cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Courting Social Science: Chesler, Sanders, and Kalmuss

This book reports the findings of a joined study of school desegregation litigation and expert testimony. The blend is interesting and productive and has been found in some earlier inquiries, such as Eleanor P. Wolf’s splendid Trial and Error: The Detroit School Segregation Case’ and I. A. Newby’s polemical Challenge to the Court: Social Scientists and the Defense of Segregation, 1954-1966.2 The approach taken in the present volume differs from the earlier writings. Social Science in Court makes a distinct and important contribution to the literature on social science in litigation. Wolf was concerned primarily with the courts’ reasoning about law and evidence, and Newby with the ideological inclinations of the experts. Cheder, Sanders, and Kalmuss, in contrast, give major attention to the organizational and strategic aspects of presenting social science evidence in litigati~n.~
Communication, Persuasion, and the Conditioning Value of Selective Exposure: Like Minds May Unite and Divide but They Mostly Tune Out

Political observers of all types often express concerns that Americans are dangerously polarized on political issues and are, in part due to the availability of opinionated niche news programming (e.g., ideological cable, radio, and Internet news sources), developing more entrenched political positions. However, these accounts often overlook the fact that the rise of niche news has been accompanied by the expansion of entertainment options and the ability to screen out political news altogether. We examine the polarizing effects of opinionated political talk shows by integrating the Elaboration Likelihood Model of attitude development into our own theoretical model of selective media exposure. We employ a novel experimental design that gives participants agency to choose among news and entertainment programming by including treatments that allow participants to select the programming they view. The results from two studies show that ideological shows do indeed have the power to polarize political attitude...
Modal effects on the local heat transfer characteristics of a vibrating body

This is an experimental investigation of the effects of forced transverse vibrations on the local heat transfer characteristics of a heated, pinned-pinned beam. In particular, the response of a cylindrical beam near its first two natural frequencies, corresponding to the first two vibration modes, is considered. The results show that there is a strong spatial variation in the local Nusselt number and that these variations are closely related to the mode shape of the response. Because the heat transfer measurements were taken at the resonance frequencies, where the structural response was greatest, the measured Nusselt numbers provide an upper bound for the increased convection due to flexible body vibrations, i.e., in the absence of any rigid-body mode. The possibility of large-amplitude nonlinear vibrations are discussed (though they were not witnessed experimentally) in a theoretical framework
Uncovering mechanisms in video game research: suggestions from the expert-performance approach.

In the United States, video game playing is an immensely popular form of entertainment; the majority of adults will have had some experience with video games during their lives (Rideout et al., 2010). As the popularity of video games in entertainment has increased, so has interest in exploring the potential effects that video games may have on learning and generalizable cognitive ability. Educators have begun to seek a way to use video games as a tool to motivate students to learn academic skills (Blumberg, 2014). Despite general enthusiasm for video games as an avenue for training, there are shortcomings in the methodology commonly used to demonstrate the advantages of video game experience (See Boot et al., 2011; Kristjansson, 2013). Additionally, few studies have sought to evaluate video game skill in the context of established research on skill acquisition in more traditional domains. This paper attempts to connect research on expertise with the claims being made in video game studies. Particularly, we discuss how the expert-performance approach can be used to describe video game performance and the mechanisms that are responsible for increases in skill as well as for potential transfer. We will also discuss how the design of traditional “casual” video games may be inconsistent with principles of skill acquisition through deliberate practice that has been documented in many other domains (Ericsson et al., 1993; Ericsson, 2006a).
Sol-gel synthesis of optical thin films and coatings

Sol-gel methods offer a number of notable advantages for the synthesis of optical films and coatings. Areas of potential or actual application of this technology range from single layer and multilayer antireflection coatings to embossed planar waveguides and organic-modified oxide materials. The most notable advantages of these wet chemical nethods will be surveyed, as will progress achieved to date in a number of the most attractive representative areas. The technical bases for the success/failure in each case will be considered. Also to be discussed will be the prospects - in both the near-term and long-term - of future developments in the sol-gel synthesis of optical films, as well as the principal technical hurdles which must be overcome in order that such synthesis methods may achieve more widespread use in the future. Finally, a comparison will be made between the microstructures and characteristics of films and coatings deposited using sol-gel methods with those deposited from the vapor phase. In all cases, use will be made of recent advances in our laboratory in the subject area.
Projectile z Dependence of K X-Ray Emission Induced by Alpha Particles and Deutrons

Measurements of the yields of $K$ x rays from Cl, Ca, Ti, Ni, and Cu targets and $L$ x rays from Sn and Au targets produced by bombardment with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and deuterons of identical velocities have been performed at energies from 2.9 to 20 MeV/amu. The ratios of $K$ x-ray yields for the Cl, Ca, Ti, Ni, and Cu targets all show substantial deviations from the ratios expected on the basis of the theoretically predicted ${z}^{2}$ dependence of the Born-approximation and binary-encounter descriptions. The deviations exhibit a "crossover" behavior in which the measured ratios are smaller than expected at low projectile velocities, rise above the expected value at higher velocities, and finally decrease toward the expected value at the highest velocities. The relationship between these deviations and similar deviations in stopping-power measurements has been investigated. Angular distributions of Ti $K$ x rays and Sn $K$ and $L$ x rays were also measured and found to be isotropic to an accuracy of about 2%.
Singlet oxygen generation according to flame-sheet and finite-rate chlorine/BHP reaction models

In a flowing chemical oxygen--iodine laser, the photon energy is emitted by excited iodine atoms. These atoms are produced by energy transfer from O[sub 2]([sup 1][Delta]) after molecular iodine is dissociated upon mixing and reaction with the O[sub 2]([sup 1][Delta]). The generation of singlet delta oxygen, O[sub 2]([sup 1][Delta]), following gaseous chlorine diffusion into and reaction with liquid basic hydrogen peroxide (solution of KOH or NaOH in H[sub 2]O[sub 2] and H[sub 2]O) is investigated. Both flame-sheet and finite-rate reaction models for Cl[sub 2]/BHP are developed. A closed-form solution for the O[sub 2]([sup 1][Delta]) yield is obtained with the flame-sheet analysis, while a solution involving an integral equation is derived with the finite-rate analysis. The models are applied to a rotating disk type O[sub 2]([sup 1][Delta]) generator for illustration. The results do not differ greatly between the two models, and they show favorable agreement with reported experimental data.
The influence of grain boundaries and texture on ferroelectric domain hysteresis

As ferroelectric device dimensions continue to shrink, the increasing ratio of boundary to bulk necessitates a thorough understanding of interfacial properties. Accordingly, the local piezoelectric hysteresis of a polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate thin film is quantitatively measured and compared to the separately measured grain orientation and the corresponding predicted residual stress and charge. The piezoelectric response is determined using a variation of atomic-force microscopy known as piezo-force microscopy, with which nearly 20 hysteresis measurements were acquired spanning four grain boundaries and five grains. The grain orientation in this region was determined by scanning-electron microscope using electron-backscattered diffraction.
Rapid rehydration methods for dried beans.

Rapid methods of rehydrating dried kidney, pinto or navy beans by soaking at 82 o C or 93 o C for 5, 10 or 30 min were compared to standard 18 hr soaking at ambient temperature. Canned beans processed 21 min at 121 o C had higher drained weights and softer texture with fewer split beans than those processed 41 min at 116 o C. Kidney, pinto and navy beans soaked 30 min at 82 o C had higher drained weight than those soaked 30 min at 93 o C. Hydration coefficient (2.07) of controls (18-hr soak) and beans soaked 82 o C (1.94) or 93 o C for 30 min were not different. Pre soaking 30 min at 82 o C provided adequate rehydration prior to canning
Forest floor-mineral soil interactions in the internal nitrogen cycle of an old-growth forest

Seasonal patterns and annual rates of N inputs, outputs, and internal cycling were determined for an old-growth mixed-conifer forest floor in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Rates of net N mineralization within the forest floor, and plant N-uptake and leaching of inorganic N from the forest floor were 13, 10, and 9 kg-N ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The Mediterranean-type climate appeared to have a significant effect on N cycling within this forest, such that all N-process and flow rates showed distrinct seasonal patterns. We estimated the forest floor supplies less than one-third of the total aboveground plant N-uptake in this forest. The rate of net nitrification within the forest floor was always low (1 kg-NO3 --N ha-1 30d-1). Mean residence times for organic matter and N in the forest floor were 13 and 34 years, respectively, suggesting that this forest floor layer is a site of net N immobilization within this ecosystem. We examined the influence of the forest floor on mineral soil N dynamics by injecting small amounts of15N-enriched (NH4)2SO4 solutions into the surface mineral soil with the forest floor present (+FF) or removed (-FF). K2SO4-extractable NO3 --N, total inorganic-N, and total-N pool sizes in the mineral soil were initially increased after forest floor removal (after 4 months), but NO3 --N and total inorganic-N were not significantly different thereafter. Microbial biomass-N and K2SO4-extractable total-N pool sizes were also found to be larger in mineral soils without a forest floor after 1 and 1.3 years, respectively. Total15N-recovery was greater in the +FF treatment compared to the -FF treatment after 1-year (about 50% and 35%, respectively) but did not differ after 1.3 years (both about 35%), suggesting that the forest floor delays but does not prevent the N-loss from the surface mineral soil of this forest. We estimated using our15N data that fungal translocation from the mineral soil to the forest floor may be as large as 9 kg-N ha-1 yr-1 (similar in magnitude to other N flows in this forest), and may account for all of the observed absolute increase of N in litter during the early stages of decomposition at this site. Our results suggest that the forest floor acts both as a source and sink for N in the mineral soil.
Comment on the inelastic scattering of relativistic charged particles

It has long been known that the cross section for the inelastic scattering of relativistic charged particles by atoms rises logarithmically with increasing energy. I rederive this result without introducing the current-current interaction (and hence without quantizing the electromagnetic field). This is done by working in the projectile frame in which the projectile current vanishes. The advantage of using the projectile frame is emphasized. A rough heuristic derivation of the logarithmic divergence is also given with the collision viewed in the projectile frame.
Thermal CalibratiOn of a Low Temperature Invar Sample Cell for FTIR Spectroscopy

A sample cell, capable of supporting standard 13 mm diameter pressed pellets, and suitable for mounting in a commercial cryostat, has been constructed of Invar, and fitted with two thermocouple sensors for operating in the range 4.2 < T < 300 K. The thermal lag between the temperature of the experimental sample and the sensor reading has been determined by monitoring four phase changes in covalent solids which can be used as "infrared thermometers". In the temperature range 77 < T < 300 K this thermal lag is less than 0.5 degrees.
Some Classical Elastic Sphere Problems Solved Numerically by Integral Equations

Use is made of the boundary-integral equation to obtain numerical comparison to a family of classical problems. The numerical procedure replaces the actual surface by flat segments and numerically calculates all unknown boundary data. The entirety of boundary data is queried for the internal stresses. Excellent agreement is found between numerical and exact results.
Active control of a flexible structure using a modal positive position feedback controller

The feasibility of a new Modal Positive Position Feedback (MPPF) strategy in controlling the vibration of a complex flexible structure using a single piezo-electric active structural member is demonstrated. The control strategy generates its control forces by manipulating only the modal position signals of the structure to provide a damping action to undamped modes. This is in contrast to conventional modal controllers that rely in their operation on negative feedback of both the modal position and velocity. The proposed strategy is very simple to design and implement as it designs the controller at the uncoupled modal level and utilizes simple first order filters to achieve the Positive Position Feedback effect. The performance of the new strategy is enhanced by augmenting it with a time sharing strategy to share a small number of actuators between larger number of modes. The effectiveness of the new strategy is validated experimentally on a flexible box-type structure that has four bays and its first two bending modes are 2.015 and 6.535 Hz respectively. A single piezo-electric actuator is utilized as an active structural member to control several transverse bending modes of the structure. The performance of the active control system is determined in the time and the frequency domains. The results are compared with those obtained when using the Independent Modal Space Control (IMSC) of Meirovitch. The experimental results suggest the potential of the proposed strategy as a viable means for controlling the vibration of large flexible structures in real time.
Involvement of the Arg−Asp−His Catalytic Triad in Enzymatic Cleavage of the Phosphodiester Bond†

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) catalyzes the cleavage of the P−O bond in phosphatidylinositol via intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the 2-hydroxyl group of inositol on the phosphorus atom. Our earlier stereochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that this reaction proceeds by a mechanism similar to that of RNase A, and that the catalytic site of PI-PLC consists of three major components analogous to those observed in RNase A, the His32 general base, the His82 general acid, and Arg69 acting as a phosphate-activating residue. In addition, His32 is associated with Asp274 in forming a catalytic triad with inositol 2-hydroxyl, and His82 is associated with Asp33 in forming a catalytic diad. The focus of this work is to provide a global view of the mechanism, assess cooperation between various catalytic residues, and determine the origin of enzyme activation by the hydrophobic leaving group. To this end, we have investigated kinetic properties of Arg69, Asp33, and Hi...
Stress effects on the conductivity of particulate beds

Abstract Conduction in particulate materials affects a variety of applications ranging from packed bed and multi-phase reactors to calcining/drying kilns, from the storage of bulk reactive or temperature-sensitive materials to material processing. A multi-scale, multi-physics modeling technique—thermal particle dynamics (TPD)—is used to examine heat conduction through static, two-dimensional beds of granular materials. Results of both experiments and a microstructurally based continuum model compare well with those obtained from TPD simulation. The TPD technique, therefore, may provide a unique test-bed for validating or extending theories of effective properties in granular media by yielding detailed mechanical and thermal information not easily measured in experiments. Moreover, in testing this technique it is found that, at low compressive loads or in high aspect ratio beds, the conductivity of particulate materials becomes highly anisotropic. This suggests that it is possible to dynamically tune the granular microstructure and hence the bed's properties.
The Interaction of Race, Gender and Social Class Effects in the Education of Deaf Students

While racial effects have been noted in the education of the deaf in a variety of ways, gender effects are difficult to identify and social class effects are not discussed at all. Further, it is possible that these effects interact to produce unique effects. To examine these issues, a re-analysis of data from a longitudinal study of 451 deaf adolescents in local public schools was conducted. Results support previous observations about racial and gender effects and suggest that social class is an effect in the education of the deaf. In addition, there is very limited evidence to suggest an interaction of the effects. What is perhaps more critical is that the concept of race in relation to deaf education is an ambiguous concept and needs to be considered in light of parental income, educational attainment, and language attitudes rather than as a global concept.
Application of Germanium power rectifiers

ALTHOUGH the metal germanium is not a recent discovery, the bulk of research and development on this material has been done in the recent past. So it can be said that the discovery of the important uses of germanium has been made during the past decade. Anything which promises a revolutionary change in the field of electronics immediately becomes front-page news because electronic equipment now plays such a vital part in our industrial development as well as in our private lives. Such wide publicity has resulted in many people using the terms in a conversational way without realizing the exact meaning or the wide range of possible applications.
Efforts to create meaning in the relationship between aging mothers and their caregiving daughters: A qualitative study of caregiving

Abstract Using grounded theory methodology, this research identifies the major themes or meaning systems that caregiving daughters and their aging mothers apply to their caregiving. In depth interviews with 11 mother-daughter pairs explore attitudes toward filial responsibility and actual caregiving experiences. Five themes emerge describing the cognitive, affective, motivational, and interpersonal components of the meaning systems of filial caregiving: increased relational tolerance or acceptance, redefinition of the mother-daughter relationship, aging awareness, relationship priority, and sacrifice. Four themes are evident in both mothers' and daughters' narratives, whereas the final theme, sacrifice, is linked to daughters' accounts. These themes reflect efforts to create meaning at the interpersonal, familial, symbolic, and psychological levels. The significance of the findings for understanding the dynamic nature of the mother-daughter relationship is discussed.
Placement and Orientation of Rotating Directional Sensors

We analyze several new problems that arise from the use of rotating directional sensors. The coverage region of a rotating directional sensor is restricted to a certain direction, and its orientation varies at constant speed. For already placed rotating directional sensors, we consider three problems for which the goal is to minimize the dark time (i.e. uncovered time) of all point in the area. We also consider the problem of placement and orientation of the minimum number of sensors, so to reduce to zero the dark time of all points. In addition, we study barrier coverage problems, in which the goal is to detect all intruders (or the largest number of them) that are trying to cross the monitored area. We show that these problems are NP-hard and some of them also NP-hard to approximate. We provide approximations algorithms that are easy to decentralize, and hence allow the sensors to self organize themselves.
The effects of two health information texts on patient recognition memory: A randomized controlled trial

Objective To compare the effects of two health information texts on patient recognition memory, a key aspect of comprehension.
Membrane dielectric responses of human T-lymphocytes following mitogenic stimulation

Abstract Human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, normally resting at the G 0 phase, were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) to induce the cell division cycle. The cells were examined at 24-h intervals for up to 96 h by flow cytometry to determine cell cycle distributions and by electrorotation to determine dielectric properties. The average membrane specific capacitance was found to vary from 12 (±1.5) mF/m 2 prior to stimulation to 10 (±1.5) and 16 (±3.5) mF/m 2 at 24 and 48 h after stimulation, respectively, and to remain unchanged up to 96 h after stimulation. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the cells revealed an increased complexity in cell membrane morphology following stimulation, suggesting that the observed change in the membrane capacitance was dominated by the alteration of cell surface structures. The average electrical conductivity of the cell interior decreased from ∼1.1 S/m prior to stimulation to ∼0.8 S/m at 24 h after stimulation and showed little change thereafter. The average dielectric permittivity of the cell interior remained almost unchanged throughout the course of the cell stimulation. The percentage of T-lymphocytes in the S and G 2 /M phases increased from ∼4% prior to stimulation to ∼11 and ∼34% at 24 and 48 h after stimulation, respectively. The large change in membrane specific capacitance between the 24 and 48 h time period coincided with the large alteration in the cell cycle distribution where the S and G 2 /M populations increased by ∼23%. These data, together with an analysis of the variation of the membrane capacitance during the cell cycle based on the cell cycle-dependent membrane lipid accumulation, show that there is a correlation between membrane capacitance and cell cycle phases that reflects alterations in the cell plasma membrane.
OSCILLATIONS OF ELECTROSTATICALLY TRAPPED PARTICLES.

Kinetic theory of longitudinal ionic oscillations pertaining to LF plasma oscillations monitored in Ariel 1 satellite wake due to ions trapped in potential trough
Regulation of Pineal Melatonin in the Syrian Hamster

One purpose of this study was to determine if pineal melatonin is altered by chronic exposure to a lighting schedule which induces gonadal atrophy in the male Syrian hamster. Pineal melatonin in reproductively competent males was found to exhibit a daily rhythm; night values were 10-fold higher than day values. Exposure of males to a lighting cycle with a short photoperiod (10-h light, 14-h dark) caused gonadal atrophy but did not alter either the amplitude of the increase or the duration of the period melatonin was elevated. However, a difference in the phasing of the pineal melatonin rhythm relative to the time of day was seen between these groups. Although lights were turned on at the same time for both groups, pineal melatonin just before this time was basal in the animals exposed to the short photoperiod and maximal in animals exposed to the longer photoperiod (14-h light, 10-h dark). The second purpose of this study was to investigate the acute regulation of pineal melatonin. The nocturnal increase ...
In vitro methane and methyl coenzyme M formation from acetate: Evidence that acetyl-CoA is the required intermediate activated form of acetate

Summary Buffer-soluble extracts of acetate-grown Methanosarcina barkeri catalyzed methanogenesis from acetate in the presence of hydrogen and ATP. The rates of methane formation from either acetate plus ATP, or acetylphosphate without ATP added, were approximately doubled by the addition of coenzyme A (CoA). In vitro methyl group transfer from [2-14C]acetate to form [14CH3]methyl coenzyme M (14CH3S-CoM) was monitored by causing the accumulation of 14CH3S-CoM (14CH3-SCH2CH2SO3−) in the presence of 2-bromoethanesulfonate. The rate of 14CH3S-CoM formation was increased 2.5-fold by 0.2 mM CoA.
The Vanguards of the Women's Liberation Movement—Lu Yin, Bingxin, and Ding Ling

Lu Yin (1899-1934), Bingxin (1900-), and Ding Ling (1904-1986) were all born around the turn of the century. All three grew up during the tumultuous era of May 4th, when the old values were crumbling. The influence from the West brought down the crumbling empire like a deck of collapsing cards. The men and women who lived among the rubble were then searching to rebuild their houses. Before rebuilding could commence, a new blueprint had to be drawn up. Obviously, the old blueprint would not do. It was indeed time for a renaissance, an opportunity for reevaluation and reform. Whoever was concerned about the future of China, and his or her own future as well, had to think hard and search earnestly for a solution to the problems of finding a new blueprint.
Issues in the design of recycling policy: the case of old newspapers

Abstract This study investigates key issues in the design of policy to promote recycling of old newspaper (ONP). Empirical evidence that policies to increase supply will not give rise to a large increase in ONP recycling is presented. Also, questions in the design of alternative policy measures are addressed first, by calculating baseline recycling rates for the U.S. newsprint industry. It is found that, all things remaining the same, the newsprint industry will reach a recycling rate of about 40% by the year 2000. This suggests that the legislatively-determined recycling targets are often insufficient to induce levels of ONP recycling beyond those that would occur in the absence of government intervention. This study also includes analysis of other factors that influence the rate of ONP recycling in order to pinpoint the variables that will, if targeted by policy, lead to the largest increase in ONP recycling.
A reconsideration of Afro-American literature

My great-grandfather was brought to this country a slave from Africa. My grandfather obtained his own freedom. My father never wore the yoke. He rendered valuable service to his country in the war of our Revolution; and I,, though then a boy, was a drummer in that war....I have since lived and labored in a useful employment, have acquired property, and have paid taxes in this city...have brought up and educated a family.... Yet some ingenious gentlemen have recently discovered that I am still an African; that a continent, three thousand miles-and more-from the place where I was born is my native country. And I am advised to go home. J ames Forten, 1822
A unifying typology of information

It is argued that the traditional definitions of information are not suitable in the axiomatic base of information science. A new framework is proposed that subsumes the traditional definitions as a special case. The information theory of Shannon (and its derivatives) nicely cover the formal, state‐determined domains for which they were crafted. Subsequent developments, primarily in evolutionary biology, cybernetics and systems theory have shown that the nature of living systems is such that traditional informational views cannot account for the salient phenomena; and that these accounts cannot be (re)constructed at higher (meta) levels of abstraction. Following the work of Csanyi and Kampis, a distinction is drawn between referential and nonreferential information. This typology is further extended to include statereferential information as a means of accounting for the entailment relationships between different types of informational processes. The statereferential type subsumes the traditional definiti...
PARENTING STYLES AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and college academic achievement. An ethnically diverse group of college students reported their GPA and responded to the Parenting Style Index. Parenting style scores were unrelated to college GPA. Additional analyses of ethnic groups indicated differences in maternal involvement and strictness and relationship of these variables to GPA.
The glomerulus – a view from the outside – the podocyte

In the past decade, podocyte research has been greatly aided by the development of powerful new molecular, cellular and animal tools, leading to elucidation of an increasing number of proteins involved in podocyte function and identification of mutated genes in hereditary glomerulopathies. Accumulating evidence indicates that podocyte disorders may not only underlie these hereditary glomerulopathies but also play crucial role in a broad spectrum of acquired glomerular diseases. Genetic susceptibility, environmental influence and systemic responses are all involved in the mediation of the pathogenesis of podocytopathies. Injured podocytes may predisopose to further injury of other podocytes and other adjacent/distant renal cells in a vicious cycle, leading to inexorable progression of glomerular injury. The classic view is that podocytes have a limited ability to proliferate in the normal mature kidney. However, recent research in rodents has provided suggestive evidence for podocyte regeneration resulting from differentiation of progenitor cells within Bowman's capsule.
Adriamycin causes up regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors in actively growing cells.

Abstract We have demonstrated a drug-dependent increase in the capacity of HeLa and 3T3 cells, grown in the presence of lethal and sublethal concentrations of adriamycin, to bind epidermal growth factor (EGF). Scatchard analysis ascribes this effect to an increase in the number of binding sites, with little change in affinity. The time course of binding of 125 I-EGF is unchanged by adriamycin treatment, in both 3T3 and HeLa cells, at both 0 and 37 °C. This increase appears gradually over 3 or 4 days' exposure to the drug and is reversible over a similar period. Although in HeLa cells the increase reaches a maximum of about 4-fold, regardless of cell density, the maximum observed in 3T3 cells, over 100-fold, is seen only at low cell densities. This could be related to the density-dependent growth regulation seen in 3T3 cells, but not in HeLa cells. We suggest that the ability of the anticancer agent adriamycin to alter the cellular response to a growth-regulatory substance may be related to the mechanism of its cytotoxic action.
A sulfur hexafluoride tracer study at the tracy power plant—I. Preliminary results

A plume tracer and flow visualization experiment has been conducted in the vicinity of the Tracy Power Station near Reno, Nevada during the period 7–20 November 1983. The experiment was undertaken as a preliminary project to help design a larger, full-scale experiment planned for the future. The major objective of the study was to determine the extent of plume impact on the ground, and to ascertain how plume impact is influenced by both terrain and meteorological factors. The tracer experiment involved the release of gaseous SF6 through the stack of the Tracy Power Station, and the deployment of 53 syringe samplers distributed in an area within 10 km of the release point. Supplementing the tracer measurements were meteorological, remote sensing, and photographic measurements, all designed to visualize the dispersion of the plume. Ten tests were conducted, each lasting a period of up to 9 h. Hourly samples were collected and analyzed for SF6. Five of the tests resulted in significant plume touchdown within the test area. Although at elevations above the surrounding terrain winds tend to be strong and blow predominantly from the west, SF6 concentrations were frequently observed both east and west of the power plant. Concentration maxima were localized at discrete locations and altitudes depending on the local meteorological conditions.
A practical algorithm for chromaticity correction in linear collider final focus systems

The details of a tuning algorithm are described for minimizing the chromatic error in a final focus system, using the two families of sextupoles incorporated in a chromatic correction section. The chromatic errors are characterized by the beam waist location of off-energy particles with respect to the interaction point location. It is shown that linear combinations of changes in strength to the two sextupole families can move the waist position of off-energy beams independently in the X and Y planes. Measurements at the SLC (SLAC Linear Collider) have shown that the off-energy waist position can be measured as a function of the sextupole multiknob to minimize chromaticity. >
Cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: pathogenic convergence through microRNA regulation

Although cancer and neurodegenerative disease are two distinct pathological disorders, emerging evidence indicates that these two types of disease share common mechanisms of genetic and molecular abnormalities. Recent studies show that individual microRNAs (miRNAs) could be involved in the pathology of both diseases, indicating that the mechanisms of these two seemingly dichotomous diseases converge in the dysregulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Given the increasing evidence showing that miRNA-based therapeutic strategies that modulate the activity of one or more miRNAs are potentially effective for a wide range of pathological conditions, the involvement of miRNAs in the common pathways of leading both diseases suggests a bright future for developing common therapeutic approaches for both diseases. Moreover, the miRNAs that are dysregulated in both diseases may hold promise as uniquely informative diagnostic markers. Here, we review recent studies on the miRNAs that have been implicated in both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Influence of stress on the power factor of antimony telluride

We investigated the behavior of transport properties of antimony telluride under hydrostatic pressure and uniaxial stress up to 4 GPa. All our calculations were done within first-principles using the linearized-augmented plane-wave method. First, we calculated the transport distribution for several stress conditions. Next, using these stress dependent transport distributions, we derived the stress dependence of the electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the power factor. Our results are in qualitative agreement with experiment. Furthermore, we found that hydrostatic pressure does not improve the power factor, while, on the other hand, a large increase under uniaxial stress can he observed.
Tamoxifen to raloxifene and beyond

Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is the treatment of choice for all stages of hormone-responsive breast cancer and has been shown to prevent breast cancer in high-risk women. Despite acting as an antiestrogen on the breast, tamoxifen has partial estrogenic effects on other target tissues. These partial estrogen agonistic actions produce beneficial effects on bones and the lipid profile in postmenopausal women. However, tamoxifen is associated with an increase in endometrial cancer. Additionally, its antiestrogenic effects in the central nervous system result in hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is another SERM approved for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Like tamoxifen, raloxifene appears to prevent breast cancer in high-risk women and has not, to date, been noted to increase the incidence of endometrial cancer. The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene will compare the effects of the two agents on breast cancer prevention and endometrial cancer risk. A number of new agents are being developed for breast cancer treatment and prevention and osteoporosis prevention. These include other SERMs, selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), and aromatase inhibitors. It is hoped that one of these new agents will be the ideal agent, acting as an antiestrogen on breast and endometrium while having estrogenic effects on bones, the lipid profile, and the central nervous system. Semin Oncol 28:260-273.
CoSi: context-sensitive keyword query interpretation on RDF databases

The demo will present CoSi, a system that enables context-sensitive interpretation of keyword queries on RDF databases. The techniques for representing, managing and exploiting query history are central to achieving this objective. The demonstration will show the effectiveness of our approach for capturing a user's querying context from their query history. Further, it will show how context is utilized to influence the interpretation of a new query. The demonstration is based on DBPedia, the RDF representation of Wikipedia.
Effects of prolonged ingestion of glucose or ethanol on tissue lipid composition and lipid biosynthesis in rat.

The effects on lipid metabolism of long-term feeding of large amounts of ethanol or glucose differed from those that have been reported in short-term experiments. Three groups of male rats were investigated. The first was fed lab chow and 15% (v/v) ethanol ad lib.; the second was pair-fed with the first and given isocaloric amounts of glucose in lieu of ethanol; the third was fed lab chow and water ad lib. All three groups consumed nearly the same number of calories, and about 30% of the calories in the first group were derived from ethanol. Neither glucose nor ethanol added to a nutritionally adequate diet promoted the development of a fatty liver, although both stimulated acetateJ4C utilization for hepatic lipid synthesis. In all three groups more than 80% of the label in hepatic lipid was found in fatty acids, and the distribution of label amongst the fatty acids of different chain lengths was virtually the same. Ethanol decreased while glucose increased the quantity of lipid in fat depots, and each altered the fatty acid composition of the lipids in adipose tissue, kidney, liver, and hepatic sub- cellular fractions in a different manner. The most striking of these changes was the relative increase in monounsaturated fatty acids and the decrease in essential fatty acids produced by glucose.
Signal Processing for Near 10 Tbit/in $^{2}$ Density in Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording (TDMR)

Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) is a new magnetic recording paradigm that aims to record one bit of information in one or a few grains, with the goal of achieving a recording density of nearly 10 Tbit/in2. In addition to the usual noise, a TDMR channel experiences the problem that some bits are never recorded because of the randomness of grain size and location. Thus, it is believed that a key component of a TDMR channel is two-dimensional (2-D) signal processing along with a strong error correction code. In this study, the TDMR channel is investigated based on a random Voronoi grain model and a signal processing architecture is proposed. Here, a 2-D linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) equalizer and a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code are employed and the effects of unwritten bits are modeled by a Gaussian mixture model. In numerical simulations, the proposed architecture shows the feasibility of user bit densities near 10 Tbit/in2 for media with a 20 Tgrains/in2 grain density.
Factor structure of the transformational leadership model in human service teams

Summary The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the transformational leader-ship model in human service teams. As the nature of this work environment mandates certainmanagement-by-exception practices, patterns of correlations between perceptions of activeand passive management-by-exception behaviors and transformational, transactional, andlaissez-faire leadership were of interest. 236 leaders and 620 subordinates from 54 mentalhealth teams completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, form 8Y. Results suggestthat active and passive management-by-exception factors are independent constructs.Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The transformational leadership model as described by Bass (1985) has developed a substantialresearch base supporting its validity across a variety of organizational types as well as cultures (Bass,1998). However, this research has led to several ongoing controversies regarding the underlying factorstructure of the model. One such controversy is whether or not the two management-by-exception fac-tors (active vs. passive) represent distinct constructs. These factors, which describe leader behaviorsthat are problem-driven, are the focus of the present research project. To place these factors in propercontext, however, we ﬁrst consider the broader model of which they are a part.
ESTIMATION OF MISCLASSIFICATION PROBABILITIES IN THE LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACHES TO THE TWO‐GROUP DISCRIMINANT PROBLEM

Expressions for misclassification probabilities are derived under a contaminated multivariate normal model for the linear-programming approaches to the two-group discriminant problem.
Admission Control With Incomplete Information To A Finite Buffer Queue

We consider the problem of admission control to a multiserver finite buffer queue under partial information. The controller cannot see the queue but is informed immediately if an admitted customer is lost due to buffer overflow. Turning away (i.e., blocking) customers is costly and so is losing an admitted customer. The latter cost is greater than that of blocking. The controller's objective is to minimize the average cost of blocking and rejection per incoming customer. Lin and Ross [11] studied this problem for multiserver loss systems. We extend their work by allowing a finite buffer and the arrival process to be of the renewal type. We propose a control policy based on a novel state aggregation approach that exploits the regenerative structure of the system, performs well, and gives a lower bound on the optimal cost. The control policy is inspired by a simulation technique that reduces the variance of the estimators by not simulating the customer service process. Numerical experiments show that our bound varies with the load offered to the system and is typically within 1% and 10% of the optimal cost. Also, our bound is tight in the important case when the cost of blocking is low compared to the cost of rejection and the load offered to the system is high. The quality of the bound degrades with the degree of state aggregation, but the computational effort is comparatively small. Moreover, the control policies that we obtain perform better compared to a heuristic suggested by Lin and Ross. The state aggregation technique developed in this article can be used more generally to solve problems in which the objective is to control the time to the end of a cycle and the quality of the information available to the controller degrades with the length of the cycle.
Evaluating the impact of pre-annotation on annotation speed and potential bias: natural language processing gold standard development for clinical named entity recognition in clinical trial announcements

Objective To present a series of experiments: (1) to evaluate the impact of pre-annotation on the speed of manual annotation of clinical trial announcements; and (2) to test for potential bias, if pre-annotation is utilized. Methods To build the gold standard, 1400 clinical trial announcements from the clinicaltrials.gov website were randomly selected and double annotated for diagnoses, signs, symptoms, Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Concept Unique Identifiers, and SNOMED CT codes. We used two dictionary-based methods to preannotate the text. We evaluated the annotation time and potential bias through F-measures and ANOVA tests and implemented Bonferroni correction. Results Time savings ranged from 13.85% to 21.5% per entity. Inter-annotator agreement (IAA) ranged from 93.4% to 95.5%. There was no statistically significant difference for IAA and annotator performance in preannotations. Conclusions On every experiment pair, the annotator with the pre-annotated text needed less time to annotate than the annotator with non-labeled text. The time savings were statistically significant. Moreover, the pre-annotation did not reduce the IAA or annotator performance. Dictionary-based pre-annotation is a feasible and practical method to reduce the cost of annotation of clinical named entity recognition in the eligibility sections of clinical trial announcements without introducing bias in the annotation process.
Shrinkage of low‐density polyethylene film

When blown films of low-density polyethylene are heated above their melting point (Tm) they shrink to an unoriented state at a conveniently measurable, rate. Curves of contraction as a function of time have been measured at different temperatures ranging from 120°C to 200°C. The contraction curves for shrinkage in the machine direction obtained at different temperatures are superimposable by a lateral shift along the log-time axis. A master contraction curve, a portion of the retardation spectrum, and the activation energy are obtained. Shrinkage data for low-density polyethylene films with different thicknesses were analyzed and a correlation was found between contraction and dichroic ratio. This correlation indicates that thermal contraction data can be used as a qualitative measurement of orientation in low-density polyethylene film.
Wastewater recycling and environmental constraints at a base metal mine and process facilities

In temperate areas of abundant freshwater there is seldom an urgency to recycle. The statutory protection of inland waters for beneficial uses such as drinking, food processing and game fishing is requiring industries to choose recycling. A European success in this trend is a base metal mining/milling industry which, since 1977, is implementing hydraulic, hydrological, treatment and ecological studies with wastewaters and mine tailings. A model activity, located 50 km from Dublin is considered. Zinc and lead concentrates produced and exported to smelters ultimately yield approximately 194,000 t and 54,000 t of these respective metals (32 and 21 percent of European production). Water use as originally planned would have been approximately 6m3/t of ore milled. While ore milling increased by 25 percent to 8,500t/d in 1993, water use declined by 33 percent to 4m3/t. The components making up this reduction range from milling technology efficiency to greater recycling from the 165 ha tailings pond. Environmental standards, based on framework regulations originating in EU Directives, have been instrumental in achieving wastewater savings. A conclusion is the value of integrating water quantity, quality, recycling, storage, production and other factors early in project planning.
Surface Mediation of NOx Reduction/Oxidation in a Plasma

NOx reduction efficiency under simulated lean burn conditions is examined for a nonthermal plasma in combination with borosilicate glass, alumina, Cu-ZSM-5 and Na-ZSM-5. The non-thermal plasma alone or with a packed bed of borosilicate glass beads converts NO to NO2 and partially oxidizes hydrocarbons. Alumina and Na-ZSM-5 reduce a maximum of 40% and 50% of NOx respectively; however, the energy cost is high for Na-ZSM-5. Cu-ZSM-5 converts less than 20% with a very high energy consumption.