cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programs of the Mind

What Is Thought? . by Eric B. Baum. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2004. 492 pp. $40, £25.95. ISBN 0-262-02548-5. Approaching the problem of the mind from a computer science perspective, Baum argues for a computational explanation of though--one that sees the mind as "a complex but compact program."
HOT ELECTRON NOISE PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS IN THE NON-ZERO COLLISION DURATION REGIME

To obtain the noise properties of devices under hot electron condition, Langevin's equation is solved including the effects of energy and momentum relaxation time in the displaced maxwellian distribution approximation. The collision duration, which can be a significant fraction of energy or momentum relaxation time for very small structured devices, is also included. It is known that the noise power spectral density and thus the small signal diffusion coefficient and velocity auto-correlation are related to the small signal microwave conductivity of semiconductors. Both the transverse and longitudinal components of these quantities are calculated including their dependence on the magnitude of collision duration. Numerical calculation using the constants of silicon has been performed and it shows the significant contribution of the nonzero collision duration.
Superresolution STED imaging reveals a periodic punctate pattern of adenylyl cyclase type III on primary cilia

Adenylyl cyclases type III (ACIII) is a primary cilia marker involved in cAMP signaling, playing important roles in regulating ciliogenesis and sensory function. Despite its importance, detailed ACIII localization and their interactions with other proteins remain unclear due to the limited resolution of conventional microscopy. To determine the morphological characteristics of ACIII in primary cilia, we conducted superresolution imaging of immunostained ACIII in fibroblasts and neurons using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, which allows us to resolve the localization of ACIII achieving a resolution of 50 nm. In contrast to the previous understanding that ACIII distributes uniformly along a primary cilium, our STED images revealed that ACIII formed a periodic punctate pattern with a roughly equal spacing between groups of puncta. These puncta occupied less than 50% of the area, with the size of 137±20 nm in the axial direction along the primary cilia. The spacing between puncta was 250±67 nm. Some primary cilia even showed two rows of periodic puncta along the axial direction, with a tilted angle of about 12° to 35° between the two rows. The spacing between the two rows was 195±19 nm. In some cells, ACIII was only localized in the basal body, where the periodic punctate pattern was absent. In summary, based on our superresolution studies, we found that ACIII can be transported into a primary cilium, but would only occupy regions approximately equally spaced along the cilium.
A theory of the Brillouin scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a metal

Abstract A theory of the Brillouin scattering of light by long wavelength acoustic phonons in a metal is presented which incorporates the effects associated with a finite skin depth. The scattering mechanism is the modulation of the dielectric constant of the metal by long wavelength, thermal, acoustic phonons, including Rayleigh surface waves. The elasto-optic constants which couple the dielectric constant of the metal to the long wavelength acoustic vibrations, which can be regarded as spatially and temporally varying strains, are calculated for simple metals on the basis of a model potential description of the bare electron-ion interaction. Numerical estimates of the intensity of the scattered light as a function of its frequency for the case of Brillouin scattering from aluminum indicate that it is large enough to be observed at the present time.
On the Effects of Public Investment on Private Investment: What Crowds in What?:

This article provides an empirical investigation of the effects of public investment on the evolution of private investment in the United States. It is based on the impulse response analysis associated with vector auto-regressive (VAR) estimates. The empirical results suggest that at the aggregate level, public investment crowds in private investment. Disaggregating private investment shows that the crowding-in effect of public investment is strong for equipment and only marginal for structures. This crowding-in effect on private equipment is particularly strong in the cases of industrial equipment and transportation equipment. In fact, public investment marginally crowds out private investment in information equipment. A final look at the effects of different types of public investment on the different types of private investment suggests that in about one third of the cases, public investment variables crowd out private sector variables. More important, the aggregate results often hide a wide diversity ...
Quantitative NMR for bioanalysis and metabolomics

Over the last several decades, significant technical and experimental advances have made quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) a valuable analytical tool for quantitative measurements on a wide variety of samples. In particular, qNMR has emerged as an important method for metabolomics studies where it is used for interrogation of large sets of biological samples and the resulting spectra are treated with multivariate statistical analysis methods. In this review, recent developments in instrumentation and pulse sequences will be discussed as well as the practical considerations necessary for acquisition of quantitative NMR experiments with an emphasis on their use for bioanalysis. Recent examples of the application of qNMR for metabolomics/metabonomics studies, the characterization of biologicals such as heparin, antibodies, and vaccines, and the analysis of botanical natural products will be presented and the future directions of qNMR discussed.
Effects of LY231617 and angiotensin IV on ischemia-induced deficits in circular water maze and passive avoidance performance in rats

The antioxidant LY231617 has previously been shown to offer significant protection against postischemic cell death in the hippocampus and corpus striatum of rats. The present results extend this observation by demonstrating a concomitant protection against the spatial memory deficits that accompany damage to the hippocampus, as measured by the circular water maze task. These animals were further tested for changes in associative memory by employing a passive avoidance conditioning task. No deficits in passive avoidance conditioning were measured among the 4-vessel occlusion animals treated with LY231617 or vehicle. However, the intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV) immediately prior to foot-shock conditioning improved retention of the conditioned response during the subsequent 2-day period. These results suggest that LY231617 can offer considerable protection against global ischemia-induced cell death in the hippocampus with resulting preservation of spatial memory abilities. In addition, untreated animals that suffered cell losses in the hippocampus remained capable of responding to the facilitory effect of centrally administered Ang IV on a non-spatial memory task. The hypothesized mechanisms of the protection characteristics of LY231617, and the nootropic effect of Ang IV, are discussed.
Benzo[b] thiophene derivatives. XIX. The sulfur isosteres of psiloein and related isomers

The sulfur analog of psilocin, 3-(β-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-hydroxybenzo[b ]thiophene, and some O-methylated and N-demethylated isomers have been synthesized for pharmacological evaluation. Preliminary tests indicate central nervous system (CNS) activity, but weak pressor activity.
Progestin-only contraception: injectables and implants.

Progestin-only contraceptive injectables and implants are highly effective, longer-acting contraceptive methods that can be used by most women in most circumstances. Globally, 6% of women using modern contraception use injectables and 1% use implants. Injectables are the predominant contraceptive method used in sub-Saharan Africa, and account for 43% of modern contraceptive methods used. A lower-dose, subcutaneous formulation of the most widely used injectable, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, has been developed. Implants have the highest effectiveness of any contraceptive method. Commodity cost, which historically limited implant availability in low-resource countries, was markedly lowered between 2012 and 2013. Changes in menstrual bleeding patterns are extremely common with both methods, and a main cause of discontinuation. Advice from normative bodies differs on progestin-only contraceptive use by breastfeeding women 0–6 weeks postpartum. Whether these methods are associated with HIV acquisition is a controversial issue, with important implications for sub-Saharan Africa, which has a disproportionate burden of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and maternal mortality.
Shaping the Future of the Civil Engineering Profession

In this paper, the author provides observations on the state of engineering education and a blueprint for how to shape the future of the profession to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex world. The engineering profession is one rooted in history and accomplishment. Yet engineers—whether civil, electrical, mechanical, structural, or of other engineering subspecialties—share a problem of perception. Many people do not know what engineers do and are not familiar with their challenges or accomplishments. Some may regard an engineering career path with apathy. Engineers themselves can fail to see their work in its fuller social context, resulting in self-reinforcing limitations on the potential of technology. The challenges of a complex, increasingly connected world demand that the engineering profession renew itself continuously, highlight and promote its accomplishments, and cultivate a future generation of engineers. These engineers must be prepared to contribute to substantive deliberations, to lead and shape the issues, identify and solve problems, and find and pursue the opportunities of tomorrow.
A Protein Synthesis–Dependent Late Phase of Cerebellar Long-Term Depression

Synthesis of new protein has been shown to be required for establishment of a late phase in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Whether a similar requirement is needed to produce the late phase of long-term depression (LTD) remains to be determined. Application of transcription inhibitors or of the translation inhibitor anisomycin, immediately, but not 30 min after glutamate/depolarization conjunction, attenuated a late phase of cerebellar LTD in culture. LTD, produced in a perforated outside-out macropatch of Purkinje neuron dendrite, which lacks nuclear material, returned to baseline values with a time course paralleling that observed with protein synthesis inhibitors in intact cultured Purkinje neurons. These findings suggest that there is a distinct late phase of cerebellar LTD that is dependent upon postsynaptic protein synthesis.
Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions

Ten expert authors have combined to provide a comprehensive summary of the status of knowledge, circa 2000, about “polar lows” in both polar regions. The term “polar low” is normally reserved for small but fairly intense maritime cyclones that dominantly form in the northern oceans during winter, as cold air crosses regions of sharp sea surface temperature gradients. This synthesis covers the full spectrum of mesoscale lows with a diameter less than 1000 km that occur in the Arctic and Antarctic poleward of the main polar front. These features typically form and develop in data-sparse areas, so heavy reliance is placed on satellite remote sensing and numerical modeling to describe and understand these storms. Only a small number of systems have been directly sampled by aircraft. A particularly strong and attractive aspect of Polar Lows is the plethora of satellite images that illustrate the wide range of cloud signatures.
Engineering unnatural nucleotide specificity to probe G protein signaling.

Summary G proteins comprise ∼0.5% of proteins encoded by mammalian genomes. To date, there exists a lack of small-molecule modulators that could contribute to their functional study. In this report, we present the use of H-Ras to develop a system that answers this need. Small molecules that allow for the highly specific inhibition or activation of the engineered G protein were developed. The rational design preserved binding of the natural substrates to the G protein, and the mutations were functionally innocuous in a cellular context. This tool can be used for isolating specific G protein effectors, as we demonstrate with the identification of Nol1 as a putative effector of H-Ras. Finally, the generalization of this system was confirmed by applying it to Rap1B, suggesting that this method will be applicable to other G proteins.
Mucosal associated invariant T cells: Don't forget your vitamins

T lymphocytes express clonal receptors, called T cell receptors (TCRs), which specifically recognize antigens presented in combination with major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). To date, T cell antigens can be broadly categorized into two classes: peptides and lipids. A recent paper published in Nature by Kjer-Nielsen and colleagues reveals that a unique population of T lymphocytes expresses TCRs that recognize a completely new and unexpected class of antigens, vitamin metabolites.
The Transformation of British Labour Party Policy Since 1945

A LTHOUGH THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY continues to regard itself as a socialist party, it has become apparent, particularly during the last decade, that the party no longer finds in its socialist doctrines either an effective program or a rallying cry but the source of internal dissension and external embarrassment. This fact is the more curious when it is remembered that the party based its successful election campaign as recently as in 1945 on a program which contained the militant assertion that "the Labour Party is a Socialist Party, and proud of it" and in which, on the basis of policies which the party had developed over the previous generation, it declared that "its ultimate purpose at home is the establishment of the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain . . . .,I It was this degree of dogmatism in the Labour Party which had caused apprehension that the difference between the two major British parties had become too great for the constitutional system to bear. Yet eleven years later the biographer of Attlee could write ". . . these fears are dead. In their place have arisen new and quite different ones. Concern has recently been felt about the party system, not because the parties are too far apart, but because they are too close together."2 To this reduction in the sharpness of partisan controversy, the Labour Party contributed by exhibiting a flexibility of outlook and a responsiveness to changes in national political problems which were remarkable in a party having considerable ideological commitments. It is true that the transformation which Labour Party policy underwent during this period was not accomplished without the development of substantial tensions in the party, between the supporters of its traditional ideals and those who sensed in the wishes of the electorate and the requirements of government the growing irrelevance of these ideals. The process is analyzed by Richard Crossman's observation that
Activation of the Tie2 Receptor by Angiopoietin-1 Enhances Tumor Vessel Maturation and Impairs Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth

The distinct roles of angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang2, counteracting ligands for the endothelium-specific Tie2 receptor, in tumor development and progression have remained poorly understood. We investigated the expression of Ang1 and Ang2 during multistep mouse skin carcinogenesis and in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) xenografts. Expression of Ang2, but not of Ang1, was up-regulated in angiogenic tumor vessels already in early stages of skin carcinogenesis and was also strongly increased in SCCs. Stable overexpression of Ang1 in human A431 SCCs resulted in a more than 70% inhibition of tumor growth, associated with enhanced Tie2 phosphorylation levels, as compared with low levels in control transfected tumors. No major changes in the vascular density, vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and protein expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 phosphorylation levels were observed in Ang1-expressing tumors. However, the fraction of tumor blood vessels with coverage by α-smooth muscle actin-positive periendothelial cells was significantly increased, indicative of an increased vascular maturation status. These findings identify an inhibitory role of Ang1/Tie2 receptor-mediated vessel maturation in SCC growth and suggest that up-regulation of its antagonist, Ang2, during early-stage epithelial tumorigenesis contributes to the angiogenic switch by counteracting specific vessel-stabilizing effects of Ang1.
SU-FF-J-56: Patient Dose From Kilo-Voltage Cone Beam Computed Tomography (kV-CBCT) Imaging

Purpose: To investigate patient dose from on‐board imager‐based kV‐CBCT. Method and Materials: Radiation doses from kV‐CBCT were measured using TLDs at different locations in three anthropomorphic‐phantoms (H&N, chest and pelvis) and patients retrospectively. kV‐CBCT scans were performed in standard settings (125 kV, 80 mA and 25 ms) using a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator. Both full‐fan (FOV=24 cm) and half‐fan (FOV=40 cm) modes were evaluated for H&N case while only half‐fan (FOV=45 cm) technique was studied for chest and pelvic cases. The skin dose in both phantoms and patients were measured at 4 locations: anterior, posterior, Rt‐Lat, and Lt‐Lat. Doses measured in the phantoms included different critical organs. The dosimeters used were high sensitivity TLD‐100H and only those with standard‐deviations less than 3% and sensitivity within ±3% were selected for this study. Each TLD was individually calibrated using an ion chamber under the irradiation condition. Phantom data was averaged from 3 separate measurements and patient data was averaged from 5 measurements in each category. Results: The skin dose for H&N cases were 9–10cGy for half‐fan mode in both the phantom and patients. The dose for brain and brainstem were 7.1cGy and 7.6cGy, respectively. The doses in same locations were 2–3cGy lower if the full‐fan mode is used. The skin dose for chest cases was 8–10cGy and were same for the phantom and patient measurements. Measured mean lung dose was 8.5cGy and spinal cord dose was 6.2cGy. For pelvis, measured skin dose was 2.9–4.2cGy and the prostate and rectum dose were 2.9cGy. Conclusions: For pelvic cases, kV‐CBCT dose was comparable or less than that from portal imaging. For chest and H&N cases the dose can be two times higher than that for the pelvis cases. Daily CBCT may lead to extra 400cGy to skin and 250cGy to spinal cord in 40 fractions.
Labetalol in the treatment of hypertension in elderly and younger patients

The efficacy and safety of labetalol therapy were evaluated in 20 patients 60 years and older with isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension and 19 patients aged younger than 60 years with diastolic hypertension. After a two-week placebo washout period, labetalol was titrated for up to four weeks (100-400 mg bid) until blood pressure control was achieved (standing systolic less than 160 mm Hg or greater than or equal to 10% reduction from baseline, and standing diastolic less than 90 mm Hg or a decrease of 10 mm Hg from baseline). Mean decreases in standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline were statistically significant for both age groups (greater than or equal to 60 years, -23/-13; less than 60 years, -18/-12, P less than .01). Control criteria were met in 18 (90%) older and 15 (79%) younger patients who then entered a four-week maintenance period. Sixteen (80%) of the older patients and six (32%) of the younger patients maintained blood pressure control on 200 mg or less of labetalol bid (P less than .05). Three patients, two of whom withdrew from the study, were judged to have experienced adverse events that were drug related. It was concluded that labetalol was effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive therapy in both elderly and younger patients. In addition, significantly less medication was required to achieve blood pressure control in the elderly.
A decade of dark matter searches with ground-based Cherenkov telescopes ✩

Abstract In the general scenario of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMP), dark matter (DM) can be observed via astrophysical gamma-rays because photons are produced in various DM annihilation or decay processes, either as broad-band or line emission, or because of the secondary processes of charged particles in the final stages of the annihilations or the decays. The energy range of the former processes is accessible by current ground-based Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs, like H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS). The strengths of this technique are (a) the expected DM gamma-ray spectra show peculiar features like bumps, spikes and cutoff that make them clearly distinguishable from the smoother astrophysical spectra and (b) the expected DM spectrum is universal and therefore by observing two or more DM targets with the same spectrum, a clear identification (besides detection) of DM would be enabled. The role of IACTs may gain more importance in the future as the results from the LHC may hint to a DM particle with mass at the TeV or above, where the IACTs sensitivity is unsurpassed by other experiments. In this contribution, a review of the search for DM with the current generation of IACT will be presented.
The ground-state geometry of methyl fluoride

Abstract We have calculated the ground-state geometry for methyl fluoride from microwave spectroscopic rotational constants of five different isotopic species. The use of an A0 value for CH2DF was especially important in enabling us to define the CH distance within fairly narrow limits. The value so obtained is in good agreement with that predicted on the basis of the CH stretching frequency in CHD2F, and it is also consistent with the trend of CH distances in other methyl halides.
Skull base approaches to complex cerebral aneurysms

The authors used skull base approaches to improve the surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms. These approaches facilitate aneurysm surgery by allowing early proximal and distal vascular control, shortening and widening of the operative field, increasing the range of the surgeon's operative view and motion, and alleviating brain retraction. Twenty-two patients with ruptured giant or complex aneurysms were operated upon acutely using skull base approaches appropriate for their location: (1) the orbitocranial approach for anterior circulation, ophthalmic artery, and intracavernous lesions (n = 10); (2) the orbitozygomatic approach for aneurysms of the upper third of the basilar artery (n = 6); (3) the petrosal approach for aneurysms of the middle third of the basilar artery (n = 2); and (4) the far lateral-transcondylar approach for vertebrobasilar aneurysms (n = 4). Clipping and dissection of the aneurysms was facilitated by the skull base approaches. No surgical mortality occurred in this series of patients; transient cranial nerve paresis was the only morbidity related to the approaches. We compare the three-dimensional spatial geometry of skull base and conventional approaches, and discuss the advantages and nuances of skull base approaches.
In silico construction of a protein interaction landscape for nucleotide excision repair

To obtain a systems-level perspective on the topological and functional relationships among proteins contributing to nucleotide excision repair (NER) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we built two models to analyze protein-protein physical interactions. A recursive computational model based on set theory systematically computed overlaps among protein interaction neighborhoods. A statistical model scored computation results to detect significant overlaps which exposed protein modules and hubs concurrently. We used these protein entities to guide the construction of a multi-resolution landscape which showed relationships among NER, transcription, DNA replication, chromatin remodeling, and cell cycle regulation. Literature curation was used to support the biological significance of identified modules and hubs. The NER landscape revealed a hierarchical topology and a recurrent pattern of kernel modules coupling a variety of proteins in structures that provide diverse functions. Our analysis offers a computational framework that can be applied to construct landscapes for other biological processes.
A Statewide Trial of the SafeCare Home-based Services Model With Parents in Child Protective Services

OBJECTIVES: In this trial, we compared Child Protective Services (CPS) recidivism outcomes between the home-based SafeCare (SC) model for child neglect and comparable home-based services, but without SC modules, for parents in the CPS system across 2 quality control strategies: coached (C) and uncoached implementation. SC is a home-based behavioral skills training model designed for neglecting or maltreating parents. The study was conducted in a scaled-up, statewide implementation setting. METHODS: Two thousand one hundred seventy-five maltreating parents, treated by 219 home visitors, were enrolled and treated in a 2 × 2 (SC versus services as usual × C versus uncoached implementation strategy) randomized cluster experiment. Cases were followed for an average of 6 years for CPS recidivism events. Subpopulation analyses were conducted for parents meeting customary SC inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Consistently significant main effects in favor of SC were found across simple and more complex modeling approaches (hazard ratios = 0.74–0.83). Larger effects were found among the subpopulation meeting customary SC inclusion criteria. C implementation yielded smaller and occasionally significant effects in analyses that included more diverse cases falling outside customary SC inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the adoption and use of SC within CPS home-based services systems. C implementation may be especially valuable for cases where the client-model fit is less strong. * Abbreviations: C — : coached CEM — : Coarsened Exact Matching CI — : confidence interval CPS — : Child Protective Services HR — : hazard ratio HV — : home visitor SAU — : services as usual SC — : SafeCare UC — : uncoached
Heterogeneity of neuroendocrine stress responses in aging rat strains.

Hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is linked with age-related decrements in cognition and neuronal survival. However, the nature and extent of age-related HPA axis deficits varies considerably across and indeed, within strains. The current study was designed to assess variance in HPA axis function using two rodent models commonly used in aging studies: Fischer 344 (F344) and F344/Brown-Norway F1 hybrid rats (F344/BN). We examined both basal and stress-induced ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) release in two stress contexts thought to differ in intensity: novel environment (‘mild’) and restraint (‘intense’). Variability of the data was tested with a modification of the Brown-Forsythe test of homoscedasticity. The results indicated that F344 rats exhibit greater peak HPA responses. Furthermore, in most cases variability was increased in aged rats relative to young and middle-aged rats of the same strain, indicative of the emergence of individual differences in stress responsivity amongst older rats. The results suggest that these older rat strains may be useful models to further assess individual differences in neuroendocrine aging.
PRODUCTIVITY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE REVISITED: THE SENSITIVITY OF TROPICAL FOREST GROWTH TO PRECIPITATION

The response of tropical forest carbon balance to global change is highly dependent on the factors limiting net primary productivity (NPP) in this biome. Current empirical global NPP–climate relationships predict that the response of NPP to climate diminishes at higher levels of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT), but data have been relatively scarce in warm and wet tropical ecosystems. By integrating data from a new comprehensive global survey of NPP from tropical forests and a climate gradient from Maui, Hawaii, along with data previously used to develop NPP–climate relationships, I show that there is a strong negative relationship between MAP and NPP in humid ecosystems. The relationships derived here clearly demonstrate that NPP in wet tropical forests is sensitive to climate, and that future forest growth may be limited by increased precipitation forecast by global climate models for the wet tropics. Corresponding Editor: F. C. Meinzer.
Indoor airflow and pollutant removal in a room with floor-based task ventilation: Results of additional experiments

Abstract A laboratory-based study of the performance of a floor-based task ventilation system designed for use in office buildings has been completed. With the task ventilation system, occupants can adjust the flow rate and direction of air supplied to their work space through floor-mounted supply grilles. Air exits the ventilated space through a ceiling-mounted return grille. To study indoor airflow patterns, the age of air at multiple indoor locations was measured using the tracer gas step-up procedure. To study the intra-room transport of tobacco smoke particles, cigarettes were smoked mechanically in one workstation and particle concentrations were measured at multiple indoor locations. Test variables included supply flow rates, temperatures, supply directions, and internal heat loads. Multiple floor supply units were in operation simultaneously. During all tests, the ventilation system supplied 100% outside air. Our major findings are as follows. (1) Deviations from a uniform age of air, and a uniform particle concentration, were generally less than 30%. (2) With two floor-supply units operating and supply air directed toward the occupant, the age of air in the breathing zone was about 20–40% less than the age of air that would occur in the room if the air was perfectly mixed. (3) With two floor-supply units operating, the air appears to travel from the floor to the ceiling in a piston-like flow pattern. (4) With three floor-supply units operating, a two-zone flow pattern, with a piston-like flow in the lower region of the room and mixing in the upper region, was evident at some operating conditions. (5) A strong ( r 2 = 0.81) correlation was found between the rate of change in the average age of air with height and two factors hypothesized to be determinants of the indoor airflow pattern. (6) Workstations without a cigarette smoking machine and with an operating task ventilation system were not significantly protected from tobacco smoke in an adjacent workstation.
Processing Variables Affecting Proteolysis in Yogurt During Incubation

Abstract The proteolytic activity of yogurt culture influences the keeping quality and consumer acceptance of commercial yogurt. In this study, proteolytic activities of five commercial yogurt cultures were investigated, as influenced by associative growth, total milk solids concentration, prior heat treatment of the milk, and incubation time. Proteolysis was monitored by liberation of alpha-amino groups per 100 ml milk. Associative growth inhibited proteolysis of four of the five cultures, but proteolytic activity was stimulated in one culture. Proteolysis was dependent on the total solids concentration of the milk and incubation time. The proteolytic activity of the cultures was similar. Minimum proteolysis occurred at 10% total milk solids and maximum proteolysis at 14.5% total milk solids. Proteolysis is dependent on the prior heat treatment of the milk. Pasteurization inhibited the acid production by culture CH3, but heat treatment did not influence the acid production by culture THY42. A complete understanding of these variables and their interactions can lead to the development of strategies to minimize proteolysis during the manufacture of yogurt.
Social Background Characteristics of Nonpartisan City Council Members

IN ROUGHLY two-thirds of U.S. municipal elections, candidates run for office without party labels.' Such nonpartisan elections are a product of the municipal reform movement of the early twentieth century, which attempted to limit the power of corrupt party machines, insulate local elections from the influence of state and national party politics, facilitate more efficient and businesslike administration of local government, and encourage recruitment of superior candidates, who might be reluctant to associate themselves with party organizations (Lee 1960). Nonpartisan elections provide an interesting contrast with elections where party labels are present. Behaviorally oriented political scientists of the mid-twentieth century questioned the validity of the reformers' good government theory of nonpartisan elections. A revisionist theory developed based on observations of nonpartisan elections in practice and a theoretical recognition of the functions of political parties in political systems. The classic reassessment was made by Adrian (1952), who hypothesized that nonpartisan elections weakened political parties, tended to be issueless in nature, advantaged incumbents and made them less accountable to the public, and restricted recruitment to higher political office. Subsequent studies of California cities (Lee 1960; Hawley 1973) also asserted that nonpartisan systems tended to over-recruit members of the business community and Republicans, thus reducing the representativeness of local government. This is plausible on any of several grounds: high-SES candidates (and Republicans) may be more willing to run for office in nonpartisan systems; highSES candidates may be more likely to have the resources to win without the aid of a party label; or lower turnout in nonpartisan elections may bias the voting electorate in favor of high-SES candidates. To date, none of this has been tested with a nationwide survey. This paper makes a beginning toward remedying that omission. Drawing on a survey of all U.S. cities with a population of 2,500 or more, I test the revisionist assertion that high-SES candidates are elected more frequently
Electrochemical and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 6-thioxanthine

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation pathway of 6-thioxanthine was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, coulometry, UV—VIS spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Experimental results show that the thio group of 6-thioxanthine oxidizes at moderate potentials, forming an unstable product. The evidence obtained indicates that the product is a dimer. At more positive potentials the thio group and the purine ring are oxidized with allantoin as the major final product. The electrochemical oxidation pathway and its biological significance are discussed.
Successful treatment of murine β-thalassemia using in vivo selection of genetically modified, drug-resistant hematopoietic stem cells

Successful gene therapy of beta-thalassemia will require replacement of the abnormal erythroid compartment with erythropoiesis derived from genetically corrected, autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, currently attainable gene transfer efficiencies into human HSCs are unlikely to yield sufficient numbers of corrected cells for a clinical benefit. Here, using a murine model of beta-thalassemia, we demonstrate for the first time that selective enrichment in vivo of transplanted, drug-resistant HSCs can be used therapeutically and may therefore be a useful approach to overcome limiting gene transfer. We used an oncoretroviral vector to transfer a methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) drug-resistance gene into normal bone marrow cells. These cells were transplanted into beta-thalassemic mice given nonmyeloablative pretransplantation conditioning with temozolomide (TMZ) and O6-benzylguanine (BG). A majority of mice receiving 2 additional courses of TMZ/BG demonstrated in vivo selection of the drug-resistant cells and amelioration of anemia, compared with untreated control animals. These results were extended using a novel gamma-globin/MGMT dual gene lentiviral vector. Following drug treatment, normal mice that received transduced cells had an average 67-fold increase in gamma-globin expressing red cells. These studies demonstrate that MGMT-based in vivo selection may be useful to increase genetically corrected cells to therapeutic levels in patients with beta-thalassemia.
Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and diketogulonic acid in frozen green peppers

“Total” ascorbic acid (TAA), L-ascorbic acid (L-AA), dehydro-ascorbic acid (DHAA), and diketogulonic acid (DKGA) were determined in fresh green peppers, frozen blanched peppers, and frozen unblanched peppers. L-AA accounted for 97% of the TAA in fresh peppers. Freezing resulted in a 9.2% decrease of TAA, a 15% decrease in L-AA, a 5% increase in DHAA and 1% increase in DKGA. Blanching did not affect the ascorbic acid levels of frozen peppers. DHAA remained relatively constant at 10% of the TAA during frozen storage. DKGA increased during frozen storage to 15% of the TAA. L-AA decreased after 8 months frozen storage (-18°C) to 75% of the TAA. Unblanched frozen peppers were superior in flavor, texture, and appearance to the blanched frozen peppers.
The synthesis and kinetic behavior of deoxyribonucleic acid-like ribonucleic acid in bacteria

Abstract A study has been made of RNA synthesis and the changes in nucleotide composition of newly formed RNA in five species of bacteria. The kinetics of incorporation of [ 14 C]uracil and [ 32 P]orthophosphate have also been studied. 1. 1. The composition of the RNA synthesized after very short exposures to 32 P is intermediate between that of the bacterial DNA and ribosomal RNA. 2. 2. The rapidly labeled 14-S RNA fraction is heterogeneous and can be separated into 30–40 % DNA-like RNA (D-RNA) and the rest (60–70 %) ribosomal-like RNA (R-RNA). 3. 3. The changing base composition of newly formed RNA as a function of time is mainly the result of dilution of the 14-S material with an increasing proportion of ribosomal RNA. 4. 4. Kinetic studies indicate that the degradation of D-RNA provides material used in the synthesis of soluble RNA and DNA. 5. 5. In chloramphenicol, D-RNA is labeled at the normal rate, but the label is not so rapidly lost by degradation. 6. 6. These experiments lead to an estimate of about 1 % for the amount of D-RNA in exponentially growing bacteria, and approx. 2–3 min for its average lifetime. 7. 7. The number of D-RNA molecules thus estimated is one-tenth the number of ribosomes, assuming an average molecular weight of 200 000. If all the D-RNA acts as template for protein synthesis, then for a coding ratio of 3 nucleotides per amino acid the average rate of peptide-bond synthesis is about 0.4/sec/coding unit and each triplet could direct the incorporation of 75 amino acids during its average lifetime of 2.5 min.
Optical Properties of Zinc Telluride

The optical absorption of ZnTe single crystals grown by the Bridgeman method has been studied from visible wavelengths to 50\ensuremath{\mu}, at temperatures from 1.4 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Lattice combination bands are observed from which assignments of zone-boundary phonon energies are made: LO=TO=22, LA=16, TA=7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ eV. The temperature dependence of the absorption is discussed. Absorption due to inter-valence-band transitions has been observed, which indicates the presence of two bands degenerate at $k=0$ and a split-off band lying 1 eV below. Infrared absorption is observed for As impurity in the range 0.05 to 0.1 eV and for a residual impurity in undoped material, probably a zinc vacancy, in the range 0.1 to 0.9 eV. For each impurity, absorption due to transitions to the split-off valence band is also observed near 1 eV. Sharp excitation lines are seen in the spectrum of the residual impurity. The lines are repeated with emission of optical phonons of energy 0.026 eV, from which the electron-phonon coupling coefficient is estimated. Some structure is observed also in the spectrum of As impurity. The intrinsic absorption edge has been measured at 1.7, 80, and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The energy gap is determined to be 2.385, 2.37, and 2.25 eV, respectively. A tail is observed at the absorption edge which shows the effect of various impurity levels in the undoped material and in the samples doped with As, In, or Fe. In two samples grown from the vapor phase, some sharp absorption lines are present in the range 2.2 to 2.35 eV. These lines are apparently due to exciton-impurity complexes.
Isothermal and Nonisothermal Reaction Kinetics in Solids: In Search of Ways toward Consensus

Thermogravimetric data for the decomposition of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) have been obtained under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions in order to determine the efficacy of different methods for analyzing the kinetics of solid-state reactions. A widely used model-fitting method gives excellent fits to the experimental data but yields highly uncertain values of the Arrhenius parameters when applied to nonisothermal data because temperature and extent of conversion are not independent variables. Therefore, comparison of model fitting results from isothermal and nonisothermal experiments is practically meaningless. Conversely, model-free isoconversional methods of kinetic analysis yield similar dependencies of the activation energy on the extent of conversion for isothermal and nonisothermal experiments. Analysis of synthetic data generated for a complex kinetic model suggests that, in the general case, the identical dependencies are unlikely to result from experiments obtained under isothermal and noni...
Continuous subcutaneous infusion of growth hormone (CSIGH) in GH deficiency

In contrast to the sustained acceleration of growth observed in pituitary hypersecretion in GH, full catch-up growth is rarely attained in GH deficiency with conventional GH Rx (0.1 U/kg IM 3x/wk). Since circulating GH levels are very low for all but 24-30 hr per wk during conventional Rx, we examined the feasibility and metabolic effects of CSIGH using a small infusion pump. Somatomedin-C (SM-C), oral glucose tolerance (GT) and free fatty acids were determined in 7 untreated deficient children before and after 85 hrs of CSIGH (2.1 μU/kg/hr ≃ 0.3 U/kg/wk). CSIGH maintained serum GH at 3-9 ng/ml and produced a modest increase in fasting (0 min) G and I. Glucose tolerance was impaired despite 2-fold higher I levels (*p<0.05).
A diurnal study of the electrical structure of the equatorial middle atmosphere

Electrical parameters measured from 115 km down to below 20 km during the Project Condor campaign at the Punta Lobos Rocket Range near Lima, Peru, are presented. Ten rocket-launched payloads measured electrical conductivity. A strong diurnal influence due to solar ultraviolet radiation is shown. Nine of the payloads also measured electric fields. No large mesospheric vertical electric fields are found in the data. A calculation of the dc global conduction current density at 18 km is smaller than previously measured at low latitudes and does not show the conventional diurnal variation.
Methodologic considerations in mucociliary clearance and lung epithelial absorption measurements

Measurements of mucociliary clearance and lung epithelial permeability are relatively simple to perform, with minimum discomfort to the subjects. Awareness of the factors influencing the outcome of these procedures will help to avoid errors and yield useful information about these two clearance mechanisms from both a physiological and a pathological point of view.
DNA replication in lens vesicles of Ambystoma maculatum embryos implanted into ocular or extra-ocular sites of host larvae.

In Ambystoma maculatum , lens vesicles from donor embryos were transplanted into the dorsal fins or into the lentectomized eyes of larval hosts. From one to 30 days after operation, the hosts were injected with [ 3 H]thymidine and fixed 3 hr later. Autoradiographs were prepared with Kodak NTB-3 liquid emulsion. The lens vesicles developed normally in the larval eyes and differentiated into lenses with primary and secondary lens fibers which grew almost as large as the lenses in the eyes of donor controls. Many cells in the lens epithelium incorporated [ 3 H]thymidine following the three hour exposure to the isotope (mean thymidine index=37·2%). In the fin, lens fibers also differentiated from most of the lens vesicles but the latter remained small and the number of labeled cells in the lens epithelium was greatly reduced (mean thymidine index=7·1%). It was concluded that the larval eye environment, especially the neural retina, supports DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the cells of the embryonic lens vesicle and the lens epithelium of the young lens.
Reference Works for Literary and Cultural Theory

Recent years have brought rapid growth to the bibliography of reference works for literary and cultural theory. Because of the expansion of literary scholars’ interests and of literature’s curricular domain, and the convergence of literature’s interests during the last 30 years with other humanities and social science fields, the reference collection’s PNs are filling up with content that, some would say, has lost its way from the Hs and Bs. Literature’s bid to become a more generalized study of culture in all its modes and at all its levels is highly controversial among scholars. This controversy surfaces particularly in recently published dictionaries and encyclopedias. In this article, Kieft treats other traditional classes of reference works as well and includes discussion of such “next step” works as general histories, guides, and anthologies.
Theoretical Prediction of New High-Performance Lead-Free Piezoelectrics

We predict the occurrence of large ferroelectric polarization and piezoelectricity in the hypothetical perovskite-structure oxides, bismuth aluminate (BiAlO 3 ) and bismuth gallate (BiGaO 3 ), using density functional theory within the local density approximation. We show that BiGaO 3 will have a similar structure to PbTiO 3 , although with much stronger tetragonal distortion and therefore improved ferroelectric properties. Likewise, BiAlO 3 shares structural characteristics with antiferrodistortive PbZrO 3 , but it is also a ferroelectric with large polarization. Therefore, we propose the Bi(Al,Ga)O 3 system as a replacement for the widely used piezoelectric material, Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), that will avoid the environmental toxicity problems of lead-based compounds. Finally, we show that, in both BiAlO 3 and BiGaO 3 , the large distortions from the prototypical cubic structure are driven by the stereochemical activity of the Bi lone pair.