cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Podcasts Effective at Educating African American Men About Diabetes

Education is a critical component of the National Blueprint to eliminate racial disparities in diabetes. Research indicates that traditional methods of diabetes education has had limited effectiveness with minority populations and suggests that different educational approaches be explored. The purpose of the research was to explore the effectiveness of an emergent technology (podcast) for use in educating inner-city, African American men about diabetes prevention. Thirty African American men participated in self-administered, pretest–posttest surveys in August 2009. Surveys collected information on demographic characteristics, perceptions of diabetes, and diabetes knowledge. Paired samples t test was computed to evaluate pretest–posttest changes in overall knowledge. McNemar or binomial tests were computed to evaluate pretest–posttest knowledge changes on each of the 15 individual knowledge items. Diabetes knowledge scores for the sample increased from 8.27 at pretest to 10.47 at posttest (p = .001). Post...
The Association Between Violence Exposure and Aggression and Anxiety: The Role of Peer Relationships in Adaptation for Middle School Students

This study examined how peer relationships contribute to young adolescents’ adaptation in the face of exposure to community and family violence. It tested hypotheses about peers’ role in processes ...
Goal directed navigation with uncertainty in adversary locations

This paper addresses the problem of planning for goal directed navigation in the environment that contains a number of possible adversary locations. It first shows that commonly used approaches such as assumptive planning can result in very long and costly robot traverses. It then shows how one can solve the same problem using a general probabilistic planner we have recently developed called PPCP (Probabilistic Planning with Clear Preferences). The paper also introduces two optimizations to the PPCP algorithm that make it run up to five times faster for our domain. The experimental results show that solving the problem with PPCP can substantially reduce the expected execution cost as compared to assumptive planning.
Highly Linear Wide Dynamic Swing CMOS Transconductance Multiplier Using Source-Degeneration V-I Converters

A novel compact four quadrant CMOS transconductance analog multiplier with wide dynamic swing and wide gain bandwidth product using source- degeneration V-I converters is proposed. The design consists of two stages. First stage is a voltage adder and utilizes two V-I converters with diode connected load and source-degeneration resistor which can provide high bandwidth. The second stage consists of two cross connected differential pairs with source- degeneration resistor which act as current steering elements performing V to I conversion with wide dynamic swing and continuous adjustable gain. Unlike conventional multipliers, in the proposed scheme all the significant intermediate terms generated are linear reducing the non-linear term cancellation, making the circuit power efficient. SPICE simulation results in 0.5 mum CMOS AMI technology are presented which validate the proposed work.
Board level drop impact simulation and test for development of wafer level chip scale package

In this paper, a comprehensive modeling and test study is presented for the dynamic behaviors of WL-CSP subjected to JEDEC drop impact. A direct non-linear transient implicit dynamic method is introduced with the non-linear dynamic material properties that include solder, the aluminum metal stacking under the UBM and the PCB copper pad. The packages mounted on PCB and under PCB are checked and discussed. The comparison of non-linear dynamic properties for solder, the aluminum metal pad under UBM and the copper pad on PCB is investigated. Then the results for dynamic properties with and without the damping effects are discussed. Then, the dynamic responses of WL-CSP for different polyimide side wall angle, thickness, different UBM geometry and different aluminum pad thickness are investigated and discussed. Finally, the drop test under JEDEC standard has been carried out. The drop test results showed that the corner joints of each corner located WL-CSP at PCB fail first as compared to the chips at other locations. The test results agree with the simulation for the failure modes and the locations.
Resilience in prehistoric persistent hunter–gatherers in northwest Kyushu, Japan as assessed by population health and archaeological evidence

Abstract Resilience theory provides a critical framework for examining the capacity of human societies to respond to changes to essential features of the human–environment relationship. Studies employing the long-term perspective required to understand adaptive cycles of resilience are still rare. Despite the challenges of working with variably preserved materials and small sample sizes, archaeological remains provide access to longitudinal data. One way of approaching human resilience is through its impacts on human well-being, which is often measured via population health. Population health is typically described by child mortality and morbidity rates. Here, we argue that the specific use of permanent biological markers of developmental stress (fluctuating dental asymmetry and dental enamel hypoplasia) serve as a proxy for prehistoric population health. A case study from Japan is used to test this proposal. We focus on persistent hunter–gatherer populations before and after the introduction of agriculture to the region. Too frequently the focus of research in periods of agricultural transition favors those populations making the transition to agriculture, dismissing persistent hunter–gatherers as on the ecological margins. Archaeological data from prehistoric NW Kyushu indicate the persistence of a culturally autonomous hunter–gatherer Jōmon population for several centuries into the agricultural Yayoi period. Did these populations suffer from a decline in population health as might be expected if they were, in fact, reduced to the margins of the social-ecological system? Using dental markers of developmental stress from six persistent hunter–gatherer sites in NW Kyushu, we tested the hypothesis that hunter–gatherer developmental stress loads did not change over time. There were no statistically significant differences in developmental stress between pre-agricultural hunter–gatherers and persistent hunter–gatherer during the agricultural period. We interpret the results as evidence of resilience of these persistent hunter–gatherers in spite of major disruptions from immigrant agricultural populations to the social and ecological environments of NW Kyushu. Developmental stress in an archaeological context may serve as a useful proxy of resilience of past populations and future studies might take additional indicators of health into consideration.
Investigations of High Energy Neutrino Interactions in the Caltech-Fermilab Experiment

Recent results from the Caltech-Fermilab experiment are presented. This includes information on the neutral current coupling, charged current differential distributions, and the observation of events with two muons in the final state.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Learning Difference: Race and Schooling in the Multiracial Metropolis. Annegret Daniela Staiger. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 223 pp.
Biodiversity Informatics Training Curriculum, version 1.2

The Biodiversity Informatics Training Curriculum represents an integration of three years of teaching and interaction by many instructors and students in a series of interactions in courses across Africa. Digital videos of these courses--shared openly via YouTube--have been compiled into a first field-wide curriculum, which is presented herein. The compilation is, in effect, a digital textbook covering the entire field of biodiversity informatics.
Mechanical Properties of Multilayered Copper-Nickel thin films Measured by Indentation Techniques

Artificially multilayered copper/nickel thin films with bilayer repeat lengths between 1.6 and 12 nm were produced by ion beam sputtering. The mechanical properties of these films were investigated by low load microhardness and nanoindentation (force versus depth) techniques. It was found that none of the films displayed bilayer repeat length dependent enhanced elastic behavior (the supermodulus effect) as measured during unloading in the nanoindenter. However, enhancements in hardness, as measured by both the nanoindenter and the low load microhardness tester, were observed in films with small bilayer repeat lengths. These measurements displayed a Hall-Petch-type relationship, using the individual layer thickness (equal to half the bilayer repeat length) as the characteristic “grain size.” This hardness behavior can be understood in terms of a mechanism involving dislocation pinning at the interfaces analogous to the mechanism of grain boundary hardening.
Observations on dispersal of sterile screwworms (Diptera: calliphoridae) in relation to a clear-cut utility right of way in Southern Mexico

Dispersal of ground-released sterile screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), in relation to a clear-cut utility right of way was studied near Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, during October and November 1984. Collection data from wind-oriented traps suspended below trees along the edge and along transects 150 m into the woods along both sides of the right of way indicated male and female flies exhibited the same dispersal patterns. Chi-square analysis of these data indicated that the right of way was not important as a flight corridor for screwworm flies. All traps caught flies, indicating dispersal in all directions from the release site. Man-made topographic features such as utility right of ways probably do not affect adult screwworm dispersal through wooded areas. Wind appeared to be a factor in dispersal patterns in that traps downwind collected significantly more flies than traps upwind
Growth and development of brain of artificially reared hypoketonemic rat pups.

AbstractThree groups of rats were reared: mother-reared controls; artificially reared controls (AR-c), which were fed a milk substitute with the same composition of macronutrients as natural rat's milk; and an artificially reared test group (AR-h), which was fed a milk substitute identical to that fed AR-c pups except that the component of fat containing medium chain length fatty acids was omitted (medium chain triglyceride deficient) and replaced on an isocaloric basis with carbohydrate. The AR rats were fed the milk substitute from postnatal Day 5 until Day 17 by fitting them with gastric cannulas through which the milk could be infused automatically. The nutritional impact of the milk substitutes on growth and the integrity of the brain was assessed by a comparison of morphologic and biochemical markers. Pups in the AR-h group were hypoketonemic. Animals in all groups attained the same body weight by Day 17 and there was no difference in the morphologic markers among the groups with one exception: the ...
Review on the Research & Application of Transmission Lines Deicing Technology

Ice-clad transmission lines can seriously damage a power grid as to cause its partial or whole breakdown.The principles,application status and prospect of some main deicing methods are introduced in this paper.The practical application shows that the methods of DC deicing,AC short-circuit deicing and over-load deicing are feasible and useful,and the DC deicing method has become the most effective means to prevent ice disaster of the power grid.The research and application effects of DC deicing technology in China are reviewed,and the main technology issues in its further popularization and application are presented.
Molecular Testing in Thyroid Cancer

Abstract Molecular testing plays an increasingly central role in the diagnosis and clinical management of a patient with a thyroid nodule. The driver mutations responsible for tumorigenesis in the vast majority of thyroid cancers have been identified. Most well-differentiated follicular cell derived thyroid cancers will harbor a single mutation in a driver gene, while aggressive or poorly differentiated cancers may harbor multiple mutations. These mutations and gene rearrangements primarily cause dysregulation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways and can readily be detected by conventional assays, such as real-time PCR, allele-specific PCR, or primer extension assays, and by newer technologies such as next-generation sequencing which offers the ability to simultaneously interrogate multiple genes relevant to thyroid cancer. Although these are generally robust assays, the nature of the specimens and the technology employed will result in some limitations to testing. The information obtained from molecular testing has several important clinical applications. This chapter will provide examples of the clinical utility of molecular testing in facilitating diagnosis in cytologically indeterminate nodules, guiding clinical management, identifying prognostic markers, and providing potential therapeutic targets.
Pedicle TRAM Flap Breast Reconstruction

The TRAM flap has been a primary method of autologous breast reconstruction since its inception in the early 1980s. It has remained in use and has the potential to deliver outstanding clinical results. The TRAM flap includes all or a portion of the rectus abdominis muscle. Successful outcomes are dependent upon proper patient selection and meticulous surgical technique. The details of the operation are provided in the operative report.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation in minority Americans

Abstract Objectives Transmission of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant public health concern. HPV is preventable through a series of vaccinations; however, knowledge gaps exist as to which groups are least likely to initiate vaccination. Considering this gap, the aim of this study is to examine HPV vaccine initiation rates in racial minorities, comparing foreign-born individuals to their American-born peers. Study design Population-based data from the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a repeated large-scale household interview survey of a statistically representative sample of the United States civilian non-institutionalized population, were applied. Data were derived from two survey modules: the family and summary adult modules. Methods Sampling weights were employed to logistic regression modelling the outcome of HPV vaccine initiation. Results Foreign-born persons, African Americans, males, those lacking health insurance coverage and those without a medical home (usual place to receive care) held statistically lower rates of HPV vaccine initiation. Being college educated was associated with higher odds of HPV vaccine initiation. Conclusions Our findings support the persistence of health disparities in racial minorities and foreign-born persons residing in the United States. Addressing these gaps will likely require both individual-level (e.g. targeted health education) and system-level (e.g. HPV vaccine promoting policies) interventions. Since health insurance coverage and having a medical home were significant associates of HPV vaccine initiation, attempts to coverage may improve HPV vaccine initiation rates. Additionally, policies which require HPV vaccination for school entry could boost coverage across all population groups, including boys, foreign-born persons and racial minorities.
2 – Pile Types

Publisher Summary All piles can be categorized as displacement piles and nondisplacement piles. Timber piles, closed-end steel pipe piles, and precast concrete piles displace the soil when driven into the ground. These piles are categorized as displacement piles. Nondisplacement piles are steel casing withdrawn after concreting, continuous flight auger drilling and concrete placement, continuous flight auger drilling and concrete placement, and so on. Timber piles are cheaper than steel or concrete piles. Timber piles decay due to living microbes. Microbes need two ingredients to thrive: oxygen and moisture. For timber piles to decay, both ingredients are needed. Below groundwater, there is ample moisture but very little oxygen. Many forms of biological agents attack timber piles. Timber is an organic substance, and nature will not permit any organic substance to go to waste. Timber piles cannot be driven through hard ground. Steel H-piles are essentially end-bearing piles. Due to limited perimeter area, H-piles cannot generate much frictional resistance. H-piles are easily spliced. They are ideal for highly variable soil conditions.
Is Normobaric Hypoxia an Effective Treatment for Sustaining Previously Acquired Altitude Acclimatization

This study demonstrates that normobaric hypoxia treatment over a 12-day period at sea level was not more effective for sustaining high-altitude (HA) acclimatization during reintroduction to HA than...
Massage Therapy in Outpatient Cancer Care: A Metropolitan Area Analysis.

Massage offers cancer patients general quality of life benefits as well as alleviation of cancer-related symptoms/cancer-treatment–related symptoms including pain, anxiety, and fatigue. Little is known about whether massage is accessible to cancer patients who receive treatment in the outpatient setting and how massage is incorporated into the overall cancer treatment plan. Outpatient cancer centers (n = 78) in a single metropolitan area were included this mixed-methods project that included a systematic analysis of website information and a telephone survey. Massage was offered at only 40 centers (51.3% of total). A range of massage modalities were represented, with energy-based therapies (Reiki and Therapeutic Touch) most frequently provided. Although massage therapists are licensed health care providers in the states included in this analysis, massage was also provided by nurses, physical therapists, and other health care professionals.
Integrating Carbamylation and Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for Middle-Down Proteomics

The most popular bottom-up proteomics workflow uses trypsin to enzymatically cleave proteins C-terminal to lysine and arginine residues prior to LCMS/MS analysis of the resulting peptides. The high frequency of these residues generates short peptides, some of which are too small or uninformative for optimal analysis and which potentially contribute to gaps in sequence coverage of proteins. Analysis of larger peptides, termed “middle-down”, has the potential to span greater sections of protein sequences if the larger peptides are adequately characterized based on their fragmentation patterns. We describe a strategy to generate larger peptides in conjunction with successful characterization by ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) for MS/MS analysis in a middle-down workflow, as demonstrated for proteins from E. coli lysates. The larger peptides are produced via modification of lysine residues by carbamylation of proteins. Carbamylation of proteins followed by tryptic digestion produced peptides similar to t...
An evaluation of the ipod touch as an alternative low-vision magnifier for people with low vision

This study evaluated the feasibility of using the iPod Touch as an alternative low-vision magnifier by comparing its usability issues, subjective ratings, and preferences with those of two existing low-vision magnifiers (SmartView Pocket and Amigo). Thirty participants (30-91 years) performed magnification adjustment tasks and reading tasks using three devices and rated the devices based on ease of use, ease of understanding, and satisfaction. The results show 60% of the participants preferred the pinch zoom gesture and 66% preferred the scrolling one-finger gesture on the iPod Touch. This high user preference data indicate participants' acceptability of finger gestures, which suggests new opportunities for the adoption of new technology for low-vision video magnifiers. The gesture interfaces may be a promising method for magnification and navigation for low-vision users.
Myth and Measurement - The Case of Medical Bankruptcies

Myth and Measurement Though there is compelling evidence that medical expenses do cause bankruptcies in the United States, they may cause far fewer than has been claimed. Overemphasizing such event...
Perceptions of Employer Socialization Tactics During Junior Faculty Transition into Higher Education

Context: New faculty are expected to teach, be productive scholars, and provide service in order to earn tenure, but few experience the full spectrum of faculty responsibility during doctoral preparation. Recent evidence suggests mentorship and orientation are important during role transition. However, how employers facilitate role transition for new faculty remains unclear. Objective: Examine the perspectives of junior faculty members' organizational socialization into higher education, specifically focusing on mentorship and orientation sessions. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Fourteen higher education institutions. Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen junior faculty (7 male, 9 female; age = 32 ± 3.5 years) representing 7 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts participated. At the time of the interview, all participants were within their first 3 years of a full-time faculty position. Main Outcome Measure(s): All participants completed a semistructured telephone interview. The intervie...
Remote acoustic detection of localized delamination in vibrating composite layered plates

Adhesively bonded, layered composite materials are ubiquitous in naval, aerospace, and automotive applications. One common challenge with such materials is the presence of delamination discontinuities at the interlaminar bonds which can have severe adverse effects to structural health and system performance. Worse yet, delamination is often visually indiscernible as it occurs below visually-obstructing surface layers, making non-visual defect detection techniques attractive in comparison. In this presentation, remote acoustic detection of localized delamination in a 0.3-m-square composite laminate plate subject to 100-6000 Hz noisy broadband forcing will be investigated. Remote measurements of the radiated acoustic field from composite plates with and without known localized delamination are collected with a 15-element microphone array. Here, statistical comparisons of spectral amplitudes between plates with and without damage are then used to evaluate remote acoustic detection performance. Additional sig...
Qualitative Inquiry: An End Not Just a Means

While culture is both complex and multifaceted, it is important to examine health behaviors and outcomes within a particular sociocultural setting. Culture can best be described through in-depth, ethnographic research or through qualitative methods. Qualitative inquiry is both a means and an end in conducting research. You can use it to learn about the meaning of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in order to design a prevention program or as a primary aim to describe a group of people and the context in which they exhibit behaviors. This chapter is intended to provide a diverse group of researchers with some “basics” related to the process of qualitative research, including an overview of types of qualitative research and methods, the importance of identifying a theoretical framework, and systematic research design, which should guide the choice of methods. A detailed discussion of qualitative data management and analysis is provided, as this is often the least understood part of qualitative research and the section of a grant proposal that is least developed and described. The chapter provides a starting point for understanding how qualitative methods can be used in health research and in preparing a grant proposal that incorporates qualitative research.
Viennese Kaleidics: Why Liberty and Not Policy Calms Turbulence

The idea of a kaleidic economy or society is strongly associated with George Shackle and his vision of Keynesian kaleidics. This essay asserts that the central thrust of the Austrian tradition in economic analysis can be described by the term Viennese kaleidics. In either version of kaleidics, the analytical stress is placed on treating time seriously and not just notionally, which leads in turn to recognition that economic processes are better treated as turbulent than as equilibrated. While that turbulence is a natural feature of the unavoidable incompleteness of intertemporal coordination, it is subject to mitigation. This essay explains how it is that individual liberty and private ordering is generally superior to state policy and public ordering in calming the turbulence that naturally characterizes a kaleidic society.
Field Evaluation of Transgenic and Classical Sources of Wheat streak mosaic virus Resistance

The development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that are resistant to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), yet competitive in yield under nondiseased conditions, is an objective for breeding programs in the Great Plains. This field study was conducted to compare classical and transgenic sources of resistance to WSMV. Three sets of germplasm were evaluated. These included adapted cultivars with various levels of tolerance, transgenic wheat lines containing viral coat protein or replicase sequences from WSMV that showed resistance in greenhouse trials, and germplasm with resistance to WSMV due to a translocated segment of chromosome 4Ai-2 from Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey containing Wsm1. A replicated field trial was conducted at Bozeman, MT, over a two-year period to evaluate the effectiveness of these different sources of resistance to mechanical inoculation of WSMV. Adapted cultivars differed in their ability to tolerate WSMV with mean reductions in yield over the two years ranging from 41 to 74%. Incorporation of the replicase or coat protein gene from WSMV did not provide field resistance to viral infection and in general, transgenic lines yielded less than their parent cultivar, 'Hi-Line'. Wheat-Thinopyrum lines positive for a DNA marker linked to the Wsm1 gene had significantly reduced yield losses ranging from 5 to 39% compared with yield losses of 57 to 88% in near isogenic lines not having the Wsm1 gene. Yield of lines with Wsm1 in the absence of disease ranged from 11 to 28% less than yield of lines without Wsm1. Our results suggest Wsm1 provides the best source of WSMV resistance but a yield penalty may exist because of the presence of the translocation.
Free Energy Landscape of the Complete Transport Cycle in a Key Bacterial Transporter.

PepTSo is a proton-coupled bacterial symporter, from the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), which transports di-/tripeptide molecules. The recently obtained crystal structure of PepTSo provides an unprecedented opportunity to gain an understanding of functional insights of the substrate transport mechanism. Binding of the proton and peptide molecule induces conformational changes into occluded (OC) and outward-facing (OF) states, which we are able to characterize using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The structural knowledge of the OC and OF state is important to fully understand the major energy barrier associated with the transport cycle. In order to gain functional insight into the interstate dynamics, we performed extensive all atom MD simulations. The Markov state model was constructed to identify the free energy barriers between the states, and kinetic information on intermediate pathways was obtained using the transition pathway theory (TPT). TPT shows that the OF state is obtained by the mo...
A comparative analysis of gut microbiota disturbances in the Gottingen minipig and rhesus macaque models of acute radiation syndrome following bioequivalent radiation exposures

In rodent studies, the gut microbiota has been implicated in facilitating both radioresistance, by protecting the epithelium from apoptotic responses and radiosensitivity, inducing endothelial apoptotic responses. Despite the observation that large animal models, such as the Chinese Rhesus macaque and the Gottingen Minipig, demonstrate similarity to human physiologic responses to radiation, little is known about radiation-induced changes of the gut microbiome in these models. To compare the two models, we used bioequivalent radiation doses which resulted in an LD50 for Gottingen Minipigs and Chinese Rhesus macaques, 1.9 Gy and 6.8 Gy, respectively. Fecal samples taken prior and 3 days post-radiation were used for 16S rRNA gene sequence amplicon high throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). Baseline gut microbiota profiles were dissimilar between minipigs and rhesus macaques. Irradiation profoundly impacted gut microbiota profiles in both animals. Significant increases of intracellular symbionts were common to both models and to reported changes in rodents suggesting universality of these findings post-radiation. Remarkably, opposite dynamics were observed for the main phyla, with increase of Firmicutes and decrease of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in minipigs but with enrichment of Bacteroidetes in rhesus macaques. Minipig changes in magnitude and in variety of species affected were more extensive than those observed in rhesus macaques. This pilot study provides an important first step in comparing the radiosensitive pig model to the comparatively more radioresistant macaque model, for the identification of microbial elements which may influence radiosensitivity.
Can A Quantum Field Theory Ontology Help Resolve the Problem of Consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness arises in most incarnations of present-day physicalism. Why should certain physical processes necessarily be accompanied by experience? We begin with the assumption that experience cannot exist without being accompanied by a subject of experience (SoE). Strawson has elaborately defended the notion of a thin subject—an SoE which exhibits a phenomenal unity with different types of content (sensations, thoughts, etc.) occurring during its temporal existence. Next, following Stoljar, we invoke our ignorance of the true physical as the reason for the explanatory gap between present-day physical processes (events, properties) and experience. We are therefore permitted to conceive of thin subjects as related to the physical via a new, yet to be elaborated, relation. While this is difficult to conceive under most varieties of classical physics, we argue that this may not be the case under certain quantum field theory ontologies. We suggest that the relation binding an SoE to the physical is akin to the relation between a particle and (quantum) field. In quantum field theory, a particle is conceived as a coherent excitation of a field. Under the right set of circumstances, a particle coalesces out of a field and dissipates. We suggest that an SoE can be conceived as akin to a particle which coalesces out of physical fields, persists for a brief period of time, and then dissipates in a manner similar to the phenomenology of a thin subject. While it is odd at first glance to conceive of subjects of experience as akin to particles, the spatial and temporal unity exhibited by the particle as opposed to fields and the expectation that selfons are new kinds of particles paves the way for cementing this notion.
The Many-Faced Consumer: Consumption Consequences of Balancing Multiple Identities

Cues in the environment can prime consumer identities, increasing adoption of behaviors consistent with the primed identity and avoidance of behaviors consistent with alternate (nonprimed) identities. Although alternate-identity avoidance is common, three studies show that priming an identity (e.g., student) can also encourage consumers to approach alternate identities (e.g., friend). When two identities are relatively easy to balance (e.g., sufficient time for both student- and friend-related activities), participants approach alternate identities that are associated with the primed identity following a cognitive process of spreading activation. However, when identities are difficult to balance, participants approach alternate identities that are dissociated from the primed identity. We argue that this reversal occurs owing to a switch from a cognitive process to a motivational process akin to that seen in multiple-goal management. Under the motivational process, priming a focal identity inhibits (activates) associated (dissociated) identities because the two are seen as (non-)substitutable with each other. The motivational process under high balance difficulty relaxes when participants can self-affirm, causing response to instead mimic the cognitive process. The resulting integrative framework introduces identity-balance difficulty and its interaction with association into identity research, uniquely highlighting the importance of multiple-identity management with implications for research and practice.
Chapter 45 – Osteoporosis in Adults

Osteoporosis is a global skeletal disorder of decreased bone strength in which the only important consequence is an increased risk for fracture with minimal trauma. The term porosis means “spongelike,” which aptly describes the appearance of the trabecular skeleton, which is most afflicted with this disease. Bone strength is a complex function integrating bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality. The term quality refers to any skeletal characteristic that is not accounted for in the BMD estimate. Osteoporosis-related fractures are grouped traditionally according to location, either the spine (vertebral) or nonspine, the latter including those of the distal radius (Colles’ fractures) and the proximal femur (hip fracture). More common than any other generalized skeletal condition, osteoporosis continues to increase in prevalence. One out of every two white women will experience an osteoporotic fracture at some point in her lifetime. This chapter considers the pathophysiologic basis for the development of osteoporosis; the lifestyle factors thought to affect lifetime fracture risk; the hygienic measures, including diet, hormonal status, and physical activity, that are important for maintaining skeletal health throughout life; and the pharmacologic agents available for prevention and treatment of this disorder.
Robotic-assisted excision of a prostatic utricle cyst in a 12-month boy with proximal hypospadia and 45X0/ 46XY karyotype.

Summary Introduction Prostatic utricle cysts result from incomplete regression of Mullerian duct structures and occur most frequently in males with perineal or peno-scrotal hypospadias. Utricular cysts may present with various signs and symptoms including urinary tract infection, pain and post-void incontinence, a palpable abdominal mass or recurrent epididymitis. Material and methods We present a 12 months boy we treated due to proximal hypospadias in two stages, in association to a dysplastic undescended testis that was excised. The karyotype of the patient was 45X0/46XY and after successful hypospadias treatment, the mother complained of purulent discharge in the diapers. A sonogram showed a large cyst behind the bladder with heterogeneous content. The diagnosis of utricle cyst was confirmed by a NMR with detailed anatomy and low confluence of the neck of the cyst to the urethra. Results We performed a robotic excision of the cyst consisting of careful dissection between bladder and rectum and a safe ligation of the communication of it to the urethra. Conclusion Patient outcome was uneventful. To the best of our knowledge this is the youngest patient with utricle cyst treated with robotic approach reported in the literature.
Right-Wing Authoritarians Aren't Very Funny: RWA, Personality, and Creative Humor Production

Abstract Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) has well-known links with humor appreciation, such as enjoying jokes that target deviant groups, but less is known about RWA and creative humor production—coming up with funny ideas oneself. A sample of 186 young adults completed a measure of RWA, the HEXACO-100, and 3 humor production tasks that involved writing funny cartoon captions, creating humorous definitions for quirky concepts, and completing joke stems with punchlines. The humor responses were scored by 8 raters and analyzed with many-facet Rasch models. Latent variable models found that RWA had a large, significant effect on humor production (β = −0.47 [−0.65, −0.30], p
Configuration Effects on Flow Dynamics and Convective Behavior in Large-Scale Solar Arrays

Effects of height and orientation within a model solar farm are studied with respect to heat transfer characteristics and flow mechanisms. Four configurations varying height and inclination were considered in a 4 × 10 unit, heated array. Temperature data compared panel surface convection, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) captured corresponding velocity data. Array height increases produced greatest overall convection, promoting higher velocities and inducing sub-panel flow. Array reversal with respect to inflow captures high-momentum flow, increasing convective cooling on lower panel surfaces.
Effect of data set size on geochemical quantification accuracy with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) data acquired from 2959 geochemical standards allow the effects of training set size on LIBS accuracy in geochemical analyses to be evaluated. In addition, LIBS prediction accuracies are quantified for 65 elements based on a typical benchtop instrument. Analyses used two equivalent randomly selected subsets of the full data set to compare prediction accuracies of partial least squares models using 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 2.5, 1, and 0.5% of the total data set for training and the remainder for testing. The number of components, a measure of complexity, in the PLS models was shown to increase with the size of the training set. Based on root mean square errors on unseen test data, our results show that the larger the training set, the better (lower) the prediction accuracy will be on unseen data. Calibration (training set) size was shown to have a first-order effect on prediction accuracy relative to spectral resolution and detector sensitivity. Different methods of assessing model accuracy using root mean square error (RMSE) are compared, including the error of the calibration (RMSE-C), the error of cross-validation (RMSE-CV), and the error of prediction (RMSE-P). Use of RMSE-C is inappropriate because the samples being predicted are those on which the model was trained. In data sets that are sufficiently large, use of test data (RMSE-P) provides the best measure of prediction accuracy, while RMSE-CV is useful only to provide an estimate of subsequent model performance. Increasing the number of cross-validation folds for our large dataset yields surprisingly comparable RMSE-CV values for models with five or more (up to 100) folds, but this result is likely not applicable to smaller data sets and needs further evaluation.
Investigate the improvement of facial skin texture with the VISIA system after total thyroidectomy

During clinical practice we have noticed that some patients with hyperthyroidism have finer skin with less wrinkles, pores, and spots after thyroidectomy, and the improvement can be observed within a few weeks after the operation. However, there is no evidence or study in the literature to proof this finding. This study was designed to evaluate and quantify the skin characters of patients with hyperthyroidism before and after thyroidectomy. This is a prospective study to include patients with hyperthyroidism who received total thyroidectomy between March 1st, 2018 and February 28th, 2019. The patients received blood test for T4 and TSH analysis and VISIA measurements for skin texture quantification, at the preoperative stage, three, and six months postoperatively. A total of 8 patients were included. Repeated measurement was used to determine the lab data and VISIA measurement changes before and after the operation. Mauchly’s sphericity test was performed to determine whether the violation of sphericity occurs, and the Greenhouse–Geisser correction was used when the violation of sphericity occurs. All the patients were female and generally healthy without systemic medical disease except the hyperthyroidism. The T4 and TSH levels were not significantly different before and after the thyroidectomy. In terms of the skin character measurements, the wrinkles, texture, pores, UV spots, and brown spots were not improved after thyroidectomy. A trend of improvement in spots, red area, and porphyrin was noted, although not statistically significant. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland in patients with hyperthyroidism does not improve the skin quality and texture in examinations via the VISIA system.
Complex Swift Hohenberg equation dissipative soliton fiber laser

Complex Swift Hohenberg equation (CSHE) has attracted intensive research interest over the years, as it enables realistic modeling of mode-locked lasers with saturable absorbers by adding a fourth-order term to the spectral response. Many researchers have reported a variety of numerical solutions of CSHE which reveal interesting pulse patterns and structures. In this work, we have demonstrated a CSHE dissipative soliton fiber laser experimentally using a unique spectral filter with a complicated transmission profile. The behavior and performance of the laser agree qualitatively with the numerical simulations based on CSHE. Our findings bring insight into dissipative soliton dynamics and make our mode-locked laser a powerful testbed for observing dissipative solitons of CSHE, which may open a new course in ultrafast fiber laser research.
The effects of tobacco control policies on global smoking prevalence.

Substantial global effort has been devoted to curtailing the tobacco epidemic over the past two decades, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control1 by the World Health Organization in 2003. In 2015, in recognition of the burden resulting from tobacco use, strengthened tobacco control was included as a global development target in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development2. Here we show that comprehensive tobacco control policies—including smoking bans, health warnings, advertising bans and tobacco taxes—are effective in reducing smoking prevalence; amplified positive effects are seen when these policies are implemented simultaneously within a given country. We find that if all 155 countries included in our counterfactual analysis had adopted smoking bans, health warnings and advertising bans at the strictest level and raised cigarette prices to at least 7.73 international dollars in 2009, there would have been about 100 million fewer smokers in the world in 2017. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to move toward an accelerated implementation of a set of strong tobacco control practices, thus curbing the burden of smoking-attributable diseases and deaths. Analysis of global smoking prevalence trends from 2009 to 2017 demonstrates that, when implemented, national-level tobacco control policies are highly effective; however, considerable gaps remain in the universal adoption of anti-tobacco interventions.
Complete Characterization of Polyacyltrehaloses from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Biofilm Cultures by Multiple-Stage Linear Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry Reveals a New Tetraacyltrehalose Family.

Polyacylated trehaloses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis play important roles in pathogenesis and structural roles in the cell envelope, promoting the intracellular survival of the bacterium, and are potential targets for drug development. Herein, we describe a linear ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometric approach (LIT MSn) with high-resolution mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of a glycolipid family that includes a 2,3-diacyltrehalose, 2,3,6-triacyltrehalose, 2,3,6,2',4'-petaacyltrehalose, and a novel 2,3,6,2'-tetraacyltrehalose (TetraAT) subfamily isolated from biofilm cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The LIT MSn spectra (n = 2, 3, or 4) provide structural information to unveil the location of the palmitoyl/stearoyl and one to four multiple methyl-branched fatty acyl substituents attached to the trehalose backbone, leading to the identification of hundreds of glycolipid species with many isomeric structures. We identified a new TetraAT subfamily whose structure has not been previously defined. We also developed a strategy for defining the structures of the multiple methyl-branched fatty acid substituents, leading to the identification of mycosanoic acid, mycolipenic acid, mycolipodienoic acid, mycolipanolic acid, and a new cyclopropyl-containing acid. The observation of the new TetraAT family, and the realization of the structural similarity between the various subfamilies, may have significant implications in the biosynthetic pathways of this glycolipid family.
Green Algal Models for Multicellularity.

The repeated evolution of multicellularity across the tree of life has profoundly affected the ecology and evolution of nearly all life on Earth. Many of these origins were in different groups of p...
Meaning in the Natural World

James Boyd White devoted much of his work to the rescue of meaning in language, art, and the human world. A turn to the natural world may underscore his confidence that an individual's statement of law can be more than a disguised expression of individual will and desire. This essay may also suggest one more way toward hope that a realistic sense of the natural world need not threaten confidence in the reality of beauty and meaning in our human world.
MULTIPLICITY OF PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR DUFFING EQUATIONS UNDER NONUNIFORM NON-RESONANCE CONDITIONS

This paper is devoted to the study of multiple 27r-periodic solutions for Duffing equations x" + cx' + g(t, x) = s(1 + h(t)) under the condition of nonuniform non-resonance related to the positive asymptotic behavior of g(t, x)x-1 at the first two eigenvalues 0 and 1 of the periodic BVP on [0, 27rI for the linear operator L = -x", and the condition on the negative asymptotic behavior of g(t, x) at infinity. The techniques we use are degree theory and the upper and lower solution method.
Influences of biotic and abiotic factors on seasonal succession of zooplankton in Hugo Reservoir, Oklahoma, U.S.A.

I measured water quality variables, primary productivity, biomass of phytoplankton palatable to zooplankton and zooplankton abundance in mesotrophic Hugo Reservoir, Oklahoma (U.S.A.) at weekly to biweekly intervals between March and September, 1996. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to estimate the influence of abiotic factors and resource availability in structuring the zooplankton assemblage over the season. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine spatial and temporal variation in zooplankton abundances and to make comparisons between repeated measures ANOVA and CCA in analyzing the zooplankton assemblage. In addition, I analyzed relationships among cladoceran reproductive parameters (egg ratio, instantaneous birth rate, reproductive ratio and mean brood size) and environmental factors over the season using product moment correlation. Results showed little evidence of bottom-up control of the zooplankton assemblage. CCA and correlations suggested temperature was the most important factor regulating assemblage structure over the season. Several inverse relationships were seen among cladoceran reproductive parameters and temperature. Declines in Holopedium gibberum Zaddach, Bosmina longirostris Muller and Ceriodaphnia lacustris Birge during June corresponded with increases in mean temperature to above 25 °C. Increases in birth rates at the time of population declines suggested that population declines were a result of increased mortality rates (likely due to high water temperature or predation). Spatial variation in the zooplankton assemblage coincided with differences in both temperature and turbidity among sites. Lower abundances of Daphnia parvula Fordyce and C. lacustris and a higher abundance of rotifers at the up-reservoir site coincided with higher mean temperature of the water column and higher turbidity than down-reservoir sites. CCA and ANOVA showed similar results for the spatial and temporal variation in the zooplankton assemblage while CCA provided a more clear approach for analyzing the effects of environmental variables on the assemblage.