cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rational Decision-Making in Inhibitory Control

An important aspect of cognitive flexibility is inhibitory control, the ability to dynamically modify or cancel planned actions in response to changes in the sensory environment or task demands. We formulate a probabilistic, rational decision-making framework for inhibitory control in the well-studied stop signal paradigm. Our model posits that subjects maintain a Bayes-optimal, continually updated representation of sensory inputs, and repeatedly assess the relative value of stopping and going on a fine temporal scale, in order to make an optimal decision on when and whether to go on each trial. We further posit that they implement this continual evaluation with respect to a global objective function capturing the various reward and penalties associated with different behavioral outcomes, such as speed and accuracy, or the relative costs of stop errors and go errors. We demonstrate that our rational decision-making model naturally gives rise to basic behavioral characteristics consistently observed for this paradigm, as well as more subtle effects due to contextual factors such as reward contingencies or motivational factors. Furthermore, we show that the classical race model can be seen as a computationally simpler, perhaps neurally plausible, approximation to optimal decision-making. This conceptual link allows us to predict how the parameters of the race model, such as the stopping latency, should change with task parameters and individual experiences/ability.
Lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath the Pacific: Imaging the source of the Hawaiian plume

We utilized recordings of seismic shear phases provided by several North American broadband seismometer arrays to provide unique constraints on shear wave anisotropy beneath the northern and central Pacific Ocean. Using a new analysis method that reduces measurement errors and enables the analysis of a larger number of available waveforms, we examined relative travel times of teleseismic S and Sdiff that sample a large area of lowermost mantle structure. The results of this study provide evidence for small-scale lateral and depth variations in shear wave anisotropy for a broad region of the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean. In particular, we image a localized zone of anomalously strong anisotropy whose strength increases toward the top of DQ beneath Hawaii. Our results, combined with a previous study of VP/VSH ratios, indicate that ancient subducted slab material may be responsible for observations beneath the northern Pacific, while lenses or layers of core^mantle boundary reaction products or partial melt, oriented by horizontal inflow of mantle material to the Hawaiian plume source, can explain observations beneath the central Pacific. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Increased Atherosclerosis in Mice Deficient in Perilipin1

Background Perilipin1, a lipid droplet associated protein has an important role in the regulation of lipolysis and lipid storage in adipocytes. Perilipin1 is also expressed in foam cells of atheroma plaques and could therefore play a role in the accumulation of lipids in arterial wall and in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate this possible role of perilipin1 in atherogenesis.
Posed Facial Emotional Expression in Brain-Damaged Patients

Posed emotional facial expression was examined in brain-damaged adults with right (RBD) or left (LBD) hemisphere cerebrovascular lesions and in matched normal controls (NC). Subjects were videotaped while posing eight facial expressions (positive and negative) under two elicitation conditions (verbal command and visual imitation). Expressions were rated by four naive judges for intensity, category accuracy, and valence accuracy. RBDs were significantly more impaired than LBDs or NCs on category and valence accuracy, while LBDs posed expressions with significantly more intensity than RBDs or NCs. These findings held for positive emotions only. The results for category accuracy replicate an earlier report (Borod et al., 1986) which utilized a different rating procedure. Finally, expressions posed to visual imitation were rated as more intense and more accurate than those posed to verbal command.
A Dynamic Approach to Second Language Development: Methods and Techniques edited by VERSPOOR, MARJOLIJN H., KEES DE BOT, & WANDER LOWIE

The article reviews the book "A Dynamic Approach to Second Language Development: Methods and Techniques," edited by Marjolijn H. Verspoor, Kees De Bot, and Wander Lowie.
Studies of metabolism in embryonic development—II. Biosynthesis of lipids im embroynated trout ova☆

Abstract 1. 1. When trout embryos were incubated with acetate-1-C 14 for 2 hr at 25°C, on the measurable radioactivity appeared in the polyglycerophosphatide and glycolipid fractions. 2. 2. Incubation of embryos at 10°C for periods up to 7 days resulted in more extensive labeling of the lipids. The phospholipids were of higher specific activity than the neutral lipids. Apart from the polyglycerophosphatides, which were the most radioactive compenents of the phospholipids, most of the remaining radioactivity of the phosphatides was localized in the cephalin fraction. Relatively little acetate was incorporated into lecithin. 3. 3. Of the neutral lipids the most actively labeled components were the free fatty acids, followed in decreasing specific activity by monoglycerides, diglycerides and cholesterol esters. 4. 4. A radioactive sphingoglycolipid was isolated and identified as ceramide galactoside. 5. 5. The distribution of label in the various lipid components appears to be the result of the presence in the ovum of two compartments, the yolk and the embryo. The lipids of high specific activity extracted from the ova may be assumed to be products of the metabolism of the embryo relatively undiluted by lipid pools in the yolk; the triglycerides; which are the major lipid component of the yolk, were of low specific activity. 6. 6. The results suggest that the lipids of the embryo are not taken up directly from the yolk, but are resynthesized by the embryo from breakdown products of the lipid reserves.
Enhancing imaging depth by multi-angle imaging of embryonic structures

Because of the ease in generating transgenic/gene knock out models and accessibility to early stages of embryogenesis, mouse and rat models have become invaluable to studying the mechanisms that underlie human birth defects. To study precisely how structural birth defects arise, Ultrasound, MRI, microCT, Optical Projection Tomography (OPT), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and histological methods have all been used for imaging mouse/rat embryos. However, of these methods, only OCT enables live, functional imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, one of the major limitations of conventional OCT imaging is the light depth penetration, which limits acquisition of structural information from the whole embryo. Here we introduce new imaging scheme by OCT imaging from different sides of the embryos that extend the depth penetration of OCT to permit high-resolution imaging of 3D and 4D volumes.
Increased Egg Production by Calcium Supplementation During the Initial Fasting Period of a Forced Molt

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine whether supplemental particulate calcium during the initial stages of fasting to induce molt would increase the number of marketable eggs. Compared to fasting alone, the provision of pullet size oyster shell to fasting hens which had previously consumed pulverized limestone in their feed resulted in a decreased rate of decline in egg production, fewer poor shell eggs, and a doubling of marketable eggs produced during days 2 through 5 of the fast. The results support the hypothesis that in the fasting hen a cellular calcium deficiency becomes the first limiting nutrient for ovulation.
Metal oxide nanomaterials for solar hydrogen generation from photoelectrochemical water splitting

This review focuses on recent developments in the study of hydrogen generation from water splitting using photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells based on metal oxide (MO) nanomaterials. The emphasis is on the unique properties of MO nanostructures and their advantages as well as limitations for PEC solar hydrogen generation. While abundant and stable, metal oxide nanomaterials tend to have weak visible light absorption that limits their use for solar energy conversion. In addition, MO nanomaterials tend to exhibit a high density of trap states or defect sites that limit their overall efficiency. Different strategies have been developed to enhance visible light absorption (e.g., doping, dye, or quantum dot sensitization and band structure engineering using composite structures) as well as to enhance transport by reducing the density of trap states via surface modification, improving crystallinity, or using 1D structures. In some cases, combining different strategies has led to strong synergistic effects. Recent studies point to the importance and promise of engineering electronic band structure for improving PEC performance of MO nanostructures for hydrogen generation and other potential applications.
Taste and smell disturbances after brain irradiation: a dose-volume histogram analysis of a prospective observational study.

Abstract Purpose Radiation-induced taste and smell disturbances are prevalent in patients receiving brain radiation therapy, although the mechanisms underlying these toxicities are poorly understood. We report the results of a single institution prospective clinical trial aimed at correlating self-reported taste and smell disturbances with radiation dose delivered to defined areas within the brain and nasopharynx. Methods and Materials Twenty-two patients with gliomas were enrolled on a prospective observational trial in which patients underwent a validated questionnaire assessing taste and smell disturbances at baseline and at 3 and 6 weeks after commencement of brain radiation therapy. Fourteen patients with glioblastoma, 3 patients with grade 3 gliomas, and 5 patients with low grade gliomas participated. Median dose to tumor volume was 60 Gy (range, 45-60 Gy). Dose–volume histogram (DVH) analysis was performed for specific regions of interest that were considered potential targets of radiation damage, including the thalamus, temporal lobes, nasopharynx, olfactory groove, frontal pole, and periventricular stem cell niche. The %v10 (percent of region of interest receiving 10 Gy), %v40, and %v60 were calculated for each structure. Data from questionnaires and DVH were analyzed using stepwise regression. Results Twenty of 22 patients submitted evaluable questionnaires that encompassed at least the entire radiation therapy course. Ten of 20 patients reported experiencing some degree of smell disturbance during radiation therapy, and 14 of 20 patients experienced taste disturbances. Patients reporting more severe taste toxicity also reported more severe toxicities with sense of smell (r2 = 0.60, P Conclusions Radiation-induced taste toxicity appears to be more common in temporal lobe tumors, and may be related to the dose received by the nasopharynx.
Magnetic Feshbach resonances and Zeeman relaxation in bosonic chromium gas with anisotropic interaction

Rigorous calculations of magnetic Feshbach resonances and Zeeman relaxation cross sections in an ultracold and cold chromium gas are reported. This work presents the calculation of such inelastic processes in collisions of atoms with large magnetic moments. Using our recently constructed accurate interaction potentials for the chromium dimer, we compute the positions and widths of magnetically tuned resonances in an optically trapped ultracold Cr gas. We find good agreement with recent experimental data and report that spin-change collision cross sections quickly increase with decreasing collision energy and magnetic-field strength at energies below 1 K and magnetic fields larger than 40 G.
The Capacity of a Channel with Arbitrarily Varying Channel Probability Functions and Binary Output Alphabet

Let X={1,..., a} be the “input alphabet” and Y={1,2} be the “output alphabet”. Let Xt=X and Yt=Y for t=1,2,..., Xn=\(\mathop \prod \limits_{t = 1}^n \)Xt and Yn=\(\mathop \prod \limits_{t = 1}^n \)Yt. Let S be any set, C=={w(·¦·¦)s)¦s∈S} be a set of (a×2) stochastic matrices w(·∥·¦s), and St=S, t=1,..., n. For every sn=(s1,...,sn)∈\(\mathop \prod \limits_{t = 1}^n \)St define P(·¦·¦sn)=\(\mathop \prod \limits_{t = 1}^n \)w(yt¦xt¦st) for every xn=x1, ⋯, xneXn and every yn=(y1, ⋯, yn)eYn. Consider the channel Cn={P(·¦·¦)sn)¦sn∈Sn} with matrices (·¦·¦s), varying arbitrarily from letter to letter. The authors determine the capacity of this channel when a) neither sender nor receiver knows sn, b) the sender knows sn, but the receiver does not, and c) the receiver knows sn, but the sender does not.
An ultrastructural study of neurosecretory fibers within the corpora allata of Manduca sexta

Abstract Two areas of the corpora allata of last instar Manduca sexta larvae contain neurosecretory axons; the gland proper which consists of typical stellate glandular cells and the sheath in which groups of neurosecretory axons are separated by the lamellated stromal sheath. In midinstar larvae the neurosecretory axons within the gland are quite large in comparison with those in the pupa. This size fluctuation during development and the proximity of these axons to gland cells suggest that these fibers may influence juvenile hormone synthesis and/or secretion. The population of neurosecretory axons in the sheath, on the other hand, does not change throughout postembryonic development. The products of these fibers have easy access to the general circulation. Thus, the corpus allatum sheath may serve as a neurohemal area for prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) since this tropic hormone is released from the corpora allata during development ( Agui et al., 1980 ). Synaptoid release sites are found in fibers from both areas.
GDNF–Induced Activation of the Ret Protein Tyrosine Kinase Is Mediated by GDNFR-α, a Novel Receptor for GDNF

Abstract We report the expression cloning and characterization of GDNFR-α, a novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface receptor for glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). GDNFR-α binds GDNF specifically and mediates activation of the Ret protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK). Treatment of Neuro-2a cells expressing GDNFR-α with GDNF rapidly stimulates Ret autophosphorylation. Ret is also activated by treatment with a combination of GDNF and soluble GDNFR-α in cells lacking GDNFR-α, and this effect is blocked by a soluble Ret–Fc fusion protein. Ret activation by GDNF was also observed in cultured embryonic rat spinal cord motor neurons, a cell type that responds to GDNF in vivo. A model for the stepwise formation of a GDNF signal-transducing complex including GDNF, GDNFR-α, and the Ret PTK is proposed.
Collisionally activated dissociation spectra of sodiated peptides and peptide amides

The CAD spectra of the [M + Na]+ ions of a series of peptide free acids and amides have been acquired. The spectra of the sodiated amides were found to differ significantly from those of the sodiated free acids due to absence of the [Bn + Na + OH]+ ions in the spectra of the amides. The abundances of [Yn + Na − H]+ ions, [Wn + Na]+ ions and [Dn + Na]+ ions is increased in the spectra of the sodiated peptides while internal fragments are reduced in abundance. Deuterium labeling shows that the hydrogens lost in the formation of [Yn + Na − H]+ ions and the [An + Na − H]+ ions are non-exchangeable.
F -Center Formation in NaCl: Picosecond Spectroscopic Evidence for Halogen Diffusion on the Lowest Excitonic Potential Surface

Etude, par absorption dans le visible, de l'evolution de l'absorption dans NaCl apres excitation pulsee, a 80 et 300 K: les spectres initialement tres semblables, presentent ensuite les caracteristiques de paires F-H bien separees (a 300 K) ou d'excitons autopieges (80 K). Interpretation par la diffusion d'un H au voisinage du centre F complementaire
Suppression of electronic hyper-Raman emission by four-wave mixing interference

Abstract It is shown that an interference effect, involving parametric four-wave mixing, can almost totally suppress predicted examples of stimulated hyper-Raman emission in the direction of a laser pump beam, creating unidirectional backward stimulated hyper-Raman scattering. The effect is demonstrated in Na vapor.
Catalytic reduction of 1,8-diiodooctane by electrogenerated cobalt(I) salen and formation of μ-(1,8-n-octyl)-bis[(salen)cobalt(III)]

Cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential electrolysis, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry have been employed to investigate and characterize the catalytic reduction of 1,8-diiodooctane by electrogenerated cobalt(I) salen. A cyclic voltammogram for reduction of cobalt(II) salen in the presence of excess 1,8-diiodooctane exhibits two waves. We attribute the first wave to the formation of cobalt(I) salen and its fast follow-up reaction with 1,8-diiodooctane; the latter reaction gives both 8-iodooctylcobalt(III) salen and μ-(1,8-n-octyl)-bis[(salen)cobalt(III)], the relative amounts of these two species depending on the substrate-to-catalyst ratio. One-electron reduction of 8-iodooctylcobalt(III) salen and two-electron reduction of μ-(1,8-n-octyl)-bis[(salen)cobalt(III)] are responsible for the second voltammetric wave. Controlled-potential electrolyses of the cobalt(II) salen–1,8-diiodooctane system at potentials corresponding to the second wave produce little (if any) current after the first few seconds of the electrolysis. However, when 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (a proton donor) is added to the system, the catalytic reduction proceeds normally to afford mainly n-octane and some n-hexadecane. As a part of this investigation, we have prepared and characterized μ-(1,8-n-octyl)-bis[(salen)cobalt(III)].
Adenylate cyclase from Phycomyces sporangiophore

Abstract Transient changes in cyclic AMP levels accompany the light-growth response of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces blakesleeanus . Furthermore growth is regulated by endogenous hormones. Since adenylate cyclase may perform a role in these events, some properties of the enzyme from the sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus are reported here. The enzyme is mostly particulate and activity is dependent on a divalent cation possibly Mg 2+ ; Mn 2+ and Ca 2+ are inhibitory. Its K m is 0.5 mM and the pH optimum is 7.8. Low levels of GTP markedly enhance activity. Nueleoside triphosphates, including ATP at high concentrations, are inhibitory while AMP and ADP and to a lesser extent IMP increase activity. Ouabain, NaF, and alloxan also inhibit Phycomyces cyclase . Pyruvate, imidazole, nucleoside monophosphates other than AMP and IMP, histamine, glucagon, octopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid and norepinephrine have little or no effect. However, high concentrations of epinephrine and dopamine tripled activity. The effect of dopamine was shown to be saturable. Adenylate cyclase extracted in the dark was significantly activated upon simultaneous exposure to light and substrate. An inference is made that sensory transduction in Phycomyces may involve adenylate cyclase, although the interaction may or may not be a direct one.
Smoking cessation abstinence goal in treatment-seeking smokers

Abstract Introduction Baseline abstinence goal is a robust predictor of cigarette abstinence. However, important questions about goal remain unanswered. These include variables correlating with goal, changes in goal, relationship of goal and abstinence status over time, and predictors of change. The current study aimed to address these questions. Method Participants were treatment-seeking volunteers in two clinical trials. In Clinical Trial 1 (N = 402), participants smoked ≥ 10 cigarettes per day (CPD) and were ≥ 50 years of age. In Clinical Trial 2 (N = 406), participants smoked ≥ 10 CPD, smoked within 30 min of arising, and were ≥ 18 years of age. The outcome variables were biochemically verified 7-day abstinence from cigarettes at weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104. Abstinence goal, demographic, psychological, and smoking related variables were assessed via standard instruments. Results At baseline, the greater the desire to quit and one's expectations of success, and the lesser the educational level, the more likely participants were to have a quit forever goal. Throughout the two-year study, abstinence from cigarettes and a lower educational level were correlated with a goal of quit forever; 37% of participants changed goal. There were no predictors of goal change. Abstinence goal was related to abstinence status across the study period. The goal predicted abstinence status at subsequent assessments, even when status was controlled. Conclusion Lesser educational levels were consistent predictors of a more stringent goal. Abstinence goal changes over time. These findings suggest that repeated counseling about goal is advisable and participants would benefit from such counseling, independent of demographic characteristics and smoking status.
Successful transplantation of kidneys from deceased donors with acute renal failure: Three-year results

BACKGROUND Kidneys from deceased donors with acute renal failure (ARF) are generally not accepted for transplantation because of the expected poor outcome. This prospective study examined the utilization of kidneys from donors with ARF for transplantation and the outcomes. METHODS Fifty-five kidneys from donors with ARF were transplanted. The outcome was compared with concurrent and matched 55 recipients of standard criteria donor (SCD) kidneys and 55 expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys. ARF kidneys were accepted from donors aged <50 years, a negative history for kidney disease, and a negative pretransplant biopsy for chronic structural changes. The immunosuppression was similar in all three groups. The outcome measurements included three-year patient and graft survival, biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), subclinical acute rejection (SCAR), and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance. RESULTS Three-year patient and graft survival was 90% and 90% in ARF group, 100% and 89% in SCD group and 83% and 66% in ECD group. BPAR and SCAR were comparable in the groups but CAN was significantly higher in ECD group. Mean serum creatinine levels were 1.9+/-1.1, 1.9+/-0.9, and 2.2+/-1.3 mg/dl and mean creatinine clearances were 66+/-15, 68+/-14, and 58+/-10 mls/minute in ARF, SCD, and ECD groups, respectively (SCD and ARF vs. ECD P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of kidneys from selected deceased donors with ARF provides comparable survival and function compared to kidneys from non-ARF donors and may be considered for transplantation to expand the donor pool to overcome the current acute shortage of kidneys.
Bacterial genomics: The controlled chaos of shifty pathogens

Bacterial pathogens use novel mechanisms to vary their surface structures. Three new genome sequences provide a perspective on these mechanisms in Borrelia burgdorferi, Neisseria meningitidis, and Campylobacter jejuni, which cause lyme disease, meningitis and gastroenteritis, respectively.
Exploiting sparsity in the graphically contracted function configuration interaction method

Within the graphically contracted function configuration interaction method, the wave function and energy depend on a set of nonlinear variables known as arc factors. In previous work, an efficient algorithm for computing the energy gradient with respect to these variables has been presented. In this work we discuss further improvements of the algorithm by exploiting the sparsity of the orbital-level Hamiltonian matrices. For large wave function expansions, the new algorithm is faster and requires significantly less storage than the previous implementation. In addition, the implementation of a generalized Davidson method for computing optimal arc factors within a given orbital level is discussed. Although the orbital-level Hamiltonian matrices are in general not diagonally dominant, the iterative solver converges in a reasonable number of iterations and is several orders of magnitude faster than standard diagonalization methods.
Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization to study local water dynamics.

Surface and internal water dynamics of molecules and soft matter are of great relevance to their structure and function, yet the experimental determination under ambient and steady-state conditions is challenging. One of the most powerful approaches to measure local water dynamics within 5 A distances is to utilize the modulation of the nuclear spin relaxation rate of water protons through their time-dependent dipolar coupling to paramagnetic probes, here nitroxide spin labels. We recently introduced a method to obtain local water dynamics through Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). This has a unique advantage over other related techniques available in that a highly amplified proton nuclear magnetic resonance signal carries the information, allowing the use of minute microliter sample volumes and 100 μM sample concentrations. The outcome of our approach is the quantitative determination of the key DNP parameter known as the coupling factor, which provides local translational diffusion dynamics ...
Inbound college students drink heavily during the summer before their freshman year: implications for education and prevention efforts

Abstract Background: Alcohol misuse among college students remains a pervasive problem. Relatively little is known about alcohol consumption by incoming students during the summer between high school graduation and the start of the freshman year. It is possible that many students bring unhealthy drinking habits with them to college. Purpose: The present study examined patterns of alcohol use and related consequences among incoming college students during the summer before their freshman year. Methods: The dataset consisted of self-reported two-week drinking histories from 4,539 incoming freshmen at three universities during the summer of 2003. An average of 80% of all incoming students at the schools was surveyed. In the present study, drinking patterns, risk and protective factors, and alcohol-related consequences were examined. Results: Roughly 50% of college-bound students consumed alcohol in the two weeks before the survey. Nearly 30% of all students met or exceeded the threshold for binge drinking (4...
Non-muscle myosin IIB is essential for cytokinesis during male meiotic cell divisions

Cytokinesis, the final stage of cell division, bisects the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. In mitotic cells, this process depends on the activity of non-muscle myosin II (NMII), a family of actin-binding motor-proteins that participate in the formation of the cleavage furrow. The relevance of NMII for meiotic cell division, however, is poorly understood. The NMII family consists of three members, NMIIA, NMIIB, and NMIIC, containing different myosin heavy chains (MYH9, MYH10, and MYH14, respectively). We find that a single non-muscle myosin II, NMIIB, is required for meiotic cytokinesis in male but not female mice. Specifically, NMIIB-deficient spermatocytes exhibit cytokinetic failure in meiosis I, resulting in bi-nucleated secondary spermatocytes. Additionally, cytokinetic failure at meiosis II gives rise to bi-nucleated or even tetra-nucleated spermatids. These multi-nucleated spermatids fail to undergo normal differentiation, leading to male infertility. In spite of the presence of multiple non-muscle myosin II isoforms, we demonstrate that a single member, NMIIB, plays an essential and non-redundant role in cytokinesis during meiotic cell divisions of the male germline.
Timing of bids at pooled real estate auctions

When many similar properties are being auctioned, auctioneers often resort to the pooled design. The winning bidder of a given round is given a choice among all the unclaimed (pooled) properties. Bidding strategy depends on expectations of rival bidders' behavior as well as personal valuation. Anecdotal evidence from condominium auctions suggests that bidding decisions can produce price anomalies. This study develops a simple theoretical model with three active bidders and three units for sale to show how such anomalies may emerge. Estimation is then made of a hedonic price model using data from a condominium auction of 53 units on three separate dates. The empirical results support the view that the best buys are found in the middle of the auction with overpayments at the beginning and end.
Some results on semi-free actions of finite groups on Hilbert cube manifolds

Abstract In this note, we will prove the following results 1. Theorem 1. Given a tame semi-free action of a finite or compact Lie group on a Hilbert cube manifold whose fixed point set is a locally flat submanifold (codimension finite or infinite), if the orbit space is an absolute neighborhood retract, then it is a Hilbert cube manifold. 2. Theorem 2. The homeomorphism group of the orbit space of the standard based semi-free action of a finite group or a torus is locally contractible. 3. Theorem 3. Let a be a fiber preserving semi-free action of a finite group G on Q × [0, 1] n over [0, 1] n with fixed point set {0} × [0, 1] n . If a ¦ Q × t is (weakly) equivalent to the standard semi-free action σ of G on the Hilbert cube Q , then a is fiber preserving (weakly) equivalent to the action σ × Id [0, 1] n . Finally, a generalization of Wong's theorem follows.
Complete external ophthalmoplegia in headache, neurologic deficits, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) syndrome

Complete external ophthalmoplegia in headache, neurologic deficits, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) syndrome
Stabilization of the polarity axis in the zygotes of some Fucaceae.

The existence of a period of latent but stable polarity, i.e. a period in which the polarity axis has been irreversibly established but no morphological asymmetry can be detected, was studied in germinating populations of zygotes of Pelvetia fastigiata. We found that the time course of the loss of sensitivity to a single polarity-axis-determining light stimulus coincided with the time course of germination (rhizoid outgrowth), up to the germination of about one-third the population, showing that the cells remained responsive to the light stimulus until or almost until the appearance of visible asymmetry. In the later part of the germination period, some of the zygotes may have lost their light sensitivity somewhat before rhizoid outgrowth, suggesting that at least some of the ungerminated cells may at this time possess, for a brief period, a latent but stable polarity axis.
Modification of the Reaction Zone Using a Smart Fuel Injector for Control of Instabilities in Liquid Fueled Combustors

This paper describes an experimental investigation of suppressing combustion instabilities in a liquid fueled (n-heptane) atmospheric combustor incorporating an array of “smart” fuel injectors. These injectors were designed so that their spray properties could be manipulated without changing the overall operating conditions (power, mass flow rates, equivalence ratio, etc.) of the combustor. The dependence of these spray properties upon the smart injector settings was determined for a single injector using a series of cold flow experiments, including spray images and PDPA measurements of spray velocities and droplet sizes. The stability characteristics of a combustor incorporating seven such injectors were then determined and correlations were drawn between these characteristics, the single injector spray properties, and combustion behavior measurements taken for a single injector. It was shown that both longitudinal and tangential instability modes were excited in this combustor; the mechanisms of excitation and damping of these modes were then further investigated using high speed photography and spectroscopy measurements. Finally, suppression of both modes of instabilities in this combustor were demonstrated by slow tuning of the injector spray properties.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Selection for intragenic suppressors of lethal 23S rRNA mutations in Escherichia coli identifies residues important for ribosome assembly and function

Mutations in several functionally important regions of the 23S rRNA of E. coli increase the levels of frameshifting and readthrough of stop codons. These mutations include U2555A, U2555G, ΔA1916 and U2493C. The mutant rRNAs are lethal when expressed at high levels from a plasmid, in strains also expressing wild type rRNA from chromosomal rrn operons. The lethal phenotype can be suppressed by a range of second-site mutations in 23S rRNA. However, analysis of the functionality of the double mutant rRNAs in heterogeneous ribosome populations shows that in general, the second site mutations do not restore function. Instead, they prevent the assembly, or entry of the mutant 50S subunits into the functioning 70S ribosome and polysome pools, by affecting the competitiveness of the mutant subunits for association with 30S particles. The second-site mutations lie in regions of the 23S rRNA involved in subunit assembly, intersubunit bridge formation and interactions of the ribosome with tRNAs and factors. These second site suppressor mutations thus define functionally important rRNA nucleotides and this approach may be of general use in the functional mapping of large RNAs.
The Process of Note Taking: Implications for Students with Mild Disabilities

Students with mild disabilities have a difficult time recording notes from lectures. Accurate note taking is important because it helps students understand the content from lectures and notes serve as a document for later review. In this article, the author describes what teachers can do before, during, and after the lecture to help students become better note takers.
Child schooling and contraceptive use in rural Africa: A Ghanaian case study

In this study, I examine the contributions of children’s schooling to fertility decline in Africa. I use cross-sectional data collected in the late 1980s to look at how household child schooling patterns and community access to schools affect contraceptive use among rural Ghanaian women. My results indicate that the schooling of children is associated very strongly with increased use of modern and traditional contraceptive use and thereby suggest that educational policy has played a role in initiating and sustaining fertility decline in Ghana and possibly elsewhere in Africa.
Top ten issues for a consortium migrating to a client/server system

This article presents ten issues in migrating a multi‐type library consortium to a shared client/server library system. The issues have been selected as especially pertinent to a consortium and describe the migration experiences of the Detroit Area Library Network (DALNET), a consortium of 20 academic, public and special libraries in the Metropolitan Detroit area. The issues are: (1) more control to member libraries; (2) pre‐migration decisions; (3) Web interface design; (4) training; (5) consortium staffing; (6) communication; (7) system maintenance; (8) security issues; (9) telecommunications network; and (10) commitment of member libraries. The capabilities of the client/server system will enable the consortium to provide new information and new information services not possible before, and will help consortium staff to meet the challenges of such a complex migration.
Normal Modes and Density of States of Disordered Colloidal Solids

The normal modes and the density of states (DOS) of any material provide a basis for understanding its thermal and mechanical transport properties. In perfect crystals, normal modes are plane waves, but they can be complex in disordered systems. We have experimentally measured normal modes and the DOS in a disordered colloidal crystal. The DOS shows Debye-like behavior at low energies and an excess of modes, or Boson peak, at higher energies. The normal modes take the form of plane waves hybridized with localized short wavelength features in the Debye regime but lose both longitudinal and transverse plane-wave character at a common energy near the Boson peak.
Photoproduction of charm in the subtractive quark model

We calculate inclusive photoproduction of charm, and exclusive photoproduction of J/psi, using a gluon-exchange model, and compare the results with experiment. Analogous reactions involving strange and bottom quarks are also calculated. Large violations of vector-meson dominance are predicted.
The Context of Caregiving and Well-Being Outcomes Among African and Caucasian Americans

This study examined the effects of race on caregiving outcomes among 180 African American and white American caregiver/care recipient dyads subsequent to a heart attack. Despite significant bivariate associations with caregiver characteristics, the caregiving situation, attitudes toward care provision, and burden, race had no effect on burden or depression when all caregiving context variables were controlled. Thus, caring for an ailing elder evoked more race similarities than differences. This suggests that some previously established models of cultural and racial differences in caregiving may need to be reconsidered.
Chlamydia trachomatis in older Los Angeles County residents, 1991-1998: implications and recommendations for the detection of sexually transmitted infections in older age groups.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the incidence and implications of reported chlamydia cases in Los Angeles County residents aged 50 and older. DESIGN: Observational study of passive surveillance data submitted to the Los Angeles County Sexually Transmitted Disease Program. SETTINGS: Private and public health facilities in Los Angeles County. PARTICIPANTS: Los Angeles County residents aged 50 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Chlamydia cases were identified from the Los Angeles County Sexually Transmitted Disease Program passive surveillance system reports received from 1991 to 1998. RESULTS: Between 1991 and 1998, 1,421 cases of chlamydia were reported in persons aged 50 and older in Los Angeles County, accounting for 1% of total chlamydia cases. The average annual incidence rate for this period was 9.3 per 100,000, and appeared relatively stable. The mean age ± standard deviation was 59.0 ± 9.2 years, with a range of 50 to 96 years. Rates for older women were 1.1 to 3.0 times higher than in older men, similar to rate ratios for 20- to 35-year-olds. Rates among older African Americans appear to be substantially higher than any other older racial/ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that there are no age barriers for sexually transmitted infections. Although this population is highly unlikely to experience adverse reproductive outcomes, transmission to younger sex partners and contribution to the overall chlamydia epidemic are serious concerns. Surveillance and prevention strategies aimed at older persons will be needed as this population continues to grow.
Inhomogeneity problem revisited via the modulus perturbation approach

Abstract The present paper reconsiders the inhomogeneity problem via an elastic modulus perturbation approach. By using the eigenstrain concept, the inhomogeneity problem is converted to a series of inclusion problems in the present modulus perturbation procedure. A homogeneous state is chosen as reference state or the 0th order solution. Some extensions of the modulus perturbation approach by example are also discussed in the paper.
Does competence mediate the associations between puberty and internalizing or externalizing problems in adolescent girls

Abstract Purpose To examine separate mediational models linking (a) menarcheal status or (b) pubertal timing to internalizing and externalizing problems through competence. Method This study involved cross-sectional analyses of 262 adolescent girls (age: 11–17 years; mean = 14.93, standard deviation = 2.17) enrolled in a longitudinal study examining the association of psychological functioning and smoking with reproductive and bone health. Measures of menarcheal status (pre/post), pubertal timing (early, on-time, or late), internalizing and externalizing behavior, and perceived competence (parent and adolescent report) were obtained. Structural equation modeling was used for analyses. Results Perceived competence was found to fully mediate the association between menarcheal status and parent report of internalizing and externalizing problems. For adolescent report, there was a full mediation effect for internalizing problems but a partial mediation effect for externalizing problems. Being menarcheal was related to lower competence, which was in turn related to higher internalizing and externalizing problems. Models including pubertal timing were not significant. Conclusions Perceived competence is important in understanding the associations between menarcheal status and internalizing and externalizing problems. Interventions targeting competence, particularly in postmenarcheal girls, may reduce or prevent problem behaviors.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF THE POTENTIATION OF AN ADENOVIRUS-ASSOCIATED VIRUS BY ADENOVIRUS 7

A quantitative immunofluorescent procedure for detection of viral antigen was used to study the potentiation of AAV-1 by Ad.7. AAV viral antigen formed only when the cells were also infected with adenovirus, and only in cell culture systems in which the adenovirus infection proceeded to completion. Ad. 7 infection of AGMK. cell cultures did not potentiate AAV unless the Ad. 7 infection was itself potentiated by SV40. Dose-response studies indicated that a single AAV particle and a single infectious Ad. 7 particle sufficed to initiate AAV antigen synthesis. Sequential inoculation studies showed that AAV antigen formed simultaneously with Ad. 7 viral antigen when the AAV was inoculated any time between 15 hr before to 10 hr after the Ad. 7, both antigens appearing about 15 hr after inoculation of Ad. 7. The AAV-1 antigen formation had a minimum latent period of 5 hr, as seen with Ad. 7 preinfection of 10 hr or more. When UV-irradiated Ad. 7 was used as helper, the AAV antigen still appeared simultaneously with the Ad. 7 viral antigen, even though the latter was delayed by 23 hr compared to nonirradiated virus. When the early replicative events of both viruses were allowed to proceed in FUDR-inhibited cells, and then the FUDR inhibition was reversed, AAV antigen formed within 2 hr, which was 3 hr before the Ad. 7 viral antigen appeared. It was inferred that the event in the adenovirus cycle that renders a cell competent to synthesize AAV occurs after the 10th hr and may be temporally associated with replication of the adenovirus DNA.
Integrated fluorescence confocal and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography microendoscope

Optical biopsies are aimed at providing fast and thorough screening of biological tissues in vivo . Disease diagnosis is based on the morphological structures and biochemical features of tissues that can be sampled in situ with high resolution. Some optical screening techniques, such as fluorescence confocal microendoscopy, provide a limited imaging depth due to the shallow penetration of visible light. Despite confocal microendoscopy's high resolution and image quality, morphological changes that occur deeper in the tissue cannot be detected. Other imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), are able to obtain information at greater depth into tissue. A combination of fluorescence confocal and OCT into a single instrument capable of rapidly switching between these modalities, has the potential of providing complementary en face confocal images showing the morphologic features of cells within a surface layer, and cross-sectional OCT images showing tissue microarchitecture below the surface. The concept for this dual system is to utilize the optical train of an existing multi-spectral confocal microendoscope as a spectral-domain OCT system. Progress made on the implementation of this combined dual integrated imaging system is presented. A performance analysis, discussion of the limitations inherent to the use of an imaging fiber bundle, and recent imaging results are presented.
Adapting Naturally Occurring Test Suites for Evaluation of Clinical Question Answering

This paper describes the structure of a test suite for evaluation of clinical question answering systems; presents several manually compiled resources found useful for test suite generation; and describes the adaptation of these resources for evaluation of a clinical question answering system.
Opticial processing of imaging spectrometer data

We consider the problem of identifying the minerals present in each pixel of a scene obtained from an imaging spectrometer. We consider three different cases, i.e. Case 1: a nonmixture problem, Case 2: a mixture of known minerals, and Case 3: a mixture with a non-negligible amount of unknown minerals. For Case 1, we use a decision net. This consists of a cluster classifier (to determine to which cluster an input belongs) and multiple directed graphs (one for each cluster, to determine the input class). We advance a new iterative Fisher/minimum-variance algorithm to automate the design and structure of the cluster classifier and to produce high confidence (large Fisher ratio) results. We extended this with a new preconditioning algorithm to improve the performance of the cluster classifier in noise and to allow its implementations on a low accuracy optical processor. We quantify how our new multiple directed graph (DG) structure improves the average search time by a factor of 10. For Case 2, a Fast SPAM algorithm was advanced to estimate which reference elements are present and the amount of each. This algorithm tests the estimation error (to determine if the estimate should be accepted or rejected), eliminates the redundant steps present in the standard SPAM algorithm (this significantly reduces the number of operations required), and adjusts the acceptable range of the estimated fractional amounts (to tolerate noise as well as the presence of unknown elements). A new and efficient optical implementation of the Fast SPAM algorithm is discussed. We use a modified nonlinear estimator for the Case 3 problem that allows us to simultaneously estimate both the image component spectra and the fractional amount of each present. Excellent simulation results were obtained. We then integrated all three of these techniques into an advanced mixture processor.
Effects of modification of the active site tyrosine of human DNA topoisomerase I.

The human topoisomerase I-mediated DNA relaxation reaction was studied following modification of the enzyme at the active site tyrosine (position 723). A series of unnatural tyrosine analogues was incorporated into the active site of human topoisomerase I by utilizing misacylated suppressor tRNAs in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. The relaxation activities of the modified human topoisomerase I analogues having varied steric, electronic, and stereochemical features were all greatly diminished relative to that of the wild type. It was found that modifications involving replacement of the nucleophilic tyrosine OH group with NH2, SH, or I groups eliminated DNA relaxation activity, as did changing the orientation of the nucleophilic tyrosine OH group. Only tyrosine analogues having the phenolic OH group in the normal position with respect to the protein backbone were active; the relative activities could be rationalized in chemical terms on the basis of the H-bonding and the electronic effects of the ...