cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution Characterization of Vanadium(V) and -(IV) N-(Phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetate Complexes: Direct Observation of One Enantiomer Converting to the Other in an Equilibrium Mixture1

The vanadium(V) and -(IV) complexes formed with N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetate (pida4-) complexes in water and in aqueous mixed-solvent systems were characterized by employing potentiometry, multinuclear NMR, EPR, and visible spectroscopy. The vanadium(V) complexes in water had a 1:1 metal to ligand stoichiometry. The diprotonated vanadium(V)−pida complex with a charge of −1 existed below pH 2. After the first deprotonation, the dianionic species was stable from pH 1 to 6. The trianionic species was stable at neutral pH. Observations are most consistent with the protonation sites of these complexes on the organic ligand. Intra- and intermolecular exchange processes were identified using 13C homonuclear EXSY spectroscopy. Given the asymmetric vanadium atom in the VO2pida3- complex, one of the exchange processes observed was the conversion of one enantiomer to the other in an equilibrium mixture. Studies of the corresponding vanadium(IV)−pida system in dioxane−water mixtures showed the presence of not on...
Extended preservation of the ischemic canine lung by ventilation with PEEP.

Abstract To determine the technique most helpful in reducing the severity of pulmonary injury and consequent edema and congestion that follows revascularization, 22 dogs were subjected to left pulmonary hilar occlusion with the lung either in the deflated state or expanded by continuous or intermittent positive pressure. Cyclic ventilation of the ischemic canine left lung with 5 cm PEEP increased the length of survival more than 5-fold when compared to dogs treated by continuous expansion or cyclic ventilation without PEEP. Decreases occurred in isotope uptake on ventilation and perfusion scans and in left lung VO2 and Vm during the first 48 hr after hilar occlusion in all dogs. Uptake returned to near normal values 3 mo later in dogs ventilated with PEEP. Lung expansion by means of cyclic ventilation with PEEP appears to prevent alveolar collapse and thus facilitates oxygenation during periods of ischemia. In contrast to other organs, the lung appears to receive oxygen for the metabolic requirements of its cells from the inspired air as well as from arterial blood flow and thus probably is capable of being preserved for periods of at least 10 hr by ventilation alone. The good long-term pulmonary function in seven of eight dogs ventilated with PEEP during 10 hr of left pulmonary ischemia suggests that this technique may be beneficial in obtaining grafts for lung transplantation.
Lipoprotein(a) concentration and apolipoprotein(a) size: A synergistic role in advanced atherosclerosis?

Despite more than 3 decades of intense scientific research that has fostered our understanding of the structure and biochemistry of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], the physiopathological role of Lp(a) is still poorly understood. Consequently, despite its recognition as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), the role of Lp(a) in atherogenesis and the extent to which Lp(a) levels should be assessed in clinical practice remain controversial. Lp(a), which is the most complex and polymorphic of the lipoprotein particles, is formed by an LDL moiety and a unique protein, apo(a), linked to apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 of LDL.1 The most intriguing feature of apo(a) is that it shares an extensive structural homology with plasminogen, a key proenzyme of the fibrinolytic cascade. Kringle V and the protease domains of apo(a) share >85% amino-acid identity with the corresponding plasminogen domains, even though the protease domain of apo(a) does not appear to have a catalytic function. Apo(a) contains 10 different types of a sequence with variable degrees of homology with plasminogen kringle IV. The number of kringle IV type 2 repeats, which is encoded by a varying number of copies in the apo(a) gene,2 varies both within and among individuals, and at least 35 apo(a) size isoforms have been detected in human plasma.3 Despite the presence of LDL, apo(a) imparts to Lp(a) unique properties with respect to synthesis and catabolism. In fact, apo B-100 in Lp(a) particles does not appear to mediate the catabolism of this lipoprotein via the LDL receptor, thus suggesting that the attachment to apo(a) produces a steric hindrance and/or a conformational change of apo B-100. Whereas the rate of removal from the circulation determines the level of LDL, evidence has been provided that the rate of synthesis is the primary determinant of Lp(a) levels. Plasma Lp(a) concentration is primarily …
Intact T cell responses in ataxia telangiectasia.

Abstract Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder associated with a variable immune deficiency. The mechanism for this remains unclear. Qualitative and quantitative defects of cellular immunity have been previously reported. However, despite laboratory evidence of significant immune abnormalities, opportunistic infections are uncommon. To address this discrepancy, we analyzed cytokine production by quantitative real-time PCR and T cell function at the single cell level by flow cytometry in four A-T patients. CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets from these patients displayed intact signaling in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, similar to controls. Stimulated T cells from A-T patients also produced normal to increased levels of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-4) cytokines, relative to control values. Our results suggest that T cells from A-T patients may be more functionally intact than previously observed. This helps to explain the paucity of opportunistic infections encountered, unlike that encountered in other primary immunodeficiencies.
Improved graphene growth in UHV: Pit-free surfaces by selective Si etching of SiC(0001)–Si with atomic hydrogen

Abstract We present a novel technique of growing UHV graphene using atomic hydrogen etching of SiC(0001)–Si surfaces. Hydrogen atoms generated from a hot tungsten filament selectively etch silicon surface atoms thereby facilitating the Si-sublimation process at temperatures around 1000 °C according to Auger Electron Spectroscopy. This allows for separate, non-thermal control of the rate of formation of the interfacial buffer layer formation to yield reduced pit formation observed by scanning tunneling microscopy during subsequent UHV graphene growth.
Numerical modeling of the mechanics of the cochlea

Abstract A description of a method for modeling the cochlea on a computer is given. The model allows different and arbitrary variation of cross section of scala tympani and scala vestibuli, as well as of the width of the basilar membrane. The effects of the presence of the oval and round windows is taken into account. A simple model, built with the help of data from literature, is used as an example. The model is changed in several ways and the effects of the changes are considered.
Extension of the path-probability method beyond the pair approximation. Triangle approximation

The path-probability method of irreversible statistical mechanics is applied to a system undergoing a first-order order-disorder transformation. For this purpose, the path-probability method has been worked out for the first time in a degree of approximation higher than the pair approximation. The simplest case, i.e., the triangle approximation for an ${A}_{2}B$-type two-dimensional system, is chosen to show the new features and complexities which arise. The treatment is compared with the previously published derivation for the pair approximation. It is shown that a higher degree of approximation than the pair approximation can be worked out successfully, that the new approximation essentially retains the previously emphasized advantages of the path-probability method, and that calculations with the triangle approximation can be carried out routinely. The extension of the degree of approximation to the tetrahedron approximation, which is appropriate for fcc alloys, is discussed.
Numerical integration over the square in the presence of algebraic/logarithmic singularities with an application to aerodynamics

Tensor-product formulae based on one-dimensional Gaussian quadratures are developed for evaluating double integrals of the type indicated in the title. If the singularities occur only along the diagonal and the regular part of the integrand is a polynomial of total degree d, the formulae can be made exact by choosing the number of quadrature points larger than, or equal to, 1?+?d/2. Numerical examples are given as well as an application to a problem in aerodynamics.
Growth inhibition of selected food‐borne bacteria by tannic acid, propyl gallate and related compounds

Tannic acid, propyl gallate, gallic acid and ellagic acid were tested for their inhibitory effects on selected food-borne bacteria by the well assay technique. Tannic acid and propyl gallate were inhibitory whereas gallic acid and ellagic acid were not.
Distribution dynamics of evolving networks

Abstract How networks come into existence and how they change with time are fundamental issues in numerous physical and social systems. Based on the concept of a nodal-linkage distribution, we propose a unified population dynamics approach for the evolution of networks to random (single-scale) or power law (scale-free) conformations. The functional form of the rate coefficients for addition or removal of links governs the asymptotic forms, which are independent of initial states. The population balance equation, cast either as an integrodifferential equation, a difference–differential equation, or a partial differential equation, can be solved by standard methods, including a moment method. Growth and dissolution rate coefficients that vary with a power of the linkage number yield an asymptotic power law distribution of links. Rate coefficients independent of linkage number yield exponential (random) networks.
Expression of the HTLV-III envelope gene by a recombinant vaccinia virus.

The discovery that the aetiological agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retro virus, referred to as human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) or lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) (for review see ref. 1), has raised the possibility of developing a vaccine. In this regard, the envelope (env) proteins of murine retroviruses can induce protective immunity in mice2,3. The HTLV-III env gene specifies a primary polypeptide of ∼860 amino acids that is glycosylated to form a precursor of relative molecular mass (Mr) 160,000 (gp160), which gives rise to mature membrane-associated proteins4–9 of Mr 120,000 (gp120) and 41,000 (gp41). The HTLV-III env gene has been expressed in Escherichia coli10 and by simian virus 40 (SV40) vectors5 but formation of the authentic proteins has not been demonstrated. Here, we describe the expression of the complete env gene by a vaccinia virus vector. Evidence is presented that synthesis, glycosylation, processing and membrane transport of the env polypeptide occurred without other HTLV-III gene functions; the env protein was recognized by sera from unrelated AIDs patients; and a single vaccination with the infectious recombinant vaccinia virus induced antibodies to gp120 in mice.
School Consultation: Evolving Issues

ABSTRACT Schools are currently facing (1) increasing demands for special services, (2) parents' expectations for academic achievement, (3) budget constraints, (4) an older faculty, and (5) a broadening mandate to nurture young children and prevent self-destructive behavior in adolescence. Whether as consultants or caring for individual children, child psychiatrists should consider these evolving issues in their work with parents and schools.
Hand/Arm Forces with Pneumatic Nail Gun Actuation Systems

A biomechanical model is presented to estimate cumulative user hand/arm force associated with two pneumatic nail gun trigger systems. The contact actuation trigger (CAT) can fire a nail when the user holds the trigger depressed first and then “bumps” the nail gun safety tip against the workpiece. With a full sequential actuation trigger (SAT) the user must press the tip against the workpiece prior to activating the trigger. The SAT is demonstrably safer in reducing traumatic injury risk, but increases the duration (and magnitude) of tip force exertion. Time integrated hand force was calculated for a single user from measurements of the tip contact force with the workpiece and transfer time between nails as inputs to a quasi-dynamic model of nailing in two task orientations. Application of the model shows the hand/arm force dependence upon the orientation of the workpiece in addition to the trigger system. Based on standard time allowances from work measurement systems (i.e. MTM - 1) the model results suggest that efficient application of tip contact force with the SAT would reduce total hand/arm force exertion attributable to this trigger system for this user. The present model is useful for considering differences in cumulative hand/arm force exposure between the SAT and CAT systems and the user perceptions and practices that result from these differences.
Using physical models to study the gliding performance of extinct animals.

Synopsis Aerodynamic studies using physical models of fossil organisms can provide quantitative information about how performance of defined activities, such as gliding, depends on specific morphological features. Such analyses allow us to rule out hypotheses about the function of extinct organisms that are not physically plausible and to determine if and how specific morphological features and postures affect performance. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical guide for the design of dynamically scaled physical models to study the gliding of extinct animals using examples from our research on the theropod dinosaur, †Microraptor gui, which had flight feathers on its hind limbs as well as on its forelimbs. Analysis of the aerodynamics of †M. gui can shed light on the design of gliders with large surfaces posterior to the center of mass and provide functional information to evolutionary biologists trying to unravel the origins of flight in the dinosaurian ancestors and sister groups to birds. Measurements of lift, drag, side force, and moments in pitch, roll, and yaw on models in a wind tunnel can be used to calculate indices of gliding and parachuting performance, aerodynamic static stability, and control effectiveness in maneuvering. These indices permit the aerodynamic performance of bodies of different shape, size, stiffness, texture, and posture to be compared and thus can provide insights about the design of gliders, both biological and man-made. Our measurements of maximum lift-to-drag ratios of 2.5–3.1 for physical models of †M. gui suggest that its gliding performance was similar to that of flying squirrels and that the various leg postures that might have been used by †M. gui make little difference to that aspect of aerodynamic performance. We found that body orientation relative to the movement of air past the animal determines whether it is difficult or easy to maneuver.
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of n.c.a. Iodoquine: A Novel Radiotracer with High Uptake in Cells with High ALDH1 Expression

Purpose: Chloroquine has demonstrated high affinity for aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1), an enzyme expressed in the highly tumorigenic CD133+ brain tumor initiating subpopulation. The purpose of this study is to report the novel synthesis of a chloroquine analogue, n.c.a. iodoquine, and the in vitro and in vivo uptake in cells with high ALDH1 content. Methods and Materials: Iodoquine was synthesized in novel no-carrier-added forms (n.c.a.) for both 125I and 123I. I25I IQ and 18F FDG cell uptake assays were performed in the L1210 and L1210cpa (cyclophosphamide resistant), A549, and MG456 glioblastoma cell lines. Uptake was expressed as a percent of the administered activity. 125I IQ biodistribution studies assessed organ uptake at 1, 4, and 24 hours after IV administration (n= 15 total; 5 mice/timepoint). Radiation dosimetry estimates were calculated using standard OLINDA/EXM software. In vivo imaging of 123I IQ uptake in MG456 glioblastoma mouse model (n=10) was performed with small animal high resolution micro-SPECT. Autoradiography and histology co-localized radiotracer and tumor biodistribution. Uptake in MG456 glioblastoma tumors was quantified with gamma counting. Results: L1210 cpa (high ALDH1) showed significantly higher 125I IQ uptake compared to the parental L1210 (low ALDH1) for all time points through 4 hours (20.7% ± 1.4% versus 11.0% ± 0.5%; 21.3% ± 0.9% versus 11.0% ± 0.4%; 20.6% ± 0.7% versus 9.4% ± 0.3%; and 15.7% ± 0.7% versus 7.5% + 0.4% at 30 minutes, and 1, 2 and 4 hours, respectively; p 0.001 for all time points). The A549 lung cancer cell line also showed high IQ uptake through 4 hours. IQ normal biodistribution studies showed rapid renal excretion and very low normal background brain activity after IV administration. In vivo micro-SPECT images showed mild uptake in larger MG456 glioblastomas (n=6) as verified with autoradiography and histology. Gamma well counter uptake in large tumors was 2.3% ± 0.48% ID/g (n=5). Conclusion: Iodoquine localizes to cells with high ALDH1 content. Cell assays show high 125I IQ uptake in the MG456 cell line, and in vivo micro-SPECT imaging showed mild 123I IQ uptake in MG456 glioblastomas. Further studies are necessary to investigate 131I IQ as a potential therapeutic agent targeting the highly tumorigenic CD133+ brain tumor stem cell subpopulation.
QSAR study of the structural and conformational requirements for the binding of anandamide analogs to the cannabinoid receptor CB1

The identification of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) as an endogenous cannabinoid is one of the most important developments in cannabinoid research. Anandamide and all known analogs exhibit significant selectivity for the first cannabinoid receptor subtype (CB1) and modest to very low affinity for the second cannabinoid receptor subtype (CB2). Elucidating how structurally different anandamide analogs bind to the CB1 receptor is an important goal. The experimental binding data of 26 anandamide analogs from Sheskin et al. [J. Med. Chem. 40, 659 (1997)] were chosen. These workers used the centrifugation method for their binding assay study and found that the addition of an amidase inhibitor, PMSF, does not lower the binding affinity K i. A predictive model was developed based on data calculated by the Hartree–Fock method with the 6-31G** basis set. This model is based on linear combinations of calculated molecular descriptors that have been fit to the experimental binding activities. This model contain...
Acting intentionally and the side-effect effect: 'Theory of mind' and moral judgment

The concept of acting intentionally is an important nexus where theory of mind and moral judgment meet. Preschool children's judgments of intentional action show a valence-driven asymmetry. Children say that a foreseen but disavowed side effect is brought about "on purpose" when the side effect itself is morally bad, but not when it is morally good. This is the first demonstration in preschoolers that moral judgment influences judgments of whether something was done on purpose (as opposed to judgments of purpose influencing moral judgment). Judgments of intentionality are usually assumed to be purely factual. That these judgments are sometimes partly normative-even in preschoolers-challenges current understanding. Young children's judgments regarding foreseen side effects depend on whether the children process the idea that the character does not care about the side effect. As soon as preschoolers effectively process the theory-of-mind concept "not care that P," children show the side-effect effect.
When use cases are not useful: data practices, astronomy, and digital libraries

As science becomes more dependent upon digital data, the need for data curation and for data digital libraries becomes more urgent. Questions remain about what researchers consider to be their data, their criteria for selecting and trusting data, and their orientation to data challenges. This paper reports findings from the first 18 months of research on astronomy data practices from the Data Conservancy. Initial findings suggest that issues for data production, use, preservation, and sharing revolve around factors that rarely are accommodated in use cases for digital library system design including trust in data, funding structures, communication channels, and perceptions of scientific value.
Educating nursing students about the dangers of drinking games.

Abstract Alcohol abuse is a serious problem among college students, and drinking games are a common, yet risky practice in this population. This article provides a description of different types of drinking games along with a discussion of the risks of participation, factors that may lead college students to participate, interventions that may help reduce student participation, and reasons why nurse faculty should consider incorporating information about drinking games into their curricula.
The "Median" Method for the Reduction of Noise and Trigger Jitter on Waveform Data.

The “median” method for the reduction of the effect of noise and trigger jitter on waveform data is described. The effectiveness of this method was examined using simulations and experiments and, for typical jitter and noise observed in electrical pulse metrology, is shown to provide reconstructed waveforms with transition durations that accurately match those of the input signal. Also, for aberrations, an upper bound on the error in the amplitude of the aberration is provided.
Leg length discrepancy in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

Background and purpose Leg-length discrepancy (LLD) can be a sequela of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). We tried to identify factors that affect the development of LLD following SCFE. Patients and method We evaluated 85 patients who had been treated using percutaneous screw fixation. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 12 (8–16) years. The relationship of LLD and various clinical and radiographic parameters was evaluated: the degree of slip, articulotrochanteric distance (ATD), and articulotrochanteric distance difference (ATDD) (healthy side minus the side with SCFE). We assessed the relationship between ATDD and LLD based on scanogram. Results The average LLD was 1.4 (0.1–3.8) cm at 6 (2–15) years postoperatively. 48 of 85 patients had an LLD of greater than 1 cm and 10 patients had an LLD of greater than 2 cm. There was a correlation between the magnitude of LLD and the severity of the slip. There was no statistically significant correlation between LLD and the stabilit...
A Comparison of the Effects of Three Treatment Interventions on Cognitive Functioning of Alzheimer Patients

This study explored the effects of three treatment approaches on the cognitive functioning of Alzheimer’s subjects: (a) musically cued reminiscence, (h) verbally cued reminiscence, and (c) music alone. The subjects were 12 female nursing home residents ranging in age from 71 to 92 who suffered from senile dementia and met currently accepted guidelines for having Alzheimer’s Disease. Changes in cognitive functioning were ascertained by the differences between pre- and post-session treatment scores on the Mini-Mental Status Questionnaire. Comparisons were made for total scores and subscores for orientation, attention, and language. The results showed that musically cued and verbally cued reminiscence signif­ icantly increased language subsection scores, but not orientation or attention subscores, nor total scores. Musical activity alone significantly increased total scores, but not any subsection scores. No one treatment intervention proved to he significantly more effective than the other two in increasing cognitive functioning level. Pretreatment scores were not predictive as to which intervention would be most effective. The findings suggest that music may he a useful treatment modality for Alzheimer patients in promoting optimal cognitive functioning. Further research should he carried
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Delusional Disorder

Objective:Often considered difficult to treat in the past, even treatment-resistant, delusional disorder is now regarded as a treatable condition that responds to medication in many instances. Munr...
Agonistic behavior between individual worker termites from three cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from northern California.

Bioassays examining aggression in termites have typically been performed by pairing groups of workers from different colonies. We examined whether similar results would be observed using bioassays with individual workers. We report the results of pairings of individual workers of Reticulitermes spp. of three different hydrocarbon phenotypes (CA-A, CA-B, and CA-C). Resulting agonistic behavior between individuals can be used to infer relatedness of workers from different foraging groups because identification of species of Reticulitermes is often difficult. Pairings consisted of two termites from the same colony or from different colonies with the same or different phenotypes. We recorded avoidance behavior and immediate aggression during 5-min observations and mortality at 24 h. Intercolonial/intraphenotype pairings paralleled group bioassays with low levels of immediate aggression; however, individual pairings had lower levels of mortality at 24 h. Bioassays using individual Reticulitermes spp. workers in interphenotype pairings yielded results comparable with previously reported group bioassays and could be used in lieu of group bioassays. However, if immediate aggression is lacking, it would be advisable to use group bioassays or increase the number of replications to differentiate intracolonial and intercolonial pairings. Survival rates were the same for all phenotypes when paired with either of the other two phenotypes. There were, however, significant differences in the number of avoidance responses; pairings with CA-C had the highest number of avoidance responses followed by pairings with CA-B and CA-A. There were significant differences in immediate aggression; CA-C was the most aggressive, followed by CA-B and CA-A. Different levels of aggression among phenotypes provide additional evidence that these phenotypes represent distinct taxa or species.
Optimal control of a database with reduced & full state models

A Markov decision problem is formulated and solved for a redundant database system. The objective function is expressed in terms of the expenditure of average time required for the system to recover from server failures or to serve queries. Control actions include data restoration and system overhaul, and are taken based on the state of servers and the service demands. The steady-state availability of the database and the expected query response time are quantified under optimal control policies derived from several sets of cost criteria for the case of reduced state model that disregards the service demand information, as well as the full state model.
Nonexpected Utility Theory

Although the expected utility model of risk preferences has long been the most widely used model of choice under uncertainty, a growing body of evidence has uncovered systematic departures from expected utility maximization. Researchers have characterized the form of these departures, developed several models of nonexpected utility risk preferences, and have applied these models to the analysis of standard questions such as the theory of insurance. Keywords: nonexpected utility; Allais Paradox; risk aversion; insurance
Responses of Chaparral and Oak Woodland Plant Communities to Fuel-Reduction Thinning in Southwestern Oregon

Fire suppression has led to large fuel accumulations in many regions of the United States. In response to concerns about associated wildfire hazards, land managers in the western United States are carrying out extensive fuel-reduction thinning programs. Although reductions in cover by woody vegetation seem likely to cause changes in herbaceous communities, few published studies have reported on consequences of such treatments for native or exotic plant species. We compared vegetation and abiotic characteristics between paired thinned and unthinned chaparral and oak woodland communities of southwestern Oregon 4–7 yr posttreatment and contrasted impacts of manual vs. mechanical treatments. Herbaceous cover increased on thinned sites, but species richness did not change. Herbaceous communities at thinned sites had an early postdisturbance type of composition dominated by native annual forbs and exotic annual grasses; cover by annuals was nearly twice as high on treated as on untreated sites. Absolute and proportional cover of native annual forbs increased more than any other trait group, whereas exotic annual forbs and native perennial forbs declined. Exotic annual grass cover (absolute and proportional) increased, whereas cover by native perennial grasses did not. Shrub reestablishment was sparse after thinning, probably because of a lack of fire-stimulated germination. Manual and mechanical treatment impacts on abiotic site conditions differed, but differences in vegetation impacts were not statistically significant. Fuel-reduction thinning may have some unintended negative impacts, including expansion of exotic grasses, reductions in native perennial species cover, persistent domination by annuals, and increased surface fuels. Coupled with sparse tree or shrub regeneration, these alterations suggest that ecological-state changes may occur in treated communities. Such changes might be mitigated by retaining more woody cover than is currently retained, seeding with native perennials after treatment, or other practices; further research is needed to inform management in these ecosystems.
Effect of Extracellular Calcium Depletion on Epithelial Structure and Function in Rabbit Ileum: A Model for Selective Crypt or Villus Epithelial Cell Damage and Suggestion of Secretion by Villus Epithelial Cells

The epithelium of mammalian small intestine can be conveniently divided into two compartments: the crypt and the villus. These compartments are not only structurally distinct but also may be functionally distinct with regard to sodium and chloride ion transport. Villus epithelial cells are thought to be responsible for electrolyte absorption and crypt cells for secretion of ions and water. We show that exposure of rabbit ilea] mucosal sheets in vitro to bathing solutions depleted of calcium with 1 mM ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid on either the mucosal or the serosal surface produces selective damage of one epithelial compartment while leaving the other structurally intact. Thus these preparations represent a potential in vitro model for studying the relative contribution of crypt and villus epithelium to net transepithelial active ion transport. The effects of selective mucosal or serosal extracellular calcium depletion on epithelial structure were studied in detail using light and electron microscopy and freeze-fracture techniques. The functional significance of the structural abnormalities produced in these models was evaluated by measuring unidirectional sodium and chloride ion fluxes and serosal theophylline-dependent and mucosal glucose-dependent increases in short-circuit current. Serosal depletion of extracellular calcium produced diffuse damage to crypt epithelial cells, which consisted of vacuolization, detachment from the basement membrane, and dissolution of tight junctions, but which produced no detectable structural damage to villus epithelial cells. These structural alterations produced a decrease in basal shortcircuit current, an increase in transepithelial conductance and in net sodium and chloride ion absorption, no effect on the glucose-induced increase in short-circuit current and a significant decrease in the theophylline-induced short-circuit current response. In contrast, mucosal depletion of extracellular calcium resulted in vacuolization of a large portion of villus epithelial cells with concomitant detachment from the basement membrane and tight junction dissolution, but produced no structural defect in crypt epithelial cells. These alterations were associated with an increase in transepithelial conductance, no significant change in basal net sodium and chloride ion transport, and significant decreases in both glucose and theophylline-induced short-circuit current response. Furthermore, the decrease in theophylline-induced short-circuit current responses seen in tissues with selective villus damage but structurally intact crypts was at least as great as that seen with selective crypt damage. These data support the concept that crypt epithelium actively secretes and villus epithelium actively absorbs sodium and chloride ions. In addition, however, they suggest that a population of epithelial cells on the intestinal villi may also have the capacity to secrete electrolytes.
Action and Results Oriented Research and Consultancy Approach to Third World Accounting Education and Professional Development

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates action and results-oriented research and consultancy approach to Third World accounting education and professional development. Within the past generation, literature and consultancy reports on Third World accounting deficiencies and proposed remedies have burgeoned. The United Nations, the World Bank, International Federation of Accountants, United States Agency for International Development, and publications of several other international, regional, and national organizations and institutions, and seminars, symposia and conferences of professional and academic accountants have endlessly responded to the anxieties of the problems and deficiencies of Third World accounting and their repercussions on international relations and commerce. Theoretical and applied researches that do not require immediate action have their time and place in the search and advancement of knowledge. Effective accountability that would help spur efficient allocation, and utilization of resources, and improve the quality of Third World accounting requires more than endless replication, and reproduction of sterile reports, and literature.
History and future of genetically engineered food animal regulation: an open request

Modern biotechnology resulted from of a series of incremental improvements in the understanding of DNA and the enzymes that nature evolved to manipulate it. As the potential impact of genetic engineering became apparent, scientists began the process of trying to identify the potential unintended consequences. Restrictions to recombinant DNA experimentation were at first self-imposed. Collaborative efforts between scientists and lawyers formalized an initial set of guidelines. These guidelines have been used to promulgate regulations around world. However, the initial guidelines were only intended as a starting point and were motivated by a specific set of concerns. As new data became available, the guidelines and regulations should have been adapted to the new knowledge. Instead, other social drivers drove the development of regulations. For most species and most applications, the framework that was established has slowly allowed some products to reach the market. However, genetically engineered livestock that are intended for food have been left in a regulatory state of limbo. To date, no genetically engineered food animal is available in the marketplace. A short history and a U.S.-based genetic engineer's perspective are presented. In addition, a request to regulatory agencies is presented for consideration as regulation continues to evolve. Regulators appear to have shown preference for the slow, random progression of evolution over the efficiency of intentional design.
More Education, More Purpose in Life? A Comparison of Purpose Across Adults with Different Levels of Education

There is an abundance of research demonstrating the benefits associated with having a sense of purpose in life, but much of this work utilizes academic (high school or college students) or well-educated adult samples. This study compared adults who graduated from college to adults with no or some college experience on a number of dimensions related to purpose development, including: the process of exploration (purpose pathway), overall level of purpose, and the content of one’s purpose (purpose orientation). The relationship between purpose and psychological assets such as agency and subjective well-being was also compared across groups. Results demonstrated that there were no differences by education level with regard to overall level of purpose or one’s purpose pathways, but education predicted purpose orientation and agency, even when controlling for purpose. The lack of difference in purpose between adults with different levels of education bodes well for the field, which has relied heavily on college student samples. Implications for existing and future research on purpose in life are discussed.
Abstract 186: NER factor XPC enhances DNA damage-induced apoptosis independently of p53 function

Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) is a 940-aa protein engaged in the DNA damage recognition during nucleotide excision repair (NER). It was reported that one of the XPC polymorphisms, Lys939Gln, is associated to cancer predisposition, although this variant did not affect NER. Thus, another mechanism must exist to contribute to this cancer susceptibility. In addition, this XPC genetic polymorphism correlates with the failure of imatinib treatment in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. We reasoned that XPC must be influencing other functions unrelated to DNA repair. Here, we demonstrated that XPC can enhance the apoptosis induced by various DNA damaging agents, including ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), cisplatin, and etoposide. In addition, XPC-mediated apoptosis is independent of p53, as reflected by the findings that knock-down of XPC expression compromised the UV or IR-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) MDAH041 and HCT116 cell lines, while having no influence on apoptosis in their p53-proficient counterparts. Also, in response to UV irradiation, XPC deficiency did not affect the mitochondrial cytochrome c release or had only slight effect on the activation of caspase-3. However, XPC deficiency compromised the UV-induced activation of caspase-9. Therefore, XPC seems to function downstream of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) and upstream of caspase-9 activation during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. We further demonstrated that XPC deficiency impaired the UV-induced caspase-2 activation, as reflected by reduced cleavage of long isoform of caspase-2 (CASP-2L) in XP-C cells compared to XPC-restored XP-C cells following UV irradiation. Meanwhile, the short isoform of caspase-2 (CASP-2S) was found to be induced in XP-C cells at early times following UV irradiation, while it remained unchanged in XPC-restored XP-C cells. Given that caspase 2 gene generates both proapoptotic (CASP-2L) and antiapoptotic (CASP-2S) isoforms by alternative splicing, our data suggest that XPC enhances DNA damage-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the production of anti-apoptotic CASP-2S via regulation of the alternative splicing of caspase-2. (Supported by NIH grants CA93413, ES2388 and ES12991). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 186. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-186
Informal STEAM education for gifted students: Case study of a family academic program

The Math in Art, Art in Math program was designed in conjunction with the Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth in an effort to combine interdisciplinary, informal education with an audience of gifted students and their families. The program leveraged educators' backgrounds in art and mathematics to create an interactive day-long program that allowed students to explore concepts rarely seen in a classroom environment. The research and pedagogy that shaped the development of such a program is presented, with attention given to the characteristics unique to a gifted audience that may have broader implications for the field of education at large. Here we explore the challenges of initial implementation and lessons learned from both the development and implementation of the program. Feedback from participants is also examined in an effort to determine which programmatic elements were most valuable as well as the viability for future interdisciplinary STEAM learning.
154 DIABETES SCREENING IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT.

Introduction Many individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) who do not have access to primary care present to the emergency department (ED) for unrelated illnesses. The ED visit may represent an opportunity to screen these individuals for DM2. The primary purpose of this ongoing study is to identify specific clinical characteristics and laboratory findings in the ED that can be used to screen individuals at risk for DM2. Methods Patients 18-80 years of age in a county ED are enrolled if they meet one of the following inclusion criteria: (1) a random blood sugar level ≥ 140 mg/dL, (2) a blood sugar level ≥ 126 mg/dL more than 2 hours after a meal, or (3) two risk factors, which include family history DM2, estimated body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, ≥ 45 years of age, and high-risk ethnicity. Patients were excluded if they had previously been diagnosed with diabetes (including during initial ED visit) or possessed comorbid conditions, such as use of steroids in the past month, that would interfere with accurately identifying patients at high risk for DM2. During the ED visit patients are scheduled for a follow-up visit 6 weeks later during which an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is administered. Patients who test positive for diabetes are asked to return for a second confirmatory OGTT. Results To date 291 patients have enrolled in the study. Preliminary results show that 122/291 (41%) completed their first follow-up visit. Of returnees 56% were Hispanic. The median age (IQR) and BMI were 50.7 (42.4-56.9) years and 30.3 (21.2-39.5) kg/m2, respectively. Remarkably, 68% of subjects had abnormal glucose homeostasis: 8/122 (6.6%) tested positive for DM2, 30/118 (25%) had impaired fasting glucose alone (IFGa), 11/118 (9%) had impaired glucose tolerance alone (IGTa), and 34/118 (29%) had IFG and IGT. Evaluation of a subgroup (55/122) confirmed that 75% (41/55) had no primary care provider. Conclusion Preliminary results show a high percentage of patients tested positive for DM2 or prediabetes. This suggests that ED patients may benefit from targeted screening for DM2.
Determination of acesulfame K,benzoic acid,sorbic acid and sodium sacchar in food by diethyl ether extraction and HPLC

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of acesulfame K,benzoic acid,sorbic acid and sodium sacchar in food by diethyl ether extraction and HPLC.Methods:The samples were extracted 3 times by diethyl ether after mixed with hydrochloric acid first,volumed by methanol after dry the diethyl ether,then were separated on Nova-ParkR C18 by using a mobile phase consisting of 0.02 mol/L NH4Ac(92%) and CH3OH(8%).The flow rate was 0.7 ml/min.Results:Calibration curves were linear within the range of 10～100 μg/ml and the limit of quantification was found to be 3.4,2.9,2.0 and 4.6 mg/kg for acesulfame K,benzoic acid,sorbic acid and sodium sacchar respectively.The extraction recoveries were 95.2%～101.7% and the RSD were 0.96%～4.69%.Conclusion:This method is simple and sensitive for determination in food samples.
Comparative Effectiveness of Tai Chi Versus Physical Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial

Background Few remedies effectively treat long-term pain and disability from knee osteoarthritis. Studies suggest that Tai Chi alleviates symptoms, but no trials have directly compared Tai Chi with standard therapies for osteoarthritis.
Triple Isotope Effects Support Concerted Hydride and Proton Transfer and Promoting Vibrations in Human Heart Lactate Dehydrogenase

Transition path sampling simulations have proposed that human heart lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) employs protein promoting vibrations (PPVs) on the femtosecond (fs) to picosecond (ps) time scale to promote crossing of the chemical barrier. This chemical barrier involves both hydride and proton transfers to pyruvate to form l-lactate, using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as the cofactor. Here we report experimental evidence from three types of isotope effect experiments that support coupling of the promoting vibrations to barrier crossing and the coincidence of hydride and proton transfer. We prepared the native (light) LDH and a heavy LDH labeled with 13C, 15N, and nonexchangeable 2H (D) to perturb the predicted PPVs. Heavy LDH has slowed chemistry in single turnover experiments, supporting a contribution of PPVs to transition state formation. Both the [4-2H]NADH (NADD) kinetic isotope effect and the D2O solvent isotope effect were increased in dual-label experiments combining both NADD a...
Macrophage Cyclooxygenase-2 Protects Against Development of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by increased macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory M1 macrophages contribute to development of DN. Previous studies by us and others have reported that macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a role in polarization and maintenance of a macrophage tissue-reparative M2 phenotype. We examined the effects of macrophage COX-2 on development of DN in type 1 diabetes. Cultured macrophages with COX-2 deletion exhibited an M1 phenotype, as demonstrated by higher inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor-κB levels but lower interleukin-4 receptor-α levels. Compared with corresponding wild-type diabetic mice, mice with COX-2 deletion in hematopoietic cells (COX-2 knockout bone marrow transplantation) or macrophages (CD11b-Cre COX2f/f) developed severe DN, as indicated by increased albuminuria, fibrosis, and renal infiltration of T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Although diabetic kidneys with macrophage COX-2 deletion had more macrophage infiltration, they had fewer renal M2 macrophages. Diabetic kidneys with macrophage COX-2 deletion also had increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreased number of podocytes. Similar results were found in diabetic mice with macrophage PGE2 receptor subtype 4 deletion. In summary, these studies have demonstrated an important but unexpected role for macrophage COX-2/prostaglandin E2/PGE2 receptor subtype 4 signaling to lessen progression of diabetic kidney disease, unlike the pathogenic effects of increased COX-2 expression in intrinsic renal cells.
Integrating primary care providers in the care of cancer survivors: gaps in evidence and future opportunities

Summary Since the release of the Institute of Medicine report: From cancer patient to cancer survivor: lost in transition , in 2005, there has been a national call in the USA to provide coordinated, comprehensive care for cancer survivors, with an emphasis on the role of primary care. Several models of care have been described, which focus on primary care providers (PCPs) as receiving cancer survivors who are transferred after successful treatment, and who are given specific types of information from oncology-based care (eg, survivorship care plans), and not as active members of the cancer survivorship team. In this Series paper, we assessed survivorship models that have been described in the literature, with a specific focus on strategies that aim to integrate PCPs into the care of cancer survivors across different settings. We offer insights differentiating PCPs' level of expertise in cancer survivorship and how such expertise could be used. We provide recommendations for education, clinical practice, research, and policy initiatives that might advance the integration of PCPs in the care of cancer survivors in diverse clinical settings.