cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity

The concept of carrying capacity is employed in a remarkably wide range of disciplines and debates, and it has been forcefully critiqued within numerous fields. Yet its historical origins remain obscure. I identify four major types of uses of carrying capacity: (1) as a mechanical or engineered attribute of manufactured objects or systems, beginning around 1840 in the context of international shipping; (2) as an attribute of living organisms and natural systems, beginning in the 1870s and most fully developed in range and game management early in the twentieth century; (3) as K, the intrinsic limit of population increase in organisms, used by population biologists since the mid-twentieth century; and (4) as the number of humans the earth can support, employed by neo-Malthusians, also since midcentury. All four uses persist to the present, although the first has been largely supplanted by other terms such as payload. In all cases, carrying capacity has been conceived as ideal, static, and numerical—charact...
The therapeutic action of lysozyme on pneumococcal infection of mice.

tive form of lysozyme is present in leukocytes in sufficient concentration to accomplish intracellular digestion of certain human pathogens.2 Daly3 observed that when human nasal mucous, which contained lysozyme, was mixed with a broth suspension of Type III pneumococcus and incubated at 37 C for 1 hour, the organisms failed to produce fatal infection in mice. This result was not obtained when
Determinants of cardiac noradrenaline depletion in human congestive failure

Biopsies of myocardium were obtained from patients with acquired and congenital heart disease at the time of cardiopulmonary bypass and assayed for content of noradrenaline and the activities of the rate limiting biosynthetic enzyme — tyrosine hydroxylase, and the degradative enzymes — monoamine oxidase and catechol-0-methyl transferase (COMT). The 64% reduction in myocardial noradrenaline in patients with congestive failure was related directly to a 54% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and inversely to an 88% increase in mean wedge pulmonary artery pressure. The activity of the extraneuronal enzyme, COMT, was increased 115% in hearts of those with congestive failure, due in part to fibrotic replacement of innervated contractile muscle.
The effects of tropical storm Dennis on coastal phytoplankton

Abstract The effects of tropical storm Dennis were documented in the coastal waters of South Carolina during August 1981. Phytoplankton photosynthesis vs. irradiance curves showed initial depression of the parameter a followed by three- to five-fold increase of both a and the asymptotic maximum rate of photosynthesis PmB. Productivity rates were depressed in most samples immediately after the storm. Surface samples at the inshore stations were around 50 mg C m−3 h−1 at saturating light intensities, while the offshore station rates were around 10 mg C m−3 h−1. After a 10-day lag these rates had increased to about 200 mg C m−3 h−1 inshore and 75 mg C m−3 h−1 offshore. These changes are thought to be primarily caused by changes in species composition. Some of the dominant diatom species changed and dinoflagellate species were introduced. No significant changes in nutrient concentrations were observed. Transient depressions of water temperature, salinity and light intensity may have contributed to the observed changes.
Creep rupture of ductile materials subjected to strain-hardening or time-hardening creep

Abstract An analysis of creep rupture of ductile materials subjected to strain-hardening creep is presented. The analysis is similar to an earlier one by Hoff, but is based on a different generalization of the primary creep-rate relation. Both approaches are then extended to time-hardening creep. The results of both approaches for the two types of creep are compared. Correlation with experimental data for some aluminum-copper, aluminum-magnesium and aluminum-zinc alloys shows fairly good agreement of rupture times for these very ductile materials. However, attempted correlation with data for other materials which do not exhibit such prominent ductility indicates that the basic assumption of the analysis, that creep rupture is caused primarily by a process of reduction of area, holds only for very ductile materials.
Concerning mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma

Sir, In a recent letter criticising one of several IARC Interphone studies investigating possible associations between mobile phone use and brain tumour risk, Hardell and Mild (2006) claim that the International Epidemiology Institute (IEI) ‘has been linked to Motorola'. No such link has ever existed. Senior investigators at IEI have conducted research on mobile phone use and cancer (Inskip et al, 1999; Inskip et al, 2001; Johansen et al, 2001, 2002; Christensen et al, 2005), but this research was not funded by Motorola or by any other mobile phone manufacturer. The erroneous claim by Hardell and Mild appears linked to our review of the epidemiologic literature on cellular telephones and brain cancer (Boice and McLaughlin, 2002), which was prepared at the behest of the Swedish government with no funding by the mobile phone industry. Our review, like those of other senior scientists (Rothman, 2000, 2001; AGNIR, 2003; SSI, 2003; Ahlbom et al, 2004), raised methodologic questions about the case–control studies on mobile and cordless phone use and brain tumour risk conducted by Hardell, Mild and colleagues. It is unfortunate that Hardell and Mild chose to respond to our evaluation of scientific issues with false innuendo. Editors NoteThe Editor-in-Chief of British Journal of Cancer now considers the correspondence published in Volume 94 Issue 9 and above closed.
Efficacy of Different Targeting Agents in the Photolysis of interleukin-2 Receptor Bearing Cells

The multichain interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) has been proposed as a target for immunotherapy in the treatment of certain cancers including adult T-cell leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma as well as certain autoimmune diseases. The IL-2R is abnormally expressed on cells associated with each of these diseases; while normal, non-activated T-cells do not express the receptor. This report describes the selective photolysis of activated and non-activated IL-2R expressing cells using several immunoconjugates synthesized with one of two photosensitizers, hematoporphyrin (HP) or chlorin-e(6) (Ce(6)), covalently linked to IL-2 or an anti-IL-2R antibody. Destruction of IL-2R bearing cells was achieved after photosensitizer internalization and irradiation using all tested photosensitizer conjugates. Chlorin containing conjugates were more effective, by a factor of 4 or more, than HP containing conjugates. Conjugates made with IL-2 were up to 30 times more effective than conjugates that used a monoclonal antibody against the IL-2R for targeting. Activation of the cells to increase IL-2R expression decreased the internalization time required for optimal therapeutic efficacy; however, stimulation of the cell to increase IL-2 secretion greatly reduced conjugate effectiveness. This work could lead to the development of more effective strategies to treat T-cell diseases.
The use of two language tests to identify pragmatic language problems in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Purpose: Pragmatic language disorders (PLDs) are difficult to diagnose in a cost-effective manner, and there are few assessment tools that yield quantitative data. This investigation was designed t...
Aristotle on the Rule of Law and the Rule of Men

In fall 1999, the Supreme Court of South Carolina decided that video poker in the state was illegal, and it ruled unconstitutional a referendum that would have left this decision up to the people of the state. Many hailed the Court's decision as a victory for the rule of law. That same fall, amid debates about the NAACP's decision to impose economic sanctions on South Carolina pending the removal of the confederate flag from the State House in the capitol city of Columbia, a prominent civil rights activist positioned himself against the NAACP boycott, arguing that the best place to decide the question of the flag was in a courtroom. The courtroom was, in his view, safer than the political arena, it being governed by the rule of law rather than the will of the majority. These examples suggest that the rule of law stands opposed to the rule of the people, protecting the political order from the will of the many. Since John Locke at least, writers have championed another understanding of the rule of law, viewing it as protecting the political order not from popular but from governmental overreaching. Despite their important differences, both formulations pit lawfulness against power, whether this power happens to be in the hands of the many citizens or in the hands of the few who govern. Aristotle is often cited as the authority for the fundamental opposition these formulations presuppose between power and lawfulness. Insisting on a sharp distinction between what ought to rule and what ought not to rule—reason not desire—Aristotle, it is said, treats law as reason's victory over desire and takes the job of the rule of law to be disciplining and ordering the overreaching of desire. The source of law's disciplinary power, according to these interpretations, must lie outside …
Interactions between type III secretion apparatus components from Yersinia pestis detected using the yeast two‐hybrid system

Interactions among the Yersinia secretion (Ysc) proteins of Yersinia pestis were explored using the yeast two-hybrid system. Various pairwise combinations of the yscEFGHIKLN and Q genes fused to the DNA-binding or activation domain of the yeast GAL4 gene were introduced into yeast, and expression of a reporter gene encoding β-galactosidase was detected. Combinations of yscN and yscL, yscL and yscQ, and yscQ and yscK resulted in high levels of reporter gene activation. These results suggest that YscL interacts with both YscN and YscQ, and that YscQ interacts with both YscL and YscK. Three-hybrid analyses using plasmid pDELA to target a third hybrid protein to the yeast nucleus was used to detect the formation of ternary protein complexes. Using the three-hybrid system, YscQ expressed from plasmid pDELA was able to bring together the YscK and YscL fusion proteins. In a similar manner, YscL expressed from plasmid pDELA was able to bring together the YscN and YscQ fusion proteins. Together, these results suggest that a complex composed of YscN, YscQ, YscK and YscL is involved in the assembly and/or function of the Y. pestis type III secretion apparatus.
Language Learner/Native Speaker Interactions: Exploring Adaptability in Intercultural Encounters.

Diversity and intercultural awareness initiatives are increasingly common at institutions of higher education in the USA. Although students recognize and appreciate the diversity of their surroundings, studies show that intercultural interactions at the social level are lacking. This study focuses on how English language learners, multilingual students, and monolingual students of English perceive themselves as able to adapt their communication styles to unfamiliar social encounters. Results of a survey on communicative adaptability (N = 1128) reveal both differences and similarities in communication styles among these three groups. Implications for intercultural education as well as language learning and teaching are discussed.
BASIC PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE PAIN PROCESSING

Chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli of sufficient quality or intensity to threaten or destroy tissue or to disrupt vasculature integrity typically lead to autonomic (changes in heart rate or blood pressure) or hormonal (adrenal and pituitary secretion) responses as well as to the subjective sensation of pain. This article discusses several of the components of the physiology and pharmacology involved in the generation of the acute pain state. Emphasis is on the afferent and spinal components. Space does not permit a consideration of the supraspinal linkages that are believed to play a crucial role in the decoding of the sensory message. Moreover, it is clear that this understanding of the properties of this afferent linkage has provided important insights into the properties of the encoding of the afferent stimulus in a manner that usefully predicts the pain state generated by tissue-damaging stimuli.
The corrected nucleotide sequence of yeast leucine transfer ribonucleic acid.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of “Renaturable” leucine transfer RNA from Baker's yeast has been re-investigated. The results showed that (i) this tRNA has a sequence of DCD at positions 19–21, (ii) it has an anticodon m 5 CAA and (iii) it has a pseudouridine at position 40.
Guilty by Association

Developing tumors face a multifaceted immune response that can ultimately "edit" the tumor by eliminating cells that cannot evade antitumor responses. Consequentially, tumors employ many mechanisms to evade immune responses, including expression of inhibitory chemokines or cytokines and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) ( 1 , 2 ). Tregs are known for suppressing immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis, but are also often found in the tumor microenvironment where their presence correlates with poorer patient outcomes. Moreover, acute Treg depletion in transplant models of cancer results in more potent antitumor immune responses. Thus, Tregs are considered important players in tumor development. However, relatively little is known about why Tregs infiltrate tumors or how they are formed. On page 1219 of this issue, Malchow et al. ( 3 ) address these questions and discover that developing tumors do not elicit novel Treg responses, but rather they recruit and/or expand Treg populations naturally found within the tissue from which the tumor arises.
Radar observations of asteroids and comets

Radar techniques for the observation of asteroids and comets are reviewed, emphasizing the logical basis for inferring physical properties from radar measurements. Results to date are reviewed, focusing on some recent highlights of the research to demonstrate the synergism between radar and other ground-based techniques. Particular attention is given to the asteroids 2 Pallas, 16 Psyche, 2101 Adonis, and the comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock.
Impact of overlapped transmission on the performance of TCP in multihop ad hoc networks

Multihop routing in wireless ad hoc networks creates situations in which some nodes know the content of packets being transmitted by neighboring nodes. This knowledge enables simplified interference cancellation schemes that can be used to schedule additional transmissions in the network. This approach, which we call overlapped transmission, can significantly improve the performance of ad hoc networks in a variety of scenarios. Recently, we proposed the Overlapped Carrier Sense Multiple Access (OCSMA) protocol to coordinate overlapped transmissions and increase the spatial reuse and throughput of wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we investigate the interactions between TCP and OCSMA in wireless ad hoc networks. We analyze the impact of overlapped transmission on the performance of TCP flows in a variety of network scenarios. Through network simulations, we demonstrate the superiority of OCSMA over conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols in addressing the fairness and medium contention issues of TCP in multihop wireless networks.
Congregation-Based Services for the Elders An Examination of Patterns and Correlates

This article uses data from the 1998 National Congregations Study, a nationally representative sample of religious congregations in the United States, to provide an overview of church-based service...
From the Rarest to the Most Common: Insights from Progeroid Syndromes into Skin Cancer and Aging

Despite their rarity, diseases of premature aging, or “progeroid” syndromes, have provided important insights into basic mechanisms that may underlie cancer and normal aging. In this review, we highlight these recent developments in Hutchinson—Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, ataxia-telangiectasia, Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum. Though they are caused by different mutations in various genes and often result in quite disparate phenotypes, deciphering the molecular bases of these conditions has served to highlight their underlying basic similarities. Studies of progeroid syndromes, particularly HGPS, the most dramatic form of premature aging, have contributed to our knowledge of fundamental processes of importance to skin biology, including DNA transcription, replication, and repair, genome instability, cellular senescence, and stem-cell differentiation.
A comparison of bribery and bidding in thin markets

Abstract This paper compares bribery to competitive bidding in a government purchasing context. While competitive bidding is one method of procurement, bribery is a common alternative in many Third World countries. Although bribery is often considered to be the ethical antithesis of competitive bidding, the analysis shows there is a fundamental isomorphism between bribery and competitive bidding on the supply side of the transaction.
Responses of the Circadian System in the Aplysia Eye to Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis seems to be a general requirement for circadian timing. Defining the time period when inhibition of protein synthesis changes the phase of the biological clock may help identify proteins that are involved in the molecular mechanism of circadian timing.Rothman and Strumwasser (1976), Jacklet (1977), and Lotshaw and Jacklet (1986) gen erated phase response curves (PRCs) for relatively long pulses (6 hr) of anisomycin and puromycin administered to Aplysia eyes. Using somewhat different conditions, we generated a 4-hr anisomycin PRC from Aplysia eyes and found that our anisomycin PRC was similar to that previously described by Lotshaw and Jacklet (1986). We studied recovery of protein synthesis after 1-hr and 6-hr anisomycin treatments and found recovery to be very slow; from 8 to 12 hr appeared to be required for full recovery after anisomycin. Slow recovery occurred when eyes were treated either in buffered artificial seawater or in enriched culture media. Because of the slow recovery afte...
The Phenotype of Mutations of G2655 in the Sarcin/Ricin Domain of 23 S Ribosomal RNA

Abstract The sarcin/ricin domain (SRD) in Escherichia coli 23 S rRNA forms a part of the site for the association of the elongation factors with the ribosome and hence is critical for the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and for translocation. The domain is also the site of action of the eponymous toxins which catalyze covalent modification of single nucleotides that inactivate the ribosome. The conformation of the conserved guanosine at position 2655 is an especially prominent feature of the structure of the SRD: the nucleotide is bulged out of a helix and forms a base-triple with A2665 and U2656. G2655 in 23 S rRNA is protected from chemical modification when the elongation factors, EF-Tu and EF-G, are bound to ribosomes and the analog of G2655 in oligoribonucleotides is critical for recognition by the toxin sarcin and by EF-G. The contribution of G2655 to the function of the ribosome has been evaluated by constructing mutations in the nucleotide and determining the phenotype. Constitutive expression of a plasmid-encoded rrn B operon with a deletion of, or transversions in, G2655 is lethal toE. coli cells, whereas a defect in the growth of cells with a G2655A transition is observed only in competition with wild-type cells. The sedimentation profiles of ribosomes with mutations in G2655 are altered; most markedly by deletion or transversion of the nucleotide, less severely by transition to adenosine. Mutations of G2655 confer resistance to sarcin on ribosomes. Ribosomes with G2655Δ, G2655C, or G2655U mutations in 23 S rRNA are not active in protein synthesis, whereas those with the G2655A transition mutation suffer decreased activity.
Locus of control and patient role adjustment of the elderly in acute-care hospitals.

Felton and Kahana's (1974) conclusion that patients with external locus of control beliefs were better adjusted in institutions was reexamined in a high-constraint acute-care hospital. Subjects were 105 patients aged 60-93. The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales were used to measure of locus of control, and eight staff-rating items measured hospital adjustment. Also, the Loss of Independence subscale of the Hospital Stress Rating Scale was used to indicate perceived institutional constraint. The three MHLC scales correlated weakly (p less than .05) with adjustment (Internality, -.24; Externality-Powerful Others, .22; Externality-Chance, -.22), and each contributed significantly in multiple regression (R = .48). Those patients who perceived greater constraint were more poorly adjusted (r = -.24). Those with stronger beliefs that powerful others control health outcomes perceived less constraint in the hospital situation (r = -.19), whereas those with stronger internal control beliefs perceived greater constraint (r = .29). Beliefs in chance were unrelated. Findings are related to concepts of primary and secondary control.
Photoinduced Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Free-Base Porphin

We present results of a theoretical study on the photoinduced hydrogen atom transfer reaction in free-base porphin. Electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT) with Beck...
Automated manipulation of spherical objects in three dimensions using a gimbaled air jet

This paper presents a mechanism and a control strategy that enables automated non-contact manipulation of spherical objects in three dimensions using air flow, and demonstrates several tasks that can be performed with such a system. The mechanism is a 2-DOF gimbaled air jet with a variable flow rate. The control strategy is feedback linearization based on a classical fluid dynamics model with state estimates from stereo vision data. The tasks include palletizing, sorting, and ballistics. All results are verified with hardware experiments.
Ten Years After the Wall: East German Women in Transition

Over a period of 10 years following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the author conducted interviews with 18 women on four separate occasions to determine their response to unification. The fourth set of interviews, which took place during the spring of 1999, revealed that the women had adopted one of three different ways of adapting to unification. In the first and largest group were women who were more engaged, active and upbeat about their new lives. A second, smaller group consisted of women who were frustrated, discouraged and bitter and had turned inward. Women in the third group were involved in their new lives but exhausted by their efforts to maintain their involvement. The most significant factor in defining these women's different experiences appears to have been the ability to maintain a sense of community. These biographies show that women who successfully adapted to unification held onto the community they had enjoyed in the GDR or else created it anew, while those who were discouraged a...
Unified Neurological Stroke Scale Is Valid in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke

Background and Purpose The growing interest in testing new therapeutic agents for acute brain injury has lead to increased use of stroke scales. The reliability and validity of these measures need to be examined more completely. We used structural equation modeling, a technique that merges the analytic procedures of factor analysis and multiple regression, to examine the reliability and construct validity of the Middle Cerebral Artery Neurological Scale and the Scandinavian Neurological Stroke Scale used together as the Unified Neurological Stroke Scale. We also analyzed the predictive validity, sensitivity, and specificity of the scales in predicting mortality and functional outcome. Methods We prospectively studied 84 consecutive patients admitted to a neurology/neurosurgery intensive care unit with intracerebral hemorrhage (n=30), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n=15), ischemic stroke (n=15), and traumatic brain injury (n=24). Patients were evaluated within 24 hours of admission and at 48-hour intervals until...
Profile of Stephen Hawking

Although Stephen Hawking's early academic career lacked focus, the development of motor neuron disease straining against his hopes for a fulfilling life pulled the young scientist's work together. He has since become the world's most famous scientist due, in part, to his strong belief that science should be accessible to the general public. Hawking has published frequently for the academic community but has also published for the lay reader. His life has been recorded and examined by several biographers. This article gives an overview of Hawking's early life, academic career, his academic and popular publications, as well as a few of the works written about him.
An Addendum to “A New Tool for Climatic Analysis Using Köppen Climate Classification”

The Koppen climatic classification system in a modified format is the most widely applied system in use today. Mapping and analysis of hundreds of arid and semiarid climate stations has made the use of the additional fourth letter in BW/BS climates essential. The addition of “s,” “w,” or “f” to the standard three-letter designation adds significant information when mapping and analysis is being conducted. A new quantity is herein proposed, the potential excess precipitation value (PEP value). The PEP value is actual annual precipitation minus potential annual evapotranspiration. When mapped, PEP value equal zero is the boundary between BS and C or D climates.
Computer modelling of glycolipids at membrane surfaces

Interactions of membrane anchored molecules such as glycolipids with a membrane surface are important in determining headgroup conformation. It is therefore essential to represent these membrane surface interactions in molecular modeling studies of glycolipids and other membrane bound molecules. We introduce here an energy term that represents the interaction of molecules with a membrane bilayer. This membrane interaction energy term has been added to the potential energy function of a molecular dynamics and mechanics program and has been parameterized using partition coefficients between an aqueous solution and a vesicular membrane for two model glycolipids.
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor function in senescent Fischer 344 rat aorta.

Abstract There have been numerous conflicting reports concerning alpha 1 adrenergic receptor-mediated blood vessel contraction during aging and possible changes in alpha 1 receptor transduction mechanisms have not been investigated. These studies assess capacity of the aging vascular alpha 1 receptor to stimulate production of inositol phosphates, which are its intracellular second messengers, and to elicit a contractile response via this pathway. Aortic ring segments from mature adult (6 month old) and senescent (24 month old) Fischer 344 rats were incubated with [3H]myo-inositol and then stimulated with the alpha 1 agonist norepinephrine (NE, 10−7M-3x10−5M) in the presence of LiCl (10mM), an inhibitor of inositol phosphate metabolism. There was a substantial increase in inositol phosphate accumulation throughout the dose range in aortic rings from 24 month old rats compared to 6 month old rats. This is an alpha 1 receptor response since it is blocked by the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin but not by the alpha 2 antagonist yohimbine. Aortic inositol phosphate accumulation in response to serotonin did not change with age. To assess second messenger stimulated contraction, aortic ring segments were placed in Ca‡ free buffer and then stimulated with NE. Under these conditions Ca‡ influx is eliminated and contraction depends on the actions of intracellular second messengers. There is an age-related reduction in aortic contraction in Ca‡ free buffer. These results suggest that aortic alpha 1 receptor-mediated formation of inositol phosphate intracellular second messengers is enhanced during aging. Despite this, the capacity of senescent arteries to elicit contraction utilizing second messenger pathways seems to be deficient.
Radiotherapy for Aggressive and Destructive Keratoacanthomas

An experience of treating five cases of aggressive and destructive keratoacanthomas by radiotherapy is recounted. The results were satisfactory in every instance.
Making sense of condoms: social representations in young people's HIV-related narratives from six African countries.

Condoms are an essential component of comprehensive efforts to control the HIV epidemic, both for those who know their status and for those who do not. Although young people account for almost half of all new HIV infections, reported condom use among them remains low in many sub-Saharan African countries. In order to inform education and communication efforts to increase condom use, we examined social representations of condoms among young people aged 10–24 in six African countries/regions with diverse HIV prevalence rates: Swaziland, Namibia, Kenya, South-East Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Senegal. We used a unique data source, namely 11,354 creative ideas contributed from these countries to a continent-wide scriptwriting contest, held from 1st February to 15th April 2005, on the theme of HIV/AIDS. We stratified each country sample by the sex, age (10–14, 15–19, 20–24), and urban/rural location of the author and randomly selected up to 10 narratives for each of the 12 resulting strata, netting a total sample of 586 texts for the six countries. We analyzed the narratives qualitatively using thematic data analysis and narrative-based methodologies. Differences were observed across settings in the prominence accorded to condoms, the assessment of their effectiveness, and certain barriers to and facilitators of their use. Moralization emerged as a key impediment to positive representations of condoms, while humour was an appealing means to normalize them. The social representations in the narratives identify communication needs in and across settings and provide youth-focused ideas and perspectives to inform future intervention efforts.
Introduction: The James Joyce Translation Dossier

The essays in the present dossier illustrate the extent to which James Joyce’s writing interrogates language, as they put to question claims to univocality and transparency. At the heart of Joyce’s artistic endeavor is the notion of writing-as-translation; Joyce explodes the English he received in the course of his rigorous Jesuit education.
Incidence and predictors of syncope in paced patients with sick sinus syndrome.

UNLABELLED In spite of a normal pacemaker function, syncope still occurs in some patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS). Causes often remain unknown. To identify predictors and etiologies of this bothersome symptom, we studied 507 patients who received atrial, ventricular, and dual-chamber pacemakers for SSS. During a mean follow-up of 62 +/- 38 months, actuarial incidence of syncope was 3% at 1 year, 8% at 5 years, and 13% at 10 years. Causes were vasovagal (18%), orthostatic hypotension (25.5%), rapid atrial tachyarrhythmias (11.5%), ventricular tachycardia (5%), acute myocardial ischemia (2.5%), and pacemaker/lead malfunction (6.5%). In 13 patients (29.5%), syncope remained unexplained. The only preimplant predictor for syncope was syncope as primary indication for pacemaker implant. Electrocardiographic correlation with bradycardia was not a predictor of relief of syncope during the follow-up. IN CONCLUSION (1) syncope in paced patients with SSS has multiple etiologies and may be multifactorial; (2) the only predictor of syncope after pacemaker implant is the occurrence of preimplant syncope as the main indication for pacing; (3) extensive Holter monitoring is not useful to document bradycardiac origin of syncope nor to predict its recurrence; (4) SSS probably overlaps with other entities such as autonomic dysfunction, vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus hypersensitivity, and venous pooling, which would provide an explanation for recurrent syncope in patients with normal pacemaker function.
Network modelling of reaction-diffusion systems and their numerical solution using spice

Abstract Using the circuit analysis package SPICE, we can perform computer simulations of certain nonlinear reaction-diffusion problems in a fraction of the time required by more conventional methods. In this paper we develop the method from first principles and illustrate it with examples of steady-state and transient analysis. An example is provided to show how certain program features facilitate the search for and study of multiple steady states.
A micromethod for the determination of deuterium oxide in biological fluids

Abstract A simple micromethod for the analysis of deuterium oxide content of plasma has been described. Other fluids of low protein content may be distilled directly without precipitation. This procedure can be carried out on as little as 0.3 ml of plasma and is therefore suitable for measuring D 2 O in body fluids of experimental animals as small as mice.
Building Knowledge, Building Community: Integrating Internet Access to Secondary Data as Part of the Community Development Process

Too often, the approach to secondary data collection and analysis in community development is to handle it as an activity separate from other participatory processes. Today, as the internet has gro...
A Quickbasic Program for Generating Correlated Multivariate Random Normal Scores

A QuickBASIC program for generating multivariate random normal scores with given intercorrelations is described. The program uses the Box and Muller and Choleski Factorization algorithms and runs on IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers. A diskette containing the compiled run time and source code versions of the program is available at no charge from the author.
A kinetic approach for the study of protein phosphatase-catalyzed regulation of protein kinase activity.

The activities of many protein kinases are regulated by phosphorylation. The phosphorylated protein kinases thus represent an important class of substrates for protein phosphatases. However, our ability to study the phosphatase-catalyzed substrate dephosphorylation has been limited in many cases by the difficulty in preparing sufficient amount of stoichiometrically phosphorylated kinases. We have applied the kinetic theory of substrate reaction during irreversible modification of enzyme activity to the study of phosphatase-catalyzed regulation of kinase activity. As an example, we measured the effect of the hematopoietic protein-tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP) on the reaction catalyzed by the fully activated, bisphosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2/pTpY). Because only a catalytic amount of ERK2/pTpY is required, this method alleviates the need for large quantities of phospho-ERK2. Kinetic analysis of the ERK2/pTpY-catalyzed substrate reaction in the presence of HePTP leads to the determination of the rate constants for the HePTP-catalyzed dephosphorylation of free ERK2/pTpY and ERK2/pTpYsubstrate(s) complexes. The data indicate that ERK2/pTpY is a highly efficient substrate for HePTP (k c a t /K m = 3.05 x 10 6 M - 1 s - 1 ). The data also show that binding of ATP to ERK2/pTpY has no effect on ERK2/pTpY dephosphorylation by HePTP. In contrast, binding of an Elk-1 peptide substrate to ERK2/pTpY completely blocks the HePTP action. This result indicates that phosphorylation of Tyr185 is important for ERK2 substrate recognition and that binding of the Elk-1 peptide substrate to ERK2/ pTpY blocks the accessibility of pTyr185 to HePTP for dephosphorylation. Collectively, the results establish that the kinetic theory of irreversible enzyme modification can be applied to study the phosphatase catalyzed regulation of kinase activity.
Matching of Male and Female Subjects Using VO2 max

(1981). Matching of Male and Female Subjects Using VO2 max. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 264-268.
Dileptons from disoriented chiral condensates

Disoriented chiral condensates or long wavelength pionic oscillations and their interaction with the thermal environment can be a significant source of dileptons. We calculate the yield of such dilepton production within the linear {sigma} model, both in a quantum mean-field treatment and in a semiclassical approximation. We then illustrate the basic features of the dilepton spectrum in a schematic model. We find that dilepton yield with invariant mass near and below 2m{sub {pi}} due to the soft pion modes can be up to two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding equilibrium yield. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Tests of the generality of the principle of encoding specificity

Two empirical tests of the principle of encoding specificity are reported. In Experiment I, the normative strength of the cues presented on the input and on the recall trial was varied factorially. To lessen the emphasis on strictly associative learning, only half the items were cued in each phase of the study-recall cycle. Recall was higher when the cues remained the same than when they changed. However, regardless of the condition of input cuing, strong output cues were substantially more effective than weak ones. In Experiment II, the to-be-remembered words were shown in the presence of weak cues on the input trial. Recognition in the context of strong extralist cues was compared with recall to the original input cues. On the test of cued recognition, the target words were either generated by the subjects as free associates or presented to them as items on a test constructed by the experimenter. Contrary to previous findings, recall was not found to be superior to recognition. The phenomena of cue-dependent forgetting that have been interpreted as evidence for the principle of encoding specificity appear to have limited generality.
Theory-driven Intervention Improves Calcium Intake, Osteoporosis Knowledge, and Self-efficacy in Community-Dwelling Older Black Adults

Objective To assess the effectiveness of an osteoporosis education program to improve calcium intake, knowledge, and self-efficacy in community-dwelling older Black adults. Design Randomized repeated measures experimental design. Setting Churches and community-based organizations. Participants Men and women (n = 110) 50 years old and older from 3 south Florida counties. Intervention Participants randomly assigned to either of 2 groups: Group 1 (experimental group) or Group 2 (wait-list control group). Group 1 participated in 6 weekly education program sessions immediately following baseline assessment, and Group 2 started the program following Group 1's program completion. A tested curriculum was adapted to meet the needs of the target population. Main outcome measures Dietary calcium intake, osteoporosis knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy. Analysis Descriptive and summary statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance, and regression analysis. Results Of the total participants, 84.6% completed the study (mean age = 70.2 years). Overall, an educational program developed with a theoretical background was associated with improvement in calcium intake, knowledge, and self-efficacy, with no effect on most health belief subscales. Assigned group was the major predictor of change in calcium intake. Conclusions and implications A theory-driven approach is valuable in improving behavior to promote bone health in this population. Health professionals should consider using more theory-driven approaches in intervention studies.
Similar patterns of cardiovascular response during emotional activation as a function of affective valence and arousal and gender.

Objective: Laboratory studies of emotion-induced cardiovascular responses have been conducted predominantly with a specific affects approach rather than a dimensional approach. The purpose of this study was to apply the principles of the Circumplex Model of Affect (i.e., valence and arousal) to investigate cardiovascular reactivity during emotional activation in men and women. Methods: Forty-two healthy university students (mean age=19.45, 52% women, 58% Caucasian) engaged in personally relevant recall tasks that varied as a function of valence and arousal. Self-reported valence and arousal, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), preejection period (PEP), stroke index (SI), cardiac index (CI), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured during baseline and task periods. Results: Cardiovascular responses were found to be largely comparable across the recall tasks and were characterized by significant increases in blood pressure, HR, and TPR, and decreases in SI (Ps<.001). In addition, SBP during negative valence tasks was significantly higher than during positive valence tasks (P<.03), and PEP lengthened more during low as compared to high arousal tasks (P<.03). Conclusions: These results highlight the similarity of hemodynamic adjustments during the verbal expression of emotion across gender and the dimensions of valence and arousal. The overall response pattern suggests α-adrenergically mediated sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal.
Causality and comovement between taxes and expenditures: Historical evidence from Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico

Abstract This paper presents empirical tests for stationarity of fiscal deficits for three Latin America countries. It also examines the causality patterns between government expenditures and government revenues. Long historical series (covering most of the 20th century) for Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico are used. The findings suggest that deficits were stationary in Argentina and Mexico but not in Brazil.
Heat sinking and crosstalk for large, close-packed arrays of microcalorimeters

We have studied crosstalk on our 8×8 transition-edge sensor (TES) x-ray microcalorimeter arrays. The shapes of thermal crosstalk pulses are well reproduced as a convolution of heat input from the source pixel and decay in the receiver pixel. We have measured the amount of thermal crosstalk as a function of distance between the source and receiver pixels. Using the results, we have estimated the degradation of energy resolution due to the thermal crosstalk as a function of count rate to determine the level of thermal crosstalk that is needed to satisfy the requirements of NASA’s Constellation-X mission.
In utero Exposure of Mice to Dibenzo[a,l]Pyrene Produces Lymphoma in the Offspring: Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

Lymphoma and leukemia are the most common cancers in children and young adults; in utero carcinogen exposure may contribute to the etiology of these cancers. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP), was given to pregnant mice (15 mg/kg body weight, gavage) on gestation day 17. Significant mortalities in offspring, beginning at 12 weeks of age, were observed due to an aggressive T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphocytes invaded numerous tissues. All mice surviving 10 months, exposed in utero to DBP, exhibited lung tumors; some mice also had liver tumors. To assess the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in DBP transplacental cancer, B6129SF1/J (AHR(b-1/d), responsive) mice were crossed with strain 129S1/SvIm (AHR(d/d), nonresponsive) to determine the effect of maternal and fetal AHR status on carcinogenesis. Offspring born to nonresponsive mothers had greater susceptibility to lymphoma, irrespective of offspring phenotype. However, when the mother was responsive, an AHR-responsive phenotype in offspring increased mortality by 2-fold. In DBP-induced lymphomas, no evidence was found for TP53, beta-catenin, or Ki-ras mutations but lung adenomas of mice surviving to 10 months of age had mutations in Ki-ras codons 12 and 13. Lung adenomas exhibited a 50% decrease and a 35-fold increase in expression of Rb and p19/ARF mRNA, respectively. This is the first demonstration that transplacental exposure to an environmental PAH can induce a highly aggressive lymphoma in mice and raises the possibility that PAH exposures to pregnant women could contribute to similar cancers in children and young adults.
Winter CO2 fluxes above sagebrush-steppe ecosystems in Idaho and Oregon

Sagebrush-steppe ecosystems cover more than 36 million ha in North America and represent an important economic and ecological resource. These ecosystems have a climate with an extended cold period that can last more than five months. The CO2 fluxes during this protracted cold period likely play an important role in determining annual fluxes in these ecosystems; however, few studies have measured continuous CO2 fluxes in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems during the winter. The objective of our study was to obtain continuous measurements of CO2 fluxes during winter at representative sagebrush-steppe sites in the western USA and to study their relationships to environmental factors. Measurements of CO2 fluxes were obtained using Bowen ratio/energy balance (BREB) techniques during the winter at two locations in Idaho and one location in Oregon. Average daily ecosystem respiration during the winter period (November 1–March 15) was 1.31 ± 0.80 g CO2 m −2 day −1 and 1.23 ± 1.19 g CO2 m −2 day −1 at the two Idaho sites and 0.68 ± 0.56 g CO2 m −2 day −1 at the Oregon site. These values are well within the range of previously published results for similar ecosystems. Multivariate analyses showed that soil temperature, wind speed, and snow depth were the environmental factors most closely related to winter CO2 effluxes. Based on testing of empirical flux models, additional research will be required to develop mathematical models that reliably predict winter CO 2 effluxes across a wide range of sagebrush-steppe sites. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Swan and Erotic Love: Light, Color, and Myth in Rubén Darío’s Poetics

As the title suggests, I would like to examine Ruben Dario’s poetry by placing it in a most specific setting, namely, the one which is constituted by looking at it from the standpoint of the swan and yet this formulation of the approach I am adopting here may prove misleading, unless I introduce some preliminary qualifications.
Reduction of computed tomography metal artifacts due to the Fletcher-Suit applicator in gynecology patients receiving intracavitary brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate a method of reducing computed tomography (CT) metal artifacts due to the Fletcher-Suit applicator. Methods and materials We apply a projection-interpolation algorithm to CT images containing artifacts from the brachytherapy applicator. Regions of projection data containing the applicator are interpolated, removing the metal from the projections. A new image is then reconstructed, and a pixel-by-pixel correction factor applied to the original image to reduce the severity of metal artifacts. This technique is applied to phantom and patient image data. Results Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of images produced before and after projection-interpolation show a significant reduction in metal artifacts. In patient images containing the tandem alone, this method almost completely eliminated the artifact. In slices containing both tandem and colpostats, the algorithm reduced artifacts but did not completely eliminate them. Conclusions The projection-interpolation method can be used to reduce the severity of metal artifacts caused by the Fletcher-Suit applicator.