cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for interpretation of X-ray rocking curve half-widths in SOS

Abstract A systematic variation in the full-width-at-half-maximum intensity of the X-ray rocking curve with rotation about the diffraction plane normal is found for silicon on sapphire (SOS). This variation has mirror symmetry which is related to the crystal structure of the sapphire substrate even though the X-ray diffraction is from the heteroepitaxial silicon layer only. A quantitative model based on the defect structure of SOS films is developed to interpret the rotational variation in the rocking curve half-width. This model assumes that for (001) silicon on (1 1 02) sapphire the silicon film is partitioned into tilted mosaic plates (TMP) of perfect crystal which are bounded by the two [111] planes which contain the majority of the microtwins and stacking faults in the silicon layer [10,11]. Both the relative misorientation of these plates and the plate thickness contribute to the diffraction peak broadening. The deviation parameter, η, is found to be a minimum in the direction of least lattice mismatch between the silicon and sapphire crystals and is two-fold symmetric. Diffraction peak broadening due to the geometry of the TMP is wavelength dependent and has mirror symmetry. Using this model more information may be extracted from X-ray rocking curve measurements on SOS about the silicon defect structure. These measurements may then be used to provide a greater understanding of the effect of material processing parameters on the defect structure of SOS.
Discriminative image warping with attribute flow

We address the problem of finding deformation between two images for the purpose of recognizing objects. The challenge is that discriminative features are often transformation-variant (e.g. histogram of oriented gradients, texture), while transformation-invariant features (e.g. intensity, color) are often not discriminative. We introduce the concept of attribute flow which explicitly models how image attributes vary with its deformation. We develop a non-parametric method to approximate this using histogram matching, which can be solved efficiently using linear programming. Our method produces dense correspondence between images, and utilizes discriminative, transformation-variant features for simultaneous detection and alignment. Experiments on ETHZ shape categories dataset show that we can accurately recognize highly de-formable objects with few training examples.
Geographical patterns of cardiac arrests: an exploratory model.

Abstract The geographical distribution of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has not been studied but is of importance both epidemiologically and programmatically, for the planning of pre-hospital emergency care. In this study, 525 cardiac arrests in Seattle are sampled and the census tract of their occupance noted. A predictive model is developed to explain the geographical distribution of the cardiac arrest cases. The regression model indicates a high degree of statistical explanation ( R 2 = 0.94), based upon 5 independent variables. Using population alone as an independent variable, the model is only marginally less powerful ( R 2 = 0.91). The study concludes that such a prediction model is of use in the geographical allocation of emergency units based upon response time minimization.
The Impact of OBRA '87 on Psychiatric Services in Nursing Homes: Joint Testimony of The American Psychiatric Association and The American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry

The Institute of Medicine has formed a Committee on Improving Quality in Long-Term Care, which is examining the legislative and quality-of-care impact that the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA '87) had on long-term care. The American Psychiatric Association and the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry were asked to provide written and oral testimony before the Committee in March 1998. The two organizations summarized the key outcomes of OBRA '87 on the psychiatric needs of individuals who receive services in long-term care settings. The written testimony also encouraged the Committee to insist that the long-term care industry develop, test, and refine psychiatric and mental health quality outcome measures for nursing facilities and other long-term care settings.
Partial liquid ventilation influences pulmonary histopathology in an animal model of acute lung injury

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) and conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) in the pattern of distribution of lung injury in a rabbit model of acute lung injury. Materials and Methods: Animals (1.5 to 3.5 kg) were assigned to receive CMV (tidal volume of 10 mL/kg and a PEEP of 5 cm H2O) or PLV with 18 mL/kg of intratracheal perflubron (tidal volume of 10 mL/kg and a PEEP of 5 cm H2O). Lung injury was elicited by intravenous administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Uninjured animals ventilated as the CMV group served as controls. After 4 hours of mechanical ventilation, the lungs were removed and tissue injury was assessed by light microscopy using a scoring system. Results: Animals in the CMV group had higher lung injury scores in comparison to the PLV group (10 ± 4.5 vs. 5 ± 3.3, respectively, P < .05). The injury scores were similar for nondependent lung regions (CMV: 8 ± 4.3, PLV: 6 ± 2.9) but significantly different for the dependent regions (CMV:12 ± 4.6, PLV: 5 ± 3.8, P<.05). Conclusions: PLV is associated with significant attenuation of lung injury, in comparison to CMV. This effect is predominantly due to attenuation of injury in the dependent region of the lung.
167: Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Borderline Quantitative D-dimer Levels

Objective: The lower threshold for D-dimer in evaluating patients with low clinical risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) ranges from 200 to 500 ng/mL. We compared the rates of VTE in patients based on D-dimer values. We hypothesized that the rate of VTE in low-risk patients with D-dimer levels less than 500 would be less than 1%. Methods: Study Design: This was a retrospective chart review: Setting: The study was performed in a academic, suburban emergency department (ED). Subjects: Emergency department patients with suspected VTE and D-dimer obtained were included in the study. D-dimer assay: The D-dimer assay is a quantitativeinstrumentationlatexsuspensionofplasmaspecimens.Outcomes:PresenceofVTEwithin30 days of ED visit. Data Analysis: Assuming a 0% event rate in patients with D-dimer levels between 200 and 500 ng/mL, a sample of 450 patients would result in a 95% confidence interval upper limit of 0.6%. Results: There were 1270 ED patients with suspected VTE in which D-dimer levels were performed between October 2005 and October 2006. Patient mean age was 47.8 ± 19.3 years; 63.2% were female, 78.2%werewhite.OfallD-dimerlevels,497(39.1%)werelessthan200ng/mL,479(37.7%)werebetween 200 and500 μg/mL,and294(23.1%)weregreaterthan500ng/mL.TherewerenoVTEeventsdiagnosedin any of the patients with D-dimer levels less than 200 ng/mL. Four patients with D-dimer levels between 200 and 500 μg/mL had a pulmonary embolism on computed tomography angiography. Of these 4 patients, 3 had moderate clinical risk based on Well's criteria and one had a false-positive computed tomography. There were no cases of VTE in the remaining 475 patients (0%; 95% confidence interval 0%-0.6%). Conclusion: The rate of confirmed VTE in low-risk patients with D-dimer levels between 200 and 500 ng/mL is very low. Low-risk patients with suspected VTE with D-dimer levels less than 500 ng/mL might not require additional testing.
Implantation of colon cancer at trocar sites is increased by low pressure pneumoperitoneum

Background. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pneumoperitoneum on the implantation of tumor at trocar sites. Methods. GW-39 human colon cancer cell suspension (0.5 ml of 2.5% rmvv) was injected into the peritoneal cavity of golden Syrian hamsters through a 1 cm midline incision. Four 5 mm trocars were inserted through the anterior abdominal wall, and the midline incision was then closed. The animals were randomized to receive pneumoperitoneum (n = 62) or no pneumoperitoneum (n = 60) for 10 minutes. Tumor implantations at trocar sites and midline wound incisions were documented grossly and histologically 8 weeks later. Results. Tumor was identified in 86% (49 of 57) of control animals and 95% (52 of 55) of the experimental group (p = 0.20). Implants increased with pneumoperitoneum at the midline incision from 44% to 71% (p < 0.01) and at trocar sites from 41% to 64% (p < 0.00001). Conclusions. Pneumoperitoneum significantly increased tumor implantation at trocar sites and midline incisions.
An algorithm for identifying and classifying cerebral palsy in young children.

Objective To develop an algorithm on the basis of data obtained with a reliable, standardized neurological examination and report the prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) subtypes (diparesis, hemiparesis, and quadriparesis) in a cohort of 2-year-old children born before 28 weeks gestation. Study design We compared children with CP subtypes on extent of handicap and frequency of microcephaly, cognitive impairment, and screening positive for autism. Results Of the 1056 children examined, 11.4% (120) were given an algorithm-based classification of CP. Of these children, 31% had diparesis, 17% had hemiparesis, and 52% had quadriparesis. Children with quadriparesis were 9 times more likely than children with diparesis (76% versus 8%) to be more highly impaired and 5 times more likely than children with diparesis to be microcephalic (43% versus 8%). They were more than twice as likely as children with diparesis to have a score Conclusion We developed an algorithm that classifies CP subtypes, which should permit comparison among studies. Extent of gross motor dysfunction and rates of co-morbidities are highest in children with quadriparesis and lowest in children with diparesis.
Vacancy charging on Si(1 1 1)-“1 × 1” investigated by density functional theory

Abstract The structure and energetics of charged vacancies on Si(1 1 1)-“1 × 1” are investigated using density functional theory calculations supplemented by estimates of ionization entropy. The calculations predict multiple possible charge states for surface vacancy. The neutral state of the vacancy dominates up to 1200 K, but the −1 state dominates above this temperature on real Si(1 1 1) surfaces for which the Fermi level lies near the middle of the band gap.
Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of CP-93,393 in CP-93,393-1 tablets

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay developed for the CP-93,393-1 drug substance was adapted for use with CP-93,393-1 tablets. Using a novel experimental matrix, validation was performed to obtain linearity, reproducibility and recovery and to meet current regulatory requirements. Deviations in the sample preparation procedure were performed to demonstrate the ruggedness of the assay.
Intraperitoneal phenytoin suppresses kindled responses: effects on motor and electrographic seizures.

Controversy has arisen about the effectiveness of phenytoin against kindled seizures. It has been suggested that the reports of ineffectiveness could be accounted for by phenytoin being given by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) route in those experiments so that adequate serum concentrations were not achieved. Another possibility for the different results was dissimilar stimulus protocols employed in the various studies. The present study examined these issues. Doses of i.p. phenytoin were studied for their actions against kindled responses elicited with short (1 s) and long (10 s) stimulus trains through hippocampal electrodes. Serial application of the stimuli determined time-action relationships. Dose-dependent effects were demonstrated for all time points examined. There was a consistently greater suppression of kindled motor seizures than limbic behavioral seizures or electrographic seizures. Phenytoin either totally blocked or did not affect the duration of afterdischarges. Actions of phenytoin against responses by short duration stimuli were greater than against long duration stimuli. Additional pharmacokinetic studies compared i.p. versus intravenous (i.v.) phenytoin. After i.p. phenytoin, serum levels peaked later than after i.v. delivery, but were maintained in the 'therapeutic' range longer. The present experiments provide additional support for the idea that kindled seizures are a useful model for complex partial seizures in humans. In addition, they show that major actions of phenytoin are to decrease seizure spread and to elevate afterdischarge thresholds and that the i.p. route is appropriate for assaying the effect of phenytoin against kindled seizures in rats.
Interplay between evolving surface morphology, atomic-scale growth modes, and ordering during SixGe1-x epitaxy.

Atomic-scale compositional ordering in Si x Ge 1-x alloys is directly linked to the formation of coherent islands during Stranski-Krastanow growth. The vicinal surfaces associated with nonequilibrium island shapes induce a bilayer step flow growth mode, and the ordering resulting from Ge segregation at D B kinks
Social inhibition of territorial behaviour in yearling male collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris.

In central Oklahoma, collared lizard males display age-dependent differences in social behaviour, whereby sexually mature first-year (yearling) males adopt subordinate tactics, and males 2 years and older establish and defend all-purpose territories. We tested the hypothesis that the social activities of adult males inhibit the expression of territorial tactics in yearling males by recording the behaviour of yearlings in the presence of adult males, when all adult males were removed from study plots for 4 days, and then again when adult males were returned to their territories. The rates of yearling male patrol, display and intrasexual encounters increased during removals, especially during the last 2 days, following which the rates of these behaviour patterns declined when adult males were replaced. Yearling males also increased the frequency with which they interacted with females when adult males were removed. Moreover, the duration of intersexual encounters during the last 2 days of removal was over twice that during the first 2 days of removal, suggesting that females became more receptive to yearling males the longer adult males were absent. Our results suggest that the stable age-related behavioural differences in male collared lizards is governed by social feedback, where sexually mature yearling males are capable of displaying territorial behaviour patterns but are inhibited from doing so by the activities of adult males.
Signal-dependent slow leukocyte rolling does not require cytoskeletal anchorage of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) or integrin αLβ2.

In inflamed venules, neutrophils roll on P- or E-selectin, engage P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), and signal extension of integrin αLβ2 in a low affinity state to slow rolling on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Cytoskeleton-dependent receptor clustering often triggers signaling, and it has been hypothesized that the cytoplasmic domain links PSGL-1 to the cytoskeleton. Chemokines cause rolling neutrophils to fully activate αLβ2, leading to arrest on ICAM-1. Cytoskeletal anchorage of αLβ2 has been linked to chemokine-triggered extension and force-regulated conversion to the high affinity state. We asked whether PSGL-1 must interact with the cytoskeleton to initiate signaling and whether αLβ2 must interact with the cytoskeleton to extend. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of transfected cells documented cytoskeletal restraint of PSGL-1. The lateral mobility of PSGL-1 similarly increased by depolymerizing actin filaments with latrunculin B or by mutating the cytoplasmic tail to impair binding to the cytoskeleton. Converting dimeric PSGL-1 to a monomer by replacing its transmembrane domain did not alter its mobility. By transducing retroviruses expressing WT or mutant PSGL-1 into bone marrow-derived macrophages from PSGL-1-deficient mice, we show that PSGL-1 required neither dimerization nor cytoskeletal anchorage to signal β2 integrin-dependent slow rolling on P-selectin and ICAM-1. Depolymerizing actin filaments or decreasing actomyosin tension in neutrophils did not impair PSGL-1- or chemokine-mediated integrin extension. Unlike chemokines, PSGL-1 did not signal cytoskeleton-dependent swing out of the β2-hybrid domain associated with the high affinity state. The cytoskeletal independence of PSGL-1-initiated, αLβ2-mediated slow rolling differs markedly from the cytoskeletal dependence of chemokine-initiated, αLβ2-mediated arrest.
Efficacy and Safety of Protein Supplements for U.S. Armed Forces Personnel: Consensus Statement

To provide evidence-based guidance regarding the efficacy and safety of dietary protein supplement (PS) use by members of the U.S. Armed Forces, a panel of internationally recognized experts in the fields of protein metabolism and dietary supplement research was convened by the Department of Defense Center Alliance for Dietary Supplement Research and the U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command. To develop a consensus statement, potential benefits, risks, and strategies to optimize military performance through PS use were considered in the context of specific warfighter populations and occupational demands. To maintain muscle mass, strength, and performance during periods of substantial metabolic demand and concomitant negative energy balance the panel recommended that warfighters consume 1.5-2.0 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) of protein. However, if metabolic demand is low, such as in garrison, protein intake should equal the current Military Dietary Reference Intake (0.8-1.5 g · kg(-1) · d(-1)). Although PS use generally appears to be safe for healthy adults, warfighters should be educated on PS quality, given quality-control and contamination concerns with commercial dietary supplements. To achieve recommended protein intakes, the panel strongly urges consumption of high-quality protein-containing whole foods. However, when impractical, the use of PSs (20-25 g per serving or 0.25-0.3 g · kg(-1) per meal), particularly after periods of strenuous physical activity (e.g., military training, combat patrols, and exercise), is acceptable. The committee acknowledges the need for further study of protein requirements for extreme, military-specific environmental conditions and whether unique metabolic stressors associated with military service alter protein requirements for aging warfighters.
An in-vivo study of the wound-bursting strengths of octyl-cyanoacrylate, butyl-cyanoacrylate, and surgical tape in rats.

Abstract Background: Several non-invasive wound-closure devices are available. Clinical studies of low-tension lacerations suggest similar clinical outcomes with these devices. Objective: We compared the wound-bursting strengths (WBS) of octyl-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond), butyl-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl Blue), and adhesive tape (Steri-Strips). Methods: Design—randomized, controlled, blinded experiment. Setting—university-based division of laboratory animal research. Subjects—15 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250–350 g. Interventions—standardized 2-cm full-thickness incisions were made in duplicate on both sides of the rat's dorsum with a #15 surgical blade and closed with one of the three study wound-closure devices following manufacturer instructions. The order of closure was randomized. Measurements—WBS was measured after wound closure with a validated vacuum-controlled wound chamber device (BT-2000) that measures the pressure required to disrupt the closed wound. Data analysis—between-group comparisons were performed with pair-wise t -tests and chi-squared tests. This study had 80% power to detect a 75-mm Hg between-group difference in WBS (two-tailed α = 0.05). Results: We evaluated 30 incisions in 15 rats. The mean WBS of octyl-cyanoacrylate (298 ± 58 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that of butyl-cyanoacrylate (199 ± 87 mm Hg; difference 98 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI) 32–165], p = 0.006) or Steri-Strips (129 ± 67 mm Hg; difference 169 mm Hg [95% CI 112–227], p p = 0.035. Conclusions: Octyl-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive has a higher WBS than butyl-cyanoacrylate, whose WBS is greater than that of surgical tape.
Shape of Fano resonance line spectra calculated for silver nanorods

Using theoretical tools, we numerically demonstrated Fano line shapes in the scattering spectra of silver rods resulting from different mechanisms. One of the Fano line shapes is due to the coupling of an in-plane quadrupole and a dipole mode in a single rod. Two nodes were observed at the resonance wavelength, each of which is located at a quarter of the rod length from the two ends. The Fano resonance is strengthened when the silver rod is cut at the two nodal positions. The second mechanism that gives rise to a new Fano resonance peak occurs when the symmetry of the rod is broken and is a result of the asymmetric coupling between the two excited dipoles.
Inhibition of rhodopsin regeneration by cyclohexyl derivatives

Abstract Twenty two compounds, bearing some structural similarity either to the ring-end or aldehyde-end of 11- cis -retinal, have been screened for their effectiveness in decreasing the rate of regeneration of rhodopsin in vitro from 11- cis retinal and bovine opsin. The results of these experiments indicate that only those compounds containing a ring and having at least two methyl groups at the 1,5-ring positions are capable of decreasing the rate of regeneration of rhodopsin. Short-chain aldehydes resembling the aldehyde-end of retinal did not affect the rate of pigment formation. There was no additive effect of combining a dimethylcyclohexyl inhibitor and a short chain aldehyde. The methyl groups at the 1,5-positions may play a special role in anchoring the retinal into the protein binding site. This hypothesis is supported by the failure of the ring demethylated analogue, 11- cis 1,1,5-desmethyl-5,6-dihydroretinal, to form pigment under the same conditions with which good pigment yields are obtained with 11- cis 5,6-dihydroretinal.
Antipsychotic polytherapy on an inpatient psychiatric unit: how does clinical practice coincide with Joint Commission guidelines?

Abstract Objective A recently developed quality measure set for inpatient psychiatric care includes measurement of antipsychotic polytherapy at discharge. Our objective was to use detailed chart reviews to assess the use of antipsychotic polytherapy and place this use in the context of these measures. Methods Patients ( N =75) discharged on multiple antipsychotics and a comparable set ( N =114) of comparison patients (a randomly selected set of all admitted inpatients) were identified from consecutive admissions to a psychiatric inpatient unit. Medical records were reviewed to ascertain the clinical rationale for antipsychotic polytherapy and assess differences in characteristics between these groups. Results Patients discharged on antipsychotic polytherapy were more likely to have public insurance, longer lengths of stay, psychotic illness, more prior admissions, and state-funded services for persons with chronic mental illness. We identified subgroups of patients based on the clinical rationale for the antipsychotic co-prescription (refractory illness, regimen unchanged from admission and use of antipsychotic for nonpsychosis symptoms). Some, but not all, such rationales appeared to be clinically justified. Conclusions The majority of patients discharged on antipsychotic polytherapy had justifiable clinical rationales that were concordant with the new quality measures. However, two additional subsets were identified, one where quality improvement efforts may be warranted and another where revision of existing quality measure definitions should be considered. Given the implications of public reporting of quality measures, further study and refinement of these measures are required to provide meaningful information to all concerned stakeholders.
Phencyclidine-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.

(1979). Phencyclidine-Induced Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 47-53.
The phase behavior of triolein, cholesterol, and lecithin emulsions

Abstract The lipid phase behavior of triolein (TO)-cholesterol (C)-egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (L)-water was studied at 22–24°C and pH 7. Coarse emulsions were centrifuged at high speeds (14-28,000 rpm) to separate the oil and surface monolayer phases. The equilibration procedure and purity of the phases were monitored by analyzing the data with triangular coordinate phase diagrams. The L-rich surface monolayer annealed to form multilamellar bilayers following coalescence of the droplets. L was confined to the surface, but TO and C partitioned between the phases. The emulsion region consisted of a quadralateral zone on the triangular coordinate phase diagram whose four corners are 100% TO, 98% TO-2% C, 3.5% TO-96.5% L, and 2% TO-33% C-65% L. The tie lines were located within this two-phase region. In the majority of this region the surface:oil distribution ratio of C was 28 and that of TO was 0.025-0.04. Apparently, when C was at its highest concentration in the TO oil phase (1–2%, by weight), C molecules associated to form dimers. Above the limit of solubility of C in the emulsions, C monohydrate crystals were formed.
Social support as a predictor of variability: An examination of the adjustment trajectories of recent widows.

The variability pattern of emotional well-being in recent widows across a 98-day period beginning in the first month post-loss has previously been modeled by dynamical systems and shown to be an oscillating process that damps across time. The goal of the present study was to examine how variables that comprise the social support network predict characteristics of these emotional shifts in 28 recent widows. In the present study, emotional support seeking led to a steeper overall trend, whereas perceived control for social support led to a shallower overall trend. When examining intraindividual variability, instrumental support seeking predicted a slower damping rate. Understanding the individual differences in the variability patterns of recent widows is a necessary step in identifying the etiology of adjustment to widowhood.
Use of electroconvulsive therapy with children: an overview and case report.

TOPIC. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has become more common in the treatment ofadults with refractory mood disorders and psychotic disorders but it remains one of the least common therapies for mental illness in children. In a small number of child psychiaty cases, symptoms are severe and unresponsive to standard pharmacological and other therapies. With these patients, ECT might be helpful. PURPOSE. This article provides an overview of ECT, indications for its use and a case report that illustrates the successful use of ECT with an 8-year-old girl with psychotic depression. Implications for multidisciplinary care are discussed, including preparation of the patient and family, assessment of response to ECT, management of adverse effects, preparation for discharge and discharge care. SOURCES. Existing literature on the use of ECT in adults, adolescents, and children and the clinical experience of providing care to an 8-year-old patient on an acute care inpatient unit. CONCLUSIONS. Nurses and other healthcare personnel should consider ECT in refractory cases of major depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders.
Perceptions of people with personality disorders based on thin slices of behavior

Strangers made reliable judgments about personality traits after viewing one 30-s excerpt from interviews with anonymous target persons. Ratings were generated for 229 military recruits participating in a study of personality disorders. Approximately 28% of the recruits met DSM-IV criteria for a definite or probable personality disorder (PD). Several untrained undergraduate students rated each video clip with regard to the Big Five personality traits, physical attractiveness, and likeability. The students accurately rated people who exhibited features of paranoid, schizotypal, dependent, and avoidant PDs as being lower in extraversion. The raters also considered these people less likeable. Students accurately rated people who exhibited features of histrionic PD as being higher in extraversion and found them to be more likeable. Laypersons can make accurate judgments regarding some personality characteristics associated with personality disorders, even on the basis of minimal information. These perceptions may influence ways in which people respond to others with PDs.
Production Allocation with Set-Up Penalties and Concave Material Costs

The problem of allocating known production requirements of several products for several warehouse locations to several different manufacturing plant sites is considered with specific treatment to concave cost structures and to both out-of-pocket and lost-production-time set-up penalties. The objective is to meet these production requirements at minimum total cost, which is the sum of the material costs, the manufacturing costs, the out-of-pocket set-up costs, and the distribution costs. A model is developed that is shown to be a mixed integer linear-programming model. A branch-and-bound solution procedure is then presented, and some computational results are discussed.
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of proteins

Abstract Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) of proteins is a high resolution capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis method that utilizes the hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction of protein analytes with surfactant micelles present in the buffer medium to facilitate separation. Through the manipulation of the protein-micelle interaction by the adjustment of variables such as surfactant concentration, solution pH, ionic strength, the presence of an organic modifier and the use of coated capillaries, MECC analyses of a wide variety of proteins have been optimized. MECC has been demonstrated to provide resolution of mixtures consisting of proteins with minor structural variations and also has provided the successful quantitative analysis of protein present in complex matrices. The adoption of protein MECC as a routine analytical technique may be dependent upon the successful interface of MECC with detection methodology, such as mass spectrometry, which can provide analyte characterization information.
The case for conserving oil resources: the fundamentals of supply and demand

This article summarises the evidence for an oil price shock and argues that oil producers, both OPEC and non-OPEC, need to cut back oil production more, in order to conserve oil for the future and to avert sudden extreme movements in oil prices in the next five-to-ten years. Four physical fundamentals determine long-run changes in oil prices: supply, demand, technology and substitutes. We show that supply, technology and substitutes are limited and demand is growing strongly. As demand pushes against supply, prices will rise rapidly. It would be better to conserve oil now, in order to have a smoother transition to higher-priced oil in the future. In addition, oil is such a valuable resource for the worlds economies in general, that we should conserve it for future generations. The world, in its haste for economic growth, should support OPEC conservation efforts.
Effects of Shared Parent-Infant Book Reading on Early Language Acquisition.

Abstract This study investigated whether shared parent–infant book reading at 4 and 8 months would be associated with subsequent language abilities at 12 and 16 months. Parents of 87 typically developing middle-class infants reported on the presence or absence of shared reading in the home; infant language abilities were measured through laboratory assessment and parent report. Results indicated that shared reading at 8 months was related to 12-month language abilities (particularly for girls) and 16-month language abilities over and above 12-month language scores. Moreover, there was a statistically significant effect of shared reading on expressive language but not on receptive language. Reading at 4 months was not significantly related to later language. Findings support the efficacy of reading to 8-month-old infants. Furthermore, relationships between shared reading and later language might depend on the genders of the parent and the infant. More research is needed to clarify what parents say and do when reading to pre-verbal infants.
In vivo growth of transplanted genetically altered intestinal stem cells

Abstract Purpose: Intestinal stem cell transplantation is a potential method of delivering genes to the small intestine. The authors have previously demonstrated the survival of transfected intestinal stem cells implanted into the rat small intestine. This study examines the growth of genetically altered intestinal stem cells that were grown on a polycarbonate membrane and implanted into the rat small intestine. Methods: The IEC6 rat intestinal cell line serves as a model for intestinal stem cells. A subclone of the IEC6 cells was developed that stably expresses the lac Z gene introduced by a retroviral vector. The transfected cells were seeded at 500,000 cells/cm 2 on a polycarbonate membrane. In 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats, a 0.75-cm enterotomy was created on the antimesenteric side of the small intestine 5 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz. A 0.5-cm 2 segment of the membrane was sutured over the enterotomy with the cells facing away from the intestinal lumen. A segment of the omentum was wrapped around the patched enterotomy and sutured to the serosa. Three and 7 days after implantation, the implanted cells were retrieved, then fixed and stained with an X-gal solution. The number of cells was determined from the intensity of the X-gal staining. In five of the rats, frozen sections of the enterotomy sites were examined after staining with X-gal. Results: All 15 rats survived the implantation procedure. Initially, 0.32 ± 0.11 million cells were implanted. At both 3 and 7 days, the enterotomy site still contained viable transfected cells. The number of viable cells increased substantially to 1.52 ± 0.46 and 3.52 ± 1.87 million cells at 3 and seven days, respectively ( P Conclusions: The polycarbonate membrane served as a good vehicle to efficiently deliver genetically altered intestinal stem cells to the small intestine. The transplanted cells continued to grow and stably expressed the gene product. This ex vivo approach to gene therapy has considerable therapeutic potential.
Genetic linkage and HLA association in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency☆

Twenty-eight families of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) deficiency were studied to evaluate the specific HLA linkage relationship and HLA antigen association to the 21-OH deficiency gene. Genotype assignment, based on hormonal studies (ACTH stimulation) and HLA genotyping, correlated very well (p < 0.01) in 23 unaffected sibs of children with 21-OH deficiency further supporting the genetic linkage of the 21-OH deficiency gene to the HLA complex. One family was informative for the placement of the 21-OH deficiency gene outside the HLA complex on the HLA-DR locus side. In this family HLA-A, B, C, DR, MT, MB, and glyoxylase typing and mixed lymphocyte culture was performed. An association of 21-OH deficiency and the HLA-A3 antigen was noted in the 28 families. This association is not secondary to the association of the 21-OH deficiency gene with HLA-BW47.
Pecora Escarpment 91002: A member of the new Rumuruti (R) chondrite group

— Pecora Escarpment (PCA)91002 is a light/dark-structured chondrite breccia related to Carlisle Lakes and Rumuruti; the meteorite contains ∼10–20 vol% equilibrated (type −5 and −6) clasts within a clastic groundmass, much of which was metamorphosed to type-3.8 levels. The olivine compositional distribution forms a tight cluster that peaks at Fa38–40; by contrast, low-Ca pyroxene compositions are highly variable. Opaque phases identified in PCA91002 and its paired specimen, PCA91241, include pyrrhotite, pentlandite, pyrite, chromite, ilmenite, metallic Cu and magnetite. The majority of the rock is of shock stage S3-S4; there are numerous sulfide-rich shock veins and 50-μm plagioclase melt pockets. Instrumental neutron activation analysis shows that, unlike Carlisle Lakes and ALH85151, PCA91002 exhibits no Ca enrichment or Au depletion; because PCA91002 is relatively unweathered, it seems probable that the Ca and Au fractionations in Carlisle Lakes and ALH85151 were caused by terrestrial alteration. The Rumuruti-like (formerly Carlisle-Lakes-like) chondrites now include eight separate meteorites. Their geochemical and petrographic similarities suggest that they constitute a distinct chondrite group characterized by unfractionated refractory lithophile abundances (0.95 ± 0.05x CI), high bulk Δ17O, a low chondrule/groundmass modal abundance ratio, mean chondrule diameters in the 400 ± 100 μm range, abundant NiO-bearing ferroan olivine, sodic plagioclase, titanian chromite, abundant pyrrhotite and pentlandite and negligible metallic Fe-Ni. We propose that this group be called R chondrites after Rumuruti, the only fall. The abundant NiO-bearing ferroan olivine grains, the occurrence of Cu-bearing sulfide, and the paucity of metallic Fe-Ni indicate that R chondrites are highly oxidized. It is unlikely that appreciable oxidation took place on the parent body because of the essential lack of plausible oxidizing agents (e.g., magnetite or hydrated silicates). Therefore, oxidation of R chondrite material must have occurred in the nebula. A few type-I porphyritic olivine chondrules containing olivine grains with cores of Fa3–4 composition occur in PCA91002; these chondrules probably formed initially as metallic-Fe-Ni-bearing objects at high nebular temperatures. As temperatures decreased and more metallic Fe was oxidized, these chondrules accreted small amounts of oxidized material and were remelted. The ferroan compositions of the >5-μm olivine grains in the R chondrites reflect equilibration with fine-grained FeO-rich matrix material during parent body metatnorphism.
Activated human monocytes exhibit receptor-mediated adhesion to a non-enzymatically glycosylated protein substrate

Non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins is thought to play an important role in the development of diabetic vascular disease. Advanced glycosylation end products have been shown to accumulate on basement membranes and collagen in diabetes, and receptors for such adducts have recently been found on murine macrophages. We have observed that human monocytes activated by endotoxin express receptors for advanced glycosylation end products of similar affinity and number as has been previously reported for murine macrophages. In addition, there is an increased adherence of activated human monocytes to a nonenzymatically glycosylated albumin substrate, and such adhesion can be competitively inhibited up to 50% by soluble, non-enzymatically glycosylated albumin. We suggest that increased adherence of activated monocytes to non-enzymatically glycosylated proteins in the vessel wall may result in monocyte stimulation and/or local monocyte accumulation and thereby contribute to vascular disease in diabetes.
Predicting Positive Education Outcomes for Emerging Adults in Mental Health Systems of Care.

Emerging adults who receive services based on positive youth development models have shown an ability to shape their own life course to achieve positive goals. This paper reports secondary data analysis from the Longitudinal Child and Family Outcome Study including 248 culturally diverse youth ages 17 through 22 receiving mental health services in systems of care. After 12 months of services, school performance was positively related to youth ratings of school functioning and service participation and satisfaction. Regression analysis revealed ratings of young peoples’ perceptions of school functioning, and their experience in services added to the significant prediction of satisfactory school performance, even controlling for sex and attendance. Finally, in addition to expected predictors, participation in planning their own services significantly predicted enrollment in higher education for those who finished high school. Findings suggest that programs and practices based on positive youth development approaches can improve educational outcomes for emerging adults.
A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa 1686: The Odyssey of Ok-Khun Chamnan . By Michael Smithies. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 1999. viii, 126 pp. $12.95 (paper).

This long-forgotten tale of the shipwreck off the coast of Africa of a Siamese embassy to Lisbon in 1686 lay buried in the text of a French book printed 300 years ago. The author of the text was the intrepid and intriguing Jesuit Tachard, who published accounts of his first two journeys to Siam. In his second book, written when he was King Narai's personal envoy to Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI, Tachard relates the account of the shipwreck as told by one of its survivors, Ok-khun Chamnan Chaicong, who was accompanying Tachard on his return to France. Ok-khun Chamnan, during his odyssey as part of the aborted embassy to Portugal, spent nearly a year in Goa, where he learned Portuguese; a month traveling overland from Cape Agulhas, the southernmost tip of Africa, to the Cape of Good Hope; four months at the Dutch settlement at the Cape; six months in Batavia; and several months at sea. On his return to Siam in 1687 he was ordered to greet the French envoys La Loubere and Seberet soon after their arrival. The adventures of this Siamese khunnang did not end with his unsuccessful journey to Lisbon. He went on to Europe in 1688, visited the Riviera and Rome in winter, met the pope, and then in 1689 had an audience with Louis XIV. He converted to Catholicism and returned from Europe in 1690, disembarking at Balassor in Bengal before returning to Ayutthaya overland from Mergui. This extraordinary account has been translated into English for the first time, and is accompanied by three contemporary texts by Choisy, Tachard, and La Loubere describing the Dutch settlement at the Cape.
The Many Faces of Lupus: An Approach to the Assessment of a Lupus Patient

One of the first steps in evaluating a patient with lupus is to recognize that there are various subtypes of lupus. Determining wh ich variant of lupus in afflicting the patient will determine the extent of disease involvement and even prognosis for the patient. Certain anti-nuclear antibodies and bio markers for lupus have been shown to correlate with disease activity. Recognizing the prognostic indicators of active lupus can help guide a clin ician in choosing the appropriate pharmacologic t reat ments for their lupus patients. This clinical rev iew and summary of the literature was derived fro m med ical and online databases such as PubMed , Cochrane review, up-to-date, the American Co llege of Rheu matology and American Co llege of Physicians Visual Diagnostic Logical Imaging resources. The following is an ev idence-based, objective and balanced summation of this literature review along with the author's own rheumatologic clinical experience over the past 25 years. For the first time in decades, consensus guidelines have been established for the management of lupus nephritis. In addition, the first Food and Drug Administration-approved biologic agent, belimu mab, is now available for the treatment of certain manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. The reader will be able to recognize at the bedside the various subtypes of lupus, parameters of disease activity and the appropriate selection of treatment modalit ies.
Demonstration of in-line monitoring and compensation of polarization-dependent loss for multiple channels

We use polarization scrambling at the beginning of the link and monitor down stream the power fluctuation induced by in-line components that exhibit polarization-dependent loss (PDL). Compensation of PDL is realized by minimizing this power fluctuation when a variable PDL element is tuned. We demonstrate in-line monitoring and compensation of PDL for an 800-km optical link with a 2.4-dB average PDL and 14-ps average polarization-mode dispersion. By scrambling the polarization of an ancillary wavelength located at the center of a four-channel 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero wavelength-division-multiplexing system, the 2% power-penalty distribution tail is reduced from 6.5 dB to <2 dB within a 6-nm PDL-compensation bandwidth.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs.

Introduction. High rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission are found in samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) throughout the world. The objective of this paper was to meta-analyze the effects of risk-reduction interventions on HCV seroconversion and identify the most effective intervention types. Methods. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies. Eligible studies reported on the association between participation in interventions intended to reduce unsafe drug injection and HCV seroconversion in samples of PWID. Results. The meta-analysis included 26 eligible studies of behavioral interventions, substance-use treatment, syringe access, syringe disinfection, and multicomponent interventions. Interventions using multiple combined strategies reduced risk of seroconversion by 75% (pooled relative risk, .25; 95% confidence interval, .07‐.83). Effects of single-method interventions ranged from .6 to 1.6. Conclusions. Interventions using strategies that combined substance-use treatment and support for safe injection were most effective at reducing HCV seroconversion. Determining the effective dose and combination of interventions for specific subgroups of PWID is a research priority. However, our meta-analysis shows that HCV infection can be prevented in PWID. Preventing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in people who inject drugs (PWID) is a tremendous public health challenge. HCV is highly efficiently transmitted via parenteral exposure to infectious blood, and the prevalence of HCV infection in PWID typically ranges between
Low Levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Contribute to Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis

Alveolar macrophages are major contributors to lung innate immunity. Although alveolar macrophages from cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator−/− mice have impaired function, no study has investigated primary alveolar macrophages in adults with CF. CF patients have low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and our prior studies demonstrate a relationship between IGF-1 and macrophage function. We hypothesize that reduced IGF-1 in CF leads to impaired alveolar macrophage function and chronic infections. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained from eight CF subjects and eight healthy subjects. Macrophages were isolated from BAL fluid. We measured the ability of alveolar macrophages to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Subsequently, macrophages were incubated with IGF-1 prior to inoculation with bacteria to determine the effect of IGF-1 on bacterial killing. We found a significant decrease in bacterial killing by CF alveolar macrophages compared with control subjects. CF subjects had lower serum and BAL IGF-1 levels compared with healthy control subjects. Exposure to IGF-1 enhanced alveolar macrophage macrophages in both groups. Finally, exposing healthy alveolar macrophages to CF BAL fluid decreased bacterial killing, and this was reversed by the addition of IGF-1, whereas IGF-1 blockade worsened bacterial killing. Our studies demonstrate that alveolar macrophage function is impaired in patients with CF. Reductions in IGF-1 levels in CF contribute to the impaired alveolar macrophage function. Exposure to IGF-1 ex vivo results in improved function of CF alveolar macrophages. Further studies are needed to determine whether alveolar macrophage function can be enhanced in vivo with IGF-1 treatment.