cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Topic on Exploratory Devices and Circuits for Compute-in-Memory

Deep learning and nonconvex optimization problems are well known data-intensive applications. Although graphic processing units (GPUs) have become the mainstream platform to accelerate the algorithms in the cloud, there is a growing interest to develop application-specific integrated-circuit (ASIC) chips for further improving the energy-efficiency for these data-intensive workloads. Digital multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) arrays are generally employed as ASIC solutions, and data flow is often optimized to increase the data reuse on-chip. Nevertheless, most of the inputs and outputs are moved across MAC arrays and from global buffers. Therefore, it is more attractive to embed the MAC computations into the memory array itself, namely compute-in-memory (CIM), to minimize the data transfer. In CIM, the vector–matrix multiplication is executed in parallel (with analog computation) where the input vectors activate multiple rows. The dot-product is obtained as the multiplication of input voltage and cell conductance, and the partial sum is added up by the column current. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at the edge of the array generally converts the partial sum to binary bits for further digital processing.
Chest palpitations in a teenager as an unusual presentation of Lyme disease: case report

The incidence of Lyme disease (LD) in North America has increased substantially in the past two decades. Concomitant with the increased incidence of infection has been an enhancement in the recognition of LD complications. Here, we report a case of Lyme carditis complicated by heart block in a pediatric patient admitted to our children’s hospital. What is unique about this case is that the complaint of chest palpitations is an infrequent presentation of LD, and what it adds to the scientific literature is an improved understanding of LD in the pediatric population. The patient was a 16-year-old male who presented with the main concerns of acute onset of palpitations and chest pain. An important clinical finding was Erythema migrans (EM) on physical exam. The primary diagnoses were LD with associated Lyme carditis, based on the finding of 1st degree atrioventricular heart block (AVB) and positive IgM and IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. Interventions included echocardiography, electrocardiography (EKG), and intravenous antibiotics. The hospital course was further remarkable for transition to 2nd degree heart block and transient episodes of complete heart block. A normal sinus rhythm and PR interval were restored after antibiotic therapy and the primary outcome was that of an uneventful recovery. Lyme carditis occurs in < 5% of LD cases, but the “take-away” lesson of this case is that carditis can be the presenting manifestation of B. burgdorferi infection in pediatric patients. Any patient with suspected Lyme carditis manifesting cardiac symptoms such as syncope, chest pain, or EKG changes should be admitted for parenteral antibiotic therapy and cardiac monitoring. The most common manifestation of Lyme carditis is AVB. AVB may manifest as first-degree block, or may present as high-grade second or third-degree block. Other manifestations of Lyme carditis may include myopericarditis, left ventricular dysfunction, and cardiomegaly. Resolution of carditis is typically achieved through antibiotic administration, although pacemaker placement should be considered if the PR interval fails to normalize or if higher degrees of heart block, with accompanying symptoms, are encountered. With the rising incidence of LD, providers must maintain a high level of suspicion in order to promptly diagnose and treat Lyme carditis.
Innovative Education for the Millennial: Use of Social Media and Multimedia for Impactful Interactive Education of Gynecological Surgery

Study Objective Demonstrate the utility of social media in minimally invasive gynecological surgery (MIGS) education and determine the most effective social media platform to impact and interact with the current OB/GYN trainee population. Design MIG_Tips was created focusing on MIGS education through weekly one minute video posts focusing on surgical technique, anatomy, and technology for all trainees’. Accounts on Instagram (IG), Twitter, and Youtube were simultaneously created and subscriber/follower statistics were tracked. Setting Instagram (IG), Twitter, and Youtube social media platforms. Patients or Participants Medical Students, OB/GYN Residents, OB/GYN Fellows with access to IG, Twitter, and YouTube. Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results IG is the most accessible social media platform to reach, connect, and interact with the current OB/GYN trainee population. Over 90% of IG Migs_Tips followers ( https://www.instagram.com/migs_tips/ ) are OB/GYNs trainees, nationally and internationally. After 1 month, MIGS_Tips IG gained 1,500 OB/GYN trainee followers with over 5,000 video post views. IG Story ephemeral (24 hours) posts gain over 900 view daily, enabling frequent educational interactions with followers. Conclusion MIGS_Tips on the IG social media platform is the most impactful for OB/GYN trainees. Over 50 OB/GYN Residency Programs have individual IG accounts, making IG the most accessible social media account to interact with trainees. IG's ability to share, reply, sticker tap, and follow MIGS_Tips's multimedia posts greatly increases meaningful interactions and discussions, further facilitating MIGS focused surgical technique, technology, and anatomy education.
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Medial Femoral Condyle

Background:While the data are not as robust as in the adult population, osteochondral allograft transplantation has proven to be an effective treatment for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions o...
Drug Interaction Alert Override Rates in the Meaningful Use Era: No Evidence of Progress

Background: Interruptive drug interaction alerts may reduce adverse drug events and are required for Stage I Meaningful Use attestation. For the last decade override rates have been very high. Despite their widespread use in commercial EHR systems, previously described interventions to improve alert frequency and acceptance have not been well studied. Objectives: (1) To measure override rates of inpatient medication alerts within a commercial clinical decision support system, and assess the impact of local customization efforts. (2) To compare override rates between drug-drug interaction and drug-allergy interaction alerts, between attending and resident physicians, and between public and academic hospitals. (3) To measure the correlation between physicians’ individual alert quantities and override rates as an indicator of potential alert fatigue. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed physician responses to drug-drug and drug-allergy interaction alerts, as generated by a common decision support product in a large teaching hospital system. Results: (1) Over four days, 461 different physicians entered 18,354 medication orders, resulting in 2,455 visible alerts; 2,280 alerts (93%) were overridden. (2) The drug-drug alert override rate was 95.1%, statistically higher than the rate for drug-allergy alerts (90.9%) (p Conclusions: Despite intensive efforts to improve a commercial drug interaction alert system and to reduce alerting, override rates remain as high as reported over a decade ago. Alert fatigue does not seem to contribute. The results suggest the need to fundamentally question the premises of drug interaction alert systems. Citation: Bryant AD, Fletcher GS, Payne TH. Drug interaction alert override rates in the Meaningful Use era: No evidence of progress. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 802–813 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-12-RA-0103
Introduction: Mount Pinatubo as a Test of Climate Feedback Mechanisms

The June 15, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption was a large but relatively shortlived shock to the Earth’s atmosphere. It thus provided an excellent opportunity to study the workings of the climate system, to test climate models, and to examine the impacts of climate change on life. The largest eruption of the 20th Century inspired a large amount of research on the connection between volcanic eruptions and the Earth’s atmosphere in the 12 years since that eruption, as exemplified by the chapters in this book. Here several additional examples of our new understanding of these connections are presented. While the global cooling after Pinatubo was not surprising, the observed winter warming over Northern Hemisphere continents in the two winters following the eruption is now understood as a dynamic response to volcanically produced temperature gradients in the lower stratosphere from aerosol heating and ozone depletion, and to reduced tropospheric storminess. Interactions of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of tropical stratospheric winds with the climate system are also now better understood by examining their role in the Pinatubo response. We have more confidence in the sensitivity of climate models used for attribution and projection of anthropogenic effects on climate because the strength of the water vapor feedback has been validated with Pinatubo simulations. The response of the biosphere to the Pinatubo eruption also illustrates its sensitivity to climate change and clarifies portions of the carbon cycle. Death of coral in the Red Sea in the winter of 1991–1992 and an unusually large number of polar bear cubs born in the summer of 1992 were two responses to the characteristic winter and summer temperature responses of the climate system. This strengthens our concern about negative impacts of global warming on polar bears and other wildlife. Enhanced vegetation growth from more diffuse and less direct solar radiation took more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere than normal, temporarily reducing the observed long-term increase in carbon dioxide. Continued research on the Pinatubo eruption and its aftermath will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the climate system.
Journal Self-Citation III: Exploring the Self-Citation Patterns in MIS Journals

Self-citation is a common practice in the research community. It includes citing one’s own papers and one’s target journal. A recent action by a publisher requesting each author of its journal to cite at least five papers published by the journal calls for a study of the self-citation patterns in MIS journals. This study intends to examine the cited table and the citing table in the database of Journal Citation Reports and identify the self-cited and self-citing patterns of MIS journals included in this database. Through a descriptive analysis, influential as well as problematic journals are identified and the implications for journal stakeholders are discussed.
A Critique of the Concept of Measurement in Financial Accounting

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of measurement in financial accounting, starting with an examination of the approach to measurement taken by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), followed by a summary of the general theory of measurement employed in the natural sciences, and finally a review of the arguments raised by various accounting theorists including Edwards and Bell, Chambers and Sterling. While agreeing generally with Sterling’s argument that enterprise income should be measured by the difference between owners’ equity (i.e. assets minus liabilities) at two points in time adjusted for investments and disinvestments, and also his argument that the difference in owners’ equity should be determined by the market (i.e. exit) prices of the net assets of the entity at the beginning and the end of the accounting period, the conclusion that the determination of exit prices is a “measurement” process is unfounded. This leads to the primary argument of this paper, which is that financial accounting “measurement” is not measurement.
Communicating with families of rehabilitation patients about "do not resuscitate" decisions.

Abstract Resuscitation discussions can elicit potent emotional reactions from both health care providers and consumers. In rehabilitation settings, decision making grows more difficult if decisions must be sought from family members or proxies of incompetent patients. There is ample room for emotions and lack of clarity to lead to dissatisfaction and heightened distress. This paper outlines legal, ethical, and psychological factors that must be managed if clear communication between health care providers and families is to occur. Issues are discussed that can clarify thinking at each stage of the communication process.
Tall College Women's Social Dynamics Relating to Height

We conducted in-depth interviews with 24 tall college females for the present phenomenological, qualitative research study. As tall females in our study described the impact of height on their social lives, three key height-related outcomes emerged. First, participants reported experiencing connections with other tall females because of mutual understandings, shared experiences, and self-perceptions of “fitting in” more when socializing with these tall friends. In addition, the women gave similar accounts of unintended intimidation resulting from their height that tended to occur mostly as they met new people. Furthermore, females had similar personal, height-related dating convictions, such as strict no-short-guys policies and their frustrations regarding what they creatively labeled as “wasted space.”
Current switching by conformational change in a π-σ-π molecular wire

The switching behavior of a conformational molecular switch with a \ensuremath{\pi} (benzenethiol)-\ensuremath{\sigma} (bicyclopentane)-\ensuremath{\pi} (benzenethiol) architecture is investigated by quantum mechanical calculations. The model molecular-wire exhibits current switching between the planar and perpendicular orientations of the two \ensuremath{\pi}-electron moieties with respect to each other. The current in the planar orientation is found to be 64 nA for an operating potential difference of 2.5 V. The current modulation (ON/OFF ratio) between the two conformational states of the molecule is calculated to be more than 7 at a switching voltage of 2.5 V. The energy barrier between the molecular conformations corresponding to the ON and OFF states are tens of ${k}_{B}T$ at room temperature, suggesting that the two states would remain isolated under normal operating conditions
Abstract 40: Disturbed Flow Alters Genomewide DNA Methylation Patterns, Regulating Endothelial Gene Expression and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis preferentially occurs in arterial regions of disturbed blood flow (d-flow), which alters gene expression, endothelial function, and atherosclerosis. Here, we show that d-flow regulates genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-dependent manner. We found that d-flow induced expression of DNMT1, but not DNMT3a or DNMT3b, in mouse arterial endothelium in vivo and in cultured endothelial cells by oscillatory shear (OS) compared to unidirectional laminar shear in vitro. The DNMT inhibitor 5-Aza-2’deoxycytidine (5Aza) or DNMT1 siRNA significantly reduced OS-induced endothelial inflammation. Moreover, 5Aza reduced lesion formation in two atherosclerosis models using ApoE-/- mice (western diet for 3 months and the partial carotid ligation model with western diet for 3 weeks). To identify the 5Aza mechanisms, we conducted two genome-wide studies: reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and transcript microarray using endothelial-enriched gDNA and RNA, respectively, obtained from the partially-ligated left common carotid artery (LCA exposed to d-flow) and the right contralateral control (RCA exposed to s-flow) of mice treated with 5Aza or vehicle. D-flow induced DNA hypermethylation in 421 gene promoters, which was significantly prevented by 5Aza in 335 genes. Systems biological analyses using the RRBS and the transcriptome data revealed 11 mechanosensitive genes whose promoters were hypermethylated by d-flow but rescued by 5Aza treatment. Of those, five genes contain hypermethylated cAMP-response-elements in their promoters, including the transcription factors HoxA5 and Klf3. Their methylation status could serve as a mechanosensitive master switch in endothelial gene expression. Our results demonstrate that d-flow controls epigenomic DNA methylation patterns in a DNMT-dependent manner, which in turn alters endothelial gene expression and induces atherosclerosis.
Federalism and aging policy in the 1980s: implications for changing interest group roles in the 1990s.

Shifts in the American political landscape during the 1980s had impacts on aging policy and on the behavior of aging interest groups through that decade, But perhaps even more important are the likely effects of those changes on aging policy and on the roles of age-related groups in the 1990s-and probably beyond. First, some of the majm policy trends of the 1980s are sketched out, especially the renewed emphasis on federalism. Then, an assessment of their effects on aging policy and aging interest groups is provided. Next, a rationale for focusing on state-level policy and a discussion of current aging interest-group mobilation at the state level are presented. Last, the prospects for aging interest-group influence in the 1990s—period in which the prior decade's emphasis on dual federalism is likely to continue-is addressed.
Metabolic differences among melanoma and two prostate cancer cell lines by electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry

Detecting early stages of cancer has been a challenge for analytical methods. Even with the advances in mammography and prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing the number of false positives and negatives is still significant. Cancer cell lines provide realistic simulations to assess detection technologies for different stages and types of cancer. Metabolomics, the measure of end products of all biological processes, is a recent addition to the field of systems biology and can be targeted towards early disease detection. For this study, the metabolomes of three cancer cell lines, two prostate (DU145 and PC3) and one melanoma (A375), were investigated by an ion mobility mass spectrometer (IMMS) for both positive and negative ion detection mode. IMMS produced multidimensional data that includes m/z, mobility and intensity for each ion detected in the sample. In order to see differences between the cancer cell lines, principal components analysis (PCA), a multi-variant technique used to pull patterns out of the data, was used in conjunction with the IMMS data. The sample patterns from the PCA were observed in the score plot and the individual metabolites that contributed the most to the model were shown in the loadings plot. For positive mode 127 metabolite ions were statistically analyzed and in the negative mode 115 metabolite ions were analyzed. PCA score plots were able to model 98% and 87% of the original data for positive and negative mode, respectively. The metabolite ions from the loadings plot were tentatively identified based on m/z.
Probabilistic robustness analysis of F-16 controller performance: An optimal transport approach

This paper presents an optimal transport theoretic formulation to assess the controller robustness for F-16 aircraft. We compare the state regulation performance for a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and gain scheduled LQR (gsLQR), applied to nonlinear longitudinal open-loop dynamics of F-16, under stochastic initial condition uncertainty. It is shown that both controllers have comparable immediate and asymptotic performance, but gsLQR achieves better transient performance than LQR. Algorithms based on Perron-Frobenius operator, are given for tractable computation. Numerical results from the proposed method, are in unison with Monte Carlo simulations.
Doxorubicin-induced calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles

Doxorubicin, an anthracycline glycoside antibiotic which has been widely used for treatment of several types of cancer (Goormaghtigh and Ruysschaer, 1984), displays a clinically important cardiac toxicity (Young et al., 1981) that can be dissociated from the antitumor activity. Although the main sites of toxicity have been postulated to be on the muscle membranes (Goormaghtigh and Ruysschaer, 1984; Harris and Doroshow, 1985), no information is available for a direct doxorubicin effect on the Ca2+ fluxes in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Previous studies have shown that micromolar doxorubicin triggers Ca2+ release from skeletal SR vesicles (Zorzato et al., 1985). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of doxorubicin or caffeine on Ca2+ fluxes in cardiac SR in the presence of various Ca2+ release inhibitors. Addition of either doxorubicin (C1/2 = 5 microM), or caffeine (C1/2 = 0.8 mM) triggered Ca2+ release from canine cardiac SR loaded with 45Ca2+ in the presence of 2 mM ATP. The maximal amount of Ca2+ release triggered by doxorubicin (38% of the total loaded Ca2+) was significantly higher than that released by caffeine (25%). Plots of the amount of Ca2+ release triggered by 20 microM doxorubicin or 2 mM caffeine vs. free Ca2+ concentration were a bell-shaped, with maximal Ca2+ release at 0.2 microM Ca2+. Ca2+ release triggered by either 20 microM doxorubicin or 2 mM caffeine was inhibited by ruthenium red (0.1 to 2 microM), ryanodine (1 to 100 microM) or tetracaine (0.1 to 1 mM), whereas 2 mM caffeine did not further activate Ca2+ release triggered by 50 microM doxorubicin, suggesting that the drugs may share the same Ca2+ release channel.
Interactions among shrub cover and the soil microclimate may determine future Arctic carbon budgets.

Arctic and Boreal terrestrial ecosystems are important components of the climate system because they contain vast amounts of soil carbon (C). Evidence suggests that deciduous shrubs are increasing in abundance, but the implications for ecosystem C budgets remain uncertain. Using midsummer CO(2) flux data from 21 sites spanning 16° of latitude in the Arctic and Boreal biomes, we show that air temperature explains c. one-half of the variation in ecosystem respiration (ER) and that ER drives the pattern in net ecosystem CO(2) exchange across ecosystems. Woody sites were slightly stronger C sinks compared with herbaceous communities. However, woody sites with warm soils (> 10 °C) were net sources of CO(2) , whereas woody sites with cold soils (< 10 °C) were strong sinks. Our results indicate that transition to a shrub-dominated Arctic will increase the rate of C cycling, and may lead to net C loss if soil temperatures rise.
Single leptoquark production at TeV e+e− colliders

Abstract We point out that single production of leptoquarks in e + e − collisions at 1 to 2 TeV in center of mass can have large cross sections. The signatures are striking and the discovery limit can reach close to the CM energy.
Seismic Waveform Tomography at Test Site with Open Chimneys

An application of two-dimensional time-domain waveform tomography to map the extent of open chimneys at a variable karstic limestone site is presented. The seismic surface wave fields were measured next to three open chimneys and inverted with a full-waveform inversion technique, which was based on a finite-difference solution of two-dimensional elastic wave equations and the Gauss-Newton inversion method. Both the compression wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave) velocities were inverted independently and simultaneously to increase the credibility of the characterized profiles. The waveform analysis successfully profiled embedded low-velocity zones and highly laterally and vertically variable limestone. The inverted results are consistent with the known open chimneys observed from the ground surface. The Poisson's ratio determined from the inverted P-wave and S-wave velocities is consistent with soil types: high values of 0.3 to 0.5 for silt and clay and low values of 0.1 to 0.2 for limestone. Results sh...
Linear determination of the \(\dot V\)O2 half time response during exercise

The oxygen consumption (\(\dot V\)O2) half time response was determined on eight female subjects during exercise using a nonlinear equation of the form \(\dot V\)O2t=\(\dot V\)O2ss (1−e−kt), where \(\dot V\)O2t=\(\dot V\)O2 at time t of exercise, \(\dot V\)O2ss=\(\dot V\)O2 at steady state, e = natural log, and k = constant of the curve, and a simple, linear equation of the form t=b(\(\dot V\)O2t/\(\dot V\)O2ss)±a. The slope (b) and intercept (a) of the line, respectively, were determined for each work load and each subject using the \(\dot V\)O2 measurements within the initial linear portion of the individual \(\dot V\)O2 uptake curves. Two treadmill walks were used (¯X=38 and 65% \(\dot V\)O2 max). For the lower work load, the ¯X±SD for the nonlinear and linear half time responses were 21.6±4.8 s and 21.6±4.9 S, respectively, and for the higher load 32.8±5.6 s and 32.6±3.6 s, respectively. No significant differences between linear and nonlinear means were found. The linear correlation between determinations was 0.88 (p<0.001). The standard error of estimate was ±3.4 s with 95% confidence limits of ±7.2 s (±25.7% of the nonlinear half time mean). The \(\dot V\)O2 half time response for the higher work load was significantly greater (p<0.01) than for the lower load. Linear correlations of 0.84 and 0.76 (p<0.01) between % \(\dot V\)O2 max and linear and nonlinear determinations of the half time responses, respectively, were also found. We conclude that (1) the \(\dot V\)O2 half time response at the onset of steady state exercise can be accurately determined on a group basis but not an individual basis from simple linear equations, and (2) the \(\dot V\)O2 half time response is slower with increasing work loads.
Selection for uniformity: xenophobia and invasion success

Abstract One reason why ants fascinate us is the seemingly bipolar nature of their social interactions: harmonious cooperation within, and extreme aggression across, colonies. Recent work by Giraud and colleagues and by Tsutsui and colleagues explores a behavioral outlier in this dichotomy, the invasive Argentine ant Linepithema humile . Introduced L. humile often form unicolonial societies in which conflict between colonies is absent. Using theoretical, laboratory and field-based research, these researchers address an evolutionary paradox: the evolution of indiscriminate altruism.
First-year adaptation of female, expatriate religious and humanitarian aid workers: a mixed methods analysis

Previous research has demonstrated that international religious workers struggle more than other expatriate groups; our purpose was to investigate these differences. Data were from a larger project where 32 American female expatriate spouses were evaluated at three-month intervals during their first year of expatriation to a Middle Eastern country. Disaggregating the data allowed a comparison of worker outcomes (n = 5) to other expats (n = 25). Results indicated that worker marital satisfaction and global psychological functioning means were lower at most time-in-country intervals. Moreover, normative comparisons, a statistical procedure used to compare worker scores of global psychological functioning to a normative sample of chronically ill medical patients, indicated that worker scores were meaningfully lower at three- and nine-month intervals. In contrast, workers valued marital, parental, occupational, and homemaker life roles more than other expats. A consensual qualitative research analysis provide...
Compact multi-pass cell based Faraday rotation spectrometer for nitric oxide detection

Nitric oxide sensing based on a 3.5 m Herriott cell-enhanced Faraday rotation spectrometer is reported. A minimum detection limit of 3.2 ppb/Hz1/2 is achieved using NO R(8.5)e transition at 1906.14cm−1 and 100 Gauss field.
Calculation of lattice dynamical properties from electronic energies: Application to C, Si and Ge

Abstract It is shown that lattice dynamical properties of insulators can be calculated directly from the electronic band structure using the “special points” method. The shear modulii and zone boundary transverse acoustic phonon frequencies of C, Si and Ge are calculated with no adjustable parameters, with results in reasonable agreement with experiment.
May 4, 1998 storm: Observations of energetic ion composition by POLAR

A major geomagnetic storm occurred at 5:00-12:05 UT on May 4, 1998. During this period, the magnetosphere was compressed and eroded; POLAR traveled in its outbound orbit from the equatorial radiation belt to the cusp and crossed the magnetopause into the magnetosheath. Two CEP-like (Cusp Energetic Particle) events with two to three orders of magnitudes enhancements of MeV ion fluxes were measured. The first event had a peak flux higher than that of the intense outer radiation belt in the equatorial plane. The shape of the measured energy spectra (in the unit of keV/e) were ion species dependent. For He+/He++ ratio at 18-269 keV/e, the difference between the radiation belt and the magnetosheath can be by a factor of as large as 62. In the magnetosheath, the 18-269 keV/e ion composition are variable, indicating a mass dependent acceleration process. These MeV ions may be energized by a mechanism in the cusp responsible for the CEP events previously reported.
Calcium exchange diffusion in a porous phospholipid ion-exchange membrane.

The passage of calcium ions through an artificial membrane by exchange diffusion may serve as a model for the transport of ions in biological membranes.
Aeroheating Uncertainties in Uranus and Saturn Entries by the Monte Carlo Method

The 2013–2022 decadal survey (“Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022,” National Research Council Rept., National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2011) for planetary exploration has identified probe missions to Uranus and Saturn as high priorities. This work endeavors to examine the uncertainty for determining aeroheating in such entry environments. Representative entry trajectories are constructed using the TRAJ software. Flowfields at selected points on the trajectories are then computed using the data parallel line relaxation computational fluid dynamics code. A Monte Carlo study is performed on the data parallel line relaxation input parameters to determine the uncertainty in the predicted aeroheating, and correlation coefficients are examined to identify which input parameters show the most influence on the uncertainty. A review of the present best practices for input parameters (for example, transport coefficient and vibrational relaxation time) is also conducted. It is fo...
Young Children's Self-Generated Object Views and Object Recognition

Two important and related developments in children between 18 and 24 months of age are the rapid expansion of object name vocabularies and the emergence of an ability to recognize objects from sparse representations of their geometric shapes. In the same period, children also begin to show a preference for planar views (i.e., views of objects held perpendicular to the line of sight) of objects they manually explore. Are children's emerging view preferences somehow related to contemporary changes in object name vocabulary and object perception? Children aged 18 to 24 months old explored richly detailed toy objects while wearing a head camera that recorded their object views. Both children's vocabulary size and their success in recognizing sparse three-dimensional representations of the geometric shapes of objects were significantly related to their spontaneous choice of planar views of those objects during exploration. The results suggest important interdependencies among developmental changes in perceptio...
A rapid in vivo test for chromosomal damage

Abstract An in vivo method for screening drugs, food additives, and other chemicals that might cause chromosomal aberrations has been tested. It is reliable, easy, and very much more rapid than the traditional method.
Bouts of responding on variable-interval schedules: Effects of deprivation level

Rats obtained food pellets on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement by nose poking a lighted key. After training to establish baseline performance (with the mean variable interval set at either 60, 120, or 240 s), the rats were given free access to food during the hour just before their daily session. This satiation operation reduced the rate of key poking. Analysis of the interresponse time distributions (log survivor plots) indicated that key poking occurred in bouts. Prefeeding lengthened the pauses between bouts, shortened the length of bouts (less reliably), and had a relatively small decremental effect on the response rate within bouts. That deprivation level affects mainly between-bout pauses has been reported previously with fixed-ratio schedules. Thus, when the focus is on bouts, the performances maintained by variable-interval schedules and fixed-ratio schedules are similarly affected by deprivation.
Factors affecting patient compliance in the acute setting: an analysis of 20,000 imaging reports

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with noncompliance of recommendations made by emergency radiologists. Between March 2012 and August 2012, our team retrospectively reviewed 20,000 consecutive emergency department (ED) patients receiving imaging to assess how often emergency radiologists made recommendations, how often they were followed, and what factors were associated with noncompliance. Faculty (Radiology or Emergency Medicine) were considered senior if they had been practicing for >5 years post residency/fellowship training. Faculty practicing <5 years were considered junior physicians. The following data was extracted from the electronic medical records and the hospital information system: recommendation in imaging report, age, gender, race (Caucasian, African-American, and others), insurance status, primary care contact, distance from the hospital to patient residence, and primary language. Recommendations were categorized as follows: (1) immediate follow-up, (2) follow-up 1–4 weeks, (3) follow-up 1–3 months, (4) follow-up 4–6 months, (5) follow-up 7–12 months, and (6) clinical/laboratory follow-up recommendations irrespective of time. We identified 1,650 recommendations (1,650/20,000 = 8.25 %). Using a one-to-one logistic regression analysis, the following factors were significant (P < 0.05) when evaluating noncompliance: increasing age, no primary care physician, lack of insurance, primary language other than English, increased distance from hospital, and extended follow-up interval. Noncompliance with recommended additional imaging (RAI) is multifactorial. Primary and/or referring physicians should take notice of the aforementioned compliance trends and mitigating factors, adopt systematic safety measures and create interdepartmental dialogue with radiology to ensure compliance, and counsel and educate patients about the importance of imaging recommendations.
The toxicity of some insecticides to first-instar nymphs of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)

SUMMARY The toxicities of γ-BHC, diazinon, dieldrin, DNOC, heptachlor and parathion to first-instar hoppers of the desert locust were determined. Parathion was the most toxic followed in descending order of toxicity by dieldrin, γ-BHC, heptachlor, diazinon and DNOC. Results with diazinon showed a non-linearity of the probit/log. dose regression line. Changing the post-treatment temperature from 26 to 31° C. had no effect on the final toxicity of the insecticides, excepting that of dieldrin which was 1·48 times as toxic at the higher temperature.
Potency and inactivation rates of analogues of an irreversible inhibitor of vertebrate oxidosqualene cyclase

Abstract Truncated, 22(23)-dihydro, and fluorinated analogues of (3S)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene (29-MOS) were prepared and inhibitory potencies and rates of inactivation of rat oxidosqualene cyclase were measured. Rapid mechanism-based enzyme inactivation was observed for both methylidene and difluoromethylidene analogues with complete pro-side chains, but not for truncated analogues.
Fermi surface and electronic density of states of molybdenum

The electronic energy-band structure of molybdenum has been calculated by means of the relativistic augmented-plane-wave method applied to the overlapping charge-density model. Full Slater exchange was employed. Calculations of extremal calipers, extremal cross-sectional areas, and cyclotron effective masses for the magnetic field along symmetry directions are reported and compared with experimental data where available. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental cyclotron-mass data indicate an anisotropic electron-phonon mass enhancement of approximately 0.33, which is smaller than the McMillan value of 0.41.
Epitaxy of fcc and bcc Co, Ni, and Cu studied by X-ray photoelectron diffraction

The structures of epitaxial transition-metal films with thicknesses of only a few monolayers were determined by X-ray photoemission diffraction (XPD) techniques. Ni ultrathin films were studied on two Cu single-crystal surfaces, and Cu/Ni multilayers (or “sandwich” structures) were also grown. On Cu(100), the initial Ni epitaxy is found to result in expansion of the Ni lattice constant to achieve lateral coherence with the substrate, along with a reduction in the Ni interplanar spacing perpendicular to the substrate, approximately maintaining a fixed Ni-Ni nearest-neighbor distance. This structure is a body-centered tetragonal distortion of the normal fcc(100) lattice. The behavior on Cu(111) is different, in that the epitaxial Ni films retain the c/a axis relationship of bulk Ni(111). Films of Co, Ni, and Cu, which are normally fcc or hcp crystals at room temperature, were grown on single-crystal Fe(100) substrates to induce bcc ordering. Both Co and Ni grow as bcc(100) films on iron, but the Cu films are disordered. This is in contrast to epitaxy of Cu on strained layer Fe(100) films, which do support the growth of bcc Cu(100). Modelling of ultrathin film XPD using multiple-scattering calculations was used for bond-length determinations with high accuracy, and for a determination of growth modes.
Application of Lagrangian Blending Functions for Grid Generation Around Airplane Geometries

A simple procedure has been developed and applied for the grid generation around an airplane geometry. This approach is based on a transfinite interpolation with Lagrangian interpolation for the blending functions. A monotonic rational quadratic spline interpolation has been employed for the grid distributions.
Brief butyltin exposure induces irreversible inhibition of the cytotoxic function on human natural killer cells, in vitro.

Abstract Despite mounting evidence on butyltin (BT) contamination and related immunotoxic effects on wildlife, very little is known about BT-associated immunotoxic effects on humans, particularly the effects on human natural killer (NK) lymphocyte function. Our earlier studies demonstrated that in vitro exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BTs negatively affect human NK cells and that there are measurable levels of BTs in human blood. In this study we examined whether the inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic function induced by a brief exposure (1 h) to BTs is reversible when the cells are allowed to recover in BT-free media for up to 6 days. Standard methods were used in chemical preparation, blood sampling, NK cell isolation, and 51-Chromium release assay. The results revealed that exposure to 300 nM TBT for 1 h caused an approximately 65− decrease in NK cytotoxic function, whether the lymphocytes were given as long as a 6-day recovery period or no recovery period. There was no recovery (nor any further loss) of NK cytotoxic function following removal of the compound. Exposure to 5 μM DBT for 1 h showed a 41% decrease in cytotoxic function with 0-h recovery and an 83% decrease after a 24-h recovery period. Thus, not only is there no significant recovery of NK cytotoxic function when the lymphocytes are allowed to incubate in BT-free medium for up to 6 days but there is additional loss of cytotoxic function. The results indicated that short-term exposure to BTs causes persistent negative effects on NK cell ability to kill cancer cells.
Old Drug, New Hope for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease insidiously robs patients of the ability to remember, reason, and make informed judgments. Despite decades of research, no therapeutics are available that slow disease progression, and to date no “disease-modifying” drug has succeeded to show therapeutic benefit and to be safe. On page 1503 of this issue, Cramer et al. ( 1 ) show that a drug called bexarotene reverses the effects of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The study provides new hope that decades of research examining the molecular and cellular pathways in Alzheimer's disease may soon yield disease-modifying therapies.
On the probability a line becomes extinct before a favorable mutation appears.

Some theoretical results obtained in a previous publication (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28: 25–50, 1966) are studied from the numerical point of view. Possible medical interpretations are suggested.
Effects of acute ethanol intoxication combined with secobarbital abuse on hemostasis.

Abstract 1. 1.|Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.5 ml of 46% ETOH, 2.8 mg/kg of secobarbital or 14.3 mg/kg secobarbital or combinations thereof. 2. 2.|Twenty-four hours following treatment, blood clotting data was determined. 3. 3.|The data indicated that either ethanol or secobarbital alone is just as detrimental to hemostasis as is the combined abuse of both. 4. 4.|Likewise, a lesser concentration of alcohol was just as disruptive on hemostasis as was the greater concentration of ethanol.
Phenomenologic Research as a Theoretic Initiative in Community Health Nursing

Phenomenologic research is a means of developing clarity on the concepts or phenomena that are the focus of community health nursing practice. Phenomenologic methodology is used in a number of disciplines, including nursing. This paper addresses how the researcher identifies the phenomena of interest, decides on the number of participants, gains access to those individuals, collects data, and analyzes and uses the findings. Specifically, community health nurses can use phenomenology to begin to define the concepts perceived to be of primary concern in the practice arena.
The effect of glucagon on ureagenesis from ammonia by isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Glucagon, at a maximally effective concentration of 1 μM, stimulated by 35% the rate at which rat hepatocytes synthesized urea from 10 mM NH 4 Cl in the presence of 10 mM ornithine. The rate at which citrulline accumulated in the incubations was relatively unchanged by the presence of glucagon. Mitochondria isolated from glucagon treated hepatocytes were observed to synthesize citrulline from 10 mM NH 4 Cl and 10 mM ornithine more rapidly than did mitochondria isolated from untreated hepatocytes. The role of the intracellular malate concentration in the regulation of the rate of urea synthesis, and the changes observed in the cellular content of malate in response to glucagon are discussed.
Quantitative determination of cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions by electrophoresis.

Abstract The Helena REP cholesterol profile system (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX) separates VLDL, LDL, HDL and Lp(a) by agarose gel electrophoresis, and quantitates cholesterol by enzymatic staining and densitometry. We compared results by electrophoresis to combined ultracentrifugation/precipitation (beta-quantification, BQ) for VLDL, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and to immunonephelometry for Lp(a) mass (Behring Diagnostics, Westwood, MA) in serum from 64 patients with a variety of lipid disorders. There was good agreement between methods, with a mean bias of −0.19 (−7.3), 0.09 (3.5), and 0.09 (3.4) mmol/l (mg/dl) for VLDL, HDL, and LDL cholesterol for electrophoresis vs. BQ. These differences were significant for HDL and VLDL cholesterol (P 0.05). There was also good correlation between methods with coefficients of 0.83, 0.92, 0.91, and 0.97 for VLDL, HDL, Lp(a), and LDL, respectively. Our data indicate that this method can accurately and precisely measure LDL cholesterol directly in fresh serum from patients with a wide range of triglyceride values. However, HDL cholesterol measurement did not meet NCEP guidelines for precision and accuracy. Also, the poor resolution of VLDL and LDL in some specimens is a concern.
A response-surface approach to the combined effects of temperature and salinity on the larval development of Adula californiensis (Pelecypoda: Mytilidae). I. Survival and growth of three and fifteen-day old larvae

Laboratory experiments of a factorial design were used to examine the combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and growth of early and late-stage larvae of Adula californiensis (Phillippi, 1847). Response-surface curves were generated to predict optimal conditions for survival and growth in order to better understand the successful recruitment of this species within the Yaquina Bay estuary (Oregon, USA). Three-day old cultured larvae were more sensitive to reduced salinity than were 15-day old larvae. However, the 15-day old larvae showed a narrower temperature tolerance than the 3-day old larvae. A. californiensis larvae survived over a wider range of temperatures near optimum salinities than at salinities near their lower tolerance limit, and conversely. Temperature and salinity ranges for maximum survival (10° to 15°C, 31 to 33‰) were narrower than the ranges which occur within the estuary where the adult populations exist. Larval size did not increase markedly during the 15-day rearing period, and was not greatly affected by temperature or salinity. No statistically significant temperature-salinity interaction was found for either survival or growth.
Fast detection of hydrogen sulfide gas in the ppmv range with silver nanoparticle films at ambient conditions

Abstract Based on the chemical reaction of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), an optical sensor to detect H 2 S gas at room temperature was designed. Peak intensity of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption of Ag NPs was monitored as the sensor responded to H 2 S. The fabricated Ag NP films were very sensitive to the presence of H 2 S with a gas concentration in the parts per million by volume (ppmv) range. The reaction of H 2 S on silver nanoparticle surfaces proceeded very quickly, as indicated by a significant and rapid decrease in the peak absorbance of LSPR. From analysis of the reaction kinetics, the initial reaction between Ag NPs and H 2 S gas was revealed to be a first-order reaction in Ag, and the initial reaction rate was proportional to the gas concentration in the ppmv range. The H 2 S gas concentration can be determined from either the initial reaction rate or from the H 2 S dose measured after extended reaction periods. Performance of the Ag NP film as a dosimeter at ambient conditions was evaluated by exposure to H 2 S in air, to water vapor with different relative humidity, to ammonia, to hydrochloric acid and to some volatile organic compound vapors.
Induction of lateral branches in tree fruit nursery stock with propyl 3-t-butylphenoxy acetate (MB 25, 105) and Promalin (GA4+7 + 6-benzyladenine)

Abstract Sprays with 250–2000 mg l−1 propyl 3-t-butylphenoxy acetate (MB 25,105) and 250 and 500 mg l−1 GA4+7 + 6-benzyladenine (Promalin) were applied to scion growth of first nursery trees of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), ‘Bing’ cherry (Prunus avium L.) and ‘Oregon Spur II Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to stimulate lateral branching in the nursery. Most treatments significantly increased branching compared to untreated controls. Combination sprays of the two chemicals were usually better than either used alone. Chemical treatment usually produced greater branching and wider branch angles than mechanical heading. Both chemical and mechanical treatments reduced tree height and caliper, but the decrease was not always statistically significant.