cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended Galactic emission at l=312°: a comparison of mid-infrared and radio continuum (843 MHz) images

We report on the comparison of images of a region of the Galactic plane (centred on l=312°) as seen by the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) at 8.3 μm and by the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) at 843 MHz in the radio continuum. We note that the survey from each telescope is without peer and occupies a niche in panoramic coverage with high spatial resolution. Using independent classification of sources in the selected region, a detailed comparison of the two surveys was made. The aim of the project was to seek global characteristics for different types of source, with a view to establishing predictive criteria for identification and hence emission mechanisms. Several strong trends were found. There is a complete absence in this field of any detected MSX counterparts to non-thermal radio sources. Almost every H ii region in the radio image has its MSX counterpart, in the form of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon halo in the neutral zone surrounding the ionized gas. Both surveys show large-scale ‘braided’ filamentary structures, extending over 1°, which appear to be produced by thermal processes. These filaments may be structures in the warm ionized phase of the interstellar medium or extended haloes around H ii regions. The comparisons in this paper were made using both preliminary MSX 8.3-μm results with 46-arcsec resolution and final MSX images with the intrinsic 20-arcsec resolution of the instruments.
The measurement of temperature tolerance: Verification of an index

A shock-recovery assay for temperature tolerance is demonstrated to predict survival of the copepod Eurytemora affinis at high temperature. The assay can be modified to allow comparison between widely divergent treatment groups.
Degradation of Rutin by Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and Other Thermophilic Compost Isolates

The mutagenic effects of rutin and quercetin have aroused the interest of many investigators. To develop the microbial degradation of rutin, a thermophilic actinomycete, which could hydrolyze rutin, was isolated from compost soil. The taxonomical characteristics of this thermophilic actinomycete were examined and identified as Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PU18-2. After cultivation of T. vulgaris PU18-2 in the rutin-CYC medium for 60 h, the culture filtrate had a rutin-degrading ability, but the cell-free extract did not. There was no quercetin, rutinose, rhamnose, and glucose accumulated in the rutin hydrolysate of the culture filtrate. Both α-rhamnosidase and β-glucosidase activities were not found in the culture filtrate of the T. vulgaris PU18-2 in the rutin-CYC medium. These results showed that the initial attack on rutin by the extracellular enzymes of T. vulgaris PU18-2 apparently was not through the glycosidase-mediated hydrolysis of glycosidic bond.
Passing Over: Identity Transition in Widows:

This qualitative study of nine women examined the changes in their everyday lives as they cared for their terminally-ill husbands and after their husbands died. It also studied how the women coped with these changes, and how their coping contributed to their identity change from wife to widow. Symbolic interaction was utilized to study the changes in their social relationships, time usage, and the utilization of everyday objects. Initially, these changes eroded identity stability, but the women's efforts to deal with them contributed to the development of new skills, interests, and ultimately, new identities.
Combination antihypertensive therapy with terazosin and other antihypertensive agents: results of clinical trials.

Abstract Clinical trials in which the selective α 1 -adrenergic receptor blocker terazosin was given in combination with other antihypertensive agents are reviewed. Results of a recent study examining the effects of combination terazosin and verapamil therapy on blood pressure and heart rate are also presented. In several studies of the combination of terazosin plus a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide, methyclothiazide, chlorthalidone, furosemide, amiloride, triamterene, metolazone, or spironolactone), significant decreases in one or more of the blood pressure variables studied were demonstrated (compared with diuretic plus placebo). In a placebo-controlled, double-blind study of terazosin plus atenolol, supine and standing blood pressures decreased significantly from baseline (atenolol monotherapy) after the addition of terazosin but not placebo. In a study of terazosin added to backgroud therapy (including β-blockers, diuretics, methyldopa, clonidine, captopril, guanethidine, hydralazine, and nifedipine), the addition of terazosin resulted in significant decreases in supine and standing diastolic blood pressures compared with baseline values (background therapy alone). Combination antihypertensive therapy with terazosin and verapamil reduced blood pressure to a significantly greater extent than either agent alone. Preliminary pharmacokinetic results indicate that terazosin did not alter the metabolism of verapamil. No significant abnormal laboratory test results have been reported for patients taking terazosin in combination with other antihypertensive agents; in fact some evidence suggests that terazosin may attenuate adverse lipid, glucose, and potassium changes associated with thiazide diuretics. Adverse experiences associated with terazosin combination therapy are usually mild to moderate. Results from all these studies suggest that terazosin effectively controls mild-to-moderate hypertension when it is used in combination with other antihypertensive agents without cumulative adverse effects.
Jurors' Reactions to Child Witnesses

Adults often do not know when to believe children. There are few places where this uncertainty is more consequential than in a court of law where jurors may be forced to base their verdict largely on the testimony of children. Legal and cultural stereotypes undermine children's credibility as witnesses by portraying them as basically honest but highly manipulable, unable to differentiate fantasy from reality, and lacking in cognitive sophistication. In this article, we review juror, witness, and courtroom factors that influence a child's credibility. We also present the results of our own studies on reactions to child witnesses.
RECOGNITION OF 3-D OBJECTS IN RANGE IMAGES USING A BUTTERFLY MULTIPROCESSOR*

Abstract The recent advent of Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) architectures together with the potentially attractive application of range images for object recognition, motivated the development of a successful goal-directed 3-D object recognition system on a 18 node Butterfly multiprocessor. This system, which combines the use of range images, multiprocessing, and rule-based control in a unique manner, provides several new insights and data points into these research areas. Several topics pertinent to current research were explored. First, a new method of surface characterization using a curvature graph was proposed and tested. It was determined that by jointly using information provided by the principal curvatures, the potential exists for uniquely identifying a larger variety of surfaces than has heretofore been accomplished. Second, a 3-D surface-type data representation, coupled with the depth information available in range images, was used to correctly recognize and interpret occluded scenes. Finally, it was determined that both multiprocessing and a rule-guided/goal-directed search can be successfully combined in an object recognition system. Multiprocessing was employed both at the object level and within objects. This enabled the achievement of near linear speedups for scenes containing fewer objects than the number of available processors.
Algebraic group automorphisms having finite fixed point sets

automorphism o such that the subgroup FG(o) of fixed points of o in G is finite. (Some of this structure is described in [3] in the case where FG(o) = { 1}.) Algebraic group automorphisms having only finitely many fixed points occur significantly more frequently than do those which keep fixed only the identity, and they occur under less restrictive conditions. (One simple indication of this is that over the field of complex numbers, there are tori of positive dimension which admit birational automorphisms of prime period having only finitely fixed points, but every such automorphism has noinidentity fixed points.) The proof of Theorem 7 is heavily dependent upon Lemmas 2 and 6. Lemma 6 is also important for the proofs of Theorems 10, 11, 12.
A specific transport system for FE2+ in bacteria

Abstract In terms of plant nutrition, Fe2+ is extremely important since it may be the active species of iron taken up by root cells and by the symbiotic nitrogen‐fixing bacteria. A bacterial system is proposed as a model to study the mechanisms of Fe2+ transmembrane movement. We have established a method to examine the transport of Fe2+ in the following bacteria: Rhizobium leguminosarum, Erwinia carotovora and Escherichia coli. Using 59Fe2+ as a radiotracer, we have determined that Fe2+ transport in E. coli was energy dependent and displayed an apparent Km of 2 x 10‐5 M. Kinetic analysis of Fe2+ transport in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ indicated that both cations were competitive inhibitors of Fe2+. Other cations which markedly inhibited Fe2+ transport included Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu+ and La3+. Stimulation of Fe2+ transport was observed with K+, Na+, Al3+, Cd2+ and NH4 +. The effect of Cr2+ was difficult to interpret since this ion markedly increased energy independent binding of Fe2+ to the cells. Of the vario...
Study Of The Specificity Of Xanthene Dye Binding To Mitochondria

The binding of Rhodamine 123 (Rh123), Rhodamine 6G (R6G), and Rhodamine B (RhB) (from the cationic xanthene series) to isolated rat liver mitochondria maintained in State IV respiration in the presence of rotenone (NADH oxidase inhibitor) was monitored by following changes in the fluorescence signal of the dyes. Rh123 and Rh6G bind strongly with quenching, to 0.25 and 0.20, respectively, and red shift of emission maxima by 10 nm. RhB binds much less potently with slight emission enhancement of 1.2. For Rh123 added to 0.5 mg/ml mitochondria' protein, a sigmoidal relationship is obtained between percentage fluorescence quenching and log of Rh123 concentration with a 50% inflection point of 3.5x10-6M, estimating an apparent association constant of 2.9x 105M-1 for Rh123 binding. Addition of 7 uM RhB during Rh123 titration moves the sigmoidal inflection point to higher Rh123 concentrations, suggesting either RhB enhancement of binding of Rh123 fluorescence quenching by energy transfer to RhB bound. These results suggest that, to a great degree, the binding of the xanthene dyes to mitochondrial sites is specific, competitive, and probably cooperative.
Reductions among number theoretic problems

Abstract Many number theoretic problems such as integer factorization and the discrete logarithm problem have defied all attempts to classify their complexities. Thirteen such problems are considered, none of which is known either to have a deterministic polynomial time solution, or to be complete for any natural complexity class. Failing this, the next best goal is to determine which among these are the “easiest” and which are the “hardest” problems. Toward this end, this paper gives an overview of reductions among the problems. Two reductions are new: a deterministic polynomial time reduction from squarefreeness to Euler's function φ(n), and a probabilistic polynomial time reduction from order modulo a prime power to discrete logarithm modulo a prime power.
Induction of macrophage antiprotozoal activity by monocyte chemotactic and activating factor

To determine if monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) induces intracellular antimicrobial activity, human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with MCAF and challenged with Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania donovani. Pretreatment with MCAF induced macrophages to inhibit protozoal replication by approximately 50%. These findings suggest a potential host defense role for MCAF in the inflammatory response to intracellular pathogens.
Mae---a system model and environment for managing architectural evolution

As with any other artifact produced as part of the software life cycle, software architectures evolve and this evolution must be managed. One approach to doing so would be to apply any of a host of existing configuration management systems, which have long been used successfully at the level of source code. Unfortunately, such an approach leads to many problems that prevent effective management of architectural evolution. To overcome these problems, we have developed an alternative approach centered on the use of an integrated architectural and configuration management system model. Because the system model combines architectural and configuration management concepts in a single representation, it has the distinct benefit that all architectural changes can be precisely captured and clearly related to each other---both at the fine-grained level of individual architectural elements and at the coarse-grained level of architectural configurations. To support the use of the system model, we have developed Mae, an architectural evolution environment through which users can specify architectures in a traditional manner, manage the evolution of the architectures using a check-out/check-in mechanism that tracks all changes, select a specific architectural configuration, and analyze the consistency of a selected configuration. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach by showing how the system model and its accompanying environment were used in the context of several representative projects.
A computational framework for spatially explicit agroecosystem modeling: Application to regional simulation

Abstract Site-based agroecosystem model has been applied at regional and state level to enable comprehensive analyses of environmental sustainability of food and biofuel production. However, spatially explicit ecosystem simulations over large landscape present computational challenges. This paper presents a framework to support spatially explicit agroecosystem modeling and data analysis over large landscape, which includes four major phases of agroecosystem simulation: simulation data preparation, site-based simulation on high performance computers, data management and data analysis. Then, a case study on a regional intensive modeling area (RIMA) was presented as an application to demonstrate the system implementation and capability.
Anhydrobiosis in nematodes: Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during dehydration

1. Changes in the chemical composition of pellets of the nematode Aphelenchus avenae were studied as the worms experienced evaporative water loss during 72 hours at 97% RH. 2. Lipid content declines rapidly during the first 24 hours, and decreases to about 60% of the original by the end of 72 hours. 3. Glycogen content declines to about 50% of original by the end of 24 hours, and to 10% of original by 72 hours. 4. Glucose content remains constant. 5. Glycerol and trehalose contents both increase rapidly, reaching about 700% of the 24-hour content by the end of 72 hours, in each case. 6. Strong correlations between survival in dry air and glycerol and trehalose contents were observed.
Separation and Artificial Maturation of Macerals from Type II Kerogen

Immature Type II kerogen (HI = 660 mg/g) from the Lower Toarcian of the Paris Basin was separated into an alginite concentrate (HI = 952 mg/g) and an amorphous organic matter (AOM) concentrate (HI = 573 mg/g) by density centrifugation. The flash pyrolysate of the alginite is characterized by high relative concentrations of several series of n-alkanones and n-alkenones (including mid-chain alkyl ketones), in addition to n-alkanes, n-alk-1-enes, and n-alkadienes. To our knowledge, this Toarcian alginite is the oldest example of marine organic matter whose pyrolysate contains mid-chain alkanones in such high relative concentrations. In sharp contrast, the AOM produced predominantly alkylbenzenes, alkylthiophenes, n-alkanes, and n-alk-1-enes upon pyrolysis. Micro-FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the alginite was enriched in aliphatic C-H (particularly CH2) and depleted in aromatic C=C, relative to the AOM, consistent with the pyrolysis results. Aliquots of the concentrates were heated separately in gold tubes (24 h, 70 MPa) at fixed temperatures ranging between 250 and 375 °C. Yields of liquid products as a function of temperature were initially greater for the AOM, reaching a maximum at 325 °C. In contrast, the alginite yielded little liquid product at low temperatures, attaining its maximum at 350 °C, at which temperature its yield greatly surpassed that of the AOM. This kerogen is a heterogeneous assemblage of fossil organic matter, exhibiting different degrees of preservation and petroleum potential. The alginite is fossilized marine algaenans with alkyl chains cross-linked by ether bridges, while the AOM component is at least in part a geopolymer with thioether linkages, the thermally labile nature of which is responsible for its lower temperature peak liquid generation. It is evident that the alginite concentrate is chemically distinct from its companion AOM in this kerogen and that the full extent of its uniqueness would not have been revealed without the density separation step.
Analysis of performance and of water and thermal management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract The objective of this work is to compare different modeling studies of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, and different approaches to the problem of water and thermal management. The rationale of this review is to eludicate the mass transport limitation in a fuel cell when operating with air as a cathodic reactant. Some of the important conclusions from this study are: (i) the modification of the structure of the electrode to increase the diffusion of oxygen should lead to a significant enhancement of the performance; and (ii) it is possible to solve simultaneously the problem of water and thermal management using an air plus evaporative cooling method.
New State of Ferromagnetism in Degenerate Electron Gas and Magnetic Fields in Collapsed Bodies

A new state of "ferro" magnetism in a degenerate electron gas is found and shown to be stable. This magnetism is the sum of all microscopic magnetic moments associated with electrons in their respective Landau levels while the Landau levels of the system are in turn maintained by this macroscopic magnetization. The maximum field in the Landau orbital ferromagnetism state is ${10}^{7}$ G for white-dwarf densities and ${10}^{12}$ G for neutron-star densities.
Characterization of molt‐inhibiting hormone (MIH) action on crustacean Y‐organ segments and dispersed cells in culture and a bioassay for MIH activity

Ecdysteroid secretion in vitro by gland quarters and dispersed cells of ecdysial glands (Y-organs) of the crab, Cancer antennarius Stimpson, was characterized. Optimum culture conditions are reported for maximum, sustained (72 hr) secretion and maintenance of cell viability in activated Y-organs obtained from de-eyestalked donors. Addition in vitro of eyestalk ganglia extracts containing the putative molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) inhibited ecdysteroid production dose-dependently in the range of 0.1-4.0 and 0.01-4.0 eyestalk equivalents of MIH for gland quarters and dispersed cells, respectively. Inhibition by MIH was reversible, tissue specific as to source of MIH activity, and did not affect cell viability relative to controls. The results of replicate incubations of gland quarters with MIH were analyzed with formal statistics of parallel-line assay. The inhibitory action on ecdysteroid secretion is shown to be reproducibly linear and parallel in the dosage range, 0.1-4.0 eyestalk equivalents, amenable to calculation of relative potency among successive extracts, and of sufficiently high precision to serve as an MIH bioassay. Also, the results of these studies support the hypothesis that control of Y-organs by the eyestalks is physiologically direct.
A DDFS Driven Mixing-DAC with Image and Harmonic Rejection Capabilities

The proposed DDFS-driven mixing-DAC consists of several parallel-connected Gilbert cells driven directly by the binary and thermometer DDFS data compromise between power-dissipation and harmonic-rejection performance is achieved with 5b binary LSBs and 5b thermometer MSBs segmented mixing-DAC. The 2.8-to-3.2 GHz DDFS sampling frequency is selected such that it provides in excess of two samples per cycle up to 1 GHz, while the LO sampling spurs (fsplusmnfL0) are always outside the receiver desired frequency band. It is dynamically adjusted for each received channel to minimize in-band DDFS induced spurs.
Hot-electron effects in metals.

When sufficient electrical power P is dissipated in a thin metal film at millikelvin temperatures, the electrons can be driven far out of thermal equilibrium with the phonons. For uniform power dissipation in a volume \ensuremath{\Omega} we show that the electrons attain a steady-state temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$=(P/\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\Omega}+${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{p}}^{5}$${)}^{1/5}$, where ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{p}}$ is the phonon temperature and \ensuremath{\Sigma} is a parameter involving the electron-phonon coupling. We have used a sensitive ammeter based on a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to measure the Nyquist current noise in thin films of AuCu as a function of P, and thus inferred ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$. We fitted our data to the theory with the single parameter \ensuremath{\Sigma}, and found good agreement for \ensuremath{\Sigma}=(2.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{Wm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$. When we increased the volume of the resistor by attaching a thin-film cooling fin, there was a much smaller increase in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$ for a given power dissipation in the resistor, in qualitative agreement with a simple model for nonuniform heating. We also measured the flux noise in dc SQUIDs at low temperatures, and found that the white noise was limited by heating of the electrons in the resistive shunts of the Josephson junctions. We were able to reduce these effects substantially by attaching cooling fins to the shunts.
Experiences with place lab: an open source toolkit for location-aware computing

Location-based computing (LBC) is becoming increasing important in both industry and academia. A key challenge is the pervasive deployment of LBC technologies; to be effective they must run on a wide variety of client platforms, including laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones, so that location data can be acquired anywhere and accessed by any application. Moreover, as a nascent area, LBC is experiencing rapid innovation in sensing technologies, the positioning algorithms themselves, and the applications they support. Lastly, as a newcomer, LBC must integrate with existing communications and application technologies, including web browsers and location data interchange standard.This paper describes our experience in developing the Place Lab architecture, a widely used first-generation open source toolkit for client-side location sensing. Using a layered, pattern-based architecture, it supports modular development in any dimension of LBC, enabling the field to move forward more rapidly as these innovations are shared with the community as pluggable components. Our experience shows the benefits of domain-specific abstractions, and how we overcame high-level language constraints to support a wide array of platforms in this emerging space. We also describe our experience in re-engineering parts of the architecture based on the needs of the user community, including insights on software licensing issues.
Continuous accountability for acceptable building performance

Abstract Complexities in building technology when not fully understood, have resulted in a less than favorable aggregate impact on the building's environment. A surprisingly high portion of U.S. non-industrial buildings do not provide satisfactory task environments. Developments in computer technology have infused new thought processes in the way we plan, design, build and operate our buildings. This paper proposes a social and technical use of Knowledge-based-systems (KBS) for continuous accountability to assure healthy buildings. Diagnostics, as an emerging discipline in building design and operation, is also discussed. A proposed framework for such accountability and the resulting ‘chain of custody’, that draws on the medical paradigm and associated diagnostic procedures is presented. It is suggested that KBS also be used for the development and interpretation of criteria for evaluating building performance from initial conception through design, construction and operation. Thus, KBS is expected to aid in the analysis of ‘virtual’ and ‘actual’ buildings that may be ‘sick’ or ‘healthy’. It is proposed that for a building to provide satisfactory performance over its life-time, the ‘life-cycle’ concept must be modified in terms of the roles, responsibilities, and configuration of the building team, and in terms of its costing procedures.
Preserving geometric properties in reconstructing regions from internal and nearby points

The problem of reconstructing a region from a set of sample points is common in many geometric applications, including computer vision. It is very helpful to be able to guarantee that the reconstructed region ''approximates'' the true region, in some sense of approximation. In this paper, we study a general category of reconstruction methods, called ''locally-based reconstruction functions of radius @a,'' and we consider two specific functions, J"@a(S) and F"@a(S), within this category. We consider a sample S, either finite or infinite, that is specified to be within a given Hausdorff distance @d of the true region R, and we prove a number of theorems which give conditions on R, @d that are sufficient to guarantee that the reconstructed region is an approximation of the true region. Specifically, we prove:1.For any R, if F is any locally-based reconstruction method of radius @a where @a is small enough, and if the Hausdorff distance from S to R is small enough, then the dual-Hausdorff distance from F(S) to R, the Hausdorff distance between their boundaries, and the measure of their symmetric difference are guaranteed to be small. 2.If R is r-regular, then for any @e,@f>0, if @a is small enough, and the Hausdorff distance from S to R is small enough, then each of the regions J"@a(S) and F"@a(S) is @e-similar to R and is an (@e,@f)-approximation in tangent of R.
Abstract 2378: Harmonization of next generation sequencing data within consortia for gene discovery in familial breast cancer

Massively parallel next generation sequencing data (NGS) has proved to be useful in identification of rare Mendelian disorders. Efforts are on-going to use NGS for discovery of novel rare variants in common disease etiology. Distinguishing rare private mutations from causal variants remains a major challenge in complex disorders. With decreasing cost, investigators are generating NGS data for common cancers. However, power and other considerations suggest that a consortia approach of pooling data is more likely to succeed where individual efforts fail. Combining data within such consortia brings its own level of challenges. We enumerate these challenges and suggest recommendations based on our experience of combining and harmonizing NGS data on 358 breast cancer samples from four centers; (City of Hope n=8, Mayo Clinic n=221, MSKCC n=96 and University of Pennsylvania n=33). Major concerns were ability of individual datasets to discover known and novel variations, depth of coverage across the exome, and quality of variants. Using pre- and post-processed data, we demonstrate an increased power for detecting variants when using a joint-calling method, quality control (QC) and quality assurance pre- and post-merge, as well as the advantages of combined annotations and filtering procedures. To generate a filtered list of high confident calls, we subset the data on Depth per Allele (DP), Genotyping Quality (GQ), Allele balance, Phred likelihood score (PL) as well as using frequency filters on the alternate allele both within the data and comparing against convenience control summaries. We describe general principles and QC measures to be adopted when NGS data is used from diverse sources, specifically applicable to large consortia. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Joseph Vijai, Steven Hart, Tinu Thomas, Bradley Wubbenhorst, Lucia Guidugli, Kasmintan Schrader, Kara Maxwell, Lauren Jacobs, Danylo Villano, Robert Klein, Steven Lipkin, Susan Neuhausen, Jeffrey Weitzel, David Altshuler, Fergus Couch, Kenneth Offit, Katherine Nathanson. Harmonization of next generation sequencing data within consortia for gene discovery in familial breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2378. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2378
Sustained antianginal efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerin patches using an overnight 10-hour nitrate-free interval

The antianginal efficacy of the transdermal nitroglycerin patch may be limited by the rapid development of tolerance during uninterrupted exposure. To address this problem, we investigated the role of intermittent therapy was investigated, using a daily nitroglycerin patch-free interval in 13 patients with chronic stable angina. Concomitant antianginal medications were permitted. Entry criteria required reproducible exercise times to both onset of angina and 1 mm of ST-segment depression. In each patient the highest tolerated nitroglycerin patch dose was determined by a dose-titration phase, which was then used in a double-blind crossover trial comprising 2 randomized treatment arms: 1 week of active nitroglycerin patch and 1 week of matching placebo. All patches were worn only from 8 A.M. to 10 P.M. daily. Exercise testing was repeated before patch application and then 4 and 8 hours after application on both the first and the last day of each treatment arm. Eleven patients completed the randomized crossover phase. Exercise time to the onset of angina and to the onset of 1 mm of ST-segment depression was significantly prolonged during the first day of therapy at both 4 and 8 hours after active nitroglycerin patch application compared with placebo (p less than 0.01). During sustained use, the benefit at 4 and 8 hours after nitroglycerin patch application was still evident (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively). No evidence of a overnight rebound or withdrawal phenomenon was observed by history or by ambulatory Holter monitoring calibrated for ST-segment analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Accumulation of DDT residues in Triphoturus mexicanus from the Gulf of California.

CONTAMINATION of marine fish by chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially by DDT and its congeners*, could threaten their future or continued utility as a food source if residues accumulate to the point of incipient toxicity on detrimental sublethal effects1. Little is known about the distribution of DDT residues in marine fish beyond listed concentration values for certain species. Most investigations have dealt with concentrations of residues in tissues or large pooled, unsorted samples of commercially caught fish (refs. 3 and 4; the latter covers exclusively marine studies). From this limited information, we know that fish of a single species caught 111 adjacent areas have markedly different contents of residues, probably because of differences in the magnitude of local sources of estuarine or airborne pesticides2–5. This heterogeneity of exposure poses problems for the interpretation of residue data from fish caught in these areas. In an attempt to obtain size-class data about concentrations of residues, relatively free from the effects of pesticide “hot spots”6, Triphoturus mexicanus, a midwater fish from an area relatively remote from areas of pesticide application, was chosen for analysis.
The Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Bacilli III. UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF EXOGENOUS PALMITATE

Abstract The factors affecting the uptake, utilization, and desaturation of exogenous palmitic acid by Bacillus megaterium 14581 have been elucidated and the validity of the in vivo assay for determining the relative levels of the temperature-induced Δ5-desaturating enzyme system in this organism has been established. It was found that, in the presence of glucose, [1-14C]palmitic acid added to the cultures of B. megaterium is taken up rapidly and quantitatively by the cells. However, most of the 14C-label is excreted back into the medium within 15 min as water-soluble products (CO2, acetate, etc.) presumably derived from β oxidation of the added [1-14C]palmitate. The remaining [1-14C]palmitate (about 30% of the amount added) mixes with a small endogenous pool of palmitate (approximately 35 mµ moles per g of cells) which is readily desaturated but is completely stable to β oxidation. In the absence of glucose, β oxidation of added [1-14C]palmitate follows the same time pattern but a greater proportion of the label is excreted into the medium as oxidation products. Concomitantly, the endogenous pool of palmitate available for desaturation drops to 0 and total desaturation is reduced to about 6 to 7% of that obtained in the presence of glucose. Considerable experimental evidence would indicate that neither palmityl-CoA nor the palmitate of neutral or phospholipids are substrates for desaturation. Rather, it seems more probable that the true substrate for desaturation is the palmitate derived from fatty acid biosynthesis, presumably the palmityl thioester of acyl carrier protein. Exogenously derived [1-14C]palmitate is thought to enter this pool indirectly by first being incorporated into a small, metabolically active pool of neutral and phospholipids and then exchanging rapidly with endogenous palmityl acyl carrier protein. In the presence of glucose, the endogenous pool of palmitate available for desaturation was shown to remain constant during the period when Δ5-desaturating enzyme was induced from an undetectable level to maximal levels after transfer of a 35°-grown culture of B. megaterium to 20°. Furthermore, the pool size was shown to be independent of levels of substrate desaturation. In all cases, in the presence of glucose and chloramphenicol, the level of desaturation was determined solely by the level of Δ5-desaturating enzyme (i.e. was independent of exogenous substrate concentration, total pool size, pH, cell concentration, etc.) within wide experimental limits. This fact permitted the development of a precise and accurate assay procedure for the determination of relative desaturating enzyme levels and opened the way for the in vivo study of the temperature-mediated mechanisms which regulate unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in B. megaterium.
Chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in mixed freshwater, seawater, and brine solutions

Abstract A theoretical model was developed to study the chemical speciation of the trace elements Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb aqueous solutions and their responses to variations in ionic strength and complexation. Two mixing solutions were investigated, a freshwater-seawater system and a freshwater-brine system. The brine was a calcium, sodium-chloride solution with a molal ionic strength of two. Trace element associations with the ligands OH−, Cl−, CO2−3, SO2−4, and HCO−3 were considered at pHs from 3.5 to 11.0 at 25°C. In general, the relative importance of the various ligand-trace element complexes can be predicted from a comparison of their stability constants. However, the effect of pH on the importance of a given complex is not readily apparent from the stability constants. Freshwater-seawater mixtures, as might be found in a totally mixed estuary, show that seawater composition is the dominant control on chemical complexing. Chloride complexing is similar for lead and zinc in the freshwater-brine mixtures. This similarity may account in part for the association of lead and zinc in strata-bound ore deposits.
Comment on K. Hawkes' "A third explanation for female infanticide.".

In the 1970s several researchers, anthropologists and others, independently turned their attention to the neglected phenomenon of infanticide. Some of these were struck by the peculiarities of female-preferential infanticide, which seemed to demand an explanation separate from the more obvious functions such as child spacing or removal of defectives. Kristen Hawkes' critique of these early investigations is a welcome contribution, especially as it falls within the same general theoretical framework as those which she analyzes, namely a concern for the integration of underlying ecological and economic causes into demographic processes, through attention to human reproductive behavior. Whether Hawkes has, as claimed, provided a new "third explanation" is less clear. Hawkes' critique of Divale and Harris' (1976) hypothesis (Hawkes, 1981; this issue, previous paper) focuses on their assumption that group selection processes of population control are the ultimate function of the practice, calling attention to the illogic of their hypothesis if the operation of that process is spelled out in detail, and noting contradictions between the central article by Divale and Harris and other publications of the same authors. She indicates, especially through examples from the Jivaro, that increased value of one sex or another does not inevitably result in preferential rearing of that sex, since humans may recruit members to the family or larger kin group through a variety of techniques other than procreation, the most significant being marriage. Quite correctly, Hawkes insists that the unraveling of motives for female-preferential infanticide requires attention to residence patterns, since residence (and hence marriage) is a determinant
Uniform approximation to surface gravity waves around a breakwater on water of variable depth

Abstract The linear surface gravity wavefield around a breakwater and on water of varying depth is described by a uniform asymptotic representation. The scattering of not necessarily irrotational wave packets generated by sources at arbitrary distance from the breakwater can be treated with the technique here expounded.
Stability criteria for a polydisperse system

Abstract Stability theory for fluid mixtures is used to calculate the spinodal and the critical locus for a system containing one discrete light component and one continuously distributed heavy “component”. For reduction to practice, the criteria developed here are suitable for molecular-thermodynamic models where the model parameters depend on the distribution variable that characterizes the continuous “component”. To illustrate, the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equation of state is used to calculate critical properties of alkane mixtures where methane (C 1 ) is the discrete component and C 2 –C 16 comprise a continuous “component”. Calculated results show that, while systems containing methane and primarily small paraffins show a Type I critical locus, those containing methane and appreciable amounts of large paraffins show a Type V critical locus. These results are consistent with experimental critical-locus data for C 1 –C 3 (Type I) and those for C 1 –C 6 (Type V).
Organizing principles for dense packings of nonspherical hard particles: Not all shapes are created equal

We have recently devised organizing principles to obtain maximally dense packings of the Platonic and Archimedean solids and certain smoothly shaped convex nonspherical particles [Torquato and Jiao, Phys. Rev. E 81, 041310 (2010)]. Here we generalize them in order to guide one to ascertain the densest packings of other convex nonspherical particles as well as concave shapes. Our generalized organizing principles are explicitly stated as four distinct propositions. All of our organizing principles are applied to and tested against the most comprehensive set of both convex and concave particle shapes examined to date, including Catalan solids, prisms, antiprisms, cylinders, dimers of spheres, and various concave polyhedra. We demonstrate that all of the densest known packings associated with this wide spectrum of nonspherical particles are consistent with our propositions. Among other applications, our general organizing principles enable us to construct analytically the densest known packings of certain convex nonspherical particles, including spherocylinders, ``lens-shaped'' particles, square pyramids, and rhombic pyramids. Moreover, we show how to apply these principles to infer the high-density equilibrium crystalline phases of hard convex and concave particles. We also discuss the unique packing attributes of maximally random jammed packings of nonspherical particles.
Single-Cell Transcript Analysis of Pancreas Development

DNA microarray analysis was combined with a modified single-cell PCR procedure to study gene expression profiles of single cells at different stages of pancreatic development. This method identifies distinct cell types at embryonic day 10.5, a stage when the pancreatic epithelium is morphologically uniform. Some cells express unexpected combinations of genes, and these expression patterns provide new insights into pancreas development. Following on these findings, we use PCR products from different cell types to identify novel pancreatic genes, some of which mark subtypes of developing pancreatic cells. By integrating these data with previous genetic and biochemical studies, we propose a pathway for pancreatic cell development. This form of single-cell transcriptional analysis can be applied to any developmental process or tissue to characterize distinct cell types.
MAPP (Monitoring Academic Progress Policy): Providing Advising Direction Through the Use of a Degree Auditing System

A comprehensive policy for monitoring students' progress into appropriate majors, the Monitoring Academic Progress Policy (MAPP) charts students using a combination of degree auditing and academic policies. Results of the last three years of this program are discussed. In addition, recommendations are made for those institutions considering implementing similar systems.
Functional characterization of SAG/RBX2/ROC2/RNF7, an antioxidant protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase

SAG (Sensitive to Apoptosis Gene), also known as RBX2 (RING box protein 2), ROC2 (Regulator of Cullins 2), or RNF7 (RING Finger Protein 7), was originally cloned in our laboratory as a redox inducible antioxidant protein and later characterized as the second member of the RBX/ROC RING component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL-F-box Proteins) E3 ubiquitin ligase. When acting alone, SAG scavenges oxygen radicals by forming inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bonds, whereas by forming a complex with other components of the SCF E3 ligase, SAG promotes ubiquitination and degradation of a number of protein substrates, including c-JUN, DEPTOR, HIF-1α, IκBα, NF1, NOXA, p27, and procaspase-3, thus regulating various signaling pathways and biological processes. Specifically, SAG protects cells from apoptosis, confers radioresistance, and plays an essential and non-redundant role in mouse embryogenesis and vasculogenesis. Furthermore, stress-inducible SAG is overexpressed in a number of human cancers and SAG overexpression correlates with poor patient prognosis. Finally, SAG transgenic expression in epidermis causes an early stage inhibition, but later stage promotion, of skin tumorigenesis triggered by DMBA/TPA. Given its major role in promoting targeted degradation of tumor suppressive proteins, leading to apoptosis suppression and accelerated tumorigenesis, SAG E3 ligase appears to be an attractive anticancer target.
Grade Inflation, Real Income, Simultaneity, and Teaching Evaluations

Nelson and Lynch investigate whether instructors can improve their evaluation by students by giving higher grades and whether reductions in the real income of teachers lead to a deterioration of grading standards. In the process, the authors conclude from their data that simultaneous equation estimates are to be preferred to those obtained from a single equation model.
The Citizen Deliberator

Books reviewed in this article: Bruce Ackerman and James S. Fishkin, Deliberation Day Ethan Leib, Deliberative Democracy in America: A Proposal for a Popular Branch of Government
THE EFFECT OF CYTOCHALASIN J ON KINETOCHORE STRUCTURE IN PTK1CELLS IS MITOTIC CYCLE DEPENDENT

Mitotic PtK1 cells were arrested in mitosis with nocodazole to determine the effect of cytochalasin J (CJ) on kinetochore structure in arrested and nocodazole-released cells. In previous studies it was shown that CJ had a more pronounced effect on alteration of kinetochore structure and spindle microtubule (MT) architecture when applied during prophase or prometaphase. In this study, mitotic cells were treated at preanaphase for 10 min with 1 microg/ml nocodazole, or in 1 microg/ml nocodazole and 10 microg/ml CJ to allow for the advancement of the 'mitotic clock'. Thus it can be determined if either changes in the timing of mitosis, the maturation of the kinetochore, and/or the lack of MT connection to the kinetochore affects the ability of CJ to detach or alter the attachment of chromosomes to the developing spindle. Preanaphase cells treated with 1 microg/ml nocodazole for 10 min and released into 10 microg/ml CJ showed significant changes in MT organization and kinetochore structure. MTs nucleated at the centrosome are fragmented and kinetochore structure was significantly altered showing only two laminae with few MTs inserted into this structure. Preanaphase cells treated with 1 microg/ml nocodazole and 10 microg/ml CJ for 10 min and released into 10 microg/ml CJ showed similar, but more pronounced, effects on kinetochore structure and spindle MT organization. We interpret these results to suggest that CJ treatment has a greater effect on MT attachment and kinetochore structure in nocodazole pre-treated cells, where the kinetochore structure is mature and the mitotic cycle has been advanced.
Stress, Sex Differences, and Coping Strategies Among College Students

The sources of stress (academics, financial, family, social, and daily hassles) and coping strategies (self-help, approach, accommodation, avoidance, and self-punishment) of 166 college students were examined. The relationship between sex, specific sources of stress, and coping strategies was also investigated. Students completed a stress assessment inventory and a stress coping inventory based on a 5-factor revised COPE model (Zuckerman and Gagne Journal of Research in Personality, 37:169–204, 2003). Results found that college women reported a higher overall level of stress and greater use of emotion-focused coping strategies than college men. College men and women also reported different coping strategies for different stressors; however the use of emotion-focused coping strategies dominated over problem-solving strategies for both men and women. These results have implications for designing stress reduction workshops that build on the existing adaptive emotion-focused strategies of college students.