cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do adult humans compare with New Caledonian crows in tool selectivity

We examined humans’ tool selections on stick-and-tube tasks similar to those used to study crows’ and other avian species’ physical cognition. In Experiment 1, the participants selected a stick from a set of 10 to retrieve a candy placed in a horizontal tube. Although the stick that was selected depended on the distance to the candy, the participants generally did not select a stick whose length was the same as the candy’s distance from the open end of the tube nor did they select the longest stick in the set—two strategies that have been reported in crows. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used variations of the stick-and-tube task to determine what factors in addition to the candy’s distance influenced the participants’ selections. The results showed that tool selection depended on the stimulus context (i.e., the number and lengths of the alternative tools).
Axial conduction effect in flow through circular porous passages with prescribed wall heat flux

This study presents a series solution for computation of the steady state temperature field in circular ducts with prescribed wall heat flux. The ducts are filled with fluid saturated porous materials. The developed methodology includes a simple transformation that improves the convergence of this series solution. The acquired solution includes the contribution of axial conduction that leads to a modified Graetz-type solution for these fluid passages. Finally, this solution is augmented by the contribution of frictional heating.
Effects of noun–verb homonymy on the neural correlates of naming concrete entities and actions ☆

Abstract The neural correlates of naming concrete entities such as tools (with nouns) and naming actions (with verbs) are partially distinct: the former are linked to the left inferotemporal (IT) region, whereas the latter are linked to the left frontal opercular (FO) and left posterior middle temporal (MT) regions. This raises an intriguing question: How would such neural patterns be influenced by noun–verb homonymy, specifically, naming tasks in which the target words denote objects or actions (e.g., “comb”)? To explore this, we conducted a PET study in which 10 normal participants named visually presented tools or actions. The factor of homonymy yielded interesting effects: For tools, non-homonymous nouns (e.g., “camera”) activated left IT, whereas homonymous nouns (e.g., “comb”) activated both left IT and left FO. For actions, non-homonymous (e.g., “juggle”) and homonymous (e.g., “comb”) verbs activated left FO, MT, and IT, but there was evidence that the FO and MT activations were less widespread for the homonymous verbs. We also found that retrieval of the same exact words (e.g., “comb” and “comb”) produced differential activation in left MT—there was greater MT activation when the words were being used to name actions, than when they were being used to name tools. Our results suggest that noun–verb homonymy has an important influence on the patterns of neural activation associated with words denoting objects and actions, and that even when the phonological forms are identical, the patterns of neural activation are different according to the demands of the task.
The metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris and its regulation.

Rhodopseudomonas palustris metabolizes p-hydroxybenzoate aerobically via a series of specific reactions which are partly described. The pathway similar to that described for aerobic pseudomonads. The requisite enzymes are absent in extracts of cells grown anaerobically under photosynthetic conditions with p-hydroxybenzoate, benzoate and malate, or aerobically with benzoate or malate. An intermediate of the reaction sequence presumably induces in a retrograde fashion.
Contrast: a semantic constraint?

This article challenges the position of Clark (1988) with regard to Contrast. The evidence cited in support of this theory from adult languages is far from clear, and the evidence coming from child language admits of alternative explanations. In addition, the ‘logic’ of assuming Contrast leads to insurmountable difficulties in the acquisition of irregular forms and allomorphs. An alternative to Contrast is proposed. This draws on the drive towards the adult system, the development of non-linguistic concepts, the acquisition of language in context, and the use of the Co-operative Principle by participants in conversational exchanges to account for those features of language and language acquisition that Contrast was designed to explain.
Effect of p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP), a cyanide antidote, on cyanide given by intravenous infusion

1 Beagle bitches were infused with potassium cyanide solution after protection with p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP).2 Methaemoglobin levels fell very rapidly after the start of the infusion.3 Whole blo...
The source issue in infrared microspectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is routine. These instruments are sophisticated and mature, and generally use a blackbody radiator as their infrared source. However, because the brightness of a thermal source is limited, the signal-to-noise ratio of these instruments begins to degrade at spatial resolutions not much better than 1 mm and they are rarely useful at resolutions smaller than 20 μm. Synchrotrons provide much brighter infrared beams than thermal sources, and Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) provide even brighter beams than synchrotrons. We will discuss the limitations of thermal sources, and show that a synchrotron is an excellent source for infrared spectroscopy at spatial resolutions on the order of the wavelength (λ). Even better spatial resolution, about λ/10, can be expected if an FEL is used as a source.
Characterizing spatial patterns of airborne coarse particulate (PM10-2.5) mass and chemical components in three cities: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background: The long-term health effects of coarse particular matter (PM10–2.5) are challenging to assess because of a limited understanding of the spatial variation in PM10–2.5 mass and its chemic...
The Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

The issues associated with nuclear energy and security encompass a broad range of topics from diverse disciplines. This diversity often makes it difficult to locate reliable sources of information on these important topics. The Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues provides a searchable collection of vetted annotations of references on a wide range of nuclear topics. Recently, the Alsos library joined Nuclear Pathways, a composite website encompassing nuclear issues, which currently integrates four high quality websites, each with its own specialty and mission. All are members of the National Science Digital Library, a comprehensive scientific resource in the USA. The Nuclear Pathways websites bring together many aspects of crucial issues of our time for the people who need the information the most ? policy makers, scientists, educators, students and ordinary citizens.
Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction in the Fetal Rabbit

AbstractPurpose: We developed and tested an animal model of bladder dysfunction due to posterior urethral valves using partial outlet obstruction of the fetal rabbit bladder.Materials and Methods: Partial bladder outlet obstruction of fetal rabbit bladders was created on day 23 of gestation. Of the litter of 8 to 10 fetuses half was obstructed and the remainder served as controls. The doe and fetuses were sacrificed on day 30 of gestation (full term 31 to 32 days) and the fetal bladders were removed. Bladders that had doubled in weight from the average bladder weight of the control littermates were deemed sufficiently obstructed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed and bladder strip response to 32 Hz. field stimulation, 200 micro M. bethanechol and 200 mM. potassium chloride was measured.Results: Average body weight did not differ between the control and obstructed fetuses, indicating that surgery did not hinder fetal development. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed smooth muscle cell hypert...
Smart glass and its potential in energy savings

Smart glass is such that its properties may be changed by application of a potential across it. The change in properties may be engineered to alter the amount of heat energy that can penetrate the glass which provides heating and cooling design options. Therein lies its potential in energy savings. Smart glass may be classified into three types: electrochromic, suspended particle, and polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC). Each of these types has their own mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages. Electrochromic smart glass is the most popular, currently it utilizes an electrochromic film with an ion storage layer and ion conductor placed between two transparent plates. The electrochromic film is usually made of tungsten oxide, owing to the electrochromic nature of transition metals. An electric potential initiates a redox reaction of the electrochromic film transitioning the color and the transparency of the smart glass. Suspended particle smart glass has needle shaped particles suspended within an organic gel placed between two electrodes. In its off state, the particles are randomly dispersed and have a low light transmittance. Once a voltage is applied, the needle particles will orient themselves to allow for light to pass through. PDLC smart glass works similarly to the suspended particle variety. However, in PDLC smart glass, the central layer is a liquid crystal placed within a polymer matrix between electrodes. Similar in behavior to the suspended particles, in the off position the liquid crystals are randomly dispersed and have low transmittance. With the application of a voltage, the liquid crystals orient themselves, thereby allowing for the transmittance of light. These different smart glasses have many different applications, but with one hindrance. The requirement of a voltage source is a major disadvantage which greatly complicates the overall installation and manufacturing processes. However, the integration of photovoltaic (PV) devices into smart glass technology has provided one solution. Photovoltaic films attached in the smart glass will provide the necessary voltage source. The photovoltaic film may even be designed to produce more voltage than needed. The use a photovoltaic smart glass system provides significant cost savings in regards to heating, cooling, lighting, and overall energy bills. Smart glass represents a technology with a great deal of potential to reduce energy demand. Action steps have been identified to propagate the popular use of smart glass.
Neurogenic Disorders of Micturition

Anatomic considerations of micturition are reviewed as well as the effects of lesions at various levels on the urinary system as a whole. Proper diagnostic approach, interpretation of results, and recommendations for therapy are outlined to aid the practitioner in handling neurogenic disorders of micturition.
Towards MEMS Tester for Measuring Metal Nanofilm’s Lorenz Number

The Lorenz number of metals has been considered constant according to the Wiedemann-Franz law. But this has been questioned by the most recent research in nano-scale thermal transfer. To study the size effect of Lorenz number for thin film metals, a MEMS tester was designed and fabricated. The tester is capable of measuring the Lorenz number of thin films or nanowires with various dimensions. The ANSYS simulation showed the measurement error generated by the non-uniformity in the heating area is below 2%.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Accounting for State Uncertainty in Collision Avoidance

An important consideration in the development of aircraft collision avoidance systems is how to account for state uncertainty due to sensor limitations and noise. However, many collision avoidance systems simply use point estimates of the state instead of leveraging the full posterior state distribution. Recently, there has been work on applying decision-theoretic methods to collision avoidance, but the importance of accommodating state uncertainty has not yet been well studied. This paper presents a computationally efficient framework for accounting for state uncertainty based on dynamic programming. Examination of characteristic encounters and Monte Carlo simulations demonstrates that properly handling state uncertainty rather than simply using point estimates can significantly enhance safety and improve robustness to sensor error.
A Meta-Model of the Effects of Goal Characteristics, Feedback, and Role Characteristics in Human Organizations:

Recent literature reviews have attempted to link goal-setting processes with other traditional human relations topics, possibly in a search for explanations of the inconsistent results among some empirical studies. The present reformulation builds upon the models developed in these literature reviews by offering more specific propositions regarding the variables in these models and by integrating these variables with three other organizational themes: participative management, job design and role theory. The model offered here is a meta-model because it is an integration of variables and concepts from several other models. Eleven propositions regarding the direct effects of goal characteristics, feedback, and role characteristics and eleven corollaries regarding the moderating effects of personal and job characteristics are presented.
A design backbone for the biomedical engineering curriculum

In this paper, we summarize our experiences as advisors supervising biomedical engineering design projects in the design backbone of our curriculum, the six-semester design course sequence required for all biomedical engineering majors at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
An Integrated Vehicle-Mounted Telemetry System for VHF Telemetry Applications

Abstract We designed and developed a vehicle-mounted very high frequency–based telemetry system that integrated an on-board antenna, receiver, electronic compass, Global Positioning System, computer, and Geographic Information System. The system allows users to accurately and quickly obtain fixes, estimate and confirm locations of radiomarked animals, and immediately record data into an electronic spreadsheet or database. The total cost of materials to build the system was $7,349 (United States currency). Mean error angle of 2.63 ± 12.1° (SD; range = −33.7–42.2°) and mean location error distance of 128 ± 91.3 m (SD; range = 0–408 m) suggested precision and accuracy of our system were comparable to other reported systems. Mean time to record 5 bearings/test transmitter was 6.28 ± 0.24 minutes (SE), which is the most efficient system reported to locate animals in the field. Vehicle-mounted telemetry systems like ours provide additional value to studies that involve tracking highly mobile species because inv...
An investigation of two HSGT magnetic suspension systems (attraction)

Two alternate attraction magnetic suspension systems are discussed on a magnetic performance basis, as well as on their lift-to-weight ( L/W ) capabilities. On an equal current basis, the lower reluctance, flat track configuration has higher lift force and better L/W than the U-shaped track configuration with its larger leakage flux. With equal magnetization (unequal currents) and low guidance forces ( F_{G}/F_{L} \leq 0.3 ), the U-shaped track has a higher L/W ratio, but both attraction systems suffer from low L/W when all elements of the suspension system are considered.
A Micro-Force-Tracking System Based on PVDF Static Micro-Force Sensor and Fuzzy-PID Control Method

This article is intended to design a static micro-force sensor with a simple structure employing the polymer material PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) film as its sensing element, and will carry out some micro-force tracking tests. During the tracking tests, this paper employs a Fuzzy-PID control method and an ordinary PD control method to control the system, and will also analyze the results of them.
Nanoshells for two-photon-induced photoluminescence imaging of tumors

Gold nanoshells (nanometer diameter silica core surrounded by thin gold shell) exhibit intrinsic, bright two-photon-induced photoluminescence (TPIP) that is ideal for biological imaging applications. We demonstrate 3D, microscopic imaging of nanoparticle distribution in solid tumors.
Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin

Observations have been made of a new terrestrial phenomenon: brief (approx. millisecond), intense flashes of gamma rays, observed with space-borne detectors. These flashes must originate at altitudes in the atmosphere above at least 30 km in order to be observable by orbiting detectors aboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). At least a dozen events have been detected over the past 2 years. The photon spectra from the events are very hard and are consistent with bremsstrahlung emission from energetic (MeV) electrons. The most likely origin of these high energy electrons, while speculative at this time, is a rare type of high altitude electrical discharge above thunderstorm regions.
A comprehensive software engineering education program for grades 6 to 12 in NYC public schools (abstract only)

How do we best prepare middle and high school students for college and career pathways in software engineering? Current industry and academic trends suggest that students are best prepared for postsecondary success in new and emerging interdisciplinary fields through extensive training in higher-order thinking skills, such as creative thinking, problem solving, critical thinking, and computational thinking, as well as the development of advanced technical skills, such as applied computing and engineering. To address the urgent need to prepare students for postsecondary industry and educational pathways that utilize software engineering principles, the Office of Postsecondary Readiness (OPSR) within the NYC Department of Education has created a comprehensive curricular program in software engineering for students in grades 6 to 12 called the Software Engineering Pilot (SEP) program. OPSR seeks to improve college and career readiness for all students by placing the SEP program in twenty (20) NYC public schools --ten (10) middle schools and ten (10) high schools-- by the fall of 2013. In this poster session I will outline the various aspects of our comprehensive curriculum, including innovative approaches to teaching abstract concepts, and present the recommended overall curricular scope and sequence for introducing software engineering to students in grades 6 to 12.
One-pot synthesis of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles for potential biomedical applications

One-pot reaction of iron(III) acetylacetonate, Fe(acac) 3 , (or Fe(acac) 3 and M(acac) 2 where M = Mn and Co), with 1,2-alkanediol, oleic acid, and oleylamine in high boiling organic solvent leads to monodisperse ferrite MFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Depending on the concentration of the metal precursors, surfactant-to-metal precursor ratio and the solvent used in the reaction, the particle size from this one-pot reaction can be tuned from 4 to 15 nm. The as-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles have an inverse spinel structure, and their magnetic properties are controlled by particle size and M in the MFe 2 O 4 structure. The hydrophobic iron oxide nanoparticles are readily transformed into hydrophilic ones by func- tional phospholipid addition to the as-synthesized particles and as a result, the monodisperse nanoparticles are readily functionalized with biotin, -COOH, -SH, and -NH 2 , facilitating their link to biomolecules for biomedical applications.
EFFECT OF SOIL WATER AND NUTRIENTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS SYSTEM IN ACIDIC SOILS

The grasslands of the Appalachian region spread over undulating terrain with high annual precipitation rate which causes a large variation in soil and nutrient factors like water potential (WP), pH, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels. There is a need to understand these factors and their interactive effects to design precise agronomic practices for acidic grasslands to maximize production. A pot experiment was conducted with an objective to quantify the effects of WP, pH, N and P rates on herbage accumulation and nutrient recovery of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cropping system. Centrally rotatable composite design was applied to study the effects of two levels of WP and five levels each of pH, N, and P fertilizer additions in order to optimize bluegrass herbage mass (yield). WP, pH, and N were significant main effects, as were the interactions WP × pH, WP × N, and pH × N. The yield response function was derived from these four factors. The order of importance for these model parameters based...
Mechanisms of hair cell death and protection.

Purpose of reviewSensory hair cells are mechanotransducers of the inner ear that are essential for hearing and balance. Hair cell death commonly occurs following acoustic trauma or exposure to ototoxins, such as the aminoglycoside antibiotics and the antineoplastic agent cisplatin. Loss of these inn
Excess pregnancy weight gain and long-term obesity: one decade later.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of excess pregnancy weight gain and failure to lose weight by 6 months postpartum on excess weight 8–10 years later. METHODS: Seven hundred ninety-five women were observed through pregnancy and 6 months postpartum to examine factors that affect weight loss. Weight was recorded 10 years later through a medical record review to examine the impact of retained weight on long-term obesity. Overall weight change at last follow-up and body mass index (BMI) were examined by pregnancy weight gain appropriateness according to the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy. RESULTS: Of the original cohort, 540 women had a documented weight beyond 5 years (mean = 8.5 years). The average weight gain from prepregnancy to follow-up was 6.3 kg. There was no difference in weight gain by prepregnancy BMI. Women who gained less than the recommended amount during their pregnancy were 4.1 kg heavier at follow-up, those gaining the recommended amount were 6.5 kg heavier, and those gaining more than recommended were 8.4 kg heavier (P = .01). Women who lost all pregnancy weight by 6 months postpartum were 2.4 kg heavier at follow-up than women with retained weight, who weighed 8.3 kg more at follow-up (P = .01). Women who breast-fed and women who participated in aerobic exercise also had significantly lower weight gains. CONCLUSION: Excess weight gain and failure to lose weight after pregnancy are important and identifiable predictors of long-term obesity. Breast-feeding and exercise may be beneficial to control long-term weight.
Workforce characteristics of mohs surgery fellows.

Background. Anecdotal evidence from program directors and Mohs surgeons suggests that Mohs fellowships are becoming increasingly popular and competitive among dermatology trainees. Objective. To assess the characteristics and investigate the motivating factors of those pursuing Mohs fellowships. Methods. Anonymous surveys were distributed to recent dermatology residency graduates taking a board exam review course in years 1999–2002. Results. In 2002, 2001, and 1999, the percentages of recently trained dermatologists pursuing Mohs fellowships were 9.4%, 8.5%, and 8.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences between Mohs fellows and the rest of the recently graduated dermatologists in terms of debt levels, marital status, parenting status, and spousal employment status. The Mohs fellows were slightly more likely to be male than their non-Mohs counterparts. The factor considered the most important by both groups when choosing a job was location. Conclusions. Further research is needed to discover potential factors that may be playing a role in the increased popularity of Mohs surgery. The number of Mohs surgeons is increasing and is likely to expand over time. It remains to be seen what effect the growth will have on the supply of Mohs surgery and whether it will outpace the increased demand for services.
Interleaving schemes on circulant graphs with two offsets

Interleaving is used for error-correcting on a bursty noisy channel. Given a graph G describing the topology of the channel, we label the vertices of G so that each label-set is sufficiently sparse. The interleaving scheme corrects for any error burst of size at most t; it is a labeling where the distance between any two vertices in the same label-set is at least t. We consider interleaving schemes on infinite circulant graphs with two offsets 1 and d. In such a graph the vertices are integers; edge ij exists if and only if |i-j|@?{1,d}. Our goal is to minimize the number of labels used. Our constructions are covers of the graph by the minimal number of translates of some label-set S. We focus on minimizing the index of S, which is the inverse of its density rounded up. We establish lower bounds and prove that our constructions are optimal or almost optimal, both for the index of S and for the number of labels.
How the Spatial Position of Individuals Affects Their Influence on Swarms: A Numerical Comparison of Two Popular Swarm Dynamics Models

Schools of fish and flocks of birds are examples of self-organized animal groups that arise through social interactions among individuals. We numerically study two individual-based models, which recent empirical studies have suggested to explain self-organized group animal behavior: (i) a zone-based model where the group communication topology is determined by finite interacting zones of repulsion, attraction, and orientation among individuals; and (ii) a model where the communication topology is described by Delaunay triangulation, which is defined by each individual's Voronoi neighbors. The models include a tunable parameter that controls an individual's relative weighting of attraction and alignment. We perform computational experiments to investigate how effectively simulated groups transfer information in the form of velocity when an individual is perturbed. A cross-correlation function is used to measure the sensitivity of groups to sudden perturbations in the heading of individual members. The results show how relative weighting of attraction and alignment, location of the perturbed individual, population size, and the communication topology affect group structure and response to perturbation. We find that in the Delaunay-based model an individual who is perturbed is capable of triggering a cascade of responses, ultimately leading to the group changing direction. This phenomenon has been seen in self-organized animal groups in both experiments and nature.
National development and rural-urban policy: past experience and new directions in Kenya.

This paper compares earlier and current approaches to rural-urban development in Kenya since its origins in the development Plan of 1970-74. Whereas, earlier, rural-urban development was treated as a self-contained policy area, it is now regarded as an integral component of national development policy. Primary attention is given not so much to the form of the urban system, but to the functioning of it. While the allocation of investments in physical infrastructure remains a key instrument of policy, others include the promotion of small towns serving rural areas - known as 'Rural Trade and Production Centres', the improvement of delivery systems for public services, and incentives for business, particularly small scale enterprises and informal sector activities.
The Front Range Blizzard of 1990. Part II: Melting Effects in a Convective Band

Abstract A north–south-oriented line of convection, associated with a melting-induced mesoscale front, formed south of the Mile High Radar (MHR) during the early hours of the Front Range blizzard of 6–7 March 1990. The kinematic structure of the mesoscale front, that is, precipitation band, was examined by analyzing single-Doppler radar data from MHR with two analysis techniques. The results from the analyses were augmented and compared with observations from three surface stations within the Winter Icing and Storms Project (WISP) area. Because of the extraction of the latent heat of fusion from the atmosphere as ice particles melted, the temperature dropped rapidly as the rainband passed. This resulted in a large pool of stable, 0°C air behind the mesoscale front. As the melting continued, this pool expanded toward the east where it was not blocked by terrain. It expanded into a convectively unstable air mass with strong southeasterly winds. A band-parallel low-level jet developed east of the band and re...
Effects of Duty-Cycle Distribution on Pulsed Magnetic Field Modulation of Lsa Tumors in Mice

For the present study, 8-10 week old male and female C57NA/Fe mice were each injected with 106 cells of LSA ascites tumor. On day 5, the mice received 5 mg/kg of BCNU, were sorted into sexually distinct groups of 4-6 animals, and then placed into an asymmetric 15 Hz pulsed magnetic field for two additional days. The fields were turned on for cycles of 1/1, 2/2, 4/4, 6/6, 12/12, and 24/0 Hr. The results indicated that the system can respond selectively to the various 50% duty cycles, and that it ignores the 100% duty cycle. The responses were uniformly positive for the 12/12 and negative for the 6/6 Hr regimes, but were strongly sexually dimorphic for other regimes.
FORM AND PATTERNS OF THE EXTERNAL ASPECT OF THE BRAIN AND THE SUPERFICIAL DURAL VENOUS SINUSES OF THE RIVER DOLPHINS (CETACEA: ODONTOCETI) FROM ENDOCASTS AND THEIR BEARING ON PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACT Much debate exists over the taxonomic relationships among the river dolphins, which have traditionally been grouped at the superfamily level (Platanistoidea) or at the family level (Platanistidae), but monophyly of this group has been questioned by several recent studies. The present study uses endocasts from the river dolphin taxa and a variety of marine taxa in order to investigate this problem further. Endocasts from crania belonging to the river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis, Pontoporia blainvillei, Lipotes vexillifer, and Platanista spp.) were used to described various features of the brain and dural venous sinuses. Casts from Inia, Lipotes, and Pontoporia had large projections from the ethmoid region and Platanista unexpectedly had large projections from the optic nerve region. Overall patterns of dural venous sinuses were similar among all taxa for the dorsal sagittal sinus, the confluens of sinuses, and the transverse sinuses. The spinal venous plexus and longitudinal, basilar, and dorsal pe...
A Continuum of Care Model for HIV in Correctional Settings

The rates of HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV) in prisons in the United States exceed those among the general population. Prisoners represent some of the highest risk groups for HIV and HCV, notably injection drug users, sex workers, and substance-addicted persons. The high risk for disease transmission among prison inmates prior to their incarceration, as well as the relative ease in accessing these populations, underscores the importance of implementing HIV/HCV prevention/intervention services in incarcerated settings. An HIV/HCV Continuum of Care that includes testing, linkage to care for those who test positive, and prevention efforts prior to inmate release, provides a useful model. This chapter presents an overview of this model, as well as an example of a research project focused on one of its components: prevention among inmates just prior to their release. First, HIV/HCV in prisons is discussed. Second, existing HIV/HCV intervention and prevention packages geared towards inmates are reviewed. Next, an HIV Continuum of Care model is presented, which includes various recommendations based on the immediate needs of the inmates, as well as evidence from a case study from the prevention aspect of the model. A discussion on the implications of the HIV Continuum and other similar programs concludes the chapter.
Modulation of Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Damping in Finite Amplitude Underwater Oscillations of Flanged Structures

In this paper, we study the fluid-structure interaction problem of the harmonic oscillations of a flanged lamina in a quiescent, Newtonian, viscous fluid. Here, the flanges are introduced to elicit specific vortex-structure interactions, with the ultimate goal of modulating the nonlinear hydrodynamic damping experienced by the oscillating structure. The hydrodynamic forcing, incorporating added mass and hydrodynamic damping effects, is evaluated through boundary element method and computational fluid dynamics simulations. This allows to identify a model for the hydrodynamic forces in the form of a complex-valued function of three nondimensional parameters, describing oscillation frequency and amplitude and flange size. We find that the presence of the flanges results into larger fluid entrainment during the lamina oscillation, thus affecting the added mass. Further, we highlight the existence of a minimum in the hydrodynamic damping which is governed by complex dynamics of vortex-structure interaction. This peculiar phenomenon is discussed from physical grounds by analysis of the pertinent hydrodynamic fields. Finally, we propose a tractable form for the hydrodynamic function, to be used in the study of large amplitude underwater flexural vibrations of flanged structures.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Role of Substance P in Neutral Endopeptidase Modulation of Hypoxic Response of the Carotid Body

Carotid body expresses neutral endopeptidase (NEP)-like enzyme activity and phosphoramidon, an inhibitor of NEP augments sensory response of the carotid body to hypoxia (Kumar et al., 1990). NEP hydrolyzes substance P (SP) and methionine enkephalin (Met-ENK) in the nervous system. In the present study, we determined whether NEP hydrolyzes Met-ENK and SP in the carotid body and whether these peptides contribute to the phosphoramidon-induced potentiation of the sensory response to hypoxia. Experiments were performed on carotid bodies excised from anaesthetized adult cats. HPLC analysis showed that both SP and Met-ENK were hydrolyzed by the carotid body. Phosphoramidon (400 μM) markedly inhibited SP (−90%) but had only marginal effect on Met-ENK hydrolysis (−15%). Sensory responses of the carotid body in vitro to hypoxia (pO2, 68+6 mmHg) and SP ( 10 nmoles) were potentiated by phosphoramidon by ~80% and ~275% respectively (p·0.01). SP-receptor antagonist abolished phosphoramidon-induced potentiation of the sensory response to hypoxia as well as to SP. These results demonstrate that SP is a preferred substrate for NEP in the carotid body and SP plays a major role in the potentiation of the hypoxic response of the carotid body by phosphoramidon.
Contrasts and Similarities in Case Studies of Teacher Reflection and Change

This study followed three elementary classroom teachers through a two-year master's degree program and for two years following. All three teachers became more reflective and yet there were signific...
Multicomponent and Unsteady Velocity Measurements of Transient Disturbances

Two experiments are conducted to investigate transient growth and bypass transition in boundary layers with moderate- to high-amplitude roughness arrays. Unsteady and multicomponent velocity measurements are obtained in a flat plate boundary l ayer downstream of a spanwise array of cylindrical roughness elements with roughness Reynolds numbers of Rek = 202, 264 and 334. Measurements of the unsteady streamwise velocities in the wake indicate that growth of a 720 Hz fluctuation leads rapidly to bypass transition at Rek = 334. The Strouhal number of this fluctuation, St = 0.17, is in good agreement with previous experiments. The locations of maximum fluctuation intensity suggest that the fluctuations result from a K elvin‐Helmholz-type instability of the spanwise-varying wake. Additionally, steady spanwise velocities are measured in an effort to supply the initial conditions for the downstream transient growth of the streamwise velocity disturbance. Time-averaged streamwise and spanwise velocity components are measured using a combination of multiple slanted and straight hotwire sensors. The multicomponent measurements reveal the expected horseshoe vortex structure that is symmetric around the roughness centerline.
Effect of phagocytosed fat and casein on the intraphagosomal pH in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes

AbstractPolymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated from bovine blood or milk and incubated with heat-killed yeast stained with pH indicator dyes. Observation of changes in the color of the phagocytosed yeast allowed a determination of the temporal and maximal depression in the pH of the newly formed phagosomes. Results indicated that the maximal depression of pH was to approximately 5.0 for PMN isolated from both sources, although cells from milk produced fewer (P 0.05). The results are discussed with reference to previo...
Research of high-resolution VGA display interface with S5PC110

In order to realize high-resolution VGA display system with Samsung S5PC110 CPU,the hardware circuit of VGA display interface is designed by using SDA7123 chip and the driver is under Linux system. Finally,a variety of high-resolution VGA drives are realized,such as 1 024*768,1 280*800,and 1 400*900. It provides a reference for high resolution ads machine,POS machines,and game consoles,etc.
Research and Development of Using Impact Stress Wave for Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Standing Trees

Theoretical evidence that impact stress wave can travel in standing trees and the research development of using the wave for the detection of mechanical properties of standing trees are stated.With a typical detection unit as an example,the actual detection method is illustrated and the development trend of using impact stress wave for assessing mechanical properties of living standing tress is predicted.
How Does Menger Hold Up Today? Evidence from Virtual Worlds

This paper compares recent models concerning the role and emergence of money to Carl Menger's initial accounts by way of an empirical examination of the recent case of the spontaneous emergence of a commonly accepted medium of exchange in the virtual online game known as Path of Exile. I find that with respect to the emergence of money in this modern example, Menger's analysis remains superior in terms of its descriptive and predictive account of the case examined in comparison to Kiyotaki and Wright's more modern, search-theoretic approach.
Influence of natural inshore and offshore thermal regimes on egg development and time of hatch in American lobsters, Homarus americanus.

Some egg-bearing (ovigerous) American lobsters (Homarus americanus) make seasonal inshore-to-offshore movements, subjecting their eggs to different thermal regimes than those of eggs carried by lobsters that do not make these movements. Our goal was to determine if differences in thermal regimes influence the rate of egg development and the subsequent time of hatch. We subjected ovigerous lobsters to typical inshore or offshore water temperatures from September to August in the laboratory (n = 8 inshore and 8 offshore, each year) and in the field (n = 8 each, inshore and offshore), over 2 successive years. Although the rate of egg development did not differ significantly between treatments in the fall (P ∼ 0.570), eggs exposed to inshore thermal regimes developed faster in the spring (P < 0.001). “Inshore” eggs hatched about 30 days earlier (mean = 26 June) than “offshore” eggs (mean = 27 July), and their time of development from the onset of eyespot to hatch was significantly shorter (inshore = 287 ± 11 ...
Caveolin, Sterol Carrier Protein-2, Membrane Cholesterol-Rich Microdomains and Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking

While the existence of membrane lateral microdomains has been known for over 30 years, interest in these structures accelerated in the past decade due to the discovery that cholesterol-rich microdomains serve important biological functions. It is increasingly appreciated that cholesterol-rich microdomains in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells represent an organizing nexus for multiple cellular proteins involved in transmembrane nutrient uptake (cholesterol, fatty acid, glucose, etc.), cell-signaling, immune recognition, pathogen entry, and many other roles. Despite these advances, however, relatively little is known regarding the organization of cholesterol itself in these plasma membrane microdomains. Although a variety of non-sterol markers indicate the presence of microdomains in the plasma membranes of living cells, none of these studies have demonstrated that cholesterol is enriched in these microdomains in living cells. Further, the role of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains as targets for intracellular cholesterol trafficking proteins such as sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) that facilitate cholesterol uptake and transcellular transport for targeting storage (cholesterol esters) or efflux is only beginning to be understood. Herein, we summarize the background as well as recent progress in this field that has advanced our understanding of these issues.
Command Interneurons and Locomotor Behavior in Crustaceans

Wiersma and his colleagues discovered “command fibers” by systematically stimulating small bundles of axons that had been isolated from the interganglionic connectives of crustaceans. These and subsequent studies revealed that these neurons, when driven at relatively low frequencies and in unpatterned trains, are capable of releasing a wide variety of partial or complete be-haviors, including the cyclical ones of neural oscillator origins as well as those effecting single movement and positioning. Units of the former type are known which influence swimmeret rhythms, forward and backward walking, swimming, escape and feeding-like movements, while non-cyclical behaviors such as tail, abdomen and limb positioning, turning, righting and defense posture are evoked by other units. Additional neurons affect heartbeat, ventilation, stomach and intestinal movements; still others provide inhibition, suppression or even freezing of an ongoing behavior. This list is probably incomplete, since it is doubtful if any study thus far has located all of the commands present in a specific part of the CNS. Since the stimulus train that is adequate to activate most command systems is simple and contains few instructions, command pathways are thought to be more “permissive” than “instructive” in nature. Although the data are not extensive, some command neurons can apparently evoke different behaviors when driven at different frequencies.
Differences in the pathologic and molecular features of intraductal breast carcinoma between younger and older women.

BACKGROUND Patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) at a young age appear to have a different natural history and biology, including a higher local relapse rate, than patients diagnosed later in life. The current study compared various pathologic and molecular features of DCIS arising in a cohort of young women with those of DCIS arising in a cohort of older women to identify potential biologic differences between these two populations of patients. METHODS The study population consisted of 20 patients age 60 years who were treated at Yale University School of Medicine with breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and whose archival paraffin blocks were available and had sufficient tumor for staining. The original slides from each case were reviewed and the most representative specimen block from each case was processed for immunohistochemical staining. Pathologic characteristics evaluated for each case included histology, grade, and presence of necrosis. Paraffin-embedded sections were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of HER-2/neu, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), bcl-2, cyclin D1, Ki-67, and p53. RESULTS Although there was no difference in pathologic features of the tumors between the two groups, HER-2/neu was found to be overexpressed in a greater percentage of the younger population (P = 0.06). There was no apparent difference in expression of the other markers. Of note, HER-2/neu expression was correlated with high nuclear grade (P = 0.004), necrosis (P = 0.06), and ER and PR negativity (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively) in the combined population. CONCLUSIONS The current study data suggested that HER-2/neu overexpression in younger patients may characterize a biologic difference in their tumor and may partially contribute to their higher risk of recurrence. Further studies are needed to assess whether this difference holds independent of grade and to evaluate the prognostic significance of HER-2/neu overexpression in DCIS. Cancer 2003;97:1393–1403. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11204
Optimization of a Hot Structure Aeroshell and Nose Cap for Mars Atmospheric Entry

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is preparing to send humans beyond Low Earth Orbit and eventually to the surface of Mars. As part of the Evolvable Mars Campaign, different vehicle configurations are being designed and considered for delivering large payloads to the surface of Mars. Weight and packing volume are driving factors in the vehicle design, and the thermal protection system (TPS) for planetary entry is a technology area which can offer potential weight and volume savings. The feasibility and potential benefits of a ceramic matrix composite hot structure concept for different vehicle configurations are explored in this paper, including the nose cap for a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) and an aeroshell for a mid lift-to-drag (Mid L/D) concept. The TPS of a planetary entry vehicle is a critical component required to survive the severe aerodynamic heating environment during atmospheric en- try. The current state-of-the-art is an ablative material to protect the vehicle from the heat load. The ablator is bonded to an underlying structure, which carries the mechanical loads associated with entry. The alternative hot structure design utilizes an advanced carbon-carbon material system on the outer surface of the vehicle, which is exposed to the severe heating and acts as a load carrying structure. The preliminary design using the hot structure concept and the ablative concept is determined for the spherical nose cap of the HIAD entry vehicle and the aeroshell of the Mid L/D entry vehicle. The results of the study indicate that the use of hot structures for both vehicle concepts leads to a feasible design with potential weight and volume savings benefits over current state-of-the-art TPS technology that could enable future missions.
A 3-year Health Care Coalition Experience in Advancing Hospital Evacuation Preparedness

This report outlines a 3-year health care coalition effort to advance and test community capacity for a large-scale hospital evacuation. The multi-year effort utilized a variety workshops, seminars, webinars, tabletops, functional exercises, and culminated with a full-scale exercise testing hospital evacuation. While most hospital evacuation exercises focus on internal movement of patients, this exercise process tested command-level decision making and it tested external partners such as transportation agencies, law enforcement, receiving hospitals, and local emergency management. This process delivered key coalition-building activities and offered a variety of training and exercise opportunities to assist a number of organizations, all at different stages of hospital evacuation planning. The 2012 Hospital Preparedness Program outlined the incorporation of health care coalition activities to transform individual organization preparedness to community-level readiness. This report outlines a health care coalition effort to deliver training and exercises to advance community capacity for a large-scale hospital evacuation. Lowe JJ , Hansen KF , Sanger KK , Obaid JM . A 3-year health care coalition experience in advancing hospital evacuation preparedness. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):658-662.