cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations of developmental imbalance between sensation seeking and premeditation in adolescence and heavy episodic drinking in emerging adulthood.

Background Dual systems theories suggest that greater imbalance between higher reward sensitivity and lower cognitive control across adolescence conveys risk for behaviors such as heavy episodic drinking (HED). Prior research demonstrated that psychological analogues of these systems, sensation seeking and premeditation, change from childhood through emerging adulthood, and each has been independently linked with HED. However, few studies have assessed whether change over time in these developing analogues is prospectively associated with HED. Moreover, we know of no research that has shown whether within-person differences between higher sensation seeking and relatively lower premeditation across the adolescent period predict HED in emerging adulthood. Methods Prospective data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence study (n = 715) were used to examine the association of sensation seeking and premeditation with HED among adolescents ages 16 to 20 years. We used novel applications of latent difference score modeling and growth curve analysis to test whether increasing sensation seeking, premeditation, and their imbalance over time are associated with HED across the study period, and whether these associations differed by sex. Results Whereas premeditation increased linearly from adolescence through emerging adulthood across sexes, males reported growth and females reported decline in sensation seeking. Sensation seeking in adolescence (and not premeditation) was associated with higher levels of HED by emerging adulthood. Importantly, greater imbalance between sensation seeking and premeditation was associated with higher levels of HED by emerging adulthood though we note that variability capturing this imbalance correlated highly (r = 0.86) with baseline levels of sensation seeking. Conclusions Developmental imbalance between higher sensation seeking and lower premeditation in late adolescence may be a risk factor for greater HED in emerging adulthood.
Flood-Induced Recharge of Matrix Water in a Vertic Forest Soil

Vertisols shrink and swell with changes in soil moisture, influencing hydraulic properties. Vertisols are often in floodplains, yet the importance of flooding as a source of soil moisture remains p...
Chebyshev Ω- Splines and N-Widths of WrHω[0, 1]

In this chapter we review the Tihomirov’s result that identifies the extremal functional and optimal approximating subspaces in the problem of N-widths of Sobolev classes \( {{W}^{r}}{{H}^{\omega }}[0,1] \). Then, we describe analogs of Chebyshev ω-splines in the problem of N-widths of functional classes W r H ω[0, 1] for nonlinear ω.
Mapping rice paddy extent and intensification in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta with dense time stacks of Landsat data

Abstract Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world's population, yet paddy fields are threatened by urban expansion, climate change, and degraded agricultural land. Vietnam, one of the largest exporters of rice globally, grows most of its rice in the Mekong River Delta, but this low-lying and heavily populated area is susceptible to major land cover changes. To properly monitor and manage rice crops in this region, remote sensing with satellite imagery has been particularly useful; however, most efforts to map regional paddy area utilize coarse resolution MODIS or AVHRR data due to their high temporal frequency. Because the average size of a rice paddy field in the region is smaller than a coarse resolution pixel, we map the Mekong study area using finer-scale Landsat data collected across multiple growing seasons. First, we exploit dense Landsat time stacks for circa 2000 and circa 2010 to map rice paddy extent using vegetation trajectories, then combine these pixel-based rice maps with image-based segments to generate a polygon-based rice map. The results show that this method can map rice paddies with over 90% overall accuracy (and errors of omission and commission ranging from 6 to 25%) at a finer spatial resolution than previous efforts. Next, we differentiate between single-, double-, and triple-cropped rice paddies in the delta using a supervised classification based on exemplars of these different cropping trends. From circa 2000 to circa 2010, we find that triple-cropped rice fields have nearly doubled in area from one-third to nearly two-thirds of paddy area. Our work also highlights the importance of scenes that capture flooded fields, and the utility of cloud-covered scenes within the dense time stacks of data, to achieve higher classification accuracies. Methods to map rice paddies are vital to understanding the sustainability of these agricultural systems, and the work presented here makes strides toward routine monitoring at a field-level resolution.
The Larson-Tinsley Effect in the UV: Interacting vs. `Normal' Spiral Galaxies

We compare the UV-optical colors of a well-defined set of optically-selected pre-merger interacting galaxy pairs with those of normal spirals. The shorter wavelength colors show a larger dispersion for the interacting galaxies than for the spirals. This result can best be explained by higher star formation rates on average in the interacting galaxies, combined with higher extinctions on average. This is consistent with earlier studies, that found that the star formation in interacting galaxies tends to be more centrally concentrated than in normal spirals, perhaps due to gas being driven into the center by the interaction. As noted in earlier studies, there is a large variation from galaxy to galaxy in the implied star formation rates of the interacting galaxies, with some galaxies having enhanced rates but others being fairly quiescent.
Reachable Stars: Patterns in the Ethnoastronomy of Eastern North America

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: George E. Lankford Year: 2007 Pages: 368 Publisher: University of Alabama Press ISBN: 978-0817354282 (hard cover). Prices: $34.95 USD(hard cover).
Pharmacodynamic studies of the human Fallopian tube in vitro.

Abstract The fertilized Eutherian ovum pauses at the ampullary-isthmic junction of the oviduct after rapid passage through the tubal ampulla. This pause is critical to successful reproduction. The mechanisms controlling the tubal transport of ova remain enigmatic. The present study evaluates the adrenergic pharmacology of the extirpated human tube in vitro. Adrenergic stimulation and blockade altered the resistance to the perfusion of fluid through the lumen of the human tube thus demonstrating alpha and beta adrenergic receptor activity.
On Multiplicities of Maximal Weights of sl̂(n)-Modules

We determine explicitly the maximal dominant weights for the integrable highest weight $\widehat {sl}(n)$ -modules V((k − 1)Λ 0 + Λ s ), 0 ≤ s ≤ n − 1, k ≥ 2. We give a conjecture for the number of maximal dominant weights of V(k Λ 0) and prove it in some low rank cases. We give an explicit formula in terms of lattice paths for the multiplicities of a family of maximal dominant weights of V(k Λ 0). We conjecture that these multiplicities are equal to the number of certain pattern avoiding permutations. We prove that the conjecture holds for k = 2 and give computational evidence for the validity of this conjecture for k > 2.
Gas phase recoil phosphorus reactions. II. A detailed study of pressure and scavenger effects

Abstract Products from recoil phosphorus reactions with PH3 or PF3 exhibit no pressure dependence. In the PH3 system 1,3-butadiene was found to be an effective scavenger probably due to the stabilization of the CP bond in the scavenged adduct by conjugation. It has also been shown that the H-abstraction by recoil 32P atoms from PH3 is about 160 times more effective than the F-abstraction from PF3. The upper limit for the complete retention of bonds in PH3 after radiative neutron capture has been estimated as 4 per cent.
Dynamical model for the polar-incommensurate transition in BaMn F 4

Using a Landau-Khalatnikov approach we calculate the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and of the coupled normal modes in incommensurate phase transitions such as that displayed by BaMn${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$. It is assumed that the phase mode is relaxational in the incommensurate phase and satisfies a Debye relaxation equation. Two results of interest are generated: first, the temperature dependence of the inverse relaxation time is given by ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(T)=[\frac{({T}_{\mathrm{I}}\ensuremath{-}T)}{{T}_{\mathrm{I}}}]{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, in agreement with experimental results for both BaMn${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$Na${\mathrm{Nb}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{15}$; and second, a new relationship between the dynamical parameters ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}$ and the temperature width of stability for the incommensurate phase, ${T}_{\mathrm{I}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{II}}$ is derived: $\frac{({T}_{\mathrm{I}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{II}})}{{T}_{\mathrm{I}}}=C\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}}$, where $C$ is a numerical constant of order 1.0 to 6.0 in the anisotropic case. Using experimental values of $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}=(1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ Hz and $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}=(6.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ Hz for BaMn${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, we calculate ${T}_{\mathrm{I}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{II}}=6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ K, in good agreement with the recent measurement of 8.2 K by Scott, Habbal, and Hidaka; similar estimates for ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$Na${\mathrm{Nb}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{15}$ predict a large incommensurate temperature region, which is also in good accord with experiment.
An analysis of nursing home quality measures and staffing.

Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate nursing home quality measures (QMs) available in a national database called Nursing Home Compare. The aim was to determine whether differences in QM scores occurred with changing staffing-level mix. Subjects All Missouri nursing home facilities were included for the analysis of the 14 QMs downloaded in February 2004. Methods Analyses of variance were used to examine differences in the dependent QM scores; the independent range of staffing levels for 3 disciplines, certified nurse assistant (CNA), licensed practical nurse (LPN), and registered nurse (RN), was analyzed on the basis of their number of hours per resident per day worked in the nursing home. Planned contrasts and post hoc Bonferroni adjustments were calculated to further evaluate significance levels. Finally, residents were used as a covariate to determine effects on significant analyses of variance. Results Care is proportionate to the percentage of CNA/LPN/RN staffing-level mix, with 2 long-stay QMs (percentage of residents who lose bowel or bladder control and percentage of residents whose need for help with activities of daily living has increased) and 2 short-stay measures (percentage of residents who had moderate to severe pain and percentage of residents with pressure ulcers) revealed differences in mean quality scores when staffing levels changed.
Adipose-derived stem cell to epithelial stem cell transdifferentiation: a mechanism to potentially improve understanding of fat grafting's impact on skin rejuvenation.

Background: Recent evidence suggests that lipofilling improves overlying skin composition and appearance. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) have been implicated. Objective: The authors identify ADSC transdifferentiation into epithelial stem cells through coexpression of GFP+ (green fluorescent protein positive) ADSC with the epithelial stem cell marker p63 in an in vivo fat grafting model. Methods: Six male, GFP+ mice served as adipose tissue donors. Twelve nude mice served as recipients. Recipients were subdivided into 2 arms (6 mice/each arm) and received either whole-fat specimen (group 1) or isolated and purified ADSC + peptide hydrogel carrier (group 2) engrafted into a 1-cm2 left parascapular subdermal plane. The right parascapular subdermal plane served as control. Skin flaps were harvested at 8 weeks and subjected to (1) confocal fluorescent microscopy and (2) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for p63 mRNA expression levels. Results: Gross examination of skin flaps demonstrated subjectively increased dermal vessel presence surrounding whole-fat and ADSC specimens. The GFP+ cells were seen within overlying dermal architecture after engraftment and were found to coexpress p63. Significantly increased levels of p63 expression were found in the ADSC + hydrogel skin flaps. Conclusions: We offer suggestive evidence that GFP+ ADSC are found within the dermis 8 weeks after engraftment and coexpress the epithelial stem cell marker p63, indicating that ADSC may transdifferentiate into epithelial stem cells after fat grafting. These findings complement current understanding of how fat grafts may rejuvenate overlying skin.
Development of tissue resistance to toxic effects of chemicals

Abstract Evidence has been presented from both the published literature and the author's own work that after repeated administration of various chemicals which induce degenerative changes, resistance develops in the target tissue to the toxic effects. Such a resistance develops only after an induced lesion, and it is not specific to the inducing agent, but extends to agents causing similar lesions. The resistance lasts during the period of exposure to the noxious agent and for varying times thereafter. It is looked upon as an adaptation mechanism to the adverse environment; thus it is of epidemiological interest. This phenomenon is of significance also in the safety studies of chemicals. The present practice of performing histopathology examinations solely in prolonged dosing studies may overlook what happened in the early stages of the exposure to potentially toxic agents. The resistance is also of clinical interest, since the toxic effect may not manifest in long-term therapy even though the pharmacologic effect does not diminish. The continuing pharmacologic effect implied that the phenomenon is not related to a pharmacokinetic change. Apart from this, its mechanism has not been established.
Nursing home characteristics associated with tube feeding in advanced cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVES: To identify nursing homes factors associated with the use of tube feeding in advanced cognitive impairment. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: The On-line Survey Certification of Automated Records (OSCAR) was used to obtain facility characteristics from 1,057 licensed nursing homes in six states from 1995 to 1996. PARTICIPANTS: Residents aged 65 and older with advanced cognitive impairment who had a feeding tube placed over a 1-year period were identified using the Minimum Data Set. MEASUREMENTS: Nursing home characteristics independently associated with feeding tube placement were determined. RESULTS: Having a full-time speech therapist on staff, more licensed nurses and fewer nursing assistants were independently associated with greater use of tube feeding in severely cognitively impaired residents. Other features associated with tube feeding included larger facility size, higher proportion of Medicaid beds, absence of an Alzheimer's disease unit, pressure ulcers in 10% or more of residents, and a higher proportion of residents lacking advance directives and with total functional dependency. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment by a speech therapist, staffing ratios, advance directives, fiscal considerations, and specialized dementia units are potentially modifiable factors in nursing homes that may influence the practice of tube feeding in advanced cognitive impairment.
The radiation dose-response relationship in a human glioma xenograft and an evaluation of the influence of glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine

We have used an extensively characterized human glioma cell line in an athymic mouse model to evaluate new therapeutic approaches for human supratentorial high grade gliomas. The tumor, D-54MG, is a subline of a human anaplastic glioma. Eight days after homozygous nu/nu BALB/c athymic mice received intracranial (IC) injections of a tumor homogenate, the whole brain was irradiated with either single fractions of 4, 8, 9, and 12 Gy or twice daily fractions, separated by least 6 hr, of 2.28 Gy x 2 or 7.53 Gy x 2. To evaluate whether or not glutathione depletion influenced animal survival, animals at each dose level received either intraperitoneal (IP) buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) alone or I.P. BSO plus BSO in the drinking water. There was a stepwise prolongation of animal survival with increasing doses of external beam radiation. Mean survival in 9 of the 10 control groups (8-12 animals per group) ranged from 14.1 to 18.8 days. Mean survival ranged from 15.3 to 22.5 days at 4 Gy, 25 to 30 days at 8 Gy, 22.3 to 29.7 days at 9 Gy, and 32.9 to 33.6 days at 12 Gy single dose irradiation. At 2.28 Gy x 2 split dose irradiation mean survival was 29.3 days, for 7.53 Gy x 2 mean survival was over 47 days. The data for single fraction irradiation fit a linear regression line (r = 0.908) of mean animal survival = (1.22 [dose in Gy] + 16.7) days. Tumor GSH levels were decreased with all BSO dosing regimens tested. The most aggressive regimen (I.P. BSO+oral BSO for 5 days), reduced tumor GSH to 6.2% of control. Increased survival in irradiated glutathione depleted mice versus mice receiving radiation alone was not seen.
A high-pressure mass spectrometric study of ion-molecule reactions in 1,1-difluoroethylene

Abstract The gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of CF2CH2 have been studied up to a pressure of 1 torr using both 12.5- and 200-eV electron energies in a conventional magnetic-field-free single ion source quadrupole mass spectrometer. The CF2CH2+ ion reacts only by a third-order process to form (CF2CH2)2+ with a rate constant of 5.98 × 10−26 (cm3)2 molecule−2 s−1 at 12.5-eV electron energy. At higher pressures (above 35 μm), three main ionic products, C3H2F3+, and CF2CH2+, and minor ions, C3H3F2+ and and C4H3F3+, are formed by further reactions of (CF2CH2)2+. The ratio of the rates of formation of ( C 3 H 2 F 3 + C 2 H 3 F 2 + ) was determined to be 1.08. At 200 eV many of the primary ion reactions of the parent ion is similar at 12.5- and 200-eV electron energies. At high pressures numerous higher-order ionic products, which have not been reported previously, were observed. Most of the higher-order ionic products are formed by condensation and condensation-elimination reactions which involve formation of an excited collision complex followed by collision stabilization or collision-induced elimination of an HF molecule. Reaction paths, product distribution, and rate constants have been determined for the majority of the ions.
Antiangiogenic action of redox-modulating Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP5+, via suppression of oxidative stress in a mouse model of breast tumor

MnTE-2-PyP(5+) is a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, primarily superoxide and peroxynitrite. It therefore not only attenuates primary oxidative damage, but was found to modulate redox-based signaling pathways (HIF-1alpha, NF-kappaB, SP-1, and AP-1) and thus, in turn, secondary oxidative injury also. Cancer has been widely considered an oxidative stress condition. The goal of this study was to prove if and why a catalytic SOD mimic/peroxynitrite scavenger would exert anti-cancer effects, i.e., to evaluate whether the attenuation of the oxidative stress by MnTE-2-PyP(5+) could suppress tumor growth in a 4T1 mouse breast tumor model. Tumor cells were implanted into Balb/C mouse flanks. Three groups of mice (n=25) were studied: control (PBS) and 2 and 15 mg/kg/day of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) given subcutaneously twice daily starting when the tumors averaged 200 mm(3) (until they reached approximately 5-fold the initial volume). Intratumoral hypoxia (pimonidazole, carbonic anhydrase), HIF-1alpha, VEGF, proliferating capillary index (CD105), microvessel density (CD31), protein nitration, DNA oxidation (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (Nox-4), apoptosis (CD31), macrophage infiltration (CD68), and tumor drug levels were assessed. With 2 mg/kg/day a trend toward tumor growth delay was observed, and a significant trend was observed with 15 mg/kg/day. The 7.5-fold increase in drug dose was accompanied by a similar (6-fold) increase in tumor drug levels. Oxidative stress was largely attenuated as observed through the decreased levels of DNA damage, protein 3-nitrotyrosine, macrophage infiltration, and NADPH oxidase. Further, hypoxia was significantly decreased as were the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF. Consequently, suppression of angiogenesis was observed; both the microvessel density and the endothelial cell proliferation were markedly decreased. Our study indicates for the first time that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) has anti-cancer activity in its own right. The anti-cancer activity via HIF/VEGF pathways probably arises from the impact of the drug on the oxidative stress. Therefore, the catalytic scavenging of ROS/RNS by antioxidants, which in turn suppresses cellular transcriptional activity, could be an appropriate strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Enhancement of the anti-cancer effects may be achieved by optimizing the dosing regime, utilizing more bioavailable Mn porphyrins (MnP), and combining MnP treatment with irradiation, hyperthermia, and chemotherapy. Mn porphyrins may be advantageous compared to other anti-cancer drugs, owing to their radioprotection of normal tissue and the ability to afford pain management in cancer patients via prevention of chronic morphine tolerance.
Discovery of transdermal penetration enhancers by high-throughput screening.

Although transdermal drug delivery is more attractive than injection, it has not been applied to macromolecules because of low skin permeability. Here we describe particular mixtures of penetration enhancers that increase skin permeability to macromolecules (∼1–10 kDa) by up to ∼100-fold without inducing skin irritation. The discovery of these mixtures was enabled by an experimental tool, in vitro skin impedance guided high-throughput (INSIGHT) screening, which is >100-fold more efficient than current tools. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the mixtures delivered macromolecular drugs, including heparin, leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and oligonulceotides, across the skin. In vivo experiments on hairless rats with leuprolide acetate confirmed the potency and safety of one such mixture, sodium laureth sulfate (SLA) and phenyl piperazine (PP). These studies show the feasibility of using penetration enhancers for systemic delivery of macromolecules from a transdermal patch.
Effectiveness of an Algorithm-Based Approach to the Utilization of Plerixafor in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy-Based Stem Cell Mobilization

Abstract Autologous stem cell transplantation remains a mainstay of therapy for diseases such as multiple myeloma and relapsed lymphoma. The use of plerixafor has been shown to augment the ability to collect adequate stem cells, but the optimal use of this agent when used with chemotherapy is not yet clear. We utilized an algorithm-based approach with the addition of plerixafor to 54 patients undergoing chemomobilization with reduced-dose etoposide who had a less than optimal preapheresis CD34+ cell count. We used a CD34+ precount of 20 cells/μL as a threshold to initiate stem cell apheresis. Ninety-four percent of patients were successfully collected and proceeded to transplantation. Fourteen of 51 (28%) patients who successfully collected required plerixafor to augment stem cell yield. Of the patients who successfully collected, 94% (89% of the entire population) were able to collect in 2 or fewer days. Compared with previous data from our institution, the rate of patients collecting > 4 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg in a single collection was increased from 39% to 69%. The safety profile of this approach was acceptable. The use of this algorithm-based method to determine when and whether to add plerixafor to chemomobilization was shown to be a successful and cost-effective approach to stem cell collection.
Ethnic disparities in colonoscopy use among colorectal cancer survivors: A systematic review

Purpose After curative treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), routine colonoscopies are recommended. We aimed to identify all studies of ethnic disparities in CRC surveillance and examine any association between race/ethnicity and colonoscopy use.
Mechanism of Food Restriction: Protection of Cellular Homeostasis

The major difficulty in defining the mechanisms for the action of food restriction relates to its diversity and lack of specificity. In searching for the common factor(s) and commonality involved in such diversified effects, a cellular homeostasis mechanism is proposed. A study initiated in our laboratory strongly indicates that the cellular homeostatic mechanism is seriously compromised by oxidative damage of free radical reaction with aging. Data on mitochondrial hydroperoxide, microsomal cytochrome P-450 breakdown, and reduction of cytosolic antioxidant capacity support the notion. Remarkably, food restriction attenuates all of these age-related changes. It is concluded therefore that food restriction preserves the homeostatic regulatory processes by maintaining the integrity of (i) membrane structure and function, (ii) proper redox state of cellular components, and (iii) detoxification process of xenobiotics.
Rotavirus in Travelers' Diarrhea: Study of an Adult Student Population in Mexico

The role of rotavirus in adult diarrhea was evaluated in 165 students attending a Mexican university. Students were divided into three groups: newly arrived summer students from the United States, regular students from the United States, and Mexican and Venezuelan students. Ninety-one students with diarrhea and 74 corresponding, matched, asymptomatic control students were included in the study. The frequency of rotavirus in stools was determined by electron microscopy with use of the pseudoreplica technique. Twenty-five percent of those who were ill and 12% of the controls had rotavirus in their stools. A significantly (P < 0.05) greater number of newly arrived United States summer students with diarrhea had rotavirus in their stool than did matched controls (26% vs. 3%). There was no significant difference in rate of recovery of bacterial pathogens from rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative stools (52% vs. 53%) from students with diarrhea. Although significantly more rotavirus was identified from ill American summer students than from controls, the role of rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea in these students could not be established in all cases since bacterial pathogens were also commonly found in stool.
Human ELG1 Regulates the Level of Ubiquitinated Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) through Its Interactions with PCNA and USP1

The level of monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is closely linked with DNA damage bypass to protect cells from a high level of mutagenesis. However, it remains unclear how the level of monoubiquitinated PCNA is regulated. Here, we demonstrate that human ELG1 protein, which comprises an alternative replication factor C (RFC) complex and plays an important role in preserving genomic stability, as an interacting partner for the USP1 (ubiquitin-specific protease 1)-UAF1 (USP1-associated factor 1) complex, a deubiquitinating enzyme complex for PCNA and FANCD2. ELG1 protein interacts with PCNAs that are localized at stalled replication forks. ELG1 knockdown specifically resulted in an increase in the level of PCNA monoubiquitination without affecting the level of FANCD2 ubiquitination. It is a novel function of ELG1 distinct from its role as an alternative RFC complex because knockdowns of any other RFC subunits or other alternative RFCs did not affect PCNA monoubiquitination. Lastly, we identified a highly conserved N-terminal domain in ELG1 that was responsible for the USP1-UAF1 interaction as well as the activity to down-regulate PCNA monoubiquitination. Taken together, ELG1 specifically directs USP1-UAF1 complex for PCNA deubiquitination.
The relationship of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use to the risk of breast cancer.

Abstract Background. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the risk of breast cancer is unclear. We assessed the association in a hospital-based case–control study. Methods. The cases ( n = 6558) were compared with cancer controls ( n = 3296) and noncancer controls admitted for trauma or acute infection ( n = 2925). Odds ratios were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. Results. For women who used NSAIDs regularly beginning at least 1 year before admission, the odds ratios (OR) were 0.8 (95% CI 0.7, 1.0) with cancer controls and 0.7 (95% CI 0.6, 0.9) with noncancer controls. With noncancer controls, there was a statistically significant decreasing trend in the odds ratios as duration of use increased, whereas with cancer controls there was not. The reduction in risk for regular use was accounted for largely by a reduced odds ratio for one study center (Boston), which contributed 9% of the cases. Conclusions. The data are compatible with a small reduction in risk associated with regular NSAID use. However, inconsistencies in the data detract from a causal interpretation.
RECENT TRENDS IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY IN JAPAN

(1963). RECENT TRENDS IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY IN JAPAN. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 93-102.
A study of source and mask optimization for ArF scanners

The k1 factor continues to be driven downwards, in order to enable the 32 nm feature generation and beyond. Due to the extremely small process window that will be available for such demanding imaging challenges, it is necessary not only for each unit contributing to the imaging system to be driven to its ultimate performance capability, but also that active techniques that can expand the process window and robustness of the imaging against various kinds of imaging parameter be implemented. One such technique is a Source & Mask Optimization1 (SMO). In this paper we are going to study the effect of SMO and discuss its application to ArF exposure tools. Free form optimization example and constrained optimization will be compared with conventional illumination setting. Furthermore realization of the SMO with sPURE, which is optical element to generate customized illumination discussed.
PATIENT DOSE CALCULATION

We believe that the primary responsibility of a therapy resident is to take care of sick patients. He does have the responsibility, however, for calculating the machine settings to deliver the prescribed dose to the primary dose control point in the patient, even though this calculation is independently checked by a dosimetry technologist.This paper represents an attempt to develop a unified, logically consistent methodology for the basic dose calculations to make the complex problem as simple as possible.*The method is summarized in Table 1.
Enhanced process control of submicron contact definition

The aggressive drive to reduce device geometries to submicron levels while utilizing ULSI design capabilities has posed many challenges to traditional semiconductor process technology. Among the most critical is the ability to maintain satisfactory contact between two levels of metal through contact holes significantly smaller than the actual design rule itself. Traditional technologies for greater than one micron design rules are not capable of maintaining the consistent output necessary to achieve and maintain Six Sigma process control. Isotropic plasma etching of doped and undoped oxides has been studied as an alternative to the " wet" isotropic etch in the traditional " wet-dry" contact hole etch process scheme. The isotropic etch was characterized using Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) multilevel statistical experimental designs. Optimized conditions resulted in process capability of greater than 2. 0 Cpk control measured in reference to critical dimension performance and electrical data analysis.
OXIDATION OF CAPSANTHIN

SUMMARY– Oxidation of capsanthin by molecular oxygen at 40°C in the solid state is discussed. The absence of an induction period in the oxygen absorption curve indicated that oxidation does not involve the typical autoxidation pattern. A number of keto-carotenoids such as capsanthone, 3-keto-kryptocapsone, and 3-keto-β-apo-8′-carotenal were isolated in the oxidation products. Oxidation of capsanthin involves primarily the oxidation of hydroxyl groups, followed by scission of the chain at the carbon-carbon bond α to the in-chain carbonyl group.
Efficacy of freezing, frozen storage and edible antimicrobial coatings used in combination for control of Listeria monocytogenes on roasted turkey stored at chiller temperatures.

Abstract The presence and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat (RTE) turkey is an important food safety issue. The antilisterial efficacy of four polysaccharide-based edible coatings (starch, chitosan, alginate and pectin) incorporating sodium lactate (SL) and sodium diacetate (SD) as well as commercial preparations Opti.Form PD4, NovaGARD™ CB1, Protect-M and Guardian™ NR100 were compared against L. monocytogenes on roasted turkey. Pectin coating treatments incorporating SL/SD, Opti.Form PD4 with or without Protect-M, and NovaGARD™ CB1 displayed higher antimicrobial efficacy against. L. monocytogenes than the other antimicrobials and coating materials. In the second phase of the study, it was investigated whether frozen storage could enhance the antilisterial effectiveness of pectin coating treatments on chilled roasted turkey. Inoculated roasted turkey samples coated with pectin-based treatments were frozen for up to 4 weeks and subsequently stored at 4 °C for 8 weeks. Frozen storage significantly enhanced the antilisterial activity of various coating treatments; with selected treatments reducing the L. monocytogenes populations by as much as 1.1 log CFU/cm 2 during the subsequent 8-week chilled storage. This study demonstrates that pectin-based antimicrobial edible coatings hold promise in enhancing the safety of RTE poultry products and frozen storage has the potential to enhance their effectiveness.
Interpretation of transient electromagnetic soundings over three-dimensional structures for the central-loop configuration

Summary. An assessment is made of the bias of fitting constrained layeredearth models to transient electromagnetic data obtained over 3-D structures. In this assessment we use the central-loop configuration and show that accurate estimates of the depth of burial of 3-D structures can be obtained with layered-earth model fitting. However, layered-earth interpretations are not reliable for estimating depth extents and resistivities of 3-D structures. When layered earths are used for interpretation, it is advantageous in some cases to use data based on the magnetic field instead of the voltage. A magnetic-field definition of apparent resistivity, in contrast to a definition based on the voltage, eliminates apparent-resistivity overshoots and undershoots in the data. A resistivity undershoot in the data can produce an extraneous and misleading layer in an interpretation of a 3-D resistive structure. Due to 3-D effects, apparent-resistivity soundings (magnetic field and voltage) may rise so steeply at late times that it may not be possible to fit a sounding to a reasonable layered-earth model. Truncating such a sounding, over a buried conductor, allows for a reasonable layered-earth fit and an accurate estimate of the depth to the conductor. However, the resistivity of the conductor is overestimated. Measurements of the horizontal field in the central-loop configuration can map 3-D structures, provided the sensor is located accurately at the centre of the transmitting loop. Horizontal-field calculations show that the transients peak on the flanks of a 3-D structure, but are depressed over the structure's centre. Weak transient responses flanked by two large transient responses, which are opposite in sign, locate the structure. The sign reversal is caused by a corresponding reversal in the currents that are channelled through or deflected away from conductive or resistive structures, respectively.
Study of pyrolytic carbon films for non-emitting grid applications

Abstract Pyrolytic carbon films were prepared on a hot substrate inside UHV system back-filled with 6 × 10 −5 Torr of CH 4 . The resulting films showed two different chemical states of carbon; carbides formed on W and Ta substrates and graphitic carbon layers were yound on ?. Ir substrate. Alter BaO deposition, the carbides showed a work function too low to be useful as grids. On the other hand, the work function of pyrolytic carbon films were high both before and after Ba or BaO coverage. Study of the degradation mechanisms of carbon films, formed by e-bean techniques, however, showed that they also reacted rapidly with W and T 2 resulting in a carbide formation. Thus it suggested that in the application of pyrolytic graphite grids, contact with carbide-forming metals should be avoided. Interaction of the pyrolytic carbon with BaO also resulted in the removal of carbon. However, this “leeching” phenomenon projects a life for pyrolytic graphite grids much longer than actually observed in the tube tests. The diffusion of Ba and BaO through pyrolytic carbon layer was evident in this workm but its precise relation to life failure rate is not yet understood.
Natural wealth accounts: A proposal for alleviating the natural resource curse

Summary Countries rich in fuel and mineral resources tend to have worse development outcomes than other countries. Commodity rents free governments from the discipline of tax revenues, so that natural resource wealth worsens the quality of governing institutions. I propose a system of Natural Wealth Accounts that converts rents into tax revenues, mimicking the discipline that tax revenues impose in resource-poor countries. This will create an endowment effect (citizens will require the government to justify why it is taxing their rents); an information effect (citizens will understand the problem better); and an income effect (the population will retain some of the rents).
Antimicrobial terpenoids of Gossypium: 6-methoxygossypol and 6,6′-dimethoxygossypol

Abstract The triterpenoid aldehydes, gossypol ( 1 ), 6-methoxygossypol ( 2 ) and 6,6′-dimethoxygossypol ( 3 ); and the sesquiterpenoid aldehydes, hemigossypol ( 4 ) and methoxyhemigossypol ( 5 ), were isolated from 1-week-old roots of Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense and identified. This is the first report of 2 and 3 in nature and of 4 and 5 from healthy roots. Compounds 2 and 3 also constituted 30% of the total terpenoid aldehydes in the seeds of 1 cultivar of G. barbadense , but occurred only in trace quantities in those of G. hirsutum . Spectral data (UV, IR, NMR, MS) and proof of structure for 2 and 3 are presented.
Antisymmetrical 3-D stress field near the crack front of a thin elastic plate

Abstract Based on detailed three-dimensional finite clement analysis, the near-tip field of a thin elastic plate remotely subjected to Mode II antisymmctrical loading is investigated. The computed results show the transition to a three-dimensional state to occur near the radial distance from the crack tip of 1.5 times the plate thickness. In the close vicinity of the crack front, the asymptotic stress field is characterized by a combination of plane strain Mode II and anti-plane Mode III singular (1/√r) fields. The domain of such fields extends approximately 0.5% of the thickness in the radial direction. The mixed-mode stress intensity factors along the crack front are determined from 3-D conservation integrals, and unlike the case of symmetrical loading, their magnitudes are greater towards the free surface. Near the intersection of the crack front and free surface, the stress field converges to the antisymmetrical corner singularity solution. The asymptotic form of stress near the intersection under general loading conditions is presented, along with the corner stress intensity factors.
The effect of moving air on detection of a 60-Hz electric field.

Two potential mechanisms in detection of a 60-Hz electric field by albino rats were examined: field-induced movement of the vibrissae and field-induced vibration of the skin. Specifically, the experiment tested field detection in a moving stream of air designed to mask field-induced movement of the skin, fur, and vibrissae. Rats were trained to detect electric fields and were then tested at field intensities from 0–25 kV/m rms. As previously reported, rats demonstrate unmistakable behavioral evidence of field detection at all intensities above 7.5 kV/m. After establishing detection in still air, field detection was re-examined in moving air (average air velocity approximately 2.8–6.8 m/s). The primary result is that the wind produced no change in detection at field intensities above threshold (> 7.5 kV/m). Indeed, at these intensities detection was virtually identical in still and moving air. A secondary finding is that moving air produced statistically significant (P < .05) but apparently contradictory effects on detection when the field intensity was below threshold. On no-field trials the wind lowered scores (i.e., fewer presses on the field-off lever); however, on subthreshold field trials, the wind actually increased detection scores (i.e., more presses on the field-on lever). While this no-field and subthreshold field result is interesting and deserves further study, we place primary emphasis on the finding that, if the field was detectable in still air, it was also detectable in moving air. This result leads us to believe that movement of the vibrissae, fur, or skin is not likely to be the main mechanism of electric-field detection in our subjects. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
Irreversible thermodynamics of overdriven shocks in solids

An isotropic solid capable of transporting heat and of undergoing dissipative plastic flow, is treated. The shock is assumed to be a steady wave, and any phase changes or macroscopic inhomogeneities which might be induced by the shock are neglected. Under these conditions it is established that for an overdriven shock, no solution is possible without heat transport, and when the heat transport is governed by the steady conduction equation, no solution is possible without plastic dissipation as well. Upper and lower bounds are established for the thermodynamic variables, namely the shear stress, temperature, entropy, plastic strain, and heat flux, as functions of compression through the shock.
KStreams: kernel support for efficient data streaming in proxy servers

Growth in broadband connectivity is making media streaming applications increasingly popular. For scalability, media is streamed across sets of proxy servers embedded in overlay networks, where the quality of delivered content depends both on available network capacities across overlay nodes and the capabilities of proxy servers. This paper addresses proxy server performance for media streaming and for the delivery of live media content. Our approach to efficient content delivery is to develop a set of kernel-level data streaming abstractions, termed KStreams. Compared to user-level solutions, KStreams (1) offers improved performance for the multiple data forwarding models commonly used in data distribution networks, (2) reduces per stream overheads by eliminating unnecessary system calls and memory copying, and (3) offers improved levels of predictability for the Quality of Service (QoS) experienced by media streams due to its use of non-preemptable kernel-level threads and its ability to directly interact with the CPU scheduler and other kernel-level resource managers. (4) Once initiated, KStreams operates without further involvement of and asynchronously to applications, permitting them to carry out other tasks.
The duration of hypertension in the puerperium of preeclamptic women: relationship with renal impairment and week of delivery

Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine whether the duration of hypertension in the puerperium of preeclamptic women was related to certain clinical features of disease severity. Study Design: We studied 269 singleton pregnancies divided into two groups: 159 with gestational hypertension and 110 with preeclampsia. The normalization time of blood pressure in puerperium was estimated as the interval between the delivery day and the first day when each of two to four self-measurements per day of diastolic blood pressure was observed to be ≤ 80 mm Hg for at least 3 consecutive days. Results: Normalization time was shorter in gestational hypertension than in preeclampsia (6 ± 5.5 [means ± SD] vs 16 ± 9.5, respectively, p r = 0.20, p r = −0.34, p r = 0.34, p r = 0.29, p Conclusions: The differences observed between gestational hypertension and preeclampsia suggest that distinct mechanisms or a different maternal answer to the same mechanism(s), in maintaining high blood pressure in puerperium, are present in the two groups. Normalization time might reflect the recovery time of the endothelial damage in preeclampsia.
The dehalogenation of iodouracil by cysteine. Intramolecular general-acid catalysis of cysteine addition to 5-iodouracil

Abstract The rate-determining step of the cysteine-catalyzed deiodination of 5-iodouracil is the formation of 5-iodo-6-cysteinyl-5,6-dihydrouracil. The rate of the reaction depends upon the concentration of un-ionized 5-iodouracil and the following ionic species of cysteine; − OOC(NH 3 + )CHCH 2 S − . Unlike the reaction of 2-mercapto-ethanol with 5-iodouracil, the cysteine reaction is not subject to catalysis by imidazolium ion and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride. When the rates of cysteine reacting with 5-iodouracil are measured in both H 2 O and D 2 O, a large kinetic isotope effect is observed ( k 2 H 20 k 2 D 20 = 4.10 ), thus implicating the protonated α amino group of cysteine as an intramolecular general acid catalyst for the reaction. These results and possible mechanisms for the actual dehalogenation of the intermediate 5-iodo-6-cysteinyl-5,6-dihydrouracil are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for enzymatic halopyrimidine dehalogenation.
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converters). In addition, a group of 18 aMCI subjects were identified that remained stable for their entire clinical course, where the minimum required follow-up time from baseline MRI was set at three years (aMCI non-converters). Each subject was ageand gender-matched to a control. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to assess patterns of grey matter atrophy in the aMCI converters and non-converters compared to the control group, and compared to each other. An optimized version of VBM was applied using customized templates and prior probability maps. Results: The aMCI converters showed a bilateral pattern of loss affecting the mesial and inferior temporal lobe, the temporoparietal association neocortex and the frontal lobes, compared to controls. The aMCI non-converters showed no regions of grey matter loss when compared to controls. When the converters and non-converters were compared directly, the converters showed greater grey matter loss in the mesial and inferior temporal lobes, the temporoparietal neocortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus, anterior cingulate, and frontal lobes than the non-converters (Figure; results shown on a 3D render and on representative slices corrected for multiple comparisons using the FDR, p 0.05). Conclusions: The regions of loss observed in aMCI converters are typical of subjects with AD, and fit the known pattern of pathological progression in AD. The lack of grey matter loss in nonconverter aMCI subjects is consistent with the notion that patterns of atrophy on MRI at baseline map well onto the subsequent clinical course.