cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The early migratory behaviour of young Fasciola hepatica in sensitized mice

Abstract Earlier work has shown that when mice are sensitized with irradiated metacercariae the numbers of immature flukes that can be recovered from the peritoneal cavity 2 days after reinfection with normal metacercariae is significantly less than the numbers recovered from non-sensitized control mice. Experiments are now described which investigate the reason for this difference. An inflammatory cellular reaction, most marked in sensitized mice occurs in the intestinal wall but this does not delay the migration of challenge flukes into the peritoneal cavity. No effective protective mechanism operates at the intestinal wall because similar numbers of flukes are present in the livers of sensitized and non-sensitized mice at 12 and 14 days after infection. When livers of sensitized and non-sensitized mice were examined 2 days after infection significantly more flukes had already reached the liver in the sensitized group. This indicates that immature flukes migrate more quickly from the peritoneal cavity in mice previously sensitized with irradiated metacercariae and would account for the difference in the number of flukes recovered from the peritoneal cavity of sensitized and non-sensitized mice at 2 days after infection.
Quetiapine (Seroquel) shows a pattern of behavioral effects similar to the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine: studies with tremulous jaw movements in rats.

Previous studies demonstrated that clozapine and olanzapine suppressed tacrine-induced jaw movements at lower doses than those required for suppression of lever pressing. The present studies were undertaken to evaluate the novel atypical antipsychotic quetiapine using the jaw movement model. The effect of acute quetiapine on the suppression of tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements was examined. To determine the relative potency of this effect compared with other behavioral effects of quetiapine, suppression of lever pressing also was studied. In other studies, rats received quetiapine for 14 consecutive days to study the effects of repeated injections of this drug. Acute quetiapine injections decreased tacrine-induced jaw movements and lever pressing. The ratio of the ED50 for suppression of jaw movements divided by the ED50 for suppression of lever pressing was used as an index of liability to produce motor side effects, and the present results demonstrate that quetiapine has a ratio similar to that previously shown for clozapine and olanzapine. In the repeated-administration studies, quetiapine failed to induce jaw movements. On day 14, quetiapine reduced tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements, and in a parallel experiment quetiapine significantly suppressed lever pressing on days 1–14. Repeated injections of quetiapine reduced tacrine-induced jaw movements over a dose range lower than that required for suppression of lever pressing. On tests of jaw movement activity and lever pressing after both acute and repeated drug administration, quetiapine showed a profile somewhat similar to clozapine and olanzapine. A theoretical model is offered suggesting that atypical antipsychotics that act on 5-HT or muscarinic receptors have intrinsic antiparkinsonian actions that work in opposition to the motor effects produced by dopamine antagonism.
Optimization of Shaded Surface Display for CT Angiography

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to determine the optimum threshold for performing computed tomographic (CT) angiography with shaded surface display (SSD). Materials and Methods A dedicated phantom was developed with an 8-mm luminal diameter. Each of 19 vessels had stenoses ranging from 0% to 93.8%. Five blinded, experienced reviewers separately measured each vessel by using SSD with display thresholds of 50, 100, 150, and 200 HU. Results For vessel diameters of 2 mm and larger, the best threshold value was 100 HU. This yielded measurements within 2% of the actual diameter and produced no false occlusions. For vessels 1 mm in diameter, the best threshold remained 100 HU, but this threshold was significantly less accurate than the standard ( P = .0001) and produced two false occlusions in 15 vessels. For vessels 0.5 mm in diameter, the best threshold was 50 HU, although this still produced measurements significantly less accurate than the gold standard ( P = .036) and one false occlusion in 15 vessels. Conclusion CT angiography with SSD and an optimized threshold value is a useful technique in vessels 1 mm and larger.
Control of the splanchnic circulation in man. Role of beta-adrenergic receptors.

Some effects of the β-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, were studied in 20 normal, fasting, conscious men. The measurements made included cardiac output, splanchnic blood flow and oxygen consumption, arterial and hepatic venous blood pressure, and heart rate. The intravenous administration of propranolol (0.13 mg/kg) was followed by significant reductions in splanchnic blood flow and oxygen consumption, in cardiac output and in heart rate. Splanchnic perfusion pressure was unchanged; the splanchnic vascular resistance was significantly elevated. Previous treatment with glucose did not alter these findings. Phenoxybenzamine pretreatment lessened the increase in splanchnic vascular resistance which propranolol ordinarily caused. Ganglion-ic blockade with hexamethonium prevented all of the changes which propranolol produced in untreated individuals. These results may best be explained by assuming that the splanchnic circulation in man is influenced both by α receptors, which cause vasoconstriction wh...
Factors Affecting Tablet Disintegration

A 4 x 4 x 3 x 2 factorial experiment was run to determine the effects of disintegrating agents, lubricants, binders, and hardness on tablet disintegration. A single tablet filler, starch-lactose equal parts, was used. Tablets were found to disintegrate equally rapidly with or without disintegrating agent, thus allowing no comparison between disintegrating agents. Binders, lubricants, and hardness were found to differ in their effects on disintegration, and these factors are discussed. One two-factor interaction was found and shown to be due to a greater effect of hardness on tablets made with gelatin binder.
A secret attraction or defensive loathing? Homophobia, defense, and implicit cognition.

Abstract Psychodynamic conceptions of homophobia suggest that homophobics may have a latent attraction to gay sex. Although at least one study has partially supported this idea, the implicit cognitive reactivity to gay images has not been examined. We conducted the current study to investigate such cognitive forms of reactivity with the intent to better understand defensive homophobia. Participants completed two implicit sexual interest tasks in addition to questionnaires of self-deception and homophobia. We found that self-deception moderated the relationship between homophobia and performance within the implicit tasks. Contrary to the idea that defensive homophobics (i.e., homophobics high in self-deception) harbor an implicit attraction for gay sex, we found that such individuals displayed evidence of a phobic-like aversion. We also identified a non-defensive form of homophobia (i.e., homophobics low in self-deception) that was relatively inconsequential for performance within the implicit cognitive tasks related to gay sex. The results suggest that defensive homophobics have an implicit aversion rather than an implicit attraction to gay sexual stimuli.
Paraneoplastic neurological degenerations: keys to tumour immunity.

Paraneoplastic neurological degenerations (PNDs) are neurological disorders that develop in patients with cancer. PNDs are triggered by an effective antitumour immune response against neuronal antigens that are expressed in cancer cells, which subsequently develops into autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Studying patients with PND has offered the opportunity to gain unique insights into mechanisms of tumour immunity and has provided the potential to apply this knowledge to patients with cancer in general.
Hierarchical control and management of virtual microgrids for vehicle electrification

In this paper, we investigate control and management of power distribution networks to meet the needs of vehicle electrification. We propose to divide a distribution network into several virtual microgrids (VMGs). Unlike microgrids studied before, virtual microgrids are flexible and cover the entire distribution network. Using VMGs, the control and management of a distribution network can be achieved in a hierarchical fashion. We propose to control the distribution network in two levels: a lower or VMG level and a higher or grid level. We introduce modeling frameworks for the two levels. At the VMG level, VMGs are modeled as stochastic hybrid machines. At the grid level, the distribution network is modeled as a finite state machine with variables. We illustrate the modeling and control approach for a typical distribution network.
Nicotinic receptors and hippocampal synaptic plasticity ... it's all in the timing.

As we learn more about the functional expression of nicotinic receptors in specific brain regions such as the hippocampus, intriguing interactions are being uncovered at the cellular and circuit levels. Recent work from John Dani's laboratory provides important insights into how nicotinic receptors can modify hippocampal synaptic plasticity in both positive and negative ways, and this could help explain the role of nicotinic receptors in learning and memory.
Rapid response of forested vegetation to multiple climatic oscillations during the last deglaciation in the northeastern United States

Abstract Isotopic and pollen results from a marl lake (White Lake) in the Mid-Atlantic region of USA indicate the coupling of climate and vegetation changes. Oxygen isotopes of calcite from this site show multiple oscillations at millennial and centennial scales, including the Younger Dryas with 3‰ negative shifts in δ18O at 12.4–11.4 ka (1 ka = 1000 cal yr BP) and three cold events of magnitude 1–2‰ shifts during the Bolling–Allerod warm period (BOA) at 14.3–12.4 ka. Pollen data from the same core show nearly synchronous, close correspondence with isotope-inferred climate shifts, indicating rapid forest response to deglacial climate oscillations in southern New England. A plateau-like BOA is similar to other records around the North Atlantic Ocean.
Database schema evolution using EVER diagrams

We present an approach to schema evolution through changes to the ER diagram representing the schema of a database. In order to facilitate changes to the ER schema we enhance the graphical constructs used in ER diagrams, and develop EVER, an EVolutionary ER diagram for specifying the derivation relationships between schema versions, relationships among attributes, and the conditions for maintaining consistent views of programs. In this paper, we demonstrate the mapping of the EVER diagram into an underlying database and the construction of database views for schema versions. Through the reconstruction of views after database reorganization, changes to an ER diagram can be made transparent to the application programs while all objects in the database remain accessible to the application programs. The EVER system can serve as a front-end for object-oriented databases.
Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via blocking peroxynitrite formation in mouse spinal cord white matter

Abstract Inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has recently been found to attenuate the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the protective mechanisms that underlie PLA2 inhibition are still not well understood. In this study, we found that cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) was highly expressed in infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages/microglia in mouse spinal cord white matter. Although cPLA2 is also expressed in spinal cord neurons and oligodendrocytes, there were no differences observed in these cell types between EAE and control animals. Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), a cPLA2 inhibitor, significantly reduced the clinical symptoms and inhibited the body weight loss typically found in EAE mice. AACOCF3 also attenuated the loss of mature, myelin producing, oligodendrocytes, and axonal damage in the spinal cord white matter. Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, an indicator of peroxynitrite formation, was dramatically increased in EAE mice and attenuated by treatment with AACOCF3. These protective effects were not evident when AA861, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, was used. In primary cultures of microglia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced an upregulation of cPLA2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and components of the NADPH oxidase complex, p47phox and p67phox. AACOCF3 significantly attenuated iNOS induction, nitric oxide production and the generation of reactive oxygen species in reactive microglia. Similar to the decomposition catalyst of peroxynitrite, AACOCF3 also blocked oligodendrocyte toxicity induced by reactive microglia. These results suggest that AACOCF3 may prevent oligodendrocyte loss in EAE by attenuating peroxynitrite formation in the spinal cord white matter.
Effect of subalpine canopy removal on snowpack, soil solution, and nutrient export, Fraser Experimental Forest, CO

Research on the effects of vegetation manipulation on snowpack, soil water, and streamwater chemistry and flux has been underway at the Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF), CO, since 1982. Greater than 95% of FEF snowmelt passes through watersheds as subsurface flow where soil processes significantly alter meltwater chemistry. To better understand the mechanisms accounting for annual variation in watershed streamwater ion concentration and flux with snowmelt, we studied subsurface water flow, its ion concentration, and flux in conterminous forested and clear cut plots. Repetitive patterns in subsurface flow and chemistry were apparent. Control plot subsurface flow chemistry had the highest ion concentrations in late winter and fall. When shallow subsurface flow occurred, its Ca 2+ , SO 4 and HCO 3 - concentrations were lower and K + higher than deep flow. The percentage of Ca 2+ , NO SO 4 2- , and HCO 3 - flux in shallow depths was less and K + slightly greater than the percentage of total flow. Canopy removal increased precipitation reaching the forest floor by about 40%, increased peak snowpack water equivalent (SWE) > 35%, increased the average snowpack Ca 2+ , NO 3 - , and NH 4 + content, reduced the snowpack K + content, and increased the runoff four-fold. Clear cutting doubled the percentage of subsurface flow at shallow depths, and increased K + concentration in shallow subsurface flow and NO 3 - concentrations in both shallow and deep flow. The percentage change in total Ca 2+ , SO 4 2- , and HCO 3 - flux in shallow depths was less than the change in water flux, while that of K + and NO 3 - flux was greater. Relative to the control, in the clear cut the percentage of total Ca 2+ flux at shallow depths increased from 5 to 12%, SO 4 2- 5.4 to 12%, HCO 3 - from 5.6 to 8.7%, K + from 6 to 35%, and NO 3 - from 2.7 to 17%. The increases in Ca 2+ and SO 4 2- flux were proportional to the increase in water flux, the flux of HCO 3 - increased proportionally less than water flux, and NO 3 - and K + were proportionally greater than water flux. Increased subsurface flow accounted for most of the increase in non-limiting nutrient loss. For limiting nutrients, loss of plant uptake and increased shallow subsurface flow accounted for the greater loss. Seasonal ion concentration patterns in streamwater and subsurface flow were similar.
The analytical determination of proctolin by HPLC and its pharmacological action in the stable fly

Abstract 1. A method utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography as a purification technique and also for quantitative analysis of proctolin (Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr) in whole-body extracts of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), has been developed. 2. Analysis of newly eclosed stable fly adults showed proctolin present at a concentration of 12.4 ± 0.66 ng/g insect. Recovery of proctolin from spiked extract was > 90%. 3. Proctolin (4 × 10 −9 M) caused a noticeable increase in both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions in the hindgut of the stable fly.
Simulated ion trajectory and induced signal in ion cyclotron resonance ion traps

We present a numerical method for computation of electrostatic (trapping) and time-varying (excitation) electric fields and the resulting ion trajectory and detected time-domain-induced voltage signal in a rectangular (or cubic) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) ion trap. The electric potential is calculated by use of the superposition principle and relaxation method with a large number of grid points (e.g., 100 × 100 × 100 for a cubic trap). Complex ICR experiments and spectra may now be simulated with high accuracy. Ion trajectories may be obtained for any combination of trapping and excitation modes, including quadrupolar or cubic trapping in static or dynamic mode; and dipolar, quadrupolar, or parametric excitation with single-frequency, frequency-sweep (chirp), or stored waveform inverse Fourier transform waveforms. The resulting ion trajectory may be represented either as its three dimensional spatial path or as two-dimensional plots of x-, y-, or z-position, velocity, or kinetic energy versus time in the absence or presence of excitation. Induced current is calculated by use of the reciprocity principle, and simulated ICR mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform of the corresponding time-domain voltage signal.
Gas atomization of polymers. I. Feasibility studies and process development

A new gas atomization process (GAP) was explored for mass producing high-quality spherical powders and very high aspect ratio microfibers from molten polymers. The process involves the use of high-pressure (7.6 MPa or 1050 psi) nitrogen gas and a specifically designed nozzle to atomize a molten stream of polymer into fine droplets that cool to form spherical powders. Polyethylene-based powders, ranging in size from 0 to 200 μm, were efficiently produced in short cycle times by changing a few process control variables such as atomization temperature and polymer melt stream size in a contamination-free environment. The crystallinity of the polymer favored formation of spherical powders. Analysis of the experimental data indicated that the maximum weight fraction of the powders at 0–53 μm can be produced by atomizing the more crystalline polymer, using a 3.175-mm melt stream size at 205°C. Using the GAP in an alternative route to mass producing powders from low-molecular-weight, polyethylene-based waxes that cannot be ground eliminates most of the problems of conventional grinding processes. These benefits of the process together with its flexibility, high throughput, and facile nature can be expected to make it worth considering for industrial processes that must be safe, be capable of mass production, and operate in an environmentally benign fashion. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 17: 145–160, 1998
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear-Spin Dynamics in InP

Pulsed- and steady-state nuclear-magnetic-resonance measurements are reported for ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$ in InP. Measurements on "solid echoes" permit identification of various contributions to the second moment of the resonance. The dominant ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$-${\mathrm{In}}^{115,113}$ contribution is found to be about a factor of 2 smaller than expected from dipole-dipole interactions alone. A proposed explanation is based on interference between pseudodipolar and dipolar interactions of similar magnitude but opposite sign. The time evolution of the ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$ magnetization along the effective field in the rotating frame indicates the presence of a significant cross-relaxation effect involving the resonant spin-Zeeman reservoir and the nonresonant spin-spin reservoir.
Novel vaccines: bridging research, development and production.

Vaccines are among the greatest achievements of modern medicine, leading to the eradication of naturally occurring smallpox, the near elimination of polio and the control of diseases such as rotavirus and hepatitis A and B in industrialized countries. Conventional vaccines, however, protect against a limited number of infectious diseases and, in some cases, provide incomplete protection. Effective vaccines against common infections such as HIV, hepatitis C and malaria remain an unmet medical need. These gaps, together with the threat of resurgence of eradicated diseases, contribute to the growing need for the development of new vaccines and the improvement of existing ones. Approximately 250 scientists and vaccine experts from around the world gathered at Cambridge Healthtech Institute’s 3rd Annual Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Summit (ImVacS 2008) to present the latest developments in this field and to discuss, in 64 presentations, the challenges and current approaches to development and production of n...
Slow-wave sleep, acetylcholine, and memory consolidation

There has been a long history of experimentation and conjecture about a potentially critical role in memory consolidation for brain processes unique to sleep (1–3). A role for sleep in memory consolidation is consistent with the fact that new memory traces are not instantly fixed but rather remain susceptible to neuromodulatory influences for several hours after acquisition and require protein synthesis to become stable long-term memories (4). And while it has been clearly demonstrated that sleep deprivation can impair later memory for recently acquired declarative and procedural memory, the precise mechanisms by which sleep may aid or mediate memory storage processes are not known (3, 5). Activation of the cholinergic system has been demonstrated to enhance attention, learning, and memory consolidation and to facilitate plasticity after physiological manipulations and during development (6–8). Acetylcholine levels are high during waking and rapid eye movement (REM; also known as paradoxical) sleep (9). These observations seem consistent with the possibility that REM sleep may play an important role in facilitating synaptic plasticity of recently acquired memory traces. However, the great similarities between the waking and REM sleep states beg the question: What about REM sleep relative to waking is privileged for memory consolidation? Explicitly, REM sleep episodes follow deep slow-wave sleep (SWS) episodes. New findings by Gais and Born (10) presented in this issue of PNAS provide compelling evidence in human subjects that SWS and the accompanying low levels of acetylcholine during SWS may mediate a critical memory consolidation process. These findings support two-stage models …
Long-term impact of a leaf miner outbreak on the performance of quaking aspen

The aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham., has caused widespread and severe damage to aspen in the boreal forests of western North America for over a decade. We suppressed P. populiella ...
Hierarchical replacement decisions in hierarchical stores

One of the primary motivations for implementing virtual memory is its ability to automatically manage a hierarchy of storage systems with different characteristics. The composite system behaves as if it were a single-level system having the more desirable characteristics of each of its constituent levels. In this paper we extend the virtual memory concept to within each of the levels of the hierarchy. Each level is thought of as containing two additional levels within it. This hierarchy is not a physical one, but rather an artificial one arising from the employment of two different replacement algorithms. Given two replacement algorithms, one of which has good performance but high implementation cost and the other poor performance but low implementation cost, we propose and analyze schemes that result in an overall algorithm having the performance characteristics of the former and the cost characteristics of the latter. We discuss the suitability of such schemes in the management of storage hierarchies that lack page reference bits.
Phase noise shaping via forced nonlinearity in piezoelectrically actuated silicon micromechanical oscillators

This paper shows improved phase-noise performance of MEMS oscillators when the sustaining amplifier operates a lateral bulk acoustic wave AlN-on-Si resonator in the nonlinear regime. An empirical exponential-series-based model that closely describes the phase noise in nonlinearity is presented, reflecting the increased resonator filter order and the reduced amplifier flicker-noise contribution. An oscillator using a 23MHz in-plane shear mode resonator with a quality factor of 4,000 exhibits a phase noise of −130dBc/Hz at 1KHz offset-frequency, corresponding to an improvement of about 20dB with respect to linear operation.
Physicians’ attitudes toward unhealthy alcohol use and self-efficacy for screening and counseling as predictors of their counseling and primary care patients’ drinking outcomes

Objective: Patients’ unhealthy alcohol use is often undetected in primary care. Our objective was to examine whether physicians’ attitudes and their perceived self-efficacy for screening and counseling patients is associated with physicians’ counseling of patients with unhealthy alcohol use, and patients’ subsequent drinking. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study (nested within a randomized trial) involving 41 primary care physicians and 301 of their patients, all of whom had unhealthy alcohol use. Independent variables were physicians’ attitudes toward unhealthy substance use and self-efficacy for screening and counseling. Outcomes were patients’ reports of physicians’ counseling about unhealthy alcohol use immediately after a physician visit, and patients’ drinking six months later.
The Borderlands Between Science And Philosophy: An Introduction

Science and philosophy have a very long history, dating back at least to the 16th and 17th centuries, when the first scientist-philosophers, such as Bacon, Galilei, and Newton, were beginning the process of turning natural philosophy into science. Contemporary relationships between the two fields are still to some extent marked by the distrust that maintains the divide between the so-called “two cultures.” An increasing number of philosophers, however, are making conceptual contributions to sciences ranging from quantum mechanics to evolutionary biology, and a few scientists are conducting research relevant to classically philosophical fields of inquiry, such as consciousness and moral decision-making. This article will introduce readers to the borderlands between science and philosophy, beginning with a brief description of what philosophy of science is about, and including a discussion of how the two disciplines can fruitfully interact not only at the level of scholarship, but also when it comes to controversies surrounding public understanding of science.
The Socio‐Cultural Context of Family and Fertility in Sub‐Saharan Africa

The conclusion reached in this examination of fertility and family formation patterns in sub-Saharan Africa is that researchers and policymakers cannot assume that a unique population program can be developed and be successful in all regions and cultures. Socioeconomic factors and cultural factors vary between and within regions. The effect of economic crisis and of AIDS transmission is unknown. Demographic transition theory has not effectively accounted for the lack of fertility decline in Africa. Mortality levels have declined but not fertility. Even with national family planning programs womens use of contraceptives is low. There is a persistent preference for large families. Research has recommended policies which emphasize female education in order to lower the demand for children. Womens groups and grass roots mobilization must be engaged to promote and implement family planning. Womens autonomy in decision making needs to be encouraged by programs; economic independence from husbands needs to be secured for women. An overview is provided of the theoretical framework of fertility. Discussion focuses on factors affecting fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: the impact on supply and demand factors from individual socioeconomic differences and the cultural context. Attention is also given to African reproductive trends African population policies and future recommendations and research needs. Africa has had the highest fertility in the world i.e. 6-7 children/woman. There are short breast-feeding durations and short postpartum abstinence periods. Rwanda has the highest fertility currently and Kenyas fertility has dropped from the distinction of being the highest. Population growth is the highest because of a decline in mortality. Data from the World Fertility Surveys and Demographics Surveys have helped to develop a more complex view of the interaction between demographic and economic factors and fertility decline. Proximate determinants have been identified. By 1984 most governments had developed explicit population policies on birth spacing and integrated programs with appeal to the educated and urban population.
The taxonomy and phylogenetics of the human and animal pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi : A critical review

Rhinosporidum seeberi is the etiologic agent of rhinosporidiosis, a disease of mucous membranes and infrequent of the skin and other tissues of humans and animals. Because it resists culture, for more than 100 years true taxonomic identity of R. seeberi has been controversial. Three hypotheses in a long list of related views have been recently introduced: 1) a prokaryote cyanobacterium in the genus Microcystis is the etiologic agent of rhinosporidiosis, 2) R. seeberi is a eukaryote pathogen in the Mesomycetozoa and 3) R. seeberi is a fungus. The reviewed literature on the electron microscopic, the histopathological and more recently the data from several molecular studies strongly support the view that R. seeberi is a eukaryote pathogen, but not a fungus. The suggested morphological resemblance of R. seeberi with the genera Microcystis (bacteria), Synchytrium and Colletotrichum (fungi) by different teams is merely hypothetical and lacked the scientific rigor needed to validate the proposed systems. A fundamental aspect against the prokaryote theory is the presence of nuclei reported by numerous authors and updated in this review. Moreover, Microcystis's and Synchytrium's ultra-structural and key cell cycle traits cannot be found in R. seeberi parasitic phase. The PCR amplification of a cyanobacteria 16S rDNA sequence from cases of rhinosporidiosis, while intriguing, will be viewed here as an anomaly due to contamination with environmental Microcystis or perhaps as an endosymbiotic acquisition of plastids from cyanobacteria ancestors. Thus, even if R. seeberi possesses prokaryote DNA, this does not prove that R. seeberi is a cyanobacterium. The placement of R. seeberi within the fungi is scientifically untenable. The isolation and the DNA analysis performed in a fungal strain, and the lack of appropriate controls are the main problems of this claim. Further studies are needed to validate R. seeberi's acquisition of prokaryote plastids and other issues that still need careful scrutiny.
An efficient store for object bases

Storage management is the crucial issue in determining the overall performance of any database system. Execution of different data manipulation operations is, in general, supported by auxiliary data structures (accelerators, indexes). Object management brings a new quality into the computer data processing and, in turn, requires new implementation techniques capable of fulfilling the object processing efficiently. Navigation along various types of references among objects has become the performance bottle-neck since the traditional techniques used for navigation are by no means sufficient. In this paper, a new organization, called navigation index, is proposed. With this organization, the navigation is performed by computations based on the theory of simple continued fractions. The performance problem is formalized and the navigation index evaluated in relation to other implementation techniques. >
What was the groundwater quality before mining in a mineralized region? Lessons from the Questa Project

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department and supported by Molycorp, Inc (currently Chevron Minerals), has completed a 5-year investigation (2001–2006) to determine the pre-mining groundwater quality at Molycorp’s Questa molybdenum mine in northern New Mexico. Current mine-site ground waters are often contaminated with mine-waste leachates and no data exists on pre-mining ground-water quality so that pre-mining conditions must be inferred. Ground-water quality undisturbed by mining is often worse than New Mexico standards and data are needed to help establish closure requirements. The key to determining pre-mining conditions was to study the hydrogeochemistry of a proximal natural analog site, the Straight Creek catchment. Main rock types exposed to weathering include a Tertiary andesite and the Tertiary Amalia tuff (rhyolitic composition), both hydrothermally altered to various degrees. Two types of ground water are common in mineralized areas, acidic ground waters in alluvial debris fans with pH 3–4 and bedrock ground waters with pH 6–8. Siderite, ferrihydrite, rhodochrosite, amorphous to microcrystalline Al(OH)3, calcite, gypsum, barite, and amorphous silica mineral solubilities control concentrations of Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Al, Ca, Ba, and SiO2, depending on pH and solution composition. Concentrations at low pH are governed by element abundance and mineral weathering rates. Concentrations of Zn and Cd range from detection up to about 10 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, and are derived primarily from sphalerite dissolution. Concentrations of Ni and Co range from detection up to 1 and 0.4 mg/L, respectively, and are derived primarily from pyrite dissolution. Concentrations of Ca and SO4 are derived from secondary gypsum dissolution and weathering of calcite and pyrite. Metal:sulfate concentration ratios are relatively constant for acidic waters, suggesting consistent weathering rates, independent of catchment. These trends, combined with lithology, mineralogy, and mineral solubility controls, provide useful constraints on pre-mining ground-water quality for the mine site where the lithology is known.
Second Cancers Following Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers: Role of Tobacco and Alcohol

Background The exceptionally high rate of second primary cancers among patients with oral and pharyngeal cancers is well recognized, yet there has been limited epidemiologic study of risk factors for second tumors. Purpose To evaluate the relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to the development of second cancers among this high-risk patient group, we conducted a nested case-control study. Methods A total of 1090 patients enrolled in a 1984-1985 population-based, case-control study of oral cancer in four areas of the United States were followed through June 1989 for the occurrence of second primary cancers. Information on tobacco and alcohol consumption was obtained from the original interviews and was updated by follow-up interviews obtained for 80 case patients with second cancers and 189 sex-, study area-, and survival-matched cancer patients free of second cancers (control subjects). Results Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking each contributed to risk of second cancers, with the effects of smoking more pronounced than those of alcohol. The odds ratios (ORs) for smoking (adjusted for alcohol) rose with duration and intensity of smoking and were strongest for tumors of the aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and lungs), with ORs reaching 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-16) among smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day for 20 or more years. Current smokers as of the baseline survey experienced a fourfold increased risk of a second aerodigestive tract cancer relative to nonsmokers and former smokers. No reduction in risk was associated with cessation of smoking or drinking at or after the index diagnosis, although the short median interval (27 months) between tumor diagnoses limited observation of the effects due to recent cessation. Risk was significantly reduced, however, 5 years after smoking cessation. Among drinkers, second cancer risk was greatest for beer intake, with an OR for a second aerodigestive tract cancer of 3.8 (95% CI = 1.2-12) for 15 or more beers per week. Conclusions Oral and pharyngeal cancer patients with the highest intakes of tobacco and alcohol are the ones most prone to develop second primary cancers. Implications Avoidance of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking is the most desirable way not only to prevent primary oral cancers, but also to reduce risk of second cancers of the aerodigestive system.
Issues in video transmission over broadband ATM networks

Broadband ATM networks at multi-megabit data rates will provide the necessary bandwidth for high-quality interactive video applications. Performance requirements for high-quality video services are introduced. Results of statistical simulations of broadband networks transmitting video signals are shown to demonstrate that VBR coding provides gains in multiplexed channel utilization and in access link capacity. Issues relating to protocol design for ATM networks, particularly congestion control and error control, are introduced. Various techniques for handling cell loss are compared. >
Integrated polymer photonic RF phase shifters for optically controlled beam forming systems

We have demonstrated integrated polymer photonic RF phase shifter arrays with a novel balanced design, new symmetric mode configurations and a simplified fabrication procedure, which is capable of removing conventional drawbacks in this type of phase shifter architecture. These devices showed four independent highly linear RF phase outputs and negligible RF power fluctuation at the modulation frequency of 20 GHz.
CQI processes, results, and program improvements for engineering design

A case study is presented to illustrate how outcomes-based assessment tools can be adapted and applied to develop a continuous quality improvement (CQI) process for an undergraduate mechanical engineering program. The process used to establish outcomes-based assessment is illustrated. Brief descriptions of the assessment tools are given. Selected assessment results, focused on engineering analysis and design, are included. Program improvements are described that were motivated by these results.
Rapid Microcomputer-Based Analysis of Semen Characteristics from Photographs Taken by the MEP Method

Use of a microcomputer with the multiple exposure photography (MEP) method for rapid analysis of semen characteristics is described. The computer is programmed to calculate information fed from a digitizing tablet while scanning projected images of photographed sperm. In this way sperm concentration, percentage of motility, average velocity and frequency distribution of sperm velocity, as well as percentage of abnormal forms are immediately obtained. The method was found to be as accurate, less prone to error, and significantly less time consuming than the previous manual measuring method. It can greatly facilitate routine semen analysis in laboratories using the MEP method.
What Are the 100 Most Cited Articles in Business and Management Education Research, and What Do They Tell Us?

Although business and management education research has made great strides over the last decade, concerns about the area’s legitimacy and attraction of new scholars continue to require attention. One of the obstacles that may impede the area’s progress is a lack of knowledge of the influential works that may be useful in determining the nature and magnitude of potential contributions. Using Harzing’s Publish or Perish and a broad list of search terms related to business and management education, we generated an initial list of 100 highly cited articles published since 1970. Fifty-eight of the 100 articles were published in or after 2000. After noting the most highly cited articles, their journal outlets, and their influence patterns with other highly cited articles, we conclude the article with potential research questions regarding development of research streams, the relative influence of new journals, and efforts to attract and increase the influence of business education scholars.
Looking inside the black box: assessing model-based learning and inquiry in BioLogica™

The Modeling Across the Curriculum Project (MAC; IERI # 0115699, Oct 2001-2006) used real-time assessments to facilitate student learning and model-based inquiry among high school students. We developed technology, materials, and processes that enabled us to monitor and respond to students' actions. MAC learning activities engage students in a progressive model-building approach (Gobert, 2008; White and Frederiksen, 1990). Formative assessments were seamlessly embedded in scaffolding designed to guide model-based learning and inquiry. Because instruction and assessment were integrated, we were able to measure model-based inquiry skills in situ, thus circumventing the problem of assessing inquiry separate from its context (Mislevy et al., 2002). After identifying useful log file data and developing algorithms for analysing that data on a large scale, we identified productive inquiry strategies that correlated with learning gains. Our findings have immediate applicability to the design of tasks intended to elicit and support rich inquiry learning.
High Hope for Medical Marijuana in Digestive Disorders.

Hope lies in dreams, in imagination, and in the courage of those who dare to make dreams into reality. - Jonas Salk
Mid-1990s profile of U.S. children and the conditions in which they live.

A series of reports from the Bureau of the Census provides an overview of the changing demographic picture of the youngsters in our communities in the mid-1990s. An awareness of these developments is essential if the profession is to provide for the needs of our patients. Language: en
A tick/rickettsia survey of dogs in three counties in Mississippi, USA.

From March through September 1978 and March through June 1979, a total of 4473 ticks were removed from 560 dogs in Hinds, Lafayette, and Oktibbeha counties, Mississippi, USA. Rickettsia-like organisms were detected in 17 Rhipicephalus sanguineus , 7 Dermacentor variabilis , and 7 Amblyomma americanum . Seventy-four percent of the hemolymph-test-positive (HTP) ticks were removed from penned hunting dogs; the black-and-tan hound was the predominant breed parasitized. Ninety-four percent of the HTP ticks came from Lafayette Co., and the remaining 6% from Hinds Co. No HTP ticks were collected from Oktibbeha Co.
The Comparative Preference of Insects for Glanded and Glandless Cottons

In field studies damage caused by Heliothis zea (Boddie) was the same for Rex Smooth leaf glanded and glandless cotton lines and glanded Deltapine Smooth Leaf. However, its damage was greater on glandless Acala than on glanded Acala cottons. Adult Maecolaspis flavida (Say) and Gastrophysa cyanea (Melsheimer), which normally do not damage glanded cotton, showed a marked feeding preference for all glandless lines. Alabama argillacea (Hubner) moths preferred to oviposit on glandless lines. Resulting larval feeding caused considerably more damage to all glandless than to glanded lines. Whether the insect preferences were a result of the glandless trait alone, or of other traits controlled by a gene or genes closely linked to the glandless genes was not determined. The data, particularly that relating to chrysomelids, indicated some of the potential insect problems associated with a desirable agronomical change in the biochemistry of the cotton plant.
Some Phytoseiid Mites from Hawaii

Four species of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) are reported from Hawaii, 2 of them described as, new species. These species are: Iphiseius mumai , n. sp., Phytoseius hawaiiensis , n. sp., P. woodburyi De Leon, and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks).
NEARSHORE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD DURING STORM AND POSXTSTORM CONDITIONS

As part of the DUCK-X experiment at the CERC field research facility at Duck, North Carolina in September, 1978, suspended sediment measurements were made along the CERC pier. In situ bulk water samples were collected during a moderate northeast storm and two days later during post-storm wave conditions. Concentrations varied from approximately 0.01 g/1 to over 10.0 g/1. Vertical arrays of suspended sediment samples indicated that concentration decreases rapidly up to two meters above the bed, then remains relatively constant, reflecting the nature of the suspension; intermittent suspension of sand near the bed, and continuous washload higher in the water column. Concentrations were at a maximum during storm conditions when measured values were 3 to 5 times higher than during non-storm conditions. The total load of sediment in a pier cross section during sampling periods in storm and post^storm conditions was calculated from arrays of 49 samples each. With H1/3 exceeding 2.3 HI and the surf zone width over 300 m during the storm, the total load of sediment in suspension was approximately 10 times higher than during poststorm conditions (Hi 73 - 1.2 m and surf zone width approximately 100 m) . Estimates of the longshore flux of suspended sediment indicate that as much as 60 times more sediment was transported during storm than during post-storm conditions. Longshore transport of sediment measured from 5 cm above the bed to the surface reached the equivalent of 22,330 m^/day. This value corresponds very closely to longshore transport predicted from wave energy flux. During post-storm conditions, on the other hand, transport of suspended sediment accounts for less than one-third of the transport predicted from wave energy flux.
Relationship between Ovariole Number and Spermathecal Sperm Count in Ant Queens: a New Allometry

Spermathecae and ovaries were dissected from newly mated queens of 25 species of ants belonging to five subfamilies. The number of ovarioles in the ovaries and sperm in the spermathecae were counted. The log of the sperm count ( y ) showed a strong correlation ( R 2 = 0.79) with the log of the ovariole number ( x ) as follows: log y = 1.59 log x + 3.12. The number of sperm stored per ovariole increases from about 2,000 for queens with only 6 ovarioles to about 30,000 for queens with about 200. These relationships constitute complex kinds of allometry. Ovariole number is an index of a queen's reproductive capacity, but queens with more ovarioles also have a higher capacity per ovariole. The data further indicated that sperm are stored in relation to the number needed. This implies that sperm are not cheap for queens to store or males to produce, even for species with very low reproductive potential and sperm need.
Alteration of Pasteurella pestis Bacteriophage Following Successive Transfer on Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis and on Shigellae

SummaryBacteriophage, originally recovered as a lytic agent for P. pestis, also lysed 31 of 40 strains of P. pseudotuberculosis. After adaptation to one of these (Spokane strain), it also lysed the remaining nine strains. When the adapted phage was transferred on S. dysenteriae, it reverted to its original activity; i.e., it again failed to lyse the nine strains of P. pseudotuberculosis which resisted the original phage. Activity for all strains was restored by transferring it on the Spokane strain. Lysates of S. dysenteriae, mixed with the adapted phage, caused no reversion to the original selective activity for only 31 strains of P. pseudotuberculosis. Transfers of the adapted phage on S. para-dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. ambigua, or on all of these species in succession, did not alter its ability to lyse all strains of P. pseudotuberculosis. The size of plaques did not change during transfers on either the shigellae or the pasteurellae used.