cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Microorganisms to Enhance Oil Recovery

Microbial-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is the use of microorganisms to increase the recovery of oil from existing oil reservoirs. There are nearly 400 US patents dealing with MEOR, some of which add microorganisms to nearly depleted oil reservoirs while others rely on the indigenous microorganisms. The patent literature is reviewed and two successful field trials by the author are described. A completed field trial using microbial permeability profile modification (MPPM) in a field using waterflooding as the secondary method of oil recovery was proven to recover over 360,000 bbl of oil since 2004 and is predicted to recover another 230,000 bbl of oil by 2018. A second field trial using MPPM is being employed in a field with a petroliferous formation at 115°C. The field is undergoing CO2 flooding as the secondary recovery method and MPPM has been proven to produce extra oil from five surrounding wells.
Conservation or Catastrophe: Reflexive Regionalism in Maria Edgeworth’s Irish Tales

Offered to the public in 1800 as “a specimen of manners and characteristics, which are perhaps unknown in England,” Castle Rackrent: An Hibernian Tale Taken from Facts, and from the Manners of the Irish Squires, Before the Year 1782 represents itself as an ethnographic depiction of Irish manners (CR 97). The history of the estate and its Anglo-Irish owners is narrated in the voice of an Irish servant, Thady, who recounts the landlords’ consumptive habits overshooting the estate’s resources. Unlike the limited, individualistic vision of his Anglo-Irish rulers, Thady’s continuing, interconnected history of four generations evinces a Burkean, intergenerational view of property management in which each individual heir is merely a “life-renter.” Due to their continued lack of intergenerational imagination and responsibility, the four inheritors of the Rackrent estate are constantly confronted with the predicament: “When there’s no cash, what can a gentleman do but go to the land?” (CR 75)1 The heirs thus illustrate Burke’s argument that the failure to consider past and future generations when making decisions about land use will render communities into individuals who “commit waste on the inheritance, by destroying at their pleasure the whole original fabric of their society; hazarding to leave to those who come after them, a ruin instead of an habitation” (R 192).
Dew point temperature error from measuring dry bulb temperature and relative humidity

A component error analysis was performed to relate the accuracy of measured values of dry bulb temperature and relative humidity to errors in calculated dew point temperature. Dew point temperature errors were found to be greatest for dryer air (less than about 50% relative humidity) and to increase proportionately with dry bulb temperature. Error calculations for various combinations of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and measurement errors in each variable which are representative of current commercial sensors, are provided in tabular format. The magnitude of dew point errors from these calculations suggests that modern applications such as automated weather stations can have significant errors in computed dew point temperature, and even for very accurate sensors the dew point error can exceed twice the magnitude of the dry bulb sensor error for dryer conditions. Keywords. Temperature, Humidity y Measurement systems. Error analysis. A utomated weather stations often utilize relative humidity sensors. When combined with measured dry bulb temperature and atmospheric pressure, other psychrometric properties of the moist air can be computed. The dew point temperature is one useful property often obtained in this fashion, and is typically quoted to the same precision as dry bulb temperature. This practice assumes negligible error propogation from measured values of relative humidity and dry bulb temperature. However, as will be shown, this practice is incorrect. The purpose of this technical note is to quantify the error in computed dew point temperature, and to illustrate it for typical ranges in measured dry bulb temperature and relative humidity. Many automated weather stations and other data acquisition systems typically utilize some form of microprocessor. Measurement errors include those from sensor inaccuracy and also all errors associated with digital acquisition, including signal transmission error and analog to digital conversion errors (converter error, gain and zero errors, temperature effects on gain and zero, and converter linearity). These errors combine with each sensor's errors to affect overall accuracy of computed dew point temperature. A component error analysis on dew point temperature computed from measurement of dry bulb temperature and relative humidity was done following conventional techniques (Jordan et al., 1991):
Pulp, Paper, and Wood

Although the pulp and paper industry is not part of Chemical Manufacturing, it is one of the major divisions of the chemical process industries. Containing some interesting chemistry, this industry employs many chemists and chemicals. It takes over 400 lb of chemicals to make 1 ton of paper.
Intracellular Hormone Receptor Defects and Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the quantitative or qualitative defects in steroid and thyroid hormone receptors in humans. It also presents the current information about multiple receptor diseases. Receptor abnormalities have been divided into two categories—(1) those in which the defect is of primary nature, that is, the disorder has a proved or suggested genetic origin, and (2) those where the defect is acquired, that is, it results from adaptive mechanisms of often unknown nature. For better understanding, a general outline of the mechanism of action of steroid and thyroid hormones is presented in the chapter. Although hormone receptor defect inevitably implies hormone resistance, it is important to emphasize that all hormone resistance is not a consequence of a receptor abnormality. Hormone resistance may also derive from pre-receptor mechanisms, such as the presence of endogenous or exogenous hormone antagonists and antibodies to the hormone or hormone receptor.
Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death After Myocardial Infarction

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for ∼50% of mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). Most SCDs result from ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and the tachycardias that precipitate cardiac arrest result from multiple mechanisms. As a result, it is highly unlikely that any single test will identify all patients at risk for SCD. Current guidelines for use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to prevent SCD are based primarily on measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Although reduced LVEF is associated with increased total cardiac mortality after MI, the focus of current guidelines on LVEF omits ∼50% of patients who die suddenly. In addition, there is no evidence of a mechanistic link between reduced LVEF and arrhythmias. Thus, LVEF is neither sensitive nor specific as a tool for post-MI risk stratification. Newer tests to screen for predisposition to ventricular arrhythmias and SCD examine abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, autonomic nervous system function, and e...
Why mindfulness belongs in counseling psychology: A synergistic clinical and research agenda

Mindfulness has become an increasingly visible part of the landscape in psychology and medicine in the past several decades. Only recently has this same interest in mindfulness and mindfulness-based interventions appeared in counseling psychology. This article provides a brief synopsis of the mindfulness literature and explores the theoretical, ideological, and practical overlap between core values of counseling psychology and this burgeoning area of research and practice. In addition, the article explores ways in which counseling psychology can contribute uniquely to mindfulness research and practice through a focus on multiculturalism and social justice, psychotherapy process and outcome, and supervision and training. Further, ways in which mindfulness can inform counseling psychology’s mission are examined, including offering a strengths-based approach to psychological intervention and prevention and informing supervision and training. Lastly, five specific recommendations for a synergistic research ag...
The Gordon Wilson Lecture. Growth hormone replacement in adults and other uses.

Abstract The modern era of growth hormone research began in 1981 with the characterization and synthesis of the primary stimulator of GH synthesis and secretion, growth hormone releasing hormone. Discovery of this peptide and studies in human adults and children resulted in unraveling the complex nature of the regulation of GH secretion. Discovery of regulatory mechanisms has permitted a greater understanding of normal and abnormal growth hormone physiology. The use of growth hormone therapeutically as replacement in GH deficient adults is in its medical infancy, but preliminary studies indicate a beneficial effect on body composition, serum lipid concentrations, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and exercise endurance. These studies over the past decade resulted in Food and Drug Administration approval of GH for replacement in adults with hypothalamic or pituitary disease. It remains to be determined whether or not chronic GH replacement will have beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality. The use of growth hormone in other areas such as aging, catabolic illness, obesity, diabetes, and muscular disorders is under active investigation and risks and benefits remain to be determined.
Control and Machine Intelligence for System Autonomy

Autonomous systems evolve from control systems by adding functionalities that increase the level of system autonomy. It is very important to the research in the field that autonomy be well defined and so in the present paper a precise, useful definition of autonomy is introduced and discussed. Autonomy is defined as the ability of the system to attain a set of goals under a set of uncertainties. This leads to the notion of degrees or levels of autonomy. The Quest for Autonomy in engineered systems throughout the centuries is noted, connections to research work of 30 years ago are made and a hierarchical functional architecture for autonomous systems together with needed functionalities are outlined. Adaptation and Learning, which are among the most important functions in achieving high levels of autonomy are then highlighted and recent research contributions are briefly discussed.
Deconstructing the Construct

In the recent decade, Construct State nominals (henceforth CSN) in Hebrew and Arabic have been the focus of much discussion and research, resulting in many important insights. Originating with a proposal of Ritter (1987, 1988) many analyses of that construction seek to tie (at least some of) its properties to raising of N to D (cf. Ritter, (1987, 1988, 1991); Fassi Fehri (1988, 1989, 1994); Ouhalla (1990, 1991); Hazout (1990); Muhammad (1988); Duffield (1992); Siloni (in press, 1994); among others). The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, I will review and evaluate the major insights behind the N-to-D hypothesis, showing that while some of them have led to an increased understanding of CSN, the N-to-D hypothesis does not, in fact, achieve the major tasks which its proponents claim it to achieve. I will conclude that while the operation of N-to-D cannot be directly excluded, based on word order, there is no direct evidence for its existence and the word order phenomena which such an account seeks to explain must be accounted for in some other way.
Lifestyle is medicine.

In some cases, establishing a therapeutic alliance with a patient may be served by pharmacological treatment for cardiac risk factors, but the evidence is clear that lifestyle modifications will serve her better in the long run.
Candida albicans Ras1 Inactivation Increases Resistance to Phagosomal Killing by Human Neutrophils.

ABSTRACT Host phagocytic cells are crucial players in initial defense against Candida albicans infection. C. albicans utilizes MAP kinases and Ras1 stress response signaling pathways to protect itself from killing by immune cells. In this study, we tested the importance of these pathways in C. albicans phagocytosis by neutrophils and subsequent phagosomal survival. Phagocytosis was influenced by C. albicans morphology, so hyphal length of >10 μm reduced the phagocytic index (PI) 2- to 3-fold in human neutrophils. Primary human neutrophils killed 81% of phagocytosed C. albicans, while primary mouse neutrophils killed 63% of yeasts. We found that both the C. albicans Cek1 and Hog1 pathways were required for survival of phagocytosed yeast, whereas deletion of C. albicansRAS1 resulted in an 84% increase in survival within neutrophils compared to that of the wild type (WT). The absence of Ras1 did not alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by C. albicans; however, phagocytosed C. albicans Δ/Δras1 cells reduced ROS release by neutrophils by 86%. Moreover, C. albicans Δ/Δras1 cells had increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide as a result of high levels of catalase activity. This phenotype was specific to Ras1, since these effects were not observed in the absence of its partner Cyr1 or with its downstream target Efg1. In addition, C. albicans Δ/Δras1 cells had a significantly increased resistance to nonoxidative killing by human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) that was reversed by restoring cellular cAMP levels. These data show that C. albicans Ras1 inactivation leads to fungal resistance to both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms of neutrophil phagosomal killing.
Early B cell tolerance defects in neuromyelitis optica favour anti-AQP4 autoantibody production

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) constitute rare autoimmune disorders of the CNS that are primarily characterized by severe inflammation of the spinal cord and optic nerve. Approximately 75% of NMOSD patients harbour circulating pathogenic autoantibodies targeting the aquaporin-4 water channel (AQP4). The source of these autoantibodies remains unclear, but parallels between NMOSD and other autoantibody-mediated diseases posit compromised B cell tolerance checkpoints as common underlying and contributing factors. Using a well established assay, we assessed tolerance fidelity by creating recombinant antibodies from B cell populations directly downstream of each checkpoint and testing them for polyreactivity and autoreactivity. We examined a total of 863 recombinant antibodies. Those derived from three anti-AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD patients (n = 130) were compared to 733 antibodies from 15 healthy donors. We found significantly higher frequencies of poly- and autoreactive new emigrant/transitional and mature naive B cells in NMOSD patients compared to healthy donors (P-values < 0.003), thereby identifying defects in both central and peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoints in these patients. We next explored whether pathogenic NMOSD anti-AQP4 autoantibodies can originate from the pool of poly- and autoreactive clones that populate the naive B cell compartment of NMOSD patients. Six human anti-AQP4 autoantibodies that acquired somatic mutations were reverted back to their unmutated germline precursors, which were tested for both binding to AQP4 and poly- or autoreactivity. While the affinity of mature autoantibodies against AQP4 ranged from modest to strong (Kd 15.2-559 nM), none of the germline revertants displayed any detectable binding to AQP4, revealing that somatic hypermutation is required for the generation of anti-AQP4 autoantibodies. However, two (33.3%) germline autoantibody revertants were polyreactive and four (66.7%) were autoreactive, suggesting that pathogenic anti-AQP4 autoantibodies can originate from the pool of autoreactive naive B cells, which develops as a consequence of impaired early B cell tolerance checkpoints in NMOSD patients.
Suzuki Reaction of a Diarylborinic Acid: One-Pot Preparation and Cross-Coupling of Bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borinic Acid

3,5-Dimethylphenylmagnesium bromide reacts with triisopropyl borate to give 3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid and bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borinic acid. Conditions were found which allowed the clean preparation of bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borinic acid, which was coupled with a vinyl triflate using Suzuki cross-coupling conditions. Both aryl groups were efficiently transferred from boron in the Suzuki step.
Surveying Strategies for Hard-to-Survey Populations: Lessons From the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey.

Calls for remedies for the persistent scarcity of accurate, reliable, national, disaggregated health statistics on hard-to-survey populations are common, but solutions are rare. Survey strategies u...
Enhanced OLSR routing for airborne networks with multi-beam directional antennas

Abstract This research targets the robust routing protocols in airborne networks (ANs). Particularly, we target the AN which is equipped with the latest antenna technology, called Multi-Beam Directional Antenna (MBDA) [1]. MBDA allows the simultaneously packet delivery in multiple directions without RF interference between directions/beams. We have found that MBDAs can actually bring new opportunities to enhance a popularly used AN routing scheme, i.e., optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR). In particular, MBDAs enable OLSR to better achieve low probability of detection (LPD), a critical requirement in many military applications with adversary nodes nearby which try to eavesdrop the signals. Therefore, we propose a multi-path enhanced OLSR, which is able to exploit the advantages of multi-beam transmissions and select the proper multi-point relays (MPRs) to easily reach all nodes by using only a small number of message broadcasts. An innovative method based on social network concept is used for the selection of MPRs in multi-beam OLSR. Finally, we have conducted the simulations and showed that the enhanced OLSR is suitable for mobile and dense airborne networks with LPD requirements.
Modeling and Parameter Estimation of Hurricane Wind Fields with Asymmetry

AbstractThis article presents an azimuthally asymmetric gradient hurricane wind field model that can be coupled with hurricane-track models for engineering wind risk assessments. The model incorpor...
Vpr R36w and R77Q Mutations Alter HIV-1 Replication and Cytotoxicity in T Lymphocytes

Abstract Chronic immune inflammation (CII) is a characteristic symptom of HIV-1 infection that contributes to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression in infected patients. Distinct AIDS development rates have shown that there are Rapid Progressor (RP) and Long-Term Non-Progressor (LTNP) patients, but the circumstances governing these differences in disease progression are poorly understood. Mutations in the Viral Protein R (Vpr) have been suggested to have a direct impact on disease progression. Studies have shown that Vpr interacts with both host and viral factors; these interactions affect cellular activities such as cell cycle progression and enhancement of apoptosis. The Vpr mutants R36W and R77Q have been associated with RP and LTNP phenotypes, respectively; however, these findings are still controversial. This study sheds light on the effects that Vpr mutations have in the context of HIV-1 infection of the HUT78 T cell line, using replication-competent CXCR4-tropic virus strains. Our results show a replication enhancement of the R36W mutant (increased viral load and percentage of p24+ cells) accompanied by increased cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the R77Q mutant showed a unique enhancement of apoptosis (measured by Annexin V and TUNEL staining) and G2 cell cycle arrest; these effects were not seen with WT or R36W viruses. Since necrosis is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory factors, the R36 mutation could lead to more robust CII and the RP phenotype. Conversely, the R77Q mutation leads to apoptosis, potentially avoiding CII and leading to a LTNP phenotype. Thus, Vpr mutations may impact HIV-1 related progression to AIDS. Importance The vpr gene is thought to be an important virulence factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). vpr polymorphisms have been associated with different rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. However, there is controversy about the cytopathic and virulence phenotypes of Vpr mutants, with contradictory conclusions about the same mutants. Here, we examine the replication capacity, apoptosis induction, and G2 cell cycle arrest phenotypes of three vpr mutants compared to wild-type HIV-1. One mutant associated with rapid AIDS progression replicated more efficiently and killed cells more rapidly than wild-type HIV-1. Another mutant associated with slow AIDS progression triggered apoptosis more efficiently than wild-type HIV-1. These results shed additional light on the role of vpr polymorphisms in T cell killing by HIV-1 and may help to explain the role of Vpr in different rates of AIDS progression.
Laboratory evaluation of endocrine hypertension

Abstract The endocrine causes of hypertension are becoming increasingly common as our diagnostic laboratory tools improve. Besides mineralocorticoid excess, excess concentrations of catecholamines (e.g., pheochromocytoma), cortisol (e.g., Cushing syndrome), and thyroid hormone (e.g., thyrotoxicosis), and even thyroid hormone deficiency (e.g., hypothyroidism), can cause hypertension. While uncommon, end-organ causes of hypertension illustrate the importance of understanding receptor and post-receptor disorders in addition to understanding ligand diseases (e.g., excesses or deficiencies of circulating hormones). The careful clinician who identifies a treatable endocrine disease as the cause of their patient’s hypertension can greatly improve outcome. Collectively such focused investigations and diagnostics are at the heart of personalized medicine.
An Initiative to Reduce Preterm Infants Pre-discharge Growth Failure Through Time-specific Feeding Volume Increase.

Very low birth weight infants often demonstrate poor postnatal longitudinal growth, which negatively impacts survival rates and long-term health outcomes. Improving extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) among extremely premature infants has become a significant focus of quality improvement initiatives. Prior efforts in the University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit were unsuccessful in improving the EUGR rate at discharge. Methods The primary aim of this initiative was to improve EUGR at discharge [defined as weight less than 10th percentile for postmenstrual age (PMA)] for infants born ≤32 0/7 weeks from a baseline of 25% to 20% by June 2019. We excluded all small for gestational age infants due to the limitation in the EUGR definition. A multidisciplinary team implemented evidence-based nutritional guideline changes using the Institute of Healthcare Improvement methods. The most notable change was the time-specific feeding volume advancement that increased the goal feeding volume between 31 0/7 and 34 0/7 weeks PMA from 150-160 to 170-180 milliliters per kilogram per day. The team monitored nutritional intake, weight, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and length of stay (LOS). Results The EUGR rate improved from 25% to 12% after initiation of increased time-specific, enteral feeding guidelines at 31-34 weeks PMA. NEC rate, BPD rate, and LOS remained unchanged throughout the initiative. Conclusions By implementing a time-specific volume increase guideline from 31 0/7 to 34 0/7 weeks PMA, the EUGR rate improved from baseline of 25% to 12% without increasing NEC rate, BPD rate, and LOS.
Usability of saliva collection devices for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics

There is an urgent need to expand testing for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens as the global community struggles to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Current diagnostic methods can be affected by supply chain bottlenecks and require the assistance of medical professionals, impeding the implementation of large-scale testing. Self-collection of saliva may solve these problems because it can be completed without specialized training and uses generic materials. In this study, we observed thirty individuals who self-collected saliva using four different collection devices and analyzed their feedback. These devices enabled the safe collection of saliva that was acceptable for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing.
The Case for Chevron Deference to Immigration Adjudications

Chevron skepticism is in vogue in legal academia, as Professors Shoba Wadhia and Christopher Walker’s recent entry in the genre demonstrates. They place their project within the broader academic trend of arguing for limitations on the application of deference to various administrative decisions, but their aim is ultimately narrower—to show that “this case against Chevron has * * * its greatest force when it comes to immigration.” The Professors are incorrect. Immigration adjudication presents one of the strongest cases for deference to administrative adjudication. This case is founded in the text of the statute itself and its myriad general and specific delegations of authority to the Attorney General, the expertise of the agency which has honed its interpretive enterprise through adjudicating tens of thousands of cases annually, and the ultimate political accountability of the agency head in immigration adjudication. For these reasons, the Supreme Court has applied Chevron deference to immigration adjudications since the very foundation of that framework. Although they advance an interesting contrarian thesis, the Professors ultimately provide no sound basis for retreating from four decades of established jurisprudence.
Fatal cerebral cuterebrosis in a dog

Abstract A 4-year-old intact female Yorkshire Terrier presented an acute onset of hypersalivation and depressed mentation. The owner reported that the dog displayed tremors, right-sided torticollis, right-sided head tilt, and lifting of the left forelimb. The dog appeared restless and confused, and the condition progressed to lethargy and death on the way to an emergency hospital. At necropsy, a single 10 mm long x 1 mm wide, pale gray, botfly larva with black spines was found along the cerebral meninges. Areas of hemorrhage were noted in the right cerebral hemisphere. Microscopically, these areas also had evidence of necrosis and inflammation. Morphology of the larva allowed confirmation of subfamily-level identification as Cuterebrinae, and presumed genus-level identification of Cuterebra. Species-level identification of the larva as C. abdominalis was achieved through DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing at the cytochrome oxidase subunits 1 and 2 (COI and COII), followed by phylogenetic analysis. Aberrant cuterebrosis is a poorly documented condition in dogs that may cause neurologic signs and lead to death.
What is the current value of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists for angina?

Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide [1]. Management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease involves risk modification, anti-platelet therapy, anti-ang...
Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) was first described by Jensen and Gold (1951) as a pathogen of Odontoglossum grande. This pathogen, sometimes referred to as the orchid strain of tobacco mosaic virus (Kado et al., 1968), infects numerous commercially important orchid genera and may be found wherever orchids are cultivated, including Taiwan (Ko, 1982; Inouye and Leu, 1983), Hawaii (Ishii and Martinez, 1973), and Florida (Zettler et al., 1978). Diseases reportedly caused by ORSV include Cymbidium diamond mottle (Jensen, 1953), Cattleya infectious blossom necrosis (Izadpanah et al., 1968), Cattleya mild flower break (Jensen, 1955), and Cattleya color break (Murakishi, 1958). ORSV and the potexvirus, Cymbidium mosaic virus, are considered to be the most prevalent and troublesome of the 22 orchid viruses listed by Lawson and Horst (1984).
A contribution to the theory of formal meromorphic functions

In my paper [F3] I more or less explicitly conjectured that if A is a complete local integral domain with maximal ideal and if I = (t1, …, tn ) is an ideal in A with n ≤ dim (A) – 2, then Spec (A/I) – is G3 in Spec (A) – . This will be proved in this paper.
User's guide for MODTOOLS: Computer programs for translating data of MODFLOW and MODPATH into geographic information system files

MODTOOLS is a set of computer programs for translating data of the ground-water model, MODFLOW, and the particle-tracker, MODPATH, into a Geographic Information System (GIS). MODTOOLS translates data into a GIS software called ARC/INFO. MODFLOW is the recognized name for the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Model. MODTOOLS uses the data arrays input to or output by MODFLOW during a ground-water flow simulation to construct several types of GIS output files. MODTOOLS can also be used to translate data from MODPATH into GIS files. MODPATH and its companion program, MODPATH-PLOT, are collectively called the U.S. Geological Survey Three-Dimensional Particle Tracking Post-Processing Programs. MODPATH is used to calculate ground-water flow paths using the results of MODFLOW and MODPATH-PLOT can be used to display the flow paths in various ways. MODTOOLS uses the particle data calculated by MODPATH to construct several types of GIS output. MODTOOLS uses particle information recorded by MODPATH such as the row, column, or layer of the model grid, to generate a set of characteristics associated with each particle. The user can choose from the set of characteristics associated with each particle and use the capabilities of the GIS to selectively trace the movement of water discharging from specific cells in the model grid. MODTOOLS allows the hydrogeologist to utilize the capabilities of the GIS to graphically combine the results of the particle-tracking analysis, which facilitates the analysis and understanding of complex ground-water flow systems.
Development of a chemically defined medium for growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A chemically defined medium satisfactory for growth of a number of laboratory strains and recent isolates ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae has been devised. It contains inorganic salts, dextrose, guanine, cytosine, B-vitamin supplement, and the following amino acids:l-arginine,l-aspartic acid,l-cystine,l-isoleucine,l-leucine,l-proline,l-threonine, andl-valine.
Studies on the soluble antigen of influenza virus. IV. Fractionation of elementary bodies labeled with radioactive phosphorus.

Abstract A comparison was made of the extent of incorporation of radioactive phosphorus into infectious and incomplete influenza virus particles. It was found that regardless of the ID 50 HA ratios of the progenies, the CPM HA ratios were of the same order; i.e., noninfectious hemagglutinins were as radioactive as infectious virus. Following treatment of labeled standard elementary bodies (EB) with ether, 15 to 20% of the isotope appeared in the ether phase (EE). On separating the aqueous phase (EEB) into HA and S antigen fractions, it was noted that most of the remaining P32 was associated with the latter. Chemical fractionation of labeled standard EB suspensions by a modification of the Schmitt-Thannhauser method confirmed previous reports that the isotope was mainly in the phospholipid (hot alcohol soluble) and in the nucleic acid (hot TCA soluble) fractions. The EEB preparations revealed a relative increase of radioactivity in the cold TCA fraction and decreases in the alcohol and hot TCA extracts. Thus exposure to ether resulted in the breakdown of some viral constituents. Most of the residual phospholipids (not removed by ether treatment) were found to be associated with the HA particles, whereas the labeled components soluble in hot TCA were largely recovered in the S fractions. On chemical fractionation of labeled incomplete virus preparations, it was noted that the relative concentrations of the isotope in the hot TCA extracts decreased with the reduction of the ID 50 HA ratios of the progenies. Corresponding increases were noted in the cold TCA fractions. However, the ratios between the CPM values of the hot TCA extracts and the S antigen units present in the virus were found to be of the same order regardless of the composition of the progenies studied. Various difficulties were encountered in these studies, which are discussed together with the significance of the results and their relation to previous biological, chemical, and physical observations.
Forgetting Frolic: Marriage Traditions in Ireland

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Linda May Ballard Year: 1998 Pages: xiv + 186 Publisher: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen’s University
Unsteady Newton-Busemann flow theory. I - Airfoils

Newtonian flow theory for unsteady flow at very high Mach numbers is completed by the addition of a centrifugal force correction to the impact pressures. The correction term is the unsteady counterpart of Busemann's centrifugal force correction to impact pressures in steady flow. For airfoils of arbitary shape, exact formulas for the unsteady pressure and stiffness and damping-in-pitch derivatives are obtained in closed form, which require only numerical quadratures of terms involving the airfoil shape. They are applicable to airfoils of arbitrary thickness having sharp or blunt leading edges. For wedges and thin airfoils these formulas are greatly simplified, and it is proved that the pitching motions of thin airfoils of convex shape and of wedges of arbitrary thickness are always dynamically stable according to Newton-Busemann theory. Leading-edge bluntness is shown to have a favorable effect on the dynamic stability; on the other hand, airfoils of concave shape tend toward dynamic instability over a range of axis positions if the surface curvature exceeds a certain limit. As a byproduct, it is also shown that a pressure formula recently given by Barron and Mandl for unsteady Newtonian flow over a pitching power-law shaped airfoil is erroneous and that their conclusion regarding the effect of pivot position on the dynamic stability is misleading.
A Review of “Practice and Profile: Christian Formation for Vocation”

One of the more intriguing developments in global Christian higher education concerns the growth of institutions around the world that focus more upon the applied professions than the liberal arts....
Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups

The purpose of this paper was to describe the need to protect the rights of human subjects participating in nursing research, and procedures for doing so. The path taken to the task at hand was to approach the topic by discussing the philosophical underpinnings of human subject protection and describing the approach for doing this in all cases where humans are used as research subjects. These underpinnings include specific ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, and the procedures used in the U.S. for protecting the rights of human subjects. Once the process was clarified, the considerations necessary to protect the special groups referred to as “vulnerable” are discussed. Given the author’s access to U.S. documents and the fact that U.S. government agencies took early steps to formalize rules and regulations for the protection of human subjects, vulnerable or otherwise, the experience of the United States was selected for presentation. It is recognized that there are now relevant international documents that are exceedingly helpful, and also, that various countries may have their own guidelines for investigators to follow. In such cases researchers can engage in comparative analysis between their own guidance and the processes described here, and decide their path accordingly. How to cite this article: Ketefian S. Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Invest Educ Enferm. 2015; 33(1):
Economic Analysis and Statistical Disclosure Limitation

This paper explores the consequences for economic research of methods used by data publishers to protect the privacy of their respondents. We review the concept of statistical disclosure limitation for an audience of economists who may be unfamiliar with these methods. We characterize what it means for statistical disclosure limitation to be ignorable . When it is not ignorable, we consider the effects of statistical disclosure limitation for a variety of research designs common in applied economic research. Because statistical agencies do not always report the methods they use to protect confidentiality, we also characterize settings in which statistical disclosure limitation methods are discoverable ; that is, they can be learned from the released data. We conclude with advice for researchers, journal editors, and statistical agencies.
Variations in early and late event-related components of the auditory evoked potential with task difficulty

A variation in the difficulty of an auditory discrimination was used to investigate the relationship between the event-related P165, N2 and P3 components of the auditory evoked potential. Equivalent increases in the latencies of all 3 components were found with increased task difficulty. The P165 component, however, could be differentiated from the two later components since it increased in amplitude with increased task demands while the N2 and P3 amplitudes remained constant. It is suggested that the P165, N2 and P3 components comprise a functional sequence in the processing of rare events and possibly involved in a subject's preparations for the future.
Supporting Students of Color in Teacher Education: Results from an Urban Teacher Education Program.

This article describes an urban teacher education program on a predominantly White campus, in which 71% of the students in the program were students of color. This article details a qualitative stu...
Estimation of Errors in Nimbus 6 Temperature Profiles and Their Spatial Correlation

Abstract Using an 8-day series (18–26 August 1975) of multivariate statistical analyses of European radiosonde data together with a measure of analysis error, we have estimated error statistics from 959 Nimbus 6 temperature profiles for 10 isobaric layers in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The mean error or bias is largest near the tropopause (+0.9°C) but changes sign several times in the vertical so that the integrated mean error for the atmospheric column 1000–70 mb is small (−0.1°C). The root-mean-square error peaks at the tropopause (2.9°C) with a minimum in the midtroposphere (1.0°C). In all layers, the horizontal correlation of retrieval error shows little systematic dependence on direction but strong dependence on distance. The correlation is greater than 0.50 at distances less than 400 km and less than 0.10 at 800 km and beyond, and it can be approximated by a Gaussian curve. The vertical correlations are greatest between adjacent layers (∼0.50); negative correlations exist between layers ...
Ultrasonically actuated silicon-microprobe-based testicular tubule metrology

We report on a microfabricated silicon microprobe integrated with an ultrasonic actuator and polysilicon strain gauges for Microdissection TEsticular Sperm Extraction (TESE) surgery. Multiple microprobe insertion experiments were performed on rat testis tissue and, by monitoring the tubule puncture artifacts in the force signal sensed by the microprobe, we were able to estimate the average diameter of the sperm-carrying tubules in the sample. We have demonstrated the ability to sense the existence of larger tubules embedded in a mass of thinner tubules, by means of an Area-Ratio based metric using an analytically calculated expression for the distribution of sizes measured by the microprobe. This information is important in microdissection TESE to distinguish tubules with and without fertile sperm, potentially eliminating the large incision currently required for optical spermatazoa localization.
Dictionaries using variable-length keys and data, with applications

We consider the problem of maintaining a dynamic dictionary in which both the keys and the associated data are variable-length bit-strings. We present a dictionary structure based on hashing that supports constant time lookup and expected amortized constant time insertion and deletion. To store the key-data pairs (s1, t1) ... (sn, tn), our dictionary structure uses O(m) bits where m = Σ(max(|si| -- log n, 1) + |ti| and |si| is the length of bit string si. We assume a word length w > log m.We present several applications, including representations for semi-dynamic graphs, ordered sets for integers in a bounded range, cardinal trees with varying cardinality, and simplicial meshes of k dimensions. These results either generalize or simplify previous results.
An ab initio study of H2 interaction with the Pu (1 0 0) surface

Abstract In our continuing efforts to understand adsorptions of environmental gases on actinide surfaces, we present here a comprehensive study of molecular hydrogen adsorption on plutonium (1 0 0) surface, using the generalized gradient approximation to density functional theory. Weak molecular adsorptions with a layer by layer alternate spin arrangement of the plutonium atoms have been observed and the vertical approaches at the center site are found to be the most favorable molecular adsorption sites for both non-spin-polarized and spin-polarized calculations, the adsorption energies for non-spin-polarized cases being slightly higher. A study of reaction barriers along with dissociative adsorptions of the hydrogen molecule has also been performed. The most favorable dissociation channel needs activation energies of 0.551 and 0.778 eV at the non-spin-polarized and spin-polarized levels, respectively, with considerably higher adsorption energies compared to molecular adsorptions. The 5f electrons are more localized in spin- polarized cases than their non-spin polarized counterparts. While charge transfer in the case of molecular adsorption is insignificant, the ionic part plays an important role in H–Pu bonding in dissociative adsorption, and the Pu 5f–H 1s hybridization is rather weak. Adsorption of hydrogen pushes the top of the 5f band away from the Fermi level. Except for interstitial sites, the work functions increase due to adsorptions of hydrogen.
Stability of Milk Fat Emulsions. II. Influence of Emulsifier Structure, Sodium Caseinate, and Nonfat Milk Solids

Abstract The physical stability of model oil-in-water emulsions, containing 25% milk fat and 0 to 2.0% emulsifier in the fat, was used to determine the efficiency of 37 emulsifiers from the following chemical classes: monoglycerides, acid-modified monoglycerides, phospholipids, sorbitol partial esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyglycerol esters, and propylene glycol partial esters. Stability was related to emulsifier structure and concentration. Differences in fatty acid side chains or in melting point of the milk fat had less important effects. In a comparison of purified phospholipid classes, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol gave emulsions superior in stability to those prepared with phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline or sphingomyelin. The more efficient commercial emulsifiers were sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, soybean phospholipids, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. These were used to prepare similar emulsions containing, in addition, various amounts of sodium caseinate or nonfat milk solids. Stability was related to specific emulsifier, its concentration, and to sodium caseinate or nonfat solids. When interference occurred between emulsifier and sodium caseinate or solids, stability was reduced. There was no significant difference in emulsion stability regardless of whether soybean lecithin was dispersed in the fat or in the aqueous phase before emulsification.
Sudden infant death syndrome as a socially determined cause of death.

Abstract The background characteristics of infant deaths which have been certified by physicians as due to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) are examined. Two alternative models for explaining SIDS deaths are considered. The first views SIDS solely in medical/biological terms, while the second emphasizes the role played by social and cultural factors, either as contributing conditions or as factors in the misattribution of SIDS as the cause of death where other conditions are actually present. Data are based on linked birth and death certificates for the 1980–82 cohort of live births in Florida, which have been merged with NCHS reports of multiple cause of death. Analysis suggests a pattern of SIDS reporting which varies inversely with maternal education, prenatal care, and race/ethnicity. This pattern suggests either that social factors affect the etiology of the syndrome to a greater degree than would be expected from the medical/biological model or that deaths to infants of lower socioeconomic status...
ζ Potential and its effect on compaction of biomass fuel logs.

Abstract To reduce or eliminate the amount of binder used in making fuel logs or pellets, bonding mechanisms between particles need to be fully explored. ζ potential plays an important role in the chemical properties of the interface between solid and liquid. This study examined the ζ potential characteristics of some biomass materials and the effect of ζ potential on compaction of biomass materials. The tests showed that the ζ potential of the biomass changes with water-contact time, concentration, temperature, additives, etc. It was found that adding polyethylene oxide (Polyox) decreases the ζ potential of biomass and improves the strength of compacted biomass logs. Therefore, monitoring and controlling the ζ potential of biomass mixture may be helpful to compact stronger biomass logs without using binder.