cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0T using short-TR steady-state free precession, vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of improving 3.0T steady-state free precession (SSFP) whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using short-TR (repetition time) VIPR (vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction). Materials and Methods SSFP is highly sensitive to field inhomogeneity. VIPR imaging uses nonselective radiofrequency pulses, allowing short TR and reduced banding artifacts, while achieving isotropic 3D resolution. Coronary artery imaging was performed in nine healthy volunteers using SSFP VIPR. TR was reduced to 3.0 msec with an isotropic spatial resolution of 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.3 mm3. Image quality, vessel sharpness, and lengths of major coronary arteries were measured. Comparison between SSFP using Cartesian trajectory and SSFP using VIPR trajectory was performed in all volunteers. Results Short-TR SSFP VIPR resulted in whole-heart images without any banding artifacts, leading to excellent coronary artery visualization. The average image quality score for VIPR-SSFP was 3.12 ± 0.42 out of four while that for Cartesian SSFP was 0.92 ± 0.61. A significant improvement (P < 0.05) in image quality was shown by Wilcoxon comparison. The visualized coronary artery lengths for VIPR-SSFP were: 10.13 ± 0.79 cm for the left anterior descending artery (LAD), 7.90 ± 0.91 cm for the left circumflex artery (LCX), 7.50 ± 1.65 cm for the right coronary artery (RCA), and 1.84 ± 0.23 cm for the left main artery (LM). The lengths statistics for Cartesian SSFP were 1.57 ± 2.02 cm, 1.54 ± 1.93 cm, 0.94 ± 1.17 cm, 0.46 ± 0.53 cm, respectively. The image sharpness was also increased from 0.61 ± 0.13 (mm−1) in Cartesian-SSFP to 0.81 ± 0.11 (mm−1) in VIPR-SSFP. Conclusion With VIPR trajectory the TR is substantially decreased, reducing the sensitivity of SSFP to field inhomogeneity and resulting in whole-heart images without banding artifacts at 3.0T. Image quality improved significantly over Cartesian sampling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 31:1230–1235. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of post-deposition thermal processing on MOS gate oxides formed by remote PECVD

The effects of post-deposition thermal exposure, at temperatures typical of MOS fabrication processes, on gate oxides formed by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) is discussed. SiO2 films were prepared by (1) thermal oxidation of silicon at temperatures from 700 to 1150° C, and (2) by RPECVD at a substrate temperature of 350° C. Post deposition thermal processing was achieved by rapid thermal annealing for 100 sec from 850–1200° C. Film properties were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), ellipsometry, and by measurements of stress, capacitance voltage characteristics, and dielectric breakdown. Post-formation, thermal processing in the range of 850–1200° C was shown to modify both thermally grown and deposited oxides, but it has been shown that RPECVD films could be stabilized against post-deposition changes by rapid thermal annealing at temperatures of about 900° C for periods of at least 100 sec.
Transitions in histone variants of the male pronucleus following fertilization and evidence for a maternal store of cleavage-stage histones in the sea urchin egg

Abstract A system has been developed for the biochemical study of male pronuclear histones following fertilization. Pronuclei are isolated in high yield and purity from polyspermically fertilized sea urchin eggs. Acid extracts of the pronuclei or chromatin are analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. During male pronuclear decondensation, sperm-specific (Sp) H1 is completely replaced by the cleavage-stage (CS) H1 variant and two sperm H2B species are more gradually replaced by two closely migrating species (O, P) perhaps modifications of the Sp2Bs. Histones CS2A and CS2B begin to accumulate on the male chromatin predominantly during DNA synthesis, as does a subspecies of H3 (3″). By the time of chromosome condensation, the histone complement is chiefly CS1; CS2A and Sp2A; CS2B and O, P; three H3s and two H4s. Controls indicate that these patterns are not artifacts of cytoplasmic or maternal pronuclear contamination or modification of sperm histones during isolation. The histone transitions occur even if protein synthesis is inhibited, suggesting a maternal pool of CS histones. Such a store can be demonstrated directly in acid extracts of whole eggs. At least 30 haploid equivalents of CS histones are stored per egg. No α, β, γ, or δ variants appear on the chromatin in the first cycle. This system should allow, for the first time, detailed biochemical study of male pronuclear chromatin.
Thin films of aluminum nitride and aluminum gallium nitride for cold cathode applications

Cold cathode structures have been fabricated using AlN and graded AlGaN structures (deposited on n-type 6H-SiC) as the thin film emitting layer. The cathodes consist of an aluminum grid layer separated from the nitride layer by a SiO2 layer and etched to form arrays of either 1, 3, or 5 μm holes through which the emitting nitride surface is exposed. After fabrication, a hydrogen plasma exposure was employed to activate the cathodes. Cathode devices with 5 μm holes displayed emission for up to 30 min before failing. Maximum emission currents ranged from 10–100 nA and required grid voltages ranging from 20–110 V. The grid currents were typically 1 to 104 times the collector currents.
Hydrostatic-pressure dependence of the ideal-neutral-vacancy levels in GaAs

A calculation is presented of the hydrostatic-pressure dependence of the ideal-neutral-vacancy levels in GaAs. This model produces triplet anion and cation bound states and a singlet anion bound state. It is found that the pressure derivatives of the triplet states are quite small when measured with respect to the valence-band maximum. This qualitative result does not depend on the position of the triplet-state energy levels in the band gap and is independent of our model parameters. The pressure derivative of the singlet-state level depends on the position of the level in the gap and is model dependent.
Fluctuations in the quantity of sediments trapped among algal thalli on intertidal rock platforms in southern California

Abstract Sand covers the substratum in a layer that varies in depth throughout the year, forming a structural component in mats of small algal thalli on flat rocky beaches in southern California. The summer maximum and winter minimum in quantity of sand coincide with periods of relatively calm and relatively stormy weather, respectively. Many of the abundant non-perennial algal species in the turf attach only to other thalli and to sand grains; several exhibit a creeping growth habit over the surface of the sand. It is suggested that seasonal variations in relative abundance of algal species and the persistence of the several perennial species of algae that dominate the vegetation are consequences of adaptations to the presence and movement of sediment in the habitat.
Ionizing radiation down-regulates p53 protein in primary Egr-1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast cells causing enhanced resistance to apoptosis.

Abstract In this study, we sought to investigate the mechanism of the proapoptotic function of Egr-1 in relation to p53 status in normal isogenic cell backgrounds by using primary MEF cells established from homozygous (Egr-1− /−) and heterozygous (Egr-1+/−) Egr-1 knock-out mice. Ionizing radiation caused significantly enhanced apoptosis inEgr-1+/− cells (22.8%; p < 0.0001) when compared withEgr-1− /− cells (3.5%). Radiation elevated p53 protein in Egr-1+/− cells in 3–6 h. However, in Egr-1− /− cells, the p53 protein was down-regulated 1 h after radiation and was completely degraded at the later time points. Radiation elevated the p53-CAT activity in Egr-1+/− cells but not inEgr-1− /− cells. Interestingly, transient overexpression of EGR-1 in p53− /−MEF cells caused marginal induction of radiation-induced apoptosis when compared with p53+/+ MEF cells. Together, these results indicate that Egr-1 may transregulate p53, and both EGR-1 and p53 functions are essential to mediate radiation-induced apoptosis. Rb, an Egr-1 target gene, forms a trimeric complex with p53 and MDM2 to prevent MDM2-mediated p53 degradation. Low levels of Rb including hypophosphorylated forms were observed inEgr-1 − /− MEF cells before and after radiation when compared with the levels observed inEgr-1 +/− cells. Elevated amounts of the p53-MDM2 complex and low amounts of Rb-MDM-2 complex were observed inEgr-1 − /− cells after radiation. Because of a reduction in Rb binding to MDM2 and an increase in MDM2 binding with p53, p53 is directly degraded by MDM2, and this leads to inactivation of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway inEgr-1 − /− MEF cells. Thus, the proapoptotic function of Egr-1 may involve the mediation of Rb protein that is essential to overcome the antiapoptotic function of MDM2 on p53.
Monthly alterations in macromolecular contents of in situ ovules excised from Georgian Pinus taeda L.

Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine), a commercial timber three of the Southeastern United States, provides a major component of the region's forest resources. We cultured loblolly ovules for in vitro fertilization. This procedure was assisted by quantifying time-dependent alterations of in situ ovular RNA, DNA and total protein (Jan-Aug, 1985) contents for ovules (yr 2 of reproductive cycle). Cold-hot, TCA extracted macromolecules were quantified by colorimetry and UV spectroscopy. Total protein was about 0.4 µg per 100 ovules x 10 4 (Jan-Apr) and except for July increased to 3.6 µg per 100 ovules x 10 4 by August. In contrast, RNA "dropped" from 3 to about I µg per 100 ovules x 10 2 (Jan-Mar) and then rose to 7 µg per 100 ovules x 10 2 by July. The DNA climbed from about I to above 8 µg per 100 ovules x 10 2 (Jan-Mar) and then plummeted to I µg per 100 ovules x 10 2 (Apr-June). The observed alterations may reflect ovule morphogenesis.
Preparation of field-extracted plasma-grown oxide on InP

In recent years GaAs, InP and their related compounds have been receiving considerable attention as potential materials in microwave and opto-electronic devices. The competition between GaAs and InP to realize metal-oxide/insulator-semiconductor (MOS/ MIS) structure on III-V compounds has turned out in favour of [riP [1]. Of current interest is the preparation of native oxide film on lnP with low interface states for a wide range of applications from photovoltaic surface passivation to MOS/MIS devices such as the field-effect transistor (FET) and the charge-coupled device (CCD). Although various oxidation techniques, such as thermal [2-4], chemical [5] and plasma [5-7] oxidation have been used, problems have been encountered in the preparation of good native oxide films and of stable oxide-InP interfaces. Among oxidation techniques, plasma oxidation is a strong candidate for constructing an oxide film which would be not only uniform in composition but also dry and stoichiometric. In addition, the field-extracted plasma (FEP) oxidation technique has a potential to solve the interface instability problem [8, 9]. Of many studies made on chemical or electrical properties of native oxide films and oxide-lnP interfaces, only a few have examined the preparation p e r se of native oxide on lnP [2, 3, 7] and there is no reported work to date on the preparation of oxide on InP by the FEP oxidation technique. In this letter we present, for the first time, results of oxide film growth on InP by the FEP oxidation technique and a preliminary analysis of electronic properties of the oxide-InP interface. A comparison is made of oxides grown by FEP with thermal oxidation. The FEP oxidation technique was originally designed for reducing surface damage from high-energy ions and contamination from chamber components by oxidizing samples with ions extracted from the plasma source area by means of a low electric field. The FEP system used in the present work is similar to that demonstrated by Chang and Sinha [8] and is composed of a plasma source chamber with a pair of aluminium electrodes (spaced 10cm) capacitivelycoupled to an r.f. generator (13.56MHz, 500W, Plasma-Therm), a reaction tube (about 1 m long and 10cm in diameter) surrounded by 10 magnetic coils, and a sample stage. The plasma, generated between the two electrodes, is extracted into the reaction tube and is formed into a cylindrical beam (several centimetres in diameter) by an external magnetic field (typically 25 mT). The sample holder stage is made of nickel and is insulated from the stainless steel ground plane shield with high-purity boron nitride. Heaters are provided for heating the substrate to about 350 ° C
A Novel Proof Test for Silicon Nitride Balls

A novel proof test has been developed for the silicon nitride balls used in hybrid bearings. The ball is compressed diametrally between two hemispherical conforming dies, which causes the ball's equator to bulge, thereby generating a tensile hoop stress that propagates naturally occurring flaws. The flaw propagation is detected by an acoustic emission transducer. In practice, the ball is repeatedly loaded to the desired proof stress, unloaded, rotated by a small angle, and reloaded until the entire ball has successively passed through the equator. The finite-element technique is used to calculate the principal stresses in the ball under the applied load. For simplicity, the preexisting flaw is modeled as a half-penny crack. The principal stresses are combined with the crack's stress intensity factor to calculate the proof test's threshold for flaw detection based on two accepted theories of mixed-mode fracture. The tested balls had preexisting naturally occurring flaws in the range of 100–300 μm. It is also shown that an angular rotation as large as 30° worked well in practice.
Family Rituals That Provide Meaning for Single-Parent Families

The number of single-parent families has increased dramatically in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore the types of family rituals present in single-parent families and their meaning within the family context. Little is known about family rituals in single-parent families, and therefore grounded theory was the qualitative research method used for this study. Unstructured face-to-face interviews were used to obtain data from a theoretical sample of seven single parents. Data analysis appropriate to the grounded theory method was utilized to identify a core variable and an emerging theory. Six types of rituals: connection, spiritual, love, recreation, celebration, and evolving were found to be used by these single-parent families as a way to facilitate family cohesion and instill family values. Applicability of the findings of this study are beneficial for nurses working with clients with diverse, changing, and complex social situations such as the single-parent family.
Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes and Mongolia

International interest in the prehistory and archaeology of the Eurasian steppes and Mongolia has increased dramatically since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. This article surveys important new evidence and interpretations that have emerged from several collaborative projects in the past two decades. A particular emphasis is placed on issues that are crucial to regional studies in the steppe ecological zone; however, it also is suggested that steppe prehistory must come to play a more significant role in developing more comprehensive understandings of world prehistory. Key developments connected with the steppe include the diffusion of anatomically modern humans, horse domestication, spoke-wheeled chariot and cavalry warfare, early metal production and trade, Indo-European languages, and the rise of nomadic states and empires. In addition to these important issues, thoughts are offered on some of the current challenges that face archaeological scholarship in this region of the world.
Modeling strategy for post layout verification

Guidelines for the development of portable switch-level VHDL gate models that can be extracted from netlists or layout files are presented. Using these models, a simulation model for a cell-based design can be obtained. The VHDL descriptions of the gates will properly model timing and loading effects. Modeling techniques and procedures for assembling larger models are presented. >
The Dilemma of Water Management ‘Regionalization’ in Mexico under Centralized Resource Allocation

Mexico's evolving water management framework is predicated on: (1) integration of water resources planning and management; (2) decentralization from federal to ‘regional’ (river basin) levels; and (3) privatization of service provision. This paper focuses on Mexico's recurring federal-regional tensions, highlighting the historical case of the Yaqui River, and analyzing the current decentralization impasse. Although important advances have been made with irrigation management transfer, river basin councils, nascent user participation in groundwater management, and water and energy legislation, integrated water resources management (IWRM) remains an elusive goal, principally due to inherent institutional and procedural contradictions in water resource allocation. The next steps in the Mexican model—to open decision making to public scrutiny and devolve allocation of water and financial resources—will prove the most difficult, more because of entrenched interests than for lack of an ‘IWRM roadmap’.
There's the rub : a novel ubiquitin-like modification linked to cell cycle regulation

Covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to intracellular proteins is achieved through an intricate and highly conserved enzymatic pathway that is beginning to be understood in some detail (for review, see Wilkinson 1995; Hochstrasser 1996; Pickart 1997). Ubiquitin is joined reversibly to proteins by an isopeptide linkage of the carboxy-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin to lysine side chains of the acceptor proteins (Fig. 1). In the majority of cases examined, the modified protein, particularly when it is attached to multiple ubiquitin molecules, is targeted to a large, abundant intracellular protease called the proteasome, which degrades the substrate into small peptides but allows recycling of the ubiquitin moieties. Over the past few years, it has emerged that eukaryotes also express a set of ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) that are significantly diverged from ubiquitin itself yet are also ligated to other proteins (Haas and Siepmann 1997; Johnson and Hochstrasser 1997). The reactions involving these variants appear to have much in common with those of ubiquitin, but the Ubls have novel regulatory functions not necessarily linked to proteolysis. In this issue, Lammer et al. describe an unexpected connection between a Ubl called Rub1 (related to ubiquitin 1) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a ubiquitin–protein ligase complex that is critical for progression from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle. In this commentary, I will discuss these new results together with recent related developments on the mechanisms and functions of Ubl–protein ligation.
Intelligent identification and control of chaotic dynamics

In recent years, there has been increasing interest and research work in the area of chaos control and synchronization. In particular, there has been some significant progress in the studies of identification, control and utilization of chaos by artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks and fuzzy logic. This paper describes some of these results, with emphasis on the artificial neural networks approach with which the present author is currently involved.
The Fast Track Is Cotranscriptional

The extent of contranscriptional processing of the 35S pre-rRNA in budding yeast is unclear. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Kos and Tollervey (2010) report their findings from rapid-labeling kinetics and quantitative analyses to address this issue.
Nuclear cascades in Saturn's rings: Cosmic ray albedo neutron decay and origins of trapped protons in the inner magnetosphere

The nearly equatorial trajectory of the Pioneer 11 spacecraft through Saturn's high energy proton radiation belts and under the main A-B-C rings provided a unique opportunity to study the radial dependence of the greater than 30 MeV proton intensities in the belts in terms of models for secondary nucleon production by cosmic ray interactions in the rings, in situ proton injection in the radiation belts by neutron beta decay, magnetospheric diffusion, and absorption by planetary rings and satellites. Maximum trapped proton intensities measured by Pioneer 11 in the radiation belts are compared with calculated intensities and found consistent with trapping times of roughly 40 years and a radial diffusion coefficient of about 10 to the -15th L to the 9th R sub s squared/s. Differential energy spectra proportional to E to the -2 estimated from integral measurements of trapped photons with E greater than 100 MeV are consistent with the beta decay model, but an inferred turndown of the spectra toward lower energies and reported integral proton anisotropies of a specified form both indicate the need for more realistic calculations of the neutron source from the rings and the radiation belt loss processes.
Designing IEEE Std 1149.1 into your semiconductor products

A basic tutorial and design guide for ASIC designers building devices that conform to the IEEE Std 1149.1 architecture is presented. The circuits and concepts presented can be expanded upon for use in more complex implementations. This paper is intended to be used in conjunction with the IEEE 1149.1 specification. Implementation guidance and the specification provided rules governing proper design are presented. >
Spatial grain size sorting in eolian ripples and estimation of wind conditions on planetary surfaces: Application to Meridiani Planum, Mars

The landscape seen by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity at Meridiani Planum is dominated by eolian (wind-blown) ripples with concentrated surface lags of hematitic spherules and fragments. These ripples exhibit profound spatial grain size sorting, with well-sorted coarse-grained crests and poorly sorted, generally finer-grained troughs. These ripples were the most common bed form encountered by Opportunity in its traverse from Eagle Crater to Endurance Crater. Field measurements from White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, show that such coarse-grained ripples form by the different transport modes of coarse- and fine-grain fractions. On the basis of our field study, and simple theoretical and experimental considerations, we show how surface deposits of coarse-grained ripples can be used to place tight constraints on formative wind conditions on planetary surfaces. Activation of Meridiani Planum coarse-grained ripples requires a wind velocity of 70 m/s (at a reference elevation of 1 m above the bed). From images by the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) of reversing dust streaks, we estimate that modern surface winds reach a velocity of at least 40 m/s and hence may occasionally activate these ripples. The presence of hematite at Meridiani Planum is ultimately related to formation of concretions during aqueous diagenesis in groundwater environments; however, the eolian concentration of these durable particles may have led to the recognition from orbit of this environmentally significant landing site.
Decreased ovarian function in premenopausal women is associated with increased central adiposity over ten years: the coronary artery risk development in young adult women's study

form during the scrotal ultrasound examination is an indicator of the integrity of the testicular microcirculation. This study attempts to determine the threshold Ri value for normal spermatogenesis. DESIGN: 91 men presenting for fertility consultation were included. Semen analysis, Total Testosterone, Free Testosterone, Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides and FSH were measured. Testicular ultrasound with spectral Doppler of the intratesticular arteries was performed. Ri was calculated frommeasurements of peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity with an angle of incidence of %60 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Statistical analysis was performed with t-tests and Pearson correlation test. The patients were then placed into two groups based on the lowest Ri value that achieved statistical significance. Group 1:Ri % 0.57(n1⁄439) and Group 2:Ri > 0.57(n1⁄452). RESULTS: Percent motile sperm (P1⁄40.01), Total Motile Sperm (TMS) (P1⁄40.04), and FSH (P1⁄40.03) were significantly different between the two groups. Age, BMI, testes volume, total and free testosterone, estradiol, semen volume, sperm count, forward progression and WHO score were not significant. TMS was positively associated with right and left testes volume (r1⁄40.44, P<0.01; r1⁄40.36, P<0.01). TMS was negatively correlated with FSH (r1⁄4-0.31, P<0.01) and average Ri (r1⁄4-0.24, P1⁄40.02). Average Ri was positively correlated with age (R1⁄40.27, P1⁄40.01) and free testosterone (r1⁄40.3, P1⁄40.03) and inversely correlated with left testes volume (r1⁄4-0.23, P1⁄40.03), sperm motility (r1⁄4-0.3, P<0.01), and TMS (R1⁄4-0.24, P1⁄40.02). CONCLUSION: Intratesticular RI greater than the threshold of 0.57 correlates with decreased total motile sperm, decreased testis size and increased FSH supporting its use as an independent indicator of testicular function. Although, correlation with testis biopsy is needed, this data supports the use of Testicular ultrasoundwith spectral Doppler as a non-invasive indicator of testicular function.
The role of mechanosensory input in flower handling efficiency and learning by Manduca sexta.

SUMMARY Nectar-foraging animals are known to utilize nectar guides – patterns of visual contrast in flowers – to find hidden nectar. However, few studies have explored the potential for mechanosensory cues to function as nectar guides, particularly for nocturnal pollinators such as the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. We used arrays of artificial flowers to investigate the flower handling behavior (the ability to locate and drink from floral nectaries) of naive moths, looking specifically at: (1) how the shape and size of flat (two-dimensional) artificial corollas affect nectar discovery and (2) whether three-dimensional features of the corolla can be used to facilitate nectar discovery. In these experiments, we decoupled visual from tactile flower features to explore the role of mechanosensory input, putatively attained via the extended proboscides of hovering moths. In addition, we examined changes in nectar discovery times within single foraging bouts to test whether moths can learn to handle different kinds of artificial flowers. We found that corolla surface area negatively affects flower handling efficiency, and that reliable mechanosensory input is crucial for the moths9 performance. We also found that three-dimensional features of the corolla, such as grooves, can significantly affect the foraging behavior, both positively (when grooves converge to the nectary) and negatively (when grooves are unnaturally oriented). Lastly, we observed that moths can decrease nectar discovery time during a single foraging bout. This apparent learning ability seems to be possible only when reliable mechanosensory input is available.
Ultrasound Diagnosis and Evaluation of Plantar Heel Pain

Background: One of the most common causes of heel pain is plantar fasciitis; however, there are other pathologic disorders that can mimic the symptoms and clinical presentation of this disorder. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the prevalence of various pathologic disorders on ultrasound in patients with proximal plantar heel pain. Methods: The medical records and diagnostic ultrasound reports of patients presenting with plantar heel pain between March 1, 2006, and March 31, 2007, were reviewed retrospectively, and the prevalence of various etiologies was collected. The inclusion criteria were based on their clinical presentation of plantar fasciitis or previous diagnosis of plantar fasciitis from an unknown source. Ultrasound evaluation was then performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Results: We examined 175 feet of 143 patients (62 males and 81 females; age range, 16–79 years). Plantar fibromas were present in 90 feet (51%). Plantar fasciitis was diagnosed in 128 feet (73%)....
Plankton reach new heights in effort to avoid predators.

The marine environment associated with the air–water interface (neuston) provides an important food source to pelagic organisms where subsurface prey is limited. However, studies on predator–prey interactions within this environment are lacking. Copepods are known to produce strong escape jumps in response to predators, but must contend with a low-Reynolds-number environment where viscous forces limit escape distance. All previous work on copepod interaction with predators has focused on a liquid environment. Here, we describe a novel anti-predator behaviour in two neustonic copepod species, where individuals frequently exit the water surface and travel many times their own body length through air to avoid predators. Using both field recordings with natural predators and high-speed laboratory recordings, we obtain detailed kinematics of this behaviour, and estimate energetic cost associated with this behaviour. We demonstrate that despite losing up to 88 per cent of their initial kinetic energy, copepods that break the water surface travel significantly further than those escaping underwater and successfully exit the perceptive field of the predator. This behaviour provides an effective defence mechanism against subsurface-feeding visual predators and the results provide insight into trophic interactions within the neustonic environment.
Cancer immunotherapy and next-generation clinical immune assessment.

The interplay between cancerous cells and immune cells has always been an intriguing topic in medicine and biology. Cancer cells emerge from self-cells through a series of genetic mutations. They often retain self-cells’ capacity in being exempt from immune surveillance. Therefore, bringing cancer cells back under the radar of immune system has long been considered as a necessary step toward complete tumor eradication and long-term antitumor protection. Based on this rationale, a series of immunotherapies were designed and many have shown promising results. Some have gone through multiple stages of clinical trials. As a result, a successful immunotherapy is an intricate clinical procedure that affects the function of a myriad of cells. Only comprehensive studies that profile multiple aspects (e.g., cellular abundance, phenotypes, and functions) over time at the finest details can effectively monitor the convoluted immune response induced by therapy. Many recent technical developments aim to provide a solution for comprehensive clinical immune assessment.
Baboon corpus luteum: presence of oxytocin receptors.

To determine whether the effect of oxytocin (OT) on progesterone production in primate luteal tissue may be receptormediated, we used biochemical procedures to examine the CL of the baboon (Papio anubis) for the presence of OT receptors (OT-R). CL (n = 5) were obtained by luteectomy from the early (LH + 1-5 days), mid- (LH + 6-10 days), and late (LH + 10-15 days) luteal phases. Biopsies from the uterine fundus were also obtained at the same time. Total receptors were measured by incubating the membrane fractions (120 000 x g fraction) with increasing concentrations of [ 3 H]oxytocin (0.08-1.6 nM) for 30 min at 22°C with a protein concentration of 200 ,ug per tube. Nonspecific binding was evaluated by the addition of excess nonradioactive OT. The receptor-bound tritiated ligand was separated from the nonreceptor-bound ligand through use of polyethylene glycol. For the midluteal phase CL, the affinity Ka was 1.70 0.03 nmol/L and the mean receptor number (RT) was 122.6 ± 8.3 fmol/mg protein. In comparison, myometrial tissue examined at the same phase of the cycle had a K, of 1.3 0.1 nmol/L and an RT of 205.0 ± 49.7 fmol/mg protein. Receptors were not detectable in the late luteal phase CL and were significantly lower in the early luteal phase CL (50.7 ± 6.9 fmol/mg protein), with no difference in the K, value. Competitive studies with structurally related and nonrelated peptides indicated the presence of specific receptors for OT in baboon CL. The presence of receptors in the tissue suggests that the effect of OT on CL progesterone production is probably receptor-mediated.
Prevalence of dermatitis in the working population, United States, 2010 National Health Interview Survey†

Background Prevalence patterns of dermatitis among workers offer clues about risk factors and targets for prevention, but population-based estimates of the burden of dermatitis among US workers are lacking. Methods Data from an occupational health supplement to the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS-OHS) were used to estimate the prevalence of dermatitis overall and by demographic characteristics and industry and occupation (I&O) of current/recent employment. Results Data were available for 27,157 adults, including 17,524 current/recent workers. The overall prevalence rate of dermatitis among current/recent workers was 9.8% (range among I&O groups: 5.5–15.4%), representing approximately 15.2 million workers with dermatitis. The highest prevalence rates were among I&O groups related to health care. Overall, 5.6% of dermatitis cases among workers (9.2% among healthcare workers) were attributed to work by health professionals. Conclusions Dermatitis affected over 15 million US workers in 2010, and its prevalence varied by demographic characteristics and industry and occupation of employment. The prevalence rate of work-related dermatitis based on the NHIS-OHS was approximately 100-fold higher than incidence rates based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Survey of Occupational Illness and Injury. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:625–634, 2013. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Correlation between tumor measurement on Computed Tomography and resected specimen size in lung adenocarcinomas.

Abstract Objective To compare preoperative size of stage I and stage II lung adenocarcinoma as measured by Computed Tomography (CT) and as assessed on gross pathology specimens. Materials and methods 47 patients diagnosed with stage I or II lung adenocarcinoma were evaluated. Institutional Review Board permission was obtained. Tumor contours were delineated using a semi-automated segmentation algorithm and adjusted based on a radiologist's input. Based on the tumor perimeter, maximal in-plane tumor diameter was calculated automatically. The largest single diameter from the pathology gross report was utilized. A paired t-test was used to examine the measurement difference between CT and pathology. Results The mean largest diameter of the tumors at CT and pathology was 29.53 mm and 24.04 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean CT measurement and mean pathology measurement of 5.49 mm (standard deviation 9.08 mm, p Conclusion There is a statistically significant difference between the tumor diameter as measured by CT and on pathology gross specimen. These differences could have implications in the treatment and prognosis of patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma.
Chemistry of Uranium in Glass‐Forming Melts: Redox Interactions of Uranium with Chromium and Iron in Aluminosilicates

The mutual interactions by internal redox reactions of uranium and chromium and uranium and iron in two aluminosilicate glass-forming melts were studied by optical spectrophotometry. Cr(VI) was found to oxidize completely all available U(V) and U(IV) to U(VI), whereas Fe(III) was not a strong enough oxidizing agent to affect the uranium redox states. Cr(II) totally reduced all the U(V) and U(VI) in the system to U(IV); Fe(II) did not reduce any of the uranium redox species. Cr(III) coexisted with U(VI), U(V), and U(IV) in the melts. The degree of mutual interaction was governed not only by the difference in redox potentials between the respective redox couples, but also by the stability of molecular associations between the redox ions within the melt microstructure.
Intellectual Property Rights of Faculty in the Digital Age--Evolution or Dissolution in 21st Century Academia?.

Unforeseen forces are at work in higher education today. The purpose of this article is to explore the issues involved in the changing landscape. Decisions are and will be made that impact the inte...
An objective-oriented pilot point method for identifying spatially variable hydraulic parameters

In this paper, the objective-oriented method of model construction is extended from the deterministic framework to the statistical framework. The new methodology incorporates the objectives of the model application and its accuracy requirements into the model construction process directly. It can answer how complex the conceptual model should be and how many data are sufficient for model calibration. An objective-oriented pilot point method is then developed, in which the number of pilot points is increased gradually and their locations are optimized. A numerical example is given.
Straddling identities: identity cross-pressures on Black immigrants’ policy preferences*

ABSTRACTThe rich Black Politics literature suggests that Blacks in the US think about the well-being of their racial group in political decision-making; consequently, Blacks should continue to behave similarly as long as they perceive their life chances as inextricably linked to their racial identity. We suggest that it is becoming increasingly important to examine the centrality of other identities in Black political behavior as the ethnic diversity among Blacks increases with large influxes of African, Afro-Latino, and Afro-Caribbean immigrants. We test the idea that minorities, even Blacks, navigate multiple identities when making political decisions. Findings show that ideas of ongoing unity among Blacks do not square empirically. Although Black immigrants are lumped into a larger Black category, we find that they often differ from African-Americans, even on policies that affect Black immigrants because of their racial group membership. Our findings have major implications for Black politics specifica...
Performance of frequency hopping D-BLAST MIMO Architecture using LDPC and BPSK

In this paper we introduce frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) into Diagonal Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (D-BLAST) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) architecture. We evaluate the performance of the system containing a single interference affecting the system with various probabilities and power. An LDPC code and BPSK modulation is used as a test case to obtain message bit error rate and is compared to non-frequency hopping D-BLAST MIMO architecture.
Transmitter and receiver contention in Optical Flow Switching networks

Offering end-to-end optical circuit switching has the advantage of carrying a large fraction of the overall network traffic using relatively low-cost and low-power optical equipment, when compared to IP routers. For an end-to-end circuit to be successfully established, the following conditions must be simultaneously met: a transmitter must be available at the sender, a receiver must be available at the destination, and a wavelength channel must be available across the network in order to connect the sender to the destination. The contribution of this paper is twofold. An admission control engine is proposed to efficiently handle transmitter- and receiver-contention in Optical Flow Switching (OFS) networks. Then, an analytical framework is derived to estimate network throughput and latency while taking into account both types of contention.
Design for performance enhancement in feedback control systems with multiple saturating nonlinearities

A systematic control design methodology is introduced for multi-input/multi-output systems with multiple saturations. The methodology can be applied to stable and unstable open loop plants with magnitude and/or rate control saturations and to systems in which state limitations are desired. This new methodology is a substantial improvement over previous heuristic single-input/single-output approaches. The idea is to introduce a supervisor loop so that when the references and/or disturbances are sufficiently small, the control system operates linearly as designed. For signals large enough to cause saturations, the control law is modified in such a way to ensure stability and to preserve, to the extent possible, the behavior of the linear control design. Key benefits of this methodology are: the modified compensator never produces saturating control signals, integrators and/or slow dynamics in the compensator never windup, the directional properties of the controls are maintained, and the closed loop system has certain guaranteed stability properties. The advantages of the new design methodology are illustrated by numerous simulations, including the multivariable longitudinal control of modified models of the F-8 (stable) and F-16 (unstable) aircraft.
An Application of a Zero‐inflated Lifetime Distribution with Multiple and Incomplete Data Sources

We analyze data sampled from a population of parts in which an associated anomaly can occur at assembly or after assembly. Using a zero-inflated lifetime distribution to fit left-censored and right-censored data as well data from a supplementary sample, we make predictions about the proportion of the population with anomalies today and in the future. Goodness-of-fit is also addressed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Costs (and Benefits) of Sexism at the Negotiating Table

The current study examined the intrapersonal effects of women’s exposure to benevolent and hostile forms of sexism from male opponents in a negotiation context. Starting from Glick and Fiske’s (1996) theory of ambivalent sexism, which proposes that sexism consists of both benevolent and hostile components, this research investigated women’s competitive, affective, and physiological responses toward negotiating with sexist opponents in mixed-gender dyads. Results reveal that women who negotiated with a benevolent sexist male opponent behaved less competitively, while women who negotiated with a male opponent expressing hostile sexism exhibited increased competitiveness in a distributive negotiation. While women’s affective reactions to benevolent and hostile sexism differed, as measured implicitly through reactivity in physiological arousal during the negotiation, these reactions did not mediate the relationship between women’s exposure to sexism and their competiveness as hypothesized. The theoretical con...
Abstract P3-05-09: The role of TGF-beta receptor type 3 in breast cancer progression

Breast cancer is a diverse group of diseases. Gene expression profiling has identified luminal A, luminal B, Her2-like, Normal breast-like and Basal-like as major classifications of breast cancer diseases. These correlate to the overall patient survival with the basal-like subtype, clinically termed as triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), demonstrating the poorest overall outcome. The poor patient outcome is primarily due to absence of hormonal receptor targets ER, PR and HER2 which are the major drug-targets for currently available therapies. Considering that TNBC lacks well-defined molecular targets, our group pursued extensive genomic molecular and biological analysis of over 500 tumor tissues from TNBC patients. Ultimately, this led to the discovery of six, TNBC subtypes; among which are Mesenchymal-Stem Like (MSL) and Mesechymal (M). These two subtypes share a unique biological driver, the TGF-beta pathway. To gain insight into the role of the TGF-β pathway signaling in TNBC we have performed gene expression analysis on all six TNBC subtypes. A major finding was that among all TGF-β pathway-associated genes, TGF-beta receptor type 3 (TBR3) is most differentially expressed in MSL and M tumor subtypes of TNBC. Based on these findings, we are hypothesizing that TBR3 is required for maintenance of tumorigenicity in MSL and M subtypes of the triple-negative breast cancer. In order to test our hypothesis we have screened 15 TNBC cell lines for both RNA and protein levels of TBR3 and validated that TBR3 is differentially expressed in M and MSL subtypes. Furthermore, we have manipulated TBR3 expression in M and MSL TNBC cell lines and tested their ‘biologies’ using both an in vitro and in vivo model systems. Preliminary results indicate that upon silencing TBR3 expression, cell motility as well as ability to cluster together in 3D culture system is significantly changed. In addition, our xenograft mouse model also demonstrated a significant change in tumor onset and growth. We are interested in validating the prognostic and functional contribution of TBR3 to the breast cancer progression. The results of this study will provide insight into the potential use of the TGF-β signaling axis for prognostic or therapeutic utility in breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-05-09.
Analysis of the Powder Composite Process by a Mechanical Method

Recently, composite particles covered with different kinds of fine particles have been fabricated by several types mechanical methods in a dry phase. However, the quantitative analysis of the composite process has not yet been conducted systematically.In this paper, a mechanical processing method called MECHANOFUSION was used to investigate the composite process with glass beads and titanium dioxide fine particles. As the first trial, the ratio of fine particles fixed onto core particles and the BET surface area of the composite particles obtatined were measured with processing time.As a result, the composite process was described by the following two steps: The first is an adhering step for fine particles onto core particles surface, and the second is a compacting step for fine particle layers.Furthermore, it was found that the BET surface area of the processed powder was correlated with the energy consumption per weight of material in the apparatus.
Missing clinical and behavioral health data in a large electronic health record (EHR) system.

Objective Recent massive investment in electronic health records (EHRs) was predicated on the assumption of improved patient safety, research capacity, and cost savings. However, most US health systems and health records are fragmented and do not share patient information. Our study compared information available in a typical EHR with more complete data from insurance claims, focusing on diagnoses, visits, and hospital care for depression and bipolar disorder. Methods We included insurance plan members aged 12 and over, assigned throughout 2009 to a large multispecialty medical practice in Massachusetts, with diagnoses of depression ( N = 5140) or bipolar disorder ( N = 462). We extracted insurance claims and EHR data from the primary care site and compared diagnoses of interest, outpatient visits, and acute hospital events (overall and behavioral) between the 2 sources. Results Patients with depression and bipolar disorder, respectively, averaged 8.4 and 14.0 days of outpatient behavioral care per year; 60% and 54% of these, respectively, were missing from the EHR because they occurred offsite. Total outpatient care days were 20.5 for those with depression and 25.0 for those with bipolar disorder, with 45% and 46% missing, respectively, from the EHR. The EHR missed 89% of acute psychiatric services. Study diagnoses were missing from the EHR’s structured event data for 27.3% and 27.7% of patients. Conclusion EHRs inadequately capture mental health diagnoses, visits, specialty care, hospitalizations, and medications. Missing clinical information raises concerns about medical errors and research integrity. Given the fragmentation of health care and poor EHR interoperability, information exchange, and usability, priorities for further investment in health IT will need thoughtful reconsideration.
Learning and Classroom Preferences of Gifted Eighth Graders: A Qualitative Study.

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to explore how academically gifted eighth graders experience learning, with special attention to learning and classroom preferences. Twent...