cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict. By Stephen Van Evera. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. 270p. $35.00.

Stephen Van Evera explicitly sets out to accomplish two tasks. The first is to present a set of five hypotheses on the causes of war grounded in "misperceptive fine-grained struc- tural realism" (p. 11). He lists (1) false optimism about the outcome of a future war, (2) perceived first-mover advan- tages, (3) opening and closing windows of opportunity and vulnerability, (4) cumulativity of resources, and (5) beliefs about the offense-defense balance. He then develops 23 related hypotheses. The second task is to test some of the major hypotheses (the second, third, and fifth) against a small set of cases. He succeeds at the first task but is not so successful at the latter. He also briefly speculates on the effects of the "nuclear revolution."
Gene Deletion by Fluorescence-Reported Allelic Exchange Mutagenesis in Chlamydia trachomatis

ABSTRACT Although progress in Chlamydia genetics has been rapid, genomic modification has previously been limited to point mutations and group II intron insertions which truncate protein products. The bacterium has thus far been intractable to gene deletion or more-complex genomic integrations such as allelic exchange. Herein, we present a novel suicide vector dependent on inducible expression of a chlamydial gene that renders Chlamydia trachomatis fully genetically tractable and permits rapid reverse genetics by fluorescence-reported allelic exchange mutagenesis (FRAEM). We describe the first available system of targeting chlamydial genes for deletion or allelic exchange as well as curing plasmids from C. trachomatis serovar L2. Furthermore, this approach permits the monitoring of mutagenesis by fluorescence microscopy without disturbing bacterial growth, a significant asset when manipulating obligate intracellular organisms. As proof of principle, trpA was successfully deleted and replaced with a sequence encoding both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β-lactamase. The trpA -deficient strain was unable to grow in indole-containing medium, and this phenotype was reversed by complementation with trpA expressed in trans . To assess reproducibility at alternate sites, FRAEM was repeated for genes encoding type III secretion effectors CTL0063, CTL0064, and CTL0065. In all four cases, stable mutants were recovered one passage after the observation of transformants, and allelic exchange was limited to the specific target gene, as confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. Deleted sequences were not detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) from isogenic mutant populations. We demonstrate that utilization of the chlamydial suicide vector with FRAEM renders C. trachomatis highly amenable to versatile and efficient genetic manipulation. IMPORTANCE The obligate intracellular nature of a variety of infectious bacteria presents a significant obstacle to the development of molecular genetic tools for dissecting pathogenicity. Although progress in chlamydial genetics has been rapid, genomic modification has previously been limited to point mutations and group II intron insertions which truncate protein products. The bacterium has thus far been intractable to gene deletion or more-complex genomic integrations such as allelic exchange. Here, we present a novel suicide vector dependent on inducible expression of a chlamydial gene that renders Chlamydia trachomatis fully genetically tractable and permits rapid reverse genetics by fluorescence-reported allelic exchange mutagenesis (FRAEM). We describe the first available system of targeting chlamydial genes for deletion or allelic exchange as well as curing plasmids from C. trachomatis L2. Furthermore, this approach permits monitoring of mutagenesis by fluorescence microscopy without disturbing bacterial growth, a significant asset when manipulating obligate intracellular organisms.
TEM Studies and Contact Resistance of Au/Ni/Ti/Ta/n-GaN Ohmic Contacts

Ohmic Ta/Ti/Ni/Au contacts to n-GaN have been studied using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). Two different samples were used: A - annealed at 7500C withcontact resistance 5×10-6 Ω cm2 and B-annealed at 7750C with contact resistance 6×10-5 Ω cm2. Both samples revealed extensive in- and out-diffusion between deposited layers with some consumption ofGaNlayerand formation of TixTa1-xN50 (0<x<25) at the GaN interface. Almost an order of magnitude difference in contact resistances can be attributed to structure and chemical bonding of Ti-O layers formed on the contact surfaces.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Surveillance/Attack UAV

A myriad of design challenges are present in creating a small, lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for entry into the 2008/2009 AIAA Design Build Fly remote-controlled aircraft competition. This year’s competition requires a team’s aircraft to carry three different store configurations for three distinct missions. This paper presents Auburn University’s entry into the competition. The focus of the design was to maximize the scoring algorithms by creating an easily assembled, lightweight aircraft with the ability to complete all tasks quickly. To accomplish this task, a monoplane configuration was designed with rearward folding wings to allow the aircraft to be assembled quickly and to fit into the required box limit. All components were designed for rapid assembly and minimum weight and have been manufactured using materials such as foam, balsa wood, and composite materials. A prototype aircraft was successfully designed, built, and tested. The finished aircraft will compete in the AIAA Design-Build-Fly competition in Tucson, Arizona in April of 2009.
Optically Pumped GaN-AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Lasers Grown by ECR-GSMBE and HVPE

We have observed laser emission with well-defined cavity modes in optically pumped GaN-Al0.1Ga0.9N double-heterostructure (DH) lasers. The laser structures were grown using an electron-cyclotron-resonance nitrogen-discharge source and gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (ECR-GSMBE) on thick (≥10 µm) GaN buffers grown by hydride vapor-phase epitaxy (HVPE) on c-plane sapphire. Transversely pumped cavities using a 337.1 nra nitrogen laser pump source exhibit a threshold pump fluence ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 mJ/cm2 at 77 K, a linear light output above threshold, a lasing wavelength of 358 nm, and an estimated differential quantum efficiency of 1%. The room-temperature threshold is about 1.7 times higher. Longitudinal mode structure has been resolved in a shorter-cavity (23 µn) device at 77 K. The measured mode spacing of 0.56 nm corresponds to a group index of 5.0. Far-field measurements in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the heterostructure indicate a double-lobed pattern for a 1000 Ǻ thick GaN active region, and a single lobe with a FWHM of 60° for a 4000 Ǻ active region. The thick HVPE GaN buffer layer provides for a lattice-matched growth and results in improved nucleation in MBE, as indicated by a high-quality reflection-electron-diffraction pattern of the as-loaded wafers. The surface morphology of the MBE layers on the HVPE buffer shows improved optical smoothness as compared to layers grown directly on sapphire using a low-temperature, MBE-grown GaN buffer. Laser facets were formed either by saw cutting or cleaving of the GaN buffer and epilayer along crystal planes. Details of the material development and laser performance are described.
Lesser Peachtree Borer:1 The Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Egg Development

The effects of temperature and relative humidity on egg hatching by Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson) were studied. Of the 15 treatments in the test, the highest percentage of hatched eggs (79.1%) was obtained at 20°C and 73–78% RH.
Strikes, Social Media and the Press: Why Chinese Authorities Allow or Suppress New and Old Media Coverage of Labor Disputes

China has a long history of working class activism, and amidst the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the expansion of coastal sweatshop production, strikes, protests, and riots by Chinese workers have risen dramatically over the past two decades. Simultaneously, the marketization of the country’s traditional, state-controlled newspapers and the expansion of Internet usage have led to a livelier media environment, albeit one still subject to heavy censorship and influenced by top-down propaganda campaigns. How exactly these two trends increased labor unrest and a qualitative change in what Chinese are reading and writing in different forums - come together could have important implications for the ability of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to build a “harmonious society.”
Implications for Evaluation

When you are trying something completely new, like an interprofessional medical home training clinic, how do you know if it works? This question has different answers depending on whether the report is for the funder, considering return on investment; the institution, considering whether to continue the program after the grant expires; the trainees, wanting to judge participation by whether it “works”; or the faculty, wanting to know “how” and “why” it works. Each local CoE site faced these tensions in trainee assessment and local program evaluations, and the CoE as a whole faced them for enterprise-wide evaluation. Our site has learned much along the way about differences between program evaluation and trainee assessment and also expectations for simple, complicated, and complex adaptive system evaluations. In this chapter, we hope to share some lessons learned that can guide your assessment and evaluation plans.
Characterization of bumetanide transport in isolated skate hepatocytes.

The uptake of [3H]bumetanide was studied in isolated skate hepatocytes in an albumin-free elasmobranch Ringer solution and compared with the uptake of bile acids in the presence of other cholephilic organic anions. [3H]bumetanide uptake was energy dependent, temperature sensitive, and exhibited saturation kinetics. In contrast to taurocholate and cholate, which are transported only by Na(+)-independent mechanisms, removal of Na+ reduced the maximal uptake rate (Vmax) for bumetanide from 404 +/- 80 to 230 +/- 47 pmol.mg-1 x min-1 without a change in the apparent Michaelis constant (Km). The apparent Km for the Na(+)-dependent portion of bumetanide uptake was 58 +/- 24 microM, and Vmax was 151 +/- 38 pmol.min-1 x mg-1. Taurocholate (100 and 200 microM) inhibited Na(+)-independent bumetanide transport competitively but was a noncompetitive inhibitor for Na(+)-dependent bumetanide uptake. Furosemide (100 microM) and two bumetanide analogues, PF-3034 (500 microM) and PF-2203 (500 microM), preferentially inhibi...
Plasma Induced Line Shifts: New Light on an Old Controversy

It appears that the theoretical lines shifted according to calculations provide substantially better fits than the theoretical line shapes which exclude line shifts. The differing principal quantum numbers associated with the Ly-β and He-γ lead to significantly differing shifts. Thus, the use of unshifted lines, shifted arbitrarily, en masse, would not lead to the same quality of fit observed when using the lineshapes shifted according to calculation.
Treatment of Candida endocarditis and arteritis

A patient suffering from Candida endocarditis presented with a gangrenous foot. In addition to arterial embolism, occult mycotic aneurysms were found by arteriography. Clinical cure was achieved with a combination of chemotherapy and valvular debridement, but viable Candida persisted in an easily removable embolus. Occult peripheral vascular lesions may be a continuing source of Candida sepsis in some patients.
The Thermal Environment and Its Constraint on Activity of Desert Quail in Summer

Le facteur thermique est le facteur le plus important controlant l'activite de Callipepla gambelii dans le desert du Colorado
Preprint Déjà Vu

Twenty‐five years ago, in August 1991, I spent a couple of afternoons at Los Alamos National Laboratory writing some simple software that enabled a small group of physicists to share drafts of their articles via automated email transactions with a central repository. Within a few years, the site migrated to the nascent WorldWideWeb as arXiv.org, and experienced both expansion in coverage and heavy growth in usage that continues to this day. In 1998, I gave a talk to a group of biologists—including David Lipman, Pat Brown, and Michael Eisen—at a meeting at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) to describe the sharing of articles “pre‐publication” by physicists. The talk was met with some enthusiasm and prompted the “e‐biomed” proposal in the following spring by then NIH director Harold Varmus. He encouraged the creation of an NIH‐run electronic archive for all biomedical research articles, including both a preprint server and an archive of published peer‐reviewed articles, which generated significant discussion.
Computational spectral display and capture

Spectroscopy, with the current 2D sensors, has been the study of the 4-dimension function F(x; y; t; l) that defines the intensity of light at the sensor location (x; y) at time t and at wavelength l. The goal of video rate spectroscopy is to capture, process, and display this function at reasonable discretized resolutions of each of the parameters x, y, t and l. Spectral imaging till date has been based on three core technologies: filter based, dispersion based or interferometric based. Filter and dispersion based spectral imaging is more general in nature since they try to recover the entire spectrum as opposed to interferometric spectral imaging that targets and captures a specific signature band. An efficient spectral imager can make interferometric spectral imaging redundant. Current spectral imagers use narrow, channel-independent, spectral band primaries that have the fundamental advantage of simple and accurate spectral reconstruction via linear combination of independent spectral channels. However, general spectral imaging today suffers from two fundamental bottlenecks precisely because of the use of narrow band primaries - (a) light inefficiency; (b) inadequate spatial and/or temporal resolution. So, it cannot be used in darker or dynamic environments. Further, in terms of display, use of narrow band primaries may create large color gamut but not a spectrally accurate display. To overcome these limitations, in this paper we explore the usage of wide-band primaries and achieve computational spectral display and capture.
Thoughts on Reform and the Sociology of Education: Toward Active Engagement

My background is in policy analysis, practice, and methodology, and I have some familiarity with cognitive theory and technology. In this paper, I focus on two areas important to the sociology of education: understanding change and measurement, methodology, and inference. Some of my comments may appear critical of the strength of the profession of the sociology of education, but they are not meant to be. This academic discipline has a rich and powerful history and has had a profound impact on our understanding of education from Durkheim’s observations on the education system as mirroring society to the early Coleman reports that do little to counteract that view, to the social mobility literature, the work on desegregation, school structure and school culture, and on the ways that education systems, institutions, and organizations at all levels behave. If I ask for more, it is only to honor the reality that the profession is strong enough to respond.
Investigation of Backprojection Uncertainties With M6 Earthquakes

We investigate possible biasing effects of inaccurate timing corrections on teleseismic P-wave back-projection imaging of large earthquake ruptures. These errors occur because empirically-estimated time shifts based on aligning P-wave first arrivals are exact only at the hypocenter and provide approximate corrections for other parts of the rupture. Using the Japan subduction zone as a test region, we analyze 46 M6–7 earthquakes over a ten-year period, including many aftershocks of the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake, performing waveform cross-correlation of their initial P-wave arrivals to obtain hypocenter timing corrections to global seismic stations. We then compare back-projection images for each earthquake using its own timing corrections with those obtained using the time corrections from other earthquakes. This provides a measure of how well sub-events can be resolved with back-projection of a large rupture as a function of distance from the hypocenter. Our results show that back-projection is generally very robust and that the median sub-event location error is about 25 km across the entire study region (∼700 km). The back-projection coherence loss and location errors do not noticeably converge to zero even when the event pairs are very close (<20 km). This indicates that most of the timing differences are due to 3D structure close to each of the hypocenter regions, which limits the effectiveness of attempts to refine back-projection images using aftershock calibration, at least in this region.
Practical privacy-preserving spectrum query schemes for database-driven CRNs with multiple service providers

The database-driven CRN has emerged as a promising solution for the spectrum scarcity issue. However, it also raises severe privacy concerns. Although there are some existing works on this topic, they are far from practical due to their restrict on particular database structures or extremely heavy computation and communication overhead. To address these issues, in this paper we develop two practical privacy-preserving spectrum query schemes. A basic scheme is first proposed based on private equality test (PET) technique. In order to enhance its efficiency, an advanced scheme is further devised by integrating the Locality Sensitive Hash (LSH). More importantly, both of them are applicable to multi-SP scenarios, which have never been discussed previously.
AC gas breakdown scaling laws

Analytically predicting RF breakdown is vital for understanding plasma behavior. While theoretical and particle-in-cell (PIC) analyses have assessed RF discharges, a full analysis comparing PIC to theory from DC to microwave breakdown remains incomplete. This study develops a general scaling law for RF breakdown that agrees well with experimental and numerical results for nitrogen to the right of the minimum predicted breakdown voltage. Analytic expressions derived to the right and left of the minimum yield a smooth curve that highlights the need to better understanding the behavior at lower pressures, where both roots of the derived quadratic equation exist.
Association between stress fracture incidence and predicted body fat in United States Army Basic Combat Training recruits.

A stress fracture (SF) is a highly debilitating injury commonly experienced in United States Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). Body fat (BF) may be associated with this injury but previous investigations (in athletes) have largely used SF self-reports and lacked sufficient statistical power. This investigation developed an equation to estimate %BF and used that equation to examine the relationship between %BF and SF risk in BCT recruits. Data for the %BF predictive equation involved 349 recruits with BF obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. %BF was estimated using body mass index (BMI, weight/height2), age (yr), and sex in the entire population of BCT recruits over an 11-year period (n = 583,651). Medical information was obtained on these recruits to determine SF occurrence. Recruits were separated into deciles of estimated %BF and the risk of SFs determined in each decile. The equation was %BF = − 7.53 + 1.43 ● BMI + 0.13 ● age − 14.73 ● sex, with sex either 1 for men or 0 for women (r = 0.88, standard error of estimate = 4.2%BF). Among the men, SF risk increased at the higher and lower %BF deciles: compared to men in the mean %BF decile, the risk of a SF for men in the first (lowest %BF) and tenth (highest %BF) decile were 1.27 (95%confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.17–1.40) and 1.15 (95%CI = 1.05–1.26) times higher, respectively. Among women, SF risk was only elevated in the first %BF decile with risk 1.20 (95%CI = 1.09–1.32) times higher compared to the mean %BF decile. Low %BF was associated with higher SF risk in BCT; higher %BF was associated with higher SF risk among men but not women.
Imaging of Primary Appendiceal Neoplasms

Primary appendiceal neoplasms are relatively uncommon but are being detected with increasing frequency as an incidental finding at cross-sectional imaging. Clinical presentation of acute appendicitis related to tumoral obstruction represents the other major clinical manifestation of primary appendiceal neoplasms. In either case, radiologists should be vigilant for imaging findings suggestive of underlying tumor. Mucoceles resulting from mucinous cystic neoplasms account for the majority of appendiceal neoplasms detected at cross-sectional imaging, whether manifesting as a symptomatic lesion or as an incidental finding. Other primary tumor types that may be encountered include colonic-type adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumors (classic, tubular, or goblet cell varieties), and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, among others. In addition, non-neoplastic processes may mimic a tumor at imaging. This chapter will review the salient clinical and imaging features of primary appendiceal neoplasms.
Mechanical Graft Tensioning in Multiple Ligament Knee Surgery

The principles of reconstruction in the multiple ligament injured knee are to identify and treat all pathology, accurate tunnel placement, anatomic graft insertion sites, utilize strong graft material, mechanical graft tensioning, secure graft fixation, and a deliberate postoperative rehabilitation program. This chapter will concentrate on my experience using a mechanical graft-tensioning boot during posterior cruciate ligament and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the multiple ligament injured knee. The use of the graft-tensioning boot, the PCL and ACL reconstruction surgical techniques, the cyclic dynamic method of graft tensioning, and the comparative results using the graft-tensioning boot will be presented in this chapter.
Biparietal diameter of the skull and fetal weight in the second trimester: an allometric relationship.

Ultrasonic cephalometry was performed prior to therapeutic abortion in 323 women during the second trimester of pregnancy. In 101 instances satisfactory paired measurements of intrauterine biparietal diameter and extrauterine fetal weight were obtained and these formed the basis for mathematical analysis. In midpregnancy increase in size of the fetal head and increase in body weight seem to proceed at different rates but the ratio of the rates appears to be constant—an allometric relationship of relative growth. The data were used to calculate a standard curve and a graphic method is proposed for estimating gestational age when reliable menstrual history is not available in the second trimester.
Outcome Measures in Clinical Studies

Accurate outcomes measurement and comparison is critical for clinical research. Outcomes data is usually described by the type and number of possible values it can have as continuous, ordinal, or categorical. When reporting and analyzing outcomes measures, it is important to accurately define the time that each individual in the population is at risk.
Teaching Empathy in Underserved Audiences Through Game Based Learning

To facilitate conversation about design as a profession to an area underserved by the arts, a team of designers worked collaboratively to create a teaching opportunity to reach high school students. Through research we found that in order for someone to learn, they first must be motivated. Introducing a new unfamiliar topic to a group of high schoolers had to be done right if we wanted them to walk away with the learning outcomes we had developed. The primary learning outcome of the project was to create an enjoyable, engaging experience, one in which the students were learning about design thinking, along with developing empathy and problem solving in team-building experiences.
Modern Kyoto: Building for Ceremony and Commemoration, 1868-1940. By Alice Y. Tseng. (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’ Press, 2018. Pp. xvii, 269. $68.00.)

At the outset of Modern Kyoto: Building for Ceremony and Commemoration, 1868‐1940, Alice Y. Tseng poses the question: “What happened in Kyoto after the emperor left for Tokyo for good?” (1). It is ...
Modeling the Electrical Production Potential of Non-Planar Photovoltaic Modules

Modeling of photovoltaic (PV) applications have relied on the homogeneity of each cell on a module. This is due to the rigidity of the conventional crystalline silicon. With the development of thin-film, PV material can withstand significant strain from bending while retaining performance. Flexible material has the ability to conform to a surface rather than be installed on top of a surface, but it sacrifices module homogeneity and therefore complicates the ability of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) conditioning electronics due to the mismatch current generation. This paper presents an approach to model and analyze the electrical performance of non-planar PV applications with respect to a surface with a constant curvature. The results of this approach quantifies the tradeoff of increased electrical generation for increased current variance.
Water Sovereignty in the Age of Global Capitalism: A Cross-National Analysis of Latin American Policies

This paper discusses the process of “accumulation by dispossession” of water resources by the institutions of the transnational state and the role of nationalism in the resulting movement for reappropriation. A comparative analysis of Latin American countries is conducted using data obtained from UN databases and historical accounts. The object of this analysis is to delineate a causal pathway surrounding the dynamics of water sovereignty in the age of global capitalism. I find that privatization is not likely to occur if there is a lack of crisis or there is a socialist executive; however, if privatization does occur, and the appropriating action is taken by a multinational corporation, activated nationalist sentiment may lead to reappropriation of water resources.
Differences of Quality in End-of-Life Care across Settings: Results from the U.S. National Health and Aging Trends Study of Medicare Beneficiaries

Background: More than 2.5 million older Americans die each year. Place of residence in which dying patients receive care plays a crucial role in the quality of end-of-life (EOL) care. Objective: Th...
Delayed Treatment With Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in an Irreversible Rat Model of Stress Urinary Incontinence

Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the outcomes and mechanisms of delayed low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) in a rat model of irreversible stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups: sham control, vaginal balloon dilation + β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN; SUI group), and vaginal balloon dilation + BAPN + treatment with Li-ESWT (SUI–Li-ESWT group). An irreversible SUI model was developed by inhibiting the urethral structural recovery with BAPN daily for 5 weeks. Thereafter, in the SUI–Li-ESWT group, Li-ESWT was administered twice per week for 2 weeks. After a 1-week washout, all 24 rats were evaluated with functional and histologic studies at 17 weeks of age. Endogenous progenitor cells were detected via the EdU-labeling method. RESULTS Functional analysis with leak point pressure testing showed that the SUI–Li-ESWT group had significantly higher leak point pressures compared with untreated rats. Increased urethral and vaginal smooth and striated muscle content and increased thickness of the vaginal wall were noted in the SUI–Li-ESWT group. The SUI group had significantly decreased neuronal nitric oxide /tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerves ratio in the smooth muscle layers of the urethra, while the SUI–Li-ESWT group had neuronal nitric oxide/tyrosine hydroxylase+ nerves ratio similar to that of the control group. The continuality of urothelial cell lining was also improved in the SUI–Li-ESWT group. In addition, there were significantly increased EdU-positive cells in the SUI–Li-ESWT group. CONCLUSION Li-ESWT appears to increase smooth muscle content in the urethra and the vagina, increase the thickness of urethral wall, improve striated muscle content and neuromuscular junctions, restore the integrity of the urothelium, and increase the number of EdU-retaining progenitor cells in the urethral wall.
Abstract TP247: A Comparison of Time to Treatment Between an Emergency Department-Focused Stroke Protocol and Mobile Stroke Units

Background: San Francisco is a relatively compact city with a population of 884,000 and nine stroke centers within a 47 square mile area. Emergency medical services (EMS) transport distances and ti...
Associations of gastric volumes, ingestive behavior, calorie and volume intake, and fullness in obesity.

Buffet meal intake was inversely related to the ability to resist the urge to overeat. Factors associated with ingestive behavior significantly correlated with satiety and gastric accommodation. Ga...
The Complete Care Model and Glycemic Control in California State Prisons.

Since integrating the chronic care theory in 2008 and the complete care model (CCM) in 2015, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) has seen steady improvement in health...
The CNS and the Brain Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Its aggressive nature is attributed partly to its deeply invasive margins, its molecular and cellular heterogeneity, and uniquely tolerant site of origin—the brain. The immunosuppressive central nervous system (CNS) and GBM microenvironments are significant obstacles to generating an effective and long-lasting anti-tumoral response, as evidenced by this tumor’s reduced rate of treatment response and high probability of recurrence. Immunotherapy has revolutionized patients’ outcomes across many cancers and may open new avenues for patients with GBM. There is now a range of immunotherapeutic strategies being tested in patients with GBM that target both the innate and adaptive immune compartment. These strategies include antibodies that re-educate tumor macrophages, vaccines that introduce tumor-specific dendritic cells, checkpoint molecule inhibition, engineered T cells, and proteins that help T cells engage directly with tumor cells. Despite this, there is still much ground to be gained in improving the response rates of the various immunotherapies currently being trialed. Through historical and contemporary studies, we examine the fundamentals of CNS immunity that shape how to approach immune modulation in GBM, including the now revamped concept of CNS privilege. We also discuss the preclinical models used to study GBM progression and immunity. Lastly, we discuss the immunotherapeutic strategies currently being studied to help overcome the hurdles of the blood–brain barrier and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
Lokale trigonometrische Transformationen

Eine bemerkenswerte Uberlegung, die unabhangig von verschiedenen Autoren [91, 40, 64, 74, 4, 24] angestellt wurde, erlaubt es uns, orthogonale Basen bezuglich beliebiger Partitionen der reellen Achse zu konstruieren. Die Basen bestehen aus Produkten von Sinus- oder Cosinusfunktionen mit glatten Funktionen mit kompaktem Trager; allgemeiner kann man glatte Restriktionen von beliebigen periodischen Funktionen auf benachbarte uberlappende Intervalle betrachten. Diese lokalisierten trigonometrischen Funktionen bleiben trotz der Uberlappung orthogonal, und die darauf aufbauende Zerlegung bildet glatte Funktionen auf ebenfalls glatte Funktionen mit kompaktem Trager ab. Wir werden sowohl die Basen, als auch die Entwicklung nach diesen Basen in diesem Kapitel beschreiben.
Breast tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity with an unusual molecular profile

Breast tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity (TCCRP) is rare and previously referred to as solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity. This low grade tumor commonly exhibits IDH2 p.Arg172 mutation, however is not completely understood at the molecular level. We present a case of TCCRP in a 55 year old woman with a 0.7 cm left breast mass. A core biopsy was performed with immunohistochemistry. Lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy were completed two months later. MammaPrint$^{\textregistered}$ and BluePrint$^{\textregistered}$ gene expression profilers were performed on an excision block. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of circumscribed nests of columnar cells, with focal papillary architecture. Tumor cells had apically located nuclei with grooves and rare inclusions. Tumor cells were positive for CK5, IDH1/2, and calretinin, and myoepithelial cells were absent. BluePrint$^{\textregistered}$ subtyped the tumor as basaloid. MammaPrint$^{\textregistered}$ classified the tumor as high risk for metastasis. TCCRP presents a diagnostic challenge. Although these rare breast carcinomas are generally reported to have an indolent clinical course, molecular analysis by gene expression profiling classified this tumor as high risk of recurrence with a basaloid type. Therefore, molecular analysis of this tumor may lead to conflicting data regarding prognosis and treatment considerations. Clinicians and patients should weigh published data and individual prognostic information for treatment planning. Our patient and clinical team opted for radiation without chemotherapy. More cases of TCCRP need to be studied to better understand its molecular profile.
Narrating the Crusades: Loss and Recovery in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature

In Narrating the Crusades, Lee Manion examines crusading's narrative-generating power as it is reflected in English literature from c.1300 to 1604. By synthesizing key features of crusade discourse into one paradigm, this book identifies and analyzes the kinds of stories crusading produced in England, uncovering new evidence for literary and historical research as well as genre studies. Surveying medieval romances including Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir Isumbras, Octavian, and The Sowdone of Babylone alongside historical practices, chronicles, and treatises, this study shows how different forms of crusading literature address cultural concerns about collective and private action. These insights extend to early modern writing, including Spenser's Faerie Queene, Marlowe's Tamburlaine, and Shakespeare's Othello, providing a richer understanding of how crusading's narrative shaped the beginning of the modern era. This first full-length examination of English crusading literature will be an essential resource for the study of crusading in literary and historical contexts.
Collagen I and the fibroblast: high protein expression requires a new paradigm of post-transcriptional, feedback regulation

Background Scaling protein production seems like a simple perturbation of transcriptional control. However, when embryonic tendon fibroblasts have to produce >50% procollagen and secrete it from the cell 4 times faster than the average protein, this taxes the cellular machinery and requires a fresh look at how the pathway is controlled. Ascorbate, a reducing agent, can stimulate procollagen production 6-fold. Procollagen mRNA levels goes up 6-fold but requires 3 days for the cell to accomplish this task. Secretion rates, the last cellular step in the process, also goes up 6-fold but this occurs in <1 h. What regulatory scheme is consistent with these properties?
Analysis of a correlation filter for thermal noise reduction in a MEMS gyroscope

This paper analyzes the behavior of a DSP-based correlation filter used to mitigate the effects of thermal noise in a low-cost microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope. The gyroscope is driven by a 10 kHz sinusoidal signal and outputs a quadrature sinusoid whose amplitude is proportional to the Coriolis acceleration, thereby providing information concerning directional change. Due to the size and configuration of the MEMS gyroscope, the output signal is quite small and is therefore susceptible to both electrical and mechanical thermal noise. This paper employs an optimization theory to analytically establish that the correlation filter is the optimum choice for reducing the effects of thermal noise in the output signal. DSP-based implementation of the filter is then discussed, followed by derivation of an analytic expression for signal-to-noise ratio of the output signal, with independent variables representing noise power spectral density, sampling rate, and integration period of the filter. Practical limitations concerning sampling rate are discussed, as is the relationship between integration period and response time for the gyroscope. Simulation results are also provided, showing agreement with the analytic expressions.
In search of a happy ending

In this paper, we consider the question whetherbusiness ethics courses should have a happyending. The paper starts by considering ideasthat might give students who take businessethics courses hope that they can play a rolein promoting improved corporate cultures. Thepaper then explores Jesuit teachings as theyrelate to ethical decision-making. Inparticular, the paper highlights the idea ofdiscernment, which encourages students tobecome self-aware and to test their ability toact on principles of right and wrong. Ultimately, the paper concludes that there isno easy answer to the question whether businessethics courses should have a happy ending. Students who are ever mindful of the importanceof discernment are the most likely tounderstand the true nature of the moral mazesthey face in bureaucratic organizations.
Electronic meeting systems: results from the field

Abstract The findings of an exploratory field study concerning the effects of implementing an Electronic Meeting System (EMS) at an IBM manufacturing site are presented. A comparison of an electronic work group infrastructure with its corresponding manual practice is the primary basis of the study. The first section summarizes the University of Arizona's background in the EMS field and goes on to describe the particular EMS used in this study. The next section details the experimental background, the research model, and the data collection methods used. The effects of the implementation were measured by their impacts on the technology, work group performance, group and task characteristics, and the organization. A summary of the contributions made to the knowledge accrual process in terms of insights concerning the implementation and future study of EMS concludes this study.
Case report: Transesophageal echocardiography detected severe regional wall motion abnormalities signifying failed reimplantation of an anomalous left main coronary artery

Anomalous coronary arteries comprise a spectrum ranging from benign to fatal. The most ominous lesion that occurs is the left main coronary artery (LMCA) originating from the opposite aortic sinus. This defect usually presents as sudden death in a healthy young adult immediately after exercise. We report a case of reimplantation of an anomalous LMCA, discovered in a 15-yr-old girl during investigations for atypical chest pain. The intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed that the anomalous LMCA originated from the right aortic sinus. The anomalous LMCA was reimplanted to the left aortic sinus, but the patient could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass because of severe hypotension. The TEE demonstrated severe regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) in the territory of the LMCA with akinesis of the septal, antero-septal, anterior, and lateral walls. Using TEE, flow could not be seen in the reimplanted LMCA, hence, the differential diagnosis was established as failed reimplantation of the LMCA, coronary air embolism, or poor myocardial preservation, but the latter two causes were extremely unlikely. Surgical inspection of the reimplanted LMCA did not reveal a correctable problem. A left internal mammary artery to proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery graft was completed with resolution of the previous RWMA. Recovery of function in the lateral wall confirmed retrograde flow from the LAD into the circumflex artery. Transesophageal echocardiography was critical in rapidly determining the cause of hemodynamic instability following this uncommon operation. Despite the availability of newer techniques to detect and quantify RWMA, the assessment of wall motion and contractility remains subjective.
The Thirteenth Amendment and the Regulation of Custom

Custom is an underdeveloped concept in Thirteenth Amendment jurisprudence. While a substantial body of work has explored the technical meaning of custom as it applies to § 1983 and, to a lesser extent, Congress’s power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment, few scholars have offered sustained treatment of custom as a way to understand the meaning and scope of the Thirteenth Amendment. This gap exists despite the fact that Congress specifically identified custom as a subject of regulation when it passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and despite the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment operates directly on the behavior of private parties. The fact that the Thirteenth Amendment can be applied to custom has important implications for how the Amendment should be construed. In particular, the concept of custom — especially as it relates to practices that upheld the slave system in the South — helps give shape and content to the other undefined terms the Thirteenth Amendment has generated: the “badges,” “incidents,” and “relics” of slavery. Ultimately, the concept of custom can help guide policymakers and judges who must consider the scope, the limitations, and the continuing relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment in the twenty-first century.
Abstract 18070: Disparities in Advanced Heart Failure Therapy

Background and Objective: Disparities in healthcare delivery are increasingly recognized. In this study, we explored disparities based on gender, race, age, region, and hospital type, in receiving advanced heart failure therapies (AHFT) defined as mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and heart transplantation (HT). Methods: Using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer inpatient health care database in the United States, we identified all hospitalizations between 2005-2011 for patients 18-85 years old, with the diagnosis of congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or cardiogenic shock, and with no known contraindications to AHFT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the likelihood of receiving AHFT based on gender (men versus women), race (White versus Black, Hispanic, or others), age (≤50 versus 51-70 or ≥71 years old), hospital type (teaching versus non teaching), and geographic region (West versus Northeast, Mid-west, or South). Results: A tota...
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

The most salient factor in the business of exploiting children is sexual exploitation. Commercialized sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) can more easily be understood as a form of commercialized child abuse; it is the sexual commodification of children’s bodies for the purposes of monetary or material gain. CSEC is a general categorization that includes more specific forms of commercialized sexual abuse such as child trafficking, prostitution, pornography, and sex tourism. In addition to these more commonly researched forms of CSEC, the traveling of child offenders and the subsequent enticement of youth to engage in illegal sexual activity is a form of exploitation underrepresented in research; however, it represents a significant threat to youth.
Molecular localization of allogeneic and self determinants recognized by bulk and clonal populations of cytotoxic T cells

The localization of MHC-encoded determinants recognized by hapten- and allo-specific cytotoxic T cells was analyzed with the use of cell lines expressing recombinant H-2Dd and H-2Ld MHC products. Bulk cultures of CTL against TNP-self, FITC-self, and AED-self recognized self determinants associated with the N/C1 domains of both Dd and Ld products. A number of allo- and hapten-specific CTL clones were also tested for recognition of the recombinant MHC products. The allo clones specific for Ld or Dd antigens recognized the respective N/C1-associated determinants. In addition, all clones generated against H-2q and known to cross-react with H-2Dd antigens recognized determinants associated with the N/C1-associated Dd determinants. Thus, some of the results obtained with CTL parallel, whereas others contrast with, those findings obtained with monoclonal anti-H-2 antibodies. Similar to the observations made with the monoclonal antibodies, no determinant as defined by T cells has been found to be lost as a result of the interaction between the N/C1 and C2/M domains of the Ld and Dd proteins. Nor did our studies detect the presence of new antigens resulting from the interaction of these gene products. However, the present T cell findings continue to contrast previous results demonstrating that antibody interaction with class I products includes recognition of C2/M-associated epitopes.
Reconceptualizing Reactivity of Think‐Alouds and Eye Tracking: Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence of Absence

This study extends previous reactivity research on the cognitive effects of think-alouds to include eye-tracking methodology. Unlike previous studies, we supplemented traditional superiority tests with equivalence tests, because only the latter are conceptually appropriate for demonstrating non-reactivity. Advanced learners of English read short English texts embedded with pseudo words in an eye-tracking (n = 28), a think-aloud (n = 28), or a silent control condition (n = 46). Results indicated that neither eye-tracking nor thinking aloud affected text comprehension. In terms of vocabulary recognition, thinking aloud had a small, positive effect, and the results for eye-tracking were mixed. We discuss challenges and opportunities of equivalence testing and explore ways to improve study quality more generally in second language acquisition research.
A chimeric mechanism for polyvalent trans-phosphorylation of PKA by PDK1.

Phosphorylation on the activation loop of AGC kinases is typically mediated by PDK1. The precise mechanism for this in-trans phosphorylation is unknown; however, docking of a hydrophobic (HF) motif in the C-tail of the substrate kinase onto the N-lobe of PDK1 is likely an essential step. Using a peptide array of PKA to identify other PDK1-interacting sites, we discovered a second AGC-conserved motif in the C-tail that interacts with PDK1. Since this motif (FD(X)1-2Y/F) lies in the active site tether region and in PKA contributes to ATP binding, we call it the Adenosine binding (Ade) motif. The Ade motif is conserved as a PDK1-interacting site in Akt and PRK2, and we predict it will be a PDK1-interacting site for most AGC kinases. In PKA, the HF motif is only recognized when the turn motif Ser338 is phosphorylated, possibly serving as a phosphorylation ''switch'' that regulates how the Ade and HF motifs interact with PDK1. These results demonstrate that the extended AGC C-tail serves as a polyvalent element that trans- regulates PDK1 for catalysis. Modeling of the PKA C-tail onto PDK1 structure creates two chimeric sites; the ATP binding pocket, which is completed by the Ade motif, and the C-helix, which is positioned by the HF motif. Together, they demonstrate substrate-assisted catalysis involving two kinases that have co-evolved as symbiotic partners. The highly regulated turn motifs are the most variable part of the AGC C-tail. Elucidating the highly regulated cis and trans functions of the AGC tail is a significant future challenge.