cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends of under- and overweight among rural and urban poor women indicate the double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND: Although undernutrition and communicable diseases dominate the current disease burden in resource-poor countries, the prevalence of diet related chronic diseases is increasing. This paper explores current trends of under- and overweight in Bangladeshi women. METHOD: Nationally representative data on reproductive age women from rural Bangladesh (n = 242,433) and selected urban poor areas (n = 39,749) collected by the Nutritional Surveillance Project during 2000-2004 were analyzed. RESULTS: While the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency [CED, body mass index (BMI) or = 25 kg/m(2), P < 0.001). In addition, 9.8% of urban poor and 5.5% of rural women were found to be 'at risk of overweight' (BMI 23.0-<25 kg/m(2)). From 2000 to 2004, prevalence of CED decreased (urban poor: 33.8-29.3%; rural: 42.6-36.6%), while prevalence of overweight increased (urban poor: 6.8-9.1%; rural: 2.8-5.5%). The risk of being overweight was higher among women who were older and of higher socioeconomic status. Rural women with at least 14 years of education had a 8.1-fold increased risk of being overweight compared with non-educated women [95% confidence intervals (CI): 6.6-8.7]. Women living in houses of at least 1000 sq ft (93 m(2)) were 3.7 times more likely to be overweight compared with women living in <250 sq ft (23 m(2)) houses (95% CI: 3.2-4.3). CONCLUSION: The recent increase in overweight prevalence among both urban poor and rural women, along with high prevalence of CED, indicates the emergence of a double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh.
Formal methods in software engineering

The application of formal methods at various stages of software development, and to selected critical aspects of software systems is discussed. A number of specific formal methods tools as well as application illustrating their use, are described. The tools discussed include verification systems for Ada and C. Also considered is the Romulus tool which allows the user to specify and verify security properties at the system design level. In addition, the application of formal methods to the building of a secure network component and a secure distributed operating system is described. >
Aggregation and Scalable QoS: A Performance Study

The IETF's Integrated Services (IntServ) architecture together with reservation aggregation provide a mechanism to support the quality-of-service demands of real-time flows in a scalable way, i.e., without requiring that each router be signaled with the arrival or departure of each new flow for which it will forward data. However, reserving resources in "bulk" implies that the reservation will not precisely match the true demand. Consequently, if the flows' demanded bandwidth varies rapidly and dramatically, aggregation can incur significant performance penalties of under-utilization and unnecessarily rejected flows. On the other hand, if demand varies moderately and at slower time scales, aggregation can provide an accurate and scalable approximation to IntServ. In this paper, we develop a simple analytical model and perform extensive trace-driven simulations to explore the efficacy of aggregation under a broad class of factors. Example findings include (1) a simple single-time-scale model with random noise can capture the essential behavior of surprisingly complex scenarios; (2) with a twoorder-of-magnitude separation between the dominant time scale of demand and the time scale of signaling and moderate levels of secondary noise, aggregation achieves performance that closely approximates that of IntServ.
Placental transport of nutrients to the fetus

The exchange of nutrients between placenta and fetus involves three major mechanisms: (1) direct placental transfer of nutrients from the maternal to the fetal plasma; (2) placental metabolism and con
Requirements of complex computer-based engineering in the motor industry

It is shown that the requirements for computer-based autoregressive engineering can only be partly identified. The environmental factors responsible for this situation are discussed. Integration of engineering activities and data processing media is considered. A conceptual approach to automotive CAE is outlined. >
The Probability of Laser Caused Ocular Injury to the Aircrew of Undetected Aircraft Violating the Exclusion Zone about the Airborne AURA LIDAR

The probability of a laser caused ocular injury, to the aircrew of an undetected aircraft entering the exclusion zone about the AURA LIDAR airborne platform with the possible violation of the Laser Hazard Zone boundary, was investigated and quantified for risk analysis and management.
Hydrogen-isotopic variability in lipids from Santa Barbara Basin sediments

We conducted an extensive survey of hydrogen-isotopic compositions (D/H ratios) of diverse sedimentary lipids from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), offshore southern California. The main goal of this survey was to assess the diversity of D/H ratios in lipids from marine sediments, in order to provide a more detailed understanding of relevant biological and geochemical factors impacting lipid isotopic variability. A total of 1182 individual dD values are reported from two stations in SBB, one located in the suboxic basin depocenter and the other on the fully oxic flank of the basin. Sediments collected from the basin depocenter span a depth of 2.5 m and reach the methanogenic zone. Lipids that were analyzed include n-alkanes, n-alkanols and alkenols, short- and long-chain fatty acids, linear isoprenoids, steroids, and hopanoids, and exhibit several systematic patterns. First, there are no significant differences in dD values between the two sampling locations, nor with increasing depth for most lipids, indicating that degradation does not influence sedimentary lipid dD values. Second, relatively large differences in dD values among differing molecular structures are observed in all samples. n-Alkyl lipids of probable marine origin have typical dD values between 150 and 200&, those from terrestrial leaf waxes and aquatic plants range from 80 to 170&, while petroleum n-alkanes are typically 90 to 150&. Third, lipids inferred to derive from bacteria (branched fatty acids and hopanols) living at the sediment surface or in the water column tend to be D-enriched relative to similar algal products by 30& or more. At the same time, several other lipids have dD values that decrease strongly with depth, presumably as a result of in situ production by anaerobic bacteria. This dichotomy in isotopic compositions of bacterial lipids is inconsistent with a nearly constant D/H fractionation during lipid biosynthesis, and likely reflects significant variations associated with metabolism.
Biological evidence for a neurodevelopmental model of pediatric bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic illness with high morbidity and mortality. Pediatric onset BD has a more severe course of illness with higher rates of relapse and psychosocial impairment. Discovering interventions early in the course of BD in youth is paramount to preventing full illness expression and improve functioning in these individuals throughout the lifespan. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of BD in order to determine which youth are at most risk and provide biological targets for early intervention. To serve this cause, we propose a neurodevelopmental model of BD, based on the existing data that implicate prefrontal – subcortical network dysfunction, caused by pre-existing genetic susceptibility and triggered by pathological reactions to stress and chronic inflammatory processes.
Diving into data: Developing the capacity for data literacy in teacher education

AbstractEducators by definition are now required to utilize a variety of student data to shape the decisions they make and design the lessons they teach. As accountability standards become more stringent and as teachers face increasingly diverse student populations within their classrooms, they often struggle to adequately meet the needs of all learners. Using student data, rationales for instructional decisions become grounded in best practices. Unfortunately, some administrators and teachers lack the confidence and/or training needed to successfully engage with and interpret data results. This may be especially true for early career educators and those just entering the field. Indeed, for novice teachers to be successful in the current accountability culture, they must possess, understand, and effectively utilize data literacy skills, something quite difficult to accomplish without adequate training. The research in this article explored how pre-service educators determined what worked in a data literac...
Towards A Dynamic Theory of Production

In previous chapters we have modeled production without reference to time, such models where time is ignored, or does not play a role, are termed steady state models. In this chapter, time is introduced explicitly. In particular, inputs and outputs are treated as sequences of real numbers, and the dynamic production model is presented as an infinite product model endowed with the product topology. Shephard and Fare (1980), introduce a more complicated, but richer approach to dynamic production.
Anterior Mediastinal Mass.

An asymptomatic 47-year-old woman underwent a radiographic screening to rule out tuberculosis prior to volunteering at her local hospital. The incidental finding of a mediastinalmassprompteda referral to her primary carephysician,whoelicited from the patient some complaints of mild but worsening orthopnea that was exacerbated when she would lie down. She denied any recent weight loss, muscle weakness, or diplopia. Her surgical history was significant for having undergone a cesarean section. She denied any radiation exposure. A computed tomographic scanof the chestwas obtained (Figure, A), and thepatientwas referred to surgery for evaluation. A physical examination identified a midline trachea, no significant thyromegaly in theneck,nosignificant lymphadenopathy,andnoadditional significant findings.Thepatientwas taken to the operating room for surgery to remove themass (with gross findings as seen in Figure, B). Quiz at jamasurgery.com Computed tomographic scan of chest A Gross findings following sternotomy B
Open Exchange of Control Patterns: A Pattern-Matching Application of Artificial Intelligence

This paper proposes formal computational descriptions of “what can go wrong” (WCGW) in an enterprise. Further, it introduces the idea that these formal WCGW artifacts can be represented as patterns that can be stored in an open knowledge repository (OKR), in a format that allows access to any institution.
Improved Nanopositioning Resolution Through Piezoresistive Feedback Control of a MEMS Thermal Actuator

Utilizing the piezoresistive properties of polysilicon as an on-chip sensing mechanism facilitates the implementation of feedback control on surface-micromachined MEMS devices. We have performed nanopositioning resolution tests on a MEMS thermal actuator, both open and closed loop, to demonstrate the performance improvements possible with feedback control. A thermomechanical in-plane microactuator (TIM), fabricated using the MUMPS fabrication process, was used in this study. The actuator was coupled to a piezoresistive displacement sensor (PRDS) that was fabricated as part of the same process. Measurements of the actuator output, taken using a scanning electron microscope, show that nanopositioning repeatability improved from ±59 nm to ±31 nm when feedback control is employed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Evolution and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Postnatal parent-infant physiological regulatory effects described in the previous paper (Part I) are viewed here as being biologically contiguous with events that occur prenatally, preparing and sensitizing the fetus to the average microenvironment into which the infant is expected, based on its evolutionary past, to be born. Following McKenna (1986), evidence (some of which is circumstantial) is presented concerning fetal hearing and fetal amniotic liquid breathing as they are affected both by maternal cardiovascular blood flow sounds in the uterus and by fluctuating maternal blood sugar levels. These data are linked in turn to the infant’s postulated postnatal responsivity to parental sensory cues, including auditory and vestibular respiratory cues that may assist infants as they “learn” to breathe and, for some, to resist a SIDS event.
Expression of the Na-Ca exchanger in diverse tissues: a study using the cloned human cardiac Na-Ca exchanger.

In many cells including cardiac myocytes, cytoplasmic Ca is importantly controlled by the plasmalemmal Na-Ca exchanger (3, 8). The tissue diversity and differences in cellular environment raise the...
Effect of low-density lipoproteins, mevinolin, and G proteins on Ca2+ response in cultured chick atrial cells

Growth of cells from atria of embryonic chick hearts 14 days in ovo in medium supplemented with lipoprotein-depleted serum (LPDS) results in an increase in total cell cholesterol, enhanced parasympathetic responsiveness (7), and decreased sympathetic responsiveness (1). These effects were reversed by the hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor, mevinolin. In these studies, comparison of cell growth in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) and LPDS demonstrated that, after growth with LPDS, the ability of Ca2+ and the Ca2+ channel agonist, BAY K 8644, to enhance the amplitude of contraction decreased by 25 and 50%, respectively. These effects of growth in LPDS were reversed by incubation with mevinolin. LPDS had no effect on either Ca2+ channel number as measured by (+)-[5-methyl-3H]PN200-110 binding or Ca2+ current density as measured by the whole cell patch method. Treatment of cells grown in LPDS with pertussis toxin, which inactivates alpha o and alpha i, returned the contractile response to 10(-7) M BAY K 8644 to control levels. Pertussis toxin had no effect on the contractile response or adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels in control cells grown in FCS alone. These data suggest that alterations in the relative levels of alpha o and alpha s in cells grown in LPDS may play a role in regulating the contractile response to Ca2+ channel agonists and to exogenous Ca2+.
Factorial and ‘self vs. other’ plant soil feedback experiments produce similar predictions of plant growth in communities

In species-factorial plant–soil feedback (PSF) experiments plants are grown on replicate soils from each other potential plant in a community. Species-factorial experiments are expected to provide the best estimate of PSF effects, but are rarely used because they require large sample sizes. As a result, the extent to which species-factorial data improve understanding of PSF effects on plant community dynamics remains unknown. Published data were used to parameterize a PSF model with either species-factorial or non-species factorial (i.e., ‘self vs. other’) data. Model predictions were compared to plant growth in communities. Species-factorial PSF data did not improve predictions of plant growth in communities relative to ‘self vs. other’ PSF data. Both PSF models performed slightly better than a null model without PSFs. Conceptually, species-factorial experiments should detect more PSFs and better predict plant community dynamics. However, because PSF effects were generally small, most likely to change competitive outcomes for species with similar intrinsic growth rates, and because ‘self vs. other’ approaches capture much of the information in species-factorial approaches, species-factorial- and ‘self vs. other-‘ informed models produced similar predictions. Results suggest the ‘self vs. other’ approach produces accurate PSF values with many fewer replicate samples.
Cardiomyopathy associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Abstract Three cases of congestive cardiomyopathy complicating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported. In one case, acute cardiac decompensation resulted in prolonged but ultimately reversible cardiogenic shock. In the second case, clinical signs of cardiac disease were precipitated by acute renal failure and fluid overload. In the third, congestive heart failure developed spontaneously and responded promptly to administration of diuretics but the patient died suddenly, apparently due to an arrhythmia. The etiology of cardiomyopathy in AIDS is unclear and the manifestations of cardiomyopathy in this setting range from subclinical to life threatening.
Early Detection of a Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm After Liver Transplantation Is the Determinant of Survival

Abstract Background Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (PA) after liver transplantation (LT) is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Among a series of 50 patients of LT, we experienced 3 such cases. Some authors also have reported cases of PA, either intrahepatic or extrahepatic. The aim of this study was to investigate the important factors that affect the treatment outcome. Methods Three patients were presented. To analyze the factors, not only our patients but also the patients with PA reported in the literature (including 10 case series and 23 case reports) were enrolled for analysis. The possible factors probably affecting the survival were compared statistically, including age, sex, clinical manifestation as bleeding (including gastrointestinal bleeding, hemobilia, or intra-abdominal bleeding), treatment (with embolization or surgical exploration or stent), diagnosis establishment before or after bleeding, and so forth. Results From univariate analysis, the significant factors that affect survival are sex (female) ( P = .036), stent treatment ( P = .006), and early detection ( P = .036), whereas age ( P = .493) and presentation with hemorrhage ( P = .877) are not significant factors. However, according to multivariate analysis, stent treatment has a borderline significance ( P = .056). Conclusions Early detection of such a life-threatening complication is a key determinant of survival. “Early” does not refer to early postoperative days but means the detection prior to the rupture of the pseudoaneurysm. Postoperative imaging studies such as computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography early and periodically to follow up the graft status is recommended, especially for those who had received other interventions before or after the liver transplantation.
On the function of dendritic filopodia

Introduction Dendritic spines were first described by Ramon y Cajal in 1888, and considered by him to be the major sites of axo dendritic apposition and therefore of synaptic input in the CNS. Although a considerable wealth of information has been gathered over the last few decades about the function of spines in the mature nervous system, much less is known about how spines first appear on the otherwise smooth dendritic shafts. Development The earliest dendritic appendages, known as filopodia, are long and thin protrusions that occur predominantly during early postnatal development of the mammalian CNS. It is tempting to consider filopodia simply as precursors to spines because at first glance their overall shape is similar to that of mature spines and because their expression during development precedes that of spines. However, the elongated shape of dendritic filopodia (reminiscent of that of axonal filopodia and filopodia in non-neuronal cells) suggests an exploratory function, so that their role may be to contact axons in order to establish early synapses, independently of the eventual formation of spines. Conclusions Here we review the literature on dendritic filopodia in an attempt to resolve this issue regarding these two distinct (though potentially overlapping) roles of filopodia in development: spinogenesis vs synaptogenesis. We summarize what is known about the physical characteristics and developmental time course of filopodia expression, as well as the mechanisms of growth and motility of these early dendritic protrusions, both in the intact nervous system and in pathologic settings. Throughout this review we present evidence that supports two hypotheses: that filopodia and spines are two inherently different types of protrusions, and that the role of dendritic filopodia is to capture axons and make early synapses, rather than transform into spines. Finally, we also discuss the potential role of filopodia in the sculpting of the dendritic tree. We also postulate that filopodia have additional important roles in regeneration and repair, in developmental plasticity and in the elaboration of dendritic arbors. These functions may not be limited to a specific developmental period, but probably extend into adulthood. We end by discussing specific experiments that could serve to test these hypotheses.
Rates of Abnormally Low TOPF Word Reading Scores in Individuals Failing Versus Passing Performance Validity Testing

The present study examined the impact of performance validity test (PVT) failure on the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) in a sample of 252 neuropsychological patients. Word reading performance...
Becoming a network beyond boundaries: Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) as the actor-networks after the internet of things

Abstract For the last few decades, actor-network theory has been usually criticized for its focus on Machiavellian human actors controlling the overall networking between other actors or blamed for its dissipation of human agencies within the global status of a network. However, at the moment of its development, the freshness of actor-network theory was more relevant to its focus on the meaning of what the hyphen signifies; not so much just a simple connection between two independent variables, but an ontological event itself, from which certain entities juxtaposed together become involved by exchanging stable influences each other thus settled down as the actors participating in a network being associated as the summing up of these settled influences. The aim of this paper is to refresh this bygone freshness of ANT from the recent development of the Internet of Things (IoT); which vividly exemplifies how a network and its actors are generated from a manifold technologically augmented entities—such as smart appliances in a house, migratory animals with RFID tags, and ensembles of neurons signaling beyond one's brain through a bundle of microwires—each of which is physiologically or algorithmically adaptable to the environmental signals from other entities thus able to be settled down together into “new sensor/processor/actuator affiliations.” Brain-Machine Interface (BMI), developed by Nicolelis Lab at Duke University as a prototype of the future neuroprosthetics, shows a specific example of these networks of things; in which mutual adaptations of the technologically augmented entities—namely neurons and robot limbs—associate artificial sensory-motor circuits, programming its human/animal users' possible motor behaviors as well as their motor intentions.
Nanoparticle enabled thermal control of ions in liquid crystals

ABSTRACTTypically, ionic species in thermotropic liquid crystals are nearly fully ionised. Therefore, the concentration of mobile ions practically does not depend on the temperature. Interestingly, the same liquid crystals doped with nanoparticles exhibit totally different behaviour. The concentration of mobile ions become temperature dependent. This paper reports the effects of the temperature on the concentration of ions in liquid crystal nanocolloids. Liquid crystals doped with both 100% pure and contaminated nanoparticles are considered. Regardless the ionic purity of nanodopants, the concentration of mobile ions in liquid crystal nanocolloids increases towards the saturation as their temperature goes up. The magnitude of this saturation level equals the initial concentration of ions in liquid crystals doped with 100% pure nanoparticles. The temperature induced release of ions by contaminated nanoparticles in liquid crystals increases the above-mentioned saturation level. While the dispersion of 100% ...
Mitigation of ammonia emissions from pig production using reduced dietary crude protein with amino acid supplementation.

Abstract To mitigate ammonia (NH3) emissions from pig production and understand dynamic emission profiles, reduced dietary crude protein (CP) with amino acid supplementation was studied with 720 pigs in a 12-room research building for 155 days that covered from weaned to finishing stages. The pigs were divided into three 4-room groups and fed with 2.1–3.8% reduced CP (T1), 4.4–7.8% reduced CP (T2), and standard (control) diets, respectively. Compared with the control group, T1 and T2 decreased manure volumes and manure NH4+-N concentrations. Group-mean NH3 emission from the control group was 68.9 g d−1 AU−1 (AU = 500 kg live mass). Emissions from T1 (46.7 g d−1 AU−1) and T2 (29.8 g d−1 AU−1) were reduced by 33.0% and 57.2% (p
Surgical Site Infections and Their Management

Surgical site infection (SSI) occurs in 2–5 % of patients who have inpatient operations. This complication can result in major morbidity and in its more serious forms, even death. Understanding the pathogenesis and microbiology of SSI is important in order to identify strategies for prevention. There are a number of controllable and modifiable risk factors that influence the occurrence of SSI and must be recognized and addressed in order to minimize the occurrence of this complication. The proper use of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis (PAP) is one of the most important measures that when used in combination with other proven measures can lower the incidence of SSI. However, it cannot make up for failure to adhere to the many other principles of prevention. Treatment of superficial SSI is relatively simple; however, deep and organ/space SSI can be challenging and can result in major morbidity and death.
Is Computer Extension of Series a Part of CFD

A path midway between pure analysis and sheer number-crunching is provided by the technique of extending a regular perturbation series to high order by computer, and then analyzing and improving the results. This three-step process has, during the past two decades, been applied to perhaps a hundred problems in many branches of fluid mechanics. However, there has been no great rush to follow this route. Some researchers assert that it is not a part of computational fluid mechanics. Here we survey the technique using the flat-plate boundary layer as a simple example, consider the reasons for its relative neglect, and discuss prospects for the future.
Temperature- and concentration-dependent hydrogen diffusivity in palladium from statistically-averaged molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Solid-state hydrogen storage materials undergo complex phase transformations in which kinetics are often limited by hydrogen diffusion that significantly changes during hydrogen uptake and release. Here we perform robust statistically-averaged molecular dynamics simulations to obtain a well-converged analytical expression for hydrogen diffusivity in bulk palladium that is valid throughout all stages of the reaction. Our studies confirm the experimentally observed dependence of the diffusivity on concentration and temperature and elucidate the underlying physics. Whereas at low hydrogen concentrations, a single dilute hopping barrier dominates, at high hydrogen concentrations, diffusion exhibits multiple hopping barriers corresponding to hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-poor local environments.
Paced right ventricular rhythm: Different perfusion defects compared to left bundle branch block

1123 Objectives Whether patients (pts) with paced right ventricular rhythm (PACED), mimicking left bundle branch block (LBBB), have similar patterns of perfusion abnormality to LBBB pts is unknown. Methods Of 44,407 pts having rest/stress myocardial perfusion SPECT, we identified consecutive PACED and LBBB pts. Pts with known CAD, cardiomyopathy, an EF ≤ 40% or cardiac transplantation were excluded. In pts who had normal coronary angiography NCA (n=79) or who had a low likelihood of CAD (Llk) (n=129), quantitative perfusion defect scores using QPS software (17 segments; 0=normal, 4=most severe) were compared in PACED vs LBBB. Results In PACED pts, abnormal summed stress score (SSS ≥4) was seen in 18/40 (45%) in the NCA group and in 25/66 (38%) in the Llk group. In LBBB pts, abnormal SSS was seen in 26/39 (67%) in the NCA group and in 17/63 (27%) in the Llk group. In PACED NCA pts, abnormal stress segmental perfusion scores (SPS ≥2) most commonly occurred in infero-apical (83%, SPS 1.9±0.9) and apical (89%, SPS 2.1±0.6) segments, whereas in LBBB NCA pts, defects were most common in the apical-septal (73%, SPS 1.8±0.8), apical-anterior (50%, SPS 1.2±0.9) and apical (62%, SPS 1.5±1.0) segments. In PACED NCA pts, reversible defects (SDS ≥1) were most common in the apex (44%, SDS 0.5±0.6), whereas in LBBB NCA pts, perfusion defects were most common in apical-anterior (54%, SDS 0.8±0.8) and apical-septal segments (58%, SDS 0.9±1.1). In Llk pts, locations of abnormal SPS and SDS in PACED and LBBB pts were similar to those of the respective NCA pts. Conclusions In NCA and Llk pts with PACED rhythm or LBBB, myocardial perfusion defects are common, but have distinctly different patterns. Similar to LBBB, in 60% of PACED pts, perfusion defects are reversible
Conversion Between Digital and Analog

The overall structure of a computer controller often fits the pattern shown in Fig. 8-1. The transducers and status sensors provide voltages to the analog channels of a multiplexer (MUX). The MUX selects one of these channels at a time and sends that signal on to the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which feeds a binary number of perhaps eight bits to the microcomputer. Acting in accordance with the program stored in the microcomputer by the user, the microcomputer takes action based on this program and the signal received. This action may be to output an 8-bit binary number that can be converted to a voltage by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In other cases the output of a single bit may be all that is necessary to activate one of the actuator devices discussed in Chapter 8. If there is more than one actuator, a MUX transfers the voltage from the DAC to the appropriate channel. Since the MUX is connected momentarily to only one channel, the signal leaving the MUX is as shown in Fig. 8-2. The voltage appears as a series of pulses, but the actuator will need a continuous signal. A “sample-and-hold” device in the circuit following the MUX will provide a continuous voltage to the actuator at a magnitude of the last pulse delivered by the DAC.
Harm Reduction in The Control of Infectious Diseases Among Injection Drug Users

Operations research has contributed to the control of blood-borne epidemics among injection drug users. The analysis of random-mixing models has led to a deeper understanding of both syringe exchange programs and substance abuse treatment in the control of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. This chapter presents some of these results, and analyzes illustrative models to show how simplified, but empirically pertinent mathematical models can assist policymakers evaluate public health interventions.
Thyroid Cancer Radiotheragnostics: the case for activity adjusted 131I therapy.

Radiotheragnostics represents the systematic integration of diagnostic imaging and therapeutics using radionuclides targeting specific characteristics of tumor biology. Radioiodine (131I) is the classic radiotheragnostic agent used for the diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer based on sodium-iodine symporter expression in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue. Application of radiotheragnostics principles in thyroid cancer involves using pre-ablation diagnostic scans (Dx Scans) for detection of iodine-avid regional and distant metastatic disease and patient-individualized targeted 131I therapy with goal of maximizing the benefits of the first therapeutic 131I administration. Clinically available nuclear medicine imaging technology has significantly evolved over the past 10 years with the introduction of hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT systems, as well as advances in iterative image reconstruction with modeling of image degrading physical factors. This progress makes possible the acquisition of accurate diagnostic radioiodine scintigraphy capable of identifying regional and distant metastatic disease, which can be used for 131I treatment planning and delivery of activity adjusted 131I therapy for achieving intended treatment goals (e.g., remnant ablation, adjuvant 131I treatment and targeted 131-I treatment). The overarching aim of thyroid cancer radiotheragnostics is to optimize the balance between 131I therapeutic efficacy and potential side-effects on non-target tissues.
Health-related Risks for Involvement in Bullying among Middle and High School Youth

Rates of victimization and bullying perpetration may vary by adolescents’ health status. The purpose of this study was to examine risk for bullying and victimization while considering multiple health conditions and health-related behaviors. Self-reported data were collected from 64,670 youth (50.3% female; 48.8% White; 25.7% Black/African American) enrolled at 107 middle and high schools across the state of Maryland. Two-level logistic regressions examined the association between health conditions and other health-related behaviors (i.e., physical activity, asthma, healthy eating, sleep troubles, obesity, and being overweight) and bullying. Results indicated that obese youth had higher odds of being a victim or bully-victim. Youth with asthma were more likely to be victimized, both in-person and online, and were more likely to be cyberbully-victims. Sleep difficulties were consistently associated with involvement in bullying, having higher odds of being a victim or bully-victim in-person and online as well as higher odds of perpetration of bullying. In contrast, healthy food consumption was associated with significantly lower odds of bullying perpetration, and physical activity was associated with significantly lower odds of being a bully-victim. Taken together, the findings suggest that various conditions and health-related behaviors may be important risk factors for both bullying victimization and perpetration.
Selective Labeling and Decoration of the Ends and Sidewalls of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Mono- and Bispecific Solid-Binding Fluorescent Proteins

Simple and robust strategies for the noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanostructures with proteins are of considerable interest in hybrid nanomaterials synthesis, part-to-part assembly, and biosensor development. Here, we show that fusion of the Car9 and Car15 carbon-binding peptides to the C-termini of the sfGFP and mCherry fluorescent proteins enables selective labeling of the ends or the sidewalls of single walled carbon nanotubes. By installing a gold-binding peptide or a single cysteine residue in carbon-binding variants of sfGFP, we further produce heterobifunctional solid-binding proteins that support the decoration of nanotubes sidewalls or termini with gold nanoparticles. The approach described here is generic and should prove useful for the controlled assembly of other hybrid materials.
Hamlet and the Late Renaissance Convention of Self-Addressed Speech: An Empirical Approach to Theatrical History

In late Renaissance English drama (from the late 1580s until the closing of the theaters in 1642) soliloquies were governed by a surprisingly precise and intricate convention. Plentiful, conspicuou...
Localized Amyloidosis Involving Palatine Tonsils: A Case Report and Literature Review

Amyloidosis is a localized or systemic process where extracellular insoluble plasma protein fibers are deposited into tissues. Localized amyloidosis is rare and curable by surgical resection. While the head and neck region represents 19% of localized amyloidosis cases, only one other case of bilateral involvement of the pharyngeal tonsils has been published in the international literature. We report a case of asymptomatic amyloidosis isolated to the bilateral palatine tonsils and a cervical lymph node in a 59-year-old male. Systemic amyloidosis was ruled out through multidisciplinary consultation, and resection of the masses was performed. This represents the second reported case of bilateral tonsillar amyloidosis.
Direct Growth of Graphene/Graphene Oxide Heterostructures on Polar Oxide Substrates

Direct graphene growth—without physical transfer—by C molecular beam epitaxy has been reported on two incommensurate polar oxide substrates: Co3O4(111) and MgO(111). Recent experimental and theoretical work regarding graphene growth on Co3O4(111) indicates that growth proceeds via the initial formation of a graphene oxide buffer layer formed by C covalent bond formation to oxygen sites on the cobalt oxide substrate. This finding motivates a reinterpretation of previously reported results for graphene growth on MgO(111). This reinterpretation indicates that formation of a non-planar graphene oxide buffer layer occurs for growth on MgO(111), similar to that on Co3O4(111). Results suggest that the formation of a graphene oxide buffer layer on MgO(111), rather than reconstruction of the MgO(111) surface, is what leads to the observed C3v symmetry and substantial band gap for the C overlayer on that substrate. Prospects for direct growth on other polar oxide surfaces and implications for device applications are discussed.
'Executive Actions' and Lessons in Presidential Authority

"'Executive Actions' and Lessons in Presidential Power" is a two-part study of the executive actions--executive orders, proclamations, and presidential memorandums--issued by President Biden in the first week of his Administration and by President Trump in his last week in office. Careful review of the actions illustrates both the reach and limitations of unilateral presidential initiative.
Reduction and Mechanism: Rosenberg, Alex, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. 75, £15 (paperback).

Reductionism is an old doctrine desperate for new direction. With nomologically constructed theories commanding less attention in the life sciences, concern for the twentieth-century tradition of a...
Innate Lymphoid Cells: New Targets for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Immunotherapy.

The importance of innate immune cells in cancer promotion has been long recognized. Luci et al. (2021) show a key role for innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in controlling precancerous skin lesions and impaired function of NK cells and ILC1s during progression to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). These results, together with other findings, suggest that activation of ILCs could serve as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy against cSCC.
Convection in Porous Media

This introduction to convection in porous media assumes the reader is familiar with basic fluid mechanics and heat transfer, going on to cover insulation of buildings, energy storage and recovery, geothermal reservoirs, nuclear waste disposal, chemical reactor engineering and the storage of heat-generating materials like grain and coal. Geophysical applications range from the flow of groundwater around hot intrusions to the stability of snow against avalanches. The book is intended to be used as a reference, a tutorial work or a textbook for graduates.
Anticipation and Instability of IT-15 (CAG)N Repeats in Parent-Offspring Pairs with Huntington Disease

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant degenerative disorder caused by an expanded and unstable trinucleotide repeat (CAG)n in a gene (IT-15) on chromosome 4. HD exhibits genetic anticipation--earlier onset in successive generations within a pedigree. From a population-based clinical sample, we ascertained parent-offspring pairs with expanded alleles, to examine the intergenerational behavior of the trinucleotide repeat and its relationship to anticipation. We find that the change in repeat length with paternal transmission is significantly correlated with the change in age at onset between the father and offspring. When expanded triplet repeats of affected parents are separated by median repeat length, we find that the longer paternal and maternal repeats are both more unstable on transmission. However, unlike in paternal transmission, in which longer expanded repeats display greater net expansion than do shorter expanded repeats, in maternal transmission there is no mean change in repeat length for either longer or shorter expanded repeats. We also confirmed the inverse relationship between repeat length and age at onset, the higher frequency of juvenile-onset cases arising from paternal transmission, anticipation as a phenomenon of paternal transmission, and greater expansion of the trinucleotide repeat with paternal transmission. Stepwise multiple regression indicates that, in addition to repeat length of offspring, age at onset of affected parent and sex of affected parent contribute significantly to the variance in age at onset of the offspring. Thus, in addition to triplet repeat length, other factors, which could act as environmental factors, genetic factors, or both, contribute to age at onset. Our data establish that further expansion of paternal repeats within the affected range provides a biological basis of anticipation in HD.
Using Explicit, A Priori Contextual Knowledge in an Intelligent Web Search Agent

The development of intelligent Web search agents will become increasingly important as the amount of information on the Web continues to grow. Intelligently searching the Web depends on the searcher understanding not only the context of the query, including the person for whom the search is being done, but also the context of the results, including the information sources and the retrieved information itself. Consequently, intelligent Web search agents will need to have mechanisms for representing and using contextual knowledge. In this paper, we discuss the kinds of contexts and contextual knowledge such an agent will encounter. We use as an example a Web search agent we are beginning to develop, ferret, that will search for scholarly information about music. We then propose some ways in which explicitly represented, a priori contextual knowledge can be used by the search agent, and we discuss directions for future research.
Ontology Database: A New Method for Semantic Modeling and an Application to Brainwave Data

We propose an automatic method for modeling a relational database that uses SQL triggers and foreign-keys to efficiently answer positive semantic queries about ground instances for a Semantic Web ontology. In contrast with existing knowledge-based approaches, we expend additional space in the database to reduce reasoning at query time. This implementation significantly improves query response time by allowing the system to disregard integrity constraints and other kinds of inferences at run-time. The surprising result of our approach is that load-time appears unaffected, even for medium-sized ontologies. We applied our methodology to the study of brain electroencephalographic (EEG and ERP) data. This case study demonstrates how our methodology can be used to proactively drive the design, storage and exchange of knowledge based on EEG/ERP ontologies.
Accuracy of a predetermined transverse horizontal mandibular axis point.

Abstract Statement of Problem. The transverse horizontal mandibular axis point may be located most precisely by a kinematic process. However, an anatomical method of locating the axis is also an acceptable technique, and an easily determined point that is consistently close to the kinematic axis would simplify transfer of the arc of rotation from the patient to the articulator. Purpose. This in vivo study compared the location of an anatomically predetermined hinge axis point with the determined kinematic axis. Material and Methods. Forty subjects (27 males, 13 females; 23 to 47 years of age) with functionally acceptable occlusion and no detectable clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders participated in the study. The earpiece alignment flags on a mechanical SAM Axiograph III combination flag/face-bow were used to locate the right and left predetermined hinge axis points, 10 mm anterior to the earpiece. The right and left kinematic center of rotation was located as described by Lauritzen and confirmed with the PC Axiotron electronic Axiograph to within 0.25 mm. All points were transferred to 1 mm 2 grid paper on the subject's skin. The distance between each predetermined and kinematic point was measured ±0.25 mm. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used to examine differences between the left and right axis points and potential significant differences between genders at a significance level of P Results. The mean distance between points was 1.1 mm on the right (range 0.0 to 3.0 mm), 1.2 mm on the left (range 0.0 to 3.0 mm), and 1.1 mm for all 80 points (±0.63). More than 96% of the predetermined points were within 2 mm of the kinematic axis, and 67% were within 1 mm. There was no significant difference between the right and left points and no significant differences based on gender. Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the predetermined axis point is well within the clinical norm for estimated location of the transverse horizontal mandibular axis. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:387-94.)
Abstract C7: Targeting the androgen receptor with novel combination therapeutic strategies in metastatic/castrate-resistant prostate cancer

Abstract While recent advances have resulted in the FDA approval of novel therapies for metastatic/castrate resistant prostate cancer, responses are not often durable and novel therapeutic interventions are still required. Recent work within our laboratory has resulted in the development of a novel orthotopic syngeneic transplant mouse model of prostate cancer. Further, treatment with a HDAC and mTORC1 inhibitor in combination resulted in greater anti-tumor and increased overall survival in tumor bearing animals. HDAC/mTORC1 combination therapy also resulted in decreased androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity without loss of AR protein expression. Current investigations are underway to delineate molecular mechanisms underlying sustained AR expression. Through this understanding, novel therapeutic interventions which will augment combined HDAC/mTORC1 inhibitor therapy are under investigation. Citation Format: Leigh Ellis, Swathi Ramakrishnan, Shengyu Ku, Roberto Pili. Targeting the androgen receptor with novel combination therapeutic strategies in metastatic/castrate-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C7.
Magnetic nanostructures from block copolymer lithography: Hysteresis, thermal stability, and magnetoresistance

A series of two dimensional close-packed $\mathrm{Co}$, $\mathrm{NiFe}$, and $\mathrm{CoFe}∕\mathrm{Cu}∕\mathrm{NiFe}$ magnetic particle arrays, in which the particles have mean diameters of $34\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, thicknesses of $5--20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, and periodicity of $56\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, were made using a process based on self-assembled polystyrene-$b$-polyferrocenyldimethylsilane block copolymer templates. Interparticle magnetostatic interactions lead to the thermally assisted collective reversal of small groups of particles. The switching field distribution, whose width decreases as the thickness increases, has been modeled as a result of the distribution of particle size, shape, and microstructure. For multilayered particles, interlayer magnetostatic interactions stabilize flux-closed states with antiparallel alignment of the $\mathrm{CoFe}$ and $\mathrm{NiFe}$ layers at remanence. The multilayer particles show a greater thermal stability than single-layer particles, and a magnetoresistance comparable to that of the unpatterned film.