cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatin remodelling and the interaction between enhancers and promoters in the β-globin locus

The beta-globin genes are among the most studied families of tissue-specific and developmentally regulated genes. Even before genome-wide sequencing was a reality, the sequences of extensive regions of the human, rabbit and mouse beta-globin loci were available through the individual efforts of several research groups. Many of the genomic approaches now being pursued in order to understand the control of gene expression were applied early to this gene family with success. Higher levels of regulation attributable to networks of transcription factor interaction, chromatin remodelling and enhancer-promoter communication remain as challenges in the post-genomic era.
Gone But Not Forgotten: Virginity Loss and Current Sexual Satisfaction

Although loss of virginity remains a salient experience throughout a person's lifetime, little is known about whether this experience has implications for later sexual functioning (e.g., sexual satisfaction). Previous research tends to ask participants about their first time and their current sexual functioning concurrently, which may lead to spillover effects. The authors investigated the relation between first-time sexual intercourse and current sexual satisfaction using an event-sampling methodology. Participants were 331 undergraduate students who answered questions about their first-time sexual encounter and their current sexual functioning (e.g., sexual satisfaction, sexual depression). Participants then described and rated each of their sexual interactions for 2 weeks. Results show that participants who had more positive first-time sexual experiences (e.g., intimacy, respect) report greater feelings of sexual satisfaction and esteem and less sexual depression. A series of multilevel random coeffici...
Correlates of Self-Efficacy for Condom Use Among Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in Tijuana, Mexico

Male clients of female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana, Mexico engage in high levels of unprotected sex. While behavioral change theories posit that self-efficacy predicts condom use, correlates of self-efficacy for condom use remain largely unstudied. We examined these correlates among male clients of FSWs in Tijuana. Eligible male clients were at least 18 years of age, HIV-negative, lived in Tijuana or San Diego, reported unprotected sex with a Tijuana FSW at least once in the past 4 months, and agreed to be treated for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire including demographics, substance use, psychosocial and psychosexual characteristics (e.g., outcome expectancies for negotiation of safer sex, social support, and sexual sensation seeking), and sexual behaviors. Participants also underwent HIV/STI testing. A stepwise hierarchical multiple regression analysis identified correlates of self-efficacy for condom use. Of 393 male clients, median age was 37 years. Participants were mostly Spanish-speaking and employed. Factors independently associated with higher self-efficacy for condom use were higher positive outcome expectancies for negotiation of safer sex, lower sexual sensation seeking scores, and higher social support scores. Both psychosocial and psychosexual factors may influence self-efficacy for condom use among male clients of FSWs. These factors represent central constructs in sociocognitive models that explain behavioral change and could be intervention targets for improving self-efficacy for condom use and, ultimately, safer sex behavior.
Two-Determinant Spin-Polarized Calculation of the Hyperfine Structure of B 11

A two-determinant spin-polarized function derivable from the spin configurations ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{i}{(\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta})}_{i}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{j}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{j}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{i}{(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\alpha})}_{i}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{j}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{j}$ is presented and applied to the boron atom using modified Slater orbitals which are solved non-self-consistently. For purposes of comparison, single-determinant polarized and nonpolarized functions with the same orbital base are also determined. For all three functions the hyperfine constant is calculated, and it is found that the constant ${a}_{s}$ [equal to 0.11 atomic units (a.u.) experimentally] changes from -49.96 to -40.33 a.u. from the one- to the two-determinant spin-polarized functions with the corresponding energy improvement from -24.503 to -24.527 a.u. (as compared to the experimental energy of -24.66 a.u. and the best spin-polarized Hartree-Fock value of -24.529 a.u.). In addition it is pointed out that cancellation difficulties in determining charge density at the nucleus from $\mathrm{ns}$ pairs is greatly alleviated, and that in order to use a proper eigenfunction of ${\mathrm{S}}^{2}$ we are required to include many more determinants than we are presently prepared to deal with.
New folding operators for image compression

We discuss bases formed by smooth local trigonometric functions and their applications to image compression. It is known that these bases can reduce the blocking effect that occurs in JPEG. We present and compare two generalizations of the original construction of Coifman and Meyer: biorthogonal and equal parity folding. They have the advantage that constant and linear components can be represented efficiently. We show how they reduce the blocking effect and improve the mean square error.
Energy loss of a low-energy ion beam in passage through an equilibrium cesium plasma

The energy loss of a beam of cesium or lithium ions traversing a near-thermal equilibrium cesium plasma has been measured as a function of plasma density at ion-beam energies of 35-150 eV. The plasma electron-ion temperature ranged from 2100 to 2500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the charged-particle density ranged from (0.1 to 8.0) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The measured energy loss is found to agree well with theoretical predictions.
The Intracellular Site of Calcium Activation of Contraction in Frog Skeletal Muscle

Radioautography has been used to localize 45Ca in isotopically labeled frog skeletal muscle fibers which had been quickly frozen during a maintained tetanus, a declining tetanus, or during the period immediately following a tetanus or a contracture. During a tetanus almost all of the myofibrillar 45Ca is localized in the region of the sarcomere occupied by the thin filaments. The amount varies with the tension being developed by the muscle. The movement of calcium within the reticulum from the tubular portion to the terminal cisternae during the posttetanic period has a half-time of about 9 sec at room temperature and a Q10 of about 1.7. Repolarization is not necessary for this movement. Evidence is given to support the notion that most calcium efflux from the cell occurs from the terminal cisternae into the transverse tubules.
Theoretical considerations to optimize transabdominal monitoring of fetal arterial blood oxygenation using pulse oximetry

Pulse oximetry (oxygen saturation monitoring) has markedly improved medical care in many fields, including anesthesiology, intensive care, and newborn intensive care. In obstetrics, fetal heart rate monitoring remains the standard for intrapartum assessment of fetal well being. Fetal oxygen saturation monitoring is a new technique currently under development. It is potentially superior to electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (cardiotocography) because it allows direct assessment of both fetal oxygen status and fetal tissue perfusion. Here we present the analysis for determining the most optimal wavelength selection for pulse oximetry. The wavelengths we chose as the most optimal are: the first in the range of 670-720nm and the second in the range of 825-925nm. Further we discuss the possible systematic errors during our measurements, and their contribution to the obtained saturation results.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Method for radio-capillary gas chromatography employing a modified oxidation-reduction train and flow-through detector.

A conventional radioactivity monitor was modified by reducing the volume of the oxidation-reduction train and gas proportional counting tube to permit coupled radio-capillary gas chromatographic analysis of labeled isomeric metabolites. The utility of this radioactivity monitoring technique was demonstrated by separating3H-labeled sesquiterpene olefins. The advantages and limitations of mass (thermal conductivity) and radioactivity detection by this method are discussed.
A note on conditional expressions

Evaluation of a conditional expression may succeed even when the “deciding predicate” diverges and the alternatives are records (or nodes) whose fields have different content.
Comparative effects of phenobarbital, DDT, and lindane on mouse hepatocyte gap junctional intercellular communication.

Abstract Gap junctional intercellular communication appears to be important in the regulation of cellular homeostasis, differentiated cell functions, and growth control in adult tissues. Interruption of intercellular communication by chemical compounds has been shown to be a sublethal response to a number of tumor promoters. The mechanism by which tumor promoters inhibit intercellular communication remains unresolved. In the present study the kinetics of inhibition of mouse hepatocyte gap junctional intercellular communication (measured by dye coupling) by three well-established hepatic tumor promoters [phenobarbital, 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane)] are compared. All three compounds inhibited intercellular communication in a time- and dose-dependent manner in both freshly plated and 24-hr-old hepatocyte cultures. Following removal of the tumor promoters from the culture medium, intercellular communication was reestablished within 0.5 hr (phenobarbital) to 1.5 hr (DDT and lindane). Prolonged treatment of hepatocytes for up to 48 hr with the three promoters resulted in the continued inhibition of intercellular communication by lindane and DDT, but the development of refractoriness to phenobarbital-induced inhibition of intercellular communication. Concomitant treatment with combinations of the three promoters showed an additive effect of the compounds on inhibition of intercellular communication. Inhibition of intercellular communication by phenobarbital was prevented by addition of the cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitor SKF-525A. SKF-525A had no effect on the inhibition of intercellular communication induced by lindane or DDT. Coincubation of the three promoters with the cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP prevented the promoter-induced inhibition of intercellular communication.
Laser induced dynamic spectral weight transfer in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3

Abstract We report on optical pump-probe measurements at 1.5 eV and 3 eV on the colossal magnetoresistance material La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 . The material response is determined in the femtosecond to the nanosecond temporal regimes. By analyzing the absorption and refractive dynamics within the Kramers–Kronig transformations we demonstrate dynamic spectral weight transfer from the intraband Drude component to the interband transitions. This spectral transfer and its strongly temperature dependent dynamics are discussed in the framework of photoinduced demagnetization due to the exchange of energy and thermal equilibration among the electronic, lattice and spin systems. This effect is observed in other manganites with different transition temperatures. The measured dynamics are found to be insensitive to the excitation photon energy.
Introduction: HEC Forum Special Issue on Privacy and Commodification

The papers in this special thematic issue of HEC Forum critically and carefully explore key issues at the intersection of patient privacy and commodification. For example, should hospitals be required to secure a person’s consent to any possible uses to which his discarded body parts might be put after his treatment or should it only be concerned with securing his informed consent to his treatment? Should a hospital be required to raise the possibility of the commodification of such (patient-discarded) body parts, or should it only be required to address this issue if the patient asks about it? Should persons be paid to engage in medical research, or should they only be compensated for their time, on the grounds, perhaps, that such payment would be coercive or exploitative, for it might move some persons to agree to participate in research who otherwise would not have done? This number of HEC Forum illustrates the widespread implications of these issues upon which healthcare ethics committees are called to deliberate.
Modeling and simulation for phase coarsening: a comparison with experiment.

The phase coarsening of precipitates is modeled in the framework of Debye-Huckel theory. The interactions observed among a population of precipitates dispersed throughout a matrix can be described by diffusion screening. The relationship between the maximum particle radius and the volume fraction of the phases is established, and the rate of coarsening is related to the volume fraction and the self-similar particle size distribution. We simulated the dynamics of late-stage phase separation using multiparticle diffusion methods. Experimental measurements on the rates of coarsening of delta(') ( Al3 Li) precipitates in binary Al-Li alloys are compared with our results using modeling and simulation. The theoretically predicted particle size distributions and the maximum radius expected for particles in the microstructure agree well with recent experimental results.
Structural features and assessment of prebiotic activity of refined arabinoxylooligosaccharides from wheat bran

Abstract Wheat bran (WB) samples were subjected to two stage processing (aqueous extraction and hydrothermal treatment) to assess their potential as a raw material for the manufacture of xylan-derived prebiotics. The liquid phase from the second stage, containing hemicellulose-derived soluble arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS), was refined by consecutive steps of membrane filtration and ion exchange. The purified AXOS were characterised by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and chromatographic techniques. The most complex saccharide identified was made up of 19 pentoses. Human faecal slurry cultures were used to assess the bifidogenic activity of AXOS and their effects on the production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) and lactic acid. The results were compared with data obtained using fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are accepted as the gold standard of a prebiotic ingredient. The stimulatory effects reached by AXOS upon the bifidobacterial population were of the same order as those obtained with FOS. Higher SCFA production was observed with AXOS in comparison with FOS.
The Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire–4 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale for Assessing Pathological Grandiosity

Although controversy surrounds the definition and measurement of narcissism, the claim that pathological grandiosity is central to the construct generates little disagreement. Yet representations of pathological grandiosity vary across measures of narcissism, leading to conceptual confusion in the literature. The validity of a DSM-based measure of pathological narcissism, the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 Narcissistic Personality Disorder scale (PDQ-4 NPD), was evaluated in 1 clinical and 3 nonclinical samples (total N=2,391) for its ability to measure pathological grandiosity. Findings were generally supportive: average scores were higher in the clinical than nonclinical samples and the PDQ-4 NPD scale correlated most strongly with (a) other measures of NPD; (b) other DSM Cluster B personality disorders; (c) traits involving antagonism, hostility, and assertiveness; and (d) interpersonal distress and disaffiliative dominance. However, the low internal consistency of the PDQ-4 NPD scale and unexpected associations with Cluster A and obsessive-compulsive features point to potential psychometric weaknesses with this instrument. These findings are useful for evaluating the PDQ-4 NPD scale and for informing ongoing debates regarding how to define and assess pathological narcissism.
Genetic Evidence for the Expression of ATP- and GTP-specific Succinyl-CoA Synthetases in Multicellular Eucaryotes

Highly ATP- and GTP-specific isoforms of succinyl-CoA synthetase in pigeon incorporate the same α-subunit, but different β-subunits (Johnson, J. D., Muhonen, W. W., and Lambeth, D. O. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27573–27579). The sequences of the mature subunits were determined by methods based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The 306-residue mature α-subunit in pigeon shows >88% identity to its homologues in pig and rat. The sequences of the mature ATP- and GTP-specific β-subunits (A-β and G-β, respectively) in pigeon are 54% identical. These sequences were used to identify expressed sequence tags for human and mouse that were highly homologous to G-β and A-β, respectively. The sequences for mature A-β and G-β in mouse and human were completed and verified by polymerase chain reaction. The sequence of A-β in pig was also obtained. The mammalian A-β sequences show >89% identity to each other; the G-β sequences are similarly related. However, pairwise comparisons of the A-β and G-β sequences revealed
A geometric hierarchy of languages

This paper proves the existence of a hierarchy of languages which is properly contained in the context sensitive languages and which starts with the context-free family. The hierarchy is defined inductively by controlling labeled linear grammars with languages in one family to yield languages in the next larger family. The families of the hierarchy have properties analogous to those of the context-free family, in particular decidability properties are the same and on one symbol alphabets, member languages are regular. The geometric pumping lemma within the context-free languages generalizes to yield analogous results for the other families. In fact, this latter property is responsible for the existence of the hierarchy.
Unwitnessed stroke: impact of different onset times on eligibility into stroke trials.

Background Patients with unwitnessed stroke represent >25% of all strokes. Clinical trials enrolling patients with unwitnessed stroke onset have conservatively used last known normal (LKN) as the time of stroke onset. We explored the impact of alternative methods of selecting onset time in unwitnessed strokes on eligibility into an acute stroke therapeutic trial using a representative sample of acute stroke subjects. Methods We analyzed data on 641 consecutive patients with suspected stroke presenting to our hospital between January 2007 and July 2008. Time of onset was calculated by 3 methods: (1) LKN, (2) first known abnormal (FKA), and (3) midpoint between LKN and FKA. Subjects with incomplete data or a final diagnosis of nonischemic stroke were excluded. Rates of trial eligibility based on different onset times were compared for several inclusion time windows. Results Onset time was known in 440 subjects (69%). Of the remaining 201 patients with unwitnessed onset, 114 (57%) were "wake-up" strokes. Among unwitnessed stroke subjects, eligibility increased from 18% using LKN to 57% using FKA at 4.5 hours and 42% to 81% at 9 hours ( P P Conclusion Given potential advantages in safety evaluation and the historical inadequate enrollment rates in acute stroke trials, alternative onset time definitions, perhaps in combination with advanced neuroimaging methods (e.g., fluid-attenuated inversion recovery–diffusion-weighted imaging mismatch), should be considered for early-phase trials.
Synthesis and unusual properties of C-(10)-gem-dimethyl bilirubin analogs

Abstract The characteristic thermodynamically-favored intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformation adopted by bilirubin pigments is destabilized by substituting methyl groups on the C(10) central methylene. These methyl groups impose conformation-destabilizing methyl-methylene non-bonded steric interactions with the propionic acid β-CH 2 groups at C(8) and C(12) when the propionic acids are engaged in intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the opposing dipyrrinones. Amphiphilic 10,10-dimethylbilirubins ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are found to be more polar, but also more soluble than the parents ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) in organic solvents; yet, 1 H-NMR studies in non-polar solvents indicate that a deformed but folded, intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformation is retained. The dimethyl esters of 10,10-dimethylbilirubins 1 and 2 did not exhibit the typical strong tendency of bilirubin dimethyl esters to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds in non-polar solvents such as chloroform and benzene.
Stability of chronic multichannel neural recordings: Implications for a long-term neural interface

Abstract Chronic multichannel neural recording has emerged as a powerful technique for studying dynamic brain function. In many experimental paradigms, it is important that the same neurons be recorded from day to day. The objective of this study was to develop methods for tracking the recorded neural population over time through analysis of unit waveforms, principle component clusters and response properties of single units and multiunit clusters. We demonstrate that these techniques can be used to provide a useful measure of unit stability over extended recording periods.
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program Receives Excellence in Geophysical Education Award

The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics program received the Excellence in Geophysical Education Award at the 2008 Joint Assembly Honors Ceremony, which was held on 29 May 2008 in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. The award honors “a sustained commitment to excellence in geophysical education by a team, individual, or group.” George Veronis, cofounder of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics program, accepted the award.
A Five-Year Review, Update, and Assessment of Ethics and Governance in Strategic Management Journal

Although business ethics has a long history as a core theme within the realm of strategic management it has not received considerable attention in top strategy journals until recently. In this paper, we assess the state of business ethics research published over a 5-year period (2006–2010) in Strategic Management Journal to ascertain whether there has been an increase in business ethics research published in the top strategy outlet. The results of our content analysis reveal that ethics research in SMJ is indeed on the rise yet this research stream is still underrepresented with only 5.8 % of all articles published over the five-year period having an ethics theme. Moreover, the link between Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance was identified as the top theme during the review period.
Rates of Late Cenozoic Uplift, Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles, California

Radiocarbon ages for the marine late Pleistocene stratigraphic units of the Baldwin Hills are 36,200 ± 2,750 years and 28,450 ± 2,600 years, respectively, defining the termination of marine deposition in this area of the Los Angeles Basin at less than 28,000 years ago. Faunas of the older sample suggest that water depths were about 100 meters at the time of deposition. Shoaling of waters by deposition resulted in very shallow marine to nonmarine conditions about 28,000 years ago. The average rates of uplift for the past 36,000 years have been between 0.5 and 0.8 meter per 100 years.
Implementation of Supportive School Programs for Immigrant Students in the United States

The growing number of immigrant students in the United States continues to affect school programs. First, the author describes the issues that challenge immigrant students, including varying levels of language and academic performance, funding and school resources, and flexibility and accountability. Then, the author discuss what school leaders can do for these students, such as provide supportive school programs and services. In reviewing the characteristics of successful programs, school leaders can better understand how to work effectively with immigrant students. The author concludes with recommendations on evaluating programs and services for immigrants.
THE COMMUNICATION SCREENING SYSTEM: Further Validation of a potential replacement for hearing, speech, and language screening 577

THE COMMUNICATION SCREENING SYSTEM: Further Validation of a potential replacement for hearing, speech, and language screening 577
Non-sinusoidal Trajectory Optimization of Flapping Airfoil using Unsteady Adjoint Approach

Presented in this paper is the gradient-based optimization of trajectory of motion of a flapping airfoil, in which the trajectory is parameterized using NURBS functions. Besides harmonic motions, such parameterization also allows to account for periodic but nonharmonic trajectories, which are observed in nature and might be beneficial to flapping flight performances. The adopted solver is an unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes code, and the sensitivities required by the optimizer are obtained from the time-averaged unsteady adjoint equations and are formulated for periodic flow. Several optimization studies are performed to investigate the impact of the parameterization on the effectiveness of the optimization. The capability of the proposed non-sinusoidal parameterization is successfully demonstrated for a one degree of freedom (DOF) motion, i.e., pure plunging. For a multiDOF motion, which includes pitching and aft-forward motions, synchronization among participating DOFs is necessary to achieve an optimal trajectory.
Growth and development of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab‐susceptible and Cry1Ab‐resistant sugarcane borer on diet and conventional maize plants

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a dominant maize borer pest and a major target of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize in Louisiana and the Gulf Coast area of Texas (USA). Growth and development of D. saccharalis on non-toxic diet, diet treated with three low concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μg g -1 ) of CrylAb toxin, and on non-Bt maize plants were compared for five insect genotypes: a Bt-susceptible strain (BT-SS), a CrylAb-resistant strain (BT-RR), a back-crossed and re-selected resistant strain (BT-R'R'), and two F 1 progeny of the BT-SS and BT-R'R' strains. Fitness of the five genotypes was examined by infesting neonates on diet with/without CrylAb toxin in the laboratory and on intact non-Bt maize plants in the greenhouse. Biological parameters measured were neonate-to-pupa development time and pupation rate, larval survival, larval and pupal weight, and sex ratio. Larvae of BT-SS and BT-R'R' on non-toxic diet and non-Bt maize plants grew normally and there were no significant differences between the two strains in all measured parameters, suggesting a lack-of-fitness cost of the CrylAb resistance in D. saccharalis. Except for the development time on non-Bt diet, all other parameters on both non-Bt diet and non-Bt maize plants were similar among the five genotypes. Larval development of BT-SS was significantly affected on diet treated with CrylAb toxin at 0.05 and 0.1 μg g -1 , whereas the effect to BT-RR and BT-R'R' was not significant. Pupal weight and sex ratio reared on Cry lAb-diet were similar and there were no significant differences among the five genotypes. Neonate-to-pupation rate decreased as CrylAb concentrations increased but the decrease was more significant for BT-SS than for the other four genotypes. The lack-of-fitness costs of Bt resistance in D. saccharalis imply a greater challenge in managing Bt resistance for this maize borer species.
Growth of corpus luteum in rats during pregnancy and following injections of testosterone.

SummaryThe changes in weight and in concentrations of water, protein, lipids, and ascorbic acid of the corpus luteum of the rat during pregnancy and during periods of injections with testosterone propionate at two dosage levels are reported. Comparison of the results permits the conclusion that the changes in weight and in chemical composition of the corpus luteum in experimentally induced hypertrophy are essentially the same as those occurring in untreated rats during the course of pregnancy.
Serial regional blood flow and visual evoked responses in transient cortical blindness

Normal regional blood flow was documented by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomograms 5 and 20 hours before the full recovery of cortical blindness in two patients, lending itself to the possibility of being a prognostic factor. Rubbing of the posterior cerebral arteries against the tentorial edges during trauma instead of traction was believed to cause blindness in one patient and embolization due to hammering bone grafts home during cervical spinal fusion, in the other. Pattern reversal visual evoked responses (PRVERs) were absent during blindness; upon recovery P 100 with full amplitude and normal latency appeared despite the presence of tunnel vision. These are consistent with the fact that the central 8–10 degrees of visual field represented in the posterior occipital poles being the main sources of P 100 in association with the x-cells in the centre of the retina.
Near Field Imaging at Microwave and Millimeter Wave Frequencies

Near field imaging at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies is useful for a wide variety of applications including concealed weapon detection, through-wall and inner-wall imaging, ground penetrating radar imaging, radar cross section analysis, and non-destructive evaluation of materials. A variety of novel imaging techniques have been developed for many of these applications at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) . These techniques make use of wideband holographic wavefront reconstruction methods, and have been developed to optimize the image quality and resolution. This paper will summarize several of these techniques and show imaging results for several interesting application areas.
Protection of DNA molecules of cultured mammalian cells from radiation-induced single-strand scissions by various alcohols and SH compounds.

SummaryThe addition of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, t-butanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol), SH compounds (cysteamine, cysteine and mercaptoethanol) and cystamine protected DNA molecules of mammalian cells from radiation-induced single-strand scissions. The protection afforded with these scavengers increased as their concentrations were increased, but always only up to a certain maximum. The maximum protection was the same for all the alcohols and cystamine, but another maximum was found for all the SH compounds. The extent of radiation-induced single-strand breaks can therefore be grouped into protectable and non-protectable fractions.In the protectable fraction, there is a linear relationship between the scavenger concentrations for half maximum protection and the reaction rate constants for the OH radical reacting with the scavengers. No such linear relationship was demonstrated with rate constants of H and eaq−. This leads us to the following suggestions: (1) that the protectable fraction is mostly ...
Non-uraemic calciphylaxis with acral necrosis

A 47-year-old man with diabetic nephropathy—who was not on haemodialysis—presented with a 3-month history of non-healing ulcers and painful, progressive necrosis of the distal extremities. The involvement of the individual fi ngers and toes was variable (fi gure). Angiography of the aff ected extremities showed substantial linear arterial calcifi cation. Calcium– phosphate product (calcium con centration × phosphate concentration) was elevated (6·45 mmol2/L2 [reference range <5·6 mmol2/L2]) in serum. Skin biopsy of a nonnecrotic lesion on his medial calf confi rmed calciphylaxis. Although calciphylaxis can develop from heterogeneous pathological abnormalities, it often presents in the setting of uraemia and end-stage renal disease. It can occur as a consequence of disordered calcium metab olism that triggers metastatic arteriolar calcifi cation and thrombotic vaso-occlusion. The negative work-up of the most common risk factors for non-uraemic calciphylaxis, including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, liver disease, and connective tissue disease, makes calciphylaxis in this patient unusual. The patient was treated with sodium thiosulfate with alkali supplementation, which attenuated the acral ischaemia and associated pain. The calcium–phosphate product concentration subsequently returned to the normal range without requiring treatment with chelation agents. However, the lesions on his extremities developed subcutaneous liquefactive necrosis that necessitated treatment with antibiotics followed by progressive amputation. This outcome is consistent with the poor overall prognosis reported in calciphylaxis from all causes.
The prevalence of pain in four cancers

Although pain is widely recognized as a major problem in cancer patients, most studies have concentrated on pain among those with advanced or terminal cancer in specialized treatment settings. The study reported here gives a more complete picture of the problem of pain among cancer patients by providing data generalizable to those in early as well as late stages of the disease, and receiving care in the community as well as specialized treatment centers. Having included measures of several distinct features of pain, this study also provides a more complete understanding of the cancer patient's day-to-day pain problem than earlier investigations. The findings presented here indicate that serious pain may occur in all cancer stages, and often represents an ongoing medical problem. The data suggest that many patients may benefit from earlier and more aggressive use of available antipain treatment methods.
The Changing Epidemiology and Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Injection drug use remains the predominant mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Growing numbers of persons who have been chronically infected with HCV for 20 or more years are coming to medical attention and are at risk for serious complications of chronic infection, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Factors linked with the development of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis include age at infection, duration of infection, heavy alcohol use, coinfections with HIV or hepatitis B virus, and male sex. Emerging risk factors for disease progression include steatosis, insulin resistance (and factors associated with the metabolic syndrome), and host genetics.
The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis

Abstract Background: The Fas ligand/Fas receptor (FasL/Fas) system is an important mediator of apoptosis in the immune system where the juxtaposition of cells expressing the cell-surface ligand induces the apoptotic pathway in Fas-expressing lymphocytes. The FasL/Fas system has also been shown to be involved in apoptosis in epithelial tissues, including the involuting rodent prostate. FasL can be shed through the action of an hitherto unidentified metalloproteinase to yield soluble FasL (sFasL), although the biological activity of sFasL has been disputed. Results: Here we report that the matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin can process recombinant and cell-associated FasL to sFasL, and that matrilysin-generated sFasL was effective at inducing apoptosis in a target epithelial cell population. In the involuting mouse prostate, FasL and matrilysin colocalized to the cell surface in a restricted population of epithelial cells. Mice deficient in matrilysin demonstrated a 67% reduction in the apoptotic index in the involuting prostate compared with wild-type animals, implicating matrilysin in this FasL-mediated process. Conclusions: The results show that a functional form of sFasL was generated by the action of the metalloproteinase matrilysin, and suggest that matrilysin cleavage of FasL is an important mediator of epithelial cell apoptosis.
INFECTIVITY AND IMMUNITY RESULTING FROM THE INJECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY THE INTRACUTANEOUS ROUTE

The infectivity of poliomyelitis virus by the intracutaneous route occurs in certain strains but is not a constant character. The inconsistency of skin infectivity tests indicates that there is some property yet unknown which influences this characteristic. Strains of poliomyelitis virus vary in the degree of immunity produced in experimental monkeys injected with active virus by the intracutaneous route and subsequently tested for resistance by intranasal injections. The variation has no relation to the virulence of the strain. Further investigation on the intranasal route of injection should be carried on so that this method may be used with greater assurance in immunity tests, and also in other procedures of poliomyelitis experimentation.
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia with inv(16)(p13q22) as a sole genetic abnormality

Inversion of chromosome 16, inv(16)(p13q22), juxtaposes the core binding factor beta (CBFB) and myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11) genes, resulting in a myeloid leukemic disease phenotype characterized by increased bone marrow and peripheral blood blasts with myelomonocytic antigen expression and an accompanying eosinophilia. This cytogenetic abnormality has been reported in a variety of other neoplasms, in which it generally occurs as part of a complex karyotype, including rare B-lineage non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We report a case of clinically, morphologically, and immunologically typical lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in which a majority of the malignant cells had an inv(16)(p13q22) as a sole abnormality. We review the literature and discuss the possible role of this genetic lesion in B-cell neoplasia.
Dynamics of axoplasmic transport in the optic system of the rat.

The material carried by axoplasmic transport affords a unique opportunity for the study of proteins vital to synaptic function. In order to obtain reproducibly labelled transported material for investigation, we have examined the properties of fast axoplasmic transport in the optic pathway of the rat. The rate of fast transport in axons of the retinal ganglion cells is 202±8 mm/ day. No difference was seen in the rate of transport when male and female animals were compared. The oestrus cycle of the female had no effect on the observed rate of transport. Proline was the most efficient precursor employed for labelling the transported material. Of the tritiated amino acids examined, L-proline resulted in the lowest amount of blood-borne radioactivity reaching the nerve terminals. The efficiency of the other amino acids examined was L-leucine > D, L-leucine ≫ L-alanine > L-asparagine. The amount of tritiated material transported varied with a diurnal rhythm. This variation was due to changes in incorporation of the injected precursor into retinal protein. The variation in amount of incorporation can create a ten-fold difference in the amount of tritiated protein accumulating in nerve terminals. The solubility properties of proteins transported throughout the day were investigated by extraction into media of increasing solubilizing power. By this measure, the proteins transported at different times of day were not differentiable.
EmbeddedButtons: supporting buttons in documents

EmbeddedButtons is a library of routines and a runtime kernel that support the integration of buttons into document media, including text and graphics. Existing document editors can be modified to participate in this open architecture with the addition of a few simple routines. Unlike many button systems that insert special button objects into document media, this system supports turning existing document objects into buttons. As a consequence, buttons inherit all of the attributes of normal document objects, and the appearance of buttons can be edited using operations already familiar to users. Facilities are provided for linking buttons to application windows so that documents can serve as application control panels. Hence, user interface designers can lay out control panels using familiar document editors rather than special-purpose tools. Three classes of buttons have been implemented, including buttons that pop up a menu and buttons that store and display the value of a variable. New button classes, editors, and applications can be added at run time. Two editors, one for text and one for graphics, currently participate in the architecture.
Spectroscopic and Kinetic Investigation of Methylene Amidogen by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been used to study room-temperature chemical reactions of the methylene amidogen radical (H2CN). The radical was prepared by 193 nm photolysis of formaldoxime, H2CNOH → H2CN + OH. CRDS signals from both H2CN and OH [A − X (1,0) band] were observed in the wavelength region 278−288 nm. By comparison of the strengths of the OH and H2CN signals, the oscillator strength of H2CN electronic transition in the 279−288 nm wavelength region was measured to be 4.5 × 10-4. To correct for the loss of the OH signal due to reactions of OH, the room-temperature rate constant for the reaction of OH with formaldoxime was measured, k(H2CNOH + OH) = (1.5 ± 0.4) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Reaction of H2CN with a number of stable molecules [O2, C2H4, CO, CH4, H2] could not be observed, and an upper limit to the reaction rate constants, < 1 × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, was derived. Self-recombination was the main removal process for the H2CN radical under the conditions of the experiment,...
Drug therapy considerations in older women

Abstract The majority of older women are diagnosed with several medical conditions. These conditions are treated with multiple medications, often including combinations of prescription, over-the-counter, and possibly holistic therapies. As women age, organ system functions change, which leads to differences in the response to therapies introduced to their system. An ob/gyn providing care for an older patient must be cognizent of effects the physiological changes and medications can have on their patients.
Chemical nanofabrication: a general route to surface-patterned and free-standing transition metal chalcogenide nanostructures

This communication describes how chemical nanofabrication—a combination of bottom-up chemical methods and top-down nanoscale patterning—provides an approach to generate patterned and free-standing transition metal chalcogenide nanostructures.
Otosclerotic stapedial footplate fixation in an 18th century burial.

Fixation of the footplate of the stapes by otosclerosis has been found in the left ear of a probable Spaniard who died about 200 years ago and was buried in the Tucson Presidio. Previous studies on North and South Dakota American Indian crania of about the same time period did not demonstrate any stapedial fixation in 2,600 burials (4,064 temporal bones), 1,416 of which were over 16 years of age at death. The Tucson burial would indicate that this abnormality can be demostrated in old interred skeletal material. Our other studies suggest that this disease process was not common in the prehistoric and historic Indian populations of the Dakotas.
The Influence of the War in Iraq on American Youth's Fears: Implications for Professional School Counselors.

Before and after the initial invasion of Iraq in 2003, the fears of youth in grades 2-12 were examined using the American Fear Survey Schedule for Children and Adolescents (Burnham, 2005). In a pre-invasion and post-invasion comparison, results revealed significant age and gender differences between pre-and post-invasion samples. In addition, the post-invasion sample reported more war-related fears. Implications are discussed and potential resources for professional school counselors are presented.
Grain boundary sliding in San Carlos olivine: Flow law parameters and crystallographic‐preferred orientation

[1] We performed triaxial compressive creep experiments on aggregates of San Carlos olivine to develop a flow law and to examine microstructural development in the dislocation-accommodated grain boundary sliding regime (GBS). Each experiment included load and temperature steps to determine both the stress exponent and the activation energy. Grain boundary maps, created with electron backscatter diffraction data, were used to quantify grain size distributions for each sample. Inversion of the resulting data produced the following flow law for GBS: GBS = 104.8 ± 0.8 (σ2.9 ± 0.3/d0.7 ± 0.1) exp[(−445 ± 20 kJ mol−1)/RT], with σ, d, and GBS in units of MPa, μm, and s−1, respectively. Although relatively weak, crystallographic-preferred orientations (CPOs) have [010] maxima parallel to the compression direction along with [100] and [001] girdles perpendicular to the compression direction. CPOs and subgrain boundary misorientation axes suggest that the (010)[100] slip system contributes significantly to deformation. We propose that these experimental results are best modeled by a deformation mechanism in which strain is accomplished primarily through grain boundary sliding accommodated by the motion of dislocations. Extrapolation of our flow laws to mantle conditions suggests that GBS is likely to be the dominant deformation mechanism in both lithospheric shear zones and asthenospheric flow, and therefore strong upper mantle seismic anisotropy can not be attributed solely to the dominance of dislocation creep.
Off to Work At Home: Egyptian Midwives Blur Public-Private Boundaries

This article uncovers the invaluable work of midwives as medical professionals in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Egyptian society. It challenges the public-private distinction as a way of demonstrating its obscuring effect on measuring Arab women's participation in society. In fact, relying on this conceptualization of space, and by implication, gendered power, can lead to a misleading conclusion. Because Egyptian midwives participated publicly in society, they consequently were unshackled from those social and cultural forces that otherwise segregated them to the private confines of the home. By challenging this construct, this study interrogates what societal participation means to the study of Middle Eastern gender. More specifically, the process of medical modernization in colonial Egypt provides an ideal case study to argue that by becoming modern working women whose profession brought them out into the public in order to work at home, midwives' participation in Egyptian society blurred any neat demarcation of public and private space. Indeed, the public-private paradigm has little analytical value in studying turn-of-the-century Egyptian midwives other than to expose the glaring ways that "public," as buoyed by Western liberal thinking, does not translate into a universal historical experience; if anything, it obscures the powerful agency of these Arab women.
Americans' views of the uninsured: an era for hybrid proposals.

ABSTRACT: Data drawn from ten recent public opinion polls show that the issue of the uninsured is likely to become more visible on the U.S. agenda, although not as prominent as it was in the early 1990s. Although there is no public consensus on any single approach, a hybrid plan—which leaves workplace insurance in place and includes elements of several proposals now being discussed to cover more of the uninsured—offers the possibility of public support. The critical issue is whether or not there will be public support in the future for raising revenues to pay for major expansions in coverage.