cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution adaptivity using a triangular mesh

Solution adaptivity is discussed first from a general perspective and then from the specific viewpoint of triangular meshes. The use of a general connectivity triangular mesh is emphasized. The development of monitor surfaces and their geometric properties is discussed. Mesh point movement is addressed, as is the dynamic restructuring of the connectivity pattern among moving modes. Changes in the number of mesh nodes to obtain suitable refinement for a physical simulation is examined, and the use of locally regular structures to offset the data structure limitation of a general connectivity triangular mesh and thus to obtain an enhanced range of application is considered. To illustrate the basic features of the adaptive triangular mesh strategy, an application to the study of plasma equilibrium is briefly considered.
The Other Side of the Story: Using Graphic Organizers to Counter the Counter-Analysis Quandary

In law school, it is critical for students to look at issues from both sides, whether in responding to a law school exam hypothetical or in writing predictive memorandum assignments. In teaching students to engage in thoughtful legal analysis, therefore, professors should provide strategies to help students address counter-analysis as a critical component of the analysis. Developing a method for effectively teaching counter-analysis is important because good lawyering requires complex analysis that recognizes the subtleties of the situation being analyzed. This article begins by defining counter-analysis generally and using social science and educational psychology theory to explain why the process is difficult. The article next examines relevant learning theory about cognition and illustrates how learning tools, such as graphic organizers, can assist with encoding analytical skills in the student’s long-term memory. The article then offers several examples for how law professors can apply cognitive learning theory to their classroom teaching of counter-analysis using graphic organizers. The article concludes by arguing that the teaching of counter-analysis, while difficult, is critical to fully develop a student’s analytic ability and should be taught using organized, systematic, active instructional techniques.
Large-N classical solution for the one-polygon model

The dominant large-N classical solution for the one-plaquette (one-polygon) model is obtained. As in the one-matrix model, the system is equivalent to an abelian one-polygon model, with the new “quasiclassical” commutation relations. Again, the level spacing ω (singlet and adjoint) is the angular frequency of the classical abelian analogue (here a pendulum) in its first Bohr orbit.
Railroad Ballast Evaluation Using Ground-Penetrating Radar: Laboratory Investigation and Field Validation

Ballast fouling in the railroad substructure is detrimental to the effectiveness of the railroad track and its structural capacity. The early detection of ballast fouling is of utmost importance to the safety of the rail system and its life-cycle cost-effectiveness. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), a nondestructive evaluation tool, has shown its potential as a means of assessing the condition of the railroad substructure rapidly, effectively, and continuously. However, an unknown ballast dielectric constant and an unclear interface between clean and fouled ballast limit the accuracy of GPR assessment. In the present study, controlled laboratory testing was conducted to measure accurately the dielectric constants of two common ballast types, granite and limestone, under various fouling and moisture conditions. In addition, a time-frequency method, short-time Fourier transform (STFT), was used to demonstrate graphically the frequency energy variation with the depth of the ballast under various conditions. Th...
Explaining intra-individual variability in social behavior through idiographic assessment: The case of humor

Much variability in social behavior is intra-individual; people vary their actions strategically across contexts. Yet most personality assessment methods are inter-individual; they chart between-person differences in average behavioral tendencies. The present research advanced novel idiographic assessment methods to predict intra-individual variability in a behavioral domain of long-standing interest to personality psychologists: humor. Individuals participated in three assessment sessions. Personal beliefs about reasons for using humor were assessed either idiographically or with respect to a nomothetic system of humor-related reasons for action. The subjective relevance of nomothetically- and idiographically-identified reasons to everyday social situations was assessed. Subsequently, participants reported their perceived likelihood of using humor in specific social contexts. As predicted, likelihood of humor use varied substantially as a function of the relevance of situations to idiographically-identified reasons, but did not vary as a function of the relevance of situations to reasons identified nomothetically. Implications for personality and assessment are discussed.
Caught between different worlds: how transgendered women may be "forced" into risky sex.

Abstract We qualitatively explored reasons why transgendered women may engage in sexual risk that could lead to HIV infection. Specifically, we conducted this investigation with transgendered women identifying as Black/African American. Interviews from 17 participants were audiotaped and analyzed. Four themes emerged. Women commonly reported they had a strong need/desire to be loved by men. Many stated they had and would engage in unprotected sex to obtain and preserve such a relationship. Nearly all were currently using female hormones. Nine obtained their hormones through nonmedical means, including the Internet, transgendered friends, and street vendors. For these women, hormone injections often involved sharing needles/syringes. Selling sex was a common practice, and many women did so without the benefit of condom use. Finally, women experienced multiple forms of societal discrimination. By being caught between worlds (straight, gay, male, and female), transgendered women may be placed into situations...
Gonadotropin response to LRH in anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Women with low-weight anorexia nervosa (AN) have consistently been found to display low basal luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations, with reduced 24-hr LH secretion (Boyar et al. 1974; Beaumont et al. 1976; Vigersky et al. 1976). Their response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) has been reported to be blunted (Beaumont et al. 1976) or normal (Vigersky et al. 1976). Gonadotropins and their response to LRH have not been well studied in normal-weight bulimics. This study was designed to better describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal similarities and distinctions among anorectics, bulimits, and normal controls.
Application of Two-Dimensional 13C Solid-State NMR to the Study of Conformational Polymorphism

Two-dimensional 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (2D SSNMR) spectroscopy was applied to the study of three conformational polymorphs of 5-methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile. The separation of sidebands by order experiment (de Lacroix, S. F.; Titman, J. J.; Hagemeyer; A.; Spiess, H. W. J. Magn. Reson. 1992, 97, 435-443) allowed the separation of isotropic and anisotropic chemical shift information over two dimensions, making it possible to distinguish individual carbon atoms and analyze the full chemical shift anisotropy patterns using magic angle spinning (MAS) at moderate spinning speeds. The C-3 carbon of the thiophene ring, R to the nitrile carbon, was chosen to probe the differences in chemical environment between forms. The three forms exhibited a large variation in both measured and theoretically predicted isotropic and anisotropic chemical shifts for this carbon site. The results summarized in this paper demonstrate the utility in using 2D SSNMR methods for studying polymorphism in crystalline compounds with moderate molecular weights.
Model-based discrimination of human and animal species using UHF radar data

A dual-band range-Doppler radar system, utilizing UHF and X-band, was developed to collect signatures of human and animal targets. To complement the dual-band radar suite, two video cameras were utilized to record simultaneous front and side view footage of the targets. The system was used to collect radar signatures of a variety of domesticated and wild animals engaged in various natural behaviors, at close range in low-clutter environments. This paper presents the initial results of a study in which the UHF Doppler data alone are used to successfully discriminate among various animal species, including human vs. non-human animals.
Fetal homeostasis in maternal malnutrition: potassium and sodium deficiency in rats.

Extract: Maternal rats fed a diet deficient in potassium (K) during pregnancy were depleted of K so that the plasma level of K fell to one-half the normal value and the concentration in maternal muscle fell by about 30%. The K concentration in fetal plama under these circumstances did not change significantly, but that in fetal tissues (placenta and fetus) decreased by roughly 10% (fig. 1, table III). Maternal hyperkalemia, induced by a sodium-deficient diet or produced by infusions of K (table IV) induced a fetal hyperkalemia (fig. 1). Maternal hyponatremia caused proportional hyponatremia in the fetus (slope = 0.60, correlation coefficient = 0.91) (fig. 2); the sodium content of the fetus was also reduced in maternal hyponatremia (fig. 3). Speculation: Deserving of particular emphasis is the contrast between the effect of maternal hyperkalemia and hypokalemia on the level of potassium in the fetal blood. This difference in response raises questions concerning the mechanism of placental transport of potassium. It would be of interest to determine if the placenta protects the fetus against other maternal ion deficiencies.
Exploring metazoan evolution through dynamic and holistic changes in protein families and domains

Proteins convey the majority of biochemical and cellular activities in organisms. Over the course of evolution, proteins undergo normal sequence mutations as well as large scale mutations involving domain duplication and/or domain shuffling. These events result in the generation of new proteins and protein families. Processes that affect proteome evolution drive species diversity and adaptation. Herein, change over the course of metazoan evolution, as defined by birth/death and duplication/deletion events within protein families and domains, was examined using the proteomes of 9 metazoan and two outgroup species. In studying members of the three major metazoan groups, the vertebrates, arthropods, and nematodes, we found that the number of protein families increased at the majority of lineages over the course of metazoan evolution where the magnitude of these increases was greatest at the lineages leading to mammals. In contrast, the number of protein domains decreased at most lineages and at all terminal lineages. This resulted in a weak correlation between protein family birth and domain birth; however, the correlation between domain birth and domain member duplication was quite strong. These data suggest that domain birth and protein family birth occur via different mechanisms, and that domain shuffling plays a role in the formation of protein families. The ratio of protein family birth to protein domain birth (domain shuffling index) suggests that shuffling had a more demonstrable effect on protein families in nematodes and arthropods than in vertebrates. Through the contrast of high and low domain shuffling indices at the lineages of Trichinella spiralis and Gallus gallus, we propose a link between protein redundancy and evolutionary changes controlled by domain shuffling; however, the speed of adaptation among the different lineages was relatively invariant. Evaluating the functions of protein families that appeared or disappeared at the last common ancestors (LCAs) of the three metazoan clades supports a correlation with organism adaptation. Furthermore, bursts of new protein families and domains in the LCAs of metazoans and vertebrates are consistent with whole genome duplications. Metazoan speciation and adaptation were explored by birth/death and duplication/deletion events among protein families and domains. Our results provide insights into protein evolution and its bearing on metazoan evolution.
Student Use of the Library

Not only is the Library used constantly all day long, but the use is by an unusually large number of the student body. During the session of 1936-37, 98.5% of the senior class, and 92% of the entire student body, withdrew books for home use. The next year, 1937-38, 98% of the senior class and 92.6% of the whole student body took books out of the Library. If the 7.4% of the student body not using the Library were investigated, it would probably be found that each had access to other collections of books more conveniently located, as the agricultural students may use the library on the College Farm campus entirely, and the ceramic students perhaps use only the books that are located in their building.
Profile: Does infomercial clearance vary by managerial, organizational, and market factors?

A national mail survey of commercial television sales managers was conducted to determine whether and how managerial, organizational, and market factors vary by infomercial clearance practice. Results suggest that infomercial clearance is influenced by certain managerial, station, and market factors, with different factors affecting different clearance practices.
Contingent on contingencies: Connections between anger rumination, self-esteem, and aggression

Abstract Mixed findings have engendered debate regarding the relationship between self-esteem and aggression. The present study tested the hypothesis that the contingency of perceived self-worth on external factors (i.e., contingent self-esteem) predicts aggression, particularly reactive, over and above global self-esteem, and that anger rumination exacerbates this relationship. The potential moderating role of gender was also considered. Regression analyses on a sample of 729 undergraduates revealed that contingent self-esteem interacts with both anger rumination and gender to predict reactive aggression. In combination with observations for proactive aggression, results of the present study suggest that the variation in previous findings may be at least partly explained by failure to account for the influences of self-esteem contingency, gender, and functional subtypes of aggression.
DNA Breaks Promote Genomic Instability by Impeding Proper Chromosome Segregation

Abstract Background: Unrepaired DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) can result in the whole or partial loss of chromosomes. Previously, we showed that the ends of broken chromosomes remain associated. Here, we have examined the machinery that holds broken chromosome ends together, and we have explored the behavior of broken chromosomes as they pass through mitosis. Results: Using GFP-localized arrays flanking an HO endonuclease site, we examined the association of broken chromosome ends in yeast cells that are checkpoint-arrested in metaphase. This association is partially dependent upon Rad50 and Rad52. After 6–8 hr, cells adapted to the checkpoint and resumed mitosis, segregating the broken chromosome. When this occurred, we found that the acentric fragments cosegregated into either the mother or daughter cell 95% of the time. Similarly, pedigree analysis showed that postmitotic repair of a broken chromosome (rejoining the centric and acentric fragments) occurred in either the mother or daughter cell, but rarely both, consistent with a model in which both acentric sister chromatid fragments are passaged into the same nucleus. Conclusions: These data suggest two related phenomena: an intrachromosomal association that holds the halves of a single broken sister chromatid together in metaphase and an interchromosomal force that tethers broken sister chromatids to each other and promotes their missegregation. Strikingly, the interchromosomal association of DNA breaks also promotes the missegregation of centromeric chromosomal fragments, albeit to a lesser extent than acentric fragments. The DNA break-induced missegregation of acentric and centric chromosome fragments provides a novel mechanism for the loss of heterozygosity that precedes tumorigenesis in mammalian cells.
Design and testing of a boron carbide capsule for spectral-tailoring in mixed-spectrum reactors

A boron carbide capsule has been designed and used for spectral-tailoring experiments at the TRIGA reactor at Washington State University. Irradiations were conducted in pulsed mode and in continuous operation for up to 4 h. A cadmium cover was used to reduce thermal heating. The neutron spectrum calculated with the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code was found to be in good agreement with reactor dosimetry measurements using the STAY’SL computer code. The neutron spectrum resembles that of a fast reactor. The design of a capsule using boron carbide fully enriched in 10B shows that it is possible to produce a neutron spectrum similar to that of 235U fission.
Phosphatidylethanolamine-Induced Cholesterol Domains Chemically Identified with Mass Spectrometric Imaging

Coexisting liquid phases of model membrane systems are chemically identified using imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The systems studied were Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) model membranes of cholesterol (CH) with two different phospholipids, one a major component in the outer plasma membrane bilayer leaflet (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (PC)) and the other a major component in the inner leaflet (dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PE)). Binary mixtures of CH with each of the phospholipids were investigated, as well as a ternary system. A single homogeneous phase is evident for PC/CH, whereas both systems containing PE show lateral heterogeneity with phospholipid-rich and CH-rich regions. The interaction between CH and the two phospholipids differs due to the disparity between the phospholipid headgroups. Imaging TOF-SIMS offers a novel opportunity to chemically identify and differentiate the specific membrane locations of CH and phospholipid in membrane regions without the use...
When to intervene in selective mutism: The multimodal treatment of a case of persistent selective mutism

An identification and treatment model differentiating Transient from Persistent Selective Mutism is proposed. The model incorporates treatment recommendations for Persistent Selective Mutism and suggests that interventions are not usually warranted for Transient Selective Mutism. The case study of a 6-year-old female manifesting Persistent Selective Mutism is presented. A multimodal treatment approach combining behavioral techniques with play therapy and family involvement was applied to improve her verbal interactions. Pre- and posttreatment evaluations were conducted. During pretreatment evaluations the child was manifesting Persistent Selective Mutism, immaturity, and withdrawal behaviors. At posttreatment evaluations she was talking in a manner consistent with her peers without problematic behaviors displayed. Results of a 6-month follow-up completed after the child had entered first grade showed that she was continuing to speak in a manner consistent with her peers without behavioral concerns.
Model peptide studies of sequence regions in the elastomeric biomineralization protein, Lustrin A. I. The C-domain consensus-PG-, -NVNCT-motif.

The lustrin superfamily represents a unique group of biomineralization proteins localized between layered aragonite mineral plates (i.e., nacre layer) in mollusk shell. Recent atomic force microscopy (AFM) pulling studies have demonstrated that the lustrin-containing organic nacre layer in the abalone, Haliotis rufescens, exhibits a typical sawtooth force-extension curve with hysteretic recovery. This force extension behavior is reminiscent of reversible unfolding and refolding in elastomeric proteins such as titin and tenascin. Since secondary structure plays an important role in force-induced protein unfolding and refolding, the question is, What secondary structure(s) exist within the major domains of Lustrin A? Using a model peptide (FPGKNVNCTSGE) representing the 12-residue consensus sequence found near the N-termini of the first eight cysteine-rich domains (C-domains) within the Lustrin A protein, we employed CD, NMR spectroscopy, and simulated annealing/minimization to determine the secondary structure preferences for this sequence. At pH 7.4, we find that the 12-mer sequence adopts a loop conformation, consisting of a “bend” or “turn” involving residues G3–K4 and N7–C8–T9, with extended conformations arising at F1–G3; K4–V6; T9–S10–G11 in the sequence. Minor pH-dependent conformational effects were noted for this peptide; however, there is no evidence for a salt-bridge interaction between the K4 and E12 side chains. The presence of a loop conformation within the highly conserved —PG—, —NVNCT— sequence of C1–C8 domains may have important structural and mechanistic implications for the Lustrin A protein with regard to elastic behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 358–369, 2002
Inadequate provision of postintubation anxiolysis and analgesia in the ED.

Introduction: Patients intubated in the emergency department (ED) often have extended ED stays. We hypothesize that ED intubated patients receive inadequate postintubation anxiolysis and analgesia after rapid sequence induction (RSI). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of every adult intubated in a tertiary-care ED (July 2003-June 2004). Patients were included if they underwent RSI, remained in the ED for more than 30 minutes post intubation, and survived to admission. Presuming a mean patient weight of 70 kg, we defined adequacy of anxiolysis and analgesia on the provision postintubation of weight-based doses of lorazepam (0.77 mg/h) or midazolam (4.2 mg/h) and fentanyl (35 μg/h), referenced from pharmaceutical texts. Demographic data, time in ED, and dosage of each medication given were abstracted. The proportion, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), of patients receiving inadequate anxiolysis and analgesia were computed. Results: One hundred seventeen patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean time in the ED was 4.2 hours (SD ± 3.1 hours). Thirty-nine patients received no anxiolytic (33%, CI 25%-43%), and 62 received no analgesic (53%, CI 44%-62%). Twenty-three patients received neither anxiolytic nor analgesic (20%, CI 13%-28%). Of 70 patients given postintubation vecuronium, 67 received either no or inadequate anxiolysis or analgesia (96%, CI 87%-99%). Overall, 87 of 117 patients received no or inadequate anxiolysis (74%, CI 65%-82%); and 88 of 117 received no or inadequate analgesia (75%, CI 66%-83%). Conclusion: Patients undergoing RSI in the ED frequently receive inadequate postintubation anxiolysis and analgesia.
Dementia Care in Assisted Living: Needs and Challenges

Assisted living (AL) is an increasingly popular long-term care option for older adults with dementia. Recent reports suggest that as many as 68% of AL residents have dementia, and that frequency of both behavioral symptoms and psychotropic medications are high. This pilot project explored the feasibility of research methods for use in AL facilities. Findings suggest that most AL residents with dementia have moderate to severe dementia, and the majority are taking one or more psychotropic medication. Descriptive and qualitative findings related to health records, caregiver perceptions of behavioral symptoms, and practicality of assessment methods undertaken are described and implications for psychiatric nursing practice and research are reviewed.
Occipital condyle fracture presenting as retropharyngeal hematoma

Reported is the case of a 30-year-old male motorcycle accident victim who was found on plain cervical-spine radiography to have prevertebral soft-tissue swelling. Although subsequent computed tomography demonstrated no cervical-spine fracture, it did reveal a fracture of one occipital condyle. The mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of occipital condyle fractures are reviewed, as is the ligamentous and fascial anatomy of the cervicocranium. Dissection of fracture hematoma inferiorly along vertically oriented tissue planes is hypothesized as the pathogenesis of our patient's retropharyngeal hematoma. In addition to being a sign of potential cervical-spine injury, post-traumatic prevertebral soft-tissue swelling may also indicate occipital condyle fracture. To avoid overlooking such fractures, computed tomography undertaken to investigate upper cervical-spine prevertebral soft-tissue swelling should always include slices up to the level of the basal skull so as to visualize the condyles.
Allocation of police beats to patrol units to minimize response time to calls for service

Abstract Optimal beat configurations to minimize response time to calls for service can be determined for a given number of police patrol beats during a shift. However, optimal manpower scheduling requires that the number of units vary by day of week. A variable beat design strategy is administratively infeasible. This model operates under a fixed beat design strategy and assigns beats to a variable number of units. The computer program improves an initial beat assignment by considering all possibilities of moving or sharing beats with other units. The new beat assignments are reevaluated till an optima is reached.
Comparison of long-term CIDR-based protocols to synchronize estrus in beef heifers

Two experiments evaluated long-term controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert-based protocols to synchronize estrus and compare differences in their potential ability to facilitate fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in beef heifers. In Experiment 1 estrous cycling heifers (n=85) were assigned to one of two treatments by age and body weight (BW). Heifers with T1 received a CIDR from days 0 to 14, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on day 23, and prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (PG) on day 30. Heifers with T2 received a CIDR from days 2 to 16, GnRH on day 23, and PG on day 30. Ovaries were evaluated by ultrasonography on days 23 and 25 to determine ovulatory response to GnRH. In Experiment 2 heifers (n=353) were assigned within reproductive tract scores by age and BW to one of four treatments. Heifers in T1 and T2 received the same treatments described in Experiment 1. Heifers in T3 and T4 received the same treatments as T1 and T2, respectively, minus the addition of GnRH. In Experiments 1 and 2, heifers were fitted with HeatWatch transmitters for estrous detection and AI was performed 12h after estrus. In Experiment 1 heifers assigned to T1 had larger dominant follicles at GnRH compared to T2 (P 0.10). AI conception and final pregnancy rate were similar (P>0.50). In Experiment 2 estrous response after PG did not differ (P>0.70). Differences in mean interval to estrus and variance for interval to estrus (P 0.10). In summary, the greater estrous response following PG and resulting AI conception and final pregnancy rates reported for heifers assigned to the two treatments in Experiment 1 and among the four treatments in Experiment 2 suggest that each of these long-term CIDR-based protocols was effective in synchronizing estrus in prepubertal and estrous cycling beef heifers. However, the three-way interaction involving treatment length, GnRH, and estrous cyclicity status in Experiment 2 clearly suggests that further evaluation of long-term CIDR-based protocols is required with and without the addition of GnRH and on the basis of estrous cyclicity status to determine the efficacy of these protocols for use in facilitating FTAI.
Agronomic evaluation of precise mechanical hoeing and chemical weed control in sugar beet

Summary Most herbicide applications to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are made to the whole crop area, but there is the opportunity to restrict applications to the crop row, decreasing the usage of herbicide by up to 70%. However, this would require greater use of mechanical weed control between rows. Experiments were performed in two seasons to evaluate the weed control performance of a novel, vision-guided, inter-row hoe in sugar beet crops grown on a peat fen soil. Hoe lateral placement was within ±30 mm. A precise hoeing and band spraying treatment was compared with overall herbicide use, and with treatments in which the herbicide applications were replaced by hand weeding to minimize competition between crop and weeds. Two hoe passes were made in each season, at crop growth stages of two and 10–12 true leaves in the first season and four and eight true leaves in the second season. Plant population density was not affected by treatment, indicating that none of the treatments caused crop plant loss. Use of the guided hoe controlled weeds better than overall spraying. Crop yields were not significantly different between treatments, indicating that weed control prevented competition with the crop in all treatments.
Homologous repair of DNA damage and tumorigenesis:the BRCA connection

Homologous recombination has been recognized in recent years to be an important DNA repair pathway in mammalian cells, for such damage as chromosomal double-strand breaks. Cells mutated for the genes involved in the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility syndromes, i.e. BRCA1 and BRCA2, show defects in DNA repair by homologous recombination, implicating this repair pathway in protecting individuals against tumorigenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in DNA repair, as well as insight into these proteins gleaned from structure determination of domains of these proteins and the broader evolutionary conservation than previously appreciated.
Arabidopsis thaliana DNA methylation mutants

Three DNA hypomethylation mutants of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana were isolated by screening mutagenized populations for plants containing centromeric repetitive DNA arrays susceptible to digestion by a restriction endonuclease that was sensitive to methylated cytosines. The mutations are recessive, and at least two are alleles of a single locus, designated DDM1 (for decrease in DNA methylation). Amounts of 5-methylcytosine were reduced over 70 percent in ddm1 mutants. Despite this reduction in DNA methylation levels, ddm1 mutants developed normally and exhibited no striking morphological phenotypes. However, the ddm1 mutations are associated with a segregation distortion phenotype. The ddm1 mutations were used to demonstrate that de novo DNA methylation in vivo is slow.
CVD growth, characterization and applications of carbon nanostructured materials

Abstract Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have exceptional mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. However, transferring these extraordinary qualities into CNT assemblages, without degrading performance, remains a challenge. At the UC Nanoworld Laboratories, we are successfully working to complete the cycle of synthesis, processing and application of carbon nanostructured materials. This approach allows for tuning of the CNT products at different processing stages in order to meet specific application objectives. Results in catalytic synthesis of centimeter long CNT arrays by CVD and related kinetics data will be presented, along with their characterization. Nanotechnology innovations under development in our Nanoworld laboratories include: big area synthesis of arrays and processing this highly aligned and pure CNT material into light, strong and electrically conductive threads and sheets. CNT thread with electrical resistivity of about 10− 6 Ω ∗ m has been produced. In addition, optical and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding, shielding properties of CNT sheets will be reported. These CNT materials have been fully characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which revealed the outstanding alignment of the nanotubes. Raman Spectroscopy and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) confirmed the high purity of the CNT threads and sheets. The reported properties open opportunities for novel applications of the CNT assemblages such as power distribution, sensors, transparent conductive electrodes, EMI shielding, nano-composites, biomedical devices, etc.
An Observation-Based Investigation of Nudging in WRF for Downscaling Surface Climate Information to 12-km Grid Spacing

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated the ability to use the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and contemporary dynamical downscaling methods to refine global climate modeling results to a horizontal grid spacing of 36 km. Environmental managers and urban planners have expressed the need for even finer resolution in projections of surface-level weather to take into account local geophysical and urbanization patterns. In this study, WRF as previously applied at 36-km grid spacing is used with 12-km grid spacing with one-way nesting to simulate the year 2006 over the central and eastern United States. The results at both resolutions are compared with hourly observations of surface air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The 12- and 36-km simulations are also compared with precipitation data from three separate observation and analysis systems. The results show some additional accuracy with the refinement to 12-km horizontal grid spacing, but only when some form of interior nudging is appl...
SOC Design Challenges in a Multi-threaded 65nm Dual Core Xeon® MP Processor

A multi-threaded dual-core Xeonreg MP processor with 16 MB of L3 cache and operating at a top frequency of 3.4 GHz has been developed using a non-traditional SOC design methodology on a 65 nm process technology. The design methodology embodied highly controlled, customized, and high impact changes to the underlying pre-existing processor cores resulting in performance and functionality that approaches a fully custom design while maintaining high re-use of the existing processor core. This paper presents the key design methodologies and the challenges.
Organizational change as shifting conversations

This article explores producing and managing change within conversationally constructed realities. Conversations are proposed as both the medium and product of reality construction within which change is a process of shifting conversations in the network of conversations that constitute organizations. In this context, change entails bringing new conversations into a sustained existence and the job of change managers is to create the conversational realities that produce effective action rather than to align organizations with some “true” reality.
Topological quenching of spin tunneling in magnetic molecules with a fourfold easy axis

Spin tunneling is investigated in magnetic molecules that have an easy axis with fourfold symmetry, such as ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$-acetate, with emphasis on understanding the topological quenching of tunneling and the diabolical point locations in the magnetic field space. This is done using a model spin Hamiltonian that has a fourth-order term describing the tetragonal anisotropy. The problem is studied qualitatively using instantons and quantitatively using two methods: a discrete phase integral or Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method and perturbation theory in the fourth-order anisotropy and transverse magnetic field. The former method is used to find the splitting between various levels when the applied magnetic field is along the hard axis and is found to give good quantitative answers. The latter method is employed for fields which may have an easy component in addition to a hard one and is found to be effective in locating all the diabolical points. These points are found as the roots of a small number of polynomials in the hard component of the magnetic field and the basal plane anisotropy. These roots are used to obtain approximate formulas that apply to any system with total spin $Sl~10.$ The analytic results are found to compare reasonably well with exact numerical diagonalization for the case of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$-acetate. In addition, perturbation theory shows that the diabolical points may be indexed by the magnetic quantum numbers of the levels involved, even at large transverse fields. Certain points of degeneracy are found to be mergers (or near mergers) of two or three diabolical points because of the symmetry of the problem.
Determination of the stored energy and recrystallization temperature as a function of depth after rolling of polycrystalline copper

The stored energy, microhardness and recrystallization temperature have been measured as a function of depth for rolled polycrystalline copper at three strains and it has been shown that: the stored energy of cold work decreases from the surface to the center; the surface has a greater stored energy per unit strain and, thus, a higher rate of work-hardening at low strains, but the work-hardening rate decreases more rapidly at the surface than at the center with increasing strain; and the recrystallization temperatures increases with increasing depth into the specimen.
Single-molecule study of metalloregulator CueR-DNA interactions using engineered Holliday junctions.

To maintain normal metal metabolism, bacteria use metal-sensing metalloregulators to control transcription of metal resistance genes. Depending on their metal-binding states, the MerR-family metalloregulators change their interactions with DNA to suppress or activate transcription. To understand their functions fundamentally, we study how CueR, a Cu1+-responsive MerR-family metalloregulator, interacts with DNA, using an engineered DNA Holliday junction (HJ) as a protein-DNA interaction reporter in single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. By analyzing the single-molecule structural dynamics of the engineered HJ in the presence of various concentrations of both apo- and holo-CueR, we show how CueR interacts with the two conformers of the engineered HJ, forming variable protein-DNA complexes at different protein concentrations and changing the HJ structures. We also show how apo- and holo-CueR differ in their interactions with DNA, and discuss their similarities and differences with other MerR-family metalloregulators. The surprising finding that holo-CueR binds more strongly to DNA than to apo-CueR suggests functional differences among MerR-family metalloregulators, in particular in their mechanisms of switching off gene transcription after activation. The study also corroborates the general applicability of engineered HJs as single-molecule reporters for protein-DNA interactions, which are fundamental processes in gene replication, transcription, recombination, and regulation.
Caloric content of dominant benthic species from the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas: historical comparisons and the effects of preservation

Energy density of a prey item provides information about the nutrition of a predator. Here, we provide data on energy content of 24 common benthic taxa (18 epifauna and six infauna) from the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. Mollusks (both bivalves and gastropods) and amphipods had the highest caloric content of the taxa investigated. In light of changing environmental conditions and benthic communities in the Arctic, we compared present-day caloric content of several taxa with measurements conducted for the same taxa in the 1970s. In most cases, caloric content did not differ between historic and present-day values but was higher in two out of seven comparisons for both formalin-preserved samples and frozen materials. We also examined the effect of preservation methods (frozen vs. formalin-preserved) on the caloric content for seven epifaunal taxa. In three of the seven taxa, formalin-preserved specimens had significantly higher energy densities than frozen specimens. These data should make investigators aware of the opportunities and also possible limitations of including energy density values derived in different decades and from different preservation types into their calculations, although more comprehensive and time-controlled studies are needed to generate possible corrections factors.
Multi-Site Adaptation in the Presence of Infrequent Recombination

The adverse effect of co-inheritance linkage of a large number of sites on adaptation has been studied extensively for asexual populations. However, it is insufficiently understood for multi-site populations in the presence of recombination. In the present work, motivated by our studies of HIV evolution in infected patients, we consider a model of haploid populations with infrequent recombination. We assume that small quantities of beneficial alleles preexist at a large number of sites and neglect new mutation. Using a generalized form of the traveling wave method, we show that the effectiveness of recombination is impeded and the adaptation rate is decreased by inter-sequence correlations, arising due to the fact that some pairs of homologous sites have common ancestors existing after the onset of adaptation. As the recombination rate per individual becomes smaller, site pairs with common ancestors become more frequent, making recombination even less effective. In addition, an increasing number of sites become identical by descent across large samples of sequences, causing reversion of the direction of evolution and the loss of beneficial alleles at these sites. As a result, within a 10-fold range of the recombination rate, the average adaptation rate falls from 90% of the infinite-recombination value down to 10%. The entire transition from almost maximum to almost zero may occur at very small recombination rates. Interestingly, the strong effect of linkage on the adaptation rate is predicted in the absence of average linkage disequilibrium (Lewontin's measure).
SIGNIFICANCE OF RARE HYDROUS ALKALINE MELTS IN HAWAIIAN XENOLITHS

Two types of melt pockets occur in Hawaiian mantle xenoliths: amphibole-bearing (AMP) and spinel-bearing (SMP). AMPs contain amphibole (kaersutite), olivine (Fo92), clinopyroxene (with 7–11% Al2O3), vesicles and glass. SMPs contain olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel, glass, and vesicles. The glasses in SMPs (SiO2=44–45%, 11–12% alkalis, La=90–110 ppm) and AMPs (SiO2=49–54%, 6–8.5% alkalis, La=8–14 ppm) are distinct in color and composition. Both glasses are generally characterized by LREE-enriched (chondrite-normalized) patterns. Amphibole and clinopyroxene have gently convex upward-to-moderately LREE-enriched patterns. Mineral/glass trace element abundance ratio plots show a strong negative Ti anomaly and a gentle negative Zr anomaly for clinopyroxene/glass; whereas amphibole/glass patterns show a distinctive positive Ti spike. The amphibole/glass trace element ratios are similar to published megacryst/lava values. An earlier study showed that the Hawaiian spinel lherzolites (lithosphere) have largely been metasomatized during post-erosional Honolulu magmatic activity. REE abundances of SMP glasses (melts) overlap the REE abundances calculated for such metasomes. The occurrence of hydrous, alkaline, mafic melt pockets in Hawaiian upper mantle xenoliths implies that (1) such hydrous liquids are generated in the upper mantle, and (2) water plays a role in magmatic activity associated with the Hawaiian plume. Although we are uncertain about the source (plume, lithosphere, or asthenosphere) of this water, we speculate that such melts and other alkalic lavas erupted on Oahu and on the sea-floor over the Hawaiian arch were generated from a broad „wet“ rim of a radially layered Hawaiian plume, whose hot and „dry“ core supplied the shield-forming magmas.
TIMP-1 Expression is Increased in X-linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy Despite its Exclusion as a Candidate Gene

Abstract X-linked progressive retinal atrophy (XLPRA) is the only known natural animal model for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP), a blinding disorder in man. The tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1 gene (TIMP-1), present in close proximity to one of the two XLRP loci, was tested as a candidate for XLPRA, by first characterizing the cDNA and gene from a normal dog. The cloned canine TIMP-1 cDNA is predicted to encode a protein of 207 amino acids with 66–83% identity in the deduced aa sequence with homologous mammalian genes. No sequence difference in the coding sequence of TIMP-1 was observed between normal and XLPRA-affected dogs. TIMP-1 was found to be expressed in all of the canine tissues examined by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. The canine TIMP-1 spans 3.5 kb and is interrupted by five introns with sizes comparable to those observed in the human and mouse homologues of the gene. The proximal promoter region of canine TIMP-1 contains sequence motifs shown to have regulatory significance in transcription of human TIMP-1. Linkage analysis between XLPRA and TIMP-1 using a newly identified intragenic polymorphism identified recombinants, which conclusively excluded the gene as a candidate for the disease. TIMP-1 is overexpressed several months before retinal degeneration is histologically evident in XLPRA dogs, implying that alterations in interphotoreceptor matrix composition precede retinal degeneration by a significant time period.
Analysis of multiple pulse NMR in solids. II

A systematic method, an extension of the average Hamiltonian formalism, is presented for calculating the effects of pulse errors and imperfections in the multiple pulse nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Application of this method to account for effects of pulse nonidealities such as phase errors, phase transient effects, pulse size errors, and rf inhomogeneity is found to agree with experimental observation, and the results furnish a basis for understanding the complex couplings between the pulse errors and other interactions such as the dipolar and the chemical shift Hamiltonians.
Standards for clinical evaluation and documentation by the emergency medicine provider.

Pediatric emergency medicine is full of challenges. When a pediatric patient has a poor outcome after treatment in an emergency department (ED), a malpractice lawsuit is likely to result. Pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians might sometimes alter their medical care and practice “defensive medicine” in hopes of avoiding a malpractice lawsuit. Radiographs and other diagnostic studies might be ordered without true indications to “completely rule out” a diagnosis. This can result in excess radiation for a child. On the other hand, failure to order the appropriate study or misinterpretation of a radiographic study by a radiologist or an emergency physician can result in a malpractice lawsuit. PEM physicians must work cooperatively with radiologists to improve the care for children in the ED. Together these specialists can decide on appropriate studies for children in the ED, keep radiation exposure to a minimum and ensure proper management based on these studies.
Heterogeneity of labor markets and city size in an open spatial economy

Abstract This paper presents a model of city size determination in an open spatial economy. It argues that the city size is determined by two interacting forces. First, holding other things constant, the wage rate increases with the size of the city, because the larger the city, the better the match between the diverse job requirements and the diverse labor pool. The higher wage of a city will in turn attract more workers from its hinterland. However, the growth of the city will be limited by the physical consequence of the concentration of economic activities. Since the city has to accomodate more people, the rent and the density of the city will rise. Holding wage level constant, the higher price of land will decrease the welfare of the city resident. The size of the city will be determined where the higher wage the worker recives in the city is exactly compensated by the higher rent he has to pay so that he gets the same level of utility as a worker elsewhere.