cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible Connectors and PCB Segmentation for Signaling and Power Delivery in Wafer-Scale Systems

The Silicon-Interconnect Fabric (Si-IF) is a wafer-scale platform in which bare dies are heterogeneously bonded to copper pillars using a thermal compression bonding (TCB) process. Electrical characteristics of interconnects in Si-IF are comparable to standard back-end wiring levels. A method of off-wafer communication via a high-bandwidth, low loss, high signal integrity connector can complement the Si-IF's excellent electrical characteristics for communication between the Si-IF and a PCB or another Si-IF. For standard packaged dies, signals and power are often delivered through ball grid arrays (BGAs) in which the package is soldered to a PCB. For wafer-scale systems, however, the large area of such a BGA would be prohibitively unreliable due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between silicon and the PCB. Additionally, high inductance limits I/O data rates, particularly problematic in signaling through wire bonds. In this work we propose solutions for high-speed signal delivery and power delivery using the FlexTrate™ platform. For signal delivery we propose a flexible, high-speed connector which we call FlexCon. FlexCon consists of copper wiring over a grounded SU-8 dielectric on a highly flexible poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) substrate. FlexCon is bonded via solder at either end, with one end at the edge of the Si-IF and the other bonded to a PCB or another Si-IF. Signals are transmitted through FlexCon differentially at up to 32 GHz per channel. Thermal stresses at the solder joints are minimal due to the low Young's modulus of the PDMS substrate. For power delivery, we propose the Compliant Power Platform. Here, the PCB onto which the Si-IF is mounted is segmented into smaller PCBs, embedded within PDMS, and interconnected using the FlexTrate™ process. The small area of the PCB segments mitigates thermal stresses due to CTE mismatch, enabling power delivery to the Si-IF using standard BGAs connected to through-wafer vias (TWVs) while significantly reducing stress in solder joints. Here, we present an electrical characterization of the FlexCon and an analysis of the proposed Compliant Power Platform.
Genetic Testing, Interpretation of Genetic Test Reports and Genetic Counseling for Clinicians

Genetic testing for hereditary movement disorders is complex. This chapter reviews the major patterns of inheritance of inherited movement disorders, clues in a family history to suggest an inherited movement disorder, and the pedigree symbols used to record a family history. Some of the common genetic counseling issues facing individuals and their families with hereditary movement disorders are discussed. Pre- and post-test genetic counseling is important in the evaluation of the individual and family with a potential inherited movement disorder.
Transformation operators for class of damped hyperbolic equations

We extend the classical concept of transformation operators to the one-dimensional wave equation with spatially nonhomogeneous coefficients containing the first order damping term. The equation governs the vibrations of a damped string. Our results hold in the cases of an infinite, semi-infinite or a finite string. Transformation operators were introduced in the fifties by I.M. Gelfand, B.M. Levitan and V.A. Marchenko in connection with the inverse scattering problem for the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation. In the classical case, the transformation operator maps the exponential function (stationary wave function of a free particle) into the so-called Jost solution of the perturbed Schrodinger equation. In our case, it is natural to introduce two transformation operators, which we call outgoing and incoming transformation operators respectively. (The terminology is motivated by an analog with the Lax-Phillips scattering theory.) The first of them is related to the nonselfadjoint quadratic operator pencil generated by the original problem, and the second one is related to the adjoint pencil. We introduce a pair of asymptotically exponential solutions for each of the pencils and show that our transformation operators map certain exponential type functions to these solutions. Our main results are the proof of the existence of transformation operators (which have the forms of the identity operator plus certain Volterra integral operators) and estimates for their kernels. To obtain these results, we derive a pair of integral equations for the kernels of the transformation operators. These equations are the generalizations of the corresponding classical equation which is valid in the case of a wave equation without damping term. One of possible applications of the method developed in this paper is given in our forthcoming work. In that work, we use the transformation operators to prove the fact that the dynamics generator of a finite string with damping both in the equation and in the boundary conditions is a Riesz spectral operator. The latter result provides a class of nontrivial examples of nonselfadjoint operators which admit an analog of the spectral decomposition. The result also has significant applications in the control theory of distributed parameter systems.
Assuming Elder Care Responsibility: Am I a Caregiver?

Caregivers of the elderly face conflicting legal demands; they must make certain the elder's needs are being met while not forcing undesired care on an adult capable of informed decisions. This dichotomy may be a reason a large number of reported elder abuse derives from unintentional neglect on behalf of informal familial caregivers. The current research examines this possibility with exploratory interviews and an experiment. The interviews between elders and their family (30 dyads) revealed that many did not intend for the living arrangements to become permanent and the nonelders were largely unprepared for the magnitude of changes and responsibilities that would result. The elders often expressed a sense of loss for their former life and feeling supernumerary in the family. In the experiment, we examined whether a person recognizes when a care-giving relationship exists and the factors that contribute to notions of being a caregiver. Results suggest that potential caregivers (124 community members) focus on the relationship with the elder more than the elder's physical and financial needs, and generally have stronger feelings of moral responsibility rather than legal responsibility to provide care.
The aesthetics of paradox in Lucian’s Prolaliaí

Resumo : Este artigo explora o emprego, por Luciano, de material paradoxografico em suas introducoes retoricas, prolaliai , como uma retorica obliqua de autorreferencia. Especialmente, mostra que o material paradoxografico, gradualmente estabelecendo sofisticados paradigmas para a recepcao do novo e da alteridade, e parte de uma estrategia requintada, um sistema referencial complexo, atraves do qual Luciano define sua poetica e reflete o clima cultural multifacetado de sua epoca, em que tenta estabelecer a si mesmo como, paradoxalmente, uma identidade tanto heterodoxa quanto ortodoxa. P al a v r as-ch a ve : Luciano; automoldagem; identidade cultural; poetica; paradoxo.
Sino-Orbital Osteoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 45 Surgically Treated Cases With Emphasis on Tumors With Osteoblastoma-like Features

Abstract Context.—Osteomas are limited almost exclusively to craniofacial and jaw bones. Histologically, they can be divided into ivory, mature, or mixed types. Osteomas may have osteoblastoma-like areas and distinguishing it from true osteoblastoma can be challenging. Some believe osteomas with osteoblastoma-like features behave more aggressively. Objective.—To perform a clinicopathologic comparison of sino-orbital osteomas both with and without osteoblastoma-like features. Design.—We studied 45 surgically excised sino-orbital osteomas. Tumors were categorized as ivory, mature, or mixed type and presence of osteoblastoma-like areas and Paget-like bone were noted. Clinical features of those with and without osteoblastoma-like areas were compared. Results.—Men outnumbered women (3:2); median age was 37 years. Frontal sinus was the most common location (62%) followed by ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Twelve tumors (27%) involved the orbit, 2 primarily and 10 secondarily. All cases were symptomatic with head...
Banks v. Industrials: Executive Compensation, Securitization, and the Financial Crisis

We assess the effect that asset securitization has on executive compensation among banks and non-bank (“industrial”) firms. Securitization is the process whereby firms “sell” financial assets in transactions that bear many characteristics of a loan. Scholars and policy makers have expressed concern about the agency costs associated with such transactions because they inject liquidity that managers may be tempted to capture through excessive compensation. Using a set of over 20,000 firm-year observations, we compare the effect that securitization has on CEO compensation at roughly 2,500 unique firms. We find that banks that securitize pay their executives more than banks that do not, and this difference is both statistically and economically significant. Interestingly, we find no meaningful difference when comparing the compensation practices of industrial firms that do and do not securitize. We attribute the difference between banks and industrials on these measures to special regulatory and informational attributes of banks. Our findings advance understandings of the causes of the credit crisis, and have implications for ongoing debates about the scope and nature of efforts to reform both securitization and executive compensation.
73-Year-old woman with painful lower extremity ulcers

Address reprint requests and correspondence to Paul Y. Takahashi, MD, Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (e-mail: takahashi.paul@mayo.edu). A 73-year-old woman presented to the hospital because of a 6-week history of progressive bilateral lower extremity ulcers. The initial ulcer began as a painful area beneath the skin over her right lateral calf. The ulcer expanded and became painful. Two weeks before admission, a painful ulcer appeared on the patient’s left shin. This ulcer also enlarged and expanded. The patient experienced intermittent and mild swelling of her lower extremities. She had no history of bites, trauma, or claudication; experienced no fever, night sweats, or chills; and denied having any numbness or tingling sensations of the lower extremities. She applied topical silver sulfadiazine ointments to the ulcers, with no improvement. The patient had a 4-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus but was unaware of any associated complications. Forty years previously, a unilateral nephrectomy had been performed for an unknown cause. Five years previously, she developed end-stage renal disease secondary to hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The patient was undergoing hemodialysis 3 times a week and was receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin for stroke prevention secondary to chronic atrial fibrillation. She had chronic hypertension that required multiple medications to control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with resultant pulmonary hypertension. The patient denied current use of alcohol or tobacco. Medications on admission included lisinopril, furosemide, diltiazem, metoprolol, doxazosin, digoxin, warfarin, sevelamer, and insulin.
The social costs of some recent derivatives disasters

Abstract On the principle that minus a minus makes a plus, this paper seeks to measure the potential benefits of more regulation for derivatives by estimating the social costs that might have been avoided had regulation somehow prevented such notorious derivatives disasters as those of Procter and Gamble, Metallgesellschaft, Orange County and Barings.
Differential regulation of the human and murine CD34 genes in hematopoietic stem cells

Human CD34 (hCD34)-positive cells are used currently as a source for hematopoietic transplantation in humans. However, in steady-state murine hematopoiesis, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with long-term reconstitution activity are found almost exclusively in the murine CD34 (mCD34)-negative to low fraction. To evaluate the possible differences in hCD34 and mCD34 gene expression in hematopoiesis, we made transgenic mouse strains with human genomic P1 artificial chromosome clones spanning the entire hCD34 genomic locus. In all transgenic mouse strains, a vast majority of phenotypic and functional HSC populations including mCD34−/lo express the hCD34 transgene. These data strongly support the notion that hCD34+ human bone marrow cells contain long-term HSCs that can maintain hematopoiesis throughout life.
Genotoxic effects of fluoride evaluated by sister-chromatid exchange.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the genotoxic potential of fluoride (in the form of sodium fluoride, NaF) using in vitro and in vivo sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) assays with Chinese hamster cells. The NaF concentrations used in cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells ranged from 0 to 6.3 mM, both with and without S9 activation. Fluoride analysis of the culture medium demonstrated that it contained little indigenous fluoride, and the concentration of added fluoride was not affected by the components of the medium or the S9 mix. The CHO cells cultured in 6.3 mM NaF almost vanished, and at the concentration of 5.3 mM NaF in cultures without S9 microsome, only M1 cells were observed. In in vivo studies, Chinese hamsters were intubated with NaF dosages of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 60 and 130 mg/kg, and the bone marrow (CHBM) cells were examined for SCE frequencies. Bone fluoride data showed that the intubated NaF was effectively absorbed. Death occurred in 3 of the 8 animals given 130 mg NaF/kg. The results indicated that NaF, in dosages up to 5.3 mM in CHO cell cultures and 130 mg/kg in in vivo CHBM cells, did not significantly increase the SCE frequencies over those observed in the negative (distilled water) controls. However, examination of the cell cycle revealed an inhibitory effect of NaF on cell proliferation with doses of NaF at or greater than 1.0 mM in cultured CHO cells and at or greater than 60 mg NaF/kg in in vivo CHMB cells. The results of the present study indicated an inhibition of the cell cycle and death of the cells with increasing concentrations of fluoride but not effect of fluoride on SCE frequency in CHO and CHBM cells.
Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) identified SNP tightly linked to QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance

Using a GBS-SNP map, a QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance on 4AL of Totoumai A was delimited to 2.9-cM interval, and SNP closely linked to several other QTL were identified. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat is a major constraint to wheat production in many wheat-growing areas worldwide, because it reduces both wheat grain yield and the end-use quality. To identify markers tightly linked to the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for PHS resistance and seed dormancy (SD), we evaluated 155 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross between a PHS-resistant parent ‘Tutoumai A’ and a PHS-susceptible parent ‘Siyang 936’ for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and for PHS resistance and SD using both field and greenhouse grown plants. Two SNP, GBS109947 and GBS212432, were mapped to a major QTL region for PHS resistance and SD on chromosome 4AL, and delimited the QTL to a 2.9-cM interval. Two and nine additional SNP were mapped to minor QTL regions for SD on chromosome 5B and 5A, respectively. Critical SNP in these QTL regions were converted into KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) assays that can be easily used for marker-assisted selection to improve PHS resistance.
Quinone molecular films derived from aminoquinones

Abstract A series of aminonaphtho- and aminoanthraquinones have been employed to prepare adherent, electroactive, and electrochromic polymeric quinone films on electrode surfaces. Films of thicknesses ranging from an equivalent of one to several thousand monomolecular layers can be prepared electrochemically by the oxidation of acetonitrile solutions of the monomers. These aminoquinone films exhibit the expected quinone/semiquinone and semiquinone/quinone dianion couples at negative potentials, as well as the polyaniline-like couples at more positive potentials in non-aqueous solvents. Spectroelectrochemical experiments using SnO 2 /glass electrodes document the expected electrochromic behavior of the polymer films in CH 3 CN. Preliminary chronoamperometric experiments in CH 3 CN indicate rapid electron transport rates for the quinone/semiquinone couples. The aminonaphthoquinone film shows complete electroactivity in acidic aqueous solutions. The quinone/hydroquinone couple (2 e − 2 H + ) shifts negatively, with increasing pH; however, the voltammetry becomes more distorted at higher pH. Voltammetric and chronoamperometric results reveal that charge transport is more rapid for the reduction than for the oxidation in aqueous acid.
On the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline materials

Abstract In the early 1990s, there was a widespread belief that metals, ceramics and intermetallics with the grain size in the nanometer range would exhibit the unique combination of ultra-high strength and high ductility at ambient temperatures. However, the hopes for ultra-strong and ductile nanocrystalline materials have not materialized. Experimental and theoretical studies point to inherent limitations of the strength and ductility of nanocrystaline materials.
ACCURACY OF INTERVIEWER JUDGMENTS OF JOB APPLICANT PERSONALITY TRAITS

This study investigated whether interviewers can assess Big Five personality traits during a job interview. Four raters (self, interviewer, friend, and stranger) assessed the applicant's personality. Results from ratings for 73 applicants demonstrated that interviewer ratings of applicant personality correlate higher with self-ratings (r= .28) than do stranger ratings (r= .09) but less than ratings from close friends (r= .39). However, correlations between interviewer ratings and self-ratings were smaller for the two job-relevant personality traits, Conscientiousness (r= .16, n.s.) and Emotional Stability (r= .17, n.s.) than for the other three personality traits. Variance in ratings suggested the applicants managed their self-presentation on these two traits during the interview. Thus, although interviewers can and do assess personality during the interview, they are not able to assess those traits that would best predict later job success. Finally, the moderating effect of interview design (i.e., structure and content) was assessed. The results revealed that job-relevant interviews, situational interviews, and behavioral interviews did not affect an interviewer's ability to assess personality. Although there was a small (positive) effect for more structured interviews, this affect was modest. The results of this study suggest that future research should examine whether the interview can be designed to assess personality directly, and what the gains to predictive validity are by doing so.
Several new exact solutions for a fast diffusion equation by the differential constraints of the linear determining equations

In this paper, we propose a new approach to develop several new exact solutions to a fast nonlinear diffusion equation. This approach rests on the differential constraints obtained by the method of linear determining equations. The method is capable of reducing the nonlinear diffusion equation to systems of nonlinear ordinary equations. The proposed scheme is presented in a general way so that it can be used in other diffusion processes.
How modern science shaped the stories of Ray Bradbury

Sci fi and fantasy author Ray Bradbury's experiences of the Atomic and Space Ages are evident in his curious stories of Earth's destruction and life on Mars, says biographer Jonathan R. Eller
A patient with sodium- and potassium-losing nephropathy.

ABSTRACT A young man with salt-losing nephropathy had the unusual coexistence of hypokalemia caused by secondary hyperaldosteronism. When his NaCl intake was supplemented by 12 g/day (205 mmol), hyperaldosteronism was suppressed and so were his urinary K + wasting, hypokalemia, and episodic falling, during an extended follow-up. His findings are compared and contrasted with those in other reported patients with renal salt wasting, and also those in patients with Gitelman and Bartter syndromes.
Inhaled CO2 and progressive hypoxia: ventilatory response in a yearling and a newborn harbor seal.

Abstract These studies indicate that despite the extreme tolerance of seals to lowered arterial Po 2 (Pao 2 ) and elevated arterial Pco 2 (Paco 2 ) during a dive, both a yearling harbor seal and a pup can have sizeable ventilatory response to these chemical stimuli when not diving. Our pup had had no previous diving experience. He also differed from the yearling in having lower resting alveolar Pco 2 (P A co 2 ) and more regular breathing. It is interesting to theorize that these differences from those of the yearling are due to lack of diving experience.
Exogenous amino acids regulate trophectoderm differentiation in the mouse blastocyst through an mTOR-dependent pathway

At the late blastocyst stage, the epithelial trophectoderm cells of the mammalian embryo undergo a phenotypic change that allows them to invade into the uterine stroma and make contact with the maternal circulation. This step can be regulated in vitro by the availability of amino acids. Embryos cultured in defined medium lacking amino acids cannot form trophoblast cell outgrowths on fibronectin, an in vitro model of implantation, but remain viable for up to 3 days in culture and will form outgrowths when transferred into complete medium. The amino acid requirement is a developmentally regulated permissive event that occurs during a 4- to 8-h period at the early blastocyst stage. Amino acids affect spreading competence specifically by regulating the onset of protrusive activity and not the onset of integrin activation. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the kinase mTOR/FRAP/RAFT1, blocks amino acid stimulation of embryo outgrowth, demonstrating that mTOR is required for the initiation of trophectoderm protrusive activity. Inhibition of global protein translation with cycloheximide also inhibits amino acid-dependent signals, suggesting that mTOR regulates the translation of proteins required for trophoblast differentiation. Our data suggest that mTOR activity has a developmental regulatory function in trophectoderm differentiation that may serve to coordinate embryo and uterus at the time of implantation.
A Review of Hysterectomy and Its Effect on Female Sexual Function

It has been argued that hysterectomy has a negative impact on female sexual functioning, possibly as the result of a multifactorial interplay of postsurgical changes in pelvic anatomy, hormonal influences, and psychological factors. Most hysterectomies are performed for benign gynecologic conditions, and most studies of posthysterectomy female sexuality have been done on women who have had hysterectomies for benign conditions. We are finding that as attitudes toward the use of hysterectomies evolve (ie, the increased use of hysterectomies for malignant and benign conditions), the focus on hysterectomy’s potential impact on sexual functioning also evolves. Increasing attention is being directed to the sexual impact on patients who have hysterectomies for malignant conditions. This review focuses on hysterectomy for both benign and malignant conditions. We use supporting evidence to highlight the similarities and differences in outcomes.
Multivariate significance testing and model calibration under uncertainty

Abstract The importance of modeling and simulation in the scientific community has drawn interest towards methods for assessing the accuracy and uncertainty associated with such models. This paper addresses the validation and calibration of computer simulations using the thermal challenge problem developed at Sandia National Laboratories for illustration. The objectives of the challenge problem are to use hypothetical experimental data to validate a given model, and then to use the model to make predictions in an untested domain. With regards to assessing the accuracy of the given model (validation), we illustrate the use of Hotelling’s T2 statistic for multivariate significance testing, with emphasis on the formulation and interpretation of such an analysis for validation assessment. In order to use the model for prediction, we next employ the Bayesian calibration method introduced by Kennedy and O’Hagan. Towards this end, we discuss how inherent variability can be reconciled with “lack-of-knowledge” and other uncertainties, and we illustrate a procedure that allows probability distribution characterization uncertainty to be included in the overall uncertainty analysis of the Bayesian calibration process.
Global gravity and mantle convection

Abstract Most of the major features in the earth's gravitational field show a fairly systematic correlation with plate tectonic or Postglacial features. This correlation varies in quality from spotty for oceanic rises to consistently close for trench and island arcs. The most important exceptions to this correlation are two negative features: the half of Antarctica toward the Pacific and the adjacent ocean; and central Asia north of the major mountain masses. Theoretically, it cannot be ruled out that flow in the deeper mantle of no direct relation to the lithosphere may account for some of the major gravitational features. However, the empirical correlations with other surface phenomena encourage explanation of gravitational features as the consequence of asthenospheric flow and its interaction with the lithosphere, particularly in the intermediate size range of 1200–3500 km.
Lacquered furniture in an Americana collection: Investigations into Chinese export furniture at Winterthur Museum, Delaware, USA

The condition issues, treatment, and materials analysis of three pieces of Chinese export lacquered furniture in the Winterthur Museum collection are presented. Founded in 1951 by Henry Francis du ...
Erratum to: dynamics of cochlear synaptopathy after acoustic overexposure.

Erratum to: JARO DOI 10.1007/s10162-015-0510-3 Due to a publishing error during post-acceptance production, the second author (Jun Suzuki) was omitted from the manuscript. The correct author list is as displayed above.
Thermal expansion properties of Na, K, Ca, and Pb β″-alumina, and Na β″-gallate☆

Abstract The dilatometric thermal expansion coefficients of Li2 O-stabilized Na, K, Ca, and Pb β″-alumina ceramic over the temperature range 25 to 500°C were 6.8, 7.3, 7.3, and 6.9 × 10−6°C−1, respectively. The thermal expansion coefficients of the a0 and c0 lattice parameters of Li2 O-stabilized Na and K β″-alumina and of unstabilized Na β″-gallate were measured by means of X-ray analysis from 25 to 1000°C.
Optical measurement and scaling of blasts from gram-range explosive charges

Laboratory-scale experiments with gram-range explosive charges are presented. Optical shadowgraphy and high-speed digital imaging are used to measure the explosive-driven shock-wave position as a function of time. From this, shock Mach number-versus-distance from the explosion center can be found. These data then yield the peak overpressure and duration, which are the key parameters in determining the potential damage from an explosion as well as the TNT equivalent of the explosive. Piezoelectric pressure gage measurements of overpressure duration at various distances from the explosive charges compare well with theoretical calculations. A scaling analysis yields an approach to relate the gram-range blast to a large-scale blast from the same or different explosives. This approach is particularly suited to determining the properties and behavior of exotic explosives like triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Results agree with previous observations that the concept of a single TNT equivalence value is inadequate to fully describe an explosive yield, rather TNT equivalence factor and overpressure duration should be presented as functions of radius.
At the Nexus of Human Rights and Development: New Methods and Strategies of Global NGOs

Abstract The growing interaction of development and human rights, especially in the work of nongovernment organizations (NGOs), has important implications for NGOs, donor agencies and governments. Three trends––a rights-based approach to development, joint advocacy by human rights and development NGOs, and expanded attention to economic and social rights human rights groups––are the substance of the growing interaction. Human rights offer internationally recognized standards as benchmarks and bases for accountability of NGOs, governments, and corporations; a new source of influence for NGOs’ advocacy; and the first fundamental challenge to a market-dominated view of development that has prevailed since the 1980s. NGOs’ efforts to link human rights and development are examined to reveal both potential and limitations.
The determination of nickel, cobalt, iron and zinc in ferrites

Abstract An anion exchange technique has been developed for the determination of iron, nickel, cobalt and zinc in a ferrite type material. The constituents are separated by utilizing the difference in the adsorption of the chloride complexes on a strongly basic anion exchange resin. Each constituent is determined by the back titration of an excess of EDTA with a standard copper solution, using PAN as an indicator.
Regional variation in the ratio of σ1 to σ2 binding in rat brain

Abstract In vitro binding experiments were performed to determine whether known subtypes of the putative σ receptor exhibit a differential distribution across brain regions and species. Rat brains were dissected into nine regions, pooled, and used to prepare membranes for ligand binding studies. Whole guinea pig brains were prepared in an identical manner for comparison to rat. σ1 Receptors were labeled with [3H](+)-pentazocine. σ2 Receptors were labeled with [3H]1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) in the presence of 1 μM dextrallorphan to mask σ1 sites. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM haloperidol. Filtration and scintillation spectroscopy provided the binding values. The experiment revealed marked variation in the ratio of σ2 to σ1 binding across brain regions ranging from a low of 1.63 in the hindbrain to 3.51 in the cerebellum, that result mainly differences in the density of the receptors. Scatchard analysis on membranes derived from the hindbrain and cortex suggested that the effects were due primarily to regional differences in densities of receptor subtypes rather than different affinities. Guinea pig brain showed a marked preponderance of σ1 receptors with a ratio (σ2/σ1) of 0.67. These findings demonstrate that σ1 and σ2 receptors are differentially distributed in rat brain.
Methane and carbon monoxide in OH chemistry: The effects of feedbacks and reservoirs generated by the reactive products

Abstract Carbon monoxide and methane are the two largest direct sinks of atmospheric OH. Globally the reaction between OH and CO provides the largest direct sink of OH, which is about twice as large as the reaction between OH and CH 4 . However, neither CO nor CH 4 affects OH only by direct reactions. In fact, the direct reaction of OH with either CO or CH 4 initiates a series of reactions and products, which also affect the atmospheric OH and can thus be considered as feedbacks. We developed a method to calculate the total contribution of either CO or CH 4 to OH by tracing a series of reactions and products, which are initiated by the direct reaction of OH with either CO or CH 4 . With this tracing technique, we show that atmospheric methane, along with its feedbacks, may remove as much as more atmospheric OH than carbon monoxide, although CO is widely accepted as the largest sink of the atmospheric OH.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in trophoblast giant cells of rat placenta.

Single stranded profiles of nuclear annulate lamellae were identified in giant cells of rat trophoblast from the day when the chorioallantoic placenta first becomes vascularized, viz., day 12 post coitum, until the day before term, viz., day 22. Cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were observed only in giant cells from placentas at day 12. Occasionally cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were found in parallel array. Often the lamellar membranes were continuous with both granular and agranular membranes of endoplasmic reticulum; they closely resembled doubled outer nuclear membrane. Nuclear annulate lamellae resembled doubled inner nuclear membrane; and often the two were found in continuity. In addition, at later gestational ages (17 and 22 days), nuclear lamellae often were related anatomically to the variety of nuclear inclusions which characterize giant trophoblast cells during late pregnancy. A possible relationship of annulate lamellae to the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein is considered.
A new role for Pk: finding the 1 in a million

Blood group antigens can have critical functions beyond the red blood cell. In this issue of Blood , Lund and colleagues demonstrate a role for Pk in HIV entry, providing biologic insight, identifying potential therapeutic target motifs and expanding the intersections of hematology, transfusion
Intraparticle redispersion of Rh and Pt-Rh particles on SiO2 and Al2O3 by oxidation-reduction cycling☆

Abstract Morphologies produced by oxidation and reduction of 20- to 200-A diameter Rh and Pt-Rh alloy particles on planar amorphous SiO 2 and γ-Al 2 O 3 are examined using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Specimens are prepared by vacuum deposition of metals onto thin oxide supports which are then heated in air or H 2 at pressures of 1 atm. It is found that redispersion of small crystallites of Rh can be achieved by first oxidizing Rh to Rh 2 O 3 in air at ~600 °C, and then reducing the oxide particles at lower temperatures. Particles after reduction are converted to small clusters of metal 10–20 A in diameter or form cracks. Morphologies on Al 2 O 3 substrates are similar. For Pt-Rh alloys, Rh 2 O 3 forms at the edge of Pt metal cores. Reduction at 25 °C then produces small Rh particles at the edges of the original particle. Upon heating to 500 °C, particles coalesce into roughly their original morphologies, but the cores are primarily Pt and surfaces of particles are enriched in Rh. It is estimated that surface area increases of ~100% may occur by these processes. Two mechanisms are suggested for intraparticle redispersion, one caused by the different interfacial energies of metal and metal oxide on the support and the other arising from the mechanism of oxide formation on a metal surface with a small radius.
Luminescent quantum dots for ultrasensitive medical diaognostics

Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (ZnS-capped CdSe) have been covalently coupled to bio molecules for use in ultra sensitive biological detection (Science 281, 2016-2018, 1998, and C&EN News, Sept. 28 issue, 1998).
Measurement of wavefront structure from large-aperture optical components by phase-shifting interferometry

This paper discusses the results of high spatial resolution measurement of the transmitted or reflected wavefront of optical components using phase shifting interferometry with a wavelength of 6328 {angstrom}. The optical components studied range in size from approximately 50 mm {times} 100 mm to 400 mm {times} 750 mm. Wavefront data, in the form of 3-D phase maps, have been obtained for three regimes of scale length: ``micro roughness``, ``mid-spatial scale``, and ``optical figure/curvature.`` Repetitive wavefront structure has been observed with scale lengths from 10 mm to 100 mm. The amplitude of this structure is typically {lambda}/100 to {lambda}/20. Previously unobserved structure has been detected in optical materials and on the surfaces of components. We are using this data to assist in optimizing laser system design, to qualify optical components and fabrication processes under study in our component development program.
Reversal of flutamide-induced cryptorchidism by prenatal time-specific androgens.

The recent discovery of time-specific antiandrogens (flutamide) to induce undescent of the testes has provided us the ability to study androgen therapy for cryptorchidism in the first specific antiandrogen animal model for testicular descent. Postpartal administration of pharmacological doses of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or human chorionic gonadotropin failed to reverse antiandrogen-induced cryptorchidism. Reduction in the frequency of testicular undescent occurred only when these agents were administered before parturition. Indeed, statistically significant reductions in the incidence of undescended testes occurred only when androgens were administered simultaneously with the antiandrogens on gestational days 16-17. However, the successful ability of prenatal dihydrotestosterone or testosterone to prevent cryptorchidism was associated with significant complications of prenatal androgen therapy. Specifically, 100% (46 of 46) of the animals that had inhibition of flutamide-induced cryptorchidism m...
Potentiation of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine-mediated mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia cells (U937) overexpressing Bcl-2 by the kinase inhibitor 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01)

Abstract Antileukemic interactions between the nucleoside analog 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and the kinase inhibitor 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) have been examined in relation to Bcl-2 expression/phosphorylation, mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and loss of clonogenic potential. Subsequent exposure of ara-C-pretreated U937 cells (1 μM; 6 hr) to UCN-01 (300 nM; 24 hr) resulted in marked potentiation of pro-caspase-3 and -9 cleavage/activation, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase degradation, diminished mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ), enhanced cytochrome c release, reduction in the S-phase fraction, and induction of classic apoptotic morphologic features. Enforced expression of full-length Bcl-2 significantly protected cells (at 24 hr) from ara-C/UCN-01-induced caspase activation and apoptosis, but was ineffective in preventing loss of Δψ m and cytochrome c release. Ectopic expression of a Bcl-2 N-terminal phosphorylation loop-deleted protein (Bcl-2Δ 32–80 ) was more potent than its full-length counterpart in blocking drug-induced loss of Δψ m, caspase activation, and apoptotic morphology, but not cytochrome c release. Examination of cells at later intervals revealed that ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-2Δ 32–80 could only delay, but not prevent, mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and cell death induced by ara-C/UCN-01 treatment. Despite their initial ability to inhibit apoptosis, neither full-length nor truncated Bcl-2 protein restored clonogenic potential to drug-treated cells. These findings indicate that subsequent exposure of ara-C-pretreated human leukemia cells to UCN-01 potently triggers mitochondrial damage and apoptosis, and that these events are postponed but not prevented by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or its phosphorylation loop-deleted counterpart.
Colorectal Disease in Spinal Cord Patients An Occult Diagnosis

Undiagnosed abdominal emergencies account for 10 percent of all fatalities among patients with spinal cord injuries. A large number of these emergencies involve the lower gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study is to bring attention to the occult nature of colorectal disease in spinal cord patients and to highlight the subtle, but characteristic, symptoms and signs that develop in these patients. The authors identified 13 spinal cord patients in whom a lesion developed in either the appendix, colon, rectum, or anus. The average age of all patients was 36.2 years. Trauma and multiple sclerosis were the most common etiology of spinal cord injury. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal distention, vomiting, and constipation. The average delay in diagnosis of the colorectal disease was 35.8 hours. An 84% morbidity and 22% mortality were observed. This study indicates that any deviation from the normal lifestyle of the spinal cord patient should alert one to the possibility of visceral inflammation. Furthermore, close attention to the signs of autonomic dysreflexia or changes in spasticity, along with a thorough evaluation of the ill-appearing spinal cord patient, may uncover occult colonic or rectal disease.
Fibulin-2 Binds to the Short Arms of Laminin-5 and Laminin-1 via Conserved Amino Acid Sequences

Epithelial cell-specific laminin-5, consisting of three chains, a3, β3, and γ2, is a component of the anchoring filament that traverses the lamina lucida beneath the hemidesmosomes of epidermal cells and functions to link these cells to the basement membrane. We have studied the molecular interaction between laminin-5 and extracellular matrix proteins using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides. Affinity chromatography assays with recombinant fragments of the laminin γ2 short arm identified a 195-kDa binding protein in the conditioned media from the mouse epidermal cell line Pam 212 and from primary dermal fibroblasts. This molecule was identified by Western blotting as fibulin-2, a recently identified extracellular matrix protein. Using deletion mutants and various synthetic peptides in competition assays, the 9-amino acid sequence SADFSVHKI (residues 199-207) in domain IV of the γ2 chain was defined as a critical site for fibulin-2 binding. An anti-γ2 antibody co-immunoprecipitated fibulin-2 from the conditioned media, further confirming the interaction of fibulin-2 with laminin-5. Fibulin-2 was also found to interact with laminin-1 (a1β1γ1) through a region (residues 654-665) of the a1 chain short arm whose sequence is similar to that of the fibulin-2 binding site of the γ2 chain. Together these results suggest that fibulin-2 functions to bridge laminin-1 and laminin-5 with other extracellular matrix proteins, providing a linkage between the cell surface and the basement membrane.
Analysis of Trickle and Pulse Microsprinkler Irrigation of Processing Apples

Abstract This study examined the effects of wetted area size on yield and growth of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples for processing by comparing a trickle irrigation system with a pulse microsprinkler system, each receiving the same level of water application. For equal volumes of water applied, yield was not significantly affected by the size of the wetted area for pulse or trickle irrigation, although, irrigation did increase yield over no irrigation. The yield increase due to irrigation was economically significant, and irrigation capital and annual costs were recovered within 4 years.
Robustness of TOA and TDOA Positioning Under Suboptimal Weighting Conditions

The performance robustness of time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA) is evaluated when measurement variances are not accurately known or are approximated. If the actual variances are applied, then TOA and TDOA are known to have equal performance. However, if suboptimal weighting matrices are applied either due to inaccurate knowledge of measurement error statistics or for simplified implementations in practice, there are performance losses proportional to the number of ranging sources.
Ground-State Proton Transfer in Green Fluorescent Protein Measured by NMR

Proton transfer plays an important role in the optical properties of fluorescent proteins. Excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) is responsible for wtGFP's anomalously large Stokes shift and a number of FPs have found use as in vivo pH indicators. Unlike ESPT, ground-state proton transfer cannot be synchronously initiated (i.e. with an excitation pulse) and must be studied more indirectly. We report an NMR method in which GFP is labeled with a 13C at the position adjacent the phenol hydroxyl on the chromophore. This position is a highly specific and sensitive reporter of the ionization state as measured by direct-detect 13C-NMR. Through lineshape analysis and time-resolved NMR spectroscopy we obtain kinetic parameters for proton transfer. We find that GFPs having internal proton transfer and capable of ESPT show rapid interconversion of the protonated and deprotonated states (on the order of microseconds) while GFPs which must transfer protons externally to the solvent have much slower equilibration (on the order of milliseconds). Parallel measurements with less direct fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveal interesting discrepancies perhaps suggestive of light-driven structural dynamics.
Chemical alteration in the micro weathering environment within a spheroidally-weathered anorthosite boulder

A chemical and mineralogical study of the innermost rindlets of a spheroidally weathered boulder from the Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma details incipient alteration of minerals along solution channels. Alteration products in plagioclase areas are highly aluminous, whereas ferruginous residuum is commonly found in olivine alteration zones. Alteration of plagioclase along solution channels results in sharp weathering contacts as contrasted with wider zones of “limonite” bordering solution channels in olivine. In certain instances, cores of fresh olivine are surrounded by limonite indicating that diffusion may play a role in this type of alteration. Mobility of sesquioxides is evidenced by aluminum-rich debris adjacent to mafic materials in solution channels and iron-bearing material in channels cutting through plagioclase. Not resolved is whether the movement of sesquioxides in solution channels is by transport of colloidal particulates or by diffusion of dissolved species. Calcic plagioclase alters to calcite along the innermost solution channel. It is postulated that solution, exterior to the boulder and undersaturated with respect to calcite, enters the rind system via solution channels. Cut off from the CO2 reservoir of the atmosphere by the narrow confines of this solution channel, the solution reacts with the bytownite to precipitate calcite. Apart from the occurrence of calcite, no crystalline weathering products were found in the innermost rindlet samples. A poorly crystallized illite was identified in the outermost rindlet. These findings suggest that initial alteration products on weathering rinds are amorphous and that, with time, these products attain a degree of identifiable crystallinity.
Various Types of Ophthalmic Lens Corrections

Some of the fundamental faults of lenses are discussed with the principles underlying the correction of them. Read before the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, November 16, 1931.
Role of molecular typing in pediatric infection control

Abstract Methodologies for typing have greatly improved our ability to perform epidemiologic investigations of nosocomial infections, particularly in the neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Phenotyping techniques may provide the first clue that an outbreak is occurring and can be used to complement molecular typing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA are the techniques most widely used to investigate nosocomial infections by clinical microbiology laboratories. Binary typing is an emerging molecular technique that holds much promise, but it currently is limited to research laboratories. Molecular typing should be used in conjunction with clinical and epidemiologic data and should supplement, and not be a substitute for, a carefully conducted epidemiologic investigation. Copoyright © 2001 by W.B. Saubders Company