cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HPLC Determinations of Doxorubicin with Selected Medications in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP

Abstract High performance liquid chromatographic methods have been developed for the assays of mixtures containing doxorubicin-morphine, doxorubicin-granisetron, and doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide in 0.9% sodium chloride injection USP. The separation and quantitation of each mixture were achieved on octylsilane columns at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of aqueous sodium dihydrogen phosphate - acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection. The separations were achieved within 13 min. The methods showed linearity for the analytes in their respective calibration ranges. Accuracy and precision were in the 0.1–3.3% and 0.2–3.1% ranges, respectively, for the various analytes.
Extratropical control of tropical climate, the atmospheric bridge and oceanic tunnel

[1] A coupled ocean-atmosphere model study shows that the extratropical impact on tropical climate is as strong as the tropical impact on extratropical climate. A 2°C SST warming in the global extratropics increases equatorial ocean temperature by ∼1°C in the surface and subsurface. The surface temperature change is caused by the atmospheric bridge of the Hadley circulation (70%) and the oceanic tunnel of thermocline subduction (30%), while the subsurface temperature change is forced predominantly through the oceanic tunnel. Furthermore, the dominant influence on the equator comes from the southern hemisphere atmosphere and ocean.
A stepwise model of polyreactivity of the T cell antigen-receptor (TCR): its impact on the self-nonself discrimination and on related observations (receptor editing, anergy, dual receptor cells).

The existence of antigen-receptors, BCR, and T cell antigen-receptors, that are “polyreactive”, necessitates a rethinking of its effect on two problems faced by the “adaptive” immune system: the self (S)–nonself (NS) discrimination and the determination of effector class. Here, we will concentrate on the impact of polyreactivity on the S–NS discrimination. The anti-S cells interacting with S (i.e., responding to Signal 1) are on the pathway to inactivation. Before irreversibility sets in, these cells can be activated by a second signal (Signal 2) from an effector T-helper (eTh). As these polyreactive anti-S cells express anti-NS specificities, they can be activated by recognition of NS-epitopes in the host’s normal immunogenic load with the potential to result in autoimmunity. This problem is delineated using a discrete structural model, the corollaries of which are: (1) a two-step pathway for the purging of anti-S cells (i.e., the S–NS discrimination), and (2) defensible contexts within which to view the phenomena of receptor editing, anergy, and dual receptor cells.
The sintering of two particles by surface and grain boundary diffusion -- A two-dimensional numerical study

We investigate the sintering of two touching circular particles by surface and grain boundary diffusion. Typical examples for the evolution of the shape of the particles, their surface curvatures, and their surface fluxes are given. The sintering kinetics are evaluated as a function of the dihedral angle at the grain boundary-surface junctions and the grain boundary to surface diffusivity ratio. In particular, the growth rates of the neck between the two particles, the growth rate exponents, and the changes in the lengths of the particle pairs are monitored. The times needed to reach certain fractions of the final equilibrium neck sizes are tabulated for typical experimental dihedral angles and diffusivity ratios. Our simulation is based on a rigorous mathematical system modeling the sintering of the two particles, and a rigorous numerical method for solving this system is adopted.
Structural Effects on Intermolecular Electron Transfer Reactivity

Rate constants (kij) measured by stopped flow are reported for 50 additional intermolecular electron transfer reactions between 0 and 1+ oxidation states of various compounds, enlarging our data set to 141 reactions between 45 couples in acetonitrile containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate at 25 °C. Hydrazines with both saturated and unsaturated substituents, ferrocene derivatives, and heteroatom-substituted aromatic compounds are included in the couples studied. Least-squares fit of all the reactions to simple Marcus cross-reaction theory provides an internally consistent set of best fit intrinsic barriers ΔG‡ii(fit) (for self-electron transfer of each couple) covering a range of over 19 kcal/mol (rate constant range 2 × 1014) that predicts the kij rather accurately. All reactions have ratios of calculated to observed kij in the range 0.3−3.3 and 95% fall in the range 0.5−2.0. These results require that the preexponential factor for a cross reaction is close to the geometric mean of those for the...
p85β regulatory subunit of class IA PI3 kinase negatively regulates mast cell growth, maturation, and leukemogenesis.

We show that loss of p85α inhibits the growth and maturation of mast cells, whereas loss of p85β enhances this process. Whereas restoring the expression of p85α in P85α−/− cells restores these functions, overexpression of p85β has the opposite effect. Consistently, overexpression of p85β in WT mast cells represses KIT-induced proliferation and IL-3–mediated maturation by inhibiting the expression of Microphthalmia transcription factor. Because p85α and p85β differ in their N-terminal sequences, chimeric proteins consisting of amino or carboxy-terminal of p85α and/or p85β do not rescue the growth defects of p85α−/− cells, suggesting cooperation between these domains for normal mast cell function. Loss of p85β impaired ligand induced KIT receptor internalization and its overexpression enhanced this process, partly because of increased binding of c-Cbl to p85β relative to p85α. In vivo, loss of p85β resulted in increased mast cells, and bone marrow transplantation of cells overexpressing p85β resulted in significant reduction in some tissue mast cells. Overexpression of p85β suppressed the growth of oncogenic KIT-expressing cells in vitro and prolonged the survival of leukemic mice in vivo. Thus, p85α and p85β differentially regulate SCF and oncogenic KIT-induced signals in myeloid lineage-derived mast cells.
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type II RFLP Subtypes a0 and b4/b5 are Associated with Different Demographic and Geographic Characteristics in the United States

Abstract Human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) prevalence is very low among the general U.S. population, intermediate among American Indians, and high among injecting drug users and their sexual partners. However, the transmission dynamics underlying this distribution are not well described. We obtained blood specimens from 493 blood donors found to be seropositive for HTLV-II at blood centers in five U.S. cities. Nested polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a 672-bp region of the HTLV-II long terminal repeat region, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed to classify each virus into subtypes as defined by Switzer et al. (1995, J. Virol. 69, 621–632). Associations between RFLP subtype and other characteristics were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. HTLV-II subtype a0 was independently associated with age over 30 years (odds ratio (OR) = 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–3.99) and with Black race/ethnicity (OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.10–3.65 versus Hispanic race/ethnicity). Conversely, HTLV-II RFLP subtypes b4 and b5 were significantly more common among American Indian (OR = 3.77, 95% CI 1.23–11.57) and Other race/ethnicity (OR = 4.22, 95% CI 1.25–14.27, both versus Black race/ethnicity) and at the Oklahoma City blood center (OR = 3.57, 95% CI 1.08–11.84 compared to Washington, DC/Baltimore). There may have been at least two transmission foci of HTLV-II in the United States: a modest HTLV-II subtype a0 epidemic of unknown source in the 1960s and 1970s spread predominantly among Black persons in several geographic areas and a smaller focus of HTLV-II subtypes b4/b5 among non-Black individuals in Oklahoma and perhaps in other areas not examined by this study.
Evaluation of Large, Multifilament Nb3Sn Conductors with a New 12-Tesla Tensile Test Apparatus

A large cryogenic tensile test apparatus has been constructed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) as part of the Nb3Sn conductor program. This equipment was designed so that mechanical measurements can be made at 300, 77, or 4.2 K and critical current can be measured under simulated operating conditions as a function of the strain on large, prototype conductors for fusion magnets. The maximum operating parameters of the machine are: load of 223 kN, magnetic field of 12 T, and conductor current of 10 k A. Some of the unique features of this equipment will be described and preliminary mechanical and superconducting data on sample Nb3Sn conductors discussed.
LISP: a programming system for symbolic manipulations

LISP (for LISt Processor) is a programming system for the IBM 704 being developed by the Artificial Intelligence Group at MIT. We are developing it in order to program the Advice Taker which is to be a system for instructing a machine in a combination of declarative and imperative sentences.
The Yeast Homeodomain Protein MATα2 Shows Extended DNA binding Specificity in Complex with Mcm1

The MATalpha2 (alpha2) repressor interacts with the Mcm1 protein to turn off a-cell type-specific genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We compared five natural alpha2-Mcm1 sites with an alpha2-Mcm1 symmetric consensus site (AMSC) for their relative strength of repression and found that the AMSC functions slightly better than any of the natural sites. To further investigate the DNA binding specificity of alpha2 in complex with Mcm1, symmetric substitutions at each position in the alpha2 half-sites of AMSC were constructed and assayed for their effect on repression in vivo and DNA binding affinity in vitro. As expected, substitutions at positions in which there are base-specific contacts decrease the level of repression. Interestingly, substitutions at other positions, in which there are no apparent base-specific contacts made by the protein in the alpha2-DNA co-crystal structure, also significantly decrease repression. As an alternative method to examining the DNA binding specificity of alpha2, we performed in vitro alpha2 binding site selection experiments in the presence and absence of Mcm1. In the presence of Mcm1, the consensus sequences obtained were extended and more closely related to the natural alpha2 sites than the consensus sequence obtained in the absence of Mcm1. These results demonstrate that in the presence of Mcm1 the sequence specificity of alpha2 is extended to these positions.
Gender Differences in Social Support among Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to life stress can help explain gender differences in the use of social support. Findings from a longitudinal study suggest that as the number of stressful life events increase, elderly men and women are equally likely to become more involved in their social network, while gender differences emerge only in response to chronic financial strain. Further analysis indicates that elderly women are more likely than elderly men to report that the support they received increased their feelings of personal control.
Partitioning of arsenic, selenium, and cadmium during the combustion of Pittsburgh and Illinois #6 coals in a self-sustained combustor

Abstract An important environmental issue is the emission of semi-volatile toxic metals, such as arsenic, selenium, and cadmium, from the combustion of coal. These materials may vaporize in the hot portions of the combustor then return to the solid phase in cooler zones of the process downstream. Understanding the mechanisms by which toxic metals partition between the vapor and solid phases is an important step for predicting and mitigating the effect of these metals upon the environment. Particulate ash samples were withdrawn from a 17-kW pilot-scale downflow combustor in which pulverized coal was burned under self-sustaining conditions. The samples were size segregated in a Berner low pressure impactor, and then analyzed using neutron activation. This research approach has suggested mechanisms, which govern the partitioning of arsenic, selenium, and cadmium in practical pulverized coal combustion processes. The results suggest that volatilization and subsequent transfer of selenium to submicron particle surfaces appears to be an important post-combustion phase mechanism for Illinois #6 coal but not for Pittsburgh seam coal. Most of the selenium in the Pittsburgh submicron fly ash, cadmium in Illinois #6 submicron fly ash, and arsenic in both Pittsburgh and Illinois #6 submicron fly ash enters the post-combustion zone in the solid phase. The dominant heterogeneous partitioning mechanism for transformation to large, supermicron particles is the reaction of metal vapor on the surface or within the pores of an ash particle. The results also suggest that the rate of transformation is dominated either by an exterior surface reaction-controlled regime or a pore diffusion-controlled regime. A relationship between the concentration of solid phase arsenic, selenium, and cadmium to calcium in supermicron particles was also observed, suggesting the formation of As–Ca, Se–Ca, and Cd–Ca reaction products.
The uniquely human in human nature

features, as manufacturers do when they provide a description of the parts of an assembly-required crib; or by comparing the object with one from a related category, as parents do when they tell their child that a zebra has stripes but a horse does not. Most answers to the question What is human nature? adopt this second strategy when they nominate the features that are either uniquely human or that are quantitative enhancements on the properties of apes. I adopt such a comparative posture here and describe seven psychological features that are either restricted to or enhanced in humans compared with our closest relatives, the chimpanzees. Four are of the 1⁄2rst category; the other three are quantitative enhancements on chimpanzee talents. The distinct psychological qualities of Homo sapiens are traceable to genetic changes that permitted the founder cells that become mature neurons to continue to divide for an extra seventy-two hours. Those additional cell divisions signi1⁄2cantly expanded the size of the human cortex and contributed to the novel cognitive, emotional, and motor skills that emerge in humans over the course of development. However, some scientists remain inexplicably resistant to acknowledging that any human quality is unique. When a linguist claims that only humans have a language with a grammar, a scientist will reply that chimpanzees can be taught to communicate with pieces of plastic. Jane Goodall’s discovery that chimpanzees use tools is celebrated because of its implication that my use of a hammer to hang my granddaughter’s recent artwork on the wall is not fundamentally different from a chimpanzee’s use of a twig to ferret out termites. But the modern syn-
Hippocampal electrical activity during hypothalamic-evoked consummatory behavior in rats

Hippocampal electrical activity was recorded in freely moving animals during normal feeding behavior, lateral-hypothalamic stimulation, and during eating and drinking induced by such stimulation. In contrast to the irregular and desynchronized hippocampal activity observed during normal feeding behavior, stimulus-bound eating and drinking were associated with synchronization of hippocampal activity. The peak frequency of theta rhythms during such elicited consummatory behavior was 1-2 Hz below that evoked by the stimulation in the absence of consummatory objects. The results point up differences between normal and stimulus-evoked consummatory behavior and the influence of consummatory activity upon electrophysiological state.
A class of nonlinear nonseparable continuous knapsack and multiple-choice knapsack problems

This paper considers a general class of continuous, nonlinear, and nonseparable knapsack problems, special cases of which arise in numerous operations and financial contexts. We develop important properties of optimal solutions for this problem class, based on the properties of a closely related class of linear programs. Using these properties, we provide a solution method that runs in polynomial time in the number of decision variables, while also depending on the time required to solve a particular one-dimensional optimization problem. Thus, for the many applications in which this one-dimensional function is reasonably well behaved (e.g., unimodal), the resulting algorithm runs in polynomial time. We next develop a related solution approach to a class of continuous, nonlinear, and nonseparable multiple-choice knapsack problems. This algorithm runs in polynomial time in both the number of variables and the number of variants per item, while again dependent on the complexity of the same one-dimensional optimization problem as for the knapsack problem. Computational testing demonstrates the power of the proposed algorithms over a commercial global optimization software package.
LAND TENURE IN THE CYPRESS PINE AREAS OF NORTH‐WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES

In New South Wales there are one million acres of land bearing cypress pine and held under lease from the government. This land is suitable for the joint production of timber and livestock or for timber production alone. Alternatively, the timber can be harvested to provide capital for property development. Farm management plans have, however, been constrained by the land tenure policy which aims to promote both closer settlement and timber production. In this paper the opportunity costs of the current tenure system are evaluated against the freehold situation. The conditions which favour either specialized timber production or the joint production of timber and livestock are examined. Finally, the cost of achieving a timber production target is examined in terms of loss of income to the individual grazier and the nation.
Herbicide tolerance in primitive diploid potato species comprising superseries Stellata: Toward establishment of seedling cultivation conditions for field evaluations

Wild potato species are rich sources of genes for improvement of cultivated potato. The potato taxon superseriesStellata consists of 22 primitive diploid 1EBN and 2EBN species. Many of these wild potato species are documented sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Identification and characterization of useful genes in these species often require field evaluations, yet little has been reported on the cultivation of these materials. In this two-year study, the tolerance of seedlings of ten primitive potato species to two commonly used broadleaf herbicides, linuron and metribuzin, is evaluated. Each of the species is represented by four populations, and a total of five herbicide treatments are employed. Comparison of visual ratings and aboveground biomass fresh weights revealed vari-able responses to herbicide treatments. On average, metribuzin treatment reduced biomass accumulation and seedling survival more than did linuron treatment. OnlySolatium pinnatisectum was tolerant of both linuron and metribuzin.Solarium cardiophyllum, Solarium jamesii, andSolarium trifidum may be segregating for tolerance to linuron. Species grouped into a common series based on morphological and molecular data do not necessarily respond to herbicide treatment in the same manner.
Gastro-intestinal allergy—a review of 134 cases

1. From a review of 134 cases of gastro-intestinal allergy, we have presented the observations made in fifty cases in whom this diagnosis was of major significance. 2. The symptom-complex described by the common term “indigestion” conformed in general with that reported by other allergists. 3. Cabbage was the most frequently incriminated food. We were able to substantiate the findings of other allergists that milk, beans, eggs, chocolate and wheat were frequent offenders. We confirmed these suspicions by skin tests in 40 per cent of the cases. We feel that skin tests continue to be of importance in solving the diagnostic problem of these patients. 4. A high percentage of the cases had an associated gastro-intestinal diagnosis, either organic or functional in nature. 5. Ninety per cent of this group had associated allergic manifestations. 6. A family history of allergy was elicited in 84 per cent of the patients.
A renormalization group background transform lattice model for binary liquid-liquid equilibria

Abstract A model for liquid-liquid coexistence in binary mixtures has been developed by combining the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization group method for the Ising lattice model with a quasichemical background transform for size differences. With only a single binary parameter, the model gives a good representation of binodal curves over a wide temperature range. It accounts for both the non-classical critical region and the asymmetry produced by size differences.
Uncoupled characteristics of three-dimensional planar cracks

The uncoupled characteristics of three-dimensional planar cracks under arbitrary loading is investigated by boundary integral equation method. From theoretical analysis, the crack displacements under normal loading and shear loading on the crack surface are uncoupled. For a crack under shear loading (mode II and III), the special case of the crack with uncoupled displacements is investigated, whereby the self-similar crack expansion (SSCE) method, proposed in a previous paper by Xu et al. (1996, Journal of Applied Mechanics) is used for the analysis of three-dimensional cracks under shear loading. A number of cracks with arbitrary geometry and mixed mode loading conditions are calculated in this paper. For cracks with uncoupled displacements under various loading conditions, the numerical results by the SSCE method show good accuracy, with errors in stress intensity factors around the penny-shaped crack edge less than 1%. Results of a penny-shaped crack under torsional loading show good applications of uncoupled characteristics to the stress analysis for three-dimensional cracks.
A review of spurious currents in the lattice Boltzmann method for multiphase flows

A spurious current is a small-amplitude artificial velocity field which arises from an imbalance between discretized forces in multiphase/multi-component flows. If it occurs, the velocity field may persist indefinitely, preventing the achievement of a true equilibrium state. Spurious velocities can sometimes be as large as the characteristic velocities of the problem, causing severe instability and ambiguity between physical and spurious velocities. They are typically exacerbated by large values of numerical surface tension or when the two fluids being simulated have large density ratios. The resulting instability can restrict what parameters may be simulated. To varying degrees, spurious currents are found in all multiphase flow models of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). There have been many studies of the occurrence of the phenomenon, and many suggestions on how to eliminate it. This paper reviews the three main models of simulating multiphase/multi-component flow in the lattice Boltzmann method, as well as the subsequent modifications made in order to reduce or eliminate spurious currents.
Lipopolysaccharide regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in mouse myoblasts and skeletal muscle

The purpose of the present study was to examine the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C2C12 myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscle. LPS ...
Women, resources, and dispersal in nineteenth-century Sweden.

In a recent study, female dispersal in nineteenth-century Sweden has been found to correlate negatively with access to resources: women with limited access to local resources tended to migrate more frequently. In this paper I review the literature to explore whether this observed correlation was derived from a relationship in which a woman’s limited access to resources worsened her position in the marriage market and led to migration, as a strategy to improve resources and this position. Many studies within a variety of disciplines indicate that a woman’s propensity to disperse from her parish of birth variedinversely with her propensity to inherit resources. My review of the literature suggests that the less likely a woman was to inherit resources, the lower her probability of marriage, the later her expected age at marriage, and the earlier she left home, presumably to improve her resource base for marriage.
The Natural History of Male Mental Health: Health and Religious Involvement

In prior studies, the effect of religious involvement upon physical health has shown generally positive results, but these studies have been marred by confounders. The 65-year-old US prospective Study of Adult Development has offered an opportunity to repeat these studies with somewhat better control over confounders. The physical and mental health of 224 Harvard University sophomores was monitored for 65 years. Their religious involvement from church attendance to private spirituality was prospectively monitored every 2-4 years from age 47 to 85. In this analysis we focus on the male respondent. We found that religious involvement, no matter how measured was uncorrelated with their late life physical, mental and social well-being. The exception was that the 44 men with major depression or with multiple negative life events were twice as likely to manifest high religious involvement as men with the least "stress." If these findings can be generalized, they suggest that religious involvement may exert the greatest mental health benefits on people with the fewest alternative social and personal resources.
Escape into a vacuum of a binary gas mixture with components of considerably different molecular weights

The trajectory method is generalized to the case of the escape into a vacuum of a binary gas mixture with molecules of considerably different masses and sizes, with allowance for the initial nonuniformity of the distribution of the heavy component in velocity space.
Derivation of the Onsager principle from large deviation theory

Abstract The Onsager linear relations between macroscopic flows and thermodynamics forces are derived from the point of view of large deviation theory. For a given set of macroscopic variables, we consider the short-time evolution of near-equilibrium fluctuations, represented as the limit of finite-size conditional expectations. The resulting asymptotic conditional expectation is taken to represent the typical macrostate of the system and is used in place of the usual time-averaged macrostate of traditional approaches. By expanding in the short-time, near-equilibrium limit and equating the large deviation rate function with the thermodynamic entropy, a linear relation is obtained between the time rate of change of the macrostate and the conjugate initial macrostate. A Green–Kubo formula for the Onsager matrix is derived and shown to be positive semi-definite, while the Onsager reciprocity relations readily follow from time reversal invariance. Although the initial tendency of a macroscopic variable is to evolve towards equilibrium, we find that this evolution need not be monotonic. The example of an ideal Knundsen gas is considered as an illustration.
Automatic estimation of pressure-dependent rate coefficients

A general framework is presented for accurately and efficiently estimating the phenomenological pressure-dependent rate coefficients for reaction networks of arbitrary size and complexity using only high-pressure-limit information. Two aspects of this framework are discussed in detail. First, two methods of estimating the density of states of the species in the network are presented, including a new method based on characteristic functional group frequencies. Second, three methods of simplifying the full master equation model of the network to a single set of phenomenological rates are discussed, including a new method based on the reservoir state and pseudo-steady state approximations. Both sets of methods are evaluated in the context of the chemically-activated reaction of acetyl with oxygen. All three simplifications of the master equation are usually accurate, but each fails in certain situations, which are discussed. The new methods usually provide good accuracy at a computational cost appropriate for automated reaction mechanism generation.
The impact of congestion on local public good production

Abstract This paper models local public goods production, where allocation of the publicly provided input occurs simultaneously with production of the final service output. The framework models ‘local public goods’ as developed in club theory, where congestion is an increasing function of population. Central to identification of the model is that the quantities of the input (police) are differentiated from the produced output (safety). Estimation is across neighborhoods within a single city. The results show there is a very low elasticity of congestion on average, but safety in some neighborhoods in more congested than private goods.
Will alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) feed in the dark

Results of a laboratory experiment indicate that alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) can feed in the dark onDaphnia and that this feeding is not size selective. It is presumed that the fish filter feed. Observations on small alewives (ca 50 to 70 mm) confirm that they will filter feed in Lake Michigan and filtering activity increases as it gets dark.
Auditory brain-stem responses in blepharospasm

The auditory brain-stem response (ABR) has been reported to detect abnormalities in both the auditory pathways and in adjacent structures. Ten of 35 consecutive patients with blepharospasm were found to have abnormal ABRs involving poor form and delayed peak latency of positive components III or V. Abnormal ABRs in approximately 30% of patients with essential blepharospasm suggest pathology in the brain-stem of a substantial proportion of patients with this form of cranial-cervical dystonia.
Utilization of commercial oilseed crops

The United States is a major producer of many different types of oilseeds, but the predominant one is soybean, that remarkable legume whose meal and oil serve many animal feed, human food, and domestic industrial product needs. More than half of the soybeans and the products produced from them are exported. The 16 mill MT of soy meal processed and fed in the United States in 1981 constituted 88% of the total oilseed meal, 71% of the high-protein feeds, and 48% of total processed feeds. Of the total soy protein available, less than 5% goes into human food products such as meat extenders, simulated meats, baked goods, dairy product analogs, dietary foods, infant foods, and fermented food products. Less than 1% of soy protein in the United States is used in industrial products, mainly as a binder for pigmented paper coatings. Of the total soy oil available, about 95% is consumed in food products such as margarines, salad oils, and cooking oils. About 5% of soy oil is applied to nonfood uses such as alkyd paints, plasticizer/stabilizers for vinyl plastics, soaps, eraser factices, and many other lesser uses. Other major oilseeds produced in the United States include cottonseed, flaxseed, peanut, safflower, and sunflower. Corn oil is produced in significant quantities as a by-product of the corn starch industry. The oilseed crops having the greatest oil productivity are peanut and sunflower. However, sunflower meal has certain deficiencies for feed and food uses. If the United States is to draw upon oilseed crops as significant contributors to feed, food, industrial products, and agricultural fuel needs, greatly improved productivity will be needed either from new oilseed crops or from improved varieties of present commercial crops.
Expression of CCR7 and CD45RA in CD4 + and CD8 + subsets in cerebrospinal fluid of 134 patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological diseases

We investigated CD45RA and CCR7 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes, both immediately ex vivo and after stimulation, from 134 patients with a variety of inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological diseases. Most inflammatory diseases had a higher CD4+:CD8+ ratio and higher percentage of effector memory T cells (T(EM)) than non-inflammatory controls, excluding active infection. Moreover, we found that patients with highly elevated cell counts in the CSF tended to have a lower percentage of central memory T cells (T(CM)) than patients with low or absent pleocytosis, with a concomitant increase in T(EM). We also found that samples with elevated IgG index or presence of oligoclonal bands had a significantly higher CD4+:CD8+ ratio than normal samples, consistent with increased CD4+ help for intrathecal IgG synthesis by B cells.
Influence of braking on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of railroad wheel steels

We study the changes in the microstructure, micromechanism of fracture, and characteristics of cyclic crack resistance of high-strength (KP-T-type) and medium-strength (KP-2-type) railroad wheel steels under the conditions simulating the process of braking in a wheel–rail couple. It is shown that, in the contact zone, their initial pearlitic structure is transformed into martensite and the initial compressive residual stresses of the second kind are replaced by tensile stresses, and the higher the carbon content of steel and its cooling rate, the more intense are these changes. The analyzed processes lead to the realization of low-energy cleavage intergranular mechanism of fracture of steels under cyclic loads and to a significant (almost twofold) decrease in their cyclic fracture toughness $$ \varDelta {K_{{\operatorname{fc}}}} $$ .
On the Generality of the Subadditive Characterization of Facets

Gomory's characterization of facets of the group problem and Araoz's characterization for certain semigroups are shown to apply to a very general situation where only closure of the addition operation is assumed.
Metastasis-Suppressing Potential of Ribonucleotide Reductase Small Subunit p53R2 in Human Cancer Cells

Purpose: Previous gene transfection studies have shown that the accumulation of human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 (hRRM2) enhances cellular transformation, tumorigenesis, and malignancy potential. The latest identified small subunit p53R2 has 80% homology to hRRM2. Here, we investigate the role of p53R2 in cancer invasion and metastasis. Experimental Design: The immunohistochemistry was conducted on a tissue array including 49 primary and 59 metastatic colon adenocarcinoma samples to determine the relationship between p53R2 expression and metastasis. A Matrigel invasive chamber was used to sort the highly invasive cells and to evaluate the invasion potential of p53R2. Results: Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that p53R2 is negatively related to the metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma samples (odds ratio, 0.23; P Conclusions: Opposite regulation of hRRM2 and p53R2 in invasion potential might play a critical role in determining the invasion and metastasis phenotype in cancer cells. The expression level of ribonucleotide reductase small subunits may serve as a biomarker to predict the malignancy potential of human cancers in the future.
Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform

Proponents and critics alike agree that the policies spawned by the Washington Consensus have not produced the desired results. The debate now is not over whether the Washington Consensus is dead or alive, but over what will replace it. An important marker in this intellectual terrain is the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s- Learning from a Decade of Reform (2005).With its emphasis on humility, policy diversity, selective and modest reforms, and experimentation, this is a rather extraordinary document demonstrating the extent to which the thinking of the development policy community has been transformed over the years. But there are other competing perspectives as well. One (trumpeted elsewhere in Washington) puts faith on extensive institutional reform, and another (exemplified by the U.N. Millennium Report) puts faith on foreign aid. Sorting intelligently among these diverse perspectives requires an explicitly diagnostic approach that recognizes that the binding constraints on growth differ from setting to setting. .
Seasonal variability in ethanol concentrations from a dry grind fermentation operation associated with incoming corn variability

Abstract Corn from an ethanol plant (commodity corn) and an identity preserved corn hybrid from a seed company (control corn stored at 4 °C) were used to study the effects of incoming corn on dry grind ethanol concentrations. Ethanol concentrations were determined every 2 weeks for 1 year using conventional dry grind procedure. Variations in ethanol concentrations were significant and variability patterns for commodity and control corn followed the same trend. Highest ethanol concentrations were seen in the month of January. Variation with control corn suggested that storage time is a significant factor affecting ethanol concentrations. Effects of different enzyme treatments on mean ethanol concentration over a year were evaluated. Two liquefaction enzymes (optimum pH – 5.8 and 5.1, respectively), two saccharification enzymes (optimum pH – 5.0) and one protease were used in five enzyme treatments (I–V). Final ethanol concentration with enzyme treatment V was (17.5 ± 0.486)%v/v. This was 0.6% higher than enzyme treatment I resulting in an additional ethanol production of 600,000 gallons/year in a 100 million gallon/year ethanol plant. Using more effective enzymes increases overall dry grind ethanol production and ethanol plant profitability.
Computer-Aided Design System Geared Toward Conceptual Design in a Research Environment

A computer-aided design system has recently been developed specifically for the small research group environment. The system is implemented on a Prime 400 minicomputer linked with a CDC 6600 computer. The goal was to assign the minicomputer specific tasks, such as data input and graphics, thereby reserving the large mainframe computer for time-consuming analysis codes. The basic structure of the design system consists of GEMPAK, a computer code that generates detailed configuration geometry from a minimum of input; interface programs that reformat GEMPAK geometry for input to the analysis codes, and utility programs that simplify computer access and data interpretation. The working system has had a large positive impact on the quantity and quality of research performed by the originating group. This paper will describe the system, the major factors that contributed to its particular form, and give examples of its application.
Transient eddy currents in thin metal sheets

In the present paper, an approach is outlined to the solution of the transient eddy currents produced upon field switching in a thin nonmagnetic metal layer. The results may be used in evaluating the distribution of the transient volume force densities acting on the metal. Some of the fields in which problems of this kind arise are power equipment shielding, nondestructive eddy current test instrumentation, and magnetic levitation.
Metals that Drive Health-Based Remedial Decisions for Soils at U.S. Department of Defense Sites

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to establish which metals are most likely to drive the risk-based remedial decision-making process at those U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) sites that are affected by metals in site soils. Our approach combined queries of various databases, interviews with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) experts in each Region, and communication with database administrators and DoD personnel. The databases that were used were comprehensive for DoD sites, yet sometimes contained inaccuracies. Metal concentration data for various DoD facilities were screened against established regulatory criteria for both human health and ecological endpoints. Results from this analysis were compared against the information gleaned from the interviews. This preliminary analysis indicates that the five metals that most frequently exceeded risk-based screening criteria for potential human health concerns at DoD sites, in descending order of frequency, are lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and ...
Atomistic Structure of High Index Surfaces

Interatomic potentials of the embedded atom (EAM) type were used to study the atomistic structure of high index surfaces in metals and ordered alloys. The results show that a structural unit model can be developed to model the structure of the high index surfaces on the basis of the structure of a few low energy surfaces. The model can predict the structural features and give an estimate of the energies of the higher index surfaces. We present examples of Fe, B2 FeAl and NiAl.
Peptide-encapsulated CdS nanoclusters from a combinatorial ligand library

A spatially addressable combinatorial library of peptides, based on cysteine containing phytochelatins, has been shown to stabilize a variety of discrete CdS nanoclusters ranging in size from 19 to 26 A in diameter.
Imaging a randomly moving object from quantum-limited data: applications to image recovery from second- and third-order autocorrelations

New methods are described for forming intensity estimates of randomly moving objects from quantum-limited data. These methods assume a preprocessed data set consisting of photon differences. Image estimates are formed with the use of the method of maximum likelihood. Algorithms for recovering an image from a measurement of its autocorrelation or triple correlation are derived by considering the limit as the photoconversion rate tends toward infinity.
Embryonic GABAergic spinal commissural neurons project rostrally to mesencephalic targets.

Although spinal commissural neurons serve as a model system for studying the mechanisms that underlie axonal pathfinding during development, little is known about their synaptic targets. Previously we identified a group of ventromedially located commissural neurons in rat spinal cord that are -aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and express L1 CAM on their axons. In this study, serial sagittal sections of embryos (E12–15) were processed for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-65 and L1 immunocytochemistry and showed labeled commissural axons coursing rostrally within the ventral marginal zone. Both GAD65- and L1-positive axons extended rostrally out of the spinal cord into the central part of the medulla and then into the midbrain. GAD65-positive axons branched and ended abruptly within the lateral midbrain. To determine the targets of these ventral commissural neurons, embryos (E13–15) were injected with DiI into the ventromedial spinal cord. At all three ages, DiIlabeled axons projected rostrally in the contralateral ventral marginal zone, turned into the central medulla, and then traveled to the midbrain. DiI-labeled axons appeared to terminate in the lateral midbrain by branching into small, punctate structures. In reciprocal experiments, DiI injected into the lateral midbrain identified an axon pathway that coursed through the brainstem, into the spinal cord ventral marginal zone, and then filled cell bodies in the contralateral ventromedial spinal cord. A spatial and temporal coincidence was apparent between the GAD65/L1- and the DiI-labeled pathways. Together these findings suggest that some GABAergic commissural neurons are early projection neurons to midbrain targets and most likely represent a spinomesencephalic pathway to the midbrain reticular formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:327–339, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: GAD65; axonal pathfinding; spinal cord; L1 CAM; DiI
Evolving Use of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Clinical Practice

Point-of-care B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) assays have become an accepted part of the diagnostic armamentarium for the physician attending to acutely dyspneic patients (1). The present study was done to analyze the evolving use of BNP measurements in a variety of settings at the San Diego Veteran’s Affairs (VA) Hospital, the first US institution to implement the commercialized Triage BNP Assay (2). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. An analysis of the total number of BNP assays and the departments from which the assays were ordered was performed on all BNP measurements performed at the San Diego VA Hospital during the months of January through March of 2001, 2002, and 2003. Because we compared the use of BNP testing in the same quarter of the year over the 3 consecutive years, we believed it would effectively show the trends in BNP assay use. During the period January through March of 2001, there were 537 BNP assays run …
Health Care Delivery and Deaf People: Practice, Problems, and Recommendations for Change

Due to complex individual, interpersonal, and systemic factors, deaf and hard of hearing (d/hoh) individuals often receive inadequate, inappropriate, and unethical health care. This article begins with a review of the relevant socioeconomic and legal issues and the health status of d/hoh individuals. I then review health care starting with the patient's knowledge base, personal experiences, and understanding of health care relationships. I discuss the Deaf community's perspectives, providers' views about disability, communication between providers and deaf patients, and barriers encountered in health care delivery. The article concludes by assessing these factors' effects on health care delivery to d/hoh people, reviewing the ethical implications, and making recommendations for change.
Value of combined FDG PET and MR imaging in the evaluation of suspected recurrent local-regional breast cancer: preliminary experience.

PURPOSE: To assess the performance and potential clinical effects of combined 2-[fluorine 18]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the axilla and brachial plexus in patients suspected of having local-regional breast cancer metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Upper-body FDG PET and axillary and supraclavicular MR imaging were performed in 10 patients (age range, 45–71 years) with clinical findings suggestive of breast cancer metastases. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Imaging findings were correlated with clinical data and follow-up findings in all patients. Surgical findings were available in four patients. RESULTS: Nine patients had local-regional breast cancer metastases. MR imaging was diagnostic for tumor in five patients and was indeterminate in four patients with axillary or chest wall metastases. With FDG PET, metastatic tumor was positively identified in all nine patients. MR imaging was useful for determining the rel...