cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study of dopaminergic terminals in the striatal portion of the pigeon basal ganglia using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine

A dopaminergic projection from the midbrain to the striatal portion of the basal ganglia is present in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Although the ultrastructure of these fibers and terminals within the striatum has been studied extensively in mammals, little information is available on the ultrastructure of this projection in nonmammals. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical labeling with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine (DA) to study the dopaminergic input to the striatal portion of the basal ganglia in pigeons (i.e., lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum). At the light microscopic level, the anti-TH and anti-DA revealed a similar abundance and distribution of numerous labeled fine fibers and varicosities within the striatum. In contrast, the use of an antidopamine beta-hydroxylase antiserum (which labels only adrenergic and noradrenergic terminals) labeled very few striatal fibers, which were restricted to visceral striatum. These results demonstrate that anti-TH mainly labels dopaminergic terminals in the striatum. At the electron microscopic level, the anti-TH and anti-DA antisera labeled numerous axon terminals within the striatum (15–20% of all striatal terminals). These terminals tended to be small (with an average length of 0.6 μm) and flattened, and their vesicles tended to be small (35–60 nm in diameter) and pleomorphic. About 50% of the terminals were observed to make synaptic contacts in the planes of section examined, and nearly all of these synaptic contacts were symmetric. Both TH+ and DA+ terminals typically contacted dendritic shafts or the necks of dendritic spines, but a few contacted perikarya. No clear differences were observed between TH+ and DA+ terminals within medial striatum (whose neurons project to the nigra in birds) or between TH+ and DA+ terminals within lateral striatum (whose neurons project to the pallidum in birds). In addition, no differences were observed between medial and lateral striata in either TH+ or DA+ terminals. Thus, there is no evident difference in pigeons between striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons in their dopaminergic innervation. Our results also indicate that the abundance, ultrastructural characteristics, and postsynaptic targets of the midbrain dopaminergic input to the pigeon striatum are highly similar to those in mammals. This anatomical similarity is consistent with the pharmacologically demonstrable similarity in the role of the dopaminergic input to the striatum in birds and mammals. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A CCD Viewfinder As An Adjunct To Aerial Reconnaissance Systems

A basic TV Viewfinder for use with conventional aerial reconnaissance systems is described. At the heart of the system is a CCD solid state sensor. Other requisite and optional camera functions together with a modular electronics approach are outlined. In the system de-sign, as much attention has been given to the human limitations aspects as to the technical details of the camera sensing system and the display. Vehicle V/H rates play a major role in determining the extent of information that is intelligible to the viewer in this type of real time electro-optical system. Depression angle considerations likewise limit or extend the operational capabilities of the electro-optical/ human system complex. Photometric properties of the sensor in conjunction with geographical locations determine the operational day. Additionally, an optical low light capability can be selected in the viewfinder camera where the basic zoom optics can be replaced with a fixed focal length large aperture lens. At the same time, the effective exposure time (per frame) can be increased over that used under normal daylight conditions. A comparison has been made between the daylight and low light operation of the viewfinder and a typical film camera.
The influence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on altered pulmonary epithelial permeability during ozone exposure

Abstract Ozone (O 3 ), a pulmonary irritant, and a major toxic component of photochemical smog, is capable of inducing pulmonary inflammation characterized by recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung. The recruited PMNs, in turn, can release toxic mediators and produce lung injury. The mechanism of ozone-induced changes in lung permeability remains unknown. It is our hypothesis that PMNs migrating into the lung play a significant role in the pathophysiology following O 3 exposure and that increasing the number of PMNs coming into the lung will exaggerate the changes in lung permeability. To test this hypothesis, we induced an influx of PMNs into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats by intratracheal instillation of 1% rabbit serum and then exposed the animals to either 0.8 ppm O 3 or filtered air for 3 h. Control animals were intratracheally instilled with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and simultaneously exposed to O 3 or filtered air in the same manner as the serum-treated animals. The animals were sacrificed and the lungs lavaged 10–12 h after exposure. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for albumin and protein, as indicators of permeability. In addition, BALF from the various groups was tested for its ability to alter epithelial resistance of pulmonary type II cells in culture. O 3 exposure resulted in a significant increase in albumin and protein levels in the BALF as compared to air-exposed controls. The instillation of serum resulted in a significant increase in airway PMNs, but no significant elevations in albumin levels in both the O 3 and air-exposed groups, as compared to PBS instillation. In vitro studies did not reveal a differential BALF effect on epithelial resistance. The data demonstrate that an excessive neutrophilia in the lung is not matched by a comparable amplification of epithelial injury. It is therefore suggested that a simple elevation in PMN number in the air spaces, as that induced by serum instillation, does not necessarily augment the lung pathophysiology, but that a more complex interaction with O 3 may be required for cellular activation and release of toxic products.
On a score test for pure birth processes and a poisson dispersion test

We consider a generalization of a standard test for overdispersion (underdispersion) of possibly Poison data. Under the null hypothesis observed counts are increments of Poisson processes. Particular applications are toa random sample of identically distributed processes and a single observed process. The test has intuitive appeal beyond the specific alternatives considered.
Identifying diagnostic errors with induced decision trees.

Objective. The purpose of this article is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of induced decision trees with that of pruned neural networks and to improve the accuracy and interpretation of breast c...
Regulation of nitrite reductase and its relationship to the regulation of nitrate reductase in cultured tobacco cells.

Abstract 1. 1. The assay for nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4) activity of Ramirez et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 140 (1966) 58), utilizing methyl viologen reduced by sodium hydrosulfite as electron donor, was optimized for the enzyme from the XD line of cultured tobacco cells. The enzyme reduced nitrite to ammonia under the assay conditions. 2. 2. Nitrite reductase activity was low in cells which had been starved for nitrogen, or which had been grown on the nitrogen in urea or casein hydrolysate. 3. 3. Both nitrate reductase (NADH: nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.1) and nitrite reductase activities developed in cells exposed to either nitrate or nitrite. Nitrate reductase developed more rapidly in response to nitrite than nitrate. 4. 4. Tungstate, a specific inhibitor of development of nitrate reductase activity, and hence of nitrite synthesis, did not inhibit development of nitrite reductase activity in response to nitrate. This is taken as evidence that nitrate does not have to be reduced to nitrite to cause an increase in nitrite reductase activity. 5. 5. Casein hydolysate enhanced the development of both enzyme activities in response to nitrite, but inhibited development of both activities in response to nitrate. 6. 6. Nitrite reductase is more stable and its decay kinetics are more complex in vivo, compared to nitrate reductase activity. After removal of nitrate from the medium, nitrite reductase at first decayed with a half-life of 28 h, but later with a half-life of 124 h, while nitrate reductase decayed with a half-life of approximately 6 h.
Plots and Motives in Japan's Meiji Restoration

Like other dramatic and discontinuous historical processes, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 possesses the inherent fascination to sustain yet another rehearsal of its basic course of events. The present one differs from others in several ways. It does not center on samurai heroes and villains contesting foreign incursion. Instead it identifies fully four groups that acted during the late Tokugawa era, the years 1850-68, known by the generic periodizing word bakumatsu-"the end of the bakufu," that is, of the shogun's government situated at Edo. It presents each group according to the experiences and motives of its members. It points to the interactions between the four narrative structures, the plots or mythoi, but without homogenizing them into a unitary historiographical line. It also recognizes the necessary prefiguration of the historian's field but tries nevertheless to convey the perceived intentions of the four groups of historical actors. Using the last decade of the bakumatsu period as an example of an historic watershed, this essay thus sketches a novel method for appreciating the onset of large-scale political and social change. The basis of the method lies in establishing the four mythoi and then narrating these plots or story lines that historical agents and agencies (human beings and social institutions) experienced during the final years of Tokugawa bakufu control over Japan. Long
A Geometrical Representation of Manipulator Dynamics and Its Application to Arm Design

A new approach to the geometrical representation of manipulator dynamics is presented. The inertia ellipsoid, which is used to represent dynamic characteristics of a single rigid body, is extended to a general ellipsoid for a series of rigid bodies in order to represent the manipulator dynamics. The geometrical configuration of the generalized inertia ellipsoid (GIE) represents the characteristics of the manipulator as a whole. One can understand the complicated inertial effect and nonlinearity of multi-degree-of-freedom motion by simply investigating the GIE configuration. In the latter half of the paper, this method is applied to aid the design of a mechanical arm, in which dimensions of an arm structure and its mass distribution are optimized through the evaluation and graphical representation of the arm dynamics.
A mechanistic overview of TET-mediated 5-methylcytosine oxidation

Methylation of DNA at the carbon-5 position of cytosine plays crucial roles in the epigenetic transcriptional silencing during metazoan development. Recent identification of Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET)-family demethylases have added a new dimension to dynamic regulation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), and thus, inheritable and somatic gene silencing. The interest in hematology was particularly stimulated by the recent discovery of TET2 mutations in myeloid malignancies which were proven to be leukemogenic in murine knockout models. The TET-family enzymes are Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases and catalyze demethylation of 5mC by iterative oxidation reactions. In the last decade results from numerous studies have established a key role for these enzymes in epigenetic transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes primarily by hydroxylation reactions. The TET catalyzed hydroxylation and dehydration reactions in the mammalian system exemplify the diversity of oxidation reactions catalyzed by Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases, and suggest an existence of other types of oxidation reactions catalyzed by these enzymes in the eukaryotes, which are so far only documented in prokaryotes. Here, we review the TET-mediated 5mC oxidation in light of the putative reaction mechanism of Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases.
Adjunctive chemotherapeutic suppression of mutans streptococci in the setting of severe early childhood caries: an exploratory study

OBJECTIVES This investigational study assessed the suppressive effect of 10 percent povidone iodine (PI) coupled with elimination of active carious lesions on salivary mutans streptococci (MS) populations in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). METHODS 77 children (38 females, 39 males) were treated for S- ECC in one session; a 0.2 ml PI solution was applied to the dentition after dental surgery was completed and immediately wiped off. The subjects aged from 2 to 5 years (mean = 3.78 years) at baseline. Whole nonstimulated saliva samples were obtained at baseline, 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days post dental surgery. Samples were placed on ice and processed within 2 hours. The MS level in each sample was expressed as colony forming units (CFUs) per ml of saliva. RESULTS Approximately 50 percent of subjects had a >95 percent reduction in CFU/ml of saliva at each time point after baseline. The percentages of subjects with a >50 percent reduction in MS level were 85 percent at 30 days, 83 percent at 60 days, 84 percent at 90 days. The median (25th, 75th percentiles) CFUs/ml of saliva counts were 8.40 x 10(5) (1.49 x 10(5), 5.00 x 10(6)) at baseline (n= 77), 4.12 x 10(4) (8.40 x 10(3), 1.89 x 10(5)) at 30 days (n = 74), 4.62 x 10(4) (7.00 x 10(3), 1.36 x 10(5)) at 60 days (n = 70), and 5.09 x 10(4) (1.16 x 10(4), 1.00 x 10(5)) at 90 days (n = 70). The changes from baseline to 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS PI coupled with dental surgery has a significant suppressive effect on salivary MS levels in the setting of S-ECC for at least 90 days. These data strongly suggest that treatment with PI may be an important adjunct to dental surgery for S-ECC.
Best focus shift mechanism for thick masks

The best focus shift due to thick mask effects is well known, both in ArF, and more importantly in EUV, where the shorter wavelength is small compared to both mask openings and absorber height. While the effect is stronger in opaque features in clear field masks, the best focus shift is visible in dark field masks as well, and it becomes even more pronounced when scattering bars are added to non-dense features. This pattern dependent focus variation can be predicted in both exact EMF simulations and fast image calculations that are used for optical proximity correction (OPC). Even though this focus shift can be predicted and patterns can be corrected in OPC, we would like to understand the mechanism that causes this focus shift. This can help us understand if, in addition to best focus shift, the image quality is further deteriorated due to the thick mask effects. The best focus shift is found to be an interplay of the complex diffraction coefficient due to thick mask effects and the direction of the light that is incident on the mask, or coherence value σ. A change in focus adds a phase term to each of the complex diffraction coefficients, causing their rotation in a phasor diagram. Best focus is found when the phasors have an angle of 0 or 180 degrees to each other and depending on which diffracted orders are caught in the pupil and contribute to imaging. We investigate the effect of partial coherence, mask thickness, and assist feature placement on best focus shift. We observe a waveguide effect in the absorber gaps because of the reduced real index of refraction in the absorber layer, making vacuum the optically dense medium. We suggest ways to lessen the best focus shifts through assist feature placement or the use of alternative absorbers that are closer matched to the dielectric index of vacuum.
A method for partitioning neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates

A method was developed to fractionate the neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates (NDSC) in feedstuffs. Differential solubilities of carbohydrates in 80:20 (v/v) ethanol/water were used to partition NDSC into organic acids (OA) and mono- and oligosaccharides soluble in ethanol/water from starch and neutral detergent-soluble fibre (NDSF) which are insoluble. Mono- and oligosaccharides (total ethanol/water-soluble carbohydrate) were measured on the ethanol/water extract, and starch was measured on the ethanol/water-insoluble residue. The OA and NDSF, the two most compositionally diverse NDSC fractions, were estimated by difference. The method allows partitioning of the NDSC on a nutritionally relevant basis into (1) organic acids, (2) total ethanol/water-soluble carbohydrate, (3) starch and (4) neutral detergent-soluble fibre. The methods involved in this fractionation are relatively simple or are commonly used. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Zeta functions of algebraic cycles over finite fields

In this paper, we generalize the concept of a zeta function from zero cycles to higher dimensional cycles and investigate its meromorphic continuation and order of pole at t = 1 by means of a Riemann-Roch approach. We begin with an example which motivated the present work. A classical problem about finite fields is to find a formula for the number N~(d, n) of irreducible polynomials over Fq of degree d in n variables as d varies. This question goes back to Gauss (see the notes of Chapter 3 in [21]), who first found a formula in the case when there is only one variable and the finite field is a prime field Fp. Dickson generalized Gauss's formula from a prime finite field to a general finite field Fq. Since then, at tempts have been made to find a formula in the case of several variables. In 1936, Carlitz ([2]) found an analogous formula for the number of irreducible factorizable polynomials of degree d, where a polynomial over Fq is factorizable if it factors as a product of linear factors over the algebraic closure of Fq. This generalizes Gauss's formula in some sense. Later, Carlitz ([3-4]) established the asymptotic behavior of g'(d,n) (as d --, c~). Some of Carlitz's results were generalized by Cohen ([6-7I). Both Carlitz [3-4] and Cohen [6-7] said that no explicit formula for N~(d, n) is known in the several variable case. Using ideas from the theory of zeta functions, we found an explicit but complicated combinatorial formula for Nr n). The proof actually shows that in the several variable case, there is no combinatorial formula of the Gauss type; rather, there is a nice p-adic formula generalizing Gauss's formula. In some sense, this answers the question of Carlitz and Cohen. To understand this, we consider homogeneous polynomials. Let Nq (d, n) be the number of homogeneous irreducible polynomials over Fq of degree d in n
Direct Observation of Serotonin 5‐HT3 Receptor‐Induced Increases in Calcium Levels in Individual Brain Nerve Terminals

Confocal microscopy was used to assess internal calcium level changes in response to presynaptic receptor activation in individual, isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from rat corpus striatum, focusing, in particular, on the serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel. The 5-HT 3 receptor agonist-induced calcium level changes in individual synaptosomes were compared with responses evoked by K + depolarization. Using the fluorescent dye fluo-3 to measure relative changes in internal free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ), K + -induced depolarization resulted in variable but rapid increases in apparent [Ca 2+ ] i among the individual terminals, with some synaptosomes displaying large transient [Ca 2+ ] i peaks of varying size (two- to 12-fold over basal levels) followed by an apparent plateau phase, whereas others displayed only a rise to a sustained plateau level of [Ca 2+ ] i (two- to 2.5-fold over basal levels). Agonist activation of 5-HT 3 receptors induced slow increases in [Ca 2+ ] i (rise time, 15-20 s) in a subset (∼5%) of corpus striatal synaptosomes, with the increases (averaging 2.2-fold over basal) being dependent on Ca 2+ entry and inhibited by millimolar external Mg 2+ . We conclude that significant increases in brain nerve terminal Ca 2+ , rivaling that found in response to excitation by depolarization but having distinct kinetic properties, can therefore result from the activation of presynaptic ligand-gated ion channels.
ELIMINATING REDUNDANCY, CONFLICT, AND INCOMPLETENESS FROM KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS

The reliability of knowledge-based systems (KBSs) has been the subject of a great deal of recent research. Much of this research focuses on the verification of KBSs, specifically to eliminate redundant rules, conflicting rules, and to ensure that the KBS is complete. Often, verification is approached by testing the structural properties of the KBS after the rules have been defined. In this paper we take a different approach and show how the process of formal program derivation from software engineering can be applied to KBSs. The use of these techniques eliminates the need for post-development verification because program derivation guarantees that the KBS will not contain redundant rules, conflicting rules, or be incomplete. As such, verification concerns are addressed during development.
Protein Import and Routing Systems of Chloroplasts

Plastids are ubiquitous plant cell organelles that perform many essential functions. Chloroplasts are the most complex type of plastid, both structurally and functionally, containing six distinct compartments and performing essential processes, such as fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis in
The Effects of Irradiation Dose and of Photopolymer Composition on the Dissolution of Entrapped Dyes

Dissolution kinetics of dyes entrapped in photocrosslinked polymer matrix were investigated. Films containing thymine‐based bioinspired photopolymers and non‐toxic dyes were deposited on the polyethylterephthalate (PET) substrate from aqueous solutions. The films were cured by exposure to various UV‐irradiation doses (λ=254 nm) and developed in a weakly acidic aqueous medium. The UV‐Vis spectra of the films before and after curing and development were taken and the intensities of the bands corresponding to the absorbance of the respective dyes entrapped in the films were monitored for a variety of irradiation doses, development times, polymer compositions and two different dyes.
Optical waveform measurement by optical sampling with a mode-locked laser diode

Optical pulses from a GaAlAs laser diode directly modulated at a frequency f0 (971 MHz) are mixed in a LiIO3 crystal with optical sampling pulses at a frequency of f0 − 10 Hz from a mode-locked GaAlAs laser diode. The optical signal obtained by sum-frequency mixing in the crystal is observed with a photomultiplier and an oscilloscope. The original pulse waveform is reproduced clearly with a temporal resolution equal to the mode-locked laser-diode pulse width and at a repetition frequency of 10 Hz. Similar results are obtained with InGaAsP laser diodes at a wavelength of 1.3 μm.
Gangrenous intestine in a hernia can be reduced.

A 3-month-old former 31-week premature triplet presented with a perforated terminal ileum 36 hours after complete reduction of an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Classic pediatric surgery teaching asserts that gangrenous bowel in an inguinal hernia will not reduce. In this case, gangrenous bowel was reduced and proceeded to perforate after reduction. Though extremely rare, it is possible to reduce gangrenous bowel, and disposition requires reliable observation at home or hospitalization, if circumstances warrant.
LP Bounds of solutions of reaction-diffusion equations

(1979). LP Bounds of solutions of reaction-diffusion equations. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 827-868.
Usability of Selected Databases for Low-Resource Clinical Decision Support

Background: Smartphones are increasingly important for clinical decision support, but smartphone and Internet use are limited by cost or coverage in many settings. txt2MEDLINE provides access to published medical evidence by text messaging. Previous studies have evaluated this approach, but we found no comparisons with other tools in this format. Objectives: To compare txt2MEDLINE with other databases for answering clinical queries by text messaging in low-resource settings. Methods: Using varied formats, we searched txt2MEDLINE and five other search portals (askMEDLINE, Cochrane, DynaMed, PubMed PICO, and UpToDate) to develop optimal strategies for each. We then searched each database again with five benchmark queries, using the customized search-optimization formats. We truncated the results to less than 480 characters each to simulate delivering them to a maximum of three text messages. Clinicians with practice experience in low-resource areas scored the results on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Median scores and standard deviations from 17 reviewers were: txt2MEDLINE, 3.2±0.82 (control); askMEDLINE, 3.2±0.90 (p = 0.918); Cochrane, 3.8±0.58 (p = 0.073); DynaMed, 3.6±0.65 (p = 0.105); PubMed PICO, 3.6±0.82 (p = 0.005); and UpToDate, 4.0±0.52 (p = 0.002). Our sample size was sufficiently powered to find differences of 1.0 point. Conclusions: Comparing several possible sources for texting-based clinical-decision-support information, our results did not demonstrate one-point differences in usefulness on a scale of 1 to 5. PubMed PICO and UpToDate were significantly better than txt2MEDLINE, but with relatively small improvements in Likert score (0.4 and 0.8, respectively). In a texting-only setting, txt2MEDLINE is comparable to simulated alternatives based on established reference sources.
Techno-economic analysis and optimization models for carbon capture and storage: a survey

Carbon dioxide ( $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ ) emissions are projected to increase significantly during the coming decades if effective environmental policies are not implemented, and the negative impacts of carbon emissions will eventually hinder economic and human development. Carbon capture and storage is proposed to mitigate the global climate change due to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In this article, we focus on the technical developments and economic analysis of carbon capture and storage using optimization models and algorithms. The three main components of carbon capture and storage we discuss are: carbon capture, carbon dioxide transportation and carbon sequestration. In addition, to fulfill carbon dioxide reduction requirements, we also discuss the use of mathematical programming models solving energy expansion planning, $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ network design problems and $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ storage problems. Through the combination of technical and economic analysis of carbon capture and storage technologies, possible directions for sustainable developments of low-carbon energy economy can be evaluated.
Structural characterization of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 gp120

Abstract The human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 15e and 21 h are derived from HIV-1-infected individuals. They block CD4 binding, recognize conformation-dependent discontinuous epitopes on gp120 and neutralize a broad range of laboratory strains and primary isolates of HIV-1. To determine if a structural basis for neutralization could be identified, analysis of these CD4-binding site anti-gp120 human mAbs was performed, common features and differences were identified and a comparison was made with F105, a previously reported CD4-binding site anti-gpl20 human mAb. The 15e and 21h mAb heavy chains are derived from different V region genes, i.e. V2-1 and VDP-35, which are members of the VHIV and VHIII families, respectively. Analysis of the genes encoding the heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 revealed that both mAbs show a long DH segment of similar size that could arise from D-D fusions of the dxpl/dlrl and daudi/d22-12 germline DH genes along with use of the JH6 and JH5 germline segments. Similarly, the 15e and 21h light chains are derived from different V region genes, i.e. Hum01/012 and Humlv318, that are members of the VkappaI and VlambdaIIIa gene familes, respectively. These V genes are rearranged with Jkappal and Jlambda2 germline genes. For both mAbs, the pattern of replacement mutations in the V region genes of the heavy and light chains is consistent with a process of somatic mutation and antigen-driven clonal selection. By comparing the CDRs of 15e, 21h and F105, eight positions in the rearranged heavy chains and two positions in the rearranged light chains were found to have identical amino acids. These studies suggest that there is no absolute restriction in the use of V region germline genes and form the foundation for understanding the humoral immune response to the CD4-binding site of gp120.
hCG-receptor binding and transmembrane signaling

The technique of site-directed mutagenesis has proven to be quite powerful in elucidating contact sites involved in the interaction of the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones and their respective seven transmembrane (TM) G protein-coupled receptors. Our laboratory has focused on identification of the minimum core sequences of the alpha and beta subunits required for bioactivity, the minimum length of a conjoined (yoked) single-chain hCG, the amino acid residues on hCG and the LH/CG-receptor (LH/CG-R) responsible for high-affinity binding, and the regions of the receptor that are involved in TM signaling. A number of amino acid residues have been mapped on the alpha and beta subunits of hCG that appear important in receptor binding. When projected onto the crystal structure of HF-treated hCG, these residues, by and large, cluster on one side of the molecule and cover a sizeable surface area, indicating that the hormone-receptor binding interface is rather extensive. Based on mutagenesis studies of several conserved ionizable amino acid residues in the extracellular domain (ECD) of LH/CG-R and a model that we, in collaboration with Drs Lapthorn and Isaacs, have developed for this region based on the crystal structure of porcine ribonuclease inhibitor, a charged region that appears to play an important role in hormone-receptor recognition has been identified. We have also delineated several regions of LH/CG-R that do not appear to participate in hCG binding but are involved in hCG-mediated signaling. These regions are located in the ECD and extracellular loop III just prior to entry into the membrane via TM helices I and VII, respectively, and in TM helices VI and VII. Similarly, a homologous region in the ECD of the FSH receptor, located with ten residues of TM helix I, is important in signaling but not hormone binding. These results suggest that ligand binding and ligand-mediated receptor activation are quasi-distinct, albeit sequential phenomena. Collectively, our mutagenesis and modeling studies, coupled with results from other laboratories, argue for a ligand-induced conformational change of the receptor that may involve a relative reorientation of the TM helices.
Array methodology singles out pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria are covered in sugars that facilitate the establishment of pathogenic or symbiotic relationships with other cells. Microarrays of carbohydrate-binding proteins now can provide quick snapshots of these sugar coats as they change during the bacterial life cycle and differ among bacterial strains.
ANOTHER LOOK AT “CULTURAL FAIRNESS”1

Four definitions of “cultural fairness” are examined and found to be not only mutually contradictory (for reasons which are explained), but all based on the false view that optimum treatment of cultural factors in test construction or test selection can be reduced to completely mechanical procedures. If a conflict arises between the two goals of maximizing a test's validity and minimizing the test's discrimination against certain cultural groups, then a subjective, policy-level decision must be made concerning the relative importance of the two goals. The terms in which this judgment should be made are described, and methods are described for entering the result of this judgment into mechanical procedures for constructing a “culturally optimum” test. Such a test will not necessarily fit any of the four definitions of “cultural fairness.”
Age Stereotypes as a Function Of Race

The article discusses research pertaining to the effect of race on age stereotyped attitudes. Black and white business students were asked to rate 30-year old and 60-year old workers based on work-...
Consistent strategy-proof assignment by hierarchical exchange

We characterize the family of efficient, consistent, and strategy-proof rules in house allocation problems. These rules follow an endowment inheritance and trade procedure as in Papai’s hierarchical exchange rules (Papai in Econometrica 68, 1403–1433, 2000) and closely resemble Ergin’s priority rules (Ergin in Econometrica 70, 2489–2497, 2002). We prove that if there are at least four objects, these are the only rules that are efficient in two-agent problems, $$2$$ -consistent, and strategy-proof. A corollary is that these three basic properties together imply the full requirements of efficiency, consistency, group strategy-proofness, and reallocation-proofness.
QuickSet: multimodal interaction for distributed applications

QuickSet: Multimodal Interaction for Distributed Applications Philip R. Cohen, Michael Johnston, David McGee, Sharon Oviatt, Jay Pittman, Ira Smith, Liang Chen and Josh Glow Center for Human Computer Communication Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology
Cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase properties of the enzyme of human blood platelets.

1. 1. A cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase of human blood was mostly localized in the platelets and the leukocytes. The platelets accounted for the majority of the total activity. Most of the activity associated with the erythrocytes could be accounted for by the contamination of leukocytes and platelets. The plasma exhibited no phopshodiesterase activity. 2. 2. After sonication, 80% or more of the phosphodiesterase activity in the platelets remained in a high speed supernatant fluid. The soluble enzyme hydrolyzed cyclic AMP at a rate of 2 to 5 nmoles/mg protein per min at 30°. It also hydrolyzed other cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotides, and the relative rates were: cyclic AMP (100), cyclic UMP (67), cyclic TMP (58), cyclic GMP (56), cyclic IMP (38), cyclic CMP (<0.1) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0). The hydrolysis of cyclic AMP was inhibited by cyclic GMP, cyclic IMP, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but not by cyclic CMP, cyclic TMP, and cyclic UMP. 3. 3. The platelet enzyme required divalent cations for full activity. Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ were effective ions. It was inhibited by EDTA, ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates. Although the inhibition by EDTA was explainable by metal chelation, the effect of ATP appeared more complicated. The inhibition by caffeine was of a mixed type. 4. 4. The enzyme exhibited two Km values, one of 7·10−4 M and another of 7·10−5 M.
Quark-hadron duality in a relativistic, confining model

Quark-hadron duality is an interesting and potentially very useful phenomenon, as it relates the properly averaged hadronic data to a perturbative QCD result in some kinematic regimes. While duality is well established experimentally, our current theoretical understanding is still incomplete. We employ a simple model to qualitatively reproduce all the features of Bloom-Gilman duality as seen in electron scattering. In particular, we address the role of relativity, give an explicit analytic proof of the equality of the hadronic and partonic scaling curves, and show how the transition from coherent to incoherent scattering takes place.
Increasing and maintaining exercise and physical activity

The efficacy of exercise and physical activity for promoting health, coupled with the high prevalence of sedentariness in most industrialized nations, has implications for behavior therapy. Exercise and physical activity are frequently used as adjunctive or primary interventions in behavior therapy. However, adherence is usually poor in exercise programs. To clarify past research and facilitate future research and applications in behavior therapy, 56 studies that used behavior modification or cognitive-behavior modification to increase and maintain exercise and physical activity are critically reviewed. These studies show that increases in self-reported frequency of physical activity and attendance in exercise programs accompany all the interventions used. Other conclusions cannot be drawn, because most studies have limited internal or external validity due to their non- or quasi-experimental designs, or their use of indirect estimates of exercise, physical activity and fitness, or their failure to link increased exercise or activity with fitness or therapeutic outcomes. Thus, the effectiveness and generalizability of behavior change interventions with exercise and physical activity remain unclear. To illustrate theoretical approaches to changing exercise and physical activity, the Relapse Prevention Model and the Transtheoretical Model are discussed. Personal attributes, environments, and features of physical activity associated with the adoption and maintenance of exercise and physical activity are also discussed, because they can influence behavior therapy interventions. The timeliness of studying exercise and physical activity interventions in behavior therapy is reinforced by their designation by the U.S. Public Health Service as research priorities for the year 2000.
Abstract 4513: Engineering apoferritin nanocages for tumor imaging and therapy.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Ferritin is a major iron storage protein found in human and most living organisms. Each ferritin is comprised of 24 subunits, which self-assemble to form a cage-like nanostructure. Apoferritins (FRTs) refer to those that are without iron encapsulated. FRT is an interesting nanoplatform and holds great potential in cancer imaging and drug delivery for several reasons. 1) Biosafety. Compared to many other biomaterials, FRTs have fewer concerns in toxicity and immunogenicity. 2) Unique nanostructure. Despite the rigidness under physiological conditions, the FRT nanoarchitecture can be broken down into FRT subunits in an acidic environment (pH = 2). Interestingly, such a process is reversible. When the pH is tuned back to neutral, the FRT subunits will be reconstituted into a nanocage structure, and almost in an intact fashion. This feature can be harnessed to form hybrid nanostructures and to allow for efficient drug loading. 3) Easy surface modification. As a protein, FRT nanocages can be genetically modified to present a peptide sequence on the surface. In addition, FRTs have multiple lysine and cysteine groups on the surface that can be easily linked with functional molecules, such as a fluorescence dye or a targeting peptide. 4) High loading capacity. In addition to iron and transition metals, many small molecules are able to be encapsulated into FRT interiors efficiently. Making use of these unique characteristics, we recently developed several multifunctional FRT-based probes for tumor imaging. Very recently, we found that doxorubicin can be internalized into RGD modified FRTs (RFRTs) with high efficiency (up to 70 wt%). The Dox-loaded RFRTs kept integrin selectivity, which was confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo imaging. Therapeutic studies on U87MG subcutaneous models observed a good tumor growth inhibition rate (89.6%) and reduced cardiotoxicity. Citation Format: Jin Xie, Zipeng Zhen, Wei Tang. Engineering apoferritin nanocages for tumor imaging and therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4513. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4513
TmpL, a transmembrane protein required for intracellular redox homeostasis and virulence in a plant and an animal fungal pathogen

The regulation of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for developmental differentiation and virulence of many pathogenic fungi. In this report we demonstrate that a novel transmembrane protein, TmpL, is necessary for regulation of intracellular ROS levels and tolerance to external ROS, and is required for infection of plants by the necrotroph Alternaria brassicicola and for infection of mammals by the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. In both fungi, tmpL encodes a predicted hybrid membrane protein containing an AMP-binding domain, six putative transmembrane domains, and an experimentally-validated FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain. Localization and gene expression analyses in A. brassicicola indicated that TmpL is associated with the Woronin body, a specialized peroxisome, and strongly expressed during conidiation and initial invasive growth in planta. A. brassicicola and A. fumigatus DeltatmpL strains exhibited abnormal conidiogenesis, accelerated aging, enhanced oxidative burst during conidiation, and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress when compared to wild-type or reconstituted strains. Moreover, A. brassicicola DeltatmpL strains, although capable of initial penetration, exhibited dramatically reduced invasive growth on Brassicas and Arabidopsis. Similarly, an A. fumigatus DeltatmpL mutant was dramatically less virulent than the wild-type and reconstituted strains in a murine model of invasive aspergillosis. Constitutive expression of the A. brassicicola yap1 ortholog in an A. brassicicola DeltatmpL strain resulted in high expression levels of genes associated with oxidative stress tolerance. Overexpression of yap1 in the DeltatmpL background complemented the majority of observed developmental phenotypic changes and partially restored virulence on plants. Yap1-GFP fusion strains utilizing the native yap1 promoter exhibited constitutive nuclear localization in the A. brassicicola DeltatmpL background. Collectively, we have discovered a novel protein involved in the virulence of both plant and animal fungal pathogens. Our results strongly suggest that dysregulation of oxidative stress homeostasis in the absence of TmpL is the underpinning cause of the developmental and virulence defects observed in these studies.
Selective Dampening of the Gas Permeability of a Langmuir−Blodgett Film Using Moist Permeants

The permeability of helium across a composite membrane derived from six monolayers of 5,11,17,23,29,35-hexaamidoxime-37,38,39,40,41,42-hexakis(1-octyloxy)calix[6]arene (1) and poly[1-(trimethylsily...
Phosphorylation of non-histone proteins in the regulation of chromosome structure and function.

Non-histone chromosomal proteins are phosphorylated and dephosphorylated within the intact nucleus by two independent sets of reactions, a protein kinase reaction which transfers the terminal phosphate group of a variety of nucleoside and deoxynucleoside triphosphates to serine and threonine residues in the proteins, and a phosphatase reaction which cleaves these phosphoserine and phosphothreonine bonds and releases inorganic phosphate. Several lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of these proteins is involved in gene control mechanisms, including the findings that phosphorylated non-histone proteins are highly heterogeneous and their phosphorylation patterns are tissue specific, changes in their phosphorylation correlate with changes in chromatin structure and gene activity, addition of phosphorylated non-histone proteins increases RNA synthesis in vitro, and phosphorylated non-histone proteins bind specifically to DNA. Cyclic AMP has both stimulatory and inhibitory properties on non-histone protein phosphorylation, depending on the enzyme fraction and substrate employed. A specific protein component whose phosphorylation is inhibited by cyclic AMP has been found to be associated with RNA polymerase. The cyclic AMP-induced decrease in the phosphorylation of this protein correlates with an enhancement of RNA synthesis in vitro. These results suggest that both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of chromatin-associated proteins may be involved in the control of gene readout.
Hospital Demography and Turnover Among Nurses

There has been increasing interest in examining turnover at the organizational level of analysis. In a study using a sample of more than 250 hospitals, turnover among nurses is found to be negatively related to the local unemployment rate and positively related to two demographic measures which assess the degree of inequality or heterogeneity in length of service among nurses. Turnover in this study is shown to be related to heterogeneity among cohorts, not individuals or groups. The results are consistent with earlier studies which have shown the importance of organizational demography for understanding turnover and demonstrate important differences in the way in which demography can be measured.
An Idiothetic Examination of Vocational Interests and Their Relation to Career Decidedness.

This study examined individuals’ deviation from J. L. Holland’s (1985, 1997) normative circular RIASEC model of organizing interests and determined if deviation is related to career indecision, career certainty, and perceptions of competence. Information was gathered from 162 college students enrolled in a career development course. Results revealed that deviation from the normative structure was associated with less career certainty and more career indecision. The contention that deviation was related to lower general self-efficacy was not supported. The range of interest structures used and the degree of deviation from the normative Holland RIASEC circle was also assessed. Recommendations for counselors are discussed. Almost all vocational interest models and instruments are based on normative structures, that is, structures generated and validated on large groups of people. A prominent example of such a normative structure is Holland’s (1985, 1997) RIASEC hexagon (or circle) of interest and occupation types. Holland proposed that vocational interests and occupations can be categorized into six main types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional and that these types are organized in a hexagonal manner with proximity among types representing similarity. Although there are some different views on the structure of interests
Genetic and biochemical analyses of protein II.

We compared the structure of P.II proteins of gonococcal strain FA1090 by N-terminal sequence analysis of purified proteins and by DNA sequencing of cloned P.II genes. Regulation of P.II gene expression does not involve major DNA rearrangements, but may involve generation of frame-shifts in unexpressed P.II genes. There are probably 8 or 9 P.II genes, each possessing a common leader sequence, in the gonococcal chromosome.
Neonatal peptides affect developing rats: β-endorphin alters nociception and opiate receptors, corticotropin-releasing factor alters corticosterone

The dose-response relationship of neonatal (days 1-7) administration of beta-endorphin (BE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on body weight, eye opening, response to thermal pain, and concentrations of plasma and adrenal corticosterone were measured in developing rat pups. At the highest dose (50 micrograms/pup), neonatal CRF reduced body weight, while 10 and 50 micrograms/pup accelerated eye opening. In addition, a reduction in concentration of plasma and adrenal corticosterone was correlated with the dose of neonatal CRF, whereas adrenal weights were not altered. BE produced none of these effects, but 1, 10 and 50 micrograms/pup on days 1-7 significantly reduced baseline latencies in a novel water-bath tail-flick test on day 9. These same animals showed reduced numbers of brain opiate receptors on day 14. The results indicate that peptide administration during the sensitive neonatal period can alter the development of physiological processes that will later be influenced by the peptide.