cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Resistance and Gene Expression of both Desiccation-Adapted and Rehydrated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Cells in Aged Broiler Litter.

The objective of this study was to investigate the thermal resistance and gene expression of both desiccation-adapted and rehydrated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium cells in aged broiler litter. S Typhimurium was desiccation adapted in aged broiler litter with a 20% moisture content (water activity [aw], 0.81) for 1, 2, 3, 12, or 24 h at room temperature and then rehydrated for 3 h. As analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), the rpoS, proV, dnaK, and grpE genes were upregulated (P 0.05). Survival characteristics of the desiccation-adapted ΔPagfD (rdar [red, dry, and rough] morphotype) and ΔagfD (saw [smooth and white] morphotype) mutants were similar (P > 0.05). Trehalose synthesis in the desiccation-adapted wild type was not induced compared to a nonadapted control (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrated the importance of the rpoS, proV, dnaK, and grpE genes in the desiccation survival of S Typhimurium. By using an ΔrpoS mutant, we found that the rpoS gene was involved in the cross-protection of desiccation-adapted S Typhimurium against high temperatures, while trehalose synthesis or rdar morphology did not play a significant role in this phenomenon. In summary, S Typhimurium could respond rapidly to low-aw conditions in aged broiler litter while developing cross-protection against high temperatures, but this process could be reversed upon rehydration.IMPORTANCE Physical heat treatment is effective in eliminating human pathogens from poultry litter used as biological soil amendments. However, prior to physical heat treatment, some populations of microorganisms may be adapted to the stressful conditions in poultry litter during composting or stockpiling, which may cross-protect them against subsequent high temperatures. Our previous study demonstrated that desiccation-adapted S. enterica cells in aged broiler litter exhibited enhanced thermal resistance. However, there is limited research on the underlying mechanisms of the extended survival of pathogens under desiccation conditions in animal wastes and cross-tolerance to subsequent heat treatment. Moreover, no information is available about the thermal resistance of desiccation-adapted microorganisms in response to rehydration. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the gene expression and thermal resistance of both desiccation-adapted and rehydrated S Typhimurium in aged broiler litter. This work will guide future research efforts to control human pathogens in animal wastes used as biological soil amendments.
A 6-Nucleotide Regulatory Motif within the AbcR Small RNAs of Brucella abortus Mediates Host-Pathogen Interactions.

In Brucella abortus, two small RNAs (sRNAs), AbcR1 and AbcR2, are responsible for regulating transcripts encoding ABC-type transport systems. AbcR1 and AbcR2 are required for Brucella virulence, as a double chromosomal deletion of both sRNAs results in attenuation in mice. Although these sRNAs are responsible for targeting transcripts for degradation, the mechanism utilized by the AbcR sRNAs to regulate mRNA in Brucella has not been described. Here, two motifs (M1 and M2) were identified in AbcR1 and AbcR2, and complementary motif sequences were defined in AbcR-regulated transcripts. Site-directed mutagenesis of M1 or M2 or of both M1 and M2 in the sRNAs revealed transcripts to be targeted by one or both motifs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed direct, concentration-dependent binding of both AbcR sRNAs to a target mRNA sequence. These experiments genetically and biochemically characterized two indispensable motifs within the AbcR sRNAs that bind to and regulate transcripts. Additionally, cellular and animal models of infection demonstrated that only M2 in the AbcR sRNAs is required for Brucella virulence. Furthermore, one of the M2-regulated targets, BAB2_0612, was found to be critical for the virulence of B. abortus in a mouse model of infection. Although these sRNAs are highly conserved among Alphaproteobacteria, the present report displays how gene regulation mediated by the AbcR sRNAs has diverged to meet the intricate regulatory requirements of each particular organism and its unique biological niche.IMPORTANCE Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important components of bacterial regulation, allowing organisms to quickly adapt to changes in their environments. The AbcR sRNAs are highly conserved throughout the Alphaproteobacteria and negatively regulate myriad transcripts, many encoding ABC-type transport systems. In Brucella abortus, AbcR1 and AbcR2 are functionally redundant, as only a double abcR1 abcR2 (abcR1/2) deletion results in attenuation in vitro and in vivo In the present study, we confirmed that the AbcR sRNAs have redundant regulatory functions and defined two six-nucleotide motifs, M1 and M2, that the AbcR sRNAs utilize to control gene expression. Importantly, only M2 was linked to B. abortus virulence. Further investigation of M2-regulated targets identified BAB2_0612 as critical for colonization of B. abortus in mice, highlighting the significance of AbcR M2-regulated transcripts for Brucella infection. Overall, our findings define the molecular mechanism of the virulence-associated AbcR system in the pathogenic bacterium B. abortus.
The Kaleidoscope of Plant Prescriptions: A Case of Teucrium Marum

Healing unfolds in a process and a plant prescription may not be the first remedy. This article describes a case of a man with gout, a successful environmental lawyer who with the help of homeopathy manifests his artistic side. Moving from snake remedies to a nosode and finally to a plant, the patient undergoes a delicate and inscrutable process of self-transformation.
Semi-local Convergence in Right Abstract Fractional Calculus

We provide a semi-local convergence analysis for a class of iterative methods under generalized conditions in order to solve equations in a Banach space setting. Some applications are suggested including Banach space valued functions of right fractional calculus, where all integrals are of Bochner-type. It follows [5].
Effectiveness of chemical treatment on polypropylene fibers as reinforcement in pervious concrete

Abstract Fiber reinforcement delays the crack generation and enhances the strength of the host matrix. However, the bonding mechanism between fiber and concrete matrix is controversial in literature and needs better explanation. Due to surface smoothness and inert chemical nature of commercially available fibers, several mechanical and chemical treatment techniques have been studied by researchers to increase the fiber-matrix bonding properties. The use of fibers in pervious concrete is even more challenging due to high porosity and insufficient fiber-matrix bonding interface. This study discusses the effect of chemical treatment on short polypropylene fibers and its uses in pervious concrete as reinforcement. The change in fiber surface due to the treatment is determined through fiber wettability test and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Changes on the tensile strength of fibers by the treatment methods are also tabulated. Single fiber pullout tests are conducted to study the effect of the treatment type on fiber-cement interface properties. Treated fibers are then put into pervious concrete matrix for compressive and flexural strength tests. Chemical treatments are found to improve the surface roughness and cement matrix interface properties, as well as to enhance the overall strength of the fiber reinforced pervious concrete.
The Cellular Origin of Activated Fibroblasts in the Infarcted and Remodeling Myocardium.

Inflammation is intricately associated with fibrosis. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells infiltrating injured tissues can acquire a fibrogenic phenotype, activating local fibroblast populations, and leading to increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, some experimental studies have indicated a more direct link between inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting that leukocyte subpopulations may be capable of fibroblast conversion. The notion that fibroblasts infiltrating injured tissues may derive from circulating cells was proposed >150 years ago1 and has remained an area of controversy ever since. In 1994, Bucala et al2 coined the term fibrocyte to describe a circulating, bone marrow (BM)–derived cell with features of both fibroblasts and monocytes, which has the ability to adopt a mesenchymal phenotype and contributes to scar formation. Fibrocytes are characterized through the combined expression of hematopoietic and progenitor cell markers (such as CD45 and CD34) and the production of structural extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen. Fibrocytes represent a small fraction of circulating leukocytes in normal subjects, but are mobilized in response to inflammation, and have been reported to infiltrate tissues in patients with fibrotic diseases. Article, see p 583 Several studies have identified fibroblasts of BM origin in injured and failing hearts.3 However, recent investigations using lineage tracing approaches suggested that populations of intracardiac cells (resident fibroblasts, pericytes, or epicardial-derived interstitial cells) are the predominant cellular source of activated fibroblasts in infarcted and remodeling myocardium4–8 (Figure). Considering the conflicting experimental evidence, the relative contribution of circulating progenitors in the marked expansion of fibroblasts observed after myocardial injury remains unclear. Figure. Schematic cartoon illustrating the origin of activated fibroblasts in the infarcted myocardium . Although 2 independent studies using bone marrow (BM) transplantation strategies suggested that up to a quarter of infarct fibroblasts may …
Neurobiology and Child Development: Challenging Current Interpretation and Policy Implications.

WE ARE CURRENTLY EXPERIENCING an exciting time in early childhood as the Federal Government attempts to develop policies and systems to improve outcomes for our children. Recent advances in researc...
Natural Resistance Mechanisms to Viruses in Barley

More than fifty viruses are known to be able to establish experimental infections in barley (Hordeum vulgare), but only about 25 viruses naturally infect this cereal (Mathre, 1997). Among these, only the Hordeivirus, Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), members of the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) (Genus Luteovirus) family complex, and two Bymoviruses, Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), cause widespread diseases or substantial yield losses. For this chapter, we will focus on only these viruses, since information about resistance to viruses of lesser economic importance is limited.
CLONED CELL LINES WITH NATURAL KILLER ACTIVITY

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the cloned cell lines with natural killer (NK) activity. The characterization of NK cells and the respective factors that modulate their cytolytic activity has been seriously hampered by inadequate methodology to separate NK cells from other classes of lymphocytes. While NK cell lines grow very rapidly in tissue-culture media containing T-cell growth factor (TCGF), they stop synthesizing DNA in normal medium and eventually die. Lymphokines contained in conditioned media, therefore, appear to be essential for the continuous proliferation and well being of these cells. In an attempt to delineate the lymphokines responsible for NK-cell proliferation and expression of cytolytic activity, a number of lymphokine preparations of various purities were tested. Results showed that preparations containing TCGF, like Con A conditioned media, supernatant of the cell line LBRM 33, or TCGF purified from LBRM 33 SN, stimulate NK-cell proliferation. In contrast, supernatants containing lymphocyte activating factor or interferon did not stimulate. Cell supernatants depleted of TCGF by absorption with cells failed to stimulate DNA synthesis.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Enhances Bovine Mammary Epithelial Innate Immune Responses

Bovine mammary epithelial cells that were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 showed an increase in the expression of the genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and S100 calcium binding protein A12 (S100 A12). iNOS and S100 A12 are part of the innate immune response and expressed in the mammary gland during mastitis. Production of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the mammary gland during mastitis, then, may be an important component of the innate immune response.
Synthesis of N−H Bearing Imidazolidinones and Dihydroimidazolones Using Aza‐Heck Cyclizations

The synthesis of unsaturated, unprotected imidazolidinones via an aza-Heck reaction is described. This palladium-catalyzed process allows for the cyclization of N-phenoxy ureas onto pendant alkenes. The reaction has broad functional group tolerance, can be applied to complex ring topologies, and can be used to directly prepare mono- and bis-unprotected imidazolidinones. By addition of Bu4 NI, dihydroimidazolones can be accessed from the same starting materials. Improved conditions for preparing unsaturated, unprotected lactams are also reported.
A Managerial Decision Framework for Vertical Integration

The degree of vertical integration present in a marketing channel is a fundamental characteristic of that channel’s structure, and the critical component in the formulation of a channel member’s strategy. Researchers in the past have developed frameworks to analyze the vertical integration decision of the firm. This paper reviews these frameworks in an effort to present a comprehensive view of the factors affecting the vertical integration decision.
Radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for high- and very high-risk prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinic experience of patients eligible for either treatment

Objective To compare radical prostatectomy (RP) vs radiotherapy (RT) with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) in the setting of patients with high-risk and very high-risk (VHR) prostate cancer who were deemed eligible for either therapy and made a treatment choice after consultation in a multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinic (MDPCC), and to compare the MDPCC patients' outcomes to a matched Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cohort. Patients and methods Prospectively collected, retrospective study comparing patients who underwent RP (231 patients) vs RT+ADT (73) from 2004 to 2013. Biochemical recurrence (BCR), local recurrence, distant metastasis failure, and overall survival (OS) were calculated for each treatment group overall and according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk strata. A propensity score matched comparison with a SEER cohort was performed for OS. Results There was no difference in local recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-7.9; P = 0.06), distant metastasis failure (HR 2.5, 95% CI 0.8-7.8; P = 0.1) and OS (HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.4-4.8; P = 0.6) between patients undergoing RP vs RT+ADT. Patients treated via the MDPCC survived on average 16.9 months (95% CI 13.1-20.8) longer than those in the matched SEER cohort. Conclusions Long-term outcomes appear similar amongst patients with high-risk and VHR prostate cancer deemed eligible for either RP or RT, and treated after consultation in a MDPCC. Outcomes of the MDPCC patients were superior to those of the matched SEER cohort.
Using Eye Tracking to Improve Information Retrieval in Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) has the potential to transform the way we work, rest and play. This promise comes with new challenges. One challenge stems from the interactive nature of immersive Virtual Environments (VEs). Placement of contextual information in VEs can be critical to the user experience. This poster describes the use of eye-tracking to alleviate usability issues surrounding information presentation in immersive VEs. Results from our experiments show that integrating eye tracking into a VE to dictate where and when textual information is presented can improve performance when searching for contextual information. In summary, the results show improvement in task performance when the new direct method is employed to reveal information in target regions based on gaze. This seems to hold true independent of the VE or the type of information questioned.
SRS and SBRT Complications and Management

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and, more recently, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) have revolutionized how we treat malignant and benign tumors and disorders. The high-dose and limited number of fractions used (hypofractionation), in many cases, have allowed for equivalent or better control and, in the case with the brain, allowed for the treatment of functional disorders. This is the result of the radiobiology of the hypofractionated doses used, which still remains incompletely understood. However, this same radiobiology may also have an effect on the normal tissue. Improvements in technology has allowed for tighter doses to be delivered to the target, thus minimizing the impact on normal tissue. Understanding the tolerance dose of these organs-at-risk (OAR) is critical in performing SRS and SBRT safely. Although much has been learned, a complete understanding of OAR tolerance doses has yet to be ascertained despite efforts from Timmerman et al. and QUANTEC. Unfortunately, many of the toxicities resulting from normal tissue damage are irreversible. Avoiding these toxicities in the first place is crucial.
MIBI-TOF: A multiplexed imaging platform relates cellular phenotypes and tissue structure

Understanding tissue structure and function requires tools that quantify the expression of multiple proteins while preserving spatial information. Here, we describe MIBI-TOF (multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight), an instrument that uses bright ion sources and orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry to image metal-tagged antibodies at subcellular resolution in clinical tissue sections. We demonstrate quantitative, full periodic table coverage across a five-log dynamic range, imaging 36 labeled antibodies simultaneously with histochemical stains and endogenous elements. We image fields of view up to 800 μm × 800 μm at resolutions down to 260 nm with sensitivities approaching single-molecule detection. We leverage these properties to interrogate intrapatient heterogeneity in tumor organization in triple-negative breast cancer, revealing regional variability in tumor cell phenotypes in contrast to a structured immune response. Given its versatility and sample back-compatibility, MIBI-TOF is positioned to leverage existing annotated, archival tissue cohorts to explore emerging questions in cancer, immunology, and neurobiology.
Direct Modulation Piezoelectric Micro-Machined Ultrasonic Transducer System (DMUT)

This paper demonstrates, for the first time, a new underwater communication scheme based on the Direct Modulation (DM) of an array of piezoelectric Micro-Machined Ultrasonic Transducers (MUT). The use of this new modulation scheme permits to achieve more efficient data transmission compared to what could be attained through conventional continuous waves-based (CW) driving approaches. In addition, as the received information can be extracted without the employment of mixers or amplifiers, it enables lower power consumption and low noise-figures. In this work, we report on the performance of the first dMUT-prototype. This system, which relies on a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) to periodically connect and disconnect an array of pMUTs to a DC-biased filter (Fig. 1), exhibits power consumption of 140mW and enables transmitted energy-per-bit of $0.7\mu J$ . Such a value is two orders-of-magnitude more efficient than what attained through conventional communication approaches for underwater networks [1]–[3].
Informing Amphibian Conservation Efforts with Abundance-based Metapopulation Models

Science-based management strategies are needed to halt or reverse the global decline of amphibians. In many cases, sound management requires reliable models built using monitoring data. Historically, monitoring and statistical modeling efforts have focused on estimating occupancy using detection–nondetection data. Spatial occupancy models are useful for studying colonization–extinction dynamics, but richer insights can be gained from estimating abundance and density-dependent demographic rates. We developed an integrated abundance-based metapopulation model of the processes contributing to spatiotemporal variation in patch population density. We fit our model to a combination of detection–nondetection and count data from a 14-yr study of a reintroduced metapopulation of federally threatened Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Lithobates chiricahuensis). Pond-specific population growth rate was influenced by pond hydroperiod and frog density, such that permanent and semipermanent ponds with low densities of adult frogs experienced the highest annual population growth rates. Immigration rate declined as the distance among ponds increased. After reintroduction in 2003, metapopulation-level abundance increased and appeared to stabilize around 1300 adult frogs (95% CI = 1192–1471) by year 2015. Further, changes in metapopulation abundance were driven mostly by changes in abundance at a few ponds. These high-density populations, which would not have been identifiable with traditional occupancy-based metapopulation models, are likely especially important for species recovery in the area. Abundance-based metapopulation models can be widely applied to inform conservation efforts, by providing higher quality information needed to prioritize habitat patches for management and can be used to make more accurate predictions of metapopulation extinction risk.
Age-Related Changes in Segregation of Sound Sources

This chapter provides an overview of the cues listeners use to segregate sound sources and make sense of the auditory scene. These include spectral, temporal, spatial, and contextual cues. A review is also given of some of the known effects of age on sensitivity to these cues, with consideration given to the possible contributions of peripheral limitations and cognitive factors. The chapter also addresses the relevance of age-related changes in sound source segregation for the intelligibility of speech in realistic listening situations.
Juvenile stress facilitates safety learning in male and female high alcohol preferring mice

Adversities during juvenility increase the risk for stress-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder. However, stress can also induce coping mechanisms beneficial for later stressful experiences. We reported previously that mice selectively bred for high alcohol preference (HAP) exposed to stress during adolescence (but not during adulthood) showed enhanced fear-conditioned responses in adulthood, as measured by fear-potentiated startle (FPS). However, HAP mice also showed enhanced responding to safety cues predicting the absence of foot shocks in adulthood. Here, we pursue these findings in HAP mice by investigating in further detail how juvenile stress impacts the acquisition of safety and fear learning. HAP mice were subjected to three days of juvenile stress (postnatal days 25, 27, 28) and discriminative safety/fear conditioning in adulthood. FPS was used to assess safety versus fear cue discrimination, fear learning, and fear inhibition by the safety cue. Both stressed and unstressed HAP mice were able to discriminate between both cues as well as learn the fear cue-shock association. Interestingly, it was only the previously stressed mice that were able to inhibit their fear response when the fear cue was co-presented with the safety cue, thus demonstrating safety learning. We also report an incidental finding of alopecia in the juvenile stress groups, a phenotype seen in stress-related disorders. These results in HAP mice may be relevant to understanding the influence of juvenile trauma for individual risk and resilience toward developing PTSD and how individuals might benefit from safety cues in behavioral psychotherapy.
ImaginE: An Imagination-Based Automatic Evaluation Metric for Natural Language Generation

Automatic evaluations for natural language generation (NLG) conventionally rely on token-level or embedding-level comparisons with the text references. This is different from human language processing, for which visual imaginations often improve comprehension. In this work, we propose ImaginE, an imagination-based automatic evaluation metric for natural language generation. With the help of CLIP and DALL-E, two cross-modal models pre-trained on large-scale image-text pairs, we automatically generate an image as the embodied imagination for the text snippet and compute the imagination similarity using contextual embeddings. Experiments spanning several text generation tasks demonstrate that adding imagination with our ImaginE displays great potential in introducing multi-modal information into NLG evaluation, and improves existing automatic metrics' correlations with human similarity judgments in many circumstances.
Minimal parallelism for associative computations under time constraints

The parallel evaluation ofAN=a1∘a2∘...∘aN, where ∘ is binary associative, is studied. Under an idealized model of parallel computation, the minimal number of parallel processors required to computeAN in at mostt steps is determined for ⌈log2N⌉≤t≤N−1. This indicates that it is not always desirable to reduce the running time to an absolute minimum, and provides a lower bound on the processing power required for time-constrained evaluation of general arithmetic expressions. Results for two-input processors, are generalized tob-input processors, and then to non-homogeneous collections of processors. The latter does not have a closed-form solution, so approximations are analyzed.
Pore geometric modeling for petrophysical interpretation of downhole formation evaluation data

[1] An accurate description of water- or oil-bearing reservoirs strongly depends on a robust determination of their petrophysical parameters, e.g., porosity, permeability and fluid distribution. Downhole logging measurements are the primary means to formation evaluation; however, they do not directly provide the petrophysical properties of interest. To interpret well logging data, a range of empirical models are usually employed. These empirical relationships, however, lack scientific basis and usually represent generalizations of the observed trends. Since macroscopic rock properties vary depending on their microstructure, we suggest using a pore-scale approach to establish links between various petrophysical properties of sedimentary rocks. We outline a method for computing formation permeability using the proposed rock models. The method utilizes NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) logging data for the information about porosity and grain size. We also present an approach for prediction of acoustic velocities of model rocks. The proposed methodology is applied to the field data, and the corresponding interpretation results are included in this paper.
Liquid crystal polymers containing macroheterocyclic ligands, 7. Synthesis and characterization of 4‐[(4‐methacryloyloxy)‐undecyloxy‐2‐methylphenylethynyl]phenyl (benzo‐15‐crown‐5)‐4′‐carboxylate

The synthesis and thermal characterization of 4-[(4-methacryloyloxy)undecyloxy-2-methyl-phenylethynyl]phenyl (benzo-15-crown-5)-4′-carboxylate (8) and of poly(8) are described. 8 exhibits monotropic nematic and smectic mesophases, while poly(8) shows enantiotropic nematic and smectic mesophases. In spite of its very long flexible spacer, poly(8) does not display sidechain crystallization.
Arrestin' Movement in Cilia

A signaling protein localizes to primary cilia through its interaction with a complex that contains a motor protein.
Compact Star Clusters in M81. I. Data from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 Imaging

In this paper, we present the discovery of 114 compact star clusters in the nearby spiral galaxy M81 from B-, V-, and I-band Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 imaging in eight fields, covering a total area of ~40 arcmin2. The fields sample a variety of environments (both spiral and interarm regions), as well as a range of projected galactocentric distances from 2 to 12 kpc. The sample is complete to V ~ 22, deeper by ~1 mag than any previous cluster survey in M81. We present details of the separation of clusters from both stellar sources and background galaxies, which has been based solely on structural parameters and morphology and not using any color cuts, as is necessary for ground-based surveys. We present magnitudes and colors of detected clusters. Surface brightness profiles are compared with single-mass King models, giving a range of core radii for the clusters in our sample between 0.2 and 7 pc.
Suicide Causation: Pies, Paths, and Pointless Polemics

Most people readily agree that suicide is caused by a complex web of many different factors. However, for many people the concept of a single event resulting from the combined effect of a constellation of different factors (multiple causation) is imperfectly understood. Unfortunately, a naive understanding of multiple causation can lead to needless arguments about what "really" causes suicide, and pointless debate about the "right" point for preventive intervention. In this paper, I review several simple conceptual models of multiple causation as they relate to suicide prevention. I suggest that a more explicit understanding of the nature of multiple causation has the potential to obviate some of these misguided arguments and to facilitate cooperative prevention efforts among person who choose to apply their energies at different points in the causal chain of suicide.
Alterations in CNS amine levels by acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia.

Rabbits were acclimatized to simulated high altitude (SHA) (hypobaric hypoxia) at 6000 M (350 torr) on alternate days for 70 days. The norepinephrine levels of the midbrain were lower in the acclimatized animal compared to the controls (p<0.06) and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was significantly higher (p<0.04) in the striatum of control than in the test animals. The mean dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum of the test animals were higher than the controls. The ratio of DOPAC/DA was 2.0 for the controls and 0.4 for the SHA brains which suggests reduced dopamine turnover in the striatum of the SHA rabbits. Rats acclimatized in the same manner did not show any difference in the NE or DA levels between the control and SHA animals, possibly the result of species differences.
Anophthalmic Socket Pain

We examined and treated four patients with anophthalmic socket pain. Conditions responsible for this problem in this series included scleritis after evisceration, amputation neuroma, pain from a skull-base meningioma, and chemical dependency with drug-seeking behavior. The pain associated with the scleritis after evisceration responded to removal of the scleral remnant. The pain associated with the amputation neuroma responded to removal of the orbital implant and its pseudocapsule in which the amputation neuroma was embedded. The pain associated with the meningioma was intractable. The pain associated with the chemical dependency remained a persistent problem. A careful history and physical examination are critical in the evaluation of anophthalmic socket pain. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in some cases.
High Speed, Broadband PMD Measurements via Efficient Spectral Polarimetry

We experimentally demonstrate near-real-time broadband polarization mode dispersion (PMD) measurements utilizing high speed spectral polarimetry. PMD was calculated and compared using three established methods.
The sociolinguistic functions of codeswitching between Standard Arabic and Dialectal Arabic

This study examines the social functions of codeswitching (CS) between Standard Arabic (SA) and Dialectal Arabic (DA). The data came from thirty-five audio and video recordings in the domains of religious lectures, political debates, and soccer commentaries. The findings suggest that speakers create a functional division between the two varieties by designating issues of importance, complexity, and seriousness to SA, the High code, and aligning less important, less serious, and accessible topics with DA, the Low code. The CS patterns therefore reproduce the unequal social values and distribution of SA and DA in the Arabic sociolinguistic landscape and simultaneously call for a reconceptualization of the notion of diglossia as presented in Ferguson's (1959) work. Other functions of CS as a marker of speakers' attitudes and as an index of pan-Arab or Muslim identities are discussed. (Arabic, bidialectal codeswitching, High/Low dichotomy, functional diglossia, identity, language attitudes)*
Geoid anomalies and the thickness of the lithospere

Over broad regions of the earth, such as stable continental interiors and deep ocean basins, isostatic equilibrium is a good approximation. The isostatic requirement relates the density distributions in the continental and oceanic lithospheres. These density distributions are the result of differences in both composition and temperature. In regions of isostatic equilibrium the dipole moment of the near-surface density distribution is proportional to the local geoid anomaly. By using accepted crustal density distributions and either error function or linear temperature distributions the difference in geoid height between stable continental areas and deep ocean basins has been determined as a function of the continental lithospheric thickness. If the continental lithosphere were greater than 200 km thick, the geoid anomaly over the continents would be systematically negative in relation to that over the ocean basins. By using the GEM 9 satellite geoid the mean geoid anomalies over ocean basins and stable continental areas have been obtained. No systematic difference between continental and oceanic geoids is observed. We conclude from our geoid studies that the thickness of the continental lithosphere is near 180 km. This is in good agreement with various interpretations of the surface heat flow observations.
Selective elimination of mRNAs in vivo: complementary oligodeoxynucleotides promote RNA degradation by an RNase H-like activity.

Abstract Oligodeoxynucleotides lead to translation arrest of complementary mRNAs in the wheat germ translation system by a degradation of the mRNA. In an attempt to develop an effective reverse genetic approach in vivo, we demonstrate that injection of short (15- to 30-nucleotide) oligonucleotides into Xenopus oocytes leads to complete degradation of both injected and endogenous mRNAs by means of an RNase H-like activity.
Calcium, phosphate, and fluoride deposition on enamel surfaces.

Concurrent calcium, phosphate and fluoride depositions, and the rate of hydrogen ion production, during formation on acid etched enamel surfaces were kinetically measured in a closed system. The deposition rate of calcium and phosphate from solution was dependent on the fluoride concentrations and pH. The proportions of calcium to phosphate and calcium to fluoride indicated fluorapatite or fluorhydroxyapatite formation on the enamel. The hydroxyl ion additions to maintain constant pH, concurrent with mineral deposition, exceeded the total phosphate ions deposited from solution. This indicates the possibility that acid phosphate hydrolysis occurs during mineral deposition.
Exact Welfare Measures of the Price Effects of the U.S. Dairy Program: Discussion

I am delighted to have this opportunity to review LaFrance's article and to gain additional insights on the recent literature in applied welfare economics. During the last two decades, among the most cited articles are the papers by Willig and Hausman. They and other economists have worked on methods to compute correctly the consumer surplus (CS), the compensating variation (CV), and equivalent variation (EV). Precisely, these investigations focused on how to use the observed Marshallian demand
Theology and Epidemiology as Complementary Perspectives on Aging

The religiousness of individuals and communities can be effective resources for healthcare practitioners serving older Americans. Such effectiveness can be more fully realized if theology and epide...
Social isolation in older adults: an evolutionary concept analysis

Title. Social isolation in older adults: an evolutionary concept analysis. Aim. This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept of social isolation as experienced by older adults. Background. Social isolation is a serious problem with older adults that is expected to increase in the future. Although strong correlations exist between social isolation and negative health consequences, few interventions exist. One contributing factor to this is a lack of conceptual clarity. Data sources. The CINAHL, PsycINFO and Medline databases and the Web of Science were searched using the key terms social isolation, social networks, older adults, elderly and social integration for publications between 1983 and 2007. Review methods. An evolutionary concept analysis was undertaken. References were read in their entirety and analysed based on the summary of surrogate terms, related concepts, attributes, antecedents and consequences. Findings. Five attributes were identified: number of contacts, feeling of belonging, fulfilling relationships, engagement with others and quality of network members. Antecedents included: lack of relationships, psychological barriers, physical barriers, low financial and resource exchange, and prohibitive environment. Roy’s Adaptation Model is proposed as a theoretical context into which social isolation fits. Conclusion. Numerous definitions are used to describe social isolation, but they lack uniformity, consistency and clarity; this impairs the further development and refinement of the concept. This concept analysis can offer additional understanding and a starting point for future research related to social isolation.
HP-Adaptive Time-Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods for Time-Dependent Waves

hp-Adaptive time-discontinuous Galerkin methods are developed for second-order hyperbolic systems. Explicit a priori error estimates in terms of time-step size, approximation order, and solution regularity are derived. Knowledge of these a priori convergence rates in combination with a posteriori error estimates computed from the jump in time-discontinuous solutions are used to automatically select time-step size h and approximation order p to achieve a specified error tolerance with a minimal number of total degrees-of-freedom. We show that the temporal jump error is a good indicator of the local error, and the summation of jump error for the total interval is good indicator for the global and accumulation errors. In addition, the accumulation error at the end of a time-step can be estimated well by the summation of the local jump error at the beginning of a time-step provided the approximation order is greater or equal to the solution regularity. Superconvergence of the end points of a time-step for high-order polynomials are also demonstrated.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Role of Grain-Boundary Precipitates and Solute- Depleted Zone on the Intergranular Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 7150

Abstract Aluminum alloy (AA)7150 (UNS A97150) is known to be more susceptible to intergranular corrosion (IGC) in the T6 temper than in the T7 temper. The T6 temper exhibits two breakdown potentials during a potentiodynamic polarization scan, whereas the T7 temper exhibits only one breakdown potential. The corrosion morphology of the T6 and T7 tempers varies with time and potential. Using analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the copper concentration in the grain-boundary precipitates of the T7 temper is seen to be much higher than for the T6 temper. However, the composition of the solute-depleted zone (SDZ) is similar in both the T6 and T7 tempers. Electrochemical tests on thin film compositional analogs of the T6 and T7 grain-boundary precipitates indicate that the breakdown potential for both is below the breakdown potential of the alloy. An explanation for the effect of temper was developed based on indirect influence of the grain-boundary precipitates on the SDZ behavior. The notion is t...
A comparative outcome study of four cognitive therapies in the treatment of social anxiety

This clinical outcome study compared four separate cognitive behavioral and one behavioral treatment for reducing social anxiety with a waiting list control. Subjects were adults who responded to advertisements for treatment. In the cognitive-behavioral conditions, subjects were trained to modify their disruptive cognitions and/or emit adaptive cognitions relevant to interpersonal behavior with the specific content and techniques determined by the particular cognitive therapy. In the behavioral condition, subjects modeled and rehearsed appropriate social interpersonal behaviors. Subjects were assessed pre and post-treatment on self-report measures of social anxiety, measures of general anxiety, clinical scales of anxiety, depression and hostility, and behavioral, and physiological concomitants of social anxiety. Subjects in all active treatment conditions showed improvement on the measures of social anxiety and the behavioral measure. However, only those in the cognitive treatment conditions, demonstrated treatment effects on general anxiety and the clinical scales. The results indicate the efficacy of both cognitive and behavioral approaches to the reduction of social anxiety. However, they fail to demonstrate clear distinctions between the various cognitive therapies.
Model calculations of atom-surface scattering

Abstract The elastic scattering of light mass, thermal-energy atoms from simple surfaces is investigated. The surface is represented by the model of a single planar square array of hard spheres. The effect of the surface potential well is treated semiclassically by simply shifting the energy of the incident atom ; furthermore a constant imaginary term is added to the energy to account for inelastic scattering and adsorption. As in the multiple scattering formalism of LEED the total scattering matrix of the lattice is expanded in terms of the individual gas atom-surface atom t -matrices. Propagation of the incident atom on the surface is described in terms of a one particle Green's function propagator with complex energy. The terms in the multiple scattering series are summed to all orders, by using standard matrix inversion techniques. The size of the matrix to be inverted limits to ten the total number of phase shifts that are included in the calculation. Thermal effects are included through angle dependent Debye-Waller factors. Model calculations have been performed to study the intensity of the specular and the diffracted beams as a function of the angles of incidence. The importance of surface temperature (introduced by the Debye-Waller factors), the incident energy and the depth of the potential well of the gas-surface interaction are discussed. The main feature of the results is the decrease of the intensity of the specular beam in going from glancing incidence to normal incidence and the presence of structure due to the appearance and disappearance of diffracted beams across the surface. The azimuthal behavior of the specular beam is in agreement with experimental observations.
"But Before I Go to My Next Step": A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent English Language Learners' Transitional Devices in Oral Presentations.

This multiple case study examines patterns in the oral second language use of three Spanish-speaking English language learners in rehearsed presentations produced annually over 4 years (Grades 9–12) in a U.S. high school. Analysis focuses on students' changing use of transitional devices called frame markers (Hyland, 2005) as a lens for understanding language used by school-aged immigrant students in academic settings, the nature of classroom presentations, and the role of a range of contextual factors from a longitudinal perspective. Students produced relatively complex structures to mark transitions, even at early proficiency levels, likely due to opportunities for rehearsal and use of supporting written texts. Despite notable commonalities, students took varied paths in language use, responding individually to presentational environments. Such findings provide evidence that both context and individual variation contribute to oral second language use in school settings and provide a rationale for research that attends to academic and presentational settings in which students produce oral language.
Paracolic recurrence: the importance of wide excision of the spermatic cord at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

Purpose: Four patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection elsewhere and subsequently had radiographic evidence of expanding ipsilateral paracolic recurrence were referred to our institution for treatment. We evaluated ipsilateral spermatic cord metastatic involvement at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and identified the possible etiology of these unusual recurrences.Materials and Methods: Between January 1988 and February 1998, 34 of 685 patients who underwent a total of 702 retroperitoneal lymph node dissections had metastatic disease in the spermatic cord specimen. Variables examined in this group of patients included other disease sites, lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor, histopathological findings of the primary tumor and retroperitoneal disease, clinical and pathological stage, disease side and the specific site of anatomical involvement of metastatic disease within the spermatic cord specimen, that is spermatic vessels and/or surrounding lymphatic tissue.Results: Of...
History's Advances: Recasting a Historical Reference Classic

(1994). History's Advances: Recasting a Historical Reference Classic. The Historian: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 113-120.
Laboratory Control of Analytical Method Inaccuracy with Respect to a Given Inaccuracy Standard

A typical laboratory control chart provides a means for detecting any intolerable change in the precision or bias of an analytical method away from its historical performance level. But in many laboratories, it would be more desirable to control accuracy, rather than either precision or bias. Thus, a procedure is given here for preparing an accuracy (or more correctly, inaccuracy) control chart for an analytical method. The procedure assumes that the user knows the minimum accuracy that the method is required to exhibit. In this case, knowledge of the prior performance characteristics of the analytical method is not required for establishing the control Limits, as is commonly true for other control-charting schemes. This control-charting procedure involves the daily analysis of spiked control samples. The estimation of total method inaccuracy from the control sample data, the computation of control limits, and the plotting of the control parameter (i.e., inaccuracy) on the control chart. Although the cont...