cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cylindrical organelles associated with microtubules during sperm elongation in a mealybug.

Abstract Spermiogenesis in the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus involves the elongation of a cytoplasmic papilla from the surface of a spermatid. Longitudinally oriented fibers and microtubules, with diameters of 250 A and a non-9 + 2 arrangement, are associated with this process. Fibers alone are found in early stages of papilla emergence and in the basal region of the elongated papilla. They appear to be continuous with the microtubules in the more distal region of an elongated papilla. Disk-shaped, circular, and rectangular profiles are associated with the basal ends of the fibers. Probably the fibers are microtubular ‘anlagen’ and the associated structures may be microtubular ‘organizing centers’.
Phenotypic characterization of a mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Abstract Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is an autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder that results from mutations in the CLN3 gene. JNCL is characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies, vision loss, seizures, progressive cognitive and motor decline, and premature death. Studies were undertaken to characterize the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis phenotype in a Cln3 knockout mouse model. Progressive accumulation of autofluorescent storage material was observed in brain and retina of affected mice. The Cln3−/− mice exhibited progressively impaired inner retinal function, altered pupillary light reflexes, losses of inner retinal neurons, and reduced brain mass. Behavioral changes included reduced spontaneous activity levels and impaired learning and memory. In addition, Cln3−/− mice had significantly shortened life spans. These phenotypic features indicate that the mouse model will be useful for investigating the mechanisms underlying the disease pathology in JNCL and provide quantitative markers of disease pathology that can be used for evaluating the efficacies of therapeutic interventions.
Effect of ethanol on lipoprotein synthesis and fecal sterol excretion

Abstract The effect of variable doses of ethanol on plasma lipoprotein composition, lipoprotein synthesis and fecal sterol excretion was examined in male, atherosclerosis susceptible squirrel monkeys. Primates were divided into three groups: 1) Controls fed isocaloric liquid diet; 2) Low Ethanol monkeys given liquid diet with vodka substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate at 12% of calories; and 3) High Ethanol animals fed diet plus vodka at 24% of calories. Circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) free cholesterol and phospholipid, very low density-low density lipoprotein (VLDL-LDL) total cholesterol, and total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly elevated in High Ethanol primates compared to the other treatments. However, the percent distribution of cholesterol among the lipoprotein fractions was identical for the three groups. There were no significant differences in serum glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase. High Ethanol primates also had significantly greater HDL free cholesterol specific activity following intravenous injection of 3 H mevalonolactone compared to the other groups while radioactive VLDL-LDL free cholesterol was elevated in both High and Low Ethanol animals. Although, total fecal bile acid mass was significantly greater in both alcohol treatment groups compared to Controls, fecal neutral sterol specific activity was only higher in monkeys fed the high ethanol diet. This study provides evidence that ethanol at 24% of calories: 1) raises HDL cholesterol levels by enhancing lipoprotein synthesis; 2) increases the fecal output of newly synthesized cholesterol without causing liver dysfunction; and 3) maintains a constant relative distribution of cholesterol among lipoprotein classes.
Volatility-based Effects on Shareholder Value: Alliance Activity in the Computing Industry

We use an event-study analysis to understand how alliance activity affects firm risk. The risk measure is the implied volatility of a firm’s stock price and the events are alliance announcements to the market. We build on the previous event-studies in the alliance literature that focus on the change in shareholder value by taking the first step in delineating what part of that value arises from the changes in the firm’s risk. The analysis reveals that a number of factors within a firm’s control can be used to manipulate risk exposure in an alliance, including the similarity of the firm’s and the alliance’s core activities, the governance form of the alliance, and the function of the alliance.
Neonatal rectovaginal tear during cesarean section

Intrauterine rectovaginal tears are an infrequent and life-threatening complication of breech presentation. One previous case has been presented in the literature with a fatal outcome. The authors report a second case of a severe rectovaginal intrauterine tear sustained during cesarean delivery. Prompt administration of antibiotics followed by debridement and primary repair was performed with a successful outcome.
Multiscale Image Disparity Estimation using the Quaternion Wavelet Transform

We propose an efficient multiscale image disparity estimation algorithm that estimates the local translations needed to align different regions in two images. The algorithm is based on the dual-tree quaternion wavelet transform (QWT). Each QWT coefficient features a magnitude and three phase angles; we exploit the fact that two of the phase angles are covariant with image shifts in the horizontal and vertical directions. By fusing phase information across multiple scales, we combat the phase unwrapping problem that has traditionally plagued phase-based disparity estimation techniques. The result is a linear-time algorithm that provides reliable estimates of both small and large image shifts. The algorithm is completely image-based; that is, it involves no extraction of feature points or other landmarks. It can be used as a front-end for image processing and computer vision tasks such as image registration, motion estimation, and stereo matching. We present results with a real-world image sequence.
Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment

— Using scaling relationships determined from nuclear explosions, the radial extent of the air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event is estimated. The wind velocity at a distance of 5 crater radii (3 km) from the point of impact should have exceeded 2000 km/h. Hurricane force winds would have existed as far away as 20 to 40 km, depending on the exact explosive energy of the impact event. To determine how this event may have affected the environment surrounding the crater, the topography, vegetation, and animal life that existed at the time of the impact are reconstructed. For example, if the coniferous woodlands were 100 m lower than they are presently and they had moved farther out onto the plains, then the air blast would have flattened trees within a 16 to 22 km radius of the point of impact and damaged them over an area of 4100 to 8500 km2. The distance over which the damage occurred may have been up to 2× larger in some directions around the crater because of additional effects produced by the ballistic shock wave. Unfortunately, since the trajectory of the projectile is not well known, the direction of the ballistic shock wave effects cannot yet be determined.
Food Order Has a Significant Impact on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels

Postprandial hyperglycemia is an important therapeutic target for optimizing glycemic control and for mitigating the proatherogenic vascular environment characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Existing evidence indicates that the quantity and type of carbohydrate consumed influence blood glucose levels and that the total amount of carbohydrate consumed is the primary predictor of glycemic response (1). Previous studies have shown that premeal ingestion of whey protein, as well as altering the macronutrient composition of a meal, reduces postmeal glucose levels (2–4). There are limited data, however, regarding the effect of food order on postprandial glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (5). In this pilot study, we sought to examine the effect of food order, using a typical Western meal, incorporating vegetables, protein, and carbohydrate, on postprandial glucose and insulin excursions in overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes. A total of 11 subjects (6 female, 5 male) with metformin-treated type 2 diabetes were studied …
We are all public health.

I view librarians of most types as part of the public health workforce. The circle of essential public health services (Figure 1) divides public health work into ten essential areas. One of these is to “inform, educate, and empower” people about health issues [1]. Clearly this role fits the training, expertise, and inclination of most librarians. Also, Banks et al. have shown the competencies of health sciences librarianship and public health to be complementary and have offered examples of libraries' collaborations and services to public health that suggest librarians can be considered full members of the public health workforce [2].
THE APPRAISAL OF DELAYED AND DIRECT DENSITY-DEPENDENCE

Of the methods designed to detect and measure the intensity of direct and delayed density-dependent types of mortality acting on populations, that of Morris has gained considerable acceptance. While this method of analysis has predictive value and provides a means of estimating direct density-dependence, it seems inappropriate to the detection and measurement of a delayed density-dependent mortality such as that normally associated with entomophagous parasites. The biological significance of the slopes of the linear regressions calculated in the Morris method is discussed, and population models based on the theory of Nicholson and Bailey are presented in support of the argument.
Variation in colloidal chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Damariscotta Estuary, Maine

The relationship between chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), colloidal DOM (.1 kDa), and phytoplankton biomass in marine waters of the Damariscotta estuary, Maine, was studied using flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF). The goal was to determine whether temporal variability in CDOM in this region is due in part to rapid cycling of marine colloids. CDOM absorption of filtered (0.2 mm) seawater correlated positively with colloidal absorbance (r2 5 0.772, p 5 0.021). We observed changes in colloidal size spectra and CDOM optical properties associated with phytoplankton biomass. In particular, a significant positive correlation was found between the ,18 kDa colloidal fraction and chlorophyll a (Chl a )( r2 5 0.819, p 5 0.013). While we did not find significant relationships between Chl a and either CDOM absorption or the spectral slope of filtered seawater (r2 and p values of 0.079, 0.590 and 0.111, 0.519, respectively), we did observe patterns of higher CDOM absorption and spectral slopes following periods of increased phytoplankton biomass. The spectral slope of colloidal material often was significantly lower than that of filtered seawater and normally varied significantly with colloidal size. These findings show that colloidal processes can contribute to CDOM optical signatures in coastal waters. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the collective name for a diverse assemblage of organic compounds dissolved in aquatic environments that absorb light in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible domains (Jerlov 1976). These compounds comprise a significant but highly variable fraction of the total dissolved organic matter pool (Thurman 1985, and references within) and play an essential role in biogeochemical cycles, microbial ecology, and the determination of optical properties in marine surface waters. Specifically, CDOM may directly limit the penetration of both UV and photosynthetically active radiation (Blough and Del Vecchio 2002, and references within), influence nutrient and trace metal availability (Blough and Del Vecchio 2002, and references within), and undergo photochemical transformations to produce trace gases, CO, CO2 (Nelson and Siegel 2002, and references within), harmful reactive oxygen species (Miller 1994; Blough and Zepp 1995), and biologically labile organic compounds (Kieber et al. 1989). Both the abundance and the spectral signature of CDOM in marine waters are highly variable and do not covary predictably with chlorophyll a (Chl a), phytoplankton cell numbers, or dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
Navier-Stokes Computations of a Wing-Flap Model with Blowing Normal to the Flap Surface

A computational study of a generic wing with a half span flap shows the mean flow effects of several blown flap configurations. The effort compares and contrasts the thin-layer, Reynolds averaged, Navier-Stokes solutions of a baseline wing-flap configuration with configurations that have blowing normal to the flap surface through small slits near the flap side edge. Vorticity contours reveal a dual vortex structure at the flap side edge for all cases. The dual vortex merges into a single vortex at approximately the mid-flap chord location. Upper surface blowing reduces the strength of the merged vortex and moves the vortex away from the upper edge. Lower surface blowing thickens the lower shear layer and weakens the merged vortex, but not as much as upper surface blowing. Side surface blowing forces the lower surface vortex farther outboard of the flap edge by effectively increasing the aerodynamic span of the flap. It is seen that there is no global aerodynamic penalty or benefit from the particular blowing configurations examined.
A Phospho-SIM in the Antiviral Protein PML is Required for Its Recruitment to HSV-1 Genomes.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a significant human pathogen that infects a large portion of the human population. Cells deploy a variety of defenses to limit the extent to which the virus can replicate. One such factor is the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, the nucleating and organizing factor of nuclear domain 10 (ND10). PML responds to a number of stimuli and is implicated in intrinsic and innate cellular antiviral defenses against HSV-1. While the role of PML in a number of cellular pathways is controlled by post-translational modifications, the effects of phosphorylation on its antiviral activity toward HSV-1 have been largely unexplored. Consequently, we mapped phosphorylation sites on PML, mutated these and other known phosphorylation sites on PML isoform I (PML-I), and examined their effects on a number of PML’s activities. Our results show that phosphorylation at most sites on PML-I is dispensable for the formation of ND10s and colocalization between PML-I and the HSV-1 regulatory protein, ICP0, which antagonizes PML-I function. However, inhibiting phosphorylation at sites near the SUMO-interaction motif (SIM) of PML-I impairs its ability to respond to HSV-1 infection. Overall, our data suggest that PML phosphorylation regulates its antiviral activity against HSV-1.
Justice and the geographies of moral protest: Reflections from Mexico

Protest movements offer a rich vernacular for investigating how the connections between social justice and creating political subjects always involve spatial transformations. In this paper, I put Jacques Derrida's contemplations regarding justice as incalculable in conversation with critiques of public witnessing and the role of empathy for catalyzing political action, and I do so to present some speculations over why a social justice movement in northern Mexico has weakened domestically as it has gained steam internationally. The movement has grown since 1993 in response to the violence against women and girls and the surrounding impunity that has made northern Mexico famous as a place of ‘femicide’. By examining these events in relation to the debates on calculating justice and on the politics of witnessing, I hope to add to the growing literature within and beyond geography on the interplay of emotion and social justice politics while illustrating what is at stake in these dynamics for Mexico's democra...
Growth of Pseudomonas putida F1 on styrene requires increased catechol-2,3-dioxygenase activity, not a new hydrolase

Pseudomonas putida F1 cannot grow on styrene despite being able to degrade it through the toluene degradation (tod) pathway. Previous work had suggested that this was because TodF, the meta-fission product (MFP) hydrolase, was unable to metabolize the styrene MFP 2-hydroxy-6-vinylhexa-2,4-dienoate. Here we demonstrate via kinetic and growth analyses that the substrate specificity of TodF is not the limiting factor preventing F1 from growing on styrene. Rather, we found that the metabolite 3-vinylcatechol accumulated during styrene metabolism and that micromolar concentrations of this intermediate inactivated TodE, the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) responsible for its cleavage. Analysis of cells growing on styrene suggested that inactivation of TodE and the subsequent accumulation of 3-vinylcatechol resulted in toxicity and cell death. We found that simply overexpressing TodE on a plasmid (pTodE) was all that was necessary to allow F1 to grow on styrene. Similar results were also obtained by expressing a related C23O, DmpB from Pseudomonas sp. CF600, in tandem with its plant-like ferredoxin, DmpQ (pDmpQB). Further analysis revealed that the ability of F1 (pDmpQB) and F1 (pTodE) to grow on styrene correlated with increased C23O activity as well as resistance of the enzyme to 3-vinylcatechol-mediated inactivation. Although TodE inactivation by 3-halocatechols has been studied before, to our knowledge, this is the first published report demonstrating inactivation by a 3-vinylcatechol. Given the ubiquity of catechol intermediates in aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, our results further demonstrate the importance of C23O inactivation as a determinant of growth substrate specificity.
Modelling and comparison of adder designs with Verilog HDL

The authors address various forms of adder design commonly encountered in microprocessor design and describe the process of modeling these designs at the gate level using the Verilog hardware description language (HDL). Design and simulation parameters examined in a comparative analysis include design complexity, simulation time, propagation delay effects in adder design, and proper integration of a Verilog based adder description into a complete microprocessor design. Specific adder designs examined include: ripple carry (RC), carry lookahead (CLA), hybrid RC-CLA, single stage carry skip, and carry select adders.
A Road Map for Integrated Systems Health Management

Integrated systems health management (ISHM) is one of several approaches to building automated diagnostic and prognostic systems. We describe a unique architecture for ISHM along with other key technology elements such as Smart Sensors complying with the IEEE 1451.x family of standards, and user interaction methods. Technology readiness levels (TRL) and functional capability levels (FCL) are useful metrics for evaluating the readiness of each contributing technology and identifying those technologies that need further development.
Saving Money While Polling with InterPoll Using Power Analysis

Crowd-sourcing is increasingly being used for providing responses to polls and surveys on a large scale. Companies such as SurveyMonkey and Instant.ly are attempting to make crowd-sourced surveys commonplace, by making it easy to pose survey questions using an easy-to-use UI and retrieve results with a relatively low latency by having dedicated crowds at their disposal. In this paper we argue that the ease with which polls can be created conceals an inherent difficulty: the survey maker does not know how many workers to hire for their survey. Asking too few may lead to samples sizes that `"do not look impressive enough." Asking too many clearly involves spending extra money, which can quickly become costly. Existing crowd-sourcing platforms do not provide help with this, neither, one can argue, do they have any incentive to do so. We present a systematic approach to determining how many samples (i.e. workers) are required to achieve a certain level of statistical significance by showing how to automatically perform power analysis on questions of interest. Using a range of queries we demonstrate that power analysis can save significant amounts of money and time by concluding that frequently, only a handful of results is required to arrive at a certain decision. We have implemented our approach within InterPoll, aprogrammable developer-driven polling system that uses a generic crowd (Mechanical Turk) as a back-end. Power analysis is automatically performed given both the structure of the query and the data that is being polled from the crowd. In all of our studies we are able to obtain statistically significant answers for under $30, with most costing less than $10. Our approach saves both time and money for the survey maker.
Quantitative infrared absorption cross sections of isoprene for atmospheric measurements

Abstract. Isoprene (C5H8, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and is one of the primary contributors to annual global VOC emissions. Isoprene is produced primarily by vegetation as well as anthropogenic sources, and its OH- and O3-initiated oxidations are a major source of atmospheric oxygenated organics. Few quantitative infrared studies have been reported for isoprene, limiting the ability to quantify isoprene emissions via remote or in situ infrared detection. We thus report absorption cross sections and integrated band intensities for isoprene in the 600–6500 cm−1 region. The pressure-broadened (1 atmosphere N2) spectra were recorded at 278, 298, and 323 K in a 19.94 cm path-length cell at 0.112 cm−1 resolution, using a Bruker IFS 66v/S Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Composite spectra are derived from a minimum of seven isoprene sample pressures, each at one of three temperatures, and the number densities are normalized to 296 K and 1 atm.
HP Caliper: a framework for performance analysis tools

HP Caliper, a framework for building dynamic instrumentation tools, lets you change program instructions on-the-fly with instrumentation probes. It offers a common framework for building performance analysis tools that can integrate hardware-supported performance measurement unit (PMU) sampling with dynamic instrumentation. This article describes Caliper's architecture, its public interfaces and its dynamic instrumentation algorithm.
Microfossils Reveal the Workings of a Water Planet

863 Knowing past changes in surface ocean salinity would provide a powerful tracer of the hydrologic cycle, yielding climatic information such as the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or meridional shifts in moisture sources. Water vapor itself is a potent greenhouse gas, with the potential to further heat an already warm atmosphere. Its equator-topole distribution on the globe affects Earth’s geographic climate zones, ranging from deserts to rainforests, with obvious implications for world populations. Holbourn et al. (2010, p. 783 in this issue of Geology) show how geochemical records of surface ocean−dwelling foraminifera can be used to reconstruct changes in one aspect of the hydrologic cycle, the tropical-subtropical rain belt during the middle Miocene. By combining different tracers preserved by the same zooplankton microfossil, Holbourn et al. are able to determine elusive aspects of the hydrologic cycle such as surface water salinity. Tracking past changes in the hydrologic cycle is a diffi cult task because evaporation versus precipitation patterns (or simply put, surface ocean salinity) do not leave a unique trace in the geologic record. We can, however, indirectly assess large-scale changes in the hydrologic cycle, such as the amount of fresh water locked up in polar ice sheets, using the oxygen isotopic composition of the calcium carbonate tests of foraminifera. Polar ice sheets concentrate water molecules with the lighter of the oxygen isotopes, 16 O, and their growth and decay brings about changes in the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. The effect is ultimately due to a slight tendency of water molecules tagged with
Sensing damage in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites during fatigue by electrical resistance measurement

Self-monitoring of static/fatigue damage and dynamic strain in a continuous crossply [0/90] carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite by electrical resistance (R) measurement was achieved. With a static/cyclic tensile stress along the 0° direction, R in this direction and R perpendicular to the fiber layers were measured. Upon static tension to failure, R in the 0° direction first decreased (due to increase of degree of 0° fiber alignment and fiber residual compressive stress reduction) and then increased (due to 0° fiber breakage), while R perpendicular to the fiber layers increased monotonically (due to increase of degree of 0° fiber alignment and delamination). Upon cyclic tension, R (0) decreased reversibly, while R perpendicular to the fiber layers increased reversibly, though R in both directions changed irreversibly by a small amount after the first cycle. Upon fatigue testing at a maximum stress of 57% of the fracture stress, R (0°) irreversibly increased both in spurts and continuously, due to 0° fiber breakage, which started at 15% of the fatigue life, while R (perpendicular to the fiber layers) irreversibly increased both in spurts and continuously, due to delamination, which started at 33% of the fatigue life. The peak R (0°) in a cycle irreversibly decreased, while the minimum R (perpendicular to the fiber layers) at the end of a cycle irreversibly increased during the first 0.1% of the fatigue life, due to irreversible increase in the degree of 0° fiber alignment. R (0) became noisy starting at 87% of the fatigue life, whereas R (perpendicular to the fiber layers) became noisy starting at 50% of the fatigue life. For a [90] unidirectional composite, R (0°) increased reversibly upon tension and decreased reversibly upon compression in the 0° direction, due to piezoresistivity.
The Kinase Regulator Mob1 Acts as a Patterning Protein for Stentor Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis and pattern formation are vital processes in any organism, whether unicellular or multicellular. But in contrast to the developmental biology of plants and animals, the principles of morphogenesis and pattern formation in single cells remain largely unknown. Although all cells develop patterns, they are most obvious in ciliates; hence, we have turned to a classical unicellular model system, the giant ciliate Stentor coeruleus. Here we show that the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery is conserved in Stentor. Using RNAi, we identify the kinase coactivator Mob1--with conserved functions in cell division and morphogenesis from plants to humans-as an asymmetrically localized patterning protein required for global patterning during development and regeneration in Stentor. Our studies reopen the door for Stentor as a model regeneration system.
Electoral Institutions, Hometowns, and Favored Minorities: Evidence from Japanese Electoral Reforms

This article presents evidence that electoral institutions affect the geographic distribution of both candidate electoral support and government resources. The author exploits two electoral reforms in Japan to identify the effect of institutional incentives: (1) the 1994 electoral reform from a multimember single nontransferable vote (SNTV) system to a mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system with a single-member district (SMD) component and a proportional representation component; and (2) the 1925 electoral reform from a predominantly SMD system to a multimember SNTV system. Using several new data sets, the two main findings of this article are that (1) Japanese representatives competing in multimember SNTV districts had more geographically concentrated electoral support than those competing in SMDs and that (2) intergovernmental transfers appear to be more concentrated around Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) incumbents' home offices under the multimember SNTV system than under the MMM system. The findings in this article highlight the connection between institutions and geographic patterns of representation.
Vibrational coherence modulated interfacial third harmonic generation spectroscopy

We present a new interfacial probing technique of vibrational spectroscopy to provide additional insight over current methods on the structure and dynamics of interfacial boundaries.
Roles of dopamine receptor on chemosensory and mechanosensory primary cilia in renal epithelial cells.

Dopamine plays a number of important physiological roles. However, activation of dopamine receptor type-5 (DR5) and its effect in renal epithelial cells have not been studied. Here, we show for the first time that DR5 is localized to primary cilia of LLCPK kidney cells. Renal epithelial cilia are mechanosensory organelles that sense and respond to tubular fluid-flow in the kidney. To determine the roles of DR5 and sensory cilia, we used dopamine to non-selectively and fenoldopam to selectively activate ciliary DR5. Compared to mock treatment, dopamine treated cells significantly increases the length of cilia. Fenoldopam further increases the length of cilia compared to dopamine treated cells. The increase in cilia length also increases the sensitivity of the cells in response to fluid-shear stress. The graded responses to dopamine- and fenoldopam-induced increase in cilia length further show that sensitivity to fluid-shear stress correlates to the length of cilia. Together, our studies suggest for the first time that dopamine or fenoldopam is an exciting agent that enhances structure and function of primary cilia.
Nanoscale Structure of Self-Assembling Hybrid Materials of Inorganic and Electronically Active Organic Phases

Hybrid materials with nanoscale structure that incorporates inorganic and organic phases with electronic properties offer potential in an extensive functional space that includes photovoltaics, light emission, and sensing. This work describes the nanoscale structure of model hybrid materials with phases of silica and electronically active bola-amphiphile assemblies containing either oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) or oligo(thiophene) segments. The hybrid materials studied here were synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly and characterized by X-ray scattering techniques. Grazing-incidence X-ray scattering studies of these materials revealed the formation of two-dimensional hexagonally packed cylindrical micelles of the organic molecules with diameters between 3.1 and 3.6 nm and cylindrical axes parallel to the surface. During the self-assembly process at low pH, the cylindrical aggregates of conjugated molecules become surrounded by silica giving rise to a hybrid structure with long-range order. Specu...
A pulse in the delivery of ice-rafted debris at site 704 in the southeast Atlantic during glacial Termination V

Termination V, the transition from glacial marine isotope stage 12 to interglacial stage 11–425 ka, is the largest deglaciation of the late Pleistocene and culminated with temperatures potentially warmer than present. Coastal geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence provides estimates of a sea-level high-stand 20 m above present at the time (Hearty et al. in Geology 27(4):375–378, 1999). Such sea-level rise would require disintegration of the Greenland Ice Sheet and West Antarctic Ice Sheet as well as part of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Raynaud et al. in Earth’s climate and orbital eccentricity: the marine isotope stage 11 question. Geophysical monograph 137. American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2003). Lithic fragments in deep-sea sediments >150 μm at Site 704 in the South Atlantic Ocean were quantified. A large multipronged peak in concentration of this ice-rafted debris consisting of clear minerals, rose-colored transparent minerals, and ash punctuates glacial Termination V. It coincides with a brief two-pronged 1 ‰ reversal to heavier isotopic values from ~2.4 to ~3.4 ‰ at ~416 ka interpreted to reflect cooling resulting from influx of a large number of icebergs. The peak in ice-rafted debris also coincides with a 1 ‰ decrease in carbon isotopic ratios interrupting the ~2 ‰ increase in carbon isotope values across the entirety of Termination V. This is interpreted to reflect a reduction or shutdown in North Atlantic Deep Water formation and attendant Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling at the site and is also consistent with a shift in storage of carbon and carbonate from the deep sea to continental shelves resulting from a dramatic sea-level high-stand. Consequently, the lithic record at Site 704 lends support for the upper end of sea-level estimates based upon land-based evidence that requires a substantial contribution from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, caution is warranted as differences with lithic records from Site 1089, 1090 and 1094 suggest sea-surface temperatures may have also affected lithic concentration through controls on iceberg trajectories and decay.
Mechanism of hypoglycorrhachia in experimental pneumococcal meningitis.

SummaryPneumococcal meningitis was produced in normal and irradiated dogs. The latter became leukopenic and the pleocytosis occurring in the CSF in response to the infection was suppressed. The number of bacteria in the CSF was the same in both groups, but CSF sugars remained consistently normal in the irradiated animals while hypoglycorrhachia occurred in 50% of controls. These findings suggest that both cells and bacteria are necessary to lower the CSF sugar in bacterial meningitis.
Roles of Kidney and Skeleton in Regulation of Body Fluid Fluoride Concentrations

SummaryAn acute dose of 2.94 mg of fluoride, given by gastric intubation to mature female rats with or without previous high fluoride intakes, was rapidly absorbed and distributed in the body fluid compartments. Limited excursions of plasma fluoride contents were observed since the mechanisms establishing equilibrium of distribution of fluoride between blood and bone and those of urinary excretion of fluoride functioned rapidly. There was no evidence that animals with initially elevated skeletal fluoride contents were deficient in ability to control elevations of plasma fluoride contents or to dispose of fluoride in the urine. Results from the animals with a previous low fluoride exposure showed that skeletal regulation of the body fluoride was faster and quantitatively larger than excretion of fluoride by the kidney. At least 29% of the fluoride administered was absorbed by these animals in 5 hr. At 50 hr at least 88% of the administered dose was absorbed and 70% of the dose had been deposited in the ske...
Nanoconfined Crystallization of MAPbI3 to Probe Crystal Evolution and Stability

The effect of nanoconfinement on the crystallization of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) was systematically studied using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D XRD). Nanoconfined crystals were prepared by spin coating a cosolution of lead iodide (PbI2) and methylammonium iodide (MAI) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide onto anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with uniaxially aligned pores ranging from 20–200 nm in diameter. Upon spin coating, a metastable crystalline phase incorporating solvent molecules was observed. Analysis of 2D XRD patterns using refined lattice parameters revealed that these crystals adopt a preferential orientation with alternating sheets of PbI2 and solvent molecules lying parallel to the long axis of the pores. Upon thermal annealing at temperatures up to 130 °C, the oriented PbI2/solvent crystals converted to randomly oriented MAPbI3 crystals, with the extent of conversion dependent on the characteristic pore diameter of the AAO template. Nanoconfinem...
Consensus-Based Recommendations for an Emergency Medicine Pain Management Curriculum.

Abstract Background Increased prescribing of opioid pain medications has paralleled the subsequent rise of prescription medication–related overdoses and deaths. We sought to define key aspects of a pain management curriculum for emergency medicine (EM) residents that achieve the balance between adequate pain control, limiting side effects, and not contributing to the current public health opioid crisis. Methods We convened a symposium to discuss pain management education in EM and define the needs and objectives of an EM-specific pain management curriculum. Multiple pertinent topics were identified a priori and presented before consensus work. Subgroups then sought to define perceived gaps and needs, to set a future direction for development of a focused curriculum, and to prioritize the research needed to evaluate and measure the impact of a new curriculum. Results The group determined that an EM pain management curriculum should include education on both opioid and nonopioid analgesics as well as nonpharmacologic pain strategies. A broad survey is needed to better define current knowledge gaps and needs. To optimize the impact of any curriculum, a modular, multimodal, and primarily case-based approach linked to achieving milestones is best. Subsequent research should focus on the impact of curricular reform on learner knowledge and patient outcomes, not just prescribing changes. Conclusions This consensus group offers a path forward to enhance the evidence, knowledge, and practice transformation needed to improve emergency analgesia.
Realms of Regional Metamorphism in Southern New England, with Emphasis on the Eastern Acadian Metamorphic High

Metamorphism in southern New England may be broadly divided into seven time-space realms as follows: 1. Grenvillian high amphib-olite to granulite facies metamorphism in North American basement of the Berkshire, Housatonic, and Manhattan regions; 2. Late Precambrian low grade and contact metamorphism in the Dedham terr-ane, with local regional development to high ampnibolite facies in the Fall River, Milford-Selden Neck, and Massabesic regions, and to granulite facies in the Pelham dome; 3. Ordovician high amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism in the Nashoba terr-ane; 4. complex Taconian high pressure to high temperature metamorphism localized along the Berkshire-Manhattan axis, associated with eastward subduction of the edge of North America beneath island arc and eastern basement terranes; 5. a western Acadian (“Vermont”) high reaching high amphibolite facies and localized along a series of gneiss domes, separated by the Connecticut Valley metamorphic low (chlorite and biotite zones) from 6. an eastern Acadian (“New Hampshire”) high, reaching granulite facies and centered east of the gneiss domes of the Bronson Hill anticlinorium; and 7. Pennsylvanian-Permian regional metamorphism up to silliman-ite grade, best documented in southern Rhode Island, but apparently an overprint in much of central southern New England.
Crowdsourcing for self-monitoring: Using the Traffic Light Diet and crowdsourcing to provide dietary feedback:

Background Smartphone photography and crowdsourcing feedback could reduce participant burden for dietary self-monitoring. Objectives To assess if untrained individuals can accurately crowdsource diet quality ratings of food photos using the Traffic Light Diet (TLD) approach. Methods Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and read a one-page description on the TLD. The study examined the participant accuracy score (total number of correctly categorized foods as red, yellow, or green per person), the food accuracy score (accuracy by which each food was categorized), and if the accuracy of ratings increased when more users were included in the crowdsourcing. For each of a range of possible crowd sizes ( n = 15, n = 30, etc.), 10,000 bootstrap samples were drawn and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for accuracy constructed using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. Results Participants ( n = 75; body mass index 28.0 ± 7.5; age 36 ± 11; 59% attempting weight loss) rated 10 foods as red, yellow, or green. Raters demonstrated high red/yellow/green accuracy (>75%) examining all foods. Mean accuracy score per participant was 77.6 ± 14.0%. Individual photos were rated accurately the majority of the time (range = 50%–100%). There was little variation in the 95% CI for each of the five different crowd sizes, indicating that large numbers of individuals may not be needed to accurately crowdsource foods. Conclusions Nutrition-novice users can be trained easily to rate foods using the TLD. Since feedback from crowdsourcing relies on the agreement of the majority, this method holds promise as a low-burden approach to providing diet-quality feedback.
Solutions of Linear Equations

This chapter discusses the solution of linear equations with constant coefficients. It describes the nature of the general solution of linear homogeneous equations. There is a method of finding the solutions of homogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients. In addition, by the method of variation of the coefficients, one can find a particular solution of a nonhomogeneous equation with the help of the general solution y h of the homogeneous equation. In practice, however, this method is somewhat complicated. The chapter describes the operators method that simplifies this task in most cases. There are two additional methods that are conveniently used to obtain particular solutions of a restricted class of differential equations, namely, the method of infinite expansions of L(D) and the Laplace transform.
The Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program (2010-2015): Synthesis of Impact Findings.

The authors discuss the findings of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Adolescent Health (OAH) Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) Program from 2010 to 2015, and it mentions how the OAH TPP is designed to reduce the risky behavior that is associated with adolescent pregnancy. American government funding for organizations to replicate evidence-based TPP programs and additional teenage pregnancy prevention plans is examined, along with organizational goals.
Addition of Clofarabine to TLI/ATG Conditioning: Impact on Immune Reconstitution and Clinical Outcomes,

Abstract Abstract 4066 The fundamental challenge in designing an effective conditioning regimen for allogeneic transplantation involves the prevention of disease relapse while minimizing the risk for Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD). Treatment with total lymphocyte irradiation (TLI) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) has been shown to minimize the risk of GVHD through the biasing of the T cell reconstitution towards an inhibitory phenotype. However, disease relapse remains a significant concern. Clofarabine is a second generation nucleoside analog with potent cytoreductive capacity and demonstrates efficacy in hematological malignancies. In this study, we examined the combination of clofarabine, TLI and ATG with respect to T cell reconstitution, risk for GVHD and transplant outcome. Sequential cohorts of 5 patients were treated with TLI and ATG alone or in conjunction with 20 mg/m2, 30 mg/m2 or 40 mg/m2 of clofarabine for 5 days. Cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil were administered as GVHD prophylaxis. Twenty patients have been enrolled (5 AML/MDS, 2 ALL, 6 lymphoma, 2 CLL, 5 myeloma) and received HLA matched peripheral blood stem cells collected from related (N=11) and unrelated donors (N=9). Of 19 evaluable patients, 15 are alive with a median follow up of 665 days. Day 30 and 100 mortality was 0% for TLI and ATG and 0% and 10% for those receiving clofarabine. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of clofarabine was 30 mg/m2 as 2 patients experienced treatment related mortality at the 40 mg/m2 dose level. Grade 5 infections and multiorgan failure occurred in both patients. All patients demonstrated engraftment with mean bone marrow donor chimerism of 92.5% at Day 30. The first cohort’s ANC did not drop below 500 cells/uL, while median time to neutrophil engraftment in the patients who received clofarabine was 9 days. The median time to platelet recovery was 11 and 12 days for patients receiving TLI and ATG alone or with clofarabine, respectively (p=0.39). T cell reconstitution studies demonstrated a significant decrease in CD4+ cells to ( Disclosures: Chen: Genzyme: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Avigan: Genzyme: Research Funding.
An Eigenvalue Perturbation Solution for the Multiphysics Simulation of Antenna Strain Sensors

To simulate the behavior of a passive antenna strain sensor, current multiphysics coupled simulation (between mechanics and electromagnetics) has mainly adopted the frequency domain solution. For every frequency point in the sweeping range, the frequency domain solver computes the value of scattering parameter S11. The S11 curve is used to identify the new resonance frequency when the antenna sensor is at certain strain level. As a result, the frequency domain solution is computationally expensive. In this study, an eigenfrequency solution, whose efficiency is shown to be much higher than the frequency domain solver, is proposed to directly detect changes of antenna resonance frequency under strain. Toward the eigenfrequency solution, cavity and partially air-filled cavity FEM modeling techniques are proposed to reduce the number of degrees of freedom. In addition, by formulating the eigenfrequency solution as an eigenvalue perturbation problem, Rayleigh quotient iteration and the inverse power iteration method with Rayleigh quotient are proposed to further improve the computational efficiency. The proposed methods will greatly improve the efficiency of antenna sensor designs.
Hot Carrier Reliability of SOI Structures

Hot carrier effects have been a serious reliability concern in MOSFET’s ever since the recognition in the mid-seventies, that they can significantly degrade the device characteristics during normal operation. Continuing reduction of device dimensions and increase in channel doping, to achieve higher chip density and speed, is making these reliability concerns only worse, because of the increasing electric fields. The problems have been (and continue to be) vigorously researched, and although some open questions remain, substantial progress has been made in: 1) establishing suitable device degradation monitors, 2) understanding the physical mechanisms involved and 3) developing technologies and designs to suppress these mechanisms [1].
Reflections on the Structure of Mussel Adhesive Proteins

Adhesion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in Nature: it is what holds things together in the living world. Examples of bioadhesion include the polysaccharide gels produced by bacteria to immobilize themselves on rocks in a rushing mountain stream (Savage and Fletcher 1985), and the receptor-mediated binding of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domains of fibrin, laminin, and other proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion (Ruoslahti and Pierschbacher 1987). These can be referred to as examples of microscopic bioadhesion, since they involve the immobilization or joining together of microscopic entities. There are, however, many examples of macroscopic bioadhesion, whereby large species of plants, animals, and insects anchor themselves to surfaces for some advantage.
The Interaction Between Monetary and Fiscal Policy

Abstract Our chapter reviews positive and normative issues in the interaction between monetary and fiscal policy, with an emphasis on how views on policy coordination have changed over the last 25 five years. On the positive side, noncooperative games between a government and its central bank have given way to an examination of the requirements on monetary and fiscal policy to provide a stable nominal anchor. On the normative side, cooperative solutions have given way to Ramsey allocations. The central theme throughout is on the optimal degree of price stability and on the coordination of monetary and fiscal policy that is necessary to achieve it.