cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capitalism, prohibitionism, and the drug policy reform movement: theses on Friedman et al.

The New Left of the 1960s was new in part because it recognized that capitalism was no more the cause of every problem than communism was the solution. The Old Left had been slow to understand that racism, sexism, and many other forms of inequality and inhumanity were not reducible to economic exploitation, and that ‘‘the working class’’ was not always progressive on every issue. Similarly, repressive drug policies are about more than economic inequality and ‘‘the working class’’ is not necessarily a natural ally in the drug policy reform movement. Just as race and gender issues cut across and confound class issues, so does the fear and moralism undergirding prohibition. Friedman et al., 2001 are to be thanked for posing important questions about the relationship between progressive political forces and the harm reduction and drug policy reform movement. The goal of their article – to ‘‘encourage working with broader movements’’ on the Left to protect and strengthen harm reduction – could hardly be more worthwhile. That said, however, I will argue that to speak of political strategy and the future of harm reduction in terms of class politics, as they do, will lead us to misunderstand who we are and what we are up against.
Comparison of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter spp. by the Agar Dilution and the Agar Disk Diffusion Methods

The correlation and the level of agreement between the standardized agar dilution and the agar disk diffusion methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter were investigated. A high-level agreement between the two methods was evident for aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, while a low-level agreement was observed for other antibiotics.
Comparative Effect of Graded Doses of Epinephrine on Regional Brain Blood Flow During CPR in a Swine Model

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) with conventional closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) has been measured at only 2% to 11% of prearrest values. The purpose of our study was to determine whether the peripheral administration of higher doses of epinephrine than currently recommended during CCPR following a prolonged cardiac arrest improves CBF compared to CCPR using a standard dose of epinephrine. Fifteen swine were randomized to receive CCPR plus 0.02 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, or 2.0 mg/kg epinephrine through a peripheral IV line following a ten-minute cardiopulmonary arrest and three minutes of CCPR. Regional CBF measurements were made by radionuclide microsphere technique during normal sinus rhythm (NSR), CCPR, and following epinephrine administration. The adjusted regional blood flows (in mL/min/100 g) following epinephrine administration for the 0.02-, 0.2-, and 2.0-mg/kg groups were, respectively, left cerebral cortex (3.3, 13.1, 11.8); right cerebral cortex (3.9, 13.8, 12.2); cerebellum (9.2, 32.0, 33.1); midbrain/pons (9.9, 32.1, 32.3); medulla (10.6, 61.5, 54.2); and cervical spinal cord (12.2, 53.8, 35.8). In this swine model, 0.2 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg epinephrine significantly increased regional CBF over that seen with standard doses. Because neuronal survival is dependent on flow rates of 10 to 15 mL/min/100 g, this preliminary evidence suggests that these higher doses of epinephrine may help improve neurological outcome in CCPR.
Aseptic Necrosis of the Femoral Head and Non-Union of the Femoral Neck

A long-term evaluation has been made of the effect of drilling and bone-grafting for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head with or without union of the fractured femoral neck, idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head caused by traumatic dislocation. One hundred and twelve patients were followed for from two to fifteen years. The results show that the procedure is effective in restoring viability to the necrotic femoral head and continuity to the ununited femoral-neck fracture in a sufficient number of patients (78.4 per cent) to warrant its continued use in the management of these complications.
Efficacy of Varicocelectomy in Improving Semen Parameters: New Meta-analytical Approach

OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate both randomized controlled trials and observational studies using a new scoring system. This scoring system was developed to adjust and quantify for various potential sources of bias, including selection bias, follow-up bias, confounding bias, information or detection bias, and other types of bias, such as misclassification. Of 136 studies identified through the electronic and hand search of references, only 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The study population was infertile men with clinically palpable unilateral or bilateral varicocele and at least one abnormal semen parameter who had undergone surgical varicocelectomy (high ligation or inguinal microsurgery). Only those studies that had at least three semen analyses (ie, sperm count, motility, and morphology) per patient, before and after surgical varicocelectomy, were included. RESULTS The combined analysis demonstrated that the sperm concentration increased by 9.71 10 6 /mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.34 to 12.08, P 0.00001) and motility increased by 9.92% (95% CI 4.90 to 14.95, P 0.0001) after microsurgical varicocelectomy. Similarly, the sperm concentration increased by 12.03 10 6 /mL (95% CI 5.71 to 18.35, P 0.0002) and motility increased by 11.72% (95% CI 4.33 to 19.12, P 0.002) after high ligation varicocelectomy. The improvement in World Health Organization sperm morphology was 3.16% (95% CI 0.72 to 5.60, P 0.01) after both microsurgery and high ligation varicocelectomy. CONCLUSIONS Surgical varicocelectomy significantly improves semen parameters in infertile men with palpable varicocele and abnormal semen parameters. UROLOGY 70: 532‐538, 2007. © 2007 Elsevier Inc.
Discrete random variate generation using uniformization

Abstract In this paper we show that a discrete random variable can be uniformized so that it could be represented as the first passage time of a discrete stochastic process Z associated with a point process N . This process N is generated by an independent sequence of identical geometric random variables with parameter equal to the uniformization constant of the discrete random variable of interest. An approach, using this result is proposed to generate samples for discrete random variables with non-standard probability distribution functions.
Late Proterozoic–Paleozoic evolution of the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka terrane based on U-Pb igneous and detrital zircon ages: Implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeographic reconstructions

The Seward Peninsula of northwestern Alaska is part of the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka terrane, a crustal fragment exotic to western Laurentia with an uncertain origin and pre-Mesozoic evolution. U-Pb zircon geochronology on deformed igneous rocks reveals a previously unknown intermediate-felsic volcanic event at 870 Ma, coeval with rift-related magmatism associated with early breakup of eastern Rodinia. Orthogneiss bodies on Seward Peninsula yielded numerous 680 Ma U-Pb ages. The Arctic Alaska–Chukotka terrane has pre-Neoproterozoic basement based on Mesoproterozoic Nd model ages from both 870 Ma and 680 Ma igneous rocks, and detrital zircon ages between 2.0 and 1.0 Ga in overlying cover rocks. Small-volume magmatism occurred in Devonian time, based on U-Pb dating of granitic rocks. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons in 12 samples of metamorphosed Paleozoic siliciclastic cover rocks to this basement indicates that the dominant zircon age populations in the 934 zircons analyzed are found in the range 700–540 Ma, with prominent peaks at 720–660 Ma, 620–590 Ma, 560–510 Ma, 485 Ma, and 440–400 Ma. Devonian- and Pennsylvanian-age peaks are present in the samples with the youngest detrital zircons. These data show that the Seward Peninsula is exotic to western Laurentia because of the abundance of Neoproterozoic detrital zircons, which are rare or absent in Lower Paleozoic Cordilleran continental shelf rocks. Maximum depositional ages inferred from the youngest detrital age peaks include latest Proterozoic–Early Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Pennsylvanian. These maximum depositional ages overlap with conodont ages reported from fossiliferous carbonate rocks on Seward Peninsula. The distinctive features of the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka terrane include Neoproterozoic felsic magmatic rocks intruding 2.0–1.1 Ga crust overlain by Paleozoic carbonate rocks and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks with Neoproterozoic detrital zircons. The Neoproterozoic ages are similar to those in the peri-Gondwanan Avalonian-Cadomian arc system, the Timanide orogen of Baltica, and other circum-Arctic terranes that were proximal to Arctic Alaska prior to the opening of the Amerasian basin in the Early Cretaceous. Our Neoproterozoic reconstruction places the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka terrane in a position near Baltica, northeast of Laurentia, in an arc system along strike with the Avalonian-Cadomian arc terranes. Previously published faunal data indicate that Seward Peninsula had Siberian and Laurentian links by Early Ordovician time. The geologic links between the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka terrane and eastern Laurentia, Baltica, peri-Gondwanan arc terranes, and Siberia from the Paleoproterozoic to the Paleozoic help to constrain paleogeographic models from the Neoproterozoic history of Rodinia to the Mesozoic opening of the Arctic basin.
Pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors : Clinical relevance

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a safe and effective class of drugs for treatment of depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Among this class of drugs, pharmacodynamic actions, antidepressant efficacy and adverse effect profiles are remarkably similar. However, pharmacokinetic profiles of SSRIs are substantially different especially with respect to pharmacokinetically mediated drug-drug interactions. For example, fluoxetine and paroxetine produce clinically significant inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 at their usually effective antidepressant dose, whereas citalopram, fluvoxamine or sertraline do not. There is also a substantial difference between SSRIs with respect to their capacity to inhibit other cytochrome P450 enzymes including IA2, 2C19, 3A4 and possibly 2C9/10. The inhibition of these enzymes can reduce the clearance of concomitantly administered drugs which are dependent on oxidative metabolism mediated by these enzymes as a necessary prerequisite for their subsequent elimination. The accumulation of unusually high levels of such drugs can result in an increase in nuisance and/or more serious, even life-threatening, adverse effects depending on the pharmacology of the co-prescribed drug. Knowledge of these issues will enable clinicians to predict and make appropriate dose adjustments to avoid potential drug-drug interactions that otherwise could result in toxicity.
A mandatory access control mechanism for the Unix file system

The design of a mandatory access control (MAC) mechanism for the Unix file system is described. The design is simple, compatible with AT&T's Systems V and Berkeley's BSD Unix with Sun Microsystem's Network File System support, and it avoids some of the deficiencies present in approaches done to date. The MAC design introduces the concept of file name hiding. The design eliminates the need for partitioned directories and the need to log out and then log in again to use upgraded directories. The author briefly describes the traditional Unix file system. Approaches to adding a mandatory access control mechanism to the Unix file system are detailed, and problems with the approaches are examined. Finally, the proposed approach is described, including an explanation of how it solves the deficiencies of the previous approaches. >
Silicon accumulation and water uptake by wheat

Silicon (Si) content in cereal plants and soil-Si solubility may be used to estimate transpiration, assuming passive Si uptake. The hypothesis for passive-Si uptake by the transpiration stream was tested in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Stephens) grown on the irrigated Portneuf silt loam soil (Durixerollic calciorthid) near Twin Falls, Idaho. Treatments consisted of 5 levels of plant-available soil water ranging from 244 to 776 mm provided primarily by a line-source sprinkler irrigation system. Evapotranspiration was determined by the water-balance method and water uptake was calculated from evapotranspiration, shading, and duration of wet-surface soil. Water extraction occurred from the 0 to 150-cm zone in which equilibrium Si solubility (20°C) was 15 mg Si L−1 in the Ap and Bk (0–58 cm depth) and 23 mg Si L−1 in the Bkq (58–165 cm depth).
A case for myoendothelial gap junctions.

Tissue perfusion is controlled by a network of resistance arteries linked in series and parallel with one another. It has been long appreciated that blood flow resistance is distributed throughout this network, and thus substantive change in perfusion only occurs when coupled arteries respond in a coordinated fashion. To coordinate vasomotor responses, vascular cells must communicate with one another. This communication is, in part, facilitated by gap junctions, which are intercellular pores that permit charged ions, second messenger molecules, and small metabolites to pass among adjacent cells. Gap junctions are formed by two hemichannels, each containing 6 connexin proteins. At present, the connexin gene family is comprised of 14 members, with the most predominant subtypes being Cx40 and Cx43 in vascular smooth muscle1 and Cx37, Cx40, and Cx43 in endothelial cells.2 For gap junctions to form an electrical or diffusional conduit, vascular cells must lie in close apposition to each other. With few structural elements limiting the contact …
On Pooling Covariance Matrices for Multivariate Analysis

It is often useful to analyze a covariance matrix pooled over multiple groups. This note shows that the pooled covariance matrix cannot in general be calculated from the weighted average of the sep...
Congestion notification and probing mechanisms for endpoint admission control

There has been much interest in admission control schemes that place the burden of admission control decisions on the end users. In these schemes, referred to as Endpoint Admission Control, the decision to join the network is taken by the user, based on the probing of the network using probe packets. Depending on the level of congestion, routers mark the probe packets and thus inform the user of the state of the network. In this paper, we analyze three mechanisms for providing Endpoint Admission Control: virtual-queue marking, random-early marking and tail drop. For each scheme, we analyze the probing duration necessary to guarantee the required QoS and achieve high link utilization. Our main conclusion is that very few probe packets have to be sent when early marking is used, whereas tail drop requires a large number of probe packets.
Hereditary dwarfism in the descendants of mice receiving methylcholanthrene; parallel induction.

SummaryAmong the germinal mutations induced in mice following the subcutaneous injection of methylcholanthrene for many generations is hereditary dwarfism. This condition is inherited as a recessiv...
Effects of Smoking on Interdigestive Gastrointestinal Motility

The effect of smoking on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility is little studied but may play a role in gastrointestinal morbidity. We studied gastroduodenal motility in 10 volunteers (five smokers and five nonsmokers) using a water-perfused pressure catheter. A pH probe was placed in the duodenal bulb. Baseline motility was recorded until phase III of the migrating motor complex had occurred in the stomach three times in order to record two complete cycles of MMC activity. Subjects then began smoking until phase III activity occurred again (mean duration of smoking 117 min). During the control period, all subjects had normal MMC cycles and there were no differences between smokers and nonsmokers. While smoking, no gastric phase III was observed in any subject and gastric motility was markedly reduced. In seven of 10 subjects, smoking did not prevent the occurrence of normal duodenal phase III activity. Three subjects had no duodenal phase III activity during smoking. The duodenal pH profile did not change during smoking and motilin levels continued to fluctuate in conjunction with phase III activity. In conclusion, smoking abolished phase III activity in the stomach without affecting the plasma motilin cyclic fluctuations or duodenal bulb pH. In contrast, smoking has little effect on duodenal motility.
THE SIGNATURE OF POSITIVE SELECTION ON STANDING GENETIC VARIATION

Considerable interest is focused on the use of polymorphism data to identify regions of the genome that underlie recent adaptations. These searches are guided by a simple model of positive selection, in which a mutation is favored as soon as it arises. This assumption may not be realistic, as environmental changes and range expansions may lead previously neutral or deleterious alleles to become beneficial. We examine what effect this mode of selection has on patterns of variation at linked neutral sites by implementing a new coalescent model of positive directional selection on standing variation. In this model, a neutral allele arises and drifts in the population, then at frequency f becomes beneficial, and eventually reaches fixation. Depending on the value of f, this scenario can lead to a large variance in allele frequency spectra and in levels of linkage disequilibrium at linked, neutral sites. In particular, for intermediate f, the beneficial substitution often leads to a loss of rare alleles--a pattern that differs markedly from the signature of directional selection currently relied on by researchers. These findings highlight the importance of an accurate characterization of the effects of positive selection, if we are to reliably identify recent adaptations from polymorphism data.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Carcinoembryonic Antigen by Rat Alveolar Macrophages In Vitro

Uptake of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by isolated rat alveolar cells was time, temperature, and concentration dependent (KUP�.k. = 2.4 x 101M). Pretreatment of the alveolar cells with colchicine inhibited internalization of CEA. Uptake of 1251-labeled CEA by alveolar cells requIred divalent catlons and was inhibited by cold CEA and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA). The carbohydrate portion of CEA was modified by neuraminidase treatment and Smith degradation. The modified glycoproteins inhibited endocytosis by the alveolar macrophages, thus excluding nonreducing terminal carbohydrate residues as the recognition site of the receptor. Endocytosis of CEA was independent of native protein conformation since performic acid oxidized CEA and glycopeptides produced by pepsin digestion were inhibitory. Rat alveolar macrophages bound CEA with similar specificity to that of rat Kupffer cells. Alveolar macrophages, unlike Kupifer cells, did not rapidly exocytose the internalized CEA. Neither P38801, a macrophage-like murine cell line, nor murine peritoneal exudate cells were capable of endocytosing CEA in vitro.
Lessons Learned from Crowdsourcing Complex Engineering Tasks.

Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining needed ideas, services, or content by requesting contributions from a large group of people. Amazon Mechanical Turk is a web marketplace for crowdsourcing microtasks, such as answering surveys and image tagging. We explored the limits of crowdsourcing by using Mechanical Turk for a more complicated task: analysis and creation of wind simulations. Harnessing Crowdworkers for Engineering Our investigation examined the feasibility of using crowdsourcing for complex, highly technical tasks. This was done to determine if the benefits of crowdsourcing could be harnessed to accurately and effectively contribute to solving complex real world engineering problems. Of course, untrained crowds cannot be used as a mere substitute for trained expertise. Rather, we sought to understand how crowd workers can be used as a large pool of labor for a preliminary analysis of complex data. Virtual Wind Tunnel We compared the skill of the anonymous crowd workers from Amazon Mechanical Turk with that of civil engineering graduate students, making a first pass at analyzing wind simulation data. For the first phase, we posted analysis questions to Amazon crowd workers and to two groups of civil engineering graduate students. A second phase of our experiment instructed crowd workers and students to create simulations on our Virtual Wind Tunnel website to solve a more complex task. Conclusions With a sufficiently comprehensive tutorial and compensation similar to typical crowd-sourcing wages, we were able to enlist crowd workers to effectively complete longer, more complex tasks with competence comparable to that of graduate students with more comprehensive, expert-level knowledge. Furthermore, more complex tasks require increased communication with the workers. As tasks become more complex, the employment relationship begins to become more akin to outsourcing than crowdsourcing. Through this investigation, we were able to stretch and explore the limits of crowdsourcing as a tool for solving complex problems.
Compactness of the \(\bar{\partial }\)-Neumann Operator on the Intersection of Two Domains

Assume that \(\Omega _{1}\) and \(\Omega _{2}\) are two smooth bounded pseudoconvex domains in \(\mathbb {C}^{2}\) that intersect (real) transversely, and that \(\Omega _{1} \cap \,\Omega _{2}\) is a domain (i.e. is connected). If the \(\bar{\partial }\)-Neumann operators on \(\Omega _{1}\) and on \(\Omega _{2}\) are compact, then so is the \(\bar{\partial }\)-Neumann operator on \(\Omega _{1} \cap \, \Omega _{2}\). The corresponding result holds for the \(\bar{\partial }\)-Neumann operators on \((0,n-1)\)-forms on domains in \(\mathbb {C}^{n}\).
Draft Genome Sequence of Mariprofundus ferrooxydans Strain JV-1, Isolated from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii

Mariprofundus ferrooxydans strain JV-1 was isolated in 1998 from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Here, we present the draft genome of strain JV-1, which shows similarity to other sequenced Mariprofundus isolates, strains PV-1 and M34.
Abstract 2886: Time To Thrombolysis: Does It Make A Difference In Outcome In A Statewide Telestroke Network?

Objective: to determine whether IV thrombolysis 0-3 hours vs. 3-4.5 hours in a statewide telestroke network result in a difference in outcome. Background: The Arkansas SAVES (Stroke Assistance through Virtual Emergency Support) telestroke network provided emergency evaluation and therapy for acute stroke to 22 spoke sites statewide between November 2008 and May 2011. The spoke hospitals range from large to critical access hospitals. Following thrombolysis, patients are cared for at the spoke, or get transferred to one of the hub PSC hospitals. Outcome following IV thrombolysis depends largely on severity of the stroke, and door to needle time, but also on post-thrombolysis care. There is no current data on outcome depending on time window to thrombolysis in a telestroke network. Methods: Institutional IRB approval was obtained to review the prospective database of the Arkansas SAVES program. We included all patients who received IV thrombolysis. We divided them into two groups, based on time window to thrombolysis (0-3 hours vs. 3-4.5 hours). Baseline characteristics, time intervals, laboratory data, and post thrombolysis care location (hub vs. spoke) were compared between the groups. For statistical analysis, we used independent T, and fisher’s exact tests. A multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results: The cohort included 562 patients receiving a teleconsultation between November 2008 and May 2011, of whom 116 underwent IV thrombolysis and were included in this analysis. Patients who received IV thrombolysis 3-4.5 hours were more likely to be males (OR = 2.64, p = 0.028), younger than 70 years (OR = 2.33, p = 0.047), and to have door to needle time > 90 minutes (OR = 2.22, p = 0.062). Their mean time (minutes) to presentation was significantly longer (45.7 ± 24.0 vs. 105.5 ± 47.5, p Conclusion: In a hub and spoke model of a telestroke network, there is no difference in outcome between patients receiving IV thrombolysis 0-3 hours vs. 3-4.5 hours. A longer time to thrombolysis was caused not only by a delay in patients’ presentation, but also by a longer door to needle time, offering an opportunity for improvement in efficiency of those involved in the teleconsultation process.
Eventual Identity: Latinos, Immigration Politics and the Spring 2006 Protests

This paper takes advantage of a natural experiment in the Latino National Survey (2006) to examine the effects of exogenous events on self-identification. Roughly halfway through the survey's data collection, millions of Latinos took to the streets to protest the Border Protection, Anti-Terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act (H.R. 4437). This paper demonstrates the activities surrounding the marches impacted respondents' self-identification during this time period. My research divides the dataset into a control group interviewed prior to these events (n=3818) and a treatment group interviewed after the start of the marches (n=4816). Within these groups, I examine variation in the extent to which respondents identify with their ancestral subgroup; with a pan-ethnic identifier; and as American. During the marches, participants were encouraged to bring American flags and rally around the faces of America. Using multivariate and logistic regression, my findings indicate with a high degree of statistical significance that respondents surveyed after April 2006 were more likely to identify as American, with the strongest effects among Mexicans and Dominicans. This finding runs contrary to expectations of much existing literature, which assumes such events result in heightened pan-ethnic sentiment across the Latino population. Language of news consumption and gender are also highly significant in predicting identity responses.
Spiritual leadership in the work of public administrators

This article focuses on the leadership practices of local public administrators that display elements of spiritual leadership in the workplace. It explores empirical research about municipal managers that suggests organizational leadership based on the notion of someone’s spirit, rather than merely someone’s bundle of workplace skills and abilities, is not only valid, but fairly common. The results illustrate that public administrators doing public administration admit that spiritual values, or a focus on the whole-soul of people, impact how they view leadership in their jobs and the public work they do every day. Potential elements of spiritual leadership culled from the research and leadership and Public Administration literature are shaped into a nascent model that serves to both describe and prescribe spiritual leadership perspectives, behaviors, and approaches to followers.
Is Chaos Present in Static Postures Observed at Work: A Nonlinear Dynamics-Based Analysis of Surface EMG Signals

The primary objective of the study was to explore the nonlinear characteristics of surface electrical activity of the biceps muscle during two (job safety critical) static postures observed on the assembly line. The results showed that for each trial in both postures (posture 1: the MVC condition, and posture 2: the no-loading test posture) the positive Lyapunov exponents exist. However, the statistical test of significance showed that surface EMG of the biceps brachii was more chaotic under the maximum loading in simulated posture 1 than under the no-loading condition in simulated posture 2. At the same time it was observed that the recorded two types of time series (EMG data) were almost equally complex, indicating the same source of the data. The existence of chaos in the EMG measure of muscle activity may indicate that conventional analysis could bear little meaning in explaining muscular fatigue.
Progress in research on indoor air quality evaluation method

Current situation of the research at home and abroad on indoor air quality evaluation method is introduced.This paper treated subjective evaluation method and strait,and emphatically introduced objective evaluation method of indoor air quality.It pointed that created justice,official evaluation method of indoor air quality is necessitated problem in present.
Effect of posture on the cardiac response to increased peripheral demand.

Abstract In the present study the relationships of oxygen consumption to cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate were observed in normal subjects and patients with hyperdynamic circulatory states before and after the assumption of the head-up tilt posture. Under a variety of circulatory stresses, including the augmented metabolic demand of exercise and hyperthyroidism, the hemic demand of anemia, and the low peripheral resistance of arteriovenous communication, the assumption of the head-up tilt posture was associated with a diminished cardiac output and stroke volume and a rise in heart rate. These observations indicate the presence of an over-all decrease in the cardiac output response in the upright stance and are consistent with the thesis that the central blood volume performs an important regulatory function in cardiovascular dynamics.
Mechanism of Formation of the Sodium Gallate Superionic Conductors

Superionic conductors isomorphous with the β-aluminas result from the reaction of monoclinic gallium oxide with sodium carbonate at elevated temperatures (β″ ≃ 1100°C; β ≃ 1390°C). Two series of experiments were conducted in order to explore the mechanism of the reaction. In the first, X-ray powder diffraction techniques were used to follow the development of discrete intermediate phases that appear as a function of temperature when Na2Co3 is decomposed in situ and reacted with intimately mixed Ga2O3 powders. In the second, mono-crystals of Ga2O3 were exposed to sodium oxide vapors at 1100°C and the phases present in the reaction zones were identified by X-ray. The results of the two types of experiments are in agreement and show that two sodium gall ate phases of nominal composition 3Na2O·5Ga2O3 and Na2O·3Ga2O3 appear as precursors in the formation of the rhombohedral β″-Na2O·6Ga2O3 phase. Na2O·3Ga2O3 is a previously unreported phase in the Na2O-Ga2O3 system, β and γNa2OGa2O3, which can be prepared in separate experiments by reaction of 1:1 mole ratios of the separate components, do not appear in the series leading to the β″ phase. 3Na3O·5Ga2O3 is the first phase produced, together with excess unreacted Ga2O3. Na2O·3Ga2O3 then forms and converts completely to β″-Na2O·6Ga2O3 at about 1200°. X-ray diffraction experiments and examination of the volume relationships between the various phases suggest a topotactic pathway for the precursor stages of the reaction. The detailed structural relationships between the various phases will be discussed.
Polarization instability and Hamiltonian dynamics

Solutions to the nonlinear Schrodinger (MS) equation which describe the propagation of optical waves in nonlinear dispersive media possess a behavior called modulation instability in the region of uniform wave propagation. Polarization instability1 also exists for the coupled NIS equations that describe the motion of elliptically polarized waves. Stable motion occurs for circular and linear polarizations, but small perturbation toward ellipticity for either of these polarizations leads to instability.2
Maize contains a Lon protease gene that can partially complement a yeast pim1-deletion mutant.

We have identified a gene in maize that encodes a product belonging to the Lon protease family. In yeast and mammals, Lon-type proteases catalyze the ATP-dependent degradation of mitochondrial matrix proteins. The maize gene, which we have designated LON1, is predicted to encode a protein with a molecular mass of 97.7 kDa. Lon1p is more similar in sequence to bacterial Lon proteases than to the yeast and human mitochondrial Lon proteases. LON1 transcripts are present in shoots of 4-day-old etiolated maize seedlings, and transcript levels decrease when these seedlings are heat-shocked. LON1 transcripts are also present at comparable levels in leaves and roots of 2-week-old greenhouse-grown seedlings. In yeast, the mitochondrial Lon-type protease, Pim1p, has been implicated in mitochondrial protein turnover, the assembly of mitochondrial enzyme complexes, and mitochondrial DNA maintenance, and it is essential for respiratory function. We show that maize Lon1p can replace the Pim1p function in yeast for maintaining mitochondrial DNA integrity, but not in the assembly of cytochrome a _ a3 complexes.
Widespread changes in network activity allow non-invasive detection of mesial temporal lobe seizures

Decades of experience with intracranial recordings in patients with epilepsy have demonstrated that seizures can occur in deep cortical regions such as the mesial temporal lobes without showing any obvious signs of seizure activity on scalp electroencephalogram. Predicated on the idea that these seizures are purely focal, currently, the only way to detect these 'scalp-negative seizures' is with intracranial recordings. However, intracranial recordings are only rarely performed in patients with epilepsy, and are almost never performed outside of the context of epilepsy. As such, little is known about scalp-negative seizures and their role in the natural history of epilepsy, their effect on cognitive function, and their association with other neurological diseases. Here, we developed a novel approach to non-invasively identify scalp-negative seizures arising from the mesial temporal lobe based on scalp electroencephalogram network connectivity measures. We identified 25 scalp-negative mesial temporal lobe seizures in 10 patients and obtained control records from an additional 13 patients, all of whom underwent recordings with foramen ovale electrodes and scalp electroencephalogram. Scalp data from these records were used to train a scalp-negative seizure detector, which consisted of a pair of logistic regression classifiers that used scalp electroencephalogram coherence properties as input features. On cross-validation performance, this detector correctly identified scalp-negative seizures in 40% of patients, and correctly identified the side of seizure onset for each seizure detected. In comparison, routine clinical interpretation of these scalp electroencephalograms failed to identify any of the scalp-negative seizures. Among the patients in whom the detector raised seizure alarms, 80% had scalp-negative mesial temporal lobe seizures. The detector had a false alarm rate of only 0.31 per day and a positive predictive value of 75%. Of the 13 control patients, false seizure alarms were raised in only one patient. The fact that our detector specifically recognizes focal mesial temporal lobe seizures based on scalp electroencephalogram coherence features, lends weight to the hypothesis that even focal seizures are a network phenomenon that involve widespread neural connectivity. Our scalp-negative seizure detector has clear clinical utility in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, and its potential easily translates to other neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, in which occult mesial temporal lobe seizures are suspected to play a significant role. Importantly, our work establishes a novel approach of using computational approaches to non-invasively detect deep seizure activity, without the need for invasive intracranial recordings.
Low Doses of Cisplatin Induce Gene Alterations, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells

Cisplatin is a known antitumor drug, but its mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. In this research, we studied the anticancer potential of cisplatin at doses of 1, 2, or 3 µM using HL-60 cells as a test model. We investigated cisplatin effects at the molecular level using RNA sequencing, cell cycle analysis, and apoptotic assay after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of treatment. The results show that many genes responsible for molecular and cellular functions were significantly altered. Cisplatin treatment also caused the cells to be arrested at the DNA synthesis phase, and as the time increases, the cells gradually accumulated at the sub-G1 phase. Also, as the dose increases, a significant number of cells entered into the apoptotic and necrotic stages. Altogether, the data show that low doses of cisplatin significantly impact the viability of HL-60 cells, through modulation of gene expression, cell cycle, and apoptosis.
Rethinking the Ban — The U.S. Blood Supply and Men Who Have Sex with Men

The U.S. ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men was instituted at a time of great uncertainty, but advances in testing and in understanding of disease transmission offer better ways than a sweeping ban to minimize the risk of transfusion-related HIV.
Reality Education: Agricultural Knowledge Exchange in the U.S. South

Access to agricultural education is critical for farmers to maintain sustainable and profitable agricultural enterprises. Yet African American farmers have historically faced obstacles in gaining equal access to educational resources, due in part to the communicative frameworks through which agricultural knowledge is transmitted. Framing agricultural education as a communicative event, this paper examines the process of knowledge transmission itself as practiced by a grassroots organization dedicated to overcoming educational disparities by providing educational programs and resources for African American farmers. This paper draws on research gathered through ethnographic methods, including collaborative filmmaking. Collaborative filmmaking provided both a means to focus on the performative, tacit, and embodied components of the educational process and a tool for discussing interpretations and the relevance of the educational programs with participants. Drawing on this research, this paper argues that while it is important for all extension agents and educators to pay attention to communi­cative frameworks, intermediary organizations play an important role in providing critical and acces­sible agricultural education to local communities. Intermediary organizations and local educational programs can utilize local discourses, engage tacit and symbolic knowledge, serve as translators between mainstream educational resources and local communities, and provide specific knowledge for the goals of local communities.
Let’s All Agree to Disagree, and Move on: Analyzing Slaughterhouse and the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges or Immunities Clause Under 'Sunk Cost' Principles

The Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has lain nearly dormant since the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1873 decision in the Slaughterhouse Cases. Although legal historians have fought to overturn Slaughterhouse for nearly as long as its 140-year tenure to restore the Privileges or Immunities Clause to its intended preeminence in American jurisprudence, these historians cannot agree on the correct meaning and scope of the Clause. Each historical interpretation of the Clause would affect the scope and power of the Privileges or Immunities Clause in the modern era; however, American jurisprudence has already found these powers in alternative avenues post-Slaughterhouse. Accordingly, the Supreme Court should, and probably already does, view the Privileges or Immunities Clause under 'sunk cost' principles to justify that its modern refusal to revive the Clause is the most rational resolution to this long-debated area of American Constitutional law.
cophesim: a comprehensive phenotype simulator for testing novel association methods.

Simulation is important in evaluating novel methods when input data is not easily obtainable or specific assumptions are needed. We present cophesim , a software to add the phenotype to generated genotype data prepared with a genetic simulator. The output of cophesim can be used as a direct input for different genome wide association study tools. cophesim is available from https://bitbucket.org/izhbannikov/cophesim .
The gp49 family: A New Pathway for the Inhibition of Mast Cell Activation

Publisher Summary The characterization of the gp49 family began with the rat anti-mouse macrophage monoclonal antibody (mAb) B23.1. The epitope recognized by mAb B23.1 on the surface of mouse mast cells is on a protein that has an average molecular weight of c. 49 kDa, but which displays considerable size heterogeneity by SDS-PAGE analysis. Two intracellular, biosynthetic precursors of 37 and 42 kDa are also present in mBMMCs. The 37 kDa form is an epitope-bearing peptide core that is glycosylated to the 42 kDa intermediate form. The latter is further glycosylated in a heterogeneous manner and transported to the plasma membrane, accounting for the broad size range of the cell surface form. The activation of mBMMCs through cross-linking of high-affinity Fc receptors for IgE elicits the serine phosphorylation of the 49 kDa cell surface protein within 5 seconds. This species is also rapidly serine phosphorylated after stimulation of one or more protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms with phorbol myristate acetate. The possibility that the gp49 molecule is a direct substrate of a PKC family member is supported by cDNA cloning studies that identified an appropriate consensus serine in the cytoplasmic domain of the mast cell protein.
Boundary Value Problems: Shooting Method *

This chapter elaborates the Shooting method for boundary value problems. It is applicable to nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations. It yields a numerical approximation to the solution. It is found that using Newton's method, the correct initial conditions for a boundary value problem can be determined. Knowing the initial conditions, the differential equations can be numerically integrated in a straightforward manner. The general procedure can be illustrated by studying a second-order ordinary differential equation.
Supercharacters and Mixed Moments of Kloosterman Sums

Recent work has realized Kloosterman sums as supercharacter values of a supercharacter theory on (&#x1d53d;p)2. We use this realization to express fourth degree mixed power moments of Kloosterman sums in terms of the trace of Frobenius of a certain elliptic curve.
János Kornai as political economist

Although writing as an economist, Janos Kornai addressed fundamental questions of political economy throughout his career. These considerations began with his model of state socialist economies, but were explicit in his work on transitions and the political economy of reform as well. This paper provides an overview of those contributions, with a particular attention to the relationship between regime type – democracy and authoritarian rule – and economic structures, processes, and outcomes.
An interoperable research data infrastructure to support climate service development

Abstract. Accessibility, availability, re-use and re-distribution of scientific data are prerequisites to build climate services across Europe. From this perspective the Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), aiming at contributing to the sharing and integration of research data, has developed a research data infrastructure to support the scientific activities conducted in several national and international research projects. The proposed architecture uses open-source tools to ensure sustainability in the development and deployment of Web applications with geographic features and data analysis functionalities. The spatial data infrastructure components are organized in typical client–server architecture and interact from the data provider download data process to representation of the results to end users. The availability of structured raw data as customized information paves the way for building climate service purveyors to support adaptation, mitigation and risk management at different scales. This work is a bottom-up collaborative initiative between different IBIMET-CNR research units (e.g. geomatics and information and communication technology – ICT; agricultural sustainability; international cooperation in least developed countries – LDCs) that embrace the same approach for sharing and re-use of research data and informatics solutions based on co-design, co-development and co-evaluation among different actors to support the production and application of climate services. During the development phase of Web applications, different users (internal and external) were involved in the whole process so as to better define user needs and suggest the implementation of specific custom functionalities. Indeed, the services are addressed to researchers, academics, public institutions and agencies – practitioners who can access data and findings from recent research in the field of applied meteorology and climatology.
Smart City Surveillance at the Network Edge in the Era of IoT: Opportunities and Challenges

Taking advantages of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs), smart cities aim at providing their residents better services as well as monitoring unexpected changes of city activity patterns. The globally rapid urbanization is proposing various inevitable issues, one of which is smart and efficient surveillance in urban areas. With ubiquitously deployed smart sensors, city mobility can be recorded all the time resulting in tons of urban data in every second. For smart city surveillance, identifying anomaly changes is always of high priority since changes in normal urban patterns may lead to remarkable events or even disasters. However, just like finding a needle in the sea, it is difficult for the surveillance operators to obtain meaningful information from the collected big urban data. Moreover, changes especially in emergent situations require quick decision-making with rather low latency tolerance to prevent a big loss. Therefore, all the issues are propelling researchers to seek new computing paradigms other than cloud computing which is powerful but suffers relatively high latency and bandwidth overconsumption. Connected environments like Internet of Things (IoTs) build a platform for connected smart devices to collaboratively share data and provide plentiful computing resources at the edge of network. Fog computing enables data processing and storage at the network edge which is promising to reduce the bandwidth consumption as well as making smart city surveillance more effective and efficient. This chapter provides a holistic vision about smart city surveillance and fog computing paradigm including the concepts, applications, challenges, and opportunities. A case study of urban traffic surveillance is presented to highlight the concepts through a real-world application example.
Pharmacokinetics of 1 -(2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-β-L-arabino-furanosyl)-5-methyluracil (L-FMAU) in Rats

Purpose. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of 1 -(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil (L-FMAU), a nucleoside analogue with potent activity against the hepatitis B virus and the Epstein-Barr virus, in rats.
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGE STEEL TRUSS PIER ANCHORAGE CONNECTIONS

Results from research into the dynamic characteristics of a proposed rocking/energy dissipation system for seismic retrofit of bridge steel truss pier anchorage connections are presented. Nonlinear time history analyses were used to assess the behavior of the bridges retrofitted by this strategy. Observations on the resulting response, along with capacity design concepts and other constraints needed to protect all other elements, are used to formulate a design procedure for the proposed controlled rocking retrofit strategy. This procedure is briefly outlined, including an overview of ongoing work to validate the concept.
The Market for High-Quality Medicine: Retail Chain Entry and Drug Quality in India

Abstract This study examines the effect of chain store entry on drug quality and prices in India. In contrast to prevailing mom-and-pop pharmacies, chains exploit scale economies in distribution an...