cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suicidal risk and demoralization in Parkinson disease

We aimed to determine suicide risk and lifetime suicidal ideation in Parkinson disease (PD) patients versus controls and how depression, demoralization, and insomnia are associated with suicidality. In this case–control study, PD patients and matched controls were recruited from movement disorder clinics, Michael J. Fox Foundation, and Research Match websites. Suicide risk and suicidal ideation were assessed using the Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R) and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Lifetime depression was assessed using the Brief Lifetime Depression Scale, sleep using Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), demoralization using Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research and Kissane Demoralization Scales, and non-motor symptoms using UPDRS Non-Motor Aspects of Experiences of Daily Living scale (nM-EDL). 186 PD participants and 177 controls were matched for age (64.2 ± 7.7 years), sex (48.8% female), and socioeconomics. PD participants were not more likely than controls to have high suicide risk (SBQ-R ≥ 7) (7.5% vs. 11.3%; p = 0.22) or to have had a lifetime suicide plan or attempt (2.7% vs. 5.1%; p = 0.24), but were less likely to have had lifetime suicidal ideation (23.1% vs. 35.0%; p = 0.01). PD participants were more likely than controls to have lifetime depression history (34.4% vs. 20.9%; p = 0.004), and demoralization (19.9% vs. 10.7%; p = 0.02), and had higher ISI scores (8.7 ± 5.8 vs. 5.1 ± 4.5; p < 0.0001). PD patients with high versus normal suicide risk had higher nM-EDL scores (16.5 ± 6.8 vs. 10.7 ± 5.9; p = 0.002), and more demoralization (71.4% vs. 21.5%; p < 0.0001). Suicide risk is not elevated and suicidal ideation is uncommon in PD, despite the high prevalence of depression and demoralization.
Visible light generation of chromium(V)-oxo salen complexes and mechanistic insights into catalytic sulfide oxidation

Abstract Visible light irradiation of the photo-labile salen-chromium(III) chlorate or bromate precursors produced salen-chromium(V)-oxo complexes that were spectroscopically and kinetically indistinguishable from those formed by chemical oxidation of chromium(III) salens with PhI(OAc)2. The photochemistry observed in this work is ascribed to the heterolytic cleavage of the O-X bond in the apical counterion that results in a two-electron oxidation of the metal to form the chromium(V)-oxo species. Second-order rate constants for oxidation reactions of 3 with organic substrates were determined under pseudo-first order condition, and particularly low level of reactivity for sulfide oxidations was observed. In this study, chromium(III) salen complexes effectively catalyzed the oxidation of aryl sulfides into sulfoxides with PhI(OAc)2 in the presence of a small amount of water. The competition product studies with the Hammett correlation plot indicated that the observed chromium(V)-oxo species is not likely to serve as the major oxidant for the sulfide oxidations catalyzed by chromium(III) salens with PhI(OAc)2.
Chapter 7 – Usability Evaluation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the rationales and examples of usability evaluation in the design of interactive systems. A usability evaluation is any analysis or empirical study of the usability of a prototype or system. The goal of the evaluation is to provide feedback in software development, supporting an iterative development process. Usability evaluation helps designers recognize that there is a problem, helps to understand the problem and its underlying causes in the software, and plan changes to correct the problem. Scenarios can be reformulated as usability specifications, because they describe the usability consequences of specific system features. For testing purposes, scenarios are broken into subtasks that serve as usability benchmarks in development. Formative evaluation emphasizes guidance for redesign, whereas summative evaluation emphasizes assessment of a system's overall quality. Analytic methods, such as inspection or model building can take place at any time in development, but may not reflect the issues that emerge during actual use. Important concerns in empirical evaluations, include representative users, realistic tasks and work environment, and the quality of the prototype tested. Summarizing user behavior and think-aloud reports in terms of critical incidents can be a highly evocative mechanism for educating and influencing software developers. Writing new scenarios just for the purposes of usability testing is important to ensure generality and coverage of the design work. During usability testing, it is important to gather relevant background information about each user, so as to best interpret the behavior and satisfaction data obtained. Careful planning must be directed at all aspects of the usability test to ensure that useful and interpretable data are collected.
Eastern Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger) Occupancy in Fragmented Montane Longleaf Pine Forests

Sciurus niger L. (Eastern Fox Squirrel) is associated with montane Pinus palustris Mill. (Longleaf Pine) forests in the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley, but little is known about the species' distribution and abundance within this region. We conducted an occupancy study of Eastern Fox Squirrels in montane Longleaf Pine forests of the Talladega National Forest, AL. We surveyed 73 camera trap sites for Eastern Fox Squirrels and measured surrounding vegetation and landscape features. Eastern Fox Squirrels were patchily distributed across the study area and only observed at 11% of sites. Occupancy modeling indicated Eastern Fox Squirrels had a relatively high probability of detection (0.680) but a low probability of occupancy (0.111). Eastern Fox Squirrel occupancy was negatively associated with slope steepness. This result is possibly because prescribed fire and other restoration efforts of open-pine conditions associated with Eastern Fox Squirrel habitat in Talladega National Forest are focused on logistically accessible ridges and more moderately sloped areas. Steep slopes also likely decrease accessibility and dispersion ability for Eastern Fox Squirrels. The overall low occupancy of Eastern Fox Squirrels in the Shoal Creek Ranger District of Talladega National Forest may be linked to the highly fragmented montane Longleaf Pine habitat caused by topography and past fire suppression.
Respiratory and systemic impacts following MWCNT inhalation in B6C3F1/N mice.

A very pure multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) that was shown to have very low toxicity in vitro, was evaluated for lung and systemic effects and distribution following inhalation exposure. B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to varying doses (0, 0.06, 0.2, and 0.6 mg/m3) of the (99.1% carbon) MWCNT by inhalation for 30 days (excluding weekends). Ten days following the last exposure, the lungs and spleen were harvested and processed for histology and immune cell population assessment. In addition, lung lavage cells and fluid were analyzed. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) was used to identify particles in the lungs, spleen, kidneys, liver, mediastinal and brachial lymph nodes, and olfactory bulb. Splenic tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for light microscopic histopathology assessment. Blood plasma was analyzed for cytokines and cathepsins. A section of the spleen was processed for RNA isolation and relative gene expression for 84 inflammation-related cytokines/chemokines. Following MWCNT exposure, particles were clearly evident in the lungs, spleens, lymph nodes and olfactory bulbs, (but not livers or kidneys) of exposed mice in a dose-dependent manner. Examination of the lavaged lung cells was unremarkable with no significant inflammation indicated at all particle doses. In contrast, histological examination of the spleen indicated the presence of apoptotic bodies within T cells regions of the white pulp area. Isolated splenic leukocytes had significant changes in various cells including an increased number of proinflammatory CD11b+Ly6C+ splenic cells. The gene expression studies confirmed this observation as several inflammation-related genes were upregulated particularly in the high dose exposure (0.6 mg/m3). Blood plasma evaluations showed a systemic down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and a dose-dependent up-regulation of lysosomal cathepsins. The findings in the lungs were consistent with our hypothesis that this MWCNT exposure would result in minimal lung inflammation and injury. However, the low toxicity of the MWCNT to lung macrophages may have contributed to enhanced migration of the MWCNT to the spleen through the lymph nodes, resulting in splenic toxicity and systemic changes in inflammatory mediators.
Wakes of thin flat plates: Intermittency, cessation of vortex shedding and the emergence of an intermediate-wake instability

Abstract The near and intermediate wake regions of thin flat plates with both sharp and circular trailing edges (TEs) are investigated with direct numerical simulations (DNSs). The TE is circular in two of the cases (IN & NS) and sharp in one of them (ST). The separating boundary layers are turbulent in all cases. The main objective here is to explore the effect of significantly reducing the Reynolds number (ReD, based on circular TE diameter, D) on the flow in the TE region, in particular the vortex shedding process (Cases IN and NS). Intermittent shedding is observed in Case IN. Case NS, with half the TE diameter of Case IN, is an essentially non-shedding case. The second objective is to understand the reasons underlying the findings of an earlier experimental wake investigation (sharp TE) where a broadband peak was observed in centerline cross-stream velocity (v) spectra. Case ST from the present study showed a wake instability resulting in spanwise vortices. The instability is intermittent and contributes to a broadband peak in the centerline v spectrum. Cases IN & NS also exhibit a similar wake instability in the intermediate wake and a corresponding spectral (v) broadband peak. The third objective is to study the distributions of the time-averaged velocity statistics in thin plate wakes. The turbulent stresses and, the budget terms for the streamwise intensity, obtained in Case IN, are included and discussed here. All the budget terms contribute appreciably to the overall budget in the transport equation for streamwise normal intensity.
Adapting Mental Health First Aid Training For The College Curriculum

Location: Dewberry Hall We developed and implemented a 1 Credit undergraduate course offering Mental Health First Aid training and certification. MHFA training is proven effective in assisting people through mental health crises and challenges, while early identification and treatment can lessen the impact of mental illness. Understanding a student's own mental illness and knowing how to help another student through a crisis improves retention and satisfaction with the college experience. Offering courses that address personal mental health concerns demonstrates the University's commitment to student well-being. Participants will be able to identify strategies that encourage students to explore their own understanding of mental health disorders and how to help a person experiencing a mental health crisis. Participants will be able to identify a course that they can recommend to students to enhance student learning about mental health disorders and hope for recovery.
Heat Conduction or Diffusion With Change of Phase

Publisher Summary The study of the diffusion equation subject to a phase change at one boundary is in a relatively satisfactory state, provided simple boundary conditions of the first, second, or third kind are specified. Mathematically interpreted, the interesting features of the problem arise from the nonlinearity, exhibited for all but a few particular boundary motions. This chapter illustrates solution of the equation for diffusion of heat, mass, or some other scalar quantity, subject to the existence of a free boundary. The chapter aims to find exact solutions regarding relative motion between the phases, ablating slabs, and growth of a vapor film. Analytic approximation methods and analog and digital computer solutions are discussed in details. Integral equation methods, variation methods, and boundary layer methods along with active and passive analog solutions and application of numerical schemes are appropriate for bringing clarity to heat conduction or diffusion with phase change. In the search of growth of small particles of a condensed phase, the quasi-steady-state theory is applied particularly where a condensed phase exists whose volume changes slowly with time. This is true, for example, in the sublimation of ice or the condensation of water vapor from air on liquid droplets. While focusing on active and passive analog solutions, freezing problems remain symmetric in one, two, and three dimensions, where the liquid is initially at the fusion temperature. The heat capacity of the solidified phase is taken into account. Thermal properties are considered to be temperature independent.
Diversity of cutinases from plant pathogenic fungi: Evidence for a relationship between enzyme properties and tissue specificity

Abstract Three fungal pathogens with different tissue specificities were cultivated on cutin as the sole carbon source and assayed for cutinase activity over a wide range of pH values. Cutin hydrolysis was optimal at pH 6·5 for the leaf pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus , and at pH 8·5 for the stem-base pathogen Rhizoctonia solani (AG 2-2). The pH-profile observed for Altemaria brassicicola , a pathogen that infects both leaves and stems, exhibited two distinct optima. Two cutinases from this organism were separated by chromatofocusing, one with a pH optimum at 7·0 and the other with an optimum at pH 9·0. The presence of different types of cutinase secreted by these pathogens was substantiated by treatment of the culture filtrate with [ 3 H] diisopropyl fluorophosphate, an active-site probe for serine esterases. Electrophoresis of labelled proteins under denaturing conditions revealed two types of serine esterases in the molecular weight range of cutinase. Serine esterases with cutinolytic pH optima in the slightly acidic range had molecular weights of 23·0 kDa ( A. brassicicola ) and 22·0 kDa ( C. heterostrophus ). Esterases with cutinolytic pH optima in the alkaline range appeared as doublets, as previously observed in Fusarium spp. The esterase doublet from A. brassicicola had molecular weights of 19·0 and 21·0 kDa, and that from R. solani had molecular weights of 17·0 and 18·5 kDa. These results, together with evidence from the literature, indicated a relationship between cutinase properties and the expression of tissue specificity by directly penetrating fungi. To substantiate this hypothesis, inoculum from a stem specific isolate of R. solani nonpathogenic on leaves was amended with cutinases purified from either Venturia inaequalis or Fusarium solani f. sp pisi . Inoculum amended with cutinase from the leaf-specific pathogen penetrated the bean leaf cuticle and produced disease symptoms, whereas inoculum amended with cutinase from the stem-base pathogen remained nonpathogenic on bean leaves. These results are the first evidence for a role of cutinase in the expression of tissue specificity by fungal pathogens.
Chapter 2 Liability for Accidents

Abstract This is a survey of legal liability for accidents. Three general aspects of accident liability are addressed. The first is the effect of liability on incentives, both whether to engage in activities (for instance, whether to drive) and how much care to exercise (at what speed to travel) to reduce risk when so doing. The second general aspect concerns risk-bearing and insurance, for the liability system acts as an implicit insurer for accident victims and it imposes risk on potential injurers (because they may have to pay judgments to victims). In this regard, victims' accident insurance and injurers' liability insurance are taken into account. The third general aspect of accident liability is its administrative expense, comprising the cost of legal services, the value of litigants' time, and the operating cost of the courts. A range of subtopics is considered, including product liability, causation, punitive damages, the judgment-proof problem, vicarious liability, and nonpecuniary harm. Liability is also compared to other methods of controlling harmful activities, notably, to corrective taxation and to regulation.
Supreme Court Jurisprudence in Times of National Crisis, Terrorism, and War: A Historical Perspective

Introduction Part One:National Security, the Rise of Presidential Power, the Rule of Law, and the Development of Constitutional Boundaries on Political Necessity and the War Power Chapter 1: The Rise of Presidential Authority in Times of National Crisis Chapter 2: The Supreme Court and Presidential Authority in Times of National Crisis Communism, Red Scares, National Security, Free Speech, and the Supreme Court Chapter 3: World Wars, the Red Scare, and Free Speech I: World War One, the First Red Scare (1917-1920), and Free Speech Chapter 4: World Wars, the Red Scare, and Free Speech II: World War Two, the Second Red Scare (1947-1957), Free Speech, and the Loyalty Oath Cases Case Studies in Presidential Power and the Judiciary Chapter 5: Mr. Roosevelt and His Camps Chapter 6: President Truman and His Steel Part Two: September 11, 2001, Terrorism, and the Vindication of the Rule of Law Chapter 7: September 11th, the War on Terrorism, and the Judiciary Chapter 8: Enemy Combatants: Is the President's Designation Enough? Chapter 9: Captured Terrorists: Guantanamo Bay, Military Commissions, and Habeas Corpus Appendix to Chapter 9 Rasul et al v. Bush Hamden v. Rumsfeld Boumediene v. Bush Chapter 10: The Rule of Law and the Judiciary in Times of Crisis Chapter 11: A Summary of Cases
Learning to Think about Complex Environmental Systems in Environmental and Natural Resource Law and Scholarship: A Twenty-Year Retrospective

The environment a complex system, and acknowledging that fact has become an increasingly important part of environmental law scholarship. However, that fact also desperately needs to become a more prominent part of environmental and natural resources law and policy. In particular, grappling with ecological complexity through new legal tools offers one of the best prospects for dealing with the impacts of climate change — i.e., engaging in climate change adaptation — in the decades to come. Because climate change is the environmental and natural resources problem (not to mention social, cultural, and economic problem) of the 21st century, it is well worth reviewing how scientific concepts of complexity and systems theory have become an active component of the environmental and natural resources law conversation in scholarship.This essay for the 20th anniversary issue of the Fordham Environmental Law Journal looks at the history of how environmental and natural resources law scholarship has increasingly incorporated insights from complexity theory. It argues that such incorporation will only be increasingly important as the climate change era unfolds but that, to date, environmental and natural resources law and policy themselves have yet to undergo the transformations required to adequately govern a complex and dynamic world.
Increasing manual sign recognition vocabulary through relabelling

In this paper we present the results of relabelling a self organizing map (SOM) to increase the dynamic manual signs it can recognize. Relabelling exploits the global ordering of self organizing map and abrogates the need for retraining, thereby reducing the computational costs and increasing the recognition ability of the network. This relabelling technique was applied to a dynamic sign recognition system to increase the recognition vocabulary from 10 to 14 signs. The data was collected from a person wearing a DataGlove with a Polhemus sensor and signing the 14 signs. The sampled hand data over the duration of sign was fed to phonemic recognition modules and the collective outputs of these modules were fed to the sign recognition module consisting of a relabelled self organizing network. The results showed that the overall recognition rate of the relabelled network was 84% as compared to 86% for the retrained network. Further, it was found that the dynamic sampling of the signs made the movement phoneme module unnecessary. >
Intonational Phrases for Speech Summarization

Extractive speech summarization approaches select relevant segments of spoken documents and concatenate them to generate a summary. The extraction unit chosen, whether a sentence, syntactic constituent, or other segment, has a significant impact on the overall quality and fluency of the summary. Even though sentences tend to be the choice of most the extractive speech summarizers, in this paper, we present the results of an empirical study indicating that intonational phrases are better units of extraction for summarization. Our study compared four types of input segmentation: sentences, two pause-based segmentation, and intonational phrases (IP). We found that IPs are the best candidates for extractive summarization, improving over the second highest-performing approach, sentence-based summarization, by 8.2% F-measure.
Families of children with congenital heart disease: A literature review

In 2000 and 2002, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute launched two initiatives to encourage treatment innovations and research on children with heart disease and their families. Since then, no systematic reviews have examined the evidence regarding the impacts of having a child with congenital heart disease (CHD) on families. This review synthesized key findings regarding families of children with CHD, critiqued research methods, described what has been done, and provided recommendations for future inquiry. Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, Family & Society Studies Worldwide, Women's Studies International, and PsycINFO. The literature search followed the PRISMA guidelines. As a result, ninety-four articles were reviewed. Four major themes were derived: parents' psychological health, family life, parenting challenges, and family-focused interventions. In conclusion, while they found parents having psychological symptoms, researchers did not explore parents' appraisals of what led to their symptoms. Research is needed to explore parents' experiences and expectations.
Numerical methods applied to option pricing models with transaction costs and stochastic volatility

In this paper, we solve a complex partial differential equation motivated by applications in finance where the solution of the system gives the price of European options, including transaction costs and stochastic volatility. The model is based on theoretical analysis, and the resulting differential equation is solved using PDE2D software. The stability analysis agrees well with experimental results.
Induced Changes in Female Germ Cells of Drosophila. VI. the Effect of Dehydration upon the X-Ray-Induced Frequencies of Crossover-like Exchanges and of Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements

Dehydration of D. melanoffaster females significantly increases the rate of crossover-like exchanges induced by x rays in the proximal region of the X chromosome (between carnation and the centromere). This dehydration effect was found in eggs laid both at the beginning and end of the first eight days after irradiation, that is, periods when the eggs at the tide of irradiation were past, and before or during, the stage of spontaneous crossing over, respectively. The frequency of gross chromosomal rearrangements, as detected by detaching attached- X's, induced by x rays is also increased by prior maternal dehydration. These results permit the hypothesis that the increase in egg mortality, obtained earlier when dehydration preceded x raying, has a genetic basis, and that on this view it is to be considered is resulting from dominant lethal mutations. Although no cytological study was made, it is suggested that the dehydration effect may have been produced by shrinking nuclei, resulting in an increased chance for broken ends to interchange rather than restitute. (auth)
Binding of ions by myosin. II. The effect of neutral salts on the acid-base equilibria of myosin

Abstract The shift of pH of salt-free myosin solutions upon addition of different neutral salts has been investigated. The results were compared with the directly determined binding of thiocyanate and the binding of calcium deduced from electrophoretic measurements. From these, conclusions were drawn as to the electrostatic free energy of the myosin molecule. The results show a considerable interaction between anions and myosin below the isoionic point, and with bivalent cations and thiocyanate over the whole pH range investigated (3.95–6.40).
An analytical approach to airfoil icing

An analytical procedure has been developed to predict rime ice growth on unprotected airfoil sections and to evaluate the aerodynamic performance. A time stepping method is used in which: (1) water droplet trajectories are calculated, (2) a rime ice shape determined, (3) the flowfield around the iced airfoil is recalculated, and (4) the build-up process iterated upon until the desired icing time is reached. The performance of the iced airfoil shapes are then determined from existing analytic methods. Rime ice shapes determined in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel on a modified NACA 64 series airfoil agree well with the shapes predicted by the analytical method. Measured and predicted increases in drag due to the rime ice also agree favorably. A simplified scaling analysis is also presented and verified which provides the duplication of full scale results of rime ice accretions in small scale model tests.
Industrial strategies to help reduce energy consumption: A holistic approach for cement producers

Cement producers have faced a significant rise in energy costs with the introduction of dry-process kilns, with a record average consumption of 100–200 kwh per ton of cement (The Cement Plant Operations Handbook, 2009*). This complex challenge, coupled with rising fuel and energy costs, has prompted cement manufacturers to implement energy management programs to help reduce costs while maintaining competitiveness and increasing profits.
Spinning disk platform for microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction.

An inexpensive plastic disk disposable was designed for digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) applications with a microfluidic architecture that passively compartmentalizes a sample into 1000 nanoliter-sized wells by centrifugation. Well volumes of 33 nL were attained with a 16% volume coefficient of variation (CV). A rapid air thermocycler with aggregate real-time fluorescence detection was used, achieving PCR cycle times of 33 s and 94% PCR efficiency, with a melting curve to validate product specificity. A CCD camera acquired a fluorescent image of the disk following PCR, and the well intensity frequency distribution and Poisson distribution statistics were used to count the positive wells on the disk to determine the number of template molecules amplified. A 300 bp plasmid DNA product was amplified within the disk and analyzed in 50 min with 58−1000 wells containing plasmid template. Target concentrations measured by the spinning disk platform were 3 times less than that predicted by absorbance meas...
Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity via Pd−Au Alloy Sublayer Mediation of Pt Monolayer Electrocatalysts

New Pt monolayer electrocatalysts were prepared using galvanic displacement of a copper monolayer deposited at underpotentials on a Pd core. By performing underpotential deposition twice, two monol...
Effect of specific mutations of tyrosine-(M)210 on the primary photosynthetic electron-transfer process in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract We have measured the rate of the initial electron-transfer process as a function of temperature in reaction centers in a native strain of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides and two mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis. In the mutants, a tyrosine residue in the vicinity of the primary electron donor and acceptor molecules was replaced by either phenylalanine or isoleucine. The electron-transfer reaction is slower in the mutants and has a qualitatively different dependence on temperature. In native reaction centers the rate increases as the temperature is reduced, in the phenylalanine mutant it is virtually independent of temperature, and in the isoleucine mutant it decreases with decreasing temperature. At 77 K, the electron-transfer reaction is approximately 30 times slower in the isoleucine mutant than in the native. These observations support the view that tyrosine-(M)210 plays an important role in the electron-transfer mechanism. In the isoleucine mutant at low temperatures, the stimulated emission from the excited reaction center undergoes a time-dependent shift to shorter wavelengths.
Localized vibrational mode analysis of the resistivity and specific heat of LaB 6

${\mathrm{LaB}}_{6}$ and other hexaborides are inclusion compounds in which the rare earth or other metal ion is weakly bound and sits in an oversized ``cage'' of boron ions. Here we show that a simple model that treats the La ions as independent harmonic (Einstein) oscillators embedded in a Debye framework of boron ions successfully accounts for the anomalies in the specific heat and resistivity of ${\mathrm{LaB}}_{6}.$ One of the nice features of the model is that the Einstein temperature of the La atoms and the Debye temperature of the boron framework are derived from room-temperature x-ray crystallography data. This feature makes the model easy to apply to other hexaborides and other materials that can be treated as inclusion compounds. The results from this work imply that local modes are likely to be important for understanding the physical properties of all the hexaborides.
Diagonal forms for incidence matrices and zero-sum Ramsey theory

Abstract We consider integer matrices Nt whose rows are indexed by the t-subsets of an n-set and whose columns are all distinct images of a particular column under the symmetric group Sn. Examples include matrices in the association algebras of the Johnson schemes. Three related problems are addressed. What is the Smith normal form (or a diagonal form) for Nt and the rank of Nt over a field of characteristic p? When does the equation N t x = b have a solution x in integers? When is the vector of all ones in the row space of Nt over the field of characteristic p? Previous work provides answers to these questions when the columns of Nt have at least t “isolated vertices”, but interesting problems arise when this is not the case.
Fabrication and characterization of photonic crystals with well-controlled thickness and stop-band attenuation

Photonic crystals with stop bands located in the visible region have been fabricated by crystallizing monodispersed spherical colloids (made of polystyrene or silica) into cubic-close-packed lattices within specially designed packing cells. These crystals were oriented with their (111) planes parallel to their solid supports, and the number of these planes could be conveniently controlled from 13 to 127 layers by varying the thickness of packing cells. In accordance, the stop-band attenuation of these crystals monotonically increased from 1 to 21 dB. Our transmission spectral measurements indicated that there exists a non-linear dependence between the stop-band attenuation and the total number of (111) planes, and this dependence could be quantitatively simulated using the dynamic light scattering model or the photonic analogy to KKR method. The colloidal crystals presented here should find use as components in fabricating optical devices that include sensors, mirrors, filters, switches and waveguides.
Locational Perception: City Versus Suburban Home-Buying Preference*

This article analyzes the importance of different factors of locational perception and how these factors impact upon home buyers' decisions to choose a certain location (city or suburb) for their purchases. The strength of these perceptions is tested using empirical data from a mail survey conducted in Philadelphia and its suburbs in the summer of 1993. Based on these findings, the author gives policy suggestions to equalize home buyers' perceptions of the city and the suburbs with the goal of encouraging home ownership within the city.
Pattern in Ponderosa Pine Forests

Esau, Katherine. 193. Plant anatomy. John Wiley & Sons, Tuec., N-C\ew Nork. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th Eld. Americani Book Company, New York. Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated dora of northeastern United States and a(ljacent Caniada. Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Pa. Harrington, H. D. 1954. Mlantual of plants of Colorado. Sage Boolok, 1 )e'nver. Hayward, H. E. 1948 The structure of economic l)lants. NMacl\fillani Co., New York. Jones, G. N. 1950. Flora of Illinois. Am. Midland Naturalist, Moiograph #5, U. of Notre Dame Press. Kearney, T. H., and R. H. Peebles. 1942. Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona. U. S. (Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Kelting, R. W. 1954. Effects of moderate grazing on the composition and plant production of a native tall-grass prairie in central Oklahoma. Ecology 35: 200-206(. Knobel, E. D., and 0. H. Brensing. 1942. Soil survey of Tulsa County, Supt. of Documents, Washington, 1). C. Little, V. A. 1957. General and applied entomology. Harper & Bros., New York. MacMillan, C. 1892. Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. Geol. and Natural History Survey, Minneapolis. Oakes, M. C. 1952. Geologic map of Tulsa County, Oklahoma. Ross, H. H. 1956. A textbook of entomology. John \Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Rydberg, P. A. 1922. Flora of Rocky Mountains and adjacent l)lains. Published by author, New York. . 1932. Flora of the prairies and l)lains of central North America. New York Bot. Garden. Scott, F. M., and H. M. Sharsmith. 1930. Transition region in seedling of Ricinlnts coninzonis, a physiological interpretation. Am. J. of Botany, 20: 176-187. Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southern flora. Science Press Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. Tidestrom and Kittell. 1941. Flora of Arizona and New Mexico. Catholic Univ. Press, Washington, D. C. Turner, B. L. 1950. Texas species of Dcsiuzanthus (Leguminosae). Field and Laboratory 18: 54-65. 1950. Vegetative key to Texas Desian thus (Leguminosae) and similar genera. Field and Laboratory 18: 51-54. Waterfall, U. T. 1957. Keys to the flora of Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
A Job with No Boundaries Home Eldercare Work in Italy

In recent years a number of important studies have explored the new international division of reproductive labor, but those works have concentrated, for the most part, on one end of the life cycle:...
Diode laser-based cavity ring-down instrument for NO 3 , N 2 O 5 , NO, NO 2 and O 3 from aircraft

Abstract. This article presents a diode laser-based, cavity ring-down spectrometer for simultaneous in situ measurements of four nitrogen oxide species, NO3, N2O5, NO, NO2, as well as O3, designed for deployment on aircraft. The instrument measures NO3 and NO2 by optical extinction at 662 nm and 405 nm, respectively; N2O5 is measured by thermal conversion to NO3, while NO and O3 are measured by chemical conversion to NO2. The instrument has several advantages over previous instruments developed by our group for measurement of NO2, NO3 and N2O5 alone, based on a pulsed Nd:YAG and dye laser. First, the use of continuous wave diode lasers reduces the requirements for power and weight and eliminates hazardous materials. Second, detection of NO2 at 405 nm is more sensitive than our previously reported 532 nm instrument, and does not have a measurable interference from O3. Third, the instrument includes chemical conversion of NO and O3 to NO2 to provide measurements of total NOx (= NO + NO2) and Ox (= NO2 + O3) on two separate channels; mixing ratios of NO and O3 are determined by subtraction of NO2. Finally, all five species are calibrated against a single standard based on 254 nm O3 absorption to provide high accuracy. Disadvantages include an increased sensitivity to water vapor on the 662 nm NO3 and N2O5 channels and a modest reduction in sensitivity for these species compared to the pulsed laser instrument. The in-flight detection limit for both NO3 and N2O5 is 3 pptv (2 σ, 1 s) and for NO, NO2 and O3 is 140, 90, and 120 pptv (2 σ, 1 s) respectively. Demonstrated performance of the instrument in a laboratory/ground based environment is better by approximately a factor of 2–3. The NO and NO2 measurements are less precise than research-grade chemiluminescence instruments. However, the combination of these five species in a single instrument, calibrated to a single analytical standard, provides a complete and accurate picture of nighttime nitrogen oxide chemistry. The instrument performance is demonstrated using data acquired during a recent field campaign in California.
Some Implications of Students' Attitudes Toward a Computer-Based Melodic Dictation Program

To compare college students' opinions of computer-based melodic dictation instruction and classroom instruction, 75 students enrolled in sophomore music theory who had been exposed to both approaches were surveyed. A 34-item questionnaire evaluated students' opinions of the hardware, software, and departmental requirements regarding the computer-based instruction and asked for comparisons of this tutelage with the classroom instruction they had subsequently received. While hardware and software received generally favorable reviews; students basically related a negative opinion of the computer-based melodic dictation instruction. This opinion was based on the following three points: The computer program required too much time outside class, too much progress was expected in too little time, and pacing (the increase in difficulty levels) was not consistent throughout the program. On the basis of student comments, several suggestions regarding construction of computer-based instructional materials are presented.
Re‐inventing the rule of law: Human rights in El Salvador

Recent transitions from authoritarianism to democracy have been front‐page news. Often attention to such transitions has focused on efforts to create and sustain democratic elections and to guarantee open political competition between parties that are committed to majority rule. However, equally important in such transitions is the implementation of the rule of law. This article examines the efforts of one country, El Salvador, to re‐establish the rule of law as part of its passage to liberal democracy. The efforts to implement the Salvadoran peace accords that were signed in January 1992 provide the focus. The United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) was created to monitor compliance. One important consequence of the accords was the effort to achieve broad reform of the justice system. Salvador's progress here is evaluated both in respect of the degree of compliance with the accords, and, more importantly, in establishing an independent judiciary that will be capable of protecting human ri...
Raman heterodyne detection of nuclear magnetic resonance

A novel coherent Raman effect induced by a laser and a radio-frequency (rf) field is used to detect cw and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in ground and excited electronic states. The effect is illustrated in the impurity-ion solid ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$: La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ at 1.6 K utilizing the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ optical transition $^{3}H_{4}({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}D_{2}({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1})$. The laser field of frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{E}$ and the rf field (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{H}$) induce a light wave at the sum ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{E}+{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{H}$ (anti-Stokes) and difference ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{E}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{H}$ (Stokes) frequencies, generating an absorptive or dispersive heterodyne beat signal (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{H}$) with the laser field at a photodetector. The theory of this effect is characterized in a new three-level perturbation calculation which requires, unlike the usual stimulated Raman effect, that all three transitions be electric- or magnetic-dipole allowed. Detailed predictions are confirmed by cw measurements of the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$: La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ hyperfine splittings where the optical heterodyne signals are shot-noise limited. The ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ nuclear quadrupole parameters are obtained for the $^{3}H_{4}$ and $^{1}D_{2}$ states where the line centers are determined with kilohertz precision. The corresponding wave functions show significant hyperfine-state mixing, as required for all three transitions to be dipole allowed. The cw line shapes are narrow (30-160 kHz), inhomogeneously broadened by nuclear magnetic interactions, and reveal either a Gaussian or an anomalous second-derivative---like line shape. The spin-echo measurements for the $^{3}H_{4}$ and $^{1}D_{2}$ hyperfine transitions yield homogeneous line shapes which are Lorentzian, and rather surprisingly, linewidths in the narrow range 10-20 kHz, a result which tests current line-broadening theories.
Long period Fourier amplitude spectra of strong motion acceleration

Abstract The empirical equations for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra in the frequency band from ~0·1 to 25 Hz can be extrapolated to describe the long period strong motion amplitudes. The results of this extrapolation can agree with (1) the seismological and field estimates of permanent ground displacement (near field), and with (2) the independent estimates of seismic moment and the observed frequencies of far field Fourier spectrum amplitudes.
LDPC-based coded cooperative jamming codes

We present a practical coded cooperative jamming scheme for the problem of secure communications over the two-way wiretap channel. We design low-density parity-check (LDPC) based codes whose codewords interfere at the eavesdropper's terminal, thus providing secrecy. We show that our scheme can guarantee low information leakage rate, and we assess its precise performance for classical and spatially coupled LDPC codes.
Characterization of the molecular forms of glutathione S-transferase P1 in human gastric cancer cells (Kato III) and in normal human erythrocytes

GSTP1 (glutathione S-transferase pi) is involved in stress responses and in cellular proliferation pathways as an inhibitor of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). It has been proposed that monomeric GSTP1 functions as a JNK inhibitor. All of the studies to date have been performed using rodent cells, and it is unclear if monomeric GSTP1 exists in human cells. Monomeric GSTP1 was sought in human gastric cancer cells (Kato III) and in normal human erythrocytes using gel filtration, ELISA and Western blots. Monomeric GSTP1 was found in conditioned medium, in cytosol of Kato III cells and in cytosol of erythrocytes. GSTP1 subunits from Kato III cells and erythrocytes were heterogeneous when analysed by MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS, suggesting that there were post-translational modifications to GSTP1. One post-translational modification, phosphorylation of a serine residue in the C-terminal portion of GSTP1 where JNK binds, was identified in GSTP1 purified from Kato III cells, but not in GSTP1 purified from human erythrocytes. Therefore normal and malignant human cells contain GSTP1 monomers with post-translational modifications, and it is likely that GSTP1 monomers regulate JNK activity in human cells in the same manner as in rodent cells.
The effect of secondary circulation on the salt distribution in a sinuous coastal plain estuary: Satilla River, GA, USA.

Abstract An analysis of observational data suggests salt exchange in a sinuous coastal plain estuary is significantly impacted by counter-rotating residual horizontal eddies formed by channel curvature in meandering channels. The parts of adjacent eddies that advect material downstream follow the deep part of the channel where the flow continually criss-crosses from one side of the channel to the other and follows a relatively unimpeded trajectory to the sea. On the other hand, the parts of adjacent eddies that advect material upstream cross the channel at a different location where it encounters a series of shoals. In this case, the resulting upstream transport of salt is relatively inefficient and retards the rate at which salt can disperse upstream into the estuary. The strength of these circulations is modulated by the spring/neap cycle, allowing for a stronger gravitational mode of exchange to develop near neap tides, but has minimal impact on the length of the salt intrusion. It is suggested that the impeded upstream salt transport accounts for the observation that an impulse of river discharge advects a given isohaline 10 km downstream in 20 days, but that after the impulse, 70 days are required to return the isohaline to a similar position, counter to the notion of a simple dependence of intrusion length on river discharge.
The squirrel monkey: an animal model of pelvic relaxation.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Casual observations of pelvic prolapse have previously been made in adult female squirrel monkeys. We objectively observed and described the pelvic findings of the adult females in our colony to evaluate their potential as an animal model for studies of pelvic relaxation. STUDY DESIGN: Subsets of a group of 28 adult emale squirrel monkeys were examined on three separate occasions and photographed to document perineal findings. Four areas of loss of support in the vagina were described, including the urethra, anterior segment, cervix, and posterior segment. The degree of loss of support at each specific site was documented. Also, three measurements were obtained from each animal, including the distance from the base of the clitoris to the posterior edge of the perineal body and the length and width of the introitus. The length of the perineal body was calculated. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the animals had at least one site of pelvic prolapse at rest or on straining. With straining 50% had urethral prolapse, 21% had anterior segment prolapse, end 11% had posterior segment prolapse. None of the animals had evidence of cervical prolapse. Of the animals with findings of pelvic relaxation, 43% had combined prolapse at two or more sites. Of the measurements obtained, only the width of the introitus was significantly different between the groupo of normal animals and those found to have pelvic prolapse ( p CONCLUSION: On the basis of observations of our colony of squirrel monkeys, a significant number of animals demonstrated findings of pelvic support loss with defects similar to those observed in humans. Although limitations to some techniques of evaluation and surgical intervention exist, the squirrel monkey is an animal model that may provide new opportunities for basic investigation of the pathophysiologic features and the management of pelvic relaxation.
Different regimes of Förster-type energy transfer between an epitaxial quantum well and a proximal monolayer of semiconductor nanocrystals

We calculate the rate of nonradiative, F\"orster-type energy transfer (ET) from an excited epitaxial quantum well (QW) to a proximal monolayer of semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs). Different electron-hole configurations in the QW are considered as a function of temperature and excited electron-hole density. A comparison of the theoretically determined ET rate and QW radiative recombination rate shows that, depending on the specific conditions, the ET rate is comparable to or even greater than the radiative recombination rate. Such efficient F\"orster ET is promising for the implementation of ET-pumped, nanocrystal QD-based light emitting devices.