cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements.

The relationship between saccadic eye movements and covert orienting of visual spatial attention was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were required to make a saccade to a specified location while also detecting a visual target presented just prior to the eye movement. Detection accuracy was highest when the location of the target coincided with the location of the saccade, suggesting that subjects use spatial attention in the programming and/or execution of saccadic eye movements. In the second experiment, subjects were explicitly directed to attend to a particular location and to make a saccade to the same location or to a different one. Superior target detection occurred at the saccade location regardless of attention instructions. This finding shows that subjects cannot move their eyes to one location and attend to a different one. The results of these experiments suggest that visuospatial attention is an important mechanism in generating voluntary saccadic eye movements.
Case Report: Severe Hyponatremia in Spinal Cord Injury

ABSTRACT A male quadriplegic (C 6 —complete) with persistent chronic hyponatremia (serum sodium values ranging consistently from 117-132 mmol/L) developed acute hyponatremia with a serum sodium concentration of 98 mmol/L. This extreme hyponatremia related, in part, to a reversible defect in the excretion of a water load, while on a low (46 mmol/day) sodium diet. Subsequent ingestion of a normal sodium diet (150 mmol/day), with or without 0.1 mg of fludrocortisone (Florinef™), reestablished his ability to excrete a water load normally. The etiology of this patient’s hyponatremia is discussed as well as the unique concordance of factors which make hyponatremia a common occurrence among spinal-cord injured patients.
The Components of the Circular Velocity of Money

I. Introduction: the basic equation, 224. — II. Production one batch at a time; the length of the "production process" as the determinant of circular velocity, 226. — III. Production in overlapping batches; the intervals between successive payments; the relative timing of payment schedules; other determining factors, 230. — IV. Several different production processes; shifts in demand; new investment, 243. — V. "Idle" balances of cash; their effect on circular velocity; probably the chief source of short-period fluctuations in velocity, 251. — VI. The statistical data; inferences therefrom, 259. — VII. The related problem of working capital. Three definitions; the value of working capital, 264.
Lateral and medial epicondylitis in the overhead athlete

The act of throwing produces significant stresses about the elbow joint and surrounding soft tissues, resulting in a sport-specific pattern of injury. Many elbow injuries and conditions that occur in throwing athletes result from accumulated microtrauma secondary to these stresses and the repetitive motion of throwing. Two common repetitive-motion-induced conditions are lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis. Both conditions can be treated nonoperatively in most patients. Lateral epicondylitis involves injury to the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, and medial epicondylitis involves injury to the flexor carpi radialis or pronator teres muscles, or both, near their origins. In chronic injuries, tendon damage can range from microtears to tendon rupture. Damage to the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon in lateral epicondylitis can be classified according to its arthroscopic appearance into 3 types: type I with an intact capsule, type II with linear tears of the undersurface of the tendon, and type III with complete tears of the overlying capsule. Arthroscopic treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis is effective. Treatment involves debriding the diseased capsule, releasing the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendinous origin, and decorticating the lateral epicondyle. Medial epicondylitis is less common than lateral epicondylitis and rarely requires surgical intervention. Surgical treatment involves open excision of diseased tissue without release of the tendons from the medial epicondyle.
Analysis of the Effect That Holding Time Has on the Perceived Sensory Quality and Acceptability of Poached Chicken

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of holding time on the sensory quality of chicken. Background research was conducted on the concentration of volatile compounds released during this holding time and the impact that oxidation has on flavor. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to identify volatile compounds, and three compounds (hexanal, dimethyl sulfide, and propanal) were shown to have changed consistently, which may impact the flavor of chicken. A triangle test and demographic survey were conducted using an untrained panel to determine the perceived effect of a 10-min holding time on chicken flavor. The results showed that college students are unable to detect a difference between chicken held for 1 or 10 min.
The unbearable modernity of ‘development’? Canal irrigation and development planning in Western India

Abstract Post-development theorists have argued that ideas such as ‘progress’, ‘growth’, ‘poverty’ and ‘underdevelopment’, are artifacts of a discourse of development that has imposed its normalizing and teleological vision on the world. I intend this essay as a provisional critique of post-development theory. I show with the help of a detailed case study of canal irrigation-led development in central Gujarat, India, that while the general critique of development presented by post-development theorists is valid in many respects, the criticisms they launch are neither novel; nor, are their understandings of development processes particularly nuanced. Morever, I demonstrate that post-development theory is philosophically inconsistent when examined on its own terms. In contrast to the critics of development, whose project concludes, inevitably, in an anti-development stance, I argue that development can be liberatory in particular time–space contexts. We cannot make a priori assessments of development outcomes without understanding the freedoms they enable or curtail: in other words, their moral geographies. I suggest that as development planners and scholars interested in tackling issues of poverty, inequality, and deprivation, we can use our theoretical arsenal to expose and contest capricious and disempowering forms of development; and imagine alternative strategies.
The Effects of High- and Low-Dose Aspirin on Thermoregulation During and After Acute Cold Exposure

Objective To explore the effect of aspirin on the thermoregulatory responses of men during exposure to 12°C air (acute cold exposure) for a period of 120 minutes and recovery in 25°C air (rewarming) for 120 minutes. Methods Seven male subjects (26.1 ± 2.4 yr) underwent pre-experimental testing to determine peak VO 2 and body composition. Participants underwent 3 trials in which they ingested the following for 1 week prior to each experimental trial: a capsule filled with cellulose (placebo), 81 mg · day −1 of aspirin (low-dose aspirin), or 650 mg · day −1 of aspirin (high-dose aspirin). Each trial consisted of a 30-minute baseline period, 120 minutes of exposure to 12°C air, and 120 minutes of recovery in 25°C air. Mean skin temperature and rectal temperature (T re ) were measured, and heat production was calculated. Results During both acute cold exposure and rewarming, analysis of variance revealed a main effect for time ( P re , mean skin temperature, and heat production. However, there were no significant differences between the treatments or treatment by time interactions. Conclusions These data demonstrate that aspirin had no significant effect on the thermal and metabolic responses during acute cold exposure and rewarming.
Structure determination and refinement of bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase and its complex with bestatin.

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) complexed with bestatin, a slow-binding inhibitor, has been solved to 3·0 A resolution by the multiple isomorphous replacement method with phase combination and density modification. In addition, this structure and the structure of the isomorphous native enzyme have been refined at 2·25 and 2·32 A resolution, respectively, with crystallographic R-factors of 0·180 and 0·159, respectively. The current structural model for the enzyme includes the two zinc ions and 481 of the 487 amino acid residues comprising the asymmetric unit. The enzyme is physiologically active as a hexamer, which has 32 symmetry, and is triangular in shape with a triangle edge length of 115 A and maximal thickness of 90 A. Monomers are crystallographically equivalent. Each is folded into two unequal α β domains connected by an α-helix to give a comma-like shape with approximate maximal dimensions of 90 A × 55 A × 55 A. The secondary structural composition is 35% α-helix and 23% β-strand. The N-terminal domain (160 amino acid residues) mediates trimer-trimer interactions and does not appear to participate directly in catalysis, while the C-terminal domain (327 amino acid residues) is responsible for catalysis and binds the two zinc ions, which are less than 3 A apart. These two metal ions are located near the edge of an eightstranded, saddle-shaped β-sheet. The zinc ion that has the lower temperature factor is co-ordinated by one carboxylate oxygen atom from each of Asp255, Asp332 and Glu334, and the carbonyl oxygen of Asp332. The other zinc ion, presumed to be readily exchangeable, is co-ordinated by one carboxylate oxygen atom of each of Asp273 and Glu334 and the side-chain amino group of Lys250. The active site also contains two positively charged residues, Lys262 and Arg336. The six active sites are themselves located in the interior of the hexamer, where they line a disk-shaped cavity of radius 15 A and thickness 10 A. Access to this cavity is provided by solvent channels that run along the 2-fold symmetry axes. Bestatin binds to one of the active site zinc ions, and its phenylalanine and leucine side-chains occupy hydrophobic pockets adjacent to the active site. Finally, the relationship between bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase and tie homologous enzyme pep A from Excherichia coli is discussed.
Capillary electrophoresis separation in the presence of an immiscible boundary for droplet analysis.

This paper demonstrates the ability to use capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation coupled with laser-induced fluorescence for analyzing the contents of single femtoliter-volume aqueous droplets. A single droplet was formed using a T-channel (3 μm wide by 3 μm tall) connected to microinjectors, and then the droplet was fluidically moved to an immiscible boundary that isolates the CE channel (50 μm wide by 50 μm tall) from the droplet generation region. Fusion of the aqueous droplet with the immiscible boundary effectively injects the droplet content into the separation channel. In addition to injecting the contents of droplets, we found aqueous samples can be introduced directly into the separation channel by reversibly penetrating and resealing the immiscible partition. Because droplet generation in channels requires hydrophobic surfaces, we have also investigated the advantages to using all hydrophobic channels versus channel systems with patterned hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. To fabricate dev...
Mathematics and Salsa dancing

We investigate Salsa dance positions and dance moves from a mathematical point of view. We define a mathematical ‘space of Salsa dance moves’ (similar to Dmitri Tymoczko's ‘space of musical chords’...
Neutral Beam Line Improvements Resulting from a Reduction of Gas Flow

A D+ ion source with a gas utilization efficiency of 85% or greater is feasible and leads to dramatic performance improvements and simplifications of a high energy neutral beam line for fusion reactors. The source should be long compared to present sources and have magnetic multipole boundaries sufficiently intense to be highly reflecting for both ions and electrons. The benefits to be anticipated include the elimination of power dissipation at the acceleration electrodes, removal of the source from direct neutron bombardment, a great reduction in required pumping, and the elimination of reionization losses.
Symptomatic rectocele: what are the indications for repair?

Abstract Background The surgical indications for symptomatic rectocele are undefined, and surgery has high recurrence rates. We implemented magnetic resonance imaging defecography (MRID) to determine if utilizing strict inclusion criteria for rectocele repair improves outcomes. Methods Patients with obstructive defecation syndrome (ODS) who underwent dynamic MRID were evaluated. Indications for surgical repair were defecation requiring manual assistance and the following MRID results: anterior defect >2 cm, incomplete evacuation, and the absence of perineal descent. Primary outcomes were the change in quality of life (QOL) scores and recurrence. Results From 2006 to 2013, 143 patients who presented with ODS underwent MRID. Seventeen patients met the criteria for repair. Recurrence was low (5.8%) with a median follow-up of 23 months, QOL scores improved from 57.3 to 76.5 ( P = .041). Conclusions A minority of patients (12%) with ODS met the above criteria for rectocele repair. Patients who underwent repair had a significant improvement in QOL and low recurrence rate.
Addressing Child Poverty within the Context of a Community‐Collaborative University: Comments on Fabes, Martin, and Smith (1994) and Mcloyd (1994)

Across history, there has been a strong interrelation between the scholarly agendas of American universities and pressing social issuesfacing the nation, such as child poverty. Today, however, this historical association has weakened. The two commentaries about the McKinney, Abrams, Terry, and Lerner (1994 [this issueD article-by McLoyd (1994 [this issueD and by Fabes, Martin, and Smith (1994 [this issue1)-differ in their respective visions of the role of child development scholars in addressing key societal problems besetting our nation's youthfamilies, and communities. McLoyd argues that it is morally, socially, and scientifically necessaryfor scientists to adopt scholarlyagendas that involve research addressing these problems. Fabes et al. (1994) callfor the maintenance of a balance between basic and applied research in home economics programs. We argue that it is the unique niche and potentially special contribution of home economics programs pertinent to children to pursue models that integrate research and outreach in a community-collaborative manner.
Conductive Polymer Foams as Sensors for Volatile Amines.

Open-cell polyetherurethane foams impregnated with polypyrrole were utilized as amine sensors. These foams were prepared via gas-phase loading of iodine followed by exposure to pyrrole vapor. These foams exhibited reproducible resistance responses upon exposure to triethylamine vapor. Furthermore, the sensor response was found to be linearly proportional to the amine concentration.
A new phenylquinolizidol of Heimia salicifolia.

2-Hydroxy(a)-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(e)-tvans-chinolizidin, eine Verbindung welche die strukturellen Merkmale eines vorgeschlagenen biosynthetischen Zwischenproduktes der lactonischenLythvaceae Alkaloide besitzt, wurde inSamlingen vonHeimia salicifolia nachgewiesen.
Misery rarely gets company: The influence of emotional bandwidth on supportive communication on Facebook

Abstract This study introduces the concept of emotional bandwidth to describe a communicator’s ability to use technological features to disclose personal affect online. Strategic use of emotional bandwidth was expected to correspond with interpersonal rewards, specifically the willingness of others to provide social support. Participants (N = 84) viewed hypothetical Facebook profiles that contained manipulated levels of emotional bandwidth and were asked how much support they would provide to the person in the profile. Participants who viewed profiles portraying high emotional bandwidth were less willing to provide social support; however, this finding was qualified by personal qualities. Females, people who perceived a sense of community, and people who had a preference for online social interaction indicated a greater willingness to provide support in the high emotional bandwidth condition. Implications for designing affective affordances in technologies and their psychological effects are discussed.
A landscape-based approach for delineating hotspots of wildlife-vehicle collisions

Imposing human perceptions about the scales of ecological processes can produce unreliable scientific inferences in wildlife research and possibly misinform mitigation strategies. An example of this disconnect occurs in studies of wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs). Subjective procedures are often used to delineate hotspots of WVCs, resulting in hotspots that are not spatially independent. We developed a new approach that identifies independent hotspots using attributes of the landscape to inform delineations instead of subjective measures. First, we generated a candidate set of grouping scenarios using unique combinations of kernel-density estimation parameterization (i.e., bandwidth and isopleth values). Next, we associated the groups of WVCs with attributes of the surrounding landscape. Finally, we identified the grouping scenario with the highest amount of variation in the landscape among the groups. The highest variation corresponded to hotspots that were most distinguishable from each other (i.e., most independent) based on the surrounding landscape. We tested our approach on 3 species of wildlife [island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on San Clemente Island, CA; white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Onondaga County, NY; and moose (Alces alces) in western Maine] that exemplified varying degrees of space-use in different landscapes. We found that the landscape-based approach was able to effectively delineate independent hotspots for each species without using subjective measures. The landscape-based approach delineated fewer or larger hotspots than currently used methods, suggesting a reduction in spatial dependency among hotspots. Variation in the landscape indicated that hotspots may be larger than previously identified; therefore current mitigation strategies should be adjusted to include larger areas of high risk.
Regulation, recession, and bank lending behavior: The 1990 credit crunch

This article utilizes a pooled time-series and cross-section sample of banks to investigate the causes of the credit contraction which occurred during the 1990–1991 period. The methodology involves an econometric model which recognizes that banks' decisions regarding lending and capital are simultaneously determined. Bank lending behavior is modeled as being determined by a combination of economic conditions, loan quality problems, and capital growth. The results of the econometric tests are consistent with a multiplicity of factors contributing to the reduction in lending. The evidence suggests that the credit contraction of 1990–1991 cannot be explained solely as a result of recession and low capital levels. Changes in the supervisory climate and in bank capital regulation, perhaps coupled with independent changes in bankers' assessments of the risk climate, were likely responsible for a substantial part of the credit contraction.
Circadian rhythms: stem cells traffic in time.

Circadian activity in the brain regulates the movement of blood stem cells into and out of the bone marrow. Perhaps this process is testing the suitability of these cell 'tenants' for their new home — the remodelling bone. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) circulate in the blood, where they can home to sites throughout the body. The release of these cells into the blood stream has now been found to be regulated by circadian rhythms. In mice, HSCs undergo pronounced fluctuations corresponding to circadian oscillations induced by continuous light or by a 12-hour time-shift or 'jet lag'. Timing of the expression of the chemokine CXCL12 in the stem cell niche was also in step with the oscillations in response to adrenergic signals delivered locally by nerves in the bone marrow. The rhythmic release of stem cells into the blood during the animal's resting period suggests a possible role in regeneration.
The effects of UV radiation on several high‐performance polyimide composites

Three high-performance polyimides were exposed at 177°C to ultraviolet radiation at three different intensities and for three different times so that the product of intensity and time was a constant. Intensities of 1, 2 and 3 suns, and times of 500, 250 and 167h were used. One sun is the power in space at one earth-sun distance and is 0.135J s -1 cm -2 . The polyimides were LARC-8515, PETI-5 and K3B. Samples were analysed by XPS, TGA, TMA and DMA. Thermal analyses by TGA, TMA and DMA, which measure bulk properties, showed essentially no difference between samples exposed to heat and UV radiation, and control samples. Surface analysis by XPS showed an apparent decrease in carbonyl on the surface of some exposed samples. This could be correlated for the PETI-5 and LARC-8515 samples to surface contamination by a silicone-containing material.
Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: an overview.

There is substantial evidence that the early stages of atherosclerosis are comprised of a series of oxidative processes that accompany the known risk factors attributed to abnormal plasma lipid profiles. The current opinion in this field holds that hyperlipidemia along with enhanced oxidation of lipoprotein lipids are separate but interacting factors giving rise to the formation of atherogenic lesions [23]. Evidence in support of the lipid hypothesis is substantial, shown in recent years by the dramatic reduction in coronary artery disease arising from lipid lowering therapies ‐ particularly cholesterollowering drugs. However, progression of atherosclerosis even with aggressive lipid-lowering therapies indicates that other factors are involved in a substantial segment of the population. There are certainly genetic factors that determine predisposition to disease based on abnormalities in lipid metabolism and deposition, however, other genetically determined as well as genetically independent processes appear to be of importance. These include the formation and elimination of oxidants and their effects on vascular tissues, as these oxidants can be derived either via metabolic processes or by external sources. The oxidant-mediated processes thought to be of importance in early atherogenesis are described in Table 1. These steps apply to the oxidation of serum lipoproteins as well as to vascular tissues, and interaction of lipoproteins with vascular cells through oxidative events appears to be central to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Each of these events are characteristic of the generally accepted processes involved in atherosclerosis. Oxidants have been shown to produce atherogenic responses independent of lipid levels and the mechanisms of injury include many of the biological events described for atherogenesis. Injury can be manifested by acute damage to cell components and vascular cell death, however, this is less likely than the non-lethal injury that is produced by oxidized LDL or by the inflammatory response encountered in vivo which causes perturbations in cell function. Support for the role of oxidants in the development of atherosclerosis also comes from recent clinical trials demonstrating antioxidant protection beyond that afforded by lipid lowering therapies [13,19]. The therapeutic potential of antioxidants can be demonstrated in many of the key steps described for early atherosclerosis. The steps of interest include: 1) Injury to the vessel wall, lipoprotein-derived oxidants have been shown to damage the endothelium through direct reactions with membranes [25], and cytoskeletal components [16] leading to overt injury or to apoptosis [11]. Lipid peroxides, derived aldehydes and cholesterol oxides are postulated as likely causative agents [7,9].
Bradyarrhythmias Incident to Thrombolysis for Acute Inferior Wall Infarction: A Caveat

Of ten consecutive patients (eight men, two women; mean age, 59 years) seen over a ten-month period with acute inferoposterior infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy, seven patients demonstrated significant rhythm disturbances at a time interval consistent with clot lysis and in a setting of other clinical markers predictive of reperfusion. One patient had a ventricular arrhythmia treated with intravenous procainamide, but six patients had marked bradyarrhythmias (sinus bradycardia, four patients; and 2° atrioventricular block, one patient) associated with hemodynamic compromise. Urgent treatment consisting of intravenous atropine sulfate (1 mg) briskly restored sinus rhythm and normal arterial pressure within 1 min. Bradyarrhythmias incident to thrombolysis for acute inferoposterior infarction appear to arise as a vagally mediated cardiovascular reflex (Bezold-Jarisch) and the rapid vagolytic effect of intravenous atropine sulfate makes this therapy specific and appropriate .
Does Effective Management of Sleep Disorders Improve Pain Symptoms

Co-morbid insomnia is a much more frequent problem than primary insomnia. In co-morbid insomnia, management of the underlying disease can improve sleep difficulty. Conversely, treating the sleep disorder may also improve the co-morbid condition. For example, patients with painful chronic illnesses are more likely to experience sleep disturbance than patients with non-painful illnesses. Moreover, there is evidence that insomnia further exacerbates pain in these illnesses. This suggests that a reciprocal relationship exists between pain and sleep, and that intervention targeted primarily at insomnia may improve pain. Treatment options for sleep disorders in the context of pain that have been assessed include cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and various pharmacological therapies. In randomized clinical trials, cognitive behavioural therapy significantly improved insomnia secondary to chronic pain compared with control therapy, but pain was only improved in patients in whom it was associated with pain disorders other than fibromyalgia. Of the pharmacological agents studied (zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam), only triazolam improved both sleep and pain to a greater extent than placebo. Overall, clinical data supporting a cause-effect relationship between insomnia and pain are preliminary and are limited to several small trials. Further investigation is required to clarify the extent of the link between insomnia and pain and whether successfully managing insomnia secondary to pain improves pain symptoms. Areas of particular interest include investigation of the effect of sleep agents on analgesia and the effect of analgesics on sleep.
Remote sensing of the sea surface using one‐ and two‐frequency microwave techniques

The capabilities of one- and two-frequency, coherent, pulsed, microwave radars for the remote sensing of the sea surface have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A combined instrument recording data independently in both modes is a compact and versatile probe for the study of two-scale wave systems. The one-frequency coherent radar has the capability of being able to make directional waveheight measurements (by sensing orbital velocities) which are independent of any knowledge of a modulation transfer function. This directional measurement capability has been verified experimentally and directional waveheight spectra have been shown to compare favorably with those measured by an array of pressure sensors.
Iron compounds catalyze the oxidation of 10-formyl-5,6,7,8 tetrahydrofolic acid to 10-formyl-7,8 dihydrofolic acid

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that 10-formyl-7,8-dihydrofolic acid (10-HCO-H 2 folate) is a better substrate for mammalian aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase (EC 2.1.2.3) than is 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (10-HCO-H 4 folate) (J.E. Baggott, G.L. Johanning, K.E. Branham, C.W. Prince, S.L. Morgan, I. Eto, W.H. Vaughn, Biochem. J. 308, 1995, 1031–1036). Therefore, the possible metabolism of 10-HCO-H 4 folate to 10-HCO-H 2 folate was investigated. A spectrophotometric assay for the oxidation of 10-HCO-H 4 folate to 10-HCO-H 2 folate which measures the disappearance of reactant (decrease in absorbance at 356 nm after acidification of aliquots of the reaction solution), is used to demonstrate that iron compounds catalyze the oxidation of 10-HCO-H 4 folate to 10-HCO-H 2 folate in the presence and absence of ascorbate. Chromatographic separation of the 10-HCO-H 2 folate product from the reaction mixture, its UV spectra, a microbiological assay and an enzymatic assay established that the iron-catalyzed oxidation product of 10-HCO-H 4 folate was 10-HCO-H 2 folate; without substantial side reactions. The inhibition of this iron-catalyzed oxidation by deferoxamine, apotransferrin and mannitol and the stimulation by citrate and EDTA indicated a mechanism involving a reaction of 10-HCO-H 4 folate with hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) generated by Fenton chemistry. The presence of “free iron” (e.g. Fe 3+ citrate) in bile, cerebrospinal fluid and intracellularly suggest that this oxidation could occur in vivo and that 10-HCO-H 4 folate may be a • OH scavenger.
The Scope and Persistence of Mere-Measurement Effects: Evidence from a Field Study of Customer Satisfaction Measurement

Self-generated validity research has demonstrated that responding to survey questions changes subsequently measured judgments and behavior. We examine the scope and persistence of the effect of measuring satisfaction on customer behavior over time. In a field experiment conducted in a financial services setting, we hypothesize and find that measuring satisfaction ( a ) changes one-time purchase behavior, ( b ) changes relational customer behaviors (likelihood of defection, aggregate product use, and profitability), and ( c ) results in effects that increase for months afterward and persist even a year later. These results raise questions concerning the design, interpretation, and ethics in the conduct of applied marketing research studies.
Separable noradrenergic and dopaminergic regulation of prepulse inhibition in rats: implications for predictive validity and Tourette Syndrome

Startle inhibition by lead stimuli (prepulse inhibition, “PPI”), and the disruption of this process by dopamine agonists and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, are used in predictive models for antipsychotic development. PPI is also disrupted by the norepinephrine α-1 agonist, cirazoline, and the PPI-disruptive effects of the indirect dopamine agonist amphetamine are opposed by the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. The hypothesis that PPI may be regulated by norepinephrine, or by interactions between dopamine and norepinephrine substrates, was tested in a series of experiments with the α-2 agonist, clonidine, which is used clinically to treat Tourette Syndrome (TS). PPI was measured in male Sprague–Dawley rats after pretreatment with clonidine or the D2 antagonist haloperidol, and treatment with cirazoline, amphetamine, the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine, or the NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine. PPI was disrupted by cirazoline; this effect was prevented by clonidine but not haloperidol. PPI was disrupted by apomorphine; this effect was prevented by haloperidol but not clonidine. Clonidine also failed to oppose the PPI-disruptive effects of amphetamine and augmented the PPI-disruptive effects of phencyclidine. Over a range of prepulse intervals, clonidine enhanced PPI at short intervals and opposed the PPI-disruptive effects of cirazoline at long intervals. PPI is regulated by both norepinephrine and dopamine substrates that are neurochemically separable. The PPI-protective effects of clonidine suggest that the noradrenergic regulation of PPI may have utility for predicting therapeutic benefit in TS for drugs other than antipsychotics. Clonidine’s failure to prevent the PPI-disruptive effects of apomorphine or phencyclidine further support the specificity of these PPI models for detecting drugs with antipsychotic properties.
Promoting Remedial Response to the Risk of Radon: Are Information Campaigns Enough?

New Jersey residents who tested their homes for radon and found more than four picocuries per liter were surveyed (and a subsample interviewed) about their knowledge, emotions, attitudes, and intentions to take remedial action Respondents proved well informed, but radon levels were not highly correlated with any of the response variables. Overoptimism was more common than overreaction. The results suggest that active guidance is needed to ensure appropriate responses to environmental hazards, like radon, that require individual remediation. Simple information dissemination alone seems inadequate.
Comparison Between Angioplasty Using Compliant and Noncompliant Balloons for Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm Associated With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Considerable controversy exists regarding the choice of balloon used for performing angioplasty as treatment of cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Objective To determine the impact of compliant and noncompliant balloons on angiographic and clinical outcomes among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage-related cerebral vasospasm. Methods Consecutive patients with cerebral vasospasm who underwent balloon angioplasty were included. Patient characteristics, rate of angiographic recurrence, and occurrence of cerebral infarcts in the affected vessel distribution were compared between arteries treated using different balloons. Results A total of 30 patients underwent a first-time angioplasty using compliant (n = 34) or noncompliant (n = 51) balloons. At admission, patients were classified Hunt and Hess grade I to III (n = 20) and Hunt and Hess grade IV to V (n = 10). Fisher grades in patients were I (n = 1), II (n = 3), III (n = 20), and IV (n = 6). No significant differences in the rate of angiographic recurrence (32% vs 53%; P = .14), need for repeat angioplasty (21% vs 20%; P = .97), and occurrence of cerebral infarcts in the affected arterial distribution (21% vs 10% P = .39) were observed with compliant and noncompliant balloons, respectively. Independent of the balloon type, a significant reduction in the need for repeat angioplasty was observed when the initial angioplasty resulted in a normal or supranormal diameter compared with a subnormal diameter (63.5% vs 36.5%; P = .01). Conclusion No clear difference was observed between compliant and noncompliant balloons for therapeutic angioplasty in preventing angiographic recurrence or the need for repeat angioplasty in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage-related cerebral vasospasm. An immediate normal or supranormal vessel diameter after the first-time angioplasty resulted in a significant reduction in the need for repeat angioplasty.
Loss of heterozygosity in clinical stage IB cervical carcinoma: Relationship with clinical and histopathologic features

Abstract Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been shown to be an important prognostic factor in a variety of malignant neoplasms. The relationship between LOH and established histopathological prognostic factors in cervical carcinoma has not been examined. We studied LOH in 58 FIGO stage IB cervical cancers treated by radical hysterectomy. In a randomly selected subset of 37 of these cases, LOH was examined using markers for all 41 chromosomal arms. Seventy-six percent of the 58 cases and 95% of the extensively studied cases showed LOH at one or more loci. The three most common sites of LOH were 3p21, 6p24-p23, and 11q23.3. In the extensively studied group, LOH on 11q was associated with extensive lymphvascular space invasion ( P = .009) and less deeply invasive tumor ( P = .042). There was a trend for tumors with LOH on 11q to recur, but this was not statistically significant. No correlation between the presence of LOH on 3p or 6p and lymphvascular space invasion or tumor depth was present. There was no correlation between the number of sites of LOH or between the presence of LOH on 3p, 6p, and llq and the presence of metastatic tumor in regional lymph nodes, histologic type (squamous v nonsquamous), tumor differentiation, maximum tumor size, degree of inflammation, pattern of invasion, mitotic rate, or clinical recurrence. In summary, tumors with 11q LOH may behave in a more aggressive fashion. Future studies of LOH in cervical carcinoma should include histopathological prognostic information so that the relationship between LOH and these factors can be determined on larger numbers of patients.
Quantum effects on the vacuum symmetries of gauge supersymmetry

Path-integral quantization of gauge supersymmetry is given which is manifestly consistent with global supersymmetry. The spontaneous-symmetry-breaking equations including quantum loop corrections to determine the vacuum metric ${g}_{A B}^{(0)}\ensuremath{\equiv}〈0|{g}_{\mathrm{AB}}|0〉$ are deduced from the effective potential. If solutions exist for ${g}_{A B}^{(0)}$ which are globally supersymmetric, it is shown that a subgroup of Yang-Mills gauges must be preserved. The full class of gauges ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{A}(z)$ preserved under a globally supersymmetric ${g}_{AB}^{(0)}$ is determined. These are seen to be (i) the Einstein gauge, (ii) the preserved Yang-Mills gauges, and (iii) a supergravity-type gauge. All other gauges in ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{A}(z)$ are spontaneously broken. The analysis holds to arbitrary order in ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$.
Studies on the Contact Sensitization of Man with Simple Chemicals

Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) coupled to peripheral blood erythrocytes or leukocytes forms a particulate complex, DNCB-antigen. The addition of DNCB-antigen induced blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in leukocyte cultures from DNCB-sensitized human subjects and not in leukocyte cultures from nonsensitized controls. In general, sensitized subjects who displayed a higher degree of cutaneous reactivity to DNCB, as manifested by duration and intensity of dermatitis, also showed a greater blastogenic response to DNCB-antigen in vitro. This quantitative correlation, however, was not invariant. Certain soluble factor(s), or lymphokines are released following the addition of DNCB-antigen to leukocyte cultures prepared from some sensitive subjects who were rechallenged one or more times with DNCB. These lymphokines induce blastogenesis in secondary target leukocyte populations from nonsensitized subjects. Extended studies are presented which show little or no lymphokine activity in peripheral blood leukocyte cultures during a primary immune response, despite high degrees of blastogenic activity in response to DNCB-antigen. Significant lymphokine activity was observed only following additional rechallenge with DNCB. Blastogenesis and skin reactivity specific for DNCB have been shown to develop at about the same time during a primary immune response. This, along with the quantitative correlation shown in this communication, suggests that both processes probably reflect thymic-dependent cellular immunity. The appearance of lymphokine activity following rechallenge with DNCB suggests that DNCB-induced lymphokines may represent an amplifying mechanism of the cellular immune response that involves recruitment of previously uncommitted lymphocytes.
Cholangiographic abnormalities in ulcerative colitis associated pericholangitis which resemble sclerosing cholangitis.

Cholangiographic abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with pericholangitis and longstanding ulcerative colitis, which resemble sclerosing cholangitis, have not been previously reported. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) performed in one such patient suggesting intrahepatic sclerosing cholongitis stimulated the study of seven additional patients with largely asymptomatic pericholangitis. In seven of these eight patients. ERC demonstrated abnormalities which resembled sclerosing cholangitis. These consisted of beading and structures mainly of the intrahepatic biliary tree (IHB). In two of the eight, the common bile duct was involved. In one, this was associated with histologic progression to cirrhosis and frank cholangitic episodes even though the initial clinical presentation and hepatic histology 2 1/2 years earlier suggested only pericholangitis. We therefore conclude that bile duct abnormalities resembling sclerosing cholangitis may be demonstrated cholangiographically in patients with ulcerative colitis who present with the typical picture of pericholangitis.
VSV-tumor selective replication and protein translation

The emergence of vesicular stomatatis virus (VSV) as a potent antitumor agent has made a dissection of the molecular determinants of host-cell permissiveness to this virus an important objective. Such insight would not only enable the intelligent design of future generations of recombinant VSV vectors to combat disease, but may also resolve general features of cellular transformation that may be exploited by this virus, and perhaps other oncolytic viruses. The defective pathways underlining the oncolytic activity of VSV remain to be fully determined but recent data indicates that flaws in innate immune responses, involving the interferon (IFN) system, may commonly occur in tumor cells and thus play a large role in facilitating oncolysis. Aside from the IFN system, however, it is almost certain that other key cellular pathways may be similarly defective and therefore cooperatively contribute towards mediating rapid oncolytic virus activity. Recent data have indicated that defects in cancer cell translational regulation could be one area that may be exploited by VSV. Certainly, all viruses require cellular protein synthesis pathways to facilitate their replication and many have devised numerous mechanisms to ensure that viral mRNAs become translated at the expense of the host. Using VSV as a model, this review will discuss some of the recent developments in the fields of innate immunity and translational regulation that may help explain mechanisms of viral oncolysis.
Relations of restraint and negative affect to bulimic pathology: a longitudinal test of three competing models.

Objective Although theorists have proposed that restraint and negative affect cause bulimia nervosa, it is possible that bulimic pathology promotes restraint and negative affect, or that bulimic symptoms are reciprocally related to these two factors. The present study tested these competing models. Method: Longitudinal data from a community sample of adolescent females (N = 218) was used to test these alternative models. Results: Prospective correlations suggested that bulimic pathology was reciprocally related to both restraint and negative affect. However, in more stringent tests controlling for the temporal stability of these factors, restraint was not related to subsequent bulimic symptoms, but bulimic pathology predicted future restraint. Negative affect and bulimic symptoms were not related over time when the stability of these factors was controlled, but they did show contemporaneous reciprocal relations. Discussion: Results provide some support for the negative affect model of bulimia, but raise questions about the restraint model. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 23:243–260, 1998.
Two families of Newman lattices

The name "combinatorial theory" is often given to branches of mathematics in which the central concept is an equivalence relation defined by means of certain "allowed transformations" or "moves" . A class of objects is given, and it is declared of certain pairs of them that one is obtained from the other by a "move"; and two objects are regarded as "equivalent" if, and only if, one is obtainable from the other by a series of moves, for example, in the theory of free groups the objects are words made from an alphabet a,b . . . . , a l b 1 , . . . , and a move is the insertion or removal of a consecutive pair of letters xx-~ or x i x . . . . In many such theories the moves fall naturally into two classes, which may be called "positive" and "negative." Thus in the free group the cancelling of a pair of letters may be called a positive move, the insertion negative . . . .
New Poland's old dilemma: The Polish minority of Lithuania

Abstract This article seeks to explore the growing problem posed by the Slav/Polish ethnic minority in Lithuania and attempts to place this conflict in the general context of twentieth‐century East European ethnic conflicts. Particular attention is given to explaining the unique historical circumstances that produced this ethnically transitional area between the Byelorus, Polish and Lithuanian societies where throughout their history, the representatives of these ethnic groups as well as a large Jewish community and many other smaller ethnic groups have cohabited together as an intertwined mixture. However, with the spread of the idea of a single ethnic dominated national state, the transitional area in southwestern Lithuania ‐ as well as similar ethnically transitional areas elsewhere in eastern Europe ‐ were destined to be liquidated. Such areas could be liquidated either through some kind of enforceable dispersal of the now ‘undesirable’ ethnic groups from the region or through a state‐driven programme...
Resonance fluorescence of linear and nonlinear oscillators. An insight into vacuum fluctuations

Abstract The resonance fluorescence spectrum of nonlinear oscillators is calculated both classically and quantum-mechanically. The qualitative difference between the two results is shown to be due to the nonlinearity, and is made plausible by a discussion of the effects of vacuum fluctuations.
Flow reconstruction for data-driven traffic animation

'Virtualized traffic' reconstructs and displays continuous traffic flows from discrete spatio-temporal traffic sensor data or procedurally generated control input to enhance a sense of immersion in a dynamic virtual environment. In this paper, we introduce a fast technique to reconstruct traffic flows from in-road sensor measurements or procedurally generated data for interactive 3D visual applications. Our algorithm estimates the full state of the traffic flow from sparse sensor measurements (or procedural input) using a statistical inference method and a continuum traffic model. This estimated state then drives an agent-based traffic simulator to produce a 3D animation of vehicle traffic that statistically matches the original traffic conditions. Unlike existing traffic simulation and animation techniques, our method produces a full 3D rendering of individual vehicles as part of continuous traffic flows given discrete spatio-temporal sensor measurements. Instead of using a color map to indicate traffic conditions, users could visualize and fly over the reconstructed traffic in real time over a large digital cityscape.
The logic of health care facility planning

Abstract This study presents a logical model for the planning of health care facilities. The objective is an optimal facility pattern, that is, one which maximizes net social benefit for the population of a metropolitan region. Several orders of services are denned and a successively inclusive facility hierarchy assumed for the provision of these services. A method is stated for determining the optimal scale and service area for each order. Net social benefit is computed from a set of basic functions which describe the demand for services, the unit cost of services, travel cost and benefits derived. The geometry of location and a region-wide view of the system are discussed.