cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR-Driven Discovery of Benzoylanthranilic Acid Inhibitors of Far Upstream Element Binding Protein Binding to the Human Oncogene c-myc Promoter

Reversal of aberrant gene expression that is induced by the proto-oncogene c-myc is likely to be effective for treating a variety of tumors that rely on this pathway for growth. One strategy to down-regulate the c-myc pathway is to target transcription factors that regulate its own expression. A host of proteins act in coordination to regulate c-myc expression and any one of them are theoretical targets for small-molecule therapy. Experimentally, it has been shown that the far upstream element (FUSE) binding protein (FBP) is essential for c-myc expression, and reductions in FBP levels both reduce c-myc expression and correlate with slower cell growth. FBP binds to ssDNA by capturing exposed DNA bases in a hydrophobic pocket. This suggests that a small molecule could be designed to occupy this pocket and inhibit FBP function. Using a variety of screening methodologies, we have identified ligands that bind to the DNA binding pockets of the KH domains of FBP. Gel shift analyses using full length FBP and a related transcription factor confirm that a small-molecule lead compound inhibits DNA binding in a specific manner. The benzoylanthranilic acid compounds described here represent leads in the design of FBP inhibitors that can serve as useful tools in the study of c-myc regulation and in the development of therapeutics that target the c-myc pathway.
Comparison of bootstrapped artificial neural networks and quadratic response surfaces for the estimation of the functional failure probability of a thermal-hydraulic passive system

In this work, bootstrapped artificial neural network (ANN) and quadratic response surface (RS) empirical regression models are used as fast-running surrogates of a thermal-hydraulic (T-H) system code to reduce the computational burden associated with estimation of functional failure probability of a T-H passive system. The ANN and quadratic RS models are built on a few data representative of the input/output nonlinear relationships underlying the T-H code. Once built, these models are used for performing, in reasonable computational time, the numerous system response calculations required for failure probability estimation. A bootstrap of the regression models is implemented for quantifying, in terms of confidence intervals, the uncertainties associated with the estimates provided by ANNs and RSs. The alternative empirical models are compared on a case study of an emergency passive decay heat removal system of a gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR).
Oxidation state-specific fluorescent method for palladium(II) and platinum(IV) based on the catalyzed aromatic claisen rearrangement.

Contamination of active pharmaceutical ingredients and healthcare products with oxidized forms of palladium and platinum are important problems. We report a convenient fluorogenic probe based on the catalyzed aromatic Claisen rearrangement capable of detecting PdII and PtIV. Using this probe, we can fluorescently detect PdII in functionalized organic compounds and PtIV in Pt0-water without sample pretreatment. This method may find broad applications in the pharmaceutical industry, the environment, and Pd/Pt quality control.
Gene-based GWAS and biological pathway analysis of the resilience of executive functioning

Resilience in executive functioning (EF) is characterized by high EF measured by neuropsychological test performance despite structural brain damage from neurodegenerative conditions. We previously reported single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for EF resilience. Here, we report gene- and pathway-based analyses of the same resilience phenotype, using an optimal SNP-set (Sequence) Kernel Association Test (SKAT) for gene-based analyses (conservative threshold for genome-wide significance = 0.05/18,123 = 2.8 × 10−6) and the gene-set enrichment package GSA-SNP for biological pathway analyses (False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). Gene-based analyses found a genome-wide significant association between RNASE13 and EF resilience (p = 1.33 × 10−7). Genetic pathways involved with dendritic/neuron spine, presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic density, etc., were enriched with association to EF resilience. Although replication of these results is necessary, our findings indicate the potential value of gene- and pathway-based analyses in research on determinants of cognitive resilience.
Supporting Imageability on the World Wide Web: Lynch's Five Elements of the City in Community Planning:

In this paper I examine the potential of the World Wide Web to augment traditional urban design methods and theories. Specifically, I describe how I used new web-based technologies in a university–...
“Rubbin’ is racin''': evidence of the Peltzman effect from NASCAR

The Peltzman Effect is a well known and controversial theory in the literature. Studies have struggled to find a dataset that can accurately test for the presence of the effect. We have created a unique dataset and use a natural experiment from the sport of stock car racing to test the theory. Using race-level data from NASCAR events, we find strong evidence that a major safety regulation has led to more on-track accidents and an increased risk to both spectators and pit crew members.
Direct observation of the vacancy structure of depleted zones in tungsten ion irradiated at 10 K

The structure of depleted zones (DZ’s) created by the in situ irradiation of tungsten specimens, at 10 K, with 30‐keV W+, Mo+, or Cr+ ions has been studied by field‐ion microscopy. As the mass of the 30‐keV ion was decreased the following observations were made: (1) the spatial extent of the DZ’s increased; (2) the vacancy concentration within the DZ’s decreased; (3) the fraction of isolated monovacancies increased; and (4) subcascades formed within the DZ’s.
Stress and deformation analysis of fibrous composite materials by point matching

The point matching numerical method and its generalization, the method of boundary point least squares, have been successfully applied to numerous boundary value and eigenvalue problems. The present paper demonstrates the application of these techniques to problems in the micromechanics of fibrous composite materials, i.e. determination of elastic moduli and stress concentrations for parallel-fibre materials which are loaded transversely with respect to the fibres. The solution technique utilizes exact solutions of the governing equations of plane elasticity for each component fibre and its surrounding matrix material in a typical repeating section of the composite material. The continuity conditions for stresses and displacements between fibre and matrix and the repeatability conditions at the boundary of the repeating section are satisfied approximately in a pointwise manner. Some special numerical techniques which were found to be particularly useful in applying the point matching method to these problems are delineated. The method is demonstrated for composite materials having circular, elliptical and square fibres in regular, staggered arrays. Numerical results are given which show the accuracy of the method as well as stress concentration and composite elastic moduli data.
A Galilean-invariant immiscible lattice gas

Abstract Recently, lattice-gas methods have been introduced as a technique for the simulation of one- and two-phase fluid flow. These methods model the fluid as a collection of particles which propagate on a regular lattice and undergo collisions at the nodes of the lattice. In an asymptotic limit, lattice gases simulate the Navier-Stokes equations. However, these models suffer from a lack of Galilean invariance. An important physical manifestation of the lack of invariance is that the fluid vorticity advects with a velocity different from the velocity of the fluid. We introduce a new, Galilean-invariant, model for simulating immiscible two-phase flow. Unlike previous Galilean-invariant models, the collisions in this new model satisfy semi-detailed balance, which is achieved by the inclusion of a large number of rest particles with zero velocity. Since adding many rest particles is not computationally tractable, the presence of a large number of such particles is simulated by weighting the outcome of the collisions by a factor related to the frequency with which the collisions would have occurred if the rest particles had been explicitly included in the model. We demonstrate that, in the new model, the vorticity advects at the same velocity as the fluid. We also show that the model obeys Laplace's formula for surface tension and demonstrate an application of the new model to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Growth rates as a function of wavenumber computed in the early stages of the instability compare well to theoretical predictions.
Tetrahydrobiopterin as a mediator of PC12 cell proliferation induced by EGF and NGF

Epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor increased the proliferation of rat phaeochromocytoma PC12 cells through obligatory elevation of intracellular (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor increased intracellular BH4 by inducing GTP-cyclohydrolase, the rate-limiting enzyme in BH4 biosynthesis. Specific inhibitors of BH4 biosynthesis prevented growth factor-induced increases in BH4 levels and proliferation. The induction of GTP cyclohydrolase, BH4 and cellular proliferation by nerve growth factor was mediated by cAMP. Elevation of BH4 biosynthesis occurred downstream from cAMP in the cascade used by nerve growth factor to increase proliferation. Thus, intracellular BH4 is an essential mediator of the proliferative effects of epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor in PC12 cells.
Extensive unwinding of the plasmid template during staged enzymatic initiation of DNA replication from the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome

Early in the staged initiation of enzymatic replication of plasmids containing the unique origin of the E. coli chromosome (oriC), the plasmid is converted to a new topological form which is highly underwound, two to 15 times more than native supercoiled DNA. The underwinding reaction precedes priming of DNA synthesis and follows an initial complex formation, requiring ATP and proteins dnaA, dnaB, and dnaC; underwinding depends on the further addition of gyrase and SSB. DnaB protein as a helicase and gyrase as a topoisomerase drive the underwinding with the energy of ATP hydrolysis. The underwound template, extensively single-stranded and complexed with proteins, is an active form for priming by primase and elongation by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme.
Operational experience with optical streak cameras at the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) utilizes over 6 optical streak camera systems that collect data from 350 to 1053 nm band during a full system laser shot. The camera systems are configured to collect single or multiple intensity profile signals, spectrally resolved data, spatially resolved interferometry data, and spatially resolved intensity data. The output data format represents the temporal resolution of the recorded event as a two dimensional image. For all these configurations, the time record ranges from 3ns to 100 ns. The precision of the recorded data requires several calibration techniques that provide an overall 2D space-time warp correction that is applied to the raw streak data. The article shall review the typical applications of the optical streak cameras on NIF, the performance of the calibration applied to shot data while in operation and the overall performance and reliability of the camera systems over the several years of operation.
Assessing health conditions and medication use among the homeless community in Long Beach, California.

Objective: Persons experiencing homelessness are a vulnerable population and are at increased risk for morbidity and all-cause mortality compared to the general population. This study sought to evaluate medication use, regular physician visits, and identify health conditions among the homeless population of Long Beach, California. Methods: Two brown bag medication review events were held at homeless shelters in the Long Beach area. Demographic information, medication use, and comorbid disease states were obtained through surveys. Findings: Three-fourths of the cohort (95 participants) consisted of males, and the average age of participants was 48 years. Psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular disease were the most common disease states reported at 32% and 46%, respectively and so were medications used in treating these chronic diseases. Medication adherence was found to be a significant problem in this population, where more than 30% of patients were nonadherent to medications for chronic diseases. Furthermore, foot problems, hearing and vision difficulties constitute the most commonly overlooked health problems within the homeless population. Conclusion: Based on this and other similar finding, we must accept that the homeless represent a vulnerable population, and that because of this fact, more programs should be focused at improving availability and access to health care among the homeless. Regarding the high number of reported health problems in the study, more studies are needed and more studies should incorporate screening for foot, hearing, and vision issues, both to increase awareness and to provide an opportunity for devising possible solutions to these highly preventable conditions.
Towards accurate transition data for 3p2, 3p3, 3p4 levels of Fe, Co and Ni ions

Variational results of high accuracy are presented for electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole transitions between levels of the configurations 3pm, m = 2, 3, 4 for the ionized elements of Fe, Co and Ni. In each case, the accuracy of the wavefunction is evaluated by the agreement of the computed energy with observation and the agreement in the length and velocity form of the line strength for E2 transitions. It is shown that the line strength increases as more correlation effects are included and that semi-empirical methods may over-correct this increase. Transition rates computed from line strengths and observed transition energies result in lifetimes that decrease as more correlation is included in the wavefunction. Results are compared with other theory and experiment.
Generation of the Cortical Area Map: Emx2 Strikes Back

The recent identification of molecular cues involved in the generation of the cortical area map, such as the patterning molecule FGF8 and transcription factors such as Emx2, represents an important breakthrough. In this issue of Neuron, Hamasaki et al. use a genetic approach to explore how these signals interact and propose that Emx2 plays a direct, largely FGF8-independent role in the control of the relative size and position that each area occupies within the cortex.
Igniting interest in prevention: using firefighter focus groups to inform implementation and enhancement of an urban canvassing program

CONTEXT: : Smoke alarm canvassing is recognized as an empirically based, effective intervention for increasing access to and the presence of smoke alarms in homes. OBJECTIVES: : We sought to inform the implementation of an intervention designed to enhance an existing fire department smoke alarm canvassing program through an empirically grounded, participatory process. DESIGN: : We conducted a series of focus groups with fire union leaders and firefighters involved with the canvassing program in 1 US city, shared the results with the participants, and presented the resulting recommendations to fire department leadership. SETTING: : This research occurred in Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: : Focus group participants included firefighters who participate in the Fire Department's smoke alarm canvassing program and representatives from the local firefighters' union. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: : The focus groups sought to capture firefighters' experiences with and opinions about the canvassing program and how to improve it as well as challenges to canvassing work. RESULTS: : We conducted 10 focus groups with 65 participants. Firefighters' perspectives on the canvassing program and their recommendations for improving it were expressed through 3 categories of themes concerning program management, canvassing challenges, and attitudes about the program and the community. We also discuss the process of presenting these findings and recommendations to the participants and the fire department leadership, and describe how implementation of some of the recommendations has progressed. CONCLUSIONS: : Both the process and outcomes of this formative work inform how to develop and implement community-based public health interventions in real-world settings through academic-community partnerships. The findings also have implications for how canvassing programs are being implemented. Language: en
UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF MULTIPOLE MOMENTS ON AQUEOUS SOLVATION OF IONS USING THE SOFT-STICKY DIPOLE-QUADRUPOLE-OCTUPOLE WATER MODEL.

Abstract The effects of water multipole moments on the aqueous solvation of ions were determined in Monte Carlo simulations using soft-sticky dipole–quadrupole–octupole (SSDQO) water. Water molecules formed linear hydrogen bonds to Cl − using the new SSDQO1 parameters, similar to multi-site models. However, the dipole vector was tilted rather than parallel to the oxygen–Na + internuclear vector as in most multi-site model, while experiment and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations generally indicate a range of values between tilted and parallel. By varying the multipoles in SSDQO, the octupole was found to determine the orientation around Na + . Moreover, analysis of the multipoles of more conventional models is predictive of their performance as solvents.
Isolation and characterization of δ-melanotropin, a new peptide from bovine pituitary glands

Abstract A new melanotropin (MSH) was isolated from bovine pituitary extract by means of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and paper electrophoresis. Amino terminal analysis, amino acid composition and tryptic hydrolysis were performed on the purified peptide. The peptide was found to contain the amino acid sequence of γ-MSH, a theoretical segment of the proopiomelanocortin molecule. However, theoretical segment of the proopiomelanocortin molecule. However, the new peptide differs from the γ-MSH in several major ways, thus it is designated a bovine δ-MSH or δ b -MSH.
Biofeedback-assisted relaxation training for young adolescents with tension-type headache: a controlled study

Tension-type headache is common in children and adolescents and is generally treated with medication, but emerging literature suggests that various behavioral treatments may provide efficacious alternatives to medication. Juvenile tension-type headache sufferers were randomly assigned to biofeedback-assisted relaxation or relaxation placebo and followed for 1 year. Following treatment, both conditions led to sizeable headache reductions (approximately 50%). Over time, children receiving biofeedback-assisted relaxation continued to improve and were superior to the control condition at a 6- and 12-month follow-up (86% versus 50%). Biofeedback-assisted relaxation appears to be an efficacious and durable treatment for juvenile tension-type headache and merits further exploration.
Absolute calibration of a wilson type “Quantameter”☆

Abstract An absolute calibration of a “Wilson” type Quantameter has been made using the electron beam of the Stanford Linear Accelerator. The calibration is done by comparing the Quantameter to a Faraday Cup. The calibrations was done with electrons of 866, 525, and 315 MeV, and also using bremsstrahlung produced by 866 MeV electrons striking a thin radiator. The measured calibration constant was found to be independent of energy within the accuracy of the experiment and the mean value for all thesurements was Uq = (4.62 ± 0.07) × 1018 MeV/Coulomb. The calculated value is 4.79 × 1018MeV/Coulomb with an estimated accuracy of three percent. The major uncertainty certainty in the calculated result is the value of the energy loss per ion pair.
Nitrogen Factor for the Calcium Caseinate–Calcium Phosphate Complex in Milk

Summary 1.Skimmilks were progressively depleted of casein colloids by centrifuging, and the supernatant liquids and deposited fractions analyzed. The dry weights of calcium caseinate–calcium phosphate complex contained in the separated colloids were calculated from the analyses. For many milks and many particle-size fractions the average ratio of dry weight of complex to casein nitrogen found is approximately 6.89±1.3%. This nitrogen factor is applicable to any milk sample of unknown composition. 2.The complex: nitrogen factor is shown to be correlated with the calcium : nitrogen ratio for the separated colloid, i.e., with the ratio of complex bound calcium removed to casein nitrogen removed with the colloid. When this ratio is known, a more accurate nitrogen factor can be calculated by means of the statistically determined equation: Complex / C . N . = 6.82 + \( 2.7 \) \( Ca / C . N . − 0.181 \) . The probable error when this equation is used is about 0.6%. 3.Since it has already been shown that the calcium : casein nitrogen ratio tends to increase with particle size, it follows that the nitrogen factor does also. The range of calcium : nitrogen ratios found experimentally is from 0.181 to 0.232; the corresponding range of nitrogen factors given by the equation is 6.82 to 6.96. 4.The experimental minimum nitrogen factor, 6.82, is in close agreement with a theoretical factor, 6.8005, calculated for a casein complex unit considered as composed of one mol of calcium caseinate and one-half mol of tricalcium phosphate. Adjusting this by adding trimagnesium phosphate in the proportion in which magnesium is known to be present, the theoretical minimum factor becomes 6.814. 5.It is emphasized that the factors calculated are for the casein complex and not for the total colloidal particle, which also contains those serum solids associated with the solvate liquid. Colloid factors can be calculated from the complex factors by adding these additional solids. They range from approximately 7.7 to 7.8, in agreement with experimental results. 6.The nitrogen factors given do not apply to the very largest casein colloid particles in milk, and may not apply to the very smallest. The largest particles are known to differ in composition from the rest and were, therefore, in most cases purposely removed before the fractionations were made. The smallest particles were not all removed in the centrifuging times used, and no close fractionations of small particles only were attempted.
Discrimination Among Mechanistic Models

This paper is concerned with research, the object of which is to discover the mechanism for a particular phenomenon leading to a specific mathematical model. Such investigations are distinguished from those in which the object is merely to estimate the output y of a process over a range of values of the input ∊1, ∊2, …, ∊ k . Frequently, a number of possible mechanisms are suggested from theoretical considerations leading to a number of different mathematical models. To discriminate among these a sequential procedure is developed in which calculations made after each experiment determine the most discriminatory process conditions for use in the next experiment. The method is illustrated with examples.
Kinetic Evidence for New Participants in the Hill Reaction

A SIMPLE method for obtaining non-stationary kinetic data from photo-reactions is to use periodic illumination. The photosynthetic process of Chlorella and other algae has been extensively studied in this way. The results have been confusing in that different relationships between the photosynthetic yield per flash and the interval between flashes (t d) have been observed. They can be divided into two categories depending upon whether the period of illumination was short (10 µsec. per flash) or long (1 m.sec. per flash or greater). Under conditions of short flashes, the yield per flash reached a maximum value when t d was about 0.03 sec. ; further increase of t d did not change the yield, nor was the maximum yield altered by variation of temperature1–3. With long flashes at high light intensities, greater values of t d were required to secure greater maximum yields per flash than observed with short-period illumination4–6. There has been controversy as to the source of the latter observation ; some authors believing that the carbon dioxide-reducing system of Chlorella is involved, while others single out reactants common to both photosynthesis and the Hill reaction3–7. The latter reaction, named after its discoverer, Dr. Robert Hill8, consists of the photolysis of water by isolated chloroplast preparations or whole Chlorella cells upon illumination in solutions of certain oxidizing agents. There is no participation of carbon dioxide.
Irradiation of small molecules isolated in rare gas matrices by high energy electron beams

Abstract The matrix isolation technique is used to study radiation chemistry; specifically, rare gas matrices are irradiated with high energy electron beams to (1) spectroscopically probe a high energy electron beam induced reaction, and (2) determine the role of a chemically inert solvent on the electron beam chemistry. In the experiments presented herein, it is shown that the electron beam sensitivity of a component in a mixture may be altered by changing its concentration. A simple two component mixture consisting of small molecular systems like carbon dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide were isolated in chemically inert solvents like solid argon, krypton and xenon, respectively. The net effect of the electron beam exposure, for example, is the conversion of CO 2 to CO. When the concentration of CO 2 in a rare gas matrix was decreased the efficiency for CO 2 decomposition increased. The mechanism for the enhanced decay for CO 2 is related to migration and transfer of electronic energy from the rare gas matrix to CO 2 . A kinetic analysis, formulated for a quantitative evaluation of the process, was used to determined that the rate constant for energy transfer from a Wannier exciton to CO 2 is 140 times greater than for transfer back to an argon matrix. The identity of the Wannier exciton as the species transferring energy to the matrix is in part based on energetic considerations.
The Best Interests Standard for Incompetent or Incapacitated Persons of All Ages

When making decisions for adults who lack decision-making capacity and have no discernable preferences, widespread support exists for using the Best Interests Standard. This policy appeals to adults and is compatible with many important recommendations for persons facing end-of-life choices. Common objections to the policy are discussed as well as different meanings of this Standard identified, such as using it to express goals or ideals and to make practical decisions incorporating what reasonable persons would want. For reasons of consistency, fairness, and compassion, this standard should be used for all incapacitated persons.
Components of perceived stigma and perceptions of well-being among university students with and without disability experience

This study examines the impact of self-identified disability experience on specific aspects of perceived stigma and their consequences. University students with disabilities, close family members o...
Alternative treatment of intracranial hypotension presenting as postdural puncture headaches using epidural fibrin glue patches: two case reports

Introduction: Intracranial hypotension is a neurologic syndrome characterized by orthostatic headaches and, radiographically, by dural thickening and enhancement as well as subdural collections. Several of etiologies exist, including surgical dural violations, lumbar puncture, or spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak. Current management includes conservative management consisting of bed rest, caffeine, and hydration. When conservative management fails, open surgical or percutaneous options are considered. Currently, the gold standard in percutaneous management of intracranial hypotension involves the epidural injection of autologous blood. Recently, some therapies for intracranial hypotension have employed the use of epidural fibrin glue. Case Presentation: Two cases of patients with persistent postdural puncture headaches are presented. Epidural fibrin glue injection alleviated the orthostatic headaches of two patients with intracranial hypotension. Conclusion: Although consideration must be afforded for ...
Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy: American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists' 2000 membership survey.

roscopists (AAGL) has been conducting membership surveys since 1976. Originally, surveys were designed to evaluate only sterilization techniques. As increasingly complicated operative laparoscopic operations became more widely accepted, it was apparent that laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) was the most significant surgical procedure performed by most of the membership. Since 1989 the AAGL has actively attempted to document various aspects of LAVH through surveys of its members. The first survey in 1995 attempted to gain information as to current performance of the procedure and to assess relative frequencies and complications. Dr. Barbara S. Levy, who designed the 1995 survey with Drs. Jaroslav F. Hulka and William H. Parker, wrote this instrument, which was developed with few modifications from the earlier one to allow comparisons to be made between time periods. A total of 4437 surveys were mailed to AAGL members and contained 50 questions on laparoscopy, particularly LAVH, performed from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2000. As in all AAGL surveys, the replies were strictly anonymous and confidential so that reporting of complications might be as frank as possible.
Paget's disease with spinal cord compression.

The authors present 5 patients who suffered from spinal cord compression complicating Paget's disease. The characteristic clinical picture is that of a middle aged man complaining of sensory disturbances in the legs, difficulty in walking, and culminating in a spastic paraparesis. Some cases are associated with a paraspinal mass. This represents partially calcified osteoid tissue and extends from the vertebral periosteum and para-osseous connective tissue. It does not necessarily signify malignant change. Myelography defines the extent of the compression. One of the authors' cases had a complete block before there were any neurological symptoms. The authors emphasize the importance of prompt decompressive laminectomy and record the improvement that may be expected after operation. They make the important point that a patient may be able to walk again after laminectomy even if he had been paralysed for as long as 6 months.
Petrology of Apollo 11 sample 10071 - A differentiated mini-igneous complex.

Sample 10071,33 is a thin section of Apollo 11 ferrobasalt showing an unusual dual texture. The major portion of the sample is very similar to other fine grained Apollo 11 basalts, but the thin section also includes materials with a distinct variolitic texture. The two areas are separated by a sharp boundary and the mineralogy and composition of the two textural types are quite distinct. The mineralogy and chemistry of the variolitic portion show it to be the product of rapid cooling of a liquid, intermediate between the typical Apollo 11 ferrobasalt and the associated Si and K-rich mesostasis. This liquid is the result of fractional crystallization of a magma of composition closely corresponding to the major portion of the 10071 system, followed by crystal-liquid separation. The sample provides strong and direct evidence for igneous differentiation on the lunar surface.
Do birds behave according to dynamic risk assessment theory? A feeder experiment

Pair-wise preference experiments were used to reveal predator discrimination by four tit species wintering in the Czech Republic. The reactions of the tits to a more dangerous predator (sparrowhawk) and a less dangerous (kestrel) one were compared. The number of visits to a feeder with a predator present expressed the perceived dangerousness of the predator. The tits' behaviour towards the feeders was in agreement with predictions, according to dynamic risk assessment theory. The presence of any predator at the feeder lowered the number of visits to the feeder. Similarly, the tits were judged to have evaluated the sparrowhawk as being more dangerous than the kestrel, as its presence lowered the number of arrivals more than did the kestrel. The duration of stay and number of pecks of individual birds were also used as measures of predator dangerousness. The results not only confirm that tits behave according to dynamic risk assessment theory, but also show the exceptional suitability of preference experiments for the research of predator differentiation and evaluation.
Figure–ground assignment to a translating contour: A preference for advancing vs. receding motion

Past research on figure-ground assignment to contours has largely considered static stimuli. Here we report a simple and extremely robust dynamic cue to figural assignment, based on whether the bounding region of a contour is growing larger within the field of view ("advancing") rather than smaller ("receding"). Subjects viewed a straight or jagged contour dividing two colored regions translating behind a virtual aperture and had to report which color they had seen "moving in front", effectively assigning figure to that side of the contour. Across three experiments, subjects showed a strong preference to assign figure such that the bounded contour was advancing. This was true regardless of the direction of motion of the contour and regardless of the initial/ending size of the bounded regions (i.e., the motion cue served to override the conventional cue to figure-ground of smaller area). In a fourth, control experiment, subjects showed no such bias when it was the aperture, rather than the contour, that moved, demonstrating that the effect depends on contour motion and not simply an increase in area. We discuss a possible explanation for this bias as well as the general implications regarding dynamic factors in form perception.
SU-FF-I-01: Automated Differential Diagnoses of CT Images From Healthy Lung and Three Pulmonary Diseases Using a Simple Statistical Transform and a Probabilistic Neural Network

Purpose: The viability of automated differential diagnosis of pulmonary diseases and healthy lungs in CTimages using a simple statistical transform and a probabilistic neural network is demonstrated. Method and Materials: We use statistical components and a probabilistic neural network (PNN) toward automated differential diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), cystic fibrosis (CF), sarcoidosis (SAR) and healthy lung (HL) CTs. Training is performed by selecting 50 points in a single representative image from the 4 categories and forming a 16 by 16 pixel ROI around each training point. The statistical components forming the feature vector are the mean, minimum and standard deviation of intensities from the 16 by 16 pixel ROIs. The feature vectors are then used to train a PNN. One patient image from each category is the only image from which all training vectors are drawn. Results: The simple statistical feature vectors from a single patient image for each category perform surprisingly well using the PNN. Since PAP is a rare condition, only one patient was available. Training on one image from this patient produced perfect classification on the remaining images. There were 5 patients used for HL, 5 for CF and 3 for SAR. Twenty test vectors were then input to the PNN for classification. The 20 test vectors were drawn from the remaining patient images. Training on only 1 image from 1 patient for each category produced 80%, 65% and 90% classification success for HL, SAR and CF respectively for the remaining patient images. CF classified as SAR 35% of the time. Conclusions: The results indicate that a statistical transform and a PNN may offer substantial advantage toward an automated differential diagnosis system in CTs of the tested lung diseases. Training on more patients while elaborating the feature space should continue to improve the classification success.
A demountable tube for large-scale chromatography and its application to the isolation of hemoglobin AIc

Abstract The construction and operation of a demountable 10 × 100 cm chromatographic tube is described. In a specific application of this apparatus, a load of 50 g of adult human hemoglobin has been chromatographed for the isolation of 2 g of the minor hemoglobin component AIc.
Stenting as monotherapy for uncoilable intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Small, blister-like aneurysms (BLAs), by virtue of their unique morphology, are difficult to treat with conventional modalities. The use of oversized self-expanding stents as monotherapy for BLAs is a relatively new and promising concept that warrants further investigation. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of oversized self-expanding stents as monotherapy for BLAs. METHODS: Five consecutive patients were treated for BLAs with oversized self-expanding stents alone by the senior author (K.R.B.). We report on their clinical and radiographic outcomes. RESULTS: All 5 patients in our series were discharged in good clinical condition. Complete aneurysm occlusion was observed in all patients at the time of most recent radiographic follow-up. Mean follow-up time was 13.6 months (range, 1 month to 4.5 years). CONCLUSION: The use of oversized self-expanding stents to redirect flow away from aneurysms is an effective option for patients with BLAs. This approach represents an alternative to the use of flow diverters.
Ventricular Assist Devices: History, Patient Selection, and Timing of Therapy

Timing of therapy and selection of patients in the use of ventricular assist devices (VADs) can be difficult. In general, consideration for VAD implantation is appropriate in patients with endstage heart failure who are failing optimal medical therapy and in whom no alternative traditional surgical treatment options are available. However, identifying when a particular patient has reached this point is not always straightforward. There are a broad range of medical and surgical therapies for patients with overt heart failure, and this armamentarium is constantly expanding. The risks, benefits, and expected outcomes with VAD therapy have also undergone dramatic changes over the last decade. Advances in technology have led to a proliferation of newer generation devices that are smaller, lighter, easier to implant, and more reliable than previous generation devices. This, in turn, has led to a markedly improved risk-benefit ratio, with increased durability and reduced morbidity. The indications for the implantation of ventricular assist devices have also evolved over the last several years, and specific patient presentations and goals of therapy have led to specific indications. Device therapy has traditionally been classified as bridge to recovery, bridge to transplantation, and destination therapy. However, such designations may not be well defined at the time of implantation, and recovery and response following initiation of VAD support may allow patients to change from one classification to another. The current data regarding indications and timing of device implantation are reviewed.
Male self-disclosure of HIV infection to sex partners: a Hawaii-based sample.

This exploratory study used a cross-sectional survey design with self-report to (a) describe serostatus disclosure to recent sex partners (SPs) among a multiethnic group of HIV-infected men from Hawaii, (b) explore factors influencing disclosure, and (c) examine relationships between disclosure and condom use. Respondents recalled their sexual experiences with up to three most recent SPs in the 3 months before survey administration. The men ( N = 93) reported a disclosure rate of approximately 50% with 228 SPs. Disclosure was significantly influenced by SP serostatus, relationship status, self-efficacy for disclosure decision making, and cocaine use before sex. Disclosure was also significantly associated with condom use, highlighting the transmission risk reduction benefit of disclosure for these participants. HIV caregivers should routinely address disclosure to SPs and offer interventions to enhance condom use. Interventions for strengthening efficacy beliefs for disclosure decision making should be tailored to help men with multiple SPs and those with recent cocaine use.
The enantiomers of the 1',6'-isomer of neplanocin A: synthesis and antiviral properties.

Abstract Both enantiomers of 1′,6′- iso neplanocin have been prepared from a common substituted cyclopentane epoxide in 7 steps. Both compounds were subjected to DNA and RNA viral assessments with moderate to high activity found for both towards human cytomegalovirus, measles, Ebola, norovirus, and dengue. The D-like congener also showed vaccinia and HBV effectiveness. In many of the other antiviral assays both compounds showed cytotoxicity making, in some cases, an EC 50 determination not possible. The S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitory effects showed the D-like target to be equal that of neplanocin itself and better than 3-deazaneplanocin whereas the L-like analogue was 13 to 30 times less inhibitory than 3-deazaneplanocin and neplanocin, respectively.
Revision of the Stiff Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Operation to Try to Avoid

Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty, with limitations in range of motion, is present in approximately 2% of knees. In patients with increased risk for motion loss, appropriate patient education is important. Early in the postoperative period, manipulation under anesthesia is successful in 90% of cases. Revision for stiffness is more successful if an etiology can be identified and if pain is combined with the loss of motion.
The spatial structure of production with a leontief technology – II: Substitute techniques

Abstract The structure of the optimal spatial pattern of production is studied when there are dependencies among production units which can be described by a Leontief technology with substitute techniques, and when there is a single marketplace of final demand, the CBD. Transportation cost is proportional to distance. The various goods are produced in rings. There are a finite number of patterns in which these rings are arranged, and they can be obtained by a finite algorithm. The particular pattern depends on the final demand. Hence there is no ‘non- substitution’ theorem. ‘Reswitching’ of techniques can occur, that is, in an optimal pattern a technique may be operated at large and small distances from the CBD, but not at intermediate distances; this contradicts prevailing beliefs about optimal capital/land profiles.
Measuring crystal structure dynamics during polymorphic phase transitions

Abstract Understanding solid state transformations and associated changes in crystal chemistry is a crucial endeavor in materials science and mineralogy. It has been demonstrated that time resolved high temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) is a powerful tool to investigate the details of the kinetics of phase transitions. The high photon flux at third generation synchrotron sources is capable of producing XRD patterns, amenable to Rietveld refinement, in only a few seconds providing not only kinetic information on a par with thermal analysis but crystal structure information as well. The onset of the transformation on heating at 928 °C, cooling at 900 °C and an Avarmi exponent of 4.03, all determined by HTXRD for a thermal standard SrCO3, are well within reported values. However, the lattice parameters of the high temperature phase show highly hysteric behavior on heating and cooling due to epitaxial growth. The role of epitaxy is also demonstrated in a displacive first order phase transition involving TiRh.
Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests.

Simulations of carbon storage suggest that conversion of old-growth forests to young fast-growing forests will not decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in general, as has been suggested recently. During simulated timber harvest, on-site carbon storage is reduced considerably and does not approach old-growth storage capacity for at least 200 years. Even when sequestration of carbon in wooden buildings is included in the models, timber harvest results in a net flux of CO2 to the atmosphere. To offset this effect, the production of lumber and other long-term wood products, as well as the life-span of buildings, would have to increase markedly. Mass balance calculations indicate that the conversion of 5 x 109 to 1.8 x 109 megagrams of carbon to the atmosphere.
Biochemical changes in rat liver after 18.5 days of spaceflight.

The effect of weightlessness on liver metabolism was investigated using tissue from rats flown in earth orbit for 18.5 days on the Soviet Cosmos 936 biosatellite and the changes in the activities of 28 carbohydrate and lipid enzymes were determined. The activities of two enzymes, palmitoyl-CoA desaturase and lactate dehydrogenase, increased, while the activities of five, glycogen phosphorylase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, both acyltransferases which act on alpha-glycerolphosphate and diglycerides, and and aconitate hydratase decreased. The other enzyme activities were found to be unchanged. In addition, increased levels of liver glycogen and palmitoleate were detected which probably resulted from the lowered glycogen phosphorylase and increased palmitoyl-CoA desaturase activities, respectively, in those animals that experienced weightlessness. All of the changes observed in the rats after 18.5 days of spaceflight disappear by 25 days after the flight.
Topographic requirements and dynamics of signaling via L-selectin on neutrophils.

Cross-linking of L-selectin on leukocytes signals phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) leading to activation of CD18 function and enhanced transmigration on inflamed endothe...
Characterization of a lysyl aminopeptidase activity associated with phosphoglucose isomerase of Vibrio vulnificus

Abstract Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and, in mammalian cells, functions as neuroleukin, autocrine motility factor (AMF), and differentiation and maturation factor (MF). We isolated and characterized PGI with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (LysAP) activity (PGI-LysAP) from Vibrio vulnificus. Mass spectrometry revealed that PGI-LysAP is a heterodimer consisting of 23.4- and 60.8-kDa subunits. Only the heterodimer displayed LysAP activity. PGI-LysAP has a pI around 6.0 and high specificity toward the synthetic, fluorogenic substrate l -lysyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. LysAP activity is optimal at pH 8.0, is 64% higher at 37 °C than at 21 °C, does not directly correlate with virulence, and is strongly inhibited by serine protease and metalloprotease inhibitors. PGI-LysAP was also identified in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae, but was absent from non-Vibrio human pathogens. Sequencing of the pgi gene revealed 1653 bp coding for a 550-amino-acid protein. Cloned and expressed PGI formed a homodimer with isomerase activity, but not LysAP activity. The finding of LysAP activity associated with heterodimeric PGI should foster a broad search for putative substrates in an effort to elucidate the role of PGI-LysAP in bacteria and its roles in the pathophysiology of diseases.