cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attention to 'details': Etiquette and the pharmaceutical salesman in postwar American

This paper provides a sketch of the emerging role of the pharmaceutical salesman, or 'detail man', in the growth years of the American post-World War II pharmaceutical industry. Using training manuals, trade literature, in-house company newsletters, memoirs, and a variety of other published sources, the paper follows the delicate tactics employed by salesmen and their managers in their attempts to recast drug salesmanship as a 'professional service' fulfilling vital functions within medical education. As they worked to legitimate their presence in the nation's hospitals and clinics, particular emphasis was given to precise management of the etiquette of doctor-salesman interaction. Ultimately, the techniques employed by mid-century salesmen and their managers were to prove successful in generating a widespread acceptance of the industry representative within the clinical spaces of hospital and clinic. Indeed, many of the practices of market research and market strategy employed across the pharmaceutical industry today have their origins in the practices of the individual detail man. Exploration of the postwar pharmaceutical salesman as an overlooked historical 'type' provides significant insights into the intersection of medicine and the consumer marketplace during the later 20th century.
Behavior analysis: The third branch of Aristotle's physics.

ForAristotle, thesubject matter ofphysics wasmotion, whichheunderstood aschange inaverybroad sense. InhisPhysica, Aristotle identified changes ofquality (like color), changes ofquantity, andchanges ofplace orspatial location asvarieties ofmotion. He regarded change ofplace astheprincipal type ofmotionandsubdivided itintonatural, forced, andvoluntary changes ofplace, or motions (Aristotle, Physica; Pedersen & PiNl, 1974). According toAristotle, thenat'al motions arecircular, upward, anddownvird, andareexhibited bybodies inthehe-rens, fire andair, andearth andwater, respectively. Forced motions arethose thatareinitiated byanexternal moverandthatcontravene thenatural motion ofanobject. Thenatural downwardmotion ofathrownclodofearth, forexample, iscontravened byanhorizontal impulse imparted bythethrower. Voluntary motions arethose exhibited byanimate beings andtheir parts. Thedisciplines thatstudy these three types ofmotion cametobecalled astronomy (including thestudy ofmassattraction), mechanics, andpsychology. Therearemanysimilarities between the development ofastronomy andthedevelopmentofmechanics, and, asiswellknown, thetwowereunified byIsaac Newtonin hiscelebrated Principia. Butlittle attention hasbeenpaid tothedevelopment ofpsychology asthethird branch ofAristotle's physics. The purpose ofthisreview istoshowthatthe
Thermal conductivity of plutonium metal

Abstract The thermal conductivity of α-plutonium was determined at 80, 195 and 300°K. The measurements gave values at room temperature of about 0.065 W/cm°K which decreased with decreasing temperature to about 0·030 at 80δK.
Science to Practice: Will Randomized Prospective Clinical Trials Be Necessary for RF Ablation of Large Liver Tumors with Liposomal Doxorubicin?

The study by Solazzo et al, defining the mechanisms of cell stress and repair, provides a scientific backstop to help support the clinical use of liposomal doxorubicin at radiofrequency ablation.
ENHANCING THE FREQUENCY OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FOLLOWING AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF IMMATURE COTYLEDONS OF SOYBEAN \[GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL.\]

Abstract A characteristic phenotype of highly embryogenic explants along with the location of embryogenesis- and transformation-competent cells/tissues on immature cotyledons of soybean \[Glycine max (L.) Merrill.\] under hygromycin selection was identified. This highly embryogenic immature cotyledon was characterized with emergence of somatic embryos and incidence of browning/necrotic tissues along the margins and collapsed tissues in the mid-region of an explant incubated upwards on the selection medium. The influences of various parameters on induction of somatic embryogenesis on immature cotyledons following Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and selection were investigated. Using cotyledon explants derived from immature embryos of 5–8 mm in length, a 1:1 (v/v; bacterial cells to liquid D40 medium) concentration of bacterial suspension and 4-wk cocultivation period significantly increased the frequency of transgenic somatic embryos. Whereas, increasing the infection period of explants o...
Decentralization of First Nations Education in Canada: Perspectives on Ideals and Realities of Indian Control of Indian Education

Fuelled by the concept of self-determination, efforts to improve schooling under the banner of decentralization are taking hold in First Nations communities throughout Canada. Proponents of decentralization hold the perception that decentralized systems are more likely to improve education than centralized systems. But is there a chance that local control can improve First Nations education? From the point of view of the realization of the decentralization values, the outcome is uncertain at best and gloomy at worst. To the extent that First Nations are alert to the emerging educational needs and problems and strong enough to mobilize First Nations resources on their behalf, we may entertain a cautious optimism on the resolution of some of the manifold contradictions of decentralization. I contend that unless there is a genuine devolution that entails the empowerment of First Nations communities to provide an education that is specifically suited to each community, schools for Aboriginal children will remain mediocre in quality. If decentralization is to sustain its momentum and advance productively in coming years, at least it should meet three conditions. First, certain constraints or contradictions internal to decentralization will have to be resolved. Second, Aboriginal scholars and First Nations school authorities need to employ appropriate change strategies by providing a framework for local control, and finally, First Nations communities and federal authorities need to find the key symbolic and structural characteristics of decentralizing First Nations schools.
Tolerance of Pyrethroid-Resistant Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae to Gossypol and Piperonyl Butoxide

Diets containing 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.2% gossypol with 0 and 0.06% piperonyl butoxide were fed to 1-,3-, and 5-d-old tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae representing three populations: a pyrethroid-resistant, a susceptible, and a resistant X susceptible cross. Effects on growth were measured. Gossypol was toxic to the 1- and 3-d-old larvae, but the S-d-old insects tolerated higher levels. Piperonyl butoxide was toxic to the 1-,3-, and Sod-old larvae, although less to the older insects. When both gossypol and piperonyl butoxide were added to the diet, we observed further decreases of growth. The pyrethroid-resistant strain of tobacco budworm was more tolerant to gossypol than the susceptible strain.
A Simplified Technique for Clearing, Staining and Permanently Mounting Small Arthropods

The preparation of insects and other small arthropods for mounting in balsam has always been a rather lengthy process. The use of the standard caustic clearing solutions is somewhat hazardous, especially when working with delicate individuals. Locating the specimens in these solutions when transferring can be very difficult. Specimens are also frequently under- or overstained with the conventional methods.
Monosporascus Cannonballus An Unusual Ascomycete in Cantaloupe Roots

Colonies grow rapidly, and a hyaline mycelium covers the agar in a petri dish in 3-5 da at 24, 28, 35, and 38 C. Some ascocarps are produced on Difco PDA, CMA, and LBA agars. Maximum production takes place on MY agar at 28-29 C in 1 mo. The MY agar consisted of 1% malt extract, 0.4% yeast extract, and 0.4% dextrose. Ascocarps are produced on full-strength and 4-strength medium. Perithecia produced in culture are similar to those produced in cantaloupe root tissue. In culture some perithecia are so small that they contain only one or two asci, while others reach 500 /% in diam. The perithecium is nearly globose, nlembranous, cream to light brown, with a well-defined dark periapical ring (FIG. 2). Within the ring, a short, rounded neck may protrude (FIGs. 3, 4). The several-layered perithecial wall (FIG. 3) is transparent, and the dark ascospores can be seen through the wall (FIG. 1). The inner wall layers are flattened plectenchyma. The more external layers are also plectenchymatous, with pigment irregularly distributed in the walls of the outermost layers. The perithecium ruptures by a tear within the dark periapical ring (FIG. 2). Asci (FIG. 5) are clavate to pyriform, stipitate, unitunicate, thick walled, persistent, 5690 x 30-55 /u including the stipe. Asci are released from the perithecium i , J. 1931. M nographia Pezizinearum Riograndensium. Broteria, Sir. Bot. 346
Factors affecting wound leakage in 23-gauge sutureless pars plana vitrectomy

Purpose To evaluate risk factors for sclerotomy leakage in 23-gauge sutureless pars plana vitrectomy in 219 patients. Methods Nested case-control study involving 48 patients with wound leaks (visible on-table sclerotomy leakage requiring sutures) and 171 control subjects without wound leaks. Patients received either a conventional sclerotomy incision at 45°, which was then changed to 90° midincision, or an extremely oblique sclerotomy incision (OSI) at 10°, which was then changed to 30° midincision. Risk factors studied included age, gender, laterality, surgical duration, sclerotomy incision (OSI vs. conventional sclerotomy incision), preoperative diagnosis (macular vs. nonmacular), history of vitrectomy, and primary surgeon (attending vs. supervised resident). Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis found significant (P ≤ 0.05) protective factors for wound leakage including OSI, macular preoperative diagnosis, no previous vitrectomy, and female gender. Surgical duration at least 45 minutes was considered a borderline risk factor. Conclusion Using an extremely OSI versus a conventional sclerotomy incision reduces the incidence of wound leakage postoperatively because of its self-sealing effect. Other factors that contribute to wound leakage, such as increased surgical duration and nonmacular diagnosis, may be indirect measurements of extensive trocar rotation, causing wound leakage despite the use of an OSI.
Application of thermochemical modeling to assessment/evaluation of nuclear fuel behavior

The combination of new fuel compositions and higher burn-ups envisioned for the future means that representing fuel properties will be much more important, and yet more complex. Behavior within the oxide fuel rods will be difficult to model owing to the high temperatures, and the large number of elements generated and their significant concentrations that are a result of fuels taken to high burn-up. This unprecedented complexity offers an enormous challenge to the thermochemical understanding of these systems and opportunities to advance solid solution models to describe these materials. This paper attempts to model and simulate that behavior using an oxide fuels thermochemical description to compute the equilibrium phase state and oxygen potential of LWR fuel under irradiation.
Optimizing beta-lactam pharmacodynamics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adult cystic fibrosis patients.

Abstract Background Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit increased clearance of beta-lactams. The purpose of this study was to predict the probability of beta-lactam target attainment (PTA) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adult CF patients based on local microbiological data. Methods CF-specific pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from published data for aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem and piperacillin–tazobactam. Pharmacodynamic modeling was used to determine the PTA for bolus, prolonged infusion, and continuous infusion regimens. Results Prolonged infusion of meropenem 2g every 8h performed the best among all regimens tested, with a PTA of 83%. The PTA was increased with both prolonged and continuous infusion; however, no regimen reached the target PTA of >90% against P. aeruginosa in CF patients at our institution. Conclusions Prolonged and continuous infusion provided higher PTA than bolus for all regimens. Further investigation of novel regimens in CF patients is needed.
Anxiety Impacts Cognitive Inhibition in Remitted Anorexia Nervosa.

Objective Eating disorders are complex psychiatric disorders, associated with alterations in neural and cognitive functioning. Research suggests inhibition and set-shifting deficits in anorexia nervosa (AN), but less is known about the persistence of these deficits after recovery, or their relationship to comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Method Women aged 19–45 remitted from AN (RAN, N = 47) and controls (CW, N = 24) completed the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Interference Test. It was hypothesized that RAN, and those with higher anxiety or depression, would demonstrate worse Inhibition and Switching task performance than CW. Results Differences in performance between groups trended toward significance on Inhibition Ratio (p = 0.08) but were nonsignificant on Inhibition/Switching Ratio (p = 0.93). A model including State Anxiety and diagnosis revealed a significant independent effect of State Anxiety (p = 0.026), but not of diagnosis nor their interaction. Regressing State Anxiety on Color-Word Interference Test Inhibition among just the RAN group was significant [β = 0.37, t(46) = 2.63, p = 0.012] but among just CW was not (p = 0.54). Discussion Interference control for neutral stimuli is influenced by anxiety in women with a history of AN. Anxiety is linked with greater symptom severity among AN individuals, and state anxiety may account for larger deficits seen on tasks using disorder-specific stimuli. Future research is warranted to elucidate the nature of neuropsychological deficits in eating disorders. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association
Students in Anhui Province in near 20 years

Objective Try to understand the variation of the athletic constitution of college students in Anhui province in the 20 years so as to provide the reference for the improving of the physical education work.Methods Using the test results of the athletic constitution of college students from 19 to 22 years old in the research materials of province-wide athletic constitution of college students and analyzing the statistics with the software of SPSS 11.5.Results the athletic constitution of college students in Anhui province showed increase and decrease to different degrees.In the recent 20 years,speed diathesis of 50-meter run of the urban and rural male students and the lower limbs burst force diathesis of the standing long jump of urban and rural male and female students increased while stamina diathesis of the 1000/800 meters of the urban and rural male and female students decreased.Strength diathesis of leaning body and pulling up/ sit-up of urban and rural male students decreased,while that of female students increased.The growth rate of rural students was higher than that of the urban students.The gap between urban and rural areas was shortening gradually.The indexes of the rural male students were higher than urban male students except the 1 000 meter run.Sit-up of urban female students was better than that of rural female students.800 meter run and sitting and trunk bending of rural areas were better than that of urban areas.All the indexes in the year of 2005 were lower than the national average level compared to the year of 2000.Conclusions The athletic constitution of college students of Anhui province was not optimistic.Thus,the educational department should enhance the students' physical education work and increase student time for physical exercising.
Just-in-time compilation for improving response speed of user interaction

For the bottleneck code that impacts the user interaction speed,the current Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler cannot select it accurately or accelerate it during program start-up phase.The code selection strategy and compiling mode of current JIT compiler were improved in this paper.According to the new code selection strategy,application could select the code to be compiled on its own initiative in a given situation,which ensured all the bottleneck codes to be selected and accelerated.As for the new compiling mode,the native code could be saved and be used for the next program running,which ensured bottleneck code to be accelerated even during program start-up phase.The experimental result shows that the response speed of user interaction by using the improved JIT compiler is about two times that by using the old JIT compiler.
71‐1: Invited Paper: Additive Printing of Flexible Electronics

Digital, additive printing of electronic materials allows rapid, highly customizable fabrication, and low-cost printed electronics are compelling for internet-of-things applications that require large volume of distributed devices, such as in sensor networks and smart packaging. The functionalities required of the embedded devices will vary over a broad spectrum from simple passive tags to powerful microprocessor controllers. In our prototype development, we apply two progressive printing approaches: simple systems are inkjet printed entirely from solution electronic inks, whereas more complex functions are met by printing interconnects between silicon ICs and printed passive components, to combine the advantages of flexible printed devices with the high performance of silicon chips.
America and Japan into the 21st Century

As the world moves closer to then into the 21st century, the future seems filled with a twirling collage of bright and bleak possibilities. Cures for cancer and AIDS are offset by the greenhouse effect, the peaceful democratic revolutions sweeping away one dictatorship after another around the world by vicious civil wars, mass affluence by mass poverty and starvation, longer life spans by population explosions, the Cold War’s end by economic nationalism.
Management of Frontal Sinus Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Encephaloceles

Encephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the frontal sinus may result from congenital, traumatic, spontaneous, or neoplastic causes. Paramount to success is adequate preoperative planning with accurate history, physical exam, endoscopy, imaging, and testing to confirm location of the leak and origin of the disease. Generally, frontal sinus CSF leaks may be addressed endoscopically with favorable anatomy, proper surgical technique, and appropriate equipment. Open surgical approaches (eg, osteoplastic flap) are often required for superior/lateral defects or if the surgeon is not experienced with endoscopic frontal sinus techniques.
RFID Compatible Sensor Tags for Remote Liquid Sample Interrogation

In this paper, a passive harmonic generator based wireless sensor for long range interrogation of small liquid samples is demonstrated. A step by step method for development of the harmonic doubler based sensor is presented. Two different sensor designs are evaluated for liquid sensing. The first sensor is a T-line resonator coupled to patch antennas and harmonic doubler. The second sensor is a compact design in which a split ring resonator is directly coupled to a dipole antennas based diode doubler. The resonators are loaded by the liquid samples that in turn induce changes in reflected power from the tag. The sensors are evaluated for their remote interrogation capabilities of sensing different liquids under test. Liquid samples measured include mixtures of isopropyl alcohol-water, methanol-water and glucose-water samples. These mixtures provide a range of dielectric properties for the evaluation of the long range sensor. This sensor holds good for potential application in food safety, bio sensing and hazardous chemicals monitoring and detection.
Silent Light (Stellet licht)

This is a review of Silent Night (Stellet Licht) (2007) This film review is available in Journal of Religion & Film: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol11/iss2/13 Winner of the Jury Prize at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, Silent Light, is director Carlos Reygadas' third feature film. Set in a Mennonite community in rural Mexico, near the Texas border, the film tells a 'forbidden love' story when a married Mennonite man falls in love with another Mennonite woman. Given the religious community in which it is set, the movie deals with many explicitly religious themes, as the lead character, Johan, struggles to hold his family together despite a powerful love for another woman. The storyline takes up themes of love, temptation, and forgiveness. The action of the narrative also includes a kind of resurrection – a fantastical break from the otherwise penetrating realism of the film, to be discussed more below. In short, the film is worthy of careful study from the perspective of religion and film, and I recommend its use in the classroom when exploring closed religious communities, religious ethnography, or themes of love and forgiveness in a religious context. The occasion for writing this review came when I attended a screening of the film with the director in attendance to answer questions. I thought it would be helpful to list in the form of notes both interesting information gathered from the post-screening comments and some of my own reactions to the film. Reygadas is an incredibly talented, self-taught director, and I highly recommend all of his work.
Effect of Chlorine Substitution in Modulating the Relative Importance of Two Intermolecular Interactions: The Microwave Spectrum and Molecular Structure of (E)-1-Chloro-2-fluoroethylene-HCl.

Fourier transform microwave rotational spectroscopy is used to determine the structure of the gas-phase bimolecular complex formed between (E)-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene and hydrogen chloride. Extensively split by nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure and isotopic dilution, the spectrum is first identified via weak features observed using a broadband chirped pulse spectrometer in the 5.6–18.1 GHz range and studied in detail with greater sensitivity and resolution over 6.0–20.0 GHz with a Balle–Flygare, narrowband instrument. The complex has a geometry similar to that of vinyl fluoride–HCl, with HCl binding across the C═C double bond, forming a hydrogen bond to the fluorine atom of the haloethylene and bending to allow a secondary interaction to develop with the hydrogen atom in the cis position. Further consideration of structural details among the complexes of hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride with (E)-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene and vinyl fluoride suggests that the addition of a trans Cl atom in vin...
A Spectral-based partitioning algorithm for parallel LDPC decoding on a multiprocessor platform

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code is an error correction code that has near Shannon limit performance and is inherently suitable for parallel implementation. It has been widely used in several communication standards such as DVB-S2, WiMAX, and Wi-Fi. To address the need for supporting various LDPC codes in an era where diverse applications are integrated onto a single system, a multi-processor based implementation of the LDPC decoder was proposed. However, the heavy message exchange among processors limits the expected performance. In this paper, we present a partitioning algorithm based on graph spectral clustering to reduce the data communication during the decoding process. From the experiments, our approach successfully decreased the amount of inter-processor communication by 33% ∼ 52%, as compared to the original sequential mapping approach. Together with the more balanced computation load from our algorithm, an improvement of up to 85% in the overall decoding time was observed.
Naive Notions and the Design of Science Museum Exhibits

(1989). Naive Notions and the Design of Science Museum Exhibits. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 14, The Family Museum Experience, pp. 16-17.
Strain-engineered SiGe nanomembrane quantum-well infrared photodetectors

SiGe quantum-well nanomembranes, where stress from lattice mismatch is relaxed via elastic strain sharing rather than defect formation, are used to develop intersubband photodetectors showing improved performance compared to identical devices grown on rigid substrates.
Validation of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Retinopathy of Prematurity (CHOP ROP) Model.

Importance The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Retinopathy of Prematurity (CHOP ROP) model uses birth weight (BW), gestational age at birth (GA), and weight gain rate to predict the risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In a model development study, it predicted all infants requiring treatment, while greatly reducing the number of examinations compared with current screening guidelines. Objective To validate the CHOP ROP model in a multicenter cohort that is large enough to obtain a precise estimate of the model’s sensitivity for treatment-requiring ROP. Design, Setting, and Participants This investigation was a secondary analysis of data from the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) Study. The setting was 30 hospitals in the United States and Canada between January 1, 2006, and June 30, 2012. The dates of analysis were September 28 to October 5, 2015. Participants were premature infants at risk for ROP with a known ROP outcome. Main Outcomes and Measures Sensitivity for Early Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity type 1 ROP and potential reduction in the number of infants requiring examinations. In the primary analysis, the CHOP ROP model was applied weekly to predict the risk of ROP. If the risk was above a cut-point level (high risk), examinations were indicated, while low-risk infants received no examinations. In a secondary analysis, low-risk infants received fewer examinations rather than no examinations. Results Participants included 7483 premature infants at risk for ROP with a known ROP outcome. Their median BW was 1070 g (range, 310-3000 g), and their median GA was 28 weeks (range, 22-35 weeks). Among them, 3575 (47.8%) were female, and their race/ethnicity was 3615 white (48.3%), 2310 black (30.9%), 233 Asian (3.1%), 93 Pacific Islander (1.2%), and 40 American Indian/Alaskan native (0.5%). The original CHOP ROP model correctly predicted 452 of 459 infants who developed type 1 ROP (sensitivity, 98.5%; 95% CI, 96.9%-99.3%), reducing the number of infants requiring examinations by 34.3% if only high-risk infants received examinations. Lowering the cut point to capture all type 1 ROP cases (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 99.2%-100%) resulted in only 6.8% of infants not requiring examinations. However, if low-risk infants were examined at 37 weeks’ postmenstrual age and followed up only if ROP was present at that examination, all type 1 ROP cases would be captured, and the number of examinations performed among infants with GA exceeding 27 weeks would be reduced by 28.4%. Conclusion and Relevance The CHOP ROP model demonstrated high but not 100% sensitivity and may be better used to reduce examination frequency. The model might be used reliably to guide a modified ROP screening schedule and decrease the number of examinations performed.
KRAS G12C Drug Development: Discrimination between Switch II Pocket Configurations Using Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry

KRAS G12C, the most common RAS mutation found in non-small-cell lung cancer, has been the subject of multiple recent covalent small-molecule inhibitor campaigns including efforts directed at the guanine nucleotide pocket and separate work focused on an inducible pocket adjacent to the switch motifs. Multiple conformations of switch II have been observed, suggesting that switch II pocket (SIIP) binders may be capable of engaging a range of KRAS conformations. Here we report the use of hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS) to discriminate between conformations of switch II induced by two chemical classes of SIIP binders. We investigated the structural basis for differences in HDX MS using X-ray crystallography and discovered a new SIIP configuration in response to binding of a quinazoline chemotype. These results have implications for structure-guided drug design targeting the RAS SIIP.
Impacts of plant diversity on arthropod communities and plant–herbivore network architecture

At the local scale, insect herbivore diversity is often limited by plant diversity, but little is known about how the network structure of plant and herbivore interactions changes across local plant diversity gradients. Ascertaining plant–herbivore interaction structure at the ecological community level is important for predicting responses of herbivores to plant species loss. We sampled arthropods and plants across three years, beginning in the fourth year of an experimental prairie restoration containing three treatment levels of sown plant diversity. Plots initially planted with higher plant diversity had higher arthropod species richness. Sown diversity treatments strongly affected plant–herbivore interaction structure: The increased sown diversity treatment decreased plant–herbivore connectance, increased average herbivore diet generalism, and increased herbivore robustness to plant species loss. Treatments diverged over time with the last year of sampling showing the greatest difference between treatments in plant and arthropod species richness, and plant–herbivore network structural properties. Network structural properties of the high sown diversity treatment were the least variable temporally. However, divergence of plant and arthropod between diversity treatments was not found in traditional ordinations of community taxonomic composition. While previous comparisons of plant–herbivore interaction networks across ecological gradients treated network size (biodiversity) as a confounding factor, we demonstrate that plant diversity can directly shape network structure, and higher plant diversity maintains less temporally variable ecological networks of herbivores and their host plants.
Understanding Climate Change Perceptions and Attitudes Across Racial/Ethnic Groups

ABSTRACTThis research uses national survey data from 727 Anglo individuals and 274 Hispanics and African Americans to examine racial differences in pro-environmental inclinations, after controlling...
Phthalate exposure and odds of bacterial vaginosis among U.S. reproductive-aged women, NHANES 2001-2004.

Abstract Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates, are an unexamined potential risk factor for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and warrant investigation because hormones affect BV. We examined the association between phthalate exposure and BV in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2004. BV outcomes were defined as intermediate (Nugent score of 4–6) and positive (7–10). Phthalate metabolites, including monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, were measured in urine. Among 854 women with complete data, multinomial logistic regression revealed that concentrations of MnBP (Q4 vs. Q1 OR = 3.01, 95% CI 1.76–5.15, p-trend
A Case Study of Measuring Outcomes in an MPA Program

AbstractMany MPA programs are struggling to identify ways to evaluate their outcomes. This paper describes the development and implementation of a method for assessing student learning outcomes in ...
Prostheses for the Joints of the Hand

Whenever a degenerative, inflammatory or destructive process leads to the complete loss of joint surfaces and morphology, there is an indication for an artificial replacement. For several joints of the hand, the causes that lead to artificial replacement are the same as those encountered in places like the hip or the knee; however, hand joints bear a limited load in comparison, and so alternative surgical procedures to prosthetic replacement, such as, for example, joint fusion, are still good options in many cases. Prostheses for the joint fusion, are still good options in many cases. Prostheses for the joints of the hand are reviewed. In principle, an artificial replacement that restores morphology, function and strength may be desirable in many instances but, as we shall see, a good solution still does not exist for hand joints.
Modeling Student Knowledge: Cognitive Tutors in High School and College

This paper examines the role of adaptive student modeling in cognitive tutor research and dissemination. Cognitive tutorsTM are problem solving environments constructed around cognitive models of the knowledge students are acquiring. Over the past decade we in the Pittsburgh Advanced Cognitive Tutor (PACT) Center at Carnegie Mellon have been employing a cognitive programming tutor in university-based teaching and research, while simultaneously developing cognitive mathematics tutors that are currently in use in about 150 schools in 14 states. This paper examines adaptive student modeling issues in these two contexts. We examine the role of student modeling in making the transition from the research lab to widespread classroom use, describe our university-based efforts to empirically validate student modeling in the ACT Programming Tutor, and conclude with a description of the key role that student modeling plays in formative evaluations of the Cognitive Algebra II Tutor.
Risk management considerations for cost-effective environmental decisionmaking

Scientific publications and media reports continually remind us about the environmental hazards that surround us. We are appraised of the environmental legacies left by chemical industries, the defense complex, and even our local dry cleaning establishments. Governmental regulations have dictated that industry provide detailed listings of their input materials, wastes, and emissions to the public and perform risk assessments to demonstrate compliance with standards. These regulations were designed to make industry more accountable and to give the public information that would allow them to understand risks and either work for change or accept their living conditions. This process would appear to be rational, fair, and acceptable to both industry and the public. However, our inability to reach agreement on questions such as “How Clean is Clean?” or “Is it Safe?” after more than ten years of scientific and public discussions, coupled with the frequency of environmental demonstrations throughout the world, serves as evidence that “acceptable risk” has not yet been defined.
Translational medicine and biomaterials: Basics and relationship

Abstract There is great promise for new scientific and technical breakthroughs, specifically around biomaterials, to address global health challenges. New biomaterials can serve as replacement body parts, reduce healing time, and reduce reliance on antibiotics and the rise of “superbugs.” Biomaterials can be incorporated into sensors that can improve quality of life for those suffering from noncommunicable diseases such as seizures and diabetes as well as detect infections on medical implants. Creating new breakthroughs in biomaterials that make it from “bench to bedside” requires novel innovation ecosystems. In introduction, we discuss the current views and challenges in “translational medicine” as a framework for creating innovation ecosystems and to bring biomaterials from bench to bedside. We highlight many different key areas of biomaterials applications. We then describe how biomaterials should be developed within the translational medicine framework.
Bibliometric analysis of cardiometabolic disorders studies involving NO 2 , PM 2.5 and noise exposure

This study uses bibliometric analysis to describe the state of research about the association of NO2, PM2.5 and noise exposures – three traffic-related pollutants – with cardiometabolic disorders. We retrieved references published 1994–2017 from Scopus and classified references with respect to exposure, health outcome and study design using index keywords. Temporal trend, top cited references, used index keywords and the number of hypothesis testing and non-hypothesis testing study design for each group were identified. Results show PM2.5 is the most frequently studied exposure (47%), followed by both NO2 and PM2.5 exposure (29%). Only 3% of references considered multiple exposures between NO2 and/or PM2.5 and noise, and these were published after 2008. While we observed a growing trend in studies with NO2 and/or PM2.5 and noise and diabetes in the last decade, there is a diminishing trend in studies with noise and diabetes. Different patterns of study designs were found through H/NH ratio, the number of references classified as having a hypothesis (H)-testing design relative to the number of references classified as having a non-hypothesis (NH)-testing design. Studies with NO2 and/or PM2.5 exposure are more likely to have a H-testing design, while those with noise exposure are more likely to have a NH-testing design, such as cross-sectional study design. We conclude with three themes about research trends. First, the study of simultaneous exposures to multiple pollutants is a current trend, and likely to continue. Second, the association between traffic-related pollutants and diabetes and metabolic symptoms is an area for growth in research. Third, the transition to the use of H-testing study designs to explore associations between noise and cardiometabolic outcomes may be supported by improved understanding of the mechanism of action, and/or improvements to the accuracy and precision of air pollution and noise exposure assessments for environmental health research.
Modeling and Thermal Metrology of Thermally Isolated MEMS Electrothermal Actuators for Strain Engineering of 2D Materials in Air

We present electrothermal microelectromechanical (MEMS) actuators as a practical platform for straining 2-D materials. The advantages of the electrothermal actuator are its high output force and displacement for low input voltage, but its drawback is that it is actuated by generating high amounts of heat. It is crucial to mitigate the high temperatures generated during actuation for reliable 2-D material strain device implementation. Here, we implement a chevron actuator design that incorporates a thermal isolation stage in order to avoid heating the 2-D material from the high temperatures generated during the actuation. By comparing the experiment and simulation, we ensure our design does not compromise output displacement while keeping the 2-D material strain device stage cool. We also provide a simple analytical model useful for quickly evaluating different thermal isolation stage designs.
How Activist Investors Influence Corporate Social Responsibility

We investigate how hedge fund activism affects target firms’ financial and social performance. We create a matched sample from hand-collected data on all available hedge fund activist campaigns bet...
A Response to Meyerson's Defence of the American Right to Try : Experimenting With Hope

This comment responds to a defence of the right to try, a law adopted by the United States and many state governments that seeks to expand access to experimental drugs. In defending the right to try, Meyerson argues that it is part of a broader rights-based approach for patient access to innovation. But a drug that is still part of the experimental process may not be an innovation-indeed, it may be a failure and even harmful or dangerous. Further, this approach does not weigh other rights that may be at stake such as the property rights of the drug maker or the rights of future patients seeking access to cures. Lastly, research has found that many patients often fail to receive recommended treatments and preventive care from their providers, let alone experimental or innovative therapies. These policy problems suggest that there is a need for patients to have a greater involvement and role in their care and in how research funding is made, but the right to try fails to address these problems.
Current Evidence Lacking to Guide Clinical Practice for Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Literature and a Proposal for Future Study.

Background/objective Chronic pain is commonly reported in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), with recent prevalence reported as high as 80%. Uncontrolled pain is known to decrease quality of life, attenuate mood, and impact sleep. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for the treatment of refractory pain was first used in the SCI population in 1972. To date there have been no randomized controlled trials examining the effect of SCS on neuropathic pain post-SCI. A literature review in 2009 identified 27 studies, the majority prior to 2000, that included at least 1 patient with SCI. Given the significant advancements in the field of SCS, this review examines the updated evidence of SCS for the treatment of neuropathic pain in individuals with SCI and provides guidance on future investigations. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. All published reports, case series, and clinical trials reviewing SCS for neuropathic pain that included at least 1 individual with SCI were included. Results The initial search identified 376 reports, of which 22 met inclusion criteria, for a total of 69 patients. All reports were of very low quality. A majority of the reported patients were male, underwent tonic stimulation, and reportedly experienced improvement in pain and spasticity, with decreased use of pain medication. Conclusions The synthesized findings from primarily case studies support the safety of SCS in SCI with the suggestion of potential pain relief benefit; however, data from low-quality studies are insufficient for informing clinical practice. A well-designed, prospective clinical trial is proposed to further investigate this indication.
Further study on the physiological effects of an alternative spit mask.

Abstract Objectives Spit masks are used by law enforcement officers and healthcare providers to protect themselves from the spread of communicable disease by subjects who pose a potential risk of biological exposure by spitting. Little research is available regarding the safety of these masks. However, concerns surround the ability of subjects to properly ventilate while wearing these masks as there are several anecdotal incidents of asphyxiation. A recent pilot study performed by our group showed no significant changes in ventilatory or circulatory parameters in healthy adults wearing a standard spit mask. In this study we aim to further this baseline research by testing physiological parameters in subjects wearing an alternative design of spit mask. Methods This prospective study evaluated the changes in respiratory and circulatory parameters in healthy adult subjects wearing a Safariland Tranzport Hood spit mask (SKU: 8320-0-2C) at rest. Baseline measurements of pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal CO2 were taken while sitting at rest. The spit mask was then placed over the subject's head and repeat measurements were taken at 5, 10, and 15 min. Measurements at 5, 10, and 15 min were compared to baseline using paired t tests with 95% confidence intervals using SPSS. Results A total of 15 subjects participated in the study. There was no significant difference between baseline and at 5, 10, and 15 min after spit mask application in heart rate (p = 0.246, p = 0.785, p = 0.502, respectively), oxygen saturation (p = 0.751, p = 0.334, p = 1.00, respectively), respiratory rate (p = 0.866, p = 0.270, p = 0.106, respectively), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.385, p = 0.481, p = 0.182, respectively), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.832, p = 0.516, p = 0.597, respectively). For end-tidal CO2, there was no significant difference between baseline and at 10 and 15 min (p = 0.586, p = 0.416, respectively). End-tidal CO2 was significantly increased from baseline at 5 min (p = 0.042). Conclusions In healthy adult subjects, there were no clinically significant differences in respiratory or circulatory parameters while wearing the Safariland Tranzport Hood spit mask.
In Lieu of Smoking: Are Smokers More Likely to Enact Certain Types of Implementation Intention Plans During a JIT Smoking Cessation?

To identify actionable and effective implementation intention (II) plans, we examined whether (a) IIs suggesting food or nicotine-based substitution strategies to help quit smoking cigarettes would be more likely to be enacted in real time, (b) IIs reminding participants to cognitively motivate themselves or engage in solitary activity would be more likely to be enacted than those suggesting seeking social support, and (c) II plan enactment based on the above strategies would be associated with reporting momentary lapse avoidance. A sample of 57 Asian American young adult (18–25 years) smokers participated in a 4-week, mobile-based smoking cessation intervention, implemented in a Just-In-Time framework. User-specified IIs were categorized into nature of activity (cognitively motivate themselves, engage in solitary activity, seek social support) and type of substitution strategy (food, nicotine, no substitution). Outcome variable was momentary enactment of the given II. Generalized mixed linear models were used for analyses. IIs reminding participants to cognitively motivate themselves and/or engage in solitary activities were more likely to be enacted than IIs recommending seeking social support. IIs recommending nicotine-based substitution were more likely to be enacted than IIs that did not specify any substitution. IIs suggesting food-based substitution, however, were less likely to be enacted than those not suggesting a specific substitution. II plan enactment based on the above strategies was significantly associated with avoiding momentary lapses compared to when momentary lapses occurred. Specifying II recommendations found to be helpful with avoiding lapses in a smoking cessation context, can increase chances of II enactment, and improve overall health intervention outcomes.
Combining Machine Learning and Qualitative Methods to Elaborate Students’ Ideas About the Generality of their Model-Based Explanations

Assessing students’ participation in science practices presents several challenges, especially when aiming to differentiate meaningful (vs. rote) forms of participation. In this study, we sought to use machine learning (ML) for a novel purpose in science assessment: developing a construct map for students’ consideration of generality, a key epistemic understanding that undergirds meaningful participation in knowledge-building practices. We report on our efforts to assess the nature of 845 students’ ideas about the generality of their model-based explanations through the combination of an embedded written assessment and a novel data analytic approach that combines unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods and human-driven, interpretive coding. We demonstrate how unsupervised machine learning methods, when coupled with qualitative, interpretive coding, were used to revise our construct map for generality in a way that allowed for a more nuanced evaluation that was closely tied to empirical patterns in the data. We also explored the application of the construct map as a framework for coding used as a part of supervised machine learning methods, finding that it demonstrates some viability for use in future analyses. We discuss implications for the assessment of students’ meaningful participation in science practices in terms of their considerations of generality, the role of unsupervised methods in science assessment, and combining machine learning and human-driven approach for understanding students’ complex involvement in science practices.