cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metacridamide B methanol-d4 monosolvate

The title compound, C35H53NO5·CH3OH {systematic name: (3S,6E,8S,9R,10E,12S,13S,14E,16S,17R)-3-benzyl-9,13-dihy­droxy-6,8,10,12,14,16-hexa­methyl-17-[(2S,4S)-4-methyl­hexan-2-yl]-1-oxa-4-aza­cyclo­hepta­deca-6,10,14-triene-2,5-dione methanol-d4 monosolvate}, was extracted from conidia of the fungus Metarhizium acridum. Crystals were obtained as a methanol-d4 solvate. The tail part of the 4-methyl­hexan-2-yl group exhibits disorder over two positions, with an occupancy ratio of 0.682 (9):0.318 (9). The crystal structure confirms the absolute configuration of nine stereocenters determined previously for the acetyl­ated compound metacridamide A. In the crystal, the methanol-d4 mol­ecule is positioned close to the O atom in the carbonyl group of the peptide bond, forming an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. It also forms an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond with an adjacent mol­ecule. N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed between neighboring mol­ecules.
Professional frontiers in Child Care: Unfinished business and new priorities

Recent developments in the professionalization of the residential child care field are reviewed with particular emphasis on beginning steps in certification, which is viewed as having shown itself to be a particularly important and productive factor in the professionalization process. The need for a stronger national voice and the case for a broader coalition of youthwork professionals encompassing, among others, those in the traditional leisure-time, youth-serving agencies are explored.
Conceptual Models for Population-focused Public Health Nursing Interventions and Outcomes: The State of the Art

The conceptual basis of public health nursing (PHN) has evolved particularly over the past three decades. In October 2010, a national research agenda setting conference was held with grant support from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. From the conference, public health nursing intervention models emerged as one of four top priorities. The need for a stronger theoretic base that can guide population-focused nursing practice and research was strongly emphasized. The purpose of this review, in concert with this priority, is to analyze the current status of PHN conceptual models. Based on the review, a set of recommendations is presented related to future conceptual development and testing, with an emphasis on PHN interventions and outcomes. A key recommendation is the refinement of the existing conceptual models with perhaps some consolidation of models, thereby establishing strong grand, middle-range and practice theories that include explicit PHN intervention and outcome components. Another recommendation calls for rigorous comparative analysis and testing. Professional support from the PHN community along with funding agencies will be needed to implement the recommendations related to PHN theory development and testing.
The effective field of view paradigm: adding representation to a reactive system

Abstract Dynamic environments pose multiple problems for autonomous agents. Traditionally, agents were designed to develop an internal model of the world and use it to create plans to achieve their goals. Such a strategy fails when the actual environment differs from the stored representation. This realization led to reactive agents, which stored no model of the world. Today, most researchers would agree that representation is not intrinsically bad, but the cost of keeping an arbitrary amount of representation up-to-date in a dynamic environment outweighs its benefits. This paper presents a simple task-dependent representation system, called the effective field of view, which can be used to augment a reactive agent and improve its competence at a variety of tasks. This system has been embodied in two situated autonomous agents. With the first, the amount of representation necessary for its tasks is quantified, as well as the performance gains. With the second, it is shown how the effective field of view can be used in a hierarchical layered agent architecture. This paper shows that the effective field of view can dramatically increase agent performance.
Biochemical evidence for glucose-independent induction of HXT expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The yeast glucose sensors Rgt2 and Snf3 generate a signal in response to glucose that leads to degradation of Mth1 and Std1, thereby relieving repression of Rgt1-repressed genes such as the glucose transporter genes (HXT). Mth1 and Std1 are degraded via the Yck1/2 kinase-SCFGrr1-26S proteasome pathway triggered by the glucose sensors. Here, we show that RGT2-1 promotes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Mth1 and Std1 regardless of the presence of glucose. Site-specific mutagenesis reveals that the conserved lysine residues of Mth1 and Std1 might serve as attachment sites for ubiquitin, and that the potential casein kinase (Yck1/2) sites of serine phosphorylation might control their ubiquitination. Finally, we show that active Snf1 protein kinase in high glucose prevents degradation of Mth1 and Std1.
Fitness benefits of coalitionary aggression in male chimpanzees

Coalitionary aggression occurs when at least two individuals jointly direct aggression at one or more conspecific targets. Scientists have long argued that this common form of cooperation has positive fitness consequences. Nevertheless, despite evidence that social bond strength (which is thought to promote coalition formation) is correlated with fitness in primates, cetaceans, and ungulates, few studies have directly examined whether coalitionary aggression improves reproductive success. We tested the hypothesis that among free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), participation in coalitionary aggression increases reproductive output. Using 14 years of genetic and behavioral data from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, we found that coalitionary aggression increased a male's chances of A) siring offspring, compared to other males of similar dominance rank, and B) ascending in rank, a correlate of future reproductive output. Because male chimpanzees form coalitions with many others within a complex network, we used social network analysis to identify the types of connections correlated with these fitness benefits. The beneficiaries of coalitionary aggression were males with the highest 'betweenness' - that is, those who tended to have coalition partners who themselves did not form coalitions with each other. This suggests that beyond simply recognizing third-party relationships, chimpanzees may use this knowledge to choose coalition partners. If so, this is a significant step forward in our knowledge of the adaptive value of social intelligence. Regardless of mechanism, however, this is the first evidence of genetic benefits of coalitionary aggression in this species, and therefore has important implications for understanding the evolution of cooperation.
Sodium MRI of human articular cartilage in vivo

Preliminary results from in vivo sodium MRI of human patellar articular cartilage are presented. Sodium images generated of an in vitro bovine patella clearly distinguish the region of proteoglycan depletion from the region of healthy cartilage. This provides the first evidence that sodium imaging may be used to detect changes due to osteoarthritis in vivo. The process of optimizing imaging time and signal-to-noise ratio, as well as potential implications in the detection of osteoarthritic change, are discussed.
The frequency of African (Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) matrilineal usurpation of managed European-derived honey bee (A. mellifera L.) colonies in the southeastern United States

Usurpation, or colony take over, of European-derived, western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies by African-derived honey bee, A.m. scutellata, swarms is poorly understood in the Americas. The frequency and impact of such usurpation events are not known, and some believe usurpation behavior is an important contributor to the predominance of African mitochondrial DNA as the African-derived population has expanded through South, Central, and North America. In our study, we monitored 288 European-derived honey bee colonies at the front of the feral African-derived bee population in the southeastern United States. During the 12 month study period, the European-derived colonies were managed commercially and sampled quarterly. Morphometric and mitochondrial analyses were combined and used to detect usurpation of European-derived colonies by African matriline swarms. No definitive African matriline usurpations occurred. Our finding suggests that usurpation is not likely to be a primary contributor to the preservation of the African matriline during the African-derived population’s expansion into new territory.
Steady laminar forced convection from a circular cylinder

Abstract The Navier-Stokes and energy equations for the steady, incompressible, laminar flow past a circular cylinder at constant temperature are solved by expressing the temperature as well as the stream function in truncated Fourier series. The partial differential equations are reduced to a system of simultaneous ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically integrated. The Reynolds numbers Re, based on the diameter, range from 1 to 40; and the Prandtl number Pr for air is taken as 0.72. Navier-Stokes solutions at large distances from the cylinder obtained by coordinate expansion are used as velocity boundary conditions at infinity. This type of boundary condition at infinity is shown to be more appropriate than the free stream or Oseen approximation. Heat transfer in terms of local and mean Nusselt numbers are computed and compared with available numerical and experimental data.
Closure of large cribriform defects with a forehead flap.

Summary The use of a forehead flap for closure of a large cribriform plate defect is described in conjunction with a case history. The follow-up of our six cases for periods of four to seven years is reviewed. These six cases are the result of infection (2 cases) and trauma (4 cases). The alternative treatments for closure of cribriform plate defects are reviewed.
Analysis of the potential distribution in the channel region of a platinum silicided source/drain metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

An analysis of the effect of the source and drain Schottky diodes on the drain characteristics (Idrain vs Vdrain) of a platinum silicided metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor is presented. A back to back Schottky diode model is used to explained the “diode like” feature observed in the small Vdrain regime. For two-dimensional device simulations indicate an abrupt voltage drop across the source Schottky diode which can be a significant fraction of the applied drain bias. The resulting virtual source potential (Vsource′, different from the applied source potential Vsource) has been quantified as a function of applied drain bias, temperature, and channel length, based on simulations that have been calibrated with experimentally measured data. The physical basis for Vsource′ is described as the reverse breakdown mechanism of the source Schottky diode and as such is a strong function of source electrode tip sharpness, poly edge to silicide edge gap distance, and temperature. The implications of th...
MicroRNAs directing siRNA biogenesis.

MicroRNAs have established roles in negatively regulating messenger RNAs. Two plant microRNAs have recently been shown to target certain non-protein-coding RNAs for cleavage, adding a new dimension to the known roles of these tiny riboregulators.
Decomposition and microbial colonization of leaves in a stream modified by coal ash effluent

Packs of autumn-shed maple leaves were placed at coal ash effluent-exposed and reference sites in streams on December 5, 1977 and removed after 27 and 96 days. Leaf surface area (cm2/leaf) and disc weight (ash-free dry wt/15 mm disc) were greater at the effluent-exposed site than at the reference site after 96 days (p < .001). ATP content of leaves from the reference stream quadrupled between 27 and 96 days while ATP content of effluent-exposed leaves remained low. Macroinvertebrates colonized the leaf packs in the reference site but were not found on or in effluent-exposed packs. We concluded that leaf processing beyond the leaching of soluble organics did not occur in the effluent-exposed packs owing to reduced colonization and decomposition by fungi. Since stream invertebrates prefer decomposed leaf material and animals grow faster on leaves colonized by microbes, the ash effuent appears to indirectly affect macroinvertebrates by interfering with leaf decomposition and thus reducing the quality of their food.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE 22q11 DELETION SYNDROME

A 27 weeks' gestation fetus, evaluated because of polyhydramnios, was found by echocardiography to have an interrupted aortic arch type B. Because of the known association between this malformation and DiGeorge syndrome, an amniocentesis was performed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a 22q11 deletion. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of prenatal detection of a fetus with 22q11 deletion in the absence of a family history.
Compositional statistics: An improvement of evolutionary parsimony and its application to deep branches in the tree of life

We present compositional statistics, a new method of phylogenetic inference, which is an extension of evolutionary parsimony. Compositional statistics takes account of the base composition of the compared sequences by using nucleotide positions that evolutionary parsimony ignores. It shares with evolutionary parsimony the features of rate invariance and the fundamental distinction between transitions and transversions. Of the presently available methods of phylogenetic inference, compositional statistics is based on the fewest and mildest assumptions about the mode of DNA sequence evolution. It is therefore applicable to phylogenetic studies of the most distantly related organisms or molecules. This was illustrated by analyzing conservative positions in the DNA sequences of the large subunit of RNA polymerase from three archaebacterial groups, a eubacterium, a chloroplast, and the three eukaryotic polymerases. Internally consistent results, which are in accord with our knowledge of organelle origin and archaebacterial physiology, were achieved.
Laser-excited Raman spectroscopy of biomolecules: II. Native ribonuclease and α-chymotrypsin☆☆☆

Laser-excited Raman spectra of native ribonuclease and α-chymotrypsin and of the polypeptide poly-l-glutamic acid have been determined in aqueous solution. With the help of previously determined quantitative spectra of the amino acids, a considerable portion of the spectral details has been interpreted. The strong Raman lines due to the aromatic side chains of the amino-acid residues are clearly observed and are not affected by conformations of the proteins. The bond-stretching vibration of the disulfide link shows up strongly in the spectrum of ribonuclease at a measurably different position (516 cm−1) from its location in lysozyme (509 cm−1). The intensity ratio of the C-S to S-S lines is an order of magnitude larger than in lysozyme. Both of these observations suggest that the conformations of the C-S-S-C cross-links in the two proteins are significantly different. The spectrum of poly-l-glutamic acid at pH 10 was observed as a possible model for the effects of denaturation. While the spectra of the denatured proteins have not yet been obtained, comparison of the native spectra with that of poly-l-glutamic acid shows for the latter the expected broadening and overlapping of peaks in the amide I and amide III regions which are sharper and resolved into several components in the protein spectra.
Almost fixed points for subsets of Zn

An analog of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem is proved here. It concerns an arbitrary map from a subset of the lattice Zn into itself, where Z is the integers, and asserts the existence of an approximate fixed point with the error no greater than one-half of a natural measure of the approximate continuity of the map.
Transimmunization and the evolution of extracorporeal photochemotherapy.

Abstract We are now aware that extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) – in which a patient's leukocytes are isolated, passed through an ultrathin clear plastic plate, and exposed to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A light prior to reinfusion – is a simple and efficient dendritic cell (DC) therapy and the first FDA approved selective immunotherapy for cancer. DCs, as the most effective antigen presenting cells (APCs), are central to many ongoing efforts to stimulate immune responses to cancer cells. Moreover, ECP has not only demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of a T cell malignancy – namely cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) – but also in treatment of oligoclonal T-cell-mediated diseases such as graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) and organ transplant rejection. Recent advances in the understanding of DC/T-cell interactions provide insight into how ECP-induced DCs (EI–DCs) can be utilized to stimulate specific T-cell (i.e. anti-tumor) responses, or down-regulate a pre-existing potent T-cell response. The mechanism of this apparent paradox of EI–DC functionality is likely dependent on several fundamental principles: (1) the status of existing in vivo T-cell reactions, (2) the temporal stage of EI–DC differentiation, and (3) the affinity of the available repertoire of T-cell receptors (TCRs) for the antigen(s) in question. Further investigation into DC/T-cell interactions will help to shape the future of ECP and the ability to optimize this therapy for the desired immune effect. To this end, we are developing and testing Transimmunization to replace conventional ECP.
Intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability: update on the pathogenesis of gut mucosal barrier dysfunction in critical illness

Purpose of review Tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells are essential for the maintenance of compositionally distinct fluid compartments in various organs, such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, and intestine. These epithelial organs are commonly affected in the condition known as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which can complicate the clinical course of patients with sepsis or other conditions associated with poorly controlled systemic inflammation. The gut serves as a useful model for this problem, and studies using reductionist in vitro models and experiments carried out using laboratory animals are starting to clarify the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability secondary to critical illness. Recent findings One key factor that has been identified is excessive production of nitric oxide and related species, although other factors, such as increased expression of the cytokine interleukin 6, appear to be important as well. A newly described, cytokine-like molecule, high-mobility group B1, increases permeability of cultured epithelial monolayers in vitro and murine ileal mucosa in vivo. Summary
Physiological Modulation of Intestinal Motility by Enteric Dopaminergic Neurons and the D2 Receptor: Analysis of Dopamine Receptor Expression, Location, Development, and Function in Wild-Type and Knock-Out Mice

Dopaminergic neurons are present in both plexuses of the murine bowel and are upregulated after extrinsic denervation but play unknown roles in enteric nervous system (ENS) physiology. Transcripts encoding dopamine (DA) receptors D1–D5 were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR in stomach ≈ duodenum ≈ ileum ≈ proximal ≫ distal colon. Dissected muscle and myenteric plexus contained transcripts encoding D1–D3 and D5, whereas mucosa contained D1 and D3–D5. D1–D5 expression began in fetal gut [embryonic day 10 (E10)], before the appearance of neurons (E12), and was sustained without developmental regulation through postnatal day 1. In situ hybridization revealed that subsets of submucosal and myenteric neurons contained mRNA encoding D2 or D3. Immunoblots confirmed that D1, D2, and D5 receptor proteins were present from stomach through distal colon. Subsets of submucosal and myenteric neurons were also D1, D2, or D3 immunoreactive. When double labeled by in situ hybridization, these neurons contained mRNA encoding the respective receptors. Total gastrointestinal transit time (TGTT) and colonic transit time (CTT) were measured in mice lacking D2, D3, or D2 plus D3. Both TGTT and CTT were decreased significantly (motility increased) in D2 and D2 plus D3, but not D3, knock-out animals. Mice lacking D2 and D2 plus D3 but not D3 were smaller than wild-type littermates, yet ate significantly more and had greater stool frequency, water content, and mass. Because motility is abnormal when D2 is absent, the net inhibitory DA effect on motility is physiologically significant. The early expression of DA receptors is also consistent with the possibility that DA affects ENS development.
Mathematical analysis of a seeded, nonnucleating continuous zeolite crystallizer

Recently, a new operational scheme for a zeolite crystallizer was reported which facilitated the experimental investigation of high silica ZSM-5 crystal growth and could be used for nucleation studies. The unique feature of the operation was that seed crystals were placed in an appropriate solution in a gently stirred tank vessel, and fresh clear reagent solution was pumped into the vessel on a continuous basis, with the same volumetric flow rate of fluid being removed on a continuous basis. The effluent stream contained a representative sample of the crystals in the vessel, and, therefore, the crystal concentration in the vessel itself decreased with time. A mathematical model of the system was presented by the authors. A more comprehensive mathematical model of the system is presented which accounts for the kinetic and operational steps in that crystallizer operation. The moment transforms of the population balance equation with constant system volume and size-independent crystal growth rate formed the basis of the model. It is shown that an approximate quasi-steady-state form of the model is informative, and yet flawed, whereas the complete transient model fits the experimental data reported previously. It also is shown that the change of the average crystal size with time represents the crystal growth rate at the instantaneous solution concentration, even when the data are not linear with respect to time.
Comparative effectiveness of two popular weight loss programs in women I: body composition and resting energy expenditure

Background A number of commercial diet and exercise programs are promoted to help people lose weight and improve fitness. However, few studies have compared the effects of following different types of exercise and diet interventions on weight loss. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a more structured meal plan based diet intervention and supervised exercise program to a traditional point based diet program with weekly counseling and encouragement to exercise.
Dual focal-spot imaging for phase extraction in phase-contrast radiography

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dual focal spot imaging as a method for extracting the phase component from a phase-contrast radiography image. All measurements were performed using a microfocus tungsten-target x-ray tube with an adjustable focal-spot size (0.01 mm to 0.045 mm). For each object, high-resolution digital radiographs were obtained with two different focal spot sizes to produce matched image pairs in which all other geometric variables as well as total exposure and tube kVp were held constant. For each image pair, a phase extraction was performed using pixel-wise division. The phase-extracted image resulted in an image similar to the standard image processing tool commonly referred to as "unsharp masking" but with the additional edge-enhancement produced by phase-contrast effects. The phase-extracted image illustrates the differences between the two images whose imaging parameters differ only in focal spot size. The resulting image shows effects from both phase contrast as well as geometric unsharpness. In weakly attenuating materials the phase-contrast effect predominates, while in strongly attenuating materials the phase effects are so small that they are not detectable. The phase-extracted image in the strongly attenuating object reflects differences in geometric unsharpness. The degree of phase extraction depends strongly on the size of the smallest focal spot used. This technique of dual-focal spot phase-contrast radiography provides a simple technique for phase-component (edge) extraction in phase-contrast radiography. In strongly attenuating materials the phase-component is overwhelmed by differences in geometric unsharpness. In these cases the technique provides a form of unsharp masking which also accentuates the edges. Thus, the two effects are complimentary and may be useful in the detection of small objects.
Tighter bounds on a heuristic for a partition problem

Abstract Chandra and Wong studied the following discrete minimization problem: Given a list of n positive real numbers, partition them into m parts so that Σq2i is minimized, where qi is the sum of all the numbers in the ith part. They showed that the worst-case ratio of the LPT rule (due to Graham), when applied to this minimization problem, has a worst-case performance bound of 25 24 . In this article we prove tighter bounds for this algorithm.
Investigation of obfuscation-based anti-reverse engineering for printed circuit boards

Prior work has shown that printed circuit board (PCB) reverse engineering can be accomplished with inexpensive home solutions as well as state-of-the-art technologies. Once the information of how components on a PCB are connected is determined, an adversary can steal the IP, clone the design, determine points of attack on a system, etc. Existing chip-level obfuscation techniques are not applicable to board level due to the significant differences between chips and PCBs. In this paper, we propose a PCB obfuscation approach that relies on permutation blocks to hide the interconnects among the PCB's circuit components. A detailed framework is provided to implement the proposed approach and evaluate its performance. Potential attacks and countermeasures are also discussed. Results obtained from five industrial reference designs show that it is nearly impossible to break the proposed approach by brute force, even under pessimistic assumptions. Our investigation also reveals that PCBs containing a programmable component with 64 pins (or more) are well-protected by our approach, making it suitable for a large percentage of systems and applications.
Shear-wave resonances in a fluid–solid–solid layered structure

Abstract An inhomogeneous solid layer is bounded on one side by a fluid half-space and on the other by a homogeneous solid half-space. An acoustic wave in the fluid is incident on the layer. Experiments suggest that some kind of shear-wave resonance of the layer exists. Here, the layer is modeled with exponential variations of the material properties (Epstein model). Solutions in terms of hypergeometric functions are found. Genuine resonances are found but only when the layer is not bonded to the solid half-space; these are analogous to Jones frequencies in fluid–solid interaction problems. When the solid half-space is present, the resonances become complex: they are scattering frequencies. Simple but accurate asymptotic approximations are found using known estimates for hypergeometric functions with large parameters.
Individual differences in self-reinforcement style and performance in self- and therapist-controlled weight reduction programs.

Abstract Thirty-seven overweight subjects were recruited from the staff of a V. A. Hospital for a weight reduction program. A self-reinforcement ( SR ) test was administered prior to treatment and subjects were classified as high or low self-reinforcers. Subjects were then exposed to one of two behavioral weight-reduction programs or a minimal treatment control condition. One treatment program emphasized self-control ( SC ) and the other incorporated a therapist controlled financial contingency for weight loss ( EC ). A significant interaction was found between SR group and treatment condition. High SR subjects lost weight at the rate of 1.49 pounds per week in the SC condition and only 0.37 pounds per week in EC . Low SR subjects lost at the rate of 1.06 and 1.01 pounds per week respectively in SC and EC . Implications for treatment and future research were discussed. The financial contingency had either neutral or negative effects. Caution was advised for any future use of that procedure.
Automotive emissions will be causing a serious pollution problem in near future in Tehran

Abstract Tehran is facing a serious automotive air pollution problem. This is due to the large number of vehicles operating in Tehran, no auto‐exhaust emission control strategies in effect, and frequent occurrence of traffic congestions. Based on the emission factors which have been experimentally developed for automobiles in Tehran, Traffic survey, and fuel consumptions data the dally tonnage of the air pollutants from vehicles and other sources was calculated for year 1977. The study then focuses on the years 1982 and 1987. For each of these years projections of automotive and stationary emissions of air pollutants were determined under the assumption that no auto‐emission control would be implemented. Those emissions were then adjusted according to the extent of control in use. Results show that automotive emissions of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon loom large in the future total emissions picture of Tehran. As a matter of fact, carbon monoxide emissions from automobile will reach 8100 tons pe...
High sensitivity mass spectrometric determination of peptides: direct analysis of aqueous solutions.

Summary The high sensitivity analysis of peptides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry has been achieved using a continuous flow probe for the introduction of samples contained in aqueous solutions. Small aliquots of sample (0.5–1 ul) are injected into a solvent flow containing water/glycerol (8:2). For several peptide samples tested whose molecular weights were between 1000 and 1500 daltons, molecular ions were selectively monitored at the 20 fmol level with a signal-to-chemical noise of about 4:1, and full scan data were obtained on about 5 pmol of sample. The increase in sensitivity observed using the continuous flow probe is shown to be a consequence of both the decrease in the chemical background noise and to the increase in ion yields obtained from the bombardment of aqueous sample solutions.
Phosphorus Flow in a Watershed-Lake Ecosystem

Cultural eutrophication of lakes caused by excess phosphorus (P) loading from agricultural areas is a persistent and serious environmental problem. We quantified P flows in a watershed-lake ecosystem using a simple mathematical model that coupled in-lake and upland processes to assess and compare the long-term impacts of various management strategies. Our model compares abatement by in-lake strategies (such as increasing the flux of P from algae to consumers and alum application) with riparian management to decrease P flow and with balancing P budgets at the watershed scale. All of these strategies are effective to some extent. However, only reducing the amount of fertilizer P imported to the watershed will decrease the total P in the system at steady state. Soil P—a large reservoir with slow turnover rate—governs long-term flux to the lake and must be decreased in size to maintain long-term control of eutrophication.
Similarity effects in word and pseudoword repetition priming

Repetition priming refers to the facilitation in the visual identification of a stimulus produced by a recent encounter with that stimulus. In the paradigm used here, subjects performed a naming task in which a sequence of primes was presented; then they performed a tachistoscopic identification task in which the stimuli that were presented varied in their similarity to the primes. The results indicated that repetition priming facilitated the identification of repeated words and pronounceable nonwords that were similar, but not identical, to the recently encountered primes. Moreover, the number of presentations of the primes influenced the amount of facilitation for repeated words but, in contrast to previous findings, had no effect on the amount of facilitation for repeated nonwords or similar words and nonwords. The results are interpreted within a connectionist model of visual word identification.
A fiber-coupled erbium-doped microsphere laser

Summary form only given. Optical microsphere cavities, with their very high quality-factor and sub-millimeter dimensions, are attractive new building block for fiber optics and photonics. A microsphere made of laser-active material, with an efficient optical pumping scheme, can be configured as a miniature solid-state laser. Because of the small volume and high Q of whispering-gallery modes, microsphere lasers can combine very low threshold and narrow emission linewidth. Early reports demonstrated the stimulated emission in dye-doped polysterene spheres with relatively low-Q of /spl sim/10/sup 4/ and free-beam pumping/outcoupling. Reports of high-Q microspheres acting as laser cavities were focused on the achievement of extremely low threshold for laser operation with Nd ions. The 1.56 nm lasing in Er-doped ZBLAN spheres have been reported with pumping and outcoupling by means of bulky prism couplers. We present a miniature design that utilizes a novel angle-polished single-mode fiber coupler for both delivering pump power into the sphere and the pickup of laser radiation.
A comparison of the effects of assist-control, SIMV, and SIMV with pressure support on ventilation, oxygen consumption, and ventilatory equivalent

Objective: To quantify the ventilatory efficiency of different modes of mechanical ventilation used to achieve full ventilatory support in normal subjects. Modes compared were assist-control, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), and SIMV with 10 cm H 2 O (0.98 kPa) of pressure support. Design: Prospective, randomized blocks repeated measures design. Subjects served as their own controls. Setting: A university affiliated pulmonary laboratory. Subjects: Ten healthy volunteers, aged 31–54 years. Outcome Measures: Minute volume, respiratory rate, average tidal volume, oxygen consumption, and ventilatory equivalent. Intervention: Baseline spontaneous ventilation data collection was followed by mechanical ventilation by mouthpiece in each of three modes in a random sequence. All modes used a machine set rate of 12 breaths per minute, Vt of 10 cc/kg of ideal body weight, inspiratory time of 1 second, square wave flow pattern and a sensitivity of −1 cm H 2 O (−0.09806 kPa) to achieve full ventilatory support. Data were collected continuously for 5 minutes and the mean values were reported. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen is a measure of the efficiency of the ventilatory pump at various work loads and was calculated by dividing Ve (BTPS) by the Vo 2 (STPD). Results: There were significant differences by mode of mechanical ventilation in average tidal volume ( p =0.02), minute volume ( p =0.02), oxygen consumption ( p =0.04), and ventilatory equivalent ( p =0.01) using ANOVA. There was no significant difference ( p =0.66) by mode of ventilation in respiratory rate. Pairwise follow-up comparisons for these variables found that SIMV with pressure support produced a significantly greater average tidal volume, minute volume, oxygen consumption, and ventilatory equivalent than SIMV alone. SIMV with pressure support also produced a significantly greater minute volume and ventilatory equivalent than assist-control. There were no significant differences between assist-control and SIMV. All three modes produced a lower ventilatory equivalent and higher oxygen consumption than spontaneous breathing. Conclusions: SIMV with pressure support significantly increased minute volume and ventilatory equivalent when compared with assist-control or SIMV alone, and thus was the most efficient mode of full ventilatory support for our subjects. We found no difference in ventilatory efficiency between assist-control and SIMV. All three mechanical modes were less efficient for our subjects than spontaneous breathing. The inspiratory time of 1 second used in this study, although common in clinical practice, may be inadequate for some patients.
Mandatory premarital testing for human immunodeficiency virus. The Illinois experience.

During the first 6 months of legislatively mandated premarital testing for human immunodeficiency virus in Illinois, 8 of 70 846 applicants for marriage licenses were found to be seropositive, yielding a seroprevalence of 0.011%. The total cost of the testing program for 6 months is estimated at $2.5 million or $312 000 per seropositive individual identified. Half of the reported seropositive individuals reported a history of risk behavior. During the same period, the number of marriage licenses issued in Illinois decreased by 22.5%, while the number of licenses issued to Illinois residents in surrounding states increased significantly. We conclude that mandatory premarital testing is not a cost-effective method for the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection. ( JAMA . 1989;261:3415-3418)
Sp1 and Egr-1 Have Opposing Effects on the Regulation of the RatPgp2/mdr1b Gene

Abstract The promoter of the rat pgp2/mdr1bgene has a GC-rich region (pgp2GC) that is highly conserved inmdr genes and contains an consensus Sp1 site. Sp1’s role in transactivation of the pgp2/mdr1b promoter was tested inDrosophila Schneider cells. The pgp2/mdr1bpromoter was strongly activated by co-transfected wild type Sp1 but not mutant Sp1 and mutation of the Sp1 site abrogated Sp1-dependent transactivation. In gel shift assays, the same mutations abolished Sp1-DNA complex formation. Moreover, basal activity of the pgp2/mdr1b Sp1 mutant promoter was dramatically lower. Enforced ectopic overexpression of Sp1 in H35 rat hepatoma cells revealed that cell lines overexpressing Sp1 had increased endogenous pgp2/mdr1b mRNA, demonstrating that Sp1 activates the endogenous pgp2/mdr1b gene. Pgp2GC oligonucleotide also bound Egr-1 in gel shift assays and Egr-1 competitively displaced bound Sp1. In transient transfections of H35 cells (and human LS180 and HepG2 cells) Egr-1 potently and specifically suppressed pgp2/mdr1b promoter activity and mutations in the Egr-1 site decreased Egr-1 binding and correlated withpgp2/mdr1b up-regulation. Ectopic overexpression of Egr-1 in H35 cells decreased Pgp expression and selectively increased vinblastine sensitivity. In conclusion, Sp1 positively regulates while Egr-1 negatively regulates the rat pgp2/mdr1b gene. Moreover, competitive interactions between Sp1 and Egr-1 in all likelihood determine the constitutive expression of thepgp2/mdr1b gene in H35 cells.
Management of Older Single Functioning Ventricles With Outlet Obstruction due to a Restricted “VSD” in Double Inlet Left Ventricle and in Complex Double Outlet Right Ventricle

The occurrence of a restriction of the bulbo-ventricular foramen (BVF) in older patient with double inlet left ventricle (DILV) or tricuspid atresia (TA) with ventriculo-arterial discordance is a well-known condition. Today, the surgical management is to perform a Damus-type operation at the time of the bi-directional Glenn or at the Fontan completion. The ventricular septal defect (VSD) enlargement, associated with muscular resection and a patch enlargement of the subaortic accessory ventricular chamber, is rarely performed but remains indicated in cases with pulmonary valve atresia or regurgitation. This condition is essentially prevented by doing an early Norwood-type operation in the presence of DILV/TA with transposition of the great arteries associated with an aortic arch obstruction. The palliative switch operation is an option that was abandoned because of poor control of the pulmonary blood flow. It is only in cases of large unobstructed BVF that pulmonary artery banding could be undertaken in neonates, followed by close echocardiographic follow-up. The occurrence of a restriction or a closure of the VSD in complex DORV following a Fontan operation is a dramatic event and is quite "new business." It has been recently recognized that the VSD becomes restricted in a number of patients with DORV-nc-VSD treated with a Fontan palliation. This new condition is not surprising knowing that 75% of the VSDs must be enlarged preventively in DORV-nc-VSD repair. In the setting of a Fontan circulation, the supra-systemic left ventricle has severe consequences the right ventricle performance. Attempts at surgical VSD enlargement or catheter-based procedures have resulted in almost constant recurrence. This recently reported complication is in favor of also performing a VSD enlargement at the time of the Fontan completion in complex DORV. It justifies the biventricular repair in complex DORV with two viable ventricles.
Recommended technique for repair of incisional flank hernia

Abstract Described herein is a technique that has proved successful in repairing a flank fascial defect with a synthetic monofilament mesh (Marlex).
Automated identification of surveillance colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease using natural language processing.

Background Differentiating surveillance from non-surveillance colonoscopy for colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using electronic medical records (EMR) is important for practice improvement and research purposes, but diagnosis code algorithms are lacking. The automated retrieval console (ARC) is natural language processing (NLP)-based software that allows text-based document-level classification.
The effects of focusing in the three‐frequency parametric upconverter

In the present paper, the theory of parametric upconversion is extended to describe the mixing of two focused optical beams with unequal confocal parameters. The results obtained apply particularly well to the case where focusing of one input beam is limited to physical constraints, e.g., damage. The effects of phase matching, walk-off, and diffraction are examined.
Asymptotic purity for very general hypersurfaces of ℙn × ℙn of bidegree (k, k)

For a complex irreducible projective variety, the volume function and the higher asymptotic cohomological functions have proven to be useful in understanding the positivity of divisors as well as other geometric properties of the variety. In this paper, we study the vanishing properties of these functions on hypersurfaces of ℙn × ℙn. In particular, we show that very general hypersurfaces of bidegree (k, k) obey a very strong vanishing property, which we define as asymptotic purity: at most one asymptotic cohomological function is nonzero for each divisor. This provides evidence for the truth of a conjecture of Bogomolov and also suggests some general conditions for asymptotic purity.
Cystic ovarian disease in a herd of holstein cows: A hereditary correlation

Abstract A 20-year retrospective study of cystic ovarian disease (COD) was conducted using records kept from 1963 to 1983 for the University of Missouri-Columbia (UMC) Foremost Dairy herd. The incidence of COD ranged from 0% in 1963 to 52.3% in 1983. For first-calf heifers, the range was from 0% in 1963 to a high of 44.4% in 1983. During the 20-year period, there were 2246 calvings involving 923 cows; 902 calvings were first lactations. The incidence of COD showed a steady increase over the 20-year period. Analysis of palpation data and a pedigree analysis of affected cows support the theory of a hereditary transmission.
Coupling enhancement for modified double rhombus antenna array

The rhombus shape double dipole antenna is presented for wireless communications and phased arrays applications with an ultra wideband of more than 100% and stable endfire radiation patterns. A modified array configuration is constructed to improve the radiation characteristics and pattern stability of the array. The surface current is studied and techniques are applied to reduce the coupling between array elements. The final array design has an extended tapered conductor connected to the ground plane to increase the path of the current flowing from the antenna to its neighboring one. In addition, a V-shape longitudinal cut and a rectangular gap are introduced in the substrate to reduce the coupling due to the field traveling in the traverse direction.
The use of computer-assisted motion analysis for quantitative studies of the behaviour of barnacle ( Balanus amphitrite ) larvae

The effects of larval density and age on pre-settlement swimming behaviour of Balanus amphitrite cyprid larvae were studied with the aid of computer-assisted motion analysis. Swimming behaviour was monitored in individual, in groups of 10–15 and in groups of 50–100 cyprids. There was a small, but significant effect of larval density on swimming speed and no effect on two other quantitative measures: rate of change of direction and net-to-gross displacement ratio. There was also small but significant variation in swimming speed between different batches of cyprids over the course of 2 years. Swimming behaviour of individual cyprid larvae was also monitored daily for 7 days, with the larvae maintained in the cold and dark between measurements to prevent settlement and metamorphosis. There were no significant behavioural differences observed over time indicating that larvae may be held in this manner experimentally without affecting these parameters.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Semivolatile Organic Compounds Collected in New York City in Response to the Events of 9/11

Concentrations of over 60 nonpolar semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds were measured in Lower Manhattan, NY, using a high-capacity integrated organic gas and particle sampler after the initial destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC). The results indicate that the remaining air plumes from the disaster site were comprised of many pollutants and classes and represent a complex mixture of biogenic (wood-smoke) and anthropogenic sources. This mixture includes compounds that are typically associated with fossil fuel emissions and their combustion products. The molecular markers for these emissions include the high molecular weight PAHs, the n-alkanes, a Carbon Preference Index ∼1 (odd carbon:even carbon ∼1), as well as pristane and phytane as specific markers for fuel oil degradation. These results are not unexpected considering the large number of diesel generators and outsized vehicles used in the removal phases. The resulting air plume would also include emissions of burning and remnant mater...
Evaluation of an algorithm for finding a match of a distorted texture pattern in a large image database

Evaluation of an algorithm for finding a match for a random texture pattern in a large image database is presented. The algorithm was designed assuming that the random pattern may be subject to misregistration relative to its representation in the database and assuming that it may have missing parts. The potential applications involve authentication of legal documents, bank notes, or credit cards, where thin fibers are embedded randomly into the document medium during medium fabrication. The algorithm achieves image matching by a three-step hierarchical procedure, which starts by matching parts of fiber patterns while solving the misregistration problem and ends up by matching complete fiber patterns. Performance of the algorithm is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical analysis includes the study of the probability that two documents have the same pattern, and the probability of the algorithm establishing a wrong match, as well as the algorithm's performance in terms of processing time. Experiments involving over 250,000 trials using databases of synthetic documents, containing up to 100,000 documents, were used to confirm theoretical predictions. In addition, experiments involving a database containing real images were conducted in order to confirm that the algorithm has potential in real applications.