cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A HISTOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DEVELOPING ADRENAL CORTEX OF THE RAT DURING FETAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL STAGES

IN RECENT years, interest has turned to the question of the function of the endocrine glands in the fetus. That the fetal pituitary influences the size of the adrenal cortex is indicated by the fact that destruction or removal of the pituitary, in the last trimester of gestation, has resulted in smaller cortices than normal at the time of birth (Wells, 1948; Raynaud, 1950; Jost, 1953). Wells demonstrated that cortical size could be restored by administering adrenotropin to such fetuses. There is also indication that fetal adrenals secrete cortical steroids. For example, after unilateral adrenalectomy of the fetal rat, compensatory enlargement of the remaining adrenal occurred, and this hypertrophy could be prevented by the administration of cortisone (Kitchell and Wells, 1952a). The present study was undertaken to determine at what time the first histophysiological evidence for hormone formation and secretion by the adrenal cortex of the fetal rat could be detected
Understanding Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Youth Mental Health Services: Do Disparities Vary by Problem Type?.

The authors examined racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service use based on problem type (internalizing/externalizing). A diverse sample of youth in contact with public sectors of care and their families provided reports of youth’s symptoms and functional impairment during an initial interview. Specialty and school-based mental health service use during the subsequent 2 years was assessed prospectively. Greater disparities in mental health service receipt were evident for internalizing problems, with non-Hispanic White youth more likely to receive services in response to internalizing symptoms than minority youth. Fewer disparities in rates of unmet need emerged for externalizing problems, but minority youth were more likely to have need for externalizing problems met and African American youth were particularly likely to receive services in response to such problems. Findings highlight the importance of considering problem type when examining racial disparities in mental health services and underscore concerns about the responsiveness of mental health services for minority youth with internalizing disorders.
Regulation of early B cell tolerance checkpoints in humans

Understanding the mechanisms that prevent or account for the production of autoreactive B cells may suggest new approaches to control disease and design more specific and sustained therapies.Indeed, an important role for B cells in autoimmune diseases has recently been demonstrated by successful treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies that eliminate B cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which B cells may promote the development of autoimmune diseases remain poorly understood.Studying B cell tolerance in PID patients allowed us to identify molecules and pathways that regulate the removal of developing autoreactive B cells that is impaired in patients with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and T1D. For instance, alterations in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling threshold in patients lacking functional BTK, CD19, or molecules mediating Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling such as IRAK-4, MyD88, and UNC-93B result in a defective central B cell tolerance checkpoint and in the abnormal negative selection of developing autoreactive B cells [1]. In addition, we identified a major and previously unsuspected role for activation-induced cytidinedeaminase (AID), an enzyme required for class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), in the removal of developing autoreactive B cells in humans [2]. These observations on rare PID patients are very relevant to the development of common autoimmune diseases in that variations in many genes encoding several components of the BCR signaling pathways such as PTPN22, seem to be associated with RA, SLE, or T1D.Indeed, the PTPN22 risk allele, which encodes an R620W variant inducing decreased BCR signaling, is sufficient to alter the removal of developing autoreactive B cells in healthy donors [3]. Thus, decreased BCR signaling favors the development of autoimmunity by failing to induce central B cell tolerance mechanisms after binding to self-antigens and results in the accumulation of large number of autoreactive B cells in the periphery [1,3].In addition, gene array experiments analyzing mature naive B cells displaying PTPN22 risk allele(s) revealed that the association strength of PTPN22 for autoimmunity may not only be due to the impaired removal of autoreactive B cells but also to the upregulation of genes such as CD40, TRAF1,and IRF5, which encode proteins that promote B cell activation and have been identified as susceptibility genes associated with autoimmune diseases [3]. These data demonstrate that early B cell tolerance defects in autoimmunity can result from specific polymorphisms and precede the onset of disease.
2-Mercaptothiazole and Derivatives as Vulcanization Accelerators

Abstract In this paper the subject of rubber vulcanization accelerated by 2-mercapto-benzothiazole and its derivatives has been reviewed. The technical literature from 1945 through 1960 and patents from 1932 through 1960 have been covered. Topics include: methods of synthesis and manufacture of these accelerators; application and compounding data on their use in rubber processing; and studies of the modes of action and mechanisms for the chemical reactions involved during accelerated vulcanization. Much disagreement exists concerning the mechanism of accelerated vulcanization and the action of thiazole accelerators. However, most of the conflict lies not in the experimental data collected, but in the interpretation of the meaning of the data. It is well documented that MBT and activators (zinc stearate, or zinc oxide and stearic acid) undergo an initial reaction; that these reaction products then react with sulfur and/or rubber hydrocarbon to form intermediate compounds; and that these intermediates then ...
Diagnostic Accuracy of Tissue Doppler Index E/e' for Evaluating Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Diastolic Dysfunction/Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Tissue Doppler index E/e' is used clinically and in multidisciplinary research for estimation of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) and diastolic dysfunction (DD)/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Its diagnostic accuracy is not well studied. Methods and Results From the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases, we identified 24 studies reporting E/e' and invasive LVFP in preserved EF (≥50%). In random‐effects models, E/e' had poor to mediocre linear correlation with LVFP. Summary sensitivity and specificity (with 95% CIs) for the American Society of Echocardiography–recommended E/e' cutoffs (lateral, mean, and septal, respectively) to identify elevated LVFP was estimated by using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic analysis. Summary sensitivity was 30% (9–48%), 37% (13–61%), and 24% (6–46%), and summary specificity was 92% (82–100%), 91% (80–99%), and 98% (92–100%). Positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 10 for septal E/e' obtained from 4 studies (cumulative sample size <220). For excluding elevated LVFP, summary sensitivity for E/e' (lateral, mean, and septal, respectively) was 64% (38–86%), 36% (3–74%), and 50% (14–81%), while summary specificity was 73% (54–89%), 83% (49–100%), and 89% (66–100%). Because of data set limitations, meaningful inference for identifying HFpEF by using E/e' could not be drawn. With the use of quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies questionnaire), we found substantial risks of bias and/or applicability. Conclusions There is insufficient evidence to support that E/e' can reliably estimate LVFP in preserved EF. The diagnostic accuracy of E/e' to identify/exclude elevated LVFP and DD/HFpEF is limited and requires further validation in a well‐designed prospective clinical trial.
Resonance assignments for the endosomal adaptor protein p14.

Growth factor receptors (GFRs) utilize a number ofmechanisms in the transmission of information fromthe outside to the inside of the cell. Upon the bind-ing of extracellular stimuli such as hormones, growthfactors, cytokines and antigens, the activated GFRscan either recruit and active effector enzymes directly,or alternatively through a plethora of adaptor proteins.Growing evidence shows that internalization of activ-ated receptors, a process named receptor endocytosisplays an important role in the activation of signalingcascades from within the cell (Lemmon and Traub,2000). It is believed that receptor endocytosis, whichfor a long time has been envisioned to be largely in-volved in downregulationand recycling of cell surfacereceptors, provides another element of speciﬁcity bysequestering and localizing components in signalingpathways within the cell. More recently, two novelprotein termed p14 and MP1 have been identiﬁed tobe involved directly in regulating receptor endocytosisthrough the mediation of mitogen-activated protein(MAP) kinases (Schaeffer et al., 1998; Wunderlichet al., 2001; Teis et al., 2002). MP1 is a scaf-folding protein that binds the MAP kinase (MAPK)ERK1 and its upstream kinase activator MEK1. p14is a peripheral membrane protein associated with thecytoplasmic face of late endosomes involved in re-ceptor endocytosis and directly interacts with MP1.The interaction of p14 with MP1 recruits the lat-ter to late endosomes and the endosomal localizationof p14/MP1-MEK1-ERK1 scaffolding complex is re-quired for signaling via ERK MAPK in an efﬁcientand speciﬁc manner upon receptor stimulation. In an
Experimental Study of the Flow Characteristics of Rubber Compounds in Extruder Screws

Abstract The application of screw extrusion to rubber compounds probably dates back over a century. Rubber extrusion has been an area of industrial importance throughout this period. Technological innovation continues in this area, as may be seen in a recent review by Johnson. However, there have been only a few basic studies on the flow characteristics of rubber screw extruders. Many more extensive investigations on the working of plastics screw extruders have been carried out. The latter researches are summarized in the volumes by Tadmor and Klein and Tadmor and Gogos. The basic mechanisms of flow of plastics in screw extruders were first revealed in experimental studies by Maddock. He fed the screw with pigmented pellets, pulled it from the barrel with the plastic strips in it, which were then unwound and cross-sectioned. There seem to be few such similar published investigations for rubber compounds. We are only familiar with the work of Menges and Lehnen. It is our purpose in the present paper to ini...
A New Species of Chaenusa Haliday Sensu lato (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Nearctic Region

Abstract. Chaenusa psillosae Kula, new species from the Nearctic Region is described. Specimens upon which the new species is described were reared from an undetermined species of Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy infesting Sagittaria latifolia Willd. A key to the NewWorld species of Chaenusa sensu lato is amended to include the new species.
The crystal structure of the molybdenum cementite Mo 12 Fe 22 C 10 (ξ-phase)

The crystal structure of molybdenum cementite Mo12Fe22C10 (ξ-phase) has been determined by means of a single crystal x-ray diffraction study of crystal fragments. The lattice parameters were found to be:a=10.865 (3),b=7.767 (2),c=6.559 (2) A and β=120.13 (2)°, space group C2/m;Z=1. From the analysis ofPatterson maps and differenceFourier analysis the atomic parameters were derived, yielding a residual ofR=0.059. The crystal structure contains octahedral and triangular prismatic groups which accommodate the carbon atoms in their voids, as is usually found in interstitial compounds. The octahedral building group consists of four Mo- and two Fe-atoms, the triangular prism is built up by four Fe-and two Mo-atoms. The mode of filling of the metal polyhedra is discussed.
493PDA SURVEY OF GENETIC COUNSELLORS ABOUT THE NEEDS OF 18-25 YEAR OLDS FROM FAMILIES WITH HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME

ABSTRACT Aim: Despite evidence supporting the benefits of risk reduction, protocols for early detection and prevention among women from families affected by hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) are not yet proven, and clinical trials have not been undertaken for patients aged 18 to 25. The absence of psychosocial data may leave genetic counsellors without uniform guidance on how to manage the care of these patients. This project sought to investigate how best to work with HBOC patients aged 18-25 given their unique developmental, familial, and medical challenges. Methods: Certified genetic counselors were recruited through the NSGC's Cancer Genetics Special Interest Group listserv. Researchers constructed an online survey which included 41 items and elicited information about: counsellor demographics, training, and practice settings; approaches to cancer risk assessment; and common challenges in work with 18- to -25-year-old patients. The survey was also informed by previous work by researchers with 18 to 25-year-olds with BRCA gene mutations. Researchers used a combination of grounded theory and content analysis on open-ended responses, supported and triangulated with statistical analysis. Results: Respondents experienced 18-25-year-old patients presenting for cancer risk assessment differently than older patients, and some reported adapting their counseling style to address these differences. Respondents differed in the extent to which they felt familiar with the developmental needs of patients in this age group. Respondents aged 39 and under reported familiarity with this stage in life, having more recently completed it; respondents aged 40 and over reported less familiarity with, and more interest in learning about, this age group. A primary challenge, reported primarily by counsellors aged 39 and under, is navigating family dynamics in the counselling room and addressing the developmentally labile young adult. Conclusions: With respect to BRCA-related cancer risk, where penetrance is incomplete and onset in early adulthood is rare, optimal screening and prevention protocols now exist. This shifts the risk management landscape from one of choice to one of adherence. A rich understanding of the trajectories of human growth over time might enhance the counsellor's capacity to assess patients and their family members. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Overcoming the Übermensch: Nietzsche's Revaluation of Values

(1989). Overcoming the Ubermensch: Nietzsche's Revaluation of Values. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 20, Values, Wittgenstein and Geometry, pp. 211-224.
Measurement of neutral xenon density profile in an ion thruster plume

Two-photon laser-induced-fluorescence has been used to obtain the first measured propellant density profiles in an ion thruster plume. The United Kingdom T5 ion thruster was employed to demonstrate the technique and expand the data base of information concerning gridded ion thrusters. Neutral xenon atoms are responsible for the formation of charge exchange ions which limit thruster lifetime by eroding the extraction grid set, and indirectly contaminate the associated spacecraft with grid material. The relative density of neutral xenon atoms in the ground state has been measured to examine its dependence on operating point and plume spatial coordinate. The results are compared to theoretical means of computing the density.
The Influence of Solvent and Chirp on the Excited State Dynamics of 7-Dehydrocholesterol in Solution

UV-visible femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and UV pulse shaping were used to probe the excited state dynamics of 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) in solution.
Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography-based angiography for scalable wide-field vascular imaging

We report a high-speed (147kHz), high sensitive (~105dB), long imaging depth (7mm) spectral-domain OCT-based angiography, which shows scalable ultra-wide field of view (up to 750mm2) with flexible resolution for functional vascular imaging.
Investigation On The Ratio And Absolute Cell Count Of T-lymphocyte And Their Subsets of 128 Healthy Adults

Objective To obtain normal reference values of T-lymphocyte subsets and absolute cell count of healthy adults in Bengbu,and provide evidence for clinical and epidemiological analysis.Methods EDTA(K2) anticoagulant venous blood samples were added into TruCount tube to detect T-lymphocyte subsets and analyze cell count using FACS calibur flow cytometry by American BD Company.Results In healthy adults in Bengbu,the absolute value of total T-lymphocytes(CD3+) was(1260.98±354.66)cell/μl,the value of CD4～+T cells subsets was(648.88±198.50) cell/μl,and the value of CD8～+T cells subsets was(504.36±176.35) cell/μl.The ratio of CD4/CD8 was 1.43±0.68.Conclusion Using flow cytometry to detect venous blood T-lymphocyte and their subsets and analyze cell count is rapid,objective and accurate.T-lymphocyte subsets and absolute cell count in healthy adults in Bengbu are slightty different from the other reports in china.
The Zhongba Site

LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING The mound of Zhongba (also known as Yangziyan) is located in group 1 of Youxi Village, Ganjing Township (37°17′14″ N, 108°1′16″ E), a little over 6 km from the confluence of the Ganjing and Yangzi rivers along a meandering river with steep slopes (Beijing ; Sichuan and Chongqing n.d.; Sichuan and Zhong 2001; Sichuan et al. 2007; Sun 1999, 2003a, 2003b, 2008; Sun and Chen 2000; Zhongguo1990). Figure 4.1 shows the locations of Zhongba on the Ganjing River and the sites along the Yangzi near the mouth of the Ganjing: Dujiayuanzi, Wazhadi, Shaopengzui, and Yajiao (Banbianjie and Luojiaqiao). After the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, the Ganjing River valley has been flooded as part of the new reservoir, submerging the Zhongba mound. Prior to this, the Zhongba mound rose over 15 m from the bottom of the meandering Ganjing River valley, just below a precipitous defile, where a slight meander in the Ganjing River is joined by a series of small tributary streams and creeks on both the right and left banks. Although both banks of the river contain some cultural remains (the total site area is about 50 ha in size), the majority of preserved strata identified by archaeological research were located on the northwestern end of an earthen mound (see Figure 4.2).
Traumatic Brain Swelling in Head Injured Patients: Brain Edema or Vascular Engorgement?

Brain edema and vascular engorgement have been used interchangeably to describe brain swelling associated with severe brain trauma and their relative contribution of these compartments to the swelling process remains controversial. In this report, imaging techniques for measurement of brain water and blood volume have been used to study the relative contribution of blood volume and tissue water to the swelling process in severely brain injured patients. More specifically, magnetic resonance techniques for non-invasive tissue water measures founded on mathematical models and later substantiated in laboratory and clinical studies were used for measure of brain tissue water. These studies were combined with measures of cerebral blood volume utilizing indicator dilution methods. Studies indicated that brain water was increased while blood volume decreased. These studies provide compelling evidence that the major contributor to brain swelling is brain edema and not blood volume. Therapies should now be targeted toward preventing edema development and enhancing edema resolution.
On Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Metal Matrices Reinforced with Ceramic Particles

A micromechanics study is carried out for the high strain-rate deformation of ceramic particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The ceramic particles are taken to be elastic, equal-sized, spherical, and uniformly distributed in the matrix. The stress-strain behavior of the matrix material is assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic or power-law strain hardening of the Ramberg-Osgood type, coupled with power-law strain rate hardening. Systematic predictions are made of the composite flow stress as determined by inclusion volume fraction, the applied strain rate, and the strain hardening exponent and strain rate sensitivity of the matrix. A simple constitutive expression is obtained which allows one to predict readily the rate-dependent plastic flow behavior of the composite. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental measurements for the strain rate dependence of an A1/A12O3 composite shows good agreement.
Controlling the Conformational Energy of a Phenyl Group by Tuning the Strength of a Nonclassical CH···O Hydrogen Bond: The Case of 5-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane

Anancomeric 5-phenyl-1,3-dioxanes provide a unique opportunity to study factors that control conformation. Whereas one might expect an axial phenyl group at C(5) of 1,3-dioxane to adopt a conformation similar to that in axial phenylcyclohexane, a series of studies including X-ray crystallography, NOE measurements, and DFT calculations demonstrate that the phenyl prefers to lie over the dioxane ring in order to position an ortho-hydrogen to participate in a stabilizing, nonclassical CH···O hydrogen bond with a ring oxygen of the dioxane. Acid-catalyzed equilibration of a series of anancomeric 2-tert-butyl-5-aryl-1,3-dioxane isomers demonstrates that remote substituents on the phenyl ring affect the conformational energy of a 5-aryl-1,3-dioxane: electron-withdrawing substituents decrease the conformational energy of the aryl group, while electron-donating substituents increase the conformational energy of the group. This effect is correlated in a very linear way to Hammett substituent parameters. In short, the strength of the CH···O hydrogen bond may be tuned in a predictable way in response to the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating ability of substituents positioned remotely on the aryl ring. This effect may be profound: a 3,5-bis-CF3 phenyl group at C(5) in 1,3-dioxane displays a pronounced preference for the axial orientation. The results are relevant to broader conformational issues involving heterocyclic systems bearing aryl substituents.
Models of TCP in high-BDP environments and their experimental validation

In recent years, there has been a steady growth in network bandwidths. This is especially true in scientific and big data environments, where high bandwidth-delay products (BDPs) are common. It is well-understood that legacy TCP (e.g. TCP Reno) is not appropriate for such environments, and several TCP variants were developed to address this shortcoming. These variants, including CUBIC, STCP, and H-TCP, have been studied in some empirical contexts, and some analytical models exist for CUBIC and STCP. However, since these studies were conducted, BDPs further increased, and new bulk data transfer methods have emerged that utilize parallel TCP streams. In view of these new developments, it is imperative to revisit the question: ‘Which congestion control algorithms are best adapted to current networking environments?’ In order to answer this question, (i) we create a general theoretical framework within which to develop mathematical models of TCP variants that account for finite buffer sizes, maximum window constraints, and parallel TCP streams; (ii) we validate the models using measurements collected over a high-bandwidth testbed and achieve low prediction errors; (iii) we find that CUBIC and H-TCP outperform STCP, especially when multiple streams are used.
Development of MgB2-Cabled Conductors for Fully Superconducting Rotating Electric Machines

High-speed, fully superconducting electric rotating machines are highly sought for naval and aerospace applications, to provide significantly higher power density than can be achieved by other means. We examined the use of an MgB 2 -based, two-stage, cabled conductor for the armature winding of a medium power (10-15 MW) electric generator, operating near 20 K at a nominal peak phase current of 2 kA. We chose MgB 2 because it is electromagnetically isotropic and can be manufactured as round, multifilamentary strands. This paper describes the proposed conductor and presents our prototype manufacturing efforts. Prototype cables were fabricated using fine filament (15-μm filament diameter) strand manufactured by Hyper Tech Research. AC losses in MgB 2 triplet bundles were measured at 20 K using a calorimetric technique. We present measured AC loss data for the MgB 2 triplets and evaluate those losses in relation to the strand composition and strand and cable configurations.
Mapping The Understanding Complex in Russell's Theory of Knowledge

Anyone familiar with Russell’s work on the multiple-relation theory of judgment will at some point have puzzled over the map of the five-term understanding complex at the end of Chapter 1, Part II of his Theory of Knowledge (1913). Russell presents the map with the intention of clarifying what goes on when a subject S understands the “proposition” that A and B are similar . But the map raises more questions than it answers. In this paper I present and develop some of the central issues that arise from Russell’s map, and I offer an interpretation of it that reflects his evolving views in the manuscript. I argue that multiple lines in the map are not meant to represent many relations, but rather one comprehensive multiple relation of understanding. And I argue that such a relation relates in a complex way due to the distinctive nature of its relata.
The Artificial Urinary Sphincter: Evolution and Implementation of New Techniques in the Man with Stress Incontinence After Treatment for Prostate Cancer

Urinary incontinence is a burdensome sequelae of prostate cancer treatment with a significant impact on quality of life. The artificial urinary sphincter has been the gold standard for management of incontinence. A variety of modifications to the implantation technique to improve continence and minimize infections have been implemented. Herein, we review these changes. Post-prostatectomy incontinence requires a detailed evaluation in order to determine the best method of treatment. Despite alternative devices on the market, the success and side effect profile continues to favor the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) for management of most men with post-prostatectomy incontinence. While the overall risk of complications from the AUS is low, recent efforts have focused on measures to reduce infection and erosion rates. The AUS is a commonly utilized method to treat post-prostate cancer treatment incontinence. This remains the gold standard for management given its low side effect profile.
Fractional $S$-duality, Classification of Fractional Topological Insulators and Surface Topological Order

In this paper, we propose a generalization of the $S$-duality of four-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (${\text{QED}}_{4}$) to ${\text{QED}}_{4}$ with fractionally charged excitations, the fractional $S$-duality. Such ${\text{QED}}_{4}$ can be obtained by gauging the $\text{U(1)}$ symmetry of a topologically ordered state with fractional charges. When time-reversal symmetry is imposed, the axion angle ($\ensuremath{\theta}$) can take a nontrivial but still time-reversal-invariant value $\ensuremath{\pi}/{t}^{2}$ ($t\ensuremath{\in}\mathbb{Z}$). Here, $1/t$ specifies the minimal electric charge carried by bulk excitations. Such states with time-reversal and $\text{U(1)}$ global symmetry (fermion number conservation) are fractional topological insulators (FTIs). We propose a topological quantum field theory description, which microscopically justifies the fractional $S$-duality. Then, we consider stacking operations (i.e., a direct sum of Hamiltonians) among FTIs. We find that there are two topologically distinct classes of FTIs: type I and type II. Type I ($t\ensuremath{\in}{\mathbb{Z}}_{\mathrm{odd}}$) can be obtained by directly stacking a noninteracting topological insulator and a fractionalized gapped fermionic state with minimal charge $1/t$ and vanishing $\ensuremath{\theta}$. But type II ($t\ensuremath{\in}{\mathbb{Z}}_{\mathrm{even}}$) cannot be realized through any stacking. Finally, we study the surface topological order of fractional topological insulators.
The Stories We Tell: Introduction to the Special Issue on Ethical Challenges in Community Psychology Research and Practice

This Special Issue examines ethical challenges in community psychology research and practice. The literature on ethics in community psychology has remained largely abstract and aspirational, with few concrete examples and case studies, so the goal of this Special Issue was to expand our written discourse about ethical dilemmas in our field. In these articles, researchers and practitioners share stories of specific ethical challenges they faced and how they sought to resolve them. These first-person narratives examine how ethical challenges come about, how community psychology values inform ethical decision making, and how lessons learned from these experiences can inform an ethical framework for community psychology.
Onset Timing and Slip History of the Teton Fault, Wyoming: A Multidisciplinary Reevaluation

The dramatic relief of the Teton Range in northwestern Wyoming results from motion along the Teton normal fault. New apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) and fission track (AFT) ages of samples collected in the footwall yield fundamental constraints on contrasting models of Teton fault activity and consequent relative footwall uplift. Low-elevation samples in the immediate footwall of the fault range from 12.5 to 6.5 Ma. AHe ages of samples from subvertical transects range from 57.8 to 6.5 Ma (Rendezvous), 54.0 to 6.8 Ma (Grand), and 20.5 to 7.1 Ma (Moran), with all three transects yielding an expected trend of decreasing age with decreasing elevation. AFT ages obtained from the three transects range from 55.4 to 45.7 Ma (Rendezvous), 43.2 to 13.3 Ma (Grand), and 38.0 to 11.7 Ma (Moran). Inverse thermal history modeling indicates that the onset of relatively rapid cooling, as a proxy for relative footwall uplift, initiated first in the northern part of the range (15–13 Ma) and then migrated south as fault displacement continued (7 Ma to present at Rendezvous). Thus, this work suggests that although the Teton fault likely initiated due to Basin and Range extension, this structure remains active. Normal fault displacement models also suggest a minimum of ~6 km displacement for footwall uplift of ~2 km. If evaluated in the context of established normal fault length-displacement relationships, this yields a length of ~180 km, substantially longer than current estimates of Teton fault length and putting the northern end of the fault well into, and potentially beyond, the bounds of Yellowstone National Park.
The roles of photo-carrier doping and driving wavelength in high harmonic generation from a semiconductor

High-harmonic generation from gases produces attosecond bursts and enables high-harmonic spectroscopy to explore electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. Recently, high-harmonic generation from solids has been reported, resulting in novel phenomena and unique control of the emission, absent in gas-phase media. Here we investigate high harmonics from semiconductors with controllable induced photo-carrier densities, as well as the driving wavelengths. We demonstrate that the dominant generation mechanism can be identified by monitoring the variation of the harmonic spectra with the carrier density. Moreover, the harmonic spectral dependence on the driving wavelength is reported and a different dependence from the well-known one in gas-phase media is observed. Our study provides distinct control of the harmonic process from semiconductors, sheds light on the underlying mechanism and helps optimize the harmonic properties for future solid-state attosecond light sources.
Noncontact Human Body Voltage Measurement using Microsoft Kinect and Field Mill for ESD Applications

A technique for measuring the voltage on a person by combining an overhead mounted electrostatic field sensor with Microsoft Kinect image recognition software and hardware is presented in this paper. The Kinect's built-in skeleton detection method was used to determine the posture, height, and location of a person relative to the position of the field sensor. The voltage is estimated using field strength and geometry information. Two different algorithms are proposed for calculating the human body voltage using field strength data captured by the field sensor and human body coordinates recognized by the Kinect. First, using calibration data, the human body voltage was obtained by charging a person to a known voltage and walking through the field of vision, then a correction was performed to convert the field sensor data into the human body voltage. The second algorithm is based on solving Laplace equation. The human body is modeled by using a superposition of spheroids, and the E-field is solved analytically. Results of the algorithms were compared, with the proposed methodology providing less than a ±15% error margin for the human body voltage over a detection area of 2.0 m × 2.5 m.
Managing public and non-profit organizations: Stories of success and failure

Professor Coe attempts a novel approach to teaching Public Administration on at least two levels. The first dimension of novelty is in trying to provide an array of practical case “stories” to conf...
The Future of Lifespan Developmental Psychology: Perspectives from Control Theory

In this chapter, future perspectives for lifespan developmental psychology are developed on the basis of propositions of the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen, 1999a; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Schulz & Heckhausen, 1996). Four propositions about key issues in lifespan research are addressed. First, the issue of criteria for adaptive development is discussed in light of the debate about primary control striving as an anthropological constant versus as an age- and culture-dependent characteristic of human functioning. Second, processes of control and regulation in development are directed not only at the external world but also at internal representations and most important the motivational resources of the individual. These latter processes of secondary control are indispensable components of developmental regulation. Third, human ontogeny requires regulation to realize developmental potential. The three major forces—biology, culture and society, and the individual—share this regulatory requirement in different constellations of relative power across different times during the human lifespan, as well as across historical time and sociocultural setting. However, it is proposed that there is a limited set of adaptive constellations of biological, cultural and societal, and individual regulations, which are characterized by positive tradeoffs between the three forces and simultaneously minimal overdetermination. Such constellations yield systems of developmental regulation, which are both stable and productive. Fourth, an agenda for process-oriented developmental research is outlined. Key processes in developmental regulation (such as goal engagement, goal disengagement, selection and compensation) are not only recognized as potentially adaptive but are identified as tailored to specific developmental ecologies and orchestrated for specific developmental goals.
Profiles of Housing Cost Burden in the United States

In this study, the ordered logistic regression model indicates that renters suffer a greater housing cost burden than homeowners and that the lower the income of the household, the larger the portion of income that is spent for housing. Further, the model also shows that the burden of high housing costs falls disproportionately on certain groups of American households. Compared to the reference group, two single-risk groups (Asian-American households and households with three or more children) and two dual-risk groups (female-headed households with three or more children and minority households with three or more children) tend to have a higher risk of excessive housing costs. Elderly households and three elderly-related groups (female-headed elderly households, minority elderly households, and female-headed minority elderly households), however, tend to have a lower risk of housing cost burden than other households. The housing cost burden of the reference group is comparable to the housing cost burden of each of the following groups: for single female-headed households; Black households; Hispanic households; and female-headed minority households. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
GraphIt: a high-performance graph DSL

The performance bottlenecks of graph applications depend not only on the algorithm and the underlying hardware, but also on the size and structure of the input graph. As a result, programmers must try different combinations of a large set of techniques, which make tradeoffs among locality, work-efficiency, and parallelism, to develop the best implementation for a specific algorithm and type of graph. Existing graph frameworks and domain specific languages (DSLs) lack flexibility, supporting only a limited set of optimizations. This paper introduces GraphIt, a new DSL for graph computations that generates fast implementations for algorithms with different performance characteristics running on graphs with different sizes and structures. GraphIt separates what is computed (algorithm) from how it is computed (schedule). Programmers specify the algorithm using an algorithm language, and performance optimizations are specified using a separate scheduling language. The algorithm language simplifies expressing the algorithms, while exposing opportunities for optimizations. We formulate graph optimizations, including edge traversal direction, data layout, parallelization, cache, NUMA, and kernel fusion optimizations, as tradeoffs among locality, parallelism, and work-efficiency. The scheduling language enables programmers to easily search through this complicated tradeoff space by composing together a large set of edge traversal, vertex data layout, and program structure optimizations. The separation of algorithm and schedule also enables us to build an autotuner on top of GraphIt to automatically find high-performance schedules. The compiler uses a new scheduling representation, the graph iteration space, to model, compose, and ensure the validity of the large number of optimizations. We evaluate GraphIt’s performance with seven algorithms on graphs with different structures and sizes. GraphIt outperforms the next fastest of six state-of-the-art shared-memory frameworks (Ligra, Green-Marl, GraphMat, Galois, Gemini, and Grazelle) on 24 out of 32 experiments by up to 4.8×, and is never more than 43% slower than the fastest framework on the other experiments. GraphIt also reduces the lines of code by up to an order of magnitude compared to the next fastest framework.
The use of new-media marketing in the green industry: Analysis of social media use and impact on sales

During the recession, the decline in home value and home ownership reduced the demand for ornamental plants, lawn and garden products, and related services, which resulted in significantly negative effect on the green industry revenues. Postrecession consolidation in the United States green industry has forced smaller firms to re‐evaluate their marketing strategies. New‐media marketing has gained attention as a relatively low‐cost and high‐exposure marketing strategy. This paper utilizes binary logit and interval censored regression to examine the use and the impact of social‐media marketing in the green industry. The analysis was based on primary data from a survey of US nurseries and garden centers. The findings reveal that the daily use of social‐media marketing is largely driven by the network effect and the managers’ attitudes. They also indicate that the small‐sized firms receive higher returns from social media use in terms of increased sales compared with larger firms.
The Daily Show With Jon Stewart: Part 1

Comedy Central's popular program The Daily Show With Jon Stewart is the best critical media literacy program on television, and it can be used in valuable ways in the classroom as part of a media literacy pedagogy. This Media Literacy column provides an overview of the show and its accompanying website and considers ways it might be used in the classroom.
Challenges During Diagnostic and Perioperative Imaging in Children with Brain Pathology

Technologies allowing in vivo imaging and therapy of the central nervous system are becoming increasingly available, and modalities to secure safe and effective imaging of patients of all ages are typically provided by anesthesiologists. Periprocedural challenges are specific depending on the imaging technology used and also differ between diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. These, together with the specific concerns inherent to the individual patient (age, comorbidities, etc.), will guide in planning and providing anesthesia care while the patient undergoes neuroimaging.
Doubling Graduation Rates in a New State: Two-Year Findings From the ASAP Ohio Demonstration

While the United States has made strides in increasing college access among low-income students, college completion has remained low. Graduation rates are particularly low at the nation’s community colleges, which enroll a disproportionate percentage of low- income and nontraditional college students. Only 20 percent of full-time, first-time, degree-seeking students at public two-year colleges earn degrees within three years. Seeking to address this problem, in 2014 three community colleges in Ohio — Cincinnati State Technical and Community College, Cuyahoga Community College, and Lorain County Community College — undertook a new strategy to help more of their lowest-performing students succeed academically. The highly successful Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) developed by the City University of New York (CUNY) provided a model. ASAP is a comprehensive program that provides students with up to three years of financial and academic support and other support services to address multiple barriers to student success, with the goal of helping more students graduate within three years. MDRC’s random assignment evaluation of CUNY ASAP found that after three years, 40 percent of ASAP students graduated compared with just 22 percent of control group students. After six years, ASAP students continued to outperform the control group, with 51 percent of the program group earning degrees compared with 41 percent of the control group. The Ohio programs are based closely on the CUNY ASAP program with a few adjustments. Like the CUNY ASAP model, the Ohio program model as designed required students to enroll full time and encouraged them to take developmental (remedial) courses immediately; provided comprehensive support services such as intensive advising; provided financial support to help students meet participation requirements; and offered blocked courses and condensed schedules. This brief presents academic effects after two years for the pooled, full study sample in the ASAP Ohio demonstration. The findings show that students in the program group clearly outperformed the control group with respect to persistence in school, credit accumulation, and graduation. Graduation rates more than doubled: 19 percent of the program group earned a degree or credential after two years compared with 8 percent of the control group. The brief also presents some findings from analyses of the programs’ implementation and costs.
Functional characterization of flavorings in electronic cigarette refill liquids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The chemical content of electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The study aimed to quantify the abundance of propylene glycol, glycerol and nicotine and reconcile the functional types of non-exchangeable hydrogen of flavorings in e-liquids. Propylene glycol, glycerol, nicotine, menthol, vanillin and benzaldehyde were detected in e-liquids by 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Short- and long-range coupling of carbonyl, aryl and alkyl hydrogen was also observed by 2D 1H–1H and 1H–13C NMR. Propylene glycol and glycerol (from 30 : 70 to 65 : 35) accounted for more than 97% of e-liquids by mass with nicotine levels comparable to those reported by the manufacturer. E-liquids were classified into five clusters based on the relative distribution of non-exchangeable hydrogen types in flavorings. The mean relative abundance of flavorings ranged from 2.4 to 4.7% for the five clusters. Alkyl hydrogen was dominant in clusters II–V, representing 35–55% of non-exchangeable hydrogen, followed by saturated oxygenated hydrogen (32–33%). In cluster I, saturated oxygenated hydrogen was predominant. The highest abundance of aryl hydrogen was estimated for clusters I and IV, while carbonyls accounted for up to 1.5% of non-exchangeable hydrogen. Tobacco-flavored e-liquids had an average flavoring molar ratio of 1.8% with saturated oxygenated hydrogen being the predominant group with considerable quantities of aryl (6.8%) and carbonyl (1.5%) hydrogen atoms. Overall, this analysis allowed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of flavorings in e-liquids. This is needed to improve protocols aiming to determine the chemical composition of e-liquids and the feasibility of toxicological investigations.
The aftershocks of the LACC earthquake have begun: brace yourselves

Randomized controlled trials have shown that laparoscopy, in comparison to laparotomy, results in lower peri-operative complication rates and improved quality of life in women undergoing surgery for newly diagnosed endometrial cancer.[1–5][1] Furthermore, two large randomized controlled trials
Evaluating the Quality of Life and Transition of Adolescents and Young Adults with Asthma in an Inner City

Purpose This study examines the correlation of the Mini Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (miniPAQLQ) with the Got Transitions Readiness Assessment Survey (GTRAS) of inner-city adolescents and young adults with asthma in Newark, New Jersey. Methods One hundred six patients with asthma, aged 12-21 years old, were assessed at University Hospital in Newark, NJ while receiving typical care. In this cross-sectional study, patients were assessed using the miniPAQLQ and GTRAS tools. General demographics were captured. MiniPAQLQ sections on activity, symptom, and emotional function, were compared to the GTRAS questions on perceived transition readiness and ability to complete healthcare tasks. Results Fifty-three percent of the patients were female, 57% were African American, 37% were Latino/a, and 97% had insurance. The overall median quality of life (QOL) score was 6. Specific activity, symptom and emotional function QOL scores did not correlate with overall perceived transition readiness. However, QOL scores >5 did correlate with patients’ abilities to complete specific health-related tasks of transition, especially when comparing emotional function and “knowing” their health. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the emotional function of adolescents and young adults with asthma is significantly linked to their ability to complete healthcare tasks independently, indicating that a psychological-based approach to transition may be necessary. Low emotional QOL scores may help identify patients at risk of poor transition who would benefit from additional intervention. Further research is needed to assess quality of life and its effects on development of these patients. Keywords: asthma, adolescent, young adult, transition, independence, quality of life