cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Dietary Carotenoid Supplementation and Retinal Carotenoid Accumulation on Vision-Mediated Foraging in the House Finch

Background For many bird species, vision is the primary sensory modality used to locate and assess food items. The health and spectral sensitivities of the avian visual system are influenced by diet-derived carotenoid pigments that accumulate in the retina. Among wild House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), we have found that retinal carotenoid accumulation varies significantly among individuals and is related to dietary carotenoid intake. If diet-induced changes in retinal carotenoid accumulation alter spectral sensitivity, then they have the potential to affect visually mediated foraging performance. Methodology/Principal Findings In two experiments, we measured foraging performance of house finches with dietarily manipulated retinal carotenoid levels. We tested each bird's ability to extract visually contrasting food items from a matrix of inedible distracters under high-contrast (full) and dimmer low-contrast (red-filtered) lighting conditions. In experiment one, zeaxanthin-supplemented birds had significantly increased retinal carotenoid levels, but declined in foraging performance in the high-contrast condition relative to astaxanthin-supplemented birds that showed no change in retinal carotenoid accumulation. In experiments one and two combined, we found that retinal carotenoid concentrations predicted relative foraging performance in the low- vs. high-contrast light conditions in a curvilinear pattern. Performance was positively correlated with retinal carotenoid accumulation among birds with low to medium levels of accumulation (∼0.5–1.5 µg/retina), but declined among birds with very high levels (>2.0 µg/retina). Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest that carotenoid-mediated spectral filtering enhances color discrimination, but that this improvement is traded off against a reduction in sensitivity that can compromise visual discrimination. Thus, retinal carotenoid levels may be optimized to meet the visual demands of specific behavioral tasks and light environments.
The physiological role of lipoxygenase in ethylene formation from 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in oat leaves.

In order to understand the physiological significance of the in-vitro lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12)-mediated ethylene-forming system (J.F. Bousquet and K.V. Thimann 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1724–1727), its characteristics were compared to those of an in-vivo ethylene-forming system. While oat (Avena sativa L.) leaves, as other plant tissues, preferentially converted only one of the 1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (AEC) isomers to 1-butene, the lipoxygenase system converted all four AEC isomers to 1-butene with nearly equal efficiencies. While the in-vivo ethylene-forming system of oat leaves was saturable with ACC with a Km of 16 μM, the lipoxygenase system was not saturated with ACC even at 10 mM. In contrast to the in-vivo results, only 10% of the ACC consumed in the lipoxygenase system was converted to ethylene, indicating that the reaction is not specific for ethylene formation. Increased ACC-dependent ethylene production in oat leaves following pretreatment with linoleic acid has been inferred as evidence of the involvement of lipoxygenase in ethylene production. We found that pretreating oat leaves with linoleic acid resulted in increased ACC uptake and thereby increased ethylene production. A similar effect was observed with oleic acid, which is not a substrate of lipoxygenase. Since linoleic acid hydroperoxide can substitute for lipoxygenase and linoleic acid in this system, it is assumed that the alkoxy radicals generated during the decomposion of linoleic acid hydroperoxide are responsible for the degradation of ACC to ethylene. Our results collectively indicate that the reported lipoxygenase system is not the in-vivo ethylene-forming enzyme.
Pushing for particulate level models of adiabatic and isothermal processes in upper-level chemistry courses: a qualitative study

In the past three decades, researchers have noted the limitations of a problem-solving approach that overemphasizes algorithms and quantitation and neglects student misconceptions and an otherwise qualitative, conceptual understanding of chemical phenomena. Since then, studies and lessons designed to improve student understanding of chemistry has overwhelmingly targeted introductory level, high school and first-year college students. In this article, we present a model-based learning cycle approach with upper-level undergraduate and beginning graduate students that investigated their ability to model the adiabatic and isothermal compression/expansion of a gas in a syringe. We were interested to observe, given the extent of their previous chemistry coursework, how students struggled to connect macroscopic observations with particulate representations. Analysis of laboratory reports, reflective journal entries, and classroom discourse transcripts indicate the learning experience was efficacious in uncovering and addressing student conceptual challenges with using models appropriately to describe gas behaviour under the experimental conditions for this investigation.
Identification of cosmic rays using drift chamber hit timing

The CDFII detector at Fermilab contains a large drift chamber called the Central Outer Tracker (COT) which is used for measuring the trajectories of charged particles. We describe a method of identifying COT tracks as cosmic rays by using the drift chamber as a distributed time-of-flight detector.
On the Keynesian notion of equilibrium and dynamics

Harrod had always maintained that Keynes's Treatise was much more amenable for dynamic analysis than The General Theory. However, in much of the later work on Keynesian dynamics The General Theory became the foundation. In this paper, I argue that recent developments in neoclassical general equilibrium theory have the effect of undermining the conventional Keynesian conception of dynamics based on The General Theory, and recasting Keynes as a coarse precursor of modern general equilibrium analysis. Opposing this renewed orthodox reinterpretation of Keynes might require a reconsideration of the Treatise as the foundation for an alternative Keynesian dynamics. 1996 Academic Press Limited
Microstructure and nanoindentation hardness of Al/Al3Sc multilayers

In the present paper, we discuss the fabrication, characterization and mechanical properties of a unique multilayer system constructed of aluminum and scandium. Thin film deposition techniques have been used to create high-quality polycrystalline multilayered films consisting of inherently soft Al layers (6–100 nm thick) separated by thin (0.5–5 nm) layers of Al3Sc. We use X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and in situ wafer curvature to characterize the microstructure and intermixing of the Al/Al3Sc multilayer films produced by sputter deposition for this work. The accompanying hardness results show that layering with nanoscale coherent Al3Sc layers increases the hardness by between 200 and 500% over that of a pure aluminum film.
Single complex glyphs versus multiple simple glyphs

Designers of information visualization systems have the choice to present information in a single integrated view or in multiple views. In practice, there is a continuum between the two strategies and designers must decide how much of each strategy to apply. Although high-level design guidelines (heuristics) are available, there are few low-level perceptual design guidelines for making this decision. We performed a controlled experiment with one, two, and four views to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies on target detection and trend finding tasks in the context of multidimensional glyphs overlaid onto geographic maps. Results from the target detection tasks suggest that visual encoding is a more important factor when detecting a single attribute than the number of views. Additionally, for detecting two attributes, the trend indicates that reusing the most perceptually salient visual feature in multiple views provides faster performance than an integrated view that must map one of the attributes to a less salient feature.
Experimental constraints on the parental liquid of the Chassigny meteorite: A possible link between the Chassigny meteorite and a Martian Gusev basalt

Abstract Most magmas proposed as parental to the Martian SNC meteorites are high in iron and low in alumina. Yet, experiments at low pressures on such liquids have not produced the cumulate or melt-inclusion assemblages seen in the chassignite meteorites. Therefore, elevated pressure experiments under anhydrous and hydrous (water-undersaturated) conditions were conducted on a high-Fe, low-Al liquid proposed to be parental to the Chassigny meteorite. These experiments failed to produce the most magnesian cumulate phases, as well as the olivine hosted kaersutite-bearing melt-inclusion assemblage, of the chassignites. These results suggest that the parental liquid to the chassignite meteorites is both more magnesium and aluminum-rich than the previously considered composition (A ∗ ; Johnson et al., 1991 ). The proposed composition is similar to the Martian Adirondack class Gusev basalt Humphrey and suggests a link between the Chassigny meteorite and rocks on the surface of Mars.
Coma in an infant due to hypertonic sodium phosphate medication.

The use of phosphate preparations as therapy for hypercalcemia is reviewed by Goldsmith and Ingbar. * In their series of patients a significant number achieved values in the normal range, and, in addition, hypocalcemia was never induced. Calcium concentrations in serum showed rapid response to the administration of phosphate, with effects chemically apparent within 24 hours regardless of route of administrat ion?
Clinical rehabilitation research advances in spinal cord injury.

President Bush and Congress have desig­nated the 1990s 'The Decade of the Brain', emphasizing potential breakthroughs in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of many central nervous system (CNS) disor­ders including CNS injury. The spinal cord is a unique window to the CNS. Activity-dependent synaptogenesis, competitive synaptogenesis, reactive synap­togenesis, neuromodulation, axoplasmic transport, and electrical stimulation effects are currently being studied, and may have major implications for the treatment and management of SCI patients.
A Method of Representing Isolated Operation of a Group of Induction Motor Loads

A method of representing the isolated operation of a group of induction motor loads using reduced order equations is presented. The method differs from the standard method of neglecting stator transients in that the rate of change of stator flux linkages are neglected in a reference frame whose speed varies as a function of the stator frequency. The accuracy of the resulting reduced order representation is investigated by comparing its response with that established using both the full order and standard reduced order representations. It is shown that in cases where there are no significant rotor transients involved, the reduced order model obtained using the proposed method provides a more accurate indication of the stator terminal voltages during isolated operation than the standard reduced order model derived by neglecting stator transients in the synchronous reference frame.
Recursive partitioning for monotone missing at random longitudinal markers.

The development of HIV resistance mutations reduces the efficacy of specific antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection, and cross-resistance within classes of drugs is common. Recursive partitioning has been extensively used to identify resistance mutations associated with a reduced virologic response measured at a single time point; here we describe a statistical method that accommodates a large set of genetic or other covariates and a longitudinal response. This recursive partitioning approach for continuous longitudinal data uses the kernel of a U-statistic as the splitting criterion, and avoids the need for parametric assumptions regarding the relationship between observed response trajectories and covariates. We propose an extension of this approach that allows longitudinal measurements to be monotone missing at random by making use of inverse probability weights. We assess the performance of our method using extensive simulation studies, and apply them to data collected by the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research as part of an investigation of the viral genetic mutations associated with reduced clinical efficacy of the drug abacavir.
Hybrid life cycle assessment of energy use in laptop computer manufacturing

ALONG with the rapidly increasing number of personal computers, the energy consumption associated with a computer has attracted increasing attention. However, different Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies of computers report qualitatively different results. For example, a LCA by one of the authors (Williams) reports a total energy of 6,400 MJ required to produce a desktop computer with a 17-in CRT monitor [1], while a study commissioned by the European Commission under the developing Energy using Products (EuP) Directive reports a figure of 2259 MJ required, around half of the results of Williams [2]. While there are some differences in data used, the primary origin of the large gap between studies is the boundary of processes considered. The EuP study uses “process-sum analysis”, meaning that results are based entirely on a bottom-up construction of the supply chain based on facility level data on material and energy flows. Due to limited data the study does not account for energy used in manufacturing chemicals, equipment, manufacturing of some parts (such as hard drives) and services. The analysis by Williams uses a hybrid analysis which combines the bottom-up process-sum network with a top-down economic input-output (EIO) model to account for excluded processes.
Neurotrophic Factors Stabilize Microtubules and Protect against Rotenone Toxicity on Dopaminergic Neurons

Parkinson disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra. Long term epidemiological studies have implicated exposure to agricultural pesticides as a significant risk factor. Systemic administration of rotenone, a widely used pesticide, causes selective degeneration of nigral DA neurons and Parkinson disease-like symptoms in rats. Our previous study has shown that the microtubule depolymerizing activity of rotenone plays a critical role in its selective toxicity on DA neurons. Rotenone toxicity is mimicked by the microtubule-depolymerizing drug colchicine and attenuated by the microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol. Here we show that nerve growth factor (NGF) significantly reduced rotenone toxicity on TH neurons in midbrain neuronal cultures. The protective effect of NGF was completely abolished by inhibiting the microtubule-associated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and partially reversed by blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In addition, NGF decreased colchicine toxicity on TH neurons in a manner dependent on MEK but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The protective effect of NGF against rotenone toxicity was occluded by the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol. In a MEK-dependent manner, NGF significantly attenuated rotenone- or colchicine-induced microtubule depolymerization and ensuing accumulation of vesicles in the soma and elevation in protein carbonyls. Moreover, other neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor also reduced rotenone- or colchicineinduced microtubule depolymerization and death of TH through a MEK-dependent mechanism. Thus, our results suggest that neurotrophic factors activate the microtubule-associated protein kinase pathway to stabilize microtubules, and this action significantly attenuates rotenone toxicity on dopaminergic neurons. Parkinson disease (PD) 2 is a movement disorder associated with a characteristic pattern of neurodegeneration that includes pro
Exposure of two species of deposit-feeding amphipods to sediment-associated [3H]benzo[a]pyrene: Uptake, metabolism and covalent binding to tissue macromolecules

Abstract Two species of deposit-feeding marine gammaridian amphipods, Rhepoxynius abronius and Eohaustorius washingtonianus, were exposed to sediment-associated [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at 12±1°C. Concentrations of BaP-derived radioactivity increased with time in both E. washingtonianus and R. abronius, and the levels of radioactivity were similar in both species after 7 days of exposure. A significantly (P
Quantitative Approaches in Use to Assess Cancer Risk

Scientists have long used conventional toxicological methods to establish “safe levels of exposure” for chemicals presumed to have threshold health effects or doses below which significant effects are unlikely to occur. These same methods cannot be used to establish safe levels of exposure for non-threshold pollutants, such as carcinogens. Therefore, Federal regulatory agencies in the United States are using risk assessment methods to provide information for public health policy decisions concerning increases in risk associated with increases in exposure to carcinogenic and other non-threshold pollutants. Acceptable exposure/risk levels are decided by policymakers who consider descriptions and estimates of risks together with social and economic benefits from the uses of the chemical. This paper focuses on the development of quantitative risk assessment approaches by Federal regulatory agencies in the United States, and identifies the mathematical models currently being used for risk extrapolation, including their inherent uncertainties. The uncertainties and limitations of these methods have led some scientists to question the utility of quantitative risk extrapolation. The experience of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as summarized in this paper, can provide a realistic basis for evaluating the pros and cons. Finally, shortcomings in current risk assessment methods and their use in policy decisions are explored, and areas for possible improvement, given current scientific knowledge, are identified.
Rice consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: Results from a pooled analysis of 3 U.S. cohorts

Background: Health concerns have been raised on rice consumption, which may significantly contribute to arsenic exposure. However, little is known regarding whether habitual rice consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Objective: We examined prospectively the association of white rice and brown rice consumption with CVD risk. Design: We followed a total of 207,556 women and men [73,228 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984‐2010), 92,158 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991‐2011), and 42,170 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986‐2010)] who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess consumption of white rice, brown rice, and other food items. Fatal and nonfatal CVD (coronary artery disease and stroke) was confirmed by medical records or self-reports. Results: During 4,393,130 person-years of follow-up, 12,391 cases of CVD were identified. After adjustment for major CVD risk factors, including demographics, lifestyle, and other dietary intakes, rice consumption was not associated with CVD risk. The multivariableadjuted HR of developing CVD comparing $5 servings/wk with ,1 serving/wk was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.14) for white rice, 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) for brown rice, and 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) for total rice. To minimize the potential impact of racial difference in rice consumption, we restricted the analyses to whites only and obtained similar results: the HRs of CVD for $5 servings/wk compared with ,1 serving/wk were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.22) for white rice and 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) for brown rice. Conclusions: Greater habitual consumption of white rice or brown rice is not associated with CVD risk. These findings suggest that rice consumption may not pose a significant CVD risk among the U.S. population when consumed at current amounts. More prospective studies are needed to explore these associations in other populations. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087551.
Effects of Oxygen Concentration on the Respiration of Excised Root‐Tip Segments of Maize and Rice, and of Germinating Grains of Rice and Buckwheat

In view of the known tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa) to wet soils, in contrast to maize (Zea mays), a comparison of the respiratory responses of the two plants to different O2 concen trations was made. It was found that if the O2 concentration was raised to 100%, an increase was observed of the O2 input and the CO2 output in maize root-tip segments and in germinating grains of rice and also in buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.). In marked contrast rice root-tip segments, when treated with 100% O2, exhibited no such increase over the air controls. Increased O2 concentrations decreased RQ values ranging from 2.0 (with 5% O2) to 0.86 (with 100% O2). Air-control RQ values were lowest with maize roots (0.9) and highest with germinating rice grains (1.0). Rice grains also exhibited the highest F/R ratio (0.85), and buckwheat grains the lowest (0.45). The addition of sucrose to maize root tips tended to promote fermentation (CO2 output) rather than aerobic respiration (O2 input).
A reporter mouse for optical imaging of inflammation in mdx muscles

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is due to mutations in the gene coding for human DMD; DMD is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration, inflammation, fat accumulation, and fibrosis. The mdx mouse model of DMD lacks dystrophin protein and undergoes a predictable disease course. While this model has been a valuable resource for pre-clinical studies aiming to test therapeutic compounds, its utility is compromised by a lack of reliable biochemical tools to quantifiably assay muscle disease. Additionally, there are few non-invasive assays available to researchers for measuring early indicators of disease progression in mdx mice. Mdx mice were crossed to knock-in mice expressing luciferase from the Cox2 promoter. These reporter mice (Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD −/− ) were created to serve as a tool for researchers to evaluate muscle inflammation. Luciferase expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry to insure that it correlated with muscle lesions. The luciferase signal was quantified by optical imaging and luciferase assays to verify that the signal correlated with muscle damage. As proof of principle, Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD −/− mice were also treated with prednisolone to validate that a reduction in luciferase signal correlated with prednisone treatment. In this investigation, a novel reporter mouse (Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD −/− mice) was created and validated for non-invasive quantification of muscle inflammation in vivo. In this dystrophic mouse, luciferase is expressed from cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) expressing cells and bioluminescence is detected by optical imaging. Bioluminescence is significantly enhanced in damaged muscle of exercised Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD −/− mice compared to non-exercised Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD +/+ mice. Moreover, the Cox2 bioluminescent signal is reduced in Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD −/− mice in response to a course of steroid treatment. Reduction in bioluminescence is detectable prior to measurable therapy-elicited improvements in muscle strength, as assessed by traditional means. Biochemical assay of luciferase provides a second means to quantify muscle inflammation. The Cox2 FLuc/+ DMD −/− mouse is a novel tool to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of drugs intended to target inflammatory aspects of dystrophic pathology. This mouse model will be a useful adjunct to traditional outcome measures in assessing potential therapeutic compounds.
A $Q$ -Band Four-Element Phased-Array Front-End Receiver With Integrated Wilkinson Power Combiners in 0.18- $\mu{{\hbox{m}}}$ SiGe BiCMOS Technology

A four-element phased-array front-end receiver based on 4-bit RF phase shifters is demonstrated in a standard 0.18-mum SiGe BiCMOS technology for Q-band (30-50 GHz) satellite communications and radar applications. The phased-array receiver uses a corporate-feed approach with on-chip Wilkinson power combiners, and shows a power gain of 10.4 dB with an IIP3 of -13.8 dBm per element at 38.5 GHz and a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 32.8-44 GHz. The rms gain and phase errors are les1.2 dB and les8.7deg for all 4-bit phase states at 30-50 GHz. The beamformer also results in les0.4 dB of rms gain mismatch and les2deg of rms phase mismatch between the four channels. The channel-to-channel isolation is better than -35 dB at 30-50 GHz. The chip consumes 118 mA from a 5-V supply voltage and overall chip size is 1.4times1.7 mm2 including all pads and CMOS control electronics.
Capacity of cooperative sensor networks with sensor errors

The communication from a cooperative sensor network to a mobile access point is considered in this paper. Sensors are assumed to be informed with a global message, and some nodes are misinformed with random messages. Three system configurations are discussed based on whether a polling channel is implemented and whether an energy limit is imposed on individual sensors. The capacity of these system configurations are derived. It is shown that if a polling channel is implemented and there is no energy constraint on individual nodes, there is no rate loss with the presence of sensor errors. If there is no polling channel implemented and there is no energy constraint on individual nodes, the rate loss is proportional to the probability that a node is misinformed.
JFET-input, high speed comparator standard cell designed on a new series of analog arrays

A monolithic JFET input comparator with performance that far exceeds any prior art has been designed on a semicustom IC. The use of the analog array provided benefits in design effort, manufacturing time and layout versatility without sacrificing excellence performance. >
Death, suicide and the older adult.

Elderly people who are at high risk for suicide often have characteristics that are associated with reduced opportunity or inclination to communicate (e.g., male, living alone, residing in a low-income transient urban area, suffering from a depressive state). This paper attempts to provide converging perspectives on death and suicide from the standpoints of both the external observer and the elderly person. An interpretation of the statistical pattern is followed by a critique of current policy proposals for limiting society's response to the needs of vulnerable people on the basis of a "natural life span." Studies of elderly people themselves reveal a great diversity of attitudes toward death that is not well served by generalizations and stereotypes. However, it appears that stressful conditions of life arouse more anxiety among older people than does the prospect of death.
Advice for Noncognitivists

Metaethical noncognitivists have trouble arriving at a respectable semantic theory for moral language. The goal of this paper is to make substantial progress toward demonstrating that these problems may be overcome. Replacing the predominant expressivist semantic agenda in metaethics with a dynamic perspective on meaning and communication allows noncognitivists to provide a satisfying analysis of negation and other constructions that have been argued to be problematic for metaethical noncognitivism, including disjunctions. The resulting proposal preserves some of the key insights from recent work on the semantics of expressivism while highlighting the widely neglected early noncognitivists’ sympathies to the kind of dynamic story I intend to tell here. A comparison between the advertised dynamic semantic story and current proposals that treat expressivism as a pragmatic rather than semantic theory about moral language is provided.
Time to Reboot?: DMCA 2.0

Perhaps the most vexing question in copyright law today is whether Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should be liable for the infringing acts of their subscribers. While the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) provides a number of safe harbors that effectively immunize ISPs from most liability for subscribers’ infringing conduct, a larger questions looms: Should ISPs nevertheless be responsible for preventing infringement occurring on their sites? Since the enactment of the DMCA, copyright infringement -- through BitTorrent peer-to-peer systems, video streaming, direct download cyberlockers, and other file sharing networks -- has increased at a phenomenal rate. Worldwide, hundreds of millions of Internet users seek out infringing content. The current DMCA scheme places the onus on copyright holders to root out infringement and then seek the help of ISPs through the DMCA’s notice and takedown provision. This system proved adequate for a while, but some question whether in light of the massive infringement occurring online, whether ISPs should take on a greater role in curbing infringement. As might be expected, there is no consensus. Copyright holders argue that ISPs should accept more responsibility, demanding that ISPs monitor and filter content on their sites for infringing material. They thus seek to add ex ante obligations to ISPs’ current ex post DMCA obligations. ISPs argue no additional obligations other than those required under the DMCA are necessary. Recognizing that more empirical data is needed to accurately assess the wisdom of changing the current scheme, this article makes a case for increased ISP responsibility, requiring ISPs to take a more proactive role in preventing online infringement.While many have lauded the DMCA and its balance, there is little question that circumstances have changed since its passage in 1998 such that the carefully crafted scheme balancing the interests of ISPs and copyright holders is no longer balanced. More particularly, the DMCA’s preventative aspect (and the copyright holders’ benefit) -- the anti-circumvention provisions -- has become all but meaningless and the grand bargain now looks like a really bad deal for copyright holders. The Article proposes recalibrating the current system by adding a new preventative aspect, i.e., layering a duty-based regime over the already existing strict liability scheme. Under the duty-based regime, ISPs will be required to shoulder part of the burden of protecting content owners by taking reasonable efforts to prevent infringement. These efforts should include, at the least, monitoring their sites using filtering technology to detect and prevent infringement. The proposal is derived from employer-employee respondeat superior liability principles in employment law, particularly in the Title VII sexual harassment context. There, liability is contingent not only upon remedial measures taken by the employer/ISP to redress harassment/infringement, but also preventative measures designed to avert harassment/infringement. This Article advocates for a similar approach in the ISP context.
Comparison of isotope methods for partitioning methane production and soil C priming effects during anaerobic decomposition of rice residue in soil

Abstract Management of rice residue in paddies often results in higher methane (CH 4 ) emissions, but the carbon (C) sources contributing to higher emissions are not well characterized. We examined the relative contribution of soil and residue C sources for CH 4 production in three different soils using both 13 C-labeled or unlabeled (natural abundance) rice and maize residues. The results were compared to a recently proposed natural 13 C abundance soil C partitioning method (CNAM) (Conrad et al. 2012b). As anticipated, residue addition increased CH 4 production, with the timing and magnitude of emission varying across soils, likely due to differences in soil C and amount of electron acceptors. The CH 4 derived from residue-C, when estimated using the typical 13 C natural abundance method yielded either negative values or those exceeding 100%. Similarly, the CNAM frequently overestimated the contribution of residue C compared to the 13 C enriched residue method (ERM). The over estimation is likely due to C isotopic fractionation during the utilization of rice and maize residues in the different soils. Substantial C isotope fractionation would bias the fundamental assumption of the CNAM. The ERM produced a consistent partitioning result of 50–70% of CH 4 derived from residue additions. When typical minimum, average, and maximum values of natural 13 C fractionation factors were applied to the ERM the partitioning outcome was unaffected. The priming effect of residue addition on CH 4 production was regulated by electron acceptor concentrations in various soils and was positively correlated to the degree of residue decomposition. The priming effect of residue, therefore, depends both on soil and residue properties, with the ERM showing to be more accurate to account for the partitioning of CH 4 from various C pools compared to CNAM.
Tetherless, 3D, Micro-Nanoscale Tools and Devices for Lab on a Chip Applications

On the macroscale, a laboratory scientist uses a large number of tools such as flasks, crucibles, spatulas, filter funnels, test tube holders and grippers. If laboratory procedures are to be miniaturized within chips, micro and nanoscale analogs of these macroscopic tools could provide enhanced functionality. In this paper, I describe research efforts in our group aimed at engineering three dimensional, tetherless and lithographically patterned miniaturized structures for lab on a chip applications.
High-Fidelity Numerical Simulations of a Round Nozzle Jet Flow

This paper reports results from our ongoing research on high-fidelity jet noise simulations. We have previously presented results from the simulations of moderate Reynolds number cold jet flows exhausting from chevron nozzles. This paper presents results from the simulation of a baseline round nozzle without chevrons. The previous chevron nozzles and the current round baseline nozzle were experimentally studied by researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Results from the simulations are compared with the experimental measurements. In this study, the flow inside the nozzle and the free jet flow outside are computed simultaneously by a high-order accurate, multi-block, large eddy simulation (LES) code with overset grid capability. For the round nozzle jet test case, we solve the governing equations on approximately 370 million grid points. The main emphasis of these simulations is to compute the jet flows in as much detail as possible and accurately capture the physical processes that lead to noise generation. The calculations resolve the jet flow field in an unprecedented level of detail by utilizing extreme computational resources and thus, they are the first of their kind. Two separate simulations are performed using turbulent and laminar inflow conditions at the jet nozzle inlet. Results are compared with experimental measurements. Results clearly show that nozzle inflow conditions have an influence on the jet flow field and far field noise.
Leisure Activity Engagement and Positive Affect Partially Mediate the Relationship Between Positive Views on Aging and Physical Health

Objectives. To examine leisure activity engagement and positive affect as potential mediators for the relationships between positive views on aging (PVA) and two health outcomes: subjective health and physical limitations. Method. Data from 5,194 participants from the German Ageing Survey (aged 40-91 years) were used to examine relationships between PVA to subjective health (assessed by self-rated health and perceived health change from past) and physical limitations (assessed via self-reported limitations on 10 activities). Leisure activity engagement and positive affect were examined as potential mediators in latent variable path analyses. Age moderation among these relationships was also examined. Results. Leisure activity engagement and positive affect separately and jointly served to partially mediate the relationships between PVA and the health outcomes. When entered as joint mediators, positive affect no longer significantly predicted physical limitations, indicating a shared variance with leisure activity engagement. Age moderated the relationship between PVA and physical limitations; the relationship was stronger among older adults than among middle-aged adults. Discussion. Leisure activity engagement and positive affect were shown to help explain the relationship between PVA and health, but differently for different health constructs and also among middle-aged and older adults. Findings provide further insight into ways in which PVA influence health.
Supracondylar Osteotomy and Crossed Kirschner Wire Tension Band Fixation for Cubitus Varus in Children

Objective To explore the effects of supracondylar osteotomy and crossed Kirschner wire tension band fixation on cubitus varus in children.Methods Twenty-six children with cubitus varus were treated with lateral closing wedge supracondylar osteotomy and crossed Kirschner wire tension band fixation.Changes in carrying angle,range of elbow movement,elbow joint function and compli-cations were observed before and after treatment.Results All the 26 children were followed up for 12-36 months.Bone union was achieved 8 weeks after operation.Elbow joint function recovered to normal or preoperative range 3 months after operation.No children had carrying angle loss,cubitus varus recurrence,infection,needle withdrawing,and radial and ulnar nerve injuries.Conclusion Cross Kirsc-hner wire tension band internal fixation in supracondylar osteotomy is effective for cubitus varus with the advantages of minimal invasion,simple manipulation,reliable fixation,few complications,and convenient removal of internal fixation devices.
Benefits, Barriers, and Challenges to University-Level Food Waste Tracking

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to assess the perceptions of dining services’ staff toward tracking food waste within a large university using focus group discussions and structured interviews. Participants reported that food waste tracking resulted in improved awareness of food waste, individually directed corrective action, lower food costs, increased accountability, and shifts in perspectives. Reported barriers included logistical concerns with weighing, such as time required, compliance, communication, and need for ongoing training. Recommendations ranged from establishing a university-wide policy instituting food waste tracking programs per facility to manipulating employee work schedules internally to accommodate tracking.
Hepatic artery ligation.

The concept of interrupting hepatic arterial flow in man is undergoing change. There is an ever increasing volume of clinical evidence that hepatic artery ligation can be life saving, and a number of well documented cases are related.
Elimination of background staining in the periodic acid-Schiff method for protein-bound carbohydrates in paper electrophoresis.

Abstract A modified periodic acid-Schiff method is described for the determination of protein-bound carbohydrate in serum separated by paper electrophoresis. A major disadvantage of previous methods was formation of a variable background which interferes with photometric scanning of the stained paper strips, Uniformly colorless backgrounds were produced in our method by: (1) elimina tion of alcohol from the reagents, (2) minimum oxidation of the paper strips in periodic acid. (3) minimum coupling time in fuchsin sulfite, and (4) stand ardization of the methods for preparing all reagents. A straight-line relationship was observed between the amount of color developed and the quantity of serum. The error of the method was determined and ranged from 1.4 per cent to 5.1 per cent, depending on the fraction of serum. Normal values (per cent total protein-bound carbohydrates) for adults were determined, and these were albumin 11.0 ± 3.5, alpha 1 18.1 ± 3.5, alpha 2 24.8 ± 5.4, beta 29.4 ± 5.4. and gamma 16.7 ± 4.1.
Sponsoring Global Norms: Emerging Patterns and Policy Options in Global Politics

As the first decade of the twenty-first century drew to a close, American policymakers and pundits were less than sanguine in their assessment of either how America had fared since the turn of the century or President Barack Obama’s first year in office.2 The anniversaries carried a similar theme: one of overstated and unreasonably bloated expectations followed by (under the circumstances) inevitable disappointment. America’s “unipolar moment” had clearly passed, and the first decade was one in which Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian growth rates boomed compared with the US.3 Stock markets in developing economies experienced unprecedented growth, while American investors were no better off in January 2010 than they had been a decade earlier. On 10 January 2010, it was reported that the PRC had surpassed the Federal Republic of Germany as the world’s largest exporter4 and was about to overtake Japan as the world’s second largest economy.5 The PRC had clearly experienced a period of unparalleled growth in the modern era.
Flow Characterization and Modeling of Strong Round Synthetic Jets in Crossflow

This study focuses on the flow field of a round synthetic jet issuing into a crossflow. Six cases are investigated in which the jet-to-freestream velocity ratios range between 2.8 and 8.3. This corresponds to a medium-to-strong transverse jet, which is characterized using both two-dimensional hot-wire anemometry and particle image velocimetry techniques. A self-similar model is developed for the centerline trajectory and velocity of a transverse synthetic jet. The resulting scaling laws are validated with experimental data. The scaling coefficients are found to be independent of the synthetic jet strength (characterized by the stroke ratio) for large-velocity-ratio cases, provided that the jet velocity is calculated based on the momentum flux of the leading vortex ring of the synthetic jet. Furthermore, the velocity component parallel to the crossflow is enhanced over the crossflow velocity in the near field and fundamentally different from continuous jets. This can be explained by the induced effect of t...
A Physically Reconfigurable Structurally Embedded Vascular Antenna

This paper discusses the fabrication, operation, and physical reconfiguration of a structurally embedded vascular antenna. The antenna is a thin-wire dipole that meanders with rotational symmetry according to a sinusoid with power-series growth. It is formed from two curvilinear vascular networks embedded into a structural composite panel and connected to a conductive vertical interconnect structure and SubMiniature Version A-connected parallel-strip transmission line for excitation and measurement. The pressure-driven flow of a liquid metal alloy within the vascular network enables the physical reconfiguration of the meandering dipole with the primary goal of dynamically tuning the matched impedance bandwidth of the fundamental dipole mode by symmetrically lengthening the conductive pathways forming the dipole. Details regarding the design, fabrication, simulation, and measurement of the meandering dipole antenna are provided along with a linearly expanding dipole for comparison.
Team Innovation Cycles

We review prior research on team innovation to advance understanding of the learning cycles that teams undergo when they develop new products and services. We refer to the dynamic sequences of vari...
“I did It for The Uplift of Humanity and The Navy”: Same-Sex Acts and The Origins of The National Security State, 1919–1921

This essay explores U.S. national security interests on the World War I home-front from 1917-1921 in Newport, Rhode Island when Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt's covert operat...
Self-tuning norm-relaxed method of feasible directions

This paper presents three updating techniques for the scaling matrix or the scalar weight used in the norm-relaxed method of feasible directions, a generalization of the popular Pironneau–Polak algorithm. These techniques include variable metric updates and tuning of a scalar weight in a way characteristic of trust-region methods, and also techniques based on the idea of multiple directions, where the update decision is made by comparing results of searching along several directions determined by distinct values of weights. Numerical results obtained on a standard test set are provided. These results indicate that the updating techniques allow considerable computational savings when compared with the original Pironneau-Polak method.
Non-linear fracture mechanics

The fracture of solids is analyzed using the formalism of equilibrium mechanics. A partially cracked, mechanically loaded reversible system is considered. A stability criteria is formulated. The equilibrium theory is valid for non-linear load deflection relationships and is applied to linear elastic fracture mechanics, the Hertz test and J IC tests.
Integrating Cloud-Based Workflows in Continental-Scale Cropland Extent Classification

Abstract Accurate information on cropland spatial distribution is required for global-scale assessments and agricultural land use policies. Cloud computing platforms such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) provide unprecedented opportunities for large-scale classifications of Landsat data. We developed a novel method to fuse pixel-based random forest classification of continental-scale Landsat data on GEE and an object-based segmentation approach known as recursive hierarchical segmentation (RHSeg). Using our fusion method, we produced a continental-scale cropland extent map for North America at 30 m spatial resolution for the nominal year 2010. The total cropland area for North America was estimated at 275.18 million hectares (Mha). The overall accuracies of the map are >90% across the continent. This map also compares well with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) cropland data layer (CDL), Agriculture and Agri-food Canada (AAFC) annual crop inventory (ACI), and the Mexican government agency Servicio de Informacion Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP)'s agricultural boundaries. Furthermore, our map compared well with sub-country statistics including state-wise and county-wise cropland statistics in regression models resulting in R2 > 0.84. This key contribution paves the way for more detailed products such as crop intensity, crop type, and crop irrigation, and provides a method for creating high-resolution cropland extent maps for other countries where spatial information about croplands are not as prevalent.
Augmenting the Traditional Bus-Branch Model for Seismic Resilience Analysis

Today, the majority of power system software implement the well known Bus-Branch (BB) model where it is safe to assume a balanced three-phase network. Unfortunately, the traditional way of modeling power systems using a BB model abstracts the individual components that make up a highvoltage substation. These are critically important when assessing substation related faults which is a crucial step in attempting to make a more resilient grid. This paper presents a way of modeling typical substation protection schemes, using an augmented Bus-Branch (a-BB) representation, for contingency analysis applications. Further, the impacts and benefits of augmenting the IEEE Reliability Test System 1996 (RTS-96) system are described. The experiments in this paper show at least a 17% decrease in the number of non-converging power-flow solutions for all $N-2$ contingencies simulated on the augmented RTS-96 (a-RTS) system.