cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The care of older persons with diabetes mellitus: families and primary care physicians.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which family members participate in the day-to-day management of diabetes mellitus in older persons, and in older diabetics' medical encounters, and to identify patient and family member characteristics associated with this participation. DESIGN: A longitudinal observational study, with baseline data being reported herein. SETTING: Three primary care practice settings in Seattle, Washington, Boston, Massachusetts, and Indianapolis, Indiana. PARTICIPANTS: Family members of patients 70 years of age or older participating in the Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Study of type II diabetics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The two dependent variables represent, respectively, the extent of family members' assistance with diabetes-related care and participation in older diabetics' medical encounters. RESULTS: The 357 family members enrolled were older (mean age = 66.3 years), were mostly women (76.2%), and were usually the spouses of diabetic patients (71.3%). Between 22% and 50% of family members reported helping with various aspects of diabetes care; 35.6% of family members participated regularly in their diabetic patients' medical encounters. A multiple linear regression model relating family assistance with diabetes-related care to patient and family member characteristics included four variables: patients' physical function, and the family member's relationship to the patient, assistance with basic activities of daily living (ADLs), and understanding of diabetes management issues (all P < .05). A multiple logistic regression model relating family member participation in the medical encounter to patient and family member characteristics also included four variables: patient age and physical function, and family member assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and with diabetes-related care (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: The family members studied frequently assisted older diabetics with diabetes-specific care; more than one-third were regular participants in older diabetics' medical encounters. Family member involvement in the day-to-day management of diabetes and in the medical encounter was more likely when patients were functionally disabled. Health care systems and physicians need to educate their older patients, and involved family members when patients are frail, about diabetes-related care issues and support them in their roles in the management of diabetes as well as other chronic diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:1314–1321, 1996.
Unusual penetrating cranio-cerebral injuries in children from mains plugs

Domestic accidents resulting in head injury are not uncommon. They mostly involve falls from high beds, tables or window seals. Rarely, children suffer penetrating skull injuries, often from unlikely objects. We present two children, 2.5- and 1.5-year-old boys, respectively, who suffered penetrating wounds and compound depressed skull fractures when they fell from moderate height and landed on nearby electric mains plugs, which were driven into their heads. None of them lost consciousness or developed epilepsy. The first patient was brought with one plug pin firmly driven into the skull in the right frontal region. Parents had disassembled and removed the rest of the plug. The second patient was brought in with the whole plug attached and one pin embedded in the left parietal region. On plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scan, there was complete skull perforation, a compound depressed skull fracture, and the plug pin was embedded in the brain parenchyma in both patients. In the second patient, the injury site was near the motor cortex. In both cases, the plug was surgically removed, and the skull fracture was repaired. This type of injury from the protruding ends of mains plugs is uncommon and has to be borne in mind by parents, carers and any person dealing with childhood trauma because the plug could be removed at home and the child brought to the Emergency Department with only a small wound in the scalp, hiding a potentially serious underlying brain injury.
An analytical study of the stability of a laminar diffusion flame

The transient state of a simplified model of a one-dimensional diffusion flame is considered. The governing equations which take into account diffusion, heat conduction, heat losses and finite-rate chemical kinetics are treated numerically (1) to obtain steady-state solutions, (2) to investigate stability with respect to small disturbances and (3) to obtain complete transient solutions. It is shown that steady burning states, which have previously been assumed stable, may be unstable in non-adiabatic systems or when the Lewis number exceeds unity. As a result of the instabilities, extinction limits as predicted by the usual steady-state considerations may be affected considerably. The complete transient history of an unstable flame was obtained numerically and is presented in this paper.
Keratoconus: I. Biochemical studies.

The present study analyses collagenous and non-collagenous components from age-matched normal and keratoconus corneas. Intact keratoconus corneas showed decreased collagen, total protein, and hydroxylysine levels, with normal reducible collagen cross-linking. Non-collagenous fractions were isolated from corneas with a 4 m guanidine procedure. As demonstrated by PAGE-silver stain, the keratoconus cornea guanidine extracts had a 75 kDa band that was absent in normal cornea guanidine extracts. In addition, there was a markedly increased level of protein, uronic acid and neutral hexose in keratoconus extracts as compared with controls. Our Western blot studies showed increased affinity for the castor-bean agglutinin (RCA 120 , specific for terminal galactose) in the keratoconus extracts as compared with normals. These data suggest the presence of an abnormal noncollagenous component in keratoconus corneas.
Occupancy detection in commercial buildings using opportunistic context sources

Accurate occupancy information in commercial buildings can enable several useful applications such as energy management and dynamic seat allocation. Most prior efforts in this space depend on deploying an additional network of deeply coupled sensors to gather occupancy details. This paper presents a novel approach for occupancy detection using only context sources that are commonly available in commercial buildings such as area access badges, Wi-Fi access points, Calendar and Instant Messaging clients. We present models to conduct a situation-centric profiling using such sources and evaluate results of those models. Through a pilot study of a building floor with 5 volunteers for 6 weeks, we demonstrate the potential for detecting occupancies with accuracy as high as 90%.
Solar and cosmogenic argon in dated lunar impact spherules

Abstract We have studied lunar impact spherules from the Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 landing sites, examining the isotopic composition of argon released by stepwise heating. Elsewhere, we reported the formation ages of these spherules, determined by the 40Ar/39Ar isochron method. Here, we discuss solar and cosmogenic argon from the same spherules, separating these two components by correlating their partial releases with the releases of calcium-derived 37Ar on a “cosmochron” diagram. We use the abundances of cosmogenic argon to derive a cosmic ray exposure age for each spherule, and demonstrate that single scoops of lunar soil contain spherules which have experienced very different histories of exposure and burial. The solar argon is seen to be separated into isotopically lighter and heavier fractions, which presumably were implanted to different depths in the spherules. The abundance of the isotopically heavy solar argon is too great to explain as a minor constituent of the solar particle flux, such as the suprathermal tail of the solar wind. The fact that the spherules have been individually dated allows us to look for possible variations in the solar wind as a function of time, over the history of the Solar System. However, the isotopic composition and fluence of solar argon preserved in the lunar spherules appear to be independent of formation age. We believe that most of the spherules are saturated with solar argon, having reached a condition in which implantation by the solar wind is offset by losses from solar-wind sputtering and diffusion.
Solid-State Coordination Chemistry of Molybdenum Oxides with di-2-Picolylamine (pca): The Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structures of the Molecular Cluster [{Ni(pca)(H2O) }2Mo8O26], the Two-Dimensional [{Cu(pca)}2Mo8O26], and theOne-Dimensional [{Cu3(pca)3MoO4}Mo8O26]

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of di-2-picolylamine (pca), MoO3 and NiSO4·6H2O yielded the bimetallic oxide cluster [{Ni(pca)(H2O)}2Mo8O26]·2H2O (1·2H2O). Similarly, the reaction of pca, MoO3 and CuSO4·5H2O produced the two-dimensional material [{Cu(pca)}2Mo8O26] (2). The structure of 1 consists of β-{Mo8O26}4− clusters, decorated with {Ni(pca)(H2O)}2+ subunits, linked to terminal molybdenyl {Mo=O} moieties. The structure of 2 also contains β-{Mo8O26}4− clusters as building blocks; however, in this instance, the {Cu(pca) }2+ subunits serve to bridge adjacent clusters into a two-dimensional network. The hydrothermal reaction of pca and CuSO4·5H2O with MoO2 in place of MoO3 produced [{Cu3(pca)3MoO4}Mo8O26]·2H2O (3·2H2O), a one-dimensional material, constructed from β-{Mo8O26}4− clusters linked through unusual {Cu3(pca)3MoO4}4+ subunits. Crystal data: C12H17N3O15Mo4Ni (1·2H2O): triclinic P 1 , a=9.4024(5) A, b=10.9729(6) A, c=11.4183(6) A, α=102.710(1)°, β= 99.731(1)°, γ=90.021(1)°, V=1131.8(1) A3, Z=2, Dcalc=2.596 g cm−3; C12H13N3O13Mo4Cu (2): monoclinic P21/n, a=12.1547(4) A, b=12.5412(4) A, c=14.1160(4) A, β=92.746 (1)°, V=2149.3(1) A3, Z=4, Dcalc=2.638 g cm−3; C36H43Cu3 Mo9N9O32 (3·2H2O), monoclinic, P21/c, a=17.9115(6) A, b=14.3637(5) A, c=22.6795(8) A, β=94.744(1)°, V=5814.9(3) A3, Z=4, Dcalc=2.476 g cm−3.
Detecting data visualization preferences using games

In visualizations of large multivariate data sets, discrete data can be effectively represented using glyphs. Glyphs have the advantage of allowing for rapid visual comparison, using differing visual dimensions to represent the different variables in the data. Some types of glyphs accommodate even more variables by using shape to represent the data. Yet the characteristics of these shapes may have underlying perceptual meanings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain shape characteristics are commonly viewed as good or bad. We conducted a study using two methods to gather data: a traditional survey, and a casual game. The results of this study strongly suggest that there are certain shape characteristics that are generally perceived as positive/negative, although they are not necessarily what might be expected.
How Is Sociology Informed by History

Souvent concue comme l'application de la theorie sociologique a l'etude des evenements historiques, la sociologie historique apparait comme une approche specifique au sein de la sociologie. Elle tend a situer l'action et les structures sociales dans leur contexte historique et du meme coup a mettre en avant la temporalite de la vie sociale. L'A. presente un certain nombre d'etudes menees dans le domaine de la sociologie historique. Il affirme que les chercheurs doivent donner un tournant plus historique a la sociologie et cela en empruntant certaines methodes de recherche propre a l'histoire, en utilisant un certain nombre de concepts, en developpant et en testant enfin des theories sociales generales
Determination Of The Geometry Of Tri-Leaflet Aortic Heart Valves

This paper discusses the photogrammetric aspects of a current multidisciplinary cooperative effort between Washington University, St. Louis, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on the development of a trileaflet prosthetic heart valve. Photogrammetric measurements are undertaken on silicon rubber molds of human aortic heart valves. A Hasselblad 500C camera equipped with a 50 mm Planar f/4 lens is used for data acquisition. A semianalytical solution is used for data reduction. The final outputs include: sketch plans, digital models, profiles, contour maps and dimensions of the coaption areas of the leaflets. The items to be highlighted in this presentation include: data acquisition, data reduction, data processing, accuracy aspects, and a review of the various outputs.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Childhood submersion injuries

The overall prognosis for children who sustain a submersion incident is directly related to several variables including length of submersion, initial neurologic evaluation, time to first breath, initial pH, and others. Resuscitation after near-drowning is unsuccessful in terms of death and neurologic deficit in 30% of those children who are treated at our institution. Despite the fact that we have been able to present variables that are somewhat predictive of outcome, it is almost impossible to identify 100% of the time which particular comatose child will survive neurologically intact. Therefore skilled attempts at resuscitation and management are mandatory. The understanding of the sequence of events that occur during the drowning process and the pathophysiologic consequence make it possible for health care personnel to provide aggressive therapeutic interventions that will enhance the likelihood of a normal recovery. Language: en
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND CRITICAL HERMENEUTICS: DON BROWNING AS “HORIZON ANALYST”

. Don Browning's career involved a deep exploration into the frequently hidden philosophical assumptions buried in various forms of psychotherapeutic healing. These healing methodologies were based on metaphors and metaphysical assumptions about both the meaning of human fulfillment and the ultimate context of our lives. All too easily, psychological theories put forward philosophical anthropologies while claiming to be operating within a modest, empirical approach. Browning does not fault or criticize these psychotherapeutic enterprises for making such claims because he thinks these claims are implicit in all discussions of psychological health. But he does fault these methodologies for not being more forthcoming about their shift from a narrow empirical investigation to a broad-ranging philosophical and even quasireligious orientation. Browning can be described as a “horizon analyst” who constantly pulled back the curtains and helped us see the deeper symbols, images, and metaphysical assumptions behind our psychological investigations.
The human visual evoked cortical potential and dark adaptation.

Abstract The relationship between the amplitude of the human visual evoked cortical potential (VECP) and dark adaptation was examined in three normal subjects. In addition, the VECP dark adaptation functions were compared with psychophysical functions obtained in the same sessions under identical stimulus conditions. In order to separate the rod and cone systems two chromatic stimuli were used, one from the short wavelength and the other from the long wavelength portion of the visible spectrum. The results indicate that the VECP is a sensitive correlate of both rod and cone adaptation since the VECP dark adaptation changes parallel the psychophysical threshold changes. It was concluded that the VECP is an excellent tool for investigating both cone and rod dark adaptation when the appropriate methods and conditions for study are used.
One-Meson-Exchange Calculation of the π+p-->ρ+p Reaction

The distorted-wave theory of the one-meson-exchange reaction is applied to the $\ensuremath{\pi}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}+p$ reaction at 2.0 GeV/c. This theory introduces the absorptive effects by means of a complex optical potential for the elastic scattering in the incident and exit channels. The distorted-wave method predicts a modification of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-decay correlation by the elastic absorption and scattering effects in addition to that which would arise from a spin dependence of the optical potentials. This contribution is not present in other strong-absorption peripheral-model treatments. Our calculation yields satisfactory fits either to the differential cross section or to the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson decay angular correlation on the basis of spin-independent spherical optical potentials. However, we were not able to find a set of spin-independent optical potentials which would give a fit to both the differential cross section and the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson decay correlation.
Prediction of left ventricular pressure in infants with aortic stenosis.

Peak systolic left ventricular pressure was predicted in five infants with aortic stenosis by use of a wall stress constant, K. K was determined in 10 normal infants according to the formula K = P . Ds/Ws, where P = arterial pressure by Doppler, DS = end-systolic LV dimension, and WS = end-systolic wall thickness. Left ventricular peak systolic pressure was estimated in five infants using the formula P = K. Ws/Ds. Excellent correlation was obtained between measured left ventricular pressure and left ventricular-aortic pressure difference at cardiac catheterisation and echo estimates. Echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis may be applied to infants with good results.
A large deviation result for the difference in sample medians

LetXmandYndenote the medians of independent samples from continuous populations Fand Grespectively. In Theorem 1 of this note, a large deviation result for the difference dmn= Xm- Ynis established under the assumption that Fand Garc symmetric about 0. The result is then used to define a sequential rule based on medians for selecting the best of Ksymmetric populations.
A class of first-order SU(3) theorems and their possible application to the analysis of the semileptonic decays of the baryon octet

Abstract We discuss a class of five theorems relating weak and electromagnetic form factors of the baryon octet, valid with an error of second order in the symmetry breaking for a large range of momentum transfers. The theorems are derived using simple V-spin and charge conjugation considerations. By an elementary argument we obtain a consistency condition that must be satisfied by the first-order theorems of interest, and show that this is indeed the case for our expressions. The possible application of these relations to the analysis of the semileptonic decays of the baryon octet is discussed. It is anticipated that the application of these theorems will become more useful as the information on the magnetic moments of the hyperons becomes more precise.
Coral nutrition: Comparison of the fate of 14C from ingested labeled brine shrimp and from the uptake of NaH14CO3 by its zooxanthellae

Abstract Previous work has shown that the biochemical composition of the tissues of the scleractinian coral Astrangia danae Milne Edwards & Haime 1849 depends both on the nutritional history of the animal and on the presence or absence of symbiotic algae. To compare further the nutritional effects of feeding frequency and the contribution by algal symbionts, colonies of Astrangia were fed 14 C-labeled Artemia or were incubated with NaH 14 CO 3 . The fate of the labeled carbon was determined in each case by fractionating the tissue into its major biochemical components. The proportion of food-derived 14 C appearing as coral lipid was slightly greater in corals fed more frequently, and also in those with zooxanthellae. Symbiotic corals retained 10% more of the labeled brine shrimp carbon than did the non-symbiotic ones. Zooxanthellae of corals fed 1/wk fixed more 14 C but translocated less of it than did the algae of starved corals. Most of the 14 C translocated from the algae ended up as coral lipid and nucleic acid, while the brine shrimp 14 C was converted mostly to lipid and protein. These results suggest that in well-fed corals less carbon from ingested food or zooxanthellae-translocate is used for immediate metabolism and more is stored in the lipid fraction of the coral.
A Practical Assessment of Process Data Compression Techniques

Plant data are used to compare the effectiveness of wavelet-based methods with other compression techniques. The challenge is to effectively treat the data so that the maximum compression ratio is achieved while the important features are retained in the compressed data. Wavelets have properties that are desirable for data compression. They are localized in time (or space) and in frequency. This means that important short-lived high-frequency disturbances can be preserved in the compressed data, and these disturbances may be differentiated from slower, low-frequency trends. Besides discrete wavelet transforms, linear interpolation, discrete cosine transform, and vector quantization are also used to compress data. The transform-based compression algorithms perform better than the linear interpolation methods, such as swinging door, that have been used traditionally in the chemical process industries. Among these techniques, the wavelet-based one compresses the process data with excellent overall and best local accuracy.
Ovarian cyst rupture causing hemoperitoneum: imaging features and the potential for misdiagnosis.

Background: To describe the spectrum of imaging findings and clinical presentations produced after rupture and hemorrhage of an ovarian cyst.
Pacing the post–Last Glacial Maximum demise of the Animas Valley glacier and the San Juan Mountain ice cap, Colorado

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a 5000 km 2 ice cap covered the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. The largest valley glacier draining this ice cap occupied the Animas Valley and flowed 91 km to the south. To characterize the post-LGM demise of the Animas Valley glacier, we employ cosmogenic 10 Be to date the LGM terrace outside the terminal moraines and a suite of seven glacially polished bedrock samples. The 10 Be depth profile within the terrace sediments suggests abandonment at 19.4 ± 1.5 ka. As deglaciation began, the ponding of Glacial Lake Durango behind the terminal moraines shut off fluvial sediment supply and caused terrace abandonment. The age of the terrace therefore records the initiation of LGM retreat. Negligible 10 Be inheritance in the terrace profile suggests that glacial erosion of the bedrock valley floor from which sediments were derived erased all cosmogenic inventory. Glacial polish exposure ages monotonically decrease up-valley from 17.1 to 12.3 ka, with the single exception of a sample collected from a quartzite rib, yielding an average retreat rate of 15.4 m/yr. This trend and the lack of inherited cosmogenic nuclides in the terrace sediments imply that polish ages accurately record the glacial retreat history. Retreat of the Animas lobe began at a time of regional drying recorded in sediments and shoreline elevations of large lakes. Deglaciation lasted for ∼7.2 k.y., and was complete by 12.3 ± 1.0 ka. The retreat history followed the pattern of increasing insolation and was perhaps fastest during a time of regional drying.
The effects of qualitative and quantitative variation of aristolochic acids on preference and performance of a generalist herbivore

Nearly all plants possess chemicals that are inferred to play a role in anti-herbivore defense or resistance. The effects of various chemical defenses can vary among herbivores. Often, plant defensive compounds are examined in broad, inclusive categories, with an emphasis on total quantity, which might ignore qualitative variation in activity. Aristolochic acids are alkaloids characteristic of plants of the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Although aristolochic acids have been documented as effective herbivore deterrents, it remains unknown whether different kinds of aristolochic acid vary in their efficacy as defense against herbivores. We manipulated the aristolochic acid content of artificial diet to examine the effects of four aristolochic acids on larval preference and performance of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Using choice tests, we observed that the four aristolochic acids tested varied in their deterrent effectiveness, with AA-I having the strongest effect and AA-II having the weakest effect. No-choice tests were used to examine larval performance. The effect on performance varied among the aristolochic acids tested. Higher concentrations of aristolochic acid were generally associated with reduced larval developmental rate and larger size at pupation. These results indicate that various forms of aristolochic acid can vary in their effect on herbivores and that simple aggregate measures of total concentration might not reflect the chemical defensive phenotype of the plant.
Chart Turnover and Sales in the Recorded Music Industry: 1990–2005

Chart turnover and sales in the recorded music industry are examined before and during the growth of the Internet as a music source. Chart turnover is measured as the monthly turnover in Billboard’s Top 200 albums chart. Monthly data on expenditures and price indices for music and related goods, as well as demographic and income data, are used in a multivariate structural time series analysis that allows the capture of an unobserved component. We find that turnover positively affects sales, but also that sales are affected positively by an unobserved component that declines in magnitude after 2000.
Geomorphic applications of stream-gage information.

In the United States, several thousand stream gages provide what typically is the only source of continuous, long-term streamflow and channel-geometry information for the locations being monitored. In this paper, the geomorphic content of stream-gage information, previous and potential applications of stream-gage information in fluvial geomorphic research and various possible limitations are described. Documented applications include studies of hydraulic geometry, channel bankfull characteristics, sediment transport and channel geomorphic response to various types of disturbance. Potential applications include studies to determine the geomorphic effectiveness of large floods and in-stream habitat change in response to disturbance. For certain applications, various spatial, temporal and data limitations may render the stream-gage information of limited use; however, such information often is of considerable value to enable or enhance geomorphic investigations. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discriminant Patterns of Consistency in Health Data Dictionaries: Implications for Evidence-Based Medicine

An increasing amount of the medical information in health provider organizations is derived from electronic patient records (EPRs). As such, the quality of information maintained by healthcare organizations becomes a key component of the healthcare delivery process, with a corresponding need for consistent information collection and management methods. The objective of this study was to examine and compare adoption rates of EPR data reliability within clinical support systems, identifying regional variation across the USA. In a nationwide study of all accredited US health information managers, reported levels of data dictionary adoption in electronic patient records were examined. Results show that the majority of health information managers have widely disparate policies and procedures related to data consistency. Despite increasing reliance on consistency of data for comparative purposes, most organizations have not exhibited regular adoption of data dictionaries to uniformly define system-based informa...
Dispersed particle and triple junction interactions in aluminum alloys

Abstract The interrelated effects of dispersed particle interfaces and grain-boundary (GB) misorientations on the dynamic compressive deformation of high strength aluminum alloys have been investigated using an eigenstrain-based formulation coupled with dislocation-density based crystalline plasticity and a microstructurally based finite element framework. This formulation, which accounts for the unrelaxed plastic strains associated with the interfacial behavior of dispersed particles, such as Orowan looping, was used to model an aluminum tri-crystal with different distributions of dispersed particles and GB misorientations. Slip was relatively homogeneous and associated with initially preferential slip planes for low angle random GB misorientations. Particle dispersion had a greater effect on the deformation behavior for the high angle random GB misorientation tri-crystal, with dislocation density generation at the particle–matrix interface resulting in localized particle-controlled shear banding, which can inhibit transgranular shear banding caused by the triple junctions. Larger dispersed particles led to higher stress concentrations at the triple junction and higher tensile pressures at the particle–matrix interfaces.
On a Class of Jordan Groups

(i) A subgroup of PFL(d, q) containing PSL(d, q), in its usual 2-transitive representation; (ii) A collineation group of AG(d, q), containing the group ASL(d, q) of collineations generated by elations, in its usual 2-transitive representation on AG(d, q); (iii) A 7 in its 2-transitive representation of degree 15; (iv) There is a regular normal subgroup, and if x~S then F x acts on S { x } as the group mentioned in (iii); or (V) M22 , Aut M22 , M23 or M24 in its usual permutation representation.
Lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis factor is produced by L3T4+ murine T lymphocytes, and its production declines with age.

Lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis factor (LIA) is a product of T lymphocytes which has been shown to stimulate new vessel formation. Because immune senescence most profoundly affects T lymphocyte functions, we suspected that LIA production would decline with age. An assay for angiogenesis stimulated by allogeneic reaction was performed by injecting spleen cells from young or old donor mice into the skin of irradiated allogeneic recipient mice. The spleen cells from young mice induced a significantly greater number of vessels than did cells from older mice. In additional experiments, spleen cells from young and old animals were treated with a monoclonal antibody GK1.5) directed at the L3T4 antigen on murine T helper lymphocytes. Such treatment significantly reduced the new vessel formation induced by young lymphocytes but had no effect on that induced by lymphocytes from old animals. Studies employing indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that the proportion of L3T4+ cells in the mononuclear fraction of splenocytes was nearly identical in both young and old mice. From these investigations we can conclude that (1) L3T4+ lymphocytes are responsible for LIA production, and (2) production, like that of other T lymphokines, declines with age.
Kinetic evidence that 1,2-diolein inhibits phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C via a competitive mechanism

Diacylglycerols inhibit binding of [20-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) to protein kinase C (the phorbol ester receptor). This inhibition could reflect competitive binding by the diglyceride. Alternatively, it might simply represent perturbation of the lipid environment required for binding activity. As predicted for a competitive mechanism, we report here that inhibitory concentrations of the diglyceride 1,2-diolein do not affect the off-rate of [3H]PDBu from its receptor. This behavior contrasts with that of arachidonic acid, which appears to interact via a mixed mechanism.
Regulation of amino acid transporters by adenoviral-mediated human insulin-like growth factor-1 in a mouse model of placental insufficiency in vivo and the human trophoblast line BeWo in vitro.

Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that over-expression of human insulin-like growth factor-11 (hIGF-1) in the placenta corrects fetal weight deficits in mouse, rat, and rabbit models of intrauterine growth restriction without changes in placental weight. The underlying mechanisms of this effect have not been elucidated. To investigate the effect of intra-placental IGF-1 over-expression on placental function we examined amino acid transporter expression and localization in both a mouse model of placental Insufficiency (PI) and a model of human trophoblast, the BeWo Choriocarcinoma cell line. For in vitro human studies, BeWo Choriocarcinoma cells were maintained in F12 complete medium + 10%FBS. Cells were incubated in serum-free control media ± Ad-IGF-1 or Ad-LacZ for 48 h. MOIs of 10:1 and 100:1 were utilized. In BeWo, transfection efficiency was 100% at an MOI of 100:1 and Ad-IGF-1 significantly increased IGF-1 secretion, proliferation and invasion but reduced apoptosis compared to controls. In vitro, amino acid uptake was increased following Ad-IGF-1 treatment and associated with significantly increased RNA expression of SNAT1, 2, LAT1 and 4F2hc. Only SNAT2 protein expression was increased but LAT1 showed relocalization from a perinuclear location to the cytoplasm and cell membrane. For in vivo studies, timed-pregnant animals were divided into four groups on day 18; sham-operated controls, uterine artery branch ligation (UABL), UABL + Ad-hIGF-1 (108 PFU), UABL + Ad-LacZ (108 PFU). At gestational day 20, pups and placentas were harvested by C-section. Only LAT1 mRNA expression changed, showing that a reduced expression of the transporter levels in the PI model could be partially rectified with Ad-hIGF1 treatment. At the protein level, System L was reduced in PI but remained at control levels following Ad-hIGF1. The System A isoforms were differentially regulated with SNAT2 expression diminished but SNAT1 increased in PI and Ad-hIGF1 groups. Enhanced amino acid isoform transporter expression and relocalization to the membrane may be an important mechanism contributing to Ad-hIGF-1 mediated correction of placental insufficiency.
The Effect of Low Temperature and Fasting during the Winter on Metabolic Stores and Endocrine Physiology (Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroxine) of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of winter feeding and fasting at both high (10 degrees ) and low (2.5 degrees ) temperatures on growth, metabolic stores, and endocrinology of coho salmon. Treatments were as follows: warm-fed, warm-not fed, cold-fed, and cold-not fed during the winter (January-February). The following parameters were measured: length, weight, whole body lipid, liver glycogen, hepatosomatic index, and plasma levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and thyroxine (T4). Warm-fed fish grew continuously throughout the experiment from 21.5 +/- 0.3 to 43.4 +/- 1.4 g and were larger than fish in the other treatments. Fish in all other treatments grew from 21.5 +/- 0.3 to approximately 32 g and showed depressed growth during January and February. During the winter, liver glycogen, hepatosomatic index, plasma insulin, and IGF-I were highly influenced by manipulations in rearing conditions, whereas whole body lipid and plasma T4 were less affected. Plasma insulin levels fluctuated dramatically (from 2 to 7 ng/ml) in the two cold-acclimated groups shortly after the change in temperature. In general, the plasma insulin levels of the warm-fed fish were the highest (8-9 ng/ml), those of the warm-not fed fish were the lowest (2-5 ng/ml), and those of the two cold-acclimated groups were more variable but intermediate. In contrast, plasma IGF-I levels showed a decline with temperature decrease (from 9 to 5 ng/ml) and more gradual changes than insulin with the change in feeding. The highest plasma IGF-I levels were found in the warm-fed fish (10-15 ng/ml), the lowest levels were in the cold-not fed fish (4-5 ng/ml), and those of the warm-not fed and cold-fed fish were intermediate. During the treatment period the T4 levels were relatively unaffected by manipulations in feeding and temperature compared with either insulin or IGF-I. These data suggest that the insulin, IGF-I, and thyroid axes are differentially regulated under changing seasonal and/or environmental conditions in yearling salmon.
The Hubble law and the spiral structures of galaxies from equations of motion in general relativity

Fully exploiting the Lie group that characterizes the underlying symmetry of general relativity theory, Einstein's tensor formalism factorizes, yielding a generalized (16-component) quaternion field formalism. The associated generalized geodesic equation, taken as the equation of motion of a star, predicts the Hubble law from one approximation for the generally covariant equations of motion, and the spiral structure of galaxies from another approximation. These results depend on the imposition of appropriate boundary conditions. The Hubble law follows when the boundary conditions derive from the oscillating model cosmology, and not from the other cosmological models. The spiral structures of the galaxies follow from the same boundary conditions, but with a different time scale than for the whole universe. The solutions that imply the spiral motion areFresnel integrals. These predict the star's motion to be along the “Cornu Spiral.” The part of this spiral in the first quadrant is the imploding phase of the galaxy, corresponding to a motion with continually decreasing radii, approaching the galactic center as time increases. The part of the “Cornu Spiral” in the third quadrant is the exploding phase, corresponding to continually increasing radii, as the star moves out from the hub. The spatial origin in the coordinate system of this curve is the inflection point, where the explosion changes to implosion. The two- (or many-) armed spiral galaxies are explained here in terms of two (or many) distinct explosions occurring at displaced times, in the domain of the rotating, planar galaxy.
Effects of Severe Mental Illness Education on MSW Student Attitudes about Schizophrenia

Social work students (N=60) in a master's-level course on severe mental illness participated in a quasi- experimental study examining the degree to which increased knowledge about and contact with individuals with schizophrenia during the course would impact their attitudes toward people with the disorder. Results revealed significant improvement in student knowledge and general attitudes after the course and indicated that increased knowledge about schizophrenia was only related to general attitudinal improvement when accompanied by increased personal social contact. Implications for education on severe mental illnesses and value and attitude development in social work education are discussed.
Conformational restrictions of biologically active peptides via amino acid side chain groups

Determining the relationships between conformation and biological activity in peptide hormones and neurotransmitters is an important goal of contemporary biology. A major difficulty in these studies is the conformational flexibility of most peptides and the high dependence of the conformations on environment. The question arises whether conformations determined in solution are relevant to those important to the peptide at the membrane receptor(s). One recent approach to overcome these difficulties has been the use of conformational constraints by covalent bonding of side chain groups of residues in the peptide. In this manner linear peptides are rendered cyclic, and cyclic peptides are further conformationally constrained either by ring contractions or by other conformational constraints. Biologically active peptides specifically designed by this approach have been found to possess several useful properties including: 1) greater conformational integrity; 2) increased agonist or antagonist potency; 3) prolonged biological activity; 4) increased enzymatic stability; and 5) increased specificity for a particular receptor. Careful applications of this approach have provided important new designs features for peptide structure-function studies, and new insights into peptide conformation-activity relationships for oxytocin, somatostatin, enkephalin, bradykinin, vasopressin, and other biologically active peptides.
Drinking Smoke: the tobacco syndemic in Oceania

As with much of the world, tobacco, a New World plant, was introduced to Pacific societies not long after it became available in herbal gardens in Europe by the 1550s. The Spanish carried it to the...
Systolic Hypertension in Older Persons: How Aggressive Should Treatment Be?

Systolic hypertension (SH) is a major public health concern predominantly affecting older persons. A key message of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) is that SH is a much more important cardiovascular disease risk factor than diastolic hypertension, particularly in older persons. Consequently, aggressive control of elevations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) is recommended. 1 Despite increasing attention, SH is on the rise: isolated elevations of SBP in a national sampling of Veteran's Administration patients have increased from 57% in 1990 to 1995 to 76% of patients in 1999. 2 This article considers several clinically pertinent issues, including the evidence for treating older patients with elevations in SBP, treating SH in the "oldest old" (those aged >85 years), and how aggressively these patients should be treated. In addition, issues regarding clinical decision making in older patients with SH are discussed.
The Tiny Conductor: Immune Regulation via Commensal Organisms

The astonishing density of microbes in the mammalian gut has raised numerous questions, including how such colonization is tolerated in an immunocompetent location. Clearly the organisms perform a beneficial role, but until now the mechanisms have been less than clear. In a recent study in Nature , Mazmanian et al. (2008) reveal the ability of specific moieties on the surface of Bacteroides fragilis to direct the host's immune response.
A guinea pig ileum preparation devoid of functional κ receptors: A new in vitro pharmacologic assay for μ-opioid ligands

Abstract Guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus preparations contain functional μ- and κ-opioid receptors. A preparation with blocked κ receptors was obtained by pretreating guinea pigs with 0.1–10.0 mg kg intraperitoneal doses of a new κ-selective affinity label, DIPPA (2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[1S-1-(-3-isothiocyanatophenyl)-2-(-1-pyrrolidinyl) ethyl] acetamide). Determination of IC50 values for the μ-selective agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin) and the κ-selective agonist U 69,593 ([5α,7α,8β]-(+)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro-(4,5)-dec-8-yl]) showed that 0.5 mg kg DIPPA at 48 h produced reliable, near-complete blockade of κ-opioid activity but a minimal shift for μ-opioid agonism. This new assay should be useful for studying mixed agonists/antagonists that produce strong κ-opioid receptor agonism, which prevents determination of μ-opioid receptor antagonism.
Poly-Hegemonic Masculinities

This article explores polyamorous men’s potential to both enlarge and reinforce the concept of hegemonic masculinity through their emotional expressions and management, as well as their sexual expressions and relationships. Polyamorous people openly engage in romantic, sexual, and/or affective relationships with multiple people simultaneously. Polyamory differs from swinging with its emphasis on long-term, emotionally intimate relationships; and from adultery with its focus on honesty and (ideally) full disclosure of the network of sexual relationships to all who participate in or are affected by them. Both men and women have access to additional partners in polyamorous relationships, distinguishing them from polygynous ones. My ethnographic analysis expands sociological understandings of hegemonic masculinity by investigating this previously unexamined area of men’s sexual and romantic interactions. Employing R.W. Connell’s framework of hegemonic masculinity, I analyze some of the ways in which the polya...
A Guidance and Navigation Strategy for Rendezvous and Proximity Operations with a Noncooperative Spacecraft in Geosynchronous Orbit

The feasibility and benefits of various spacecraft servicing concepts are currently being assessed, and all require that servicer spacecraft perform rendezvous, proximity operations, and capture operations with the spacecraft to be serviced. There are many high-value commercial and military spacecraft located in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) which may be candidates for servicing, but GEO is a regime in which rendezvous and capture operations are not commonplace; further, most GEO spacecraft were not designed to be cooperative rendezvous targets, and some may even be completely nonfunctional and therefore potentially tumbling. In this work we present elements of a guidance and navigation strategy for rendezvous and proximity operations with a noncooperative spacecraft in GEO. Translational Δv is assessed for a passively safe co-elliptic rendezvous approach sequence that is followed by injection into a safety ellipse about a noncooperative tumbling spacecraft and, ultimately, final approach to capture. Covariance analysis is presented for a simulation of range and bearing measurements throughout the rendezvous and proximity operations sequence.
Ion conductance of the Ca(2+)-activated maxi-K+ channel from the embryonic rat brain

By using single-channel recording techniques, we measured the conductance (gK) of the Ca(2+)-activated Maxi-K+ channel from the embryonic rat brain, and examined its dependence on K+ ions present in equimolar concentrations on both sides of the membrane patch. With ionic strength maintained constant by substitution of N-methyl-D-glucamine for K+, gK has a sigmoidal dependence upon [K+]. This result has been obscured in previous work by variations in ionic strength, which has a marked effect on single-channel conductance, especially in the limit for which this variable approaches zero. The gK versus [K+] relationship is described, theoretically, by a three-barrier, two-binding-site model in which the barrier that an ion must cross to leave the channel is decreased as [K+] is increased.
Influence of leaf phenology and site nitrogen on invasive species establishment in temperate deciduous forest understories

Abstract Invasion by nonnative species is considered one of the greatest threats to ecosystem structure and function worldwide. Human disturbance and landscape fragmentation create edge habitats that are often higher in resource (i.e., light and nutrient) availability and are noted for having a high degree of invasive species establishment and colonization. In contrast, interior forest understories, which are often light- and nutrient-limited, are typically less susceptible to invasion. We assessed invasive species presence in interior, intact, temperate forest understories in relation to canopy-induced environmental conditions. We hypothesized that nonnative invasive species presence would be greatest under those canopy tree species that allow higher understory light and/or soil nitrate levels as a result of inherent differences in canopy transmission, spring leaf phenology, and nitrogen fixation. Five native forest canopy types were used, Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen), Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Quercus spp./ Carya spp. (oak/hickory), Fraxinus americana (white ash), evergreen species mix Pinus spp./ Tsuga canadensis (pine/hemlock), along with one nonnative canopy species, Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust). Measures of understory light availability post leaf-expansion were significantly higher under quaking aspen than other canopies with the exception of black locust and white ash. Canopy bud break and leaf flush occurred first in quaking aspen stands followed by sugar maple, oak/hickory, white ash and black locust stands, respectively. As expected, soil analyses showed higher nitrate levels in the nitrogen-fixing black locust stands, but unexpectedly, also in the white ash stands. Under these two canopy types, invasive species cover and relative abundance were significantly higher suggesting the importance of greater resource availability in invasive plant success. As such, intact forest stands with greater light transmission, later phenology, and nitrate fixation act as islands of invasion in resource-limited forested landscapes.