cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification and regional comparison of water use for power generation: A California ISO case study

Abstract Analysis of water use for power generation has, in the past, focused on large geographical regions and time scales. Attempting to refine this analysis on the time and spatial scales could help to further understand the complex relationships involved in the energy–water nexus, specifically, the water required to generate power. Water factors for different types of plants and cooling systems are used from literature in combination with power generation data for different balancing authorities to model water use as a function of time based on the fuel mix and power generated for that region. This model is designed to increase public awareness of the interrelation between the energy consumed and water use that can be taken into account when making decisions about electrical energy use. These results confirm that areas with higher renewable energy penetration use less water per unit of power generated than those with little or no renewable technologies in the area, but this effect is heavily dependent on the distribution of the types of renewable and conventional generation used.
The reproduction of rural spaces through education: Abstraction of the rural and the creation of new differential spaces:

This paper examines the situating of rural communities in the United States within the neoliberal global context. It will focus on Henri Lefebvre's concept of abstract space, as well as additional ...
Difference of Muscle Activity by Pelvic Tilt in Side-Lying Hip Abduction

PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the muscle activity of gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, and quadratus lumborum during side-lying abduction exercise in various pelvic tilting positions. METHODS: We measured the activity of three muscles in three pelvic tilt positions for 17 normal subjects wi...
CTA As an Adjuvant Tool for Acute Intra-abdominal or Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Hematemesis and acute postsurgical upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage are common emergent on-call consultations for the interventional radiologist. Upper GI bleleding (UGIB) is a relatively frequent problem. The incidence and mortality vary among patient populations, but studies have shown an overall incidence ranging from 36-172 cases per 100,000 adults per year, with a mortality rate of 5%-14%. The incidence is significantly higher in men. Peptic ulcer disease is the predominant etiology, responsible for 28%-59% of UGIB. Other causes include varices, mucosal erosive disease, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, and malignancy. After assessment of hemodynamic status and airway stability with resuscitative efforts as needed, initial consultation with gastroenterology for endoscopic evaluation and treatment is well regarded as the initial therapeutic strategy. Angiography with embolization and interventional techniques directed at managing variceal hemorrhage have emerged as very capable second-line strategies for patients who have failed endoscopic therapy. In certain circumstances, the interventional radiologist may be called upon as the first line, notably for patients who have had recent surgical intervention or who have extraluminal hemorrhage. As the role of the interventional radiologist in the evaluation and treatment of UGIB continues to evolve, familiarity and knowledge of how to deal with these urgent and emergent clinical scenarios becomes paramount.
A Confidence Interval Comparison of Two Test Procedures Proposed for the Behrensfisher Problem

Abstract The procedures of Scheffe [4] and Welch [5] for testing equality of means of two normal populations are compared according to the expected lengths of the confidence intervals they yield, and a criterion is developed for deciding which of the two methods is better in any given situation. An expression for the expected length of the confidence interval for the Scheffe procedure was developed by Scheffe. Because of the asymptotic series nature of the Welch procedure, in this case, the analogous expression is more involved. It is developed below. A numerical computation was carried out for the case of a two-sided 90 per cent confidence interval. The results are presented in graphical form. Finally, it is shown that in large samples, the two procedures are equivalent.
The Force that Is but Does Not Act: Ruyer, Leibniz and Deleuze

In What Is Philosophy?, Deleuze and Guattari attribute to Leibniz and Raymond Ruyer a vitalism of ‘a force that is but does not act’. This is a judicious characterisation of Leibniz's vitalism, but not Ruyer's. In The Fold, Deleuze presents Ruyer as a disciple of Leibniz, but if Leibniz's monads have no doors or windows, Ruyer's are nothing but doors and windows, nothing but liaisons actively forming themselves. For Ruyer, there is only one force, a consciousness-force, matter-form in sustained, non-localisable self-formation. In Deleuze's reading of Leibniz's concept of the vinculum substantiale, Deleuze comes close to presenting a notion of force like that of Ruyer's, in that the vinculum inextricably interfolds monads and bodies, but ultimately the separation of the forces of monads from those of bodies prevails in a fashion incompatible with Ruyer's conception of force. Deleuze and Guattari make use of Ruyer's understanding of consciousness and the brain as the auto-overflight of an absolute surface i...
How Machismo Got Its Spurs—in English: Social Science, Cold War Imperialism, and the Ethnicization of Hypermasculinity

This article seeks to shift the framework of decades-long debates on the nature and significance of machismo, debunking the commonly held notion that the word describes a primordial Iberian and Ibero-American phenomenon. I trace the emergence of machismo as an English-language term, arguing that a tradition of unself-consciously ethnocentric scholarship in the 1940s and 1950s enabled the word’s entrance, by the 1960s, into popular sources. In fact, machismo was rather a neologism in Spanish, but midcentury US scholarship presumed the category’s empirical validity and applied to it to perceived problems in the “Latin” world. Much of machismo’s linguistic purchase—the reason it has become a global shorthand for hypermasculinity—stemmed from mid to late twentieth-century anxieties about hemispheric security, the Cold War, immigration, and overpopulation, particularly vis-a-vis the United States’ near neighbors, Mexico and Puerto Rico. I have sought out the word’s earliest appearances in various English-language media (books, scholarly articles, newspapers, magazines, and television) and explained how it has long escaped scrutiny as a construct in and of itself. As a result, machismo has resisted the most earnest and well-intentioned of challenges to its scholarly primacy and remains a pathologizing point of departure in approaches to Latin American gender systems.
Does Aggression Deter or Invite Reciprocal Behavior? Considering Coercive Capacity:

How do people respond to aggression? Theory differs on whether aggressive behavior deters antagonists or provokes retaliation, and the empirical evidence is mixed. We bridge contradictory findings ...
Long-Term Health Consequences of Movement Restrictions for Palestinians, 1987-2011.

Objectives. To estimate the long-term association between Israeli-imposed restrictions on travel for medical care in the occupied Palestinian territory and health status in adulthood.Methods. Using event history calendar methods, we collected annual data from 1987 to 2011 from a representative sample of 1778 Palestinians aged 32 to 43 years and analyzed the subsample of whomever had a serious medical condition and needed to travel for medical care (n = 246; contributing 1163 person-years). We used ordered logistic regression with person-year data to test the association between movement restrictions from 1987 to 2011 and health status in 2011.Results. Two thirds (65%; n = 161) of participants reported travel restrictions, and 38% (n = 92) reported ever being barred from travel for medical care. Compared with study participants who experienced no travel restrictions in a year (n = 559 person-years), those who were barred from travel in that same year (n = 122 person-years) reported worse self-rated health ...
Dietary ecology of Pleistocene mammoths and mastodons as inferred from dental microwear textures

Abstract The Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) have traditionally been considered to have been ecologically distinct, with mammoths often characterized as cosmopolitan grazers or mixed feeders and mastodons as forest-dwelling browsers. However, these large-bodied proboscideans occupying temperate, often resource-limiting environments in Pleistocene North American would have necessitated a much wider range of resources. For the isolated pygmy mammoth (Mammuthus exilis) of California's Channel Islands, the resource-limited nature of its insular home may have exacerbated the need for consumption of a wide range of less-preferred resources. The goal of this study is to better understand the degree to which each of these taxa consumed tough and/or hard food items, including grass, leaves, and woody browse in their respective environments. To this end, we examined the dental microwear of Pleistocene mammoths and mastodons to address the following questions: 1) do mammoths and mastodons with known differences in diet (via carbon isotopes) have similar dental microwear attributes?, 2) do juvenile and adult mammoth and mastodons consume foods with similar textural properties?, and 3) did the Channel Islands mammoths consume food with similar textural properties as the mainland Columbian mammoths? Our results demonstrate that the mammoths and mastodons here examined ate foods with similar textural properties, despite consuming plants with disparate stable isotope values. These data suggest that mammoths and mastodons were generalists (in regards to dietary textures) and did not eat softer or tougher foods as juveniles. Further, the Channel Islands mammoths ate food items with more variable textural properties (including a greater incidence of hard foods) than Columbian mammoths from Texas. While more work is needed to assess the ubiquity of these results across time and space, collectively, these data suggest that extinct proboscideans are generalist feeders similar to extant elephants.
Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats.

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one's memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First, rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.
The progressive verification method

Abstract Feminists have criticized traditional social science methodology for creating and perpetuating myths that inhibit our understanding of women's experiences and position in society. This article offers a research approach, the Progressive Verification Method, that is grounded in feminist theory and attempts to address the myths of a single, androcentric society; objectivity; historical and cultural abstraction; noninterference; and researcher authority. The method was developed in order to conduct a cross-cultural study of women in Canada.
The Function of the Harderian Gland in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus

This chapter summarizes 15 years of research on the Harderian gland of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. Partial reviews and discussions of research methodology are found in Thiessen (1977, 1983a, b, 1988) and Thiessen and Harriman (1983). Three aspects of the gland are discussed: (1) release of Harderian gland secretions to the outside of the body, (2) chemosignaling qualities of Harderian gland exudates, and (3) thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory functions of the Harderian gland. The divisions are arbitrary, in that secretion, chemocommunication, and physiological regulation are intimately related. The chapter ends with a general discussion of the importance of the Harderian gland for the regulation of behaviour and physiology.
Voice Emotion Recognition by Children With Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss.

Objectives Emotional communication is important in children's social development. Previous studies have shown deficits in voice emotion recognition by children with moderate-to-severe hearing loss or with cochlear implants. Little, however, is known about emotion recognition in children with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. The objective of this study was to compare voice emotion recognition by children with mild-to-moderate hearing loss relative to their peers with normal hearing, under conditions in which the emotional prosody was either more or less exaggerated (child-directed or adult-directed speech, respectively). We hypothesized that the performance of children with mild-to-moderate hearing loss would be comparable to their normally hearing peers when tested with child-directed materials but would show significant deficits in emotion recognition when tested with adult-directed materials, which have reduced prosodic cues. Design Nineteen school-aged children (8 to 14 years of age) with mild-to-moderate hearing loss and 20 children with normal hearing aged 6 to 17 years participated in the study. A group of 11 young, normally hearing adults was also tested. Stimuli comprised sentences spoken in one of five emotions (angry, happy, sad, neutral, and scared), either in a child-directed or in an adult-directed manner. The task was a single-interval, five-alternative forced-choice paradigm, in which the participants heard each sentence in turn and indicated which of the five emotions was associated with that sentence. Reaction time was also recorded as a measure of cognitive load. Results Acoustic analyses confirmed the exaggerated prosodic cues in the child-directed materials relative to the adult-directed materials. Results showed significant effects of age, specific emotion (happy, sad, etc.), and test materials (better performance with child-directed materials) in both groups of children, as well as susceptibility to talker variability. Contrary to our hypothesis, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups of children in either emotion recognition (percent correct or d' values) or in reaction time, with either child- or adult-directed materials. Among children with hearing loss, degree of hearing loss (mild or moderate) did not predict performance. In children with hearing loss, interactions between vocabulary, materials, and age were observed, such that older children with stronger vocabulary showed better performance with child-directed speech. Such interactions were not observed in children with normal hearing. The pattern of results was broadly consistent across the different measures of accuracy, d', and reaction time. Conclusions Children with mild-to-moderate hearing loss do not have significant deficits in overall voice emotion recognition compared with their normally hearing peers, but mechanisms involved may be different between the 2 groups. The results suggest a stronger role for linguistic ability in emotion recognition by children with normal hearing than by children with hearing loss.
Review article: an analysis of safety profiles of treatments for diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifactorial in nature, and a wide range of therapies is available to manage symptoms of this common disorder. Aim To provide an overview of the safety of interventions that may be used to manage patients with diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Methods Medline and Embase database searches (through 02 May 2018) to identify clinical studies that evaluated treatment safety and/or efficacy in adults with IBS-D. Results IBS-D treatments include dietary modification, probiotics, serotonin receptor antagonists, opioid receptor agonists and antagonists, nonsystemic antibiotics, bile acid sequestrants, antidepressants, and complementary and alternative therapies. These treatments vary in administration frequency (eg, daily; short-course therapy) and target various pathophysiologic factors. Safety profiles vary considerably by treatment among IBS-D therapies. The number needed to harm (defined as the number of patients treated to encounter an adverse event) was lowest (worse) for antidepressants (8.5) and highest (best) for probiotics (35), and the number needed to harm (defined as the number of patients who discontinued due to an adverse event) was lowest for tricyclic antidepressants (9) and highest for rifaximin (8971). Notable safety concerns with IBS-D treatments include pancreatitis with eluxadoline, ischaemic colitis and serious complications of constipation with alosetron, and cardiac adverse events with loperamide and tricyclic antidepressants. Treatment decisions need to account for medication risks and adverse events for each patient. Conclusions Multiple treatment options are now available for patients with IBS-D. However, the safety profiles of these agents vary widely by number needed to harm value. Providers should consider both safety and efficacy of a specific intervention when determining how best to manage patients' IBS-D symptoms.
Feasibility and safety of liver transplantation or resection after transarterial radioembolization with Yttrium-90 for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Background The benefit of transarterial radioembolization (TARE) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasingly evidenced. However, data on outcome of liver transplantation or resection after TARE remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of surgery after TARE in patients with unresectable HCC. Methods Patients exclusively undergoing TARE followed by either orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) or liver resection (LR) for HCC between 2012 and 2016 were included. Primary outcomes were postoperative morbidity and mortality. Secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and response to TARE. Results Among 349 patients with HCC treated with TARE, 32 (9%) underwent either OLT (n = 22) or LR (n = 10), which represent the study cohort. In this group, TARE induced decreased viable nodules (p Discussion Liver surgery after TARE is feasible and safe. This strategy allows to offer a curative treatment in a subset of patients with unresectable HCC.
What Are We REALLY Looking for in a Letter of Recommendation

Objectives The letter of recommendation (LOR) is an important component of a residency application. There is great subjectivity in the interpretation of a letter writer's narrative and many residencies have moved toward standardized LORs (sLOR). We aimed to scrutinize the importance afforded to specific content and applicant attributes in an LOR in hopes of decoding this time-honored process. Design A 35-question survey comprised of nonidentifying general questions, and participant evaluation of applicant characteristics and LOR phrases were administered (cross-sectional design). Evaluations were scored both objectively on a 10-point Likert scale and subjectively using a relative ranking. Setting Academic, tertiary care center with a large general surgery residency program (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN). Participants Surgery attendings and general surgery residents (n = 122). Results Seventy-two attendings and 50 general surgery residents completed the survey. Faculty ranked strong work ethic/hard working (median rank = 1) and inquisitive/hungry learner (median rank = 3) as the top 2 attributes. “We will plan to recruit this candidate” (median rank = 1.5) and “I give my highest recommendation” (median rank = 2) were the top 2 phrases. Residents valued strong work ethic and collaborative/team player as the top 2 applicant attributes. Seventy-three percent of attendings and 82% of residents agreed that LOR allows the applicant pool to be divided into upper and lower halves. Only 17% of faculty and 18% of residents agreed that an LOR allowed candidate stratification into quartiles. Conclusions Elaborating the most favorable applicant characteristics and highly regarded content in an LOR will help truly exceptional candidates obtain letters that make them stand out in the eyes of their evaluators. Since LORs are mostly considered to be able to stratify only upper and lower halves of the applicant pool, it is imperative to move toward LORs which portray superior applicant qualities, and can provide more objective evaluation of a candidate.
Improving the Hepatitis B Vaccination Rate in the Newborn Nursery

Background: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine is 70-95% effective in preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus infection in infants born to carriers. The major determinant of this effectiveness is an early initial dose. Early vaccination is the best opportunity to prevent unrecognized perinatal transmission and transmissions within families due to unrecognized chronic hepatitis b virus infection in the household. According to the National immunization Survey, only 70% of US infants received hepatitis B vaccine within 3 days of birth. This is below the Healthy …
Pediatric malignancies: Is the prechemotherapy left ventricular function normal?

PURPOSE We compared the left ventricular (LV) systolic function in children with cancer before initiation of chemotherapy with matched controls using speckle tracking echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS In this retrospective study, we analyzed the echocardiograms of 89 cancer patients before the initiation of chemotherapy and 82 age- (8.4 ± 5.2 vs. 8.9 ± 3.9 years, P = .4) and gender-matched (64% vs. 67%, males, P = .4) healthy controls. Peak systolic LV longitudinal strain (LS) was significantly lower in cancer patients in apical two (-19.8 ± 3.0 vs. -23.5 ± 4.0, P 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrating abnormalities in LV GLS in pediatric cancer patients even prior to initiation of chemotherapy are novel and perplexing. Further longitudinal follow-up is required to assess the implications of this abnormal LV function in these patients.
Effect of brain stimulation on mechanisms of social cognition is modulated by individual preferences for human versus robot agents

When we interact with others, we use nonverbal behavior such as changes in gaze direction to make inferences about what people think or what they want to do next – a process called mentalizing. Pre...
Impact of low coincidence count density on Quantification when using Elastic Motion Compensation in PET/CT imaging

374 Objectives: Recently Elastic Motion Correction (EMC) algorithms which compensate for respiratory motion in PET imaging while preserving all the acquired data have become commercially available. One such technique is EMC via deblurring (EMDB), which is also commercially known as ONCOFREEZE. This algorithm uses mass preservation optical flow registration to determine a blurring kernel between a single motion corrected image (HDChest 35% of the data) and a single non-motion corrected target image which uses 100% of the acquired data. The blurring kernel is then used in the EMDB reconstruction to suppress respiratory motion while preserving all the acquired data. The objective of this work is to determine how decreasing count density impacts the EMDB algorithm with respect to radiotracer quantification in a phantom evaluation. Methods: A phantom simulating the motion of the abdominothorax with lesions(5 spheres of inner diameters of 10-28 mm) was scanned four times with 0, 1, 2 and 3 cm of motion amplitude on a Siemens mCT PET/CT with a continuous bed motion speed of 0.5 mm/s. To simulate acquisitions with lower acquired counts, new PET list datasets were created by randomly removing fractions of the data to retain 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6% of the original list dataset. Reconstruction of all list datasets was performed with the EMDB algorithm using a 35% duty cycle for the HDChest reference image, 2 iterations, 21 subsets, TOF, PSF, 200 x 200 matrix, and 5mm post filtration. Measurements of SUVmax and SUVpeak were made on all spheres, motion amplitudes and list datasets. Reconstructions with zero motion amplitude were considered as the gold standard for each respective group of list datasets with the same percentage of data. The ratio of SUVmax (RSmax) and SUVpeak (RSpeak) for each sphere, motion amplitude and list dataset was then calculated with respect to the gold standard. For list datasets with the same percentage of data, the average RSmax and RSpeak for each motion amplitude acquisition was taken across all spheres. Results: As expected, RSmax and RSpeak decreased as motion amplitude increased. Furthermore, this decrease was larger when using smaller list datasets. In particular, the RSpeak values for 0, 1, 2, and 3 cm acquisitions were 1.00, 1.00, 0.88, 0.84 for the 12.5% list dataset and 1, 0.93, 0.78, and 0.75 for the 6% list dataset. Larger list datasets (25, 50, 75 %) all had values above 95% for RSmax and RSpeak. Conclusions: While the EMDB algorithm uses all of the acquired PET data, its effect on PET image quantification depends on motion amplitude and count density with degraded results as the motion amplitude increases and the count density decreases (increased image noise). Caution should be used when interpreting the results of EMDB images reconstructed from low count acquisitions and large motion amplitudes.
Earlier Is Better: Evaluating the Timing of Tracheostomy After Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory failure after orthotopic liver transplantation is associated with increased mortality and prolonged hospitalization. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted through the query of the National In-patient Sample for subjects who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation and tracheostomy after transplantation from 2000 to 2011. Tracheostomies by post-transplantation day 14 were considered “early,” whereas those after day 14 were “routine.” A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of early tracheostomy on post-tracheostomy length of stay. RESULTS: There were 2,149 weighted discharges. Of these, 783 (36.4%) had early tracheostomy after transplantation. The subjects who received an early tracheostomy after transplantation were more likely to have a Charlson Comorbidity index22 score of ≥3 (early 71.1% vs late 60.0%; P = .038). Early tracheostomy after transplantation had lower in-hospital mortality (early 26.4% vs late 36.7%; P = .01). Unadjusted median post-tracheostomy length of stay was 31 d for early tracheostomy after transplantation versus 39 d for late tracheostomy after transplantation (P = .034). Early tracheostomy after transplantation was associated with 20% decreased odds of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio 0.80; P = .01). Early tracheostomy had 41% higher daily rate of discharge alive (hazard ratio 1.41; P CONCLUSIONS: Early tracheostomy after transplantation was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, shorter post-tracheostomy length of stay, and quicker discharge alive. These results supported our hypothesis that, among subjects with respiratory failure after orthotopic liver transplantation, early tracheostomy after transplantation may be associated with more favorable outcomes than a delayed approach.
Lithofacies-Based Corrections to Density-Neutron Porosity in a High-Porosity Gas- and Oil-Bearing Turbidite Sandstone Reservoir, Erha Field, OPL 209, Deepwater Nigeria

A high-porosity confined slope channel complex sandstone reservoir is currently undergoing a 24 well development in the Erha Field, OPL 209, deepwater Nigeria. Three conventional cores have been acquired in the field, but none in gas-bearing section. Formation porosities derived from conventional log data were calibrated to the conventional core in oil and water sections only. Historically, it has been assumed that standard density-neutron porosities approximate true formation porosities in gas-bearing section at Erha. There is conclusive evidence, however, that porosities from gas-bearing sections at Erha are not accurately approximated by using a standard density-neutron technique. Computed formation porosities in the gas zones are often much larger than porosities in oil-and water-bearing sections. A statistical lithofacies prediction model based upon log and core data has proven useful to highlight large discrepancies in formation porosity from gas-, oil- and water-bearing sections. The predictions rely heavily on total porosities that are calculated from the density and neutron logs through the standard density-neutron technique. The use of these data in the prediction model commonly results in predictions that overestimate the fraction of low quality reservoir facies in intervals where high quality reservoir facies are expected. Crossplots of density-neutron porosity versus shale volume have been constructed to investigate the relationship between formation porosity in gas-bearing section and porosities calculated in oil- and water-bearing section. In all of the wells at Erha, formation porosities in gas-bearing section exhibit distinct trends in porosity versus shale volume that are different from the trends observed in oil and water sections. All of these porosity trends converge at a shale point of 100% shale volume. From the crossplots, correction factors have been calculated that vary directly with shale volume. These corrections remove artificial gas effects that are not fully compensated by the standard density-neutron technique. Subsequent use of the corrected porosity in lithofacies predictions has yielded more accurate and geologically reasonable results. The facies predictions from the statistical model are used as direct inputs to the final geologic and reservoir simulation models for the field. Using facies inputs dominated by low quality facies commonly results in lower average formation permeability and hydrocarbon volume estimates. Therefore, it is imperative to accurately calculate total porosity to yield the most accurate lithofacies predictions. By doing so, the reserve potential and performance of the field are characterized with much less uncertainty.
In search of function: nuclear bodies and their possible roles as plant environmental sensors.

Plants must adjust their physiology, development and reproductive decisions in response to a fluctuating environment. Understanding how these adjustments are achieved is fundamental for predicting plant reactions to global environmental changes and for designing mitigation strategies. An often overlooked plant-environmental response is the formation of intranuclear membrane-less organelles known as ‘nuclear bodies’. Currently, the functional role of nuclear bodies remains largely unclear. However, in recent years, they have received increased attention as possible hubs or integrators of environmental signals, and for possibly being part of the sensing machinery itself. Here, we will explore the formation of nuclear bodies under changing light, osmotic, and temperature conditions. We will then hypothesize on their potential functions in facilitating environmentally driven plant responses.
Feasibility Study of Microsecond Pulsed Microwave Ablation Using a Minimally Invasive Antenna

In this letter, we established the feasibility of producing localized ablation zones using microsecond pulsed microwave ablation (MWA) as an alternative to conventional continuous wave (CW) MWA. We verified that a thin floating-sleeve dipole ablation probe can withstand pulsed power delivery with peak powers as high as 25 kW, with pulsewidth on the order of 1 μs. We conducted MWA experiments in egg white using CW and pulsed modes of operation and found that ablation zones achieved via pulsed MWA are comparable in dimension to those created via CW MWA when the average power and procedure duration are equivalent. Finally, we performed pulsed MWA experiments in bovine liver and confirmed that pulsed MWA consistently produces large, localized ablation zones and temperatures that exceed 100 °C. Establishing the feasibility of pulsed MWA opens the opportunity for developing a coupled MWA treatment and imaging system using pulsed MWA and microwave-induced thermoacoustic signals for real-time monitoring of MWA.
Spatially constrained kinetic modeling with dual reference tissues improves 18F-flortaucipir PET in studies of Alzheimer disease

Recent studies have shown that standard compartmental models using plasma input or the cerebellum reference tissue input are generally not reliable for quantifying tau burden in dynamic 18F-flortaucipir PET studies of Alzheimer disease. So far, the optimal reference region for estimating 18F-flortaucipir delivery and specific tau binding has yet to be determined. The objective of the study is to improve 18F-flortaucipir brain tau PET quantification using a spatially constrained kinetic model with dual reference tissues. Participants were classified as either cognitively normal (CN) or cognitively impaired (CI) based on clinical assessment. T1-weighted structural MRI and 105-min dynamic 18F-flortaucipir PET scans were acquired for each participant. Using both a simplified reference tissue model (SRTM2) and Logan plot with either cerebellum gray matter or centrum semiovale (CS) white matter as the reference tissue, we estimated distribution volume ratios (DVRs) and the relative transport rate constant R1 for region of interest-based (ROI) and voxelwise-based analyses. Conventional linear regression (LR) and LR with spatially constrained (LRSC) parametric imaging algorithms were then evaluated. Noise-induced bias in the parametric images was compared to estimates from ROI time activity curve-based kinetic modeling. We finally evaluated standardized uptake value ratios at early phase (SUVREP, 0.7–2.9 min) and late phase (SUVRLP, 80–105 min) to approximate R1 and DVR, respectively. The percent coefficients of variation of R1 and DVR estimates from SRTM2 with spatially constrained modeling were comparable to those from the Logan plot and SUVRs. The SRTM2 using CS reference tissue with LRSC reduced noise-induced underestimation in the LR generated DVR images to negligible levels (< 1%). Inconsistent overestimation of DVR in the SUVRLP only occurred using the cerebellum reference tissue-based measurements. The CS reference tissue-based DVR and SUVRLP, and cerebellum-based SUVREP and R1 provided higher Cohen’s effect size d to detect increased tau deposition and reduced relative tracer transport rate in CI individuals. Using a spatially constrained kinetic model with dual reference tissues significantly improved quantification of relative perfusion and tau binding. Cerebellum and CS are the suggested reference tissues to estimate R1 and DVR, respectively, for dynamic 18F-flortaucipir PET studies. Cerebellum-based SUVREP and CS-based SUVRLP may be used to simplify 18F-flortaucipir PET study.
Spatiotemporally resolved heat transfer measurements for flow boiling in microchannels

Abstract Spatiotemporally resolved wall heat transfer measurements can provide valuable insight into the fundamental mechanisms affecting flow boiling in microchannels. Operating at the microscale, necessitates resolving changes in local and instantaneous heat transfer characteristics on the order of 100 μm and 1 kHz, respectively. Straightforward interpretation of transient temperature measurements is often challenging due to the conjugate conduction effects in the substrate, which can dampen the measured and inferred heat transfer quantities. These damping effects are described using a slip coefficient ( S ), which represents the fraction of the change in the local heat transfer that is registered by a sensor (negligible thermal mass) located on a given substrate. Using S , arguments are presented that the conduction patterns in the substrate are predominantly 1-D (i.e. into the substrate) at suitable spatiotemporal-scales. Building on these fundamental considerations, a numerical procedure is adopted to allow a time varying estimate of the local convective heat flux and heat transfer coefficient from transient temperature measurements. Examples of this framework are showcased with experimental results and discussions for interactions observed during flow boiling of HFE 7000 in a single microchannel (hydraulic diameter = 370 μm). At the relatively low mass flux of 200 kg/m 2 s reported in this work, liquid evaporation was found to dictate the local heat transfer trends. High rates of heat transfer were observed to accompany the growth of bubbles and evaporation of the liquid film under vapor slugs. Local dryout was routinely observed in the bubbly and slug flow regime and found to initially enhance heat transfer (i.e. at the creation and subsequent propagation of the three-phase contact line) and present near-zero heat transfer rates in the dried-out domain.
WHEN THE BOUGH BREAKS: CHILDHOOD MORTALITY AND BURIAL PRACTICE IN LATE NEOLITHIC ATLANTIC EUROPE

Summary Towards the end of the fifth millennium BC, a new funerary tradition developed in Iberia and elsewhere in Atlantic Europe involving the use of megalithic tombs and natural or artificially constructed caves for the collective burial of the dead. Ancestor worship has been the most common theoretical framework used to explain this Neolithic burial tradition, despite demographic information which indicates that these burials house the remains of a significant percentage of children and adolescents. Using data from Late Neolithic (3500–2500 BC) tombs in south-western Iberia as a departure point, in this paper we suggest that by reconsidering the impact that childhood mortality had upon burial and grave visitation practices in Neolithic communities, archaeologists can gain valuable phenomenological information which will allow for a more robust, multivocal interpretative approach.
Fundamentals of elasticity of (Mg1−x, Fex)2SiO4 olivine

We study the influence of iron on the elasticity of (Mg1−x, Fex)2SiO4 olivine (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.125), a major constituent of the Earth's upper mantle. We calculate static elastic properties by first principles for this solid solution and investigate the effect of atomic arrangement, an artifact of supercell calculations, on all single crystal and poly-crystalline elastic moduli. From calculated wave propagation velocities we find the heterogeneity ratios of shear to compressional wave velocity, and bulk sound to shear wave velocity. Their values are, though limited to composition considerations, marginally consistent with seismic tomography.
Effects of chloroquine therapy on white blood cells

![Figure][1] A 35-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus presented with 3 weeks of cough and nasal congestion. She was presumed to have an upper respiratory tract infection. Blood counts showed leukopenia (white blood cell count, 1.8 × 109/L) with absolute neutropenia
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER : IX. ON THE SERUM REACTIONS OF MEXICAN AND EUROPEAN TYPHUS RICKETTSIA.

1. The blood of guinea pigs convalescent from Old World and New World typhus infection develops agglutinating properties for the tunica and rat Rickettsiae of the New World diseases and for the louse Rickettsia of the Old World disease. 2. The two microorganisms are closely related, though probably not identical. 3. Human convalescents of both varieties of typhus develop agglutinins for both types of Rickettsiae. Such Rickettsia-agglutinating properties are parallel with the Weil-Felix reaction in the human sera. 4. Rabbits immunized with Weigl louse vaccines develop agglutinins for our X-ray rat vaccines and vice versa. In both cases the rabbit sera develop agglutinins for Proteus X-19. 5. These experiments furnish a further and, we believe, conclusive proof of the etiological role, in New World typhus fever, of the Rickettsia bodies first seen in the tunica cells of inoculated guinea pigs by Mooser, and obtained in massive amounts by ourselves. 6. The serum reactions also provide a further logical basis for experiments in prophylactic vaccination with these Rickettsiae.
A maximum pseudo-likelihood approach for phylogenetic networks

Several phylogenomic analyses have recently demonstrated the need to account simultaneously for incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and hybridization when inferring a species phylogeny. A maximum likelihood approach was introduced recently for inferring species phylogenies in the presence of both processes, and showed very good results. However, computing the likelihood of a model in this case is computationally infeasible except for very small data sets. Inspired by recent work on the pseudo-likelihood of species trees based on rooted triples, we introduce the pseudo-likelihood of a phylogenetic network, which, when combined with a search heuristic, provides a statistical method for phylogenetic network inference in the presence of ILS. Unlike trees, networks are not always uniquely encoded by a set of rooted triples. Therefore, even when given sufficient data, the method might converge to a network that is equivalent under rooted triples to the true one, but not the true one itself. The method is computationally efficient and has produced very good results on the data sets we analyzed. The method is implemented in PhyloNet, which is publicly available in open source. Maximum pseudo-likelihood allows for inferring species phylogenies in the presence of hybridization and ILS, while scaling to much larger data sets than is currently feasible under full maximum likelihood. The nonuniqueness of phylogenetic networks encoded by a system of rooted triples notwithstanding, the proposed method infers the correct network under certain scenarios, and provides candidates for further exploration under other criteria and/or data in other scenarios.
Eruptions of the Ethical Baroque

Renaissance perspective constructs objective reality from the viewpoint of a sovereign subject. The border protecting the sovereignty of this subject is sometimes crossed, in the Baroque, by means of the subject's sudden awareness of the humanity of the other person and of our inescapable responsibility for that unique and irreplaceable other. With examples from music, painting, and literature, I discuss what I call “eruptions of the ethical Baroque.” These eruptions trouble the serenity of the arts and haunt us: one such eruption reveals, to the Christian warrior-crusader Tancredi, the face of the apparently Muslim female warrior Clorinda, in Monteverdi's "Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda"(1624); another reveals, to Abraham—in Rembrandt's 1635 painting of "The Sacrifice of Isaac"— the face of his son Isaac and then suddenly interrupts what appeared to have been an imminent murder; another forces us to encounter, in Shakespeare's disruptively sober prose, Shylock's Jewish eyes; yet another, in Paul Celan's arguably modern Baroque poem "Tenebrae", interrupts—but too late, tragically—the profoundly enchanting pathos of Francois Couperin's high Baroque choral masterpiece, "Lecons de tenebres", which inspired Celan's poem.
Laser polarization noise elimination in sensitive polarimetric systems

The high throughput, low divergence, and quasimonochro- matic characteristics of lasers make them desirable as light sources for numerous applications. Because of their extensive use, much work has been done to characterize laser noise. For laser applications in polarim- etry, a majority of this work has focused on laser output intensity fluctua- tions, which are primarily influenced by shot noise and flicker noise. Methods and algorithms have been developed to optimize signal to noise ratio (SNR) for polarimetric systems within both the shot-noise and flicker-noise limits. However, for systems that are extremely polarization state sensitive, such as those used for polarization imaging, the current optimization techniques still result in laser noise contributions that can contribute 10% or greater error to detected intensities. One potential source of these errors is a ''wobble'' in the polarization vector centered about the preferred polarization state of the laser output. We present a Mueller matrix theoretical analysis of this wobble phenomena. Our pro- posed solution for its elimination includes the introduction of a quarter- wave plate in the system. For this solution, we present experimental data that supports its viability. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi- neers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1464869)
Advancements in photomixing and photoconductive switching for THz spectroscopy and imaging

This paper reviews the design methodology and some of the applications space of standard photomixers and photoconductive switches. The methodology falls into three categories: (1) photoelectrostatics, (2) terahertz (THz) electromagnetics, and (3) laser coupling and thermal management. The applications space of ultrafast photoconductive devices, as for any device technology, is the best measure of their utility. At present photomixers are being used worldwide in at least these two instruments: (1) broadly tunable sweep oscillators for THz diagnostics, and (2) broadly tunable coherent transceivers for high-resolution THz spectroscopy. Photoconductive switches are being used in at least these two systems applications: (1) time-domain spectrometers, and (2) illuminators for THz impulse radars. Each of these applications will be addressed in turn, and some commercialization challenges facing ultrafast photoconductive devices will be addressed.
Parallel implementation for iterative image restoration algorithms on a parallel DSP machine

Many low-level image processing algorithms which are posed as variational problems can be numerically solved using local and iterative relaxation algorithms. Because of the structure of these algorithms, processing time will decrease nearly linearly with the addition of processing nodes working in parallel on the problem. In this article, we discuss the implementation of a particular application from this class of algorithms on the 8×8 processing array of the AT&T Pixel system. In particular, a case study for a image interpolation algorithm is presented. The performance of the implementation is evaluated in terms of the absolute processing time. We show that near linear speedup is achieved for such iterative image processing algorithms when the processing array is relatively small.