cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-data comparison of sound propagation in a glacierized fjord with a variable ice top-boundary layer

Transmission loss measurements were conducted in the meltwater-modified surface layer near Hansbreen Glacier in Hornsund Fjord in southwestern Svalbard in September 2017 [Deane and Glowacki, JASA 143, 1711 (2018)]. An m-sequence source signal (149 dB re 1 μPa, 11 kHz carrier frequency) was tethered at 7 m depth to a boat drifting from 0 to 200 m. This signal was received by two Hitech HTI-96 hydrophones at 8 and 17 m depth deployed from a stationary boat anchored 500 m from the glacier. Within this environment, and typical for a glacierized fjord, regular calving events contributed to an ice melange top boundary layer with larger icebergs occasionally obstructing the signal transmission path. The propagation environment was upward refracting, causing propagation sound to repeatedly reflect from the surface layer. A ray-based approach was applied to model the measured data. The variability of the top boundary was included in the model by incorporating surface scattering and inserting icebergs. Comparisons between several increasingly complex iterations of this model with the collected data will be presented. [Work supported by the NDSEG Fellowship, ONR Grant Nos. N00014-17-1-2633 and N00014-14-1-0213, and the Polish National Science Centre Grant No. 2013/11/N/ST10/01729.]
Cyclist injury severity analysis with mixed-logit models at intersections and nonintersection locations

Cyclist injury severity in bicycle-vehicle crashes is influenced by numerous factors that are related to driver, vehicle, cyclist, crash, roadway, temporal, and environmental characteristics. Resul...
Residents Article: Mandated Outpatient Psychiatric Treatment in A Training Setting

While the initial enthusiasm of pioneers such as Aichkorn, Eissler, Glover, and Schmideberg has diminished over the last two decades, there is a growing literature describing treatment approaches for a sub-group of criminals diagnosed as anti-social and borderline personality disorders. Related to this is an interest in outpatient commitment as a possible treatment alternative. The authors describe their persistent difficulties, despite major involvement of staff and trainees, to engage a legal offender in treatment in the outpatient clinic of a university psychiatric training hospital. From their experience, they suggest guidelines for the selection and treatment of criminals in a residency training setting.
Local Temporal Compression for (Globally) Evolving Spatial Surfaces

The advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm have enabled generation of large volumes of data from multiple domains, capturing the evolution of various physical and social phenomena of interest. One of the consequences of such enormous data generation is that it needs to be stored, processed and queried – along with having the answers presented in an intuitive manner. A number of techniques have been proposed to alleviate the impact of the sheer volume of the data on the storage and processing overheads, along with bandwidth consumption – and, among them, the most dominant is compression. In this paper, we consider a setting in which multiple geographically dispersed data sources are generating data streams – however, the values from the discrete locations are used to construct a representation of continuous (time-evolving) surface. We have used different compression techniques to reduce the size of the raw measurements in each location, and we analyzed the impact of the compression on the quality of approximating the evolution of the shapes corresponding to a particular phenomenon. Specifically, we use the data from discrete locations to construct a TIN (triangulated irregular networks), which evolves over time as the measurements in each locations change. To analyze the global impact of the different compression techniques that are applied locally, we used different surface distance functions between raw-data TINs and compressed data TINs. We provide detailed discussions based on our experimental observations regarding the corresponding (compression method, distance function) pairs.
A spatial model for the beneficial use of dredge spoil deposition: Creation and management of breeding habitat for reddish egrets in Texas

Abstract Many species of coastal waterbirds have faced population declines in recent years as a result of loss and degradation of habitat. The creation of new habitat through strategic placement of dredge spoil can be an effective tool to mitigate habitat loss. The use of dredge spoil islands for nesting, wintering, and migratory stopover habitat by waterbirds has been documented extensively over the past several decades. Most of the reddish egret (Egretta rufescens) breeding population in the United States occurs in Texas, where it has declined by more than 30% since the 1970s. Reddish egrets breed on dredge spoil islands along the Texas coast, and the stability of breeding colonies has been variable since the 1970s. If nesting habitat is degraded or limiting in Texas, the creation of new nesting islands through strategic dredge spoil placement could benefit reddish egrets. We developed a spatially explicit prioritization model for targeted conservation of reddish egrets in the Laguna Madre, Texas, through colonial island establishment using dredge spoil. Prioritization is based on availability of foraging areas, potential competition at foraging areas, and distance of potential sites to the mainland. ‘Priority areas’ are potential nesting island locations that would maximize the foraging benefits for breeding reddish egrets. Model outputs show that highest priority areas in the Laguna Madre are located in the southernmost portion of the lagoon. Other priority areas are located in the lower Laguna Madre, and at the mouth of Baffin Bay. In addition, we provide a repeatable and transparent framework for the development of spatial support tools that help guide targeted placement of dredge spoil in an effort to conserve colonial waterbirds. We illustrate the model development for reddish egrets, a threatened species in Texas, however our framework can be applied to other similar species.
Parenting intervention outcomes for kinship caregivers and child: A systematic review.

Abstract Background Kinship foster caregivers often face serious challenges but lack adequate parenting capacities and resources. The importance of parenting interventions for kinship foster caregivers has been recognized, and researchers have assessed the effect of various parenting interventions on the caregivers and children. However, no systematic review has been conducted to summarize findings related to parenting interventions targeting kinship care. Objectives This study systematically summarizes the effect of parenting interventions on kinship foster caregivers and their cared for children, and examines the intervention strategies and research methods used in order to provide a context in which to better understand effects of interventions. Methods From six academic databases, 28 studies were identified for review. A data template was used to extract the following information from each study: intervention targets, research design, settings, intervention description, outcome measures, and main results for each study. Results Various parenting interventions targeting kinship foster care families have been developed to improve parenting capacities and reduce parental stress. Most of the interventions had a positive impact on the outcomes of both caregivers and children, although the assessed outcomes often differed across studies. Parenting interventions improve caregivers’ parenting competency, reduce parental stress, and advance child wellbeing. However, some interventions appear less promising in achieving targeted goals. Discussion The findings suggest that promoting evidence-based parenting interventions with a special focus on kinship care is important for child welfare. Future directions for research are also discussed in this study.
Analysis of iodine nutritional status of residents in Yunfu City, Guangdong Province from 2009 to 2016

Objective To analyze the residents' iodine nutrition level of Yunfu City in Guangdong Province from 2009 to 2016, in order to provide evidence for making prevention strategy of iodine deficiency disorders. Methods Four surveys on salt iodine levels, four surveys on urinary iodine levels of children aged 8 - 10 years old, two surveys on urinary iodine levels of pregnant women and one survey on iodine content in drinking water were carried out according to the prevention and control planning for endemic disease in Guangdong Province in Yunfu City from 2009 to 2016. Salt iodine was determined by direct titration (GB/T 13025.7-1999, GB/T 13025.7-2012), urinary iodine was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006, WS/T 107.1-2016), water iodine was determined by the national iodine deficiency disease reference laboratory recommended method. Results In 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2016, 1 464, 1 464, 1 500, 1 500 salt samples and 500, 388, 1 000, 1 000 children were investigated, the medians of salt iodine levels were 30.3, 28.1, 24.8, and 24.8 mg/kg, respectively, and the medians of children urinary iodine levels were 208.3, 188.3, 143.1 and 165.2 μg/L, respectively. Five hundred, five hundred pregnant women were investigated in 2015 and 2016, and the medians of pregnant women urinary iodine levels were 101.0 and 96.4 μg/L, respectively. A total of 1 149 samples of drinking water were investigated in 2011 - 2016, the median of water iodine was 2.8 μg/L. Conclusion Yunfu is an iodine deficiency city, after adjusting the iodine content of edible salt in 2012, iodine nutrition in children is at an appropriate level, but the iodine intake level of pregnant women is relatively lower, so prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders and urinary iodine monitoring should be strengthened in pregnant women. Key words: Iodine; Urine; Water; Salts
Immune modulators for the therapy of BPD

Abstract An excessive and/or persistent inflammatory response makes a significant contribution to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Suppression of inflammation with post-natal steroids is associated with several unwanted side-effects and novel immunomodulatory strategies are therefore required. In this chapter we will outline the potential of three different tactics for immunomodulation: modulation of signaling pathways regulated by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), targeting interleukin (IL)-1β mediated pro-inflammatory pathways and use of recombinant forms of the innate host defense molecule, surfactant protein D. The relevance of these pathways to neonatal lung disease and the results of both clinical and laboratory studies involving experimental models of BPD will be discussed in detail.
Tailored HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Intervention Needs from a Latent Class Analysis Among U.S. Healthcare Providers

Interventions are needed to expand HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescribing practices among healthcare providers, but research classifying providers to determine tailored intervention needs is lacking. Providers reported demographics, factors related to HIV treatment and prevention experience, and PrEP-related factors such as knowledge and community protection beliefs via online survey. Latent class analysis grouped providers with similar patterns of HIV prevention- and treatment-related care and tested for associations with demographics and PrEP-related factors. Three distinct classes of providers emerged: (1) PrEP naive, (2) PrEP aware, and (3) PrEP prescribers. Providers with lower community protection beliefs and staff capacity were more likely to be classified as PrEP naive compared to aware (ps < 0.05). Providers with concerns about PrEP-related tasks and staff capacity were more likely to be classified as PrEP aware compared to prescribers (ps < 0.05). PrEP-naive providers could benefit from continuing education, whereas PrEP-aware providers might benefit from capacity building and prescribing optimization interventions.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: A Concept Analysis:

Background:Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are at an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to their stressful work environment. Using the Walker and Avant conceptual analysis...
A property of the yule distribution and its applications

The relationship Y = RX between two random variables X and Y, where R is distributed independently of X in (0, l), is known to have important consequences in different fields such as income distribution analysis, Inventory decision models, etc. In this paper it is shown that when X and Y are discrete random variables, relationships of similar nature lead to Yule-type distributions. The implications of the results are studied in connection with problems of income underreporting and inventory decision making.
CKD Management Post-AKI: The Role of Biomarkers

A biomarker is a measurable clinical parameter which can be used for early detection of a disease, to establish a definitive diagnosis, characterize the severity of a disease, or monitor the response to treatment interventions. The ideal biomarker is one that fulfills multiple purposes in one test and is easily obtained, cost effective, accurate, and generalizable to the entire population. A number of biomarkers have been identified in the setting of acute kidney injury (AKI), with their predictive capacity identified in adult and pediatric studies respectively. The potential application of these same biomarkers in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is currently under active investigation.
Duration of cytopenias with concomitant venetoclax and azole antifungals in acute myeloid leukemia

Background Venetoclax (VEN) combined with the hypomethylating agent (HMA) azacitidine improves survival in patients aged ≥75 years with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). VEN and HMA treatment can result in prolonged and often profound neutropenia, and this warrants antifungal prophylaxis. Azole antifungals inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4, the primary enzyme responsible for VEN metabolism; this results in VEN dose reductions for each concomitant antifungal. Limited clinical data exist on outcomes for patients treated with VEN, an HMA, and various azoles. Methods The time to neutrophil recovery (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] > 1000 cells/mm3 ) and platelet (PLT) recovery (PLT count > 100,000 cells/mm3 ) in 64 patients with newly diagnosed AML who achieved a response after course 1 of VEN plus an HMA were evaluated. HMA therapy included azacitidine (75 mg/m2 intravenously/subcutaneously for 7 days) or decitabine (20 mg/m2 intravenously for 5 or 10 days). Results Forty-seven patients (73%) received an azole: posaconazole (n = 17; 27%), voriconazole (n = 9; 14%), isavuconazole (n = 20; 31%), or fluconazole (n = 1; 2%). The median time to ANC recovery were similar for patients who did receive an azole (37 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34-38 days) and patients who did not receive an azole (39 days; 95% CI, 30 days to not estimable; P = .8). The median time to PLT recovery was significantly longer for patients receiving azoles (28 vs 22 days; P = .01). The median times to ANC recovery (35 vs 38 days) and PLT recovery (26 vs 32 days) were similar with posaconazole and voriconazole. Conclusions VEN plus an HMA resulted in neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, with the latter prolonged in patients receiving concomitant azoles. Concomitant posaconazole or voriconazole and VEN (100 mg) resulted in similar ANC and PLT recovery times, suggesting the safety of these dosage combinations during course 1.
Facebook: Managing User-Generated Content

This public-sourced case describes the evolution of Facebook monitoring users' activity around what potentially offensive or disturbing material could stay posted and what should be removed. Following intense media and regulatory (e.g., Congressional) scrutiny, the company revised policies and reorganized content-review teams. The case offers an opportunity to debate a key question the company faced: What should platform governance look like? As Facebook faced an exponential growth in the number of user-generated posts daily, posts that contained harmful, inappropriate content also increased, raising the need for Facebook to devise a set of guidelines that were not only applicable across many different types of posts and situations, but were also perceived as acceptable by Facebook users. The tradeoffs a platform business makes between user characteristics, intent, outcome, and norms can be explored as students put themselves in CEO Mark Zuckerberg's shoes to redesign Facebook's platform-governance policies. Students will also have a chance to examine how certain platform-governance policies can subsequently impact Facebook's future strategy: for instance, the more Facebook got involved in curating content for its users—thus serving as arbiter—the more potential to shift Facebook from a tech business to a news publisher increased, thereby subjecting the company to a different set of regulations. Excerpt UVA-M-0976 Rev. Aug. 17, 2020 Facebook: Managing User-Generated Content …Social media companies exploit the social environment. —George Soros, financier The posts never ended. It was often difficult to determine the differences. Yet that was Tom Kellogg's job, as a process executive for a firm that contracted for Facebook's safety and security unit. He was supposed to review materials that members of the Facebook community flagged as material that violated Facebook's community standards. If Kellogg agreed, offending content was removed and the person who posted it was issued a Facebook warning. Several citations resulted in suspension of their Facebook account. . . .
The role of heterocyclic aromatic amines in colorectal cancer: the evidence from epidemiologic studies.

Since Dr. Sugimura’s discovery of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) in broiled fish, many epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate their role in human cancers, often focusing on colorectal cancer. The difficulty in measuring HAA exposure from meat and fish intake in these studies has resulted in inconsistent findings. Because studying individuals who may be particularly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of HAA might facilitate the demonstration of a link with cancer, multiple studies have focused on individuals with the high activity phenotype for CYP1A2 and/or NAT2, the two main metabolic enzymes involved in the bioactivation of HAA. These investigations have also yielded inconsistent results. Two recent large pooled analyses of colorectal cancer studies have helped clarify the overall evidence. One was conducted in whites and reported no interaction of red meat intake and NAT2 genotype on risk in Whites. The other was conducted in Japanese and African Americans, two populations with high rates of the disease and a prevalence of the at-risk rapid NAT2 phenotype 10- and 2-fold greater than in whites, respectively. In those groups, a significant interaction was found, with the association of red meat with colorectal cancer being strongest among individuals with the rapid NAT2 phenotype, intermediate among those with the intermediate phenotype and not significant among those with the slow NAT2 phenotype. Recent research on biomarkers has focused on PhIP hair content, as a marker of exposure to HAA, and on DNA adducts using new sensitive quantitative methods, as markers of early biological effects. These advances, when brought to bear, may contribute greatly to the further elucidation of the carcinogenicity of HAA in humans.
Evaluation of Brassicas in grazing systems for sheep: II. Blood composition and nutrient status.

Blood composition of lambs grazing Brassicas and stockpiled grass or grass-clover pastures in the fall of 4 yr was monitored to assess possible effects of plant metabolites (e.g., glucosinolates, S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide) on health and performance. Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations in lambs grazing Brassicas decreased upon initiation of grazing, with a subsequent recovery, and concentrations were increased by oral dosing with I or I+CuO. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) increased gradually with time and did not differ between lambs on Brassicas and on pasture at most time periods. In Exp. 3 and 4, T4 levels were lower in lambs grazing Tyfon chinese cabbage hybrid (Brassica rapa L. x B. pekinensis [Lour.] Rupr.) than in lambs on Forage Star hybrid turnip (B. rapa L.). Heinz body formation increased rapidly in lambs on Brassicas, with small decreases in packed cell volume (PCV); dosing with I+CuO reduced Heinz bodies in lambs on Tyfon and turnip pastures. In Exp. 2, I+CuO treatment increased liver Cu concentrations but had no effect on serum Cu. Serum cholesterol and urea N concentrations declined rapidly in lambs on Brassicas, with little change in lambs on stockpiled pastures. Decreases in serum triglycerides, and an increase in glucose concentration, were noted in Exp. 3 and 4 in lambs grazing Tyfon and Forage Star turnip. Although a number of differences related to plant composition were noted in blood of lambs grazing Brassica forages relative to stockpiled pastures, the changes did not seem sufficiently severe to affect animal performance.
On Pluralistic Ethics and the Economics of Compassion

Economists characterize peoples’ choices as deliberate rather than capricious. This raises two fundamental questions: are people really rational? And, if rational, what reason(s) do individuals use to criticize or justify actions? This paper is based on the belief that economists have responded satisfactorily to the first question, but not to the second. While we all make whimsical decisions, it is by no means clear that assuming any particular type of irrationality would improve economists’ capacity to describe human behavior (Sen 1987). As a first-order approximation, the standard economic assumption of rationality is likely less biased than any alternative formulation we might devise.
Optokinetic stimulation increases corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in inferior olivary neurons of rabbits.

Stimulus-specific changes in levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in inferior olivary neurons were studied in unanesthetized rabbits. The possible functional importance of CRF, a neuropeptide that is expressed in all inferior olivary neurons, in cerebellar synaptic transmission was investigated in a subpopulation of inferior olivary neurons, the caudal dorsal cap. Previous studies have shown that unidirectional, binocular optokinetic stimulation increases the level of discharge in neurons located in one of the caudal dorsal caps of the inferior olive and decreases the level of discharge in neurons in the opposite dorsal cap. We investigated the influence of prolonged (1–144 hr), unidirectional, binocular, optokinetic stimulus on the levels of CRF mRNA in dorsal cap neurons, measured with the technique of hybridization histochemistry. Rabbits were placed at the center of a cylindrical optokinetic drum that rotated at a constant velocity of 5 deg/sec, stimulating one eye in the posterior-to-anterior direction and the contralateral eye in the anterior-to-posterior direction. Posterior- to-anterior stimulation of the left eye evoked increased activity of inferior olivary neurons located in the right caudal dorsal cap. Conversely, anterior-to-posterior stimulation of the right eye evoked decreased activity of neurons in the left caudal dorsal cap. The levels of CRF mRNA in dorsal cap neurons that were activated by prolonged optokinetic stimulation were increased by a factor of 4 to 7 after 48 hr of stimulation and by more than a factor of 10 after 144 hr of optokinetic stimulation. These optokinetically induced increases in CRF mRNA decayed to background levels after 30 hr. Our observations implicate CRF in visual olivocerebellar function and suggest that CRF may play a role in the plastic control of eye movement mediated by the visual olivocerebellar system.
Singular Perturbations of Complex Analytic Dynamical Systems

Our goal in this paper is to describe the dynamical behavior of singular perturbations of complex dynamical systems. Singular perturbations occur when a pole is introduced into the dynamics of a polynomial. In this paper, we consider the simplest possible case: start with the map Z ↦ Z n where n > 1 and then add a pole at the origin. For simplicity, we consider the case of maps of the form Z n +λ/Z n . We then describe some of the many ways Sierpinski curve Julia sets arise in this family. We also give a classification of the dynamics on these sets and describe the intricate structure that occurs around the McMullen domain in the parameter plane for these maps. Finally, we discuss some of the major differences between the cases n = 2 and n > 2.
Endogenous respiration of Staphylococcus aureus.

Ramsey, H. H. (Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.). Endogenous respiration of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 83:507–514. 1962.—The endogenous respiration of Staphylococcus aureus is dependent upon the medium used to grow the cell suspension. Within wide ranges, the concentration of glucose in the medium has no effect upon subsequent endogenous respiration of the cells, but the concentration of amino acids in the medium, within certain limits, has a very marked effect. The total carbohydrate content of the cells does not decrease during endogenous respiration. As endogenous respiration proceeds, ammonia appears in the supernatant, and the concentration of glutamic acid in the free amino acid pool decreases. Organisms grown in the presence of labeled glutamic acid liberate labeled CO2 when allowed to respire without added substrate. The principal source of this CO2 is the free glutamate in the metabolic pool; its liberation is not suppressed by exogenous glucose or glutamate. With totally labeled cells, the free pool undergoes a rapid, but not total, depletion and remains at a low level for a long time. Activity of the protein fraction declines with time and shows the largest net decrease of all fractions. Exogenous glucose does not inhibit the release of labeled CO2 by totally labeled cells. Other amino acids in the free pool which can serve as endogenous substrates are aspartic acid and, to much lesser extents, glycine and alanine. The results indicate that both free amino acids and cellular protein may serve as endogenous substrates of S. aureus.
Flexible resource allocation in IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area networks

IEEE 802.16 is considered today as the most promising technology, to provide extension of wireless broadband communications into metropolitan environments. One of the main design challenges in 802.16 is the introduction of an efficient traffic scheduler that handles resource allocation in the wireless interface. This paper proposes such a scheduler, referred to as the "frame registry tree scheduler", that aims at providing differentiated treatment to data connections, based on their QoS characteristics. The scheduler uses a tree structure in order to prepare time frame creation and reduce processing needs at the beginning of each time frame. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduler can attain considerable improvement in terms of throughput and packet losses
Outer Plasmaspheric Plasma Properties: What We Know from Satellite Data

Our understanding of the composition, density, and temperature structure of the outer plasmasphere has undergone several major revisions since the discovery of the plasmasphere over 35 years ago. Each new era of understanding was brought about by the launching of satellites carrying suites of plasma diagnostic experiments each more sophisticated than its predecessor. Instead of each new generation of missions providing incremental advancement in our knowledge of the plasmasphere’s plasma properties, they most often than not, initiated a complete re-thinking of our understanding. There are still a number of observational “puzzles” and large gaps in our knowledge of how plasmaspheric structure and plasma properties change with geomagnetic storm and substorm activity. As we develop new missions to attempt to globally image the outer plasmasphere in order to put simultaneous multi-spacecraft observations into context, we undoubtedly will uncover new tantalizing observations that will cause us to re-think our mental picture of the plasmasphere. What we have learned from satellite data about the chemical composition, density, temperature and pitch-angle distribution properties and their variability is outlined in this review paper.
Extending the performance envelope of 0.5 /spl mu/m implanted SAG-MESFET's for supercomputer applications

The implementation, optimization, and evaluation of an ion implanted, 0.5 /spl mu/m refractory self-aligned gate GaAs MESFET process for DCFL digital ICs for supercomputer applications is described. The MESFET performance has been optimized for minimal short channel effects, ultra high performance, minimal backgating, and improved manufacturability. This device process has been coupled together with a three or four level metal interconnect process for producing 1 GHz clock rate LSI to VLSI digital computer ICs. The interconnect process makes use of up to four levels of CVD tungsten via fill for planarity throughout the interconnect process. This process yields typical propagation delays of 25 pS for a 2/4 /spl mu/m inverter with unity fanout. Four input NOR gates with a fanout of four have a typical delay of 65 pS. Moreover, a four input NOR buffer driving a fanout of seven through 500 /spl mu/m of minimum geometry metal has a delay of 63 pS. This delay increases to 93 pS when the metal length is increased to 1500 /spl mu/m. This process is being used to produce 5 to 10 K gate digital circuits for the 1 GHz clock rate Cray-4 supercomputer. This work has resulted in a manufacturing process which produces devices and circuits with world class performance. >
Atrial Fibrillation Monitoring in Cryptogenic Stroke: the Gaps Between Evidence and Practice

Identifying occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as the etiology of cryptogenic stroke has been a top research priority in the past decade. This is because prompt initiation of anticoagulation has significantly decreased subsequent stroke risk. Available evidence suggests that prolonged cardiac monitoring after stroke increases the likelihood of detecting atrial fibrillation. However, further research is required to fill in the gaps in regard to the optimal period of monitoring, candidates for monitoring, etc. Here, we review the current evidence supporting the use of prolonged monitoring for cryptogenic stroke patients and discuss the directions of future research.
Fuel Economy Improvements in EPA and Road Tests with Engine Oil and Rear Axle Lubricant Viscosity Reduction

Effects of reducing engine oil and rear axle lubricant viscosities on fuel economy were determined in EPA combined City and Highway (EPA 55/45) tests and in road tests, using four different sized cars. In EPA 55/45 tests, fuel economy rating improvements averaged about 1.5 percent; warmed-up and cold-start road test fuel economy improvements averaged about 4 and 8 percent, respectively. /GMRL/
Lung Cancer in Mild Steel Welders

To investigate lung cancer risk, the authors conducted a historical cohort mortality study of 4,459 mild steel welders who had been employed at three midwestern plants which manufactured heavy equipment. Follow-up began in the mid-1950s and extended through 1988. All welders had at least 2 years welding experience (average duration, 8.5 years). This cohort had no occupational exposure to asbestos or stainless steel fumes (containing nickel and chromium), two potential confounders in previous welders studies. A comparison population of 4,286 nonwelders, all with at least 2 years employment at the same plants, was also studied. Nonwelders had never been welders and were allowed to have no more than 90 days employment as a painter, foundryman, or machinist. Sampling data collected from 1974-1987 indicated that welders were exposed to 6-7 mg/m3 of total particulate and 3-4 mg/m3 of iron oxide, while nonwelders had negligible exposures to welding fumes. When compared with the United States population, both welders and nonwelders had elevated rates for lung cancer (standardized mortality ratios (SMRs): welders, SMR = 1.07; nonwelders, SMR = 1.17), but neither SMR was significantly elevated. Limited smoking data based on a 1985 survey indicated that both welders and nonwelders smoked more than the United States population, possibly accounting for part of their elevated lung cancer rates. There was no trend of increased risk for welders with increased duration of exposure. The only other cause of death significantly elevated was emphysema among welders. Nonmalignant respiratory disease was not elevated for welders (SMR = 0.96). When welders were compared with nonwelders directly for lung cancer, the rate ratio was 0.90.
Microstructural contributions to bubble growth in helium ion irradiated nickel

Pure nickel films were irradiated by 80 keV He+ ions to fluences up to 2.8 × 1022m−2 at 550°C or 750°C. The films were annealed in a TEM and were subsequently vaporized in a mass spectrometer to measure retained helium. For specimens containing no visible bubbles (lower temperature irradiation) a saturation level of retained helium near 8 × 1020m−2 (0.8a%) was found; over twice as much retained helium was found in bubble containing specimens (higher temperature irradiation). For these latter specimens only 55% of the retained helium was necessary to fill each bubble to equilibrium at 650°C. Annealing at 600°C of a low temperature irradiated sample produced bubbles which increased in diameter with annealing time to the power of n. For bubbles on the grain boundary n~0.5 and for those in the grain interior n~l. Anneals at 600°C of a high temperature irradiated sample showed all bubbles growing; however, annealing at 650°C of the same sample showed small bubbles shrinking and large ones growing via an Ostwald ripening mechanism.
Differential activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling during proliferation and differentiation of lens epithelial cells.

PURPOSE To investigate whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) signaling is involved in lens epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation promoted by growth factors. METHODS Proliferation of rabbit lens epithelial cells grown in culture was measured with a DNA-binding fluorescent dye in a proliferation assay. Primary cultures of embryonic chicken lens epithelial cells that develop lentoids were used for differentiation-related studies, and delta-crystallin synthesis in these cultures was determined by metabolic labeling with [(35)S]methionine. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses were also used. RESULTS The PI-3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 blocked the insulin-, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1-, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2-promoted cell proliferation in rabbit lens epithelial cells. Inhibition of PI-3K activity by these inhibitors unexpectedly increased the synthesis of early differentiation marker protein delta-crystallin in chicken lens epithelial cells. Insulin and IGF-1 stimulated activation of PI-3K in proliferating and differentiating cultures. FGF-2 showed no direct effect on PI-3K activation. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) did not induce significant proliferation or increased expression of delta-crystallin, but stimulated PI-3K. The presence of FGF-2 in proliferating rabbit lens epithelial cells enhanced the IGF-1-, but not the PDGF-mediated PI-3K activation, suggesting a possible integration of FGF-2 signals with IGF-1. Whereas there was a gradual decrease in insulin/IGF-1-mediated activation of PI-3K and its downstream target Akt, with progression of differentiation in chicken lens epithelial cells, Erk2 phosphorylation induced by these growth factors was not decreased; rather, it remained increased in early stages of differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal significant differences in the modulation of PI-3K signaling by different growth factors during proliferation in rabbit lens epithelial cells and differentiation in chicken lens epithelial cells and demonstrate that regulation of the PI-3K pathway plays a key role in these processes. A balance between the nonactivation of PI-3K and the activation of Erk2 may be necessary during early stages of epithelial cell transformation.
High Schmidt number mass transfer using Chapman–Kuhn's near wall coherent structure model

Abstract High Schmidt number mass transfer in a fully developed turbulent flow is examined using a near wall coherent structure model. The computational approach relies on specification of idealized boundary conditions in the form of a two eddy structure imposed at a distance of y+=40 away from the wall. The parameters describing the spatial and temporal eddy behavior are obtained from a combination of experimental observation, analysis and computer trials as described by D.R. Chapman, G.D. Kuhn (AIAA Paper 81-1024 (1981) 306–316). Among these parameters, those describing the root mean square (rms) velocities in normal and spanwise directions are found to have significant influence on mass transfer at the wall. A correlation relating the mass transfer rate and the rms velocities is obtained. The effects of turbulence intensity on eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity are also determined.
Functionalizable and Ultrastable Zwitterionic Nanogels

Multifunctional biomimetic nanogels based on zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA) were synthesized by inverse microemulsion free-radical polymerization. pCBMA nanogels exhibited excellent stability in 100% fetal bovine serum. Dextran labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-dextran) was encapsulated in nanogels as a model drug. Encapsulated FITC-dextran exhibited controlled release from the pCBMA nanogel. Additionally, pCBMA nanogels carry abundant carboxylate groups as functional groups used to conjugate ligands to the nanogels for targeted drug delivery. Flow cytometry results obtained showed that pCBMA nanogels conjugated with cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys] ligands dramatically improved the nanogel uptake by primary human umbilical vein endothelium cells. Functionalizable zwitterionic pCBMA nanogels hold great potential as targeted drug-delivery vectors for biomedical applications.
Dinitrosyl intermediate for N2O formation from reaction of NO on Mo(110)

The adsorption and subsequent reaction of nitric oxide (NO) on Mo(110) has been studied by temperature programmed reaction, electron energy loss, and infrared reflectance absorbance spectroscopies. The predominant reaction pathway for a saturated NO overlayer is dissociation to atomic nitrogen and oxygen; in fact, for low NO coverages, dissociation is the only reaction and largely takes place below 300 K. At NO coverages above 65% of θsat, evolution of N2O, N2, and NO is also observed at low temperature. Temperature programmed reaction of isotopically mixed overlayers demonstrates that N2O formation occurs via reaction of two intact NO molecules, suggestive of a dimeric surface intermediate. Electron energy loss and infrared spectroscopies identify three ν(NO) features which are assigned to three distinct species; the frequencies of the ν(NO) peaks in the infrared spectrum of a saturated 14NO overlayer at 100 K are 1860, 1821, and 1720 cm−1. The 1860 and 1720 cm−1 features are assigned to monomeric NO. Ba...
Determinants of crew injuries in vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the number of non-fatal crew injuries, fatal crew injuries and missing crew in freight ship, tanker and tugboat vessel accidents based upon individual accidents investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991–2001 period. Poisson and negative binomial regression estimates suggest that: (1) freight ship and tanker non-fatal injuries are higher when the vessel is moored or docked and during high winds and cold temperatures; (2) tugboat non-fatal injuries are higher during poor visibility; (3) freight ship fatal injuries increase with vessel age and tanker and tugboat fatal injuries are higher for fire and capsize accidents, respectively; and (4) freight ship missing crew increase with vessel age and tugboat missing crew are higher for fire and lake accidents.
Controlled Syntheses of Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Catalyst Particle Size and Density Control via Layer-by-Layer Assembling

Using the layer-by-layer assembly method, we have fabricated catalyst particles of a controlled size distribution and packing density for aligned carbon nanotube growth. In particular, poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate), PSS, and iron hydroxide colloid were layer-by-layer assembled via the electrostatic interaction onto an acetic-acid-plasma treated quartz plate. This multilayer catalyst precursor film was then calcined in Ar/H2 at 750 °C to produce iron nanoparticles for the subsequent growth of carbon nanotubes at 750 °C under a combined flow of Ar/H2 and C2H2. UV−vis absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurements confirm the consecutive formation of the iron hydroxide colloid/PSS multilayer films. Atomic force and electron microscopic (AFM, SEM, TEM) imaging shows that the catalyst particles thus prepared possess a layer-number-dependent size distribution and packing density after calcination. Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a controlled structure and morphology were produc...
Gap Analysis on the Ability of Guidelines and Standards to Support the Performance of Healthcare Facilities

AbstractThe condition of the physical environment within healthcare facilities has a large impact on the quality of care, recovery time, and patient satisfaction. To maintain and ensure adequate operation of the physical environment, facility management must maintain a state of continuous compliance and constant readiness. This requires the facility management personnel to have a full understanding of the regulatory standards and guidelines that address the performance of a healthcare facility. This paper discusses an analysis of the major healthcare standards and guidelines that the American Society of Healthcare Engineers suggests facility management groups need to be familiar with. A gap analysis is performed to identify gaps between the design and construction guidelines and their ability to support healthcare facility operation and performance standards. Finally, a case example is used to discuss how the standards and regulations can be incorporated into a healthcare facility information framework to...
Dynamics of phase separation in block copolymer melts.

On considere l'equation differentielle partielle qui decrit la separation de phase dans un copolymere en fusion. On construit numeriquement la solution periodique qui minimise l'energie libre. L'epaisseur lamellaire du diagramme final d'equilibre s'echelonne avec le poids moleculaire suivant une loi de puissances
A diagrammatic exposition of justice

Several different analytical theories of justice are analyzed in the context of a uniform diagrammatic exposition. The diagrams make use of ordinary economic tools of analysis - production possibility frontiers and indifference curves. Additionally, numerous propositions are set forth which establish either the critical differences between alternative theories, or the conditions under which different theories yield identical results.
19F and 31P magnetic shielding anisotropies in phosphoryl fluoride

The 19F and 31P magnetic shielding anisotropies in the phosphoryl fluoride molecule have been determined from studies of the temperature dependence of the 19F and 31P chemical shifts and the anisotropic couplings in nematic solutions. Measurements of the F-P-F bond angle are reported. The possible existence of an anisotropy in the indirect P-F spin-spin coupling which is investigated does not change the values of the shielding anisotropies significantly.
Let the Sunshine In, or Else: An Examination of the “Teeth” of State and Federal Open Meetings and Open Records Laws

Public access laws are at the heart of transparent democracy, in place to ensure that government meetings and records are open to the public. However, compliance with these laws is often problematic, a fact that can be attributed, in part, to ineffective remedies available for violations of state and federal open government laws. This study examines the enforcement provisions of the public access laws in jurisdictions across the United States to explore the remedies available, including equitable relief such as injunctions and mandamus, actual and punitive damages, attorneys’ fees, and civil and criminal sanctions. Structural difficulties were revealed that can make these remedies toothless for people unlawfully denied access. The article concludes by suggesting improvements such as enhanced and uniform penalties, more consistent enforcement, and alternatives to litigation.
Near-field radiative heat transfer for Si based metamaterials

Abstract Radiative heat transfer in the near field can exceed the blackbody radiation limit by orders of magnitude due to energy transfer through evanescent waves. Doped Si has attracted significant attention in studies of near field thermal radiation, since it is a Drude-type material whose plasma frequency can be tuned into the infrared range by modifying the dopant concentration. Thus, doped Si can serve as a “tunable metal” which can be used to design tunable metamaterials to control near field thermal radiation. In this paper, we study near field radiative heat transfer for two doped Si based metamaterials: Si nanowire arrays and Si nanohole arrays, using fluctuational electrodynamics and effective medium theory.
Emerging Concepts in the Neurobiology of Chronic Pain: Evidence of Abnormal Sensory Processing in Fibromyalgia

Chronic pain often differs from acute pain. The correlation between tissue pathology and the perceived severity of the chronic pain experience is poor or even absent. Furthermore, the sharp spatial localization of acute pain is not a feature of chronic pain; chronic pain is more diffuse and often spreads to areas beyond the original site. Of importance, chronic pain seldom responds to the therapeutic measures that are successful in treating acute pain. Physicians who are unaware of these differences may label the patient with chronic pain as being neurotic or even a malingerer. During the past decade, an exponential growth has occurred in the scientific underpinnings of chronic pain states. In particular, the concept of nonnociceptive pain has been refined at a physiologic, structural, and molecular level. This review focuses on this new body of knowledge, with particular reference to the chronic pain state termed "fibromyalgia."
REACToR: A reconfigurable packet and circuit ToR switch

We are designing REACToR, a hybrid ToR that enables scalable, high-speed networks by pairing optical circuit switching with comparatively underprovisioned packet switching. The key insight driving our work is that by moving the vast majority-but not all-of the buffering out of the switch and into end hosts, more scalable, lower-cost interconnect fabrics can be supported.
A constitutive model for compressible elastomeric solids

A non-linear thermo-elastic constitutive model for the large deformations of isotropic materials is formulated. This model is specialized to account for the physics and thermodynamics of the elastic deformation of rubber-like materials, and based on these molecular considerations a constitutive model for compressible elastomeric solids is proposed. The new constitutive model generalizes the incompressible and isothermal model of Arruda and Boyce (1993) to include the compressibility and thermal expansion of these materials. The model is fit to existing experimental data on vulcanized natural rubbers to determine the material parameters for the rubbers examined. The fit between the simple model and the data is found to be very good for large stretches and moderate volume changes.