cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase II pharmacodynamic study of pyrazoloacridine in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Purpose: To perform a phase II trial of pyrazoloacridine (PZA), a novel DNA intercalator, in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma and no previous therapy. Methods: PZA was administered at a dose of 750 mg/m2 intravenously over 3 h every 21 days. Pharmacokinetic studies to determine PZA plasma concentrations were performed. Results: No responses were seen in 14 response-evaluable patients. Patients received a median of two cycles of PZA (range 1–6). Toxicity included neutropenia and neurologic side-effects, which were ≥ grade III in 73% and 14%, respectively. High plasma concentrations of PZA (Cmax) correlated with low neutrophil counts (P=0.04). Conclusions: PZA is inactive at this dose and schedule in colorectal cancer, and produces moderately severe toxicity.
Choosing peers: Homophily and polarization in groups

This paper studies the formation of peer groups entailing the joint production of public goods. In our model agents choose their peers and have to pay a connection cost for each member added to the group. After groups are formed, each agent selects a public project to make a costly contribution to, and all members of the group experience the benefits of these contributions. Since agents differ in how much they value one project relative to the other, the group's preferences affect the generated profile of public goods. We characterize mutually optimal groups, groups that are optimal for all their members. When contribution costs are low relative to connection costs, mutually optimal groups must be sufficiently homogeneous. As contribution costs increase relative to connection costs, agents desire more connections, which in turn raises the risk of free riding. Extreme peers are then more appealing, since they are more willing to contribute, and polarization arises.
Prokaryotic expression and preliminary characterization of recombinant enterovirus71 VP1 protein

Objective To express the structural protein VP1 of enterovirus71 in E.coli,and characterize the recombinant protein function.Methods VP1 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into pET28a(+) vector after sequencing.The pET28a(+)/VP1 recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli host BL21(DE3),and was induced by IPTG.The recombinant protein was purified by metal(Ni2+) chelating affinity chromatography,and its immuno-reactivity was tested by ELISA and Western Blot.Results The recombinant plasmid was constructed and the protein with a molecular weight of 43kDa was expressed and purified.The recombinant VP1 can be found by EV71 positive sera with high affinity and specificity in ELISA and Western Blot format.Conclusion The capsid protein VP1 of EV71 was expressed successfully,which provides foundation for the VP1-based vaccine and diagnostic reagent research for EV71.
Design of Dormancy and Wake-up Device Based on MSP430

According to the shortcoming of short working time of battery-powered network video server in mine-used rescue command device,MSP430 with low-power consumption was used to realize a dormancy and wake-up device.The device can prolong service time of the battery of network video server and make multi-rescue and continual operation possible.
Clinical experiment of sound frequency electric current and ultrashort wave to treat chronic laryngitis

Objective:To discuss the curative effect of chronic laryngitis which was treated with ultrashort wave and sound frequency electric current through clinical observation.Methods:64 cases were divided into two groups,32 cases were treated with ultra shout wave and sound frequency electric current,the ultra short wave's current was 50 mA it lasted 20 minutes each time,once a day.The sound frequency current's was 20mA,the course of treatment was 10 days;32 cases were treated with Qingyin pill,one pill each time,three times a day.The course of treatment is ten days,then we observed the difference between them.Results:The curative effect of ultra short wave and sound frequency electric current was better than QingYin pill.Conclusions:Ultra short wave and sound frequency current should be the best choice of chronic laryngitis.
Special Track on Cognition and Artificial Intelligence

Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence have provided valuable insights into the scope and limitations of human thought and behavior. As technology becomes more of a fixture in our daily routines, advances in artificial intelligence increasingly impact how we think and interact with others. This track is motivated by these two fronts of research: the basic theoretical integration of cognition and artificial intelligence; and its application to real-world domains. As such, the track will cover a wide range of issues.
Autoregulatory escape in the gut: a systems analysis

In order to determine whether a metabolic feedback mechanism could account for intestinal autoregulation and autoregulatory escape, we have developed a mathematical model of circulatory control in the gut. The model consists of equations describing hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and local and nervous effects on mesenteric arteriolar and precapillary sphincter tone. We assumed the local system controls intracellular Po2 by (1) regulating arteriolar resistance to change blood flow; and (2) opening or closing precapillary sphincters, thereby determining capillary density (the number of open capillaries) and the diffusion parameters (surface area and diffusion distance). Sympathetic activation increases arteriolar and precapillary sphincter tone. In computer simulations the model responded to step changes in arterial pressure by autoregulating blood flow to control O2 delivery. The degree of autoregulation increased whenever the amount of extractable O2 in the blood decreased. This has been observed experimentally in skeletal muscle but not yet in the intestine. In simulations of autoregulatory escape, sustained sympathetic activation caused a fall in mesenteric blood flow, capillary density, and O2 delivery. Capillary density remained depressed, but blood flow and O2 delivery returned toward control. The end of sympathetic activation was followed by hyperemia and an overshoot in capillary density. These results agree with those obtained experimentally. However, our model predicts that as capillary density is depressed by the sympathetic input, the degree of autoregulatory escape and post-stimulation hyperemia will increase. The degree of autoregulation varied greatly with initial flow conditions, yet the escape index hardly changed. This finding could account for the failure of experimental attempts to correlate the degree of autoregulation with the degree of escape. We conclude that the metabolic feedback hypothesis can adequately explain autoregulation and autoregulatory escape; however, a description complete enough to account for intestinal hemodynamics in some experimental conditions (e.g., venous pressure elevation) must also include certain myogenic properties of the intestinal vasculature.
Political Obstacles: Patronage and Polarization

Continuing our discussion of the factors that constrain spillovers, we now focus on how patterns of party-society interactions impact PG. The first issue is patronage. In Honduras, patronage is the dominant manner in which parties interact with society. Our two otherwise “most similar” country cases differ significantly in the nature and reach of patronage. The other issue is polarization. In Guatemala, polarization (both among parties and between parties and civic groups) has a much greater impact than patronage. In this chapter, we describe these two different forms of party-society relations, and how each has impacted CMS programs.
Early hyperoxia burden detected by cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy is superior to pulse oximetry for prediction of severe retinopathy of prematurity.

Early hyperoxia burden detected by cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy is superior to pulse oximetry for prediction of severe retinopathy of prematurity
International Organizations and Democracy Development: The Indirect Link

Objective Few studies have systematically examined the international organization (IO)-democracy nexus, except Pevehouse (2002, 2005), who found the democratizing impact of regional IOs. Our study extends previous research by investigating the indirect as well as the direct effects of IOs on democracy. Methods We employ a two-equation model, using the data for 112 developing countries for 1972–2002. Results Regional IOs increase the level of economic openness, which in turn leads to improvements in democracy. Conclusions IOs indeed facilitate democratic development in their member states both directly and indirectly by enhancing these countries’ international trade.
Minidoka: An American Concentration Camp. By Teresa Tamura

Historians, writers, political activists, and many others are turning back to the story of Japanese confinement in the United States during World War II. Many begin more recent reflections by way o...
In Vivo Biochemistry: Single-Cell Dynamics of Cyclic Di-GMP in Escherichia coli in Response to Zinc Overload.

Intracellular signaling enzymes drive critical changes in cellular physiology and gene expression, but their endogenous activities in vivo remain highly challenging to study in real time and for individual cells. Here we show that flow cytometry can be performed in complex media to monitor single-cell population distributions and dynamics of cyclic di-GMP signaling, which controls the bacterial colonization program. These in vivo biochemistry experiments are enabled by our second-generation RNA-based fluorescent (RBF) biosensors, which exhibit high fluorescence turn-on in response to cyclic di-GMP. Specifically, we demonstrate that intracellular levels of cyclic di-GMP in Escherichia coli are repressed with excess zinc, but not with other divalent metals. Furthermore, in both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy setups, we monitor the dynamic increase in cellular cyclic di-GMP levels upon zinc depletion and show that this response is due to de-repression of the endogenous diguanylate cyclase DgcZ. I...
Anatomy of the Airway/Airway Management

This chapter reviews upper airway anatomy and airway management. One of the most difficult aspects in clinical anesthesia is the consistent identification of patients in whom airways are likely to be challenging to secure. The act of securing the airway involves multiple steps, viz.: positioning, face mask ventilation, visualization of the vocal cords, and securing the airway or intubation. A failure to accomplish any one of these acts would constitute a “difficult airway” scenario.
Advanced Age Attenuates Left Ventricular Filling Efficiency Quantified Using Vortex Formation Time: A Study of Octogenarians With Normal Left Ventricular Systolic Function Undergoing Coronary Artery Surgery.

Objective Blood flow across the mitral valve during early left ventricular (LV) filling produces a 3-dimensional rotational fluid body, known as a vortex ring, that enhances LV filling efficiency. Diastolic dysfunction is common in elderly patients, but the influence of advanced age on vortex formation is unknown. The authors tested the hypothesis that advanced age is associated with a reduction in LV filling efficiency quantified using vortex formation time (VFT) in octogenarians undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Design Observational study. Setting Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants After institutional review board approval, octogenarians (n = 7; 82 ± 2 year [mean ± standard deviation]; ejection fraction 56% ± 7%) without valve disease or atrial arrhythmias undergoing CABG were compared with a younger cohort (n = 7; 55 ± 6 year; ejection fraction 57% ± 7%) who were undergoing coronary revascularization. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results All patients were monitored using radial and pulmonary arterial catheters and transesophageal echocardiography. Peak early LV filling (E) and atrial systole (A) blood flow velocities and their corresponding velocity-time integrals were obtained using pulse-wave Doppler echocardiography to determine E/A, atrial filling fraction (β), and E wave deceleration time. Pulse-wave Doppler also was used to measure pulmonary venous blood flow during systole and diastole. Mitral valve diameter (D) was calculated as the average of major and minor axis lengths obtained in the midesophageal LV bicommissural and long-axis transesophageal echocardiography imaging planes, respectively. VFT was calculated as 4 × (1 – β) × SV/(πD3), where SV is the stroke volume measured using thermodilution. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics, LV diastolic function, and VFT were determined during steady-state conditions 30 minutes before cardiopulmonary bypass. A delayed relaxation pattern of LV filling (E/A 0.81 ± 0.16 v 1.29 ± 0.19, p = 0.00015; β 0.44 ± 0.05 v 0.35 ± 0.03, p = 0.0008; E wave deceleration time 294 ± 58 v 166 ± 28 ms, p Conclusion The results indicate that LV filling efficiency quantified using VFT is reduced in octogenarians compared with younger patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
Stability of a Series of BODIPYs in Acidic Conditions: An Experimental and Computational Study into the Role of the Substituents at Boron.

Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes have been extensively investigated in recent years for a variety of bioanalytical and bioimaging applications. The success of these applications relies on the stability of BODIPYs, particularly under acidic conditions. In this work, the stability of a series of 4,4′-disubstituted BODIPYs (−F, −CN, −Ph, −Me, −OMe) toward addition of excess trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was studied systematically and comprehensively through 11B and 1H NMR, UV–vis, fluorescence, thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared. The results indicate that 4,4′-dicyano-BODIPY 2 is the most stable among this series and remains unchanged even 3 days after addition of excess TFA. On the other hand, 4,4′-dimethyl-BODIPY 3 and 4,4′-dimethoxy-BODIPY 5 are the least stable, toward addition of TFA, and the 4,4′-diphenyl and 4,4′-difluoro-BODIPYs 1 and 4 were found to have intermediate stability. The experimental analysis and comparison with theoretical calculations indicate that the 4,4′-dicyan...
Topography and overstory mortality interact to control tree regeneration in spruce-fir forests of the southern Rocky Mountains

Abstract Climate change is driving rapid and dramatic changes in forests across the globe, as highlighted by recent widespread drought-induced tree mortality events. Long-term changes in these forest ecosystems will be dependent upon the ability of trees to regenerate following overstory mortality under a warmer and drier climate. The goal of this study was to assess how tree mortality, and environmental gradients imposed by topographic and edaphic conditions, interact to influence tree regeneration in subalpine spruce-fir forests in a region experiencing rapid climate warming. We evaluated regeneration of two widely distributed subalpine forest species of the Rocky Mountains, subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), across gradients of elevation, aspect, soil type, and overstory subalpine fir mortality. In both species regeneration was strongly associated with local topography and appeared to not be adversely affected by subalpine fir overstory mortality. We found that subalpine fir seedling (height
Remediating Social Media: A Layer-Conscious Approach

2017 was a bad year for the Internet. Journalists trying to get to the bottom of the Russian election meddling story discovered pathologies of the Internet’s attention economy that legal and media scholars have been writing about for several years. From filter bubbles and clickbait to revenge porn and “fake news,” the antisocial effects of social media are now front and center in a serious public debate about the future of the Internet and the firms that have come to dominate it. As the public learns more about the ease with which the Internet’s most popular platforms can be exploited to harass, deceive, and manipulate their users, there is a growing consensus that the Internet is broken and that tech titans dominating the Internet’s edge are largely to blame. The drumbeat for a regulatory response is getting louder. And it’s coming from points across the political spectrum. Some are calling for interventions in the area of antitrust law. Others have proposed imposing at the Internet’s application layer content neutrality rules that have historically applied only at the network layer. To describe such rules, conservative activist Phil Kerpen coined the term “layer-neutral net neutrality.” Supporters of this approach assert that rules requiring social media platforms to behave like network infrastructure providers in their handling of users’ content will enhance freedom of expression and limit the role of dominant platforms as gatekeepers of the privatized public sphere. Former Democratic Senator Al Franken offered the same rationale in an op-ed in The Guardian. Franken wrote that “no one company should have the power to pick and choose which content reaches consumers and which doesn’t. And Facebook, Google, and Amazon—like ISPs—should be ‘neutral’ in their treatment of lawful information and commerce on their platforms.” This article is a high-level effort to explain, in terms of both regulatory history and shifting public attitudes about online speech, why adopting a must-carry obligation for social media platforms is not what the Internet needs now. Such a requirement would more likely exacerbate than remediate social media’s current problems with information quality and integrity. Part I discusses the historical layer-consciousness of Internet regulation and explains the public policies underlying differential treatment of “core” and “edge” services. Part II considers evolving speech norms at the Internet’s edge and the increasing pressure on social media platforms to more actively address some demonstrable failures in social media’s “marketplace of ideas.” Part III argues that a must-carry rule for social media platforms is precisely the wrong regulatory approach for addressing those failures. The better prescription, I argue, is to breathe new life into the underused “Good Samaritan” provision in § 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which was intended to protect and promote good faith content moderation at the Internet’s edge. What the Internet needs now is not layer-neutral net neutrality; it is an awakening to what James Grimmelmann has called “the virtues of moderation.”
Hearing Preservation in Pediatric Recipients of Cochlear Implants.

OBJECTIVE To determine factors that influence low-frequency hearing preservation following pediatric cochlear implantation and compare hearing preservation outcomes between 20 and 24 mm depth lateral wall electrodes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary academic referral center. PATIENTS Pediatric cochlear implant recipients (under the age of 18) who presented preoperatively with a low-frequency pure tone average (LFPTA; 125, 250 and 500 Hz) ≤ 70 dB HL. INTERVENTION Cochlear implantation MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:: Multiple logistic regression evaluating the influence of variables on change in LFPTA including preoperative low-frequency hearing, lateral wall or perimodiolar electrode, progressive vs stable hearing, side, time from surgery, and the presence or the absence of enlarged vestibular aqueduct. A second analysis reviews the 12-month postactivation hearing preservation of a subset of subjects implanted with modern lateral wall electrodes. RESULTS A total of 105 subjects were included from the last 10 years for our multiple logistic regression analysis. This demonstrated a significant correlation of poorer preoperative low-frequency hearing with change in LFPTA. A significant negative effect of electrode type, specifically perimodiolar electrodes was also seen. Forty-five subjects from the last 3 years undergoing cochlear implantation with a lateral wall electrode demonstrated an overall 12-month preservation rate (LFPTA < 90 dB) of 82%. Differences in preservation rates existed between different electrodes. CONCLUSION Preservation of low-frequency hearing following cochlear implantation is predicted both by preoperative low-frequency hearing as well as type of electrode implanted. Consistent low-frequency hearing preservation is possible in pediatric subjects receiving lateral wall electrodes, although differences exist between electrode types.
$$\omega $$ ω -Primality in arithmetic Leamer monoids

Let $$\Gamma $$ be a numerical semigroup. The Leamer monoid $$S_\Gamma ^s$$ , for $$s\in \mathbb {N}\backslash \Gamma $$ , is the monoid consisting of arithmetic sequences of step size s contained in $$\Gamma $$ . In this note, we give a formula for the $$\omega $$ -primality of elements in $$S_\Gamma ^s$$ when $$\Gamma $$ is an numerical semigroup generated by a arithmetic sequence of positive integers.
The Effect of Health Insurance on Health Care Utilization in the Justice-Involved Population: United States, 2014–2016

Objectives. To examine the impact of health insurance coverage on utilization of outpatient, hospital, and emergency department care among justice-involved individuals in the United States.Methods. We performed repeated cross-sectional analyses with data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. The study population included 6086 adults with justice involvement within the past year. We used logistic regression to examine the odds of health care utilization based on either a dichotomous or categorical measure of health insurance coverage. We used negative binomial regression to examine the number of times a specific type of care was utilized with both a dichotomous measure of health insurance coverage and a categorical measure of type of health insurance.Results. Health insurance was associated with increased utilization of outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department care.Conclusions. Health insurance coverage was associated with increased utilization of outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department health care among justice-involved individuals. Therefore, expanding access to health insurance in this population has the potential to increase care utilization of all types and decrease barriers to medical services.
Tensor Data Conformity Evaluation for Interference-Resistant Localization

We consider the problem of robust, interference-resistant localization in GPS-denied environments. Each asset to be self-localized is equipped with an antenna array and leverages time-domain coded beacon signals from anchor nodes that are placed at known locations. Collected data snapshots over time at the antenna array are organized in a tensor data structure. The conformity of the received tensor data is evaluated through iterative projections on robust, high-confidence data feature characterizations that are returned by L1-norm tensor subspaces. Non-conforming tensor slabs are more likely to be contaminated by irregular, highly deviating measurements due to interference, thus they are removed from the received dataset. Subsequently, we estimate the direction-of-arrival of the beacon signals by using L2-norm and L1-norm tensor decomposition techniques on the conformity-adjusted dataset. Finally, the relative position of the asset to the anchor nodes is estimated via triangulation. We consider two anchor nodes, one interferer, and one asset to be self-localized using radio frequency signals at the 2.4 GHz ISM band in an indoor laboratory environment. We evaluate the performance of the proposed localization system in terms of angle-of-arrival estimation accuracy experimental measurements from a software-defined radio testbed.
Prevalence of Hip Dysplasia and Associated Conditions in Children Treated for Infantile Scoliosis - Don’t Just Look at the Spine

Purpose: Hip dysplasia, congenital muscular torticollis, plagiocephaly and metatarsus adductus are known to be associated with one another. The etiology of infantile idiopathic scoliosis is unknown and its association with the aforementioned conditions has not been examined. This study reviews a large series of infantile scoliosis patients to address this gap. Methods: Following IRB approval, the medical records of all patients at a tertiary care hospital, which is a referral center for cast treatment of infantile scoliosis, treated with casting between 2001 and 2016 …
Association of the National Dependent Coverage Expansion With Insurance Use for Sexual and Reproductive Health Services by Female Young Adults.

Importance Sexual and reproductive health services are a primary reason for care seeking by female young adults, but the association of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Dependent Coverage Expansion (ACA-DCE) with insurance use for these services has not been studied to our knowledge. Insurer billing practices may compromise dependent confidentiality, potentially discouraging dependents from using insurance or obtaining care. Objective To evaluate the association between implementation of ACA-DCE and insurance use for confidential sexual and reproductive health services by female young adults newly eligible for parental coverage. Design, Setting, and Participants For this cross-sectional study, a difference-in-differences analysis of a US national sample of commercial claims from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2009, and January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016, captured insurance use before and after policy implementation among female young adults aged 23 to 25 years (treatment group) who were eligible for dependent coverage compared with those aged 27 to 29 years (comparison group) who were ineligible for dependent coverage. Data were analyzed from January 2019 to February 2020. Exposures Eligibility for parental coverage under the ACA-DCE as of 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures Probability of insurance use for contraception and Papanicolaou testing. Emergency department and well visits were included as control outcomes not sensitive to confidentiality concerns. Linear probability models adjusted for age, plan type, annual deductible, comorbidities, and state and year fixed effects, with SEs clustered at the state level. Results The study sample included 4 690 699 individuals (7 268 372 person-years), with 2 898 275 in the treatment group (mean [SD] age, 23.7 [0.8] years) and 1 792 424 in the comparison group (mean [SD] age; 27.9 [0.8] years). Enrollees in the treatment group were less likely to have a comorbidity (77.3% vs 72.9%) and more likely to have a high deductible plan (14.6% vs 10.1%) than enrollees in the comparison group. Implementation of the ACA-DCE was associated with a −2.9 (95% CI, −3.4 to −2.4) percentage point relative reduction in insurance use for contraception and a −3.4 (95% CI, −3.9 to −3.0) percentage point relative reduction in Papanicolaou testing in the treatment vs comparison groups. Emergency department and well visits increased 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2-0.7) and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.3-2.1) percentage points, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that implementation of the ACA-DCE was associated with a reduction in insurance use for sexual and reproductive health services and an increase in emergency department and well health visits by female young adults newly eligible for parental coverage. Some young people who gained coverage under the expansion may not be using essential, confidential services.
China’s Race to the Top: Regional and Global Implications of China’s Industrial

The paper examines the global and regional implications of China’s revitalized state capitalism model through the sectoral lens of the Chinese automotive industry. China’s automotive industry stands at the intersection of both traditional and green industrial policy. Starting as a cautious participant in the WTO, China has moved rapidly along the learning curve to skillfully navigate the system and create spaces for its industrial policy objectives to prop up local and national champions. While China’s gaming of the WTO system fostered domestic growth in Chinese companies with protections from fierce foreign competitors, key endeavors like the Belt and Road Initiative open up overseas markets for Chinese players to grow as global champions. In addition to the use of economic leverage to induce positive behavior, Beijing is increasingly unafraid of resorting to exclusionary diplomacy. This provides political justification for discrimination against foreign competitors in the Chinese market while moving forward with the industrial upgrading of domestic players. China’s state-led capitalism partly contributed to the global turn toward protectionism and Washington’s pivot to unilateralism, but it is the Chinese economy that bleeds significantly due to the clouded prospects of further trade liberalization.
Metabolic effects of anesthetics (cold, CO2, and isoflurane) and captivity conditions in isolated honey bee (Apis mellifera) foragers under different ambient temperatures

Acclimation and anesthesia are necessary steps when manipulating live honey bees, Apis mellifera, in laboratory. Although cold and carbon dioxide exposure are commonly used to temporarily immobiliz...
A 3D combined particle-element method for intense impulsive loading computations involving severe distortions

Abstract This article presents a Combined Particle-Element Method (CPEM) for 3D intense loading computations that include severe distortions. It includes the numerical algorithms and example computations. The advantages of this method are that the lower-strained particles (stress points) are computed with a fast and accurate finite-element formulation, and the higher-strained particles are computed with a meshless-particle formulation that can handle severe distortions. Furthermore, the meshless-particle algorithm (with MLS strain rates and weak-form forces) is consistent and does not exhibit tensile instabilities. It is also well suited for conversion of finite elements into variable-connectivity meshless particles because the conversion does not require deletion of elements and addition of particles. Instead there is simply a branch point based on equivalent plastic strain. The basic approach can also be used for the element algorithm only or the particle algorithm only.
Coarsening, Sampling, and Smoothing: Elements of the Multilevel Method

The multilevel method has emerged as one of the most effective methods for solving numerical and combinatorial problems. It has been used in multigrid, domain decomposition, geometric search structures, as well as optimization algorithms for problems such as partitioning and sparse-matrix ordering. This paper presents a systematic treatment of the fundamental elements of the multilevel method. We illustrate, using examples from several fields, the importance and effectiveness of coarsening, sampling, and smoothing (local optimization) in the application of the multilevel method.
Action of Phenethyl Alcohol on the Synthesis of Macromolecules in Escherichia coli

Prevost, C. (University of California, Berkeley), and V. Moses. Action of phenethyl alcohol on the synthesis of macromolecules in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:1446–1452. 1966.—A kinetic study of the effects of various concentrations of phenethyl alcohol on the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), protein, and β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli has confirmed that RNA synthesis, rather than DNA synthesis, is first and most affected by phenethyl alcohol. The presence of inducer did not protect β-galactosidase synthesis from inhibition by phenethyl alcohol. Little preferential inhibition of β-galactosidase synthesis was observed; this is in contrast to the severe catabolite repression which results from partial inhibition of total protein synthesis caused by chloramphenicol or starvation for a required amino acid. We found no evidence that messenger RNA synthesis was inhibited to a greater extent than total RNA synthesis.
Fetal and maternal risks associated with intrauterine transfusion procedures

Abstract Continuing follow-up observations and study of information as derived from a large cohort of fetal recipients of intrauterine transfusion (IUT) is utilized to provide estimates of maternal and fetal risks associated with the transfusion procedures, subsequent maternal complications of the pregnancy, and the health, intelligence, and behavior of the erythroblastotic recipient. The upper limit of risk of the procedure is estimated to be 7.2 per cent. Fourteen per cent of hydropic fetuses survived through the perinatal period as compared with 47 per cent of nonhydropic fetuses. One infant developed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) at age 4½ years. The IUT survivors showed a marked correlation among the frequencies of abnormalities in the three areas measured: physical, intellectual, and social maturity. Only about 50 per cent were considered normal in these parameters of health. Maternal complications were observed in only 2 per cent of the cases.
Toward a Global 1/25 degree HYCOM Ocean Prediction System with Tides

Abstract : The overall technical goal is to implement a 1/25 deg horizontal resolution global ocean prediction system based on the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) with tides and dynamic sea ice. The scientific goals include but are not limited to a) evaluation of the internal tides representation in support of field programs, b) data assimilation in the presence of tides, c) evaluation of the model's ability to provide useful boundary conditions to high resolution coastal models, d) interaction of the open ocean with ice, e) shelf-deep ocean interactions, f) upper ocean physics including mixed layer/sonic depth representation, g) mixing, etc. The objectives are to perform the R&D necessary to develop, evaluate, and investigate the dynamics of 1/25 deg global HYCOM with tides coupled to CICE (the Los Alamos sea ice model) with atmospheric forcing only, with data assimilation via NCODA (NRL Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation), and in forecast mode. Work closely with NRL Stennis to incorporate advances in dynamics and physics from the science community into the HYCOM code maintained by the Navy.
Vascular surgery in a small community hospital: review of 286 consecutive major procedures.

Abstract From August 1981 to August 1985, 286 major vascular procedures were performed in a small community hospital by one trained vascular surgeon. The procedures were performed in 272 patients, 174 (64%) of whom were men and 98 (36%) of whom were women, with a median age of 66.3 years. The average length of hospital stay was 9.3 days. Two hundred fifty-three (88%) of the cases were elective, and the other 33 (12%) were emergencies. The overall operative mortality was 1.9% (5 out of 253 patients) in the elective group and 27.0% (9 out of 33 patients) in the emergency group. The stroke and mortality rate was 1.2% for elective cerebrovascular procedures. Sixty infrainguinal bypasses were performed, with three early failures and one late failure resulting in major amputation. All failures occurred in the limb salvage group (who had infrapopliteal bypasses and profundoplasty). These data suggest that vascular surgery can be performed safely and adequately in a small community hospital, with results comparable to those of a university hospital, and that vascular surgeons may maintain an adequate level of competence even if they perform fewer than 100 cases per year. (Texas Heart Institute Journal 1987; 14:183-187)
METABOLIC NONEQUIVALENCE OF THE TWO GLUCOSE MOIETIES OF CELLOBIOSE IN CELLVIBRIO GILVUS.

Swisher, Elizabeth J. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg), Waldemar O. Storvick, and Kendall W. King. Metabolic nonequivalence of the two glucose moieties of cellobiose in Cellvibrio gilvus. J. Bacteriol. 88:817–820. 1964.—Cellobiose was synthesized in 40% yield with uniform C14 labeling in the reducing glucose moiety and no label in the nonreducing glucosyl. Resting-cell suspensions of Cellvibrio gilvus respiring the labeled cellobiose derived approximately 80% of their respiratory CO2 from the reducing glucosyl and 20% from the nonreducing glucose. Analysis of isotope content in CO2 from cells respiring a mixture of labeled cellobiose and unlabeled glucose confirmed that the glucose-1-phosphate produced from phosphorolysis of cellobiose is less extensively converted to CO2 than is either the glucose released by phosphorolysis of cellobiose or glucose absorbed from the medium. In crude cell extracts, release of glucose from cellobiose was shown to be Pi-dependent, the pH optimum of cellobiose phosphorylase being 6.2.
Diseases of epidermal keratins and their linker proteins

Epidermal keratins, a diverse group of structural proteins, form intermediate filament networks responsible for the structural integrity of keratinocytes. The networks extend from the nucleus of the epidermal cells to the plasma membrane where the keratins attach to linker proteins which are part of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal attachment complexes. The expression of specific keratin genes is regulated by differentiation of the epidermal cells within the stratifying squamous epithelium. Progress in molecular characterization of the epidermal keratins and their linker proteins has formed the basis to identify mutations which are associated with distinct cutaneous manifestations in patients with genodermatoses. The precise phenotype of each disease apparently reflects the spatial level of expression of the mutated genes, as well as the types and positions of the mutations and their consequences at mRNA and protein levels. Identification of specific mutations in keratinization disorders has provided the basis for improved diagnosis and subclassification with prognostic implications and has formed the platform for prenatal testing and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Finally, precise knowledge of the mutations is a prerequisite for development of gene therapy approaches to counteract, and potentially cure, these often devastating and currently intractable diseases.
Vibration Control Robust To Parameter Variations In A Very Flexible Manipulator Fabricated From Composite Laminates

Abstract A non-linear state feedback controller which is robust to system variations caused by uncertain parameters such as varying payload is developed for the position control of a single-link flexible manipulator fabricated from composite laminates. The effects of several uncertain parameters as well as the interaction of these parameters are considered without assuming the matching conditions on the uncertainties. The properties of the uniformly and ultimate uniformly boundedness of the solution of the system state equations are employed to formulate the controller. It is demonstrated through the simulation work that the proposed non-linear feedback controller has much better capability of arresting the unwanted vibration than the linear controller in the presence of uncertainties.
Magnetospheric configuration for Parker-spiral IMF conditions: Results of a 3D AMR MHD simulation

Abstract The global configuration and topology of the terrestrial magnetosphere for typical IMF conditions is simulated with a new 3D MHD model using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The paper briefly describes the main elements of the solution method and presents a steady-state solution for nominal Parker-spiral IMF conditions. The simulated magnetic field topology in the magnetotail is in excellent agreement with the recent empirical model derived from four years of IMP 8 observations (Kaymaz and Siscoe, 1998).
SU-GG-J-84: Evaluation of Comparing Daily Ultrasound Images with a Reference Ultrasound Image for Prostate Localization

Purpose: To evaluate if acquiring an ultrasoundimage at the time of CT simulation for comparison with daily ultrasoundimages improves daily localization of prostates. Method and Materials: Resonant Medical's® ultrasound localization system was installed and implemented in our clinic. The technique relies on acquiring a 3D ultrasoundimage at the time of CT simulation for daily comparison whereas other ultrasound localization techniques compare daily ultrasoundimages to the original CTimage.Treatment planning is done on the CT. DRRs are also constructed from the CT, and fiducials implanted in the prostate are outlined on the DRRs. Each day a 3D ultrasoundimage was acquired and compared to the ultrasound that was acquired at the time of CT simulation. Daily, if the ultrasoundimage was approved by the physician, the couch was shifted to align the current prostate location with its location at the time of simulation. After the ultrasound, ports were taken as often as prescribed by the physician. The fiducial locations as seen in the ports were compared to their locations on the DRRs. Any necessary shifts were made to align the fiducials. Following the treatments, an analysis was made of the ultrasound localization as compared to the fiducial localization. 22 patients had 7 or more days in which both ultrasound and ports of fiducials were acquired and are included in this analysis. Results: The measured average difference between the ultrasound localization and the localization based on ports of fiducials is 7.2 mm. This is comparable to what is reported in literature for other ultrasound localization techniques. Conclusion: Using a 3D ultrasoundimage acquired at the time of CT simulation does not improve ultrasound localization accuracy as compared to techniques that compare daily ultrasoundimages to the simulation CT for localization.
Oxidation of Coordinated Ammonia to Nitrosyl in the Reaction of Aqueous Chlorine with cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NH3)2]2+

Rapid-scan stopped-flow kinetic studies show that the multielectron oxidation of coordinated ammonia in cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NH3)2]2+ by acidic (pH 0.5−1.3) aqueous chlorine provides the nitrosyl complex cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NH3)(NO)]3+ as the final product. The first step in this process involves the metal-centered oxidation of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NH3)2]2+ to cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NH3)2]3+, and the rate law for this process is −d[Ru(II)]/dt = 2k1[Ru(II)][Cl2] with the second order rate constant, k1, as (1.1 ± 0.1) × 103 M-1 s-1. Independent studies conducted on the cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NH3)2]3+ complex show that conversion to the nitrosyl complex follows an A → B → C type consecutive pathway with kslow and kfast components, respectively. In the pH range of 0.5−2.8, the kslow process follows a competitive pathway where both Cl2 and HOCl react with deprotonated coordinated ammonia. The rate law for the kslow process has the form kslow = {(k2[H+][Cl-] + k3KCl)/(KCl + [H+][Cl-])}([Cl2]tot/[H+]), where KCl corresponds to the equilibrium consta...
Immunocytochemical localization of 5'-nucleotidase in oligodendroglia and myelinated fibers in the central nervous system of adult and young rats.

Abstract Rat central nervous system (CNS) tissue sections were immunostained by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method using a rabbit serum directed against rat liver 5′-nucleotidase. In paraffin sections from the brains of 60-day-old rats 5′-nucleotidase immunoreactivity occurred in the same white-matter regions as myelin-basic protein immunoreactivity and histological staining of myelin. The immunostaining of cerebral white matter for 5′-nucleotidase was more intense and wide-spread at the age of 120 days than at 60 days, and the choroid plexus and blood vessels were stained consistently. In the paraffin sections from the brains of younger (20-day-old) rats the staining of 5′-nucleotidase in the white matter was faint and patchy. In paraffin sections from spinal cord, 5′-nucleotidase immunoreactivity was observed throughout the lateral white-matter columns and, frequently, in the cell bodies of interfascicular oligodendroglia. Interfascicular oligodendroglia also showed 5′-nucleotidase immunoreactivity in vibratome sections from the CNS tissue of young and adult rats. The findings were consistent with histochemical and biochemical evidence for 5′-nucleotidase in rat brain myelin and oligodendroglia, with substantial increases in activity in the myelin as rats develop from the ages of 20 to 120 days. 5′-Nucleotidase immunoreactivity was not observed in any astrocytes or in oligodendrocytes in the gray matter; however, the enzyme may occur in those glial cells at levels lower than were detectable using the present method.
Virtual and real photon structure

Abstract We show how to obtain the quantum chromodynamics dimensional scale from the photon structure function without theoretical modelling of unknown nonperturbative effects.
Period and region

Geographers have long maintained that region and period are similar types of generalization. Yet, while geographers have closely examined the nature of regions and regionalization, historians have remained largely silent on the assumptions that underlie the division of time into periods. Reflection on the nature of period and region reveals many similarities, including their basis in the material world but also the subjectivity of their recognition, the selective nature of their content and boundaries, their tendency to emphasize differences rather than commonalities, and their limited scope as generalizations. The great number of feasible ways of dividing space into regions and time into periods opens the door for alternative narratives, including those which challenge conventional Eurocentric interpretations. In the final analysis, periodization and regionalization should be seen as part and parcel of the art of representation.
Biomechanical testing of locking and nonlocking plates in the canine scapula.

Locking plates have been shown to offer improved fixation in fractures involving either osteoporotic bone or bone with lesser screw pullout strength, such as thin and flat bones. Fractures of the scapular body are one type of fracture where the screw pullout strength using conventional plate fixation may not be sufficient to overcome physiologic forces. The purpose of this study was to compare the pullout strengths of locking plates to conventional nonlocking plates in the canine scapula. A 2.7 mm string of pearls plate (SOP) and a 2.7 mm limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) were applied with similar divergent screws to the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula. Forces perpendicular to the plates were applied and both the loads at failure and modes of failure were recorded. No differences were noted in loads at failure between the two plating systems. Although the modes of failure were not significantly different, the SOP constructs tended to fail more often by bone slicing and coring, whereas ...
Molecular and functional characterization of two drought-induced zinc finger proteins, ZmZnF1 and ZmZnF2 from maize kernels

Abstract Zinc finger proteins are among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells. Their functions are diverse, including DNA and RNA banding, transcriptional activation, regulation of apoptosis, protein folding and assembly. We have isolated two cDNA clones encoding zinc finger proteins, designated as ZmZnF1 and ZmZnF2, from water-stressed maize kernels. Sequence analyses indicates that ZmZnF1 is homologous to the A20/AN1-type zinc finger protein and contains the zinc finger motif of Cx2–Cx10–CxCx4Cx2Hx5HxC, whereas ZmZnF2 is a ring-binding type and contains 3 repeats of the Cx-Cx-H-Cx-Cx zinc finger motif. RNA gel blot analyses indicate that both genes were significantly induced by ABA, osmotic stress (mannitol) and NaCl stress. Using an effector-reporter strategy, we transiently expressed ZmZnF1 or ZmZnF2 with the GUS reporter driven by the rice actin1 promoter containing ABA responsive element, ABRC1 in maize suspension cells. Assay of GUS activity showed that both ZmZnF1 and ZmZnF2 activated the reporter gene expression. A synergistic effect on activation was found between ZmZnF2 and another ABA response factor, VP1. These results were confirmed by the complementary test using RNAi technology. Our results suggest that both ZmZnF1 and ZmZnF2 are transcription activators and may play roles in regulating expression of drought-responsive genes or other transcription factors in response to abiotic stress.