cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Horizons mission to Pluto: Advances in telecommunications system design

Abstract This paper presents the RF telecommunications system designed for the New Horizons mission, NASA's planned mission to Pluto, with focus on new technologies developed to meet mission requirements. These technologies include an advanced digital receiver—a mission-enabler for its low DC power consumption at 2.6 W secondary power. The receiver is one-half of a card-based transceiver that is incorporated with other spacecraft functions into an integrated electronics module, providing further reductions in mass and power. Other developments include extending APL's long and successful flight history in ultrastable oscillators (USOs) with an updated design for lower DC power. These USOs offer frequency stabilities to 1 part in 1013, stabilities necessary to support New Horizons’ uplink radio science experiment. In antennas, the 2.1 m high-gain antenna makes use of shaped sub- and main reflectors to improve system performance and achieve a gain approaching 44 dBic. New Horizons would also be the first deep-space mission to fly a regenerative ranging system, offering up to a 30 dB performance improvement over sequential ranging, especially at long ranges. The paper will provide an overview of the current system design and development and performance details on the new technologies mentioned above. Other elements of the telecommunications system will also be discussed. Note: New Horizons is NASA's planned mission to Pluto, and has not been approved for launch. All representations made in this paper are contingent on a decision by NASA to go forward with the preparation for and launch of the mission.
High AC/A ET: Bifocals? Surgery? Or Nothing at All?

IntroductionBifocals have been the standard of care for pure high AC/A esotropia for over 100 years, though surgery for the near esotropia is being offered more and more frequently. There has been ...
Equity in Federal Contracting: Examining the Link between Minority Representation and Federal Procurement Decisions

The federal government increasingly relies on nongovernmental organizations for procuring goods and services. This long-term trend presents a significant challenge for administrators because it risks the egalitarian values of democracy by further distancing administrative action from direct, participative, democratic oversight. The authors put forward a theory of representative bureaucracy as a way to reconcile democracy with the reality of the contemporary policy process in which unelected officials are the principal decision makers. The theory is tested in the domain of federal procurement, specifically within the contract award decisions of 60 federal agencies over three years. The authors argue that increased minority representation in leadership positions results in an increased proportion of federal contracts awarded to small minority-owned firms.
In vitro study of acute elevations of endoneurial pressure in mammalian peripheral nerve sheath.

In previous studies of peripheral nerve edema, endoneurial fluid pressure rarely exceeded 7 mm Hg for even the most edematous nerves. In a recent study a time-dependent reduction in elastic modulus was reported. However, because of the chronic nature of the studies, pressure and volume changes were not directly recorded from the same nerves. In the present study mammaliam perineurial compliance was directly studied in vitro. When compliance (ΔVΔP) was compared between nerves subjected to slow rates of ΔV (0.7μl/min) and fast rates (7 μl/min), mean values were reduced for all pressure intervals but did not become statistically significant because of considerable variability between nerves. However, in a separate series of experiments, when the same nerve sheath was consecutively subjected to these two rates of Δ V, compliance was consistently and significantly (P < 0.001, paired t test) greater for slow ΔV, confirming directly the importance of a time-dependent change in elastic modulus, i.e., a viscous modulus. A tentative physiologic-morphologic correlation is made. No evidence was found for norepinephrine- or acetylcholine-responsive contractile elements.
The influence of processing pressure on the formation of the high-T c 2223 phase in Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors

The effects of processing pressure on the superconducting critical transition temperature, T c, of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca2.05Cu3.05 Ox were investigated. Uniaxial cold- and hot-pressed samples prepared from mixed oxide and chemically coprecipitated powders were studied. The uniaxial cold-pressed specimens were pressed at a low pressure of 34.5 M Pa (5000 p.s.i.) and a high pressure of 138.7 M Pa (20 120 p.s.i.) and sintered at 845 °C for times ranging from 24–200 h. The mixed oxide samples showed a 0.5 K increase in T cas the pressure was increased, while the chemically coprecipitated samples showed a 3.6 K increase in T cwith the same increase in pressure. The uniaxial hot-pressed specimens were hot pressed at 845 °C for 6 h in oxygen at a pressure of 34.5 MPa (5000 p.s.i.) and post-annealed for 24–30 h in air at 845 °C. These samples, both mixed oxide and chemically coprecipitated, showed an increase in T cof approximately 25 K from the hot-pressed state to the post-annealed state. The highest T cachieved by either of these processing methods was 108.4 K.
An approach to the use of immunosuppressive drugs in nonmalignant diseases

Abstract Immunosuppressive drugs are being given to patients with inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. The drugs in common use have different biochemical properties that may be responsible for their different immunologic and anti-inflammatory properties. These are reflected in clear-cut distinctions in clinical efficacy. A limited number of controlled trials have suggested that certain immunosuppressive drugs are effective in a few human inflammatory diseases. There have been more negative than positive trials. Furthermore, the drugs increase the risk of infection and may predispose to malignancy. Long-term results are not available; until they are, the drugs would be most profitably administered in the context of controlled long-term trials so that rational approaches to therapy may be possible in the near future. Important medicophilosophical questions are raised by the potential benefit and the potential harm of immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of nonmalignant diseases. The widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs in the therapy of human diseases of unknown etiology is not warranted at the present time.
Targeted Recombination at the Chinese Hamster APRT Locus Using Insertion versus Replacement Vectors

In this study, we have examined the effects of targeting vector configuration and site of vector linearization on the frequency of targeted recombination at the endogenous CHO APRT locus, and have analyzed the types and class distributions of APRT+recombinants obtained in APRT targeting experiments employing uncut circular, insertion-type (ends-in), and replacement-type (ends-out) configurations of the same pAG7 targeting vector, including configurations produced by introduction of a double-strand break (DSB) at sites either within, or at the 5′ or 3′ boundaries of APRT targeting homology. Our results suggest that: 1) plasmid-chromosome targeted recombination in mammalian cells may not be stimulated to the same degree by a DSB in the targeting vector as by a DSB in the chromosomal target; 2) recombinant class distributions are highly dependent upon targeting vector configuration; and 3) one-sided invasion mechanisms may play a significant role in homologous recombination in mammalian cells.
Measuring Gustatory Variation in Mice: A Short-term Fluid-Intake Test

A short-term fluid-intake test is described which is directed at the study of individual variation in gustation in laboratory mice. To avoid position preferences associated with two-bottle tests, single graduated cylinders are used to present the solution. Intake of water and solutions is recorded for a 6-h period beginning 3 h prior to the dark phase of the light cycle. The timing of data collection ensures a stable baseline of fluid intake because it coincides with the period in which mice begin to drink. Food and water are available ad lib. at all other times so the test avoids the water restriction that is often used in gustatory studies. We report normative data on ten commonly used inbred strains for sucrose (100 mM), saccharin (10 mM), quinine (1.1 mM), HCI (1 and 3 mM). NaCl (320 mM), and monosodium glutamate (150 mM). Strain differences were pronounced for all tastants. Concurrent measures of food and fluid intake by C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice demonstrated that the short-term reduction of fluid intake resulting from 6-h quinine administration, which was restricted to C57BL/6J mice, was associated with a minor reduction in food intake during the 6-h test and had no statistically significant effect on food or fluid intake during the 18-h post-test period or during a 6-h period the next day. The absence of large-scale or persistent nonspecific effects supports the use of the paradigm for screening of multiple solutions on the same animals. The reliability of the test is supported by positive correlations between repeated measurements of the same solution across substantial time intervals. Its ease of use, substantial reliability, and avoidance of water restriction make the test a very useful addition to screening tools in the field of gustation research.
Think for Yourself: Bringing Critical Thinking Skills to the Classroom

This article addresses the need for critical thinking skills in today's job market and the need for educators to teach students these skills. Creating an appropriate learning environment that encourages students to think for themselves involves allowing a lot of freedom and flexibility in planning and administering course material.
Surface mount technology — The future of electronic assembly

The reasons for using surface mount technology (SMT) are discussed, and the various types of assemblies are described. The production and design process for SMT devices are examined.
The right not to be born: reinterpreting the nonidentity problem.

In “Physicians’ Duties and the Non-Identity Problem,” Hope and McMillan (2012) claim that for an action to be wrong there must be an identifiable victim who is harmed and made worse off than that p...
Chromosome instability leaves its mark.

Genomic instability is a common feature of human cancer. A new study identifies a putative gene expression signature of chromosome instability in solid tumors, with implications for both understanding the underlying mechanisms and improving prediction of clinical outcomes.
When models interact with their subjects: the dynamics of model aware systems.

A scientific model need not be a passive and static descriptor of its subject. If the subject is affected by the model, the model must be updated to explain its affected subject. In this study, two models regarding the dynamics of model aware systems are presented. The first explores the behavior of “prediction seeking” (PSP) and “prediction avoiding” (PSP) populations under the influence of a model that describes them. The second explores the publishing behavior of a group of experimentalists coupled to a model by means of confirmation bias. It is found that model aware systems can exhibit convergent random or oscillatory behavior and display universal 1/f noise. A numerical simulation of the physical experimentalists is compared with actual publications of neutron life time and mass measurements and is in good quantitative agreement.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma developing in lupus vulgaris exfoliativus persistent for 40 years

Background A 65-year-old man is described with a 40-year history of lupus vulgaris exfoliativus, a form of cutaneous tuberculosis that resembles psoriasis. He had been misdiagnosed as having psoriasis vulgaris for many years. A cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma developed within a plaque of lupus vulgaris exfoliativus. Methods A skin biopsy provided the correct diagnoses. Results The patient was successfully treated with medication for tuberculosis and had his skin cancer cured by surgical excision. Conclusions With an increasing worldwide incidence of tuberculosis, one needs to be aware of its cutaneous forms and variants, as well as its complications, in particular skin cancer. Lupus vulgaris exfoliativus may resemble psoriasis vulgaris.
β-carotene in the gametophytic phase of Coelomomyces dodgei

The aquatic parasitic fungus, Coelomomyces dodgei (Chytridiomycetes; Blastocladiales), has a life cycle of the Euallomyces type with the gametophyte and sporophyte generations alternating obligately between a copepod host and a mosquito host, respectively. In infected copepods, the fungus produces gametophytes which are either bright orange or colorless. Subsequently, each gametophyte forms gametangia and gametes of a corresponding color. The colors are indicative of opposite mating types, and zygotes are only formed by fusion of orange and colorless gametes. In the present investigation the orange pigment was extracted from copepods containing orange gametangia and subjected to uv spectral analysis and thinlayer chromatography. The uv absorption profile in hexane, including maxima at 454 and 480 nm, and the chromatographic properties of the pigment indicate it is β-carotene.
Case for hybrid "fetal growth curves": a population-based estimation of normal fetal size across gestational age.

We hypothesized that normal fetal size would be most appropriately characterized by a hybrid cross-sectional growth chart combining preterm (<37 weeks) ultrasound-estimated fetal weights and full-term (≥37 weeks) birthweights. Concurrent cross-sectional charts defining fetal size were constructed from 1,331 ultrasound-estimated fetal weights (US) (24–40 weeks) and 9,553 birthweights (BW) (24–43 weeks) from a population of singleton offspring without anomalies. Percentile ranks (10th-90th) were established for both charts. Best-fit third-order equations generated by least-squares regression analysis were compared between the two growth charts. Weight distributions (percentile ranks) were compared separately across gestational age, and for preterm and term gestation. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square analysis where appropriate with P <. 05 accepted for significance. The BW standard failed to appropriately characterize ultrasound-estimated fetal weight across gestational age. (US: < 10th%, n =...
Erectile dysfunction: therapy health outcomes.

E dysfunction (ED), the ‘‘inability of the male to achieve an erect penis as part of the overall multifaceted process of male sexual function,’’1 has become a common complaint seen in the average urology practice.2,3 With the increased use of medication to treat ED, a growing number of new cases of ED are being seen by internists as the primary physician.4 Although the likelihood of ED is related to age, ED is not thought to be an inevitable consequence of aging. The prevalence of ED is estimated at 2% for men aged 40 years, 25% to 30% for men aged 65, and greater than 50% for men over age 75.4–6 Even greater numbers of patients with ED are projected for the future, as awareness of the disorder, and of successful treatments, grows among patients and physicians.1,2 The treatment of ED includes a number of options that are generally viewed by patients and physicians as highly effective in initially restoring the physiologic capacity to achieve and maintain erections. Unfortunately, there is a high rate of voluntary cessation of treatment for all currently popular forms of therapy.1,3 The reasons for the high rates of discontinuation of therapy are poorly understood, but based on long-term success criteria it is clear that most patients with ED are poorly served by available therapies. The paradox of low levels of long-term use of treatments that are highly effective in producing erections suggests that the successful treatment of ED involves more than the simple restoration of physiologic capacity. Thus, although the physiologic responses to treatment are of obvious importance, other factors associated with treatment must profoundly influence the overall outcome of therapy. Efforts to optimize currently available treatments or to develop improved treatments for ED must, therefore, target improvement in indexes of efficacy based on both physiologic/clinical measures and on health outcome measures such as patient/partner satisfaction and preference, and level and quality of sexual activity. The length of continuation of therapy is also an indication of treatment satisfaction. Progress in this area is impaired by the lack of validated test instruments for assessing degrees of ED, health outcomes, and factors responsible for treatment success or failure.1 The objectives of this article are to (1) review the effectiveness of available treatment options for ED, and (2) examine the role of health outcome measures as a complement to physiologic or clinical measures in assessing the therapeutic success of ED treatment options.
Social Relations of Widows in Urbanizing Societies

(1972). Social Relations of Widows in Urbanizing Societies. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 259-271.
Variational Data Assimilation for Renewable Wind Energy Predictions: China Inner Mongolia Case Study

Advanced data assimilation method is used for the short-term wind power forecasting based on a meso-scale model. Considerable forecast error reduction is concluded from a case study in China, where a better resolved high-resolution initial condition is introduced via assimilating various in-situ observations.
Protein and Genome Evolution in Mammalian Cells for Biotechnology Applications

Mutation and selection are the essential steps of evolution. Researchers have long used in vitro mutagenesis, expression, and selection techniques in laboratory bacteria and yeast cultures to evolve proteins with new properties, termed directed evolution. Unfortunately, the nature of mammalian cells makes applying these mutagenesis and whole-organism evolution techniques to mammalian protein expression systems laborious and time consuming. Mammalian evolution systems would be useful to test unique mammalian cell proteins and protein characteristics, such as complex glycosylation. Protein evolution in mammalian cells would allow for generation of novel diagnostic tools and designer polypeptides that can only be tested in a mammalian expression system. Recent advances have shown that mammalian cells of the immune system can be utilized to evolve transgenes during their natural mutagenesis processes, thus creating proteins with unique properties, such as fluorescence. On a more global level, researchers have shown that mutation systems that affect the entire genome of a mammalian cell can give rise to cells with unique phenotypes suitable for commercial processes. This review examines the advances in mammalian cell and protein evolution and the application of this work toward advances in commercial mammalian cell biotechnology.
Conflict Over the Consequences of Humiliation

In 2010, a provocative conference on the psychology of genocide was held at Clark University. I had hoped the conference would result in some agreement about the psychological dynamics involved in ...
Internal-conversion coefficients in the decay of 83Krm☆

The radiations from the decay of 83Krm were measured with a high-resolution Si(Li) detector. The results are T12(83Krm=1.83±0.02h, E32 = 32.16± 0.02 keV, E9 = 9.40 ±0.02 keV, αT(9) = 17.5 ± 1.4, and αK(32)=454±15.
Droplet-model electric dipole moments☆

Abstract We present a calculation of the macroscopic contribution to the dipole moment of a deformed (axially symmetric but reflection asymmetric) nucleus, using the droplet model. In addition to the familiar charge redistribution effect (which is worked out including a correction for the relative neutron excess (N - Z)/ A and a second correction, of relative order A − 1 3 , the droplet model predicts a contribution from the presence of a neutron skin. This contribution turns out to be of the same order as the redistribution effect and of opposite sign. The result is a reduction of the macroscopic contribution to the dipole moment to small or even negative values, as compared with earlier estimates. All the formulae are worked out for a nuclear shape specified by an arbitrary number of Legendre polynomials.
Through our children's eyes—The public health impact of the vision screening requirements for Indiana school children

Abstract Background The vision screening of preschool and school children is a widely accepted procedure to detect vision problems that can interfere with learning. The Indiana General Assembly requires the annual vision screening with the Modified Clinical Technique (MCT) of all children upon their enrollment in either kindergarten or the first grade, with the exception of schools that apply for and receive waivers to conduct only a distance Snellen chart screening. Methods In association with the Indiana State Department of Health, the Indiana University School of Optometry conducted an analysis of statewide school screening data on 36,967 grade 1 children from 139 of the 294 Indiana school corporations that submitted data for the 2000–2001 school year to examine differences in referral rate by screening method, the socioeconomic status of children screened, and academic performance. Results The MCT was used by 125 of the school corporations, and some other technique was used by 14 school corporations. Significant differences were seen when comparing the mean referral rates of school corporations that conduct the MCT against school corporations that do not conduct the MCT (P = 0.001) and in the rate of referral by median family income of the children screened (P = 0.050). A median family income of $46,500 was identified as the level at which the income-specific difference in referral rates ceased to be significant (P = 0.074). In spite of an observed tendency toward a higher referral rate for children who performed below average on the standardized Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress Plus (ISTEP+) exam, results were found to be not significant (P = 0.116) when comparing the percentage of grade 1 children referred to an eye care provider in 2000–2001 with their percentages of passing both the English/language arts and mathematics components of the 2002–2003 ISTEP+ exam (in grade 3). Conclusion Schools using the highly sensitive and specific MCT identified more visually at-risk children than schools using alternative, less sensitive vision screening techniques, and the percentage of grade 1 children referred to an eye care provider was higher for school corporations with lower median family incomes. Although statistically insignificant, the results indicate that students who fail the vision screening in grade 1 tend to be more at risk for poorer academic performance on standardized testing in grade 3.
Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites.

Abstract Little research has focused on the ecological standards of recreation interest groups for campsites in wilderness. Because there are differences in their use of the resource, it is sometimes assumed that groups’ standards for campsite impacts are also different. Using evaluations of bare ground and fire rings from organized interest groups, this study compares impact standards for outdoor activity clubs, environmental organizations, and wilderness managers. For the impacts and groups studied here, results suggest that groups using the back country may not be as different in their views as generally assumed, managers’ standards generally differ from those of user groups, tolerance of ecological impacts at campsites is generally high, and ecological impacts may not be a high priority for users when compared with other campsite attributes. Findings imply that some consolidation of group types may be appropriate for campsite management purposes. Analysis of group standards can help identify a range o...
Super obesity in pregnancy: difficulties in clinical management

As the obesity pandemic continues in the United States, obesity in pregnancy has become an area of interest. Many studies focus on women with body mass index (BMI) ⩾ 30 kg m(-2). Unfortunately, the prevalence of patients with BMI ⩾ 50 kg m(-2) is rapidly increasing, and there are few studies specifically looking at pregnant women in this extreme category. The purpose of this article is to highlight some of the challenges faced and review the literature available to help guide obstetricians who might encounter such patients.
1073 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALIZED INFANTS

Recent studies show that 14-30% of newborn infants with prolonged hospitalizations in intensive care nurseries (ICNs) develop infections with cytomegalovirus (CMV). These infections can be associated with fever, hepatitis and pneumonia. Maternal-infant transmission at the time of birth, and acquisition of CMV through blood products appear to be the major routes of viral transmission. Although most cases of CMV infections occur sporadically in ICNs, our surveillance program has identified several clusters of 2 to 4 infants excreting CMV at the same time in one ICN. These multiple groups of infants with temporally related nosocomial CMV infections suggest that infant-infant transmission of CMV may occur. Using restriction endonuclease analyses, I have compared the DNA fragment migration patterns of the CMV isolates of infants with epidemiologically related infections. In addition, the viruses of a nosocomially infected baby and his mother who developed a primary CMV infection after the discharge home of her infant were compared. At present the analyses indicate that no 2 infants excreting CMV were infected with the same strain virus. However, the DNA digestion pattern of the mother's isolate is identical to her infant's CMV strain. These findings suggest that although nosocomially infected infants are capable of transmitting CMV to other individuals that the risk of infant-infant CMV transmission in ICNs is low with routine methods of handwashing and isolation.
Approximate Killing Vectors on S**2

We present a new method for computing the best approximation to a Killing vector on closed 2-surfaces that are topologically S{sup 2}. When solutions of Killing's equation do not exist, this method is shown to yield results superior to those produced by existing methods. In addition, this method appears to provide a new tool for studying the horizon geometry of distorted black holes.
Teaching Anatomy of the Sheep Brain: A Laboratory Exercise with PlayDoh™

Undergraduates gain a three-dimensional view of the structures of the sheep brain, first by following a standard dissection procedure and then by constructing a model using PhyDohTM. Both methods demonstrate evolutionary trends in brain development. Students reported that the lab was helpful for learning about neuroanatomy, and they recommended its use in future semesters.
Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in adult and developing neurons: autoexcitation in the olfactory bulb.

The mitral cell of the olfactory bulb is the primary relay neuron that transmits information from the olfactory receptors to the rest of the brain. This excitatory neuron releases glutamate from presynaptic dendrites and axon terminals. All rat mitral cells studied showed strong, selective, and widespread metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1α immunoreactivity on the presynaptic membrane of dendrites, often at the synaptic vesicle release site, when examined with light and electron microscopy. The finding of glutamate receptors on mitral cell secondary dendrites supports the conclusion that not all dendritic membrane with glutarnate receptors necessarily have gray type I asymmetrical synaptic specializations. In contrast, the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 was not found in mitral cells but was expressed by granule cells and astrocytes around mitral dendrites. Both mGluR1α and mGluR5 were expressed early in development, with strong immunostaining present by postnatal day 1. MGluR1α staining at birth mirrored the adult staining pattern. MGluR5 staining at birth showed different patterns of immunostaining than that found in the adult, particularly in the external plejdform layer. In vitro olfactory bulb neurons and their dendrites from embryonic day (E) 18 olfactory bulbs responded to t-ACPD and quisqualate, selective and fionselective metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists, and to several ionotropic glutamatel agonists with increases in intracellular Ca2+ as studied with fura-2 digital imaging. These data indicate that the receptors were functionally active at an early stage of development. Application of the glutarnate receptor blockers d-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline (CNQX) to E17 olfactory bulb neurons after only 4 days in vitro resulted in a dramatic decrease in Ca2+ levels in 70% of 128 cells tested, suggesting that embryonic neurons after a short time in vitro can actively secrete glutamate. The presence of glutamate receptors on the long mitral cell dendrite suggests that it would be able to respond to release of its own excitatory transmitter, probably at an early stage of development. In the probable absence of other excitatory input to the secondary mitral dendrites, it would be the only excitatory “input.” This autoexcitatory response would be modulated by release of GABA from olfactory interneurons occurring milliseconds after glutamate release induced by olfactory nerve activation. This novel type of neuronal microcircuitry would potentially amplify signal transmission and current spread along the long mitral dendrites and could play an important role in lateral inhibition of olfactory neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of LIDAR and spectral imagery for scene classification in forested areas

LIDAR data taken over the Elkhorn Slough in Central California were analyzed for terrain classification. The specific terrain element of interest is vegetation, and in particular, tree type. Data taken on April 12th, 2005, were taken over a 10 km × 20 km region which is mixed use agriculture and wetlands. Time return and intensity were obtained at ~2.5 m postings. Multi-spectral imagery from QuickBird was used from a 2002 imaging pass to guide analysis. Ground truth was combined with the orthorectified satellite imagery to determine regions of interest for areas with Eucalyptus, Scrub Oak, Live Oak, and Monterey Cyprus trees. LIDAR temporal returns could be used to distinguish regions with trees from cultivated and bare soil areas. Some tree types could be distinguished on the basis of the relationship between first/last extracted feature returns. The otherwise similar Eucalyptus and Monterey Cyprus could be distinguished by means of the intensity information from the imaging LIDAR. The combined intensity and temporal data allowed accurate distinction between the tree types, a task not otherwise practical with the satellite spectral imagery.
Differentiation of Enzyme Coagulants on Casein-Agar Gels

Abstract Enzyme coagulants were differentiated on pH 6.85 casein-agar gels. Calf rennet extracts produced primary and secondary precipitate zones separated by a wide clear zone in 24 hours. Swine pepsin produced no visible change or a slight primary zone of smaller diameter. Coagulants from Endothia parasitica and Mucor pusillus var. Lindt produced single zones of variable intensities. The fungal enzymes tended to clear the agar behind the zone. A substance diffusing ahead of the zone from fungal coagulants redissolved the primary rennet zone diffusing from adjacent wells. Characteristics of secondary precipitate zones detected less than 1% of either fungal enzyme in rennet, pepsin, or 50% rennet-pepsin blends. Rennet-pepsin blends with more than 20% pepsin had weak secondary precipitate zones. No secondary zones appeared when pepsin exceeded 60%.
Prenatal diagnosis of heterozygosity for biotinidase deficiency by enzymatic and molecular analyses

Biotinidase deficiency is characterized by neurological and cutaneous abnormalities that can be prevented or ameliorated by oral biotin therapy. A child with biotinidase deficiency went undiagnosed for a long period and has irreversible neurological deficits despite biotin treatment. This child is homozygous for the most common mutation (G98:d7i3) found in symptomatic children with the disorder. The parents insisted on having prenatal diagnosis in a subsequent pregnancy to alleviate their anxiety about having another affected child. Mutation analysis of DNA obtained directly from amniotic fluid and from cultured amniocytes revealed that the fetus was heterozygous for the mutation. Maternal cell contamination of the amniocytes was excluded by genotype analysis. Biotinidase activity in extracts of cultured amniocytes revealed 40 per cent of mean normal activity. At birth, the infant was confirmed to be heterozygous by serum enzyme analysis. This is the first report of the use of molecular analysis for the prenatal diagnosis for biotinidase deficiency.
The interaction of heparin with human α-thrombin: Effect on the hydrolysis of anilide tripeptide substrates

Abstract The interaction of heparin with human α-thrombin was investigated in the present report. Hydrolysis of synthetic tripeptide anilide substrates by thrombin was enhanced in the presence of heparin. With both N -α-benzoyl- l -phenylalanyl- l -valyl- l -arginine- p -nitroanilide (BzPheValArgNaN) and N -α- p -tosyl- l -glycyl- l -prolyl- l -arginine- p -nitroanilide (TosGlyProArgNaN), saturating concentrations of heparin enhanced the binding of substrate two-to threefold as determined by a decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant value, while having a marginal inhibitory effect on V . Substrate inhibition was observed with BzPheValArgNaN, which was enhanced in the presence of heparin. The enhancing effect of heparin on the binding of TosGlyProArgNaN was used to determine a dissociation constant value of 1.7 × 10 −9 m for the heparin · thrombin complex. This value is nearly two orders of magnitude lower than the dissociation constant value determined for the heparin · antithrombin III complex (B. Nordenman and I. Bjork, 1978, Biochemistry 17 , 3339–3344), suggesting strongly that heparin must bind to thrombin to account for the enhancing effect of heparin on the antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Heparin also enhanced the rate of inactivation of thrombin by 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino- l -2-hepatonone, but had little effect on the inactivation rate with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride.
Fluoride rearrangement reactions of polyphenyl- and polyvinylsilsesquioxanes as a facile route to mixed functional phenyl, vinyl T10 and T12 silsesquioxanes.

Polyphenylsilsesquioxane [PhSiO1.5]n (PPS) and polyvinylsilsesquioxane [vinylSiO1.5]n (PVS) are polymeric byproducts of the syntheses of the related T8 octamers [PhSiO1.5]8 and [vinylSiO1.5]8. Here we demonstrate that random-structured PPS and PVS rearrange in the presence of catalytic amounts of Bu4N+F− in THF to form mixed-functionality polyhedral T10 and T12 silsesquioxane (SQ) cages in 80−90% yields. Through control of the initial ratio of starting materials, we can statistically tailor the average values for x for the vinylxPh10−xT10 and vinylxPh12−xT12 products. Metathetical coupling of x ≈ 2 vinyl cages with 4-bromostyrene produces SQs with an average of two 4-bromostyrenyl substituents. These products can be reacted via Heck coupling with vinylSi(OEt)3 to produce SQs with vinylSi(OEt)3 end-caps. Alternately, Heck coupling with the originally produced x ≈ 2 vinyl SQs leads to “beads on a chain” SQ oligomers joined by conjugated organic tethers. The functionalized T10 and T12 cages, metathesis, and ...
Algorithms for generating B-nets and graphically displaying spline surfaces on three- and four-directional meshes

Abstract This paper is concerned with the description of an algorithm for generating the B-nets of box splines and an algorithm based on subdivision of these B-nets for graphically displaying spline surfaces on a three- or four-directional mesh. The combination of these two algorithms is shown to compare favorably over the other existing algorithms for this purpose.
Use of Electroless Silver as the Substrate in Microcontact Printing of Alkanethiols and Its Application in Microfabrication

We have employed electroless deposition to prepare smooth films (mirrors) of silver that could be used as substrates in microcontact printing (μCP) of alkanethiols. Good-quality SAMs of hexadecanethiolate were formed on thin films of electroless silver by printing with an elastomeric stamp; these SAMs were effective resists in protecting the underlying silver from etching in an aqueous ferricyanide solution. Thin films of silver prepared by electroless deposition show a granular morphology (the grain sizes are ∼30−60 nm) and have a rougher surface than those prepared using e-beam or thermal evaporation. As a result, hexadecanethiol liquid spreads more rapidly on electroless silver than on evaporated silver when μCP is carried out in air. This process of reactive spreading limits the resolution and fidelity of pattern transfer to electroless silver films by μCP, but could also be used as a convenient method for reducing the sizes of features of SAMs generated using μCP. The smallest features that we have f...
Emanation of radon-222 from marine sediments

Abstract The behavior of radon in the sea-floor region provides a useful test of theories which describe mass transport in sediments. We have made measurements of Rn-222 and Ra-226 in near-bottom waters and near-surface sediments at the same location. The distribution of radon in sediments can be described by a simplified diagenetic equation when advection, adsorption, and bioturbation are ignored. Sediment measurements show a radon deficit relative to radium emanation. A reasonable balance is found between integrated radon deficit in sediment and radon surplus in the overlying water. In most cores radium increased with depth in the top 10 cm of sediment. This implies that bioturbation and other mixing processes do not homogenize the radium concentration in the zone of diffusive radon loss, and that radium is diffusing out of the sediments. Radon leakage is less than that predicted by previous authors. Radon leakage depends upon the physical distribution of radium in marine sediments. We present a model that predicts leakage of 30–40% for normal deep-sea sediments, in agreement with measured values. Radon surplus in near-bottom waters depends upon the radium distribution, radon leakage, and effective diffusion coefficients. These in turn depend on the properties of the sediment, such as composition, accumulation rate, and porosity. As we learn how these factors interact we may be able to infer sedimentary features from measurements of radon in overlying waters.
Bioactive flavonoid p -hydroxycinnamic acid stimulates osteoblastogenesis and suppresses adipogenesis in bone marrow culture

The bioactive flavonoid p-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA), which is an intermediate-metabolic substance in plants and fruits, is synthesized from tyrosine. The biological effect of HCA is poorly understood. Among cinnamic acid and its related compounds, HCA has a specific-anabolic effect on bone, being found to stimulate osteoblastogenesis and to inhibit osteoclastogenesis through the suppression of NF-κB signaling, thereby preventing bone loss. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells give rise to ostoblasts and adipocytes. HCA might therefore have effects on osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis in bone marrow culture. This study demonstrates (1) that HCA has stimulatory effects on osteoblastogenesis and mineralization and suppressive effects on adipogenesis in mouse bone marrow culture and (2) that HCA depresses adipogenesis in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in vitro. Such effects of HCA might be involved in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
Cloud-free line-of-sight estimation for free space optical communications

The presence of intervening clouds in the optical channel is a major factor limiting high availability of Free-Space Optical Communications (FSOC) systems for airborne-to-airborne or airborne-to-ground links. Modern Earth-observing satellite systems are a valuable source of information for characterizing the horizontal stratification of cloud structures that represent the most disruptive source of channel fades. We have created a tool for the estimation of Cloud-Free Lineof- Sight probability based on geographical location, altitude of the participants, the range between them, and the time of year. Using this tool, we explore several scenarios related to previous FSOC work. This tool can be used to develop concept-of-operations for future Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground FSOC.
GaAs FET device and circuit simulation in SPICE

We have developed a GaAs FET model suitable for SPICE Circuit simulations. The dc equations are accurate to about 1 percent of the maximum drain current. A simple but accurate interpolation formula for drain current as a function of gate-to-source voltage connects the square-law behavior just above pinchoff and the square-root law for larger values of the drain current. The ac equations, with charge-storage elements, describe the variation of the gate-to-source and gate-to-drain capacitances as the drain-to-source voltage approaches zero and when this voltage becomes negative. Under normal operating conditions the gate-to-source capacitance is much larger than the gate-to-drain capacitance. At zero drain-to-source voltage both capacitances are about equal. For negative drain-to-source voltages the original source acts like a drain and vice versa. Consequently the normally large gate-to-source capacitance becomes small and acts like a gate-to-drain capacitance. In order to model these effect it is necessary to realize that, contrary to conventional SPICE usage, there are no separate gate-to-source and gate-to-drain charges, but that there is only one gate Charge which is a function of gate-to-source and gate-to-drain voltages. The present treatment Of these capacitances permits simulations-in which the drain-to-source voltage reverses polarity, as occurs in pass-gate circuits.
Freeze-cleave demonstration of gap junctions between skeletal myogenic cells in vivo.

Developing muscle masses from hind limbs of 19-day fetal rats were freeze-cleaved, platinum and carbon replicated, and examined electron microscopically. Gap junctions were observed linking cell pairs clearly identified as myogenic by the presence of easily recognized and characteristic arrays of cross or longitudinally fractured myofibrils. Occasionally gap junctions were also observed between identified nonmyogenic cells, but none were observed between myogenic-non-myogenic cell pairs. Because the recently formed conjoint myogenic cells were already encapsulated by developing basal laminae and normally would have fused to form discrete myofibers, we suggest that this report provides additional evidence that gap junctions normally form immediately before and thus perhaps mediate the initial events of myogenic cell fusion in vivo as well as in vitro.
Cytogenomic Analyses Reveal the Structural Plasticity of the Chloroplast Genome in Higher Plants

A DNA fiber-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (fiber-FISH) technique was developed to analyze the structure and organization of a large number of intact chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) molecules from Arabidopsis, tobacco, and pea. Using this cytogenomic approach, we determined that 25 to 45% of the cpDNA within developing leaf tissue consists of circular molecules. Both linear and circular DNA fibers with one to four copies of the chloroplast genome were present, with monomers being the predominant structure. Arabidopsis and tobacco chloroplasts contained previously unidentified multimers (>900 kb) consisting of six to 10 genome equivalents. We further discovered rearranged cpDNA molecules of incomplete genome equivalents, confirmed by both differential hybridizations and size estimations. The unique cpDNA organization and novel structures revealed in this study demonstrate that higher plant cpDNA is more structurally plastic than previous sequence and electrophoretic analyses have suggested. Additionally, we demonstrate how the fiber-FISH–based cytogenomic approach allows for powerful analysis of very rare events that cannot be detected by traditional techniques such as DNA gel blot hybridization or polymerase chain reaction.
Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus

Mammals and birds warm their entire bodies above the ambient temperature. Generally, this ability is lacking in other vertebrates, although some highly active fish can temporarily warm their swim muscles. Wegner et al. show that the opah, a large deepwater fish, can generate heat with its swim muscles and use this heat to warm both its heart and brain. This ability increases its metabolic function in cold deep waters, which will help the fish compete with other, colder-blooded species. Science , this issue p. [786][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaa8902
The Dark Days of Abraham Lincoln's Widow, as Revealed by Her Own LettersMyra Helmer Pritchard. Edited and Annotated by JasonEmerson. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011.

The Dark Days of Abraham Lincoln's Widow, as Revealed by Her Own Letters Myra Helmer Pritchard. Edited and Annotated by Jason Emerson. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011. Scholarly interest in Abraham Lincoln never seems to wane, and this extends to his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Jason Emerson, the author of The Madness of Mary Todd Lincoln and Lincoln the Inventor, adds another thin volume to Lincoln studies, The Dark Days of Abraham Lincoln's Widow, as Revealed by Her Own Letters. The book contains the approximately two dozen letters written by Mary Todd Lincoln and her friend Myra Bradwell to one another from 1875 to 1878, including the period when Mary Todd Lincoln was committed to an insane asylum in Batavia, Illinois, at the request of her oldest son Robert and following a jury's finding her insane. Bradwell and her husband, Judge James B. Bradwell, dear friends of Mary Todd Lincoln, believed her to be sane and worked to free her, much to the dismay of Robert Lincoln. Myra Bradwell's letters were passed down through the family to her granddaughter, Myra Helmer Pritchard, who compiled them into a book at the request of her mother, who wished to restore the reputation of Mary Todd Lincoln. In 2005, Jason Emerson discovered the letters and Pritchard's unpublished manuscript and added to them his own editorial introduction, annotations, and commentary, noting instances in which Pritchard made statements that conflict with historical record. The Bradwells were prominent in Chicago law. Myra Bradwell was one of the first women in America to apply for admission to the bar and later founded the Chicago Legal News, serving as editor from 1868 until her death in 1894. Her husband, who was Mary Todd Lincoln's lawyer, arrived in Chicago in 1834 and served as director of the News until shortly before his death in 1907. Robert Lincoln, too, was a lawyer, and none too enthusiastic about the Bradwells' intervention in his mother's affairs. The Bradwells' granddaughter, Myra Helmer Pritchard, compiled and annotated the letters between 1926 and 1927 and, at the insistence of her mother, Bessie Bradwell Helmer, agreed not to publish them until after the deaths of her mother and Robert Lincoln. Pritchard clearly had an agenda: to gain public sympathy for Mary Todd Lincoln. She writes that "[President] Lincoln's fame, his place in the hearts of his fellow men, is secure, above reproach, but Mary Todd Lincoln has scarcely been heard at all, as yet. When her sorrow was the deepest, people hurt her most; when her hopes were at lowest ebb, they gave her the least sympathy" (6). …