cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the dielectric absorption in the disordered solid RbCl:OH at low temperatures

The dielectric dissipation in two crystals of RbCl containing 100- and 9-ppm O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ dipolar impurities was measured at 930 MHz for temperatures between 15 and 500 mK. The power and temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ are similar to those observed in glasses and indicate saturable resonant absorption of a broad distribution of two-level systems at low energies. From a study of the dynamics of the saturation, the tunneling energy of 7 mK is determined, along with the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates, both of which scale linearly with temperature.
State-dependent block of human cardiac hNav1.5 sodium channels by propafenone.

State-dependent blockade of human cardiac hNav1.5 sodium channels by propafenone was studied using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Both a direct investigation using cells with inactivation-deficient sodium channels and an algorithmic approach used on cells with wild-type channels revealed a rapid binding of propafenone to the open state. This occurs approximately 4000 and 700 times faster than the binding to the resting and inactivated state, respectively. An established mathematical “gating” model was modified to represent the experimental data.
Diffraction studies of the thermal properties of nanocrystalline Pd and Cr

Abstract Quantitative X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements were made on nanocrystalline and coarse-grained samples of Pd and Cr. For both materials, Debye-Waller parameter comparisons over a temperature range of approximately 20–300 K indicate that the nanocrystalline materials have increased static displacements of atoms from their equilibrium sites compared to coarse-grained material. No grain-size-correlated differences in thermal vibrational amplitude, lattice parameter, or thermal expansion coefficients were observed in either material. In contrast to earlier results on nanocrystalline Pd, significantly more non-peakintensity is observed from a nanocrystalline Cr sample than from a coarse-grained Cr sample. Impurities may account for the increased background intensity from nanocrystalline Cr. These results indicate that there is no significant grain boundary excess volume in nanocrystalline Pd, and therefore the reduced density typically observed in nanocrystalline Pd samples must be due to porosity.
A comparison of blood alcohol concentration using non-alcohol- and alcohol-containing skin antiseptics.

We simultaneously obtained blood samples in emergency patients for ethanol content from both antecubital fossae using an alcohol prep pad on one arm and a non-alcohol-containing germicidal solution on the other. Fifty patients with ethanol concentrations greater than zero were statistically analyzed. Twenty patients surveyed had no measurable alcohol level by either technique. There was no significant difference in the blood alcohol concentration obtained by either method of skin preparation in both groups (P
Acquisition of the cardinal word principle: The role of input

Abstract We investigated whether specific input helps 3-1/2-year-olds discover that the last word in a count represents its cardinal value (i.e., the cardinal word principle). In Study 1, we contrasted four training approaches. The only approach to yield significant improvement was to label a set's cardinality and then immediately count it. This training is consistent with previously hypothesized mechanisms based on juxtaposing a set's cardinal label with its count in close temporal contiguity (e.g., Klahr & Wallace, 1976; Schaeffer, Eggleston, & Scott, 1974 ), as well as general theories of comparison and categorization (e.g., Gentner, 2005 ). In Study 2, we asked parents to read picture books to their preschool children and found that they rarely provide cardinal labels immediately followed by counting, even when asked to read a book about number.
Nuclear Shadows in the Middle East: Prospects for Arms Control in the Wake of the Gulf Crisis

* This paper was originally written in June 1990 and substantially rewritten in November-December 1990. It has not been revised since.
On design of free-form refractive beam shapers, sensitivity to figure error, and convexity of lenses

The problem of design of a two-lens optical system for reshaping the irradiance distribution of a laser beam in a prescribed manner is considered in the geometrical optics approximation. The presented design equations are derived in a rigorous manner and are applicable to free-form two-lens optical systems without any a priori symmetry assumptions on radiance profiles and beam cross sections. The obtained equations are applied to derive an equation defining sensitivity of the output radiation intensity to figure errors. This equation is applied to analyze sensitivity in several cases, including rotationally symmetric reshapers with nonrotationally symmetric figure error. The presented approach shows also that even in the general case two different designs are available for the same data. In one of these designs one lens is always concave or convex and the second is convex or concave, while in the second design the lenses may be neither convex nor concave. Since, in general, the surface lenses are aspherical, the availability of a design with convex/concave lenses is particularly important for fabrication.
Molecular structure and dynamics at the interfaces within bulk heterojunction materials for solar cells.

The molecular structures within the interfaces of the bulk heterojunction material comprising regioregular-poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), rrP3HT, and C60 or its soluble derivative, [6,6]-phenyl-C...
Consistently Inconsistent: A Snapshot of Across- and Within-State Disparities in the Prevalence of Childhood Overweight and Obesity

BACKGROUND. The epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity is characterized by known disparities. Less is known about how these disparities vary across and within the state in which a child lives. OBJECTIVE. To examine the magnitude and patterns of across- and within-state differences in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity according to children's insurance type (public versus private), household income level, race (non-Hispanic black versus non-Hispanic white), and ethnicity (Hispanic versus non-Hispanic). METHODS. State-level overweight and obesity prevalence rates for children aged 10–17 were calculated by using data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Statistical significance of across-state variation was assessed. Disparity ratios assessed within-state equity according to children's insurance type, income, race, and ethnicity. State ranks on overall prevalence and ranks on disparity indices were correlated and regression models were fit to examine within-state consistency, state-level clustering effects and whether the effect of child characteristics varied across key population subgroups. RESULTS. Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity varied significantly across states. A total of 31 states had a prevalence lower than the national rate of 30.6% (14 statistically significant), and 20 had higher rates (9 statistically significant). Within-state disparity indices ranged from a low of 1.0 (no disparity) to a high of 3.44 (nearly 3.5 times higher). Correlations between state ranks on overall prevalence and their ranks on disparity indices were not significant for the insurance type, income, or race disparity groups examined. A modest state-clustering effect was found. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, the effect of lower household income and lower household education level education were significantly less for non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children, who were more likely to be overweight or obese regardless of these other factors. CONCLUSIONS. Disparities in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity vary significantly both within and across states. Patterns of variation are inconsistent within states, highlighting the need for states to undertake state- and population-specific analyses and interventions to address the epidemic.
Correlative studies of heart rate and heart rate variability indices from five consecutive ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings in patients with coronary artery disease

Background: Reproducibility of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices from ambulatory electrocardiograms (AECGs) is a prerequisite for their use as predictors or monitors of disease progression, or response to therapeutic interventions. Hypothesis: This study sought to determine the stability over time of HR and HRV indices in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: Five AECGs, recorded at 1-week intervals in 21 clinically stable patients, were used to calculate minimum, average, and maximum HR, and three commonly used HRV indices in data samples of 15,30,60,120, daytime and nighttime intervals (complete data were available on 17 patients). Results: All parameters studied were stable over time (p = NS). Diurnal variation was found only for the average and maximum HR, with values being higher for daytime than for nighttime. Intercorrelations of the HR and HRV indices were poor and varied among the five AECGs, suggesting that these parameters reflect different aspects of HRV. The HR and HRV variables calculated from short-time intervals correlated poorly with the corresponding information from 24-h recordings, and such relationships varied among the five AECGs. Conclusions: Thus, HR and HRV indices from five consecutive AECGs recorded at 1-Week intervals are reproducible. The poor intercorrelations between pairs of the studied indices suggest that none of these parameters can be used as surrogate of the others. Finally, the poor performance of HR and HRV indices, deriving from short-time intervals, indicate that they cannot be employed in lieu of parameters calculated from 24-h AECGs.
MARKETING CHANGES THE CORPORATE CULTURE

Given the intensity of competition in today's world marketplace, it is difficult to find an American manager who isn't telling his organization to strengthen its marketing function. As a consequence, those of us in marketing often find ourselves receiving an increased share of corporate assets as well as more visible support from senior management. As welcome as such assets and support are, however, they are only part of what is needed to turn a company into a first‐class marketing organization. The real goal must be the creation of a marketing community within the company.
Synthesis of Polycrystalline Chalcopyrite Semiconductors by Microwave Irradiation

Polycrystalline samples of the chalcopyrites CuInS2, CuInSe2, and CuInSSe were prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the pure elements by microwave irradiation. The reactions were performed in sealed quartz tubes in as few as 3 minutes. The products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface morphology and shape of the particles produced by this method suggest that the products are formed from liquid melts. This method could be applied to the production of bulk chalcopyrite as sources for thin film growth.
John Polkinghorne and the Task of Addressing a "Messy" World

As a physicist-theologian, John Polkinghorne has done a great service for the community of scholars engaged in the theology-and-science dialogue as well as for a broader audience of interested persons. We examine Polkinghorne's theological method to see what it suggests about his understanding of the function of systematic theology and his philosophy of science. His strong emphasis on rationality in theology corresponds to his epistemological discussions. Polkinghorne links his methodology to “thinking,” so “experience” seems relegated to the minds, and not the lives, of the believers. Consequently, his theology does not easily engage ethical, political, and cultural landscapes where the concrete contexts of particular people's lives engage their faith. The challenge for those of us in religion-and-science is to come to grips with this messy, complicated world.
Pulse events in Great Basin Desert shrublands: physiological responses of Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata seedlings to increased summer precipitation

Abstract Climate change models envision an increase in summer precipitation in eastern California and adjacent arid regions by 2050, due to anthropogenic activities. Changes in the frequency, intensity and spatial patterns of rainfall pulses are likely to influence seedling recruitment and establishment, and ultimately community composition and dynamics. The effects of altered water availability might be complicated by the effect of adult plants on resources and conditions, potentially altering seedling recruitment success and affecting community succession. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) an experimental pulse representing a 25% increase in summer precipitation would increase photosynthesis for Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata seedlings, and (2) for P. tridentata , experimentally applied rainfall pulses lead to greater effects on photosynthesis for seedlings planted in open microsites compared to seedlings planted under the canopy of adult A. tridentata nurse plants. We tested these hypotheses based on measurements of plant water potential, CO 2 assimilation, and stress within Photosystem II (PSII). Water potential was higher (but not significantly) for seedlings 3 days following watering that simulated future summer monsoon rainfall pulses for both A. tridentata and P. tridentata . Water pulse treatment increased the quantum efficiency of PSII for A. tridentata , but not for P. tridentata . Water pulses increased transpiration nearly two-fold for seedlings of A. tridentata , but had no effect on gas exchange for P. tridentata . Transplanted P. tridentata seedlings growing in open microsites fixed twice as much CO 2 compared to transplanted seedlings growing under the canopy of adult A. tridentata shrubs, despite higher temperatures and photosynthetic photon flux density in the open. However, neither location nor water pulse treatment affected chlorophyll a fluorescence from PSII. Our results suggest that for precipitation pulses in Great Basin Desert shrublands: (1) photosynthetic increases in response to additional summertime rainfall pulses will be greater for A. tridentata compared to P. tridentata seedlings and (2) open sites between adult shrubs are an important recruitment niche for P. tridentata .
Spectacular Lightning Revealed in 2009 Mount Redoubt Eruption

The explosive eruption of Alaska's Mount Redoubt volcano in March and April 2009 provided a superb opportunity for studying volcanic lightning. The energetic explosions produced powerful volcanic lightning storms, the largest of which rivaled the intensity of the massive supercell thunderstorms that frequent the midwestern Great Plains. Although lightning often has been observed in the plumes of explosive volcanic eruptions, only a handful of detailed studies have delved into the origins of volcanic lightning. Active volcanoes tend to be situated in remote locations, where they are difficult to observe, and often have sudden, unpredicted eruptions. Even when the eruptions are observed close at hand, the volcanic clouds are intensely opaque, obscuring most of the lightning from view.
Oral cyclosporin A inhibits CD4 T cell P-glycoprotein activity in HIV-infected adults initiating treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Purpose P-glycoprotein limits the tissue penetration of many antiretroviral drugs. The aim of our study was to characterize the effects of the P-glycoprotein substrate cyclosporin A on T cell P-glycoprotein activity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected participants in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group study A5138.
Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins upregulate c-IAP2 gene expression and confer resistance to apoptosis

Inhibition of apoptosis plays an important role in the cellular immortalization and transformation induced by E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV). Here, we report that the transcription of the inhibitor of apoptosis gene, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2, (c-IAP2), is significantly upregulated in HPV16 E6/E7-immortalized human oral keratinocytes (HOK16E6E7). Overexpression of E6/E7 from the high-risk HPV16 or 18, but not from the low-risk HPV6, activated c-IAP2 promoter. E6 from HPV16 and 18 played a major role in the activation. In addition, the induction of c-IAP2 transcription required nuclear factor-kappaB activity. Overexpression of c-IAP2 in normal human oral keratinocyte conferred resistance to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)/cycloheximide (CHX)-induced apoptosis, suggesting the increased c-IAP2 expression in HOK16E6E7 may protect the cells from TNF-alpha-mediated cell death. Moreover, depletion of endogenous c-IAP2 using RNA interference in HOK16E6E7 induced apoptosis, indicating that c-IAP2 is necessary for HPV16 E6/E7-induced resistance to apoptosis and cell survival. Of note, high levels of c-IAP2 transcription were found in several HPV16- or HPV18-positive cancer cells, and depletion of c-IAP2 caused cell death in HPV18-positive HeLa cells. Thus, upregulation of c-IAP2 by E6 and E7 may confer resistance to apoptosis that is necessary for sustained growth of some HPV16- and HPV18-positive cancer cells.
Effect of desiccation cracking on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay liner

Despite our best efforts to reduce the waste stream, there will always remain some residues which cannot be further treated and must be disposed in landfills. One critical aspect of landfill construction is the integrity of the landfill liner. Current landfill liner technology includes a composite liner which consists of a FML component and a compacted soil component. The primary characteristic for selecting a soil for use in composite liner construction is that the soil have a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 1 × 10−7 cm s−1 or less. In the present study the effects of desiccation cracks on the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted soil were measured. Two soils of diverse mineralogy and typical of soils used for clay liner construction were selected for use. Each was tested in its native state plus after the addition of 30% sand. Laboratory measurements were made of the volumetric shrinkage of each soil. In addition, the hydraulic conductivity was determined using 10 cm diameter fixed wall permeameters. Additional conductivity measurements were made using 60 cm diameter fixed wall double ring permeameters which had been exposed to 0, 1, and 2 periods of desiccation prior to hydraulic conductivity determinations. The data show that laboratory measurements using 10- cm diameter fixed wall permeameters underestimate the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils when packed in large diameter permeameters. It was also found that exposure to two cycles of desiccation resulted in large increases in hydraulic conductivity. The time required to reach a steady outflow volume decreased as the amount of desiccation increased. The hydraulic conductivities of soils which had been allowed to dry were greater than those which were not allowed to dry prior to measurement. The relationship between volumetric shrinkage and the increase in hydraulic conductivity after desiccation indicates that soils which exhibit less than 11% shrinkage in the laboratory, exhibit increases in K of less than a factor of 2 upon desiccation. Clay soils with greater than 11% shrinkage can potentially be amended with sand to decrease the volumetric shrinkage and their response to desiccation.
DNase1: a new personalized therapy for cancer?

Although predicted in the literature, the era of personalized therapy has not yet emerged for most cancer types. Instead, the ‘one size fits all’ therapeutic approach – central to conventional trea...
THE DIVIDEND PAYOUTS OF PRIVATE FIRMS: EVIDENCE FROM TAX COURT DECISIONS

To study the dividend payouts of private firms we extend the agency cost/external financing cost trade-off model of dividend payouts to include the accumulated earnings tax (AET). The firm's optimal dividend policy trades off the benefits from lower agency costs against external financing costs and the AET. Information from tax court records reveals that private firms' payouts are influenced by both agency costs and the AET.
Splenectomy as part of cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective. Epithelial ovarian carcinoma with extensive upper abdominal disease may require splenectomy for optimal tumor cytoreduction. We describe patients who required splenectomy during tumor reduction procedures for primary or recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Methods. Data were abstracted from records of 112 patients who underwent splenectomy as part of primary or secondary cytoreductive surgery. Results. Of 112 patients, 66 had primary and 46 had secondary cytoreduction. Some patients also required bowel resection (50%), formal lymphadenectomy (31%), or urinary tract resection (5%). The most common indications for splenectomy were direct metastatic involvement (46%), facilitation of an en bloc resection of perisplenic disease (41%), and intraoperative trauma (13%). Histologically, 65% had hilar involvement; 52%, capsular involvement; and 16%, parenchymal metastases. Short-term complications included wound infections (7), pneumonias (5), thromboembolic events (9), and sepsis (5). Sepsis was associated with an anastomotic bowel leak in 1 patient, with fungal infections in 2 patients (1 pneumonia and 1 pelvic abscess), and with no identifiable infectious source in 2. Two patients required reoperation for bleeding: 1 for diffuse intraabdominal bleeding, including the splenic bed, and 1 for pelvic sidewall bleeding. The perioperative mortality rate at splenectomy was 5%: 3 from sepsis (1 anastomotic leak, 2 pneumonias), 2 from pulmonary embolism, and 1 for which the precise cause of death was not ascertainable. The primary cytoreduction group had a median survival of 1.8 years, with an estimated 2-year survival rate of 46%. The median survival in the secondary debulking group was 1.7 years, with an estimated 2-year survival of 42%. Conclusions. In patients with clinically significant upper abdominal disease, splenectomy as part of primary or secondary cytoreductive surgery is associated with modest morbidity and mortality. The risk–benefit ratio of aggressive surgical cytoreduction must be considered.
HOXA10 Expression Is Repressed by Progesterone in the Myometrium: Differential Tissue-Specific Regulation of HOX Gene Expression in the Reproductive Tract

HOX genes are essential regulators of development in all multicellular organisms, including humans. We have previously shown that HOXA10 is expressed in the developing uterus and later in the adult human endometrium. HOX genes regulate endometrial development in response to sex steroids. Here, we demonstrate that HOXA10 is expressed in the myometrium as well. In situ hybridization reveals abundant HOXA10 expression, and Northern analysis demonstrates differential HOX gene expression in the myometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. HOXA10 expression decreases in the midsecretory phase, coinciding with high serum progesterone levels. Treatment of primary myometrial cell cultures with progesterone decreases HOXA10 expression in vitro-paralleling the expression seen in vivo. Despite the presence of progesterone receptors in the endometrium and myometrium, HOXA10 is differentially regulated in each tissue by progesterone. HOXA10 expression is induced in the stroma and decreased in the myometrium by progesterone. The differential tissue-specific response of this gene in response to progesterone is likely mediated by sex steroid receptor coactivators or corepressors. Decreased myometrial expression of developmental regulatory genes such as HOXA10 in the nonpregnant uterus may dedifferentiate the myometrium and allow growth in preparation for pregnancy.
Radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Long-term results and implications for future advances.

Background. There are surprisingly few studies that concurrently report the 10-year overall survival (OS) rate, 10-year adjusted survival (AS) rate, 10-year recurrence free (NED) survival rate, and 10-year local tumor control (LC) rate using external beam radiation therapy (RT) for Stages A2, B, and C prostate cancer. A simultaneous analysis of OS, AS, NED survival, and LC rates is useful in terms of establishing priorities for future research efforts. Methods. Actuarial LC, NED survival, AS, and OS rates were analyzed for 289 patients with Stages A2, B, and C prostate cancer treated with RT between 1975 and 1990 in the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine. Results. The 10-year LC, NED survival, AS, and OS rates for 168 patients with Stage A2 and B disease were 88% (standard error [SE], 5%), 50% (SE, 10%), 70% (SE, 7%), and 38% (SE, 7%), respectively. The 10-year LC, NED survival, AS, and OS rates for 121 patients with Stage C disease were 82% (SE, 6%), 41% (SE, 6%), 25% (SE, 7%), and 21% (SE, 6%), respectively. Conclusion. External beam radiation provides excellent local clinical tumor control for early prostate cancer. However, 60% of all prostate cancer deaths of patients with Stage A2 and B disease and 76% of all prostate cancer deaths of patients with Stage C disease were attributable to metastatic disease without clinical local failure. The major obstacle in improving the death rate associated with Stages A2, B, and C prostate cancer remains the inability to control metastatic disease; research efforts must concentrate on overcoming this problem.
Momentum-space study of pion-nucleus inelastic scattering

Abstract The inelastic scattering of intermediate energy pions from 12C is studied using a distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA). A flexible momentum space formulation is presented which permits examination of a wide variety of non-local pion-nucleus potentials. Inelastic differential cross sections for the 2+ (4.43 MeV) and 3−(9.64 MeV) states of 12C are generated from several phenomenological pion-nucleon collision matrices. Form factors for the inelastic transitions are obtained from the collective model and also from microscopic 1p-1h (Gillet-Vinh Mau) wave functions. The dramatic role of the (3,3) pion-nucleon resonance, along with an associated pion-nucleus absorption, is illustrated. The inelastic cross sections prove to be somewhat influenced by the off-shell pion-nucleon model, with the effect mostly confined to larger angles, and with changes that closely parallel those found earlier for elastic scattering. Back-angle inelastic cross sections are found to be large by a factor of about 10 compared to prior pion-12C inelastic scattering calculations. This beneficial effect, relative to the available data, is attributed to a corresponding elastic scattering back-angle build-up which arises mainly from transforming the pion-nucleon interaction to the pion-nucleus center of mass frame. The inelastic scattering diffraction patterns are found to depend on the location and tail of the form factor, but much less so on its internal form, which is indicative of a surface direct reaction. Normalization of the collective model form factor to known B(E2) and B(E3) values yields general agreement with the magnitude of the forward angle inelastic 2+ and 3− cross sections. These simple features of calculated pion-12C inelastic scattering encourage further application of the DWIA and of direct reaction strong absorption methods to pion scattering in the resonance region.
Lack of change of cancellous bone volume with short-term use of the new immunosuppressant rapamycin in rats.

Immunosuppressants have adverse effects on bone mineral metabolism in animal and human studies, with corticosteroids producing low-turnover osteopenia, and cyclosporin-A (CsA) producing high-turnover osteopenia. Rapamycin (RAPA) is a new immunosuppressant reported to be at least 10 times more potent than CsA, and acts via a different pathway to CsA and the other new immunosuppressant FK506. This study investigated the effects of RAPA on bone mineral metabolism in the rat. Forty-two, 10-week-old, male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups, and treated according to the following protocol: group A (control) received RAPA vehicle by daily gavage for 14 days (n = 12); group B (high dose RAPA) received RAPA 2.5 mg/kg/day by daily gavage for 14 days (n = 15); group C (low dose RAPA) received RAPA 1.25 mg/kg/day by daily gavage for 14 days (n = 15). Rats were weighed and bled on days 0, 7, and 14 for measurement of blood ionized calcium, bone Gla protein (BGP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25(OH)2D. Tibial bone histomorphometry was determined on day 14 after double-calcein labeling. Weight gain was similar in the two groups treated with RAPA compared with control animals. High-dose RAPA (group B) transiently depressed serum BGP levels on day 7, with elevated blood ionized calcium levels on day 7, and lowered 1,25(OH)2D levels on day 14. Serum PTH levels were unchanged. Low dose RAPA (group C) did not affect calciotropic hormones. Histomorphometric analyses of tibial metaphyses revealed that parameters of bone formation and resorption were not significantly different in the groups treated with RAPA (group B and C) compared with control animals (group A). Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in group B (high-dose RAPA) (15.39 ± 1.01%) and C (low-dose RAPA) (15.38 ±0.57%) was not significantly altered compared with group A (control) (16.42 ± 0.86%). Short-term treatment with RAPA, unlike CsA, does not result in excess resorption and loss of bone volume. The depressed serum 1,25(OH)2D levels seen with high-dose RAPA therapy may adversely effect bone mineral metabolism in the long term.
Localization without disorder: The Kronig-Penney model in the presence of an electric field

Abstract We study the asymptotic behaviour of a one-dimensional system with periodic δ-function potentials of strength W in the presence of an electric field F. We find that the two independent solutions of the Schrodinger equation behave as x ±W 2 8F − 1 4 for large x. This power law behaviour is found for all values of W and F (except F = 0). It follows that all physical states (states which do not diverge) must decay according to a power law and for F W 2 4 they are localized. Thus we have an example of a system without disorder in which localization is induced by an electric field.
GLYCOHEMOGLOBIN (HbAI c ): A PROGNOSTICATOR OF BIRTH WEIGHT IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

Hemoglobins AIa-c (fast Hb), minor variants of HbA, are elevated in diabetes mellitus. Recent studies indicate a relationship of fast Hb's, especially HbAIc (glycosylated form) to hyperglycemia. AIc is most manifest in aged erythrocytes. Since infant oversize has been attributed to maternal hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia, the relationship of hemoglobin HbAIc was examined relative to birth weight (actual and relative to gestational age) and maternal glucose tolerance. Fast Hb's were measured by the Amberlite IRC cation exchange technique. Control women (6), gestational diabetics (Kt1.13%/min) (8), and insulin dependent women (8) were studied in their 3rd trimester. When corrected for gestational age, birth wts. correlated (p<0.001) in a linear regression with both fast Hb (r = 0.69, n = 18) and HbAIc (r = 0.67, n = 14). Two women with advanced diabetic vascular disease had smaller infants relative to gestational age and were excluded because of possible placental insufficiency. Kt correlated in a significant manner (p<0.05) only with HbAIc for a linear regression (r = 0.59, n = 15). Third trimester glycohemoglobin determination in maternal diabetes is a good indicator of infant size relative to gestational age. Furthermore, it has potential as a screening test of gestational diabetes in the 3rd trimester and the immediate postpartum when maternal carbohydrate intolerance may have reverted to normal.
Bedeutung und Anwendung der Arrhenius-Aktivierungsenergie

Die Arrhenius-Aktivierungsenergie und der Frequenzfaktor werden im Hinblick auf neuerdings verfugbare Kenntnisse vom mikroskopischen Geschehen bei Stosreaktionen uberpruft. Die theoretische Bedeutung der experimentellen Aktivierungsenergie, die im allgemeinen nicht gleich der Energieschwelle einer Reaktion ist, wird diskutiert; ihre Temperaturabhangigkeit und ihre Beziehung zur Schwellenenergie lassen sich fur eine Reihe reprasentativer Ansatze fur die Energieabhangigkeit des Reaktionsquerschnittes (Anregungsfunktion) herleiten. Brauchbarkeit und Grenzen der Aktivierungsenergie fur die Ermittlung von Schwellenenergien, Anregungsfunktionen und Tunneleffekten werden untersucht.
Evaluation of tellurium toxicity in transformed and non-transformed human colon cells

Abstract Diphenyl ditelluride (DPDT) and tellurium tetrachloride (TeCl4) were evaluated for toxicity in transformed (HT-29, Caco-2) and non-transformed colon cells (CCD-18Co). Significant decreases in viability were observed with DPDT exposure in HT-29 (62.5–1000 μM), Caco-2 (31.25–1000 μM) and CCD-18Co cells (500–1000 μM) and with TeCl4 in HT-29 (31.25–1000 μM), Caco-2 (31.25–1000 μM) and CCD-18Co cells (500–1000 μM). Light microscopy confirmed viability analysis. Significant increases in caspase 3/7 and 9 activity were observed with DPDT in HT-29 (500–1000 μM) and CCD-18Co cells (1000 μM) indicating apoptosis. No significant increases in caspases were seen with TeCl4 indicating necrosis. Apoptosis or necrosis was confirmed with fluorescent staining (FITC-Annexin, Hoechst 33342 and Ethidium Homodimer). Significant decreases in GSH/GSSG ratio were observed with DPDT in HT-29 (62.5–1000 μM), and CCD-18Co cells (1000 μM) and with TeCl4 in HT-29 (62.5–1000 μM) and CCD-18Co cells (250–1000 μM). We concluded that cells treated with DPDT resulted in apoptosis and TeCl4 treatment in necrosis. GSH/GSSG ratio shifts indicate oxidative mechanisms are involved.
Psychosocial sequelae of pediatric burn injuries: A review

Abstract The research literature on the psychosocial sequelae of pediatric burns is reviewed. Specific emphasis is given to studies concerning the adjustment of pediatric burn victims and their families. Collectively, findings indicate that there exists little empirical data to support the contention that the majority of pediatric burn victims exhibit severe poor post-burn adjustment. Specific predictors of pediatric and family psychosocial adjustment are noted. Methodological issues in the study of post-burn psychosocial adjustment are highlighted. Future directions for research on the psychosocial prognosis of pediatric burns survivors and their families are discussed.
Apparent movement and metacontrast: A note on Kahneman’s formulation

Recently metacontrast has been described as a case of “impossible” apparent motion. Kahneman (J 967) has supported this hypothesis with a study showing that apparent motion and metacontrast functions resemble one another. However, when visual angle, luminance, and duration vary from the values used in the Kahneman study, the resemblance between the two effects breaks down. Since the apparent motion explanation for metacontrast assumes an identity between apparent motion and metacontrast, these present results indicate that the apparent motion hypothesis for metacontrast is untenable. Metacontrast and apparent motion may not be unrelated, however; they might both have something to do with single units in the visualcortex. For each effect, however, different functional units would be involved.
Influence of Exciton Lifetime on Charge Carrier Dynamics in an Organic Heterostructure

Interactions between charge carriers and excitons, as well as between excitons and optical cavity modes in organic optoelectronic devices are fundamental to their operational limits and chief in preventing the realization of certain phenomena, such as electrically pumped organic lasing. We uncovered a previously unreported phenomenon, wherein optical cavity-modulated exciton decay rate leads to a concomitant modulation in the electrical current of an archetypal NPD/Alq3 organic light emitting device operated in forward bias. The magnitude of this variation is sensitive to the local dielectric environment of the device and is found to be as large as 15%.
Predators at bird nests in a northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire

Nest predation is the primary cause of nest failure in most passerine birds, and increases in nest predation associated with anthropogenic habitat disturbance are invoked as explanations for population declines of some bird species. In most cases, however, the identity of the nest predators is not known with certainty. We monitored active bird nests with infrared time-lapse video cameras to determine which nest predators were responsible for depredating bird nests in northern New Hampshire. We monitored 64 nests of 11 bird species during three breeding seasons, and identified seven species of predators during 14 predation events. In addition, we recorded two instances of birds defending nests from predators and, in both cases, these nests were ultimately lost to predation. These results contrast with other studies in terms of the relatively high proportion of nests depredated by raptors and mice, as well as the absence of any predation by snakes. The diverse suite of predators in this and other studies is likely to confound our understanding of patterns of nest predation relative to fragmentation and habitat structure. SINOPSIS La depredacion de nidos es la causa principal del fracaso de anidamiento de muchos paserinos. El incremento en depredacion ha sido asociado a disturbio antropogenico de habitat y considerado como la causa de la disminucion poblacional de muchas especies de aves. En la mayoria de los casos, no se sabe a ciencia cierta quien es el depredador. Monitoreamos nidos activos con camaras infrarojas de video que tomaban la accion en lapsos para determinar que depredadores eran responsables de la perdida de nidos en el norte de New Hampshire. A lo largo de tres temporadas reproductivas monitoreamos 64 nidos, pertenecientes a 11 especies, e identificamos siete depredadores en 14 actos de depredacion. Ademas, pudimos grabar dos casos en donde los aves defendieron sus nidos, aunque los nidos eventualmente fueron depredados posteriormente. Estos resultados contrastan con otros estudios en terminos de la alta proporcion de depredacion por parte de rapaces y ratoncitos, y en la ausencia de depredacion por parte de culebras. La diversidad de depredadores en este y otros estudios ampliara los conocimiento sobre los patrones de depredacion en nidos, y su relacion con la fragmentacion y la estructura del habitat.
Mechanical behavior of bulk nanocrystalline copper alloys produced by high energy ball milling

Copper alloys with different amounts of zinc were synthesized via high energy ball milling at liquid nitrogen and room temperature. Bulk samples were produced in situ by controlling the milling temperature. It is shown that temperature plays an important role in formation of artifact-free consolidated samples via its effect on defect formation and annihilation during the milling process. The mechanical behavior of Cu–Zn nanocrystalline alloys was examined using Vickers microhardness and tensile tests. The nanostructure of the alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness results of processed alloys vary as a function of the alloying elements. Considering typical low ductility of nanocrystalline materials, the improved ductility with the high strength observed in these alloys suggests that they are artifact-free and may have several deformation mechanisms, which may include dislocation activity and nano-twinning.
Annual Cycle of Equatorial East-West Circulation over the Indian and Pacific Oceans

Abstract Along the equator, annual mean 200-mb zonal wind is approximately in phase with annual mean outgoing longwave radiation (OLR); namely, easterlies are strongest above the convective center over the maritime continent, while westerlies reach their maximum just above the dry zone over the equatorial Pacific. This is much different from what is anticipated by theories that predict that the phase of the upper-tropospheric zonal wind is in quadrature with that of the prescribed heating. The present study provides evidence that the midlatitude-equatorial coupling is primarily responsible for the maintenance of the annual mean total 200-mb zonal winds along the equator, whereas convection contributes a great deal to the annual mean upper-level equatorial divergent winds. Annual cycles occurring over the extratropics act as a transient eddy forcing of the equatorial annual mean 200-mb zonal wind through three-dimensional convergence of localized Eliassen-Palm (E-P) fluxes. They are acting to accelerate th...
Sickle cell paths converge on hydroxyurea.

The realization that a mutation in a haemoglobin gene is at the root of sickle cell anaemia and the discovery of an effective treatment are separated by years. But sickle cell research is a model for how different paths of inquiry can come together with good result.
Organic matter composition and dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem 15 years after clear-cutting

Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in governing soil properties and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Clear-cutting alters the SOM cycle by changing decomposition rates and organic matter (OM) inputs to the forest ecosystem. We studied the 15-year clear-cutting response on the properties and composition of SOM at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the structural chemistry of SOM in whole soils and extracted humic substances. Overall, alkyl C and O-alkyl C were the dominant C fractions in soils and humic substances. Alkyl C accounted for 38–49% of the total NMR signal intensity in soils and 33–56% in humic substances. O-alkyl C accounted for 32–45% of the signal intensity in soils and 20–31% in humic substances. Following clear-cutting, the contribution of O-alkyl C increased in whole soils and humic acids of the Oa horizon, while alkyl C decreased in whole soils and humic acids of Oa and Bh horizons. Thus, the ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C, an index of the degree of decomposition of SOM, decreased in whole soils and humic acids after clear-cutting, indicating that the SOM in post-harvest soils is less decomposed relative to pre-harvest soils. On average, humic substances accounted for 47% of SOM. The concentration of humic acid decreased by up to 25% in Oa, E and Bh horizons after clear-cutting, while the concentration of fulvic acid decreased by more than 40% in the Oa and E horizons. Together, these results indicate that clear-cutting resulted in the loss of humic substances from the forest floor and upper mineral horizons, which was replaced by less decomposed OM in the post-clear-cut soils under the regrowing forest.
Modeling I/O systems with dynamic path selection, and general transmission networks

This paper examines general transmission networks, of which I/O subsystems are a special case. By using the maximum entropy principle, we answer questions such as what is the probability that a path to a given node is free when that node is ready to transmit. Systems with both dynamic and fixed path selection mechanisms are treated. Approximate methods for large networks are proposed, and numerical examples are given.
Relative fixation strength of rabbit subscapularis repair is comparable to human supraspinatus repair at time 0.

Background Recent evidence suggests that the rabbit subscapularis tendon may be anatomically, biomechanically, and histologically suitable to study rotator cuff pathology and repair. However, biomechanical comparisons of rotator cuff repairs in this model have not been evaluated and compared to those in human cadaveric specimens.
Molecular structure of high molecular weight acetal resins

Stable, high molecular weight polymers of formaldehyde have been studied to determine their molecular structure. The polymer chain was shown to be a polyoxymethylene by chemical analysis and infrared absorption spectra. Infrared techniques also revealed hydroxyl end groups which were replaced by acetate groups on esterification. The endgroups, which were also measured by chemical methods, were used to determine the number-average molecular weight over the range 20,000 to 98,000. Values obtained by assuming two endgroups per molecule agreed with osmotic pressure results, thus showing this to be an essentially unbranched polymer. Two theoretically possible branch-point structures were investigated by chemical methods; none could be detected, further indicating a linear polymer structure. Indirect evidence of narrow molecular weight distribution was obtained by comparing melt viscosity properties with those of other polymers of known wide and narrow distribution.
Managing Security Requirements Patterns using Feature Diagram Hierarchies

Security requirements patterns represent reusable security practices that software engineers can apply to improve security in their system. Reusing best practices that others have employed could have a number of benefits, such as decreasing the time spent in the requirements elicitation process or improving the quality of the product by reducing product failure risk. Pattern selection can be difficult due to the diversity of applicable patterns from which an analyst has to choose. The challenge is that identifying the most appropriate pattern for a situation can be cumbersome and time-consuming. We propose a new method that combines an inquiry-cycle based approach with the feature diagram notation to review only relevant patterns and quickly select the most appropriate patterns for the situation. Similar to patterns themselves, our approach captures expert knowledge to relate patterns based on decisions made by the pattern user. The resulting pattern hierarchies allow users to be guided through these decisions by questions, which introduce related patterns in order to help the pattern user select the most appropriate patterns for their situation, thus resulting in better requirement generation. We evaluate our approach using access control patterns in a pattern user study.
Diurnal fluctuations of gas exchange and water potential in different stand structures of Pinus ponderosa

Leaf-level gas exchange and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) measurements were made over a diurnal time-course in multi-aged and even-aged stand structures of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) in central Oregon (June) and western Montana (July) to test for differences in physiological performance due to stand structure. Total site occupancy was similar between the geographic regions as measured by basal area, leaf area index, and stand density index. No differences in net photosynthesis (A net), stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration (E), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) or Ψleaf were observed in June in Oregon. As a whole, even-aged plots appeared to be more water-stressed than multi-aged plots that were able to maintain higher rates of E in July in Montana. There were no differences in WUE between multi-aged and even-aged stand structures in Montana, but because both A net and E tended to be less in even-aged trees, overall productivity and efficiency of foliage may be less than in multi-aged stand structures. It is concluded that under environmental conditions that are not limited by water, patterns in gas exchange and water use are unaffected by stand structure. The data from this study further suggest that water-limiting conditions found later in the growing season may influence diurnal gas exchange patterns in a way that could result in lower productivity in even-aged stand structures.