cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Africans in the Diaspora: the Diaspora and Africa

ONGOING AFRICAN DIASPORAS, the recent growth of Atlantic and diasporic studies, the globalization of capital and culture, the technological revolution and the breakdown in information boundaries, all these have necessitated a rethinking of the African diaspora and its changing meanings. The nature and composition of the African diaspora have undergone significant changes over time: from the forced migration of African captives of the Old and New Worlds to the voluntary emigration of free, skilled Africans in search of political asylum or economic opportunities; from a diaspora with little contact with the point of origin (Africa) to one that maintains active contact with the mother continent; all culminating in the birth of a unique African who straddles continents, worlds and cultures. Today, Africans are found in non-traditional points of migration such as Israel, Japan, Taiwan, New Zealand and Australia. In this diasporic flux, many sociological givens have been challenged and/or transformed: the boundedness of culture and religion; the definition of citizenship; and state-civil society relations, among other things. Intriguing continuities also persist in the existence of trading diasporas within and outside Africa and in the unfortunate survival of forms of unfree labour in Africa and beyond. When the editors of African Affairs invited me to write something thoughtful and provocative on the more contemporary African diasporas and their impact on Africa, they gave me quite wide terms of reference. I have chosen to examine the changing nature of diaspora over time with more emphasis on the twentieth century and its ramifications for African religions and cultures, for the redefinition of political communities, and for the economic potential of the free flow of skilled Africans and African financial capital for African development. Joseph Harris has emphasized the ways in which diasporas 'affect the economies, politics, and social dynamics of both homeland and the host country or area'.l As an historian, I have chosen to dwell on the historical experience of diaspora rather than on the equally important discourse on diaspora that is current in literary and cultural studies, a discourse which nonetheless informs some of the issues examined in this essay, as well as its conceptualization. The
EXPLORING THE QUANTUM WORLD OF COMPLEX STATES

Solving the fundamental microscopic equations of interacting quantum particles is a goal of many-body physicists. Statistical methods reduce the complexity of the problem by sampling phase space selectively using random-walks and real states. Many interesting physical phenomena (e.g., electrons in external magnetic fields) involve systems whose state functions are inherently complex-valued. The Fixed-Phase method is a stochastic approach to deal with such problems. Its key ingredient is a trial phase that plays the role of gauge function in the transformation that maps the original fermion (or boson) problem to a boson problem for the modulus of the state function. The Released-Phase method relaxes that constraint and allows us to obtain, in principle, the "exact" properties, although it is subjected to the infamous "phase problem." In our tour of the (complex) Quantum World, we will show how these methods have been successfully applied to a wide variety of physical phenomena ranging from quantum Hall top...
Poisoning of 2-methylthiophene and 2-methylfuran hydrogenolysis by piperidine and 2,6-lutidine

Deactivation of 2-methylthiophene and 2-methylfuran hydrogenolysis over a sulfided Co Mo/Al2O3 catalyst by piperidine and 2,6-lutidine was carried out in a stirred tank, microbalance reactor, which permitted simultaneous measurements of catalyst conversion and weight of adsorbed poison. Active sites for the respective reactions were found to be sterically hindered. At low levels of lutidine, both reactions were actually promoted to a small extent. These results are similar to those found previously in poisoning studies with thiophene, and suggest that the same type of sites may be involved in CO and CS bond cleavage reactions.
Perylene Diimide G-Quadruplex DNA Binding Selectivity is Mediated by Ligand Aggregation

Two N,N'-disubstituted perylene diimide G-quadruplex DNA ligands, PIPER [N,N'-bis-(2-(1-piperidino)ethyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide] and Tel01 [N,N'-bis-(3-(4-morpholino)-propyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide] were studied. Visible absorbance, resonance light scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the pH-dependent aggregation of these ligands. The G-quadruplex DNA binding selectivity of these ligands as monitored by absorption spectroscopy is also pH-dependent. The ligands bind to both duplex and G-quadruplex DNA under low pH conditions, where the ligands are not aggregated. At higher pH, where the ligands are extensively aggregated, the apparent G-quadruplex DNA binding selectivity is high.
The effective use of undergraduates to staff large introductory CS courses

In the past few years many schools have tried to simultaneously achieve the following goals in their introductory CS courses: Allow more students to enrollImprove the quality of educationKeep spending at current levelsEveryone has discovered that the first two goals are difficult to achieve in the presence of the third. This paper presents a model that has evolved over the last five years at Stanford University where all three goals have been accomplished by replacing graduate student TAs with undergraduate section leaders.
Cell Viscoelasticity as a Function of Substrate Stiffness

While it is known that cells respond to the mechanical properties of their environment, limited information is available regarding mechanosensing and the means by which such stimuli are transduced. The cytoskeleton, a critical component used by cells to sense substrate stiffness, determines the viscoelasticity of cells. Information on cell viscoelasticity as a function of substrate stiffness and vimentin levels can lead to a larger composite model of the mechanism through which cells respond to external mechanical stimuli.3T3 fibroblasts were grown on collagen-coated polyacrylamide gels, of which the stiffness was controlled by varying both the concentrations of acrylamide and bisacrylamide. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to perform dynamic micromechanical tests. The force-mapping mode was employed to obtain 24 by 24 maps of force curves. For each force curve, the AFM first indents a cell with a 700 pN force and then applies a 10 Hz sinusoidal strain to the cell. The storage, E', and loss modulus, E'', were calculated by fitting the sinusoidal portion of the applied force and resulting indentation to obtain the amplitude and phase offset.Both E' and E'' increase with substrate stiffness. While the increase in E' is consistent with literature, we found that the ratio of E'' to E' decreases as substrate stiffness increases. This agrees with our hypothesis that cells become more solid-like as the elastic modulus of the extracellular matrix increases. Additionally, the value of E' was higher in vimentin null cells, suggesting that cells change their cytoskeletal composition to adapt to the loss of vimentin. This may involve an increase in the concentration of actin filaments, which contribute more to the elasticity than vimentin. Further experiments will investigate the potential link between vimentin expression and the mechanosensing ability of the cells.
Constituting Friendship in Talk and Metatalk

This work sets forth a relational perspective on developing friendships. It examines the interface between children's talk in conversations with their friends and what they say about that talk in interviews following the conversation. Five configurations emerged in the interface between friends' conversational control and their expectations for control. Two patterns were fairly static and described older, long-term or less-than-best friends. In these configurations, partners either agreed that one partner controlled the conversation when actually they shared control, or else both of them failed to perceive that one partner controlled the talk. The other three configurations revealed change and/or disagreement between best friends. In these cases, partners consistently disagreed in their perceptions of control, but one partner accurately perceived the controller. These latter patterns may describe the kinds of relational talk that constitute developing models of friendship.
Rapid LC-MS screening for IgG Fc modifications and allelic variants in blood.

Abstract A new method for simultaneously screening allelic variants and certain Fc modifications on endogenous human IgG1 and IgG2 directly from blood samples is described. The IdeS endoproteinase was used to cleave IgG in serum to generate Fc, which, after denaturation, was analyzed directly as monomeric Fc (Fc/2) by LC–MS to identify the haplotype(s) present in each individual. The relative levels of IgG isotype and haplotype ratios were generated along with the profile of the major Fc glycans and several other modifications associated with each IgG1 or IgG2 haplotype. Since only minute quantities (5 μL) of blood are required and analysis can be highly automated, this approach lends itself to screening large populations. We demonstrate its utility in examining possible correlations between Fc properties and allelic variants. IgG1 core fucosylation, which significantly impacts antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), showed an asymmetric distribution, with a small number of individuals showing unexpectedly high core afucosylation levels. In these individuals, IgG2 afucosylation levels were normal. Finally, a new IgG1 allotype, previously not characterized, was identified using this analytical methodology.
Fine structure of gametogony and oocyst formation in Sarcocystis sp. in cell culture.

SYNOPSIS Fine structure of gametocytes and oocyst formation of Sarcocystis sp. from Quiscalus quiscula Linnaeus grown in cultured embryonic bovine kidney cells was studied. Microgametocytes measured up to ∼5 μm diameter. During nuclear division of the microgametocyte, dense plaques were found adjacent to the nucleus just beneath the pellicle; occasionally microtubules were present within these plaques. These microtubules subsequently formed 2 basal bodies with a bundle of 4 microtubules between them. Microgametocytes also contained numerous mitochondria, micropores, granules, vacuoles, and free ribosomes. Each microgamete was covered by a single membrane and consisted of 2 basal bodies, 2 flagella, a bundle of 4 microtubules, a perforatorium, a mitochondrion, and a long dense nucleus which extended anteriorly and posteriorly beyond the mitochondrion. The bundle of 4 microtubules is thought to be the rudiment of a 3rd flagellum. Macrogametes were covered by a double membrane pellicle, and contained a large nucleus (∼2.5 μm), vacuoles, and a dilated nuclear envelope connected with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In young macrogametes (∼4 μm), the ER was arranged in concentric rows in the cortical region, and several sizes of dense granules were found in the cytoplasm. However, in later stages (∼8 μm) the ER was irregularly arranged and was dilated with numerous cisternae; only large dark granules remained and a few scattered polysaccharide granules were found. No Golgi apparatus or micropores were observed. After the disappearance of dark granules 5 concentric membranes appeared. Four of these fused to form an oocyst wall composed of a dense outer layer (∼66 nm thick) and a thin inner layer (∼7 nm). The 5th or innermost membrane surrounded the cytoplasmic mass which was covered by a 2-layered pellicle and contained a nucleus, small amounts of ER, large vacuoles, and mitochondria. The sexual stages described greatly resemble those of Eimeria and Toxoplasma.
Using Achievement Goal Theory to Assess an Elementary Physical Education Running Program

Using Achievement Goal Theory as a theoretical framework, this study examined an elementary physical education running program called Roadrunners and assessed relationships among achievement goals, perceived motivational climate, and student achievement behavior. Roadrunners promotes cardiovascular health, physical active lifestyles, and mastery behaviors such as persistence and effort. Students were required to run/walk once a week during the school year in their regularly scheduled physical education classes. Participants included 116 fourth graders (67 boys, 49 girls), who participated in Roadrunners since kindergarten. Near the end of spring semester, students completed a 36-item questionnaire assessing achievement goals and perceived motivational climate of Roadrunners. Student persistence/effort was assessed by the number of run/walk laps over the year-long program. Performance was measured by a timed, one-mile run. Results revealed the mastery goal related positively to student persistence/effort for Roadrunners and to their one-mile run performance. Interaction between the mastery goal and perception of a mastery-focused climate emerged as a positive predictor of student one-mile run performance. Results provided additional empirical support for mastery goals and perceptions of a mastery-focused climate as beneficial to student motivation and learning.
Tonic and Transient Endocannabinoid Regulation of AMPAergic Miniature Postsynaptic Currents and Homeostatic Plasticity in Embryonic Motor Networks

Endocannabinoid signaling has been shown to mediate synaptic plasticity by retrogradely inhibiting presynaptic transmitter release in several systems. We found that endocannabinoids act tonically to regulate AMPA miniature postsynaptic current (mPSC) frequency in embryonic motor circuits of the chick spinal cord. Further, strong postsynaptic depolarizations also induced a short-lived endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of mEPSC frequency. Unlike many previous studies, endocannabinoid signaling was not found to influence evoked transmitter release. The results suggest a special role for spontaneous glutamatergic mPSCs and their control by endocannabinoids in the developing spinal cord. We determined that blocking endocannabinoid signaling, which increases spontaneous glutamatergic release, increased spontaneous network activity in vitro and in vivo. Previous work in spinal motoneurons had shown that reducing spontaneous network activity (SNA) chronically in vivo led to homeostatic increases in AMPA and GABA mPSC amplitude (homeostatic synaptic plasticity). Blocking endocannabinoid signaling in vivo, and thus increasing SNA, triggered compensatory decreases of both AMPA and GABA mPSC amplitudes. These findings, combined with previous results, are consistent with the idea that this form of homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a bidirectional process in the living embryo. Together, our results suggest a role for tonic signaling of endocannabinoids as a potential mechanism to regulate the level of SNA, which is known to be critical for synaptic maturation in the embryonic spinal cord.
The Good Student Game: Behavior Management for Diverse Classrooms

. Her research interests include effective in_structional practices for diverse classroom. professional oollaborr tion. and positive behavioral support. G2yIe J. Lnzm PhD, is a postdoctoral felloa ...
A study of molybdenum radiation from alcator A

Radiation emitted by molybdenum impurity ions in the Alcator A tokamak has been investigated. A grazing incidence monochromator photometrically calibrated against synchrotron radiation was used to determine absolute brightnesses of emission lines and the role of molybdenum radiative losses in the plasma discharge power balance. At line average electron densities of 3 × 1014 cm−3, molybdenum radiation from the central (0–3 cm) region was equal to ∼17% of the local ohmic heating power, implying radiation from molybdenum ions does not dominate the power loss from the central part of the plasma. The temporal behavior of molybdenum ions injected by the laser blow off technique at ne = 3 × 1014 cm−3 indicated that the molybdenum ion confinement time was finite in conflict with neoclassical theory. At lower densities (1–2 × 1014 cm−3) the radiation from intrinsic molybdenum increased faster than the electron density during the discharge, indicating a buildup of molybdenum ions in the plasma.
Lexical decision and aphasia: Evidence for semantic processing

Abstract Wernicke's and Broca's-Conduction aphasics and a Global aphasic were presented with a lexical-decision task in which English words and pronounceable nonwords were preceded by semantically related, unrelated, or nonword primes. The patients were also given a simple semantic-judgment task using the word pairs from the lexical-decision task. Wernicke's aphasics performed similar to normals and Broca's-Conduction aphasics showing significantly shorter latencies in making real-word identifications when preceded by a semantically related word. In addition, both superordinate and coordinate associates showed semantic-priming effects. Performance on the semantic-judgment task showed significantly more impairment in the aphasic group than in the normal controls. These results suggest that aphasics with even severe language impairments retain stored semantic information that may be automatically activated, yet is inaccessible to conscious semantic decision during metalinguistic tasks.
Severe osteopenia in young adults associated with Cushing's syndrome due to micronodular adrenal disease.

ABSTRACT We report the association of severe osteopenia with Cushing's syndrome due to micronodular adrenal disease in 2 young adults. Except for the osteopenia, other clinical manifestations of the disease were not striking. In each case, the adrenal glands were small and contained many micronodules composed of large cells with brown or black pigment. Ten cases with similar pathology have been reviewed. In each case plasma ACTH was low when measured and urinary corticoid excretion did not decrease in response to dexamethasone administration. The difficulty in appreciating the presence of Cushing's syndrome clinically in these patients suggests that appropriate screening tests for Cushing's syndrome should be performed in patients with osteopenia of unknown etiology. The clexamethasone suppression test and measurement of urinary free cortisol excretion are recommended.
Optimizing ORAM and Using It Efficiently for Secure Computation

Oblivious RAM (ORAM) allows a client to access her data on a remote server while hiding the access pattern (which locations she is accessing) from the server. Beyond its immediate utility in allowing private computation over a client’s outsourced data, ORAM also allows mutually distrustful parties to run secure-computations over their joint data with sublinear on-line complexity. In this work we revisit the tree-based ORAM of Shi et al. [20] and show how to optimize its performance as a stand-alone scheme, as well as its performance within higher level constructions. More specifically, we make several contributions:
Cross-Racial Application of a Children's Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale

The reliability, factor structure, and criterion-related validity of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS: Huebner, 1994) were examined with respect to their invariance across race. One hundred and fifty-six black and 529 white children participated in the study. The results suggested some cautions with respect to use with black children in the United States. Implications for subjective well-being research with children and adults are discussed.
A technique for unsupervised cluster recognition

A methodology is presented for solving a basic problem in pattern recognition, that of unsupervised data clustering. Let X=(x/sub i/) denote a finite subset of the vector space S. Using a metric criterion, and with no prior information, determine the existence of clusters in the set X. Further, determine the number of clusters, the cluster membership of each point of X, and consequently a disjoint decomposition of X. Finally, if X is a moving window on a possibly infinite data stream, can these matters be resolved online? The design of the methodology given has features which are compatible with systolic array implementation and, in particular, VLSI technology. The performance of the design is evaluated using a simulation testbed. Some alternative techniques, based on SAS statistical software, are also explored and comparison with the resultant designs is given. >
Competencies Beyond Countries: The Re‐Organization of Engineering Education in the United States, Europe, and Latin America

For over two centuries, the competencies that engineers have been expected to gain from engineering education have been associated with countries. Increased mobility in the workplace is generating pressure to expand competencies beyond countries. A key indicator of changing expectations is found in efforts by engineering education organizations to extend themselves beyond countries. This article compares the transformation of engineering education organizations in the United States with those in Europe and Latin America. In the U.S., organizations are attempting to expand directly from the country to the globe, relying upon prior acceptance of a redefinition of required competencies. In Europe, the redefinition of engineering competencies is taking longer to develop as participating organizations have worked first to define a new regional identity in terms of continental mobility and economic competitiveness. Finally, in Latin America, the redefinition of competencies awaits a resolution of a competition between alternative models of the region. This study of the expected competencies of engineers contributes to the research area of engineering epistemologies. Overall, the contemporary re-definition of competencies in engineering education is not a universal phenomenon but depends upon success in defining identities that extend beyond the country.
Effects of agricultural subsidies of nutrients and detritus on fish and plankton of shallow-reservoir ecosystems.

Agricultural activities increase exports of nutrients and sediments to lakes, with multiple potential impacts on recipient ecosystems. Nutrient inputs enhance phytoplankton and upper trophic levels, and sediment inputs can shade phytoplankton, interfere with feeding of consumers, and degrade benthic habitats. Allochthonous sediments are also a potential food source for detritivores, as is sedimenting autochthonous phytodetritus, the production of which is stimulated by nutrient inputs. We examined effects of allochthonous nutrient and sediment subsidies on fish and plankton, with special emphasis on gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). This widespread and abundant omnivorous fish has many impacts on reservoir ecosystems, including negative effects on water quality via nutrient cycling and on fisheries via competition with sportfish. Gizzard shad are most abundant in agriculturally impacted, eutrophic systems; thus, agricultural subsidies may affect reservoir food webs directly and by enhancing gizzard shad biomass. We simulated agricultural subsidies of nutrients and sediment detritus by manipulating dissolved nutrients and allochthonous detritus in a 2 × 2 factorial design in experimental ponds. Addition of nutrients alone increased primary production and biomass of zooplanktivorous fish (bluegill and young-of-year gizzard shad). Addition of allochthonous sediments alone increased algal sedimentation and decreased seston and sediment C:P ratios. Ponds receiving both nutrients and sediments showed highest levels of phytoplankton and total phosphorus. Adult and juvenile gizzard shad biomass was enhanced equally by nutrient or sediment addition, probably because this apparently P-limited detritivore ingested similar amounts of P in all subsidy treatments. Nutrient excretion rates of gizzard shad were higher in ponds with nutrient additions, where sediments were composed mainly of phytodetritus. Therefore, gizzard shad can magnify the direct effects of nutrient subsidies on phytoplankton production, and these multiple effects must be considered in strategies to manage eutrophication and fisheries in warmwater reservoir lakes where gizzard shad can dominate fish biomass.
JOB SATISFACTION: ARE ALL THE PARTS THERE?

Empirical data indicate that global measures of job satisfaction are not equivalent to the sum of the facet satisfactions. The purposes of this study were to explore the usefulness of single-item global measures of job satisfaction for job satisfaction research and also to explore whether global assessments of job satisfaction include consideration of variables typically not measured by job satisfaction instruments. Subjects are 185 employees working within two research and development units of two multinational corporations. The short-form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to obtain the sum of the facet satisfactions. Two single-item global questions of overall satisfaction were also used. One required a yes-no response and the second, a 1–5 rating response. Information about perceived determinants of job satisfaction, overall satisfaction with the job, satisfaction with occupational choice, career progress, and overall satisfaction with non-job related events was obtained through semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that defining overall job satisfaction as the sum of the evaluations of the discrete elements of which the job is composed, may lead to neglect of major determinants of job satisfaction. The “whole” appears to be more complex than the sum of the presently measured parts. Results also suggest that the 1–5 global rating of overall job satisfaction may be a more inclusive measure of overall job satisfaction than summation of many facet responses.
Agentic orientation as magical voluntarism

In this essay we argue that the rhetoric of Foss, Waters, and Armada’s recent work on ‘‘agentic orientation,’’ as well as the rhetoric of the popular bestselling DVD and book The Secret, are typical of ‘‘magical voluntarism.’’ Magical voluntarism is an idealist understanding of human agency in which a subject can fulfill her needs and desires by simple wish-fulfillment and the manipulation of symbols, irrelevant of structural constraint or material limitation. Embracing magical voluntarism, we argue, leads to narcissistic complacency, regressive infantilism, and elitist arrogance. A more materialist and dialectical understanding of agency is better.
A factor in food which impairs Na+–K+–ATPase in vitro

Extracts of foods were examined to identify materials which inactivate Na+-K+-dependent ATPase. Active material which we call food factor was found in tea, cocoa, red wines, and in certain other dietary components. A unit of activity is defined and the material is compared with ouabain and an inhibitory flavone. The possible role of such a food factor in the regulation of sodium metabolism and in the causation of essential high blood pressure is discussed.
Signaling vulnerabilities in wiretapping systems

Many law enforcement wiretap systems are vulnerable to simple, unilateral countermeasures that exploit the unprotected in-band signals passed between the telephone network and the collection system. This article describes the problem as well as some remedies and workarounds.
One-dimensional coordination polymers: applications to material science

Coordination metal complexes with one-dimensional polymeric structures have long been investigated as materials with unusual properties. Molecular-based ferromagnets, synthetic metallic conductors, non-linear optical materials, and ferroelectrics represent several applications of low-dimensional coordination polymers. It is possible to modify the bulk magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of such materials by tailoring the constituent molecules. This review presents recent examples of each of these applications and focuses on the correlation between the molecular structure and the bulk properties of the materials.
Clinical inference by nursing students and experienced nurses concerning harmful outcomes occurring after medication errors: A comparative study

Clinical inference is part of the clinical decision-making process and precedes judgment and action. It is an integrated response to patient cues and other evidence and a necessary skill for all nurses. The purpose of this study was to compare undergraduate and graduate nursing students' use of clinical inference in rating harmful outcomes for patients occurring after medication errors. The Medication Error Outcome Scale, a simulation methodology using medication error vignettes, was used to compare undergraduate and graduate students' use of clinical inference. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance showed that there was a statistically significant difference (P = .04) among freshman, junior, senior, baccalaureate, and Master's students' use of clinical inference in regard to perceived harm occurring after a medication errors. Post hoc Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that senior and baccalaureate students' use of clinical inference differed significantly (P = .005). This study suggests that clinical experience shapes clinical inference.
World geodetic system 1984-a summary of enhancements through the development of the new geopotential model EGM96

Summary form only given, substantially as follows. EGM96 is a geopotential model of the Earth consisting of spherical harmonic coefficients complete to degree and order 360. This model is the result of a collaboration between the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Ohio State University, supported by the Naval Surface Warfare Center. The joint project took advantage of new surface gravity data from many different regions of the globe, including data newly released from the NIMA archives. Major terrestrial gravity acquisitions by NIMA since 1990 include airborne gravity surveys over Greenland and parts of the Arctic and the Antarctic, surveyed by the Naval Research Laboratory, and cooperative gravity collection projects, several which were undertaken with the University of Leeds. These collection efforts improved data holdings over many of the world's land areas, including Africa, Canada, parts of South America and Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union. EGM96 also included altimeter derived anomalies derived from the U.S. Navy's GEOSAT geodetic mission and from ERS-1 over portions of the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as the altimeter derived anomalies over the Weddell Sea. Other data that contributed to EGM96 were direct satellite altimetry from TOPEX/POSEIDON, ERS-1 and GEOSAT, and satellite tracking to over 20 satellites using satellite laser ranging (SLR), the Global Positioning System, DORIS, Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, and TRANET. In addition, a new topographic data base was assembled from all available sources in order to reduce raw surface gravity data and prepare the 30'/spl times/30' gravity anomalies. This database was also used to calculate isostatic values in the roughly 3 percent of the globe where surface gravity data was not available. This new geopotential model is being used as a geodetic reference to update WGS 84. In addition, it will serve as a state of the art model for precise orbit, oceanographic, and geophysical studies. The paper will summarize the results of the EGM96 development.
SRC binding to the cytoskeleton, triggered by growth cone attachment to laminin, is protein tyrosine phosphatase-dependent

The interaction of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Src, with the cytoskeleton of adhesion sites was studied in nerve growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain. Of particular interest was the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the regulation of Src-cytoskeleton binding. Growth cones were found to contain a high level of protein tryrosine phosphatase activity, most of it membrane-associated and forming large, multimeric and wheat germ agglutinin-binding complexes. The receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPalpha seems to be the most prevalent species among the membrane-associated enzymes. As seen by immunofluorescence, PTPalpha is present throughout the plasmalemma of the growth cone including filopodia, and it forms a punctate pattern consistent with that of integrin beta1. For adhesion site analysis, isolated growth cones were either plated onto the neurite growth substratum, laminin, or kept in suspension. Plating growth cones on laminin triggered an 8-fold increase in Src binding to the adherent cytoskeleton. This effect was blocked completely with the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate. Growth cone plating also increased the association with adhesion sites of tyrosine phosphatase activity (14-fold) and of PTPalpha immunoreactivity (6-fold). Vanadate blocked the enzyme activity but not the recruitment of PTPalpha to the adhesion sites. In conjunction with our previous results on growth cones, these data suggest that integrin binding to laminin triggers the recruitment of PTPalpha (and perhaps other protein tyrosine phosphatases) to adhesion sites, resulting in de-phosphorylation of Src's tyr 527. As a result Src unfolds, becomes kinase-active, and its SH2 domain can bind to an adhesion site protein. This implies a critical role for protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in the earliest phases of adhesion site assembly.
Changes in subcellular localization reveal interactions between human cytomegalovirus terminase subunits

Background During herpesvirus replication, terminase packages viral DNA into capsids. The subunits of herpes simplex virus terminase, UL15, UL28, and UL33, assemble in the cytoplasm prior to nuclear import of the complex.
Another quasi-30 years of slow progress

Abstract Meehl (1978) discussed a variety of characteristics of the culture of scholarly psychology that critically affect its progress toward a stronger science. These characteristics include assumptions about the nature of theory, approaches to the testing of theories, and the reliance on significance tests that is pervasive in many subfields of psychology research. Several of these characteristics and Meehl’s perspective on them are examined years later in this brief commentary. Meehl’s criticisms, though sometimes misrepresented, remain compelling and strikingly current. Yet it should be remembered that Meehl emphasized that “soft” psychology at its best is a profound and worthy challenge and will necessarily progress slowly. It can be improved, but not replaced, by hardnosed scholarship.
Association between serum concentrations of micronutrients and lower urinary tract symptoms in older men in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the association of serum micronutrients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Methods We included 2497 men, 60 years old and older, who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994 and for whom serum concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E, carotenoids, and selenium had been measured previously. Cases were men with three or four of the following symptoms: nocturia, hesitancy, incomplete emptying, and weak stream, but who had never undergone noncancer prostate surgery. Controls were men without symptoms, who had never undergone noncancer prostate surgery. We adjusted for age and race in logistic regression models and used sampling weights. Results Serum concentrations of vitamin E ( P = 0.03), lycopene ( P = 0.06), and selenium ( P = 0.03) were lower in men with LUTS compared with controls. Men in the top four quintiles of vitamin E, lycopene, and selenium had a nonstatistically significant 25% to 50% reduced odds of LUTS compared with men in the bottom quintile. Inverse associations were not seen for the other carotenoids or vitamin A. A high serum vitamin C concentration was associated with a lower odds of LUTS in current smokers, but with a nonstatistically significant greater odds in those who never smoked and in former smokers. Conclusions Greater circulating concentrations of vitamin E, lycopene, and selenium, antioxidant micronutrients that are supported in published reports as protecting against prostate cancer, were observed also to be inversely associated with LUTS. The effect modification of the association with vitamin C by cigarette smoking warrants additional examination.
Phylogeography and Molecular Epidemiology of an Epidemic Strain of Dengue Virus Type 1 in Sri Lanka

In 2009, a severe epidemic of dengue disease occurred in Sri Lanka, with higher mortality and morbidity than any previously recorded epidemic in the country. It corresponded to a shift to dengue virus 1 as the major disease-causing serotype in Sri Lanka. Dengue disease reached epidemic levels in the next 3 years. We report phylogenetic evidence that the 2009 epidemic DENV-1 strain continued to circulate within the population and caused severe disease in the epidemic of 2012. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses suggest that the 2009 Sri Lankan epidemic DENV-1 strain may have traveled directly or indirectly from Thailand through China to Sri Lanka, and after spreading within the Sri Lankan population, it traveled to Pakistan and Singapore. Our findings delineate the dissemination route of a virulent DENV-1 strain in Asia. Understanding such routes will be of particular importance to global control efforts.
A low-voltage, highly linear voltage-controlled transconductor

A low-voltage fully differential, voltage-controlled transconductor is described. The proposed transconductor achieves a wide input/control voltage range, with a highly linear transconductance factor and truly fully differential output currents. The transconductor is used to implement a G/sub m/-C adaptive forward equalizer (FE) for a 125 Mbps wire line transceiver using digital core transistors with channel length of no more than double the feature size in a typical digital CMOS 180-nm process and supply voltage as low as 1.6 V. The adaptive FE enables IEEE 1394b transceivers to operate over UTP-5 cables for up to 100 m in length. The transconductor stage occupies 1945 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and consumes an average power of 418 /spl mu/w at 125 Mbps and 1.8-V supply.
Comparison of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 in a swine model of endothelial dysfunction.

Objective: Growth factor based angiogenesis, with or without cell therapy, is a promising therapeutic modality for patients with coronary artery disease. We compared the relative efficacies of surgically delivered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in a swine model of hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction which captures many of the pathophysiologic abnormalities of human coronary disease. Methods: Yucatan mini-swine (20—30 kg), fed a high cholesterol diet (total 20 weeks), underwent circumflex ameroid placement to create chronic myocardial ischemia, followed three weeks later by perivascular administration of VEGF (2 mg; n = 6), FGF-2 (100 mg; n = 6), or placebo (n = 7) in the ischemic territory. Normocholesterolemic animals (n = 7) served as controls. Four weeks later, endothelial function, collateral-dependent perfusion, as well as myocardial protein and mRNA levels of angiogenic mediators were assessed. Results: Endothelial dysfunction was observed in all hypercholesterolemic animals as impaired microvessel relaxation in response to adenosine diphosphate and VEGF. VEGF administration improved baseline-adjusted collateral-dependent perfusion at rest (� 0.03 � 0.05 vs � 0.12 � 0.04, VEGF vs placebo, p = 0.09), but FGF-2 delivery caused a significantly greater improvement in perfusion compared to either group (+0.15 � 0.03, p < 0.05 vs HC-placebo and HC-VEGF) at rest. Molecular analysis revealed increased eNOS expression (135% � 8%, p = 0.03 vs placebo) in all growthfactor treated animals and increased expression of FGF-2 receptor, FGFR1 (65 � 26%, p = 0.04 vs placebo), in FGF-2 treated animals. No significant changes were demonstrated in other angiogenic mediators including Akt, Syndecan-4. Conclusions: In the setting of hypercholesterolemic endothelial dysfunction, FGF-2 is more effective than VEGF at enhancing collateral-dependent perfusion and thus, may be a better candidate than VEGF for angiogenic therapy in patients with end-stage CAD. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Matrix metalloproteinase 13 is a new contributor to skeletal muscle regeneration and critical for myoblast migration

Efficient skeletal muscle repair and regeneration require coordinated remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous reports have indicated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play the pivotal role in ECM remodeling during muscle regeneration. The goal of the current study was to determine if the interstitial collagenase MMP-13 was involved in the muscle repair process. Using intramuscular cardiotoxin injections to induce acute muscle injury, we found that MMP-13 expression and activity transiently increased during the regeneration process. In addition, in muscles from mdx mice, which exhibit chronic injury, MMP-13 expression and protein levels were elevated. In differentiating C2C12 cells, a murine myoblast cell line, Mmp13 expression was most pronounced after myoblast fusion and during myotube formation. Using pharmacological inhibition of MMP-13 to test whether MMP-13 activity is necessary for the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and fusion of C2C12 cells, we found a dramatic blockade of myoblast migration, as well as a delay in differentiation. In contrast, C2C12 cells with stable overexpression of MMP-13 showed enhanced migration, without affecting myoblast maturation. Taken together, these results support a primary role for MMP-13 in myoblast migration that leads to secondary effects on differentiation.
Discharge communiqué: use of a workflow byproduct to generate an interim discharge summary.

Medical problems left unresolved during hospitalizations (along with recommended outpatient evaluations, test results pending at discharge, and discharge medication regimens) are often documented in patients’ discharge summaries. However, studies have demonstrated that discharge summaries are frequently unavailable or inaccessible at post discharge visit(s). Interim discharge summaries have been shown to improve the flow of information between inpatient and outpatient physicians. We have constructed a web-based solution, discharge communiques that are very much like interim discharge summaries but are an automatic byproduct of an every day workflow process, signout. The New SignOut System captures signout information and generates discharge communiques immediately upon discharge. From June 2002-January 2003 7926 discharge communiques were made available on 7926 patients and there were 12,920 look-ups of communiques. Studies concur that 40–50% of patients will not have an available discharge summary making communiques the primary source of clinical information on prior hospitalization for outpatient physicians.
Structural phase transition and the electronic and magnetic properties of Sr 2 FeMoO 6

The nuclear and magnetic structures of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{FeMoO}}_{6}$ have been investigated using neutron powder diffraction and M\"ossbauer spectroscopy at temperatures between 10 and 460 K. Fe and Mo atoms are found to order on alternate sites, as expected, giving rise to a double-perovskite-type unit cell. Upon cooling, a structural phase transition from cubic $\mathrm{Fm}3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}m$ to tetragonal $I4/m$ occurs at \ensuremath{\sim}400 K. In the tetragonal $I4/m$ structure as the temperature decreases, the ${\mathrm{FeO}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{MoO}}_{6}$ octahedra rotate continuously around the c axis by an angle of up to \ensuremath{\sim}5.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. In the $I4/m$ phase, the magnetic moments for Fe and Mo order ferrimagnetically. The Fe magnetic spins first align along the c direction and then rotate to an angle of \ensuremath{\sim}54\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the c axis; the refined Fe magnetic moment saturates at $\ensuremath{\sim}4.3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}.$ M\"ossbauer spectroscopy measurements show that the average valence of Fe is intermediate between the high spin configuration values of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+2}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+3}.$ The temperature dependence of the mean hyperfine field is in good agreement with the neutron-diffraction results and gives the same transition temperature.
Keynote Address: Tools for Thinking

The content of thought can be regarded as internalized and intermixed perceptions of the world and the actions of thought as internalized and intermixed actions on the world. Reexternalizing the content of thought onto something perceptible and reexternalizing the actions of thinking as actions of the body can facilitate thinking. New technologies can do both. They can allow creation and revision of external representations and they can allow interaction with the hands and the body. This analysis will be supported by several empirical studies. One will show that students learn more from creating visual explanations of STEM phenomena than from creating verbal ones. Another will show that conceptually congruent actions on an iPad promote arithmetic performance. A third will show that when reading spatial descriptions, students use their hands to create mental models.
Abstract 5508: Geographic clustering of melanoma malignum with high thickness in the United States

Melanoma malignum is the 6th most common cancer in the United States in both genders with a continuously rising incidence. Therapeutic options for melanoma depend on the stage at the diagnosis; only if discovered early is this deadly disease curable. The proportion of thick melanomas (>2mm) is reported to have remained stable in the US during the last 2 decades, which assumes these cases are homogenously distributed in the country. However, there is evidence that tumor thickness varies (Breslow) as a function of geography, possibly based on factors including county level poverty and access to healthcare. Ultimately, how melanoma incidence and tumor thickness relate to geographic location of the US, and to the characteristics of the population and the environment within any given location, has not been determined. Our goal was to test for geographic clustering and risk factors for melanoma incidence and thickness at diagnosis across US. We used a population-based cancer registry for the US consisting of 17 registries of the National Cancer Institute9s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) program for year 2008. Data consist of county level rates of cancer incidence across 7 states, representing 464 counties. The county-level covariates accessed from the 2000 US census included % of families below poverty and median income. First, global tests of spatial autocorrelation were conducted using the Moran9s I statistic. Second, clustering was examined using the LISA statistic (local indicator of spatial autocorrelation). Third, geographically weighted regression was used to identify factors associated with the incidence and thickness of melanoma in US counties. Incidence rates of melanoma varied widely across US counties in 2008, ranging from 14-105/100,000. We found evidence of moderate positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran9s I=0.166, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5508. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5508