cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double diastereodifferentiation in the hydroxylative knovenagel condensation

Abstract The stereoinduction in formation of γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated enoates using chiral α-sulfinyl esters and chiral aldehydes is a function of the absolute stereochemistry of the sulfoxide, the substituent on the sulfoxide, and the amount of base.
On the role of abscisic Acid and gibberellin in the regulation of growth in rice.

Submergence induces rapid elongation of rice coleoptiles (Oryza sativa L.) and of deepwater rice internodes. This adaptive feature helps rice to grow out of the water and to survive flooding. Earlier, we found that the growth response of submerged deepwater rice plants is mediated by ethylene and gibberellin (GA). Ethylene promotes growth, at least in part, by increasing the responsiveness of the internodal tissue to GA. In the present work, we examined the possibility that increased responsiveness to GA was based on a reduction in endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Submergence and treatment with ethylene led, within 3 hours, to a 75% reduction in the level of ABA in the intercalary meristem and the growing zone of deepwater rice internodes. The level of GA1 increased fourfold during the same time period. An interaction between GA and ABA could also be shown by application of the hormones. ABA inhibited growth of submerged internodes, and GA counteracted this inhibition. Our results indicate that the growth rate of deepwater rice internodes is determined by the ratio of an endogenous growth promoter (GA) and a growth inhibitor (ABA). We also investigated whether ABA is involved in regulating the growth of rice coleoptiles. Rice seedlings were grown on solutions containing fluridone, an inhibitor of carotenoid and, indirectly, of ABA biosynthesis. Treatment with fluridone reduced the level of ABA in coleoptiles and first leaves by more than 75% and promoted coleoptile growth by more than 60%. Little or no enhancement of growth by fluridone was observed in barley, oat, or wheat. The involvement of ABA in determining the growth rate of rice coleoptiles and deepwater rice internodes may be related to the semiaquatic growth habit of this plant.
Measuring neutron yield and ρR anisotropies with activation foils at the National Ignition Facility

Neutron yields at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are measured with a suite of diagnostics, including activation of ∼20–200 g samples of materials undergoing a variety of energy-dependent neutron reactions. Indium samples were mounted on the end of a Diagnostic Instrument Manipulator (DIM), 25–50 cm from the implosion, to measure 2.45 MeV D-D fusion neutron yield. The 336.2 keV gamma rays from the 4.5 hour isomer of 115m In produced by (n,n′) reactions are counted in high-purity germanium detectors. For capsules producing D-T fusion reactions, zirconium and copper are activated via (n,2n) reactions at various locations around the target chamber and bay, measuring the 14 MeV neutron yield to accuracies on order of 7%. By mounting zirconium samples on ports at nine locations around the NIF chamber, anisotropies in the primary neutron emission due to fuel areal density asymmetries can be measured to a relative precision of 3%.
Enhancing clinical services by using pharmacy students during advanced experiential rotations.

The roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in providing both distributive and clinical services continue to expand. Traditionally pharmacists have been responsible for an array of activities including medication reviews to ensure safe and accurate prescribing, order entry, and patient education,
The Behavioral Approach-Avoidance and Distress Scale: An Investigation of Reliability and Validity During Painful Medical Procedures

Validated the use of the Behavioral Approach-Avoidance and Distress Scale (BAADS; Hubert, Jay, Saltoun, & Hayes, 1988), which was reported to be easily completed and scored in an analog situation, for measuring children's distress and coping style during actual painful medical procedures. 60 preschool children who were receiving immunizations at a health department were subjects. Objective measures (Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress and Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised) and subjective measures (child-, parent-, and nurse-report) were used. Results of the current study support the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the Distress subscale of the BAADS; however, some caution is suggested in interpreting the Approach-Avoidance subscale. Discussion focuses on the utility of this scale in clinical settings and the cost-effectiveness of this measure for assessing pediatric patients.
Response to American Heart Association’s Statement That “In Children Ambulatory Blood Pressure Is Superior to Home” Not Proven

The writing group appreciates your efforts1 to bring to the forefront the need for more research on the clinical application of home blood pressure monitoring in pediatric patients. We agree that this modality for …
PATTERN ASSOCIATIVITY AND THE RETRIEVAL OF SEMANTIC NETWORKS

Four methods for the associative retrieval of semantic networks are described. These methods differ from those traditional approaches, such as SNEPS, in which an entire knowledge base is treated as a single network. Here the knowledge base is viewed as an organized collection of networks and is most appropriate for applications (such as bibliographic retrieval) in which pieces of knowledge need to be treated individually. Method I is an arbitrary flat ordering of database graphs, Method II a two-level ordering, and Method III is a full partial order. Method IV is a novel method known as ``hierarchical node descriptor method'''' that is based on the ``refinement'''' method of subgraph-isomorphism. A ``pattern associativity'''' principle explains the development and effectiveness of each of these methods. Moving from Method I through Method IV there is a steady increase in both pattern associativity and efficiency. A theorem is proven that establishes the superiority of Method III over Method II despite the fact that Method II is the method most often used. A brief discussion of how parallelism may be incorporated also accompanies the description of each method. Most of the paper applies these methods to conceptual graphs and a later section shows how the techniques can be extended to other semantic-network formalisms. The paper concludes by showing how generalization graphs constructed through pattern associativity may also have semantic validity in the domains from which they have been derived. (Supersedes 90-30.)
Joint data alignment up to (lossy) transformations

Joint data alignment is often regarded as a data simplification process. This idea is powerful and general, but raises two delicate issues. First, one must make sure that the use full information about the data is preserved by the alignment process. This is especially important when data are affected by non-invertible transformations, such as those originating from continuous domain deformations in a discrete image lattice. We propose a formulation that explicitly avoids this pitfall. Second, one must choose an appropriate measure of data complexity. We show that standard concepts such as entropy might not be optimal for the task, and we propose alternative measures that reflect the regularity of the codebook space. We also propose a novel and efficient algorithm that allows joint alignment of a large number of samples (tens of thousands of image patches), and does not rely on the assumption that pixels are independent. This is done for the case where the data is postulated to live in an affine subspaces of the embedding space of the raw data. We apply our scheme to learn sparse bases for natural images that discount domain deformations and hence significantly decrease the complexity of codebooks while maintaining the same generative power.
Knee Proprioception and Strength and Landing Kinematics During a Single-Leg Stop-Jump Task

Context: The importance of the sensorimotor system in maintaining a stable knee joint has been recognized. As individual entities, knee-joint proprioception, landing kinematics, and knee muscles play important roles in functional joint stability. Preventing knee injuries during dynamic tasks requires accurate proprioceptive information and adequate muscular strength. Few investigators have evaluated the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Objective: To examine the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty physically active men (age ¼ 26.4 6 5.8 years, height ¼ 176.5 6 8.0 cm, mass ¼ 79.8 6 16.6 kg). Intervention(s): Three tests were performed. Knee conscious proprioception was evaluated via threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM). Knee strength was evaluated with a dynamometer. A 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis of a single-legged stop-jump task was used to calculate initial contact (IC) knee-flexion angle and knee-flexion excursion. Main Outcome Measure(s): The TTDPM toward knee flexion and extension, peak knee flexion and extension torque, and IC knee-flexion angle and knee flexion excursion. Linear correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships of both proprioception and strength against landing kinematics. The a level was set a priori at .05. Results: Enhanced TTDPM and greater knee strength were positively correlated with greater IC knee-flexion angle (r range ¼ 0.281–0.479, P range ¼ .001–.048). The regression analysis revealed that 27.4% of the variance in IC knee-flexion angle could be accounted for by knee-flexion peak torque and TTDPM toward flexion (P ¼ .001). Conclusions: The current research highlighted the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Individuals with enhanced proprioception and muscular strength had better control of IC knee-flexion angle during a dynamic task.
FXI: a full-field imaging beamline at NSLS-II

The Full-field X-ray Imaging (FXI) beamline at the NSLS-II is designed for optimum performance of a transmission x-ray microscope (TXM). When complete, FXI will enable the TXM to obtain individual 2D projection images at 30 nm spatial resolution and up to 40 microns field of view (FOV) with exposure times of < 50 ms per image. A complete 3D nanotomography data set should take less than 1 minute. This will open opportunities for many real-time in-operando studies.
#GomorraLaSerie: Converging audience and enhanced authorship on twenty-first-century Italian screens

Based on Roberto Saviano’s book Gomorra (2006), production of the TV series Gomorra – La serie (2014) was met with scepticism as many feared it would glamorise organised crime and, consequently, attract young people toward Camorra affiliation. The series’ bleak portrayal of criminals and criminality was offered as a response to such concerns. Despite the preoccupations, Gomorra – La serie was hugely successful and, because of its quality, was sold to other countries. In Italy, the series’ success can be measured by the popularity of its Twitter hashtag #GomorraLaSerie. Engaged with Henry Jenkins’ theories of media convergence and based on a corpus of tweets bearing this official hashtag, this article proposes a quantitative analysis and advances conclusions regarding the Italian TV audience and second-screen viewing practices. Additionally, through a qualitative study of Saviano’s tweets about the series, it examines the writer’s use of the social media platform as a tool of narrative continuity. Finally,...
Variation in Torpor Patterns of Free-Ranging Black-Tailed and Utah Prairie Dogs Across Gradients of Elevation

Abstract We compared over-winter body temperature (Tb) patterns for more than 6 months in adult (>1 year) black-tailed (Cynomys ludovicianus) and Utah (C. parvidens) prairie dogs from colonies located along gradients of elevation in northern Colorado and southern Utah. In general, black-tailed prairie dogs entered torpor facultatively during winter, whereas Utah prairie dogs hibernated continuously for extended periods. Both black-tailed and Utah prairie dogs displayed significant differences in Tb patterns across elevations, with lower elevation populations entering more shallow and infrequent torpor than prairie dogs at higher elevations. Tb patterns of black-tailed prairie dogs followed 24-h cycles, as most prairie dogs entered into and aroused from torpor between 1100 and 1700 h and bout lengths were clustered around 24-h intervals and multiples thereof. Torpor in Utah prairie dogs did not display the same daily patterns; they entered into and aroused from torpor at all times of the day, and bout leng...
Malignant (Necrotizing) Otitis Externa

Malignant or necrotizing otitis externa is a rare, invasive infection that begins in the external ear canal and spreads to adjacent tissue. Severe infection may extend to the base of the skull or intra-cranially. Medical knowledge of malignant otitis externa is primarily derived from retrospective case series. The majority of reported patients are elderly diabetics infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Patients typically present with otalgia and otorrhea with little evidence of systemic illness. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, radiographic imaging with CT or MRI, and tissue histology and culture. Treatment requires prolonged systemic antibiotics and surgery is not required for cure in most cases. Mortality for malignant otitis externa has improved since the disease was first characterized, but a significant number of patients have recurrent disease and require multiple courses of antibiotics. Clinicians should suspect malignant otitis externa in diabetic patients who present with symptoms of otitis externa.
Can posterior teeth of patients be translated buccally, and does bone form on the buccal surface in response?

ABSTRACT Objective: To produce buccal translation and determine whether buccal bone forms on the cortical surfaces. Materials and Methods: Eleven patients requiring maxillary first premolar extractions participated in this prospective, randomized, split-mouth study. Pre- and posttreatment records included models, photographs, and small field of view CBCT images. One randomly chosen maxillary first premolar was moved buccally with 50 g of force applied approximately at the tooth’s center of resistance. The other premolar served as the control. Forces were re-activated every 3 weeks for approximately 9 weeks, after which the teeth were held in place for 3 weeks. Pre- and posttreatment records were analyzed and superimposed to evaluate changes in the dental-alveolar complex. Results: There was significant (P < .05) movement of the experimental premolar with minimal buccal tipping (2.2°). Changes in maximum bone height were bimodal, with 6 patients showing 0.42 mm and 5 patients showing 8.3 mm of vertical ...
Optimal electric vehicle scheduling in smart home with V2H/V2G regulation

Thepopularity of electric vehicle (EV) provides both challenges and opportunities. Although EV increases the load pressure to the grid, it can also serve as the potential storage to facilitate the demand response for residential customers. In this paper, we propose an optimal and automatic scheduling scheme to exploit the benefits of EV not only from residential side but also from utility companies. Specifically we consider that the EVs can achieve a two-way discharging, either supply the power usage of its house (i.e., V2H) when the electric price is high or sell back to the Grid (i.e., V2G) if the market price is more attractive. The objective is to minimize the total cost, including electricity expenditure and storage depreciation cost, while satisfying various practical constraints. Simulation results show our proposed scheme can not only lower the cost but also share part of the pressure from utility companies.
240 nm UV LEDs for LISA test mass charge control

Test Masses inside the LISA Gravitational Reference Sensor must maintain almost pure geodesic motion for gravitational waves to be successfully detected. LISA requires residual test mass accelerations below 3 fm/s2/√Hz at all frequencies between 0.1 and 3 mHz. One of the well-known noise sources is associated with the charges on the test masses which couple to stray electrical potentials and external electromagnetic fields. LISA Pathfinder will use Hg-discharge lamps emitting mostly around 254 nm to discharge the test masses via photoemission in its 2015/16 flight. A future LISA mission launched around 2030 will likely replace the lamps with newer UV-LEDs. Presented here is a preliminary study of the effectiveness of charge control using latest generation UV-LEDs which produce light at 240 nm with energy above the work function of pure Au. Their lower mass, better power efficiency and small size make them an ideal replacement for Hg lamps.
Biosynthesis of liver and tumor RNA ribose in the tumor-bearing rat.

SummaryPathways of pentose biosynthesis in the liver and tumor of control and tumor bearing rats have been studied employing glucose-2-C14 as the isotopic precursor. Presence of the tumor in the animal caused marked alteration in the labeling pattern, of liver RNA ribose, with the C14 being distributed almost equally throughout the carbon chains. However, tumor RNA ribose is characterized by greater isotopic asymmetry with carbon atom 2 being most radioactive. Possible metabolic mechanisms underlying these observations are discussed.
A View of Soviet Business—Through Window or Mirror?

In 1943 a young American naval officer on duty in Moscow was sent to Murmansk to tend to the paper work involved in unloading a Lend–Lease convoy. Afterwards, a party was given by his Soviet counterparts, and by dawn, when it broke up, he was deep in an exchange of “basic fundamentals” with a congenial Red Navy lieutenant. Emerging into the street, they met a long line of men carrying supplies from the docks. The Soviet officer looked, and said with obvious sincerity, “See our happy workers.” The American officer looked—and he saw a line of convicts under the guard of police with machine guns. We see, it appears, what we are prepared to see in the USSR.
Changing Cognitive Structure as a Basis for the “Sleeper Effect”

Let me summarize this general discussion of statistical inference briefly. Area data alone were considered. Three kinds of data resulting from data collection processes were identified. Two kinds of theoretical interpretations of these data were posed, and the remainder of the paper stressed the interpretation in term of aggregates as specified by a particular definition of structure and a theoretical statement of social structure. Four major problems of statistical inference were identified. Various approaches to these inference problems were examined critically. In some cases specific statistical procedures were recommended for use, while in other cases certain difficulties in present procedure were indicated but solutions were not presented. It is the intention of this paper and the research upon which it is based to aid in the development of sound statistical procedures and appropriate statistical inference in the analysis of area data. Illustrative computations of all these procedures are available in the author's unpublished doctoral dissertation. Manuscripts are in preparation which will bring these computations to the attention of a wider audience and thereby encourage the use of more appropriate statistical methods in studies analyzing area data.
Design strategies, results and evaluations of long-term chemical carcinogenesis studies

Long-term toxicology and chemical carcinogenesis experiments typically involve both sexes of two species of rodents divided randomly into sets of 50-60 animals per control and exposure groups. Ordinarily three exposure concentrations are gradated down from a top level likely to show some chemically associated toxicity, but which should not compromise the normal well-being or growth and survival patterns of the animals unduly. Duration of exposure is generally two years. Single, intermittent, or varied exposures are used to mimic specific occupational or environmental situations. Exposures are started prior to conception, during gestation and lactation, or at specified times thereafter. Extensive gross observations and microscopic pathology are performed on each animal, and incidences of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions are evaluated in age-adjusted statistical comparisons. The collated findings are then interpreted, evaluated, and presented for scientific peer review in public meetings, the aim being to identify qualitatively those environmental and occupational exposures that may likely induce cancer in humans.
COST EFFECTIVENESS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE KNEE

When compared to diagnostic arthroscopy in patients with knee complaints consistent with internal derangement, MR imaging emerges as a cost effective diagnostic supplement to clinical examination. This article concludes that the results of MR imaging can be used as a guide for the management of knee pain.
Alan C. Woods, Sr., M.D. A giant in his time.

Alan C. Woods, Sr. was born in Baltimore in 1889 and died there in 1963 after living a full life. He excelled in ophthalmology and medical school leadership, patient care, scientific investigation, promulgation of ideas, clear thinking and writing, love of literature and most dramatic of all, he made a life of fun and play for his family, friends, colleagues and the ophthalmologists he trained. Late in his professional life, 1958, the year he received the Gonin Medal in recognition of his work, he made his most important contribution, recognition and clarification of the Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome.
Punishment without Labor: Toward the Modern Penal State

Thus ends a condition of practical slavery. Julia Jaffray, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1936 Early on the afternoon of November 7, 1917, a thousand Sing Sing convicts gathered in the prison yard, along with some thirty guests, to hear a series of speeches by New York Governor Charles Whitman, former U.S. attorney general George Wickersham, Warden William Moyer, and a handful of other distinguished officials. As the stars and stripes flapped in the breeze, the thirty convict musicians of Sing Sing's “Aurora Band” marched into the yard in their sparkling white uniforms and delivered a military rendition of the “Star Spangled Banner.” The audience raised its collective gaze toward the sixth floor of the famous old cellblock, where a single slab of stone measuring six by seven by three feet had been dislodged and secured by a heavy rope to a derrick boom. After briefly addressing the crowd, the Governor seized the rope and slowly lowered the slab onto a rail cart stationed 100 feet below. As it came to a rest on the cart, Whitman quipped, “It took a long time to come down.” Major James C. McGuire, the state's prison engineer, then pried a chip from the great stone slab using a long steel bar and presented both to the Governor with the somber, if somewhat awkward, words: “This is the first stone from the cell block of Sing Sing Prison and the bar which did the work I present to you.”
International Trade Theory and Development Policy

The case for international specialization is firmly based on considerations of economic efficiency. The world is not rich enough to be able to despise efficiency. The optimum pattern of specialization is governed by the principle of comparative advantage. This principle remains as valid today as it was in Ricardo’s time. And yet there is some question whether it alone can give all the guidance needed by countries whose dominant and deliberate aim is economic development (that is, increasing real income per capita).
Ethanol Dependence Abolishes Monoamine and GIRK (Kir3) Channel Inhibition of Orbitofrontal Cortex Excitability

Alcohol abuse disorders are associated with dysfunction of frontal cortical areas including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The OFC is extensively innervated by monoamines, and drugs that target monoamine receptors have been used to treat a number of neuropsychiatric diseases, including alcoholism. However, little is known regarding how monoamines affect OFC neuron excitability or whether this modulation is altered by chronic exposure to ethanol. In this study, we examined the effect of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin on lOFC neuronal excitability in naive mice and in those exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) treatment. All three monoamines decreased current-evoked spike firing of lOFC neurons and this action required Giα-coupled D2, α2-adrenergic, and 5HT1A receptors, respectively. Inhibition of firing by dopamine or the D2 agonist quinpirole, but not norepinephrine or serotonin, was prevented by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. GABA-mediated tonic current was enhanced by dopamine or the D1 agonist SKF81297 but not quinpirole, whereas the amplitude of spontaneous IPSCs was increased by quinpirole but not dopamine. Spiking was also inhibited by the direct GIRK channel activator ML297, whereas blocking these channels with barium increased firing and eliminated the inhibitory actions of monoamines. In the presence of ML297 or the G-protein blocker GDP-β-S, DA induced a further decrease in spike firing, suggesting the involvement of a non-GIRK channel mechanism. In neurons from CIE-treated mice, spike frequency was nearly doubled and inhibition of firing by monoamines or ML297 was lost. These effects occurred in the absence of significant changes in expression of Gi/o or GIRK channel proteins. Together, these findings show that monoamines are important modulators of lOFC excitability and suggest that disruption of this process could contribute to various deficits associated with alcohol dependence.
Progression-free survival (PFS) as a measure of efficacy for anti-EGFR antibodies in recurrent/metastatic (R/M) squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN).

6078 Background: Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies show promise in treatment of SCCHN. Since the approval of cetuximab as a first-line treatment in R/M settings, other EGFR in...
Pre-requisites for sulphide-poor PGE and sulphide-rich Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in Alaskan-type complexes

Alaskan-type ultramafic complexes are known as low-sulphide systems where PGE enrichment may occur in chromite-rich layers and concentrations of economic grade may be found in spatially associated placer deposits. The primary reason that many Alaskan-type complexes are sulphide-deficient appears to be related to the elevated fO 2 conditions under which parental magmas are generated in the supra-subduction zone environment. At fO 2 conditions in excess of QFM+2, sulphate is the predominant S species rather than sulphide. During fractional crystallization basaltic and andesitic liquids are produced that have relatively high S concentrations in the form of sulphate. Local enrichment in PGE alloys may occur due to the production of micro-reducing environments in areas of chromite crystallization. The sulphate which is transferred to derivative magmas may be strongly partitioned into a fluid/vapour phase as either SO 2 or H 2 S, depending on prevailing fO 2 and fH 2 O. Oxidized magmas may also play a role in the generation of porphyry-Cu style hydrothermal ore deposits. Because Alaskan-type complexes are parts of conduit systems through which large volumes of metal-bearing mafic magmas have passed, they have the potential to host significant concentrations of sulphide-rich Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization. The key ore forming process appears to be magma-country rock interaction. Assimilation of organic carbon bearing sedimentary country rocks acts to reduce the fO 2 of the magma and promotes sulphide stability. Incorporation of sulphur from country rocks is essential to produce large masses of metal-rich sulphides. Recent studies of Cu-Ni-PGE sulphide mineralization in the Duke Island Complex provide compelling isotopic evidence for the involvement of externally derived components in the mineralized system. Relatively early assimilation of S is critical in the generation of Ni-rich sulphides; Cu- and PGE-rich sulphides may be produced if sulphide saturation is delayed. The potential for the occurrence of world-class Cu-Ni-PGE sulphide deposits in Alaskan-type complexes should not be overlooked, particularly if evidence exists for the presence of low-fO 2 magmas and extensive magma-country rock interaction.
Integrating Prior Information with Bayesian Feature Selection

Biomarker discovery aims to find biomarkers involved in biological mechanisms of a disease under study that can be further utilized for diagnosis, prognosis, drug development, etc. Although current high throughput technologies provide a deluge of data per point, research is usually constrained to small samples, impeding reliable biomarker discovery. Given the ongoing research on biomarker discovery during the past decades there exists an incredibly useful, but still limited, prior knowledge on cancer biology, such as small gene sets already known to be involved in cancer. This information, if properly integrated with feature selection, could potentially help to detect new biomarkers. However, most current methods used for biomarker discovery cannot easily be extended to account for such prior knowledge. Recent work proposes a hierarchical Bayesian framework for feature selection which places priors on both the identity of all features and identity-conditioned feature distribution. Various models are obtained based on this framework, including dependent good dependent bad (DGDB) model. An approximate solution of DGDB has been used with a set selection heuristic to successfully find genes involved in colon cancer and multiple sclerosis. While the approximate solution only relies on training data, we propose a new algorithm that takes advantage of previously known biomarkers to find additional biomarkers, hereafter called Informed Approximate 3MNC-DGDB (IA-3MNC). In three synthetic simulations we illustrate (a) IA-3MNC outperforms many popular feature selection algorithms, and (b) prior knowledge helps to correctly detect additional biomarkers, particularly under small samples. We apply IA-3MNC to colon cancer and breast cancer datasets deposited on gene expression omnibus with accession numbers GSE1456 and GSE41850, respectively. Studying top 20 selected genes of IA-3MNC and top 10 enriched pathways we find many of highly ranked genes and pathways are suggested to be involved in cancer.
Beyond Diffusion: Conditional Dispersal in Ecological Models

Reaction-diffusion models have been widely used to describe the dynamics of dispersing populations. However, many organisms disperse in ways that depend on environmental conditions or the densities of other populations. Those can include advection along environmental gradients and nonlinear diffusion, among other possibilities. In this paper I will give a survey of some models involving conditional dispersal and discuss its effects and evolution. The presence of conditional dispersal can strongly influence the equilibria of population models, for example by causing the population to concentrate at local maxima of resource density. The analysis of the evolutionary aspects of dispersal is typically based on a study of models for two competing populations that are ecologically identical except for their dispersal strategies. The models consist of Lotka-Volterra competition systems with some spatially varying coefficients and with diffusion, nonlinear diffusion, and/or advection terms that reflect the dispersal strategies of the competing populations. The evolutionary stability of dispersal strategies can be determined by analyzing the stability of single-species equilibria in such models. In the case of simple diffusion in spatially varying environments it has been known for some time that the slower diffuser will exclude the faster diffuser, but conditional dispersal can change that. In some cases a population whose dispersal strategy involves advection along environmental gradients has the advantage or can coexist with a population that simply diffuses. As is often the case in reaction-diffusion theory, many of the results depend on the analysis of eigenvalue problems for linearized models.
Effect of Maternally Administered Drugs on the Fetus and Newborn

Many medications are available to the parturient to ease the pain associated with labor and delivery. These include barbiturates and tranquilizers that work by decreasing maternal anxiety and that may make the pain more manageable even though they have no intrinsic analgesic or pain-relieving properties. Parenteral analgesics (i.e., narcotics) are given by the intravenous or the intramuscular route and inhalation analgesics (i.e., nitrous oxide or enflurane) are given by inhalation for pain relief. General anesthesia is used not only to remove pain (analgesia) but also to remove all other perceptions as well, i.e., produce a loss of consciousness. Pain relief can be produced in specific parts of the body by the use of local anesthetics.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction

Magnetic Resonance (MR) is a completely noninvasive modality, which employs high-strength static magnetic fields, low-strength changing magnetic fields, and radio-frequency (RF) pulses to generate tomographic images with high soft-tissue contrast (1, 2). Because of the abundance of hydrogen in biologic tissues and its efficiency (maximum number of nuclei per atomic number) for MR, hydrogen (proton) resonance has, in general, been used for imaging various regions of the body, including the cardiovascular system (3–5).
Ultrasonography does not consistently detect parathyroid glands in healthy cats.

Ultrasound is used to evaluate the parathyroid glands of several species but there are limited reports of its use in cats. With this prospective anatomic study, we hypothesized that ultrasound could identify two parathyroid glands as hypoechoic nodules associated with each thyroid lobe and that a normal size range could be established. Six cat cadavers were imaged with ultrasound and histopathology of the thyroid and parathyroid tissue was performed for comparison. In addition, clinically healthy adult cats were prospectively recruited and placed in Group 1 (2-6 years; n = 11) or Group 2 (7-13 years; n = 9). Ultrasound of the cervical region was performed using a 7-15 MHz linear transducer. Number, size, and location of all hypoechoic nodules within or immediately adjacent to the thyroid lobes were documented. Ultrasound identified between 0-6 hypoechoic nodules per thyroid lobe in cat cadavers and between 0-3 hypoechoic nodules per thyroid lobe in clinically healthy cats, which does not correlate with the normal anatomy. In conclusion, parathyroid glands were frequently not ultrasonographically observed or were not distinguishable from thyroid tissue and this problem was worse in older cats because of the prevalence of nodular thyroid lesions, which primarily included foci of adenomatous hyperplasia.
66 Effects of Gonadal Steroids on Neuronal Morphology in the Adult Mammalian Brain: A Life History Perspective

This chapter reviews effects of gonadal hormones on the brain and behavior during four epochs in mammalian life: puberty, the estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and during seasonal changes in behavior. We focus particularly on how the natural fluctuations in levels of estradiol or testosterone during these life stages in rodents are associated with changes in the infrastructure of nuclei in the spinal cord and forebrain, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. A central theme is the relationships between hormone-related morphological changes and changes in behavior. Gonadal hormones generally have trophic effects on synapses, dendrites, and axons, and these are often associated with the emergence of specific behaviors. Whether and how morphological changes in the brain are causally related to changes in behavior, and understanding how experience interacts with hormones to influence morphological plasticity in the brain are discussed. Additionally, we highlight evidence for new mechanisms of hormone action, including through classical hormone receptor proteins located at extranuclear sites and novel G-protein-coupled hormone receptors. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with hormone-induced changes in gene expression will aid in dissecting the roles of hormones and experience in regulating morphological plasticity of neurons throughout the life span.
HapWRAP: Soft Growing Wearable Haptic Device

Soft robotics and pneumatic actuation present opportunities for lightweight wearable haptic devices that provide distributed touch feedback to the skin. Ideally, such devices would be easily donned and doffed, since permanent coverage of a large area of the skin is undesirable. Here we present the design and evaluation of a concept device called HapWRAP: a growing haptic device constructed from flexible low density polyethylene. Controlled air flow through tubes and pouches allows HapWRAP to grow out of a compact housing unit and provide a combination of directional and force feedback to a user. When activated, HapWRAP grows up and around the forearm; its loops form a temporary sleeve. After growth, pneumatic actuators inflate and deflate to stimulate mechanoreceptors in the skin at distinguishable locations. This paper describes the design and manufacturing of HapWRAP, reports its performance metrics, and tests its suitability as a haptic feedback device. Participants were able to interpret force and direction cues from HapWRAP with 92.5% accuracy. These findings suggest that HapWRAP can be successfully used for applications where both force and direction cues are necessary.
Markov Modeling of Time Series via Spectral Analysis for Detection of Combustion Instabilities

Modeling of temporal patterns to infer generative models from measurement data is critical for dynamic data-driven application systems (DDDAS). Markov models are often used to capture temporal patterns in sequential data for statistical learning applications. This chapter presents a methodology for reduced-order Markov modeling of time-series data based has been used on spectral properties of stochastic matrix and clustering of directed graphs. Instead of the common Hidden Markov model (HMM)-inspired techniques, a symbolic dynamics-based approach to infer an approximate generative Markov model for the data. The time-series data is first symbolized by partitioning of the discrete-valued signal in continuous domain. The size of temporal memory of the discretized symbol sequence is then estimated using spectral properties of the stochastic matrix created from the symbol sequence for a first-order Markov model of the symbol sequence. Then, a graphical method is used to cluster the states of the corresponding high-order Markov model to infer a reduced-size Markov model with a non-deterministic algebraic structure. A Bayesian inference rule captures the parameters of the reduced-size Markov model from the original model. The proposed idea is illustrated by creating Markov models for pressure time-series data from a swirl stabilized combustor where some controlled protocols are used to induce instability. Results demonstrate complexity modeling of the underlying Markov model as the system operating condition changes from stable to unstable which is useful in combustion applications such as detection and control of thermo-acoustic instabilities.
Selective Epidurography for the Assessment of Epidural Catheter Placement After Esophagectomy.

Background Adequate pain control immediately after esophagostomy is critical to patient recovery and may be compromised by uncertainty regarding correct epidural catheter placement. The aim of the current study was to determine the role of performing an epidurogram in selective patients to assess epidural placement after esophagectomy. Methods Patients undergoing esophagectomy in a high-volume center were retrospectively reviewed to identify those in whom an epidurogram was performed less than 24 hours after surgery. Since 2012 epidurograms have been selectively performed in patients and have demonstrated features concerning for incorrect epidural catheter placement, including difficult/complicated insertion, negative sensory test, nonreassuring intraoperative hemodyamic response, and inadequate postoperative pain control. Results Fifty-two of 192 patients (27%; 43 men; age 65 ± 11 years) who underwent esophagostomy since 2012 had an epidurogram. Epidurograms were not associated with any adverse events. In 21 patients (40%) epidurogram findings led to a direct change in patient management, prompting either removal/replacement of an incorrectly sited catheter (n = 9), partial withdrawal of a catheter associated with unilateral contrast distribution (n = 2), or by endorsing a clinical decision to modify the analgesic regimen in a patient with a correctly sited epidural catheter (n = 10). Identifying and rescuing incorrect epidural catheter placement was not associated with longer intensive care unit/hospital stay or postoperative morbidity (p > 0.05) Conclusions We reviewed selective epidurogram use in esophagectomy patients to determine its role in “rescuing” inadequate pain control through expediting clinical decision-making. Findings confirm that in selected patients epidurography is feasible and has the potential to directly contribute to patient care.
Patient safety and quality outcomes for ED patients admitted to alternative care area inpatient beds

Abstract Background Inpatient hallway beds are one solution to mitigate emergency department (ED) crowding due to boarding of admitted patients. Alternative Care Areas (AltCA) beds are located in inpatient hallways, cardiac catheterization lab, and endoscopy. We examined whether AltCA beds were associated with increased risk of patient safety and quality outcomes: transfer to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), mortality, hospital-acquired infections (HAI), falls, and 72-hour hospital readmission. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients age >18 years admitted from the ED to non-ICU beds at an urban, academic hospital. AltCA bed exclusion criteria: dementia, frequent respiratory interventions, contact or airborne isolation, psychiatric admission, and inability to ambulate. The study periods were: pre-intervention 9/1/2014–3/31/2015, transition 9/1/2015–3/31/2016, and post-intervention 9/1/2016–3/31/2017. Data analysis used unadjusted and multivariable analyses which controlled for age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance, ED triage Emergency Service Index (ESI) level, and telemetry order. Results The study included 16,801 patients, with 622 (3.7%) patients in AltCA beds. AltCA beds had younger patients than standard inpatient beds, 57.7 years and 61.7 years; fewer telemetry order, 48.4% and 59.3%; and fewer ESI level 2, 16.1% and 26.2%. AltCA beds had shorter hospital LOS than standard inpatient beds, 2.7 days and 3.4 days. AltCA beds had decreased risk of transfer to ICU −10.6 (95%CI: −18.3, −2.8) and HAI −13.4 (95%CI: −20.3, −6.5) compared to standard inpatient beds. Conclusion Patients in AltCA beds did not have increased risk of patient safety and quality outcomes but rather decreased risk of transfer to ICU and HAI than standard inpatient beds.
Anon what what?: Children's Understanding of the Language of Privacy

Internet usage continues to increase among children ages 12 and younger. Because their digital interactions can be persistently stored, there is a need for building an understanding and foundational knowledge of privacy. We describe initial investigations into children's understanding of privacy from a Contextual Integrity (CI) perspective by conducting semi-structured interviews. We share results -- that echo what others have shown -- that indicate children have limited knowledge and understanding of CI principles. We also share an initial exploration of utilizing participatory design theater as a possible educational mechanism to help children develop a stronger understanding of important privacy principles.
P254 Association of low serum creatinine and mortality in COPD

Introduction BODE index is used commonly in patients with COPD to predict mortality and relies on the body mass index (BMI). Muscle mass has been shown to be better predictor of mortality than BMI in COPD.1 In the DECAF model,2 low serum creatinine was not evaluated as a marker for increased mortality for patients with COPD. Serum creatinine levels are routinely checked during acute admissions and as the levels are partly dependent on muscle mass, it may be possible that it can be used as a predictor for increased mortality in these patients. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether there is any significant association between low serum creatinine and mortality in patients with severe COPD. Methods Retrospective analysis of serum creatinine values at admission and within the last 1 year prior to admission with mortality at 30 days and 1 year after admission in patients admitted with acute type 2 respiratory failure due to COPD over period of one year to a respiratory ward (N=130). The statistics were calculated using Chi-squared test. Results The results are shown in table 1. The results suggest significant relationship between the 1 year pre-admission creatinine values and mortality at 1 year (p=0.0003). At 30 days, there does not appear to be a significant relationship between low creatinine and mortality. Conclusions The relationship with mortality appears to be stronger with pre-admission creatinine values rather than the admission values and appear to show highest risk of mortality at 1 year after admission. References Juan Jose Soler-Cataluna, Lourdes Sanchez-Sanchez, Miguel Angel Martinez-Garcia, et al. Mid-Arm Muscle Area Is a Better Predictor of Mortality Than Body Mass Index in COPD. Chest 2005;128:4:2108–2115. Steer J, Gibson J, Bourke SC The DECAF Score: predicting hospital mortality in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2012;67:970–976.
Ordinary Claims Require Ordinary Evidence: A Lack of Direct Support for Equalitarian Bias in the Social Sciences

In science, theoretical claims are cheap. Evidence is hard. Even highly plausible claims based on a strong nomological net of indirect evidence can fall apart when well-designed studies directly te...
Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration among U.S. Adults during COVID-19: A Brief Report [Pre-print]

ABSTRACT Importance Anecdotal evidence such as increased calls to domestic violence (DV) hotlines across the globe suggest that there may be an increase of IPV prevalence in association with the COVID-19 outbreak; however, no study has investigated this phenomenon empirically. Objective To evaluate the association between COVID-19 related conditions and recent use or experience of IPV (since the pandemic outbreak in the U.S). Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed data collected online from a sample of noninstitutionalized adults (age 18+) in the U.S. (N=2,045). More than half of the sample self-identified as being in an intimate relationship at the time of the study. Main Outcomes and Measures A four-item tool was used to assess IPV perpetration and victimization since the outbreak of COVID-19. The rapid tool inquired about two forms of IPV, psychological and physical. Participants self-reported demographic data and recent health histories, including COVID-19 tests results, related symptoms and degree of personal social distancing. We hypothesized that COVID-19 related factors would increase risks of IPV. Results In this study, self-reported COVID-19 impacted respondents had an increased risk of IPV victimization and perpetration. Among those who reported having symptoms consistent with coronavirus, but were denied access to testing, psychological IPV victimization was 3 times greater than those who did not (Exp[B] =3.15, [1.19, 2.29] p Conclusions and Relevance Patient education and community outreach/health care system initiatives focused on IPV risk behaviors may help reduce the potential development of IPV. Continued surveillance is imperative to improve health and well-being along with effective intervention development and implementation.