cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using latent dirichlet allocation for topic modelling in twitter

Due to its predictive nature, Social Media has proved to be an important resource in support of the identification of trends. In Customer Relationship Management there is a need beyond trend identification which includes understanding the topics propagated through Social Networks. In this paper, we explore topic modeling by considering the techniques of Latent Dirichlet Allocation which is a generative probabilistic model for a collection of discrete data. We evaluate this technique from the perspective of classification as well as identification of noteworthy topics as it is applied to a filtered collection of Twitter messages. Experiments show that these methods are effective for the identification of sub-topics as well as to support classification within large-scale corpora.
Induction of p21 Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species Formed during the Metabolism of Aziridinylbenzoquinones by HCT116 Cells

Aziridinylbenzoquinones are a group of antitumor agents that elicit cytotoxicity by generating either alkylating intermediates or reactive oxygen species. The mechanism of toxicity may not always, however, involve profound damage of cellular constituents, but may involve a cytostatic effect through interference with the cell cycle. In this context, we have examined the induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (WAF1, CIP1, or sdi1), whose overexpression suppresses the growth of various tumor cells, in human tumor cells metabolizing 3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DZQ) and its C2,C5-substituted derivatives: 2,5-bis-(carboethoxyamino) (AZQ) and 2,5-bis-2(-hydroxyethylamino) (BZQ). Both DZQ and AZQ were effectively activated by HCT116 human colonic carcinoma cells; the activation of the former involved largely a dicoumarol-sensitive activity, whereas that of the latter appeared to be accomplished primarily by one-electron transfer reductases. BZQ was not a substrate for the dicoumarol-sensitive enzyme in HCT116 cells. Cellular activation of the first two quinones was associated with formation of oxygen-centered radicals as detected by EPR in conjunction with the spin trap 5,5′-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. The redox transitions of DZQ involved hydroxyl radical formation and were strongly inhibited by catalase, whereas those of AZQ showed a strong superoxide anion component sensitive to superoxide dismutase. These signals were suppressed by N-acetylcysteine with concomitant production of a thiyl radical adduct. This suggests an effective electron transfer between the thiol and free radicals formed during the activation of these quinones. DZQ and AZQ induced significantly the expression of p21 in HCT116 cells, but a 10-fold higher concentration of AZQ was required to achieve the level of induction elicited by DZQ. BZQ had little effect on p21 expression. p21 induction at both mRNA and protein levels correlated with the inhibition of either cyclin-dependent kinase activity or cell proliferation. p21 induction elicited by the above quinones was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine, whereas the non-sulfur analog, N-acetylalanine, was without effect. Catalase and superoxide dismutase did not effect p21 induction by aziridinylbenzoquinones in HCT116 cells, thus suggesting that extracellular sources of oxygen radicals generated by plasma membrane reductases have no influence in the expression of this gene. Hydrogen peroxide, a product of quinone redox cycling, elicited an increase of p21 mRNA levels in HCT116 and K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. The latter lacks p53, one of the activators of p21 transcription, thus suggesting that p21 expression can be accomplished in a p53-independent manner in these cells. This study suggests that p21 induction is mediated by an increase in the cellular steady-state concentration of oxygen radicals and that the greater effectiveness in p21 induction by DZQ may be related to its efficient metabolism by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity in HCT116 cells.
Jacobus Capitein: Dutch Calvinist and Black Cosmopolitan

Jacobus Capitein has long been a source of interest as one of the few Africans educated in Europe in the eighteenth century, but critics have not been able to shake off the image he created with a lecture he delivered at the University of Leiden in 1742, in which he argued that Christianity is compatible with slavery. This article argues that Capitein is a much more complex figure than the thumbnail sketch might imply. Capitein ended up spending five years in Elmina, on the West Coast of Africa, and the letters he sent to Holland during that time can help, if not dispel, at least modify his image as a mouthpiece for Western colonialism. They tell the story of a man unprepared by his scholarly upbringing to deal with the hardships of life on a colonial outpost, but they also reveal a determination to understand his new social and cultural context, as well as, ultimately, a cosmopolitan flexibility completely at odds with the intellectual stiffness evinced in the Leiden lecture. Capitein was as much an African as a European and, in the end, this multiple, diasporic identity allowed him, if only fleetingly, to rise above the strictures of his upbringing and to acquire his own, unique, cosmopolitan voice. By trying to build on the enlightened form of Calvinism with which he had grown up, he evinces a desire to try to really understand the perspective of others and an ability to think in terms of multicultural, multiracial communities. Capitein was a black Atlantic cosmopolitan who used both his European and his African diasporic experiences to, in his own way, expand the meanings of cosmopolitanism.
Edge completion from sparse data: a level-set approach

Intensity differences between objects are often used for segmentation. In an ideal situation, these differences permit the computation of edges that form complete contours around objects in the image. However, edges found in real images are usually a set of real and spurious disconnected boundary segments. Even more challenging are those so called apparent or subjective contours whose boundary are not defined by intensity or texture variations. In this paper, we present a novel method to segment and reconstruct images with missing boundaries, including images with large missing edges commonly found in ultrasound imaging. We test our algorithm on classic synthetic images, phantom images and on real ultrasound images of the bladder, heart, and colon.
Delivering DNA from photocrosslinked, surface eroding polyanhydrides

Abstract Sustained delivery of DNA has the potential to enhance long-term gene therapy; however, precise control of a wide range of DNA release profiles may be needed. In this work, multifunctional anhydride monomers were photocrosslinked to produce hydrophobic, highly crosslinked polymer networks that degrade by surface erosion. Surface-eroding polymers can deliver molecules of a wide range of sizes at sustained, steady rates, which is advantageous for DNA delivery, where the high molecular weight may complicate control of the release profiles. When plasmid DNA was released from photocrosslinked polyanhydride matrices, DNA recovery was low (∼25%). Electrophoresis indicated that the plasmid DNA was released primarily in the relaxed and supercoiled forms, yet the relative fraction of released DNA in the supercoiled form decreased over time. To improve DNA recovery and reduce the damaging effects of polymer degradation, DNA was pre-encapsulated in alginate microparticles, which served as a temporary coating that quickly dissolved upon microparticle release from the polyanhydride matrix. As photocrosslinked polyanhydrides have highly predictable drug release profiles that depend on the polymer erosion rate and implant geometry and not on the entrapped molecule size, they can serve dual purposes in many biomaterial applications where structural support and drug release would be beneficial.
A photoautotrophic source for lycopane in marine water columns

Suspended particulate matter and recent sediments from diverse oceanic sites have been investigated for their contents of lycopane. Lycopane was present in all samples, including both oxic and anoxic water column and sediments. The highest concentrations in the water column were found in surface waters of the central Pacific gyre (1.5 ng/L) and in the anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench (1.1 ng/L) and the Black Sea (0.3 ng/L). Vertical concentration profiles suggest that lycopane is probably algal in origin. Moreover, biogeochemical conditions in anoxic zones apparently result in a secondary production of lycopane from an as yet unidentified precursor. Compound-specific carbon isotopic analyses have been carried out on lycopane from water column and sediment samples. Isotopic compositions of lycopane range between -23.6 and -32.9 percent and are consistent with a photoautotrophic origin. We postulate that some lycopane is produced in surface waters of the ocean, while additional lycopane is produced in anoxic zones by anaerobic microbial action on an algal precursor.
Thorotrast-induced hepatoma presenting as hyperparathyroidism.

Clinical findings mimicking primary hyperparathyroidism were present in a patient with hepatoma, which was diagnosed 27 years after administration of Thorotrast. External scintillation gamma-ray spectrum analysis during life and autoradiographic studies after death demonstrated the presence of the radioactive contrast medium.
On the application of extended quasi‐likelihood to the clustered data case

The author describes the relationship between the extended generalized estimating equations (EGEEs) of Hall & Severini (1998) and various similar methods. He proposes a true extended quasi-likelihood approach for the clustered data case and explores restricted maximum likelihood-like versions of the EGEE and extended quasi-likelihood estimating equations. He also presents simulation results comparing the various estimators in terms of mean squared error of estimation based on three moderate sample size, discrete data situations. L'auteur decrit la relation entre les equations d'estimation generalisees etendues (EEGE) de Hall & Severini (1998) et plusieurs methodes similaires. II propose une veritable approche de quasivraisemblance etendue adaptee au cas de donnees regroupees et etudie des versions de type maximum de vraisemblance restreint des EEGE et des equations d'estimation de quasi-vraisemblance. II presente de plus des resultats de simulation comparant les differems estimateurs en terme d'erreur quadratique moyenne pour des echantillons de donnees discretes de taille moyenne.
The effect of inter-ocular delay and repetition interval on depth perception

Abstract Observers viewed a continuously illuminated, binocular standard stimulus, adjacent to which appeared a briefly illuminated, binocular comparison stimulus. Using the method of adjustment, observers positioned the comparison stimulus in depth so that it appeared equidistant to the standard stimulus under conditions in which an interocular delay in stimulation occurred with respect to the comparison stimulus. It was found that: (1) little change in equidistance settings occurred with delays of 32 msec or less, but that with larger delays the apparent position of the comparison stimulus shifted away from the observer. (2) Increasing the time interval between successive pairs of comparison stimulus presentations from 150 to 300 msec resulted in a similar shift in apparent position. (3) There was an interaction between delay and repetition interval such that the repetition interval had a larger effect on equidistance settings for longer delays. The results were interpreted as supporting the notion of a continuum between stereoscopic-binocular and monocular stimulation. Physical simultaneity was not a necessary condition for stereopsis.
Mother-daughter incest

Abstract Reports of mother-daughter incest are conspicuously absent from the extensive literature on the sexual abuse of children. When homosexual incest has been reported, the relationship usually involves father and son. In some reported cases of father-daughter incest, the mother had an active role in the sexual act. There is one reported case of grandmother-grand-daughter incest. In the present case, the victim, L., entered psychotherapy because of migraine headaches. She was a university student, struggling, ambivalently, to separate from a jealous and possessive mother. She had been involved in several homosexual affairs which had ended with L. rejecting her partner. Early in therapy, she made a self-mutilating suicide attempt. L. was the only child of an older, lower middle class couple. Father was a passive, ineffectual man, overshadowed by L. 's mother. Soon after L. was born, mother and father began sleeping in separate bedrooms. When L. was six years old, mother invited her to share her bed. L. had a room of her own, but was allowed to sleep there only when mother entertained her homosexual lover. L. recalls being extremely jealous of her mother's lover. Starting at age 8, L. recalls awakening to find mother kissing L. on the lips or fondling her breasts. L. thinks that genital fondling also took place while L. was asleep. At age 14 L. insisted that she sleep alone because she felt there was “something wrong” with her relationship with mother. After two years of psychotherapy, L. was able to separate successfully from mother. Soon after this, she rekindled a relationship with a male friend and later married. It can be difficult to distinguish a sexually exploitative mother-daughter relationship from a normal physical closeness that occurs between mothers and female children. This closeness is critical in the development of mothering behaviors in the daughter. Seductive behavior in mothers is more socially tolerated than similar behavior in male caretakers. In some cultures, mothers actively masturbate their nursing infants. In the case of L., the sexual relationship between mother and daughter parallels the patterns seen in father-daughter incest. The incest behavior occurred in the context of a deteriorated husband-wife relationship. L. was confused about whether to relate to mother as a parent or as a sex partner. Sexual contact began when the patient was pre-pubertal and consisted mainly of fondling. L's memories of this contact are vague and dreamlike, and were revealed after a substantial therapeutic relationship had been established. L's subsequent homosexual encounters were a repetition of her seduction by her mother. Less explicit maternal seductions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of female homosexuality. As more women with homosexual life-styles take on the single parenting of daughters, reports of mother-daughter incest may become more common.
Cholinergic Input Is Required during Embryonic Development to Mediate Proper Assembly of Spinal Locomotor Circuits

Rhythmic limb movements are controlled by pattern-generating neurons within the ventral spinal cord, but little is known about how these locomotor circuits are assembled during development. At early stages of embryogenesis, motor neurons are spontaneously active, releasing acetylcholine that triggers the depolarization of adjacent cells in the spinal cord. To investigate whether acetylcholine-driven activity is required for assembly of the central pattern-generating (CPG) circuit, we studied mice lacking the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme. Our studies show that a rhythmically active spinal circuit forms in ChAT mutants, but the duration of each cycle period is elongated, and right-left and flexor-extensor coordination are abnormal. In contrast, blocking acetylcholine receptors after the locomotor network is wired does not affect right-left or flexor-extensor coordination. These findings suggest that the cholinergic neurotransmitter pathway is involved in configuring the CPG during a transient period of development.
Demography versus habitat fragmentation as determinants of genetic variation in wild populations

A critical question in conservation biology concerns how loss of natural habitat affects the persistence of plant and animal populations and the distribution of genetic variation within them. In this study a simulation model was used to examine how primary demographic and habitat factors affect secondary population processes and thereby influence population genetic structure. The model revealed that both genetic diversity and divergence were most affected by the proportion of patches in a landscape that remain occupied, which in turn was affected primarily by patch disturbance frequency. Patch carrying capacity also controlled the density of individuals within patches and thereby influenced levels of diversity within populations. Habitat availability influenced dispersal success and thereby secondarily influenced genetic divergence among populations. This study emphasizes that conservation of genetic diversity in wild populations should be based on both habitat and population management and can best be achieved by maintaining healthy sized, local populations well-distributed among a network of infrequently disturbed habitats.
A method for the purification of histone fraction F3 by affinity chromatography.

Abstract Calf thymus histone fraction F3 has been purified in high yield by affinity chromatography. The protein is attached reversibly to an organomercurial—Sepharose—by the thiol groups of its cysteinyl residues, while all other histones lacking -SH groups pass through the column. Histone F3 is subsequently eluted with -SH reagents of low molecular weight, such as cysteine or β-mercaptoethanol. The purified F3 shows electrophoretic heterogeneity due to different degrees of acetylation of the parent polypeptide chain. Under oxidizing conditions it forms a complex mixture of dimers and oligomers, all of which have some available -SH groups.
Construct similarity, self‐meaningfulness, and interpersonal attraction

Self-meaningfulness, a concept arising from personal construct theory research, has been defined in terms of the importance of the self in the personal construct system Forty-two undergraduate volunteers completed Repertory Grid ratings of the self and 15 individuals (five liked, five disliked, and five toward whom the subject was neutral) It was found that high self-meaningfulness individuals' ratings of attraction were more strongly associated with the perception of similarity than were the ratings of low self-meaningfulness subjects High self-meaningfulness subjects saw liked individuals as significantly more similar to the self than did low self-meaningfulness subjects In addition, liked, neutral, and disliked figures were seen as significantly different from one another on the similarity to self-measure for high self-meaningfulness subjects Only disliked figures were judged as more distant from the self for low self-meaningfulness subjects These findings were discussed in terms of the importance of investigating individual differences in similarity-attraction
Persuasion: Infusing advocacy practice with insights from anti-oppression practice

• Summary: The role of social work has not, to date, been sufficiently explored in persuasive policy practice. This article draws upon messages from a study about the motivators used by educators t...
Effects of temperature on detection of plasmid or chromosomally encoded gfp- and lux-labeled Pseudomonas fluorescens in soil.

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a normal inhabitant of the soil rhizosphere. The use of genetically altered strains of P. fluorescens in bioremediation has led to the need for effective monitoring of such cells released into the environment. In this study, we present data on the persistence in soil of P. fluorescens harboring gfp (green fluorescent protein) or lux (bioluminescence) genes. Comparisons were made between strains marked chromosomally and strains carrying these markers on a plasmid. Overall effects of plasmid carriage on culturability were also examined. Sterile soil microcosms were inoculated with washed cells to a final concentration of ca . 106 CFU.g–1 and placed at 5, 23, and 35–37 °C. Samples were taken periodically and examined for culturability and viability, using the substrate responsiveness assay. Our results indicated no significant loss of culturability at 5 and 23 °C for a period of over one year. In contrast, cells of P. fluorescens incubated at 35–37 °C entered the viable but nonculturable state within 7 days. All cells labeled with gfp retained fluorescence regardless of culturability, suggesting that the green fluorescent protein can be of value in monitoring the presence of cells following their release to the environment. Because fluorescence was maintained regardless of the cells’ physiological state, this protein may also be an indicator of cell viability.
A TEST OF THE CONJECTURE THAT G-MATRICES ARE MORE STABLE THAN B-MATRICES

The G-matrix occupies an important position in evolutionary biology both as a summary of the inheritance of quantitative traits and as an ingredient in predicting how those traits will respond to selection and drift. Consequently, the stability of G has an important bearing on the accuracy of predicted evolutionary trajectories. Furthermore, G should evolve in response to stable features of the adaptive landscape and their trajectories through time. Although the stability and evolution of G might be predicted from knowledge of selection in natural populations, most empirical comparisons of G-matrices have been made in the absence of such a priori predictions. We present a theoretical argument that within-sex G-matrices should be more stable than between-sex B-matrices because they are more powerfully exposed to multivariate stabilizing selection. We tested this conjecture by comparing estimates of B- and within-sex G-matrices among three populations of the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Matrix comparisons using Flury's hierarchical approach revealed that within-sex G-matrices had four principal components in common (full CPC), whereas B-matrices had only a single principal component in common and eigenvalues that were more variable among populations. These results suggest that within-sex G is more stable than B, as predicted by our theoretical argument.
Performance and use of a ribonucleotide reductase herpes simplex virus type-specific serological assay.

In response to the increasingly evident need for herpes simplex virus (HSV) serotype-specific serologic assays that rely on proteins other than glycoprotein-G (gG), we developed a rapid serologic assay that is based on type-specific epitopes within the large subunit of HSV ribonucleotide reductase (R1). The assay (Au-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) uses an HSV type 2 (HSV-2) R1 peptide antigen. It provides a reliable method for detecting serotype-specific antibody to a protein other than gG-2. The Au-2 ELISA has high sensitivity and specificity as determined by direct comparison to Western blotting, a widely accepted “gold standard,” and to ELISA with an HSV-1 R1 peptide (Au-1). The use of the Au-2 ELISA in conjunction with the gG-2-based assays will improve the sensitivity and specificity of serologic diagnosis and patient management.
Spectral broadening of ultrashort pulses in a nonlinear medium

Spectral superbroadening of ultrashort-pulse propagation in a nonlinear medium is calculated by solving the nonlinear-wave equation more exactly. The effects of four-wave mixing and pulse deformation on phase modulation are included. The results yield an asymmetric Stokes-anti-Stokes broadening in fair agreement with the experimental observation.
High Intensity High Charge State ECR Ion Sources

The next-generation heavy ion beam accelerators such as the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA), the Radioactive Ion Beam Factory at RIKEN, the GSI upgrade project, the LHC-upgrade, and IMP in Lanzhou require a great variety of high charge state ion beams with a magnitude higher beam intensity than currently achievable. High performance Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources can provide the flexibility since they can routinely produce beams from hydrogen to uranium. Over the last three decades, ECR ion sources have continued improving the available ion beam intensities by increasing the magnetic fields and ECR heating frequencies to enhance the confinement and the plasma density. With advances in superconducting magnet technology, a new generation of high field superconducting sources is now emerging. They are designed to meet the requirements of these next generation accelerator projects. The paper will briefly review the field of high performance ECR ion sources and the latest developments for high intensity ion beam production. The currently most advanced next-generation superconducting ECR ion source VENUS will be described in more detail.
Assessment of Trauma Symptoms in Eating-Disordered Populations

Research suggests that individuals with eating disorders (EDs) are relatively likely to have been abused or neglected as children, or to have been victimized in adolescence or adulthood. These experiences, in turn, are often associated with a range of psychological symptoms, as well as, in some cases, a more severe or complex ED presentation. In this article, we review both generic and more trauma-specific psychological tests that can be used to (a) identify clinically relevant trauma histories in the ED patient and (b) uncover trauma-relevant symptoms that may complicate or intensify a given instance of ED. We also discuss the clinical implications of a detailed trauma assessment, including its usefulness in guiding treatment for ED-trauma patients.
K-sketch: a 'kinetic' sketch pad for novice animators

Because most animation tools are complex and time-consuming to learn and use, most animations today are created by experts. To help novices create a wide range of animations quickly, we have developed a general-purpose, informal, 2D animation sketching system called K-Sketch. Field studies investigating the needs of animators and would-be animators helped us collect a library of usage scenarios for our tool. A novel optimization technique enabled us to design an interface that is simultaneously fast, simple, and powerful. The result is a pen-based system that relies on users' intuitive sense of space and time while still supporting a wide range of uses. In a laboratory experiment that compared K-Sketch to a more formal animation tool (PowerPoint), participants worked three times faster, needed half the learning time, and had significantly lower cognitive load with K-Sketch.
Reprocessing in Luminous Disks

We develop and investigate a procedure that accounts for disk reprocessing of photons that originate in the disk itself. Surface temperatures and simple, black body spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of protostellar disks are calculated. In disks that flare with radius, reprocessing of stellar photons results in temperature profiles considerably shallower than r(sup -3/4). Including the disk as a radiation source (as in the case of actively secreting disks) along with the stellar source further flattens the temperature profile. Disks that flare strongly near the star and then smoothly curve over and become shadowed at some distance ("decreasing curvature" disks) exhibit nearly power-law temperature profiles which result in power-law infrared SEDs with slopes in agreement with typical observations of young stellar objects. Disk models in which the photospheric thickness is controlled by the local opacity and in which the temperature decreases with radius naturally show this shape. Uniformly flaring models do not match observations as well; progressively stronger reprocessing at larger radii leads to SEDs that flatten toward the infrared or even have a second peak at the wavelength corresponding (through the Wien law) to the temperature of the outer edge of the disk. In FU Orionis outbursting systems, the dominant source of energy is the disk itself. The details of the reprocessing depend sensitively on the assumed disk shape and emitted temperature profile. The thermal instability outburst models of Bell Lin reproduce trends in the observed SEDs of Fuors with T varies as r(sup -3/4) in the inner disk (r approx. less than 0.25au corresponding to lambda approx. less than 10 microns) and T varies as r(sup -1/2) in the outer disk. Surface irradiation during outburst and quiescence is compared in the region of planet formation (1 - 10 au). The contrast between the two phases is diminished by the importance of the reprocessing of photons from the relatively high mass flux outer disk (dot-M = 10(exp -5) solar mass/yr) which is present during both outburst and quiescence.
Differences in brainstem fiber tract response to radiation: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study.

Purpose To determine whether radiation-induced changes in white matter tracts are uniform across the brainstem. Methods and Materials We analyzed serial diffusion tensor imaging data, acquired before radiation therapy and over 48 to 72 months of follow-up, from 42 pediatric patients (age 6-20 years) with medulloblastoma. FSL software (FMRIB, Oxford, UK) was used to calculate fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial, radial, and mean diffusivities. For a consistent identification of volumes of interest (VOIs), the parametric maps of each patient were transformed to a standard brain space (MNI152), on which we identified VOIs including corticospinal tract (CST), medial lemniscus (ML), transverse pontine fiber (TPF), and middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) at the level of pons. Temporal changes of DTI parameters in VOIs were compared using a linear mixed effect model. Results Radiation-induced white matter injury was marked by a decline in FA after treatment. The decline was often accompanied by decreased axial diffusivity, increased radial diffusivity, or both. This implied axonal damage and demyelination. We observed that the magnitude of the changes was not always uniform across substructures of the brainstem. Specifically, the changes in DTI parameters for TPF were more pronounced than in other regions ( P P >.093 for all parameters). Conclusions Changes in the structural integrity of white matter tracts, assessed by DTI, were not uniform across the brainstem after radiation therapy. These results support a role for tract-based assessment in radiation treatment planning and determination of brainstem tolerance.
A Geospatial Analysis of Convective Rainfall Regions Within Tropical Cyclones After Landfall

In this article, the author utilizes a GIS to spatially analyze radar reflectivity returns during the 24 hours following 43 tropical cyclone (TC) landfalls. The positions of convective rainfall regions and their areal extent are then examined according to storm intensity, motion, vertical wind shear, time until extratropical transition, time after landfall, and distance from the coastline. As forward velocity increases in conjunction with an extratropical transition, these regions move outward, shift from the right side to the front of the TC, and grow in size. A similar radial shift, but with a decrease in areal extent, occurs as TCs weaken. Further quantification of the shapes of these regions could yield a more spatially accurate assessment of where TCs may produce high rainfall totals.
Anomaly detection for random graphs using distributions of vertex invariants

Anomaly detection is a longstanding problem with many applications in signal processing. We consider anomaly detection on graphs, a subject which has not previously had treatment in such depth. Our approach is inspired largely by previous work [1]–[3], where anomaly detection in an acoustic signal is accomplished by measuring and comparing the distribution of localized measurements to those available from a non-anomalous signal. In similar spirit, we proceed by comparing distributions of vertex invariants to those obtained from non-anomalous graphs. Specifically, we consider homogeneous Erdos-Renyi random graphs (where each vertex is connected independently with equal probability p) to be non-anomalous, and compare them to four classes of heterogeneous alternatives (where a subset of the vertices are connected according to a different process). Our contributions are (1) a novel method of incorporating information from vertex invariants for anomaly detection on graphs, (2) a principled approach to fusing information from an arbitrary number of such statistics, and (3) evaluation on several types of anomalous graphs. We demonstrate superior performance to available state-of-the-art approaches against the specific type of anomalies optimized for, and further demonstrate superior generalization to an entire class of anomalies.
Towards Faster Stochastic Gradient Search

Stochastic gradient descent is a general algorithm which includes LMS, on-line backpropagation, and adaptive k-means clustering as special cases. The standard choices of the learning rate η (both adaptive and fixed functions of time) often perform quite poorly. In contrast, our recently proposed class of "search then converge" learning rate schedules (Darken and Moody, 1990) display the theoretically optimal asymptotic convergence rate and a superior ability to escape from poor local minima. However, the user is responsible for setting a key parameter. We propose here a new methodology for creating the first completely automatic adaptive learning rates which achieve the optimal rate of convergence.
A comparison between Filtered Backprojection, Post-Smoothed Weighted Least Squares, and Penalized Weighted Least Squares for CT reconstruction

We examined the impact of several CT reconstruction approaches on image noise and spatial resolution. Reconstructions were performed using filtered backprojection (FBP) with ramp and low pass filters, weighted least squares (WLS) iterative reconstruction (IR) with ordered subsets and post-smoothing, and penalized weighted least squares (PWLS) IR with ordered subsets using a generalized Geman prior, varying the exponent and the strength of the prior. The results show that WLS could have a significant noise-resolution benefit relative to FBP, depending on the object and the corresponding statistics of the measurements. The use of priors (PWLS) can further reduce the image noise compared to non-penalized WLS. The spatial resolution is very well preserved for larger contrasts/edges and for larger values of n, but the performance is more comparable to FBP for smaller contrasts/edges and for smaller values of n. Penalized IR has the potential of improving spatial resolution and reducing image noise when compared to post-smoothed non-penalized IR and FBP.
Multiagent patrol generalized to complex environmental conditions

The problem of multiagent patrol has gained considerable attention during the past decade, with the immediate applicability of the problem being one of its main sources of interest. In this paper we concentrate on frequency-based patrol, in which the agents' goal is to optimize a frequency criterion, namely, minimizing the time between visits to a set of interest points. We consider multiagent patrol in environments with complex environmental conditions that affect the cost of traveling from one point to another. For example, in marine environments, the travel time of ships depends on parameters such as wind, water currents, and waves. We demonstrate that in such environments there is a need to consider a new multiagent patrol strategy which divides the given area into parts in which more than one agent is active, for improving frequency. We show that in general graphs this problem is intractable, therefore we focus on simplified (yet realistic) cyclic graphs with possible inner edges. Although the problem remains generally intractable in such graphs, we provide a heuristic algorithm that is shown to significantly improve point-visit frequency compared to other patrol strategies. For evaluation of our work we used a custom developed ship simulator that realistically models ship movement constraints such as engine force and drag and reaction of the ship to environmental changes.
Non‐axenic and Axenic Growth of Vorticella microstoma

SYNOPSIS. Vorticella microstoma was grown non-axenically and axenically at pH 6.4. Vorticellas were maintained indefinitely on Bacillus cereus in a medium composed of Proteose-Peptone, Cerophyl, and the filtrate from boiled wheat kernels. Prolific growth occurred in 2-membered cultures. A medium containing hydrolyzed gelatin, aqueous liver extract, yeast nucleic acid hydrolysate, glucose, and penicillin is recommended for axenic growth. The potential value of vorticellids as research tools is discussed together with metabolic implications of supplementing sterile Proteose-Peptone broth with natural substances in particle form. The ineffectiveness of adding tryptophan, thiamine, glycine, and chelating agents to the axenic medium was considered. Refinements of the axenic medium are on trial.
The eight-minute defibrillation response interval debunked: or is it?

We all “know” that the time from collapse to defibrillation is one crucial factor in outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We “know” this for a number of reasons. First, we have seen enough defibrillations, either in the field, in the emergency department (ED), or both, to have made the unstructured observation that it works better when performed soon after collapse. These “unsystematic clinical observations” are at the bottom (first step) of the hierarchy of strength of evidence for treatment decisions as set forth in the evidence-based medicine literature.1 Second, data from animal and electrophysiology laboratories demonstrate that induced ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia can be reversed through a countershock with almost 100% reliability when the shock is applied without delay, most likely because the fibrillation action potentials follow each other immediately, with little or no intervening periods of electrical diastole. This allows the defibrillatory shock to interact with cardiac muscle cells during some phase of the action potential, rather than during electrical diastole.2 Deterioration in the defibrillatory waveform over time resulting from degrading cellular electrophysiology through a variety of mechanisms3-5 results in decreased chances of defibrillatory success.6 In the context of outof-hospital cardiac arrest, these physiologic studies are the next (second) step up the hierarchy of evidence. E M E R G E N C Y M E D I C A L S E R V I C E S / E D I T O R I A L
Structural Determinants within Pbx1 That Mediate Cooperative DNA Binding with Pentapeptide-Containing Hox Proteins: Proposal for a Model of a Pbx1-Hox-DNA Complex

Genetic studies have identified a family of divergent homeodomain proteins, including the human protooncoprotein Pbx1 and its drosophila homolog extradenticle (Exd), which function as cofactors with a subset of Hox and HOM-C proteins, and are essential for specific target gene expression. Pbx1/Exd binds DNA elements cooperatively with a large subset of Hox/HOM-C proteins containing a conserved pentapeptide motif, usually YPWMR, located just N terminally to their homeodomains. The pentapeptide is essential for cooperative DNA binding with Pbx1. In this study, we identify structural determinants of Pbx1 that are required for cooperative DNA binding with the pentapeptide-containing Hox protein HoxA5. We demonstrate that the homeodomain of Pbx1 contains a surface that binds the pentapeptide motif and that the Pbx1 homeodomain is sufficient for cooperative DNA binding with a Hox protein. A sequence immediately C terminal to the Pbx1 homeodomain, which is highly conserved in Pbx2 and Pbx3 and predicted to form an alpha-helix, enhances monomeric DNA binding by Pbx1 and also contributes to maximal cooperativity with Hox proteins. Binding studies with chimeric HoxA5-Pbx1 fusion proteins suggest that the homeodomains of Pbx1 and HoxA5 are docked on the representative element, TTGATTGAT, in tandem, with Pbx1 recognizing the 5' TTGAT core motif and the Hox protein recognizing the 3' TGAT core. The proposed binding orientation permits Hox proteins to exhibit further binding specificity on the basis of the identity of the four residues 3' to their core binding motif.
Post-Fisc Distributions of Income: Measuring Progressivity With Application To the United States

Building upon recent research designed to measure the progressivity of the pub-lic budget, this article contributes a mathematical and computational method for measuring the progressivity of public expenditures and net fiscal incidence (NFI), and derives the mathematical relationship among the NFI progressivity index, the tax progressivity index, and the public expenditure progressivity index. The computational methodology is utilized in a fiscal application to United States data. The results indicate that from 1950 to 1970 the movement toward increased progressivity in the federal expenditure structure was dominated by the combination of the movement toward less progressivity in the state and local expenditure structure, less progressivity in the federal tax structure, and more regressivity in the state and local tax structure. It is shown that from 1950 to 1970 NFI progressivity decreased for all three government levels studied.
Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1 is the Major Collagenolytic Enzyme Responsible for Collagen Damage in UV‐irradiated Human Skin¶

Punch biopsies of human skin were obtained 1 day after irradiation with two minimal-erythema doses (MED) from either a UVB light source or a Solar Simulator and incubated in organ culture for 72 h. Organ culture fluids obtained at 24, 48 and 72 h were analyzed for collagenolytic activity and for reactivity with antibodies to matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1; interstitial collagenase) and MMP-13 (collagenase3). High levels of collagenolytic activity were seen in organ culture fluid from skin exposed to either light source. MMP-1 was strongly induced in parallel, increasing from less than 100 ng/ml in organ culture fluid from control skin to approximately 1.1 mg/ml in culture fluid from UV-treated skin. Whereas most of the detectable MMP-1 in control culture fluid was represented by the latent form of the enzyme, approximately 50% of the enzyme was present as the active form in organ culture fluid of UV-exposed skin. In contrast, there was no detectable MMP-13 in control organ culture fluid and very little change after UV exposure (less than 100 ng/ml in both cases). Finally, neutralization studies with a blocking antibody to MMP-1 removed 95 6 4% of the collagenolytic activity in the organ culture fluid from UV-treated skin. These findings strongly implicate MMP-1 rather than MMP-13 as the major collagenolytic enzyme responsible for collagen damage in photoaging.
An effective method of treating long-enduring wounds and ulcers by topical applications of solutions of nutrients

A safe and effective method of improving repair and controlling infection of wounds is presented. It consists of debridement daily and application topically of a balanced solution of salts, amino acids, a high-molecular weight, D-glucose polysaccharide, and ascorbic acid. Wounds of several causes were treated, namely, second- and third-degree thermal burns, decubitus, varicose, and stasis ulcers, and diabetic lesions. Local infection was controlled early and the majority of the cases responded with quick formation of highly vascular, smooth, infection-free granulation tissue and centripetal epithelial growth. Small- and medium-sized lesions healed spontaneously in 4 to 8 weeks. Larger lesions were readily managed with autografts of skin as soon as satisfactory beds were obtained.
Person-environment congruence: A response to the Moos perspective

Abstract Moos' influential conceptual framework describes how perceptions of collective human environments (social climates) influence behavior. Congruence is achieved when individuals adapt their preferences in selecting environments. This view generally underemphasizes the role of individual variables and the actual environment. Progress in person-environment theory and research will result from continual analysis of the reciprocal influences of the person, the perceived environment, the actual environment, and behavior.
Built-In Self-Test of configurable logic blocks in Virtex-5 FPGAs

A Built-In Self-Test (BIST) approach is presented for the configurable logic blocks (CLBs) in Xilinx Virtex-5 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). A total of 17 configurations were developed to completely test the full functionality of the CLBs, including distributed RAM modes of operation. These configurations cumulatively detect 100% of stuck-at faults in every CLB. There is no area overhead or performance penalty and the approach is applicable to all levels of FPGA testing (wafer, package, and in-system). A novel output response analyzer (ORA) design, which is efficiently implemented in FPGAs, provides both an overall single-bit pass/fail result and optimal diagnostic resolution when faults are detected. The implementation of the BIST approach in all Virtex-5 FPGAs and experimental results are discussed.
Control of Heavy Metals in Emission Streams

Heavy metals are elements that are located in the periodic table from groups III to VI and periods 4 or greater. The elements have high atomic weight greater than sodium and high specific gravity (i.e., usually greater than 5.0 g/cm3). In addition, the elements have high thermal conductivity and are characterized by malleability and ductility. There are 65 elements listed in the periodic table that can be defined as heavy metals based on the above definitions. Approximately 30 metals, either in elemental forms, in salts, or in organometallic compounds, have been used by industry. Heavy metals in the wastes will not be directly exposed to the atmosphere. Thermal or vaporization processes enhance heavy metal exposure into the atmosphere. Unlike organic compounds, metals cannot be completely destroyed by the thermal process. The thermal process can only oxidize the majority of metals to particulate matter. Only a small amount of volatile metals having a boiling point lower than the thermal/combustion operation temperature will be vaporized. Metals, such as arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc, are of great concern in waste incineration and coal combustion because of their presence in many wastes and because of possible adverse health effects from human exposure to emissions 1.
Transportation and Land Use

Transportation and land use interact with each other in a mutual and dynamic manner. Changes in transportation systems create new accessibility levels that influence land-use patterns. Land-use changes in turn modify activity and travel patterns, which induce further changes in transportation systems. In addition, transportation and land-use interaction is influenced by other ongoing dynamic processes in an urban system. Many theories and models have been developed to improve our understanding of the mutual effects between transportation and land use. However, it remains a challenge to identify and forecast transportation and land-use interaction in contemporary urban areas since the interplays between different processes occur at various spatial and temporal scales and it is difficult to isolate the effect of one process from the others. Due to the desire of implementing innovative transportation and/or land-use policies to help achieve sustainable development, transportation and land-use interaction are likely to continue receiving attention from policymakers. Although we may not be able to answer all of the questions related to transportation and land-use interaction in the near future, recent progress in related theoretical work, methodological improvements, and technological advancements have shown promising potential of gaining further understanding of this subject.
Race and preventive services delivery.

The article, part of a continuing series on the Direct Observation of Primary Care study, will explore how race impacts the delivery of preventive services and how family physicians can improve preventive care to all populations.