cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kevin Schilbrack on Defining Religion and the Field of the Study of Religions

Kevin Schilbrack’s manifesto Philosophy and the Study of Religions is an important foundational work for two fields: philosophy of religion and religious studies. The philosophers of religion sometimes appear to better fit Donald Wiebe’s characterization of religionists as crypto-theologians. They seem only really concerned with Christian theology or at the most theism, despite the fact that Christianity only accounts for about a third of what we could call religious people on the planet and theism only about half. They seem to have taken the part of Mr. Thwackum, the Divine, at least in part against Mr. Square, the Philosopher, in that wonderful dispute in Henry Fielding’s The Adventures of Tom Jones:
Effects of magnetic interactions in antiferromagnetic ferrihydrite particles.

The effects of magnetic interactions in the magnetic properties of six-line ferrihydrite particles were investigated by studying the behavior of aggregated versus coated particles. Four different coating agents (sugar, alginate, lactate and ascorbate) were employed in order to obtain dispersed particles and prevent particle agglomeration; one sub-sample was allowed to dry with no coating agent. The five sets of ferrihydrite particles were from the same batch and the size was estimated as 3.6 ± 0.4 nm in length. Low temperature magnetization, ac susceptibility and Mossbauer spectroscopy data showed contrasting blocking temperatures for uncoated and coated samples with a decrease of T(P) from about 50 K to 12 K, respectively. The contributions from magnetic interactions were recognized in magnetic measurements and the effective anisotropy constant for non-interacting ferrihydrite was estimated as (100 ± 10) × 10(3) J m(-3). Overall, employing sugar and alginate as coating agents was more successful in preventing particle aggregation and magnetic interactions. In contrast, ascorbate and lactate were unsuitable due to the chemical reaction between the coating agent and ferrihydrite surface.
Geoid anomalies across fracture zones and the thickness of the lithosphere

Abstract Recent advances in the measurement and interpretation of geoid height anomalies provide a new way to estimate the thickness of the oceanic lithosphere as a function of crustal age. GEOS-III satellite altimetry measurements show abrupt changes in sea level across fracture zones which separate areas of lithosphere with different ages. These changes have the correct location, amplitude, and wavelength to be caused by the combined gravitational attraction of the relief across the fracture zone and the isostatic support of this relief. Eight profiles of geoid height and bathymetry across the Mendocino fracture zone are inverted to determine the depth of the isostatic compensation, assuming that the compensation occurs in a single layer. These depths are then interpreted with a thermal boundary layer model of lithospheric growth. To explain satisfactorily the geoid measurements, the thermal diffusivity of the upper mantle must be 3.3 × 10−3 cm2 s−1 and the thickness of the lithosphere, defined as the depth at which the geotherm reaches 95% of its maximum value, must be9.1km m.y.−1/2 × t1/2, where t is lithospheric age.
Accountability to constituents! A two-edged sword

Abstract Expectation of cooperative future interaction with the other negotiator (ECFI) was crossed with accountability to constituents. Accountability produced contentious behavior and it reduced joint benefit when ECFI was absent, but it increased joint benefit when ECFI was present. The results can be construed as supporting a dual-concern model, suggesting that behavior is a function of both a concern for personal goals and a concern for the relationship with the other party.
Why is it important to analyze and use business and human resources data

This chapter provides a framework of how and why human resource data are used, as well as the different analyses that college and universities are currently using, to determine institutional operational needs and effectiveness.
g and Hyperfine Components of V K Centers

Experimental values of the $g$ and hyperfine components of ${{X}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{K}$ centers and ${{Y}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{K}$-type centers ($X, Y=\mathrm{F},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{r},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{I}$) in a large number of pure ($\mathrm{AX}$) and doped ($AX:{Y}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) alkali halides have been determined through a careful analysis of their electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) spectra. Expressions for the $g$ components have been derived. For an accurate quantitative analysis, it is necessary to take into account the overlap terms in the calculation of $\ensuremath{\delta}$, the matrix element of the orbital angular momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}$ between the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$ ground state and the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ state. A calculation for ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ yields $\ensuremath{\delta}=0.78$. Representative experimental values for ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are $\ensuremath{\delta}=0.73 \mathrm{and} 0.70$, respectively. The $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}\ensuremath{-}^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ energy differences thus determined decrease going from the Rb salt to the Li salt. This behavior, in general, parallels that of the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}\ensuremath{-}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ and $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}\ensuremath{-}^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ energy differences which are known from the optical-absorption measurements. The crystal field splitting of the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ state is determined from the orthorhombic character of the $g$ tensor. Expressions for the hyperfine components have been derived which include the first- and second-order correction terms originating from the combined effect of the spin-orbit and hyperfine operators. From the analysis of the combined behavior of the orthorhombic character of the $g$ and hyperfine (hf) components, it can be concluded that ${A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}g0$ and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}g0$ for ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}g0$ and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}l0$ for ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The analysis of the hf components then shows that the isotropic part of the hf interaction decreases monotonically going from the Rb to the Li salt, while the anisotropic part remains approximately constant. EPR results for ${V}_{\mathrm{KA}}$, ${V}_{\mathrm{KAA}}$, and ${V}_{F}$ centers are also given and they are compared with the ${V}_{K}$-center data.
HCV Therapy: Treat now or wait?

The combination of first generation protease inhibitors, telaprevir or boceprevir with pegylated interferon and ribavirin has significantly improved response rates when compared to pegylated interferon and ribavirin alone. While safe and effective for many patients, the potential of current DAA based therapy has been limited by tolerability, especially in those with extensive co-morbidities. Newer therapies, likely with improved efficacy and safety profiles are under development, however the timing of availability of these agents remains speculative. The choice to treat with currently available therapy or to wait for newer therapy is complex. These decisions require understanding of unique patient characteristics as well as safety and efficacy of both available therapy and new therapies undergoing investigation.
Long‐term behavior of the OI 558 nm emission in the night sky and its aeronomical implications

[1] Study of the long-term behavior of the OI 558 nm emission in the night-sky, using data encompassing observations at low geomagnetic activity from 1923 to present, gives the result that these long-term, noisy, geophysical time series need to include nearly 20 cycles of an oscillation before a stable statistically meaningful answer is achieved. Periodogram analysis reveals that the strongest and predominant statistically significant oscillation in the OI 558 nm emission is a yearly variation. When this yearly oscillation is the main oscillation present in the spectrum, it has a fractional amplitude of value near 0.4. A semiannual oscillation is often also found in addition to the annual oscillation and, when significant annual and semiannual components are present, the fractional amplitudes are typically near 0.3 and 0.2 for the annual and semiannual oscillations, respectively. However, the annual fractional amplitude increases with latitude, while the semiannual fractional amplitude decreases with latitude. These results provide an insight on the nature of the seasonal variation of the OI 558 nm emission. Our longest time series are about 12 years long and thus set the lowest frequency to be studied. It is found that the OI 558 nm emission rate increases with solar activity, but in general, the emission is higher during the decreasing phase of solar activity; the apparent relationship changes with different solar cycles. OI 558 nm emission observations have been used to provide observational constraints to global dynamical atmospheric models. However, those constraining observational series have been of limited length and location and are possibly atypical. In the context of a model constrained by such observations, one can infer differences in the dynamical behavior of the atmosphere with latitude in order to account for the observed climatological emission behavior.
AdaBoost-based sensor fusion for credibility assessment

Individual credibility assessment is an ever-growing requirement in different applications including border crossing, airport checkpoint screening, criminal investigations, etc. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous sensor fusion algorithm based on the AdaBoost algorithm and a speech emotional recognition technique in order to develop an automatic noninvasive credibility assessment system. Our initial results based on two available sensors show a promising increase in the accuracy and performance of the system.
The relationship between combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting β-agonist use and severe asthma exacerbations in a diverse population.

Background Safety concerns surround the use of long-acting β-agonists (LABAs) for the treatment of asthma, even in combination with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and particularly in high-risk subgroups. Objective To estimate the effect of ICS therapy and fixed-dose ICS/LABA combination therapy on severe asthma exacerbations in a racially diverse population. Methods ICS and ICS/LABA exposure was estimated from pharmacy data for patients with asthma aged 12 to 56 years who were members of a large health maintenance organization. ICS and ICS/LABA use was estimated for each day of follow-up to create a moving window of exposure. Proportional hazard models were used to assess the relationship between ICS and ICS/LABA combination therapy and severe asthma exacerbations (ie, use of oral corticosteroids, asthma-related emergency department visit, or asthma-related hospitalization). Results Among the 1828 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 37% were African American, 46% were treated with ICS therapy alone, and 54% were treated with an ICS/LABA combination. Models assessing the risk of severe asthma exacerbations among individuals using ICS treatment alone and ICS/LABA combination therapy suggested that the overall protective effect was as good or better for ICS/LABA combination therapy when compared with ICS treatment alone (hazard ratio, 0.65 vs 0.72, respectively). Analyses in several subgroups, including African American patients, showed a similar statistically significant protective association for combination therapy. Conclusion Treatment with ICS/LABA fixed-dose combination therapy appeared to perform as well as or better than ICS treatment alone in reducing severe asthma exacerbations; this included multiple high-risk subgroups.
Energy Budgets of Four Ponds in Northwestern Florida

The annual energy budgets of four small ponds in northwestern Florida were calculated from the amounts of 1) solar radiation, 2) atmospheric long—wave radiation, 3) back radiation, 4) evaporative energy, 5) conducted energy, and 6) sensible heat which entered or was lost from the wager. Long—wave radiation constituted between 62.1 and 63.9% of the total incoming radiative energy and 80.8 to 85.0% of the total energy loss. Evaporative loss was between 14.6 and 18.3% of the total. Between 370,498 and 631,970 kcal m(—2)yr(—1) (37,050 — 63,197 cal cm(—2)y(—1)) were stored. Atmospheric radiation counteracts a portion of the radiative loss from water, thus reducing loss of stored solar energy. See full-text article at JSTOR
Spin relaxation in a two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field

and ωcτ is large. Our theory is based on a microscopic evaluation of the spin density response function of a disordered 2DEG system with the Rashba SO interaction in a perpendicular magnetic field. We obtain explicit analytical expressions for the longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation rates:
ENDOTHELIN-1 (ET-1) STIMULATES LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID (LPA) PRODUCTION BY PIGLET CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. † 1112

ENDOTHELIN-1 (ET-1) STIMULATES LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID (LPA) PRODUCTION BY PIGLET CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. † 1112
Inclusion of fractionated release of nucleic acids using microcapsules made from plant cells

The encapsulation and fractionated release of nucleic acids on vesicular packing (VP) materials have been investigated. The earlier described dependence of the permeation of nucleic acid molecules through the vesicle membranes on the salt concentration is a necessary precondition for both encapsulation and fractionation. Encapsulation is achieved by applying a suitable sample onto a VP column that has been equilibrated with a high-salt buffer. In that buffer the sample molecules are permeable. Immediately after sample application, elution is started with a low-salt buffer, from which the sample molecules are excluded. At the front between the two buffers the permeability changes, and some of the sample molecules distributed inside the vesicles cannot pass through the membranes. These encapsulated molecules can be released by increasing the salt concentration in the eluent. If the encapsulated nucleic acid sample is polydisperse, a stepwise or linear increase in the salt concentration leads to a fractionated release. The fractions obtained differ in their molecular size composition.
Homomorphisms and controllability of parallel composite systems

Abstract The concept of a homorphism is introduced to study the local weak controllability of parallel composite analytic systems. If two systems are simultaneously homomorphic to a nontrivial system, then their parallel composition is not locally weakly controllable. The converse, however, is not true. It is this negative aspect that shows the complexity of nonlinear systems in contrast with the linear ones.
THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY MUCOUS BRONCHOGRAM SIGN

Mucous secretions filling the bronchial tree may be identified on computed tomography (CT) as low-density, treelike branching structures within consolidated or collapsed lungs similar to air bronchograms. These mucous bronchograms may occur from mucoid impaction of the bronchi distal to an obstructing lesion of the bronchus, most notably bronchogenic carcinoma, and from conditions that cause impaired mucociliary transport. In most cases, thin-section CT (5 mm) will demonstrate the presence or absence of an obstructing tumor involving the bronchus and will allow a correct assessment as to the cause of the mucous bronchograms; however, on occasion mucus within the central bronchi may result in a false-positive CT diagnosis of obstructing tumor. The demonstration of mucous bronchograms within a thoracic mass indicates that the mass is consolidated or collapsed pulmonary tissue and allows distinction from pleural disease.
Active Sensing by Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Realistic Communication Environments

Abstract This paper describes an information-theoretic framework for active sensing by unmanned aircraft systems in realistic communication environments. The position dependency of wireless networked communication is modeled using the standard empirical radio model in combination with Shannon capacity or a packet erasure channel. The covariance of the extended information filter is used to model sensed information content. The two information-theoretic concepts are then combined into a single optimization metric. Decentralized control laws are developed for simplified network scenarios. Stochastic approximation and extremum seeking control techniques are used to estimate the gradient of the sampled objective function. Experimental flight results demonstrate the capabilities of the active sensing framework.
Off-road Tyre Model for Rollover Mitigation Strategies

This paper presents an off-road tyre model for use in rollover mitigation strategies for a vehicle driven on off-road terrain. A baseline tyre model was first developed through rolling road testing. Off-road tyre testing was then performed on dirt and gravel driving surfaces to develop scaling factors for extending the baseline tyre model to off-road conditions. A yaw and roll stability control algorithm was then developed and implemented in a vehicle simulation environment. The results show that the proposed control algorithm enhances vehicle roll stability and prevents vehicle rollover for the studied emergency manoeuvres on dry asphalt, dirt and gravel.
System parameter determination via linear functional estimation

Abstract The system parameter determination problem is reduced to the solution of a set of algebraic equations by the use of estimates of linear functionals involving the observed time functions, i.e. input and output. The minimum variance unbiased estimates of linear functionals are derived using a variation of the Projection Theorem.
Fractal Character of Humin and its Components

Natural organic matter in soils is usually found in intimate association with inorganic materials, primarily aluminosilicates, during the early stages of diagenesis to form an organo-mineral composite known as humin. Such composites typically represent more than 50% of the organic carbon present. Because of humin's insolubility and the surface reactivity of its organic components it is recognized as an important adsorbent of many anthropogenic organic compounds introduced into natural soil systems. Fractal analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data was used to characterize the surface roughness of four humin samples following sequential removal of organic matter. The surface fractal dimensions were observed to decrease with removal of organic matter which also resulted in a decrease in surface pore size. These results suggest that the mineral components of humin have smooth surfaces over length scales of ~ 1 to ~ 15 nm, and that it is the organic matter coatings that are responsible for their surface roughness. Models clay-organic compounds exhibited results that are consistent with the observation made for natural samples. The surfaces of all the components of humin were found to be dominated by micro- and mesopores that could explain humin's high sorptive uptake of organic chemicals in the environment.
New data regarding the relationship of amount of familiarization to the stimulus familiarization effect (SFE).

Abstract One hundred and twenty kindergarten-aged children were exposed to five, ten, 12, 14, 16, or 18 3-second presentations of either a red or a green stimulus light. Where needed to bring the total to 18, additional exposures of a white light preceded the colored-light presentations. The S s then performed in a discriminative reaction-time (DRT) task in which the red and green light each served as the signal to respond (depression of a red or green button) on half the trials. The dependent measures were start and execution speed. Evidence for the “stimulus familiarization effect”—i.e., faster speeds to the nonfamiliarized than to the familiarized stimulus—was obtained only for the group given 18 familiarization exposures (start speed measure only; first half of the DRT trials only). The relations of these findings to previously reported amount of familiarization effects were discussed.
The Computation of Quadrupole and Magnetic-Dipole Transition Probabilities

The theory of quadrupole radiation is formulated in such a fashion as to make available all the methods of computation and sum rules which have been developed for electric-dipole radiation. Formulas for the strengths are given for the $\mathrm{SL}{M}_{S}{M}_{L}$ scheme as well as the $\mathrm{SLJM}$ scheme. The problem of the relative strengths of the multiplets in a transition array is treated, and formulae are given that explicitly solve this problem for all possible transitions between two-electron configurations. Values for $\mathrm{np}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\leftrightharpoons}\mathrm{np}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}p$, $\mathrm{np}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}p\ensuremath{\leftrightharpoons}n{p}^{2}$, $\mathrm{np}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{np}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}P$ and $n{p}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{p}^{2}$ are tabulated. The spectroscopic stability method and the eigenfunction method of obtaining relative multiplet strengths are given a convenient formulation; and values are computed for $n{p}^{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{p}^{3}$. A root ${S}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ of the line strength is defined in such a way that it transforms like a Hermitian matrix component. This enables convenient computation of line strengths in intermediate coupling. The $J$-file sum rule is shown to hold in intermediate coupling with the same degree of generality as for the electric-dipole case. Finally, closed formulas for the magnetic-dipole strengths in $\mathrm{LS}$ coupling are given and the method of transformation to intermediate coupling is indicated.
Surface topography and chemistry shape cellular behavior on wide band-gap semiconductors

The chemical stability and electrical properties of gallium nitride make it a promising material for the development of biocompatible electronics, a range of devices including biosensors as well as interfaces for probing and controlling cellular growth and signaling. To improve the interface formed between the probe material and the cell or biosystem, surface topography and chemistry can be applied to modify the ways in which the device interacts with its environment. PC12 cells are cultured on as-grown planar, unidirectionally polished, etched nanoporous and nanowire GaN surfaces with and without a physisorbed peptide sequence that promotes cell adhesion. While cells demonstrate preferential adhesion to roughened surfaces over as-grown flat surfaces, the topography of that roughness also influences the morphology of cellular adhesion and differentiation in neurotypic cells. Addition of the peptide sequence generally contributes further to cellular adhesion and promotes development of stereotypic long, thin neurite outgrowths over alternate morphologies. The dependence of cell behavior on both the topographic morphology and surface chemistry is thus demonstrated, providing further evidence for the importance of surface modification for modulating bio-inorganic interfaces.
Latency of changes in spinal motoneuron excitability evoked by transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in spinal cord injured individuals

Abstract Objectives : To examine the basis for delay in the excitatory effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of motor cortex on motoneuron pools of muscles left partially-paralyzed by traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods : The effect of subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on just-suprathreshold H-reflex amplitude was examined in subjects ( n =10) with incomplete cervical SCI, and in able-bodied (AB) subjects ( n =20) for comparison. EMG activity was recorded from the soleus and the abductor hallucis muscles, and H-reflex was elicited by stimulation of the tibial nerve behind the knee. Comparison of the peak-to-peak amplitude of the TMS-conditioned H-reflex to that of the H-reflex alone (i.e. unconditioned H-reflex) was made for different conditioning-test intervals with multivariate analysis of variance and (when called for) t testing. Results : The absolute latencies of motor responses to suprathreshold TMS delivered during a weak voluntary contraction of the soleus and abductor hallucis were significantly prolonged in the SCI group relative to AB subjects. For the TMS-conditioned H-reflex, the time-course effect of TMS on the H-reflex amplitude in different AB subjects included an early effect (typically facilitation, but occasionally inhibition) seen between −5 and 0 ms, followed by a later period (i.e. >5 ms) of H-reflex facilitation. In contrast, the earliest indication of a TMS effect on H-reflex excitability in SCI subjects was between 5 and 10 ms after TMS. This difference between SCI and AB subjects of approximately 10 ms was similar to the prolongation of TMS-evoked response latencies in the soleus and the abductor hallucis muscles of the SCI subjects. Conclusions : The results suggest that motor conduction slowing after traumatic SCI most likely occurs across the population of the descending tract axons mediating the TMS-evoked motor responses.
Slow Light: Fundamentals & Applications

Fundamental principles behind the “slow light” phenomena in atomic media, photonic structures, amplifiers, and others will be outlined . Figures of merit for possible applications in optical buffers, switches and other devices will be discussed.
Carboxylate-bridged diiron(II) complexes with a sterically hindered phthalazine ligand

Abstract The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of a series of diiron(II) complexes with a sterically hindered bridging phthalazine ligand are presented. The carboxylate-bridged compounds [Fe2(μ-O2CR)2(Ph4bdptz)]2+ (R=CH3 (3); C2H5 (4); CH2Ph (5); t-C4H9 (6)), where Ph4bdptz is the ligand 1,4-bis[bis(6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]phthalazine, and the phosphodiester-bridged complex [Fe2(μ-O2P(OPh)2)2(Ph4bdptz)]2+ (7) were prepared as small molecule models of the catalytic sites in non-heme carboxylate-bridged diiron enzymes. The phenyl rings of Ph4bdptz form a hydrophobic size-constrained pocket in which additional ligands can be accommodated, and they block the possible formation of tetranuclear species. As the steric bulk of the ancillary ligands is increased, the carboxylates shift from a syn, anti to a syn, syn coordination mode. The Mossbauer spectra of the diiron(II) compounds clearly reflect the symmetry of the iron coordination environment.
Axonal Alignment and Enhanced Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells on Graphene‐Nanoparticle Hybrid Structures

Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) cultured on graphene-nanoparticle hybrid structures show a unique behavior wherein the axons from the differentiating hNSCs show enhanced growth and alignment. We show that the axonal alignment is primarily due to the presence of graphene and the underlying nanoparticle monolayer causes enhanced neuronal differentiation of the hNSCs, thus having great implications of these hybrid-nanostructures for neuro-regenerative medicine.
Association of social relationships with depressive symptoms: Testing an alternative to social support.

Low social support and expressed emotion have been associated with depression, but no studies examined their relative contributions. A self-report questionnaire was developed to measure family emotional involvement and perceived criticism to assess the main components of family expressed emotion. Eighty-three family practice patients older than 40 years responded to a survey assessing depressive symptoms, social support, life events, and expressed emotion. Perceived criticism, intense emotional involvement, and negative life events were all independently associated with depressive symptoms. After controlling for expressed emotion, the association of low social support with depressive symptoms was no longer statistically significant. The results support the primacy of family interactions (with high perceived criticism and emotional involvement) over low social support in explaining the association between social relationships and depression. The social support literature has shown a Most findings come from large epidemiological strong and consistent relationship between the studies that rely on simple measures of social perception of social support and psychological support that focus solely on the positive aspects well-being (S. Cohen & Syme, 1985). Family of social support. Some studies examined cornmembers, particularly the spouse, appear to be ponents of the concept such as social network the most important source of social support and composition and size and emotional and instruaccount for most of the association between so- mental support (Orth-Gomer & Unden, 1987). cial support and adaptation (House, 1981). Socia i SUppOrt
HIGHER-ORDERS IN SEMILEPTONIC B-DECAYS

In this paper, on a talk given at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, we discuss higher-order non-perturbative corrections in inclusive semileptonic decays of B mesons. First the generic calculation is reviewed and then we identify the relevant hadronic matrix-elements up to $1/m_b^5$. For a quantitative analysis of these effects, the value of these new matrix-elements is estimated within an approximation scheme. We investigate the role of so-called "intrinsic-charm" operators in this decay, appearing first at order $1/m_b^3$ in the heavy-quark expansion. These operators induce an expansion infrared sensitive to the charm quark $1/m_b^3 [\log(m_c^2/m_b^2) + 1/m_c^2 + \cdots]$. Parametrically the power corrections complement the estimate of the potential impact of $1/m_b^4$ contributions, which we will explore. In this context, we draw semiquantitative conclusions for the expected scale of valence weak annihilation contribution in semileptonic B decays. Furthermore the effects on the integrated rate and on kinem...
Copper metallization of hydroxyl-modified amorphous Si:C:H films

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to examine the initial stages of copper deposited by Physical vapor deposition (PVD), or sputter deposition, interacting with amorphous silicon:carbon:hydrogen (a-Si:C:H) films and hydroxyl modified amorphous silicon:carbon:hydrogen (a-Si:C:H/OH) films under Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Amorphous-Si:C:H films were formed by condensing vinyltrimethylsilane (VTMS) on a titanium substrate (temperature ≤90 K) followed by electron beam bombardment (500 eV), and annealing to 300 K in UHV. Amorphous Si:C:H/OH films were formed by condensing H2O on the condensed VTMS multilayer (≤90 K) followed by electron beam bombardment (500 eV) and annealing to 300 K in UHV. The stoichiometry of the unmodified and modified a-Si:C:H films was determined by XPS to be C4.5:Si and C4.3:O0.44:Si, respectively. XPS measurements of PVD Cu on the modified film at 300 K indicate initial conformal growth with Cu(I) and Cu(0) formation at the Cu/Si:C:H/OH film interface. At higher Cu coverages, only Cu(0) was observed. In contrast, 3-dimensional island formation (Volmer–Weber growth) of Cu(0) was observed on the unmodified film. Annealing both the modified and unmodified films up to 800 K in UHV produced no significant change in the Cu(3p)/Cu(2p3/2) intensity ratio, indicating negligible Cu diffusion through the film into the titanium substrate below 800 K.
“Rousers of the Rabble” in the New Mexico Land Grant War: La Alianza Federal De Mercedes and the Violence of the State

Abstract: This paper examines the patterns of state-sponsored and state-tolerated violence directed at a social movement organization in New Mexico known as La Alianza Federal de Mercedes during the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in the 1960s, Alianza mobilized a broad-based movement of Chicano activists and Hispano land grant communities to advocate the return of lands they claimed had been stolen following the Mexican American War of 1846–1848. As a result, its leaders and many of its members became targets of law enforcement surveillance programs and counterintelligence operations. In this paper I examine the patterns of surveillance and physical violence directed at Alianza members. Confronted by Alianza's challenge to racial inequality and economic injustice, the state construed Alianza as a generalized, and racialized, threat to social order that required in response the use of coercive control and physical violence.
The Right Atrial Electrogram: A Bedside Procedure for the Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmias

A simple bedside technic utilizing the concept of a salt bridge catheter is described. The right atrial electrogram is of high fidelity enabling the physician to make a precise diagnosis of complex arrhythmias.
Redesigning an advanced master's degree for early childhood professionals in alignment with NBPTS and NAEYC standards

Abstract This article describes the standards‐based redesign of one university's advanced master's degree program for early childhood practitioners. It discusses the philosophy and goals, degree components, and features that aligned with standards from the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards and the National Association for the Education of Young Children guidelines for advanced degree programs.
A batteryless 19μW MICS/ISM-band energy harvesting body area sensor node SoC

Recent advances in ultra-low power chip design techniques, many originally targeting wireless sensor networks, will enable a new generation of body-worn devices for health monitoring. We utilize the state-of-the-art in low power RF transmitters, low voltage boost circuits, subthreshold processing, biosignal front-ends, dynamic power management, and energy harvesting to realize an integrated reconfigurable wireless body-area-sensor node (BASN) SoC capable of autonomous power management for battery-free operation.
Stereotyped and structured burst activity of single units in the penicillin epileptogenic focus in cats.

Abstract Other authors have previously reported that stereotyped and structured (long-first-interval) bursts do not occur in the feline penicillin epileptogeneic focus. The purpose of this report is to detail our own contrary experience which indicates that long-first-interval bursts may be recorded in such foci. We estimate that only about 4% of the units in these foci fire in bursts with long first intervals. Possible reasons for the discrepancies between this study and other investigations are methodology, locus and intensity of foci, and sample size. The significance of such bursts for the application of data from animal models to human epilepsy is discussed.
The influence of spatial working memory on ipsilateral remembered proprioceptive matching in adults with cerebral palsy.

Somatosensation is frequently impaired in individuals with Cerebral Palsy (CP). This includes the sense of proprioception, which is an important contributor to activities of daily living. One means of determining proprioceptive deficits in CP has been use of an Ipsilateral Remembered (IR) position matching test. The IR test requires participants to replicate, without vision, memorized joint/limb positions previously experienced by the same (i.e. ipsilateral) effector. Given the memory component inherent to this task, the present study sought to determine the extent to which IR proprioceptive matching might be influenced by known spatial working memory deficits. Eleven adults with CP underwent IR elbow position matching, where blindfolded individuals were given either a short (2 s) or long (15 s) duration to memorize the target elbow angle. A standard clinical measure of spatial working memory (i.e. Corsi block-tapping task) was also administered. The results showed that the directional (i.e. constant) error produced across trials did not differ between the short and long target duration conditions. However, it was found that participants were significantly more consistent in their matches (i.e. had smaller variable errors) when given more time to encode proprioceptive targets in the long duration condition. The benefit of having more time was greatest for those individuals with the highest variable errors in the short target condition, and a significant association was seen between improvements in variable error and greater performance on 4/5 spatial working memory measures. These findings provide the best evidence to date that IR position matching tests are influenced by spatial working memory.
A rebellious revolution

The Robot's Rebellion introduces major findings of cognitive psychology, including decision making, heuristics, evolutionary modules and memes, to address the metaphysical and epistemological challenges of darwinism for systems of human belief. The opening chapter disappoints, however, as it sets forth Dawkin's selfish gene versus vehicle view of evolution virtually unaltered after 30 years of intervening research. There is the generic slapdown of group selection, the admittedly anthropomorphic treatment of the wants, needs and desires of genes, and no mention of gene–environment interactions, evo-devo, or phenotypic plasticity.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE ON MUSCLE GLYCOGEN IN ADRENALECTOMIZED AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZEDADRENALECTOMIZED RATS1

NORMAL levels of muscle glycogen can not be maintained in the hypophysectomized animal during a fast. The administration of pituitary growth hormone lessens the glycogen depletion, and this hormonal activity is spoken of as the glycostatic effect (1,2). Illingworth and Russell (3) investigated the glycogen response to purified growth hormone in animals with pituitaries intact. They found that in the normal animal glycogen levels were elevated significantly six hours after injection, whereas the hormone was relatively ineffective in acutely treated adrenalectomized rats. Recently, however, even in the normal animal muscle glycogen has been reported to be unaffected by growth hormone in short term experiments (4, 5). The object of the present experiments was to investigate the effects of purified growth hormone on muscle glycogen as affected by the pituitary and adrenal glands, as well as by the duration of hormone treatment.
High-resolution dilute spin dipolar NMR spectroscopy in the solid state

Abstract Recently developed techniques which allow heteronuclear dipolar interactions to be measured in high-resolution solid-state NMR experiments are reviewed and illustrated. The examples chosen demonstrate how dipolar and chemical-shift tensor can be obtained in molecules of chemical and biological interest.
In-Plane Optical Anisotropies of AlxGa1-xN films in their Regions of Transparency

GaN, Al x Ga 1–x N, and AlN layers exhibit interference oscillations and bandgap-related features in their reflectance-difference (-anisotropy) (RD/RA) spectra. We concentrate on the interpretation of interference-related data, providing a general expression for these optical anisotropics and discussing mechanisms that originate in the layers themselves. These include anisotropic strain in the plane of the layer, a tilt of the c axis with respect to the surface normal, and non-normal-incidence illumination. We estimate the magnitudes of these contributions, and show that they are consistent with those observed. In principle these contributions can be separated by their different azimuthal dependences. The complex pattern of the data for Al x Ga 1–x N and AlN indicate that contributions from several layers are present.
Chemical thermodynamics of Cs and Te fission product interactions in irradiated LMFBR mixed-oxide fuel pins

Abstract A combination of fuel chemistry modelling and equilibrium thermodynamic calculations has been used to predict the atom ratios of Cs and Te fission products (Cs:Te) that find their way into the fuel-cladding interface region of irradiated stainless steel-clad mixed-oxide fast breeder reactor fuel pins. It has been concluded that the ratio of condensed, chemically-associated Cs and Te in the interface region,Cs:Te, which in turn determines the Te activity, is controlled by an equilibrium reaction between Cs2Te and the oxide fuel, and that the value of Cs:Te is, depending on fuel 0:M, either equal to or slightly less than 2:1. Since Cs and Te fission products are both implicated as causative agents in FCCI (fission product-assisted inner surface attack of stainless steel cladding) and in FPLME (fission product-assisted liquid metal embrittlement of AISI-Type 316), the observed out-of-pile Cs:Te thresholds for FCCI (4:1) and FPLME (2:1) have been rationalized in terms of Cs:Te thermochemistry and phase equilibria. Also described in the paper is an updated chemical evolution model for reactive/volatile fission product behavior in irradiated oxide pins.
The two-step interaction between α-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-pepsinogen-(1–12) and pepsin

The binding between α-dimethylaminonaphthalenesulfonyl-(1–12) and porcine pepsin can be detected by the large changes that occur in the fluorescence spectra of the dimethylaminonaphthalenesulfonyl chromophore due to energy transfer from tryptophan residues of the protein. The interaction was previously shown to consist of two steps: a fast step leading to a greatly enhanced fluorescence followed by a slower rearrangement step which reduces the fluorescence but leads to tighter binding and inhibition of the catalytic activity of pepsin (1). The two steps have been studied over a wide range of values of pH, temperature, and ionic strength to gain additional insights into the physical events occurring during the interaction. Based on the pH and ionic strength dependence, the initial step most likely involves electrostatic interaction of the basic peptide inhibitor with the acidic surface of pepsin in a rapid collision process. The use of this fluorescent reporter group has also suggested that the equilibrium binding after the slower rearrangement may also be pH dependent with most effective binding at higher pH. The kinetics of the slow step were measured by monitoring the continuous fluorescence decay. The resulting rates are compared to the rates observed by others for binding of pepstatin to pepsin. From the pH dependence of fluorescence, pKapp values are obtained for the dansylated peptide (3.25), for the pH dependence of the initial binding step (4.87), and for the equilibrium position (4.75).
Color Rendering Properties of LED Light Sources

A laboratory human factors experiment was conducted to understand the color rendering properties of various LED-based reading lights. Human subjects rated their preference for a given scene illuminated by a test light source compared to an identical scene illuminated by a reference light source. In another experiment the same subjects viewed and rated the scenes individually when illuminated by a test light source. LED-based light sources were preferred more than halogen and incandescent light sources for overall color appearance. However, phosphor-based white LED light sources were rated poor for the appearance of human skin tones. This study shows that RGB mix white LED light sources have the best overall characteristics to be used as reading or task lights. This study has shown that CRI has no correlation to peoples' color preference. Therefore, the authors of this manuscript do not believe that CRI should be used as a target metric for color rendering properties in the development of solid-state light sources because it could negatively impact overall performance. A better metric is long overdue to quantify light source color rendering and preference properties.
Ramanujan congruences for p -k (mod 11')

Denote bythe Euler product, and bythe partition generating function. More generally, if k is any integer, putso that p(n) = p−1(n). In [3], Atkin proved the following theorem.
Anatomy and morphology of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) plants in relation to internal airflow

Abstract Evans, L. S. (Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis, Biological Sciences Research Laboratories, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY 10471), Y. Okawa (Laboratory of Plant Morphogenesis, Biological Sciences Research Laboratories, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY 10471) and D. G. Searcy (Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003). Anatomy and morphology of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) plants in relation to internal airflow. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 537–550. 2005.—Mangroves cover large areas of shoreline in the tropics and subtropics where they are important components in the productivity and integrity of their ecosystems. Many mangrove plants are rooted (most are stilt roots-adventitious roots derived from stems) directly through standing sea water into anoxic substrate. Under these conditions, shoots must provide O2 to roots. The purpose of this research was (1) to understand the tissues involved with the predominant airflow pattern in red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) from leaves ...
Appraisal of Perceived Threat of Diabetes and the Relation to Adherence for Adults in Appalachia

This study examined appraisal of perceived threat of diabetes and the relation to adherence to self-management behaviors in uninsured Appalachians receiving care at a free clinic. Participants were at least 18 years of age, English-speaking, and uninsured. Participants followed recommendations for taking prescribed oral medications an average of 6.6 days/week, diet 4.1 days/week, and exercise 2.9 days/week. Relationships were found between appraisal and self-management variables. Diabetes was perceived more as challenging than threatening. Although part of a recognized group experiencing health disparities, adherence behaviors did not differ from those of other patient populations. Appraisal of diabetes is an important issue when discussing adherence with patients. Interventions targeting the perception of diabetes as a challenge rather than a threat would contribute to the understanding of adherence. Developing this characterization, rather than emphasizing the poor physiological outcomes associated with diabetes, could improve self-management behaviors and diabetes control.
Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Relationships in Narragansett Bay. III. Seasonal Changes in Zooplankton Excretion Rates in Relation to Phytoplankton ABUNDANCE1

Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled at three stations in Narragansett Bay over a nine-month period at weekly or biweekly intervals. The freshly-caught plankton was then utilized in laboratory experiments in which zooplankton oxygen consumption and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion were mcnsured. Nitrogen excretion was minimal when phytoplankton was abundant and vice versa; this phenomenon may be due to the animals’ greater utilization of protein as an energy source when food is scarce. A similar relationship was observed between food abundance and phosphate excretion, and it was hypothesized that when food was abundant low rates of P excretion indicated that lipid was being stored or used in egg production or both. When food was scarce more lipid was used for energy and rates of I? excretion increased. From the experimental results, it was estimated that the zooplankton provide only a small fraction of the required N and P to the phytoplankton during periods of phytoplankton abundance. However, during periods of phytoplankton scarcity, when plant nutrient requirements are low and zooplankton excretion rates arc high, the zooplankton provide amounts of N and P in excess of phytoplankton demand.