cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADseq approaches and applications for forest tree genetics

As tree species vary extensively in genome size, complexity, and resource development, reduced representation methods have been increasingly employed for the generation of population genomic data. By allowing rapid marker discovery and genotyping for thousands of genomic regions in many individuals without requiring genomic resources, restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) methods have dramatically improved our ability to bring population genomic perspectives to non-model trees. The rapid recent increase in studies of trees utilizing RADseq suggests that it is likely to become among the most common approaches for generating genome-wide data for a variety of applications. Here we provide a practical review of RADseq and its application to research areas of tree genetics. We briefly review RADseq laboratory methods and consider analytical approaches for assembly, variant calling, and bioinformatic processing. To guide considerations for study design, we use in silico analyses of eight available tree genomes to illustrate how expected marker number and density vary across laboratory approaches and genome sizes, and to consider the ability of RADseq designs to query coding regions. We review the empirical use of RADseq for different research objectives, considering its strengths and limitations. Many studies have used RADseq data to perform genome scans for selection, although limited marker density and linkage disequilibrium will often compromise its utility for such analyses. Regardless of this limitation, RADseq offers a powerful and inexpensive technique for generating genome-wide SNP data that can greatly contribute to research spanning phylogenetic and population genetic inference, linkage mapping, and quantitative genetic parameter estimation for tree genetics.
Culturally Responsive Literacy Instruction

The Council for Exceptional Children is pleased to partner with the National Center for Culturally Responsive Educational Systems (NCCREST) to periodically include in TEACHING Exceptional Children topical briefs to support your efforts in addressing the learning needs of exceptional students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
ESR Study of Trimethylsilane Plasma Polymer Part II; Effect of Consecutive Treatments and Mixed Gases

An ESR study has indicated that a second plasma treatment on plasma deposited films from trimethylsilane (TMS) monomer gas has the ability to modify the characteristics of the primary plasma polymer significantly in a favorable manner for many applications. The effect of the second plasma polymerization on the primary plasma polymer of TMS depends on the nature of the second monomer. Plasma of F-containing monomer, hexafluoroethane (HFE) and perfluoromethane (CF4), decreases the ESR signal of TMS and no detectable signal due to F-containing monomer was found. The decay rate of the signal decreased significantly. In contrast to this situation, CH4 plasma treatment yields an ESR signal that is a composite of that observed from TMS and CH4 films individually. The overall signal increased in this instance, but didn't show appreciable decay in 24 hr period. A second treatment by nonpolymer forming plasmas also decreased the ESR signal of TMS, and decreased the decay rate, indicating that the second gas plasma treatment yields a somewhat similar effect found with the HFE plasma treatment. Plasma polymerization of mixtures of TMS and nonpolymer-forming gases increased the ESR signal but decreased the decay rate, except in the case of oxygen. A mixture of (TMS + O2) behaved as a completely different monomer. No ESR signal was found in this system. The ESR analysis was supported by XPS data and an insight into the mechanisms occurring in these thin films are discussed.
Influence of rhamnolipid biosurfactant and Brij-35 synthetic surfactant on 14C-Pyrene mineralization in soil

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in soil and are considered priority pollutants due to their carcinogenicity. Bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils is often limited by the low solubility and strong sorption of PAHs in soil. Synthetic surfactants and biosurfactants have been used to enhance the bioavailability of PAHs and to accelerate microbial degradation. However, few studies have compared synthetic and biosurfactants in their efficiency in promoting PAH biodegradation in either native or bioaugmented soils. In this study, we evaluated mineralization of 14C-pyrene in soils with or without the augmentation of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1, and characterized the effect of Brij-35 (synthetic) and rhamnolipid biosurfactant at different amendment rates. Treatment of rhamnolipid biosurfactant at 140 or 1400 μg surfactant g-dry soil−1 rates resulted in a significantly longer lag period in 14C-pyrene mineralization in both native and bioaugmented soils. In contrast, amendment of Brij-35 generally increased 14C-pyrene degradation, and the greatest enhancement occurred at 21.6 or 216 μg surfactant g-dry soil−1 rates, which may be attributed to increased bioavailability. Brij-35 and rhamnolipid biosurfactant were found to be non-toxic to M. vanbaalenii PYR-1 at 10X CMC, thus indicating rhamnolipid biosurfactant likely served as a preferential carbon source to the degrading bacteria in place of 14C-pyrene, leading to delayed and inhibited 14C-pyrene degradation. Mineralization of 14C-pyrene by M. vanbaalenii PYR-1 was rapid in the unamended soils, and up to 60% of pyrene was mineralized to 14CO2 after 10 d in the unamended or Brij-35 surfactant-amended soils. Findings of this study suggest that application of surfactants may not always lead to enhanced PAH biodegradation or removal. If the surfactant is preferentially used as an easier carbon substrate than PAHs for soil microorganisms, it may actually inhibit PAH biodegradation. Selection of surfactant types is therefore crucial for the effectiveness of surfactant-aided bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils.
Colonial erosion: unearthing African American history in the settler colonial West

In ‘Colonial Erosion: Unearthing African American History in the Settler Colonial West’, Anthony W. Wood argues that scholars of African American studies and the American West must consider the sed...
Residential segregation in hillside areas of Seoul, South Korea: A novel approach of geomorphons classification

Abstract This research examines residential segregation in the hillside residential areas (HRAs) of Seoul, South Korea, by applying a newly classified geomorphons -- a synthetic land classification system -- created from 30 × 30 m2 resolution digital elevation model data to redefine Seoul's hillside residential areas. The multi-group Entropy Index explores segregation within and among the dimensions of socio-economic and built-environment characteristics in HRAs and non-HRAs. We apply the Local Indicator of Spatial Association to confirm strong spatial autocorrelation, and the clusters and outliers within the HRAs. This is rectified by the Spatial Error (regression) Model which affirms that the residential communities are most strongly segregated along dimensions of household composition, housing-built year, and educational attainments, and have significant relationship with the economic status of HRA residents. The newly classified geomorphons also suggest that segregation along the dimensions of socio-economic and built-environment characteristics are higher in HRAs compared to the non-HRAs.
Spectral Clustering with Links and Attributes

Abstract : If relational data contain communities-groups of inter-related items with similar attribute values-a clustering technique that considers attribute information and the structure of relations simultaneously should produce more meaningful clusters than those produced by considering attributes alone. We investigate this hypothesis in the context of a spectral graph partitioning technique, considering a number of hybrid similarity metrics that combine both sources of information. Through simulation, we find that two of the hybrid metrics achieve superior performance over a wide range of data characteristics. We analyze the spectral decomposition algorithm from a statistical perspective and show that the successful hybrid metrics exaggerate the separation between cluster similarity values, at the expense of increased variance. We cluster several relational datasets using the best hybrid metric and show that the resulting clusters exhibit significant community structure, and that they significantly improve performance in a related classification task.
Low thermal conductivity carbon material from electrospinning and subsequent chemical activation

Low thermal conductivity carbon fibers from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are currently being explored as an alternative for traditional rayon-based carbon fibers with a thermal conductivity of 4 W/m K. Compared to multiple component electrospinning, this research demonstrated another feasible way to make low thermal conductivity carbon fibrous material by electrospinning PAN followed by carbonization and alkali activation. The effects of activation condition on microstructure, pore formation, and thermal conductivity of the resultant carbon nanofibrous material were investigated. The processing-structure-thermal conductivity relationship was revealed and mechanism of thermal conductivity reduction was discussed. The overall thermal conductivity of the prepared carbon nanofibrous material is a result of combined effects from factors of carbon structure and number of pores rather than volume of pores or specific surface area. The activated carbon nanofibrous materials showed thermal conductivity as low as 0.12 W/m K, which is a reduction of ~ 99% when compared to that of solid carbon film and a reduction of ~ 95% when compared to that of carbon nanofibrous material before activation.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Monitoring in Typing with and without Visual Feedback.

New theories of monitoring in language production, regardless of their mechanistic differences, all posit monitoring mechanisms that share general computational principles with action monitoring. T...
Effect of Positive Airway Pressure Therapy on Drowsy Driving in a Large Clinic-Based Obstructive Sleep Apnea Cohort

Study Objectives:Drowsy driving related to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represents an important public health problem with limited data on the effect of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. We ...
Data Science for Weather Impacts on Crop Yield

Private businesses in sectors such as food, energy and retail, as well as public sector and federal agencies are interested in the predictive understanding of weather impacts on crop yield, which is an important aspect of food security. Scientific literature has mainly examined how crop yield is impacted by growing season averaged weather indices. Although a few studies did consider weather extremes in their analysis, their scope was either restricted to measuring their conditional relationship with yield or the extreme event types considered were limited. Selection of regression models, whether the more commonly used linear approaches or nonlinear methods, have not been appropriately justified in this context. Here, we develop data-driven methods to examine two inter-related hypotheses for improved scientific understanding and enhanced predictive modeling. The first hypothesis, that extreme weather indices have a statistically significant information content in them is found to be valid based on linear and nonlinear methods for pairwise dependence. The second hypothesis, examines the value addition of nonlinear regression methods, and suggests that linear approaches may not alone be adequate. The results of this study can inform scientific understanding, generation and relevance of indices and end-to-end risk assessment systems in the context of climate impacts on crop yield. An immediate application may be in the context of NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) which facilitates the generation and dissemination of impacts relevant weather data and indices using a multitude of satellite-derived data sets and model outputs.
Ionization clustering on charged particle tracks as a seed for biologically relevant radiation effects

We construct a statistical framework for investigating the physical origins of radiation effects on biological materials and report the fit of an analytical statistical model to rates of simple lesions in DNA. Modeling primary ionization damage as trails of electron vacancies left on the trajectories of fast charged particles, we derive the dependence of rates of spatial clustering on ionization density [linear energy transfer (LET)]; a clustering scale parameter, r_{0}; and number per cluster. Published experimental results on rates of single strand breaks and base lesions in dry DNA over a range of LET are fitted with the derived functions, assuming clusters of 1 or ≥1. The fits yield reasonable goodness of fit and values of r_{0} that are consistent with expectations. Limitations of the model and future developments are discussed. This framework may ultimately contribute to an improved understanding of the physical origins of biological radiation effects.
Cytoplasmic control of intranuclear polarity by human cytomegalovirus

Despite its size and rigidity, the cell nucleus can be moved or reorganized by cytoskeletal filaments under various conditions (for example, during viral infection)1-11. Moreover, whereas chromatin organizes into non-random domains12, extensive heterogeneity at the single-cell level13 means that precisely how and why nuclei reorganize remains an area of intense investigation. Here we describe convolutional neural network-based automated cell classification and analysis pipelines, which revealed the extent to which human cytomegalovirus generates nuclear polarity through a virus-assembled microtubule-organizing centre. Acetylation of tubulin enables microtubules emanating from this centre to rotate the nucleus by engaging cytoplasmically exposed dynein-binding domains in the outer nuclear membrane protein nesprin-2G, which polarizes the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN1. This in turn creates intranuclear polarity in emerin, and thereby controls nuclear actin filaments that spatially segregate viral DNA from inactive histones and host DNA, maximizing virus replication. Our findings demonstrate the extent to which viruses can control the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Quantum Information Theory

We have already come across the Shannon and von Neumann entropies in the chapter on entanglement. The Shannon entropy assesses the information content of a classical probability distribution while the von Neumann entropy does the same for its quantum counterpart, the quantum state (density matrix) of a quantum system. We have also come across the trace distance and the fidelity in the chapter on quantum states. These quantities proved very useful when we wanted to compare different states of a quantum system. However, these distance measures were introduced ad hoc, without introducing their classical counterpart first and then showing that these are the proper, or at least the obvious, quantum generalizations. Therefore, in the first two sections of this chapter, we will introduce these quantities in a more systematic manner. Then, we want to use the entropic quantities to say something about quantum communication, in particular, sending classical messages using quantum systems. In order to do so, we will need to define Shannon and von Neumann entropies for two random variables, in the classical case, and two systems, in the quantum case, which we do in the third section. It is also in order here to introduce consistent notation: entropic quantities related to classical probability distributions will be denoted by H and then further specified by their arguments, and their quantum counterparts, entropic quantities related to quantum states (density matrices), will be denoted by S and, again, further specified by their arguments. In the remaining sections, we will apply these quantities to studying quantum signatures of communication, establishing some important bounds and discussing an illustrative example.
Reevaluation of Pathology Data in the Regulatory Decision Process

Original pathology findings provided by sponsors in support of petitions submitted to the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, for review have at times presented an apparent treatment-related effect for a specific lesion or neoplasm. Had the original findings been taken at face value by agency scientists, the findings may have led to regulatory action to disapprove the petitioned use of these compounds and processes within the food supply of the United States.
Ethics issues identified by obstetrics and gynecology learners

This study evaluated a specific ethics and professionalism curriculum whereby medical students and residents provided a written assessment on various ethical issues encountered during their Ob/Gyn rotations. Our goal with this study was to retrospectively evaluate the content of reflections written by medical students and resident physicians and compare content and issues identified by each learner level. Our ultimate goal is to use these data to refine and improve the ethics and professionalism curriculum for Ob/Gyn medical learners.
Reduction of dissipation in Lagrange cell-centered hydrodynamics (CCH) through corner gradient reconstruction (CGR)

This work presents an extension of a second order cell-centered hydrodynamics scheme on unstructured polyhedral cells 13 toward higher order. The goal is to reduce dissipation, especially for smooth flows. This is accomplished by multiple piecewise linear reconstructions of conserved quantities within the cell. The reconstruction is based upon gradients that are calculated at the nodes, a procedure that avoids the least-square solution of a large equation set for polynomial coefficients. Conservation and monotonicity are guaranteed by adjusting the gradients within each cell corner. Results are presented for a wide variety of test problems involving smooth and shock-dominated flows, fluids and solids, 2D and 3D configurations, as well as Lagrange, Eulerian, and ALE methods.
Shallow Water & the Diffeomorphism Group

The work presented here was performed at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences with the partial support of the National Science Foundation under NSF Grant No. DMS-9112664, which is gratefully acknowledged.
Automatic realizability of Galois groups of order 16

In this article we are concerned with automatic realizability results for small Galois 2-groups, particularly those of order 16. We ask when it is true that the realizability of a particular group G as a Galois group over a field K implies the realizability of another group H as a Galois group over K. In some cases, these results hold over all fields. In others, the automatic realizability depends on specific properties of K. We are also interested in field-theoretic criteria which guarantee the realizability of certain groups. By a famous result of Witt [Wi:1936], Satz, p.237, the realizability of a 2-group G over a field of characteristic 2 depends only on the minimal number of generators of G. For this reason we will always assume our fields to be of characteristic not 2. We obtain our results primarily by considering the obstructions to the realizability of the groups, expressed in terms of products of quaternion algebras in the Brauer group Br(K) of the base field K. By manipulating these expressions, one can often show that triviality of the obstruction for one group implies triviality of the obstruction for another. This is particularly true if additional information on the field, such as its level, is taken into consideration. The obstructions for these groups have appeared in various references. A complete survey of known results is provided in [GSS:1995]. We quote these results below and use them heavily in this article. Realizability questions have been considered previously in the two articles by C. U. Jensen, [Je:1989] and [Je:1992]. Jensen considers the structure of the groups explicitly in most instances, and often describes precisely how to construct fields realizing the groups, whereas our approach is less constructive. He also works with finite 2-groups in general, whereas we work just with groups of order at most 16. We obtain a number of new realizability results by our methods. Our goal is to systematically examine the groups of order 16, and what can be said about the realizability of each group as a Galois group over fields of characteristic not 2.
Outcomes in thoracic surgical management of non‐small cell lung cancer

Thoracic surgeons traditionally have measured their outcomes in terms of mortality, complication rates, recurrence patterns, and long-term survival for their cancer patients. These metrics of quality continue to be important today, but increasingly surgeons are under scrutiny for resource utilization, patient experience, and cost effectiveness. Intelligent decisions about resource use require knowledge of utility, disutility, and cost -- information that is still limited and not easily implemented at the time treatment decisions are made. If we accept the proposition that lung cancer care requires a multidisciplinary team making best use of available resources to minimize unwarranted variation, maximize outcomes, and control costs, then three critical needs can be identified: consensus on goals, robust data, and alignment of incentives across disciplines.
The αEC domain of human fibrinogen-420 is a stable and early plasmin cleavage product

Human fibrinogen-420, (Eβγ)2, was isolated from plasma and evaluated for its ability to form clots and for its susceptibility to proteolysis. Clotting parameters, including cross-linking of subunit chains, of this subclass and of the more abundant fibrinogen-340 (βγ)2, were found to be similar, suggesting little impact of the unique EC domains of fibrinogen-420 on coagulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of plasmic digestion patterns revealed production from fibrinogen-420 of the conventional fibrinogen degradation products, X, Y, D, and E, to be comparable to that from fibrinogen-340 in all respects except the presence of at least 2 additional cleavage products that were shown by Western blot analysis to contain the EC domain. One was a stable fragment (ECX) comigrating with a 34-kd yeast recombinant EC domain, and the other was an apparent precursor. Their release occurred early, before that of fragments D and E. Two bands of the same mobility and antibody reactivity were found in Western blots of plasma collected from patients with myocardial infarction shortly after the initiation of thrombolytic therapy.
Competitive strategies in the US theme park industry: A popular media perspective

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the competitive strategies employed by two of the largest theme park operators in Florida, based on a content analysis of popular media articles about theme park giants in the USA. It aims to provide a comparative examination of their competitive strategies, to develop a conceptual model of the same and to expand knowledge about current competitiveness in the theme park sector. Design/methodology/approach – This study used directed content analysis to identify and analyze strategies applied in the theme park sector as manifested in the mass media. Each database was searched using the following four key terms: competition, strategy, Disney and Universal Studios. Results were screened for relevance based on their inclusion of all four key terms. At the conclusion of the search, 87 articles from 34 US-based sources were amassed, varying in circulation size and published between 1985 and 2013. Each article was read, and sentences that suggested the use of a strategy were r...
Uncommon Firearms as Obscenity

This article examines the Supreme Court’s holding in District of Columbia v. Heller that the Second Amendment protects only those arms “in common use . . . for lawful purposes like self-defense.” 554 U.S. 570, 624 (2008). The article identifies ambiguities in the common-use test, as well as how the Court’s formulation of the test relies on circular logic and contradicts other statements in Heller. Taking a cue from Heller’s numerous invocations of First Amendment doctrine, it analogizes uncommon firearms to obscenity and argues for several developments and clarifications of the common-use test. In particular, it contends that the test should evolve to incorporate a value-based prong and a federalism-sensitive community standard, like the Miller test for obscenity; that the test should be treated as a factual inquiry, rather than a legal one; and that the test might not apply to the private possession of firearms in the home. These developments would avoid the test’s circularity problem, make the test more suitable for application to modern gun-control laws, remove some of the inconsistencies in Heller, and foster inter-doctrinal coherence between the First and Second Amendments.
The use of anabolic agents in catabolic states.

There is a very complex relationship between hormones, nutrition and protein synthesis, anabolism, or protein degradation. This is severely disrupted with bodily stress. The stress response to injury, including surgery or any significant illness, can be considered to be a maladaptive or autodestructive process.1–3 The body consumes itself, especially muscle, for energy instead of using body fat. This process is the result of an excessive catabolic activity due to both a hormonal imbalance and excess inflammation.1–5 A loss of lean body mass occurs, with the degree of loss corresponding with subsequent mortality and morbidity. The initiating event, known as the “fright-flight” response, was added to the human genome thousands of years ago as a way of generating a surge of energy to deal with a short-term threat or injury.1 Since very little glucose, which is the primary source of immediate energy, is stored in the body, the most rapid source of energy is the components in body protein, namely, amino acids, which can be converted to glucose or used directly for energy.1–4 This response is activated immediately after a stress insult and peaks around 3 to 5 days postinsult. An inevitable loss of muscle and body protein occurs, which is deleterious to all bodily functions.1–7 Unfortunately, this catabolic process cannot be turned off until the injury or illness has resolved itself totally, even if adequate glucose is provided.1–3 The magnitude of this autodestructive response is in large part dependent upon the magnitude of the insult and the time course to complete recovery. The impact on the patient can be extremely harmful and can even prove fatal. So how can this process be controlled? It is now well recognized that providing certain anabolic agents can help neutralize the net catabolism and restore hormonal balance in the stressed patient population, thereby significantly decreasing the catabolic response to “stress.”8,9 However, the degree of inflammation, which is also catabolic, has not yet been effectively altered with the possible exception of the anabolic hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/IGF-1-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3).5–7
Parallel Worlds: An Anthropologist and a Writer Encounter Africa

Parallel Worlds: An Anthropologist and. Writer Encounter Africa. Alma Gottlieb and Philip Graham. New York: Crown Publishers, 1993. 348 pp.
Mothers' management of adolescent peer relationships: associations with aggressive, prosocial, and playful behavior

The authors examined the relation between adolescents' reports of mothers' management of peer relationships and adolescents' reports of their own aggressive, prosocial, and playful behaviors. The sample comprised 92 adolescents (M age = 15.41 years, SD = 1.81 years) enrolled in a residential summer camp. Higher levels of consulting were related to lower levels of adolescents' relational aggression, physical aggression, playful teasing, and rough-and-tumble play. Higher levels of consulting were related to higher levels of prosocial behavior. Higher levels of guiding were related to higher levels of adolescents' relational aggression and social inclusion. Higher levels of granting access to peers were related to higher levels of adolescents' prosocial behavior and social inclusion. Moderate levels of granting access to peers were related higher levels of playful teasing.
Potential risk factors for the transition to injecting among non-injecting heroin users: a comparison of former injectors and never injectors.

Aims. To compare potential risk factors for the transition to injecting among non-injecting heroin users (NIUs) with different injecting histories. Design. Cross-sectional data from baseline structured interviews with NIUs in a study on transitions to injecting. Sample recruited by outreach or chain-referral in New York City (NYC), 1996-1998. Setting. Recruitment of sample and interviews conducted in a NYC neighborhood where many drug users reside and/or use drugs. Participants. Of 575 NIUs, 67% had never injected; 16% had injected one to nine times (infrequent former injectors (IFI)); and 18% 10 or more times (frequent former injectors (FFI)). Measurements. Controlling for age and race/ethnicity, adjusted odds ratios were estimated in multivariate logistic regression, and differences in means tested by ANCOVA. Findings. FFI (compared to never injectors and IFI) were more likely: to be homeless; to be unemployed; to be long-time users; to be younger at first heroin use; to not have initiated heroin use through non-injected routes; to not be afraid of injecting themselves with needles; to sniff heroin with former IDUs; and, for both men and women separately, to have sex partners who were former IDUs. Both FFI and IFI were twice as likely as never injectors to perceive that their friends thought that it was "OK" to inject drugs. Conclusions. FFI have multiple individual and network characteristics that may increase their risk of injecting drugs. Interventions among NIUs to prevent transitions to injecting need to ascertain NIUs' injecting history and address the many potential risks that FFI have for resuming injecting drug use.
Computing the elastic scattering from inclusions using the multiple multipoles method in three dimensions

SUMMARY The paper extends the multiple multipole method (MMP) to compute the multiple scattering effects from inclusions in a homogeneous full-space from two dimensions to three dimensions. MMP methods are based on a scattered wavefield model where the unknown weighting coefficients are determined from satisfying the boundary conditions at discrete matching points. The wavefield model is most commonly constructed from multiple spherical wavefunctions with different expansion centres, but any solution or approximation to the wave equation may also be used. Such an expansion is non-orthogonal and requires use of overdetermined matrix systems, but this system can be constructed rapidly because simple point matching without costly integration is sufficient. Furthermore, irregularities of the boundary are resolved locally from the nearest centre of expansion, which decouples different parts of the boundary, and thus, promotes rapid conversion with small numbers of expansion functions. The resulting algorithm is a very general tool to solve relatively large and complex 3-D scattering problems.
The effect of automated nonroller processing on the sensitometric characteristics of 3 intraoral film types.

Abstract Objectives We sought to compare the sensitometric characteristics of 3 intraoral film types processed in an automated roller solution with the characteristics of the films processed in 4 automated nonroller solutions. Study design Eastman Kodak Ultra-Speed, Flow X-ray EV-57, and Eastman Kodak InSight films were exposed to varying levels of radiation and processed in 1 automated roller solution and in 4 nonroller solutions. Speed and contrast were measured at various density levels and ranges. Results With the exception of 1 nonroller solution, there was little difference in speed between roller and nonroller processing chemicals at various density levels. Some nonroller solutions were faster than the roller chemicals for all films. Nonroller processing mostly increased contrast compared with roller processing over various ranges. Conclusions Sensitometric properties of films processed in automatic nonroller solutions are comparable in many cases to those in roller solutions, sometimes resulting in greater speed and contrast. Different adjustments in exposure factors are required for specific film/processing combinations.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Psychiatric Disease That Commonly Present to the Dermatologist—Diagnosis and Treatment

Patients whose psychopathology is expressed in cutaneous lesions often consult a dermatologist rather than a psychiatrist. Dermatologists may not be interested in working with these difficult patients. The need for liaison dermatology is becoming more widely recognized. This article discusses the place of psychiatric consultation in the dermatology setting, and describes the common dermatologic presentations of psychopathology: cutaneous delusions, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, expressions of depression, and dermatitis-artefacta. Diagnostic criteria for these conditions are outlined and a treatment approach, within the competence of the interested dermatologist, is offered.
Economic Policy and World Organization

The global economic crisis and the responses to it have brought to the fore questions of sovereignty and cosmopolitanism. In a world so interlinked, what is the proper way to order the global arena, politically and economically? This essay examines Habermas’ multilayered approach to world organization, as well as Pogge and others. Focusing on the question of trade policies, I argue (contra Habermas) for robust global economic governance policies, but (contra Pogge) that these policies should uphold fair trade instead of free trade. This approach has the advantage of alleviating world poverty while at the same time strengthening local communities in developing countries. To this effect, I show why borders should matter more when it comes to capital, and less when it comes to people.
Framing the New EU: U.S. Media Portrayals of the 2004 European Union Expansion and Parliamentary Elections

This article reports results of a content analysis of U.S. media coverage of the 2004 European Union expansion and elections. Findings indicate that this historic event was not a salient topic in the U.S. media and that coverage was frequently vague and superficial. Issue-specific and generic frames were identified that represent the U.S. view of the European Union. Each story was coded as being either positive (Pro-EU), negative (EU-Skeptic), or neutral. Findings indicate that of the 79 stories overall, 38 percent were negative, 33 percent were neutral, and 29 percent were positive. These close results indicate fairly balanced coverage that only skewed slightly negative. This study also investigated how the European Parliament was represented and broadly how the EU was portrayed, and findings suggest that the media do not provide a clear portrayal of the EU, which may be due, in part, to an incongruent or practically nonexisting political communication or marketing strategy on the part of the EU itself.
Ovarian regulation of pituitary inhibin subunit and activin receptor type II gene expression: evidence for a nonsteroidal inhibitory substance

Gonadotropin subunit gene expression is regulated by gonadal, hypothalamic, and locally derived hormones. In particular, activin rapidly (within hours) acts at the gonadotrope to selectively increase the expression of FSH beta messenger RNA (mRNA). A family of activin receptors (ActRI, ActRII, and ActRIIB) has been identified, which is expressed in the pituitary as well as numerous other tissues in which activin is thought to act. As alterations in activin sensitivity could modulate activin action and, thereby, FSH beta mRNA, the purpose of this study was to determine whether ovariectomy (OVX), which results in rapid (< 2 h) increases in FSH beta, is associated with changes in ActRII gene expression. Adult female rats were ovariectomized, and some animals also received a GnRH antagonist from the time of OVX. Animals were killed between 2 h and 7 days later, and ActRII mRNA levels were measured by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. Although levels were unchanged at 2 h, A...
An Interview with Retired and Emeritus Counselors

The authors mailed a questionnaire to all APGA members identified as holding retired or emeritus status in order to gather information about their backgrounds and present living conditions. This article explores some of the respondents' life dreams, career patterns, family interactions, and the stresses and joys of their lives.
Improved assay for the quantification of the major urinary metabolite of the isoprostane 15-F2t-isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2α) by a stable isotope dilution mass spectrometric assay

Abstract Background : The F 2 -isoprostanes (IsoPs) are a series of novel prostaglandin (PG)-like compounds generated from the free radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. One IsoP, 15-F 2t -IsoP (8-iso-PGF 2α ), has been shown to be formed in abundance in vivo and to exert potent biological activity. Methods : As a means to assess the endogenous production of this compound, we previously developed a method to quantify the major urinary metabolite of 15-F 2t -IsoP, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F 2t -IsoP (2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-PGF 2α , 15-F 2t -IsoP-M ), by gas chromotography (GC)/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) employing stable isotope dilution methodology. While useful, we found that the assay occasionally suffered from the presence of impurities that co-elute on GC with 15-F 2t -IsoP-M, making the measurement of this compound difficult. We now report a modified assay for the quantification of 15-F 2t -IsoP-M employing GC/MS that alleviates this problem. Results : Precision of the assay is ±7% and the accuracy is 96%. The lower limit of sensitivity is approximately 8 pg. Normal concentrations of this metabolite in urine were found to be 0.46±0.09 ng/mg creatinine (mean±1 S.D.) Urinary excretion of 15-F 2t -IsoP-M is markedly altered in situations associated with increased or decreased oxidant stress in vivo. Conclusions : This assay provided a sensitive and accurate method to assess endogenous IsoP generation and can be used to further explore the role of oxidant injury in human disease.
The apraxia of speech rating scale: A tool for diagnosis and description of apraxia of speech

Abstract The purpose of this report is to describe an initial version of the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale (ASRS), a scale designed to quantify the presence or absence, relative frequency, and severity of characteristics frequently associated with apraxia of speech (AOS). In this paper we report intra-judge and inter-judge reliability, as well as indices of validity, for the ASRS which was completed for 133 adult participants with a neurodegenerative speech or language disorder, 56 of whom had AOS. The overall inter-judge ICC among three clinicians was 0.94 for the total ASRS score and 0.91 for the number of AOS characteristics identified as present. Intra-judge ICC measures were high, ranging from 0.91 to 0.98. Validity was demonstrated on the basis of strong correlations with independent clinical diagnosis, as well as strong correlations of ASRS scores with independent clinical judgments of AOS severity. Results suggest that the ASRS is a potentially useful tool for documenting the presence and severity of characteristics of AOS. At this point in its development it has good potential for broader clinical use and for better subject description in AOS research. Learning Outcomes: The Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale: A new tool for diagnosis and description of apraxia of speech 1. The reader will be able to explain characteristics of apraxia of speech. 2. The reader will be able to demonstrate use of a rating scale to document the presence and severity of speech characteristics. 3. The reader will be able to explain the reliability and validity of the ASRS.
Political Psychology as a Lens for Viewing Traumatic Events

A burgeoning area of scientific inquiry uses psychological perspectives to understand traumatic events. This research has led to the identification of psychological symptoms and disorders frequently experienced in response to traumatic events. Many of the events having traumatic effects on large numbers of persons are of interest to political psychologists. Such events include the Holocaust, war, terrorism, captivity, torture, political migration, living as a political refugee, and assassination. Some interpersonal forms of trauma, such as rape and incest, also may be viewed with a political perspective. Although a number of studies have examined psychological consequences of political events, this area of inquiry is rarely explicitly considered within the domain of political psychology. Adopting an explicitly political psychology perspective on traumatic events may enrich our interdisciplinary understanding of these events and inform the design and evaluation of intervention programs to reduce psychological distress resulting from these events. Language: en
Increased response to sural nerve input in the dorsal horn following chronic spinal cord hemisection.

Abstract Monosynaptic input from sural nerve afferents to dorsal horn neurons was mapped bilaterally using electrical stimulation in normal cats and cats with spinal cord hemisections. Animals hemisected 6 h-5 days previously did not differ significantly from normals and the sides of the cord did not differ in either group. In animals hemisected 88–182 days previously there were significantly more sites responsive to sural nerve input ipsilateral to the hemisection, than contralateral to it.
Rod and cone contributions to the human early receptor potential.

Abstract The early receptor potential (ERP) was measured in four normal subjects and in nine subjects with loss of rod and/or cone function caused by hereditary retinal defects. The ERP amplitudes of these subjects with retinal defects are decreased compared to the normals. The response amplitudes of the subjects with retinal detects indicate that the rods account for 20–40 per cent of the normal human ERP and the cones account for the remainder of the response. These estimates are consistent with estimates of the rod and cone contributions to the ERP derived from ERP recovery rates in normals and from the ERP action spectrum of the rhesus monkey.
Effects of Sample Thickness on the Optical Properties of Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission

In recent reports, we demonstrated coupling of excited fluorophores with thin silver or gold films resulting in directional surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) through the silver film and into the glass substrate. In the present report, we describe the spectral and spatial properties of SPCE from sulforhomamine 101 in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films of various thicknesses on 50-nm silver films. The PVA thickness varied from about 30 to 750 nm. In thin PVA films with a thickness less than 160 nm, SPCE occurred at a single angle in the glass substrate and displayed only p polarization. As the PVA thickness increased to 300 nm, we observed SPCE at two angles, with different s or p polarization for each angle. For PVA films from 500 to 750 nm thick, we observed SPCE at three or four angles, with alternating s and p polarizations. The multiple rings of SPCE and the unusual s-polarized emission are consistent with the expected waveguide modes in the silver-PVA composite film. However, in contrast to our expectations, the average lifetimes of SPCE were not substantially changed from the PVA films. The observation of SPCE at multiple angles and with different polarization opens new opportunities for the use of SPCE to study anisotropic systems or to develop unique sensing devices.
Fenyves, Katalin: "Képzelt asszimiláció? Négy zsidó értelmiségi nemzedék önképe" [Imagined Assimilation? The Self-Representation of Four Generations of Jewish Intellectuals]

Fenyves, Katalin. Kepzelt asszimilacio? Negy zsido ertelmisegi nemzedek onkepe[Imagined Assimilation? The Self-Representation of Four Generations of Jewish Intellectuals]. Budapest: Corvina, 2010. 299 pp., illus. Reviewed by Mary Gluck, Brown University.
DCC: Is there a connection between tumorigenesis and cell guidance molecules?

Based on the findings reviewed above, DCC remains a strong candidate for the tumor suppressor gene in the 18q21 region that is presumed to be frequently inactivated in colorectal and a number of other cancer types. Although little is known of the specific mechanisms that account for the loss of its expression in most cancers, the recent studies demonstrating an association between loss of DCC expression in colorectal cancers and poor prognosis imply that DCC inactivation may have very significant effects on the cancer cell phenotype. DCC function in normal and cancer cells is still relatively poorly understood. However, recent studies have begun to provide some insights. Based on the results of a number of recent studies, DCC appears likely to have a role in significant role in differentiation, cell fate determination, and migration in the nervous system and perhaps other tissues as well. Though many additional studies are needed to characterize DCC function more definitively, it seems reasonable to predict that such studies are likely to provide new insights into growth control pathways in normal and cancer tissues.
MHD simulations of the global solar corona around the Halloween event in 2003 using the synchronic frame format of the solar photospheric magnetic field

[1] We performed two time-relaxation magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the solar corona: one uses the boundary map representing the solar surface magnetic field distribution before the Halloween event in 2003, and the other uses map representing the postevent distribution. The aims of this study are to test a new concept of a solar surface magnetic field map capable of representing a particular time of interest and to examine the coronal responses to the solar photospheric magnetic field changes occurring over a few days. We used a new mapping scheme named “synchronic frame” that can include the longitudinal shift caused by the solar differential rotation and the solar surface variations occurring at the time of interest. These two time-relaxation MHD simulations using the two maps are separately performed to numerically obtain the quasi steady states of the solar corona before and after the Halloween event. Comparisons of the simulated coronal magnetic field structures to the SOHO/EIT measurements show that the combinations of our mapping method and simulation model reproduce the changes of the coronal structures well. We also find that the consequences of solar surface variations can be seen in the plasma quantities in the solar corona. These results show the capability and importance of the solar surface magnetic field mapping scheme for better reconstruction of global coronal structures, parts of which are sensitive to the solar surface magnetic field variations.
THE PREPARATION OF 1,3-DIBROMOADAMANTANE

(1971). THE PREPARATION OF 1,3-DIBROMOADAMANTANE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 159-162.