cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Condition of macroinvertebrate communities in the Buffalo River Area of Concern following sediment remediation

Abstract The lower 10 km of the Buffalo River, a tributary to Lake Erie, was designated as an Area of Concern (AOC) in 1987 through the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement because sediment contamination and habitat alteration from past industrialization caused several Beneficial Use Impairments (BUIs). Extensive remediation efforts conducted between 2011 and 2015 removed approximately 688,100 cubic meters of contaminated sediment from the Buffalo River AOC, and subsequent chemical analysis of sediments indicated that most remedial goals had been achieved. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities and sediment toxicity were evaluated in the AOC and an upstream reference area in 2017 and 2020 to determine whether remediation has improved benthic conditions sufficiently that the benthos BUI designation can be removed. Community condition was characterized using the New York State multi-metric index of biological integrity and bed sediments were used for 10-day toxicity tests with Chironomus dilutus and Hyalella azteca. Macroinvertebrate communities were classified as moderately to slightly impacted at most AOC sites compared to slightly impacted at most reference sites, but toxicity tests did not identify any evidence of toxicity in sediments from the AOC. A linear mixed effects model indicated that total organic carbon concentration in sediments, distance upstream from the river mouth, and the relative dominance of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha were the primary predictors of macroinvertebrate community condition. These findings are consistent with those from other AOCs in New York which indicate that contemporary benthic communities are generally shaped by legacy habitat alterations rather than AOC-specific sediment contamination and toxicity.
Travels with Victor: Marfan Syndrome and Its Cousins

Victor McKusick’s transition from a cardiologist to one of the founders of the discipline of medical genetics was as much due to his interest in the Marfan syndrome (MFS) as any other factor. In the mid-1950s, he characterized the cardiovascular features and their importance on morbidity and mortality and defined MFS as a charter member of the heritable disorders of connective tissue. In the 1970s, he and his fellows analyzed the natural history and documented the markedly reduced life expectancy. Furthermore, they suggested that beta-adrenergic blockade might protect the aortic root from dilatation and dissection. Over the subsequent 30 years, life expectancy has increased by about three decades. The major factor has been the development of surgical repair of the aortic root and its prophylactic application. Now the challenges are to define the natural history in patients who are living longer (e.g., dural ectasia, pulmonary function, visceral cysts, osteoarthritis) and the clinical history of those features that are treated (e.g., aortic and mitral involvement, scoliosis, ectopia lentis). Numerous conditions with features that overlap with MFS have been characterized clinically and in molecular terms. Management of their cardiovascular features is often informed by what has been learned in MFS. A major advance for the total management of patients and families was the evolution of the National Marfan Foundation.
Landing page characteristics model for mobile web performance evaluations on object and page levels

As the main web page access modality shifts to mobile devices, evaluations of the impact on underlying networks is required to perform long-term strategic optimizations. In this paper, we characterize individual mobile web page objects by size, cache expiration, and their composition into pages. Employing popular mobile web landing pages, we evaluate their characteristics on an individual and composed page level to derive a model that captures their main facets with respect to object size and caching distributions on a lumped and contextually aggregated page level. We observe that similar distributions can be employed for overall object sizes as well as their composition to web pages, while the cache expiration ages need to be taken into account for different contextual types of web pages. Employing our model, we successfully approximate cache lifetime for the mobile web, demonstrating its use for mobile web performance evaluations. The employed model thus allows network operators to perform broad planning on different time scales.
Phenomenology and Existentialism

Heraldry and genealogy are cognate disciplines; the former often leads to exciting emblems, the latter sometimes to family embarrassments. An exploration of some central roots of existentialism certainly leads back to phenomenology, and following the line of Sartrean thought brings us quickly to Husserl’s philosophy. Whether the results are more embarrassing than exciting may be decided later. Right now the problem is the nature of the family relationship. I will begin by suggesting that this relationship has as its ground Husserl’s doctrine of the intentionality of consciousness and that Sartre’s existentialism derives from a problematic critique and transformation of that doctrine. I will end by suggesting that Sartre’s inadequacies illuminate Husserl’s achievements.
Magnetic Priming Experiments on a Relativistic Magnetron

In order to study the effectiveness of this magnetic priming structure, magnetic field data, modeled from the field precision magnum magnetostatics codes, were imported into 3-D MAGIC PIC and run for the relativistic magnetron. Simulations showed faster startup and enhanced pi-mode control compared to the unprimed baseline
Motion planning and control of nonredundant manipulators at singularities

The problem of motion planning and control of nonredundant manipulators through singularities is investigated. It is recognized that several well known control schemes, such as resolved acceleration control and operational space control will fail at singularities. Feasible motions of manipulators at singularities are investigated by introducing the accessible space coordinates. Constraints on the accessible space velocity and accelerations which must be satisfied at singularities are derived. Using these constraints, it is demonstrated that there exists a class of trajectories which are feasible for motions at singularities. These ideas are used to control the motion of manipulators along the feasible trajectories through singularities. Several examples of motion planning and control through singularities demonstrate the effectiveness of this theory. >
Advanced light water reactor man-machine interface systems-the next generation

The author describes the efforts of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to provide a new way for designers to view the next generation of LWR (light-water reactor) plants. Specifically, he describes the ALWR (advanced LWR) requirements program with particular emphasis on man-machine interface systems (M-MIS) requirements. Requirements are written for the 100 MWe ALWR evolutionary plant. Conceptual designs are being developed for a 600 MWe plant with greatly simplified passive safety systems. M-MIS requirements are being created for the next-generation ALWR plant by utilizing modern technology and techniques, a comprehensive systems approach, and considering the operator as an integral part of the system design. >
Optimal reward-based scheduling of periodic real-time tasks

Reward-based scheduling refers to the problem in which there is a reward associated with the execution of a task. In our framework, each real-time task comprises a mandatory and an optional part, with which a nondecreasing reward function is associated. Imprecise Computation and Increased-Reward-with-Increased-Service models fall within the scope of this framework. In this paper we address the reward-based scheduling problem for periodic tasks. For linear and concave reward functions we show: (a) the existence of an optimal schedule where the optional service time of a task is constant at every instance and (b) how to efficiently compute this service time. We also prove that RMS-h (RMS with harmonic periods), EDF and LLF policies are optimal when used with the optimal service times we computed, and that the problem becomes NP-Hard, when the reward functions are convex. Further, our solution eliminates run-time overhead, and makes possible the use of existing scheduling disciplines.
An integrated framework for personalized Internet workflows

The realization of the semantic web vision depends not only on the ability of the Internet users to associate detailed semantics with resources with different ontology, but equally importantly, on the availability of adequate tools and mechanisms to allow users to discover, access, and share resources among their communities of interests in an efficient manner. To this end, the paper presents a Personalized Web Service Architecture (PWSA)to support the automation of personalized workflow advertising and discovery. The basic tenet of the architecture is the concept of active service workflows, whereby semantic-aware agents, referred to as flowlets, enable the execution of web service process, based on a user-defined rules and personalized interests and the Web services specification. Two schemes are used to support personalized workflows. In the first scheme, the flowlet uses a centralized approach for workflow execution. The second scheme, uses a decentralized “routing slip” approach to orchestrate web services. The centralized scheme provides a more robust and secure mechanism to perform web service workflow. In particular, the scheme can efficiently detect and deal with failure and malicious behavior occurring in each step of the workflow. The decentralized scheme uses communication bandwidth more efficiently to achieve service orchestration.
The application of 3D image processing to studies of the musculoskeletal system

Three dimensional renditions of anatomical structures are commonly used to improve visualization, surgical planning, and patient education. However, such 3D images also contain information which is not readily apparent, and which can be mined to elucidate, for example, such parameters as joint kinematics, spacial relationships, and distortions of those relationships with movement. Here we describe two series of experiments which demonstrate the functional application of 3D imaging. The first concerns the joints of the ankle complex, where the usual description of motions in the talocrural joint is shown to be incomplete, and where the roles of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments are clarified in ankle sprains. Also, the biomechanical effects of two common surgical procedures for repairing torn ligaments were examined. The second series of experiments explores changes in the anatomical relationships between nerve elements and the cervical vertebrae with changes in neck position. They provide preliminary evidence that morphological differences may exist between asymptomatic subjects and patients with radiculopathy in certain positions, even when conventional imaging shows no difference.
A floral transmitting tissue-specific glycoprotein attracts pollen tubes and stimulates their growth

Pollen tubes elongate directionally in the extracellular matrix of pistil tissues to transport the male gametes from the apically located stigma to the basally located ovary for fertilization. The molecular mechanisms underlying directional pollen tube growth in the pistil are poorly understood. We have purified a glycoprotein, TTS, from tobacco stylar transmitting tissue, which supports pollen tube growth between the stigma and the ovary. TTS proteins belong to the arabinogalactan protein family, and they polymerize readily in vitro in a head-to-tail fashion into oligomeric forms. TTS proteins stimulate pollen tube growth in vitro and attract pollen tubes grown in a semi-in vivo culture system. In vivo, the pollen tube growth rate is reduced in transgenic plants that have significantly reduced levels of TTS proteins as a result of either antisense suppression or sense cosuppression. These results identify TTS protein as a pistil component that positively contributes to pollen tube growth.
The law of the sea convention and shipping

Abstract The United Nations Conventon on the Law of the Sea (LOS) has few immediately obvious implications for shipping. Shipping, still the most important use of the sea, may be impacted by several aspects of the Convention, notably those pertaining to navigation, particularly in straits and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The new regimes of transit passage in straits and archipelagic sea-lane passage through archipelagic states probably will not pose any problems for shipping, but traffic separation schemes might. Problems may also arise out of the subordination of navigational rights to coastal states' resource rights in the EEZ and over the continental shelf. The new anti-pollution provisions may also pose problems for shipping, especially where there are conflicts between rules and standards of national and intergovernmental bodies. With the new, enhanced authority and responsibility granted to the flag state, the flag of convenience issue becomes more important and more controversial than ever. The LOS Convention, then, is important to shipping primarily because it establishes where and by whom the provisions of various IMO conventions will be enforced, and because it specifies the basic requirements for ships' registration. The shipping industry ought to take note of these potentially significant new factors.
Influence of Season and Plant Species on the Abundance and Diversity of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria and Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria in Constructed Wetland Microcosms

Constructed wetlands offer an effective means for treatment of wastewater from a variety of sources. An understanding of the microbial ecology controlling nitrogen, carbon and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands has been identified as the greatest gap for optimizing performance of these promising treatment systems. It is suspected that operational factors such as plant types and hydraulic operation influence the subsurface wetland environment, especially redox, and that the observed variation in effluent quality is due to shifts in the microbial populations and/or their activity. This study investigated the biofilm associated sulfate reducing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (using the dsrB and amoA genes, respectively) by examining a variety of surfaces within a model wetland (gravel, thick roots, fine roots, effluent), and the changes in activity (gene abundance) of these functional groups as influenced by plant species and season. Molecular techniques were used including quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), both with and without propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment. PMA treatment is a method for excluding from further analysis those cells with compromised membranes. Rigorous statistical analysis showed an interaction between the abundance of these two functional groups with the type of plant and season (p < 0.05). The richness of the sulfate reducing bacterial community, as indicated by DGGE profiles, increased in planted vs. unplanted microcosms. For ammonia oxidizing bacteria, season had the greatest impact on gene abundance and diversity (higher in summer than in winter). Overall, the primary influence of plant presence is believed to be related to root oxygen loss and its effect on rhizosphere redox.
Effect of temperature and duration of storage on the stability of polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in human serum

We assessed the potential impact of temperature on the long-term stability of several polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in serum. We evaluated the concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoate and perfluorononanoate in 16 human serum samples stored at room temperature, 5 °C, −20 °C and −70 °C at several time points during an eight month period. Concentrations of the target analytes remained unchanged under all studied conditions, even when serum was kept at room temperature for 10 days.
Cytokine MAPPing in autoimmunity

The polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool for deriving semi-quantitative information about the relative abundance of cytokine RNA species that are present in pathologic states, such as autoimmune disease. We describe here the MAPPing technique, by which multiple cytokine RNA species can be analyzed from small tissue samples. A revealing array of information concerning the transcriptional activity of cells can be obtained with this technique. We discuss the qualitative and quantitative aspects of MAPPing that should be considered for optimal performance of the assay and for a constructive interpretation of the results.
The unseen sample in cohort studies: Estimation of its size and effect

Recruitment of disease-free subjects into cohort studies and measurement of their time from exposure/infection to disease selectively excludes individuals (the unseen sample) who had earlier exposure and who have shorter times to disease. The unseen and observed samples may differ in other characteristics in addition to incubation period and exposure/infection time. For data with known truncation times, we develop non-parametric maximum likelihood estimates of the size, exposure/infection dates and distribution of incubation time in the unseen sample. We provide procedures to estimate and compensate for the biasing effects due to exclusion of the unseen sample in descriptive and survival analysis. We give consistency properties of these estimates and assess variability using bootstrap methods. One can use imputation to derive the above estimates from data with unknown truncation times that have been estimated parametrically. Application is made to an AIDS cohort study of over 5000 homosexual men. Important estimates obtained from this application are the annual seroconversion rates from 1978 to 1983, not otherwise obtainable in this study population.
A study of fixation of early amphibian embryos for electron microscopy.

A comparative study of fixation techniques was conducted on cleavage stage amphibian embryos. Different combinations of primary fixatives, buffers and postfixation procedures were tested, as well as variations in the duration and temperature of fixation. Differences in preservation resulting from individual fixation mixtures and procedures were examined. A new procedure is described which provided a uniform, excellent preservation of early embryos. The initial fixative consisted of 3% glutaraldehyde, 2% formaldehyde, 1 % acrolein, and 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), in an 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Postfixation with buffered 2% osmium tetroxide in sucrose was carried out for an extended period of time, up to 24 hours, ensuring adequate membrane contrast throughout the embryo. Procedures for proper rinsing of fixatives, and for embedding of these embryos are also described. Results are also presented which indicate that the DMSO-trialdehyde combination followed by postosmication has application to other embryonic organisms in addition to amphibians.
Fermi's Element 93

We have recently pointed out1 that element 93 should have, according to the Periodic Law, other properties than those displayed by Fermi's element 932, and we found, on repeating his experiments with protactinium, that his 13-minute product from uranium is chemically identical with element 91.
Emergence of New Viral Infections: Implications for the Blood Supply

Abstract New viral infections of humans appear to be emerging at an increasing tempo, probably due to technological developments and societal changes that have enhanced the ability of viruses to invade and spread within the human population. Emergence can be due to several discrete phenomena. Existing viruses of humans continue to be isolated, identified, followed by the description of new nosological entities. An increase in the ratio of cases:infections for ubiquitous viruses may lead to the emergence of new epidemics, associated either with the altered host susceptibility or increased viral virulence. Finally, viruses may invade populations from which they have disappeared or may cross the species barrier to invade new species. When a virus invades a new species it usually fails to spread from individual to individual. However, on rare occasions a virus adapts to a new species, usually involving mutations in the viral genome that alter the cellular host range. In such instances, if circumstances favor transmission, a pandemic may occur. For a new virus to endanger blood products, several criteria must be met. First the virus must be able to spread widely in the human population; second, it must cause a persistent plasma viraemia of moderate to high titre (although there are exceptions); and third, virus carriers must be asymptomatic. This set of conditions has only occured once in the recorded history of human virology, with human immunodeficiency virus. It would probably be difficult to predict another invasion of the human population with a new virus, at least from studies in comparative virology. Probably the best deterrent strategy to facilitate the early recognition of any such hypothetical rare occurrence is the identification and control of all viruses that presently endanger the blood supply, supplemented by an active surveillance system to identify post-transfusion illnesses of any kind.
Stochastic variability in HIV affects viral eradication

When combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) was first administered to HIV-infected individuals in the 1990s, patient viral loads declined so rapidly that it seemed a cure could be achieved within 2–3 y of therapy (1). However, the presence of a long-lived reservoir of latently infected CD4+ memory T cells (2) diminished these hopes. When ART was interrupted in patients, even after many years, viremia rapidly rebounded from the latent reservoir and the estimates indicated that it would take many decades of suppressive therapy for the reservoir to dissipate. To achieve an HIV cure, the latent reservoir would need to be actively emptied while the resulting virus was destroyed using antiretroviral drugs. The strategy became known as “activate-and-kill” (Fig. 1 A ), and a vigorous research campaign ensued to identify agents capable of reactivating latent HIV. Candidate latency-reversing agents (LRAs) were—and continue to be—identified in cell-culture models, with some having been tested in patients to determine their efficacy in depleting the reservoir (3). In PNAS, Hill et al. (4) calculate the level of reservoir depletion that would be required to prevent viremia rebound after interrupting ART. In so doing, the authors set a quantitatively defined goal for the activate-and-kill approach. Fig. 1. The influence of stochastic HIV burst size on viral eradication. ( A ) The HIV infection cycle showing the activate-and-kill HIV-cure strategy. ( B ) Schematics depicting potential variability in HIV burst size from Poissonian variability ρ = 1 (lightest blue) to super-Poissonian variability ρ = 10 (blue) and ρ = 100 (darkest blue). ( C ) Histograms quantifying variability in HIV burst size (corresponding to B ): Poissonian variability ρ = 1 (lightest blue) to super-Poissonian variability ρ … [↵][1]3To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: leor.weinberger{at}gladstone.ucsf.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Congenital agranulocytosis terminating in acute myelomonocytic leukemia.

5. Yunis AA: Chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow suppression, Semin Hematol 10:225, 1973. 6. Smith AL, Rosenberg IR, Smith DH, and Emerson BB: Enzymatic microassay of chloramphenicol, Pediatr Res 9:345, 1975. 7. Agam G, Gasner S, Bessler H, Fishman P, and Djaldetti M: Chloramphenicol induced inhibition of platelet protein synthesis: in vitro and in vivo studies, Br J Hematol 33:53, 1976. 8. Best WR: Chloramplienicol-associated blood dyscrasias, JAMA 201:99, 1967. 9. Holt R: The bacterial degredation of chloramphenicol, Lancet 1:1259, 1967. 10. Yunis AA, and Harrington WJ: Patterns of inhibition by ehloramRhenicol of nucleic acid synthesis in human bone marrow and leukemic cells, J Lab Clin Med 56:831, 1960. 11. Yunis AA: Drug induced bone marrow injury, Adv Intern Med 15:357, 1969.
The competition controversy in community ecology

There is a long history of controversy in ecology over the role of competition in determining patterns of distribution and abundance, and over the significance of the mathematical modeling of competitive interactions. This paper examines the controversy. Three kinds of considerations have been involved at one time or another during the history of this debate. There has been dispute about the kinds of regularities ecologists can expect to find, about the significance of evolutionary considerations for ecological inquiry, and about the empirical credentials of theoretical studies of competition. Each of these elements is examined with an eye toward gaining philosophical clarification of the issues involved. In the process, certain shortcomings of contemporary philosophical theories are revealed. In particular, I argue that plausibility arguments based on background considerations are an important part of the model building tradition, but that current accounts of the structure and evaluation of scientific theories do little to illuminate this side of theoretical ecology.
Role of volume overload in dialysis-refractory hypertension

Abstract It has been observed that while most hypertensive hemodialysis patients normalize their blood pressure with volume removal, there is a population of hemodialysis patients whose hypertension is refractory to volume removal. Our hypothesis is that such patients are still volume overloaded posthemodialysis and are not at a "true" dry weight. This study used atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) assays (as a marker of hydration status) to study this hypothesis. Three groups of patients were studied: normotensive hemodialysis patients (n = 12; group 1), hypertensive hemodialysis patients who consistently normalize their blood pressure with fluid removal (n = 12; group 2), and hypertensive hemodialysis patients whose hypertension is refractory to fluid removal (n = 9; group 3). Plasma ANP levels were measured before and after hemodialysis by radioimmunoassay after extraction on Sep-Pac (Penninsula Laboratories, Belmont). On the day of study the predialysis mean arterial pressures in the three groups were 94.9 ± 1.9 mm Hg in the normotensive group, 119.5 ± 2.7 mm Hg in the dialysis-sensitive hypertension group, and 134.4 ± 3.8 mm Hg in the dialysis-refractory hypertension group ( P P = 0.24), decreased in the dialysis-sensitive hypertension group (119.5 ± 2.7 mm Hg to 100.8 ± 3.7 mm Hg, respectively; P P = 0.77). Predialysis and postdialysis serum ANP levels were, respectively, 235.8 ± 27.7 pg/mL and 237.8 ± 36.2 pg/mL ( P = 0.92) in the normotensive group, 809.2 ± 295.5 pg/mL and 161.1 ± 48.6 pg/mL ( P = 0.03) in the dialysis-sensitive hypertension group, and 1,728.3 ± 309.9 pg/mL and 1,936.1 ± 359.1 pg/mL ( P = 0.22) in the dialysis-refractory hypertension group. Mean predialysis ANP levels were higher in the dialysis-refractory hypertension group than in the dialysis-sensitive hypertension group (1,728.3 ± 309.9 pg/mL v 809 ± 359.1 pg/mL; P = 0.048). Mean prehemodialysis ANP in all hypertensive patients (n = 21) was higher (1,203.1 ± 232.9) than in the normotensive patients (235.8 ± 27.7) ( P = 0.004). In conclusion, our findings are consistent with a hypothesis that inadequate removal of excess volume during hemodialysis plays a major role in dialysis-refractory hypertension.
Can consumers detect lemons? An empirical analysis of information asymmetry in the market for child care

This paper tests adverse selection in the market for child care. A unique data set containing quality measures of various characteristics of child care provided by 746 rooms in 400 centers, as well as the evaluation of the same attributes by 3,490 affiliated consumers (parents) in the U.S., is employed. Comparisons of consumer evaluations of quality to actual quality show that after adjusting for scale effects, parents are weakly rational. The hypothesis of strong rationality is rejected, indicating that parents do not utilize all available information in forming their assessment of quality. The results demonstrate the existence of information asymmetry and adverse selection in the market, which provide an explanation for low average quality in the U.S. child care market.
Effect of Air Flow on Dust Particles Resuspension From Common Flooring

Particle resuspension from flooring in connection with increased indoor air pollution was studied. Earlier efforts hypothesized that during the gait cycle, high speed airflow is generated at the floor level that would lead to particle resuspension. The details of the mechanism of the particle resuspension, however, are not well understood. Earlier models were mainly developed for spherical particle detachment from smooth surfaces, but in reality, dust particles are irregular in shape and have a wide size distribution. The resuspension of dust particles thus depends on their shape and size and the nature of their contact with the surface. In this work, a wind tunnel study of dust particle resuspension from common flooring was performed and the critical air velocities for particle detachment were measured. The main goal of the present experimental work is to understand the main mechanism of dust particle resuspension under real conditions by systematically investigating a range of airflow speeds. The other goal of the study is to provide information on the role of the airflow on dust particle detachment from common floorings.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The effects of climate change on speleogenesis and karstification since the penultimate glaciation in southwestern Illinois’ sinkhole plain

The timing of speleogenesis of two of Illinois’ longest caves (Fogelpole Cave and Illinois Caverns) located in southwestern Illinois’ sinkhole plain was investigated by integrating differential erosion and datable sediment and speleothem deposits within the caves. Five locations in the two caves, and three different methods were used to estimate incision rates and timing of the initiation of the caves. Two of the sites investigated in Fogelpole Cave have second-order channels or passages that are now filled with silty subterranean slackwater sediments deposited during dry periods of the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs; the passages are now raised above the present cave stream bed by benches that are similar to each other in character and height. The other three sites contained speleothems that recorded the age of early cave levels. Radiocarbon dates of disseminated organic matter in the fine-grained sediments and uranium-series dating of the speleothems yielded approximate ages for the benches within the caves. The heights of the benches and cave passages, and the age of the sediments and speleothems on those benches were used to estimate incision rates and the timing of initiation of the two caves. The various techniques and locations within the two caves yielded rates of incision ranging from 0.031 to 0.050 mm/year averaged over the course of 30,000–125,000 years. Based on the rates of incision and passage dimensions, the age of speleogenesis for Fogelpole Cave, Illinois Caverns was estimated to range from 120,000 and 164,000 calendar years before present. Coeval surficial ice-marginal deposits have been mapped about 5 km south of the caves, suggesting a causal relationship between the chemically aggressive glacial melt waters of the penultimate glaciation in Illinois and the onset of speleogenesis.
Adaptation of pulmonary stretch receptor in different mammalian species

Abstract A consequence of the adaptation of pulmonary stretch receptors is that their pattern of discharged depends on both lung volume and its rate of change. For adaptation dependent, flow related information to modify the breathing pattern by a feedback process, appreciable receptor adaptation must take place during a single respiratory cycle. Moreover, for flow related information to have the same significance in all animals, the time course of stretch receptor adaptation would have to vary among species, being more rapid in small animals, with high respiratory frequencies. We recorded single fiber action potentials from 84 pulmonary stretch receptors in six species of mammals, ranging from hamster to dog. The response of the receptors to maintained transpulmonary pressures was similar in the different species, as was the time course of receptor adaptation following sudden lung inflations to 5 and 10 cm H 2 O. These findings show that the behavior of pulmonary stretch receptors is similar in animals with widely differing respiratory frequencies, and that the significance of receptor adaptation for regulation of the breathing pattern mustvary interspecifically.
Magnons in superlattices: a light scattering study

We have performed a study of magnons in Mo/Ni metallic superlattices with the use of Brillouin scattering. The magnetic field and modulation wavelength dependence of the magnon frequencies are found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. Certain features in the spectra which are characteristic of a superlattice and cannot be expalined by a trivial superposition of the spectra of the individual constituent layers are presented and discussed.
Joint X-ray and neutron refinement with phenix.refine

Approximately 85% of the structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank have been solved using X-ray crystallography, making it the leading method for three-dimensional structure determination of macromolecules. One of the limitations of the method is that the typical data quality (resolution) does not allow the direct determination of H-atom positions. Most hydrogen positions can be inferred from the positions of other atoms and therefore can be readily included into the structure model as a priori knowledge. However, this may not be the case in biologically active sites of macromolecules, where the presence and position of hydrogen is crucial to the enzymatic mechanism. This makes the application of neutron crystallography in biology particularly important, as H atoms can be clearly located in experimental neutron scattering density maps. Without exception, when a neutron structure is determined the corresponding X-ray structure is also known, making it possible to derive the complete structure using both data sets. Here, the implementation of crystallographic structure-refinement procedures that include both X-ray and neutron data (separate or jointly) in the PHENIX system is described.
Materialistic Cue Effects in Print Advertising

Abstract This study examines the effects of a materialistic context of an ad on judgments and evaluations of the advertised product. Here, the ad context refers to the pictorial background setting of the ad. Findings from an experiment with consumers illustrate that similarity/dissimilarity between the ad context and the product information presented in the ad produces context effects. These findings support the assimilation/contrast framework. Implications for context effect research and materialism are also discussed.
ENTRY OF NITROUS OXIDE INTO A GIANT GAS-FILLED OVARIAN CYST

Thirty minutes after starting the administration of nitrous oxide a substantial quantity of this anaesthetic was demonstrated in a gas-filled pelvic cyst.
Multiple drug effect analysis with confidence interval

The development of mathematical models for determining antagonism, synergy or additivism for drug combinations is becoming increasingly important in medical research and medicine. This paper describes improvements in the Chou and Talalay method which provides for the first time confidence intervals for the combination index. The Monte Carlo technique was used to calculate the confidence intervals and to obtain the new parameters which are needed for the modified interaction diagnosis. This new method can be adapted to current as well as future formulae used to evaluate drug combinations. Programs written in Microsoft and Visual Basic were developed for use on commonly available personal computers which we call Combostat.
Shape-shifting at a cerebellar synapse allows submillisecond signaling.

Synaptic currents become faster with age. A new study uses electron microscopy, physiology and modeling to show that the progressive speeding of AMPA receptor–mediated synaptic currents during development results from changes in the structure of the synapse rather than the composition of postsynaptic receptors.
Aids, linguistics, and the study of non‐neutral discourse

In the absence of appropriate medication and the long‐awaited vaccine, information‐oriented, people‐centered outreach strategies are our best hope for restricting the spread of HIV in particular communities. These strategies will be effective only if practitioners who employ them understand how people talk about AIDS and AIDS‐related issues in those communities and focus their outreach efforts in terms of those concerns. There are common themes to such discourse, and the discussion in this paper shows how techniques of linguistic analysis can be used to identify them.
Purity and Judgment in Morality

There are some people whose actions are much more often good than evil. If their infrequent immorality does not cause much harm, it is reasonable to regard such people as morally good. Nevertheless, moral goodness remains an elusive quality, because it is difficult to identify good actions. Motives, consequences, knowledge of alternatives and of the conventions prevailing in the context, the agent's history, character, and information all have a bearing on whether particular actions are good. These facts are not easy to ascertain in any case, but when we are looking for a pattern formed of countless good actions over a lifetime, the difficulties are compounded.
Basal ganglia lesions following carbon monoxide poisoning.

Primary objectives: Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most common cause of poisoning and may result in basal ganglia lesions. This study reviewed the literature of carbon monoxide poisoning and basal ganglia lesions and prospectively assessed the prevalence of basal ganglia lesions in a cohort of patients with CO poisoning. Research design: Literature review and prospective cohort study. Methods: This study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and assessed 73 CO-poisoned patients for basal ganglia lesions on sequential MR scans. Magnetic resonance scans were obtained on day 1, 2 weeks and 6 months post-CO poisoning. Results: The literature review found basal ganglia lesions occur in 4–88% of subjects. Only one patient was found with globus pallidus lesions at 2 weeks and 6 months following CO poisoning, that were not present on the initial day 1 MR scan. Conclusions: Basal ganglia lesions, including lesions of the globus pallidus, may be less common than previously reported.
CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVATIONS OF DOCENTS IN WILDLIFE EDUCATION

Because childhood experiences with pets and wildlife help develop positive attitudes toward animals, educators who can teach the importance of protective maintenance of wildlife and environment to coming generations are needed. The characteristics and motives of 55 volunteer docents in wildlife education (9 men, 46 women) were assessed through telephone interviews. The data indicate that such actively involved docents had great concern for wildlife, had experienced positive role models, peer support, and rewards for specific behaviors involving animals, and had positive experiences with owning pets during childhood. Notably, however, these trained educators focused on teaching more about animal care and protection and less on specific interactions with animals, and they stayed in wildlife education because they liked raising children's enthusiasm for protecting the environment and wildlife. Recruitment of docents for wildlife education should take these latter distinctive characteristics into account. Ove...
Should Aspirin be Continued in Patients Started on Warfarin

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clinicians frequently face the decision of whether to continue aspirin when starting patients on warfarin. We performed a meta-analysis to characterize the tradeoffs involved in this common clinical dilemma.
Developments in monitoring human populations for mutation rates.

Summary In the next 10 years, the study of mutation in man will most probably move to the protein level. The material presented represents a small start in this direction, and is presented as an early progress report rather than with the thought of anything definitive. In addition to the strong theoretical reasons why the study of mutation should be reduced to this level, there are now two very practical reasons for movement in that direction. Firstly, it is rather important to our perspective on the risk of radiation and chemical mutagenesis to determine with real accuracy whether “spontaneous” rates have, at least until recently, actually been lower in civilized than uncivilized man. Secondly, there are a number of high-risk populations around the world whose proper study could tell us a great deal about human sensitivities to a variety of mutagens; use of a carefully standardized battery of protein indicators should permit us to combine the results of different studies with maximum confidence.
Crystallographic phase retrieval through image processing under constraints

The crystallographic image processing techniques of Sayre's equation, molecular averaging, solvent flattening and histogram matching are combined in an integrated procedure for macromolecular phase retrieval. It employs the constraints of the local shape of electron density, equal molecules, solvent flatness and correct electron density distribution. These constraints on electron density image are satisfied simultaneously by solving a system of non- linear equations using fast Fourier transform. The electron density image is further filtered under the constraint of observed diffraction amplitudes. The effect of each constraint on phase retrieval is examined. The constraints are found to work synergistically in phase retrieval. Test results on 2Zn insulin are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Antiparallel DNA Double Crossover Molecules As Components for Nanoconstruction

Double crossover molecules are DNA structures containing two Holliday junctions connected by two double helical arms. There are several types of double crossover molecules, differentiated by the relative orientations of their helix axes, parallel or antiparallel, and by the number of double helical half-turns (even or odd) between the two crossovers. We have examined these molecules from the viewpoint of their potential utility in nanoconstruction. Whereas the parallel double helical molecules are usually not well behaved, we have focused on the antiparallel molecules; antiparallel molecules with an even number of half turns between crossovers (termed DAE molecules) produce a reporter strand when ligated, so these have been characterized in a ligation cyclization assay. In contrast to other molecules that contain branched junctions, we find that these molecules cyclize rarely or not at all. The double crossover molecules cyclize no more readily than the linear molecule containing the same sequence as the ...
Organoleptic Properties of Frankfurters Made from Giblet Meats

Abstract INTRODUCTION AS POINTED out by May and Hudspeth (1966), the advent of commercial deboning machines made it feasible to consider poultry meat for use in emulsion type sausage products such as frankfurters. Economic considerations would indicate that only the lower value parts of the carcass would be useful for such a purpose. Four of the parts of the carcass which might logically be considered for use in emulsion products are neck, back, gizzard and heart. Normally in broiler class chickens three of these, neck, gizzard and heart are components of the giblet pack and are merchandized by placing them inside the carcass cavity. The usual additional part in the giblet pack is liver. In most markets the carcass without giblets can be sold at a higher price. Liver usually is sold at prices in excess of the carcass price. The objective of this research was to determine the organoleptic acceptability …
Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an intracellular defense against HIV-1 infection in human cells

To combat hostile viruses, bacteria and archaea have evolved a unique antiviral defense system composed of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), together with CRISPR-associated genes (Cas). The CRISPR/Cas9 system develops an adaptive immune resistance to foreign plasmids and viruses by creating site-specific DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Here we adapt the CRISPR/Cas9 system to human cells for intracellular defense against foreign DNA and viruses. Using HIV-1 infection as a model, our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system disrupts latently integrated viral genome and provides long-term adaptive defense against new viral infection, expression and replication in human cells. We show that engineered human-induced pluripotent stem cells stably expressing HIV-targeted CRISPR/Cas9 can be efficiently differentiated into HIV reservoir cell types and maintain their resistance to HIV-1 challenge. These results unveil the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a new therapeutic strategy against viral infections.
CFD Simulation of Fluid Flow Through Porous Media: Application to Decomposed Gases Flow Through Foam Pattern in Lost Foam Casting

Numerical simulation of decomposed gases through foam pattern was conducted using finite element analysis. A new kinetic model is proposed for gaseos phase flow between molten metal and foam material. The computations were performed for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The results of the simulations are compared with the experiemental data obtained in this study.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Urinary cortisol responses of longtailed macaques to five cage sizes, tethering, sedation, and room change

Urinary free cortisol responses to five cage sizes, cage level, room change, tethering adaptation, chronic catheterization, and ketamine sedation were measured in 14 female and 14 male wild-born adult Macaca fascicularis. Urinary free cortisol, a physiological measure of psychological well-being that can be collected unobtrusively, provided a measure of the animals' general adrenocortical response to various conditions over a time course of hours. Urinary free cortisol values in response to stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) validated the measure as a reflection of blood values. Cortisol values were expressed as a ratio to creatinine, which normalized for differences in urinary output and body weight (muscle mass). Cage size (20-140% of regulation floor area) and housing level (upper vs. lower cage) had no effect on stress, as measured by cortisol excretion. Room change elicited a slight increase in cortisol excretion for the first day, but not to a level suggesting stress. Sedation, surgery, some aspects of tethering adaptation, and chronic catheterization produced urinary cortisol evidence of stress. Even so, animals varied in their responses and all showed adaptation. Males and females did not differ in normal mean values but females tended to have higher cortisol levels in response to potential stressors investigated in this study. Cortisol levels continued to decline gradually throughout the study. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Achieving a minimum signal-to-noise ratio in angularly multiplexed volume holographic optical data storage systems

We present an integrated analysis of the effects of optical crosstalk and electronic noise on the BER performance of angular and spatially multiplexed volume holographic data storage systems. Our results show that increasing the SLM contrast ratio beyond 30 is of limited benefit in improving the system BER, and that electronic noise in the CCD is the dominant noise source when the signal is not shot noise limited (for ideal holographic materials). In addition, we show that CCD's with 100 or more low noise output channels are needed to achieve a 1 Gbit/sec readout data rate for reasonable preamp data bandwidths of 20 MHz or less.