cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP: Probing interactions with protein and RNA binding partners using cyclic dinucleotide analogs

The ability of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment is essential for their survival. One mechanism used to facilitate behavioral adaptations is the second messenger signaling molecule bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). c-di-GMP is widespread throughout the bacterial domain and plays a vital role in regulating the transition between the motile planktonic lifestyle and the sessile biofilm forming state. This second messenger also controls the virulence response of pathogenic organisms and is thought to be connected to quorum sensing, the process by which bacteria communicate with each other. The intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP is tightly regulated by the opposing enzymatic activities of diguanlyate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, which synthesize and degrade the second messenger, respectively. The change in the intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP is directly sensed by downstream targets of the second messenger, both protein and RNA, which induce the appropriate phenotypic response. This review will summarize our current state of knowledge of c-di-GMP signaling in bacteria with a focus on protein and RNA binding partners of the second messenger. Efforts towards the synthesis of c-di-GMP and its analogs are discussed as well as studies aimed at targeting these macromolecular effectors with chemically synthesized cyclic dinucleotide analogs.
The sleep architecture of social phobia.

In this study, we investigated the all-night polysomnography of patients with social phobia compared with normal control subjects
The Rectal Motor Complex

To identify patterns of motility in the rectum of humans during the day while awake and at night during sleep, and to correlate the patterns with interdigestive duodenal motor complexes and sleep cycles, intraluminal rectal pressure was recorded in 12 healthy subjects (five female, seven male; mean age, 28 years) using a flexible, noncompliant, silastic catheter and an Arndorfer system with a single perfused rectal port 6 cm above the anorectal junction, duodenal motility was recorded via a perfused oroduodenal tube, and sleep stages were determined electroencephalographically. Discrete bursts of rectal motor waves, called rectal motor complexes (RMCs), were identified on 72 occasions in 11 of the 12 subjects during 157 hours of recording. The RMCs were found in daytime during fasting or after feeding (0.2 ± 0.1 RMCs/hour), but were more easily and frequently identified at night during sleep (0.8 RMCs/hour, p < .01). The complexes had a distinct onset, a mean duration ± SEM of 9.5 ± 1.0 minutes, and a distinct decline. Within each complex, the waves had a mean frequency of 3.8 ± 0.3 per minute and a mean amplitude of 19 ± 2.7 mm Hg. Complex-to-complex intervals at night averaged 74 ± 15 minutes. No clear-cut temporal association was present between the complexes and phase III of interdigestive duodenal motor complex or the REM stage of sleep.
Microphagous ciliates in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay waters: Estimates of growth rates and consumption by copepods

Growth rates of microphagous ciliates (forms which feed primarily on picoplankton-sized prey) were estimated, along with rates of their consumption by copepods, in shipboard experiments conducted in the mesohaline portion of Chesapeake Bay, USA, under contrasting water column conditions in April, June, and August 1987. Estimates were based on temporal changes in cell densities in size-fractionated water samples incubated under in situ conditions. In April, at low temperatures (7 to 10°C) and with oxygen present throughout the water column, similar generation times of ca. 1 to 1.5 d were estimated for surface and deep water (24 m) ciliate populations. In June, water was anoxic below 12 m and a distinct anoxic microphage community grew at about twice the rate of the surface community with generation times of ca. 7 and 14 h, respectively. In August, bottom water was again anoxic, but the sameStrobilidium sp. dominated both surface and deep waters with low or no growth apparent in anoxic waters and a generation time of ca. 8 h in surface waters. Copepod (primarilyAcartia tonsa Dana nauplii) clearance rates for microphagous ciliates in surface waters were 0.11, 0.56, and 0.53 ml h−1 copepod−1 for April, June and August, respectively. Calculation of removal rates, based on average densities, indicated that from 34 to 200% of surface waters were cleared d−1 of microphagous ciliates by copepods.
Common lambsquarters photosynthesis and seed production in three environments

Abstract Research was conducted in 1998 and 1999 to characterize common lambsquarters photosynthesis and seed production as influenced by biotic (crop environment) and abiotic (climate) factors. Treatments were common lambsquarters in soybean, in corn, and in common lambsquarters monoculture. Common lambsquarters net photosynthesis was variable among treatments and differed between years. In 1998, early-season common lambsquarters net photosynthesis did not differ in soybean, corn, or common lambsquarters monoculture. In 1999, early-season common lambsquarters net photosynthesis was greater in corn than in soybean, but did not differ from that of common lambsquarters in monoculture. By midseason in both years, common lambsquarters net photosynthesis was less in soybean than in corn or in common lambsquarters monoculture. By late season in both years, common lambsquarters net photosynthesis was greater in common lambsquarters monoculture than in soybean or corn. Common lambsquarters seed production per pla...
Prognostic Value of Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography Among 1,125 Consecutive Military Health Care Beneficiaries Without Known Coronary Artery Disease

ABSTRACTWe sought to assess the prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) among military health care system beneficiaries. We identified 1,125 consecutive symptomatic patients without known coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for 64-slice CCTA (2006–2010) at a single center. CAD was assessed as none, 90 days after CCTA) was assessed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards. The mean age was 50 ± 12 years, 59% were male, and 617 (55%) had no CAD, 411 (37%) nonobstructive CAD, and 97 (9%) obstructive CAD on CCTA. During 2.0 ± 1.1-year follow-up, there were 6 deaths, 3 MIs, and 6 revascularizations. There was 1 event in the no-CAD group (0.08%/year), 4 events in the nonobstructive group (0.5%/year), and 9 events in patients with obstructive CAD (4.5%/year) (p < 0.001). Patients with obstructive CAD had significantly increas...
Guarantees and Capital Infusions in Response to Financial Crises C: U.S. 2009 Stress Tests

When President Obama took office in 2009, the Treasury focused on restarting bank lending and repairing the ability of the banking system as a whole to perform the role of credit intermediation. In order to do so, the Treasury needed to raise public confidence that banks had sufficient buffers to withstand even a very adverse economic scenario, especially given heightened uncertainty surrounding the outlook of the U.S. economy and potential losses in the banking system. The Supervisory Capital Assessment Program (SCAP) — the so-called "stress tests" — sought to rigorously measure the resilience of the largest bank holding companies. Those found to have insufficient buffers were able to raise funds from the private sector, and if unable to do so, the Capital Assistance Program (CAP) would capitalize the firm with public capital.
Early Potentials Evoked by Macular Stimulation: Optic Nerve Potentials?

Electrical potentials were recorded from the region of the human “temple”, and compared with simultaneously recorded ERG and VECP records. The properties of the “temple” recordings are such that they are not explained by volume conduction of ERG or VECP potentials, in these initial experiments.
Chapter 5 Graphics

The Graph unit in Borland Pascal offers a great variety of procedures for dealing with the graphics screen. In this section we’ll illustrate some of them, starting with procedures that control how text is written to the graphics screen. The default font is a bit mapped font that does not magnify gracefully. Borland Pascal provides four other “stroked” fonts that do magnify very nicely. The following program demos these, and procedures that govern how text will be placed on the screen:SetTextStyle and SetTextJustify. The font files “*.chr” must be on line for the program to run properly. If a graphics program cannot find a font, it doesn’t crash, but simply uses the default font instead.
P3-13-11: Survival Benefit Associated with Post-Mastectomy Radiation for Node-Positive, Intermediate-Risk Breast Cancer Patients: Results of a Study from the SEER Registry Data.

Background The role of post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) for breast cancer patients with intermediate-risk (1-3 positive nodes) disease remains controversial. This Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) study investigated the impact of PMRT in the intermediate-risk breast cancer patient population on cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). The study also investigated the impact of estrogen receptor (ER) status, which has been reported in the SEER database since 2004, on the impact of PMRT in this patient population on CSS and OS. Methods : The SEER database was used to identify all breast cancer patients who were treated between 2004–2007, who had undergone mastectomy, and who had T1-2 tumors and 1–3 pathologically positive lymph nodes. The status of radiation therapy, ethnicity, tumor grade, TNM stage, year of diagnosis, number of LNs sampled, number of LNs positive, and estrogen/progesterone receptor status was recorded. Patients missing pathologic or treatment-related information were excluded. Statistical analysis for CSS and OS was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed using the log-rank test. Multivariable analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Statistical analyses were performed using PASW, version 18. Results : 10,517 patients were identified, with a median follow-up of 21.8 months (range 0–47 months). 2339 patients (22.2%) received PMRT. Younger patients, increasing tumor size, increasing tumor grade, and ER negative tumors were more likely to receive PMRT. PMRT was associated with improved OS, 92.8% (95% CI 91.294.4%) versus 88.7% (95% CI 87.7−89.7%), p Conclusion : Patients with intermediate risk breast cancer who received PMRT have improved OS compared to those who did not receive PMRT. For patients with ER positive tumors, PMRT also appears to be associated with improved CSS. Greater consideration for post-mastectomy radiation therapy use may be warranted for this patient population. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-11.
Na(+)-coupled alanine transport in LLC-PK1 cells

Transport of alanine (Ala) was characterized in LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells. Transport capability for Ala falls by 75% in postconfluent cultures, while Na(+)-coupled alpha-methylglucoside (AMG) transport rises more than fourfold during the same interval. The kinetics of Ala transport were characterized in ATP-depleted cells to allow experimental imposition of changes in Na+ gradient and control of membrane potential across the plasma membrane. At 100 microM Ala and 135 mM Na+, > 98% of the unidirectional Ala influx is dependent on the presence of Na+ in cells from postconfluent cultures. Li+ is only 1% as effective as Na+, and other monovalent cations are ineffective in supporting Ala uptake. alpha-(Methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB; 5 mM) causes only a small inhibition (approximately 10%) of 100 microM Ala influx. The low selectivity for Li+; low sensitivity to competition by MeAIB or aminoisobutyric acid; pronounced inhibition by serine, homoserine, cysteine, homocysteine and threonine; moderate inhibition by valine, isoleucine, proline and histidine; and lack of inhibition by lysine, arginine, and aspartate are more consistent with those characteristics reported for entry via the ASC amino acid transport system rather than those associated with the A system. Alanine influx exhibits a hyperbolic relationship with increasing Ala or Na+ concentration. Kinetic analysis suggests a single transport pathway with a Michaelis constant (Km) for alanine of 380 microM (when Na+ is 135 mM), apparent Km for Na+ of 32 mM (with 100 microM Ala), and a maximum velocity of 7 nmol.min-1.mg cell protein-1. An interior-negative diffusion potential induces a similar enhancement of [14C]alanine or [14C]tetraphenylphosphonium influx (approximately 40%). In contrast, AMG influx is enhanced by a factor of 2.2 under the same conditions. AMG uptake also shows a sigmoidal relationship with Na+ concentration. Hill coefficients are 1.56 for AMG and 1.0 for alanine. Direct measurement of Na(+)-Ala coupling stoichiometry yields a value of 1.01 +/- 0.07. Under the same conditions, Na(+)-AMG coupling stoichiometry is 2.1 +/- 0.25. The difference in coupling stoichiometries provides an explanation for differences in intensity of interaction between Na(+)-coupled transport systems for sugars and amino acids.
An Ecological Approach to Psychology

Even though the term “ecology” was introduced into scientific discourse in the 1860s, and by century's end much of experimental psychology had embraced an evolutionary perspective, it took more tha...
Nd:YAG laser welding of rapid-solidfied heat-resistant aluminum alloy AA8009

Welding of rapid-solidfied heat-resistant aluminum alloy AA8009 is very important to its application.Different welding parameter were used in the Nd:YAG laser butt welding of 1mm thick AA8009 plate.The results show that,with the welding speed increase,and the total energy input decreases,and the cooling rate within the weld increases,and the weld microstructure are improved and changed from equilibrum state to non-equilibrum state microstructure.When the energy input is 8.15 J/mm,the tensile strength reaches 379.9 MPa,that the weld coeffcient reached to 95% and the fracture happens at the boundary fusion zone.
Contract and Crime

Hegel’s analysis of property, which was explained in the preceding chapter, is too abstract to provide an accurate picture of concrete ownership. All of the concepts, distinctions, and relations of Abstract Right, including those studied in this chapter, are too abstract to be taken as descriptions of concrete phenomena. While their social reality is the topic of Hegel’s chapter on civil society (§§ 182–256), even there they do not show their full potential, because this also includes political aspects, which can only be understood within the framework of the state (§§ 257 ff.). The reference of someone’s property to other persons who should respect it if they exist (i.e., its reference to the abstract concept or possibility of other persons) was anticipated in Hegel’s definition of property, but the interpersonal relations that develop from it were not yet made explicit. While the abstract structure of the social relation implied in ownership is analyzed in §§ 71–80 (on the Contract), the concrete realization of that structure is given in Hegel’s chapter on Civil Society (§§ 182 ff.). In this chapter, we will see how Hegel unfolds the abstract structure of the contractual relationship and its inability to defend itself against the negativity of crime.
Valuing Smallholder Food Production - A Call for New Theories

The idea that industrial agriculture is successful in providing food security during this time of climate change and increasing world hunger is grounded in the ontology and episteme of neoliberal economics. Therefore, the goal of this article is to extend the debates about the transformation of economic theories—from assumptions to concepts to measures—in order to recognize smallholder, food-producing techniques, ones that acknowledge the bio-physical limits of planet earth and demonstrate “evidence-based” resilience. The first proposed alternative set of theories, ecological economics, challenges neoliberal economics by redefining the planet as a closed system in which externalities cannot exist and by recognizing natural capital as an important factor of production. A second alternative, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), values smallholder food production by emphasizing its defining roots in community and also by offering alternative concepts and measures. The article concludes by discussing ways in which these transformative theories can change the international discourse and policies to re-evaluate and value smallholder food production.
Relation Between Epicardial Adipose and Aortic Valve and Mitral Annular Calcium Determined by Computed Tomography in Subjects Aged ≥65 Years

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been linked to coronary artery calcium deposits and atherosclerotic disease. Mitral annular (MAC) and aortic valve calcium (AVC) have also been associated with atherosclerosis. This study examined the possible relation between EAT thickness and valvular calcium deposits. We included 294 patients aged ≥65 years who had noncontrast computed tomography scans of the chest. Mean age was 76 ± 7 years; 47% were men. Using reconstructed images, EAT thickness was measured at various locations. MAC and AVC were quantified by Agatston technique. The sum of AVC and MAC was reported as the grand total score (GTS). Subjects were divided into 2 groups based on the value of GTS; GTS = 0, no cardiac calcification and GTS ≥1, cardiac calcification group. Epicardial fat (left and right atrioventricular grooves and superior interventricular groove) was significantly greater in the cardiac calcification group compared with the no cardiac calcification (all values, p <0.05). After adjusting for clinical variables including BMI, EAT at the superior interventricular groove remained significantly associated with total calcium. Left atrioventricular groove EAT demonstrated a trend toward an association with total calcium, but this did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, epicardial fat is associated with calcium deposits of the mitral annulus and aortic valve.
For the good of astronomy: The manufacture, sale, and distant use of William Herschel's telescopes

L'A. retrace l'historique des telescopes de Herschel, quand ils ont ete construits, qules observateurs les utilisent et pourquoi Herschel les a construits. D'autre part, en fabricant des telescopes pour d'autres observateurs, il aida a l'automatisation du polissage des miroirs
Phase II study of docetaxel and vinorelbine plus GM-CSF in malignant melanoma

18017 Background: Patients having locoregional or metastatic melanoma have a poor prognosis, with 50% to 10% of patients dying from the disease within 5 years. Current chemotherapy regimens offer l...
Metropolitan Inequality and Governance: A Framework for Global Comparison

Within interconnected regions like metropolitan areas, configurations of multilevel institutions, policies and governance practices comprise a regime of place equality. These regimes shape markets and intergovernmental relations among localities, and ultimately, local policy outcomes. In the model proposed by Tiebout, local voter choices and markets among places determine the allocation of public goods and tax burdens across the region. Under the conditions of territorial inequality that have become characteristic of metropolitan settlement, a regime based on this model offers advantages for relatively privileged communities and compounds the disadvantages of underprivileged ones. In other regimes, egalitarian or compensatory regimes impose equal conditions or compensate for local disadvantage. Place equality regimes are a critical but understudied component of welfare states, market capitalism and central–local relations.
Survival for patients with residual tumor at radical cystectomy following chemotherapy: A matched analysis to cystectomy-only patients.

355Background: While neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to radical cystectomy (RC) improves survival compared to RC alone for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), the bulk of this survival benefit has been attributed to patients who achieve ypT0 status at RC. The implications of having residual UCB (rUCB) at RC after NAC are less clear. As such, we evaluated whether the outcomes for patients with rUCB after NAC differ from stage-matched RC patients who did not receive NAC. Methods: Patients undergoing RC for UCB between 1981-2010 at Mayo Clinic were identified. All RC pathology was re-reviewed by a single genitourinary pathologist. Patients who received NAC were matched 1:2 to patients not exposed to NAC based on pT and pN-stage, margin status, and year of RC. Kaplan Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between NAC and cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS), stratified by presence of rUCB (i.e. (y)pT0N0 and non-(y)pT0N0). Results: We matched 111 patient...
The Rural/Urban Divide: Examining Different Types of Assault Through a Social Disorganization Lens.

Most studies of social disorganization theory focus on urban communities. In addition, these studies largely ignore more intimate crimes, such as intimate partner violence. Yet, results from extant studies are often generalized to explain all types of crime in all types of communities, thus potentially ignoring the dynamics surrounding intimate crimes and rurality. The current study expands on previous research in two ways. First, this study examines whether characteristics of social disorganization can predict assault across various victim–offender relationships. Second, this study applies social disorganization predictors to both metropolitan (or urban) and nonmetropolitan (or rural) counties. The sample consisted of 690 counties located across 13 different states. Results from the Poisson regression models indicate higher levels of ethnic heterogeneity and concentrated disadvantage were associated with increased rates of assault across various victim–offender relationships. Furthermore, the measures of...
The effectiveness of oral dextrose gel for the treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia remains unclear

Commentary on : Weston PJ, Harris DL, Battin M, et al . Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016:CD011027. Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a common problem and a preventable cause of neurological injury.1 Forty per cent oral dextrose gel is a novel therapy and is being increasingly used for the treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia. A systemic review by Weston et al aimed to evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of dextrose gel in correcting hypoglycaemia and its impact on neurodevelopment outcomes. A Cochrane systematic review …
Response by Mulpuru and Shen to Letter Regarding Article, “Selective Modulation of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System: A New Strategy for Treatment of Cardioinhibitory Syncope”

We thank Drs Jose Carlos Pachon-Mateos and Enrique I. Pachon-Mateos for insightful comments on cardiac autonomic nervous system modulation. Dr Pachon-Mateos has initially described the term cardioneuroablation, and his team continues to push the boundaries of neural modulation for treatment of bradyarrhythmias. Several points from our editorial …
A phase II study of bevacizumab and erlotinib in subjects with advanced hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) or sporadic papillary renal cell cancer (RCC).

5004Background: HLRCC is a familial cancer syndrome associated with a type 2 papillary RCC (pRCC) variant. HLRCC is caused by germline mutations in the gene for the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydr...
Transplantation of Kidneys from HCV-Positive Donors: How to Best Use a Scarce Resource.

After the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989 and the availability of an ELISA to detect anti-HCV antibody, reports soon appeared documenting the transmission of HCV with kidney transplantation.[1][1],[2][2] Accompanying the demonstration of disease transmission were data reporting the
Wood and Grass Energy Service Learning Projects and Case Studies

Abstract This chapter presents the solid biofuel-related service learning projects undertaken by students in a northeastern region of United States over many years as part of the Bioenergy Program 1 . The student's experiences are described, and particularly three different case studies are presented authored by the respective students who successfully completed their projects. The first case study, “the Vermont biomass energy co-op” presents a business plan to produce local wood pellets in the state via formation of an energy co-op based on a local survey. Significant savings are projected for the local economy through the proposed sustainable business by providing both steady jobs and long-term stewardship of the environment all across the state. The second case study, “assessment of 130 acre property for on-site biomass resources to meet the energy needs of the community” as the title suggests provides an assessment that was made of the potential for on-site biomass resources to meet the energy needs of a community living on a 130 acre property consisting of forested, grassy, and wetland areas. This assessment identified wood, grass, and food waste as potential on-site biomass energy resources, and among these resources, grass, which could be harvested and pelletized on-site and burned in modified space heating equipment, was judged to be able to make the greatest contribution to current energy use for the community. The third case study, “exploration of the Jean Pain composting method for greenhouse heating”, explored the Pain's method (a French farmer, forester, researcher, and inventor) used for composting forest residues while also capturing and using the heat produced from the biological activity within the pile. In the colder regions, worldwide, it is desirable that we find affordable, sustainable, and local resources that can displace our reliance on fossil fuels for food production. Similar projects can be undertaken in any location in partnership with the local solid biofuel-based businesses, farms and communities.
The Self-Model of Humanistic Supervision

The Self-Model of Humanistic Supervision (SMHS) entails the integration of humanist and postmodern epistemology and ontology into a model of clinical supervision. The SMHS offers five core-selves, five enactors of self, and the cyclical process of enactment as a working framework for supervisors and counselor educators. This model provides supervisors with a culturally responsive, holistic, co-constructed, and relational way to assist supervisees in personal and professional growth.
The Role of Secure Attachment in Predicting Spiritual Maturity of Students at a Conservative Seminary

Previous research on attachment relationships suggests that early parental interactions generate internalized models of self and others–-models which are carried forward in later relationships. In ...
MASCAT: Preventing Microarchitectural Attacks Before Distribution

Microarchitectural attacks have gained popularity lately for the threat they pose and for their stealthiness. They are stealthy as they only exploit common harmless resources accessible at lowest privilege level, e.g. timed memory and cache accesses. Microarchitectural attacks have proven successful on shared cloud instances across VMs, on smartphones with sandboxing, and on numerous embedded platforms. Further they have shown to have catastrophic consequences such as critical data recovery or memory isolation bypassing. Due to the rise of malicious code, app store operators such as Microsoft, Apple and Google are already vetting apps before releasing them. Microarchitectural attacks however still bypass such detection mechanisms as they mainly utilize standard resources and look harmless. Given the rise of malicious code in app stores and in online repositories it becomes essential to scan applications for such stealthy attacks to prevent their distribution. We present a static code analysis tool, MASCAT, capable of scanning for ever-evolving microarchitectural attacks. MASCAT can be used by app store service providers to perform large scale fully automated analysis of applications. The initial MASCAT suite is built to include cache/DRAM access attacks and rowhammer. MASCAT detects several patterns that are common and necessary to execute microarchitectural attacks. MASCAT currently has a detection rate of 96% and an average false positive rate tested in 1200 applications of 0.75%. Further, our tool can easily be extended to cover newer attack vectors as they emerge
Dimensional stability and warpage reduction in conventional injection molding through process changes

A robust engineering study was completed on an injection molded thin walled 3-D box shaped component. Three noise factors were investigated: wall thickness, glass fiber content and production cycle pull point. An L18 Taguchi experiment was completed to determine the robust processing factors that maximized dimensional stability and minimized warpage. This includes all parameters and noise conditions. The optimum machine control levels were determined that provide the least warpage of the box component. The primary focus of this research was to perform a statistical analysis of the warpage of the box component and provide robustness to varying processing conditions and noise factors.
Two Effects of Diaphragm Bulge on Shock Tubes

A computational study is presented that has uncovered two important effects in shock tube flows. They occur because the diaphragm has to support a static load before it breaks. This static load usually deforms the diaphragm before rupture. These effects can have significant consequence both in reflected-shock tunnels and in expansion tubes. The first effect is that the diaphragm bulge causes a shock wave to be propagated across the shock tube and to be repeatedly reflected at the axis and the wall. The second is that the contact surface rolls up to form a vortex ring. The sign of the vorticity in the vortex ring depends on the temperature ratio across the diaphragm.
Electrocardiographic imaging of heart rhythm disorders: from bench to bedside.

Noninvasive evaluation of the electrical status of the heart and noninvasive diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias are still based on the standard ECG, which records signals on the body surface, far away from the heart. The ECG has been a most useful clinical tool over more than 100 years. However, because it records the reflection of cardiac excitation as seen far from the heart at a limited number of sites, it lacks sensitivity and specificity and its spatial resolution is very low. Moreover, each individual ECG electrode records the integrated signal generated by activity over the entire heart1,2. Consequently, geometrical information on cardiac location of electrophysiologic events (e.g., a focus of focal arrhythmia, or the circuit of a reentrant arrhythmia) is lost in the ECG. To overcome these limitations, invasive mapping techniques, using intra-cardiac catheters, have been developed and used extensively for diagnosis and guidance of therapy. Many arrhythmias require that mapping be conducted simultaneously over the atria or ventricles with sufficient spatial resolution and continuously in time over a sufficiently long duration. These requirements cannot be met with current invasive, catheter-based mapping techniques. Also, the risk, complexity and cost of invasive mapping limit its application for arrhythmic risk stratification and repeated follow-up tests following therapy. Clearly, a method for noninvasive mapping of the heart's electrical activity is much desired; it would serve cardiac electrophysiology (EP) in a similar role to that of established noninvasive imaging modalities (CT, MRI, and ultrasound) that are used extensively in the practice of modern medicine. Motivated by this need, Electrocardiographic Imaging (ECGI) was developed in the Rudy laboratory for application in cardiac patients3. ECGI (also called Electrocardiographic Mapping, ECM) reconstructs potentials, electrograms, activation sequences (isochrones) and repolarization patterns on the heart surface. The reconstruction is performed simultaneously over the entire heart and is done continuously on a beat-by-beat basis. In this review article, we provide a brief description of the ECGI procedure and selected previously published examples of its application in important clinical conditions, including heart failure and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)4,5,6, atrial arrhythmias7,8,9, and ventricular tachycardia (VT)10. All reported studies were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the participating institutions (University Hospitals of Cleveland, the Cleveland Clinic and Washington University in St. Louis) and informed consent was obtained from all patients.
"DISLOCATION CRACK-TIP INTERACTIONS: INFLUENCE ON SUB CRITICAL CRACK GROWTH"

A number of hypotheses on environmentally-induced crack growth involve a two-step process of dislocation rearrangement and brittle crack advance. This ranges from film rupture/creep to micro cleavage/plasticity blunting as might be associated with stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement. What are the continuum descriptions of stress and strain appropriate to Such processes? Are continuum plasticity descriptions adequate near the crack tip or are more detailed “continuum-elastic-dislocation” descriptions necessary to understand crack-tip stability. Applications of computer simulations to parallel dislocation arrays at crack tips in anisotropic crystals will be presented. Comparison to dislocation nucleation in NaCl and discontinuous crack growth observations in Fe-3wt%Si single crystals (H2 cracking on the {001}) will be made.
Abstract 4419: FOXP3 mediated transcriptional regulation of microRNAs in breast cancer

MicroRNAs (miRs) have potential as non-invasive biomarkers, but their relevance as biomarkers is limited by inconsistent results, and their regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, our results show that the levels of miR-200c and 141 in tumor cells and in circulation differ for mice and for humans between cases with metastatic breast cancer, cases with localized breast cancer, and healthy female controls. The levels of miR-200c and 141 are low in primary tumor cells but are high in the circulation of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Further, we suggest the potential cell origin of circulating miR-200c and 141 and describe their transcriptional regulation in cultured cells and during tumor progression in animal models of spontaneous breast cancer. These results could provide useful insights in early prediction of tumor metastasis and influence treatment strategies for patients at high risk of developing metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Wei Liu, Song Gao, Xin Li, Fengpin Hu, Lizhong Wang. FOXP3 mediated transcriptional regulation of microRNAs in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4419.
Spinal Emergencies in Primary Care Practice

Atraumatic spinal emergencies often present a diagnostic and management dilemma for health care practitioners. Spinal epidural abscess, cauda equina syndrome, and spinal epidural hematoma are conditions that can insidiously present to outpatient medical offices, urgent care centers, and emergency departments. Unless a high level of clinical suspicion is maintained, these clinical entities may be initially misdiagnosed and mismanaged. Permanent neurologic sequela and even death can result if delays in appropriate treatment occur. A focused, critical review of 34 peer-reviewed articles was performed to identify current data about accurate diagnosis of spinal emergencies. This review highlights the key features of these 3 pathological entities with an emphasis on appropriate diagnostic strategy to intervene efficiently and minimize morbidity.
The Poverty of Globalism

Or Rosenboim must have been startled in 2016 to see the topic she had been researching in mid-century intellectual history materialize in the headlines. In a foreign policy speech in April, then-ca...
Teaching for America Across Two Hemispheres: Comparing the Ideological Appeal of the Teach for All Teacher Education Model in the United States and Brazil:

The last several decades have seen significant growth among private options in alternative teacher education and certification. In this article, I draw on two parallel ethnographic studies of the e...
Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalenium perchlorate, (TMTSF)2ClO4, in high magnetic fields

The Hall effect and the magnetoresistance of ${(\mathrm{TMTSF})}_{2}$Cl${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been measured at temperatures from 0.08 to 10 K and in magnetic fields to 22 T. The low-temperature data suggest a series of transitions induced by an orbital effect from the magnetic field which progressively reduce the carrier density. Oscillations, apparently Shubnikov-de Haas, also are observed above 10 T and at temperatures up to 10 K.
Neuroimaging of the Acute Vestibular Syndrome and Vascular Vertigo

The focus of this chapter is to provide a review of the main diagnostic imaging modalities utilized in the examination of peripheral and central acute vestibular syndrome (AVS). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan will be the two main modalities discussed. The chapter begins with a discussion of imaging of peripheral vestibulopathy associated with an AVS, followed by imaging of central lesions. The most common cause of a central lesion causing an AVS is by far cerebrovascular; thus, our secondary aim is to review the role of imaging in the evaluation of cerebrovascular lesions (vascular vertigo) associated with an acute AVS.
Quantized Reaction Pathways for Solution Synthesis of Colloidal ZnSe Nanostructures: A Connection between Clusters, Nanowires, and Two-Dimensional Nanoplatelets

The morphology of nanocrystals serves as a powerful handle to modulate their functional properties. For semiconducting nanostructures, the shape is no less important than the size and composition, ...
Trends in Subspecialization: A Comparative Analysis of Rural and Urban Clinical Education.

Background and objectives Medical students who train in rural communities are often exposed to physicians practicing a broad scope of care, regardless of discipline. We examined how rural education is associated with practice specialization rates for students who match in primary care or general core specialties. Methods We linked practice and specialty data (2016 AMA Masterfile dataset), demographics (American Medical College Application Service data), and internal college data for 1974-2011 Michigan State University College of Human Medicine graduates who received clinical education on either the Upper Peninsula (rural) or Grand Rapids (urban) campuses. Current practice was verified using internet searches. We compared specialty and practice data by rural or urban campus, controlling for multiple variables. Results More rurally-trained graduates entered primary care (PC) residencies (128/208, 61.5%) than urban-trained graduates (457/891, 51.3%; Pl.01), with rurally-trained graduates being twice as likely to enter family medicine (FM) residencies. Most FM residents remained PC physicians (205/219, 93.6%). Internal medicine residents were least likely to remain in primary care (91/189, 48.1%). Of the general core disciplines, general surgeons were least likely to remain in general surgical practice (45/134, 33.6%). Within each PC or general core discipline, the proportion of graduates who specialized did not differ by type of campus. Conclusions Rurally-trained graduates are more likely to practice primary care, chiefly due to increased likelihood of choosing a FM residency. Graduates entering PC or general core residencies subspecialize at similar rates regardless of rural or urban education. FM residency match rate may be the best predictor of long-lasting impact on the primary care workforce.
Identifying Risk Factors for Pressure Injury in Adult Critical Care Patients.

Background Critically ill patients have a variety of unique risk factors for pressure injury. Identification of these risk factors is essential to prevent pressure injury in this population. Objective To identify factors predicting the development of pressure injury in critical care patients using a large data set from the PhysioNet MIMIC-III (Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care) clinical database. Methods Data for 1460 patients were extracted from the database. Variables that were significant in bivariate analyses were used in a final logistic regression model. A final set of significant variables from the logistic regression was used to develop a decision tree model. Results In regression analysis, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, pneumonia or influenza, cardiovascular surgery, hemodialysis, norepinephrine administration, hypotension, septic shock, moderate to severe malnutrition, sex, age, and Braden Scale score on admission to the intensive care unit were all predictive of pressure injury. Decision tree analysis revealed that patients who received norepinephrine, were older than 65 years, had a length of stay of 10 days or less, and had a Braden Scale score of 15 or less had a 63.6% risk of pressure injury. Conclusion Determining pressure injury risk in critically ill patients is complex and challenging. One common pathophysiological factor is impaired tissue oxygenation and perfusion, which may be nonmodifiable. Improved risk quantification is needed and may be realized in the near future by leveraging the clinical information available in the electronic medical record through the power of predictive analytics.
Quinolactacin Biosynthesis Involves Non‐Ribosomal‐Peptide‐Synthetase‐Catalyzed Dieckmann Condensation to Form the Quinolone‐γ‐lactam Hybrid

Quinolactacins are novel fungal alkaloids that feature a quinolone-γ-lactam hybrid, which is a potential pharmacophore for the treatment of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we report the identification of the quinolactacin A2 biosynthetic gene cluster and elucidate the enzymatic basis for the formation of the quinolone-γ-lactam structure. We reveal an unusual β-keto acid (N-methyl-2-aminobenzoylacetate) precursor that is derived from the primary metabolite l-kynurenine via methylation, oxidative decarboxylation, and amide hydrolysis reactions. In vitro assays reveal two single-module non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPs) that incorporate the β-keto acid and l-isoleucine, followed by Dieckmann condensation, to form the quinolone-γ-lactam. Notably, the bioconversion from l-kynurenine to the β-keto acid is a unique strategy employed by nature to decouple R*-domain-containing NRPS from the polyketide synthase (PKS) machinery, expanding the paradigm for the biosynthesis of quinolone-γ-lactam natural products via Dieckmann condensation.
Earnings volatility and audit report lag

Abstract This study investigates whether earnings volatility influences audit report lag. If auditors view earnings volatility as affecting risk, and adjust effort in response to risk, we expect earnings volatility to impact audit report lag. Using a sample of 13,075 firm-year observations over the period 2004–2015, we find a negative relation between earnings volatility and audit report lag, consistent with auditors responding to less volatile earnings with increased effort. We also find that the association between earnings volatility and audit report lag is driven by non-industry-specialist auditors, auditors with short tenure, and small and medium sized auditor offices. Furthermore, we examine whether earnings management conducted by way of earnings smoothing affects our results. We find that low earnings volatility has a stronger impact on increasing audit report lag when there is a high degree of earnings smoothing
An Ontological Turn for the Medieval Books of Beasts: Environmental Theory from Premodern to Postmodern

Philosophical anthropology has taken an “ontological turn” to focus on humankind’s basic intuitions about the organisation of the living world. For example, a perception that links creatures up in material networks of sympathies and antipathies (ontological analogism) differs from a perception that creatures are linked together by cognition and cross-species communication (ontological animism). These incompatible ontologies make many appearances in medieval books of beasts, alongside a more familiar ontological dualism that divides humankind fundamentally from other creatures. A thirteenth-century Bestiary manuscript, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 764, illustrates how medieval books of beasts articulate their ontological heterogeneity, and how this heterogeneity can illuminate contemporary environmental theory.
Incorporating structural similarity into a scoring function to enhance the prediction of binding affinities.

In this study, we developed a novel algorithm to improve the screening performance of an arbitrary docking scoring function by recalibrating the docking score of a query compound based on its structure similarity with a set of training compounds, while the extra computational cost is neglectable. Two popular docking methods, Glide and AutoDock Vina were adopted as the original scoring functions to be processed with our new algorithm and similar improvement performance was achieved. Predicted binding affinities were compared against experimental data from ChEMBL and DUD-E databases. 11 representative drug receptors from diverse drug target categories were applied to evaluate the hybrid scoring function. The effects of four different fingerprints (FP2, FP3, FP4, and MACCS) and the four different compound similarity effect (CSE) functions were explored. Encouragingly, the screening performance was significantly improved for all 11 drug targets especially when CSE = S4 (S is the Tanimoto structural similarity) and FP2 fingerprint were applied. The average predictive index (PI) values increased from 0.34 to 0.66 and 0.39 to 0.71 for the Glide and AutoDock vina scoring functions, respectively. To evaluate the performance of the calibration algorithm in drug lead identification, we also imposed an upper limit on the structural similarity to mimic the real scenario of screening diverse libraries for which query ligands are general-purpose screening compounds and they are not necessarily structurally similar to reference ligands. Encouragingly, we found our hybrid scoring function still outperformed the original docking scoring function. The hybrid scoring function was further evaluated using external datasets for two systems and we found the PI values increased from 0.24 to 0.46 and 0.14 to 0.42 for A2AR and CFX systems, respectively. In a conclusion, our calibration algorithm can significantly improve the virtual screening performance in both drug lead optimization and identification phases with neglectable computational cost.