cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING STRESS IN FEMALE AND MALE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS

Gender issues in the male-dominated profession of law enforcement have not been closely examined. In the current study, 52 female officers of a state highway patrol agency were matched with 52 male officers. Participants completed a confidential assessment packet to examine their satisfaction with work, perceived stress, physical symptoms, daily hassles, and aspects of burnout. Results suggest that male officers experience a greater degree of perceived stress and emotional exhaustion and greater dissatisfaction with their work than do women. In female officers, perceived stress was related to physical symptoms, dissatisfaction with the nature of the work, dissatisfaction with co-workers, and feelings of emotional exhaustion. In male officers, perceived stress was related to physical symptoms, dissatisfaction with co-workers, dissatisfaction with work, and emotional exhaustion. Gender differences in terms of officers' expectations and beliefs about the profession as well as the possible differential effect...
Selling the “Quit” brand to young adult smokers

The paper by Ling and Glantz in this issue of Journal of General Internal Medicine draws attention to an obvious fact—smoking cessation is in direct competition with the cigarette industry's goal of selling cigarettes.1 Thus, it really should not come as any great surprise to find among the many millions of pages of previously secret tobacco industry documents evidence that cigarette companies invested heavily in efforts to understand what motivates someone to stop smoking. Ironically, the public health community has also invested in similar research. However, unlike the research conducted by those interested in promoting better health by encouraging and assisting smokers to quit, the cigarette companies’ sole purpose has been to find ways to counteract the forces that might cause a smoker to think about giving up smoking.
Fetal age: methods of estimation and effects of pathology.

Accurate identification of fetal age is important in a wide variety of circumstances. Seventeen anthropometric and radiographic measurements were taken on fetuses between 15 and 42 weeks of gestational age, both with and without pathologic conditions. A full evaluation including radiographic, karyotypic, gross anatomic, and histologic examination of the fetus and placenta identified 72 individuals as nondysmorphic with no signs of chronic uterovascular insufficiency. These specimens served as the control group. Based on least-squares regressions of this group, age-estimation equations were calculated for all variables. Six models were adequately described by linear equations; the remaining 11 required a quadratic term. Based on standard error of the estimate (S(y:x)), skeletal measures proved the most accurate age estimators. Pathologic conditions were shown to have an influence on age estimation indicated by high levels of inaccuracy and, in some instances, significant bias.
Perspectives in applied linguistics: A North American view

This overview focuses on the work of Applied Linguistics in North America with an emphasis on publications in the past 6 years. Follow a brief interpretive section on the nature and status of Applied Linguistics, the article reviews a number of major areas of research in Applied Linguistics. These areas include second language acquisition (and its various sub-domains), L2 reading and writing research, language learning and teaching, language and culture, corpus linguistics, critical perspectives, language assessment, language policy and planning, language uses in professional contexts, and technology in Applied Linguistics. The overview closes with comments on seven possible areas for growth in Applied Linguistics in addition to the mainstream fields noted above.
Plasmalemmal vacuolar H+-ATPase is decreased in microvascular endothelial cells from a diabetic model.

Angiogenesis requires invasion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by endothelial cells and occurs in hypoxic and acidic environments that are not conducive for cell growth and survival. We hypothesize that angiogenic cells must exhibit a unique system to regulate their cytosolic pH in order to cope with these harsh conditions. The plasmalemmal vacuolar type H+-ATPase (pmV-ATPase) is used by cells exhibiting an invasive phenotype. Because angiogenesis is impaired in diabetes, we hypothesized that pmV-ATPase is decreased in microvascular endothelial cells from diabetic rats. The in vitro angiogenesis assays demonstrated that endothelial cells were unable to form capillary-like structures in diabetes. The proton fluxes were slower in cells from diabetic than normal model, regardless of the presence or absence of Na+ and HCO and were suppressed by V-H+-ATPase inhibitors. Immunocytochemical data revealed that pmV-ATPases were inconspicuous at the plasma membrane of cells from diabetic whereas in normal cells were prominent. The pmV-ATPase activity was lower in cells from diabetic than normal models. Inhibition of V-H+-ATPase suppresses invasion/migration of normal cells, but have minor effects in cells from diabetic models. These novel observations suggest that the angiogenic abnormalities in diabetes involve a decrease in pmV-ATPase in microvascular endothelial cells. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Marital status and variability in cortisol excretion in postmenopausal women

Abstract Based on the premise that acute and chronic stresses stimulate and suppress cortisol secretion, respectively, and the hypothesis that marriage provides a buffer to stress, we tested whether extreme values of serum cortisol concentrations would be less likely in married women than in unmarried women. Three hundred women were recruited from two central Connecticut communities. Cortisol was measured in overnight urine samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Information on each subject's demographic characteristics, such as income and education level was collected. Mean log urinary cortisol was virtually identical in married and unmarried women, however, as predicted, the variance was significantly larger in the unmarried group ( p = 0.01). After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariate logistic regression still revealed that absolute deviation of log 10 cortisol from the mean was smaller for married versus unmarried women ( p
Comparative performance analysis of mobile runtimes on Intel XScale® technology

Mobile Runtime Environments such as Java*2 Micro Edition (J2ME*) and Microsoft WinCE.NET* Compact Framework* are becoming standard managed application execution environments on memory constrained devices. A variety of implementations exists, and so too are a variety of systems they could run on, and finally a variety of workloads. It becomes important to understand how they compare.In this paper we describe comparative performance analysis of mobile runtimes on products with Intel XScale® micro-architecture. We were interested in a number of comparisons. These include CLDC vs. CDC workloads, Interpreters vs. JIT compilers, and J2ME vs. Native applications. In addition we compare runtimes when memory subsystem improves and MHz varies.We find that when comparing how mobile runtimes utilize the underlying micro-architecture, multiple implementations have similar stall analysis. We find that JIT (Just-In-Time) compilers are about 4-6 times faster than interpreters. For a class of applications we measured, J2ME apps were about two times slower than their C counterparts. We find that memory subsystem improvements have minor impact on interpreters but have much more impact on JIT compilers.
Requirement for PIKfyve Enzymatic Activity in Acute and Long-Term Insulin Cellular Effects

PIKfyve is a phosphoinositide 5-kinase that can also act as a protein kinase. PIKfyve’s role in acute insulin action has been suggested on the basis of its association with the insulin stimulatable phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the ability of acute insulin to recruit and phosphorylate PIKfyve on intracellular membranes of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Here we have examined several classical insulin-regulated long- and short-term responses in insulin-sensitive cells expressing high levels of either active PIKfyve or kinase-dead mutants with a dominant-negative effect. Up-regulation of PIKfyve protein expression was documented in the early stages of differentiation of cultured 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes and a kinase-dead mutant, PIKfyveΔK, introduced into the preadipocyte stage profoundly delayed the hormone-induced adipogenesis. Next, insulin-induced mitogenesis was markedly inhibited in HEK293 stable cell lines, inducibly expressing the dominant-negative kinase-dead PIKfyveK1831E mutant but not in cells ...
Case studies in concept exploration and selection with s-Pareto frontiers

This paper investigates three design cases where the newly developed s-Pareto frontier-based concept selection paradigm is used to compare competing design concepts under a multi-objective optimisation framework. The new paradigm, which was recently introduced by the authors, is based on the Pareto optimality principle that defines an important class of optimal solutions to multi-objective optimisation problems. The set of Pareto optimal solutions comprises the Pareto frontier, a particularly useful frontier in engineering design because it characterises the tradeoffs between the design objectives. Under the newly developed paradigm, a so-called s-Pareto frontier is used to characterise the tradeoffs between conflicting design objectives and the tradeoffs between competing design concepts. As such, the s-Pareto frontier holds significant potential for the important activity of concept selection. The present paper takes a needed and notable step beyond the simple two- and three-bar truss examples provided by the authors in previous archival publications on s-Pareto. The first case study considers the design of a battery contact for a mobile phone, the second involves the design of a compliant bicycle derailleur and the third involves the design of a rigidified inflatable structure. Each case provides a unique perspective.
High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates and their use in a sensitive electrophoretic assay of misincorporation during DNA synthesis

This paper describes techniques and strategies for semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) purification of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs). The procedure yields dNTPs that are sufficiently pure for use in a sensitive electrophoretic assay of misincorporation during DNA synthesis. Anion-exchange HPLC was used to purify the four normal dNTPs (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP), plus the chemically modified analogues, 5-BrdUTP, 5-IodUTP and 1,N6-etheno-dATP (epsilon dATP). Baseline separations were achieved by isocratic elution of dNTPs with potassium dihydrogen phosphate mobile phase. In general, the resolution of dNTPs was highly dependent on pH, although the influence of mobile phase composition on separation of dNTPs was not the same for all three HPLC packing materials used. A Hewlett-Packard diode array detector was extremely valuable in the identification of contaminating peaks and in the development of optimal mobile phase conditions for dNTP purification. The pure dNTPs were used in the electrophoretic assay of misincorporation, yielding information about the mispairing potential of the modified dNTPs. BrdUMP and IodUMP were misincorporated in place of dCMP during chain elongation catalyzed by purified DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli. epsilon dAMP was incorporated into DNA in place of dAMP, although at much lower efficiency than dAMP.
Differential effects of adenosine A2a and A2b receptors on cardiac contractility.

The mammalian myocardium expresses four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes: A1AR, A2aAR, A2bAR, and A3AR. The A1AR is well known for its profound antiadrenergic effects, but the roles of other AR sub...
Studies of insulin crystals at low temperatures: effects on mosaic character and radiation sensitivity.

The low-temperature X-ray diffraction studies of orthorhombic insulin citrate crystals reported here were initially undertaken because of the rapid deterioration at room temperature of certain insulin crystals containing heavy-metal cations. The effects of cooling on mosaic character and radiation sensitivity were studied. Two temperature ranges were employed: (a) below 150?C and (b) 00C to 13?C. In normal laboratory practice orthorhombic insulin citrate crystals are grown and stored at 1 i 1?0C. Immersion studies in heavy-atom reagents are also made at this temperature. All X-ray diffraction work is, however, carried out at room temperature ('-21 ?C). We have found that orthorhombic insulin citrate crystals may be cooled rapidly to below -1500 C without impairing the X-ray diffraction pattern. Rapid cooling does, however, enhance the mosaic character of these crystals. X-ray diffraction studies at 00C and 130C have provided evidence for marked reduction in radiation sensitivity in certain heavy-atom-containing crystals. General Background.-Although metal-free insulin crystals are somewhat more sensitive to radiation damage (nickel-filtered CuKa) at room temperature than at 00C, the radiation sensitivity at room temperature is not marked enough to prevent the collection of intensity data by counter techniques.' Furthermore, these crystals do not deteriorate on standing at room temperature for several weeks without irradiation. However, after immersion (1 i 1?C) in buffered solutions containing certain salts with heavy-metal cations (including uranyl) insulin crystals deteriorate rapidly at room temperature (sometimes within 1 day or less of exposure) after only the minimal radiation exposure (minutes) necessary to monitor the state of the crystal. The deterioration has been observed both in the presence and in the absence of significant changes in X-ray diffraction intensity distribution after immersion. It is not markedly accelerated by continuous X-ray irradiation. This deterioration was originally attributed to greatly enhanced radiation damage, as laboratory practice avoids keeping the crystals at room temperature prior to X-ray photography. Some apparent enhancement in radiation damage is also observed with a second group of metal-containing crystals which do not show the striking and rapid room-temperature deterioration reported above. Before the deterioration in the first class of crystals was recognized as largely of thermal origin, studies were made of both classes of metal-containing crystals into which radiation protectors had been introduced. These provided marginal evidence of protection. There was no evidence of protection when the crystals were studied under oxygen-free conditions. In order to collect X-ray data from the crystals which deteriorate rapidly at room temperature, it would have been necessary to build an apparatus to maintain
The National Hockey League and Cross-Border Fandom: Fan Substitution and International Boundaries

This article uses daily border-crossing data within the Niagara region of Ontario and New York to evaluate the Canadian market for a U.S.-based National Hockey League (NHL) team, the Buffalo Sabres...
Measures of Attention Deficit Part II: Clinical Perspectives and Test Interpretation

After a detailed behavioral and developmental history has been supplemented by the use of formal questionnaires, the diagnosis of an attentional disorder can be further clarified by the judicious selection of psychoeducational and pediatric physical and neurodevelopmental examinations. The most common difficulty in the interpretation of psychoeducational test subscores and profiles is the significant overlap between the patterns generated by attentional deficits and those associated with memory-based learning disabilities. Certain other medical and behavioral conditions need to receive careful consideration prior to finalizing the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A thorough but focused general examination coupled with the pediatric neurodevelopmental examination can contribute to this differentiation.
Optimal specification of sliding mode control parameters for unmanned surface vessel systems

This paper introduces a method based on nonlinear predictive control to design optimal surfaces for sliding mode tracking control of underactuated unmanned surface vessel systems. The time-invariant parameters of the sliding mode control first- and second-order surfaces are selected to achieve an optimal performance objective, such as minimum tracking error or minimum energy. The method is demonstrated using simulations based on an experimental USV system.
Two-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory investigated with improved resolution

In earlier work, N �� 1; 1� super Yang-Mills theory in two dimensions was found to have several interesting properties, though these properties could not be investigated in any detail. In this paper we analyze several of these properties. We investigate the spectrum of the theory, and we calculate the masses of the low-lying states using supersymmetric discrete light-cone quantization (SDLCQ) and obtain their continuum values. The spectrum exhibits an interesting pattern of masses, which we discuss along with a toy model for this pattern which might allow an understanding of the entire spectrum. We confirm an earlier speculation that the mass gap in this theory goes to zero at infinite resolution. We also discuss how the average number of partons in the bound states grows with increasing resolution. As a significant step toward a proof that SDLCQ must be supersymmetric, we determine the numbers of fermions and bosons in the N �� 1; 1� and N �� 2; 2� theories in each symmetry sector, as functions of the resolution, and show that these numbers are equal.
Ageing alters aortic antioxidant enzyme activities in Fischer-344 rats

Oxidative stress imposed by reactive oxygen species is now believed to contribute to hypertension, atherosclerosis and ageing of the vasculature all involving a loss of relaxation. The antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase play a crucial role in defending against the ravages of oxidative stress. Our purpose was to characterize age-related changes in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the rat aorta. Aortas were extracted from seven young (4 months), seven middle aged (18 months) and seven old (24 months) animals. Analysis of variance was used with Fisher-LSD post hoc to determine mean differences among glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Aortic glutathione peroxidase activities rose steadily with age expressed in micromol mg protein-1 min-1 +/- SEM (young: 141 +/- 22; middle aged: 198 +/- 18; old: 229 +/- 26) reaching significance between young and old. Superoxide dismutase activities significantly decreased in middle aged when compared with young (young: 22 +/- 2 vs. middle aged: 15 +/- 2 U mg protein-1) before trending upward again in old age (19 +/- 2). Catalase activities dropped significantly between young and old when expressed in mU mg protein-1 (young: 230 +/- 30; middle aged: 173 +/- 18; old: 144 +/- 23). Ratios for the various enzymes indicate a shrinking contribution of catalase with ageing, with an enhanced role for glutathione peroxidase in the antioxidant defence. These data in aortas of ageing rats show a complex alteration of the antioxidant profile.
Supported Employment from 1986 to 1993 A National Program that Works

Since its inception in the mid-1980s, supported employment has evolved into a major component of the nation's service delivery network for individuals with mental retardation and other significant disabilities. Increasingly, however, human service programs are being scrutinized to determine whether they are achieving their intended purpose. The present study summarizes the major achievements of the supported employment initiative during the period between 1986 and 1993. Particular emphasis is placed on the number of program participants, consumer characteristics, the program's ability to reduce dependence on the Social Security income maintenance programs, participant earnings, and program expenditures.
Focusing processor policies via critical-path prediction

Although some instructions hurt performance more than others, current processors typically apply scheduling and speculation as if each instruction was equally costly. Instruction cost can be naturally expressed through the critical path: if we could predict it at run-time, egalitarian policies could be replaced with cost-sensitive strategies that will grow increasingly effective as processors become more parallel.This paper introduces a hardware predictor of instruction criticality and uses it to improve performance. The predictor is both effective and simple in its hardware implementation. The effectiveness at improving performance stems from using a dependence-graph model of the microarchitectural critical path that identifies execution bottlenecks by incorporating both data and machine-specific dependences. The simplicity stems from a token-passing algorithm that computes the critical path without actually building the dependence graph.By focusing processor policies on critical instructions, our predictor enables a large class of optimizations. It can (i) give priority to critical instructions for scarce resources (functional units, ports, predictor entries); and (ii) suppress speculation on non-critical instructions, thus reducing “useless” misspeculations. We present two case studies that illustrate the potential of the two types of optimization, we show that (i) critical-path-based dynamic instruction scheduling and steering in a clustered architecture improves performance by as much as 21% (10% on average); and (ii) focusing value prediction only on critical instructions improves performance by as much as 5%, due to removing nearly half of the misspeculations.
Reexamination of the surface-plasma-wave technique for determining the dielectric constant and thickness of metal films

The effect of surface plasmon generation on the reflectivity of thin metal films in attenuated-total-reflection prism configurations has been described as a means of determining the film dielectric function and thickness. Although this technique is capable of yielding accurate values for the film parameters with relatively simple equipment, there is an ambiguity in fitting to the measured reflectivity data. Previous research had shown that the ambiguity could be removed by further reflectivity measurements with different conditions; however, we find that this is not necessarily true. We describe the conditions under which a unique determination of the film parameters is ensured and demonstrate that even with ambiguous results the true solution can usually be determined by a supplementary optical measurement.
A comparison of two- and three-dimensional size distributions in a cellular material

Abstract This investigation concerns the comparison of two- and three-dimensional data obtained on a cellular material. By quantitative micrography techniques and spatial measurements, the cellular structure corresponds most closely with the shape of pentagonal dodecahedra, twelve-faced cells having five edges per face. The cell volumes have a normal distribution. The areal distributions of planar sections for various shapes of polyhedra were taken from existing literature. The measured volume distributions from this study were then applied by numerical computer calculations to create a transformation which carried the distribution of volumes (three-dimensional) to the expected distribution of planar areas (two-dimensional). The results of the expected and measured areal data agreed well for assumed complex polyhedral symmetry such as pentagonal dodecahedra, and unsatisfactorily for spherical symmetry. These results demonstrate that the pentagonal dodecahedron is a measurable prototype of cell in grain shapes.
Neural networks controlling wrist movements

In monkeys performing a step-tracking task, the discharge patterns of forearm motor units and connected premotoneuronal cells in the cortex and red nucleus (identified by postspike facilitation of EMG) fall into characteristic classes: tonic, phasic-tonic, decrementing, etc. The authors used dynamic neural network models incorporating these discharge patterns to investigate networks that could transform a step input of target position to the observed discharge patterns of flexor and extensor motoneurons. These networks have interconnected hidden units with either excitatory or inhibitory connections to each other and to the motoneurons. The activity of many hidden units resembles discharge patterns that are observed in monkey recordings. The network solutions typically involve preferential connectivity within synergistic groups and often include reciprocal inhibition of antagonists. A network trained on a specific input step level does not necessarily produce a proportional output for other step sizes; however, the networks can be trained to generate motor responses proportional to a target step size. The role of the hidden units can also be investigated by selective lesions or stimulation
The selection of U.S. Supreme Court justices

The selection process for U.S. Supreme Court justices has grown ever more complex. Presidents have the constitutional power to nominate justices, and, in doing so, they have employed several criteria at different times, including professional merit, ideological compatibility, and political support by the president and his advisers. Under the Constitution, the Senate has the authority to consent to or reject appointees. In recent decades it has used public hearings to ascertain a nominee's qualifications and, within certain limitations, the nominee's ideological attitudes. This process is intensely political and, as such, it reflects the Supreme Court's broad authority as the final interpreter of the Constitution, many of whose provisions raise highly contestable issues of great political significance. This article discusses these matters in light of Supreme Court appointments over the past century.
The influence of valve physiology on outcome following aortic valvotomy for congenital bicuspid valve in children: 30-year results from a single institution

Objective: Aortic valvotomy is widely used for the treatment of congenital aortic stenosis in children. We sought to evaluate whether the predominant post-valvotomy physiology, aortic insufficiency (AI) or aortic stenosis (AS) independently affected patient outcome. Methods: From 1972‐2002, 57 children with congenital aortic stenosis underwent valvotomy. We divided age-matched patients with residual lesions based on their predominant pathology into three groups: Group I (nZ14), patients with moderate AI; Group II (nZ14), patients with moderate AS, and Group III (nZ14), patients with combined AI and AS. Fifteen patients with severe AI or mild residual lesions following valvotomy were excluded from analysis. Results: mean freedom from aortic valve replacement (AVR) was 11.2G1.7 years in Group I and 21.5G3.9 years in Group II, PZ0.05. AVR was required in 11 patients (79%) in Group I vs. only 5 (36%) in Group II, PZ0.05. Group III was intermediate, with 9 (64%) requiring AVR. At the time of AVR, patients with aortic stenosis had significantly higher fractional shortening % than those with insufficiency or combined lesions, (Group 1: 38.2G7.9 vs. Group II: 46.3G5.5 vs. Group III: 39.2G3.7, PZ0.007). Patients in Group II also had less severely dilated ventricles (mm) than those in the other groups, (Group 1: 50.2G12.5 vs. Group II: 39.5G8.3 vs. Group III: 49.0G8.1, PZ0.030). Conclusions: patients with predominant AI following valvotomy are more likely to need AVR sooner than those with residual stenosis without AI. Therefore, cautious use of repeat valvotomy using maneuvers to avoid AI (small balloons), may prolong freedom from aortic valve replacement in those patients with significant residual AS. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Less Heart Is More

The study by St John Sutton et al1 in this issue of Circulation provides additional information on the importance of the myocardial substrate for the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias, in this instance, ventricular arrhythmias in the postinfarction remodeled human left ventricle (LV). The authors demonstrate significant relationships between ventricular arrhythmias and LV size, mass, and function at baseline, and at 1 and 2 years after infarction in a subset of 263 patients who received both echocardiographic and Holter evaluations in the Survival And Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial. They found a greater preponderance of ventricular arrhythmias in those individuals with the largest LV mass, leading the authors to conclude that postinfarction remodeling is an important substrate for triggering ventricular arrhythmias. See p 2577 What does this important study teach us? Basically, we learn that the bigger the heart and the poorer its function, the more likely it is to manifest ventricular arrhythmias and, by inference, cause sudden cardiac death (SCD). The latter must be inferred because the endpoints used by the authors, premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) singly or 3 in a row (the definition they used for ventricular tachycardia [VT]), generally do not cause SCD in and of themselves. In fact, one can argue against accepting these endpoints, no doubt chosen as surrogates for the really important outcome, SCD. We know from the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)2 that abolition of asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias in some circumstances can be deceiving, as such suppression by encainide, flecainide, and moricizine occurred in CAST, but so did an increase in mortality. Also, elevating 3 PVCs in a row to the status of VT, though almost universally used, is based on an arbitrary classification made many years ago. It is time to replace such a definition with clear, concise descriptions of the actual …
Histamine sensitivity of adrenalectomized and pertussis-treated mice.

SummaryIn a Swiss-Kebster strain of mice. Pertussis vaccine treatment increased the sensitivity to intravenously injected histamine 33 times. Whereas surgical adrenalectomy had no significant effect on sensitivity to histamine. This finding. in addition to lack of direct evidence to the contrary. warrants the conclusion that Hemophillus pesrtussis vaccine enhances sensitivity of mice to histamine through some mechanism other than impairment of adrenal function.
ICI 182,780 inhibits endogenous estrogen-dependent rat uterine growth and tamoxifen-induced developmental toxicity.

To assess the effects of the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780 on postnatal uterine development, female Sprague-Dawley rats were given s.c. injections of ICI 182,780 (0.1-100 micrograms/rat) on each of postnatal days (PND) 10-14. ICI 182,780 inhibited uterine growth, as measured by uterine weight, in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on either uterine luminal epithelium hypertrophy or gland genesis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ICI 182,780 (10 micrograms) markedly reduced uterine estrogen receptor (ER) immunoreactivity in all uterine cell types while tamoxifen (10 micrograms) increased ER immunoreactivity, most notably in the luminal epithelium. In addition, tamoxifen increased uterine weight and induced luminal epithelium hypertrophy but inhibited uterine gland genesis--outcomes also seen with synthetic estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol. To test the hypothesis that these effects are a consequence of the estrogen agonist activity of tamoxifen, rats were cotreated with ICI 182,780 (10 micrograms, PND 8-14) and tamoxifen (10 micrograms, PND 10-14). ICI 182,780 greatly reduced or completely blocked tamoxifen-induced uterine weight gain, luminal epithelium hypertrophy, tamoxifen-induced ER immunoreactivity, and the inhibition of uterine gland genesis. ICI 182,780 given daily on PND 1-5 did not alter PND 5 uterine weight or uterine differentiation on PND 26. We conclude that postnatal exposure to ICI 182,780 does not affect uterine growth or differentiation at an age when the uterus is not dependent on estrogen for growth, i.e., PND 1-5, but does inhibit later endogenous estrogen-dependent uterine growth. The blockade of tamoxifen-induced uterine developmental alterations by ICI 182,780 demonstrates that these tamoxifen effects result from its estrogen agonist activity.
Stigma, Poverty, and Victimization: Roadblocks to Recovery for Individuals With Severe Mental Illness

Roadblocks to recovery of individuals with severe mental illness include stigma, poverty, and victimization. Stigma creates barriers to accessing safe housing, employment, and community integration...
Quantifying cultivar differences in cotton

Abstract Nine cultivars of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), representing a range in maturity types, were grown in an environmentally controlled glasshouse. Analyses based on equations describing morphological development of cotton in response to physiological time (accumulated heat units) showed a 15% range in main stem node production rate (MSPR), a 23% range in fruiting site production rate (FSPR), 3.5-day range in boll period and a 1.5 range in node of first fruiting branch. Between cultivars, differences were significant for MSPR, FSPR, and boll period. The order of ranking cotton cultivars by MSPR and FSPR was similar to a subjective ranking of maturity type. Analysis of field data showed that ranking of cotton cultivars could be based on fruiting site or flower production rates, or vertical flowering interval using the equations described.
Wavelet Auto-Regressive Method (WARM) for multi-site streamflow simulation of data with non-stationary spectra

Traditional stochastic simulation methods that are crafted to capture measures such as mean, variance and skew fail to reproduce significant spectral properties of the observed data. A growing body of literature indicates that many geo-physical data, especially streamflow, exhibit quasi-periodic and non-stationary variability driven by large scale climate features. Thus, methods which accurately model this behavior, in particular, the time evolution of variability, frequency of wet/dry epochs, etc. are crucial for risk assessment and management of water resources. In this paper, a Wavelet based Auto Regression Modeling (WARM) framework is proposed for data with significant non-stationary spectral features. This approach has four broad steps – (i) the wavelet transform of a time series is reconstructed as several periodic components based on dominant variability frequencies, (ii) scale averaged wavelet power (SAWP) is computed for each band to capture the time varying power and the components are scaled by this, (iii) Auto Regressive (AR) models fit to the scaled components and, (iv) simulations are performed from the AR models, rescaled and combined to obtain simulations of the original time series. Step (ii) is a new and unique departure from the WARM proposed by Kwon et al. (2007). We demonstrate this approach on annual streamflow at the Lee’s Ferry gauge on the Colorado River. Furthermore, this is coupled with a spatial disaggregation method to generate streamflow ensembles at multiple locations upstream. We also show that this combination captures the spectral properties at several locations in a parsimonious manner.
Accelerating the green transformation in the USA: new deal for the economic crisis

Although the United Nations called for a ‘Global Green New Deal’ and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) includes green incentives, there is far from a consensus on whether the Green New Deal will be a key solution to the economic crisis. To inform the debate, we investigate the relationship between carbon consumption and three major problems facing the US economy – the financial crisis, rising energy prices, and climate change. Our analysis found that the wasteful consumption of finite fossil fuels and a lack of green competitiveness in the USA contribute to the unsustainable economic growth and the triple predicament of the existing carbon-based US economy. This study helps provide a framework for further analysis of more comprehensive green economic strategies that would allow real sustainable growth and provide viable solutions to both the climate crisis and the economic crisis.
Selective exposure to televised violence

(1979). Selective exposure to televised violence. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 5-13.
Data Analysis in Qualitative Research: A Plea for Sharing the Magic and the Effort

This discussion of data analysis in qualitative research addresses the question of how authors describe this aspect of their research. I suggest that the tradition of organization of research papers from quantitative research is not a good fit for writing qualitative research. I argue for less jargon and more detailed description, with the analytic process integrated into the findings and interpretation.
Preemployment examinations: how useful?

Background: An article in the March-April 1991 Journal of the American Board of Family Practice noted a lack of consensus among family physicians regarding preemployment testing of workers. Family physicians do not seem to adhere to any explicit or uniform criteria in performing these tests. Previous writers have suggested how these examinations might help both the employer and the worker. The Americans with Disabilities Act, which went into effect 26 July 1992, however, appears to make true preemployment examinations illegal. Methods: A review of the Healthline (1975 to 1991) and the MEDLINE (1980 to 1991) data bases using the MeSH headings “physical examination,” “personnel management,” “occupational medicine,” and “personnel selection” yielded 13 articles dealing with the benefit of preemployment examinations to employees or employers. No studies appeared under the text word “preplacement.” Results: All of the published articles addressed the protection of the employer in some manner, but only three studies revealed any benefit to the employer or any protective value for the worker. The testing in these three investigations used detailed knowledge of the demands and duties of the job and, therefore, allowed for more task-specific examinations. Conclusions: The paucity of evidence demonstrating the usefulness of preemployment examinations suggests the need for further research and the development of preemployment evaluations that would allow family physicians to examine employees in a consistently beneficial and more standardized manner.
A reaction—diffusion model of color negative film development

Film development is of major interest to a number of industries, yet the modeling of the process is still not completely understood. David S. Ross from Eastman Kodak Company has been working on modeling this process and, on February 3, 1989 has presented an up to date state of the subject. We shall describe here his presentation and some of the open mathematical problems which he suggested.
A neural mechanism for discrimination: II. Discrimination of weights

A theoretical central mechanism for the discrimination of intensities as previously developed, together with plausible assumptions concerning the receptors, are employed for the derivation of the discriminable difference between lifted weights as a function of the smaller of these weights. The function so derived depends upon three parameters, one parameter being the weight of the supporting member. Some empirical data are compared with the theoretical predictions, and a few remarks are added to describe the physiological significance of the parameters.
A New Approach to Circular Functions, II and lim (sin x)/x

(1968). A New Approach to Circular Functions, II and lim (sin x)/x. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 66-70.
Managerial Competence: The Key to Excellence

The article reviews the book “Managerial Competence: The Key to Excellence,” by Harold M. Schroder.
Abstract B37: Mapping the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services tobacco control leadership: A structural network analysis

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 B37 Eleven Department of Health and Human Services agencies (eg NIH, FDA, CDC, etc) were included in a social network analysis to determine the extent to which they were communicating and coordinating to address tobacco use - which is the leading cause of preventable death in the US. Result Individuals within the DHHS tobacco network showed a high level of awareness of the tobacco work being carried out by other network members across DHHS (density = 0.30), but much less actual contact between agencies (0.17). Some agencies, such as the FDA, had no or almost no contact with other agencies, and there was considerable between-agency contact variability. CDC was the most central agency. Conclusion Considerable trans-DHHS awareness of tobacco control efforts exists, but does not always translate into agencies working together in a coordinated fashion to address tobacco use. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B37.
Integrating local users and multitiered institutions into the IWRM process

Participation among stakeholders and tiered institutions in a collaborative policymaking process is essential to IWRM’s stated goals of securing water for people in a manner that reconciles economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Using the energy-water nexus and case examples from Tajikistan and Mexico, we define a mechanism by showing that poorly articulated multitiered institutional arrangements coupled with failure to generate truly participatory interaction of stakeholders lead to water insecurity. In the case examples, we found that the livelihoods of vulnerable populations are threatened when users experience water insecurity that is created or exacerbated when tiered institutions neglect users’ signals by failure to respond with actions that promote sound resource management or mitigate livelihood threats. Water and livelihood security would be improved by adaptive actions targeted at user-defined causes of water insecurity and coordination between local resource users and institutions at multiple levels. Our results are a diagnostic tool that can be used to identify one cause that, among a possible multitude, contributes to water insecurity. Institutions and decision-making among stakeholders will be an explicit component of the human capacity to respond with programs, policies, and actions able to deal with the dual pressure on water resources posed by climate change and heightened demand while reconciling economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Institutions that operate at the intersection of local users and state and non-state actors have the greatest chance of inducing IWRM solutions if the tiered nature of linkages is expressly accounted for and used to adaptive advantage.
Analysis of four pest growth and decay trend and population composing in Qingyuan downtown area in 2004～2005

Objective To investigate the growth and decay trend and population composing of mosquito,fly,cockroach and mouse,and to provide science foundation for establishing control and prevention measures and controlling its harm.Methods Using mosquito-trap method for monitoring mosquito density,using fly-trap method for monitoring fly density,using glue method for monitoring cockroach density and using flour-board method for monitoring mouse density.Results The density peak of mosquitoes and flies were the second quarter.The density peak of cockroaches was the third quarter.There were no density peak of mouse.Culex pipiens quinquefasiatus was the main group for mosquito population.Chrysomya megacephala,Musca domestica were the advantage groups for fly population.P.Americana and B.germanica were the advantage groups for cockroach population.Rattus norvegicus and Mus.musculus were the advantage group for mouse population.Conclusion The density of four pest was higher in Qingyuan downtown area in 2004～2005.The control and prevention should be promted to combine the strategy of integrated management with the public hygienic consciousness together.
Active Queue Management Algorithm Based on Continuous Sliding Mode Controller and Its Simulation

An active queue management(AQM) scheme based on an improved sliding mode controller was designed.The chattering was eliminated via the replacement of the discontinuous switching in the sliding mode control(SMC) by a continuous input control,so it could improve the queue tracking behavior.The proposed method has strong robust against network modeling uncertainties,network parameters time varying fluctuations and non-TCP sessions disturbances.Simulation results demonstrate that it can lead to the convergence of the queue length to the desired value quickly and maintain the oscillation small.The results also show that the scheme is very robust against disturbance under various network conditions and outperforms traditional PI control and traditional sliding mode control significantly.
A New Fracture Theory for Solids and Composite Systems

Using an energy approach, the concept of a new fracture theory is put forward. The total critical volumetric energy, must be overcome for fracture initiation in any solid or composite systems. If the total energy representing the time-dependent intrinsic damage resistance function is given simply in terms of a series, a general time-dependent expression can be easily established. Volumetric damages by microscopic fracturing are associated with these energy quantities. The new general fracture theory can be reduced to most existing individual prominent strength theories and damage criteria for time-independent material systems.
Dizziness and Vertigo

Dizziness is a nonspecific term that may be divided into three different phenomena: vertigo, light-headedness, and imbalance. Of these, vertigo is the most important to neurologists. The initial evaluation of vertigo is aimed at determining whether the dysfunction is in the central nervous system (i.e., the cerebellum, brainstem, and their connections) or peripheral vestibular system. The most reliable distinguishing feature is the presence of signs or symptoms of adjacent central nervous system dysfunction such as diplopia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Examination of the cerebellar system and eye movements, with special attention to nystagmus is essential to the assessment of vertigo. Nystagmus of central and vestibular origin can be identified with practice and recognition of typical patterns. Common central causes of vertigo include vertebrobasilar ischemia and infarction, cerebellopontine angle tumors, and multiple sclerosis. Common vestibular causes of vertigo include vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and Meniere disease.
Effective workload reduction for early-stage power estimation

In today's information technology trends, all kinds of digital and multimedia technologies are converging into single mobile internet devices (MID). This digital convergence trend is being accelerated by deep sub-micron technology and the concept of system-on-chip design. In SoC design, reconfigurable soft-IPs are widely used than the hard-IPs to obtain more optimized design toward a system or platform. To decide optimized configuration of the soft-IPs, early-stage design exploration is required. Also, choosing appropriate workloads and workload reduction methodology are very crucial for accurate and fast estimation in design exploration. In this paper, we propose a methodology to reduce the amount of workloads used for early-stage power estimation. We explore two scenarios in our analysis for effective workload reduction: (i) instruction-distribution-based workload reduction; (ii) demand-based workload reduction. Based on our experiment, power estimation with the reduced-workload shows more accurate and faster than with conventional reduction method (Simpoint). We conclude that workload reduction technologies which are customized for demanded performance metric are highly required for effective and faster performance evaluation at each design stage — especially in SoC design.