cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The protective impact of learning to juggle in a caring, task-involving climate versus an ego-involving climate on participants’ inflammation, cortisol, and psychological responses

The impact of motivational climate on physiological responses to psychological stress remains largely unknown. The purpose of this experimental investigation was to examine the psychological and ph...
Growth of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging in Canada

Canadian participation in the Program for Cooperative Cataloging began in 1998 when Memorial University of Newfoundland joined NACO to counter the lack of locally relevant authority data. Different...
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthase Utilizes Multiple Acyl Carrier Protein Isoforms

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a highly conserved cofactor protein that is required by Type II fatty acid synthases (FASs). Here, we demonstrate that up to three mitochondrial ACP (mtACP) isoforms support the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitochondrially localized Type II FAS. The physiological importance of the three mtACPs was evaluated by characterizing the single, double, and triple mutants. The mtACP1 (At2g44620), mtACP2 (At1g65290), and mtACP3 (At5g47630) single mutants showed no discernible morphological growth phenotype. Functional redundancy among the three mtACPs was indicated by the embryo-lethal phenotype associated with simultaneous loss of all three mtACP genes. Characterization of all double mutant combinations revealed that although the mtacp1 mtacp3 and mtacp2 mtacp3 double mutant combinations showed no observable growth defect, the mtacp1 mtacp2 double mutant was viable but displayed delayed growth, reduced levels of posttranslationally lipoylated mitochondrial proteins, hyperaccumulation of photorespiratory Gly, and reduced accumulation of many intermediates in central metabolism. These alterations were partially reversed when the mtacp1 mtacp2 double mutant plants were grown in a nonphotorespiratory condition (i.e. 1% CO2 atmosphere) or in the presence of 2% Suc. In summary, mtACP, as a key component of mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis, is important in generating the fatty acid precursor of lipoic acid biosynthesis. Thus, the incomplete lipoylation of mitochondrial proteins in mtacp mutants, particularly Gly decarboxylase, affects the recovery of photorespiratory carbon, and this appears to be critical during embryogenesis.
Achromobacter xylosoxidans cellular pathology is correlated with activation of a type III secretion system

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is increasingly recognized as a colonizer of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but the role that A. xylosoxidans plays in pathology remains unknown. This knowledge gap is largely due to the lack of model systems available to study the toxic potential of this bacterium. Recently, a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) encoded by a majority of A. xylosoxidans genomes, termed AxoU, was identified. Here, we show that AxoU is a type III secretion system (T3SS) substrate that induces cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. A tissue culture model was developed showing that a subset of A. xylosoxidans isolates from CF patients induce cytotoxicity in macrophages, suggestive of a pathogenic or inflammatory role in the CF lung. In a toxic strain, cytotoxicity is correlated with transcriptional activation of axoU and T3SS genes, demonstrating that this model can be used as a tool to identify and track expression of virulence determinants produced by this poorly understood bacterium.
The synchrotron maser emission from relativistic magnetized shocks: dependence on the pre-shock temperature

Electromagnetic precursor waves generated by the synchrotron maser instability at relativistic magnetized shocks have been recently invoked to explain the coherent radio emission of Fast Radio Bursts. By means of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we explore the properties of the precursor waves in relativistic electron-positron perpendicular shocks as a function of the pre-shock magnetization $\sigma\gtrsim 1$ (i.e., the ratio of incoming Poynting flux to particle energy flux) and thermal spread $\Delta \gamma \equiv kT/mc^2=10^{-5}-10^{-1}$. We measure the fraction $f_\xi$ of total incoming energy that is converted into precursor waves, as computed in the post-shock frame. At fixed magnetization, we find that $f_{\xi}$ is nearly independent of temperature as long as $\Delta \gamma \lesssim 10^{-1.5}$ (with only a modest decrease of a factor of three from $\Delta\gamma =10^{-5}$ to $\Delta\gamma =10^{-1.5}$), but it drops by nearly two orders of magnitude for $\Delta \gamma \gtrsim 10^{-1}$. At fixed temperature, the scaling with magnetization $f_\xi\sim 10^{-3}\,\sigma^{-1}$ is consistent with our earlier one-dimensional results. For our reference $\sigma=1$, the power spectrum of precursor waves is relatively broad (fractional width $\sim 1-3$) for cold temperatures, whereas it shows pronounced line-like features with fractional width $\sim 0.2$ for $10^{-3} \lesssim \Delta \gamma \lesssim 10^{-1.5} $. For $\sigma\gtrsim 1$, the precursor waves are beamed within an angle $\simeq \sigma^{-1/2}$ from the shock normal (as measured in the post-shock frame), as required so they can outrun the shock. Our results can provide physically-grounded inputs for FRB emission models based on maser emission from relativistic shocks.
Motivating non-ratepaying households with feedback and social nudges: A cautionary tale

Abstract Behavioral interventions have been shown to be valuable instruments in reducing energy use among ratepaying customers, but their effect on non-ratepayers has received less attention. This study uses a randomized controlled trial research design to examine the effect of feedback and a social nudge in the form of peer comparison on energy consumption of non-ratepaying households. The study setting is a university family housing complex, and findings are based on hourly observations of energy use by 62 households over thirteen weeks. Our results suggest that neither feedback or peer comparison is an effective instrument to reduce energy use of non-ratepaying households, and may even increase energy consumption in some contexts. We find heterogeneous effects among households that are low and high users of energy in the pre-treatment period, with high users increasing energy consumption in response to feedback. Thus, caution is needed in applying behavioral interventions when financial incentives to reinforce intended effects are absent.
Misrepresenting COVID-19: Lying With Charts During the Second Golden Age of Data Design

In this second golden age of data design, digital affordances enable the news media to share occasionally misleading charts about COVID-19. Examining data visualizations about COVID-19 highlights t...
Seasoned Equity Issuers' R&D Investments: Signaling or Overoptimism

It is well known that investors often react negatively to the announcements of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). We posit that issuers can use positive discretionary (higher than expected) RD these issuers are more likely to use new capital in future RD they are more likely to hold new capital as cash and they fail to produce better post-SEO operating performance.
From GenderMag to InclusiveMag:: A Journey for University IT

Does your college/university say one of its core values is diversity, equity, and inclusion? If so, is the IT they are using equitable and inclusive for usage by diverse populations of users? The evidence suggests “no” — and in this talk, we will consider how to address this problem by answering the following questions: How can IT professionals assess whether their IT supports diverse users? And if they find problems, how can they fix them? Although there are empirical processes that can be used to find “inclusivity bugs” piecemeal in software, web apps, websites, and so on, what is often needed is a systematic inspection method to assess IT's support for diverse populations. To help fill this gap, we developed GenderMag, a method for finding and fixing “gender inclusivity bugs” — gender biases in IT interfaces and workflows. We then introduced InclusiveMag, a generalization of GenderMag that can be used to generate systematic inclusiveness methods for other dimensions of diversity. In this talk, we present the latest GenderMag results, what OSU's IT professionals are doing with it, and provide a glimpse into the future by briefly introducing InclusiveMag and our early experiences with it.
Towards Improving Factory Working Conditions in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis of Bangladesh Ready-Made Garment Factories

With supply chains now extending into developing countries, time and again, working conditions in supplier factories have been found to be unsafe. In this study, we focus on factories in the Bangladesh ready-made garment (RMG) industry that supply North American and European retailers. These retailers have adopted an innovative approach towards improving the working conditions of supplier factories by forming consortiums. The consortium of North American retailers is the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety (Alliance). The consortium of European retailers is the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh (Accord). The central question addressed in this study is: How do working conditions in a supplier factory impact the supplier’s trustworthiness from a retailer’s perspective? We characterize supplier factory working conditions in terms of three types of risks, namely, structural risk, fire risk, and electrical risk. Next, we examine the implications of each type of risk for supplier trustworthiness measured as the number of retailers contracting with the supplier factory. The empirical analysis is conducted using archival data on safety inspections from Alliance and Accord. The results support the contention that retailers are sensitive to working condition risks in a supplier factory, i.e., as working condition risks in a supplier factory increase, the supplier’s trustworthiness decreases. However, these associations vary with the type of the risk. Specifically, fire and electrical risks are associated with decreased supplier trustworthiness, while structural risk has a marginal effect. Further, the negative associations between working condition risks and supplier trustworthiness are moderated by the size of the supplier factory such that the negative associations are significantly attenuated for larger-sized supplier factories compared to the smaller-sized factories. The above findings, taken together, provide nuanced insights into the marketplace implications of working condition risks in supplier factories, and highlight the sensitivity of the retailer-supplier relationship to such risks. These findings also provide actionable guidance on how to manage working condition risks.
Hierarchichal perspective volume rendering using triangle fans

We present a method of accelerated perspective volume rendering using cell projection, triangle fans, and a data hierarchy. The hierarchy allows mixed resolution rendering, greatly increasing speed. We utilize triangle fans for additional speed and texture mapped opacity for accuracy.
ACCUMULATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN BACTERIAL NUCLEAR PREPARATIONS DURING TREATMENT OF WHOLE CELLS WITH 8-AZAGUANINE, TETRACYCLINES, AND OTHER INHIBITORS

Abstract Ezekiel, David H. (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.). Accumulation of ribonucleic acid in bacterial nuclear preparations during treatment of whole cells with 8-azaguanine, tetracyclines, and other inhibitors. J. Bacteriol. 87:755–760. 1964—Ribonucleic acid (RNA), synthesized in Bacillus megaterium KM during chloramphenicol treatment, accumulates in the chromatin-containing cell fraction obtained by lipase treatment of protoplasts. To determine whether this phenomenon is the cause or an effect of the inhibition of protein synthesis, or neither, other inhibitors of protein synthesis were studied. Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, azaguanine, and, to a lesser extent, 7-azatryptophan permitted RNA synthesis while inhibiting protein synthesis. In each case, RNA accumulated in the chromatin body fraction. Azaguanine at 5 μg/ml causes more RNA accumulation than at 15 μg/ml, but allows some protein synthesis. Other inhibitors of protein synthesis inhibit RNA synthesis as well, and no accumulation is seen. The evidence favors the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis causes the accumulation in the nuclear fraction. The possible nature and intracellular locus of the RNA accumulation are discussed briefly.
A major estrogen-regulated protein secreted from the liver of Xenopus laevis is a member of the serpin superfamily : nucleotide sequence of cDNA and hormonal induction of mRNA

Abstract Estrogen treatment of Xenopus frogs causes four mRNAs to become highly abundant in the liver. Three of these mRNAs have been previously identified as coding for vitellogenin, ferritin, and serum retinol binding protein. We show here that the fourth abundant liver messenger RNA comprises about 1500 nucleotides and codes for a 45-kDa secreted protein, designated Ep45. A clone complementary to Ep45 mRNA was isolated, and its identity was confirmed by hybridization selection of mRNA that translated in vitro into the Ep45 precursor. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the nearly full length cDNA revealed a total length of 1454 base pairs consisting of: 36 nucleotides of the 5' noncoding region, 1308 base pairs encoding an open reading frame of 436 amino acids, and 110 nucleotides of the 3' untranslated region. Ep45 mRNA may originate from as many as four closely spaced transcription start sites, which are 15 to 21 bases upstream of the first nucleotide of the cDNA clone. The Xenopus laevis genome appears to contain a single Ep45 gene. The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that Ep45 has features typical of a secreted protein, including a signal peptide of 16 amino acids and three potential sites for N-linked glycosylation, and is related to the serine protease inhibitors, a large family of proteins with very diverse physiological functions. Ep45 mRNA was absent in the liver of normal male frogs and increased at least 100-fold in response to estradiol-17 beta. Thus, both Ep45 and vitellogenin mRNAs are switched from undetectable to very high levels, a pattern of expression not found for any other mRNAs in Xenopus liver.
Large-scale structured discrete optimization via parallel genetic algorithms

We consider the application of parallel “island” genetic algorithms (GA’s) to the solution of large-scale discrete optimization problems with block structure. Optimization problems arising in a variety of important applications have block-structured objective functions and constraint sets, i.e., large subsets of variables and constraints that may be naturally clustered because of spatial or temporal contexts. For continuous optimization problems, many iterative decomposition techniques (such as the Dantzig-Wolfe method) have been developed that take advantage of this block structure by alternating between the solution of subproblems that deal with separate blocks in a decentralized manner (allowing the exploitation of parallel and distributed computation) and coordination phases in which subproblem solutions are combined in such a way as to obtain good solutions of the original problem. However, these approaches are not readily extended to discrete optimization because traditional coordination mechanisms generally do not preserve the discrete nature of the variables. This paper describes the use of GA’s as a parallel coordination technique for discrete optimization. To illustrate this approach, we consider a class of structured discrete geometric problems motivated by applications in database and the solution of partial differential equations. The most regular type of problem of this class is the determination of a minimum perimeter partition into P equal-area subdomains of an MxN grid, where P,M, and N are the input parameters, and perimeter is defined as the total perimeter of the P subdomains. (Regarding perimeter of a subdomain as energy, this can be thought of as a minimum energy equipartition.) For problems of this type involving millions of variables, high-level genetic algorithms that take advantage of block structure for genotype-phenotype differentiation provide a successful approach for the parallel coordination of subproblem solutions. Extensions to more general classes of problems are also presented.
Penelope’s Web: The Early Poetry of Joanne Kyger

In this paper I aim to reintroduce the poetry of Joanne Kyger, a contemporary and intimate of the Beat poets, whose first volume of poetry, The Tapestry and the Web, re-reads classical mythology as a female-centered nontraditional narrative. Kyger eschews traditional definitions of ‘epic’ in favor of a poetics that allows for the inscription of the female poet as a ‘maker’ or artisan, who crafts a text like a tapestry, crossing and re-crossing the page in an effort to create an open space for the work of reading. Kyger deliberately employs a mythic cycle to break through limits that constrict one’s ability to place oneself in the poetry, either as poet or reader. The use of myth prevents her poetry from becoming personal or confessional, yet, it is a female-centered ‘epic,’ a category that in and of itself breaks down conventional poetic barriers. Thus, Kyger’s poetry transforms the Odyssey into a multi-vocal, transgressive narrative, which de-centers and destabilizes the epic masculine narrating ‘I.’
Photoresponsive behavior of amphiphilic copolymers of azobenzene and N,N-dimethylacrylamide in aqueous solutions.

Copolymers of 4-methacryloyloxyazobenzene and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (MOAB−DMA) can aggregate strongly in aqueous solution (they are soluble in water up to a MOAB molar fraction of 0.2) to give concentration-dependent aggregate size distributions and well-defined boundaries between the dilute and semidilute regimes, as determined by dynamic light scattering, surface tension, and probe solubilization experiments. The copolymers are strongly surface active, an uncommon observation for random copolymers, and exhibit pronounced photoviscosity effects at higher concentrations. The concentration dependence of the kinetic parameters for the reversible polymer rearrangement upon photoisomerization, as determined by electronic absorption spectroscopy, is attributed to steric hindrances. Trans-to-cis isomerization under UV light leads to partial dissociation of the azobenzene aggregates that cross-link the polymers, thereby significantly affecting the polymer solution rheology, with a consequent loss of viscoelasti...
Fast high-quality line visibility

Lines drawn over or in place of shaded 3D models can often provide greater comprehensibility and stylistic freedom that shading alone. A substantial challenge for making stylized line drawings from 3D models is the visibility computation. Current algorithms for computing line visibility in models of moderate complexity are either too slow for interactive rendering, or too brittle for coherent animation. We present a method that exploits graphics hardware to provide fast and robust line visibility. Rendering speed for our system is usually within a factor of two of an optimized rendering pipeline using conventional lines, and our system provides much higher visual quality and flexibility for stylization.
Consent and the Problem of Framing Effects

Our decision-making is often subject to framing effects: alternative but equally informative descriptions of the same options elicit different choices. When a decision-maker is vulnerable to framing, she may consent under one description of the act, which suggests that she has waived her right, yet be disposed to dissent under an equally informative description of the act, which suggests that she has not waived her right. I argue that in such a case the decision-maker’s consent is simply irrelevant to the permissibility of proceeding. I then consider two alternative views. According to the first, people susceptible to framing are able to give valid consent so long as they are sufficiently informed. This suggestion, I argue, maintains an overly narrow focus on mere quantity of information to the exclusion of other choice-affecting factors. A second response, which appeals to hypothetical consent, is likewise of little use in resolving the moral problem posed by framing effects. I conclude that if susceptibility to framing undermines the validity of consent, we may have good reason to reconsider whether consent has the rights-waiving function commonly attributed to it.
Formation and Characterization of Soot Deposits from Non-Optimum Combustion of No. 6 Fuel Oil with Chlorinated Organic Compounds in an Industrial Boiler

Abstract During a hazardous waste combustion study performed for U.S. EPA, sampling and analysis was conducted on both slack gases and solid “soot” collected from a boiler's interior surfaces. Various techniques for soot characterization were explored; primary analytes included volatile and semivoiatile organic compounds. A technique involving thermal desorption-GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) was developed and used for the soot analysis. In addition, selected samples were analyzed by electron beam techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and by laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) to determine morphology, size and elemental composition of soot particles.
Development of a respirable, sustained release microcarrier for 5-fluorouracil II: In vitro and in vivo optimization of lipid coated nanoparticles

The release rate of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from lipid-coated nanoparticles (LNPs) was determined to develop a respirable delivery system for use as adjuvant (postsurgery) therapy for lung cancer. LNPs were prepared by spray drying, and the in vitro release was measured by microdialysis. The composition of the core and shell affected the release rate. Increasing the core diameter at constant shell thickness and increasing shell thickness at constant core diameter reduced the release rate, suggesting that the lipid shell is the rate limiting step for the release of 5-FU. A model consisting of a sequential zero-order/first-order dependence on time from polydispersed cores within polydispersed shells was developed to describe the release. Based on studies of the effect of geometry of the layered particles, the optimal formulation was identified as a 600-nm diameter 5-FU/poly-(glutamic acid) core with a 200-nm thick tripalmitin/cetyl alcohol shell. This system is readily aerosolized by ultrasonic atomization, which did not change the release properties. Preliminary instillation and inhalation delivery studies to the hamster resulted in lung levels of the particles and 5-FU that were near the desired values. Through this effort, a sustained-release, respirable delivery system for adjuvant therapy of lung cancer in humans may ultimately be realized.
Operation of a conventional multiwire proportional chamber as a drift chamber

Abstract A conventional MWPC has been used in a drift mode to obtain incident particle positions to within a small fraction of the anode wire spacing. The times for electrons produced by incident radiation to drift to two different anode wires are measured and used as the basis for an interpolation of incident particle position. Results for a small test chamber are presented for a range of incident particle energies and angles.
Cytokine Mediators of Immunity and Inflammation

The remarkable advances in molecular and cell biology occurring over the past four decades have served the cause of surgical science well. Our understanding of basic disease mechanisms and insights into potential new therapeutic strategies have occurred at a staggering pace. Perhaps nowhere in surgical biology are these mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects more evident than in research defining the cytokine mediators of inflammation, injury, and repair. These proteins are secreted to some degree by virtually all immune cell types as well as by a diverse array of other nucleated cells, and their functions encompass a regulatory role on and among many components of the immune system. Such intense interest is well deserved because abnormalities or dysregulation of tissue and wound repair as well as of natural (innate) or specific (acquired) immune function underlie much of the morbidity and mortality associated with surgical practice. Indeed, it is evident that the insights gained from the study of such inflammatory mediators cross virtually every specialty of surgery, from the acute sequelae of severe injury and invasive infection to the chronic manifestations of benign and malignant processes. 1,2
MOLECULAR BEAM STUDIES OF KINETIC PROCESSES IN NANOSCALE WATER FILMS

Studies of the properties of crystalline ice and amorphous solid water are the focus of considerable diverse and interdisciplinary research. The reasons include understanding heterogeneous atmospheric processes, interstellar and cometary astrophysics, cryobiology, and the physics and chemistry of liquids. In this review we summarize our recent work using nanoscale ice films to characterize the kinetic behavior of crystalline ice and amorphous solid water. The adsorption, desorption, crystallization and diffusion kinetics of the nanoscale films are studies using molecular beam and programmed desorption techniques. The results of these experiments and their implications for the physical properties of nanoscale ice films are presented.
Optical correlator tracking nonlinearity

Non linearite observee en utilisant un correlateur optique de Vanderlugt etalon comme poursuiveur de corps mobile
Hot-topic debate on hepatitis C virus: The type of immunosuppression matters†

Key Points 1. The treatment of rejection is an important factor associated with the severe recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after liver transplantation. 2. The effects of calcineurin inhibitors, corticosteroids, and mycophenolate mofetil on HCV recurrence are equivocal. 3. Cyclosporine is associated with a higher sustained virological response in patients treated for HCV. 4. Because insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with fibrosis in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients, the use of immunosuppressive agents without this side effect may slow the posttransplant disease progression. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Development of an Environmental Geology Data Base for Land Use Planning

A study involving a computerized data base for land use planning at the county level required early decisions (1) in the selection of physical characteristics that best describe the land relative to planning and (2) the size of the data cell for encoding and storing this information. These aspects of the complete study, which are necessary features for all computer-based land use plans, are explored in this paper. Information related to areal distribution and engineering characteristics of earth materials, topography, surface and ground water aspects, provides the needed input data for the base. Such data when supplemented with economic, cultural, and demographic information provide the basis on which planning agencies can formulate realistic land use plans. This information is digitized for computer storage and subsequent computation to be used for decision making. The first step in determining the suitability of a piece of land involved selection of the variables, which are the physical characteristics of the land. In addition, the relative importance of each variable, in relation to a given land use, is evaluated. Next, all the subcategories of each of the variables are assigned levels of importance, called ranking. These procedures are then followed by computer processing whereby the product of level-ranking and variable weighting is computed for each data point for a specific land use. The computer then sums up these products for all the variables and assigns a numerical ranking for each data point. Maps are subsequently printed out depicting the numerical value for each point from which locations with the greatest potential for the specific land use, corresponding to the highest number, can be determined. Selection of cell size for encoding data is a primary task in data base studies for land use planning. A cell provides the dimension of the land surface on which the researcher must determine the nature of the material and supply the input for the data base. The time needed to encode data increases rapidly with decreasing cell size for the same total area and is accompanied by an attendant increase in cost. Based on statistical analysis a cell measuring 154.2 m (500 ft) on the side was found to be most suitable for land use planning at county level.
Mathematical models of two-party negotiations

The present paper describes a pair of mathematical models of two-party bargaining. One model is a Markov process with inputs. The other is a two-party version of the Bush-Mosteller linear operator learning model. The adequacy of the two models is examined in a computer controlled experiment. The Markov chain model fails to predict the extinction of cooperation encountered in certain experimental groups. It does adequately predict the trial of agreement. The learning model describes the proportion of cooperative responses quite accurately in all experimental groups. It is not as accurate in predicting agreement as the Markov process.
Effects of young Artemisia rothrockii shrubs on soil moisture, soil nitrogen cycling, and resident herbs

Abstract Questions: How do young sagebrush shrubs (Artemisia rothrockii, Asteraceae) affect soil moisture availability? How do young sagebrush shrubs affect soil nitrogen cycling? How does the resident herb community respond to shrub removal in the early stages of sagebrush encroachment? Location: Mulkey and Bullfrog Meadows on the Kern Plateau in the Golden Trout Wilderness, Sierra Nevada Mountains, Inyo National Forest, Inyo County, California, USA. Methods: We removed young encroaching sagebrush shrubs from 3.5 m × 3.5 m plots and compared soil moisture, net mineralization, net nitrification, and herb cover with paired control plots over four growing seasons. Results: On average throughout the experiment, the difference between removal plots and control plots in soil moisture was small. Removal plots were wetter by 1.3 ± 2.0% at 0–30 cm depth, 2.1 ± 3.1% at 30–60 cm depth and 3.1 ± 5.8% at 60–90 cm depth. By contrast, after four years, net mineralization was 32 ± 26% (mean ± 95% CI) lower in sagebrush ...
"Just Say no?" The Economic and Political Realities of a Small City's Investment in Minor League Baseball

The magical aura which encases sports in our society continues to encourage cities to offer inducements to attract franchises. Now, even minor league franchises have become coveted assets by smalle...
Socially structured human movement shapes dengue transmission despite the diffusive effect of mosquito dispersal

For sexually and directly transmitted infectious diseases, social connections influence transmission because they determine contact between individuals. For pathogens that are indirectly transmitted by arthropod vectors, the movement of the vectors is thought to diminish the role of social connections. Results from a recent study of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), however, indicate that human movement alone can explain significant spatial variation in urban transmission rates. Because movement patterns are structured by social ties, this result suggests that social proximity may be a good predictor of infection risk for DENV and other pathogens transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Here we investigated the effect of socially structured movement on DENV transmission using a spatially explicit, agent-based transmission model. When individual movements overlap to a high degree within social groups we were able to recreate infection patterns similar to those detected in dengue-endemic, northeastern Peru. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that social proximity drives fine-scale heterogeneity in DENV transmission rates, a result that was robust to the influence of mosquito dispersal. This heterogeneity in transmission caused by socially structured movements appeared to be hidden by the diffusive effect of mosquito dispersal in aggregated infection dynamics, which implies this heterogeneity could be present and active in real dengue systems without being easily noticed. Accounting for socially determined, overlapping human movements could substantially improve the efficiency and efficacy of dengue surveillance and disease prevention programs as well as result in more accurate estimates of important epidemiological quantities, such as R0.
The Effect of Demeanor on Drug Court Admission

Research on suspect and defendant demeanor in the juvenile and criminal justice systems has concentrated on arrest and the severity of sanctioning outcomes. This article examines demeanor at an earlier juncture in the system: juvenile drug court admission. Regression analysis of 76 juvenile drug court case files suggests that program admittance (i.e., potential system leniency through diversion) is largely a function of projected attitude and behavior. Those exhibiting favorable demeanor during intake and assessment are significantly more likely to be accepted into drug court as are those with a dual diagnosis. Implications of the findings are considered for continued system involvement.
The Physiology and Biochemistry of Zooxanthellae Symbiotic with Marine Coelenterates. III. The Effect of Homogenates of Host Tissues on the Excretion of Photosynthetic Products in vitro by Zooxanthellae from Two Marine Coelenterates

When freshly isolated zooxanthellae from Anthopleura elegantissima were incubated in NaH$^{14}$CO$_{3}$ in the light in a homogenate of tissues of their animal hosts they excreted much more organic $^{14}$C than when incubated in sea water only. The homogenate of aposymbiotic (algae-free) animals could enhance excretion by the algae only after the animals had become infected with zooxanthellae. On prolonged isolation, zooxanthellae from A. elegantissima and Zoanthus pacifica excrete progressively less of the $^{14}$C fixed in photosynthesis. Return of algae from A. elegantissima after extended isolation to host homogenate causes the release of similar amounts of $^{14}$C as freshly isolated algae, but with marked qualitative and quantitative differences in the distribution of $^{14}$C.
Circadian oscillations in rodents : A systematic increase of their frequency with age

The circadian activity rhythms of golden hamsters and two species of deermouse, when released from a light-dark cycle of 12 hours light and 12 hours of darkness into constant darkness, had progressively shorter periods as the animals became older. A possible bearing of this fact on the aging process is briefly outlined.
A geometric approach to stabilization by output feedback

In this paper we present a geometric approach to the stabilizability of linear systems by output feedback. The geometric approach is completely analysed for both discrete time and continuous time single-input-single-output systems. Two examples are worked out in detail to illustrate the theoretical development. We also show how our approach can be extended to dyadic systems. The simplicity of the geometric approach in the special case when the number of inputs or outputs is one less than the order of the system is illustrated with the help of examples. ‡Present address : Bell Laboratories, South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080, U.S.A
Deepening Our Commitment, Hitting the Streets: A Call to Action

The  ftieth anniversary of the Society for the Study of Social Problems provides us with an opportunity to reect upon, celebrate, and deepen our commitment to the ideals of the organization. For  fty years, the SSSP has brought together academics, practitioners, and activists committed to humanistic ideals in order to encourage both scholarship and action in pursuit of a just society. Our mission is to encourage the critical examination of social problems, their causes, and their solutions and to help solve those problems. Our membership brochure invites people to “get active in the pursuit of social justice,” while our description of the organization claims that the “SSSP works to solve [social] problems and to develop informed social policy” (SSSP 2000). The point of this organization is not simply to understand our social world, but to improve it. Many of us as scholars have taken the rst task to heart, but not the second. The  ftieth anniversary of the SSSP provides us with an occasion to reect upon our own individual and collective practices and to further strengthen our commitment to social change. This is no easy task. As Alvin Gouldner suggests,
Nonspecific transfer: Effect of list structure

Nonspecific transfer was investigated as a function of the degree of intrapair similarity in successive lists. The results demonstrate that, at least in some instances, S s can learn something about the restrictions governing list construction which will facilitate learning a subsequent list constructed under the same restrictions. The data also demonstrate some of the difficulties involved in using the trial on which responses are first correctly given and first correctly placed to estimate the response-recall and associative stages in paired-associate learning.
Intercomparisons of Brightness Temperature Observations Over Land From AMSR-E and WindSat

The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) on Aqua and WindSat on Coriolis instruments have collected multichannel passive microwave data over the global land and oceans since 2002 and 2003, respectively. AMSR-E on Aqua ceased operation in October 2011 due to a malfunction in the antenna scanning mechanism. AMSR-E and WindSat have similar frequencies, bandwidths, polarizations, incidence angles and instantaneous fields of view (IFOVs), but there are some differences in their configurations. The altitudes and local overpass times also differ between the AMSR-E and WindSat sensors. The time series of data from the two instruments have a long period of overlap, which can be used to intercompare and cross-calibrate the instrument data sets taking into account the instrument differences. This would allow retrieval of geophysical parameters using common algorithms that could take advantage of the increased time duration and sampling coverage afforded by combining data from the two sensors. In this paper, we focus on land applications and compare the multichannel data from these two sensors over land. Channels useful primarily for soil moisture and vegetation water content studies (i.e., ~ 6, ~ 10, ~ 18, and ~ 37 GHz at H- and V-pol) are used in the comparisons. To minimize differences caused by surface temperature effects related to local overpass times, only descending passes (with Equator crossing times for AMSR-E of 1:30 a.m. and WindSat 6:00 a.m.) are considered. Homogeneous and temporally stable sites such as Dome-C, Antarctica and the Amazon forest, and a flat and bare region in the Sahara desert are chosen to evaluate similarities and differences among comparable channel observations. Taking into consideration the sensor configurations and geophysical conditions during the descending overpasses, reasonably good agreement is observed between AMSR-E and WindSat measurements over the globe.
A model for the abrasive wear of fiber-reinforced polymer composites

A model for the abrasive wear of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites is proposed. Unlike steady state wear in which the different constituents wear at the same rate, the proposed model is cyclic (or quasi-steady state) in nature in which the fiber and the matrix do not always wear at the same rate. Two mechanisms, each representing the two extremes of cyclic wear behavior, are described. From these, modified rules of mixtures for the abrasive wear of unidirectional composites, incorporating the composite modulus, are derived and compared with existing data. The proposed model provides closer bounds to the abrasive wear resistance of polymer composites than predictions from the simple linear and inverse rules of mixtures that one obtains from the steady-state model.
Contrasting asymmetries in value expectation and resource holding power: Effects on attack behaviour and dominance in the pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus

La plupart des travaux theoriques consacres aux effets des asymetries de benefices (payoff) s'interessent au comportement de combat et a la dominance. En general, ces etudes utilisent des techniques relatives a la theorie des jeux pour predire le resultat d'une rencontre lorsque les opposants different en ce qui concerne l'expectation de la valeur et/ou la puissance du maintien de la ressource (RHP). Cet article examine, chez L.g., les effets de l'asymetrie de la valeur de la ressource et des RHP sur la motivation agressive et la dominance
KINETIC STUDY OF PROTONATED METHANOL CLUSTERS WITH ACETONITRILE

Abstract The kinetics of ion/molecule reactions of small protonated methanol clusters H+(CH3OH)n (n = 1–3) with acetonitrile are studied in a flow tube under thermal conditions. The reactions are found to proceed by proton transfer for the monomer, and via ligand switching for the dimer and trimer. These reaction mechanisms are also supported by the overall reaction energetics (i.e. exothermic reactions). The rate constants measured from the experiments show that the reactions are very efficient. The Su-Chesnavich parameterized trajectory method is used to calculate collision rates and the experimental measurements are found to agree well with the deduced values.
A Note on Yield Curves in Cyclic Work Softening

Abstract : Cyclic work softening is a transient behavior which occurs at the beginning of fatigue tests and reduces the mechanical strength of the material. Softening is likely to occur in hard materials under low cycle fatigue conditions. A method is described by which cyclic softening or hardening can be predicted from the monotonic properties of the material. The mechanisms which produce softening are not completely understood but appear to vary depending on the mechanisms which produce the hardening of the material. Since cyclic softening is an unstable behavior, it cannot be described by any 'stable material' models. Tests on 1100-H14 aluminum indicate that the material softens under cyclic torsion and that the softening causes only a very small reduction in the tensile strength.
Density expansions of hard-sphere fermi systems☆

Abstract Aviles' calculation of the ϱ 4 3 term in the expansion of the energy of a hardsphere Fermi gas in one-third powers of the density ϱ via the cluster expansion for the Jastrow wave function is completed. A similar type of density expansion is also applied to nuclear matter.
Microidentification of cupric and perchlorate ions as cupric pyridine perchlorate.

A microchemical test involving the formation of Cu(C5H5N)4(ClO4)2 in perfect crystals, the edge or profile angles of which can be accurately measured, is proposed for the cupric and perchlorate ions. Some properties, including the values of the angles mentioned, are described, and an analysis of cupric pyridine perchlorate is presented.
The Role of Interfacial Binding in the Activation ofStreptomyces chromofuscus Phospholipase D by Phosphatidic Acid

The Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) cleavage of phosphatidylcholine in bilayers can be enhanced by the addition of the product phosphatidic acid (PA). Other anionic lipids such as phosphatidylinositol, oleic acid, or phosphatidylmethanol do not activate this PLD. This allosteric activation by PA could involve a conformational change in the enzyme that alters PLD binding to phospholipid surfaces. To test this, the binding of intact PLD and proteolytically cleaved isoforms to styrene divinylbenzene beads coated with a phospholipid monolayer and to unilamellar vesicles was examined. The results indicate that intact PLD has a very high affinity for PA bilayers at pH >/= 7 in the presence of EGTA that is weakened as Ca(2+) or Ba(2+) are added to the system. Proteolytically clipped PLD also binds tightly to PA in the absence of metal ions. However, the isolated catalytic fragment has a considerably weaker affinity for PA surfaces. In contrast to PA surfaces, all PLD forms exhibited very low affinity for PC interfaces with an increased binding when Ba(2+) was added. All PLD forms also bound tightly to other anionic phospholipid surfaces (e.g. phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylmethanol). However, this binding was not modulated in the same way by divalent cations. Chemical cross-linking studies suggested that a major effect of PLD binding to PA.Ca(2+) surfaces is aggregation of the enzyme. These results indicate that PLD partitioning to phospholipid surfaces and kinetic activation are two separate events and suggest that the Ca(2+) modulation of PA.PLD binding involves protein aggregation that may be the critical interaction for activation.
Electroencephalogram Monitoring During Intracranial Surgery for Moyamoya Disease

We describe our experience with intraoperative electroencephalography in moyamoya surgery, a method to monitor for ischemic changes during the procedure and to minimize the risk of intraoperative and perioperative stroke. Case records and intraoperative electroencephalography recordings of all patients (n = 220) treated with surgical revascularization for moyamoya (pial synangiosis) performed for 14 years (1994-2008) were reviewed. Electroencephalographic slowing occurred in 100 cases (45.5%), and was persistent in nine cases (9%). Slowing coincided with specific operative manipulations, most commonly while suturing the donor vessel to the pia, and during closure of the craniotomy. Slowing generally occurred bilaterally, independently of the side of intervention. The presence, length, and severity of slowing were not predictive of perioperative ischemic events. We present additional data on intraoperative electroencephalography with a modified montage to accommodate the craniotomy. Although not predictive of perioperative ischemic events in this series, electroencephalographic changes were correlated with specific operative interventions, and revealed global responses to unilateral manipulation. These findings suggest that prospective analyses of this technique may elucidate additional methods of predicting (and possibly preventing) perioperative ischemic events.
Analysis of extreme-ultraviolet observations of a polar coronal hole

Emission gradient curves for extreme-ultraviolet resonance lines of lithiumlike ions have been constructed from spectroheliograms of a northern polar coronal hole observed on August 14, 1973, with the Harvard experiment on Skylab. An emission-measure analysis indicates both reduced density and coronal temperature in the coronal hole. The boundary geometry of the coronal hole is determined, and a temperature-density model that is consistent with the observed intensities is constructed. The model gives a conductive flux of 60,000 erg/sq cm per sec at 1.03 solar radii. The boundary geometry and density distribution are combined with typical solar-wind parameters at the earth to determine an outflow velocity of 15 km/s at 1.08 solar radii.