cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stalls and revisions: a developmental perspective on sentence production.

Purpose The purpose of this research was to test the empirical validity of the stall–revision distinction and to provide a characterization of the development of sentence production using this distinction. Method The stall–revision dichotomy for sentence disruptions was studied in 20 typically developing children. The children’s production of short sentences was observed from 21 to 33 months of age. Developmental changes in stall and revision rates were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling, time centered at 27 months. Differences between stall and revision rates across 2 levels of sentence length were also explored with repeated-measures analysis of variance when the children were 33 months of age. Results A clear development trend was observed for revision rate. At 27 months of age, revisions occurred in approximately 1% of children’s sentences and increased with age. No significant individual differences were apparent in the growth parameters for revision rate. In contrast, group developmental tr...
SNT-1/FRS2α physically interacts with Laloo and mediates mesoderm induction by fibroblast growth factor

Abstract Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligand family play a critical role in mesoderm formation in the frog Xenopus laevis. While many components of the signaling cascade triggered by FGF receptor activation have been identified, links between these intracellular factors and the receptor itself have been difficult to establish. We report here the characterization of Xenopus SNT-1 (FRS2α), a scaffolding protein previously identified as a mediator of FGF activity in other biological contexts. SNT-1 is widely expressed during early Xenopus development, consistent with a role for this protein in mesoderm formation. Ectopic SNT-1 induces mesoderm in Xenopus ectodermal explants, synergizes with low levels of FGF, and is blocked by inhibition of Ras activity, suggesting that SNT-1 functions to transmit signals from the FGF receptor during mesoderm formation. Furthermore, dominant-inhibitory SNT-1 mutants inhibit mesoderm induction by FGF, suggesting that SNT-1 is required for this process. Expression of dominant-negative SNT-1 in intact embryos blocks mesoderm formation and dramatically disrupts trunk and tail development, indicating a requirement for SNT-1, or a related factor inhibited by the mutant construct, during axis formation in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that SNT-1 physically associates with the Src-like kinase Laloo, and that SNT-1 activity is required for mesoderm induction by Laloo, suggesting that SNT-1 and Laloo function as components of a signaling complex during mesoderm formation in the vertebrate.
DNA-damage accumulation and replicative arrest in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome

A common feature of progeria syndromes is a premature aging phenotype and an enhanced accumulation of DNA damage arising from a compromised repair system. HGPS (Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome) is a severe form of progeria in which patients accumulate progerin, a mutant lamin A protein derived from a splicing variant of the lamin A/C gene (LMNA). Progerin causes chromatin perturbations which result in the formation of DSBs (double-strand breaks) and abnormal DDR (DNA-damage response). In the present article, we review recent findings which resolve some mechanistic details of how progerin may disrupt DDR pathways in HGPS cells. We propose that progerin accumulation results in disruption of functions of some replication and repair factors, causing the mislocalization of XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A) protein to the replication forks, replication fork stalling and, subsequently, DNA DSBs. The binding of XPA to the stalled forks excludes normal binding by repair proteins, leading to DSB accumulation, which activates ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) checkpoints, and arresting cell-cycle progression.
Scaling of patenting with urban population size: evidence from global metropolitan areas

Larger agglomerations of individuals create a social environment can sustain a larger repertoire of intellectual capabilities, thereby facilitating the creation and recombination of ideas, and increasing the likelihood that interactions among individuals will occur through which new ideas are generated and shared. Relatedly, cities have long been the privileged setting for invention and innovation. These two phenomena are brought together in the superlinear scaling relationship whereby urban inventive output (measured through patenting) increases more than proportionally with increasing population size. We revisit the relationship between urban population size and patenting using data for a global set of metropolitan areas in the OECD and show, for the first time, that the superlinear scaling between patenting and population size observed for US metropolitan areas holds for urban areas across a variety of urban and economic systems. In fact the scaling relationships established for the US metropolitan system and for the global metropolitan system are remarkably similar.
MRI-directed, wire-localized breast excisions: incidence of malignancy and recommendations for pathologic evaluation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an evolving role in the evaluation of breast lesions and is currently being used for the screening of high-risk patients (eg, women with a personal or family history of breast cancer), for the evaluation of extent of disease in patients with a current diagnosis of cancer, and for patients with suspicious, but indeterminate, findings by other imaging modalities. If a suspicious lesion detected by MRI is not well visualized by another method, an MRI-directed core biopsy or breast excision may be performed. MRI cannot be used to verify the lesion in the specimen because MRI lesion detection is dependent on uptake of gadolinium after intravenous injection. Accordingly, these breast excisions present unique challenges to pathologists. The purpose of this report is to define the surgical pathology issues involved in processing MRI-localized excisions. Retrospective review of 85 consecutive MRI-directed breast excisions from 77 patients was performed. Malignant lesions were present in 20 (24%) of 85 excisions, including 10 cases of invasive carcinoma (median size, 0.4 cm), 9 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, and 1 case of lymphoma. Most of the malignancies (85% or 17/20) had no associated gross finding and only 5 (25%) of 20 of these malignancies were associated with a definite finding on the specimen radiograph. This study demonstrates that gross examination and specimen radiography do not identify most of the malignancies in MRI-localized biopsies and, therefore, optimal processing requires complete microscopic examination of these specimens.
The carbon impurity dependence of light induced metastable effects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The effect of carbon impurities on the creation of light induced metastable defects in undoped a-Si:H has been investigated using capacitance profiling techniques to characterize samples with spatially varying carbon content. It was found that there was a significant correlation between the increase in metastable states with light-soaking and the impurity level within different regions of each sample. We conclude that even trace levels of carbon impurities (at levels of 0.2–2.0at%) increase the susceptibility to light-induced metastable degradation.
Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship Between Perceived Norms and Sharing Injection Paraphernalia

Despite decline in needle sharing in some countries, many injectors continue to share injection paraphernalia such as cookers and cotton. While individual and structural factors are associated with injection risk behavior, little attention has been given to the influence of social network members, such as norms, on injection paraphernalia sharing. The present study is a longitudinal analysis of the association between perceived norms and sharing syringes and non-syringe injection paraphernalia. Participants were enrolled in the STEP into Action study and reported injection drug use at both baseline and follow-up assessments (n = 398). Results showed that descriptive norms, or believing that peers practiced risky injection behaviors, predicted sharing both syringes and nonsyringe paraphernalia. However, there was no association between injunctive norms (i.e., perceived peer approval) and either syringe or non-syringe paraphernalia sharing. Changing norms may lead to sustained behavior change. Accessible, norms-based interventions are needed to discourage drug injectors from sharing injection paraphernalia.
Judging the fairness of voice-based participation across multiple and interrelated stages of decision making

Recent multifoci research reports that multiple sources of justice exist in organizations. In expanding this framework, we address how judgments of overall procedural fairness and behavioral intentions are influenced by different experiences of voice-based participation across a multi-stage decision-making process. The results of two experiments were consistent with a fairness theory framework. Overall, decision procedures were judged to be the fairest and the intention to volunteer was highest when participants were allowed voice in their team and when their team was allowed voice by organizational authorities. When voice was denied by both the team and the organization or was denied by either party, fairness ratings, and participant intentions were depressed and did not significantly differ from each other. This pattern of results suggests that individuals are influenced by transactions across decision-making stages and that such interdependence should be considered when attempting to understand the meaningfulness of voice-based participation.
Acute blunt traumatic injury to the descending thoracic aorta

Introduction Blunt injury to the descending thoracic aorta is a potentially life-threatening condition necessitating rapid assessment and possible surgical intervention. The purpose of this study was to review outcomes of patients who sustained blunt thoracic aortic injury at a single institution. Methods Our institutional Trauma Registry Database was searched for patients who sustained acute blunt descending thoracic aortic injury between July 1990 and July 2010. Individual injuries, anatomic and physiological measures of injury severity, and operative and hospital mortality were compared between patients undergoing open surgical and thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Additionally, aortic injury grade, management, and outcomes were reviewed for patients who did not undergo an aortic intervention. Results Of the 100 patients identified over the 20-year study period, 60 (60%) underwent conventional open repair, 26 (26%) underwent endovascular repair, and 14 (14%) did not undergo an aortic intervention. The overall hospital mortality rate for the entire patient cohort was 34%. Of the 14 patients who did not undergo an aortic intervention, five (36%) were successfully medically managed and four (80%) of these had grade I aortic injuries. One of the successfully medically managed patients required endovascular repair 9 months after injury. Four medically managed patients expired as a result of aortic rupture within 1 to 2.5 hours of presentation. Two expired immediately after diagnosis, and the other two could have potentially been treated with improvements in transfer and diagnosis times. Age, individual injuries, and measures of injury severity were similar between patients undergoing open surgical or endovascular repair. Patients who underwent endovascular repair experienced a significantly lower intraoperative (0% vs 18%; P Conclusions Blunt thoracic aortic injury to the descending thoracic aorta is associated with a high overall hospital mortality. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is associated with significantly lower operative times, procedural blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion, as well as intraoperative and overall hospital mortality compared with conventional open surgical repair. Consideration of this form of therapy as the initial form of treatment is warranted in anatomically acceptable candidates.
On the unitary irreducible representations of the universal covering group of the 3+2 DeSitter group

The unitary irreducible representations on a Hilbert space of the universal covering group G of the 3 + 2 deSitter group are determined, using Harish-Chandra's theory of semi-simple Lie groups. These irreducible representations of G are reduced out with respect to representations of the universal covering group K of the direct product R2 × R3 of a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional rotation group. It is convenient to distinguish between two types of irreducible representations of G, called ‘irreducible case’ and ‘reducible case’ representations. The former are more numerous in a certain sense, while the latter may be regarded as special cases.Let (j, µ) be an irreducible unitary representation of K, where j denotes the (ray) representation of R3 involved (2j is a non-negative integer) and µ that of R2 (µ is a real number). Then in an ‘irreducible case’ representation of G, each (j, µ) that occurs at all occurs with multiplicity j + ½ if 2j is odd, or j + ½ ± ½ if 2j is even. In a ‘reducible case’ representation of G, the multiplicity of the (j, µ)'s is smaller, and may even be 1 for all (j, µ)'s which occur. (The analogous problem for the 4 + 1 deSitter group has been solved by L. H. Thomas by reducing out the irreducible representations of the whole group with respect to those of the four-dimensional rotation group R4. However, each irreducible representation of the 4 + 1 deSitter group contains any irreducible representation of R4 at most once, so that the more general Harish-Chandra theory is not then needed to carry out the classification.)In an irreducible representation of G, only those irreducible representations (j, µ) of K may occur for which the fractional part of µ is fixed throughout the representation of G. This fractional part of µ helps to characterize the representations of G, as do the two polynomials in the infinitesimal elements, one of degree 2 and the other of degree 4, which generate all those polynomials which have the property of commuting with all members of the Lie algebra of G.Representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group may be obtained from representations of G by the process of contraction, as defined by Inonu and Wigner, just as representations of the former group may in turn be contracted to obtain representations of the Galilei group.
Study of multiple rotor-wing flight programs on emergency medical services

Abstract Introduction: Improvements in prehospital care, designation of trauma centers and expeditious transport have significantly reduced trauma deaths. In 1985 Pennsylvania formally introduced trauma-system implementation, including the integration of regional prehospital trauma guidelines. The purpose of this study is to examine the similarities and dissimilarities of advanced life support (ALS) trauma operations in eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, and the impact and integration of multiple flight programs on regional ALS systems. Setting: Ground ALS (GALS) operations within Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and air medical operations in Pennsylvania. Methods: Site visits and telephone interviews were used to characterize demographic, operational and clinical practice characteristics, including those flights where GALS was on location. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the various programs. Results: Airway management differed greatly among the respondents. For example, of five air medical services, one did not carry paralytic agents, and one performed oral intubations only after the use of such agents. None of the GALS services used such agents. Procedures that required direct physician orders varied among the flight programs and the GALS services. Trauma triage guidelines following the American College of Surgeons recommendations were modified by all GALS services. Conclusions: Wide variation in the scope of practice exists among air medical services and GALS services within New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
High-performance floating-point implementation using FPGAS

Traditionally, digital signal processing (DSP) is performed using fixed-point or integer arithmetic. The algorithm is carefully mapped into a limited dynamic range, and scaled through each function in the datapath. This requires numerous rounding and saturation steps, and can adversely affect the algorithm performance.
Effect of Dietary Protein on Selected Properties of the Egg

Abstract The response of laying hens fed isocaloric rations with protein contents of 12, 14, 16 or 18 % was studied. The 12% ration was calculated to be deficient in essential amino acids methionine and cystine. Production responses (decrease in egg production and egg size, and overconsumption of energy) verified the deficiency. Ash and total solids content of whites and whole eggs did not vary with the level of dietary protein; but total nitrogen in whole egg and albumen was a function of the dietary protein intake and increased as the level of protein increased in the diet. Sponge cake volume appeared to improve with eggs from the rations of higher levels of protein. The volume of egg white formed per egg by hens receiving a suboptimal protein diet was less than that of eggs from hens receiving an adequate amount of dietary protein. Egg white proteins were separated by a method utilizing polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The technique, using 14% polyacrylamide gel, yielded separation comparable to starch gel patterns of egg white. Fractions faster than ovalbumin and slower than conalbumin were observed but their identification will depend upon further work using purified protein fractions. With the ease of preparation and high resolution, disc electrophoresis may be an applicable tool to further identify and measure minor egg proteins.
T cell receptor peptide therapy for autoimmune disease.

Synthetic peptides corresponding to germline T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ08260 sequences shared by encephalitogenic T cells can prevent and treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. The operative mechanism apparently involves boosting of anti-TCR immunity that develops during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), leading to the induction of autoregulatory T cells and antibodies. Striking parallels are present between patients with multiple sclerosis and animals with EAE in the T cell frequency and TCR V gene bias of BP reactive T cells, suggesting the involvement of an encephalitogenic process in multiple sclerosis. Preliminary trials with the appropriate human TCR peptides indicate that anti-TCR immunity can be boosted efficiently and safely, with concomitant loss of BP response, thus providing an effective strategy for selective regulation of autoimmunity in man.
Preparation of Fluoroadamantane Acids and Amines: Impact of Bridgehead Fluorine Substitution on the Solution- and Solid-State Properties of Functionalized Adamantanes

Functionalized adamantanes are utilized as medicinal therapeutics and a practical route to novel bridgehead fluorinated adamantylamines and acids including fully fluorinated 3,5,7-tri-fluoroadamantane-1-carboxylic acid 1 and 3,5,7-trifluoroadamantane-1-amine 2 is described. Potassium permanganate-mediated bridgehead hydroxylation followed by DAST fluorination was utilized to sequentially insert bridgehead fluorine atoms. 13C NMR chemical shifts of mono-, di-, and trifluoroadamantylamines, acids and carbamates reveal long-range fluorine-mediated electronic effects within the adamantane framework, most notably by substrates bearing three bridgehead fluorine atoms. The impact of multiple bridgehead fluorine substitution on structure (X-ray crystallography) and on physicochemical parameters such as acidity (pKa) and lipophilicity (log P) which are important for the design of medicinal therapeutics is assessed.
Culturally sensitive intervention with children and families

This paper presents the thesis that cultural sensitivity is a special form of interpersonal sensitivity and an indispensable ingredient in successful intervention with members of other cultures. Examples from clinical work, attachment research, case management and professional consultation are provided to illustrate the different settings where this approach can be applied.
Nanostructured electrode surfaces studied by electrochemical NMR

Abstract Electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance (EC-NMR) is a powerful local probe, which combines solid state NMR with electrochemistry. It is a unique technique that permits a unified, electronic-level study of the metal and adsorbate side of the electrochemical interface. Experiments can be performed either under direct potentiostatic control and in situ potential adjustment, or with samples prepared in a separate electrochemical cell and transferred to an NMR cell, where the potential is both known and constant. A phenomenological two-band model was applied to the NMR parameters to yield quantitative information about the Fermi level local density of states ( E f -LDOS) that are relevant to the type of chemisorption bond involved in the systems under investigations. A layer-model analysis was found to be effective in interpreting the 195 Pt-NMR spectra of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles. The surface peak of the 195 Pt-NMR spectrum was found to be very sensitive to the chemical nature of the adsorbate present. The 195 Pt Knight shifts show a direct correlation with the electronegativity of the adsorbate, and the 13 C Knight shift of the CO adsorbate shows a correlation with the clean metal surface E f -LDOS. The electrode potential dependence of 13 C-NMR spectra of CO adsorbed on Pt and Pd black show evidence of the alterations to the electrochemical interface by the application of the electric field. EC-NMR of Pt electrode surfaces modified by spontaneous deposition of ruthenium has provided new insights into the enhancement in CO-tolerance of these catalysts for methanol oxidation.
Recurrent DNA copy number variation in the laboratory mouse.

Different species, populations and individuals vary considerably in the copy number of discrete segments of their genomes. The manner and frequency with which these genetic differences arise over generational time is not well understood. Taking advantage of divergence among lineages sharing a recent common ancestry, we have conducted a genome-wide analysis of spontaneous copy number variation (CNV) in the laboratory mouse. We used high-resolution microarrays to identify 38 CNVs among 14 colonies of the C57BL/6 strain spanning ∼967 generations of inbreeding, and we examined these loci in 12 additional strains. It is clear from our results that many CNVs arise through a highly nonrandom process: 18 of 38 were the product of recurrent mutation, and rates of change varied roughly four orders of magnitude across different loci. Recurrent CNVs are found throughout the genome, affect 43 genes and fluctuate in copy number over mere hundreds of generations, observations that raise questions about their contribution to natural variation.
Effects of Collateral Response Requirements and Exemplar Training on Listener Training Outcomes in Children

We evaluated the effects of collateral response requirements during listener training on the emergence of vocal foreign-language tacts and intraverbals among 4- and 5-year-old children. In Experiment 1, participants were first exposed to auditory-visual match-to-sample training without collateral response requirements. Four participants did not perform to criterion in probes for derived vocal responses, and were exposed to a two-phase intervention that involved adding echoic and native-language tact requirements to match-to-sample trials. Performance did not improve as a result of the intervention. However, all participants passed tact probes after receiving direct tact and intraverbal training with a subset of the stimuli, and two of four participants also passed the intraverbal probes. Experiment 2 addressed potential limitations of Experiment 1 with three additional participants, but collateral response requirements still failed to affect the emergence of tacts and intraverbals.
A surface-reactive rod-coil diblock copolymer: nano- and micropatterned polymer brushes.

A diblock copolymer consisting of poly(3-(triethoxysilyl)propylisocyanate) (PIC) and polystyrene(PS) was synthesized by anionic polymerization. A polymeric monolayer of the block copolymer was formed on silica substrates by various grafting techniques such as immersion, casting, or contact-printing. The PIC block adheres covalently to Si substrates in an in-plane fashion due to its extended rodlike conformation and reactivity to the silica. The polystyrene blocks aggregate to form mounds on the surface resulting in a new type of nanopatterned polymer brush. The self-limiting adsorption of the rod coils results in a thickness of about 5 nm regardless of the solution concentration and coating method. This particular property allowed microcontact printing directly onto silicon or glass substrates. The resulting surface morphology consisted of nanoscale domains given by the block copolymer and uniform thickness micropatterns transferred from the stamp within the printed area. This study offers a simple new me...
Effect of response distortion on the assessment of divergent facets of psychopathy.

Recent evidence suggests that the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) is composed of two orthogonal factors, one representing traits such as dominance and low anxiety (PPI-I) and a second that reflects more socially deviant aspects of psychopathy (PPI-II). To assess whether response sets differentially affect these factors, the present research reanalyzed data from two dissimulation studies in which college students completed the PPI both honestly and with instructions either to “fake good” (n = 186) or “fake bad” (n = 143). PPI-II scores decreased significantly in the fake-good condition (d = –.86) and increased significantly when faking bad (d = 2.65). PPI-I scores were unaffected by attempts to feign serious psychopathology (d = .10) and actually increased in the fake-good condition (d = .53). These findings significantly qualify previous conclusions about the effect of response distortion on the PPI.
Mixed Chimerism as an Approach to Transplantation Tolerance

Abstract The induction of tolerance to transplanted organs could make transplantation safer and more uniformly successful. One of the most promising approaches currently being investigated involves the induction of deletional tolerance through the establishment of “mixed chimerism.” In this laboratory, we first studied mixed chimerism as an approach to transplantation tolerance in mice, using a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen consisting of 300 R whole-body irradiation, 700 R thymic irradiation, and treatment with monoclonal antibodies to CD4 and CD8. This approach has subsequently been extended successfully to the induction of tolerance to renal transplants in fully mismatched cynomolgus monkeys. In addition, the same approach, with minor modifications, has been found effective in producing mixed chimerism and transplantation tolerance in the concordant xenogeneic baboon to cynomolgus monkey species combination. Because pigs have many advantages as a potential xenograft donor for humans, we are also trying to extend our nonmyeloablative regimen for production of mixed chimerism to the discordant pig → primate combination. We have used absorption of natural antibodies to prevent hyperacute rejection and then proceeded with a mixed chimerism approach. Administration of pig hematopoietic stem cells along with pig recombinant cytokines (SCF and IL-3) to primates has enabled the pig bone marrow to survive in these xenogeneic hosts for over 6 months. This chimerism has apparently been sufficient to markedly diminish T cell immunity and the induction of new T-cell-dependent responses. However, to date we have not succeeded in preventing the return of natural antibodies, which appear to be the cause of eventual loss of organ transplants and are the subject of further intensive investigations.
In Aplysia sensory neurons, the neuropeptide SCPB and serotonin differ in efficacy both in modulating cellular properties and in activating adenylyl cyclase: implications for mechanisms underlying presynaptic facilitation.

Abstract The facilitatory transmitters serotonin (5-HT) and the molluscan neuropeptides SCP A and SCP B both activate adenylyl cyclase in Aplysia mechanosensory neurons and produce multiple modulatory effects that contribute to increasing transmitter release from these cells. This enhancement of transmitter release from sensory neurons contributes to increased behavioral response during sensitization and classical conditioning in Aplysia . Recently, specific examples of modulation in these sensory neurons have been described that are more effectively initiated by 5-HT than by the SCPs. For example, in the present study, 5-HT produces 55% greater broadening of the normal sensory neuron action potential than did SCP B . These differences in the modulatory actions of the facilitatory transmitters have been interpreted as suggesting that 5-HT produces its modulatory effects at least partly via a cAMP-independent mechanism. However, we have found that the two types of facilitatory transmitters are not equally effective in activating adenylyl cyclase. In both whole CNS membranes and sensory neuron membranes, SCP B was less effective than 5-HT in stimulating adenylyl cyclase activity measured in steady state assays. Because electrophysiological experiments suggested that the response to the SCPs desensitizes rapidly, we further compared cyclase stimulation in perfused membrane assays that enable continuous monitoring of cyclase activity; however we observed that 5-HT was also more effective than SCP B in stimulating cyclase at the onset of transmitter exposure. We discuss the possibility that lower peak stimulation of cyclase by SCP B and a faster rate of desensitization could account for some of the differences between the SCPs and 5-HT in modulating sensory neurons.
Gender effects on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited

Abstract Background This study reexamined gender differences in a large sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods We assessed the effects of ADHD, gender, and their interaction on rates of psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive functioning in 219 adults with ADHD who were referred to an outpatient psychiatric clinic over the last 7 years compared with 215 control subjects group-matched to control subjects on age and gender, and ascertained from ongoing family genetic case control adults with ADHD. Results There was no evidence that gender moderated the association between ADHD and other psychiatric disorders. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was associated with cognitive deficits and higher rates of major depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and antisocial personality disorder. Conclusions Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults is associated with psychiatric and cognitive impairment in both genders. These results bear striking similarities to findings reported in pediatric samples, supporting the validity of ADHD and stressing the importance of identifying and treating the disorder in adulthood.
Dealuminated zeolite-based composite catalysts for reforming of an industrial naphthene-rich feedstock

Abstract Dealuminated ZSM-12, zeolite β and their composites with γ-Al 2 O 3 as a matrix were evaluated for the reforming of an industrial naphtha (rich in naphthenes). The reactions were carried out at temperatures in the 270–470°C range. It was found that dealuminated ZSM-12 demonstrates unique time-on-stream stability for the reactions investigated. This behavior is a combined result of: (a) its pore structure which does not favor coke formation, and (b) the balance of its acidity. Zeolites with channel intersections, which are slightly larger than the zeolite aperture do not favor coke formation. Our results demonstrated that the composite catalysts produce more gasoline-range hydrocarbons and show much better time-on-stream behavior than conventional γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts. Fresh and deactivated catalysts were characterized by XRD, NH 3 -stepwise TPD, TGA, and FTIR. Soluble carbonaceous deposits analyzed by high-resolution GC/MS are mostly paraffinic in nature. The paraffin deposits present over the Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst were of higher molecular weight than those over the zeolite catalysts. We propose that, at relatively lower reaction temperatures, the catalyst deactivates via a successive alkylation type of mechanism in which carbonaceous coking precursors propagate through the continuous addition of olefinic intermediates to carbenium/carbonium ions.
Drug Side Effect Profiles as Molecular Descriptors for Predictive Modeling of Target Bioactivity

We have explored the potential of using side effect profiles of drugs to predict their bioactivities at the receptor level. Serotonin 5-HT6 binding and dopamine antagonism were investigated in separate studies. A set of 5-HT6 binders and non-binders was retrieved from the PDSP Ki database, whereas dopamine antagonists were retrieved from the MeSH Pharmaceutical Action file. The side effect data was extracted from ChemoText, a data repository containing MeSH annotations pulled from MEDLINE records. These side effects profiles were treated as molecular descriptors enabling a QSAR-like approach to build models that could reliably discriminate different classes of molecules, e.g., binders versus non-binders, and dopamine antagonists versus non-antagonists. Selected models with the best external prediction performances were applied to a library of ca. 1000 chemicals with known side effects profiles in order to predict their potential 5-HT6 binding and/or dopamine antagonism. In each case the virtual screening process was able to identify putatively active compounds that through subsequent literature-based validation were found to be likely or known 5-HT6 binders or dopamine antagonists. These results demonstrate that side effect profiles can be utilized to predict a drug's unknown molecular activity, thus representing a valuable opportunity in repositioning the drug for a new indications.
Court Delay: Policy Implications For Court Managers:

One of the most persistent policy issues for the courts has been the reduction of delay in case processing. Since the advent of state court administration in the 1930's, most major reform efforts have stressed making the courts more manageable and, in the process, expediting the flow of cases through the judiciary. Although the maxim "justice delayed is justice denied" has often been repeated in the literature on court reform, most of the focus has been on judges and attorneys as causes or cures of delay. This article examines delay as a mangement problem and focuses on the administrative role of court managers in improving case processing time. In this regard, the study reports the views and attitudes of court managers on the issue of delay as reported in a recent national survey.
Paramagnetic-Ferromagnetic transition in ageing, precipitation hardened nickel-iron solid solution alloys

Abstract Initially paramagnetic FCC Ni based alloys are shown to transform to ferromagnetic FCC alloys upon ageing. This magnetic transformation is accomplished via NbC, TiC and mixed (Nb, Ti) precipitation in regular arrays, accompanied by a concommitant increase of the Curie temperature of the residual Ni alloy matrix through room temperature. These regular arrays cause severe changes in the mechanical properties of the Ni alloy viz, hardness and fracture toughness. This is of major importance since these alloys, identified as INCO 82 and INCO 182, form the dominant transition weld metal in most nuclear and fossil fuel plants constructed since 1960, most refineries and the LMFBR; the former having shown enhanced premature weld failure via this mechanism.
Molecular inversion probe analysis detects novel copy number alterations in Ewing sarcoma.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone tumor in children and young adults, with dismal outcomes for metastatic and relapsed disease. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of ES and to identify new prognostic markers, we used molecular inversion probes (MIPs) to evaluate copy number alterations (CNAs) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, which included 40 ES primary tumors and 12 ES metastatic lesions. CNAs were correlated with clinical features and outcome, and validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We identified previously reported CNAs, in addition to SMARCB1 (INI1/SNF5) homozygous loss and copy neutral LOH. IHC confirmed SMARCB1 protein loss in 7–10% of clinically diagnosed ES tumors in three separate cohorts (University of Utah [N = 40], Children's Oncology Group [N = 31], and University of Michigan [N = 55]). A multifactor copy number (MCN)-index was highly predictive of overall survival (39% vs. 100%, P RELN gene deletions unique to 25% of ES metastatic samples. In summary, we identified both known and novel CNAs using MIP technology for the first time in FFPE samples from patients with ES. CNAs detected by microarray correlate with outcome and may be useful for risk stratification in future clinical trials.
The effect of repeated episodes of dietary restriction and refeeding on systolic blood pressure and food intake in exercise-trained normotensive rats.

Objective: To explore the effects of weight cycling and exercise on blood pressure and macronutrient intake in Sprague-Dawley rats. Research Methods and Procedures: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 62; 5 months old) were assigned to an ad libitum (Con) or weight-cycled (Cyc) group. They were either sedentary (Con-Sed and Cyc-Sed) or exercise-trained (Con-Ex and Cyc-Ex) on a motorized treadmill (20 m/minute; 60 minutes/day; 6 days/week). The Cyc groups underwent 2 cycles of 3 weeks of 60% food restriction followed by 5 weeks of ad libitum refeeding using a macronutrient self-selection diet. Body mass and food intake were analyzed weekly. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at baseline and during the first and fifth weeks of each refeeding. Results: For both cycling periods, SBP was elevated in Cyc vs. Con groups at Week 1 of refeeding, but was similar among groups by Week 5 of refeeding. Both Con groups had greater total energy intake than the Cyc groups for both cycling periods (Cycle 1: 2882.2 ± 75.1, Con-Sed; 2916.1 ± 67.1, Con-Ex; 2692.2 ± 58.7, Cyc-Sed; and 2780.5 ± 52.4 kcal, Cyc-Ex) (Cycle 2: 2815.8 ± 75.1, Con-Sed; 2938.8 ± 49.4, Con-Ex; 2577.1 ± 60.5, Cyc-Sed; and 2643.5 ± 65.9 kcal, Cyc-Ex). Relative fat intake (percentage of total kcal/week) was significantly less for Con-Ex and Cyc-Ex than Con-Sed and Cyc-Sed throughout both refeeding periods. Discussion: Weight cycling failed to produce significant sustained effects on SBP, body mass, or food intake. Exercise training, irrespective of diet, lowered dietary fat intake.
A taxodiaceous seed cone from the Triassic of Antarctica.

A silicified seed cone is described from the lower Middle Triassic of Antarctica. The cone measures up to 3.4 cm long and 1.4 cm wide, and consists of helically arranged cone scales attached to a eustelic axis. Bract and ovuliferous scale are approximately of equal length and fused at the base. The bract is entire and vascularized by a single trace. The ovuliferous scale contains five distal lobes, each vascularized by a terete strand that divides to form a smaller trace to each of the five inverted ovules. Ovules are small and flattened with the three-parted integument attenuated into oppositely positioned lateral wings. The Triassic specimens are compared with both extant and fossil conifer seed cones and believed to have their closest affinities within the Taxodiaceae.
Effect of melt history on polymer crystallization

As discussed in this paper, melt treatment prior to crystallization, apparently proceeds by the following stages: partial melting; an insensitive region; and at higher temperatures, deactivation of nucleation sites. The deactivation-region onset temperature is quite dependent on the subsequent crystallization conditions and may not be observed in some polymers during crystallization from the melt. In addition, those polymers capable of being quenched directly from the melt to a non-crystalline glassy state and subsequently crystallized by reheating to above the glass transition, do not exhibit any more than a partial melting type melt treatment effect. The deactivation regime absence is a result of the homogeneous nucleation that occurs during crystallization from the quenched glassy state at temperatures slightly above the glass transition. Use of a metal- or glass-constraining medium does mask (at least partially) the effect of melt history upon crystallization from the melt. In addition to the masking effect of a constraining medium, some of the controversy in the literature pertaining to the existence of a melt treatment phenomenon may arise due to degredation of some polymers prior to the onset of the deactivation regime. The crystallization conditions employed are also quite influential on the possible effect melt treatment can have since the melt history phenomenon is noted by its effect on subsequent crystallization.
On the Possible Role of Magnetic Fields in the Dynamics of the Be Phenomenon

A problem that has intrigued me for some years is that of the dynamics of the Be phenomenon. For, although the Be phenomenon has been extensively studied for decades, the problems associated with the dynamics of the circumstellar envelopes about Be stars — the problems associated with their formation, with their maintenance, and with their dissolution — have, until very recently, received little more than qualitative consideration.
Getting older can be exhausting

Sepsis is a disease that affects primarily the aged. Although mortality is higher in both older septic patients and aged septic mice, the mechanisms underlying decreased survival in older hosts are incompletely understood. New work by Inoue and colleagues demonstrates persistent inflammation and T-cell exhaustion in older septic patients and aged septic mice. The clinical significance of these findings is manifested not only in increased mortality but also in a marked difference in secondary infections in older patients as long as a month following ICU admission.
N-bit unsigned division via n-bit multiply-add

Integer division on modern processors is expensive compared to multiplication. Previous algorithms for performing unsigned division by an invariant divisor, via reciprocal approximation, suffer in the worst case from a common requirement for n+1 bit multiplication, which typically must be synthesized from n-bit multiplication and extra arithmetic operations. This paper presents, and proves, a hybrid of previous algorithms that replaces n+1 bit multiplication with a single fused multiply-add operation on n-bit operands, thus reducing any n-bit unsigned division to the upper n bits of a multiply-add, followed by a single right shift. An additional benefit is that the prerequisite calculations are simple and fast. On the Itanium/spl reg/ 2 processor, the technique is advantageous for as few as two quotients that share a common run-time divisor.
Magnetic Surface Visualizations in the Columbia Non-Neutral Torus

Visualizations of magnetic surfaces are a valuable diagnostic in the Columbia Non-neutral Torus (CNT). The CNT is a compact stellarator, which is currently being used to study non-neutral plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces. The full 3-D shapes of magnetic surfaces created by CNT's simple four circular coil geometry are readily visualized by using an electron beam and neutral gas. These visualizations are useful for probe alignment and the confirmation of the magnetic surface topology, and they were necessary for the recent installation of a conducting boundary conforming to the last closed magnetic surface.
Estimation of System Damping Parameters Using Analytic Wavelet Transforms

This paper presents an efficient methodology for estimating the damping of a power system in which multiple resonant frequency components exist. The proposed method was developed using the analytic wavelet transforms and requires only the intrinsic transient portion of the voltage waveform (i.e., the free response due to capacitor bank energizing). The method can estimate the damping ratios of the selected modes and is free from the unimodal restriction of the Hilbert damping analysis. Thus, the method can provide more accurate system modal information.
A General Proximity Privacy Principle

As an important privacy threat in anonymized data publication, the proximity breach is gaining increasing attention recently. Such breach occurs when an adversary concludes with high confidence that the sensitive value of a victim individual falls in a set of proximate values, even though with low confidence about the exact value. Most existing research efforts focus on the case of publishing data of specific types, e.g., (1) categorical sensitive data (different values have no sense of proximity) or (2) numerical sensitive data (different values can be strictly ordered), while failing to address the privacy threats for a much wider range of data models, where the similarity of specific values is defined by arbitrary functions. In this work, we study the problem of protecting \texts c{general proximity privacy}, with findings applicable to most existing data models. Specifically, we counter the attacks by introducing a novel privacy principle, ($\epsilon$, $\delta$)-dissimilarity. It requires that each sensitive value in a QI-group $G$ must be "dissimilar'' to at least $\delta$ percent of all other values in $G$, while the similarity is measured by $\epsilon$. We prove that ($\epsilon$, $\delta$)-dissimilarity, used in conjunction with $k$-anonymity, provides effective protection against linking attacks in terms of both exact-association and proximate-association. Furthermore, We present a theoretical analysis regarding the satisfiability of this principle.
Community Partnerships: Going Beyond Curriculum to Change Health Professions Education

Much of the recent reform in medical education has focused on the specific curriculum and location of the experience. The author describes the W.K. Kellogg Foundation's Community Partnerships in Health Professions Education model which yields significant influence to the community for shaping the educational experience. The role of leadership and institutional policy change are also discussed as important factors in the change process.
Impact of Bus Transit Centers on Values of Nearby Single-Family Residential Land in Houston, Texas

Public transit professionals continue to seek methods that offer greater service opportunities without a material increase in the costs of service provision. One strategy is to construct bus transit centers, which operate much like the airline hub-and-spoke concept. More frequent destinations can be made available with shorter patron wait times and little or no increase in the number of bus hours. Patrons tend to appreciate the convenience of a transfer occurring in a lighted facility as well as the increased level of bus service. Many bus-based centers may be close to single-family neighborhoods, and residents might express concern about property values given the presence of a bus transit center nearby. In addition to the bus transit centers that serve traditional local or express routes, several bus rapid transit lines are planned in other cities, with stations that might lead nearby communities to ask similar questions about property values. The impact of bus transit centers is assessed on nearby singl...