cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Missing Indian Affairs Clause

Conflicting lines of precedent and philosophy are the defining characteristics of Federal Indian Affairs law. Scholarship and case law run the gamut from finding a pre-constitutional federal plenary power over Native Americans to narrow readings of the Indian Commerce Clause limiting Congressional power to trade only. All claim historical legitimacy, but none has been able to explain why the Indian Affairs Clause from the Articles of Confederation failed to appear in the Constitution, or, conversely, why the new federal government never limited themselves to regulating Indian trade. The combination of the unexplained textual shrinkage and disharmony between text and practice seems to suggest that the Framers made a mistake in drafting the Constitution. In fact, the Framers did make a mistake, or at least five of them did. This article examines the drafting history of the Constitution and suggests a startling explanation for the omission of an Indian Affairs Clause: at its heart is an innocent but consequential scrivener’s error. The five-member Committee of Detail, tasked by the Constitutional Convention to produce a working draft of a Constitution, seems to have accidentally omitted an Indian Affairs Clause. Inclusion of a Congressional power over Indian Trade and Affairs was compelled by its long pre-history and a unanimous vote by the Convention, and John Rutledge as Committee chair directed James Wilson to include it in a marginal note. The evidence indicates that Wilson meant to comply with the command: not only was he personally motivated to comply, but he placed a checkmark next to the Clause. However, he simply failed to include the power in his final draft. Thereafter, only Madison caught the mistake, the Committee of Detail deigned to address their lapse—over the Convention’s directive—by importing “Indians” into the Commerce Clause, thereby incorporating only part of pre-constitutional power over tribes, and none thereafter fixed the half-fix. The omission has thereafter caused a bicentennial of confusion to the detriment of the tribes. This history raises serious questions for constitutional theory, federal Native American policy, state-tribal relations, and Commerce Clause jurisprudence. This article addresses the question of whether the partially-fixed scrivener’s error should be fixed, and suggests some possible responses. These responses include judicial correction via statutory construction’s mistake doctrine, constitutional amendment, or re-implementation of the Washington Administration’s accord to treat with tribes as foreign nations, but with a textual twist: the United States would have to treat with a tribe before Congress could enact legislation to address subjects external to the Indian Commerce Clause. Though it does not provide a clean textual fix, the last option provides a practical one and affords the greatest normative benefits—it is consistent with the Constitution’s text, history, structure and precedent. Moreover, treating with tribes again would restore tribal sovereignty and dignity.
Industry payments and physicians prescriptions: Effect of a payment restriction policy.

Abstract The pharmaceutical industry spends billions of dollars every year for marketing its products to US health care providers. This study investigates the association between industry marketing payments and physicians’ prescription in New York and Massachusetts, and examines the effect of the Massachusetts payment restriction policy on this association in comparison with the New York State that has no payment restriction policy. Three panel data models (fixed effects regression (FE), first difference regression (FD), and first difference with lagged independent variable (LFD)) were used to establish the association accounting for unobserved confounders and reverse causality. The main indicator is the total amount of industry payments for meals, drug samples, consulting fees, etc. (excluding research funding, and ownership). Dependent variables are a) yearly days’ supply of Medicare Part D prescriptions, b) yearly costs of prescribed prescriptions. Secular time trends, as well as differences between the two states were controlled in all models. All three panel models showed significant positive association between industry payments and physician prescriptions. Particularly, these models show that in the base year (2014), a 1% increase in the annual industry payments was associated with (0.01%–0.04%) increase in days' supply of medication, and (0.01%–0.05%) increase in prescription costs for NYS providers. Moreover, FE and FD models show that compared to NYS physicians, the association of industry payments with days’ supply and costs of Medicare Part D prescriptions was (0.01%–0.02%) smaller for MA physicians. Because of the smaller sample size and lower power, the LFD model did not detect a significant difference between the NYS and MA providers. The findings of this study provide additional evidence that industry payments are associated with increases in the volume and cost of Medicare prescriptions. Moreover, these findings provide preliminary evidence that payment restriction policies negatively moderate this association, which calls for further research.
Who will teach the teachers? Examining implicit bias in the educator workforce

Abstract In this manuscript, I provide comments on the five papers in this special issue on teachers’ implicit biases. These papers, which include a literature review and both quantitative and qualitative studies, extend the literature on the implicit bias of preservice and inservice teachers. They highlight concerns raised by others in the literature and provide nuanced findings that will benefit current teacher educators and set the stage for future research.
Characterizing Medicare Reimbursements and Clinical Activity Among Female Otolaryngologists.

Objective:To evaluate geographic and temporal trends in Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) billing and reimbursements across female otolaryngologists (ORL).Methods:We performed a cross-sectional, retro...
Alkanolamines as Dual Functional Solvents for Biomass Deconstruction and Bioenergy Production

This work demonstrates the feasibility of applying dual functional solvents called alkanolamines towards the conversion of biomass into biofuels. Alkanolamines have the potential to serve as effective pretreatment solvents that promote a low energy intensity, process intensification, and downstream conversion via a cost-effective route. Several key factors were considered to effectively integrate the pretreatment technology into a biorefinery, including solvent screening (both experimentally and computationally), feedstock screening (capturing the effectiveness on softwood, hardwood, and grasses), fractionation of lignocellulose components (lignin removal), bioconversion efficacy, and a sustainability impact assessment. After a thorough and systematic optimization, the following conditions emerged for optimal process economics (i.e., shortest time, lowest temperature, and highest solid loading): pretreatment of sorghum biomass via ethanolamine (25% solvent in water) with temperature 100 °C, time 1 h and solid loading 40%. These conditions generated yields of 90% glucose, 76% xylose, 59% lignin removal, and 73% solid recovery. The pretreated biomass and recovered lignin were studied using PXRD/TGA/FTIR/NMR analyses, revealing that the morphology and crystallinity of biomass does not change after pretreatment, and recovered lignin is dominated by guaiacyl groups, which are suitable for lignin valorization. Subsequently the process was consolidated and scaled up (40X) to generate >99% sugar yields followed by a test of bioconversion using the omnivorous host R. toruloides, which converted >97% C5, C6 and phenolic into the biofuel precursor bisabolene at a titer of 1155 mg L−1. The TEA revealed that the cost of biomass deconstruction was severely reduced (up to 50%) compared to similar pretreatment methods, including ethanolamine acetate and cholinium lysinate, evaluated under the same modeling assumptions. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of alkanolamines towards biomass processing and presents a new solvent group to be considered for biomass pretreatment within a commercial biorefinery for the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass.
Treatment of Medulloblastoma: Chemotherapy

Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in childhood. Its origin is from the cerebellar vermis or from one of cerebellar hemispheres. Its extracerebellar counterparts are the primitive neuroectodermal tumors known as PNETs. Among pediatric embryonal central nervous system tumors, MB generally shows a better prognosis with 5-year survival rates of up to 70 % in standard-risk patients. The standard risk identifies patients fulfilling following criteria: total or subtotal resection, age over 3 years, and localized disease without dissemination. Chemotherapy modified the prognosis of MB since 1976 when the first trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I) introduced adjuvant chemotherapy (vincristine, lomustine, and prednisone). Now, we consider MB a chemoresponsive tumor and chemotherapy plays a role together with surgery and radiotherapy. Resistance to treatments is on study: biological differences may explain different behavior of neoplastic cells and different fates between patients inside the same risk group. Ongoing research will point to the knowledge of deregulation of embryogenetic signalling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MB and in self-maintenance of tumoral stem cells. Future therapeutic trials will have different stratification of patients based on biological markers.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Pulmonary Hypertension

Early and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease is important given the high mortality of untreated pulmonary hypertension. The development of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has allowed an early diagnosis of PAH in “at risk” patients or those with suggestive clinical findings. CPET can quantify the degree of exercise impairment, and rule out a pulmonary mechanical limit to exercise. It can also be used to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. CPET generally consists of an incremental symptom-limited cycling or treadmill exercise test with measurements of ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange. Noninvasive testing is done with continuous 12-lead ECG, cuff blood pressure monitoring and pulse oximetry. Invasive CPET adds arterial and pulmonary artery catheters for blood gas, pH and pressure measurements. CPET when used in the context of a diagnostic algorithm, can confirm the diagnosis of exercise-induced PH, distinguish between pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension, and rule out confounders such as impaired systemic O2 extraction. CPET may be used alone or combined with other modalities, such as transthoracic cardiac Doppler echo and MRI. Recent expert consensus statements suggest CPET is useful in the diagnosis, management and risk stratification of PH. This chapter provides an overview of the history of CPET, describes how measurements are obtained and interpreted, and discusses its use in diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary hypertensive diseases including exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertension associated heart and lung disease.
Effect of magnetic dipole coupling on optical binding energies between molecules

Within the framework of molecular quantum electrodynamics, the method of induced multipole moments is used to compute the laser-induced intermolecular energy shift between an electric dipole polarizable molecule and a magnetic dipole susceptible molecule, and between two magnetic dipole polarizable molecules. The physical viewpoint adopted in the calculation is one in which an applied electromagnetic field induces molecular multipole moments in each entity, which couple via the retarded resonant multipole-multipole interaction tensors. Expectation values taken over the ground electronic states of the material system, and a radiation field state containing n photons, leads directly to the coupling energy. Results are obtained for external radiation in a fixed orientation relative to the internuclear axis, with a thorough polarization analysis being carried out for linearly and circularly polarized radiation propagating in directions parallel and perpendicular to the separation distance vector, as well as for a freely tumbling molecular pair. Comparison is made with field-induced discriminatory energy shifts occurring between optically active molecules - which also involve coupling of electric and magnetic dipole moments, and the leading contribution to optical binding forces arising within the electric dipole approximation.
Synthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and the Lesion in fab B Mutants

Two classes of Escherichia coli unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs, which are complementary both in vivo and in vitro, have been utilized to study unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. β-Hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase, which catalyzes the first committed reaction in the unsaturated fatty acid synthetic pathway, is defective in one class, fab A. The defect in the second class, fab B, was unknown. The unsaturated fatty acid synthetic activity defective in fab B extracts was isolated from fab A extracts on the basis of an in vitro complementation assay. Throughout a 586-fold purification procedure the fab A unsaturated fatty acid synthetic activity was associated with β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthetase, suggesting that the two activities are catalyzed by the same protein. Further support for this suggestion derived from the findings that both activities were purified together during the isolation of homogeneous β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase from wild type E. coli B, both were inhibited to the same extent by iodoacetamide, both were protected against iodoacetamide inhibition by acetyl-ACP, and both were inactivated at 43° at identical rates. The fact that wild type β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase stimulated unsaturated fatty acid synthesis by fab B extracts suggested that fab B β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase is defective in unsaturated fatty acid synthetic activity. Although partially purified fab B β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase was shown to be defective in unsaturated fatty acid synthetic activity, the mutant enzyme catalyzed normally condensation reactions involving fatty acyl-ACPs that are intermediates in the synthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Although the unsaturated fatty acid synthetic activity of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase is not understood, these studies demonstrate that this enzyme catalyzes a unique reaction in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.
Difficulty and discrimination indices of multiple-choice examination items in a college of pharmacy therapeutics and pathophysiology course sequence.

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify differences in difficulty and discrimination among multiple-choice examination items with regard to format and content in pharmacy therapeutics and pathophysiology (TP) courses. Methods Items from a TP course sequence were categorized by format and content by a faculty committee using the Delphi technique. Difficulty was not normally distributed; therefore, a logit transformation was employed. Difficulty and discrimination were analysed using one-way analysis of variance, with post hoc Bonferroni correction for pairs, to detect differences. Key findings A total of 516 items were included, with approximately 233 students answering each item. Case-based items were statistically more difficult than Standard (P = 0.0007) or Statement items (P = 0.001) and more discriminatory than Standard items (P = 0.015). Dosing items were more difficult (P = 0.013) and discriminating (P = 0.02) than therapeutics items. Conclusions Case-based items appear to have been more difficult than other items and may provide greater discrimination than Standard items.
Marketing Study Abroad Programs: A Student Recruitment Model

The number of American students studying abroad increases every year. That might suggest that recruiting students to participate in such an educational opportunity would present little difficulty. On the contrary, as domestic student participation in such programs has risen, so has the number of competing programs. Thus, the viability of any study abroad program, to a large extent, is a direct result of that program’s recruiting effort. The foundation of that recruiting effort should be based upon an understanding of the factors students deem important in the program selection process and an effective promotional effort focused on those issues. These key factors include student segment(s) to be targeted, program cost and source(s) of funding provided, timing and duration of the program.
Comparisons of Drift Reducing/Deposition Aid Tank Mixes for Fixed Wing Aerial Applications

A field study was conducted to determine the influence of adding spray drift control/deposition aid products to tank mix solutions for fixed wign aerial applications. Downwind horizontal drift, vertical drift, and droplet spectra characteristics in a canopy top were collected on water sensitive paper (WSP) for measurement and analysis. Spread factors for each spray mix sample were determined and were used as part of the analysis procedure with the canopy measurements. DropletScan™ was used to analyze the WSP. Percent area coverage for the horizontal and vertical drift profiles was used as a means to separate differences in treatments. DropletScan™ with adjusted spread factor coefficients was used to calculate Dv.1, Dv.5, and Dv.9 at the canopy top for each treatment. Differences in products at all horizontal and vertical collector positions were measured. When compared to water, results show that some of the products did not provide any benefits for drift reduction and, in fact, may have increased the drift potential. A few of the products exhibited the potential to reduce the amount of drift. Droplet sizes for Dv.1, Dv.5, and Dv.9 increased with the addition of the drift control/deposition aid products into the tank mix. The increases were variable across products and aircraft.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Multiple Comparisons in Mixed Models

We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for multiple comparisons in mixed models where the repeated measures on subjects are described with the subject random effects. The model facilitates inferences in parameterizing the successive differences of the population means, and for them, we choose independent prior distributions that are mixtures of a normal distribution and a discrete distribution with its entire mass at zero. For the other parameters, we choose conjugate or vague priors. The performance of the proposed hierarchical model is investigated in the simulated and two real data sets, and the results illustrate that the proposed hierarchical model can effectively conduct a global test and pairwise comparisons using the posterior probability that any two means are equal. A simulation study is performed to analyze the type I error rate, the familywise error rate, and the test power. The Gibbs sampler procedure is used to estimate the parameters and to calculate the posterior probabilities.
Stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of nonacoustic cranial nerve schwannomas.

Objective To review outcomes after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSR) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for nonacoustic cranial nerve schwannomas. Methods We reviewed medical records of 39 patients who received FSR or SRS for nonacoustic cranial nerve schwannomas at our institution during the period from 1996 to 2007. Results Tumors involved Cranial Nerves V (n = 19), III (n = 2), VI (n = 3), VII (n = 5), IX (n = 2), X (n = 5), and XII (n = 2) and the cavernous sinus (n = 1). Irradiation was performed after partial resection, biopsy, or no previous surgery in 16, 2, and 21 patients, respectively. Twenty-four patients received FSR, delivered in 1.8- to 2.0-Gy fractions to a median dose of 50.4 Gy (range, 45.0-54.0 Gy). Fifteen patients received SRS to a median dose of 12.0 Gy (range, 12-15 Gy). Mild acute toxicity occurred in 23% of the patients. The 2-year actuarial tumor control rate after FSR and SRS was 95%. The median follow-up period was 24 months. Changes in cranial nerve deficits after stereotactic irradiation were analyzed for patients with follow-up periods greater than 12 months (n = 26); cranial nerve deficits improved in 50%, were stable in 46%, and worsened in 4% of the patients. No significant difference was observed for FSR compared with SRS with regard to local control or to improvement of cranial nerve-related symptoms (P = 0.17). Conclusion SRS and FSR are both well-tolerated treatments for nonacoustic cranial nerve schwannomas, providing excellent tumor control and a high likelihood of symptomatic improvement.
Development of light‐stable PVC stabilizer systems for rigid weatherable applications

There are technical, as well as economical, advantages to employ light-stable polyvinyl chloride heat stabilizers for rigid weatherable applications. The desirable stabilizer systems should also be less or non-toxic, without sulfur staining problem, with acceptable odor, with stable and competitive economics. Our research effort has been targeted towards worldwide applicability. Our earliest effort was to search for an active metal from the periodic table! Considerations were given to the fate of the metal chlorides formed in the PVC resin. Preliminary compounds were synthesized for screening. Subsequently, organic ligands were designed to control and to activate the molecule in the stabilization of polyvinyl chloride. Co-additives, mostly conventional, were added to form stabilizer packages. Accelerated indoor light-stability tests demonstrated the desired light-stability against current stabilizer systems. Preliminary outdoor weathering data further supported the conclusion. The primary stabilizer has the following general structure: The chemistry and stabilization mechanism will be discussed. The above patent pending technical innovation is revealed as a contribution of our research effort to the Vinyl Industry. The eventual product commercialization will be of interest to all, especially those involved in the rigid weatherable applications.
Post‐Malaria Neurological Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Infection with Plasmodium falciparum is known to cause several neurological complications. The most deleterious is cerebral malaria, carrying a mortality of 10–50% in treated patients. 1 Rarely, patients can experience a neurological syndrome following successful treatment, including delayed onset cerebellar ataxia (DCA), 2–4 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). 5–9 In 1994, a study from Vietnam was the first to describe a distinctly unique post‐infectious syndrome, the post‐malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS). 10 The paper defined PMNS as: patients with symptomatic malaria infection (initial blood smear positive for asexual forms of the parasite), whose parasites have cleared from the peripheral blood and, in cerebral cases, had recovered consciousness fully, who developed neurological or psychiatric symptoms within 2 months of acute illness. 10 This case series described 22 patients with various signs and symptoms of encephalopathy after severe P. falciparum infection. Since then, 13 additional cases of PMNS have been reported. Herein we describe the first case occurring in the New World, review the cases of PMNS previously reported, and aim to better distinguish PMNS from other neurological complications occurring after recovery from malaria. A 42‐year‐old healthy Caucasian man presented to a community hospital with a 4‐day history of fever, chills, malaise, myalgias, and headache. Two weeks before, he had returned from a 1‐week trip to the Dominican Republic, for which he took no malaria prophylaxis. A blood smear revealed the presence of Plasmodium falciparum ring forms with a parasitemia level of 1%. He was treated with a single dose of oral mefloquine (1,250 mg). On hospital day 2, blood smear revealed 23% parasitemia. He received meperidine for pain and subsequently had a single episode of possible seizure activity. He was transferred to VCU Medical Center on hospital day 4 at which time his parasitemia had decreased to … Corresponding Author: J. Daniel Markley, DO, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298‐0019. E‐mail: jdmarkley{at}mcvhvcu.edu
A comparison of fatigue crack growth in human enamel and hydroxyapatite

Abstract Cracks and craze lines are often observed in the enamel of human teeth, but they rarely cause tooth fracture. The present study evaluates fatigue crack growth in human enamel, and compares that to the fatigue response of sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) with similar crystallinity, chemistry and density. Miniature inset compact tension (CT) specimens were prepared that embodied a small piece of enamel (N = 8) or HAp (N = 6). The specimens were subjected to mode I cyclic loads and the steady state crack growth responses were modeled using the Paris Law. Results showed that the fatigue crack growth exponent (m) for enamel (m = 7.7 ± 1.0) was similar to that for HAp (m = 7.9 ± 1.4), whereas the crack growth coefficient (C) for enamel (C = 8.7E−04 (mm/cycle) × (MPa m0.5)−m) was significantly lower (p
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: current status and indications.

A number of groups have directed clinical and laboratory research efforts to define and delineate the limits of hypothermic circulatory arrest. The deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass in small children are reviewed to place into historical perspective the impetus behind the development of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Among the advantages of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest are decreased exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass with its sequelae, improved operative field exposure, avoidance of multiple cannulas, and reduced postoperative edema. Because of concern regarding the effectiveness of the neurologic protection afforded by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, a body of literature has developed that includes both clinical (eg, the Boston Circulatory Arrest Study) and laboratory investigations of the influence of pH strategy, hematocrit level, oxygen strategy, intermittent reperfusion, and their interaction on outcome measures. Concomitantly, changes in both cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest techniques have led surgeons to reconsider the indications for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest use in children. In the future it will be important to focus an equal degree of attention to refine methods of continuous cardiopulmonary bypass including innovative methods that allow avoidance of circulatory arrest. No clear guidelines are presently available for the congenital surgeon regarding how low flow can be reduced, at what temperature repair should be undertaken, and what duration of low flow can be used for particular circumstances of pH, hematocrit, and collateral return. Until this information is collected, the comprehensive information regarding circulatory arrest that has already been gathered allows this technique to be used more safely than innovative but unproven methods of continuous cardiopulmonary bypass.
Use of Outcomes to Evaluate Surveillance Systems for Bioterrorist Attacks

Background Syndromic surveillance systems can potentially be used to detect a bioterrorist attack earlier than traditional surveillance, by virtue of their near real-time analysis of relevant data. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using the area under the curve (AUC) as a comparison metric has been recommended as a practical evaluation tool for syndromic surveillance systems, yet traditional ROC curves do not account for timeliness of detection or subsequent time-dependent health outcomes.
The Prediction of Scattered Broadband Shock-Associated Noise

A mathematical model is developed for the prediction of broadband shock-associated noise in the presence of an airframe body. Model arguments are dependent on the vector Green’s function of the linearized Euler equations, steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solutions, and the two-point cross-correlation of the equivalent source. The equivalent source is dependent on steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solutions of the jet flow that capture the nozzle and airframe geometry. Contours of the time-averaged streamwise velocity component and turbulent kinetic energy are examined with varying airframe position relative to the nozzle exit. Propagation effects are incorporated by approximating the vector Green’s function of the linearized Euler equations. This approximation involves the use of ray theory and an assumption that broadband shock-associated noise is relatively unaffected by the refraction of the jet shear layer. A nondimensional parameter is proposed that quantifies the changes of the broadband ...
Nutritional value of dietary nucleic acids and purine bases to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout were fed diets with graded levels (0.6%, 1.6%, 2.5%, and 4.1%) of a yeast nucleic acid extract corresponding to dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae levels of 7.5%, 20%, 30% and 50% or diets supplemented isonitrogenously (0.8% N) with free purines (adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine) in two 12-week studies. Fish fed increasing levels of yeast extract manifested significant (P < 0.05) corresponding incremental increases in growth and nitrogen retention. No negative effects on feed intake were observed. When fish were fed supplemental free purines, adenine was shown to be a potent inhibitor of feed intake and growth. While supplementation with the remaining purines did not negatively affect feed intake or growth, carcass nitrogen retention was significantly depressed, indicating the lack of a nitrogen-sparing effect. Our results indicate that the nutritional significance of free dietary adenine versus nucleic acid-bound adenine in yeast or yeast nucleic acid is an important consideration in evaluating the suitability of single cell proteins in fish feed formulations.
Functions of Armigeres subalbatus C-type lectins in innate immunity.

C-type lectins (CTLs) are a superfamily of calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding proteins containing at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) and they are present in almost all metazoans. Insect CTLs may function as pattern-recognition receptors and play important roles in innate immunity. In this study, we selected five AsCTLs from the mosquito Armigeres subalbatus, a natural vector of filarial nematodes, and performed both in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate their functions in innate immunity. AsCTLMA15, AsCTLGA5 and AsCTL15 were mainly expressed in hemocytes, AsCTL16 was expressed in fat body, while AsCTLMA11 was expressed in both hemocytes and fat body, and only AsCTLMA11 and AsCTL16 were expressed at high levels in adult females. In vitro binding assays showed that all five recombinant AsCTLs could bind to different microbial cell wall components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipid A, peptidoglycan (PG), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), zymosan and laminarin (beta-1,3-glucan). Recombinant AsCTLs also bound to several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and could agglutinate bacterial cells. Injection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) could significantly reduce expression of the five AsCTL mRNAs, and the survival of mosquitoes treated with dsRNA to AsCTLGA5 was significantly decreased after Escherichia coli infection, but did not change significantly after Micrococcus luteus infection compared to the control groups, suggesting that Ar. subalbatus AsCTLGA5 may participate in innate immunity against E. coli.
Histidine-tagged ubiquitin substitutes for wild-type ubiquitin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and facilitates isolation and identification of in vivo substrates of the ubiquitin pathway.

A general method for purification of any substrate of the ubiquitin pathway, the major eukaryotic proteolytic pathway, should utilize the common characteristic of covalent linkage of ubiquitin to substrate lysyl residues. The utility of a N-terminal histidine-tagged ubiquitin (HisUb) for in vivo conjugation and isolation of ubiquitinated proteins by metal chelation chromatography is conditioned by the requirement that HisUb conjugate to the same set of proteins as wild-type ubiquitin. Stringent in vivo tests with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing ubiquitins only from plasmids were performed to show that HisUb could substitute for wild-type ubiquitin. The utility of HisUb as a method for purification of proteins ubiquitinated in vivo was demonstrated by metal chelation chromatography of yeast extracts expressing HisUb and immunoblotting for Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. A fraction of Rpb1 was present in the ubiquitinated form in vivo. The ability to use HisUb expression in transgenic organisms that retain expression of their endogenous ubiquitin genes was demonstrated through transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing HisUb or its variant HisUbK48R. UbK48R is a version of ubiquitin capable of conjugation to proteins, but cannot serve as an attachment site for ubiquitin via the major in vivo interubiquitin linkage. Whereas transgenic plants expressing HisUb showed insignificant enrichment of ubiquitinated proteins, transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing HisUbK48R gave a much better yield.
A Logical Difficulty of the Parameter Setting Model

TESOL Quarterly, 20(1), 144-155. Brown, J. D. (1989). Language program evaluation: A synthesis of existing possibilities. In R. K. Johnson (Ed.), The second language curriculum (pp. 222-241). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fanselow, J. F. (1988). "Let's see": Contrasting conversations about teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 16(3), 113-130. Franklin, L. (1991). Using the context-adaptive model for program evaluation for a vocational English as a second language course. Unpublished master's thesis, University of California, Los Angeles. Long, M. H. (1984). Process and product in ESL program evaluation. TESOl Quarterly, 18(3), 409-425. Lynch, B. K. (1988). Toward a context-adaptive model for the evaluation of language teaching programs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 2264A.
Optimization of a Lunar Pallet Lander Reinforcement Structure Using a Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a unique system level spacecraft design optimization will be presented. A Genetic Algorithm is used to design the global pattern of the reinforcing structure, while a gradient routine is used to adequately stiffen the sub-structure. The system level structural design includes determining the optimal physical location (and number) of reinforcing beams of a lunar pallet lander deck structure. Design of the substructure includes determining placement of secondary stiffeners and the number of rivets required for assembly.. In this optimization, several considerations are taken into account. The primary objective was to raise the primary natural frequencies of the structure such that the Pallet Lander primary structure does not significantly couple with the launch vehicle. A secondary objective is to determine how to properly stiffen the reinforcing beams so that the beam web resists the shear buckling load imparted by the spacecraft components mounted to the pallet lander deck during launch and landing. A third objective is that the calculated stress does not exceed the allowable strength of the material. These design requirements must be met while, minimizing the overall mass of the spacecraft. The final paper will discuss how the optimization was implemented as well as the results. While driven by optimization algorithms, the primary purpose of this effort was to demonstrate the capability of genetic algorithms to enable design automation in the preliminary design cycle. By developing a routine that can automatically generate designs through the use of Finite Element Analysis, considerable design efficiencies, both in time and overall product, can be obtained over more traditional brute force design methods.
Student Analyses of Motivation and School Learning.

AbstractAnalyses by students of the reasons for schooling and the factors that would improve school success were obtained at grades 7 and 11. “To learn,” “to prepare for later life and the future, ” and “to get a job” were the most frequent reasons for schooling. Where factors that would improve school success were concerned, there was from the younger to the older students a significantly increasing emphasis on the importance of school and teacher (external) variables as opposed to self (internal) variables. It was suggested that efforts toward the innovative restructuring of schools might profitably be focused on older students at high school levels.
The effect of various disclosants on plaque accumulation in human subjects.

A clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effect of daily use of three disclosants, erythrosine, fast green and sodium fluorescein, compared to a saline control, on subsequent plaque deposition. Twenty subjects refrained from all oral hygiene for four consecutive 7 day periods. Each subject rinsed each night with a disclosing solution or saline as assigned and according to a design using 5 restricted Latin Squares of 4 subjects each. At 7 day intervals, plaque score (modified Quigley-Hein, J. Periodontology, 41:41, 1970), plaque weight and absorbance were evaluated and each subject received a rubber cup prophylaxis and another disclosant was assigned. The data revealed no significant differences between the groups of subjects using the various disclosants or saline, demonstrating that daily use of these agents has no effect on rates of plaque formation as determined clinically. There was a statistically significant increase in plaque accumulation (20 %) in all groups by completion of the experiment despite the weekly prophylaxis. All subjects had a moderate to severe gingivitis by the end of the fourth week.
Speculation on cosmological bounce

Two problems are considered. First it is argued that cosmological bounce cannot arise from ordinary electromagnetic effects. Second, it is conjectured that the attractive nature of the shadow potential used in electrodynamics to obtain a stable point electron could be used also to obtain cosmological bounce, provided it is attractive between all particles. To ensure this a modified shadow potential is formulated which has mass instead of charge as its source. This then leads to a negative static interaction energy between leptons proportional to T/sup 6/ (T the temperature), providing the screening parameter is independent of T. For large enough densities (i.e., temperature) this negative energy provides a mechanism that can turn the universe around.
On the Relationship Between Trade Theory and Location Theory

International trade theory and location theory deal with many of the same issues, yet have evolved as almost completely distinct intellectual disciplines. This paper summarizes the main distinctive features of each field and suggests how we can try to generate a new discipline that combines insights from both.
Systemic Adoptive T-Cell Immunotherapy in Recurrent and Metastatic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Phase 1 Study

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and toxic effects of systemic adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Design Nonrandomized phase 1 clinical trial. Setting Academic tertiary care hospital. Patients Between April 1, 1996, and September 30, 1998, 17 patients with confirmed recurrent and metastatic SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract were enrolled. Two patients did not receive T cells because of poor vaccine response. Fifteen patients were successfully treated with T-cell immunotherapy. Intervention Patients were vaccinated on the thigh with irradiated autologous tumor cells admixed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) followed by 3 additional daily injections of GM-CSF at the vaccination site. Eight to 10 days later, tumor cell vaccine-draining inguinal lymph nodes were resected, and lymph node lymphocytes were activated with staphylococcal enterotoxin A and expanded in interleukin 2 in vitro. Resulting cultured cells were infused into patients peripherally on an outpatient basis. Results Toxic effects of infusion were limited to grade 2 reactions in 3 of 16 treatments. One patient required overnight hospitalization for fever and emesis. Median cell expansion was 37 times (range, 4-416 times), and median cell dose was 7.5 × 10 9 (range, 1.3 × 10 8 to 4.2 × 10 10 ). Infused cells were predominantly CD3 + (>97%), being a mixture of CD4 + and CD8 + cells. Three patients demonstrated stabilization of previously progressive disease. Two patients experienced favorable clinical courses after adoptive T-cell transfer, including 1 patient with no evidence of disease 4 years after surgical resection of a vertebral body metastasis. Conclusions Adoptive immunotherapy is a technically feasible and safe treatment with low toxicity and may demonstrate therapeutic activity in patients with unresectable SCCHN.
Berry phase mechanism for optical gyrotropy in stripe-ordered cuprates

Optical gyrotropy, the lifting of degeneracy between left and right circularly polarized light, can be generated by either time-reversal or chiral symmetry breaking. In the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductor La${}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$Ba${}_{x}$CuO${}_{4}$ (LBCO), gyrotropy onsets at the same temperature as charge stripe order, suggesting that the rotation of the stripe direction from one plane to the next generates a helical pattern that breaks chiral symmetry. In order to further test this chiral stacking hypothesis it is necessary to develop an understanding of the physical mechanisms by which chirality generates gyrotropy. In this paper we show that, in chiral metals, optical gyrotropy is a consequence of Berry curvature in momentum space. We describe a physical picture showing that gyrotropy in chiral metals is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect in itinerant ferromagnets. We then calculate the magnitude of the gyrotropic response for a given Berry curvature using the semiclassical picture of anomalous velocity and Boltzmann transport theory. To connect this physical picture with experiment, we calculate the Berry curvature in two tight-binding models. The first model is motivated by the structure of LBCO and illustrates how gyrotropy is created when stripe perturbations are added to a simple cubic model. In the second model, we examine the dramatic enhancement of the gyrotropic coefficient when Rashba spin-orbit coupling is introduced. The magnitude of the rotation of polarization on reflection expected based on these models is calculated and compared with experimental data.
Evaluating the co‐construction of the family, school, and community partnership program in a low‐income urban high school

Selected program participants became trained assistant evaluators when a school-based family, school, and community partnership program for black students in a low-income urban high school was evaluated using Talent Development strategies.
First Report of Damping-Off of Canola Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 in Washington State.

In early September 2003, winter canola (Brassica napus L) cv. Inca was direct seeded into plots previously cropped with spring barley at the Washington State University Dryland Research Station at Lind, WA. Before planting, the plots received 80 mm of water by sprinkler irrigation, and 2 weeks later, volunteer barley was killed with Paraquat contact herbicide. In late September, 3 weeks after planting, canola seedlings exhibited postemergence damping-off and lesions on the hypocotyls, resulting in significant stand reductions. Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from infected hypocotyls using water agar amended with chloramphenicol (100 μg/ml). Cultures on potato dextrose agar produced dark brown colonies with dark brown microsclerotia. Three isolates were grown on autoclaved oat seed for 3 weeks in 1-liter Erlenmeyer flasks at 22°C, and colonized seed was air dried in a laminar flow hood, ground in a coffee grinder, and added to a Thatuna silt loam at 1% (w/w). The infested soil was placed into 4- × 20.5-cm ...
Family Violence and Children’s Behavior Problems: Independent Contributions of Intimate Partner and Child-Directed Physical Aggression

Using data from a diverse sample of 581 families living in predominantly low-income, rural communities, the current study sought to investigate the longitudinal associations among father-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) and child-directed physical aggression perpetrated by the mother. The unique contributions of each of these types of family violence on children’s behavioral problems at school entry were also examined. Results confirm bidirectional associations between father-perpetrated IPV and maternal physical aggression directed toward the child, and indicate that both types of physical aggression contribute to child behavior problems at school entry.
Application of different doses of calcium hydroxide in the farming shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with the biofloc technology (BFT)

The reduction in alkalinity and pH occurs due to the consumption of inorganic carbon by bacteria present in the biofloc. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of calcium hydroxide on the water quality and growth performance of the Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system. The experiment consisted of four treatments with three repetitions for each treatment: Control treatment (TC), in which the pH maintained above 7.2 due to the application of 0.05 g L−1 of calcium hydroxide, and treatments T10, T20 and T40, in which daily doses of calcium hydroxide equivalent to 10, 20 and 40 % of the total amount of feed offered to the shrimp, respectively, were added to the environment. Twelve experimental units (150 L) were stocked with 85 juveniles of L. vannamei (0.18 ± 0.06 g), corresponding to a density of 425 shrimp m−3, and cultivated for 56 days. The values of alkalinity and pH for treatments TC and T10 were similar and significantly lower (p 0.05) in the survival rates. The results obtained indicate that doses of 0.05 g L−1 of calcium hydroxide or daily applications between 10 and 20 % of the total amount of feed offered to the shrimp can be used for the correction of alkalinity and pH.
An Ecological View of School Satisfaction in Adolescence: Linkages Between Social Support and Behavior Problems

This study investigated the relationships among school satisfaction, social support, and problem behaviors in adolescents. Modest associations were found between school satisfaction and the demographic variables of gender, race, age, and grade level. Support from teachers, parents, and classmates contributed unique variance to ratings of school satisfaction; with teacher support contributing the most unique variance. School satisfaction mediated the relationship between social support and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. School satisfaction did not moderate the relationship between social support and problem behavior; however, it did serve as a protective factor across all levels of social support. Implications are discussed, including suggestions for developing interventions that focus on increasing support for adolescents in efforts to improve school satisfaction and reduce problem behaviors.
Black light induction of skin tumors in mice.

Albino inbred mice (A/J strain) exposed to 40-w black light fluorescent lamps (BLB) for 12 hr a day for up to a year developed inflammatory and hyperplastic responses on hairless ear and tail skin, but not on back skin covered by hair. After 1 year of such exposure, many individuals developed papillomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas on their ears and tails. It may be concluded that black light is a skin carcinogen for A/J mice.