cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco use among Alaska Native people in the EARTH study.

Introduction: While aggregate rates of tobacco use for Alaska Native (AN) and American Indian people are high, use rates vary among populations and factors associated with use are not fully understood. For AN people living in three regions of Alaska, we present prevalence of tobacco use as well as factors associated with use. Methods: Using data from 3,828 participant questionnaires, associations with tobacco use are examined with chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression. Covariates investigated include demographic factors, identification with tribal tradition, language spoken in the home, binge drinking, and depression screening results. Results: Current smoking was more prevalent among men. In multivariate analysis, higher likelihood of current smoking was found for participants with these characteristics: younger, unmarried, low income, and increased frequency of binge drinking. For women, additional characteristics included no high school diploma and positive depression screening. Participants from southeastern Alaska were less likely to be current smokers. Current smokeless tobacco use rates were similar across gender. Higher likelihood of current smokeless use was found in south-western Alaska and among those with positive depression screening. Women with low income and who reported at least some identification with tribal tradition had increased odds of current smokeless use. More than 20% of smokeless tobacco users reported initiating by age 10. Discussion: Rates of tobacco use by AN people continue to be higher than other U.S. populations. Tobacco initiation prevention efforts targeting AN youth at an early age are recommended, given the early age of initiation demonstrated in this study.
Ketamine infusion for patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support

Purpose: Ketamine has several properties that make it an ideal sedative such as potent analgesia, minimal cardiovascular (CV) side effects, lack of respiratory depression and newly discovered antidepressant actions. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of CI ketamine in patients receiving concurrent IV analgesia/sedation while on ECMO. The aim of this study was to determine if an improvement in RASS scores occurred after the initiation of ketamine or if a dose reduction in concurrent IV analgesics/sedatives occurred. The secondary aim was to determine if a reduction in vasopressor support occurred after ketamine initiation. Methods: All patients on ECMO who received CI ketamine between December 2013 and June 2014 were retrospectively identified. Demographics and process of care data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: A total of 24 ECMO patients representing 26 separate CI trials with ketamine were identified. The median patient age was 39 years (22-61) with 63% being male. The primary indication for ECMO was H1N1-associated respiratory failure (58%). The median minimum and maximum doses of ketamine administered were 48 and 150mg/hr (5-300), respectively, with a median duration of therapy of 8 days (0.2-21). Nine of 26 (35%) trials experienced an improvement in RASS scores to a goal of 0 to -3 within 6 hrs of ketamine initiation. A dose reduction in concurrent IV analgesics/sedatives occurred within 2 hrs of ketamine initiation at a median dose of 48mg/hr (15-100). Thirteen (50%) trials were receiving vasopressors at ketamine initiation; 10 (77%) of which experienced a subsequent reduction in vasopressor support following ketamine administration. Conclusion: Ketamine may represent a useful adjunctive agent in patients requiring escalating doses of analgesics/sedatives. The CV pharmacodynamic properties provide the unique hemodynamic benefit of reducing vasopressor requirements. Further information is needed and a larger scale trial is warranted.
Simultaneous Observation of Tail and Head Movements of Myosin V During Processive Motion Provides Insight into Its Stepping Dynamics

Processive stepping of myosin V (myoV) on actin has been studied either by tracking the position of the tail, which follows the motion of the molecule as a whole, or by tracking the position of one or both heads. Here we combine these two approaches, and attach a quantum dot (Qdot) to one of the motor domains, and a bead to the tail. Using optical trapping and total internal reflection microscopy, the position of one head and the tail are simultaneously observed as myoV moves processively on an actin filament against increasing load. Our results show that the head (Qdot) moves continually with 72.9±10.3 nm step size, while the tail (bead) moves with a step size of 34.7±8.6 nm. For every two tail steps, the head moves only one step. One of the tail steps takes place concurrently with the head step. Back steps were occasionally observed. Analysis shows that before taking a back step, the head moves 68±11nm while the tail moves 31.9±9.7nm, which suggests that the leading head lands on the 11th actin subunit instead of its normal 13th actin subunit. Interestingly, during a backstep the tail moves −28.6±13.7nm, while the step size distribution for the head shows multiple peaks. This suggests that the head has multiple binding positions along the actin filaments, while the tail has a more defined conformation. Our observation supports a hand-over-hand model for processive movement of myoV, and reveals the cause of the back stepping behavior of myosin V under physiologically relevant loading forces (<2pN).
Families Who Live in Chronic Poverty: Meeting the Challenge of Family-Centered Services

Family-centered occupational therapy services are based on a collaborative relationship that does not always come easily. Role performance in parenting a child with special needs and being a consumer of occupational therapy services can be partially understood in terms of environmental context. Although occupational therapists recognize the need to adjust services to the cultural and economic backgrounds of families, most of the available literature has examined the contribution of ethnic differences. A particular challenge for occupational therapists may be treating clients and their families who live in chronic poverty. This article examines chronic poverty as it shapes parenting the child with special needs and subsequently the caregiver's participation in occupational therapy services. A framework for understanding cultural differences is used to suggest contrasting value orientations between families who live with persistent poverty and occupational therapists. A family-centered approach challenges the professional to understand varied influences on caregiving. Suggestions are offered to enhance communication between therapists and caregivers.
Career stages in wildland firefighting: implications for voice in risky situations

Avoidanceof injuryanddeath on thefireline maydependon firefightersvoicingtheirconcerns, butoften this doesnotoccur.Reasonsforemployeereticenceidentifiedintheliteratureincludeaperceptionofvariouspersonalcostsor a belief that raising concerns is futile. Additionally, the social context may play a significant role. In a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with 36 wildland firefighters in the US, we explored reasons firefighters do or do not voice concerns. Findings revealed two primary themes related to initiating voice (limits to environmental perception and social influence) that vary considerably depending on a firefighter's career stage. Additionally, the tactics that firefighters use similarly vary with career stage. Rookies (novice firefighters) often lack the ability to discern and interpret environmental cues, rely on others to ensure safety, fear being stigmatised if they voice worries, and may believe no one will listen to them. Veteran firefighters - both mid-career experienced firefighters and expert veterans in high-experience leadership roles - are better able than rookies to perceive and describe risky situations and feel more confident to raise concerns. However, experienced firefighters still face social pressures that may lead them to remain silent. Expert veterans face fewer social pressures, but their roles can put them in situations where they are either complacent or distracted. Implications of these findings for firefighter training and fire leadership are discussed.
Effects of Repeated Captures on Body Mass and Survival of Dusky-Footed Woodrats in a California Oak Woodland

Abstract Trapping sessions consisting of repeated captures are routinely used to assess demography, social organization, and habitat associations of small mammals. Some capture-recapture analyses require a high number of trapping occasions for precise estimates, but repeatedly capturing an animal may have adverse effects on individuals and populations. During 2002–2006, we examined patterns of capture, changes in body mass, and longer-term survival in a population of dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes). During 10 trapping sessions of 3 nights each, we captured 1,824 woodrats 4,705 times. Captures per individual averaged 1.6/trapping session. Nearly all woodrats (91%) lost mass at a rate of 3.5%/capture. Mass loss was cumulative over consecutive days, averaging ca. 3.5% of body mass after the second capture and 6.8% after the third capture. Woodrats lost slightly more mass during trapping sessions in the fall than during sessions in the spring. Percentage of change in mass was not associated with age ...
Annual Building-up of Great Crested Grebe Colonies: An Example from the Dutch IJsselmeer

Abstract Some species in the family of grebes (Podicipedidae) are gregarious and nest in extensive colonies, others are solitary breeders aggressively defending their territories. Others, including the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), can breed in colonies or as solitary pairs, suggesting that individuals are able to change from a solitary strategy to a more social pattern. This paper concentrates on observations during colony establishment and nesting in a colony of Great Crested Grebes near Lake Ijssel in the Netherlands. The arrival of the grebes at the colony and their egg laying was spread over a long period. From the start, the breeding birds tended to use the entire area of the vegetation available for building nest platforms and this led to a progressive reduction in the distances between neighboring pairs. The final nesting density was extremely high, with 14.3 nest platforms per 100 m2. On average, each nest held 3.75 eggs. The crowded nesting of the Great Crested Grebe was imposed upon...
Grape seed extract improves small intestinal health through suppressing inflammation and regulating alkaline phosphatase in IL-10-deficient mice

Abstract The effects of dietary grape seed extract (GSE) on protecting jejunum epithelial were investigated using interlukin-10-deficient mice. GSE supplementation increased villus length, mucosal thickness and enhanced goblet cell density associated with enhanced expression of villin and two key differentiation transcription factors, Hairy/Enhancer of Split 1 (Hes1) and Kruppel-Like Factor-4 (Klf4), and increased p21 (CIP1/WAF1) content. Additionally, expression of nutrient transporters, alanyl aminopeptidase and glucose transporter-2 were increased in GSE supplemented jejunum. Consistent with its anti-inflammatory effects, GSE supplementation decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ expression and down-regulated NF-κB signalling. Furthermore, GSE decreased total alkaline phosphatase activity with a concomitant increase in intestinal alkaline phosphatase protein. Thus, GSE improves jejunum health in interlukin10-deficient mice likely through suppressing inflammation and regulating alkaline phosphatase.
Notes on the Inhomogeneous Schrödinger Equation

In [1] and [2] we discussed the solution of the homogeneous Schrfidinger equation \(\left( {\frac{\Delta } {2} + q} \right )u = 0 \) with boundary condition. It is customary in classical analysis to treat this problem as equivalent to the solution of the corresponding inhomogeneous equation \(\left( {\frac{\Delta }{2} + q} \right)u = 0\) with vanishing boundary condition, by a simple substitution. However, sufficient smoothness of the given data is required for this method. It turns out that the probabilistic approach is easily adapted to the in-homogeneous case, via the potentials. Relatively mild assumptions are sufficient for the purpose. Whereas it is possible to treat the problem in a "purely analytic" setting based on old and new Green’s functions, we follow a different route and carry out the calculations by integrations over time rather than over space.
Expression of Enzymatically Active CYP3A4 by Caco-2 Cells Grown on Extracellular Matrix-Coated Permeable Supports in the Presence of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

The human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2, is widely used as a model for oral absorption of xenobiotics. The usefulness of Caco-2 cells has been limited, however, because they do not express appreciable quantities of CYP3A4, the principle cytochrome P450 present in human small bowel epithelial cells. We report that treatment of Caco-2 cells with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, beginning at confluence, results in a dose- and duration-dependent increase in CYP3A4 mRNA and protein, with little apparent effect on the expression of CYP3A5 or CYP3A7. This treatment also results in increases in NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and P-glycoprotein (the MDR1 gene product) but has no detectable effect on expression of CYP1A1, CYP2D6, cytochrome b5, liver or intestinal fatty acid binding proteins, or villin. Maximal expression of CYP3A4 requires an extracellular matrix on a permeable support and the presence of serum. In the treated cells, the intrinsic formation clearance of 1'-hydroxymidazolam (a reaction characteristically catalyzed by CYP3A enzymes) was estimated to be somewhat lower than that of human jejunal mucosa (1.14 and 3.67 ml/min/g of cells, respectively). The 1'-OH-midazolam/4-OH-midazolam product ratio produced by the cells (approximately 5.3) is comparable to, but somewhat lower than, that observed in human jejunal microsomes (7.4-15.4), which may reflect the presence of CYP3A7 in the Caco-2 cells. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 is less efficacious but reproduces the effects of the dihydroxy compound, whereas unhydroxylated vitamin D is without appreciable effect. These observations, together with the time course of response, suggest that the vitamin D receptor may be involved in CYP3A4 regulation. The culture model we describe should prove useful in defining the role of CYP3A4 in limiting the oral bioavailability of many xenobiotics.
Genetic Manipulation of Sensory Pathways in Drosophila

Like the other investigators contributing to this volume, I want to understand how nervous systems develop. Such a broad question can be approached on at least three levels of analysis: (1) the description of developmental events as they occur over time; (2) the formulation of rules—regularities of cellular behavior revealed by perturbation experiments; and (3) the identification of molecular mechanisms which underlie the rules.
Functional role of NMDA autoreceptors in olfactory mitral cells.

The output of the olfactory bulb is governed by the interaction of synaptic potentials with the intrinsic conductances of mitral cells. While mitral cells often are considered as simple relay neuro...
Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty Alters Gastric Physiology and Induces Loss of Body Weight in Obese Individuals

Background & Aims Although bariatric surgery is the most effective therapy for obesity, only a small proportion of candidates undergo this surgery. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally invasive procedure that reduces the size of the gastric reservoir. We investigated its durability and effects on body weight and gastrointestinal function in a prospective study of obese individuals. Methods Twenty-five obese individuals (21 female; mean body mass index, 35.5 ± 2.6 kg/m2; mean age, 47.6 ± 10 years) underwent ESG with endoluminal creation of a sleeve along the gastric lesser curve from September 2012 through March 2015 at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Subjects were followed for a median period of 9 months. We measured changes in body weight and recorded adverse events; patients were assessed by endoscopy after 3 months. Four participants underwent pre-ESG and post-ESG analyses to measure solid and liquid gastric emptying, satiation (meal tolerance), and fasting and postprandial levels of insulin, glucose, and gut hormones. Results Subjects had lost 53% ± 17%, 56% ± 23%, 54% ± 40%, and 45% ± 41% of excess body weight at 6, 9, 12, and 20 months, respectively, after the procedure (P Conclusions ESG delays gastric emptying, induces early satiation, and significantly reduces body weight. ESG could be an alternative to bariatric surgery for selected patients with obesity. ClincialTrials.gov number: NCT 01682733.
System to Control Skin Temperature during Hyperthermic Treatment

Electric light sources have been used to heat local tissues after orthopedic replantation surgery for extremities. The effectiveness of heat stress has been proven to aid the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle. Hyperthermic therapy is also used in neonatal intensive care units. Unfortunately the application is done open-loop so that there is no indication of or control over the temperature of the skin. This can lead to burns if the temperature is too high or to ineffective treatment if the temperature is too low. A close-loop system was designed that allows the skin temperature to be held fixed. The temperature is measured from one to three sites using type K thermocouples attached to the skin. The temperature of the warmest site is controlled to within ±1.0 degree of 37C°. Allowing the skin to reach core temperature will increase blood flow to the treated area. The heat from the lamps is controlled via a PIC microcontroller interface between the thermocouples and a TRIAC. The TRIAC is used to control the electrical current supplied to the lamps.
A Text Mining Technique for Manufacturing Supplier Classification

The web presence of manufacturing suppliers is constantly increasing and so does the volume of textual data available online that pertains to the capabilities of manufacturing suppliers. To process this large volume of data and infer new knowledge about the capabilities of manufacturing suppliers, different text mining techniques such as association rule generation, classification, and clustering can be applied. This paper focuses on classification of manufacturing suppliers based on the textual description of their capabilities available in their online profiles. A probabilistic technique that adopts Naive Bayes method is adopted and implemented using R programming language. Casting and CNC machining are used as the examples classes of suppliers in this work. The performance of the proposed classifier is evaluated experimentally based on the standard metrics such as precision, recall, and F-measure. It was observed that in order to improve the precision of the classification process, a larger training dataset with more relevant terms must be used.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A new experimental approach for evaluating the mechanical integrity of interfaces between hard coatings and substrates

We describe a new protocol for testing coating/substrate interfacial failures through compression loading of micro-pillars containing an inclined interface region, experimentally realized in the TiN/Ti/Si(100) system. Interfacial failures were achieved through direct compression loading in the axial direction, which yielded reproducible failure stresses which exhibited little dependence on the pillar diameter. The testing protocol lends itself to high-resolution analysis of failure surfaces, and is conducive to correlating interfacial structure and chemistry with mechanical failures within the coating/substrate interfacial region.
Hibernating Meadow Jumping Mouse on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts

Observations were made of subterranean nests of Zapus hudsonius on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, and three individuals in hibernation. Behavior of one individual that broke dormancy shortly after discovery is discussed, as well as that of another kept in captivity and in dormancy most of the time for about 5 months. Rectal and skin temperatures were measured in the latter and are discussed. Breathing rate and temperature regulation generally resembled those of other hibernating mammal species, and there was no evidence that the insular population differs physiologically and behaviorally from the mainland population.
Modeling Forest Biomass and Growth: Coupling Long-Term Inventory and Lidar Data

Abstract Combining spatially-explicit long-term forest inventory and remotely sensed information from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) datasets through statistical models can be a powerful tool for predicting and mapping above-ground biomass (AGB) at a range of geographic scales. We present and examine a novel modeling approach to improve prediction of AGB and estimate AGB growth using LiDAR data. The proposed model accommodates temporal misalignment between field measurements and remotely sensed data—a problem pervasive in such settings—by including multiple time-indexed measurements at plot locations to estimate AGB growth. We pursue a Bayesian modeling framework that allows for appropriately complex parameter associations and uncertainty propagation through to prediction. Specifically, we identify a space-varying coefficients model to predict and map AGB and its associated growth simultaneously. The proposed model is assessed using LiDAR data acquired from NASA Goddard's LiDAR, Hyper-spectral & Thermal imager and field inventory data from the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Bradley, Maine. The proposed model outperformed the time-invariant counterpart models in predictive performance as indicated by a substantial reduction in root mean squared error. The proposed model adequately accounts for temporal misalignment through the estimation of forest AGB growth and accommodates residual spatial dependence. Results from this analysis suggest that future AGB models informed using remotely sensed data, such as LiDAR, may be improved by adapting traditional modeling frameworks to account for temporal misalignment and spatial dependence using random effects.
The development of system software for estimating physical properties of organic compounds (I) ——The prediction of organic physical properties

This paper introduces the estimation methods of organic physical properties and predictive models selection of the system software for estimating physical properties of organic compounds.And it describes the estimating methods,input parameter and application scopes of the main physical properties.According to the latest research results of physical properties,the system sets up a basic properties database and provides more than one estimation methods for most properties in order to complete each other.In the course of physical property prediction,system demonstrates application range, average calculated deviation,input data,etc.for each method.Users can choose one or several models to carry on physical property estimation according to one's own actual conditions, and receive the satisfactory results.
MATCHING AND DESIGN EFFICIENCY IN RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES

In a recent article in Biometrics (1) I considered, among other matters, the efficiency of pairwise matching in experiments and in prospective nonexperimental studies. In a passing comment I cautioned against applying the statistical efficiency results to retrospective studies, pointing out that with the retrospective approach matching generally tends to reduce efficiency and would therefore have to be motivated by the pursuit of validity alone. That note has drawn a reaction in this journal from Bross (2), who attributes my view to the use of an "unrealistic" mathematical model, attempts to refute my position by presenting a "simple hypothetical counterexample", and maintains that even in retrospective studies it is reasonable to seek design efficiency by "matching out a strong factor" in exploring the effect of a weaker factor. By reading my article (1), and possibly also the reference (3) given there and/or a subsequent discussion (4), the reader may verify that my reservations about the efficiency motive for matching in retrospective studies do not represent conclusions from any mathematical model but have a rather nonmathematical rationale. As to the "refutation" of the assertion at 1 Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass. issue, in the "counterexample" Bross (2) does not actually compare the efficiency of the matched pairs design (involving constraints in the selection of control subjects together with a specific procedure of analysis) to that of using an independently selected control series. Instead, he merely compares two different ways of analyzing data from a study in which a matched control series was in fact used, an appropriate one (maintaining the original pairing) and a generally inappropriate one (with random repairing for analysis). Thus, Bross' "counterexample" illustrates the well-known analysis principle that efficiency is lost in hypothesistesting if matching is ignored in the analysis, but it has no bearing on the question of whether matching should be applied in the selection of the control series.
The Influence of the Pedagogical Content Knowledge Framework on Research in Mathematics Education: A Review across Grade Bands:

This literature review examines the models, theories, and research in mathematics education that are informed by Shulman's (1986) construct, Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). The application of ...
Optical Sensors in Medicine

Recent years have witnessed remarkable interest in the study of optical sensors applied in medicine, mainly for the detection of chemical and biochemical parameters. Health-care is surely the application field which seems to have the best future development perspectives for optical sensors, not only considering invasive applications (the high degree of miniaturization of optical fiber sensors, their considerable geometrical versatility, and extreme handiness make it possible to perform a continuous monitoring of numerous parameters, thus enabling performances which are often unique) but also taking into account the developments of optical multiarray biochips for the analysis of multiple parameters. The role of optical sensors in the European Integrated projects CLINICIP Closed Loop Insulin Infusion in Critically Ill Patients and CAREMAN HealthCARE by Biosensor Measurements And Networking is also described.
Learning Curve Analysis for Programming: Which Concepts do Students Struggle With?

The recent surge in interest in using educational data mining on student written programs has led to discoveries about which compiler errors students encounter while they are learning how to program. However, less attention has been paid to the actual code that students produce. In this paper, we investigate programming data by using learning curve analysis to determine which programming elements students struggle with the most when learning in Python. Our analysis extends the traditional use of learning curve analysis to include less structured data, and also reveals new possibilities for when to teach students new programming concepts. One particular discovery is that while we find evidence of student learning in some cases (for example, in function definitions and comparisons), there are other programming elements which do not demonstrate typical learning. In those cases, we discuss how further changes to the model could affect both demonstrated learning and our understanding of the different concepts that students learn.
Governance and Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence from the CMBS Market

Theory and evidence are presented on how governance structure affects security design. Two types of frictions are isolated as they affect agent incentives to resolve financial distress: moral hazard in costly effort provision and risk-shifting incentives. A tension is shown to exist between the two effects, favoring a focus on one or the other depending on asset resale market conditions anticipated at the time of securities issuance. We show that, although effort provision is efficient with direct subordinate securityholder control over loan modification, there exist market conditions when concerns over risk-shifting costs predominate. As a result, governance mechanisms that limit risk shifting can be value enhancing. Empirical analysis of two distinct samples of commercial mortgage-backed securities issuances supports many of the model predictions, including the relative efficiency of junior security control over the workout specialist. We also empirically isolate the value-enhancing properties of specific governance mechanisms, the relative effects of which are time and market dependent.
Gold nanocages for optical imaging and therapeutic applications

The galvanic replacement reaction between silver nanocubes and HAuCl 4 in an aqueous solution transforms silver nanocubes of 10–200 nm in size into gold nanocages with tunable porosity. By controlling the molar ratio of silver to HAuCl4, the surface plasmon peaks of gold nanocages can be continuously tuned from the blue (400 nm) to the near infrared (1200 nm). These hollow and porous gold nanostructures have extraordinarily large cross-sections for both absorption and scattering, typically more than five orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional organic dyes. Exposure of gold nanocages to a camera flash resulted in the instant melting and conversion of gold nanocages into spherical particles due to photothermal heating. Gold nanocages can be easily bioconjugated with antibodies to target any specific cancer cells. This novel class of nanostructures is being developed as both a contrast agent for optical imaging in early-stage detection of cancer and a therapeutic agent for photothermal treatment of cancer, and as nanoscale capsules for targeted drug delivery.
Increase in Prostate Cancer Distant Metastases at Diagnosis in the United States.

This population-based study assesses the effect of the decline in prostate-specific antigen screening and incidence on prostate cancer presentation.
Trust Matters: Enhancing Government Legitimacy through Participatory Budgeting

AbstractLegitimacy is a problem of contemporary governance. Communities lack trust in elected officials—in their effectiveness, fairness, and representation of the public interest. Participatory budgeting (PB)—a set of democratic processes where residents determine how to spend a public budget—helps bridge that distance by letting the public make spending decisions. Since 2011, some of New York City’s (NYC) council members have been implementing PB with their capital budget—setting aside a million dollars in their districts each budget cycle for PB. Participatory budgeting has the potential to rebuild relationships between government and communities. Using data from over eighty interviews conducted by New York University (NYU) graduate students in 2013 and 2014 with PBNYC participants over two years, this article suggests that in council districts using PB, residents have greater feelings of access to and voice in local government, and better understanding of the complexities of spending public monies, of...
Classification of breast MRI lesions using small-size training sets: comparison of deep learning approaches

Diagnostic interpretation of breast MRI studies requires meticulous work and a high level of expertise. Computerized algorithms can assist radiologists by automatically characterizing the detected lesions. Deep learning approaches have shown promising results in natural image classification, but their applicability to medical imaging is limited by the shortage of large annotated training sets. In this work, we address automatic classification of breast MRI lesions using two different deep learning approaches. We propose a novel image representation for dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) breast MRI lesions, which combines the morphological and kinetics information in a single multi-channel image. We compare two classification approaches for discriminating between benign and malignant lesions: training a designated convolutional neural network and using a pre-trained deep network to extract features for a shallow classifier. The domain-specific trained network provided higher classification accuracy, compared to the pre-trained model, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.91 versus 0.81, and an accuracy of 0.83 versus 0.71. Similar accuracy was achieved in classifying benign lesions, malignant lesions, and normal tissue images. The trained network was able to improve accuracy by using the multi-channel image representation, and was more robust to reductions in the size of the training set. A small-size convolutional neural network can learn to accurately classify findings in medical images using only a few hundred images from a few dozen patients. With sufficient data augmentation, such a network can be trained to outperform a pre-trained out-of-domain classifier. Developing domain-specific deep-learning models for medical imaging can facilitate technological advancements in computer-aided diagnosis.
Modification of Chin Projection and Aesthetics With OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection.

ImportanceBecause of the soft-tissue envelope and the dimensional complexity of the muscular contraction of the mentalis muscle, the projection and shape of the chin is not determined by only the b...
Exercise Performance in Youth with Diabetes

The antecedents of adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) begin in childhood, as risk factors such as inactivity, obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes track from childhood to adulthood (Agirbasli et al. Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;34(1):30–6; Kelsey et al. Gerontology. 2014;60(3):222–8; Maahs et al. Circulation. 2014;130(17):1532–58). Accompanying the dramatic increase in childhood obesity and inactivity (Skelton et al. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(5):322–9), type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth increased considerably over the past 20 years (Caprio. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(9):721). T2D now accounts for up to 45% of new cases of diabetes in youth, depending on age and ethnicity (Dabelea et al. JAMA. 2014;311(17):1778–86). Disadvantaged racial/ethnic groups are at higher risk of T2D at all ages, but the association is especially strong in youth (Dabelea et al. JAMA. 2014;311(17):1778–86). Although T2D rates in adult men and women are similar, adolescent girls have a 60% higher prevalence than boys (Dabelea et al. JAMA. 2014;311(17):1778–86; Group TS et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2247–56). Potential explanations for the sex difference in youth include the earlier onset of puberty in girls vs. boys and the lower level of physical activity reported by adolescent girls (Rockette-Wagner et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016; Kwon et al. J Sch Health. 2015;85(6):382–7). T2D occurring before the age of childbearing also translates to more pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Outcomes of pregnancies in youth/young adults with T2D are quite dismal (Klingensmith et al. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(1):122–9), with high rates of congenital anomalies, and gestational diabetes mellitus greatly increases the risk of offspring themselves developing T2D (Kaufman. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;15(Suppl 2):737–44). Thus, youth-onset T2D increases the risk of CVD not just in an individual but also in future generation.
Introduction: Capitalizing on the Success of Entrepreneurship: IPOS, Private Sales, Tax Aspects, Residual Interest of Entrepreneurs after Sales of IPOS

Panel discussion on "Capitalizing on the Success of Entrepreneurship: IPOS, Private Sales, Tax Aspects, Residual Interest of Entrepreneurs after Sales of IPOS" from the "The Canada-United States Law Institute Conference on Comparative Legal Aspects of Entrepreneurship in Canada and the United States" - Cleveland, Ohio April 13-14, 2007.
How personal, behavioral, and environmental factors predict working in STEMM vs non-STEMM middle-skill careers

Much of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medical (STEMM) education policy and research centers around developing the upper levels of the STEMM workforce sector. However, there are many positions in this workforce, “middle-skill careers,” that are largely responsible for executing the innovations and are largely ignored in STEMM education research. Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, we found differences in what predicts STEMM-related vs. non-STEMM careers across skill-level. For instance, underrepresented minorities and those exhibiting school transgressions are more likely to be working in middle-skill STEMM fields than in middle-skill non-STEMM fields as adults; the same is not true of the high-skill workforce. One-size-fits-all policies for broadening participation in the STEMM workforce across skill-level are unlikely to be successful. Further, programs that are designed to generate wonder and fascination with STEMM content may be successful in attracting more girls. However, to promote greater participation of individuals from traditionally underrepresented ethnic minority groups in STEMM, programs that support choices toward higher educational attainment, specifically four-year college degree attainment, are more likely to be successful.
Schoeps v. Museum of Modern Art

In Schoeps v. Museum of Modern Art, heirs of Paul and Elsa von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy sued two New York museums to recover paintings that the couple had sold while being persecuted by the Nazis in Berlin in 1935. This chapter examines the, adjudication of the legal and factual issues of the case, which settled on just as trial was to begin.
Role of relevant lead users of mainstream product in the emergence of disruptive innovation

Abstract We combine insights received from prior research on the role of lead user and prior investigations of disruptive innovation. Our research illustrates the role of a particular lead user, which we refer to as the relevant lead user, in paving the way for the potentially disruptive technology to be a definitely disruptive one. Through focused consideration, we reveal characteristics that may be significant in identifying users as relevant in relation to potentially disruptive innovation. Our research also reveals that contrary to Christensen's assumption, incumbents do not embrace the inevitable and jump from the old technology to the new. Rather, the transformation occurs over a period of time.
Attenuation measurements in single-crystal sapphire fiber via Raman scattering intensity

Performing attenuation measurements in unclad single crystal sapphire fiber has traditionally been accomplished through use the cutback method. Because single-crystal sapphire fibers do not cleave easily like silica fibers, this method requires repeated cutting and polishing of the sapphire fiber sample; which is very time consuming and introduces uncertainty in each loss measurement. In this paper, we present a new method to measure attenuation in sapphire or other single-crystal fibers based on distributed sapphire Raman optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). This method is both nondestructive, significantly faster than the cutback method, and capable of measuring the local loss along the entire length of the fiber.
Stochastic geometry analysis of IEEE 802.15.6 UWB WBAN performance with game theoretical power management

Inter-network interference in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless body area networks (WBANs) is analyzed using stochastic geometry with the objective of quantifying the inherent interference tolerance of UWB WBANs in terms of the bit error probability. Such networks are expected to be common in the IoT segment of 5G networks and our methodology may be extended to other network configurations. Our results show that the amount of interference that can be tolerated depends on the node density of a Poisson point process and the transmission power. Moreover, decreasing the number of pulses per burst while transmitting a bit may increase the interference tolerance. On the other hand, UWB WBANs cannot tolerate significant amounts of interference in networks of ultra-densely deployed nodes. In these situations, there will be a significant amount of inter-network interference, and it is essential to adjust the power levels of all the nodes. With this objective, the transmission power of all nodes is decreased and their levels are determined by using a game theoretical approach; specifically with a non-cooperative continuous-kernel game. These optimized power levels not only reduce interference but also enhance the energy efficiency, which is of critical importance for WBANs.
Inducing Sentence Structure from Parallel Corpora for Reordering

When translating among languages that differ substantially in word order, machine translation (MT) systems benefit from syntactic pre-ordering---an approach that uses features from a syntactic parse to permute source words into a target-language-like order. This paper presents a method for inducing parse trees automatically from a parallel corpus, instead of using a supervised parser trained on a tree-bank. These induced parses are used to pre-order source sentences. We demonstrate that our induced parser is effective: it not only improves a state-of-the-art phrase-based system with integrated reordering, but also approaches the performance of a recent pre-ordering method based on a supervised parser. These results show that the syntactic structure which is relevant to MT pre-ordering can be learned automatically from parallel text, thus establishing a new application for unsupervised grammar induction.
Biophysical Modeling of Large-Scale Brain Dynamics and Applications for Computational Psychiatry

Noninvasive neuroimaging has revolutionized the study of the organization of the human brain and how its structure and function are altered in psychiatric disorders. A critical explanatory gap lies in our mechanistic understanding of how systems-level neuroimaging biomarkers emerge from underlying synaptic-level perturbations associated with a disease state. We describe an emerging computational psychiatry approach leveraging biophysically based computational models of large-scale brain dynamics and their potential integration with clinical and pharmacological neuroimaging. In particular, we focus on neural circuit models, which describe how patterns of functional connectivity observed in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging emerge from neural dynamics shaped by inter-areal interactions through underlying structural connectivity defining long-range projections. We highlight the importance of local circuit physiological dynamics, in combination with structural connectivity, in shaping the emergent functional connectivity. Furthermore, heterogeneity of local circuit properties across brain areas, which impacts large-scale dynamics, may be critical for modeling whole-brain phenomena and alterations in psychiatric disorders and pharmacological manipulation. Finally, we discuss important directions for future model development and biophysical extensions, which will expand their utility to link clinical neuroimaging to neurobiological mechanisms.
Simplified Procedures for Computing the Federal Income Tax.

THE procedure outlined by the Inter nal Revenue Service (1RS) for computing the amount of tax due, after the taxable income has been determined (line lid, Form 1040), requires five computational steps: (1) subtract the lower limit of the top bracket from the taxable income, (2) multiply the difference by the applicable rate, (3) add the product to a stated amount, (4) multiply the amount obtained in Step 3 by .075, and (5) add the product to the amount obtained in Step 3. These five steps are easily reduced to two: (1) multiply the taxable income by a given rate and (2) subtract a stated amount from the product. The rate that is used as a multiplier is the old rate in creased by 7.5 percent. For example, a single taxpayer with a taxable income in excess of $6,000 but not in excess of $8,000 determines the amount by which his taxable income exceeds $6,000, finds 25 percent of this amount, adds the result to $1,130 (the basic tax on $6,000), finds 7.5 percent of the tax amount at the old rate, and adds the result to the amount of the tax before the rate increase of 7.5 percent. Designating the tax by and the income in dollars by D, we can write the following formula:
Validation of the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening Criteria.

Importance The first Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity Study (G-ROP-1) developed new screening criteria with 100% sensitivity for type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and 30% reduction of infants requiring examinations in a retrospective development cohort of 7483 infants from 29 North American hospitals in 2006-2012. Infants meeting 1 or more of the following criteria undergo examinations: gestational age less than 28 weeks or birth weight less than 1051 g; weight gain less than 120 g during age 10 to 19 days, weight gain less than 180 g during age 20 to 29 days, or weight gain less than 170 g during age 30 to 39 days; or hydrocephalus. Objective To evaluate the generalizability of the G-ROP screening criteria in a new cohort of at-risk infants. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective validation cohort study (G-ROP-2) was conducted at 41 hospitals in the United States and Canada (25 G-ROP-1 hospitals and 16 new hospitals) from September 8, 2015, to June 13, 2017, among 3981 premature infants at risk for ROP and with known ROP outcomes. Main Outcomes and Measures Sensitivity for Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study type 1 ROP and potential reduction in infants receiving examinations. Results Among the 3981 infants in the study (1878 girls and 2103 boys; median gestational age, 28 weeks [range, 22-35 weeks]; median birth weight, 1072 g [range, 350-4080 g]; 1966 white; 942 black; 321 Latino; 120 Asian; 22 Native Hawaian or Pacific Islander; and 25 American Indian or Alaskan Native), the G-ROP criteria correctly predicted 219 of 219 cases of type 1 ROP (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 98.3%-100%), while reducing the number of infants undergoing examinations by 35.6% (n = 1418). In a combined G-ROP-1 and G-ROP-2 cohort of 11 463 infants, the G-ROP criteria predicted 677 of 677 cases of type 1 ROP (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 99.4%-100%), reducing the number of infants receiving examinations by 32.5% (n = 3730), while current criteria (birth weight Conclusions and Relevance This study found that the G-ROP screening criteria were generalizable on validation and, if used clinically in the United States and Canada, could reduce the number of infants receiving examinations. The large G-ROP cohorts provide evidence-based screening criteria that have higher sensitivity and higher specificity (fewer infants receiving examinations) for type 1 ROP than currently recommended guidelines.
Evaluation of a Diuresis Enhanced Non-Contrast Computed Tomography for Kidney Stones Protocol to Maximize Collecting System Distention.

Purpose: In urolithiasis patients, preoperative non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) commonly fails to provide sufficient distention of the renal collecting system to allow reliable preoperative...