cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of shelter availability on the activity of male silver eels

1. The presence or absence of shelter affected the locomotor activity patterns of male silver eels (Anguilla rostrata,Le Sueur). 2. Whether or not shelter was present, the eels seemed to be more active nocturnally, suggesting endogenous scotokinesis. 3. The presence of shelter depresses total activity obtained during a day while the absence of shelter elevates total activity. 4. Sharp, high-level transients which occurred when shelter was removed but not when shelter was installed were suggestive that shelter availability affects an endogenous behavioral component best called negative sciasmokinesis. 5. The ultrasonic activity meter used for this study yielded 2 measures of activity simultaneously, passage counts and passage time, aiding the recognition of continuing rhythmicity when amplitudes were damped or the record became noisy.
Using the control duration to stabilize a multimode laser

We have applied our method to the control of the model for a multimode Nd:YAG laser with an intracavity KTiOPO/sub 4/ crystal. This laser system is designed to convert infrared light to visible green light via frequency doubling. However, for moderate pump powers the steady state laser output undergoes a Hopf bifurcation and for higher pump powers exhibits chaos.
Radar, the Weapon That Decided the War

This chapter contains sections titled: The Battle of Britain Radar Countermeasures The Proximity Fuse The Radar-Computer Combination Electronic Navigation Government-Industry-Academia Collaboration
Lawyers as Insincere (But Truthful) Actors

Lawyers are given license to suspend what philosophers have called sincerity conditions. We ordinarily take people as being sincere in their speech. They expect us to do so, just as we, when we speak, expect others to take us as being sincere. Lawyers, however, are given license to be insincere. They are trained to be simultaneously truthful and insincere. On the one hand, they are required to tell the truth in the context of legal proceedings. On the other, they are insincere in that they routinely structure their speech to lead others into drawing inferences that will serve the lawyer’s goals, whether or not those inferences reflect a fair assessment of facts or law. This paper looks at the distinction between lying and deception, and finds some moral distinction, but not enough to justify the conduct acceptable by the legal profession on moral grounds. The paper discusses aspects of our psychology that make us vulnerable to the kind of deception practiced by lawyers, and concludes by criticizing American legal education for not imbuing a sense of responsibility in young lawyers that should accompany the license to be insincere. While the article focuses on lawyers working in the American adversarial system, many of the observations and issues apply to lawyers working in other legal systems, as well.
Instability of global de Sitter space to particle creation

We show that global de Sitter space is unstable to particle creation, even for a massive free field theory with no self-interactions. The $O(4,1)$ de Sitter invariant state is a definite phase coherent superposition of particle and antiparticle solutions in both the asymptotic past and future and, therefore, is not a true vacuum state. In the closely related case of particle creation by a constant, uniform electric field, a time symmetric state analogous to the de Sitter invariant one is constructed, which is also not a stable vacuum state. We provide the general framework necessary to describe the particle creation process, the mean particle number, and dynamical quantities such as the energy-momentum tensor and current of the created particles in the de Sitter and electric field backgrounds respectively in real time, establishing the connection to kinetic theory. We compute the energy-momentum tensor for adiabatic vacuum states in de Sitter space initialized at early times in global ${\mathbb{S}}^{3}$ sections and show that particle creation in the contracting phase results in exponentially large energy densities at later times, necessitating an inclusion of their backreaction effects and leading to large deviation of the spacetime from global de Sitter space before the expanding phase can begin.
REDUCING PHOSPHORUS RUNOFF AND INHIBITING AMMONIA LOSS FROM POULTRY MANURE WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE

Applications of aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .14H 2 O), commonly referred to as alum, to poultry litter have been shown to decrease P runoff from lands fertilized with litter and to inhibit NH 3 volatilization. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of alum applications in commercial broiler houses on: (i) NH 3 volatilization (in-house), (ii) poultry production, (iii) litter chemistry, and (iv) P runoff following litter application. Two farms were used for this study: one had six poultry houses and the other had four. The litter in half of the houses at each farm was treated with alum; the other houses were controls. Alum was applied at a rate of 1816 kg/house, which corresponded to 0.091 kg/bird. Each year the houses were cleaned in the spring and the litter was broadcast onto paired watersheds in tall fescue at each farm. Results from this study showed that alum applications lowered the litter pH, particularly during the first 3 to 4 wk of each growout. Reductions in litter pH resulted in less NH 3 volatilization, which led to reductions in atmospheric NH 3 in the alum-treated houses. Broilers grown on alum-treated litter were significantly heavier than controls (1.73 kg vs. 1.66 kg). Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in runoff from pastures fertilized with alum-treated litter averaged 73% lower than that from normal litter throughout a 3-yr period. These results indicate that alum-treatment of poultry litter is a very effective best management practice that reduces nonpoint source pollution while it increases agricultural productivity.
Soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L., larvae as feed for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), and blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner)

Abstract. Three feeding trials, involving pre-pupal larvae of soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L., grown on poultry manure, were conducted to assess: (1) channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), response to substitution of dried meal larvae for the fish meal component of the catfish diet and (2) if feeding 100% whole or chopped larvae to channel catfish or blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), will support normal growth comparable to those fed a commercial diet. Effects on fish quality were also evaluated. Replacement of 10% fish meal with 10% soldier fly larvae resulted in slower growth over a 15-week period for subadult channel catfish grown in cages (trial 1). However, the replacement did not reduce growth rate significantly when channel catfish were grown in culture tanks at a slower growth rate (trial 2). Feeding 100% larvae did not provide sufficient dry matter or protein intake for good growth for either species grown in tanks (trials 2 and 3). Chopping of the larvae improved weight gain and efficiency of the utilization.
A Proposed Experiment for the Verification of Thomson's Nucleation Theory

The modern theory of nucleation on charged particles, originally proposed by J.J. Thomson, is a powerful theoretical framework for explaining phenomena that combine electric and thermodynamic effects. Its predictive power is yet to be tested in a macroscopic setting. We suggest a simple and universal experiment to verify Thomson's theory. We show that for a two-phase heterogeneous liquid-vapor system contained between the plates of a capacitor, a change in voltage results in no flow of charge. If this vivid effect is not observed, it will be important to rethink the foundations of the theory.
A coupled mode analysis of unsteady multistage flows in turbomachinery

A computational method is presented for predicting the unsteady aerodynamic response of vibrating blade row that is part of a multistage turbomachine. Most current unsteady aerodynamic theories model a single blade row isolated in an infinitely long duct. This assumption neglects the potentially important influence of neighboring blade rows. The present coupled mode analysis is an elegant and computationally efficient method for modeling neighboring blade row effects. Using this approach, the coupling between blade rows is modeled using a subset of the so-called spinning modes, i.e., pressure, vorticity, and entropy waves, which propagate between the blade rows. The blade rows themselves are represented by reflection and transmission coefficients. These coefficients describe how spinning modes interact with, and are scattered by, a given blade row. The coefficients can be calculated using any standard isolated blade row model; here we use a linearized full potential flow model together with rapid distortion theory to account for incident vortical gusts. The isolated blade row reflection and transmission coefficients, interrow coupling relationships, and appropriate boundary conditions are all assembled into a small sparse linear system of equations that describes the unsteady multistage flow. A number of numerical examples are presented to validate the method and to demonstrate the profound influence of neighboring blade rows on the aerodynamic damping of cascade of vibrating airfoils.
Slowing of Contractile Properties in Quail Skeletal Muscle With Aging

The effect of aging on muscle contractile function was examined in the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle of Japanese quails aged 8 weeks (young adults), 26 weeks, 60 weeks, or 90 weeks (old birds). In vitro contractile measures of the ALD were made at 25 degrees C (stimulus pulse = 0.1 ms). Twitch contraction time in 90-week-old muscles was significantly greater than 8 to 26-week-old muscles (150 +/- 8 ms vs 168 +/- 18 ms). Similarly, one-half relaxation time of the twitch was increased in the ALD from old birds (221 +/- 17 ms) relative to adult birds 8-26 weeks (173 +/- 11). Aging produced a greater fusing of twitches at stimulation frequencies of 5 and 10 Hz, and this resulted in a leftward shift of the force-frequency curve at these frequencies. Shortening velocity measured by the force-velocity method (Vmax) decreased from 2.6 +/- 0.2 muscle length/s (mL/s) to 1.19 +/- 0.02 mL/s in 8 and 90-week-old muscles, respectively. Maximal velocity of unloaded shortening as measured by the slack test decreased from 3.6 +/- 0.7 mL/s to 2.4 mL/s in 8-week-old and 90-week-old muscles, respectively. Maximal tetanic force (60.6 +/- 3.1 mN) and specific force (11.3 +/- 0.3 N/cm2) were similar in young adult and old muscles. These data indicate that aging induces a slowing of both twitch contractile characteristics and shortening velocity in the ALD, without affecting maximal force capabilities.
Radar measurements of melt zones on the Greenland Ice Sheet

Surface-based microwave radar measurements were performed at a location on the western flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Here, firn metamorphasis is dominated by seasonal melt, which leads to marked contrasts in the vertical structure of winter and summer firn. This snow regime is also one of the brightest radar targets on Earth with an average backscatter coefficient of 0 dB at 5.3 GHz and an incidence angle of 25 deg. By combining detailed observations of firn physical properties with ranging radar measurements we find that the glaciological mechanism associated with this strong electromagnetic response is summer ice lens formation within the previous winter's snow pack. This observation has important implications for monitoring and understanding changes in ice sheet volume using spaceborne microwave sensors.
Wavelength Dependence On The Level Of Post-Source Metastable Ion Decay Observed In Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization.

The levels of post-source metastable ion decay (PSD) observed in several peptides and proteins ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF-MS) are measured utilizing both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) desorption wavelengths. A gridless deceleration ion optic is employed to temporally separate stable analyte ions from analyte metastable neutral and ion fragments. Comparisons of the extent of PSD that is observed in UV-MALDI at 337 nm and IR-MALDI at multiple wavelengths between 2.8 and 3.0 μm are made using the same matrices and analytes. The amount of PSD observed using IR-MALDI was found to be highly dependent on the specific IR wavelength (2.8–3.0 μm) employed for desorption. IR wavelengths shorter than 2.86 μm tended to produce higher levels of PSD, while longer IR wavelengths typically produced significantly less PSD when using a number of common MALDI matrices. Relative PSD levels are quantified by determining the percentage of the neutral fragment signal intensity to the intensity of the stable singly protonated molecular species observed in decelerated MALDI spectra. These studies suggest that an analyte ion activation pathway leading to significant PSD in IR-MALDI may proceed by way of vibrational excitation of the analyte molecules during the desorption event.
Increased REM eye movement density in self-rated depression

Zung depression scores were positively related to eye movement density in a sample of 19 noncomplaining young adult males. The subjects were not clinically depressed and had average scores on the Depression Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. There was no relation of Zung depression to rapid eye movement (REM) latency, stage 3 and stage 4 sleep, or REM in the first third of the sleep period. The finding is consistent with the hypothesis of a disinhibition or phase lead of REM sleep phasic events in depression.
A Transcriptively Active Complex of APP with Fe65 and Histone Acetyltransferase Tip60

Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), a widely expressed cell-surface protein, is cleaved in the transmembrane region by γ-secretase. γ-Cleavage of APP produces the extracellular amyloid β-peptide of Alzheimer's disease and releases an intracellular tail fragment of unknown physiological function. We now demonstrate that the cytoplasmic tail of APP forms a multimeric complex with the nuclear adaptor protein Fe65 and the histone acetyltransferase Tip60. This complex potently stimulates transcription via heterologous Gal4- or LexA-DNA binding domains, suggesting that release of the cytoplasmic tail of APP by γ-cleavage may function in gene expression.
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections and Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Abstract Objective: The objectives of this study were to identify unique clinical characteristics of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) compared with a control group of children with non-PANDAS obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with respect to ancillary symptoms, types of obsessions and compulsions, symptom severity, and co-morbid DSM-IV diagnoses. Method: Classification of PANDAS was based on review of pediatric and psychiatric records using the criteria developed by Swedo and colleagues. Children aged 6–14 with PANDAS (n = 21) and non-PANDAS OCD (n = 18) were assessed by blind independent evaluators using the PANDAS Questionnaire, Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, and Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. Results: PANDAS children were significantly more likely to present with separation anxiety, urinary urgency, hyperactivity, impulsivity, deterioration in handwriting...
Positronium Bubbles in Liquid and Solid Helium-4

A theoretical investigation of positronium atoms localized within bubbles, in condensed helium, has been carried out in order to compare it with recent experiments. The theory explores the size of the bubbles and the implications of the localization which are relevant to experiments on the angular correlation of the two annihilation photons. Pressure dependence is explored in a range from the vapor pressure to 170 atm at temperatures of 1.7 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Theoretical predictions at thermal equilibrium yield excellent agreement with experiment except for two small, though notable, features. Agreement between theory and experiment can be made complete by noting that some annihilations will occur during the formation of a bubble and if it is assumed that the region adjacent to the bubble may not have quite enough time to come into thermal equilibrium with the bulk helium before the singlet positronium annihilates ($\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec). Further, the degree of nonthermalization must increase between 1.7 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Theoretically, nonthermalization effects are indeed expected to be more evident when the thermal conductivity is low [$\ensuremath{\kappa}(4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K})\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\kappa}(1.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K})$ in the solid at 140 atm]; this suggests further experiments to test the hypothesis.
How to avoid treating irritable bowel syndrome with biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.

Some patients with an established diagnosis of Crohn’s disease and symptoms compatible with a disease flare do not have evidence of active Crohn’s disease by laboratory, endoscopic or radiographic cri
Nonempirical phase equilibria in the W-Mo-Cr system

The solid-state portion of the W-Mo-Cr phase diagram is computed without the use of empirically adjustable parameters. The phase diagram is calculated using the bcc tetrahedron approximation of the cluster variation method (CVM) formulated with an independent set of multisite correlation functions. A set of volume-independent effective cluster interactions (ECI`s) are used to parametrize the configurational energetics of the system; they are obtained using the method of direct configurational averaging based on a tight-binding, linearized muffin-tin-orbital Hamiltonian. The nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor pair ECI`s are found to be dominant and indicate clustering tendencies for all binary systems (W-Mo, W-Cr, and Mo-Cr), consistent with experiment; triplet and higher-order pair interactions are significantly smaller. The ternary phase diagram for W-Mo-Cr is analyzed using twelve ECI`s within the bcc tetrahedron, and while there is no experimental data for this ternary system, the results are quite encouraging even though transition temperatures on the binary edges are overestimated. The latter discrepancy is most likely due to the neglect of elastic relaxations driven by the large size mismatch of the constituent elements or to the neglect of vibrational contributions to the free energy.
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis in a Patient with Isolated, Nonejection Systolic Click but without a Murmur

An 18-year-old college girl with an isolated, late systolic, nonejection click developed subacute bacterial endocarditis. Her course was uncomplicated except for the development of a late systolic murmur following the click. The importance of prophylaxis against endocarditis in patients with nonejection, systolic clicks, even in the absence of a murmur is emphasized.
Enabling the transition to hospice through effective palliative care.

Abstract The end of life has changed dramatically in recent years as life expectancies have increased, chronic disease rates have risen, and families, health care systems, and society have changed. As technology has advanced, death too often has become viewed by society as “failure” and even “optional.” Too often, referral to hospice has come too late to be sufficiently effective. While expertise in palliation of pain and symptoms at the end of life has been developed, palliative care has not been well integrated with management of chronic diseases or incorporated into the continuum of medical management from health and wellness to the end of life. We can, and must, do better.
Observations on the occurrence and feeding habits of Balaustium pulmani (Acari: Erythraeidae) in North Carolina apple orchards

Abstract Balaustium putmani Smiley was collected within and beneath apple tree canopies from late April to late August during 1975–77 in western North Carolina.
Thermo autochrome printer TPH heating compensation method

In a color thermo autochrome (TA) printer, thermal head is used on contact with thermo-sensitive paper for the purpose of recording a full-color image on it. Image is formed through respectively and sequentially recording three-color layers on the paper. In developing the color of each thermo-sensitive color layer, an amount of heating energy, which is called the bias heating energy, is required to initiate the coloring process. By adding an additional amount of heating energy, which is called the image heating energy, the color can be produced with desired density. However, colors of three layers are difficult to be adjusted to obtain good print quality since the heating energy accumulates. In what follows, methods to determine the heating energy of each color layer and to compensate the accumulated heating energy are proposed. From the experimental results, color quality of TA printing can be significantly improved accordingly.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth and secondary production of an eventual reef fish during mangrove residency

Abstract Hierarchical data frameworks have been proposed to determine the relative value of fish habitats. Although conceptually accurate, judgments as to which habitat is more “essential” are limited by a lack of available information. This work provides much needed growth and production rates for gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), an ontogenetic habitat shifting reef fish, during mangrove residency. Ages were estimated using modal progression analysis of length–frequency distributions coupled with a biologically-realistic spawning date. Growth estimates place age-1 L. griseus at 155 mm (TL), age-2 at 243, and age-3 at 302 mm. These size-at-age estimates are consistent with otolith-based studies and are a natural extension of linear growth models for early juveniles. Lutjanus griseus primarily use southeastern Florida mangrove shoreline habitats for approximately 2 years between 0.86 and 2.84 years of age. Corresponding production:biomass ratios for these cohorts were 1.51 and 0.90. While these values are similar to other estimates for fishes inhabiting vegetated coastal wetlands in North America, they are much less than new estimates from a Bahamian mangrove creek system. These new data highlight important differences between the habitat value of mangrove shorelines of continental (low-relief) and island (high-relief) systems.
Circulatory reflex response in diabetic patients with or without peripheral neuropathy.

: Two groups of diabetic patients of comparable age were studied. In Group I were 14 patients who had a history, physical findings and electromyographic readings consistent with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In Group II were 17 patients with a comparable history of diabetes but without any physical or EMG signs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Valsalva's maneuver was used to detect abnormal circulatory reflexes, and thus to determine whether or not autonomic neuropathy regularly accompanies peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. In Group I, 2 of the 14 patients showed a normal response, and 4 a partial response (42.7 per cent). In Group II, 5 of the 17 patients showed a normal response, and 7 a partial response (70.6 per cent). The significantly lower number of responses to Valsalva's maneuver in Group I suggests a close correlation between peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.
SPOT multispectral analysis for producing supraglacial debris‐load estimates for Batura glacier, Pakistan

Abstract SPOT multispectral and panchromatic data were evaluated to determine their utility to detect debris‐load characteristics of the Batura Glacier located in the Karakoram Himalaya. Debris‐depth measurements, surface samples, and ground photography were obtained and used with satellite‐derived information to produce supraglacial debris‐load and discharge estimates. Visual analysis of panchromatic data indicated that structural characteristics of the glacier exhibited unique textures associated with surface structure characteristics. Multispectral analysis revealed that stratified unsupervised classification of principal components can be used to produce classifications depicting supraglacial lithology and shallow debris‐load variability. Debris‐load discharge estimates ranged from 48–97 x 103 m3 yr1. These results indicate that SPOT multispectral data may be used to produce reasonable quantitative estimates of debris‐load characteristics for glacier mass balance and regional denudation studies.
Involving older adults in the design and development of free/open source software

The world's population is greying. There are more older adults now than ever before, and it is expected that this population will grow rapidly in years to come. In addition to this rapid growth in the population of older adults, there is also rapid growth of free/open source software projects (FOSS). Despite the increasing diversity of FOSS's user base, FOSS's developer base is quite homogeneous, comprised mainly of 20-something year old males. This lack of diversity could be detrimental to the community, as many voices of end users are not heard. I aim to increase age diversity in free/open source software communities by investigating how to involve older adults. My research deliverables are as follows: a list of benefits and barriers of involving older adults in FOSS, guidelines for involving older adults in FOSS, and a prototype workshop curriculum for encouraging successful participation to FOSS by older adults.
The effect of membrane filtration artifacts on dissolved trace element concentrations

Abstract Among environment scientists, the current and almost universally accepted definition of dissolved constituents is an operational one-only those materials which pass through a 0.45-μm membrane filter are considered to be dissolved. Detailed laboratory and field studies on Fe and Al indicate that a number of factors associated with filtration, other than just pore size, can substantially alter “dissolved” trace element concentrations; these include: filter type, filter diameter, filtration method, volume of sample processed, suspended sediment concentration, suspended sediment grain-size distribution, concentration of colloids and colloidally-associated trace elements and concentration of organic matter. As such, reported filtered-water concentrations employing the same pore size filter may not be equal. Filtration artifacts may lead to the production of chemical data that indicate seasonal or annual “dissolved” chemical trends which do not reflect actual environmental conditions. Further, the development of worldwide averages for various dissolved chemical constituents, the quantification of geochemical cycles, and the determination of short- or long-term environmental chemical trends may be subject to substantial errors, due to filtration artifacts, when data from the same or multiple sources are combined. Finally, filtration effects could have a substantial impact on various regulatory requirements.
Effect of sodium citrate on structure-function relationships of Cheddar cheese.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sodium citrate on the structure and functionality of Cheddar cheese. The hypothesis was that citrate (sodium citrate) injection would affect cheese properties mainly through its effect on bound calcium (calculated as the difference between total calcium and the water-soluble calcium content of a cheese extract). A 9-kg block of Cheddar cheese was made, vacuum-packaged, and then stored for 2 wk at 4°C. After storage, the cheese was cut into 0.5- to 0.6-kg blocks that were vacuum-packaged and stored for 1 wk at 4°C prior to injection. Cheese blocks were then high-pressure injected with a buffer solution (pH 5.27) containing 40% (wt/wt) citric acid trisodium dihydrate and 6.25% (wt/wt) anhydrous citric acid, from zero (control) to five times (successive injections performed 24 h apart). Increased citric acid content of cheese from 0.22 (uninjected) to 1.39% (after five injections) caused phosphate solubilization. Thus, the calculated bound phosphate content of cheese decreased from 0.54 to 0.45 mmol/g of protein. However, unexpectedly, the soluble calcium content decreased from 0.34 (control) to 0.28 mmol/g of protein (after five injections), whereas the bound calcium content remained unchanged (0.42 mmol/g of protein). The decrease in soluble calcium probably resulted from the formation and concentration of crystals in the cheese surface, which was not included in samples for analysis, and from the expulsion of serum from within the cheese. Higher concentration of solutes in the water phase of cheese would increase the volume of serum, but the cheese had limited holding capacity and serum was expelled. Citrate injection increased the sodium content of cheese from 0.63 to 0.93%, but it had no effect on cheese pH (5.2). After five injections, the protein matrix expanded, occupying an increased area of cheese matrix (83 vs. 78%). Even though citrate injection had no effect on bound calcium, and thus the rate and extent of cheese flow were unaffected, increased phosphate solubilization, and possibly decreased ionic calcium content, resulted in expansion of the protein matrix and increased cheese hardness.
One-dimensional multiple scattering model for normal photoelectron diffraction

Abstract A one-dimensional multiple scattering model is used to construct a model for normal photoelectron diffraction (NPD). The model which is an extension of earlier work on NPD and which we recently applied to LEED with some success, proves successful in interpreting experimental NPD data of Se(3d), S(2p) and O(1s) on Ni(001). The model can be used to rapidly estimate NPD structural parameters such as d from experimental data. In addition, we exhibit NPD spectra for the fictitious adsorbate Ni(001)Ni and Cu(001)Cu systems. When these spectra masquerade as LEED spectra, they exhibit the observed secondary peaks absent in the simple one-dimensional calculated LEED spectra but present experimentally. This calculation complements our previous work showing how the normal geometry LEED data on Ni(001) and Cu(001) can be described in a one-dimensional model.
Image coding based on two-channel conjugate vector quantization

Two channel conjugate VQ (TCCVQ) has been recently proposed for speech coding. Compared to the ordinary VQ, two channel conjugate VQ requires less computational complexity, less storage (memory) requirement and is more robust against channel errors [8], [16], [17]. This technique is now extended to image coding. Initial investigation confirms these advantages of two channel conjugate VQ. For noise free channel the performances of both techniques are similar. However, when channel noise is injected, for the same bit rate, images reconstructed based on two channel conjugate VQ are subjectively more pleasing (less visible distortion) compared to those based on ordinary VQ. Both VQ techniques are also applied to a well known separating mean VQ (SMVQ) [2], [20] and are tested for robustness against channel errors. Computer simulations demonstrate the success of the two channel conjugate VQ technique for image data compression at various bit rates.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The contested landscape of unconventional energy development: a report from Ohio's shale gas country

Portions of Ohio are experiencing a surge in the development of unconventional sources of natural gas and other fossil fuels using controversial hydraulic fracturing technologies. Natural gas has been celebrated as a clean-burning bridge fuel capable of leading our society beyond its dependence on fossil fuels, a key to energy independence, and a critical catalyst for regional economic recovery. But serious concerns have been raised about possible detrimental impacts on public health and safety, water and air quality, and environmental integrity. Informed by a landscape studies perspective that encourages careful consideration of how people conceive of the world around them, this paper examines how Ohioans' understandings of the environment are being transformed as a result of shale gas extraction. Based on ongoing participant–observation research and open-ended interviews with grassroots anti-fracking activists, nonprofit organization affiliates, and government agents as well as a review of publicly available corporate responsibility statements, it surveys emergent themes in citizens' perspectives—including legacy, way of life, disempowerment, vulnerability, displacement, and prosperity—in order to explore what the contested landscape of unconventional energy development can reveal about the diverse and dynamic ways in which contemporary citizens comprehend the natural environment and their relationships to it. It suggests that responses to energy development are being contoured not only by culturally constituted ways of imagining ideal human–environment interactions but also by the broader sociopolitical structures that ultimately determine whose perspectives are prioritized and which policies are implemented.
A prospective, observational study of the relationship between body mass index and depth of the epidural space during lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection.

Background and Objectives Previous studies have concluded that transforaminal epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are more effective than interlaminar injections in the treatment of radiculopathies due to lumbar intervertebral disk herniation. There are no published studies examining the depth of epidural space using a transforaminal approach. We investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the depth of the epidural space during lumbar transforaminal ESIs.
Population-based screening with the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factor Calculator®

Data from the Framingham Heart Study and risk-appraisal models were used to develop a Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factor Calculator® for early identification of high-risk individuals. The Calculator was tested at an employee health fair for a large northeastern US corporation. Of the 590 employees who registered for cholesterol screening, 514 had their CHD risk calculated, and 134 (26.1%) of this group had a relative risk greater than 2. Elevated risk increased with age, ranging from 26.2% of those younger than 35 years to 75% of the over-64 group. Of special concern was the percentage of individuals below 45 years of age whose relative risk of CHD in the next 10 years was more than twice that of coevals with standard risk. The program also estimates and visually demonstrates possible benefits of interventions, allows monitoring of progress, and serves as an educational aid to motivate behavior modification. In this test, the software functioned as designed, and graphic demonstration of individual risk estimations appeared to motivate several participants to seek medical follow-up.
A methodology for selecting optimal components for solar thermal energy systems - Application to power generation

Abstract A methodology is presented for determining the minimum-cost design for a solar thermal energy system. This approach builds up the minimum-cost system by adding one subsystem at a time until the desired system has been synthesized. At each step in the optimization procedure the intermediate system could be applied to an appropriate end use to find the minimum-cost design for that system. For example, a minimum-cost solar furnace could be designed. This systems optimization approach has two principal advantages over approaches that have traditionally been used for solar thermal energy systems. First, a vastly greater number of designs can be considered, and second. simplification of cost and performance models is not required. Cost and performance models may be in any form including talbes or equations that must be solved implicitly. An example of the systems optimization of the concentrator and absorber-heat exchanger subsystems is included. and the application of this approach to power generation is discussed.
Adaptations underlying the development of excessive alcohol intake in selectively bred mice.

This commentary discusses the important contributions of the article in this issue by Matson and colleagues entitled “Selectively bred crossed high-alcohol-preferring mice drink to intoxication and develop functional tolerance, but not locomotor sensitization during free-choice ethanol access” as well as providing comparison to studies on other drugs of abuse. In their study, Matson et al. report that mice derived by crossing different lines selectively bred for high alcohol intake exhibit initial alcohol intakes associated with motor impairment followed by marked escalation of consumption and tolerance to the effects of alcohol on motor coordination. In contrast, no evidence of pharmacokinetic tolerance or sensitization of alcohol-induced locomotion was observed. These results demonstrate that the cHAP mice constitute an appropriate model for the study of excessive drinking which is produced by escalated alcohol intake and functional changes leading to excessive intoxication. Future work should assess adaptations in motivational processes and subjective effects of alcohol as well as the potential genetic and epigenetic bases of escalated alcohol intake.
Easy Access to Firearms: Juveniles’ Risks for Violent Offending and Violent Victimization

Keeping firearms at home may increase personal safety but it may also increase the risk of injury. This study uses data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess the extent to which adolescents’ easy access to firearms at home increases the risk of violent offending and violent victimization. Access to firearms was higher for males, Whites, and adolescents having two parents, especially fathers. Current access to firearms at home significantly increased the odds of both violent offending and violent victimization, even after controlling for prior access, prior offending, and prior victimization. This relationship persisted into early adulthood; access to firearms still significantly increased the odds of violent offending and violent victimization.
Creep Properties of ASTM A992 Steel at Elevated Temperatures

In moving towards an engineered performance-based approach to structural fire safety, a sound knowledge of the elevated-temperature properties of structural steel is crucial. Of all mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures, material creep is particularly important. Under fire conditions, behavior of steel members and structures can be highly time-dependent. As a result, understanding the time-dependent mechanical properties of structural steel at high temperatures becomes essential. This paper presents preliminary results of a comprehensive on-going research project aimed at characterizing the material creep behavior of ASTM A992 steel at elevated temperatures. Such creep properties are presented in the form of strain-time curves for materials from the web and the flanges of a W4×13 wide flange section and from the web of a W30×99 section. The test results are then compared against material creep models for structural steel developed by Harmathy, and by Fields and Fields to evaluate the predictions of these models. The preliminary results clearly indicate that material creep is significant within the time, temperature, and stress regimes expected in a builing fire. The results also demonstrate the need for a more reliable creep model for steel for strcutural-fire engineering analysis.
Helping Improve Dissemination of Research: Toastmasters Is a Novel Mechanism

Competencies for health professionals and students often include the ability to transfer knowledge to different audiences in a variety of ways. Consultation, presentation, teaching, multimedia, and posters are some examples. A recent question on a national listserv about writing, editing, and proofreading services in health sciences libraries prompted this column about a potentially novel way of helping students and faculty in health disciplines to improve their abilities to communicate professionally. In addition to the poster design and review services that one library offers, it is also the host of two Toastmasters International clubs that provide participants a nonthreatening, real-world environment to improve the content, structure, methods, and delivery of their written and spoken messages. A librarian on staff is a member of and serves as liaison to the two clubs.
Formation of Toxic Oligomeric α-Synuclein Species in Living Cells

Background Misfolding, oligomerization, and fibrillization of α-synuclein are thought to be central events in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. Although fibrillar α-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs), recent data implicate prefibrillar, oligomeric intermediates as the toxic species. However, to date, oligomeric species have not been identified in living cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to directly visualize α-synuclein oligomerization in living cells, allowing us to study the initial events leading to α-synuclein oligomerization, the precursor to aggregate formation. This novel assay provides us with a tool with which to investigate how manipulations affecting α-synuclein aggregation affect the process over time. Stabilization of α-synuclein oligomers via BiFC results in increased cytotoxicity, which can be rescued by Hsp70 in a process that reduces the formation of α-synuclein oligomers. Introduction of PD-associated mutations in α-synuclein did not affect oligomer formation but the biochemical properties of the mutant α-synuclein oligomers differ from those of wild type α-synuclein. Conclusions/Significance This novel application of the BiFC assay to the study of the molecular basis of neurodegenerative disorders enabled the direct visualization of α-synuclein oligomeric species in living cells and its modulation by Hsp70, constituting a novel important tool in the search for therapeutics for synucleinopathies.
Metabolism of Bovine Semen. I. Uptake of Glucose-C14 by Bovine Spermatozoa

Summary The uptake of glucose by bovine spermatozoa was studied by using uniformly labeled glucose-C 14 as a tracer. Spermatozoa were inactivated for use as controls or to stop a reaction by addition of formalin to the suspension. The presence of seminal plasma caused an apparent reduction in the uptake of glucose-C 14 by spermatozoa. Two preexperimental washings prevented this effect; additional washings tended to be detrimental to the spermatozoa. Uptake of radioactivity by washed spermatozoa was five to eight times greater than the uptake (adsorption) by formalin-inactivated spermatozoa when suspensions of spermatozoa were incubated with glucose-C 14 at 37° C. under air or nitrogen.
Development of a solid phase extraction method for agricultural pesticides in large-volume water samples

Abstract An analytical method using solid phase extraction (SPE) and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was developed to determine trace levels of a variety of 41 agricultural pesticides and selected transformation products in high-elevation surface waters. Large-volume water sampling (up to 100 L) was employed because it was anticipated that pesticide contamination, if present, would be at very low levels. The target compounds comprise pesticides (and selected oxygen transformation products) known to have been extensively used in agriculture in the San Joaquin Valley, CA, USA. Solid phase extraction using the polymeric resin Abselut Nexus was optimized to extract the pesticide analytes from water samples. A single determinative method using GC–MS with electron ionization was used for all the analytes. Recoveries from 100 L of reagent water at 100 pg/L and 1 ng/L concentrations were generally greater than 75%, although dimethoate, disulfoton, and phorate were not recovered. Analysis of the extracts without cleanup yielded detection limits for the remaining 38 analytes between 0.1 and 30 ng/L. A silica cleanup with separate analysis of 3 eluant fractions improved detection limits for 37 of the compounds to between 6 and 600 pg/L in high-elevation surface waters.
The environmental fate of three carcinogens: Benzo-(α)-pyrene, benzidine, and vinyl chloride evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems

Radiolabeled benzo-(α)-pyrene, benzidine, and vinyl chloride were evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems for environmental fate, degradation pathways, bioconcentration, and food chain accumulation. The comparative effects of microsomal detoxications were evaluated using the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. The accumulation and bioconcentration of benzo-(α)-pyrene and benzidine were closely correlated with their octanol/water partition coefficients and water solubility. Benzo-(α)-pyrene as predicted by these parameters was bioaccumulated to substantial levels in several organisms. Vinyl chloride was not accumulated because of its high volatility.
The minimum error in estimating coronary luminal cross‐sectional area from cineangiographic diameter measurements

A formal analysis of the error associated with the use of radiographic diameter measurements in estimating the luminal area of an elliptically-shaped coronary cross-section was performed. When two views are available, the maximum potential error was found to decrease rapidly as the angle between the views increased to 90 degrees, but this error was small (less than 25%) for orthogonal views only for mild degrees of ellipticity (major/minor axis ratio less than 2). Since, for each successive doubling of the number of radiographic views, a stepwise reduction in the potential error by an approximate factor of only one-half was found, a large number of views is required to eliminate the potential error associated with diameter assessment of highly elliptical lumena.
Psychoanalysis in the Workplace: An Introduction

This symposium provides an orientation for psychoanalytic clinicians to the world of psychoanalytically oriented organizational consulting, executive coaching, and related applications of psychoanalysis in the workplace. Psychologists and psychoanalysts have played a significant role in the development of organizational consulting and executive coaching, and many clinicians today express interest in transferring their skills from clinical settings to organizations and corporations. This introduction emphasizes the psychoanalytic clinical skill of ongoing reflection on relational processes and experiences, but it also recognizes that consulting requires additional and highly specific knowledge, skill, talent, and training.
Gender-related differences in coronary angiograms of young survivors of myocardial infarction.

Abstract Studies have shown that women have a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease and are 10 to 20 years older than men when angina or myocardial infarction first appears. 1,2 Because myocardial infarction in women aged ≤ 40 years occurs infrequently, little is known about these patients. Therefore, the present study was performed (1) to determine the extent of coronary artery disease in female survivors of a first myocardial infarction aged ≤ 40 years, and (2) to compare the severity of coronary artery disease in young male and female survivors of a first myocardial infarction.