cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Packed Colloidal Phases Mediate the Synthesis of Raspberry-Structured Microgel Heteroaggregates

Hybrid nanoparticles with complex architectures combine the properties of two distinct materials and integrate them to synergistically provide new characteristics to the assembly. In this work we demonstrate the ability to decorate the surface of a variety of micrometer-sized “core” particles with responsive microgels, forming raspberry-like particles. We use a templating technique wherein the microgel coating is applied from a high-volume-fraction colloidal phase, leading to high surface coverage and enhanced colloidal stability of the resultant particles. Concentrated colloidal dispersions enable microgel/core combinations driven by both specific and nonspecific interactions and offer improved coverage relative to dilute heteroaggregation. This approach is versatile and allows both the core material and microgel phase to be altered while still remaining effective. Though the recovered particles are highly diluted, recycling the unincorporated microgels following raspberry-like particle isolation and ref...
In Vivo and in Vitro Addition of Dried Olive Extract in Poultry

A freeze-dried powder from organic olive (Olea europaea) juice extract, contains 8.82% polyphenols and a minimum of 2.5% hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol), an effective free radical scavenger and the major antioxidant in the byproduct (dried olive extract, DOE). Myricetin, a bioflavonoid extract from the bark powder of the bayberry tree (Myrica cerifera), also has many beneficial biological properties and antioxidative capacity. While well-known as antioxidants, the capacity of these compounds to retard lipid oxidation in foods containing unsaturated fatty acids has not been widely evaluated. Thus, a study was conducted to assess the capacity of DOE to (1) enhance the growth of poultry, (2) determine the effectiveness of DOE (administered in vivo) as an antioxidant in post-mortem tissue and further processed meat, and (3) compare the in vitro antioxidative capacity of hydroxytyrosol and myricetin. DOE was administered ad libitum in water at 6 and 12 mg per bird per day for 6 weeks in a factorial design: 3 diets (control plus two treatment levels) × 2 blocks × 2 replications. There was no enhancement of feed consumption, body weight (BW), or feed conversion by DOE; overall means for these measurements were 5.49 kg per bird, 3.32 kg per bird, and 1.65 g feed per g live BW, respectively. Diagnostic examinations of two birds per pen at the end of the study revealed no adverse effects due to consumption of DOE, a generally recognized as safe substance. The byproduct, administered in vivo, did not retard lipid oxidation in fresh, heated, or NaCl (1.0% w/w)/heated/stored meat as assessed by absorbance values for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances at 532 nm and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl at 517 nm. Both the byproduct and hydroxytyrosol are highly water-soluble and may have been unavailable as an antioxidant in the tissue of broilers that did not consume water for 4-6 h prior to processing. As an additive in processed thigh meat, 6 and 12 mg of DOE (2.5% hydroxytyrosol) per 3 mg of meat, although not as effective as myricetin (95% purity), reduced oxidation. Further assessment revealed that hydroxytyrosol from the DOE, added at (1)/38 the concentration of myricetin, was almost 50% as effective.
A comparison of placebo and no-treatment during a hypnotic clinical trial.

Objective: Sleep parameters commonly improve during placebo treatment in insomnia clinical trials. We examined whether the improvement seen with placebo was related to taking pills or other non-specific factors. Method: 95 insomniacs took either a placebo pill (pill + ) or no pill (pill - ) on nights of their choosing over 12 weeks. Results: Pills were consumed on about half of the nights. Consistent improvement was seen with reduced reported sleep latency, wakefulness after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and total sleep time over the 12 weeks for both the pill + and pill - condition. A difference between pill + and pill - was detected only for total sleep time, and this difference favored pill + . Conclusions: This study suggests that improvement seen during placebo treatment is more related to non-specific factors of participating in clinical trial than to pill taking behavior.
Effect of Ouabain on Na+ and K+ Excretion in the Rat.∗:

SummaryThe effect of renal artery infusion of ouabain on urinary excretion of Na+, K+ and H+ was investigated by clearance methods in the rat. Ouabain consistently produced a 3-fold increase in K+ excretion and over a 2-fold increase in urinary H+ concentration. The effect on Na+ excretion was variable. About half the animals responded with a 4-fold increase in UVNa+ and 2-fold increment in urine flow. The remainder showed no change in Na+ excretion. It appears that there is a definite species difference in the response to ouabain of the rat kidney on one hand, and the chicken and dog kidney on the other. The most likely explanation of the phenomenon noted in the rat is that ouabain may have a biphasic effect whereby proximal reabsorption of Na+ is inhibited and distal reabsorption, including cationic exchange for K+ and H+ is stimulated.
Treatment and nursing for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the perioperative period in 96 cases

Objective:To study the methods of treatment and nursing for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the perioperative period.Methods:The clinical data of 96 patients with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were analyzed retrospectively. Results:All 96 cases were cured. 1 cases the wound infected.1 cases the wound split open.Conclusion:The treatment and nursing for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the perioperative period should be careful and overall. The key of cured were patiently and careful treatment and nursing in the perioperative period.
Constitutive Model for Drained Compression of Unsaturated Clay to High Stresses

AbstractA constitutive model is presented in this paper to describe the isotropic compression response of unsaturated, compacted clay under drained conditions over a wide range of mean effective st...
p-Type transition-metal doping of large-area MoS2 thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g. MoS2) have recently emerged as a promising material system for electronic and optoelectronic applications. A major challenge for these materials, however, is to realize bipolar electrical transport properties (i.e. both p-type and n-type conduction), which is critical for enhancing device performance and functionalities. Here, we demonstrate the transition metal zinc as a p-type dopant in the otherwise n-type MoS2, through systematic characterizations of large area Zn-doped MoS2 thin films grown by a one-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. Raman characterization and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies identified millimeter-scale, monolayer films with 1–2% Zn as dopants. Zinc doping suppresses n-type conductivity in MoS2 and shifts its Fermi level downwards. The stability and p-type nature of Zn dopants were further confirmed by density-functional-theory calculations of formation energies and electronic band structures. The electrical transport properties of Zn-MoS2 films can be influenced by stoichiometry, and p-type gate transfer characteristics were realized by thermal treatment under a sulfur atmosphere. Our work highlights transition-metal doping followed by sulfur vacancy elimination in CVD grown films as a promising route for achieving large area p-type transition metal dichalcogenide films that are essential for practical applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Inflammatory Milieu and Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Introduction Biomarkers of atherosclerosis (pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants) are elevated in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, their association with cardiovascular endpoints in children are not understood. We hypothesized that biomarkers of atherosclerosis in children with OSA correlate with pulse transit time (PTT), a surrogate measure of vascular stiffness, with some positively influencing and others negatively influencing PTT. Methods Children with OSA and matched controls were recruited to the study. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants were measured at 6:00 pm and 6:00 am. Polysomnography with beat-to-beat blood pressure was performed. PTT during wakefulness and stage 2 sleep was calculated. Diurnal variation of biomarkers and their associations with PTT was estimated. Factor analysis was used to determine the effect of groups of cytokines on PTT. Results One hundred fifty-five children participated in the study; 90 were healthy controls and 65 had OSA. Children with OSA exhibited a different diurnal variation of biomarkers than healthy controls, with pro-inflammatory cytokines peaking in the morning and acute phase reactants peaking in the afternoon. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that interleukins 6 and 8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and sCD40L had a shortening effect, while serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin had a prolonging effect on PTT. As a result, there was no difference in PTT between the two groups. Conclusion The differential relationships of acute phase reactants and pro-inflammatory cytokines with PTT suggest that in children with OSA, these mediators may have opposing actions to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis.
Methylprednisolone plus prednisone reduced subsequent development of multiple sclerosis in patients with optic neuritis

Source Citation Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, et al. The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 9;329:1764-9.
Unraveling the RV Ejection Doppler Envelope: Insight Into Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics and Disease Severity

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to characterize the profiles of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) Doppler flow velocity envelopes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to establish whether changes in the RVOT flow profile related to patient outcome. Background The RVOT systolic flow profile is frequently abnormal, with findings of a mid-systolic flow deceleration and notching, previously proposed as an indicator of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Methods We reviewed RVOT systolic flow profiles recorded by pulsed-wave Doppler from 159 consecutive patients with PAH and measured deceleration time (DT) of mid-systolic deceleration slope (mid-systolic DT) and the peak velocity of pre- and post-notching flow. Concurrent right-heart catheterization was available in all (41 of 41) incident patients and in 39 of 118 established patients. Outcomes, defined as time to all-cause mortality or need for lung transplantation, were assessed during 3 years of follow-up. Results Notched envelopes were identified in 150 of 159 patients. The presence of a notched pattern and a decrease in the mid-systolic DT were associated with higher PA pressures; higher PVR; and, at a threshold of a mid-systolic DT of Conclusions In PAH, the notched profile of RVOT Doppler flow velocity envelope appears to integrate indicators of pulmonary vascular load and RV function and serves as a marker for adverse outcomes.
The current place of epilepsy surgery.

Purpose of review Three randomized controlled trials demonstrate that surgical treatment is safe and effective for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), yet fewer than 1% of patients are referred for surgery. This is a review of recent trends in surgical referral for DRE, and advances in the field. Reasons for continued underutilization are discussed. Recent findings Recent series indicate no increase in surgical referral for DRE over the past two decades. One study suggests that decreased referrals to major epilepsy centers can be accounted for by increased referrals to low-volume nonacademic hospitals where results are poorer, and complication rates higher. The increasing ability of high-resolution MRI to identify small neocortical lesions and an increase in pediatric surgeries, in part, explain a relative greater decrease in temporal lobe surgeries. Misconceptions continue to restrict referral. Consequently, advocacy for referral of all patients with DRE to epilepsy centers that offer specialized diagnosis and other alternative treatments, as well as psychosocial support, is recommended. Recent advances will continue to improve the safety and efficacy of surgical treatment and expand the types of patients who benefit from surgical intervention. Summary Surgical treatment for epilepsy remains underutilized, in part because of persistent misconceptions. Rather than promote referral for surgery, it would be more appropriate to advocate that all patients with DRE deserve a consultation at a full-service epilepsy center that offers many options for eliminating or reducing disability.
Optimal Design of the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine with Manufacturing Autonomy

Influenza (flu) is a serious public health concern. The first line of defense is the flu shot, whose composition is updated annually to adjust for frequent mutations of the circulating viruses. The...
Economic and Spatial Impacts of an Existing Reserve Network on Future Augmentation

An optimization model for land reservation was developed that explicitly selects parcels in the most compact or contiguous manner possible while meeting habitat requirements and a budget limitation. The model was used to compare the effects of an existing reserve network on future parcel spatial locations and total cost. Using habitat and land value data from Josephine County, Oregon, it was found that a system of existing reserves created by various policies and overseen by different agencies can decrease future reserve compactness and contiguity, and increase total cost. This work suggests that coordinated planning can result in more efficient conservation efforts for less cost.
Random Permutation of n Letters (RANPER)

This chapter describes an algorithm for generating random permutation of n letters. The random permutation is generated by a sequence of random interchanges. First any one of the n letters 1, …, n for a 1 is chosen. Then, any one of the remaining letters for a 2 is chosen and so on. The construction of a permutation, thus, involves n choices, with respective probabilities and the probability of a given permutation chosen being 1/ n ! The FORTRAN program of algorithm RANPER contains a LOGICAL parameter SETUP. If it is set. FALSE., the subprogram will not setup the array A with 1, …, n but, instead, will operate on whatever data the user has supplied. The chapter presents the sample output for the subroutine. In the analysis presented in the chapter, for each n = 3,……,8, a set of 50 random permutations of n letters was chosen and the number of cycles of each of these 50 permutations was found.
Endoscopic Treatment of Perforations and Fistulas

With the development of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and the advances in endoscopic devices, the repair of fistulas and perforations can be more readily performed endoscopically. In this chapter, we describe various devices used for these indications. These include over-the-scope clips, the OverStitch Endoscopic Suturing System, cardiac septal defect occluders, and others. All of these techniques have been shown to be effective in select cases in the current literature. Future device modifications to permit better range of motion and more intricate manipulations within small gastrointestinal luminal surfaces will continue to improve these interventions and patient outcomes.
Beta-continuity revisited: determining Bézier control vertices to construct geometrically continuous curves and surfaces

In the previous Oslo conference held in June 1988, we observed that a sufficient condition for the affine combination of two geometrically continuous curves to be a geometrically continuous curve as that the two curves satisfy that Beta-constraints for the same B values [11]. This result was motivated by John Gregory's observation at the same conference(see page 361 of [15]) that an affine combination of two geometrically continuous curves does not necessarily yield a geometrically continuous curve. This anomaly causes havoc in various curve and surface constructions. For example. A ruled. Lofted, or Boolean sum surface constructed groom geometrically continuous curves need not be a geometrically continuous surface. Similarly, Catmull-From splines and rational curves constructed from geometrically continuous curves or geometrically continuous blending functions need not be geometrically continuous curves. Here, we examine geometrically continuous curves described in piecewise Bezier form that do not satisfy the Beta-constraints for the sameB values. From our previous work, it follows that after reparametrization, an affine combination of the two curves will necessarily be geometrically continuous. We show how to determine the location of the Bezier control vertices of the same curves will be geometrically continuous, thereby permitting classical smooth curve and surface centurions such as ruled and lofted surfaces and Catmull-Rom splines.
Regional Analysis of S Emission-Deposition Trends in North America from 1979 Through 1988

The United States recently enacted legislation that mandates reductions in SOX emissions of about 50% by the end of the century and somewhat smaller reductions in NOX emissions. Similar broad emission reductions are underway in Canada. Such large reductions are generally expected to lead to significant reductions in acid deposition loading; however, the expense of the required actions suggests that mid-course evaluations of the effectiveness of the emission control programs will be desirable.
GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT A general discussion on the reasons for studying mutagens in the marine environment is presented, and a strategy for research involving such pollutants is outlined. Four short-term tests currently being applied at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory for the detection of mutagens and carcinogens and variations of these for ecological impact assessment are explained.
Inverse Scattering Based on Proper Solution Space

This paper is concerned with an inverse scattering problem in frequency domain, when the scattered field is governed by the Helmholtz equation. The algorithm is iterative in nature. It introduces a...
Ludwig Tieck and the Development of the Romantic Myth of a “German Shakespeare”

Venning analyzes the role of the nineteenth-century German Romantic Ludwig Tieck in mythologizing Shakespeare in Germany. Examining Tieck’s work as a playwright, translator, critic, dramaturg, and director, Venning argues that through his literary and theatrical efforts, Tieck contributed to the transformation of Germans into readers and spectators who claimed Shakespeare as their own national playwright. The chapter situates Tieck’s bardolatrous criticism as a direct precursor to the affective, humanistic, and character-driven Shakespearean criticism popular in the early twentieth century and focuses on Tieck’s theatrical efforts in Dresden and Potsdam to recover original Shakespearean practices as a way of highlighting Shakespeare’s genius. The chapter concludes with analysis of the lasting social and cultural effects of Tieck’s work in Germany.
Increased usual physical activity is associated with a blunting of the triglyceride response to a high-fat meal

Background Postprandial lipemia (PPL), defined as a prolonged or elevated rise in triglycerides that accompanies fat feeding, is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and associated comorbidities. The impact of PPL on coronary heart disease risk is underscored by the preponderance of each day spent in the postprandial state. Objective In this study, we evaluated cross-sectionally the association between usual (ie, noninterventional) physical activity and the 6-hour triglyceride response to a standardized high-fat meal. Methods The high-fat meal intervention was carried out in 671 apparently healthy individuals as part of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention Heart Study. Triglyceride levels were measured in the fasting state and during 6 hours after administration of a standardized fat challenge. We defined PPL response as the triglyceride area under the fat load curve (AUC) and measured physical activity using accelerometers that were worn continuously over a 7-day period. Results Physical activity levels decreased with increasing age and were higher in men than women (both P Conclusion These results suggest that the protective benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health may operate, at least in part, through reduction of the PPL triglyceride response.
Immigration and Violent Crime in California, 1980-2012: Contextualization by Temporal Period and Race/Ethnicity

In light of concerns surrounding the alleged link between immigration and crime, our goal is to investigate trends in violent crime rates by race/ethnicity within and between counties with differing degrees of immigration. Using unique data from California for the 1980 to 2012 period, we find (1) that after an initial decade of stability, violence rates fell beginning in the 1990s during a period of rapid immigration growth. Additionally, (2) this pattern is observed for all offenses, race/ethnic groups (including Hispanics), and was near uniform in counties with both high and low levels of immigrant concentration and growth. Despite fears of immigration fueled crime waves, our findings suggest that high immigration has not worsened the problem of violent crime and that places with both low and high immigrant concentrations and growth experienced parallel declines in crime from 1990 to 2012.
(Co)Constructing Public Memories: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Creating Born-Digital Oral History Archives

VT Stories, an oral history research project with an interactive, Web-based delivery platform, was designed from initial concept through development to serve multiple purposes and to provide variou...
A deep learning-based smartphone app for real-time detection of retinal abnormalities in fundus images

This paper presents the real-time implementation of two deep neural networks, which are trained for detection of eye retina abnormalities, on smartphones as an app. This app provides a low-cost and universally accessible alternative to fundus cameras since smartphones are widely available and they can be fitted with lenses that are commercially available for examination of the retina. The process of training two convolutional neural networks for retinal abnormality detection based on two publicly available datasets is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown how a smartphone app, both Android and iOS versions, are created from these trained networks. The results obtained indicate that it is possible to carry out the detection of retinal abnormalities on smartphones in an on-the-fly manner as retina images get captured by their cameras in real-time.
Analysis of models for the Stochastic Outpatient Procedure Scheduling Problem

Abstract In this paper, we present a new stochastic mixed-integer linear programming model for the Stochastic Outpatient Procedure Scheduling Problem (SOPSP). In this problem, we schedule a day’s worth of procedures for a single provider, where each procedure has a known type and associated probability distribution of random duration. Our objective is to minimize the expectation of a weighted sum of patient waiting time, provider idling, and clinic overtime. We present computational results to show the size and characteristics of problem instances that can be solved with our model. We also compare this model to other formulations in the literature and analyze them both empirically and theoretically, demonstrating where significant improvements in performance can be gained with our proposed model. This work is motivated by our research on developing scheduling templates for endoscopic procedures at a major medical center. More broadly, however, the SOPSP is a stochastic single-resource sequencing and scheduling problem and therefore has applications both within and outside of healthcare operations.
"Los Musicos": Mexican Corridos, the Aural Border, and the Evocative Musical Renderings of Transnational Youth

In this research article, Cati V. de los Rios examines US-Mexican transnational youths' engagement with the Mexican musical genre corridos, border folk ballads, and its subgenre, narcocorridos, fol...
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Aggression

ABSTRACTThis study of college undergraduates (N = 873) examined three hypotheses regarding associations between childhood sexual abuse and lifetime aggression: 1) childhood sexual abuse was expecte...
Quantifying FEED Maturity and Its Impact on Project Performance in Large Industrial Projects

AbstractAssessing the maturity of front-end engineering design (FEED) for large industrial projects is a critical task with significant influence on overall project success. The project owner expec...
Towards a synthesis of the Caribbean biogeography of terrestrial arthropods

The immense geologic and ecological complexity of the Caribbean has created a natural laboratory for interpreting when and how organisms disperse through time and space. However, competing hypotheses compounded with this complexity have resulted in a lack of unifying principles of biogeography for the region. Though new data concerning the timing of geologic events and dispersal events are emerging, powerful new analytical tools now allow for explicit hypothesis testing. Arthropods, with varying dispersal ability and high levels of endemism in the Caribbean, are an important, albeit understudied, biogeographic model system. Herein, we include a comprehensive analysis of every publicly available genetic dataset (at the time of writing) of terrestrial Caribbean arthropod groups using a statistically robust pipeline to explicitly test the current extent of biogeographic hypotheses for the region. Our findings indicate several important biogeographic generalizations for the region: the South American continent is the predominant origin of Caribbean arthropod fauna; GAARlandia played a role for some taxa in aiding dispersal from South America to the Greater Antilles; founder event dispersal explains the majority of dispersal events by terrestrial arthropods, and distance between landmasses is important for dispersal; most dispersal events occurred via island hopping; there is evidence of ‘reverse’ dispersal from islands to the mainland; dispersal across the present-day Isthmus of Panama generally occurred prior to 3 mya; the Greater Antilles harbor more lineage diversity than the Lesser Antilles, and the larger Greater Antilles typically have greater lineage diversity than the smaller islands; basal Caribbean taxa are primarily distributed in the Greater Antilles, the basal-most being from Cuba, and derived taxa are mostly distributed in the Lesser Antilles; Jamaican taxa are usually endemic and monophyletic. Given the diversity and deep history of terrestrial arthropods, incongruence of biogeographic patterns is expected, but focusing on both similarities and differences among divergent taxa with disparate life histories emphasizes the importance of particular qualities responsible for resulting diversification patterns. Furthermore, this study provides an analytical toolkit that can be used to guide researchers interested in answering questions pertaining to Caribbean biogeography using explicit hypothesis testing.
Socializing in experimental streams: crayfish groups exposed to cues, refuges, and day-night conditions

We initiated the use of a replicated, remote-video, artificial stream system to determine the effects of conspecific cue, refuge availability, and day/night conditions on movement, aggression, dominance, downstream preference, and refuge use by the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. In line with previous research, we found that walking on the gravel substrate was greatly increased and refuge use decreased in the dark. Conspecific cue (macerated crayfish filtrate) increased walking, contrary to our prediction but consistent with cue as a signal of food availability or of risk either from cannibalism or from visual predators. Exposure to conspecific cue in the streams resulted in a reduced degree of dominance in subsequent pairwise dominance trials. We developed and implemented a new and broadly applicable way of determining the extent of linearity (consistency of dominance ranks) for incomplete dominance; for our data, this method found a lack of evidence for linear hierarchies in these stream systems. Our results suggest that streams may tend to feature weaker dominance and reduced linearity of social hierarchies, relative to standing-water systems, a hypothesis that requires further testing.
Caging and COM-Bating Antibiotic Resistance

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) facilitates spead of antibiotic resistance elements. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Domenech et al. discover that compounds disrupting proton motive force block natural competence (COM) and interrupt intraspecies HGT and exchange of antibiotic resistance. Such strategies might minimize clinical spread of antibiotic resistance.
Unilateral neonatal pulmonary interstitial emphysema managed conservatively: A case report.

Background Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a pathological state when air escapes from ruptured alveoli and is trapped along the sheaths surrounding the bronchovascular bundle. PIE is not uncommon in infants who require mechanical ventilation and even less common in infants on noninvasive ventilatory support; however, it is extremely unusual in infants in room air. Case presentation A 2-week-old male infant developed worsening tachypnea in the special-care nursery. The patient was born at 33 weeks' gestation by induced vaginal delivery due to pre-eclampsia. He required positive pressure ventilation at birth and was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit on nasal continuous positive airway pressure. On the second day of life, exogenous surfactant was administered via endotracheal tube due to increased oxygen requirement, and, soon after, he was weaned off all respiratory support. After 10 days of stability, he developed tachypnea with diminished air entry on the left side of the chest. Chest radiograph and chest computerized tomography confirmed left-sided unilateral PIE. The patient was treated conservatively with positional therapy alone. Significant clinical and radiographic improvement was noticed within 4 days; almost complete resolution by 10 days and the infant was discharged 23 days later. At follow-up at 7 months, the infant was found to be symptom-free with a normal chest radiograph. Conclusions Traditional management of unilateral PIE generally involves a combination of invasive ventilatory support and positional therapy to break the vicious cycle pathophysiology of PIE. This report focuses on the insidious progression of PIE in nonventilated neonates and describes a nontraditional conservative management strategy for the management of unilateral PIE.
Predicting the size of salt-containing aqueous Na-AOT reverse micellar water-in-oil microemulsions with consideration for specific ion effects

Abstract Hypothesis Reverse micellar solutions are thermodynamically stable systems in which surfactant molecules surround water droplets within a continuous organic phase. Among their many applications, they can be used for the synthesis of nanoparticles of controlled agglomeration. Here, we consider the role specific ion effects play in reverse micelle size reduction. Experiments Dynamic light scattering measurements and the Gouy-Chapman electrical double layer model were combined to study water/AOT/isooctane reverse micellar systems (wo = 10). Linear relationships between the solvodynamic diameter (D) of reverse micelles containing various concentrations of FeSO4, Mg(NO3)2, CuCl2, Al(NO3)3, Fe(NO3)3, Y(NO3)3, NaBH4, ZrOCl2, and NH4OH, and their calculated Debye screening lengths, κ−1, were observed with decreasing D and increasing salt concentration (c). Findings By comparing the linear fits for reverse micelle size as a function of c−1/2, we determined the size can be described as a function of the Debye screening length, cation valency (z), and specific anion hydrated radius (ran), where D = 3.1z κ−1 + bi, and bi is linearly related to ran. Our model accurately predicts reverse micelle sizes with the addition of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent salts for which the primary hydrolyzed cation species has a charge that is equal to the cation valency.
Intelligence in the national security enterprise: an introduction: by Roger Z. George, Washington, Georgetown University Press, 2020, 344 pp., $49.95 paperback, ISBN 9781626167438

Retired senior CIA analyst and former national intelligence officer, intelligence scholar, and professor Roger George has written a very credible textbook introduction to US intelligence, focused o...
325 MHz VERY LARGE ARRAY OBSERVATIONS OF ULTRACOOL DWARFS TVLM 513-46546 AND 2MASS J0036+1821104

We present 325 MHz (90 cm wavelength) radio observations of ultracool dwarfs TVLM 513-46546 and 2MASS J0036+1821104 using the Very Large Array (VLA) in 2007 June. Ultracool dwarfs are expected to be undetectable at radio frequencies, yet observations at 8.5 GHz (3.5 cm) and 4.9 GHz (6 cm) have revealed sources with >100 {mu}Jy quiescent radio flux and >1 mJy pulses coincident with stellar rotation. The anomalous emission is likely a combination of gyrosynchrotron and cyclotron maser processes in a long-duration, large-scale magnetic field. Since the characteristic frequency for each process scales directly with the magnetic field magnitude, emission at lower frequencies may be detectable from regions with weaker field strength. We detect no significant radio emission at 325 MHz from TVLM 513-46546 or 2MASS J0036+1821104 over multiple stellar rotations, establishing 2.5{sigma} total flux limits of 795 {mu}Jy and 942 {mu}Jy, respectively. Analysis of an archival VLA 1.4 GHz observation of 2MASS J0036+1821104 from 2005 January also yields a non-detection at the level of <130 {mu}Jy. The combined radio observation history (0.3 GHz to 8.5 GHz) for these sources suggests a continuum emission spectrum for ultracool dwarfs that is either flat or inverted below 2-3 GHz. Further, if the cyclotronmore » maser instability is responsible for the pulsed radio emission observed on some ultracool dwarfs, our low-frequency non-detections suggest that the active region responsible for the high-frequency bursts is confined within two stellar radii and driven by electron beams with energies less than 5 keV.« less
Uncomplicated gallbladder mucoceles – is it better for prognosis to perform cholecystectomy or medically manage?

PICO question In dogs with an uncomplicated gallbladder mucocele, is the long-term survival when surgically managed superior, inferior, or equal to those medically managed? Clinical bottom line Category of research question Treatment and prognosis The number and type of study designs reviewed Three papers were critically reviewed. All of the studies were retrospective analyses of medical records, two of which were cohort studies, and one which was a case control study Strength of evidence Weak Outcomes reported There is some evidence that surgical management of gallbladder mucoceles is associated with longer survival times than medically managed cases, although there is no direct analysis of uncomplicated vs complicated cases Conclusion We cannot clearly make a conclusion based on the available evidence. To date, there is only one retrospective analysis that directly compares the long-term survival of cases medically vs surgically managed, but this study does not separate uncomplicated vs complicated cases of gallbladder mucocele. In order to more accurately determine which type of treatment should be recommended for uncomplicated cases of gallbladder mucoceles, a prospective study comparing long-term survival with each treatment should be performed. These studies should also standardise medical management in order to more accurately compare survival time to surgical treatment How to apply this evidence in practice The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources. Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.
From the middle stratosphere to the surface, using nitrous oxide to constrain the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone

Abstract. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is an important source of tropospheric ozone, affecting all of atmospheric chemistry, climate, and air quality. Observations and the theory of tracer correlations provide only coarse (±20 %) global-mean constraints. For fluxes resolved by latitude and month we rely on global chemistry-transport models (CTMs), and unfortunately, these results diverge greatly. Overall, we lack guidance from model-measurement metrics that inform us about processes and patterns related to the STE flux of ozone. In this work, we use modeled tracers (N2O, CFCl3) whose distributions and budgets can be constrained by satellite and surface observations, allowing us to follow stratospheric signals across the tropopause. The satellite derived photochemical loss of N2O on annual and quasi-biennial cycles can be matched by the models. The STE flux of N2O-depleted air in our CTM drives surface variability that closely matches observed fluctuations on both annual and quasi-biennial cycles, confirming the modeled flux. The observed tracer correlations between N2O and O3 in the lowermost stratosphere provide a seasonal, hemispheric scaling of the N2O flux to that of O3. For N2O and CFCl3, we model greater southern hemispheric STE fluxes, a result supported by some metrics, but counter to prevailing theory of wave-driven stratospheric circulation. The STE flux of O3, however, is predominantly northern hemispheric, but observational constraints show that this is only caused by the Antarctic ozone hole. Here we show that metrics founded on observations can better constrain the STE O3 flux which will help guide future model assessments.
The Impact of Reinitialization on Generalization in Convolutional Neural Networks

Recent results suggest that reinitializing a subset of the parameters of a neural network during training can improve generalization, particularly for small training sets. We study the impact of different reinitialization methods in several convolutional architectures across 12 benchmark image classification datasets, analyzing their potential gains and highlighting limitations. We also introduce a new layerwise reinitialization algorithm that outperforms previous methods and suggest explanations of the observed improved generalization. First, we show that layerwise reinitialization increases the margin on the training examples without increasing the norm of the weights, hence leading to an improvement in margin-based generalization bounds for neural networks. Second, we demonstrate that it settles in flatter local minima of the loss surface. Third, it encourages learning general rules and discourages memorization by placing emphasis on the lower layers of the neural network. Our takeaway message is that the accuracy of convolutional neural networks can be improved for small datasets using bottom-up layerwise reinitialization, where the number of reinitialized layers may vary depending on the available compute budget.
Comparing Sequential Forecasters.

Consider two or more forecasters, each making a sequence of predictions for different events over time. We ask a relatively basic question: how might we compare these forecasters, either online or post-hoc, while avoiding unverifiable assumptions on how the forecasts or outcomes were generated? This work presents a novel and rigorous answer to this question. We design a sequential inference procedure for estimating the time-varying difference in forecast quality as measured by a relatively large class of proper scoring rules (bounded scores with a linear equivalent). The resulting confidence intervals are nonasymptotically valid, and can be continuously monitored to yield statistically valid comparisons at arbitrary data-dependent stopping times ("anytime-valid"); this is enabled by adapting variance-adaptive supermartingales, confidence sequences, and e-processes to our setting. Motivated by Shafer and Vovk's game-theoretic probability, our coverage guarantees are also distribution-free, in the sense that they make no distributional assumptions on the forecasts or outcomes. In contrast to a recent work by Henzi and Ziegel, our tools can sequentially test a weak null hypothesis about whether one forecaster outperforms another on average over time. We demonstrate their effectiveness by comparing forecasts on Major League Baseball (MLB) games and statistical postprocessing methods for ensemble weather forecasts.
129 : IFN-g and TNF alter epigenetic landscapes to control TLR-induced transcriptional responses in macrophages

Macrophage activation phenotypes are determined by the interplay between cytokines such as IFN-g or TNF and acute inflammatory stimuli such as TLR ligands. Synergistic activation of inflammatory cytokine genes by IFN-g and TLR signaling is important for innate immunity and inflammatory disease pathogenesis. Enhancement of TLR signaling, a previously proposed mechanism, is insufficient to explain massive synergistic activation of cytokine production in human macrophages. We found that IFN-g induced sustained occupancy of STAT1, IRF-1 and associated histone acetylation at TSS-proximal and distal regulatory elements at the TNF , IL6 and IL12B gene loci in human macrophages. This priming or opening of chromatin did not activate transcription, but greatly increased and prolonged recruitment of TLR4-induced transcription factors and RNA polymerase II to gene promoters and enhancers. Genome-wide analysis revealed pervasive priming of regulatory elements by IFN-g and linked coordinate priming of promoters and enhancers with synergistic induction of transcription. IFN-g-mediated priming conferred sensitivity of cytokine gene transcription to inhibitors of Jak kinases or BET chromatin regulators. These results provide a synergy mechanism whereby IFN-g creates a primed chromatin environment to augment TLR-induced gene transcription, and suggest therapeutic approaches that selectively target priming mechanisms. In contrast, TNF tolerizes macrophages such that inflammatory cytokine genes are not activated in response to subsequent TLR stimulation. Combined genome-wide analysis using RNAseq and ChIPseq identified transcriptional modules that represent subsets of tolerized genes that are regulated by distinct alterations in chromatin states. Overall the results highlight the importance of chromatin-based mechanisms in regulating transcriptional responses to acute stimuli that activate canonical inflammatory signaling pathways.
Ambient Temperature and Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics in the Elderly

Background and Purpose Some prior studies have linked ambient temperature with risk of cerebrovascular events. If causal, the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this putative association remain unknown. Temperature-related changes in cerebral vascular function may play a role, but this hypothesis has not been previously evaluated. Methods We evaluated the association between ambient temperature and cerebral vascular function among 432 participants ≥65 years old from the MOBILIZE Boston Study with data on cerebrovascular blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance, and cerebrovascular reactivity in the middle cerebral artery. We used linear regression models to assess the association of mean ambient temperature in the previous 1 to 28 days with cerebrovascular hemodynamics adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results A 10°C increase in the 21-day moving average of ambient temperature was associated with a 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2%, 17.3%) lower blood flow velocity, a 9.0% (95% CI, 0.7%, 18.0%) higher cerebrovascular resistance, and a 15.3% (95%CI, 2.7%, 26.4%) lower cerebral vasoreactivity. Further adjustment for ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) did not materially alter the results. However, we found statistically significant interactions between ambient temperature and PM2.5 such that the association between temperature and blood flow velocity was attenuated at higher levels of PM2.5. Conclusions In this elderly population, we found that ambient temperature was negatively associated with cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebrovascular vasoreactivity and positively associated with cerebrovascular resistance. Changes in vascular function may partly underlie the observed associations between ambient temperature and risk of cerebrovascular events.
Second-order emittance compensation in an RF photoinjector using RF radial focusing

Emittance compensation using the static axial magnetic field from a solenoid surrounding an rf photoinjector has been used to reduce the rms emittance of the electron beam by up to an order of magnitude, for photoinjectors ranging from 433 MHz to 8 GHz. The residual emittance after standard solenoidal compensation depends primarily on how linear the space-charge force is along the electron bunch in terms of an axial Taylor expansion, and is typically a strong function of both solenoid position and focusing strength. In this paper, the authors investigate the concept of second-order emittance compensation using the combination of a solenoid and radial rf focusing. They numerically demonstrate that (1) lower residual emittances are possible if second-order compensation is introduced by adding radially focusing rf forces in the first photoinjector cavity near the cathode, (2) the residual emittance is less sensitive to solenoid position, (3) the residual emittance is less sensitive to solenoid strength, and (4) the optimal solenoid position is further from the photoinjector cathode, leading to less stringent design requirements, especially at high frequencies.
ATOMIC PHYSICS IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE

The irradiation of a planetary atmosphere by solar ultraviolet light initiates a wide variety of atomic and molecular processes which lead to a multitude of observable atmospheric properties. The branch of geophysics which attempts to arrive at an understanding of this complex situation is called aeronomy. The processes initiated by radiation are fairly obvious; molecules are vibrationally and electronically excited, dissociated, and ionized. A variety of radiative and collisional processes then control the energy degradation of the ions, electrons, and neutrals, and a variety of reaction processes control the ion and neutral composition.
Unusual carbon and oxygen isotropic ratios of ostracodal calcite from last interglacial (Sangamon episode) lacustrine sediment in Raymond Basin, Illinois, USA

The stable isotopic records of ostracode valves deposited during the last interglaciation in Raymond Basin, Illinois, have δ13C and δ18O values as high as +16.5‰ and +9.2‰ respectively, the highest values yet reported from continental ostracodal calcite. Located in south-central Illinois, Raymond, Pittsburg, Bald Knob, and Hopwood Farm basins collectively have yielded important long pollen and ostracode records that date from about 130 000 years ago to the present. Although fossils from the present-day interglaciation are not well preserved, these records constitute the only described, conformable, fossiliferous successions of this age from the interior of glaciated North America.