cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trimetallic Nitride Template (TNT) Endohedral Metallofullerenes

In this chapter, we review the preparation, separation, and characterization of a new family of trimetallic nitride template (TNT) endohedral metallofullerenes AnB3−nN@C2x (n = 0–3, x = 34, 39, and 40) where A and B are metals (Group III and rare earths) that are formed in relatively high yields. The archetypal representative of this new class is the stable endohedral metallofullerene, Sc3N@C80 containing a triscandium nitride cluster encapsulated in an icosahedron (Ih), C80 cage. Other prominent TNT members are Sc3N@C68 and Sc3N@C78. The former Sc3N@C68 molecule represents an exception to the well known isolated pentagon rule (IPR).
Indirect ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of borohydride using acetone

Abstract The rapid, quantitative reaction of borohydride ion with acetone in aqueous solution is utilized to determine borohydride via an indirect spectrophotometric method. The absorbance of such a solution at Q66mμ is compared to that of a reagent blank from which the borohydride is omitted. The amount of acetone used up in the reaction with boro hydride is thus calculated and, from the stoichiometry of this reaction, the amount of borohydride initially present is determined. The method is applicable to the commercially available alkali metal and tetraalkylammonium borohydrides. Interference from active hydride impurities can be avoided.
Advancing child and youth care: A model for integrating theory and practice through connecting education, training, and the service system

This article presents a comprehensive model for enabling connections to be made between theory and practice in the field of child and youth care, based on an analysis of current training and education in the field and a multi-step concept of theory-to-practice and practice-to-theory. The model presents a logical sequence of activities that generate and convey knowledge from two sources. One is formal empirical and research information; the other is the conceptualization of practitioners' direct experience. Both are reinforced by trainers and educators with dual connections with “practice” and “training and education” settings. The paper stresses that academic programs are a significant component of any profession, in that they are responsible for collecting and codifying emergent knowledge gathered from multiple sources.
Prospects in Ritual Studies

Michael B. Aune and Valerie DeMarinis, Religious and Social Ritual: Interdisciplinary Explorations. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1996. vii+323 pp., $20.50 (hardback) ISBN 0 7914 2825 7, $19.95 (paperback) ISBN 0 7914 2826 7. Grimes, Ronald L. Beginnings in Ritual Studies. Rev. ed. Columbia, University of South Carolina Press, 1995, xxviii+299 pp., $21.95 (paperback) ISBN 1 5700 001 4.
Cost of ownership reduction for OPC development and production

The cost of developing and deploying optical proximity correction (OPC) technology has become a non-negligible part of the total lithography cost of ownership (CoO). In this paper, we present our efforts to reduce costs associated with OPC in the development phase for the 90nm node, and production phase for the 130nm node.
Applying early decision: Student and college incentives and outcomes

Abstract Colleges’ early decision (ED) admission policies require accepted students to commit to attend the school without comparing outside options. With data from two liberal arts schools we find evidence that students with higher willingness and ability to pay and lower measured ability levels are more likely to apply ED. Applying ED raises the probability of acceptance by 40 percentage points. We address the potential selection of students into ED, including estimating an upper bound of 46 percentage points following Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) . One college appears to use the ED process to screen applicants with high SAT scores and female applicants, thereby avoiding the potential adverse selection of applicants in the regular decision process. Finally, even conditional on higher socioeconomic status and other observable characteristics, applying ED is correlated with higher financial aid packages, perhaps because the college's financial aid resources are higher earlier in the admission process.
Perceptual learning: differentiation and enrichment of past experience.

(1959). Perceptual Learning: Differentiation and Enrichment of Past Experience. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 137-147.
Mutant rat phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer proteins specifically defective in phosphatidylinositol transfer: implications for the regulation of phospholipid transfer activity

Abstract The mammalian phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer proteins (PI-TPs) catalyze exchange of phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) between membrane bilayers in vitro. We find that Ser-25, Thr-59, Pro-78, and Glu-248 make up a set of rat (r) PI-TP residues, substitution of which effected a dramatic reduction in the relative specific activity for PI transfer activity without significant effect on PC transfer activity. Thr-59 was of particular interest as it is a conserved residue in a highly conserved consensus protein kinase C phosphorylation motif in metazoan PI-TPs. Replacement of Thr-59 with Ser, Gln, Val, Ile, Asn, Asp, or Glu effectively abolished PI transfer capability but was essentially silent with respect to PC transfer activity. These findings identify rPI-TP residues that likely cooperate to form a PI head-group binding/recognition site or that lie adjacent to such a site. Finally, the selective sensitivity of the PI transfer activity of rPI-TP to alteration of Thr-59 suggests a mechanism for in vivo regulation of rPI-TP activity.
Agenda Setting and Legislative Success in State Legislatures: The Effects of Gender and Race

In this paper, we investigate the agenda-setting behavior of female and black state legislators, and examine whether women and blacks are as successful as white men in passing legislation. Using a six-state, three-year sample, we test a descriptive representation model in which group members (blacks and women) represent group interests above and beyond the extent motivated by constituency and party pressures. Moreover, in keeping with the social distance between the races, we expect blacks to be less successful than whites at passing legislation. We find that although constituency influences sponsorship agendas, blacks and women share a set of distinctive policy interests. Women are generally as likely as men to achieve passage of the legislation they introduce, whereas blacks are, in three states, significantly less likely than whites to pass legislation.
Rib Abnormalities in Fowls

Abstract EXAMINATION of hundreds of young chicks in making hormone assays revealed that the number of ribs is variable, including deficiencies and additions of portions of ribs. To determine more definitely the nature of these variations, a new series of chicks was examined for this purpose. A total of 522 chicks were examined, 335 of which were Single Comb White Leghorn males and females. The others were crosses of Leghorns and heavy breeds. Of the 522 chicks examined, 89.6 percent were considered normal and 10.4 percent abnormal in rib structure. Chicks from three different hatcheries showed no significant differences in the incidence of abnormalities and there was no difference between males and females. In the usual arrangement, the first two ribs are floating and composed of a single portion each. The next four are articulated to the sternum and each is composed of a dorsal and a ventral portion with a …
Assessing College Students’ Perceptions of Tolerance to Alcohol Using Social Cues: The Social Tolerance Index

Abstract Increased tolerance to alcohol is considered a risk factor for developing future problems. While college students are considered a high-risk population in relation to alcohol use it is suggested that tolerance operates differently in this population than in chronic drinking samples. Individuals' perceptions about their level of tolerance measured by social cues and comparisons to peers may influence drinking behavior. The present study evaluated the Social Tolerance Index (STI), a measure designed to examine perceptions about personal tolerance to alcohol using social cues in college students. College students ( n = 177) completed measures of social tolerance, social desirability, drinking rates, and demographic information at baseline, 2-week, and 4-week follow-up assessments to assess test–retest reliability. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the STI. In addition, tests of discriminant, construct and predictive validities were also conducted. The STI demonstrated good reliability and validity for use in a college student population.
Oligosaccharide synthesis on a soluble, hyperbranched polymer support via thioglycoside activation

Abstract The synthesis of linear and branched di-, tri- and tetramannosides on a commercially available hyperbranched polyester as a soluble, high loading support is described. Glycosylation products were isolated in 26–63% yield as mixtures of anomers after total hydrolytic degradation of the polymer. All polymer-bound intermediates were purified through simple extraction or precipitation. Solution-phase NMR and MALDI-TOF were used to monitor the progress of the reaction directly on the hyperbranched polymer support.
Variability of sterol utilization in stored-products insects

A comparison of sterol utilization by 3 stored-products insects revealed very different capabilities. The fluor beetle,Tribolium castaneum dealkylates and converts dietary sitosterol to about equal amounts of cholesterol (43.7%) and 7-dehydrocholeterol (39.8%), whereas another flour beetle,Tenebrio molitor, produces considerably less 7-dehydrocholesterol (16.8%) and relatively more cholesterol (66.7%) from sitosterol. The lepidopteran,Plodia interpunctella, utilized dietary sterol very similar to plant-feeding lepidoptera, producing primarily cholesterol (86.5%) from sitosterol.
Some Properties of the USP Content-Uniformity Test as Related to Control Charts and Validation of SolidDosage Forms

The statistical properties of the USP content-uniformity test have been investigated in detail in other reports. This note shows that control charts for the mean potency of a solid dosage form which are constructed using typical individual content-uniformity assays in conjunction with composite assay(s), show tight limits when the product has a high probability of passing the content-uniformity test. From a practical point of view, this is a strong argument in favor of the test and recommends the test as a quality control tool.
Hierarchical effects of task engagement on amplitude modulation encoding in auditory cortex

We recorded from middle lateral belt (ML) and primary (A1) auditory cortical neurons while animals discriminated amplitude-modulated (AM) sounds and also while they sat passively. Engagement in AM discrimination improved ML and A1 neurons' ability to discriminate AM with both firing rate and phase-locking; however, task engagement affected neural AM discrimination differently in the two fields. The results suggest that these two areas utilize different AM coding schemes: a “single mode” in A1 that relies on increased activity for AM relative to unmodulated sounds and a “dual-polar mode” in ML that uses both increases and decreases in neural activity to encode modulation. In the dual-polar ML code, nonsynchronized responses might play a special role. The results are consistent with findings in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices during discrimination of vibrotactile modulation frequency, implicating a common scheme in the hierarchical processing of temporal information among different modalities. The time course of activity differences between behaving and passive conditions was also distinct in A1 and ML and may have implications for auditory attention. At modulation depths ≥ 16% (approximately behavioral threshold), A1 neurons' improvement in distinguishing AM from unmodulated noise is relatively constant or improves slightly with increasing modulation depth. In ML, improvement during engagement is most pronounced near threshold and disappears at highly suprathreshold depths. This ML effect is evident later in the stimulus, and mainly in nonsynchronized responses. This suggests that attention-related increases in activity are stronger or longer-lasting for more difficult stimuli in ML.
Late entry to HIV care among Latinos compared with non-Latinos in a southeastern US cohort.

be late presenters than white or black persons (76% vs 58%; P , .001) and accounted for 86%, 75%, and 50% of all presenting cases of active tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Latino ethnicity, older age, male sex, and earlier entry year were independently associated with late presentation (P , .05 for all). In multivariable analyses, Latino persons were 1.29 times more likely to present to care late than white or black persons (95% confidence interval, 1.15‐1.45). Conclusions. Latinos are more likely to initiate HIV care later in the course of illness than are black and white persons and account for a majority of several ADEs. Strategies to improve earlier HIV testing among Latinos in new settlement areas are needed.
Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Testis Tissue Culture on Spermatogenesis in Bovine Ectopic Testis Tissue Xenografts

Bovine ectopic testis tissue grafting is a technique that can be used to study bovine spermatogenesis and for the production of germ cells for a variety of applications. Approximately 10% of seminiferous tubule cross sections in testis grafts contain spermatids, providing a unique tool to investigate what regulates germ cell differentiation. We hypothesized that manipulation of testis tissue grafts would increase the percentage of seminiferous tubule cross sections undergoing complete germ cell differentiation. To test this hypothesis, bovine testis tissue was treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at the time of grafting or explant cultured for 1 wk prior to grafting. For the VEGF experiment, 8-wk donor tissue and graft sites were treated with 1 μg of VEGF in order to increase angiogenesis at the graft site. For the testis tissue culture experiment, 4-wk-old donor testis was cultured for 1 wk prior to grafting to stimulate spermatogonial stem cell proliferation. Testis tissue grafts were removed from the mice 24 wk after grafting. VEGF treatment increased graft weight and the percentage of seminiferous tubule cross sections with elongating spermatids at the time of graft removal. Cultured testis tissue grafts were smaller and had fewer seminiferous tubules per graft. However, there was no difference in the percentage of seminiferous tubule cross sections that contained any germ cell type between groups. These data indicate for the first time that bovine testis tissue can be manipulated to better support germ cell differentiation in grafted tissue.
Gift, Sale, Payment, Raid: Case Studies in the Negotiation and Classification of Exchange in Medieval Iceland

Near the end of Eyrbyggja saga Po6rir asks Ospak and his men where they had gotten the goods they were carrying. Ospak said that they had gotten them at Pamb'ardal. "How did you come by them?" said Po6rir. Ospak answered, "They were not given, they were not paid to me, nor were they sold either."' Ospak had earlier that evening raided the house of a farmer called Alf and made away with enough to burden four horses. And this was exactly what he told P'6rir when he wittily eliminated the other modes of transfer by which he could have acquired the goods.2 There is no question of thievery here. An Icelandic thief had to conceal the taking, and Ospak was not so craven.3 His taking was open and notorious, and Po6rir did not fail to conceive his meaning. This was a ran, an open, hostile taking.4 Ospak is also saying something about modes of exchange in medieval Iceland. He is listing, apparently in descending order of probability, just how
New search algorithm for minimum redundancy linear arrays

An algorithm for finding minimum redundancy linear arrays (MRLAs) of longer lengths than previously possible is presented. The results obtained to date by this algorithm, which go beyond previously published results (length 68 arrays) are summarized. Included is a table of the number of MRLAs as a function of array length (up through length 90). In the process of making this table, errors in two references were discovered and corrected. Such information, along with the array patterns themselves, is extremely valuable in developing suboptimal searching techniques for still longer, but sparse, arrays. >
Dominance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in human voice pitch

The developmental and anatomical causes of human voice sexual dimorphisms are known, but the evolutionary causes are not. Some evidence suggests a role of intersexual selection via female mate choice, but other evidence implicates male dominance competition. In this study, we examine the relationships among voice pitch, dominance, and male mating success. Males were audio recorded while participating in an unscripted dating-game scenario. Recordings were subsequently manipulated in voice pitch using computer software and then rated by groups of males for dominance. Results indicate that (1) a masculine, low-pitch voice increases ratings of men’s physical and social dominance, augmenting the former more than the latter; and (2) men who believe they are physically dominant to their competitor lower their voice pitch when addressing him, whereas men who believe they are less dominant raise it. We also found a nonsignificant trend for men who speak at a lower pitch to report more sexual partners in the past year. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that male intrasexual competition was a salient selection pressure on the voices of ancestral males and contributed to human voice sexual dimorphism.
The Mössbauer effect in marcasite structure iron compounds

Abstract The Mossbauer effect was used to measure the line shifts and electric quadrupole splittings of the 14⋯4 keV level of Fe57 in absorbers at 81°K and 300°K of the marcasite structure compounds FeS2, FeSe2, FeTe2, and FeSb2 and of the pyrite structure of FeS2. Results obtained by other workers on the related compound FeAs2 are included in the discussion. The average isomer shifts for the marcasite subgroup (FeS2, FeSe2, and FeTe2) and the lollingite subgroup (FeAs2 and FeSb2) were observed to be nearly the same. Differences within the groups are shown to be consistent with a scaling of the s-electron density at the iron nucleus with lattice parameters. The lollingites exhibit a larger quadrupole splitting than do the marcasites. Only in FeSb2 was a significant change in the quadrupole splitting with temperature observed.
Thoracic lateral extracavitary corpectomy for anterior column reconstruction with expandable and static titanium cages: Clinical outcomes and surgical considerations in a consecutive case series

Abstract Objective Many surgical interventions have emerged as effective means of restoring mechanical stability of the anterior column of the spine. The lateral extracavitary approach (LECA) allows for broad visualization and circumferential reconstruction of the spinal column. However, early reports demonstrated significant complication rates, protracted operative times, and prolonged hospitalizations. More recent reports have highlighted concerns for subsidence, particularly with expandable cages. Our work seeks to describe a single-surgeon consecutive series of patients undergoing LECA for thoracic corpectomy. Specifically, the objective was to explore the surgical considerations, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complication profile of this approach. Methods A retrospective study examined data from 17 consecutive patients in whom single or multi-level corpectomy was performed via a LECA by a single surgeon. Vertebral body replacement was achieved with either a static or expandable titanium cage. The Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) was utilized to assess patient functional status before and after surgery. Radiographic outcomes, particularly footplate-to-body ratio and subsidence, were assessed on CT imaging at 6 weeks after surgery and at follow-up of at least 6 months. Results The majority of patients had post-operative KPS scores consistent with functional independence (≥70, 12/17 patients, 71%). Fourteen patients had improved or maintained function by last follow-up. In both groups, all patients had a favorable footplate-to-body ratio, and rates of subsidence were similar at both time points. Notably, the overall complication rate (24%) was significantly lower than that published in the literature, and no patient suffered a pneumothorax that required placement of a thoracostomy tube. Conclusion The LECA approach for anterior column reconstruction with static or expandable cages is an important surgical consideration with favorable surgical parameters and complication rates. Further, use of expandable cages may allow for reconstruction over a larger segment without increased risk of subsidence.
Antibiotic activity and microbial community of the temperate sponge, Haliclona sp.

Aims Sessile marine invertebrates engage in a diverse array of beneficial interactions with bacterial symbionts. One feature of some of these relationships is the presence of bioactive natural products that can defend the holobiont from predation, competition or disease. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity and microbial community of a common temperate sponge from coastal North Carolina. Methods and Results The sponge was identified as a member of the genus Haliclona, a prolific source of bioactive natural products, based on its 18S rRNA gene sequence. The crude chemical extract and methanol partition had broad activity against the assayed Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Further fractionation resulted in two groups of compounds with differing antimicrobial activity, primarily against Gram-positive test organisms. There was, however, notable activity against the Gram-negative marine pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbial community analysis of the sponge and surrounding sea water via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) indicates that it harbours a distinct group of bacterial associates. Conclusions The common temperate sponge, Haliclona sp., is a source of multiple antimicrobial compounds and has some consistent microbial community members that may play a role in secondary metabolite production. Significance and Impact of the Study These data suggest that common temperate sponges can be a source of bioactive chemical and microbial diversity. Further studies may reveal the importance of the microbial associates to the sponge and natural product biosynthesis.
Using FPGAs to Supplement Ray-Tracing Computations on the Cray XD-1

Optical ray tracing simulations in lens design commonly employ six major computations: the point of intersection of a ray and an optical surface, a check to see whether the ray is inside a restrictive aperture, calculation of a unit vector normal to the surface at the point of intersection, the result of reflection or refraction of the ray at the surface, and coordinate conversions of the new ray's starting position and direction to facilitate repetition of the calculations at succeeding optical elements. Because the rays are independent of one another, ray tracing can benefit greatly from parallel processing, especially when there are billions of rays to be traced. The efficiency of using 839 AMD Opteron processors for this application has been shown to be 97.9 %. This means that adding additional processors is a highly effective strategy for increasing the rate of ray tracing, thus reducing the time of simulation. Using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) is an effective strategy for further increasing the rate of ray tracing. In this paper we describe key aspects of implementing deeply pipelined processors within an FPGA to perform scientific computations, using them to supplement the ray tracing provided by the sequential Opteron processors in the Cray XD-1. The discussion includes how to schedule the use of the FPGA's internal resources, synchronize the interaction between the FPGA and the Opterons, and assess the fraction of time that each major computational resource within the FPGA is in use. We discuss a method that guarantees 100 % efficiency of the critical resource, the resource needed most often for a specific computation. We also consider how to increase the efficiency of the non-critical computational resources within the FPGA and what the side effects of such changes can be.
An ionically based mapping model with memory for cardiac restitution

Many features of the sequence of action potentials produced by repeated stimulation of a patch of cardiac muscle can be modeled by a 1D mapping, but not the full behavior included in the restitution portrait. Specifically, recent experiments have found that (i) the dynamic and S1-S2 restitution curves are different (rate dependence) and (ii) the approach to steady state, which requires many action potentials (accommodation), occurs along a curve distinct from either restitution curve. Neither behavior can be produced by a 1D mapping. To address these shortcomings, ad hoc 2D mappings, where the second variable is a "memory" variable, have been proposed; these models exhibit qualitative features of the relevant behavior, but a quantitative fit is not possible. In this paper we introduce a new 2D mapping and determine a set of parameters for it that gives a quantitatively accurate description of the full restitution portrait measured from a bullfrog ventricle. The mapping can be derived as an asymptotic limit of an idealized ionic model in which a generalized concentration acts as a memory variable. This ionic basis clarifies how the present model differs from previous models. The ionic basis also provides the foundation for more extensive cardiac modeling: e.g., constructing a PDE model that may be used to study the effect of memory on propagation. The fitting procedure for the mapping is straightforward and can easily be applied to obtain a mathematical model for data from other experiments, including experiments on different species.
Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus–Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is now established as the principal cause of an increase in incidence of a subset of head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNCs) in numerous geographic regions around the world. Further study of the epidemiology of HPV-positive HNC will be critical to the development and implementation of public health interventions to reverse these global incidence trends. Here, recent data are reviewed to provide insight into several topics, including incidence trends and projections for HPV-positive HNC; the worldwide HPV-attributable fraction; sex disparities in cancer risk; the epidemiology of oral HPV infection; the latency period between infection and cancer; the potential impact of prophylactic HPV vaccination; and prospects for secondary prevention through screening for oral HPV infection or seroreactivity to viral antigens. The identification of a single necessary cause for any cancer provides a rare and perhaps extraordinary opportunity for cancer prevention.
Long‐Term Monitoring of Depolarization‐Induced Exocytosis from Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells and Pancreatic Islet B Cells Using “Perforated Patch Recording”a

(1) Membrane capacitance measurements using perforated patch recording offer the possibility of studying the process of depolarization-secretion coupling (DSC) in single endocrine cells with unprecedented time resolution and stability. (2) Early results with catecholamine-secreting adrenal chromaffin cells and insulin-secreting pancreatic B cells support longstanding ideas that the Ca(2+)-dependent processes underlying DSC are fundamentally similar to those of nerve terminals. (3) Future experiments using these approaches should prove useful in sorting out those effects of humoral substances that have a predominant effect on excitability and Ca2+ entry from those that affect the secretory process itself.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate to the Orbit As a Presenting Symptom

A 62-year-old man presented with complaints of obstructive urinary symptoms, and left eye erythema and swelling 1 month in duration. Physical examination demonstrated left eye exophthalmos and an enlarged, firm prostate gland. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 16.9 ng./ml. (normal 0 to 4) and acid phosphatase was 10.1 units per 1. (normal 0 to 6.1). Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy of the prostate revealed neoplasms of the right and left lobes (Gleason grades 5 + 3 and 4 + 3, respectively). Bone scan identified widely metastatic disease, including left orbital involvement (fig. 1). Computerized tomography (CT) confirmed a left intraorbital
SEARCH FOR PERIODICITIES IN THE HOMESTAKE SOLAR NEUTRINO DATA

We evaluate a s2 statistic to test against the Homestake data the hypothesis that the neutrino Nux from the Sun is constant. We use estimates of standard deviations derived 1000 simulations of the sequence of 108 runs, and we also use two procedures for deriving proxies for the standard deviation from the experimental data. All tests indicate that the hypothesis should be rejected; the signi-cance level ranges from 5.8% to 0.1%. We also search for evidence of periodicities in the neutrino Nux by evaluating the log likelihood of -nding the actual count rates in a model in which the neutrino Nux is modulated with a sinusoidal term. We consider a range of values of the frequency (0E20 cycles yr~1) and, for each frequency, adjust the modulation parameters to maximize the likelihood. We -nd no evidence of modulation at the frequency of the solar cycle. A 1000 shuffle test and 1000 simulations using error estimates taken from the simula- tions yield no evidence for either the quasi-biennial (2.2 yr) periodicity or the Rieger (157 day) period- icity. However, simulations based on the experimental error estimates yield signi-cance levels of 1% and 2.7% for the quasi-biennial periodicity, and 2% and 0.2% for the Rieger periodicity. We have also looked for evidence of modulation at a frequency that might be related to the solar rotation frequency. We have adopted a search band of 12.4E13.1 cycles yr~1, corresponding to the 1 year lower sideband (synodic frequency) of the rotation frequency of the SunIs radiative zone, as estimated from helioseismology. There is indeed a peak in that band, at 12.88 cycles yr~1, that according to the simulation test is signi-cant at the 3% level. However, we also -nd evidence of four sidebands near 10.88, 11.88, 13.88, and 14.88 cycles yr~1 that may be due to the departure of the rotational axis from the normal to the ecliptic. We introduce a correlation measure formed from the powers at a "" fundamental II and at four sidebands. None of 1000 shuffle tests, and only one of 1000 simulations, yield values of the correlation measure as large as that formed from the experimental data. These tests o†er support, at the 0.1% and 0.2% signi-cance level, respectively, for the proposition that the neutrino Nux is modulated at a frequency that could be the synodic frequency corresponding to a sidereal rotational frequency of 13.88 cycles yr~1 (440 nHz) of the SunIs radiative zone. Subject headings: elementary particles E methods: statistical E Sun: interior E Sun: particle emission
Regenerated cellulose capsules for controlled drug delivery: Part I. Physiological characteristics of membrane formation and the influence of thermal annealing

Formation of regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes from dimethyl sulfoxide and paraformaldehyde solvent system is described. These membranes were cast. on cylindrical molds using the dip coating approach. After dip coating, the molds were immersed in water, acetone and several short chain 1-alkanols to precipitate cellulose. The wet cast. membranes were then thermally treated to obtain rigid, solvent and non-solvent free membranes. The formation process of these membranes was examined under the microscope. Physiochemical characteristics of these membranes were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effect of membrane hydration on solute permeability in side-by-side diffusion cells was examined under controlled hydration conditions. The effect of thermal treatment was investigated by measuring methylene blue dye adsorption on membranes prior to and after thermal treatment. Cellulose is in amorphous state in these membranes. The RC membranes poses a unique self-pore forming feature when they are exposed to aqueous environment. Solvent uptake is critical to solute diffusion through them. The pore forming capability is reversible by introducing organic solvents in the diffusion medium. Membrane formation is not influenced by the type of non-solvent used, but affects the amount of cellulose aggregation during thermal treatment. Thermal treatment can also reduce the permeability of the solute through them.
Mechanisms of defense waste glass dissolution

The mechanisms that control the release of components of nuclear waste glasses into aqueous environments and the rates of such release depend to a large extent on the contact time between the glass...
Predicting Prosocial Behavior: A Model for Specifying the Nature of Personality-Situation Interaction

The issues of consistency in behavior has been extensively discussed by personality and social psychologists in the last few years. To what extent is behavior consistent across many situations, and to what extent is it predictable in a single situation on the basis of our knowledge of the situation and the persons in it? It has long been assumed that behavior is a function of the person, the situation, and the interaction between the two. Under certain circumstances most people may act similarly in a particular situation, because the situation activates very basic common goals or needs, such as the desire for survival or for respect by one’s peers. Usually, however, people will behave differently in a particular situation as a function of their individual characteristics (Bowers, 1973; Ekehammar, 1974).
Climate Change, Human Rights, and Capabilities

Until recently, philosophers had shown little direct engagement with the ethical implications of climate change and when they did it was predominately as an economic matter. However, there has been a push by activists to move beyond mere cost-benefit analyses and economics. One way to do this is by linking climate change with human rights. This is the focal point of my paper. In making my argument, I examine two different human rights approaches: (1) climate change as violating generic environmental rights; and (2) climate change as violating other fundamental basic rights (e.g. health, life, etc.). I conclude that the first approach has trouble identifying the scope of duties and leaves us needing to identify the interests harmed by climate change present in the second. However, the second approach only provides a partial account of the relevant interests. Following this, I spend the remainder of the paper offering an account of human rights and the environment that allows for a more complete account of the fundamental interests involved. In doing this, I turn to the Capabilities Approach. Using the basic foundations of the Capabilities Approach, along with recent work by Breena Holland on integrating the environment into the Capabilities Approach, I show how this account can give a more complete picture for linking climate change to human rights and the duties that result.
Firmware and software framework of OpenPET electronics system for radiotracer imaging

The purpose of OpenPET project is to develop open source high-performance electronics for radiotracer imaging. We have developed OpenPET hardware electronics that mainly includes three custom electronics modules: the detector board (DB), the support board (SB), and the multiplexor board (MB). A reliable, scalable, flexible and user-friendly firmware and software frame need to be built to support the OpenPET hardware electronics. We adapted a firmware and software architecture that configures the OpenPET hardware electronics into a computer network with a tree topology. A data structure commonly used in reconfigurable computer networks are adapted and implemented to manage the hardware resources in the system, configure and calibrate the system, and control event data acquisition. The results of system test show that the firmware and software framework is a reliable, scalable and flexible platform for OpenPET system configuration, management, calibration, event data acquisition and processing.
Optimizing noise for defect analysis with through-focus scanning optical microscopy

Through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) shows promise for patterned defect analysis, but it is important to minimize total system noise. TSOM is a three-dimensional shape metrology method that can achieve sub-nanometer measurement sensitivity by analyzing sets of images acquired through-focus using a conventional optical microscope. Here we present a systematic noise-analysis study for optimizing data collection and data processing parameters for TSOM and then demonstrate how the optimized parameters affect defect analysis. We show that the best balance between signal-to-noise performance and acquisition time can be achieved by judicious spatial averaging. Correct background-signal subtraction of the imaging-system inhomogeneities is also critical, as well as careful alignment of the constituent images used in differential TSOM analysis.
Occurrence of Larval-Pupal Intermediates in Hybrid Pink Bollworms Reared at Low Temperatures

In a study of the genetics of insect diapause, crosses were made between a nondiapausing strain of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), from southern India and a diapausing strain from Arizona (U.S.A.). About 4% of the hybrid larvae, when reared in a diapause-inducing photoperiod (12 h light/day) and a temperature of 18°C, failed to undergo normal pupation but remained predominantly as larvae with patches of darkened and sclerotized pupal cuticle on the thorax and abdomen. All the affected insects died as larvalpupal intermediates. The symptoms seemed to reflect a disturbance in the balance between juvenile hormone and ecdysone, with the juvenilizing effect being predominant. It is believed that normal larval diapause may be regulated, at least in part, by activity of the corpus allatum that secretes juvenile hormone, whereas the prothoracic glands that secrete ecdysone are inactive. It is suggested that the hormonal condition of the abnormal hybrids was probably somewhat intermediate between that of a diapausing and a nondiapausing larva, and further studies of such developmental anomalies may help to elucidate the hormonal mechanism that regulates insect diapause.
Abstract B63: Identification of small molecules that selectively target glioma stemlike cells

Gliomas are the most frequently occurring primary malignancies in the central nervous system, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) the most common and most aggressive of these tumors. GBM is virtually incurable because, following the standard treatment of care—surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy—the tumors eventually recur. Recent studies including our own indicate a crucial role for a specific subset of tumor cells (cancer stem cells) in tumor development and recurrence. We have generated fully penetrant, tumor-suppressor-based somatic mouse models of glioma, with gene mutations frequently found in human glioma (p53, NF1, Pten; termed Mut6 tumors). These tumor models develop GBM that histopathologically and molecularly mimics the human disease. Transcriptional profiling of these tumors revealed that they are most similar to human GBM. Using the pooled Mut6 stem-like cancer cells we performed a high-throughput screen designed to identify small molecules that inhibit the growth of these cells, as measured by a luminescence ATP assay. We performed a 200,000 compound library screen, initially identifying 4,480 compounds that were then retested in increasingly stringent assays such that we now have approximately 70 unique compounds that adversely affect glioma stem cell growth. These compound hits were found to have EC50s in the nanomolar range and to act with considerable specificity, affecting the mutant stem cells at concentrations that do not affect cultured astrocytes or mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Among these, we tested 46 compounds in metabolic stability tests and found 17 compounds with excellent stablilty profiles. We believe these compounds present promising lead compounds for drug development as well as for uncovering critical pathways in glioma tumor development and self renewal. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr B63.
Oral aspartame and plasma phenylalanine: pharmacokinetic difference between rodents and man, and relevance to CNS effects of phenylalanine

The ingestion of aspartame, a phenylalanine-containing dipeptide, raises plasma phenylalanine levels. These increments are much greater in humans than rats, because the rat hydroxylates phenylalanine five times faster than man. Accordingly, dose comparisons of aspartame (or phenylalanine) between humans and rats have usually been corrected by a factor of five. Recently, a correction factor of sixty has been proposed (Wurtman and Maher, 1987); the rationale is based on a novel calculation of competitive phenylalanine transport into brain. An analysis of the logic behind this postulation reveals there to be no basis for accepting the higher dose conversion of 60 between rat and man.
Lightning Flashover Characteristics of Double-circuit Transmission Line on the Same Tower Considering Working Voltage

500 kV transmission line due to a high working voltage is usually suffered from lightning overvoltage. To figure out lightning flashover characteristics of double-transmission-line when considering working voltage, to reduce risks of simultaneous trip-out, we discussed and analyzed influences of working voltage and phase arrangement in the case of lightning trip-out on 500 kV Fuzhou-Kemen line using ATP-EMTP program. It is revealed that working voltage as a factor determines potential flashover phases after strike, and flashover happens in one phase with maximum height in each circuit when several possible phases exist and form a competitive situation. Moreover, phases with more symmetrical arrangement will have a lower back striking withstanding level of 2-phase flashover while those with arrangement as "ABC-BCA" have the best back striking protection performance. Besides, back striking simulation cases for 3-phase and 4-phase flashover get a similar result as for 2-phase.
Amyloidosis of the Lymph Nodes and the Spleen

Lymph node and spleen involvement is frequent in systemic amyloidosis. AL amyloidosis is the most common and clinically most important cause of lymph node amyloidosis. In most cases, the lymph node AL amyloidosis is systemic and caused by an underlying systemic plasma cell or B-cell neoplasm. For this reason, immunophenotypic analysis of the lymphoid component is required in these cases for management decisions. Other etiologies of lymph node amyloidosis include AA amyloidosis and rarely hereditary amyloidoses such as AAPOA1 or ATTR amyloidosis. By imaging studies, the spleen is involved in most cases of systemic AL and AA amyloidosis. Clinically splenic involvement may lead to hyposplenism, and occasionally, splenic rupture. In addition to AL and AA, amyloidosis and other systemic amyloidoses such as ALECT2 amyloidosis can also affect the spleen.
Benefit–Risk Assessment of Fish Oil in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a preventable disease, which combines two general processes: chronic vascular inflammation and acute thrombosis. Both are amplified with positive feedback signals by n-6 eicosanoids derived from food-based n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-6 HUFA). This amplification is lessened by competing actions of n-3 HUFA. Death results from fatal interactions of the vascular wall with platelets and clotting proteins. The benefits of fish oil interventions are confounded by complex details in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse events, timescale factors, topology, financial incentives and people’s sense of cause and effect. Two basic aspects of n-3 HUFA that are overlooked in CVD dynamics are saturable, hyperbolic responses of the enzymes continually supplying n-6 HUFA and hard-to-control positive feedback receptor signals by excessive n-6 HUFA–based mediators. Multiple feedback loops in inflammation and thrombosis have diverse mediators, and reducing one mediator that occurs above its rate-limiting levels may not reduce the pathophysiology. Clinicians have developed some successful interventions that decrease CVD deaths in the form of secondary prevention. However, the current high CVD prevalence in the USA remains unchanged, and successful primary prevention of CVD remains uncertain. This review weighs the available evidence to help clinicians, the biomedical community and the public put the use of fish oil supplements into a balanced perspective.
‘They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened’: Denial to 1939

In Western societies with established democratic traditions, citizens above a certain social class can count on their rights to personal safety and the safety of their property. Social institutions such as the police and the courts are empowered to enforce these rights. Often, however, people are unmindful of how recently established these rights are. Up until the late 18th century it is fair to say that most people had few codified rights. They lived at the will of their rulers, who could do with them largely as they wished. Choices were limited. Those who had some influence with the powers that be would use it while the rest were left to lie low and hope for the best. Or they could flee. Or, if conditions were propitious or sufficiently desperate, they could rebel.
Review on river bank filtration as an in situ water treatment process

Surface and ground water are valuable sources for drinking water. Certain industrial, mining, and agricultural practices pollute these critical resources. Riverbank filtration (RBF) is a cost-effective in situ water treatment process, which removes suspended solids and organic and inorganic pollutants. The RBF process is defined as a natural filter of soils and aquifer sediments at the river site. In RBF, river water moves through the pores of the natural soils of the riverbed and riverbank. RBF improves several physical, chemical, and biological properties of the river water. Several treatment actions including, filtration, sorption, and biological degradation occur during this process. Under specific conditions, RBF could be used as a treatment or pretreatment process to remove or decrease pollutants in surface water. In this paper, the effectiveness of RBF in improving the river water quality is presented. RBF as a cost-effective water treatment process is also discussed. Furthermore, factors that affect the performance of the RBF process and its overall effectiveness for developing countries are also discussed.