cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Practical Significance Results in Accounting Education Research: The Use of Effect Size Information

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the incorporation of practical significance results in accounting education research and the use of effect size information. A number of measures have been proposed to estimate effect size in single-factor experimental studies. It is found that of the different alternatives, two measures that have received the greatest attention include eta squared and omega squared. Eta is a rather straightforward index of relations often used with data that are not linear. Eta squared provides a measure of the proportion of variance shared by two variables in a specific sample. Both eta squared and omega squared should be used cautiously in estimating effect size. Both of these measures are biased estimators of the population relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Without the adjustment to eta squared, this descriptive statistic tends to overestimate the effect size in the population. Omega squared may underestimate the population effect size. The tendencies may be particularly troublesome if sample sizes are small.
Concepts in waste management: Cerium-promoted dissolution of refractory actinide oxides

The effective dissolution of refractory plutonium oxide (fired to T ≥ 1000°C) can be carried out by forming ceric nitrate in nitric acid. Preliminary engineering concepts are presented for dissolving such actinide species in the presence of contaminated high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and incinerator ashes to permit actinide recovery using conventional wet methods. An electrochemical oxidation tank is envisioned with electrodes mounted on the tank lid to facilitate remote operation and maintenance. Contaminated HEPA filters can be treated using an upflow reactor in which ceric nitrate is recirculated between an oxidation tank and a reactor. A membrane separating the electrodes is not required, but special materials of construction are required for all equipment in direct contact with ceric nitrate (e.g., titanium or glass-lined vessels). Since this oxidant is easily reduced to cerous nitrate using oxalic acid, subsequent actinide recovery can be carried out in conventional stainless steel equipment after reduction. The concepts described have been demonstrated on the bench scale.
Current and Future Treatments for Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

The course and pathogenesis of Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy are interdependent, influencing each other’s therapeutic choices. Multiple factors including geographic location, access to medical services, patient and physician preferences influence the management of these conditions. Graves’ disease is classically managed with one of three treatment options – antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, and thyroidectomy. In recent years, there has been a shift towards antithyroid drugs, including long term therapy with these agents, given the advantage of avoiding hypothyroidism and the apparent safety of this approach. In addition, new therapies are (slowly) emerging, focusing on immunomodulation. Technological advances are opening doors to non-pharmaceutical interventions that aim to deal with both structural thyroid abnormalities as well as biochemical abnormalities of hyperthyroidism. Graves’ ophthalmopathy management is guided by its activity and severity status, with treatment options including smoking cessation, control of hyperthyroidism, local eye measures, glucocorticoids, selenium, orbital radiotherapy, and surgery. In addition to these established treatment choices, new immunotherapy-based approaches are being tested. Some of them (tocilizumab and teprotumumab) are very promising but further evaluation is needed before we can establish their role in clinical care. Agents identified as beneficial in Graves’ disease management will likely be tested in Graves’ ophthalmopathy as well. In the coming years, our main clinical responsibility will be to find the proper balance between the benefits and potential risks of these incoming therapies, and to identify the subgroups of patients where this ratio is most likely to favor a safe and successful therapeutic outcome.
Role for the mammalian female reproductive tract microbiome in pregnancy outcomes.

Since the discovery of the microbiome in humans, it has been studied in many mammalian species. Different microbiological communities with variable richness and diversity have been found among thes...
Genetic Alteration of Embryos

Sometime in the next two years, clinical trials with human gene therapy will begin.1 The trials will be aimed at two rare, very serious single-gene defects. One is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a serious and nontreatable disesase characterized by mental retardation, cerebral palsy, self-mutilation, and an accumulation of uric acid in the body. The other is adenosine deaminase deficiency, a disease of the immune system that leads to early death. Like most single-gene defects, they cause their ill effects because the gene essential to turning on the production of a crucial enzyme is missing.
Increased similarity of neural responses to experienced and empathic distress in costly altruism

Empathy—affective resonance with others’ sensory or emotional experiences—is hypothesized to be an important precursor to altruism. However, it is not known whether real-world altruists’ heightened empathy reflects true self-other mapping of multi-voxel neural response patterns. We investigated this relationship in adults who had engaged in extraordinarily costly real-world altruism: donating a kidney to a stranger. Altruists and controls completed fMRI testing while anticipating and experiencing pain, and watching as a stranger anticipated and experienced pain. Machine learning classifiers tested for shared representation between experienced and observed distress. Altruists exhibited more similar representations of experienced and observed fearful anticipation spontaneously and following an empathy prompt in anterior insula and anterior/middle cingulate cortex, respectively, suggesting heightened empathic proclivities and abilities for fear. During pain epochs, altruists were distinguished by spontaneous empathic responses in anterior insula, anterior/mid-cingulate cortex and supplementary motor area, but showed no difference from controls after the empathy prompt. These findings (1) link shared multi-voxel representations of the distress of self and others to real-world costly altruism, (2) reinforce distinctions between empathy for sensory states like pain and anticipatory affective states like fear, and (3) highlight the importance of differentiating between the proclivity and ability to empathize.
Interest Correlates to Differential Achievement of Gifted Students in Mathematics

Far fewer gifted women than gifted men pursue careers in mathematical and scientific areas. In this study gifted boys and girls who were matched on measures of verbal and mathematical aptitude and ...
Sample size estimation

Abstract This chapter addresses the estimation of the minimum sample size required to establish that an effect encountered in a study did not happen by chance. The concept of power analysis is given along with methods to estimate sample size requirements for tests on means, proportions, correlation coefficients, ranks, variance, regression, and equivalence. Approaches to use when little or no prior data are available are discussed. Number Needed to Treat and Number Needed to Benefit are discussed.
Tracheotomy in a High-Volume Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evaluating the Surgeon's Risk.

ObjectivePerforming tracheotomy in patients with COVID-19 carries a risk of transmission to the surgical team due to potential viral particle aerosolization. Few studies have reported transmission ...
Differential gene expression in patients with primary mitral valve disease: identifying potential therapeutic targets in the era of precision medicine.

Primary (degenerative) mitral valve (MV) disease is a result of structural remodeling due to degenerative and adaptive changes of MV tissue. We hypothesized that in patients with primary MV disease undergoing surgery for severe mitral regurgitation (MR), a distinct genetic expression profile within the MV leaflet tissue could be identified as compared with patients without MV disease. Tissue samples from the MV leaflets of 65 patients undergoing MV surgery for MR due to primary MV disease and 4 control cadavers without MV disease were collected and analyzed. MicroRNA transcripts were hybridized to Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 Beadchips. Ingenuity pathway analyses (IPAs) were conducted to provide biological interpretation. Of the approximately 20 000 genes examined, 4092 (20%) were differentially expressed between patients with primary MV disease and normal controls (false discovery rate 6. These five networks have been previously implicated in pathophysiological cardiac abnormalities, including inhibited contractility of the heart and fatty acid oxidation as well as activation of apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, cardiac degeneration, and hypertrophy of cardiac cells. MV tissue in patients with primary MV disease demonstrated distinct genetic expression patterns as compared with normal controls. Further studies are necessary to determine whether the molecular pathways identified in this experiment may represent potential therapeutic targets to prevent degeneration of MV tissue leading to severe MR.
IoT Platform for COVID-19 Prevention and Control: A Survey

As a result of the worldwide transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an unprecedented pandemic. Currently, with unavailable pharmaceutical treatments and low vaccination rates, this novel coronavirus results in a great impact on public health, human society, and global economy, which is likely to last for many years. One of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that a long-term system with non-pharmaceutical interventions for preventing and controlling new infectious diseases is desirable to be implemented. Internet of things (IoT) platform is preferred to be utilized to achieve this goal, due to its ubiquitous sensing ability and seamless connectivity. IoT technology is changing our lives through smart healthcare, smart home, and smart city, which aims to build a more convenient and intelligent community. This paper presents how the IoT could be incorporated into the epidemic prevention and control system. Specifically, we demonstrate a potential fog-cloud combined IoT platform that can be used in the systematic and intelligent COVID-19 prevention and control, which involves five interventions including COVID-19 Symptom Diagnosis, Quarantine Monitoring, Contact Tracing & Social Distancing, COVID-19 Outbreak Forecasting, and SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Tracking. We investigate and review the state-of-the-art literatures of these five interventions to present the capabilities of IoT in countering against the current COVID-19 pandemic or future infectious disease epidemics.
Continuous Girder Bridge with Variable Moment of Inertia

Simplified procedure for analysis of symmetrical two, three, and four-span continuous girder bridges with variable moment of inertia; method consists of substituting values related to bridge dimens...
BlastReport: a perl script to facilitate the use of sequence databases for mapping and clustering.

within the region. A second type o f project involves assembling sequenc e data for the genomic region around a group of related genes and their assoc i ated regulatory elements . The rapidly increasing availability of DNA sequence is an invaluable r e source for these projects, but the very wealth of data makes searching through the databases and analyzing the result s a time-consuming endeavor. The con tinual deposition of new sequences into the databases requires frequent repet i tion of searches, increasing the time r e quired. Our suggested method and sim ple program can assist in these tasks . To construct a map or contig starting from a marker, gene or EST, the s e quence(s) can be searched against a database such as GenBank ® (3) using the blastn program of the BLAST (1,2 ) tool available at NCBI (http://www . ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/). Finished s e quences are found in the nonredundan t (nr) database. Unfinished or draft s e quences are found in the unfinished high throughput genomic sequence s
Electron microscopic studies on the vesicular exanthema of swine virus: II. Morphogenesis of VESV type H54 in pig kidney cells☆

Abstract The morphogenesis of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), type H 54 , was studied in pig kidney cells. Virus particles first appeared free in the cytoplasm of infected cells 4 hours after infection. At 7 hours after infection, virus particles were seen associated with cytoplasmic cisternae. There was a close temporal correlation between the appearance of free and cisternae-associated virus particles with the emergence of specific viral antigen and infectious virus. Cisternae-associated virus particles appeared on the cell surface 12–14 hours after infection, at a time when the titer of extracellular virus was beginning to rise. Crystalline arrays of virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm of infected cells as early as 8 hours after infection.
Schedule UTP: An Insider's Summary of the Background, Key Concepts, and Major Issues

A former IRS Commissioner has called Schedule UTP "the biggest change in tax administration in the last 50 years". Others have made less flattering comments, but most everyone working in the corporate tax community would admit it has been a big deal.Based upon the author's perception as a senior IRS official, this article is intended to be a comprehensive discussion of three topics. First, it will summarize the author's perception of what led the IRS to require the filing of Schedule UTP. Second, it will discuss the key concepts, including why certain provisions were adopted (e.g., the much misunderstood "expect to litigate" provision). And finally, there will be a discussion of the major issues, including in some cases the author’s views on such issues.The article is written for several audiences, including: (i) corporate tax professionals who already have a working knowledge of Schedule UTP and should be most interested in the discussion of major issues and possibly the theory behind the "expect to litigate" provision; (ii) students and academics who should be interested in the entire article; and finally (iii) government officials who should be interested in techniques corporations may use to avoid disclosure, the definition of "reserve", whether Schedule M-3 should be modified, and several other sections.
Ontology-based evaluation of natural disaster management websites: a multistakeholder perspective

In recent years, the world has witnessed a number of severe natural disasters, causing heavy losses to families, communities, and even nations. Natural disaster management (NDM) websites play an important role in assisting people through various disaster stages. However, such websites are complex and there is little research on standards and guidelines for their development and evaluation. In this paper, we develop an ontology-based evaluation tool to assess the utility of NDM websites. Two main groups of stakeholders-- experts who are in charge of NDM websites and potential users of such websites--contributed to the process. A total of 73 experts validated the ontology developed for NDM web elements through a Delphi study. These experts also provided importance ratings for web elements in the ontology. In a survey of the second major group of stakeholders--potential users--818 participants provided another set of importance ratings for web elements in the ontology. The design theory in this work is based on utility theory. The metrics for the evaluation of websites are relative utility and absolute utility. Using the evaluation tool, we evaluated the NDM websites of the 50 U.S. states from the perspectives of the two groups of stakeholders. The results indicate a lack of readiness in most of these websites.
Physics of electron transport in nitride-based material

In AlN/InN/GaN-based semiconductors, the polar optical phonon energy is large (much larger than the thermal energy at room temperature). As a consequence, the dominant optical polar scattering occurs in two steps: photon absorption and re-emission (resulting in an effectively elastic scattering process). In high electric fields, an electron runaway plays a key role in determining the peak field and peak velocity in these compounds. The runaway effects are further enhanced in the two dimensional electron gas at the AlGaN/GaN or AlGaInN-InGaN heterointerfaces. As a result of the runaway and quantization effects, the peak electron drift velocity and peak electric field of the 2D electrons in compound semiconductors are smaller than for the 3D electrons in these materials. In very short (e.g. sub-0.1 micron) GaN-based structures, ballistic and overshoot effects become important. In a deep submicron structures, the ballistic effects in low electric fields reduce an apparent value of the low field mobility because of a finite electron acceleration time in the structure. In long channel devices, the electron mobility in AlGaN/GaN or AIGalnN/InGaN heterostructures at cryogenic temperatures is limited by acoustic scattering, electron transfer from 2D to 3D states, and by the alloy scattering. Relatively high values of the electron mobility and very high values of the 2D electron gas densities in nitride heterostructures also make them attractive candidates for plasma wave electronics devices operating in the terahertz range of frequencies.
Oxygen Transport by the Red Cell: Effects of Chronic Hemodialysis

Ten patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease were studied in order to determine the acute effects of hemodialysis on the metabolic function of the erythrocyte in anemic uremic patients. Prior to hemodialysis there was a mean red cell mass deficit of 148 g Hb/sq m. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen was decreased, and this was associated with an increase in intraerythrocytic levels of 2,3-DPG and ATP. The plasma phosphorus levels were also increased in the predialysis period. Following 5-6 hr of hemodialysis the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and the intraerythrocytic levels of 2,3-DPG were unchanged from the predialysis values despite a significant reduction in plasma phosphorus levels and a significant increase in both whole blood and intraerythrocytic pH. From these data we conclude that the maintenance of the red cell’s decreased oxygen affinity resulted from the increase in intraerythrocytic pH which maintained the intraerythrocytic levels of 2,3-DPG despite a reduction in plasma phosphorus. The reduction in plasma phosphorus was primarily reflected in a decrease in red cell ATP.
Pulsed laser deposition of epitaxial BaFeO 3 thin films

Epitaxial thin films of Barium Ferrite (BaFeO3) have been fabricated by the pulsed laser deposition technique on a Si substrate. The magnetic parameters were measured using vibrating sample magnetometer. The ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements of the thin film were found to be close to the parameters associated with bulk materials. The Atomic Force Microscope was used to determine the surface morphology at different temperatures. The derivative FMR line width was measured to be 70 Oe at 60 GHz and 50 Oe at 90 GHz. The relationship among the Coercivity, crystalline orientation, and grain shape and size is presented.
Intraoperative and postoperative hyponatremia with craniosynostosis surgery.

Summary Background: An alarming incidence of significant intraoperative hyponatremia during major pediatric craniofacial surgery has recently been reported, the mechanism of which is unclear. Aims: To establish the incidence and severity of hyponatremia occurring during and after major craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis in our institution and identify any associated risk factors. Methods: Retrospective review of case notes and blood test results for all cases of major craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis in children under 10 years of age from January 2007 to May 2011. Hyponatremia was classified as: mild 131–134 mmol·l−1; moderate 126–130 mmol·l−1; and, severe ≤125 mmol·l−1. Analyses were performed to look for factors associated with hyponatremia including gender, weight, syndromic or not, duration of procedure, and volumes of crystalloid, colloid and blood administered. Results: One hundred and two consecutive cases were identified. Mild intraoperative hyponatremia occurred in five (5%) of children. There were no cases of moderate or severe intraoperative hyponatremia. All five had normal sodium values within two hours of their single low readings of 134 mmol.l−1 and none had any subsequent episodes of hyponatremia in the postoperative period. Intraoperative hyponatremia was associated with lower body weight (P = 0.002). Mild postoperative hyponatremia on the day of surgery (POD0) occurred in three other children (3%) with no identifiable associations. There were no cases of moderate or severe postoperative hyponatremia on POD0. Hyponatremia on the first postoperative day (POD1) was mild in 23 children (24%) and moderate in one child (1%). There were no cases of severe postoperative hyponatremia on POD1. Hyponatraemia on POD1 was associated with male gender (P = 0.042). Conclusions: Clinically significant intraoperative hyponatremia was not a feature of major craniofacial surgery in our institution. Mild postoperative hyponatremia was relatively common on POD1.
Towards EEG biometrics: pattern matching approaches for user identification

EEG brainwaves have recently emerged as a promising biometric that can be used for individual identification, since those signals are confidential, sensitive, and hard to steal and replicate. In this study, we propose a new stimulidriven, non-volitional brain responses based framework towards individual identification. The non-volitional mechanism provides an even more secure way in which the subjects are not aware of and thus can not manipulate their brain activities. We present our preliminary investigations based on two pattern matching approaches: Euclidean Distance (ED) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). We investigate the performance of our proposed methods using four different visual stimuli and the potential impacts from four different EEG electrode channels. Experimental results show that, the Oz channel provides the best identification accuracy for both ED and DTW methods, and the stimuli of illegal strings and words seem to trigger more distinguishable brain responses. For ED method, the accuracy of identifying 30 subjects could reach over 80%, which is better than the best accuracy of about 68% that can be achieved by DTW method. Our study lays a foundation for future investigation of brainwave-based biometric approaches.
Teasing Apart the Role of Cognitive and Verbal Factors in Children's Early Metaphorical Abilities

Metaphor plays a unique role in cognitive development by structuring abstract concepts and leading to conceptual change. Existing work suggests early emergence of metaphorical abilities, with five-year-olds understanding and explaining metaphors that involve cross-domain comparisons (e.g., SPACE to TIME). Yet relatively little is known about the factors that explain this developmental change. This study focuses on spatial metaphors for time, and asks whether cognitive and/or verbal factors best explain developmental changes in three- to six-year-old children's comprehension and explanation of metaphors. The results show that children's grasp of the time concept—but not verbal ability—predicts their metaphor comprehension. Verbal ability, on the other hand, is a predictor of metaphor explanation, even after controlling for age. The results thus suggest that cognitive and verbal factors selectively predict children's emerging metaphorical abilities.
CD19 Regulates B Cell Maturation, Proliferation, and Positive Selection in the FDC Zone of Murine Splenic Germinal Centers

Mice with mutations in CD19 Y482/Y513 form germinal centers (GC) but fail to produce high-affinity antibodies. In these mice, GC B cell differentiation, proliferation, and class switching occur but are defective. Altered CD19 signaling results in retention of early GC B cells and reduced proliferation in the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) zone of GC, and causes failure to select for high-affinity mutations. In normal mice, the earliest detectable aggregates of GC B cells are in contact with FDC and IgM+ cells are only found in the FDC zone, further evidence that the FDC zone is the site of initial GC B cell proliferation, differentiation, and class switching. Proliferation in the non-FDC zone and somatic mutation are not dependent on CD19, indicating separate signaling requirements for the two GC compartments, but these CD19-independent GC functions are not sufficient to generate high-affinity antibodies and B cell memory.
Posttranslational Hydroxylation of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Is a Novel Example of Enzyme Self-Repair within the Second Coordination Sphere of Catalytic Iron

Phenylalanine hydroxylase, a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme, catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine in the presence of oxygen and reduced pterin cofactor. X-ray structural studies have established the coordination around the iron metal center and point to significant interactions within the second coordination sphere. One such interaction involves Tyr325 in human phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPAH), which forms a hydrogen-bonding network with an aqua ligand on iron and the pterin cofactor. The full-length tetramer (1-452) and truncated dimer (117-424) Tyr325Phe hPAH mutant enzymes showed similar kinetics, thermal stabilities, and oligomerization profiles as their corresponding wild-type proteins. The possibility of in vivo posttranslational hydroxylation that would restore the activity of hPAH was examined by mass spectrometry on the trypsin digested full-length (1-452) hPAH Tyr325Phe point mutant. The amino acid tags obtained by ESI-MS/MS confirmed the presence of a Phe325 in the peptide corresponding to the doubly charged precursor ion at m/z 916.4 (L A T I F W F T V E F G L C K), and its hydroxylated counterpart in the peptide corresponding to the m/z 924.4 (L A T I F-OH W F T V E F G L C K) byproduct ion series comprising the fragments y(5)-y(12). Furthermore, the point mutation Tyr325Ala resulted in an enzyme that was totally inactive and did not display any evidence of hydroxylation. These results demonstrate the importance of Tyr325 for proper conformation of the active site, substrate binding, and catalysis. The rescue of the Tyr325Phe mutant in hPAH via self-hydroxylation presents a novel example of oxidative repair on the molecular level.
Three-dimensional in vivo kinematics of the distal radioulnar joint in malunited distal radius fractures

Abstract How malunion of the distal radius affects the kinematics of the distal radioulnar joint in vivo was evaluated. A novel computed tomography image–based technique was used to quantify radioulnar motion in both wrists of 9 patients who had unilateral malunited distal radius fractures. In the injured wrists dorsal angulation averaged 21° ± 6°, radial inclination averaged 18° ± 5°, and radial shortening averaged 21 ± 3 mm. Clinically, the average range of motion of the injured wrists was 75° ± 25° pronation and 73° ± 23° supination. Kinematics of the radius during pronation and supination in the malunited forearms was indistinguishable from that in the uninjured forearms. In both the axis of rotation of the radius passed through the center of the ulnar head, although it shifted slightly ulnar and volar in supination and radial and dorsal during pronation. In contrast to previous in vitro biomechanical findings, there was no dorsovolar radial translation at the extremes of pronation or supination and no translation of the radius along the rotation axis. Soft tissues may play a larger role in limiting function than previously appreciated, and treatment may require correction of altered soft tissue structures as well as any abnormal bone anatomy. (J Hand Surg 2002;27A:233–242. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Oral diazepam versus intravenous midazolam for conscious sedation during cataract surgery performed using topical anesthesia.

Purpose To compare the intraoperative pain, anxiety, undesired movement, and cooperation between patients receiving oral diazepam or intravenous (IV) midazolam for conscious sedation during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia. Setting Ambulatory surgical center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Design Prospective randomized controlled trial. Methods Patients having first-time cataract extraction with topical anesthesia were randomized to receive sedation with oral diazepam 30 minutes before surgery or IV midazolam immediately preceding surgery. The outcomes of intraoperative pain, anxiety, undesired movement, and poor cooperation were observed by the surgeon and recorded during surgery. Results One hundred fifty-six cataract surgeries were included, 83 in the IV midazolam group and 73 in the oral diazepam group. Twenty-four patients (29%) in the IV group and 7 patients (10%) in the oral group showed undesired movement ( P P > .05). Fifteen patients (18%) in the IV group and 9 patients (12%) in the oral group had anxiety ( P > .05). Three patients (4%) in the IV group and 3 patients (4%) in the oral group experienced pain ( P > .05). Conclusions Fewer patients receiving oral diazepam 30 minutes before cataract surgery than patients receiving IV midazolam immediately preceding surgery showed undesired movement during surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients showing poor cooperation or experiencing pain or anxiety between the 2 groups. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Putting Them Out on the Ice: curtailing care of the elderly

Curtailing health care for the very old promises to free resources that can be devoted to others. Such self-conscious limit-setting, leading to premature death, requires both a moral justification and a change in the paradigm of physician obligation. This paper argues that the moral justification for curtailing care is absent, and that the paradigm of the physician as a servant of life, and the patient's agent, is worth preserving. Finally, it is suggested that, if the ailing old need to be deprived of life-extending care, then the state should undertake the task of killing them. Physicians should not undertake this role, for it is the state that may gain an advantage it seeks by saving money, not the physicians.
90 PARENTING ABILITIES IN DRUG DEPENDENT WOMEN: THE NEG-ATIVE EFFECT OF DEPRESSION

Studies of depressed women have shown that acute depressive episodes can markedly impair a woman's capacity to mother. Women who are substance abusers have experienced significant loss in their lives, including placement of children, which contributes to depression; conversely depression, in conjunction with guilt associated with abstinence in the newborn, may impair or distort maternal attachment. Family Center is a comprehensive program providing obstetrical, psychosocial, and addictive services for pregnant drug dependent women and their children. Patients admitted in 1979 and 1980 have been assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory in order to determine whether depression was a factor which contributed to difficulty in parenting among this population. Of 84 multiparous women tested, 75% showed varying levels of depression rated as mild (19%), moderate (37%) or severe (19%). Of these women, 42% had children currently in placement with relatives or foster parents. When compared to women whose children were in their own care it was revealed that there was a significantly higher incidence of moderate or severe depression among the women whose children were in placement, X23= 8.176, p<.05. Our observations, in conjunction with these data, suggest that maternal depression compounds the negative effects of drug abuse on parenting abilities. Prenatal intervention to identify depression is essential so that these women and their families can receive guidance in order to promote attachment.
Nude mice from homozygous nude parents show smaller PFC responses to sheep erythrocytes than nude mice from heterozygous mothers

THE congenitally athymic mouse which is homozygous for nude (nu/nu), compared with the phenotypically normal heterozygote (+/nu) or the normal mouse (+/+) is severely deficient in its plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes (SE)1,2. The minimal response of the nude is generally attributed to a deficiency of thymus-derived helper cells which are essential for a full PFC response to thymus-dependent antigens such as SE1–3. The amount of helper activity (T cell or T-cell-like) that nude mice may receive from their mothers is of concern in several laboratories4–9, since most nude mice obtained routinely are born of phenotypically normal (+/nu) mothers that have T cells. There is debate about the relative importance of T-cell precursors observed in nude mice10, which may be stimulated to express T-cell antigens by soluble factors11, and the equally important possibilities that nudes may receive T cells and/or soluble factors in utero from their normal +/nu mothers or from their +/nu or +/+ littermates or from the colostrum of +/nu mothers12. The results of studies designed to resolve this issue remain equivocal14–13. There is a need12 for studies with nude mice born of homozygous nude parents (nu/nu ♀ × nu/nu ♂) and raised by nude mothers to minimise the possibilities of transfer of functionally mature T cells in utero or the transfer of T cells or T-cell-like factors by the colostrum. So far this criterion has been difficult to meet since nude mothers from most common mouse strains were poorly fertile or could not raise their young14.
Thinking whimsically: queering the study of educational policy-making and politics

This paper discusses employing queer theory (QT) and queer legal theory (QLT) for critical policy analysis as applied to education. In doing so, the authors will highlight how both QT and QLT can empower analyses to look beyond the identity politics of a particular time period or space and toward potential reforms in curriculum, pedagogy, and institutional supports for students, teachers, and staff. A central point is that understanding the institutional and cultural practices that frame orientation, class, race, and sex/gender can lead to policy changes that benefit all students, teachers, and staff. The paper concludes with a discussion of venues in need of both QT and QLT-informed research.
Dominant Language Transfer in Spanish Heritage Speakers and Second Language Learners in the Interpretation of Definite Articles

This study investigates dominant language transfer (from English) in adult Spanish second language (L2) learners and Spanish heritage speakers. We focus on contrasting properties of English and Spanish definite articles with respect to generic reference ('Elephants have ivory tusks' vs. Los elefantes tienen colmillos de marfil) and inalienable possession ('Peter raised his hand' vs. Pedro levanto la mano). Thirty adult Spanish heritage speakers and 30 L2 learners of Spanish completed four written tasks (acceptability judgment, truth-value judgment, picture-sentence matching, and sentence-picture acceptability judgment). The results show that the heritage speakers and the L2 learners exhibited dominant language transfer from English with the interpretation of definite articles in generic contexts; transfer effects were not as pronounced in the inalienable possession construction. We discuss the implications of these findings for heritage language research and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Deep Bodily Roots of Emotion

This article explores emotions and their relationship to “somatic responses”, i.e., one’s automatic responses to sensations of pain, cold, warmth, sudden intensity. To this end, it undertakes a Husserlian phenomenological analysis of the first-hand experience of eight basic emotions, briefly exploring their essential aspects: their holistic nature, their identifying dynamic transformation of the lived body, their two-layered intentionality, their involuntary initiation and voluntary espousal. The fact that the involuntary tensional shifts initiating emotions are irreplicatable voluntarily is taken to show that all emotions have an innate core, a conclusion corroborated by their strong similarities to somatic responses in dynamics, hedonic tone, and topology. The fact that emotions may be culturally reworked is shown to be explicable in terms of their complex nature: their dependence on belief, their voluntary espousal, and their ready social transmittability. Finally, it is argued that emotions may plausibly be deemed the evolutionary descendants of somatic responses.
A patient with HIV and tuberculosis with diminished clopidogrel response.

Patients with HIV are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, both as a result of treatment with protease inhibitors and from the disease itself. The medication regimens of patients with HIV and cardiovascular comorbidities are complex and require careful assessment for potentially serious drug–drug interactions. We report a case of clopidogrel non-responsiveness in a patient with HIV, latent tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease with a history of myocardial infarction. To our knowledge, this is the first report of significant drug interactions between clopidogrel, isoniazid and ritonavir. This case underscores the importance of a detailed drug interaction screening in infectious disease patients taking complex medication regimens, including clopidogrel.
Norepinephrine- and heparin-induced changes in plasma free fatty acids: a comparison between patients with ischemic heart disease and normal young adults.

Abstract NE (0.2 μg per kilogram per minute) and heparin (100 mg. intravenously) were used to learn whether their respective lipolytic effects would reveal changes in the plasma FFA that might differ in subjects with a history of myocardial infarction and in young normal subjects. FFA increases in plasma after NE occurred slower and to a significantly lesser degree in the coronary group. Although the pattern change of FFA was similar in both groups and reflected lipolysis of adipose tissue, there was substantially less rise in percentage of palmitoleic acid in the coronary. The heparin sensitive lipid pool in the coronary group contained significantly more palmitoleic acid than the normal, both in terms of absolute amount and as percentage of total FFA. Sixty minutes after heparin, there was a significantly greater amount of stearic acid still present in the plasma of the coronary group than in normal group. Heparin was also given 5 minutes after NE infusion was stopped. Ten minutes later there was a significantly greater increase in the two saturated acids, myristic and palmitic, in the coronary group. The rate of decline of total and individual FFA was much faster after the higher levels of FFA which were reached by combined effect of NE and heparin.
Hydrido carbonyl complexes of osmium(II) and ruthenium(II) containing polypyridyl ligands

Several different synthetic routes have been explored to produce hydrido complexes of Os(II) and Ru(II) containing polypyridyl ligands. The resulting complexes, the majority of which contain coordinated CO, are of three types: cis-(M(chelate)/sub 2/(CO)H)/sup +/, trans-(Os(chelate)(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 2/(CO)H)/sup +/, and (Os(chelate)(diphos)(PR/sub 2/)H)/sup +/ (where M = Ru or Os and chelate is, for example, 2,2'-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline or a related ligand). The electronic, infrared, and NMR spectral properties of the complexes are discussed along with the redox properties of their ground and excited states. An important observation is that the hydride ligand endows the metal to ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states of some of the complexes with strong reducing properties. The ground-state chemistry of the complexes is discussed especially with regard to their use as synthetic precursors to new, highly oxidizing, long-lived MLCT excited states of Os(II)< e.g., (Os/sup III/(bpy/sup -/.)(bpy)(CO)(CH/sub 3/CH))/sup 2 +/. 33 references, 7 figures, 2 tables.
Control and display stations for simultaneous multiple dissimilar unmanned aerial vehicles

The NRL Optical Sciences Division has developed and demonstrated ground and airborne-based control, display, and exploitation stations for simultaneous use of multiple dissimilar unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems. The demonstrated systems allow operation on airborne and ground mobile platforms and allow for the control and exploitation of multiple on-board airborne and/or remote unmanned sensor systems simultaneously. The sensor systems incorporated into the control and display stations include visible and midwave infrared (EO/MWIR) panchromatic and visible through short wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) hyperspectral (HSI) sensors of various operational types (including step-stare, push-broom, whisk-broom, and video). Demonstrated exploitation capabilities include real-time screening, sensor control, pre-flight and real-time payload/platform mission planning, geo-referenced imagery mosaicing, change detection, stereo imaging, moving target tracking, and networked dissemination to distributed exploitation nodes (man-pack, vehicle, and command centers). Results from real-time flight tests using ATR, Finder, and TERN UAV's are described.
Target cells for 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the pancreas.

Mature rats raised on a vitamin D deficient diet were injected with tritium labeled 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Concentration of radioactivity, which is prevented by pretreatment with unlabeled 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, is found in nuclei of cells that are centrally located in pancreatic islets. The central location of these cells and supportive evidence from the literature suggest that they are B-cells, and that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a direct and genomic action on B-cell functions including insulin secretion.
Predicting a Multitude of Time Series

Abstract Principles for constructing estimators of the Stein type (shrinkage estimators) are discussed in general terms, with emphasis on underlying assumptions. The problem of parameter estimation and prediction for multiple time series is examined with these principles in mind, particularly for the case in which the number of time series is large and the number of observations from each series is small. Our results are applied to the problem of demand estimation in an inventory control setting.
Friction coefficient for oscillatory flow: the rough–smooth turbulent transition

Observations of turbulent, oscillatory boundary-layer flows show that the behavior of the friction coefficient in the transition from hydraulically rough to smooth regimes is not well captured by existing semi-empirical expressions obtained for unidirectional flows.A revised formulation for the friction coefficient for oscillatory flows is presented. Dimensional analysis and similarity methods are used to assess the dimensionless parameters governing the relation between the outer flow and the bottom shear stress. Further progress is made using analogies between oscillatory and unidirectional boundary layer flows, from which analytical expressions are calibrated. An expression for the phase lead between the maximum bed shear stress and the maximum free-stream velocity is obtained. An example describing the computational procedure needed to estimate the friction coefficient and phase lead using the new expressions is presented to show their practical application to both laboratory and field conditions.
Deletion mapping of the cIII-cII region of bacteriophage λ

Abstract Marker rescue experiments performed on both λdb lysogens and chlorate A deletion strains allow us to map the cIII to cII region of λ thus: (cIII, the left end of i21), N7, (N53, the left end of i434),v2, rex293, (cI, vIv3, the right end of i434), c42, c17, cII, O29, O8.
Automated Sensor Network to Advance Ocean Science

Oceanography is evolving from a shipbased expeditionary science to a distributed, observatory-based approach in which scientists continuously interact with instruments in the field. These new capabilities will facilitate the collection of long-term time series while also providing an interactive capability to conduct experiments using data streaming in real time. The U.S. National Science Foundation has funded the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), which over the next 5 years will deploy infrastructure to expand scientists' ability to remotely study the ocean. The OOI is deploying infrastructure that spans global, regional, and coastal scales. A global component will address planetary-scale problems using a new network of moored buoys linked to shore via satellite telecommunications. A regional cabled observatory will “wire” a single region in the northeastern Pacific Ocean with a high-speed optical and power grid. The coastal component will expand existing coastal observing assets to study the importance of high-frequency forcing on the coastal environment.
Spatial Kinematic Analysis of Threaded Fastener Assembly

Compliant mechanisms for rigid part mating exist for prismatic geometries. A few instances are known of mechanisms to assemble screw threads. A comprehensive solution to this essentially geometric problem comprises at least three parts: parametric equations for nut and bolt contact in the critical starting phase of assembly, the possible space of motions between these parts during this phase, and the design space of compliant devices which accomplish the desired motions in the presence of friction and positional uncertainty. This work concentrates on the second part in which the threaded pair is modeled numerically, and contact tests are automated through software. Tessellated solid models were used during three-dimensional collision analysis to enumerate the approximate location of the initial contact point. The advent of a second contact point presented a more constrained contact state. Thus, the bolt is rotated about a vector defined by the initial two contact points until a third contact location was found. By analyzing the depth of intersection of the bolt into the nut as well as the vertical movement of the origin of the bolt reference frame, we determined that there are three types of contacts states present: unstable two-point, quasi-stable two-point, stable three point. The space of possible motions is bounded by these end conditions which will differ in detail depending upon the starting orientations. We investigated all potential orientations which obtain from a discretization of the roll, pitch, and yaw uncertainties, each of which has its own set of contact points. From this exhaustive examination, a full contact state history was determined, which lays the foundation for the design space of either compliant mechanisms or intelligent sensor-rich controls.
Toward a Theory of the Educational Encounter: Gert Biesta's Educational Theory and the Right to the City.

This paper outlines a theory of the educational encounter, the space of, and the right to that encounter. Situated in response to neoliberal educational reforms, this theory is developed through a reading and synthesis of the educational theory of Gert Biesta, the architectural component of his theory, and literature on the right to the city. The author argues that the notion of the encounter is latent yet central in Biesta’s work and that it can be further cultivated and more precisely attended to by turning to theoretical work on the right to the city, which is engaged here primarily through the lens of the encounter. Several themes are drawn out from the literature that can help in formulating a theory of the educational encounter such as the habitat/inhabit dialectic, the use/use-value/exchange-value framework of space, and the role of struggle in the production and maintenance of space.