cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphing Banner Advertising

Researchers and practitioners devote substantial effort to targeting banner advertisements to consumers, but they focus less effort on how to communicate with consumers once targeted. Morphing enables a website to learn, automatically and near optimally, which banner advertisements to serve to consumers to maximize click-through rates, brand consideration, and purchase likelihood. Banners are matched to consumers based on posterior probabilities of latent segment membership, which are identified from consumers' clickstreams. This paper describes the first large-sample random-assignment field test of banner morphing---more than 100,000 consumers viewed more than 450,000 banners on CNET.com. On relevant Web pages, CNET's click-through rates almost doubled relative to control banners. We supplement the CNET field test with an experiment on an automotive information-and-recommendation website. The automotive experiment replaces automated learning with a longitudinal design that implements morph-to-segment matching. Banners matched to cognitive styles, as well as the stage of the consumer's buying process and body-type preference, significantly increase click-through rates, brand consideration, and purchase likelihood relative to a control. The CNET field test and automotive experiment demonstrate that matching banners to cognitive-style segments is feasible and provides significant benefits above and beyond traditional targeting. Improved banner effectiveness has strategic implications for allocations of budgets among media.
Escape and synchronization of a Brownian particle

The escape and synchronization of a 1-\ensuremath{\mu}m Brownian particle from an optical trap is presented. The probability distribution of residence times within a given well is exponential with a cutoff at short time. Temporal modulation of the well leads to synchronization.
Anomaly Matching and a Hopf-Wess-Zumino Term in 6d, N =( 2; 0) Field Theories

Abstract We point out that the low energy theory of 6d N =(2,0) field theories, when away from the origin of the moduli space of vacua, necessarily includes a new kind of Wess–Zumino term. The form of this term is related to the Hopf invariant associated with π7(S4). The coefficient of the Wess–Zumino term is fixed by an anomaly matching relation for a global flavor symmetry. For example, in the context of a single M5 brane probe in the background of N distant M5 branes, the probe must have the Hopf–WZ term with coefficient proportional to N(N+1). Various related checks and observations are made. We also point out that there are skyrmionic strings, and propose that they are the W-boson strings.
Cointegration and aggregation

Abstract This paper explores the conditions under which cointegration at the micro level implies cointegration at the macro level and vice versa. The aggregation conditions considered in this paper are in terms of common factors assumptions rather than the representative agent assumption, thereby allowing for a certain kind of heterogeneity among agents.
C-LOOPS: EXTENSIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

C-loops are loops satisfying the identity x(y · yz) = (xy · y)z. We develop the theory of extensions of C-loops, and characterize all nuclear extensions provided the nucleus is an abelian group. C-loops with central squares have very transparent extensions; they can be built from small blocks arising from the underlying Steiner triple system. Using these extensions, we decide for which abelian groups K and Steiner loops Q there is a nonflexible C-loop C with center K such that C/K is isomorphic to Q. We discuss possible orders of associators in C-loops. Finally, we show that the loops of signed basis elements in the standard real Cayley–Dickson algebras are C-loops.
Colonial gravestones and demography

This paper discusses in a general way the range and use of demographic data that are, or may be, retrieved from colonial New England gravestones. In particular it examines some limitations of the usefulness of these data. The uses of gravestone data are also discussed in conjunction with those of published vital records and of early census figures. An optimistic view is expressed of the feasability of using such data in bridging the “credibility gap” between paleo and modern demography, with particular reference to possible studies of average age at death and of population composition and change.
Multiwavelength spectrum of the black hole xte j1118+480 in quiescence

We present an X-ray/UV/optical spectrum of the black hole primary in the X-ray nova XTE J1118+480 in quiescence at LX ? 4 ? 10-9LEdd. The Chandra, Hubble Space Telescope, and Multiple Mirror Telescope spectroscopic observations were performed simultaneously on 2002 January 12 UT. Because this 4.1 hr binary is located at b = 62?, the transmission of the interstellar medium is very high (e.g., 70% at 0.3 keV). We present many new results for the quiescent state, such as the first far-UV spectrum and evidence for a 0.35 mag orbital modulation in the near-UV flux. However, the centerpiece of our work is the multiwavelength spectrum of XTE J1118+480, which we argue represents the canonical spectrum of a stellar-mass black hole radiating at LX ~ 10-8.5LEdd. This spectrum is composed of two apparently disjoint components: a hard X-ray spectrum with a photon index ? = 2.02 ? 0.16 and an optical/UV continuum that resembles a 13,000 K disk blackbody spectrum punctuated by several strong emission lines. We present a model of the source in which the accretion flow has two components: (1) an X-ray-emitting interior region where the flow is advection-dominated and (2) a thin exterior accretion disk with a truncated inner edge (Rtr ~ 104 Schwarzschild radii) that is responsible for the optical/UV spectrum. For D = 1.8 kpc, the luminosity of the X-ray component is LX ? 3.5 ? 1030 ergs s-1 (0.3-7 keV); the bolometric luminosity of the optical/UV component is ?20 times greater.
Spinor analysis of Yang-Mills theory

We formulate the Euclidean Yang-Mills gauge theory for isospin in terms of multispinors of SU(2) x SU(2)(=O(4)) x SU(2). The Dirac equation for fermions with arbitrary isospin interacting with the self-dual, conformally covariant Yang-Mills field is analyzed and completely solved for the isovector case. The relevance for this problem of the Atiyah-Singer index theory and its relation to the anomalous divergence of the axial-vector current are also explained.
Do Managerial Motives Impact Dividend Decisions in REITs

Conflict of interest between shareholders (principal) and managers (agent) is a potential weakness of the modern corporate form. Various monitoring mechanisms—pay for performance compensation schemes, mix of cash compensation and long term compensation, the independence of the board of directors, the market for takeovers, and capital structure—have been developed to discipline management and motivate them to maximize shareholder wealth. We test the hypothesis that dividend payout levels reflect the quality of and motivation for managerial decision making and are a function of performance and monitoring effectiveness. Consistent with this hypothesis, our analyses indicate that dividend payout, and dividend yield are functions of corporate performance, board structure, CEO tenure, and CEO ownership of company shares.
Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine

Introduction Part I. Context: 1. The path to disaster 2. The political economy of the Great Leap famine Part II. Catastrophe and Reform: 3. The Great Leap famine and rural liberalization 4. The Cultural Revolution interlude 5. Structural incentives for rural reform 6. The political struggle over reform Part III. State and Rural Society Under Reform: 8. Rural industrialization, political empowerment, and state policy Conclusions and reflections Appendix Notes Bibliography Index.
Effects of long term storage on aerospace nickel—cadmium cell performance

Abstract A study currently being performed at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to evaluate the long term effects of storage on aerospace nickel—cadmium cells is described. A number of 6 A h and 12 A h capacity cells which have been stored in shorted condition for 9–11 years at the GSFC have been selected for this study. Of the three tests which have been initiated (initial and final destructive analyses of the test cells, GSFC electrical characterization tests, and life cycling tests) only the GSFC electrical characterization tests have been completed; other tests were scheduled to have been completed by February, 1987. The preliminary electrical performance data from the life cycling test, and chemical composition data from the destructive testing, indicate no anomalous behavior.
Iso-spectral deformations of general matrix and their reductions on Lie algebras

We study an iso-spectral deformation of the general matrix which is a natural generalization of the nonperiodic Toda lattice equation. This deformation is equivalent to the Cholesky flow, a continuous version of the Cholesky algorithm, introduced by Watkins. We prove the integrability of the deformation and give an explicit formula for the solution to the initial value problem. The formula is obtained by generalizing the orthogonalization procedure of Szego. Using the formula, the solution to the LU matrix factorization can the constructed explicitly. Based on the root spaces for simple Lie algebras, we consider several reductions of the equation. This leads to generalized Toda equations related to other classical semi-simple Lie algebras which include the integrable systems studied by Bogoyavlensky and Kostant. We show these systems can be solved explicitly in a unified way. The behaviors of the solutions are also studied. Generically, there are two types of solutions, having either sorting property or blowing up to infinity in finite time.
The Near‐Miss Management of Operational Risk

Over recent decades, banks and bank regulators have devoted substantial resources to managing market risk and credit risk. More recently industry and regulatory focus has shifted to the mitigation of operational risk. This article addresses the Advanced Measurement Approaches under which banks would be allowed to determine capital requirements, based on their own internal assessment of operational risk, according to standards set by the Basel Committee. The authors propose adopting the concept of “nearmiss” risk assessment employed in the chemical, health, and airline industries to internally evaluate operational risk.
The role of volume scattering in reducing spectral contrast of reststrahlen bands in spectra of powdered minerals

Abstract As particle size decreases, the spectral contrast of reststrahlen bands also decreases. It has been generally agreed that this loss of spectral contrast is due to the increased porosity associated with fine particle size, resulting in formation of photon traps. That is, that the pores acted like small black bodies. However, we show here that the reststrahlen bands change in shape as well as intensity, and this change in shape can only be explained by the occurence of substantial volume scattering at fine particle size, rather than by photon trapping. It appears that the role of porosity is to physically separate 1- 5-μm-diameter particles that are optically thin, even in the reststrahlen bands. When such particles are separated by more than a wavelength, they scatter independently as optically thin, volume-scattering particles. When packed closely together, however, they scatter coherently as if they were large, optically thick, surface-scattering particles. Thus, the loss of spectral contrast of reststrahlen bands for fine particle size materials appears to be due directly to particle size and only indirectly (but critically) to porosity. Coarse particle size materials may also display greatly reduced spectral contrast and altered band shape in their spectra if the larger particles are coated with clinging fines. The practical implication of this finding for remote sensing of the Earth, Moon, Mercury, Mars, and the asteroids is that the spectral features displayed by some particulate materials may be substantially changed from those seen in spectra of solids, requiring the use of a separate spectral search library to identify component minerals.
Finiteness properties of arithmetic groups over function fields

We determine when an arithmetic subgroup of a reductive group defined over a global function field is of type FP ∞ by comparing its large-scale geometry to the large-scale geometry of lattices in real semisimple Lie groups.
Occupant deaths in large truck crashes in the United States: 25 years of experience

There is public concern about the magnitude of the problem of large truck crashes in the US. Fatalities in large truck crashes have not declined much; however, more large trucks are driving more miles than ever before while fatalities per mile driven have dropped substantially. This study examined how the public health burden of large truck crashes versus the risk per unit of travel has changed over 25 years. The present study focused on the US vehicle occupants in fatal crashes involving a large truck during 1975-1999. Occupant fatalities per 100000 population, per 10000 licensed drivers, per 10000 registered trucks and per 100 million vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) were calculated to determine trends in occupant deaths in large truck crashes. In 1999, large truck crashes resulted in 3916 occupant deaths in passenger vehicles and 747 in large trucks. Passenger vehicle occupant deaths in large truck crashes per 100000 population have increased somewhat since 1975 (1.28 in 1975 and 1.44 in 1999). There have been appreciable declines in occupant deaths per truck VMT since 1975, but the percentage reduction has been greater for occupants of large trucks (67%) than for passenger vehicle occupants (43%). However, truck drivers are at elevated risk of dying relative to their numbers in the workforce. Overall large truck involvements in fatal crashes per truck VMT decreased more than passenger vehicle involvements per passenger VMT (PVMT; 68% versus 33% decreases for single-vehicle crashes and 43% versus 23% for multiple-vehicle crashes). Large truck involvement in fatal crashes has dropped substantially when measured per unit of travel, but the public health burden of large truck crashes, as measured by deaths per 100000 population, has not improved over time because of the large increase in truck mileage. Research is needed on measures to better protect both occupants of large trucks and passenger vehicle occupants colliding with them.
Interaction of the precessional wave with free‐boundary Alfvén surface waves in tandem mirrors

A symmetric tandem mirror plugging a long central cell, with plugs stabilized by a hot‐component plasma is considered. The system is taken to have a flat pressure profile with a steep edge gradient. The interaction of the precessional mode with Alfven waves generated in the central cell is then considered. This analysis is noneikonal and is valid when mΔ/r<1 (m is the azimuthal mode number, r the plasma radius, and Δ the radial gradient scale length) for long‐wavelength radial modes. Without finite‐Larmor‐radius (FLR) effects the precessional mode is always destabilized by the excitation of the Alfven waves for m≥2. For m=1, it is possible to achieve stabilization with conducting walls. A discussion is given of how FLR affects stabilization of the m≥2 long‐wavelength modes and of FLR stabilization of modes described in the eikonal approximation.
A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 3-FLUOROTHIOPHENE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID

(1997). A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 3-FLUOROTHIOPHENE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 221-223.
Algebraic shifting increases relative homology

Abstract We show that algebraically shifting a pair of simplicial complexes weakly increases their relative homology Betti numbers in every dimension. More precisely, let Δ ( K ) denote the algebraically shifted complex of simplicial complex K, and let β j (K,L)= dim k H j (K,L; k ) be the dimension of the jth reduced relative homology group over a field k of a pair of simplicial complexes L ⊆ K . Then β j ( K , L )⩽ β j ( Δ ( K ), Δ ( L )) for all j. The theorem is motivated by somewhat similar results about Grobner bases and generic initial ideals. Parts of the proof use Grobner basis techniques.
Compositional Dependence of Wetting and Contact Angles in Solid‐Liquid‐Liquid Systems under Realistic Environments

The Dual Drop Dual Crystal (DDDC) contact angle measurement technique has been used in this study with a high-pressure high-temperature optical cell apparatus to measure dynamic contact angles in rock-oil-brine systems at realistic reservoir conditions of temperature and pressure. The experimental observations with live, stocktank, de-asphalted and de-resined crude oils indicate that the stability of oil, which determines the precipitation of asphaltenes for wettability alteration, is controlled by the entire oil composition. The ionic interactions caused by the brine composition and surface charged behaviour of rock substrates have been identified as another main mechanism that can affect wetting and contact angles in solid-liquid-liquid systems.
A free-boundary problem for the evolution p-Laplacian equation with a combustion boundary condition

We study the existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions of the equation ft = Δpf = div (|Df|p-2Df) under over-determined boundary conditions f = 0 and |Df| = 1. We show that if the initial data is concave and Lipschitz with a bounded and convex support, then the problem admits a unique solution which exists until vanishing identically. Furthermore, the free-boundary of the support of f is smooth for all positive time.
THE ENDPOINT REGION IN RADIATIVE QUARKONIA DECAYS

We consider the inclusive radiative decays quarkonium→ γ +hadrons and examine the effects of soft QCD radiation on the photon energy spectrum near the endpoint.
Mammogenesis and lactogenesis in hypophysectomized, ovariectomized, adrenalectomized rats.

In the hypophysectomized-ovariectomized-adrenalectomized hooded Norway rat, growth of the mammary ducts can be induced with oestrone + somatotrophin + corticoids; lobule-alveolar development ensues if in addition to the above combination progesterone + prolactin is also administered. On withdrawing these hormones the local injection of prolactin then causes secretion in the underlying mammary gland, but only when corticoids are administered systemically.
Friedel–Crafts Amidoalkylation via Thermolysis and Oxidative Photocatalysis

Friedel–Crafts amidoalkylation was achieved by oxidation of dialkylamides using persulfate (S2O82–) in the presence of the visible light catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2, at room temperature, via a reactive N-acyliminium intermediate. Alternatively, mild heating of the dialkylamides and persulfate afforded a metal and Lewis acid-free Friedel–Crafts amidoalkylation. Alcohols and electron-rich arenes served as effective nucleophiles, forming new C–O or C–C bonds. In general, photocatalysis provided higher yields and better selectivities.
Totalization of simplicial homotopy types

We identify the obstructions for the functoriality and the uniqueness of the totalization (or geometric realization) functor, (partially) defined on the category of simplicial objects in the homotopy category of a stable model category, and we use a result from the cyclic homology of group algebras to show they can be non-zero.
The effect of alumina on the Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with menthyl acrylate and dimenthyl fumarate.

Abstract Alumina catalyzes the Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with optically active menthyl acrylate and dimenthyl fumarate. Significant diastereoselectivity is observed in each case.
Mooses, Topology and Higgs

New theories of electroweak symmetry breaking have recently been constructed that stabilize the weak scale and do not rely upon supersymmetry. In these theories the Higgs boson is a weakly coupled pseudo-Goldstone boson. In this note we study the class of theories that can be described by theory spaces and show that the fundamental group of theory space describes all the relevant classical physics in the low energy theory. The relationship between the low energy physics and the topological properties of theory space allow a systematic method for constructing theory spaces that give any desired low energy particle content and potential. This provides us with tools for analyzing and constructing new theories of electroweak symmetry breaking.
Infall Caustics in Dark Matter Halos

We show that most particle and subhalo orbits in simulated cosmological cold dark matter halos are surprisingly regular and periodic: the phase-space structure of the outer halo regions shares some of the properties of the classical self-similar secondary infall model. Some of the outer branches are clearly visible in the radial velocity-radius plane at certain epochs. However, they are severely broadened in realistic, triaxial halos with nonradial, clumpy, mass accretion. This prevents the formation of high-density caustics: even in the best cases there are only broad, very small (<10%) enhancements in the spherical density profile. Larger fluctuations in ρ (r) caused by massive satellites are common. Infall caustics are therefore too weak to affect lensing or dark matter annihilation experiments. Their detection is extremely challenging, as it requires a large number of accurate tracer positions and radial velocities in the outer halo. The stellar halo of the Milky Way is probably the only target where this could become feasible in the future.
Quantum link models: A discrete approach to gauge theories☆

We construct lattice gauge theories in which the elements of the link matrices are represented by non-commuting operators acting in a Hilbert space. These quantum link models are related to ordinary lattice gauge theories in the same way as quantum spin models are related to ordinary classical spin systems. Here U(1) and SU (2) quantum link models are constructed explicitly. As Hamiltonian theories quantum link models are non-relativistic gauge theories with potential applications in condensed matter physics. When formulated with a fifth Euclidean dimension, universality arguments suggest that dimensional reduction to four dimensions occurs. Hence, quantum link models are also reformulations of ordinary quantum field theories and are applicable to particle physics, for example to QCD. The configuration space of quantum link models is discrete and hence their numerical treatment should be simpler than that of ordinary lattice gauge theories with a continuous configuration space.
Mental hygiene in the prevention of irregular discharge of tuberculosis patients.

SUMMARY Factors related to stress and psychological functioning in the patient with tuberculosis are reviewed and considered. Irregular discharges as an important problem in the hospitalization of such patients was significantly influenced in a group of 75 adult male patients by the application of simple mental hygiene technics. A new form of modified life table technic was devised for use in evaluating the results of this study. Acknowledgments: The author wishes to acknowledge the advice and help of the following individuals: Dr. Paul V. Lemkau, Associate Professor of Public Health Administration, Division of Mental Hygiene, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health; Dr. Benjamin Pasamanick, Assistant Professor of Public Health Administration, Division of Mental Hygiene, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health; Dr. John C. Whitehorn, Director of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic; Dr. Philip E. Sartwell, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health; Dr. Margaret Merrill of the Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. The writer is also indebted to Dr. Ernest L. Stebbins, Dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, for making available certain facilities of his School, and to Dr. Leon Hetherington, Director of the Maryland Department of Tuberculosis Control, and his staff for their great cooperation in making this study possible at an institution under his direction.
Changes in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in a simple AGCM

[1] A simple general circulation model is used to explore the response of the Brewer-Dobson circulation to warming of the tropical troposphere typically associated with greenhouse gas warming in climate models. The strength of the modeled Brewer-Dobson circulation increases in response to tropospheric tropical warming. The tropical warming causes the midlatitude baroclinicity to increase, which leads to an increase in the wave activity at synoptic and planetary scales. Increased wave propagation from the troposphere causes stronger EP flux convergence in the stratosphere. The EP flux convergence drives a stronger Brewer-Dobson circulation via downward control arguments. These results are compared to other recent GCM studies.
On the production and interaction of planetary solitary waves: Applications to the Jovian atmosphere

Abstract We present further evidence that strengthens the case for our interpretation of many features in the Jovian atmosphere as solitary Rossby waves (solitons). These include: a mechanism whereby such waves can evolve from the instability of the basic shear flows; further interpretation of the interaction between observed features, and comparison with calculations of the interaction between planetary solitons of a restricted class; and calculations of the morphology for a type of shear flow other than the type considered originally by Maxworthy and Redekopp.
Semi-classical analysis of the Laplace operator with Robin boundary conditions

We prove a two-term asymptotic expansion of eigenvalue sums of the Laplacian on a bounded domain with Neumann, or more generally, Robin boundary conditions. We formulate and prove the asymptotics in terms of semi-classical analysis. In this reformulation it is natural to allow the function describing the boundary conditions to depend on the semi-classical parameter and we identify and analyze three different regimes for this dependence.
The Quintuple Quasar: Mass Models and Interpretation

The strange morphology of the six-component gravitational lens PMN J0134-0931 has resisted explanation. We present the first successful quantitative models for the system, based on the idea that there are two lens galaxies and two components of the background source. One source is quintuply imaged and corresponds to the five brightest observed radio components. The other source is triply imaged and corresponds to the sixth component, along with two others too faint to have been detected. The models reproduce the observed image positions and fluxes and make falsifiable predictions about other properties of the system. Some of these predictions have been confirmed by high-resolution radio and optical observations, as described in the companion paper by Winn and coworkers. Although we cannot determine the lens model uniquely with current data, we predict that the lens galaxies are spiral galaxies with roughly equal velocity dispersions σ ~ 120 km s-1 and a projected separation of only 04 (2 h-1 kpc at zl = 0.76). This system is the first known lens with five images of a single quasar and the second with more than four images.
New frontiers for arch models

In the 20 years following the publication of the ARCH model, there has been a vast quantity of research uncovering the properties of competing volatility models. Wide-ranging applications to financial data have discovered important stylized facts and illustrated both the strengths and weaknesses of the models. There are now many surveys of this literature. This paper looks forward to identify promising areas of new research. The paper lists five new frontiers. It briefly discusses three—high-frequency volatility models, large-scale multivariate ARCH models, and derivatives pricing models. Two further frontiers are examined in more detail—application of ARCH models to the broad class of non-negative processes, and use of Least Squares Monte Carlo to examine non-linear properties of any model that can be simulated. Using this methodology, the paper analyses more general types of ARCH models, stochastic volatility models, long-memory models and breaking volatility models. The volatility of volatility is defined, estimated and compared with option-implied volatilities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron impact desorption of Xe from the tungsten (110) plane

Abstract The electron stimulated desorption of Xe adsorbed on the clean and on oxygen and CO covered tungsten (110) surfaces has been investigated. Only neutral Xe desorption was observed; for Xe on clean W a very small initial regime with cross section 10−17cm2 is followed by a slow decay with cross section 3×10−19cm2. The Xe yield varies nonlinearly with coverage, suggesting desorption from edges of islands or from sites with less than their full complement of nearest neighbor Xe atoms. Desorption from oxygen or CO covered surfaces results in an apparent desorption cross section identical to that of the underlying adsorbate. This results from a kicking off of Xe by electron desorbed O or CO. The true cross sections for these processes are ∼10−14cm2 for Xe-0 and ∼10−15 cm2 for Xe-CO. Some speculations about the mechanism, particularly the absence of ions are presented.
Optical design of the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph for the Cassini mission to Saturn

When the Cassini spacecraft arrives at Saturn early in the next century it will carry an Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) designed and built by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado. Observations made with the UVIS will support a broad set of scientific investigations including spectroscopy, imaging, and occultations. The UVIS consists of two spectroscopic channels covering the wavelength ranges 56 to 118 and 110 to 190 nm. Each channel has an off-axis parabolic telescope followed by a toroidal grating spectrograph and an imaging microchannel plate-CODACON detector. Mirror coatings and detector photocathode materials optimize the sensitivity of each channel for its particular wavelength range. Spectrograph entrance slit mechanisms provide three independent spectral and spatial resolution modes for each of the three channels. A third optical train consisting of a parabolic telescope and solar blind photomultiplier tube with a CsI photocathode provides a high-sensitivity photometer mode within the UVIS. The UVIS configuration was selected as a balanced solution to a large number of engineering and scientific constraints. We describe these constraints, the optical design, and the anticipated performance of the instrument.
Structural efficiency study of graphite-epoxy aircraft rib structures

The present study focuses on the structural efficiencies of optimally designed composite wing rib panel configurations. The configurations studied include a tailored corrugated panel, a corrugated panel with a constant-thickness continuous laminate, and a hat-stiffened panel. Also included in the study are a blade-stiffened panel and a flat unstiffened plate which are used as baseline configurations for comparison. Thicknesses of different plies with preselected ply orientations in the different sections of the panels and detailed cross-sectional dimensions are used as sizing variables. The constraints considered include those associated with material strength, buckling, and geometric limits. The loads considered for this study are based on a typical loading of an inboard wing rib fuel cell closeout panel for a large transport aircraft and include in-plane axial compression Nx, shear Nxy, and out-of-plane pressure P. Structural efficiencies and cross-sectional geometries of different configurations are compared for a wide range of combined loads. Transition of the optimal cross-sectional geometry from one panel configuration to another is demonstrated as the loading is varied. The sensitivities of optimized designs to large changes in some of the geometric parameters are also studied.
Aqueous microwave chemistry: a clean and green synthetic tool for rapid drug discovery

The development of “Greener Organic Chemistry” is due to the recognition that environmentally friendly products and processes will be economical in the long term as they circumvent the need for treating ‘end-of-the-pipe’ pollutants and by-products generated by conventional synthesis. The fundamentals and significant outcomes of microwave-assisted organic synthesis in aqueous medium are summarized in this tutorial review, which have resulted in the development of relatively sustainable and environmentally benign protocols for the synthesis of drugs and fine chemicals.
INSIGHTS ABOUT BRAIN TUMORS GAINED THROUGH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF NUCLEAR AND PHENOTYPIC MARKERS

SUMMARY Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has provided major insights about the classification of brain tumors by identifying cellular markers of phenotype and about tumor growth potential with nuclear markers of proliferation. In situ hybridization (ISH) research shows promise for diagnostic applications in tumor classification. The avidin‐biotin conjugate IHC procedure is highlighted for diagnostic use on routinely processed clinical specimens. The immunophenotypes of brain tumors are tabulated in reference to their common IHC markers. Tumors that have been correctly classified by their IHC phenotypes include the giantcell glioblastoma, primary brain lymphoma, and central neurocytoma. Phenotypes that may be more definitively detected by ISH, such as pituitary hormone, immunoglobulin light chain, and collagen messages are described. IHC of nuclear proliferation markers correlates with grade of malignancy, predicts tumor growth potential, and is prognostic for patient survival. The incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and the expression of Ki-67 antigen detected by MIB-1 antibody are compared in regard to their cell cycle activity and labeling index determinations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of brain tumor interphase nuclei and chromosomes is described. Abnormal FISH signals of specific chromosomes are associated with different types of brain tumors, with different grades of malignancy, and with mesenchymal drift of glioma cells in culture. (J Histochem Cytochem 46:585‐594, 1998)
Renaissance in chiroptical spectroscopic methods for molecular structure determination.

Two of the chiroptical spectroscopic methods, namely optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD), have been around for several decades. But their use in determining the absolute configuration and predominant conformation is gaining renewed interest with the availability of quantum mechanical methods for predicting ORD and ECD. Two other methods, namely vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and vibrational Raman optical activity (VROA), are relatively new and offer convenient approaches for deducing the structural information in chiral molecules. With the availability of quantum mechanical programs for predicting VCD and VROA, these methods have attracted numerous new researchers to this area. This review summarizes the latest developments in these four areas and provides examples where more than one method has been used to confirm the information obtained from individual methods. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 125–136; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20117
Gender and the Allocation of Adult Time : Evidence from the Peru LSMS Panel Data

Ilahi analyzes the determinants of intra-household time use in Peru in 1994 and 1997. She tests whether sickness, unemployment, the provision of water and energy services, and other factors affect the time use of men and women differently. The results show that women work up to a fifth more than men do and that women in poor households work more than those in rich ones, while there is no difference for men. Women's work is concentrated in housework and men's in income-generating activities. Sickness does not affect the work burdens of men or women, but it alters the composition: men work more in income-generating activities, and women tend the sick. Men bear a greater burden from female unemployment than do women from male unemployment. Improvements in the provision of water and energy services affect the time use of both men and women. And finally, demographic and life-cycle variables are as important as gender in explaining differences in time use.
Aligning Simulation Models: A Case Study and Results

This paper develops the concepts and methods of a process we will call "alignment of computational models" or "docking" for short. Alignment is needed to determine whether two models can produce the same results, which in turn is the basis for critical experiments and for tests of whether one model can subsume another. We illustrate our concepts and methods using as a target a model of cultural transmission built by Axelrod. For comparison we use the Sugarscape model developed by Epstein and Axtell. The two models differ in many ways and, to date, have been employed with quite different alms. The Axelrod model has been used principally for intensive experimentation with parameter variation, and includes only one mechanism. In contrast, the Sugarscape model has been used primarily to generate rich "artificial histories," scenarios that display stylized facts of interest, such as cultural differentiation d0ven by many different mechansims including resource availability, migration, trade, and combat. The Sugarscape model was modified so as to reproduce the results of the Axelrod cultural model. Among the questions we address are: what does it mean for two models to be equivalent, how can different standards of equivalence be statistically evaluated, and how do subtle differences in model design affect the results? After attaining a "docking" of the two models, the richer set of mechanisms of the Sugarscape model is used to provide two experiments in sensitivity analysis for the cultural rule of Axelrod's model. Our generally positive experience in this enterprise has suggested that it could be beneficial if alignment and equivalence testing were more widely practiced among computational modelers.
Nationalized incumbents and regional challengers: Opposition- and incumbent-party nationalization in Africa

The African party literature, especially research prescribing to the long-dominant ethnic voting thesis, has asserted that African party systems exhibit low levels of party nationalization. However, systematic research on nationalization across parties and party systems is still lacking. This study argues that the prospects for building nationalized parties vary substantially between incumbent and opposition parties. Incumbent parties, with their access to state resources, have been successful in creating nationwide operations, even in countries where geographical factors have been unfavorable and where ethnic fractionalization is high. The analysis utilizes a new data set of disaggregate election results for 26 African countries to calculate nationalization scores for 77 parties and study the correlates of party nationalization. The results show that factors like ethnic fractionalization, the size of the geographical area, and urbanization affect party nationalization, but only in the case of opposition parties. Incumbent parties, on the other hand, generally remain nationalized despite unfavorable structural conditions.
Computer generated Lyapunov functions for interconnected systems: Improved results with applications to power systems

We establish new results to analyze the stability of interconnected systems and to obtain estimates for the domain of attraction of asymptotically stable equilibrium points in interconnected systems by making use of the constructive algorithm due to Brayton and Tong [1]. These results are applied in the stability analysis of interconnected power systems. In doing so, we introduce a new Lyapunov function in the analysis of power systems.
BPS States, Crystals, and Matrices

We review free fermion, melting crystal, and matrix model representations of wall-crossing phenomena on local, toric Calabi-Yau manifolds. We consider both unrefined and refined BPS counting of closed BPS states involving D2- and D0-branes bound to a D6-brane, as well as open BPS states involving open D2-branes ending on an additional D4-brane. Appropriate limit of these constructions provides, among the others, matrix model representation of refined and unrefined topological string amplitudes.
Real-time notification of laboratory data requested by users through alphanumeric pagers.

The authors developed a novel feature in their clinical information systems, which allows clinicians to request notification about laboratory results. Clinicians who are expecting a particular laboratory result for a particular patient can request a report of the result via an alphanumeric pager as soon as the result is filed into the patient database. This feature has gained popularity and is heavily used in both inpatient and outpatient settings, at a rate of about 2,300 times per month. This event-monitor-based feature illustrates one way that information technology can be applied to improve communication in health care. � J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2002;9:217-222.
Boundary conditions for hyperbolic formulations of the Einstein equations

In regard to the initial-boundary-value problem of the Einstein equations, we argue that the projection of the Einstein equations along the normal to the boundary yields necessary and appropriate boundary conditions for a wide class of equivalent formulations. We explicitly show that this is so for the Einstein–Christoffel formulation of the Einstein equations in the case of spherical symmetry.
Practical recipes for the model order reduction, dynamical simulation and compressive sampling of large-scale open quantum systems

Practical recipes are presented for simulating high-temperature and nonequilibrium quantum spin systems that are continuously measured and controlled. The notion of a spin system is broadly conceived, in order to encompass macroscopic test masses as the limiting case of large-j spins. The simulation technique has three stages: first the deliberate introduction of noise into the simulation, then the conversion of that noise into an equivalent continuous measurement and control process, and finally, projection of the trajectory onto state-space manifolds having reduced dimensionality and possessing a K?hler potential of multilinear algebraic form. These state-spaces can be regarded as ruled algebraic varieties upon which a projective quantum model order reduction (MOR) is performed. The Riemannian sectional curvature of ruled K?hlerian varieties is analyzed, and proved to be non-positive upon all sections that contain a rule. These manifolds are shown to contain Slater determinants as a special case and their identity with Grassmannian varieties is demonstrated. The resulting simulation formalism is used to construct a positive P-representation for the thermal density matrix. Single-spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is simulated, and the data statistics are shown to be those of a random telegraph signal with additive white noise. Larger-scale spin-dust models are simulated, having no spatial symmetry and no spatial ordering; the high-fidelity projection of numerically computed quantum trajectories onto low dimensionality K?hler state-space manifolds is demonstrated. The reconstruction of quantum trajectories from sparse random projections is demonstrated, the onset of Donoho?Stodden breakdown at the Cand?s?Tao sparsity limit is observed, a deterministic construction for sampling matrices is given and methods for quantum state optimization by Dantzig selection are given.
Transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling with N-acyliminium ions derived from quinolines and isoquinolines

A Ni(0) catalyst facilitates efficient C–C bond formation between a wide range of π-neutral and π-deficient aryl boronic acids and N-acyliminium precursors derived from quinoline and isoquinoline. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is tolerant of common organic functional groups. In addition, a simple one-pot protocol amenable to the direct use of substituted quinolines is described. Consistent with preliminary data revealing a mild, organoboronate-mediated racemization of enantioenriched N-acyliminium precursors, initial results indicate that a chiral phosphoramidite-ligated nickel catalyst promotes enantioselective arylation of racemic substrate with no evidence of a kinetic resolution during catalysis.
Cosmology without cosmic variance

We examine the improvements in constraints on the linear growth factor G and its derivative f= d ln G/d ln a that are available from the combination of a large-scale galaxy redshift survey with a weak gravitational lensing survey of background sources. In the linear perturbation theory limit, the bias-modulation method of McDonald & Seljak allows one to distinguish the real-space galaxy clustering from the peculiar velocity signal in each Fourier mode. The ratio of lensing signal to galaxy clustering in transverse modes yields the bias factor b of each galaxy subset, hence calibrating the conversion from galaxy real-space density to matter density in every mode. In combination these techniques permit measure of the growth rate f in each Fourier mode. In principle this yields a measure of the growth rate that is free of sample variance, i.e. the uncertainty in f can be reduced without bound by increasing the number of redshifts obtained within a finite survey volume. In practice, the gain from the absence of sample variance is bounded by the limited range of bias modulation among dark matter haloes. None the less, the addition of background weak lensing data to a redshift survey increases information on G and f by an amount equivalent to a 10-fold increase in the volume of a standard redshift-space distortion measurement – if the lensing signal can be measured to sub-per cent accuracy. This argues that a combined lensing and redshift survey over a common low-redshift volume of the Universe is a more powerful test of general relativity than an isolated redshift survey over larger volume at high redshift, especially as surveys begin to cover most of the available sky. An example case is that a survey of ≈106 halo redshifts over half the sky in the redshift range z= 0.5 ± 0.05 can determine the growth exponent γ for the model f=Ωγm to an accuracy of ±0.015, using only modes with k < 0.1 h Mpc−1, but only if a weak lensing survey is conducted in concert.
Scaling hybrid-integration of silicon photonics in freescale 130nm to TSMC 40nm-CMOS VLSI drivers for low power communications

Within the Ultraperformance Nanophotonic Intrachip Communication (UNIC) program at Oracle, we have been aggressively developing active nanophotonic devices (modulators, detectors, WDM components), circuits, that target ultimate operation of Si photonic links at 15 Gbps and 300 fJ/bit energy consumption. These links are envisioned to operate between computing elements in a large array of chips called a “Macrochip.” We present our recent developments in packaging a marcochip. At each node of the marcrochip is an optical bridge which is a key SiPhotonic component since it contains transceiver functionality, WDM components, and package scaling in 2.5D. High yield hybrid bonding between the bridge and the island chips is necessary to facilitate dense arrays of electrical to optical conversion and additionally requires optical topographical functionality within the package. In our efforts to improve the total aggregate bandwidth, the channel bit rate, the number of channels, and the number of WDM wavelengths needs to be scaled up. At the same time, the device footprint and energy per bit must be significantly scaled down. Packaging results accomplishing this objective will be presented.