cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The allosteric glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor NP12 limits myocardial remodeling and promotes angiogenesis in an acute myocardial infarction model.

A key feature of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an alteration in cardiac architecture. Signaling events that result in the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)β represent an adaptive response that might limit the extent of adverse remodeling in the aftermath of AMI. Here, we report that an allosteric inhibitor of GSK-3β, 4-benzyl-2-(naphthalene-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (NP12), lessens the magnitude of adverse myocardial remodeling and promotes angiogenesis. Male and female mice 8–10 weeks old were grouped (six animals in each group) into sham surgery (sham group), left anterior descending (LAD) ligation of the coronary artery followed by intramyocardial PBS injections (control group), and LAD ligation followed by NP12 administration (NP12 group). After 7 and 14 days, the extents of fibrosis and integrity of blood vessels were determined. Intramyocardial administration of NP12 increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β, reduced fibrosis, and restored diastolic function in the mice that had experienced an AMI. Morphometric analyses revealed increased CD31+ and Ki67+ vascular structures and decreased apoptosis in these mice. NP12 administration mediated proliferation of reparative cells in the AMI hearts. In a time-course analysis, Wnt3a and NP12 stabilized β-catenin and increased expression of both Nanog and VEGFR2. Moreover, NP12 increased the expression of β-catenin and Nanog in myocardium from AMI mice. Finally, loss- and gain-of-function experiments indicated that the NP12-mediated benefit is, in part, Nanog-specific. These findings indicate that NP12 reduces fibrosis, reestablishes coronary blood flow, and improves ventricular function following an AMI. We conclude that NP12 might be useful for limiting ventricular remodeling after an AMI.
In the Deserts of Cartography: Building, Dwelling, Mapping

Any discussion of the map and the territory, at least insofar as it touches on literary or cultural studies, will frequently turn to the evocative little story by Jorge Luis Borges, tantalizing titled “On Exactitude in Science.” It is certainly one of the most recognizable, even most canonical, texts in spatiality studies, broadly conceived, and it always helps to set a properly philosophical tone when thinking about the problem of representation.
Using C. elegans notch mutants in an undergraduate cancer biology laboratory course to demonstrate oncogenic effects on cell proliferation

Undergraduate laboratory exercises addressing aspects of cancer biology such as increased cell proliferation, gain-of-function signaling mutations and tumour formation often rely on tissue culture ...
The Role of Leaders, Supervisors, and Individual Surgeons in Reducing Burnout and Promoting Physician Wellness

Burnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a decreased sense of personal accomplishment. There are both personal and professional consequences of physician burnout. Increasing evidence suggests that physician burnout can adversely affect patient safety and quality of patient care and even contribute to medical errors and, furthermore, that the organizational and practice environment has an important critical role in whether physicians remain engaged or burned out. Most institutions operate under the erroneous framework that burnout and professional satisfaction are solely the responsibility of the individual physician. Extensive research now indicates the well-being and professional satisfaction of physicians have a profound effect on their quality of care and patient adherence with treatment recommendations and satisfaction with medical care. Therefore, there is both a moral and ethical imperative to address physician burnout. In addition, there is a strong professional and business case to reduce physician burnout and promote physician engagement. The leadership qualities of physician supervisors also impact the personal well-being of the physicians they lead in their healthcare organization. The Mayo Clinic experience has demonstrated that sustained and comprehensive efforts by the organization to reduce burnout and promote engagement can make a difference. Mentorship has also been recognized as a key element of career satisfaction because it has a very important influence on career guidance, physician productivity, and personal development. Although it is important for all surgeons to address the issues of personal wellness, it is particularly important for those who are at increased risk based on combinations of high workload, specific surgical specialty, practice environment, age, family responsibilities, and work-home conflict resolution that, in the aggregate, span a spectrum of risk for burnout, depression, and lower mental quality of life. Physicians must be guided from the earliest years of training to cultivate methods of personal renewal, emotional self-awareness, connection with social support systems, and a sense of mastery and meaning in their workplace practice environment.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOUSE LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR FOR HUMAN β2-MICROGLOBULIN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the characterization of the mouse lymphocyte receptor for human β2-microglobulin. β2-microglobulin (β2m) is an 11,500 dalton subunit of the HL-A antigen. In a study described in the chapter, human β2m was purified from the urine of several kidney transplant patients. To study the membrane structures that bind β2m, 125I-labeled mouse spleen cells incubated with unlabeled β2m were lysed in NP-40 and the lysates characterized by SDS–PAGE. There was no reactivity between antihuman β2m and mouse spleen cells without added β2m. A treatment of the lysates with an anti-mouse spleen cell antiserum indicated that additional cell-surface structures were involved in the binding of β2m.
Analysis of 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-iodo-E-allyl)nortropane in rat plasma. II. Pharmacokinetic profile in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract This paper describes a pharmacokinetic study performed in Sprague–Dawley rats after i.v. administration of a single 6-mg/kg dose of 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-iodo-E-allyl)nortropane (Altropane). Plasma samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus at times up to 3 h after drug administration, extracted by solid-phase extraction, and the drug levels determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by a standard noncompartmental model using WinNonlin version 1.5. The maximum plasma concentrations, clearances of the drug, and areas under the curve for male and female rats were 5.74 and 7.26 μg/ml, 135.7 and 98.5 ml/kg·min, and 44.23 and 60.92 μg·min/ml, respectively. The drug was cleared very rapidly from the systemic circulation, with a terminal t1/2 of 7 to 10 min and a mean residence time of about 11 min for both sexes. The volume of distribution was approximately 1 l/kg. No metabolites were detected when the samples were analyzed individually. However, after samples were pooled and concentrated, traces of two unknown peaks that may represent metabolites were detected in concentrates from the last two timepoints. Part I of this work [J. Chromatogr. A, 895 (2000) 87] describes validation of CE methods for the analysis of aqueous and plasma samples of Altropane, including its solid-phase extraction from rat plasma.
Reconstruction's Political Court: The History of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, Part Two

Judicial review operates in an uneasy space between the claimed necessity of judicial independence, and periodic calls for judicial accountability. The question examined in this piece is "what are the boundaries of judicial freedom?" In other words, what determines when the judiciary is able to express its view of what the law demands, unimpeded by popular pressure? The events of Reconstruction present an opportunity to examine this question, because - unlike the present - during that time the Supreme Court was in almost constant political jeopardy. Its jurisdiction was stripped under political pressure, and its size was changed three times, arguably in response to political events. The Court changed direction on a critical question of the day - the constitutionality of legal tender laws - apparently as a response to nothing but a change in the political constitution of its membership. These events are examined in detail, documenting the Court's reaction to events, and the public's reaction to judicial decisions (or the threat of them). This piece explains that politics can threaten the judiciary, but can protect it as well. The political salience of matters coming before the judiciary, and a court's own savvy at avoiding trouble, will do much to determine whether a court is brought to heel. But by the same token, the political economy of disciplining a court serves often to protect judicial independence. Perhaps most important, deeper public sentiments about the importance of the rule of law can operate to protect a court, even when the public is dissatisfied with immediate decisions. These are the factors that demarcate the boundaries of judicial independence and accountability.
Identification and Identifiability of Unknown Parameters in Multibody Dynamic Systems

Assessing design changes in mechanical systems from simulationresults requires both accurate dynamic models and accurate values forparameters in the models. Model parameters are often unavailable ordifficult to measure. This study details an identification procedure fordetermining optimal values for unknown or estimated model parametersfrom experimental test data. The resulting optimization problem issolved by Levenberg–Marquardt methods. Partial derivative matricesneeded for the optimization are computed through sensitivity analysis.The sensitivity equations to be solved are generated analytically.Unfortunately, not all parameters can be uniquely determined using anidentification procedure. An issue of parameter identifiability remains.Since a global identifiability test is impractical for even the simplestmodels, a local identifiability test is developed. Two examples areprovided. The first example highlights the test for parameteridentifiability, while the second shows the usefulness of parameteridentification by determining vehicle suspension parameters fromexperimentally measured data.
Response by Lee and Stouffer to Letter Regarding Article, "Clinical Outcomes and Sustainability of Using CYP2C19 Genotype-Guided Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention".

We thank Aw et al for their letter and commend them on their study of clinical outcomes in 247 patients at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore who underwent platelet reactivity testing to guide antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention and also had CYP2C19 genotype testing performed. We highlight 3 key findings from their study, which complement our recent single-center study at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the multi-center study conducted by the Implementing Genomics in Practice Network.1,2 First, …
An approach for Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding in Visible-Light-Communications Systems

We present an approach for channel equalization based on a variation of the Tomlinson-Harashima Precoder (THP) suited for practical Visible Light Communication (VLC) channels. This approach combines a traditional THP with an adaptive receiver. The precoder compensates for the long impulse response of the luminaire (e.g. white-phosphor Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)), and the adaptive receiver compensates for timing and impulse response variations of the physical channel between the transmitter and the receiver. Using this approach the precoder information (typically estimated at the receiver) needs to be communicated from the receiver to the transmitter very infrequently making this approach practically feasible. We experimentally tested this approach using two different luminaires and found that the overhead information that needs to be communicated from the receiver to the transmitter can remain valid for long periods of time, and that the adaptive receiver can compensate for receiver motion, without requiring the precoder to be retrained, avoiding significant overhead. Additionally, the bounded amplitude of the transmit signal in this approach results in a significant reduction in Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), compared to Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) which is commonly used in VLC systems making this an attractive approach for channel equalization in practical VLC systems.
A Resistive Random Access Memory Addon for the NCSU FreePDK 45 nm

During the past few years, resistive random access memory (RRAM) have been widely studied for a large set of applications (neuromorphic computing, nonvolatile digital design, in-memory computation, etc.) due to its promising characteristics such as high-speed operations, nonvolatile retention, and low-power consumption. As a result, many SPICE RRAM models have been proposed to allow proper circuit-level simulations. However, physical design is a problem when it comes to full-custom RRAM-based layout and electronic design automation verification since no RRAM-based process design kits are publicly available. Consequently, evaluating the benefits and the metrics of RRAM-based systems at the circuit and chip levels in term of area is an issue. Indeed, many RRAM-based systems area results are based solely on the RRAM and transistor device count and not on the exact layout area, potentially leading to inaccurate results. In this paper, we propose an addon describing a CMOS compatible RRAM technology, for the NCSU FreePDK 45 nm. The addon comprises of the Stanford RRAM Verilog-A model, fitted on published experimental results as well as a set of design rule check and layout versus schematic rules for Calibre to ensure the correctness of the physical designs. We demonstrate the benefits of the proposed addon through three case studies to show that accurate RRAM-based systems area evaluations can be obtained at both circuit and chip levels.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of 75 Mushrooms Collected in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio (USA)

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an increasing and serious health concern worldwide, and multidrug-resistant pathogens are increasingly emerging among patients across the United States. Researchers are exploring sources of traditional medicines, including mushrooms, to find new antibiotic compounds. In this study, the antibiotic activities of 75 mushrooms collected in the area surrounding Oxford, Ohio (USA), were assayed for antibiotic activity against 6 bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PAO1 and PA14, P. fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus). Mushroom samples were identified by using DNA ribotyping. We used methanol and water extracts of mushrooms in agar diffusion assays to screen for antibiotic activity toward each bacterial strain. A total of 25 mushroom species had antibacterial activity against at least 1 bacterium. Water extracts of Polyporus squamosus, Ganoderma applanatum, Lentinellus subaustralis, Laetiporus sulphureus, G. lucidum, and Trametes versicolor exhibited strong antibiotic activity against all bacterial strains tested. Water and methanol extracts from 25 mushroom species had significant activity against most of the bacteria tested. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was determined for all samples that exhibited antibiotic activity in the disk assay. The G. lucidum and L. sulphureus extracts displayed the strongest inhibition, with an MIC of 0.1 mg/mL.
Alterations in Synovial Fluid Biomarker Levels in Knees With Meniscal Injury as Compared With Asymptomatic Contralateral Knees.

Background:Changes in the joint microenvironment after an injury to the articular surface of the knee have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. While prior studies focused on chan...
Reply to Müntener and Baumgartner comment on: ‘Spatially controlled Fe and Si isotope variations: an alternative view on the formation of the Torres del Paine pluton’

Muntener and Baumgartner (Contrib Mineral Petrol, 2019) comment on our interpretations of the petrogenetic processes operating within the Torres del Paine Intrusive complex (Gajos et al., in Contrib Mineral Petrol 171(11):93, 2016). The issues raised reflect either points that are subject to interpretation or misrepresentations of the data we provided. We dispute field observations and counter that their model reflects over-interpretation due to limited age dating. We provide new geothermometry data indicating that marginal granites formed in a cold environment, consistent with our original model. The Fe and Sr data are not consistent with their two endmember mixing argument. We conclude by reaffirming our position that the thermal migration zone refining process provides a viable explanation for the isotopic variation and construction of the Torres del Paine pluton.
Simple Answers and Quick Fixes: Dyslexia and the Brain on the Internet:

After well over a century of research about dyslexia, there is still no consensus about how it differs from other decoding difficulties, how it is identified, and its causes. Nevertheless, there is...
Sampling Highly Aggregated Populations with Application to California Sardine Managenent

The management of Pacific sardine off the California coast is used to motivate a number of problems associated with egg or larvae sampling. The use of the negative binomial distribution as a model for the spatial distribution of eggs is discussed and inference for the negative binomial by classical and Bayesian methods is introduced, A particular problem, that of presence-absence sampling when not all sampling sites are habitats, is analyzed in detail. The paper closes with a number of open questions, ranging from improvements in the modeling, to prescriptive problems associated with survey design.
Afterword: in the end is the beginning

The three preceding essays constitute a compelling contemporary journey into Fedor Dostoevskii’s controversial epilogue to Crime and Punishment. Katherine Bowers, Kate Holland, and Eric Naiman sugg...
Perceptions of Instructional Coaches and Teachers on the Barriers of Multi-Level Instructional Coaching in Higher Performing vs. Lower Performing Elementary Schools in Tennessee

Teacher effectiveness is one of the most influential factors on student achievement. Therefore, it is vitally important to appropriately coach teachers toward increased effectiveness. This qualitative research study explored and compared the types of multi-level instructional coaching utilized within higher performing and lower performing elementary schools throughout Tennessee, as identified by both instructional coaches and classroom teachers. Additionally, participants shared their perceptions of the most beneficial aspects of multi-level instructional coaching and the barriers that hinder its productivity. Lastly, participants shared where they could use additional support in relation to instructional coaching. Data were collected through a researcher-created digital questionnaire, consisting of both open-ended and closed-fixed questions. Data were analyzed through qualitative methods, including coding and thematic development. Responses revealed similarities and differences in the responses of instructional coaches and classroom teachers in higher performing and lower performing schools. Among the findings, participants in higher performance schools emphasized that instructional coaching should be targeted to those specific teachers needing help in a particular area; whereas, the participants from lower performing schools overwhelmingly expressed a desire for coaching to assist toward more clearly understanding the best practices associated with instruction. Results from this study may provide stakeholders with data that could encourage modifications to current instructional coaching methods to improve teacher effectiveness.
The BH3 mimetic Obatoclax (GX015-070) synergistically enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by activating Bak and Bax in human pancreatic cancer cells

2390 Background. Resistance to apoptosis is mediated by pro-survival Bcl-2 family members and is a major mechanism of therapeutic failure in pancreatic cancer. Obatoclax(GX015-070™, Gemin X) is a novel, small-molecule antagonist of the BH3-bindinggroove of the Bcl-2 protein family. Material and Methods. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC-3) were incubated with GX015-070 and/or TRAIL and cell viability or DNA fragmentation was measured by the MTS assay (48 h) or Cell Death Detection ELISA kit (6 h), respectively. Caspase activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage were determined by Western blotting. In GX015-070-treated cells, immunoprecipitation of Bak or Bim proteins was performed and Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 or Mcl-1 was probed by Western blotting. Bak and Bax activation were determined by conformation-specific antibodies. Results. GX015-070 (0-5 µM) monotherapy significantly reduced the viability of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cell lines. GX015-070 induced apoptosis, as shown by a DNA fragmentation assay, and cleaved caspase-8 and -3 only in BxPC-3 cells. Co-administration of GX015-070 (0-2.5 µM) and TRAIL (0-10 ng/ml) synergistically enhanced TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity and activated caspase-8, -3, Bid and PARP by cleavage in both cell lines. Furthermore, GX015-070 was shown to release Bak from its sequestration by Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL, and to displace Bim from Bcl-2 or Mcl-1 in both cell lines. GX015-075 also enhanced TRAIL-mediated Bax activation as shown by its conformational change, and the combination of GX015-070 and TRAIL induced a Bak conformational change. Conclusion. GX015-070 treatment unsequesters Bim and Bak from Bcl-2 proteins and enhances Bak and Bax activation to significantly augment TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Together, these findings demonstrate important anti-tumor mechanisms for this novel BH3 mimetic agent, and support its combination with TRAIL for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Salmonella Prostatic Abscess in an Immunocompetent Patient

Patients returning from travel to a foreign country often present with atypical infections that can present as diagnostic challenges. Although rarely seen in the United States, Salmonella infections are commonly seen in Sub-Saharan Africa. The common clinical manifestations of Salmonella infection include fever and diarrhea; however, about 5% of cases of non-typhi Salmonella progress to bacteremia. Here, we present a case of a unique presentation of Salmonella infection manifesting as a prostatic abscess in an immunocompetent patient.
Raymond Aron, the United States, and the Early Cold War, 1945-1953

Almost simultaneously with the advent of the Cold War in 1947, Raymond Aron postponed a promising academic career to become a front-page columnist for the influential Parisian daily, Le Figaro. His...
Editorial: Special Issue on Interdisciplinary and Experiential Entrepreneurship Education:

A group of six colleges and universities (East Carolina University, Iona College, John Carroll University, Millikin University, Rowan University, Worcester Polytechnic Institute) partnered up to co...
Ventilation-Perfusion Scans After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Point-Ventilation Studies Are Dispensable.

This article does not include an abstract. Please see the accompanying Counterpoint by William C. Lavely.
Hotter drought escalates tree cover declines in blue oak woodlands of California

California has, in recent years, become a hotspot of interannual climatic variability, recording devastating climate-related disturbances with severe impacts on tree resources. Understanding the patterns of tree cover change associated with these events is vital for developing strategies to sustain critical habitats of endemic and threatened vegetation communities. Our main objective was to assess patterns of tree cover change, especially the impacts of the 2012 – 2016 drought within the distribution range of blue oak (Quercus douglasii), an endemic tree species to California with a narrow geographic extent. We utilized multiple, annual land-cover and land-surface change products from the US Geological Survey (USGS) Land Change Monitoring, Assessment and Projection (LCMAP) project along with climate and wildfire datasets to monitor changes in tree cover state and condition and examine their relationships with interannual climate variability during the 1985–2016 study period. Here, we refer to a change in tree cover condition without a land-cover change to another class as “conditional change”. Our results show that the unusual drought of 2012–2016, associated with anomalously high temperatures and vapor pressure deficit, was associated with exceptional spikes in the amount of both fire and non-fire induced tree cover loss and tree cover conditional change, especially in 2015 and 2016. Sudden increases in tree cover loss through medium to high severity fires coincided with exceptionally dry and hot years. By supporting the assessment of both thematic and conditional land-cover change, our study demonstrates the usefulness of the LCMAP products for monitoring the impacts of climatic extremes and disturbance events on vegetation cover over a multi-decadal time span. Our results signify that blue oak woodlands may be vulnerable to extreme climate events and changing wildfire regimes. Here, we present early evidence that frequent droughts associated with climate warming may continue to impact tree cover in this region, while drought interaction with wildfires and the resulting feedbacks may have significant influence as well. Consequently, efforts to conserve the blue oak woodlands, and potentially other vegetation communities in the Western U.S., will need to consider climate risks as well as the potential for climate–fire and vegetation feedbacks.
Child Health and Access to Medical Care

It might seem strange to ask whether increasing access to medical care can improve children's health. Yet Lindsey Leininger and Helen Levy begin by pointing out that access to care plays a smaller role than we might think, and that many other factors, such as those discussed elsewhere in this issue, strongly influence children's health. Nonetheless, they find that, on the whole, policies to improve access indeed improve children's health, with the caveat that context plays a big role-medical care "matters more at some times, or for some children, than others." Focusing on studies that can plausibly show a causal effect between policies to increase access and better health for children, and starting from an economic framework, they consider both the demand for and the supply of health care. On the demand side, they examine what happens when the government expands public insurance programs (such as Medicaid), or when parents are offered financial incentives to take their children to preventive appointments. On the supply side, they look at what happens when public insurance programs increase the payments that they offer to health-care providers, or when health-care providers are placed directly in schools where children spend their days. They also examine how the Affordable Care Act is likely to affect children's access to medical care. Leininger and Levy reach three main conclusions. First, despite tremendous progress in recent decades, not all children have insurance coverage, and immigrant children are especially vulnerable. Second, insurance coverage alone doesn't guarantee access to care, and insured children may still face barriers to getting the care they need. Finally, as this issue of Future of Children demonstrates, access to care is only one of the factors that policy makers should consider as they seek to make the nation's children healthier.
The Use of Pulse Radiolysis to Study Transient Species in the Gas Phase

Examples are chosen from the literature to show the types of species which have been investigated in the gas phase using the pulse radiolysis technique. The types of processes occurring in pure rare gases and rare gases containing additives are examined. Techniques used to study ion-recombination processes, ion-molecule reactions, and electron capture reactions are discussed and examples of typical results are given. The use of pulse radiolysis to determine rate constants for reactions of atoms and free radicals is also examined.
The Effect of Spatial Ability on Speed and Accuracy of Identifying Anatomical Structures (344.3)

We examined the effect of spatial ability (SA) on accuracy and efficiency in identifying anatomical structures. Thirty-three undergraduate students with majors in biology, nursing, exercise science...
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOFTWARE MARKET WITH A RISK-SHARING CONTRACT

Low quality of software has been blamed for poor security of our computer networks as major viruses and worms exploit the vulnerabilities of such software. However, software vendors have no incentive to improve the quality of their products since they are not directly liable for any loss due to poor quality. Software liability has been intensely discussed among computer scientists and jurists for years as a possible solution for software quality improvement. This paper proposes a risk-sharing mechanism between software vendors and customers as a market-driven method to impose software liability. We consider two dimensions of software quality: functionality and security quality. We present an economic model of the software market with a risk-sharing mechanism, which takes into account the strategic interplay of risk-sharing and security quality of the software given a certain level of functionality. We then apply this model in different scenarios, and examine the implications of the risk-sharing mechanism in the context of cyber security. Our model provides evidence of under-provided security quality of software in the monopoly case, as has been observed in the market. We consider the feasibility and effectiveness of the risk-sharing mechanism under various scenarios, and find the conditions under which the proposed mechanism is promising.
A new resonance in the solar atmosphere. I. Theory.

We consider a horizontally stratified isothermal model of the solar atmosphere, with vertical and uniform B0, and vA2≫vs2. The equations of motion are linearized about a background which is in hydrostatic equilibrium. A homogeneous wave equation results for the motions perpendicular to B0; this wave equation is similar to the equation for the MHD fast mode. On the other hand, the equation for the parallel motions is inhomogeneous, containing ‘driving terms’ which arise from the presence of the fast mode; the homogeneous form of this equation is identical to the equation describing vertically-propagating gravity-modified acoustic waves. We demonstrate that a resonance can exist between the (driving) fast wave and the (driven) gravity-modified acoustic wave, in such a way that very large parallel velocities can be driven by small perpendicular velocities. Applications of this resonance to solar spicules, ‘jets’, and other phenomena are discussed.
Redox initiators for cationic polymerization: The diaryliodonium Salt/Sn(II) redox couple

Diaryliodonium salts undergo facile copper catalyzed reduction in the presence of Sn(II) compounds. Such redox couples can be employed for the in situ generation of active initiators for cationic vinyl and ring opening polymerizations. Two mechanisms are proposed for the reduction reaction to explain the stoichiometry of the reactants and nature of the products formed. The polymerizations of several representative cationically polymerizable monomers were studied.
Effect of Substrate on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Filamentous Fungi

The fatty acid pattern in hydrocarbon-utilizing filamentous fungi was determined after growth on acetate, propionate, n-alkanes (C(13) to C(15)), and alk-1-enes (C(14) to C(18)). The fatty acid profile of Cunninghamella elegans and Penicillium zonatum after growth on acetate shows a predominance of even-carbon fatty acids (C(16), C(18:1), C(18:2)), whereas cells grown on propionate showed significantly higher levels of odd-carbon fatty acids (C(15), C(17), C(17:1)). Growth on n-alkanes resulted in the incorporation of fatty acids homologous to the growth substrate. Cunninghamella elegans grown on the alk-1-enes from C(14) to C(18) incorporated the unsaturated substrate into cellular fatty acid after oxidation at the saturated end of the molecule. Regardless of substrate these fungi contain, predominantly, fatty acids 18 carbons in length.
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY IN LONG‐TERM INVESTIGATIONS: 100 COLD YEARS

The objective of this paper is to examine how a humanitarian approach to long-term missing and/or unidentified persons and cold cases can increase case solvability exemplified through the investigation of deaths at the Florida Industrial School for Boys (a.k.a. Arthur G. Dozier School for Boys) in Marianna, Florida. The school closed following a century of controversy regarding abuse, malfeasance, and allegations of murder; prior to closure, the school was subjected to repeated State and Federal investigations. Through the course of this investigation (2011–current), 55 unmarked burials were located and excavated for identification and repatriation using a range of forensic anthropology field and laboratory methods. In 2014, the first child victim was positively identified. This event occurred 100 years after the first reported death at the school and more than 70 years after George Owen Smith went missing. The identity of the decedents, and circumstances surrounding their deaths are established based on archival research forensic interviews, skeletal analysis, and DNA comparisons. These analytical tools are establishing patterns among those who died at the school, which include a disproportionate amount of African American deaths, a high number of runaway deaths, and a high prevalence of death due to infectious disease and illness, likely resulting from the practices and policies of the institution. The historical significance of human and civil rights violations in Florida in the area of juvenile justice and the rights of families to have accountability and transparency, decades after the deaths occurred, are discussed.
Natural gas pricing reform in China: Getting closer to a market system?

The authros are thankful to industry representatives in China (Shell, CNPC) for their valuable contribution regarding natural gas information. The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, where the authors are affiliated, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under grants DE-FG02-94ER61937, DE-FG02-08ER64597, DE-FG02-93ER61677, DE-SC0003906, DE-SC0007114, XEU-0-9920-01; the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Subcontract 4000109855; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under grants XA-83240101, PI-83412601-0, RD-83427901-0, XA-83505101-0, XA -83600001-1, and subcontract UTA12-000624; the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants AGS-0944121, EFRI-0835414, IIS-1028163, ECCS-1128147, ARC-1203526, EF-1137306, AGS-1216707, and SES-0825915; the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grants NNX06AC30A, NNX07AI49G, NNX11AN72G and Sub Agreement No. 08-SFWS-209365.MIT; the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration under grants 06-C-NE-MIT, 09-C-NE-MIT, Agmt. No. 4103-30368; the U.S. Department of Transportation under grant DTRT57-10-C-10015; the Electric Power Research Institute under grant EP-P32616/C15124, EP-P8154/C4106; the U.S. Department of Agriculture under grant 58-6000-2-0099, 58-0111-9-001; and a consortium of 35 industrial and foundation sponsors (for the complete list see: http://globalchange.mit.edu/sponsors/all).
OPTIMIZING PREDICTION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES WITH A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF PERSONALITY DISORDER

Transdiagnostic models hold promise for transforming research and treatment practices for personality disorders (PDs), but widespread acceptance and implementation of such approaches will require persuasive evidence of construct validity and clinical utility. Toward that end, the authors examined the criterion-related validity of a transdiagnostic PD model in relation to psychosocial and clinical outcomes in a high-risk community sample of 700 young adults. Participants and their mothers completed semistructured interviews to assess young adults' PD symptomatology, psychosocial functioning, suicidality, and mental health treatment use. Bifactor modeling revealed an overarching dimension of PD severity—capturing symptoms across all PD categories—that strongly predicted all functional and clinical outcomes in multivariate analyses. Effect sizes for lower-order, specific PD processes were comparatively modest for functional outcomes; however, they provided clinically significant information about suicide ris...
Modified Alcian Blue Enhances the Intraoperative Diagnosis of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: A Prospective Study

Abstract Context.—The sensitivity of an intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastasis of invasive lobular carcinoma using conventional staining is low. Objective.—To develop a fast, modified, Alcian blue stain to decrease the intraoperative false-negative results in testing for metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma. Design.—Modified Alcian blue was optimized. Patients who had invasive lobular carcinoma on needle biopsy were candidates for this study. Touch preparations from every sentinel lymph node were prospectively prepared in the same manner, one stained with modified Alcian blue and one with conventional staining. These slides were independently interpreted. Results.—A total of 121 sentinel lymph nodes from 31 patients with invasive lobular carcinoma were studied. There were 11 patients (35.5%) who had at least one positive lymph node test result. There were a total of 18 positive lymph node results (14.9%). Although 10 sentinel lymph nodes with abnormalities were detected in 7 patients ...
“We Are Daughters of the Sea”: Strategies, Gender, and Empowerment in a Mexican Women's Cooperative

Resumen Este articulo traza el desarrollo de una cooperativa de mujeres en un area rural de Baja California Sur, Mexico, y describe como estas mujeres han usado estrategias locales para crear un negocio relativamente exitoso. Sus estrategias incluyen la creacion de una cooperativa con una carpeta de proyectos diversificados, e integracion de redes sociales que les permiten adquirir recursos externos, mientras que mantienen control sobre sus proyectos. El exito de la cooperativa se basa en la flexibilidad de su estructura cooperativa y el interes de organizaciones externas en apoyar cooperativas dirigidas por mujeres. Sin embargo, algunas de las actividades en las que estas mujeres participan estan en conflicto con las normas locales de genero, creando tensiones dentro de su comunidad y hogares. Este caso engrana ideas sobre genero y trabajo para sugerir que grupos como este crean nuevas posibilidades de empoderamiento y cambio economico en sus movimientos a traves de lindes domesticos, regionales y nacionales, a la vez que negocian normas de comportamiento para los generos en la comunidad.
Immunogenicity of a reduced-dose whole killed rabies vaccine is significantly enhanced by ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant, Merck amorphous aluminum hydroxylphosphate sulfate (MAA) or a synthetic TLR9 agonist in rhesus macaques.

Abstract There is a need for novel rabies vaccines suitable for short course, pre- and post-exposure prophylactic regimens which require reduced doses of antigen to address the current worldwide supply issue. We evaluated in rhesus macaques the immunogenicity of a quarter-dose of a standard rabies vaccine formulated with Merck's amorphous aluminum hydroxylphosphate sulfate adjuvant, the saponin-based ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant, or a synthetic TLR9 agonist. All adjuvants significantly increased the magnitude and durability of the humoral immune response as measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Several three-dose vaccine regimens resulted in adequate neutralizing antibody of ≥0.5 IU/ml earlier than the critical day seven post the first dose. Rabies vaccine with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant given at days 0 and 3 resulted in neutralizing antibody titers which developed faster and were up to one log 10 higher compared to WHO-recommended intramuscular and intradermal regimens and furthermore, passive administration of human rabies immunoglobulin did not interfere with immunogenicity of this reduced dose, short course vaccine regimen. Adjuvantation of whole-killed rabies vaccine for intramuscular injection may therefore be a viable alternative to intradermal application of non-adjuvanted vaccine for both pre- and post-exposure regimens.
SNR Estimation for a Non-Coherent M-FSK Receiver in a Slow Flat Fading Environment

Estimation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is considered for a non-coherent M-ary frequency shift keying (NC-MFSK) receiver. It has been assumed that the transmitted symbols undergo a slow flat fading channel where a block of data is corrupted by an independent constant fade and additive white Gaussian noise. Two approaches for SNR estimation are reported in this paper: an approximate maximum likelihood approach and another using the data statistics, both for data aided and non-data aided systems. It has been shown that for a particular SNR region of interest and depending upon the availability of pilot symbols, a particular approach is suitable for SNR estimation.
Evaluation of constructed and natural soil macropores using X-ray computed tomography

Characterization of macropores (1–5 mm diam. holes) in undisturbed soils has been hindered due to the lack of an easy, noninvasive method. The recent development of X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners may provide a technique for rapid, nondestructive analysis of macropores in undisturbed soil cores. Research was conducted to evaluate constructed and natural soil macropores using a Siemens DRH CT scanner. Undisturbed soil cores (76.4 × 76.4 mm) were removed from the A horizon of a Menfro silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) soil of two adjacent sites under different management. One site had been under continuous cultivation and the other under natural forest. Additional soil cores were packed to selected soil densities using sieved soil material from the surface horizon of the Menfro silt loam soil. Constructed macropores were created by placing wires ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mm diam. in the soil during packing and removing the wires prior to scanning. Bulk density, measured in 1 mm3 volumes, correlated well (r=0.97) with the size and location of the constructed macropores. Frequency distributions of bulk density measured in the undisturbed cores from the cultivated and forest sites were negatively skewed due to the low density within structural features of the cores. The mean skewness coefficients were found to be −0.28 and −0.37 for the cultivated and forest cores, respectively. Analysis of bulk densities measured in transects within the cores using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions suggested that bulk density was autocorrelated at small distances and could be described by a first-order autoregressive system. Results indicate that CT has good potential as a technique for evaluating structural characteristics in soils.
The Design of Efficient α-Helical C-Capping Auxiliaries

We have designed a series of C-capping auxiliaries with various chain lengths based on alkyldiamines and monoguanylated diamines. These capping groups were incorporated synthetically at the C-terminus of a derivative of a poly-Ala helix. The free energy of interaction of the capping moiety (ΔΔGc°) with the C-terminus of the helix was assessed by circular dichroism and calculated using a modified Lifson−Roig formalism described by Doig and Baldwin (Doig, A. J.; Baldwin, R. L. Protein Sci. 1995, 4, 1325) as well as AGADIR2s, an algorithm based on helix−coil transition theory developed by Munoz and Serrano (Munoz, V.; Serrano, L. Biopolymers 1997, 41, 495−509). The alkyldiamine auxiliaries serve as modest helix stabilizers with ΔΔGc° = −0.2 to −0.5 kcal mol-1. The incorporation of monoguanylated diamines at the C-terminus leads to a further increase in α-helicity resulting in ΔΔGc° = −0.3 to −0.7 kcal mol-1. Furthermore, a d-Arg carboxamide auxiliary is demonstrated to be an efficient C-capping residue with ...
Mechanical properties of the sediment—Water interface

Abstract The hardness of marine sediments in the near-shore waters of Long Island Sound has been measured by penetration tests made both in situ and in the laboratory. Penetration of the sediment—water interface is found to be rate-insensitive and, for a given driving stress, independent of indentor size. Natural sediments in Long Island Sound show no measurable surface cohesion because of the effects of benthic animals, though artificial, azoic sediments prepared in the laboratory do. Hardness of marine mud is found to be sensitive to sand content. Analysis of penetration experiments in terms of punching a rigid-plastic material cannot account for these observations, but a model based on a description of the sediment as a locking material is successful. The observations are applied to defining the bearing capacity of the bottom and its resistance to burrowing by marine animals.
Warner's Randomized Response Model: A Bayesian Approach

Abstract In randomized response sampling, prior information is of particular value because the randomization effectively reduces the amount of sample information. Warner's model with a beta prior distribution for the proportion of interest yields posterior distributions that are mixtures of beta distributions. These mixtures are readily interpretable, but approximations that provide beta posterior distributions simplify the analysis. An example indicates that the approximations are quite accurate, provides some insight into the effect of different prior distributions, and demonstrates the practical value of prior information in the attempt to obtain precise estimates when randomized response methods are used.
The Identification of Collagen Messenger RNA

RNA isolated from calvaria of 16- to 18- day-old chick embryos, assayed in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, programs the synthesis of a collagenase-sensitive protein with the molecular weight of collagen pro-alpha-chains. When RNA labeled with [(3)H]uridine for 2 hr and chased for 1 or 2 hr was electrophoresed on aqueous polyacrylamide gels, most of the radioactivity not in 28S or 18S rRNA migrated with an apparent molecular weight of about 1,800,000. After oligo(dT)-cellulose chromotography and analysis in 99% formamide gels, this nonribosomal, rapidly labeled calvaria RNA species migrates at 28S-30S and thus has a molecular weight of at least 1,600,000. Both the ability to program the synthesis of collagenase-sensitive protein in reticulocyte lysates and the presence of a single prominent rapidly labeled 30S peak in acrylamide gels strongly support the deduction that there is only one major mRNA species in calvaria and that this species is collagen messenger RNA.