cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law

Media coverage of civil wars often focuses on the most gruesome atrocities and the most extreme conflicts, which might lead one to think that all civil wars involve massive violence against civilians. In truth, many governments and rebel groups exercise restraint in their fighting, largely avoiding violence against civilians in compliance with international law. Governments and rebel groups make strategic calculations about whether to target civilians by evaluating how domestic and international audiences are likely to respond to violence. Restraint is also a deliberate strategic choice: governments and rebel groups often avoid targeting civilians and abide by international legal standards to appeal to domestic and international audiences for diplomatic support. This book presents a wide range of evidence of the strategic use of violence and restraint, using original data on violence against civilians in civil wars from 1989 to 2010 as well as in-depth analyses of conflicts in Azerbaijan, El Salvador, Indonesia, Sudan, Turkey, and Uganda.
Regulation of the Ca2+ sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle contractile elements.

Ca2+ is assumed to be the primary regulator of vascular smooth muscle contractility (1). In addition, receptor stimulation may modulate the Ca2+ sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle myofilaments, probably due to activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Morgan and Morgan (2,3) were the first to measure tension simultaneously with intracellular Cat2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in strips of ferret portal vein, using the photoprotein aequorin. They found that α-adrenergic activation induced a peak of light emission during the period of force development which fell close to the basal value during force maintenance. It has also been reported that phorbol esters which activate PKC (4), induce contraction in intact vascular smooth muscle (5-9), and shift the pCa-tension curve to the left in permeabilized smooth muscle (10,11). Although these reports tend to support a role for PKC in enhancing Cat2+ sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle myofilaments, they fail to establish a clear link between receptors, G proteins, PKC and the myofilaments.
Discussing Appropriate Medication Use and Multivitamin Intake with a Healthcare Provider: An Examination of Two Elements of Preconception Care Among Latinas.

Abstract Background: Counseling for appropriate medication use and folic acid consumption are elements of preconception care critical for improving pregnancy outcomes. Hispanic women receive less preconception care than women of other race/ethnic groups. The objective of this analysis is to describe differences in these two elements of preconception care among Hispanic subsegments. Materials and Methods: Porter Novelli's 2013 Estilos survey was sent to 2,609 U.S. Hispanic adults of the Offerwise QueOpinas Panel. Surveys were completed by 1,000 individuals (calculated response rate 42%), and results were weighted to the 2012 U.S. Census Hispanic proportions for sex, age, income, household size, education, region, country of origin, and acculturation. Responses were analyzed with weighted descriptive statistics, linear regression, and Rao–Scott chi-square tests. Results: Of the 499 female respondents, 248 had a child under the age of 18 years and were asked about healthcare provider discussions concerning m...
A dubious defense of ‘after-birth abortion’: A reply to Räsänen

Scholars have offered various critiques of Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva's controversial article, 'After-birth abortion: Why should the baby live?' My book The Ethics of Abortion: Women's Rights, Human Life, and the Question of Justice presents four such critiques. First, Giubilini and Minerva argue from the deeply controversial to the even more controversial. Second, they presuppose a false view of personal identity called body-self dualism. Third, their view cannot secure human equality. And fourth, their account of harm cannot account for harm found in some cases of murder. In the article, 'Pro-life arguments against infanticide and why they are not convincing', J. Rasanen examines and finds wanting these four critiques. This essay responds to Rasanen's defense of infanticide and argues that his responses to the four objections fail.
Promoting STEM Career Development Among Students and Parents of Color: Are School Counselors Leading the Charge?

To date, millions of dollars have been spent in hopes of bolstering an increase among students of color pursuing science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. School counselors are...
A theory of plasticity with non-coincident yield and loading surfaces

A generalization of the classical plasticity theories which accounts for the observed phenomenon of noncoincident yield and loading surfaces is proposed. Constitutive relations are developed for arbitrary hardening laws and detailed results are presented and applied for isotropically hardening materials.
Measuring "humanism" in medical residents.

The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) has charged directors of residency programs with evaluating "humanistic attributes" in residents seeking certification. To investigate whether traditional measures of residents' performance assess humanistic attributes, 38 second- and third-year medical residents completed the Totalitarian-Authoritarian-Dogmatism (TAD) and Rokeach tests for attitudinal assessment. Five primary sources were used to measure performance. When the measures of performance and attitude were correlated, two negative correlations with "antipathy toward patients" were found: professional maturity (r = -.43, P less than .01) and compassion and concern for patients (r = -.35, P less than .04). The TAD Opinionnaire and the special performance evaluation detect "nonhumanistic dimensions" that routine faculty assessments do not. Since the new Likert scale distributed by ABIM does not differ materially from the rating form used at Baylor for 2 1/2 years, it is unlikely that "humanistic attributes" will be measured by the ABIM's new scale.
Moving beyond College Sports: Participants' Views of the "Moving On!" Transition Program.

The transition out of college sports can impact the health and well-being of former student-athletes who may face challenges with maintaining a physically active lifestyle beyond the structured env...
The Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure

One hundred twenty over eighty (120/80) and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure are the numbers of interest to the general public and the cardiologist, respectively. The former (120/80) is a comfortable target for most people; 90 mm Hg diastolic is the flag for seeking signs of hypertension. As is well known, blood pressure increases with age in males and females; Fig. 1 illustrates this point.
Hyperbolic equations in higher dimensions

(a) The method of spherical means The wave equation for a function u(x1,...,x n ,t)= u(x,t) of n space variables x1,...,x n and the time t is given by $$ square u = {u_{tt}} = {c^2}\Delta u = 0 $$ (1.1) with a positive constant c. The operator “□” defined by (1.1) is known as the D’Alembertian. For n=3 the equation can represent waves in acoustics or optics, for n=2 waves on the surface of water, for n=1 sound waves in pipes or vibrations of strings. In the initial-value problem we ask for a solution of (1.1) defined in the (n+1)-dimensional half space t>0 for which $$ u = f\left( x \right),{\text{ }}{u_t} = g\left( x \right){\text{ for }}t = {\text{0}}. $$ (1.2)
An Adaptive Wavelet Stochastic Collocation Method for Irregular Solutions of Partial Differential Equations with Random Input Data

A novel multi-dimensional multi-resolution adaptive wavelet stochastic collocation method (AWSCM) for solving partial differential equations with random input data is proposed. The uncertainty in the input data is assumed to depend on a finite number of random variables. In case the dimension of this stochastic domain becomes moderately large, we show that utilizing a hierarchical sparse-grid AWSCM (sg-AWSCM) not only combats the curse of dimensionality but, in contrast to the standard sg-SCMs built from global Lagrange-type interpolating polynomials, maintains fast convergence without requiring sufficiently regular stochastic solutions. Instead, our non-intrusive approach extends the sparse-grid adaptive linear stochastic collocation method (sg-ALSCM) by employing a compactly supported wavelet approximation, with the desirable multi-scale stability of the hierarchical coefficients guaranteed as a result of the wavelet basis having the Riesz property. This property provides an additional lower bound estimate for the wavelet coefficients that are used to guide the adaptive grid refinement, resulting in the sg-AWSCM requiring a significantly reduced number of deterministic simulations for both smooth and irregular stochastic solutions. Second-generation wavelets constructed from a lifting scheme allows us to preserve the framework of the multi-resolution analysis, compact support, as well as the necessary interpolatory and Riesz property of the hierarchical basis. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the improved convergence of our numerical scheme and show the increased efficiency when compared to the sg-ALSCM method.
Weight Loss-Induced Reduction of Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults with Obesity.

Obesity in older adults is a growing public health problem, yet the appropriate treatment remains controversial partly due to evidence that weight loss reduces bone mass and may increase fracture r...
The effect of increased physical activity on symptom burden in older persons living with HIV.

ABSTRACTAdvancements in antiretroviral therapy have extended the longevity of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, they often experience symptoms that negatively impact their quality of life, in...
Risk Factors for Recurrent Community-associated Clostridiodes Difficile Infection in Children.

Background Recurrence of community-associated (CA) Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) approaches 30%. Studies on risk factors and treatment of choice for pediatric CA-CDI are scarce with variable recommendations. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of the electronic health records of children 1-17 years with stool specimens sent for C. difficile at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from January 01, 2012 to December 31, 2016. Children with (1) CA disease, (2) confirmatory C. difficile laboratory testing with no other identified causes of diarrhea and (3) clinical symptoms consistent with CDI were defined as cases. Recurrent CA-CDI was defined using the above-described case criteria and onset of diarrhea within 8 weeks of primary CA-CDI. Results Of the 7350 children with stool samples sent for C. difficile testing, 408 had primary CA-CDI. Forty-five (11%) experienced a recurrence. Using multivariable logistic regression, inflammatory bowel disease [odds ratio (OR) 7.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6-21.1] and cancer (OR 6.3; 95% CI: 1.6-24.1) diagnoses were risk factors for recurrent disease. Compared with children of Caucasian race, those with multi/other/unknown race had an OR of 3.03 (95% CI: 1.04-8.82) of recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference in the type or duration of therapy as a predictor for recurrent CA CDI. Six percent of children who received metronidazole were switched to vancomycin due to subjective metronidazole allergy or intolerance or metronidazole treatment failure. Conclusions Recurrent CA-CDI in children in our population is less common than previously reported. This study supports first-line treatment with the standard, short course metronidazole in most cases of primary CA-CDI.
Experiences of individuals with arthritis who participate in quilting-related leisure activities

Abstract Background/Aims Individuals with arthritis experience physiological impacts from the condition that affect their participation in everyday activities. The latest literature suggests a need...
Neonatal outcomes in obese pregnant women who develop preeclampsia.

Abstract Objective Obesity and preeclampsia in pregnant women are each independently associated with poorer neonatal outcomes. We study obesity and preeclampsia alone and also in combination in pregnant women to determine their association with neonatal outcomes. Study design This retrospective study (n = 664) compared four groups: 1) no preeclampsia/no obesity, 2) no preeclampsia/yes obesity, 3) yes preeclampsia/no obesity, and 4) yes preeclampsia/yes obesity. The primary outcome was neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Secondary outcomes were low birth weight, low Apgar 1 score, and low Apgar 5 score. Results Those with yes preeclampsia/yes obesity (OR:3.06, 95% CI:1.76, 5.32, p Conclusion Patients with preeclampsia alone or preeclampsia/obesity combined are associated with higher odds for NICU admission. However, obesity alone without preeclampsia is not associated with NICU admission. This knowledge can allow the Pediatric service prior to delivery to prepare and mitigate potential poor neonatal complications.
Vehicle Trajectory Prediction by Transfer Learning of Semi-Supervised Models

In this work we show that semi-supervised models for vehicle trajectory prediction significantly improve performance over supervised models on state-of-the-art real-world benchmarks. Moving from supervised to semi-supervised models allows scaling-up by using unlabeled data, increasing the number of images in pre-training from Millions to a Billion. We perform ablation studies comparing transfer learning of semi-supervised and supervised models while keeping all other factors equal. Within semi-supervised models we compare contrastive learning with teacher-student methods as well as networks predicting a small number of trajectories with networks predicting probabilities over a large trajectory set. Our results using both low-level and mid-level representations of the driving environment demonstrate the applicability of semi-supervised methods for real-world vehicle trajectory prediction.
Negative impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health service access and follow-up adherence for immigrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties.

Abstract Objectives Lockdown measures in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can have serious mental health effects on the population, especially in vulnerable groups, such as those living in poor socio-economic conditions, those who are homeless, migrant workers and asylum seekers/refugees. In addition, these vulnerable groups frequently have greater difficulty accessing health services and in treatment adherence. The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of the COVID-19–related lockdown on service utilisation and follow-up adherence in an Italian mental health outpatient service for migrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties. Study design The design of this study is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods All patients who visited the mental health outpatient service in the months of February and March in the years 2017–2020 were included in the study. To compare service utilisation before and after the lockdown, the number of patients who visited the mental health outpatient service for psychiatric interview were recorded. Follow-up adherence was calculated as the percentage of patients who visited in February and subsequently attended a follow-up visit in March of the same year. Results The number of patients who visited the outpatient service between February 2017 and February 2020 was continuously increasing. In March 2020, fewer patients visited the service for psychiatric interview, in line with the introduction of lockdown measures. In addition, the number of the patients who visited in February 2020 and returned for their follow-up visits in March 2020 declined from approximately 30% over the same months in 2017–2019 to 17.53% in March 2020. Conclusions The lockdown-related reduction in numbers of patients accessing the mental health service makes it difficult to help vulnerable populations during a period of time in which their mental health needs are expected to increase. Moreover, the reduction seen in follow-up compliance increases the risk of treatment discontinuation and possible relapse. Proactive alternative strategies need to be developed to reach these vulnerable populations.
The Impact of New Member Orientation Programs on Union Member Commitment: Evidence from a National Study in a Post-Janus Setting:

This article presents the findings of a study that examined local union new member orientation programs and their impact on member attitudes toward the union. Data for this study were collected thr...
Real-World Experiences With Yoga on Cancer-Related Symptoms in Women With Breast Cancer:

PurposeIntegrative therapies such as yoga are potential treatments for many psychological and physical symptoms that occur during and/or after treatment for cancer. The purpose of the current study...
Proton egress pathway during the S1–S2 transition of the Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

Photosystem II uses water as the ultimate electron source of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Water is oxidized to dioxygen at the Oxygen Evolving Complex (OEC), a Mn4CaO5 inorganic core embedded in the lumenal side of PSII. Water-filled channels are thought to bring in substrate water molecules to the OEC, remove the substrate protons to the lumen, and may transport the product oxygen. Three water-filled channels, denoted large, narrow, and broad, that extend from the OEC towards the aqueous surface more than 15 A away are seen. However, the actual mechanisms of water supply to the OEC, the removal of protons to the lumen and diffusion of oxygen away from the OEC have yet to be established. Here, we combine Molecular Dynamics (MD), Multi Conformation Continuum Electrostatics (MCCE) and Network Analysis to compare and contrast the three potential proton transfer paths during the S1 to S2 transition of the OEC. Hydrogen bond network analysis shows that the three channels are highly interconnected with similar energetics for hydronium as calculated for all paths near the OEC. The channels diverge as they approach the lumen, with the water chain in the broad channel better interconnected that in the narrow and large channels, where disruptions in the network are observed at about 10 A from the OEC. In addition, the barrier for hydronium translocation is lower in the broad channel, suggesting that a proton from the OEC could access the paths near the OEC, and likely exit to the lumen via the broad channel, passing through PsbO.
Análisis de y desde la mirada en "Largo noviembre de Madrid" y en otros cuentos de Juan Eduardo Zúñiga

espanolEl presente articulo propone un analisis de los cuentos de “Largo noviembre de Madrid”, ademas de otros relatos de “La trilogia de la guerra civil”, de Juan Eduardo Zuniga desde un planteamiento multidisciplinar basado en el concepto de la mirada. Partiendo de un macro teorico lacaniano, y con la evidencia de la construccion lectora que requiere el estilo eliptico y elusivo del autor, se ofrece un abordaje en clave escopica que incide en la diferencia entre “ver” y “mirar” como elementos que articulan las relaciones psicologicas entre personajes, y como tecnica que redunda en la inmersion lectora. En los cuentos de Zuniga, que exigen un lector complice, se suele ver sin mirar, y se puede mirar sin ver. Se analiza e interpreta la presencia y frecuencia de la unidad lexica “ojos” y en que medida la vision condiciona los finales de los relatos e incide en su estructura. Por ultimo, a partir del analisis de las paginas centrales del cuento “Ruinas, el trayecto: Guerda Taro” de Capital de la gloria, se postula la existencia de una poetica a posteriori de La trilogia de la guerra civil como epitome de la ejecucion tecnica de la mirada en el relato de Zuniga. EnglishThis paper proposes an analysis of the short stories in “Largo noviembre de Madrid” and in other stories in Juan Eduardo Zuniga’s Spanish Civil War trilogy, with a multidisciplinary approach based on the notion of the gaze –within a Lacanian theoretical framework. The analysis surveys the evident demand that is placed on the readership in the construction of text, a consequence of the author’s elliptical and elusive style. We elaborate an approach in a scopic key that differentiates the uses of ver (to see) and mirar (to look) as elements that articulate the psychological relationships between the characters and, also, that contribute to an immersive reading. In Zuniga’s stories, a complicit readership is elicited, and things are often “seen” without being looked at, while characters may also look without seeing. Along those lines, the lexical recurrency of ojos (eyes) is analyzed to interpret how the gaze contributes to shaping both the stories’ structure and their endings. Finally, we propose that there is a sort of after-the-fact poetics of the gaze in Zuniga’s trilogy, as outlined in the central passages of the short tale “Ruinas, el trayecto: Guerda Taro”, in Capital de la Gloria. There, the most accomplished execution of the gaze as a mechanism takes place in the author’s short narrative.
QALYs for COVID-19: A Comparison of US EQ-5D-5L Value Sets.

In economic evaluations, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) can serve as a unit of measurement for disease burden. Obtaining QALY values for COVID-19 presents a challenge owing to the availability of two US EQ-5D-5L value sets and the potentially asymptomatic presentation of the disease. The first value set was completed allowing for the discounting of future health outcomes while the second value set is undiscounted. The objective of this study was to compare the distribution of QALY values using a national survey and the two published value sets; and to estimate the association between COVID-19 outcomes and QALY losses. Between 9 and 11 November, 2020, 1153 US adults completed the EQ-5D-5L instrument (five items and a visual analog scale) as well as self-reported their demographics, COVID-19 symptoms, and memberships to populations that are at risk of COVID-19 infection. The two US value sets were applied to the EQ-5D-5L responses to produce QALY values. We estimated the mean QALYs by visual analog scale decile and a generalized linear model of COVID-19 outcomes. The discounted values are higher than the undiscounted values for each visual analog scale decile owing to methodological differences. Persons at increased risk, with a fever in the past day, and with one or more other symptoms have significantly greater QALY losses (p < 0.01). Overall, non-institutionalized individuals at risk of symptomatic clinical COVID-19 equal 0.68 for the 2016 value set (95% confidence interval 0.49–0.87) and 0.10 for the 2017 value set (95% confidence interval − 0.31 to 0.51) QALYs. Multiple studies have shown that decision makers discount future health outcomes, which increase QALY values. This study confronts the practical implications of these methodological advances for use in COVID-19 economic evaluations. Health economists will be able to use the QALY values in this study to better evaluate health interventions against COVID-19.
Varieties of Theism and Explanations of Moral Realism

Does theism make a difference to whether there are moral facts? In this paper I suggest that, despite how much uptake this question gets in philosophical literature, it is not well formed. “Theism” leaves too indeterminate what God is like for us to discern what difference God’s existence would make to moral facts. Arguments like the explanans-driven argument for theistic moral realism and the explanationist argument for naturalist moral realism both require extra substantive assumptions about God in order to be valid and compelling. Specifically, the arguments must take a stand on whether God is personal or a-personal, and how this affects God’s relation to the natural world.
Radical Chain Reduction via Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion (CO 2

We developed an effective method for reductive radical formation that utilizes the radical anion of carbon dioxide (CO2•-) as a powerful single electron reductant. Through a polarity matched hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) between an electrophilic radical and a formate salt, CO2•- formation occurs as a key element in a new radical chain reaction. Here, radical chain initiation can be performed through photochemical or thermal means, and we illustrate the ability of this approach to accomplish reductive activation of a range of substrate classes. Specifically, we employed this strategy in the intermolecular hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with (hetero)aryl chlorides/bromides, radical deamination of arylammonium salts, aliphatic ketyl radical formation, and sulfonamide cleavage. We show that the reactivity of CO2•- with electron-poor olefins results in either single electron reduction or alkene hydrocarboxylation, where substrate reduction potentials can be utilized to predict reaction outcome.
The Role of Navitoclax in Myelofibrosis.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is the most aggressive type of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by a disarray of hematopoietic stem cells and bone marrow fibrosis. The estimated incidence is 1.5 per 100,000 individuals per year with a median survival of less than six years. This statistic can vary by risk category, primarily based on clinical and cytogenetic features. Death can result from many causes, including leukemic transformation, cachexia, vascular events, and infection. Currently, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant is the only curative method for those at high risk. Unfortunately, only about 10% are eligible for this therapy. JAK2 kinase inhibitors are commonly used for high-risk patients with symptomatic splenomegaly or systemic symptoms from PMF. In clinical trials, the major endpoint is a reduction of spleen size by 35%. Secondary endpoints have included amelioration of symptomatic PMF and overall survival, which can be difficult to determine because of frequent co-morbid conditions. Current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved JAK2 inhibitors have not shown increased survival or reduced risk of leukemic transformation. In relapsed or refractory disease, there is currently no standard of care. In this paper, we discuss the role of a new anti-apoptotic B cell leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) inhibitor, Navitoclax, for the treatment of myelofibrosis. The clinical data thus far for Navitoclax, especially in synergistic combination with traditional JAK2 inhibitors, have been promising for those with a refractory or relapsing disease on prior therapies. Following the encouraging results of phase II trials, ongoing phase III trials will primarily evaluate splenic size reduction versus the standard of care and evaluate secondary endpoints such as symptom reduction and overall survival. These studies may establish a new standard of care for refractory or relapsed myelofibrosis.
Generating Concept Hierarchies/Networks: Mining Additional Semantics in Relational Data

In relational theory, attribute domains are classical sets; no interactions among attribute values are modeled. So the concept hierarchies, which are additional semantics, used in data mining have to be input by users. In this paper, "real world" data model - relational model with additional semantics specified by binary relational structures (adopt from first order logic) - are explored; in such model, concept hierarchies/networks can be generated automatically. In fact, there are two families of concepts. One family forms a traditional hierarchy. Another forms a hierarchy syntactically, but semantically the hierarchy is a network; this is due to the fact that distinct concepts may be semantically related. A simple example is illustrated.
Improving the Status of Indian Women: Recent Wrong-Headed Policies

We begin with a historical perspective on the status of women in India and consider ways of improving it. Since the ratio of male to female births in India exceeds 0.5 some groups have successfully persuaded the Indian government to ban the use of sonograms to determine the sex of the fetus, even during the first trimester. I argue that this policy will worsen the status of women and will have several other unintended consequences and externalities due to worsening of the overpopulation problem in India and global warming. I include legislative initiatives to reduce size of the dowry, which is the main cause of discrimination against women in India.
One Hundred Quintillion Ways to Say Thanks: A Jewish Perspective on Happiness and Gratitude

There is a strong correlation between gratitude and happiness. People who do not exhibit gratitude will find it difficult to be happy. Evidence shows that teaching children to show gratitude enhances learning and reduces the prevalence of depression and other mental health issues. This paper examines how traditional Jewish sources view the link between gratitude and happiness.
Range Estimation under Constraints is Computable Unless There Is a Discontinuity

One of the main problems of interval computations is computing the range of a given function over given intervals. It is known that there is a general algorithm for computing the range of computable functions over computable intervals. However, if we take into account that often in practice, not all possible combinations of the inputs are possible (i.e., that there are constraints), then it becomes impossible to have an algorithm which would always compute this range. In this paper, we explain that the main reason why range estimation under constraints is not always computable is that constraints may introduce discontinuity—and all computable functions are continuous. Specifically, we show that if we restrict ourselves to computably continuous constraints, the problem of range estimation under constraints remains computable.
Does it Pay to be a High School Athlete

Athletics are linked to increasing one’s development of discipline, confidence, motivation, ability to work in groups, competitive spirit, ability to accept constructive criticism, and social networking. Past research has shown that participation in athletics during adolescence has proven to be beneficial to students in multiple areas of human capital development. This study aims to determine the impact of participation in high school athletics on the future income and educational attainment of student athletes. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol15/iss1/10
A Review of: “Mixed Models: Theory and Applications”

This is a book in the John Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, that is established to cover many topics of current research and interest in both pure and applied statistics and probability ...
Nonperturbative corrections to the heavy lepton energy distribution in the inclusive decays Hb--> tau nu -barX.

Nonperturbative corrections up to [ital m][sub [ital b]][sup [minus]2] to the heavy lepton energy distributions are investigated in the inclusive semileptonic weak decays of heavy flavors in QCD. In the case of [ital B]-meson decays, for [ital b][r arrow][ital u][tau][bar [nu]] transitions they decrease the decay rate by 6% of its perturbative value, while for [ital b][r arrow][ital c][tau][bar [nu]] they decrease it by 10%.
HPV Infection of the Head and Neck Region and Its Stem Cells

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiologic agent associated with the development of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC)-in particular, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The HPV-positive HNSCC is characterized by genetic alterations, clinical progression, and therapeutic response, which are distinct from HPV-negative head and neck cancers, suggesting that virus-associated tumors constitute a unique entity among head and neck cancers. Malignant stem cells, or cancer stem cells, are a subpopulation of tumor cells that self-renew, initiate new tumors upon transplantation, and are resistant to therapy, and their discovery has revealed novel effects of oncovirus infection in cancer. In this review, we provide a virus-centric view and novel insights into HPV-positive head and neck pathogenesis. We discuss the influence of cancer stem cells, HPV oncoproteins, altered molecular pathways, and mutations in cancer initiation and cancer progression. We compiled a catalogue of the mutations associated with HPV-positive HNSCC, which may be a useful resource for genomic-based studies aiming to develop personalized therapies. We also explain recent changes in mass vaccination campaigns against HPV and the potential long-term impact of vaccinations on the prevention and treatment of HPV-positive head and neck cancers.
The Forgetting of Pleasant and Unpleasant Experiences in Relation to Intelligence and Achievement

Resume Cette etude est un essai de l'application de la methode quantitative a l'investigation de la signifiance de l'experience et de l'oubli des impressions desagreables chez les individus normaux. Le lendemain des vacances et encore six semaines plus tard on a fait a 132 etudiants universitares, sans avertissement anterieur, noter leurs experiences agreables et desagreables pendant les vacances. Ceci a donne 2231 veritables experiences a analyser. On a determine l'intelligence par les resultats d'un test et Paccomplissement par le resultat total de six tests objectifs. Les relations trouvees dans le premier rappel suggerent que les individus les plus intelligents tendent quelque peu a choisir plus aflectivement dans leurs experiences et leurs souvenirs, tandis que les individus qui ont des resultats eleves montrent une tendance plus marquee a se rappeler plus d'experiences sans egard a la nature du tonus emotif. Toutes les correlations des experiences oubliees sont presque nuiles. Les resultats suggeren...
Cataract development associated with collagen copolymer posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses: clinicopathological correlation.

Purpose To assess the histopathology of anterior subcapsular cataract associated with a collagen copolymer posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) (Visian Implantable Collamer Lens) using light microscopy after pIOL explantation and cataract surgery. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Laboratory investigation. Methods Pathology specimens related to explanted pIOLs were reviewed and preoperative and postoperative patient data collected. The anterior lens capsules and explanted pIOLs were examined. Results Four eyes (3 patients) had pIOL explantation for low vault and anterior subcapsular cataract. The explanted pIOLs were the shorter length models (3, 12.1 mm; 1, 12.6 mm). Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) confirmed the low pIOL vault before explantation in 2 eyes. Histopathology of the anterior subcapsular cataract showed fibrous metaplasia with a variable number of lens epithelial cell (LEC) layers attached to the inner surface of the anterior capsulorhexis specimens. Light microscopy of the explanted pIOLs showed no pigment on 1 lens, mild pigment deposition on 1 haptic, and pigment deposition throughout the anterior surface of 2 pIOLs. Conclusions Anterior subcapsular cataract associated with the pIOLs was caused by low vaulting (confirmed on AS-OCT) and consequent fibrous metaplasia of the anterior LECs. Surgeons should consider the possibility of anterior subcapsular cataract associated with shorter platforms when selecting a pIOL length for appropriate vault. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Production of Nitrite from the Photodegradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters

Significant concentrations of nitrite NO2- were produced from the photodegradation of humic substances (HS) isolated from a variety of natural waters in coastal North Carolina. Nitrite concentratio...
Tomato α-galactosidases: conversion of human type b erythrocytes to type o

Abstract Tomato fruit contained a high level of α-galactosidase activity, and the two components found responsible for this activity, α-galactosidases I and II, were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. α-Galactosidase II, in particular, was highly purified by subsequent chromatography on a column of melibiose—agarose. The two enzymes differed markedly in MW and in inhibition by mercuric compounds but less so in other properties.α-Galactosidase II converted type B erythrocytes to type O.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the orthoclase (001)-and (010)-water interfaces

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of water in contact with the (0 0 1) and (0 1 0) surfaces of orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) were carried out to investigate the structure and dynamics of the feldspar–water interface, contrast the intrinsic structural properties of the two surfaces, and provide a basis for future work on the diffusion of ions and molecules in microscopic mineral fractures. Electron density profiles were computed from the molecular dynamics trajectories and compared with those derived experimentally from high-resolution X-ray reflectivity measurements by Fenter and co-workers [Fenter P., Cheng L., Park C., Zhang H. and Sturchio N. C. (2003a) Structure of the orthoclase (0 0 1)- and (0 1 0)-water interfaces by high-resolution X-ray reflectivity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 4267–4275]. For each surface, three scenarios were considered whereby the interfacial species is potassium, water, or a hydronium ion. Excellent agreement was obtained for the (0 0 1) surface when potassium is the predominant interfacial species; however, some discrepancies in the position of the interfacial peaks were obtained for the (0 1 0) surface. The two surfaces showed similarities in the extent of water ordering at the interface, the activation energies for water and potassium desorption, and the adsorption localization of interfacial species. However, there are also important differences between the two surfaces in the coordination of a given adsorbed species, adsorption site densities, and the propensity for water molecules in surface cavities and those in the first hydration layer to coordinate to surface bridging oxygen atoms. These differences may have implications for the extent of dissolution in the low-pH regime since hydrolysis of Si(Al) O Si(Al) bonds is a major dissolution mechanism.
Multi-visceral resection of locally advanced extra-pancreatic carcinoma

Background Multi-visceral resection for extra-pancreatic carcinoma is an uncommon procedure that may offer palliation and potential cure but must be balanced against the risk for morbidity and mortality. Methods A retrospective analysis was made of patients who had undergone multi-visceral resection of non-pancreatic carcinoma. Factors influencing this procedure included histology, pathologic confirmation of pancreaticoduodenal invasion, tumor clearance, peri-operative morbidity and outcome. Results Sixteen patients had en bloc resection including a Whipple procedure (6 patients) and a distal resection (10). Primary pathology mostly originated from the stomach and adenocarcinoma was predominately histological. An R0 resection was made in 13 patients, and actual cancer invasion or abutment into the pancreas or duodenum was confirmed pathologically in 11 patients. Twelve patients suffered from at least one complication. Ten patients required therapeutic intervention for complications. There were 2 in-hospital deaths. The median survival of deceased patients was 7.5 months. Six patients are alive at a median of 21 months, and 4 patients have no evidence of disease to the present. Conclusions Multi-visceral resections for extra-pancreatic carcinoma are associated with substantial morbidity that requires therapeutic intervention. Clinical determination of pancreaticoduodenal abutment and achievement of tumor clearance is excellent. Survival with and without recurrent disease is often limited, supporting that it is necessary to cautiously perform the aggressive procedures in consideration of neoadjuvant therapy.
Effects of Writing About Traumatic Experiences: The Necessity for Narrative Structuring

Abstract Although writing about traumatic events has been shown to produce a variety of health benefits, little is known about how writing produces benefits. The degree to which individuals form narrative structure when writing may predict health improvements. This study manipulated narrative formation during writing to test if narrative structure is necessary for writing to be beneficial. A total of 116 healthy students were randomly assigned to write about control topics or about their thoughts and feelings regarding the most traumatic event of their life in one of two ways: list in an fragmented format or construct a narrative. Individuals asked to form a narrative reported less restriction of activity because of illness and showed higher avoidant thinking than the other groups. The fragmented writing group did not differ from controls on any measure. These data (a) demonstrate that instructions to form a narrative produce a different response to writing than instructions to form fragmented and control...
An experimental study of trace element partitioning between augite and Fe-rich basalts

Abstract Aluminous titanium-rich hedenbergite and Fe-rich augite were experimentally produced at 1050–1220 °C and 0.8–2.2 GPa. Major element compositions are analogous to clinopyroxene from layered intrusions, angrites, nakhlites, and late-stage lunar magma ocean cumulates. Trace element concentrations in pyroxene and coexisting melt were measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for rare earth elements (REE), high field strength elements (HFSE), transition metals, and large-ion lithophile elements. REE, HFSE, and transition metal partition coefficients (Ds) are tightly correlated with the cation abundance of Fe on the pyroxene M1 site ( X Fe M1 ), and also correlated with Al on the tetrahedral site ( X Al T ). Parameterized lattice-strain models were developed to predict REE and HFSE partition coefficients as functions of temperature and pyroxene composition ( X Al T or X Fe M1 ). The parameterized models can be used to calculate REE and HFSE partition coefficients for Fe-rich high-Ca pyroxene. We calculated partition coefficients for clinopyroxene derived from modeled end-stage lunar magma ocean cumulate compositions and observe a factor of 3 variation in clinopyroxene-melt REE partition coefficients. Using representative nakhlite clinopyroxene core and rim compositions we calculated partition coefficients and observed a factor of 4 variability in clinopyroxene-melt REE partition coefficients. HFSE partition coefficients are even more sensitive to composition, showing variations of a factor of 4 for lunar late cumulates and an order of magnitude for nakhlites. The strong dependence of REE and HFSE partitioning on composition necessitates careful selection of appropriate partition coefficients for Fe-rich systems.
Selecting Science Books for General Readers

Current library literature offers little advice for the selection of science books for the general public. Most articles and books concern the primary scientific literature, produced by scientists for their peers, information most useful to managers of sci‐tech libraries. The popular or general‐interest science book has apparently been overlooked by both science and general librarians. Yet this category of books is interesting and important in its own right,andopportunitiesabound for investigation into their selection and use.
Mirabazoles, minor tantazole-related cytotoxins from the terrestrial blue-green alga scytonema mirabile

Abstract Three tantazole-related compounds, viz. didehydromirabazole A (1) and mirabazoles B (2) and C (3), have been isolated as minor components from Scytonema mirabile (Dillwyn) Bornet (strain BY-8-1) and their structures elucidated.
Bilateral maxillary duplication: case report and literature review

Accessory maxillary jaws are extremely rare occurrences. Currently, there is only 1 report of bilateral accessory maxillary jaws in the English-language literature. We present a case of a 7-year-old girl with bilateral bony exostoses extending from the maxillary tuberosities. The patient also had restricted protrusive and lateral excursive movements of the mandible. The histologic report revealed teeth in various developmental stages within the bony exostoses. We concluded that these structures were an isolated form of bilateral accessory maxillary jaws.
Noise and dynamic range optimal computational imaging

Computational photography techniques overcome limitations of traditional image sensors such as dynamic range and noise. Many computational imaging techniques have been proposed that process image stacks acquired using different exposure, aperture or gain settings, but far less attention has been paid to determining the parameters of the stack automatically. In this paper, we propose a novel computational imaging system that automatically and efficiently computes the optimal number of shots and corresponding exposure times and gains, taking into account characteristics of the scene and sensor. Our technique seamlessly integrates the use of multiple capture for both High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging and denoising. The acquired images are then aligned, warped and merged in the raw Bayer domain according to a statistical noise model of the sensor to produce an optimal, potentially HDR and denoised image. The result is a fully automatic camera that constantly monitors the scene in front of it and decides how many images are required to capture it, without requiring the user to explicitly switch between different capture modalities.
Genetic variation at the 9p21 locus predicts angiographic coronary artery disease prevalence but not extent and has clinical utility.

Background Variants at the 9p21 locus have been associated with coronary heart disease, but their precise disease phenotype and utility for clinical risk assessment are uncertain. Methods Consenting patients with early-onset angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 1,011) were compared with matched subjects (n = 545) free of angiographic disease and with a random population sample (n = 565). Cases and controls were genotyped for 4 variants, and ORs for angio-CAD were determined. Findings were validated in a separate set of cases and controls (n = 1,452). Results Alleles were highly correlated ( r 2 ≥ 0.9), and all predicted angio-CAD compared with both control groups. Genotype at rs2383206 (minor allele frequency 45.9%), the most predictive ( P P = 9 × 10 −8 . Despite this, extent of disease was not increased. Applied to patients with intermediate Framingham risk scores, 9p21 genotyping modified risk classification in 24%. Conclusions Variants at the 9p21 locus robustly predict angiographic CAD prevalence, independent of standard risk factors, but not CAD extent or myocardial infarction; provide pathophysiological insights; and may be clinically useful in refining coronary heart disease risk classification.