cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing Nested Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Hypotheses in the Plethodon vandykei Species Group

Mesic forests in the North American Pacific Northwest occur in two disjunct areas: along the coastal and Cascade ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia as well as the Northern Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. Over 150 species or species complexes have disjunct populations in each area, and a priori hypotheses based on phytogeography and geology potentially explain the disjunction via either dispersal or vicariance. Here, we test these hypotheses in the disjunct salamander complex Plethodon vandykei and P. idahoensis by collecting genetic data (669 bp of Cyt b) from 262 individuals. Maximum likelihood analysis indicated reciprocal monophyly of these species, supporting the ancient vicariance hypothesis, whereas parametric bootstrap and Bayesian hypothesis testing allow rejection of the dispersal hypothesis. The coalescent estimate of the time since population divergence (estimated using MDIV) is 3.75 × 10 6 years, and the 95% credibility interval of this value overlaps with the geological estimate of vicariance, but not the hypothesized dispersal. These results are congruent with the pattern seen in other mesic forest amphibian lineages and suggest disjunction in amphibians may be a concerted response to a geological/climatological event. Within P. idahoensis, we tested the corollary hypothesis of an inland Pleistocene refugium in the Clearwater drainage with nested clade analysis and coalescent estimates of population growth rate (g). Both analyses support post-Pleistocene expansion from the Clearwater refugium. We corroborated this result by calculating Tajima's D and mismatch distribution within each drainage, showing strong evidence for recent population expansion within most drainages. This work demonstrates the utility of statistical phylogeography and contributes two novel analytical tools: tests of stationarity with respect to topology in the Bayesian estimation, and the use of coalescent simulations to test the significance of the population growth-rate parameter.
Entrainment and Detrainment in Numerically Simulated Cumulus Congestus Clouds. Part I: General Results

Abstract This paper is the first in a three-part series in which a three-dimensional numerical model is run at high resolution to simulate cumulus congestus clouds in three dimensions with the principal goal of understanding the mechanisms associated with entrainment and detrainment. The clouds are contained within a nested grid having a 50-m uniform grid spacing; the model does not allow precipitation or ice formation and achieves saturation through bulk condensation. The prescribed environment is that associated with nonprecipitating New Mexican cumulus clouds observed on 9 and 10 August 1987. The convection is initiated using continuous surface heating, including a central Gaussian component to represent the effects of an isolated mountain range. Several regions of concentrated surface heating are used during the first hour to condition the environment. The turbulent motion thereby introduced into the boundary layer is crucial for the accurate simulation of the clouds. The simulated clouds extend verti...
Monopole Search and Neutrino Astrophysics with Liquid Scintillation Detectors

We describe the 140 ton Large Area Scintillations Detector now nearing completion in the Homestake Mine and our plans for a one kiloton liquid scintillation solar neutrino detector.
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Ethics and Participant Recruitment, Part I

One of the stated purposes of this column is to review The three areas are Research contribution, Research relatopics directly related to both qualitative and quantitative research methods. We cannot think of a more universal issue than research ethics and participant recruitment. This concern is shared by nursing education and simulation researchers, regardless of their qualitative or quantitative approach. This column will introduce the Framework for Ethical Research Practice (Wendler & Grady, 2008; Bradbury-Jones & Alcock, 2010) and its application to the recruitment of nursing students as research participants in educational and simulation research. An upcoming column (Part II) will provide practical advice, from the literature and our experience, for participant recruitment to achieve appropriate sample sizes in nursing education and simulation research. Bradbury-Jones and Alcock (2010) used the work of Wendler and Grady (2008) to develop aFramework for Ethical Research Practice. This framework, while widely applicable to all nursing research, provides guidance that we find especially valuable in guiding nursing education and simulation research. You are likely familiar with the concept of informed consent; however, the often vague or assumption-laden dynamics of the informing process leaves room formore clear descriptions of what potential research participants should know before giving consent for participation. Wendler and Grady (2008) suggest three areas that are critical for researcher to examine and for potential participants to understand as part of the recruitment process and to guide the development and implementation of all research activities.
Two Visions of Becoming: Whitehead, Nietzsche and Cosmo-Politics

This essay compares Whitehead and Nietzsche on real creativity in nonhuman systems and the impact it has on human life and reactive attitudes. They both resist mechanistic and finalist philosophies. Focusing on Whitehead‘s extrapolations from quantum theory and Nietzsche‘s from early Greek thought, it seeks to negotiate the differences between them on the issues of aesthetic relations between nonhuman entities as well as between them and us; it also explores the role of ― eternal objects,‖ the deficiencies of both holism and methodological individualism, the relation of divinity to the world, and ressentiment. It closes with a discussion of how our relation to the cosmos finds expression in religious life and state politics today.
Copyright Protection of Computer Software in the United States and Japan

The first part of this article established and reviewed the policy basis for the radical departure from traditional intellectual property norms effected by the application of copyright law to the protection of technology in the form of computer programs. Computer programs are vulnerable to direct, blind, fast, and almost costless electronic copying. Because copyright protects against copying, it seems a natural legal response to this type of technological piracy, notwithstanding copyright’s traditional reluctance to protect functional works. If the scope of copyright protection in programs is limited to literal code and mechanical or electronic translations, this protection of technology through copyright would appear to raise few problems. Courts in the United states, however, have largely failed to recognize the unique nature of programs as objects of copyright protection and through inappropriate analogy to novels and plays have expanded the scope of copyright protection in programs to so-called 'structure, sequence, and organization' or 'SSO' and to functional elements of the user interface. This second part of the article now applies the analytical structure set out in the first part of the article to software protection in Japan. It shows the Japanese drawing a more appropriate balance between protecting against piracy and promoting the free flow of technological ideas.
The effects of stigma on genital herpes care-seeking behaviours.

Stigma affects both herpes-infected and uninfected people. The stigma associated with genital herpes may influence a person’s decision to seek care or disclose the infection to others. For uninfected people the threat of the stigma associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is an integral tool of clinical and public health approaches to genital herpes prevention. This paper reviews concepts of stigma in relation to the prevention and treatment of genital herpes and other STIs and calls for those involved in STI care to weigh the extent that public health response is altruistic moral and effective against the substantial although incomplete evidence of harm caused by stigma. (authors)
Depression and Suicide-Related Behaviors in Adolescence

This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, course, outcome, assessment, and treatment of depression and suicide-related behaviors in adolescents. Depression and suicide-related behaviors are a significant public health concern, with high levels of associated morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 15–25 % of adolescents experience depression during their teenage years, while adolescent suicide deaths occur at a rate of 6 per 100,000. Suicide ideation, planning, and attempts occur at an alarmingly high rate among adolescents, with 14 % of adolescents reporting seriously considering suicide, 11 % reporting making a suicide plan, and 6 % reporting making a suicide attempt in the previous year. Both depression and suicide-related behaviors tend to be chronic problems for a significant minority of adolescents, with these issues often extending into adulthood. Treatment of adolescent depression and suicide-related behaviors generally involve pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, or a combination of both.
Brain Scaling Laws

Bigger brains have lower neuron density, possess a greater number of synapses per neuron, become increasingly convoluted, have disproportionately more white matter, and are compartmentalized into more areas. This article reviews these and many other ways in which large mammalian neocortices differ from small ones. By identifying these allometric scaling laws, we hope to identify fundamental principles that the neocortex obeys across the nearly five orders of magnitude of brain volume change from shrew to whale.
Deterministically patterned biomimetic human iPSC-derived hepatic model via rapid 3D bioprinting

The functional maturation and preservation of hepatic cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are essential to personalized in vitro drug screening and disease study. Major liver functions are tightly linked to the 3D assembly of hepatocytes, with the supporting cell types from both endodermal and mesodermal origins in a hexagonal lobule unit. Although there are many reports on functional 2D cell differentiation, few studies have demonstrated the in vitro maturation of hiPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells (hiPSC-HPCs) in a 3D environment that depicts the physiologically relevant cell combination and microarchitecture. The application of rapid, digital 3D bioprinting to tissue engineering has allowed 3D patterning of multiple cell types in a predefined biomimetic manner. Here we present a 3D hydrogel-based triculture model that embeds hiPSC-HPCs with human umbilical vein endothelial cells and adipose-derived stem cells in a microscale hexagonal architecture. In comparison with 2D monolayer culture and a 3D HPC-only model, our 3D triculture model shows both phenotypic and functional enhancements in the hiPSC-HPCs over weeks of in vitro culture. Specifically, we find improved morphological organization, higher liver-specific gene expression levels, increased metabolic product secretion, and enhanced cytochrome P450 induction. The application of bioprinting technology in tissue engineering enables the development of a 3D biomimetic liver model that recapitulates the native liver module architecture and could be used for various applications such as early drug screening and disease modeling.
Racial Diversity and Social Capital: The Social Capital Thesis

The quality and durability of democracy in the United States have often been attributed in significant part to its “civil society,” sense of “community,” and, in more contemporary terminology, “social capital.” Discussed long ago by Tocqueville (1835) and echoed by other prominent scholars over the years, assertions that rich and dense networks of social interaction are and have been linchpins of U.S. democracy are strongly restated and affirmed in a number of major recent works (Putnam 2000, 1995, Skocpol et al. 2000; cf. Elazar 1966, 1972, 1984; Rice and Sumberg 1997; Knack 2002). Indeed, the social capital thesis has become a major influence and a prominent school of thought in the study of American and comparative politics, advanced by a number of scholars (Putnam 1995, 2000; Skocpol 2003; Crowley and Skocpol 2001; cf. Rice and Sumberg 1997). (Social capital theory has also been a major focus of research in other disciplines, such as sociology and economics; here, however, I will examine its impact only in political science scholarship.) Social capital and related concepts, such as “political culture” and “civic culture,” are said – and ostensibly demonstrated to be – essential correlates of procedural and substantive democracy and of civic and economic equality in America, historically and into the present. The social capital thesis as developed by Robert Putnam (2000) concerning the role of civil society, particularly claims about social capital's significance for the society's general well-being, has received extraordinary scholarly and popular attention.
Rethinking Memory System Design (along with Interconnects)

The memory system is a fundamental performance and energy bottleneck in almost all computing systems. Recent system design, application, and technology trends that require more capacity, bandwidth, efficiency, and predictability out of the memory system make it an even more important system bottleneck [27, 28]. At the same time, DRAM technology is experiencing difficult circuit and device scaling challenges that make the maintenance and enhancement of its capacity, energy-efficiency, and reliability significantly more costly with conventional techniques (see, for example [7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 32]).In this talk, we examine some promising research and design directions to overcome challenges posed by memory scaling. Specifically, we discuss three key solution directions: 1) enabling new memory architectures, functions, interfaces, and better integration of the memory and the rest of the system, including interconnects (e.g., [1, 2, 19, 20, 34-36]), 2) designing a memory system that intelligently employs multiple memory technologies and coordinates memory and storage management using non-volatile memory technologies (e.g., [16-18, 24, 25, 32, 33, 40-42]), 3) providing predictable performance and QoS to applications sharing the memory system (e.g., [3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 26, 29, 37-39]). As we discuss challenges and solution directions in memory, we will point out research opportunities in interconnects and memory-interconnect co-design (e.g., [2, 4-6, 19, 21, 30, 31]).
On the design of wholesale electricity markets under uncertainty

We propose a market mechanism for an electricity market under uncertainty, comprising of dispatchable generators, renewable power producers, and load-serving entities. The single-settlement market mechanism consists of a stochastic economic dispatch and a contingent nodal pricing scheme. We show that the market mechanism is efficient, revenue adequate in all scenarios of available renewable supply, and supports a Radner equilibrium. The proposed design is illustrated through the analysis of a copperplate power system. Finally, it is compared against existing market designs in the literature.
Seven chemical separations to change the world

Purifying mixtures without using heat would lower global energy use, emissions and pollution — and open up new routes to resources, say David S. Sholl and Ryan P. Lively.
SU-D-202-02: Quantitative Imaging: Correlation Between Image Feature Analysis and the Accuracy of Manually Drawn Contours On PET Images

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between image features and the accuracy of manually drawn target contours on synthetic PET images Methods: A digital PET phantom was used in combination with Monte Carlo simulation to create a set of 26 simulated PET images featuring a variety of tumor shapes and activity heterogeneity. These tumor volumes were used as a gold standard in comparisons with manual contours delineated by 10 radiation oncologist on the simulated PET images. Metrics used to evaluate segmentation accuracy included the dice coefficient, false positive dice, false negative dice, symmetric mean absolute surface distance, and absolute volumetric difference. Image features extracted from the simulated tumors consisted of volume, shape complexity, mean curvature, and intensity contrast along with five texture features derived from the gray-level neighborhood difference matrices including contrast, coarseness, busyness, strength, and complexity. Correlation between these features and contouring accuracy were examined. Results: Contour accuracy was reasonably well correlated with a variety of image features. Dice coefficient ranged from 0.7 to 0.90 and was correlated closely with contrast (r=0.43, p=0.02) and complexity (r=0.5, p<0.001). False negative dice ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 and was correlated closely with contrast (r=0.68, p<0.001) and complexity (r=0.66, p<0.001). Absolute volumetric difference ranged from 0.0002 to 0.67 and was correlated closely with coarseness (r=0.46, p=0.02) and complexity (r=0.49, p=0.008). Symmetric mean absolute difference ranged from 0.02 to 1 and was correlated closely with mean curvature (r=0.57, p=0.02) and contrast (r=0.6, p=0.001). Conclusion: The long term goal of this study is to assess whether contouring variability can be reduced by providing feedback to the practitioner based on image feature analysis. The results are encouraging and will be used to develop a statistical model which will enable a prediction of contour accuracy based purely on image feature analysis.
Advances in the management of chronic insomnia

Chronic insomnia is a common condition that affects people worldwide and has negative effects on patients' health and wellbeing. The treatment of insomnia can be complex and time consuming for patients and providers. Although behavioral interventions are the first line therapy, there are barriers to access for these treatments. However, in recent years, alternative ways of providing these behavioral therapies that make them more widely available have been investigated. Drugs also play an important role in the treatment of insomnia and new drugs have been introduced as options for treating patients with sleep initiation and sleep maintenance insomnia. In this review, we will discuss advances in the past six years in both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for patients with chronic insomnia. We will also review the controversies surrounding some of the current drug treatments, as well as the role that technology and personal activity monitoring devices may play in treating insomnia.
Left/right asymmetry in reflection and transmission by a planar anisotropic dielectric slab with topologically insulating surface states

The reflection and transmission of plane waves by a homogeneous anisotropic dielectric slab—as represented by a columnar thin film—with topologically insulating surface states was theoretically investigated. Copolarized and cross-polarized reflectances and transmittances were calculated by solving the associated boundary-value problem. Numerical calculations revealed that all four reflectances and all four transmittances were asymmetric with respect to reversal of projection of the propagation direction of the incident plane wave on the illuminated surface of the slab. This left/right reflection and transmission asymmetry arises due to the combined effects of the slab’s anisotropy and surface states.
Pricing over the Product Life Cycle

To keep an established brand healthy and growing over the long term, the successful marketer must continually improve the product and develop marketing plans to capitalize on these changes. In any business it is necessary to study the ever-changing consumer and to try to identify new trends in tastes, needs, environment, and living habits.
Chapter 4 – Regulatory and Environmental Issues of Nanotechnology Safety

The status of regulation of nanotechnology, as it relates to manufacture and use of inorganic engineered nanoparticles, is reviewed, with discussion of how soft law (or the individual protocols and lobbying of stakeholders) is evolving into hard law in the United States. Several instances of the history of development of hard law in the United Status, specifically EPA-based significant new use rules (SNUR) for several nanoparticles is described, including carbon nanotubes and siloxane-modified silica and alumina. A global perspective of the actions of stakeholders is also reviewed. Selected literature citations are tabulated to aid the interested reader in self-informing on the risks and potential for toxicity of certain nanoparticles as each laboratory and industrial concern in the readership takes steps to assess risk for, prevent, prepare for, and respond to the potential for unintended exposures.
Developing a benchmark test system for electric power grid cyber-physical reliability studies

Reliability test systems are used as a benchmark tool to test and validate probabilistic methods developed for power systems reliability evaluation. The IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS) and the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) are the two most widely used test systems for studying new ideas of power system reliability analysis. With the increasing penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), modern power system performance is becoming increasingly dependent on cyber infrastructure. To facilitate the development of methods to quantitatively evaluate the impact of cyber failures on power system reliability, it is necessary to develop a reliability test system that incorporates ICT features. This paper proposes the idea of developing a cyber-physical reliability test system. A portion of the IEEE RTS is extended with ICT configurations as an example to illustrate this idea. Technical considerations and challenges in developing a large cyber-physical reliability test system are also discussed with feasible solutions suggested. The purpose of this paper is to propose initial thoughts of developing a benchmark test system for electric power grid cyber-physical reliability studies, based on which a full-fledged system can be established later with cumulative efforts and inputs from both academia and industry.
Beyond Doping and Charge Balancing: How Polymer Acid Templates Impact the Properties of Conducting Polymer Complexes

Polymer acids are increasingly used as dopants/counterions to access and stabilize the electrically conducting states of conducting polymers. Beyond doping and/or charge balancing, these polymer acids also serve as active components that impact the macroscopic properties of the conducting polymer complexes. Judicious selection of the polymer acid at the onset of synthesis or manipulation of the interactions between the polymer acid and the conducting polymer through processing significantly impacts the electrical conductivity, piezoresistivity, electrochromism, mechanical properties, and thermoelectric efficiency of conducting polymers. As polyelectrolytes, these polymer acids enable conducting polymer complexes to transport ions in addition to electrons/holes. Understanding the role of the polymer acid and its interactions with the conducting polymer generates processing–structure–function relationships for conducting polymer/polymer acid complexes, which can help overcome challenges that were associated...
Adele Brise: Prophet, Preacher, and Priest of the Wisconsin Frontier

This article explores the prophetic and priestly, or sacramental, authority of visionary Adele Brise, a Belgian immigrant to Wisconsin who in 1859 received a vision of the Virgin Mary that became known as the apparition of Our Lady of Good Help. In this article, I show that when the prophetic dimension of Mary’s locution to Brise was fulfilled, Brise’s authority increased dramatically; moreover, when Brise subsequently was excommunicated for refusing to remain silent about the apparition, she preached to and said Mass for her followers. When, 150 years later, Church authorities approved the apparition as “worthy of belief,” they created an official interpretation of Brise’s obedience to Church authorities, but such obedience is not supported by archival or other contemporary accounts. The story of Adele Brise and the apparition of Our Lady of Good Help provides an important context for understanding the tension between clergy and laity within the context of Marian apparitions, and it illustrates the extent to which these apparitions can provide access to sacred authority for visionaries and their followers.
Postphospholipase Activation of Lipoxygenase/Leukotriene Systems

Once arachidonic acid is liberated by the action of acylhydrolases on cellular phos-pholipids or other esterified precursors, it can be metabolized either by the cycloox-ygenase or lipoxygenase pathways to a variety of biologically active compounds (Kuehl and Egan, 1980). Lipoxygenase metabolites including hydroperoxyeico-satetraenoic acids (HPETEs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and leuko-trienes appear to be involved in inflammatory processes (Samuelsson, 1983). Lipoxygenases in different cell types appear to exist in a relatively inactive site. An increasing number of studies indicate that the activation of different lipoxygenases can be accomplished by a diverse group of stimuli. It is the purpose of this chapter to discuss the research carried out in our laboratory on stimulators of mammalian lipoxygenases as well as to review the work of other investigators.
Surprises, Recurring Themes, and New Questions in the Study of the Late Glacial and Early Postglacial

This volume presents a wealth of new information about a critical period of global history Only in the dramatic transition at the end of the Pleistocene was there a set of environmental changes of such magnitude over so wide an area at a time when modern humans were about. As a result, this period is an ideal laboratory for investigating human responses to environmental change. As these chapters make clear, the changes were not uniform across the planet. They varied spatially in terms of magnitude, timing, and nature. It is precisely this variability that encourages a comparative study of human adaptations.
Signaling events controlling the molecular response to genotoxic stress

Recently, much progress has been made in defining the signal transduction pathways mediating the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Multiple pathways involving several distinct MAP kinases (ERK, JNK/SAPK, and p38/HOG1) as well as the tumor suppressor protein p53 contribute to the response; the various pathways being differentially activated by particular genotoxic agents. Although both DNA damage and extranuclear events are important in initiating the response, recent evidence suggests the response is controlled primarily through events occurring at the plasma membrane, overlapping significantly with those important in initiating mitogenic responses. Attenuation of the responses appears to be largely controlled through feedback mechanisms involving gene products produced during the activation process.
Speak No Evil: Settlement Agreements Conditioned on Noncooperation Are Illegal and Unethical

A company’s former officer sues it. She claims she was fired for bad reasons including discrimination and in retaliation for her insistence that the company cease violating certain environmental laws and correct harm already caused. Within months, the parties agree on a settlement that will include a cash payment to the former employee. The company also wants a promise that the former employee will not voluntarily cooperate, or offer to cooperate, with either government law enforcers (civil or criminal) or lawyers for civil plaintiffs who may thereafter investigate the alleged environmental violations. If questioned, the former employee would have to refuse to reply and could not say why. If the former employee violated this promise, she would be in breach of the settlement contract and she would have to return the money. The promise is not limited to keeping the amount of the settlement secret. It covers all information about the company known to the former employee. However, if subpoenaed, the former employee would be free to comply with any legal obligation and would not thereby violate the
Childhood neighborhood context and adult substance use problems: the role of socio-economic status at the age of 30 years.

Abstract Objectives To examine whether the (a) childhood neighborhood context predicts alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence, and cannabis use disorder symptoms at the age of 39 years; and (b) socio-economic status during young adulthood mediates these relationships. Gender differences were also examined. Study design The Seattle Social Development Project is a prospective longitudinal study of 808 individuals followed up from ages 10 to 39 years in Seattle, Washington, United States. The sample was gender balanced (51% were men). Methods Alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use disorder symptoms were assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV–based Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Childhood neighborhood data consisted of 10 neighborhood-level variables from the 1990 national census, which were consolidated using principal component analyses. Two components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted—neighborhood disadvantage and neighborhood stability. Educational attainment and employment status represented socio-economic status during young adulthood. Covariates included baseline symptoms of psychopathology, baseline substance use, gender, ethnicity, and childhood socio-economic status at the family level. Negative binomial regression was used as the primary modeling strategy. Six models for each outcome measure were estimated. The first three models examined associations between two neighborhood components and each substance use outcome measure. Next, we tested the second research question by adding unemployment and college graduate indicators at the age of 30 years as potential mediators underlying the link between the childhood neighborhood context and three substance use measures. Results Study findings revealed that childhood neighborhood stability significantly reduced alcohol and cannabis use disorder symptoms nearly 3 decades later. Path analyses suggested that socio-economic status during the transition to adulthood did not influence these relationships but rather had independent effects on problematic nicotine and cannabis use. Furthermore, the effects of childhood neighborhood factors on problematic nicotine use were stronger for men. Conclusions Neighborhood characteristics during childhood may be important factors for alcohol and cannabis use disorder symptoms among adults and nicotine dependence disorder symptoms among men. Prevention efforts that address community stability and disadvantage can and should start in childhood, with a focus on intervention targets that might gain salience later in life to discourage the development and persistence of problematic substance use in adulthood.
Enhancing knowledge of adolescent mental health among law enforcement: Implementing youth-focused crisis intervention team training

This study explores the feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, and outcomes of a youth version of the Crisis Intervention Team training (CIT-Y). This intervention is designed to keep youth with a mental health problem out of the criminal/legal system by equipping police officers with developmentally appropriate information and techniques. Whereas much is known about the adult-focused CIT training, little is known about the youth-focused training. This preliminary investigation uses multiple methods (training observations, officer interviews, and pre/post-tests) to assesses the implementation of CIT-Y in two Midwest counties. Multiple 8-hour training sessions were offered in both counties with 127 officers participating and completing the pre/post measure. The findings of this study confirmed that CIT-Y training was feasible in these counties and acceptable to the officers who participated. Outcomes from the pre/post-tests show that 86% of officers positively changed their knowledge and attitudes regarding youth with mental health problems. Interviews revealed a positive impact on officers' reported behaviors. While this preliminary investigation of CIT-Y showed positive outcomes, recommendations for enhancing the curriculum and subsequent research are discussed.
An Empirical Assessment of Alternative Discretionary Accrual Models: Evidence from Earnings Restatements

Using a sample of firms that restated earnings, this study seeks to evaluate the performance of alternative discretionary accrual models along two dimensions: earnings management detection and accuracy (the ability to accurately estimate the magnitude of managed earnings). The findings of this study are important for three reasons. First, discretionary accrual models play a prominent role in several streams of accounting research, especially in earnings management research. Thus, the ability of discretionary accrual models to isolate the discretionary component from the non-discretionary component of total accruals is critical. Second, there is concern about earnings management inferences drawn from discretionary accrual estimates generated by existing discretionary accrual models. One major concern is that extant discretionary accrual models are mis-specified, which results in misleading inferences about earnings management behavior. Finally, there is lack of consensus in the literature on the relative performance of discretionary accrual models. Using earnings restatements data, I investigate the relative performance of four extant discretionary accrual models and a Modified Forward-Looking Model. The findings indicate that the Modified Forward-Looking Model is better specified and outperforms the other models both in terms of detecting earnings management and in estimating the magnitude of managed earnings.
Auditory capture of visual apparent motion, both laterally and looming.

Abstract Traditional tests of multisensory stimuli typically support that vision dominates spatial judgments and audition dominates temporal ones. Here, we examine if unambiguous auditory spatial cues can capture ambiguous visual ones in judgments of direction of apparent motion. The visual motion judgments include both lateral movement and movement in depth, each when coupled with auditory stimuli moving at one of four rates. Experiment 1 tested lateral visual movement judgments (leftward vs rightward) coupled with auditory stimuli that moved laterally. Experiment 2 tested depth visual movement judgments (approaching vs receding) coupled with auditory stimuli that got louder or quieter. Results of Experiment 1 revealed and replicated an overall leftward motion bias, but with additional acoustic capture to experience visual movement away from the side on which sound initially occurred, and no effect of auditory motion speed. Results of Experiment 2 revealed and replicated an approaching motion bias, but with no effect of initial sound intensity, and an additional systematic capture effect of auditory motion speed. Faster changes in acoustic intensity produced larger visual motion capture consistent with the direction of acoustic intensity change. Findings of both experiments generalized over conditions of listening device (head phones vs speakers) and test-setting (Laboratory vs Web-based data-collection). The leftward and approaching motion bias results replicate previous research. Our principal new findings, the auditory motion capture effects, confirm the multisensory nature of dynamic spatial perception and support that extent of inter-sensory capture is a function of the relative reliability of spatial information acquired by each sensory modality.
The Problem with the Problem of Human Irrationality

Despite the widespread social harm that human irrationality causes, irrationality is not considered to be a social problem. This article explores why this is so, argues why irrationality is unlikel...
The audiologic profile of patients with Charcot-Marie Tooth neuropathy can be characterised by both cochlear and neural deficits

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to characterise the cochlear and neural components of hearing loss in a large cohort of people with Charcot-Marie Tooth neuropathy who reported hearing...
Platform-Agnostic Learning-Based Scheduling

Heterogeneous architectures have become increasingly common. From co-packaging small and large cores, to GPUs alongside CPUs, to general-purpose heterogeneous-ISA architectures with cores implementing different ISAs. As diversity of execution cores grows, predictive models become of paramount importance for scheduling and resource allocation. In this paper, we investigate the capabilities of performance predictors in a heterogeneous-ISA setting, as well as the predictors’ effects on scheduler quality. We follow an unbiased feature selection methodology to identify the optimal set of features for this task, instead of pre-selecting features before training. Finally, we incorporate our findings in ML-based schedulers and evaluate their sensitivity to the underlying system’s level of heterogeneity. We show our schedulers to perform within 2–11% of an oracular scheduler across a variety of underlying heterogeneous-ISA multicore systems without modification.
A hyperbolic Poisson solver for tetrahedral grids

Abstract This paper presents a robust and efficient Poisson solver that can produce accurate solutions and gradients (e.g., heat flux) on unstructured tetrahedral grids. The solver is constructed based on the hyperbolic method for diffusion, where the Laplacian operator is discretized in the form of a hyperbolic system with solution gradients introduced as additional unknown variables. A practical formula for defining a reference length is proposed, which is needed to properly scale the relaxation length associated with the hyperbolic formulation for scale-invariant computations. The resulting system of residual equations is efficiently solved by a Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov solver with an implicit defect-correction solver used as a variable-preconditioner. Robustness and superior gradient accuracy are demonstrated for linear and nonlinear Poisson equations through a series of numerical tests with unstructured tetrahedral grids.
Accuracy and Scaling Phenomena in Internet Mapping

It was recently argued that sampling a network by traversing it with paths from a small number of sources, as with traceroutes on the Internet, creates a fundamental bias in observed topological features like the degree distribution. We examine this bias analytically and experimentally. For Erd\ifmmode \mbox{\H{o}}\else \H{o}\fi{}s-R\'enyi random graphs with mean degree $c$, we show analytically that such sampling gives an observed degree distribution $P(k)\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $k\ensuremath{\lesssim}c$, despite the underlying distribution being Poissonian. For graphs whose degree distributions have power-law tails $P(k)\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, sampling can significantly underestimate $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ when the graph has a large excess (i.e., many more edges than vertices). We find that in order to accurately estimate $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, one must use a number of sources which grows linearly in the mean degree of the underlying graph. Finally, we comment on the accuracy of the published values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for the Internet.
The burden and utility of routine follow-up at one year after primary arthroplasty

Aims Routine surveillance of primary hip and knee arthroplasties has traditionally been performed with office follow-up visits at one year postoperatively. The value of these visits is unclear. The...
Home Discharge Has Increased After Total Hip Arthroplasty, However Rates Vary Between Large Databases.

Abstract Background There have been significant advancements in perioperative total hip arthroplasty (THA) care and it is essential to quantify efforts made to better optimize patients and improve outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess trends in discharge destination, length of stay (LOS), reoperations, and readmissions following THA. Methods Patients undergoing primary THA were identified using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) and Humana claims databases. Discharge destinations were assessed and categorized as home or not home. Trends in discharge destination, LOS, readmissions, reoperation, and comorbidity burden were assessed. Results In ACS NSQIP, 155,637 patients underwent THA and the percentage of patients discharging home increased from 72.2% in 2011 to 87.0% in 2017 (P Conclusion Patients undergoing THA more often discharged home and had shorter hospital LOS with lower readmission rates, despite an increasingly comorbid patient population. It is likely these changes in disposition and LOS have resulted in significant cost savings for both payers and hospitals. The efforts necessary to maintain improvements should be considered when changes to reimbursement are being evaluated. ACS NSQIP hospitals had a larger proportion of patients discharged home and the source of data used to benchmark hospitals should be considered as findings may differ.
Temporal second-order coherence function for displaced-squeezed thermal states

We calculate the quantum mechanical, temporal second-order coherence function for a single-mode, degenerate parametric amplifier for a system in the Gaussian state, viz. a displaced–squeezed thermal state. The calculation involves first dynamical generation at time t of the Gaussian state from an initial thermal state and subsequent measurements of two photons a time τ≥0 apart. The generation of the Gaussian state by the parametric amplifier insures that the temporal second-order coherence function depends only on τ, via τ/t, for the given Gaussian state parameters, Gaussian state preparation time t, and average number n¯ of thermal photons. It is interesting that the time evolution for displaced thermal states shows a power decay in τ/t rather than an exponential one as is the case for general, displaced–squeezed thermal states.
The physiology and biochemistry of the essential fatty acids.

Publisher Summary The first proof that fats comprise a necessary component in the diet was adduced in 1926 by Evans and Burr. Shortly thereafter, McAmis and others also reported that rats grew better on fat-containing diets than on regimens deficient in this foodstuff; in fact, the latter workers reported deficiency symptoms in rats which received the fat-free diets. It remained for Burr and Burr to demonstrate in a clear-cut manner that the beneficial effect of fat on growth was due to the fact that it prevented a dietary disease. This deficiency condition was not to be ascribed to the lack of vitamins A and D, but rather to the absence of components present in the saponifiable fraction. The latter active compounds were shown to be polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are usually referred to as essential fatty acids (EFA). The fat-deficiency symptoms produced by a fat-free diet were found to disappear in a dramatic fashion when certain unsaturated fats, or linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acids, were fed.
Subunit-Subunit Interactions in Trimeric Arginase GENERATION OF ACTIVE MONOMERS BY MUTATION OF A SINGLE AMINO ACID

Abstract The structure of the trimeric, manganese metalloenzyme, rat liver arginase, has been previously determined at 2.1-A resolution (Kanyo, Z. F., Scolnick, L. R., Ash, D. E., and Christianson, D. W., (1996) Nature383, 554–557). A key feature of this structure is a novel S-shaped oligomerization motif at the carboxyl terminus of the protein that mediates ∼54% of the intermonomer contacts. Arg-308, located within this oligomerization motif, nucleates a series of intramonomer and intermonomer salt links. In contrast to the trimeric wild-type enzyme, the R308A, R308E, and R308K variants of arginase exist as monomeric species, as determined by gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation, indicating that mutation of Arg-308 shifts the equilibrium for trimer dissociation by at least a factor of 105. These monomeric arginase variants are catalytically active, with k cat/K m values that are 13–17% of the value for wild-type enzyme. The arginase variants are characterized by decreased temperature stability relative to the wild-type enzyme. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the midpoint temperature for unfolding of the Arg-308 variants is in the range of 63.6–65.5 °C, while the corresponding value for the wild-type enzyme is 70 °C. The three-dimensional structure of the R308K variant has been determined at 3-A resolution. At the high protein concentrations utilized in the crystallizations, this variant exists as a trimer, but weakened salt link interactions are observed for Lys-308.
Incorporating Geospatial Capacity within Clinical Data Systems to Address Social Determinants of Health

Linking electronic health record (EHR) systems with community information systems (CIS) holds great promise for addressing inequities in social determinants of health (SDH). While EHRs are rich in location-specific data that allow us to uncover geographic inequities in health outcomes, CIS are rich in data that allow us to describe community-level characteristics relating to health. When meaningfully integrated, these data systems enable clinicians, researchers, and public health professionals to actively address the social etiologies of health disparities. This article describes a process for exploring SDH by geocoding and integrating EHR data with a comprehensive CIS covering a large metropolitan area. Because the systems were initially designed for different purposes and had different teams of experts involved in their development, integrating them presents challenges that require multidisciplinary expertise in informatics, geography, public health, and medicine. We identify these challenges and the means of addressing them and discuss the significance of the project as a model for similar projects.
Mechanisms of Sclerotization in Dipterans

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on taxonomic and biochemical sclerotization in Dipterans. With respect to the biochemistry of hardening and bond stabilization, it discusses only those reactions contributing to crosslinking and the decline in chemical reactivity. In focusing on the Diptera, clear phylogenetic limits are imposed with ample provision for ecological diversity and developmental patterns. Of the 10 5 species within the chosen taxonomic group, no more than a dozen examples are taken as representative of the order. Regardless of the life stage or body region, the changes accompanying crosslinking are easily detected at a superficial level. Although a precise ordering of events has not been realized, the products clearly differ from the reactants in physical and chemical characteristics. Chemical mechanisms of crosslinking can be examined by tissue analysis or by reconstruction of presumptive pathways in cell-free systems. The chapter addresses several facts more or less common to Dipteran systems, such as activation of phenolases, oxygen dependency, detritiation of ring-tritiated ethanocatechols, and detritiation of side chain-tritiated ethanocatechols.