cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown

Nearly one hundred fifty years after his epochal Harpers Ferry raid to free the slaves, John Brown is still one of the most controversial figures in American history. In 1970, Stephen B. Oates wrote what has come to be recognized as the definitive biography of Brown, a balanced assessment that captures the man in all his complexity. The book is now back in print in an updated edition with a new prologue by the author.
Adaptive Data Collection Scheme for Tracking Mobile Target in Wireless Sensor Networks

Tracking mobile targets is an important application of wireless sensor networks. However, mobility of the target brings new challenges to designing energy-efficient and scalable data collection schemes. A novel Dynamic Grid-based Tracking (DGT) scheme for tracking mobile target is proposed in this paper. This scheme is distributed in nature, and can be adaptive to the mobility of the target. The underlying idea of embedding a virtual grid structure and restricting mobility-related choices to grid nodes can be generally applied to other wireless sensor networks applications, where mobility is an important consideration during protocol design.
Basement Membrane Production by Hepatocytes in Chronic Liver Disease

The immunohistologic distribution of fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen and whole basement membrane was evaluated in liver biopsies from patients with chronic active liver disease. Fibronectin was consistently increased in the areas of piecemeal necrosis, portal tracts and fibrous septa. Laminin was not detected in normal liver parenchyma. In contrast, laminin positive linear basement membrane structures were prevalent in portal tracts, fibrous septa and the peripheral sinusoids of cirrhotic nodules. In areas of piecemeal necrosis, the hepatocytes, single or assembled in "rosettes", were frequently underlined by linear deposits of laminin and type IV collagen. This immunoreactivity was often polarized, being confined to the stromal side of liver cells, while the parenchymal side was negative for both proteins. Electron microscopy revealed a typical basement membrane in corresponding areas. Hepatocytes normally do not produce a basement membrane, but do so following chronic injury. We suggest that the polarized basement membrane accumulation by hepatocytes is a hallmark of hepatocyte regeneration following damage.
Charging graphene for energy

Energy storage is a grand challenge for future energy infrastructure, transportation and consumer electronics. Jun Liu discusses how graphene may — or may not — be used to improve various electrochemical energy storage devices.
Potentiation of D2-dopamine receptor-mediated suppression of zif 268 by non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in reserpinized rats.

Striatopallidal output neurons, which coexpress D2-dopamine receptors and NMDA receptors, are logically a potential site of interaction between corticostriatal glutamatergic input and dopaminergic systems. Recent hypotheses about the etiology of schizophrenia have implicated both excitatory amino acid and dopamine systems. The present study was designed to examine, in vivo, the interaction between D2-dopamine receptors and NMDA receptors in the regulation of the expression of the early immediate genes (IEGs), zif 268 and jun B, in striatopallidal neurons. We tested whether coadministration of NMDA antagonists interacted with the actions of the D2 agonist, quinpirole, on IEG expression following dopamine depletion with reserpine. When rats were pretreated with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, MK 801 (1 mg/kg) or PCP (20 mg/kg), together with quinpirole, the quinpirole reversal of reserpine induction of zif 268 mRNA was potentiated in all regions examined. MK 801 alone had no significant effect on reserpine induction of zif 268 mRNA. Pretreatment with the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP (5 mg/kg), did not significantly alter the dose response of zif 268 mRNA expression to quinpirole in any region. There was no significant effect of MK 801 on jun B mRNA expression, either on the response to quinpirole or when administered alone with reserpine. Our findings provide evidence of an interaction between the NMDA receptor channel system and the D2-dopamine system on a molecular level in striatopallidal neurons carrying output from the basal ganglia.
When mum’s away: a study of mother and calf ego networks during separations in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.)

Early social development in long-lived social mammals has important implications for adult behaviour, particularly in taxa that exhibit stable long-term bonds. In one such species, bottlenose dolphins, calves have precocious locomotion, enabling them to separate from their mothers soon after birth and associate with other dolphins in the absence of direct maternal influence. To investigate mother and calf social patterns while together and separated, we analysed the ego networks of 27 mother–calf pairs constructed using group composition data from focal follows and evaluated differences based on calf sex. When separated, all calves had larger, less dense ego networks than their mothers, whereas ego networks of mother and calf when together were similar in size to those of calves, but significantly less dense. Most intriguingly, during separations, male calves’ relationships with other male calves were stronger than expected, foreshadowing the long-term bonds between adult male alliance partners. Female–female calf relationships were not stronger than expected, but when together, mothers and female calves had strong relationships with juvenile females. These results support the social bonds hypothesis and suggest that temporary separations allow calves to build and strengthen their social networks. Since bottlenose dolphins show bisexual philopatry and infant relationships can persist into adulthood, calf independence and early social development probably have implications for future success.
Flashlight-Size External Cavity Semiconductor Laser with Narrow-Linewidth Tunable Output

We describe the construction of a compact and relatively inexpensive external cavity to be used with III-V compound semiconductor injection lasers. The operation of a typical GaAs diode in the cavity and some of the limiting performance factors are discussed.
Staple Trades, Subsistence Agriculture, and Nineteenth-Century Cape Breton Island

Abstract In the territory that eventually became Canada, the early pattern of European settlement and economic development was largely shaped by staple trades and subsistence agriculture. Staple trades were heavily dependent upon foreign capital, technology, labor, and markets; subsistence farming rested upon European settlers, the family farm, and local markets. These two ingredients of the early pattern of Canada were found on Cape Breton Island in the nineteenth century. Cod fishing, coal mining, and mainly subsistence farming created much of the Island's settlement, economy, and society. Each of these economies occupied relatively discrete areas, forming a mosaic of different ways of life and work on the Island. Woven through this pattern was a demographic cycle of primarily Scottish immigration, population growth, and emigration. These elements created a highly complex pattern, a regional human geography that is suggestive of other parts of nineteenth-century Canada.
Manmade Contamination Hazardsa

Hazards to ground water may result from adding to water which may infiltrate the soil, or to the soil through which water percolates, wastes from man's life processes; his industrial and commercial activity; or his use of water, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. From experimental data it is evident that particulate matter, including bacteria and viruses, do not move far with percolating water in a soil system. The chemical products of biodegradation of organic wastes, however, with a few exceptions such as phosphates, move quite freely and hence reach ground water. Since they are no different than the compounds found in ground waters the effect of domestic use of water is generally to increase the concentration of salts normally present in such waters. From the vast spectrum of compounds produced by the chemical industry and used in industry and commerce comes hazards to ground-water quality such as metal ions, phenols, tar residues, brines, and exotic organics which may through accident, carelessness or waste-water discharge contaminate ground water. Mineralization with nutrients and soluble soil fractions, and possibly, pesticide residues are the hazards from agricultural use. Leaching from solid waste landfills is possible under poor long-term management and might involve chemicals, iron, and various earth minerals. It is concluded that the most serious hazard is the buildup of dissolved solids to levels inimical to beneficial use.
Hypoxia-Regulated Activity of PKCε in the Lens

Purpose To show that hypoxia is necessary to prevent opacification of the lens. Protein kinase C (PKC)-e serves a role that is distinct from PKC-γ when both PKC isoforms are expressed in the lens. PKCe serves a very important role in hypoxic conditions, helping to prevent opacification of the lens.
Right hemisphere metaphor processing? Characterizing the lateralization of semantic processes ☆

Previous laterality studies have implicated the right hemisphere in the processing of metaphors, however it is not clear if this result is due to metaphoricity per se or another aspect of semantic processing. Three divided visual field experiments varied metaphorical and literal sentence familiarity. We found a right hemisphere advantage for unfamiliar sentences containing distant semantic relationships, and a left hemisphere advantage for familiar sentences containing close semantic relationships, regardless of whether sentences were metaphorical or literal. This pattern of results is consistent with theories postulating predominantly left hemisphere processing of close semantic relationships and predominantly right hemisphere processing of distant semantic relationships.
Dimerization of Tissue Factor Supports Solution-Phase Autoactivation of Factor VII without Influencing Proteolytic Activation of Factor X

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane receptor that initiates the thrombogenic cascade by assembly with the serine protease factor VII or VIIa (VII/VIIa) resulting in formation of the bimolecular active complex TF.VIIa. Chemical cross-linking studies identified that a minor population of TF forms dimers on the surface of cells, possibly influencing TF.VIIa proteolytic function as a result of dimerization. We here investigate the effects of dimerization of the extracellular domain of TF on the proteolytic function of the TF. VIIa complex. The leucine zipper dimerization domain of the yeast transcriptional factor GCN4 (LZ) was genetically fused at the C-terminus of the extracellular domain of TF separated by a short linker (TF(L)LZ). TF(L)LZ homodimerized with a K(d) similar to that of the LZ peptide. Tryptophan fluorescence indicated that the two TF moieties were in close proximity and parallel orientation in TF(L)LZ. TF(L)LZ dimers bound two molecules of VIIa, and VIIa binding did not influence the TF dimer equilibrium. Dimerization influenced neither amidolytic nor the factor X activation activities of the TF. VIIa complexes. Notably, dimer TF(L)LZ efficiently promoted the autoactivation of VII to VIIa in solution in contrast to monomeric TF(L)LZ or TF(1)(-)(218). Thus, TF dimerization on cells may serve to "prime" the initiation of the coagulation pathway by generating active TF.VIIa complexes for the subsequent activation of downstream macromolecular substrates.
Interactive decision software and computer graphics for architectural and space planning

We describe the development and successful implementation of a decision support system now being used by several leading firms in the architecture and space planning industries. The system, which we call SPDS (spatial programming design system) has the following characteristics: (i) user-friendly convenience features permitting architects and space planners to operate the system without being experienced programmers; (ii) interactive capabilities allowing the user to control and to manipulate relevant parameters, orchestrating conditions to which his or her intuition provides valuable input; (iii) informative and understandable graphics, providing visual displays of interconnections that the computer itself treats in a more abstract methematical form; (iv) convenient ways to change configurations, and to carry out ‘what if’ analyses calling on the system’s decision support capabilities; (v) a collection of new methods, invisible to the user, capable of generating good solutions to the mathematical programming problems that underlie each major design component. These new methods succeed in generating high quality solutions to a collection of complex discrete, highly nonlinear problems. While these problems could only be solved in hours, or not at all, with previously existing software, the new methods obtain answers in seconds to minutes on a minicomputer. Major users, including Dalton, Dalton, Newport, and Marshal Erdwin, report numerous advantages of the system over traditional architectural design methods.
Soil Moisture Impacts on Convective Margins

Abstract An idealized prototype for the location of the margins of tropical land region convection zones is extended to incorporate the effects of soil moisture and associated evaporation. The effect of evaporation, integrated over the inflow trajectory into the convection zone, is realized nonlocally where the atmosphere becomes favorable to deep convection. This integrated effect produces “hot spots” of land surface–atmosphere coupling downstream of soil moisture conditions. Overall, soil moisture increases the variability of the convective margin, although how it does so is nontrivial. In particular, there is an asymmetry in displacements of the convective margin between anomalous inflow and outflow conditions that is absent when soil moisture is not included. Furthermore, the simple cases presented here illustrate how margin sensitivity depends strongly on the interplay of factors, including net top-of-the-atmosphere radiative heating, the statistics of inflow wind, and the convective parameterization.
A new species of polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Turonian of Utah: Extending the stratigraphic range of Dolichorhynchops

Abstract Recent work in the Tropic Shale by the Museum of Northern Arizona reveals a high biodiversity for plesiosaurs along the western margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway during the Cenomanian and the Turonian. This paper describes a new species of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Tropic Shale, Dolichorhynchops tropicensis , which adds to the known biodiversity from this time period. The identification is based on two specimens, a well-preserved, nearly complete skeleton including the skull and an additional specimen with only fragmentary skeletal elements. The material shares several synapomorphic characters with Dolichorhynchops , including the shape of the temporal fenestrae, the shape of the sagittal crest, the trend of the ectopterygoids, the morphology of the teeth, and the number of teeth within the mandibular symphysis. D. tropicensis differs from other species of Dolichorhynchops in a greater size range of the teeth, moderately constricted dorsal vertebrae, angled anterior processes on the coracoids, and the presence of well-defined facets on the propodials. The specimens are of Early Turonian age (based primarily on ammonite biostratigraphy and bentonite marker beds), and their discovery extends the known stratigraphic range for Dolichorhynchops back by approximately seven million years. This suggests that Dolichorhynchops tropicensis and Trinacromerum bentonianum , a closely related polycotylid, co-existed in the Western Interior Seaway.
Do usability evaluators do what we think usability evaluators do

In this paper, I review the findings of ongoing research in usability and user experience analysis. In particular, I first discuss how real designers and usability evaluators in their own workplaces use findings from usability testing to drive design decisions within a decision-making space. Second, I investigate how designers and evaluators consciously or unconsciously alter raw usability findings when they develop their recommendations. Finally, I explore what these findings might mean for usability education. Ultimately, I ask if these usability evaluators and designers do what we think usability evaluators and designers should be doing.
Engineered reversal of the β-oxidation cycle for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals

Biosynthetic pathways that mediate the formation of amino acids, fatty acids and secondary metabolites can be re-engineered to produce complex compounds that show promise as potential biofuels. Dellomonaco et al. show that reversing the direction of the endogenous β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids in Escherichia coli can be used to efficiently synthesize alcohols and carboxylic acids — both potential biofuels — with various chain lengths and functionalities. The β-oxidation cycle is ubiquitous in microbes, so it should be possible to engineer the combinatorial synthesis of non-native products in industrial organisms without recruiting foreign genes. Advanced (long-chain) fuels and chemicals are generated from short-chain metabolic intermediates through pathways that require carbon-chain elongation. The condensation reactions mediating this carbon–carbon bond formation can be catalysed by enzymes from the thiolase superfamily, including β-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier protein (ACP) synthases, polyketide synthases, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthases, and biosynthetic thiolases1. Pathways involving these enzymes have been exploited for fuel and chemical production, with fatty-acid biosynthesis (β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases) attracting the most attention in recent years2,3,4. Degradative thiolases, which are part of the thiolase superfamily and naturally function in the β-oxidation of fatty acids5,6, can also operate in the synthetic direction and thus enable carbon-chain elongation. Here we demonstrate that a functional reversal of the β-oxidation cycle can be used as a metabolic platform for the synthesis of alcohols and carboxylic acids with various chain lengths and functionalities. This pathway operates with coenzyme A (CoA) thioester intermediates and directly uses acetyl-CoA for acyl-chain elongation (rather than first requiring ATP-dependent activation to malonyl-CoA), characteristics that enable product synthesis at maximum carbon and energy efficiency. The reversal of the β-oxidation cycle was engineered in Escherichia coli and used in combination with endogenous dehydrogenases and thioesterases to synthesize n-alcohols, fatty acids and 3-hydroxy-, 3-keto- and trans-Δ2-carboxylic acids. The superior nature of the engineered pathway was demonstrated by producing higher-chain linear n-alcohols (C ≥ 4) and extracellular long-chain fatty acids (C > 10) at higher efficiency than previously reported2,4,7,8,9. The ubiquitous nature of β-oxidation, aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase and thioesterase enzymes has the potential to enable the efficient synthesis of these products in other industrial organisms.
Effects of bulk composition on nuclide production processes in meteorites

Abstract The bulk chemical composition of meteorites is a major factor influencing the production of cosmogenic nuclides. Numerical simulations using Monte Carlo particle production and transport codes were used to investigate particle fluxes, 38Ar elemental production ratios and 21 Ne 22 Ne ratios in meteorites with a wide range of compositions. The calculations show that enhanced fluxes of low-energy secondary particles in metal-rich phases explain certain experimentally observed differences in nuclide production in various meteorite classes.
Growth of Al-doped ZnO films with tilted nano-columns on r-cut sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract 2 wt.% Al2O3-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films in both single layer and bi-layer forms were deposited on α-Al2O3 ( 01 1 ¯ 2 ) (r-cut) and (0001) (c-cut) substrates by a pulsed laser deposition technique. Single layer AZO films were grown under either vacuum or 33.3 Pa of O2 pressure. Bilayer AZO films were grown with a sequential deposition of a uniform template layer under vacuum and a nano-column-structured layer under 33.3 Pa of O2 pressure. Interestingly, single layer AZO film grown on r-cut sapphire in high oxygen pressure (33.3 Pa) shows tilted grain boundaries along [ 1 ¯ 10 2 ¯ ]AZO. The bilayer film deposited on r-cut substrate shows tilted nano-column growth while the film grown on c-cut substrate has vertically grown nano-columns. The results of X-ray diffraction and cross-section transmission electron microscopy studies show a systematic variation of the d-spacing of (0002)AZO and ( 11 2 ¯ 0 )AZO for all AZO films. Electrical resistivity was measured and found to be strongly dependent on the different microstructures achieved under different oxygen pressures and substrates.
Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and environmental stresses on root mass fraction in plants: a meta-analytical synthesis using pairwise techniques

Rising atmospheric CO2 greatly enhances plant production, but its effect on biomass allocation, particularly in the presence of environmental stresses, is not well understood. Here, we used meta-analysis combined with pairwise techniques to examine root mass fraction (RMF; i.e., the fraction of root to total biomass) as affected by elevated CO2 and environmental stresses. Our results showed that lower soil fertility increased RMF and the magnitude was similar for ambient and elevated CO2-grown plants. Lower soil water also increased RMF, but to a greater extent at elevated than at ambient CO2. While CO2 enrichment had little effect on the magnitude of O3-caused reduction in RMF in herbaceous species, it alleviated the adverse effect of higher O3 on root production in woody species. These results demonstrate that CO2 has less pronounced effects on RMF than other environmental factors. Under abiotic stresses, e.g., drought and higher O3, elevated CO2-grown plants will likely increase biomass allocation below-ground. Because of the non-uniform changes in drought and O3 projected for different parts of the world, we conclude that elevated CO2 will have regional, but not global, effects on biomass allocation under various global change scenarios.
Surface-hyporheic interactions in a Sonoran Desert stream: hydrologic exchange and diel periodicity

Diel variation in interstitial physical-chemical features and hydrologic exchange between the hyporheic zone and surface environment were studied in Sycamore Creek, Arizona. Wells were established beneath the wetted perimeter of the surface stream and beneath exposed alluvial sediments lateral to surface water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was reduced in the interstitial environment (<50% saturation), but hyporheic water was enriched in nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Time-of-day and location of wells interacted significantly to produce distinct patterns of diel variation in NO3-N and SRP in wells located beneath the wetted perimeter. In lateral wells, NO3-N concentration showed significant spatial variation, but exhibited no significant variation among sampling times within a day. Vertical hydraulic gradient varied from + 0.29 to −0.84 over a 90 m study reach and hydraulic heads varied by as much as 9 cm on a diel basis. Concentration and flux of NO3-N was greatest in surface water overlying upwelling regions at night when upwelling heads were greatest. Downstream decreases in NO3-N reflected loss of groundwater discharge into surface water and strong assimilatory demand by surface algal communities. Hydrologically mediated exchange can have strong influence on physical-chemical and biologic conditions in the hyporheic zone, benthic environment and associated surface water.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 causes a switch-like reduction of endogenous growth hormone mRNA in rat MtT/S somatotroph cells

Reduction of mRNA expression from the endogenous GH gene by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in somatotroph-like rat MtT/S cells was measured. GH mRNA levels were reduced by 65 nMIGF-1 treatment in a time-dependent manner over 5 d of culture with a calculated GH mRNA half-life of 50 h, in line with previous values from primary cultures. Inhibition of inositol 3-phosphate kinase by wortmannin or LY-294,002 treatment was ineffective in blocking IGF-1 decreases in GH mRNA, as was inhibition of MAP kinase activity by PD 098059. The inhibition by IGF-1 also did not regulate Pit-1 (GHF-1) mRNA levels, which were constant during 65 nMIGF-1 treatment. MtT/S cells were shown to have both IGF-1 and insulin receptors as detected by Western blotting. There was also shown to be the suggestion of “hybrid” receptors containing different beta chains from each of these related heterotetrameric receptors. Analysis of the effects of IGF-1 and insulin on MtT/S cells showed that each reduced GH mRNA in a dose-dependent manner gave a calculated EC50 of 15.5 nM for IGF-1 and 0.6 nM for insulin, suggesting that the respective receptors for each hormone were activated. However, GH mRNA response to IGF-1 treatment was “ultrasensitive,” exhibiting a switch-like effect; below 10 nM IGF-1, there was no decline in GH mRNA, but then maximal reduction occurred at IGF-1 concentrations above 20 nM. The degree of this ultrasensitive effect was calculated from the Hill equation for cooperativity, with a Hill coefficient of −4.1, greater than the classic cooperativity exhibited by hemoglobin binding to oxygen. The ultrasensitive response was specific for IGF-1, as insulin did not display this effect. These results suggest that the response evoked by the IGF-1 receptor could act as a binary molecular switch controlling GH mRNA expression in somatotrophs.
Clinical Needs Finding: Developing the Virtual Experience—A Case Study

We describe an innovative program at the University of California, Davis for students to engage in clinical needs finding. Using a team-based approach, students participated in clinical rotations to observe firsthand the needs of clinicians at the university affiliated medical center. The teams were asked to develop documentary-style videos to capture key experiences that would allow future viewers to use the videos as “virtual” clinical rotations. This was conceived as a strategy to allow students in prohibitively large classes, or students in programs at institutions without associated medical or veterinary school programs, to experience clinical rotations and perform needs assessments. The students’ perspectives on the experience as well as instructor analysis of best practices for this type of activity are presented and discussed. We found that the internship experience was valuable to the students participating, by not only introducing the practice of needs finding but also increasing the students’ confidence in the practice of engineering design and their ability to work independently. The videos produced were of such high quality that instructors from other institutions have requested copies for instructional use. Virtual clinical rotations through video experiences may provide a reasonable substitute for students who do not have the ability to participate in rotations in person.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lisfranc Ligament of the Foot

Early recognition of subtle Lisfranc injuries is important, because deformity and disability may develop after initially unremarkable radiographs. The authors studied 23 patients (mean age, 25.4 years) with a history of midfoot trauma with both radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When compared with the uninjured side, diastasis on radiographs ranged from 0 to 2 mm. The MRI revealed 2 intact ligaments, 3 complete tears, and 18 partial tears. All patients with complete tears had at least 2 mm more displacement between the second metatarsal and medial cuneiform, compared with the unaffected side. Because of the presence of complete or near complete rupture, seven patients underwent surgery, and the degree of rupture was confirmed. MRI of five cadaver specimens was also performed, disclosing discrete dorsal and plantar components. MRI was found to be useful in identifying Lisfranc ligament tears. If there is clear diastasis on weightbearing radiographs, MRI is not indicated. Whereas radiographic findings may be equivocal, however, MRI may accurately disclose the degree of ligament disruption.
PERFORMANCE OF THICK-SORBENT DIFFUSIVE SAMPLERS

Etude theorique et experimentale des erreurs d'estimation de la concentration dans un echantillonneur d'analytes faiblement lies a des sorbants solide et liquide d'epaisseur limitee. Presentation des donnees experimentales pour le trichloroethylene, avec une colonne de charbon active comme sorbant. Discussion des limites de plusieurs approximations mathematiques
A study of some metal chelates of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-hydroxyquinoline

Abstract Metal chelates of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-hydroxyquinoline were prepared with the following divalent metal ions: copper, nickel, cobalt, and zinc. The complexes were fine, lightly coloured precipitates with the expected 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. The copper chelate was anhydrous; the nickel, cobalt, and zinc complexes were dihydrates. Only hydrolysis products were observed on attempted preparation of aluminum, lead, beryllium and manganese chelates. Only a red colour and production of elemental silver was observed with silver. The order of decreasing thermal stability, determined by extrapolation of the experimental curve before and after accelerated decomposition, was Co > Ni > Cu > Zn. The ligand sublimed with partial decomposition at a somewhat lower temperature. The decomposition of these chelates is so gradual that no important transition peaks were observed in a differential thermal analysis study with the exception of water vaporization endotherms for the hydrated chelates. An i.r. analysis of the 1100 cm−1 peak of these chelates, attributable to the COM carbon-oxygen stretch, shows no simple relation in the position of this peak with the metal used. An attempted correlation of the NH stretching and bending vibrations with the size of the metal used, in order to study possible steric hindrance in these chelates, failed due to the low intensity of these two vibrations.
The Organization of Sports Leagues

Sports leagues have been organized in many different ways. This essay examines the incentive structure and efficiency of different forms of league organization, including the methods for scheduling games, admitting new members, and making operational decisions. The article also compares operations and outcomes in Europe and North America, and concludes that the European system of promotions and relegation is superior to the closed structure of American leagues, and that the American system of multiple parallel leagues to determine qualifications and seeding in a post-season tournament is efficiency enhancing. The article also discusses the optimal size and number of leagues, and concludes that both the European and American systems produce too few major-league teams, largely because they have permitted major leagues to be monopolies. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Reading Victorian Schoolrooms: Childhood and Education in Nineteenth-Century Fiction

Introduction 1. 'The Idea of a Wall': Toward a New Architecture of School and Mind 2. From Felix's Cottage to Miss Temple's Parlor: Domestic Instruction and the Paradox of the Teacher's Room 3. Level Playing Fields and Locked Gardens: Nature at School 4. The View from the Sickroom Window: Zymosis, Brain Fever, and the Dangers of Institutional Education. Conclusion
A Quantitative Taxonomic Analysis of Leptoconops Torrens and L. Carteri (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Leptoconops torrens (Townsend) and L. carteri Hoffman were separated by quantitative taxonomic methods. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to delimit 2 phenetic clusters within the torrens-carteri complex. Canonical variate analysis was then employed to demonstrate the extent of phenetic divergence between the 2 taxa and to provide a set of discriminating variables.
Superheating, melting, and annealing of copper surfaces.

Dynamics of superheating, melting, and annealing processes at Cu(111) and Cu(110) surfaces, induced by laser-pulse irradiation, are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations, incorporating energy transfer from the electronic to the ionic degrees of freedom. Superheating occurs at Cu(111) for conditions that lead to melting of the Cu(110) surface. Highly damaged Cu(111) surfaces structurally anneal under the influence of a superheating pulse.
Moving Ahead or Just Moving? An Examination of Gender Differences in Senior Corporate Management Appointments

Prior research has shown that employees learn by coping with new experiences. However, we examined gender differences in job moves described in 952 Wall Street Journal announcements of senior manag...
User's groups - a source of information

This paper looks at the ways one of the user's groups on campus provides information and sources of information to the campus community. It describes the activities and instruments the group uses to gather and disseminate this information to its members. It also discusses methods being used to increase user participation in the user's group.The user's group uses a variety of techniques to accomplish its goal of being a source of information to the campus community, including: a newsletter covering general information of interest to the campus community and software and hardware reviews by members of the user's group; hardware and software presentations by vendors and user group members during meetings; maintenance of a public domain software library at a central site for use by members; and the use of a database containing the software and hardware currently being used by individual members and their expertise with each product.
Liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation of ammoniated corn to ethanol.

Treatment of whole corn kernels with anhydrous ammonia gas has been proposed as a way to facilitate the separation of nonfermentable coproducts before fermentation of the starch to ethanol, but the fermentability of ammoniated corn has not been thoroughly investigated. Also, it is intended that the added ammonia nitrogen in ammonia treated corn (∼1 g per kg corn) may satisfy the yeast nutritional requirement for free amino nitrogen (FAN). In this study, procedures for ammoniation, liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation at two scales (12-L and 50-mL) were used to determine the fermentation rate, final ethanol concentration, and ethanol yield from starch in ammoniated or nonammoniated corn. The maximum achievable ethanol concentration at 50 h fermentation time was lower with ammoniated corn than with nonammoniated corn. The extra nitrogen in ammoniated corn satisfied some of the yeast requirements for FAN, thereby reducing the requirement for corn steep liquor. Based upon these results, ammoniation of corn does not appear to have a positive impact on the fermentability of corn to ethanol. Ammoniation may still be cost effective, if the advantages in terms of improved separations outweigh the disadvantages in terms of decreased fermentability.
Electron microscopy of potato yellow-dwarf virus

Abstract Electron micrographs have been prepared of an ultracentrifugally fractionated suspension from the juice of N. rustica leaves diseased with the potato yellow-dwarf virus. These show bodies that have not been seen in similarly treated juice from healthy plants and that well may be the elementary particles of this leafhopper propagated virus.
Do patients fear undergoing general anesthesia for oral surgery

Many patients undergoing major surgery have more fear of the general anesthesia than the procedure. This appears to be reversed with oral surgery. Therefore, patients need to be as well informed about this aspect as the surgical operation.
Testing Accommodations Under the Amended Americans With Disabilities Act The Voice of Empirical Research

The 2008 amendments to the Americans With Disabilities Act have now been followed by implementation guidelines from the Department of Justice. These guidelines take strong positions on how testing entities should review requests for testing accommodations from examinees with disabilities. In this article, themes from the guidelines are evaluated against the findings of recent empirical research, highlighting major discrepancies. In general, the Department of Justice places more trust in the accommodations expertise of K–12 schools, clinical professionals, and testing entities than is warranted by empirical research. This trust is likely to lead to excessive recommendation of testing accommodations, even when they threaten a test’s validity. Several implications of these findings for practice and policy are discussed.
Bio-inspired dynamic robots

The unique performance of biological systems across a wide spectrum of phylogenetic species has historically provided inspirations for roboticists in new designs and fabrication of new robotic platforms. Of particular interest to a number of important applications is to create dynamic robots able to adapt to a change in their world, unplanned events that are sometimes unexpected, and sometimes unstable, harsh conditions. It is likely that the exploring dynamics in biological systems will continue to provide rich solutions to attaining robots capable of more complex tasks for this purpose. This is because the long-term design process of evolution utilizes a natural selection process that responds to such changes. Recently, there have been significant advances across a number of interdisciplinary efforts that have generated new capabilities in biorobotics. Whole body dynamics that capture the force dynamics and functional stability of legged systems over rough terrain have been elucidated and applied in legged robotic systems. Exploying the force dynamics of flapping winged insect flight has provided key discoveries and enabled the fabrication of new micro air vehicles. New classes of materials are being developed that emulate the ability of natural muscle, capturing the compliant and soft subtle movement and performance of biological appendages. In addition, classes of new multifunctional materials are being developed to enable the design of biorobotics with the structural and functional efficiency of living organisms. Optical flow and other sensors based on the principles of invertebrate vision have been implemented on robotic platforms for autonomous robotic guidance and control. These fundamental advances have resulted in the emergence of a new generation of bioinspired dynamic robots which show significant performance improvements in early prototype testing and that could someday be useful in a number of significant applications such as search and rescue and entertainment.
Circle of willis blood flow patterns in healthy newborn infants

Many anatomic variations are found in the circle of Willis of otherwise healthy people. The "normal" circle is present in only 20% to 50%; duplication, hypoplasia or absence of one or more segments, and asymmetry in size, length, and branching are found in the remainder. TM However, the circle of Willis has not been studied in the newborn population, and the frequency of its variants is unknown in this age group. Such information is now needed because after ligation of the right common carotid artery for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 5 an intact circle of Willis is crucial for right hemisphere reperfusion. Therefore we studied the blood flow patterns of the circle in a group of healthy newborn infants by means of a pulsed Doppler-ultrasound technique. 6 METHODS Subjects. Healthy term newborn infants born at the University of Illinois Hospital who were free of obvious malformations and cardiopulmonary distress were enrolled into the study if the 5-minute Apgar score was >7 and the cranial ultrasound findings were normal. Healthy premature infants who had recovered from respiratory distress, had no clinical evidence of a patent ductus arteriosus, and were normotensive were also eligible. The subject selection was not randomized. Doppler methods. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board, and parental consent was obtained. The infant was asleep (clinical) and in the prone recumbent position during the Doppler study, which was performed by means of a commercial phased-array sector scanner-pulsed Doppler instrument (model 77030A Hewlett-Packard Co., Andover, Mass.). In this technique, when the Doppler interrogating sample volume (0.5 mm 3) is placed within the vessel image obtained by real-time
Optimal Energy Commitments with Storage and Intermittent Supply

We formulate and solve the problem of making advance energy commitments for wind farms in the presence of a storage device with conversion losses, mean-reverting price process, and an autoregressive energy generation process from wind. We derive an optimal commitment policy under the assumption that wind energy is uniformly distributed. Then, the stationary distribution of the storage level corresponding to the optimal policy is obtained, from which the economic value of the storage as the relative increase in the expected revenue due to the existence of storage is obtained.
Gated-diode FinFET DRAMs: Device and circuit design-considerations

Scaling bulk CMOS SRAM technology for on-chip caches beyond the 22nm node is questionable, on account of high leakage power consumption, performance degradation, and instability due to process variations. Recently, two-three transistor one gated-diode (2T/3T1D) DRAMs were proposed as alternatives to address the SRAM variability problem, with an emphasis on high-activity embedded cache applications. They are highly competitive to SRAM in terms of performance, while having a smaller power and area footprint at lower technology nodes. The current evolutionary trend in transistor structures is moving toward an era of multigate devices, which makes it necessary to identify design issues and advantages of gated-diode DRAMs implemented in a multigate technology.In this work, we address gated-diode DRAM design in FinFET technology using mixed-mode 2D-device simulations. We revisit the model of internal voltage gain in bulk gated diodes and extend it to provide quantitative insight into designing Fin gated diodes, that is, gated diodes in FinFET technology. To this effect, we propose FinFET variants of the bulk gated-diode configuration and identify parameters that are critical to enhancing the retention time and read current in 2T/3T1D FinFET DRAMs. Additionally, we show the superiority of 2T1D FinFET DRAM over 6T FinFET SRAM having pass-gate feedback (6T PGFB) and 2T1D bulk DRAM under the effect of physical parameter process variations using a quasi--Monte Carlo method implemented in FinE, an environment we have developed for double-gate circuit design that integrates Sentaurus TCAD from Synopsys with the Spice3-UFDG double-gate compact model from University of Florida, under a single framework. Finally, we present a new tunable threshold gated diode FinFET amplifier which uses an n-type gated diode for voltage-boosting, along with a p-type gated diode for zero-suppression.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus—A Comprehensive Review

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics of RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal occlusion by cellular debris of sloughed epithelial cells mixed with macrophages, strands of fibrin, and some mucin. There is a single RSV serotype with two major antigenic subgroups, A and B. Strains of both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, RSV infections reflect a distinct seasonality with onset in late fall or early winter. It is believed that most children will experience at least one RSV infection by the age of 2 years. There are several key animal models of RSV. These include a model in mice and, more importantly, a bovine model; the latter reflects distinct similarity to the human disease. Importantly, the prevalence of asthma is significantly higher amongst children who are hospitalized with RSV in infancy or early childhood. However, there have been only limited investigations of candidate genes that have the potential to explain this increase in susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears to predispose to subsequent development of asthma and it is likely that subsequent development of asthma is secondary to the pathogenic inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines and their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches to the development of RSV vaccines are being evaluated, as are the use of newer antiviral agents to mitigate disease. There is also significant attention being placed on the potential impact of co-infection and defining the natural history of RSV. Clearly, more research is required to define the relationships between RSV bronchiolitis, other viral induced inflammatory responses, and asthma.
Na, K‐ATPase: Comparison of the cellular localization of α‐subunit mRNA and polypeptide in mouse cerebellum, retina, and kidney

A clone encoding mouse brain Na,K-ATPase alpha-subunit was isolated from a mouse brain lambda gt11 cDNA library by using antisera to mouse and bovine brain alpha-subunit. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of this clone with published sequences of rat brain alpha-subunit isoform clones showed it to be most similar to rat brain alpha 1. An RNA antisense probe prepared from the cDNA insert of the mouse clone detected a single mRNA of approximately 4.5 kb in Northern blots of mouse brain and kidney RNAs. This probe hybridized only to an alpha 1-cDNA insert from rat brain under high stringency conditions on Northern blots. The RNA antisense probe was used for in situ hybridization to sections of mouse kidney, cerebellum, and retina, and the cellular distribution of alpha-subunit mRNA (alpha-mRNA) was compared with that of alpha-subunit polypeptide (alpha-subunit) detected by immunofluorescence in similar sections. In kidney, alpha-mRNA distribution closely paralleled that of the polypeptide with abundant expression in ascending thick limbs and cortical distal tubules and weaker labeling in cortical proximal tubules. The co-distribution of alpha-mRNA and polypeptide in kidney where Na,K-ATPase localization is well established is consistent with the specificity of these probes. In the retina, prominent labeling with both probes was seen in photoreceptor inner segments, inner nuclear layer, and ganglion cell bodies. Plexiform layers and optic fibers expressed abundant alpha-subunit but little mRNA. Light labeling for both was seen in the outer nuclear layer. In cerebellum, alpha-mRNA and alpha-subunit were associated with soma of granule cells, basket cells, and stellate cells. Glomeruli and basket terminals contained abundant alpha-subunit but exhibited little reactivity with the riboprobe. In Purkinje cell bodies, in contrast, the antibody used to identify the cDNA clone did not resolve significant polypeptide in the somal plasmalemma despite abundant somal mRNA expression. Comparison of distribution of the two probes in cerebellum and retina indicates that message accumulation is primarily in cell bodies, while alpha-subunit epitopes may be co-expressed in cell bodies and/or transported to distant sites in cell-specific patterns.