cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the natural resonance frequencies of a conducting sphere from a measured transient response

It is shown that the imaginary parts of the first six natural resonant frequencies of a spherical scatterer can be determined quite accurately from measurements of both its surface charge and scattered field responses. This is an important step in verifying the practicality of characterizing low-Q targets by means of their resonance frequencies. Results for the real parts of the natural frequencies are not highly accurate. However, these values do not need to be known with great precision, since radar target discrimination schemes can be geared to use information primarily from the imaginary parts. It is important to note that target identification does not depend on the extraction of resonant frequencies in real time under adverse noise conditions. Rather, the resonance frequencies of the targets are assumed to be a priori knowledge, determined in a controlled, low-noise laboratory environment. >
On the presence of mononuclear leucocytes in dorsal root ganglia following transection of the sciatic nerve.

To label circulating blood mononuclear cells, adult male mice were given multiple injections of tritiated thymidine on the day prior to transection of the right sciatic nerve. These animals and uninjured controls that received a similar sequence of tritiated thymidine injections were sacrificed at intervals up to 64 days following the injury. In the dorsal root ganglia associated with the injured sciatic nerves there were more satellite cells per neuron at all time intervals after the first day than were in the ganglia from the uninjured nerves. The percentage of satellite cells that were labeled was also higher in the ganglia from the injured nerves at all times after injury except the first day. Because no tritiated thymidine should have been available at the time of injury or afterward to label cells proliferating in response to the injury, most of the labeled cells in these ganglia must have been cells labeled before the injury or must be derived from such cells through division. The only large population of labeled cells available to the ganglion was that of the labeled blood mononuclear leucocytes, and the increase in number of labeled cells in the injured ganglia is attributed to infiltration of these cells.
Exploring secondary activities of the knowledge chain

Researchers, marketers, and pundits often assert that knowledge management (KM) is an important, or even essential, basis for competitiveness. The Knowledge Chain Model has been advanced as a basis for understanding linkages between KM activities and organizational performance. Based on a general ontology of KM, this model identifies five primary and four secondary activities as focal points for enhancing an organization's competitive position. Both anecdotes and survey results support the model. A prior paper explored the primary classes of activity found in the Knowledge Chain Model, finding that each is comprised of distinct subclasse's that are candidates for enhancing organizational performance. Here, we similarly explore the model's secondary KM activity classes to uncover the subclasses of which they are comprised, thereby arriving at a more detailed understanding of their potential for launching competitive initiatives. A literature review yielded over 300 variations of the four secondary activities. We consolidate these into 29 distinct activity types and organize them into the four secondary activity classes. A typology of activity types is developed for each class. The result is a more in-depth version of the Knowledge Chain Model that gives greater guidance to practitioners in assessing current KM initiatives or striving to incorporate KM into their organizations and their competitive strategies. Together with the earlier primary activity class paper, a total of 61 distinct activity types have been identified for the Knowledge Chain Model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral transfer of scalar and velocity fields in heated-grid turbulence

For locally isotropic, homogeneous fluid turbulence, a digital Fourier analysis method of measuring directly the net scalar and velocity spectral transfer Tn(k) of scalar and kinetic energy to a pa;rticular wavenumber from all other wave-numbers is described and applied to heated-grid turbulence. The technique uses the imaginary part of a particular cross-spectrum to obtain the one-dimensional net spectral transfer function Ln(k1) of velocity and scalar turbulence, and is a refinement of that used previously by Van Atta & Chen for measuring the velocity kinetic energy transfer.The detailed spectral transfer Tn(k, k′) from one wavenumber to any other is related to the imaginary part of a particular three-dimensional bispectrum. Tn(k, k′) can be, in principle, computed from a particular two-dimensional triple correlation. Unlike Tn(k), which can be obtained from Ln(k1), Tn(k, k′) cannot be determined from the measurable one-dimensional bippectrum B1, n, n (k1, k1′) nor the one-dimensional transfer spectrum Ln(k1, k1′).The measured net transfer spectra Tn(k) have been used to determine the extent of validity for heated-grid turbulence of the dynamical equations for the three-dimensional power spectra of temperature and velocity in locally isotropic turbulence. The measured temperature transfer spectrum is also compared with those obtained from the power spectra of velocity and temperature by using various simple hypotheses.
Accuracy of interpretations of emergency department radiographs: effect of confidence levels.

We conducted a prospective study to assess the relationship between the interpretive agreement rate for emergency department radiographs and the degree of interpretive confidence. We hoped to identify a subset of ED radiographs that did not require mandatory review by a radiologist. For each of the 1,872 plain radiographs studied, emergency physicians assigned a confidence level to the interpretation before comparing it with the radiologist's dictated report. A second radiologist was consulted to resolve disagreements. The overall rate of interpretive agreement was 94.6%. Agreement varied significantly ( P P
Automatic simulation of network problems in UDP-based Java programs

Summary form only given. The paper describes a tool for black-box testing of UDP-based distributed Java programs. UDP provides little guarantee for correct delivery of data, and therefore requires the application to verify the integrity of communication according to its needs. Debugging such application is hard, since it is hard to create at will bad network conditions. The tool describes here creates an intermediary layer above the Java API which simulates network noises. It therefore enables stress-testing the application even on a flawless network environment. We describe a field experience of testing an application, using the tool vs. using specially-written testing code. We show the two approaches to be complementary.
The residential segregation of detailed Hispanic and Asian groups in the United States: 1980-2010.

BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic diversity continues to grow in communities across the United States, raising questions about the extent to which different ethnic groups will become residentially integrated. OBJECTIVE While a number of studies have examined the residential patterns of pan-ethnic groups, our goal is to examine the segregation of several Asian and Hispanic ethnic groups - Cubans, Dominicans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, and Vietnamese. We gauge the segregation of each group from several alternative reference groups using two measures over the 1980 to 2010 period. RESULTS We find that the dissimilarity of Hispanics and Asians from other groups generally held steady or declined, though, because most Hispanic and Asian groups are growing, interaction with Whites also often declined. Our analyses also indicate that pan-ethnic segregation indexes do not always capture the experience of specific groups. Among Hispanics, Mexicans are typically less residentially segregated (as measured using the dissimilarity index) from Whites, Blacks, Asians, and other Hispanics than are other Hispanic-origin groups. Among Asian ethnic groups, Japanese and Filipinos tend to have lower levels of dissimilarity from Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics than other Asian groups. Examining different dimensions of segregation also indicates that dissimilarity scores alone often do not capture to what extent various ethnic groups are actually sharing neighborhoods with each other. Finally, color lines vary across groups in some important ways, even as the dominant trend has been toward reduced racial and ethnic residential segregation over time. CONCLUSIONS The overarching trend is that ethnic groups are becoming more residentially integrated, suggestive of assimilation, though there is significant variation across ethnic groups.
Why Neuroleptic Withdrawal in Schizophrenia

IN THIS issue of theArchives, the analysis of Gilbert and colleagues 1 of the extensive literature on neuroleptic withdrawal makes clear that all treatment approaches to schizophrenia have significant risk. Years of a narrow treatment focus on psychosis and rehospitalization (rather than broad psychopathologic and quality-of-life assessment), apprehension regarding litigation, and the false hope that increasing drug dose will increase efficacy have led to excessive medication for most patients despite adverse effects, high rates of non-compliance, and patient dissatisfaction. Dose-reduction strategies are feasible, advantageous, and effective for many patients 2 but do not necessarily require complete drug withdrawal. What, then, are the circumstances appropriate for neuroleptic drug withdrawal? Consider the following: (1) a clinically stable patient who refuses to comply with a continuous medication strategy; (2) emerging evidence of tardive dyskinesia, dystonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, water intoxication, or severe cardiac effects; (3) a stable patient of advancing years with
Expression of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.3) in the rat central nervous system

An important step in the posttranslational modification of many bioactive neuropeptides, the carboxy-terminal amidation of glycine-extended peptides, is catalyzed by peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM; EC 1.14.17.3). The expression of the gene encoding this enzyme was examined in adult rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. PAM mRNA transcripts and PAM-like immunoreactivity were detected in all major brain areas with the exception of the cerebellum. Very high levels of PAM mRNAs were found in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurons, the hippocampal formation, and olfactory cortex. These areas also showed strong PAM-like immunoreactivity. Regions known to contain high levels of amidated neuropeptides also expressed high levels of PAM mRNA. The observed heterogeneous PAM mRNA levels may reflect differences in the peptidergic activity of different neuronal systems. Interestingly, all pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus expressed very high levels of PAM mRNA, although no identified amidated peptide matches this distribution completely. Furthermore, PAM was not expressed exclusively in neuronal tissue but was also present in non-neuronal tissue. PAM transcripts could be localized in certain ventricular ependymal cells, with the highest expression in the lateral ventricle. Localization of PAM to non-neuronal cells and neurons not known to produce alpha-amidated peptides suggests that these cells may be producing as yet unidentified amidated neuropeptides.
Molecular biology of light transduction by the Mammalian photoreceptor, rhodopsin.

Abstract Rhodopsin, the vertebrate photoreceptor, is a prototypic molecule in the largest family of G- protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Like all receptors of this family, it contains three distinct domains: the cytoplasmic (intracellular) domain that is involved in all the protein-protein interactions; the transmembrane (TM) domain where the signal transduction begins, by light- catalysed isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all trans-retinal, and the intradiscal domain which appears to be involved in a specific tertiary structure. The main focus of this talk is to describe efforts to understand specific structure and function in each domain. The main findings to be presented are as follows: 1. Intradiscal domain contains a globular tertiary structure. A central feature is a disulfide bond (Cys110-Cys187) which is conserved in most of the known GPCR. 2. The correct folding in vivo requires the formation of the above disulfide bond. Misfolding resulting in non-retinal binding is frequently caused by Retinit...
Individual differences in susceptibility to mindlessness

Whereas a variety of research has investigated how individual differences moderate attitude change (persuasion) processes, there is a relative dearth of research investigating how such individual differences moderate behavior change (compliance) processes. The current research assessed the extent to which two well-studied personality traits predicted susceptibility to the mindlessness technique (Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz, 1978). After completing need for cognition and self-monitoring scales, participants were asked to make photocopies for the experimenter. At the copy machine, a confederate asked to cut in line, providing no reason, a real reason, or a placebic reason. Results replicated those of Langer et al. (1978): The placebic reason elicited as much compliance as the real reason. Need for cognition did not moderate compliance, and participants high in self-monitoring were less likely to comply across conditions. In addition, participants who refused the request took significantly longer to respond than participants who complied. Our research therefore provides insight into a largely neglected field of study: How and when individual differences moderate behavior change processes.
Evaluating a Behavioral Method to Manage Dental Fear: A 2-year Study of Dental Practices

Eleven private general practices and a university clinic formed a network to treat dental fear. The practices located in four states learned a method of treating dental fear using dental staff members and audiovisual materials. This study is an evaluation of the network's effectiveness. In 15 months, 111 patients were treated by the network. The dentists reported providing substantial dental treatment to 77% (n = 86) of the patients. The study showed that private general practices can effectively treat strong dental fear.
ESTABLISHING PATTERNS IN SCLEROBIONT DISTRIBUTION IN A LATE ORDOVICIAN (CINCINNATIAN) DEPTH GRADIENT: TOWARD A SCLEROBIOFACIES MODEL

ABSTRACT The stratigraphy, paleobathymetry, and paleontology of the Cincinnatian strata have been studied extensively, providing an excellent framework within which to explore spatial and temporal variations in encrusting sclerobiont assemblages. Recently, the relative paleobathymetry of Upper Ordovician Cincinnatian strata has been assessed using assemblages of light-sensitive microendolithic ichnotaxa, resulting in the application of a zonation based on light intensity: shallow euphotic, deep euphotic, and dysphotic–aphotic. This paper assesses differences in sclerobiont communities observed on brachiopod shells (primarily Rafinesquina) among shallow euphotic-, deep euphotic-, and dysphotic-zones from the Upper Ordovician strata of the Cincinnati Arch region. Sclerobiont assemblages can thus successfully define a sclerobiofacies sensitive to interpreted paleobathymetric photic zonation. Ordovician sclerobionts show predictable declines in sample richness, frequency of encrustation of host shells, and ar...
Erroneous Historical Records of Climbing Salamanders (Aneides) in Washington State, U.S.A

Along the west coast of North America, climbing salamanders (genus Aneides) are found in California, Oregon, and British Columbia but supposedly not in Washington State. However, two publications from ca. 70-125 years ago each claimed to report the first occurrence of a climbing salamander from Washington, and at least five other publications have cited these records or otherwise indicated the presence of climbing salamanders in the state. I investigated their authenticity by examining the museum specimens they cited, determining how the identifications were made, and conducting field searches at the only reported locality. I found that these published records of climbing salamanders from Washington were erroneous and were the result of misidentifications of museum specimens. Although it is difficult to prove the absence of climbing salamanders from Washington, the current consensus that climbing salamanders do not occur in Washington is evidently correct despite seven historical reports to the contrary.
A Review of “Freedom Readers: The African American Reception of Dante Alighieri and the Divine Comedy”: Dennis Looney. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011. 280 pp.

Looney's trailblazing book opens a new and important page in Dante Studies and African American Studies, as well as American Studies at large. Thanks to this solid research, scholars of these field...
DNA polymerase stalling, sister chromatid recombination and the BRCA genes

Heritable predisposition to breast and/or ovarian cancer is determined, in part, by germline mutation affecting one of two tumor suppressor genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Miki et al., 1994; Wooster et al., 1995). These genes are required for the maintenance of genomic integrity and for control of homologous recombination in somatic and meiotic cells. Here, we explore the hypothesis that a major role of the BRCA gene products in the somatic DNA damage response centers upon the control of recombination between sister chromatids during S phase. By analogy with model organisms, we suggest that stalling of a mammalian DNA polymerase complex by its encounter with abnormal DNA structure calls forth a series of responses that collaborate to enforce appropriate recombinational outcomes, and to suppress inappropriate or 'illegitimate' recombination.
Postponement, Speculation and the Structure of Distribution Channels

➤While the study of marketing has long been concerned with the creation of time, space, and possession utilities, much of the literature of the field has dealt with the problems of ownership. Issue...
From the Perspective of Law and Order in Food Safety Problems

Along with the progress of human society,law also subsequently ceaseless and perfect,people of legal recognition of the value of deeper.Order as part of the legal value subsystem,more and more get legal academe attention,to order and law also had more extensive studies.From the perspective of law and order in China's food safety problems is not difficult to see that food security has an impact on social stability and harmony,economic development and a key factor in China's foreign trade.Urgent need to sum up the experience of previous incidents of food safety lessons,setting and "Food Safety Law" supporting the implementation details of the establishment of government regulation and effective supervision of consumer watchdog matching model,the behavior of a serious hazard to food safety efforts to increase the criminal punishment,Can fundamentally curb food safety hazards that exist.
Indeterminacy and Characteristic of High-proportion-filling Micromechanical Model

For particle-filled micro model,indeterminacy and its influence on equivalent macro performance are emphasized by domestic and foreign researchers.Taking the high filling-proportion of propellant into account,randomcity of particle amount and nonintegrated filling-proportion was discussed based on duality of random sample.Then subdomains-centroid method was put forward to characterize the space distribution of given number of particles.Subsequently,user-defined technique of Abaqus/Python was used to study indeterminacy and its influence,in the frame of Matlab software.The results of verification test indicate,1) randomcity of space distribution results in of equivalent modulus,on the condition of given number,and 2) subdomains-centroid method is intuitionistic and effective to characterize space distribution.
Preparation of V 2 O 5 from converter slag containing vanadium

Preparation of V2O5 from converter slag (CS) was investigated through roasting, leaching, extracting, and precipitating processes. The corresponding roles of the parameters during every procedure were analyzed in detail. (NH4)2SO4 and KHSO4 were used as fusing agents to transform compounds containing vanadium into soluble species. Mass ratio of (NH4)2SO4 to CS, mass ratio of KHSO4 to CS, and roasting temperature during the roasting process can significantly influence leaching rate of vanadium (LRV). With H2SO4 as leaching agent, 99.2 % vanadium in CS can be leached out under the optimum leaching conditions, which mainly refer to liquid-to-solid ratio, H2SO4 concentration, leaching temperature, and leaching time. Extracting and back-extracting processes were introduced to purify the vanadium from the H2SO4 lixivium. Extracting rate of vanadium (ERV) greatly depends on iron powder concentration, pH, diisooctyl phosphate (P204) content, volume ratio of extractant to H2SO4 lixivium, and extracting time. By adding ammonium hydroxide, 94.0 % vanadium in back-extracting solution can be separated in the form of precipitates. The product from the roasted precipitate mainly consists of V2O5, the content of which is higher than 90.0 %.
A mobile care coordination system for the management of complex chronic disease

There is global concern about healthcare cost, quality, and access as the prevalence of complex and chronic diseases, such as heart disease, continues to grow. Care for patients with complex chronic disease involves diverse practitioners and multiple transitions between medical centers, physician practices, clinics, community resources, and patient homes. There are few systems that provide the flexibility to manage these varied and complex interactions. Participatory and user-centered design methodology was applied to the first stage of building a mobile platform for care coordination for complex, chronic heart disease. Key informant interviews with patients, caregivers, clinicians, and care coordinators were conducted. Thematic analysis led to identification of priority user functions including shared care plan, medication management, symptom management, nutrition, physical activity, appointments, personal monitoring devices, and integration of data and workflow. Meaningful stakeholder engagement contributes to a person-centered system that enhances health and efficiency.
Keats’s “Posthumous Life”: Corpus and Body

John Keats died from tuberculosis in February 1821; he was twenty-five. The story of his short life and death is important to us, and our literature still rewrites, reinterprets, and reapplies whatever lesson we think we can get from the death of what was at the time an obscure English poet. The lesson of his death has often been a cautionary one about what leads to such an early death; whether we like it or not, this tale continues to be retold.
Prescribing attitudes, behaviors and opinions regarding metformin for patients with diabetes: a focus group study.

Background:The purpose of this study was to identify the reasons why metformin prescribing is suboptimal.Methods:Two semi-structured focus groups with attitudinal questionnaires and a brief educati...
Niobium carbide compostie coatings on SS304 using laser engineered net shaping (LENS

Abstract In this study, niobium carbide – stainless steel 304 (SS304) metal matrix composite was processed using laser engineering net shaping (LENS). By laser bonding NbC particles with SS304, the NbC dispersed at the grain boundaries and in the lattice. XRD results showed that NbC addition caused lattice strain, which resulted in the strengthening of the matrix metal, increase hardness, and a >75% decrease in wear rate. The carbides became abrasive particles in the metal during wear, which increased the wear resistance along with the coefficient of friction (COF). Such coating approach via LENS™ could be utilized in specific locations to protect existing steel parts or be added to new ones that may be sensitive to wear degradation as opposed to treating the entire part surface.
Self-reported mobile phone use and semen parameters among men from a fertility clinic

There is increasing concern that use of mobile phones, a source of low-level radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, may be associated with poor semen quality, but the epidemiologic evidence is limited and conflicting. The relationship between mobile phone use patterns and markers of semen quality was explored in a longitudinal cohort study of 153 men that attended an academic fertility clinic in Boston, Massachusetts. Information on mobile phone use duration, headset or earpiece use, and the body location in which the mobile phone was carried was ascertained via nurse-administered questionnaire. Semen samples (n=350) were collected and analyzed onsite. To account for multiple semen samples per man, linear mixed models with random intercepts were used to investigate the association between mobile phone use and semen parameters. Overall, there was no evidence for a relationship between mobile phone use and semen quality.
Less is more: Neural activity during very brief and clearly visible exposure to phobic stimuli

Research on automatic processes in fear has emphasized the provocation of fear responses rather than their attenuation. We have previously shown that the repeated presentation of feared images without conscious awareness via backward masking reduces avoidance of a live tarantula in spider-phobic participants. Herein we investigated the neural basis for these adaptive effects of masked exposure. 21 spider-phobic and 21 control participants, identified by a psychiatric interview, fear questionnaire, and approaching a live tarantula, viewed stimuli in each of three conditions: (1) very brief exposure (VBE) to masked images of spiders, severely limited awareness; (2) clearly visible exposure (CVE) to spiders, full awareness; and (3) masked images of flowers (control), severely limited awareness. Only VBE to masked spiders generated neural activity more strongly in phobic than in control participants, within subcortical fear, attention, higher-order language, and vision systems. Moreover, VBE activated regions that support fear processing in phobic participants without causing them to experience fear consciously. Counter-intuitively, CVE to the same spiders generated stronger neural activity in control rather than phobic participants within these and other systems. CVE deactivated regions supporting fear regulation and caused phobic participants to experience fear. CVE-induced activations also correlated with measures of explicit fear ratings, whereas VBE-induced activations correlated with measures of implicit fear (color-naming interference of spider words). These multiple dissociations between the effects of VBE and CVE to spiders suggest that limiting awareness of exposure to phobic stimuli through visual masking paradoxically facilitates their processing, while simultaneously minimizing the experience of fear. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2466-2481, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Benefit-Cost Analysis in Global Health

Decisions on investing in health as well as other policies require deciding how to best allocate available resources - recognizing that using labor, materials, and other resources for one purpose means that they cannot be used for other purposes. Approaches for economic evaluation, including cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit-cost analysis, have in common the overarching goal of providing information on policy impacts, so as to provide an evidence-base for decisions. What distinguishes benefit-cost analysis is its emphasis on explicitly accounting for all significant outcomes (both health and non-health) and on valuing them in monetary units to facilitate comparison. Benefit-cost analysis makes the relative values of different outcomes explicit. As conventionally implemented, benefit-cost analysis does not address the distribution of impacts within a population, but it can be supplemented to do so.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Kidneys—With and Without Gadolinium-Based Contrast

Assessment of renal function with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been actively explored in the past decade. In this review, we introduce the principle of MRI and review recent progress of MRI methods (contrast enhanced and noncontrast) in assessing renal function. Contrast-enhanced MRI using ultra-low dose of gadolinium-based agent has been validated for measuring single-kidney glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow accurately. For routine functional test, contrast-enhanced MRI may not replace the simple serum-creatinine method. However, for patients with renal diseases, it is often worthy to perform MRI to accurately monitor renal function, particularly for the diseased kidney. As contrast-enhanced MRI is already an established clinical tool for characterizing renal structural abnormalities, including renal mass and ureteral obstruction, it is possible to adapt the clinical MRI protocol to measure single-kidney glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow, as demonstrated by recent studies. What makes MRI unique is the promise of its noncontrast methods. These methods include arterial spin labeling for tissue perfusion, blood oxygen-level dependent for blood and tissue oxygenation, and diffusion-weighted imaging for water diffusion. For each method, we reviewed recent findings and summarized challenges.
Glass dissolution as a function of pH and its implications for understanding mechanisms and future experiments

Abstract Various rate equations for the dissolution of silicate glasses have been discussed in the literature. In this article, the published results from studies are discussed in which the dissolution rate data are collected under high flow conditions such that saturation with respect to alteration products is avoided. Additionally, the studies also covered broad ranges of temperature and pH. Starting with nuclear waste glass studies, a two-term rate expression is used to fit data with the result that the data point toward a three-term expression offered by Kohler et al. (2003). These rate expressions contain two or three pre-exponential or rate constants. However, it appears that a single rate constant, an intrinsic rate constant, is consistent with the data. Thus, a rate expression of the form R = k i exp - E a H + RT a H η H + exp - E a H 2 O RT + exp - E a OH - RT a OH η OH appears to be applicable to a broad range of glasses. Here, R is the rate of dissolution, mol/(m2·s) or similar; E is the activation energy associated with the acid, water, or hydroxide activated reactions, kJ/mol; a is the activity of H+, H2O, or OH−, unitless; η is the order of the reaction with respect to H+, H2O, or OH−; R is the gas constant, kJ/(mol·K); T is the temperature, Kelvin; and ki is the intrinsic rate constant, mol/(m2·s) or similar. The contribution to the overall rate from the ‘water’ term is evident as a minor contribution in the middle pH range for some glass compositions and a major contributor for others. One nuclear waste glass (the Japanese P0798), a basalt glass (Kohler et al., 2003), and a glass with a mineral composition (Bourcier, 1998) exhibit this contribution as a relatively flat response to changes in pH in the range of 5–8. However, to distinguish between the possible rate laws, more experiments and more carefully constrained experimentation are needed. These may include experiments at pH values that differ by as little as 0.25. Lastly, experiments with glasses of different compositions are needed to determine the dependence of the intrinsic rate constant on the glass composition and structure, i.e. non-bridging oxygens, Si–O–Si and Si–O–X (X = a matrix-forming element, e.g. Al or Fe), and other glass structural properties, e.g. binding energies.
Updates of Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas Based on the 2017 WHO Classification

This review will describe and update the readers on the recent changes of the 2017 WHO classification in regard to peripheral T cell lymphomas. Significant advances in molecular studies have resulted in revisions of the classification as well as introduction of provisional entities (such as breast implant-associated ALCL, nodal PTCL with TFH phenotype). Major advances in molecular and gene expression profiling have expanded our knowledge of T cell lymphomas, including updates in the diagnostic criteria and sub-classification which will facilitate in improving patient care and research.
High mobility group A2 (HMGA2) deficiency in pigs leads to dwarfism, abnormal fetal resource allocation, and cryptorchidism

Expression of HMGA2 is strongly associated with body size and growth in mice and humans. In mice, inactivation of one or both alleles of Hmga2 results in body-size reductions of 20% and 60%, respectively. In humans, microdeletions involving the HMGA2 locus result in short stature, suggesting the function of the HMGA2 protein is conserved among mammals. To test this hypothesis, we generated HMGA2-deficient pigs via gene editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Examination of growth parameters revealed that HMGA2-/+ male and female pigs were on average 20% lighter and smaller than HMGA2+/+ matched controls (P < 0.05). HMGA2-/- boars showed significant size reduction ranging from 35 to 85% of controls depending on age (P < 0.05), and organ weights were also affected (P < 0.05). HMGA2-/+ gilts and boars exhibited normal reproductive development and fertility, while HMGA2-/- boars were sterile due to undescended testes (cryptorchidism). Crossbreeding HMGA2-/+ boars and gilts produced litters lacking the HMGA2-/- genotype. However, analysis of day (D) D40 and D78 pregnancies indicated that HMGA2-/- fetuses were present at the expected Mendelian ratio, but placental abnormalities were seen in the D78 HMGA2-/- concepti. Additionally, HMGA2-/- embryos generated by gene editing and SCNT produced multiple pregnancies and viable offspring, indicating that lack of HMGA2 is not lethal per se. Overall, our results show that the effect of HMGA2 with respect to growth regulation is highly conserved among mammals and opens up the possibility of regulating body and organ size in a variety of mammalian species including food and companion animals.
Consumption, taste, and the economic transition in modern China

Theories of the sociology of consumption tend to be Western-based and they are embedded in a sociocultural context. This article aims to explore how Veblen’s status-seeking model and Bourdieu’s con...
GERD in the pediatric patient: management considerations.

As should be evident from the previous discussion, GERD is common in infants and children. Identifying pediatric patients with complications of GERD, such as erosive esophagitis, is important because effective treatment is available in this age group, as it is in adults. Antisecretory therapy is the most effective pharmacologic treatment for GERD, and PPIs in general provide faster symptom relief and are effective in healing erosive esophagitis in patients unresponsive to H2RAs. Surgical management of GERD is an option for children in whom pharmacologic therapy is unsuccessful, but the risks associated with surgical intervention must be considered against the relatively better prognosis in infants without life-threatening complications of GERD.
OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF PILE FOUNDATIONS

A computer-automated design and optimization process for pile foundations with rigid concrete slabs is presented. Optimality Criteria methodology is used to provide optimal pile designs. A threedimensional optimization computer program has been developed that designs a foundation system with an optimal number of piles, geometric layout, pile orientation, batter, and size for a given structure subjected to multiple load cases. The optimization procedure controls displacements while reducing the overall weight of the pile foundation design. A new method for optimizing weightless variables, such as batter, was also created. Thus, the challenges of optimizing variables that indirectly affect the weight of the pile foundation can still be designed to create weight savings. In one example, the total volume of the steel piles is reduced from 61,920 in3 to 49,570 in3 by optimizing only the pile sizes. Furthermore, the weight is reduced again by simultaneously optimizing each pile group's size coupled with the weightless variable, batter.
Measuring the Digital Divide from an Elementary Microeconomics Point of View

The measurement of the digital divide is a sub-field that has grown primarily upon the multidimensionality approach of the digital divide. These measurements have their strength on comparisons over time or across countries, although naturally imposing some constraints. This article proposes measurement framework for policy-making. The proposal combines strategies for segmenting populations and concepts from microeconomics to deliver an analytical framework to measure the digital divide and provide insights for policy-making.
Diastolic dysfunction in tetralogy of Fallot: Comparison of echocardiography with catheterization.

Background Right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction has been associated with adverse outcomes in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). However, the role and etiology of diastolic dysfunction remain incompletely defined. We assessed the association between traditional echocardiographic measures of diastolic function with catheter-based RV end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) and identified clinical characteristics independently associated with diastolic dysfunction. Methods Single-center, retrospective cohort study of surgically repaired TOF patients undergoing cardiac catheterization with echocardiograms within 3 months prior to the catheterization. Tricuspid inflow and tissue Doppler measurements (E/A, E/e', and deceleration time) defined diastolic dysfunction, graded as impaired relaxation, pseudonormal, or restrictive physiology. Regression analyses tested associations between echocardiographic parameters, RVEDP, and clinical characteristics. Results Ninety-four subjects were included. Catheterization age was 8.9 years (interquartile range 4.4, 15.9). RVEDP was 9.5 ± 2.5 mm Hg. Sixty-one (65%) subjects had echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction. RVEDP was not associated with echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function (grade of dysfunction, E/e', or E/A). Higher RVEDP was associated with larger right atrial and RV end-diastolic area, independently of weight and degree of pulmonary or tricuspid regurgitation, though was not associated with indexed right atrial or RV end-diastolic area. Greater number of interim procedures was associated with higher RVEDP, E/e', and the presence of diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography. Conclusions Diastolic dysfunction, as determined by echocardiography-derived and catheter-based (RVEDP) measures, is prevalent in this TOF population. These measures are not associated with each other; therefore, echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function are not reflective of RVEDP. The development of noninvasive parameters that correlate with filling pressures is required.
Families and Technologies in an Era of Migration

This chapter reviews research on media and technology use among families who have recently migrated. Specifically, the chapter explores the ways that communication technologies have facilitated migration, how families utilize communication technologies as they navigate relationships in the contexts of migration, how parents navigate digital risks and opportunities for their children, and how the techno-social environment of social media platforms is shaping family relations and family communication. A discussion of future directions for research in this area concludes the chapter.
A previously unreported type of extra-articular triplane fracture: A revised classification system.

Background:Atypical triplane fractures are defined as triplane fractures that are intra-articular but affect the non-weight-bearing area of the tibia plafond or extra-articular triplane fractures w...
Examining University Responses to the DACA Rescission: a Critical Discourse Analysis

This study engaged a critical discourse analysis to examine statements from higher education leaders regarding the rescission of the federal Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. The research questions addressed were as follows. (a) What discourses are present in higher education leaders’ responses to the DACA rescission and DACA students? (b) What discourses are present regarding the role of U.S. higher education in the immigration policy agenda? (c) How do these responses connect to or conflict with broader higher education discourses on diversity, equity, and inclusion? Findings across the 139 institutional responses emphasize the tone of the responses, the depiction of students impacted by the DACA rescission, the forms of institutional commitment discussed in the responses, and the connections that leaders make to institutional identity.
An Energy-Efficient Network-on-Chip Design using Reinforcement Learning

The design space for energy-efficient Network-on-Chips (NoCs) has expanded significantly comprising a number of techniques. The simultaneous application of these techniques to yield maximum energy efficiency requires the monitoring of a large number of system parameters which often results in substantial engineering efforts and complicated control policies. This motivates us to explore the use of reinforcement learning (RL) approach that automatically learns an optimal control policy to improve NoC energy efficiency. First, we deploy power-gating (PG) and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to simultaneously reduce both static and dynamic power. Second, we use RL to automatically explore the dynamic interactions among PG, DVFS, and system parameters, learn the critical system parameters contained in the router and cache, and eventually evolve optimal per-router control policies that significantly improve energy efficiency. Moreover, we introduce an artificial neural network (ANN) to efficiently implement the large state-action table required by RL. simulation results using parsec benchmark show that the proposed rl approach improves power consumption by 26%, while improving system performance by 7%, as compared to a combined PG and DVFS design without RL. additionally, the ann design yields 67% area reduction, as compared to a conventional RL implementation.
Recognising bias in studies of diagnostic tests part 2: interpreting and verifying the index test

Multiple pitfalls can occur with the conduct and analysis of a study of diagnostic tests, resulting in biased accuracy. Our conceptual model includes three stages: patient selection, interpretation of the index test and disease verification. In part 2, we focus on (1) Interpretation bias (or workup bias): where the classification of an indeterminate index test result can bias the accuracy of a test or how lack of blinding can bias a subjective test result, and (2) Disease verification bias: where the index test result is incorporated into the gold standard or when the gold standard is applied only to a select population as the gold standard is an invasive test. In an example with age-adjusted D-dimer for pulmonary embolism, differential verification bias was a limitation due to the use of two gold standards-CT for a high-risk population and follow-up for symptoms in a low-risk population. However, there are circumstances when certain choices in study design are unavoidable, and result in biased test characteristics. In this case, the informed reader will better judge the quality of a study by recognising the potential biases and limitations by being methodical in their approach to understanding the methods, and in turn, better apply studies of diagnostic tests into their clinical practice.
EDGE Through the Years

This chapter offers a collection of group photos from each of the EDGE summer sessions held between 1998 and 2018.
A turbulence model for nonequilibrium adverse pressure gradient flows

This paper presents a method for calculating compressible adverse pressure gradient boundary layers by using an algebraic eddy viscosity turbulence model that has been modified for variable pressure gradient and turbulence memory effects. The pressure gradient corrections are based on previous incompressible data correlations. Several methods for including the effects of turbulence memory are evaluated. A new lag model, which gives good agreement with available experimental data, is developed. Finally, a correlation is developed for the lag length parameter employed in the model as a function of the known experimental flow variables.
Continuous-Flow Bioassays with Aquatic Organisms: Procedures and Applications

The current concern for protection of important water uses has greatly increased the use of aquatic bioassays. Their use in quality control of products and effluents and the development of water-quality criteria have led to a proliferation of techniques and approaches. The results of bioassays with aquatic organisms are subject to a great degree of variability depending on the quality of the dilution water, the test species, and the quality of the organisms and of the testing system. Several types of continuous-flow methodology are evaluated, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Fail-safe devices, measured concentrations, and as much care and expertise as one would expect with measurements by various types of analytical instruments are essential to obtaining the best bioassay data.
Videotape dietary assessment: validity, reliability, and comparison of results with 24-hour dietary recalls from elderly women in a retirement home.

The validity and reliability of a videotape method for quantifying food intake were tested, and results of the method were compared with results obtained from 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants were 37 elderly Catholic nuns (aged 81.8 ±4.1 years) who were ambulatory and living in a retirement home. The videotape method of dietary assessment consisted of videotaping food trays of each participant for three meals during 1 day and the subsequent identification of food types and amounts from the videotapes. Estimates of food amounts obtained were used in the calculation of energy and nutrient intake. Correlation coefficients between values for energy and 14 nutrients obtained by direct measurement of food and estimates from the videotape method were high (r = 0.86 to 1.0). Compared with measured food amounts, the videotape method underestimated food quantities by an average of 6%. The reliability test indicated that mean nutrient values obtained from the videotape method by two research assistants differed by an average of 3.7% and were highly correlated (r = 0.84 to 0.98). Comparison of the videotape method with 24-hour dietary recalls revealed differences between mean values that were greater than 10% for energy and 6 of the 14 nutrients and correlations that ranged from 0.09 to 0.82. These results suggest that use of 24-hour dietary recalls among the elderly may result in a high percentage of error.
Driving with guardian: Blending user inputs with safety ensuring barriers

This paper considers the practical aspects of using a control barrier function induced by a robust controlled invariant set for supervising user inputs. Our focus application is path following/lane keeping functionality in advanced driver assist systems. We define specific normalized barrier functions for ellipsoidal and polytopic invariant sets. Then, we use the magnitude of these barriers to determine an optimum safe control input as well to determine when to blend this input with the user's input. This method allows for a smooth overriding of the user input and is well defined in the case that the barrier is violated due, for instance, to model mismatch. The method is demonstrated in a realistic simulation environment. These simulations show the proposed method to be a computationally light way to safeguard user inputs in a smooth manner.