cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“The pediatric social worker really shepherds them through the process”: Care team members' roles in transitioning adolescents and young adults with HIV to adult care

Increasing numbers of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with HIV need to transition from pediatric to adult infectious disease care. Little research has examined the roles of the care team members in the transition process. Nineteen pediatric and adult providers with experience caring for HIV-infected AYA were interviewed to explore their perspectives on the roles of care team members on multidisciplinary pediatric and adult infectious disease teams. Interviews were transcribed and coded for emergent themes by independent reviewers. All care team members played important roles in the transition process. Qualitative analyses indicated that pediatric social workers played an especially pivotal role in facilitating the transition of AYA with HIV from pediatric to adult care. Pediatric social workers communicated with other providers and prepared the adolescent and family for the upcoming transition. Both pediatric and adult social workers engaged in assessment of psychosocial functioning and facilitated ref...
Persistent Sensitization of Depressive-Like Behavior and Thermogenic Response During Maternal Separation in Pre- and Post-Weaning Guinea Pigs

Early attachment disruption is thought to promote later onset of depressive illness through a process involving sensitization. Maternal separation in guinea pig pups produces depressive-like behavior and core body temperature fluctuations that appear to be mediated by proinflammatory activity. In pups near the age of weaning (~20 days of age), these responses are increased during repeated separations occurring over several days. Here, enhanced depressive-like behavior and core body temperature responses were observed during repeated separations in guinea pigs from ~10 to 30 days of age. The sensitization lasted for more than a week, with the greatest temperature response occurring during the final separation. These results demonstrate persisting sensitization of behavioral and thermogenic responses to maternal separation over the age range in which these responses are known to occur. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that proinflammatory activity contributes to the sensitization response and provide further suggestion that the impact of early attachment disruption on susceptibility to depression may involve proinflammatory processes.
Real-Time Feedback Control of Thermal CL 2 Etching of GaAs Based on In-Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

In-situ, real-time, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is utilized to study thermal chlorine etching of GaAs in an all ultra-high-vacuum interconnected growth and etching system. In the low temperature (between:_40°C and:_120°C) range, the etch rate is found to exhibit an Arrhenius dependence on substrate temperature with an activation energy of 11.6Kcal/mole and to be proportional to essentially the square root of the chlorine pressure. An SE feedback based real-time etch process control algorithm is developed and successfully implemented on the basis of the above noted input - output relation derived from the experimental data base.
Adaptive BCJR Equalizer in Suppression of Intrachannel Nonlinearities

An iterative equalization scheme for suppressing intrachannel-nonlinearities in high-speed optical transmission systems operating at 40Gb/s, based on adaptive-noise-canceller and BCJR equalizer is presented. Supplemented with iterative LDPC decoder it provides the coding gain of 13.4 dB at BER of 10-12.
Direct determination of the f( alpha ) singularity spectrum and its application to fully developed turbulence.

This paper focuses on a method proposed for determining f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) (the singularity spectrum of a multifractal) directly from experimental data, without first calculating the ``generalized dimensions'' ${D}_{q}$ and applying the usual Legendre transforms. We describe the method, which is based on theorems by Shannon, Eggelston, and Billingsley, and apply it to one-dimensional cuts of the dissipation field of fully developed turbulence in laboratory and atmospheric flows. The accuracy of this method can be understood in terms of computation of conventional thermodynamic quantities in microcanonical and canonical ensembles. Comparisons with other direct and indirect methods of computing f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) are made.
Room Temperature Photoluminescence from 4H-SiC Epilayers: Non-Destructive Estimation of In-Grown Stacking Fault Density

Room temperature photoluminescence was obtained by UV excitation of homoepitaxially grown 4H-SiC thin films. A broad band emission from boron deep levels centered at 517nm was observed along with the band-edge emission of 4H-SiC at 391 nm. The wavelength of the excitation was varied and the change in the relative intensity of the two emission peaks was observed. The variation of the relative intensity was correlated with the in-grown stacking fault density in the epilayer. A physical model was developed to explain the correlation in terms of carrier diffusion length. For epilayers with very high density of in-grown stacking faults, a sharp emission was observed at 480nm.
ARE MALES BETTER AT MATHEMATIC REASONING AND IF SO, WHY?

There is today a widely‐accepted environmentalist argument denying a physiologically‐rooted male mathematical advantage
CONSTANCY OF COSMIC RAYS IN TIME

Abstract The relative production ratio of 39Ar/36Cl in iron by 6.2 Bev protons has been measured to be 0.96 ± 0.05. This ratio is compared to the 39Ar/36Cl ratio of 0.98 ± 0.05 found in iron meteorites whose date of fall to the earth is known. It is concluded that the ratio of the average cosmic ray intensity during the last 300 years has been 1.02 ± 0.07 times the average cosmic ray intensity during the last 300,000 years. In this sense, cosmic ray intensity has been essentially unchanged.
Temperature dependence of the lifetimes of the ligand-field states of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II)

Abstract The lifetimes of the excited states produced by 527 nm excitation of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) have been measured in a 4:1 (v/v) ethanol/methanol mixture in the 14–295 K temperature range. The results are analyzed in terms of the ⩽10 ps population of ligand-field (LF) states from the initially generated metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states.
The early history of the treatment for dehydration

The difficulties of managing dehydration in infants, along with the special problems of infant feeding in the wake of the industrial revolution, led to the specialty of pediatrics. The scientific and clinical beginnings that preceded the specialty are reviewed; much that came later can be credited to pediatric scientists.
Direct Determination of the Contents of a Ceramic Bottle from the Moundville Site, Alabama

AbstractA complete subglobular bottle was excavated from a linear feature at the Moundville site in the Black Warrior Valley of Alabama, dating to A.D. 1200–1500. Absorbed residue from the bottle and soil contained within the vessel were extracted, analyzed, and compared with residue from soil outside of the bottle. The residues suggest that the bottle was buried containing a stew or soup made with meat and a wide range of plants, rather than a tea or ritual beverage, which would have been the expected contents of a bottle based on vessel form. The bottle contents identified through residue analysis indicates that the vessel and its contents were an offering of food for the deceased.
The evolution of intimate partner violence

An evolutionary perspective anticipates predictable forms of sexual conflict in human mating relationships. Humans have evolved a psychology of tactical deployment designed to influence a partner's behavior to be closer to the actor's own optimum. Tactics are diverse, ranging from benefit-bestowing to cost-inflicting. We discuss adaptive problems toward which cost-inflicting violent tactics are utilized: mate poachers, sexual infidelity, mate pregnancy by an intrasexual rival, resource infidelity, resource scarcity, mate value discrepancies, stepchildren, relationship termination, and mate reacquisition. Discussion focuses on the context-dependence of intimate partner violence, the costs of perpetrating violent tactics, the underlying psychology of aggressors, the manipulated psychology of victims, and co-evolved defenses to prevent intimate partner violence and to minimize its costs when it occurs.
Selective observation of nitrogen-bonded carbons in solid-state NMR by saturation-pulse induced dipolar exchange with recoupling

Abstract A solid-state NMR experiment for identifying nitrogen-bonded carbons with good efficiency at standard magic-angle-spinning (MAS) frequencies is presented. In the center of a sequence of 180° pulses recoupling the 14 N – 13 C dipolar interaction, the 14 N coherences are saturated by a train of small-angle 14 N pulses for 1–2 ms. This saturation-pulse induced dipolar exchange with recoupling (SPIDER) provides efficient partial dephasing of 13 C bonded to 14 N at 5-kHz MAS and low radio-frequency strengths where REAPDOR and TRAPDOR are inefficient. SPIDER is demonstrated on an amide group with a 14 N quadrupole-coupling constant of −3.1 MHz, on a benzamide, and on chitin.
The bending strength of leg mounting plate joints in table construction

Experience has shown that leg to mounting plate joints are among the strongest joints used in table construction and are particularly well-suited for the construction of thin profile tables which are used in libraries and similar use areas where leg clearance beneath the table is of particular importance. In spite of their apparent value in these applications or in any application requiring robust heavy-duty construction, little quantitative data is available concerning their performance which can be used in the product engineering of tables. A brief study was undertaken, accordingly, to obtain quantitative estimates of the strength of this joint and to establish vital construction parameters. Results of the study verified that leg to mounting plate joints are, indeed, quite strong and provide a means of constructing heavy-duty tables which can be shipped in a knockdown condition and yet be easily reassembled at the point of use.
Reactivity of substituted chlorines and ensuing dechlorination pathways of select PCB congeners with Pd/Mg bimetallics.

Conflicting accounts occur on the reactivity of substituted chlorines and the ensuing dechlorination pathway of PCBs undergoing catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDCl). In order to understand these re...
Evidence of powdered activated carbon preferential collection and enrichment on electrostatic precipitator discharge electrodes during sorbent injection for mercury emissions control

Abstract Removal of mercury from coal-derived flue gas by injecting powdered sorbents often involves a substantial portion removed within an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The present investigation uses a lab-scale ESP to assess the potential for injected sorbents to collect preferentially on discharge electrode wires. Such preferential collection would increase the adsorption capacity of the accumulated dust cake on the discharge electrodes, increasing their potential contribution to the total mercury removal performance of the ESP. The lab-scale results involving various fly ashes and both carbon-based and non-carbon mercury sorbents confirm that powdered activated carbon is enriched in the discharge electrode dust cake relative to its concentration in suspension in the gas flow. Other results explore the effects of applied ESP polarity, voltage, and power, percent PAC added to the fly ash, and total particulate matter loading entering the ESP on the collection behavior.
Nonorthogonal tight-binding molecular-dynamics study of silicon clusters.

A universal-parameter tight-binding molecular-dynamics technique is detailed and used to obtain equilibrium geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies of small silicon clusters. With this scheme there is complete agreement with ab initio results for the lowest-energy structures of clusters of size up to N=10 (for which ab initio results are available). The frequency analysis shows that it is important to include the effects of nonorthogonality in order to obtain reasonable estimates even for small clusters.
Dependence of hydrogen diffusion on growth conditions in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The dependence of the hydrogen diffusion coefficient on the material growth conditions in doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon has been measured, using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. A greatly enhanced diffusion was found in material with a columnar microstructure because of the preferential motion of hydrogen along the columns. Increasing the deposition temperature in non-columnar material results in a higher diffusion coefficient and a lower hydrogen concentration. No significant change in the diffusion was found with different n-type dopants.
Src regulates the activity of the mammalian formin protein FHOD1

The mammalian formin homology domain containing protein FHOD1 influences a variety of cellular events including cell migration, cytoskeletal arrangement, signal transduction, and gene expression. In this paper, we show that Src regulates a variety of FHOD1-associated effects. FHOD1 distribution to lamellipodia was prevented by the absence of Src. However, stress fiber formation induced by a C-terminal truncated form of FHOD1 was unaffected. Gene expression from an SRE-dependent promoter and from the skeletal actin promoter was induced by two truncated forms of FHOD1 and in both instances, inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase activity abrogated induction of gene expression. Furthermore, Src activity was necessary to maintain mRNA levels of FHOD1 itself, and as such, this finding represents the first description of mechanisms involved in the regulation of formin gene expression in mammals. In summary, we have identified Src as a key regulator of FHOD1 biology.
An unusual primitive neuroectodermal tumor in the thoracic epidural space.

Abstract Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a generic term used to describe a group of histologically indistinguishable neoplasms, including cerebellar medulloblastomas, which are located at various sites in the central nervous system. Primary epidural PNETs are rare and few patients have been reported. We report a 15-year-old girl who presented with gradual onset, over 1 month, of upper back pain and bilateral lower leg weakness. A thoracic spine MRI showed a dumbbell-shaped epidural mass at T2–4 with right paraspinal and posterior mediastinal extension. Surgical resection of the epidural tumor for decompression was performed. The pathologic examination revealed a PNET. Primary spinal PNETs typically have a poor prognosis and optimal therapy has not yet been defined. Surgical resection, with the combination of chemo-radiotherapy or radiotherapy, leads to better outcomes. However, primary epidural PNETs may be classified as a subtype of spinal PNETs because they are free from intrathecal invasion. For these patients, surgery alone and surgery combined with radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy remain controversial. Our patient received surgery alone and, 1 year later, has experienced no local recurrence within the epidural space but the mediastinal part of the tumor has enlarged.
Restoration and Revolution in Putin's Foreign Policy

Under President Putin, Russian foreign policy has experienced a revival that contains elements of both restoration and revolution. Russia is back on the world stage, seeking legitimisation of its n...
Solar spectroscopy in the far-ultraviolet-X-ray wavelength regions - Status and prospects

Progress made by space experimentation in obtaining solar spectra satisfactory for extensive applications of plasma diagnostic techniques is reviewed. Particular attention is given to solar spectroscopy in the FUV-X-ray wavelength regions in the 1.7-2000 A range. The quality of the available spectra obtained in each region is evaluated, concentrating on spectral resolution, wavelength coverage and accuracy, and line intensity and line-profile information.
Improving the reproducibility of quantitative gas-liquid chromatography by modifying the injection system

In order to increase accuracy of split ratio measurements by interruption of the septum purge gas stream a gas chromatograph (GLC) sample injection system was modified by the introduction of a rapid-action gate-valve in the appropriate gas line. The effects of this modification are described. It is shown to improve the reproducibility of injected amounts in multiple analysis and thus the accuracy of quantitative determinations.
Analytical calculation of {dE }/{dx } cluster-charge loss due to threshold effects

Abstract This letter presents a simple analytical approximation which allows one to estimate the effect of ADC threshold on the measured cluster-charge size as used for d E d x determinations. The idea is to gain some intuitive understanding of the cluster-charge loss and not to replace more accurate simulations. The method is applied to the multiple sampling measurements of energy loss in the Main Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) of the NA49 experiment at CERN SPS. The calculations are in reasonable agreement with data.
Improved efficiency and stability of inverted polymer solar cells with a solution-processed BPhen interlayer and polystyrene beads

Abstract We demonstrate improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) and strongly enhanced stability of inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) with Cs halides by solution casting BPhen (4,7-di(phenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline) on the halide layer and ∼100 nm polystyrene beads (PSB) on the blank side of the OSC’s substrate. The PCE of ITO/CsCl/P3HT:PCBM/MoO3/Al (where P3HT is poly 3-hexylthiophene and PCBM is [6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester) improves by up to 46%, from 2.5% to ∼3.7%, by adding a solution-processed BPhen layer between the CsCl and the active layer. For such cells with CsI (PCE ∼3.3–3.4%) the increase was only 6–9%, to 3.5–3.7%. The PCE of cells devoid of the halides but with BPhen was ∼3.3%. The cells were optimized by varying the BPhen concentration in a chlorobenzene solution. The results are consistent with reduced charge recombination at the ITO interface in the presence of the hole blocking BPhen interlayer. The use of hole blocking BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), as a substitute for BPhen, also showed an enhancement (though lower due to its lower electron mobility), verifying the effect of these materials as hole blocking interlayers. Interestingly, the stability of such non-encapsulated devices with CsCl/BPhen or CsI/BPhen improved significantly. For example, the PCE of unencapsulated cells with CsCl/BPhen kept in the dark under ambient conditions dropped by less than 2% after more than 3 weeks; the PCE of similar cells devoid of the BPhen layer dropped by ∼60% during the same period. The PCE of the cell with CsCl/BPhen dropped by ∼16% after 2 months. High humidity, as expected, resulted in faster deterioration in cell performance. The PCE, however, was restored to within ∼10% of the original value for 2 week old cells by solution–application of a PSB layer on the blank side of the cell’s glass substrate. These beads direct and scatter the light to enhance absorption in the active layer. The results demonstrate that a simple approach such as casting a film of ∼100 nm diameter PSB from an aqueous suspension on the blank side of the OSC substrate can improve long-term performance, and that spin coating BPhen is a low-cost and easy approach to reduce charge recombination at the cathode in inverted structures for increased PCE and stability.
Chirped Lidar Using Simplified Homodyne Detection

A simplified homodyne detection scheme for linear FM modulated lidar is presented in which pulse dechirping is performed in the optical domain. This method provides quantum limited detection sensitivity with much less receiver complexity compared to heterodyne detection systems. Another advantage of this approach is the reduced bandwidth requirement for the photodetector. This removes the limit on the chirp bandwidth, and enables the use of more efficient photodiodes with larger detector area. A field trial using a 5-in aperture diameter commercial telescope and a 370-m target range verified the sensitivity estimation and demonstrated the feasibility of this technique.
Changes in the microflora of commercial soft goat milk cheese during refrigerated and frozen-storage

Abstract Three batches of commercial soft goat cheese were divided into fresh-unfrozen, 3 and 6 months frozen-storage treatment groups. All groups were stored refrigerated at 4 °C for 0, 14 and 28 days. Microbiological contents of the cheeses, including total aerobes, Escherichia coli , coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus , yeast and mold levels were determined using Petrifilm plate counts techniques. Mean total plate count (TPC), yeast and mold counts of the initial unfrozen cheese for 0 day storage at 4 °C were 5.58, 5.16 and 4.47 log cfu/g, respectively. The TPC, yeast and mold counts after 6 months frozen-storage and 0 day storage at 4 °C were 5.86, 3.70 and 3.00 log cfu/g, indicating that significant reductions of yeast and mold counts occurred during frozen-storage. These microbial populations gradually decreased during subsequent aging in refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 14 and 28 days. No detectable levels of E. coli , coliform, and S. aureus counts were found in the fresh, or frozen samples. It was concluded that commercially marketed soft goat milk cheeses were free of pathogenic bacteria, and the present study confirmed that consumers may purchase fresh and frozen-stored goat cheese products without food safety concerns.
Famous First Bubbles

T he jargon of economics and finance contains numerous colorful expressions to denote a market-determined asset price at odds with any reasonable economic explanation. Such words as "tulip mania," "bubble," "chain letter," "Ponzi scheme," "panic," "crash," and "financial crisis" immediately evoke images of frenzied and probably irrational speculative activity. Many of these terms have emerged from specific speculative episodes which have been sufficiently frequent and important that they underpin a strong current belief among economists that key capital markets sometimes generate irrational and inefficient pricing and allocational outcomes. Before economists relegate a speculative event to the inexplicable or bubble category, however, we must exhaust all reasonable economic explanations. While such explanations are often not easily generated due to the inherent complexity of economic phenomena, the business of economists is to find clever fundamental market explanations for events; and our methodology should always require that we search intensively for market fundamental explanations before clutching the "bubble" last resort. Thus, among the "reasonable" or "market fundamental" explanations I would include the perception of an increased probability of large returns. The perception might be triggered by genuine economic good news, by a convincing new economic theory about payoffs or by a fraud launched by insiders acting strategically to trick investors. It might also be triggered by uninformed market participants correctly inferring changes in the distribution of dividends by observing price movements generated by the trading of informed insiders. While some of these perceptions might
Viscoelastic flow modeling in the extrusion of a dough-like fluid

This work attempts to investigate the effect of viscoelasticity and three-dimensional geometry in screw channels. The Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT) constitutive equation with simplified model parameters was solved in conjunction with the flow equations. Polyflow, a commercially available finite element code was used to solve the resulting nonlinear partial differential equations. The PTT model predicted one log scale lower pressure buildup compared to the equivalent Newtonian results. However, the velocity profile did not show significant changes for the chosen PTT model parameters. Past Researchers neglected viscoelastic effects and also the three dimensional nature of the flow in extruder channels. The results of this paper provide a starting point for further simulations using more realistic model parameters, which may enable the food engineer to more accurately scale-up and design extrusion processes.
Estimations of Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers for Concrete and Asphalt

The purpose of this study was to collect data to estimate curve number (CN) values for concrete and asphalt surfaces and to determine how these values are affected by rainfall intensity and duration, and pavement slope. Two concrete and two asphalt pavements of size 15.24 m×3.05 m at respective slopes of 2.2 and 4.6% and 2.4 and 5% were constructed to conduct field experiments. A water distribution system was specially designed and constructed to simulate rainfall at variable intensities. A total of 64 experiments were conducted. Rainfall intensities ranged from 0.635 to 36.29 cm∕h (0.25 to 14.28 in.∕h) , and rainfall durations ranged from 0.25 to 4 h . The CN for concrete was 100 for all conditions. The CN values for asphalt ranged from 97 to 100 with an average of 99. Statistical tests indicated that the average CN values for concrete and asphalt were not equal. As expected, there was a direct relationship between curve number and rainfall intensity and an inverse relationship between curve number; and ...
A measurement-based performance analyzer for real-time programs

The authors present a system that uses program measurements as an aid in analyzing the performance behavior of real-time programs. The authors propose a system that can measure the time required for a task under various conditions, and integrate these measured times into a parametric model supplied by the programmer. The measurement must require only insignificant time compared to the task being performed. Some capabilities of such a system include: analysis of program structures that are impossible for other systems, such as unbounded loops and recursive control structures; providing accurate timing information even on hardware whose timing behavior is difficult to model and analyze; and providing confidence in the timing model by validating it statistically for goodness of fit. The system allows for dependency of the execution time on the input data. It allows the programmer to build a model of a task's timing behavior that incorporates world knowledge, and gives a measure of statistical confidence that the model accurately represents the program's actual behavior. >
Circadian rest-activity rhythms predict future increases in depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older men.

Objective Circadian rest-activity rhythms (CARs) have been cross-sectionally associated with depressive symptoms, although no longitudinal research has examined whether CARs are a risk factor for developing depressive symptoms. Methods We examined associations of CARs (measured with actigraphy over a mean of 4.8 days) with depressive symptoms (measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale) among 2,892 community-dwelling older men (mean age: 76.2 ± 5.5 years) from the MrOS Sleep Study who were without cognitive impairment. Among 2,124 men with minimal (0–2) symptoms at baseline, we assessed associations between CAR parameters and increases to mild (3–5) or clinically significant (≥6) symptoms after an average of 1.2 (±0.32) years. Results Cross-sectional associations between rhythm height parameters were independent of chronic diseases, lifestyle, sleep, and self-reported physical activity covariates. For example, men in the lowest mesor quartile had twice the adjusted odds (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36–3.04, p = 0.0005) of having prevalent clinically significant symptoms (compared to minimal). Longitudinally, low CAR robustness (being in the lowest quartile of the pseudo-F statistic) was independently associated with increasing odds of developing symptoms (i.e., AOR for having clinically significant depressive symptoms at follow-up = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.11–5.99, p = 0.03). Conclusion CAR disturbances are indicative of depressive symptomology. Low CAR robustness may independently contribute to the risk of worsening depression symptomology.
What Makes You Click? Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating

This paper uses a novel data set obtained from an online dating service to draw inferences on mate preferences and to investigate the role played by these preferences in determining match outcomes and sorting patterns. The empirical analysis is based on a detailed record of the site users' attributes and their partner search, which allows us to estimate a rich preference specification that takes into account a large number of partner characteristics. Our revealed preference estimates complement many previous studies that are based on survey methods. In addition, we provide evidence on mate preferences that people might not truthfully reveal in a survey, in particular regarding race preferences. In order to examine the quantitative importance of the estimated preferences in the formation of matches, we simulate match outcomes using the Gale-Shapley algorithm and examine the resulting correlations in mate attributes. The Gale-Shapley algorithm predicts the online sorting patterns well. Therefore, the match outcomes in this online dating market appear to be approximately efficient in the Gale-Shapley sense. Using the Gale-Shapley algorithm, we also find that we can predict sorting patterns in actual marriages if we exclude the unobservable utility component in our preference specification when simulating match outcomes. One possible explanation for this finding suggests that search frictions play a role in the formation of marriages.
The potential and limits of residential demand response control strategies

Demand response is playing an increasingly important role in smart grid research today. Technologies that control building equipment and appliances using signals such as real-time prices are making their way into our lives. But the behavior of load both affects and is affected by load control strategies that are designed to support the electric grid. This paper explores the natural behavior of electric load, how it is affected by various load control strategies and what the implications are for concepts such as using load control to support the integration of renewable energy resources.
Fourier analysis of Central American rainfall

The annual variation of rainfall at 131 stations distributed all over Central America is subjected to harmonic analysis. Maps present the total variance of the mean monthly rainfall, the percentage variance of the first three harmonics, the residual contributed by the higher harmonics, the amplitudes and phase angles of the first three harmonics, and the ratio of the amplitudes of the first to te second harmonics. Annual rainfall curves are in most areas adequately reproduced by the first three harmonics.
An examination of anthropogenic climate forcing in the 21st century: greenhouse gases and aerosols - direct and indirect

The projection of future climate change - and its consequent impact on societies and individuals - depends not only on society's direct emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, but also on the Earth system's response to these changes insofar as they additionally alter the radiative forcing of climate. These feedbacks involve coupling across the physical climate and biogeochemical systems, and they are often also designated indirect effects. This report examines some of the more well identified and quantified indirect effects related to atmospheric composition, as well as those that, although identified, remain highly uncertain. Although the unpredictability of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse agents over the 21st century dominates the uncertainty of future climate, these feedbacks are a major contribution; and the big question is how such global feedbacks could be detected and quantified. The detection of feedbacks, even from an integrated Earth observing system, is a major challenge. This report is based in large part on results from the IPCC/TAR and immediate follow-on studies, and this rapporteur thanks the many lead and contributing authors to the TAR.
COMPARATIVE KINETIC STUDIES OF NITRATE-LIMITED GROWTH AND NITRATE UPTAKE IN PHYTOPLANKTON IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE1

A comparative study of nitrate-limited growth and nitrate uptake was carried out in chemostat cultures of Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs., Asterionella formosa Hass., and Fragilaria crotonensis Kit. In each species growth rate (μ) was related to total cell nitrogen or cell quota (q) by the empirical Droop growth function. Nitrate uptake was a function of both external N concentration and q. The apparent maximum uptake rate (Vm') at a given μ was inversely related to q – q0, where q0 is the minimum quota. The apparent half-saturation constant for uptake, (Km') appears to show a slight inverse trend with μ, although statistical analysis shows that this trend is inconclusive. When q approaches q0, Vm' is several orders of magnitude greater than μq, the calculated steady-state uptake rate. As q increases, however, the difference between these two variables decreases sharply until q approaches qm, the cell quota for nitrogen-rich cells. At this point the difference between μq and Vm' disappears. This behavior is explained by the feedback regulation of N uptake. The inverse relationship between Vm' and q – q0 can be described by an empirical three-parameter equation.
Coarctation of the Aorta: End-to-End Anastomosis

In the diffuse form of coarctation (A), the extent of hypoplasia of the arch may he quite great, including not only the isthmus, hut also the transverse arch between the left carotid and subclavian and even the proximal arch between the innominate and left carotid arteries. In the discrete form (B), the diameters of the aortic arch and isthmus tend to be normal. The hallmark of the discrete form
Proteomic determination of widespread detergent-insolubility including Aβ but not tau early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Biochemical characterization of the major detergent-insoluble proteins that comprise hallmark histopathologic lesions initiated the molecular era of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. Here, we reinvestigated detergent-insoluble proteins in AD using modern proteomic techniques. Using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-MS-based proteomics, we robustly identified 125 proteins in the detergent-insoluble fraction of late-onset AD (LOAD) temporal cortex that included several proteins critical to Abeta production, components of synaptic scaffolding, and products of genes linked to an increased risk of LOAD; we verified 15 of 15 of these proteins by Western blot. Following multiple analyses, we estimated that these represent ~80% of detergent-insoluble proteins in LOAD detectable by our method. Abeta, tau, and 7 of 8 other newly identified detergent-insoluble proteins were disproportionately increased in temporal cortex from patients with LOAD and AD derived from mutations in PSEN1 and PSEN2; all of these except tau were elevated in individuals with prodromal dementia, while none except Abeta were elevated in aged APPswe mice. These results are consistent with the amyloid hypothesis of AD and extend it to include widespread protein insolubility, not exclusively Abeta insolubility, early in AD pathogenesis even before the onset of clinical dementia.
Immigration and Violent Crime: Citizenship Status and Social Disorganization

With few exceptions, recent investigations have found levels of criminal involvement to be lower among immigrants than among the native born. We extend this line of research by examining arrest data for native-born citizens, citizens born outside the United States, naturalized citizens, and noncitizens in Orange County (Orlando), Florida, for homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault. Arrest rates for noncitizens are generally lower than those for the native born and similar to those of naturalized and foreign-born citizens, but their sexual assault rate is the highest of the four groups. The concentration of immigrants has no significant impact on arrest rates for native- and foreign-born citizens at the census-tract level. Additional research is necessary to more fully understand the linkage between immigration and crime, but mounting evidence that the new immigrants to not contribute to elevated crime levels in urban areas should be an important component of policy discussions.
The Police War Story and the Narrative of Inequality

This article attempts to demonstrate, through an examination of the police `war story', that narrative has at its core a fundamental inequality between narrator and audience. In collecting police narratives, through interviews with 125 Chicago police officers, I became aware that even the most seemingly direct police narrative is filtered through the narrator's sense of the chasm of experience that lies between narrator and audience, whether the audience is a fellow police officer or member of the public. This article focuses on the two audiences police address: that of police officers and `civilians', and also looks at the `excluded audience' of criminals and intimates. Police tell stories to both real and imagined audiences, in both spoken and published form, putting the police narrative in a pivotal position for demonstrating what happens to narrative along Ong's oralityliteracy shift and the way the narrator's perception of audience shapes narrative itself.
Time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy of short restriction fragments: the friction factor for rotation of DNA about its symmetry axis.

The time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) of ethidium dye intercalated in 43 and 69 base pair (bp) restriction fragments is measured, and the friction factor per bp for rotation of DNA about its symmetry axis is determined. The same value of the hydrodynamic radius, a = 12.0 ± 0.6 A, is obtained for both the 43- and 69-bp fragments, but only when (1) the twisting correlation functions appropriate for such short filaments are used: (2) the correct amplitude is employed for the uniform tumbling mode decays: and (3) the data analysis is restricted to times after the internal bending modes have died away leaving just reduced amplitudes of the exponentially decaying uniform tumbling modes. The present value of the hydrodynamic radius is significantly larger than that implied by the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the symmetry axis. This strongly suggests that a significant fraction of water in the major and minor groves is rotating more or less rigidly with the DNA on this time scale. The correct expression for the amplitude Dn(∞) of the uniform mode decay of the tumbling correlation function, including the average over all sites to which the dye could bind, is derived in the appendix. The present theory for Dn(∞) is compared with that of Barkley and Zimm [(1979) J. Chem. Phys.70, 2991–3007], and with recent Brownian simulations of discrete wormlike chains by Allison and co-workers [S. A. Allison and J. A. McCammon (1984) Biopolymers23, 363–375; S. A. Allison (1986) Macromolecules 19, 118–124].
Quantitative study of the diabetogenic action of ACTH and growth hormone in partially pancreatectomized rats.

Rats that had 80% of their pancreas removed were injected twice daily for 5 days with ACTH, bovine growth hormone (BGH) or mixtures of ACTH and BGH in various proportions. Based on the dosages to cause the appearance of glucose in the urine, the known synergism between ACTH and BGH as diabetogenic agents was found to be quantitatively expressed by the product of the dosage of the 2 hormones over a 20-fold range of dosage of each hormone. ACTH and BGH were found to have equal importance as diabetogenic agents. The 2 hormones had antagonistic effects upon body weight of the rats at the same time that they had synergistic diabetogenic effects. (Endocrinology 81: 527, 1967)
Self-learning digital filter for the field location of partial discharge in cables

The resolution and robustness of a cable PD locating instrument, based on time-domain reflectrometry (TDR), are critically affected by noise present in a field environment. The permanent background noise encountered during field tests has been shown to be mainly due to amplitude modulation (AM) radio signals. This paper describes a self-learning digital filter aimed at mitigating this noise. The filter, in conjunction with a signal averaging routine, has been successfully used to reduce noise and enhance the PD signal obtained from a cable in a field environment. Examples are provided to demonstrate the ability of the filter to significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and effectively extract PD signals from field recordings. >
Characterization of aeroallergen sensitivities in children with allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis

Allergic rhinitis is a common comorbid condition in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Testing for aeroallergen sensitization should therefore be considered in the evaluation of children with CRS. At present the aeroallergen sensitivity profile of children with CRS remains uncharacterized. In this study, we retrospectively identify a consecutive series of children with CRS and allergic rhinitis who have undergone joint otolaryngology and allergy evaluation at a single tertiary care center. We describe the aeroallergen sensitivity profiles (based upon formal skin testing) of these children, stratifying them according to co-morbidity status: 1) CRS with cystic fibrosis (CF), 2) CRS with immune deficiency and 3) uncomplicated CRS (without co-morbid CF, immune deficiency or primary ciliary dyskinesia). We identify 208 children (average age 9.3 years, standard deviation 4.8 years) with CRS and allergic rhinitis meeting inclusion criteria, 140 with uncomplicated CRS, 64 with co-morbid immune deficiency and 4 with co-morbid CF. The prevalence of indoor aeroallergen sensitivities (62.9–100.0%) was more common than that of outdoor aeroallergen sensitivities (43.8–50.0%) in all three cohorts of children. In all three cohorts, the most common indoor aeroallergen sensitivity was to dust mites (50.0–75.0%) and the most common outdoor aeroallergen sensitivity was to tree pollens (43.8–50.0%). The aeroallergen sensitivity profile of children with CRS and allergic rhinitis appears to be similar to that of the general pediatric population with allergic rhinitis, and parallels the aeroallergen sensitivities previously described for adults with CRS and allergic rhinitis. Knowledge of the aeroallergen sensitivities in children with CRS and allergic rhinitis will enhance both diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Integral domains in which any two v-coprime elements are comaximal

Domains in which the star operations d (the trivial star operation) and w coincide have received a good deal of attention recently. These are exactly the domains D in which I=D whenever I is a finitely generated ideal of D with Iv=D. In this work, we study what happens when “finitely generated” is replaced by “two-generated.” It turns out that these are precisely the domains in which d=F, where F is a certain star operation closely connected to, but more complicated than, the w-operation.
Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Hydrogenation Thermochemistry of N,N,N,N-Tetramethylcyclotriborazane under Pressure

The novel hydrogen-rich BN materials Me2NHBH3 and c-N2B2H4Me4 have been studied by a combination of vibrational spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction over the pressure range 0–40 GPa. Assignments of Raman-active vibrational modes were made for c-N2B2H4Me4 on the basis of a combination of gas-phase predictions and previous assignments for similar compounds. The Raman spectrum of single crystals were found to have excellent signal-to-noise for pressures over the 0–40 GPa range, making it an ideal method for in situ analysis of high pressure reactions involving c-N2B2H4Me4. The enthalpy of the reaction c-N2B2H4Me4 + 2 H2 → 2 Me2NHBH3 was estimated to be 2.9 kcal/mol endothermic at ambient pressure. The corresponding pressure dependence of ΔGrxn was estimated from the P–V equations of state (EOS) measured for Me2NHBH3, c-N2B2H4Me4, and H2 over the 0–12 GPa range. Using the EOS for fluid hydrogen, the reaction is estimated to have a favorable ΔΔGrxn of 10 kcal/mol over the 0–2 GPa pressure range. A...
Embryology of Sciara (Sciaridae: Diptera)

Several years ago while working on the economic relations of Sciara larvae to scab on potato, I became interested in the life history and the embryology of this genus and having an abundance of material, started an investigation of the development of the embryo.
Change in Adolescents' Alcohol-Use Patterns, from Non-Drinking to Non-Heavy Drinking or Heavy Drinking

This study examined risk and protective factors at work when adolescents change from a non-drinking alcohol-use pattern to either non-heavy drinking or heavy drinking. Using a sample of 1,725 non-drinkers extracted from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conducted multinomial logistic regression and found that likelihood of change from non-drinking to non-heavy drinking was associated positively with safe neighborhood, female, peers’ drinking, emotional maltreatment, and delinquent behaviors. We found a negative association between such likelihood and being African American. We found that likelihood of change from non-drinking to heavy drinking was associated positively with peers’ drinking, depressive feelings, drug use, and repeating a grade(s) at school. We found a negative association between such likelihood and having a married mother, being African American or some other non-Hispanic minority ethnicity, and maternal supervision. Implications for intervention and future...
Surveillance of HIV and STD Among STD Clinic Attendants in Ningde From 2000 to 2006

Objective To understand HIV and STD status of STD outpatients in Ningde,and so as to provide scientific evidences for intervention methods of AIDS control of high-risk population. Methods During 2000-2006, Ningde city and its Jiaocheng district, Fuan city established STD outpatients sentinel surveillance. Information about the infection status of HIV/AIDS and STD and relative risk factors were collected. Results One case was found to be HIV antibody positive out of 3164 STD outpatients. The infection rate of STD was 43.1%. The main STD were syphilis, verruca acuminata, non-gonocoual urethritis, reproductive organ herpes and gonorrhea. The detection rate of syphilis was high(20.3% in 2000 and 18.2% in 2006).The reproductive organ herpes showed the trend of escalation(0.9% in 2000 climbed to 16.2% in 2006).Of 3 164 STD outpatients,1 755 (55.5%) had sex outside marriage. The rate of condom using in every time was only 15.3%. Conclusions The HIV infection rate is low in STD outpatients in Ningde. But because the infection rate of STD is high and the rate of condom use is low among the population, HIV/AIDS could be spread.
TURBULENCE FACTOR OF HIGH PRESSURE GAS RESERVOIR IN KEYI TECTONIC BELT

Turbulence factoris more important parameter for study non-Darcy flow with high velocity.The relational expression on turbulence factor with permeability and porosity(β=28009 4.0718 K 1.26 )has been obtained through statisticae analysis for data of turbulence factor test on 32 core samples,which has significance for damage evaluation and productivity evaluation in the gas reservoir.