cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To what does the terminal orienting response respond

Previous authors suggested that the electrodermal orienting response to stimulus onset (OR) reflects cognitive processes related to the content of a stimulus while responses to stimulus offset (TOR) reflect processes related to stimulus duration. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that the OR and TOR are special cases of Ss responding to whatever part of the stimulus contains information necessary to make the requested judgment. The results clearly supported this alternative hypothesis. The Ss responded to stimulus onset when asked to judge the pitch (content) of a constant tone and to stimulus offset when asked to judge the terminal pitch of a varying tone. They responded to both the onset and offset of a stimulus when asked to compare the onset and offset pitch and when asked to judge stimulus duration. Experiment 2 partially replicated Experiment 1 in an attempt to assess the OR-TOR phenomenon in a second sensory modality (vision) and with a second dependent measure. The patterns of both electrodermal and heart rate responses were similar to those of Experiment 1 and to those observed by other authors.
In Vivo Identification of Glycolipid Antigen–Specific T Cells Using Fluorescent Cd1d Tetramers

The CD1 family of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-like molecules specializes in presenting lipid and glycolipid antigens to α/β T lymphocytes, but little is known about the size of the CD1-restricted T cell population or the frequency of T lymphocytes specific for a given glycolipid antigen. Here, we report the generation and use of mouse CD1d1–glycolipid tetramers to visualize CD1d-restricted T cells. In contrast with previous BIAcore-based estimates of very short half-lives for CD1d–glycolipid complexes, we found that the dissociation rate of several different CD1d–glycolipid complexes was very slow. Fluorescent tetramers of mouse CD1d1 complexed with α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), the antigen recognized by mouse Vα14-Jα281/Vβ8 and human Vα24-JαQ/Vβ11 natural killer T (NKT) cell T cell receptors (TCRs), allowed us for the first time to accurately describe, based on TCR specificity, the entire population of NKT cells in vivo and to identify a previously unrecognized population of NK1.1-negative “NKT” cells, which expressed a different pattern of integrins. In contrast, natural killer (NK) cells failed to bind the tetramers either empty or loaded with αGalCer, suggesting the absence of a CD1d-specific, antigen-nonspecific NK receptor. Mouse CD1d1–αGalCer tetramers also stained human NKT cells, indicating that they will be useful for probing a range of mouse and human conditions such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, tumor rejection, and infectious diseases where NKT cells play an important role.
Identification of Two N-Linked Glycosylation Sites within the Core of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Glycoprotein Whose Removal Enhances Sensitivity to Soluble CD4

Using PCR mutagenesis to disrupt the NXT/S N-linked glycosylation motif of the Env protein, we created 27 mutants lacking 1 to 5 of 14 N-linked glycosylation sites within regions of gp120 lying outside of variable loops 1 to 4 within simian immunodeficiency virus strain 239 (SIV239). Of 18 mutants missing N-linked glycosylation sites predicted to lie within 10 A of CD4 contact sites, the infectivity of 12 was sufficient to measure sensitivity to neutralization by soluble CD4 (sCD4), pooled immune sera from SIV239-infected rhesus macaques, and monoclonal antibodies known to neutralize certain derivatives of SIV239. Three of these 12 mutants (g3, lacking the 3rd glycan at position 79; g11, lacking the 11th glycan at position 212; and g3,11, lacking both the 3rd and 11th glycans) were approximately five times more sensitive to neutralization by sCD4 than wild-type (WT) SIV239. However, these same mutants were no more sensitive to neutralization than WT by pooled immune sera. The other 9 of 12 replication-competent mutants in this group were no more sensitive to neutralization than the WT by any of the neutralizing reagents. Six of the nine mutants that did not replicate appreciably had three or more glycosylation sites eliminated; the other three replication-deficient strains involved mutation of site 15. Our results suggest that elimination of glycan attachment sites 3 and 11 enhanced the exposure of contact residues for CD4. Thus, glycans at positions 3 and 11 of SIV239 gp120 may be particularly important for shielding the CD4-binding site from antibody recognition.
Suppression and substitution in the treatment of nailbiting.

Abstract The effectiveness of a package treatment for reducing nailbiting was studied. The package was composed of both positive procedures aimed at teaching adaptive behavior to substitute for nailbiting and negative procedures aimed at advancing skills for suppressing nailbiting. The design of the study permitted an analysis of the contributions of both positive and negative components of the package. Subjects assigned to combined, positive, negative and placebo groups received four weekly treatment sessions, and changes in their nailbiting behavior were compared with untreated controls. As in previous studies, nonspecific factors such as demand and attention to ones nails were found to be important determinants of outcome. In addition, positive procedures were found to be substantially more important than negative procedures in the maintenance of reductions in nailbiting over a 4-month follow-up period.
Improved Resolution Scalability for Bi-Level Image Data in JPEG2000

In this paper, we address issues regarding bi-level image compression using JPEG2000. While JPEG2000 is designed to compress both bi-level and continuous tone imagery using a single unified framework, there exist significant limitations with respect to its use in the lossless compression of bi-level imagery. In particular, substantial degradation in image quality at low resolutions severely limits the resolution scalable features of the JPEG2000 code-stream. We analyze these effects and present two efficient methods to improve resolution scalability for bi-level imagery in JPEG2000. It may be noted that both proposed methods are compliant with Part-I of the JPEG2000 standard
Abnormal neurotransmission in mice lacking synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A)

Synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) is a membrane glycoprotein common to all synaptic and endocrine vesicles. Unlike many proteins involved in synaptic exocytosis, SV2 has no homolog in yeast, indicating that it performs a function unique to secretion in higher eukaryotes. Although the structure and protein interactions of SV2 suggest multiple possible functions, its role in synaptic events remains unknown. To explore the function of SV2 in an in vivo context, we generated mice that do not express the primary SV2 isoform, SV2A, by using targeted gene disruption. Animals homozygous for the SV2A gene disruption appear normal at birth. However, they fail to grow, experience severe seizures, and die within 3 weeks, suggesting multiple neural and endocrine deficits. Electrophysiological studies of spontaneous inhibitory neurotransmission in the CA3 region of the hippocampus revealed that loss of SV2A leads to a reduction in action potential-dependent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission. In contrast, action potential-independent neurotransmission was normal. Analyses of synapse ultrastructure suggest that altered neurotransmission is not caused by changes in synapse density or morphology. These findings demonstrate that SV2A is an essential protein and implicate it in the control of exocytosis.
Enterococci in the Environment

Enterococci are common, commensal members of gut communities in mammals and birds, yet they are also opportunistic pathogens that cause millions of human and animal infections annually. Because they are shed in human and animal feces, are readily culturable, and predict human health risks from exposure to polluted recreational waters, they are used as surrogates for waterborne pathogens and as fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in research and in water quality testing throughout the world. Evidence from several decades of research demonstrates, however, that enterococci may be present in high densities in the absence of obvious fecal sources and that environmental reservoirs of these FIB are important sources and sinks, with the potential to impact water quality. This review focuses on the distribution and microbial ecology of enterococci in environmental (secondary) habitats, including the effect of environmental stressors; an outline of their known and apparent sources, sinks, and fluxes; and an overview of the use of enterococci as FIB. Finally, the significance of emerging methodologies, such as microbial source tracking (MST) and empirical predictive models, as tools in water quality monitoring is addressed. The mounting evidence for widespread extraenteric sources and reservoirs of enterococci demonstrates the versatility of the genus Enterococcus and argues for the necessity of a better understanding of their ecology in natural environments, as well as their roles as opportunistic pathogens and indicators of human pathogens.
Radical Compatibility with Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Its Impact on an All‐Organic Redox Flow Battery

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries hold the promise of achieving higher energy density because of the broader voltage window than aqueous systems, but their current performance is limited by low redox material concentration, cell efficiency, cycling stability, and current density. We report a new nonaqueous all-organic flow battery based on high concentrations of redox materials, which shows significant, comprehensive improvement in flow battery performance. A mechanistic electron spin resonance study reveals that the choice of supporting electrolytes greatly affects the chemical stability of the charged radical species especially the negative side radical anion, which dominates the cycling stability of these flow cells. This finding not only increases our fundamental understanding of performance degradation in flow batteries using radical-based redox species, but also offers insights toward rational electrolyte optimization for improving the cycling stability of these flow batteries.
Oxidative injury due to chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rat: effect of regular exercise on the heart

Many individuals with cardiac diseases undergo periodic physical conditioning with or without medication. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction of physical training and chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME) treatment on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac oxidant/antioxidant systems in rats. Fisher 344 rats were divided into four groups and treated as follows: (1) sedentary control (SC), (2) exercise training (ET) for 8 weeks, (3) L-NAME (10 mg/kg, s.c. for 8 weeks) and (4) ET+L-NAME. BP and HR were monitored with tail-cuff method. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after last treatments and hearts were isolated and analyzed. Physical conditioning significantly increased respiratory exchange ratio (RER), cardiac nitric oxide (NO) levels, NOS activity and endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) protein expression. Training significantly enhanced cardiac glutathione (GSH) levels, GSH/GSSG ratio and up-regulation of cardiac copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), manganese (Mn)-SOD, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and protein expression. Training also caused depletion of cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls. Chronic L-NAME administration resulted in depletion of cardiac NO level, NOS activity, eNOS, nNOS and iNOS protein expression, GSH/GSSG ratio and down-regulation of cardiac CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and protein expression. Chronic L-NAME administration enhanced cardiac xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, MDA levels and protein carbonyls. These biochemical changes were accompanied by increases in BP and HR after L-NAME administration. Interaction of training and NOS inhibitor treatment resulted in normalization of BP, HR and up-regulation of cardiac antioxidant defense system. The data suggest that physical conditioning attenuated the oxidative injury caused by chronic NOS inhibition by up-regulating the cardiac antioxidant defense system and lowering the BP and HR in rats.
Broadcast Scheduling: Minimizing Average Response Time

In this entry, we consider the classical broadcast scheduling problem and discuss some recent advances on this problem. The problem is formalized as follows: there is a server which has a collection of unit-sized pages P D f1; : : :; ng. The server can broadcast pages in integer time slots in response to requests, which are given as the following sequence: at time t , the server receives wp.t/ 2 Z 0 requests for each page p 2 P . We say that a request for page p that arrives at time t is satisfied at time cp.t/ if cp.t/ is the first time after t by which the server has completely transmitted page p. The response time of the request is defined to be cp.t/ t , i.e., the time that elapses from its arrival till the time it is satisfied. Notice that by definition, the response time for any request is at least 1. The goal is to find a schedule for broadcasting pages to minimize the average response time, i.e., . P t;p wp.t/.cp.t/ t //= P t;p wp.t/. Recall that the problem we discuss here is an offline problem, where the entire request sequence is specified as part of the input. There has also been much research on the online version of the problem, and we briefly discuss this toward the end of the entry.
Using Grip Strength Force Curves to Detect Simulation: A Preliminary Investigation

Analysis of grip strength force curves has successfully detected suboptimal effort in industrial rehabilitation research. This study examined force curve analysis as an effort measure when grip strength was administered according to standardized neuropsychological procedures in a sample without reported neurologic and upper extremity injury. Eighty-two undergraduates were randomized to control (n = 26), naive simulator (n = 28), and coached simulator (n = 28) conditions. Outcome measures included grip strength in kilograms, variables calculated from grip strength force curves, and the Word Memory Test (WMT). While average force in kilograms was not significantly different between groups, significant differences were found on the average to peak force ratio as calculated from grip strength force curves. The classification accuracy of average to peak force ratio was lower than the WMT, but comparable to other effort measures. Force curve analysis may warrant further study in a clinical sample.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopic Genetic Expression of the Waxy Trait in Isogenic Durum and Common Wheat1

ABSTRACT The aim of recent breeding activity is to develop new wheat lines that incorporate desirable traits that are advantageous in baking and milling. Waxy wheats differ from wild-type ones in functionality, end use, and biochemical contents (e.g., amylopectin/amylose ratios and lipid contents). Previous waxy wheat investigations focused only on differences in the carbohydrate and protein fractions. The goals of this work were to apply chemical imaging to discriminate between waxy and wild-type wheats and to define contrasting lipid profiles that occur in the deliberate alteration of the carbohydrate fraction. Fourier transform infrared (IR) microspectroscopic in situ probing and imaging of kernel sections was applied with the use of high spatial resolution. Mid-IR provided chemical manifestation of lipid genetic expression in isogenic samples. All waxy wheat specimens contained higher lipid content, mostly in the form of glycolipids. The relative lipid profiles differed among common, durum, and waxy w...
Lock-granularity analysis tools in SVR4/MP

The design of the SVR4/MP multiprocessing system with fine-grained locking is discussed. SVR4/MP scales efficiently to eight processors under a database transaction processing workload and typical multiuser benchmarks. In developing SVR4/MP, initial lock placement was deemphasized and rapid, iterative tuning of lock placement was the focus. Sophisticated tools were used to perform iterative overall performance and scalability tuning of the operating system. The tools developed to determine lock granularity quantitatively are described and an example of their use to optimize overall system efficiency is presented. >
Oncologic outcomes for lymph node-positive urothelial carcinoma patients treated with robot assisted radical cystectomy: with mean follow-up of 3.5 years.

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have shown robot assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) to have comparable perioperative outcomes to open radical cystectomy. There are few reports that have examined the oncologic results of RARC, specifically with respect to lymph node-positive patients. We report the outcomes of pathologic node-positive patients who have undergone RARC with medium-term follow-up. Materials and methods A total of 275 patients underwent RARC at 2 institutions for invasive bladder cancer between April 2005 and June 2009. We examined the 50 patients with lymph node-positive disease. Oncologic outcomes, overall, and recurrence-free survival were analyzed and compared with the open literature. Results Mean (median) clinical follow-up in this cohort was 42 (39.5) months (range 16–75 months). The mean (median) number of lymph nodes (LN) removed was 18 (17.5) (range 5–35), and mean (median) number of positive LN was 3 (2) (range 1–12). Mean lymph node density was 18%. Seventeen (34%) patients had ≤ pT 2 disease and 33 (66%) pT 3 /T 4 disease. At this follow-up, 29 patients have recurred, and 22 patients have died of disease. Mean (median) time to recurrence was 10 (9) months. The estimated overall survival at 36 and 60 months was 55%, and 45%, respectively. The recurrence-free survival at 36 and 60 months was 43%, and 39%, respectively. Thirty-three (66%) patients had an LN density 20%, though the difference was not statistically significant. A total of 58% of patients received chemotherapy in this cohort. The use of chemotherapy was associated with a statistically significant ( P = 0.033) improvement in overall survival, with an overall survival of 68% at 36 months compared with 36% for the patients who did not receive any chemotherapy. Conclusions The oncologic outcomes of patients with lymph node-positive bladder cancer treated with robot assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) compare favorably to previous published studies of open radical cystectomy at medium-term (mean follow-up of 42 months). As our follow-up increases, we expect to continue to accurately define the long-term clinical suitability and oncologic success of this procedure in this high-risk population.
Search, Neutral Evolution, and Mapping in Evolutionary Computing: A Case Study of Grammatical Evolution

We present a new perspective of search in evolutionary computing (EC) by using a novel model for the analysis and visualization of genotype to phenotype maps. The model groups genes into quotient sets and shows their adjacencies. A unique quality of the quotient model is that it details geometric qualities of maps that are not otherwise easy to observe. The model shows how random mutations on genes make non-random phenotype preferences, based on the structure of a map. The interaction between such mutation-based preferences with fitness preferences is important for explaining population movements on neutral landscapes. We show the widespread applicability of our approach by applying it to different representations, encodings, and problems including grammatical evolution (GE), Cartesian genetic programming, parity and majority coding, OneMax, needle-in-haystack, deceptive trap and hierarchical if-and-only-if. We also use the approach to address conflicting results in the neutral evolution literature and to analyze concepts relevant to neutral evolution including robustness, evolvability, tunneling, and the relation between genetic form and function. We use the model to develop theoretical results on how mapping and neutral evolution affect search in GE. We study the two phases of mapping in GE, these being transcription (i.e., unique identification of genes with integers) and translation (i.e., many-to-one mapping of genotypes to phenotypes). It is shown that translation and transcription schemes belong to equivalence classes, and therefore the properties we derive for specific schemes are applicable to classes of schemes. We present a new perspective on population diversity. We specify conditions under which increasing degeneracy (by increasing codon size) or rearranging the rules of a grammar do not affect performance. It is shown that there is a barrier to nontrivial neutral evolution with the use of the natural transcription with modulo translation combination; a necessary but not sufficient condition for such evolution is that at least three bits should change on mutation within a single codon. This barrier can be avoided by using gray transcription. We empirically validate some findings.
Venous Thrombotic Disease

Cerebral venous thrombosis is associated with a variety of systemic illnesses, sepsis, pregnancy, coagulation defects, and autoimmune states. Deficiencies of antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, and factor V Leiden, or an increase in anticardiolipin A antibodies may be identified in patients with this disorder, but a precise pathogenesis may not be identifiable in 25% to 35% of patients.1 The disease is frequently overlooked clinically and on CT imaging, in part due to a low clinical suspicion of the disease stemming from its ability to simulate the clinical appearance of benign intracranial hypertension, neoplasms, encephalitis, or cerebrovascular accident.2 However, MRI with contrast, MR venography, and CT angiography all enhance reader sensitivity to this disease. The prognosis of the disease is unpredictable and variable. Mortality rates up to 33% can be reported depending on the underlying disease state and the presence or absence of hemorrhagic venous infarcts.3
Solid-state XeF(D ? X) laser at 286 nm.

XeF-doped Ar crystals pumped at 248 nm undergo stimulated emission over the D–X band at 286 nm. Spectral narrowing measurements indicate a net gain in excess of 6 cm−1.
Percutaneous-endoscopic biliary stent placement for Billroth II and total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y enteroenterostomy.

Some authors believe the endoscopic placement of large biliary prostheses has become the preferred palliative treatment for unresectable malignant obstruction of the biliary ducts.4 The success rate for inserting these stents endoscopically has approached 90%.3.5.6 In a collected series the mean survival of stented patients has ranged from 13 months for those with ampullary cancers to 5 months for patients with lesions above the midcommon bile duct. However, the presence of prior Billroth II partial gastrectomy with its attendant difficulty in ampullary access has been cited for causing failures of endoscopic approach to prosthetic placement.• Other methods of combined percutaneous-endoscopic biliary stenting (PEBS) that achieve placement of 10-11.5 F internal biliary stents with relative ease have recently been described.4.8·9 Our recently described techniqueS appears to be particularly suited to patients with prior gastric resection. We present two examples, one patient having had prior Billroth II and another with prior total gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y enteroenterostomy.
Contemporary virtue ethics

Within contemporary ethics, virtue ethics now seems to be permanently positioned as a major normative theory. Despite its popularity, however, it is often not very clear – even to virtue ethicists – what is included in the term. This article clarifies the territory by setting out some recent developments in virtue ethics. The article also explores the impact of the virtue ethics revival on metaethics and looks at the direction of future debate.
Failure of the Frenkel Defect Model to Explain the Trend in Anionic Conductivity in the MF2 Fluorite Structure and Related MSnF4 Materials

The high fluoride ion conductivity of fluorite type MF2 has been attributed tothe fact that half of the F8 cubes present in this structure are empty and therefore, are potential vacant sites for interstitial fluoride ions in the formation of Frenkel defects. However, the model of long range ion motion through Frenkel defects by use of empty F8 cubes is in contradiction with: (i) the little difference between the conductivities of CaF2 and BaF2, (ii) the conductivity of β-PbF2 being much larger than that of BaF2, and (iii) the much higher performance of MSnF4 even though there is no empty cube to form Frenkel defects in the MSnF4 structures.
Biodiversity and Rarity Of Phyllophaga (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a Temperate Hardwood Forest

Abstract Phyllophaga (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) species were collected with a blacklight trap during 1992–1994 at a single site in a relict hardwood forest in central Iowa. There were 1,580 specimens collected, representing 13 species which ranked in proportional abundance from 43.67 to 0.06%. Simpson’s diversity index (D) for species taken in this study was D = 2.87 compared with D = 4.17 for species taken across Iowa in historical data. The disparity in the indices is attributed to the limited ecological habitat sampled compared with available habitats in Iowa. Phyllophaga balia (Say) was the most abundant species (43.67%) in the current study, whereas in the historical data it was an uncommon species (0.02%). Another species, Phyllophaga spreta (Horn), believed to be a truly rare species throughout the midwestern states, was taken in modest numbers (0.95%). This is the first report of this species in Iowa since it’s original description in 1887. Three species from the current study and 8 species derive...
Lack of sex-specific differences in mycorrhizal associations and response to herbivory in the gynodioecious herb, Polemonium foliosissimum

For decades, evolutionary plant biologists have been interested in how females reap a fitness advantage and are thus maintained in gynodioecious plants. Recent attention has focused on the role of multi-species interactions in the maintenance of females, wherein the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is virtually unknown. AMF form symbiotic associations with plants, often resulting in enhanced nutrient acquisition and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Depending on the degree to which females and hermaphrodites rely on their AMF partners, AMF could differentially affect plant tolerance to stress. We conducted a field experiment to examine (1) if females and hermaphrodites of the gynodioecious herb, Polemonium foliosissimum, differentially associate with AMF, and (2) if there was a difference in AMF colonization between the sexes after imposing stress by simulating herbivore damage. First, we compared mycorrhizal colonization between the sexes under ambient (i.e., undamaged) field conditions. Then, for a second set of plants, we simulated herbivory by clipping plants and compared mycorrhizal colonization, leaf phosphorus concentration [P], and fruit and seed production between clipped and control plants. Mycorrhizal colonization did not differ between sexes under ambient field conditions or under the stress imposed by clipping. Clipping did, however, influence both percent root length and vesicle colonization in a plant-size-dependent manner. Overall, colonization and vesicle number increased with plant size for clipped plants, but decreased with size for non-clipped plants. Leaf [P] did not differ between the sexes nor was influenced by clipping, and leaf [P] was not associated with mycorrhizal colonization. Furthermore, neither fruit set nor seed production was associated with mycorrhizal colonization. Our findings suggest that the sexes of P. foliosissimum do not differentially associate with nor differentially garner benefit from mycorrhizal fungi. However, a complete accounting of the costs and benefits of AMF for gynodioecious species must encompass the full life-history of the plant.
Human sensitivity to reinforcement: A comment on Kollins, Newland, and Critchfield's (1997) quantitative literature review.

In a quantitative review of human operant experiments, Kollins, Newland, and Critchfield (1997) found that humans are less sensitive to reinforcement contingencies than nonhumans are. Human performances were not as consistent with the matching law, and they were more variable from subject to subject. Some of the variables correlated with reduced human sensitivity were surprising. These included collection of the data under more controlled conditions (laboratory rather than naturalistic settings), and inclusions of discriminative stimuli correlated with alternative sources of reinforcement. We discuss these unexpected findings in the light of criticisms that have been leveled against meta-analytic literature reviews (e.g., the wisdom of grouping studies with widely diverse methods), and we suggest ways of improving future analyses of the behavior-analytic literature.
Observation of Paramagnetic Silicon Dangling Orbitals in Luminescent Porous Silicon

We have detected two dominant paramagnetic centers in porous silicon by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). One of them is isotropic, assigned to a defect in amorphous silicon oxide in the porous silicon layer. The other is anisotropic, and is very much like a Pb center at a planar Si/SiO2 interface. This EPR center is unambiguously identified as an •Si≡Si3 moiety, a silicon with dangling orbital, back-bonded to three silicon atoms, by 29Si hyperfine structure (HFS) associated with the dangling orbital, and 29Si superHFS from three neighboring silicon atoms, as similarly observed in the usual planar surface Pb structure. The dangling orbitals are highly localized and heavily p character. The disposition of dangling orbitals is evidence that the skeletal structure of luminescent porous silicon is crystalline and has a lattice which is aligned and continuous with the wafer substrate. The possibility that these centers are the major photoluminescent killers or quenchers is not supported by our hydrogen annealing experiments.
Psychological consequences of terrorism

In this paper, the common psychological consequences of terrorism are reviewed with implications for treatment and community intervention. The role of the mass media is discussed as is the need for early intervention is emphasized.
Distributed-Memory Algorithms for Maximum Cardinality Matching in Bipartite Graphs

We design and implement scalable distributed-memory algorithms for maximum cardinality matching in bipartite graphs. Computing matchings on distributed-memory supercomputers is challenged by the irregular andasynchronous data access patterns in graph searches and the difficulty in processing long pathspassing through multiple processors. We address these challenges by developing an algorithm based on matrix algebra. We employ bulk-synchronous matrix algebraic modules to implement graph searches, and Remote Memory Access (RMA) operations to map asynchronous light-weight graph accesses. On real matrices, our algorithm achieves up to 18x speedup when we go from 24 cores to 2048cores of a Cray XC30 supercomputer. Even higher speedups are obtained on larger synthetically generated graphs where ouralgorithms show good scaling on up to 12,000 cores.
Characterization of 2PA Chromophores

Abstract : We review several experimental methodologies for the determination of nonlinear absorption coefficients of organic chromophores in either solution or thin film form. The goal here is to also be able to identify and quantify the nonlinear absorption process or processes, e.g. the essentially instantaneous two-photon absorption (2PA) or the cumulative excited-state absorption (ESA). These methods include the direct methods of nonlinear transmission and Z-Scan, along with the indirect methods of two-photon-induced fluorescence, exciteprobe approaches, and Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing. We also discuss both frequency degenerate and frequency nondegenerate processes with emphasis on 2PA. It is important to note that a single method is generally incapable of both measuring and identifying the source of the nonlinearity, thus it is usually necessary to employ more than a single method to determine the sign, magnitude and physical processes involved. For example, single beam experiments cannot give the temporal response of the nonlinearity while excite-probe methods do; however, single beam measurements lend themselves better to absolute calibration. In addition we include information on nonlinear refraction, which always accompanies nonlinear absorption processes. For example, the nondegenerate bound-electronic nonlinear refraction and ultrafast nondegenerate nonlinear absorption come from the real and imaginary parts of the nondegenerate third-order nonlinear susceptibility and are related by Kramers-Kronig relations via causality.
At Home with Ernie Pyle: By Owen V. Johnson, ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016, pp. 408.

Ernie Pyle will forever be loved and remembered as America's great reporter of World War II. His columns for the Scripps-Howard newspapers personalized the war, showing readers the conflict from th...
BIME, ERIC, REP, RIME, and Other Short Bacterial Repeated Elements

Short bacterial repeated elements have been intriguing biologists ever since they were discovered in Escherichia coli more than 20 years ago. Their biological role and distribution along with evolution has been an intense field of research. Information gathered from genome sequencing projects and application of computational techniques can potentially reveal more information on the precise biological role and evolution of these DNA elements.
Attentional Control of Multisensory Integration is Preserved in Aging

We recently explored top-down attention control and multisensory integration in younger adults by manipulating attention as being visually focused or distributed across the auditory and visual senses (Mishra & Gazzaley, 2012). In this study, we showed evidence for improved detection performance under distributed attention to audiovisual sensory information that contained semantically congruent or incongruent stimuli. Here, we extend our findings to healthy older adults (60–90 year olds) and show that behavioral performance benefits of distributed attention in this population on average match those of younger adults, i.e., detection response times were faster for congruent audiovisual stimuli during distributed audiovisual attention relative to focused visual attention. For incongruent stimuli, detection accuracy was significantly improved during distributed relative to focused visual attention. Parallel to the behavioral findings, the electrophysiological correlates revealed intact age-invariant multisensory modulations of reduced neural processing during distributed attention, at least in high performing older adults.
Enhancing Video Capsule Endoscopy: Location and Bleeding Detection

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a non-invasive method of visually examining the internal lumen of small intestine for inflammation and bleeding through a wireless camera contained in a small capsule. Currently, VCE technology is limited because it cannot map images to their specific locations in the small bowel. Furthermore, approximately 40% of identified problem areas are false positives, making bleeding difficult to find. Therefore, physicians can only estimate the location of inflammation and bleeding areas based on the elapsed time before performing a wired endoscopy.Our pill camera offers an innovative wireless imaging GPS-like location system, in an easy to swallow pill that accurately identifies and displays bleeding areas within the small intestine through an intuitive user interface, which results in a 50% reduction in clinical times, as well as improved diagnosis for potential investors and providers, thus resulting in a $500 cost reduction in physician fees per patient.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Love & Respect Redux: Kant on Sex, Marriage, and Friendship

In light of contemporary understandings of marriage, Kant’s definitions of marriage and the marriage right strike some as grossly mistaken. I think, however, that a closer inspection of what Kant has to say about marriage and the limited way in which he intends it to solve the problem of sexual objectification shows that his position is not as nonsensical as some critics make it out to be. This is not to say that Kant’s account of marriage is without problems; I argue that Kant’s account of marriage only deals with half of the problem of sexual objectification as he presents it. But I also argue that Kant’s account of marriage points to the way in which a complete solution to the problem of sexual objectification is possible, the resources for which can be found in Kant’s ethics, namely, in his account of moral friendship. I proceed as follows. First, I present Kant’s view of the legal institution of marriage. I then explain how legal marriage and the special right that grounds it are supposed to solve the legal problem of sexual objectification as he presents it in his practical sexual ethics. Next, drawing on Kant’s distinction between right and virtue, I argue that legal marriage cannot solve the moral problem of sexual objectification. I then consider Kant’s account of moral friendship, and argue that friendship provides the kind of context in which two people can engage in morally permissible sexual activity.
Open data: Accountability and transparency:

The movements by national governments, funding agencies, universities, and research communities toward “open data” face many difficult challenges. In high-level visions of open data, researchers’ d...
Recovery of vortex packet organization in perturbed turbulent boundary layers

Vortex packet signatures were identified from PIV data downstream of single arrays of narrowly spaced cylinders. Downstream of tall cylinders, packets were found to recover from bottom up, while for shorter cylinders, packets appeared to recover from top down.
Advancing the practice of performance measurement in public organizations: Observations from the tennessee municipal benchmarking project

David Farmer suggests that there are multiple ways of looking at social science concepts. No one perspective, or lens, is superior, but taken together, multiple lenses can be enriching and yield a clearer picture of complex ideas. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate Farmerʼs multiple lenses approach by looking at performance measurement in the public organizations that participate in the Tennessee Municipal Benchmarking Project (TMBP). Observations from the TMBP suggests that utilizing only one lens can be detrimental to the decision-making process, while employing multiple lenses acknowledges multiple factors in the decision-making process and aides decision makers in reaching a consensus.
Self-Presentation Strategies and Sequelae

Public self versus private self is a crucial issue in self-presentation, and one cannot be considered without at the same time considering the other. Equally important, behavior that seems to be self deceptive or self-handicapping in private, may in effect be a form of interpretive control designed to sustain feelings of self-efficacy. What may be genuine self-presentation first has impact, either directly or indirectly, on self-concept before being presented to foster inferences in the minds of the target audience. By articulating the boundaries between the public personas and the private selves considerable theoretical clarity is gained, which may in turn lead to enhanced potential for empirical research.
Attitudes toward Game Adoption: Preservice Teachers Consider Game-Based Teaching and Learning.

Gaming has become a core activity with children and more teachers are using games for learning than five years ago. Yet, teachers report that they learn about game titles, impact studies, and facil...
Mobile Domiciles of the Eurasian Steppe: Archaeological Evidence of Possible Dwelling Space during the Early Iron Age

Very little precedent exists in Mongolia for excavating an ephemeral habitation site of prehistoric mobile pastoralists. This is due to an assumption that the kinds of nonpermanent structures const...
Black Male School Counselor Educator Contextual Explorations in Leadership

The counseling profession has seen an increase in research exploring counselor educators’ professional identity development. Leadership skills are noted in the Council for Accreditation of Counseli...
The Energetics of Type II Supernovae

The energetics of type II supernovae is considered within the gravitational implosion-explosion picture. The total (internal plus gravitational) energies of different parts of the star are calculated, when they are in, or close to, hydrostatic equilibrium. This enables an estimate of the energy transferred to other parts of the star, and ultimately to the supernova ejectum.
A Data-Driven Method to Dissect the Dynamics of the Causal Influence in Complex Dynamical Systems

In several natural and physical systems, reconstructing the graph underlying the interactions is fundamental to understand the interplay between units and the mechanisms at the base of their collective behavior. This is the case of coupled networked dynamical systems where due to several environmental and physical factors such as obstacles, sensors limited range, or components failure, the interaction network might vary in time and space. Currently, such dynamics cannot be fully captured by most existing tools nor there exists any available tools to capture these changes in real time. Here, we present a novel method to infer changes in the causal influence of units of a coupled dynamical system. The approach builds on network and information theories to propose a metric evaluating the influence as time evolves of any node on others. The method is validated on self-propelled particles where particles influence status is subject to vary over time. Our proposed method is expected to enrich the toolbox for reconstructing directed interactions in quasi-real time with few data.
Weakly supervised natural language processing for assessing patient-centered outcome following prostate cancer treatment.

Background The population-based assessment of patient-centered outcomes (PCOs) has been limited by the efficient and accurate collection of these data. Natural language processing (NLP) pipelines can determine whether a clinical note within an electronic medical record contains evidence on these data. We present and demonstrate the accuracy of an NLP pipeline that targets to assess the presence, absence, or risk discussion of two important PCOs following prostate cancer treatment: urinary incontinence (UI) and bowel dysfunction (BD). Methods We propose a weakly supervised NLP approach which annotates electronic medical record clinical notes without requiring manual chart review. A weighted function of neural word embedding was used to create a sentence-level vector representation of relevant expressions extracted from the clinical notes. Sentence vectors were used as input for a multinomial logistic model, with output being either presence, absence or risk discussion of UI/BD. The classifier was trained based on automated sentence annotation depending only on domain-specific dictionaries (weak supervision). Results The model achieved an average F1 score of 0.86 for the sentence-level, three-tier classification task (presence/absence/risk) in both UI and BD. The model also outperformed a pre-existing rule-based model for note-level annotation of UI with significant margin. Conclusions We demonstrate a machine learning method to categorize clinical notes based on important PCOs that trains a classifier on sentence vector representations labeled with a domain-specific dictionary, which eliminates the need for manual engineering of linguistic rules or manual chart review for extracting the PCOs. The weakly supervised NLP pipeline showed promising sensitivity and specificity for identifying important PCOs in unstructured clinical text notes compared to rule-based algorithms.
Peer-Interaction Strategies: Fostering Positive Experiences for Students With Severe Disabilities in Inclusive Music Classes:

Too often, students with disabilities in regular classrooms have limited access to the regular curriculum, and for students with severe disabilities, interactions are often with paraprofessionals, ...
Sensing Wind from Quadrotor Motion

This paper presents a comparison of three model-based algorithms to estimate the wind vector from quadrotor motion, based on increasingly refined models. The three vehicle motion models are the kin...
Stability of Human-in-the-Loop Multiagent Systems with Time Delays* This research was supported in part by the Dynamics, Control, and Systems Diagnostics Program of the National Science Foundation under Grants CMMI-1657637.

We study a group of agents with linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamics commanded by a human operator with a general LTI model and a reaction time-delay. Under remote operation, the human receives time-delayed information from a subset of the agents, and commands, under another time-delay, the same or a different subset of the agents. Stability of this human-in-the-loop multiagent system is next studied both in “time-domain” and “frequency-domain”, specifically to investigate how the system network graph affects the largest delay tolerable before losing stability. In a case study, system stability is shown to hold for larger delays in graphs with fewer edges than in a strongly-connected graph.
Education moderates the effects of large central artery aging on cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults

Central artery aging, including elevated aortic stiffness, central blood pressure (BP), and pulse pressure (PP), is a novel risk factor for the development of age-associated cognitive dysfunction. Individuals with higher educational attainment may develop greater brain pathology prior to the onset of cognitive decline. However, whether education moderates relations between central artery aging and cognitive performance is unknown. We hypothesized that years of formal education would moderate the relation between central artery aging and cognitive performance in middle-aged/older (MA/O) adults (n = 113, age 67.3 ± 0.7 years). Significant interactions between education*central systolic BP (β = .21, p = .02) and education*central PP (β = .22, p = .01) demonstrated weaker associations between central BP and PP with processing speed performance in those with higher education. Similarly, education moderated the relation between aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV) and executive function performance (β = .21, p = .02). To test if the relation between central arterial aging and cognitive performance was captured by a predetermined education threshold, MA/O adults were secondarily categorized as ≤high school (HS) (i.e., ≤12 years, n = 36) or >HS (≥13 years, n = 77). Higher central systolic BP was associated with slower processing speed (≤HS: r = -.59, p HS: r = -.25, p = .03) and weaker executive function (r = -.39, p = .03 vs. r = -.32, p = .006). Higher cfPWV was selectively correlated with weaker executive function performance (r = -.39, p = .03) in ≤HS only and this association significantly differed between education groups. Educational attainment appears to moderate the adverse effects of central artery aging on cognitive performance among MA/O adults.