cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Active Site of Monoamine Oxidase "The Key Enzyme of Biogenic Amines Degradation" as Seen by Magnetic Relaxation Spectroscopy

In the central nervous system, monoamine oxidase (MAO; EC 1.4.3.4) is postulated to be important in controlling the levels of certain neurohormones and other pharmacologically important amines (Sandler et al., 1973; Von Korff, 1979). The potential importance of the enzyme in neuropharmacology has prompted us to explore the nature of the active site by spin labeling techniques. Monoamine oxidase has been characterized by amine substrate specificities and response to inhibitors as having two independent catalytic sites (Tipton et al., 1981; Jani, 1977) or as two distinct enzyme forms (A, B) embedded in the same mitochondrial membrane (White and Tansk, 1979; White and Stine, 1982). Other authors postulated that MAO-A and MAO-B may be the same enzyme in different lipid environments (Huang, 1980; White and Stine, 1982; Fowler and Ross, 1984). The MAO-B which preferentially deaminates benzylamine is sensitive to deprenyl inhbition. Tyramine and tryptamine are substrates for both MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes (Tipton et al., 1976; Oreland and Eksted, 1976). Many of the complex problems surrounding the mechanism of action, regulation and substrate specificity of mitochondrial MAO have resisted definitive resolution when explained by traditional enzymological approaches. We have been exploring the utility of spin labels in studying these problems.
A Vibroacoustic Database Management Center for Shuttle and Expendable Launch Vehicle Payloads

A Vibroacoustic Database Management Center has recently been established at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The center uses the Vibroacoustic Payload Environment Prediction System (VAPEPS) computer program to maintain a database of flight and ground-test data and structural parameters for both Shuttle and expendable launch-vehicle payloads. Given the launch-vehicle environment, the VAPEPS prediction software, which employs Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) methods, can be used with or without the database to establish the vibroacoustic environment for new payload components. This paper summarizes the VAPEPS program and describes the functions of the Database Management Center at JPL.
A Survey of Ethics Officers in Large Organizations

Corporations in the United States have been starting ethics programs for a variety of reasons both active and passive. Ethics officers are being charged with improving both company image and the level of ethical decision-making by employees. Thirty ethics officers from Fortune 500 firms were surveyed to develop a database of their duties and the companies' commitment to ethical standards. The results suggest much is being done, both in the diversity of responses and the similarities of commitment and duties.
Uptake of 3H-Tetracycline by Resistant and Sensitive Escherichia coli

The uptakes of (3)H-tetracycline by 12 tetracycline-sensitive and 24 tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli hospital cultures were found to be 270 and 75 nmoles of tetracycline per milliliter of cell water per 20 min, respectively. This confirms reports by other investigators who, by using only one or two cultures, suggested a relationship between tetracycline uptake and tetracycline resistance. However, minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline for the cultures bore no relation to the tetracycline uptake values, suggesting that loss of tetracycline uptake may not be the primary cause of resistance. In addition there were three resistant cultures with uptake values greater than 140 and two sensitive cultures with uptakes lower than 180, raising the question of how these tetracycline-resistant cultures could grow with tetracycline at concentrations nearly as high as those found to inhibit growth of sensitive organisms. Of the tetracycline-resistant cultures, 15 were able to transfer tetracycline resistance to a recipient organism and 9 were not. Two of the cultures transferred TC-resistance to a recipient with no modification-restriction system (E. coli C) but did not transfer resistance to a recipient with a known modification-restriction system (E. coli K-12).
Stress‐Rupture of New Tyranno Si‐C‐O‐Zr Fiber Reinforced Minicomposites

Minicomposites consisting of two varieties of Zr containing SiC-based fibers from Ube (Tyranno) with BN interphases and CVI SiC matrices were studied. The two fiber-types were the ZMI and ZE fiber-types that contain approximately 8 and 2% oxygen, respectively. The minicomposites were precracked and tested under constant load testing at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1200 C. The data were then compared to the rupture behavior of Hi- Nicalon (TM) fiber reinforced minicomposites tested under identical conditions. It was found that the Ube fiber-types had stress rupture life equivalent to Hi- Nicalon (TM) over the entire temperature range. A potential benefit of the ZMI fiber-type is that it offers rupture properties almost as good as Hi-Nicalon (TM) at the cost of ceramic grade Nicalon (TM).
Isolating attentional systems: A cognitive-anatomical analysis

Recently our knowledge of the mechanisms of visual-spatial attention has improved because of studies employing single cell recording with alert monkeys and others using performance analysis of neurological patients. These studies suggest that a complex neural network that includes parts of the posterior parietal lobe and midbrain is involved in covert shifts of visual attention. Is this system an isolated visual attentional module or is it part of a more general attentional system? Our studies employ the dual-task technique to determine whether covert visual orienting can take place while a person’s attention is engaged in a language processing task. We find clear evidence of interference between the two tasks, which suggests some common operations. However, the results also indicate that whatever is common to the two tasks does not have the same anatomical location as that of visual-spatial attention.
The Impact of Diabetes on Gynecologic Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions

Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in both the United States and worldwide with most authorities reporting a doubling in the prevalence of diabetes over the last 20-30 years. While this epidemic is closely tied to obesity, diabetes mellitus presents potential clinical challenges over and above that observed with obesity alone. From a women's health care prospective, this rise in diabetes may impact a woman's health across her lifespan. More specifically, diabetes impacts not only pregnancy as well as well as other medical conditions, but increases the risk for the development of various malignancies. From a gynecologic cancer standpoint, diabetes is most closely associated with endometrial adenocarcinomas, although increasing attention is being placed upon diabetes and ovarian cancer. Attention is also being placed on the potential role of metformin and its impact on outcomes in diabetics with cancer, as well as a potential preventative and/or adjunctive therapy for gynecologic cancer.
Lower Eyelid and Midface Aesthetics and Rejuvenation: Views from Four Disciplines

li ni cs .c om The midface and lower eyelids act as an esthetic unit. Over the past decade, our understanding of the aging process of this region has dramatically changed. Whereas aggressive lower blepharoplasty, surgical midface lifts, and fillers in the etched laugh lines were the norm just less than 5 years ago, we now understand that there is more complexity to the management of this area. As a result, there has been an accelerated development and refinement of surgical and nonsurgical rejuvenative procedures founded on the contributions of specialists from various disciplines, such as plastic surgery, facial plastic surgery, oculoplastic surgery, and dermatology. As such, a comprehensive reference on cosmetic interventions tailored to enhance the appearance of midface and lower eyelids can only be complete with a multidisciplinary approach constructed with contributions from each of these core specialties. In this Clinics in Plastic Surgery, it was decided to focus on a multispecialty approach by first publishing, “Brow and Upper Eyelid Surgery: Multidisciplinary Insights” 2 years ago. This issue is the follow-up volume dedicated to the lower lids and midface with a similar format and authorship. In this issue, we put forth a series of in-depth articles dedicated to the lower eyelids and
Waveguide Evanescent Field Spectroscopy of Trace Gases

We detect trace gases at ppb levels using evanescent-field absorption spectroscopy in microring resonators coated with sorbent polymers. The overtone spectra derive from mid-infrared resonances that provide a signature of analyte toxicity. Article not available.
Effects of Surface Deposition, Hole Blockage, and TBC Spallation on Vane Endwall Film-Cooling

With the increase in usage of gas turbines for power generation and given that natural gas resources continue to be depleted, it has become increasingly important to search for alternate fuels. One source of alternate fuels is coal derived synthetic fuels. Coal derived fuels, however, contain traces of ash and other contaminants that can deposit on vane and turbine surfaces affecting their heat transfer through reduced film-cooling. The endwall of a first stage vane is one such region that can be susceptible to depositions from these contaminants. This study uses a large-scale turbine vane cascade in which the following effects on film-cooling adiabatic effectiveness were investigated in the endwall region: the effect of near-hole deposition, the effect of partial film-cooling hole blockage, and the effect of spallation of a thermal barrier coating. The results indicated that deposits near the hole exit can sometimes improve the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge, but with increased deposition heights the cooling deteriorates. Partial hole blockage studies revealed that the cooling effectiveness deteriorates with increases in the number of blocked holes. Spallation studies showed that for a spalled endwall surface downstream of the leading edge cooling row, cooling effectiveness worsened with an increase in blowing ratio.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Development of a cost model and its application in determining optimal size of a diesel engine remanufacturing facility

Remanufacturing represents a business opportunity and a means to promote environmental sustainability. In planning remanufacturing operations for a specific product in a particular market, determining the facility size is a critical decision. A large centralized facility offers economies of scale advantages, but has greater transportation costs relative to a set of smaller distributed facilities. A remanufacturing facility cost model is developed and applied for diesel engine remanufacturing that includes product, operation, inventory, and transportation-related costs. The effects of product yield, remanufacturing efficiency, transportation cost rate, and product mass on remanufactured product unit cost and remanufacturing facility size are examined.
Rheosmin (“Raspberry Ketone”) and Zingerone, and Their Preparation by Crossed Aldol-Catalytic Hydrogenation Sequences

Preparations of the two closely-related natural products rheosmin (“raspberry ketone”, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone) and zingerone (4-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone), are well-suited for the introductory organic laboratory. The crossed-aldol condensation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with acetone gives an adduct (4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one), which is hydrogenated cleanly over rhodium on alumina to form rheosmin. Condensation of vanillin with acetone gives 4-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, which is hydrogenated to zingerone. The article includes background information on the target compounds and the synthetic methods used, along with experimental procedures and IR and NMR data on the compounds encountered.
NMR studies of the role of hydrogen bonding in the mechanism of triosephosphate isomerase.

Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP), with Glu-165 removing the pro-R proton from C1 of DHAP and neutral His-95 polarizing the carbonyl group of the substrate. TIM and its complexes with the reactive intermediate analogs, phosphoglycolic acid (PGA) and phosphoglycolohydroxamic acid (PGH), were studied by 1H NMR at 600 MHz and at low temperature (−4.8 °C). His-95 shows an NeH resonance at 13.1 ppm which shifts to 13.3 ppm in the TIM−PGA complex and to 13.5 ppm in the TIM−PGH complex. In the TIM−PGH complex, His-95 NeH shows a slow, pH-independent exchange rate with water (kex = 80 s-1 at 30 °C, Eact = 19 kcal/mol), which is 44-fold slower than that of an exposed histidine suggesting partial shielding from bulk solvent, and a fractionation factor φ = 0.71 ± 0.02 consistent with its donation of a normal hydrogen bond. The formation of the TIM−PGH complex results in the appearance of several deshielde...
Prediction of two-phase condensation in horizontal tubes using probabilistic flow regime maps

Abstract A flow regime based condensation model is developed for refrigerants in single, smooth, horizontal tubes utilizing a generalized probabilistic two-phase flow map. Flow map time fraction information is used to provide a physically based weighting of heat transfer models developed for different flow regimes. The developed model is compared with other models in the literature, with experimentally obtained condensation data of R134a in 8.92 mm diameter tubes, and with data found in the literature for 3.14 mm, 7.04 mm, and 9.58 mm tubes with R11, R12, R134a, R22, R410A, and R32/R125 (60/40% by weight) refrigerants and a wide range of mass fluxes and qualities.
Feminist, yes, but is it evaluation?

Feminist evaluation represents an important option in evaluation, but its legitimacy and credibility depend on the criteria used to define high-quality evaluation practice. This commentary examines how feminist evaluation principles and practices look from the perspectives of five different frameworks, each offering different criteria for judging evaluations.
Switching serine protease specificity

The modulation of enzymatic activity by a protein cofactor may be accomplished in several ways, as illustrated by two new structures.
Structures for the polynucleotide complexes poly(dA) · poly(dT) and poly(dT) · poly(dA) · poly(dT)

X-ray diffraction analyses of fibers of polydeoxyadenylic acid · polydeoxythymidylic acid show that this molecule exists as a 10-fold double-helix with axial rise per nucleotide h = 3.24 to 3.29 A. The structure is very similar to B-DNA (h = 3.37 A) in having C3-exo furanose rings and base-pairs positioned centrally on the helix axis, but distinctive enough to have two packing modes, neither of which has been observed for B-DNA. Although the triple-stranded poly(dT) · poly(dA) · poly(dT) also has a large value of h(3.26 A), each of the chains is a 12-fold helix of the A-genus with C3-endo furanose rings and bases displaced several Angstrom units from the helix axis.
Bone substitutes for lumbar fusion:present and future

Abstract Recent advances in our knowledge regarding the spinal fusion process, as well as the potential for biological manipulation of bone formation, make it timely to review the use of bone grafts, graft adjuncts, and bone graft substitutes in the lumbar spinal fusion process. Despite technical advances such as rigid segmental internal fixation, the success of a spine fusion depends largely on the effective use of bone graft materials and the application of sound bone grafting techniques. In this article, the properties and use of various graft materials are reviewed. In addition, results from studies using animal models to study graft materials and data from limited clinical studies are briefly presented. Lastly, gaps in our existing knowledge are highlighted and areas of future research discussed. An understanding of the biology and properties of bone graft materials, including adjuncts and substitutes, will enable the surgeon to apply sound principles in minimizing the current problems associated with achieving a successful spinal fusion.
Baffle Design For Telescopes With Tiltable Secondary Mirrors

A procedure is presented for the design of primary and secondary baffles (light shields) for telescopes with tiltable secondary mirrors (typically for use in the infrared). The procedure is applied to the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) for which results are presented.
Influenza: Prediction is worth a shot

Predicting the long-term evolution of influenza is difficult. But a model incorporating the effects of deleterious and beneficial mutations has met the more tangible goal of predicting year-to-year frequencies of viral groups. See Article p.57 Marta Łuksza and Michael Lassig present a computational approach for predicting the future evolution of influenza virus. The authors develop a fitness model for the influenza haemagglutinin protein, based on population-genetic data from all previous strains, that allows them to predict the future evolution of currently existing clades. This computational model holds promise for improving vaccine strain selection.
Comparison of Two Compartmental Models for Describing Receptor Ligand Kinetics and Receptor Availability in Multiple Injection PET Studies

The goal of research with receptor ligands and PET is the characterization of an in vivo system that measures rates of association and dissociation of a ligand-receptor complex and the density of available binding sites. It has been suggested that multiple injection studies of radioactive ligand are more likely to identify model parameters than are single injection studies. Typically, at least one of the late injections is at a low specific activity (SA), so that part of the positron emission tomography (PET) curve reflects ligand dissociation. Low SA injections and the attendant reductions in receptor availability, however, may violate tracer kinetic assumptions, namely, tracer may no longer be in steady state with the total (labeled and unlabeled) ligand. Tissue response becomes critically dependent on the dose of total ligand, and an accurate description of the cold ligand in the tissue is needed to properly model the system. Two alternative models have been applied to the receptor modeling problem, which reduces to describing the time-varying number of available receptor sites. The first (Huang et al., 1989) contains only compartments for the hot ligand, 'hot only' (HO), but indirectly accounts for the action of cold ligand at receptor sites via SA. The second stipulates separate compartments for the hot and cold ligands, 'hot and cold' (HC), thus explicitly calculating available number of receptors. We examined these models and contrasted their abilities to predict PET activity, receptor availability, and SA in each tissue compartment. For multiple injection studies, the models consistently predicted different PET activities--especially following the third injection. Only for very high rate constants were the models identical for multiple injections. In one case, simulated PET curves were quite similar, but discrepancies appeared in predictions of receptor availability. The HO model predicted nonphysiological changes in the availability of receptor sites and introduced errors of 30-60% into estimates of B'max for test data. We, therefore, strongly recommend the use of the HC model for all analyses of multiple injection PET studies.
Spiritual Complementary Therapies in Cancer Care

Objectives To review literature documenting the frequency of use and efficacy of spiritual complementary therapies. Implications for clinical practice and research that reflect this literature are offered. Data Sources Data based research on complementary therapy usage and clinical articles about selected mind/body therapies. Conclusion Spiritual complementary therapies are among the most frequently used. Prayer, spiritual healing, and meditation are the most frequently used spiritual therapies. Equivocal evidence supports their efficacy. Implications for Nursing Practice Although spiritual practices may not be considered a “therapy,” clinicians should assess and support these practices. Clinicians should only pray with patients when observing ethical guidelines.
Inhibitory effects of intravenous chloramphenicol sodium succinate on the disposition of phenylbutazone in horses

The effects of i.v. chloramphenicol sodium succinate on the pharmacokinetics of i.v. phenylbutazone in six healthy adult horses were investigated. Administration of chloramphenicol sodium succinate to mares reduced mean (±SD) phenylbutazone clearance from 0.600±0.222 to 0.339±0.123 ml/min per kg and increased mean (±SD) half life from 244 ± 59.8 to 371 ± 80.8 min and mean residence time from 333 ± 86.2 to 533 ± 124 min. The mean steady-state volume of distribution of phenylbutazone was unchanged, with mean (±SD) values of 187 ± 28.9 ml/kg in control animals and 170 ± 32.4 ml/kg after chloramphenicol sodium succinate.
Bile acids XLII. Preparation of 5α-cholestan-26-oic acids from kryptogenin

Abstract 3β, 7α, 26-Triacetoxy-5α-cholestane was prepared from 25R-3β, 26-diacetoxy-5α-cholestan-7α-ol, and partially hydrolyzed with potassium carbonate in methanol-benzene. The three acetylated products thus obtained were characterized by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. By oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis, 3β, 7α-diacetoxy-5α-cholestan-26-ol was converted to 3β, 7α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestanoic acid. 7α, 26-Diacetoxy-5α-cholestan-3β-ol was characterized as indicated. The third product, 7α-acetoxy-5α-cholestane-3β, 26-diol was oxidized to 3-oxo-7α-acetoxy-5α-cholestanoic acid which was reduced catalytically and hydrolyzed to provide 3α, 7α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestanoic acids and its 3β-isomer. By comparison of the specific rotation of this sample of 3α, 7α-dihydroxy-5α-cholestanoic acid derived from 25R-kryptogenin with a similar product derived from arihydro-5α-cyprinol obtained from carp bile, the latter derivative appears to be primarily the 25S material.
Use of an endovascular occlusion balloon for control of unremitting venous hemorrhage

This report describes a new approach for management of iliac vein injury. These injuries are often difficult to expose, and the associated hemorrhage further hinders visualization and subsequent repair. In this case, the use of an endovascular balloon from groin access controlled venous hemorrhage and permitted a primary repair of a torn left iliac vein. We believe that this approach is unique in that it uses a compliant, low-pressure balloon, thus preventing further iatrogenic injury in otherwise fragile venous structures and allowing direct access to the tear when exposure in the operative field is limited.
Optical Standards And The American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM)

The American Society for Testing and Materials, through the Optically Pumped Laser Section - Committee F1.02, is developing standard test methods and practices for optical testing, evaluation, and fabrication. These standards are developed within a framework of producer, user, and general interest persons by obtaining a consensus. Each test method is subjected to round-robin testing and carries with it a validated precision statement. This paper describes these optical test methods and invites suggestions and contributions of effort in the Section toward additional optical and laser standards. Nine ASTM standards are reprinted for easy reference by optical scientists.
Iliac apophysitis and stress fractures in adolescent runners

Twenty-one cases of overuse injury to the iliac crest apophysis is presented. It can be a significant cause of disability to the adolescent middle and long distance runner. All cases resolved with 4 to 6 weeks of rest.
Attitudes of Late Adolescents and Their Parents toward Contemporary Issues

161 college students in their late adolescent years (Mage = 20.7 yr.) and a sample of 100 of their parents (Mage = 48.9 yr.) completed a 36-item questionnaire containing items pertaining to such contemporary topics as drug use, sexual behavior, religion, and civil rights. Significant differences in attitude between the generational groups obtained on 86.1% of the items. The differences appeared to reflect intensity of attitudes rather than direction. Insofar as attitudes toward the assessed contemporary issues are concerned, it was concluded that evidence of a basis for a generation gap was found with this sample.
Transfer RNA into RNA tumor viruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that the presence of the majority of the tRNAs inside an RNA tumor virus remains an enigma. The finding that specific tRNA molecules can serve as primers for DNA synthesis is of fundamental importance in the field of molecular biology. The transfer RNAs involved as primers are not restricted to a single tRNA species. The primer tRNA interacts at its 3' end with the template, and this interaction may involve as little as one-fourth of the tRNA molecule. Primer, but not nonprimer, tRNAs interact specifically with RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. On the basis of these properties, a number of techniques have been developed to identify primer tRNAs and to demonstrate their function. The chapter discusses that the insight and technology gained from studies of primer structure and function in RNA tumor virus systems should be helpful in the study of DNA replication in other systems. As more complex systems, including nuclei, are probed for the mechanisms by which DNA synthesis is initiated and controlled.
Predictors of mental distress and poor physical health among homeless women

Abstract We tested a latent variable path model in which situational, personal, and social resources predicted several mediators and the key health outcomes of mental distress and poor physical health among 871 homeless women. Mental distress was predicted by risky sexual behavior, less social support, avoidant coping, less self-esteem, client abuse history, social support from deviant sources, less drug self-efficacy and health care utilization. Poor physical health was predicted by a client abuse history, less drug self-efficacy, fewer perceived rewards for drug use, higher perceived costs for drug use, and a doctor visit. Current risky sexual behavior was predicted by a parent drug abuse history, less drug self-efficacy, and more social support from deviant sources. Current drug use was predicted by parent drug abuse history, less drug self-efficacy, more social support from deviant sources and by high perceived costs for drug use. Implications of results for intervention and theory are discussed.
An experimental method for determining the dynamic contact law

An experimental method is investigated whereby the strain response from an impacted beam is sufficient to determine the contacting force. Once the force is known, it is shown how the contact law can be determined. Experimental results for an impacted aluminum beam are demonstrated.
Mitochondria-Targeted Catalase Reverts the Neurotoxicity of hSOD1G93A Astrocytes without Extending the Survival of ALS-Linked Mutant hSOD1 Mice

Dominant mutations in the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. The molecular mechanism underlying the toxic gain-of-function of mutant hSOD1s remains uncertain. Several lines of evidence suggest that toxicity to motor neurons requires damage to non-neuronal cells. In line with this observation, primary astrocytes isolated from mutant hSOD1 over-expressing rodents induce motor neuron death in co-culture. Mitochondrial alterations have been documented in both neuronal and glial cells from ALS patients as well as in ALS-animal models. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress have been linked to the toxicity of mutant hSOD1 in astrocytes and neurons. In mutant SOD1-linked ALS, mitochondrial alterations may be partially due to the increased association of mutant SOD1 with the outer membrane and intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where it can affect several critical aspects of mitochondrial function. We have previously shown that decreasing glutathione levels, which is crucial for peroxide detoxification in the mitochondria, significantly accelerates motor neuron death in hSOD1G93A mice. Here we employed a catalase targeted to the mitochondria to investigate the effect of increased mitochondrial peroxide detoxification capacity in models of mutant hSOD1-mediated motor neuron death. The over-expression of mitochondria-targeted catalase improved mitochondrial antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial function in hSOD1G93A astrocyte cultures. It also reverted the toxicity of hSOD1G93A-expressing astrocytes towards co-cultured motor neurons, however ALS-animals did not develop the disease later or survive longer. Hence, while increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been extensively documented in ALS, these results suggest that preventing peroxide-mediated mitochondrial damage alone is not sufficient to delay the disease.
The M2 tide of the Irish Sea: Hourly configurations of the sea surface and of the depth-mean currents

Abstract This paper is concerned with a description of the M 2 tide of the Irish Sea. After a review of previous work on the area, including two germane quotations from Beechy (1848), an overall view of the Irish Sea tides is presented by treating the sea as a one-dimensional channel closed at its northern end. The curves so obtained for the amplitudes and phases of the height and current distributions, along with hourly profiles of the sea surface, serve as a convenient graphical summary of the main features of the tide. The time-dependent two-dimensional behaviour of the Irish Sea is described with the aid of hourly perspective views of the sea surface and hourly charts of depth-mean current vectors superimposed on lines of equal sea surface heights, a method of display which markedly supplements the conventional co-range and co-tidal charts. The data used for generating the displays were obtained by analyzing the output of a two-dimensional barotropic numerical tidal model.
Versik processes: First steps

A. M. Versik defined a property of finite-state stationary stochastic processes that formally is slightly weaker than D. S. Ornstein’s very weak Bernoulli (VWB) property. Versik conjectured his property was equivalent withVWB. The conjecture is false. We construct a zero entropy Versik process that is not loosely Bernoulli (LB) and, by taking a skew product of this process with the two-shift, we produce aK process that is Versik but notVWB. Our technique for constructing a non-LB process differs from the few known methods.
THE EFFECTS OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES ON PURIFIED GONADOTROPIC HORMONES

THE ACTION of pepsin and trypsin on pituitary gonadotropic hormones hasbeen studied on several occasions, but in the hands of various investigators tryptic digestion of pituitary extracts has yielded divergent results.Bates, Riddle and Lahr (i) and Fevold (2) reported complete inactivation ofpituitary FSH when treated with a commercial preparation of trypsin, whileMcShan and Meyer (3), Chen and van Dyke (4) and Greep (5) found thatLH but not FSH was destroyed by this enzyme. Fevold (2) had previouslyreported the inactivation of LH by means of trypsin. McShan and Meyeremployed both commercial and crystalline trypsin, while the remainingauthors used various commercial tryptic preparations. Recently, Chow,Greep and van Dyke (6) found that crystalline trypsin was more effectivethan commercial trypsin in destroying the activity of an anterior pituitaryextract containing the gonadotropic hormones.The differential lability of FSH and LH to tryptic actionTHE ACTION of pepsin and trypsin on pituitary gonadotropic ...
Mature HIV-1 capsid structure by cryo-electron microscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics

Retroviral capsid proteins are conserved structurally but assemble into different morphologies. The mature human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid is best described by a 'fullerene cone' model, in which hexamers of the capsid protein are linked to form a hexagonal surface lattice that is closed by incorporating 12 capsid-protein pentamers. HIV-1 capsid protein contains an amino-terminal domain (NTD) comprising seven α-helices and a β-hairpin, a carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) comprising four α-helices, and a flexible linker with a 310-helix connecting the two structural domains. Structures of the capsid-protein assembly units have been determined by X-ray crystallography; however, structural information regarding the assembled capsid and the contacts between the assembly units is incomplete. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 A resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. The structure of the tubular assembly shows, at the three-fold interface, a three-helix bundle with critical hydrophobic interactions. Mutagenesis studies confirm that hydrophobic residues in the centre of the three-helix bundle are crucial for capsid assembly and stability, and for viral infectivity. The cryo-electron-microscopy structures enable modelling by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation, resulting in all-atom models for the hexamer-of-hexamer and pentamer-of-hexamer elements as well as for the entire capsid. Incorporation of pentamers results in closer trimer contacts and induces acute surface curvature. The complete atomic HIV-1 capsid model provides a platform for further studies of capsid function and for targeted pharmacological intervention.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the role of statins

Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are currently considered to be a major risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Deficiencies in the HDL metabolic pathway promote atherosclerosis and contribute to CAD. Low HDL-C levels are included in the Framingham 10-year risk assessment for CAD although they are not yet targeted for therapy. Recent clinical trials have shown benefits from raising HDL-C, particularly in patients with lower baseline levels. The statin class of drugs, used primarily to lower the level of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, may be able to raise the HDL-C level as well. Statins could potentially affect HDL-C by different modes of action, most importantly by altering reverse cholesterol transport. Among the currently available statins, simvastatin has demonstrated the most consistent ability to raise HDL-C level, but further large-scale studies at an early stage will be needed to prove the antiatherogenic effects of this class of drugs.
Lamb Wave Excitation and Detection with Smart Fasteners for Structural Health Monitoring

Recently, a new design concept for multifunctional fasteners using smart materials was proposed by the authors. These piezoelectric devices, named 'smart fasteners,' can be fabricated by modifying the design of ordinary fasteners such that they have a piezoelectric transducer and a control unit embedded in their body. These smart fasteners can not only clamp structural members like ordinary fasteners but also induce or detect structural responses. In this paper, the capability of the smart fasteners to excite and detect Lamb waves in the clamped structure for structural health monitoring is presented. For this purpose, a mathematical model for the Lamb wave excitation with the smart fasteners is derived first using the potential function method. By applying the space domain Fourier transform, the model is transformed into the wave number domain where the boundary conditions are applied to get the solution. The obtained solution is then converted back into the physical space using the inverse Fourier transform. Finally, closed-form solutions for the surface displacements are obtained using the residue theorem in the complex plane. With the analytic solutions, mode tuning capabilities of the smart fasteners are analyzed and then experimentally verified.
Novel activity of Escherichia coli mismatch uracil-DNA glycosylase (Mug) excising 8-(hydroxymethyl)-3,N4-ethenocytosine, a potential product resulting from glycidaldehyde reaction.

Glycidaldehyde is an industrial chemical which has been shown to be genotoxic in in vitro experiments and carcinogenic in rodent studies. It is a bifunctional alkylating agent capable of reacting with DNA to form exocyclic hydroxymethyl-substituted ethenobases. In this work, 8-(hydroxymethyl)-3,N4-etheno-2‘-deoxycytidine (8-HM-edC), a potential nucleoside derivative of glycidaldehyde, was synthesized using phosphoramidite chemistry and site-specifically incorporated into a defined 25-mer oligodeoxynucleotide. The 8-HM-eC adduct is structurally related to 3,N4-ethenocytosine (eC), a product of reaction with vinyl chloride or through lipid peroxidation. In Escherichia coli, eC has been shown previously to be a primary substrate for the mismatch uracil-DNA glycosylase (Mug). In this study, we report that the same glycosylase also acts on 8-HM-eC in an oligonucleotide duplex. The enzyme binds to the 8-HM-eC-oligonucleotide to a similar extent as the eC-oligonucleotide. The Mug excision activity toward 8-HM-eC...
Insertion Mechanism in E. Coli of Single-Span Membrane Proteins with Far-Downstream Transmembrane Segments

Single-span membrane proteins (SSMPs) are the most abundant membrane proteins in virtually all organisms. SSMPs with N-terminus outside the cell are referred to as Type I MPs, while those with the N-terminus inside are referred to as Type II MPs. It is generally assumed that insertion occurs co-translationally via the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The positive-inside rule determines TypeI/II MPs. The TM segment of Type I MPs is generally preceded by a cleavable signal sequence to facilitate the Nout-Cin topology. The TM segment of both types of proteins generally occurs early in the amino acid sequence, allowing recognition by SRP as it emerges from the ribosome. Secreted periplasmic proteins have a signal sequence, but are secreted post-translationally through the translocon by the SecA translocase.We are studying an unusual class of Type II MPs that lack identifiable signal sequences and whose TM segments can occur hundreds of residues downstream from the N-terminus. One such protein is RodZ, which is a cytoskeletal protein involved in maintaining the rod shape of E. coli. What pathway does this protein use? Several prediction programs and our experimental studies of RodZ with deleted TM segment (RodZ-ΔTM) confirm the absence of a native targeting signal. Proteinase K treatment of spheroplasts reveal that RodZ has Nin-Cout (Type II) topology, consistent with previous studies. Classic N-terminal cleavable signal sequences, such as DsbA or MalE, do not affect the topology of RodZ. We have determined that RodZ insertion is strongly SecA dependent, because RodZ is not incorporated into the membrane under SecA-depletion conditions or in the presence of sodium azide, which is known to inhibit SecA. This result is important, because it is now possible to study the energetics of TM helix insertion by SecA.
MARITAL STATUS AND POLICE OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

ABSTRACT Police work is widely regarded as highly stressful, characterized by a rather unique rule-driven internal organizational environment, external sources of insecurity, and high expectations about one's abilities. Over the past 30 years, scholars have attempted to identify the most important factors associated with police stress. Some suggest that an officer's marital status should be a highly relevant factor. The purpose of this paper is to address a basic question in this regard: Does marital status matter with regard to job-related stress? Three distinctive groups of police officers are identified based on their marital statusBnamely, police couple, non-police couple, and other. Using data derived from a survey of over 1,000 officers in a large metropolitan police department in the east coast, our multivariate analyses suggest that marital status inserts only marginal effect on police stress. In contrast, police work environment, work-family conflict and individual coping mechanism are the most s...
Influence of Social Context on Eating, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behaviors of Latina Mothers and Their Preschool-Age Children

As more U.S. children grow up in Latino families, understanding how social class, culture, and environment influence feeding practices is key to preventing obesity. The authors conducted six focus groups and 20 in-depth interviews among immigrant, low-income Latina mothers in the Northeast United States and classified 17 emergent themes from content analysis according to ecologic frameworks for behavior change. Respondents related environmental influences to child feeding, diet, and activity, namely, supermarket proximity, food cost, access to recreational facilities, neighborhood safety, and weather. Television watching was seen as integral to family life, including watching during meals and using TV as babysitter and tool to learn English. Participation in the WIC program helped families address food insecurity, and child care provided healthy eating and physical activity opportunities. Health promotion efforts addressing obesity trends in Latino children must account for organizational and environmental influences on the day-to-day social context of young immigrant families.
Electronic cigarettes: Another pediatric toxic hazard in the home?

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have recently gained attention in the media as an alternative to traditional smoking due to its increased use and lack of regulation. Originally marketed as a t...
Pharmacotherapy for major depression with melancholic features: relative efficacy of tricyclic versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants

The effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were contrasted in endogenous/melancholic depression. By reviewing Hamilton Depression Rating data from controlled trials, the data indicate that TCAs are consistently more effective than the SSRIs. Despite the wide use of SSRIs in the treatment of depression, it seems reasonable that clinicians subtype their depressed patients and treat melancholic patients first with a course of TCAs. For melancholic patients who have not responded to a SSRI, pharmacotherapeutic alternatives include (1) a TCA alone; (2) TCA augmentation of the SSRI, or (3) lithium augmentation of the SSRI.
Observation of dislocation arrays in low angle tilt boundaries in gold

Techniques were developed for studying the structure of low angle tilt boundaries by transmission electron microscopy. Boundaries were observed: 1) at normal incidence in bicrystals prepared by welding single crystal films together face-to-face at predetermined misorientations, 2) edge-on in polycrystals obtained by the annealing of welded thin-film bicrystals initially containing only twist boundaries. Symmetric (100) boundaries with [001] tilt axes consisted of either: a) arrays of uniformly spaced single edge dislocations running parallel to [001] with Burgers vectors b = a [100]; or b) arrays of uniformly spaced close pairs of dislocations running parallel to [001] with the dislocations in each pair having b = a/2 [110] and b = a/2 [110]. A choice between possibilities a) and b) could not be made on the basis of either the experimental observations or simple energy considerations. Symmetric (110) boundaries with [001] tilt axes consisted, as expected, of arrays of single edge dislocations parallel to [001] with b = a/2 [110]. Dislocation structures in (100) and (110) boundaries which possessed particularly small tilt angles and tilt axes lying along directions other than [001] in the boundary plane were also studied. In many cases, when the tilt axes were in certain favorable ranges of orientation, the dislocations broke up into segments in the boundary planes along directions which allowed them to dissociate on {111} planes into partial dislocations and stacking fault ribbons.
Loss, gain, and the reframing of perspectives in long-term stroke survivors: a dynamic experience of quality of life

AbstractPurpose: Little is known about stroke survivors’ subjective quality of life experience. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experience of quality of life in 6 long-term stroke survivors. Method: Using a phenomenological design, we interviewed participants (who were 21 months to 11 years post stroke) twice and gave them journals to write in between interviews. Data were evaluated using thematic analysis. Results: The main theme, “It makes me feel like a human again,” integrates 2 subthemes – activity loss: “That’s what I miss” and awakening: “Reality comes to your world.” The main theme describes quality of life as a constantly changing experience, and the subthemes elaborate on the process of change. Conclusion: Themes described quality of life as a dynamic experience that changed as activities of value were lost or gained and as participants experienced changes in their perspectives, beliefs, values, and behaviors. The discussion examines these themes through the lens of the Mod...
Docetaxel in the Management of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

The poor outcome of pancreatic cancer with conventional treatment options emphasizes the need for continued research. The benefits of gemcitabine in improving quality of life and survival have been established in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Randomized clinical trials studying the addition of a second drug to gemcitabine, either a classic cytotoxic (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, irinotecan, pemetrexed, oxaliplatin, or exatecan) or targeted agents (ie, the farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 or the metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat) have not resulted in improvement in survival compared with gemcitabine alone. Although limited activity of docetaxel in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been reported in single-agent studies, attractive efficacy results have been documented with docetaxel in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents for the management of advanced pancreatic cancer. Phase I and II trials of docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, or thalidomide, as well as trials of docetaxel and radiotherapy, suggest that docetaxel combinations in pancreatic cancer should be further studied in randomized trials.
Secondary photocrosslinking of injectable shear-thinning dock-and-lock hydrogels.

Abstract Shear-thinning hydrogels are useful in numerous applications, including as injectable carriers that act as scaffolds to support cell and drug therapies. Here, we describe the engineering of a self-assembling Dock-and-Lock (DnL) system that forms injectable shear-thinning hydrogels using molecular recognition interactions that also possess photo-triggerable secondary crosslinks. These DnL hydrogels are fabricated from peptide-modified hyaluronic acid (HA) and polypeptide precursors, can self-heal immediately after shear induced flow, are cytocompatible, and can be stabilized through light-initiated radical polymerization of methacrylate functional groups to tune gel mechanics and erosion kinetics. Secondary crosslinked hydrogels retain self-adhesive properties and exhibit cooperative physical and chemical crosslinks with moduli as high as ∼10 times larger than moduli of gels based on physical crosslinking alone. The extent of reaction and change in properties are dependent on whether the methacrylate is incorporated either at the terminus of the peptide or directly to the HA backbone. Additionally, the gel erosion can be monitored through an incorporated fluorophore and physical-chemical gels remain intact in solution over months, whereas physical gels that are not covalently crosslinked erode completely within days. Mesenchymal stem cells exhibit increased viability when cultured in physical- chemical gels, compared with those cultured in gels based on physical crosslinks alone. The physical properties of these DnL gels may be additionally tuned by adjusting component compositions, which allows DnL gels with a wide range of physical properties to be constructed for use.