cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“We Intend to Run It”: Racial Politics, Illegal Gambling, and the Rise of Government Lotteries in the United States, 1960–1985

In early January 1960, Harlem congressmen Adam Clayton Powell Jr. opened the new year by tying the conduct of everyday illegal gambling in New York to larger forces of racial discrimination. Speaking to a crowd of several thousand at the Abyssinian Baptist Church on West 138th Street, Powell asserted that corrupt officers in the New York City Police Department were working in conjunction with the East Harlem mafia to drive black numbers bankers out of business. Small-time black operators were constantly being harassed, while big-time white numbers bankers went unmolested. In response to Powell’s claims, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy declared, “The law is color-blind.”1 The following week Powell continued to press the issue. Once again speaking from the pulpit, he discouraged his parishioners from engaging in gambling yet noted that the true shame was in sending so much money outside the community “to support Italian and Jewish policy bankers.” Police Commissioner Kennedy responded with a rebuke of Powell, arguing that race had no place in the discussion of gambling enforcement. In the words of Kennedy, “The only community the racketeer money supports is the criminal community.”2 New York and many other northern cities had a history of racial conflict over gambling dating back to the 1920s, yet such conflict was centered in the criminal underworld and was thus largely hidden from public view. The dispute between Congressman Powell and Police Commissioner Kennedy marked the beginning of a period of overt political contestation over the status of gambling in urban America. The discourse on gambling that unfolded over the subsequent twenty-five years intersected with demands for racial justice, a growing body of thought on the relationship between the law and personal liberty, elite anxiety regarding public safety and the erosion of order, and a crisis of policing that demanded significant police reform. Such questions of justice, morality, liberty, order,
Intracellular Domain Fragment of CD44 Alters CD44 Function in Chondrocytes

The hyaluronan receptor CD44 undergoes sequential proteolytic cleavage at the cell surface. The initial cleavage of the CD44 extracellular domain is followed by a second intramembranous cleavage of the residual CD44 fragment, liberating the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of CD44. In this study conditions that promote CD44 cleavage resulted in a diminished capacity to assemble and retain pericellular matrices even though sufficient non-degraded full-length CD44 remained. Using stable and transient overexpression of the cytoplasmic domain of CD44, we determined that the intracellular domain interfered with anchoring of the full-length CD44 to the cytoskeleton and disrupted the ability of the cells to bind hyaluronan and assemble a pericellular matrix. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to determine whether the mechanism of this interference was due to competition with actin adaptor proteins. CD44 of control chondrocytes was found to interact and co-immunoprecipitate with both the 65- and 130-kDa isoforms of ankyrin-3. Moreover, this interaction with ankyrin-3 proteins was diminished in cells overexpressing the CD44 intracellular domain. Mutating the putative ankyrin binding site of the transiently transfected CD44 intracellular domain diminished the inhibitory effects of this protein on matrix retention. Although CD44 in other cells types has been shown to interact with members of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family of adaptor proteins, only modest interactions between CD44 and moesin could be demonstrated in chondrocytes. The data suggest that release of the CD44 intracellular domain into the cytoplasm of cells such as chondrocytes exerts a competitive or dominant-negative effect on the function of full-length CD44.
Mouse Zfx protein is similar to Zfy-2: each contains an acidic activating domain and 13 zinc fingers.

Abstract The Zfy gene is located on the Y chromosome of placental mammals and encodes a zinc finger protein which may serve as the primary sex-determining signal. A related gene, Zfx, is similarly conserved on the X chromosome. Unlike that in most mammals, the mouse genome contains four homologous zinc finger loci: Zfy-1, Zfy-2, Zfx, and Zfa (on an autosome). We report that, in contrast to the mouse Zfy genes, Zfx is widely transcribed in embryos, newborns, and adults, both male and female. Moreover, Zfx transcripts contain long 3' untranslated sequences which are phylogenetically conserved. Zfa is a processed gene derived from Zfx. An analysis of cDNA clones demonstrated that Zfx encodes a 799-amino-acid protein that is 70% identical to the mouse Zfy-1 and Zfy-2 proteins. Zfx, Zfy-1, and Zfy-2 contain highly acidic amino-terminal domains and carboxy-terminal regions containing 13 zinc fingers. When fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, the acidic domains of Zfx and Zfy-2 activated transcription in yeast cells.
Hydrology Sessions at 1990 Fall AGU Meeting

A total of 380 papers were presented in 32 half-day hydrology sessions at the 1990 Fall AGU Meeting, December 3–7 in San Francisco, including those organized by AGU's Snow, Ice and Permafrost committee. About half of the sessions focused on sub-surface hydrology, with surface-water hydrology, snow and ice, and water quality making up the balance. Session chairs contributed the following highlights. Ice-stream mechanics was a dominant theme of two of the three well-attended sessions on glaciers and ice sheets. Ice streams are narrow zones of fast-flowing ice within the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets that dominate the outflux of ice from the central regions of ice sheets to surrounding oceans. Recent interest in ice streams stems from the discovery that West Antarctic ice-stream B is underlain by a meters-thick layer of water-saturated deforming sediment. The original discovery, inferred from seismic data, has now been completely confirmed by drilling to the base of the ice stream and sampling subglacial material. An early highlight was a report by Englehardt on the physical characteristics of these samples. Kamb then challenged the prevailing views by contending that shear deformation of subglacial sediment is subject to a vigorous instability that would result in much faster flow rates than are presently observed. In Kamb's view, the absence of extreme flow rates argues against an important role for subglacial deformation. Geophysical studies of West-Antarctic ice streams are being extended by Bentley's group, colleagues from Ohio State, and elsewhere.
Measurement of hydrodynamic shear by using a dissolved oxygen probe.

When a dissolved oxygen (DO) probe is submerged in an air-saturated cell culture medium the thickness of the liquid film that exists outside the membrane of a DO probe changes with hydrodynamic shear. The response of the DO probe thus varies with the hydrodynamic shear environment near the DO probe in cell culture reactors. The thickness of the liquid film was estimated by using a three-layer model, which describes the flow of DO molecules through the liquid layer, the membrane, and the electrolyte, to the cathode of a DO probe. According to the three-layer model, the current output of the DO probe was a strong function of thickness of the liquid film outside the membrane of the DO probe. A correlation between shear rates on the surface of the probe and the DO saturation reading was obtained by using two concentric cylinders with a rotating inner cylinder. This correlation was then used to characterize the local hydrodynamic shear environment in a cell culture reactor. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infrastructure Relay Transmission With Cooperative MIMO

An infrastructure relay system that transfers information from a base station to a randomly located mobile station (MS) using fixed-location relay stations (RSs) is studied. Transmission rates are derived for serial, parallel, and hybrid relay transmissions, considering the utilization of RSs as a means to extend the dimensionality of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. The derived transmission rate for the serial relay transmission is optimized by determining the optimal locations of the RSs and the number of hops. In addition, selection schemes for determining which RSs to activate to maximize the transmission rate are provided for parallel and hybrid relay topologies. Based on the analytic findings, numerical results are obtained for various deployment scenarios to compare and evaluate different relay topologies and design characteristics of a relay system.
The structure of ionizing electron trajectories for hydrogen in parallel fields

Classical trajectories of an electron escaping from a hydrogen atom in parallel electric and magnetic fields exhibit strikingly diverse and complex behavior. We study the classification and qualitative structure of these trajectories. Specifically, (i) we develop a symbolic phase space labeling for ionizing trajectories; (ii) we describe the trajectories in configuration space using a second symbolic encoding that records the sequence of electron oscillations and electron orbits around the nucleus; and (iii) we establish an algorithm that connects the phase space labeling of a trajectory to its configuration space description.
Phase Conjugated Lasers Applied to X-Ray Generation

Three laser systems that are being developed for use in X-ray generation which incorporate SBS phase conjugate mirrors are described. A 25 J/pulse Nd:glass laser is being developed for commercial proximity print X-ray lithography; a 0.5 J/pulse, 1.3 kHz pulse repetition frequency laser is being built for soft X-ray projection lithography; and a 1 kJ/pulse laser driver for a table top X-ray laser has been designed. The results of prototypical experimental investigations are presented and the basic design principles for high average power phase conjugated laser systems shared by each of these lasers are discussed.
NESTLING IMMUNOCOMPETENCE IS AFFECTED BY CAPTIVITY BUT NOT INVESTIGATOR HANDLING

Abstract Environmental conditions during the neonatal period can affect the growth, physiology, behavior, and immune function of birds. In many avian studies the nestling environment includes investigator handling of young, which may be stressful. While neonatal handling is known to affect the adult phenotype in rats, the effects of handling on development have rarely been examined in wild birds. We examined the effect of short, repeated periods of neonatal handling on avian growth and immune system development. We subjected American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to 15 min of daily investigator handling throughout the nestling period, while controls remained undisturbed. Immediately prior to fledging we assessed cutaneous immunity, humoral immunity, mass, and degree of fluctuating asymmetry. Daily handling did not significantly affect any of these measurements. We also addressed the possibility that treatment differences would appear only when birds were challenged ...
Changes in plant abundance on a coastal beach following two major storm surges1

Abstract Coastal beaches often harbor a relatively small number of specialized herbaceous species that are locally abundant, providing stabilization of sediments regularly subjected to wind and sand movement. However, rare storm events can cause water surges that completely wash over the beach and cause a major disturbance to the plant community. This study examines frequencies and densities of key herbaceous species on Miller Field Beach, Staten Island, New York, before and after major storm surges caused by Hurricane Irene (August 2011) and Superstorm Sandy (October 2012). Changes in vegetation were documented by surveys of the same 45–75-m section of beach, using quadrats (33 cm diameter) placed at 3-m intervals along transects, in mid-September of 2007, 2009, 2011 (2 wk after Irene), 2012 (1 mo before Sandy), and 2013. Native annual species, including Cenchrus tribuloides L. (dune sandbur), Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby (camphorweed), and Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapm. (purple sa...
Enhanced Imaging of Reacting Flows Using 3D Deconvolution and a Plenoptic Camera

Light field imaging with a plenoptic camera provides the ability to capture three dimensional information about a given volume or flow with a single camera. The single camera nature of this technique allows for imaging in environments with restricted optical access. Such environments are often associated with chemically reacting flows, which often have minimal external access due to high temperature and pressure. The plenoptic camera shows promise as an emerging tool for investigation of these flows, although its application in these environments is still largely unexplored. An overview of the basics of light field imaging with a plenoptic camera is given with a focus on the ability of the camera to refocus an image after it has been acquired. Three dimensional deconvolution is discussed as a method for enhancing the spatial resolution of refocused two dimensional images in environments possessing significant out-of-plane signal from a flame or other translucent source. Preliminary results showing the application of 3D deconvolution for image enhancement are presented with a summary of future work.
Underused options for preventing and treating influenza

Both amantadine and rimantadine are effective for preventing and treating influenza A, particularly in high-risk patients. However, they should be used judiciously due to the risk of central nervous system side effects and drug interactions. Zanamivir, a new agent for treating influenza, offers promise but needs further study and approval by the Food and Drug Administration before it can be recommended for routine use. Influenza vaccine, the most effective preventive measure, is widely underused.
Research on Bolt Calculation in Forging Flanges Used in Steel Tube Tower

Aiming at the connection type by the flange in the steel tube tower,this paper puts forward the calculation formula of the bolt joint and the contexture demands.By the reel experimentation and the theoretic analysis,it analyzes factors influencing on forces applied on bolts.At present,this formula and contexture demands have already been used in the forging flanges design for the 1 000 kV Huainan-Shanghai(Anhui-to-shanghai-Electricity-Diverting Project) transmission and distribution Engineering.
Influence of growth medium on thermal resistance of Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 (formerly Micrococcus freudenreichii) in liquid foods.

Pediococcus sp. is a nonpathogenic heat-resistant spoilage organism that has been used as a test organism in milk pasteurization studies. These characteristics make this bacterium an attractive test organism to study the mode of bacterial thermal inactivation in a food pilot plant. We report here the effect of growth medium on the thermal D value of this organism in skim milk, whole liquid egg, 10% glucose solution, pineapple juice, apple juice, tomato juice, and water at 60°C. Thermal inactivation was done in a submerged coil; D values were calculated from the linear portion of the survival curves by linear regression analysis. The range of D values of stationary-phase cells grown at 28°C in tryptone glucose yeast extract (TGY) or tryptic soy broth (TSB) was 0.14 to 12.05 min in all heating menstrua tested. The TSB-grown cells exhibited the highest thermal resistance with skim milk and 10% glucose solution as the heating menstrua. Survival curves of the TGY-grown cells indicated the presence of a cell po...
The cell biology and pathogenic role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages

Pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) are an extensive population of mature phagocytic cells adherent to the pulmonary capillary endothelium in selected species. They are not prevalent in lungs of commonly studied laboratory animals, such as rodents, and thus have only been recently appreciated. However, their potential role in host defense and acute lung injury has attracted interest, since a number of studies have demonstrated pulmonary localization of circulating particles, microbes, and endotoxin by PIMs. Those animal species, such as ruminants, that provide useful models of pathogen (or endotoxin)-induced acute lung injury demonstrate rapid pulmonary uptake of bacteria by PIMs. Inflammatory mediators released by activated PIMs may initiate the process and provoke accumulation of neutrophils and platelets. This review summarizes the morphological characteristics of PIMs and their species distribution. The role of these members of the mononuclear phagocyte system, both beneficial and potentially pathogenic, is reviewed. The question of whether PIMs have a role in acute lung injury in humans is also discussed.
Sensitivity-Based VOC Reactivity Calculation

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) reactivity scales are used to compare the ozone-forming potentials of various compounds. The comparison allows for substitution of compounds to lessen formation of ozone from paints, solvents, and other products. Current reactivity scales for VOC compounds were first developed using 1-D trajectory/box models for short pollution episodes several decades ago. In this study, they are updated using the 3-D air quality model CMAQ instrumented with DDM-3D. DDM-3D sensitivities are used to update relative reactivity metrics of a number of VOCs over more meaningful timescales. Using sensitivity calculation in the context of an air quality model for reactivity calculations avoids the issues of trajectory assumptions inherent in the 1-D calculations and allow for calculation of regional representative metrics.
The National Institutes of Health Affordable Cancer Technologies Program: Improving Access to Resource-Appropriate Technologies for Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Point-of-care (POC) technologies have proved valuable in cancer detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment in the developed world, and have shown promise in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) as well. Despite this promise, the unique design constraints presented in low-resource settings, coupled with the variety of country-specific regulatory and institutional dynamics, have made it difficult for investigators to translate successful POC cancer interventions to the LMIC markets. In response to this need, the National Cancer Institute has partnered with the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering to create the National Institutes of Health Affordable Cancer Technologies (ACTs) program. This program seeks to simplify the pathway to market by funding multidisciplinary investigative teams to adapt and validate the existing technologies for cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment in LMIC settings. The various projects under ACTs range from microfluidic cancer diagnostic tools to novel treatment devices, each geared for successful clinical adaptation to LMIC settings. Via progression through this program, each POC innovation will be uniquely leveraged for successful clinical translation to LMICs in a way not before seen in this arena.
Constraining neutrinos and dark energy with galaxy clustering in the Dark Energy Survey

We determine the forecast errors on the absolute neutrino mass scale and the equation of state of dark energy by combining synthetic data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the cosmic microwave background Planck surveyor. We use angular clustering of galaxies for DES in seven redshift shells up to $z\ensuremath{\sim}1.7$ including cross-correlations between different redshift shells. We study models with massless and massive neutrinos and three different dark energy models: $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ cold dark matter (CDM) ($w=\ensuremath{-}1$), $w\mathrm{CDM}$ (constant $w$), and ${w}_{a}\mathrm{CDM}$ [evolving equation of state parameter $w(a)={w}_{0}+{w}_{a}(1\ensuremath{-}a)$]. We include the impact of uncertainties in modeling galaxy bias using a constant and a redshift-evolving bias model. For the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{CDM}$ model we obtain an upper limit for the sum of neutrino masses from $\mathrm{DES}+\text{Planck}$ of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}l0.08\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ (95% C.L.) for a fiducial mass of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}=0.047\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, with a $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ error of 0.02 eV, assuming perfect knowledge of galaxy bias. For the $w\mathrm{CDM}$ model the limit is $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}l0.10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. For a $w\mathrm{CDM}$ model where galaxy bias evolves with redshift, the upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses increases to 0.29 eV. DES will be able to place competitive upper limits on the sum of neutrino masses of 0.1\char21{}0.3 eV and could therefore strongly constrain the inverted mass hierarchy of neutrinos. In a $w\mathrm{CDM}$ model the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ error on constant $w$ is $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}w=0.03$ from DES galaxy clustering and Planck. Allowing $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ as a free parameter increases the error on $w$ by a factor of 2, with $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}w=0.06$. In a ${w}_{a}\mathrm{CDM}$ model, in which the dark energy equation of state varies with time, the errors are $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{w}_{0}=0.2$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{w}_{a}=0.42$. Including neutrinos and redshift-dependent galaxy bias increases the errors to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{w}_{0}=0.39$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{w}_{a}=0.99$.
Letter in reference to: "Short-term effects of night shift work on breast cancer risk: a cohort study of payroll data".

There are major flaws with the analyses in the Vistisen et al (1) cohort study examining if night shift work is a short-term risk factor for breast cancer. The crucial problem is the potential for exposure misclassification, which is very high. The authors’ definition of day shift is “≥3 hours of work between 06:00–20:00 hours”. This means that a worker on an 8-hour shift that begins at 03:00 hours would be classified as a day rather than night shift worker because he/she worked only two hours between 24:00–05:00 hours. Similarly, a second shifter might start work at 17:00 but not get off until 01:00 and yet still be classified as a “day shift” worker. This does not make sense as a baseline comparison group “unexposed” to work during the night hours. A sensible classification system would be to define “day shift” as any shift that begins after 07:00 and ends before 18:00 hours. This is straightforward and avoids all of the ambiguities inherent in the definition used by the authors. In addition, the authors claim that the “inception population” is less likely to have had past prior non-day work hours. However, this group has an average age of >35 years. It is inconceivable that all of these women were new graduates who started a public health sector job for the first time. Rather, the majority must surely have worked elsewhere for many years but then started in the regions covered only after 2006. This topic is too important, and this cohort too valuable, not to carefully define the baseline comparison group of “day workers” in a sensible manner. All the inferences rely crucially on this definition. The authors have the data to define the day-working baseline group in a way that avoids these obvious biases. That is why it is so frustrating that the authors chose to conduct the analyses as they did, with a highly flawed definition of “day work”, when they could have done so much better. A highly flawed epidemiological report is worse than no report at all because it misleads the scientific community and the public. Reference 1. Vistisen HT, Garde AH, Frydenberg M, Christiansen P, Hansen AM, Hansen J, Bonde JPE, Kolstad HA. Short-term effects of night shift work on breast cancer risk: a cohort study of payroll data. Scand J Work Environ Health – online first. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3603.
Stock Performance of Socially Responsible Companies

Every year Corporate Responsibility Magazine selects and ranks 100 companies on the basis of their corporate social responsibility. This study investigates the stock performance of socially responsible companies in the U.S. The monthly stock returns for these companies are analyzed and compared with the market performance, with the S&P 500 index designated as a proxy for the market. The empirical evidence suggests that these 100 companies outperform the market in their monthly stock returns. We also narrow down the number of companies selected to the top 75, 50, 25, and 10 firms. As we narrow down the companies selected, the difference between their returns and the market returns also narrows. In other words, a portfolio that includes all top 100 companies provides the best stock performance. We extend the analysis to long-term annual stock performance. We find that these socially responsible companies′ annual returns are higher than the market returns for up to seven years after they are listed. We also conduct the same analysis on the top 75, 50, 25, and 10 firms, respectively. Similarly, the larger the number of these top 100 companies, the greater the tendency to generate higher annual returns. We suspect that because the difference between the socially responsible companies′ average returns and the market returns is not dramatic, with a bigger population and thus a larger sample size, the difference becomes more significant. However, in practice, transaction costs must be considered. This study is limited in that it does not consider transaction costs. Nevertheless, we hope to shed some light on the issue of socially responsible companies′ stock performance to encourage companies to start thinking about the importance of corporate social responsibility.
Decolonization through Secularization: A Geopolitical Reframing of Turkey's 1924 Abolition of the Caliphate

Following World War I, answers to the Eastern Question emerged amid the Great Powers' occupation of former Ottoman territories. In this context of “decolonization,” there were numerous contending perspectives on matters relating to both religious and politcal institutions. Breaking from traditional and contemporary scholarly works that narrowly depict the abolition of the caliphate in terms of secularization, this article situates the experience in terms of contemporary geopolitical realities (i.e., the recent conclusion of an almost five-year European occupation of Istanbul and the emergent nation-state based in Ankara since 1920). Employing unique primary sources in Ottoman Turkish, the authors thus critically assess the abolition not as a matter of callous and universal secularization but, rather, as an experience of decolonization. In doing so, they contend that the elimination of the caliphate resulted from an emerging nation-state's attempts both to assert sovereignty and to decolonize from within a...
The York buildings dragons: Desaguliers, Arbuthnot and attitudes towards the scientific community.

The growing public awareness of natural philosophy and technology in the eighteenth century brought with it unintended consequences, including an enlarged space for satiric treatments of scientific...
Mixed Network Former Effect on Structure, Physical Properties, and Bioactivity of 45S5 Bioactive Glasses: An Integrated Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.

Boron-containing bioactive glasses display a strong potential in various biomedical applications lately due to their controllable dissolution rates. In this paper, we prepared a series of B2O3/SiO2-substituded 45S5 bioactive glasses and performed in vitro biomineralization tests with both simulated body fluid and K2HPO4 solutions to evaluate the bioactivities of these glasses as a function of boron oxide to silica substitution. The samples were examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry after immersing them in the two solutions (simulated body fluid and K2HPO4) up to 3 weeks. It was found that introduction of boron oxide delayed the formation of hydroxyapatite, but all the glasses were shown to be bioactive. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to complement the experimental efforts to understand the structural changes due to boron oxide to silica substitution by using newly developed partial charge composition-dependent potentials. ...
Equity in the Evidence Base: Demographic Sampling in Intervention Research for Students With Emotional and Behavior Disorders:

Researchers have been working diligently to build the evidence base for what works for youth with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). As the evidence base grows, the field must investigate wh...
Teaching Mindfulness to Undergraduates: A Survey and Photovoice Study:

How do emerging adults experience mindfulness and compassion? The goals of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of a mindfulness curricular intervention and (2) examine how students in...
Mindwandering While Reading Not Only Reduces Science Learning But Also Increases Content Misunderstandings

More frequent mindwandering has been shown to reduce overall text comprehension. However, are mindwanders also more likely to generate incorrect associations based on what they have read? This question is especially critical for science learning, as errors in understanding can resonate through future learning efforts. Across 2 experiments, participants read a science text and were asked to generate a causal essay response related to the text, in addition to completing a sentence recognition test. Participants who reported more mindwandering not only demonstrated lower levels of correct understanding overall, but also included more misunderstandings in their essay responses. Mediational analyses suggest that the production of misunderstandings was tied to less available correct knowledge, and not demand characteristics at time of test. The results from these experiments suggest that mindwandering does not just prohibit correct memory for text, but also produces a negative learning effect in the form of textual misunderstanding.
87 – Sex Differences in CNS Neurotransmitter Influences on Behavior

Sexual dimorphism of the central nervous system (CNS) has been widely documented. Morphological sex differences in brain areas underlie sex differences in function. To distinguish sex differences in physiological function from underlying sexual dimorphisms, we use the term sexual diergism to encompass differences in function between males and females. Many studies have reported sexual dimorphism as differences in the number and morphology of cells in various regions of the brain. However, relatively few of these studies have supplemented the observations of anatomical dimorphisms with information on sex differences in corresponding physiology or behavior. In addition, useful information on sex differences can be difficult to glean from the published literature. This chapter reviews literature correlating sexual dimorphism and sexual diergism of CNS neurotransmitters and infers implications for the study of behavior, disease, and therapeutics. This chapter focuses on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as this neurotransmitter has been the focus of our neuroendocrine studies with male and female humans and laboratory animals over the past 10 years. Pertinent sex differences and behavioral influences of other CNS neurotransmitter systems, including dopaminergic, GABAergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and vasopressinergic systems, are also reviewed.
The role of genetic disposition in human health and disease — bioethical aspects of DNA testing

The aim of the Human Genome Project, an international collaborative effort currently in progress, is to identify and catalogue all human genes and to identify the underlying DNA nucleotide sequences. It provides a basis for determining how genes give rise to human diseases, thus opening up new approaches to their cure and prevention. The efforts to map the human genome present no inherent ethical problems but are eminently worthwhile, particularly since the knowledge they provide will be universally applicable for the benefit of human health. In terms of ethics and human values, it must be ensured that the methods used in gene mapping adhere to the high standards of research ethics and that the knowledge gained will be used in an appropriate manner and only for the benefit of the persons tested. This presents a substantial challenge to the medical geneticist. Interdisciplinary discussions on expectations and misgivings provide him with a unique opportunity to broaden his own understanding of important concepts such as human individuality, family bonds or health and disease.
CONTINUOUS CULTURE - SOME CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS FROM ANOTHER VIEWPOINT

ABSTRACT In the conventional cultivation systems of batch and continuous culture, a number of problems arise which relate to primary and secondary growth and metabolism, maintenance energy, hysteresis effects and the physiological state. In these culture systems the cell population is randomised with the cells in all stages of their development and the results obtained for any experimental parameter examined there reflects the average performance of the cells in the culture and of the microbial activity at that time. But such experimental dimensions do not relate to the critical performer–the cell, and tell us very little of its own individual performance or contribution in the culture. Continuous phased (synchronised) culture enables some measure of the cell performance to be appreciated and results of experiments conducted with Candida utilis are considered in relation to some of the above mentioned problems.
Sexually acquired acute hepatitis C infection diagnosed during pregnancy: a case report of successful postpartum treatment

Abstract Background Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) during pregnancy has emerged as an increasingly recognized and prevalent condition among women of reproductive age in the United States. While screening recommendations exist for pregnant women at high risk of HCV infection, pregnant women with HCV are often under-screened, not diagnosed, or do not receive adequate follow-up, thereby increasing the risk of suboptimal maternal and infant outcomes (including in future pregnancies). Case A pregnant woman living with HIV presented with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. She had tested negative for HCV earlier in pregnancy as part of routine screening recommended for women living with HIV. She was found to have sexually acquired a new HCV infection from her partner during pregnancy. She successfully completed treatment postpartum. Conclusion With the rise in HCV infection among pregnant patients, physicians should be diligent in assessing pregnant women and their partners for HCV risk factors, testing for HCV when risk is identified, and arranging follow-up testing and treatment for HCV-positive mothers and their infants.
Sense Perception and the Flourishing of the Human Person in von Hildebrand and the Aristotelian Traditions

Phenomenologist Dietrich von Hildebrand argues that many properties of the material world only exist in relation to persons, that sense perception is not merely a bodily act, but a properly spiritual, personal act, and that our highest act is not purely intellectual but involves bodily sense perception. By his own assertion, his philosophy must be understood in the context of the Catholic philosophical tradition; here, I consider his account of the material world and of sense perception in comparison to two strands of the Aristotelian tradition in Catholic philosophy, represented by Thomas Aquinas and Gregory Palamas. I show how von Hildebrand’s views on the material world and sense perception can be better understood, their phenomenological bases defended, and their deficiencies corrected, by drawing on the notion of energeiai from Palamas’ thought, and of participation and obediential potency from Aquinas’ thought
Comparison of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sedation for pediatric echocardiography.

BACKGROUND In 2013, outpatient use of chloral hydrate (CH) was limited and other alternatives such as oral pentobarbital (PB) were explored to achieve conscious sedation in young children for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of the two medications. METHODS Clinical information, from a computerized database, about children who received sedation with either CH or PB for TTE at our center (2008-2015) was reviewed, and the two groups were compared for sedation effectiveness and complications. RESULTS Three thousand eight hundred fifty one pediatric patients (median age 8 months) underwent conscious sedation during TTE (mean doses CH 50 mg/kg, PB 4 mg/kg). Demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar. Sedation failure rate (CH 2.4%, PB 2.9%, P = NS), need for supplemental doses (CH 17.9%, PB 16.2%, P = NS), and overall adverse event rate (PB 1.4%, CH 1.9%; P = NS) were similar in the two groups. There were fewer episodes of respiratory depression with PB (0.3% vs 1.6%, P < 0.05). The rate of paradoxical reactions was higher with PB (1% vs 0.03%, P < 0.05). Increasing age predicted the need for supplemental doses and for sedation failure in both groups. Neonates (7.5% vs 0%) and infants (2% vs 0.6%) given CH were more likely to develop adverse reactions. CONCLUSION Chloral hydrate and PB are equally effective. However, CH is associated with an increased incidence of transient desaturation, while PB is associated with an increased incidence of a paradoxical reaction. Increasing age is predictive of the need for supplemental doses and for failure of sedation in both groups.
Darwin review: angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations

Darwin's dual interests in evolution and plants formed the basis of evolutionary botany, a field that developed following his publications on both topics. Here, we review his many contributions to ...
High resolution solution structure of apo calcyclin and structural variations in the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins.

The three-dimensional solution structure of apo rabbit lung calcyclin has been refined to high resolution through the use of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and 13C,15N- enriched protein. Upon completing the assignment of virtually all of the 15N, 13C and 1H NMR resonances, the solution structure was determined from a combination of 2814 NOE- derived distance constraints, and 272 torsion angle constraints derived from scalar couplings. A large number of critical inter- subunit NOEs (386) were identified from 13C- select,13C-filtered NOESY experiments, providing a highly accurate dimer interface. The combination of distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics calculations yielded structures with excellent agreement with the experimental data and high precision (rmsd from the mean for the backbone atoms in the eight helices: 0.33 A). Calcyclin exhibits a symmetric dimeric fold of two identical 90 amino acid subunits, characteristic of the S100 subfamily of EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins. The structure reveals a readily identified pair of putative sites for binding of Zn2+. In order to accurately determine the structural features that differentiate the various S100 proteins, distance difference matrices and contact maps were calculated for the NMR structural ensembles of apo calcyclin and rat and bovine S100B. These data show that the most significant variations among the structures are in the positioning of helix III and in loops, the regions with least sequence similarity. Inter-helical angles and distance differences for the proteins show that the positioning of helix III of calcyclin is most similar to that of bovine S100B, but that the helix interfaces are more closely packed in calcyclin than in either S100B structure. Surprisingly large differences were found in the positioning of helix III in the two S100B structures, despite there being only four non-identical residues, suggesting that one or both of the S100B structures requires further refinement.
Beyond the East/West Dichotomy—The Course Yoga: Theory and Practice Conveys the Benefits of an Ayurvedic Lens for Global Health:

The course Yoga: Theory and Practice (YTP) evolved from the realization that graduate and undergraduate academic offerings of “yoga courses” were filled beyond capacity, while students were not bei...
Relational processes in family entrepreneurial culture and resilience across generations

Abstract The study purpose is to empirically demonstrate a theoretically grounded method for elucidating the underlying family relational processes that lead to resiliency that sustains an entrepreneurial culture across generations. The study is grounded in Sustainable Family Business and Contextual Family Therapy theories. Data were multi-informant (parents, adult child) and multi-method (videotaped business decision team interviews with verifying individual member interviews) allowing for coding of both verbal content and affect within interactions. Relational ethics, fairness, and justice in family relationships were used to interpret observable family behaviors indicative of underlying family resilience processes. The state of the family ledger, an overall accounting of the balance of give and take in family relationships over time, was assessed to better understand family resiliency (a capacity from which to draw to facilitate adaptation to change or adversity) and ultimately transgenerational transfer of entrepreneurial culture. Results indicate that entrepreneurial culture is influenced by relational ethics and the family ledger and may be altered across generations. Specifically, a more balanced ledger representing a higher degree of resiliency (a protective factor) opens the door to access and use of other family capital (financial, human, other social capital) that feeds and sustains an entrepreneurial culture across generations.
Comparing clinical and patient reported outcomes of suture anchor and transosseous repairs of quadriceps tendon rupture

Abstract Quadriceps tendon ruptures are relatively uncommon but severe injuries to the extensor mechanism are usually treated surgically. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the results following a standard transosseous (TO) repair to a suture anchor (SA) repair. A retrospective cohort was analyzed from a single institution with a total of 10 SA and 17 TO repairs meeting inclusion criteria. Average clinical follow up was 5.8 months and 15.2 months for the SA and TO groups, respectively. Re rupture rates were 9% and 13%, with total complication rates of 27% and 32% for the SA and TO groups, respectively. Knee flexion was 117° for SA repairs and 128° for TO repairs after a minimum of 3 months. Mean Lysholm scores were 63 and 72.8, recorded at a mean of 4.7 years and 5.5 years after the SA and TO repairs, respectively. Operative time was similar between both groups at 93 min and 90 min for the SA and TO groups, respectively. This study showed that the clinical results, re rupture rates, complications, and operative times were similar between suture anchor and transosseous repairs of the quadriceps tendon. Therefore both techniques are appropriate for the management of this debilitating injury.
Good Systems: Ethical AI for CSCW

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing work, including what it means for cooperative work to be supported by computers. The increased use of AI in CSCW can lead to many advantages, including increased productivity and efficiency, but it can also include several potential ethical trade-offs, such as invasions of privacy, loss of autonomy, and job displacement. This workshop will explore the ethical dimensions of AI in CSCW, building on Good Systems, a UT Grand Challenge. Specifically, the first half of the workshop will focus on the need to design AI to work for all users and to avoid bias through the use of universal design as well as the need for AI and CSCW researchers to interact with policy and legal experts to work together to ensure that AI will be developed in an ethical manner with sufficient consideration of its societal implications, and also that AI will be regulated and legislated in ways that will maximize its benefits to all people.
GIS: an introduction to mapping technologies

This is an introductory textbook of GIS intended for new users of geospatial technologies. It covers fundamental concepts of GIS and discusses the latest GIS technologies. This book well describes ...
Risk of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Treatment Based on Extended Family History

Abstract Background Family history of pelvic organ prolapse among first-degree relatives is an established risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse; however, consideration of the constellation of family history extending to distant relationships allows for more accurate determination of risk and may improve pelvic organ prolapse risk prediction estimates. Objective To assess risk for pelvic organ prolapse treatment based on varying family histories of pelvic organ prolapse, including number and types of affected relatives, ages of relatives at POP treatment, and whether the family history is of maternal or paternal origin. Study Design This is a retrospective, population-based study that involves the Utah Population Database: a population resource that includes extensive genealogy information linked to medical records. The study population included 453,522 total females, 4,628 females with a diagnosis of treated (surgical or pessary) pelvic organ prolapse and their 15,530 first-degree relatives (FDR), 33,782 second-degree relatives, and 66,469 third-degree relatives. We estimated relative risk (RR) of treated pelvic organ prolapse based on specific family history constellations. Results Relative risk estimates increased with a family history of increasing numbers of treated first-degree relatives with pelvic organ prolapse (FDR≥1: RR=2.36, 95% CI (2.15-2.58); FDR≥2: RR=3.79 (2.65-5.24); and FDR≥3: RR=6.26 (1.29-18.30). Having a family history of three or more affected third-degree relatives (e.g. first cousins) and no affected first- or second-degree relatives was similar in risk to having one affected first-degree relative. Relative risk estimates decreased with increasing age of treatment for first-degree family members. Risks in individuals with a positive maternal family history for pelvic organ prolapse were consistently higher than risks in individuals with equivalent paternal family history, but paternal inheritance still played a role. Approximately 4% of the total, studied female population was found to have a greater than 2-fold risk of being treated for pelvic organ prolapse, and is considered high-risk based on their family history. Conclusions We provide estimates for treated pelvic organ prolapse based on an extensive family history of pelvic organ prolapse using a large population-based sample. Risk for treated pelvic organ prolapse increased with increasing numbers of affected close and distant female relatives, earlier age of pelvic organ prolapse treatment in relatives, and maternal inheritance. These risk estimates may be useful for genetic studies and investigation of risk reduction strategies in those at highest risk for pelvic organ prolapse.
Striving to Include the Excluded: A Case Study of a Special Education Initiative in Rural Honduras

Despite the existence of national policies that allow students with disabilities to be taught in the general education setting in Honduras, there is a gap between policy and practice as students with disabilities experience worse learning outcomes than their peers. Previous work has shown that this is due in part to a lack of knowledge among general education teachers on how to work successfully with students with disabilities. This paper examines the effectiveness of an approach to address this in rural Honduras by providing professional development for fifteen in-service teachers in eight schools to impart techniques for working with 56 students with both learning and physical disabilities. Through a combination of surveys, interviews, and observations, results show benefits to the teachers’ beliefs, content knowledge, and pedagogy for students with disabilities. This work leads to potential policy implications for the adoption of similar programs throughout Honduras and Central America.