cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic approaches to understanding families

The economic approach helps explain the enormous changes in fertility, marriage, divorce, and human capital of families during the past 50 years. Large challenges remain to explain below-replacement fertility in over 60 countries and the consequences of such low birth rates for economic growth and other issues.
Establishing the Moral Basis of Medicine: Edmund D. Pellegrino's Philosophy of Medicine

Edmund D. Pellegrino's philosophy of medicine is explored in categories such as the motivation in constructing a philosophy of medicine, the method, the starting point of the doctor-patient relationship, negotiation about values in this relationship, the goal of the relationship, the moral basis of medicine, and additional concerns in the relationship (concerns such as gatekeeping, philosophical anthropology, axiology, philosophy of the body, and the general disjunction between science and morals). A critique of this philosophy is presented in the following areas: methodology, relation to ontology and sociology, the dynamic of individual and social concerns, and the new social condition of medicine. Finally, some suggestions for the future revitalization of philosophy of medicine are made based on Pellegrino's ideas. The focus throughout is on the moral basis and moral consequences of the philosophy of medicine, and not on other important themes.
Modelling for semiconductor spintronics

The authors summarise semiclassical modelling methods, including drift-diffusion, kinetic transport equation and Monte Carlo simulation approaches, utilised in studies of spin dynamics and transport in semiconductor structures. As a review of the work by the authors' group, several examples of applications of these modelling techniques are presented.
Compressibility and Phase Transition Kinetics of Lanthanide‐Doped Zircon

The structure and compressibility of synthetic lanthanide-doped zircon (ZrSiO4 with a total of 2.0 mol% trivalent Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, and Y, charge-balanced by addition of P5+) were determined from static compression experiments to 25.9 GPa. The sample bulk modulus, KT0=189±1 GPa is 5% lower than KT0 for undoped zircon, and the sample transforms from the zircon to the scheelite structure above 22.6 GPa, 3 GPa greater than the transformation pressure in pure ZrSiO4. A simple model is presented linking compressibility with unit-cell volume for zircon-structured and scheelite-structured ABO4 compounds, allowing prediction of the compressibility of zircon-structured vanadates and phosphates.
Statistical performance analysis of seismic-excited structures with active interaction control

This paper presents a statistical performance analysis of a semi-active structural control system for suppressing the vibration response of building structures during strong seismic events. The proposed semi-active mass damper device consists of a high-frequency mass damper with large stiffness, and an actively controlled interaction element that connects the mass damper to the structure. Through actively modulating the operating states of the interaction elements according to pre-specified control logic, vibrational energy in the structure is dissipated in the mass damper device and the vibration of the structure is thus suppressed. The control logic, categorized under active interaction control, is defined directly in physical space by minimizing the inter-storey drift of the structure to the maximum extent. This semi-active structural control approach has been shown to be effective in reducing the vibration response of building structures due to specific earthquake ground motions. To further evaluate the control performance, a Monte Carlo simulation of the seismic response of a three-storey steel-framed building model equipped with the proposed semi-active mass damper device is performed based on a large ensemble of artificially generated earthquake ground motions. A procedure for generating code-compatible artificial earthquake accelerograms is also briefly described. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed semi-active mass damper device in controlling vibrations of building structures during large earthquakes.
Cumulative Effects of Spontaneous Mutations for Fitness in Caenorhabditis: Role of Genotype, Environment and Stress

It is often assumed that the mutation rate is an evolutionarily optimized property of a taxon. The relevant mutation rate is for mutations that affect fitness, U, but the strength of selection on the mutation rate depends on the average effect of a mutation. Determination of U is complicated by the possibility that mutational effects depend on the particular environmental context in which the organism exists. It has been suggested that the effects of deleterious mutations are typically magnified in stressful environments, but most studies confound genotype with environment, so it is unclear to what extent environmental specificity of mutations is specific to a particular starting genotype. We report a study designed to separate effects of species, genotype, and environment on the degradation of fitness resulting from new mutations. Mutations accumulated for >200 generations at 20° in two strains of two species of nematodes that differ in thermal sensitivity. Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. elegans have similar demography at 20°, but C. elegans suffers markedly reduced fitness at 25°. We find little evidence that mutational properties differ depending on environmental conditions and mutational correlations between environments are close to those expected if effects were identical in both environments.
Preparing for information‐age conflict: Part 2 doctrinal and strategic dimensions

Abstract Across the spectrum of Information‐Age conflict, from social activism at one end to active military operations at the other, ‘swarming’ is emerging as an optimal doctrine for actualizing the potential of small, dispersed, networked groups using new information technologies. Swarms will feature a capability for ‘sustainable pulsing’ ‐ manœuvring separately, while combining on a particular object or target simultaneously, from all directions. This will be found both on battlefields, where decentralized, networked command and control will unleash the power of a BattleSwarm ‐ a possible successor to the twentieth‐century blitzkrieg form of war ‐ and in ‘global civil society’ actions, as seen in the campaign to ban landmines and in the protracted information operations to deter the Mexican government from using force against the Zapatista rebels in Chiapas. Achieving the organizational and doctrinal shifts we discuss will require unprecedented levels of information sharing. At the level of grand strat...
Comfort and nurses' moral choices

Caring has been advocated as integral to nursing ethics, and much theorizing has suggested that it may be a partial or the entire foundation for nursing's ethic. Yet few research studies have examined the practical expression of caring in the clinical setting. The author describes the concept of comfort as an aspect of care experienced by long-term care nurses in their daily practice related to moral choices. The design of the study was descriptive and qualitative. The sample consisted of 15 registered nurses who were participants in the author's previous study of moral certainty and uncertainty. Their responses to interview questions during the previous study suggested the topic for the present study. A semi-structured interview consisting of eight neutral open-ended questions was conducted with each participant. The findings suggest that long-term-care nurses function in the roles of mediator and communicator. In these roles, they try to meet a mental ideal of "good nursing practice'. They use multiple criteria on which to base their moral choices including comfort, their own and their residents. The author examines the providing and feeling of comfort as related to the nurses' moral choices.
Cereals: Overview of Uses: Accent on Wheat Grain

Cereals are grass species that are the primary source of food for humankind. Energy in the form of starch is their leading contribution but they are also important sources of protein, lipid, vitamins, and minerals. Cereal grains are all processed to varying degrees and made into a limitless array of foods. As such, ‘quality’ is a subjective assessment of suitability for a given process, food, or use. The major cereals are maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, millets, oat, rye, and triticale.
A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma

Constable, Peter D. A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 297–311, 1997.—The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and Stewart’s str...
Cardiopulmonary sympathetic input excites primate cuneothalamic neurons: comparison with spinothalamic tract neurons.

Chandler, Margaret J., Jianhua Zhang, and Robert D. Foreman. Cardiopulmonary sympathetic input excites primate cuneothalamic neurons: comparison with spinothalamic tract neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 628–637, 1998. Stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers excites thoracic and cervical spinothalamic tract (STT) cells that respond primarily to noxious somatic stimuli. Neurons in dorsal column nuclei respond primarily to innocuous somatic inputs, but noxious stimulation of pelvic viscera activates gracile neurons. The purpose of this study was to compare effects of thoracic visceral input on cuneothalamic and STT neurons. Stellate ganglia of 17 anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were stimulated electrically to activate cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers. Somatic receptive fields were manipulated with brush, tap, and pinch stimuli. Extracellular discharge rate was recorded for neurons antidromically activated from ventroposterolateral (VPL) thalamus. Stimulation of the ipsil...
Procalcitonin as a Marker of Bacteremia in Patients With Fever and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

BACKGROUND Children undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often present to the emergency department (ED) with a fever. They are at high risk of bacteremia secondary to being immunocompromised. Recent reports indicate that procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful marker of bacteremia in children. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the clinical utility of PCT as a rapid marker of bacteremia in children with ALL presenting to the ED with a fever. In addition, we compared the results of PCT with white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS Retrospective chart reviews were conducted of 492 patients with a total of 735 visits presenting to the ED from January 2009 to June 2012 with fever and a history of ALL where a PCT and a blood culture (BC) were obtained,. Positive BCs determined to be contaminants were excluded. The predictive powers of PCT, WBC, ESR, and CRP for bacteremia were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In addition, each of the 4 markers were also examined in a logistic regression model as a potential predictor of the BC result. RESULTS A total of 735 PCT values were correlated with BC results. There were 76 (10.3%) true-positive BCs. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.729 (95% CI, 0.661-0.792) for PCT, 0.685 (95% CI, 0.531-0.823) for ESR, 0.622 (95% CI, 0.460-0.796) for CRP, and 0.567 (95% CI, 0.483-0.649) for WBC. When logistic regression was used, the transformation log PCT was significantly associated with BC result whereas each of the other 3 markers, after appropriate transformation to remove heavy skewness, was not significant (all P > 0.1). A doubling of PCT was associated with an odds ratio of 1.32 for positive BCs (95% CI, 1.15-1.53). CONCLUSIONS Procalcitonin value was significantly associated with positive BC (P < 0.0001). The diagnostic performance of PCT was better than the other markers of inflammation. Its use in the ED in a select population of patients may be of significant value in identifying bacteremia. This has the potential to lead to a decrease in unwarranted use of antibiotics, hospital length of stay, and health care expenditures.
Investigation on behavior and knowledge of falls prevention among the elderly in Shijiazhuang communities

Objective To study the status of health knowledge and health-related behaviors of falls prevention among the elderly in Shijiazhuang communities,and provide reliable evidence for development of comprehensive falls prevention and control. Methods Through random stratified sampling,an investigation was carried out among the elderly aged 60years old and above,who lived at least 1 year in Weiming and Kaida community of Qiaoxi district,Shijiazhuang. Results The awareness rate of"others suitable crutches may not be suitable for yourself"was 88. 4% and this rate was the highest.The awareness rate of"taking drugs increase the risk of falls"was 26. 7% and this rate was the lowest. The correct rate of"you would reduce your daily activities or sports because of the fearing of falling"was 74. 1%,and the rate of"taking calcium currently"was the lowest of 18. 4%. Conclusion The behavior and knowledge of falls prevention among the elderly were at a low level in Shijiazhuang communities.
The Effects of a High Carbohydrate Diet on the Teeth of Parabiosed Albino Rats

provide evidence thatrefined carbohydrates which areaddedtoadequate diets fedtoWistarstrain albino ratsarea contributory factor intheincidence ofdental caries inthemolarteethofthese rats.Atthesametime, thesestudies indicate astrain difference inthecariogenicity ofsuchsugar-containing diets. TheworkofHuntandHoppert9 onthe inheritance factor indental caries ofalbino ratsalsodemonstrated theexistence ofcaries-susceptible andcaries-resistant strains fromthesamestock.Inview ofthesefindings andtheprobable existence ofothervariables, suchasfood assimilation, sugarclearance bythesaliva, toothstructure, andoralenvironment,itwasdeemedadvisable toconsider a newexperimental approach to obtain maximumreduction inthevariants between theexperimental animals andthecontrols. Thepresent studyisanattempt atthemaximalreduction ofindividual variation bytheuseofinbred littermate albino ratsinparabiosis. Thegrowth' anddental responses todiet byparabiotic albino ratshaveledtothehypothesis thatsuccessfully parabiosed ratsmaybeconsidered tolive inasimilar, ifnot equal, physiologic environment. Thefollowing evidence strongly suggests that successful parabiosis approaches thestatus ofuniovular twins: (1)Therearealmostparallel growthincrements similar tothosefoundin un-united animals fedthesamediet.(2)Afterthree or fourdaysofparabiotic union, thereisa bloodinterchange everytwenty-four hoursbetweentheanimals, equal toatleast tentimesthebloodvolume."i UsingFe59andNa24isotopes, Huff, Trautman,andVan Dyke12calculated that0.66percentofthebloodvolumeper minute wastransferred fromoneparabiont totheother.(3)Thesuccessful takeof skingrafts isanaccepted signofgenetic similarity betweenindividuals. In successful unions, thereisa complete andhealthy takeoftheunitedanimals' skins, withconcomitant obliteration ofthesutureareaanduniformhairgrowth.Subsequentsuccessful exchange ofpediele skingrafts betweenparabionts suggests either homeostatic adaptation orclosegenetic similarity. (4)Toleration andequalregeneration ofsciatic nervetrunkscrossed fromoneparabiont toanother further suggest genetic similarity. Therateofgrowth oftheproximal sciatic stumpfrom oneparabiont intothecutdistal sheath oftheother parabiont isequal tothatfound inoperated individual animals.'3 Successful parabiosis occursinapproximately 25percentofallparabiotic surgery performed. Themajority ofunions inparabiosis areeither UnsuccessfulClass IorClass II.InClass I,thelittermates donotgrowequally, although bothappeartobeconsuming large quantities offood.Oneoftheparabionts remains stunted, soonappears toxic andanemic, andusually diesprior tothe fifteenth dayofparabiosis. Unsuccessful Class IIparabiosis ischaracterized by
Chromosomal Defects and Their Role in Lymphomagenesis

The major thrust of this book, i.e., lymphoproliferative disorders in subjects rendered immunodeficient either through therapy or inheritance and, thus, more susceptible to infections with viruses (particularly Epstein-Barr virus, EBV), raises a number of crucial questions regarding the role of chromosomal changes at various stages of these complex events. An attempt will be made to relate known cytogenetic events and changes in lymphoma to their possible role in lymphomagenesis in immune deficiency disorders. The terms cytogenetic, chromosomal and karyotypic will be used interchangeably.
Three centuries of paradigm changes in biological classification: Is the end in sight?

Classification has been a centerpiece of biology ever since Linnaeus, providing a framework on which existing knowledge can be organized and predictions about unknown traits can be made. But the basis of biological classification has gone through a series of upheavals over the last three centuries, from being considered a plan in the mind of the creator, to a neutral assessment of overall similarity, to a reflection of evolutionary niches, and finally to a phylogenetic mapping of the tree of life. This paper will consider this historical process, with emphasis on phylogenetic systematics (cladistics), and also consider where we might be heading in the future. It is necessary first, however, to consider the purposes of classification itself, which have not changed much over time.
Column Generating Technique

In this chapter, we shall discuss the most important computational technique of solving a large linear program. If a linear program has a very large number of columns (variables), perhaps too many to write down, we can use the column generating technique to obtain the optimum solution. The point is that entries of the constraint matrix are not random numbers. For every linear program, there is a special structure which is implicitly given in the matrix. By exploring this special structure, we can solve a large linear program with infinitely many columns.
Commencement: The Boundaries of Politics

The rise and subsequent demise of ‘radical Westminster’ represents a critical chapter in the story of Britain’s transition to democracy. This book explores the changing contours of that most unusual borough, from the Indian summer of oligarchy to the springtime of democracy when Westminster was the most important parliamentary seat in the kingdom and crucial to the formation of Britain’s political modernity. The pages that follow seek to answer this question: What did it mean for the form British democracy came to take that the most radical and contentious constituency in an age of oligarchy became the most conservative and tranquil in an age of democracy? Only by using the full range of tools and texts available can this question be answered. Because the boundaries of political analysis are porous rather than fixed, this integrated approach considers new ways of thinking about the project of political history.
Assessment of Scaffolding Properties for Chondrogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Nasal Reconstruction.

ImportanceNasal reconstruction in patients who are missing a significant amount of structural nasal support remains a difficult challenge. One challenge is the deficiency of cartilage left within t...
GPU-accelerated charge mapping

Charge Mapping is critical to electrostatics computations such as performed in Molecular Dynamics simulations. It reduces the complexity of evaluating long-range Coulombic forces by diffusing discrete particle charges onto a regular grid. Acceleration of this stage using GPUs is non-trivial, with the compute and memory intensive nature of the algorithm limiting performance benefits in naive implementations. In this paper, we explore methods for performing efficient charge mapping on GPUs. By utilizing available resources effectively and reducing compute and memory transactions, high throughput can be achieved. Our best case implementation shows > 14 × speed-up over existing GPU codes and > 25 × speed-up over production CPU codes such as NAMD.
Wear behavior of annealed atomic layer deposited alumina

Abstract Atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina is a promising candidate for use as a wear-resistant and protective coating in MEMS and other applications. While the tribological properties of ALD alumina may be affected by numerous factors related to processing, environment, and operating conditions, its wear behavior is neither quantified nor well understood. In this study, ALD alumina is annealed at different temperatures, then subjected to sliding wear testing in a humid air environment. Tribological properties appear to be heavily influenced by annealing temperature. Surprisingly, the wear rate decreased by about two orders of magnitude after annealing at 1000 ⁰C for 1 hour. This improvement in wear resistance was shown to be influenced by the formation of crystalline phases as annealing temperature increased.
Differences in Real World Executive Function between Children with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder and Children with ADHD

Supporting information Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article: Supplemental Table 1: Performance scores for the TMT A&B (Z scores), the Digit Span Task (standardized scores) and the Spatial Span Task (percent correct) in each group. Supplemental Figure 1: Graphical representation of percent of individuals in each group with T>60 for each BRIEF-PR sub-scale.
90. Vector Biodistribution After Recombinant AAVrh10 Intrathecal Delivery in Non-Human Primates

Intrathecal (IT) delivery of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is currently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. To date, there is no standardized method to deliver the vector into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Several parameters could impact the transduction efficacy among them the dose, the AAV serotype or the volume of injection. In this study, we analyzed the impact of large vector volume administered in the lumbar CSF on the vector biodistribution. Cynomolgus monkeys were injected with a serotype 10 AAV vector (AAVrh10) a serotype known to transduce efficiently the CNS via a pre-implanted catheter. The catheter was inserted after a hemilaminectomy at approximately the L5 vertebra, and advanced intrathecally with the tip located near the thoracolumbar junction. The rAAVrh10 (5.0 ml) was administered as two 2.5 ml infusions (the second infusion was approximately six hours after initiation of the first infusion). The infusion rate was 7.5 ml/hr over approximately 20 minutes. For the duration of both infusion, the NHPs were restrained in a prone position with the restraint table tilted approximately 30 degrees head-down. The vector biodistribution was analyzed by digital PCR and the results demonstrate that viral genomes are detected along the entire length of the spinal cord but also in substantial levels in peripheral organs. Due to viral genomes detected in lymphoid organs, we are currently analyzing the immune response to AAV capsid. These results are important for assessing the safety of IT delivery in large animal models before translation to human clinical trials.
Fast dynamic in-band RF self-interference cancellation for enabling efficient spectral usage

A photonic system capable of cancelling fast changing co-channel wideband RF self-interference is designed and demonstrated, providing a potential solution to RF spectral scarcity and full-duplex transmission in wideband emerging wireless systems.
Evaluating Wildlife Vulnerability to Mercury Pollution From Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Madre de Dios, Peru

Illegal, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) often occurs in remote highly biodiverse areas, such as the Madre de Dios region of Peru. Mercury used in gold mining bioaccumulates in the env...
Augmenting Nucleopolyhedrovirus Load in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Populations with Egg Mass Treatments

Previous observations show that gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., mortality induced by the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper is quickly manifested as host population density increa...
A New Genus and Two New Species of Idiocerinae from Thailand (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae)

ABSTRACT: A new genus Drepanicerus is described for two closely related species, D. digitus n. sp. and D. cornutus n. sp. from Thailand. A key is included to help in separating this genus from the other genera in Thailand.
Three Arguments for the Mind-Dependence of Becoming

Apart from the support allegedly lent to the B-Theory of time by SR, there are few arguments of a positive nature in support of the B-Theory. In his oftreprinted defense of the mind-dependence of temporal becoming,1 Adolf Grunbaum briefly exposits three such arguments. According to Grunbaum’s analysis, what qualifies a physical event at a time t as occurring now is that some mind-possessing organism M experiences the event at t in such a way that at t M is conceptually aware that his having the experience of the event is simultaneous with an awareness of the fact that he has that experience at all.2 For example, in order for a gunshot at t to qualify as occurring now, M must be judgmentally aware at t (i) that he hears a gunshot and (ii) that that awareness of his hearing the gunshot is simultaneous with his hearing the gunshot. Note that M’s awareness of (i) involves a present-tense belief, for otherwise any event of which M ever has an experience could qualify as now. But since tense is an expression of what is the case in relation to the present or now, Grunbaum’s characterization of nowness is circular. In a revised version of his article, he freely admits this; the nowness of an event E is made to depend on someone’s knowing at t that he is experiencing (present tense) E, which is tantamount to someone’s judging at t, “I am experiencing E now.” 3 But Grunbaum insists that his characterization of nowness is non-viciously circular because he is not attempting to define “now” in such a way as to eliminate nowness in favor of tenseless temporal attributes or relations but rather is merely articulating the mind-dependence of nowness. He is, in effect, saying that in order for a physical event at t to qualify as occurring now, it must at t be consciously experienced as occurring now by some person.
High-resolution T1 mapping with ANGIE detects increased right-ventricular extracellular volume fraction in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background Right ventricular (RV) failure is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Pressure overload in PAH leads to a complex series of changes in cardiomyocytes and the extracellular matrix of the RV. Thus, quantitative T1 mapping of the RV to assess myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV) may be a valuable noninvasive marker of RV fibrosis in these patients. However, current clinically preferred T1 mapping techniques have limited spatial resolution, restricting their application to assessment of left ventricular (LV) ECV. We recently developed a novel technique, termed ANGIE, which uses navigator gating and acceleration with compressed sensing (CS) to provide high-resolution T1 mapping for assessment of thin structures such as the wall of the RV. The aim of the present study was to use ANGIE to test the hypothesis that RV ECV is elevated in patients with PAH compared to reference subjects.
A review of neuroblastoma image-defined risk factors on magnetic resonance imaging

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid malignancy in children. Historically, neuroblastoma has been staged using the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS), which relies on surgical staging. This is problematic because surgical resection can vary among surgeons and tumors and occurs at interval times from diagnosis. In 2009 the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) created a new staging system that relies on preoperative imaging for staging. The INRG staging system consists of 20 image-defined risk factors (IDRF) across multiple organ systems, which help predict surgical outcomes/adequacy of resection and can be combined with clinical data to provide up-front risk stratification. The purpose of this review is to describe both the INSS and INRG staging systems and their limitations and to illustrate the definitions and IDRFs that comprise the INRG staging system.
Adverse Outcomes with Maternal Blood Pressure Less than 140/90 in Pregnancy Complicated by Hypertension

Objective We assessed the risk of small for gestational age and other outcomes in pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension with blood pressure Study Design Retrospective cohort of singletons with hypertension at a single institution from 2000 to 2014. Mean systolic blood pressure and mean diastolic blood pressure were analyzed as continuous and dichotomous variables ( Results Small for gestational age was not increased with a mean systolic blood pressure Conclusion Mean systolic blood pressure
Comparison of Multi-objective Optimization Methods Applied to Electrical Machine Design.

Electric machine design optimization is a growing topic of interest. Using a genetic algorithm for optimization, an efficient search of the design possibilities can be performed. Finite element analysis software includes optimization tools for machine designs. The exact operation of these genetic algorithms is unknown to the user, and the operating parameters of the built-in genetic algorithm are not completely configurable. Finite element analysis software in most cases allow for machine designers to link user-defined optimization algorithms. Given this option, the designer has the ability to select and tune an optimization algorithm to achieve diverse solutions that converge close to the true Pareto-optimal front. In this work, the benefit of user-defined optimization algorithms is demonstrated through optimizing design of a linear permanent magnet synchronous machine and evaluating the obtained Pareto-optimal fronts.
Mimicking a Space Mission to Mars Using Hindlimb Unloading and Partial Weight Bearing in Rats.

Rodent ground-based models are widely used to understand the physiological consequences of space flight on the physiological system and have been routinely employed since 1979 and the development of hind limb unloading (HLU). However, the next steps in space exploration now include to travel to Mars where the gravity is 38% of Earth’s gravity. Since no human being has experienced this level of partial gravity, a sustainable ground-based model is necessary to investigate how the body, already impaired by the time spent in microgravity, would react to this partial load. Here, we used our innovative partial weight-bearing (PWB) model to mimic a short mission and stay on Mars to assess the physiological impairments in the hind limb muscles induced by two different levels of reduced gravity applied in sequential fashion. This could provide a safe, ground-based model to study the musculoskeletal adaptations to gravitational change and to establish effective countermeasures to preserve astronauts’ health and function.
The expanded role of palliative procedures with minimally invasive tumor ablation techniques

19548 Background: To effectively and appropriately manage the debilitating symptoms of advanced cancer, physicians must balance the potential promise of palliative interventions against requirement...
A novel approach to reduce blood loss in patients with placenta accreta spectrum disorder.

Objective: Cesarean hysterectomy for the treatment of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders has the potential to be associated with significant blood loss, massive transfusion, and operative mo...
Signal-Level Models of Pointwise Electromagnetic Exposure for Millimeter Wave Communication

Electromagnetic exposure from wireless devices is strictly regulated around the world to ensure the safety of consumers. Recent studies have demonstrated that multi-antenna systems can leverage signal-level exposure models to jointly mitigate user radiation absorption and achieve high data rates. This is especially important for millimeter wave technologies, which are susceptible to power back-off techniques due to high propagation and blockage losses. However, prior models require significant overhead in the form of exposure measurements to compute model parameters and cannot be easily modified to predict electromagnetic absorption in different testing configurations. This article proposes methods to approximate the characteristic matrix of a quadratic model for two exposure measures in the millimeter wave band: incident power density and surface specific absorption rate (SAR). The presented models can be calculated with a small number of parameters and can be altered to account for mutual coupling, near-field effects, and changes in the exposure scenario. Spatial sampling schemes based on these models are derived to determine how many testing points are necessary to estimate exposure in a region within a specified margin of error. Software simulation results with half-wave dipoles validate the accuracy of the proposed models in a millimeter wave scenario.
Outcomes after completion thyroidectomy versus total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer: A single-center experience

Background Thyroid cancer diagnoses are often discovered after diagnostic thyroid lobectomy. Completion thyroidectomy (CT) may be indicated for intermediate or high-risk tumors to facilitate surveillance and/or adjuvant treatment. The completeness of thyroid resection and the safety of CT compared to total thyroidectomy (TT) is unclear. We assessed outcomes after TT or CT to determine completeness of resection and risk of complications. Methods Patients undergoing TT or CT between 2000 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Pathology, unstimulated thyroglobulin (uTg), parathyroid hormone (PTH), rates of hematoma, and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury were compared. Results Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) was identified in 954 patients undergoing TT and 142 patients undergoing CT. Postoperative uTg at 6 months was not different between TT and CT, 0.2 vs 0.2 ng/mL, P = .37. Transient hypoparathyroidism with immediate postoperative PTH less than 10 was more common after TT, 14.3 vs 6.0% (P = .009). No differences were noted regarding postoperative hematoma, transient RLN injury, permanent hypoparathyroidism, and permanent RLN injury. Conclusions If CT is required for DTC, a complete resection, as assessed by postoperative uTg, can be achieved. Furthermore, CT is significantly less likely to result in transient hypoparathyroidism and poses no additional risk of RLN injury, hematoma, or permanent hypoparathyroidism.
Getting Over It: Working Memory Capacity and Affective Responses to Stressful Events in Daily Life

Working memory capacity (WMC) refers to the capacity to maintain information in short-term storage while processing other information. WMC has been related to higher-order cognitive functions like language comprehension and goal maintenance, and a growing body of research implicates WMC in emotion processes as well. The current research tested the preregistered hypothesis that individual differences in WMC relate to affective states following daily stressors. We measured WMC in 92 participants using both neutral and emotional WMC tasks and assessed momentary affect, the occurrence of stressful events, and responses to those events using brief experience sampling surveys 5 times per day across 6 days. Results revealed that more stressful events related to higher momentary negative affect, but less so among participants higher in WMC. This result is consistent with the view that WMC plays a role in emotion regulation. Exploratory analyses yielded suggestive clues as to why individuals higher in WMC may experience reduced negative affect following daily stressors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Investigating Motor Preparation in Autism Spectrum Disorder With and Without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study investigated motor preparation and action-consequence prediction using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). Motor impairments are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which commonly co-occur. Alterations in predictive processes may impact motor planning. Whether motor planning deficits are characteristic of ASD broadly or magnified in the context of co-morbid ADHD is unclear. ASD children with (ASD + ADHD; n = 12) and without (ASD − ADHD; n = 9) comorbid ADHD and typical controls (n = 29) performed voluntary motor actions that either did or did not result in auditory consequences. ASD − ADHD children demonstrated LRP enhancement when their action produced an effect while ASD + ADHD children had attenuated responses regardless of action-effect pairings. Findings suggest influence of ADHD comorbidity on motor preparation and prediction in ASD.
Middle-Range Theories and Situation-Specific Theories: Similarities and Differences

In this chapter, the similarities in and differences between middle-range theories and situation-specific theories are discussed. The derivation of each type of theory is explained, and examples of approaches to development of situation-specific theories guided by conceptual models are given.
Challenging Whiteness at Claremont High School

Ebony Wright was slated to graduate from Claremont High School in the spring. She was on the honor roll, captain of the girls’ varsity softball and swim teams, and recently awarded an academic scho...
Transitional Dynamics in Aggregate Models of Innovative Investment

What quantitative lessons can we learn from models of endogenous technical change through innovative investments by firms for the impact of changes in the economic environment on the dynamics of aggregate productivity in the short, medium, and long run? We present a unifying model that nests a number of canonical models in the literature and characterize their positive implications for the transitional dynamics of aggregate productivity and their welfare implications in terms of two sufficient statistics. We review the current state of measurement of these two sufficient statistics and discuss the range of positive and normative quantitative implications of our model for a wide array of counterfactual experiments, including the link between a decline in the entry rate of new firms and a slowdown in the growth of aggregate productivity given that measurement. We conclude with a summary of the lessons learned from our analysis to help direct future research aimed at building models of endogenous productivity growth useful for quantitative analysis.
Re)cycling the Collective Memory of the Great Patriotic War

The cult of the ‘Great Patriotic War’ regularly cycled through all Soviet administrations after it was initially crafted under Stalin and became further entrenched in everyday life under Leonid Bre...
Estradiol induces C-type natriuretic peptide gene expression in mouse uterus

Previous experiments have demonstrated that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) expression in the uterus varies during the estrous cycle with maximal expression at proestrus. The present study was designed to determine whether exogenous steroid hormones regulate uterine CNP expression in ovariectomized mice. Estradiol increased significantly (3-fold) uterine immunoreactive CNP (irCNP) rapidly and dose dependently in ovariectomized mice as measured by radioimmunoassay. Other steroids produced either no significant change (testosterone, 1 mg; 2-methoxyestradiol, 1 μg) or weak induction (estriol, 1 μg) from vehicle controls. Progesterone (1 mg) significantly attenuated the estrogen-stimulated irCNP response by 50% when injected 30 min before estrogen (1 μg) in estrogen-primed ovariectomized mice. Estrogen-stimulated increases in uterine CNP transcripts detected by ribonuclease protection analyses were blocked by actinomycin D (160 μg) or ICI-164,384 (20 μg), a specific nuclear estrogen receptor antagonist. These results indicate that a nuclear estrogen receptor is required for estrogen to stimulate uterine CNP transcription and that progesterone negatively regulates estrogen-stimulated CNP expression.
Moralisches Urteil und Verhalten

Dieses Kapitel handelt von einer Paradoxie. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des moralischen Urteils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen haben ergeben, das die meisten Menschen in ihrer Entwicklung die Stufe einer „law and order-“Moral erreichen, zu der u.a. gehort, das man die Gesetze respektiert und seine Mitmenschen anstandig behandelt. In der gleichen Forschungsperiode aber uberschlagt man sich fast in der Sozialpsychologie mit immer neuen Entdeckungen des Inhalts, das achtbare junge Leute unter ganz bestimmten Umstanden fahig sind zu betrugen, zu zerstoren und Kalte zu zeigen gegenuber Fremden, von denen sie in groster Not um Hilfe gebeten werden, ja sogar das Leben anderer Menschen aufs Spiel zu setzen. Meistens kamen die Versuchspersonen der entwicklungspsychologischen Studien aus der gleichen Population wie die der sozialpsychologischen Untersuchungenes handelte sich um junge Amerikaner, vor allem Studenten. Darin liegt der Widerspruch.
The Impact of Age on the Value of Historic Homes in a Nationally Recognized Historic District

This article is the winner of the 2009 Real Estate Valuation category (sponsored by the Appraisal Institute) presented at the American Real Estate Society 25th Annual Meeting in Monterey, California.This paper uses hedonic modeling to test the effects of age, both actual and effective, on the value of historic properties within a nationally recognized historic district. Findings show that there is a critical point where the value of historic properties is affected by actual age and the depreciation schedule turns upward. Effective age is used to develop a variant of Tobin's Q, which provides evidence that inter-district price differentials often attributed to historic designation are at least partially a function of investment differentials between districts.
The making of English national identity

Why is English national identity so enigmatic and so elusive? Why, unlike the Scots, Welsh, Irish and most of continental Europe, do the English find it so difficult to say who they are? The Making of English National Identity, first published in 2003, is a fascinating exploration of Englishness and what it means to be English. Drawing on historical, sociological and literary theory, Krishan Kumar examines the rise of English nationalism and issues of race and ethnicity from earliest times to the present day. He argues that the long history of the English as an imperial people has, as with other imperial people like the Russians and the Austrians, developed a sense of missionary nationalism which in the interests of unity and empire has necessitated the repression of ordinary expressions of nationalism. Professor Kumar's lively and provocative approach challenges readers to reconsider their pre-conceptions about national identity and who the English really are.
PPL Montana: The Supreme Court’s Modern Day City Slicker Approach for Determining the Navigability for Title Test

In a case “for history buffs,” the United States Supreme Court, a court “dominated by Easterners,” recently “tried to make sense . . . of a Western water dispute.” The case provided the Court with the opportunity to clarify the navigability for title test, a matter on which it had not spoken for many years. Specifically, the Court was asked to decide whether the need to portage around certain segments of a waterway defeated a finding of navigability.
Do Managers' Accrual Decisions Speak Louder than Words?

This paper examines whether analyst earnings forecast revisions around management earnings forecasts are conditioned on managers' previous accrual decisions. We find that analysts rely less heavily on management earnings forecast information when it conflicts with prior signals about earnings performance contained in accruals. Moreover, we find that analyst earnings forecast errors decline by a smaller amount around management earnings forecasts when management earnings forecast information and prior accrual signals are inconsistent. These findings suggest that the influence of management earnings forecasts on analysts' earnings expectations is contingent upon managers being able to convince analysts as to the informativeness of these disclosures in light of prior signals about earnings performance contained in accruals.
A 90 ns 100 K erase/program cycle megabit flash memory

An electrically erasable, reprogrammable, 90-ns 1-Mb flash memory capable of greater than 100000 erase/program cycles is described. The memory implements a command port and an internal reference voltage generator, allowing microprocessor-controlled reprogramming. The 90-ns access time results from the 95- mu A memory cell current, low resistance polysilicide word lines, advanced scaled periphery transistors, and a di/dt optimized data-out buffer. Using CMOS inputs, power dissipation is 40 mW in the active state and 20 mu W in standby. The memory electrically erases in 900 ms and programs at the rate of 10 mu s/byte. The device contains thirty-two columns of redundant elements and utilizes flash memory cells to store the address of repaired columns. The memory was fabricated on a 1- mu m double-poly n-well CMOS process. A typical cell erase/program V/sub t/ margin is shown as a function of the number of reprogramming cycles. After 100000 cycles there is still a 2.5-V program-read margin to ensure data retention. Device parameters are listed. >
Albuterol Extended‐Release Products: A Comparison of Steady‐State Pharmacokinetics

A new extended-release formulation of albuterol, Volmax, was developed based on the oral osmotic drug delivery system. Proventil Repetabs, another extended-release formulation of albuterol, is a repeat-action tablet. The steady-state pharmacokinetic profile of Volmax 8 mg orally every 12 hours for 3 days was compared with that of Proventil Repetabs 8 mg orally every 12 hours for 3 days in a randomized, two-way, crossover study in 23 healthy men. Results were determined for both daytime and nighttime dosing intervals. Volmax demonstrated significantly less peak-trough fluctuation during both dosing intervals than Proventil Repetabs (p less than 0.05). Peak plasma concentrations were higher and occurred earlier with Proventil Repetabs. There were no significant differences between the two formulations with respect to reported adverse experiences. Volmax exhibited a more controlled release of albuterol during both daytime and nighttime dosing intervals than Proventil Repetabs.