cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spatial explicit strategy reduces error but interferes with sensorimotor adaptation

Although sensorimotor adaptation is typically thought of as an implicit form of learning, it has been shown that participants who gain explicit awareness of the nature of the perturbation during adaptation exhibit more learning than those who do not. With rare exceptions, however, explicit awareness is typically polled at the end of the study. Here, we provided participants with either an explicit spatial strategy or no instructions before learning. Early in learning, explicit instructions greatly reduced movement errors but also resulted in increased trial-to-trial variability and longer reaction times. Late in adaptation, performance was indistinguishable between the explicit and implicit groups, but the mechanisms underlying performance improvements remained fundamentally different, as revealed by catch trials. The progression of implicit recalibration in the explicit group was modulated by the use of an explicit strategy: these participants showed a lower level of recalibration as well as decreased aftereffects. This phenomenon may be due to the reduced magnitude of errors made to the target during adaptation or inhibition of implicit learning mechanisms by explicit processing.
Flow dependence of high p(T) parton energy loss in heavy-ion collisions

The measured transverse momentum spectra and HBT correlations of bulk (i.e., low p{sub T}) matter can be well explained by assuming that the soft sector of particles produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions is (approximately) thermalized and undergoes collective accelerated expansion in both longitudinal and transverse direction. However, this implies that bulk matter will have a nonvanishing flow component transverse to the trajectory of a high p{sub T} partonic jets. In general, this will increase the energy loss experienced by the jet parton and modify the shape of the jet cone. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the magnitude of the additional energy loss induced by flow under realistic assumptions for the medium evolution. We argue that a perturbative QGP description may be sufficient for the measured R{sub AA} if flow during the medium evolution is taken into account properly.
Distribution and elimination of a polychlorinated biphenyl after acute dietary exposure in yellow perch and rainbow trout.

Distribution and elimination of a single polychlorinated biphenyl isomer (2,5,2′,5′-tetrachloro[14C]biphenyl, 4-CB) were compared in a nonfatty fish (yellow perch) and a fatty fish (rainbow trout). Adult fish were exposed acutely to 4-CB (0.8 μg/fish) by the oral or intraperitoneal route and were killed at designated times thereafter for one month. Whole body elimination of 4-CB was similar in both species with 20 to 30% of the radioactive 4-CB being eliminated in the first 3 to 4 days after treatment, but very little thereafter. Also, the same extent of elimination was seen when the compound was given orally or intraperitoneally. Tissue distribution of 4-CB residues was different in the two species. Perch relied on viscera and carcass as main 4-CB distribution sites and skeletal muscle, skin and scales as minor sites. In rainbow trout, on the other hand, skeletal muscle and carcass were major distribution sites, whereas viscera and skin were minor sites. This species difference in 4-CB distribution was not due to a difference in sexual maturity of the perch and trout, because a build-up of eggs or sperm was not present in the peritoneal cavity of either species.
A Theory of Partnership Dynamics

Abstract This paper explores the benefits and drawbacks of potential partnership dissolution through an infinite-period, dynamic game-theoretic model of learning and endogenous dissolution. As partners learn about the quality of their partnership relative to their outside opportunities, the rents associated with the partnership change, effecting a related change in the strength of incentives to provide effort. Mild supermodularity conditions lead to effort levels in the optimal equilibria which rise in the expected quality of the partnership. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C73, L14.
Enhanced iterative processing algorithms for restoration and superresolution of tactical sensor imagery

Imagery data acquired in practice to support tactical surveillance and tracking missions in hostile environments typically suffer from a variety of degradations making it essential to subject the data to digital postprocessing aimed at restoration and superresolution before they can be used for any image exploitation tasks (visualization, target detection and characterization, etc.). A number of novel iterative techniques for resolution enhancement are presently being developed, with statistical optimization and set-theoretic estimation offering two popular approaches for algorithm design. The challenges posed by the processing needs of tactical imagery data often require greater capabilities than what the existing algorithms can offer, however, and typically require more enhanced procedures to achieve satisfactory restoration and superresolution. We outline three such enhancements: parallel projection implementation with adaptive relaxation, use of scene-derived information for constraint set design, and a hybrid statistical and set-theoretic estimation procedure. The restoration and superresolution performance of an iterative algorithm that incorporates these enhancements is illustrated by application to tactical imagery data [images acquired from state-of-the-art synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) sensors].
Clonal Persistence and Evolution During a Decade of Recurrent Melanoma

A patient with metastatic cutaneous melanoma responsive to immunotherapy experienced several recurrences over a decade of observation. With each recurrence, biopsies were obtained and cell lines generated. A rare mutation of the β -catenin gene and an unbalanced methylation of the androgen receptor were documented in all cell lines. Karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization identified consistent genetic traits in spite of divergent phenotypes, suggesting that all the metastases were derived from the same primary tumor, although they were each probably not derived from the most recent previous metastasis in a sequential manner. Thus, metastatic melanoma recurs from a common progenitor cell and phenotypic changes occur around a central core of genetic stability. This observation may bear significance for the development of targeted anticancer therapies.
A New Field-Compatible Methodology for the Collection and Analysis of Fungal Fragments

A field-compatible collection system was developed and tested for the collection and analysis of fungal fragments. The new collection system consists of two types of Sharp-Cut cyclone samplers (PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 ) and an after-filter. Fungal particles are collected into three size fractions: (1) spores ( > 2.5 μ m); (2) a fragment-spore mixture (1.0–2.5 μ m); and (3) submicrometer-sized fragments ( < 1.0 μ m). The system was laboratory-tested using polystyrene latex (PSL) particles and particulate matter aerosolized from sporulating Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum cultures. In addition to the particle count measured with direct-reading instruments, the (1 → 3)- β -D-glucan content in each size fraction was determined with the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. Experiments conducted with PSL particles showed that the 50% cut-off values of the two cyclone samplers under the test conditions were 2.25 μ m and 1.05 μ m, respectively. No particle bounce onto the after-filter was observed wh...
Intervention research to benefit people with autism: How old are the participants?

Abstract We determined the reported ages of participants with autism (or autism spectrum disorders) in 146 intervention research studies published recently in four prominent journals. Most participants were between two and eight years of age and only 1.7% of them were 20 or more years of age. These findings suggest that the special needs of older people with autism have generated little interest among researchers, which is arguably an unfortunate oversight.
Numerical solution of the time-dependent kinetic equation for electrons in magnetized plasma

A numerical solution is developed for the time-dependent kinetic equation describing the evolution of arbitrary distributions of electrons injected into a magnetized plasma. Included in the equation are pitch-angle scattering and energy loss because of Coulomb collisions and magnetic mirroring. The numerical code can be easily modified to include other scattering or radiation terms. The numerical results are shown to agree well with known analytic solutions for various simplified configurations such as homogeneous injection in a homogeneous plasma, electron beams moving with small pitch angle with respect to the magnetic field, and injection into a magnetic trap.
An experimental technique to measure the adhesive strength between inclusions and transparent matrices

An experimental method is presented to measure the adhesive strength between spherical inclusions and transparent host matrices. The technique was developed to measure reliably the adhesive strengths between particles and resin matrices. Commonly used adhesion tests possess ill-defined stress concentrations inherent in their design that make them unsuitable for the determination of true adhesive strengths. The procedure developed here involves embedding a sphere of the candidate particle material in the contoured neck portion of a cylindrical epoxy bar (or that of other transparent resin). The decohesion of the sample from the epoxy is observed as the bar is strained in tension. The radial stress at the poles leading to decohesion is then determinedly means of a numerical solution of the deformation problem. Adhesive strength data were obtained from a number of epoxy specimens containing particles of Delrin, Nylon, polycarbonate and silica glass, and are presented here and discussed in relation to particle-surface pre-treatments.
Association Between Pain Catastrophizing, Spouse Responses to Pain, and Blood Pressure in Chronic Pain Patients: A Pathway to Potential Comorbidity

Chronic pain has been shown to be highly comorbid with other medical conditions. Theoretical and empirical associations between pain and cardiovascular health can be made based on the current literature. Psychosocial variables associated with the pain experience may, however, have an impact on cardiovascular health. The purpose of this study was to examine how cognitive and interpersonal aspects of chronic pain, including pain catastrophizing (PC) and negative spouse responses (NSR), relate to systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) as cardiovascular risk factors. Data were collected from 57 treatment-seeking patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Participants completed the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and pain severity ratings based on an analog pain scale. In addition, participants consented to a medical chart review to collect blood pressure and prescribed medication data. Hierarchical linear regressions were used to test associations between PC and NSR, and blood pressure while controlling cardiac medication status. A positive association between PC and both SBP and DBP was found. A positive association was also found for NSR and SBP. These findings suggest that psychosocial aspects of chronic pain may represent a direct risk for elevated blood pressure and, thus, increased risk for cardiovascular health problems. Psychosocial aspects of pain may constitute a form of chronic stress as described in the cardiovascular reactivity literature. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive multidimensional treatments of pain.
Search for time-reversal symmetry breaking in unconventional superconductors

Abstract We have used polar Kerr effect to test for time-reversal symmetry breaking effects in unconventional superconductors. In particular, high precision measurements of the spin-triplet superconductor Sr 2 RuO 4 4 using a Sagnac interferometer with a zero-area Sagnac loop showed a non-zero Kerr rotations as big as 65 nrad appearing below T c in large domains.
Helicity Modulus and Meissner Effect in a Fluctuating Type-II Superconductor

The helicity modulus for a fluctuating type-II superconductor is computed within the elastic medium approximation, as a probe of superconducting phase coherence and the Meissner effect in the mixed state. We argue that at the vortex line lattice melting transition, there remains superconducting coherence parallel to the applied magnetic field, provided the vortex line liquid retains a finite shear modulus at finite wave vector.
Efficacy and safety of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy versus anticoagulant monotherapy after mechanical heart-valve replacement: A metaanalysis

We performed a metaanalysis of five randomized controlled trials to compare the efficacy and safety of combined oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy versus oral anticoagulants alone after prosthetic heart-valve replacement. The combined regimen reduced embolism and overall mortality by approximately 67% (pooled odds ratio [OR] 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16 to 0.69; p = 0.0032) and 40% (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.32 to 1.12; p = 0.11), respectively, but increased the risk of hemorrhage by approximately 65% (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.39; p = 0.0069) and of major gastrointestinal hemorrhage by approximately 250% (OR 3.47; 95% CI 1.43 to 8.40; p = 0.0058). It is estimated that for every 1.6 patients who had their stroke prevented by combination therapy, there was an excess of one major gastrointestinal bleed. This metaanalysis suggests that the benefits derived from the enhanced antithrombotic potential of combined therapy outweigh the toxic effects resulting from the enhanced anticoagulant potential of this regimen.
Perceived Control and Vulnerability to Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-analytic Review

Contemporary theories of psychopathology suggest a lack of perceived control as central to the experience of negative emotion and to be particularly relevant to the development of anxiety disorders. The present study meta-analytically reviewed the relationship between perceived control and both trait and disorder-specific measures of anxiety in order to determine whether current evidence is consistent with perceived control functioning as a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor. A comprehensive literature review identified 51 studies with a total of 11,218 participants that were determined to meet eligibility criteria. The mean effect sizes between perceived control and trait measures of anxiety (k = 29) and disorder specific measures of anxiety (k = 37) were calculated using random-effects methods. Results indicated a large, negative association between perceived control and both trait measures of anxiety and disorder-specific measures of anxiety, with the largest associations being between perceived control and generalized anxiety disorder. Moderator analyses indicated that the associations between perceived control and trait anxiety were greater in adults than children, and varied across different measures of perceived control. These results underscore the importance of perceived control as a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor across the anxiety disorders.
Distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the CBA/J mouse model of presbycusis.

Abstract CBA mice do not exhibit age-related loss of auditory sensitivity or cochlear pathology until relatively late in life. Therefore, this strain is believed to be an excellent animal model for the examination of the effects of age on the cochlea. To evaluate the effects of age on outer hair cell function, 2 f 1 − f 2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were measured for f 2 between 8 and 16 kHz in CBA/J mice between 1 and 25 months of age. CBA mice exhibited mild age-related changes in DPOAE level and detection threshold at 17 months of age, and changes of 20–40 dB by 25 months of age. The DPOAE level decreased and detection threshold increased with age in a frequency-dependent manner, starting at high frequencies and eventually extending to low frequencies. The range of frequencies in which notches were observed in the DPOAE input/output (I/O) functions extended toward lower frequencies by 17 months of age. Notches were absent in the I/O functions of 25-month-old mice. The present results for a frequency range of 8–16 kHz suggest that age has modest effects on outer hair cell function in CBA mice.
Testimony in seventeenth-century English natural philosophy: legal origins and early development.

Abstract This essay argues that techniques for assessing testimonial credibility were well established in English legal contexts before they appeared in English natural philosophy. ‘Matters of fact’ supported by testimony referred to human actions and events before the concept was applied to natural phenomena. The article surveys English legal views about testimony and argues that the criteria for credible testimony in both legal and scientific venues were not limited to those of gentle status. Natural philosophers became concerned with testimony when they shifted their attention from universal statements about nature to particular natural and experimental events. Testimony thus became important in the construction of natural and experimental histories constructed by English naturalists. The shift to a more Baconian approach to natural investigation, itself shaped in part by legal concepts and practice, made it possible for members of the Royal Society to adopt an already familiar and societally approved approach to testimony. However, the essay also suggests how the use of scientific instruments and the desire to avoid the adversarial processes of the law modified legal conditions for fact determination, and made it possible for later generations to associate the concept of fact, supported by credible testimony, with the natural rather than the human sciences.
Bohr effect in the haemoglobins of marine mammals.

VERTEBRATE blood haemoglobins discharge protons on oxygenation. This is part of the Bohr effect1. Recent work2,3 has shown that in haemoglobins from a variety of terrestrial mammals ranging in size from mouse to elephant the smaller the animal the greater is the sensitivity of its haemoglobin to changes in pH. Thus elephant haemoglobin discharges only about 1.5 protons during oxygenation while mouse haemoglobin discharges about 3.8. An approximate inverse linear relation exists between the number of protons discharged by the haemoglobin during oxygenation and the logarithm of the body-weight of the animal from which the haemoglobin comes : one additional proton discharged corresponds to a decrease in body-weight by a factor of about 300. The extrapolat on of this relationship to the weights of large whales suggested that whales might possess haemoglobins with either a zero or small Bohr effect.
Analysis of periodically excited non-linear systems by a parametric continuation technique

Abstract The dynamic behavior and frequency response of harmonically excited piecewise linear and/or non-linear systems has been the subject of several recent investigations. Most of the prior studies employed harmonic balance or Galerkin schemes, piecewise linear techniques, analog simulation and/or direct numerical integration (digital simulation). Such techniques are somewhat limited in their ability to predict all of the dynamic characteristics, including bifurcations leading to the occurrence of unstable, subharmonic, quasi-periodic and/or chaotic solutions. To overcome this problem, a parametric continuation scheme, based on the shooting method, is applied specifically to a periodically excited piecewise linear/non-linear system, in order to improve understanding as well as to obtain the complete dynamic response. Parameter regions exhibiting bifurcations to harmonic, subharmonic or quasi-periodic solutions are obtained quite efficiently and systematically. Unlike other techniques, the proposed scheme can follow period-doubling bifurcations, and with some modifications obtain stable quasi-periodic solutions and their bifurcations. This knowledge is essential in establishing conditions for the occurrence of chaotic oscillations in any non-linear system. The method is first validated through the Duffing oscillator example, the solutions to which are also obtained by conventional one-term harmonic balance and perturbation methods. The second example deals with a clearance non-linearity problem for both harmonic and periodic excitations. Predictions from the proposed scheme match well with available analog simulation data as well as with multi-term harmonic balance results. Potential savings in computational time over direct numerical integration is demonstrated for some of the example cases. Also, this work has filled in some of the solution regimes for an impact pair, which were missed previously in the literature. Finally, one main limitation associated with the proposed procedure is discussed.
The Use of Guided Imagery in Elementary and Secondary Schools

Since 1977 three federally funded grants and two private grants have supported the designing, implementing, and evaluating of imagery-based affective programs on the elementary and secondary levels...
Chain substituted polymerizable ether lipids: synthesis of sorbyl and diacetylenic ether glycerophosphocholine.

Abstract Three novel polymerizable ether lipids, 1,2-O-bis[10(2′,4′-hexadienoyloxy)decyl]-rac, 1,2-O-bis(10,12-tricosadiynyl)-rac, and (−)-2,3-O-bis(10,12-tricosadiynyl)-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine, were synthesized from 3-O-benzyl-rac, 3-O-trityl-rac and (−)-1-O-trityl-sn-glycerol as starting materials, respectively. All the reactions employed in these multi-step syntheses are straightforward giving an overall yield of 21% for the sorbyl, 42% for the racemic diacetylenic and 44% for the chiral diacetylenic lipid. All the lipids form bilayer assemblies on hydration and show transitions from gel to liquid-crystalline phases at 11.4°, 27.6° and 30.0°C, respectively. Bilayer assemblies of each are photoreactive and are readily polymerized by irradiation with 254 nm light. Tubules of the chiral diacetylenic ether lipid were observed.
Toward petascale shock/turbulence computations

Progress toward highly resolved simulations of shock/turbulence interaction is described, with a focus on the scientific reasons for studying this problem as well as the computational issues involved. We illustrate the importance of computing shock/turbulence interaction at Reynolds numbers of at least one order of magnitude larger than previously done. We also illustrate the need to study the effect of turbulent Mach number on the interaction process. Scaling data for the code is used to estimate the computational resources needed for these novel simulations on petascale systems.
On the prioritization of safety warnings in product manuals

Most warning research has focused on how to best present individual hazards on signs and labels. However, many products have multiple hazards and to date there has been very little research on how to effectively present multi-hazard warnings. The present paper studies the sequencing of safety warnings in product manuals using warning statements from manuals of three power tools, each having multiple hazards associated with their use, maintenance, and storage. This research also examines the relationship between statement orderings and several user-belief dimensions. One group of 25 participants ordered sets of warning statements based on how they believed the warnings should be listed in the manuals. Another group of 25 participants rated each warning statement on importance, injury severity, injury likelihood, and prior awareness. The results provide a quantitative summary of preferred statement order that could be useful in assembling warning lists in manuals. Three of the four belief dimensions had substantial negative correlations with mean rank; the fourth, prior awareness, showed a weaker relationship. Empirical assessment of warning statements might be useful in prioritizing multiple warnings in product manuals to better transmit product-related hazards to users. Relevance to industry The present study demonstrates a procedure that could be useful to product and equipment manufacturers on how to prioritize lengthy lists of warning hazards. Empirical determination of the sequencing of safety messages may increase the likelihood that important information will be read and decrease the likelihood of product liability suits that allege inadequate hazard warnings.
Population transfer in a three-level atom

Abstract We discuss population transfer from the ground to the excited state of a three-level atom or molecule in a Raman configuration exposed to pump and Stokes lasers. The middle level is exactly “eliminated” by means of a unitary transformation of the Hamiltonian. The dynamics is assumed to obey the conditions of adiabatic passage. We find two distinct ways in which the transfer of population can be carried out.
Interaction between silicon carbide and a nickel-based superalloy at elevated temperatures

A study has been made of the reaction of hot-pressed SiC and a nickel-based superalloy at temperatures between 700 and 1150° C. Under conditions of reduced oxygen pressure at the reaction interface, obtained by applying pressure to the couple, some degree of reaction was observed in both metal and ceramic at all temperatures studied. Preliminary studies utilizing the same techniques at 1000° C with a Si-SiC ceramic composite, Si3N4, MgO, Al2O3, and SiO2 also indicated some degree of reaction in the metal for all ceramics examined.
Famos—A new semiconductor charge storage device

Abstract A new non-volatile charge storage device is described. The floating gate avalanche injection MOS (FAMOS) structure is a p -channel silicon gate field effect transistor in which no electric contact is made to the silicon gate. It combines the floating gate concept with avalanche injection of electrons from the surface depletion region of a p - n junction to yield reproducible charging characteristics with long term storage retention.
Developmental expression of the protein kinase C family in rat hippocampus.

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) is a heterogeneous family of ten or more isoforms which plays an important role in neuronal signal transduction. Isoforms from all subclasses are prominently expressed in the rat hippocampus, as demonstrated by immunoblot with isozyme-specific antisera: Ca2+-dependent (α, βI, βII and γ), Ca2+-independent (δ, ϵ and a newly characterized PKC related to η) and atypical (ζ). In addition, the ζ isoform is also found as the free, constitutively active catalytic domain, protein kinase M ζ (PKMζ). Two distinct patterns of expression of PKC isozymes in rat hippocampus are found during development from E18 to P28. PKCζ, PKMζ and PKCδ are present at birth and their expression does not increase postnatally. In contrast, the other isoforms are expressed only at low levels at birth and then increase in the first 4 weeks postnatally. These two patterns of expression suggest distinct functions for PKC isozymes during development.
An application of backprojection for video SAR image formation exploiting a subaperature circular shift register

This paper details a Video SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) mode that provides a persistent view of a scene centered at the Motion Compensation Point (MCP). The radar platform follows a circular flight path. An objective is to form a sequence of SAR images while observing dynamic scene changes at a selectable video frame rate. A formulation of backprojection meets this objective. Modified backprojection equations take into account changes in the grazing angle or squint angle that result from non-ideal flight paths. The algorithm forms a new video frame relying upon much of the signal processing performed in prior frames. The method described applies an appropriate azimuth window to each video frame for window sidelobe rejection. A Cardinal Direction Up (CDU) coordinate frame forms images with the top of the image oriented along a given cardinal direction for all video frames. Using this coordinate frame helps characterize a moving target’s target response. Generation of synthetic targets with linear motion including both constant velocity and constant acceleration is described. The synthetic target video imagery demonstrates dynamic SAR imagery with expected moving target responses. The paper presents 2011 flight data collected by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) implementing the video SAR mode. The flight data demonstrates good video quality showing moving vehicles. The flight imagery demonstrates the real-time capability of the video SAR mode. The video SAR mode uses a circular shift register of subapertures. The radar employs a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) in order to implement this algorithm.
Salmeterol is a competitive antagonist at β-adrenoceptors mediating inhibition of respiratory burst in guinea-pig eosinophils

Abstract The ability of the long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonists eformoterol and salmeterol to inhibit leukotriene (LT) B4 (100 nM; ∼EC70)-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation by guinea-pig peritoneal eosinophils was investigated and compared with salbutamol. Eformoterol and salbutamol produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of LTB4-induced H2O2 generation with pIC50 values of 6.22 and > 5.0 respectively. The inhibitory effect eformoterol was mediated through an interaction with β-adrenoceptors for it was antagonised by propranolol with affinity (7.21) that was independent of antagonist cencentration (100 nM and 1 μM). In contrast, salmeterol (1 nM to 10 μM) failed to inhibit H2O2 generation at any concentration examined irrespective of the pre-incubation time (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 15 or 30 min). Salmeterol did, however, competitively antagonise (slope of Schild plot = 0.91) the inhibition of H2O2 generation induced by eformoterol with a pA2 of 5.9. Possible explanations for the lack of inhibitory effect of salmeterol on LTB4-induced respiratory burst are advanced and critically discussed.
The behavior of fly-ash derived arsenic in seawater

Abstract With the rising cost of oil the electric power generating companies are turning to coal as a fuel source. Large amounts of fly ash are produced as a by product of coal combustion. This fly ash must then be disposed of, with the oceans being considered an alternative to land fill disposal. This research investigated the sorptive behavior of the surface-associated arsenic and utilized the results to project arsenic's impact on the water column during the ocean disposal of fly ash. Several acid digests were investigated to determine an effective method of arsenic recovery from fly ash. Of these, the HCl digest was the most effective technique, yielding 100% arsenic recoveries from fly-ash particles. The arsenic content of the fly ashes studied varied from 69 ± 11 μg g−1 to 323 ± 24 μg g−1, reflecting differences in the arsenic content of the source coal. In both seawater and freshwater there is an increase in arsenic desorption with increasing pH. The greatest release of arsenic occurred at pH 12 with generally over 80% of the surface arsenic released. Fly ash in contact with seawater and freshwater can exhibit either acidic or alkaline tendencies depending upon the soluble elemental composition on the surface of the flyash particle. The acidic ashes were shown to leach a greater percentage of arsenic (16.9%) than the more alkaline ashes (8.2%). During these leaching studies in seawater, arsenic was found to leach in both the pentavalent and trivalent oxidation state. The pentavalent state was predominant, comprising 77% of the arsenic initially desorbed. The dissolution in seawater of arsenic was utilized to assess the possible impact of the ocean disposal of fly ash. Based upon these data it appears that the natural levels of arsenic in the water column would not be significantly increased. Further research is needed on the fate of fly-ash particles in marine sediments.
Design of a nuclear electric propulsion orbital transfer vehicle

Payload increases of three to five times that of the Shuttle/Centaur can be achieved using nuclear electric propulsion. Various nuclear power plant options being pursued by the SP-100 Program are described. These concepts can grow from 100 kWe to 1 MWe output. Spacecraft design aspects are addressed, including thermal interactions, plume interactions, and radiation fluences. A baseline configuration is described accounting for these issues. Starting the orbital transfer vehicle from an altitude of 300 km indicates no significant additional risk to the biosphere than a reactor powerplant that has run for 7 years at a 300-year orbit.
Phonon temperature overshoot in GaAs excited by subpicosecond laser pulses.

Hot electrons and phonons excited in GaAs by subpicosecond laser pulses have been studied by inelastic light scattering for photoexcited electron densities varying between ${10}^{17}$ and ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. Transient overshoot of longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon temperature above the electron temperature has been observed. This is explained by the fast production of zone-center LO phonons by hot electrons combined with slower reabsorption of the emitted phonons due to rapid cooling of \ensuremath{\Gamma} valley electrons by intervalley scattering.
Student evaluation of basic speech courses

This study shows that sex, expected grades, class in school, arid instructor each separately tends to influence responses to some items in a course‐evaluation inventory and that, generally, students tend to like the instructor better than the content of the course.
Biological Assay of Luteinizing Hormone (LH, ICSH) by the Ovarian Hyperemia Method of Ellis: An Evaluation1

The results of extensive experience with biological assay of LH by the ovarian hyperemia method of Ellis, which employs radioiodinated serum albumin for estimating the hyperemic response, have been evaluated. A total of 101 assays involving approximately 5,000 animals were performed. The mean index of precision (λ) was 0.29. Doses of the reference preparation (NIH-LH-S1) which produced the most reliable slope and reduced otherwise large fluctuations in mean response to fixed doses from assay to assay were 1.0 and 4.0 μg. The mean percentage of standard error of the potency estimates of a series of 80 assays (Series I), using 4 rats/dose, was 57%, and for a series of 21 assays (Series II), using 6 rats/dose, was 44%. The interassay error was large in Series 1 but not significant in Series II, possibly because optimal doses of the reference preparation had been employed. In its responsiveness to sheep LH, the Ellis assay was 15 times more sensitive than the prostate assay of Greep and 0.4 times as sensitive...
Pertussis Immunity and Response to Tetanus-Reduced Diphtheria-Reduced Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) after Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection characterized by prolonged cough and inspiratory whoop. Despite widespread vaccination of children aged 2-fold response to PT following vaccination with Tdap. These data suggest that autologous transplantation recipients are highly susceptible to pertussis and that immunization with 2.5μg of PT induces an inadequate response. Prospective trials evaluating BOOSTRIX, containing 8μg/dose of PT (approved for adults in December 2008) are warranted in this vulnerable population undergoing transplantation.
Mathematical Modelling Of Bubble Evolution In Transformers

A mathematical model of a small subsystem within a transformer winding has been constructed to define operating conditions under which free bubbles are likely to be evolved. The model is based on the characteristics of the component materials in the subsystem. Its predictions have been correlated with the observed performance of physical models to establish confidence in its validity and it has been exercised to demonstrate the role which many transformer operational and constructional variables play in establishing conditions suitable for bubble formation.
Social Desire Paths: An Applied Sociology of Interests

Using insights from landscape architecture on how pedestrian-driven “desire paths” inform the design of public landscapes, I offer a new concept for sociologists to consider—social desire paths. Th...
Sensor feature fusion for detecting buried objects

Given multiple registered images of the earth's surface from dual-band infrared sensors, our system fuses information from the sensors to reduce the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect buried or surface target sites. The sensor suite currently includes two infrared sensors (5 micron and 10 micron wavelengths) and one ground penetrating radar (GPR) of the wide-band pulsed synthetic aperture type. We use a supervised learning pattern recognition approach to detect metal and plastic land mines buried in soil. The overall process consists of four main parts: preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. We present results of experiments to detect buried land mines from real data, and evaluate the usefulness of fusing feature information from multiple sensor types, including dual-band infrared and ground penetrating radar. The novelty of the work lies mostly in the combination of the algorithms and their application to the very important and currently unsolved operational problem of detecting buried land mines from an airborne standoff platform.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Effort in the Service Environment

Investigations of the causal relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction have yielded contradictory findings. Little empirical research has looked at this complex relationship in the context of work effort. The purpose of this study was to determine how these variables interact in the service environment. Using a sample of 425 employees in two service organizations, the author tested two structural equation models. The hypothesized model with organizational commitment as a moderator between job satisfaction and service effort fit better than a model with job satisfaction as moderator did. Conceptual implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research are made.
Travel Time Reliability Versus Safety: A Stochastic Hazard-Based Modeling Approach

This paper presents a modeling approach to linking stochastic acceleration and lane-changing behavior to travel time reliability on congested freeways. Individual driving behavior is represented by a prospect-theory–based model that takes into account uncertainty and risk evaluation in terms of gains and losses while following a lead vehicle. Given a set of stimuli (i.e., headways, relative speeds, etc.), the stochastic acceleration model generates acceleration probability distribution functions rather than deterministic acceleration values. Such distribution functions may be associated with travel time reliability through the construction of travel time distributions. In addition, lane-changing decision is represented by a stochastic hazard-based duration model that accounts for the surrounding traffic conditions (i.e., traffic density, distance to ramp, etc.). Numerical results from Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed microscopic stochastic modeling approach produces realistic macroscopic traffic flow patterns and can be used to generate travel time distributions. With proper experimental setup and sensitivity analysis, travel time distributions may be estimated and linked to safety-based parameters.
Vedānta Personality Development: A Model to Enhance the Cultural Competence of Psychotherapists

Inasmuch as psychology references a conscious questioning of what it is to be self, or what it is to say "I," it can be considered to be as old as civilization itself. Yet it is a relative neophyte within the paradigm of Western/Eurocentric scientific disciplines. Contemporary mainstream psychology traces its origins to the late nineteenth century for its disciplinary status and to the Greeks for its philosophical underpinnings. However, the lines of influence may not be as narrow and clear-cut, and the fact of the matter may well be that civilizations that existed earlier, and elsewhere, have played a decisive and formative role in shaping the very fundamentals of contemporary psychology. India (and perhaps "the East" in general) may well be such a case in point. Archaeological sources suggest that the genesis of modern-day psychology can be traced to civilizations that existed around 3000 BCE and earlier. According to Gardner Murphy and Joseph K. Kovach (1972), it was the forces from the Persian uplands who invaded India, "borrowed" from her culture, and produced influential philosophical treatises such as the Upanisads and the Bhagavad Gita. In the period 500 BCE the psychological systems of Buddha, Confucius, and Laotsu emerged, and concomitantly during this era Greek systematic philosophy began its evolution - which arguably was the point of conception of Western psychological systems. Klaus K. Klostermaier (1994) asserts that there is evidence to support the presence of Indian religious and philosophical thought in ancient Athens and comments on its possible influence on early and classical Greek philosophy. If it is so that India contributed significantly to the Greeks, who in turn provided the ontological and epistemological foundation for contemporary psychology in the West, the irony is that psychology is now exported to countries, including India, wholly devoid of any acknowledgment or recognition of such multifaceted, multiregioned, and multicultural intellectual origins. Anand C. Paranjpe (1988) asserts that the contemporary psychology taught at most Asian universities bears the hallmark of European intellectual heritage of philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Descartes, rather than that of Buddha, Confucius, or Sankara. Several writers such as
On the Distribution of Rises and Falls in a Continuous Random Process

Statistics of distribution of rises and falls in continuous random process, with application to gaussian processes
Short esophagus: how much length can we get?

Laparoscopic antireflux surgery requires an adequate length of intra-abdominal esophagus. Short esophagus can cause wrap herniation and poor clinical outcomes. The aim of the study is to measure maximum length of esophageal elongation with transhiatal mediastinal dissection. This is a review of a prospective database created in the tertiary referral center between 2003 and 2006. One hundred and six patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and suspected short esophagus on barium swallow were studied. Patients underwent antireflux surgery with extended transhiatal mediastinal dissection to elongate short esophagus. Routine measurement of intra-abdominal esophageal segment length with intraoperative esophagogastroscopy and laparoscopy was utilized to define the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) in order to quantify total intra-abdominal esophageal length. Postoperative 24-h pH manometry, UGI series, and symptom scores were recorded to document the clinical outcomes. The aim of the dissection was to mobilize ≥3 cm of intra-abdominal esophagus. Total esophageal elongation was achieved with a mean of 2.65 (range 2–18) cm. Resultant intra-abdominal esophageal length was measured with a mean of 3.15 (range of 3 to 5) cm. None of the preoperative “short esophagus” required Collis’ gastroplasty post extended mediastinal dissection. All preoperative symptom scores showed significant improvements with mean follow-up of 18 (9–36) months. Mean distal esophageal acid exposure normalized in all patients studied postoperatively. Short esophagus can be safely elongated with extended mediastinal esophageal dissection. This technique can obviate the need for Collis’ gastroplasty and improve overall outcome after antireflux surgery. We recommend that extended transhiatal mediastinal dissection be performed to establish 3 cm of intra-abdominal esophagus at the time of antireflux procedures.
Relationships Between Remote-Sensing-Based Agricultural Drought Indicators and Root Zone Soil Moisture: A Comparative Study of Iowa

Remote-sensing (RS)-based agricultural drought indicators, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and normalized difference drought index (NDDI), have been popularly used in agricultural drought monitoring, analysis and related applications. Understanding the relationships between these indicators and root zone soil moisture under different canopies will help reduce uncertainties and enhance reliability of estimating soil moisture levels over a large area, and thus improve the accuracy in drought monitoring, analysis, and forecasting. This research aims to investigate such relationships and choose a drought indicator that best correlates with soil moisture observed at various depths from the soil climate analysis network (SCAN) sites, with 0–64 days of lagging periods. Results from the study show that the indicators applied to corn led to statistically significant correlations with soil moisture at deeper depths and also the soil moisture memory can be kept for a long period of time (32–48 days), while the indicators applied to soybeans correlated best with soil moisture at shallower depths and the soil moisture memory can only be kept for a short time (concurrent to 16 days).
A Conceptual Pathways Model to Promote Positive Youth Development in Children Raised by Their Grandparents.

The numbers of children raised by their grandparents are increasing. These alternate families often emerge following negative life events that result in high risk for adverse child outcomes. Modifications in the traditional roles and relationships of grandparent and child may exacerbate stressors experienced by both parties. The phenomenon has implications for professionals working with these children because these families are increasing in prevalence and research suggests students’ success in school depends on both the home and school environments. Preventing problem behaviors associated with these families and promoting the children’s positive developmental trajectories entail understanding the family members’ unique needs and risks and identifying and accentuating their strengths, supports, and resources. In this paper, (a) the phenomenon of children raised by grandparents is reviewed, (b) positive youth development is advanced as a viable theoretical and applied developmental science framework to understand the children, and (c) a conceptual pathways model is described that can be used to promote their favorable school and life outcomes.