cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with the Risk of Giardia Species Infection in Two Sympatric Species of Peromyscus Mice

Abstract An epidemiologic case-control study was conducted to identify factors that predispose Peromyscus spp. to the risk of infection with Giardia sp. in watersheds. A total of 200 Giardia sp.–positive mice (cases) and a similar number of Giardia sp.–negative mice (controls) were selected from a population 2,528 mice captured in a watershed in southeastern New York State. The Giardia sp. infection status of the mice was determined by centrifugation concentration flotation and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mice were later classified into 2 species, Peromyscus maniculatus and P. leucopus, using cellulose acetate electrophoresis of individual saliva samples. The risk of infection was evaluated while controlling for indigenous factors (age and sex) and exogenous factors (habitat and land use) that were hypothesized to influence the likelihood of infection with Giardia sp. The study population consisted of 257 (59%) P. leucopus and 165 (41%) P. maniculatus. Peromyscus leucopus mice were at a high...
APA-Affiliated Master's-Level Counselors

Previous literature about the master's degree has focused largely on clinical psychology training and practice. To complement this body of literature, we surveyed all APA-affiliated master's-degree holders who identified their specialty as counseling. Similar to Perlman's (1985a) survey in which APA-affiliated master's-level clinicians were compared with Division 12 (Clinical) members, we compared our master's sample with a Division 17 (Counseling) doctoral-level sample. The master's-level counselors spent a large portion of their professional time performing psychotherapy/personal counseling, were employed primarily in practice rather than academic settings, and viewed themselves primarily as practitioners. They generally were satisfied with their graduate training and careers, but many indicated they would not reenter the counseling specialty if their lives could be lived over. Contrary to the Division 17 sample, the master's-level counselors engaged in little research or teaching and typically did not ...
Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras

Prior to Euro‐American settlement, dry ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests (hereafter, the ‘‘dry forests’’) of the Inland Northwest were burned by frequent low- or mixed-severity fires. These mostly surface fires maintained low and variable tree densities, light and patchy ground fuels, simplified forest structure, and favored fire-tolerant trees, such as ponderosa pine, and a low and patchy cover of associated fire-tolerant shrubs and herbs. Low- and mixed-severity fires provided other important feedbacks and effects to ponderosa pine-dominated stands and landscapes. For example, in stands, frequent surface fires favored an ongoing yet piecemeal regeneration of fire-tolerant trees by periodically exposing patches of mineral soil. They maintained fire-tolerant forest structures by elevating tree crown bases and scorching or consuming many seedlings, saplings, and pole-sized trees. They cycled nutrients from branches and foliage to the soil, where they could be used by other plants, and promoted the growth and development of low and patchy understory shrub and herb vegetation. Finally, surface fires reduced the long-term threat of running crown fires by reducing the fuel bed and metering out individual tree and group torching, and they reduced competition for site resources among surviving trees, shrubs, and herbs. In landscapes, the patterns of dry forest structure and composition that resulted from frequent fires reinforced the occurrence of low- or mixed-severity fires, because frequent burning spatially isolated conditions that supported high-severity fires. These spatial patterns reduced the likelihood of severe fire behavior and effects at each episode of fire. Rarely, dry forest landscapes were affected by more severe climate-driven events. Extant dry forests no longer appear or function as they once did. Large landscapes are homogeneous in their composition and structure, and the regional landscape is set up for severe, large fire and insect disturbance events. Among ecologists, there is also a high degree of concern about how future dry forests will develop, if fires continue to be large and severe. In this paper, we describe the key landscape pattern and process changes wrought by the sum of the settlement and management influences to date, and we point to an uncertain future for ecosystem management. Widespread selection cutting of the largest and oldest ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir in the 20th century has reduced much of the economic opportunity that might have been associated with restoration, and long-term investment will likely be needed, if large-scale restoration activities are attempted. An
Service-orientation in computing curriculum

Web software development and cloud computing based on Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) represent the modern software engineering theories, practices, and technologies. As an architecture-driven computing paradigm, SOA and SOC are mature and are becoming the major paradigm for software development. SOA and SOC should be taught in all computer science and computer engineering programs. We do not suggest using SOC to replace the currently taught Object-Oriented Computing (OOC) paradigm. As SOC is based on OOC, we suggest to teaching SOC as the continuation and extension of OOC. At Arizona State University, SOA and SOC paradigm is incorporated into our Computing Science and Software Engineering programs since 2006. This paper presents the topics of the related courses and the open resources created for the courses, which are available for public accesses, including textbooks, lecture presentation slides, tests and assignments, software tools, a repository of sample services and applications, and tutorials of using tools and the cloud computing environment for service hosting and deployment.
Particle Induced In vitro Chemotaxis of Alveolar Macrophages (AM) and Neutrophils and In Vivo Effects

The initial contact of AM with deposited particles could occur by chance or by a directed movement of AM towards the site of deposition. Activation of chemotactic factors for AM in serum by particles has been suggested as a mechanism for particle-macrophage encounter in the lungs thereby initiating the mechanical clearance of those particles (Warheit et al., 1985; 1988). Indeed, Warheit et al. (1988) could show that there was a very good correlation between the sites of deposition in the transitional zone of the lungs of rats and the appearance of AM shortly thereafter. No neutrophils appeared at these sites. Particles of different shapes and composition have been identified by these investigators as being able to activate serum components. They also found, that particles from Mt. St. Helens ash did not activate serum C5a and suggested that these particles may be cleared less effectively than other particles from the lung. Activation of complement followed by generation of C5a from the complement cascade is the likely source of the chemotactic factor (Warheit et al., 1985).
The Role of H3K4me3 in Transcriptional Regulation Is Altered in Huntington's Disease

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder resulting from expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Previous studies have shown mutant HTT can alter expression of genes associated with dysregulated epigenetic modifications. One of the most widely studied chromatin modifications is trimethylated lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4me3). Here, we conducted the first comprehensive study of H3K4me3 ChIP-sequencing in neuronal chromatin from the prefrontal cortex of six HD cases and six non-neurologic controls, and its association with gene expression measured by RNA-sequencing. We detected 2,830 differentially enriched H3K4me3 peaks between HD and controls, with 55% of them down-regulated in HD. Although H3K4me3 signals are expected to be associated with mRNA levels, we found an unexpected discordance between altered H3K4me3 peaks and mRNA levels. Gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis of the genes with differential H3K4me3 peaks, revealed statistically significantly enriched GO terms only in the genes with down-regulated signals in HD. The most frequently implicated biological process terms are organ morphogenesis and positive regulation of gene expression. More than 9,000 H3K4me3 peaks were located not near any recognized transcription start sites and approximately 36% of these “distal” peaks co-localized to known enhancer sites. Six transcription factors and chromatin remodelers are differentially enriched in HD H3K4me3 distal peaks, including EZH2 and SUZ12, two core subunits of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Moreover, PRC2 repressive state was significantly depleted in HD-enriched peaks, suggesting the epigenetic role of PRC2 inhibition associated with up-regulated H3K4me3 in Huntington’s disease. In summary, our study provides new insights into transcriptional dysregulation of Huntington’s disease by analyzing the differentiation of H3K4me3 enrichment.
Appropriate use of antibiotics in serious obstetric and gynecologic infections

DR. RICHARD L. SWEET: The clinical emergence of antibiotics in the 1940s may have been, as many claim, the most significant medical occurrence of this century or even perhaps in the history of medicine. In any case, 35 years after the marketing of penicillin, the revolution in antibiotic development still rages. The birth of generation after generation of new antimicrobial agents presents a constant challenge to practicing obstetricians/gynecologists. Should they continue to use the agents and combinations of agents that have proved to be effective or should they tread new therapeutic ground with the hope of improving outcomes and reducing morbidity in pelvic infections? In the round-table discussion that follows, we will try to resolve these questions and point out dilemmas. Our topic is broad: the use of antibiotics in serious obstetric and gynecologic infections. Specifically, we will examine the new antimicrobials in the context of managing obstetric and gynecologic infections and will try to assess them against the standard agents and regimens now in use. We will consider some of the important changes that are occurring in the prevention and treatment of these infections, especially the trend toward early, aggressive treatment of infections caused
Sensing Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Cations by Conduction Band Quenching of Dye Photoluminescence

A new luminescence approach for sensing alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in fluid solution at room temperature is described. The approach is to utilize surface-adsorption/desorption–induced energetic shifts of a semiconductor conduction band to alter the electron transfer quenching efficiency of a photoluminescent dye. A proof-of-concept example is described based on TiO2 nanoparticles with a surface bound Ru(II) coordination compound as the dye, Ru(deeb)(bpy)2(PF6)2 where deeb is 4,4′-(CO2CH2CH3)2-2,2′-bipyridine and bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine, sensing alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in acetonitrile solution. The Ru(II) compound is highly luminescent with long excited state lifetimes in the absence of the cations but is quenched in their presence. The quenching is found to be reversible. The data demonstrate that this approach yields intensity, lifetime, and wavelength-ratiometric calcium ion sensors that are sensitive to 5 7 × 10−4 M concentrations.
Low-Lying Cosmic String Spectrum and Background Fields in Effective String Theory

We present a detailed analysis of the cosmic string spectrum. Explicit solutions are numerically found using Mathematica and presented here for the lowest-lying supported modes. Most of the emphasis is on the Nambu-Goldstone modes and the least massive excitation, the latter of which is shown to be the scalar breather mode. We address the possibility of pseudoscalar excitations by adding suitable interactions to the string and show that it is possible to have a least massive pseudoscalar bound state with only bosonic fields. We finally show how certain interactions in the bulk UV theory give rise to background field interactions in the effective string theory.
Laparoscopic Findings in Twenty-Five Failures of Artificial Insemination

The laparoscopic findings, treatment, and follow-up of 25 patients who failed artificial insemination donor (AID) were retrospectively evaluated. A high incidence (72%) of abnormal pelvic findings was encountered; Endometriosis was found in 60% and pelvic adhesions in 12% of the patients. The incidence of these two entities was not significantly different from their incidence in patients with unexplained infertility in the same institution (44% for endometriosis and 36% for adhesions). After surgical or medical treatment, a pregnancy rate of 22.2% (16.6% for endometriosis and 66.6% for pelvic adhesions) was achieved in patients with positive pelvic findings; in the group with negative pelvic findings, a pregnancy rate of 20% was achieved. The value of diagnostic laparoscopy in AID failures is discussed in the light of the findings presented and the relatively low rate of post-treatment pregnancy.
Raman Measurements of Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7–δ Films

We have measured the infrared (IR) reflectance and Raman spectra of electron doped and undoped Nd 2 CuO 4 and Pr 2 CuO 4 . Utilizing the results from doped ceramics and undoped ab plane oriented single crystals, we observe and assign all the IR active phonons (3A 2u + 4E u ) predicted by group theory. We have also observed the Raman active modes involving atom motion along the c axis. We compare our results to those found in the related hole superconductors based upon La 2 CuO 4 .
Consequences of biomechanically constrained tasks in the design and interpretation of synergy analyses

Matrix factorization algorithms are commonly used to analyze muscle activity and provide insight into neuromuscular control. These algorithms identify low-dimensional subspaces, commonly referred t...
Nesting Behavior of Cerceris zonata (Hymenoptera: Philanthidae)

The nesting behavior of Cerceris zonata Cresson was observed on San Salvador Island, the Bahamas during June 1978 and 1980. In general, nesting activities of this species were similar to those described for other Cerceris. The females made multicelled nests which they provisioned with chrysomelid beetles. The prey were carried to the nest in the wasp's mandibles. Nest entrances were open during hunting, and females entered directly with prey. Females searching for nests were common at the site; they sometimes usurped nests from the current provisioners. All females eventually abandoned their nests. Some entered other of the nests we were observing; others were seen searching but did not enter nests in the area. All nests we observed were occupied and provisioned by a series of different females. Few cases of nest sharing were observed.
Promotion of Homologous Recombination by SWS-1 in Complex with RAD-51 Paralogs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Homologous recombination (HR) repairs cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) with high fidelity. Deficiencies in HR result in genome instability. A key early step in HR is the search for and invasion of a homologous DNA template by a single-stranded RAD-51 nucleoprotein filament. The Shu complex, composed of a SWIM domain-containing protein and its interacting RAD51 paralogs, promotes HR by regulating RAD51 filament dynamics. Despite Shu complex orthologs throughout eukaryotes, our understanding of its function has been most extensively characterized in budding yeast. Evolutionary analysis of the SWIM domain identified Caenorhabditis elegans sws-1 as a putative homolog of the yeast Shu complex member Shu2. Using a CRISPR-induced nonsense allele of sws-1, we show that sws-1 promotes HR in mitotic and meiotic nuclei. sws-1 mutants exhibit sensitivity to DSB-inducing agents and fail to form mitotic RAD-51 foci following treatment with camptothecin. Phenotypic similarities between sws-1 and the two RAD-51 paralogs rfs-1 and rip-1 suggest that they function together. Indeed, we detect direct interaction between SWS-1 and RIP-1 by yeast two-hybrid assay that is mediated by the SWIM domain in SWS-1 and the Walker B motif in RIP-1 Furthermore, RIP-1 bridges an interaction between SWS-1 and RFS-1, suggesting that RIP-1 facilitates complex formation with SWS-1 and RFS-1 We propose that SWS-1, RIP-1, and RFS-1 compose a C. elegans Shu complex. Our work provides a new model for studying Shu complex disruption in the context of a multicellular organism that has important implications as to why mutations in the human RAD51 paralogs are associated with genome instability.
Application of Pendulum Method to UAV Momental Ellipsoid Estimation

This paper demonstrates the use of a pendulum method for the estimation of inertia properties of a UAV. The pendulum method presented here is simple and cheap to use. It is demonstrated a UAV named ECat, which incorporates an autopilot designed in the Autonomous Vehicle Systems (AVS) Laboratory at Kansas State University. This method uses a compound pendulum technique for the estimation of moments of inertia of an aircraft about the X-X and Y-Y axes. A bifilar pendulum technique is used for the estimation of moment of inertia about the Z-Z axis. The pendulum method discussed here is simple and very quick to implement. It has the advantages of avoiding time consuming geometrical calculations for the estimation of inertia properties and is an accurate method. It is very appropriate for small aircraft.
Demonstration of a Sex Attractant in the Buck Moth, Hemileuca maia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

The buck moth, Hemileuca maia (Drury), lays its eggs in symmetrical, collar-shaped clusters around small twigs in the late fall. The eggs hatch in the following spring with the onset of warm weather. The caterpillars, which feed primarily on oak, cause only minor damage to trees in Louisiana. However, the late-instar larvae can be a decided nuisance around the home because of their venomous setae. Their presence greatly diminishes the joy of walking barefoot in the springtime.
Design challenges and methodologies in 3D integration for neuromorphic computing systems

Neuromorphic computing is an emerging technology that describes the biological neural systems and implementation of its electrical model in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) VLSI systems. As the neural networks are wire dominated complicated system with myriad interconnected elements, it requires massively parallel processing for the computational task. However, the hardware implementation experiences some critical challenges and unsurmountable obstacles by using 2D planar circuits. Therefore, the potential three dimensional integration technology can be applied in hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing that provides a sustainable and promising alternative to the existing conventional integrated circuit (IC) technology by allowing vertical stacking of dies. 3D hardware interconnection between the neural layers not only offer high device interconnection density with greater reduction in parasitic, it also provides improved channel bandwidth using fast and energy efficient links with excellent distribution and communication among the neuron layers. Beyond these opportunities, it needs a thorough investigation to explore all the design issues and critical challenges for successful implementation of 3D neuromorphic computation for high performance application. In this work, we studied the design challenges of the 3D integration technology for neuromorphic computing systems, and possible ways to overcome the limitation of well-connected synaptic system.
Scott’s Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: Evaluation of Mechanical Survival in the Series 700 Model

AbstractThe series 700 penile prosthesis was implanted in 131 patients. Actuarial analysis revealed survival of the cylinders to be 98 per cent at 1 year and 92 per cent at 36 months. The only additional failures were leaks in the reinforced tubing in 9 cases. No tubing leaks have occurred since revisions were made by the manufacturer in October 1983.
Segal’s Burnside Ring Conjecture for Compact Lie Groups

What is Segal’s Burnside ring conjecture for compact Lie groups? In order to explain it, we will have to go back thirty years when Michael Atiyah proved the following remarkable result in topological K-theory.
Are we certain about which measure of intolerance of uncertainty to use yet

Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) has been understood as a dispositional tendency to view the presence of negative events as unacceptable and threatening, regardless of the likelihood of those events occurring. The preference over the 12-item vs. 27-item of the IUS has been central to debate. The goals of the present study were to evaluate two competing models of measuring IU with model-fitting analyses and explore model invariance of gender (e.g. men vs. women). A sample of 980 individuals completed an online IUS survey. Results indicated that the two-factor short-form model provided better fit to the data compared to the full-length two-factor model proposed by. Results also indicated that the short-form IUS is gender invariant, suggesting acceptable use among men and women. These findings provide further support of a two-factor structure and suggest that the IUS is appropriate for men and women.
Accuracy of Grading Gleason Score 7 Prostatic Adenocarcinoma on Needle Biopsy: Influence of Percent Pattern 4 and Other Histological Factors.

BACKGROUND Recognition of Gleason pattern 4 in prostatic needle biopsies is crucial for both prognosis and therapy. Recently, it has been recommended to record percent pattern 4 when Gleason score 7 cancer is the highest grade in a case. METHODS Four hundred and five prostate needle core biopsies received for a second opinion at our institution from February–June, 2015 were prospectively diagnosed with prostatic adenocarcinoma Gleason score 7 as the highest score on review by a consultant urological pathologist. Percentage of core involvement by cancer, percentage of Gleason pattern 4 per core, distribution of Gleason pattern 4 (clustered, scattered), morphology of pattern 4 (cribriform, non-cribriform), and whether the cancer was continuous or discontinuous were recorded. RESULTS Better agreement was noted between the consultant and referring pathologists when pattern 4 was clustered as opposed to dispersed in biopsies (P = 0.009). The percentage of core involvement by cancer, morphology of pattern 4, and continuity of cancer did not affect the agreement between the consultant and referring pathologists. There was a trend (P = 0.06) for better agreement based on the percent of pattern 4. CONCLUSIONS When pattern 4 is scattered amongst pattern 3 as opposed to being discrete foci, there is less interobserver reproducibility in grading Gleason score 7 cancer, and in this setting pathologists should consider obtaining second opinions either internally within their group or externally. Prostate 77: 681–685, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gesundheitswirksame Bewegung – Risiken minimieren und Chancen erkennen!

Zusammenfassung. Korperliche Inaktivitat ist fur die Volksgesundheit gleichbedeutend geworden wie Rauchen und Ubergewicht. Sie stellt aktuell die vierthaufigste Ursache fur vorzeitige Sterblichkeit dar und ist fur die Zunahme vieler nicht ubertragbarer Krankheiten verantwortlich. Die weitreichenden positiven Gesundheitseffekte von korperlicher Aktivitat (KA) sind vielfach belegt aber dennoch erreichten 27 % der Schweizer Bevolkerung 2012 das Niveau der Bewegungsempfehlungen der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (World Health Organisation, WHO) nicht. Gesundheitswirksame Bewegung ist ein Beitrag an die Reduktion nicht ubertragbarer Krankheiten und kann die Selbstandigkeit, die Lebensqualitat und kognitive Fahigkeiten bis ins hohe Alter fordern. Fur einen (primar)praventiven Gesundheitseffekt sollten die Mindestempfehlungen der WHO von 150 Minuten Alltagsaktivitat oder Sport mit mittlerer Intensitat oder 75 Minuten mit hoher Intensitat pro Woche eingehalten werden. Dabei sollte wenn moglich die KA uber mehrere Ta...
An integrative approach to personalized cancer survivorship care at an academic medical center.

37Background: Quality cancer survivorship care has multiple missions 1) develop personalized disease-specific treatment summaries (TS) and evidence-based survivorship plans (SPs), 2) foster recognition amongst Primary Care Providers (PCPs) of the consequences of cancer and its therapy, 3) coordinate care amongst providers, 4) use technology to foster communication and mining data, 5) train residents/fellows, 6) determine knowledge gaps for research, 7) engage community health providers, 8) publicize and raise funds, and 9) develop metrics to assess outcomes. Here we describe initial steps toward these goals. Methods: The University of Rochester Judy DiMarzo Cancer Survivorship program is a multidisciplinary effort across 7 centers involving oncologists, PCPs, social workers, integrated oncology, legal/financial services, and survivors. Survivors are identified at two critical time points: after (1) completion of primary curative therapy = transition visit, (2) discontinuation of routine oncologic follow-u...
Tumor location and neurocognitive impairment in adult survivors of pediatric brain tumors: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE).

9531 Background: Follow-up guidelines identify supratentorial tumor location as a risk factor for poor neurocognitive outcomes during childhood; yet few studies have systematically compared long-term cognitive outcomes between adult survivors of childhood infratentorial and supratentorial brain tumors. Methods: Neurocognitive functions were evaluated in 130 adult survivors of pediatric brain tumors (58 supratentorial and 72 infratentorial, mean [SD] current age = 27.4 years [5.2], age at diagnosis = 8.6 years [4.6], and time since diagnosis = 18.8 years [4.8]) participating in the SJLIFE long-term follow-up protocol. Age-adjusted standard scores for measures of intelligence, attention, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning were calculated, with clinical impairment defined as scores <10th percentile. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression models to examine associations between neurocognitive functions and tumor location. Resu...
Evaluation of the Case–Crossover (CCO) Study Design for Adverse Drug Event Detection

The case–crossover (CCO) design was originally intended to study exposures characterized as intermittent with acute effects. The performance of the CCO design is not well characterized under alternative exposure and outcome relationships. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the CCO to identify simulated treatment effects under different drug exposures and outcomes relationships while varying the duration of the 1:1 matched risk and control windows. The simulated data were obtained from the Observational Medical Dataset Simulator, version 2 (OSIM2). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to compare CCO performance across outcome types, simulated relative risk (RR), and duration of risk and control windows. The AUC for acute outcomes was higher for shorter risk and control windows and improved with higher simulated RR. For example, the AUC for the simulated RR of 4 was 0.95 for a 30-day window length and 0.78 for a 360-day window length. The AUC for the accumulative outcomes increased with longer risk and control windows and stronger simulated RR. For example, the AUC for the simulated RR of 4 was 0.85 for a 360-day window length and 0.23 for a 30-day window length. Risk and control window lengths did not appear to sufficiently alter the AUC for insidious onset outcomes. The CCO performed best for acute-onset outcomes, but may be useful for exploring adverse outcomes with accumulative effects. Careful consideration must be given to the hypothesized drug exposure and outcome distribution because specification of risk and control window duration affects CCO performance.
Support of Problem Focused Nitrogen Fixation Research at the National Science Foundation

On behalf of the National Science Foundation it is my pleasure and privilege to welcome all of the participants to this symposium on “Enhancing Biological Production of Ammonia from Atmospheric Nitrogen and Soil Nitrate.”
Report of the Panel on Insect-Parasitic, Free-Living Terrestrial, and Free-Living Aquatic Nematodes

The Nemisys Protect is of interest to marine nematode taxonomists because it is likely to be a valuable teaching aid and may possibly help attract graduate students to study marine nematology. However, at the present time, development of the plant-parasitic part of the protect is more important than inclusion of the marine nematodes. Likewise, the animal-parasitic nematodes could be included in the project after it has been developed for the plant and soil nematodes. The most likely schedule for the development of the protect is: 1) incorporation of the plant-parasitic nematodes; 2) free-living soil forms; 3) insect-parasitic forms; 4) free-living freshwater nematodes; 5) marine; and 6) animal-parasitic forms.
The Partitive, the Iterative, and the Unit Composition Schemes

The fourth-grade teaching experiment with Joe and Patricia constituted a “replication” of the teaching experiment with Jason and Laura while they were in their fourth and fifth grades. We use scare quotes to indicate that the intent is not to repeat the experiment with Jason and Laura under the exact same conditions. Rather, the intent is to generate observations that can be used not only to corroborate the previous observations, but to refine, extend, and modify them as well. In a teaching experiment, the teacher does not establish a hypothetical learning trajectory at the outset of the experiment for the entire experiment. Rather, the teacher/researchers hypothesize what the children might learn in the next, or even in the next few, teaching episodes based on their current interactions with the children and their interpretations of it, and it is the testing of these hypotheses in the teaching episodes that, in part, constitutes the experimental aspect of the teaching experiment. Both the possibilities that are opened by the particular children and the constraints that the researchers’ experience that emanate from within the children provide new observations that can be retrospectively analyzed to generate a “replicate” case study.
Modeling the Engagement-Disengagement Cycle of Compulsive Phone Use

Many smartphone users engage in compulsive and habitual phone checking they find frustrating, yet our understanding of how this phenomenon is experienced is limited. We conducted a semi-structured interview, a think-aloud phone-use demonstration, and a sketching exercise with 39 smartphone users (ages 14-64) to probe their experiences with compulsive phone checking. Their insights revealed a small taxonomy of common triggers that lead up to instances of compulsive phone use and a second set that end compulsive phone use sessions. Though participants expressed frustration with their lack of self-control, they also reported that the activities they engage in during these sessions can be meaningful, which they defined as transcending the current instance of use. Participants said they periodically reflect on their compulsive use and delete apps that drive compulsive checking without providing sufficient meaning. We use these findings to create a descriptive model of the cycle of compulsive checking, and we call on designers to craft experiences that meet users' definition of meaningfulness rather than creating lock-out mechanisms to help them police their own use.
Analysis of ferroelectric nanostructures—spectroscopic methods/second harmonic generation polarimetry

Abstract Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear spectroscopic technique, which can be used as a probe for studying structural distortions in dielectric and ferroelectric crystals. In the process of SHG, two photons of frequency ω are absorbed, and a photon of frequency 2ω is emitted. This process is forbidden in crystal point groups exhibiting a center of inversion symmetry, that is, crystal symmetry indistinguishable under the operation r→−r. This property makes optical SHG an effective tool for investigating the formation of noncentrosymmetric structures and phases at the unit cell scale in perovskite-type oxides.
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of sulfonamide-based peptidomimetic calpain inhibitors

Abstract The calpains are a conserved family of cysteine proteases that includes several isoforms of which µ–calpain and m-calpain are the most widely distributed in mammalian cells. Calpains have been implicated in normal physiological processes as well as cellular abnormalities such as neurodegenerative disorders, cataract, and cancer. Therefore, calpain inhibitors are of interest as potential therapeutic agents. We have synthesized four new sulfonamide-based peptidomimetic compounds 2–5 as inhibitors of μ-calpain that incorporate (E)-1-(phenyl)-2-phenyldiazene and (E)-1-(phenyl)-2-phenylethene functionalities as the N-terminal capping groups of the inhibitors. Compound 5 with Ki value of 9 nM versus μ-calpain was the most potent member of the group. The compounds were predicted to be more lipophilic compared to MDL28170 based on CLogP estimation. They displayed moderate to good antiproliferative activity versus melanoma cell lines (A-375 and B-16F1) and PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro. Additionally, one member of the group (compound 3) inhibited DU-145 cell invasion by 80% at 2 μM concentration in the Matrigel cell invasion assay.
Progressive Sperm Separation Using Parallelized, High-Throughput, Microchamber-based Microfluidics

Motility is one of the most important factors in sperm migration toward egg. Therefore, sperm separation based on motility increases the chance of the best sperm selection in the process of infertility treatments. Unfortunately, it is now vastly done by conventional procedures which lack certain delicacy and precision and increase the risk of damage to sperm cells. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, can sort sperm in a less intrusive way. However, microfluidic techniques have yet to receive widespread adoption in clinical settings, not only due to their relatively cumbersome operation, but also their extremely low outcome, leaving them inefficient in practice. Here we propose a microchamber-based microfluidic platform that can separate progressive motile sperm from nonviable sperm and debris as well as trapped nonprogressive sperm in the microchambers. Our platform is operated in a short period of time (<10 min) with an excellent degree of controllability, without any prior sample preparation. Our results show that the microchambers depth does not affect the residence time of motile sperm. Therefore, we are able to inspect high sample volumes (1 mL) within the same time. Furthermore, we maximize the concentration of the collected sperm by tuning the washing medium flow rate above the sperm rheotactic threshold. We foresee that our microfluidic platform may provide a facile solution for high-throughput, robust, and easy-to-modify for collection of progressive sperm needed for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Significance StatementAssisted Reproductive Technologies require efficient, minimally invasive, and fast methods of sperm separation. Centrifugation methods used in clinics and biological research labs, fall short in these aspects as they are low-yield, intrusive to sperms DNA, and time consuming. We have developed a microchamber-based microfluidic platform for high-throughput separation of progressive motile sperm from undiluted raw semen samples. The method was further optimized to increase the concentration of collected samples. Higher concentration of collected samples combined with higher motility of the separated sperm compared to those in raw semen, make it a suitable choice in clinical applications, fertility diagnostics, and fundamental research.
Housing Instability and HIV Risk: Expanding our Understanding of the Impact of Eviction and Other Landlord-Related Forced Moves

The study purpose is to comprehensively measure landlord-related forced moves (inclusive of, but not restricted to, legal eviction), and to examine whether landlord-related forced moves is associated with HIV risk. Baseline survey data was collected between 2017 and 2018 among 360 low-income participants in New Haven, Connecticut. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine associations between landlord-related forced moves and HIV sexual risk outcomes. Seventy seven out of three hundred and sixty participants reported a landlord-related forced move in the past 2 years, of whom 19% reported formal eviction, 56% reported informal eviction and 25% reported both. Landlord-related forced moves were associated with higher odds of unprotected sex (AOR 1.98), concurrent sex (AOR 1.94), selling sex for money or drugs (AOR 3.28), exchange of sex for a place to live (AOR 3.29), and an HIV sexual risk composite (ARR 1.46) (p < .05 for all). We found robust associations between landlord-related forced moves and HIV sexual risk. Findings suggest that the social and economic consequences of landlord-related forced moves may impact sexual vulnerability.
Interdependency and Economic (Ir)rationality: West German-Libyan Petro-relations in ‘Crisis’

Dependent on Libya for over 40 percent of its crude oil imports, West Germany was already vulnerable when Muammar Gaddafi inaugurated his resource sovereigntist campaign at the end of 1970. This re...
Interventions to Improve Post-Detoxification Treatment Engagement and Alcohol Recovery: Systematic Review of Intervention Types and Effectiveness.

Aims Most inpatient alcohol detoxification patients do not seek treatment post-discharge, which increases the risk of relapse and re-hospitalization. To date, there have been no efforts to synthesize the evidence supporting the broad range of available interventions for this critical transition. The current study is a systematic review and evaluation of interventions designed to promote treatment engagement and recovery following alcohol detoxification. Methods The initial literature search yielded 6419 articles, published since 1999, from PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection and PsycARTICLES databases, 49 of which were eligible for full review. Data extraction included in-depth evaluation of intervention types, study and research design features, reported outcomes and study quality/bias indicators. All articles were coded by independent raters and final results were obtained through consensus. Results Interventions included medical/medication, psychological/psychosocial, technological, mutual-help and combined approaches. On average, medical/medication interventions were less, and psychological/psychosocial and technological interventions were more likely to demonstrate efficacy with respect to treatment engagement and recovery. There was significant variability in study quality/bias but no significant differences across intervention types. Studies differed considerably across measured outcomes, internal and external validity, in/exclusion criteria and documentation of co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Conclusion Over half of studies reviewed reported empirical support for the intervention(s) evaluated. Although findings slightly favor non-medical interventions, the variability in study design and quality/bias requires more rigorous follow-up research. Recommendations from this review may guide future implementation and intervention development, which are critically needed to improve post-detoxification care and outcomes for patients with alcohol use disorder.
Changes in interpulse spacing changes tactile perception of microstimulation in human somatosensory cortex

Stimulus frequency modulates percepts evoked by microstimulation in the somatosensory cortex. However, it is not known how the timing of individual pulses affects perception. Here, we stimulated through microelectrode arrays implanted in the somatosensory cortex of a human participant with a cervical spinal cord injury and measured the participant's ability to discriminate microstimulation trains with different frequencies. We also tested the participant's ability to discriminate trains with the same number of pulses but different interpulse spacings. We found that the participant could discriminate the full range of tested frequencies on half of tested electrodes. On electrodes in which the participant could discriminate frequencies, the performance was always better at the lower frequencies. Additionally, on half of tested electrodes, the participant was able to discriminate trains that had the same number of pulses but different interpulse spacings. Finally, we tested the point of subjective equivalence for a train with shifted interpulse spacings compared to a fixed frequency train. We found that increases in interpulse spacings with the same number of pulses resulted in a decrease in perceived frequency. These findings demonstrate that the interpulse spacings can modulate perception of microstimulation and suggests that the encoding of stimulus timing may be important for providing sensory feedback in a bidirectional BCI.
PixSearcher: Searching Similar Images in Large Image Collections through Pixel Descriptors

Searching and mining huge image databases has become a daunting task for many application areas such as astronomy, medicine, geology, oceanography, and crime prevention. We introduce a new image indexing and retrieval system, PixSearcher, that computes image descriptors from pixels obtained by thresholding images at different levels. In contrast to raster techniques (which use the entire pixel raster for distance computations), PixSearcher uses a small set of descriptors and consequently can handle large image collections within reasonable time. We use benchmark image databases from different domains to evaluate PixSearcher’s performance versus well-known image retrieval techniques.
Numerical Surprises in the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang Equation

We highlight some recent work on the numerical analysis of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation, which is a well-known Langevin description of interface growth. First, we discuss the difficulties of finding an accurate discretization of the continuum equation. Second, we report on numerical evidence for non-universal scaling, based on observing the effects of varying the noise distribution away from the canonical gaussian form.
A history of chirality

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the history of chirality. In the 25 August 2003 issue of Chemical and Engineering News, the results of a survey of the journal's readers on ‘‘the most beautiful experiments in the history of chemistry’’ were reported. First place was given to Louis Pasteur's manual separation of tartrate enantiomers. The basis for Pasteur's speculations on molecular dissymmetry lay in his discoveries regarding tartrate crystals that had entranced and impressed the readers of Chemical and Engineering News. The chapter explores the background of Pasteur's first major experimental work, explicating what he did in studying tartrates and other organic crystalline compounds, and traces the development of the chemical concept of chirality from Pasteur's discoveries. The word ‘‘chirality’’ did not exist in Pasteur's day. Pasteur used the word ‘‘dissymetrie.’’ William Thompson and Lord Kelvin introduced the words “chiral” and “chirality” in 1884.
Parallel comparison of accuracy of API 20E, Vitek GNI, MicroScan Walk/Away Rapid ID, and Becton Dickinson Cobas Micro ID-E/NF for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and common gram-negative, non-glucose-fermenting bacilli.

We compared the API 20E (21 h) (API; bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.), the Vitek GNI card (4 to 18 h) (Vitek; bioMerieux Vitek), the identification portion of the MicroScan Walk/Away Rapid Neg Combo 3 panel (2 h) (W/A; Baxter Diagnostics, Inc., West Sacramento, Calif.), and the Becton Dickinson Cobas Micro ID-E/NF rotor (21 h) (Cobas; Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument Systems, Sparks, Md.), versus conventional biochemicals for their abilities to identify accurately 252 strains of biochemically typical and atypical members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and common non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. All strains used were included in the data base of each product. At the end of the initial incubation, 194 (77.0%), 213 (84.5%), 198 (78.6%), and 192 (76.2%) strains were correct to the genus and species levels with the API, Vitek, W/A, and Cobas systems, respectively. After additional biochemical tests were performed, as directed by each manufacturer's protocol, the numbers of strains correctly identified to the genus and species levels were 241 (95.6%), 234 (92.8%), 243 (96.4%), and 230 (91.3%) with the four systems, respectively. The errors were random in all systems, with the exception of two atypical Salmonella enteritidis strains, each of which was misidentified by three systems. After the initial recommended incubation period, both API and Cobas were significantly less accurate than Vitek (Yates' corrected P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the results of Vitek and W/A or between the results of API and W/A. After additional tests were completed, Cobas was significantly less accurate than W/A (P < 0.05) but was equal in accuracy to Vitek and API. API, Vitek, and W/A were equal in accuracy after these same additional tests. All four systems were significantly more accurate after additional biochemical testing than after the initial reporting period (194 of 252 versus 241 of 252 for API, 213 of 252 versus 234 of 252 for Vitek, 198 of 252 versus 243 or 252 for W/A, and 192 of 252 versus 230 of 252 for Cobas [P<0.05]).
1-11 GHz ultra-wideband resistive ring mixer in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology

In this paper, an ultra-wideband down-conversion resistive ring mixer is designed using the mixed-mode TSMC CMOS 0.18-/spl mu/m technology. This mixer down-converts RF signals in the range of 1-11 GHz to fixed IF of 500MHz using LO signals at 500MHz higher than the corresponding RF frequencies. The conversion loss within this band is 7/spl plusmn/0.5dB. The input 1dB compression point (P1dB) for the entire band is about 5dBm, and the input third order interception point (IIP3) is about 10dBm. The LO power required to obtain lowest conversion loss for this resistive mixer is 9dBm. The mixer core has no power consumption whereas the IF output buffer consumes 3mW. This mixer can be used in high dynamic range low-power ultra-wideband communication systems.