cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Form of Words

Words, then, certainly do shift their meanings. Words often also change their form, their outward appearance, in one way or another, and in that new form sometimes they retain their earlier meanings, sometimes they acquire new ones. In surveying now the changes of this sort that took place, it makes sense to continue limiting the examples to words that entered the Romance languages from Latin, because the latter already possessed a considerable variety of means for creating fresh word forms. With vocabulary, as with other features, Latin provided not only the model of a language that could change and grow, but also the blueprints and the tools for the process. NOUNS Nouns from Adjectives Sometimes an adjective is so regularly attached to a noun by speakers that it begins to represent the entire phrase, eventually becoming a noun in its own right; this might be more exactly described as a change in part of speech than a change in form. We have already seen that in certain regions, after Latin caseum “cheese” gave way to the phrase caseum formaticum “cheese made in a mold,” the adjective formaticum alone came to represent the phrase, in the end turning into the noun that named the food. Similarly, and with a startling shift of reference, the Latin phrase iecur ficatum got reduced to ficatum , now meaning “liver.”
Generation Times and Modeling of Enterotoxin-Positive and Enterotoxin-Negative Strains of Clostridium perfringens in Laboratory Media and Ground Beef.

The growth of two enterotoxin-positive (ent + ) and two enterotoxin-negative (ent-) strains of Clostridium perfringens were examined in two laboratory media, fluid thioglycollate and fluid thioglycollate with beef, and in autoclaved ground beef stored at 37, 41, 43, 46, and 48°C. There was no association between enterotoxigenicity and optimum growth temperature, which varied depending on strain and medium. Experimentally obtained values for generation times at 43°C were as low as 8.7 and 6.3 min in thioglycollate both for ent + and ent- strains respectively. In autoclaved ground beef the shortest generation times, 7.1 min and 9.2 min, were obtained at 41 and 46°C for two ent + strains. Forent- strains in autoclaved ground beef a generation time of 6.6 min was observed at 43°C. Temperature optima obtained experimentally were the same as those obtained by the Gompertz model. The rapid growth of the ent + strains between 41 and 46°C underlines previous recommendations for proper holding and cooling of protein foods such as meat and poultry known to support the growth of this organism.
The Executioner: A Baroque Figure on the Modern German Stage

(1973). The Executioner: A Baroque Figure on the Modern German Stage. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 260-268.
Regulation of Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling by Lipoproteins

See accompanying article on page 2058 In addition to their role in transporting cholesterol and triglycerides, plasma lipoprotein particles have been long known to promote signaling responses in many blood and vascular cell types. Some of these effects have been attributed to minor but potent bioactive lipid constituents. For example, oxidized phosphatidylcholines are inflammatory mediators that likely contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis that is driven by subendothelial accumulation of low-density lipoproteins.1 Similarly, some of the athero- and vasoprotective effects of high-density lipoproteins may be accounted for by the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1 phosphate that is carried on this class of lipoprotein particles in association with apolipoprotein M.2 A growing body of evidence implicates another bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a regulator of vascular development and pathologies. LPA is present in plasma bound to both lipoproteins and serum albumin. LPA-specific G-protein–coupled receptors expressed on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells regulate vascular permeability, inflammation, intimal hyperplasia (in the setting of vascular injury), and atherosclerosis.3 Although LPA is a ubiquitous intermediate in intracellular phospholipid synthesis, extracellular signaling LPA is primarily generated by a secreted lysophospholipase D called autotaxin.4 In this issue of the …
Empowered Objects: Material Expressions of Spiritual Beliefs in the Colonial Chesapeake Region

Empowered Objects: Material Expressions of Spiritual Beliefs in the Colonial Chesapeake Region
The ‘flood’ of 1945: regimes and repertoires of migration in the Soviet Union at war’s end

AbstractThe pioneering migration scholar Eugene Kulischer employed the metaphor of the ‘flood’ to characterize the movement of peoples across Eurasia at the end of the Second World War. This article builds on that metaphor by analysing the range of Soviet citizens’ migratory movements within and back to the USSR in 1945. It pays special attention to settlers, deportees, returning evacuees, repatriates, demobilized soldiers and itinerants. Not only did these different groups of migrants appear simultaneously, but each produced the other: settlers moved to deportees’ vacated land; many demobilized soldiers and evacuees were recruited as settlers; some repatriates were deported; and those escaping deportation often became itinerants. In each case the article examines the interaction between the state’s migration regimes – its projects and provision of infrastructure to move people – and migrants’ repertoires, that is, their reliance on networks of kinship and friendship to avoid or mitigate hardship and maxi...
Systemic Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Population-based Analysis of Incidence and Survival

Abstract Introduction Systemic ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK-positive ALCL) is a T-cell lymphoma. Owing to its rarity, variations in incidence and survival at the population level are not clearly known. Materials and Methods Using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (SEER 18), we selected patients aged ≥ 20 years with ALK-positive ALCL, diagnosed between 2001 and 2013. Incidence rate, overall survival (OS), and its determinants were analyzed with a significance level of P Results We identified 1604 patients with a median age of 54 years. The disease incidence increased significantly with advancing age, with higher incidence in Blacks and lower incidence in American Indians and Asian/Pacific Islanders as compared with Whites. The 5-year OS significantly declined as the age advanced (age 20-40 years, 68.7%; age 41-60 years, 53.8%; age 61-80 years, 28.9%; age > 80 years, 15.2%; P P = .03). On multivariate analysis, treatment with radiation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.59-0.87; P P P P Conclusion Incidence and survival of ALK-positive ALCL varies significantly with patients' demographic characteristics as identified in our study. Treatment strategies need to be tailored accordingly to address these variations and ensure uniform access to care.
Effect of cyclical forces on orthodontic tooth movement, from animals to humans.

Vibration as a non-invasive method is currently available for clinical use with the potential to accelerate the rate of tooth movement in orthodontics. The aim of this review was to evaluate the basic science and clinical literature on the effects of vibration on the axial and appendicular skeleton including the craniofacial bone. Vibration as a dynamic load consisting of high oscillatory forces of low magnitude has shown osteogenic and anti-catabolic effects on bone. These effects have been observed in the craniofacial skeleton including the alveolar bone as increases in sutural width and alveolar bone formation. Animal studies have shown conflicting results on vibration when superposed to orthodontic tooth movement. The effects range from increasing to decreasing the rate of tooth movement. Clinical studies in accelerating the rate of tooth movement have similar findings observed in animal studies. High-frequency oscillatory forces of low magnitude are able to affect bone formation and remodelling. These effects of vibration are primarily anabolic and anti-catabolic in bone, including the craniofacial skeleton and alveolar bone. The effect of vibration on accelerating the rate of orthodontic tooth movement is contradictory. Higher levels of evidence studies have not been able to show an acceleratory effect.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) for Knee Cartilage Defects: A Review of Indications, Technique, and Outcomes

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) was first developed in the late 1980s for the treatment of articular cartilage defects in the knee. The first generation of ACI utilized a periosteal patch to contain the cultured chondrocyte solution within the defect. Because of issues with periosteal graf
Quantum Spectroscopy with Extreme Nonlinear Effects

We present a new method to study extreme nonlinearities with quantum spectroscopy. Our spectroscopy approach increases the sensitivity to detect nonlinearities by an order of magnitude while remaining robust against experimental noise.
Adolescent Brain Development and Implications for Adolescents with Allergies

This chapter (1) summarizes brain development and its impact/implications for adolescents with allergies and (2) discusses some key areas of psychosocial development literature that are relevant for adolescents with allergies, including emotions and psychopathology in adolescents, social functioning and quality of life, and autonomy development and its relation to illness management.
Element yield rate prediction in ladle furnace based on improved GA-ANFIS

The traditional prediction methods of element yield rate can be divided into experience method and data-driven method. But in practice, the experience formulae are found to work only under some specific conditions, and the sample data that are used to establish data-driven models are always insufficient. Aiming at this problem, a combined method of genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is proposed and applied to element yield rate prediction in ladle furnace (LF). In order to get rid of the over reliance upon data in data-driven method and act as a supplement of inadequate samples, smelting experience is integrated into prediction model as fuzzy empirical rules by using the improved ANFIS method. For facilitating the combination of fuzzy rules, feature construction method based on GA is used to reduce input dimension, and the selection operation in GA is improved to speed up the convergence rate and to avoid trapping into local optima. The experimental and practical testing results show that the proposed method is more accurate than other prediction methods.
Quillen’s Work on Rational Homotopy Theory

In this chapter we review Quillen’s work on rational homotopy theory. Quillen gives a sequence of rational homotopy categories and proves that they are all equivalent. To a simply connected space, he associates a simplicial set with trivial one-skeleton and then the simplicial loop group. From there he passes to simplicial (complete) Hopf algebra, then to a simplicial Lie algebra, to a differential graded Lie algebra, and finally to a differential graded co-algebra. The latter dualizes to a differential graded algebra homotopy equivalent to the p.l. forms on the space, so that Quillen’s construction agrees in homotopy theory with Sullivan’s.
Small Area Metal-Oxide-Metal Junctions as Picosecond Photoemissive Detectors

Internal photoemission [1 – 5] in MOM (metal-oxide-metal) junctions can be used as a means for fast photodetection at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. Figure 1 shows the geometry and energy band diagram of such a photodetector. Incident photons of energy hv excite electrons from the Fermi sea of one metal. If hv is greater than the oxide barrier height ф (typically around 2 eV), “hot” electrons can be emitted over the barrier into the second metal, creating a photoemissive current in the MOM.
Assessing the impact of a didactic lecture for student pharmacists on legislative advocacy.

Abstract Background and purpose Advocacy has been defined as “the essential competence”. Literature describes and assesses the impact of elective, extracurricular, and co-curricular advocacy experiences, but there is a deficiency of literature that describes and assesses core curricular advocacy experiences. Educational activity and setting An electronic pre- and post-survey was administered to second-year student pharmacists who attended a didactic lecture on advocacy within a pharmacy law course. All responses were anonymous and matched via self-generated code. Wilcoxon signed rank tests analyzed matched data. Findings Pharmacy students were generally unaware of their legislative representation and did not know what to expect when meeting with legislators. A small percentage (24%) had previously contacted their legislator regarding pharmacy topics. All three knowledge items and seven of eight attitudes showed statistically significant improvement after the lecture. Following the lecture, 85% of students agreed/strongly agreed they were more prepared to be an advocate for pharmacy, with 76% reporting increased commitment. Discussion This study shows that a brief didactic educational intervention may improve student pharmacists’ knowledge of and commitment to political advocacy, addressing previously noted limitations of models to prepare student pharmacists for advocacy efforts. The skill of advocating was not addressed by this intervention. Summary A brief didactic lecture at one institution showed a short-term positive influence on pharmacy students’ knowledge and attitudes towards legislative advocacy. Introduction of advocacy within the core didactic curricula may provide a method to increase the prevalence of advocates within the profession of pharmacy, but this requires further assessment and identification of best practices.
Review of Person Re-identification Methods

The automated surveillance of persons of interest across multiple videos is considered to be a challenging problem. Person re-identification and human tracking, form the core of the automated surveillance systems. Research has heavily relied on using visual appearance for identification and made many advances in the new feature design and identification accuracy. Meanwhile, more practical problems from the real situation are raised to push researchers to solve them and make the automated surveillance systems more practical. This paper provides a detailed technical review of some well-known successful methods and discusses new ideas to assist re-identification task in solving issues from the real situation such as appearance missing due to occlusion.
Nanowatt-Level Wakeup Receiver Front Ends Using MEMS Resonators for Impedance Transformation

This paper presents the first demonstration of nanowatt-level CMOS wakeup receiver (WuRx) front ends (FEs) that utilize microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based matching networks (MNs). The first FE uses a fully MEMS-based MN (MMN) that operates at 88.8 MHz. It consists of a large array of lithium niobate resonators that are fabricated on the same die. Measurements of the integrated WuRx FE with the MMN indicate that its loaded voltage gain achieves a bandwidth of 0.78 MHz with a quality factor of 114. The second FE uses a hybrid MN (HMN) that operates at 457 MHz. It consists of an aluminum nitride laterally vibrating resonator as well as eight discrete inductors and capacitors surrounding the MEMS device. Measurements of the integrated WuRx FE with the HMN indicate that it achieves a sensitivity of −54 dBm with 7 nW of average dc power consumption without a digital correlator.
Self-splicing group I intron in cyanobacterial initiator methionine tRNA: evidence for lateral transfer of introns in bacteria.

Abstract A group I self-splicing intron has been found in the anticodon loop of tRNA(fMet) genes in three cyanobacterial genera: Dermocarpa, Scytonema and Synechocystis; it is absent in nine others. The Synechocystis intron is also interrupted by an open reading frame (ORF) of 150 codons. Of these three bacteria, only Scytonema also contains the group I intron that has previously been reported in tRNA(Leu) (UAA) genes in both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. The presence of an ORF in the tRNA(fMet) intron, the sporadic distribution of the intron among cyanobacteria and the lack of correlation between relatedness of the intron sequences and the bacteria in which they reside, are all consistent with recent introduction of this intron by lateral transfer.
Retinal Defocus and Form-Deprivation Exposure Duration Affects RPE BMP Gene Expression

In the context of ocular development and eye growth regulation, retinal defocus and/or image contrast appear key variables although the nature of the signal(s) relayed from the retina to the sclera remains poorly understood. Nonetheless, under optimal visual conditions, eye length is brought into alignment with its optical power to achieve approximate emmetropia, through appropriate adjustment to eye growth. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which lies between the retina and choroid/sclera, appears to play a crucial role in this process. In the investigations reported here, we used a chick model system to assess the threshold duration of exposure to lens-imposed defocus and form-deprivation necessary for conversion of evoked retinal signals into changes in BMP gene expression in the RPE. Our study provides evidence for the following: 1) close-loop, optical defocus-guided (negative and positive lenses) bidirectional BMP gene expression regulation, 2) open-loop, form-deprivation (diffusers)-induced down-regulation of BMP gene expression, and 3) early, transient up-regulation of BMP gene expression in response to both types of lens and diffuser applications. The critical exposure for accurately encoding retinal images as biological signals at the level of the RPE is in the order of minutes to hours, depending on the nature of the visual manipulations.
The Influence of Time Delay on Crane Operator Performance

Cranes are used extensively in many industries throughout the world. These cranes operate in a wide array of environments, including some that are hazardous to humans. The vast majority of cranes are directly controlled by human operators. However, in some cases, it is necessary to remove the human operator from hazardous operating conditions, creating a crane that must be remotely operated. This, however, introduces additional challenges for the operator. The operator must now control the oscillatory payload while suffering from decreased perception of the environment and the potential time delays caused by remote operation. A number of studies of crane operator performance with varying time delays are presented here. The compiled results show that the type of crane control and duration of the communication delay directly influence task completion time and difficulty. Input shaping control is shown to improve completion times over a large range of operating conditions and communication time delays.
Evaluating the Thermoelectric Properties of BaTiS3 by Density Functional Theory.

BaTiS3 is a semiconductor with a small bandgap of ∼0.5 eV and strong transport anisotropy caused primarily by structural anisotropy; it contains well-separated octahedral columns along the [0001] d...
Contracting COVID: Private Order and Public Good

The novel Coronavirus (2019) (COVID) has created a dilemma: Open the economy and spread disease; quarantine and choke the economy. Thus far, the response has looked to government for health-safety standards and financial subsidies. Although these are necessary steps, they have become politicized, thereby exacerbating severe uncertainties created by the pandemic. While we will surely halt it, we do not know how, when, or what comes next. Many writers are exploring litigation that will flow from COVID. This Article considers the flip side: the important but under-appreciated role that ex ante contracting plays in addressing the COVID dilemma. Liability waivers, for example, will be ubiquitous, but might be misused to shelter poor risk management. This essay argues that these waivers should be enforceable only when coupled with reasonable health-safety precautions, which may appear in contracts such as workplace rules or supply chain agreements. Without such balance—or worse, when imposed by fiat, as President Trump did in the meat processing industry—they can inflame the public health crisis. At the same time, the COVID-induced shutdown has caused most contracts to be in or near breach. This has resulted in responses such as litigation, bankruptcy, and bailouts. While these may be inevitable, second-order contracts such as standstill agreements provide certainty that enables parties to adjust commercial relationships in ways that may preserve more value at lower cost than public interventions. Contract in this context is thus doing more than creating private order; it is also producing public good. This hearkens to Depression-era scholarship which argued that contract had public ramifications. Although modern writers have largely abandoned that view, it reflected a change in mindset that cleared the way for sweeping New Deal reforms. While we do not yet know whether COVID will be as disruptive as the Depression, the uses of contract described here may signal a comparably dramatic realignment of private and public.
Crosswalking the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function, Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity Scores to the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index.

Abstract Objective To link scores from 2 condition-specific measures for chronic low back pain (CLBP), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), to Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function, pain interference, and pain intensity scores. Design Ordinary least squares regression analyses of existing data to link the PROMIS scores with the ODI and RMDQ. Setting Not applicable. Participants Samples of adults with CLBP (N=2279) obtained from the Center for Excellence in Research for Complementary and Integrative Health (CERC) Study (n=1677), the Assessment of Chiropractic Treatment for Low Back Pain and Smoking Cessation in Military Active Duty Personnel (ACT) (n=384), and the pain subsample of the PROMIS 1 Wave 2 Pain and Depression study (PROMIS 1 W2) (n=218). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures PROMIS physical function, pain interference, and pain intensity (CERC, ACT, and PROMIS 1 W2), ODI (CERC and PROMIS 1 W2), and RMDQ (ACT and PROMIS 1 W2). Results In predicting PROMIS scores, the ODI model R2 values ranged from 0.26-0.56 and the RMDQ model R2 values ranged from 0.13-0.50. ODI and RMDQ models were the least precise in predicting the PROMIS pain intensity score (R2 value range, 0.13-0.41) relative to the other PROMIS scores. Models with the 3 PROMIS scores as predictors yielded R2 values ranging from 0.64-0.68 and 0.46-0.58 for the ODI and RMDQ, respectively. Models using combined data from 2 studies (ie, PROMIS 1 W2 and ACT, or PROMIS 1 W2 and CERC) tended to be more precise than models using only a single study sample. Conclusions Model results reported here can be used to translate PROMIS physical function, pain interference, and pain intensity scores to and from the ODI and RMDQ. The empirical linkages can facilitate comparisons across CLBP interventions and broaden interpretation of study results.
Meningioma surgical outcomes and complications in patients aged 75 years and older.

Abstract Objective Meningioma incidence increases with age, yet limited data exist on how comorbidities impact complication rates in elderly patients undergoing meningioma resection. The objective of this study was to report surgical outcomes and identify risk factors for perioperative complications. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients 75 years and older undergoing meningioma resection. Outcomes included survival and complications. Major complications were those requiring surgical intervention or causing permanent neurological deficit. Recursive partitioning, Kaplan-Meier survival, univariate and multi-variate (MVA) analyses were performed. Results From 1996 to 2014, 103 patients with a median age of 79 years (IQR 77–83 years) underwent cranial meningioma resection. Median follow-up was 5.8 years (IQR 1.7–8.7 years). Median actuarial survival was 10.5 years. Complications occurred in 32 patients (31.1%), and 13 patients (12.6%) had multiple complications. Major complications occurred in 16 patients (15.5%). Increasing age was not a significant predictor of any (p = 0.6408) or major complication (p = 0.8081). On univariate analysis, male sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index greater than 8, and cardiovascular comorbidities were significantly associated with major complications. On MVA only cardiovascular comorbidities (OR 3.94, 95% CI 1.05–14.76, p = 0.0238) were significantly associated with any complication. All patients with major complications had cardiovascular comorbidities, and on MVA male gender (OR 3.78, 95%CI 1.20–11.93, p = 0.0212) was associated with major complications. Conclusions Cardiovascular comorbidities and male gender are significant risk factors for complications after meningioma resection in patients aged 75 years and older. While there is morbidity associated with meningioma resection in this cohort, there is also excellent long-term survival.
Tuning the Random Walk of Active Colloids: From Individual Run-and-Tumble to Dynamic Clustering.

Active particles such as swimming bacteria or self-propelled colloids spontaneously self-organize into large-scale dynamic structures. The emergence of these collective states from the motility pattern of the individual particles, typically a random walk, is yet to be probed in a well-defined synthetic system. Here, we report the experimental realization of tunable colloidal motion that reproduces run-and-tumble and Levy trajectories. We utilize the Quincke effect to achieve controlled sequences of repeated particle runs and random reorientations. We find that a population of these random walkers exhibit behaviors reminiscent of bacterial suspensions such as dynamic clusters and mesoscale turbulentlike flows.
Role of Shear Stress on Renal Proximal Tubular Cells for Nephrotoxicity Assays

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity causes huge morbidity and mortality at massive financial cost. The greatest burden of drug-induced acute kidney injury falls on the proximal tubular cells. To maintain their structure and function, renal proximal tubular cells need the shear stress from tubular fluid flow. Diverse techniques to reintroduce shear stress have been studied in a variety of proximal tubular like cell culture models. These studies often have limited replicates because of the huge cost of equipment and do not report all relevant parameters to allow reproduction and comparison of studies between labs. This review codifies the techniques used to reintroduce shear stress, the cell lines utilized, and the biological outcomes reported. Further, we propose a set of interventions to enhance future cell biology understanding of nephrotoxicity using cell culture models.
Vom Paradox zur Resilienz in der Krise: Ein Modell für erfolgreiches Krisenmanagement

In diesem konzeptuellen Beitrag fur die Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. wird erfolgreiches Krisenmanagement als Weg von paradoxen Spannungen in der Krise zur Resilienz der Organisation beschrieben. Widerspruchliche und doch miteinander verbundene Interessen, Bedurfnisse und Anforderungen in der aktuellen COVID-19 Pandemie dienen als Beispiele. Das Modell betont die Rolle eines paradoxen Mindsets, welches Fuhrungskraften, Entscheidern und Betroffenen ermoglicht, paradoxe Spannungen als solche zu erkennen, anzunehmen und die Chancen im „sowohl-als auch“ (im Gegensatz zu „entweder-oder“) zu finden. Das paradoxe Mindset fordert die Auseinandersetzung mit den Spannungen in einem wiederkehrenden Prozess des Sinnfindens und Sinnstiftens. Dieser Prozess stost im Austausch mit den unterschiedlichen Stakeholdern die Entwicklung gemeinsamer „sowohl-als auch“ Denkmodelle, kreativer Herangehensweisen und schrittweisen Lernens an. Somit starkt die paradoxe Sichtweise die Fahigkeit von Organisationen konstruktiv mit Herausforderungen umzugehen und diese in Chancen zu verwandeln – es macht sie resilienter. Der Beitrag schliest mit drei zusammenfassenden Empfehlungen fur das Krisenmanagement.
SU-E-T-15: A Comparison of COMS and EP917 Eye Plaque Applicators Using Different Radionuclides

Purpose: To investigate the effect of plaque design and radionuclides on eye plaque dosimetry. Methods: The Monte Carlo N-particle Code version 6 (MCNP6) was used for radiation transport simulations. The 14 mm and 16 mm diameter COMS plaques and the model EP917 plaque were simulated using brachytherapy seeds containing I-125, Pd-103, and Cs-131 radionuclides. The origin was placed at the scleral inner surface. The central axis (CAX) doses of both COMS plaques at −1 mm, 0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, and 22.6 mm were compared to the model EP917 plaque. Dose volume histograms (DVHs) were also created for both COMS plaques for the tumor and outer sclera then compared to results for the model EP917 plaque. Results: For all radionuclides, the EP917 plaque delivered higher dose (max 343%) compared to the COMS plaques, except for the 14 mm COMS plaque with Cs-131 at 1 mm and 2 mm depths from outer sclera surface. This could be due to source design. For all radionuclides, the 14 mm COMS plaque delivered higher doses compared to the 16 mm COMS plaque for the depths up to 5 mm. Dose differences were not significant beyond depths of 10 mm due to ocular lateral scatter for the different plaque designs. Tumor DVHs for the 16 mm COMS plaque with Cs-131 provided better dose homogeneity and conformity compared to other COMS plaques with I-125 and Pd-103. Using Pd-103, DVHs for the 16 mm COMS plaque delivered less dose to outer sclera compared to other plaques. Conclusion: This study identified improved tumor homogeneity upon considering radionuclides and plaque designs, and found that scleral dose with the model EP917 plaque was higher than for the 16 mm COMS plaque for all the radionuclides studied.
Energy-related values and satisfaction levels of residential and office building occupants

Abstract Improving occupant behavior is one of the best strategies to reduce building energy consumption. Values have major influence on a person's behavior. A better understanding of occupant values is, thus, critical to understand and improve energy use behavior. This paper presents the authors' work in (1) identifying the values of occupants that could be related to energy use behavior and energy consumption in residential and office buildings (e.g., thermal comfort, health, environmental protection), (2) discovering the importance levels of these values to residential and office building occupants, (3) discovering their current satisfaction levels with these values, and (4) determining the factors (e.g., occupant characteristics, level of occupant building control, building energy efficiency features, occupant behavior) that are associated with higher/lower importance and/or satisfaction levels. The discovery of importance and satisfaction levels was conducted using online surveys. A set of 618 residential and office building occupants in AZ, IL, and PA were surveyed using online questionnaires. The results show similarities and differences in importance and satisfaction levels across residential and office building occupants and across the three states. The results also show the factors that are associated with higher/lower importance and/or satisfaction levels. The outcome of this research could help advance the research and practice in the area of building energy efficiency by providing a better understanding of occupant values and satisfaction levels, both which impact energy use behavior and building energy consumption.
3D Insulator‐based dielectrophoresis using DC‐biased, AC electric fields for selective bacterial trapping

Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is a well-known technique that harnesses electric fields for separating, moving, and trapping biological particle samples. Recent work has shown that utilizing DC-biased AC electric fields can enhance the performance of iDEP devices. In this study, an iDEP device with 3D varying insulating structures analyzed in combination with DC biased AC fields is presented for the first time. Using our unique reactive ion etch lag, the mold for the 3D microfluidic chip is created with a photolithographic mask. The 3D iDEP devices, whose largest dimensions are 1 cm long, 0.18 cm wide, and 90 μm deep are then rapidly fabricated by curing a PDMS polymer in the glass mold. The 3D nature of the insulating microstructures allows for high trapping efficiency at potentials as low as 200 Vpp. In this work, separation of Escherichia coli from 1 μm beads and selective trapping of live Staphylococcus aureus cells from dead S. aureus cells is demonstrated. This is the first reported use of DC-biased AC fields to selectively trap bacteria in 3D iDEP microfluidic device and to efficiently separate particles where selectivity of DC iDEP is limited.
Equitable and Efficient International Schemes to Control Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Abstract We examine three non-cooperative ‘global warming games’ where carbon dioxide emissions and transfers are determined. An international agency implements transfers from rich to poor nations. In each game, the transfer mechanism obeys a predetermined equity principle–horizontal, proportional or ‘green GNP’. Participation in each transfer scheme is voluntary. We find that implementable, horizontal, and proportional equity schemes are Pareto efficient. The green equity scheme, however, is generally inefficient. Unlike the others, our proposed proportional equity scheme is necessarily implementable – all nations always choose to participate. We conclude that proportional equity transfer schemes may be powerful instruments in controlling global warming.
Named relationship mining from medical literature

This article addresses the task of mining named relationships between concepts from biomedical literature for indexing purposes or for scientific discovery from medical literature. This research builds on previous work on concept mining from medical literature for indexing purposes and proposes to learn semantic relationships names between concepts learnt. Previous ConceptMiner system did learn pairs of concepts, expressing a relationship between two concepts, but did not learn relationships semantic names. Building on ConceptMiner, RelationshipMiner is interested in learning as well the relationships with their name identified from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) knowledge-base as a basis for creating higher-level knowledge structures, such as rules, cases, and models, in future work. Current system is focused on learning semantically typed relationships as predefined in the UMLS, for which a dictionary of synonyms and variations has been created. An evaluation is presented showing that actually this relationship mining task improves the concept mining task results by enabling a better screening of the relationships between concepts for relevant ones.
Gravel dredging alters diversity and structure of riverine fish assemblages

SUMMARY 1. Human activities affect fish assemblages in a variety of ways. Large-scale and long-term disturbances such as in-stream dredging and mining alter habitat and hydrodynamic characteristics within rivers which can, in turn, alter fish distribution. Habitat heterogeneity is decreased as the natural riffle–pool–run sequences are lost to continuous pools and, as a consequence, lotic species are displaced by lentic species, while generalist and invasive species displace native habitat specialists. Sediment and organic detritus accumulate in deep, dredged reaches and behind dams, disrupting nutrient flow and destroying critical habitat for habitat specialist species. 2. We used standard ecological metrics such as species richness and diversity, as well as stable isotope analysis of d 13 C and d 15 N, to quantify the differences in fish assemblages sampled by benthic trawls among dredged and undredged sites in the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 3. Using mixed-effects models, we found that total catch, species richness and diversity were negatively correlated with depth (P < 0.05), while species richness, diversity and proportion of species in lithophilic (‘rock-loving’) reproductive guilds were lower at dredged than at undredged sites (P < 0.05). 4. Principal components analysis and MANOVA revealed that taxa such as darters in brood hider and substratum chooser reproductive guilds were predominantly associated with undredged sites along principal component axis 1 (PC1 and MANOVA P < 0.05), while nest spawners such as catfish and open substratum spawners including suckers were more associated with dredged sites along PC2 (P < 0.05). 5. Stable isotope analysis of d 13 C and d 15 N revealed shifts from reliance on shallow water and benthic-derived nutrients at undredged sites to reliance on phytoplankton and terrestrial detritus at deep-water dredged sites. Relative trophic positions were also lower at dredged sites for many species; loss of benthic nutrient pathways associated with depth and dredging history is hypothesised. 6. The combination of ecological metrics and stable isotope analysis thus shows how anthropogenic habitat loss caused by gravel dredging can decrease benthic fish abundance and diversity, and that species in substratum-specific reproductive guilds are at particular risk. The effects of dredging also manifest by altering resource use and nutrient pathways within food webs. Management and conservation decisions should therefore consider the protection of relatively shallow areas with suitable substratum for spawning for the protection of native fishes.
Recent Rates of Carbon Accumulation in Montane Fens of Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.A.

Abstract Little is known about recent rates of carbon storage in montane peatlands, particularly in the western United States. Here we report on recent rates of carbon accumulation (past 50 to 100 years) in montane groundwater-fed peatlands (fens) of Yosemite National Park in central California, U.S.A. Peat cores were collected at three sites ranging in elevation from 2070 to 2500 m. Core sections were analyzed for bulk density, % organic carbon, and 210Pb activities for dating purposes. Organic carbon densities ranged from 0.026 to 0.065 g C cm-3. Mean vertical accretion rates estimated using 210Pb over the 50-year period from ∼1960 to 2011 and the 100-year period from ∼1910 to 2011 were 0.28 (standard deviation = ±0.09) and 0.18 (±-0.04) cm yr-1, respectively. Mean carbon accumulation rates over the 50- and 100-year periods were 95.4 (±25.4) and 74.7 (±17.2) g C m-2 yr-1, respectively. Such rates are similar to recent rates of carbon accumulation in rich fens in western Canada, but more studies are need...
Ultrastructural Studies of the Bone Marrow in Sickle Cell Anaemia

Summary. Marrow aspirates from sickle cell patients were examined without prior deoxygenation and revealed the presence of a variable proportion (10–30%) of sickled red cells and reticulocytes. The main feature of sickled red cells was the presence of 17.6 nm fibres arranged in hexagonal order, and to a lesser extent in square or rectangular array, to form bundles of varying size and compactness which occupied the entire cytoplasm. The sickling pattern in reticulocytes was more variable. Some reticulocytes contained highly-ordered bundles of 17.6 nm fibres whose structure and distribution was identical to that in red cells from which they could be distinguished only by their content of organelles. Many reticulocytes exhibited less-organized fibre patterns ranging from localized aggregates to poorly-ordered regions of short fibres and filaments lacking apparent preferential orientation. In these cells, the bulk of the cytoplasm was not polymerized. Haemoglobin polymerization in reticulocytes led to entrapment of ribosomes in concentrated foci among the fibres. Frequently, iron-laden mitochondria were associated with sickled reticulocytes. The variation in pattern of sickling seen in reticulocytes is attributed to possible differences in concentration of Hb S. Correlative studies have shown that fibres were not induced by fixation procedures. Marked phagocytic degradation of sickled cells by macrophages was observed. The results are interpreted to indicate the possible intramedullary phagocytosis of red cells and reticulocytes, predisposed to sickling in the marrow. However, the data are also consistent with the removal of sickled elements from the circulating blood.
Simulated infiltration from discontinuous clogged and unclogged sources

Abstract Periods of 6, 12, and 24 hr with equal amounts of flow and resting are simulated via finite difference approximations and compared with a continuously flowing system for both clogged and unclogged loamy sand. The higher frequencies had slightly higher flows and slightly lower water tables than lower frequency simulations. Infiltration for the unclogged and clogged cyclic cases was approximately 80 and 50% of their respective continuous cases. Flow for the clogged soil is approximately 1% of that for the unclogged soil.
The Influence of Race/Ethnicity on the Perceived Prevalence and Support for Racial Profiling at Airports:

This article explores citizens' views on racial profiling at airports. A recent Gallup poll allowed for analyses of the perception of Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites concerning whether they felt raci...
Association of the major coat protein of fd bacteriophage with phospholipid vesicles

The association of the major coat protein of fd bacteriophage with a phospholipid bilayer was investigated by analyzing the protein's susceptibility to proteolysis and its circular dichroism spectrum when incorporated into single-walled phospholipid vesicles. In the limits tested, this association appeared to be independent of the mass ratio of protein to lipid and of vesicle size, phospholipid composition, and method of preparation. The circular dichroism data are consistent with a similar "membrane-bound" conformation for all cases of vesicle-associated coat protein and for deoxycholate micelle-associated coat protein. Proteolysis of coat protein associated with deoxycholate micelles and with phospholipid vesicles defined the central hydrophobic core presumed to represent that portion of the protein which associates with membrane bilayers in vivo. The isolated core, which assumed a predominantly beta-type conformation in detergent solution, maintained a beta conformation when associated with a vesicle phospholipid bilayer.
Resistant starches from amylose mutants of corn by simultaneous heat-moisture treatment and phosphorylation ☆

Abstract Foods with increased levels of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) are thought to provide nutritional benefits for humans. High-amylose (∼70%) corn starch (Hylon VII) was simultaneously heat-moisture treated and phosphorylated/cross-linked with a 99/1 (w/w) mixture of sodium trimetaphosphate/sodium tripolyphosphate (STMP/STPP) at initial pH 11.5. Modeling was done to determine the effects of moisture (21–49% of total mixture) and STMP/STPP (2.8–11.2% of dry starch, sb) on the phosphorus ( P ) content of the modified starch and its level of RS after cooking. Reacting Hylon VII with 10% of STMP/STPP (sb) at 45% moisture for 4 h at pH 11.5 and 110 °C gave a product with 0.39% P , 14% SDS, and 43% RS in the freshly cooked starch compared to 0.03% P , 14% SDS, and 25% RS for untreated Hylon VII. The modified Hylon VII had 90% dietary fiber content and a higher gelatinization temperature of ∼20 °C. Hylon V, waxy, and normal corn starches were modified similarly to ∼0.4% P , and the raw and cooked modified starches contained, respectively, 73, 43, and 42% and 44, 32, and 32% of combined SDS and RS.
Heterogeneity of Hydroxyl and Deuteroxyl Groups on the Surface of TiO2Polymorphs

Abstract Potentiometric titration data from pure rutile, anatase, and a commercial fumed titania (Degussa P25) were analyzed in terms of proton binding isotherms from which proton affinity distributions (PADs) of surface sites were obtained. As-received samples, whose thermal and storage history were not systematically controlled, as well as samples subjected to controlled calcination–rehydration–drying treatments were studied. The results indicated the occurrence of a limited number of surface groups on the two polymorphs. The behavior of pure rutile and anatase could be admixed to simulate the acid–base behavior of the commercial sample; on this basis the surface of fumed titania consists largely of anatase-like structures with a small contribution (7%) of rutile-like groups. The region of νODstretching vibrations of isolated -OD groups on extensively dehydroxylated samples was found to correlate with the pK’s determined from PADs. A qualitative assignment of measured pKvalues based on either the original MUSIC model (Hiemstra, T., de Wit, J. C. M., and Van Riemsdijk, W. H.,J. Colloid Interface Sci.133,105 (1989)) or a refined version of it is presented.
Stress corrosion cracking of alloy C-22 and Ti Gr-12 using double-cantilever-beam technique

Abstract Susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of two candidate alloys for the inner container of the multi-barrier nuclear waste package was evaluated by using wedge-loaded precracked double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens in deaerated acidic brine (pH≈2.70) at 90°C. Materials tested included Alloy C-22 and Ti Grade-12. Duplicate samples of each material were loaded at different initial stress intensity factor (KI) values ranging between 22 and 43 MPa√m. Both metallography and the compliance methods were used to determine the final crack length. The final stress intensity for SCC (Kf) was computed from the measured final wedge load and the average crack length. The results indicate that, in general, the final crack lengths measured by metallography and compliance agreed well with one another, thus, providing very similar Kf values. The alloy C-22 showed higher susceptibility to SCC than Ti Grade-12 in terms of the average crack growth. Fractographic evaluation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of broken DCB specimens revealed three distinct regions showing the characteristics of fatigue precrack, SCC, and fast fracture.
Constituting large-scale biology: Building a regime of governance in the early years of the Human Genome Project

This article examines how a regime for governing the US Human Genome Project (HGP) emerged during the early years of the project, paying special attention to the construction of what might be called its ‘governing frame’. This governing frame provided an interpretive scheme that constituted a set of entities (agents, spaces, things and actions) and promoted an official view of which agents would be endowed with what rights, duties, and privileges, powers and liabilities, and immunities and disabilities as they pertained to other agents and to control over spaces and things. The governing frame of the HGP regime was not codified formally in any single ‘constitutional’ document, but emerged through a historical process. The key elements of this regime took shape through a process of coproduction that constituted a new category of science – ‘large-scale biology’ – and the sociotechnical machinery for governing it. Simultaneously, extant molecular biology was redefined as ‘ordinary biology’, a form of science to be protected from and enhanced by Big Biology. The article is based on ethnographic research in the genome mapping and sequencing community during the HGP.