cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photogeotropism inPhycomyces double mutants

Abstract Phycomyces sporangiophores exposed to continuous unilateral illumination reach an angle determined by the competition between phototropism and geotropism. This photogeotropism angle provides a quantitative assay for phototropic sensitivity as a function of light intensity. Seven unlinked genes have been associated with the sensory transduction chain for phototropism. A complete family of single and double mutant strains are available for a standard set of alleles for these genes. Photogeotropism measurements have been carried out comparatively on these strains as well as wild-type and one triple mutant affected in genes associated with early steps in the sensory pathway. These measurements were recorded over a millionfold range of light intensity. The results reveal a variety of reductions in sensitivity and responsiveness for the double mutants. Some of the double mutants, as well as the triple mutant, are extremely insensitive to light, but at the highest intensities none appear to be totally blind. The results are examined in the framework of two models for photogeotropism.
Determinats of successful nonthoracotomy cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: Experience in 101 patients using two different lead systems

AbstractObjectives. This study was conducted to identify the determinants of Successful nonthoractomy cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.Background. Until recently, either sternotomy or thorac...
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

a level almost equilvent to that in non-smokers. I work for the vascular surgery group which consist of 4 surgeons in Cooperstown NY, a rural area in central NY. As a group, they practice at multiple out-reach sites to see their patients. I have partneredwith the Center for Smoking Cessation in Albany NY to provide informational packets to patients in the out-reach sites and to help educate the nurses at those sites to use the five ‘A’s’. Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange. Follow-up of the patient interested in quitting would then be referrred to the vascular nurse. By helping patients understand the pathophysiologic effects of smoking on circulation and nicotine addiction; my goal of this poster is to show that consistant smokingcessationcounsilingutilizing the stagesofchange isagreat benefit to patients with PAD to stop smoking and maintain abstinence. On the main campus site where we see the majority of our vascular patients I have found that people are responsive and appreciative of the information provided to them.
Nickel, cadmium, and copper in the northeast Pacific off the coast of Washington1,2

The distributions of nickel, cadmium, and copper have been determined in northeast Pacific waters off the coast of Washington. Nickel concentrations average 5.5 nmol x kg/sup -1/ at the surface and 10 nmol x kg/sup -1/ in deep water. Although nickel shows a dual covariance with phosphate and dissolved silicon, a strong concentration gradient away from the coast cannot be explained by variations in the nutrient concentrations alone; an additional source in the sediments is suggested. The geochemistry of cadmium is controlled by the biological cycling of organic matter. Concentrations are depleted to levels of 0.1 nmol x kg/sup -1/ at the surface but increase to a maximum of 1.27 nmol x kg/sup -1/ at the depth of the phosphate and nitrate maxima. Cd-phosphate and Cd-nitrate correlations are significantly different in nearshore and offshore waters. Copper shows no correlation with the nutrients. An apparent surface maximum may result from the upwelling and offshore advection of Cu-rich shelf water. Copper is rapidly stripped from subsurface waters but is then returned to bottom waters via a flux of dissolved copper from the sediments.
Improved upper bounds for vertex cover

This paper presents an O(1.2738^k+kn)-time polynomial-space algorithm for Vertex Cover improving the previous O(1.286^k+kn)-time polynomial-space upper bound by Chen, Kanj, and Jia. Most of the previous algorithms rely on exhaustive case-by-case branching rules, and an underlying conservative worst-case-scenario assumption. The contribution of the paper lies in the simplicity, uniformity, and obliviousness of the algorithm presented. Several new techniques, as well as generalizations of previous techniques, are introduced including: general folding, struction, tuples, and local amortized analysis. The algorithm also improves the O(1.2745^kk^4+kn)-time exponential-space upper bound for the problem by Chandran and Grandoni.
Reconstruction of the Voyager 2 Neptune Encounter in the ICRF System

The Neptunian system was visited by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in August of 1989. We have re-examined the Voyager mission taking advantage of improvements made in dynamical and observational modelling and data processing.
COLLEGE WOMEN'S DECISION-MAKING SKILLS RELATING TOVOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING LEISURE TIME

The purpose of this study was to assess whether instruction and participation in deBono's CoRT I Thinking Program would improve women's abilities to evaluate personal commitment to physical activit...
Study of distributed fiber-optic laser-ultrasound generation based on ghost-mode of tilted fiber Bragg gratings

Fiber-optic ultrasonic transducers are an important component of an active ultrasonic testing system for structural health monitoring. Fiber-optic transducers have several advantages such as small size, light weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference that make them much more attractive than the current available piezoelectric transducers, especially as embedded and permanent transducers in active ultrasonic testing for structural health monitoring. In this paper, a distributed fiber-optic laser-ultrasound generation based on the ghost-mode of tilted fiber Bragg gratings is studied. The influences of the laser power and laser pulse duration on the laser-ultrasound generation are investigated. The results of this paper are helpful to understand the working principle of this laser-ultrasound method and improve the ultrasonic generation efficiency.
Chemosterilant studies on Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) sperm. I. Sperm inactivation and dominant lethal mutations.

Eight chemosterilants were investigated to determine whether they produced sterility by the induction of dominant lethal mutations, sperm inactivation, or both. Although the compounds varied considerably in effectiveness as sterilizers, all produced dominant lethal mutations in the sperm. Tretamine and metepa produced complete sterility without any evidence of sperm inactivation. Such chemosterilants as tepa and its analogs produced significant amounts of sperm inactivation.
Characterization of In Vitro Ovarian Tissue Fluorescence with Multiphoton Microscopy

The distribution of endogenous fluorescence in the ovary provides diagnostically useful information and aids in discriminating between normal and diseased tissue. Optically sliced, viable tissue provided correlative data for a clinical spectroscopic instrument.
Temperature and detection-wavelength dependence of the picosecond electron-transfer kinetics measured in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides reaction centers. Resolution of new spectral and kinetic components in the primary charge-separation process

Abstract We have examined the temperature dependence of the rate of electron transfer to ubiquinone from the bacteriopheophytin (BPh) that serves as an initial electron acceptor (I) in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . The kinetics were measured from the decay of the 665-nm absorption band of the reduced BPh (BPh − or I − ) and from the recovery of the BPh band at 545 nm, following excitation of reaction centers in polyvinyl alcohol films with 30-ps flashes. The measured time constant decreases from 229 ± 25 ps at 295 K to 97 ± 8 ps near 100 K and then remains constant down to 5 K. The temperature dependence of the kinetics can be rationalized on the assumption that the reaction results in changes in the frequencies of numerous low-energy nuclear (vibrational) modes of the electron carriers and/or the protein. The kinetics measured in the absorption bands near 765 and 795 nm show essentially the same temperature dependence as those measured at 545 or 665 nm, but the time constants vary with detection wavelength. The time constant measured in the 795-nm region (70 ± 10 ps at 5 and 76 K) is shorter than that seen in the absorption bands of the BPh; the time constant measured at 758 nm is longer. Time constants measured with reaction centers in solution at 288 K also vary with the detection wavelength. These results can be explained on the assumption that the absorption changes measured at some wavelengths reflect nuclear relaxations rather than electron transfer. The absorption changes at 795 nm probably reflect a relaxation of the bacteriochlorophyll molecules that are near neighbors of the BPh and the primary electron donor (P). Those near 530 and 755 nm probably are due to the second BPh molecule, which does not appear to undergo oxidation or reduction.
In vitro and in vivo availability of commercial prednisone tablets

A three-way crossover bioavailability study was performed using nine adult male volunteers with three different commercial prednisone tablets. Plasma samples were assayed for prednisolone, the active metabolite of prednisone, by a radioimmunoassay method. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the rate of appearance of prednisolone in plasma but not in the amount converted to prednisolone. The results suggest that differences in in vivo rates of appearance of prednisolone in plasma correlate with in vitro rates of dissolution.
Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology (CBST)

The Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology (CBST) is the only center in the country funded by the National Science Foundation and devoted to the study of light and radiant energy in biology and medicine. Our consortium of 10 world-class academic institutions and research laboratories is comprised of physical and life scientists, physicians and engineers - along with industry participants, educators and community leaders - working together to bring biophotonics to the forefront of mainstream science. The three main arms of CBST are (1) science and technology, (2) education, and (3) knowledge transfer. The research sponsored by the center focuses on critical themes that are expected to have significant impact on current biomedical science and technology. Projects include the development of new methods in optical microscopy that work well beyond the diffraction limit; ultrafast, high-intensity X-ray lasers to resolve the structure of single biomolecules, and new devices and sensors for minimally - or noninvasive medical applications. CBST is developing a new curriculum, along with training materials, internships and research fellowships to introduce biophotonics to students and teachers at all educational levels. Finally, the knowledge transfer component of CBST is seeking to catalyze the rapid growth of biophotonics as a new technology sector by supplying intellectual capital and tools to stimulate the growth of new products and new companies. By coupling the center's biophotonics research projects with industry partners and sponsors, a unique R&D environment is created to expand the use of photons in the development of life sciences, bioengineering and health care.
Regional histomorphology of cancellous bone in Macaca fascicularis.

The structural and dynamic characteristics of cancellous bone from biopsy sites representing different degrees of weight bearing were quantified following double fluorochrome labeling of adult male Macaca fascicularis. A strong correlation of bone formation rate was found between the humerus, tibia, and iliac crest within the same individual. There was no significant correlation between differing biopsy sites for the structural measures of bone. The coefficient of variation for bone formation rate at different sites from the same animal was comparable to the coefficient of variation for different animals measured at the same biopsy site. The present study suggests that any accessible site of cancellous bone will yield a representative measure of bone formation rate, but that structural measures are not generalizable between different sites. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Host Response Tests for Diagnosing Periodontal Diseases

Extensive data collected over the past decade demonstrate clearly that diseaseactive and disease-inactive periodontal pockets exist, disease progression is infrequent and episodic, and most progression occurs in a small proportion of highly susceptible individuals. Furthermore, traditionally used diagnostic procedures do not identify susceptible individuals nor distinguish between disease-active and disease-inactive periodontal sites. New diagnostic tests based on host response factors that will aid in resolving these problems appear to be possible. Sources of material for use in such tests include gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), blood cells, and blood serum. Of these, components in GCF are most promising, at least in the immediate future. Although more than 40 GCF components have been studied, efforts that attempt to relate the presence and amount of a given component to an independent measure of active disease are very few in number. As a consequence, we do not yet know the potential for most GCF compo...
The DSCR1 (Adapt78) isoform 1 protein calcipressin 1 inhibits calcineurin and protects against acute calcium-mediated stress damage, including transient oxidative stress

Although DSCR1 (Adapt78) has been associated with successful adaptation to oxidative stress and calcium stress and with devastating diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Down syndrome, no rationale for these apparently contradictory findings has been tested. In fact, DSCR1 (Adapt78) has not yet been proved to provide protection against acute oxidative stress or calcium stress. We have addressed this question using cross-adaptation to H2O2 and the calcium ionophore A23187, stable DSCR1 (Adapt78) transfection and overexpression in hamster HA-1 cells, ‘tet-off’ regulated DSCR1 (Adapt78) isoform 1 transgene expression in human PC-12 cells, and DSCR1 (Adapt78) antisense oligonucleotides to test the ability of the DSCR1 (Adapt78) protein product calcipressin 1 (a calcineurin inhibitor) to protect against oxidative stress and calcium stress. Under all conditions, resistance to oxidative stress and calcium stress increased as a function of DSCR1 (Adapt78)/calcipressin 1 expression and decreased as gene/protein express...
Developmentally Appropriate Practices As Predictors of Self-competence Among Preschoolers

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the use of developmentally appropriate practices in the classrooms is related to the perception of self-competence among preschoolers. Ninety-one...
Nucleotide sequence of the yeast ILV2 gene which encodes acetolactate synthase

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the yeast ILV2 gene which codes for the amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS). ALS has recently been shown to be the target in bacteria, yeast and plants, of the potent new herbicide sulfometuron methyl. The coding sequence for the ILV2 polypeptide contains 2061 base pairs. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences indicates considerable conservation between the yeast protein and the large subunits of the E. coli ALS II and ALS III isozymes. A major distinction between the three proteins is the presence of an additional 90 amino acids at the amino terminal of the yeast protein. The amino acid sequence in this region shows similarities to yeast mitochondrial transit sequences and may function as such, since yeast ALS is localized in the mitochondria. Consensus sequences for initiation and termination of transcription that are consistent with the ends of the ILV2 mRNA, as well as general amino acid control regulatory sequences have been identified.
Social acts and social systems: Community as metaphor

The community metaphor currently dominates much of the thinking in educational theory and pedagogy, especially in the field of composition and rhetoric. This study critiques the community metaphorthrough a tripartite analysis of student- and teacher-generated metaphors. Two textual levels of metaphors-in-use are considered: grommaticol-semantic metaphors and lexical metaphors. A functional linguistic analysis demonstrates the thoroughly heteroglossic nature of language in classroom talk and text. This article contends it would be more useful for teachers to proceed from o collectivity metaphor as a way to capture the dynamic nature of languoge-inuse. Subsequently, both students and teachers can be more attentive to the ways in which they define themselves, through metaphor, as a group-in-process. One humanistic way to conceptualize the classroom is that it is the location of a collaborative effort to build community. The teacher, recognizing that meaning is created, rather than instilled, allows a text to unfold. This text configures itself as a dialogic encounter between students and teachers: human beings who are reaching out toward common goals. In the language of the academy, these goals are articulated in terms of literacy skills: functional, higher order, and cultural. In the writing classroom, teachers understand these goals in terms of facilitating language acquisition. They recognize the need for students, especially at the university level, to acquire an agility with several types of academic language. So many of us steer class conversations around the demand on our students to “write across the curriculum” and, in keeping with the vision of the humanities, to do so critically. The notion of language community has, by and large, facilitated our task. This article, however, concerns problematic aspects of the notion of language community as it is used in educational theory and practice. I will address some recent conceptions and criticisms of the notion of classroom as community, present a case study of one individual student within the framework of an analysis of metaphor and, finally, suggest an alternative approach to conceptualizing composition classrooms within the university setting.
Subliminal Perception and Subception

(1956). Subliminal Perception and Subception. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 437-458.
Flow past a sphere with an oscillation in the free-stream velocity and unsteady drag at finite Reynolds number

Unsteady flow over a stationary sphere with a small fluctuation in the free-stream velocity is considered at small Reynolds number, Re. A matched asymptotic solution is obtained for the frequency-dependent (or the acceleration-dependent) part of the unsteady flow at very small frequency, w, under the restriction St % Re 4 1, where St is the Strouhal number. The acceleration-dependent part of the unsteady drag is found to be proportional to St - w instead of the wi dependence predicted by Stokes’ solution. Consequently, the expression for the Basset history force is incorrect for large time even for very small Reynolds numbers. Present results compare well with the previous numerical results of Mei, Lawrence & Adrian (1991) using a finitedifference method for the same unsteady flow at small Reynolds number. Using the principle of causality, the present analytical results at small Re, the numerical results at finite Re for low frequency, and Stokes’ results for high frequency, a modified expression for the history force is proposed in the time domain. It is confirmed by comparing with the finite-difference results at arbitrary frequency through Fourier transformation. The modified history force has an integration kernel that decays as t-*, instead of t-i, at large time for both small and finite Reynolds numbers.
A Novel Mechanism for Ribonuclease Regulation TRANSFER-MESSENGER RNA (tmRNA) AND ITS ASSOCIATED PROTEIN SmpB REGULATE THE STABILITY OF RNase R

The amount of RNase R, an important degradative exoribonuclease, increases 3–10-fold under a variety of stress conditions. This elevation is due to posttranslational regulation in which the highly unstable RNase R protein becomes stabilized during stress. Here we identify two components of the trans-translation machinery, transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and SmpB, that are responsible for the short half-life of RNase R in exponential phase cells. The absence of either lengthens the half-life of RNase R in vivo >6-fold. SmpB directly interacts with RNase R in vitro and is stimulated by tmRNA. The C-terminal region of RNase R, encompassing its basic region and adjacent S1 domain are required for the interaction; their removal eliminates binding and stabilizes RNase R in vivo. However, the binding of SmpB and tmRNA does not alter RNase R activity. These data define a previously unknown regulatory process in which the stability of an RNase is determined by its interaction with an RNA and an RNA-associated protein.
A Discriminant Analysis of Employment in Defense and Nondefense Industries

Abstract This article tests the contention that a difference exists between the oscillatory behavior of employment in two groups of industries, defense and nondefense. Applying a discriminant analysis to the total and production employment series for selected manufacturing industries, significant results were obtained in both cases. The specific form of the difference varies between the two series. For total employment, the period of oscillation is longer, the proportion of the period in which employment is rising is greater, and the amplitude is of a greater magnitude for the defense group. Of these, amplitude is most important for deciphering group difference. For production employment in the defense group, the above cited measures were important and a fourth, average monthly rate of change, was found to contribute significantly. In this series the measure of amplitude did not have as great a discriminating power as in the former. The measure of symmetry, however, was found to be more important.
Extensive Dust Layer in the Northern Hemisphere

A DUST layer covering much of the northern hemisphere has been observed during the summer of 1972. The altitude of the layer varied between 8 and 9 km with typical submicron particulate concentrations ranging between 1 and 10 per cubic centimetre.
A novel socioeconomic measure using individual housing data in cardiovascular outcome research.

Background: To assess whether the individual housing-based socioeconomic status (SES) measure termed HOUSES was associated with post-myocardial infarction (MI) mortality. Methods: The study was designed as a population-based cohort study, which compared post-MI mortality among Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, residents with different SES as measured by HOUSES using Cox proportional hazards models. Subjects’ addresses at index date of MI were geocoded to real property data to formulate HOUSES (a z-score for housing value, square footage, and numbers of bedrooms and bathrooms). Educational levels were used as a comparison for the HOUSES index. Results: 637 of the 696 eligible patients with MI (92%) were successfully geocoded to real property data. Post-MI survival rates were 60% (50–72), 78% (71–85), 72% (60–87), and 87% (81–93) at 2 years for patients in the first (the lowest SES), second, third, and fourth quartiles of HOUSES, respectively (p < 0.001). HOUSES was associated with post-MI all-cause mortality, controlling for all variables except age and comorbidity (p = 0.036) but was not significant after adjusting for age and comorbidity (p = 0.24). Conclusions: Although HOUSES is associated with post-MI mortality, the differential mortality rates by HOUSES were primarily accounted for by age and comorbid conditions. HOUSES may be useful for health disparities research concerning cardiovascular outcomes, especially in overcoming the paucity of conventional SES measures in commonly used datasets.
The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire

In his account of the revolt of Thomas the Slavonian (820) against the Emperor Michael II (820–829) the Byzantine historian Genesius lists a variety of peoples from whom the armies of the rebel had been drawn: Saracens, Indians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Medes, Abasgians, Zichs, Vandals, Getae, Alans, Chaldoi, Armenians, adherents of the heretical sects of the Paulicians and the Athenganoi. Some of these peoples are well known; the identity of others, despite efforts made to determine it, is by no means certain. But in any case, their listing by the Byzantine historian illustrates vividly the multi-racial character of the Byzantine Empire. This was in the ninth century, but the situation was no different for the period before, and it would not be different for the period after. The Byzantine Empire was never in its long history a true national state with an ethnically homogeneous population. If by virtue of its civilization it may be called Greek, it was never, except perhaps during the very last years of its existence, an empire of Greeks.
A key role for Pak4 in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells.

Abstract The Pak4 serine/threonine kinase regulates cytoskeletal organization, and controls cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Deletion of Pak4 in mice results in embryonic lethality prior to embryonic day 11.5. Pak4 knockout embryos exhibit abnormalities in the nervous system, the heart, and other tissues. In this study a conditional deletion of Pak4 was generated in order to study the function of Pak4 in the development of the brain. Nervous system-specific conditional deletion of Pak4 was accomplished by crossing mice with a floxed allele of Pak4 with transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the nestin promoter. The conditional Pak4 knockout mice were born normally, but displayed growth retardation and died prematurely. The brains showed a dramatic decrease in proliferation of cortical and striatal neuronal progenitor cells. In vitro analyses revealed a reduced proliferation and self-renewing capacity of neural progenitor cells isolated from Pak4 knockout brains. The mice also exhibited cortical thinning, impaired neurogenesis and loss of neuroepithelial adherens junctions. By the time the mice died, by 4 weeks after birth, severe hydrocephalus could also be seen. These results suggest that Pak4 plays a critical role in the regulation of neural progenitor cell proliferation and in establishing the foundation for development of the adult brain.
Substituting Whole Blood for Urine in a Bedside Pregnancy Test

Abstract Background Point-of-care testing for rapid detection of pregnancy in women of reproductive age is common practice in the emergency department. Commercially available rapid human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) immunoassays are validated for use with urine and serum, but not whole blood. Study Objectives We assessed the validity of using whole blood to detect pregnancy using a point-of-care hCG assay by comparing it to a laboratory quantitative serum hCG assay as the criterion standard. Methods A convenience sample of female patients of reproductive age (18–51 years) submitted 5 mL of whole blood, from which two drops were immediately applied to a point-of-care hCG kit, with results recorded at 10 min. The remainder of each whole blood specimen was sent to the hospital laboratory for the criterion-standard quantitative serum hCG assay. The criterion standard for a positive pregnancy test was defined as quantitative serum hCG ≥ 5 mIU/mL. Investigators performing the whole blood test and laboratory technicians performing the quantitative serum assay were blinded to one another’s results. Results There were 633 patients enrolled, with a mean age of 30 years (± 7.7 years); 34% of the patients were pregnant. Overall, the whole blood pregnancy test was 95.8% sensitive (negative predictive value 97.9%), whereas the urine test was 95.3% sensitive (negative predictive value 97.6%); the specificity and positive predictive value of both tests was 100%. Conclusion Using a standard point-of-care qualitative hCG immunoassay kit, whole blood may be used for rapid detection of pregnancy with similar, or greater, accuracy than urine.
High albedos of low inclination Classical Kuiper belt objects

Abstract We present observations of thermal emission from fifteen transneptunian objects (TNOs) made using the Spitzer Space Telescope . Thirteen of the targets are members of the Classical population: six dynamically hot Classicals, five dynamically cold Classicals, and two dynamically cold inner Classical Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). We fit our observations using thermal models to determine the sizes and albedos of our targets finding that the cold Classical KBOs have distinctly higher visual albedos than the hot Classicals and other TNO dynamical classes. The cold Classicals are known to be distinct from other TNOs in terms of their color distribution, size distribution, and binarity fraction. The Classical objects in our sample all have red colors yet they show a diversity of albedos which suggests that there is not a simple relationship between albedo and color. As a consequence of high albedos, the mass estimate of the cold Classical Kuiper belt is reduced from approximately 0.01 M ⊕ to approximately 0.001 M ⊕ . Our results also increase significantly the sample of small Classical KBOs with known albedos and sizes from 21 to 32 such objects.
The Urban Electorate in Presidential Elections, 1920-1996

This study of voting in presidential elections in 12 central cities from 1920 to 1996 shows that cities played a crucial role in the New Deal realignment that dominated presidential elections from 1932 to the 1960s. Since then, cities have declined as a share of the total electorate, but they still provide crucial votes for successful Democratic presidential candidates. As cities have increasingly deviated from national voting trends, however, their turnout rates have increasingly fallen behind the national rates. A call is issued for researchers to break down the suburban vote and to examine contextual effects on voting behavior.
Imaging Pathways in Fractured Rock Using Three‐Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Major challenges exist in delineating bedrock fracture zones because these cause abrupt changes in geological and hydrogeological properties over small distances. Borehole observations cannot sufficiently capture heterogeneity in these systems. Geophysical techniques offer the potential to image properties and processes in between boreholes. We used three-dimensional cross borehole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in a 9 m (diameter) × 15 m well field to capture high-resolution flow and transport processes in a fractured mudstone contaminated by chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethylene. Conductive (sodium bromide) and resistive (deionized water) injections were monitored in seven boreholes. Electrode arrays with isolation packers and fluid sampling ports were designed to enable acquisition of ERT measurements during pulsed tracer injections. Fracture zone locations and hydraulic pathways inferred from hydraulic head drawdown data were compared with electrical conductivity distributions from ERT measurements. Static ERT imaging has limited resolution to decipher individual fractures; however, these images showed alternating conductive and resistive zones, consistent with alternating laminated and massive mudstone units at the site. Tracer evolution and migration was clearly revealed in time-lapse ERT images and supported by in situ borehole vertical apparent conductivity profiles collected during the pulsed tracer test. While water samples provided important local information at the extraction borehole, ERT delineated tracer migration over spatial scales capturing the primary hydrogeological heterogeneity controlling flow and transport. The fate of these tracer injections at this scale could not have been quantified using borehole logging and/or borehole sampling methods alone.
The influence of health locus of control on the patient-provider relationship.

The physician–patient relationship is important to the successful delivery of health care. Health locus of control (HLOC) of the patient, the extent to which individuals attribute their health to their own actions or to external agents, may affect the patient–provider relationship. This study examined the influences of HIV and HLOC on trust in physician among a population of predominantly minority women and their family members. Powerful others HLOC demonstrated a positive relationship with trust in physician and chance HLOC had a negative relationship with trust in physician. HIV moderated both of these relationships.
Oogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Oogenesis is the process of forming the female gamete, called the ovum or egg. A tissue called the germline gives rise to gametes. During oogenesis, the oocyte precursor germ cell undergoes meiosis and differentiates as a very large cell containing yolk and numerous other components required for early embryonic development. The cellular processes of oogenesis are coordinated by the activities of several key regulatory proteins and regulated by inductive signals from cells in the somatic gonad.
Lead exposure and educational proficiency: moderate lead exposure and educational proficiency on end-of-grade examinations

Purpose To investigate and quantify the impact of moderate lead exposure on students' ability to score at the “proficient” level on end-of-grade standardized tests.
Honesty of a dynamic female aggressive status signal: baseline testosterone relates to bill color in female American goldfinches

Status signals are linked to fi ghting ability and enable competitors to gain access to resources without risking injury in aggressive combat. Th e relationship between testosterone (T), a hormone that mediates aggression, and signals of status is well studied in males, but little is known about the relationship between T and female signals of status. Female and male American goldfi nches Spinus tristis express a dynamic carotenoid-based orange bill color during the breeding season and previous work has demonstrated that females use orange bill color to communicate competitive ability during intrasexual competition. We test the hypothesis that female bill color refl ects baseline T, which would allow receivers to directly assess a competitor ’ s aggressive potential. We found a positive relationship between T and bill coloration in females, indicating that bill color has the ability to signal female competitive status. Th is fi nding is consistent with the hypothesis that female bill color is a reliable signal of fi ghting ability, and indicates that females, like males, may use coloration to signal their hormonally mediated aggressive potential.
Development of Goose- and Duck-Specific DNA Markers To Determine Sources of Escherichia coli in Waterways

The contamination of waterways with fecal material is a persistent threat to public health. Identification of the sources of fecal contamination is a vital component for abatement strategies and for determination of total maximum daily loads. While phenotypic and genotypic techniques have been used to determine potential sources of fecal bacteria in surface waters, most methods require construction of large known-source libraries, and they often fail to adequately differentiate among environmental isolates originating from different animal sources. In this study, we used pooled genomic tester and driver DNAs in suppression subtractive hybridizations to enrich for host source-specific DNA markers for Escherichia coli originating from locally isolated geese. Seven markers were identified. When used as probes in colony hybridization studies, the combined marker DNAs identified 76% of the goose isolates tested and cross-hybridized, on average, with 5% of the human E. coli strains and with less than 10% of the strains obtained from other animal hosts. In addition, the combined probes identified 73% of the duck isolates examined, suggesting that they may be useful for determining the contribution of waterfowl to fecal contamination. However, the hybridization probes reacted mainly with E. coli isolates obtained from geese in the upper midwestern United States, indicating that there is regional specificity of the markers identified. Coupled with high-throughput, automated macro- and microarray screening, these markers may provide a quantitative, cost-effective, and accurate library-independent method for determining the sources of genetically diverse E. coli strains for use in source-tracking studies. However, future efforts to generate DNA markers specific for E. coli must include isolates obtained from geographically diverse animal hosts.
MOHCA-seq: RNA 3D models from single multiplexed proximity-mapping experiments

Large RNAs control myriad biological processes but challenge tertiary structure determination. We report that integrating Multiplexed OH Cleavage Analysis with tabletop deep sequencing (MOHCA-seq) gives nucleotide-resolution proximity maps of RNA structure from single straightforward experiments. After achieving 1-nm resolution models for RNAs of known structure, MOHCA-seq reveals previously unattainable 3D information for ligand-induced conformational changes in a double glycine riboswitch and the sixth community-wide RNA puzzle, an adenosylcobalamin riboswitch.
The Structure of Potassium and Tetramethylammonium Salts of the Cyclic Organohydroborate Anion [H2BC8H14]- with Different Solvent Ligands

Solvated potassium salts of the 9-BBN hydroborate anion have been prepared and their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. A tetrameric complex {LK[(μ-H)2BC8H14]}4 is formed when L is toluene, MeTHF, toluene/THF, THF/Et2O mixtures. The basic framework consists of a distorted K4B4 cube in which potassium and boron are at alternate corners of the cube linked by bridging hydrogen atoms and α-C–H hydrogen atoms from the 9-BBN hydroborate that appear to form agostic interactions with potassium. There are two types of bridging hydrogen atoms: one is connected to three potassium atoms and one boron atom in a μ4-coordination arrangement, and the other one is connected to two potassium atoms and one boron atom in a μ3-coordination arrangement. There are four μ4-hydrogen arrangements in the structure. They are located inside of the K4B4 cube. The four μ3-hydrogen arrangements are located outside of the distorted K4B4 cube. The coordination number of potassium is 8 with the three μ4-, two μ3-bridging hydrogen atoms, two α-C–H hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom of the solvent, L (there is a weak π-η6 interaction when the solvent is toluene). On the other hand, in the chelating solvent DME, a dimeric structure is formed in which the inner part is planar with potassium and boron located at alternate corners. The potassium is connected to four μ3-bridging hydrogen atoms, two apparent agostic α-C–H bonding hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms of two DME molecules. Its coordination number is 10 including the agostic interactions. The structure of the uncoordinated [H2BC8H14]– anion is observed in the tetramethylammonium salt. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
FEM Analysis of a 0.50 Caliber Rifle Barrel

Rifle barrels experience large thermal and mechanical loads caused by firing a projectile. Since analytical solutions are inadequate for the complex loads and geometry, finite element analysis may be used instead. A finite element model of a Barrett M99 0.50 caliber rifle barrel was constructed to determine the stresses caused by the mechanical loads produced by the pressurized gas generated by the propellant and plastic deformation of the projectile in a smoothbore barrel. The projectile was accelerated to 941.7 m/s in 1.430 ms with a pressure profile that reached a maximum of 469.3 MPa. Stresses as large as 1,410 MPa along the interior of the barrel were found where the leading edge of the projectile slides along the bore, but the largest stresses at the exterior of the barrel were found where the barrel wall is thinnest near the chamber. The successful simulation of a rifle barrel proves that finite element analysis may be a powerful analysis tool for future failure analyses of firearm barrels.
Miniaturization and integration of photoacoustic detection with a microfabricated chemical reactor system

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a useful technique for monitoring chemical composition in mesoscale analysis systems because the detection limit scales favorably with miniaturization. The key element of a photoacoustic spectrometry system is the detector. This work focuses on the miniaturization of photoacoustic detection. In particular, we are using 3.4 /spl mu/m light to detect propane in a carbon dioxide background-a system that is useful for monitoring combustion reactions. Two systems have been developed. In the first, a miniature photoacoustic cell has been machined into the mounting block of a microfabricated chemical reactor, demonstrating the integration of a photoacoustic detector with a microsystem. The cell used a hearing aid microphone and an infrared diode that was modulated at the first acoustic resonance of the cell. As the gas composition of the cell changed from carbon dioxide to propane the resonance peak was observed to shift and increase, as was expected from theory. This work also presents the first demonstration of a microfabricated photoacoustic detection cell. The cell used an optical microphone and laser excitation brought into the cell via an optical fiber. The light was modulated at a frequency far below the first acoustic resonance, and a signal of 0.05 Pa was observed in the presence of propane.
Nucleoside Analogues and Mitochondrial Toxicity

An evaluation of the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System identified that patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and chronic hepatitis C virus who were treated with a regimen of ribavirin and didanosine, with or without stavudine, were at increased risk for events associated with mitochondrial toxicity, including fatal hepatic failure, peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis. In response, the US product labels for didanosine and ribavirin have been revised to caution clinicians against coadministration of these drugs.
Utilizing architectural styles to enhance the adaptation support of middleware platforms

Context: Modern middleware platforms provide the applications deployed on top of them with facilities for their adaptation. However, the level of adaptation support provided by the state-of-the-art middleware solutions is often limited to dynamically loading and off-loading of software components. Therefore, it is left to the application developers to handle the details of change such that the system's consistency is not jeopardized. Objective: We aim to change the status quo by providing the middleware facilities necessary to ensure the consistency of software after adaptation. We would like these facilities to be reusable across different applications, such that the middleware can streamline the process of achieving safe adaptation. Method: Our approach addresses the current shortcomings by utilizing the information encoded in a software system's architectural style. This information drives the development of reusable adaptation patterns. The patterns specify both the exact sequence of changes and the time at which those changes need to occur. We use the patterns to provide advanced adaptation support on top of an existing architectural middleware platform. Results: Our experience shows the feasibility of deriving detailed adaptation patterns for several architectural styles. Applying the middleware to adapt two real-world software systems shows the approach is effective in consistently adapting these systems without jeopardizing their consistency. Conclusion: We conclude the approach is effective in alleviating the application developers from the responsibility of managing the adaptation process at the application-level. Moreover, we believe this study provides the foundation for changing the way adaptation support is realized in middleware solutions.
Analysis of Composite Molding Using the Homogenization Method

In this paper, we present an application of the homogenization method to the analysis of Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Structural Reaction Injection Molding (SRIM). RTM and SRIM are relatively new molding processes for manufacturing continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites. First, the mold flow is analyzed. In the molding process, the resin experiences significant temperature changes as it fills the mold and forms a free boundary with air as it pushes out the air. In addition, the flow domain is the mold cavity packed with fiber perform, which is a porous medium. Here, the homogenization method is used to model the non-isothermal flow through porous media with free boundaries. A computer program is developed which is capable of simulating a three-dimensional mold flow using the finite element approximation. An example is provided for a three-dimensional part. Then, an analysis of the residual stress developed in the curing stage is given. The curing stage starts when the mold is completely filled...
Stairways to Heaven: An Interlocking Self-Regulation Model of Negotiation

We introduce an interlocking self-regulation model of negotiation. A central tenet of this new model is that negotiation is both external (getting the other side to offer what you want) and internal (deciding whether to want what the other side offers). We discuss important issues implicit in this model, and we propose strategies by which negotiators reduce discrepancies between standards and offers, incorporating research on the role of attributions.
Monocyte recruitment and myelin removal are delayed following spinal cord injury in mice with CCR2 chemokine receptor deletion

The inflammatory response initiated after spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by the accumulation of macrophages at the impact site. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a strong candidate for mediating chemotaxis of monocytes to the injured nervous system. To help in defining the role of MCP-1 in inflammation after SCI, we evaluated the time course of macrophage accumulation for 2 weeks following a midthoracic spinal cord contusion injury in mice lacking CCR2, a principal receptor for MCP-1. Mice with a deletion of CCR2 resulted in significantly reduced Mac-1 immunoreactivity restricted to the lesion epicenter at 7 days postinjury. The regions devoid of Mac-1 immunoreactivity corresponded to areas of reduced myelin degradation at this time. By 14 days postinjury, however, there were no differences in Mac-1 staining between CCR2 (+/+) and CCR2 (-/-) mice. Analyses of mRNA levels by RNase protection assay (RPA) revealed increases in MCP-1 as well as MCP-3 and MIP-2 mRNA at 1 day postinjury compared with 7 day postinjury. There were no differences in chemokine expression between CCR2-deficient mice and wild-type littermate controls. The CCR2-deficient mice also exhibited reduced expression of mRNA for chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5. Together, these results indicate that chemokines acting through CCR2 contribute to the early recruitment of monocytes to the lesion epicenter following SCI.
Radio frequency technology to measure feeding behavior and health of feedlot steers

Radio frequency (RF) technology was used to collect information on the feeding patterns of 108 steers (average weight 139 kg) for 32 days after entering the feedlot. Each animal was equipped with an RF tag, and its presence at the feedbunk was recorded continuously throughout the entire period. Average time at the feedbunk was compared between healthy (n=53) and morbid (n=55) steers. Morbid steers included all animals which were removed from the pen and medicated for any reason. Healthy steers spent 30% more time (P<0.001) at the feedbunk than morbid steers. These differences were most pronounced during the first four days. Patterns of feedbunk visits associated with feed delivery times were similar between healthy and morbid steers, except the average percentage of healthy steers present was 13 percentage units greater (P<0.01) than for morbid steers. This technology has the potential to identify sick animals and improve feedlot health management practices.