cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical studies of brain glutamate decar☐ylase and GABA-transaminase of six inbred strains of mice

Summary Six different inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J, CBA/CaJ, CE/J, DBA/2J, LP/J and RF/J) were compared in terms of specific activities and immunochemical properties of brain l -glutamate decar☐ylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyrate transaminase (GABA-T), the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of GABA, respectively. GAD from the brains of the different strains was indistinguishable on the basis of specific activities, double diffusion tests, immunoelectrophoresis and inhibition by antibody. However, microcomplement fixation tests showed GAD from DBA and C57BL mice to be most distinctly different from GAD extracted from the Swiss mouse, from which the original antigen was prepared and that the enzyme from the CE, LP and RF also differed. Similar fixation curves were obtained for the GAD from CBA and Swiss mice. GABA-T from the different strains was indistinguishable on the basis of all the tests employed.
Does Anything Work

This paper reviews the results of effectiveness research in five areas of professional practice: social work, psychotherapy and counseling, corrections, psychiatric hospitalization, and education. In all these areas the research indicates that, at best, professionals are operating with little or no empirical evidence validating their efforts, since lack of effectiveness was the rule rather than the exception. In addition, a pattern of deterioration was found in which clients of professionals frequently were found to do less well than people with similar problems who received no professional services whatsoever. Some hypotheses are presented that may account for this situation, and a number of suggestions are offered for enhancing the effectiveness of professionals in all five areas. To the extent that professionals are unable or unwilling to make substantial changes in their practice, the paper concludes that such changes may be imposed from outside the professions in the form of governmentally mandated s...
Trends in reproductive performance in Southeastern Holstein and Jersey DHI herds.

Trends in average days open and services per conception from 1976 to 1999 were examined in 532 Holstein and 29 Jersey herds from 10 Southeastern states. Three-year averages for eight intervals (time) were calculated (first: 1976 to 1978; eighth: 1997 to 1999). Milk, fat, fat-corrected milk, and number of cows increased across time. Herds of both breeds had linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of time on days open and services per conception. For 1976 to 1978, respective averages of days open and services per conception were 122 ± 2.8 d and 1.91 ± 0.08 for Jerseys, 124 ± 0.7 d and 1.91 ± 0.02 for Holsteins. Days open increased nonlinearly to 152 ± 2.8 d for Jerseys and 168 ± 0.7 d for Holsteins by 1997 to 1999, resulting in a breed x time interaction. Services per conception also increased nonlinearly, reaching 2.94 ± 0.04 services for both breeds in 1994 to 1996, changing only slightly after 1996. Fat-corrected milk and number of cows had small but significant effects. Five subregions (one to three states) differed in mean days open and services per conception, but changes in those measures across time among subregions were similar. Days to first service increased by 16 (Holsteins) and 18 d (Jerseys) during the last five 3-yr periods, associated with increasing days open. Estrus detection rates generally declined from 1985 to 1999, associated inversely with services per conception. Reduced reproductive performance in Southeastern dairy herds is of concern. Multiple strategies are needed to attenuate further declines.
DETERMINATION OF WYTTENBACH CORRECTION FACTORS IN NEUTRON ACTIVATION SYSTEM DEDICATED TO TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES

Elemental abundances determined by neutron activation usually result from comparisons of gamma-ray intensities in samples (unknown concentrations) and standards (known concentrations). If the samples and standards have large differences in gamma-ray intensity significant errors arise from coincidence losses resulting from pulse pile-up. The resolving times (the Wyttenbach factor of 2τ/ϑ) of four semiconductor germanium detectors coupled to three different multichannel analyzers used for routine activation analysis are determined with and without pile-up rejector. The errors caused by pulse pile-up in trace element abundance determination of different geological samples are tabulated.
High temperature fast-neutron irradiation of pyrolytic-carbon-coated ThO2 microspheres

Abstract We determined the effects of fast-neutron damage alone on four types of pyrolytic-carbon coatings with spherical geometry. The coatings, which ranged in density from 1.75 to 2.7 g/cm3 and had Bacon anisotropy factors from 1.0 to 1.4, were irradiated in the Dounreay Fast Reactor to 4.5 × 1021 neutrons/cm2 (> 0.18 MeV) at about 1200°C. A porous buffer layer prevented interaction between the coating and the sol-gel ThO2 kernels. Essentially no fissioning occurred in the ThO2 in the fast-neutron spectrum. We found that only the coatings with the highest anisotropy factor failed. Coatings with an initial density of 1.8 g/cm3 or less densified while coatings with initial density of 1.9 g/cm3 or greater swelled. Metallographie examination revealed that the preferred orientation increased in the coatings that densified. These changes must be considered in mathematical models describing coated-particle behavior.
The Measurement of Capital and the Measurement of Productivity Growth and Efficiency in State Manufacturing

No single way of measuring the capital stock has been agreed upon by regional researchers. The authors examine five methods that have been proposed for measuring the capital stock in state manufacturing. They discuss the properties of each of the five capital stock allocation methods and then estimate state efficiency levels and productivity growth rates during the period 1982 to 1996 for each of the five methods. Their findings indicate that efficiency levels are significantly different for states depending on which method of capital measurement is used. However, productivity growth rates do not appear to be as sensitive to capital measurement, averaging 2.5 to 3 percent annual rates for the period.
The Law of the Sea and Ocean Resources

From time immemorial, the ocean has provided food, adventure, and inspiration to humanity. In recent years, the nations began to recognize the ocean as an important source of resources. The immense potential of the ocean in providing food and nutrition, particularly protein, began to be reexamined. However the ocean also contains a seed of conflict among nations since claims over ocean resources are overlapping. Attempts to establish the law of the sea have failed to reach an accord with regard to the definition of territorial waters and economic zones. At stake are the freedom of navigation, the right of fishing, and claims over mining deep seabed resources. It is imperative to examine the conflicting claims over ocean resources and to foresee the possible outcome of the law of the sea to avoid scrambles over the ocean resources among nations.
Article Titles as Tools of Communication

With the volume of journal and magazine articles as great as it is, anything that will clarify article content will be appreciated by readers. This paper deals specifically with article titles. It shows how a title should contain maximum information in a minimum of words. Several examples from scientific articles are provided.
Foods that help prevent disease: consumer attitudes and public policy implications

States that over half of the adult US population (55 percent) believes in the disease‐preventative properties of natural foods such as fruits, vegetables and cereal grains. Consumer belief in the nutraceutical category has increased significantly in the past two years. The segmented nature of consumer beliefs, interest, and product preference in this new nutritional category suggest a more targeted approach to pubic health education policy, as well as marketing plans, when introducing consumers to the preventative health advantages of such foods.
The Binding Energetics of a T-Cell Receptor Show a Bias Toward the Conserved Antigen Presentation Molecule, HLA

T-cell receptors (TCRs) are heterodimeric receptors on the surface of T-cells with Complementarity Determining Region (CDR) loops similar to immunoglobulins. Their ligands are peptides presented by Major-Histocompatiblity Complexes (MHCs) on the surface of most nucleated cells. The TCR binds to an MHC presenting an antigenic peptide with a dramatically stronger affinity than MHCs presenting “self” peptides despite the fact that the majority of the interface is conserved between the two. To assess the energetic contributions of different portions of the TCR-pMHC interface, we quantify the contributions to binding of the side-chain contacts between the residues at the interface through alanine double-mutant cycles. The interaction energy between those residues is defined as native free energy change minus the free energy changes of the two single mutants, plus the free energy change of the double-mutant; ddGoint = dGo(Xwt-Ywt) - dGo(Xz->a-Ywt) - dGo(Xwt-Yz->a) + dGo(Xz->a-Yz->a). Our results for the A6 TCR and the tax9 peptide show that contrary to expectations, the contacts between the central CDR3 loops and the peptide do not have a unique energetic importance, but CDR3α has a “hot-spot” ∼3 kcal/mol interaction with the MHC, HLA-A2. This interaction motif between a positively charged residue in the α1 helix of the MHC and a negatively charged residue in the CDR3α loop appears to be commonly utilized based on a comparison of TCR-pMHC x-ray crystal structures. Additionally, CDR1α and β both make significant hydrogen bonds to the peptide. These data show that the energetic basis for T-cell recognition is not parsed into recognition of the peptide by CDR3 and the MHC by CDR 1 and 2 but rather that TCRs bind a composite interface.
Oxygen selective ceramic hollow fiber membranes

Oxygen ion conducting Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ) hollow fiber membranes with o.d. 1.15 mm and i.d. 0.71 mm were fabricated using a sequence of extrusion, gelation, coating and sintering steps. The starting ceramic powder was synthesized by combined EDTA–citrate complexing followed by thermal treatment at 900 °C. The powder was then dispersed in a polymer solution, and extruded through a spinerette. After gelation, an additional thin coating of the ceramic powder was applied on the fiber, and sintering was carried out at 1190 °C to obtain the final ceramic membrane. The fibers were characterized by SEM, and tested for air separation at ambient pressure and at temperatures between 700 and 950 °C. The maximum oxygen flux measured was 5.1 mL/min/cm^2 at 950 °C.
Spatial Variation in Behavior in Relation to Territoriality in Dwarf Cichlids Apistogramma ramirezi

Activity fields and isolation fields are measured for four territorial dwarf cichlids Apistogramma ramirezi and related to spatial variation in frequencies of agonistic encounters. Trespassers evidently avoid the immediate presence of a resident but not locations of previous encounters with residents.
Locomotion of Circular Robots With Diametrically Translating Legs

In this paper, we develop an analytical basis for designing the locomotion of mobile robots with a spherical or circular core and equispaced diametral legs. The mechanism has resemblance with certain cellular locomotions. Locomotion is generated by actuation of the legs in the radial direction. Two elementary regimes of motion are first developed using the geometry of the mechanism. The overall motion of the robot is generated by repeated switching between the two regimes. The paper addresses both the kinematics and dynamics of the mechanism enabling the prediction of trajectories and computation of constraint and actuation forces. Simulation results are provided in support of the theory developed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A CLEAR CASE OF LINGUISTIC ACCULTURATION

ACCULTURATION as a process has now been clearly defined in its relation to certain cultural phenomena; but its operation in the linguistic body of cultural habits has not been defined or illustrated by the social anthropologist. What, then, is linguistic acculturation? Since the establishment of the Americanist school of anthropology by Franz Boas, it has been repeatedly stated that language is an integral part of culture, albeit a very special phase. Beyond this basic assumption, none has gone. The recent prooccupation with acculturation has admirably clarified the situation with regard to its more purely cultural phases, but little has been stated with regard to linguistic phases beyond a more or less tacit acknowledgement that acculturational processes must also be operative here. It is clear that nothing will be gained by the mere application of socio-anthropological terminology to linguistic features, no more than the application of psychiatrical jargon to the phenomena of social anthropology can solve problems.' The linguist, as well as the ethnologist, distinguishes two sets of phenomena the first of which is treated under the term diffusion and the second under the heading of acculturation. Obviously, in language, as in culture, the first set of phenomena is prerequisite to the second. Sapir has outlined the criteria of linguistic diffusion, treating diffused or "culture-words" as equivalents to culture-elements.2
Animal Migration: Seasonal Reversals of Migrant Moths

A recent study has found that, as migrating silver Y moths pass high overhead above central England in the spring, their headings were generally aimed towards north---a reversal of direction relative to that of autumn migrants. The silver Y must detect its direction of movement, likely by a magnetic sense which must reverse with the season.
Multifractal structure of the incipient infinite percolating cluster.

By analyzing the voltage distribution of a random resistor network, we show that the backbone of the percolating cluster can be partitioned into an infinity of subsets, each one characterized by a fixed value of x\ensuremath{\equiv}lnV/ln${V}_{\mathrm{max}}$, where V is the voltage across each bond and ${V}_{\mathrm{max}}$ is its maximum value. Each subset is characterized by a distinct value of the fractal dimension \ensuremath{\varphi}(x), and as a consequence an infinite set of order parameters is required to describe the backbone structure. A new scaling approach and a real-space renormalization-group treatment are presented to treat the novel aspects of this problem. The mechanism for multifractality based on an underlying multiplicative process is illustrated on a hierarchical model.
Van der Waals molecules—Linking the gas and liquid phases

Abstract The mass spectrometry of van der Waals molecules can shed light on the interfacing of radiation chemistry in the gaseous and condensed phase. We illustrate this with a potpourri of published and hitherto unpublished results.
A Model-Based Evaluation Methodology for Assessing the Efficacy of Packet-Level FEC for Delay-Constrained Video Network Transport

We propose an analytical model to study the overall effectiveness of packet-level FEC in improving delay-constrained video transport over wired networks subject to random loss and delay. In particular, we provide an exact analysis for the effect of the additional delay resulting from FEC coding/ decoding on end-to-end video transmission quality. The effects of several key system parameters on the effectiveness of FEC are investigated and the tradeoffs associated with choice of these parameters are demonstrated by some specific numerical examples.
Forecasting with Adaptive Extended Exponential Smoothing

Much of product level forecasting is based upon time series techniques. However, traditional time series forecasting techniques have offered either smoothing constant adaptability or consideration of various time series components, but not both. The purpose of this paper is to present a time series technique newly developed by the author that combines both the inclusion of leve, trend, and seasonality and smoothing constant adaptability. Testing of this technique, managerial and research implications, and guidelines for use are also presented.
Modulating the focus of attention for spoken words at encoding affects frontoparietal activation for incidental verbal memory

Attention is crucial for encoding information into memory, and current dual-process models seek to explain the roles of attention in both recollection memory and incidental-perceptual memory processes. The present study combined an incidental memory paradigm with event-related functional MRI to examine the effect of attention at encoding on the subsequent neural activation associated with unintended perceptualmemory for spoken words. At encoding, we systematically varied attention levels as listeners heard a list of single English nouns.We then presented these words again in the context of a recognition task and assessed the effect of modulating attention at encoding on the BOLD responses to words that were either attended strongly, weakly, or not heard previously. MRI revealed activity in right-lateralized inferior parietal and prefrontal regions, and positive BOLD signals varied with the relative level of attention present at encoding. Temporal analysis of hemodynamic responses further showed that the time course of BOLD activity was modulated differentially by unintentionally encoded words compared to novel items. Our findings largely support current models of memory consolidation and retrieval, but they also provide fresh evidence for hemispheric differences and functional subdivisions in right frontoparietal attention networks that help shape auditory episodic recall.
Multiple traversal absorption cell of minimum volume: design

The design of a three-mirror absorption cell, first described by White and later improved on by Bernstein and Hertzberg, was analyzed by Edwards to be a unique optical configuration where the only aberration of consequence is astigmatism and associated image curvature. Edwards derived a formula whereby the astigmatic image length could be calculated. This paper relates cell design parameters in a manner that will attain the smallest volume consistent with the design objectives of the objective optics that precede the cell.
Outline of a Framework for a Theory of Cultural Evolution

Cultural traditions (including languages) are transmitted across generations through learning by individuals in interaction with other members of the social groups to which they belong. Such groups are analogous to biological demes whose genetic heritage is transmitted across generations by the procreative interactions of their members. Cultural traditions and human biological demes coevolve like symbionts in mutual interdependency. There are many parallel processes, outlined here, in biological and cultural evolution. Basic in the content of cultures are understandings about the conduct of activities as the units of coordinated purposeful social behavior that provide the contexts for the emergence, maintenance, and modification of cultural traditions. Students of culture have yet to set necessary standards for controlled, systematic ethnographic research of a kind that will provide the database needed for a developed theory of cultural evolution.
Enhanced Nonlinear Photoelectron Emission by Surface Plasmons from Nanostructure-Covered Periodic Grooves

We find that surface plasmon excitation on nanostructure-covered periodic grooves can significantly enhance photoelectron emission, leading to a 4-photon process that is absent without surface plasmons within the intensity range in our experiment.
Pelagius and augustine in the novels of anthony burgess

(1974). Pelagius and augustine in the novels of anthony burgess. English Studies: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 43-55.
Atmospheric bulk chemistry and evolutionary megasymbiosis

The Paleozoic saw the appearance explosive evolution of the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms. It was also a time of massive organic carbon burial, dominated by terrestrial sources, leading to major geochemical perturbations. It is argued that these perturbations were the direct consequence of land-ward radiation of plants and fungi, and that the timing of the geochemical perturbations was, at least in part, controlled by the co-evolution of Plantae, as anabolizers of decay-resistent compounds, and Fungi, as catabolizers of decay-resistent compounds. It is speculated that the evolution of analogous megasymbiotic associations between higher taxonomic groupings has played a transcendent, cohesive role in shape and integrating the long-term dynamics of the Earth system.
Event-driven on-line co-simulation with fault diagnostic

This paper introduces a functional co-validation technique realized inside co-simulation methodology, environment and tool. On-line co-simulation intends to concurrently simulate an execution of original binary applications and their binary translated images. Both, original and translated instructions execute under an Instruction Set Simulator (ISS) in a Virtual System Prototyping Environment (VSPE) that models hardware platform or chipset targeted to a given Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). Real world applications accounting for billions of instructions executing in VSPE under Operating System (OS) control may exhibit hard to reproduce and debug fatal failures. When dealing with such enormous state space, co-validation becomes a critical factor under tight schedules of the software/hardware co-design. The paper presents a mathematical model that allows for abstracting the huge co-simulated state space and special events of interest. A fault diagnostic mode implemented inside the tool couples run time software exception handling mechanisms with the events thus accommodating application runs to runtime failures for further debugging guidance. The tool implemented in C++ runs seamlessly inside VSPE.
Terminal riboadenylate transferase: a polyadenylate polymerase from calf thymus gland.

Abstract An ATP polymerase has been purified to homogeneity from calf thymus gland. This activity is non-particulate, cytoplasmic, Mn++-dependent, and has the ability to utilize oligoribonucleotides as initiators. The name Terminal Riboadenylate Transferase (TrT) is proposed in order to distinguish this activity from a similar Mg++-dependent activity isolated from calf thymus nuclei.
Rejoinder to J. Klein's Review of “The Meaning of Aphrodite”

1. Klein says we should approach the etymology of * gharis with "extreme caution," which is just what I do, bracketing it with caveats. Speaking more generally, there should be a place in reconstruction for hypotheses that are weak but intriguing, "as long as they are labelled" (p. 54). 2. Klein says: "Small wonder that Friedrich is critical of 'the Indo-Europeanist who ranks a strict (and, I would say, unrealistic) phonology over semantics and mythology' (p. 198). It is easy to concoct etymologies when one does not have to burden oneself with phonological and morphological constraints" (p. 192). What Friedrich actually wrote, in the sentences that immediately precede the one quoted by Klein, was: ". . . I think the semantic one [criterion] is primary. By the same token, correspondences of meaning between myths always have potential value for reconstruction, particularly when borrowing can be ruled out and the correspondences are complex and many-sided. Mythological systems should be reconstructed giving somewhat more weight to the semantic rather than to the phonological (or other grammatical) evidence. We should avoid the fallacious practice of the Indo-Europeanist. .. ." The very discussion which Klein impugns includes seven linguistic constraints, and I have nowhere ever suggested that one should dispense with them. 3. Klein says: ". . . in almost every case where Friedrich discusses linguistic forms per se there are inaccuracies," but then he hedges: "Most of the gross inaccuracies occur in footnotes and appendices." Unfortunaely for the typical that is, nonlinguist-reader of AA reviews, Klein's ambiguous expression, "linguistic forms," would be assumed also to refer--although it does not--to the hundreds of linguistic-philological discussions in the book. The book has some errors, like every book, but they were minimized by exhaustive cross-checking by myself and other experts. In fact, Klein's blanket condemnation of "every case of linguistic forms" clearly contradicts his own generally positive evaluation of the book, particularly chapters 2-7, precisely where the discussion of linguistic forms constitutes a pervasive stratum.
Book club elective to facilitate student learning of the patient experience with chronic disease.

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of a book club experience on pharmacy students' learning about chronic illness. Design. Students read autobiographies/biographies regarding the patient experience of chronic illness. Similar to a traditional book club, small group discussions were held based on questions submitted by students. Other activities included written reflections, a final paper, and an oral presentation. Assessment. A retrospective pretest and posttest were administered at the end of the course. Students indicated improvement in the key aspects of the course with significant differences (p < 0.01) between retrospective pretest and posttest scores for all course objectives assessed. Students also indicated that the course contributed to their development as pharmacists, motivated them to learn about new topics, and helped them reconsider their attitudes. Conclusion. A book club elective course was successful in helping students understand the patient experience.
Heterogeneous cytokine production by acutely stimulated bronchoalveolar T lymphocytes in reovirus 1/Lang-infected mice.

While the in vitro properties of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cytokine-producing lymphocytes have been well studied, the in vivo cytokine production patterns and relative roles of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes during a primary in vivo immune response remain unclear. In this study, mice were inoculated intranasally with reovirus 1/L, and respiratory T lymphocyte populations were analyzed using multicolor flow cytometric analysis for the production of cytokine within and between classical type 1/type 2 patterns. Cytokine production observed in vivo following infection did not correlate with classical T cell cytokine expression patterns; instead, multiple types of lymphocyte populations that produced one of several possible cytokine combinations were present. Cytokine production by CD4(+) lymphocytes appears in the early and middle stages of the immune response, while CD8(+) lymphocytes produce more cytokine in the later stages. Early cytokine responses occurred predominantly in the whole lung and lung-associated lymph node populations. The complex patterns of cytokine expression seen in this study likely influence local cell-mediated immunity as well as the complex interaction of T cell subsets and the interaction of T cells with B cells which are necessary for the generation of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses required for effective broad-spectrum immunity.
Jet-Driven Resonance Tube

Some experimental results for the resonance tube are discussed. Strong periodic oscillations with internal shock waves are observed, together with temporarily steady external flow phases. By using simple boundary conditions, the internal flow may be calculated, such calculation showing good agreement with experiment. The trapped indigenous fluid is maximally compressed to 30% of the tube length.
Influence of diet on the intestinal microflora and meat flavour of intensively‐reared broiler chickens

1. An attempt has been made to modify the composition of the gut flora of broiler chickens by dietary means in order to determine any concurrent changes in meat flavour. 2. Birds given a diet containing an increasing proportion of whole wheat supplemented with fresh green vegetable matter (special diet) were compared with conventionally‐fed controls. At 12 weeks of age those receiving the special diet had 10 to 100‐fold higher counts of Escherichia colt and faecal streptococci in the duodenum and lower small intestine and showed differences in the intestinal incidence of species and biotypes of lactobacilli. 3. Evaluation of cooked breast‐meat samples by a trained sensory panel showed a significant difference in flavour (P < 0.01) between conventional and special‐diet birds which varied from perceptually very slight to slight. The main terms used in distinguishing special‐diet birds from conventional controls included ‘richer’, ‘meatier’ and ‘sweeter’. 4. Storage of plucked, uneviscerated birds at 4 °C fo...
Theory of molecular tunneling ionization

We have extended the tunneling ionization model of Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (ADK) for atoms to diatomic molecules by considering the symmetry property and the asymptotic behavior of the molecular electronic wave function. The structure parameters of several molecules needed for calculating the ionization rates using this molecular ADK model have been obtained. The theory is applied to calculate the ratios of ionization signals for diatomic molecules with their companion atoms that have nearly identical binding energies. The origin of ionization suppression for some molecules has been identified. The predicted ratios for pairs with suppression $({\mathrm{D}}_{2}:\mathrm{Ar},$ ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}:\mathrm{Xe})$ and pairs without suppression $({\mathrm{N}}_{2}:\mathrm{Ar},$ CO:Kr) are in good agreement with the measurements. However, the theory predicts suppression for ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}:\mathrm{Ar},$ which is in disagreement with the experiment. The ionization signals of NO, ${\mathrm{S}}_{2},$ and of SO have also been derived from the experimental data, and the results are also shown to be in agreement with the prediction of the present molecular ADK theory.
Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration

The amount of tea or coffee estimated from the number of cups consumed is frequently used as an indication of caffeine consumption in epidemiologic studies. However, this alone may be an inadequate indication of intake since drinking practices of tea varies. In this study, methylxanthine (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) contents in three brews of four types of tea (black, oolong, green, and herbal) in both bags and loose leaf forms were investigated to determine the actual amount of methylxanthines present in tea as a function of different brewing methods. On a dry leaf weight basis, total caffeine after three brews was highest in black (32.8 mg/g) and green (36.6 mg/g) tea leaves and lowest in Formosa oolong tea 2 (23.8 mg/g). Total theobromine was highest in black teas (1.64 and 1.69 mg/g) and least in oolong teas (0.65 and 0.71 mg/g). Caffeine and theobromine were not detected in either herbal tea samples, and theophylline was not detected in any tea tested. The overall average caffeine released in the first through third brews were 69%, 23%, and 8%, respectively. Three cups of tea brewed using three tea bags (Western culture) have approximately twice the amount of methylxanthines as the same volume prepared by three successive brews of loose tea leaves (Asian culture). These differences should be accounted for by the epidemiologic studies evaluating the effect of methylxanthines on health.
Behavior of Complex Hat Shapes Used as Truss Chord Members

Cold-formed steel roof truss systems that use complex hat shape members for both top and bottom chord elements are a growing trend in the North America steel framing industry. When designing cold-formed steel sections, a structural engineer typically tries to improve the local buckling behavior of the cold-formed steel elements. The complex hat shape has proven to limit the negative influence of local buckling. However, a distortional buckling mode can be the control mode of failure in the design for the chord member with an intermediate unbraced length. The chord member may be subjected to both bending and compressive load because of the continuity of the top and bottom chord members. These members are not typically braced between each panel point in a truss. Numerical analyses using finite strip and finite element procedures were developed to compare with experimental results. A parametric study on geometric imperfection was also conducted to investigate the factors that affect the ultimate strength behavior of a particular complex hat shape. Better understanding of the flexural behavior of these complex hat shapes is necessary to obtain efficient, safe designs of a truss system. The results of these analyses will be presented in the paper.
Multiple bad data detection in power system state estimation using linear programming

The authors describe a method of identifying multiple bad measurements in power-system state estimators using linear programming. Linear programming automatically rejects bad measurements and provides an excellent set of bus voltages and angles which can be used as initial values in a weighted least-squares algorithm if filtering of Gaussian noise is desired. The performance of the linear program in the presence of multiple bad measurements is shown to be superior to the weighted-least-squares technique. The efficiency of the method is independent of the number of bad measurements and the magnitude of the error. >
Comparative Effectiveness of CAPA and FOCUS Online : Career Assessment Systems With Undecided College Students

The present study compared the effectiveness of two online career exploration systems in increasing the career decision self-efficacy and decidedness of 960 students enrolled in a program for undec...
Teaching medical professionals about suicide prevention: what's missing?

Worldwide, every year, about a million lives are lost through suicide, representing 1.5% of the global burden of disease and accounting for more than 20 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (years of healthy life lost through premature death or disability).1 Currently, in the USA, suicide is the 11th leading cause of death, and accounts for more than 30 000 deaths every year, a rate of about 11/100 000.2,3 According to the UK Office for National Statistics, there were 5 675 suicides in the UK in 2009.4 Suicides may be underreported or underestimated because of medical examiner or coroner experience, social and other factors such as stigma. Opinions differ regarding the magnitude of the underestimation, ranging from 10% to 50%.3 Despite increased awareness of suicide as a major social and medical problem, many health care professionals who have frequent contact with high-risk patients do not have adequate training in suicide assessment techniques and treatment approaches to suicidal patients.5,6 Studies in the USA and the UK have found that residency trainees, junior physicians and clinical psychology trainees report receiving little training or reading assignments on the assessment and management of suicidal behavior.7–11 Some physicians do not understand the clinical rationale for suicide risk assessment and the role they play in preventing suicidal behavior.12 The US Preventive Services Task Force found that primary care providers need to improve their skills to manage and assess suicide risk.13 Studies in Sweden, Hungary and Germany conducted over the past 30 years have shown that current methods of training general practitioners in the recognition and management of suicidality are effective but not very effective.14–17 Medical students receive little training regarding suicide prevention and continuing education offerings for practicing physicians are few.12,18–21 …
Influence of behavioral concerns and early childhood expulsions on the development of early childhood mental health consultation in Colorado

This article examines how the Colorado study Children With Social, Emotional and Behavioral Concerns and the Providers Who Support Them (S.D. Hoover, 2006) was used to advance a statewide agenda for early childhood mental health consultation in Colorado. The study involved a survey of licensed childcare providers throughout the state asking about the behavior of children in their care and their responses to that behavior. Exclusion of children from early care and education settings due to challenging behavior was found to be a significant problem taking a toll on families, children, and early care and education providers. Importantly, results from the survey indicated that the rate of exclusion of children from care due to challenging behavior was lower for family childcare providers who had access to mental health consultation. Recommendations are offered regarding the infrastructure needed to sustain mental health consultation capacity in early care and education settings, and related policies and practices.
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is serologically highly variable and is expressed by all clinically important capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) has been shown previously to elicit antibodies protective against pneumococcal infection and to be necessary for full pneumococcal virulence in mice. The protein was originally defined by the two mouse monoclonal antibodies Xi64 and Xi126, which together recognized PspA on 14% of pneumococcal isolates. Some PspA molecules reacted with both antibodies, but most reacted with only one or the other. In the present study we demonstrated that PspA is produced by all pneumococci, confirming our hypothesis that there are variants of PspA which are not detected by Xi64 and Xi126. We produced a rabbit antiserum and five additional monoclonal antibodies specific for PspA for these studies. The rabbit antiserum reacted with each of 95 pneumococcal isolated tested, comprising 16 capsular serotypes. One or more of the seven monoclonal anti-PspA antibodies reacted with 95% (53 of 57) of pneumococcal isolates tested. The specificity of the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to PspA was confirmed in two ways: (i) by detection of molecules on wild-type pneumococci that are identical in molecular weight to those detected in Western blots (immunoblots) with Xi64 and Xi126 and (ii) by the use of mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae that fail to produce PspA or that produce a truncated form of PspA. By using the seven monoclonal antibodies, we observed 31 PspA types among the 57 isolates. When the 53 strains reactive with the monoclonal antibodies were analyzed by capsular type as well as by serologic type and molecular weight of PspA, we observed 50 different clonotypes of pneumococci.
Adaptation of timing behavior to a regular change in criterion

Abstract This study examined how operant behavior adapted to an abrupt but regular change in the timing of reinforcement. Pigeons were trained on a fixed interval (FI) 15-s schedule of reinforcement during half of each experimental session, and on an FI 45-s (Experiment 1), FI 60-s (Experiment 2), or extinction schedule (Experiment 3) during the other half. FI performance was well characterized by a mixture of two gamma-shaped distributions of responses. When a longer FI schedule was in effect in the first half of the session (Experiment 1), a constant interference by the shorter FI was observed. When a shorter FI schedule was in effect in the first half of the session (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), the transition between schedules involved a decline in responding and a progressive rightward shift in the mode of the response distribution initially centered around the short FI. These findings are discussed in terms of the constraints they impose to quantitative models of timing, and in relation to the implications for information-based models of associative learning. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Associative and Temporal Learning.
Inverting Grice's Maxims to Learn Rules from Natural Language Extractions

We consider the problem of learning rules from natural language text sources. These sources, such as news articles and web texts, are created by a writer to communicate information to a reader, where the writer and reader share substantial domain knowledge. Consequently, the texts tend to be concise and mention the minimum information necessary for the reader to draw the correct conclusions. We study the problem of learning domain knowledge from such concise texts, which is an instance of the general problem of learning in the presence of missing data. However, unlike standard approaches to missing data, in this setting we know that facts are more likely to be missing from the text in cases where the reader can infer them from the facts that are mentioned combined with the domain knowledge. Hence, we can explicitly model this "missingness" process and invert it via probabilistic inference to learn the underlying domain knowledge. This paper introduces a mention model that models the probability of facts being mentioned in the text based on what other facts have already been mentioned and domain knowledge in the form of Horn clause rules. Learning must simultaneously search the space of rules and learn the parameters of the mention model. We accomplish this via an application of Expectation Maximization within a Markov Logic framework. An experimental evaluation on synthetic and natural text data shows that the method can learn accurate rules and apply them to new texts to make correct inferences. Experiments also show that the method out-performs the standard EM approach that assumes mentions are missing at random.
Airborne radar depth sounding of fast flowing glaciers

Sea-level rise will affect populations worldwide with considerable and lasting consequences in the not-too-distant future. Accurate measurement of fast flowing outlet glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica are of vital importance to ice sheet models that predict the course of sea-level rise. The Center for the Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) has developed a suite of tools designed for use with data collected by CReSIS depth sounding radar platforms. This suite includes algorithms for removing clutter and noise from coherent radar data, and the results show successful sounding of some of these fast-flowing glaciers for the first time.
Active Site of Deoxyribonuclease I. III. Effects of Radiation on Deoxyribonuclease I in Dry State

The mechanisms of inactivation of deoxyribonuclease by direct action of radiation have been studied. By testing kinetic properties of the enzyme and its tryptophan content, it seems likely that when the enzyme molecule absorbs energy from radiation, the energy is transferred to the ‘active site’ of the enzyme. This results in the degradation of one tryptophan residue, which, in turn, causes a loss of catalytic function of the enzyme. The differences between indirect and direct actions are also discussed.
Effect of cure cycle on mechanical properties of thick section fiber‐reinforced poly/thermoset moldings

One of the major factors of concern in compression molding of fiber-reinforced thermosets is the mold cycle time which directly affects the processing cost. An ideal system would be the one which cures in a relatively short time resulting in excellent mechanical and physical properties. However, in practice, a compromise has to be made between the mold cycle time and ultimate property requirements. The effects of cure cycle time, temperature, preheating and post-cooling on mechanical properties of continuous as well as chopped glass fiber reinforced polyester and vinyl ester systems involving 1/4 to 1 in thick sections have been studied. Mold cycle time is strongly influenced by the part thickness and mold temperature. Internal heat generation due to curing reaction causes high thermal gradients across the thickness. Preheating offers advantages of reducing both the mold cycle time and the thermal gradient. The flexural and interlaminar shear strengths are strongly dependent or, the mold cycle time. Maximum strengths are obtained when the mold is opened at the instant when there is no thermal gradient across the thickness.
A role for DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factor in the recognition of herpes simplex virus type 1 by glial cells

The rapid onset of potentially lethal neuroinflammation is a defining feature of viral encephalitis. Microglia and astrocytes are likely to play a significant role in viral encephalitis pathophysiology as they are ideally positioned to respond to invading central nervous system (CNS) pathogens by producing key inflammatory mediators. Recently, DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factor (DAI) has been reported to function as an intracellular sensor for DNA viruses. To date, the expression and functional role of DAI in the inflammatory responses of resident CNS cells to neurotropic DNA viruses has not been reported. Expression of DAI and its downstream effector molecules was determined in C57BL/6-derived microglia and astrocytes, either at rest or following exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and/or murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68), by immunoblot analysis. In addition, such expression was studied in ex vivo microglia/macrophages and astrocytes from uninfected animals or mice infected with HSV-1. Inflammatory cytokine production by glial cultures following transfection with a DAI specific ligand (B-DNA), or following HSV-1 challenge in the absence or presence of siRNA directed against DAI, was assessed by specific capture ELISA. The production of soluble neurotoxic mediators by HSV-1 infected glia following DAI knockdown was assessed by analysis of the susceptibility of neuron-like cells to conditioned glial media. We show that isolated microglia and astrocytes constitutively express DAI and its effector molecules, and show that such expression is upregulated following DNA virus challenge. We demonstrate that these resident CNS cells express DAI in situ, and show that its expression is similarly elevated in a murine model of HSV-1 encephalitis. Importantly, we show B-DNA transfection can elicit inflammatory cytokine production by isolated glial cells and DAI knockdown can significantly reduce microglial and astrocyte responses to HSV-1. Finally, we demonstrate that HSV-1 challenged microglia and astrocytes release neurotoxic mediators and show that such production is significantly attenuated following DAI knockdown. The functional expression of DAI by microglia and astrocytes may represent an important innate immune mechanism underlying the rapid and potentially lethal inflammation associated with neurotropic DNA virus infection.
The Variability of Intramedullary Alignment of the Femoral Component During Total Knee Arthroplasty

Intramedullary instrumentation for femoral component alignment during total knee arthroplasty is readily used. Newer alignment techniques using computer navigation are now available. This study assesses the difference in the sagittal and coronal plane alignments using a cadaveric model with 3 different entry points for intramedullary alignment compared with a navigation system. Seven cadaveric limb's results show that the anterior starting point resulted in recurvatum (-2.2 degrees +/- 1.4 degrees ), the middle starting point resulted in 1.9 degrees +/- 2.2 degrees of flexion, and the posterior starting point in 3.8 degrees +/- 2.6 degrees of flexion compared with the calculated femoral axis by the computer navigation system. When comparing the valgus angle, no statistical difference between any methods resulted (average 5.2 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees valgus). The anterior and posterior starting points were significantly different in the sagittal plane. These data suggest that alignment can be significantly affected by the starting point chosen for intramedullary instrumentation.