness of monetary policy on the one hand, and of budgetary policy on the other, as techniques for influencing the level of monetary demand for domestic output, is not always kept in mind when such systems are compared. In this paper it is shown that the expansionary effect of a given increase in money supply will always be greater if the country has a floating exchange rate than if it has a fixed rate. By contrast, it is uncertain whether the expansionary effect on the demand for domestic output of a given increase in budgetary expenditure or a given reduction in tax rates will be larger or smaller with a floating than with a fixed rate. In all but extreme cases, the stimulus to monetary demand arising from an increase in money supply will be greater, relative to that arising from an expansionary change in budgetary policy, with a floating than with a fixed rate of exchange.
Rethinking ‘Bodenständigkeit’ in the Technological Age

Abstract Although the concept of “groundedness/autochthony” (Bodenstandigkeit) in Heidegger’s writings receives far less scholarly attention than, for example, that of “releasement” (Gelassenheit), a careful examination of the famous “Gelassenheit” speech of 1955 demonstrates that, in fact, Bodenstandigkeit is the core concept around which everything else turns. Moreover, in the “Gelassenheit” speech and the writings on Hebel that follow, Heidegger understands Bodenstandigkeit to be, fundamentally, something made possible by language in its particularities of tradition and locale. Thus, there is an intriguing continuity of meaning between that concept and the concept as it was used phenomenologically in his writings from the summer 1924 course up to Sein und Zeit.
Tear dynamics model.

Purpose: Quantitative understanding of tear dynamics may help in developing better ophthalmic drug delivery vehicles and dry eye treatments. This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive model that can predict the effect of physiological parameters on various issues related to tear dynamics. Methods: The model is based on mass balances of water and solutes such as glucose, sodium, potassium, and chloride. The mass balances require models for the drainage of fluid through the canaliculi and the transport of tears and solutes through the conjunctiva. The model parameters are obtained by simulating Ussing-chamber experiments. The differential equations for the unsteady balances are solved numerically. Results: The model predicts that under normal conditions, the tear volume, tear osmolarity and potential are 7.1 μl, 297.6 mM, and −15.1 mV, respectively. The model also predicts that the conjunctiva is secretory and contributes about 25% of the total tear production. We also predict the effect of evaporation ...
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Postpartum Onset Obsessive Compulsive Disorder With Aggressive Obsessions

This case study describes the application of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with postpartum onset. Sara, a 29-year-old woman, presented with aggressive obsessions of strangling and drowning her 5-month-old son. When she presented at the clinic, Sara had recently begun pharmacological treatment and was highly motivated to supplement this treatment with CBT. She showed marked improvement over the course of 8 CBT sessions using exposure and ritual prevention.This case study highlights cognitive and behavioral risk factors for OCD with postpartum onset, key considerations in differential diagnosis, and the utility of CBT for OCD with this population.
Teaching intelligent design or sparking interest in science? What players do with Will Wright’s Spore

The 2008 commercial video game Spore allowed more than a million players to design their own life forms. Starting from single-celled organisms players played through a caricature of natural history. Press coverage of the game’s release offer two frames for thinking about the implications of the game. Some scientists and educators saw the game as a troubling teacher of intelligent design, while others suggested it might excite public interest in science. This paper explores the extent to which these two ways of thinking about the game are consistent with what players have done with the game in its online community. This analysis suggests that, at least for the players participating in this community, the game has not seduced them into believing in intelligent design. Instead the activities of these players suggest that the game has played a catalytic role in engaging the public with science. These findings indicate that designers of educational games may wish to consider more deeply tensions between prioritizing accuracy of content in educational games over player engagement.
SLP76 N-terminal tyrosine residues regulate a dynamic signaling equilibrium involving feedback of proximal TCR signaling (TECH1P.848)

SLP76 is a cytosolic adaptor protein that plays an important role in TCR mediated T-cell signaling pathway. SLP76 consists of three functional domains: an amino-terminal acidic domain with three tyrosine phosphorylation sites, a central proline-rich domain, and a carboxy-terminal SH2 domain. The direct influence of each domain of SLP76 in T-cell signaling pathway is not well understood. In our work, phosphoproteomic methods in mass spectrometry were used to do a phosphoproteomic analysis of cells containing a mutant form of SLP76 where three tyrosine residues are replaced with phenylalanines. Thousands of unique phosphorylation sites upon a time course of T-cell receptor stimulation in these cells are identified. Mutation of the three N-terminal tyrosine residues of SLP76 phenocopied SLP76 deficient cells for the majority of tyrosine phosphorylation sites observed including feedback on proximal TCR signaling proteins. Meanwhile, reversed phosphorylation changes were observed on Tyr192 of Lck when comparing Y3F mutant cells to SLP76 deficient cells. In addition, the N-terminal tyrosine sites of SLP76 also perturbed phosphorylation of Tyr440 of Fyn, Tyr702 of PLCγ1, Tyr204, Tyr397 and Tyr69 of ZAP-70, revealing new modes of regulation on these sites. All these findings confirmed the central role of N-terminal tyrosine residues of SLP76 in T cell signaling and shed light on novel signaling networks that are uniquely regulated by SLP76 N terminal tyrosine residues.
A wireless video camera for viewing tree cavities

Investigators have used a variety of methods to inspect nest cavities, including wireless battery-powered video cameras mounted on telescoping poles. Using such a monitoring system to inspect cavities located well above ground can be difficult because the weight of the camera can cause flexing of the telescoping pole, making it difficult to insert the camera into cavity entrances. We constructed a system made from commercially available products that transmits wireless video images from nest cavities, and is both lightweight (198 g) and relatively inexpensive (about $520 US). During a study of Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus), we inspected more than 100 cavities using our monitoring system and found that images were clear enough to allow us to count eggs and nestlings, and determine the sex of adults and nestlings. Because of its light weight, our wireless camera system allows quick inspection of cavities (typically less than 2 min). Although we used our cavity-monitoring system to inspect cavities used by Pileated Woodpecker, we believe that the diameter of the camera could be reduced from 5.6 cm to 4.7 cm to allow inspection of cavities with smaller entrances. RESUMEN Investigadores han usado una variedad de metodos para inspeccionar nidos en cavidades, que incluyen camaras de video inalambricas alimentadas por baterias montadas en palos telescopicos. Usando este tipo de sistemas de monitoreo para inspeccionar cavidades localizadas muy arriba del suelo puede ser dificil, porque el peso de la camara puede causar un doblamiento del palo telescopico, lo cual dificulta introducir la camara en la entrada de las cavidades. Nosotros construimos un sistema hecho con productos comercialmente disponibles que transmiten imagenes de video inalambricas desde las cavidades de nidos, y es simultaneamente liviana (198 g) y relativamente poco costosa (alrededor de $520 US). Durante un estudio de Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus), nosotros inspeccionamos mas de 100 cavidades usando nuestro sistema de monitoreo y encontramos que las imagenes fueron lo suficientemente claras que nos permitieron contar los huevos y polluelos, y determinar el sexo de los adultos y polluelos. Debido a su bajo peso, nuestro sistema de camara inalambrica permiten una rapida inspeccion de las cavidades (tipicamente menos de 2 min). Aunque usamos nuestro sistema de monitoreo de cavidades para inspeccionar cavidades usadas por Pileated Woodpecker, nosotros creemos que el diametro de la camara puede ser reducido de 5.6 cm a 4.7 cm para permitir la inspeccion de cavidades con entradas mas pequenas.
Hallux Valgus and the First Metatarsal Arch Segment: A Theoretical Biomechanical Perspective

Hallux valgus is a progressive foot deformity characterized by a lateral deviation of the hallux with corresponding medial deviation of the first metatarsal. Late-stage changes may render the hallux painful and without functional utility, leading to impaired gait. Various environmental, genetic, and anatomical predispositions have been suggested, but the exact cause of hallux valgus is unknown. Evidence indicates that conservative intervention for hallux valgus provides relief from symptoms but does not reverse deformity. Part 1 of this perspective article reviews the literature describing the anatomy, pathomechanics, and etiology of hallux valgus. Part 2 expands on the biomechanical initiators of hallux valgus attributed to the first metatarsal. Theory is advanced that collapse of the arch with vertical orientation (tilt) of the first metatarsal axis initiates deformity. To counteract the progression of hallux valgus, we use theory to discuss a possible mechanism by which foot orthoses can bolster the arch and reorient the first metatarsal axis horizontally.
O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Modification of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Occurs in Close Proximity to Multiple SH2 Domain Binding Motifs

Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is a highly phosphorylated adaptor protein critical to insulin and IGF-1 receptor signaling. Ser/Thr kinases impact the metabolic and mitogenic effects elicited by insulin and IGF-1 through feedback and feed forward regulation at the level of IRS-1. Ser/Thr residues of IRS-1 are also O-GlcNAc-modified, which may influence the phosphorylation status of the protein. To facilitate the understanding of the functional effects of O-GlcNAc modification on IRS-1-mediated signaling, we identified the sites of O-GlcNAc modification of rat and human IRS-1. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of IRS-1, exogenously expressed in HEK293 cells, revealed that the C terminus, which is rich in docking sites for SH2 domain-containing proteins, was O-GlcNAc-modified at multiple residues. Rat IRS-1 was O-GlcNAc-modified at Ser914, Ser1009, Ser1036, and Ser1041. Human IRS-1 was O-GlcNAc-modified at Ser984 or Ser985, at Ser1011, and possibly at multiple sites within residues 1025–1045. O-GlcNAc modification at a conserved residue in rat (Ser1009) and human (Ser1011) IRS-1 is adjacent to a putative binding motif for the N-terminal SH2 domains of p85α and p85β regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11). Immunoblot analysis using an antibody generated against human IRS-1 Ser1011 GlcNAc further confirmed the site of attachment and the identity of the +203.2-Da mass shift as β-N-acetylglucosamine. The accumulation of IRS-1 Ser1011 GlcNAc in HEPG2 liver cells and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts upon inhibition of O-GlcNAcase indicates that O-GlcNAcylation of endogenously expressed IRS-1 is a dynamic process that occurs at normal glucose concentrations (5 mm). O-GlcNAc modification did not occur at any known or newly identified Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites and in most cases occurred simultaneously with phosphorylation of nearby residues. These findings suggest that O-GlcNAc modification represents an additional layer of posttranslational regulation that may impact the specificity of effects elicited by insulin and IGF-1.
XMRV: usage of receptors and potential co-receptors

Background XMRV is a gammaretrovirus first identified in prostate tissues of Prostate Cancer (PC) patients and later in the blood cells of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Although XMRV is thought to use XPR1 for cell entry, it infects A549 cells that do not express XPR1, suggesting usage of other receptors or co-receptors.
A Critique of the Literature on Parenting Gifted Learners.

Despite numerous calls for research on parents of gifted learners, researchers have given only cursory treatment to the topic. In this article, the authors review and synthesize 53 sources, publish...
Online Magnetic Resonance Image Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy: First Clinical Applications

Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of online adaptive magnetic resonance (MR) image guided radiation therapy (MR-IGRT) through reporting of our initial clinical experience and workflow considerations. Methods and Materials The first clinically deployed online adaptive MR-IGRT system consisted of a split 0.35T MR scanner straddling a ring gantry with 3 multileaf collimator-equipped 60 Co heads. The unit is supported by a Monte Carlo–based treatment planning system that allows real-time adaptive planning with the patient on the table. All patients undergo computed tomography and MR imaging (MRI) simulation for initial treatment planning. A volumetric MRI scan is acquired for each patient at the daily treatment setup. Deformable registration is performed using the planning computed tomography data set, which allows for the transfer of the initial contours and the electron density map to the daily MRI scan. The deformed electron density map is then used to recalculate the original plan on the daily MRI scan for physician evaluation. Recontouring and plan reoptimization are performed when required, and patient-specific quality assurance (QA) is performed using an independent in-house software system. Results The first online adaptive MR-IGRT treatments consisted of 5 patients with abdominopelvic malignancies. The clinical setting included neoadjuvant colorectal (n=3), unresectable gastric (n=1), and unresectable pheochromocytoma (n=1). Recontouring and reoptimization were deemed necessary for 3 of 5 patients, and the initial plan was deemed sufficient for 2 of the 5 patients. The reasons for plan adaptation included tumor progression or regression and a change in small bowel anatomy. In a subsequently expanded cohort of 170 fractions (20 patients), 52 fractions (30.6%) were reoptimized online, and 92 fractions (54.1%) were treated with an online-adapted or previously adapted plan. The median time for recontouring, reoptimization, and QA was 26 minutes. Conclusion Online adaptive MR-IGRT has been successfully implemented with planning and QA workflow suitable for routine clinical application. Clinical trials are in development to formally evaluate adaptive treatments for a variety of disease sites.
The WAVEcam: Ultra-high resolution imaging of paintings

The WAVEcam has been designed to automate and accelerate the workflow for technical photography and spectroscopy in the digital documentation of relatively planar cultural heritage artifacts. The imaging platform allows for customized usage scenarios through the ability to design and fabricate mounting brackets based on need. In this case-study based demonstration of the WAVEcam, we show enhancements of the typical workflow, including speed, resolution, and user involvement through the implementation of technical photography (acquiring multispectral mosaic images), and x-ray fluorescence point-based spectroscopy for heritage documentation and diagnostics. The WAVEcam is a robust ultra-high resolution imaging platform uniquely adapted to acquiring images for wide-angle visualization environments.
In budding yeast, contraction of the actomyosin ring and formation of the primary septum at cytokinesis depend on each other

Saccharomyces cerevisiae chs2 mutants are unable to synthesize primary septum chitin, and myo1 mutants cannot construct a functional contractile ring. The morphology of the two mutants, as observed by electron microscopy, is very similar. In both cases, neither an invagination of the plasma membrane, which normally results from contraction of the actomyosin ring, nor generation of a chitin disc, the primary septum, is observed. Rather, both mutants are able to complete cytokinesis by an abnormal process in which lateral walls thicken gradually and finally meet over an extended region, giving rise to a thick septum lacking the normal trilaminar structure and often enclosing lacunae. Defects in chs2 or myo1 strains were not aggravated in a double mutant, an indication that the corresponding proteins participate in a common process. In contrast, in a chs3 background the chs2 mutation is lethal and the myo1 defect is greatly worsened, suggesting that the synthesis of chitin catalyzed by chitin synthase III is necessary for the functionality of the remedial septa. Both chs2 and myo1 mutants show abnormalities in budding pattern and a decrease in the level of certain proteins associated with budding, such as Bud3p, Bud4p and Spa2p. The possible reasons for these phenotypes and for the interdependence between actomyosin ring contraction and primary septum formation are discussed.