cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle fiber type composition and effects of vocal fold immobilization on the two compartments of the human posterior cricoarytenoid: a case study of four patients.

Abstract Summary: The human posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is divided into two compartments, the vertical and horizontal bellies, which contain differences in their myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques on whole PCA samples, this study provides a more thorough description of the fiber type composition of entire bellies of the PCA. Four patients provided complete PCA samples containing both compartments of their right and left sides; two with unilaterally immobilized vocal folds. The horizontal belly had 80% slow (type I) fibers and 20% fast (type II) fibers. The vertical belly contained equal amounts of slow and fast fibers (∼55%:45%); clearly distinguishing between two compartments. Atrophy of muscle fibers and fiber type grouping were also present in both normal and affected subjects; providing no clear confirmation of the clinical findings of vocal fold immobilization. Further study of the PCA muscle from patients with unilaterally immobilized vocal folds is needed.
A formalism for the solution of problems involving chemical reaction and concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients

By using a previously proposed novel integral transform approach, approximate analytical solutions for a certain class of concentration-dependent diffusion and reaction problems can be obtained. Three example problems of increasing complexity are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this technique. Perturbation techniques are also employed to determine asymptotic behaviour of the solutions in the limit of large or small values of some parameters.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF TYPE-SPECIFIC SEGREGATION IN MIXED CELL AGGREGATES.

Abstract The segregation of retinal pigment cells from heart cells was studied in living mixed aggregates. Formation of small clusters by migration of individual pigment cells begins almost immediately and is largely complete by the end of the first day in culture. It continues at a reduced rate up to 50 hours. We have no evidence for independent movement by clusters of pigment cells, except those so tiny as to be just distinguishable from individual cells. Clusters grow in size by accretion, i.e., addition of individual cells and tiny clusters. When this brings adjacent clusters into contact they fuse to form a larger cluster. Random changes in the form of adjacent clusters also may bring them into contact, with resulting fusion. Once clusters have formed, they persist and have not been observed to disaggregate. There is therefore no support for the hypothesis that clusters increase in size by the addition of cells gained from disaggregation of other clusters. After approximately 40 hours in culture, clusters become more compact and rounded. Those that are in contact may coalesce into a single compact mass. Where contact is too tenuous, clusters may pull away from each other to round up individually. The relevance of these findings to the mechanisms of sorting out is discussed.
Slave society in the sugar plantation zones of Saint Domingue and the Revolution of 1791-93.

(1999). Slave society in the sugar plantation zones of Saint Domingue and the revolution of 1791–93. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 31-46.
Exploring Levels of Christian Privilege Awareness among Preservice Teachers

Based on Peggy McIntosh's (1988) pioneering investigations of white and male privilege, we can, by analogy, understand Christian privilege as constituting a seemingly invisible, unearned, and largely unacknowledged array of benefits accorded to Christians, with which they often unconsciously walk through life as if effortlessly carrying a knapsack tossed over their shoulders. This system of benefits confers dominance on Christians while subordinating members of other faith communities as well as nonbelievers. These systemic inequities are pervasive throughout societies of many nations across the globe. They are encoded into the individuals’ consciousness and woven into the very fabric of their many social institutions, including schools, having enormous implications on all students. The current exploratory qualitative study investigates the relative level of awareness of Christian privilege among preservice teachers who self-define as “Christian” at a large Midwestern United States research university, and situates this awareness and level of resistance upon Watt's Privilege Identity Exploration (PIE) model (2007, 2009).
Petroleum Reservoir Exploitation: Switching from Primary to Secondary Recovery

The petroleum recovery process has two potential phases: primary recovery, during which the natural drive forces the oil to the well bore, and secondary recovery, during which a producer uses artificial means to recover the resource. A producer may choose to switch from primary to secondary recovery if the desired ultimate output is more than can be obtained by exploiting the natural drive, or when the desired current extraction rate is larger than can be obtained by the natural drive. These decisions are affected by the interaction between geological, technical and market conditions. We formulate an investment and production model that incorporates the relationships between extraction rates, investment decisions and cumulative recovery, and investigate a two-phase dynamic optimization problem. We do so by defining and analyzing a more general optimization problem and applying the results to our model. The major findings relate to the timing and size of investment, the rate and duration of secondary recovery, and the optimal switching policies from primary to secondary recovery. We discuss each of these issues in detail, and outline and explain quantitative policy recommendations.
Some contrasting effects of surgical and "chemical" castration on the behavior of male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

In nonhuman primates, surgical castration reduces plasma testosterone levels and male sexual behavior, and testosterone replacement restores them. Chemical castration with compounds that lower plasma testosterone levels is used clinically in the treatment of certain forms of cancer and to reduce aberrant sexual behavior in male sex offenders. In the United States, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is the drug most used to help reduce serious sexual behavioral problems in men. We were therefore interested in comparing the behavioral effects of MPA treatment (40 mg once a week) in 4 intact male cynomolgus monkeys (4 pairs, 120 tests) with data from an earlier study in our laboratory on 4 males observed before and after surgical castration (16 pairs, 192 tests). Both MPA treatment and surgical castration reduced plasma testosterone to very low levels and decreased ejaculatory activity, but MPA treatment additionally affected measures of male sexual motivation (decreased numbers of male mounting attempts and increased mounting attempt latencies) which were not primarily affected by surgical astration. However, surgical castration decreased intromission ability (percentage of intromitted thrusts per test) and male yawning behavior more rapidly than did MPA treatment. This suggested a hypothesis that different mechanisms could be involved in the behavioral effects-namely, that surgical castration may act primarily via testosterone-dependent peripheral mechanisms, while chemical castration with MPA does so primarily via central mechanisms regulating sexual motivation.
Simulated responses of moose populations to browsing‐induced changes in plant architecture and forage production

We and others have previously shown that browsing by large mammalian herbivores can alter the fractal dimension and other architectural properties of plant crowns. Using data from an experiment in northern Sweden which manipulated moose population densities from 0 to 50 moose per 1000 ha and measured architectural responses of birch, Betula pendula and B. pubescens, and Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, we constructed a simulation model to examine how these changes in plant crown architecture affect moose population dynamics. Architectural changes in birch tree crowns caused forage availability to increase from low to moderate moose population densities, then decline at higher densities. In contrast, forage availability of pine decreased monotonically with increasing moose population density. The model, which incorporated equations fitted to these experimental results, predicted realistic moose population densities for northern Sweden. More importantly, the model also predicted that the quadratic responses of birch crowns to moose browsing results in moose population oscillations on high productivity sites because the moose population density overshoots the maximum birch forage availability then declines. Changes in the geometry of plant canopies caused by mammalian browsers and soil fertility may feed back on the population dynamics of the browsers themselves and even result in complex dynamics such as population oscillations.
Involvement of Oct-1 in transcriptional regulation of β-casein gene expression in mouse mammary gland

Abstract Mouse β-casein gene promoter contains a region termed block C which is crucial for its gene transcription induced by lactogenic hormones. Nuclear extracts from mouse mammary glands contain at least two binding complexes (DS1 and DS2) which specifically bind to double-stranded block C region DNA. The binding sequence of these complexes was identified to be 5′-AAATTAGCATGT-3′ which contains a sequence element related to the consensus octamer motif's complement ATTTGCAT. In the present study, we demonstrate that this sequence element indeed is the binding site for octamer-binding transcription factors (Octs) and Octs represent the double-stranded DNA binding proteins specifically binding to the block C region. Formation of the specific double-stranded binding complexes can be completely blocked by Oct binding motif oligonucleotides and anti-rOct-1 antiserum. We also show that Oct-1B represents at least partial, if not all, double-stranded binding protein, DS1, in mammary nuclear extract. Oct-1B may function as a transcriptional activator on casein gene promoter. The Oct binding activity to beta-casein gene promoter in the mammary gland is affected under influence of hormones both in vitro and in vivo. The DS1 binding activity can be induced by the combination of lactogenic hormones insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin in organ culture of virgin mouse mammary gland. The binding activity in vivo can be induced by injection of progesterone or its combination with estradiol in virgin mice.
Valine Nutrient Recommendations for Ross × Ross 308 Broilers

Studies delineating the dietary Val needs of modern commercial broilers are sparse. Three studies were conducted to determine the dietary Val nutrient needs of Ross x Ross 308 male broilers. Three time periods were evaluated independently, 0 to 14 d (starter), 14 to 28 d (grower), and 28 to 42 d (finisher) of age. Corn- and peanut meal-based diets for each feeding phase served to titrate the Val dose-response levels. Dietary Val (total basis) was supplied from 0.75% up to 1.15% in 0.08% increments for the starter phase; from 0.73% up to 1.08% in 0.07% increments for the grower phase; and from 0.64% up to 0.99% in 0.07% increments for the finisher phase. Regression analysis was used to calculate the Val nutrient recommendations. These estimates were 1.00% for the starter, 0.95% for the grower, and 0.85% total Val for the finisher period. Dietary Val data obtained for all the feeding periods evaluated exhibited the expected decline with age, characteristic of all amino acids and most nutrients. Total dietary Val needs of 1.00, 0.95, and 0.85% for the starter, grower, and finisher phase, respectively, should provide nutritionists with a guide for nutrient minimums, particularly for their use in Ross x Ross 308 broilers. These values translate into calculated true digestible Val needs of 0.91, 0.86, and 0.78% for the starter, grower, and finisher feeding phases, respectively.
Adaptive MIMO Successive Interference Cancellation Decision Feedback Equalization RLS algorithm for V-BLAST

We present a new receiver structure able to deliver high data rates in a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) frequency selective wireless environment. The new algorithm is obtained by canceling interference from the received symbols successively with the decision feed-forward equalizer (DFE) solution as a well known expression encountered in fast recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive algorithms, and the decision feedback equalizer as a convolution of the decision feed-forward equalizer with the channel. The proposed method is more structured and more stable in finite precision than known algorithms in the literature. The convergence and performance of these algorithms is confirmed through simulation results.
Bacterial Symbionts in the Sugar Beet Root Maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (von Röder).

Aerobic heterotrophic and facultative anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all developmental stages of the sugar beet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (von Roder). Two distinct bacterial symbiotic relationships were observed. Serratia liquefaciens and Serratia marcescens were found to be associated with all developmental stages. Bacterial symbiont transmission occurred from one generation to the next. Symbionts were transferred from the male reproductive system to the female reproductive system, where both an internal infiltration of the egg chorion and an external smearing of the eggs occurred during oviposition. Pseudomonas maltophilia was found in association with the larval gut and the inner surface of the puparium. Electron microscopy of the inner puparial surface revealed symbionts within the chitinous wall. In vitro symbiont chitinase production was found, using both nephelometric (turbidimetric) and N-acetylglucosamine assays. A relationship appeared to exist between adult fly emergence and enzymatic chitin degradation of the puparium by the bacterial symbionts.
2-D single record harmonic retrieval using higher-order statistics

Given a single record, we consider the problem of estimating the harmonics of a 2-D signal corrupted by Gaussian noise. Our method utilizes higher-order statistics (HOS), referred to as "mixed"-cumulants, which can be consistently estimated from a single record and are insensitive to colored Gaussian noise. In particular, we first estimate the frequencies in each dimension using an overdetermined Yule-Walker "type" approach based on 4th-order mixed-cumulants. Then, the 1-D frequencies are paired using a mixed-cumulant matching criterion. Simulations examining the performance of the proposed method are provided. >
Books versus Triangles

A book of size b in a graph is an edge that lies in b triangles. Consider a graph G with n vertices and ⌋n2/4⌋; + 1 edges. Rademacher proved that G contains at least ⌋n/2⌋; triangles, and several authors proved that G contains a book of size at least n/6. We prove the following “linear combination” of these two results. Suppose that and the maximum size of a book in G is less than αn/2. Then G contains at least triangles as n→Ȟ. This is asymptotically sharp. On the other hand, for every , there exists β>0 such that G contains at least βn3 triangles. It remains an open problem to determine the largest possible β in terms of α. Our short proof uses the triangle removal lemma, although there is another approach which avoids this. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory (Contract grant sponsor: NSF; Contract grant number: DMS-0653946. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
QoS Oriented Resource Reservation in Shared Environments

Resource sharing across different computers and organizations makes it possible to support diverse, dynamic changing resource requirements of distributed applications. Reservation mechanisms have been used to reserve resources for external applications through service level agreements between local resource organizations and external applications. However, the effects of resource reservation on local applications, and therefore the trustfulness of the successful fulfillment of the service agreement, have been ignored. In this paper, we investigate the effect of resource reservation on external applications as well as local jobs, and design efficient task scheduling algorithms considering the tolerance of local jobs to resource reservation. Extensive simulations and implementation experiments have been carried out to confirm our analysis results. Experimental results show that the relative slowdown metric and the failureminimization scheduling algorithms proposed in this study are practically effective and have a real potential.
An evaluation of methods for characterizing the air / water interface for parabolic equation transmission loss modeling

Proper characterization of underwater acoustic transmission loss (TL) relies on proper treatment of the air/water and water/sediment interfaces. This paper will focus on how the air/water interface is treated in parabolic equation (PE) models such as the range dependent acoustic model (RAM) [Collins, M. D., “Applications and time-domain solution of higher-order parabolic equations in underwater acoustics,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 86 (3), 1097–1102, 1989] and the finite element parabolic equation (FEPE) model [Collins, M.D., "A higher-order parabolic equation for wave propagation in an ocean overlying an elastic bottom", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1459–1464, 1989]. Two surface loss methods have been implemented in RAM, a surface loss versus angle (LVA) and a conformal mapping (CM) method. Additionally, the CM method has been implemented in FEPE. These two methods are discussed and compared for realistic test cases and a third option, which has accuracy consistent with the CM but speed more aligned with the LVA approach is discussed.
Targeting of erbB3 receptor to overcome resistance in cancer treatment

The erbB receptors, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2 (also known as HER2/neu), erbB3 (or HER3), and erbB4 (or HER4), are often aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers. They are excellent targets for selective anti-cancer therapies because of their transmembrane location and pro-oncogenic activity. While several therapeutic agents against erbB2 and/or EGFR have been used in the treatment of human cancers with efficacy, there has been relatively less emphasis on erbB3 as a molecular target. Elevated expression of erbB3 is frequently observed in various malignancies, where it promotes tumor progression via interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) due to its lack of or weak intrinsic kinase activity. Studies on the underlying mechanisms implicate erbB3 as a major cause of treatment failure in cancer therapy, mainly through activation of the PI-3 K/Akt, MEK/MAPK, and Jak/Stat signaling pathways as well as Src kinase. It is believed that inhibition of erbB3 signaling may be required to overcome therapeutic resistance and effectively treat cancers. To date, no erbB3-targeted therapy has been approved for cancer treatment. Targeting of erbB3 receptor with a monoclonal antibody (Ab) is the only strategy currently under preclinical study and clinical evaluation. In this review, we focus on the role of erbB3-initiated signaling in the development of cancer drug resistance and discuss the latest advances in identifying therapeutic strategies inactivating erbB3 to overcome the resistance and enhance efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
Dietary protein intake and change in estimated GFR in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Abstract Objective With aging, kidney function declines, as evidenced by reduced glomerular filtration rate. It is controversial whether or not high protein intake accelerates this decline. The aim of this study was to determine whether high protein intake was associated with declines in kidney function among older patients. Methods We examined whether dietary protein is associated with change in kidney function (mean follow-up 6.4 y [SD = 1.4, range = 2.5–7.9] in the Cardiovascular Health Study (N = 3623). We estimated protein intake using a food frequency questionnaire and estimated glomerular filtration rate from cystatin C. Associations between protein intake and kidney function were determined by linear and logistic regression models. Results Average protein intake was 19% of energy intake (SD = 5%). Twenty-seven percent (n = 963) of study participants had rapid decline in kidney function, as defined by (ΔeGFR cysC > 3 mL•min•1.73 m 2 ). Protein intake (characterized as g/d and % energy/d), was not associated with change in estimated glomerular filtration rate ( P > 0.05 for all comparisons). There were also no significant associations when protein intake was separated by source (animal and vegetable). Conclusion These data suggest that higher protein intake does not have a major effect on kidney function decline among elderly men and women.
On Routing Two-Point Nets Across a Channel

Many problems that arise in general channel routing manifest themselves in simpler situations. We consider connecting a set of n terminals on a line to another set on a parallel line across a rectangular channel. We show that in any solution to the problem that (almost) minimizes the width of the channel (i.e. the distance between the lines the terminals reside on), (i) a net may require as many as O(vn) jogs, (ii) no net routed from top to bottom need ever turn upward in the middle. We also present an efficient algorithm to obtain minimal jogging in river routing, and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for conflict cycle resolution. These and other results are presented in the context of a general survey on routing from a combinatorial complexity point of view.
Demo paper: A confidence-aware truth estimation tool for social sensing applications

This paper presents a demonstration of our SECON 2015 paper using Twitter based case studies for social sensing applications. Social sensing has emerged as a new paradigm of data collection, where a group of individuals volunteer (or are recruited) to share certain observations or measurements about the physical world. A key challenge in social sensing applications lies in ascertaining the correctness of reported observations from unvetted data sources with unknown reliability. We refer to this problem as truth estimation. In this paper, we showed a demo of a new confidence-aware truth estimation scheme that explicitly considers different degrees of confidence that sources express on the reported data. In the demo session: the participants will have a chance to (i) play with the tool on some historic datasets we have collected from Twitter; (ii) send live queries to Twitter and perform real-time truth estimation analysis in the events of their interests.
A procedure for explanting the 72-hour chick embryo.

SummaryWe have developed a technique for explanting the 72-hour embryo and the entire area vasculosa onto a solid albumenagar medium. With this technique, we were able to maintain such explanted embryos for periods up to 24 hours and longer. Explanted embryos were used for detailed studies of radiation effects on the microcirculation. Considerable expansion of the area vasculosa was observed in explants maintained for 24 hours.
Geologic Setting and Dynamics of a Rockslide Along NM 68, Rio Grande Gorge, Northern New Mexico

A heavy rainstorm on the evening of July 25, 1991 spawned numerous debris flows, rockfalls, and rockslides along New Mexico Highway 68 in the Rio Grande gorge, closing the highway for nearly a day and temporarily damming the river. The most spectacular event was the fall, slide, and tumble of a 2.7 × 10 5 kg (300 ton) boulder, which left a large crater in the roadway before coming to rest across the Rio Grande. We describe the geologic factors that combine to promote slope instability along the gorge, and analyze the dynamics of a tumbling boulder. We estimate that the July 1991 boulder was traveling at approximately 21 m/sec (47 mi/hr) when it struck the highway with a total kinetic energy of about 8.5 × 10 7 N-m (6 × 10 7 ft-lb), which is several hundred times greater than the capacity of commercially available rockfall protection nets.
The generality of the “target-pointing effect” in prism adaptation

Twelve Ss were used as their own control in target-pointing and no-target conditions of prism (20 diopters) exposure. Before and after each exposure condition, target-pointing accuracy was tested via (1) forward and (2) lateral arm movement, the first of these being identical to the response made during prism exposure in the target-pointing condition. Target-pointing enhanced adaptation (the “target-pointing effect”), whether measured by the forward or lateral movement. This finding contradicts the suggestion that the target-pointing effect is limited to measures of adaptation that entail visuomotor responses identical to those occurring in the exposure period of the target-pointing condition.
Discovery of wall-selective carbon nanotube growth conditions via automated experimentation.

Applications of carbon nanotubes continue to advance, with substantial progress in nanotube electronics, conductive wires, and transparent conductors to name a few. However, wider application remains impeded by a lack of control over production of nanotubes with the desired purity, perfection, chirality, and number of walls. This is partly due to the fact that growth experiments are time-consuming, taking about 1 day per run, thus making it challenging to adequately explore the many parameters involved in growth. We endeavored to speed up the research process by automating CVD growth experimentation. The adaptive rapid experimentation and in situ spectroscopy CVD system described in this contribution conducts over 100 experiments in a single day, with automated control and in situ Raman characterization. Linear regression modeling was used to map regions of selectivity toward single-wall and multiwall carbon nanotube growth in the complex parameter space of the water-assisted CVD synthesis. This developme...
Emerging Developments and Future Questions

As is emphasized repeatedly throughout this book, the language of science is multimodal. The discipline of science relies on the use and integration of multiple modes of representation to both develop understanding of natural phenomenon and to communicate that understanding. As Yore et al. (2003) assert, language is involved in both the communication about and the “doing” of science. In a related way, multimodal language can play both a communicative role and a knowledge generating role in the science classroom. Realizing this, science educators have begun to focus on the use of the multimodal language of science as more than just a way for students to communicate previously developed knowledge (Gunel et al. 2006). The contributing authors for this book, although varied in their approaches, recognize the potential power of utilizing communication associated with the multimodal language of science to serve as an epistemological tool available to students as a way to develop their scientific literacy. These authors generally agree on the need to improve the science learning as well as the motivation and interest of students across the globe. In addition, their work has at least begun to explore the role focusing on multimodal language practices as a means for facilitating this improvement. However, the specific pedagogical approaches employed and the success of the pedagogical approaches relative to stated goals have varied across settings.
Validation and General Evaluation of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Monitoring

Part II provides validations of the P&S monitoring method. This chapter bases P&S validation on comparisons with HRV-alone techniques in response to rest, deep breathing, head-up postural change (stand), clinical examples and in an outcomes study. It ends with a short treatise on past completed validation studies and summarizes how these studies also demonstrate that the methods reduce morbidity and mortality risk, thereby improving patient outcomes.
Reverse Settlement and Holdup at the Patent Office

The Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) is an adjudicative division of the Patent Office that permits parties to challenge patents as invalid. We investigate whether PTAB's distinctive institutional characteristics — such as its lack of antitrust jurisdiction or traditional justiciability requirements — may be exploited to facilitate potentially anticompetitive "reverse settlements" between drug monopolists and prospective generic competitors. We offer empirical evidence that most pharmaceutical settlements reached in PTAB appear to forestall market entry by the generic-petitioner, even if the disputed patent claims had been deemed “reasonably likely” to be invalidated. We also address the so-called “reverse patent troll” phenomenon — non-producing companies that use PTAB purely as a holdup device for extracting settlements. The practice has inspired widespread concern, but it appears to be rare. And we show that, for a number of reasons, it is not a particularly viable business model.The online appendix may be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2847028.
IoT Networking: From Coexistence to Collaboration

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. May 2016. Major: Computer Science. Advisor: Tian He. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 112 pages.
Once-Daily Enoxaparin for the Treatment of Pediatric Thromboembolic Disease — A Pilot Study.

Background & Aim: The current recommended starting dose of enoxaparin in children is 1 mg/kg/dose administered twice-daily. Studies in adults, however, have demonstrated similar safety and efficacy between once-daily enoxaparin (1.5 mg/kg/dose) and twice-daily (1 mg/kg/dose) in the initial and long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism. Due to known differences in heparin clearance between adults and young children, recommendations for once-daily enoxaparin dosing should not simply be extrapolated from adult literature. Our objective was to perform a pilot study to describe the pharmacodynamics of once-daily enoxaparin in children, and to gather preliminary data regarding safety and feasibility. Methods: 15 patients, ages 3 months to 16 years, with newly diagnosed thromboembolism were enrolled. All began therapy with 1.5 mg/kg enoxaparin administered once-daily. Initial peak anti-Xa levels were drawn 4–6 hours after the second dose of enoxaparin. Dose adjustments were made according to a study nomogram to achieve peak anti-Xa levels between 1–2 U/ml, as recommended by the American College of Pathologists for once-daily enoxaparin dosing. Once therapeutic levels were achieved, a subgroup of 8 patients underwent 24–hour pharmacodynamic (PD) monitoring, with anti-Xa levels drawn at Hours 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24. Results: 14 patients completed the study. 8 of 14 children required a final dose of >2 mg/kg to achieve target peak anti-Xa levels (Table). Only one participant (age 15 years) achieved target levels with the original dose. In PD studies, 7 of 8 children had subtherapeutic anti-Xa levels by Hour 12, and 4 of 8 had unmeasurable levels by Hour 18 (Figure). These results differ from adult studies in which therapeutic levels (0.5–1.0 U/ml) have been measurable 13–18 hours after administration, and prophylactic levels (0.1–0.3 U/ml) have been measurable at 24 hours. There were no new or recurrent thrombotic events. One patient was removed from the study on Day 2 because anticoagulation was permanently discontinued after a post-surgical bleed (anti-Xa 0.23 at time of event). Conclusion: Our pilot data suggests faster clearance of once-daily enoxaparin in the pediatric population as compared to adults. The appropriate starting dose of once-daily enoxaparin in young pediatric patients is likely higher than 1.5 mg/kg.
Low temperature heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of anion bearing sodalites Na8Al6Si6O24X2 (X = SO4, ReO4, Cl, I)

Abstract Heat capacities of sulfate, perrhenate, chloride, and iodide sodalites with the ideal formula Na8Al6Si6O24X2 (X = SO4, ReO4, Cl, I) were measured from 2 K to 300 K using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). From the heat capacity data, the standard thermodynamic functions were determined. All four sodalites undergo a phase transition below room temperature for which thermodynamic parameters were determined. Additionally, the heat capacity of one of the constituent compounds (NaReO4) was measured.
Brooklyn’s Changing Complexion

Post-Civil War Brooklyn changed in its physical and social complexion. Brooklyn’s high society found refuge in the fashionable new Brooklyn Club and subscription assembly balls, but it destabilized. Exclusivity and press reports of Brooklyn’s new wealth consciousness contrasted sharply with festering urban social problems, poverty, and waves of new immigrants. Plans for post-war commemorative monuments and Prospect Park lay mired in social tensions and local politics. Economic instability accompanied a decline in US maritime shipping. The financial crisis of Black Friday 1869 shook Brooklyn’s elite. Luther Wyman got caught in Tammany Hall’s scandalous net that stretched into Brooklyn. The ranks of Brooklyn’s early generation of renaissance patrons thinned as Brooklyn drew closer to New York City with plans for Roebling’s Brooklyn Bridge over the East River.
Demonstration of the Safety and Feasibility of Robotically Assisted Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Complex Coronary Lesions: Results of the CORA-PCI Study (Complex Robotically Assisted Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)

Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility and technical success of robotically assisted percutaneous coronary intervention (R-PCI) for the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) in clinical practice, especially in complex lesions, and to determine the safety and clinical success of R-PCI compared with manual percutaneous coronary intervention (M-PCI). Background R-PCI is safe and feasible for simple coronary lesions. The utility of R-PCI for complex coronary lesions is unknown. Methods All consecutive PCI procedures performed robotically (study group) or manually (control group) over 18 months were included. R-PCI technical success, defined as the completion of the procedure robotically or with partial manual assistance and without a major adverse cardiovascular event, was determined. Procedures ineligible for R-PCI (i.e., atherectomy, planned 2-stent strategy for bifurcation lesion, chronic total occlusion requiring hybrid approach) were excluded for analysis from the M-PCI group. Clinical success, defined as completion of the PCI procedure without a major adverse cardiovascular event, procedure time, stent use, and fluoroscopy time were compared between groups. Results A total of 315 patients (mean age 67.7 ± 11.8 years; 78% men) underwent 334 PCI procedures (108 R-PCIs, 157 lesions, 78.3% type B2/C; 226 M-PCIs, 336 lesions, 68.8% type B2/C). Technical success with R-PCI was 91.7% (rate of manual assistance 11.1%, rate of manual conversion 7.4%, rate of major adverse cardiovascular events 0.93%). Clinical success (99.1% with R-PCI vs. 99.1% with M-PCI; p = 1.00), stent use (stents per procedure 1.59 ± 0.79 with R-PCI vs. 1.54 ± 0.75 with M-PCI; p = 0.73), and fluoroscopy time (18.2 ± 10.4 min with R-PCI vs. 19.2 ± 11.4 min with M-PCI; p = 0.39) were similar between the groups, although procedure time was longer in the R-PCI group (44:30 ± 26:04 min:s vs. 36:34 ± 23:03 min:s; p = 0.002). Propensity-matched analysis confirmed that procedure time was longer in the robotic group (42:59 ± 26:14 min:s with R-PCI vs. 34:01 ± 17:14 min:s with M-PCI; p = 0.007), although clinical success remained similar (98.8% with R-PCI vs. 100% with M-PCI; p = 1.00). Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility, safety, and high technical success of R-PCI for the treatment of complex coronary disease. Furthermore, comparable clinical outcomes, without an adverse effect on stent use or fluoroscopy time, were observed with R-PCI and M-PCI.
Spatial phylogenetics of the native California flora

California is a world floristic biodiversity hotspot where the terms neo- and paleo-endemism were first applied. Using spatial phylogenetics, it is now possible to evaluate biodiversity from an evolutionary standpoint, including discovering significant areas of neo- and paleo-endemism, by combining spatial information from museum collections and DNA-based phylogenies. Here we used a distributional dataset of 1.39 million herbarium specimens, a phylogeny of 1083 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 9 genes, and a spatial randomization test to identify regions of significant phylogenetic diversity, relative phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism (PE), as well as to conduct a categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE). We found (1) extensive phylogenetic clustering in the South Coast Ranges, southern Great Valley, and deserts of California; (2) significant concentrations of short branches in the Mojave and Great Basin Deserts and the South Coast Ranges and long branches in the northern Great Valley, Sierra Nevada foothills, and the northwestern and southwestern parts of the state; (3) significant concentrations of paleo-endemism in Northwestern California, the northern Great Valley, and western Sonoran Desert, and neo-endemism in the White-Inyo Range, northern Mojave Desert, and southern Channel Islands. Multiple analyses were run to observe the effects on significance patterns of using different phylogenetic tree topologies (uncalibrated trees versus time-calibrated ultrametric trees) and using different representations of OTU ranges (herbarium specimen locations versus species distribution models). These analyses showed that examining the geographic distributions of branch lengths in a statistical framework adds a new dimension to California floristics that, in comparison with climatic data, helps to illuminate causes of endemism. In particular, the concentration of significant PE in more arid regions of California extends previous ideas about aridity as an evolutionary stimulus. The patterns seen are largely robust to phylogenetic uncertainty and time calibration but are sensitive to the use of occurrence data versus modeled ranges, indicating that special attention toward improving geographic distributional data should be top priority in the future for advancing understanding of spatial patterns of biodiversity.
Models of adaptive navigation, inspired by ant transport strategy in the presence of obstacles

Cooperative transport is an impressive example of collective behavior in ants, where groups of ants work together to move heavy food objects back to their nest over heterogeneous terrain. This behavior also serves as a model for bio-inspired robotics. While many studies have considered the mechanisms by which ants transport objects in simple settings, few have looked at how they deal with obstacles and heterogeneous terrain. A recent study on Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ants) demonstrated that groups of these ants implement a stochastic, adaptive, and robust cooperative transport strategy that allows them to succeed at navigating challenging obstacles that require moving away from their goal. In this paper, we use group-level computational models to investigate the significance and implications of this biological strategy. We develop an algorithm that reproduces important elements of the strategy, and compare it to several benchmark algorithms for a range of obstacle sizes and shapes. Our results show that, for smaller obstacles, the ant-inspired adaptive stochastic strategy is adept at efficient navigation, due to its ability to match the level of randomness it uses to unknown object size and shape. We also find some unexpected differences between our results and the original ant transport behavior, suggesting new biological experiments.
Glycosylation pathways at the ocular surface

Glycosylation is a major form of enzymatic modification of organic molecules responsible for multiple biological processes in an organism. The biosynthesis of glycans is controlled by a series of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and glycan-modifying enzymes that collectively assemble and process monosaccharide moieties into a diverse array of structures. Many studies have provided insight into various pathways of glycosylation at the ocular surface, such as those related to the biosynthesis of mucin-type O-glycans and N-glycans on proteins, but many others still remain largely unknown. This review provides an overview of the different classes of glycans described at the ocular surface focusing on their biosynthetic pathways and biological relevance. A precise understanding of these pathways under physiological and pathological conditions could help identify biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Efficient groundwater allocation and binding hydrologic externalities

Abstract Reallocating water according to its highest marginal value can generate economic gains. However, reallocation of water use often generates third-party effects, or externalities, which prohibit transfers. We develop a spatial-dynamic hydro-economic model to assess the gains from redistributing water across irrigators, taking into account externalities that water use transfers may produce. Water use is optimized across space and time such that return flows in various segments of the watershed do not decrease relative to the flows obtained under current water use. Across a suite of water shortage scenarios in Idaho’s Eastern Snake River Plain, the reallocation of water subject to third party externalities generates an 8–16% increase in aggregate annual profit earned by irrigators, relative to the Prior Appropriation-based allocation. The failure to account for the constraints on reallocation that arise due to externalities overstates the benefits from reallocation by 7%.
A Cautionary Tale: On the Effectiveness of Inertia-Emulating Load as a Cyber-Physical Attack Path

Recent research has explored the potential for distributed, consumer-based equipment to participate in control action seeking to improve grid dynamic performance. Renewable resources are displacing synchronous generators, reducing the electrically coupled rotating inertia supplied to the system as a percentage of generation. However, this loss may be mitigated by feedback control emulating the dynamics of rotating inertia and so-called “emulated inertia” control may be implemented in distributed, consumer-based resources. The case study presented illustrates that emulated inertia feedback is also extremely well-suited to subversion by a cyberattacker. In particular, local inertia-emulating feedback can create wide-area instabilities with only slight modification of feedback parameters. The amount of affected load can be relatively modest and the attacker can “target” particular generators, producing oscillations that would likely trip rate-of-change-of-frequency protective relays within one minute. The authors believe this scenario is particularly troubling, because it is likely that distributed consumer-based control systems will lack the strong cybersecurity protection afforded large generation resources.
What is this feeling that i have for myself and for others? Contemporary perspectives on empathy, compassion, and self-compassion, and their absence

Abstract We begin our adventures into the neuroscience of empathy, compassion, and self-compassion with origins and definitions of these critical social constructs. We explore the numerous variations and nuances for our understanding of each of these terms including conceptualizations from the most prominent researchers in the field. We then launch into a polemical dialogue between the authors not only to dive to greater depths into the underlying permutations of each of these terms but also to endeavor to engage the reader in the excitement that a refinement of these concepts brings to the research community and to stimulate creative thinking, further dialogue, and, hopefully, more research into the neuroscience of empathy, compassion, and self-compassion.
Hyperbolic Equations: Method of Characteristics

This chapter focuses on the method of characteristics applicable to single hyperbolic equation, or a system of hyperbolic equations. A numerical approximation scheme is obtained. The method of characteristics can be used directly to create a numerical scheme to integrate hyperbolic equations. The method on the second-order hyperbolic partial differential equation is illustrated. The numerical procedure is now a straightforward application of the method of characteristics. The procedure can be made more concise by use of matrix notation. This technique can be readily modified to work with systems of hyperbolic equations. This technique is sometimes considered to be superior to using finite differences directly, because it utilizes the mathematical structure of the solution.
Conformational Analysis via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the conformational analysis via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The NMR method—as applied to conformationally mobile carbohydrate derivatives—has successfully demonstrated that electric dipole–dipole interactions are frequently more important than steric interactions in determining the relative stabilities of conformations. A further advantage of the NMR technique is that, in simple cases, mere inspection of the NMR spectrum of a compound may suffice to identify its favored conformation. Considerable computation is necessary for the diffraction methods, but the resulting conformation is determined very precisely and in great detail. It should not be assumed that this conformation necessarily resembles closely that favored in solution because the forces in the two environments are different. Because of the low sensitivity of the NMR method, it is usually advisable to use as high a solution concentration as possible. The choice of the NMR method to be used for conformational analysis is very dependent on the exact structure of the molecule to be examined and on whether multiple bonds or magnetic nuclei other than protons are present.
Principles, theory, and models

When we observe a detail of an object, it appears simple and neat, but when observed as part of the world, it appears complex. As recently argued by Goldenfeld & Kadanoff (1999), “the world contains many examples of complex “ecologies” at all levels”. An object is complex when it has structures composed of different working parts. Each part can function in a different way according to the context. Many systems are both complex and chaotic (unpredictable), and the entire planet can be considered in such way.
Renal Structural Changes in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Correlations

Diabetes mellitus represents an increasing health problem worldwide. Renal involvement in diabetic patients occurs in a subset of these patients, often playing a key role in morbidity and mortality. Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of chronic renal disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States, accounting for about half of the patients entering dialysis each year.
Information Retrieval I

“Information retrieval” is a very loose term, so we must start by setting some limits to our subject. We are not concerned, for instance, with systems which respond to requests for specific facts, e.g. “What time is the next train to London?” Enquiry systems like that undeniably supply useful information, but they do not necessarily store and manipulate it as text, so they are outside the scope of our discussion. It is more accurate to say this chapter is about text retrieval systems: those where a short text (perhaps only a single word or phrase) is used as a way in to a much longer one, which may contain the information that the user is seeking. Even more narrowly, it begins with an account of document retrieval systems, whose function is to hold only enough data to point the user in the direction of texts kept elsewhere in printed form.
Breast cancer in older women.

1132 Background: Recent guidelines recommend minimizing breast cancer screening for women over the age of 75. This study examines the presentation and outcome of older patients with breast cancer t...