cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplay between superconductivity and non-Fermi liquid behavior at a quantum critical point in a metal. III. The γ model and its phase diagram across γ=1

This paper is a continuation and a partial summary of our analysis of the pairing at a quantum-critical point (QCP) in a metal for a set of quantum-critical systems, whose low-energy physics is described by an effective model with dynamical electron-electron interaction $V({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m})=(\overline{g}/|{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m}{|)}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ (the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ model). Examples include pairing at the onset of various spin and charge-density-wave and nematic orders and pairing in SYK-type models. In previous papers, we analyzed the physics for $\ensuremath{\gamma}l2$. We have shown that the onset temperature for the pairing ${T}_{p}$ is finite, of order $\overline{g}$, yet the gap equation at $T=0$ has an infinite set of solutions within the same spatial symmetry. As the consequence, the condensation energy ${E}_{c}$ has an infinite number of minima. The spectrum of ${E}_{c}$ is discrete, but becomes more dense as $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ increases. Here we consider the case $\ensuremath{\gamma}=2$. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}=2$ model attracted special interest in the past as it describes the pairing by an Einstein phonon in the limit when the dressed phonon mass ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}$ vanishes. We show that for $\ensuremath{\gamma}=2$, the spectrum of ${E}_{c}$ becomes continuous. We argue that the associated gapless ``longitudinal'' fluctuations destroy superconducting phase coherence at a finite $T$, such that at $0lTl{T}_{p}$, the system displays pseudogap behavior of preformed pairs. We show that for each gap function from the continuum spectrum, there is an infinite array of dynamical vortices in the upper half-plane of frequency. For the electron-phonon case, our results show that ${T}_{p}=0.1827\overline{g}$, obtained in earlier studies, marks the onset of the pseudogap behavior, while the actual superconducting ${T}_{c}$ vanishes at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$.
Identifying adolescents with hoarding disorder

Hoarding disorder is a relatively new diagnosis in the DSM-5, only just included in the most recent edition. The disorder has piqued the interest of many in the community, in part because of the hit TV show called "Hoarders." Although there is interest, there continues to be relatively few research studies into the causes, treatment, and management of this disorder specifically in adolescences. Yet, in the research that has been published, it often sites the disorder first appearing in adolescents. This paper will discuss the following elements of adolescent hoarding disorder: The potential etiology and risk factors noted in the literature, the DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of hoarding disorder, and the characteristic signs and symptoms found in the adolescent presentation, as well as treatment. Finally, it will also include recommendations for healthcare professionals for early screening and treatment.
Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activities of novel soladulcidine derivatives

Soladulcidine is a steroidal alkaloid abundant in Solanum dulcamara L.with antitumor and other biological activities.In this study,ten soladulcidine derivatives were synthesized through esterification at C-3-hydroxy group,modification at NH group of F ring or esterification of E ring-opening products.The in vitro antiproliferative activity of these synthesized derivatives against prostate cancer(PC-3) cell line was assessed.Within this series of compounds,compound 19 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect against the proliferation of PC-3 cell line(IC50=4.8±0.9μmol/L).
Impact of Sleep Apnea, Daytime Sleepiness, Comorbidities, and Depression on Patients' Heart Failure Health Status.

There is a gap in current research on common factors that impact patients with advanced heart failure (HF). The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to explore associations of those factors ...
The Hunting of Man: Lies, Damn Lies, and Police Interrogations

The job of the police is to stop crime by stopping criminals. It is a real life, deadly cat-and-mouse game where the hunter and the hunted spar for advantage and success. To accomplish its goals, law enforcement can draw from a vast array of technologies, stratagems, and devices. One of the primary weapons in the law enforcement arsenal is deceit. Criminals, like most prey, are lured into clever traps set by police. The police create circumstances and situations that are designed to prompt the criminal suspect into revealing incriminating information. This is obvious in the use of confidential informants, undercover police officers, and other common police tactics. Suspects are “tricked” by police into revealing themselves. A controversial aspect of this kind of police “trickery” occurs in the interrogation context. What may police tell suspects to “trick” or prompt them into confessing? Can a police officer misrepresent the strength of the case against the suspect? Can an officer lie about the nature of incriminating evidence? Can an interrogating officer disguise his or her identity during the interrogation and pose as a family friend, priest, or someone friendly to the accused? This article will examine current police practices in the context of recent Supreme Court cases and social science findings. I will argue that certain deceptive techniques are appropriate in the interrogation context. If appropriately utilized, “trickery” of a certain type does not unreasonably increase the risk of false confessions and is an appropriate tactic in the hunting of criminals.
Effect of radiotherapy on survival in patients with resected non-pancreatic periampullary malignancies: Analysis using the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registry data

5060 Purpose: Patients with resected non-pancreatic periampullary malignancies often undergo adjuvant radiotherapy, but evidence from prospective studies is lacking. We evaluated the effect of radiotherapy on survival in patients with non-metastatic non-pancreatic periampullary cancers who underwent cancer directed surgery using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. Methods: A total of 1564 patients with resected carcinoma of the ampulla (C24.0), extrahepatic bile duct (C24.1), and duodenum (C17.0) were identified from the SEER registry between1988 and 2003. Periampullary lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoid, and endocrinoma were excluded. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed with Cox regression. Results: Radiotherapy was administered in 412 (26%) of these patients; 94% in the adjuvant setting. The proportions of patients who received radiotherapy were as follows: 181/789 (22.9%) for ampullary primary, 157/422 (37.2%) for extrahepatic bile duct cancer, and 73/353 (21.0%) for cancer of the duodenum. Patients who received radiotherapy were more likely to have higher stage disease, nodal involvement, poorly differentiated grade, but had a younger age at diagnosis. For all patients, survival analysis demonstrated that radiotherapy did not improve OS when compared to no radiotherapy (2-year and 5-year OS: 51% vs. 59% and 28% vs. 38%, respectively, p=0.062) and adversely affected CSS (2-year and 5-year CSS: 63% vs. 73% and 42% vs. 56%, respectively, p= 0.0003). Multivariate analysis showed that radiotherapy did not affect OS (HR=0.96, 95% CI = 0.82-1.13) or CSS (HR=1.02, 95% CI = 0.84-1.25). Higher T stage, nodal involvement, and age greater than 60 were associated with poorer OS and CSS. In addition to these factors, poorly differentiated grade was also significantly associated with decreased CSS. Multivariate analysis by primary sites showed that radiotherapy improved OS but not CSS in patients with ampullary cancer; radiotherapy had no significant effect on OS or CSS in patients with cancers of the extrahepatic bile duct or duodenum. Conclusion: Radiotherapy is not associated with improved OS or CSS in patients with resected non-pancreatic periampullary malignancies in this population-based registry. Patients with adverse clinicopathological characteristics and younger age at diagnosis were more likely to receive adjuvant radiotherapy.
Spatial distribution of resting stages of crustaceans and other aquatic invertebrates in playa wetlands.

Crustaceans in temporary wetlands have resting stages that allow them to persist in the soil during dry phases. We examined the spatial distribution of viable resting stages of invertebrates in the soil of playa wetlands. We took soil cores near the center and near the edge of the playas and in the surrounding upland of the dry playas. We then rehydrated the soil cores for two weeks. We found higher abundance and taxa richness, and a different taxonomic composition in the playa center than in the upland. Invertebrate abundance and taxa richness were intermediate at the wetland edge and taxonomic composition overlapped with that from the center and edge. Crustaceans (tadpole shrimps and calanoid copepods) were more abundant in the wetland center than from the edge or upland. Environmental factors and invertebrate behavior may play a role in organizing the spatial distribution of aestivating stages of aquatic invertebrates.
The Full Systems Method in Dynamics Problems of 3d Bodies

A new method is proposed to solve the problems of stationary dynamics for inhomogeneous anisotropic 3D bodies of finite sizes with arbitrary conditions on bounding surfaces. It is the reduction of the initial three-dimensional boundary problem to the system of three correlated one-dimensional boundary-value problems. Thus the increase of the number of independent variables results in the linear (but not exponential!) increase of the required computer resources. This determines the method efficiency when solving multidimensional problems. Several examples of solution for particular problems of mechanics of deformed bodies are presented.
Extensions and Modifications of the τ-Value for Cooperative Games

Tijs (1981) defined the τ-value only for a subclass of cooperative games in characteristic function form. In this paper an extension of the τ-value to the space of all games is given. Another solution concept, the core-value, is also introduced, which appears to coincide with the τ-value for games with a non-empty core. Properties of the τ-value and the core-value are given. Modifications of the τ-value with respect to the upper vector and the coalition structure are also treated.
The PN Theory as an Asymptotic Limit of Transport Theory in Planar Geometry —I: Analysis

In this paper the P{sub N} theory is shown to be an asymptotic limit of transport theory for an optically thick planar-geometry system with small absorption and highly anisotropic scattering. The asymptotic analysis shows that the solution in the interior of the system is described by the standard P{sub N} equations for which initial, boundary, and interface conditions are determined by asymptotic initial, boundary layer, and interface layer calculations. The asymptotic initial, (reflecting) boundary, and interface conditions for the P{sub N} equations agree with conventional formulations. However, at a boundary having a prescribed incident flux, the asymptotic boundary layer analysis yields P{sub N} boundary conditions that differ from previous formulations. Numerical transport and P{sub N} results are presented to substantiate this asymptotic theory.
Automated Extraction of Linear Features from Aerial Imagery Using Kohonen Learning and GIS Data

An approach to semi-automated linear feature extraction from aerial imagery is introduced in which Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm is integrated with existing GIS data. The SOM belongs to a distinct class of neural networks which is characterized by competitive and unsupervised learning. Using radiometrically classified image pixels as input, appropriate SOM network topologies are modeled to extract underlying spatial structures contained in the input patterns. Coarse-resolution GIS vector data is used for network weight and topology initialization when extracting specific feature components. The Kohonen learning rule updates the synaptic weight vectors of winning neural units that represent 2-D vector shape vertices. Experiments with high-resolution hyperspectral imagery demonstrate a robust ability to extract centerline information when presented with coarse input.
A numerical solution of two-dimensional hyperbolic heat conduction with non-linear boundary conditions

An explicit TVD scheme is used for two-dimensional non-Fourier heat conduction problems in the general coordinate system with both convection and radiation boundary conditions. The hyperbolic heat flux model is used to simulate the non-Fourier heat conduction. Because of the wave nature of hyperbolic equations, characteristics are used to find the unknown value (either heat flux or temperature) on the boundaries. For convective boundary the unknown temperature is calculated explicitly; for radiation boundary Newton's iteration method is applied to find the boundary temperature. Results of numerical examples agree with the physical expectations indicating that the present approach can be used for modeling non-Fourier heat conduction with complex boundary conditions.
Yield analysis of compiler-based arrays of embedded SRAMs

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the yield of embedded static random access memories (eSRAM) which are generated using a compiler. Defect and fault analysis inclusive of industrial data are presented for these chips by taking into account the design constructs (referred to as kernels) and the physical properties of the layout. The new tool CAYA (Compiler-based Array Yield Analysis) is based on a characterization of the design process which accounts for fault types and the relation between functional and structural faults; a novel empirical model is proposed to facilitate the yield calculation. Industrial data is provided for the analysis of various configurations with different structures and redundancy. The effectiveness and accuracy as provided by CAYA are assessed with respect to industrial designs.
Endocrine control of clutch size in reptiles: VII. Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy following unilateral ovariectomy in Sceloporus occidentalis

Abstract Unilateral ovariectomy (removal of the left ovary) was performed on adult female Sceloporus occidentalis with quiescent ovaries. These animals, along with those that were sham-operated, were then placed in an environmental regimen (14L, 34°; 10D, 25°) that stimulated ovarian growth. Unilateral ovariectomy produced compensatory ovarian hypertrophy, which involved a doubling of the number of vitellogenic follicles and a slight increase in the number of previtellogenic follicles in the remaining ovary.
Ribonucleic Acid Nucleotides in Maternal and Fetal Tissues Derive almost Exclusively From Synthesis de novo in Pregnant Mice

The contributions of dietary nucleotides and nucleotides synthesized de novo to ribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo were estimated by feeding, from d 13 to 18 of gestation, two groups of five pregnant mice a defined diet that contained either uniformly [U13C]-labeled nucleotides or [U13C]-algal amino acids isolated from algal biomass. Ribonucleic acid and protein were isolated from mucosa, liver and fetus. Nucleosides and amino acids were isolated and converted to their trimethylsilyl and n-propyl ester, heptaflurobutyramide derivatives, respectively. The isotopic enrichments of all isotopomers were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the mice that ingested [U13C]-nucleotides, the isotopic enrichment of [Ul3C]-purines (0.03-0.2 mol/100 mol) was significantly (P < 0.001) less than that of [U13C]-uridine (1.5-4.2 mol/100 mol). [13C5]-Purines (0.1-0.8 mol/100 mol) and [13C4]-uridine (0.2-0.5 mol/100 mol) were detected, showing that some dietary bases and ribose were incorporated via the salvage pathway. In mice that Ingested U13C-amino acids, the isotopic enrichment (2-4.6 mol/100 mol) of the [13C2]-purines, which derive from [Ul3C]-glycine, was between 73 (liver) and 113% (fetus) of protein-bound 13C2-glycine. The isotopic enrichment (0.8-1.6 mol/100 mol) of [13C3]-uridine, an isotopomer that derives from [U13C]-aspartate, was 50 (liver) to 126% (mucosa) of [13C4]-protein-bound aspartate. The results suggest that a large majority of the bases incorporated into maternal and fetal ribonucleic acids derive from synthesis de novo.
The decline of play and the rise of psychopathology in children and adolescents.

Over the past half century, in the United States and other developed nations, children’s free play with other children has declined sharply. Over the same period, anxiety, depression, suicide, feelings of helplessness, and narcissism have increased sharply in children, adolescents, and young adults. This article documents these historical changes and contends that the decline in play has contributed to the rise in the psychopathology of young people. Play functions as the major means by which children (1) develop intrinsic interests and competencies; (2) learn how to make decisions, solve problems, exert self-control, and follow rules; (3) learn to regulate their emotions; (4) make friends and learn to get along with others as equals; and (5) experience joy. Through all of these effects, play promotes mental health.
Differences in the Acute Response of the Various Segments of Rat Intestine to Treatment with the Intestinal Carcinogen, Methylazoxymethanol Acetate

Previous work has shown that single injections of methylazoxymethanol acetate in rats induce tumors predominantly in the colon, occasionally in the duodenum, and rarely in the jejunum and ileum. These studies describe the acute pathological and biochemical, alterations induced by this carcinogen in the different segments of rat small intestine and colon. Karyorrhexis was found in crypts of duodenum, cecum, and all segments of colon at 6 hr after treatment. Much of the cellular debris was removed by 24 hr, although mitoses did not return to normal levels until the third day after treatment. No pathological alterations were found in jejunum or ileum, even as late as 24 hr after treatment. Studies of DNA synthesis at 24 hr after treatment indicated that jejunum and ileum were much less affected than were duodenum, cecum, or colon. In contrast, 5-fluorouracil and nitrogen mustard, agents that can inhibit proliferating cells but are not known to be intestinal carcinogens, affected all of the segments equally. The results indicate that a correlation exists between those segments of intestine acutely affected by methylazoxymethanol acetate and the sites of eventual tumor development. The level of deacetylase activity in the various intestinal segments did not correlate with sensitivity to methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis. We also found that methylazoxy-methanol acetate inhibited DNA synthesis in the duodenum and colon in rats with cannulated bile ducts. These data indicate that the carcinogen does not require biliary transport to the intestinal lumen to exert its biological effects. Mechanisms that might account for the observed selectivity in action of methylazoxymethanol acetate in the various rat intestinal segments are discussed.
Covalent coupling of microorganisms to a cellulosic support

Methods for the covalent coupling of microorganisms to a solid support were investigated. Both bacteria and yeast were attached to cellulose particles using cyanuric chloride as the coupling agent, although different experimental procedures were needed for the two types of microbes. This general technique for whole-cell immobilization offers an advantage over entrapment methods in that the cells are attached to the outer surface of the solid, thus eliminating the resistance of a gel to the transfer of nutrients and products. There are also indications that such immobilized cells show high productivities.
Impact of load management on reliability assessment of grid independent PEM Fuel Cell Power Plants

Abstract In this paper, operating benefits from demand-side load management are evaluated for a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Power Plant (FCPP). For reliability modeling and evaluation of the PEM FCPP, a state-space generation model for a stand-alone PEM fuel cell that calculates the system availability and the expected energy not supplied (EENS) index has been developed. A systematic technique and detailed computer simulation software for a stand-alone PEM fuel cell station reliability assessment have been built. The suggested technique can be used for practical engineering applications to provide information for stand-alone FC generating station planning, design, and operation. The simulation results are obtained using the MATLAB software for a 5 kW stand-alone PEM fuel cell that supplies a typical residential house.
Serum Pentobarbital Assay by Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract A simple and rapid assay for pentobarbital in serum based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) is described. Serum is deproteinized with acetonitrile then electrophoresed at 11 KV in 300 mmol/L borate buffer pH 8.5. This method demonstrates the potential of CE for a rapid and simple quantitation of many drugs and small molecules in serum.
Improving airflow measurement accuracy in VAV terminal units using flow conditioners

Abstract A variable air volume (VAV) terminal unit adjusts its supply airflow rate to meet the heating or cooling load and/or the ventilation requirement of the served space. Consequently, the accuracy of the VAV airflow sensor is highly important to the VAV system operation, and an inaccuracy of the VAV airflow sensor could lead to an energy waste or insufficient ventilation. ASHRAE Research Project (RP) 1353 identified non-ideal inlet conditions, such as an elbow or kinked duct before the VAV terminal unit, as causes of observed inaccuracies of up to 45% in VAV airflow measurements. VAV airflow measurement errors are normally mitigated by on-site balancing; however, it is difficult to achieve accurate reference airflow measurements in the field because of limited straight ductwork before VAV terminal units, as well as ductwork leakage. This study explored the potential solution of using a VAV flow conditioner to regulate the velocity profile upstream of the VAV airflow sensor and increase the VAV airflow measurement accuracy. A variety of flow conditioners were evaluated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and a CFD-optimized prototype of a 60%-porosity K-Lab/Laws plate was fabricated and tested. For all tested inlet conditions, airflow rates, and VAV boxes, the prototype reduced the VAV airflow reading error to ±5% when it was installed immediately before the VAV box inlet, regardless of upstream duct conditions. The prototype flow conditioner had a pressure drop equivalent to that of a 2-row VAV reheat coil.
Microelectromechanical systems based on ferroelectric thin films

Ferroelectric thin films have been integrated in silicon-based microelectromechanical systems, commonly called MEMS. Several thin films of the PZT family have been used in the formation of both microsensors and microactuators in processes compatible with 2-μm analog CMOS technology. Ferroelectric MEMS offer significant advantages of high signal-to-noise, low power dissipation, and high force generation in comparison to other MEMS technologies such as those based on piezoresistive sensing and electrostatic actuation. While several concept feasibility demonstrations have been made to date in several areas, this paper will focus on the use of integrated, pyroelectric lead titanate thin films for infrared detection and integrated, piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate thin films for actuator applications.
Design of FRP-Strengthened Infill-Masonry Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading

AbstractFiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthening systems for infill-masonry walls are typically designed to resist flexural stresses caused by out-of-plane pressure. Previous research has shown that there are potential premature failure mechanisms caused by shear sliding of the infill, which could reduce the effectiveness of the strengthening system. Current design guidelines for strengthening of masonry walls with FRP do not include guidelines for infill-masonry. This paper presents a rational approach for the design and analysis of FRP-strengthened infill-masonry walls subjected to out-of-plane loading, including the effect of using FRP end anchorage. The approach is based on consideration of four potential mechanisms: arching, shear sliding, debonding of the FRP in the overlap region, and failure of the FRP end-anchorage system. The predictions based on the proposed rational approach agree well with the measured values from two experimental programs.
Child Mortality Estimation: Estimating Sex Differences in Childhood Mortality since the 1970s

Introduction Producing estimates of infant (under age 1 y), child (age 1–4 y), and under-five (under age 5 y) mortality rates disaggregated by sex is complicated by problems with data quality and availability. Interpretation of sex differences requires nuanced analysis: girls have a biological advantage against many causes of death that may be eroded if they are disadvantaged in access to resources. Earlier studies found that girls in some regions were not experiencing the survival advantage expected at given levels of mortality. In this paper I generate new estimates of sex differences for the 1970s to the 2000s. Methods and Findings Simple fitting methods were applied to male-to-female ratios of infant and under-five mortality rates from vital registration, surveys, and censuses. The sex ratio estimates were used to disaggregate published series of both-sexes mortality rates that were based on a larger number of sources. In many developing countries, I found that sex ratios of mortality have changed in the same direction as historically occurred in developed countries, but typically had a lower degree of female advantage for a given level of mortality. Regional average sex ratios weighted by numbers of births were found to be highly influenced by China and India, the only countries where both infant mortality and overall under-five mortality were estimated to be higher for girls than for boys in the 2000s. For the less developed regions (comprising Africa, Asia excluding Japan, Latin America/Caribbean, and Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand), on average, boys' under-five mortality in the 2000s was about 2% higher than girls'. A number of countries were found to still experience higher mortality for girls than boys in the 1–4-y age group, with concentrations in southern Asia, northern Africa/western Asia, and western Africa. In the more developed regions (comprising Europe, northern America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand), I found that the sex ratio of infant mortality peaked in the 1970s or 1980s and declined thereafter. Conclusions The methods developed here pinpoint regions and countries where sex differences in mortality merit closer examination to ensure that both sexes are sharing equally in access to health resources. Further study of the distribution of causes of death in different settings will aid the interpretation of differences in survival for boys and girls. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Seizure protection and increased nerve-terminal GABA: delayed effects of GABA transaminase inhibition

Changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) occurring in the presence and in the absence of GABA-containing nerve terminals were estimated in rats in which the dense GABA projection to the substantia nigra was surgically destroyed on one side of the brain. The net increase in GABA of the denervated nigra was compared with that of the intact nigra at various times after a single injection of gama-vinyl-GABA, which irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase. Total GABA reached a maximum within 12 hours, but the GABA pool associated with nerve terminals did not increase until 36 hours and peaked at 60 hours. The onset and peak of anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock seizures directly paralleled the time course for the increase in GABA in nerve terminals, but was not positively correlated with that independent of the terminals. This result supports the concept that elevating GABA in nerve terminals facilitates GABA-mediated synaptic transmission and predicts anticonvulsant activity.
Detection of cerebral compromise with multimodality monitoring in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Studies in traumatic brain injury suggest that monitoring techniques such as brain tissue oxygen (P(BTO₂)) and cerebral microdialysis may complement conventional intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) measurements. OBJECTIVE In this study of poor-grade (Hunt and Hess grade IV and V) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients, we examined the prevalence of brain hypoxia and brain energy dysfunction in the presence of normal and abnormal ICP and CPP. METHODS SAH patients who underwent multimodal neuromonitoring and cerebral microdialysis were studied. We examined the frequency of brain hypoxia and energy dysfunction in different ICP and CPP ranges and the relationship between P(BTO₂) and the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR). RESULTS A total of 2394 samples from 19 patients were analyzed. There were 149 samples with severe brain hypoxia (P(BTO₂) ≤10 mm Hg) and 347 samples with brain energy dysfunction (LPR >40). The sensitivities of abnormal ICP or CPP for elevated LPR and reduced P(BTO₂) were poor (21.2% at best), and the LPR or P(BTO₂) was abnormal in many instances when ICP or CPP was normal. Severe brain hypoxia was often associated with an LPR greater than 40 (86% of samples). In contrast, mild brain hypoxia (≤20 mm Hg) and severe brain hypoxia were observed in only 53% and 36% of samples with brain energy dysfunction, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that ICP and CPP monitoring may not always detect episodes of cerebral compromise in SAH patients. Our data suggest that several complementary monitors may be needed to optimize the care of poor-grade SAH patients.
Intracellular zinc in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Abstract In this study, we measured the intracellular zinc (Zn) concentration of normal blood lymphocytes and of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes using anodic stripping voltometry analysis of Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated cells. A significant difference was found between the mean Zn concentration of normal lymphocytes ( 10.1 ± 0.8 ng 10 6 cells ) and those from patients with CLL (4.3 ± 0.4 ng) (P
Stem loop sequences specific to transposable element IS605 are found linked to lipoprotein genes in Borrelia plasmids.

Background Plasmids of Borrelia species are dynamic structures that contain a large number of repetitive genes, gene fragments, and gene fusions. In addition, the transposable element IS605/200 family, as well as degenerate forms of this IS element, are prevalent. In Helicobacter pylori, flanking regions of the IS605 transposase gene contain sequences that fold into identical small stem loops. These function in transposition at the single-stranded DNA level. Methodology/Principal Findings In work reported here, bioinformatics techniques were used to scan Borrelia plasmid genomes for IS605 transposable element specific stem loop sequences. Two variant stem loop motifs are found in the left and right flanking regions of the transposase gene. Both motifs appear to have dispersed in plasmid genomes and are found “free-standing” and phylogenetically conserved without the associated IS605 transposase gene or the adjacent flanking sequence. Importantly, IS605 specific stem loop sequences are also found at the 3′ ends of lipoprotein genes (PFam12 and PFam60), however the left and right sequences appear to develop their own evolutionary patterns. The lipoprotein gene-linked left stem loop sequences maintain the IS605 stem loop motif in orthologs but only at the RNA level. These show mutations whereby variants fold into phylogenetically conserved RNA-type stem loops that contain the wobble non-Watson-Crick G-U base-pairing. The right flanking sequence is associated with the family lipoprotein-1 genes. A comparison of homologs shows that the IS605 stem loop motif rapidly dissipates, but a more elaborate secondary structure appears to develop in its place. Conclusions/Significance Stem loop sequences specific to the transposable element IS605 are present in plasmid regions devoid of a transposase gene and significantly, are found linked to lipoprotein genes in Borrelia plasmids. These sequences are evolutionarily conserved and/or structurally developed in an RNA format. The findings show that IS605 stem loop sequences are multifaceted and are selectively conserved during evolution when the transposable element dissipates.
trans-Dimethano-lbis(1,1,1-trifluoro-5,5-dimethyl-hexane-2,4-dionato)zinc(II).

The title compound, [Zn(C8H10F3O2)2(CH4O)2], is a dimethanol coordinated zinc complex with the acetyl acetonate derivative 1,1,1-trifluoro-5,5-dimethyl­hexane-2,4-dionate. The bis­-β-diketonate complex, which is isostructural with its Co analogue, is located on a crystallographic inversion center. The complex is octa­hedral with basically no distortion, and the methanol mol­ecules are in trans positions with respect to one another. The planes of the β-diketonate and the ZnO4 unit are tilted by 18.64 (10)° against each other. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the methanol hydroxyl groups and neighboring diketonate O atoms create chains running along [100].
Microwave Radiative Transfer Studies Using Combined Multiparameter Radar and Radiometer Measurements during COHMEX

Theoretical calculations of the upwelling microwave radiances from clouds containing layers of rain, ice, and a melting region were performed at frequencies of 18, 37, and 92 GHz. These frequencies coincide with high-resolution microwave radiometer measurements taken aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft during the summer 1986 Cohmex (Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment) in Alabama. For purposes of brightness temperature computations, the storms were modeled with rain, melting phase, and ice layers. The melting phase region was composed of water-coated ice spheres defined by a 'melt index' in terms of the volume fraction of water. Single scatter albedo, scattering, and extinction coefficients were computed at the above frequencies as a function of the rain rate and melt index. In addition, multiparameter radar observations of the storm were mapped into a Cartesian space and averaged over regions comparable to the radiometer footprint.
High-temperature mechanical and material design for SiC composites

Silicon carbide (SiC) fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) are strong potential candidate structural and high heat flux materials for fusion reactors. A concise discussion of the main material and design issues related to the use of SiC FRCs as structural materials in future fusion systems is given in this paper. The status of material processing of SiC/SiC composites is first reviewed. The advantages and shortcomings of the leading processing technology, known as chemical vapor infiltration are particularly highlighted. A brief outline of the design-relevant physical, mechanical, and radiation data base is then presented. SiC/SiC FRCs possess the advantage of increased apparent toughness under mechanical loading conditions. This increased toughness, however, is associated with the nucleation and propagation of small crack patterns in the structure. Design approaches and failure criteria under these conditions are discussed.
Synthesis of 8-cyano-1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acids as potential antimicrobial agents

The preparation of a variety of 8-cyano-1,4-dihydro-7-phenyl-4-oxopyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylicacids and 8-cyano-1,4-dihydro-7-p-fluorophenyl-4-oxopyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acids is described.
Why Are Associated Conditions Important

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America focuses on the conditions closely associated with diabetes mellitus. Unlike microvascular complications of diabetes, which are seen exclusively in the setting of diabetes, conditions closely associated with diabetes might be seen independently or in association with this disease, but their prevalence in patients with diabetes exceeds that in the general population. The associated conditions are diverse and include such apparently unrelated syndromes as, for example, coronary artery disease and sleep apnea. However, on closer inspection, many of these have common background characterized by insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress. What is the importance of these conditions? Although not as closely linked to hyperglycemia as the specific complication of diabetes (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy), the associated conditions contribute greatly to morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. In fact, heart disease, one such associated condition, continues to be responsible for most of the diabetes-relatedmortality. Therefore, treating these conditions, as well as understanding their pathophysiology and their relationship to diabetes, remains a major challenge. We hope that the current issue summarizes and clarifies the relationship between diabetes and conditions that are closely associated with it. We thank Dr Derek LeRoith, the Consulting Editor, for the opportunity to edit both this issue and the previous issue, “Acute and Chronic Complications of Diabetes.” We also thank all the authors, as well as the editorial staff of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, for their invaluable contributions.
NEW APPROACH TO THE COLLISION AVOIDANCE PROBLEM FOR A SHIP

A new algorithm is developed to solve the collision avoidance problem for a host ship subject to kinematic, dynamic, and moment equations and steered via rudder under the assumptions that the rudder angle and rudder angle time rate are subject to upper and lower bounds. The objective of the collision avoidance maneuver is to maximize with respect to the state and control history the timewise minimum distance between a host ship and an intruder ship. Two limiting cases are considered: (i) the intruder ship is uncooperative and keeps its course unchanged during the encounter; (ii) the intruder ship is cooperative. In both cases, a differential game formulation is avoided and the collision avoidance problem is formulated as a maximin problem of optimal control. Four problems are investigated and their solutions compared: Problems P1 and P2 deal with uncooperative collision avoidance, while Problems P3 and P4 deal with cooperative collision avoidance. Numerical results show that the optimal control histories always involve multiple subarcs along which either the rudder angle is kept at one of the extreme positions or the rudder angle time rate is held at one of the extreme values.
Implications of Interface Structure on the Elastic Properties of Metallic Multilayers - The Case of the Supermodulus Effect

The existence of the supermodulus effect, an enhancement in the elastic modulus of artificially layered metal films, was discovered more than a dozen years ago. Yet the detailed nature of this effect remains a puzzling phenomena. Implications of the interface structure on the elastic properties of gold-nickel multilayers are investigated using x-ray diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy.
NBBS traffic management overview

In this paper, we describe an integrated set of procedures used for bandwidth management and congestion control in high-speed packet-switched networks such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), which are part of IBM's Networking BroadBand Services (NBBS) architecture. These controls are designed to support a wide variety of services with different characteristics in the network and operate at different time scales: connection-level controls such as path selection, admission control and bandwidth allocation, and packet-level controls that discriminate between packets from different connections to support multiple levels of service guarantees. Connection-level controls are applied at connection setup time and are based on the connection characterization and the network state at that time. They perform efficient allocation of resources to ensure performance guarantees for connections while achieving high utilization of network resources. Various packet-level controls developed include access or rate control and intermediate node buffer management and scheduling. For connections that do not require explicit service guarantees, NBBS offers an available bit rate service. This service mostly relies on packet-level control in the form of an end-to-end rate-based flow control algorithm that regulates the flow of traffic into the network. This paper, in addition to providing an overview of the different mechanisms used for traffic management in NBBS, highlights how they interact to ensure efficient network operation.
Anomaly Detection and Classification for PHM of Electronics Subjected to Shock and Vibration

Failures in electronics subjected to shock and vibration are typically diagnosed using the built-in self test (BIST) or using continuity monitoring of daisy-chained packages. The BIST, which is extensively used for diagnostics or identification of failure, is focused on reactive failure detection and provides limited insight into reliability and residual life. In this paper, a new technique has been developed for health monitoring and failure mode classification based on measured damage precursors. A feature extraction technique in the joint-time-frequency analysis (JTFA) domain has been developed along with pattern classifiers for fault diagnosis of electronics at the product level. The Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT) has been used for feature reduction and de-correlation of the feature vectors for fault-mode classification in electronic assemblies. Euclidean, and Mahalanobis, and Bayesian distance classifiers based on JTFA, have been used for classification of the resulting feature space. Previously, the authors have developed damage precursors based on time and spectral techniques for health monitoring of electronics without reliance on continuity data from daisy-chained packages. Statistical pattern recognition techniques based on wavelet packet energy decomposition have been studied by authors for quantification of shock damage in electronic assemblies and auto-regressive moving average; time-frequency techniques have been investigated for system identification, condition monitoring, and fault detection and diagnosis in electronic systems. However, identification of specific failure modes is not possible. In this paper, various fault modes, such as solder interconnect failure, interconnect missing, chip delamination, chip cracking etc., in various packaging architectures have been classified using clustering of feature vectors based on the KLT approach. The KLT de-correlates the feature space and identifies dominant directions to describe the space, eliminating directions that encode little useful information about the features. The clustered damage precursors have been correlated with underlying damage. Several chip-scale packages have been studied with lead-free second-level interconnects, including SAC105, SAC305 alloys. Transient strain has been measured during the drop event using digital image correlation and high-speed cameras operating at 100 000 frames/s. Continuity has been monitored simultaneously for failure identification. Fault-mode classification has been done using KLT and JTFA analysis of the experimental data. In addition, explicit finite element models have been developed, and various kinds of failure modes have been simulated, such as solder ball cracking, trace fracture, package falloff, and solder ball failure. Models using cohesive elements present at the solder joint-copper pad interface at both the printed circuit board and package side have also been created to study the traction-separation behavior of solder. Fault modes predicted by simulation-based precursors have been correlated with those from experimental data.
Growth of the teleost eye: novel solutions to complex constraints

The cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni, is highly dependent on vision for survival in its natural habitat. As is true of most teleost fishes, the eyes continue to grow throughout life without any obvious changes in visual capability. In H. burtoni, for example, retinal area may increase by 27 × in just 6 months. During growth, there is no obvious change in the visual sensitivity, visual acuity or lens quality which must all be appropriate for the enlarging eye. This requires that during growth competing constraints be met. For example, to maintain visual acuity, the number of ganglion cells per visual angle subtended on the retina must remain the same as must the convergence ratio of the cones onto those ganglion cells. In contrast, to maintain visual sensitivity, the number of rod photoreceptors per unit retinal area must remain the same. These requirements are in conflict since a larger eye may preserve acuity with fewer cells per unit area in a larger retina. In addition, the lens properties must remain the same as the animal increases in size so that the image available is of similar quality throughout life. Experiments have been performed to reveal the adaptations during growth which allow the fish to preserve its image of the world throughout life.
Data acquisition workstation for Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator

A new multiparameter data acquisition system for the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) was developed, fabricated, and tested. This system uses an IBM PS/2 Model 80-111 personal computer and a data handler with a 2048-word buffer. The buffer can accept data at a rate exceeding one million events per second in bursts of 512 words of 64-b length. The acquisition system, limited by software, can acquire data from 1, 2, or 3 digitizers; multiplex up to 4 detectors; read and control up to 16 scalers or registers; and output up to 32 DC logic lines that can be used to control external instrumentation. Software was developed for the OS/2 operating system, supporting multiparameter data storage for up to three million channels. Data can be collected in a background mode to make the computer available for other tasks while collecting data. The system also supports multiparameter biasing and can collect, crunch, and store data at rates of 30000 events per second, each event containing up to 64-b of information. A technical manual, ORNL/TM-11454, covering the use of the system has been published. >
Nonparametric Association Analysis of Bivariate Competing-Risks Data

Although nonparametric analyses of bivariate failure times under independent censoring have been widely studied, nonparametric analyses of bivariate competing-risks data have not yet been investigated. Such analyses are important in familial association studies, where multiple interacting failure types may violate the independent censoring assumption. We develop nonparametric estimators for the bivariate cause-specific hazards function and the bivariate cumulative incidence function that are natural analogs of their univariate counterparts and make no assumptions about the dependence of the risks. The estimators are shown to be uniformly consistent and to converge weakly to Gaussian processes. They provide the basis for novel time-dependent association measures, with the associated inferences yielding tests of cause-specific independence in pairs. The methodology performs well in simulations with realistic sample sizes. Its practical utility is illustrated in an analysis of dementia in the Cache County St...