cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with hunter retrieval of deer hit by arrows and shotgun slugs

Abstract Hunter retrieval of wounded deer was used as a case study to examine applications and limitations of leisure research for the management of recreational behavior. All hunters receiving permits to hunt in the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge during November 1–20, 1983, were sent mail questionnaires. A total of 457 (93 percent) of the archery and 143 (95 percent) of the firearm permittees responded after 3 mailings. Archery deer hunters were estimated to have retrieved 29 (43 percent) of the 68 different deer hit by arrows. Shotgun hunters were estimated to have retrieved 42 (81 percent) of 52 different deer hit. Discriminant analysis showed that the retrieval of deer hit with arrows was most likely when the shooter had tagged a large number of deer during former archery hunts, when the deer was hit in a position other than broadside, and when the range of the shot was short. Deer hit with slugs were more likely to be retrieved when hit by hunters with little experience in tagging deer during fo...
The Relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Anxiety may serve as a major barrier to participation in active surveillance. Intolerance of uncertainty, that is the tendency to perceive the potential for negative events as threatening, has been linked to cancer related worry. Accordingly we explored prospectively the relationship of intolerance of uncertainty with anxiety along with other clinical factors among men treated with active surveillance for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 119 men with D’Amico low risk prostate cancer participating in active surveillance completed the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), MAX-PC (Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer), IUS (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale) and I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) surveys from 2011 to 2014. We evaluated the relationship between anxiety and IUS score after adjusting for patient characteristics, cancer information and I-PSS using bivariable and multivariable analyses.Results: Of the men 18 (15.1%) and 17 (14.3%) reported clinical...
Automatic modeling of procedural knowledge and feedback generation in a computer science tutoring system

This research takes place in the larger context of the study of one-on-one tutoring, a form of instruction that has been shown to be very effective. I conducted a study of human tutoring in the domain of Computer Science data structures, to understand which features and strategies of human tutoring are important for learning. I developed an Intelligent Tutoring System, iList, that helps students learn linked lists. One of the main advances in iList is the presence of a Procedural Knowledge Model automatically extracted from student data. This model allows iList to provide effective reactive and proactive procedural feedback while a student is solving a problem. I tested five different versions of iList, differing in the level of feedback they can provide, in multiple classrooms, with a total of more than 200 students. The evaluation study showed that iList is effective in helping students learn; students liked working with the system; and the feedback generated by the most sophisticated versions of the system is helpful in keeping the students on the right path.
Abstract 560: Surface Glycoengineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Enhances Selectin-Mediated Cell Rolling and Tethering

Background: Of the current stem cell delivery routes, vascular injection has the advantage of not being limited by the poor vascular accessibility of the donor cells as in the cases of intramyocardial injection and cell-sheet placement. However, there is concern about the lower cell retention in the heart; thus, we access the hypothesis that modifying the cell surface glycosylation on MSCs and CDCs can enhance their interaction to inflammatory sites by increasing interactions with endothelial selectins. Methods: Two approaches were taken to address the hypothesis. First, the non-covalent coupling of a P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) fusion protein called 19Fc[FUT7+] to MSCs and CDCs is performed using two types of protein G lipid conjugates, either PPG or DPG. Second, we investigated the increased of α(1,3) fucose on the cell surface glycans by overexpression of three fucosyltransferases (FUT6, FUT7, and FUT9). Results: MSCs functionalized with 19Fc[FUT7+] were captured onto stimulated endothelial cell monolayers at wall shear stresses up to 4 dyn/cm2. Both MSCs and CDCs could be captured onto P-selectin substrates up to 6 dyn/cm2, (Table 1). In the case of fucosyltransferase overexpression, FUT7 improved the number of both MSCs and CDCs captured onto P- and E-selectin substrates. FUT9 also significantly improved the number of CDCs captured to E-selectin. Conclusion: The current work presents a robust strategy for enabling leukocyte-like capture and rolling under constant flow conditions to enhance cell delivery efficiency thereby increasing tissue engraftment. This method could be employed to increase tissue engraftment of cells used in stem cell therapy. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Kinetics of the self-assembly of nanocrystal superlattices measured by real-time in situ X-ray scattering

The self-assembly of lead sulfide nanocrystals into a body-centred cubic lattice can be tracked in real time by using in situ grazing-incidence X-ray scattering.
Injunctions granted in one EU Member State have pan-European Union effect

The Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) has held that an injunction granted by a Community trade mark court under the CTM Regulation (40/94, now replaced by 207/2009) in one EU Member State has effect, in principle, throughout the EU.
OPTIMIZATION OF BLOWING AND SUCTION CONTROL ON NACA 0012 AIRFOIL USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Active control of the flows over airfoil is an area of heightened interest in the aerospace community. Previous research on flow control design processes heavily depended on trial and error and the designers’ knowledge and intuition. Such an approach cannot always meet the growing demands of higher design quality in less time. Successful application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to this kind of control problem critically depends on an efficient searching algorithm for design optimization. Based on our previous research of single suction/blowing jet control on a NACA 0012 airfoil, the design parameters of a two-jet system are proposed. A realcoded EARND genetic algorithm is built on top of the CFD code, guiding the movement of a suction jet and a blowing jet along the airfoil’s upper surface. The reasonable optimum control values are determined within the control parameter range. The current study of Genetic Algorithm on airfoil flow control has been demonstrated to be a successful optimization application.
Paired comparisons of nonlinear frequency compression, extended bandwidth, and restricted bandwidth hearing aid processing for children and adults with hearing loss

Background: Preference for speech and music processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC) and two controls (restricted bandwidth [RBW] and extended bandwidth [EBW] hearing aid processing) was examined in adults and children with hearing loss. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if stimulus type (music, sentences), age (children, adults), and degree of hearing loss influence listener preference for NFC, RBW, and EBW. Research Design: Design was a within-participant, quasi-experimental study. Using a round-robin procedure, participants listened to amplified stimuli that were (1) frequency lowered using NFC, (2) low-pass filtered at 5 kHz to simulate the RBW of conventional hearing aid processing, or (3) low-pass filtered at 11 kHz to simulate EBW amplification. The examiner and participants were blinded to the type of processing. Using a two-alternative forced-choice task, participants selected the preferred music or sentence passage. Study Sample: Participants included 16 children (ages 8–16 yr) and 16 adults (ages 19–65 yr) with mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss. Intervention: All participants listened to speech and music processed using a hearing aid simulator fit to the Desired Sensation Level algorithm v5.0a. Results: Children and adults did not differ in their preferences. For speech, participants preferred EBW to both NFC and RBW. Participants also preferred NFC to RBW. Preference was not related to the degree of hearing loss. For music, listeners did not show a preference. However, participants with greater hearing loss preferred NFC to RBW more than participants with less hearing loss. Conversely, participants with greater hearing loss were less likely to prefer EBW to RBW. Conclusions: Both age groups preferred access to high-frequency sounds, as demonstrated by their preference for either the EBW or NFC conditions over the RBW condition. Preference for EBW can be limited for those with greater degrees of hearing loss, but participants with greater hearing loss may be more likely to prefer NFC. Further investigation using participants with more severe hearing loss may be warranted.
Selection for Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Resistance in Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars

Forty-eight Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pralensis L., cultivars were screened for resistance to a Mary land form of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)in seedling tests. All cultivars as a whole were highly susceptible, but individual plants were found in 36 cultivars that demonstrated moderate to high levels of antibiosis or tolerance in the seedling test and in subsequent small cage tests. The frequency of resistant plants in the 36 cultivars varied from less than 0.1 to 7.1%. Cultivars with 1% or more resistant plants included ‘A-34’, ‘Adelphi’, ‘Kenblue’, ‘Piedmont’, ‘Rugby’, ‘Sydsport’, and ‘Troy’. Approximately one-fourth of the selections also were tested for resistance to greenbugs collected from turfgrass in Ohio. Twenty-one plants selected from ‘A-34’, ‘Adelphi’, ‘Argyle’, ‘Bonnieblue’, ‘Cougar’, ‘Delta’, and ‘Kenblue’ demonstrated comparable levels of resistance to greenbugs from Maryland and Ohio. Ohio greenbugs generally caused more severe feeding injury on susceptible plants than did the Maryland form. Maryland greenbugs developed well on Kentucky bluegrass and barley, Hordeum vulgare L., while Ohio greenbugs developed well only on Kentucky bluegrass.
Contact and Systemic Insecticidal Properties of O,O-Diethyl O-p-Methylsulfinylphenyl Phosphorothionate and Its Analogues

O,O diepthyl O-p -methysufinylphenylphosphorothionate (Bayer 25141) its dimethyl analogue, and several reduced and oxidized derivatives were investigated as contact and systemic insecticides. The more active compounds studied were of the same order of contact toxicity as parathion and were also effective systemic insecticides. In plant tissue, the sulfoxides are oxidized to sulfones and also appear to isomerize to S -ethyl-isomers.
Peripheral Narrowing among Experienced and Inexperienced Rifle Shooters under Low- and High-Stress Conditions

Abstract This study examined Easterbrook's (1959) hypothesis that performance on a primary task would improve or at least be maintained with increased levels of arousal, while performance on a secondary task would decrease. To test this hypothesis, the performance of 20 collegiate rifle shooters (10 experienced, 10 inexperienced) on a primary target shooting task and a secondary auditory task were compared while shooting under low- and high-time stress conditions. Heart rate results, but not a self-report anxiety measure, provided evidence for the effectiveness of the stress manipulation. The results primarily supported Easterbrook's hypothesis. There were no differences in secondary task performance between experienced and inexperienced shooters. However, subjects who first underwent high time stress followed by low (H-L) shot better than those given the reverse order (L-H). These findings are discussed in relation to the attention demands of self-paced sports as well as the transfer effects of stress.
A New Algorithm of Wide-Area Backup Protection System Considering Main Protection Information

The possibility of protection mal-operation and refuse operation is greatly increasing during to the existed interconnection large power grids.Based on the advantage of the traditional main protection and zone Ⅰ distance protection can locate fault quickly,a wide-area backup protection algorithm,which using traditional main information,zone Ⅰ distance information and direction information to identify the fault,is proposed.The architecture of wide-area backup protection system is presented,and the working principle is introduced as well the output conditions of the protection are defined.At the same time,it discusses the fault search strategy by considering the multiple fault information.Finally,simulations for different types of faults are performed,which shows that the proposed algorithm has high reliability.
Designing Culturally Relevant Physical Activity Programs for African-American Women: A Framework for Intervention Development

Background African-American women perform low levels of physical activity and are disproportionally burdened by associated cardiometabolic disease conditions (i.e., 57 % are obese, 49 % have cardiovascular disease). The marked health disparities among African-American women indicate the need for innovative strategies to promote physical activity to help attenuate the chronic disease health disparities in this high-risk population. Culturally tailoring physical activity programs to address the sociocultural norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of African-American women is an advantageous strategy to enhance physical activity promotion efforts. The purpose of this article is to discuss critical aspects for researchers to consider when designing physical activity programs for African-American women and to present a conceptual framework to guide intervention development.
Block dividing based grounding grids corrosion diagnosis and its testing scheme optimization

To improve the efficiency of the corrosion diagnosis, a novel block dividing based approach was put forward. The intrinsic network of a grounding grid was divided into several small-scale sub-grids. A set of linear equations for conductance of the intrinsic branches in the sub-grid was deduced, as a result, the nonlinear iteration is avoided. A new automatic measuring system based on computer control was suggested. A dynamic planning based procedure to obtain the optimal testing schemes was proposed for the test based on conventional testing devices. An experimental grounding grid with sixty branches was used as an example. The results of corrosion diagnosis show that the proposed approaches are feasible with the testing works remarkably reduced.
Identifying microRNA panels specifically associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and its different etiologies.

Aim Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but few results are consistent. The objective of this study is to investigate "HCC tumor type specific" and "tumor common" miRNA panels. Methods The authors integrate and analyze clinical, etiologic and miRNA profiles data from 9 types of solid tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and HCC data from Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC). Results Levels of 33 miRNAs were significant different between HCC tumor and paired non-tumor tissues (over 2-fold changes) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, and most (28 miRNAs) were down-regulated in HCC tumors. Using this panel, the authors well classified HCC tumor tissues with 4 misclassifications among 48 paired tissues. Validating this panel in an additional 302 HCC tumor tissues, the authors almost perfectly distinguished tumor from non-tumor tissues with only two misclassifications (99% of HCC tissues correctly classified). Evaluating miRNA profiles in 32 independent HCC paired tissues from CUMC, the authors observed 40 miRNAs significantly deregulated in HCC with over 2-fold changes; 14 overlapped with those identified in TCGA. Subgroup analyses by HCC etiology found that 4 upregulated and 8 downregulated miRNAs were significantly associated with alcohol-related HCC. There were 7 and 4 miRNAs significantly associated with hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related HCC, respectively. Data for the first time revealed that miR-24-1, miR-130a and miR-505 were significantly down-regulated only in HCC tumors; miR-142 and miR-455 were significantly down-regulated in HCC, but up-regulated in 5 other solid tumors; suggesting their HCC "tumor type specific" characteristics. A panel of 8 miRNAs was significant in at least 5 tumor types, including HCC, and was identified as "tumor common" marker. Conclusion The authors concluded that aberrant miRNA panels have HCC "tumor type specificity" and may be affected by etiologic factors.
Sex differences in animal models of decision making

The ability to weigh the costs and benefits of various options to make an adaptive decision is critical to an organism's survival and wellbeing. Many psychiatric diseases are characterized by maladaptive decision making, indicating a need for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process and the ways in which it is altered under pathological conditions. Great strides have been made in uncovering these mechanisms, but the majority of what is known comes from studies conducted solely in male subjects. In recent years, decision-making research has begun to include female subjects to determine whether sex differences exist and to identify the mechanisms that contribute to such differences. This Mini-Review begins by describing studies that have examined sex differences in animal (largely rodent) models of decision making. Possible explanations, both theoretical and biological, for such differences in decision making are then considered. The Mini-Review concludes with a discussion of the implications of sex differences in decision making for understanding psychiatric conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene Expression Patterns Identify Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Ovarian Cancer Who Are at Increased Risk for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE).

Abstract Background: VTE is the leading cause of death in patients with cancer. The 1-year survival rate in patients diagnosed with cancer at time of VTE is 12% compared to 36% in cancer patients without thrombosis. Cancer patients who develop VTE have higher mortality during hospitalization and during surgery. VTE in cancer patients portends a poorer prognosis and may indicate a more aggressive phenotype. There are, as yet, no clinical or laboratory parameters that have clinical utility in identifying this important group of patients with cancer who are at risk for developing VTE. Methods: We explored whether gene expression profiling could define phenotype-specific metagenes (aggregate patterns of gene expression) that distinguish cancer patients with and without VTE. The medical history of 95 patients with NSCLC and 37 patients with ovarian cancer was reviewed to identify patients with VTE after the initial diagnosis of cancer but not within 6 weeks of surgery. Separate sets of controls with NSCLC and ovarian cancer, respectively, were identified from the same groups, matched by age, gender and clinical stage, but without VTE for at least 2 years following the diagnosis of cancer. RNA was extracted and gene array data obtained using Affymetrix U133 GeneChips. Gene expression data was analyzed using binary regression methodologies. Results: 13/95 (13.5%) patients with NSCLC and 6/37 (16%) with ovarian cancer had VTE and met inclusion criteria. Using the metagene approach, a discriminator gene set (n=50) that differentiated patients with NSCLC and VTE from patients with NSCLC without VTE was identified. A separate discriminator gene set was identified for the ovarian cancer group. A leave-one-out cross validation performed to validate the reliability of the discriminator metagene set was 85% accurate in identifying patients with NSCLC and VTE. Similar analysis for the ovarian cancer patients was limited by the small number of patients identified. Significant biological differences were seen between the comparison groups in the NSCLC subset, including genes such as P53, VEGFC, E2F4, TFPI and EPHB2. Expression differences in the ovarian subset similarly included P53, but also included genes not seen in the NSCLC group, such as H-ras, Tissue factor and Factor X. Conclusions: Our data suggests that a genomic approach can identify patients with cancer at risk for VTE. In addition, these results also suggest that different tumor types might possess unique expression signatures associated with increased thrombotic risk.
Feminists Question Revolution

these books, we have two scholars examining the relationship between feminism and revolution through cases in Latin America. In Feminism and the Legacy of Revolution, Karen Kampwirth compares Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Chiapas-and in the process makes important contributions to both theory and our understandings of the cases themselves. In this exceptionally well-written book, Kampwirth asks why, in all three cases, many women separated from their respective revolutionary movements in the postwar era to create autonomous feminist organizations. Kampwirth's fieldwork and analysis is the most extensive in the Nicaraguan case, and the two chapters devoted to it respond to several key questions. For example, what accounts for women's organizations' success or failure in implementing feminist reforms? In comparing two Sandinista women's organizations' contributions to the contra war, she finds that the women's branch of the Rural
Language and literacy instruction in preschool classes that serve Latino dual language learners

Abstract The present investigation builds off prior empirical work to describe the quality of the language and literacy instruction Latino dual language learning (DLL) children receive in Head Start. Specifically, we measured the frequency and duration of language and literacy lessons in classes that enrolled large numbers of Latino DLLs. We also investigated children’s opportunities to participate in high-quality language and literacy experiences as a part of their everyday instructional experience. In total we observed 398 lessons in 20 classes. Results revealed (a) that the frequency and duration of instruction was variable, with some children enrolled in classes that implemented language- and literacy-based lessons for 23 min (10%) of the 4-h day and others in classes that fit in up to 82 min (34%) of instruction per day; (b) when language and literacy instruction occurred in these classes, it was most frequently delivered in a whole group and featured an instructional style that was characterized by the teacher directing the children to answer basic questions with a one- or two-word response; and (c) that high-quality instruction, which we operationalized as instruction that promoted language development, was predicted by characteristic features of the lessons—not features of the classroom. These results provide information that is useful to inform the design of policy- and practice-based interventions that might improve the characteristics of the language and literacy environments that serve Latino DLL children.
The Utah Democrat: A Critical and Historical Analysis of the Rise and Fall of the Utah Democrats

This essay attempts to answer two central questions by looking at the history of Utahâ€™s Democratic Party: â€œWhy did Democrats lose power in the state of Utah?â€ and â€œHow did Utah Democrats lose enough members to become the super-minority?â€ Specifically, issues unique to Utah and several pivotal historical events are identified. There is an emphasis on party platforms, the development of the Republican Party, and key national issues which have influenced state politics. An analysis of how the Utah Democratic Party defines itself today is also provided, emphasizing diversity within the party and how the party may grow. Lastly, theories as to how Utah Democrats may regain power, and a brief insight into what the future holds for the party, are proposed.
Measuring Cancer Drug Sensitivity and Resistance in Cultured Cells

Measuring the potencies of small-molecule drugs in cell lines is a critical aspect of preclinical pharmacology. Such experiments are also prototypical of high-throughput experiments in multi-well plates. The procedure is simple in principle, but many unrecognized factors can affect the results, potentially making data unreliable. The procedures for measuring drug response described here were developed by the NIH LINCS program to improve reproducibility. Key features include maximizing uniform cell growth during the assay period, accounting for the effects of cell density on response, and correcting sensitivity measures for differences in proliferation rates. Two related protocols are described: one involves an endpoint measure well-suited to large-scale studies and the second is a time-dependent measurement that reveals changes in response over time. The methods can be adapted to other types of plate-based experiments. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Biliary Cancer

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare aggressive neoplasms with a poor prognosis and a median survival of less than 1 year in the locally advanced or metastatic setting. Among the few patients who undergo curative resection the recurrence rates are high. About 90% of patients are detected at advanced stages, and systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of their treatment. The treatment options for these patients are limited and multiple modalities of therapy from targeted therapy to immunotherapy and combination therapies (immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy) have been tested in this disease. Targeted therapies have failed to show a survival benefit. The deregulation of the immune system plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of BTCs. Therefore, immunotherapy, especially, immune checkpoint inhibitors hold great promise for this group of cancers. Numerous trials of immunotherapy in BTC are currently ongoing. In this review, we will discuss the available data and evidence for immunotherapy in BTC.
Personality as a Predictor of Unit Nonresponse in an Internet Panel

Unit nonresponse in panel data sets is often a source of bias. Why certain individuals attrite from longitudinal studies and how to minimize this phenomenon have been examined by researchers. Howev...
Surgeons' experience and perceived barriers with outpatient shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Recently, outpatient total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) has been proposed as a safe and cost-effective alternative to the inpatient setting. This study evaluated the expert shoulder surgeon's experience with and perceived barriers to outpatient TSA. Methods A secure web application was used to perform an online survey of 484 active American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons members. The survey assessed surgeon practice demographics, experience with TSA/outpatient TSA, and perceived barriers to successful outpatient TSA. Simple descriptive statistics were performed to analyze the cohort. To identify differences between surgeons performing and not performing outpatient TSA, the Student t test and χ2 test were used in bivariate analysis. P Results Of the 179 (37.0%) complete responses received, 20.7% perform outpatient TSA; of those, 78.4% reported an “excellent” experience. Outpatient surgeons were more likely to reside in the southern United States (P = .05) and performed a higher volume of TSAs annually (P = .03). Surgeons not performing outpatient TSA were more concerned with the potential of medical complications (P = .04). Perceived lack of experience (P = .002), low volume (P = .008), insurance contracts (P = .003), and reimbursement (P = .04) were less important barriers compared with outpatient TSA surgeons. Conclusions Less than 25% of shoulder surgeons who completed survey are performing outpatient TSA, and those that do report an overall excellent experience. Volume of TSAs performed and practice location appear to play roles in the decision to perform outpatient TSA. As surgeons become more comfortable with outpatient TSA, there is a shift from concerns about medical complications to concerns about reimbursement.
Developing Decision-Making Skills for Uncertain Conditions: The Challenge of Educating Effective Emergency Managers

Effective decision making under conditions of uncertainty involves the ability to recognize risk, formulate strategies for action, and coordinate with others in an effort to bring an incident under...
ECMO in Drug Intoxication

Drug intoxication can affect the cardiovascular system in such a severe way that leads to forms of cardiogenic shock which appear unresponsive to conventional treatment. The rationale of mechanical circulatory support in this context is to sustain the cardiac (or cardiopulmonary) function until the heart recovers. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation can be helpful for “less severe” forms of cardiogenic shock. When the cardiac function is severely depressed, however, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the venoarterial configuration can provide full support to circulation, with good outcomes and an acceptable rate of complications.
The threshold dose of P32 for leukemic cells of the lymphocytic and granulocytic series.

Analyses of the threshold dose of P 32 to control 201 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and 100 chronic granulocytic leukemia patients and of the P 32 dose to maintain 133 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients for a mean period of 50.2 months and 49 chronic granulocytic leukemia patients for a mean period of 33.6 months are analyzed. These threshold doses fit the logarithmic probability distributions given in the tables and figures. See PDF for Figure See PDF for Figure When the dose in mc. to control was plotted against the leukocyte count, a straight line was obtained on log log paper. The equation for this curve for the median dose to control chronic granulocytic leukemia is: log mc. P 32 per 12 weeks = 0.33 log L - 0.633, where L is the leukocyte count on the day the first P 32 was given. The equation for the log log curve relating median dose to control chronic lymphocytic leukemia to initial counts above 15,000 is: log mc. P 32 per 12 weeks = 0.47 log L - 1.420. But the 40 aleukemic or subleukemic cases with leukocyte counts below 15,000 had a median P 32 requirement and standard deviation that did not differ significantly from that for the entire group, suggesting that this subleukemic group includes patients resembling the entire spectrum of cases with elevated initial leukocyte counts. See PDF for Figure See PDF for Figure The median dose of P 32 per year to maintain chronic granulocytic leukemia cases fits the equation: log P 32 per year = 0.546 log L - 1.506, and the corresponding equation for chronic leukemic lymphocytic leukemia is: log mc. P 32 per year = 0.45 log L - 1.22. The group of lymphocytic leukemias with initial counts below 15,000 again showed a median and distribution similar to that for the entire leukemic group. The remarkable fact that the dose requirement years later is related to the initial leukocyte count is discussed. Revised recommendations on dosage schedule for titrated, regularly spaced P 32 therapy of the chronic leukemias are presented. For each individual patient with chronic leukemia, there is a threshold dose of intravenously administered P 32 below which no effect is observed. The dose and interval which will maintain a uniform leukocyte count of about 15,000 may remain unchanged for years or may show abrupt changes at any time to either a lower or higher requirement.
The application of sex allocation theory to heterostylous plants

Sex allocation theory predicts the evolutionarily stable sex ratio in dioecious species, the allocation of resources to male vs. female function in simultaneous hermaphrodites, and the time and order of sex change in sequential hermaphrodites (Charnov 1982). In all of these problems, phenotypic fitness is frequency-dependent, and the equilibrium proportion of phenotypes, the evolutionarily stable strategy (Maynard Smith 1982), often satisfies a certain optimality principle (Charnov 1979, 1982, 1987; Charnov and Bull 1986). Casper and Charnov (1982) and Taylor (1984) applied sex allocation theory to heterostylous plants. Because heterostylous populations consist of two or three hermaphroditic (style length) morphs, there are two sex allocation problems in this system — the optimal allocation to pollen and seed production in each morph and the equilibrium morph ratio.
A01 plenary lecture: Challenges and opportunities in temperature and injury measurements during cryosurgery

Cryosurgery is evolving from a focal therapy for cancer to one that can also treat cardiovascular and neural targets. For example, new focal therapeutic targets include the pulmonary vein (atrial fibrillation), arteries (renal denervation) and nerves (pain and plantar fasciitis). For cryosurgery to successfully compete with heat or other ablative technologies in these new targets, it will be necessary to carefully assess thermal response in these targets and adjacent tissues that can sustain collateral injury. Further, it will be necessary to understand the mechanism of action of each of the ablative technologies. This presents new challenges as the measurement and modeling of temperature in these thin anisotropic biological structures during thermal excursions is not well understood. Further, it begs the question of whether heat, cold, or other energy based technology is best suited to each of these targets to achieve localized destruction without collateral injury. In this talk, I will describe ongoing work in our lab and with our collaborators at UC Berkeley and Minnesota to measure thermal properties at mm and sub mm length scales. Further, I will highlight some preliminary data that hints at differences in mechanisms of action between cryo, heat and other energy based technologies that may lead to a better understanding and therefore application in each of these new targets.
Collagen as a Carrier for Enzymes: Materials Science and Process Engineering Aspects of Enzyme Engineering

During the last fifty years a wealth of information has been accumulated concerning the structure and function of enzymes. Although we are probably still far from achieving a total understanding of the way enzymes act on a molecular level, we certainly have sufficient knowledge to begin designing large scale processes that capitalize on the unique properties of these biological catalysts. This is especially true for the relatively simple extracellular hydrolytic enzymes.
On a Future for Smart Inverters with Integrated System Functions

The modern electric power grid is gradually evolving to include high-penetration power electronics in a distributed architecture that will pose pressing new challenges on power quality, system control, and operation. The state-of-the-art smart inverters for solar photovoltaics may not be sufficient to address some of the stability and control challenges such as harmonic resonances due to the interactions of multiple power electronics converters. This paper discusses a future of smart inverters with integrated system functions and its associated challenges and identifies smart inverter research trends and features in the context of flexible control architectures. Future power electronics research will shift from hardware solutions to more control solutions with integrated system functions under distributed power grid scenarios with small-scale power electronics interfaced with distributed generations and loads.
Association of Bariatric Surgery Status with Reduced HER2+ Breast Cancers: a Retrospective Cohort Study

Bariatric surgery is associated with a reduced risk of developing certain malignancies, particularly in women. However, the impact of bariatric surgery on tumor characteristics, cancer treatment, and oncologic outcomes is unknown. In a retrospective cohort study, 42 subjects diagnosed with breast cancer after bariatric surgery (1989–2014) were matched to 84 subjects with breast cancer (1984–2012) who did not undergo bariatric surgery, based on age, body mass index (BMI), and menopausal status at the time of breast cancer diagnosis, as well as the date of cancer diagnosis. Medical records were reviewed for cancer and bariatric endpoints. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed effects regression models, generalized estimating equation, conditional logistic regression, and Fisher’s exact tests. Women who developed breast cancer after bariatric surgery presented at an earlier stage compared to non-operated, obese controls. In the bariatric surgery group, there were fewer tumors with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression (HER2+) (OR 0.16 (0.03–0.76); p = 0.02), with no significant differences seen in estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity. No HER2+ cancers were found in patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (OR 0.00 (0.00–0.43); p = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, bariatric surgery status remained associated with reduced HER2+ breast cancers (OR 0.18 (0.03–0.99); p < 0.05). At a mean follow-up of 5 years, bariatric surgery was associated with trends toward reduced cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. Bariatric surgery is associated with reduced HER2+ breast cancers, suggesting that bariatric surgery can influence breast cancer characteristics and, potentially, tumor biology.
Myofibrillar protein degradation patterns and structural changes in skeletal muscle from electrically stimulated Bos taurus and Bos indicus crossbred cattle

59 Introduction 61 Materials and Methods 62 Results 66 Discussion 86 Implications 94 Literature Cited 95
Learning class-specific word embeddings

Recent years have seen the success of applying word embedding algorithms to natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Most word embedding algorithms only produce a single embedding per word. This makes the learned embeddings indiscriminative since many words are polysemous. Some prior work utilizes the context in which the word resides to learn multiple word embeddings. However, context-based solutions are problematic for short texts, such as tweets, which have limited context. Moreover, existing approaches tend to enumerate all possible context types of a particular word regardless of their target applications. Applying multiple vector representations per word in NLP tasks can be computationally expensive because all possible combinations of senses of words in a snippet need to be considered. Sometimes, a word sense can be captured when the class information or label of the short text is presented. For example, in a disaster-related dataset, when a text snippet is labeled as “hurricane related”, the word “water” in the snippet is more likely to be interpreted as rain and flood; when a snippet is labeled as “hurricane unrelated”, the word “water” can be interpreted as its more general meaning. In this work, we propose to use class information to enhance the discriminativeness of words. Instead of enumerating all potential senses per word in the text, the number of vector representations per word should be a function of the future classification task. We show that learning the number of vector representations per word according to the number of classes in the classification task is often sufficient to clarify the polysemy. Word embeddings learned from neural language models typically have the property of good linear compositionality. We utilize this property to encode class information into the vector representation of a word. We explore four approaches to train class-specific embeddings to encode class information by utilizing the label information and the linear compositionality property of word embeddings. We present a general framework consisting of a pair of convolutional neural networks to utilize the learned class-specific word embeddings as input for text classification tasks. We evaluate our approach and framework on topic classification of a disaster-focused Twitter dataset and a benchmark Twitter sentiment classification dataset from SemEval 2013. Our results show a relative accuracy improvement of 3–4% over a recent baseline.
The Mid-Atlantic Center for AIDS Research Consortium Scholars Program: A Multi-Institutional Approach to Mentoring the Next Generation of Underrepresented Scientists.

Background There is an urgent need to intentionally develop and expand mentoring for junior faculty from underrepresented communities in the area of HIV research. Such a goal is increasingly recognized as essential across all scientific fields because profound disparities exist regarding which doctorally prepared individuals ultimately end up entering research fields in academic settings. The purpose of this article is to describe a novel inter-Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) program designed to support underrepresented scientists in research to address the HIV epidemic in the Mid-Atlantic region. Methods Three CFARs in the Mid-Atlantic region (the District of Columbia, Johns Hopkins University CFAR, and University of Pennsylvania CFARs) developed a Scholars program designed for underrepresented minority scholars interested in studying the HIV epidemic in the region. The program provided resources for scholarship as well as cross-institutional mentoring and training. Results Scholars in the first cohort have been successful in implementing novel research that informs our understanding of the HIV epidemic in the region as well as increasing skills, publications, and grant submissions and funded applications. Lessons learned from the first cohort will inform future years of the MACC Scholars Program. Conclusions The MACC Scholars Program offers a model for other inter-CFAR collaborations wishing to find novel ways to support the next generation of scientists.
LOCALIZATION AND SUBSTRATE-INHIBITOR SPECIFICITY OF INSECT ESTERASE ISOZYMES

ABSTRACT. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was histochemically localized in the central nervous system (CNS) and musculature of the house cricket, Acheta domestica. Both light and electron microscopy (EM) techniques were used. In vivo light microscopy inhibition of AChE in crickets occurred in selective areas of the CNS, particularly in the interganglionic connectives and peripheral areas of the thoracic ganglion. Inhibition also seemed to be dependent on the type of inhibitor used. Electrophoresis data showed that cricket femur-muscle homogenates had one enzyme band when acetylthiocholine (ATCh) was used as the substrate, while there were 5 enzyme bands when α-naphthylacetate was employed as the substrate. EM histochemical procedures showed AChE localized in axonal membranes, inside of axons, glial membranes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-system, and neuromuscular junctions. All of the enzyme activity in these structures was inhibited with eserine at 10 -4 M. Cricket muscle homogenates hydrolyzed the substrate 2-naphthylthioacetate 4.8 times greater than either ATCh or acetyl-β-methylthiocholine (AMTCh). The substrates ATCh and AMTCh were hydrolyzed at identical rates. This is the first time the presence of AChE in insect muscles has been demonstrated at the ultrastructural level.
The Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Lorlatinib: Results of a Phase One, Open-Label, Crossover Study in Healthy Participants.

Lorlatinib is a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer; cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A plays an important role in the metabolism of lorlatinib. This phase 1, open-label, two-period, crossover study estimated the effect of oral rifampin (a strong CYP3A inducer) on the pharmacokinetics and safety of oral lorlatinib (NCT02804399). Healthy participants received single-dose lorlatinib 100 mg in period 1 followed by rifampin 600 mg/day (days 1–12) and single-dose lorlatinib 100 mg (day 8) in period 2. Blood samples were collected for 120 h after each dose of lorlatinib. When a single dose of lorlatinib was administered during daily dosing with rifampin (period 2), the area under the plasma concentration-time profile extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of lorlatinib were 14.74% [90% confidence interval (CI) 12.78%, 17.01%] and 23.88% (90% CI 21.58%, 26.43%), respectively, of those in period 1 (lorlatinib alone). A single dose of lorlatinib was well tolerated in period 1, but elevations in transaminase values were observed in all participants (grade 2–4 in 11 participants) within 1–3 days after a single dose of lorlatinib was administered with ongoing rifampin in period 2. Rifampin dosing was therefore halted. Transaminase levels subsequently returned to normal (median time to recovery: 15 days). No elevations in bilirubin were observed. The addition of a single dose of lorlatinib to daily dosing with rifampin significantly reduced lorlatinib plasma exposure relative to a single dose of lorlatinib administered alone and was associated with severe but self-limiting transaminase elevations in all healthy participants. These observations support the contraindication in the product label against concomitant use of lorlatinib with all strong CYP3A inducers. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT02804399.
Understanding automatically-generated patches through symbolic invariant differences

Developer trust is a major barrier to the deployment of automatically-generated patches. Understanding the effect of a patch is a key element of that trust. We find that differences in sets of formal invariants characterize patch differences and that implication-based distances in invariant space characterize patch similarities. When one patch is similar to another it often contains the same changes as well as additional behavior; this pattern is well-captured by logical implication. We can measure differences using a theorem prover to verify implications between invariants implied by separate programs. Although effective, theorem provers are computationally intensive; we find that string distance is an efficient heuristic for implication-based distance measurements. We propose to use distances between patches to construct a hierarchy highlighting patch similarities. We evaluated this approach on over 300 patches and found that it correctly categorizes programs into semantically similar clusters. Clustering programs reduces human effort by reducing the number of semantically distinct patches that must be considered by over 50%, thus reducing the time required to establish trust in automatically generated repairs.
Collective control in arrays of wave energy converters

Abstract A Collective Control is developed in this paper for arrays of Wave Energy Converters (WECs). The proposed controller applies a Proportional-Derivative feedback control law for each WEC with the optimized controller gains. A surrogate model, composed of only mechanical elements, is adopted to replace the hydrodynamic model during the optimization process. An indirect exterior penalty function approach is implemented to handle the constraints on the displacement and control. The weight of the penalty function is updated in subsequent iterations in the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique. A numerical simulation is first conducted for identification of the surrogate model parameters. With the control gains optimized based on the surrogate model, the energy conversion is compared for three models: the surrogate model, a model that uses a boundary element tool to compute the hydrodynamic forces, and a simulation using AQWA. The results show a good agreement of the energy conversion among the models. Finally, the performance of the surrogate model is analyzed. It is shown that the proposed controller maximizes the energy conversion of the entire WEC array while satisfying the constraints. Moreover, the surrogate model can replace the hydrodynamic model to predict the system behavior with adequate accuracy and more efficiency.