cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The trafficking/interaction of eNOS and caveolin-1 induced by insulin modulates endothelial nitric oxide production.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity is tightly regulated by posttranscriptional modification and its subcellular localization. Here we examined whether insulin modulates nitric oxide (NO) production by regulating eNOS subcellular localization. We used confocal microscopy and immunoblots to examine the time course for 1) subcellular targeting/association of eNOS and caveolin-1 (CAV-1); 2) eNOS Ser1179 phosphorylation; and 3) NO production in cultured bovine aorta endothelial cells. Serum starvation increased eNOS/CAV-1 localization to the perinuclear region. Adding insulin provoked their prompt translocation to and association at the plasma membrane (PM). Specific monoclonal antibodies against either CAV-1 or eNOS coimmunoprecipitated the other from bovine aorta endothelial cell membrane extracts, and insulin increased this interaction. Insulin stimulated NO production transiently despite a persistent eNOS Ser1179 phosphorylation. The decline of NO production correlated temporally to insulin-induced translocation of eNOS and CAV-1 to PM. Knockdown of CAV-1 expression with a specific small interfering RNA duplex resulted in eNOS redistributing to the perinuclear region and nearly doubled insulin-induced NO production. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity with wortmannin not only significantly inhibited insulin-induced translocation of eNOS and CAV-1 to PM but also blocked insulin-induced interaction of CAV-1 with eNOS at PM. Insulin increased incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into eNOS immunoprecipitates by approximately 140%. Insulin-induced translocation of eNOS and CAV-1 to PM was palmitoylation dependent. Inhibiting eNOS and CAV-1 palmitoylation enhanced the NO production while blocking the translocation of eNOS and CAV-1 to PM induced by insulin. These data show that insulin acutely regulates eNOS and CAV-1 trafficking to PM of vascular endothelial cells where their interaction can regulate eNOS activity.
Asymmetric Fission of Bismuth

An asymmetric mode of mass division in the mass region 66 to 73 was observed in the fission of Bi/sup 209/ with 36-Mev prctons. At 58 Mev no evidence for asymmetric fission as a separate mode could be found. The narrowness of the 36Mev asymmetric peak led to the suggeation that the asymmetrin fission of bismuth results from the fission of a single nuclear species and from a closed-shell effect, similar to the fine structure observed in low-energy fission of heavy elements. This asymmetric fission was considered to occur from states of relatively high excitation energy. However, the possibility of asymmetric fission also occurring from atates of low excitation energy, whether following neutron evaporstion or as a consequence of an inelastic proton interaction, cannot be ruled out. (auth)
Understanding young adult physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use in community colleges and 4-year post-secondary institutions: A cross-sectional analysis of epidemiological surveillance data

Young adults experience many adverse health behavior changes as they transition from adolescence into adulthood. A better understanding of the relationships between health promoting and risky health behaviors may aid in the development of health promotion interventions for various types of young adult post-secondary students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine associations between alcohol and tobacco use and physical activity among 2-year and 4-year college students. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using 2007 survey data, collected as part of an on-going post-secondary health surveillance system in Minnesota. Students were randomly selected to participant from 14 Minnesota colleges and universities (six 2-year community and/or technical colleges, eight 4-year post-secondary institutions). The 2007 surveillance data included 9,931 respondents. The prevalence of demographic characteristics and health behaviors (e.g., physical activity, tobacco use) differed between young adults attending 2-year and 4-year post-secondary institutions; in general, those attending 2-year institutions are representative of more at-risk populations. Overall, higher levels of moderate, vigorous and strengthening physical activity were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption and lower levels of smoking. In general, despite the disparities in the prevalence of these risk behaviors, the associations between the behaviors did not differ substantially between 2-year and 4-year post-secondary populations. These findings illustrate links between leading risk behaviors. Interventions targeting multiple risk behaviors among young adults may warrant further consideration. Overall, future research is needed to support and inform young adult health promotion efforts that may be implemented in a wide array of post-secondary institutions.
Tetraparesis due to vertebral physeal fracture in an adult dog with congenital hypothyroidism

A four-year-old male affenpinscher was referred for evaluation of hindlimb weakness that had progressed to tetraparesis over a period of four weeks. Neurological examination was suggestive of a cervical spinal cord lesion. Radiographic examination revealed diffuse skeletal immaturity with open physes and epiphyseal dysplasia in long bones and vertebrae, consistent with a diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Total and free serum T4 concentrations were very low, indicative of hypothyroidism. Survey radiographs of the cervical spine revealed a dorsally displaced Salter-Harris type I fracture of the cranial portion of the fourth cervical vertebra with the endplate present in the vertebral canal. Although signs of transverse myelopathy are uncommon in dogs with congenital hypothyroidism, they may be associated with either intervertebral disc protrusion or endplate displacement into the vertebral canal secondary to the epiphyseal abnormalities associated with congenital hypothyroidism.
Studies of the Interaction of Platinum Drugs with DNA Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays

Summary: A novel method for the study of the interaction of the platinum drug cisdiamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP or cisplatin) with 50-mer oligonucleotides that were printed in high throughput microarray format is introduced. Our aim has been to identify sequence level differences in the interaction of various drug candidates that may serve to enable rational targeting of drugs to specific genes. A microarray of 26 control genes commonly used in oligonucleotide, Affymetrix and c-DNA microarray platforms were microcontact spotted as amine-terminated 50-mer oligonucleotides onto glycidoxypropyltimethoxy silane (GPMS)-modified glass slides. The generalized study format involved hybridization of probes with 10 fluorescently labeled complements as target followed by confocal imaging to reveal original spot intensities. Microarrays were then incubated at 37 8C with hydrolysed cisplatin while in hybridization cassettes, washed in buffer and then scanned again to reveal secondary intensities. We have investigated the influence of cisplatin to stabilize the relative fluorescence intensity via intrastrand crosslinking by studying the impact of varying drug:probe-DNA mole ratio (0:1 (blank), 1:1, 25:1 and 50:1) and annealing temperatures (36, 46, or 56 8C) on retained intensity. ANOVA revealed that 4 of the 10 genes demonstrated (p < 0.0001) the expected result of increased signal retention with decreased temperature and increased drug concentration.
Using influence strategies to reduce marketing channel opportunism: The moderating effect of relational norms

In an empirical study of the North American lodging industry, we investigate the efficacy of influence strategies for managing opportunism in marketing channels. We posit that the effects of influence strategies upon opportunism are moderated by the extent to which relational norms characterize the channel exchange. The results support this moderating effect. In particular, we find that relational norms have an asymmetrical effect across coercive and noncoercive influence strategies. With high relational norms in the relationship, a channel member’s use of noncoercive influence strongly limits partner opportunism whereas the use of coercive influence exacerbates partner opportunism. In contrast, noncoercive influence intensifies and coercive influence mitigates partner opportunism under conditions of low relational norms. These findings offer first insights for curbing opportunism in marketing channel relationships with the simultaneous use of different socialization mechanisms.
A COMPANION OF CHILD AND PARENT RATINGS OF DEPRESSION FOR NORMAL AND CLINICALLY REFERRED CHILDREN

Child and parent ratings of 14 items of the Children's Depression Rating Scale--Revised are compared for a non-clinical and clinical sample. Four hypotheses are tested: (1) children and parents differ in rating depressive symptoms; (2) children rate depressions less severely than parents; (3) parents report greater severity for behavioral and children for ideational symptoms; and (4) the relationship between child and parent ratings does not differ between samples. The first hypothesis was supported in the non-clinical sample and the second in the clinical sample. Support for the third hypothesis was equivocal. Finally, the fourth hypothesis was rejected. Implications of these results for the diagnosis of depression in childhood are discussed.
Stress intensity calibration for the double cleavage drilled compression specimen

Abstract The normalized crack tip stress intensity for the double cleavage drilled compression (DCDC) specimen is characterized as a function of crack length by both experimental and numerical means. The experimental calibration is based on measurements of the critical applied load to produce crack growth in silica glass in an ultra high vacuum environment. Results from the experimental calibration are in good agreement (within 10%) with a finite element analysis of the crack tip stress intensity (KI) using the ABACUS code. The results indicate that KI is strongly dependent upon the ratio of the hole size to the sample width used in the DCDC sample geometry even for cracks which are long with respect to the hole diameter.
Length–Weight Relationships for Short-Finned Squid in Newfoundland and the Effect of Diet on Condition and Growth

Abstract Relationships of growth in weight to mantle length were examined for short-finned squid Illex illecebrosus collected near Holyrood, Newfoundland, from 1964 to 1985. For lengths typically encountered in the commercial fishery, males generally were significantly heavier than females at a given length. Fish appeared to be the most suitable prey type for promoting growth of inshore short-finned squid, whereas crustaceans appeared to be the least suitable prey type in that respect. Relatively high weight at length during July in years of high short-finned squid abundance was related to a high level of predation on fish. Seasonal change in condition was also directly related to prominence offish in the diet. Incidence of cannibalism increased dramatically after July in years of high short-finned squid abundance as predation on fish declined sharply. In contrast, there were no seasonal changes in the diet during years of low abundance. In such years, the diet was mixed throughout the season and cannibal...
A method for aggregation of trapezoidal fuzzy estimates under group decision-making

This paper introduces a simple method for group decision-making, where experts' opinions are expressed by trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The method is based on the metric approach providing an easy procedure for achieving a one-valued consensus. A new approach for determining experts' degrees of importance is proposed. A theoretical basis is established, showing that the method is correct under the whole class of metrics on the set of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. A specific fuzzy aggregation operator is constructed for the realization of the proposed approach. It is shown that despite its simplicity the proposed method preserves such important properties as Agreement Preservation, Order Independence, Linearity property etc. A comparative appraisal of the results obtained by the proposed approach and some other methods is given as well.
A manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s

(1987). A manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Australian Feminist Studies: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 1-42.
Photo-acclimation response of benthic stream algae across experimentally manipulated light gradients : A comparison of growth rates and net primary productivity

The objective of this study was to measure the photo-acclimation response of stream algae inhabiting thin biofilms across a range of light treatments comparing both growth rates and net primary productivity (NPP). Algae were grown on clay tiles incubated in artificial stream channels where light levels were manipulated by layering a neutral-density shade cloth over each channel. We measured NPP and algal growth rates in the early stages of community development and compared assemblages that were either acclimated or unacclimated to a given light treatment. Algal growth rates did acclimate to light treatment, with saturation occurring at light levels that were substantially lower for the acclimated communities. Growth efficiency calculated from algal biovolume increased by a factor of 3. However, algal NPP showed a weaker photo-acclimation response, with only a 30% increase in photosynthetic efficiency. Our results indicate that diatom-dominated periphyton in thin biofilms are probably not light limited in many shaded streams with respect to growth rates, but are light limited with respect to NPP.
Pressure–ohmic–thermal sterilization: A feasible approach for the inactivation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores

Abstract The efficacy of a pressure–ohmic–thermal sterilization (POTS) for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spore inactivation was investigated. Spores (2.5 × 108 cfu/ml) were inoculated in 0.1% NaCl solution (pH 5.0 and 7.0), green pea puree (pH 6.1), carrot puree (pH 5.0) or tomato juice (pH 4.1). Samples were ohmically (50 V/cm) treated at 600 MPa and 105 °C for various holding times using a laboratory-scale high-pressure processor. B. amyloliquefaciens and G. stearothermophilus spores suspended in 0.1% NaCl solution (pH 7.0) were inactivated by 4.6 and 5.6 log, respectively, for a 30-min holding time. B. amyloliquefaciens and G. stearothermophilus spores in tomato juice were reduced by 3.1 and 4.8 log, respectively, for a 10-min holding time. Spore germination was highest in the G. stearothermophilus suspended in 0.1% NaCl solution (pH 7.0). POTS treatment appears to be a potent method for inactivating pressure–thermal resistant bacterial spores. Industrial Relevance Food industry is interested in developing superior quality low-acid shelf-stable foods. This study evaluated the pressure–ohmic–thermal sterilization (POTS) for the inactivation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus stearothermophilus endospores. The impact of food matrices and acidity on the spore resistance was also investigated. Knowledge gained from the study will help the food processors for understanding the importance of various POTS treatment parameters for sterilization of low-acid foods.
THE EFFECT OF INFANT FEEDING ON PNEUMOCOCCAL COLONIZATION. • 1007

180 children were enrolled at birth in a prospective study of nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization. NP cultures were obtained at 1-6, 8, 10 and 12 months. S. pneumoniae (Sp) isolates were typed according to capsular polysaccharide. Samples of milk were collected 1 month postpartum. Antibody (Ab) to capsular types 6, 14, 19 and 23 were measured in milk by an IgA ELISA. The study population was divided into 92 breast fed(BrF) and 88 bottle fed infants (BoF). At one year of age 45 of 92 (49%) BrF and 45 of 88 (51%) BoF infants had been colonized on ≥ 1 occasions, NS. Sp was recovered from 103 of 828 (13%) cultures from BrF infants compared to 114 of 792 (29%) cultures from BoF infants, p<.05. Among isolates of Sp from BrF infants 29% were type 6, 2% were type 14, 7% were type 19, 19% were type 23 and 43% were other types. Ab to Sp was detected in 92% of milk samples. 75% of the samples contained Ab to 3 or 4 of the capsular types. Ab to types 6, 14, 19 and 23 were detected in 78%, 79%, 76%, and 77%, respectively. The mean IgA Ab concentrations (μg/ml) were: type 6 - 1.24, type 14 - 0.76, type 19- 1.08, and type 23 - 0.47. Preliminary analyses demonstrated no relationship between anticapsular IgA Ab concentration and colonization rates. These data suggest that while BrF is associated with reduced NP colonization with Sp, the mechanism is not mediated by IgA Ab against capsular polysaccharides.
Grain size of granite and derived grus, Enchanted Rock pluton, Texas

Abstract Twenty five samples of grus from non-vegetated weather pits in granite were sieved and found to be mostly pebble gravel. Average content of gravel, sand and mud was 76, 16 and 18%, respectively, by weight. Primary grain-size modes were between 2.8–23.0 mm, and most grus was composed of granite rock fragments. Twelve granite cores drilled in the same weather pits from which grus was collected were studied in thin section, with 856 grains identified mineralogically and measured for size. These measurements were recast as sieve data. Grain-size comparisons for each granite-grus pair showed that the grain-size mode of grus did not follow the crystal size of parent granite. Granite with average crystal sizes of 23.0 and 4.0 mm formed grus with a primary grain-size mode of 5.7 mm. For two different sample pairs, granite with crystal sizes of 4.0 and 1.0 mm yielded grus with primary grain-size modes of 5.7 and 11.6 mm. Modal size measurements were pooled for the twelve granite-grus pairs, and the average crystal size of parent granite was found to be 3.4 mm and the average grain-size model of derived grus was 5.7 mm. Folk and Patton (1982) have documented micro-sheet fracturing of granite as the earliest stage of weathering which explains the lack of correspondence between granite texture and grain size of grus at Enchanted Rock.
Project failure from corporate entrepreneurship: Managing the grief process

Abstract In this paper, we complement social cognitive theory with psychological theories on grief in our discussion of two approaches to grief management – grief regulation and grief normalization – that hold promise for enabling corporate entrepreneurs to cope with negative emotions induced by project failure. We propose that to the extent that organizational members have high self-efficacy for recovering from grief over project failure, or this coping self-efficacy can be built through the social support offered by the organizational environment, regulating rather than eliminating, grief via normalization processes will explain superior learning and motivational outcomes.
Oligomerization and structural variation of alkali metal silyloxides

Abstract Lithium and potassium silyloxide complexes [Li(OSiPh3)]n (1), [K(thf)0.2 (OSiPh3)]n (3) and [K(OSiMe2tBu)]n (6) were prepared by deprotonation of HOSiPh3 or HOSiMe2tBu with [Li(nBu)] in hexane or KH in THF, respectively. Crystalline DME adducts [Li(μ-OSiPh3)(η2-DME)]2 (2) and [K4(μ3-OSiPh3)3(μ3-OSiPh2(η1-Ph))(η2-DME)]2 (μ-DME) (4) were prepared by dissolving 1 or 3, respectively, in dimethoxyethane followed by precipitation with alkane. The potassium-sequestered complexes [K(18-crown-6) (OSiPh3)]2 (5) and [K(18-crown-6)(OSiMe2tBu)]n (7) were prepared from 3 or 5, respectively, and one equiv. of 18-crown-6 ether. The complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: [Li(μ-OSiPh3)(η2-DME)]2 (2): a dimer featuring tetrahedral lithium centres linked by bridging —OSiPh3 ligands. [Crystal data ( − 156°C): space group P 1 , a = 14.238(6), b = 15.182(7), c = 11.796(5) A, α = 110.57(2), β = 112.02(2), γ = 63.02(1) A, V = 2055.33 A3, Z = 2.] [K4(μ3-OSiPh3)3{μ3-OSiPh2(η1-Ph)}(η2-DME)]2(μ-DME) (4): (1) two cubanes each having every potassium vertex chemically distinct; (2) one chelating DME ligand, one DME ligand bridging between two cubanes; and (3) a K-ipso-phenyl carbon contact. [Crystal data ( − 133°C): a = 14.246(4), b = 30.939(9), c = 17.981(5) A, β = 112.33(1)° with Z = 2 in space group P21/c.] [K(18-crown-6)OSiPh3]2 (5): A dimer with slipped face-to-face stacking of the quasi-planar K(18-crown-6)+ part of the two Ph3SiOK(18-crown-6) molecules; these are linked by a dative bond from one ether oxygen of a given crown to potassium contained in the other crown. [Crystal data ( − 155°C): a = 9.324(2), b = 17.640(5), c = 18.148(15) A, β = 91.60(1)° with Z = 4 in space group P21/c.]
Low-Temperature Kinetics of Reactions of the OH Radical with Propene and 1-Butene Studied by a Pulsed Laval Nozzle Apparatus Combined with Laser-Induced Fluorescence

The kinetics of the reactions of the OH radical with propene and 1-butene are studied at T = 103 K. The low-temperature environment is provided by a pulsed Laval nozzle supersonic expansion of nitrogen with admixed radical precursor and reactant gases. The gas number density and temperature distributions in the flow are characterized by both dynamic pressure measurements and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy of OH radicals excited in the (1,0) band of the A2Σ+−X2Πi transition. For the kinetic measurements, the OH radical decay profiles in the presence of reactants are monitored by LIF. The rate constants of the reactions of OH with propylene and 1-butene are measured at T = 103 K to be (0.81 ± 0.18) × 10-10 and (1.24 ± 0.27) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The observed negative temperature dependences of the rate constants for both reactions studied by the pulsed Laval nozzle system show good agreement with both low-temperature and high-temperature kinetic data available in the liter...
High temperature superconductivity research at Argonne national laboratory

The staff of the Materials Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory has made contributions across the entire field of high temperature oxide superconductors. A comprehensive program includes materials synthesis, phase identification, structure determination, superconducting and normal state properties, electron band theory, and conductor development. This paper will present results on the YBa2Cu3O7-x phase, including the structure determination using neutron powder diffraction at IPNS, single crystal measurements of magnetic anisotropy, and specific heat measurements of the bulk superconducting transition. Theoretical and experimental considerations of the electronic anisotropies are discussed.
The use of balloon atrial septostomy to facilitate difficult transseptal access in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Use of Balloon Atrial Septostomy. Introduction: With the increasing number of patients undergoing repeat catheter ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation, it is not uncommon to encounter a fibrotic interatrial septum that resists the conventional manual advancement of the transseptal sheath. Forceful advancement of the transseptal apparatus can reduce fine control and potentially lead to a higher rate of perforation. Case: We report a case where adjunctive balloon atrial septostomy was used to facilitate transseptal access in a patient with fibrotic interatrial septum. Using a small-caliber angioplasty balloon and under direct fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiogram visualization, balloon septostomy was performed with hand inflation until a “waist” was seen. This technique provides a safe way to control the size of the transseptal access created, and allows the passage of a relatively soft-tipped transseptal sheath across a resistive septum. To our knowledge this is the first published use of balloon atrial septostomy during transseptal puncture for left atrium access in a catheter ablation procedure. Conclusion: Balloon atrial septostomy should be considered as an alternative technique for safe transseptal cannulation in select patients in the electrophysiology laboratory or other interventional procedures requiring left atrial access or delivery of large-caliber catheters or sheaths. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 822-824, July 2011)
Self and externally pumped second-harmonic generation with silicon avalanche diodes

Self-pumping in a silicon avalanche diode has produced 3% pulsed efficiency at 22.5 GHz, the second harmonic of a ‘trapped’ fundamental. An analogue-computer solution of a simplified Read's equation has shown how the parametric properties of the avalanche process can result in this type of frequency conversion.
Life cycle assessment of pavement: Methodology and case study

A life cycle assessment model is built to estimate the environmental implications of pavements using material, distribution, construction, congestion, usage, and end of life modules. A case study of three overlay systems, Portland cement concrete overlay, hot mixture asphalt overlay, and crack, seat, and overlay, is presented. The case leads to the following conclusions. It is reasonable to expect less environmental burdens from the Portland cement concrete and crack, seat, and overlay options as opposed to hot mixture asphalt while although the results have a high degree uncertainties. The material, congestion, and particularly usage modules contribute most to energy consumption and air pollutant. Traffic related energy consumption and greenhouse gases are sensitive to traffic growth and fuel economy improvement. Uncertainties exist in the usage module, especially for the pavement structure effect.
Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting: Is Intentional Structuring of Lease Contracts to Avoid Capitalization Unethical?

Under present accounting rules, lessees frequently structure contracts for leased assets, in situations where they enjoy benefits similar to outright ownership, in a way that keeps both the leased assets and related liabilities off their books. This method of accounting creates off-balance sheet financing and is called operating lease accounting. The paper debates the ethicality of intentionally structuring lease contracts to avoid disclosing leased asset and liability amounts and describes the “slippery slope” of rule-based accounting for synthetic leases and special purpose entities, that, in the author’s opinion, led to the accounting debacles at Enron and other companies. The ethical intent that is implicit in the Securities and Exchange Commission and Financial Accounting Standards Board regulations is discussed and suggestions for improving the ethicality of financial reporting are provided.
Introduction: Intradural Spinal Surgery video supplement.

This Neurosurgical Focus video supplement contains detailed narrated videos of a broad range of intradural pathology such as neoplasms, including intramedullary, extramedullary, and dumbbell tumors, vascular malformations, functional disorders, and rare conditions that are often overlooked or misdiagnosed such as arachnoid cysts, ventral spinal cord herniation, and dorsal arachnoid web. The intent of this supplement is to provide meaningful educational and instructional content at all levels of training and practice. As such, the selected video submissions each provide a comprehensive detailed narrative description and coordinated video that contains the entire spectrum of relevant information including imaging, operative setup and positioning, and exposure, as well as surgical strategies, techniques, and sequencing toward the safe and effective achievement of the operative objective. This level of detail often necessitated a more lengthy video duration than is typically presented in oral presentations or...
On inferring standard deviations from path dependent options

Abstract Path dependent option prices are employed to derive implied standard deviations of the underlying security price process without recourse to numerical procedures. We empirically illustrate our methodology by inferring the volatility of gold prices.
Spirituality, Coping, and HIV Risk and Prevention in a Sample of Severely Mentally Ill Puerto Rican Women

Hispanics have been disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS. Although HIV risk is significantly elevated among severely mentally ill persons (SMI), the risk of infection appears to be even greater among those SMI who are Hispanic, reflecting the increased risk of HIV among Hispanics. We report on findings from the first 41 participants in a qualitative study examining the context of HIV risk and risk reduction strategies among severely mentally ill Puerto Rican women residents in northeastern Ohio. Individuals participated in a baseline interview, two follow-up interviews, and up to 100 hours of shadowing. Interviews and shadowing activities were recorded and analyzed using a grounded theory. The majority of individuals reported using identification with a religious faith. A large proportion of the participants reported that their religious or spiritual beliefs were critical to their coping, had influenced them to reduce risk, and/or provided them with needed social support. Several participants also reported having experienced rejection from their faith communities. The emphasis on spirituality among Puerto Rican SMI is consistent with previous research demonstrating the importance of spirituality in the Hispanic culture and reliance on spiritual beliefs as a mean of coping among SMI. Our results support the incorporation of spiritual beliefs into secular HIV prevention efforts.
Mechanisms underlying altered mood and cardiovascular dysfunction: The value of neurobiological and behavioral research with animal models

A bidirectional association between mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases has been described in humans, yet the precise neurobiological mechanisms that underlie this association are not fully understood. This article is focused on neurobiological processes and mediators in mood and cardiovascular disorders, with an emphasis on common mechanisms including stressor reactivity, neuroendocrine and neurohumoral changes, immune alterations, autonomic and cardiovascular dysregulation, and central neurotransmitter and neuropeptide dysfunction. A discussion of the utility of experimental investigations with rodent models, including those in rats and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), is presented. Specific studies using these models are reviewed, focusing on the analysis of behavioral, physiological and neural mechanisms underlying depressive disorders and cardiovascular disease. Considered in combination with studies using human samples, the investigation of mechanisms underlying depressive behaviors and cardiovascular regulation using animal models will enhance our understanding of the association of depression and cardiovascular disease, and will promote the development of improved interventions for individuals with these detrimental disorders.
Evaluating Academic Progress Without a Vertical Scale

Alternatives to vertical scales are compared for measuring longitudinal academic growth and for producing school-level growth measures. The alternatives examined were empirical cross-grade regression, ordinary least squares and logistic regression, and multilevel models. The student data used for the comparisons were Arabic Grades 4 to 10 in Qatar, and results were examined in the scale score and performance level metrics. It is found that vertical scales and cross-grade regressions can show different results at the individual student level, but at the school level, the different measures of growth were strongly correlated, particularly in the scale score metric. Differences between the methods appear more likely in the performance level metric than the scale score metric and for grade pairs with more extreme performance.
Biomechanics of cranial kinesis in birds: Testing linkage models in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis).

Cranial kinesis in sparrows refers to the rotation of the upper jaw around its kinetic joint with the braincase. Avian jaw mechanics may involve the coupled motions of upper and lower jaws, in which the postorbital ligament transfers forces from the lower jaw, through the quadrate, pterygoid, and jugal bones, to the upper jaw. Alternatively, jaw motions may be uncoupled, with the upper jaw moving independently of the lower jaw. We tested hypotheses of cranial kinesis through the use of quantitative computer models. We present a biomechanical model of avian jaw kinetics that predicts the motions of the jaws under assumptions of both a coupled and an uncoupled mechanism. In addition, the model predicts jaw motions under conditions of force transfer by either the jugal or the pterygoid bones. Thus four alternative models may be tested using the proposed model (coupled jugal, coupled pterygoid, uncoupled jugal, uncoupled pterygoid). All models are based on the mechanics of four-bar linkages and lever systems and use morphometric data on cranial structure as the basis for predicting cranial movements. Predictions of cranial motions are tested by comparison to kinematics of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) during singing. The predicted relations between jaw motions for the coupled model are significantly different from video observations. We conclude that the upper and lower jaws are not coupled in white-throated sparrows. The range of jaw motions during song is consistent with a model in which independent contractions of upper and lower jaw muscles control beak motion. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A microarray study of MPP + -treated PC12 Cells: Mechanisms of toxicity (MOT) analysis using bioinformatics tools

This paper describes a microarray study including data quality control, data analysis and the analysis of the mechanism of toxicity (MOT) induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in a rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) using bioinformatics tools. MPP+ depletes dopamine content and elicits cell death in PC12 cells. However, the mechanism of MPP+-induced neurotoxicity is still unclear. In this study, Agilent rat oligo 22K microarrays were used to examine alterations in gene expression of PC12 cells after 500 μM MPP+ treatment. Relative gene expression of control and treated cells represented by spot intensities on the array chips was analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Raw data from each array were input into the NCTR ArrayTrack database, and normalized using a Lowess normalization method. Data quality was monitored in ArrayTrack. The means of the averaged log ratio of the paired samples were used to identify the fold changes of gene expression in PC12 cells after MPP+ treatment. Our data showed that 106 genes and ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) were changed 2-fold and above with MPP+ treatment; among these, 75 genes had gene symbols and 59 genes had known functions according to the Agilent gene Refguide and ArrayTrack-linked gene library. The mechanism of MPP+-induced toxicity in PC12 cells was analyzed based on their genes functions, biological process, pathways and previous published literatures. Multiple pathways were suggested to be involved in the mechanism of MPP+-induced toxicity, including oxidative stress, DNA and protein damage, cell cycling arrest, and apoptosis.
Optimization of surface finish of 8-m class ULE glass telescope mirror blanks for lifetime mechanical reliability

The mechanical reliability of 8 m class ULETM glass telescope mirror blanks is a key requirement for both the blank manufacturer and end-user. The massive monolithic blank experiences stresses during the various manufacturing steps including handling, grinding, sagging, and finishing. Likewise, it is subjected to vibrational loads and road shocks during transportation to end-user. And finally, it experiences transient stresses during installation and steady-state static stresses throughout its useful life in service. The large blank, which weighs nearly 35 tons, must have appropriate surface finish to sustain manufacturing, transportation, installation and service stresses with low probability of flaw initiation and propagation. This paper examines the critical stress/time histories the blanks experience during manufacturing and their ability to initiate slow crack growth from grinding flaws. Two different surface finishes, namely 120 grit and 270/325 grit, with and without acid etching are characterized with respect to strength, flaw, and fatigue behavior. These data show that the 270/325 grit finish with acid etching is appropriate for the sagging step which imposes a static stress of 750 psi in the center region of the mirror blank over a two-week sag period. Similarly, the 120 grit surface finish is adequate for grinding, packaging and transporting steps which impose a static stress of 435 psi in the support pad region for a three-month period. These predictions, based on Power law fatigue model, were verified by conducting static fatigue tests (at appropriate stress levels) on a large sample of 6' diameter ULETM discs (with appropriate surface finish) at 25 degree(s)C and 100% RH. Such a verification is imperative for selecting appropriate surface finishes for the mirror blanks to promote mechanical reliability during manufacturing and service.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LOCAL CONCENTRATION OF URATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GOUT

Abstract Urate will be concentrated whenever a local collection of extracellular fluid resolves by diffusion. Such resolving effusions are especially likely at the exposed sites where tophi are usually found and in synovial joints, especially the base of the great toe. In an experimental model of this situation, the urate concentration of residual saline rose above physiological levels by an average of 0·5 mg. per 100 ml. after subcutaneous injection in the human forearm. Proportional increments in hyperuricaemic body fluids may be expected to lead to the precipitation of sodium-urate crystals in goutprone individuals.
CNO abundances and hydrodynamic models of the nova outburst. IV. Comparison with observations.

A variety of observations of novae are discussed in light of theoretical models. It is proposed that the nearly constant bolometric luminosity of FH Ser originates in the nondegenerate hydrogen-burning region at the bottom of the hydrogen-rich envelope which remains after the primary ejection. The shift of the wavelength of peak emission from the visual to shortward of the ultraviolet is caused by the decrease of the photospheric radius of the remnant envelope as the bolometric luminosity stays nearly constant. The oscillations in the light curve of GK Per during the transition stage can be explained by a pulsation of the remnant envelope when it is larger than the semimajor axis of the binary system. The CNO overabundances in novae reported by various observers are strongly suggestive of the proposed nova mechanism. Implications of the upper limits on C-13 and N-15 found in DQ Her are discussed.
Global solutions for an extended class of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws

for all smooth functions q~ = q~ (t, x) having compact support. In order to obtain an existence theorem for the problem (1.1), (1.2), we shall assume that the initial data satisfies a certain order condition which was introduced in [11] and which was also used in [7] to obtain existence theorems. Briefly, this condition states that certain initial data gives rise to a specific form of Riemann problem. Thus, if we let (us, vi)=(Uo (x~), v o (x~)), i = 1, 2, for xl 0, is solvable by a shock wave of one
Revision of the enthalpies and gibbs energies of formation of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide

Major revisions in the enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are presented. In free-evaporation experiments over the temperature range of 1830 to 2070 K, the kinetics of vaporization of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide have been studied. Conditions of local equilibrium were established. The results lead to new values for the standard enthalpies of formation of CaO and MgO. The ΔfH298 0 of CaO is ≈33 kJ/mol more positive than the currently tabulated value, whereas that for MgO is ≈34 kJ/mol more negative. The currently tabulated values could not account for these observations nor for other recent studies. These significant changes result in a reversal of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of CaO and MgO, with MgO now indicated as the more stable oxide at lower temperatures on Ellingham diagrams. These results are consistent with recent work on the formation of CaC2, solubility product measurements in liquid iron, and with theoretical models based on ionic radii.
Hierarchical Multi-task Learning with Application to Wafer Quality Prediction

Many real problems of multi-task learning exhibit hierarchical task relatedness. In other words, the tasks are partitioned into multiple groups. Different tasks within the same group are related on the task-level, whereas different groups are related on the group-level. For example, in semiconductor manufacturing, the problem of wafer quality prediction can be considered as hierarchical multi-task learning, where each task corresponds to a single side of a chamber with side-level relatedness, and a group of tasks corresponds to a chamber of multiple sides with chamber-level relatedness. Motivated by this application, in this paper, we propose an optimization framework for hierarchical multi-task learning, which partitions all the input features into 2 sets based on their characteristics, and models task-level and group-level relatedness by imposing different constraints on the coefficient vectors of the 2 sets. This is different from existing work on task clustering where the goal is to uncover the grouping of tasks, the tasks do not exhibit group-level relatedness, and the input features are not discriminated in the prediction model to model task-level and group-level relatedness. To solve this framework, we propose the \hear\ algorithm based on block coordinate descent, and demonstrate its effectiveness on both synthetic and real data sets from domains of semiconductor manufacturing and document classification.
Adriamycin--irradiation cutaneous complications

Four cases of abnormally severe skin reactions including an instance of skin necrosis occurred in patients with breast cancer who were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and irradiation concurrently following mastectomy. These unusual skin reactions apparently resulted from the interaction of radiation with adriamycin and prompted us to modify both the radiation dose and the timing of administration of chemotherapy. To date, no unusual or severe skin reactions have been observed in 14 patients who have received chemotherapy with adriamycin plus radiation in accord with this modified treatment plan.
Effect of Protein Binding on the Activity of Penicillins in Combination with Gentamicin Against Enterococci

Abstract To assess the effect of protein binding by human serum on the synergistic interaction of penicillins with gentamicin, time-kill curves were determined for four penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin against 10 blood isolates of enterococci. Killing curves demonstrated synergism with penicillin G plus gentamicin against all 10 strains in either broth or 50% human serum. In broth the combinations of nafcillin plus gentamicin and oxacillin plus gentamicin were synergistic against 10 of 10 strains and 4 of 10 strains, respectively. However, in serum, nafcillin plus gentamicin was synergistically bactericidal against only two strains and oxacillin plus gentamicin against none. Methicillin plus gentamicin was synergistic against none of the enterococci in either medium. Thus, the semisynthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins are unlikely to be effective in the therapy of patients with enterococcal endocarditis.
Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer in Microemulsions: Effect of Chain Transfer Agent Aqueous Solubility

Microemulsion polymerizations are attractive for investigating compartmentalization effects in heterogeneous reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations because the propagating radicals are segregated into surfactant stabilized polymer particles, which drastically reduces the effects of biradical termination. Also, microemulsion polymerizations do not involve the large monomer droplets that are present in emulsion and miniemulsion polymerizations. RAFT microemulsion polymerizations of butyl acrylate with a high water solubility chain transfer agent, methyl-2-(O-ethylxanthyl)propionate (MOEP), and a low water solubility chain transfer agent, methyl-2-(O-dodecylxanthyl)propionate (MODP), were investigated to determine the effect of chain transfer agent compartmentalization on the control of the polymerization. The partitioning of the chain transfer agent into the polymer particles is shown to be the primary factor in determining the final properties of the polymer and latex. Poly...
Chemical synthesis and biotinylation of the thrombospondin domain TSR2

The type 1 repeat domain from thrombospondin has potent antiangiogenic activity and a structurally interesting fold, making it an attractive target for protein engineering. Chemical synthesis is an attractive approach for studying protein domains because it enables the use of unnatural amino acids for site-specific labeling and detailed structure-function analysis. Here, we demonstrate the first total chemical synthesis of the thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain by native chemical ligation. In addition to the natural domain, five sites for side chain modification were evaluated and two were found to be compatible with oxidative folding. Several challenges were encountered during peptide synthesis due to the functional complexity of the domain. These challenges were overcome by the use of new solid supports, scavengers, and the testing of multiple ligation sites. We also describe an unusual sequence-specific protecting group migration observed during cleavage resulting in +90 Da and +194 Da adducts. Synthetic access to this domain enables the synthesis of a number of variants that can be used to further our understanding of the biochemical interaction network of thrombospondin and provide insight into the structure and function of this important antitumorogenic protein domain.