cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental influences on corporate entrepreneurship: executive perspectives on the internet

This paper focuses on the likelihood of firms adopting corporate entrepreneurship in response to the challenges and opportunities presented by a change in their business environment shaped by the growth of the Internet. We further examined if firms are willing to modify their existing systems in response to such a change. We also investigated the paths or modes of entrepreneurship that firms would adopt when they perceive being entrepreneurial to be a viable response in light of a specific change in their business environment. Finally, we identified the impediments that firms may need to overcome when adopting corporate entrepreneurship. Results based on the data from senior executives lend support to our hypotheses. Managerial implications of the results are discussed.
Influence of steric specificity on the rates of hydrogen exchange between substrates of NAD-coupled dehydrogenases.

Summary Enzyme-catalyzed isotope exchange rates between lactate-2-t and malate and between lactate-2-t and glycerol-3-P were measured using alternately high and low activities of each dehydrogenase. With the activity of lactate dehydrogenase setting the rate of the overall reaction, the lactate-malate exchange was found to be about 3 times faster than the lactate-glycerol-3-P exchange. This observation provides evidence that, with the activity of lactate dehydrogenase determining the reaction rate, lactate dehydrogenase-coenzyme association and dissociation, in one of two steps required to bring about the transposition of tritium from the A- to the B-side of NADH, slows the rate of the lactate-glycerol-3-P exchange.
Relation Between the Isoelectric Range of Urease and the Reversibility of Its Action

ConclusionThe results strongly support the probability that changes in pH can determine the directional action of the reversible ferment, urease. Toward the alkaline side of the isoelectric range the tendency to convert urea into (NH4)2C03 predominates; toward the acid side the tendency to synthesize urea is more pronounced.In conclusion the writer wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. M. Garcia Banus for his advice and supervision of the work.
Testing AspectJ programs using fault-based testing

Along with the evolution of the technique and use of aspect-oriented programming (AOP), the difficulty of testing the aspect-oriented programs is now receiving much attention. In this position paper, we describe an AspectJ program testing method based on fault model with the help of dependency model and interaction model.
Copperhead snakebite treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenom in third trimester pregnancy.

To contribute to the growing literature on the use of Crotaline Fab antivenom (CroFab™, Protherics, Nashville, TN), we submit what we believe is the first reported successful use of CroFab™ in a third trimester pregnant patient. A 32-year-old female at 28 5/7 weeks gestation presented to our Emergency Department (ED) having sustained a copperhead (sp. Agkistrodon contortrix) snakebite on her right foot. Within an hour of the bite, she presented with painful swelling to the right foot and ankle. She was awake and alert, with a temperature of 37.4°C, blood pressure 123/61, pulse 88, and respirations of 16/min. Her cardiac, lung, abdominal and neurological exams were normal. Her fundal height was consistent with her gestational age, and the fetal heart rate was 150 beats/ minute. A 10–12 cm area on the dorsal right foot was swollen, ecchymotic and exquisitely tender, with two fang marks on the lateral aspect. Sensation, capillary refill and range of motion were normal distally. There were no other signs of swelling, ecchymoses, petechiae or purpurae elsewhere on the skin. Laboratory data revealed a normal electrolyte panel, a hemoglobin of 12.9 g/dL and a platelet count of 136,000 cells/ mm 3 . Her prothrombin time (PT) (11.0 seconds) and INR (0.9) were normal, but her partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was elevated at 39.3 secs (range 22.2–32.2 secs).
The Management of Residual or Recurrent Central Neurocytoma

Treatment following neurosurgical resection or biopsy of a central neurocytoma depends on the pathologic analysis and proliferative activity demonstrated, the extent of surgical resection, the neuroanatomic location and accessibility of residual tumor, and the patient's postoperative condition. The risks and benefits of additional surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy should be weighed and individualized based on these factors and guided by the existing literature.
The impact of unemployment insurance benefits on the probability of migration of the unemployed.

By ignoring individual unemployment compensation benefits and conditions of job termination past migration research has concluded that personal unemployment doubles the likelihood of interstate labor-force migration. Findings from the present study indicate that aggregating the unemployed without adjusting for these two factors overstates the probability of migration for the involuntarily unemployed benefit recipient and understates the likelihood of migration for the voluntarily unemployed benefit recipient. The results suggest that federal discretionary unemployment-compensation programs which are implemented during recessionary periods likely serve to retard out-migration of those who are involuntarily unemployed. Data are from a 1982 sample of unemployed U.S. workers. (EXCERPT)
A de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are neurodevelopmental disorders with large genetic components, but identification of pathogenic genes has proceeded slowly because hundreds of loci are involved. New exome sequencing technology has identified novel rare variants and has found that sporadic cases of ASD/ID are enriched for disruptive de novo mutations. Targeted large-scale resequencing studies have confirmed the significance of specific loci, including chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8 (CHD8), sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha subunit (SCN2A), dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), and catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88 kDa (CTNNB1, beta-catenin). We review recent studies and suggest that they have led to a convergence on three functional pathways: (i) chromatin remodeling; (ii) wnt signaling during development; and (iii) synaptic function. These pathways and genes significantly expand the neurobiological targets for study, and suggest a path for future genetic and functional studies.
Higher Education and the State in Latin America: Private Challenges to Public Dominance

Latin America higher education has undergone an astonishing transformation in recent years, highlighted by the private sector's growth from 3 to 34 percent of the region's total enrollment. In this provocative work Daniel Levy examines the sources, characteristics, and consequences of the development and considers the privatization of higher education within the broader context of state-society relationships. Levy shows how specific national circumstances cause variations and identifies three basic private-public patterns: one in which the private and public sectors are relatively similar and those in which one sector or the other is dominant. These patterns are analyzed in depth in case studies of Chile, Mexico, and Brazil. For each sector, Levy investigates origins and growth, and then who pays, who rules, and whose interests are served. In addition to providing a wealth of information, Levy offers incisive analyses of the nature of public and private institutions. Finally, he explores the implications of his findings for concepts such as autonomy, corporatism, and privatization. His multifaceted study is a major contribution to the literature on Latin American studies, comparative politics, and higher education.
Examining the Motives of Podcast Users

This study examines the patterns and uses of podcast users. A survey was conducted of 354 fans of shows that are podcast. These fans were found via fan websites of the shows on Facebook and MySpace. The results indicate that the bulk of the podcast users are well educated and affluent. The respondents also prefer to listen to the podcasts via portable devices. Almost 90% of the users reported actually using the show they downloaded. Motivations of using podcasts include entertainment, timeshifting, library building, a favorable view of advertising and a social aspect of the podcasts that centers around discussing the shows with other fans. There is some evidence here to suggest that the social factor motivation is also a predictor of podcast use. Heavy users of podcasts also reported to not have a negative view of the advertisers who supported the podcasts.
Quark counting and the production of hyperons

Recent measurements of the production of hyperons in hadron interactions confirm a previously proposed picture where hadrons are formed by drawing quarks out of the ensemble of quarks and antiquarks produced in the original collision. The data require that the strange quark be heavier, preferring a value for its mass of 0.3 +- 0.05 GeV.
Community ecology: is it time to move on? (An American Society of Naturalists presidential address).

Abstract: Because of the contingency and complexity of its subject matter, community ecology has few general laws. Laws and models in community ecology are highly contingent, and their domain is usually very local. This fact does not mean that community ecology is a weak science; in fact, it is the locus of exciting advances, with growing mechanistic understanding of causes, patterns, and processes. Further, traditional community ecological research, often local, experimental, and reductionist, is crucial in understanding and responding to many environmental problems, including those posed by global changes. For both scientific and societal reasons, it is not time to abandon community ecology.
DAF-12-dependent rescue of dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans by (25S)-cholestenoic acid.

Summary Population density, temperature and food availability all regulate the formation of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva by modulating endocrine signaling pathways. The orphan nuclear receptor DAF-12 is pivotal for the deci- sion to form a dauer or to undergo normal reproductive development. The DAF-12 ligand has been predicted to be a sterol that is metabolized by DAF-9, a cytochrome P450. Here we chemically characterize purified lipophilic nematode extracts and show that the ligand for DAF-12 contains a carboxyl moiety and is likely to be derived from a sterol. Using a candidate ligand approach we find that the C27 bile acid cholestenoic acid (5-cholesten-3β -ol-(25S)- carboxylic acid) promotes reproductive growth in dauer- constitutive mutants in a daf-9 - and daf-12 -dependent manner. Furthermore, we find that cholestenoic acid can act as a DAF-12 ligand by activating DAF-12 in a cell-based transcription assay. Analysis of dauer-rescuing lipophilic extracts from nematodes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicates the presence of several regioisomers of cholestenoic acid that are distinct from ∆ 5 -cholestenoic
New perspectives on regional opportunities for community nutrition

This brief keynote speech provides an annotated check list for topics to be covered during the meeting. The topics presented include specific indicators of nutrition, new regional information and communication technologies, empowerment of communities, effective nutrition and health interventions, advances in agricultural research, progress in food technology and the potential of biotechnology and genomics to benefit the region. Other issues to be considered are land decentralization, south-south and south-north cooperation, program monitoring and evaluation, human rights and ethics.
Pseudopotential Calculation of Knight-Shift Temperature and Volume Dependence in Liquid and Solid Sodium

We have used a pseudopotential formalism to compute the electron density at a nuclear site in liquid and bcc solid sodium. The temperature dependence of the electron density at atmospheric pressure is found to account satisfactorily for the experimental observation that the sodium Knight shift increases with temperature. A decrease would be expected to accompany lattice expansion in a free-electron metal. In addition, the temperature dependence at constant volume and the pressure dependence of the electron density are computed and compared with published experimental data. Agreement between theory and experiment is rather better for the liquid state than for the solid, probably because of a less than satisfactory approximation to the high-temperature solid lattice structure.
Isotropic and anisotropic continuous index photon traps based on composite optical materials

Two major types of optical cavities are in wide-use today: photonic crystals and optical microcavities. However, both of these systems have major drawbacks. Photonic crystals only operate for a certain range of wavelengths while optical microcavities can only trap light for a certain range of angles determined by the microcavity angle of total internal reflection. Here, new types of optical cavities are proposed and investigated, aiming to resolve these problems by providing Lyapunov-stable photon orbits within a specially designed inhomogeneous isotropic/anisotropic media. These types of optical traps, referred to as a Continuous Index Photon Traps (CIPTs), seek to exploit recent advances in the field of optics. Specifically, nanofabricating artificial optical materials, i.e. metamaterials, that can bend light and entrap photons in a finite spatial domain. The CIPT’s potential to provide stable photon orbits is assessed. Material realizations of the proposed photon traps are suggested and their optical properties including cavity Q-factors and decay rates are estimated. Potentialy important practical applications of the CIPTs would include optical cavities that trap light withough use of refraction index discontiniuties and hence have low scattering losses due to surface roughness.
Velocity Selection by Doppler Shift: A General Method for Studying Excited-State Collisions

We show that the Doppler shift can provide velocity resolution in excited-state molecular-collision experiments which is comparable to that obtainable in molecular-beam machines. In addition, the state of the quasimolecule formed in the collision can be selected.
Absolute astigmatism correction for flat field spectrographs.

Absolute astigmatism correction for flat field spectrographs is possible over an arbitrary wavelength range, while absolute defocus correction is not possible.
THE HEALTH CARE FINANCIAL CRISIS: REORGANIZATION AND EVIDENCE‐BASED MEDICINE AS A RESPONSE TO AN “UNHOLY TRINITY”

The key issues of the health care system are often conceptualized as involving three basic dimensions: 1) the quality of health care provided, 2) access to the health care system, and 3) the cost of health care. Following two decades of rapidly escalating health costs throughout advanced industrial societies, the relationships among these three dimensions now constitute what has been called an “unholy trinity” in that improvements along one dimension will almost inevitably provoke problems in terms of one or both of the others. This symposium examines two distinct types of reform that have been developed in response to the crisis in health care costs. The first focuses upon attempts to reorganize existing institutions in order to make them more effective and cost-efficient. The second considers the move toward “evidence-based medicine,” that is, more critically evaluating health care outcomes to make sure that treatments are effective and cost-efficient.
A noninvasive murine model of hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Abstract Background This study describes a novel murine method of the Controlled Tension Tourniquet (CTT). The CTT applies a measured circumferential tension to hind limbs using a tourniquet attached to digital strain gauges, and is useful for investigating hind limb ischemia reperfusion (IR). Materials and methods Mice were subjected to 1, 3, or 6 h of unilateral hind limb ischemia followed by either 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Blood flow in the ischemic, reperfused, and contralateral limbs was monitored using a Laser Doppler Imager. Edema in the IR limbs was documented by changes in the wet weight to dry weight ratio. Myeloperoxidase and tetrazolium based mitochondrial activity assays indicated neutrophil infiltration and tissue viability, respectively. Results During reperfusion following 1, 4, or 6 h, flow stabilized at 100%, 53%, and 23% of baseline levels, respectively. Edema was present all in IR limbs after 4 h of reperfusion, but increased with the duration of ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion neutrophil infiltration was equivalent in all IR limbs after all intervals of ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion, tissue viability after 1 h of ischemia was equivalent to sham or contralateral limbs. At 3 or 6 h of ischemia and 24 h reperfusion decreased tissue viability to 40% of sham and contralateral limbs. Conclusions The CTT provides a reproducible, noninvasive model of acute limb ischemia, which reflects the biochemical indices of microvascular injury, inflammation and flow characteristic of reperfusion injury.
Elder Abuse in Residential Long-Term Care: An Update to the 2003 National Research Council Report

A synthesis of the last decade of literature on elder abuse in residential long-term care (i.e., Nursing Homes and Assisted Living) is discussed. Presented are definitions of abuse, theoretical and conceptual models, prevalence rates of abuse, outcomes and costs, and sources of abuse. The synthesis represents an update to the literature in the influential 2003 National Research Council report. We identify many of the same issues and concerns exist that were surfaced in this prior report. Many theoretical and conceptual models need further elaboration. Conflicting definitions of abuse are pervasive. Rates of abuse are generally inaccurate, and probably under-reported. However, we also identify progress in many areas. An increase in empirical studies that exist in this area (although very few in Assisted Living). Other forms and types of abuse have also been identified as important, such as resident-to-resident abuse. These areas are discussed, along with potential suggestions for additional research.
Anemias beyond B12 and iron deficiency: the buzz about other B's, elementary, and nonelementary problems

The term "unexplained anemia" appears frequently in a request for a hematology consultation. Although most anemia consultations are fairly routine, they occasionally represent challenging problems that require an amalgam of experience, insight, and a modicum of "out-of-the-box" thinking. Problem anemia cases and pitfalls in their recognition can arise for one of several reasons that are discussed in the cases presented herein. "Anemias beyond B12 and iron deficiency" covers a vast domain of everything that lies beyond the commonly encountered anemias caused by simple deficiencies of 2 currently major hematologically relevant micronutrients. However, even these deficiencies may be obscured when they coexist or are not considered because of misleading distractions. They may also be mistakenly identified when other less common nutrient deficiencies occur. I present herein case examples of such situations: a young patient with pancytopenia and schistocytes who was responsive to plasmapheresis, but in whom pernicious anemia was not suspected because of ethnicity and age; a bicytopenic patient with anemia and myelodysplastic features caused by copper deficiency after gastric reduction surgery; and a patient with BM hypoplasia and a dimorphic blood smear who was found to have paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. These "pearls" represent but 3 examples of the many varieties of problems in anemia diagnosis and are used to illustrate potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.
Clean and scalable quantum logic with trapped ions

Summary form only given. Experimental progress in constructing a quantum computer with a collection of trapped ions is discussed, with emphasis on how various technical hurdles may be circumvented.
Age-related Defects in Ocular and Nasal Mucosal Immune System and the Immunopathology of Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent public health concern that affects up to 30% of adults and is particularly chronic and severe in the elderly. Two interconnected mechanisms cause DED: (1) an age-related dysfunction of lacrimal and meibomian glands, which leads to decreased tear production and/or an increase in tear evaporation; and (2) an age-related uncontrolled inflammation of the surface of the eye triggered by yet-to-be-determined internal immunopathological mechanisms, independent of tear deficiency and evaporation. In this review we summarize current knowledge on animal models that mimic both the severity and chronicity of inflammatory DED and that have been reliably used to provide insights into the immunopathological mechanisms of DED, and we provide an overview of the opportunities and limitations of the rabbit model in investigating the role of both ocular and nasal mucosal immune systems in the immunopathology of inflammatory DED and in testing novel immunotherapies aimed at delaying or reversing the uncontrolled age-related inflammatory DED.
Creating dynamic equivalent PV circuit models with impedance spectroscopy for arc fault modeling

Article 690.11 in the 2011 National Electrical Code® (NEC®) requires new photovoltaic (PV) systems on or penetrating a building to include a listed arc fault protection device. Currently there is little experimental or empirical research into the behavior of the arcing frequencies through PV components despite the potential for modules and other PV components to filter or attenuate arcing signatures that could render the arc detector ineffective. To model AC arcing signal propagation along PV strings, the well-studied DC diode models were found to inadequately capture the behavior of high frequency arcing signals. Instead dynamic equivalent circuit models of PV modules were required to describe the impedance for alternating currents in modules. The nonlinearities present in PV cells resulting from irradiance, temperature, frequency, and bias voltage variations make modeling these systems challenging. Linearized dynamic equivalent circuits were created for multiple PV module manufacturers and module technologies. The equivalent resistances and capacitances for the modules were determined using impedance spectroscopy with no bias voltage and no irradiance. The equivalent circuit model was employed to evaluate modules having irradiance conditions that could not be measured directly with the instrumentation. Although there was a wide range of circuit component values, the complex impedance model does not predict filtering of arc fault frequencies in PV strings for any irradiance level. Experimental results with no irradiance agree with the model and show nearly no attenuation for 1 Hz to 100 kHz input frequencies.
A Comparison of Women of Color and Non-Hispanic White Women on Factors Related to Leaving a Violent Relationship

This study compares women of color and non-Hispanic White women regarding the influence of socioeconomic status, family investment, and psychological abuse on leaving a violent relationship. It was found that most women who left stayed away for less than a month. Women of color and non-Hispanic White women did not differ in their length or rate of leaving, although women of color left more frequently when they did leave. Factors associated with leaving for both groups were threat with a weapon, psychological abuse, being single, and having fewer adults in the household. Women of color with higher socioeconomic status were less likely to leave, which was not the case for non-Hispanic White women. Non-Hispanic White women were more likely to leave if they had lived with their partners less than 5 years and had children at home.
Development of a clinician reputation metric to identify appropriate problem-medication pairs in a crowdsourced knowledge base

Crowdsourcing can facilitate clinical knowledge base creation.Clinician EHR use can predict appropriate problem-medication linking.These measures combined may improve accuracy of crowdsourced knowledge bases. BackgroundCorrelation of data within electronic health records is necessary for implementation of various clinical decision support functions, including patient summarization. A key type of correlation is linking medications to clinical problems; while some databases of problem-medication links are available, they are not robust and depend on problems and medications being encoded in particular terminologies. Crowdsourcing represents one approach to generating robust knowledge bases across a variety of terminologies, but more sophisticated approaches are necessary to improve accuracy and reduce manual data review requirements. ObjectiveWe sought to develop and evaluate a clinician reputation metric to facilitate the identification of appropriate problem-medication pairs through crowdsourcing without requiring extensive manual review. ApproachWe retrieved medications from our clinical data warehouse that had been prescribed and manually linked to one or more problems by clinicians during e-prescribing between June 1, 2010 and May 31, 2011. We identified measures likely to be associated with the percentage of accurate problem-medication links made by clinicians. Using logistic regression, we created a metric for identifying clinicians who had made greater than or equal to 95% appropriate links. We evaluated the accuracy of the approach by comparing links made by those physicians identified as having appropriate links to a previously manually validated subset of problem-medication pairs. ResultsOf 867 clinicians who asserted a total of 237,748 problem-medication links during the study period, 125 had a reputation metric that predicted the percentage of appropriate links greater than or equal to 95%. These clinicians asserted a total of 2464 linked problem-medication pairs (983 distinct pairs). Compared to a previously validated set of problem-medication pairs, the reputation metric achieved a specificity of 99.5% and marginally improved the sensitivity of previously described knowledge bases. ConclusionA reputation metric may be a valuable measure for identifying high quality clinician-entered, crowdsourced data.
Research directions in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Abstract Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a non-neoplastic hematopoietic stem cell disorder that can produce a life-threatening syndrome of hemolysis, thrombosis and bone marrow failure. The pathophysiology and models of PNH evolution were debated at a recent workshop**The Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Workshop was held at Bethesda, MD, USA on 24–25 September 1998..
ANALYSIS OF HIV-1 GAG PROTEIN INTERACTIONS VIA BIOTIN LIGASE TAGGING

ABSTRACT We have examined the interactions of wild-type (WT) and matrix protein-deleted (ΔMA) HIV-1 precursor Gag (PrGag) proteins in virus-producing cells using a biotin ligase-tagging approach. To do so, WT and ΔMA PrGag proteins were tagged with the Escherichia coli promiscuous biotin ligase (BirA*), expressed in cells, and examined. Localization patterns of PrGag proteins and biotinylated proteins overlapped, consistent with observations that BirA*-tagged proteins biotinylate neighbor proteins that are in close proximity. Results indicate that BirA*-tagged PrGag proteins biotinylated themselves as well as WT PrGag proteins in trans . Previous data have shown that the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) protein requires an interaction with MA for assembly into virions. Unexpectedly, ΔMA proteins biotinylated Env, whereas WT BirA*-tagged proteins did not, suggesting that the presence of MA made Env inaccessible to biotinylation. We also identified over 50 cellular proteins that were biotinylated by BirA*-tagged PrGag proteins. These included membrane proteins, cytoskeleton-associated proteins, nuclear transport factors, lipid metabolism regulators, translation factors, and RNA-processing proteins. The identification of these biotinylated proteins offers new insights into HIV-1 Gag protein trafficking and activities and provides new potential targets for antiviral interference. IMPORTANCE We have employed a novel strategy to analyze the interactions of the HIV-1 structural Gag proteins, which involved tagging wild-type and mutant Gag proteins with a biotin ligase. Expression of the tagged proteins in cells allowed us to analyze proteins that came in close proximity to the Gag proteins as they were synthesized, transported, assembled, and released from cells. The tagged proteins biotinylated proteins encoded by the HIV-1 pol gene and neighbor Gag proteins, but, surprisingly, only the mutant Gag protein biotinylated the HIV-1 Envelope protein. We also identified over 50 cellular proteins that were biotinylated, including membrane and cytoskeletal proteins and proteins involved in lipid metabolism, nuclear import, translation, and RNA processing. Our results offer new insights into HIV-1 Gag protein trafficking and activities and provide new potential targets for antiviral interference.
When Flippers Flop: Goal Reversion in Consumer Choice

How do consumers resolve goal conflicts en route to making a choice? To answer this question, we examined choices in which two products were means to achieving different and conflicting goals. To glean insight into how consumers reconcile predecisional goal conflict, we tracked emerging preferences and used changes in these preferences to infer changes in goal activation. Emerging preference patterns from various choice studies indicated that an initially active goal, which had been set aside to reconcile a goal conflict, exerted greater than expected influence on the remainder of the choice process. We infer from this that activation of the set aside goal escalated as if its pursuit had been impeded by an external force. Four studies find that that this type of goal reversion is common and that it is moderated by goal commitment.
High performance carbon fibers from very high molecular weight polyacrylonitrile precursors

Abstract Carbon fibers are unique reinforcing agents for lightweight composite materials due to their outstanding mechanical properties and low density. Current technologies are capable of producing carbon fibers with 90–95% of the modulus of perfect graphite (∼1025 GPa). However, these same carbon fibers possess less than 10% of the theoretical carbon fiber strength, estimated to be about 100 GPa. Traditionally, attempts to increase carbon fiber rigidity above a certain level results in lower breaking strength. Therefore, to develop advanced carbon fibers with both very high strength and modulus demands a new manufacturing methodology. Here, we report a method of manufacturing moderate strength, very high modulus carbon fibers from a very high molecular weight (VHMW) polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor without the use of nanomaterial additives such as nucleating or structure-templating agents, as have been used by others.
Computational free-surface fluid–structure interaction with application to floating offshore wind turbines

Abstract In this paper, we propose a computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) framework for the simulations of the interaction between free-surface flow and floating structures, such as offshore wind turbines. The framework is based on a suitable combination of the finite element method (FEM) and isogeometric analysis (IGA), and has good efficiency, accuracy and robustness characteristics. The free-surface phenomena are modeled using the Navier–Stokes equations of incompressible two-fluid flow in conjunction with the level set method. The FEM-based moving-domain ALE-VMS technique is employed to discretize the fluid mechanics equations, while the IGA-based rotation-free shell and beam/cable formulation is employed to model the mechanics of floating structures. The kinematic and traction compatibility at the fluid–structure interface is handled by means of a recently-developed augmented Lagrangian FSI formulation with formal elimination of the Lagrange multiplier variable. A quasi-direct coupling strategy is adopted to handle the large added mass, and implemented by means of a matrix-free technique. The mathematical formulation of the FSI problem and its algorithmic implementation are described in detail, and two numerical test cases are presented. The first case is a free-surface-flow benchmark example of a solitary wave impacting a fixed, rigid platform. The second case is a set of full-scale free-surface-FSI simulations of the OC3-Hywind floating wind turbine design subjected to wave action. The computational results are compared with experimental and simulation data, with good agreement achieved in all cases where such data was available. Wind-turbine computations in the regime of high-amplitude waves are also presented.
Response of the Boll Weevil to TH 6040 Administered by Feeding

When the IGR, Thompson-Hayward 6040 ( N (4-chlorophenyl)- N ′ (2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea) was fed to adult ♀ Anthonomus garndis Boheman for 24 h, the concentration of the chemical required to inhibit the hatch (embryonic ED50) of 50% of the eggs resulting at ca. 72 h after ingestion was 431 ppm. It was 2797 ppm at ca. 216 h. The EI60’s (intervals required for inhibition to decrease to 50%) were 32 h for an initaial dose of 201 ppm, 62 h for 576 ppm, and 218 h for 4034 ppm. The ED60 of TH 6040 for an oral dose of 0.11 μg was 84 hours.
Integration of carbon nanotubes into a fiberglass reinforced polymer composite and its effects on electromagnetic shielding and mechanical properties

Electromagnetic (EM) waves, such as electronic noise and radio frequency interference can be regarded as an invisible electronic pollution which justifies a very active quest for effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Highly conductive materials of adequate thickness are the primary solutions to shield against EMI. Equipment cases and basic structure of space aircraft and launch vehicles have traditionally been made of aluminum, steel and other electrically conductive metals. However, in recent years composite materials have been used for electronic equipment manufacturing because of their lightweight, high strength, and ease of fabrication. Despite these benefits, composite materials are not as electrically conductive as traditional metals, especially in terms of electrical grounding purposes and shielding. Therefore, extra effort must be taken to resolve these shortcomings. The present work demonstrates a study on developing hybrid composites based on fiberglass with surface grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for EMI applications. The choice of fiberglass is primarily because it naturally possesses poor electrical conductivity, hence growing CNTs over glass fiber surface can significantly improve the conductivity. The fabrics were sputter-coated with a thin layer of SiO2 thermal barrier prior to growing of CNTs. The CNTs were grown on the surface of woven fiberglass fabrics utilizing a relatively low temperature technique. Raw fiberglass fabric, SiO2 coated fabric, and SiO2 coated fabric which was subjected to the identical heat treatment as the samples with CNTs were also prepared. Two-layers composite specimens based on different surface treated fiberglass fabrics were fabricated and their EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) was measured. The EMI SE of the hybrid CNT-fiberglass composites was shown to be 5–10 times of the reference samples. However, the tensile mechanical properties of the composites based on the different above mentioned fibers revealed significant degradation due to the elevated CNT growth temperature and the addition of coating layer and CNTs. To further probe the structure of the hybrid composites and the inter-connectivity of the CNTs from one interface to another, sets of 20-layers composites based on different surface treated fabrics were also fabricated and characterized.© 2013 ASME
Integration of Scheduling and Dynamic Optimization of Batch Processes under Uncertainty: Two-Stage Stochastic Programming Approach and Enhanced Generalized Benders Decomposition Algorithm

Integration of scheduling and dynamic optimization significantly improves the overall performance of a production process compared to the traditional sequential method. However, most integrated methods focus on solving deterministic problems without explicitly taking process uncertainty into account. We propose a novel integrated method for sequential batch processes under uncertainty. The integrated problem is formulated into a two-stage stochastic program. The first-stage decisions are modeled with binary variables for assignment and sequencing while the second-stage decisions are the remaining ones. To solve the resulting complicated integrated problem, we develop two efficient algorithms based on the framework of generalized Benders decomposition. The first algorithm decomposes the integrated problem according to the scenarios so that the subproblems can be optimized independently over each scenario. Besides the scenario decomposition, the second algorithm further decomposes dynamic models from the sc...
Novel use of a guide extension mother-and-child catheter for adjunctive thrombectomy during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes.

Background The use of adjunctive thrombectomy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has steadily increased with recent trials demonstrating an improved clinical and mortality benefit for manual aspiration thrombectomy. The use of an in-dwelling guide extension mother-and-child catheter allows direct aspiration of thrombus from the vessel with its larger extraction area. Methods Between December 2011 and September 2013, a total of 17 patients who presented with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in whom a guide extension catheter was utilized specifically for manual thrombus aspiration were identified and studied. Results The guide extension catheter was utilized specifically for thrombus aspiration in 18 vessels involving 17 patients presenting with ACS where severe thrombus burden was noted. The cases involved 4 saphenous vein grafts and 14 native coronary arteries, with 4 cases involving vessels with late stent thrombosis. Successful outcomes with thrombus aspiration and TIMI-3 flow were achieved in 17/18 vessels treated, with no adverse outcomes of vessel trauma or strokes noted. Conclusions Adjunctive manual aspiration thrombectomy utilizing a guide extension mother-and-child catheter affords a novel method of thrombus aspiration, offering a larger extraction area within the conventional 6 Fr system, with demonstrated efficacy for vessel lesions with a large thrombus burden.
Assessment of trabecular bone strength at in vivo CT imaging with space-variant hysteresis and finite element modelling

Osteoporosis is a common bone disease associated with reduced bone strength and increased fracture risk. Finite element modelling (FEM) is a powerful tool to assess bone strength. Fast acquisition and highly reduced radiation in latest multi-row detector CT (MDCT) put it as a frontline imaging modality to assess in vivo trabecular bone (TB) microarchitecture and strength. In current CT image resolution, conventional segmentation methods fail to maintain TB network connectivity limiting reliable assessment of TB strength using FEM. In this paper, we present a new space-variant hysteresis approach to maintain TB connectivity while preserving marrow pores and a high quality mesh generator for FEM. We examine the effectiveness in estimating TB strength. The reproducibility and the ability to predict actual bone strength were examined on MDCT images of cadaveric ankle specimens under in vivo conditions. An intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.97 was observed in computed Young's modulus from repeat scans, and a high linear correlation (R2=0.92) were found between computed and experimental Young's modulus.
Ecological Concepts and Diversity of Old-Growth Forests

An ecological understanding of old-growth requires a multiscale perspective, rangingfrom individual trees to regions. A consensus on a single general ecological definition of old-growth will never be reached, but that should not preclude the development of specific definitions needed by managers. Old-growth forests share many attributes, such as spatial heterogeneity, but they also differ in many ways. Given the complexity and dynamics of forests, efforts to conserve biodiversity must be sensitive to the diversity of old-growth forests and must consider forests of all developmental stages, not just old-growth. One implication is that forest policies and management practices may need to be as diverse as the old-growth forests they address.
Hurry! Sale Ends Soon: The Impact of Limited Inventory Availability Disclosure on Consumer Responses to Online Stockouts

A prevalent challenge for online retail supply chain managers is maintaining and managing adequate inventory levels to support and fulfill consumer orders and purchases. Interestingly, this challenge is not only about maintaining inventory availability, but also how to effectively disclose and communicate inventory availability, particularly if a stockout occurs. This article investigates a conceptual model that explores the impact of online inventory availability disclosure on consumer perceptions in the context of a stockout. Based on expectation disconfirmation theory, the core of the model is the notion that limited inventory availability would stimulate expected consumer competition, which in turn, causes consumers to not be as negatively impacted by stockouts. Contrary to this prediction, however, the results of this experimental study show that consumers are actually more dissatisfied when low inventory availability items are out-of-stock. This is likely due to the combined impacts of a stockout encounter and a “loss” of a competitive shopping scenario. Thus, implications of these findings for future research and supply chain practice are offered accordingly.
The force on a dislocation near a weakly bonded interface

The physical system being studied here is an elastic dislocation in proximity to a material interface which has limited strength in shear. The configuration is relevant to elastic strain relaxation in bonded thin-film semiconductor material structures. A plane strain boundary value problem is formulated and an exact solution for the force on the dislocation versus distance from the interface is obtained. If the dislocation is close enough to the interface, its stress field causes irreversible slip across the interface. This slip, in turn, induces an attractive force on the dislocation. For the case of an edge dislocation with Burgers vector normal to the interface, it is found that the dislocation has a stable equilibrium position at a small distance from the interface.
Metrics of brain network architecture capture the impact of disease in children with epilepsy.

Abstract Background and objective Epilepsy is associated with alterations in the structural framework of the cerebral network. The aim of this study was to measure the potential of global metrics of network architecture derived from resting state functional MRI to capture the impact of epilepsy on the developing brain. Methods Pediatric patients were retrospectively identified with: 1. Focal epilepsy; 2. Brain MRI at 3 Tesla, including resting state functional MRI; 3. Full scale IQ measured by a pediatric neuropsychologist. The cerebral cortex was parcellated into approximately 700 gray matter network nodes. The strength of a connection between two nodes was defined as the correlation between their resting BOLD signal time series. The following global network metrics were then calculated: clustering coefficient, transitivity, modularity, path length, and global efficiency. Epilepsy duration was used as an index for the cumulative impact of epilepsy on the brain. Results 45 patients met criteria (age: 4–19 years). After accounting for age of epilepsy onset, epilepsy duration was inversely related to IQ (p: 0.01). Epilepsy duration predicted by a machine learning algorithm on the basis of the five global network metrics was highly correlated with actual epilepsy duration (r: 0.95; p: 0.0001). Specifically, modularity and to a lesser extent path length and global efficiency were independently associated with epilepsy duration. Conclusions We observed that a machine learning algorithm accurately predicted epilepsy duration based on global metrics of network architecture derived from resting state fMRI. These findings suggest that network metrics have the potential to form the basis for statistical models that translate quantitative imaging data into patient-level markers of cognitive deterioration.
Effects of Antilymphocyte Serum on the Localization of 125I-Labeled Flagella, Colloidal Carbon, and Titanium Dioxide in Splenic Lymphoid Follicles

Studies were undertaken in order to further define the effects of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the localization of antigen and colloidal particles in splenic lymphoid follicles.
Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts

The radio frequency (RF) region of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum extends over a wide range of frequencies, from about 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Over the last several years, the use of devices that emit RF radiation has increased dramatically. RF devices include radio and television transmitters, military and civilian radar systems, a variety of communications systems, microwave ovens, industrial RF heat sealers, and various medical devices.
Early detection of diseases using electronic health records data and covariance-regularized linear discriminant analysis

The availability of Electronic Health Records (EHR) in health care settings provides terrific opportunities for early detection of patients' potential diseases. While many data mining tools have been adopted for EHR-based disease early detection, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is one of the most widely-used statistical prediction methods. To improve the performance of LDA for early detection of diseases, we proposed to leverage CRDA — Covariance-Regularized LDA classifiers on top of diagnosis-frequency vector data representation. Specifically, CRDA employs a sparse precision matrix estimator derived based on graphical lasso to boost the accuracy of LDA classifiers. Algorithm analysis demonstrates that the error bound of graphical lasso estimator can intuitively lower the misclassification rate of LDA models. We performed extensive evaluation of CRDA using a large-scale real-world EHR dataset — CHSN for predicting mental health disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety) in college students from 10 US universities. We compared CRDA with other regularized LDA and downstream classifiers. The result shows CRDA outperforms all baselines by achieving significantly higher accuracy and F1 scores.
The importance of international collaboration in space research

Over the past four decades, international collaborations in space plasma science have led to rapid growth in our understanding of the physical processes that control the transport of energy and plasma through the Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere system and the processes that transfer energy from the solar wind to the Earth's magnetosphere. These collaborations have also enabled more complex missions to be flown and more multipoint observations to be made in both the magnetosphere and ionosphere. In this commentary, we present some examples of these collaborations and discuss how they have improved our understanding of the Earth's plasma environment.