cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Method To Estimate Surface-Separator Optimum Operating Pressures

Summary The significance of setting optimal surface separation pressures cannot be overemphasized in surface-separation design for the purpose of maximizing the surface liquid production from the wellstream feed. Usually, classical pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of reservoir fluids provides one or several separator tests through which the optimum separator pressures are estimated. In case separator tests are not available, or the limited numbers of separator tests are not adequate to determine the optimum separator pressures, empirical correlations are applied to estimate the optimum separator pressures. The empirical correlations, however, have several disadvantages that limit their practical applications. In this study, we approached the problem with a rigorous method with a theoretical basis. According to the gas/liquid equilibrium calculation, the optimum separator pressures were determined. Comparisons of our results with experimental data indicated that the proposed method can simulate the separator tests very well. Because the method has a theoretical basis and does not require existing two-stage or multiple-stage separator-test data as in the application of empirical correlations, it potentially has wide applications in practice for a variety of conditions and yields a more optimal separation scheme than the empirical correlations. Furthermore, the method is independent of reservoir fluid. In the event that separator tests are available from fluid analysis, our method can be used as a quality-control tool. Because the setting for optimal separation pressures vary as the composition of the wellstream changes during the field life, our method provides a quick and low-computational-cost approach to estimate optimum separator pressures corresponding to different compositions.
Dissolved organic phosphorus production in surface seawaters1

Measurements were made of the accumulation of [32P]DOP during seawater sample incubations with 32P0,3-. Accumulation rates (i.e. nCi [32P]DOP liter-’ h I) were extrapolated to total DOP mass fluxes (i.e. ng P liter-’ h-l) with two independent P-assimilation models. The first model assumed that the [32P]DOP produced had the same specific radioactivity (i.e. nCi 32P per ng P) as the total dissolved phosphorus pool measured at the beginning of the incubation period. The second model assumed that the [32P]DOP produced had the same specific radioactivity as the P contained in recently synthesized RNA. Two North Pacific Ocean stations were investigated in detail. DOP production rates measured in mesotrophic waters off Manzanillo, Mexico, varied substantially with depth and time of day, whereas the production rates measured in the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre were more constant. DOP production rates, integrated over the depth of the euphotic zone, averaged 237 mg P m-2 d-l for the mesotrophic environment and 31 for the oligotrophic. Estimates of DOC flux, extrapolated from the DOP production rates by assuming a C : P ratio of 9.5 : 1, suggest that a significant amount of the carbon fixed in oceanic environments may be recycled through soluble substrate pools.
Localization of the Vpx packaging signal within the C terminus of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 Gag precursor protein.

Abstract Viral protein X (Vpx) is a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus accessory protein that is packaged into virions in molar amounts equivalent to Gag proteins. To delineate the processes of virus assembly that mediate Vpx packaging, we used a recombinant vaccinia virus-T7 RNA polymerase system to facilitate Gag protein expression, particle assembly, and extracellular release. HIV genes were placed under control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter and transfected into HeLa cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. Western immunoblot analysis detected p55gag and its cleavage products p39 and p27 in purified particles derived by expression of gag and gag-pol, respectively. In trans expression of vpx with either HIV-2 gag or gag-pol gave rise to virus-like particles that contained Vpx in amounts similar to that detected in HIV-2 virus produced from productively infected T cells. Using C-terminal deletion and truncation mutants of HIV-2 Gag, we mapped the p15 coding sequence for determinants of Vpx packaging. This analysis revealed a region (residues 439 to 497) downstream of the nucleocapsid protein (NC) required for incorporation of Vpx into virions. HIV-1/HIV-2 gag chimeras were constructed to further characterize the requirements for incorporation of Vpx into virions. Chimeric HIV-1/HIV-2 Gag particles consisting of HIV-1 p17 and p24 fused in frame at the C terminus with HIV-2 p15 effectively incorporate Vpx, while chimeric HIV-2/HIV-1 Gag particles consisting of HIV-2 p17 and p27 fused in frame at the C terminus with HIV-1 p15 do not. Expression of a 68-amino-acid sequence of HIV-2 containing residues 439 to 497 fused to the coding regions of HIV-1 p17 and p24 also produced virus-like particles capable of packaging Vpx in amounts similar to that of full-length HIV-2 Gag. Sucrose gradient analysis confirmed particle association of Vpx and Gag proteins. These results demonstrate that the HIV-2 Gag precursor (p55) regulates incorporation of Vpx into virions and indicates that the packaging signal is located within residues 439 to 497.
Anti‐Idiotypic Immunity in Autoimmunity

It has been hypothesized that autoimmune disease may result from a derangement of the idiotype-anti-idiotype network. However, the evidence in favor of a role of anti-idiotypic immunity in autoimmunity is still scarce. For this reason, we have investigated animal models of autoimmune thyroiditis and glomerulonephritis, addressing the following questions: Are autoimmune responses idiotypically heterogeneous? Are auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies detectable in autoimmunity? Is it possible to demonstrate quantitative or qualitative changes in idiotypic and anti-idiotypic lymphocytes during the course of autoimmune disease? To date, results obtained in our laboratory may be summarized as follows: Cross-reacting idiotypes were present on human and animal autoantibodies; Circulating auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies were not detected in any of the models studied; Changes in idiotypic and anti-idiotypic lymphocytes were observed in animals with autoimmune disease.
Are patient-held vaccination records associated with improved vaccination coverage rates?

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine whether patient-held vaccination records improve vaccination rates. METHODS: The public-use files of the 2004–2006 National Immunization Survey, a national, validated survey of households with children 19 to 35 months of age, were used. The main outcome was up-to-date (UTD) vaccination status (4 diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis/diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, 3 poliovirus vaccine, 1 measles vaccine, 3 Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine, and 3 hepatitis B vaccine doses), and the main predictor was the use of a vaccination record. Control variables were race/ethnicity, maternal education, poverty status, language, number of children in the home, state of residence, and number of health care providers. RESULTS: Overall, 80.8% of children were UTD, and 40.8% of children had vaccination records. Children with vaccination records were more likely to be UTD (83.9% vs 78.6%; P CONCLUSIONS: Use of patient-held vaccination records is an easily implemented strategy that is associated with increased immunization rates. A greater effect was seen in groups at risk for underimmunization. Methods to incorporate and to ensure effective use of these records should be implemented.
Occupational Therapists’ Use of Media

The purpose of this study was to examine current trends in the use of activities by occupational therapists, to identify factors influencing their selection of activities, and to examine relationships between activities used and therapeutic goals. A questionnaire sent to 500 members of the American Occupational Therapy Association elicited a low response rate; thus, the results are descriptive of only 22% of the original population. The therapists who responded were primarily using activities of daily living and physical or exercise-related modalities although there were some differences according to area of practice and according to the time period in which the therapist received professional training. Clinical education and classroom education were the most frequently cited influences on activity selection, and remediation of musculoskeletal deficits was the most frequently mentioned therapeutic goal.
Higher Asymmetry in Optical Rotation

This study shows that optical rotation could arise from higher‐order interference effects of two‐photon processes in quantum electrodynamics. In the lowest‐order limit, applicable to electric‐ or magnetic‐dipole allowed transitions in small molecules, the conventional expression of angle of rotation proportional to Im(0| R |b)·(b| M |0) is attributable to the interference of one photon being in an electric‐dipole (R) mode which has odd parity and the other photon being in a magnetic‐dipole (M) mode which has even parity. The asymmetry stems from the opposite parities of the transition operators R, M, both transforming as tensors of the first rank. For application to larger molecules and forbidden transitions, we dispense with the usual refractive index and medium polarization formalism and derive, using quantum electrodynamics, the higher‐asymmetry contribution to optical activity due to the interference of higher electric and magnetic multipoles of any order. It is shown that the perpendicularity of the ...
Forgetting the Smyrna Fire

This article is on the role of collective memory in the construction of a nationalist narrative in Turkey. Through an analysis of how the Great Fire of Izmir that took place at the end of the Anatolian war in 1922 is remembered and/or forgotten, it attempts to understand the spatial and temporal rupture between what belonged to the Empire and what is imagined to be belonging to the nation. It is argued that this fire was not an accidental calamity, but a symbolic act of punishment, an act of chastising the 'infidel Izmir'. The destruction of the city through fire is presented as an act of creative destruction, an attempt to build places of (counter)memory, to open up a hollow landscape upon which the new nation's imprint, its Muslim and Turkish identity, could be carved. This analysis aims to fill a significant gap in terms of understanding the social and cultural consequences of this neglected event in Turkey's history.
Iterative soft decoding of Reed-Solomon codes

This letter presents an iterative decoding method for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. The proposed algorithm is a stochastic shifting based iterative decoding (SSID) algorithm which takes advantage of the cyclic structure of RS codes. The performances of different updating schemes are compared. Simulation results show that this method provides significant gain over hard decision decoding and is superior to some other popular soft decision methods for short RS codes.
Pulmonary hypertension: the bête noire of the diffuse connective tissue diseases

The rheumatic or diffuse connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are characterized by vascular involvement. Differences in the disease pattern are largely dependent on the extent, the organ site, and the size of the blood vessels involved. From time to time, patients with a particular CTD demonstrate an especially destructive type of vascular involvement. In scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) and in systemic lupus erythematosus, particularly since the advent of glucocorticoid and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, which have improved the outlook for glomerulonephritis and hyperreninemic renal failure, respectively, pulmonary hypertension has emerged as a major vascular involvement of abrupt onset and often lethal outcome. It is thus appropriate that two publications relevant to the pulmonary vasculature in SSc appear in this issue of the Journal [1,2]. Since patients with SSc are also prone to develop interstitial lung disease (also called fibrosing alveolitis), it is important to distinguish the degree of ventilatory dysfunction in each patient, since in patients with major reductions in ventilation and with a substantial ventilation/perfusion imbalance, hypoxia at rest is common and supplemental oxygen therapy is used, often as a last resort to reduce pulmonary pressure and right heart work. In contrast, the most challenging and perhaps most treatable group of patients with pulmonary hypertension are those with relatively normal ventilation, little to no irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, and often, few signs and symptoms to alert the physician to initiate a search. The detection and the management of pulmonary hypertension require a high index of suspicion and sensitive tools in the physiologic armamentarium. It is inappropriate to review here the myriad causes of pulmonary hypertension, which range from sleep apnea to bush tea ingestion [3]. Even within the spectrum of scleroderma-like diseases, we must sort out the presence of thromboembolism,
Exchange Rate Volatility and Export-Oriented FDI

No clear consensus exists in the existing literature on the effects of exchange rate volatility on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). A survey of past studies on this topic yields negative, positive, and indeterminate effects. Furthermore, the impact of currency risk appears to vary across both time and location. One possible explanation for these conflicting results is that they ignore the importance of export oriented FDI. A multinational's foreign affiliate is likely to operate in both the host country and local export markets. This tendency is magnified when considering FDI within a customs union such as the EU. Ignoring local export markets creates an omitted variable bias, which could overestimate or underestimate the effects of exchange rate volatility on FDI. Using detailed data on the operations of foreign affiliates of US multinationals across seventeen European countries from 1983 - 2002, we approach this issue in two stages. In the first stage, we obtain a measure of exports from foreign affiliates that is filtered from bilateral exchange rate volatility between the host and local export markets. This export series is then included in a dynamic panel with US to host market exchange rate volatility and a host of other FDI determinants to explain inflows of FDI from the US to European countries. Potential endogeneity issues are addressed using a GMM procedure suggested by Arellano and Bond (1991). We find that the ability to export has a positive and significant effect on inflows of FDI, estimating that a 1% increase in exports as a share of total affiliate sales is associated with a $96 million increase in FDI inflows. Once foreign affiliate exports have been accounted for, we find that exchange rate volatility between the US and the host country has a significantly negative effect on the level of FDI, but an insignificant effect on inflows. Additionally, it appears that there are some unobserved features of membership in the European Monetary Union that have a significantly positive effect on inflows. Finally, we run a counterfactual experiment in which we assume that the UK had adopted the euro in 1999. Re-estimating the trade and FDI relations, we estimate that by not joining the EMU, the UK has "lost" approximately $12 billion worth of FDI from the US. While not a large loss (less that 0.1% of UK GDP), it does imply that with regard to FDI from the US, the formation of the EMU has benefited the euro-zone countries at the expense of those outside the EMU.
Hormonal regulation of progesterone receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of whiptail lizards: Regional and species differences

The effects of gonadal steroid hor- mones on steroid receptor mRNA expression vary across nuclei within the brain, between the sexes, and between species. We report that exogenous estrogen increases progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA levels in the periven- tricular preoptic area in an ancestor and descendant species pair of whiptail lizards, and also that this effect of estrogen is significantly stronger in females of the descendant species. Second, while progesterone strongly decreases PR mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamus of whiptail lizards and rodents, we find that there is no discernible effect of progesterone on PR mRNA levels in the periventricular preoptic area in females of the an- cestral member of this species pair. These findings are a further demonstration of the variability of steroid effects on steroid receptor mRNA levels across brain nuclei. This variability may be important both in behavioral transitions over the course of the ovarian cycle in this ancestor-descendant species pair of lizards and in the evolution of pseudosexual behavior in the descendant
Compact, lightweight crossatron modulator switch

A novel compact, crossatron modulator switch (CMS) has been developed and tested. The lightweight CMS switch, designated Hughes Model No. 8457H, has a 6.4 cm diameter, is 7.6 cm long, and weighs only 0.7 kg. The 8457H switch has demonstrated operation at 20 kV open-circuit voltage, 500 A conduction, and 150 A interruption. Typical switching times of 150 ns have been measured, and burst-mode operation of 500 kHz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) has been achieved. The switch has operated at up to 40 kHz PRF and 20% duty continuously, and 50% duty for a burst of over 100 pulses. The switch has been tested in a number of applications, including closing-only thyratron replacement, square-pulse hard-tube modulation and inverters. The 8457H switch has been used to successfully modulate both magnetron oscillators and klystron amplifiers, and demonstrated pulse-width-agile and duty-agile operation. >
High Proportion of Mutant Osteoblasts Is Compatible with Normal Skeletal Function in Mosaic Carriers of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Individuals with mosaicism for the autosomal dominant bone dysplasia osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are generally identified by having more than one affected child. The mosaic carriers have both normal and mutant cell populations in somatic and germline tissues but are unaffected or minimally affected by the type I collagen mutation that manifests clinically in their heterozygous offspring. We determined the proportion of mutant osteoblasts in skeletal tissue of two mosaic carriers who each have a COL1A1 mutation in a high proportion of dermal fibroblasts. Both carriers had normal height and bone histology; the first carrier had normal lumbar spine measurements (L1–L4), as determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Z = +1.17). In cultured cells from the first carrier, studied by labeled PCR and single-cell PCR over successive passages, the collagen mutation was present in 85% of fibroblasts and 50% and 75% of osteoblasts from her right iliac crest and left patella, respectively, with minimal selection. The second carrier was studied by PCR amplification of DNA from autopsy paraffin blocks. The proportion of heterozygous cells was 40% in calvarium, 65% in tracheal ring, and 70% in aorta. Thus, in OI, substantially normal skeletal growth, density, and histology are compatible with a 40%–75% burden of osteoblasts heterozygous for a COL1A1 mutation. These data are encouraging for mesenchymal stem-cell transplantation, since mosaic carriers are a naturally occurring model for cell therapy.
Insights into “bonding” of all-ceramics influenced by cement, sandblasting and water storage time

Abstract Objectives Bonding of all-ceramic restorations has become routine practice mainly due to results from clinical studies. Sandblasting has been advocated for surface treatment of many ceramics, based on results from numerous in vitro studies. This present work examines the influence of bonding on fracture loads of a veneered alumina ceramic using both chemical and sandblasting treatments. Methods Veneered tabs (In-Ceram alumina) were cemented (50 μm; ZnPO 4 or Panavia 21) to dentin-analog bases designed to allow water penetration to the cement/dentin interface. 60 specimens were fabricated for 2 weeks storage and another 80 specimens for 6 months storage (water, 37 °C). Half of each group was tested “as-finished” and the other half “as-sandblasted”, each divided between two cements. Specimens were loaded cyclically (20 Hz, 500,000) cycles in water beneath a 3 mm diameter piston. A staircase sensitivity protocol was followed, using a step size of 25 N. Specimens were examined for cracking by transillumination (10×). Results Mean failure loads differed significantly between (1) as-finished Panavia versus zinc phosphate at 2 weeks; (2) as-finished versus sandblasted at 2 weeks; and (3) as-finished at 6 months versus 2 weeks (ANOVA, 95% post hoc test). Sandblasted groups did not differ among themselves at either time period or between 2 weeks and 6 months. Conclusion Sandblasting was important for maintaining failure loads after 6 months of water storage. Zinc phosphate was equally protective as Panavia for sandblasted groups. Adhesion testing may not replicate clinical stresses important for investigating protective cement effects.
Differential Neuronal and Glial Relations with Parameters of Ictal Discharge in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: EEG recordings of spontaneous seizures should provide clues to epilepsy pathogenesis and pathology. We examined onset, propagation, and termination characteristics of spontaneous seizures recorded by intracranial EEG in temporal lobe (TL) epilepsy in relation to neuronal, glial, and synaptic changes in the same tissue. Methods: All of our patients with intracranial EEG recordings of spontaneous TL seizure onset, subsequent TL resection, and quantitative pathologic analysis of resected tissue were included. Seizure parameters were mean time to initial propagation, mean total electrical duration, uniformity of seizure-onset distribution and location, and percentage of seizures with spiking onset per patient. Tissue was analyzed for glial and neuronal density in hippocampal fields and presence of sprouting. Outcome was classified as seizure free or not. Results: All seizures with onset in resected TL in 62 patients were analyzed. The percentage of each patient's seizures with spike onsets was significantly correlated with glial density in CA3 (p < 0.01). Initial propagation time was significantly and inversely correlated with neuronal density in CA4 (p < 0.02). Electrical seizure duration was significantly correlated with glial density in CA2 and CA3 (p < 0.02). Neuronal and glial density were significantly (and inversely) related to one another only in CA1 (p < 0.001). Outcome was most significantly related to uniform hippocampal seizure onset. Presence or absence of sprouting was not significantly related to outcome or any EEG measure. Conclusions: These results suggest both glia and neurons exert independent influences on the expression of ictal discharges in seizures of medial TL onset. Glial density influenced interictal-ictal transition, whereas neuronal density influenced seizure propagation. These findings may have implications for pathogenesis.
Acute Loss of miR-221 and miR-222 in the Atherosclerotic Plaque Shoulder Accompanies Plaque Rupture.

Background and Purpose—Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability is accompanied by changes in the molecular and cellular function in the plaque shoulder, including a decrease in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. We aimed to determine whether the expression of 3 miRNAs that regulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation (miR-145, miR-221, and miR-222) is altered with plaque rupture, suggesting a role in regulating plaque stability. Methods—miRNAs were measured in the plaque shoulder of carotid plaques obtained from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for 3 distinct clinical scenarios: (1) patients without previous neurological events but high-grade carotid stenosis (asymptomatic), (2) patients with an acute neurological event within 5 days of the CEA (urgent), and (3) patients undergoing CEA>5 days after a neurological event (symptomatic). Results—Mean time from plaque rupture event to CEA was 2.4 days in the urgent group. The urgent group exhibited a significant decrease in miR-221 an...
Designing a Virtual-Reality-Based, Gamelike Math Learning Environment

ABSTRACTThis exploratory study examined the design issues related to a virtual-reality-based, gamelike learning environment (VRGLE) developed via OpenSimulator, an open-source virtual reality server. The researchers collected qualitative data to examine the VRGLE’s usability, playability, and content integration for math learning. They found it important to design an intuitive game-control and interaction interface, plot playability via the combination of enjoyable virtual reality features and the rewarding mechanism, create intrinsic and balanced content-gameplay integration, and adapt to different gameplay styles. Participants found the VRGLE engaging and instructive in teaching fractions.
Field and Ecology

This article offers a theoretical comparison between field and ecology, as developed by Pierre Bourdieu and the Chicago School of sociology. While field theory and ecological theory share similar c...
Panel on: The Creation and Distortion of Communication through Information Technology Can You Say That? Communication Contours of Cybersmear

New technology asks members of society to reorder their thinking about their world. The deep penetration of new informing technologies in the Internet age invites people to reconsider their conceptions of language, bias, and communication. This paper establishes the contours of communication in cybersmear. Focusing on the character of messages, this paper considers the implications of emotive language on the personal acceptance and legal protection for speech in cyberspace. Keywo rds: cybersmear, language, defamation, emotive, legal, bias, U.S. Supreme Court
A note on the classification ofUHF-algebras

In this paper we study the effect of connectivity and simple connectivity of the group of invertible elements on the type of aUHF-algebra.
Study on Introduction of Gene Encoding Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase(AGP) Mediated by Agrobacterium to Super Japonica Rice

The gene encoding adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase was transformed into Japonica rice by the method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated.There were 86 transgenic plants confirmed by detective molecular marker from 78 putative transgenic plants with a high transformation rate.
Pulmonary dysfunction after lymphangiography.

AbstractPulmonary function tests were done on 15 patients before and after bipedal lymphangiography. Lymphangiography was associated with an approximate 10 per cent reduction in lung volume. This phenomenon persisted for 48 to 72 hours. The probable mechanism for this reduction is closure of terminal airways or alveolar ducts or both and is reversible by beta-adrenergic drugs. The reduction does not correlate with the severity of pre-existing pulmonary disease. The degree of pulmonary impairment can be assessed roughly by measurement of the vital capacity. An operation can be performed safely 3 to 5 days after lymphangiography.
To Be Unshackled

In the previous chapter, we explained how true emancipation and decolonization involves a mental realignment with facts instead of repressive ideology. While in Know Thy Self Na’im Akbar recommends that this journey to freedom begins from within, the subsequent stages as he suggests, comes from obtaining and realigning “right knowledge” against miseducation.
Culturally specific interventions for female survivors of gender-based violence

Women who experience gender-based violence (GBV) often experience negative psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Culture is associated with the perpetration of GBV and its associated mental health consequences. To date, most evidence-supported interventions to address the psychological consequences of GBV have been developed and evaluated for dominant-culture populations within the United States. To better serve the global population of female GBV survivors, and to aid service providers working with diverse populations, we conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the literature to explore the availability of culturally specific GBV interventions and the level of evidence supporting these interventions. Our review included 15 articles, which, based on content analysis, we determined could be grouped in 6 methodological categories. Findings reveal varying stages of intervention development and evaluation rigor. Moreover, our review identifies challenges in transnational intervention delivery and evaluation. We offer recommendations for research and practice.
No Agency Without Grassroots Autonomy: A Framework for Evaluating Women’s Political Inclusion in Jordan, Bahrain, and Morocco

Today every state in the Middle East and North Africa incorporates women into the political process to some degree, but the extent of women’s political influence varies across the region. This chapter explores the experiences of women in the kingdoms of Bahrain, Jordan, and Morocco—three monarchies sometimes highlighted as success stories in terms of women’s empowerment. I argue that the presence of autonomous grassroots mobilization is key in facilitating women’s substantive political influence. That autonomy is at least partially contingent on the absence of internal mechanisms of control and rival agenda-setting such as GONGOs.
The Tukey Order and Subsets of ω 1

One partially ordered set, Q, is a Tukey quotient of another, P, if there is a map ϕ : P → Q carrying cofinal sets of P to cofinal sets of Q. Two partial orders which are mutual Tukey quotients are said to be Tukey equivalent. Let X be a space and denote by $\mathcal {K}(X)$ the set of compact subsets of X, ordered by inclusion. The principal object of this paper is to analyze the Tukey equivalence classes of $\mathcal {K}(S)$ corresponding to various subspaces S of ω 1, their Tukey invariants, and hence the Tukey relations between them. It is shown that ω ω is a strict Tukey quotient of ${\Sigma }(\omega ^{\omega _{1}})$ and thus we distinguish between two Tukey classes out of Isbell’s ten partially ordered sets from (Isbell, J. R.: J. London Math Society 4(2), 394–416, 1972). The relationships between Tukey equivalence classes of $\mathcal {K}(S)$ , where S is a subspace of ω 1, and $\mathcal {K}(M)$ , where M is a separable metrizable space, are revealed. Applications are given to function spaces.
Electrical properties of graphene tunnel junctions with high-κ metal-oxide barriers

An insulating barrier is one of the key components in electronic devices that makes use of quantum tunneling principles. Many metal-oxides have been used as a good barrier material in a tunnel junction for their large band gap, stable chemical properties and superb properties for forming a thin and pin-hole-free insulating layer. The reduced dimensions of transistors have led to the need for alternative, high dielectric constant (high-κ) oxides to replace conventional silicon-based dielectrics to reduce the leaking current induced by electron tunneling. On the other hand, a tunnel junction with one or both electrodes made of graphene may lead to novel applications due to the massless Dirac fermions from the graphene. Here we have fabricated sandwich-type graphene tunnel junctions with high-κ metal-oxides as barriers, including Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, and TiO2. Tunneling properties are investigated by observing the temperature and time dependences of the tunneling spectra. Our results show the potential for applications of high-κ oxides in graphene tunnel junctions and bringing new opportunities for memory and logic electronic devices.
How psychological contracts motivate employer-brand patronage

Research on employees’ purchase of their employer’s product is scarce. In this paper, we investigate how psychological contracts will impact employees’ purchase motivations of their employer brand. Two studies examining real and imagined purchase behaviors show that employees with relational type of psychological contracts are more likely to purchase their employer brand than are employees with transactional type of psychological contracts. This is because the former type of psychological contracts will encourage both intrinsic and extrinsic motives to support the employer brand.
Parent Caring Response Scoring System: development and psychometric evaluation in the context of childhood cancer-related port starts

Rationale Multiple observational coding systems have been developed and validated to assess parent-child interactions during painful procedures. Most of these coding systems are neither theory-based nor do they well represent parent nonverbal behaviours. Aims Develop the Parent Caring Response Scoring System (P-CaReSS) based on Swanson's Theory of Caring and test its psychometric properties in children in cancer port starts. Methods A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding was used to formulate the preliminary observational codes for the P-CaReSS. Twenty-nine children, each with one video-recording of port start available, were selected from the parent study (R01CA138981) to refine the P-CaReSS, train coders and test inter-rater reliability. Videos of another 43 children were used to evaluate the construct validity of P-CaReSS. Per cent agreement and Cohen's kappa were used to present the inter-rater reliability. Spearman rank-order correlations were used to report the construct validity. Results The 18-item P-CaReSS includes three types of parent behaviours: verbal, nonverbal and emotional behaviours. These parent interaction behaviours comprise five caring domains - knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief - and one noncaring domain. On average the per cent agreement was 0.82 for the P-CaReSS overall, with average per cent agreements above 0.80 for both verbal and nonverbal behaviours. Kappa coefficient was 0.81 for the emotional behaviour. The behavioural codes in the P-CaReSS showed significant correlations with independent ratings of parent distress, child distress and child cooperation. Conclusions The P-CaReSS is a promising tool that can be used to evaluate parent verbal, nonverbal and emotional behaviours during cancer-related port starts. This observational tool can be used to guide the development of nursing interventions to help parents caring for their child during cancer procedures.
High mountain communities and climate change: adaptation, traditional ecological knowledge, and institutions

Our planet has already committed to climate change and will experience its associated impacts; thus, mitigation along with adaptation strategies cannot be mutually exclusive. Yet, international and national policies to tackle climate change have focused more on mitigation than adaptation. On the other hand, indigenous communities have been continuously adapting to environmental stresses for millennia, including more recent cascading impacts of climate change. Indigenous communities have developed a wealth of information in the form of their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), based on their observations of the obvious linkages between changing climatic conditions and biodiversity. Here, I hypothesize that in harsh environments such as the alpine Himalaya, social systems particularly local institutions that are largely based on TEK are important in improving adaptive capacity by providing social, economic, and ecological security to the community. I provide an insight into the adaptation strategies of two communities that inhabit the alpine zones of the Sikkim Himalaya, in India. We address two broad questions: (1) How are indigenous communities in the vulnerable alpine zones of the Himalaya adapting to the complex challenges posed by climate change particularly in conjunction with their indigenous governing institution? We give examples of adaptation strategies and broadly categorize them into six groups, namely (a) Institutional capital, (b) Rationing, (c) Forecasting, (d) Mobility, (e) Economic diversification, and (f) Communal pooling. (2) How can TEK be integrated with climate change sciences for improving data availability and better policy? I conclude with a framework that uses a holistic approach complementing the rigor of science with the wealth of TEK to suggest pathways for improved policy response to climate change.
Robots, mechanisms and polynomial continuation

A mechanism is a collection of rigid bodies (e.g. bars) connected by movable joints. Chapter 10 in [1] describes several mechanisms and their kinematics. The simplest joints are revolute and prismatic. A revolute joint allows a bar (or link) to rotate around the axis of the joint; a prismatic joint allows sliding along an axis; see Figure10.2 in [1]. Figure 3.1. shows a 2-bar mechanism with a revolute joint in a scissor.
Autocratic leaders and authoritarian followers revisited: A review and agenda for the future.

Abstract Despite a long history within the field of leadership, the subject of authoritarianism and how it influences leadership and leadership processes has been neglected in recent decades. However, recent global events make it clear that a better understanding of authoritarianism is needed and that leadership researchers would benefit from a renewed interest in studying why followers embrace autocratic leaders. The nature of authoritarian character, how authoritarian values develop, and how it is measured will be discussed. We will also review autocratic leadership, the factors that make it more likely, its consequences for followers, and the moderators of its effects. A future research agenda for the study of authoritarian character and autocratic leadership will be provided.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies of Novel Pyrazolopyridine Derivatives as Inhibitors of Enterovirus Replication

A series of novel pyrazolopyridine compounds have been designed and prepared by a general synthetic route. Their activities against the replication of poliovirus-1, EV-A71, and CV-B3 enteroviruses were evaluated. The comprehensive understanding of the structure–activity relationship was obtained by utilizing the variation of four positions, namely, N1, C6, C4, and linker unit. From the screened analogues, the inhibitors with the highest selectivity indices at 50% inhibition of viral replication (SI50) were those with isopropyl at the N1 position and thiophenyl-2-yl unit at C6 position. Furthermore, the C4 position offered the greatest potential for improvement because many different N-aryl groups had better antiviral activities and compatibilities than the lead compound JX001. For example, JX040 with a 2-pyridyl group was the analogue with the most potent activity against non-polio enteroviruses, and JX025, possessing a 3-sulfamoylphenyl moiety, had the best activity against polioviruses. In addition, ana...
WISP Monitoring and Debugging

This chapter presents a tool for monitoring WISPs that provides detailed information about the state of program execution, the messages being received and transmitted, and the availability of energy. Traces collected with our tool can be used for debugging, understanding WISP behavior, and tracking how energy is gathered and consumed. Our tool consists of a monitor board and ?rmware we developed and relies on minor instrumentation of the WISP software. The monitor board attaches directly to the WISP, but does not interfere with the powering of the WISP. Even with a monitor board attached, the WISP operates solely on harvested energy from the RF environment. The board can monitor the WISP’s demodulator, modulator, unregulated voltage, supervisor and demodulator enable lines, as well as parse any state information sent explicitly by having the WISP toggle debug pins. Information collected by the board can be sent over a serial connection to a PC for analysis. The monitor board can measure energy at a resolution of 0.14 nJ and the overhead on tracking WISP behavior is only 18 CPU cycles per sample.
AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSOR FOR FREE CHOLESTEROL BASED ON ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AND NOVEL REDOX POLYMERS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of a bienzyme based cholesterol sensor involving several major improvements over previous designs. The peroxide formed in this process can be reacted with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol, in the presence of a peroxidase, to form a quinoneimine dye that can be monitored spectrophotometrically. Alternatively, one could also electrochemically monitor the change in oxygen concentration that occurs during the reaction. Effective method to avoid interference with easy oxidizable species involves the use of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase that consumes the hydrogen peroxide produced in reaction. It is indicated that catalysts can be incorporated in polypyrrole by covalent attachment or a counter ion. This includes phthaloryanines, porphyries, ferrocene, and viologen. The results show that the sensor operations in a negative potential that avoids the interference with electroactive species in blood.
Physiology of Sporulation of Clostridia

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some aspects of the current knowledge about how sporulation affects the metabolism of the clostridia and focuses on the methods that promote in vitro sporulation and the regulation of sporulation-associated products. Most studies of sporulation of clostridia have focused on species of medical or economic importance. Clostridia synthesize certain compounds and enzymes when they sporulate, but not all are sporulation-specific or related to sporulation. Some sporulation media contain complex carbohydrates such as starch or dextrin. Bacterial sporulation involves several metabolic pathways associated with morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes and affect end products associated with energy metabolism. Several changes involve metabolites associated with stationary phase and sporulation. The conditions of nutrition deprivation that induce sporulation also induce other metabolic responses. Regulatory factors expressed during stationary phase affect metabolic pathways. The multiple regulatory events controlling vegetative cell growth, sporulation and enzyme and solvent production and excretion in Clostridium species indicate the diversity of this genus.
Chapter Nine Engineering isoprenoid metabolism and biochemistry in plants

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of plant isoprenoid metabolism and molecular biology. Isoprenoids are a family of highly diverse, though structurally related, compounds performing a wide variety of functions in the life processes of plants and nearly every biological entity. Studies designed to elucidate the in vivo biology of isoprenoid metabolism and applied investigations aimed toward enhanced nutritional quality of foods and those exploring the possibilities of new compounds produced through the rational design of isoprenoid synthetic enzymes are discussed in this chapter. These areas include an understanding of the developmental regulation of biosynthetic activities, of metabolic branch points in the control of flux, of possible feedback-regulatory properties of metabolic intermediates, and of mechanisms for the transport of products from the site of biosynthesis.
NGS for cancer testing: A clinical laboratory’s perspective.

e24158Background: In the last few years, molecular cancer diagnostics using next generation sequencing (NGS) has become an integral part of disease detection, management and treatment. As an inhere...
Transition of dose-adjusted EPOCH therapy into the outpatient healthcare setting: Quality and cost considerations for outpatient treatment.

110Background: Dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (EPOCH)-containing regimens are frequently utilized in lymphoma, however, outpatient EPOCH or modified...
The role of the psychiatrist : defining methods, theories, and practice in the time of managed care.

This essay proposes that the division between biological and psychotherapy-oriented psychiatry originates in the discipline’s reliance on two fundamentally different methods of inquiry, that is, the medical-biological and the empathic-narrative. These terms are defined and distinguished from psychotherapy and psychodynamic psychiatry, as well as from general humanistic qualities in medicine. The division within the field may be fueled by a lack of clarity with respect to these concepts. The author argues that the essence of psychiatry is defined by a balanced combination of both methods. Psychiatry does not consist only of basic methods, but also of rules and guidelines for clinical practice, and of knowledge and theories used in the application of the methods. The role expectations for psychiatry in the managed care environment are examined and their effects upon methods, theory, and practice are analyzed. Some suggestions for dealing with the challenges of health care reform are offered.
Magnetic force microscopy revealing long range molecule impact on magnetic tunnel junction based molecular spintronics devices

Abstract Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) vividly showed that organometallic molecules, when bridged between two ferromagnetic electrodes along the cross-shaped magnetic tunnel junction edges transformed the magnetic electrodes itself. Molecules impacted a large area of ferromagnetic leads around the junction at room temperature and complement the previous magnetic measurements showing molecule effect on pillar form magnetic tunnel junctions [Ref. P. Tyagi et al. Nanotechnology, 2015, Vol. 26, p 305602]. This molecule induced changes in the magnetic electrodes impacted the transport of the magnetic tunnel junction and stabilized as much as seven orders smaller current at room temperature. We have discussed the current suppression phenomenon in the recent publication [Ref. Tyagi et al. Organic Electronics, 2019, Vol. 64, p 188]; however, we did not provide any direct evidence of molecule impact on ferromagnetic electrodes around molecule junction. Our MFM studies in this paper suggests that molecule effect was observable several μm away from the molecule-metal junctions. Our study suggests that magnetic tunnel junction based molecular spintronics devices can be a gateway to a vast range of commercially viable and robust futuristic computer devices and highly correlated materials.
Preemergence Control of Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) in Container-Grown Nursery Crops

Abstract Preemergence herbicides were evaluated for control of doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora), a summer annual weed of increasing importance in nurseries of the southeastern United States. In the f...
Distal femoral morphology is altered in skeletally immature anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injured knees

Intro With an increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and high rates of re-injury among skeletally immature individuals, investigators have attempted to identify factors that may help risk stratify patients and provide families with prognostic data concerning the risk of re-injury. Osseous morphology of the tibia as described by posterior tibial slope is a risk factor for ACL injury. The purpose of this study is to describe distal femoral morphology in skeletally immature, ACL-injured patients and compare that to age-matched, uninjured individuals. The authors hypothesize that the distal …