cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Concept of Mutuality

Purpose Mutuality is explored as an interaction style for providers and clients that encourages accountability. Significance Accountability by both providers and clients is necessary to manage health care costs and outcomes. Organizing framework Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis. Scope Literature from 1930 to 1996. Mutuality is compared to autonomy, reciprocity, consumerism, negotiation, participation, collaboration, and paternalism. Conclusions Mutuality is shown to balance power and respect, and to promote productive provider-client communication. This interaction style for partnership relationships fosters positive and lasting health care outcomes. Implications Nurses are challenged to develop the skill of eliciting give and take, and creative, mutual exchanges.
Acid-base balance during lactic acid infusion in the lizard Varanus salvator.

Abstract Although reptiles rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production during activity, little is known concerning their ventilatory response to the attendant metabolic acidosis. We measured arterial P CO 2 , H + and lactate (L) ion concentrations, and the rates of CO 2 (Ṁ CO 2 ) and O 2 (Ṁ O 2 ) exchange in Varanus salvator (n = 9) during intravenous infusions of lactic acid (HL) or sodium lactate (NaL; 250 mM) at rest. Two protocols were used: (1) 15 min infusions of 0.42 ml/min at both 25 and 35°C with measurements every 5 min; (2) 4.5 min infusions of 1.73 ml/min at 35°C with measurements at 4.5 min. At 35°C, control pH decreased from its value at 25°C with a slope of −0.007/°C and Pa CO 2 increased. The results of HL infusion were: (1) [L]a increased, (2) Ṁ CO 2 increased, (3) R (Ṁ CO 2 /Ṁ O 2 ) increased, (4) pHa decreased, and (5) Pa CO 2 remained unchanged from control ast both temperatures and at both infusion rates. The only significant changes in Pa CO 2 observed were following the termination of fast HL infusions, when Pa CO 2 decreased. In NaL infusions, only small changes were obeserved except in [L]a. The results indicate that: (1) ΔpH/ΔT in V. salvator is less than in other poikilothermic vertebrates, but consistent with other varanid lizards, (2) respiratory compensation is slight in response to acute metabolic acidosis in this species, and (3) ventilation follows changes in Ṁ CO 2 rather closely, accounting for precise regulation of Pa CO 2 despite 4-fold increases in Ṁ CO 2 elicited by bicarbonate buffering and increased metabolic rate.
Rate of evolution of a character without epistasis

Abstract It is shown that the rate of change of the mean of a character under selection is [Formula: see text] where C, ¯W, ΔZ, and B denote the genic (additive genetic) covariance of the character and fitness (i.e., the covariance of the average effect on the character and the average excess for fitness of every allele that affects the character), the mean fitness, the average of the changes in the genotypic values of the character over the next generation, and a correction term, respectively. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the monoecious population mates at random. The character is determined by arbitrarily many multiallelic loci without epistasis; the linkage map is also arbitrary. If there is no dominance, then B = 0; if, in addition, the genotypic values of the character are constant, then Δ¯Z = C/¯W. Even if dominance is present, for weak selection and slowly varying genotypic values, Δ¯Z ≈ C/¯W. If the character is fitness itself, then C is the genic variance in fitness.
Effects of a fluorescent brightener on the activity of Anagrapha falcifera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus to four noctuid pests

Abstract The influence of Calcofluor white M2R (=Tinopal LPW = fluorescent brightener 28), a fluorescent brightener, on the laboratory activity of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Af M NPV) isolated from the celery looper Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) was determined. The species challenged with and without M2R included Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), all economically important pest species of a number of food and fiber crops. Levels of enhancement as determined by LC 50 values varied from 2.9- to 13.6-fold, whereas levels of LC 95 values ranged from 3.7- to 16-fold, depending on the species. The greatest enhancement occurred among T. ni larvae. LT 50 values were significantly affected particularly when lower concentrations of polyhedra were fed. The presence of M2R reduced LT 50 values up to 2.1-fold among the species tested. The optimum concentrations for M2R enhancement were between 0.25 and 1% (wt/vol). Choice tests between water- and M2R-treated diet showed that larvae preferred non-M2R-treated diet. The implications of these data for use of M2R as an adjuvant for Af M NPV and other baculoviruses are discussed.
Racial and Sexual Identities of Asian American Gay Men

ABSTRACT This paper reports results of two studies about the racial and sexual identities of Asian American gay men. In the first study, 32 Asian American gay men completed measures assessing racial and sexual identity attitudes. Results suggested that Assimilationists had the most negative sexual identity attitudes, followed by Marginalists and Separationists, with Integrationists having the most positive sexual identity attitudes. Study 2 was a qualitative study based on interviews with 10 of the participants in Study 1. Twenty-nine themes were identified and grouped under five domains (personal background, coming out, being Asian in the U.S., being gay in the U.S., and multiple identities). Most themes were related to the parallel and interactive processes between participants' racial and sexual identity development. Practical and research implications are discussed.
Freshwater fish distribution

With more than 29,000 species, fishes are the most diverse group of vertebrates on the planet. Of that number, more than 12,000 species are found in freshwater ecosystems, which occupy less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface and contain only 2.4 percent of plant and animal species. But, on a hectare-for-hectare basis, freshwater ecosystems are richer in species than more extensive terrestrial and marine habitats. Examination of the distribution patterns of fishes in these fresh waters reveals much about continental movements and climate changes and has long been critical to biogeographical studies and research in ecology and evolution. Tim M. Berra's seminal resource, "Freshwater Fish Distribution", maps the 169 fish families that swim in fresh water around the world. Each family account includes the class, subclass, and order; a pronunciation guide to the family name; life cycle information; and interesting natural history facts. Each account is illustrated, many with historical nineteenth-century woodcuts. Now available in paperback, this heavily cited work in ichthyology and biogeography will serve as a reference for students, a research support for professors, and a helpful guide for tropical fish hobbyists and anglers.
Fermilab E687 results and future high statistics charm experiment FOCUS/E831

Results from the Fermilab charm photoproduction experiment E687 are reviewed. The physics goals and the improvements being made for the next experiment (FOCUS/E831) are described. We expect to accumulate a million fully reconstructed charm decays which represent an order of magnitude improvement over E687.
Forged Communities and Vulgar Citizens: Autonomy and its Límites in Semineoliberal Bolivia

Resumen Este articulo examina el impacto de los procesos de descentralizacion politica sobre comunidades indigenas del altiplano boliviano. Enfatizando la creacion de nuevos municipios rurales, describo las maneras en que las nuevas concepciones y practicas de la vida civica impactan formas locales de produccion social, las cuales hace anos han entretejido las comunidades indigenas dentro de la nacion y mas alla de la misma. Examino estas experiencias del nuevo panorama administrativo para entender mejor la textura del espacio civico y politico bajo el neoliberalismo y su situacion posterior.
Neuroendocrine–Bacterial Interactions in a Neurotoxin-Induced Model of Trauma

Background: The destruction of noradrenergic nerve cell innervation and resultant release of norepinephrine into the systemic circulation accompany severe tissue trauma. To examine whether destruction of noradrenergic neurons may directly influence the growth of indigenous bacteriain vivo,the selective noradrenergic neurotoxic agent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was employed in a murine model of trauma-induced norepinephrine release. Materials and methods: Following 6-OHDA administration, the cecums of 6- to 8-week-old male CF-1 mice were excised and examined for total bacterial counts and identification of bacterial species present in both the luminal space and intestinal wall. Lipopolysaccharide levels were also measured. Results: An increase of 3–5 logs in the total gram-negative population, most notablyEscherichia coli,compared to controls on a per gram equivalent basis was observed at 1 day post-6-OHDA. Neurotoxin-induced alterations in cecal flora were completely inhibited by the prior administration of the catecholamine uptake blocker desipramine hydrochloride, indicating the specificity of the effect being due to the released norepinephrine. Within 14 days following chemical sympathectomy, during which regeneration of noradrenergic neurons occurs, the cecal flora returned to the distribution observed in controls. Levels of lipopolysaccharide were not increased in either the luminal contents or cecal tissue at any of the time points. Conclusions: These results suggest that the destruction of noradrenergic neurons during trauma and consequent release of norepinephrine into the systemic circulation may influence thein vivogrowth of the indigenous bacterial population within the gastrointestinal system.
Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Violence Against Impoverished Women

Research and knowledge of violence against impoverished women continues to be limited. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of violence against impoverished women and therefore inform prevention and intervention efforts for this population, the authors report on recent (past 6 months) physical, sexual, and psychological violence among 898 women who were randomly sampled from temporary shelter settings (n = 460) and low-income housing (n = 438) in Los Angeles County. Women experienced notable rates of violence during the past 6 months (e.g., 23% of sheltered women and 9% of housed women reported physical violence). Perpetrators were diverse, particularly for the sheltered women, including sexual partners, family, and strangers. These findings, and others suggesting that the different types of violence are distinct and severe, may call for more comprehensive screening and intervention efforts to enhance the safety of impoverished women.
The Practitioner's Role

Practitioners who provide care for adolescents have a unique opportunity to address issues of adolescent sexuality. This article discusses shortcomings in residency training and possible solutions. The role of the practitioner in the office setting, issues of confidentiality and consent, and school-based sexuality education are reviewed.
Random Packing of Heterogeneous Propellants

A random packing algorithm is implemented to construct numerically models of heterogeneous propellants. These models consist of random distributions of spheres in a periodic cube. The spheres can have various sizes, randomly assigned if desired. Packing fractions are calculated for a bimodal model (spheres of two different sizes) and compare well with old experimental data for steel shot. Slices through the cube dee ne surfaces that represent propellant surfaces, and the stoichiometry of these surfaces is a stochastic variable. Several realizations of the propellant cube are constructed and variations in surface stoichiometry are examined using histograms and Fourierseries.Asamplee amecalculation ispresented andsolved using datadee ned by a singlesurfacerealization.
Anisotropic actuation of mechanically textured polypyrrole films

Abstract Free-standing polypyrrole films have been stretched or cold rolled to produce uniaxially and biaxially textured films. The oriented films show an increase in conductivity up to 3× when compared to unprocessed films, due to polymer chain alignment. Highly anisotropic active stress and strain are observed for the textured films, with up to 7× larger active strains transverse to the orientation direction. This anisotropy results in a 100% increase in active stress and 70% increase in active strain when compared to unprocessed films, and active strains over 10% (when cycled at 0.1 V/s) have been achieved with this method.
Angiotensin II-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance mediated by NF-κB activation via NADPH oxidase

Reduced insulin sensitivity is a key factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is particularly important for its major role in insulin-media...
The neglected role of adolescent emotional well-being in national educational achievement: bridging the gap between education and mental health policies.

Purpose: Although child poverty is recognized as a critical determinant of poor educational achievement in the United States, policy discussions on raising academic achievement rarely include the importance of the effects of poverty on the mental health of adolescents. This article examines the role of adolescent emotional well-being (indicators of depression) as a mediator of the effects of poverty on differences in educational achievement at the national and U.S. state levels. Methods: Differences in standardized adolescent academic achievement across 23 developed countries and 39 U.S. states were analyzed using path analytic techniques to test the hypothesis that indicators of adolescent emotional well-being mediate relations between child poverty rates and academic achievement. Results: Child poverty rates were related to both adolescent emotional well-being and educational achievement across both U.S. states and developed countries. Path analyses showed that the status of a country’s or state’s adolescent emotional well-being is a strong predictor of its educational achievement and that emotional well-being mediates the relationship between poverty and educational achievement. Conclusion: Policies designed to ameliorate the adverse effects of poverty on mental health are critical as they are likely to improve both average educational achievement and student emotional well-being. Attention to improving mental health care not only has the potential to reduce societal and individual costs directly related to health but also to reduce the indirect costs of poor educational achievement. 2011 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.
Study of “Reverse Annealing” of Boron Under Low Temperature Lamp Anneals

The reverse annealing of ion implanted boron, namely, the decrease in the concentration of electrically active boron as the isochronal annealing temperature increases, occurs in the temperature range from 550 to 650°C during conventional furnace heating. In this study, silicon crystals were boron implanted at 50 Kev to a dose of 1×10 15 cm -2 followed by both furnace and tungsten-halogen lamp annealing in the reverse annealing temperature range. Cross-sectional Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) technique was used to examine the microstructural changes during annealing as a function of depth. Sheet resistance measurements gave a quick check of the electrical properties, while spreading resistance profiling with shallow angle lapping and Hall measurements reveals the mobility and carrier concentration as a function of depth. Czochralski and Float Zone crystals were studied to examine the effect of oxygen. Tungsten-halogen lamp thermal processing was found to have a more pronounced effect on the annealing of secondary defects than did furnace annealing. The reverse annealing of boron was eliminated completely for lamp annealing time as short as 60 seconds.
Data-driven diffusion modeling to examine deterrence

The combination of social network extraction from texts, network analytics to identify key actors, and then simulation to assess alternative interventions in terms of their impact on the network is a powerful approach for supporting crisis de-escalation activities. In this paper, we describe how researchers used this approach as part of a scenario-driven modeling effort. We demonstrate the strength of going from data-to-model and the advantages of data-driven simulation. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations of this approach for the chosen policy domain and our anticipated future steps.
Semiparametric Mixtures of Generalized Exponential Families

A semiparametric mixture model is characterized by a non-parametric mixing distribution Q (with respect to a parameter 0) and a structural parameter β common to all components. Much of the literature on mixture models has focused on fixing β and estimating Q. However, this can lead to inconsistent estimation of both Q and the order of the model m. Creating a framework for consistent estimation remains an open problem and is the focus of this article. We formulate a class of generalized exponential family (GEF) models and establish sufficient conditions for the identifiability of finite mixtures formed from a GEF along with sufficient conditions for a nesting structure. Finite identifiability and nesting structure lead to the central result that semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation of Q and β fails. However, consistent estimation is possible if we restrict the class of mixing distributions and employ an information-theoretic approach. This article provides a foundation for inference in semiparametric mixture models, in which GEFs and their structural properties play an instrumental role.
Good enough tools for global warming policy making.

We present a simple analysis of the global warming problem caused by the emissions of CO2 (a major greenhouse gas) into the atmosphere resulting from the burning of fossil fuels. We provide quantitative tools which enable policymakers and interested citizens to explore the following issues central to the global warming problem. (i) At what rate are we permitted to continue to emit CO2 after the global average atmospheric concentration has ‘stabilized’ at some chosen target level? The answer here provides the magnitude of the effort, measured by the necessary total reduction of today’s global (annual) emissions rate to achieve stabilization. We shall see that stabilized emissions rates for all interesting stabilized concentration levels are much lower than the current emissions rate, but these small finite values are very important. (ii) Across how many years can we spread the total effort to reduce the annual CO2 emissions rate from its current high value to the above-mentioned low and stabilized target value? The answer here provides the time-scale of the total mitigation effort for any chosen atmospheric concentration target level. We confirm the common understanding that targets below a doubling of the pre-industrial concentration create great pressure to produce action immediately, while targets above double the pre-industrial level can tolerate longer periods of inaction. (iii) How much harder is the future mitigation effort, if we do not do our share of the job now? Is it a good idea to overshoot a stabilization target? The quantitative answers here provide the penalty of procrastination .F or example, the mitigation task to avoid doubling the pre-industrial level is a problem that can be addressed gradually, over a period extending more than a century, if started immediately, but procrastination can turn the effort into a much more urgent task that extends over only a few decades. We also find that overshooting target levels is a bad idea. The quality of public discourse on this subject could be much enhanced if ball-park quantitative answers to these questions were more widely known.
SURVEY BIAS ON THE FRONT PORCH Are All Subjects Interviewed Equally

We examine whether survey interviewers are biased in their views of certain classes of respondents, thereby introducing unobserved bias into survey results. There has been a great deal of previous research on how racial and gender dynamics affect the responses given by respondents during face-to-face surveys. In this article, we turn this issue around and ask whether human interaction affects how the interviewer views the respondents, and if so, how this may systematically bias surveys. If interviewers are biased, this may impede their ability to conduct interviews in a consistent, nonjudgmental, and unbiased manner. Using three surveys that required the interviewer to evaluate how informed and intelligent the respondents appeared, we found that interviewers were more likely to evaluate respondents of lower socioeconomic status as less informed and less intelligent, even after controlling for objective levels of political information. There is also evidence that Blacks may be negatively evaluated.
Variation in nicotine consumption in inbred mice is not linked to orosensory ability.

Genetic studies of nicotine addiction in mice have utilized the oral self-administration model. However, it is unclear if strain differences in nicotine consumption are influenced by variation in bitter taste sensitivity. We measured both nicotine consumption and nicotine brief-access licking behavior in several commonly used inbred strains of mice that were previously shown to differ in nicotine consumption. A/J (A), C57BL/6J (B6), and DBA/2J (D2) mice were given a 2-bottle choice test with a single concentration of nicotine (75 lg/ml; nicotine vs. water). Mice of these strains were also tested with a range of nicotine concentrations (5–400 lg/ml) using a brief-access test, which measures orosensory response and minimizes postingestive effects. Although B6 mice consumed more 75-lg/ml nicotine than A or D2 mice in the 2-bottle test, these strains did not differ in level of aversion to nicotine when tested with the brief-access procedure. Strain differences in orosensory response to nicotine were not found; yet, differences emerged during the 2-bottle tests. This study provides evidence that variation in intake level of nicotine is likely not due to differences in taste or trigeminal sensitivity but likely due to postingestive factors.
OLD MAN RIVER: The Flow of Pediatric Oncology

Progress in pediatric oncology has been made by gathering individual investigators and their work into even larger research groups. The authors liken this process to the way small waters coalesce to form large rivers. This pattern can be traced back for most of the entities included under the rubric pediatric oncology, but it is more convenient and informative to do so with respect to two specific entities: acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Wilms' tumor. These malignancies are used as surrogates for the liquid and solid tumors and are addressed in this article.
The RZZ complex requires the N-terminus of KNL1 to mediate optimal Mad1 kinetochore localization in human cells

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a surveillance mechanism that blocks anaphase onset until all chromosomes are properly attached to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Checkpoint activity requires kinetochore localization of Mad1/Mad2 to inhibit activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome in the presence of unattached kinetochores. In budding yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans, Bub1, recruited to kinetochores through KNL1, recruits Mad1/Mad2 by direct linkage with Mad1. However, in human cells it is not yet established which kinetochore protein(s) function as the Mad1/Mad2 receptor. Both Bub1 and the RZZ complex have been implicated in Mad1/Mad2 kinetochore recruitment; however, their specific roles remain unclear. Here, we investigate the contributions of Bub1, RZZ and KNL1 to Mad1/Mad2 kinetochore recruitment. We find that the RZZ complex localizes to the N-terminus of KNL1, downstream of Bub1, to mediate robust Mad1/Mad2 kinetochore localization. Our data also point to the existence of a KNL1-, Bub1-independent mechanism for RZZ and Mad1/Mad2 kinetochore recruitment. Based on our results, we propose that in humans, the primary mediator for Mad1/Mad2 kinetochore localization is the RZZ complex.
Scholarly Metrics Baseline: A Survey of Faculty Knowledge, Use, and Opinion about Scholarly Metrics

This article presents the results of a faculty survey conducted at the University of Vermont during academic year 2014–2015. The survey asked faculty about: familiarity with scholarly metrics, metric-seeking habits, help-seeking habits, and the role of metrics in their department’s tenure and promotion process. The survey also gathered faculty opinions on how well scholarly metrics reflect the importance of scholarly work and how faculty feel about administrators gathering institutional scholarly metric information. Results point to the necessity of understanding the campus landscape of faculty knowledge, opinion, importance, and use of scholarly metrics before engaging faculty in further discussions about quantifying the impact of their scholarly work.
Prominent Feelings and Self-Regard Among Survivors of Suicide: Does Time Heal All Wounds?

This cross-sectional study explores associations between elapsed time since the loss and outcomes of main feelings surrounding the loss and self-regard among 187 help-seeking survivors bereaved by ...
Electrical Conductivity and pHe Response of Fuel Ethanol Contaminants

Electrical conductivity and pHe are used in some parts of the world as fuel specification parameters for denatured fuel ethanol (DFE). Conductivity has been correlated with the presence of corrosive ions such as chloride, and high-conductivity fluids are more likely to cause electrochemical or galvanic corrosion. This study examined how electrical conductivity and pHe of DFE are affected by impurities, including sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), hydrochloric acid, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sulfuric acid, acetic acid, water, and hydrocarbon denaturant. Conductivity and pHe response data were measured at impurity concentrations permissible by ASTM D4806, the most commonly used specification for DFE. Conductivity was determined to be very responsive to strong acids, NaCl, and MgCl2, which have high solubility and dissociation constants in DFE. Molar conductivity of solutions containing these ions measured 40–60 S cm2/mol. Conductivity was relatively unresponsive to MgSO4 (a salt with low s...
Sensitivity of the Baby-Chick Comb to Male Sex Hormone.∗:

Of the various existing tests for the male sex hormone, that of the capon comb is generally recognized as being the most satisfactory. The cost of capons and their upkeep is a hindrance to wide use of this test. If baby chicks can be utilized to test for male hormone properties, the cost of such tests will be materially reduced.The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the comb of the baby chick is sufficiently sensitive to the action of male sex hormone to warrant the more extensive experiments necessary to establish that the baby chick may be used as a test object. †As a preliminary experiment 3 groups of day-old, Single-comb White Leghorn chicks (7 chicks to the group) were injected subcutaneously with the male hormone product testosterone. A fourth group of 7 chicks was carried as controls. Group 1 received 25 gamma daily, and group 3 received 100 gamma. After 4 injections, 2 chicks of Group 1, 5 chicks of Group 2 and all those in Group 3 showed a definite increase in comb growth. Inj...
The paraspinal muscles and their role in the maintenance of global spinal alignment. Another wrinkle in an already complex problem.

Commentary on Yagi M, Hosogane N, Watanabe K, Asazuma T, Matsumoto M, Keio Spine Research Group. The paravertebral muscle and psoas for the maintenance of global spinal alignment in patient with degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Spine J 2016:16:451–8 ( in this issue ).
Pharmacy students' perception of learning and satisfaction with various active learning exercises

Abstract Objective To evaluate pharmacy studentsʼ perceptions of learning and satisfaction related to eight active learning exercises. Methods Eight active learning exercises were implemented in class recitation sessions. Students completed anonymous surveys in an introductory session to identify interests, goals, strengths, and weaknesses, as well as at the courseʼs end to assess perceptions of learning and satisfaction with each active learning exercise. Results All students ( n = 76) responded to both surveys. Students consistently ranked exercises, in which they created, answered, rated, and commented on multiple-choice questions (PeerWise) or answered factual questions in a Jeopardy ™ -like format highest both for accomplishment of their learning goals and for satisfaction or enjoyment. Comments supported data from the rankings. Conclusions Students, overall, enjoyed the variety of active learning exercises. Active learning exercises such as PeerWise TM and Jeopardy ™ appeared to be particularly effective in fostering student learning, satisfaction, and interest in further engagement.
Afterword: returning to philosophical foundations in research ethics

This is an afterword to the JME symposium on the benefit/risk ratio challenge in clinical research, and the case of HIV cure. It notes implications of the symposium for research ethics in general.
"Praise the Lord" politics : a comparative analysis of the social characteristics and political views of American evangelical and charismatic Christians

While both the evangelical and charismatic movements have been the focus of scholarly analyses in recent years, virtually no attention has been given to the nature of the relationship between the two movements and whether the two movements might be united politically under one banner. This paper seeks to address this issue by comparing and contrasting the social bases and political perceptions of American evangelical and charismatic Christians. The analysis is then used as a basis for assessing the potential for growing political cohesion between the two groups over the next few years.
DNA Polymerases: Kinetics and Mechanism

Polymerases can replicate DNA with extraordinary speed and fidelity, copying a template strand at a rate of 300 base pairs per second and making a mistake only one time out of a million. When the polymerase does make a mistake, it stalls by slowing the incorporation of the next correct base pair on top of the mismatch, giving time for a proofreading exonuclease to remove the mismatched base. Selective removal of mismatched bases by the proofreading exonuclease contributes an additional factor of ~1000, resulting in a net fidelity of approximately one error in a billion bases copied. Not all polymerases achieve such high fidelity, however. Rather, each polymerase has evolved a fidelity that balances the biological needs for stability and adaptability. Although the fidelity varies greatly among the polymerases that have been examined in detail, the pathway by which a correct base pair is selected remains invariant. This article briefly summarizes our understanding of the kinetic, structural, and thermodynamic bases governing the fidelity of DNA replication.
Relationships between time use and obesity in a representative sample of Americans.

Objective To provide a nationally representative analysis of time use in America for insight into behaviors associated with obesity. Methods This study utilized 28,503 observations of individuals aged 22 to 70 from the American Time Use Survey, a continuous cross-sectional survey on time use in America. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to analyze sociodemographic characteristics, determine activity participation levels and time spent in activities, understand nonlinear associations between activity time and BMI, and appreciate differences in activity timing between BMI categories. Results Short and long sleep and work were associated with increased BMI. On weekdays, individuals with obesity were more likely to be working at night and sleeping during the day. They were less likely to participate in sports/exercise/recreation, but those that participated did so for amounts of time not different than normal-BMI individuals. Those with obesity were more likely to watch television almost all hours of the day. Further differences are detailed for health-related, sedentary, and household activities. Conclusions Both short and long sleep, as well as the timing of sleep and work activity, are associated with obesity. Motivation to exercise nonzero amounts may be an appropriate target for intervention. Television is chief among sedentary activities in their association with obesity.
The case for many Internets

Internet studies research often concentrates on mainstream platforms, practices, and users at the expense of people and technologies at the margin. This article introduces a collection of essays that addresses the gap in research, taking a number of different approaches. Indeed, arguing for a diverse and multi-faceted understanding of digital technologies can take a number of forms, including studying platforms that are incredibly common yet rarely investigated, looking at practices that fall outside the scope of mainstream communication research, and investigating communities that are non-Western, non-urban, and/or non-heteronormative. Research in these areas is crucial in developing a broader understanding of online platforms, and for expanding theoretical frameworks related to technology, media, and communication.
A Current-Reference-Based Selective Harmonic Current Mitigation PWM Technique to Improve the Performance of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Active Rectifiers

In this paper, a selective harmonic current mitigation pulsewidth modulation (SHCM-PWM) technique with low switching frequencies is proposed for grid-connected cascaded H-bridge multilevel rectifiers to fully meet harmonic requirements within extended harmonic spectrum. In the proposed technique, instead of using the voltage references to calculate switching angles for the rectifier as in conventional selective harmonic elimination-PWM (SHE-PWM) or selective harmonic mitigation-PWM (SHM-PWM), current references are used to compensate the current harmonics due to both grid voltage harmonics and rectifier input voltage harmonics so as to meet the current harmonic requirements and total demand distortion within the whole harmonic spectrum. Furthermore, the techniques to design the critical parameters including switching frequency, the highest harmonic order that can be mitigated using the proposed current-reference-based technique, and the coupling inductance that can attenuate the current harmonic orders above the highest order are investigated. With the same switching frequency, the proposed SHCM-PWM technique uses smaller coupling inductance to meet higher orders of current harmonic requirements than the conventional SHE-PWM technique. Finally, simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the proposed technique.
Experimental study of carbonate formation in oceanic peridotite

Abstract Interactions of CO2-rich aqueous fluids with mantle peridotite have major implications for geochemical budgets and microbial life in the shallow oceanic lithosphere through the formation of carbonate minerals and reduced carbon species. However, the underlying mechanisms controlling the transformation of CO2 to carbonates in ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems remain incompletely understood. A long-term laboratory experiment was conducted at 300 °C and 35 MPa to investigate serpentinization and carbonate formation pathways during hydrothermal alteration of peridotite. Powdered harzburgite was initially reacted with a Ca-rich aqueous fluid for 14,592 h (608 days) and changes in fluid composition were monitored with time. Once the system reached a steady state, a CO2(aq)-rich fluid was injected and allowed to react with the system for 5907 h (246 days). Fluid speciation and mineral analyses suggest that serpentinization of harzburgite in the CO2-poor system led to the precipitation of serpentine, brucite, magnetite, and minor calcite, in addition to other minor phases including chlorite and sulfur-poor Ni sulfides. The addition of the CO2(aq)-rich fluid caused dolomite, Ca-rich dolomite, and high-Mg calcite to form at the expense of olivine, calcite, and brucite, while serpentine remained unreactive. Replacement textures and mineral assemblages mimic those documented in carbonate-altered seafloor serpentinites, particularly those from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Iberia Margin. In contrast to thermodynamic predictions, magnesite did not form in the experiment because the dissolution of clinopyroxene, in combination with the lack of serpentine reactivity, maintained low Mg/Ca ratios in solution. Clinopyroxene dissolution and unreactive serpentine may similarly maintain low Mg/Ca ratios in submarine serpentinization systems and limit magnesite formation in subseafloor environments. Results of this study suggest that the formation of Ca–Mg carbonates by mineral carbonation is favorable in subseafloor serpentinization systems and likely represents a significant, but poorly quantified, carbon sink in hydrothermally altered oceanic lithosphere at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges.
Job Quality and Poverty in Latin America

Labor market dynamics have played a significant role in the remarkable social gains experienced across Latin America over the recent past. Assessing the quality of employment, beyond the perspective of income, to include other fundamental aspects of jobs --such as whether jobs are secure, provide benefits, or allow human capital accumulation -- can shed light on the sustainability of these achievements. This is particularly pertinent given the region's current economic slowdown. Using harmonized data for 17 countries in Latin America, this paper connects the role of job quality with the recent process of inclusive growth across the region, and particularly with how individuals worked their way out of poverty. The paper first proposes a multi-dimensional measure for job quality, and then uses this measure to compare job quality across countries and over time. The paper also studies some of the correlates of job quality and the relationship between job quality and poverty. The main finding is that job quality across the region began to increase since 2004, coupled with the favorable terms of trade brought to the region by the commodities super cycle of the 2000s. The best predictors of job quality are age, gender, education, formal employment, and union membership. Both health and retirement benefits are the dimensions of job quality that are best correlated with not living in poverty.
Soluble CD30 (sCD30), a Marker of Th2 Polarization, Is Elevated in Patients with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) but Not with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia (ITP).

Introduction. CD30, member of the TNF-receptor family, is expressed on activated T and B cells. Upon CD30 signaling and the downstream event of cytokine release of IL-4 and IL-13, CD30 is cleaved by a metalloprotease, resulting in soluble CD30 (sCD30). sCD30 has been shown to be a reliable proxy for Th2 activity and is elevated in Th2-polarized disorders such as atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but is subnormal in patients with Th1-polarized disease such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Eur J Immunol2001; 31:1927–1934). Elevated sCD30 levels were also found in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma or anaplastic large cell lymphoma. We investigated sCD30 levels in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Method. We measured plasma sCD30 levels in 35 patients with ITP, 12 with AIHA, 8 with SLE, 9 with lymphoma and 18 healthy controls. sCD30 was measured by ELISA (Bender Medsystems) in platelet poor plasma from citrated blood. Results. Compared to controls (19.0 ± 6.2 units/mL), sCD30 levels were significantly higher in AIHA (mean 145.6, p=0.03) but not in ITP (22.7, p=0.1). sCD30 levels were also elevated in SLE (mean 73.6, p=0.001) and lymphoma (mean 107.4, p=0.04), confirming previously published studies. In AIHA, sCD30 levels were not significantly different in patients with active/chronic disease versus those in clinical remission, although levels trended higher during the acute episodes of hemolysis. In ITP, sCD30 levels were also similar between active disease versus remission and splenectomized versus unsplenectomized patients. Conclusion. Our results support the hypothesis that AIHA and SLE are Th2-polarized disorders, whereas ITP is not. Lack of significant differences in sCD30 between active disease and remission in AIHA and ITP may suggest that imbalances of Th1/Th2 immunity persist regardless of clinical course, consistent with Panitsas et al (BMC Blood Disord2004; 4:4). Discussion. Prior studies have examined serum cytokine concentrations such as IFN-γ and IL-4 in patients with ITP and reached inconclusive results. But recent studies using more sensitive techniques such as RT-PCR indicate that ITP is a Th1-polarized disorder (Blood2004; 103:2645–2647). Our findings of elevated sCD30 levels in AIHA but not ITP lead to a provocative question: what is it about the immunological destruction of platelets that makes it associated with a markedly different Th1/Th2 milieu in comparison to the destruction of red blood cells? We propose that the key differences are 1) platelets are more potent in modulating immunity via mechanisms including CD40L (CD154) release upon platelet activation (Immunity2003; 19:9–19) and 2) platelets express MHC I molecules whereas red blood cells do not and hence they are processed by macrophages in a different manner (Transfusion2002; 24:958–961).
Millennials Almost Twice As Likely To Be Registered Nurses As Baby Boomers Were

Baby-boomer registered nurses (RNs), the largest segment of the RN workforce from 1981 to 2012, are now retiring. This would have led to nurse shortages but for the surprising embrace of the profes...
MaxDiff Choice Probability Estimations on Aggregate and Individual Level

This paper considers methods of estimation of choice probability using Maximum Difference (MaxDiff) technique, also known as Best-Worst Scaling (BWS). The paper shows that on the aggregate level the choice probabilities can be obtained using analytical closed-form solution and other approaches such as Thurstone scaling, Bradley-Terry maximum likelihood, and Markov modeling via Chapman-Kolmogorov equations for steady-states probabilities. On the individual level, to account for the exact combinations presented in each task, the Cox hazard model is employed, as well as new approaches of least squares objective for maximum difference, and maximum likelihood in order statistics. The results are useful in the practical MaxDiff applications for items prioritization in marketing research.
Screening for heat stress in workers and athletes

Heat-related illnesses lead to almost 6000 hospital visits per year, or two emergency department visits per 100,000 visits. Heat-related illnesses are most high among men (72%) aged 15 to 19 years and are most often associated with athletic activities (1). Global climate change will continue to have an impact on heat stress in people, on animal survival, and on food availability. The World Health Organization has estimated that over the past 30 years, 150,000 lives have been lost annually due to global heat waves and climate change (2). Weather changes have a great impact on athletes and workers by slowing efficiency and decreasing productivity (3, 4). When heat waves occur, overall mortality is also affected among the old and the young, due to their increased risk of dying from cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular, and some cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (3). Despite increasing temperatures and environmental levels of carbon dioxide, one third of metropolitan areas do not have heat stress response plans (5). Cases of heat stress are handled on a case-by-case basis rather than by being addressed collectively as a public health concern. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health initiated heat stress criteria in 1986 and amended them in 2008 regarding worker heat stress safety (6). Few people are aware of these criteria, of the risk factors associated with a predisposition to heat stress, or of the signs or symptoms to look for that represent risk factors for heat stress. The rules and standards proposed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for workplace heat stress are recommendations and still not enforceable (7). Screening for heat stress susceptibility in workers and athletes is an issue in need of public health criteria with enforceable rules based on evidence-based research. Screening for heat stress risk factors should consider physical demand level; cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine status; previous history of heat stress; age; diseases; and medications including illegal drug use. Such screening should be part of the recruitment of any person expected to work or play in extremely hot environmental conditions. Older people are at increased risk for cardiovascular and thermoregulatory instability. The aging American workforce, undiagnosed disease, poor hydration while working or playing, and global warming are all factors that contribute to the need to screen workers and athletes for the risk of heat stress (8). This article first reviews some physiological aspects of temperature regulation and then provides a formula for heat stress testing, discusses guidelines for screening, and reviews accommodations for those susceptible to heat stress.
Hydrogen production by photosynthetic green algae

Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms are capable of absorbing light and storing up to 10-13% of its energy into the H-H bond of hydrogen gas. This process, which takes advantage of the photosynthetic apparatus of these organisms to convert sunlight into chemical energy, could conceivably be harnessed for production of significant amounts of energy from a renewable resource, water. The harnessed energy could then be coupled to a fuel cell for electricity generation and recycling of water molecules. In this review, current biochemical understanding of this reaction in green algae, and some of the major challenges facing the development of future commercial algal photobiological systems for H2 production have been discussed.
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Pharmacist Orientation Toward Dispensing Controlled Substances.

Objectives: We sought to understand how pharmacists viewed and used a newly implemented prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP). We also sought to understand pharmacist orientation toward dispe...
Data Breaches and Trust Rebuilding: Moderating Impact of Signaling of Corporate Social Responsibility

Data breach is a serious global security and trust concern. Data breaches have both direct and indirect as well as a short-term and long-term financial implications for the victim organization. One of the significant long-term financial costs is the loss of consumer trust in the organization. It seems that the sheer number and size of data breaches, insider data breaches, in particular, is not about to slow down anytime soon. There is a need to heighten information security to prevent such breaches, and there is a need to deploy trust-building strategies to minimize the trust fallout from such breaches. There is plenty of evidence that consumers use corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a means of differentiating one company from another. In this paper, we examine if CSR strategies such as embracing a social cause (LGBT and nature) could assist in repairing organizational trust in the wake of a data breach.