cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Tropical Atmosphere Model of Relevance to Short-Term Climate Variations

Abstract The tropical atmosphere model presented here is suitable for modeling both the annual cycle and short-term (monthly to decadal time scale) climate fluctuations in sole response to the thermal forcing from the underlying surface, especially the ocean surface. The present model consists of a well-mixed planetary boundary layer and a free troposphere represented by the gravest baroclinic mode. The model dynamics involves active interactions between the boundary-layer flow driven by the momentum forcing associated with sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and the free tropospheric flow stimulated by diabatic heating that is controlled by the thermal effects of SST. This process is demonstrated to be essential for modeling Pacific basinwide low-level circulations. The convective heating is parameterized by a SST-dependent conditional heating scheme based upon the proposition that the potential convective instability increases with SST in a nonlinear fashion. The present model integrates the virtue o...
Biphasic dose-response relationship for effects of toluene inhalation on locomotor activity.

Abstract To investigate the effects of inhalation of toluene on spontaneous locomotor activity, rats were exposed to graded concentrations of toluene and locomotor activity was measured continuously before, during and after exposure. This study used a randomized, cross-over, graded-dose experimental design, with sham-exposure as the control. The locomotor activity pattern during toluene exposure depended upon the toluene concentration in the air. At the lowest effective concentration (50000 ppm) locomotor activity increased monophasically during exposure, and decreased monophasically during recovery. At higher concentrations (10, 000–15, 00 ppm) locomotor activity initially increased in a concentration-dependent manner. With continued exposure to the higher concentrations, locomotor activity decreased and eventually ceased at the highest concentration. Recovery from exposure to high concentrations of toluene was also biphasic. These results demonstrate that the behavioral responses to extremely high concentrations of toluene are characterized by biphasic actions as demonstrated both by analysis of concentration-response and time-action characteristics. Exposure to concentrations of toluene similar to those used in this study occurs during organic solvent abuse and glue sniffing in humans.
Dental emergence among urban Zambian school children : An assessment of the accuracy of three methods in assigning ages

In situations where birth records are unavailable and stated ages are unreliable, the emergence of the permanent dentition can serve as an indicator of age. Due to substantial variation in the timing of tooth emergence, a sample (n = 721) of Zambian school children, with known ages, was examined to provide a tooth emergence reference standard for the area. Three methods for assigning ages were utilized and their accuracy assessed. A random test sample was withheld from the original study in order to further evaluate the methods' accuracy. The three methods—1) number of teeth, 2) regression and 3) probit analysis—were applied to Zambian children, and estimates of age were made. Predicted ages were compared to actual ages to determine the percentage of accuracy in three categories—±.5, ±1.0 and ±2.0 years—and paired t-tests were conducted. Each of the three methods was then applied to the test sample, and their accuracy was evaluated in the same manner. Methods 1 and 2 were found to provide the higher percentage of correct ages within ±.5 years, assigning roughly 39% of both male and female children within this increment. This was also the case at the next increment, with methods 1 and 2 assigning a higher percentage (66–76%) of children to the ±1.0 year category, while the accuracy of method 3 was quite a bit lower. The results for the test sample were very similar to those of the main sample. The overall accuracy of methods 1 and 2 was very similar in both the main and test samples, while method 3 had lower accuracy and t-tests indicated significant differences. Therefore, due to ease of application in the field setting, method 1, mean age per number of teeth emerged, is the method of choice. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:447–454, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tropospheric Ozone Near-Nadir-Viewing IR Spectral Sensitivity and Ozone Measurements from NAST-I

Infrared ozone spectra from near nadir observations have provided atmospheric ozone information from the sensor to the Earth's surface. Simulations of the NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I) from the NASA ER-2 aircraft (approximately 20 km altitude) with a spectral resolution of 0.25/cm were used for sensitivity analysis. The spectral sensitivity of ozone retrievals to uncertainties in atmospheric temperature and water vapor is assessed in order to understand the relationship between the IR emissions and the atmospheric state. In addition, ozone spectral radiance sensitivity to its ozone layer densities and radiance weighting functions reveals the limit of the ozone profile retrieval accuracy from NAST-I measurements. Statistical retrievals of ozone with temperature and moisture retrievals from NAST-I spectra have been investigated and the preliminary results from NAST-I field campaigns are presented.
Transverse and cyclic thermal loading of the fiber reinforced metal-matrix composite SCS6/Ti-15-3

Abstract The transverse properties of a SiC fiber reinforced Ti alloy matrix composite subjected to transverse mechanical and cyclic thermal loading have been investigated. Fibers and matric have a mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion that induces thermal stresses in addition to those caused by mechanical loading. When fluctuations occur in the operating temperature the thermal stresses change and this could cause an incremental accumulation of plastic strain or increase in creep rate. The composite under consideration has a modest mismatch and it was found that the strain accumulation is caused by creep deformation in the matrix at the high temperature portion of the thermal cycles. In the early stages of the deformation for low transverse loading the interface is in compressive contact and the creep rate is accelerated by the cyclic thermal stresses. After debonding has occurred the cyclic thermal stress component is diminished and the creep rate is given by a matrix with holes.
Semilinear Periodic-Parabolic Equations with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions

Recently much work has been devoted to periodic-parabolic equations with linear homogeneous boundary conditions. However, very little has been accomplished in the literature for periodic-parabolic problems with nonlinear boundary conditions. It is the purpose of this paper to prove existence and regularity results for (classical) periodic solutions to semilinear second order parabolic partial differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions provided ordered upper and lower solutions are given. Fractional order function spaces, Ehrling–Gagliardo–Nirenberg and Lions–Peetre–Calderon type interpolation inequalities for functions in (anisotropic) Sobolev–Slobodeckii spaces play an important role in the obtainment ofa prioriboundary and interior estimates. In proving our existence results we make use of topological degree techniques and regularity results for linear parabolic partial differential equations under linear nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. We also indicate how one can obtain minimal and maximal time-periodic solutions to parabolic problems with nonlinear boundary conditions.
Diagnosis and management of traumatic and atraumatic hip instability in the athletic patient

Although relatively uncommon compared with the shoulder, hip instability can be a source of significant disability and is a commonly unrecognized injury. Hip instability can be traumatic or atraumatic in origin. Our understanding and treatment plan for hip instability due to traumatic events is well established. However, our understanding and treatment modalities for hip instability due to atraumatic events or repetitive motion in high level athletes are not as well defined. In this article, we will review the spectrum of traumatic and atraumatic hip instability and discuss the relevant anatomy, history, and physical examination findings, imaging studies, and treatment options with a focus on hip arthroscopy, and review of the literature.
Limits of states

Estimates for vector representations of states are used to prove that {CnC0} is strong-operator convergent toC0, whereCn is the universal central support of ϱn and {ϱn} is a sequence of states of aC*-algebra\(\mathfrak{A}\) converging in norm to ϱ0. States of\(\mathfrak{A}\) of a given type are shown to form a norm-closed convex subset of the (norm) dual of\(\mathfrak{A}\). The pure states of\(\mathfrak{A}\) form a norm-closed subset of the dual.
Use of the discourse marker like in interviews

L'A. examine les fonctions discursives du marqueur discursif like en analysant sa frequence d'utilisation par le locuteur et l'interlocuteur dans des echanges conversationnels. L'analyse veut determiner les facteurs qui entrent en jeu dans la variation de la frequence d'utilisation de like. On constate que cette frequence varie en fonction des besoins interactionnels des locuteurs. Bien que like soit indeniablement porteur de connotations sociales, il apparait etre plus une particule fonctionnelle qu'un marqueur stylistique
Analysis of Microfabricated Textured Multicrystalline Beams: I. Homogenization Approach

This paper discusses a deterministic approach to the stress and deformation analysis of miniaturized structures. Analytical Voigt-Reuss-Hill averages for the elements of the fourth-ranked elasticity tensor representing a polycrystal are evaluated for a planar problem and the variations of elastic moduli with respect to the degree of anisotropy and the mean and coefficient of variation of the preferred orientation direction are studied. The applicability of the averaging methods to the characterization of materials used in micro-electro-mechanical systems are then assessed.
Increased tissue deposition and decreased excretion of platinum following administration of cisplatin to cisplatin-pretreated animals.

Guinea pigs were pretreated IP with cisplatin (10 mg/kg) for various times before IV administration of 195mPtlabeled cisplatin. Concentrations of 195mplatinum were greater in tissues of pretreated animals than in those of control animals. Amounts of 195mplatinum in subcellular fractions from pretreated rabbits were similarly greater in pretreated animals. Amounts of radioactivity appeared to be greatest in animals receiving a larger number of pretreatment injections, even though the total amount of cisplatin administered was equal in all groups. BUN was elevated on day 1 after the radioactive dose only in those animals which had been pretreated. Urinary excretion of platinum was significantly less in pretreated than in control animals. It appears that pretreatment with cisplatin damages the kidney severely enough for subsequent doses of cisplatin not to be excreted as efficiently, thus leading to a greater tissue deposition of platinum in pretreated animals.
Preparation and properties of three pure crystalline bacterial haem proteins.

Abstract New improved methods are described for the isolation, purification and crystallization of 3 typical haem proteins, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans cytochrome c 3 , Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c 2 and Rhodospirillum rubrum haem protein (“RHP”). Some spectroscopic and physico-chemical properties of these preparations are described and compared with previous findings based on the use of less native amorphous specimens of somewhat lower purity. It is shown that cytochrome c 3 , whether native or partially denatured, exists as a low potential cytochrome containing 2 haem groups/mole. Cytochrome c 2 is haem protein with properties much like those of the classical mammalian cytochrome c . Rhodospirillum rubrum haem protein is a haem protein with a structure apparently resembling myoglobin but differing in details of response in spectrochemical characteristics when exposed to extreme alkaline pH. Previous values for extinction coefficients are corrected to accord with present findings which show that Rhodospirillum rubrum haem protein, whether obtained from R. rubrum or Chromatium , contains 2 haem groups/mole.
A New Monte Carlo Model for Supported-Catalyst Sintering

Abstract We present a new 2D Monte Carlo model of supported-catalyst sintering that is capable of generating all known catalyst sintering behaviors, including atom emission and recapture (Ostwald ripening), particle migration and coalescence, and vapor-phase transport. This model differs from previously reported phenomenological models in that no mechanism is presupposed; rather sintering is allowed to arise naturally from atomic-scale interactions among metal atoms and the support. The model uses a classical Metropolis algorithm to determine movement of metal atoms on a support. The metal–support system is represented by a two-dimensional rectangular mesh oriented perpendicular to the support surface. The top and bottom rows of the mesh represent the support, so that the total mesh represents a long, narrow pore. The simulations are initialized by placing metal atoms into the mesh to obtain a desired initial state. The Metropolis algorithm randomly selects a metal atom and a neighboring site and, if the neighboring site is empty, moves the metal atom to the neighboring site with a probability proportional to exp(−ΔE/kT), where ΔE is the change in energy associated with the move. Energies of the initial and final states are calculated from pairwise interactions between the sites involved and their nearest neighbors. The simulation is run for 106–107 Monte Carlo time steps (MCS), where a single MCS corresponds to a number of attempted moves equal to the number of metal atoms in the simulation. Our model bears certain resemblances to previously published Monte Carlo models but introduces several improvements. First, our model properly calculates probabilities of metal atom migration by using the change in energy associated with the move, rather than simply using the energy of the initial state. Second, our model includes sites in the center of the pore and can therefore model gas-phase transport of metal atoms. Earlier models used a two-dimensional mesh oriented parallel to the support surface and, therefore, did not include sites corresponding to the gas phase. Third, our choice of two-dimensional plane allows modeling of contact angles between metal particles and the support. Countering this advantage is our inability to model the shape of the contact surface between the metal particles and the support. Finally, because our two-dimensional model includes gas-phase sites, generalization to three dimensions is conceptually simple, requiring only the extension of the mesh in the third dimension. Extension of the earlier models to three dimensions would require inclusion of new concepts since the gas phase is not present in the two-dimensional plane chosen.
Nuclear charge distribution in fission-spectrum-neutron induced fission: Fractional cumulative yields of rare gas nuclides from fission of 235U and 238U

Abstract The fractional cumulative yields of a number of krypton and xenon products from slightly degraded fission-spectrum-neutron fission of 235 U and 238 U have been measured using the emanation technique. The values and other measurements are consistent with the model that has been developed for charge distribution in thermal-neutron fission of 235 U.
Dialkyl 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate complexes of PtII, CdII and ReI: the effects of metal centre geometry and ligand substitution on phase behaviour

Dialkyl 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate derivatives are non-mesogenic ligands capable of supporting liquid crystalline phase formation when coordinated with a variety of metals. Herein is described a preliminary study on altering stable temperature ranges of thermotropic mesophases through metal centre selection and ligand modification. Characterisation of non-mesogenic CdL α n Cl2 complexes and mesogenic ReL α n (CO)3Br and PtL β n Cl2 derivatives are presented (L α n is the ligand with α-attachment of alkyl chains, L β n is the ligand with β-attachment of chains and n is the number of carbons in the alkyl chain). Synthetic procedures and characterisation of the products by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarising optical microscopy and variable temperature X-ray diffraction are presented.
Information and the Regulation of a Lower Hierarchical Level by a Higher One

In this paper I consider the usefulness of the compositional hierarchy model in understanding the information flows involved in group behaviors in animals. I propose that short-term memory can function to transduce information across scale, thereby connecting different modes of information and mediating coherent group motions. This transduction I propose to be mediated by the “sign” as understood in Peircean semiotics, generating the meaning of the information for the social animal.
The actin-driven movement and formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters

A new method was devised to visualize actin polymerization induced by postsynaptic differentiation signals in cultured muscle cells. This entails masking myofibrillar filamentous (F)-actin with jasplakinolide, a cell-permeant F-actin–binding toxin, before synaptogenic stimulation, and then probing new actin assembly with fluorescent phalloidin. With this procedure, actin polymerization associated with newly induced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering by heparin-binding growth-associated molecule–coated beads and by agrin was observed. The beads induced local F-actin assembly that colocalized with AChR clusters at bead–muscle contacts, whereas both the actin cytoskeleton and AChR clusters induced by bath agrin application were diffuse. By expressing a green fluorescent protein–coupled version of cortactin, a protein that binds to active F-actin, the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton associated with new AChR clusters was revealed. In fact, the motive force generated by actin polymerization propelled the entire bead-induced AChR cluster with its attached bead to move in the plane of the membrane. In addition, actin polymerization is also necessary for the formation of both bead and agrin-induced AChR clusters as well as phosphotyrosine accumulation, as shown by their blockage by latrunculin A, a toxin that sequesters globular (G)-actin and prevents F-actin assembly. These results show that actin polymerization induced by synaptogenic signals is necessary for the movement and formation of AChR clusters and implicate a role of F-actin as a postsynaptic scaffold for the assembly of structural and signaling molecules in neuromuscular junction formation.
Logic-based switching control for trajectory-tracking and path-following of underactuated autonomous vehicles with parametric modeling uncertainty

We address the problem of trajectory-tracking and path-following control design for underactuated autonomous vehicles in the presence of possibly large modeling parametric uncertainty. For a general class of vehicles moving in either two or three-dimensional space, we demonstrate how adaptive switching supervisory control can be combined with a nonlinear Lyapunov-based tracking control law to solve the problem of global boundedness and convergence of the position tracking error to a neighborhood of the origin that can be made arbitrarily small. We also show how these results can be extended to the path-following problem, in which the vehicle is required to converge to and follow a path, without a special temporal specification, and once in the path, to satisfy a desired dynamic behavior. We illustrate our design procedures through two vehicle control applications: a hovercraft (moving on a planar surface) and an underwater vehicle (moving in three-dimensional space). Simulations results are presented and discussed.
Political Violence in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933: Fight for the Streets and Fear of Civil War – By Dirk Schumann

Weimar still haunts us, now more than ever. Western historians writing in the 1950s and 1960s—amidst relative prosperity and political stability—understandably felt a certain security when contempl...
A linkage map of endogenous murine leukemia proviruses.

Thirty endogenous proviruses belonging to the modified polytropic (Mpmv) class of murine leukemia virus (MLV) were identified by proviral-cellular DNA junction fragment segregation in several sets of recombinant inbred mice. Twenty-six Mpmv loci were mapped to chromosomal regions by matching proviral strain distribution patterns to those of previously assigned genes. Like other endogenous nonecotropic MLVs, Mpmv loci were present on several chromosomes in all strains examined. We pooled recombinant inbred strain linkage data from 110 MLV loci and selected marker genes in order to construct a chromosomal linkage map. Every mouse chromosome was found to harbor at least one proviral insertion, and several regions contained multiple integrations. However, the overall distribution of the 110 mapped proviruses did not deviate significantly from a random distribution. Because of their polymorphism in inbred strains of mice, and the ability to score as many as 57 proviruses per strain using only three hybridization probes, the nonecotropic MLVs mapped in common strains of mice offer a significant advantage over older methods (e.g., biochemical or individual restriction fragment polymorphisms) as genetic markers. These endogenous insertion elements should also be useful for assessing strain purity, and for studying the relatedness of common and not-so-common inbred strains.
Self for Sale: Notes on the Work of Hollywood Talent Managers

Based upon fieldwork data that the author collected while pursuing an internship at a Hollywood talent management company, this paper examines how Hollywood talent managers must sell themselves in order to sell the actors that they represent. In this marketplace where actors become commodities traded by their managers in exchange for ten percent of their film and television salaries, what is “made to matter” (Butler 1993) is not only the image of the actor, but also the appearances of the individuals who represent them. At the talent management firm in question—which represents about sixty male and female actors, a handful of whom are immediately recognizable names and faces among the American public—the talent managers and assistants invest a significant amount of capital in maintaining immaculately groomed, well-heeled appearances, while at the same time performing a convivial, and at times even unctuous, persona in their relations with the professionals who cast film and television roles. The physical and social self becomes, in other words, a necessary and high-stake investment in the talent management industry, which ends up demanding emotional labor, “bodily labor” (Shilling 2005) focused on one's appearance, and the labor of “networking” that entails a merger of business affairs and one's leisurely, domestic or even romantic social relations. In this scenario, the commodification of others therefore requires one's own objectification, so that “an agent"—or a talent manager—"who does not participate in the dialectic of control, in a minimal fashion, ceases to be an agent” (Giddens 1979: 149).
Nondimensionalized Parametric Modeling of Fringing Electric-Field Sensors

Fringing electric field (FEF) sensors are widely used for noninvasive measurement of material properties, such as porosity, viscosity, temperature, hardness, and degree of cure. They are also used to detect the presence of a material or estimate the concentration of a material within the test environment. No generic analytical models exist for FEF sensors. Optimization of FEF sensor design often involves complex and time-consuming finite element simulations. This paper presents a nondimensionalized parametric model to improve the design process. The effects of design parameters, such as sensor geometry and substrate material, are quantified in the model. The model parameters are determined from a three-dimensional surface fit of finite element simulation results for the most common type of sensor geometry. The variables in the model are nondimensionalized, which makes the model applicable to a wider range of sensor designs
Grand challenge award: Data integration visualization and collaboration in the VAST 2008 Challenge

The VAST 2008 Challenge consisted of four heterogeneous synthetic data sets each organized into separate mini-challenges. The Grand Challenge required integrating the raw data from these four data sets as well as integrating results and findings from team members working on specific mini-challenges. Modeling the problem with a semantic network provided a means for integrating both the raw data and the subjective findings.
Direct multiple-channel blind equalization

In this paper, the problem of blind channel identification and equalization is reviewed, and some recent results are presented.
Chapter 19 Cardiovascular device retrieval and evaluation

Abstract The essential components of cardiovascular device retrieval and evaluation are included in this chapter. The goals, perspectives, and strategies for cardiovascular device retrieval and evaluation are presented. Factors determining appropriate retrieval and evaluation procedures and techniques for the assessment of host and device responses and interactions are noted. The specific aims or purposes of techniques, specimens, and fixatives for the evaluation of retrieved cardiovascular devices are included to provide perspective and assist in decision-making processes. Special emphasis is placed on the retrieval and evaluation of vascular prostheses, heart valve prostheses, vetricular assist devices (VADs) and intravascular and other cardiovascular devices.
Using experiments, demography and population models to estimate interaction strength based on transient and asymptotic dynamics.

Summary 1. Despite a large literature documenting the effects of mutualists and/or antagonists on plant performance, we still have limited insight into the strength of these interactions, as this involves quantifying how one species influences the population dynamics of another. 2. Here, we use data from two example systems, Cynoglossum officinale and Calathea ovandensis, to illustrate how experiments, demographic data and stage-based population models can be combined to estimate interaction strength of insect herbivores on plants. Because many plant populations may not be at equilibrium, we conduct transient analyses and contrast these results to more traditional asymptotic results. 3. We calculate three metrics of interaction strength, Δλasymptotic, the change in asymptotic annual per capita plant population growth rate resulting from herbivore exclusion, Δλ(t), the change in transient λ caused by herbivores at t = M (where M = the time of their maximum effect during the transient phase) and Δλtransient, a time-averaged effect of consumers on λ across the entire transient phase. 4. Fairly strong impacts of insect consumers on plant fecundity do not translate similarly to Δλasymptotic. Results show that Δλ(t) can be larger (or smaller) than Δλasymptotic but in our examples Δλtransient was similar in magnitude to Δλasymptotic. 5. The transient effects of consumers on λ were driven by changes in the elasticity of fecundity across the transient phase. These effects were dynamic even though consumer impacts on demography and vital rates were held constant. The importance of particular stages and transitions to annual population growth vary during the transient phase. 6.Synthesis. We describe three metrics of interaction strength, Δλasymptotic, Δλ(t) and Δλtransient. These metrics have several advantages over more commonly used trait or performance measures that quantify the outcome of interactions. We illustrate how the transient impacts of consumers on λ are dynamic, with the changing stage distribution of a population and transient elasticities driving these effects. More generally, this study shows that the impacts of animals on plant performance do not translate equivalently to plant population growth, thereby underscoring the importance of using population models to extend the inference of individual-level experiments.
Syn-Full Behavior by T7 DNA Polymerase

In this issue of Structure , Brieba et al. (2005) report the structure of a mutant T7 DNA polymerase with a template lesion (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine) in a mutagenic syn conformation. This result provides a structural basis for understanding the role of template positioning during mutagenic DNA synthesis.
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism

(2006). The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 59-60.
Linking R&D and Marketing for Innovation: A Literature Review

There is no doubt that innovation takes creativity and vision. But is this sufficient for commercial success? Can the vision of a handful of technologists be clear enough to produce products that will appeal to millions? In most cases this is a difficult proposition. And as products become more sophisticated, greater demands are put on those involved in product development. The technical skills required to produce most products today requires a high degree of specialization. This can leave R&D personnel disconnected from customers. The solution is to create a stronger link between R&D and Marketing. There are, however, numerous barriers to creating this strong link. These can include, but are not limited to, organizational difficulties and cultural differences. In the case of new product development this can be detrimental, limiting the innovativeness of the company. Therefore, it is proposed that the innovativeness as well as the commercial success of products depends on the strength of the linkage between R&D and Marketing. This paper explores the existing literature to validate this statement, explain the difficulties with integrating R&D and Marketing, and presents methods for improving the relationship.
Work pace, stress, and cumulative trauma disorders

This paper discusses the potential roles of work pace and work pressure as risk factors in the development of cumulative trauma disorders. Specifically, electromyographic (EMG) data were collected from the forearm flexor muscles of workers performing a highly repetitive task. This task had previously been identified as one that involved a high incidence of cumulative trauma disorders. Workers were asked to increase and decrease their work pace for short periods of time. The EMG data indicated that faster work paces were accompanied by higher forces. However, it was also noted that unsuccessful attempts to speedup or slowdown produced similar increases and decreases in EMG activity, indicating that speed of movement was not the only factor contributing to the changes in muscular activity. The results are discussed in relation to the stress and tension associated with work pressure caused by machine pacing, production standards, and incentive systems.
Food Justice and the Challenge to Neoliberalism

As popular interest in food and agriculture has grown, so have an array of social movements intent on improving the ways we grow, raise, process, sell, and consume our sustenance. While scholars tend to agree with activists’ critical assessments of the failures of the industrial, corporate, chemically intensive food system, they often wonder whether the sustainable, local alternatives that activists recommend are sufficient for broad social transformation. Two scholarly critiques of US alternative food systems revolve around issues of food justice, meaning the ways that race, class, and gender affect who can produce and consume what kinds of foods, and neoliberalism, which refers to activists’ privileging of voluntary, market-centric strategies over those that appeal to the regulatory power of the state. This paper lays out three strategies through which the work of US food justice activists can address both critiques. These include cooperative ownership, organizing labor, and pushing to outlaw risky technologies. However, rather than being at odds with the alternative foods market, each strategy makes use of it as a venue from which to draw targeted support.
Indexicality and Representation

In the vast majority of cases linguistic comprehension does not care much about what there is in the world and what state the world is in. Comprehension is often satisfied with satisfaction: you have understood somebody's statement once you have set up a model that satisfies the statement.
Molecular orbital analysis of the XPS spectrum of a fluorine containing polyimide: PMDA–BDAF

The results of XPS measurements and molecular orbital calculations performed on the fluorine containing polyimide, PMDA–BDAF, are presented. The calculated carbon 1s (C1s) core energy level positions are compared with the level positions inferred from the XPS measurements. Within Koopman's approximation, the observed shape of the main XPS peak is consistent with the calculated distribution of C1s levels under this peak. Comparison of the magnitude of the carbonyl XPS peak intensity with the main peak intensity indicates a carbonyl C1s signal deficiency compared with that expected for “ideal bulk stoichiometry” i.e., for a polymer with no crosslinks or chain terminations. Comparison of data obtained from a grazing emission (surface sensitive) geometry with that obtained from a normal emission geometry, which probes more deeply into the bulk, indicates a signal enhancement of the C1s levels associated with carbon atoms of the CF3 groups as one nears the polymer surface. Such enhancement might be due to either actual differences in chemical composition, or to preferential structural ordering near the polymer surface.
Interferer Classification, Channel Selection and Transmission Adaptation for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being increasingly deployed in office blocks or residential areas for commercial applications, such as home automation, meter reading, surveillance, among others. At these locations, the WSNs experience interference in the 2.4GHz unlicensed band due to wireless LANs (WLANs) and commercial microwave devices, leading up to 92% packet losses. In this paper, an algorithmic framework is proposed, that allows the sensor nodes to identify the type of the interferer and its operational channel, so that the former may adapt their own transmission to reduce packet losses in the network. Our proposed interference classification approach comprises of an (i) offline measurement of the spectral characteristics of the WLAN and microwave devices to obtain a reference spectrum shape, and (ii) matching the observed spectral pattern during network operation with the stored reference shape The knowledge of the interferer characteristics is then leveraged by the sensor nodes to decide their transmission channel, packet scheduling times and sleep-awake cycles. Results reveal that our approach incurs up to 50-70% energy savings in the WSN, by reducing interference related packet losses.
Patch-Clamp Studies of Voltage-Gated Currents in Identified Neurons of the Rat Cerebral Cortex

In the cerebral cortex, neurons can be classified into 2 broad morphological classes, referred to as pyramidal and nonpyramidal (stellate) cells, which correspond to functional classes of projection neurons and local circuit interneurons, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that specific morphological, immunohistochemical, and physiological features, that allow class distinction of neurons in situ, are retained in acutely isolated neocortical neurons. Furthermore, voltage-clamp analysis with patch-clamp techniques indicate the differences in functional properties in adult neurons, reflect cell-specific, developmental changes in the density and type of specific classes of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ channels expressed. The differences in channel properties contribute to the different input-output relations of neocortical neurons, which enable inhibitory neurons to follow excitatory inputs faithfully and projection neurons to have more integrative roles.
Gonadotropin deficiency in tourette's syndrome: A preliminary communication

Plasma baseline levels of gonadotropins and sex steroids were measured in 17 patients with Tourette's Syndrome (TS). In addition, a Gonadotropin Stimulation test, using a synthetic Gonadotropin releasing factor analogue (GnRH, 100 micrograms, i.v.), was performed in 7 patients. Plasma levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) were uniformly low in all patients, while those of Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex steroids were less depressed in some patients and in the normal range in others. In all patients, stimulation with GnRH analogue produced a marked rise in LH levels, but the FSH responses were much less dramatic and did not significantly exceed that of normal controls. Our findings indicate reduced gonadotropin release in patients with TS, and support the hypothesis of hypothalamic involvement in the disease.
Separating direct and indirect effects of global change: a population dynamic modeling approach using readily available field data

Two sources of complexity make predicting plant community response to global change particularly challenging. First, realistic global change scenarios involve multiple drivers of environmental change that can interact with one another to produce non-additive effects. Second, in addition to these direct effects, global change drivers can indirectly affect plants by modifying species interactions. In order to tackle both of these challenges, we propose a novel population modeling approach, requiring only measurements of abundance and climate over time. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, we model population dynamics of eight abundant plant species in a multifactorial global change experiment in alpine tundra where we manipulated nitrogen, precipitation, and temperature over 7 years. We test whether indirect and interactive effects are important to population dynamics and whether explicitly incorporating species interactions can change predictions when models are forecast under future climate change scenarios. For three of the eight species, population dynamics were best explained by direct effect models, for one species neither direct nor indirect effects were important, and for the other four species indirect effects mattered. Overall, global change had negative effects on species population growth, although species responded to different global change drivers, and single-factor effects were slightly more common than interactive direct effects. When the fitted population dynamic models were extrapolated under changing climatic conditions to the end of the century, forecasts of community dynamics and diversity loss were largely similar using direct effect models that do not explicitly incorporate species interactions or best-fit models; however, inclusion of species interactions was important in refining the predictions for two of the species. The modeling approach proposed here is a powerful way of analyzing readily available datasets which should be added to our toolbox to tease apart complex drivers of global change.
Identification of Non-Macrocyclic Small Molecule Inhibitors against the NS3/4A Serine Protease of Hepatitis C Virus through in Silico Screening

Drug discovery and design for inhibition of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease is a major challenge. The broad, shallow, and generally featureless nature of the active site makes it a difficult target for "hit" selection especially using standard docking programs. There are several macrocyclic NS3/4A protease inhibitors that have been approved or are in clinical trials to treat chronic HCV (alone or as combination therapy), but most of the current therapies for HCV infection have untoward side effects, indicating a continuing medical need for the discovery of novel therapeutics with improved efficacy. In this study, we designed and implemented a two-tiered and progressive docking regime that successfully identified five non-macrocyclic small molecules that show inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. Of these, four compounds show varying inhibition against HCV subgenotypes 1b, 1a, 2a, and 4d. The top inhibitor (3) has an IC50 value of 15 μM against both subgenotypes 1b and 2a of the NS3/4A protease enzyme. Another inhibitor, 1, inhibits all four subgenotypes with moderate activity, showing highest activity for genotype 2a (24 μM). The five inhibitors presented in this study could be valuable candidates for future hit to lead optimization. Additionally, enzyme−inhibitor interaction models presented herein provide key information regarding structural differences between the active sites of the NS3/4A protease of the HCV subgenotype 1a and 1b that might explain the variable inhibitory activity between subgenotypes of the small molecule inhibitors identified here.
Competitive evaluation and performance characterization of the Static Granular Bed Reactor

47 Introduction 48 Materials and Methods 50 Lab Scale Setup 50 Pilot Scale Setup 52 Performance Measurement 54 Results and Discussion 55 Lab Scale Study 55 Pilot Scale Study 60 Conclusion 64 References 65 CHAPTER 6. FLOW HYDRAULICS OF THE STATIC GRANULAR BED REACTOR EXAMINED AND COMPARED TO THE UASB REACTOR 67 Abstract 67 Introduction 67 Materials and Methods 69 Results and Discussion 73 Conclusion 78 References 79 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION 80 Engineering Significance 83 Future Studies 84 REFERENCES 86 APPENDIX. RAW DATA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Controlling Ground Bounce Noise in Power Gating Scheme for System-on-a-Chip

Conventional power gating techniques for minimizing leakage currents introduce ground bounce noise during power mode transition. Here an analysis of ground bounce due to power mode transition in power gating structures is presented. An innovative power gating approach is proposed, which in addition to targeting maximum reduction of major leakage currents will provide a way to control ground bounce during power mode transition. The proposed power gating technique will have an additional intermediate HOLD mode along with conventional CUTOFF and RUN modes. Its stepwise turning on feature will provide higher reduction of the magnitude of peak current and voltage glitches in the power distribution network as well as the minimum time required to stabilize power and ground as compared to other similar techniques.
Study of odors.

Odors have been difficult to measure and classify with accuracy principally because no objective measuring method has been developed. The mechanism of olfaction is but little understood; several theories have been presented but none has been generally accepted. This paper describes experiments in which an attempt has been made to detect contamination of the air at concentration recognized by the nose as strong odors. Studies have been made on the change of surface tension of a liquid drop due to air contamination resulting from nearby solid odorous material. The experiments described herein indicate that the surface tension of distilled water, mineral oil, and water-stabilized mercury may undergo considerable change when the air in contact with the drop is contaminated. The change of surface tension of a particular liquid follows a pattern characteristic of the contaminant. The same contaminant produces different surface tension changes in the three different liquids studied. The results of these tests suggest that an instrument might be developed which would be capable of classifying and measuring air contamination at low concentrations.
AN OXYGEN EFFECT ON X-IRRADIATED INTRACELLULAR BACTERIOPHAGE T2Hr

Abstract Under the experimental conditions outlined in the text, an effect of oxygen on the x-ray inactivation of intracellular bacteriophage T2Hr has been found. Some of the possible implications of these results have been discussed.
Mechanistic Model for CaSO4 Fouling on Nanofiltration Membrane

One of the major limitations of nanofiltration (NF) in drinking water treatment is inorganic scaling. In this study, a mechanistic model has been proposed to describe the permeate flux decline process during CaS O4 scaling in NF. It has been observed that the permeate flux decline follows four distinct stages. At first stage, 22–30% flux is reduced due to concentration polarization. At the second stage, flux is not reduced, instead, nucleation of CaS O4 occurs. The major permeate flux decline (60–70%) occurred at the third stage due to CaS O4 cake formation. At the final stage, the system reached the steady state, where rate of CaS O4 deposition on the membrane is balanced by shearing caused by the increase of concentrate flow rate. Beyond this stage, the flux does not decrease significantly. At each stage, the concentration of the salt at the membrane surface was estimated. The maximum salt concentration was found at the initial stage of permeate flux reduction, which gradually decreases as the filtratio...
Analysis of switched-capacitor networks containing operational amplifiers with finite DC gain and gain-bandwidth product values

A new analysis technique is proposed to take into account the finite DC gain and gain-bandwidth product of the operational amplifiers (OAs) on the response of switched-capacitor (SC) networks, operated by a biphase clock. The technique is simple, versatile and applicable to an SC network of any topology. Examples are given to illustrate the technique. As an application, all the parasitic insensitive SC biquadratic filters, bilinearly equivalent to their analogue counterparts, known to date, are compared using the proposed method. Extensive experimental tests were conducted. Results agree closely with theoretical predictions.
Cofilin as a Promising Therapeutic Target for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke

Neurovascular unit (NVU) is considered as a conceptual framework for investigating the mechanisms as well as developing therapeutic targets for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. From a molecular perspective, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and disruption of the blood brain barrier are broad pathophysiological frameworks on the basis on which potential therapeutic candidates for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke could be discussed. Cofilin is a potent actin-binding protein that severs and depolymerizes actin filaments in order to generate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Although studies of the molecular mechanisms of cofilin-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton have been ongoing for decades, the multicellular functions of cofilin and its regulation in different molecular pathways are expanding beyond its primary role in actin cytoskeleton. This review focuses on the role of cofilin in oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and disruption of the blood brain barrier in the context of NVU as well as how and why cofilin could be studied further as a potential target for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
You Don’t Say: Using Quotations in Your Writing

This article addresses when it is proper to use quotations in legal writing and when paraphrasing is a more effective method of communicating information. If you have decided that a quotation is necessary, the article describes how to use quotations to the best advantage.