cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monolithic Ceramic Foams for Ultrafast Photocatalytic Inactivation of Bacteria

Palladium-modified nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiON/PdO) foams were synthesized by a sol-gel process on a polyurethane foam template. The TiON/PdO foam was tested for microbial killing using Escherichia coli cells as a target. Under visible-light illumination, the TiON/PdO foam displayed a strong antimicrobial effect on the bacteria cells in water. The antimicrobial effect was found to be dependent on the palladium content and the calcination temperature. In a flow-through dynamic photoreactor, the new photocatalyst efficiently inactivated E. coli within a short contact time (< 1 min), the shortest ever reported for photocatalytic killing of bacteria. The strong antimicrobial functions of the TiON/PdO foam were related to the charge trapping by PdO and to the high contact efficiency of the foam structure.
Matrix design for pseudo-strain-hardening fibre reinforced cementitious composites

Pseudo-strain-hardening behaviour under direct tensile loading in short fibre reinforced cement composites designed with quantitative guidance from micromechanics has been demonstrated experimentally, and conditions for the ductile behaviour of such engineered cementitious composites (ECC) have been formulated theoretically. In this paper special focus is placed on the influence of matrix properties on composite pseudo-strain-hardening. An experimental program is undertaken to study the dependence of the matrix properties on its mix compositions governed by water/cement and the sand/cement ratios. The theoretical and experimental knowledge thus obtained are combined to propose an innovative procedure for the design of composites using different types of matrix. The study is motivated by the need to develop a new class of ECCs with improved elastic modulus by the addition of fine aggregates to the cementitious matrix. Finally, a new composite is designed, and shown experimentally to exhibit the desirable features of pseudo-strain-hardening behaviour and improved elastic modulus.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN DEFINITIONS AND PROCEDURES: A REPLY TO STOKES, OSNES, AND GUEVREMONT

Stokes, Osnes, and Guevremont's (1987) implicit definition of correspondence classes appears close to ours (Matthews, Shimoff, & Catania, 1987). Their definition, however, is fundamentally procedural and thus may have to be modified as experimental methodologies are refined. The advantage of our contingency-space analysis is that it is independent of specific procedures and focuses attention on problems inherent in some procedural definitions. Specifically, a contingency-space analysis addresses the issue of distinguishing specific instances from classes and reminds us that correspondence can be identified as a class only on the basis of observing a population of opportunities for say/do sequences in which the subject sometimes does not say.
Noradrenergic activity in the paraventricular nucleus and macronutrient choice during early dark onset by zinc deficient rats.

AbstractCarbohydrate is a preferred macronutrient of rats during the early dark phase and associated with an increase in norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Macronutrient choice is altered during zinc deficiency (ZD). The relationship between NE activity in the PVN and macronutrient choice during early dark was evaluated in rats fed zinc adequate (ZA) or ZD diet for 14 days. Total caloric intake was similar for ZA and ZD groups (∼20 kJ) but ZA rats selected 63 ± 5% of calories as carbohydrate while ZD rats selected 53 ± 5% of their calories from protein (p < 0.01). Pair-fed (PF) rats selected 62 ± 5% of calories as carbohydrate. Noradrenergic activity was lower (p < 0.01) in ZD and PF compared to ZA. The association between increased NE in the PVN at dark onset and selection of carbohydrate is not supported by the present results.
Shame as an Interpersonal Dimension of Communication among Doctoral Students: An Empirical Phenomenological Study

Current conceptions of shame emphasize its negative communication value as a phenomenon of conscious experience. A tendency in our contemporary society is to view this phenomenon as an extremely disparaging and undesirable experience that every person should avoid or eliminate. It has become a cultural norm now that shame, perceived as human failure or sickness, is to be rejected, hidden, and not discussed. It is believed to stand in the way of personal progress and self-realization. The research literature mirrors not only the lack of interest in understanding but the ignorance of this central-to-human-life experience. The present study examines the meaning and communicative structure of shame through an application of the phenomenological method of Merleau-Ponty and Lanigan. My analysis is grounded in empirical phenomenology and focuses on meaning as reflected in verbal protocols. The results obtained dispel the misleading notion of shame as primarily a negative, to-be-avoided experience. Rather, reflection on the empirical data indicates that the subjects do not adopt the negative theoretical model of shame but accept it as a universal positive experience of communication that is fundamental in their self-improvement process.
Signal Transduction Pathways Leading to Heat Shock Transcription

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are essential for intracellular protein folding during stress and protect cells from denaturation and aggregation cascades that can lead to cell death. HSP genes are regulated at the transcriptional level by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) that is activated by stress and binds to heat shock elements in HSP genes. The activation of HSF1 during heat shock involves conversion from an inert monomer to a DNA binding trimer through a series of intramolecular folding rearrangements. However, the trigger for HSF1 at the molecular level is unclear and hypotheses for this process include reversal of feedback inhibition of HSF1 by molecular chaperones and heat-induced binding to large non-coding RNAs. Heat shock also causes a profound modulation in cell signaling pathways that lead to protein kinase activation and phosphorylation of HSF1 at a number of regulatory serine residues. HSP genes themselves exist in an accessible chromatin conformation already bound to RNA polymerase II. The RNA polymerase II is paused on HSP promoters after transcribing a short RNA sequence proximal to the promoter. Activation by heat shock involves HSF1 binding to the promoter and release of the paused RNA polymerase II followed by further rounds of transcriptional initiation and elongation. HSF1 is thus involved in both initiation and elongation of HSP RNA transcripts. Recent studies indicate important roles for histone modifications on HSP genes during heat shock. Histone modification occurs rapidly after stress and may be involved in promoting nucleosome remodeling on HSP promoters and in the open reading frames of HSP genes. Understanding these processes may be key to evaluating mechanisms of deregulated HSP expression that plays a key role in neurodegeneration and cancer.
Some effects of tramlines on surface runoff, sediment and phosphorus mobilization on an erosion‐prone soil

Although introduced into UK farming to help ensure more even application of agrochemicals, tramlines (marked wheelways through crops) are a potential cause of surface runoff and transfer of diffuse pollutants, including sediment and phosphorus (P), into watercourses. To help quantify these potential effects, the impact of tramlines on sediment and P movement in surface runoff was assessed on an erosion-prone sloping (5°) fine sandy soil over two successive winters. Three replicate and hydrologically isolated runoff plots measuring 15 m long and 2 m wide, and either with, or without, a tramline, were established on field demonstration areas which had received different soil (traditionally ploughed vs. reduced cultivated) and crop (early vs. late drilling) management practices. Reduced cultivation (minimum tillage) consisted of heavy discing (5-8 cm depth) instead of ploughing (20-25 cm depth). Over monitoring periods ranging up to 5 months, plots with tramlines running up and down the slope generated, on average, 46% more runoff (+ 1-2 mm) compared with plots without tramlines on ploughed soils. This extra runoff resulted in up to fivefold greater sediment loss (+0.4 t ha -1 ) and up to fourfold greater total P loss (+0.3 kg ha -1 ) from the plots. However, the presence of tramlines had no significant impact on runoff, or sediment and P transfers, where the soil received reduced cultivation. Plots with tramlines that were partially crop covered, or which ran across the slope rather than up and down the slope, produced the same amount of runoff, sediment and P transfer as plots without tramlines. Greatest entrainment of sediment and P in runoff occurred where tramlines coarsely indented the soil, or caused erosion rills to form. Establishing tramlines in dry soils reduced the degree of soil indentation and the risk of channelled runoff causing sediment and P entrainment. The data suggest that tramlines can be managed more sensitively on erosion vulnerable soils to help minimize the risk of sediment and P pollution of our surface waters, and various options are discussed.
Phase II, Open Label, Randomized Comparative Trial of Ondansetron Alone versus the Combination of Ondansetron and Aprepitant for the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies Receiving Regimens Containing High-Dose Cytarabine

Background. Aprepitant is a P/neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist approved for the prevention of CINV in moderate emetic risk chemotherapy. We explored its effectiveness in patients with leukemia receiving cytarabine-based chemotherapy. Methods. Patients were randomized to ondansetron (OND) 8 mg IV 30 minutes before cytarabine followed by 24 mg IV continuous infusion daily until 6-12 hours after the last dose of chemotherapy alone or with aprepitant (APREP) oral 125 mg 6-12 hrs before chemotherapy and 80 mg daily until 1 day after the last dose of chemotherapy. Results. Forty-nine patients were enrolled in each arm; 42 in OND and 41 in OND + APREP arm were evaluable for efficacy. The ORR with OND + APREP was 80% compared to 67% with OND alone (P = 0.11). On days 6 and 7, higher proportion of patients treated with OND + APREP were free from nausea (74%, 74% versus 68%, 67%; P = 0.27 and 0.18, resp.). Requirement of rescue medications on days 2 and 3 was fewer in OND + APREP arm 7% and 5% compared to 21% and 16% in the OND arm, respectively (P = 0.06 and P = 0.07). Conclusions. There was a trend for overall improvement in emesis with ondansetron plus aprepitant. The potential benefit of this approach with specific chemotherapy combinations remains to be determined.
Homotopy solution for nonlinear differential equations in wave propagation problems

In this paper, we derive a general series solution for nonlinear differential equations based on an alternate form of the homotopy analysis method. The conventional approach begins with a zero-order deformation equation, which includes an auxiliary operator for mapping of an initial approximation to the exact solution and an auxiliary parameter to ensure convergence of the series solution. We express the general series solution directly from the zero-order deformation equation in terms of the Bell polynomial and introduce a new dimension to the convergence characteristics through a second auxiliary parameter. Convergence theorems are provided to assure mapping to the correct solution in the new homotopy defined by two auxiliary parameters. Implementation of the general solution is demonstrated with the periodic long-wave problem governed by the Korteweg de Vries equation and the propagation of high-frequency waves in a relaxing medium given by the Vakhnenko equation. Comparison of the present and exact solutions confirms the effectiveness and validity of the proposed approach. The use of two auxiliary parameters substantially improves the convergence region and rate and provides series solutions to highly nonlinear equations with fewer terms.
Genetic reassortment of bluetongue virus Serotype 11 strains in the bovine

Reassortants of bluetongue virus Serotype 11 (BTV-11) were isolated from a yearling heifer experimentally infected with two electrophoretically different strains (UC-2 and UC-8) by subcutaneous inoculation. Viruses were recovered by direct titration of sonicated blood samples onto Vero cell monolayers, which were overlaid with agarose and later plaque purified. The parental electropherotype of UC-8 was identified as the predominant virus strain during the infection; UC-2 was not isolated. UC-2 inffectivity was shown by reassortants which contained genome segments that were identical in migration pattern to the parental UC-2 electropherotype. The observations demonstrate that segmental reassortment can occur during mixed infections in the bovine, between strains of the same BTV serotype.
Adopters of telecommunications initiatives: A profile of progressive US corporations

The increasing pervasiveness and importance of telecommunications technologies is making it critical for organizations to make 'rational' choices regarding their adoption. This study identifies 15 telecommunications initiatives and examines the differences between adopters and non-adopters of these initiatives across a variety of factors. The results suggest different profiles for each technology initiative. However, more importantly, the results alert us to the diversity of factors that could potentially influence or be influenced by these technology decisions. While some initiatives are related to structural characteristics like centralization and integration, others relate to risk taking disposition and vendor interaction. The results provide descriptive insight into telecommunications initiatives and their use, as well as potential prescriptive insight into factors that could affect decision making processes regarding the initiatives. Potential future trends regarding these initiatives are also discussed.
Predicting adult responses to infant distress: Adult characteristics associated with perceptions, emotional reactions, and timing of intervention

This study examined adult characteristics associated with different responses to infant distress. One hundred eighty-eight parents viewed four 20-second segments of videotape in which a 4-week-old infant was either (a) fussing mildly, (b) fussing vigorously, (c) crying, or (d) crying vigorously. Participants rated their emotional reactions and perception of cry characteristics following each segment. Participants then viewed a 4-minute videotape depicting the same infant progressing from calm to vigorous crying, and indicated when they would intervene to pick up the infant. Relatively high levels of empathy and extraversion and low levels of conscientiousness were associated with more sensitive responses to infant distress. Infant-rearing attitudes had a strong impact on response patterns as well, suggesting that education may be an effective means of increasing parental sensitivity. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Neutral Models As a Way To Evaluate the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM)

A commonly used landscape model to simulate wetland change – the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) – has rarely been explicitly assessed for its prediction accuracy. Here, we evaluated this model using recently proposed neutral models – including the random constraint match model (RCM) and growing cluster model (GrC), which consider the initial landscape conditions instead of starting with a blank or randomized initial map as traditional neutral models do. Thus, the SLAMM's performance, due to processes accounted for in the model, could be more accurately assessed. RCM allocates change randomly in space, while in the GrC, change allocation is prioritized at the locations with pairs of to-be-increased land type and to-be-reduced land type adjacent to each other. The metrics we applied to evaluate the SLAMM vs. the neutral models accounted for five main components in map comparison: (1) reference change simulated correctly as change (hits), (2) reference persistence simulated correctly as persistence (correct rejections), (3) reference change simulated incorrectly as change to the wrong category (wrong hits), (4) reference change simulated incorrectly as persistence (misses), and (5) reference persistence simulated incorrectly as change (false alarms). These methods improved the way that we currently evaluate land change models, where we either do not compare to a neutral model, or the neutral model does not have the same boundary conditions and constraints as the assessed dynamics models. The results showed that the SLAMM could simulate wetland change more accurately compared to the GrC and RCM at a 10-year time step for the lower Pascagoula River basin, Mississippi, with higher hits and correct rejections, and lower misses and false alarms. The magnitude of simulated changes using the SLAMM was 46% of reference changes. The number of wrong hits for the SLAMM was also lower than those for the neutral models after combining some land or water types into broader categories. After the aggregation, the SLAMM performance improved substantially. How the errors of this relatively short-term simulation propagate into longer-term predictions requires further investigation. This study also showed the importance of implementing elevation data with high vertical accuracy, and conducting local calibration when we apply the SLAMM.
A Risk-Based Approach to Support Global Coordination in Distributed Environment

In a distributed environment, multiple stakeholders working on a common design project are usually at different geographical locations and with different organization cultural. In order to resolve the conflicts and facilitate the collaboration, local negotiations within a stakeholder group (intra-stakeholder) and global negotiations with other stakeholders (inter-stakeholder) co-exist. Strategic support is necessary and important to facilitate the integrative negotiation at the both intra- and inter- levels for effective distributed decision making. Existing work has recognized that risk [1] is one crucial criterion among several others underlining the collaborative decision making, either for group planning or developing a product or designing an experiment. Built upon this knowledge, this work proposes a risk-based global coordination methodology to support the negotiations among distributed stakeholders in collaborative design. The challenge here is that the distributed stakeholders have different risk information, interpretations, and evaluations, which may be subjective and even inaccurate from a global perspective, and this may affect the quality of their decisions made when the group tries to work as a whole. The proposed approach identifies, captures, and synthesizes the heterogeneous risk evaluations across distributed, multiple stakeholders, and then uses a global coordination scheme to achieve globally consistent risk assessment (consensus building) based on certain negotiation criteria. In this paper, core concepts and a theoretical framework of the risk-based global coordination methodology are presented. An example problem from a NSF/NEES-sponsored research collaborative network is used to demonstrate the use of the methodology. The preliminary results show that this method has potential in supporting negotiations based on risk assessment and management in distributed decision making.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
I. The meaning of the north: England's ‘foreign country’ within?

Abstract The core of the British state is to be found in the South of England, Political resistance to this state in Scotland, Wales and Ireland can take the form of a nationalist politics but such reaction has proved to be impossible for the North of England. Nevertheless, perceived cultural differences and relative economic decline throughout the 20th century, both accelerating in the 1980s, may provide the conditions for some form of separatist politics in the North. Evidence for these North-South differences is provided and the arguments for union and obstacles to separation are rehearsed. However, it is argued that in these times of rapid political changes throughout the world, the North of England might find a separate political voice that could break up the unity of England and with it the United Kingdom. Scenarios for change are presented and a future North within a Europe of regions is seen as a likely outcome.
Automated electronic medical record sepsis detection in the emergency department

Background. While often first treated in the emergency department (ED), identification of sepsis is difficult. Electronic medical record (EMR) clinical decision tools offer a novel strategy for identifying patients with sepsis. The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of an EMR-based, automated sepsis identification system. Methods. We tested an EMR-based sepsis identification tool at a major academic, urban ED with 64,000 annual visits. The EMR system collected vital sign and laboratory test information on all ED patients, triggering a “sepsis alert” for those with ≥2 SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) criteria (fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis) plus ≥1 major organ dysfunction (SBP ≤ 90 mm Hg, lactic acid ≥2.0 mg/dL). We confirmed the presence of sepsis through manual review of physician, nursing, and laboratory records. We also reviewed a random selection of ED cases that did not trigger a sepsis alert. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the sepsis identification tool. Results. From January 1 through March 31, 2012, there were 795 automated sepsis alerts. We randomly selected 300 cases without a sepsis alert from the same period. The true prevalence of sepsis was 355/795 (44.7%) among alerts and 0/300 (0%) among non-alerts. The positive predictive value of the sepsis alert was 44.7% (95% CI [41.2–48.2%]). Pneumonia and respiratory infections (38%) and urinary tract infection (32.7%) were the most common infections among the 355 patients with true sepsis (true positives). Among false-positive sepsis alerts, the most common medical conditions were gastrointestinal (26.1%), traumatic (25.7%), and cardiovascular (20.0%) conditions. Rates of hospital admission were: true-positive sepsis alert 91.0%, false-positive alert 83.0%, no sepsis alert 5.7%. Conclusions. This ED EMR-based automated sepsis identification system was able to detect cases with sepsis. Automated EMR-based detection may provide a viable strategy for identifying sepsis in the ED.
Argon ion surface erosion of niobium

Abstract Experiments were performed on the surface erosion of polycrystalline niobium by a beam of 15 keV argon ions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the existence of various surface irregularities. Cones were observed and their evolution as a function of dose was studied. A ledge migration mechanism based on preferential sputtering rates of certain grains in a polycrystalline material is suggested to account for some of the characteristics of the cone development.
International Perspectives: Models of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: Experience of Three Decades

Transfer of technology from developed to developing countries can improve health care worldwide. Several approaches have been used with varying success, including self-sponsored models, government- or institution-sponsored models, planned program development, and single or multinational/multi-institutional collaboration. Although technology transfer and training of individuals are highly important, sustainable programs may provide the most lasting effects. Successful partnerships require fiscal commitments, cooperation, strategic planning, and thoughtful human interrelationships.
Evaluation of Cortical Thickness after Traumatic Brain Injury in Military Veterans.

Abstract Military service members frequently sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBI) while on active duty, a majority of which are related to explosive blasts and are mild in severity. Studies evaluating the cortical gray matter in persons with injuries of this nature remain scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess cortical thickness in a sample of military veterans with chronic blast-related TBI. Thirty-eight veterans with mild TBI and 17 veterans with moderate TBI were compared with 58 demographically matched healthy civilians. All veterans with TBI sustained injuries related to a blast and were between 5 and 120 months post-injury (M = 62.08). Measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were administered, along with a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess cognition. The Freesurfer software package was used to calculate cortical thickness of the participants. Results demonstrated significant clusters of cortical thinning in the right hemispheric insula and inferior por...
Managing the Process of Review Playing "Baseball" in Class

Managing the process of review can sometimes become a difficult or onerous chore. Using a game entitled "Baseball" can make practice of test questions enjoyable and exciting for students. Students organized in teams use practice test questions to quiz each other. Correct answers are "hits" and incorrect answers are "outs." Benefits, in addition to making practice sessions enjoyable, include learning content effectively, increasing the social consequences of not studying, teaching students how to self-assess their knowledge, and showing students how to study for a test by quizzing themselves.
Women's labour force participation and child care in Romania

Abstract This paper models household demand for childcare and mothers' labour force participation in Romania. The model estimates the effects of the price of childcare, mothers' wages, and household characteristics on household behaviour with respect to childcare and maternal employment. We find that both the maternal decision to become employed and the decision to use out-of-home care are sensitive to the price of childcare. A decrease in the price of care can increase the number of working mothers and thus can reduce poverty in some households. We also find that the potential market wage of the mother has a significant positive effect on the decision to purchase market care and on the decision to engage in paid employment. The level of household non-wage income has little effect on maternal employment and on the demand for childcare.
MARKET INTERPRETATION OF ISO 9000 REGISTRATION

Since 1990, many U.S. firms have registered under the provisions of the ISO 9000 standard. Meeting the qualifications of this registration requires considerable time and money. To this point, the justification has been put in terms of management commitment to quality, cost reduction, or opening new markets, particularly international markets. We contribute by examining the reaction of the firms' stock price to the announcement of ISO 9000 registration. We find that for the smallest firms, ISO 9000 registration is regarded as positive information by investors. We also find that the market reaction to ISO 9000 registration is sensitive to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.
Salivary amylase in crevicular fluid

Extrasulcular substances such as saliva, supragingival plaque and salivary sediment may be contaminants in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected with Periopaper. This report provides data obtained with salivary amylase as a marker for these substances in GCF. Amylase was a common constituent of GCF collected from sites with clinical health and with clinical signs of periodontitis. Rinsing the mouth with water reduced, but did not eliminate amylase in GCF. More frequent (p < 0.01) and greater (p < 0.001) contamination of GCF with amylase occurred in samples from periodontitis than from healthy subjects. The volume of saliva required to give the amylase in the GCF was calculated. This volume exceeded the GCF volume in 21% of samples collected without a water rinse. Thus, oral constituents other than saliva likely contribute to GCF amylase. Small quantities of plaque and salivary sediment (9.6 +/- 5.9, 3.4 +/- 2.0 micrograms protein) provided amylase from a saliva volume equal to the GCF volume in health (0.23 microliters). The above and other data presented here show that extrasulcular substances likely are frequent constituents of GCF collected with Periopaper. Reporting GCF constituents as quantities/sample appears least subject to error from the contamination by extrasulcular substances.
Hyperchloremic Acidosis Increases Circulating Inflammatory Molecules in Experimental Sepsis

Rationale Hyperchloremic acidosis is common in the critically ill and is often iatrogenic. We have previously shown that hyperchloremic acidosis increases nuclear factor-κB DNA binding in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. However, evidence that hyperchloremic acidosis leads to increased inflammation in vivo has been limited to nitric oxide. Objectives To determine if acidosis, induced by dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) infusion, will increase circulating inflammatory mediator levels in an experimental model of severe sepsis in rats. Methods Eighteen hours after inducing lethal sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture in 20 adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats, we randomized animals into three groups. In groups 2 and 3, we began an IV infusion of 0.1 N HCl to reduce the standard base excess (SBE) by 5 to 10 mEq/L and 10 to 15 mEq/L, respectively. In group 1, we infused a similar volume of lactated Ringer solution. In all groups infusion continued 8 h or until the animal died. Measurements and main results We measured arterial blood gases, whole-blood lactate, and chloride, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 levels at 0 h, 4 h, and 8 h. All measured cytokines increased over time. Compared to group 1, animals in groups 2 and 3 exhibited greater increase in all three cytokines, with the greatest increases seen with severe acidosis. Conclusion Moderate (SBE, – 5 to – 10) and severe (SBE, – 10 to – 15) acidosis, induced by HCl infusion, increases circulating levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF in normotensive septic rats.
Investigation of various generator reactive power reserve (GRPR) definitions for online voltage stability/security assessment

Voltage stability in power system is influenced by reactive support at various locations. It is desirable to monitor the reactive power reserves as system conditions change. There is a need to find a relationship between the reactive power reserves and system security with respect to voltage stability margin and voltage violations. In this paper we have investigated how different approaches of generator reactive power reserves (GRPR) relate to voltage stability and voltage violations. In reference [3] the authors presented the relationship between the reactive power reserves and voltage stability margin (VSM). The linear approach presented in reference [3] is further analyzed to take into account the nonlinear nature of reactive power reserves. In this paper the relationship between the reactive power reserve and voltage violations is also included. A nonlinear regression model up to 3rd order is included to improve the accuracy of the prediction.
Adjuvant High-Dose Interferon-α for Resected Melanoma in a Patient with HIV Infection

Adjuvant interferon (IFN)- remains the standard adjuvant therapy for intermediate and high-risk melanoma after definitive surgical resection. Data addressing the role and safety of adjuvant immunotherapy in HIV-infected patients with melanoma are lacking. We report on an HIV patient who received IFN- as adjuvant treatment for high-risk melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of such an approach. The Oncologist 2010;15: 695–698
The International Criminal Court and the Concept of Mens Rea in International Criminal Law

The concept of mens rea defined in Article 30 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court is not founded on the typical Anglo-American perceptions of fault, and concepts such as “malice aforethought” and “recklessness” are not part of the ICC’s vocabulary. Mens rea for purposes of prosecutions in the ICC is based on the civil law distinction between dolus directus (the perpetrator foresees the harmful consequences of the criminal act and wants to bring about those consequences), dolus indirectus (the perpetrator foresees certain consequences of the criminal act as a certainty and bring about those consequences even though that is not what he wanted or desired to bring about), and dolus eventualis (the perpetrator foresees certain additional consequences of the criminal act as a likelihood or merely a possibility and bring about those consequences even though that is not what he wanted or desired to bring about). Negligence denotes the mindset of a perpetrator who did not foresee the consequences of the act but as a reasonable person should have known that those consequences may result from the criminal act. Article 30 of the ICC Statute, which applies unless otherwise provided, includes dolus directus and dolus indirectus only (to the exclusion of dolus eventualis and negligence). The essay explains, among other things, the difference between general intent and specific intent crimes, the notion of willful blindness, and the impact on sentencing of reduced culpability based on, for example, superior orders. It deals quite elaborately with the required manifestations of fault in the case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It distinguishes between (objective) grounds of justification which renders an unlawful act to become lawful, and grounds of exculpation, which excludes the element of mens rea. Included in the list of grounds of exculpation are mental disorder, intoxication, tender age, and mistake that affect the capacity of a person to intentionally break the law. It notes that guilty knowledge is an essential component of criminal intent and that ignorance of the law is an excuse in international law. Superior order is not an excuse for criminal conduct but can serve in mitigation of sentence. In elaborating on these principles of international criminal law, reference is made to jurisprudence of the Nuremberg tribunals, judgments of the ad hoc tribunals, prosecution of the “Shooters at the Wall” in East Berlin, the British case involving a man who invited his drinking pals to have sex with his wife, and several other interesting cases.The article was cited with approval by the ICC in Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gambo, Case No. IT-01/05-01/08-14-424 (15 June 2009).
Nanosecond Framing Photography For Laser-Produced Interstreaming Plasmas

Using a fast-gated (120 psec-5 nsec) microchannel-plate optical camera (Gated Optical Imager), framing photographs have been taken of the rapidly streaming, laser plasma (~5 x 10 7 cm/sec) passing through a vacuum or a background gas, with and without a magnetic field. Observations of Large-Larmor-Radius Interchange Instabilities are presented.
Extra-Legal Factors and Product Liability: The Influence of Mock Jurors’ Demographic Characteristics and Intuitions about the Cause of an Injury

Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of extra-legal factors in a simulated product liability trial. In cases where the factual evidence was identical, subjects' liability judgments varied as a function of the case-specific factor of the alleged source of the plaintiffs injury. In deciding cases differently depending on the alleged cause, subjects relied on intuitions about what injury sources are more or less likely to cause a certain kind of injury. Juror-specific factors also influenced subjects' verdicts. There was no difference between students and non-students, but race and SEC—factors that are often correlated with student status—did affect subjects' verdicts. Low-SES and minority subjects were more likely to find the defendant liable than high-SES and white subjects. The results are considered in terms of general decision-making processes, and the implications for jury selection and mock jury research are discussed.
Novel sonar map-building based on physical principles of reflection

A novel characterization of sonar reflections is described based on the physical principles of scattering from surfaces. This characterization provides considerable improvement over conventional time-of-flight systems for generating sonar maps. The procedure developed also allows the integration of various types of environments into a single framework. A new parametrization of the sonar echo is developed based on the energy content and duration of the echo. These parameters are functions of the surface roughness and orientation. The echo-energy and echo-duration maps allow the identification of smooth, moderately rough and rough surfaces. >
Robust unsupervised classification with uncertain models

A classification procedure that estimates the parameters of an unsupervised vectored sample where the exact form of the underlying probability density of the samples is not known is developed. Following the estimation, the measurements are classified on the basis of maximized a-posteriori probability of classification. Since the Gaussianity assumption is at most an approximation to a realistic data set and gross errors are likely to appear, robustification and efficiency are emphasized. The data are only partially observed, and an a-priori model for the observed sample is not known, so that an uncertain modeling of the observations is desired. The missing data situation is handled by using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the unobserved quantities. The class of weighted M-estimators is defined and used in the robust classifier. An efficient simple numerical method for the solution of the weighted M-estimate for the large class of in contaminated distributions is presented. An extension to the case where samples of a particular class are known to be correlated is discussed, and a postprocessing step to re-estimate the parameters is proposed. >
Semantic anchoring with model transformations

Model-Integrated Computing (MIC) is an approach to Model-Driven Architecture (MDA), which has been developed primarily for embedded systems. MIC places strong emphasis on the use of domain-specific modeling languages (DSML-s) and model transformations. A metamodeling process facilitated by the Generic Modeling Environment (GME) tool suite enables the rapid and inexpensive development of DSML-s. However, the specification of semantics for DSML-s is still a hard problem. In order to simplify the DSML semantics, this paper discusses semantic anchoring, which is based on the transformational specification of semantics. Using a mathematical model, Abstract State Machine (ASM), as a common semantic framework, we have developed formal operational semantics for a set of basic models of computations, called semantic units. Semantic anchoring of DSML-s means the specification of model transformations between DSML-s (or aspects of complex DSML-s) and selected semantic units. The paper describes the semantic anchoring process using the meta-programmable MIC tool suite.
Nonlinear dynamics of a friction-limited drive: Application to a chain continuously variable transmission (CVT) system

Abstract Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on developing vehicle transmissions that meet the goals of reduced exhaust emissions and increased vehicle efficiency. A continuously variable transmission is an emerging automotive transmission technology that offers a continuum of gear ratios between desired limits. A chain CVT is a friction-limited drive whose dynamic performance and torque capacity rely significantly on the friction characteristic of the contact patch between the chain and the pulley. Although a CVT helps to maximize the vehicle fuel economy, its complete potential has not been accomplished in a mass-production vehicle. The present research focuses on developing models to analyze friction-induced nonlinear dynamics of a chain CVT drive and identify possible mechanisms that cause degradation of the overall dynamic performance by inducing chaos and self-sustained vibrations in the system. Two different mathematical models of friction, which characterize different operating or loading conditions, are embedded into a detailed planar multibody model of chain CVT in order to capture the various friction-induced effects in the system. Tools such as stick–slip oscillator dynamics, Lyapunov exponents, phase-space reconstruction, and recurrence plotting are incorporated to characterize the nonlinear dynamics of such a friction-limited system. The mathematical models, the computational scheme, and the results corresponding to different loading scenarios are discussed. The results discuss the influence of friction characteristics on the nonlinear dynamics and torque transmitting capacity of a chain CVT drive.
Matrices with Polynomial Entries

A polynomial in one variable is an expression of the form a n x n + a n−1 x n−1 + ⋯ +a 0, where x is a variable*, where n is a nonnegative integer, and where a n , a n-1, ⋯ , a 0 are numbers. (Here, and in the remainder of the book, “number” will mean “rational number” unless otherwise stated.) The a’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial. The leading term of a polynomial is the term a i x i with a i ≠ 0 for which i is as large as possible. Normally one assumes a n ≠ 0, so a n x n is the leading term. The leading coefficient of a polynomial is the coefficient of the leading term; the degree is the exponent of x in the leading term. A polynomial of degree 0 is simply a nonzero rational number. The polynomial 0 has no leading term; it is considered to have degree −∞ in order to make the degree of the product of two polynomials equal to the sum of their degrees in all cases. For a similar reason, the leading coefficient of the polynomial 0 is considered to be 0. A polynomial is called monic if its leading coefficient is 1.
Neuroticism's Importance in Understanding the Daily Life Correlates of Heart Rate Variability

Individual differences in high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV) have been conceptualized in terms of a greater capacity to self-regulate problematic outcomes, but have also been conceptualized in terms of greater moment-to-moment flexibility. From a self-regulation perspective, higher HRV should be inversely correlated with trait neuroticism and problematic daily outcomes. From a flexibility perspective, high HRV should result in more state-like functioning—that is, functioning that is more contextual and less trait-like in nature. In the latter case, HRV and trait neuroticism may interact to predict problematic outcomes such that neuroticism should be a less consequential predictor at higher levels of HRV. The flexibility perspective was systematically supported in a daily experience-sampling protocol. Implications focus on theories of neuroticism and HRV.
The Role of Hox Genes in Female Reproductive Tract Development, Adult Function, and Fertility

HOX genes convey positional identity that leads to the proper partitioning and adult identity of the female reproductive track. Abnormalities in reproductive tract development can be caused by HOX gene mutations or altered HOX gene expression. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other endocrine disruptors cause Mullerian defects by changing HOX gene expression. HOX genes are also essential regulators of adult endometrial development. Regulated HOXA10 and HOXA11 expression is necessary for endometrial receptivity; decreased HOXA10 or HOXA11 expression leads to decreased implantation rates. Alternation of HOXA10 and HOXA11 expression has been identified as a mechanism of the decreased implantation associated with endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, leiomyoma, polyps, adenomyosis, and hydrosalpinx. Alteration of HOX gene expression causes both uterine developmental abnormalities and impaired adult endometrial development that prevent implantation and lead to female infertility.
Patterns and Chaotic Dynamics in Faraday Surface Waves

A brief review is given of ordered and disordered patterns formed on the surface of a fluid layer subjected to vertical oscillation. We point out connections to cellular Benard patterns, and discuss the extent of our understanding of these nonlinear states.
Maria van der Schaar, G. F. Stout and the Psychological Origins of Analytic Philosophy

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 174pp. $100 Hardcover. ISBN 978-0-230-24978-3. Reviewed by Consuelo Preti.
Macroscopie quantum fluctuations of pulsed nanosecond optical parametric generation in periodically-poled LiNbO3

We present simulations and experimental results for quantum noise initiated emission from a periodically- poled lithium niobate optical parametric generator (OPG). Our model successfully describes broad-band emission spectra in OPGs and optical parametric amplifiers. The emission spectra and the quantum statistics deduced from macroscopic fluctuations between simulations and experiment are compared.
What We Say Matters: Referring to Students with Disabilities.

As music educators, we can do much to promote the image of students with disabilities in our schools by using appropriate terminology in our teaching and communications with others. For music educa...
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis: III. Chemotactic Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Chemotactic activity was assayed in CSF of rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis to further characterize the inflammatory response in this infection. CSF chemotactic activity was detected in increasing levels for 72 hr after infection. Activity was stable at 56 degrees and was inactivated by agents which denature proteins. Gel filtration demonstrated two chemotactically active fractions in infected CSF with mol wts of approximately 3000 and 11,000. Bacterial products appear to account for a portion of the observed CSF chemotactic activity, but the role of host factors remains to be clarified.
Notes on Colorado Fungi I.Hygrophorus Amarus

Hygrophorus amnarus was described in 1939 by Smith and Hesler from a collection made by Wehmeyer near Copeland, Idaho, in 1922 and a second by C. H. Kauffman made near Lake Quinault, Washington, in 1925 (the type). Their notes did not give a clear sequence of the pattern of pigment development in the pileus, an omission which has led to some confusion in recognizing this species in the field. On numerous occasions during August, 1974, we made collections believed to be this species. Subsequent studies confirmed the tentative identification of this material and brought to light information clarifying the species concept. The species is closely related to Hygrophorus pudorinus Fr., H. erubescens Fr., and H. purpurascens (Fr.) Fr. A number of our collections were made in the immediate vicinity of Tolland, Colorado, where, in 1920, Kauffman collected the first two of the above. He collected H. purpurascens about 20 miles farther west near Leal, Colorado, in 1917. We collected all four species in 1974 and verified that H. amarus was distinct from the others. The following revised description of H. amarus is based on our 1974 collections:
Study on Extracting β-Glucuronidase and its Activation

β-Galactosidase is a specific enzyme of E.coli.This paper determines activity,optimal fermentation culture medium and fermentation culture conditions of β-G with the enzyme-substrate method.The optimal fermentation culture medium consisted of the following: tryptone 1 %,starch 5 %,nacl 0.5 %,yeast extract 0.5 %,pH 7.2-7.4;the fermentation culture conditions consisted of the following: ventilation,50 mL/250 mL triangular flask,rotating speed 110 r/min.It was taken a rough collecting research in the way of ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation.