cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress toward high-performance reflective and anti-reflection coatings for astronomical optics

There is a continued need for efficient reflective and anti-reflection (AR) coatings for increasingly large optics in astronomy. The requirements for these coatings differ in several respects from those developed for commercial use. In general, they require a broad spectral coverage, high-efficiency, long life under semi-exposed conditions, and the ability to be removed without damage to expensive substrates. UCO/Lick Observatory has undertaken an effort to develop improved coatings for astronomical optics. In this paper, we report on progress toward (a) robust protected silver coatings for telescopes; (b) enhanced silver and aluminum coatings for instruments; and (c) hardened sol-gel AR coatings. Examples of some of our new coatings are in use at Lick and Keck Observatories. The problems involved in successful coatings are multifaceted and we summarize our major findings to date. This includes our requirements, test procedures, and performance and durability results for the three types of coatings mentioned.
Identity, Harm, and the Ethics of Reproductive Technology

The controversial question of whether a future child can be harmed by the use of reproductive technology turns on the way that the future child's identity is understood. As a result, analysis of the ethical and legal obligations to the children of reproductive technology that are based upon the possibility of such harm depends upon the conception of identity that is used. This paper reviews the contributions of two recent books, David DeGrazia's Human Identity and Bioethics (2005) and Philip Peters' How Safe is Safe Enough? (2004) to this area of inquiry. It suggests that the use of a narrative rather than numerical conception of identity makes it possible to coherently claim that future children can be harmed by the use of reproductive technologies and that, as a result, potential parents can have obligations regarding the use of those technologies based upon that possibility of harm.
Rates of oxygen consumption in four species of seabird at Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula

1. We determined standard metabolic rates (SMR) of wild-caught adults of the Adelie penguin, southern giant fulmar, blue-eyed shag, and South Polar skua at Palmer Station, Antarctica, during January and February 1981. Oxygen consumption was measured volumetrically in a closed system at temperatures between 2 and 12 degrees C. 2. Mean SMR varied between 0.82 l O2/kg per hr for male fulmars and 1.30 l O2/kg per hr for unsexed adult skuas. Values were 174-198% of those predicted by the Lasiewski-Dawson equation for nonpasserines. 3. The SMR of the Adelie penguin was considerably higher than that reported in other studies and higher than most values for other species of penguins. 4. Our measurements of oxygen consumption agree with some estimates of metabolism based upon loss of mass by fasting birds during incubation.
Feasibility of 3-D Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging based on Laminar Optical Tomography

Feasibility of a 3-dimensional fluorescence lifetime imaging within a small tissue volume with high spatial resolution is discussed. A high resolution in lifetime can also be obtained if high accuracy of phase measurement can be achieved.
Complications and satisfaction with pediatric osseointegrated external ear prostheses.

Objectives: To determine the complication rate and the patient satisfaction of titanium osseointegrated ear implants for congenital microtia and anotia. To discuss external ear prostheses as a treatment option for children with microtia. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patient records from a tertiary pediatric otolaryngology practice. Methods: The charts were reviewed for all pediatric patients who had undergone titanium implants for attachment of auricular prostheses from 2000–2006. Data collected included demographic information, congenital syndrome, number and size of screws placed, occurrence of skin reactions, presence of other complications, and length of time patients wore the prosthetic ear. Results: Eight patients, nine ears, were implanted. Median age was 7 years old. 6/8 had oculoauriculovertebral (OAV) syndrome, and 2 had isolated microtia. All titanium screws achieved complete osseointegration, and no implants have failed. 5/27 (18%) of the screws contacted dura, but no patients exhibited CSF leak, meningitis, or other central complications. 3/9 ears developed skin complications at the abutment sites, and 1/9 required revision soft tissue surgery. All the patients without current skin complications wear their prosthesis full time during waking hours. Conclusions: Titanium osseointegrated ear prosthesis is a safe and useful procedure for children with microtia. It should be presented as an option for these patients, with low complication rates and high acceptance rates by the patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Near-infrared photoluminescence due to nitrogen platelets in type Ia diamonds

Abstract We report the observation of a visible-light-excited broad photoluminescence band centered at 1.25 eV in Type Ia diamonds containing nitrogen platelets. This near-infrared emission is the photo- analogue of the cathode-luminescence observed in some Type Ia diamonds and is known to emanate from nitrogen platelets. The variation of this near-infrared photoluminescence intensity among diamonds containing similar nitrogen platelet concentration may be explained by the observed variation of the visible light absorption. We finally discuss the relevance of this observation in relation to the use of diamond as a optical window in a high pressure diamond anvil cell and interference with the widely used ruby R-luminescence as an ultra high pressure gauge.
Particle Deposition Study During Sessile Drop Evaporation

The focus of this article is the numerical study of particle deposition profiles on a solid substrate during the evaporation of a sessile drop of a colloidal particle suspension. The evaporation flux along the drop interface, the induced fluid dynamics inside the drop, and the particle deposition profile on the solid substrate are solved simultaneously. The governing equations are solved numerically using the Galerkin/finite element method (G/FEM) for discretization of the spatial domain and an adaptive finite difference method for discretization in the time domain. Several particle deposition profiles, such as a ring-shaped deposit and uniform particle distribution, are obtained from the numerical simulations. The particle deposition profile is found to be influenced by the mass transfer (both convective and diffusive mass transfer) of the particles in the bulk liquid and by the deposition rate along the substrate. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Mechanical energy analysis identifies compensatory strategies in disabled elders' gait

Current concepts in disablement emphasize the importance of identifying mobility impairments in aging humans to enable timely intervention and, ultimately, prevent disability. Because mobility impairments are likely to result in compensatory movement strategies, recognizing and understanding those strategies may be critical in designing effective interventions for preventing disability. We sought to determine if mechanical energy methods are useful for identifying and understanding lower extremity compensatory movement strategies due to disabilities. Aleshinski's method was used to compute mechanical energy expenditure (MEE) and mechanical energy compensation (MEC) for the sagittal plane stance leg and low-back joints of healthy elders (HE) and disabled elders (DE) during preferred speed and paced (120 steps min(-1)) gait. DE subjects expended less ankle energy in late-stance and more low-back energy in mid-stance than did the HE subjects. When controlling for walking speed, the difference in ankle MEE disappeared, but mid-stance hip MEE was significantly higher for the DE subjects. Despite increased hip and low-back MEE, the DE subjects compensated hip and low-back muscles greater then HE subjects by increasing energy transferred into the pelvis, particularly when walking faster than their self-selected speed. Increased energy transfers into the pelvis during mid-stance may be a strategy used to assist in advancing and controlling the contralateral limb's swing phase. Increased trunk energy, however, may compromise dynamic stability and increase the risk of falling. We conclude that mechanical energy methods are useful for identifying and understanding compensatory movement strategies in elders with disabilities.
Information, Perspective, and Judgments About the Self in Face and Dignity Cultures

People's judgments about their own moral status and well-being were made differently by those from a Dignity culture (Anglo-Americans) and by those from a Face culture (Asian Americans). Face culture participants were more influenced by information processed from a third-person (compared with first-person) perspective, with information about the self having a powerful effect only when seen through another's eyes. Thus, (a) Asian Americans felt the greatest need for moral cleansing when thinking about how others would judge their many (vs. few) transgressions, but this effect did not hold when others were not invoked, and (b) Asian Americans defined themselves as having a rich social network and worthwhile life when thinking about how others would evaluate their many (vs. few) friendships, but again, effects did not hold when others were not invoked. In contrast, Anglo-Americans responded to information about their transgressions or friendships, but effects were pronounced only when other people were not invoked.
Off-label drug use in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex lifelong disorder with an etiology and pathophysiology that is not yet entirely understood. Women with PCOS have clinical presentations that may vary from adolescence to menopause, including menstrual irregularity/anovulation and symptoms of hyperandrogenism, such as acne and hirsutism. Over a lifetime, treatment needs and requirements can change. Unfortunately, there are no Food and Drug Administration–approved medications that are approved solely for the purpose of PCOS, but the symptoms and presentation of PCOS are often amenable to several approved agents, such as oral contraceptives for the indication of acne and clomiphene citrate for the indication of induction of ovulation. However, to meet the needs of women with PCOS, off-label use of medications has flourished. This review explores the data for those agents that do not carry an indication for PCOS but have been used for treating the signs and symptoms of PCOS.
Message Characteristics and Perceptions of Uncertainty by Organizational Decision Makers

A paradigm for the meaning of uncertainty is operationalized in terms of the quality or content of messages presented to decision makers. Results from a psychometric scaling procedure indicate the ...
Raising dairy replacement heifers: a review of NC-119 cooperative research.

Abstract Scientists at 16 experiment stations have been involved in cooperative research to study methods of increasing efficiency and for improving management of dairy replacements. This research is part of the Regional Research Project NC-119 "Improving Large Dairy Herd Management Practices." Research objectives have concerned means of increasing efficiency of producing replacements for large dairy herds. Through cooperative research, important answers were found to questions involving nutrition, housing, and management for replacement animals. Between 1977 and 1982, over 50 articles have been published in journals and trade magazines on replacement animal rearing from research of the NC-119 project. These results should have wide impact and use on livestock management.
Substance abuse and misuse is a medical disease

Abstract Addiction to illegal drugs is associated with impaired health, harmful behaviors, and major economic and social burdens. It also is a chronic illness that responds to medical treatment. This treatment requires a combination of acute care, the management of relapses, and continuous follow-up care. An essential element in achieving treatment goals is parity in health insurance reimbursement equivalent with that for other chronic, relapsing diseases. This would facilitate the patient’s access to care, a range of treatment benefits, and the assessment of clinical outcomes.
Economic geology of offshore gas hydrate accumulations and provinces

The economic potential of well-studied offshore gas hydrate accumulations and provinces is assessed qualitatively based on consideration of geological, technological, and economic factors. Three types of gas hydrate accumulations are suggested. Structural accumulations occur where thermogenic, bacterial, or mixed gases are rapidly transported from the subsurface petroleum system to the gas hydrate stability zone along faults, mud volcanoes, and other structures (e.g. northwestern Gulf of Mexico, Hydrate Ridge, and Haakon Mosby mud volcano). These accumulations are generally characterized by high gas hydrate concentration in sediment, high resource density, high recovery factors, as well as low development and production costs. It is likely that structural accumulations provide marginal or economic gas hydrate reserves if they represent significant volumes of hydrate-bound gas. Stratigraphic accumulations occur in relatively permeable sediments and form largely from bacterial methane generated in situ or slowly migrated from depth in the section (e.g. Blake Ridge, Gulf of Mexico minibasins). These accumulations are generally characterized by low gas hydrate concentration in sediments and low recovery factor, as well as high development and production costs. Stratigraphic accumulations mainly provide a subeconomic gas hydrate resource. However, in cases such as the Nankai Trough province, high gas hydrate concentration occurs in permeable sand layers and may represent a viable exploration and exploitation target. Less geological data are available on the combination gas hydrate accumulations controlled both by structures and stratigraphy. On the global scale, gas hydrate reserves are likely to represent only a small fraction of the gas hydrate resource because the largest volume of gas hydrate is in subeconomic stratigraphic accumulations. However, some concentrated gas hydrate accumulations may be exploited profitably, and those should be subjected to detailed quantitative economic analysis.
Hausdorff Dimension of Cut Points for Brownian Motion

Let $B$ be a Brownian motion in $R^d$, $d=2,3$. A time $t\in [0,1]$ is called a cut time for $B[0,1]$ if $B[0,t) \cap B(t,1] = \emptyset$. We show that the Hausdorff dimension of the set of cut times equals $1 - \zeta$, where $\zeta = \zeta_d$ is the intersection exponent. The theorem, combined with known estimates on $\zeta_3$, shows that the percolation dimension of Brownian motion (the minimal Hausdorff dimension of a subpath of a Brownian path) is strictly greater than one in $R^3$.
Type 1 vs type 2 calreticulin mutations in primary myelofibrosis: differences in phenotype and prognostic impact

Type 1 vs type 2 calreticulin mutations in primary myelofibrosis: differences in phenotype and prognostic impact
Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Sistrurus c. catenatus

Conservation genetic analyses can aid in the management of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake, Sistrurus c. catenatus, which is currently in decline throughout its range. To this end, we designed primers that amplify 19 novel microsatellite loci that are highly variable. Based on genotypes from 27 adults from a single population in Ohio, the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 13 and observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.370 to 0.963 and 0.425 to 0.883, respectively. These loci will be useful for conservation and population genetic analyses in this endangered snake.
Activation of silent synapses with sustained but not decremental long-term potentiation.

Abstract Silent synapses display no excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) at resting potentials, but can conduct at depolarized potentials. In the hippocampal CA1 region of young animals, conversion of silent synapses to functional synapses occurs rapidly after pairing post-synaptic depolarization with 1 Hz pre-synaptic stimulation, a protocol that also induces long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP appears to have a decremental phase and a sustained phase. Many studies have shown that decremental LTP can be pharmacologically isolated from sustained LTP, suggesting that they represent two distinct forms, rather than “phases” of LTP that are expressed simultaneously through different mechanisms. We investigated whether silent synapse activation (SSA) is associated specifically with the expression of sustained or decremental LTP. We found that under control conditions, in which sustained and decremental LTP were induced, SSA was observed. However, under conditions in which only decremental LTP was expressed (in the presence of a protein kinase antagonist), SSA did not occur. We conclude that SSA is associated with the expression of sustained LTP, not decremental LTP, and requires protein kinase activation. These findings support the hypothesis that decremental and sustained LTP are expressed through different mechanisms.
Early versus late intravenous insulin administration in critically ill patients

Objective To investigate whether timing of intensive insulin therapy (IIT) after intensive care unit (ICU) admission influences outcome.
Serological analysis of reverse transcriptase of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus

Abstract Antiserum prepared against partially purified DNA polymerase from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus neutralized the endogenous DNA polymerase of that virus and of X381, an agent morphologically indistinguishable from MPMV, isolated from cultures prepared from the lactating mammary gland of a rhesus monkey. The antiserum did not inhibit the DNA polymerase activities of avian myeloblastosis virus, feline leukemia virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus, Friend murine leukemia virus, murine mammary tumor virus, and simian sarcoma virus-1.
Insula reactivity and connectivity to anterior cingulate cortex when processing threat in generalized social anxiety disorder.

Abstract Aberrant subcortical–prefrontal connectivity may contribute to insula hyper-reactivity to threat in generalized social anxiety disorder (gSAD). A novel PsychoPhysiological Interaction (PPI) analysis was used to examine functional ‘coupling’ between the insula and prefrontal cortex in gSAD patients and healthy controls (HCs). During fMRI, 29 gSAD and 26 HC volunteers performed an Emotional Face Matching Task, involving the processing of fear, angry, and happy expressions. As expected, compared with HCs, gSAD patients exhibited greater bilateral anterior insula (aINS) reactivity for fear vs. happy faces; this group difference was less robust for angry vs. happy faces. PPI of insula connectivity when processing fearful faces revealed the gSAD group had less right aINS-dorsal anterior cingulate coupling compared to HCs. Findings indicate that aINS hyper-reactivity for fear faces in gSAD, compared to controls, involves reduced connectivity with a prefrontal region implicated in cognitive control and emotion regulation.
Brief paper: Altitude transitions in energy climbs

The aircraft energy-climb trajectory for configurations with a sharp transonic drag rise is well known to possess two branches in the altitude/Mach-number plane. Transition in altitude between the two branches occurs instantaneously, a 'corner' in the minimum-time solution obtained with the energy-state model. If the initial and final values of altitude do not lie on the energy-climb trajectory, then additional jumps (crude approximations to dives and zooms) are required at the initial and terminal points. With a singular-perturbation approach, a 'boundary-layer' correction is obtained for each altitude jump, the transonic jump being a so-called 'internal' boundary layer, different in character from the initial and terminal layers. The determination of this internal boundary layer is examined and some computational results for an example presented.
Differences in the distribution of specific glycoproteins among the regions of a single identified neuron

Abstract Neurons are highly differentiated cells whose various regions must differ in macromolecular composition. This is demonstrated in the present study which shows that specific membrane glycoproteins are routed to particular sites in the cell. When [3H]fucose or [3H]N-acetylgalactosamine are injected into R2, the giant neuron ofAplysia, they are incorporated into relatively few glycoproteins, several of which can be readily identified from cell to cell. Because R2's cell body is so large, its surface membrane can be isolated 94% free of cytosol by manual dissection. The purity of the membrane was assessed by checking the distribution of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. R2's axon can also be analyzed separately from the cell body. At 24 h after injection, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that glycoprotein-I (mol. wt. 180,000) is the major labeled component of the external membrane where it is enriched relative to the content of the other cytosolic membranes. In contrast, glycoprotein-V (mol. wt. 90,000) predominates among the membranes of the axon. The disposition of glycoprotein-I in the external membrane was indicated by exposing R2 to low concentrations of pronase in situ 24 h after injection. Labeled glycopeptides were released from R2's surface and gel filtration and high voltage electrophoresis indicated that some of these were derived from glycoprotein-I. Examination of the isolated surface membrane after proteolysis showed a reduced amount of labeled glycoprotein-I. Consistent with these findings, a glycoprotein of similar molecular weight as component-I was labeled when R2 was treated with galactose oxidase and potassium borotritide. These results indicated that the carbohydrate moieties of glycoprotein-I extend from R2's surface.
ERCP in the evaluation of abdominal pain in children

Background ERCP is feasible and safe in the pediatric population. Its utility in the evaluation of children with pain suggestive of a pancreatobiliary origin without objective findings compared with those with abnormal biochemical and/or imaging studies is not well known. Objective To determine the utility of ERCP in the diagnosis and management of children seen with abdominal pain. Design Retrospective review. Setting One tertiary center. Patients All children who underwent ERCP at one tertiary center from 1994 to 2004. Method An endoscopy database was used. Data sets with regard to indications, technical success, complications, and outcomes were evaluated. Before ERCP, children with abdominal pain were categorized into 2 groups: group I, those with objective findings, namely abnormal biochemistry and/or abnormal imaging studies; group II, those who had abdominal pain without objective findings. Main Outcome Measurements ERCP success and failure rates, findings, interventions, complications, and outcomes were determined. Data were compared between group I and group II. Results A total of 185 consecutive children with abdominal pain who underwent ERCP were identified (131 in group I and 54 in group II). ERCP technical success was achieved in 98%. In group I, ERCP identified a cause for abdominal pain in 93 of 129 children (72%). Fifty-four of 93 patients (58%) in this group underwent endoscopic intervention with resolution of pain. In group II, a cause for abdominal pain was identified in 30 of 53 children (56%)( P Limitations A retrospective study, one tertiary center where the majority of the ERCPs were performed by one experienced operator. Conclusions ERCP in children with abdominal pain suggestive of a pancreatobiliary origin has a favorable risk:benefit ratio.
Multiprocessors for evaluating compound arithmetic functions

A dynamic network approach is proposed for designing multifunctional arithmetic processors to support complex, interval, vector, matrix, polynomial, and other compound arithmetic operations. This arithmetic-network approach is extended from the multipipleline chaining concept implemented in Cray Research supercomputers. The proposed design methodology offers a viable way of developing very powerful and flexible arithmetic multiprocessors for scientific supercomputing.
Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic determination of mitral valve area in adults with mitral stenosis.

Abstract Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography has been shown to be a reliable and accurate method of measuring stenotic mitral valve orifice area. Little data exist on the role of two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for this purpose. Thus in 45 adult patients with mitral stenosis mitral valve area was determined by direct planimetry with the use of two-dimensional transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal was less feasible than transthoracic echocardiography in the 45 patients (69% vs. 89%, p r = 0.91, SEE=0.33 cm 2 , p 2 ; range 0.56 to 3.49 cm 2 ) and by transthoracic echocardiography (1.55 ± 0.78 cm 2 ; range 0.62 to 3.68 cm 2 ) did not differ ( p = NS). The absolute (0.24 ± 0.22 cm 2 ) and percent (19% ± 21%) differences between mitral valve area determined by transesophageal versus transthoracic echocardiography were small. These data show that mitral valve area in patients with mitral stenosis can be accurately measured by direct planimetry with two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Technical refinements such as lateral-gain-compensation features may improve the feasibility of two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for measurements of mitral stenosis area, and this technique may become an adjunct to transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of severity of mitral stenosis.
The Prevention of Adolescent Smoking A Public Health Priority

The multiple increased health risks that are associated with smoking make primary prevention of the adoption of the habit by adolescents crucial. Smoking is a behavior that is fostered by environments in which peers and family members smoke and by large scale media campaigns advertising tobacco products. There are also well-defined psychological, behavioral and developmental characteristics that place adolescents at risk of experimenting with smoking. In order to foster nonsmoking, prevention programs have traditionally focused on education about the health risk of the habit. To enhance the effectiveness of these efforts, new programs have incorporated social inoculation strategies, which identify and analyze the pressures to smoke that adolescents face. They demonstrate and practice resistance techniques that enable students to withstand these pressures. In addition, general coping and social skills training have been added. These focus on problem-solving and decision-making skills, assertiveness trainin...
Membranous glomerulonephritis with crescents.

Purpose The coexistence of membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) and necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN) is an unusual finding in a renal biopsy except in lupus nephritis. Little is known about whether these lesions are causally related in any clinical setting.
Interactions and reactivity of Hg(II) on glutathione modified gold electrode studied by EQCN technique

Abstract The interactions of toxic heavy metals with glutathione (GSH), important in view of preserving functionality and high redox regulating capacity of GSH/GSSG system in living organisms, have been studied using representative heavy metal ions, Hg(II). We have found that the modification of Au with a self-assembled glutathione (Au–SG) film creates a framework of confined-space microenvironment with ion-channels for enhanced Hg 2+ –GSH interactions and rich charge transfer reactivity. The reduction of Hg(II) on a Au–SG piezoelectrode has been investigated in two regimes of ion-channel permeation of the modifying film. At higher Hg(II) concentrations ([Hg(II)] > 1 mM), the ion-channels in Au–SG are open allowing for a free access to Au surface at the bottom of Au–SG channels. The maximum surface coverage determined from the upd-Hg mass: θ upd-Hg = 0.31. The chelation of Hg 2+ to carboxylate moieties at the outer film/solution boundary and place exchange reactivity of Hg/Au atoms at the sulfur root of adsorbed GSH have been further investigated at lower Hg(II) concentrations to limit the amount of deposited mercury. Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of electronic properties of interface structures have enabled us to determine geometry of the GSH–Hg 2+ chelate which appears to mimic that of GSH–Ca 2+ with less than 1% difference in coordination bond lengths. The implications of this finding for studies of environmental effects on susceptibility to degenerative diseases and cancer should be of great significance.
Neglected and abused children of mentally retarded parents

Sixty-four neglected and abused children with a mentally retarded parent seen from one to seven years earlier, were followed to determine placement outcomes. At the time of follow-up, 11 of 64 children remained with their low functioning parents. Six children had been relinquished voluntarily for adoption and courts had terminated parental rights for 34, resulting in a total of 40 who had been adopted. Nine children were in foster care at the time of the study; two had been awarded to their nonretarded parent following divorce; and two had died. All families had received public financial assistance and medical care and used an average of 10 other services per family. Because of their cognitive limitations, most of these retarded parents were unable to benefit sufficiently from community services to enable them to care for their children. These findings point up the need for a mechanism whereby the retarded adult's right to parent and the child's right to nurturance and protection may both be preserved. Until this dilemma can be resolved, decisions to terminate parental rights in such cases should be made more quickly.
Autoradiographic studies on the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the grass frog (Rana pipiens) after disconnection of the distal hypophysis

Nach Durchschneidung der proximalen Hypophyse wird im proximalen und distalen Stumpf der Neurohypophyse ein erhohter Gehalt an neurosekretorischen Granula festgestellt. Die Tatsache, dass nur proximal S35-L-Cystein-Hydrochlorid nachgewiesen werden kann, schliesst die immer wieder vorgebrachte Hypothese einer distalen Neurosekretsynthese endgultig aus.
In Fear of Each Other

In a futile effort to cope with the conventional crime problem, the U.S. sends more people to prison for longer terms than any Western country. Now, with the new federal and state commitment to mandatory minimum sentences and to enhanced penalties for crimes involving the possession of weapons, the penal system is near the breaking point. Thus, in a surprise and unprecedented action, the Reagan administration on March 4, 1983 instituted a civil lawsuit charging that two prisons in Hawaii cause inmates “to suffer grievous harm.” In the first suit ever filed by Attorney General William French Smith under the 1980 Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, the U.S. Justice Department alleged “egregious or flagrant conditions” and the following abuses and violations: illegal segregation by race and national origin; systematic brutality by prison staff members; inadequate protection from inmate predators; inadequate protection of female inmates against sexual abuses by prison guards and inadequate sanitation; excessive use of tranquilizers; grossly inferior mental, medical and dental care; violations of inmate mail and visitation rights; inadequate food and clothing and exposure to life-threatening fire hazards (New York Times, 1983).
Triglyceride metabolism in thermally-feminized males of Aedes aegypti.

Abstract In contrast to females, male mosquitoes fed on sugar do not accumulate fat. When Aedes aegypti males were feminized by thermal stress, the storage capacity for fat was not greater than in controls.
Porat, Bell, and the information society reconsidered: the growth of information work in the early twentieth century

Abstract In this article the author analyzes the growth of U.S. information work in order to test Bell and Porat's view of the information society as post-industrial. The findings presented here indicate that the information work sector grew significantly in the 1920s, rather than in the 1950s, due to the expansion of American corporate bureaucracies. Contrary to post-industrial explanations, it is concluded that any theory of the information society must construct a single explanation for the rise of early 20th century information work, as well as for growth after World War II.
Biomarkers in the Management of Heart Failure

Biomarkers, especially natriuretic peptides such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal-proBNP (NT-proBNP), are a valuable addition to standard clinical assessment in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF). Furthermore, there is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that natriuretic peptide–guided HF management may improve mortality, morbidity, and cost effectiveness. This work focuses on the use of BNP or NT-proBNP for the outpatient management of patients with chronic HF.
Cytoplasmic inclusions in cross-activated eggs of teleosts

1. The cytoplasmic inclusions of the eggs of teleosts can be most logically interpreted as representing both stages in the metabolic activities of the cytoplasm and end products of such activities. 2. The mitochondria are the result of the typical cytoplasmic equilibrium with respect to content of phospholipin which is combined with protein. 3. The activation of the egg by a foreign sperm introduces foreign enzymes which cause a hastening of the transformation of certain of the cytoplasmic inclusions. 4. It may be possible to explain the development of hybrids on the assumption that the cytoplasm of the egg does not contain materials which are necessary for the maintenance of the supply of foreign chromatin, or that the use of cytoplasmic reserves for the synthesis of foreign chromatin robs the egg of sources of energy necessary to complete development.
Control of intelligent nonlinear adaptive systems under earthquake excitation

A semi-active control procedure which utilizes a class of nonlinear auxiliary mass dampers with adaptive parameters is presented. Among the major features of this approach is its simplicity, robustness, and lack of need of a mathematical model of the structure whose motion is to be controlled. Numerical simulation results as well as experimental studies with a simple laboratory test structure (reported in a cited reference) demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Goodbye Mayberry The Curious Demise of Rural Police Departments in North Carolina

For some time, police departments have been disappearing from rural communities in North Carolina. This article seeks to locate the factors facilitating the disbandment of small police departments ...
TH‐D‐332‐04: Automatic Registration Technique for Rotating‐Gantry Dual‐Detector Region‐Of‐Interest Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography (ROI‐CBCT)

Purpose: Dual‐detector region‐of‐interest cone‐beam computed tomography (ROI‐CBCT) can provide high‐resolution data within the ROI while reducing integral dose by using low‐resolution data outside the ROI to overcome truncation artifacts. However, when using C‐arm rotating gantry systems, mechanical instabilities can cause the two detector systems to move relative to one another, resulting in artifacts in the reconstruction. Thus, to provide seamless reconstructions of dual‐detector data, we have developed an automated method to register the two sets of detector data. Method and Materials: High‐resolution data were acquired using a custom‐made high‐sensitivity microangiographic fluoroscope (HSMAF) detector (35 microns pixels), attached to the C‐arm using a custom‐made support. Low‐resolution data were acquired using a standard flat‐panel detector(FPD) (194 micron pixels). FPD data were acquired at lower dose than the HSMAF data. Prior to pixel registration, FPD data were interpolated to match the pixel size and geometric magnification of the HSMAF data. Cross correlation technique was employed to align the HSMAF data with the FPD data. The pixel values of the FPDimages were then increased to match the level of those of the HSMAF using parameters computed from linear regression of corresponding values. These steps were repeated for each projection. Results: The average correlation coefficient is approximately 97% after registration compared to 65% prior to registration. Horizontal translation ranges from −100 to −96 pixels and vertical translation ranged from −59 to 71 pixels and varied uniformly with angle. Reconstructions with the dual‐detector systems are of high quality and no artifacts could be seen. Conclusion: The new registration technique gives well‐matched images. This technique effectively corrects for any mechanical variabilities between the two runs. This technique is a crucial step for dual detector ROI‐CBCT which minimizes artifacts due to misregistered projections would give rise to artifacts when reconstructed. (Support: NIH‐Grants R01‐NS43924, R01‐EB002873, Toshiba‐Medical‐Systems‐Corporation).
Postexercise insulin sensitivity is not impaired after an overnight lipid infusion

High plasma fatty acid availability and a positive energy balance in sedentary individuals reduce insulin sensitivity. This study's purpose was to determine whether high plasma fatty acid availabil...
Trademark Law's Increment Through the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy

Legal Context: This article discusses the changes independent Internet policy is imposing upon trademark law. The argument centres on the idea that the polymorphous nature of the trademark right is slowly drifting away from the traditional notions of goodwill and consumer protection, pertinent in trademark law philosophy; instead and because of the nature of domain names, existing and new policies focus on the protection of the word, creating an anti-competitive and hostile environment for users and entrepreneurs. Key Points: This article elaborates on the thesis that the trademark right is being distorted through ICANN’s UDRP in three critical ways: by paying emphasis on the protection of words, by simplifying the confusion test and by dismissing the 'fair use' doctrine. Especially, in relation to the latter, the article suggests that the UDRP itself along with UDRP panels fail, on the one hand, to protect critical speech whilst, on the other, redefine the nominative fair use of the mark.Practical Significance: If traditional trademark practice centres on the idea that trademark law’s evolution occurs through incremental judicial making, this article suggests that currently trademark law interpretations are also taking place through independent UDRP panels. This creates a substantial division between offline and online trademark law interpretations, an issue that becomes clear in the case of nominative use. However, the main issue is that because of these new ‘online doctrinal approaches’ the trademark right creates an intolerable environment for new entrants and shifts the focus of the protection to the mark rather than the consumer.
IFN-γ-induced apoptosis of human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells is restricted by CXCR2 signaling

Engraftment of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived OPCs in animal models of demyelination results in remyelination and clinical recovery, supporting the feasibility of cell replacement therapies in promoting repair of damaged neural tissue. A critical gap in our understanding of the mechanisms associated with repair revolves around the effects of the local microenvironment on transplanted cell survival. We have determined that treatment of human ESC-derived OPCs with the pleiotropic cytokine IFN-γ promotes apoptosis that is associated with mitochondrial cytochrome c released into the cytosol with subsequent caspase 3 activation. IFN-γ-induced apoptosis is mediated, in part, by secretion of the CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) from IFN-γ-treated cells. Signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 by the ligand CXCL1 functions in a tonic manner by muting apoptosis and this is associated with reduced levels of cytosolic cytochrome c and impaired cleavage of caspase 3. These findings support a role for both IFN-γ and CXCL10 in contributing to neuropathology by promoting OPC apoptosis. In addition, these data suggest that hOPCs used for therapeutic treatment for human neurologic disease/damage are susceptible to death through exposure to local inflammatory cytokines present within the inflammatory milieu.
A note on infinite systems of linear inequalities in Rn

Abstract A necessary and sufficient condition for infinite systems of linear inequalities to have solutions is given, using the Kuhn-Fourier Theorem, which deals with finite systems.
Impact of Critical Care Nursing on 30-Day Mortality of Mechanically Ventilated Older Adults*

Objectives:The mortality rate for mechanically ventilated older adults in ICUs is high. A robust research literature shows a significant association between nurse staffing, nurses’ education, and the quality of nurse work environments and mortality following common surgical procedures. A distinguish
Contact angle measurement ambiguity in supercritical CO2–water–mineral systems: Mica as an example

The current ambiguity on wettability of minerals in CO2–brine systems under the geological CO2 sequestration (GCS) reservoir conditions imparts the greatest uncertainty in predicting capillary behavior controlling safe-storage of CO2. To address this issue we conducted a series of experiments using muscovite as a representative of common aluminosilicate minerals. Based on new experimental results we identified several possible causes of the ambiguity problem in contact angle (CA) measurements. We also found that reaction with water-saturated supercritical (sc) CO2 (but not with scN2) phase severely roughened the muscovite surfaces, largely increased CA hysteresis and CO2 adhesion. Although some methodological influences on contact angle uncertainty can be reduced, the high surface-energy of clean and pristine aluminosilicate minerals have strong tendency to adsorb oppositely changed molecules and particles to reduce their surface energy, resulting in less reproducible CA values. Giving the fact that such clean and pristine mineral surfaces do not exist in real reservoirs, our future investigations shall focus on improving understanding of the effect of long-term CO2–mineral–brine reactions on reservoir wettability under realistic reservoir geochemical conditions.
Cloning and characterization of KCC3 and KCC4, new members of the cation-chloride cotransporter gene family.

The K+-Cl−cotransporters (KCCs) belong to the gene family of electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters, which also includes two bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporters and a thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl− cotransporter. We have cloned cDNAs encoding mouse KCC3, human KCC3, and human KCC4, three new members of this gene family. The KCC3 and KCC4 cDNAs predict proteins of 1083 and 1150 amino acids, respectively. The KCC3 and KCC4 proteins are 65–71% identical to the previously characterized transporters KCC1 and KCC2, with which they share a predicted membrane topology. The four KCC proteins differ at amino acid residues within key transmembrane domains and in the distribution of putative phosphorylation sites within the amino- and carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The expression of mouse KCC3 in Xenopus laevis oocytes reveals the expected functional characteristics of a K+Cl− cotransporter: Cl−-dependent uptake of86Rb+ which is strongly activated by cell swelling and weakly sensitive to furosemide. A direct functional comparison of mouse KCC3 to rabbit KCC1 indicates that KCC3 has a much greater volume sensitivity. The human KCC3 and KCC4 genes are located on chromosomes 5p15 and 15q14, respectively. Although widely expressed, KCC3 transcripts are the most abundant in heart and kidney, and KCC4 is expressed in muscle, brain, lung, heart, and kidney. The unexpected molecular heterogeneity of K+-Cl− cotransport has implications for the physiology and pathophysiology of a number of tissues.
Site-specific Mutagenesis of a Recombinant Anti-single-stranded DNA Fab ROLE OF HEAVY CHAIN COMPLEMENTARITY-DETERMINING REGION 3 RESIDUES IN ANTIGEN INTERACTION

Abstract The heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) of the anti-oligo(dT) recombinant antibody fragment, DNA-1, contributes significantly to antigen binding (Komissarov, A. A., Calcutt, M. J., Marchbank, M. T., Peletskaya, E. N., and Deutscher, S. L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12241–12246). In the present study, the role of separate HCDR3 residues of DNA-1 in interaction with oligo(dT) was elucidated. Based on a molecular model of the combining site, residues at the base (Arg98 and Asp108) and in the middle (Tyr101-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Tyr105) of HCDR3 were predicted to support the loop conformation and directly contact the ligand, respectively. Twenty-five site-specific mutants were produced as hexahistidine-tagged proteins, purified, and examined for binding to (dT)15 using two independent methods. All mutations in the middle of HCDR3 led to either abolished or diminished affinity. Tyr101 likely participates in hydrogen bonding, while Tyr104 and Tyr105 may be involved in aromatic-aromatic interactions with the ligand. The residues Arg102 and Pro103 were not as critical as the tyrosines. It is speculated that HCDR3 interacts with the thymines, rather than the phosphates, of the ligand. A 3-fold increase in affinity was observed by mutation of Asp108 to alanine. The highly conserved Arg98 and Asp108 do not appear to form a salt bridge.
Couple childbearing desires, intentions, and births.

Using new panel data from the National Surveys of Families and Households, I investigate the effects of wives’ and husbands’ childbearing desires on their spouses’ intentions, and the effects of spouses’ desires and intentions on subsequent births. The results show clearly that husbands’ desires and intentions influence couples’ births, with approximately equal force to that of wives’ desires and intentions. When couples disagreed about wanting a child, each partners’ intentions were shifted toward not having a child; and disagreement in desires or intentions were reflected in birth rates that were lower than average. These patterns were generally not different for couples with more or less traditional gender roles or attitudes.
INFLUENCE OF FEMALE BODY IMAGES IN PRINTED ADVERTISING ON SELF-RATINGS OF PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS BY ADOLESCENT GIRLS

In contrast to earlier studies suggesting that self-concept is stable by late adolescence and therefore resistant to change, this study found that adolescent girls' ratings of self-attractiveness were significantly higher following exposure to printed advertisements employing attractive models who were overweight compared to those exposed to models who were not overweight. Implications for further research are discussed.
Differential operator related to the generalized superradiance integral equation

Abstract In this paper we consider a class of problems which are generalized versions of the three-dimensional superradiance integral equation. A commuting differential operator will be found for this generalized problem. For the three-dimensional superradiance problem an alternative set of complete eigenfunctions will also be provided. The kernel for the superradiance problem when restricted to one-dimension is the same as appeared in the works of Slepian, Landau and Pollak (cf. Slepian and Pollak (1961) [1] , Landau and Pollak (1961, 1962) [2,3] , Slepian (1964, 1978) [4,5] ). The uniqueness of the differential operator commuting with that kernel is indicated.