cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Needs of older caregivers of patients with advanced cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether age or stage of cancer can be used to identify caregivers at high risk for excessive burden or distress. DESIGN: Descriptive data collected as part of a psychosocial research registry, comparing younger caregivers with older and caregivers of early-stage patients with those of later stage. PARTICIPANTS: Caregivers of newly diagnosed adult cancer patients. MEASUREMENTS: Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA), the Profile of Mood States (POMS), single-item indicators from the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System set, and the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support (MOS-SS) Scale. Patient information was obtained from the medical record. RESULTS: Younger caregivers and caregivers of patients with Stage I and II cancer identified a greater lack of family support than older caregivers and caregivers of patients with Stage III and IV cancer. Significant regression models were found for three CRA subscales (Disrupted Schedule, Lack of Family Support, and Health Problems), as well as for the POMS depression and fatigue scales. Caregiver social support (MOS-SS) made the only significant contribution to the models. There were significant differences between caregivers with high and low levels of social support on almost all measures of well-being. CONCLUSION: Incorporating formal assessment of social support may be useful in identifying at-risk caregivers. In addition, there is a need to further investigate which dimensions of social support are most strongly related to measures of well-being. J Am Geriatr Soc 57:S293–S295, 2009.
Solvent dispersible nanoplatinum–carbon nanotube hybrids for application in homogeneous catalysis

Solvent-dispersible carbon nanotubes/nanoplatinum hybrid structures are presented, which show excellent catalytic activity under both heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions.
A statistical analysis of magnetic fields from some geodynamo simulations

[1] We present a statistical analysis of magnetic fields simulated by the Glatzmaier-Roberts dynamically consistent dynamo model. For four simulations with distinct boundary conditions, means, standard deviations, and probability functions permit an evaluation based on existing statistical paleosecular variation (PSV) models. Although none closely fits the statistical PSV models in all respects, some simulations display characteristics of the statistical PSV models in individual tests. We also find that nonzonal field statistics do not necessarily reflect heat flow conditions at the core-mantle boundary. Multitaper estimates of power and coherence spectra allow analysis of time series of single, or groups of, spherical harmonic coefficients representing the magnetic fields of the dynamo simulations outside the core. Sliding window analyses of both power and coherence spectra from two of the simulations show that a 100 kyr averaging time is necessary to realize stationary statistics of their nondipole fields and that a length of 350 kyr is not long enough to fully characterize their dipole fields. Spectral analysis provides new insight into the behavior and interaction of the dominant components of the simulated magnetic fields, the axial dipole and quadrupole. Although we find spectral similarities between several reversals, there is no evidence of signatures that can be conclusively associated with reversals or excursions. We test suggestions that during reversals there is increased coupling between groups of spherical harmonic components. Despite evidence of coupling between antisymmetric and symmetric spherical harmonics in one simulation, we conclude that it is rare and not directly linked to reversals. In contrast to the reversal model of R. T. Merrill and P. L. McFadden, we demonstrate that the geomagnetic power in the dipole part of the dynamo simulations is either relatively constant or fluctuates synchronously with that of the nondipole part and that coupling between antisymmetric and symmetric components occurs when the geomagnetic power is high.
MicroRNAs 24 and 27 Suppress Allergic Inflammation and Target a Network of Regulators of T Helper 2 Cell-Associated Cytokine Production

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of cell fate decisions in immune responses. They act by coordinate repression of multiple target genes, a property that we exploited to uncover regulatory networks that govern T helper-2 (Th2) cells. A functional screen of individual miRNAs in primary T cells uncovered multiple miRNAs that inhibited Th2 cell differentiation. Among these were miR-24 and miR-27, miRNAs coexpressed from two genomic clusters, which each functioned independently to limit interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. Mice lacking both clusters in T cells displayed increased Th2 cell responses and tissue pathology in a mouse model of asthma. Gene expression and pathway analyses placed miR-27 upstream of genes known to regulate Th2 cells. They also identified targets not previously associated with Th2 cell biology which regulated IL-4 production in unbiased functional testing. Thus, elucidating the biological function and target repertoire of miR-24 and miR-27 reveals regulators of Th2 cell biology.
Four Critical Tips for Taking Your First Witness at Trial

Opportunities to take a witness at trial can be few and far between for an attorney who is just starting out practicing law or who is new to litigation. Over 90 percent of all cases settle, and clients often demand that more senior attorneys try their cases. As a result, junior attorneys may find that opportunities to examine a witness at trial do not come as soon or as often as they want. In this competitive environment, a junior attorney must seek out the trial opportunities, make the senior attorneys on their cases aware of their desire to take a witness, and be prepared to do an excellent job when the opportunity arises. This article provides four crucial tips for a junior attorney who is examining his or her first witness at trial, which include knowing the applicable procedural and evidentiary rules, focusing on the fundamentals of direct examinations and cross examinations, staying organized, and remaining mindful of the trier of fact.
A Case for Civil Marriage

There has been a frenzy of legislative activity aimed at nailing down the legal definition of marriage to make sure that there will be no more nonsense about same-sex monograms or same-sex marriage applications. In an effort to slow down the frenzy, and to encourage those within the academy to think harder about the on-going problem of what to do about marriage, Professor Edward Stein has posed a straightforward question: Should civil marriage simply be abolished? In this mini-symposium, Professors Edward Zelinsky and Daniel Crane have provided two answers to his question: yes and yes. Although I am a Contract Law enthusiast, both arguments began to make me nervous about abolishing civil marriage. I therefore want to explain why, after reading these intriguing papers, I have become an anti-abolitionist, or at least a contract skeptic. I organize my remarks around two propositions. The first is that Professor Zelinsky has more faith in the ability of contract law to organize intimate relationships than I do. I will use his paper to talk about a few general problems of contracting for marriage. Proposition number two is that Professor Crane has too little faith in law and I have too little faith in religion to justify returning marriage to an exclusively religious domain, however valid the historical support may be. I will use Professor Crane's paper to discuss the particular perils, of privatizing to religion, for women and same-sex couples.
ELMO1 has an essential role in the internalization of Salmonella Typhimurium into enteric macrophages that impacts disease outcome

Background & Aims After invading intestinal epithelial cells, enteric bacteria encounter phagocytes, but little is known about how phagocytes internalize the bacteria to generate host responses. BAI1 (brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1) binds and internalizes Gram-negative bacteria through an engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1)/Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)-dependent mechanism. We delineate the role of ELMO1 in host inflammatory responses after enteric infection. Methods ELMO1-depleted murine macrophage cell lines, intestinal macrophages, and ELMO1-deficient mice (total or myeloid-cell specific) were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The bacterial load, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathology were evaluated in the ileum, cecum, and spleen. The ELMO1-dependent host cytokines were detected by a cytokine array. ELMO1-mediated Rac1 activity was measured by pull-down assay. Results The cytokine array showed a reduced release of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), by ELMO1-depleted macrophages. Inhibition of ELMO1 expression in macrophages decreased Rac1 activation (∼6-fold) and reduced internalization of Salmonella. ELMO1-dependent internalization was indispensable for TNF-α and MCP-1. Simultaneous inhibition of ELMO1 and Rac function virtually abrogated TNF-α responses to infection. Activation of nuclear factor κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases were impaired in ELMO1-depleted cells. Bacterial internalization by intestinal macrophages completely depended on ELMO1. Salmonella infection of ELMO1-deficient mice resulted in a 90% reduction in bacterial burden and attenuated inflammatory responses in the ileum, spleen, and cecum. Conclusions These findings suggest a novel role for ELMO1 in facilitating intracellular bacterial sensing and the induction of inflammatory responses after infection with Salmonella.
Patients are aware of risks of opioid dependence, yet note poor communication from providers about pain and pain management

Commentary on : Smith RJ, Rhodes K, Paciotti B, et al. Patient perspectives of acute pain management in the era of the opioid epidemic. Ann Emerg Med 2015;66:246–52.e1.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Emergency department (ED) providers are frequently faced with the dilemma of providing adequate pain relief while preventing the potential harms of opioids. In light of the increasing number of deaths related to opioid overdose, many different strategies are being promoted to curb opioid abuse and dependence. However, little is known about the patient's perspective on pain management strategies and the risk of opioid abuse and dependence. In … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnn%2BEmerg%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D66%26rft.spage%253D246%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.annemergmed.2015.03.025%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25865093%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.03.025&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25865093&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F19%2F3%2F88.atom
Calculations of pKa's and redox potentials of nucleobases with explicit waters and polarizable continuum solvation.

The SMD implicit solvation model augmented with one and four explicit water molecules was used to calculate pKa's and redox potentials of N-methyl-substituted nucleic acid bases guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. Calculations were carried out with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The same numbers of water molecules were hydrogen bonded to the neutral, protonated, and deprotonated nucleobases in their unoxidized and oxidized forms. The improvement in pKa1 involving neutrals and cations was modest. By contrast, the improvement in pKa2 involving neutrals and anions was quite significant, reducing the mean absolute error from 4.6 pKa units with no waters, to 2.6 with one water and 1.7 with four waters. For the oxidation of nucleobases, adding explicit waters did little to improve E(X • ,H + /XH), possibly because both species in the redox couple are neutral molecules at pH 7.
Contemporary Practice: Treatment Gap in Lipid-Lowering Therapy:

Pharmacists can play a key role in preventing many adverse sequelae from improperly treated hypercholes-terolemia through treatment and monitoring strategies. Simvastatin and lovastatin utilization...
Separation Algorithm for Tree Partitioning Inequalities

Abstract We consider the tree partition problem to partition the node set of a tree into subsets where the induced subgraph by each subset is connected and the total weight of nodes in a subset cannot exceed the capacity of the subset. We identify exponentially many valid inequalities for an integer programming formulation of the problem and develop a linear time separation algorithm for the valid inequalities.
Chinese CLS sister school relationship.

OBJECTIVE Establish a relationship with a Chinese CLS Program to foster cross-cultural diversity, provide for student and faculty cross-cultural exchange, scholarship, research, and improve the health care of both communities served by the colleges. DESIGN Information needed to develop agreement strategy was gathered by literature review, personal interviews, and direct observation in China. Based upon literature review an original list of items for discussion was developed. Discussions were held between administrators of both schools and the teaching hospital. The Chief Laboratory Technologist of the associated Chinese teaching hospital was interviewed to establish the extent of CLS students' experiences. A form for the interview was developed and the results were used during the negotiation of the final agreement. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A CLS faculty team member from the U.S. traveled to the Jingmen School of Nursing and Allied Medical Sciences, Jingmen City, China, Hubei Province, P.R. China to establish an agreement. Tours of six cities in China, the School, and Jingmen hospitals provided for a better understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese CLS program. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Three major concerns for success of the relationship (language barriers, communication vehicles, and socialization issues) were determined and addressed in a final agreement. The components of the agreement may provide some insight for others considering such a collaborative venture. Outcomes will be more fully addressed when exchanges begin.
Three-dimensional ultrasonic modeling of Rayleigh wave propagation

The effects of topographic features on Rayleigh wave propagation and scattoring are investigated in the laboratory using three-dimensional ultrasonic models. Starting from simple steps, different topographic features are modeled. The effects of these features on Rayleigh wave transmission and scattering are examined as a function of wavelength and as a function of angle of incidence. In general, backscattered or reflected Rayleigh waves are small compared to transmitted waves. A significant fraction of the Rayleigh wave energy is scattered into body waves. Transmission and reflection coefficients (transmitted or reflected energy/incident energy) computed from spectral ratios vary strongly with incidence angle. At wavelengths equal to twice the step height, the fraction of incident energy scattered into body waves ranges from more than 90 per cent at normal incidence to about zero at near-grazing incidence. At each angle, transmission coefficients vary strongly with frequency. Because of frequency-dependent phase shifts, the transmitted and reflected waves are distorted. The effect of the steps on the propagation of Rayleigh waves is demonstrated by convolving synthetic dispersed wave trains with the impulse response of the scale models. The ocean-continent margin of the Western United States is modeled as a 60° ramp scaled to 60 km height. The Tibetan Plateau is modeled as a broad mesa scaled to 40 km height. In both models, azimuthal dependence of transmitted Rayleigh waves is similar to that observed at WWSSN stations for Rayleigh waves crossing the modeled terrestrial structures.
Administering Health Insurance Mandates

State's initial choices, under the State children's health insurance program (SCHIP), of Medicaid expansion (M-SCHIP), separate state plan (S-SCHIP), or combination program (C-SCHIP) have received attention in the public administration literature. This chapter establishes statistically significant links between choice of administrative model and program enrollment and retention. A more nuanced interpretation of this key administrative choice will re-establish its relevance to the expansion of coverage for children. The chapter proposes a conceptual framework in which expansion of coverage for children is the dependent variable. It analyses states' administrative choices, and explores the relevance of federal parameters and state contextual characteristics in influencing those choices. Likewise cognizant of the number and complexity of methodologies for measuring expansion, the chapter provides a simple state-centered concept of expansion that refers to changes versus a state's baseline SCHIP enrollment. Scrutiny of administrative choices under SCHIP endorses that structural choices have important consequences for the content and direction of policy, and political actors know it.
Differential Algebraic Equations

This chapter discusses about differential algebraic equations, which are differential equations in the form. F () is nonlinear in the y ′ term, or F () contains a collection of differential and algebraic equations. A special sub-case of differential algebraic equations is standard ordinary differential equations. A numerical approximation to the solution is obtained. Differential algebraic equations are more difficult to solve than standard ordinary differential equations. These equations are invariably solved exclusively by numerical means. One common numerical technique is to use the backward Euler method. Many special purpose codes have been written for these systems. There are a few analytic solution techniques for differential algebraic equations.
BioMEMS-based coding for secure medical diagnostic devices

Trustworthy and usable point-of-care solutions require not only effective disease diagnostic procedures to ensure delivery of rapid and accurate outcomes, but also lightweight privacy-preserving capabilities. In this paper, we present a Biomedical Microelectromachanical System (BioMEMS)-based sensor for portable, inexpensive smartphone-based biomarker detection. The biosensor presented here provides the ability for signal encryption at the physical sensor level to ensure patient's diagnostic confidentiality. Our results show that this design allow us to protect the samples measurements while accurately distinguish different test samples.
CT-negative, MRI GRE-positive primary motor cortex contusion causing isolated foot drop.

BACKGROUND Isolated acute foot drop due to traumatic brain injury is exceedingly rare and is often misdiagnosed during initial evaluation. Here, we present the case of a patient who presented with left foot drop after falling off a bicycle. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient is a 55-year-old male who was mountain biking when he fell, hit his head, and lost consciousness. Neurologic examination of the left leg revealed foot drop, no sensory deficits, and 3+ reflexes at the knee and ankle with clonus. Electroencephalography, computed tomography (CT) of the head, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine, and CT of the lower extremities were all negative. Only MRI of the brain with a gradient echo sequence revealed microhemorrhages focused around the right precentral gyrus. The patient underwent physical therapy, and by 3 months had regained full strength in his left leg. CONCLUSION Central causes of foot drop are exceptionally rare, however, they should be considered in all cases of post-traumatic dorsiflexion paresis. The key to the accurate diagnosis is a high index of suspicion as well as thorough and careful physical examination including reflex and sensory testing. Selective imaging modalities such as MRI or CT can then be used to verify the diagnosis.
Motion Detection Mechanisms

This review discusses theoretical, behavioral, and physiological studies of motion mechanisms. The three main schemes for motion detection (space–time correlation, orientation, and gradients) are contrasted using experimental data from insects, rabbits, cats, monkeys, and humans. These schemes provide a basic understanding of the organization of many neural motion detection systems. However, few neural systems are pure implementations of any of these three detection schemes. It is suggested that using a mixture of motion detection mechanisms may be advantageous to a neural system faced with the difficult, but important task of detecting motion under widely varying conditions.
Ka-band HTS channel uplink SNIR probability model

Summary I present a novel analytical study of the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR) for Ka-band high throughput satellite uplink channels. The Ka-band high throughput satellite systems employ frequency and polarization (color) reuse among the spot beams to achieve throughput increase many times the throughput of the system without reuse. However, color reuse also produces substantial co-color interference and adding to it, tropospheric precipitation attenuation rises sharply in Ka-band. The co-color interference and precipitation induced fading vary randomly; they degrade the system performances. To assess the impact, I develop the uplink channel SNIR probability model in this study. Compared with the known studies of the same topic, this study takes the theoretic approach and is applicable to the urban users in particular. The model is feasible to implement and can provide accurate assessment of the channel SNIR performances statistically in theory for a wide array of system operational scenarios. The SNIR probability model is applied to a model spot beam system of 101 user beams to obtain and compare sample channel performances, which can be used for making system design choices at the early stage of a satellite project. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of rapid shutdown in the DIII-D tokamak by core deposition of high-Z material

MHD modeling of encapsulated payload pellet injection (shell pellet injection) for disruption mitigation is carried out under the assumption of idealized delivery of the radiating payload to the core, neglecting the physics of shell ablation. The shell-pellet method is designed to produce an inside-out thermal quench in which core thermal heat is radiated while outer flux surfaces remain intact, protecting the divertor from large conducted heat loads. In the simulation, good outer surfaces remain until the thermal quench is nearly complete, and a high radiated energy fraction is achieved. When the outermost surfaces are destroyed, runaway electron test orbits indicate that the rate of runaway electron loss is very fast compared with prior massive gas injection simulations, which is attributed to the very different current profile evolution that occurs with central cooling.
Absorbable Coatings: Structure and Drug Elution

Drug delivery from biodegradable polymer coatings is becoming an important area of research for applications including medical devices. In this work, we probe the impact of polymer chemistry and solvent evaporation rate on drug morphology and the subsequent elution from biodegradable polymer systems. Two different formulations of poly(lactic-glycolic-acid) (PLGA) polymers are used in combination with tetracycline (TC) to fabricate coatings using two different solvent evaporation rates. We have conducted elution studies to quantify the release behavior of tetracycline (TC) at the first 2-3 days of dissolution. Significantly we have correlated the drug release kinetics with the drug microstructure of TC/PLGA coating using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). These results suggest that polymer chemistry affects the rate of water absorption and drug dissolution which in turn alters the rate of TC release during the early stages of drug elution.
Use of a verbal electronic audio reminder with a patient hand hygiene bundle to increase independent patient hand hygiene practices of older adults in an acute care setting.

Background We hypothesized that the addition of a novel verbal electronic audio reminder to an educational patient hand hygiene bundle would increase performance of self-managed patient hand hygiene. Methods We conducted a 2-group comparative effectiveness study randomly assigning participants to patient hand hygiene bundle 1 (n = 41), which included a video, a handout, and a personalized verbal electronic audio reminder (EAR) that prompted hand cleansing at 3 meal times, or patient hand hygiene bundle 2 (n = 34), which included the identical video and handout, but not the EAR. The primary outcome was alcohol-based hand sanitizer use based on weighing bottles of hand sanitizer. Results Participants that received the EAR averaged significantly more use of hand sanitizer product over the 3 days of the study (mean ± SD, 29.97 ± 17.13 g) than participants with no EAR (mean ± SD, 10.88 ± 9.27 g; t73 = 5.822; P ≤ .001). Conclusions The addition of a novel verbal EAR to a patient hand hygiene bundle resulted in a significant increase in patient hand hygiene performance. Our results suggest that simple audio technology can be used to improve patient self-management of hand hygiene. Future research is needed to determine if the technology can be used to promote other healthy behaviors, reduce infections, and improve patient-centered care without increasing the workload of health care workers.
Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma presenting as multiple pulmonary nodules: A potential pitfall in fine needle aspiration and core biopsy specimens - A Cytological - Pathological Correlation

Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS) is the second most common malignant mesenchymal tumor of the uterus. The most common location is the uterine corpus, but it can also primarily arise in a variety of extrauterine locations such as pelvis, ovary, abdominal cavity, vagina, and vulva. We are reporting a case of a 47-year-old female with no significant medical history who presented with multiple pulmonary nodules. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimen revealed spindle cell neoplasm consistent with the diagnosis of LGESS. The differential diagnosis included neuroendocrine tumor, synovial sarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor, smooth muscle tumors, and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. The clinical, cytological, and histopathologic details of this case, as well as a discussion of the potential pitfalls and differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions of the lung are described.
Eclipse for group projects: tutorial presentation

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce tools within the Eclipse open-source software development environment that can be used to support project teams. This tutorial will guide attendees through the process of creating a team project, using existing features to track the work of other members of the team, and using tools to assist the instructor in evaluating student participation within the team project.
Modeling of Rubberlike Materials

In this chapter we provide an overview of the basic equations governing the mechanical response of rubberlike materials capable of finite deformations. We use the term rubberlike materials to refer to highly deformable, nonlinear elastic continua, which respond differently in their reference state and their deformed configuration. An elastic material, by definition, will always return to its original state after the application and removal of forces. Nonlinear elastic materials, in particular, exhibit a change of material behavior during deformation, but assume the original shape after removal of all applied forces. Therefore, we do not include the effects of time and rate dependence, nor do we assume that the applied forces are of such magnitude to induce damage to the material.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides

Publisher Summary The chapter illustrates the applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling to assess OP and potentially CM insecticide dosimetry, biological response, and risk in humans exposed to these insecticides. Pharmacokinetics continue to play an important role in assessing organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) insecticide dosimetry, biological response, and risk in humans exposed to these agents. Pharmacokinetic is concemed with the quantitative integration of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and can be used to provide insight into the toxicological responses associated with these insecticides. These two major classes of pesticides share a common toxicological mode of action associated with their ability to target and inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Pharmacokinetic is associated with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs and xenobiotics. Pharmacokinetic studies provide important data on the amount of toxicant delivered to a target site as well as species-, age-, and gender-specific and dose-dependent differences in biological response. These studies have been conducted with OP and CM insecticides in multiple species, at various dose levels, and across different routes of exposure to understand how in vivo kinetics contributes to the observed toxicological response. Pharmacokinetic studies with these insecticides are also useful in facilitating extrapolation of dosimetry and biological response from animals to humans, and for the assessment of human health risk. In this regard, PBPK/PD models are being utilized to assess risk and understand the toxicological implications of known or suspected exposures to various OP and CM insecticides.
A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty

Abstract Can the United States dramatically reduce the number of its children living in poverty? This article summarizes key conclusions of the report issued by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine's Committee on Building an Agenda to Reduce the Number of Children in Poverty by Half in 10 Years. These conclusions focus on the causal evidence linking poverty reduction and child well-being as well as a host of policy and program ideas directed toward poverty reduction. The Committee found that packages of work-oriented and income support program are able to simultaneously reduce child poverty and increase the number of adult workers in low-income families. Costs of these policies are also considered.
Consumers, Meat and Animal Products: Policies, Regulations and Marketing

This book addresses the production practices employed in the production of food animals and animal products that enable marketers to sell a variety of products to meet consumer demand. Food animal production practices have come under increased scrutiny by consumers who object to inputs and practices. The industry has been a proponent of using technologies to reduce production costs, resulting in lower-priced meat and animal food products, and now consumers are starting to look at other objectives. This book considers the key issues of concern to consumers, including the treatment of animals, the use of antibiotics, feed additives and hormones, and how these are monitored, regulated, and communicated to consumers. It also reviews labeling and information provided to consumers, including organic, genetic engineering, welfare standards, and place of origin. While the main focus is on the United States, there are descriptions of European practices and legislation. Overall, it aims to provide an objective and balanced appraisal, which will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in agricultural, food and environmental economics, law and policy, and animal production and welfare. It will also be very useful for early career professionals in the food and agricultural sectors.
Civic Writing on Digital Walls

Civic writing has appeared on walls over centuries, across cultures, and in response to political concerns. This article advances a civic interrogation of how civic writing is publicly authored, re...
Prediction of the Progressive Loss of Winding Clamping Pressure in Power Transformers

This paper investigates the progressive loss of winding clamping pressure resulted from thermal aging in power transformers. Firstly, out-of-plane stress-strain characteristics of aging pressboards are investigated experimentally and relationship between mechanical properties of pressboards and aging hours is established accordingly. Then, a thermal-mechanical model is built to correlate the aging time with temperature based on the first-order reaction kinetics. Based on the above investigations, the correlation between temperature and mechanical properties of pressboards is obtained and the progressive loss of clamping pressure is predicted. The results show that with the progressive softening of pressboards from aging, the clamping pressure drops linearly under 60°C and nonlinearly over 60°C. The remaining clamping pressure of a transformer winding with 30 years’ service history is only 80.12% and 51.59% of its initial pressure under 50°C and 60°C, respectively.
Race and Media: A Critical Essay Acknowledging the Current State of Race-Related Media Effects Research and Directions for Future Exploration

The following article illuminates how race-related media effects research creates a space for race to be represented within quantitative literature. However, it presents barriers towards inclusion ...
HoloSound: Combining Speech and Sound Identification for Deaf or Hard of Hearing Users on a Head-mounted Display

Head-mounted displays can provide private and glanceable speech and sound feedback to deaf and hard of hearing people, yet prior systems have largely focused on speech transcription. We introduce HoloSound, a HoloLens-based augmented reality (AR) prototype that uses deep learning to classify and visualize sound identity and location in addition to providing speech transcription. This poster paper presents a working proof-of-concept prototype, and discusses future opportunities for advancing AR-based sound awareness.
Using Artificial Neural Networks to Accelerate Transport Solves

Discontinuous Finite Element Methods (DFEM) have been widely used for solving SN radiation transport problems in participative and non-participative media. In this method, small matrix-vector systems are assembled and solved for each cell, angle, energy group, and time step while sweeping through the computational mesh. In practice, these systems are generally solved directly using Gaussian elimination, as computational acceleration for solving this small systems are often inadequate. Nonetheless, the computational cost of assembling and solving these local systems, repeated for each cell in the phase-space, can amount to a large fraction of the total computing time. In this paper, a Machine Learning algorithm is designed to accelerate the solution of local systems. This one is based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Its key idea is training an ANN with a large set of solutions to random one-cell transport problems and, then, replacing the assembling and solution of the local systems by the feedforward evaluation of the trained ANN. It is observed that the optimized ANNs are able to reduce the compute times by a factor of ~ 3:6 per source iteration, while introducing mean absolute errors between 0:5 – 2% in transport solutions.
QSER1 protects DNA methylation valleys from de novo methylation

DNA methylation is essential to mammalian development, and dysregulation can cause serious pathological conditions. Key enzymes responsible for deposition and removal of DNA methylation are known, but how they cooperate to regulate the methylation landscape remains a central question. Using a knockin DNA methylation reporter, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in human embryonic stem cells to discover DNA methylation regulators. The top screen hit was an uncharacterized gene, QSER1, which proved to be a key guardian of bivalent promoters and poised enhancers of developmental genes, especially those residing in DNA methylation valleys (or canyons). We further demonstrate genetic and biochemical interactions of QSER1 and TET1, supporting their cooperation to safeguard transcriptional and developmental programs from DNMT3-mediated de novo methylation.
Short- and long-term factors in tolerance to morphine-induced antinociception : single or multiple mechanisms ?

Data from several laboratories indicate that Pavlovian conditioning plays an important role in the formation of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The two prominent theories aimed at explaining these properties are those that suggest that tolerance is the result of conditioned compensatory processes (Eikelboom & Stewart, 1982; MacRae, Scoles, & Siegel, 1987; Siegel, 1975) and those based on (Wagner’s 1976, 1978) priming model of habituation (Baker & Tiffany, 1985; Paletta & Wagner, 1986). Using the procedure previously described by Tiffany and Maude-Griffin (1988) and the method of continuous infusion (Lightman & Young, 1987; Schaefer & Michael, 1986), we tested two predictions generated by the priming model of tolerance: that short and long retention of tolerance should develop at the expense of each other and that only tolerance resulting from long interdose interval (IDI) acquisition parameters should display long-term retention. All animals preexposed to morphine displayed shorter pawlick latencies than did the saline-treated controls in response to morphine during testing. This indicated tolerance, regardless of acquisition IDI or the length of time between last drug preexposure and test. Contrary to the prediction of the Baker and Tiffany model (1985), these results demonstrate that tolerance resulting from both short and long IDI acquisition parameters can be long-lasting.
Isomerization and Transalkylation of Alkylaromatics

The sections in this article are Introduction Catalysts Catalyst Acid Strength Catalyst Structure Shape Selectivity and Diffusional Restriction Xylenes Aromatic Feedstocks and Reformate Separations Xylene Separations Toluene Conversion to Benzene Xylene Isomerization Fundamentals of Xylene Isomerization Ethylbenzene Conversion in Xylene Isomerization Processes Ethylbenzene Hydrocracking Processes in Xylene Isomerization Ethylbenzene Hydroisomerization Processes in Xylene Isomerization Ethylbenzene Disproportionation Processes in Xylene Isomerization Methylaromatics Transalkylation Fundamental Aspects of Methylaromatics Transalkylation Methylaromatics Transalkylation Catalysts and Process Chemistry Methylaromatics Transalkylation Processes Selective Toluene Disproportionation (STDP) Shape Selectivity in STDP Selective Toluene Disproportionation Processes Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation Catalysts for Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation Feeds and Products of Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation Processes p-Diethylbenzene Diisopropylbenzene Mechanisms of Aromatic Transformations Relative Reactivity of Alkylaromatics Initiation of Alkylaromatic Conversion Chemistry Unimolecular Aromatic Conversion Chemistry Bimolecular Aromatic Conversion Chemistry Process Implications of Alkylaromatic Transformation Mechanisms Xylene Isomerization Conversion of Ethylbenzene to Xylenes Methylaromatic Transalkylation Ethylbenzene Disproportionation to Diethylbenzene Methylnaphthalene and Dimethylnaphthalene Isomerization and Transalkylation Olefin Reactivity and Coking in Transformations of Alkylaromatics Light and Heavy Product Distributions in Selective Toluene Disproportionation (STDP) Byproduct Formation in Ethylbenzene and Cumene Transalkylation Catalyst Coking Conclusions Keywords: alkylaromatics; isomerization; transalkylation; alkylation catalysts; alkylbenzenes; toluene; xylenes; petrochemicals
A terminologia dos tipos de florestas amazônicas sujeitas a inundação

The terminology of the Amazonian forest types on inundated ground has been much confused in the past. In Brazil the terms varzea and igapo have been used in several different ways by various workers in different disciplines or even within a single discipline such as botany. These terms are also used differently in the lower and upper parts of Amazonian Brazil and are replaced by Tahuampa in Amazonian Peru. This paper attempts to define the major inundated forest types of importance to plant ecologists and systematists. Seven main types of periodically or permanently flooded forest are important for vegetation studies of Amazonia: 1-5 Periodically inundated types. 1. Seasonal varzea — white water forest flooded by regular annual cycles of rivers. 2. Seasonal igapo — black and clear water flooded by regular annual cycles of rivers. 3. Mangrove — twice daily tidal flooding by salt water. 4. Tidal varzea — twice daily tidal flooding by back up of fresh water. 5. Flood plain forest — low lying ground flooded by irregular rainfall, generally in upper reaches of rivers. 6 - 7 Permanently waterlopped — Permanent swamp forest 6. Permanent white water swamp forest. 7. Permanent igapo (Black water) There are certainly many subdivisions of these seven major categories but there are insufficient phytosociological data to subdivide them meaningfully at this stage. This terminology restricts the use of igapo to black and clear water situations as has been done by limnologists for many years.
Combined Vaccine Against Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella

A combined measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine produced seroconversions for all four components similar to that found if measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine or live varicella vaccine were given separately. In addition, those exposed to varicella were completely protected or had only a mild rash. Moreover, the reaction rates were not increased if the vaccines were combined. The somewhat lower and delayed serologic response to live varicella vaccine as compared with the combined measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella may have been due to the small amount of varicella vaccine virus used or to its degree of attenuation. Persistence of antibody was observed 1 year postimmunization.
Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958–2008

[1] The decline of sea ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean from ICESat (2003–2008) is placed in the context of estimates from 42 years of submarine records (1958–2000) described by Rothrock et al. (1999, 2008). While the earlier 1999 work provides a longer historical record of the regional changes, the latter offers a more refined analysis, over a sizable portion of the Arctic Ocean supported by a much stronger and richer data set. Within the data release area (DRA) of declassified submarine sonar measurements (covering ∼38% of the Arctic Ocean), the overall mean winter thickness of 3.64 m in 1980 can be compared to a 1.89 m mean during the last winter of the ICESat record—an astonishing decrease of 1.75 m in thickness. Between 1975 and 2000, the steepest rate of decrease is −0.08 m/yr in 1990 compared to a slightly higher winter/summer rate of −0.10/−0.20 m/yr in the five-year ICESat record (2003–2008). Prior to 1997, ice extent in the DRA was >90% during the summer minimum. This can be contrasted to the gradual decrease in the early 2000s followed by an abrupt drop to <55% during the record setting minimum in 2007. This combined analysis shows a long-term trend of sea ice thinning over submarine and ICESat records that span five decades.
Thermal enhancement of flip-chip packages with radial-finger-contact spring

Power dissipation, size and circuit density of integrated circuit chips are increasing and flip-chips are getting popular. Flip-chips may be joined to the substrates using small solder balls (commonly known as controlled collapse chip connections or C4s) on the circuit side of the chips, and are capable of providing a very large number of input and output connections. This paper describes a radial-finger-contact (RFC) spring for thermal enhancement of packages with C4 type flip-chips. This spring, in the shape of a disk, is made from a thin sheet of high conductivity copper alloy. A number of radial slots are cut in an alternating pattern to make it flexible. It is plated with nickel to prevent corrosion and formed into a dome shape such that when placed inside a flip-chip package it makes contact with the chip and the cap, thus providing a direct heat transfer path from the back side of the chip to the cap. To establish the feasibility and thermal reliability of this concept, a number of flip-chip packages were built with and without the RFC spring and tested for thermal performance. In one set of packages with the RFC springs, a silicone gel was used at the chip interface to further improve the thermal performance. The packages were exposed to a number of accelerated stresses and the package thermal performance (internal or the chip-to-case thermal resistance) was periodically measured. The results show that significant improvement in thermal performance is possible with the use of the RFC spring and this remains stable after exposure to accelerated stresses. This method of thermal enhancement is easily extendable to multi-chip packages with flip-chips.
Epidermolysis bullosa. A case report.

Abstract Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of rare genetic-related skin disorders. It is characterized by bullae and vesicles on the skin and mucosa, that result from friction, trauma, or heat. This article reports a case of Epidermolysis bullosa. With proper diagnosis, the dentist can treat a patient with this type of disorder without causing bullae as a result of treatment.
Work and Social Transformation Today

Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe. Victor Nee and David Stark Kilowatts and Crisis: Hydroelectric Power and Social Dislocation in Eastern Panama. Alaka Wali. From Tank Town to High Tech: The Clash of Community and Industrial Cycles. June C. Nash. Team Entrepreneurship. Alex Stewart.
MFH and high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma-what's in a name?

Background and Objectives In 2002, with the advent of better classification techniques, the World Health Organization declassified malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) as a distinct histological entity in favor of the reclassified entity high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (HGUPS). To date, no study has evaluated comparative outcomes between patients designated historically in the MFH group and those classified in the new HGUPS classification. Our goal was to determine the presence of clinical prognostic implications that have evolved with this new nomenclature. Methods Sixty-eight patients were retrospectively evaluated between January 1998 and December 2007. Forty-five patients diagnosed with MFH between 1998 and 2003 were compared to 23 patients in the HGUPS group, from 2004 to 2007. Primary prognostic outcomes assessed included overall survival, metastatic-free, and local recurrence-free survival. Results Five-year survivorship between MFH and HGUPS populations, using Kaplan–Meier or competing risk methods, did not show statistical difference for overall survival (60% vs. 74%, P = 0.36), 5-year metastasis-free survival (31% vs. 26%, P = 0.67), or local recurrence-free survival (13% vs. 16%, P = 0.62). Conclusion Despite new classification nomenclature, there appears to be no identifiable prognostic implications for sarcomas that remain in the unclassifiable HGUPS group, as compared to the previously accepted MFH group. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:173–177. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The transepithelial potential difference in intact larval and adult salamanders

Abstract 1. 1. Intact larval and adult Ambystoma gracile generate a transepithelial potential difference (TEP) which is dependent on Na transport. 2. 2. In larvae the TEP is independent of the anion but in adults the magnitude of the TEP is higher if Cl is present in the external bath. 3. 3. Possible differences in ion transport between larvae and adults are discussed.