cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence and risk of hand–foot skin reaction with cabozantinib, a novel multikinase inhibitor: a meta‐analysis

Summary Background Cabozantinib is approved in the treatment of progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). It is a small molecule inhibitor, which targets multiple receptors, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, tyrosine kinase with Ig and epidermal growth factor homology domains-2 and the proto-oncogenes MET (mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor) and RET (rearranged during transfection). The drug is currently in phase I/II/III clinical trials for a number of other solid tumours and haematological malignancies. The adverse event (AE) profile is similar to that of other newer angiogenesis inhibitors. Hand–foot skin reaction (HFSR) is an important dose-limiting dermatological adverse event of this class of drugs. Aim To ascertain the incidence and risk of HFSR in patients with cancer during treatment with cabozantinib. Methods Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting Library were queried from inception to July 2014. Only phase II/III studies investigating cabozantinib for the treatment of cancer were shortlisted. The incidence, relative risk (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using random- or fixed-effects models, depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. Results We included 831 patients treated with cabozantinib for various solid malignancies in the analysis. The overall incidence was 35.3% (95% CI 27.9–43.6%) for all-grade and 9.5% (95% CI 7.6–11.7%) for high-grade HFSR. The RR of all-grade and high-grade HFSR with cabozantinib, compared with controls, was increased for both all-grade (27.3; 95% CI 6.9–108.3; P < 0.001) and high-grade (28.1; 95% CI 1.7–457; P < 0.02) HFSR, respectively. Conclusions The incidence and risk of developing HFSR with cabozantinib are high. Timely recognition of this dose-limiting AE is critical to direct supportive care efforts including patient counselling, and to institute preventative and/or treatment interventions.
Coronary stenting for treatment of ostial stenoses of native coronary arteries or aortocoronary saphenous venous grafts.

Abstract This study examines the procedural success, complication, and restenosis rates in patients undergoing Palmaz-Schatz stenting of native coronary and saphenous vein graft ostial stenoses. All patients undergoing Palmaz-Schatz stent placement of ostial lesions (≥70% diameter stenosis within 3 mm from the arterial ostium) between November 1989 and February 1992 were included in this study. Patients were treated with aspirin, dipyridamole, low molecular weight dextran, and heparin during the procedure and received systemic anticoagulation with warfarin for 1 month after the procedure. Angiographic measurements were obtained using electronic calipers. Coronary stents were placed in 41 ostial lesions of 41 patients. The target ostial stenosis was in a saphenous vein graft in 54% and a native coronary artery in 46% of lesions. The mean preand postprocedural minimal luminal diameters were 0.8 ± 0.7 and 3.3 ± 0.8 mm, respectively (p 50% diameter stenosis at follow-up) was 27.8%. Thus, stenting of ostial native coronary and vein graft stenoses can be performed with excellent angiographic and procedural success rates. Restenosis rates appear to be lower than expected using historical control subjects. The effectiveness of stenting for these patients, however, may be limited by significant procedural complications.
Why Do Juries Decide If Patents are Valid

For the last two decades, patent lawyers and courts have assumed that the Constitution requires that juries decide whether patents are valid. But that assumption rests on an uncertain foundation. Juries did not decide patent validity during most of American history, and as recently as 30 years ago jury trials in patent cases were quite rare. There is, surprisingly, no precedential decision resolving the Seventh Amendment question. And English practice before 1791 -- the basis for Seventh Amendment jurisprudence -- is ambiguous at best on whether juries must decide patent validity. I argue that if and when the issue is presented to the Supreme Court, the Court is unlikely to find a constitutional right to jury trial on issues of patent validity, and certainly not the broad right of the sort that is now common practice. Removing the jury from most patent validity determinations would change patent litigation in important ways.
Third order characterization of dispersion compensating gratings for 40Gbps DQPSK transmission systems

We present a third (and higher) order local dispersion characterization method for quality control of dispersion compensating gratings in 40Gbps RZ-DQPSK systems with small (≪0.5dB) system penalty margin. Simulation results show that this approach is a simpler and more accurate indicator of system penalty due to group delay ripple, when compared to conventional methods based on phase ripple.
Comparative functional morphology of feeding in three species of caprellids (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the northwestern Florida Gulf Coast

The functional morphology of feeding has been investigated in three species of caprellid amphipods. Feeding preferences are correlated with the increased setation and stoutness of the head appendages, the denser the setae the greater the trend toward fiber-feeding. It was found that Caprettu ~ena~rts Leach fed primarily by filter-feeding and scraping; ~aracff~reltff tenuis Mayer relied on tilter- feeding, scraping, scavenging, and predation; and Ixconacia incertn Mayer depended almost entirely on predatory habits. The observed feeding patterns were verified by stomach content analysis.
Characterization of fall armyworm mitochondrial DNA (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Mitochondrial DNA from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), was cloned and characterized using restriction enzyme mapping. Genome size is approximately 16.3 kilobase (Kb), consistent with that of most animals. Three fragments, 8.1 Kb, 6.2 Kb, and 2.0 Kb, were produced by digestion with restriction enzyme Xbal and cloned into a pUC19 vector. Twenty-nine restriction enzymes were used to generate a detailed physical restriction enzyme map of the three cloned fragments. These data represent the first detailed characterization of a lepidopteran mitochondrial genome. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Survival is not compromised in donor hearts with echocardiographic abnormalities.

Objectives. To determine the effect of heart donors with echocardiographic abnormalities on short and long-term outcomes on heart transplant recipients. Methods. Retrospective chart review of heart donors used over 6 y. Donor charts provided demographic information, cause of death, and echo results. Recipient charts were queried for predischarge echo and survival results. Results. From January 1999 to December 2005, 485 heart transplants were performed. Of these, 50 donors had 70 echo abnormalities. Mean donor age was 32 y (range 4-51 y). Echo abnormalities included wall motion abnormality in 30 (60%), left ventricular hypertrophy in 20 (40%), mitral regurgitation in 16 (32%), aortic regurgitation in 2 (4%), and left ventricle dilation in 2 (4%). Mean ejection fraction was 54.0% (range 40%-70%). Echo abnormalities post-transplant decreased significantly to 18 (64% decrease) patients with 21 (70% decrease) echo abnormalities. Wall motion abnormalities resolved in 27 (90% decrease) patients (P < 0.01), left ventricular hypertrophy resolved in 14 (70% decrease) patients (P < 0.01), and mitral regurgitation resolved in 12 (75% decrease) patients (P < 0.01). Aortic regurgitation and left ventricle dilation resolved in 2 patients. However, right ventricle dilation significantly increased in 8 patients (P < 0.01). Mean ejection fraction at discharge was 56.9% (range 45%-89%). Overall survival was 96% at a mean follow-up of 4 y (range 2-6 y). Conclusion. Majority of echocardiographic abnormalities in donor hearts resolve prior to discharge and 4 y survival rates are excellent.
Safe From the Start: Evaluating Interventions for Children Exposed to Violence

This article describes a multisite evaluation designed to identify promising practices for children exposed to multiple violence types, as well as their caregivers. The interventions improved emotional and behavioral symptoms for children and decreased caregiver stress related to parenting. Regression analyses were run to determine which intervention topics and intervention formats for child services were associated with child symptom reduction. Additional regression analyses explored which intervention topics and intervention formats for caregiver services were associated with symptom reduction for caregivers as well as their children. Insights drawn from these analyses might be helpful to agencies seeking to improve their services for young children who have been exposed to violence.
Political Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in Comparative Perspective

This paper compares three recent government apologies made to indigenous peoples in Australia (2008), Canada (2008), and the U.S. (2009). All of these apologies were the second iterations of earlier ones made in Australia in 1997, Canada in 1998, and the U.S. in 2003 The paper compares the texts and contexts of these apologies (who delivered them and in what setting and to what audience), and the political dynamics associated with them to assess the meaning and effectiveness of apologies as a first step toward achieving political reconciliation and intercultural justice. It addresses how and why the first and second versions of the apologies in each country differed, and tries to explain why the Canadian apology, the only one of the three apologies that was accompanied by compensation, was the most robust of the three, and why the U.S. apology was the weakest of the three. The paper also analyzes these three recent apologies in terms of what some scholars have termed "The Age of Apology," or the increasingly frequent attempts to address grievances arising from wrongs committed by oppressive or genocidal actions between nations, or between races within nations, by using an apology.
An enhanced power meter for SPICE2 circuit simulation

An enhancement to a technique presented by S.M. Kang (IEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.SC-21, p.889-91, Oct. 1986) for measuring average power dissipation during a SPICE circuit simulation is described. A modified power meter circuit is discussed that allows power measurement during an arbitrary interval of time, holds a constant final value at the end of the sampling interval, and improves the resolution of the technique. Simulation results comparing the modified power meter with the original power meter are presented to verify the modification. An optional modification to provide for a variable power supply voltage is also included. >
Separation of sodiated isobaric disaccharides and trisaccharides using electrospray ionization-atmospheric pressure ion mobility-time of flight mass spectrometry

A series of isobaric disaccharide-alditols, four derived from O-linked glycoproteins, and select trisaccharides were rapidly resolved using tandem high resolution atmospheric pressure ion-mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization was used to create the gas-phase sodium adducts of each carbohydrate. Using this technique it was possible to separate up to three isobaric disaccharide alditols and three trisaccharides in the gas phase. Reduced mobility values and experimentally determined ion-neutral cross sections are reported for each sodium-carbohydrate complex. These studies demonstrated that ion mobility separations at atmospheric pressure can provide a high-resolution dimension for analysis of carbohydrate ions that is complementary to traditional mass spectral (m/z) ion analysis. Combining these independent principles for separation of ions provides a powerful new bioanalytical tool for the identification of isomeric carbohydrates.
Genetic Susceptibility to Rhodococcus equi.

Rhodococcus equi pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. Much effort has been made to identify preventative measures and new treatments for R. equi with limited success. With a growing focus in the medical community on understanding the genetic basis of disease susceptibility, investigators have begun to evaluate the interaction of the genetics of the foal with R. equi. This review describes past efforts to understand the genetic basis underlying R. equi susceptibility and tolerance. It also highlights the genetic technology available to study horses and describes the use of this technology in investigating R. equi. This review provides readers with a foundational understanding of candidate gene approaches, single nucleotide polymorphism-based, and copy number variant-based genome-wide association studies, and next generation sequencing (both DNA and RNA).
Jet Streaks in the Gulf Stream

Mesoscale alongstream speed changes of the Gulf Stream are diagnosed from an array of current meters at depths 400, 700, and 1000 m, near 688W, during the development of steep [ratio of ‘‘amplitude’’ to ‘‘wavelength’’ O(1)] meanders. Speed maxima (jet streaks) are generally found between trough and crest axes in steep meanders with local speed minima near the trough and crest axes. Speed changes along streamlines can be quite dramatic. Speed changes along the jet axis, between jet streaks and local minima in excess of 0.60, 0.40, and 0.35 m s 21, are observed at depth 400, 700, and 1000 m, respectively. This is in comparison with peak speeds in a frontal coordinates system mean of 1.22, 0.67, and 0.28 m s21, at depth 400, 700, and 1000 m, respectively, from a previous study. The presence of the jet streaks can be explained kinematically as a superposition of the Gulf Stream and barotropic vortices. The development of these jet streaks in relation to the developing steep meanders differs from the canonical picture of jet streak/baroclinic wave development in the atmospheric jet stream in that the jet streaks in the Gulf Stream are predominantly fixed in place with respect to meanders as they steepen.
Investigation on the Potential of using ASTER Image for Corn Plant Residue Coverage Estimation in Three Indiana Counties

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of remotely sensed imagery from the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) suite of satellite sensors to map crop residue and tillage practices. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) is doing biennial national residue mapping. Due to the high costs involved, only a small number of fields could be surveyed. Also the methodology is subjective. Using remotely sensed imagery may help to reduce the costs, allow many more fields to be used in the program, as well as potentially increase accuracy. This investigation used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer sensor (ASTER) for large area crop residue mapping. Residue covers from 421 corn fields within three Indiana counties were estimated following a windshield survey approach. The field level residue covers were divided into three levels: fields with >30% residue cover were classified as conservation tillage (no till); fields with 16-30% residue cover as reduced tillage; and fields with <15% residue cover as conventional tillage. Field mean spectral reflectance was extracted and several indices were calculated. The field level spectra and indices were then used in a discriminant analysis process. The results indicated that the ASTER Normalized Shortwave Index (ANSI) performed the best in separating no till from the combined conventional and reduced till fields. The average accuracy was 85.5% for all three counties with Huntington County having the best accuracy at 91%. In addition, pixel based supervised classifications were also implemented. The results showed that the shortwave near-infrared (SWIR) bands produced better classification accuracies than the visible near-infrared (VNIR) bands. While the use of ASTER images for corn residue mapping shows its potential, prior knowledge of the previous crop type is needed for successful operations.
Bounded Saddle Point Methods

Although a critical sequence does not necessarily lead to a critical point, we saw in Chapter III (cf. Theorem 3.4.1) that in some applications, bounded critical sequences do indeed lead to critical points. Thus one might ask if there are criteria that can be imposed which will produce bounded critical sequences. We study this question in Section 5.2. There we require the two linking sets A, B to be contained in a ball of radius R and impose a boundary condition on the sphere comprising the boundary of the ball to prevent deformations of the sets from exiting the ball. We then show that this indeed produces a bounded Palais-Smale sequence. However, the boundary condition is an additional restriction which asserts itself in the applications. As we shall see in Section 5.8, the restriction is not as severe as those used to cause a Palais-Smale sequence to be bounded. Consequently, the boundary condition pays for itself in applications.
Noninvasive two-photon imaging reveals retinyl ester storage structures in the eye.

Visual sensation in vertebrates is triggered when light strikes retinal photoreceptor cells causing photoisomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. The regeneration of preillumination conditions of the photoreceptor cells requires formation of 11-cis-retinal in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Using the intrinsic fluorescence of all-trans-retinyl esters, noninvasive two-photon microscopy revealed previously uncharacterized structures (6.9 ± 1.1 μm in length and 0.8 ± 0.2 μm in diameter) distinct from other cellular organelles, termed the retinyl ester storage particles (RESTs), or retinosomes. These structures form autonomous all-trans-retinyl ester-rich intracellular compartments distinct from other organelles and colocalize with adipose differentiation-related protein. As demonstrated by in vivo experiments using wild-type mice, the RESTs participate in 11-cis-retinal formation. RESTs accumulate in Rpe65−/− mice incapable of carrying out the enzymatic isomerization, and correspondingly, are absent in the eyes of Lrat−/− mice deficient in retinyl ester synthesis. These results indicate that RESTs located close to the RPE plasma membrane are essential components in 11-cis-retinal production.
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein protects against insulin resistance in obese female mice

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) shuttles lipids between lipoproteins, culminating in cholesteryl ester delivery to liver and increased secretion of cholesterol as bile. Since gut bile acids promote insulin sensitivity, we aimed to define if CETP improves insulin sensitivity with high-fat feeding. CETP and nontransgenic mice of both sexes became obese. Female but not male CETP mice had increased ileal bile acid levels versus nontransgenic littermates. CETP expression protected female mice from insulin resistance but had a minimal effect in males. In liver, female CETP mice showed activation of bile acid-sensitive pathways including Erk1/2 phosphorylation and Fxr and Shp gene expression. In muscle, CETP females showed increased glycolysis, increased mRNA for Dio2, and increased Akt phosphorylation, known effects of bile acid signaling. These results suggest that CETP can ameliorate insulin resistance associated with obesity in female mice, an effect that correlates with increased gut bile acids and known bile-signaling pathways.
Shock Compression and Initiation of LX-10†

LX-10 is a high energy density solid explosive consisting of 94.5% octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and 5.5% Viton A Binder pressed to 1.865 g/cm3 (98.4% of theoretical maximum density). In this paper the shock compression and initiation of chemical reaction in LX-10 by sustained shock pressures of 0.4 to 3 GPa are studied experimentally using embedded pressure and particle velocity gauges. The resulting pressure and particle velocity histories are evaluated theoretically using the ignition and growth reactive flow computer model of shock initiation and detonation. Manganin resistance and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) ferroelectric pressure gauges are both employed in the low pressure (0.4 – 0.7 GPa) shock compression experiments. Multiple manganin pressure and multiple electromagnetic foil particle velocity gauges measure the growth of reaction at various positions in LX-10 shocked to 1 – 3 GPa. The reactive flow modeling results imply that less than one percent of the LX-10 shocked to 0.4 – 0.7 GPa reacts in fifteen microseconds. For the higher pressure experiments, the ignition and growth model accurately calculates the pressure and/or particle velocity buildup in LX-10 as the reaction grows toward detonation. The LX-10 calculations are compared to those for the well-calibrated explosive PBX-9404, which contains 94% HMX and a reactive binder. Since it has the inert binder Viton A and better mechanical properties than PBX-9404, LX-10 is demonstrated to be significantly less reactive than PBX-9404 at these shock pressures. Therefore LX-10 is safer than PBX-9404 in many hazard and vulnerability scenarios to which solid explosives may be subjected.
Physiochemical Characterization of Steroid Hormones in Soil

Laboratory studies on the fate and transport of reproductive, steroidal hormones and their primary metabolites indicate that aqueous concentrations are short-lived, where dissipation half-lives are on the order of a few hours or days. Dissipation of hormones is caused by i) binding or sorption to the soil and ii) degradation. Sorption of both androgenic and estrogenic hormones occurs predominantly in the organic fraction of the soil and is very rapid through time. Hormone degradation is controlled predominantly by the biological activity of the soil. Hormones will persist in soil where the biological activity is low, such as sterilized or cool low-oxygen soils. Laboratory soil column studies have also indicated that mobility of androgenic and estrogenic hormones is limited, where little will escape the top 5 cm of soil.
Predictors of Quality of Life among Ethnically Diverse Breast Cancer Survivors

Few studies have examined predictors of quality of life (QOL) of breast cancer survivors over time. Breast cancer survivors (n = 116) were asked to complete measures of QOL, mood, spirituality, and social support every 6 months from 2 to 4 years post treatment. Overall QOL at 4 years was predicted by previous physical and functional well-being, the breast cancer-specific items, and vigor and current levels of social support (Adj R 2 = .72, F = 30.53, p < .001). Physical QOL was predicted by previous levels of physical and functional well-being and current levels of functional and social/family well-being (Adj R 2 = .84, F = 44.30, p < .001). Functional well-being was predicted by prior levels of physical, functional, and social/family well-being and current levels of physical well-being and vigor (Adj R 2 = .72, F = 3–.53, p < .001). Emotional well-being was predicted by previous levels of emotional well-being and current physical well-being, the breast cancer-specific items, and anxiety (Adj R 2 = .60, F = 26.30, p < .001). Social/family well-being was predicted by previous levels of social/family well-being, social support, and confusion (Adj R 2 = .71, F = 34.18, p < <000). The breast cancer-specific items were predicted by age, previous levels of the breast cancer-specific items, confusion, and current levels of emotional and functional well-being and spirituality (Adj R 2 = .58, F = 17.57, p < .001). Overall and specific dimensions of QOL at 4 years were predicted by different combinations of QOL, mood, and spirituality. Interventions should be tailored to which dimensions of QOL are affected and other types of QOL as well as social support, mood, and spirituality as coping mechanisms that influence the specific dimension of QOL affected.
The influence of TPACK contextual factors on early childhood educators' tablet computer use

Tablet computers are increasingly becoming commonplace in classrooms around the world. More than half of early childhood educators in the U.S. now have access to tablets, making it imperative to understand how they are using the device and what influences such use. The current study draws on survey data from 411 preschool educators serving 3- to 5-year-olds in school-based, center-based, and Head Start preschool programs to investigate how TPACK contextual factors (e.g., student background, teacher attitudes, and school support) influence teachers' traditional and student-centered tablet computer practices. Results suggest that teacher-level factors-especially positive attitudes toward technology-are most influential. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for preschool teachers and teacher educators to understand and address the critical contextual factors of tablet computer use in preschool education. Implications for education policy include expanding traditional funding models beyond technology access to provide on-going educator support, and developing new initiatives that encourage novel professional development models based on the same learned-centered practices that teachers are encouraged to use themselves. Explores contextual TPACK factors and early childhood educator tablet computer use.Teachers of low-income students use tablets more for student-centered learning.Attitudes and confidence consistently predict teachers' tablet computer integration.School support predicts teachers' use of tablets in student-centered practices.Teachers use diverse apps, but primarily literacy, STEM, and general education apps.
Modeling of hot-carrier degradation in GaN transistors

Hot-electron effects play an important role in degradation of GaN high-electron-mobility transistors. The modeling approach presented here includes device simulation and atomic-scale defect description using density function theory (DFT). Hot electrons are generated by high electric fields in semiconductor devices. These energetic electrons can induce or modify defects that affect the device operation. Several degradation mechanisms of GaN-based high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been described recently in the literature. Experiments show that a variety of defects appear during device operation, but the connection between atomic-scale mechanisms and the degradation rate is difficult to establish. For example, the atomic-scale nature of the traps that produce changes in threshold voltage, leakage current, and drain current is not well known.
Behind the Resume A Holistic Approach to Deepen Self-Awareness

This article provides an account of how presentational, or expressive, ways of knowing has been used in career planning classes in a community college located in large urban area. Career planning, and resume preparation, is often framed as a very instrumental process. However, as the inquiry described in this article demonstrates, developing a resume can be an opportunity for engaging in self-reflective practices. Using image drawing, poetry, metaphor, and similes challenged many students’ self-perceptions, brought into conscious awareness how their meaning schemes shaped their actions, and deepened their self-awareness.
DNA hybridization probe for endoparasitism by Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We describe a DNA hybridization assay for an insect endoparasitoid. The probe is a digoxigenin-labeled 438 bp fragment from a genomic library of the braconid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a larval endoparasitoid of heliothine noctuids. The assay is run on nylon membranes and can detect 125 pg of target DNA. Estimates of parasitization rate in large samples of simultaneously parasitized larvae of the host Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), made by hybridization probe assay of unamplified host homogenates and by dissection, are not statistically distinguishable for 1st or 2nd instar parasitoids. It should be possible to perform the entire procedure, from host collection and DNA extraction to evaluation of assay results, in 1 d, making this prototype technology useful as a monitoring and management tool.
The Ambivalence of St. Thomas Aquinas' View of the Relationship of Divine Law to Human Law

In the Article of the Summa theologica on the question “whether infidels can have dominion and rule over Christians” (II–ii, q. 10, a. 10), St. Thomas says: Dominion and rule are based on human law; the distinction between Christian and infidel springs from divine law. But divine law, which is founded in grace, does not destroy human law, which stems from natural reason. Therefore, the distinction between Christian and infidel does not, considered in itself, destroy the dominion and rule of infidels over Christians.
Genomic articulations of indigeneity

Indigenous peoples’ and genome scientists’ respective definitions and practices of making ‘indigeneity’ illustrate their competing notions of identity, origins, and futures. This article explores t...
Diet and nutrition survey among type 2 diabetics in Minhang District in Shanghai

[Objective] To investigate the diet and nutritional status of type 2 diabetics in Minhang District in Shanghai in order to identify the nutritional status of diabetic patients and explore solutions.[Methods] A series of 373 cases were randomly selected by sampling ratio of 1% from diabetes manage-ment database of the District.Seventy two hours dietary recall surveys for 3 days and laboratory tests were conducted and ‘Nutritional Star Expert System’was used for analysis on the digital data obtained.[Results] The energy intake were inadequate in 46.11% of the survey subjects.Calcium,zinc,copper,vitamin B1,B2,dietary fiber and other nutrients average intake were below the recommended amount.The protein and fat intake were excessive in 41.29% and 43.16% of the surveyed.And 49.60% of the sur-veyed were overweight or obese,the control rate of HbA1c and triglycerides were 55.23% and 56.84%.[Conclusion] Dietary pattern is irrational among patients with type 2 diabetes in the District.The intake of energy and nutrients cannot meet the diabetic diet requirements.The control rate of blood sugar and blood lipids is low.It is necessary to conduct health education and make intervention on diet therapy for diabetics.
Analysis of Current Situation of Cold- chain Equipment for EPI in Huanggang City

Objective:To know the current situation of cold- chain equipment for Expanded Programme on Immunization(EPI) in Huanggang City,and to explore the possibility shortage and future development.Methods:11 county- level and higher level centers for diseases control and prevention(CDC) were organized to fill unified investigation forms,and statistic analysis was made by using the data of the forms.Results:There were 1 refrigerated van,7 vaccine transportation vehicle,5 cryogenic refrigeratory,24 common refrigeratory,235 cryogenic fridges,957 common fridges,344 ice boxes,1829 cold bags,15206 ice rafts,and 47 electromotor.Conclusions:The cold- chain equipments is capable for support the national EPI running properly in Huanggang City.The part is need of supplement and replacement,so as to meet the requirements of EPI in new era.
Clinical Monitoring of Early Pathophysiologic Events

Stroke is the most prevalent life-threatening neurologic disease. The opportunity to intervene in the acute setting with the use of thrombolytics or neuroprotective agents has led to an evolving interest in obtaining physiologic data points during the acute event. Several imaging techniques are available that can provide pertinent information during the acute phase of an ischemic episode. Some of these techniques, such as diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted MR imaging, show exciting promise for defining the ischemic penumbra zone, which is the target of acute intervention.
Control of Local Authorities

Apart from the general power of Parliament to grant and withdraw functions from local authorities — which is in itself a form of control — local authorities are often made subject to the formal control of Ministers and Departments of State in respect of some functions. Such formal controls — examples of which are seen in Education and the provision of Social Services — must stem from a specific statutory provision. They can also arise through a process of consultation and the issue of circulars to the local authorities. An example of this practice arose in the building licensing work undertaken by local authorities between 1945 and 1954 on behalf of the Ministry of Works. In addition to this there are other subtle forms of control — departmental advice, practice codes, circulars explaining a Minister’s policy. A memorandum issued by the Department will not be binding upon a local authority, but it can well influence its decision. In the first instance, however, we may look at the forms of control that are laid down by Acts of Parliament.
“How Do We Know It's Working?”: The Teaching Artist's Role in Program Evaluations and Assessing Student Work

This article provides a framework to assist evaluators, teaching artists, and program managers in working together.
Inverse Scattering Problems for Orthotropic Media

In this chapter we extend the results of Chap. 4 to the case of the inverse scattering problem for an inhomogeneous orthotropic medium. The inverse problem we shall consider in this chapter is to determine the support of the orthotropic inhomogeneity given the far-field pattern of the scattered field for many incident directions.
Linkages among canopy tree neighbourhoods, small mammal herbivores and herbaceous communities in temperate forests

Question Small mammals are important consumers of tree seeds in forests worldwide. Few studies, however, have addressed the impacts of small mammals as consumers of herbaceous species in the forest understorey. Local neighbourhood-scale variation in canopy tree composition has strong effects on resource availability for understorey plants, but can also influence the distribution, abundance and foraging behaviour of small mammals, primarily through spatial and temporal variation in seed rain. In this study we examine the direct and indirect effects of canopy tree neighbourhoods and herbivory by small mammals on the diversity, abundance and flowering of herbaceous species in a temperate forest. Location and Methods In 1994 we established 36 1 m × 2 m fenced small mammal exclosures, paired with similar-sized control plots, under the major canopy tree species found at Great Mountain Forest, in Norfolk, CT, US. Results When re-sampled in 2005, after 10 yrs of small mammal exclusion, the abundance of herbaceous plants had increased inside the exclosures (F = 5.005, df = 1,38, P = 0.031), as did the proportion of plants flowering (t = −2.11, df = 60, P = 0.039). However, species richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity (H′) were similar inside and outside of exclosures. At one site the identity of the canopy tree species did impact species richness (F = 4.494, df = 5,18, P = 0.008), independent of exclosure. Plots under Fraxinus americana (white ash) had the highest species richness (average number of species = 7.5) while the lowest diversity was found in plots under Tsuga canadensis (Eastern hemlock; average number of species = 2.25) and Quercus rubra (northern red oak; average number of species = 1.5). Conclusions The results demonstrate that small mammal herbivores can directly affect the abundance and reproduction of herbaceous species, and that local conditions (such as the surrounding canopy tree neighbourhood) can also play direct and indirect roles in the maintenance of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests.
Improving on the cut-set bound for general primitive relay channels

Consider a primitive relay channel, where, a source X wants to send information to a destination Y with the help of a relay Z and the relay can communicate to the destination via an error-free digital link of rate R 0 . For the symmetric case, i.e., when Y and Z are conditionally i.i.d. given X, we have recently developed new upper bounds on the capacity of this channel that are tighter than existing bounds, including the celebrated cut-set bound. In this paper, we extend these bounds to the asymmetric case, where Y and Z are conditionally independent given X with arbitrary conditional marginal distributions, for both discrete memoryless and Gaussian channels.
Collaborative Care on the Stroke Unit: A Cross-Sectional Outcomes Study.

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic and quality outcomes associated with a collaborative advanced practice nurse and hospitalist physician model of care on the inpatient stroke unit as compared with usual hospitalist physician-led care. Background: High functioning
Enforced RUNX1 Expression Increased the Numbers of CD34+ and CD45+ Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Embryoid Bodies.

RUNX1 is an essential gene for mouse hematopoietic development. Mouse knockout models for either RUNX1 or its binding partner core binding factor(CBFβ) are embryonic lethal and lack definitive hematopoiesis. Dominant negative inhibitors of RUNX1 protein function CBFβ-SMMHC (INV), encoded by t(16;16) and AML1-ETO, encoded by t(8;21) are seen in approximately 8% and 15% of acute myeloid leukemia cases, respectively. Recently we reported that dominant inhibition of endogenous RUNX1 function by dual promoter lentivector-expressed INV inhibited proliferation and caused G1 arrest in both human and mouse myeloid progenitors. Conversely, exogenous expression of RUNX1 in mouse primary hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells resulted in increased proliferation [DCosta 2005]. In order to determine if exogenous expression of RUNX1 would enhance HESC-derived hematopoiesis, we used conditionally-regulated RUNX1 in human embryonic stem cells (HESC) as a model system. We transduced H1 (WA01) HESC with dual promoter lentivectors expressing modified estrogen receptor (ER) fusions: RUNX1-ER (EF-RUNX1-ER/PGK-GFP) or control GFP (Ub-GFP). Microscopically GFP+ HESC colonies were plucked and expanded on primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts to enrich for transduced cells. During growth under “pluripotent conditions,” no changes in HESC proliferation or differentiation (as assessed by staining for pluripotent surface markers SSEA-4, Tra-160 and CD9) were observed in cells induced to express RUNX1. Transduced HESC were allowed to undergo embryoid body (EB) formation. EB, cultured with or without 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4HT), were harvested at selected time points, dissociated with trypsin/EDTA, counted, and immunostained for CD34 and CD45 [Zambidis 2005; DCosta 2005]. Upon EB formation, there were 2–3-fold higher percentages and numbers of transduced (GFP+) cells in the EF.RUNX1-ER/PGK.GFP lentivector-transduced cell culture induced with 4HT than in the EF.RUNX1-ER/PGK.GFP lentivector-transduced cell culture without 4HT. In contrast, no 4HT-dependent difference was seen in the Ub.GFP control lentivector-transduced cell cultures. At these time points, 2–4% of the GFP+ cells in the EF.RUNX1-ER/PGK.GFP lentivector-transduced cell culture containing 4HT expressed CD34 and there were similar percentages of CD45+ cells, whereas there were lower numbers of cells expressing these markers in the control cultures. Thus, enforced expression of RUNX1 boosted the numbers of CD45+ and CD34+ cells in EB derived from HESC.
Flexible and Static Containers for Storing and Sharing Knowledge and Wisdom

This paper reports on Kenyan university women’s relation of two concepts: knowledge and wisdom. Their uses of these terms suggest a need to reconsider traditional knowledge (TK) in librarians’ practice in information literacy programs as a means to reduce the disjuncture between the dominant educational practices and wisdom, or TK. Cette communication porte sur la relation des femmes universitaires kenyanes avec deux concepts : la connaissance et la sagesse. Leur utilisation de ces termes suggere un besoin de reconsiderer la connaissance traditionnelle dans les pratiques des bibliothecaires relativement aux programmes de maitrise de l’information afin de reduire la disjonction entre les pratiques pedagogiques dominantes et la sagesse, ou la connaissance traditionnelle.
Bereavement among African Americans and Latino/a Americans

Mourning is the term for the culturally-informed practices through which grief is expressed. Although grief is a universal human experience, mourning varies greatly by culture and ethnic group. In this article, I examine bereavement and mourning in African American and Latino/a American groups. I also discuss broader cultural issues related to assessment and intervention.
Marktforschung in der digital vernetzten Wissensgesellschaft des 21. Jahrhunderts

Mit dem Paradigmenwechsel von analoger zu digitaler Information wandelt sich auch das Bild des Marktforschers grundlegend und nachhaltig. Der klassische Marktforscher wird zum Markt-Experten – einem Navigator und Dialog -Partner fur Industrie, Handel, Dienstleistungsunternehmen und Medien in komplex-dynamischen Wissens-Markten. Sein Aufgabenschwerpunkt verlagert sich von der klassischen Datenerhebung hin zur individuell auf den Kunden abgestimmten Selektion, Analyse und Interpretation erhobener Informationen – er wird Wissens-Partner, er versucht Zusammenhange, Hintergrunde und Handlungs-Optionen aufzuzeigen. Im Folgenden wird diese hier skizzierte Situation speziell fur Hightech-Markte einer ausfuhrlichen Betrachtung unterzogen.
Flushing Disorders Associated with Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Part 1, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Mast Cell Disorders and Hyperbasophila

Flushing is the subjective sensation of warmth accompanied by visible cutaneous erythema occurring throughout the body with a predilection for the face, neck, pinnae, and upper trunk where the skin is thinnest and cutaneous vessels are superficially located and in greatest numbers. Flushing can be present in either a wet or dry form depending upon whether neural-mediated mechanisms are involved. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in wet flushing, accompanied by diaphoresis, due to concomitant stimulation of eccrine sweat glands. Wet flushing is caused by certain medications, panic disorder and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD). Vasodilator mediated flushing due to the formation and release of a variety of biogenic amines, neuropeptides and phospholipid mediators such as histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins, respectively, typically presents as dry flushing where sweating is characteristically absent. Flushing occurring with neuroendocrine tumors accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms is generally of the dry flushing variant, which may be an important clinical clue to the differential diagnosis. A number of primary diseases of the gastrointestinal tract cause flushing, and conversely extra-intestinal conditions are associated with flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastrointestinal findings vary and include one or more of the following non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused comprehensive discussion on the presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and management of those diseases that arise from the gastrointestinal tract or other site that may cause gastrointestinal symptoms secondarily accompanied by flushing. This review is divided into two parts given the scope of conditions that cause flushing and affect the gastrointestinal tract: Part 1 covers neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid, pheochromocytomas, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid), polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes (POEMS), and conditions involving mast cells and basophils; while Part 2 covers dumping syndrome, mesenteric traction syndrome, rosacea, hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm, anaphylaxis, panic disorders, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, and food, alcohol and medications.
Time Scales, Difficulty/Skill Duality, and the Dynamics of Motor Learning

In this chapter we elaborate on the dynamical basis for the time scales of change in motor learning. It is known that in both oscillatory and growth/ decay processes the exponential characterizes the time scales of change. A few characteristic or even multiple time scales can arise from continually evolving landscape dynamics due to bifurcations between attractor organization and the transient dynamics toward and away from fixed points. These principles are applied to the determination of the laws of learning and the related duality between the difficulty of the task and the skill of the learner.
The Genetic Basis of a Cell-Pattern Homology in Drosophila Species

The authors have the good fortune of being among the students who are now honoring Professor Theodosius Dobzhansky for his distinguished leadership in the area of evolutionary biology and genetics. Most of the ideas and theoretical grounds on which we have analyzed our present work to study the problem of speciation in relation to developmental genetics are well documented in “Genetics and the Origin of Species” by Professor Dobzhansky (1951). The system with which we have worked is a specific biochemical phenotype of a cell in Drosophila, and we have attempted to exploit this system in order to understand the nature of the genetic changes that may have taken place in the course of the evolution of the two species, D. melanogaster and D. simulons, to stabilize a homologous cell pattern.
Genetics of RNA Tumor Viruses

The genetic analysis of RNA tumor viruses has two main objectives: (1) to provide an understanding of virus replication and (2) to explain virus-induced transformation of the host cell. Virus replication results from a complex interaction of viral and cellular genomes. Viral genetics, however, considers only the virus side of this interaction; the numerous and specific cellular functions which are required for the synthesis of infectious virus will have to be defined by a genetic analysis of the host cell. In virus-induced transformation, viral genetic information presumably interferes with the genetic regulatory apparatus of the host cell, and here again it is important to realize that focusing on the viral information will reveal only part of a very complex interaction between two organisms. Despite these obvious limitations, the viral genome is at the moment that partner in this interaction which is more amenable to experimental study and offers realistic opportunities for an increase of our insight into virus replication and cellular transformation.