cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Registering the Amica electronic structure code in the Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment

We describe the integration and use of the Amica software package (“Atoms & Molecules In Chemical Accuracy”) within the Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment (Ecce). Amica is capable of accurately solving the electronic Schrodinger equation of small atoms and molecules using terms that are linear in the interelectronic distances, r12, on multireference level of theory, but it requires expert knowledge to configure and execute its algorithms. Ecce is a comprehensive suite of tools that support the computational chemistry research processes of computation setup, execution, and analysis through a convenient graphical user interface. Additionally, Ecce was architected with mechanisms to integrate alternative electronic structure codes. The successful integration of Amica within Ecce validates the architecture of the latter and brings the high-accuracy capabilities of Amica to a wider audience. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 214–225, 2005
Supersymmetric Bracket Algebra and Invariant Theory

In this section we review some definitions and results in Ref. 9, pp 1–11. Roughly speaking, the supersymmetric algebra is a generalization of the ordinary algebra of polynomials in a set L of variables. Our variables shall be of two kinds: positively signed and negatively signed L=L +∪L −.
Life history invariants, age at maturity and the ferox trout

Data on brown trout in Norway and on Arctic char in Norway, Iceland, Greenland or Canada are used to make three points about life-history invariants. First, invariants constructed from adaptive programmes of development that are conditioned on growth and mortality rates are more complicated than those constructed solely on the basis of dimensional analysis, but are more consistent with the data. Second, if one allows the possibility of escaping a size ceiling (e.g. by switching from planktivory to piscivory) ‘ferox trout’ — brown trout that are exceptionally large and long lived — are predicted with the theory only if mortality is size dependent and the growth rate on food sources with different asymptotic sizes differs. Third, a successful empirical approach for finding life-history invariants can be more fully understood as the result of adaptive programmes of development.
Moral relativism and deontic logic

If a native of India asserts “Killing cattle is wrong” and a Nebraskan asserts “Killing cattle is not wrong”, and both judgments agree with their respective moralities and both moralities are internally consistent, then the moral relativist says both judgments are fully correct. At this point relativism bifurcates. One branch which we call content relativism denies that the two people are contradicting each other. The idea is that the content of a moral judgment is a function of the overall moral point of view from which it proceeds. The second branch which we call truth value relativism affirms that the two judgments are contradictory. Truth value relativism appears to be logically incoherent. How can contradictory judgments be fully correct? For though there will be a sense of correctness in which each judgment is correct — namely by that of being correct relative to the morality relative to which each was expressed — if contradictory, the judgments cannot both be true, and thus cannot both be correct in this most basic sense of correctness. We defend truth value relativism against this sort of charge of logical incoherence by showing it can be accommodated by the existing semantical metatheories of deontic logic. Having done this we go on to argue that truth value relativism is the best version of relativism.
Parsing in parallel

The paper is a description of a parallel model for natural language parsing, and a design for its implementation on the Hypercube multiprocessor. The parallel model is based on the Semantic Definite Clause Grammar formation and integrates syntax and semantics through the communication of processes. The main processess, of which there are six, contain either purely syntactic or purely semantic information, giving the advantage of simple, transparent algorithms dedicated to only one aspect of parsing. Communication between processes is used to impose semantic constraints on the syntactic processes.
Compressional effects in the capillary flow of polycarbonate

Recently, the characteristics for pressure corrections in capillary flow have been detailed. The apparent viscosity increases with increasing capillary shear rate for polystyrene and for poly(methyl methacrylate) have been previously explained using free volume theory. These general methods have been developed further in this work and applied to the non-Newtonian flow of a new system, the polycarbonate of bisphenol A. The pressure correction for up to 2 kilobars will be shown to linearize the capillary pressure drop versus the parameter L/D, capillary length over diameter. This correction eliminates the viscosity difference due to variations in L/D ratio. It is also observed that the zero-shear viscosity obtained by the extrapolation of the corrected capillary flow curves agrees well with new and independent data on the same polycarbonate obtained using a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The flow data have been compared with theories and with earlier published data on the same polymer. The two sets of data are not concordant. These new and corrected shear-dependent data are, however, shown to be expressed qualitatively by the theory of Graessley, using the most probable molecular weight distribution.
SU‐GG‐T‐542: Accurate Spine SBRT Setup with Properly Aligned MV and CBCT Image Systems

Purpose: Spine SBRT requires high accuracy and precision in treatment setup. It is not well known how to achieve the required patient setup accuracy. We hypothesized that with properly aligned MV EPID and CBCT systems, highly accurate spine setup can be achieved reliably with a three‐stage image‐guided setup process. Method: We used Trilogy with OBI/CBCT imagers for the spine SBRTtreatment. At treatment setup, we first took AP and Lat KV images to align the patient with DRRimages to bring the planning isocenter near the radiation isocenter. Then we acquired CBCTimages, to ensure no excessive patient rotation occurred and to determine the shifts aligned with planning CT using 3D match tools. After the shifts were made, we took AP and Lat MV portal images using EPID with a graticule plate to determine if the patient setup was correct compared to reference DRR. Both CBCT isocenter and the physical graticule were aligned within about 0.5 mm from radiation isocenter. Periodic QA tests were done to monitor the imager alignments. Prior to planning, the planning isocenter was placed strategically so that bony landmarks were aligned with centimeter tick marks in AP and lateral DRRimages, where the graticule BB are located in MV images. The CBCT and MV EPID setup were performed with the assumption that abnormalities might occur in each step. Results: A total of 37 consecutive ambulant spine patients were treated in 64 sessions. The discrepancies between MV and CBCT setups were (x, y, z in mm): 0.0±0.5, −0.3±0.6, −0.1±0.4. The maximum deviation was 2 mm in each direction. Conclusion: With properly aligned imaging systems and the three‐stage setup process, we can achieve agreement of within 1 mm along each axis at about 95% confident index between MV and CBCT setups.
Effect of cloned Salmonella typhimurium enterotoxin on rabbit intestinal motility

We analysed the small intestine myoelectric responses of anesthetized New Zealand albino rabbits to Escherichia coli lysates containing an enterotoxin cloned from Salmonella typhimurium. Migrating action potential complex, which consisted of rapid bursts of action potentials and secretion of fluid, was observed only in ileal loops injected with the enterotoxin-containing lysate. Migrating action potential complex produced by Stn usually propagated aborally, which was typical of cholera toxin, but orad or bidirectional propagation occurred from a single point of origin when activity was intense. Gell lysates from an E. coli clone containing vectors alone, as well as proximal control segments injected with phosphate-buffered saline, gave neither a change in motility nor fluid secretion. These results show that Stn caused dramatic changes in intestinal motility and substantial fluid production.
A robust detailed placement for mixed-size IC designs

The rapid increase in IC design complexity and wide-spread use of intellectual-property (IP) blocks have made the so-called mixed-size placement a very important topic in recent years. Although several algorithms have been proposed for mixed-sized placements, most of them primarily focus on the global placement aspect. In this paper we propose a three-step approach, named XDP, for mixed-size detailed placement. First, a combination of constraint graph and linear programming is used to legalize macros. Then, an enhanced greedy method is used to legalize the standard cells. Finally, a sliding-window-based cell swapping is applied to further reduce wirelength. The impact of individual techniques is analyzed and quantified. Experiments show that when applied to the set of global placement results generated by APlace (Kahng and Wang, 2004), XDP can produce wirelength comparable to the native detailed placement of APlace, and 3% shorter wire-length compared to Fengshui 5.0 (Agnitori et al., 2005). When applied to the set of global placements generated by mPL6 (Chan et al., 2005), XDP is the only detailed placement that successfully produces legal placement for all the examples, while APlace and Fengshui fail for 4/9 and 1/3 of the examples. For cases where legal placements can be compared, the wirelength produced by XDP is shorter by 3% on average compared to APlace and Fengshui. Furthermore, XDP displays a higher robustness than the other tools by covering a broader spectrum of examples by different global placement tools.
Golay's paradox: Linear versus non-linear chromatography

Abstract Golay in 1964 posed the paradox that it should theoretically be possible to conduct an operation of single-component chromatography with linear isotherm and high column loading in such a way that the entropy of the system is decreased. The paradox is resolved by showing that the concentration dependence of the flow-rate, invoked by Golay, renders the system non-linear despite the linear isotherm. The result of the non-linearity is that one of the concentration variations spreads, instead of remaining sharp as it would in linear chromatography and as was assumed by Golay, This spreading negates the entropy decrease.
Distribution and hepatic metabolism of pregnanolone in the rat

Abstract Studies in the rat of pregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-20-one), a pharmacologically active metabolite of progesterone, indicated rapid transformation to more polar metabolites. Ten min after intravenous administration, high concentrations were found in the liver, intestine and fat. Over 6 hr, amounts in the intestine increased whereas levels in all other tissues declined rapidly. Only 8 per cent of the injected dose appeared in the urine. Altering the activity of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system had little effect on the duration of pregnanolone-induced hypnosis as compared to significantly decreased duration of progesterone or pentobarbital hypnosis. It was proposed that redistribution rather than hepatic metabolism was the principle mechanism for termination of the hypnotic effect of pregnanolone and that the major route of metabolism was the excretion of conjugates of pregnanolone and its hydroxylated metabolites into the intestine.
Leveraging platoon dispersion for Sybil detection in vehicular networks

A Sybil attack is one where an adversary assumes multiple identities with the purpose of defeating the trust of an existing reputation system. When Sybil attacks are launched in vehicular networks, an added challenge in detecting malicious nodes is mobility that makes it increasingly difficult to tie a node to the location of attacks. In this paper, we present an innovative protocol for Sybil detection in vehicular networks. Considering that vehicular networks are cyber-physical systems integrating cyber and physical components, our technique exploits well grounded results in the physical (i.e., transportation) domain to tackle the Sybil problem in the cyber domain. Compared to existing works that rely on additional cyber hardware support, or complex cryptographic primitives for Sybil detection, the key innovation in our protocol is leverage the theory of platoon dispersion that models the physics of naturally occurring dispersion in roads. Specifically, our technique employs a certain number of roadside units that periodically collect reports from vehicles regarding their physical neighborhood as they move in roads. Leveraging from existing models of platoon dispersion, we design a protocol to detect anomalously close neighborhoods that are reflective of Sybil attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work integrating a well established theory in transportation engineering for detecting cyber space attacks in vehicular networks. The resulting protocol is naturally simple, efficient and performs very well.
Tests for Multiple Peaks in the Spectra of Categorical Time Series

A Fisher's-type test for the significance of peaks in the spectra of categorical time series is developed. This test extends to peaks other than the maximum. The test was based on the Walsh–Fourier periodogram, which is more suitable for data which exhibit sharp jumps rather than smooth curves. The test is applied to a data set of neonatal sleep patterns, which have previously been shown to contain at least two clinically interesting periods.
Hematopoietic Radiation Syndrome in the Gottingen Minipig

Abstract Additional large animal models for the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) would facilitate countermeasure development. We demonstrate here that Gottingen minipigs develop hematopoietic ARS symptoms similar to those observed in canines, non-human primates (NHPs) and humans. Dosimetry for whole-body γ irradiation (0.6 Gy/min) was performed using electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) with alanine; National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-calibrated alanine pellets and water-filled Plexiglas phantoms were used. After irradiations of 1.6–2.0 Gy, blood pancytopenia was observed for several weeks, accompanied by the characteristic ARS stages: prodromal symptoms, latent period, illness and recovery or morbidity. Morbidity occurred between days 14 and 27, with a preliminary LD50/30 estimate between 1.7 and 1.9 Gy. The criterion of whether platelet counts were <200 × 103/µl 7 days postirradiation predicted whether animals would survive in 18 out of 20 cases. The degree of granulocytosis 3 h post...
An experimental investigation of propeller wakes using a laser Doppler velocimeter

The results of experimental investigations on three single rotation propellers are summarized in this paper. Force measurements showed a definite improvement in efficiency at low advance ratios and in static operation due to use of proplets. Extensive velocity measurements were made using a LDV system. The large amounts of data gathered are presented to reveal clearly the tip vortex streaming back from the propeller. The velocities were also processed using momentum theorem to obtain the thrust and power radial distributions as well as the integrated thrust and power coefficients. The thrust coefficient compared well with force measurements and theoretical prediction from vortex lattice and Goldstein analysis. However, the power coefficient calculated from the momentum analysis was consistently lower than the theoretical or measured values. The measured velocities were also used to compute the vorticity and the trajectory of the tip vortex in the wake behind the propeller.
On some detection and estimation problems in heavy-tailed noise

We consider the problem of estimating the parameters of a linear process with stable innovations; the linear system may be non-causal and have mixed-phase (i.e., poles and/or zeros may be inside or outside the unit circle). We show that self-normalized fourth-order moments exist, can be consistently estimated, and lead to consistent estimates of the ARMA model parameters. In the context of estimating the parameters of finite variance (or deterministic) signals observed in alpha-stable noise, we show that conventional correlation-based schemes can be used provided that the noisy data have been pre-processed by passing them through a generic zero-memory non-linearity which serves to clip the noise. We demonstrate this through applications to harmonic retrieval and direction of arrival estimation. The idea is also seen to be useful in estimating the underlying correlation matrix of a sub-Gaussian stable process. These pre-processing ideas are also shown to be useful in the context of detection and classification, and to outperform standard approaches. Numerical results related to the Fisher information and Cramer-Rao bounds are also presented.
Electroelastic Analysis of Piezoelectric Laminated Structures

A two-dimensional electroelastic formulation is developed to study the response of piezoelectric laminated structures. The methodology is based on a state space formulation where a particular collection of elastic and electrical variables is used to determine the behavior of layered structures subjected to arbitrary loading conditions. The application of this methodology in the area of multilayer electromechanical devices and of adaptive or smart structures is discussed.
Destabilization of fluidized beds due to agglomeration part I: Theoretical model

This is the first part of a series of two papers to study the agglomeration phenomenon which causes destabilization of certain low and high temperature fluidized beds. A theoretical model is proposed to determine the conditions under which defluidization occurs in fluidized beds in which cohesion forces between granules arise due to the presence of sticky fluids and/or high temperatures. Such bonding mechanisms between particles as solid—liquid bridges, visco-elastic flattening and high temperature sintering are considered. The theoretical model predicts breakup of aggregates in the bed due to forces generated by bubble motion. The theoretical results are compared with experimental measurements in Part II of the paper. Ceci est la premiere partie d'une serie de deux articles dans lesquels on etudie le phenomene d'agglomeration qui produit la destabilisation de certains lits fluidises a basse et a haute temperature. On propose un modele theorique afin de determiner les conditions dans lesquelles la defluidisation survient dans des lits fluidises, les forces de cohesion entre les granules apparaissent du fait de la presence de fluides adhesifs et/ou de temperatures elevees. On considere divers mecanismes de liaison entre les particules, tels que pontages solide—liquid, aplatissement viscoelastique et frittage a temperature elevee. Le modele theorique prevoit la rupture des agregats dans le lit, du fait des forces generees par le mouvement des bulles. Les resultats theoriques et les mesures experimentales seront comparees dans la seconde partie du travail.
MAKING SENSE OF FREQUENCY

Nick Ellis's article is impressive for its breadth of scholarship and the cogent case made for frequency as an important factor in second language acquisition (SLA). This response begins with a brief historical sketch, which aims to contextualize the frequency factor in terms of the evolution of SLA research. Although researchers have known about a frequency effect for some time, until recently, we have lacked neurologically plausible models and technologically convenient means of measuring and testing frequency effects in input. Still, as relevant and important as a frequency factor is, it requires greater definition and qualification. For instance, L2 learners are agents of their own learning process. They do not merely record frequency; they categorize frequently occurring patterns, abstract, and generalize from them. Higher level generalizations emerge from interactions, impose top-down expectancies on future data, and, in turn, are altered by the data in a perpetually dynamic interplay. In a similar fashion, it is incumbent on SLA researchers not to be satisfied with a frequency explanation, but to interpret it—in short, to make sense of frequency.
The physiological resilience of fern sporophytes and gametophytes: advances in water relations offer new insights into an old lineage

Ferns are some of the oldest vascular plants in existence and they are the second most diverse lineage of tracheophytes next to angiosperms. Recent efforts to understand fern success have focused on the physiological capacity and stress tolerance of both the sporophyte and the gametophyte generations. In this review, we examine these insights through the lens of plant water relations, focusing primarily on the form and function of xylem tissue in the sporophyte, as well as the tolerance to and recovery from drought and desiccation stress in both stages of the fern life cycle. The absence of secondary xylem in ferns is compensated by selection for efficient primary xylem composed of large, closely arranged tracheids with permeable pit membranes. Protection from drought-induced hydraulic failure appears to arise from a combination of pit membrane traits and the arrangement of vascular bundles. Features such as tracheid-based xylem and variously sized megaphylls are shared between ferns and more derived lineages, and offer an opportunity to compare convergent and divergent hydraulic strategies critical to the success of xylem-bearing plants. Fern gametophytes show a high degree of desiccation tolerance but new evidence shows that morphological attributes in the gametophytes may facilitate water retention, though little work has addressed the ecological significance of this variation. We conclude with an emergent hypothesis that selection acted on the physiology of both the sporophyte and gametophyte generations in a synchronous manner that is consistent with selection for drought tolerance in the epiphytic niche, and the increasingly diverse habitats of the mid to late Cenozoic.
SPEC hashing: Similarity preserving algorithm for entropy-based coding

Searching approximate nearest neighbors in large scale high dimensional data set has been a challenging problem. This paper presents a novel and fast algorithm for learning binary hash functions for fast nearest neighbor retrieval. The nearest neighbors are defined according to the semantic similarity between the objects. Our method uses the information of these semantic similarities and learns a hash function with binary code such that only objects with high similarity have small Hamming distance. The hash function is incrementally trained one bit at a time, and as bits are added to the hash code Hamming distances between dissimilar objects increase. We further link our method to the idea of maximizing conditional entropy among pair of bits and derive an extremely efficient linear time hash learning algorithm. Experiments on similar image retrieval and celebrity face recognition show that our method produces apparent improvement in performance over some state-of-the-art methods.
Design and scaling of microscale Tesla turbines

We report on the scaling properties and loss mechanisms of Tesla turbines and provide design recommendations for scaling such turbines to the millimeter scale. Specifically, we provide design, fabrication and experimental data for a low-pressure head hydro Tesla micro-turbine. We derive the analytical turbine performance for incompressible flow and then develop a more detailed model that predicts experimental performance by including a variety of loss mechanisms. We report the correlation between them and the experimental results. Turbines with 1?cm rotors, 36% peak efficiency (at 2?cm3?s?1?flow) and 45 mW unloaded peak power (at 12?cm3?s?1?flow) are demonstrated. We analyze the causes for head loss and shaft power loss and derive constraints on turbine design. We then analyze the effect of scaling down on turbine efficiency, power density and rotor revolutions/min. Based on the analysis, we make recommendations for the design of ?1?mm microscale Tesla turbines.
Level I and level II abilities in Asian, white, and black children

Abstract All the Asian-American, white, and black children in grades 2 through 6 in a California school district were given a battery of tests including measures of IQ, scholastic achievement, and short-term memory. Factor analysis of the tests yielded two main factors identified as Level I (memory) and Level II (general intelligence) in Jensen's system. The three ethnic groups were compared with one another on uncorrelated Level I and Level II factor scores. At every grade level, bivariate means of the three groups occupy distinctly different quadrants in the factor space. Asians and whites differ on Level I (A B) but not on Level I. Whites and blacks differ (W > B) on both Levels I and II, but the white-black difference on Level I is less than one fourth as large as the white-black difference on Level II. A similar pattern of group differences is found for scores on tests of memory and nonverbal IQ. Scholastic achievement shows much smaller correlations with the Level I than with the Level II factor.
Conformational studies on pyrimidine 5'-monophosphates and 3',5'-diphosphates. Effect of the phosphate groups on the backbone conformation of polynucleotides

In continuation of our studies on the effect of the base and the phosphate groups on the glycosyl and the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation, we have carried out semi-empirical potential energy calculations on the common 5'- and 3'5'-ribopyrimidine mono- and diphosphates by considering simultaneous rotations about the glycosyl (χ ) and the C(4')-C(5') (ψ ) bonds. This calculation provides an assessment of the nature and orientation of the base on the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation of nucleotides and polynucleotides. It is found that the attractive inetractions between the 5'-phosphate group and the base mutually stabilize the antiand the gauche-gauche (gg) conformations about χ and ψ , respectively, in 5'-ribopyrimidine nucleotides. The introduction of the 3'-phosphate group as in 3',5'-ribopyrimidine diphosphates, still leaves the anti-gg as the most favored conformation with the important difference that the probability of occurrence of the anti, gauche-trans (gt) is how substantially increased. This is dependent to a large extent on the sugar conformation and to a lesser extent on the base. Uracil and thymine show a greater probability for the anti-gt than cytosine. The syn conformation is considerably less likely and its occurrence is also dependent on the base type, cytosine showing a lesser tendency than uracil and thymine. For the syn base, the most favourec conformation for ψ is gt, since gg is sterically disallowed and tg is destabilized by electrostatic repulsive interactions between the 3' and 5'-phosphate groups. Thus, there is a striking correlation between the glycoysl and the backbone C(4')-C(5') bond conformations. The rest of the bonds of the backbone are considerable less dependent on the glycosyl conformation. These studies reveal that in poly-ribopyrimidine nucletides the majority of the nucleotide residues are expected to occur in the anti-gg conformation.
Effect of Surface Finish on Structural Ceramic Failure

The relation between fracture strength and surface finish of brittle nonmetallic materials was examined and related to surface-crack theory. Specimens used in an experimental illustration were made of a commercially available 96%-pure alumina with an average grain size of 3.8 μm and a porosity of about 6%. Several groups of specimens, each having a different surface finish, were used in a biaxial ball-and-ring
A Tutorial on the Planning of Experiments

This tutorial outlines the basic procedures for planning experiments within the context of the scientific method.
A purkinje cell differentiation marker shows a partial dna sequence homology to the cellular sis/pdgf2 gene.

To search for genes involved in determining the morphology of individual neuronal types, a cDNA library was constructed from postnatal day 13 mouse cerebellum. From this library, 2 clones, L7 and L19, were isolated by a differential hybridization procedure and shown by in situ hybridization to be Purkinje cell-specific within the cerebellum. Both RNAs appear between postnatal days 4 and 8 and continue into adulthood, coinciding with terminal differentiation of the Purkinje cells. L7 seems to be expressed exclusively in the cerebellum, whereas L19 is expressed throughout the brain. Consistent with the RNA localization, L7 protein is found only in the cerebellum and is confined to the Purkinje cells. The L7 amino acid sequence has been deduced from the cDNA sequence, and a pseudo-repeat within the L7 protein sequence is homologous to the amino acids sequence in the primary translation product of the gene for human sis/PDGF.
Mechanisms underlying the formation of the T cell receptor repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract The contributions of germline-encoded T cell receptor segments and of HLA-DR polymorphisms in shaping the repertoire of human CD4 + CD45RO − T cells were investigated in healthy unrelated Individuals and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, an HLA-DRB1 ∗ 04associated disease. By comparing frequencies of Vβ-Jβ combinations, healthy Individuals segregated into independent clusters, which strongly correlated with the HLA-DRB1 allele expression. The repertoire finger-print imposed by the HLA-DRB1 alleles involved only a selected group of Jβ elements, whereas the distribution of the other Jβ segments was HLA Independent. The HLA-restricted Jβ elements are characterized by a Gly-Pro-Gly sequence within the conserved PheGly-X-Gly motif, which induces rigidity in an otherwise more flexible protein backbone. The T cell receptor repertoire distinguished patients with RA from healthy HLA-DR-matched individuals, suggesting that patients share a selection mechanism that significantly distorts the composition of the T cell receptor repertoire.
Hopping transporters for lunar exploration.

Proposed manned lunar roving and flying mobility systems are severely limited in speed and/or pay load capabilities. Recently, a hopping transporter design concept was introduced which could offer conservative use of fuel and high average speed. As a first step toward practical application of such devices, an investigation of feasibility, with respect to performance capabilities, was carried out. Results were obtained by studying dynamic characteristics of somewhat idealized hopping vehicle configurations. Two schematic designs were investigated. One is a single-man device assumed to be of minimum complexity and mass, transportable with Apollo crews. The other design is a multiman transporter capable of making long-range and duration explorations of the lunar surface. Influencing factors affecting vehicle design and operation are considered and hop performance calculations discussed. Results indicate that hopping transporters may provide excellent performance for lunar exploration missions.
Party Integration and Party Organizational Strength

In this article, we consider the relationship of party organizational strength and state-national party integration. Specifically, we examine the thesis that national party organizations have made an important contribution to the strengthening of state party organizations. We test the hypothesis that state party organizational strength is a function of national party organization building efforts. Finally, we conclude by speculating on the implications of different development patterns for the performance of traditional party functions and the maintenance of the existing party system.
Consequentialism and the Wrong Kind of Reasons: A Reply to Lang

In his article ‘The Right Kind of Solution to the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem’, Gerald Lang formulates the buck-passing account of value so as to resolve the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem. I argue against his formulation of buck-passing. Specifically, I argue that his formulation of buck-passing is not compatible with consequentialism (whether direct or indirect), and so it should be rejected.
Stability of frosts in the solar system

Calculations on the stability of various frosts (against evaporation) for solar system objects in circular and elliptical orbits are made. It is found that the stability of these frosts is dependent on the rate of rotation of the object, the latitude of the area on the object being considered, and the eccentricity of the orbit as well as its mean distance from the sun. These factors greatly influence the amount of solar radiation incident and reradiated from a given area on the object. The likelihood of finding these frosts on the surfaces of objects and the lifetimes of objects composed of these frosts is discussed.
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase induces protease-dependent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.

Abstract Background & Aims: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is under investigation as a therapeutic target for cancers. Colon cancer cell lines are variably dependent on autocrine stimulation of EGFR. We therefore examined the effects of a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PD 153035, on proliferation and survival of five colon cancer cell lines whose autonomous proliferation is either EGFR ligand dependent or EGFR ligand independent. Methods: Effects of inhibitors were screened by MTS growth assays, [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay, fluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting, and in vitro protease assays. Results: PD 153035 caused dose-dependent cytostasis (200 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L) and apoptosis (>10 μmol/L) in ligand-dependent cell lines and caused variable apoptosis (>10 μmol/L) but no cytostasis in ligand-independent cell lines. Apoptosis induced by 10 μmol/L PD 153035 was not associated with induction of p53 protein expression but was accompanied by activation of caspases that cleave poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, lamin B 1 , and Bcl-2. Inhibition of caspase 3–like protease activity by DEVD-fluoromethylketone significantly delayed the onset of PD 153035–induced apoptosis. Conclusions: The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD 153035 induces cytostasis and caspase-dependent apoptosis in EGFR ligand-dependent colon cancer cell lines. These observations encourage further investigation of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of colorectal neoplasms. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;114:930-939
Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions for the (2 + 1)-dimensional Burgers equations

Abstract In this work we study the (2 + 1)-dimensional Painleve integrable Burgers equation. Multiple kink solutions and multiple singular kink solutions are formally derived for this equation. The analysis depends mainly on the Hirota’s bilinear method.
State planning for community mental health programs: Implications for psychologists

Official planning bodies in every state are engaged in an intensive two-year analysis of public and voluntary mental health programs. This planning is an integral part of the national effort to provide community mental health services to regions of 75,000 to 200,000 persons. Experiences in establishing and operating the Massachusetts Planning Project are described. Particular attention is paid to the manner in which broad citizen and professional participation has been obtained. Implications for the future functioning of mental health professionals are highlighted. Specific reference is made to the profound crises confronting psychologists and their professional organizations.
Self-pumped phase conjugation and four-wave mixing in 0 degrees - and 45 degrees -cut n-type BaTiO(3):Co.

Relatively fast self-pumped phase-conjugate and four-wave-mixing rise times are reported in n-type cobalt-doped barium titanate. With the crystal oriented in a 45-deg cut as compared with the same crystal in a 0-deg cut we find a factor of 3 decrease in the 0-90-percent rise time to 800 ms with 25-mW input power at 514.5 nm. Also, the self-pumped phase-conjugate reflectivity increases from 20 to 40 percent. We deduce that the phase conjugation is from internally seeded stimulated photorefractive backscattering. The four-wave-mixing rise time of the 45-deg-cut crystal is 4 ms with a reflectivity of 48 percent when the pumping beams are derived from self-pumped phase conjugation that has an input power of 25 mW.
Planting Seeds: Including Nanotechnology Education into Engineering Curricula

As part of a Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education program funded by NSF, a team of faculty at Michigan Technological University has developed a suite of educational and research experiences intended to introduce undergraduate students to the exciting prospects and challenges of nanoscale science and engineering. Although open to all students, the program was designed in particular for engineering students whose curricula have relatively little flexibility. Engineering students at Michigan Tech follow a common first-year curriculum, and as is true at most engineering colleges, their courses of study are highly structured. In order to bring introductory nanotechnology content to both engineering and non-engineering majors, activities were developed to fit into or to modestly supplement existing curricular frameworks. The program seeks to introduce students to three foundational aspects of work at the nanoscale: the underlying scientific principles, possible scientific and engineering applications, and the societal implications of implementation of nanotechnology. A web site ( http://nano.mtu.edu/ ) was developed as a central focal point for nano-related research activities at Michigan Tech. This paper presents additional background and discusses the challenges related to the project, a brief overview of the educational activities, a more in-depth description of those activities deemed to be the most successful, and a description of some lessons learned.
Generalized subspace pursuit for signal recovery from multiple-measurement vectors

Extension from the single-measurement vector (SMV) problem to the multiple-measurement vectors (MMV) problem is critical for compressed sensing (CS) in many applications. By increasing the number of measurement vectors, a k-jointly-sparse signal can be recovered with less stringent requirements on the signal sparsity. Simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP), an MMV extension of the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, is a widely used algorithm for the MMV problem. We noticed that for the SMV problems, the subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm outperforms OMP, so it was expected that the extension of SP to its MMV version, called simultaneous subspace pursuit (SSP) here, will easily outperform SOMP. However, we found that this direct approach does not allow the signal recovery rate to scale with the increase in the number of measurement vectors. To circumvent this, in this paper we propose the generalized subspace pursuit (GSP) algorithm, in which the number of columns to be selected in each of subspace pursuit iteration is properly chosen. Extensive simulation results confirm that the proposed GSP algorithm outperforms SOMP and SSP under various sampling matrix settings with noiseless and noisy measurements. In addition, we show the restricted isometry property (RIP)-guarantee that leads to the convergence of the proposed GSP algorithm and the uniqueness of the recovered signal.
Capsular contracture: what is it? What causes it? How can it be prevented and managed?

For more than 40 years capsular contracture has plagued plastic surgery as the most common complication of aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery. This article reviews the basis for capsular contracture and defines the methods to prevent it and treat it when it occurs. Capsular contracture is most commonly a result of a subclinical colonization of the implant pocket with bacteria. Sound techniques—including precise, atraumatic, bloodless dissection; appropriate triple antibiotic breast pocket irrigation; and minimizing any points of contamination during the procedure—have produced very low capsular contracture rates. Treatment of capsular contracture is most often surgical total capsulectomy with site change when indicated and replacement with a new implant.
Adipokinetic hormones in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae: Identification and expression of genes for two peptides and a putative receptor

Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are neuropeptides that mobilize stored fuels for flight in insects, and thus, may regulate flight by mosquitoes that transmit pathogens of human diseases. Our study of AKHs in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, identified and characterized the expression of genes encoding two AKHs, Anoga-AKH-I (pQLFTPAWa) and Anoga-AKH-II (pQVTFSRDWNAa), and a putative homolog for an AKH G-protein coupled receptor. Gene transcripts for both Anoga-AKHs and the AKH receptor were present in eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of An. gambiae. In females, these transcripts were apparent in heads and thoraces for up to 72 h after blood or sugar feeding, as revealed by RT-PCR. With immunocytochemistry, a cluster of neurosecretory cells posterior to the corpus cardiacum and specific cells in the brain and thoracic ganglia of females were immunostained with an AKH antibody, which recognizes both Anoga-AKHs. Accordingly, Anoga-AKH-I was detected in extracts of female heads and thoraces by HPLC and an AKH radioimmunoassay, whereas Anoga-AKH-II was detected only in heads.
Effect of Nanoscale Species on the Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites Subjected to Laser Pulse Heating

Polymers and polymer nanocomposites have been studied under conditions of extremely high heating rates. Traditionally, these materials have been examined by the flammability research community using methods which have heating rates on the order of 10 degrees C/min. In this study, we have examined how polypropylene-nanoclay (montmorillonite) and polypropylene-carbon nanotube nanocomposites behave subjected to heating rates on the order of one million degrees C/min when irradiated with a 1064 nm Nd-YAG variable pulse millisecond laser. Time-resolved temperature data and mass loss data was collected for each sample as well as post-mortem surface characterization using spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The analysis shows that the nanospecies are effective in providing a protective barrier that decreases the amount of degradation and mass loss to the underlying polymer material. The effect is clearly seen after irradiating with a single pulse and multiple pulses. A comparison between the performance of the nanoclay and carbon nanotube composites is given.
What, and Where, is Philippine Studies? A Response

The paper responds to the papers on Philippine Studies presented in the 126th MLA Annual Convention. The panel consists of T. Ruanni F. Tupas, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao, Cynthia Tolentino, and Vicente L. Rafael. The paper contends that what is most instructive of these papers is their cogent treatment of Philippine Studies as a problem, a mode of critical inquiry, more than a field of studies. The paper challenges scholars to explore Philippine Studies in a truly transnational perspective, to look for Filipino imaginaries beyond the United States, in unexpected sites.
In vitro activity of nonoxynol 9 on HeLa 229 cells and primary monkey cervical epithelial cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.

Abstract Nonoxynol 9 (non-9) is the active ingredient in a wide variety of vaginal contraceptive preparations. The manufacturer recommendation for optimal contraceptive practice is repeated application every 6 h. We studied the in vitro activity of non-9 against Chlamydia trachomatis (E/UW-5/Cx) and its toxicity against HeLa 229 cells and monkey cervical epithelial cells. With a contact time of 6 h, non-9 was toxic to HeLa cells at concentrations of 50 micrograms/ml or greater and to monkey cervical cells at 100 micrograms/ml or greater. Inhibitory effects of non-9 on extracellular chlamydiae were observed at concentrations of 50 micrograms/ml or greater. Inhibition of intracellular growth of chlamydiae in monkey cervical cells was observed at a nontoxic concentration of 50 micrograms/ml. Our studies show that non-9 has antichlamydial activity. However, owing to its toxicity to cervical cells in vitro, the effects of prolonged use of non-9 in vivo should be further studied.
Shedding light on the evolution of plasticity in natural populations.

Plasticity allows for changes in phenotype in response to environmental cues, often facilitating local adaptation to seasonal environments. Phenotypic plasticity alone, however, may not always be sufficient to ensure adaptation to new localities. In particular, changing cues associated with shifting seasonal regimes may no longer induce appropriate phenotypic responses in new environments (Nicotra et al. 2010). Plastic responses must thus evolve to avoid being maladaptive. To date, the extent to which plastic responses can change and the genetic mechanisms by which this can happen have remained elusive. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Blackman et al. (2011a) harness natural variation in flowering time among populations of the wild sunflower, Helianthus annuus, to demonstrate that plasticity has indeed evolved in this species. Remarkably, they are able to detect changes in gene expression that are associated with both a loss of plasticity and a reversal of the plastic response. These changes occur in two separate, but integrated, regulatory pathways controlling the transition to flowering, suggesting that complex regulatory networks that incorporate multiple environmental and developmental cues may facilitate the evolution of plastic responses. This study leverages knowledge from plant genetic models to provide a surprising level of insight into the evolution of an adaptive trait in a non-model species. Through discoveries of the roles of gene duplication and network modularity in the evolution of plastic responses, the study raises questions about the degree to which species-specific network architectures may act as a constraint to the potential of adaptation.
Surgical management and morbidity of pediatric magnet ingestions

Abstract Background Foreign body ingestion remains a common reason for emergency room visits and operative interventions in the pediatric population. Rare earth magnet ingestion represents a low percentage of all foreign bodies swallowed by children; however, magnets swallowed in multiplicity can result in severe injuries. Materials and methods Pediatric surgeons with membership in the Surgical Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics were surveyed to determine the magnitude and consequences of magnet ingestions in the pediatric population. Results About 100 (16%) participant responses reported on 99 magnet ingestions. The median age at ingestion was 3.7 y, and the majority of ingestions (71%) occurred after year 2010. Thirty-two children underwent endoscopy with successful removal in 70% of cases, and multiple magnets were found in 65% of these patients. Seventy-three children required either laparotomy (51) or laparoscopy (22) for magnet removal, and 90% of these children were discovered to have ingested more than one magnet. In addition, 17% of the children were found to have at least one perforation or fistula, and 34% of the children had multiple perforations or fistulae. Nine children required long-term care for their injuries including repeat endoscopies. One child died after hemorrhage from an esophago-aortic fistula. Conclusions These results demonstrated the increasing need for magnet regulations and public awareness to prevent potentially serious complications.