cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term experimental warming and fertilization have opposing effects on ectomycorrhizal root enzyme activity and fungal community composition in Arctic tundra

Abstract As the Arctic rapidly warms, deciduous ectomycorrhizal (EcM) shrubs are expanding across the tundra. While we know how EcM host plants respond to warming and the associated nutrient release predicted for a future Arctic, considerably less is known about how EcM function will respond, despite their important role in plant nutrient acquisition in the nutrient-limited tundra. To explore how EcM-associated nutrient cycling may change, we characterized EcM-associated root enzyme activity and community in a 28-year full factorial warming and fertilization experiment in Arctic tundra. We measured activity at the individual root tip-level (pmol⋅min−1⋅mm−2 root) and used EcM root tip abundance to scale to community-level activity (pmol⋅min−1⋅cm−3 soil). We then Sanger sequenced fungi on the same root tips to pair identity with function. Linear mixed effects models and multivariate analysis showed warming and fertilization generally had opposing, and sometimes interacting, effects on EcM root-associated activity. Responses also differed depending on the scale. Fertilization decreased activity on both scales while warming dampened the effect of fertilization. Additionally, warming increased EcM root tip abundance, and therefore community-level enzyme activity. Ectomycorrhizal root tip communities changed with fertilization, but not with warming. Changes in enzyme activity were moderately correlated with both changes in fungal community and soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations. The contrast in responses of root tip-level activity and community-level activity point to a potential shift in allocation to EcM function: whereas the production of degradative enzymes may become less important for nutrient acquisition, the exploration of the soil environment through increased number of EcM root tips may become more important. Furthermore, the future role of EcM in a warmer Arctic likely depends on the magnitude of nutrient release that comes with warming. While warming may increase the importance of EcM-associated nutrient cycling if nutrient availability remains low, it has the potential to decrease their importance if nutrient availability greatly increases.
Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) detects increased vascularity of the torn anterior cruciate ligament.

Ultrasound with superb microvascular imaging (SMI) is a novel microvascular imaging technology which may be useful to assess the vascularity of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) as a potential measure of healing potential following surgery. This study aimed to quantify the vascularity of the torn and intact ACL using ultrasound with SMI. 23 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 27.1 ± 12.8 years), who were diagnosed with an ACL tear with an intact contralateral ACL were enrolled (ACL injury group). Ten healthy volunteers (36.1 ± 4.9 years) who had intact ACLs in both knees were also recruited (ACL healthy controls). The vascularity of the ACL was assessed using SMI within 15 mm from the tibial insertion in both knees. The amount of the vascular signal was assessed using a semi-quantitative grading scale (vascularity grade: grade 0–3) and a quantified ratio of vascularized area with respect to total area of the region of interest (vascularity ratio). In the ACL injury group, a significantly higher vascularity grade and ratio were observed in the torn ACL (vascularity grade 0–3: 1, 8, 7, and 7 patients, respectively; vascularity ratio: 1.3 ± 1.4%) than the contralateral intact ACL (vascularity grade 0–3: 21, 1, 1, and 0 patients, respectively; vascularity ratio: 0.1 ± 0.5%) (P < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed between both ACLs in the ACL healthy control group. SMI was useful to assess the increased vascularity in torn ACL, which may reflect the potential for, or state of, ACL maturation following reconstruction or repair. Level III.
Nutritional Quality of Rice Endosperm

Rice is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population and provides 20% of the per capita energy and 13% of the per capita protein for humans worldwide (FAO 1980; Herdt and Palacpac 1983). In Asia, where 91% of the world’s rice is produced (FAO 1982), rice provides 35% of the energy and 28% of the protein. In addition, rice provides minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber to the diet of rice-eating people. Thus, rice plays a very important role in providing nutrients to a large segment of the world’s population. Improving its nutritional properties as well as its functional attributes through conventional means of processing and the promising techniques of genetic engineering is a continuing challenge to rice scientists.
Neuroleptic-induced acute extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia.

Neuroleptic-induced acute extrapyramidal symptoms and late-onset tardive dyskinesia are major limitations to these valuable drugs. Each of these disorders can be described by special risk factors that include patient characteristics, drug factors, and temporal considerations. Strategies for managing the acute and late-onset extrapyramidal syndromes are presented to maximize the benefits and minimize the drawbacks of neuroleptic treatments.
Microbial Life Breathes Deep

It may not seem like a hospitable habitat, but deep within the sediments of the ocean floor reside thriving communities of microbes. In his Perspective, [DeLong][1] discusses a new study of sediment cores from the equatorial Pacific Ocean ([ D'Hondt et al .][2]) that reveals surprising facts about the microbes living in this environment and the contribution of their metabolic activities to the ocean's energy cycle. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5705/2198 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5705/2216
Trehalose Synthesis during Differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum: II: IN VIVO FLUX DETERMINATIONS

The synthesis of [14C]trehalose has been studied in vivo at various stages of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. The rate of synthesis was negligible from aggregation until late in the culmination process. At that time, a 100-fold burst of synthetic activity was observed, amounting to 0.04 µmole of trehalose per min per ml of packed cells. In the course of these studies radioactive maltose was also identified as a product of [14C]glucose metabolism.
Energy Coupling in the Transport of β-Galactosides by Escherichia Coli: Effect of Proton Conductors

Escherichia coli accumulates thiomethyl-β-d-galactoside against a concentration gradient under anaerobic conditions. The accumulation was abolished by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, tetrachlorosalicylanilide, 2,4 dinitrophenol, and other uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation even though oxidative phosphorylation would not be expected to occur anaerobically. In the presence of the uncouplers, the β-galactoside carrier remained functional and catalyzed equilibration of thiomethylgalactoside across the membrane. The uncouplers did not inhibit the generation of adenosine triphosphate or protein turnover, or the accumulation of α-methylglucoside and glycerol by phosphorylation. We conclude that, at least anaerobically, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation do not interfere with energy metabolism in general, but prevent the utilization of metabolic energy for the active transport of galactosides. The uncouplers also facilitate passage of protons across the membrane. Various hypotheses are considered to explain why a proton-impermeable membrane may be required for active transport of galactosides and other substrates.
High-contrast process using a positive-tone resist with antistatic coating and high-energy (100-keV) e-beam lithography for fabricating diffractive optical elements (DOE) on quartz

Diffractive optical elements (DOE) are becoming important as optical signal processing elements in increasingly diverse applications. These elements, fabricated on quartz, may be used as phase shift type masks or as embedded components that implement a transfer function within a processing network. A process is under development for the fabrication of a DOE implementing a Jervis error diffusion kernel for research in half tone image processing. Dry etching is performed after lithography and pattern transfer through a nickel mask. This results in etched areal features on the substrate. An optical diffraction medium is thus created. Lithographic patterning is done by e-beam lithography (EBL) to realize small features, but also offers the important advantage of a large depth of field which relaxes the problem of complex surface topology. The recent availability of high energy (100 KeV) lithography tools provides a capability for precision overlay, small feature resolution, and enhanced image contrast through a lower induced proximity effect. Patterning by EBL on insulating substrates is complicated by the necessity of providing a vehicle for the avoidance of charge buildup on the surface. In a previously presented paper a methodology was shown for the use of TQV-501 (Nitto Chemical) antistatic compound as a final spin on film for use with PMMA and SAL-601 (Shipley). In this current work, a process is described using EBL and a high performance positive resist working with a final film layer of antistatic TQV-501 on a nickel coated wafer. The process may then be reapplied to realize additional lithographic levels in registration, for multilevel DOE components. High energy (100 KeV) EBL is used to provide high quality pattern definition. The e-beam sensitive resist, ZEP-320-37 (Nagase Chemical) in dilution, together with a top film layer of TQV-501 serves as a bilevel resist system and is used for patterning the desired image before definition of the nickel mask through a wet etch. ZEP- 320-37 in 1:1 dilution with the native solvent is spin applied and softbaked for 2 hours at 120 degree(s)C, after which the antistatic film is spin applied and softbaked for 10 minutes at 70 degree(s)C. After exposure, the TQV film is removed within the development procedure itself. The image is developed in xylene followed by a thorough IPA rinse. The pattern is then transferred to the nickel film via a dilute HCl etch bath. Finally, magnetron RIE is performed on the substrate through the defined nickel mask, after which the nickel film is completely removed in HCl.2438
Regulation of lipolysis and leptin biosynthesis in rodent adipose tissue by growth hormone.

The present study examined the effects of growth hormone (GH) on lipolysis and leptin release by cultured adipose tissue from rats and mice incubated for 24 hours in primary culture. A stimulation of leptin release by GH in rat adipose tissue was found in the presence of 25 nmol/L dexamethasone, and this was accompanied by a 28% increase in leptin mRNA content. GH stimulated lipolysis in rat adipose tissue in the presence of 0.1 nmol/L CL 316,243. In contrast, basal lipolysis in mouse adipose tissue was stimulated by GH, but this was not accompanied by an increase in leptin release. However, in the presence of insulin plus triiodothyronine (T 3 ), the stimulation of lipolysis by GH was abolished and GH increased leptin release. These results indicate that GH can stimulate leptin release by both mouse and rat adipose tissue in the absence of a stimulation of lipolysis. In contrast, under conditions in which lipolysis is stimulated by GH, there is no effect on leptin release.
Classification of subpopulations of neurons in the cochlear nuclei of the kangaroo rat.

Abstract This study was undertaken in order to assess the functional significance of the different cell types and different cytoarchitectural fields of the cochlear nuclei. The cochlear nuclei of the kangaroo rat can be delineated into six regions on the basis of relative densities and organization of the different soma types contained within it. Evidence is presented which indicates that the responses of neurons to tonal stimulation may be categorized on the basis of their impulse discharge patterns. The relationship between cytoarchitectural fields and discharge patterns suggests that the six areas show considerable variation in their response characteristics. In addition, neurons injected with Procion yellow could be directly correlated with their individual spike discharge patterns.
Large-scale preparation of adherent lymphokine-activated killer (A-LAK) cells for adoptive immunotherapy in man.

Stepwise counterflow centrifugal elutriation of leukapheresed human mononuclear cells (MNC) in a Beckman JE-6B rotor and J6-M/E centrifuge yielded a population highly enriched in natural killer (NK) cells (70–75% large granular lymphocytes with 10–13 times greater NK activity) at a flow rate of 38–44 ml/min using a fixed rotor speed of 3000 rpm at 27° C. However, the mean cell recovery was <1%. To obtain sufficient numbers of purified NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy, a strategy combining counterflow centrifugal elutriation with adherence of recombinant interleukin-2(rIL-2)-activated NK cells to plastic was developed. First, MNC were elutriated to give a twofold enrichment in NK cells, containing 22% Leu19+ cells, 18% large granular lymphocytes and 51 lytic units of activity against K562 targets as opposed to the unfractionated MNC containing 10% Leu19+ cells, 7% large granular lymphocytes and 26 lytic units of activity. The mean recovery was 80±15% (n=10). Further enrichment was obtained by isolation of the elutriated cells that adhered to plastic after culture for 24 h in the presence of 1000 U/ml rIL-2. The initial adherent lymphokine-activated killer (A-LAK) cells represented 1–4% of total MNC, but their subsequent expansion was at least 10–22-fold during 8–14 days in culture with 1000 U/ml rIL-2. Using this strategy, 2 × 109 normal MNC, obtained by leukapheresis, yielded 5 × 108 A-LAK cells with a total of 5.7 × 105 lytic units of cytotoxicity against K562 and a total of 3.3 × 105 lytic units against Daudi targets. This enrichment method has yielded sufficient numbers of A-LAK cells to form the basis for a phase I clinical trial of adoptive immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancer.
A reason for theoretical terms

The presence of nonobservational vocabulary is shown to be necessary for wide application of a conservative principle of theory revision.
Data Protection Using Watermarking in E-Business

In the past decade, the business community has embraced the capabilities of the Internet for a multitude of services that involve access to data and information. Of particular concern to these businesses have been the protection and authentication of digital data as it is distributed electronically. This paper proposes a novel approach that combines the reactive rule-based scheme of an active database management system (ADBMS) with the technology of digital watermarking to automatically protect digital data. The ADMBS technology facilitates the establishment of Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules that define the actions to be triggered by events under certain conditions. These actions consist of the generation of unique watermarks and the tagging of digital data with unique signatures. Watermarking is a technology that embeds, within the digital dataâ€™s context, information identifying its owner and/or creator. The integration of these two technologies is a powerful mechanism for protecting digital data in a consistent and formal manner with applications in e-business in establishing and authenticating the ownership of images, audio, video, and other digital materials.
Glycolipid biosynthesis: biosynthesis of mannose- and fucose-containing glycolipids by hela cells

Abstract 1. 1. Triton X-100 extracts of HeLa cells incorporated both [ 14 C]fucose and [ 14 C]mannose into endogenous glycolipid acceptors using GDP-[ 14 C]fucose or GDP-[ 14 C]mannose as substrates. 2. 2. Both systems had an optimum temperature of 37° and required Mg 2+ . 3. 3. Silicic acid-impregnated paper chromatography of the reaction products indicated that with each sugar a distinct glycolipid was synthesized. 4. 4. The [ 14 C]fucose system exhibited a K m of 1.9 μM with respect to GDP-fucose, and the [ 14 C]mannose system had a K m of 3.5 μM with respect to GDP-mannose. 5. 5. Using acetone precipitation it was possible to dissociate the enzyme and acceptor for each system. 6. 6. In each example the glycolipids synthesized were identified as glyco-glycerolipids and not sphingolipids or phospholipids. 7. 7. Diolein acted as an exogenous acceptor in the mannose system, while dipalmitin acted as an acceptor for the fucose system; distearin did not act as an acceptor for either sugar.
The political and institutional framework for environmental regulation in Venezuela: Implications for free trade negotiations

Abstract Venezuela is pursuing a policy of trade liberalization and economic restructuring in response to the debt crisis precipitated by the collapse of oil prices in the 1980s. Potential environmental stress due to increased economic activity driven by this process and a possible free trade agreement with the United States may surpass the capability of the government to implement effective protection of natural resources. Impediments to achieve environmental protection include the predominance of political parties in the decision making process, contradictory language in existing legislation, the dilemma of utilizing natural resources for the purposes of economic development, and political instability. Opportunities for enhancing environmental protection in Venezuela are dependent upon renewed political stability and on the emergence of social forces sufficiently strong to pressure the government and thereby strengthen its will to improve environmental protection.
Object Detection in the Presence of Clutter Using Gabor Filters

In this paper the problem of detecting objects in the presence of clutter is studied. The images considered are obtained from both visual and infrared sensors. A feature-based segmentation approach to the object detection problem is pursued, where the features used are computed over multiple spatial orientations, and frequencies. The method proceeds as follows: A given image is passed through a bank of even-symmetric Gabor filters. A selection of these filtered images is made and each (selected) filtered image is subjected to a nonlinear (sigmoidal like) transformation. Then, a measure of texture `energy' is computed in a window around each transformed image pixel. The texture `energy' features, and their spatial locations, are inputted to a least squared error based clustering algorithm. This clustering algorithm yields a segmentation of the original image -- it assigns to each pixel in the image a cluster label that identifies the amount of mean local energy the pixel possesses across the different spatial orientations, and frequencies. This method is applied on a number of visual and infrared images, every one of which contains one or more objects. The region corresponding to the object is usually segmented correctly, and a unique set of texture `energy' features is typically associated with the segment containing the object(s) of interest.
Establishment and characterization of adenoviral E1A immortalized cell lines derived from the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus

Primary cultured cells from the presumptive anlage of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were immortalized by infection with a retroviral vector encoding the adenovirus 12S E1A gene. After drug selection, the resulting neural cell lines (SCN1.4 and SCN2.2) displayed (a) extended growth potential without evidence of transformed or tumorigenic properties, (b) expression of E1A protein within all cell nuclei, and (c) heterogeneous cell types in various stages of differentiation. A large proportion of the SCN1.4 and SCN2.2 cells were characterized by gliallike morphologies, but showed limited expression of corresponding cell type-specific antigens. In addition, both lines exhibited a stable population of cells with neuronlike characteristics. When treated so as to enhance differentiation, these cells were often distinguished by fine, long processes and immunocytochemical expression of neuronal markers and peptides found within SCN neurons in situ. Observations on SCN neuropeptide immunostaining, content, release, and mRNA expression followed a concordant pattern in which somatostatin and vasopressin cells were the most and least common peptidergic phenotypes in both lines, respectively. Since these results indicate that constituents of E1A-immortalized lines derived from the primordial SCN can differentiate into cells with phenotypes resembling parental peptidergic neurons, it will be critical to explore next whether these lines also retain the distinctive function of the SCN to generate circadian rhythms. Cloning of immortalized cell types could subsequently yield useful tools for studying the development of SCN glial and peptidergic cell types and delineating their distinct roles in mammalian circadian time-keeping.
WE‐SAMS‐AUD‐02: 4D CT Scanning: Imaging and Planning

Four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D CT), also called respiratory correlated CT, was first published on, and commercially available in 2003. Since then this technology has gained widespread acceptance and clinical use. The 4D CT acquisition concept is relatively simple: acquire CT scans synchronized with the respiratory cycle such that sufficient data exists to reconstruct a volumetric image at or near a number of respiratory phases. There are a variety of commercial implementations of the basic acquisition concept. There are several limitations of 4D CT. One problem is artifacts. Though 4D CT was developed to account for the deleterious effects of respiratory motion on 3D image acquisition techniques, irregular respiratory motion causes artifacts in 4D scans. Free breathing, unlike the cardiac cycle on which the technology is based, is typically irregular and artifacts can be found in nearly all 4D CT scans with current technology. There are several strategies to deal with this irregular signal: (1) improve the regularity of the signal itself, using audio‐visual biofeedback tools, (2) during imaging only acquire data during regular cycles and (3) use post‐processing methods to reduce artifacts. Another limitation of 4D CT, at least in its application to radiotherapy, is that the time interval during which images are acquired over, ∼5 seconds per anatomic location for a ∼1 minute total scan time, is a small sample of the respiratory induced anatomic changes occurring over a course of radiotherapy, which can be between a single fraction to several weeks. Despite these limitations 4D CT has been found to be very useful for a number of applications in radiotherapy planning. 4D CT can be used for measuring target motion, and motion inclusive, respiratory gated and target tracking treatment scenarios. Fully utilizing 4D CTimages for treatment planning requires deformable image registration algorithms for automatic contour propagation and dose summation. For this application, several studies have shown that current algorithms have acceptable geometric performance with respect to expert observers. The dosimetric impact of the geometric uncertainty of deformable registration algorithms appears low. A more recent development in 4D CT is the extension to 4D cone beam CT (4D CBCT) which offers the ability for pre‐treatment anatomic position and motion verification. This application is a major innovation and will increase treatment accuracy. Residual uncertainties from anatomic changes between the time of imaging and time of treatment have been observed, and intra‐fraction position monitoring is desired to complement 4D CBCT. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the principles of 4D CTimage acquisition and reconstruction. 2. Understand the limitations of current 4D CT technology. 3. Understand the ongoing developments in 4D CT and 4D CBCTimaging. 4. Understand the application of 4D CT to treatment planning.
Winter Cyclone Frequencies over the Eastern United States and Adjacent Western Atlantic

Abstract Analyses of winter cyclone frequency and deepening rates are presented for a 10-year period over the eastern United States and western Atlantic Ocean. Results are presented for 1° latitude-longitude quadrangles. The data source was microfilmed copies of NOAA's North American Surface Charts series routinely available over facsimile every 3 h. The analyses reveal a concentration of storms in a band from Cape Hatteras to New England, over the northern edge of the Gulf Stream current, and over the eastern Great Lakes. In addition, distinct minimums of winter cyclones are evident over the Appalachian Mountain range and, to a lesser degree, over the Florida peninsula. Analysis on a similar scale of 3 h pressure changes in these cyclones indicates that deepening was most favorable over the southern Appalachians, immediate Carolina coastal strip, the northern edge of the Gulf Stream. and the eastern Great Lakes. Significant positive or negative departures from normal winter precipitation along the East C...
Public Online Failure With Crowdfunding

Kickstarter is a growing online crowdfunding platform where individuals attempt to raise funds for creative projects by leveraging their personal social networks for small financial contributions. Crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter are actively growing, with thousands of individuals attempting projects each month. While other scholarly research and the popular press has focused on the success stories from crowd- funding, the fact remains that a majority of projects fail. Little attention has focused on the majority of individuals who have run failed projects and experienced a publicly embarrassing event in the process. We see crowdfunding platforms as a unique opportunity to study and understand how individuals react to online embarrassment.
Oceanic germanium/silicon ratios: Evaluation of the potential overprint of temperature on weathering signals

[1] Diatom remains indicate the oceanic Ge/Si ratio (mmol/mol) has varied temporally, ranging from Miocene values of 0.9 to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) values of 0.55, with the present value of 0.69. These ratios lie between those for the primary sources for these elements: continental weathering (Ge/Si = 0.5) and hydrothermal fluids (Ge/Si = 11). Previous explanations for temporal variation have focused on variations in the relative strength of the primary inputs. Alternatively, the cause may be temporal variation in the relative strength of the two sinks for Ge, opal, and a nonopal sink found in margin sediments. The importance of the latter depends on the rate of opal rain to the seafloor in margin environments. As temperature decreases, opal dissolution rates in the water column decrease, permitting a larger fraction of the opal rain to reach the seafloor before dissolving. This increases the rate of Ge uptake into nonopal phases. A model calculation predicts that a decrease of 3.5� C in LGM ocean temperature should increase opal rain to the margin seafloor by a factor of 1.5; an increase of 3.5� Ci n Miocene temperature should decrease rain by a factor of 0.6. The predicted changes for Ge uptake in the nonopal sink can account for essentially all of the temporal Ge/Si variation recorded in diatoms. The absence of larger changes constrains silicate weathering rates relative to the present as 106 ± 16% during the LGM and 88 ± 12% during the mid-Miocene (15–20 Ma). However, additional uncertainty exists because some factors of potential importance remain unconstrained. INDEX TERMS: 0330 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles; 1050 Geochemistry: Marine geochemistry (4835, 4850); 1886 Hydrology: Weathering (1625); 4845 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Nutrients and nutrient cycling; 4267 Oceanography: General: Paleoceanography; KEYWORDS: germanium, silicon, weathering
Comparative trials: equivalence and differences in clinical trials

Monotherapy trials of therapeutic equivalence provide an invaluable method for comparison of licensed antiepileptic drugs. Such studies properly designed and conducted can provide valuable clinical information for selection of various options based particularly on relative efficacy safety and tolerability. Many potential problems can compromise interpretation of results. David Chadwick has described these pitfalls, but re-emphasis is not inappropriate. Recruitment and randomization of sufficient numbers of patients are probably the most important fundamental methods in design to provide the power to demonstrate that no important difference in outcome exists between two or more drugs. The definition of equivalence must be decided in advance on both a clinical and statistical basis. Many studies are too small to provide evidence of equivalence, and some are done with insufficient power to reveal differences. Another hazard in comparison studies is selection of the optimal dose, especially for new drugs in monotherapy trials. Such errors can underestimate efficacy or overemphasize adverse effects and are more likely to suggest differences than equivalence (Richens et al., 1994). Another pitfall in either difference or equivalence trials is insufficient uniformity of the study groups. Mixing populations may suggest no difference or equivalence due to an averaging of different effectiveness. Selection of a homogeneous patient group is of considerable importance. A population of mixed seizure or epilepsy types may suggest equivalence between two or more drugs. For example, in VA Coop Study c118, overall seizure control for patients with partial (localization related) epilepsy was not different for phenobarbital and carbamazepine (Mattson et al., 1985). Fortunately, it was planned to study more discrete seizure types. Carbamazepine proved more effective in providing control for partial seizures, whereas the two were not different in efficacy against tonic clonic seizures. The same principal is important for equivalence studies as for these trials conducted to reveal differences. Similarly, failures due to adverse effects in VA Coop Study c264 were not different between carbamazepine and valproate. Specifically defining the adverse effects revealed that they were not equivalent. Carbamazepine was associated with significantly more rash and valproate with weight gain and tremor (Mattson et al., 1992). A most important use of monotherapy equivalence trials is to assess new antiepileptic drugs * Tel.: +1-203-7853958; fax: +1-203-7855694. E-mail address: richard.mattson@yale.edu (R.H. Mattson).
The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977: Issues and Decisions

While the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 has much in common with previous legislation and continues the evolution of agricultural and food policy, important changes are made in grain reserves, food stamps, procedures for setting target levels, support prices, acreage bases on individual farms, as well as administration and funding of research and education. Some consequences are evident, but much will depend upon unpredictable events of weather and foreign markets. The results of the Act, as compared to no policy, are traced for consumers, producers, foreign trade, and U.S. Treasury payments, under alternative scenarios. If shortages return, much of the law becomes irrelevant.
Comparative low Reynolds number tests of NACA 64-210, NACA 0012, and Wortmann FX67-K170 airfoils in heavy rain

The effect of simulated rain at 1000 mm/h on the aerodynamic performance of NACA 64-210, NACA 0012, and Wortmann FX67-K170 airfoils is investigated experimentally at Reynolds number 310,000, freestream velocity 70 mph, and angle of attack -10 to +20 deg in the 1 x 1-ft section of the MIT low-turbulence wind tunnel. The results are presented graphically and characterized in detail. Rain is found to produce lift degradation of 5-25 percent, an effect attributed to development of a premature transition at the leading edge followed (after 1-10 s) by alteration of the profile by surface water runback.
On a wave equation with supercritical interior and boundary sources and damping terms

This article addresses nonlinear wave equations with supercritical interior and boundary sources, and subject to interior and boundary damping. The presence of a nonlinear boundary source alone is known to pose a significant difficulty since the linear Neumann problem for the wave equation is not, in general, well-posed in the finite-energy space H1(Ω) × L2(∂Ω) with boundary data in L2 due to the failure of the uniform Lopatinskii condition. Further challenges stem from the fact that both sources are non-dissipative and are not locally Lipschitz operators from H1(Ω) into L2(Ω), or L2(∂Ω). With some restrictions on the parameters in the model and with careful analysis involving the Nehari Manifold, we obtain global existence of a unique weak solution, and establish exponential and algebraic uniform decay rates of the finite energy (depending on the behavior of the dissipation terms). Moreover, we prove a blow up result for weak solutions with nonnegative initial energy.
MAKING THE SAN FERNANDO VALLEY: RURAL LANDSCAPES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND WHITE PRIVILEGE

Laura Barraclough, MAKING THE SAN FERNANDO VALLEY: RURAL LANDSCAPES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND WHITE PRIVILEGE, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011 (Geographies of Justice and Social Transfo...
Cystatin‐Related Epididymal Spermatogenic Aggregates in the Epididymis

CRES is the defining member of a reproductive subgroup within the family 2 cystatins of the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors. CRES is synthesized and secreted by the initial segment of the epididymis and is present in the sperm acrosome suggesting roles in sperm maturation and fertilization. We have previously demonstrated that CRES is present within the epididymal lumen as monomeric (14 and N-glycosylated 19 kDa forms) as well as SDS-sensitive and SDS-resistant high molecular mass complexes. We have also shown that recombinant CRES protein will self-aggregate and form amyloid structures in vitro raising the possibility that CRES might also form amyloid in vivo. Amyloid is a large protein aggregate with a specific cross β sheet structure and its presence is usually associated with disease. This review discusses protein aggregation in the epididymis as well as provides a brief overview of amyloid formation including recent studies in other organ systems identifying examples of amyloid that are nonpathological and carry out biological functions, i.e. functional amyloid. Studies that were carried out to determine if amyloid is present in the epididymal lumen and if CRES is associated with these structures are also described. The presence of CRES amyloid in the mouse epididymal lumen yet the absence of pathology suggest either the presence of mechanisms to neutralize the cytotoxicity associated with pathological amyloid or that CRES is a new example of a functional amyloid with roles in epididymal function.
Gonadal steroids regulate the number and activational state of mast cells in the medial habenula.

While mast cells in connective tissues have long been associated with allergic reactions, it is now clear that they are also present within the central nervous system under normal physiological conditions. The mast cell population increases 10-fold in the medial habenular region of the brain within 2 h after pairing in doves. The first study explored whether this increase was due to exposure to gonadal steroids. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry indicates an increased number of brain MC following exposure to either testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the male, or 17β estradiol (E) in the female, but not in cholesterol-treated controls. Thus, the increased habenular MC population is produced by gonadal hormones in the absence of sexual behavior, is not sexually dimorphic, and does not require aromatization of androgen. In the next study, MC activational state was determined using electron microscopy. Cells were categorized into five states: (I) resting; (II) initiation of degranulation; (I...
Numerical prediction of optical lattice-induced gas heating within multipass optical cavities

Direct simulation Monte Carlo was used to investigate the potential of non-resonant optical lattice gas heating in the context of two proposed multipass optical cavity designs. One-dimensional lattices were formed by two 5 ns, 100 mJ, 532 nm simulated laser pulses in the presence of molecular nitrogen. Simulations suggest that these cavity designs are able to facilitate a several fold increases in deposited energy as a result of optical lattice gas heating, with the more efficient of these designs leading to a 14-fold increased temperature change (ΔT ≈ 350 K) for the first ten passes over the single-pass case (ΔT ≈ 25 K).
First-order intensional logic

Abstract First-order modal logic is very much under current development, with many different semantics proposed. The use of rigid objects goes back to Saul Kripke. More recently, several semantics based on counterparts have been examined, in a development that goes back to David Lewis. There is yet another line of research, using intensional objects, that traces back to Richard Montague. I have been involved with this line of development for some time. In the present paper, I briefly sketch several of the approaches to first-order modal logic. Then I present one that I call FOIL (for first-order intensional logic) in the Montague tradition that, I believe, is both expressive and natural. I briefly discuss in what sense it can be made to encompass the other approaches. Finally, I provide tableau rules to go with the FOIL semantics.
Bureaucracy and innovation revisited: Effects of contingency factors, industrial sectors, and innovation characteristics

Abstract While the negative effect of bureaucracy on innovation is taken as a given by organization researchers, the existing models used to depict the relationship between bureaucracy and innovation are usually very simple. This study intends to develop and test theories that explain the variation in the bureaucracy-innovation relationship in greater detail. The study considers two major indicators of bureaucratic control—centralization and formalization. Propositions are advanced on the effects of 14 contingency variables on the relationship between centralization and innovation and formalization and innovation. The propositions are then tested against the data from published studies in organizational innovation during the last three decades using a multivariate meta-analytic procedure. Results suggest avenues for further theory development and research, which we discuss.
Two new trigonometric formulas with applications

Abstract We derive two new trigonometric identities and the corresponding Chebyshev identities. We also obtain new Fibonacci and Lucas Identities.
Protein composition of coronavirus OC 43

A human coronavirus, strain OC 43, was propagated in suckling mouse brain and purified 5000-fold with, a 90% yield. Purity of the virus was confirmed by electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal, and electron microscopic procedures. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests revealed one precipitin line with normal mouse brain, three with purified virus, and four with crude virus when tested against anti-pure virus or anti-crude virus animal serums. The association of a host cell antigen with the virion was confirmed by standard HI and CF tests. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized purified virus revealed a minimum of six polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 191,000 (No. 1), 104,000 (No. 2), 60,000 (No. 3), 47,000 (No. 4), 30,000 (No. 5), and 15,000 daltons (No. 6). A seventh band was occasionally found in the 165,000-dalton region of the gels. Four polypeptides contained carbohydrate and one contained lipid. Polypeptide No. 5 comprised 26% of the total viral protein and glycopolypeptide No. 3 comprised 23%. Three other components accounted for most of the remaining protein: polypeptide No. 4 (16%), glycopolypeptide No. 6 (14%), and glycolipopolypeptide No. 1 (13%). Glycopolypeptide No. 2 was 8% of the total protein. Bromelin digestion of the viral projections (spikes) removed glycopolypeptides No. 2 and No. 6. Association of the remaining polypeptides with structural components of the virion is only tentatively postulated. The buoyant density in potassium tartrate of the bromelin-treated virus was 1.15 g/cm3 and of the intact OC 43 virion was 1.18 g/cm3. By analytical ultracentrifugation the corrected sedimentation coefficient (s020w) of the OC 43 virion was determined to be 390 ± 16 S, and the apparent molecular weight (MWa) was calculated to be 112 ± 5 × 106 daltons.
Control of fluid shear response in circulating leukocytes by integrins.

Recent evidence shows that circulating leukocytes respond not only to humoral inflammatory mediators but also to fluid stresses. Application of fluid shear stress (of the order of 1–10 cm2 to fresh migrating leukocytes leads to initial retraction of pseudopods, an important step to facilitate normal passage of leukocytes through the microcirculation and to prevent spreading on the endothelium. The ability to respond to fluid shear stress, however, may be regulated under different physiological conditions. In the current study, we examine the role of integrins in the fluid shear response as measured by pseudopod retraction with the use of antibodies against human neutrophil β1 and β2 integrins. Neutrophils adhering via β2 integrins exhibit normal ability to project pseudopods and to migrate. Such cells show normal response to fluid shear with rapid pseudopod retraction. In contrast, attachment via β1 integrins leads to firmly adhesive leukocytes, spreading and almost no cell migration. Such leukocytes exhibit a significantly attenuated ability for pseudopod retraction under fluid shear. These results suggest that integrins may serve as a regulating mechanism for fluid shear response in human leukocytes. Attachment via β1 integrins may lead to an abolishment of the fluid shear response. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Notes on the phenomenology of interiority and the foundations of psychology

Interiority and any reference to an inner life have been radically deconstructed by the philosophical anthropologists, who find in the psychological constructions of the self and the theories of mental life the legacy of Descartes and Galileo. This critique is argued in some detail. However, the language of interiority is not merely an epistemological error on the part of the speaker. Psychoanalysis and psychopathology have documented the developmental significance of interiority and its absence. A phenomenological analysis of interiority, based in part on a clinical example, reveals several interrelated themes: temporal continuity; imagination; responsibility and ownership; privacy; self-reflection. Each of these themes is interpreted existentially in terms of being in the world. A critical discussion of interiority in Giegerich's work concludes the paper. It is argued paradoxically that the dialectical tension between interiority and exteriority – psyche and its grounding in events and relations to othe...
Low-temperature reversal of the ultraviolet photochemical reaction product of 2'-deoxyuridine.

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of a solution of 2′-deoxyuridine, in either the frozen or the non-frozen state, results in a decrease in absorbancy. Storage of the photochemical reaction product at −20° results in a reappearance of 20% of the original absorbancy within 5 h, and of 90% within 71 h, whereas little or no increase in absorbancy was observed at room temperature, 5° or −70°, respectively. Uracil, but not thymine, thymidine, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine or 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, showed similar behavior. It is postulated that, under the conditions of these experiments, a substituent in place of hydrogen in the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring results preferentially in dimer formation, rather than the formation of the 5-hydro-6-hydroxy derivative. A 100- and 1000-fold increase in acidity resulted in similar regeneration of deoxyuridine at room temperature and 5°, respectively. Addition of alcohol either prior to or after irradiation of a solution of deoxyuridine prevented the regeneration of deoxyuridine. Irradiation of deoxyuridine in tritiated water followed by storage at −20° resulted in the formation of tritiated deoxyuridine. Possible mechanisms for this low-temperature reversal phenomenon, as well as possible extensions of this technique to other reactions have been discussed.
Working memory doesn't work: a critique of miyake et al.'s capacity theory of aphasic comprehension deficits

Miyake, Carpenter, and Just (1994) argue that aphasic patients' sentence comprehension deficits may be attributed to severely reduced working memory capacity. Although the patient and normal data presented by Miyake et al. are to some extent consistent with their claim, these data may also be accounted for within a theory assuming separable processing components involved in language comprehension which are damaged differentially in different patients and which operate at different efficiencies across normal subjects. Previous findings showing that aphasic patients' comprehension does not improve under conditions minimising working memory constraints and findings of double dissociations in patients' performance on different sentence types are more easily accommodated within the theory hypothesising damage to separable components.
Glutathione conjugation and induction of a 32,000 dalton stress protein

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to various concentrations of diethylmaleate in order to produce various levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) depletion. Exposure to a 20 μM concentration or more of diethylmaleate depleted the intracellular glutathione concentration by 80% or more and resulted in enhanced synthesis of two 32 kDa proteins which exhibited a pI of about 6.5. Exposure of cells to 50 μM buthionine sulfoximine for 24 hr reduced GSH levels by 95% but did not enhance the synthesis of this protein. Addition of diethylmaleate to buthionine sulfoximine-treated cells resulted in enhanced synthesis of the 32 kDa protein however. Exposure to 0.4 mM diamide triggered the synthesis of several heat shock proteins but did not induce the synthesis of the 32 kDa protein. These results indicated that enhanced synthesis of the 32 kDa protein occurred only after glutathione depletion exceeded 80% and required formation of a glutathione conjugate.
Statistical Shape Modeling of Femurs Using Morphing and Principal Component Analysis

In this paper, we describe a method for automatically building a statistical shape model by applying a morphing method and a principal component analysis (PCA) to a large database of femurs. One of the major challenges in building a shape model from a training data set of 3D objects is the determination of the correspondence between different shapes. In our work, we solve this problem by using a morphing method. The morphing method consists of deforming the same template mesh over a large database of femur geometries, which results in isotopological meshes and one to one correspondences; i.e., the resulting meshes have the same number of nodes, the same number of elements, and the same connectivity in all morphed meshes. By applying the morphing-based registration followed by PCA to a large database of femurs, we demonstrate that the method can be used to derive a low dimensional representation of the main variabilities of the femur geometry.
A concise, stereocontrolled total synthesis of rippertenol.

The first total synthesis of the unique terpene rippertenol, a molecule with dense stereochemical complexity arrayed on a compact framework largely devoid of functional groups, is described. Key elements include orchestrated and unique applications of aldol condensations, Diels–Alder chemistry, and a ring expansion to advance a chiral starting material containing a single chiral center into the final target in a concise and diastereocontrolled manner.
Palaeontology: Dinosaurs take to the air.

Flying birds evolved from a group of bipedal dinosaurs. The latest fossil discoveries from China indicate that the dinosaurian ancestors of birds had four wings — and that these animals glided rather than flapped.