cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolved Brain: Understanding Religious Ethics and Religious Violence

We are living in the midst of one of the greatest periods of intellectual discovery in the history of religious studies. Scholars from anthropology, psychology, evolutionary biology, neuroscience and philosophy are developing a cognitive science of religion which promises to revolutionize and profoundly deepen our understanding of religion. Scholars have tried for centuries to lay bare the empirical bases for religious beliefs but, without disparaging those efforts, it is only with the development of the cognitive sciences that we can move beyond arm-chair speculation or merely phenomenal descriptions of religion and develop an empirically grounded explanation for religious belief and behavior.
A stromal focus reveals tumor immune signatures

Modulating the host immune response to tumors holds considerable potential for cancer treatment opportunities, yet directly assaying gene expression of immune cells in tumors remains challenging. The immune component of the tumor might represent a relatively small fraction of cells, and different
Comparative Study of Ballistic Transport in Si and GaAs Using Non Equilibrium Green's Function Formalism

This paper demonstrates a comparative study of Silicon (Si) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) in Double Gate Silicon -- on-Insulator (DGSOI) MOSFET, where electrons, when held in a quantum well, are ballistic ally transported from source to drain. Different parameters like Density of States (DOS), current voltage (IV) characteristics and exchange correlation effects are compared and discussed using Non Equilibrium Green s' Function (NEGF) formulation.
Variational inference of cluster-weighted models for local and global sensitivity analysis

Variational inference is employed to infer cluster-weighted models from input-output data. Variational relations are derived for hyperparameters of the joint probability density of the model's parameters and latent variables. The result is an alternative to inferring the parameters through expectation maximisation. Surrogate models derived from the resulting predictive distributions have high data fidelity, good regularity between the data, and are quickly evaluated. These traits make them well-suited to sampling-based global sensitivity analyses through variance decomposition. Moreover, analytical local derivatives of the regression functions are readily computed to support sampling of the derivatives throughout the factor space. Results are presented for local and global sensitivities of two examples based on cluster-weighted surrogate models inferred from limited samples. The first example is analytical; the second builds on previous work by the authors in global, full-field sensitivity analysis of computational models of near-ground sound propagation.
Ethical Reasoning About Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation and Patient Eligibility Based on Psychosocial Criteria.

Abstract Purpose: Bone marrow transplantation has been given insufficient attention as a context for clinical ethics. Of concern are the patient and family who disagree with a BMT program's “do not proceed” decision based on psychosocial issues and who request an ethics review. In follow-up to a 2006 national survey in which patients were determined not to be appropriate candidates for allogeneic (allo) BMT based on select psychosocial risk factors, this study reports on whether ethicists agreed with decisions of their oncology colleagues and how they justified their agreements/disagreements. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to chairpersons of ethics committees at hospitals with a BMT Program that does adult allo BMT, is accredited by the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy, and is designated as a National Marrow Donor Program Transplant Center. The questionnaire included six case vignettes on which oncology physicians, nurses, and social workers in the 2006 study agreed not to proceed with allo BMT based on a patient having one of the following psychosocial risk factors: suicidal ideation; use of addictive, illicit drugs; history of non-compliance with treatment; lives far from the hospital and has no caregiver; drinks daily and is told he is an alcoholic; and has mild dementia from early onset of Alzheimer's disease. In each case allo BMT is the only curative option, the patient has leukemia, has a matched donor, and both patient and family want to proceed. Results: The survey response rate was 37%. On average, ethicists were older than professionals from each of the three other groups. Percentage of male ethicists was higher than nurses or social workers, but lower than physicians. Ethicists' years of experience were similar to physicians, but more than nurses or social workers. The opinion of ethicists regarding whether or not to proceed with BMT differed from the other three professional groups on one case only, a patient with mild dementia from early onset of Alzheimer's disease. For this case, 27% of ethicists recommended not proceeding with BMT; this was significantly lower than the do not proceed recommendation from nurses (68%, P Conclusions: Access to health care is commonly understood to be an ethical issue, but the gravity of BMT as a potentially life saving decision adds urgency to the issue. BMT clinicians can be reassured that, for the most part, ethicists concur with their “do not proceed” decisions. That ethicists appear reluctant to attempt to over-rule clinicians, except in the case of mild dementia, may reflect the ethicists' ideal of maximizing potential to do good in conflict with the clinicians' bedside reality of minimizing potential harms to a patient who lacks decisional capacity and may be unable to comply with difficult treatment protocols. Ethics consults may prove a helpful resource when patients/families disagree with BMT programs' decisions to base eligibility on psychosocial as well as biomedical criteria.
On the Ecology of Theories

In a striking passage, the ecologist Ramon Margalef points out how both the perceptions and the theories of different ecologists are strongly shaped by the particular kind of environment they study: Ecosystems reflect the physical environment in which they have developed, and ecologists reflect the properties of the ecosystems in which they have grown and matured. All schools of ecology are strongly influenced by genius loci that goes back to the local landscape. “Desert” ecologists, working in arid countries where weather fluctuations exert a controlling influence on poorly organized communities, would hardly accept as a suitable basis for ecological theory the points of view put forward in the preceding chapter. … The mosaic-like vegetation of Mediterranean and Alpine countries, subjected to millennia of human interference, has assisted at the birth of the plant sociology school. … Scandinavia, with a poor flora, has produced ecologists who count every shoot and sprout. It is a pity that the tropical rain forest, the most complete and the complex model of an ecosystem, is not a very suitable place for the breeding of ecologists. And it is only natural that the vast spaces and smooth transitions of North America and Russia have suggested a dynamic approach in ecology and the theory of climax. In such areas, the concept of succession, one of the great and fruitful ideas of classical ecology, was best formulated.1
Observation of NMR in an isomeric state following a nuclear reaction

Abstract The isomeric state in 73As ( 426 keV , 9 2 + ·τ 1 2 = 6 μs ) was produced and aligned by the 71Ga(α, 2n) reaction in a liquid Ga metal target. The resulting γ-ray anisotropy was attenuated by inducing NMR transitions with a 1 MHz rf field. The value g = +1.146 ± 0.007 was determined.
Ejaculatory Dysfunction: Retrograde Ejaculation

Retrograde ejaculation is a relatively rare cause of male infertility. Yet, as one of the few pathologies in male infertility that can in some cases be successfully treated with medications, it is important for the clinician to be able to diagnose and treat this entity. Recent studies have demonstrated findings pertaining to the cause and mechanism of retrograde ejaculation that run contrary to classical teaching. This chapter will examine these findings and review the causes, workup, diagnosis, and treatment for retrograde ejaculation. A clinical vignette of a common presentation of retrograde ejaculation is presented and workup, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.
“Time perspective” and time of day

One hundred and twenty Ss were verbally administered a past-future time perspective questionnaire to determine whether time perspective is systematically influenced by time of day. The results indicate a significant time of day effect. Past and future events appear less distant at mid-day than at early A.M. or late P.M.
Actuator Position Control Applications

In Chap. 3, the hardware characteristics for representative actuators such as the AX-12 and MX-28 were described and the key information was on the rotational encoders that were used for the AX-12/18 (a variable potentiometer, restricted to a 300° range) and for the MX-28/64 (a magnetic field detector allowing a full 360° range). In this chapter, the programming aspects for controlling such actuators via the TASK and MOTION EDITOR (V.1) tools are described using concepts/parameters such as Present Position, Goal Position, Goal Speed, Torque Limit, Present Load, Motion Page and Joint Offset. The capabilities of the newer R+MOTION (V.2) tool will be discussed in Chap. 10 using the DARWIN-MINI and the XL-320.
Mania induced by narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy treatment: A case report and review of the literature.

Phototherapy has been used for decades in the treatment of many common dermatologic conditions, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, vitiligo, and scleroderma, among others. Prior to the commencement of phototherapy, many factors must be considered. For dermatologists, the most important factors include the determination of a patient's skin phototype, concurrent use of photosensitizing agents, and calculation of minimal erythema dose (MED). Though infrequent, the side effects to phototherapy commonly discussed with patients include burns, ocular toxicity, polymorphous light eruption, potential for skin carcinogenesis, and possible worsening of the skin disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Unified Framework for Evaluating Supply Chain Reliability and Resilience

As the complexity of supply chain structures and the frequency of their disruptions rise, businesses are increasingly recognizing the value of supply chain reliability and resilience (SCRR). A number of efforts have been devoted to define SCRR or to develop risk mitigation strategies for their improvement. However, a key question remaining to be answered is how SCRR should be quantified. Existing methods are insufficient in addressing this question on two important fronts: First, they do not adequately represent the interdependencies between different supply chain nodes; second, they do not allow for the modeling of actionable decisions and thus cannot be used to guide improvement strategies. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a unified framework for evaluating SCRR that internalizes design inputs and is flexible to varying degrees of data availability. The proposed framework captures risks involved in the supply, the demand, the firm itself, and the external environment. It also contributes to the literature by relating SCRR to the supply chain's risk-mitigating capabilities prior to or postdisruptions. A novel method using the supply chain's inherent buyer–supplier relationships is designed to model node interdependencies. Two example applications are discussed to demonstrate how this framework can be utilized to assist in reliable and resilient supply chain design.
Dissociation Between Hormonal Counterregulatory Responses and Cerebral Glucose Metabolism During Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is the most common complication of diabetes, causing morbidity and death. Recurrent hypoglycemia alters the cascade of physiological and behavioral responses that maintain euglycemia. The extent to which these responses are normally triggered by decreased whole-brain cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc) has not been resolved by previous studies. We measured plasma counterregulatory hormonal responses and whole-brain CMRglc (along with blood-to-brain glucose transport rates and brain glucose concentrations) with 1-[11C]-d-glucose positron emission tomography during hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps at nominal plasma glucose concentrations of 90, 75, 60, and 45 mg/dL (5.0, 4.2, 3.3, and 2.5 mmol/L) in 18 healthy young adults. Clear evidence of hypoglycemic physiological counterregulation was first demonstrated between 75 mg/dL (4.2 mmol/L) and 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) with increases in both plasma epinephrine (P = 0.01) and glucagon (P = 0.01). In contrast, there was no statistically significant change in CMRglc (P = 1.0) between 75 mg/dL (4.2 mmol/L) and 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L), whereas CMRglc significantly decreased (P = 0.02) between 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) and 45 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L). Therefore, the increased epinephrine and glucagon secretion with declining plasma glucose concentrations is not in response to a decrease in whole-brain CMRglc.
Testing inter-observer reliability of the Transition Analysis aging method on the William M. Bass forensic skeletal collection.

Objectives Skeletal age estimation is an integral part of the biological profile. Recent work shows how multiple-trait approaches better capture senescence as it occurs at different rates among individuals. Furthermore, a Bayesian statistical framework of analysis provides more useful age estimates. The component-scoring method of Transition Analysis (TA) may resolve many of the functional and statistical limitations of traditional phase-aging methods and is applicable to both paleodemography and forensic casework. The present study contributes to TA-research by validating TA for multiple, differently experienced observers using a collection of modern forensic skeletal cases. Materials and methods Five researchers independently applied TA to a random sample of 58 documented individuals from the William M. Bass Forensic Skeletal Collection, for whom knowledge of chronological age was withheld. Resulting scores were input into the ADBOU software and maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were produced using the forensic prior. Krippendorff's alpha was used to evaluate interrater reliability and agreement. Inaccuracy and bias were measured to gauge the magnitude and direction of difference between estimated ages and chronological ages among the five observers. Results The majority of traits had moderate to excellent agreement among observers (≥0.6). The superior surface morphology had the least congruence (0.4), while the ventral symphyseal margin had the most (0.9) among scores. Inaccuracy was the lowest for individuals younger than 30 and the greatest for individuals over 60. Consistent over-estimation of individuals younger than 30 and under-estimation of individuals over 40 years old occurred. Individuals in their 30s showed a mixed pattern of under- and over-estimation among observers. Discussion These results support the use of the TA method by researchers of varying experience levels. Further, they validate its use on forensic cases, given the low error overall.
Simulation of surface strain in tibiofemoral cartilage during walking for the prediction of collagen fibre orientation

AbstractThe collagen fibres in the superficial layer of tibiofemoral articular cartilage exhibit distinct patterns in orientation revealed by split lines. In this study, we introduce a simulation f...
INACTIVATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE SPORES BY DISINFECTANTS

OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to evaluate the activity of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants against Clostridium difficile using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists' (AOAC) sporicidal test. This study was undertaken because gastrointestinal endoscopes that may be contaminated with C difficile spores are most commonly disinfected between patients using glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants. DESIGN Using the AOAC test, the following disinfectants were tested: 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, 2% acid glutaraldehyde, a 1:16 dilution of a 2% glutaraldehyde-7.05% phenol-1.20% sodium phenate, and a 1:20 dilution of a 10% glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0.1% amylphenol. RESULTS Test results of the four disinfectants against C difficile spores at exposure times of 10, 20, and 60 minutes were as follows (number of positive penicylinders per 30 replicates): 0, 0, and 0 for 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde; 6, 3, and 0 for 2% acid glutaraldehyde; 30, 29, and 30 for a 1:16 dilution of glutaraldehyde-7.05% phenol-1.20% sodium phenate; and 30, 30, and 30 for a 1:20 dilution of glutaraldehyde-0.5% phenylphenol-0.1% amylphenol. CONCLUSIONS C difficile spores are more susceptible to inactivation by glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants than the spore-forming organisms recommended in the AOAC sporicidal test (i.e., Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium sporogenes). Diluting glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants below 2% led to the inability to inactivate spores of C difficile using exposure times commonly employed to disinfect semicritical items such as gastrointestinal endoscopes.
Development from Conception through Adolescence: Physiological and Psychosocial Factors Impacting Children with Special Health Care Needs

Human development for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) can be approached from purely psychological/psychosocial or physiological perspectives. Nevertheless, both of these developmental perspectives are rooted in the combined genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that uniquely shape each individual. With advances in genomics, we are finding that every person experiences disability and special needs, whether major or minor in extent, and that childhood and adolescent physiology and behaviors derive from events in utero and even earlier in the individual’s ancestry. Therefore, we start with theories of psychosocial development, mostly nonbiological in scope, then trace back to physical development from conception to birth, and conclude with a summary of “birth defects,” that is, conditions monitored by public health systems and that arise from genetic, cell division, or environmental exposures in utero that impact later physical and psychosocial development. The ultimate goals are to illustrate Wilson’s consilience concept as applied to human development as well as contextual, biopsychosocial approaches (e.g., theInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) towards improving CSHCN life outcomes from social and community perspectives.
Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases during Extracellular Matrix Turnover

Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover is a critical step in the tissue remodeling that accompanies many physiologic as well as pathologic processes. Normal remodeling events, such as wound healing and trophoblast implantation, require coordinated synthesis and removal of ECM components. These physiologic processes are strictly regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion, and are usually limited in extent. They result in a functionally intact matrix and preservation of tissue boundaries. Pathologic events may result in the extensive and uncontrolled ECM destruction that is often seen in the inflammatory collagen vascular diseases. Such processes cause the loss of normal matrix boundaries and matrix functions. Alternately, inactivation of the matrix degradative machinery may result in excessive ECM accumulation that disrupts normal tissue structure and function. Proteases responsible for matrix turnover have been identified in all four classes of proteases (seryl-, cystyl-, aspartyl- and metalloproteinases). However, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes appears to be primarily responsible for much of the coordinate or discoordinate degradation of the ECM that occurs during physiological and pathological events, respectively. Comprehending the precise points of regulation for MMP activity may facilitate therapeutic intervention in pathologic situations that characteristically favor either unregulated ECM destruction or excessive deposition of matrix components.
A clinical approach to childhood gender identity disorder.

This article offers a review of gender identity disorder (G.I.D.) with a case presentation of a four-year-old boy. The youngsters’ cross-gender behavior, concomitant diagnoses, treatment, parental ...
Carcinoma of the lung and tobacco smoking: a historical perspective.

![Figure][1] In 1933, Evarts Graham and J. J. Singer reported the first successful case of pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung (1). This occurred in the era of pioneering developments in thoracic surgery, and this announcement had an electrifying effect among those surgeons working in
Effects of glycerol concentration, equilibration time and temperature of glycerol addition on post-thaw viability of boar spermatozoa frozen in straws.

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of glycerol concentration, equilibration time and temperature of glycerol addition on post-thaw viability of boar spermatozoa after cryopreservation in straws. Semen (split ejaculate) in maxi-straws (6 mm o.d.) was frozen using a programmable freezing chamber. Three methods for in vitro sperm evaluation were used: motility (MOT), acrosome integrity (NAR) and flow cytometric analysis of sperm treated with carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide to assess sperm plasma membrane integrity (PMI). No interactions were found among the three variables evaluated. Length of prefreeze exposure to glycerol, ranging from .5 min to 75 min, had no effect on post-thaw sperm viability. Exposure of sperm to a glycerol-containing extender medium at 5 degrees C gave improved post-thaw viability over that exposed at 0 degree C (P less than .05). Glycerol at a concentration of 3 or 4% resulted in maximum post-thaw MOT. Acrosome integrity values were greatest for 2 and 3% glycerol, whereas PMI was greatest when glycerol concentration was 4 to 6%. The primary cryoprotective effect of glycerol on boar semen may be extracellular. It is concluded that 3 or 4% glycerol gives maximum viability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa when the present methods are employed.
Modern Bromance, Mikhail Bakhtin, and the Dialogics of Alterity

Employing Bakhtin’s concept of the dialogic, Wall examines the ways in which the claims to a progressive politics of gender of the contemporary “bromance” are consistently undermined by an investment in heteronormativity. Otherness, alterity, and transgression are similarly key features that serve to problematize the structures of representation while simultaneously delimiting and delegitimizing otherness. Situating the bromance in the history of Hollywood buddy films as well as touching on the transgressive nature of film comedy, the chapter outlines the ideological labour of the text through a discussion of the nature of genre while underlining the multivalence of the cinematic text. Wall discusses a number of films in detail and the discourses of disgust, desire, anxiety, spectacle, and seduction that characterize the bromance genre generally.
Effects of coordination sphere on unusually large zero field splitting and slow magnetic relaxation in trigonally symmetric molecules.

Geometric control in mononuclear complexes has come to the forefront in the field of molecular magnets due to its profound effects on relaxation pathways and blocking temperature in single molecule magnets (SMMs). Herein we report the synthesis and magnetic characterization of six trigonally symmetric, divalent Fe, Co, and Ni molecules, with the rigid geometry enforced via the use of the tris-anionic, tetradentate ligand MST (N,N′,N′′-[2,2′,2′′-nitrilotris-(ethane-2,1-diyl)]tris(2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide)). A systematic study on the effect of converting between trigonal monopyramidal complexes, (Me4N)[M(MST)], and trigonal bipyramidal complexes, (Me4N)[M(MST)(OH2)] was conducted experimentally and computationally. It was found that (Me4N)[Ni(MST)] exhibits a very large, near record zero-field splitting parameter (D) value of −434 cm−1, owing to an extremely low lying first excited state. The trigonal monopyramidal cobalt and iron complexes exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under applied fields, resulting in barriers of 45 K and 63.9 K respectively. Coordination of a single water molecule in the open axial site of the trigonal monopyramidal complexes exerts drastic dampening effects on the D value as well as slow relaxation. Computations reveal that coordination of water rotates the Dzz axis away from the C3 axis of symmetry resulting in a smaller D value. The aquo species (Me4N)[Co(MST)(OH2)] also exhibits magnetic relaxation under an applied field, but the barrier is reduced to 9.9 K. Water coordination totally quenches the magnetic behavior in the iron complex, and reduces the D value for nickel to −185 cm−1. These results showcase the drastic effect that a small change in the coordination environment can have on magnetic behavior, as well as that trigonal monopyramidal geometry can lead to near record D values.
Social Status and Classroom Behavior in Math and Science during Early Adolescence

Social status is a salient feature of the classroom peer ecology in early adolescence, yet research has not examined how it plays out within the domains of math and science. The current study investigated the behavioral profiles of cool and admired youth (n = 739, 51% female) in 5th and 6th grade math and science classes. “Cool” youth were perceived by peers as academically oriented, prosocial, and not disruptive. When grade level differences were found, they tended to favor 5th graders, such that cool youth had even more positive profiles in 5th grade compared to 6th grade. Admiration was associated with a more adaptive pattern of behaviors than coolness, and grade level differences were less pronounced. Cross-lagged models revealed some reciprocal relationships between behavior and social status. Implications for teachers are discussed, namely that attention to social status dynamics is important for creating a positive social climate that supports early adolescent engagement in math and science classes.
An LC/MS/MS based method to analyze tissue eicosanoids: Application to EPA-mediated alteration of prostaglandin metabolism

3912 While specific eicosanoid metabolites have clearly been shown to contribute to tumor cell growth and proliferation in vitro, the role of eicosanoids in etiology and progression of cancer in vivo is far from clear. To approach this problem, it was necessary to develop an analytical method capable of accurately determining multiple eicosanoids within tissues and tumor specimens. Previously, we reported rapid, specific and sensitive LC/MS/MS methods to simultaneously analyze major COX and LOX metabolites in cancer cell lines (Kempen et al., Anal. Biochem. 297: 183, 2001; Yang et al., Anal. Biochem. 308: 168, 2002). We now report a modification of this method to examine endogenous levels of eicosanoids of interest in tissues. Frozen tissues were pulverized followed by homogenization with an ultrasonic processor. Homogenates were subjected to extraction by hexane:ethyl acetate and eicosanoids were quantified by LC/MS/MS. Using this method, we are able to identify various prostaglandins (PGE2, PGE3, PGD2, PGA2, 15-deoxy-12,14 delta-PGJ2), HETEs (5-, 8-, 12-, 15-) and HODEs (9- and 13-) in a variety of tissues, including mouse prostate, skin, and various human xenograft tumors. Extraction efficiency for PGE2, 15-, 12-, 5-HETEs and 13-HODEs from tissue homogenates ranged from 51.2% to 91.0%. Quantitative determination is linear (r2 & congruent; 0.99) for the above five metabolites in the range tested (1 to 100 ng/ml) with CVs ranging from 9.8 to 18.8%. To demonstrate this method, mice (wild type and TRAMP) were fed on a modified AIN-diet with either high corn oil or high menhaden oil (rich in EPA and DHA) for 2 weeks. Prostate lobes were collected and tissues were subjected to extraction and analysis for eicosanoid profiles. As reported previously, the mean endogenous levels of PGE2 were found to be significantly lower in the dorsal prostates of TRAMP mice compared to their wild type (1.24 versus 6.83 ng/mg protein, respectively). By comparison, levels of PGE3 were significantly increased (3-fold) in the prostates of both TRAMP and wild type mice receiving the fish oil diet for two weeks (P
Characterization of Stilbene Scintillation Detectors with Light Guide Coupling and Silicon Photomultiplier Readout

We experimentally investigated the low energy pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities of four cubic stilbene crystals with 6 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm sides. We used a $6\times 6\mathrm {m}\mathrm {m}^{2}$ silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) for readout, and coupled the crystals both with and without light guides, optimizing light guide wrapping for PSD. We compared the crystals’s figure of merit (FOM) dependence on light output. For the smaller three crystals, direct coupling provided better PSD (roughly 116% FOM of the guided at 100 – 150 keVee). For the 10 mm sided crystal the trend was reversed and the light guide became advantageous (105% FOM of the direct at 100 – 150 keVee).
Influence of host use adaptation on the dispersal propensity of Callosobruchus maculatus

Local adaptation can lead to significant differences in host use that may influence population growth and spread. Here, we test the potential for adaptation of one behavioural component (host acceptance) to lead to cross‐adaptation for a separate behavioural component (dispersal propensity) using the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. C. maculatus originating from the same source population were subjected to selection for host use by rearing them for over 40 generations on either the preferred host of the ancestral population, Vigna radiata, or a marginal host for the ancestral population, Cicer arietinum. Host acceptance was then assayed using four choice and no‐choice oviposition assays including a low‐quality host, Lens culinaris, a marginal host, C. arietinum, and two high‐quality hosts, V. radiata and V. unguiculata. Dispersal was assayed in interconnected arenas containing one of three different hosts: V. radiata, V. unguiculata or C. arietinum. As expected, differences in host acceptance were present, in this case consisting of greater acceptance of the lower quality hosts in the C. arietinum population, but no significant differences in host preference hierarchy. Dispersal propensity in the C. arietinum population was significantly lower than in the V. radiata population, despite the absence of any difference in selection pressures for dispersal. Furthermore, significant differences in dispersal propensity in arenas containing different hosts were present in the V. radiata population, but not in the C. arietinum population. Results highlight the need to consider local adaptation when developing management recommendations, even for behaviours for which selection pressures are not directly apparent.
Optimism/hope associated with low anxiety in patients with advanced heart disease controlling for standardized cardiac confounders:

Anxiety is an under-investigated comorbidity in heart disease patients. Optimism/hope is a character strength that indicates confidence or favorable expectation about the future. Previous research has consistently reported optimal health outcomes among optimists. However, many studies have lacked adjustment for medical confounders and/or used small clinical samples. To bridge this gap, we tested the hypothesis that optimism/hope was inversely related to anxiety in 400+ patients with advanced heart disease during the stressful waiting period prior to open-heart surgery. The findings supported the hypothesis after controlling for general health, illness impact, behavioral risks, and cardiac medical indices used by surgeons.
Three-Dimensionally Printed On-Skin Radiation Shields Using High-Density Filament

Abstract Purpose Custom-fabricated lead shields are often used for superficial radiation treatments to reduce radiation doses to adjacent healthy tissue. However, the process for fabricating these lead shields is time consuming, labor intensive, and uncomfortable for patients. Alternatively, patient-specific shields can be 3-dimensionally (3D) printed from a high-density bronze-based filament to address these concerns. This study was performed to assess the shielding characteristics of 3D-printed bronze (3DPB) shields, demonstrate their clinical viability, and report the first ever published case of a patient treated with a 3DPB shield. Methods and Materials The transmission of 6 and 9 MeV electron beams through varying thicknesses of 3DPB was first measured. Percent depth doses and beam profiles were measured with flat 3DPB shields and equivalent lead shields to determine surface dose enhancement, output factors, and field widths. Two 3DPB shields were designed and fabricated for an anthropomorphic phantom, and phantom measurements were performed using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters and film. Finally, 3DPB shields were used during the treatment of 7 patients' skin lesions. Results Ten and 15 mm of 3DPB were sufficient to shield 6 and 9 MeV electrons, respectively, by 95%. The 3DPB and lead shields had nearly identical beam widths (within 1%). Output factors were on average within 0.8% for bronze shields and 1.2% for lead shields relative to an unshielded field. The skin enhancement for bronze was higher than for lead by an average of 6.3%. Phantom measurements using 3DPB shields generally showed less than 3% transmission of the primary beam under the 3DPB shield. The patients' shields fit as designed and were all deemed clinically acceptable by their physicians. Conclusions The 3DPB shields fit better than lead shields, are easier to design and manufacture, and have similar dosimetric properties. 3DPB shields are a viable clinical option for patient-specific superficial shielding.
Sex-biased genes expressed in the cricket brain evolve rapidly

Background: Sex-biased gene expression, particularly male-biased expression in the gonad, has often been linked to rapid protein sequence evolution (dN/dS) in animals. This evolutionary trend may arise from one or both of sexual selection pressures during mating or low pleiotropy. In insects, research on sex-biased transcription and dN/dS remains largely focused on a few holometabolous species, with variable findings on male and female gonadal effects. The brain is central to the mating process, and provides neurological foundation for mating behaviors, such as courtship, intrasex competition and mate choice. However, there is a striking paucity of research on sex-biased expression of genes in the brain and the rate of protein sequence evolution in such genes. Results: Here, we studied sex-biased gene expression in a hemimetabolous insect, the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We generated novel RNA-seq data for two sexual tissue types, the gonad and somatic reproductive system, and for two core components of the nervous system, the brain and ventral nerve cord. From a genome-wide analysis of genes expressed in these tissues, we report the accelerated evolution of testis-biased genes and seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) genes, as compared to ovary-biased and unbiased genes in this cricket model, which includes an elevated frequency of positive selection events. With respect to the brain, while sex-biased brain genes were much less common than for the gonads, they exhibited exceptionally rapid evolution, an effect that was stronger for the female than for the male brain. Certain sex-biased brain genes were predicted to be involved in mating or sex-related functions, which we suggest may cause exposure to sexual selection. Moreover, the sex-biased brain genes exhibited remarkably low cross-tissue expression breadth, or pleiotropy. We speculate that this feature may permit relaxed purifying selection, and allow the freedom for adaptive protein functional changes in these brain-expressed genes. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that sex-biased expression in the male gonad, and sex-biased gene expression in the brain, especially the female brain, are associated with rapid protein sequence evolution in a cricket model system. We discuss the results with respect to our findings on pleiotropy and positive selection, and consider the potential role of the dynamic mating biology of this cricket model in shaping these patterns.
Relationship satisfaction and outness: the impact of the closet on connection

As common as the experience of outness may be in same-gender relationships, little is known about the influence of outness on same-gender romantic relationship satisfaction. Although some researche...
Propagation of herbaceous unrooted cuttings of cold-tolerant species under reduced air temperature and root-zone heating

Abstract Vegetative propagation of herbaceous cuttings mostly occurs in greenhouses during late winter and early spring when outdoor radiation intensities and average daily temperatures (ADT) are seasonally low. To promote rapid callus induction and rooting, supplemental lighting and air and root-zone heating (RZH) can be utilized. Given that cold-tolerant crops have base temperatures
New Pygocephalomorph (Peracarida) from the Permian of the Sosio Valley (Sicily, Italy)

Sosiocaris schramin. gen. n. sp., is described from the Permian Sosio Limestone (Lercara Formation) of the Sosio Valley, Palermo Province, Italy. Sosiocaris schramiis attributed to Pygocephalomorpha incertae sedis. The brachyuran-like carapace morphology of S. schramisuggests that its overall morphology might have been convergent on that of brachyurans, an evolutionary trend that has also been observed in other pygocephalomorphs. Sosiocaris schramirepresents the first occurrence of a pygocephalomorph from the Sosio Limestone, an assemblage of Permian-aged limestone olistoliths from which several unusual crustaceans have been described.
Women's Motivations for Eating

The Motivation for Eating Scale (MFES) evaluates the primary motivation for eating initiation. The objective of this study was to examine energy intake by MFES categories and subscale scores across...
Circumstellar Dense Gas in B5 IRS1

High resolution maps showing dense clumps of gas within ~ 5 × 1016cm of the low luminosity young star B5 IRS1 are presented.
Desensitization: II. Passive transfer of the desensitized state by serum from desensitized animals

Abstract The present study was undertaken in an effort to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for desensitization, making use of both cutaneous and peritoneal manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity as parallel assay systems in the guinea pig model. Particular emphasis was placed on investigating the possibility of passively transferring desensitization with serum factors and attempting to characterize these. Our data support the hypothesis of an inhibitory environment in the anergic animal: The desensitized state was successfully transferred to immune recipients by the systemic administration of desensitized serum as measured by both skin testing and macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR). Transfer of the desensitized state is not due to residual antigen in donor sera and is nonspecific. Partial characterization of the serum inhibitor indicated that it is nondialyzable, heatstable at 56 °C for 30 min, but destroyed by heating at 80 °C for 60 min. Sephadex G-100 chromatography located the inhibitory activity in the size range of 10,000–45,000 daltons. Larger molecular weight fractions were devoid of inhibitory activity, suggesting that antibodies or immune complexes are not responsible for the effect observed and the inhibitory serum component is not associated with macroglobulins. The physicochemical properties of the desensitizing factor, and our previous finding that intravenous injection of lymphokines leads to transient cutaneous anergy, suggest that the desensitizing substances may represent endogenous lymphokines in the general circulation.
NASA-GSFC research developments evolve into HRSO satellite concepts

Shaped omni and modular array-antenna concepts are being baselined for use on operations with the NASA space network and the High-Resolution Solar Observatory (HRSO) satellite free-flyer concept. This mission requires 16-MBPS return links, 1-KBPS multiple-access links, and a completely redundant set of gimballed antennas to support these links with 90-percent continuous coverage from TDRSS. Here, attention is given to the ways in which the flexibility of these components enabled mission planners to trade off spacecraft options without sacrificing mission objectives.
Assessing the Behavior of Girls: What We See and What We Miss

Abstract Three standardized measures of child and adolescent behavior are reviewed for their attention to issues salient in the experiences of girls in late childhood and adolescence (ages 12 to 18; American Association of University Women 1992 , American Association of University Women 1996 , Brown & Gilligan 1992 ). The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form Achenbach 1991a , Achenbach 1991b , the Behavior Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992) , and the Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliott, 1990) are analyzed. Challenges to psychologists in schools for including the experiences of girls in the knowledge base grounding their practice and research are articulated.
Efficient Translation of OpenMP to Distributed Memory

The shared memory paradigm provides many benefits to the parallel programmer, particular with respect to applications that are hard to parallelize. Unfortunately, there are currently no efficient implementations of OpenMP for distributed memory platforms and this greatly diminishes its usefulness for real world parallel application development. In this paper we introduce a basic strategy for implementing OpenMP on distributed memory systems via a translation to Global Arrays. Global Arrays is a library of routines that provides many of the same features as OpenMP yet targets distributed memory platforms. Since it enables a reasonable translation strategy and also allows precise control over the movement of data within the resulting code, we believe it has the potential to provide higher levels of performance than the traditional translation of OpenMP to distributed memory via software distributed shared memory.
Expanded Damage Test Facilities at LLNL

We are completing a thorough expansion of the laser-induced damage-test capabili- ties at LLNL which allow us to conduct tests under a variety of parameter conditions. We have nine different laser systems which cover the following parameter space:
Design and modeling of the 600 V IGBT with emitter ballast resistor

Summary form only given. Device performance of IGBT's has been improved rapidly in recent years, particularly regarding the trade-off between its on-state voltage and switching loss. Another important performance trade-off is between its on-state voltage and short-circuit withstanding capability. A short-circuit condition occurs when an IGBT is fully turned on and the collector-emitter voltage remains high. Since the IGBT experiences both high current and voltage simultaneously, the power dissipation becomes excessive even during a short time period. The IGBT may be destroyed through a latch-up failure mode or simply due to the excessive heat generated in the device. In this paper, a new IGBT structure with emitter ballast resistor is investigated to improve the trade-off between the on-state voltage and the short circuit withstanding capability. IGBTs with voltage and current ratings of 600 V and 5 A have been designed and fabricated to conduct this study. The IGBTs demonstrate excellent switching speed with a typical turn-off fall time of 150 ns. The 3-dimensional semiconductor device simulator DAVINCI is used to model this new design. Both experimental and simulation results are discussed.
Identification and characterization of the Myxococcus xanthus bsgA gene product.

Abstract The bsgA mutants of Myxococcus xanthus are blocked at a very early stage of the developmental program. They fail to produce fruiting bodies or to sporulate under normal conditions but can be rescued by extracellular complementation in mixtures with wild-type cells. A bsgA-lacZ gene fusion was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting fusion protein, which has beta-galactosidase enzyme activity, was partially purified by affinity chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein was used to immunize mice, which produced a hybridoma secreting monoclonal antibody that was specific for the bsgA gene product. The monoclonal antibody was used in Western blot (immunoblot) experiments to determine the apparent cellular location of the bsgA protein in M. xanthus and to compare the level of this protein at various times in the Myxococcus life cycle.
Ultraviolet Emission Line Profiles of Flares and Active Regions

A preliminary description of ultraviolet spectra of active regions and flares, photographed from Skylab by the Naval Research Laboratory’s UV Spectrograph is given. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Line profiles of medium ionized lines (transition zone lines) show the most pronounced broadenings and shifts in flares and flare like events. (2) Typical full width at half maximum of these lines correspond to Doppler-velocities of 70 km s−1. (3) Shifts of the same magnitude can be observed. (4) Intersystem lines are not broadened nor shifted. (5) Forbidden coronal lines and intersystem lines become enhanced in the flare spectrum at the moment, when the turbulence seen in the allowed transitions, disappears. (6) A very broad line at 1354.2 A which appears only in flare spectra, seems to be the forbidden transition 3 P 1–3 P 0 of Fe xxi.
Segregation as a multiscalar phenomenon and its implications for neighborhood-scale research: the case of South Seattle 1990–2010

Neighborhoods and neighborhood change are often at least implicitly understood in relation to processes taking place at scales both smaller than and larger than the neighborhood itself. Until recently our capacity to represent these multi-scalar processes with quantitative measures has been limited. Recent work on "segregation profiles" by Reardon and collaborators (Reardon et al., 2008, 2009) expands our capacity to explore the relationship between population measures and scale. With the methodological tools now available, we need a conceptual shift in how we view population measures in order to bring our theories and measures of neighborhoods into alignment. I argue that segregation can be beneficially viewed as multi-scalar; not a value calculable at some 'correct' scale, but a continuous function with respect to scale. This shift requires new ways of thinking about and analyzing segregation with respect to scale that engage with the complexity of the multi-scalar measure. Using block level data for eight neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington I explore the implications of a multi-scalar segregation measure for understanding neighborhoods and neighborhood change from 1990 to 2010.
Fault detection and diagnosis in propulsion systems - A fault parameter estimation approach

The paper presents the development of a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) system with applications to the Space Shuttle main engine. The FDD utilizes a model-based method with real-time identification and hypothesis testing for actuation, sensor, and performance degradation faults.