cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beaver and state transition in Yellowstone

Extirpation of wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in the 1920shypothetically triggered a behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade in which elk (Cervus elaphus), released from the fear of wolf (Canis lupus) predation, over-browsed riparian zones. Eventually, vast areas of meadow-wetland complexes transitioned to grass-lodgepole systems. The importance of beaver (Castor canadensis) in wetland losses has received less attention. Beaver abandoned most of the GYE by the 1950s, possibly due to resource limitations. Researchers from Colorado State University established an experimental system for Long Term Environmental Research in Biology (LTREB) along several streams in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone sixteen years ago. To evaluate effects of hydrologic changes and elk browsing on productivity of willows (Salix spp.) and state transition, they built small experimental dams with browsing exclosures. In 2015, beaver began recolonizing the region. I am investigating how their biologic as well as hydrologic impacts affect the underlying mechanisms of state transition: nutrient cycling, productivity, and stream respiration. I posit that beaver are keystone species, meaning that the sustained recovery of wetland-meadow complexes is unlikely without the higher levels of riparian productivity triggered by the biological influence of beaver. Featured photo by Ben Amaral on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/rohY54N6auU
Post-Surgical Inflammatory Neuropathy: An Underappreciated but Critical and Treatable Cause of Postoperative Neuropathy.

The diagnosis and management of postoperative nerve injury can be a challenging and frustrating proposition for the patient, surgeon, and anesthesia provider. Unfortunately, in many cases, the true etiology is never elucidated and the injury is ascribed to positioning or a nerve block with "expectant management" being the order of the day, which can result in persistent disability for the patient. However, there is a rare subset of disorders affecting the nervous system that can masquerade as a peripheral nerve injury that warrants further investigation of risk factors and co-morbidities when other common causes of nerve injury are ruled out. We describe a patient with rheumatoid arthritis that underwent revision hip arthroplasty and presented almost immediately in the postoperative period with what was initially diagnosed as femoral nerve palsy. Further diagnostic workup later revealed that she had suffered from postoperative inflammatory neuropathy resulting in lumbosacral plexus injury and not a discrete nerve injury. Had the true cause been identified early enough, treatment with corticosteroids could have been initiated in an attempt to mitigate and perhaps reverse the progress of the neuropathy. We present this cautionary tale to remind practitioners to continue to be vigilant and consider more esoteric and unconventional diagnoses in the workup of perioperative neuropathies.
Spiralic Time and Cultural Continuity for Indigenous Sovereignty: Idle No More and The Marrow Thieves

By virtue of the way the young people in Idle No More were experiencing time through round dancing, we can understand how they were able to counteract or respond to the underlying assumptions of a Canadian national temporality of reconciliation that is linear and progressive, and which thinks of historical redress through the process of reconciliation as in and of itself an end rather than a continuing spiral. Not only is Idle No More’s focus on the spiralic (cyclical, but transformed for the moment rather than mere repetition) resurgence of cultural traditions and ancestral knowledges exemplary of a new generation’s experience of spiralic time, this experience of time is also better able to intervene in the national temporality of reconciliation. I argue that Cherie Dimaline’s post-apocalyptic YA novel The Marrow Thieves (2017) does similar consciousness raising work on radical relationality and Indigenous youth’s power to build their futures in the now. Through the novel's organizing principle of spiralic time which puts Indigenous youth at the center, it reveals this temporal aspect central to the Idle No More movement which otherwise might go unnoticed. Similarly to round dancing, which is about bringing a future into reality in the present through a connection with the past, and which in this way pushes back against the temporality of a progress narrative that the Canadian nation is aiming to push onto Indigenous people, The Marrow Thieves offers a counter reality to that of Canadian settler “progress” and “reconciliation”. Writing directly to Indigenous youth to invite them to see themselves as part of a continuing spiral of Indigenous presence going back to when time began and continuing into a time when they themselves will be ancestors, the novel emphasizes Indigenous youth’s central role in resurgence, within and beyond Idle No More.
Taxonomic revision of Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae), with description of 19 new species

Guapinannus Wygodzinsky, 1951 (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae) was described based on a single female specimen from Costa Rica. Some additional specimens representing this genus have since become available and were incorporated into a comparative male genitalic study across Dipsocoromorpha and into combined molecular and morphological hypotheses of the infraorder. However, the species-level diversity of Guapinannus has remained unexplored and undocumented. Based on examination of 264 specimens from central and South America, we here revise the taxonomy of Guapinannus, describing 19 species as new (Guapinannus anaticulus, sp. n.; Guapinannus artus, sp. n.; Guapinannus auriculus, sp. n.; Guapinannus castigatus, sp. n.; Guapinannus clava, sp. n.; Guapinannus dispar, sp. n.; Guapinannus falcis, sp. n.; Guapinannus graziae, sp. n.; Guapinannus minutus, sp. n.; Guapinannus orbiculatus, sp. n.; Guapinannus plurilobus, sp. n.; Guapinannus policis, sp. n.; Guapinannus robustus, sp. n.; Guapinannus sinuosus, sp. n.; Guapinannus tatumbia, sp. n.; Guapinannus tenuis, sp. n.; Guapinannus tergus, sp. n.; Guapinannus trilobus, sp. n.; Guapinannus uncus, sp. n.). In addition, we provide photos of the female holotype of Guapinannus bierigi Wygodzinsky, 1951, SEM documentation for Guapinannus clava, sp. n., habitus photos and a map for all species, and line drawings of male genitalic features for all species for which males are known.
Information Scrambling with Conservation Laws

The delocalization or scrambling of quantum information has emerged as a central ingredient in the understanding of thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems. Recently, significant progress has been made analytically by modeling non-integrable systems as stochastic systems, lacking a Hamiltonian picture, while honest Hamiltonian dynamics are frequently limited to small system sizes due to computational constraints. In this paper, we address this by investigating the role of conservation laws (including energy conservation) in the thermalization process from an information-theoretic perspective. For general non-integrable models, we use the equilibrium approximation to show that the maximal amount of information is scrambled (as measured by the tripartite mutual information of the time-evolution operator) at late times even when a system conserves energy. In contrast, we explicate how when a system has additional symmetries that lead to degeneracies in the spectrum, the amount of information scrambled must decrease. This general theory is exemplified in case studies of holographic conformal field theories (CFTs) and the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. Due to the large Virasoro symmetry in 1+1D CFTs, we argue that, in a sense, these holographic theories are not maximally chaotic, which is explicitly seen by the non-saturation of the second Renyi tripartite mutual information. The roles of particle-hole and U(1) symmetries in the SYK model are milder due to the degeneracies being only two-fold, which we confirm explicitly at both large- and small-$N$. We reinterpret the operator entanglement in terms the growth of local operators, connecting our results with the information scrambling described by out-of-time-ordered correlators, identifying the mechanism for suppressed scrambling from the Heisenberg perspective.
Proinflammatory Oscillations Over the Menstrual Cycle Drives Bystander CD4 T Cell Recruitment and SHIV Susceptibility from Vaginal Challenge

Background: The menstrual cycle influences HIV infection-risk in women, although the timing and underlying mechanism are unclear. Here we investigated the contribution of the menstrual cycle to HIV susceptibility through evaluating immune behavior with infection-risk over time. Methods: Pigtail macaques were used to evaluate immune changes over reproductive cycles and in a low-dose repetitive vaginal virus challenge model. PBMC samples from healthy women were collected over the course of a cycle and measured for T cell characteristics. Immune properties from PBMC and vaginal lavage samples were measured by flow cytometry. Progesterone concentration from blood plasma was measured by enzyme immunoassay. The oscillation frequency of progesterone concentration and CCR5 expression from CD4 T cells was calculated using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. SHIV infection was detected from blood plasma by Q-PCR. Findings: From macaques, cycle-phases associated with fluctuations in systemic immune properties which identified a type-1 inflammatory response bias with corresponding CCR5+ CD4 T cell (HIV target cell) infiltration into the vaginal lumen at the late luteal phase. Power spectral analysis detected CCR5 oscillation frequencies synchronized with reproductive cycles, and in a repetitive low-dose vaginal challenge model, productive SHIV163P3 infection occurred from inoculation during those intervals of mounting type-1 responses. Finally, we observe similar sinusoidal inflammatory properties in healthy menstruating women. Interpretation: These data demonstrate that periodic shifts in the immune landscape under menstrual cycle regulation drive bystander CCR5+ CD4 T cell recruitment, corresponding to the tissue remodeling functions at the late luteal phase, and increases HIV susceptibility in the female reproductive tract. Funding Statement: This study was supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 and NIH grants to Emory University (K23AI114407to A.N.S., the Emory University Center for AIDS research [P30AI050409], and Atlanta Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute [KLR2TR000455, UL1TR000454]). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: All [animal] procedures were approved by the Institutional CDC Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Protocols were approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Institutional Review Board, and the Grady Research Oversight Committee.
Telemedicine as a Cardiovascular Center Growth Strategy: Patient Experience, Provider Satisfaction and Improved Access

Virtual care has become essential to the infrastructure of cardiovascular care delivery. Although previously used as an occasional adjunct to in-person care, virtual visits are now routinely used for outpatient clinical care and remote in-hospital consultation. The inevitable suspension of all non-urgent, in-person visits during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in necessary modifications to the treatment and management of cardiac patients (De Simone et al. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;10(2):34–47). Team-based phone calls, asynchronous symptom checks and at-home vital sign monitoring with medical grade digital and wearable devices now provide efficient, high quality and convenient patient care.
Analytical solutions for composition and stress in spherical elastic–plastic lithium-ion electrode particles containing a propagating phase boundary

Abstract Analytical solutions are derived for the distribution of Li concentration, chemical potential, and stress in a spherical particle of an active Li insertion material containing a propagating phase boundary. Results are presented both for elastic and inelastic host materials. We focus in particular on understanding the coupling between the solution thermodynamics, transport, and mechanical forces in the particle. It is shown that solution chemistry can have a strong influence on the stress state; and conversely, the stress state may significantly alter the equilibrium conditions at the phase boundary and the driving forces for phase boundary migration.
Smooth muscle-targeted overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma disrupts vascular wall structure and function (866.4)

Objective: To explore the role of PPARγ in vascular regulation, smooth muscle VP16-PPARγ-overexpressing mice were subjected to studies of systemic vascular function, biomechanical testing, histological analysis, and molecular characterization. Methods: Mice with a flox-controlled VP16-PPARγ gene were crossed with mice containing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase driven by a smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoter. All mice received tamoxifen injections at 6 weeks of age. Experiments were performed at 10-16 weeks of age. Results: Compared to littermate controls, transgenic mice displayed: 1) aortic dilation (by histology, echocardiography, and microCT), 2) increased aortic compliance, 3) reduced blood pressure, 4) 80% reduction in aortic ring contractile forces in response to KCl or phenylephrine, 5) lipid accumulation in the aortic media (Oil Red O staining), and 6) reduction in aortic contractile markers and extra-cellular matrix components with increased expression of adipose markers and selected ...
The Properties of Bovine Growth Hormone II. EFFECTS OF UREA

Abstract Increasing levels of urea increase the fluorescence intensity of bovine growth hormone at neutral pH and shift the pH zone of the transition that occurs in acid to higher pH values. Maxima in the fluorescence intensity curves occur above 3.6 m urea and are displaced to higher pH values at higher urea concentrations. Fluorescence polarization of the conjugate of the hormone with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride undergoes a complicated series of changes as a function of urea concentration and pH. The pK value of the dimethylamino group of the 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl conjugate of bovine growth hormone is abnormally low in aqueous solution and is gradually normalized by urea. From studies of these phenomena, and of ultraviolet difference spectra of the hormone in urea solutions, five new molecular conformations of bovine growth hormone are inferred. Even the most disorganized conformation, which is found in 9 m urea below pH 5, still appears to retain some organized structure. The helical regions of the bovine growth hormone molecule appear to remain largely intact, even in conformations that differ markedly from that of the native molecule.
Pentoxifylline's theoretical efficacy in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome.

To the Editor: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic, widespread pain in combination with tenderness to palpation at specific tender point sites on the body, in the absence of otherwise apparent organic disease [1]. Given the unclear etiology of fibromyalgia, and the heterogeneous presentations of the disease, it has become clear that no one therapy is broadly efficacious. Drugs known to attenuate glial activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as naltrexone have already been tested and found efficient in the reduction of fibromyalgia symptoms [2]. Glial cell activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines constitute one of the theories underlying fibromyalgia syndrome. Glial cells, long …
Extended emission-line gas in M 87

The extended optical (“warm”) emission filaments in M 87 may connect the inner nucleus to the outer coronal halo of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. The historical development of observations of the filament system is reviewed, and placed in context both with the warm gas of elliptical galaxies in general, and within the context of different theoretical scenarios. A detailed morphological picture has emerged, particularly with recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images in which complex strands and loops of emitting material may be seen extending over many kiloparsec. The emitting gas is dusty at a level consistent with Galactic gas-to-dust ratios. There may also be a component of neutral gas present. Kinematically, the gas system is in outflow within the central few kiloparsec of the nucleus, whereas at greater distances, the gas is infalling.
Osmotic Fragility and Viability of Lysostaphin-induced Staphylococcal Spheroplasts

When Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P cells were treated with lysostaphin (1 unit/ml) in hypertonic sodium chloride or sucrose environments, viable, osmotically fragile spheroplasts were produced. Turbidimetric studies indicated that 64% (w/v) sucrose or 20 to 28% (w/v) sodium chloride gives maximal protection against lysis of the lysostaphin-treated cells. The NaCl appeared to give greater protection than the sucrose and proved to be much more suitable for viability and related studies. Viability of both shocked and nonshocked treated cells was determined by S. aureus colony counts on agar plates overlayered with the test dilution of the cells suspended in 4 ml of semisolid agar containing 72% sucrose. The difference in the counts represented the number of revertible spheroplasts. Under these conditions, 30 to 50% of the test cells were recovered as osmotically fragile, but revertible, spheroplasts after 5 to 10 min of exposure to lysostaphin in 24% NaCl. This rewere obtained after 5 to 10 min of exposure to lysostaphin in 24% NaCl. This recovery rate fell off rapidly with prolonged exposure. In view of residual turbidity of 30- and even 60-min exposure preparations, it appeared probable that most of the osmotically fragile cells were eventually converted to protoplasts by the prolonged lysostaphin treatment. Osmotically fragile cells were converted to osmotic stability by fixation with 4% (v/v) Formalin.
Aboard Abroad: Supporting Transnational Parent–School Communication in Migration-Separated Families

Increased migration means more transnational parenting of children who are left behind in their home countries. Parents pursuing opportunities abroad need to communicate with those who care for these now high-risk children, yet current technologies do not serve them well. Specifically, the technologies do not work for multiple caregivers, which includes parents, guardians, and educators. This research study reports findings of a design exploration into the ways an information and communication platform could be developed to increase communication among parents, guardians, and educators about the left-behind children. We draw on the results of interviews and design activities with 27 migrant parents, children, educators, and guardians living in or with ties to Jamaica. We highlight how hybrid approaches to designing social spaces (merging voice-based and online platforms) could improve access and meet the users’ differing needs. Moreover, increasing access opportunities would facilitate the (re)building of trust networks and improve a parent’s awareness of their child’s needs. We call for privacy, transparency, and visibility to be balanced against each other and built into an information and communication platform to connect the care network as a means of improving acceptance by the users.
Using location information in wireless ad hoc networks

With the fast growing uses of GPS-equipment, mobile users can more easily determine where they are located. These physical location information may play an important role in a wireless ad hoc network formed by a collection of wireless mobile hosts, in the absence of any fixed infrastructure. Performance overhead considerations are more important for ad hoc network environments because of the time-varying network topology. We propose some approaches to reduce the overhead at the network layer using location information of mobile hosts.
Design and optimization of a flow-injection system for enzymatic determination of galactose

Abstract A flow-injection system for the determination of galactose has been designed and optimized. Galactose is oxidized in the flow-injection manifold via immobilized galactose oxidase to produce hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide formed subsequently reacts with a leucomalachite green/ peroxidase reagent, and the malachite green product is monitored spectrophotometrically at 620 nm. Optimal system conditions were investigated for both enzyme kinetics and reactor configurations. A Composite Modified Simplex routine was employed for multivariate optimization of five rate-dependent parameters. System factors considered in the Simplex optimization were sensitivity, precision, and sample throughput. The performance of the system was improved by a factor of 5.1 relative to initial conditions. Four immobilized enzyme reactor configurations were also investigated for their substrate conversion efficiencies and dispersion characteristics. Optimal system performance is attained by combining the results from the reactor design evaluations and the Simplex optimization. The galactose determination working range was 80 μM to approximately 2 mM for a 30-μl sample volume with an optimal sample throughput of 41 samples per hour. The relative standard deviation ranged from 0.02 to 2.450 over the galactose working curve.
Hypoglycemia stimulates ACTH secretion through a direct effect on the basal hypothalamus

The primary site of action of insulin hypoglycemia to induce ACTH secretion was investigated in rats with medial basal hypothalamic ablation (MBHA), medial basal hypothalamic deafferentation (MBHD), and chlorpromazine-morphine-pentobarbital (C-M-P) treatment. Plasma corticosterone (B) concentration was used as an index of ACTH secretion. Hypoglycemia failed to provoke ACTH secretion in MBHA and C-M-P treated animals, while it stimulated ACTH secretion in MBHD animals to the same extent as in controls. The rise in plasma B induced by synthetic lysine-vasopressin injection was not significantly different between MBHA and control animals, indicating pituitary ACTH reserve was not affected by the operation. Our data indicate that hypoglycemia stimulates ACTH secretion through a primary effect in the medial basal hypothalamus and not in the extrahypothalamic CNS or adenohyphophysis.
High versus low crewmember autonomy during a 105-day Mars simulation mission

Abstract Crewmembers participating in long-duration space expeditions beyond the Earth–Moon environment will have more autonomy than in previous on-orbit missions or missions to the Moon. In order to study the impact of high versus low crew autonomy on crewmembers and mission control personnel we studied 6 men who were isolated for 105 days in a Mars mission simulator at the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow, along with 18 outside individuals who monitored their activities in a simulated mission control. During the first 10 weeks of the isolation the crew interacted with mission control under a low autonomy condition, where the latter developed the work schedule and communicated with the former in real time. During the last 5 weeks a high autonomy condition was instituted, where crewmembers planned and revised their work schedule and where a Mars-like communication time delay occurred with the outside monitors. Both the crew and mission control subjects completed weekly measures of mood, group interpersonal climate, work freedom, and performance. The results suggested that high work autonomy was well received by the crew, mission goals were accomplished, and there were no adverse effects. During the high autonomy period, crewmember mood and self-direction were reported as being better but the mission control personnel reported more anxiety and work role confusion. Despite scoring lower in work pressure overall, the four Russian crewmembers reported a greater rise in work pressure from low to high autonomy than the two Europeans. In contrast, the European crewmembers reported a greater rise in negative dysphoric mood in going from low to high autonomy, whereas the Russians′ emotional state remained the same or slightly improved. Work freedom was rated slightly higher during high autonomy, but work performance was about the same overall, although Russian scores increased and European scores decreased on all four performance measures. It is time to study the effects of high autonomy with larger subject samples during on-orbit space missions (e.g., to the International Space Station) in order to prepare for future deep space exploratory missions, where high autonomy will be the norm.
A Method of Analyzing Transient Waves by Space-Time Cross Spectra

Abstract Spectral formulas for analyzing transient waves are presented. Cross-spectral analysis of space-Fourier coefficients isolates travelling waves and standing wave oscillations, and provides statistical information concerning their structure and energetics.
Nonconcavity of the magnetization in Ising ferromagnets

Some Ising ferromagnets having nonconcave magnetization are presented as counterexamples to the often assumed case of concave magnetization.
Estimating Contributions of Natural Resource Investments to Objectives in Regional Economic Development

Y principal purpose is to assess the status of methods for estimating l lM contributions of Federal water resource development projects with respect to regional economic objectives. Emphasis is upon problems experienced both by the Federal agencies and by those with responsibilities for assisting in economic evaluation of the projects. Two theses underlying this paper are: (1) Appropriate procedures in benefit-cost analysis, as applied to regions, require a foundation in relevant concepts and theories of regional economic development; and (2) efforts to develop methods for estimating the more dynamic effects of water projects should be preceded by the development of defensible measures for the less dynamic effects.
Atmospheric response to soil-frost and snow in Alaska in March

A hydro-thermodynamic soil-vegetation model including soil freezing/thawing (soil-frost) and snow-metamorphism has been integrated into the PennState/NCAR Mesoscale Meteorological Model MM5 in a two-way coupled mode. A hierarchy of simulations with and without the soil-frost module, each combined with and without the snow module, shows the influence of snow-cover and soil-frost on weather in Alaska. Herein the landscape is featured as it is typically by mesoscale models.
The invention of footprinting.

Having been trained in physics, mymolecular biology was picked up on thestreets. The streets, however, wereinteresting places in the mid-1970s, full ofpromise and entirely unsolved, evenuntried, problems. In pursuit ofinteresting problems, I went to work withElbert Branscomb, at the LawrenceLivermore laboratory, on errorpropagation of protein synthesis in
Crystal structure of the 2:1 complex between d(GAAGCTTC) and the anticancer drug actinomycin D

The crystal structures of the 2:1 complex of the self-complementary DNA octamer d(GAAGCTTC) with actinomycin D has been determined at 3.0 A resolution. This is the first example of a crystal structure of a DNA-drug complex in which the drug intercalates into the middle of a relatively long DNA segment. The results finally confirmed the DNA-actinomycin intercalation model proposed by Sobell & co-workers in 1971. The DNA molecule adopts a severely distorted and slightly kinked B-DNA-like structure with an actinomycin D molecule intercalated in the middle sequence, GC. The two cyclic depsipeptides, which differ from each other in overall conformation, lie in the minor groove. The complex is further stabilized by forming base-peptide and chromophore-backbone hydrogen bonds. The DNA helix appears to be unwound by rotating one of the base-pairs at the intercalation site. This single base-pair unwinding motion generates a unique asymmetrically wound helix at the binding site of the drug, i.e. the helix is loosened at one end of the intercalation site and tightened at the other end. The large unwinding of the DNA by the drug intercalation is absorbed mostly in a few residues adjacent to the intercalation site. The asymmetrical twist of the DNA helix, the overall conformation of the two cyclic depsipeptides and their interaction mode with DNA are correlated to each other and rationally explained.
Do neutrinos oscillate

Abstract The present evidence on neutrino oscillations is reviewed and interpreted in terms of neutrino mass differences on the basis of a description analogous to K 0 (ai) K 0 oscillation theory.
Self-concept and suicide intent.

154 Ss rated the concept myself on a semantic differential. Ratings of myself distinguished between suicidal and non-suicidal Ss and between more and less suicidal Ss. Changes in ratings of myself were significantly associated with changes in suicide risk.
Exact solutions for the kinematic model of autowaves in two-dimensional excitable media

Abstract The kinematic model for autowaves propagating in two-dimensional homogeneous excitable media is shown to be integrable exactly for steady-state patterns of zero topological charge. A whole set of solutions is found and the stability of the solutions is studied. V-shaped waves observed recently in experiments with Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction correspond to one of the solutions found. Other solutions turn out to be self-crossing: revealing one or an infinite number of loops. It is shown that regular parts of self-crossing solutions describe different parts of steady-state autowave patterns in piecewise excitable media. Recent experiments with autowaves in excitable media with a stripe of enhanced excitability are analyzed and a new stationary wave pattern is predicted to exist in the case of a stripe of reduced excitability.
The changing landscape of networked resource description

The first column in this series appeared not long after the OCLC/ NCSA Metadata Workshop, an effort to bring together experts from various stakeholder communities from the library, computer, and text‐encoding communities. The objective of this workshop was to forge a consensus surrounding a lightweight, core description record that would be useful for locating Internet resources, but that could be created relatively inexpensively by authors or others who were not necessarily schooled in the nuances of conventional cataloging.
Evidence-responsiveness in professional judgment : effects of positive versus negative evidence and presentation mode

Abstract Professional auditors participated in four belief-revision experiments that examined the differential responsiveness of their revisions to positive and negative evidence and the impact of presentation mode on their revisions. In two auditing and two nonauditing tasks, the auditors were more responsive to negative than to positive evidence, and revised their beliefs to a greater extent with sequential than with simultaneous evidence presentation. We argue that important aspects of the education and training of auditors, and of the legal and professional environment in which they work, may be expected to distinguish their approach to evidence evaluation from that of other groups. This argument is supported by two additional experiments which show that another group of professional subjects (business executives) do not exhibit direction-of-evidence and presentation-mode effects in the same nonauditing tasks. Implications for belief revision in professional settings and directions for further research are discussed.
Mechanisms for Understanding Participation in Online File Sharing

This study researches behavior associated with online file sharing activities. Specifically, a technology known as 'Bittorrent' is studied in an auto-observational technique and supported by information gained through forums and blogs to gain insight. The main research question the authors ask is: what are the factors and processes that facilitate an individual's participation in online sharing of copyrighted files? They propose a social mechanism that concentrates on the actions of individuals leading up to and including their participation in a group file sharing activity. A higher level mechanism is then presented which links individual participation with exogenous forces. This research addresses a need for understanding the behaviors of those that choose to participate in online file sharing of copyrighted digital media. Further the proposal of mechanisms presented here may prove fruitful for use in studies beyond the context used here.
A new hypothesis for nucleic acid replication

Abstract A new hypothesis for the mechanism of replication of DNA has been proposed which involves the exact copying of one strand of the DNA double helix followed by complementary replication of this exact copy to form a new molecule of double-stranded DNA. The proposed scheme avoids the difficulties involved with destranding mechanisms which must be invoked if only complementary replication is envisioned, and which are particularly acute in the case of replication of the singlestranded DNA of bacteriophage φX-174. The first half of the proposed mechanism has been applied to account for the replication of DNA of the latter phage and to the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.
Comparison of the effects of colestipol hydrochloride and clofibrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia

The effects of colestipol HCl resin and clofibrate on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were compared in 65 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with colestipol (in progressive doses of 15, 20, and 30 g/day), clofibrate (2 g/day), or placebo resin; lipoprotein levels were determined at months 0, 2, 4, 6, and 9. The colestipol group received both colestipol and clofibrate during months 7 through 9 of the study. After 6 months of treatment, mean plasma total cholesterol fell from 333 to 266 (P < 0.01) on colestipol, and from 329 to 270 (P < 0.05) on clofibrate. More patients responded, however, to colestipol than to clofibrate. Both drugs also produced significant reductions in LDL cholesterol levels, and clofibrate lowered plasma triglycerides as well. HDL cholesterol levels did not change significantly on either medication. The placebo group showed no change in any of the parameters studied. A significant difference was not observed between the effects of 15 g/day of colestipol and those of the higher doses studied. Addition of clofibrate to colestipol did not enhance the latter's hypocholesterolemic action.
Electrical Transport through Single DNA Molecules by Distinct Tip-Surface Configurations

In this paper, gold-DNA-gold nanoparticle (GNP) complexes were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). I-V characteristics were collected from distinct positions of gold nanoparticle clusters and qualitatively explained by a tip- surface configuration model. Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of poly(dT)-poly(dA) was found to be slightly n-type semiconductor by theoretical simulation of the S-shaped I-V curves employing the Landauer formalism.
Further studies in the advance prediction of gamma-ray spectra and detection limits in instrumental neutron activation analysis

This computational procedure, described earlier for NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry, has now been set up for Ge(Li) spectrometry measurements, has been extended further in various details, has been partially computerized, and has been tested experimentally on both biological and geochemical types of samples—with good results. The procedure enables one to compute, in advance of any activations, the approximate Ge(Li) pulse-height spectrum of a sample for any selected flux and irradiation, decay, and counting times —and to compute the lower limits of instrumental NAA detection of any trace elements of interest—if the principal composition of the matrix is known. Various other useful parameters are also readily calculated.
Improving part-of-speech guessing of Chinese unknown words using hybrid models

This paper presents a hybrid model for part-of-speech (POS) guessing of Chinese unknown words. Most previous studies on this task have developed a unified statistical model for all Chinese unknown words and have rejected rule-based models without testing. We argue that models that use different sources of information about unknown words, both structural and contextual, can be effective for handling different types of unknown words. We propose a rule-based model that uses information about the type, length, and internal structure of unknown words and combine it with two existing statistical models that use information about the POS context and component characters of unknown words respectively for this task. By combining the complementary strengths of the three models that use different sources of information, the hybrid model achieves an accuracy of 89%, a significant improvement over the best result reported in previous studies.
Neurochemical Sensitization in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia: Deficits and Dysfunction in Neuronal Regulation and Plasticity

Existing pathophysiological models of schizophrenia are limited in their ability to account for all the clinical dimensions of the disorder. The purpose of this article is to describe a comprehensive hypothesis of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and specifically how a deficit in neural regulation of developmental origin can lead to a pathologic form of neuroplasticity, i.e., neurochemical sensitization, which causes the onset and psychotic symptoms of the illness. We propose that the symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by deficits in neural regulation resulting in a pathologic condition of neurochemical sensitization analogous to the preclinical model of pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization. This condition, if sustained, can lead to potential neurotoxic effects which produce structural neuronal alterations and persistent morbidity. Several lines of indirect and direct clinical evidence are consistent with this hypothesis. These include the ability of stimulant and psychotomimetic drugs to induce psychosis in normal subjects, the development of apparent sensitization to psychosis-inducing effects of stimulants in chronic stimulant abusers and the increased susceptibility of patients with schizophrenia to the psychotogenic effects of Dopamine (DA) agonists. This hypothesis integrates and extends the work of other investigators and is consistent with specific aspects of the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. The association of longer duration and more episodes of psychosis, with poor treatment response and outcome, are also consistent with this model. From this hypothesis, specific predictions about the illness course, treatment interventions, and pathophysiologic features of schizophrenia can be derived and tested through clinical investigation.
A Table-Top Technique for Assessing the Blanching Resistance of Cu Alloys

A new method is described for the simple and straight-forward evaluation of a material’s resistance to blanching, a mode of degradation that limits the life and performance of rocket engine thrust-cell liners. The method is based on cyclic exposure to oxidation and reduction with continuous monitoring of weight changes. Results obtained so far are in excellent agreement with known and expected blanching behavior of available Cu alloys, showing that this method provides an effective screening test for blanching susceptibility.
Women's Empowerment across Generations in Bangladesh.

Abstract This study uses qualitative data to examine young women's relationships with their mothers and mothers-in-law to understand how these relationships foster empowerment in the younger generation or fail to do so. The data consist of ethnographic interviews with 20 triads of women – young married women, their mothers and their mothers-in-law. Findings show that the influence of empowerment across generations was greater in the sphere of economic empowerment and education than in relation to marriage and childbearing. The study illustrates how patriarchal institutions resistant to change can limit the effects of women's empowerment on the next generation.
US Patterns of Mental Health Service Utilization for Transition-Age Youth and Young Adults

This study examines rates of admission and patterns of mental health service use by persons of transition age (16–25 years) in the USA based on the nationally representative 1997 Client/Patient Sample Survey and population data from the US Census Bureau. A precipitous decline in utilization was observed at the age of emancipation: the yearly admission rate for inpatient, outpatient, and residential services was 34 per 1,000 for 16- and 17-year-olds and 18 per 1,000 for 18- and 19-year-olds. Among 20- and 21-year-olds, more were referred from criminal justice and fewer from family or friends and social services, and proportionately more were Medicaid recipients. Targeting resources to enhance shared planning between child and adult systems may facilitate continuity of care for young adult clients who are aging out of child mental health systems, as well as for those who experience their first episodes of mental disorder in early adulthood.
Distributed asynchronous microprocessor architectures in fault tolerant integrated flight systems

The paper discusses the implementation of fault tolerant digital flight control and navigation systems for rotorcraft application. It is shown that in implementing fault tolerance at the systems level using advanced LSI/VLSI technology, aircraft physical layout and flight systems requirements tend to define a system architecture of distributed, asynchronous microprocessors in which fault tolerance can be achieved locally through hardware redundancy and/or globally through application of analytical redundancy. The effects of asynchronism on the execution of dynamic flight software is discussed. It is shown that if the asynchronous microprocessors have knowledge of time, these errors can be significantly reduced through appropiate modifications of the flight software. Finally, the papear extends previous work to show that through the combined use of time referencing and stable flight algorithms, individual microprocessors can be configured to autonomously tolerate intermittent faults.
Examining the free radical bonding mechanism of benzoquinone– and hydroquinone–methanol passivation of silicon surfaces

Abstract The surface passivation of p-benzoquinone (BQ) and hydroquinone (HQ) when dissolved in methanol (ME) has been examined through effective lifetime testing of crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers treated with the aforementioned solutions. Changes in the availability of both photons and protons in the solutions were demonstrated to affect the level of passivation achieved. The requirement of both excess protons and ambient light exposure to maintain high effective lifetimes supports the presence of a free radical species that drives the surface passivation. Surface analysis suggests a 1:1 ratio of HQ-like bonds to methoxy bonds on the c-Si surface after treatment with a BQ/ME solution.
Chromosomal proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana

In plants with large genomes, each of the classes of the histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) are not unique polypeptides, but rather families of closely related proteins that are called histone variants. The small genome and preponderance of single-copy DNA in Arabidopsis thaliana has led us to ask if this plant has such families of histone variants. We have thus isolated histones from Arabidopsis and analyzed them on four polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic systems: an SDS system; an acetic acid-urea system; a Triton transverse gradient system; and a two-dimensional system combining SDS and Triton-acetic acid-urea systems. This approach has allowed us to identify all four of the nucleosomal core histones in Arabidopsis and to establish the existence of a set of H2A and H2B variants. Arabidopsis has at least four H2A variants and three H2B variants of distinct molecular weights as assessed by electrophoretic mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Thus, Arabidopsis displays a diversity in these histones similar to the diversity displayed by plants with larger genomes such as wheat.The high mobility group (HMG) non-histone chromatin proteins have attracted considerable attention because of the evidence implicating them as structural proteins of transcriptionally active chromatin. We have isolated a group of non-histone chromatin proteins from Arabidopsis that meet the operational criteria to be classed as HMG proteins and that cross-react with antisera to HMG proteins of wheat.
FAMILY DISPUTE RESOLUTION: CHARTING A COURSE FOR THE FUTURE

This article summarizes ideas for future directions in the field of family dispute resolution, as discussed by legal experts, social scientists, and other participants at the Indiana University–Bloomington conference on family dispute resolution. Five major categories of future directions were discussed: (1) clarifying differing goals for work in this field; (2) recognizing, understanding, and assessing for heterogeneity among couples and families facing divorces, break ups in adult relationships, and reconfigurations of adult relationships with the children (“relationship dissolution”); (3) testing our assumptions and commonly held beliefs about relationship dissolution; (4) empirically testing the efficacy of interventions for families experiencing relationship dissolution; and (5) disseminating research findings to those on the frontline.
A general integral technique for kinetic analysis of temperature-programmed thermogravimetry

A general integral technique for analyzing the first-order kinetics of temperature-programmed thermogravimetry has been developed. The method has been successfully applied to calculate the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition reaction of poly(tetrafluoroethylene).
In Defense of Quinean Ontological Naturalism

Quinean Ontological Naturalism addresses the question “What is there?” Advocates of the view maintain that we can answer this question by applying Quine’s criterion of ontological commitment to our best scientific theories. In this paper, I discuss two major objections that are commonly offered to this view, what I call the “Paraphrase Objection” and “First Philosophy Objection”. I argue that these objections arise from a common uncharitable characterization of the Quinean Ontological Naturalist’s project that fails to distinguish two distinct roles for Quine’s Criterion, a descriptive role and a normative role. The objections target the descriptive role, but only the normative role is important to Quinean Ontological Naturalism.
A Technique for the Automatic Detection of Insect Clutter in Cloud Radar Returns

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates 35-GHz millimeter-wavelength cloud radars (MMCRs) in several climatologically distinct regions. The MMCRs, which are centerpiece instruments for the observation of clouds and precipitation, provide continuous, vertically resolved information on all hydrometeors above the ARM Climate Research Facilities (ACRF). However, their ability to observe clouds in the lowest 2–3 km of the atmosphere is often obscured by the presence of strong echoes from insects, especially during the warm months at the continental midlatitude Southern Great Plains (SGP) ACRF. Here, a new automated technique for the detection and elimination of insect-contaminated echoes from the MMCR observations is presented. The technique is based on recorded MMCR Doppler spectra, a feature extractor that conditions insect spectral signatures, and the use of a neural network algorithm for the generation of an insect (clutter) mask. The technique exhibi...