cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Database for Reaching Experiments and Models

Reaching is one of the central experimental paradigms in the field of motor control, and many computational models of reaching have been published. While most of these models try to explain subject data (such as movement kinematics, reaching performance, forces, etc.) from only a single experiment, distinct experiments often share experimental conditions and record similar kinematics. This suggests that reaching models could be applied to (and falsified by) multiple experiments. However, using multiple datasets is difficult because experimental data formats vary widely. Standardizing data formats promises to enable scientists to test model predictions against many experiments and to compare experimental results across labs. Here we report on the development of a new resource available to scientists: a database of reaching called the Database for Reaching Experiments And Models (DREAM). DREAM collects both experimental datasets and models and facilitates their comparison by standardizing formats. The DREAM project promises to be useful for experimentalists who want to understand how their data relates to models, for modelers who want to test their theories, and for educators who want to help students better understand reaching experiments, models, and data analysis.
An Analysis of 13 Tourism Surveys: Are Three Waves of Data Collection Necessary?

Variables were analyzed from 13 mail surveys addressing tourism issues, each of which collected data from three waves of respondents. A conceptual model was developed based on previous literature suggesting that differences in wave responses may be attributable to type of population (special interest groups or general populations) and/or to type of variable (demographic/profile or interest/behavioral), but the data did not support this contention. On 82% of the variables tested across the data sets, the additions of Waves 2 and 3 led to no change in the results, but a second wave typically reduced the variance on responses to the first wave by between 28% and 49%. It was recommended that instead of using resources to send Waves 2 and 3, those resources be allocated to intensive follow-up sampling of nonrespondents in a more representative way.
Photonic Neuromorphic Signal Processing and Computing

There has been a recent explosion of interest in spiking neural networks (SNNs), which code information as spikes or events in time. Spike encoding is widely accepted as the information medium underlying the brain, but it has also inspired a new generation of neuromorphic hardware. Although electronics can match biological time scales and exceed them, they eventually reach a bandwidth fan-in trade-off. An alternative platform is photonics, which could process highly interactive information at speeds that electronics could never reach. Correspondingly, processing techniques inspired by biology could compensate for many of the shortcomings that bar digital photonic computing from feasibility, including high defect rates and signal control problems. We summarize properties of photonic spike processing and initial experiments with discrete components. A technique for mapping this paradigm to scalable, integrated laser devices is explored and simulated in small networks. This approach promises to wed the advantageous aspects of both photonic physics and unconventional computing systems. Further development could allow for fully scalable photonic networks that would open up a new domain of ultrafast, robust, and adaptive processing. Applications of this technology ranging from nanosecond response control systems to fast cognitive radio could potentially revitalize specialized photonic computing.
Achievement goals, efficacy beliefs and coping strategies in mathematics: The roles of perceived parent and teacher goal emphases

Abstract This study examines children’s perceptions of the achievement goals parents and teachers emphasize for them in mathematics, and the relation of these goals to children’s personal achievement goals, self-efficacy beliefs, and coping strategies. Results indicated that children’s perceptions of both parent and teacher mastery and performance goal emphases predicted children’s personal goals. Further, children’s personal goals mediated the relation between perceived parent and teacher goal emphases and children’s efficacy beliefs and coping strategies. Children’s perceptions of parent and teacher emphasis on performance goals varied slightly by gender but not ethnic background, whereas variance across groups in perceptions of mastery emphases did not reach practical significance. Relations between goal perceptions, personal goals, efficacy and coping strategies also did not vary by gender or ethnic background. Implications for future research regarding the goals children perceive to be emphasized in home and school contexts, and their importance for children’s adaptive beliefs and behaviors in mathematics, are discussed.
How to Save Alligators

The best laid plans in public policy often go astray. This is illustrated by the face that preservation policies render wildlife species valueless in the marketplace and create nearly perfect circumstances for their demise. The general phenomenon is illustrated by the plight of the alligator.
Hemodynamics at low flow in resting vasodilated rat skeletal muscle

The low flow arterial pressure-flow relationship and zero-flow pressure (ZFP) are investigated in the hemodynamically isolated gracilis muscle using a high precision pump. The muscle is kept in situ with dilated vasculature. During steady-state perfusion, using a plasma-like medium, the pressure-flow curve is nonlinear with positive arterial ZFP of 3.5-12 mm Hg when normal central circulation pressure is present. When the central circulation is stopped the ZFP reduces to zero. Addition of nonaggregated red blood cells (RBCs) results in no significant increase in the ZFP; however, introduction of aggregated RBCs (with dextran, 77 kDa) causes a 9.4 +/- 1.2 mmHg elevation. The positive ZFPs observed using plasma-like and dispersed RBC perfusions are found to be caused by a back pressure from the central circulation via collateral arterioles. A single-step reduction of the arterial flow rate from a finite value to zero results in a ZFP, which decreases for more than a minute before steady state is reached. During harmonic flow inputs with oscillations down to zero flow, an increase in the ZFP is detected near 0.09 Hz and continues to rise up to the test limit of 10 Hz. Our results suggests that in vasodilated skeletal muscle three independent mechanisms exist, collateral flow, cell aggregation, and unsteady perfusion, which may cause a positive arterial ZFP.
Saxitoxin and the Ochre Sea Star: Molecule of Keystone Significance and a Classic Keystone Species

Saxitoxins (STXs) are paralytic alkaloids produced by marine dinoflagellates in response to biotic and abiotic stressors yielding harmful algal blooms. Because STX impacts coastal, near-shore communities to a greater extent than would be predicted by its relative abundance, it has been referred to as a "molecule of keystone significance" in reference to Robert Paine's Keystone Species Concept. Pisaster ochraceus, the predator upon which Paine's concept was founded, inhabits waters regularly plagued by harmful algal blooms, but the effects of STX on Pisaster have not yet been investigated. Here, we used laboratory and field experiments to examine the potential consequences of exposure to STX on sea stars' feeding, attachment to the substrate, and success in fertilization. Pisaster exhibited similar feeding behaviors when offered non-toxic prey, STX-containing prey, or a combination of the two. Although feeding behavior is unaffected, consumption of STX poses a physiological tradeoff. Sea stars in the laboratory and field had significantly lower thresholds of the force needed to detach them from their substrates after either being exposed to, or consuming, STX. High pressure (or high performance) liquid chromatography analysis indicated an accumulation of STX (and structural analogues) in sea stars' viscera, likely due to trophic transfer from toxic prey. Incidence of fertilization tended to decrease when gametes were exposed to high, yet ecologically relevant, STX concentrations of STX. These findings suggest that the molecule of keystone significance, STX, produced during harmful algal blooms extends its impacts to rocky intertidal communities by way of the keystone predator P. ochraceus.
An Improved Three-Pulse Algorithm for Axisymmetric RCS Control

Spacecraft equipped with a reaction control system (RCS) for attitude control typically utilize a bang-off-bang eigenaxis control algorithm for rotational maneuvers. This control algorithm, which commands two distinct control pulses to achieve and damp angular rates, may be fuel-suboptimal for maneuvers without quiescent initial and final states. This paper expands upon an algorithm that utilizes three distinct control pulses in order to minimize fuel usage for maneuvers with high initial rates. The original three-pulse algorithm added a third control pulse to allow the algorithm to utilize initial favorable rotation rates and mitigate unfavorable ones. Improvements to this algorithm include more efficient computation of the cost function through an analytic solution to the time of maneuver completion and techniques for attaining a desired attitude with respect to a rotating reference frame.
Circannual Rhythmicity and Entrainment of Surface Activity in the Hibernator, Perognathus longimembris

Long-term patterns of surface activity were monitored in 15 pocket mice, Perognathus longimembris , which constructed burrow systems in dirt-filled terrariums kept at 16°c and 31°c on 12-hour photoperiods. a rhythm, with an average period of about 10 months, was evident in the behavior of the mice at 16°c. During each cycle, these animals spent several months continuously underground even though food was always available on the surface. The transition between the underground and surface active phases of the cycle was usually gradual. However, the mice immediately resumed nightly foraging if the upper layers of the soil were heated each day during this transition time. They did not respond to this stimulus during the middle of the underground phase of the annual cycle. I suggest that in nature the vertical uniformity of soil temperatures in the spring may cue the synchronization of the circannual rhythm with the seasons. The absence of surface activity is apparently unrelated to torpor because mice at 31°c, where torpor does not occur, also spent several months continuously underground. However, the regular 10-month periodicity of the behavioral cycle was disrupted in this hot environment. Torpor was also monitored for up to 20 months in 25 mice at 8°c and 18°c under 9-hour and 15-hour photoperiods, but circannual rhythms of torpor were not evident under these experimental conditions.
Immunologic analysis of a spinal cord-biopsy specimen from a patient with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated neurologic disease

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia and a chronic progressive neurologic disease, HTLV-I–associated myelopathy–tropical spastic paraparesis (hereafter referred to as HTLV-I–associated myelopathy).1–5 HTVL-I is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean, Africa, and South America.5 Risk factors for infection include sexual contact, exchange of blood products, and vertical transmission from mother to child.5 HTLV-I–associated myelopathy causes progressive myelopathy with atrophy of the spinal cord.5,6 Subcortical white-matter lesions are sometimes present on magnetic resonance imaging.5–7 Cerebrospinal fluid shows pleocytosis, elevated titers of IgG, and oligoclonal bands.8–10 Autopsy results correlate with neurologic findings . . .
Experimental study of aerodynamic characteristics in floding wings deployment process

According to the deployment process of high-aspect-ratio UAV floding wings,aerodynamic characteristics is studied on scaled model at different attack angle and different grazing angle for wind tunnel test.Experimental results show that layout of aerodynamic configuration can meet design requirements of cruise,and it has a good stability at vertical and transverse course.Multi-surface combined Fuselage can bring favorable effect on full-aircraft.Characteristic analysis points out the direction of aerodynamic shape optimization.Results can be applied in the research areas of UAV and loiter attack missile.
Advances in Function and Regulation of Phenol Hydroxylase

Phenol is one kind of aromatic contaminants ubiquitously distributed in environment and can be degradated by some microorganisms.The first step of aerobic degradation for phenol-degrading strain is to form catechol catalysed by phenol hydroxylase.The transcription of phenol hydroxylase is mainly activated by XylR/DmpR protein,but some repressive regulators were found in multi-component phenol hydroxylase operons.This paper reviews the research progresses made in the function and regulation mechanism of phenol hydroxylase.
Synthesizing Piece-Wise Functions by Learning Classifiers

We present a novel general technique that uses classifier learning to synthesize piece-wise functions functions that split the domain into regions and apply simpler functions to each region against logical synthesis specifications. Our framework works by combining a synthesizer of functions for fixed concrete inputs and a synthesizer of predicates that can be used to define regions. We develop a theory of single-point refutable specifications that facilitate generating concrete counterexamples using constraint solvers. We implement the framework for synthesizing piece-wise functions in linear integer arithmetic, combining leaf expression synthesis using constraint-solving and predicate synthesis using enumeration, and tie them together using a decision tree classifier. We demonstrate that this approach is competitive compared to existing synthesis engines on a set of synthesis specifications.
Bleeding of Unknown Etiology

When a patient is actively bleeding, the etiology needs to be sought for management. If bleeding is from a single site, it is suggestive of anatomical or surgical bleeding, whereas if it is from multiple sites, it is suggestive of coagulopathy or platelet function defects. Some hospitals cannot perform lab tests in-house enough to make a diagnosis of bleeding. However, even if the etiology is not clear, in the setting of significant bleeding, it has to be managed urgently and empirically. There are rare bleeding disorders that need experts usually in a research lab in order to make a diagnosis. Available management tools for bleeding are listed. They include blood components and drugs. Among them, desmopressin (DDAVP) and antifibrinolytics are commonly tried without major side effects. This chapter covers possible management of bleeding in these settings.
Hansel: diagnosing faults in openStack

With majority of the world's data and computation handled by cloud-based systems, cloud management stacks such as Apache's CloudStack, VMware's vSphere and OpenStack have become an increasingly important component in cloud software. However, like every other complex distributed system, these cloud stacks are susceptible to faults, whose root cause is often hard to diagnose. We present HANSEL, a system that leverages non-intrusive network monitoring to expedite root cause analysis of such faults manifesting in OpenStack operations. HANSEL is fast and accurate, and precise even under conditions of stress.
Isolation of Proteins for Microsequence Analysis

The first basic protocol in this unit can be used to determine the amino-terminal sequence of polypeptides or proteins. It is particularly appropriate for large fragments of insoluble or hydrophobic proteins or proteins that cannot be purified to >90% molar purity without electrophoresis. Although the efficacy of this technique varies with the protein, it is possible to obtain useful sequence information starting with less than 50 pmol of the protein of interest. If the protein is blocked at the amino terminus, chemical cleavage or partial enzymatic digestion must be performed prior to electrophoresis. Upon isolation, the internal amino acid sequence is analyzed as described in the second basic protocol. This method requires ˜200 pmol of protein for analysis.
Family (Dis)Advantage and Life Course Expectations

Optimistic assessments of life chances can positively influence life outcomes, but conflicting theories suggest these assessments either reflect structural privilege or develop as a result of childhood hardship. In addition, competing hypotheses suggest that these assessments may matter differently depending on who holds them. We examine whether family socioeconomic status shapes adolescents’ expectations about how successful their lives will turn out. We distinguish generalized life expectations (GLE), capturing anticipated success in life across multiple domains, from intergenerational comparative expectations (ICE), which register expectations about improvement relative to observed success within the respondent’s family lineage. We find that adolescents from higher socioeconomic status families are simultaneously more optimistic about their likely success in life (GLE) but less likely to anticipate relative improvement in life success across generations (ICE). Holding high GLE in combination with low ICE predicted doing better in adulthood across a range of health, attainment, and well-being outcomes, though in most cases high GLE, regardless of ICE, was the key. These beneficial patterns are, for the most part, at least as beneficial for socioeconomically disadvantaged youth as they are for advantaged youth.
Promises Unfulfilled: Right-to-Work’s Early Economic Track Record in Indiana

This article examines the early economic track record of Indiana’s “right-to-work” (RTW) law on labor market outcomes. It analyzes various labor market metrics to compare the experience in Indiana ...
Large Osseous Defect Reconstruction Using a Custom Three-Dimensional Printed Titanium Truss Implant

Abstract Treatment of large osseous defects remains a difficult surgical challenge. Autografts and allografts have been known to undergo late collapse, because these options are not specifically designed to withstand the high loads of the foot and ankle. The inability to achieve the correct shape for reconstruction further limits their application. Large osseous defects will result during salvage after failed Lapidus bunionectomy, explantation of failed total ankle replacements, and nonunion of Evans calcaneal osteotomy. Each of 3 patients received a 4WEB custom 3-dimensional (3D) titanium truss implant (Patient Specific Custom Implant; 4WEB Medical, Inc., Frisco, TX) for reconstruction. The mean follow-up period was 17.33 ± 3.51 months. Significant improvement was seen in pain, with a successful return to activities of daily living. The 12-month postoperative computed tomography findings demonstrated incorporation of the implant to the surrounding cortical and cancellous bone. No signs of delayed complications, such as stress shielding or implant failure, were found. This is the first case series to describe the use of a custom 3D-printed titanium truss implant to successfully contribute to reconstruction in the setting of failed elective foot and ankle surgery. This technology might play an important role in limb salvage of osseous defects that would otherwise require bone block arthrodesis with structural allograft or autograft bone.
Fueling for Performance.

Context:Proper nutrition is crucial for an athlete to optimize his or her performance for training and competition. Athletes should be able to meet their dietary needs through eating a wide variety...
Complexer and Complexer, Said Alice …

Analytical geometry is the treatment of geometry within the context of, for example, the Cartesian coordinate system. This coordinate system uses equations to describe (i.e., define and represent) and manipulate numerically points, lines, planes, and geometric shapes (e.g., polygons) in, most often, the Euclidean plane (two-dimensional). As such, analytical geometry furnishes useful tools to analyze regional economic complexes and the geographic concentrations of many different and connected economic activities. These notions constitute the theme of this chapter.
Dispossessing the Wilderness: Contesting Canada’s National Park Narrative

This chapter examines the social and educational role of material culture to analyze, remember, and contextualize difficult periods in a national community’s history. Forillon National Park in Quebec serves as a lens to explore narratives of national identity formation in relation to governmental politics of recognition and reconciliation with former Francophone and Anglophone citizens whose land was expropriated to create the park. It highlights tensions in these sites of contestation as the extant vernacular architecture and cultural landscapes bearing witness to these painful events still remain undocumented. The chapter raises important questions about practices of heritage conservation and the government’s role in selecting and preserving difficult heritage to hide less palatable parts of the national park narrative that involved the systematic exclusion of people (First Nations and settlers alike) from their ancestral lands.
Development of an Orally Active Tripeptide Arginal Thrombin Inhibitor

The parenteral agent efegatran was chosen for clinical evaluation after extensive SAR studies and subsequent collaborations with the HIDR. It was studied extensively in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials to determine if it could provide superior benefits to heparin for cardiovascular patients with unstable angina or thrombolysis during acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of data from Phase 2 clinical trials demonstrated that efegatran exhibited equivalent efficacy to heparin. As a consequence further development with this parenteral agent was discontinued.
Psychiatric trauma in the age of terrorism: A commentary on "psychiatric disorders among victims of a courthouse shooting spree"

The preceding article by Johnson, North, and Smith does a marvelous job of describing how to research the psychiatric impact on victims of traumatic events. In the wake of the 9-11 attacks on New York and the Pentagon, such findings can be most useful. There is clearly a need to quickly understand what we might expect the psychiatric consequences of the recent and future terrorist events to be, so that planning for effective prevention and individual and population based interventions can be developed. The authors establish credibility for their conclusions by the rigor of their research design and the reliability of their interview instruments. They perceptively and wisely point out that persons who experience such traumatic events have a wide range of psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms are sufficient in some cases to meet DSM criteria for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, but many victims have significant subsyndromal consequences, which may cause interpersonal or other functional difficulties, whether or not they meet criteria for active treatment intervention. They also confirm the observation of others that those persons with pre-existing psychiatric disorders are at the greatest risk of developing trauma related conditions following such an event. We may be able to develop prevention strategies for case finding after traumatic events that include soliciting prior psychiatric history from apparent victims.
The Banking Networks of Asian Financial Centers

The banking networks of Asia’s financial centers have 19th-century roots. As colonial powers, especially the British, moved into Asia, they organized a banking network built around Hong Kong as Asia-Pacific center and Singapore as Southeast Asia center. The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank was a key part of this network and present-day HSBC (its namesake) retains a similar organization. The central feature of banking networks is the integration of the Chinese and foreign networks. Global commercial and investment banks follow a similar strategy in Asia, using Hong Kong and Singapore as their key organizational bases. Tokyo remains primarily a Japan banking center, albeit large because of the size of the Japanese economy. Similarly, Shanghai serves as the leading Chinese banking center and Mumbai is India’s primary center. Exchanges in major financial centers are focal points for commercial and investment banks, reinforcing the overall structure of Asia’s banking networks. These are tightly integrated with Europe (especially through London) and North America (especially through New York).
TCT-451 Incidence, Correlates and impact of left ventricular ejection fraction improvement on short- and long-term clinical outcome of patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. A single center experience

The use of a percutaneous mechanical support device such as Impella (Abiomed Inc. Danvers, Massachusetts) facilitates high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (HRPCI), particularly in the setting of reduced left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The extent to which Impella use in this
Hearing loss, lead (Pb) exposure, and noise: a sound approach to ototoxicity exploration

To determine the state of the research on ototoxic properties of Pb, evaluate possible synergistic effects with concurrent noise exposure, and identify opportunities to improve future research, we ...
Exchange rate fluctuations and quality composition of exports: Evidence from Swiss product-level data

This paper studies the relationship between exchange rate movements and the average export quality using disaggregated Swiss product‐level data between 1996 and 2015. We find evidence at different levels of aggregation that the average export quality increases in response to a currency appreciation through compositional effects: currency appreciations shift market shares towards goods that are more expensive and of higher quality. This exchange rate effect on quality is more pronounced for differentiated goods and in sectors with a greater scope for quality differentiation. From a policy perspective, this reallocation effect points to the importance of facilitating structural changes in the export composition to increase the resilience of the export sector to exchange rate shocks. Our results also suggest a positive relationship between the average export quality and aggregate export sales. From a methodological point of view, the findings imply that exchange rate pass‐through estimations without quality controls tend to be biased regardless of aggregation level or type of data.
The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy: 1770 to the Present Day

‘Cultural diplomacy reveals the soul of a nation’, concluded a U.S. State Department advisory committee in 2005 (156). The claim appears at the end of this slim, lively book by Michael Krenn, a pro...
Photo-production of reactive oxygen species and degradation of dissolved organic matter by hematite nanoplates functionalized by adsorbed oxalate

The geochemical cycling of iron and carbon can couple in unique ways in the euphotic zone of aquatic systems. For example, the prevalence of hematite nanoparticles and low molecular weight organics that can functionalize their surfaces, such as oxalate, creates a solar-photoactive interfacial system capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that degrade natural organic matter. Here we report a systematic study of this pathway and its efficiency to mineralize model chromophoric dissolved organic matter (DOM) compounds into CO2 under mildly acidic conditions. When illuminated, synthetic hematite nanoplates coated with adsorbed oxalate undergo ligand-to-metal charge transfer yielding Fe(II) via photoreductive dissolution, while oxalate decomposes into the carboxyl anion radical as detected by electron paramagnetic spectroscopy using selective spin trap compounds. This important radical quickly reduces molecular oxygen into hydrogen peroxide, which initiates the canonical Fenton reactions that yield the hydroxyl radical via Fe(II)/Fe(III) valence cycling. Production of hydroxyl radical in this photocatalytic system is shown to efficiently degrade the pseudo-DOM chromophore RhB, as well as two natural water-extractable chromophoric DOM compounds from agricultural soils, characterized in molecular detail using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, infrared fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The study highlights the photocatalytic interactions that can occur between common iron oxide nanoparticles, low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, and dissolved organic matter that can couple their steady-state fluxes in the euphotic zone, pointing to the importance of light-induced ROS generation as a key mechanism.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy identifies three classes of lipids in C. neoformans melanized cell walls and whole fungal cells

A primary virulence-associated trait of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is the production of melanin pigments that are deposited into the cell wall and interfere with the host immune response. Previously, our solid-state NMR studies of isolated melanized cell walls (melanin ghosts) revealed that the pigments are strongly associated with lipids, but their identities, origins, and potential roles were undetermined. Herein, we exploited spectral editing techniques to identify and quantify the lipid molecules associated with pigments in melanin ghosts. The lipid profiles were remarkably similar in whole C. neoformans cells, grown under either melanizing or non-melanizing conditions; triglycerides (TGs), sterol esters (SEs) and polyisoprenoids (PPs) were the major constituents. Although no quantitative differences were found between melanized and non-melanized cells, melanin ghosts were relatively enriched in SEs and PPs. In contrast to lipid structures reported during early stages of fungal growth in nutrient-rich media, variants found herein could be linked to nutrient stress, cell aging, and subsequent production of substances that promote chronic fungal infections. The fact that TGs and SEs are the typical cargo of lipid droplets suggests that these organelles could be connected to C. neoformans melanin synthesis. Moreover, the discovery of PPs is intriguing because dolichol is a well-established constituent of human neuromelanin. The presence of these lipid species even in non-melanized cells suggests that they could be produced constitutively under stress conditions in anticipation of melanin synthesis. These findings demonstrate that C. neoformans lipids are more varied compositionally and functionally than previously recognized.
Exploring the implementation of artificial intelligence in the public sector

The evolution of artificial intelligence boosts its usage in the private sector, however the public administration seems to lag behind. This paper intends to identify the advantages and potential challenges for the implementation of the artificial intelligence in the public sector. The practical value of this paper lies in the fact that becomes a useful tool for decision makers that aim to adopt this technology in public organizations.
K18-hACE2 mice develop respiratory disease resembling severe COVID-19.

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and resulted in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Several animal models have been rapidly developed that recapitulate the asymptomatic to moderate disease spectrum. Now, there is a direct need for additional small animal models to study the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 and for fast-tracked medical countermeasure development. Here, we show that transgenic mice expressing the human SARS-CoV-2 receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [hACE2]) under a cytokeratin 18 promoter (K18) are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that infection resulted in a dose-dependent lethal disease course. After inoculation with either 104 TCID50 or 105 TCID50, the SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in rapid weight loss in both groups and uniform lethality in the 105 TCID50 group. High levels of viral RNA shedding were observed from the upper and lower respiratory tract and intermittent shedding was observed from the intestinal tract. Inoculation with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in upper and lower respiratory tract infection with high infectious virus titers in nasal turbinates, trachea and lungs. The observed interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary pathology, with SARS-CoV-2 replication evident in pneumocytes, were similar to that reported in severe cases of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in the lungs and upregulation of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Extrapulmonary replication of SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of several animals at 7 DPI but not at 3 DPI. The rapid inflammatory response and observed pathology bears resemblance to COVID-19. Taken together, this suggests that this mouse model can be useful for studies of pathogenesis and medical countermeasure development. Authors Summary The disease manifestation of COVID-19 in humans range from asymptomatic to severe. While several mild to moderate disease models have been developed, there is still a need for animal models that recapitulate the severe and fatal progression observed in a subset of patients. Here, we show that humanized transgenic mice developed dose-dependent disease when inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. The mice developed upper and lower respiratory tract infection, with virus replication also in the brain after day 3 post inoculation. The pathological and immunological diseases manifestation observed in these mice bears resemblance to human COVID-19, suggesting increased usefulness of this model for elucidating COVID-19 pathogenesis further and testing of countermeasures, both of which are urgently needed.
Teacher-Child Interaction Quality Buffers Negative Associations between Challenging Behaviors in Preschool Classroom Contexts and Language and Literacy Skills.

Guided by an ecological model, we tested whether teacher–child interaction quality buffered the negative associations between challenging behavior within preschool classroom contexts and language a...
Spin transport in noncollinear antiferromagnetic metals

For noncollinear antiferromagnetic metals, magnon spectra display nontrivial multiband structure in which both direction and magnitude of the angular momenta of magnons are momentum dependent. We study the roles of these magnons on the spin transport properties by taking into account the momentum and angular momentum transfer between conduction electrons and magnons. We have calculated spin conductivity tensor by using the coupled Boltzmann equations for the electron spin and magnon, and we show that the unpolarized electron current driven by an electric field can efficiently induce a magnon spin current. The temperature dependence of the magnon spin conductivity is also calculated.
Grading Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma: Evidence for a Four-tiered Classification Incorporating Coagulative Tumor Necrosis.

Abstract Background Although grading systems have been proposed for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC), including a three-tiered system by Paner et al (Paner GP, Amin MB, Alvarado-Cabrero I, et al. A novel tumor grading scheme for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: prognostic utility and comparison with Fuhrman nuclear grade. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:1233–40), none have gained clinical acceptance, and the World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends against grading ChRCC. Objective To validate a previously published grading scheme and propose a scheme that includes tumor necrosis. Design, setting, and participants A total of 266 patients who underwent nephrectomy for nonmetastatic ChRCC between 1970 and 2012 were reviewed for ChRCC grade according to the Paner system and coagulative tumor necrosis. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Associations with cancer-specific survival (CSS) were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models and summarized with hazard ratios (HRs). Results and limitations Twenty-nine patients died from RCC; the median follow-up was 11.0 (interquartile range 7.9–15.9) yr. ChRCC grade according to the Paner system was significantly associated with CSS, including the difference in outcome between grade 1 and 2 tumors. Among patients with grade 2 tumors, the presence of tumor necrosis helped delineate patients with worse CSS. As such, the Paner system was expanded to four tiers separating grade 2 into those with and without tumor necrosis. HRs for associations of the proposed grade 2, 3, and 4 tumors with CSS were 4.63 (p = 0.007), 17.8 (p Conclusions The expansion of a previously reported ChRCC grading system from three to four tiers by the inclusion of tumor necrosis helps further delineate patient outcome and can, therefore, enhance patient counseling following surgery. It also aligns the number of ChRCC grades with the WHO/International Society of Urologic Pathology four-tiered grading systems for clear cell and papillary RCC. Patient summary Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is the third most common type of renal cancer, and unlike other renal cancers, there is no accepted prognostic grading system. In this study, we found that a grading system that included a pathologic feature of tumor necrosis could better define outcomes for patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
On the farm procedures, anesthesia and analgesia

Common on-farm small ruminant procedures include usual routine husbandry practices such as docking, disbudding and castration. It seems that more people own pet sheep, goats, and/or camelids than a decade ago. These pets may require additional procedures such as castration of older animals and teeth care. Historically these procedures were performed without attention to anesthesia and analgesia. Roadblocks to implementing better pain mitigation include practicality, cost of treatments, availability of legal-to-use drugs, and determining meat and milk withdrawal times. In order for veterinary practitioners to perform procedures and provide better pain mitigation and potentially teach some of these methods to progressive producers, we need pharmaceutical companies, other agency partners, and regulatory agencies to work with us to overcome current obstacles. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine or mepivicaine are not approved for use in the small ruminant species in the US. Use of these agents would also require a change in the thought process as adding a step to any process requires more time to complete the procedure. Changing peoples’ behavior is challenging unless there are obvious benefits such as improved weight gains or less procedural complications documented.
Improving information extraction from visually rich documents using visual span representations

Along with textual content, visual features play an essential role in the semantics of visually rich documents. Information extraction (IE) tasks perform poorly on these documents if these visual c...
Upregulation of Inflammatory Cytokines in Pulmonary Embolism Using Biochip-Array Profiling:

The complex pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism (PE) involves hemostatic activation, inflammatory processes, cellular dysfunction, and hemodynamic derangements. Due to the heterogeneity of this disease, risk stratification and diagnosis remains challenging. Biochip-array technology provides an integrated high throughput method for analyzing blood plasma samples for the simultaneous measurement of multiple biomarkers for potential risk stratification. Using biochip-array method, this study aimed to quantify the inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in 109 clinically confirmed PE patients in comparison to the control group comprised of plasma samples collected from 48 healthy subjects. Cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and MCP-1 demonstrated varying level of significant increase (P < 0.05) in massive-risk PE patients compared to submassive- and low-risk PE patients. The upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in PE patients observed in this study suggest that inflammation plays an important role in the overall pathophysiology of this disease. The application of biochip-array technology may provide a useful approach to evaluate these biomarkers to understand the pathogenesis and risk stratification of PE patients.
Don't Fall into the Well: Using a Written Wellness Rx for Global Health Preparation

Program Goals: Trainees participating in global health (GH) electives face significant emotional and ethical challenges. The University of Minnesota GH Track holds a one-day GH preparatory course for trainees participating in an elective. This session has not formally addressed wellness abroad in the past. We aimed to incorporate wellness preparation into GH pre-departure training via a novel moderated activity we called Wellness Rx. …
Rethinking Knowledge Sharing Barriers: A Content Analysis of 103 Studies

The current work force will not only lose 3.6 million "baby boomers" by 2020, but also a substantial organizational knowledge. Presently, there is a gap in understanding how to promote effective organizational knowledge sharing due to the limited awareness of factors that inhibit knowledge sharing behaviors. The focus of this article is to explore the most commonly noted barriers to employees' knowledge seeking and knowledge contributing practices and extract potential factors that influence these barriers. A content analysis study is performed on 103 knowledge management articles from ten computer and information science databases. The results demonstrate a clear division between the barriers limiting each specific behavior: knowledge seeking behaviors depend largely on the time availability of knowledge seekers, while poor communication skills and lack of trust appear to be the major inhibitors to knowledge contribution. Three main factors were found to influence these barriers: role conflict, role ambiguity and locus of control. The findings are consistent with the information foraging and social exchange theories. Implications for future research are proposed.
On the geographical origins and dispersion of Tüpian Languages

Where did the Tupian languages originate? How did they come to occupy their historical homelands? Jose Brochado (1984), filling in a major lacuna in Lathrap' s ( 1 970) scheme, has added a distinctive voice to the long-standing debates surrounding these questions. I am grateful to Francisco Noelli for bringing him to my attention. As Noelli indicates, Brochado' s work provides the foundations for dialog and cooperation between linguistics, cultural anthropology, and archaeology. It is in the spirit of cooperation and dialogue that I'll make some friendly criticisms of his research, as well as of the linguistic and cultural work pertinent to the question of Tupian origins. My purpose will be to pinpoint areas for further research that might provide clues for solving the continuing mystery surrounding the Tupl. I'll be concerned primarily with two principal hypotheses put forth by Brochado, the first deriving from Donald Lathrap, the second the novel contribution of Brochado himself:
Feminism, Disability and Freedom

This paper takes up the notion of freedom that operates in Rawls's theory through the lens of feminist disability theory. The Enlightenment conception of freedom operates from assumptions of certain kinds of ability: for instance, if I am unable to jump 10 feet into the air, it is meaningless to claim I am unfree to do so. Such claims take on a different perspective when contemplating a paraplegic unable to climb stairs into a building. Rawls’s theory of justice intends in many ways to compensate for, if not overcome, the unequal distribution of freedom that results from such inequalities of ability. Yet the limits to his theory that others have noted stem not from a problem with his theory of justice per se — except secondarily — but rather from its underlying theory of freedom, which encodes a notion of “embodied individualism” that has characterized liberal theory since at least Thomas Hobbes. This notion entails certain substantive assumption about which people not only are, but even can ever be, free within the terms of liberal discourse. Though the critique of Rawls's conception of individuals in the original position is well-rehearsed for its apparent disembodiment, feminist disability theory gives us a more complicated sense of the body and embodiment that enables us to see that Rawls’s individual, both behind and in front of the veil of ignorance, has a very particular body that encodes a particular conception of freedom at odds with the ostensible aims of his theory of justice.
Empirical Shortcomings with First Amendment Jurisprudence: A Historical Perspective on the Power of Hate Speech

This article evaluates the extent to which hate speech is a catalyst for discrimination, persecution, and other forms of oppression. Furthermore, it analyzes whether hate speech facilitates persecution of insular minorities. If hate speech breeds prejudice and limits an identifiable out group's ability to participate in the democratic process, then they pose a true threat and are not protected by the First Amendment. At issue are not abstract sayings, but expressions calculated to indoctrinate listeners with a set of beliefs justifying and advocating the use of force and persecution against out groups. Restrictions should be enacted against hate speech that is intended to elicit persecution or oppression when such results are significantly probable. This article suggests that hate speech is not only dangerous when it poses an immediate threat of harm, but also when it is systematically developed and thereby becomes part of culturally acceptable dialogs. Part II of this article summarizes Supreme Court precedents dealing with hate speech. Part III evaluates what role anti-Semitic speech played in Germany in creating circumstances that made the Holocaust possible. Part III then analyzes whether racist speech contributed to the development of Black slavery and the ruthless destruction of many Native American tribes in the United States. Part III also contains a brief overview of the more prevalent current racist vitriol and its consequences. Part IV criticizes the Supreme Court's hate speech doctrine because it is not based on empirical evidence, but rather on a relativistic theory of law that potentially poses a threat to democracy. Part IV also considers legislation enacted by some Western democracies, like Germany and Canada, prohibiting certain forms of hate propaganda. Part IV then evaluates democratic institutions and the danger that hate speech poses to them. Finally, Part IV discusses policy considerations lawmakers should address in formulating statutes prohibiting the promulgation of speech aimed at instigating racial and ethnic violence.
Effect of initial buffer composition on pH changes during far-from-equilibrium freezing of sodium phosphate buffer solutions.

Purpose. This study aims to assess the pH changes induced by salt precipitation during far-from-equilibrium freezing of sodium phosphate buffers as a function of buffer composition, under experimental conditions relevant to pharmaceutical applications—sample volumes larger than a few microliters, experiencing large degrees of undercooling and supersaturation.