cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesion of normal erythrocytes at depressed venous shear rates to activated neutrophils, activated platelets, and fibrin polymerized from plasma.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a low flow pathology often prevented by vascular compression to increase blood movement. We report new heterotypic adhesive interactions of normal erythrocytes operative at low wall shear rates (gamma(w)) below 100 s(-1). Adhesion at gamma(w) = 50 s(-1) of washed red blood cells (RBCs) to fibrinogen-adherent platelets was 4-fold less (P 80% reduction) by soluble fibrinogen (3 mg/mL) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). RBC-platelet adhesion was reduced in half by antibodies against CD36 or GPIb, but not by antibodies against GPIIb/IIIa, von Willebrand factor (VWF), thrombospondin (TSP), P-selectin, beta(1), alpha(v), or CD47. Adhesion of washed RBCs to fibrinogen-adherent neutrophils was increased 6-fold in the presence of 20 microM N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe to a level of 67 RBCs per 100 neutrophils after 5 minutes at 50 s(-1). RBC-neutrophil adhesion was diminished by anti-CD11b (76%), anti-RBC Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) (ICAM4; 40%), or by EDTA (> 80%), but not by soluble fibrinogen or antibodies against CD11a, CD11c, CD36, TSP, beta(1), alpha(v), or CD47. RBC adhesion to activated platelets and activated neutrophils was prevented by wall shear stress above 1 dyne/cm(2) (at 100 s(-1)). Whereas washed RBCs did not adhere to fibrin formed from purified fibrinogen, adhesion was marked when pure fibrin was precoated with TSP or when RBCs were perfused over fibrin formed from recalcified plasma. Endothelial activation and unusually low flow may be a setting prone to receptor-mediated RBC adhesion to adherent neutrophils (or platelets/fibrin), all of which may contribute to DVT.
Purification and partial amino acid sequence of a high-activity human stomach alcohol dehydrogenase.

To understand the relative importance of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes in gastric ethanol metabolism, a stomach-specific ADH (sigma-ADH) was purified to homogeneity from human transplant donor and surgical tissues, and its activity for ethanol oxidation was examined. The enzyme from these tissues had a specific activity at pH 10 of approximately 70 units/mg, about 10 times that reported by Moreno and Pares (J. Biol. Chem. 266:1128-1133, 1991). The enzyme exhibited a high Km for ethanol at pH 7.5 and 10 (29 and 5.2 mM, respectively). This high-activity sigma-ADH isoenzyme migrated on starch and isoelectric focusing gels to a position slightly anodic to the liver pi pi isoenzyme. It was subjected to digestion by endoproteinases, and approximately 40% of the protein was sequenced. The sigma-ADH exhibited 75%, 68%, and 62% sequence identity to the human class I (beta 1), II (pi), and III (chi) isoenzymes, respectively, and 61% identity to the deduced ADH6 amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that precursors to this high-activity sigma-ADH and the class I isoenzymes diverged more recently than precursors to the class II and III isoenzymes, after reptilian and avian divergence. The high-activity sigma-ADH isoenzyme therefore represents a distinct class of ADH (class IV), more closely related in evolution to the class I isoenzymes than to the other known human isoenzymes.
Esophageal leiomyoma: a rare cause of false-positive FDG scans.

Abstract: A 44-year-old nonsmoking man presented for evaluation of a positive PPD. Chest radiographs revealed a large mediastinal mass. Subsequent CT and MRI demonstrated a mediastinal mass extending from the region of the distal esophagus to the lesser curvature of the stomach. On the esophagogram, there was compression and displacement of the distal esophagus. PET/CT demonstrated increased FDG uptake suspicious for malignancy. EGD with endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration were performed and cytology was suspicious for spindle cell neoplasm. Pathologic evaluation of the surgical specimen was consistent with esophageal leiomyoma.
Public management reform and citizen perceptions of the UK health system

The United Kingdom (UK) instituted a performance framework for the National Health Service (NHS) in the late 1990s that, inspired by the New Public Management (NPM), employed performance measuremen...
The Conservative 1960s

The American conservatives of the 1960s have arrived at last. Not in Washington, not in positions of power – they did that during the “Reagan Revolution” of the 1980s and the Republican Congresses of the 1990s. No, it is in history itself, the record of events, that the right is finally appearing. Now that the elephant has occupied the parlor, scholars are inquiring whence it came.
Allopregnanolone and neurogenesis in the nigrostriatal tract.

Abstract: Reinstalling the neurobiological circuits to effectively change the debilitating course of neurodegenerative diseases is of utmost importance. This reinstallation requires generation of new cells which are able to differentiate into specific types of neurons and modification of the local environment suitable for integration of these new neurons into the neuronal circuits. Allopregnanolone seems to be involved in both of these processes, and therefore, is a potential neurotrophic agent. Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson's and also in, at least, a subset of Alzheimer’s patients. Therefore, reinstallation of the dopamine neurons in nigrostriatal tract is of unique importance for these neurodegenerative diseases. However, for the neurogenic status and the roles of allopregnanolone in the nigrostriatal tract, the evidence is accumulating and debating. This review summarizes recent studies regarding the neurogenic status in the nigrostriatal tract. Furthermore, special attention is placed on evidence suggesting that reductions in allopregnenalone levels are one of the major pathological features in PD and AD. This evidence has also been confirmed in brains of mice that were lesioned with MPTP or those bearing neurodegenerative mutations. Lastly, we highlight studies showing that allopregnanalone can augment the number of total cells and dopaminergic neurons via peripheral exogenous administration.
Vitamin A and mucopolysaccharide synthesizing enzymes

Abstract An enzyme fraction was obtained from pig colon mucosal homogenates, after removal of nuclei, mitochondria and microsomes, by precipitation at pH 5.2, which, upon incubation with labeled sulfate or labeled glucose, produced labeled mucopolysaccharide. This enzyme fraction (“pH 5 enzymes”) required glucose, glutamine and diphosphorpyridine nucleotide, but no adenosine triphosphate for mucopolysaccharide synthesis, and was stimulated by uridine triphosphate. Its pH optimum was at 6.8. The [ 35 S]mucopolysaccharide produced by the pH 5 enzymes could be precipitated with carrier chondroitin sulfate by cetylpyridinium bromide. The [ 14 C]mucopolysaccharide obtained from [ 14 C]glucose yielded labeled hexosamine on hydrolysis. The pH 5 enzymes contain about 50% cent of the vitamin A of whole mucosa. Treatment with lipoxidase lowered incorporation, which could be restored by added vitamin A. The pH 5 enzymes from vitamin A deficient pigs showed lowered activity, again restorable by added vitamin A, specifically. Pig colon mucosa catalyzed the activation of sulfate to phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate, and pH 5 enzymes the transfer of sulfate to p -nitrophenol.
Third trimester POMC disregulation predicts use of anesthesia at vaginal delivery

In a prospective study, third trimester plasma levels of BE and ACTH were determined in 58 women who delivered vaginally. Peptide regulation was compared between subjects who used conduction anesthesia at delivery and subjects who did not. Third trimester levels of maternal BE and ACTH were significantly related; however, the relationship was significant only in subjects who did not receive conduction anesthesia (n = 24) at delivery. The normal co-release pattern between BE and ACTH in subjects receiving conduction anesthesia (n = 34) during birth was uncoupled. The use of conduction analgesia during vaginal delivery was significantly related to a disregulation index created to quantify the BE-ACTH release pattern. Uncoupled ACTH and BE patterns may result from modified control of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) expression during pregnancy or unique proteolytic processing of POMC, and may alter pain tolerance during delivery.
KLF4 Regulates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Morphology and Deletion Attenuates Aneurysm Formation

Background— KLF4 mediates inflammatory responses after vascular injury/disease; however, the role of KLF4 in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) remains unknown. The goals of the present study were to (1) determine the role of KLF4 in experimental AAA; and (2) determine the effect of KLF4 on smooth muscle (SM) cells in AAAs. Methods and Results— KLF4 expression progressively increased at days 3, 7, and 14 after aortic elastase perfusion in C57BL/6 mice. Separately, loss of a KLF4 allele conferred AAA protection using ERTCre+ KLF4 flx/wt mice in the elastase AAA model. In a third set of experiments, SM-specific loss of 1 and 2 KLF4 alleles resulted in progressively greater protection using novel transgenic mice (MYHCre+ flx/flx, flx/wt, and wt/wt) in the elastase AAA model compared with control. Elastin degradation, MAC2, and cytokine production (MCP1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-23) were significantly attenuated, whereas α-actin staining was increased in KLF4 knockout mice versus controls. Results were verified in global KLF4 and SM-specific knockout mice using an angiotensin II model of aneurysm formation. KLF4 inhibition with siRNA attenuated downregulation of SM gene expression in vitro, whereas in vivo studies demonstrated that KLF4 binds to promoters of SM genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Finally, human aortic aneurysms demonstrated significantly higher KLF4 expression that was localized to SM cells. Conclusions— KLF4 plays a critical role in aortic aneurysm formation via effects on SM cells. These results suggest that KLF4 regulates SM cell phenotypic switching and could be a potential therapeutic target for AAA disease.
Radioimmunoassay of plasma corticosterone

Abstract This report describes a radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of unconjugated corticosterone (B) in plasma. Utilizing an anti-Cortisol antiserum cross reacting with B combined with a one step celite microcolumn chromatographic system, we have measured this latter steroid accurately in small aliquots of plasma from both male and female subjects. The plasma levels of B obtained by this method agreed well with levels observed in adult men and women, using other techniques. During a menstrual cycle studied, wide fluctuations were observed with levels ranging from 1, 3 to 14, 4 ng/ml. Adrenal suppression decreased the levels of B below 1 ng/ml. The mineralocorticoid B is predominantly ACTH -dependent.
Measurement of six degrees of freedom head kinematics in impact conditions employing six accelerometers and three angular rate sensors (6aω configuration).

The ability to measure six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) head kinematics in motor vehicle crash conditions is important for assessing head-neck loads as well as brain injuries. A method for obtaining accurate 6 DOF head kinematics in short duration impact conditions is proposed and validated in this study. The proposed methodology utilizes six accelerometers and three angular rate sensors (6aω configuration) such that an algebraic equation is used to determine angular acceleration with respect to the body-fixed coordinate system, and angular velocity is measured directly rather than numerically integrating the angular acceleration. Head impact tests to validate the method were conducted using the internal nine accelerometer head of the Hybrid III dummy and the proposed 6aω scheme in both low (2.3 m/s) and high (4.0 m/s) speed impact conditions. The 6aω method was compared with a nine accelerometer array sensor package (NAP) as well as a configuration of three accelerometers and three angular rate sensors (3aω), both of which have been commonly used to measure 6 DOF kinematics of the head for assessment of brain and neck injuries. The ability of each of the three methods (6aω, 3aω, and NAP) to accurately measure 6 DOF head kinematics was quantified by calculating the normalized root mean squared deviation (NRMSD), which provides an average percent error over time. Results from the head impact tests indicate that the proposed 6aω scheme is capable of producing angular accelerations and linear accelerations transformed to a remote location that are comparable to that determined from the NAP scheme in both low and high speed impact conditions. The 3aω scheme was found to be unable to provide accurate angular accelerations or linear accelerations transformed to a remote location in the high speed head impact condition due to the required numerical differentiation. Both the 6aω and 3aω schemes were capable of measuring accurate angular displacement while the NAP instrumentation was unable to produce accurate angular displacement due to double numerical integration. The proposed 6aω scheme appears to be capable of measuring accurate 6 DOF kinematics of the head in any severity of impact conditions. Language: en
Analysis of a model for the crustacean cardiac pacemaker

Abstract A dimensionless version of a dynamic model describing the cardiac pacemaker control system of the crustacean Squilla is analyzed. Numerical values of the parameters of the model are chosen so as to make the solution of the equations of the model resemble the behavior of the real system. The model is used to make qualitative predictions of the system behavior when certain parametes are experimentally altered. A simplified version of the equations is used to interpret the results of the analysis geometrically.
Mathematical Modelling -- A Basis for Bushing Loading Guides

A simple mathematical thermal model is proposed as a basis for a bushing loading guide. It is demonstrated to have adequate accuracy for both steady-state and transient bushing hot-spot temperature calculations. Model constants can be derived from a set of "Overload Qualification" tests and recommendations are made for the parameters of significance to these tests. Three possible thermal failure modes are examined to establish a basis for setting a maximum permissible hot-spot temperature during overloads. Limitations on environmental factors which influence the bushing hot-spot temperature are also discussed.
Hydrolytic enzyme activity during endochondral ossification of secondary cartilage.

Reactions for hydrolytic enzymes such as aminopeptidase, β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, arylsulfatase and non-specific esterases indicated various degrees of activity within the chondrocytes of the young mandibular condyle. Most of the reaction products of the above enzymes appeared as discrete granules, which might indicate a lysosomal origin. The most intense activity of these enzymes was observed within chondroblasts and premineralizing hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, chondrocytes within the mineralizing zone also appeared synthetically active. The latter cells, as well as those at the adjacent ossification front, revealed some activity by a majority of the enzymes tested. This could indicate that some metabolic functions, although reduced in degree, continue in the cells of these mineralizing zones of endochondral ossification. Matrical reactions, with the exception of arylsulfatase and aminopeptidase, were essentially negative. The positive reactions for the latter enzymes might be an indication of their involvement in the process of extracellular mineralization.
Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: the role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance.

Social and economic sanctions for counterstereotypical behavior have been termed the backlash effect (L. A. Rudman, 1998). The authors present a model of the role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance from the standpoint of both perceivers and actors. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants lost a competition to either atypical or typical men or women and subsequently showed greater tendency to sabotage deviants. Moreover, undermining deviants was associated with increased self-esteem, suggesting that backlash rewards perceivers psychologically. Experiment 3 showed that gender deviants who feared backlash resorted to strategies designed to avoid it (e.g., hiding, deception, and gender conformity). Further, perceivers who sabotaged deviants (Experiment 2) or deviants who hid their atypicality (Experiment 3) estimated greater stereotyping on the part of future perceivers, in support of the model’s presumed role for backlash in stereotype maintenance. The implications of the findings for cultural stereotypes are discussed.
The nature of protective films formed on a CuFe alloy

Abstract A Cu alloy (CDA 194) containing α-Fe particles in a Cu matrix develops protective corrosion product films in chloride solutions after an initial period of relatively rapid attack. The protective film is a mixture of Cu2O and lepidocrocite. The lepidocrocite produces significant polarization of the cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen which accounts for its protective action. It is formed in the corrosion product film by galvanic corrosion of the Fe particles to ferrous ions, oxidation of the ferrous ions by dissolved oxygen and electrophoretic deposition of a positively charged Fe(OH)3 colloid on the cathodic Cu matrix.
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in adults.

BACKGROUNDMultistage surgery culminating in completed hemodynamic repair is now performed for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). Justification for operation in patients with an adequate collateral pulmonary circulation is controversial. Data on natural adult survival are scant but are necessary to provide the rationale for multistage reconstructive procedures.METHODS AND RESULTSAll cyanotic adults with PA-VSD in the UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center Registry from 1978 through 1992 formed the basis for this study. Registry data and echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic information were used to determine longevity, clinical course, and operative feasibility. Of 26 patients, 16 were unoperated when referred (group A), and 10 had been palliated before age 18 years (group B). Two thirds were 18 to 29 years old. Only 2 patients survived beyond age 40 years. Six died during follow-up at a mean age of 31 years (+/- 12.1 SD). Eight group A patients were in New York Heart...
Isolation of megabase-size DNA from sorghum and applications for physical mapping and bacterial and yeast artificial chromosome library construction

A method was developed for the isolation of megabase-size DNA fromSorghum bicolor. Sorghum protoplasts were isolated from young leaf tissue, embedded in an agarose matrix as microbeads or plugs, followed by cell lysis and protein degradation. The DNA prepared by this method was larger than 1 Mb in size and readily digestible with restriction enzymes. The DNA was shown to be suitable for physical mapping, and was successfully used for the construction of BAC and YAC libraries.
Hydroxyl radical production involved in lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes

Abstract The spin-traps, 5,5′-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide and phenyltertiary-butylnitrone have been used to investigate the primary free radical involved in lipid peroxidation. In this report, we wish to present evidence that a NADPH-dependent hydroxyl radical (OH·), which may be the primary free radical that initiates lipid peroxidation, is generated in liver microsomes. A mechanism for the generation of the hydroxyl radical in liver microsomes is also postulated.
Effects of microstructure on optimum heat treatment conditions in metal-matrix composites

It is well known that the microstructure of metal-matrix composite materials is significantly different from that of the unreinforced matrix. Heat treatments which optimized strength values in the matrix therefore, no longer do so in the composite. It is thus beneficial to find these variations in the heat treatment process, and to pinpoint the microstructural mechanisms responsible. It is known that, in addition to a higher dislocation density, the composite also has a very fine grain size and many whisker interfacial nucleation sites. This study has found that the time required for solutionizing appears to be much shorter in the composite primarily due to the very small grain size. It was also observed that artificial ageing was not very effective in the composite since the precipitates nucleated and grew on the whisker interfaces, therefore, only natural ageing was necessary to achieve peak tensile and yield strengths.
The ultrasound brain helmet: new transducers and volume registration for in vivo simultaneous multi-transducer 3-D transcranial imaging

Because stroke remains an important and time-sensitive health concern in developed nations, we present a system capable of fusing 3-D transcranial ultrasound volumes acquired from two sides of the head. This system uses custom sparse array transducers built on flexible multilayer circuits that can be positioned for simultaneous imaging through both temporal acoustic windows, allowing for potential registration of multiple real-time 3-D scans of cerebral vasculature. We examine hardware considerations for new matrix arrays-transducer design and interconnects-in this application. Specifically, it is proposed that SNR may be increased by reducing the length of probe cables. This claim is evaluated as part of the presented system through simulation, experimental data, and in vivo imaging. Ultimately, gains in SNR of 7 dB are realized by replacing a standard probe cable with a much shorter flex interconnect; higher gains may be possible using ribbon-based probe cables. In vivo images are presented, showing cerebral arteries with and without the use of microbubble contrast agent; they have been registered and fused using a simple algorithm which maximizes normalized cross-correlation.
Phorbol Ester-induced Potentiation of Myogenic Tone is not Associated with Increases in Ca2+ Influx, Myoplasmic Free Ca2+ Concentration, or 20-kDa Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation

We studied the extent of Ca2+ influx, myoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration changes, and phosphorylation of the regulatory 20-Kda myosin light chain (LC20) associated with the potentiation of stretch-induced myogenic tone in the rabbit facial vein. The protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), was used to augment Ca2+-dependent stretch-induced myogenic tone. Veins stretched to an optimal resting tension in physiological salt solution (PSS) containing 0.4 mM of Ca2+ developed stretch-induced myogenic tone. Tissues incubated in Ca2+-free PSS, either with or without PMA (0.1 μM) did not develop myogenic tone. Readmission of Ca2+ (0.4 mM) caused three-fold increase in the contraction in PMA-treated segments (710 ± 60 mg, n = 29 v control: 188 ± 10 mg, n = 24). This increased contraction was not associated with additional increases in either Ca2+ influx (73.5 ± 6.9 pmol/mg of tissue/min, n = 29 v control: 61.1 ± 5.7 pmol/mg of tissue/min, n = 24), myoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration of LC20, (0.44 ± 0.02 mol PO4/mg LC20, n = 9 v control: 0.43 ± 0.03 mol PO4/mol LC20, n = 7). Our results suggest that PKC activation amplifies stretch-induced myogenic tone in the rabbit facial vein through target proteins that are not associated with regulation of Ca2+ influx, myoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration, or LC20 phosphorylation. We conclude that the PKC-mediated potentiation of stretch-induced myogenic tone is due to an increased sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2+.
Socioeconomic Context, Social Support, and Adolescent Mental Health: A Multilevel Investigation

This study examined whether the impact of contextual-level socioeconomic disadvantage on adolescent mental health is contingent upon individual-level perceptions of social support. Data are from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a panel survey of a nationally representative United States sample (analytic N=18,417) of students in 7th through 12th grade. Effects of social support and social context on both internalizing problems (depressive symptoms) and externalizing problems (minor delinquency and violent behavior) are analyzed. Contextual-level socioeconomic disadvantage is positively associated with depressive symptoms, negatively associated with minor delinquency, and not directly associated with violent behavior. High perceived support from family, friends, and other adults offsets poor mental health, but is most protective in areas of low socioeconomic disadvantage. The mental health benefits of perceived social support are dampened in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, compared to advantaged areas. Results suggest that interventions targeting only individual- or family-level processes within disadvantaged contexts may be inadequate at stemming psychological distress among adolescents.
New Self-Assembly Luminescent Molecular Triangle and Square Rhenium(I) Complexes

Two luminescent triangle and square complexes with the general formulas [ClRe(CO)3(μ-DPB)]4 (1) and [BrRe(CO)3(μ-BPDB)]3 (2), where DPB = 4,4‘-dipyridylbutadiyne and BPDB = 1,4-bis(4‘-pyridylethynyl)-2,5-dihexyloxybenzene, were prepared by self-assembly reactions of XRe(CO)5 (X = Cl or Br) and the corresponding bis-monodentate ligands. The structures of these molecules were confirmed by a variety of techniques including NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, FAB+ mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.
SybilShield: An agent-aided social network-based Sybil defense among multiple communities

Lacking trusted central authority, distributed systems have received serious security threats from Sybil attack, where an adversary forges identities of more than one node and attempts to control the system. By utilizing the real-world trust relationships between users, social network-based defense schemes have been proposed to mitigate the impact of Sybil attacks. These solutions are mostly built on the assumption that the social network graph can be partitioned into two loosely linked regions - a tightly connected non-Sybil region and a Sybil region. Although such an assumption may hold in certain settings, studies have shown that the real-world social connections tend to divide users into multiple inter-connected small worlds instead of a single uniformly connected large region. Given this fact, the applicability of existing schemes would be greatly undermined for inability to distinguish Sybil users from valid ones in the small non-Sybil regions. This paper addresses this problem and presents SybilShield, the first protocol that defends against Sybil attack utilizing multi-community social network structure in real world. Our scheme leverages the sociological property that the number of cutting edges between a non-Sybil community and a Sybil community, which represent human-established trust relationships, is much smaller than that among non-Sybil communities. With the help of agent nodes, SybilShield greatly reduces false positive rate of non-Sybils among multiple communities, while effectively identifying Sybil nodes. Analytical results prove the superiority of SybilShield. Our experiments on a real-world social network graph with 100,000 nodes also validate the effectiveness of SybilShield.
Labor migration to world cities: with a research agenda for the Arab Gulf

We place labor flows, involving both highly skilled professionals and unskilled workers, within the framework of research on world cities. These flows are central to understanding the growth of world cities, particularly those whose growth is not primarily a result of advanced producer services. The context of Arab Gulf cities allows us to understand urban growth in the region as an outcome of wealth accumulation that stimulates large flows of skilled westerners and of unskilled workers from poor regions in Asia. We conclude with an agenda for research on migration to world cities and the division of labor in those cities.
Glioma-stimulated chemoattraction of endothelial cells and fibroblastsin vitro: a model for the study of glioma-induced angiogenesis

Induction of angiogenesis is essential for the continued growth of solid tumors, and one critical component of tumor-induced angiogenesis involves the stimulation of microvascular cells to migrate into the growing mass. We have developed a convenient model system utilizing dual co-culture chambers to study cellular chemotaxis induced by glioma cellsin vitro. In this system, rat C6 glioma cells induced migration of fibroblasts and brain capillary endothelial cells. The migratory response was directly related to the number of C6 cells serving as stimulus in the lower chamber. Similar migratory responses were induced by C6 cell conditioned medium in a concentration dependent fashion. Medium conditioned by cultured human anaplastic astrocytoma cells was also found to contain potent chemotactic factor(s). This system may ultimately be employed in the identification of particular glioma cell population(s) and secreted factor(s) responsible for the chemoattraction of microvascular cells.
Differential esterase activity in Papilio glaucus subspecies: Absence of cross-resistance between allelochemicals and insecticides

Abstract Subspecies of the eastern tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus, exhibit striking differences in their ability to utilize plants containing salicin-derived phenolic glycosides. P. glaucus glaucus larvae perform poorly when fed phenolic glycosides, whereas especially high midgut esterase activity confers resistance to such compounds in P. glaucus canadensis. This system, then, presents an ideal opportunity to test for cross-resistance between ester-containing allelochemicals and insecticides. The research was conducted to test the hypotheses that (i) P. glaucus canadensis is more resistant than P. glaucus glaucus to ester-containing insecticides, and (ii) that P. glaucus canadensis larvae reared on diets containing phenolic glycosides will be more resistant to insecticides than larvae reared on diets lacking the phenolic compounds. P. glaucus canadensis larvae exhibited lower β-glucosidase activity and substantially higher esterase and glutathione transferase activities than did P. glaucus glaucus larvae. Esterase and glutathione transferase activities were generally induced in P. glaucus canadensis fed diets containing phenolic glycosides. Acute toxicity studies provided no evidence of cross-resistance in P. glaucus canadensis to the insecticides malathion and permethrin; indeed, this subspecies was more susceptible than P. glaucus glaucus to permethrin. Prior consumption of food containing phenolic glycosides increased the susceptibility of P. glaucus canadensis to malathion and permethrin. Lack of cross-resistance between the phenolic glycosides and insecticides is best explained on the basis of esterase isozymes with different affinities for the allelochemicals and insecticides.
Long-term follow-up of patients with meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: recurrence, progression, and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE : In this report, we evaluate the recurrence- and progression-free survival of patients with meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus. METHODS : The rates of tumor recurrence and progression in 119 patients with meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus treated between 1983 and 1993 were analyzed. RESULTS : The mean follow-up period was 33.8 months. There were seven recurrences of completely resected tumors (7 of 73, 10%) and seven progressions of incompletely resected tumors (7 of 46, 15%). Life table analysis of recurrence- and progression-free survival was performed. The recurrence-free survival rate was 94% at 3 years and 81% at 5 years. In contrast, the progression-free survival rate was 87% at 3 years and 62% at 5 years (P = 0.0456). There were two patterns of recurrence or progression. The first group of tumors had an aggressive biological behavior with growth at multiple areas of resection ; the second group showed growth at or near the margins of resection. Functional status continued to improve slowly during the follow-up period ; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the Karnofsky scores obtained 3 to 12 months postoperatively and the follow-up Karnofsky scores (obtained >1 yr postoperatively). CONCLUSION : Surgery for meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus seems to provide excellent tumor control. Our experience suggests that for the majority of these tumors, complete tumor resection can be performed with acceptable risks of morbidity and mortality and seems to increase the duration of recurrence-free survival. The long-term quality of life of surviving patients is satisfactory, with the great majority of the patients being independent.
Use of the loop diuretic torsemide in three dogs with advanced heart failure

Diuretics are a mainstay of therapy in dogs with heart failure. In dogs with advanced heart failure, moderate to high doses of loop diuretics such as furosemide are used with diminishing effects as profound activation of neuroendocrine systems promote signs of congestive heart failure. The loop diuretic torsemide has several characteristics that make it suitable for treatment of advanced heart failure including longer half-life, increased potency of diuretic action, and anti-aldosterone effects. This case report details the administration of torsemide in 3 dogs with advanced heart failure and apparent furosemide resistance.
Orally delivered pentobarbital as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys with concurrent access to water: Effects of concentration, fixed-ratio size, and liquid positions

Abstract The number of liquid deliveries and pattern of concurrent pentobarbital and water drinking were studied in three food deprived rhesus monkeys during daily 3-hr sessions. During the daily sessions, deliveries of approximately 0.6 ml of each liquid occured under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of lip contact responses. Between sessions water was freely available. Session drinking was studied as a function of pentobarbital concentration (1.0, 1.41, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) and FR size (4, 8, 16 and 32 lip contacts per delivery). The number of drug deliveries decreased with increases in drug concentration. Drug intake ranged from 21 to 52 mg/kg of body wt./3-hr session. At all concentrations and FR values tested, the number of pentobarbital deliveries substantially exceeded the number of water deliveries. The positive reinforcing effect of the pentobarbital was indicated by a consistent choice of drug over water irrespective of the side position of pentobarbital and by higher rates of drug responding. Pentobarbital drinking occured in a negatively accelerated pattern whereas water drinking did not have any consistent pattern. Marked intoxication followed bouts of drug drinking.
Structural recognitions in the interactions of androgens and receptor proteins and in their association with nuclear acceptor components.

Abstract 5α-Dihydrotestosterone can bind to specific receptor protein(s) in the microsomal or cytosol fractions of rat ventral prostate. The binding is highly steroid specific and correlated with the androgenicity of the steroids. A large part of the androgen molecule appears to be physically enveloped by the receptor protein molecule. Since certain derivatives of 17β-hydroxy-estra-4-ens also bind to the receptor protein, the detailed atomic arrangements and local electronic structure do not seem to be as important as the gross solid-geometric structure of an androgen for its ability to bind to the receptor molecule. A prior interaction and binding of 5α-dihydrotestosterone to the cytoplasmic receptor protein is required for the retention of the latter by cell nuclei of prostate. The nuclear retention of the cytoplasmic protein-5α-dihydrotestosterone complex is dependent on a heat-labile protein (nuclear acceptor) in the nuclei. The acceptor molecule is a nuclear acidic protein which appears to bind to double-stranded DNA, poly G or poly A and to a much lesser extent to poly U, poly C or heat-denatured DNA. Some possible biological implications of these studies are presented.
Neighbor discovery and stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6

The next-generation Internet Protocol, IPv6, includes autoconfiguration facilities that allow IPv6 hosts to plug into the network and start communicating with no special configuration required. These facilities address the requirements of hosts connecting to isolated standalone networks (such as home networks). The paper considers how the neighbor discovery protocols provide address-resolution services and allow hosts to find and keep track of routers, determine when a neighbor becomes unreachable, and switch dynamically to backup routers should the ones they are using fail.
Solid phase reactions under nonadiabatic conditions

The kinetics of solid phase reactions proceeding through nucleation and subsequent nucleus growth is treated by taking into account heat losses by convection and radiation from the reacting solid. A critical initial reaction temperature dependent upon particle size is identified below which the reaction decays and above which explosion can occur.
Crystallization and preliminary structural studies of the ncd motor domain

The motor domain of the kinesin homolog ncd has been crystallized in the presence of MgATP by the vapor diffusion method using polyethylene glycol as the precipitant. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group I222 with unit cell dimensions a = 127.1 A, b = 122.3 A, c = 68.0 A, and there is one ncd molecule per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract X-ray to at least 2.3 A and are appropriate for high-resolution structure determination.
Automated Detection of Acetone, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, and Sulfur Hexafluoride by Direct Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Interferograms:

The lack of a valid background reference spectrum for many Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometric open-air monitoring applications limits the ability to perform quantitative measurements. Direct interferogram analysis suppresses the broad-band detector envelope and maintains the spectral signature of interest to circumvent this limitation. The background suppression approach uses a combination of interferogram segment selection, digital filtering, and pattern discrimination techniques. The spectral band location, width, and contour of the vapor determine the parameters necessary for background suppression. Interferogram segment selection relies principally on the spectral bandwidth. Digital filter design employs inputs of both spectral band location and width. Pattern discrimination methods consider the variation in the spectral band contour with band intensity. FT-IR spectrometer measurements from both laboratory and open-air trials demonstrate the utility of the background suppression approach with analytes of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Use of electric or bubble barriers to limit the movement of Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)

ABSTRACT Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) is an aquatic invasive species accidentally introduced via ballast water to the Great Lakes in the mid-1980s. Fish barrier technology is being studied to stop the spread of invasive fish species such as ruffe. Electrical barriers have been constructed, most notably in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, to prevent non-indigenous species such as ruffe from spreading into areas where they are currently absent. Information on the response of an invasive fish to barriers can help managers determine strategies to prevent the spread of these species via artificial waterways. In this laboratory study electrical barriers were set up to determine effectiveness of four electrical settings for repelling Eurasian ruffe measuring 10 cm or more in length. In separate tests, air-bubble curtains with two bubble sizes and densities were created to test this type of barrier in blocking movement of ruffe less than 10 cm in length. The most effective electrical settings found ...
Evolution of calc-alkaline magmas at the early Quaternary Battle Ax volcano, Western Cascade Range, Oregon

Abstract Battle Ax volcano is a dissected composite cone of early Quaternary age, located 33 km northwest of Mt. Jefferson in the Western Cascade Range of Oregon. It evolved during three major eruptive episodes, each of which produced lavas with a distinctive set of petrographic, geochemical and paleomagnetic features. The oldest rocks (Series I) consist of olivine-bearing basaltic andesites and two-pyroxene andesites, with the earliest erupted lavas generally being most mafic. The intermediate-age rocks (Series II) are a compositionally uniform suite of two-pyroxene andesites. The youngest rocks (Series III) consist mainly of hornblende andesite, but also include dacitic lavas and rhyolitic tuff. The first eruptions during the Series III episode produced the most silica-rich rocks and succeeding eruptions discharged progressively more mafic lavas. Rocks comprising one eruptive series cannot be related to those of another series by any simple fractionation or mixing process, owing mainly to intra-series differences in the abundances of incompatible trace elements. Compositional variations among the Series I lavas can be attributed primarily to fractional crystallization of plagioclase, olivine (or orthopyroxene), augite, and magnetite (POAM). The most mafic basaltic andesites in this series probably accumulated small amounts of olivine. The Series III magma evolved mainly by fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, ±magnetite, ±apatite. Compositional differences among the porphyritic andesites of Series III reflect different amounts and proportions of accumulated xenocrysts derived from hornblende-gabbro cumulates. The most silicic rocks in Series III are probably mixtures of fractionated magma and crustal components. Stratigraphic relations among the Series III lavas indicate they represent magmas erupted from progressively deeper levels in a compositionally zoned reservoir.
Physician's role in home care for children with cancer

Abstract We interviewed 29 physicians who had participated to varying degrees in a home care program for children dying of cancer. All physicians stated that they would use home care again and saw such care as an integral part of their practice. Most physicians felt that home care provides psychological advantages to the family; they viewed assessment of the family's needs by the home care nurses an important factor of home care treatment. Some physicians expressed concern of the nurse's assuming too much responsibility or failing to report significant changes observed in the patient, particularly observations of the side effects of medication. Divergent philosophies of physicians and nurses regarding side effects were seen by some physicians as a potential source of confusion and anxiety for families. The legal ramifications of home care were discussed by only a few physicians; the consensus of opinion among the physicians was that close contact among physician, family, and nurse would assure the absence...
Developmental changes in human cerebellum: expression of intracellular calcium receptors, calcium-binding proteins, and phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein.

Few recent data are available on the development of the precise projection maps of the cerebellar cortex in humans. To address this topic, we studied temporal and spatial distribution of several antigens involved in calcium (Ca)-dependent processes: the intracellular Ca receptors, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) and ryanodine receptor (RyR); the Ca-binding proteins, calbindin D-28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and synaptophysin; and phosphorylated (SMI 31) and nonphosphorylated (SMI 32) forms of neurofilament protein. All antigens were studied in the human cerebellum during intrauterine development. The results of this study show that immunocytochemical markers appeared in the following sequence: CB and both forms of neurofilament protein were observed at 4–5 gestational weeks (g.w.), PV appeared in the external granular layer and in a few Purkinje cells at 11 g.w., a diffuse immunostaining for IP3R1 and synaptophysin were observed at 13 g.w., whereas RyR was observed at 17–18 g.w. From 24 g.w. on, Purkinje cells expressed all four examined markers of intracellular Ca signaling as well as two forms of neurofilament protein. At the same time, compartmentation of the Purkinje cell layer was detected with three intracellular Ca-signaling molecules (IP3R1, CB, and PV) and with SMI 32. These results indicate that the developmentally regulated expression of antigens studied here may play a role in establishing a highly regular organization of terminal fields in the human cerebellar cortex. Moreover, the initial expression of these antigens is correlated temporally with other developmental processes in the cerebellum, such as cellular maturation, revealed by the immunoreaction to cytoskeletal protein, and synaptogenesis, revealed by immunoreaction to synaptophysin. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:442–460, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Bedtime and Sleep Duration on Academic and Emotional Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents

Purpose: The overall aim of this study was to clarify and better characterize the sleep/circadian patterns of adolescents in a nationally representative sample. Methods: We used three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess sleep/circadian patterns of 2,700 adolescents in grades seven through 12. Results: Late school year bedtime was associated with shorter total sleep time cross-sectionally, whereas late summertime bedtime was not. Moreover, late school year bedtime was not associated with late summertime bedtime cross-sectionally. Late school year bedtime in Wave I (1994e1995) wasassociated withworseeducationaloutcomes andemotional distress 6e8 yearslater.In addition, late summertime bedtime in Wave II (1996) was associated with more emotional distress at Wave III
Defining Diaspora, Refining a Discourse

What is the difference between migration and diaspora? Are acculturation and ethnonationalism intrinsic dynamics of diasporas? These and other paradigmatic, if implicit, questions have received rel...
Utilizing automated methods to improve estimates of recurrence risk with linked genetic markers

Information on linked markers can greatly improve estimates of recurrence risk for genetic disorders. However, when linkage is incomplete, utilizing the information in genetic counseling requires complex, repetitive calculations to estimate correct risks whenever the parental linkage phase is not precisely known. This paper demonstrates with examples how the computer program LIPED can be used for any pedigree to estimate risk precisely within bounds determined only by confidence limits on the recombination fraction.
A genetic model for tuberization in potato haploid-wild species hybrids grown under long-day conditions

Wild diploidSolanum species contain valuable genes for potato improvement, but do not tuberize under the long-day conditions of temperate growing regions. Crosses to haploids (2n=2x=24) of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) produce hybrids that often tuberize under long days. The objectives of this work are (1) to document high levels of tuberization in haploid-wild species hybrid populations, (2) to evaluate the genetic basis of tuberization in haploid-wild species hybrids grown under long-day conditions, and (3) to propose a genetic model for tuberization in haploid-wild species hybrids. Tuberization under long-day conditions was evaluated in 154 haploid-wild species hybrid families. An average of 68% of plants in these families tuberized. Two major genes exhibiting duplicate dominant epistasis appear to regulate tuberization under long-day conditions. Based on this model, the haploid parent genotypes are A-B-, aaB-, or A-bb, while the wild species are aabb. Future studies are planned to identify the genetic components of tuberization.