cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Information Processing: A Computational Role for Paired-Pulse Facilitation and Slow Inhibition

ABSTRACT The brain receives a continuous barrage of sensory input from the environment. These inputs are dynamic and constantly changing in space and time. The brain must make decisions based on both the spatial and temporal structure of sensory stimuli. The neural basis of most forms of temporal information processing are poorly understood. This is particularly true for the processing of complex temporal patterns in the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds. We have proposed that a series of well characterized neuronal properties permit circuits of neurons to transform temporal information into a spatial code. Neurons exhibit a wide range of properties in addition to postsynaptic potential (PSP) summation and spike generation. Neuronal properties such as paired- pulse facilitation (PPF) and slow PSPs are well characterized, but their role in information processing remains unclear. We have developed a continuous-time neural-network model whose elements incorporate PPF and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), that examines whether such networks can discriminate time-varying stimuli. The time constants of the PPF and IPSPs were estimated from empirical data, and were identical and constant for all elements in the circuit. By incorporating these elements into a circuit inspired by neocortical connectivity, we demonstrate that the network is able to discriminate different temporal patterns. Generalization emerges spontaneously. Our results demonstrate that known time-dependent neuronal properties enable a network to transform temporal information into a spatial code in a self-organizing manner, i.e., with no need to assume a spectrum of time delays or to custom design the circuit.
Use of a custom orthotic boot for management of distal extremity and pad wounds in three dogs.

Objective To describe use of a custom orthotic boot for management of distal extremity and pad wounds in dogs. Study Design Clinical report. Animals Dogs (n = 3). Methods A custom orthotic boot made of lightweight copolymer plastic was used to immobilize the distal extremity and protect full-thickness wounds involving the medial or lateral aspect of the metatarsus including a portion of the metatarsal pad in 3 dogs. Boots were made in a bivalve design with closed-cell foam padding and adjustable straps that allowed for easy application. They were molded with the tarsocrural joint in slight hyperextension and the metatarsophalangeal joints in a neutral position so that the wounds and metatarsal pads were “off weighted” when the dogs were standing. In addition, a “window” was cut out directly over the wounds to minimize direct contact between the boot and the wound. Results Wounds healed by contraction and epithelialization in 21, 21, and 45 days. The only complication encountered was mild skin irritation at the top of the boot in 2 dogs that was managed with additional closed-cell foam padding. Conclusion A custom orthotic boot was effective at immobilizing the distal extremity and reducing contact between the wound and the boot which allowed for complete healing by contraction and epithelialization.
Abstract W P143: Race-specific Effects of Inflammatory and Vascular Remodeling Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke

Background: Blacks have a higher risk of stroke than whites; inflammatory and vascular remodeling (VR) biomarkers may mediate this risk. We aimed to determine associations between inflammatory and VR biomarkers and ischemic stroke in a bi-racial sample of the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) cohort. Methods: In a case-control pilot study, 133 participants from Forsyth and Jackson Field Centers were identified: 32 blacks and 33 whites with first ischemic stroke after visit 2, and 33 black and 35 white stroke-free controls. We assayed IL-8, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) with Quantikine ELISA. We calculated IL-1β/IL-1ra ratio, representing the IL-1 pathway. Biomarkers were covariates in race-specific logistic regression models; if significant, biomarker-by-race interactions were explored. Results: Cases were older (mean age 60y vs 56y; p<0.0001); more had hypertension (52% vs 35%; p=0.043), a...
On two recent attempts to show that English is not a CFL

Many of the purported demonstrations of the non-CF-ness of various languages that have appeared over the past twenty-five years (reviewed in Pullum and Gazdar 1982) have been replete with both mathematical errors and empirical shortcomings? In the wake of the renewed interest in the parsability of natural languages sparked by the work of Gerald Gazdar and others (see Gazdar 1981, 1982), it has become somewhat more important to linguists to attempt to determine at least whether English the most studied language in the era of generative grammar and the primary focus for natural language processing efforts is context-free (CF) or not. The availability of a vast fund of information about efficient parsing of CF languages (CFLs) that could in principle be put to work on parsing English is enticing, and the idea that English and other natural languages might be a small proper subset of such a constrained and mathematicallY well-understood proper subset of the recursively enumerable sets is highly appealing. Chomsky (1981 : 233-234) has denied this, but the denial is something of a volte face, for in an earlier publication (1974: 48) he remarked:
Composing Hidden Information Modules over Inclusive Institutions

This paper studies the composition of modules that can hide information, over a very general class of logical systems called inclusive institutions. Two semantics are given for the composition of such modules using five familiar operations, and a property called conservativity is shown necessary and sufficient for these semantics to agree. The first semantics extracts the visible properties of the result of composing both the visible and hidden parts of modules, while the second uses only the visible properties of the components; the two semantics agree when the visible consequences of hidden information are enough to determine the result of the composition. A number of “laws of software composition” are proved relating the five composition operations. Inclusive institutions simplify many of the proofs. The approach has application to module composition technology, for both programs and specifications.
A Review of “Geo-Mexico: The Geography and Dynamics of Modern Mexico”

Textbooks are an indispensable pedagogical tool. Without them research findings within a discipline would remain largely inaccessible and incomprehensible to most of the general public. Compiling a...
The Constitution and Informational Privacy, or How So-Called Conservatives Countenance Governmental Intrustion into a Person's Private Affairs, 18 J. Marshall L. Rev. 871 (1985)

Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.jmls.edu/lawreview Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Fourteenth Amendment Commons, Fourth Amendment Commons, International Humanitarian Law Commons, International Law Commons, Judges Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Privacy Law Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons
Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. Glutamate receptors are involved in plastic changes in the nervous system and in excitotoxicity. Keywords: excitatory; spine; excitotoxicity; NMDA; long-term potentiation
Flashes and Floaters

Flashes and floaters are common ocular complaints. Flashes refer to aberrations of light that are seen in a patient's field of gaze. The flashes can be of varying sizes, colors, frequency, and durations, depending on the cause. Floaters are another common visual phenomenon caused by particles or debris in the vitreous gel of the eye that cause shadows and thus visual changes, especially against bright backgrounds and in brightly lit environments. Flashes and floaters can occur individually or together. This article discusses common causes of flashes and floaters to help with the triaging and management of these patients.
Potassium Requirement for Synthesis of Macromolecules in Bacillus subtilis Infected with Bacteriophage 2C

A mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 (strain 168 KW), defective in its ability to concentrate K(+) from low levels in the growth medium, was used to study the role of K(+) in the development of phage 2C. Both the final burst size and the duration of the rise period depended on the K(+) concentration in the medium. During normal infection (in the presence of K(+)), host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis stopped. The synthesis of host messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) continued throughout infection, albeit at a steadily decreasing rate. The synthesis of ribosomal RNA and its subsequent incorporation into mature ribosomes also proceeded. In contrast to these findings, host DNA and messenger RNA synthesis were not inhibited in cells infected in the absence of K(+). Only "early" phage messenger RNA was synthesized under these conditions of infection. Phage DNA synthesis was dependent on K(+) irrespective of the requirement for this cation in protein synthesis.
A Synaptogenic Pacing Cell Line

The SK-N-BE(2c) is an I-type neuroblastoma that develops a strong pacing electrical response over time. This response is likely the result of a developing interconnected network, such that the regular pacemaker-like firing of individual cells becomes synchronous over time forming a multi unit spikes signal (MUS). Immuno-fluorescence was used to show the presence of pre and postsynaptic markers, suggesting that MUS are the result of networking. Hence this cell line could prove as a useful model for synaptic dopaminergic pacing cell systems
The asteroids: The major scientific issues

Abstract The asteroids are a collisionally and dynamically evolved population of small bodies in the inner solar system. During the past decade and a half, ground-based astronomical data have yielded much new insight concerning their physical nature. Meteoritical studies and theoretical research programs have also augmented our understanding of these important objects, which are presumably the remnants of the planetesimal populations from which the terrestrial planets accreted. The time is ripe for applying the scientific capabilities of spacecraft missions in order to address fundamental questions concerning the composition and geological structure of representative asteroids.
Chemical applications of density functional theory: F−3 anion dissociation (F−3 → F2 + F−)

Abstract The molecular structure and binding energies have been computed for F 2 and F − 3 . Local spin density (LSD) calculations were performed with the LSD Dirac exchange functional and with the Vosko, Wilk and Nusair correlation energy functional (VWN). Non-local corrections were estimated with different exchange-correlation energy functionals. The equilibrium bond lengths are within 0.01 to 0.03 A of wave function-based ab initio results. Dissociation energies appear to be overestimated within the local density approximation. Density functional methods predict the F − 3 anion to be bound by about 50.0 ± 5 kcal/mol. Vibrational frequencies were computed with VWN, LYP, BP, BLYP and PW energy functionals.
EXTERNAL CYSTEINE RESIDUES IN THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER

Hydropathy analysis predicts three cysteines (C109, C200, and C209) in extracellular loops of the rat serotonin transporter (SERT). We mutated these residues, singly and in combination, to either alanine or serine and expressed the mutant transporters in HeLa cells using the vaccinia−T7 transient expression system. Mutation of C109 to alanine had no effect on transport activity or surface expression of the transporter. In Na+-containing solutions, methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents had little effect on transport activity in the wild type or in the C109A mutant. When Na+ was replaced with Li+, inactivation of wild type by MTS reagents increased dramatically, but C109A was still resistant. The results suggest that C109 is exposed to the external medium in a manner dependent on cation binding. Replacing either C200 or C209 with serine resulted in either a partial (C200S) or almost total (C209S) loss of transport activity. MTS reagents rapidly inactivated transport activity in mutant C200S, suggesting increa...
Isoelectric focusing studies of bacteriorhodopsin

Purified bacteriorhodopsin (BR) samples show a minimum of four isoelectric forms in immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing gels. The bands occur as doublets with isoelectric points (pI) centered at 5.20 (principal species) and 5.60. In typical preparations additional bands may be observed at 4.90, 5.07 and 5.50. Purple membrane (PM) was proteolyzed with papain to calibrate the pI shift produced by changing the number of charges on the protein. Asp-242 is removed during the first cleavage between residues 239 and 240 resulting in the loss of a single negative charge and a shift of the principal doublet by +0.35 pH units to pI 5.55. The second papain cleavage occurs between residues 231 and 232 which removes Glu-232, -234 and -237 and shifts the pI by +0.60 pH units to pI 6.10. The +0.60 pH shift upon the second papain cleavage is consistent with the loss of two negative charges and is supported by prior evidence that at least one of the three glutamate residues lost during the second proteolysis step is protonated and neutral in the intact protein. The native and proteolyzed products of BR retain the characteristic 550 nm absorption maxima for solubilized BR. A model for the structural origin of the pI heterogeneity of BR species in proteolyzed PM is presented.
Duplicated regions of AF-4 intron 4 at t(4;11) translocation breakpoints

Background: AF-4 is a common partner gene of MLL. AF-4 breakpoints occur in introns, but most AF-4 introns are uncharacterized. Methods and Results: We cloned AF-4 intron 4 and examined the frequency of breakpoints in this intron. The 5.8-kb intron is rich in repeat sequences and was the site of translocation in 3 of 17 leukemias with t(4;11). We cloned the der (11) and der (4) breakpoints and isolated the fusion transcripts in the cell line MV4-11 and in a de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Both translocations joined MLL intron 6 and AF-4 intron 4. In MV4-11, 249 bases from AF-4 were present in both derivative chromosomes, indicating duplication. In the de novo ALL, duplication of 446 bases from MLL and AF-4 occurred. Reciprocal fusion transcripts were expressed. Conclusions: Intronic sequence of AF-4 is useful for molecular diagnosis of t(4;11). Duplicated intronic regions suggest staggered chromosomal breakage.
Mitigating Starvation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor nodes deployed in hostile network conditions are required to report events such as enemy movements quickly and reliably. Unfortunately, current CSMA-based MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks suffer from varying degrees of starvation. Such starvation could lead to significant portions of the sensed area being invisible to the sink. It has been shown by prior research that such starvation is caused due to spatial bias and CSMA-based channel access. In this experimental work, we study how the use of B-MAC, the default CSMA-based MAC protocol can be the cause of starvation in a 35 node multi-hop wireless sensor testbed. We then show that the use of Z-MAC, a hybrid MAC, can alleviate such starvation, while at the same time giving high channel utilization.
Beam maser rotational relaxation measurements on OCS

Abstract Rotational relaxation cross section measurements were made for J = 0, 1 and 2 rotational states of OCS using a beam maser spectrometer. Individual rotational states were selected using electrostatic fields and cross sections for scattering and relaxation of these states by polar and non-polar scattering gasses were obtained. The angular resolution was carefully controlled so that cross sections can be compared for the different rotational states. An analysis of dipolar contributions to scattering cross sections in terms of relaxation matrix elements is presented and this is consistent with some of the observed differences in pure-states cross sections.
Reversibility and measurement in quantum computing

Abstract The relation between computation and measurement at a fundamental physical level is yet to be understood. Rolf Landauer was perhaps the first to stress the strong analogy between these two concepts. His early queries have regained pertinence with the recent efforts to developed realizable models of quantum computers. In this context the irreversibility of quantum measurement appears in conflict with the requirement of reversibility of the overall computation associated with the unitary dynamics of quantum evolution. The latter in turn is responsible for the features of superposition and entanglement which make some quantum algorithms superior to classical ones for the same task in speed and resource demand. In this article we advocate an approach to this question which relies on a model of computation designed to enforce the analogy between the two concepts instead of demarcating them as it has been the case so far. The model is introduced as a symmetrization of the classical Turing machine model and is then carried on to quantum mechanics, first as a an abstract local interaction scheme (symbolic measurement) and finally in a nonlocal noninteractive implementation based on Aharonov–Bohm potentials and modular variables. It is suggested that this implementation leads to the most ubiquitous of quantum algorithms: the Discrete Fourier Transform.
Experiences with Group Support Systems in the Classroom

A Group Support System (GSS) can be an effective tool in teaching groups of students. This paper describes the technology and four studies which explored the appropriateness of the technology in the college class‐room. Results show students are more satisfied and productive when using a GSS than when discussing topics verbally. In addition, the system provides anonymity (fostering more candid comments) and automated record keeping (reducing or eliminating the need to take notes manually).
PROGRESSION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN CHILDHOOD-ONSET DUCHENNE AND BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DBMD) are associated with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD; ejection fraction (EF) <55% or qualitative dysfunction), which typically occurs during adolescence, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. There are few data on progression of LVD.
DYNAMIC BIFURCATION OF NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS

The authors introduce a notion of dynamic bifurcation for nonlinear evolution equations, which can be called attractor bifurcation. It is proved that as the control parameter crosses certain critical value, the system bifurcates from a trivial steady state solution to an attractor with dimension between m and m+1, where m+1 is the number of eigenvalues crossing the imaginary axis. The attractor bifurcation theory presented in this article generalizes the existing steady state bifurcations and the Hopf bifurcations. It provides a unified point of view on dynamic bifurcation and can be applied to many problems in physics and mechanics.
Beyond graphs: toward scalable hypergraph analysis systems

Graph theory has provided a powerful modeling foundation for problems in many domains, but we argue that group interactions are better modeled by hypergraphs. As we work toward scalable systems for such hypergraph analysis, several major challenges and opportunities arise; here we highlight a sample of those challenges. We consider the need for efficient representations of hypergraphs, and show that in some cases it is possible to exploit the specific structure of a hypergraph to reduce storage overhead. We also explore several challenges in distributing computation on hypergraphs, including the need for more general partitioning approaches. Finally, we discuss several other problems that arise as we move from graphs to hypergraphs, including designing programming models, using hypergraphs to model real-world groups, and the need for a better understanding of the structural characteristics of hypergraphs.
Complications Following Antidotal Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy

The primary objective is to identify and describe the complications associated with the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy as an antidote for lipophilic drug toxicity. This study is a retrospective chart review of patients treated with ILE at two academic medical centers between 2005 and 2012. Based on previously reported complications, we hypothesized that pancreatitis, ARDS, and lipemia-induced laboratory interference might occur. Clinical definitions of these complications were defined a priori. Subjects treated with ILE who did not develop at least one complication were excluded. A total of nine patients were treated with ILE during the study period, six of whom experienced potential complications as a result of the ILE. Two patients developed pancreatitis, and four patients had lipemia-induced interference of interpretation of laboratory studies, despite ultracentrifugation. Laboratory interference precluded one patient from being an organ donor. Three patients developed ARDS; although temporally associated, a causal relationship between ILE and the development of ARDS cannot be clearly established. As ILE is increasingly used for less severe cases of drug toxicity, clinicians should be aware of potential complications associated with its use. A risk–benefit assessment for the use of ILE should be implemented on a case-by-case basis.
552 REACTION OF 4-METHYXUMBELLIFERYLGUANIDINOBENZOATE (MUGB) WITH SKIN FIBROBLASTS FROM PATIENTS WITH CYS-ITIC FIBROSIS (CF)

Plasma of patients with CF has been shown to have reduced protease levels as measured by rate assays(Pediat.Res.9:739,1975) and by “titration” with MUGB(Am.J.Hum.Genet.29:111A,1977). In order to study whether the reduction in protease activity is a generalized phenomenon in CF, we have quantitated proteases in cultivated skin fibroblasts derived from patients with CF. Fibroblasts were grown in MEM and fetal calf serum and harvested by scraping. The cells were homogenized in 0.01M veronal HCl and 0.15M NaCl, pH 8.3 and centrifuged at low speed. The supernatant was assayed for reactivity towards MUGB by following the liberation of 4-methylumbelliferone(4-MU). The activity was particulate, inhibited by benzamidine, and not inhibited by p-hydrok ymecuribenzoate. The mean “titre” values(nmoles 4-MU released per mg protein) corrected for nonspecific hydrolysis of MUGB were: The differences were significant for N:H and N:CF(p< 0.001) and H:CF(p< 0.01). Cultivated normal human amniotic fluid cells gave values in the range of those observed for control skin fibroblasts. These data suggest that the reduction in protease levels in patients with CF is a generalized phenomenon.
Hall mobility measurements on magnetite above and below the electronic ordering temperature

Hall effect measurements were made on a single crystal of magnetite in the temperature range 65 to 373°K. The Hall voltage was positive over the whole temperature range. The results can be explained by assuming that magnetite is a normal semiconductor below the transition point and a degenerate one above that temperature.
The impact of computed tomography on early glottic cancer outcomes.

Purpose: Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of computed tomography (CT)-based simulation and planning on early glottic cancer outcomes and toxicity. &lt
The infected hip: A treatment algorithm

The management of periprosthetic joint infection following total joint arthroplasty is presently a major challenge to orthopedic surgeons. Despite various treatment options available, the two-stage revision procedure is most often chosen in North America because of a high success rate, especially in cases involving resistant organisms. Sometimes the use of antibiotics alone, irrigation with debridement, or a one-stage exchange may be a more appropriate treatment option. Various factors such as the status of a patient's immune system, time of onset of the infection, as well as susceptibility of causative microorganism should be considered as they play an important role in effectiveness of treatment. When surgery presents a great risk to patients due to their level of health, and infection is caused by a low-virulent antimicrobial susceptible pathogen, antibiotic suppression alone may be the best treatment option. If the patient can successfully undergo surgery then an irrigation and debridement procedure may be preferred, especially with an acute onset of symptoms. If onset of symptoms is much later as in chronic cases, or irrigation and debridement procedure is unsuccessful, then resection of all components and reimplantation is necessary. In a two-stage revision, placement of an antibiotic-loaded spacer is needed to eradicate the infection before reimplantation takes place. There are rare cases in which salvage procedures, such as arthrodesis or amputation, are necessary to completely eradicate an uncontrollable infection in immunocompromised patients.
Response options and expectations of reward in decision-making: The differential roles of dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex

This study examined the functional specificity of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)/medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regarding two elements of decision-making: the number of available decision options and the level of expected reward. Eighteen healthy participants were trained to recognize the reward value associated with several visual stimuli, and then were presented with groups of two, three, or four of these stimuli and asked to select the object associated with the highest reward. BOLD activation in dACC/dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC) was strongly positively associated with increases in the number of decision options but only weakly associated with increases in the level of expected reward. Activation in rACC/mPFC and amygdala was related to increases in the level of expected reward but not increases in the number of decision options. The current results suggest functional specificity with respect to the roles of dACC/dmFC and rACC/mPFC in decision-making.
Morphological Evolution of Bipolar Outflows from Young Stellar Objects

We present Spitzer IRAC images that indicate the presence of cavities cut into the dense outer envelope surrounding very young pre-main-sequence stars. These young stellar objects (YSOs) characterized by an outflow represent the earliest stages of star formation. Mid-infrared photons thermally created by the central protostar/disk are scattered by dust particles within the outflow cavity itself into the line of sight. We observed this scattered light from 27 nearby, cavity-resolved YSOs and quantified the shape of the outflow cavities. Using the grid models of Robitaille et al., we matched model spectral energy distributions (SEDs) to the observed SEDs of the 27 cataloged YSOs using photometry from IRAC, MIPS, and IRAS. This allows for the estimation of geometric and physical properties such as inclination angle, cavity density, and accretion rate. By using the relative parameter estimates determined by the models, we are able to deduce an evolutionary picture for outflows. Our work supports the concept that cavities widen with time, beginning as a thin jetlike outflow that widens to reveal the central protostar and disk until the protostellar envelope is completely dispersed by outflow and accretion.
Rutile solubility and titanium coordination in silicate melts

Abstract The solubility of rutile has been determined in a series of compositions in the K 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system ( K ∗ = K 2 O (K 2 O + Al 2 O 3 ) = 0.38–0.90), and the CaO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system ( C ∗ = CaO (CaO + Al 2 O 3 ) = 0.47–0.59 ). Isothermal results in the KAS system at 1325°C, 1400°C, and 1475°C show rutile solubility to be a strong function of the K ∗ ratio. For example, at 1475°C the amount of TiO 2 required for rutile saturation varies from 9.5 wt% ( K ∗ = 0.38 ) to 11.5 wt% ( K ∗ = 0.48 ) to 41.2 wt% ( K ∗ = 0.90 ). In the CAS system at 1475°C, rutile solubility is not a strong function of C ∗ . The amount of TiO 2 required for saturation varies from 14 wt% ( C ∗ = 0.48 ) to 16.2 wt% ( C ∗ = 0.59 ). The solubility changes in KAS melts are interpreted to be due to the formation of strong complexes between Ti and K + in excess of that needed to charge balance Al 3+ . The suggested stoichiometry of this complex is K 2 Ti 2 O 5 or K 2 Ti 3 O 7 . In CAS melts, the data suggest that Ca 2+ in excess of A1 3+ is not as effective at complexing with Ti as is K + . The greater solubility of rutile in CAS melts when C ∗ is less than 0.54 compared to KAS melts of equal K ∗ ratio results primarily from competition between Ti and Al for complexing cations (Ca vs . K). TiK β x-ray emission spectra of KAS glasses ( K ∗ = 0.43–0.60 ) with 7 mole% added TiO 2 , rutile, and Ba 2 TiO 4 , demonstrate that the average Ti-O bond length in these glasses is equal to that of rutile rather than Ba 2 TiO 4 , implying that Ti in these compositions is 6-fold rather than 4-fold coordinated. Re-examination of published spectroscopic data in light of these results and the solubility data, suggests that the 6-fold coordination polyhedron of Ti is highly distorted, with at least one Ti-O bond grossly undersatisfied in terms of Pauling's rules.
Luminescence and F' Formation Involving Spin-Polarized F Centers in KCl

The electronic processes following optical excitation of $F$ centers in KCl are drastically changed if the $F$ electrons are spin polarized by magnetic fields at low temperatures (1.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). As the spin-aligned configuration of the ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ center is forbidden, two effects appear: (1) The $F\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ conversion by conduction electrons becomes suppressed, and (2) the radiationless de-excitation of excited $F$ centers (caused by electron tunneling into neighboring ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ center states) becomes suppressed, producing increases of the $F$ luminescence up to a factor 4.
Heart sounds in atrial flutter-fibrillation.

Abstract Two cases of audible atrial sounds occurring during atrial flutter-fibrillation are reported. In the first case, the atrial sounds were recorded at roughly half the rate of the atrial flutter-fibrillation waves; this is in contrast to the usual 1:1 relation of all previously reported cases of atrial flutter. In the second case, the atrial sounds increased abruptly in intensity during ventricular systole and early diastole up to the opening snap. It is suggested that the atrial sounds in the present cases were produced by a rapid tensing of the atrial wall during atrial contraction. Such audible atrial activity is probably more common than is generally appreciated.
Crystallization of AgTi2(PO4)3 and related compounds close to ambient conditions

Abstract The 1,2,3 phases of metal titanium phosphates, MTi2(PO4)3 with M=Na, K, or Ag, have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding cations with phosphoric acid and anatase or titanic acid under milder condition and with shorter reaction time than previously reported. The pH value of the reaction media as well as the reaction time and temperature are key for the formation of the products. The products obtained from reaction with titanic acid are single phase whilst those with anatase sometimes show traces of unreacted TiO2.
The determination of monolayer structure by infrared spectroscopy: CO2 on NaCl(100)

Infrared spectra of a 12C16O2 monolayer on NaCl(100) are reported for the first time. The polarization and coverage dependence of spectroscopic signals indicate that there is only one kind of adsorption site, in which the molecular axis is tilted 68° from the surface normal. The adsorbate layer grows in the form of constant-density islands. Plane group symmetry analysis reveals a unique structure: there are two tilted molecules per layer unit cell, arranged in herringbone fashion. This structure is in quantitative agreement with the photometric observations. Splitting of the molecular v3 band is interpreted by a vibration-vibration coupling mechanism.
Hydrogenase activity in the thermophile Mastigocladus laminosus

Abstract Hydrogenase activity in the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus was studied both in vivo and in vivo hydrogen consumption required oxygen but not light, was about ten-fold higher than in mesophilic cyanobacteria, and was relatively insensitive to carbon monoxide. H 2 -supported acetylene reduction in reductant-limited cultures was a light-dependent, but O 2 -independent reaction. In vitro hydrogen evolution was unaffected by carbon monoxide, and this activity could be partially purified using a procedure developed for Anabaena cylindrica .
Further observations on the effect of pituitary gland extracts upon the serum lipids of the rabbit.

The effects of crude pituitary extract upon the serum and liver lipids of the rabbit were studied. A single injection of crude pituitary extract in the fed rabbit causes a rapid elevation of serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration. Serum FFA level attains a maximum 2 hours after the injection and remains elevated for more than 18 hours after the injection. Liver fat concentration increases progressively during the entire 18 hour period after the injection. The concentrations of serum total lipid and triglyceride do not change until 8 to 12 hours after the injection, when a marked increase occurs. The increment of serum lipid 18 hours after the injection has the following composition: 85% triglyceride, 10% phospholipid, 5% cholesterol. A single hog anterior pituitary lobe has 5.4 times more lipemia-producing activity than a single hog posterior pituitary lobe. Lyophilized pituitary glands contain considerably more lipemia-producing activity than acetonedried pituitary glands. Lipemia-producing activity i...
Estrogen in High Doses Inhibits Perphenazine-Induced Prolactin Release

We investigated the effects of high doses of estrogen on the basal and stimulated secretion of PRL. Daily administration of 0.1 fig estradiol benzoate to female mice for 4 weeks significantly increased the amplitude of PRL release induced by perphenazine. A dose of 1.0 μg had no stimulatory effect, while doses of 10, 20, and 50 μg completely prevented the release of PRL in response to perphenazine. The rise in basal serum PRL concentrations seen at lower doses of estradiol benzoate was also minimized with 20- and 50-μg doses. At the same time, PRL concentrations within the pituitary gland as well as pituitary weight consistently increased in response to all high doses of estradiol benzoate tested, although the increment at the highest dose (50 μg) was somewhat smaller. These results suggest that prolonged administration of estrogen in large amounts may be detrimental to the natural, acute release of PRL. We postulate that this effect may account, in part, for the observed mammostatic and antigalactic effe...
Acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase activities, protein content and wet weight measures in the rat brain after early hypophysectomy.

Abstract The development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities, weight measures and protein content were determined for specific brain samples from early hypophysectomized and control female rats at 33–35 days of age. Of the eight brain samples, only two, the somatosensory and ventral cortex, showed significantly less AChE activity in the experimental compared to the control rats. The decrease in the somatosensory AChE activity was postulated to reflect a developmental deficit of sensory-motor function due to the dwarfing of the body mass and surface. The decrease in the ventral cortical sample was interpreted as due to alterations in the development of behavioral and hormonal limbic mechanisms. Early hypophysectomy reduced the level of ChE activity in only one brain region, the hypothalamus. This decrease was thought to be due primarily to alterations in the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei whose neurosecretory products are normally released from the neurohypophysis. The protein content was not significantly different between the cortical samples from the hypophysectomized and control rats.
Overinvestment when allocating costs of wastewater treatment plant

There is a potential for overinvestment of resources into flow reduction when two cities jointly own a wastewater treatment plant. One city can shift more of the plant's total fixed cost onto the other city if it reduces its share of the wastewater flow into the sanitary system. Each city has an incentive to reduce its flow of groundwater infiltration and storm runoff into its sanitary system as long as the additional repair cost of doing so is less than the reduction in its total variable (treatment) cost plus the reduction in its fixed cost payment.
The Effect of Nicotinic Acid on the Cerebral Circulation, with Observations on Extracerebral Contamination of Cerebral Venous Blood in the Nitrous Oxide Procedure for Cerebral Blood Flow

Measurement of cerebral blood flow by the nitrous oxide method before and during intravenous administration of nicotinic acid indicates that cerebral vessels do not respond to this drug. Evidence that contamination of cerebral by extracerebral blood occurs in about 20 per cent of subjects is adduced from the effects of nicotinic acid on the measured cerebral blood flows; studies making use of the intravascular catheter technic to sample internal jugular blood tend to confirm this hypothesis.
Case study of Pampa, Texas, multicell storms

Analysis of the Pampa, TX, multicell storms showed prestorm environmental conditions of a strong horizontal convergence of moisture, mixing ratio 12 g/kg at the 850 mb level in the Texas Panhandle areas and strong winds with shear veering with height. Rapid-scan satellite imagery showed that the clouds penetrated above the tropopause and cloud-top temperatures were at least 4 to 9 C colder than the temperature of the tropopause. This formation and collapsing of high-mass-density overshooting cloud tops above the tropopause is characteristic of tornadoes in the middle portion of the United States.
ΛN FINAL STATE INTERACTION IN (e, e′K+) JEFFERSON LAB EXPERIMENT E91-016

Jefferson Lab experiment E91-016 studied kaon electroproduction on hydrogen, deuterium and helium targets at a beam energy of 3.245 GeV and four-momentum transfer, Q2, ranging from 0.34 to 0.5 GeV2. Among a variety of other topics, part of this study was the investigation of the threshold region for signatures of final-state interaction between the electroproduced Λ-hyperon and spectator neutron. Compared to a purely quasi-free description, an excess yield was observed in the threshold region. This is compared to the predictions from three different hyperon-nucleon potentials. Though the data exhibit some sensitivity to the tested hyperon-nucleon potentials, further studies would require a more dedicated measurement with better resolution in the threshold region.
The vascular disrupting agent ZD6126 shows increased antitumor efficacy and enhanced radiation response in large, advanced tumors.

Purpose: ZD6126 is a vascular-targeting agent that induces selective effects on the morphology of proliferating and immature endothelial cells by disrupting the tubulin cytoskeleton. The efficacy of ZD6126 was investigated in large vs. small tumors in a variety of animal models. Methods and Materials: Three rodent tumor models (KHT, SCCVII, RIF-1) and three human tumor xenografts (Caki-1, KSY-1, SKBR3) were used. Mice bearing leg tumors ranging in size from 0.1–2.0 g were injected intraperitoneally with a single 150 mg/kg dose of ZD6126. The response was assessed by morphologic and morphometric means as well as an in vivo to in vitro clonogenic cell survival assay. To examine the impact of tumor size on the extent of enhancement of radiation efficacy by ZD6126, KHT sarcomas of three different sizes were irradiated locally with a range of radiation doses, and cell survival was determined. Results: All rodent tumors and human tumor xenografts evaluated showed a strong correlation between increasing tumor size and treatment effect as determined by clonogenic cell survival. Detailed evaluation of KHT sarcomas treated with ZD6126 showed a reduction in patent tumor blood vessels that was ∼20% in small ( 90% in large (>1.0 g) tumors. Histologic assessment revealed that the extent of tumor necrosis after ZD6126 treatment, although minimal in small KHT sarcomas, became more extensive with increasing tumor size. Clonogenic cell survival after ZD6126 exposure showed a decrease in tumor surviving fraction from approximately 3 × 10 −1 to 1 × 10 −4 with increasing tumor size. When combined with radiotherapy, ZD6126 treatment resulted in little enhancement of the antitumor effect of radiation in small ( Conclusions: Because bulky neoplastic disease is typically the most difficult to manage, the present findings provide further support for the continued development of vascular disrupting agents such as ZD6126 as a vascular-targeted approach to cancer therapy.
Effects of Prenatal Poverty on Infant Health: State Earned Income Tax Credits and Birth Weight

This study estimates the effects of prenatal poverty on birth weight using changes in state Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) as a natural experiment. We seek to answer two questions about poverty a...
Small-Molecule Allosteric Activation of Human Glucokinase in the Absence of Glucose.

Synthetic allosteric activators of human glucokinase are receiving considerable attention as potential diabetes therapeutic agents. Although their mechanism of action is not fully understood, struc...
Electro-Optical System Analysis for Sense and Avoid

This paper presents a parametric analysis of the sense and avoid capability for an electrooptical system on unmanned aircraft. Our sensor analysis is based on simulated encounters from a new U.S. airspace encounter model that provides a comprehensive distribution of typical visual ight rule (VFR) aircraft behavior and encounter geometries. We assess the exchange between the sensor eld-of-view shape and detection range with the probability of intruder detection prior to near miss. This assessment also includes a trade-o analysis between eld-of-view azimuth angle and probability of detection with xed tracking technology (i.e. pixel array sensor and tracking algorithm). Initial results suggest that current standards are suitable for detecting larger aircraft but may not be ideal for small aircraft such as ultralights.
Detection of iodide in geologic materials by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A method for the detection of iodide in geologic materials including surface and ground waters, brines, and extracts from sediment, plants, soil and crude oil is presented. The detection limit of the HPLC system under ideal conditions is 0.45 ng. Applications of the method are related to the use of the 129 I isotope system in environmental science and geology. Ion chromatography is used to monitor extraction of I and to determine total I concentrations from samples prepared for measurement of 129 I/I ratios by accelerator mass spectrometry. Methods of extraction and sample preparation are described.
Functional status and well-being in patients with glaucoma as measured by the medical outcomes study Short Form-36 questionnaire

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to determine whether patients with glaucoma have different functional status and well-being than patients without glaucoma. Design Prospective case-control study. Participants The study population was recruited from 2 university-based glaucoma clinical practices and a university-based general ophthalmology clinic and consisted of 121 patients with open-angle glaucoma, 42 with diagnosis of glaucoma suspect, and 135 with no chronic ocular conditions except cataract. Intervention Administration of Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form survey (SF-36) was performed. Demographic information, medical history, and responses to the SF-36 questionnaire were elicited by an interviewer. Medical record review was performed to obtain clinical examination data and to substantiate the medical and demographic data obtained by the interviewer. Main outcome measures The SF-36 scores by diagnostic group, demographic characteristics, and medical history were examined. Secondary outcome measures were SF-36 scores in patients with glaucoma by visual field impairment and glaucoma medication use. Results Patients with glaucoma consistently had lower scores, control subjects had higher scores, and glaucoma suspects had scores intermediate between the two groups. After adjusting for the possible influence of all the other covariate factors, glaucoma was found to be a strong predictor of lower SF-36 scores. Conclusion Patients with glaucoma have lower scores, indicating less-functional status, than patients without glaucoma as tested by the SF-36 survey questionnaire.
Placing the Normative Logics of Accountability in “Thick” Perspective

This article provides a critical reflection on the heavily normative nature of current accountability debates. In particular, it explores three streams of normative discourse on nonprofit accountability: improving board governance, improving performance-based reporting, and demonstrating progress toward mission. The article describes how these logics are associated with three basic accountability regimes: coercive, technocratic, and adaptive. It then discusses how a focus on these normative logics and regimes, although important, can mask the realities of social structure and the relations of power that underlie them. The article proposes a more empirical approach to framing accountability—“thick description”—that might enable scholars better understand how social regimes of accountability actually operate in different contexts and in which the instruments of accountability are at least as likely to reproduce relationships of inequality as they are to overturn them.
Polystyrene in N-methylpyrrolidone : intrinsic viscosity-molar weight relations and polystyrene unperturbed dimensions

Intrinsic viscosity-molar weight relations are reported for polystyrene in N-methylpyrrolidine (NMP) and NMP/LiBr solutions at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 °C. Also, Mark-Houwink constants KΘ and the unperturbed dimensions of the polystyrene chains at these temperatures are calculated by applying Stockmayer-Fixman extrapolations of the viscosity/molar weight data. The use of in-line size exclusion chromatography and viscometry is shown to be a facile and accurate method for such studies.
On configurational compatibility and multiscale energy momentum tensors

Abstract In this work the continuum theory of defects has been revised through the development of kinematic defect potentials. These defect potentials and their corresponding variational principles provide a basis for constructing a new class of conservation laws associated with the compatibility conditions of continua. These conservation laws represent configurational compatibility conditions which are independent of the constitutive behavior of the continuum. They lead to the development of a new concept termed configurational compatibility, dual to the concept of configurational force. The contour integral of the corresponding conserved quantity is path-independent, if the domain encompassed by the integral is defect-free. It is shown that the Peach–Koehler force can be recovered as one of these invariant integrals. Based on the proposed defect potentials and their corresponding defect energies, two-field multiscale mixed variational principles can be employed to construct multiscale energy momentum tensors. An application is outlined in the form of a mode III elasto-plastic crack problem for which the new configurational quantities are calculated.