cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmentally regulated primary glucocorticoid hormone induction of chick retinal glutamine synthetase mRNA

We have characterized the glucocorticoid hormone induction of glutamine synthetase mRNA in embryonic chick retinal organ cultures by quantitative dot hybridization using a cDNA clone derived from chick retinal RNA. Hydrocortisone (Kapp = 3–4 nM) and dexamethasone (Kapp = 1–2 nM) produce an approximate 30-fold increase in glutamine synthetase mRNA after incubation of organ cultures derived from embryonic day 12 retinae with either hormone for 3 hr. Progesterone is a poor inducer. The glucocorticoid-mediated rise is rapid (t½ = 2–3 hr) and occurs in the presence of either of the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide or puromycin, indicating that the induction is a primary or direct response to the hormone. However, the magnitude of the hormonal response observed in culture increases markedly during retinal development. These observations, coupled with the previously reported absence of a hormonal induction in embryonic liver, raise the possibility of a synergistic mechanism, involving tissue-specific regulatory molecules in addition to the glucocorticoid hormone receptor, to explain the retinal-specific primary glucocorticoid hormone induction of glutamine synthetase mRNA.
Characteristics of nicotinamide and N1-methylnicotinamide protection from alloxan diabetes in mice

Abstract Comparisons were made of the dose-response and time-course characteristics of nicotinamide (NIC) and its metabolite, N 1 -methylnicotinamide (MNIC), protection from alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. A significant reduction in the permanent hyperglycemia caused by alloxan (50 mg/kg, iv) was observed when NIC or MNIC was given iv at a dose of 800 mg/kg 2 hr before alloxan. Complete protection was provided by pretreatment with 1200 mg/kg of either agent. There was a linear increase in 2-hr serum levels of NIC or MNIC after increasing doses of each protective agent. Protection after a 1200 mg/kg dose of NIC was of a shorter duration (6 hr) than after a corresponding dose of MNIC (>24 hr). This longer protective action of the metabolite was accompanied by correspondingly higher serum levels of MNIC when compared to levels of NIC after an identical dose. No protective effects of NIC or MNIC were apparent when the agents were added to isolated mouse pancreatic islets prior to alloxan exposure in vitro . The results indicate that both NIC and its metabolite, when given in high doses before alloxan, are capable of protecting mice from alloxan diabetes. The protective action of NIC and MNIC appears to be an indirect one because the agents were ineffective as protectants in an in vitro system.
Corticotropin-releasing factor acts via a third ventricle site to reduce exploratory behavior in rats.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, 20–25 ng) injected into the lateral or fourth ventricles of rats decreased exploratory behavior in the multicompartment testing chamber (MCC), as assessed by decreased mean contact times with novel stimuli. This result extends similar observations made previously in mice. To investigate the site of this action of CRF, cold cream plugs injected into the cerebral ventricles of rats were used to prevent access of the CRF to specific periventricular sites. When the cerebral aqueduct was blocked with cold cream, CRF injected into the lateral ventricle, but not the fourth ventricle, decreased exploratory behavior in the MCC. These results suggest that CRF does not act in the fourth ventricle to alter behavior in the MCC, and most likely acts in the lateral or third ventricles. Cold cream blocks within the third ventricle prevented the effect of lateral ventricle administration of CRF. The clearest effects were obtained when the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (AV3V) had been coated with cold cream. This region, which contains the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), was the only region blocked that showed a significant statistical interaction between the cold cream block and the effect of CRF. This result suggests that the OVLT, or regions close to it, is the primary site of the behavioral action of CRF in the MCC. It is possible that the peptide could be taken up in this region and transported to another brain site.
Monozygotic twins concordant for Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and implications for genetic counseling.

We report on a set of monozygotic twin boys concordant for Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, and discuss the possible genetic basis of the disorder. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DNA replication and daughter cell buddingare not tightly linked in the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondii

In the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, cell division occurs by an unusual internal budding process whereby two daughter cells develop within and eventually subsume the mother cell. We have examined this process using inhibitors targeted at specific events in the cell cycle. By adding inhibitors to newly established parasites we were able to examine the effects of the inhibitors on parasites treated at the start of intracellular development and many hours prior to the onset of daughter cell budding. As with other eukaryotes, inhibitors of nuclear DNA synthesis blocked parasite DNA synthesis and prevented cell division. Examination of parasites treated with the nuclear DNA synthesis inhibitor aphidicolin showed that the formation of daughter apical complexes and the initiation of budding occurred as normal and only the inability of the nucleus to become incorporated into the daughter cells prevented successful cell division. Moreover, these inhibitory effects of aphidicolin were not reversible. The initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis and cell division in newly invaded Toxoplasma required both gene transcription and protein synthesis, although inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA synthesis, transcription and protein synthesis did not block parasite division. Thus, unlike most eukaryotes, Toxoplasma tachyzoites have separated nuclear DNA replication and mitosis from the events associated with cell division (daughter cell budding). This implies that Toxoplasma tachyzoites may have dispensed with specific cell cycle checkpoints present in other eukaryotes with, in particular, a DNA-replication checkpoint control either missing, or downregulated in this stage of the parasite life cycle.
Choosing And Setting Up TV Systems For Fluoroscopy

Closed circuit television systems are now in use in most fluoroscopy rooms for a variety of reasons: 1) Obviation of dark adaptation 2) Simultaneous viewing of the images by many observers 3) Convenient positioning of the images 4) Image processing by electronic means 5) Recording by tape, disc, storage tube© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Plasma lipoproteins and their receptors

Apolipoproteins B and E play essential roles in the transport and endocytosis of the lipoprotein particles on which they reside. The appearance of a high-resolution structure for the receptor ligand domain of apolipoprotein E affords an opportunity to understand in detail its interaction with receptors. Early outlines of the domain structure of the much larger apolipoprotein B molecule are also emerging. Sequence analyses of a pair of receptor molecules capable of binding modified low-density lipoprotein will contribute materially to the analysis of a special pathway of endocytosis in macrophages and certain other cells. From the analysis of the speciation of high-density lipoproteins, a small protein-rich particle is emerging which may be the initial acquisitor of cholesterol from peripheral tissues in the centripetal transport process.
Transport phenomena in high performance nanocrystalline ZnO:Ga films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Nanocrystalline gallium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) thin films were synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). A statistical design of experiments (DOE) was employed to optimize electrical conductivity. A carrier concentration of 5.5×1020/cm3 and a mobility of 15 cm2/V s yielding a resistivity of 7.5×10−4 Ω cm resulted from the conditions of high pressure, rf power, and electrode gap. X-ray diffraction showed that gallium doping had a profound impact on film orientation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the films were nanostructured, with an average grain size of 80 nm and a surface roughness of ∼2 nm. This unique morphology benefited optical transmission, but limited electrical performance. Average transmission across the visible spectrum was ∼93% as scattering losses were minimized. Temperature dependent Hall and optical transmission measurements demonstrated that structural defects and ionized impurities were equal contributors to electron scattering.
Clinician Perspectives of Diagnosis and Perceived Client Change in “Real World” Psychotherapy for Youth Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

We investigated the extent to which clinician-assigned diagnoses of emotional and behavioral disorders and clinicians’ perceptions of client change are consistent with structured measures of youth clinical functioning and parent/family characteristics within the context of usual care or “real world” psychotherapy. A total of 54 therapists from two publicly-funded youth outpatient mental health clinics and 128 youths and parents from the therapists’ combined caseloads were included in the study. Clinician-assigned diagnosis and youth and family demographics were collected at the initial visit, clinician-reported perceived client change was collected at 6-month follow-up, and structured measures of youth clinical functioning and parent/family characteristics were collected at both time points. Results indicate some overlap between clinician-assigned diagnosis, clinician-reported perceived client change, and structured measures of youth clinical functioning and parent/family characteristics after controlling for demographic factors. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the implementation of evidence-based practices in real world community settings.
On consistent symbolic representations of general dynamic systems

This paper deals with the issue of consistent symbolic (qualitative) representation of continuous dynamic systems. Consistency means here that the results of reasoning with the qualitative representation hold in the underlying (quantitative) dynamic system. In the formalization proposed in this paper, the quantitative structure is represented using the notion of a general dynamic system (GDS). The qualitative counterpart (QDS), is represented by a finite-state automaton structure. The two representational substructures are related through functions, called qualitative abstractions of dynamic systems. Qualitative abstractions associate inputs, states and outputs of the QDS, with partitions of appropriate GDS spaces. The paper shows how to establish such consistent partitions, given a partitioning of the system's output. To represent borders of these partitions, the notion of critical hypersurfaces is introduced. One of the main ideas that provides consistency is the interpretation of qualitative input events as elements of the partition of the Cartesian product of input, initial state and time sets. An example of a consistent qualitative/quantitative representation of a simple dynamic system, and of reasoning using such a representation, is provided. >
Incorporation of Subducted Slab-derived Sediment and Fluid in Arc Magmas: B–Be–10Be–εNd Systematics of the Kurile Convergent Margin, Russia

We present an investigation of B^Be^Be^eNd systematics of the incoming crust and across the wide, active Kurile arc in the NW Pacific ocean basin to address the role of recent sediment incorporation in arc magmas as a function of depth to the Wadati^Benioff zone. The Be flux ratio (8^14%) through the arc constrains the fate of sediments subducted at the trench and requires that a minimum !10 m of the sediment column must reach the depths of magma generation. Enrichments in subducted sediment-derived Be in rear-arc lavas are comparable with those in the volcanic front, despite longer subduction transit times, and require a mechanism for the prolonged release of Be from the subducting slab. Cross-arc Be enrichments, together with drastic reductions in B/Be, imply a protracted stability of their primary mineralogical host in subducted sediment, white mica (phengite).The persistence of phengite constrains slab surface temperatures to be 59508C to 165 km depth and limits the extent of partial melting of the slab to520%. The simplest interpretation of combined incoming sediment and cross-arc B/Be^Be/Be^eNd systematics is that the agent of element transfer changes from aqueous fluid-dominated beneath the volcanic front to melt-like beneath the deeper regions of the arc.
Extrinsic Cues Suppress the Encoding of Intrinsic Cues

Remembering where objects are in space is fundamental to adaptive behavior. Little is known about how intact humans combine information from intrinsic (egocentric) and extrinsic (exocentric, allocentric, or landmark-based) coordinate systems to locate objects. Using a simple location estimation paradigm, this study finds that we mostly remember position in extrinsic coordinates. Intrinsic-coordinate-based mapping of space is less precise in the presence of landmarks or extrinsic cues than in their absence. Thus, not only do extrinsic frames of reference dominate internal representations of space, they suppress intrinsic-based representations as well. We speculate that this dominance-suppression hierarchy undercuts intersystem conflicts and underlies a single, undissociated spatial map in intact humans.
Identifying design systematics using learning based diagnostic analysis

With billions of transistors being integrated on a single chip by modern VLSI manufacturing processes, traditional yield learning techniques based on defect density present serious drawbacks. Manufacturing process simulation and yield prediction techniques based solely on random defects are increasingly deviating from the actual yields. Design rules are constantly being modified as new design marginalities are uncovered during yield learning, often without much statistical/yield validation. In this paper, we present a new diagnostic technique that merges volume diagnosis data with detailed layout analysis to quantify the true impact of design systematics. The presented technique has been successfully used at IBM to confirm or refute suspected design marginalities on multiple products manufactured in technologies ranging from 90nm through 45nm.
Learning intersections and thresholds of halfspaces

We give the first polynomial time algorithm to learn any function of a constant number of halfspaces under the uniform distribution to within any constant error parameter. We also give the first quasipolynomial time algorithm for learning any function of a polylog number of polynomial-weight halfspaces under any distribution. As special cases of these results we obtain algorithms for learning intersections and thresholds of halfspaces. Our uniform distribution learning algorithms involve a novel non-geometric approach to learning halfspaces; we use Fourier techniques together with a careful analysis of the noise sensitivity of functions of halfspaces. Our algorithms for learning under any distribution use techniques from real approximation theory to construct low degree polynomial threshold functions.
Thrombin-mediated increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] involve different mechanisms in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells

Thrombin is a procoagulant inflammatory agonist that can disrupt the endothelium-lumen barrier in the lung by causing contraction of endothelial cells and promote pulmonary cell proliferation. Both contraction and proliferation require increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). In this study, we compared the effect of thrombin on Ca2+ signaling in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASMC) and endothelial (PAEC) cells. Thrombin increased the [Ca2+]cyt in both cell types; however, the transient response was significantly higher and recovered quicker in the PASMC, suggesting different mechanisms may contribute to thrombin-mediated increases in [Ca2+]cyt in these cell types. Depletion of intracellular stores with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ induced calcium transients representative of those observed in response to thrombin in both cell types. Interestingly, CPA pretreatment significantly attenuated thrombin-induced Ca2+ release in PASMC; this attenuation was not apparent in PAEC, indicating that a PAEC-specific mechanism was targeted by thrombin. Treatment with a combination of CPA, caffeine, and ryanodine also failed to abolish the thrombin-induced Ca2+ transient in PAEC. Notably, thrombin-induced receptor-mediated calcium influx was still observed in PASMC after CPA pretreatment in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Ca2+ oscillations were triggered by thrombin in PASMC resulting from a balance of extracellular Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The data show that thrombin induces increases in intracellular calcium in PASMC and PAEC with a distinct CPA-, caffeine-, and ryanodine-insensitive release existing only in PAEC. Furthermore, a dynamic balance between Ca2+ influx, intracellular Ca2+ release, and reuptake underlie the Ca2+ transients evoked by thrombin in some PASMC. Understanding of such mechanisms will provide an important insight into thrombin-mediated vascular injury during hypertension.
Mad City Mystery: Developing Scientific Argumentation Skills with a Place-based Augmented Reality Game on Handheld Computers

While the knowledge economy has reshaped the world, schools lag behind in producing appropriate learning for this social change. Science education needs to prepare students for a future world in which multiple representations are the norm and adults are required to “think like scientists.” Location-based augmented reality games offer an opportunity to create a “post-progressive” pedagogy in which students are not only immersed in authentic scientific inquiry, but also required to perform in adult scientific discourses. This cross-case comparison as a component of a design-based research study investigates three cases (roughly 28 students total) where an Augmented Reality curriculum, Mad City Mystery, was used to support learning in environmental science. We investigate whether augmented reality games on handhelds can be used to engage students in scientific thinking (particularly argumentation), how game structures affect students’ thinking, the impact of role playing on learning, and the role of the physical environment in shaping learning. We argue that such games hold potential for engaging students in meaningful scientific argumentation. Through game play, players are required to develop narrative accounts of scientific phenomena, a process that requires them to develop and argue scientific explanations. We argue that specific game features scaffold this thinking process, creating supports for student thinking non-existent in most inquiry-based learning environments.
Application of a sputtering glow discharge ion source to a flowing afterglow study of transition metal ion chemistry

Abstract The use of a sputtering discharge ion source in the study of gas phase transition metal ion chemistry under conditions where three-body processes predominate has been explored. Experiments were carried out in which the glow discharge was interfaced with a flowing afterglow reactor in order to determine its effectiveness in the production of metal ions with signal characteristics suitable for use in this environment. These initial experiments have indicated that a variety of metal ions can be formed with adequate signal-to-noise ratios. Because of the specific instrument configuration, a mixture of helium and argon was used as the discharge gas in order to minimize noise resulting from argon metastables. Helium metastables produced in the discharge were quenched by injecting argon into the flowtube immediately downstream from the discharge. Metal ion signals within the flowtube were observed to stabilize approximately 10 min after initiation of the discharge, and remained stable for the duration of subsequent analyses. Experiments in which Co+, Ni+, Cu+, and Zn+ were allowed to react with ethane were carried out. Overall rate constants and observed products in the reactions involving Ni+, Cu+ and Zn+ were consistent with those reported for ground state ions. Reaction of CO+ with CH3I indicated that a portion of these ions was in an excited state.
Design optimization of SiGe BiCMOS Silicon Controlled Rectifier for Charged Device Model (CDM) protection applications

Abstract Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) devices fabricated in a SiGe BiCMOS technology are optimized for Charged Device Model (CDM) Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection. This optimization involves combined experimental and Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) ESD simulation analysis of the quasi-static current–voltage and transient response characteristics during fast stress conditions. The underlying physical mechanisms critical to the device design are demonstrated based on very fast transmission line pulsing (VFTLP) measurement and physics-based simulation results.
Symposium on the application of geophysics to ocean basins and margins: Introduction

The last few years have seen a remarkable growth of interest in oceanography. The formation and endowment of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the reorganization of the Bermuda Station, and the activities of the Scripps Institution may be cited as a few of the achievements in which the American institutions have played an active part. The publications of a number of marine laboratories here and abroad show that they are investigating several problems which are of fundamental interest to the geologist as well as to the biologist. Of special mention are studies in marine sedimentation and, to a certain extent, submarine configuration.
The ATAMM procedure model for concurrent processing of large grained control and signal processing algorithms

An overview is presented of a model for describing data and control flow associated with the execution of large-grained, decision-free algorithms in a special distributed computer environment. The ATAMM (Algorithm-To-Architecture Mapping Model) model provides a basis for relating an algorithm to its execution in a dataflow multicomputer environment. The ATAMM model features a marked graph Petri net description of the algorithm behavior with regard to both data and control flow. The model provides an analytical basis for calculating performance bounds on throughput characteristics which are demonstrated here. >
S‐180 cells secrete nerve growth factor protein similar to 7S‐nerve growth factor

The nerve growth factor protein (NGF) has been identified by biological assay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in media conditioned by monolayers of mouse S-180 sarcoma cells, a transformed cell line of salivary gland origin. By utilization of a purification procedure designed to enrich for acid-dissociable, high-molecular-weight complexes similar to the 7S-NGF isolated from male mouse submaxillary gland, it has been determined that a significant portion of mouse sarcoma NGF is initially present as a complex at neutral pH with a molecualr weight indistinguishable from that of 7S-NGF. At pH 4.0 the mouse sarcoma NGF complex dissociates, and the active subunit can be isolated as a species with a molecular weight of less than 40,000. The induced dissociation at pH 4.0 of the mouse sarcoma NGF high-molecular-weight complex, as well as the complex's behavior in isoelectric focusing and sucrose gradient sedimentation is consistent with the hypothesis that 7S-NGF is packaged as a subunit containing protein intracellularly prior to secretion into the extracellular space. Moreover, the stability of the mouse sarcoma NGF complex at dilute concentrations is similar to that reported for the purified 7S-NGF complex.
Interleaved series arrays for improved retro-reflective array performance

This paper presents a design concept to aid in the detection and tracking of objects in a cluttered environment at 26GHz. The goal is to uniquely identify large, relatively cylindrical metallic objects in a warehouse setting. In addition to the challenge of determining the object's precise location, it is also desirable to uniquely identify each cylinder. The application is similar to RFID but differs in that much longer range of operation is needed and operation on metallic objects is required.
The distribution of retino-collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey.

The retino-collicular projections in rhesus monkeys were studied using standard autoradiographic and degeneration techniques. A computer based technique was developed which provided a flattened visual display of the retinal projection onto the entire superior colliculus, quantified the area covered by such projections for different segments of the colliculus and showed how this morphological pattern varied with depth beneath the collicular surface. In the anterolateral third of the colliculus (i.e., the foveal representation) the retinal projection was light, confined to a narrow region of the superficial gray and contributed primarily by the contralateral eye. In the remaining binocular segment of the superior colliculus the retinal projections showed a marked degree of local patterning, that in many instances appeared as bands of label. By combining eye removal and eye injection procedures in a single animal and comparing adjacent sections processed for autoradiography and stained for degeneration, it was possible to assess the amount of overlap between retino-collicular projections from the two eyes. These experiments showed that total segregation of retinal afferents does occur in the monkey superior colliculus, but what occurs more often is a situation where the density of inputs from the two eyes varies reciprocally as one moves across the part of the colliculus that represents the binocular visual field.
Guidance in the ages of neuroscience

Over the past two decades important progress has been made in the area of intervention in psychiatric disorders, mainly with the introduction of novel antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Despite these advances, the interindividual differences in the psychotropic drug response and the development of drug-induced adverse effects remain a serious problem in clinical practice. On the other hand, more information about the mechanisms of action of psychotropic drugs may help the way they should be prescribed. In this regard application of technological advances in the field of neurosciences, namely modern neuroimaging methods and the enormously developed molecular genetics acquires paramount importance. PET and SPECT studies have indicated that antipsychotic response is associated with blockade of dopamine D2 receptors and antidepressant response has been linked to blockade of serotonin transporter receptors. According to Zipurski et al (2007), these findings have the following clinical implications: a) antipsychotic dosing for most patients with schizophrenia can be expected to occur within a narrow range of D2 receptor blockade, (b) Antidepressant response for must patients can be expected to occur with blockade of 80% or more of the serotonin transporter. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics signal the beginning of a new era in the treatment psychiatric disorders. They provide a novel method in the search of informative correlates of psychotropic drug response. Polymorphisms of dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes, transporter proteins and metabolic enzymes may contribute to variability in response to psychotropic drugs and the occurrence of their adverse reactions. In the field of molecular biology, it has been demonstrated that psychotropic drugs used to treat mood disorders, target molecules and signaling cascades implicated in the control of neuroplasticity. Our expanding knowledge of psychopharmacology will help lead to specific targeting for more predictable and safer medications in the near future. It is believed that perspectives are outstanding to achieve benefits previously unattainable.
The ontogeny of talo-crural appositional articular morphology among catarrhine taxa: Adult shape reflects substrate use

The upper ankle joint forms a single articular plane between organism and the foot and substrate. Singular warp analysis shows that its shape reflects substrate use. This study explores whether the differences in shape are genetic with a developmental trajectory evident during ontogeny or epigenetic and the result of substrate use by the individual. A total of 418 matched distal tibial and proximal talar landmarked surfaces from adult and subadult specimens from 12 diverse catarrhine taxa were studied. Specimens were grouped by molar eruption (M1, M2, and M3) for comparative analysis. Generalized Procrustes analysis, multivariate regression, relative warp analysis, singular warp analysis, and permutation tests were used. Singular warp analysis for the entire cohort was highly significant in the first singular warp, with the adult taxa sorting by substrate use. All 173 subadults clustered with an adult "arboreal" shape profile. Among Hominoidea, adults (M3) sorted by substrate use with Pan paniscus and Hylobatidae assuming an "arboreal" shape separate from Pan troglodytes and the remaining taxa with "terrestrial" shape. Cercopithecoid adults sorted by substrate use as well, with the M3 specimens of Papio hamadryas and Macaca thibetana demonstrating a "terrestrial" shape. Differences in mode of locomotion did not affect the findings in the first singular warp. Results confirmed the convergence of talo-crural shape among superfamilies based on substrate use and divergence in shape within Pan and Macaca, based on substrate use. The shape differences among adults (M3) are consistent with a plastic response to the behavioral stimulus of substrate use.
OsiriX: An Open-Source Software for Navigating in Multidimensional DICOM Images

A multidimensional image navigation and display software was designed for display and interpretation of large sets of multidimensional and multimodality images such as combined PET-CT studies. The software is developed in Objective-C on a Macintosh platform under the MacOS X operating system using the GNUstep development environment. It also benefits from the extremely fast and optimized 3D graphic capabilities of the OpenGL graphic standard widely used for computer games optimized for taking advantage of any hardware graphic accelerator boards available. In the design of the software special attention was given to adapt the user interface to the specific and complex tasks of navigating through large sets of image data. An interactive jog-wheel device widely used in the video and movie industry was implemented to allow users to navigate in the different dimensions of an image set much faster than with a traditional mouse or on-screen cursors and sliders. The program can easily be adapted for very specific tasks that require a limited number of functions, by adding and removing tools from the program’s toolbar and avoiding an overwhelming number of unnecessary tools and functions. The processing and image rendering tools of the software are based on the open-source libraries ITK and VTK. This ensures that all new developments in image processing that could emerge from other academic institutions using these libraries can be directly ported to the OsiriX program. OsiriX is provided free of charge under the GNU open-source licensing agreement at http://homepage.mac.com/rossetantoine/osirix.
Two cases of ethnography: Grounded theory and the extended case method

Sociological ethnography largely draws upon two epistemologically competing perspectives - grounded theory and the extended case method - with a different conceptualization of sociological case-construction and theory. We argue that the sociological case in the extended case method is foremost a form of theoretical framing: relying on theoretical narratives to delineate the boundaries of an empirical field. Grounded theory follows the tenets of Chicago School ethnography where the sociological case is elicited from ethno-narratives of actors in the field: the institutionally and interactionally delimited ways members in the field 'case' their action. This difference in sociological casing, in turn, is reflected in the ways theory is used. Where the extended case method uses theoretical narratives as a denouement of the case, grounded theory employs theory to construct a grammar of social life.
117 Care of the Thermally Injured Breast

Introduction: Thermal injury to the female breast is one of the most challenging aspects of aesthetic burn surgery today. As the ability to provide coverage for large body surface injuries has progressed greatly in recent years; attention can now be directed towards achieving aesthetically pleasing results. Breast reconstruction in the burn patient can be accomplished in several ways. In planning the reconstruction, one must account for gender, age, and stage of breast development at the time of injury. The following is the treatment protocol utilized at our institution. After determining the level of injury the injured area is cleansed and treated with topical anti-microbial agents such as Silvadene. If the decision is made to excise and graft the injured area one of two algorithms is followed. The first choice involves excising the burn and placing a split thickness skin graft to the area involved. This is done by placing a sheet graft and using aerosolized fibrin sealant to affix it to the wound bed. If the burn involves deeper elements of tissue then a second approach is taken which includes excision of the burn down to the level of fascia with preservation of the breast mounds and the nipple areola complex (NAR). The (NAR) is spared excision and allowed to heal. Reconstruction of the (NAR) can be deferred for a secondary procedure depending upon the response to primary healing. A split thickness skin graft is then applied to the area of injury. Again a sheet graft is preferred and fibrin sealant is utilized to improve graft fixation and contour. We attribute our excellent results to the sheet grafts and fibrin sealant used. It should be noted that the increased vascularity of the breast fat when compared to fat located elsewhere in the body allows the grafts to adhere and survive on this generally difficult to graft surface. Methods: We identified five female patients at our institution over the last 18 months with thermal injuries to the breasts. Each patient was placed into one of the two treatment algorithms. Results: The five patients had excellent outcomes. Breast mounds and symmetry were preserved. Further development of the breast was allowed in each patient. One patient even underwent a breast augmentation after surviving a 50% TBSA injury. Proper use of fibrin sealant and sheet grafts account for the excellent results seen at this institution. Conclusion: Following careful evaluation of the burned female breast cosmetically and functionally acceptable results can be attained when following our institution’s protocol for breast reconstruction in the female burn victim.
Increased cytochrome P-450 2E1 expression sensitizes hepatocytes to c-Jun-mediated cell death from TNF-α

The mechanisms underlying hepatocyte sensitization to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-mediated cell death remain unclear. Increases in hepatocellular oxidant stress such as those that occur with he...
Unmanned Vehicles for Mobile Electromagnetic Launch Platforms

Many applications for electromagnetic (EM) launch that have been postulated over the last 30 years involve integration aboard mobile platforms. These mobile applications span both direct-fire (tank-like) and indirect-fire (mortar, artillery, and offshore) support functions for maneuvering forces, as well as ship-based shore fire support, self defense, and airborne launch. The traditional approach to implementing these systems has been to build the concept around vehicle designs of currently built or fielded human-piloted or driven platforms. This paper examines the benefits and limitations of integration aboard platforms leveraging the growth of unmanned vehicle design approaches. The resulting overall systems will be shown to provide opportunities to gain enhanced overall performance and safety and possibly to unlock new tactical or strategic uses of EM launch.
A refactoring tool for Smalltalk

Refactoring is an important part of the evolution of reusable software and frameworks. Its uses range from the seemingly trivial, such as renaming program elements, to the profound, such as retrofitting design patterns into an existing system. Despite its importance, lack of tool support forces programmers to refactor programs by hand, which can be tedious and error-prone. The Smalltalk Refactoring Browser is a tool that carries out many refactorings automatically, and provides an environment for improving the structure of Smalltalk programs. It makes refactoring safe and simple, and so reduces the cost of making reusable software. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gallbladder Cancer Presenting as Acute Cholecystitis

There are 8,500 new cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder diagnosed each year [1]. The majority of these cases (70 %) are found incidentally when the patient is receiving cholecystectomy. In these circumstances, the diagnosis either occurs when the surgeon intraoperatively examines the gallbladder at the time of cholecystectomy or when the pathologist postoperatively examines the gallbladder. The next highest numbers of patients (30 %) are diagnosed for symptoms related to advanced gallbladder cancer [1, 2].
Perspective: 4D ultrafast electron microscopy—Evolutions and revolutions

In this Perspective, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of ultrafast electron imaging are overviewed with focus on the “single-electron concept” for probing methodology. From the first electron microscope of Knoll and Ruska [Z. Phys. 78, 318 (1932)], constructed in the 1930s, to aberration-corrected instruments and on, to four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy (4D UEM), the developments over eight decades have transformed humans’ scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the micrometer and second domains, and now reaching the space and time dimensions of atoms in matter. With these advances, it has become possible to follow the elementary structural dynamics as it unfolds in real time and to provide the means for visualizing materials behavior and biological functions. The aim is to understand emergent phenomena in complex systems, and 4D UEM is now central for the visualization of elementary processes involved, as illustrated here with examples from past achievements and future outlook.
Stability of diazepam injection repackaged in glass unit-dose syringes

The stability of diazepam injection repackaged in disposable glass syringes and stored at room and refrigerator temperatures was studied. Thirty-nine 1.5-ml syringes were filled with 1.1 ml diazepam injection 5-mg/ml. All syringes were stored in light-resistant bags on their sides so that the solution was in contact with the rubber stoppers on both ends. Samples were assayed with a stability-indicating HPLC method for diazepam and its degradation product, 2-methylamino-5-chloro-benzophenone (MACB), after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage at 30 degrees C and 4 degrees C. At 90 days, the diazepam injection stored at 4 degrees C retained 97.4 +/- 1.6% of its original potency; samples stored at 30 degrees C retained 92.4 +/- 1% of their original potency. Apparent sorption to rubber syringe components led to a decrease in the concentration of both diazepam and MACB. The decrease in diazepam was a function of storage time and temperature; however, the disappearance of MACB from the syringes was a function of only time. Diazepam injection is chemically stable as 5-mg doses in disposable glass syringes for 90 days when stored at 4 degrees C or 30 degrees C. However, refrigeration is recommended.
Effect of timolol maleate gel-forming solution on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate in normal and glaucomatous cats.

Objective To determine the effects of once-daily topical treatment with timolol maleate gel-forming solution (GFS) on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter (PD), and heart rate (HR) in normal cats and cats with feline primary congenital glaucoma (FCG). Animals studied and procedures A single drop of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS was administered topically to one randomly assigned eye of 18 adult cats (8 normal, 10 FCG) at 8 am for 8 days; the opposite eye served as the untreated control. IOP was measured in both eyes (OU) every 2 h (PD and HR were measured every 4 h), for 14 h total, 1 day prior to and on days 1 and 8 of treatment. In a second treatment phase, a single drop of timolol was administered at 8 pm for 3 nights and IOP, PD, and HR were measured, as above, beginning at 8 am on day 4. Slit-lamp examinations were conducted prior to and after treatment phases. Comparisons of mean IOP, PD, and HR were made at each time point and between treated and untreated eyes by repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer post hoc test, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Results Timolol maleate 0.5% GFS had an inconsistent effect on IOP, with maximum IOP-lowering effect (mean = 5.6 mmHg, 17.4%) observed 6 h post-treatment in FCG. The drug caused significant miosis (from 4 to 8 h post-treatment), but had no effect on HR. Conclusion Once-daily application of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS may be of limited clinical benefit in the management of feline congenital glaucoma.
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS FOR IEC FUSION IN A PENNING TRAP BY ELECTRON RECIRCULATION

Inertial Electrostatic Confinement of fusion ions in a modified Penning trap is further modified to include a mechanism for low-power recirculation of electrons via a diverter electrode placed in the low-field, cusp region of the trap. The locally divergent magnetic field lines act as a magnetic nozzle to extract energy bound up in the angular momentum of the larmor gyrations of the electrons, enabling the diverter potential to be close to that of the emitter while still collecting scattered electrons. The diverter recirculates a large fraction of the scattered core electron population back to the emitter through a much smaller potential difference, thereby reducing the overall power consumption for a given collisional diffusivity in the core region and improving overall system efficiency. Modeling of the general system is presented which suggests a power density that is too low to be practical for power or propulsion applications given existing magnet technology unless a hypothesized “POPS” mechanism can be developed to enhance core ion densities. However, this technology is suggested as a candidate for an efficient, plasma target, neutron source.
The Behavior of Scolytus quadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) During the Dispersal Flight as Related to Its Host Specificities

Newly emerged Scolytus quadrispinosus Say were collected by tanglefoot-coated barriers during flight to crowns of paired, healthy host and nonhost trees ( Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch and Quercus alba L., respectively). As weekly collections were comparable in both tree species, the dispersal flight apparently was random with respect to both tree species, This phenomenon indicated that the host specificities of S. quadrispinosus for maturation feeding were not governed by attractants peculiar to healthy, host tissues.
Studies on Fertility and Restorability of Photo(Thermo)-sensitive Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines (SA) in Japonica Rice

The results from the split seeding experiments for three years showed that the fertility of the photo(thermo)-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile lines,developed by combining P(T)GMS and CMS genes and symbolized as SA,was not easily influenced by daylength and temperature.Its male sterility was very stable under a long daylength with high,normal or low temperatures, and under a short daylength with normal or low temperatures.The main pollen type of SA was typical abortion one under a long daylength,but typical and stained abortion types co-existed under a short daylength and the percentage of stained pollens increased with a decrease of daylength and temperature.The results from the studies on its restorability showed that different restorer lines had a different restoring ability to SA,and the restorability of SA lines was generally between that of its parents S and A lines.
Analysis of genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationship between Changium smyrnioides and Chuanminshen violaceum using molecular markers and ITS sequences.

The data from RAPD,ISSR analysis,and the sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer(ITS) were used to evaluate the genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationship between Changium smyrnioides and Chuanminshen violaceum.Six wild populations of C.smyrnioides and one cultivated population of C.violaceum were studied by ISSR and RAPD analysis.The results show that the genetic variation of C.smyrnioides was high and the majority of genetic variation occurred among populations.Cluster analysis(UPGMA) indicated that substantially genetic divergence was found between C.smyrnioides and C.violaceum at DNA level.The sequences of ITS-1 in six populations of C.smyrnioides ranged from 215 bp to 219 bp in size and those of ITS-2 from 224 bp to 227 bp.The G+C contents of ITS-1 varied from 58.3% to 59.2%,and those of ITS-2 varied from 54.3% to 56.6%.ITS sequence analysis also revealed certain differences between C.smyrnioides and C.violaceum.ITS regions from C.smyrnioides,C.violaceum and relative species in Apioideae were sequenced and analyzed.Results strongly support the systematic position of C.smyrnioides.In the ITS phylogenetic trees,C.violaceum was sister to C.smyrnioides with high bootstrap values(100%),suggesting that C.violaceum should be placed in Smyrnieae Koch.
Utilization of pediatric emergency services: a critical review.

The incidence of and reasons for inappropriate use of hospital emergency rooms are discussed. Among the approaches considered for decreasing non-emergency use of emergency rooms are educating the public as to proper use, redesigning emergency facilities to accommodate non-emergency patients, instituting hospital-based group practices, and educating health care providers as to the reasons patients seek emergency care.
Flow Patterns in the Carotid Arteries of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Background The aim of this study is to evaluate and define the expected flow pattern changes of carotid artery duplex ultrasound after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement. Methods Retrospective review of Henry Ford Hospital database of patients who had undergone LVAD placement between March 2008 and July 2012 was performed. All patients who had carotid artery duplex scanning before and after LVAD placement within 2 years of each other and showed Results A total of 13 patients with LVAD had at least 2 carotid duplex studies before and after LVAD placement within 2 years of each other. Of those, 92% (n = 12) were men, and 61% (n = 8) were Caucasian. Mean age was 61 years old. The HeartWare ventricular assist device was implanted in 4 patients and the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device was implanted in 9 patients. Post-LVAD Doppler imaging demonstrated parvus tardus waveform. Analysis of flow velocities revealed that peak systolic velocity was diminished after LVAD placement in both the internal and common carotid arteries (P = 0.006 and P Conclusions This study reveals changes in waveform morphology and peak systolic and diastolic velocities in the common and internal carotid arteries on carotid duplex after LVAD placement. Additionally, it shows that despite changes in post-LVAD pulse pressure in the carotid arteries, the mean flow velocity remained unchanged.