cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A basic internet primer for behavior therapists: Part I

The Internet holds a wealth of resources for the practicing behavior therapist, and these resources are more easily obtained than might be expected. This article describes the basic processes of the Internet, including equipment and software needed to become a user and contributor, and specific functions offered by the Internet. The use of electronic mail, the World Wide Web, newsgroups and listservs, and talking in real time over the Internet are described as examples. Finally, the interactive contributions that the behavior therapist can make and receive from the Internet are considered.
Intercalation of solvent and polymer in galleries of mobile clay platelets by a Monte Carlo simulation

The intercalation of solvent particles and polymer chains of concentration C w = 0.2 and C p = 0.2, respectively, in a layer of (4) clay platelets is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation on a cubic lattice. Polymer chains and platelets are modeled by bond fluctuations. Besides the excluded volume, a set of polymer-clay (cs) and solvent-clay (ws) interactions with (i) cs = 1, ws = -2, (ii) cs = -2, ws = 1 and (iii) cs = ws = -2 are considered. The global dynamics of platelets is constrained due to the presence of three components, i.e., solvent, polymer, and platelets, which retain their interstitial spacing with well-defined galleries. Intercalation of solvent particles and polymer chains (low molecular weight) occurs with their attractive interaction with the platelets, which further reinforces the layered clay morphology. The density profiles of the solvent particles are similar to previous studies with platelets in a mobile solvent. The density profile of polymer chains differs considerably from the platelets in a polymer matrix alone, particularly with its attractive interaction (ii). For the same attractive interaction of solvent and polymer chains with the clay platelets (iii), the solvent particles (the smallest constituents) intercalate the fastest in the clay galleries, whereas the intercalation of polymer chains decreases with their molecular weight. The polymer density profiles, both longitudinal (x) and transverse (y), show maxima peaks around outer platelets (surface) of the layer and decay sharply both in the adjacent galleries and in the bulk. The amplitude of oscillation in the transverse density profiles, a measure of the degree of intercalation, decreases with increasing molecular weight of the polymer. The intercalation of the polymer is driven by its attractive interaction at the low molecular weight, but reduces considerably at high molecular weight because of both entanglement and larger radius of gyration. Variations of the gyration radius of the diffusing polymer chains with molecular weight and interaction with the clay are consistent with the results of their corresponding density profiles.
The tree alignment problem

The inference of homologies among DNA sequences, that is, positions in multiple genomes that share a common evolutionary origin, is a crucial, yet difficult task facing biologists. Its computational counterpart is known as the multiple sequence alignment problem. There are various criteria and methods available to perform multiple sequence alignments, and among these, the minimization of the overall cost of the alignment on a phylogenetic tree is known in combinatorial optimization as the Tree Alignment Problem. This problem typically occurs as a subproblem of the Generalized Tree Alignment Problem, which looks for the tree with the lowest alignment cost among all possible trees. This is equivalent to the Maximum Parsimony problem when the input sequences are not aligned, that is, when phylogeny and alignments are simultaneously inferred. For large data sets, a popular heuristic is Direct Optimization (DO). DO provides a good tradeoff between speed, scalability, and competitive scores, and is implemented in the computer program POY. All other (competitive) algorithms have greater time complexities compared to DO. Here, we introduce and present experiments a new algorithm Affine-DO to accommodate the indel (alignment gap) models commonly used in phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data. Affine-DO has the same time complexity as DO, but is correctly suited for the affine gap edit distance. We demonstrate its performance with more than 330,000 experimental tests. These experiments show that the solutions of Affine-DO are close to the lower bound inferred from a linear programming solution. Moreover, iterating over a solution produced using Affine-DO shows little improvement. Our results show that Affine-DO is likely producing near-optimal solutions, with approximations within 10% for sequences with small divergence, and within 30% for random sequences, for which Affine-DO produced the worst solutions. The Affine-DO algorithm has the necessary scalability and optimality to be a significant improvement in the real-world phylogenetic analysis of sequence data.
A Heterodimer of a VHH (Variable Domains of Camelid Heavy Chain-only) Antibody That Inhibits Anthrax Toxin Cell Binding Linked to a VHH Antibody That Blocks Oligomer Formation Is Highly Protective in an Anthrax Spore Challenge Model

Anthrax disease is caused by a toxin consisting of protective antigen (PA), lethal factor, and edema factor. Antibodies against PA have been shown to be protective against the disease. Variable domains of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (VHHs) with affinity for PA were obtained from immunized alpacas and screened for anthrax neutralizing activity in macrophage toxicity assays. Two classes of neutralizing VHHs were identified recognizing distinct, non-overlapping epitopes. One class recognizes domain 4 of PA at a well characterized neutralizing site through which PA binds to its cellular receptor. A second neutralizing VHH (JKH-C7) recognizes a novel epitope. This antibody inhibits conversion of the PA oligomer from "pre-pore" to its SDS and heat-resistant "pore" conformation while not preventing cleavage of full-length 83-kDa PA (PA83) by cell surface proteases to its oligomer-competent 63-kDa form (PA63). The antibody prevents endocytosis of the cell surface-generated PA63 subunit but not preformed PA63 oligomers formed in solution. JKH-C7 and the receptor-blocking VHH class (JIK-B8) were expressed as a heterodimeric VHH-based neutralizing agent (VNA2-PA). This VNA displayed improved neutralizing potency in cell assays and protected mice from anthrax toxin challenge with much better efficacy than the separate component VHHs. The VNA protected virtually all mice when separately administered at a 1:1 ratio to toxin and protected mice against Bacillus anthracis spore infection. Thus, our studies show the potential of VNAs as anthrax therapeutics. Due to their simple and stable nature, VNAs should be amenable to genetic delivery or administration via respiratory routes.
Morphological and Physiological Responses of Perennial Grasses to Long-term Grazing in the Pryor Mountains, Montana

Abstract We evaluated in situ the effects of long-term grazing (>100 y) on the morphological (i.e., shoot height, leaf blade length, width and angle) and physiological (i.e., gas exchange and water relations) responses of the dominant perennial grass species from arid lowlands and more mesic uplands of the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range (PMWHR) in Montana. Pseudoroegneria spicata, the most abundant grass in the lowland communities, had shorter vegetative shoot heights and leaf blade lengths and narrower leaves in plants from grazed than long-term ungrazed sites. Similarly, vegetative and reproductive shoot heights of Festuca idahoensis and Elymus lanceolatus, common upland grass species, were shorter in plants from grazed than ungrazed sites. Leaf lengths of these upland grasses also were shorter and less erect in plants from grazed sites than ungrazed sites. The physiological responses of the dominant grasses to grazing were not consistent between species or sampling dates. Overall, photosynthetic rates...
Asdiwal crumbles: a critique of Lévi-Straussian myth analysis1

Levi-Strauss' use of ethnographic sources, of definitional terms, and his analytic categorization of incidents in the Asdiwal story is arbitrary, inconsistent, and even distorts the story text on occasion. His argument, in addition to being circular in places, is internally inconsistent, especially as regards the claim that when myths make negative evaluations, they always involve the opposite of real life, a claim which is, in fact, both supported and refuted.
Frequency line tracking using hidden Markov models

Frequency cells comprising a subset, or gate, of the spectral bins from fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing are identified with the states of the hidden Markov chain. An additional zero state is included to allow for the possibility of track initiation and termination. Analytic expressions for the basic parameters of the hidden Markov model (HMM) are obtained in terms of physically meaningful quantities, and optimization of the HMM tracker is discussed. A measurement sequence based on a simple threshold detector forms the input to the tracker. The outputs of the HMM tracker are a discrete Viterbi track, a gate occupancy probability function, and a continuous mean cell occupancy track. The latter provides an estimate of the mean signal frequency as a function of time. The performance of the HMM tracker is evaluated for two sets of simulated data. The HMM tracker is compared to earlier, related trackers, and possible extensions are discussed. >
Activity of Daily Living Trajectories Surrounding Acute Hospitalization of Long-Stay Nursing Home Residents

Objectives: To explore patterns of change in nursing home (NH) residents� activities of daily living (ADLs), particularly surrounding acute hospital stays. Design: Longitudinal study using Medicare and Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments. Setting: National sample of long-stay NH residents. Participants: NH residents who were hospitalized for the seven most-common inpatient diagnoses (N = 40,128). Each hospital admission was at least 90 days after any prior hospitalization and had at least two preceding MDS assessments. Measurements: The MDS ADL long-form score, a simple sum of seven self-care variables coded from 0 (independent) to 4 (totally dependent) was used to indicate resident ADL function. Scores ranged from 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating greater impairment. A linear mixed model describing ADL trajectories was jointly estimated with time-to-event models for mortality and hospital readmission. Results: Before hospitalization, the most common trajectory was stable (53.7%), with 27.5% of residents worsening and 18.8% improving. ADL function after hospital discharge was most often characterized as stable (43.1%) or worsening (39.2%). Mortality (20.3%) was higher for those with worsening prehospital ADL function (28.9%) than for those with stable (19.1%) or improving (11.3%) trajectories. Hospital diagnosis was associated with amount of ADL worsening and rate of subsequent ADL change. Most residents with the best initial function continued to worsen after hospital discharge. Cognitive impairment was associated with poorer ADL function and accelerated worsening of ADLs. Conclusion: For many long-stay NH residents, substantial and sustained ADL worsening accompanies acute hospitalization, so acute hospitalization presents an opportunity to revisit care goals; the results of the current study can help inform decision-making.
Equilibrium distribution of gas molecules adsorbed on an active surface

We evaluate the exact equilibrium distribution of gas molecules adsorbed on an active surface with an infinite number of attachment sites. Our result is a Poisson distribution having mean X=mPP(s)/P(e), with m the mean gas density, P(s) the sticking probability, P(e) the evaporation probability in a time interval tau, and P Smoluchowski's exit probability in time interval tau for the surface in question. We then solve for the case of a finite number of attachment sites using the mean field approximation, recovering the Langmuir isotherm in this case.
The utility of early end-tidal capnography in monitoring ventilation status after severe injury.

Background:An arterial CO2 (Paco2) of 30 mm Hg to 39 mm Hg has been shown to be the ideal target range for early ventilation in trauma patients; however, this requires serial arterial blood gases. The use of end-tidal capnography (EtCO2) has been recommended as a surrogate measure of ventilation in
SU-E-J-09: A Monte Carlo Analysis of the Relationship Between Cherenkov Light Emission and Dose for Electrons, Protons, and X-Ray Photons

Purpose: A number of recent studies have proposed that light emitted by the Cherenkov effect may be used for a number of radiation therapy dosimetry applications. Here we investigate the fundamental nature and accuracy of the technique for the first time by using a theoretical and Monte Carlo based analysis. Methods: Using the GEANT4 architecture for medically-oriented simulations (GAMOS) and BEAMnrc for phase space file generation, the light yield, material variability, field size and energy dependence, and overall agreement between the Cherenkov light emission and dose deposition for electron, proton, and flattened, unflattened, and parallel opposed x-ray photon beams was explored. Results: Due to the exponential attenuation of x-ray photons, Cherenkov light emission and dose deposition were identical for monoenergetic pencil beams. However, polyenergetic beams exhibited errors with depth due to beam hardening, with the error being inversely related to beam energy. For finite field sizes, the error with depth was inversely proportional to field size, and lateral errors in the umbra were greater for larger field sizes. For opposed beams, the technique was most accurate due to an averaging out of beam hardening in a single beam. The technique was found to be not suitable for measuring electron beams, except for relative dosimetry of a plane at a single depth. Due to a lack of light emission, the technique was found to be unsuitable for proton beams. Conclusions: The results from this exploratory study suggest that optical dosimetry by the Cherenkov effect may be most applicable to near monoenergetic x-ray photon beams (e.g. Co-60), dynamic IMRT and VMAT plans, as well as narrow beams used for SRT and SRS. For electron beams, the technique would be best suited for superficial dosimetry, and for protons the technique is not applicable due to a lack of light emission. NIH R01CA109558 and R21EB017559.
Availability and plant uptake of heavy metals from contaminated dredged material placed in flooded and upland disposal environments

Abstract The availability and plant uptake of heavy metals was evaluated from contaminated dredged material placed in flooded and upland disposal environments using a solid-phase plant bioassay. The objective of the study was to verify previous dredged material research results and to develop a plant bioassay procedure that could indicate phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in contaminated dredged material. The plant bioassay indicated more uptake and bioaccumulations of cadmium and, to a lesser extent, zinc when contaminated dredged material was placed in an upland environment where the sediment was allowed to air-dry. Placing the contaminated dredged material in a flooded (reduced) environment lowered the availability and plant uptake of cadmium and, to a lesser extent, zinc. Factors that influenced the availability and plant uptake of heavy metals from contaminated sediments included sediment oxidation-reduction potential, organic matter content, total sulfur content, and pH. The plant bioassay showed phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic under a flooded environment. Placing the arsenic-contaminated sediment in an upland environment reduced both the phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic in the freshwater marsh plant Cyperus esculentus .
Conflation and aggregation of spatial data improve predictive models for species with limited habitats: A case of the threatened yellow-billed cuckoo in Arizona, USA

Riparian vegetation provides important wildlife habitat in the southwestern United States, but limited distributions and spatial complexity often leads to inaccurate representation in maps used to guide conservation. We test the use of data conflation and aggregation on multiple vegetation/land-cover maps to improve the accuracy of habitat models for the threatened western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis). We used species observations (n ¼ 479) from a state-wide survey to develop habitat models from 1) three vegetation/land-cover maps produced at different geographic scales ranging from state to national, and 2) new aggregate maps defined by the spatial agreement of cover types, which were defined as high (agreement ¼ all data sets), moderate (agreement � 2), and low (no agreement required). Model accuracies, predicted habitat locations, and total area of predicted habitat varied considerably, illustrating the effects of input data quality on habitat predictions and resulting potential impacts on conservation planning. Habitat models based on aggregated and conflated data were more accurate and had higher model sensitivity than original vegetation/land-cover, but this ac- curacy came at the cost of reduced geographic extent of predicted habitat. Using the highest performing models, we assessed cuckoo habitat preference and distribution in Arizona and found that major wa- tersheds containing high-probably habitat are fragmented by a wide swath of low-probability habitat. Focus on riparian restoration in these areas could provide more breeding habitat for the threatened cuckoo, offset potential future habitat losses in adjacent watershed, and increase regional connectivity for other threatened vertebrates that also use riparian corridors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Determination of wheat kernel hardness by optical measurements

Near-infrared transmittance spectra (740 - 1140 nm) were gathered on single kernels of intact wheat (Triticum aestivum) for the purpose of establishing the feasibility of measuring wheat hardness (i.e., texture) by spectroscopy. Spectra of kernels from a ten-variety hardness standardization set were modeled using multiple linear regression (MLR) on log(1/T) and d2log(1/T)/d(lambda) 2 (up to five terms for each) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis (up to nine factors). Near-infrared diffuse reflectance hardnesses, determined by an official method of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, were the reference values. Single kernel hardness models were then applied to five varieties of wheat excluded in calibration. Results indicated that single kernel hardness by optical measurement of intact kernels is possible, presumably to the extent of the correlation between hardness and vitreousness. However, there is some doubt as to whether intact-kernel transmittance measurements are sensitive enough to measure the biochemical component (presumably, a low-molecular weight protein) that determines hardness. Five-term log(1/T) MLR and eight- factor PLS models provided the best modeling performances. Single kernel hardness models were used to examine kernel-to-kernel variation in hardness. By way of example, when the eight-factor PLS model was applied to the standardization set, Bennett had the least variation (standard deviation of 5.1 NIR-hardness units), and Nugaines had the most (s.d. equals 14.9 NIR-h.u.). Soft wheats tended to have more variation than hard wheats.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Geothermal exploration with Hymap hyperspectral data at Brady¿Desert Peak, Nevada

Abstract We explore the use of Hymap (hyperspectral mapper) to remotely map unique geothermal indicator minerals over the Brady–Desert Peak geothermal fields. Geothermal-related minerals and rocks such as sinter, tufa, and sulfates, display diagnostic characteristics in the visible and shortwave infrared; their presence and distribution can be used to guide more detailed field work for geothermal exploration. The Brady–Desert Peak geothermal fields are located about 80 km east of Reno, Nevada in the Hot Springs Mountains. North–northeast-striking en-echelon faults offset Tertiary volcanic and lacustrine rocks. Two geothermal power plants produce electricity from two separate geothermal systems, one with numerous fumaroles and mudpots, the other showing no active surface expression of geothermal activity. Surface occurrences of gypsum, calcium–carbonate, hematite, and opaline silica were identified at both sites with the hyperspectral data; these minerals when considered together are indicative of geothermal activity at both sites. Mapping results were synthesized with other spatial data in a geographic information systems (GIS) database that was used to help draw structural interpretations of faulting and fault controls at the Brady–Desert Peak area. The same processing methods can be applied to new hyperspectral data sets for future exploration in the Great Basin, especially in areas that lack obvious thermal expressions.
The local atomic order of Cu and Fe in heat treated Fe/sub 73.5/Nb/sub 3/Cu/sub 1/Si/sub 13.5/B/sub 9/ ribbons

EXAFS analysis of amorphous and partially crystallized samples of the soft magnetic alloy Fe/sub 73.5/Nb/sub 3/Cu/sub 1/Si/sub 13.5/B/sub 9/ reveals that a portion of the Cu is present in the form of tiny, close packed clusters even before heat treatment. The results suggest that the strong role of Cu in modifying the microstructure of this alloy is due to the clusters acting to catalyze nucleation of Fe rich nanocrystals. >
Orientational anisotropy in infant vision

Infants prefer to look at horizontal and vertical gratings rather than at oblique gratings only when they are at or near threshold spatial frequencies, as would be expected if acuity for oblique edges is lower than that for horizontal and vertical edges. That such a bias exists as early as 6 weeks of age suggests that the orientational asymmetry of the visual system depends on endogenous maturation rathat than exposure to a carpentered world.
Hermitian and nonnegativity preserving subspaces

Abstract The concepts of hermitian preserving and nonnegativity preserving subspaces of complex square matrices are introduced. Characterizations of such subspaces are obtained, and applications are discussed.
Hepatobiliary disease in neonatal lupus: prevalence and clinical characteristics in cases enrolled in a national registry.

Objective. To extend the information base on the hepatobiliary manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) with regard to frequency of occurrence, clinical characteristics, and outcome. Methods. Review of records from the Research Registry for Neonatal Lupus. Results. Nineteen (9%) of 219 patients who had NLE and were enrolled in a national registry had probable or possible NLE hepatobiliary disease. In 16 cases, hepatobiliary disease occurred in addition to cardiac or cutaneous NLE. In 3 cases, hepatobiliary disease occurred as the sole clinical manifestation of NLE. Three clinical variants of hepatobiliary disease were observed: 1) severe liver failure present during gestation or in the neonatal period, often with the phenotype of neonatal iron storage disease; 2) conjugated hyperbilirubinemia with mild or no elevations of aminotransferases, occurring in the first few weeks of life; and 3) mild elevations of aminotransferases occurring at approximately 2 to 3 months of life. The prognosis for the children in the last 2 categories is excellent. Conclusions. Hepatobiliary disease is a relatively common finding in NLE and can be the sole clinical manifestation of NLE. Clinicians should be aware of the broad range of hepatobiliary disease that may occur in children with NLE.
Interactions Between Warfarin and Three Commonly Prescribed Fluoroquinolones

Objective:To critically evaluate a possible increased anticoagulant response during concomitant warfarin and fluoroquinolone therapy.Data Sources:A literature search was conducted using PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and MEDLINE, from inception to January 2008, combining the term warfarin individually with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. These 3 quinolones were selected based on their commercial availability and use in the US.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All publication types including human participants and published in English were eligible for review. Reports were selected based on the use of typical treatment courses of fluoroquinolones during concomitant warfarin therapy and the reporting of prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR).Data Synthesis:Twenty-two publications were evaluated including 16 case reports or case series, 2 retrospective cohort studies, and 4 prospective studies, which included 2 placebo-controlled investigations, identi...
Current measurement technology development progress in the '90s-a review

In the last six years, measurement of water current in the ocean has progressed from predominantly rotor and vane or propeller type instruments to acoustic Doppler type instruments. Long term measurements of the type of flow important to understanding the general circulation still use the older mechanical current meters but these are being equipped with modern data loggers. The ADCP, initially used as a profiler on ships, has developed a life as a moored instrument, protected in a cage from trawling for bottom mounted deployments. In addition, the acoustic Doppler and acoustic travel time techniques have spawned precise point measurements, useful for turbulence and dissipation measurements, wave and boundary layer measurements, and sediment transport studies. Radar backscatter at HF and VHF from surface waves have provided surface current maps. Broadband ADCPs provide finer resolution in space and velocity but require greater care in their use to avoid biases from fish among other things. Miniature current sensors are becoming available for inclusion in instrument suites. Vorticity and heat flux are possible in addition to vector flow for wave reduction when shear is wanted and mixing rates are to be estimated. Electromagnetic sensing is still useful but development has been slower. Laser Doppler velocimetry has also developed only slowly, principally being useful for dissipation studies. Current meter development is a vigorous field with the number of ADCPs on the market doubling every three years. Intercomparison between current meters is an essential task that is being steadily if slowly pursued. Use of current meters is increasing in coastal studies, environmental work, and in conjunction with other measurements but is still not ubiquitous, a situation that should be corrected. Thus there is still a challenge to those people in the water flow measurement business to make current measurements easier, more accurate, and less expensive.
Ultrastructure and histochemistry of alumina in cortex.

Abstract After intracortical injection of the epileptogenic compound alumina, positive histochemical reactions occur in the lesion border immediately and later in macrophages of the granuloma, blood vessels, and cortex. Perivascular alumina deposits may appear intraneuronal but are overlying instead. Moderately electronopaque alumina crystals ∼15 A wide by 500 A long increase their densities by adhering osmiophilic serum and cell products. Endocytosed crystals are seen in monocytes, fibroblasts, and astrocytes, but not in polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neurons. Macrophage secondary lysosomes, complex cytosegresomes, and dense and light vacuoles contain crystals at all stages from 1 day to 5 1 2 years after injection. Some crystals appear entangled in filaments and microtubules without definite limiting membranes. Intracellular alumina is assciated with increased cytoplasmic filaments, multivesicular bodies, lysosomes, free ribosomes, autophagosomes, and multiple vacuoles. Intracellular digestive processes may slowly degrade crystals into soluble compounds reflected by increased filaments in astrocytes and macrophages. These changes may indicate the sites of importance in the genesis of this type of epilepsy.
Left-Hemisphere Advantage for Click Consonants is Determined by Linguistic Significance and Experience

Left-hemisphere (LH) superiority for speech perception is a fundamental neurocognitive aspect of language, and is particularly strong for consonant perception. Two key theoretical aspects of the LH advantage for consonants remain controversial, however: the processing mode (auditory vs. linguistic) and the developmental basis of the specialization (innate vs. experience dependent). Click consonants offer a unique opportunity to evaluate these theoretical issues. Brief and spectrally complex, oral clicks exemplify the acoustic properties that have been proposed for an auditorily based LH specialization, yet they retain linguistic significance only for listeners whose languages employ them as consonants (e.g., Zulu). Speakers of other languages (e.g., English) perceive these clicks as nonspeech sounds. We assessed Zulu versus English listeners' hemispheric asymmetries for clicks, in and out of syllable context, in a dichotic-listening task. Performance was good for both groups, but only Zulus showed an LH a...
Folding avoidance in skeletal strokes

Skeletal strokes is a method for mapping vector artwork defined along a straight path onto an arbitrary destination path. It is commonly used to give sketches a hand-drawn look, by mapping a scanned natural-medium stroke onto a user-drawn path. When the destination path turns corners or has areas with a small radius of curvature, the mapped artwork takes on an undesirable folded or creased appearance inside the corner or curve. We present a method to eliminate the folds in many cases by adjusting the skeleton before using it to map the artwork. While this cannot address all cases with folding, it gives greatly improved results in the cases that it can address.
Humanism: a new bag of virtues for guidance?

The recent national concern over the failures of education has created a demand for new programs that will promote healthy psychological and personal growth. This article examines the present status of guidance theory and practice vis-a-vis humanistic education and suggests that the movement deliberately begs the question of values under the guise of promoting a new bag of virtues as educational objectives. It also discusses the need for a guidance theory based on a framework from developmental psychology rather than from theories of humanistic education.
Using systems science for population health management in primary care.

Objectives:Population health management is becoming increasingly important to organizations managing and providing primary care services given ongoing changes in health care delivery and payment systems. The objective of this study is to show how systems science methodologies could be incorporated into population health management to compare different interventions and improve health outcomes.Methods:The New York Academy of Medicine Cardiovascular Health Simulation model (an agent-based model) and data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to evaluate a lifestyle program that could be implemented in primary care practice settings. The program targeted Medicare-age adults and focused on improving diet and exercise and reducing weight.Results:The simulation results suggest that there would be significant reductions projected in the proportion of the Medicare-age population with diabetes after the implementation of the proposed lifestyle program for a relatively long term (3 and 5 yea...
Susceptibility of Candida Species to Photodynamic Effects of Photofrin

The in vitro susceptibility of pathogenic Candida species to the photodynamic effects of the clinically approved photosensitizing agent Photofrin was examined. Internalization of Photofrin by Candida was confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy, and the degree of uptake was dependent on incubation concentration. Uptake of Photofrin by Candida and subsequent sensitivity to irradiation was influenced by culture conditions. Photofrin uptake was poor in C. albicans blastoconidia grown in nutrient broth. However, conversion of blastoconidia to filamentous forms by incubation in defined tissue culture medium resulted in substantial Photofrin uptake. Under conditions where Photofrin was effectively taken up by Candida, irradiated organisms were damaged in a drug dose- and light-dependent manner. Uptake of Photofrin was not inhibited by azide, indicating that the mechanism of uptake was not dependent on energy provided via electron transport. Fungal damage induced by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was determined by evaluation of metabolic activity after irradiation. A strain of C. glabrata took up Photofrin poorly and was resistant to killing after irradiation. In contrast, two different strains of C. albicans displayed comparable levels of sensitivity to PDT. Furthermore, a reference strain of C. krusei that is relatively resistant to fluconazole compared to C. albicans was equally sensitive to C. albicans at Photofrin concentrations of ≥3 μg/ml. The results indicate that photodynamic therapy may be a useful adjunct or alternative to current anti-Candida therapeutic modalities, particularly for superficial infections on surfaces amenable to illumination.
Visual preference as a test of infant word comprehension

Three experiments explored the usefulness of a visual preference technique for assessing word comprehension in infants. Pairs of slides were presented, and visual fixation to each recorded. The parent (in Experiments 1 and 2) or the experimenter (in Experiment 3) then prompted the child with the name of one of the slides (“Find the ——,” “Do you see the ——?”), and visual fixation to each was recorded again. Percentage fixation to the picture matching the word referent following the prompt question was compared to initial preference for that picture, providing a measure of the acceptability of the picture as a word referent, independent of its initial salience.The first experiment demonstrated increases in comprehension from 8–14 and 14–20 months. The second experiment established longitudinal stability of comprehension from 14 to 20 months. Word comprehension scores were related to parent report of vocabulary knowledge and difficulty of words. The final experiment measured 1-week test-retest reliability of the word comprehension score at 14 and 20 months and replicated the effect of word difficulty. Methodological and theoretical implications of these results are discussed, in particular, the profound effect of stimulus salience and the lack of sex differences in word comprehension.
Optimization of subgridding schemes for FDTD

A procedure to optimize the coupling coefficients between fine and coarse mesh regions for two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) subgridding algorithms is introduced. The coefficients are optimized with respect to different angles and expanded in a form suitable for FDTD computation.
Environmental Barriers to Trade: The Case of Endangered Sea Turtles

In April of 1998, the World Trade Organization pronounced the US Sea Turtle Conservation Act in violation of the GATT. This paper presents a stylized Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Samuelson model in which the fatal entrapment of sea turtles in nets of the shrimping industry is a negative externality that reduces global utility. Three trade equilibria are simulated: free trade, trade ban, and free trade with subsidization. With free trade, a transfer of abatement capital from the North to the South results in a Pareto improvement upon the trade ban. The simulations indicate that a cooperative outcome which obtains global efficiency may be feasible but is improbable.
Digital Collection Management through the Library Catalog

Digitization has bestowed upon librarians and archivists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries the opportunity to reexamine how they access their collections. It draws these two traditional groups together with IT specialists in order to collaborate on this new great challenge. In this paper, the authors offer a strategy for adapting a library system to traditional archival practice.
Monitoring the performance of multidisciplinary applications on the iPSC/860

Communication between multiple partitions of a multiprocessor facilitates the implementation of multidisciplinary applications representative of many grand challenge problems of the High Performance Computing and Communications Program (HPCCP). An extremely fast and efficient Intercube Communication Library has been developed to support communication between multiple partitions (allocated cubes) on the Intel iPSC/860. A tool which provides performance data in this context is invaluable to the application developer attempting to identify performance bottlenecks and allocate computational resources to achieve load-balancing. The paper describes how the Automated Instrumentation and Monitoring System (AIMS), a software toolkit that facilitates performance evaluation of parallel applications, has been extended to enable intercube programs to be monitored and visualized. >
NO chemisorption on supported Pd

Abstract Chemisorption of NO on small Pd particles supported by thin films of Al 2 O 3 and La 2 O 3 has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For Al 2 O 3 -supported Pd, adsorption at 300 K appears to be nondissociative, as expected, but for La 2 O 3 -supported Pd, there is evidence for dissociative adsorption with N strongly bound to the surface. Possible explanations for this dissociative adsorption are considered together with the implications for the catalytic reduction of NO in catalysts containing Pd and La.
The implications of close binary stars for star-disk interactions

The presence of close (≲ 0.1 AU) stellar companions must greatly alter the circumstellar environment of classical T Tauri stars, including severe truncation if not elimination of circumstellar disks. It is thus remarkable how little impact the presence of a close companion has on our observable diagnostics for accretion and outflow. Emission line shapes, degrees of continuum veiling, and spectral energy distributions are all indistinguishable between single classical T Tauri stars and classical T Tauri close binaries. Some of the most classical T Tauri stars that laid the foundation for our single-star accretion-disk paradigm have turned out to have close companions. Periodicities in spectral signatures are suggestive of the presence of accretion flows from circumbinary disks to the circumstellar regions; the subsequent flow of material through the circumstellar region to the stellar surface in the presence of a stellar magnetosphere is unstudied. Observations of stellar rotation distributions in close binaries suggest that inner disk regions may act to regulate stellar angular momentum.
Detecting MPLS L3 VPN misconfiguration with the MINA algorithm

Traditional L2 VPNs such as Frame Relay and ATM offer private network service over shared infrastructure. These services are customarily provided on leased-lines or dedicated circuit-switched backbones. Customers of network service providers regard these traditional services as a secure and reliable method to interconnect geographically dispersed sites. However, these services are being rapidly replaced by service providers with MPLS L3 VPNs running over IP based networks. Customers expect MPLS VPNs to provide the same level of privacy as traditional L2 VPNs. The MPLS L3 VPN architecture has been shown to be secure if and only if the MPLS infrastructure is correctly configured. In this paper we examine how misconfigurations of the MPLS architecture may lead to privacy violations and demonstrate the MINA algorithm is capable of discovering when the MPLS network is misconfigured.
New phase of ammonium nitrate: A monoclinic distortion of AN-IV

A new phase of ammonium nitrate (AN) is found using first principles evolutionary crystal structure search. It is this polymorph that is associated with the phase transition to previously unidentified phase, which was detected in experiment at 17 GPa upon appearance of the two extra peaks in Raman spectrum. The new phase has a monoclinic unit cell in the P21/m space group symmetry (AN-P21/m) and is similar to the known phase IV of AN (AN-IV) except the ammonium molecules are oriented differently relative to the nitrate molecules. The calculated free energy of AN-P21/m is found to be lower than AN-IV at pressures above 10.83 GPa. The equation of state of both AN-P21/m and AN-IV phases (volume vs hydrostatic pressure at room temperature) has been obtained within the quasi-harmonic approximation. The calculated Raman spectrum of both AN-P21/m and AN-IV as a function of pressure is in a good agreement with experiment. The energetic competitiveness of AN-IV and AN-P21/m at ambient conditions suggests a possibility of the phase transition in a small pressure-temperature range near ambient pressure and temperature.
Chronic and acute relational risk factors for dating aggression in adolescence and young adulthood

Dating aggression is a prevalent and costly public health concern. Using a relational risk framework, this study examined acute and chronic relational risk factors (negative interactions, jealousy, support, and relationship satisfaction) and their effects on physical and psychological dating aggression. The study also examined the interaction between chronic and acute risk, allowing us to assess how changes in acute risk have differing effects depending on whether the individual is typically at higher chronic risk. A sample of 200 youth (100 female) completed seven waves of data, which spanned 9 years from middle adolescence to young adulthood (M age at Wave 1 = 15.83). Using hierarchical linear modeling, analyses revealed both acute (within-person) and chronic (between-person) levels in jealousy, negative interactions, and relationship satisfaction, were associated with physical and psychological dating aggression. Significant interactions between chronic and acute risk emerged in predicting physical aggression for negative interactions, jealousy, and relationship satisfaction such that those with higher levels of chronic risk are more vulnerable to increases in acute risk. These interactions between chronic and acute risk indicate that risk is not static, and dating aggression is particularly likely to occur at certain times for youth at high risk for dating aggression. Such periods of increased risk may provide opportunities for interventions to be particularly effective in preventing dating aggression or its consequences. Taken together, these findings provide support for the role of relational risk factors for dating aggression. They also underscore the importance of considering risk dynamically.
Eminent Domain: Building Toward Worker Cooperatives in the United States

This article deals with the major challenges to the development of cooperatives owing to the retreat of the state in intervening on behalf of the public good. Cooperatives represent a clear response to unemployment and poverty within the liberal capitalist economies. Cooperatives represent a re-envisioning of work organization, democratic procedures, the reality of employee self-management, the fostering of community and political outreach that combine to provide an alternative to the hierarchical private firm’s place in the economy and society. The potential uses of eminent domain to meet this socio-economic challenge in the United States represent viable public policies that can provide workers with the legitimacy to own and run their own enterprises. Eminent domain, a legal process, has a basis in public policy, which includes the powers to tax and spend, to zone for economic purposes, to impose environmental regulations, and to avoid neighborhood blight. Worker control requires the implementation of eminent domain on behalf of workers for the clear benefit of economic development, social justice and worker autonomy.
EFFECT OF TRACE Ce ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AZ91 MAGNESIUM ALLOY

The effects of rare earth Ce addition on the microstructures and corrosion resistance of AZ91 magneisum alloys were studied by XRD,SEM,EDS,collecting gas,potentiodynamic polarization and immersion test.The mechanics of the corrosion resistance increasing with Ce addition was analyzed in thermodynamic.The results showed that,the addition of Ce refined the microstructure of AZ91,β-Mg17Al12 phase was broken and dispersed in the matrix with more homogeneous composition.The Al4Ce phase and Mg-Al-Mn-C-Fe intermetallics were observed in alloy.The addition of Ce increased the corrosion potential of alloy and resulted in the formation of Al-Ce-O protective oxidation film reacted by Ce,Al and O elements.The alloy has the best corrosion resistant property with 0.5 mass% Ce content.
Effectiveness of Commercial Mycorrhizal Inoculants on the Growth of Liquidambar styraciflua in Plant Nursery Conditions

The effectiveness of several commercial mycorrhizal inoculants on the growth and development of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) was evaluated. Plants were grown in a nursery potting mix and were inoculated with the mycorrhizal products at the manufacturer’s recommended rate. The growth response of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants was analyzed at two harvests (8 and 14 weeks after transplanting). Significant differences were found in the growth of L. styraciflua to mycorrhizal colonization with the different commercial products. Fourteen weeks after transplanting, inoculation with products 1 (Earth Roots), 2 (MycoApply endo), and 3 (VAM 80) enhanced the growth of sweetgum relative to the nonmycorrhizal plants. However, plants inoculated with products 2 and 3 had greater leaf area, dry mass and relative growth rates than those inoculated with product 1. Plants of L. styraciflua inoculated with product 4 were less responsive to mycorrhizal colonization and only increased their leaf area relative to the non-inoculated controls. Testing both the infectivity and effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi is recommended for the successful application of mycorrhizal technology in horticultural practices.
Design Lessons Learned from Temperature Management of Galileo's Retro-Propulsion Module

Launched in 1989, the Galileo mission added dramatically to our understanding of the Jovian system and our entire solar system1. To make best use of limited resources, the Galileo Orbiter used excess power from its Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) for temperature management of its Retro-Propulsion Module (RPM). This paper describes operational challenges introduced by this design and how, despite major mission changes through development and flight, they were overcome through a challenging six-year interplanetary cruise to Jupiter. This case study offers lessons for missions planning to couple critical spacecraft subsystems in unconventional ways.
Selective recruitment of non-classical monocytes promotes skeletal muscle repair.

Regeneration of traumatic defects in skeletal muscle requires the synchronized behavior of multiple cells that participate in repair. The inflammatory cascade that is rapidly initiated after injury serves as a powerful node at which to guide the progression of healing and influence tissue repair. Here, we examine the role that myeloid cells play in the healing of traumatic skeletal muscle injury, and leverage their pro-regenerative functions using local delivery of the immunomodulatory small molecule FTY720. We demonstrate that increasing the frequency of non-classical monocytes in inflamed muscle coincides with increased numbers of CD206+ alternatively activated macrophages. Animals treated with immunomodulatory materials had greater defect closure and more vascularization in the acute phases of injury. In the later stages of repair, during which parenchymal tissue growth occurs, we observed improved regeneration of muscle fibers and decreased fibrotic tissue following localization of pro-regenerative inflammation. These results highlight non-classical monocytes as a novel therapeutic target to improve the regenerative outcome after traumatic skeletal muscle injury.