cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DRIVER FATALITIES VERSUS CAR MASS USING A NEW EXPOSURE APPROACH

A new approach to estimating exposure is presented and applied to determining relations between car mass and driver fatality likelihood. The new approach considers two groups of fatal crashes in the FARS files. The first group contains crashes in which car drivers are killed in single car crashes or in crashes with trucks. These are both examples of non-two car crashes. It is hypothesized that the likelihood of a car driver fatality in such crashes depends on car mass. The second group of fatal crashes contains crashes in which either pedestrians or motorcyclists are killed in crashes with cars. It is hypothesized that the likelihood of the pedestrian or motorcyclist being killed in such crashes is independent of the mass of the car. The new exposure approach implies that the ratio of the number of people killed in the mass dependent crash to those killed in the mass independent crash gives an estimate of how car mass affects the likelihood of a driver fatality. The approach further implies that the estimate obtained is an estimate of the physical effect of mass, essentially independent of driver behavior. It is found that the new exposure approach yields relationships between driver fatality likelihood and car mass that are more precise and consistent than can normally be obtained in accident research. The effects found, which are attributed to the physical properties of the vehicle, essentially independent of driver behavior, are larger (for example, a driver of a 900 kg car is 2.6 times as likely to be killed as is a driver of a 1800kg car) than those based on fatalities per car.
An examination of the effects of concealed weapons laws and assault weapons bans on state-level murder rates

The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of state-level assault weapons bans and concealed weapons laws on state-level murder rates. Using data for the period 1980 to 2009 and controlling for state and year fixed effects, the results of the present study suggest that states with restrictions on the carrying of concealed weapons had higher gun-related murder rates than other states. It was also found that assault weapons bans did not significantly affect murder rates at the state level. These results suggest that restrictive concealed weapons laws may cause an increase in gun-related murders at the state level. The results of this study are consistent with some prior research in this area, most notably Lott and Mustard (1997).
Wireless health and the smart phone conundrum

This paper presents a study of the five best selling Smart Phones in terms of their applicability to Wireless Health. Smart Phones are generally used as central controlling units in Wireless Health applications. We carried out our investigation by implementing a wireless health application that performs sensor communication, data processing, and data visualization. Our overarching goal is to develop a plug-and-play Wireless Health software platform. Our task begins with an in depth study of Smart Phones: the central controller of Wireless health applications.
Artificial perception and consciousness

Perception has both unconscious and conscious aspects. In all cases, however, what we perceive is a model of reality. By brain construction through evolution, we divide the world into two parts--our body and the outside world. But the process is the same in both cases. We perceive a construct usually governed by sensed data but always involving memory, goals, fears, expectations, etc. As a first step toward Artificial Perception in man-made systems, we examine perception in general here.
Points of light, bridges to the future, flower gardens, and the Alamo: Ruralteachers' metaphors of schooling

Abstract Creative play with metaphors is an integral part of school discourse. Building on over a year of ethnographic work in a rural Appalachian district, I explore the nuances and implications of several dominant metaphors. These metaphors are both reflections of and critiques of metaphors popular in current educational reform rhetoric. These ways of talking about schooling, education policy, the ideal teacher and student, allies, and enemies often draw on speakers' rural sense of place, that is, their grounded perspective of their geopolitical place in the world. I conclude with reflections about using metaphors as explicit and purposeful parts of continuing teacher education.
Signal constellations for non-Gaussian communication problems

On the basis of a geometric theory of detection, the authors extend the notion of a signal constellation, a concept deeply rooted in Gaussian problems, to the non-Gaussian case. Significant differences between optimal designs for Gaussian and non-Gaussian situations are shown. In particular, square-wave signals are much more important in heavy-tailed, non-Gaussian noise situations than in Gaussian ones. Furthermore, design guidelines for non-Gaussian problems can vary with the number of signal set members and can depend on SNR. The extent to which suboptimal designs affect performance (using Gaussian-based designs in non-Gaussian situations, for example) can be predicted from calculations of the Kullback information, but only in the sense of determining how the logarithmic error probability rates differ. >
Learning for Semantic Parsing with Statistical Machine Translation

We present a novel statistical approach to semantic parsing, WASP, for constructing a complete, formal meaning representation of a sentence. A semantic parser is learned given a set of sentences annotated with their correct meaning representations. The main innovation of WASP is its use of state-of-the-art statistical machine translation techniques. A word alignment model is used for lexical acquisition, and the parsing model itself can be seen as a syntax-based translation model. We show that WASP performs favorably in terms of both accuracy and coverage compared to existing learning methods requiring similar amount of supervision, and shows better robustness to variations in task complexity and word order.
Background Characteristics in the U.S. Adult Population 1952-1973: A Survey-Metric Model

Abstract Data from 30 surveys (46,356 cases from 10 Michigan Election Surveys and 20 Gallup polls) are analyzed to study the interrelations of cohort, sex, race, region, and education from 1952 to 1973. A d-system model is developed that pools results from the various surveys into a set of parameters forming a flowgraph model. This technique allows one to see whether the surveys used are consistent and whether the results are consistent with outside sources such as census reports. (Generally speaking, the surveys were found to be consistent and the model showed generally good fit with census and NORC General Social Survey estimates, but significant differences in two or three parameters.) A computer model of the system is used to generate implications and extrapolations. Substantively, the main results were: (1) a definite trend away from sex equality in education, especially for college attendance; (2) very little narrowing in race, region, and religious differences in education, until the most recent cohorts where Northern White Catholics and Southern White Protestants show virtual parity with “Yankees” (Northern White Protestant); and (3) a projection that shows discouragingly little narrowing of intergroup education differences in the general population for the next 5 years.
Christianization in the Fourth Century: The Example of Roman Women

ment of those upper-class Roman women who, by continuing to practice their Christian religion in the households of their pagan husbands, established the syncretistic milieu which would influence the religious attitudes of the next generation. But the apparent calm of Brown's anonymous culture-bearers is disturbed by a small group of women whose religious extremism delineates them sharply from their peers. Rejecting wholly the society into which they were born, they fled the cloying Roman atmosphere for the harsh air of the desert. The "respectable Christianity" that Rome was adopting offered them no satisfaction. This paper will attempt to modify Brown's somewhat benign and impressionistic sketch of Christian aristocratic Roman women in the fourth century. It will consider the cluster of ascetic women who stand out in sharp relief against that background. It will analyze the social bonds that held these women together; then it will deal with the relationship between members of the group and their own immediate families. Having treated her immediate environment, the paper will describe a composite ascetic woman by considering the necessary elements of her asceticism. Finally, it will consider the effect of the group on its society. For clarity the paper includes two stemmata. The first shows the familial relationships among most of the women who will be discussed.8 The second is a spiritual stemma indicating schematically the web of influences among the women and their relationships to some major figures of the fourth-century church. They are as follows:
User Privacy Protection in Pervasive Social Networking Applications Using PCO

Privacy is the most often-cited criticism of context awareness in pervasive environment, and may be the utmost barrier to its enduring success. However, privacy implications associated with pervasive online community-based applications depend on the level of identifiability of the information provided, its possible recipients, and its possible uses. Unfortunately, conventional privacy preservation techniques are not suitable for these types of application. This paper describes our current work in developing a novel privacy sensitive architecture for context obfuscation (PCO) for privacy preservation in pervasive online community-based applications. More specifically, PCO preserves users’ privacy by generalising request parameters as well as the context data provided to the application. To support multiple levels of granularity for the released context data, the obfuscation procedure uses an ontological description that states the granularity of object type instances. We have developed and evaluated a contextual instant messaging application (PCO application) in Android platform that incorporates level-based privacy of the user’s contextual information. We also evaluate our prototype application through user evaluation survey. The PCO architecture can be extended to be used in diverse online community-based applications.
Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles

Landscape structural characteristics, such as patch size, edge length, and configuration, are altered markedly when management regimes are imposed on primeval landscapes. The ecological consequences of clearcutting patterns were explored by using a model of the dispersed patch or checkerboard system currently practiced on federal forest lands in the western United States. Thresholds in landscape structure were observed on a gradient of percentages of landscape cutover. Probability of disturbance,e.g., wildfire and windthrow, and biotic components,e.g., species diversity and game populations, are highly sensitive to these structural changes. Altering the spatial configuration and size of clearcuts provides an opportunity to create alternative landscapes that differ significantly in their ecological characteristics. Both ecosystem and heterogeneous landscape perspectives are critical in resource management.
Vertical distribution of fungal communities in tallgrass prairie soil.

We used 454 sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region to characterize fungal communities in tallgrass prairie soils subdivided into strata 0-10, 10-20, 30-40 and 50-60 cm deep. The dataset included more than 14 000 fungal sequences distributed across Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, basal fungal lineages and Glomeromycota in order of decreasing frequency. As expected the community richness and diversity estimators tended to decrease with increasing depth. Although species richness was significantly reduced for samples from the deeper profiles, even the deepest stratum sampled contained richness of more than a third of that in the topmost stratum. More importantly, nonparametric multidi- mensional scaling (NMS) ordination analyses indicat- ed that the fungal communities differed across vertical profiles, although only the topmost and deepest strata were significantly different when the NMS axis scores were compared by ANOVA. These results emphasize the importance of considering the fungal communities across the vertical strata because the deeper soil horizons might maintain a distinct community composition and thus contribute greatly to overall richness. The majority of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) declined in frequency with increasing depth, although a linear regression anal- ysis indicated that some increased with increasing depth. The OTUs and BLAST-assigned taxa that showed increasing frequencies were mainly uncultur- able fungi, but some showed likely affinities to families Nectriaceae and Venturiaceae or to genus Pachnocybe. Although the ecological roles of the fungi in the deeper strata remain uncertain, we hypothesize
Internalizing problems during adolescence.

Trends in Studying Adolescence and Internalizing Pathways for Continuity and Change Epidemiology of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescence Developmental Models for Changes in Internalizing Symptoms and Disorders During Adolescence Vulnerability And Risk Factors Associated With Internalizing Problems “Biological Markers” of Disorder and Neuroendocrine Processes of Stress Treatment Of Internalizing Disorders Implications and Conclusions Keywords: diathesis-stress models; puberty; gender differences; anxiety; depression; stress and coping
Household Food Security, Farm Trees, and Agroforestry: A Comparative Study in Indonesia and the Philippines

Increasing numbers of studies suggest that farm trees and agroforestry practices improve household food security. Some have further speculated that poor farmers are responding to decreasing access to land and declining agricultural productivity by increasing farm tree and agroforestry activities because of the multiple benefits of trees, which are cash crops that demand relatively low levels of labor. This paper argues that the choice to cultivate trees, the decision as to which specific tree species are to be cultivated, and the determination of the spatial and temporal association of those trees with annual crops must all be evaluated on a historical and regional basis. Furthermore, in Southeast Asia. food security and upland farm decisions must be viewed within the broader context of the rice economy - the value people have for consuming rice, and its central position in household production decisions.
Interaction design with building facades

In this paper, we discuss our early studies with electronically activated variable transmission materials (e.g., electrochromic glasses and PDLC films) for the design of interactive, programmable building facades that exercise environmentally and socially sustainable building behaviors. We articulate on the different applications of these facades, such as automated climate moderation, lighting, view and privacy control, and discuss their aesthetic, social, and cultural implications in light of new interaction paradigms that shape the experience of the space that they are manifested in.
TISSUE-SPECIFIC CELL-SURFACE ANTIGENS IN EMBRYONIC CELLS

With the use of antisera prepared in rabbits against suspensions of live embryonic chick tissue cells, qualitative differences in cell surface antigens were demonstrated on cells from different embryonic chick tissues by immune agglutination and immunofluorescence. Unabsorbed antisera reacted with both homologous and nonhomologous cells; thorough absorption of the antisera with heterologous tissues removed cross-reacting antibodies, and the antisera acquired a high degree of tissue specificity. Thus, antiretina cell serum absorbed with nonretina cells or tissues, agglutinated only neural retina cells, and was shown by immunofluorescence tests to react specifically with the surface of retina cells, both in cell suspensions and in frozen tissue sections. Comparable results with antisera against cells from embryonic liver and other tissues demonstrated the existence of tissue-specific, phenotypic disparities in the antigenicities of embryonic cell surfaces, in addition to the presence of cell-surface antigens shared by certain classes of cells, and of antigens common to all cells in the embryo. The results are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of such phenotypic determinants in the specification of cell surfaces, in relation to cell recognition and developmental interactions.
The Effect of Federalization on the Defense Function

The increasing federalization of crime gives rise to concurrent state and federal jurisdiction over most crimes. This dual jurisdiction enables prosecutors to choose whether to prosecute in state or federal courts. It is generally easier to obtain conviction in federal courts, and there is usually a large differential in the possible punishment under the different systems, with the federal system often having the harsher sentencing structure. As a result, prosecutors have enormous power to coerce guilty pleas or to choose the easiest path to conviction at trial. This concentration of power is worrisome, especially because there is at present no coherent policy about which crimes and which criminals should be prosecuted in state courts and which in federal courts. The result is that the prosecutorial advantages are employed randomly, with predictable results: wide disparities in sentences for similar offenses committed by like offenders, and marked differences in enforcement patterns across jurisdictions.
Topography and morphometry of capillaries in the rat subfornical organ.

A comprehensive stereological analysis was performed to define capillary dimensions in individual subregions of the subfornical organ in Long-Evans, homozygous Brattleboro, and Sprague-Dawley rats. Capillary density, volume fraction, length, surface area, and diameter were assessed in four regions in the sagittal plane (rostral, “transitional,” central, and caudal) and two zones in the coronal plane (dorsal and ventromedial). The ventromedial zones in the central and caudal regions correspond to areas of dense perikarya and neuropil containing neural afferent inputs to the subfornical organ (e.g., putative fiber terminals for angiotensin II), whereas the dorsal zones of these regions are apparently the predominant sites of perikarya having efferent projections directed outside of the organ The morphometric analysis revealed heterogeneous capillary density across subregions of the subfornical organ (range of 132 to 931 capillaries/mm2 in the three rat groups). Capillaries in the ventromedial zones of the central and caudal regions had significantly greater density, volume fraction, and surface area, but smaller diameters, than those in the adjacent dorsal zones and more rostral regions. Across all subregions within the dorsal zone, there was generally a consistent morphometric pattern in the three rat groups. No differences in capillary dimensions in any part of the subfornical organ were found between the Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats. A qualitative electron microscopic investigation of endothelial cells in each subregion of the subfornical organ in Long-Evans rats revealed at least three types of capillary oriented according to region: (1) in the rostral region were capillaries having no endothelial fenestrations or pericapillary spaces, and few vesicles, (2) in the “transitional” region between the rostral and central regions, capillaries having no endothelial fenestrations, substantial numbers of vesicles, and narrow but perceptible pericapillary spaces were found, and (3) in the central and caudal regions, capillaries having abundant endothelial fenestrations and vesicles, expansive pericapillary labyrinths, and relatively thin walls were present. These findings from light microscopic morphometry and electron microscopy in rats indicate a heterogeneity of capillary organization that shows topographical correspondence to the cytology and putative functions of the subfornical organ.
Finite-Element Extrapolation of Myocardial Structure Alterations Across the Cardiac Cycle in Rats

Myocardial microstructures are responsible for key aspects of cardiac mechanical function. Natural myocardial deformation across the cardiac cycle induces measurable structural alteration, which varies across disease states. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) has become the tool of choice for myocardial structural analysis. Yet, obtaining the comprehensive structural information of the whole organ, in 3D and time, for subject-specific examination is fundamentally limited by scan time. Therefore, subject-specific finite-element (FE) analysis of a group of rat hearts was implemented for extrapolating a set of initial DT-MRI to the rest of the cardiac cycle. The effect of material symmetry (isotropy, transverse isotropy, and orthotropy), structural input, and warping approach was observed by comparing simulated predictions against in vivo MRI displacement measurements and DT-MRI of an isolated heart preparation at relaxed, inflated, and contracture states. Overall, the results indicate that, while ventricular volume and circumferential strain are largely independent of the simulation strategy, structural alteration predictions are generally improved with the sophistication of the material model, which also enhances torsion and radial strain predictions. Moreover, whereas subject-specific transversely isotropic models produced the most accurate descriptions of fiber structural alterations, the orthotropic models best captured changes in sheet structure. These findings underscore the need for subject-specific input data, including structure, to extrapolate DT-MRI measurements across the cardiac cycle.
Computational studies of H5N1 influenza virus resistance to oseltamivir

Influenza A (H5N1) virus is one of the world's greatest pandemic threats. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, prevent the spread of influenza, but drug-resistant viruses have reduced their effectiveness. Resistance depends on the binding properties of NA-drug complexes. Key residue mutations within the active site of NA glycoproteins diminish binding, thereby resulting in drug resistance. We performed molecular simulations and calculations to characterize the mechanisms of H5N1 influenza virus resistance to oseltamivir and predict potential drug-resistant mutations. We examined two resistant NA mutations, H274Y and N294S, and one non-drug-resistant mutation, E119G. Six-nanosecond unrestrained molecular dynamic simulations with explicit solvent were performed using NA-oseltamivir complexes containing either NA wild-type H5N1 virus or a variant. MM_PBSA techniques were then used to rank the binding free energies of these complexes. Detailed analyses indicated that conformational change of E276 in the Pocket 1 region of NA is a key source of drug resistance in the H274Y mutant but not in the N294S mutant.
Effective crosstalk isolation through p/sup +/ Si substrates with semi-insulating porous Si

Through-the-wafer porous Si (PS) trenches have been used to provide radio frequency (RF) isolation in Si because of their semi-insulating property. Reduction of crosstalk by 70 dB at 2 GHz and 45 dB at 8 GRz is demonstrated between Al pads with 800 /spl mu/m separation on p/sup +/Si. Crosstalk suppression increases linearly with increasing PS width to beyond 320 /spl mu/m. This suppression is degraded by one order of magnitude when the Si underneath the PS trenches remains and serves as a residual path for crosstalk. These results show that PS is an excellent candidate for RF isolation in modern VLSI technology.
Model Composition for Macromolecular Regulatory Networks

Models of regulatory networks become more difficult to construct and understand as they grow in size and complexity. Large models are usually built up from smaller models, representing subsets of reactions within the larger network. To assist modelers in this composition process, we present a formal approach for model composition, a wizard-style program for implementing the approach, and suggested language extensions to the Systems Biology Markup Language to support model composition. To illustrate the features of our approach and how to use the JigCell Composition Wizard, we build up a model of the eukaryotic cell cycle "engine? from smaller pieces.
Mind-body Practices for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Background Mind-body practices are increasingly used to provide stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mind-body practice encompasses activities with the intent to use the mind to impact physical functioning and improve health. Methods This is a literature review using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress to identify the effects of mind-body intervention modalities, such as yoga, tai chi, qigong, mindfulness-based stress reduction, meditation, and deep breathing, as interventions for PTSD. Results The literature search identified 92 articles, only 16 of which were suitable for inclusion in this review. We reviewed only original, full text articles that met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies have small sample size, but findings from the 16 publications reviewed here suggest that mind-body practices are associated with positive impacts on PTSD symptoms. Mind-body practices incorporate numerous therapeutic effects on stress responses, including reductions in anxiety, depression, and anger, and increases in pain tolerance, self-esteem, energy levels, ability to relax, and ability to cope with stressful situations. In general, mind-body practices were found to be a viable intervention to improve the constellation of PTSD symptoms such as intrusive memories, avoidance, and increased emotional arousal. Conclusions Mind-body practices are increasingly used in the treatment of PTSD and are associated with positive impacts on stress-induced illnesses such as depression and PTSD in most existing studies. Knowledge about the diverse modalities of mind-body practices may provide clinicians and patients with the opportunity to explore an individualized and effective treatment plan enhanced by mind-body interventions as part of ongoing self-care.
Economic Impact Analysis of Genetically Modified Crops

This chapter documents, evaluates and synthesises the actual impact of GM crops to date by reviewing previous surveys and empirical studies. We also review the ex-ante studies and studies based on experimental trials. For the most part we limit our analysis to the impact at the farm level, as this is where the bulk of the evidence lies and where impacts are most direct and measurable. Given that widespread adoption of GM crops will have implications for the whole economy, we also review studies that estimate impacts at the national and global level, with an emphasis on who captures the benefits from the adoption of GM crops. Furthermore, since most of the current set of GM crops affects input use, we review the data on how adoption has affected pesticide/herbicide use. Keywords: technology; economics; farm; health; environmental; government
Distributed generation issues, and standards

The purpose of this paper is to investigate Distributed Generation (DG) standards and interconnection issues at higher penetration levels. A clear concise definition of “Smart Grid” is presented to illustrate the importance of distributed generation along with the other important aspects of the Smart Grid vision. Specific standards are reviewed with particular focus on frequency and voltage. Major grid protection concerns due to interconnection of high penetration DG are investigated and explored and presented using a utility grade computer program to verify the validity of the concerns. Updates and changes to current standards are desirable to alleviate specific limitations. Viable solutions to overcome these limitations are proposed and further research needs are identified.
Crisis Response Operations in Maritime Environments

The paper discusses the notion of 'crisis response operations' (terminology used by NATO and the European Union) in the maritime environment develops criteria for the analysis of the scope of UN mandates, and reviews the mandates as well as published practice (as a rule, prior to completion in August 2009) of the UNIFIL maritime component and the counter-/anti-piracy operations at the Horn of Africa.
Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Management

A 70-year-old man notes progressive problems with reading the newspaper and seeing signs while driving over the past year. His most recent examination with a comprehensive ophthalmologist was approximately 3 years ago when he was told he had some evidence of “diabetes” in his eyes. He also has a past medical history of diabetes for which he is taking an oral hypoglycemic agent, and a history of hypertension for which he is taking two medications, but he cannot recall what the medications are, and did not bring them to his examination. He is not aware what his hemoglobin A1C level is, but his reply to this question also was that he might have “a little anemia.”
Illustrating idiographic methods for translation research: moderation effects, natural clinical experiments, and complex treatment-by-subgroup interactions.

A critical juncture in translation research involves the preliminary studies of intervention tools, provider training programs, policies, and other mechanisms used to leverage knowledge garnered at one translation stage into another stage. Potentially useful for such studies are rigorous techniques for conducting within-subject clinical trials, which have advanced incrementally over the last decade. However, these methods have largely not been utilized within prevention or translation contexts. The purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate the flexibility, wide applicability, and rigor of idiographic clinical trials for preliminary testing of intervention mechanisms. Specifically demonstrated are novel uses of state-space modeling for testing intervention mechanisms of short-term outcomes, identifying heterogeneity in and moderation of within-person treatment mechanisms, a horizontal line plot to refine sampling design during the course of a clinic-based experimental study, and the need to test a treatment’s efficacy as treatment is administered along with (e.g., traditional 12-month outcomes).
Function-Based Modification of Check-In/Check-Out to Influence Escape-Maintained Behavior

ABSTRACTPrior research has suggested Check-In/Check-Out (CICO) effectiveness is linked to the function of problem behavior. Though effective for students whose misbehavior occurs to gain attention, findings are equivocal for behavior that occurs to escape academic tasks. The purpose of this study was to therefore evaluate a modification to CICO, wherein students were permitted to escape portions of a supplemental assignment contingent upon appropriate behavior. Participants included two elementary students, both of whom were exposed to three conditions as part of an alternating treatments single-case design, including baseline, traditional CICO, and CICO-escape. Visual and statistical analyses indicated that relative to both baseline and traditional CICO, the modified CICO procedure was moderately to highly effective in promoting academic engagement and decreasing disruptive behavior for both students.
Cosmogenic nuclide data sets from the Sierra Nevada, California, for assessment of nuclide production models: II. Sample sites and evaluation

Abstract The Cosmic-Ray Produced Nuclide Systematics on Earth Project (CRONUS-Earth Project) has reused a limited number of ‘legacy’ 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl samples of latest Pleistocene age for the assessment of cosmogenic nuclide production rates independently derived by the CRONUS-Earth Project. The studies re-evaluated here include ones from the Sierra Nevada, California, originally measured by Nishiizumi et al. (1986), Evans et al. (1997), and Phillips et al. (2009). We have also analyzed a limited number of new samples from the same area. We have reevaluated the geological context of the legacy samples, their chronological controls, and the consistency of the data. The locations and settings of the 1986 samples for 10Be and 26Al calibration can be verified to within reasonable degree of precision using comparison of published locations and field photos with Google Earth imagery. Two cosmogenic sites, Greenstone Lake and Baboon Lakes, were also the localities where key 14C samples for glacial chronology were collected, giving confidence in the application of the 14C constraints to the cosmogenic nuclide samples. A considerable amount of more distant radiocarbon dating work supports an age of 15,750 ± 500 years for the exposure of the cosmogenic calibration samples associated with the Tioga 4 glacial retreat. These samples do all appear to be on surfaces that were exposed by final Tioga glacier retreat (15,750 ± 500 years), but below the limits of the Recess Peak advance (13,550–13,050 years). The 36Cl samples reported by Phillips et al. (2009) and Evans et al. (1997) were from the terminal moraine of the last Tioga glacier advance (16,100 ± 500 years), the final Tioga glacier retreat (15,750 ± 500 years), and the Recess Peak glacial episode (13,300 ± 250 years). When ages are calculated for these samples using the final CRONUS-Earth Project production rates and scaling models, they are in good agreement with the independent radiocarbon age control, with the exception of the 36Cl ages from the Recess Peak episode, which average about 15% young. The most likely reasons for this discrepancy are either inadequate understanding of snow shielding or error in the assignment of the age of the Recess Peak glacial advance.
COMMENTS ON ASHRAF SALAMA’S ARTICLE: “...A NEW VITRUVIUS...?”

While immensely flattered (and also not a little embarrassed) by this attention given to my work, I feel I must try to set the record straight on one matter. I am very grateful for Dr. Salama’s efforts to acquaint readers with my books, which they might hopefully find useful for design. But if anyone ought to be named the New Vitruvius, it is surely Christopher Alexander, not myself. I came into the architectural arena relatively late. Christopher was already making ground-breaking contributions with his first book “Notes on the Synthesis of Form” (1964). He followed that with the classic “A Pattern Language” (1977), and the monumental “The Nature of Order” (2002-2005), which proved such a turning point for my own career. My earliest paper on architecture dates from 1995, and is directly inspired by “The Nature of Order”, on which I was working with Christopher at the time, helping him with editing.
Long-term therapy with oral treprostinil in pulmonary arterial hypertension failed to lead to improvement in important physiologic measures: results from a single center.

Sustained-release oral treprostinil, an oral prostacyclin, led to significant improvement in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) versus placebo in treatment-naive patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) but failed to lead to significant improvement in two 16-week trials in patients receiving background PAH therapies (FREEDOM studies). Long-term studies are lacking. Our objective was to evaluate 6MWD, functional class, hemodynamics, and other long-term outcomes during oral treprostinil administration in PAH. Patients receiving oral treprostinil through the FREEDOM studies at our institution were included and were followed for up to 7 years. The primary end point was change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at first follow-up catheterization. Other end points included 6MWD, functional class, and other hemodynamic results. Thirty-seven patients received oral treprostinil for a median of 948 days, with 81%, 61%, and 47% continuing therapy at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Mean treprostinil dose at 3, 12, and 24 months was 4.3 ± 2.3, 8.6 ± 3.2, and 11.7 ± 5.8 mg/24 h, respectively. Compared with pretreatment values, there was no significant change in 6MWD at 3 or 12 months, no improvement in functional class at 12 months, and no significant change in hemodynamics at the first follow-up catheterization (N = 34). Oral treprostinil dose was inversely associated with change in PVR (r = −0.42, P < 0.05), and change in PVR was numerically better among patients in the highest dosing quartile. No significant improvement in 6MWD, functional class, or hemodynamics versus pretreatment values was seen with long-term oral treprostinil therapy, potentially because of inability to achieve a clinically effective dose.
Atomic structures: the architecture of nuclear nationalism in India and Pakistan

AbstractA half-century after their completion, India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) stand out as unchallenged architectural advertisements for ‘nuclear nationalism’. Elsewhere, Atoms for Peace reactors made no pretence to architectural refinement. In the right hands, however, ‘Cold War Modern’ could express the hard power of the nuclear age. For India and Pakistan, these nuclear laboratory complexes became the public faces of the peaceful atom that held out the promise, and masked the peril, of the atomic age at home and abroad, and deliberately deflected attention away from clandestine nuclear weapons programmes. BARC and PINSTECH, envisioned as cornerstones for self-confident and self-reliant programmes of nuclear physics, embodied the paradox of postcolonial science, necessarily borrowing from the West but determined to break the cycle of dependency, in defiance of Western expectations.
Pot Scrapers and Drills from Southern Utah

ABSTRACTForty flake scrapers and nine drills surface collected from 37 sites in southern Utah are functionally identified as pottery tools dating to about the period A.D. 500–1300. They are characterized by heavy non-lustrous abrasion and striations due to contact with abrasive temper particles of the vessel walls. In southeastern Utah these tools are predominantly associated with Anasazi (Pueblo I-II) cultural materials.
On the connections between plasticity parameters and electrical conductivities for austenitic, ferritic, and semi-austenitic stainless steels

Abstract This paper focuses on cross-property connections between plasticity parameters (yield limit and hardening coefficient) and electrical conductivity of stainless steels. Comparative analysis of such connections is done for four materials that differ by their microstructure and chemical content. The possibility of cross-property connection is provided by the fact that both plasticity parameters and electrical conductivity are governed by the same microstructural parameter, which is the dislocations density. The cross-property connections are obtained in explicit analytical form. Experimental observations are in good agreement with theoretical results for three of the considered materials (ferritic and austenitic steels). Behavior of semi-austenitic low carbon steel 17-7 PH, however, is completely different, that can be explained by the specific character of its microstructure. The results can be used for development of a new methodology to estimate mechanical performance of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels with high carbon content.
Peace on the river? Social-ecological restoration and large dam removal in the Klamath basin, USA.

This paper aims to explain the multiple factors that contributed to a 2010 agreement to remove four large dams along the Klamath river in California and Oregon and initiate a comprehensive social-ecological restoration effort that will benefit Indian tribes, the endangered fish on which they depend, irrigated agriculture, and local economies in the river basin. We suggest that the legal framework, including the tribal trust responsibility, the Endangered Species Act, and the Federal Power Act, combined with an innovative approach to negotiation that allowed for collaboration and compromise, created a space for divergent interests to come together and forge a legally and politically viable solution to a suite of social and environmental problems. Improved social relations between formerly antagonistic Indian tribes and non-tribal farmers and ranchers, which came about due to a number of local collaborative processes during the early 2000s, were critical to the success of this effort. Overall, we suggest that recent events in the Klamath basin are indicative of a significant power shift taking place between tribal and non-tribal interests as tribes gain access to decision-making processes regarding tribal trust resources and develop capacity to participate in the development of complex restoration strategies.
Emotional, Moral, and Symbolic Imagery of Modern History Textbooks

Tsyrlina-Spady and Lovorn discuss the results of a comparative horizontal content analysis of six modern Russian history textbooks and introduce the problem of emotional and moral symbolism and emotives as tools used to shape students’ national identities and construct knowledge of their national history. A number of current trends in the content and design of Russian history textbooks are demonstrated, specially focusing on verbal and visual representations of political leaders, in particular Stalin and Putin. The authors explore the textbooks’ moral vocabulary and argue that power and patriotism are strongly prioritized. They conclude that each of the textbooks demonstrates a clear agenda to develop emotional connections through a lens of patriotic identity and national superiority, with no attempt to develop historical and critical thinking skills.
Measurement of multi-particle azimuthal correlations with the subevent cumulant method in pp and p+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector

Abstract The measurement of four-particle cumulant and anisotropic elliptic flow coefficient for the second harmonic, c 2 {4} and v 2 {4}, are presented using pp data at s = 5.02 and s = 13 TeV and p +Pb data at s NN = 5.02 TeV . The values of c 2 {4} are calculated using the standard cumulant method and recently proposed two and three subevent methods. The three subevent method gives a negative c 2 {4}, and thus a well-defined v 2 {4} (which equals (− c 2 {4}) 1 / 4 ), in these collision systems. v 2 {4} is found to be smaller than v 2 measured using the two-particle correlation method (denoted as v 2 {2}), as expected for a collective behavior. Following a recent model framework, the measured values of v 2 {4} and v 2 {2} are used to probe the number of sources in the initial state collision geometry.
Fast Equi-Join Algorithms on GPUs: Design and Implementation

Processing relational joins on modern GPUs has attracted much attention in the past few years. With the rapid development on the hardware and software environment in the GPU world, the existing GPU join algorithms designed for earlier architecture cannot make the most out of latest GPU products. In this paper, we report new design and implementation of join algorithms with high performance under today's GPGPU environment. This is a key component of our scientific database engine named G-SDMS. In particular, we overhaul the popular radix hash join and redesign sort-merge join algorithms on GPUs by applying a series of novel techniques to utilize the hardware capacity of latest Nvidia GPU architecture and new features of the CUDA programming framework. Our algorithms take advantage of revised hardware arrangement, larger register file and shared memory, native atomic operation, dynamic parallelism, and CUDA Streams. Experiments show that our new hash join algorithm is 2.0 to 14.6 times as efficient as existing GPU implementation, while the new sort-merge join achieves a speedup of 4.0X to 4.9X. Compared to the best CPU sort-merge join and hash join known to date, our optimized code achieves up to 10.5X and 5.5X speedup. Moreover, we extend our design to scenarios where large data tables cannot fit in the GPU memory.
Sport Commitment, Occupational Commitment and Intent to Quit Among High School Sports Officials

This study sought to examine the issue of attrition among high school sport officials by exploring turnover intentions through the lenses of occupational and sport commitment. A questionnaire was distributed via email to high school sport officials in the southeastern United States. The data was analyzed via hierarchical multiple regression, revealing that affective occupational commitment and sport commitment are negatively correlated predictors of occupational turnover intentions. Implications for practitioners and avenues for future scholarship are conferred.
The molecular aggregation of anthranilate synthase in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Anthranilate synthase in Bacillus subtilis was found to be a molecular complex consisting of subunit-E (the product of trp E) and subunit-X (the product of a new genetic locus, trp X). Subunit-X was partially purified by gel chromatography. It has a molecular weight of about 16,000; its synthesis is repressible by tryptophan; and it has no anthranilate synthase activity in isolation from its complex. Its possible identity as all or part of another biosynthetic enzyme of tryptophan synthesis is discussed.
Peers, Parents, and Primates: The Developing Network of Attachments

Anthropologists, psychologists, and sociologists study socialization from different points of view. As Thomas Rhys Williams (1972) has pointed out, anthropologists use the term “socialization” to refer to “the inter-generational transmission of culture”; psychologists, to denote the “acquisition of controls by infants and children for their basic impulses”; and sociologists, to refer to “the training of infants and children for future social performances.” The difference in viewpoint can be explained by the difference in approach to the phenomenon of socialization: anthropology regards it as part of the process of cultural transmission; psychology, as a phase in the development of individual behavior; and sociology, as one of the dynamics of social institutions.
Redressing Grievances: The Criminal Justice Model

This chapter examines the criminal justice model in both the pure form in which it can be notionally imagined and the modified form in which it has come to be practiced. Under the pure criminal justice model, the state alone is concerned with the resolution of grievances concerning malicious acts. That is, according to the pure model, state officials impartially evaluate claims concerning wrongful conduct; state rules prohibit self-help; and judges impose punishment proportionate to an offender’s culpability. This pure version has never been realized in practice. Nonetheless, the pure version accounts satisfactorily for a great deal of current practice. Because it does, the chapter traces the route to virtual state domination of grievance-redress that now prevails in Anglo-American law. In relying on theoretical points made earlier, the chapter also defends the soundness of this process of evolution, arguing that, on the one hand, the consolidation of state power in redressing grievances has contributed to a substantial reduction of violence during the last millennium and, on the other hand, that the criminal justice system holds out the prospect of greater fairness in grievance-redress than does a scheme that relies on self-help remedies.