cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ArF Excimer Laser-Induced Epitaxial Growth of GaAs Films on Si

Epitaxial gallium arsenide films have been deposited on single crystalline GaAs substrates of {100} orientation and Si substrates of 3° off the {100} orientation by ArF excimer laser-induced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The important process parameters include the cleanliness of the substrate surface, substrate temperature, the composition, flow rate, and pressure of the reaction mixture, and the pulse energy and pulse rate of the laser. Particular attention was directed to the in-situ cleaning of the substrate surface prior to the deposition process. Homoepitaxial gallium arsenide films of good structural perfection have been deposited at 425°- 500 ° C and their single crystallinity has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The carrier concentration decreases with increasing AsH3/(CH3)3 Ga molar ratio and with decreasing substrate temperature. Lower growth rate during the initial stage of deposition is necessary to obtain heteroepitaxial gallium arsenide films on Si with good structural perfection. The TEM examination of GaAs films of 0.15–0.2 µm thickness deposited on Si substrates at 500 °C has shown that stacking faults were present in the GaAs films; however, there is no apparent threading dislocations in the surface region of the thin GaAs film.
Effect of multiple precipitation inhibitors on calcium carbonate nucleation

Abstract Understanding the factors which affect the precipitation of calcium carbonate is important to the study of most natural waters. The effect of blends of precipitation inhibitors on calcium carbonate nucleation is investigated via a new test apparatus. Results indicate that the behavior of mixed inhibitors at minimum concentration levels is strictly additive, as predicted theoretically. The potential existence of a “super effective” inhibitor in nature or in industry is therefore precluded; this may have significant consequences for water-processing industries. The possibility of extending the upper limit of inhibitor effectiveness, imposed by the solubility of the calcium-inhibitor salts, through the use of mixed inhibitors is discussed. It is also possible that the notion of additive effects of mixed inhibitors may be valid in other systems, such as geochemical environments, potable water treatment systems, and industrial waters in which naturally occurring calcium carbonate inhibitors exist.
18O‐isotope effect in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: 5—Substituent group electronic effects in substituted acetophenones

A series of para- and meta-substituted acetophenones were prepared which were highly labeled with 18O at the carbonyl function. The natural abundance 13C NMR spectra of the compounds were recorded and the 18O-isotope-induced shifts of the carbonyl carbon were measured in order to determine possible substituent group electronic effects on the 18O-isotope shift. The isotope shifts were found to be correlated with a number of properties which demonstrate the molecular basis of the isotope shift. Good correlations were obtained for the isotope shift as a function of σp+, the carbonyl stretching frequency, the carbonyl group bond order, the n→π**transition of the carbonyl group and the chemical shift of the ipso carbon. In contrast, no correlation was observed between the magnitude of the 18O-induced isotope shift and the 13C chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon. These properties are discussed in connection with the theoretical basis of the isotope shift.
Drug testing in the public and private-sector workplaces: Technical and legal issues

This paper examines the technical and legal issues surrounding the implementation of drug testing programs in the public and private-sector workplaces. In Part I of the paper, technical issues important to an understanding of urinalysis drug testing methods are examined. In Part II, recent federal case law is reviewed in order to identify the different legal parameters associated with drug testing in the public and private sectors. Part III presents guidelines for employers who already have or are about to implement a drug testing program within their organizations.
The flash-lag effect during illusory chopstick rotation.

In the ‘flash-lag’ effect, a static object that is briefly flashed next to a moving object appears to lag behind the moving object. A flash was put up next to an intersection that appeared to be moving clockwise along a circular path but was actually moving counterclockwise [the chopstick illusion; Anstis, 1990, in AI and the Eye Eds A Blake, T Troscianko (London: John Wiley) pp 105–117; 2003, in Levels of Perception Eds L Harris, M Jenkin (New York: Springer) pp 90–93]. As a result, the flash appeared displaced clockwise. This was appropriate to the physical, not the subjective, direction of rotation, and it suggests that the flash-lag illusion occurs early in the visual system, before motion signals are parsed into moving objects.
X-ray method shows fibers fail during fatigue of boron-epoxy laminates

A method proposed for studying progressive fiber fracture in boron-epoxy laminates during fatigue tests is described. It is based on the intensity of X-ray absorption of the tungsten core in the boron filaments as contrasted with that of the boron and epoxy matrix. When the laminate is X-rayed, the image of the tungsten in the born filaments is recorded on a photographic plate. Breaks in the boron laminates can be easily identified by magnifying the photographic plates. The method is suitable for studying broken boron filaments in most matrix materials, and may supply key information for developing realistic fatigue and fracture models.
The Unequal Availability of Affordable Assisted Living Units in Florida’s Counties

The supply of affordable assisted living facilities (ALFs) is now insufficient to meet the demands of low-income, frail older persons. This gap between demand and supply is much more apparent in some locations than others. This article uses various measures of locational inequality to assess the extent to which counties in Florida have less than their fair share of ALFs, particularly in comparison to the locations of Medicaid nursing home beds. It employs least squares regression models to identify the demographic and economic antecedents underlying the variation in the number and prevalence of affordable ALF units and Medicaid nursing home beds. The findings show that a large percentage of the older population who are vulnerable are underserved by affordable ALFs and that it is possible to explain adequately the variation in the number but not the unequal prevalence of affordable ALF units in Florida’s counties.
On a universal function of corrosion strength of materials with regard to the influence of mechanical stresses and the concentration of the diffusing substances

In the literature, there are experimental studies, confirming the significant effect of the degree of concentration of the active components of corrosive medium on the corrosion process. These results are presented in tables and graphs that describe the dependencies of the time before corrosion damage on the mechanical stress and the concentration of the diffusing substances. Functional dependencies, describing these data are of limited use. However, establishing a more general analytical dependency is necessary to study the corrosion process mechanism. As a result of the analysis of experimental data, a universal function-formula of corrosion strength of materials, which allows to forecast the "material - corrosive medium" system properties with regard to the action of mechanical stress and concentration of diffusing substances was proposed. A system of experiments, allowing to determine the universal constants, which are contained in the proposed function was formulated. The results of processing the experimental data on corrosion damage, borrowed from the literature were presented. The proposed formula can be used as a universal function-characteristic of the "material - corrosive medium" system. It can also be used in constructing phenomenological theories of corrosion damage of materials.
Oceanic trace metal scavenging: the importance of particle concentration

Abstract Adsorption (surface complexation) has long been considered to be the dominant process involved in the oceanic scavenging of many trace metals. Much of what we know about metal removal in the ocean (i.e. rate and extent) is based on measurements of U and Th decay series isotopes. However, the scavenging equations developed from radioactive parent-daughter relationships presume no specific metal removal process and cannot be directly used to verify a particular one. In this paper we examine and compare the phenomenological model of adsorption and oceanic scavenging observations. The formalisms of surface coordination and colloid chemistry are linked to the mechanism-free observations of oceanic trace metal scavenging by the strong similarities in the description of the reaction rates and the influence of particle concentration on those rates and the equilibrium distributions. The correspondence between laboratory sorption data and field scavenging observations as well as the consistency of the hypothesis over a wide range of environmental systems successfully link oceanic trace metal scavenging with surface coordination and colloid aggregation reactions. The merging of descriptions of surface and colloid chemistry and field observations of scavenging provide a framework for interpreting field data and understanding how master variables (e.g. reaction rate, particle concentration, or particle flux) influence metal removal from the oceans.
Evidence against narrow-band spatial frequency channels in human vision: the detectability of frequency modulated gratings.

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that there are narrow-band spatial frequency channels in human vision. In these studies, the detection of one sinusoidal grating is facilitated by a second subthreshold grating of neighboring spatial frequency. However, the superposition of two gratings produce regions where the contrasts subtract—where the gratings are out of phase. These regions of low contrast might reduce the detectability of the compound grating and thus produce the illusion of narrowly tuned mechanisms. The present experiment showed that a simple sinusoidal grating and a frequency modulated sinusoidal grating of identical contrast were about equally detectable. Both gratings were centered at 4–5 c/deg near the peak of the subjects' contrast sensitivity function. The frequency components making up the modulated grating are arranged so that the contrast is constant across the grating. In addition, the frequency components are spaced well apart in spatial frequency so that narrow-band mechanisms cannot effectively sum the components. It is shown that narrow-band mechanisms cannot readily account for the results, but medium-band mechanisms with a one octave bandwidth may be compatible with data on the visibility of compound gratings.
Conformation-specific labeling of BamA and suppressor analysis suggest a cyclic mechanism for β-barrel assembly in Escherichia coli

In gram-negative bacteria, integral outer membrane β-barrel proteins (OMPs) are assembled by the beta-barrel assembly machine (Bam) complex. The essential components of this complex are the OMP BamA [which contains a carboxyl-terminal β-barrel and an amino-terminal periplasmic module composed of five polypeptide transport associated (POTRA) domains] and the lipoprotein BamD. In Escherichia coli, the Bam complex also contains three nonessential lipoproteins (BamBCE), all of which require the barrel-proximal POTRA domain (P5) for stable interactions with BamA. We have previously reported that the BamA β-barrel assumes two different conformations. A method for conformation-specific labeling of BamA described here reveals that these conformers reflect the degree of surface exposure of the conserved sixth extracellular loop (L6). L6 is surface accessible in one conformation but not in the other, likely because it occupies the lumen of the BamA β-barrel in the latter case. A gain-of-function mutation that promotes Bam activity (bamDR197L) and a loss-of-function mutation that decreases the activity of Bam (ΔbamE) both favor surface exposure of BamA L6, suggesting that BamD and BamE normally act to control L6 exposure through opposing functions. These results, along with the synthetic lethality of the bamDR197L ΔbamE double mutant, imply a cyclic mechanism in which the Bam lipoproteins regulate the conformation of BamA during the OMP assembly reaction. Our results further suggest that BamDE controls L6 exposure via conformational signals transmitted through P5 to L6.
Bringing educational fundraising back to Great Britain: A comparison with the United States

As a solution to dwindling government revenue, higher education in Great Britain has recently begun to increase fundraising. While it looks to the United States' higher education sector as a model, there are significant legal, historical and cultural differences between the two nations that could limit the British higher education sector's capacity to increase voluntary support, at least in the short term. Although the British higher education sector was developed in large part by voluntary support, this tradition waned in the twentieth century. Today, Britain has stricter privacy laws, fewer tax incentives for giving, a belief that charitable giving usurps what ought to be a government role, a lack of experienced fundraisers, different attitudes about proper motives for giving, and little tradition of active alumni loyalty to alma mater.
Effects of changes in palatability on food intake and the cumulative food intake curve in man.

This study was undertaken to quantify the relationship between palatability ratings and food consumption and to determine whether the initial rate of eating was affected by changes in food palatability without a change in nutrient content. Both men and women were given small samples of foods at a brief exposure taste test and asked to rate how much they liked or disliked them on a 9-point scale (like extremely to dislike extremely). Those who gave at least a 2-point difference in rating between a banana colada frozen yogurt drink with and without adulteration with cumin were given these foods to eat to satiety on non-consecutive days, and the same 9-point scale was used to rate these foods after they had been eaten as meals. Cumin was used as an adulterant because it is not intrinsically unpalatable, but is not liked by many individuals in yogurt-based foods. Intake was approximately 100 g different for every unit of difference on the scale, and higher for liked than disliked food. Intake was significantly different between the adulterated and unadulterated meals. The percentage of variance explained by the difference in palatability was 34% of the total variance but was 67% of the variance within subjects. Correlation between intake and ratings were poor across subjects for both palatability levels (i.e. adulterated and unadulterated). The initial rate of eating was significantly higher under the better liked than under the less liked food. These results indicate that quantification of effects of hedonic ratings on intake within subjects is possible, but that hedonic ratings may not be good discriminators of intake differences between subjects. The initial rate of eating reflects partly on palatability.
Energy-loss measurements for single and multiple ionization of argon by positron impact

Experimental data, as a function of projectile energy loss, are presented for single, double and triple ionization of argon by 750 eV positrons. These differential ionization yields are for positrons scattered into a forward cone of angles between 0° and 17° and for energy losses up to 85% of the initial energy. The single ionization data are shown to be in good agreement with distorted wave Born calculations. For the angular range investigated the percentage of double ionization is found to increase rapidly for the first 80 eV of energy loss. The ratio then slowly approaches a constant value that is in good agreement with the ratios of total cross sections for photoionization of the M shell. The present energy-loss data also demonstrate the importance of outer versus inner-shell ionization in the double and triple ionization channels.
Common mechanistic and structural properties of enzymes

Several enzymes involved in sugar transformations are composed of two polypeptide subunits and one molecule of NAD + . Enzyme-bound NAD + mediates the intramolecular transfer of hydrogen in both initiation and termination of enzyme catalysis. The mechanistic and structural similarities observed suggest an evolutionary relationship between these enzymes.
Perceptions of Sexual Violations: Denying a Kiss, Stealing a Kiss.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare female and male perceptions of interactants in scenes involving a “minor” sexual violation—one in which a male denies consent for a kiss and a woman kisses him regardless, and another in which a woman denies consent and a man kisses her regardless. Undergraduate students (n = 387—approximately 82.5% White, 11% Black, 4.7% Hispanic, 1% Native American, and .8% other) completed scenarios adapted from L. Margolin [(1990) “Gender and the Stolen Kiss: The Social Support of Males and Females to Violate a Partner's Sexual Consenting Noncoercive Situation,” Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 19, pp. 281–291], and evaluated scenario interactants using two sets of semantic differential items and two open-ended questions. Results of several analyses indicated that, first and most importantly, violators' behaviors are considered less acceptable, more negatively aggressive, more complimenting, and less appropriate than deniers' behaviors. Second, violations of sex-role expectations (i.e., female aggressing and male denying consent) are seen as less predictable and more complimenting than interactions where sex role expectations are not violated. Finally, minor distinctions between female and male respondents also were found. In general, findings support Margolin's conclusion that women have more social support than men for determining their sexual behavior and extend his findings to private interactions where motivations are not explicit. Also, trust was found to be an important factor defining perceptions of “minor” sexual violations, which raises the possibility that an initiation of a kiss and a violation of consent are viewed as different actions.
Thalamic mechanisms that process a temporal pulse code for pain

The sequential ordering of spikes emitted by single thalamic neurons which respond to noxious stimulation was studied using rats anesthetized with a mixture of alpha-chloralose and urethane. An electrical stimulus applied to the sciatic nerve contralateral to the thalamic recording site fired single thalamic SII neurons with a short latency spike burst and with long latency spikes which occurred at relatively fixed intervals. On repetition of stimulation, the short latency spike burst formed a high amplitude peak on sequential spike density histograms (I of Fig. 2B); the long latency spikes formed peaks of relatively low amplitude (M1, M2, M3 of Fig. 2B). Histograms of touch and light pressure relay neurons found within the thalamic SII differed conspicuously from that of Fig. 2B. Further experiments revealed that the I peak contained frequency coded information about the stimulus intensity, whereas the M peaks with their temporal relationship to the I peak coded information pertaining to a particular sensory modality. The M peaks are formed by timed firing in a positive feedback loop found between the thalamic SII and the nucleus centrum medianum-nucleus parafascicularis (CM-Pf) neurons. Consequently, the M peaks can be abolished without losing the I peak by a lesion placed in a portion of the CM-Pf complex or by the administration or morphine which is able to disorganize the timing mechanism of the feedback loop. Therefore, it is reasonably certain that the modality coded by the M peaks is pain.
Predictive Validity and Accuracy of Oral Reading Fluency for English Learners.

The predictive validity and accuracy of an oral reading fluency (ORF) measure for a statewide assessment in English language arts was examined for second-grade native English speakers (NESs) and En...
Misrepresentation by ophthalmology residency applicants.

Objectives To determine the percentage of publication misrepresentation among applicants to an ophthalmology residency, to compare that percentage with published percentages from other specialties, and to compare the number of US-trained applicants vs non–US-trained applicants found to misrepresent published articles. Methods Published articles in peer-reviewed journals listed on residency applications to the Jones Eye Institute from October 10, 2000, to December 1, 2004, were searched, excluding applications that were unavailable or were from current residents and faculty. The type of misrepresentation of published articles and the country of medical school training were recorded. Compared were US-trained applicants vs non–US-trained applicants to determine which group was more likely to list published articles and which group was more likely to have a misrepresented published article. Results Eight hundred twenty-one of 852 applications (96.4%) were reviewed. Five hundred fifty applicants (67.0%) were from US medical schools, and 271 applicants (33.0%) were from non-US medical schools. Two hundred one applicants (24.5%) listed peer-reviewed published articles. Misrepresentation of published articles was found in 15 applicants (5 US trained and 10 non-US trained). The mean percentage of applicants with misrepresentation per applicant pool was 1.9%, while the mean percentage per applicants listing published articles was 8.1%. The most common misrepresentation found was self-promotion on the author list (50.0%), followed by omission of other authors (25.0%), nonexistent articles (12.5%), and nonauthorship (12.5%). Foreign medical graduates were more likely to list published articles (P = .008) and to have a misrepresented published article (P = .01). Conclusions Ophthalmology has one of the lowest reported percentages of applicant publication misrepresentation in the literature. Foreign medical graduates were more likely to list published articles and to misrepresent published articles. Self-promotion on the author list was the most common type of misrepresentation found. Residency program directors should request copies of published articles from interviewing applicants.
A tutorial for sandstone petrology: architecture and development of an interactive program for teaching highly visual material

Abstract We have developed an interactive computer-based tutorial in sandstone petrology for undergraduate-level students. The goal of this tutorial is to provide students exposure to the highly visual subject matter of petrography outside the confines of organized laboratory exercises. This paper describes the architecture and development procedures of the current version of the sandstone petrography tutorial, and offers a possible model for similar development approaches in other fields of petrography or in any other field that utilizes large quantities of visual material such as remote sensing image interpretation or seismic interpretation. The tutorial is an interactive photomicrograph archive with sufficient content and flexible architecture that functions as a virtual laboratory instructor as well as a stand-alone reference. The current tutorial was programmed using Macromedia Authorware v.6.0 and supports both Windows-based and MacOS personal computers. The tutorial is constructed around the Folk sandstone classification scheme (quartzarenite, arkose, and litharenite), and an additional section addresses grains other than quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragments and sandstones dominated by these grains. The user interface is designed to take minimal portion of the screen area so that the screen can closely mimic the type of view seen by a student peering down a microscope. Each photomicrograph in the tutorial is basically unadorned until the user actively calls up information that is temporarily displayed over the image, inducing the user to search for information and actively “ask” to be informed with a mouse click. The structure of the tutorial permits multiple strategies of program use, as a linear tutorial, tutorial driven by thumbnail browser, and as a searchable reference.
Cold equation of state from Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-Weizsacker theory.

The Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) electronic structure model with the Weizsacker gradient corrections (TFD-{lambda}W) is employed to calculate the cold equation of state in the Wigner-Seitz spherical-cell approximation. We demonstrate how inclusion of the Weizsacker term removes many of the unphysical features of the TFD lattice model. Results are summarized for seven elements: {sub 6}{sup 1}{sup 2}C, {sub 12}{sup 24}Mg, {sub 26}{sup 56}Fe, {sub 47}{sup 1}{sup 08}Ag, {sub 79}{sup 1}{sup 97}Au, {sub 82}{sup 2}{sup 07}Pb, and {sub 92}{sup 2}{sup 36}U. Our equation of state (computed using several values of the Weizsacker coupling coefficient) is compared with previous computations and with experimental data. The Weizsacker correction substantially improves the theoretical TFD equation of state at low densities. We also calculate low-mass, equilibrium stellar models constructed from the TFD-{lambda}W equation of state for carbon. We find that for {lambda}=1/9 the maximum radius of a carbon white dwarf star is {ital R}/{ital R}{sub {circle dot}}=3.9{times}10{sup {minus}2} at a mass {ital M}/{ital M}{sub {circle dot}}=2.3{times}10{sup {minus}3}.
Brownian dynamics of interactions between glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mutants and F‐actin

Brownian dynamics simulations of computer models of GAPDH mutants interacting with F-actin emphasized the electrostatic nature of such interactions, and confirmed the importance of four previously identified lysine residues on the GAPDH structure in these interactions. Mutants were GAPDH models in which one or more of the previously identified lysines had been replaced with alanine. Simulations showed reduced binding of these mutants to F-actin compared to wild-type GAPDH. Binding was significantly reduced by mutating the four lysines; the specific electrostatic interaction energy of the quadruple mutant was -7.3 +/- 1.0 compared to -11.4 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol for the wild enzyme. The BD simulations also reaffirmed the importance of quaternary structure for GAPDH binding F-actin.
Fuzzy logic control of aggregate production planning

Abstract Rinks used linguistic variables of the sort proposed by Zadeh for cost, inventory, production, and work force. He operated on these with fuzzy if-ten rules in a manner like that used by Mamdani and Assilan to control a steam engine. The Rinks membership functions and rules were subjective creations. Nevertheless, he obtained results that compared favorably to both prior and subsequent heuristic treatments of the HMMS data. We have developed a C language fuzzy logic controller (FLC) that uses the Rinks discrete membership functions and closely reproduces his results. We have used this FLC to investigate the effect of granularity of the discretization on the quality of solution. We have also used Wang-Mendel learning to improve the rule base. This paper discusses these results and suggests areas for further investigation.
Definitions of Responsibility and American Foreign Policy

Reflections on the future of American foreign policy following the September 11 terrorist attacks are best understood as part of a debate that has been on-going since the end of the Cold War. At the heart of this debate are questions of power and national purpose, themes that have long been at the heart of analyses of American foreign policy and are not unique to the post Cold War era. In this symposium I argue that as important as questions of power and purpose are, they constitute only two of the three essential pillars on which any analysis of American foreign policy must build. Questions about the third pillar, responsibility, have been relatively unexplored. Studies of power provide insight into the ability of the United States to act on the international stage. Studies of purpose, or national interest, provide insight into the range of goals that can be pursued or should be pursued in conducting foreign policy. Studies of responsibility direct our attention to questions of obligation, accountability, and definition of community. Only by examining all three pillars can one obtain a full picture of American foreign policy and reach judgements about its content.
Oxygen uptake of mammalian cells in microcarrier culture—Response to changes in glucose concentration

The oxygen uptake rate of swine testicular cells grown on microcarriers is affected by glucose concentration. A higher uptake rate is observed when the glucose in the culture is depleted. The addition of glucose to the culture results in an immediate decrease in oxygen uptake. Removal of glucose results in an immediate return to the original rate.
Non-music books for the music library : a selective bibliography

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a selective bibliography for librarians responsible for music collections and music students of resources outside of the field of music, which may be useful to musicians.Design/methodology/approach – A range of works which are frequently recommended by music faculty are described to enable librarians and students to make selections appropriate for their needs. The works are divided into three sections: Sports and fitness, The body and Self help.Findings – Information is provided about each book, including publisher, and how musicians may apply the information in each book to their situation.Originality/value – The paper offers practical suggestions for librarians responsible for music collections.
Affective reflections and refractions within the BrainMind

The characteristic affects such as anger, fear, loneliness, desire, love and playful joy make emotions so important in our lives, and perhaps the lives of many other animals. Still, affect is such a slippery brain process, more easily discussed from first than third person perspectives, that there is little agreement on how to create a solid science of affective experience. Science is much better positioned to study objective entities of the world as opposed to subjective entities of the brain. Only because of advances in brain research, as highlighted in this issue, is progress finally being made on that slippery topic. (Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 64, 128-131.)
Evolution of biomarker qualification at the health authorities.

By streamlining the qualification process for biomarkers, coordinated protocols recently implemented at the different regulatory agencies can facilitate progress and provide impetus to novel biomarker discovery and validation.
SOLUBLE IMMUNE RESPONSE SUPPRESSOR |[lpar]|SIRS|[rpar]| IN URINES 0F NEPHROTIC PATIENTS

Patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have decreased experimental immune responsiveness; the cause of this is unclear. Urines from children with steroid-responsive NS (SRNS) were evaluated for activity of SIRS, a lymphokine which nonspecifically suppresses in vitro antibody-producing responses when added early in the culture period. After activation by H2O2 (10−6M) , SIRSOX suppresses when added shortly before assay. SIRS is inhibited by catalase, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or levamisole.
The Method of Symmetrical Components Derived by Reference Frame Theory

In 1965 it was shown that all known real transformations commonly used in the analysis of induction machines were contained in one general change of variables. It is now shown that complex transformations, in particular the method of symmetrical components, are also contained in this same general transformation. Hence all change of variables (transformations), real or complex, commonly used in ac machine analysis stem from one general transformation. Moreover, even without prior knowledge of the existence of symmetrical components, this method naturally evolves from the general transformation as the logical technique to solve unbalanced operation of induction machines. This rigorous approach to the sOblution of unbalanced stator or rotor conditions enables one to appreciate the power and flexibility of the method of symmetrical components in induction machine analysis. The general transformation (arbitrary reference frame) is used to establish the positively and negatively rotating balanced sets for multi-frequency phase variables which need only be periodic. The method of symmetrical components is then derived from the expressions in the arbitrary reference frame. -An open circuited stator phase and unbalanced rotor resistors are used as two specific examples to illustrate the facility of this approach in establishing the symmetrical component voltage equations necessary to analyze these modes of operation.
Symptom Validity Test Research: Status and Clinical Implications:

This paper explores the extent of the knowledge base pertaining to symptom validity tests (SVTs), including empirical research studies, meta-analyses, position papers, and a consensus conference st...
Recombinase technology: applications and possibilities

The use of recombinases for genomic engineering is no longer a new technology. In fact, this technology has entered its third decade since the initial discovery that recombinases function in heterologous systems (Sauer in Mol Cell Biol 7(6):2087–2096, 1987). The random insertion of a transgene into a plant genome by traditional methods generates unpredictable expression patterns. This feature of transgenesis makes screening for functional lines with predictable expression labor intensive and time consuming. Furthermore, an antibiotic resistance gene is often left in the final product and the potential escape of such resistance markers into the environment and their potential consumption raises consumer concern. The use of site-specific recombination technology in plant genome manipulation has been demonstrated to effectively resolve complex transgene insertions to single copy, remove unwanted DNA, and precisely insert DNA into known genomic target sites. Recombinases have also been demonstrated capable of site-specific recombination within non-nuclear targets, such as the plastid genome of tobacco. Here, we review multiple uses of site-specific recombination and their application toward plant genomic engineering. We also provide alternative strategies for the combined use of multiple site-specific recombinase systems for genome engineering to precisely insert transgenes into a pre-determined locus, and removal of unwanted selectable marker genes.
Use of the doubly labeled water method for measurement of energy expenditure, total body water, water intake, and metabolizable energy intake in humans and small animals.

The basis of the doubly labeled water method is measurement of the differential rates of disappearance of two isotopes of water (H218O and either 2H2O or 3H2O, administered at the start of the stud...
Glycyl-l-glutamine antagonizes α-MSH-elicited thermogenesis

The objective of this study was to determine whether glycyl-L-glutamine [beta-endorphin(30-31)] modulates the thermoregulatory actions of alpha-MSH. Microinjection of alpha-MSH (0.06 nmol) into PGE2-responsive thermogenic sites in the medial preoptic area of rats generated a hyperthermic response, inducing a 0.85 +/- 0.19 degrees C rise in colonic temperature (Tc) within 45 min. Coadministration of glycyl-L-glutamine (3.0 nmol) completely blocked the response, maintaining Tc at baseline levels. This was not attributable to glycyl-L-glutamine hydrolysis because coadministration of glycine and glutamine had no effect on alpha-MSH-induced thermogenesis. Glycyl-L-glutamine, injected alone, was similarly without effect. These data indicate that glycyl-L-glutamine inhibits alpha-MSH-induced thermogenesis but is devoid of thermoregulatory activity itself.
Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single sensillum recordings (SSR), which are summed responses from all odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) located on the antenna and from those housed in individual sensilla, respectively. These approaches have been exploited for getting a better understanding of insect chemical communication. The identified stimuli can then be used as either attractants or repellents in management strategies for insect pests.
Defining nonlinear rheological material functions for oscillatory shear

Material functions underlie our understanding of rheology. They form the descriptive language of rheologists and require clear definitions. Here, it is shown that the definitions of oscillatory material functions depend on how the oscillating input is mathematically referenced, as a sine or cosine. Depending on this seemingly arbitrary trigonometric reference choice, the (3rd, 7th, 11th, etc.) Fourier coefficients of a nonlinear shear response change sign. Additionally, the even harmonic coefficients of a shear normal stress response are transposed. This impacts large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) characterization in both shear strain-control (LAOStrain) and shear stress-control (LAOStress) modes. It is important to resolve this issue, because it involves the leading-order nonlinearities and the signs of these higher harmonics convey important information. This paper provides a resolution, in two parts. First, it is shown that the deformation-domain Chebyshev coefficients are immune to the arbitrary trigonometric reference in the time domain, and therefore the Chebyshev-coefficient material functions can be used and interpreted without risk of inconsistency. Second, this paper proposes the convention of referencing to a sine input for strain-control tests (currently the typical convention) and using a cosine input for stress-control (where there is not currently a convention). Finally, clarity is brought to the practical issue of data processing a digital signal, which is required for numerical simulations and every instrument that performs oscillatory characterization.
Hyperuricemia and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Noncardiac Vascular Events in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. To evaluate whether hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. A population-based inception cohort of patients diagnosed between 1980 and 2007 with adult-onset RA was assembled. A comparison cohort of age- and sex-matched subjects without RA (non-RA) was also assembled. All clinically obtained uric acid values were collected. CVD and noncardiac vascular events were recorded for each patient. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of hyperuricemia on development of CVD, mortality, and noncardiac vascular disease. Results. In patients without RA, hyperuricemia was associated with heart failure (HR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.13–3.39) and CVD (HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.99–2.55). In patients with RA, hyperuricemia was not significantly associated with CVD but was significantly associated with peripheral arterial events (HR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.17–5.42). Hyperuricemia appeared to be more strongly associated with mortality among RA patients (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.45–2.65) than among the non-RA subjects (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09–2.24). Conclusion. In patients with RA, hyperuricemia was a significant predictor of peripheral arterial events and mortality but not of CVD.
EQCM Study of the Redox Processes of Polyvinylferrocene Film in L-Glutamine Solution

In this paper, we investigate the polyvinylferrocene (PVF) redox behavior in contact with a bathing solution containing L-glutamine (Gln) by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Our study shows that the interaction of PVF with Gln is dramatically different from PVF redox behavior in salt solutions, e.g., NaClO 4 . Rather than the doping of anion in anodic process and undoping of anion in cathodic process, Gln doping and undoping are observed in either anodic or cathodic process depending on the redox potential. This effect is rationalized by the strong preadsorption of Gln in the reduced PVF film and the local pH change that subsequently changes the Gln zwitterions charge states during the oxidation and reduction of PVF. OH - ions also act as counterions and play critical roles in the redox switching of PVF processes in Gln bathing solution.
Are Varicose Veins a Marker for Susceptibility to Coronary Heart Disease in Men? Results from the Normative Aging Study

Clinical observations suggest that varicose veins (VV) are less frequent in patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass surgery for femoral artery occlusive disease. While some previous studies support this relationship, others report that VV are more prevalent in coronary heart disease patients (CHD). This study used the Normative Aging Study (NAS) population to examine the association between VV and symptomatic CHD. The incidence of CHD over 35 years of follow-up was determined in the 2280 initially healthy male volunteers enrolled in the NAS. The incidence of CHD in the VV population and the subjects without VV were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test. A time-dependent proportional hazards regression method was used to further explore the relationship between VV disease and subsequent development of CHD after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 569 subjects (24.9%) were diagnosed with VV prior to the development of symptomatic CHD, and 1708 (75.1%) were not. Over 35 years of follow-up, 98 subjects with VV developed symptomatic CHD (17.2%), while 363 of those without VV subsequently developed symptomatic CHD (21.2%). Kaplan-Meier survival curves suggested a reduced risk of symptomatic CHD for subjects with VV (p = 0.0001). Further exploration of this relationship in a proportional hazards multivariate model showed VV to be associated with a 36% decreased risk of symptomatic CHD after adjusting for other recognized cardiovascular risk factors. In the NAS population, men with VV were less likely to develop symptomatic CHD over the 35+ years of follow-up than were subjects without VV.
Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging as a Tool to Chemically and Spatially Characterize Matrix-Mineral Deposition in Osteoblasts

Mineralizing osteoblasts are regularly used to study osteogenesis and model in vivo bone formation. Thus, it is important to verify that the mineral and matrix being formed in situ are comparable to those found in vivo. However, it has been shown that histochemical techniques alone are not sufficient for identifying calcium phosphate-containing mineral. The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the use of Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) as a tool for characterizing the spatial distribution and colocalization of the collagen matrix and the mineral phase during the mineralization process of osteoblasts in situ. MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts were mineralized in culture for 28 days and FTIRI was used to evaluate the collagen content, collagen cross-linking, mineralization level and speciation, and mineral crystallinity in a spatially resolved fashion as a function of time. To test whether FTIRI could detect subtle changes in the mineralization process, cells were treated with risedronate (RIS). Results showed that collagen deposition and mineralization progressed over time and that the apatite mineral was associated with a collagenous matrix rather than ectopic mineral. The process was temporarily slowed by RIS, where the inhibition of osteoblast function caused slowed collagen production and cross-linking, leading to decreased mineralization. This study demonstrates that FTIRI is a complementary tool to histochemistry for spatially correlating the collagen matrix distribution and the nature of the resultant mineral during the process of osteoblast mineralization. It can further be used to detect small perturbations in the osteoid and mineral deposition process.
Multiple Interactions of the Asp2.61(98) Side Chain of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Contribute Differentially to Ligand Interaction†

Mutation of Asp2.61(98) at the extracellular boundary of transmembrane helix 2 of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor decreased the affinity for GnRH. Using site-directed mutagenesis, ligand modification, and computational modeling, different side chain interactions of Asp2.61(98) that contribute to high-affinity binding were investigated. The conservative Asp2.61(98)Glu mutation markedly decreased the affinity for a series of GnRH analogues containing the native His2 residue. This mutant showed smaller decreases in affinity for His2-substituted ligands. The loss of preference for His2-containing ligands in the mutant receptor shows that Asp2.61(98) determines the specificity for His2. Analysis of the affinities of a series of position 2-substituted ligands suggests that a hydrogen bond forms between Asp2.61(98) and the δ NH group of His2 and that Asp2.61(98) forms a second hydrogen bond with the ligand. Substitution of Asp2.61(98) with an uncharged residue further decreased the affinity fo...
The basic algebraic structures in categories of derivations

The basic algebraic structures within the categories of derivations determined by rewriting systems are presented. The similarity congruence relation in categories of derivations is given in three versions. The syntax category is formed by taking derivations modulo similarity. This category is a free strict monoidal category, a simple form of a 2-category. The syntax category is central to the study of rewriting systems, morphisms in the category generalizing the notion of “derivation tree,” so a detailed development is given. Griffith's interchange operators on derivations form a 2-category over a category of derivations. Representability of a similarity class is defined and shown to imply the existence of group of operators on the class, induced by interchanges. Uniform representability of rewriting systems is defined and shown to imply that the set of left divisors of each derivation in the syntax category is a distributive lattice.
The social organization of audio piracy on the Internet

In this article we describe and analyze the emerging audio piracy (MP3) subculture on the Internet. We present the first sociological analysis of this system - a `virtual community' that is revolutionizing the production of popular music. We seek to explain not only the internal social structure of the MP3 community, but also strive to understand how the entire global network of musical distribution and production may be affected by its activity. Particular attention is paid to the role structure that operates within the audio piracy subculture, issues of status and power, the division of labor, as well as questions of social conflict and resolution. The conclusion offers some speculations concerning the impact of MP3 technology on the trajectory of popular music.
Electron microdiffraction from very small gold particles

Abstract By use of a scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with a two-dimensional detection system, microdiffraction patterns have been obtained from gold crystals of diameter 15–20 A dispersed in a thin polyester film. Comparison with diffraction patterns calculated for various models suggests that only a small proportion of the particles have the multiply twinned form which has been proposed as the equilibrium state from very small particles, although some twinning is common. It is shown to be difficult to determine, on the basis of the form of the diffraction pattern, whether multiply twinned particles have localized or distributed strains to accommodate the misfit of assemblies of tetrahedral twinned component crystal regions.