cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea Change: Island Communities and Climate Change*

Island communities stand to be among the first and most adversely affected by the impacts of global climate change. Rising sea levels, changing precipitation and storm patterns, and increasing air and sea-surface temperatures stress already limited island resources while climate change policies circumscribe local decision making. Anthropologists make important contributions to understanding island-based knowledge, global causes of vulnerability, local perceptions of risk, and islander agency channeled into adaptive capacity and resilience. A conceptual framework that recognizes both the complexity of the causes of island vulnerability and the constraints and opportunities available to islanders offers an analytical approach to understanding islander responses to climate change, including migration. The framework is used to show that island communities are not merely isolated, small, and impoverished but that they are often deeply globally connected in ways that reject such simple descriptions and will be ...
An Introduction to In Vitro Slice Approaches for the Study of Neuronal Circuitry

The acute slice preparation can be a powerful tool to study brain networks that would otherwise be difficult to manipulate at the synaptic and cellular levels. In the first part of this chapter, we discuss the specific challenges of preparing brain slices to study neural networks, and we review solutions to overcome problems that can be faced during slice preparation and maintenance. In addition, we describe slice preparations that preserve the connectivity between multiple brain areas, such as hippocampal and thalamocortical slices. In the second part, we introduce several techniques that can be used to stimulate specific cells or networks in acute slices. We begin by reviewing methods for electrical stimulation, glutamate-based stimulation, and optogenetic stimulation. An additional procedure that combines the use of laser photostimulation with flavoprotein autofluorescence is also presented. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of these methods for neural network investigation in the acute slice preparation.
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness

This brief article discusses the decision in Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, where the Court upheld as a content-neutral time, place and manner regulation that impinged on the religious practices of the Krishna sect. The regulation at issue prohibited anyone at the Minnesota State Fair from selling or distributing any written material except from designated, fixed-location booths.
Radiology of Skeletal Trauma. 3rd ed, 2-volume set.

In reviewing the third edition of Lee Rogers' text, we had the opportunity to go back two decades and identify the advances in the diagnostic workup and management of the traumatized patient. From the first edition in 1982, to the second in 1992, to the present, imaging of skeletal trauma has evolved appreciably. One great change is related to improvements in computed tomography as a result of helical multislice acquisition and the ease of reconstruction in planes other than the axial plane. Another advance in the past decade is the refinement of magnetic resonance imaging with faster acquisition …
Abnormal Skeletal Muscle Regeneration plus Mild Alterations in Mature Fiber Type Specification in Fktn-Deficient Dystroglycanopathy Muscular Dystrophy Mice

Glycosylated α-dystroglycan provides an essential link between extracellular matrix proteins, like laminin, and the cellular cytoskeleton via the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. In secondary dystroglycanopathy muscular dystrophy, glycosylation abnormalities disrupt a complex O-mannose glycan necessary for muscle structural integrity and signaling. Fktn-deficient dystroglycanopathy mice develop moderate to severe muscular dystrophy with skeletal muscle developmental and/or regeneration defects. To gain insight into the role of glycosylated α-dystroglycan in these processes, we performed muscle fiber typing in young (2, 4 and 8 week old) and regenerated muscle. In mice with Fktn disruption during skeletal muscle specification (Myf5/Fktn KO), newly regenerated fibers (embryonic myosin heavy chain positive) peaked at 4 weeks old, while total regenerated fibers (centrally nucleated) were highest at 8 weeks old in tibialis anterior (TA) and iliopsoas, indicating peak degeneration/regeneration activity around 4 weeks of age. In contrast, mature fiber type specification at 2, 4 and 8 weeks old was relatively unchanged. Fourteen days after necrotic toxin-induced injury, there was a divergence in muscle fiber types between Myf5/Fktn KO (skeletal-muscle specific) and whole animal knockout induced with tamoxifen post-development (Tam/Fktn KO) despite equivalent time after gene deletion. Notably, Tam/Fktn KO retained higher levels of embryonic myosin heavy chain expression after injury, suggesting a delay or abnormality in differentiation programs. In mature fiber type specification post-injury, there were significant interactions between genotype and toxin parameters for type 1, 2a, and 2x fibers, and a difference between Myf5/Fktn and Tam/Fktn study groups in type 2b fibers. These data suggest that functionally glycosylated α-dystroglycan has a unique role in muscle regeneration and may influence fiber type specification post-injury.
Life Science Radiation Laboratory

ageable probabilities from which,/ inferences can be drawn as to the course of past events; inferences which can serve as guidance in the use of nuclear forces for artificial improvement of the living environment on which man's existence depends. The object of the Life Science Radiation Laboratory (LSRL) is to study the effects of nuclear forces which manifest themselves primarily but not exclusively through emitted radiations on living matter. Here, by means of powerful gamma-radiation emitted from a 830curie Cs137 source or by incorporation of various radioisotopes into the living organisms, the artificially created bionuclear events can be observed, counted, or measured, and a deeper insight into naturally occurring life processes obtained. To force Nature to answer our
Splanchnic and vagal denervation attenuate central Fos but not AVP responses to intragastric salt in rats

We have recently reported that an acute intragastric hypertonic saline load increases plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) and Fos immunoreactivity in several central nuclei, including the supraoptic...
Prospective evaluation of CT esophagram findings after peroral endoscopic myotomy

Background and Aims Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a procedure with potential for serious adverse events. Postprocedure imaging is routinely done, yet there is no consensus on the optimal imaging protocol. We describe a novel and simple CT esophagram protocol for evaluation after POEM and for reporting the full spectrum of radiographic findings and subsequent interventions. Methods This was a single-center prospective study of consecutive patients treated with POEM evaluated with CT esophagram. Results Eighty-four consecutive patients who had POEM performed underwent CT esophagrams. The most common findings were pneumomediastinum (85.7%), pneumoperitoneum (66.7%), subcutaneous emphysema (52.4%), and pleural effusion (46.4%). Other findings included retroperitoneal air (38.1%), pneumothorax (19%), atelectasis (14.3%), intramural air in the esophagus and/or stomach (13.1%), pericardial effusion (2.4%), and pneumopericardium (2.4%). Five patients required intervention based on CT findings. In 1 patient, a leak was detected on CT esophagram before any clinical manifestation, facilitating prompt intervention and avoiding potential serious outcomes. Four patients were diagnosed with pneumonia and were treated with antibiotics. There was frequent postprocedural atelectasis, which prompted the introduction of routine incentive spirometry in all postoperative POEM cases. Conclusions CT esophagram is a simple and accessible imaging test for routine postoperative POEM evaluation. Numerous and dramatic postprocedure radiographic findings may be expected and demonstrated with this imaging modality. Although most of these findings may not require intervention, some are of potential significance, and early identification may help modify postprocedure management. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01832779.)
Comprehensive assessment of RRAM-based PUF for hardware security applications

The stochastic behavior and intrinsic variability of resistive random access memory (RRAM) can be utilized to implement physical unclonable function (PUF) for hardware security applications. Performance of RRAM PUF depends on RRAM device characteristics. Reliability of RRAM PUF may degrade with retention loss, read instability and thermal variation, while PUF uniqueness is maintained as long as the randomness in RRAM resistance distribution is preserved. Based on key PUF metrics, this paper presents a systematic approach for a comprehensive evaluation of this novel application of RRAM.
Epidemiological analysis of the first reported outbreak of influenza B among the minority students in Jiangmen city

Objective To investigate the first reported outbreak of influenza B among the minority students in Jiangmen city,and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak. Methods The data from influenza case questionnaires were statistically analyzed. The specimens of throat swab of patients in acute phase of infection were detected for RNA of influenza B by RT-PCR. Results 25 influenza B infection cases in this outbreak were reported, with the incidence rate of 14.88%. 8 samples were collected, and all of them were positive for the influenza B RNA detection. This epidemic situation lasted for 10 days. Male and female incidence ratio was 0.56∶1. Patients were 18 to 19 years old, showing the main clinical symptoms of fever, cough and sore throat. There was no significant difference in the incident rate between boys and girls. There were clustering of class. Conclusion The epidemic situation was caused by the outbreak of influenza B virus, and the influenza surveillance should be further improved in epidemic seasons.
Visualization of structure and function in live neural tissues by confocal fluorescence microscopy

Recently developed site-specific and ion- specific fluorescent probes allow the visualization by confocal microscopy of fine details of neural structure and patterns of cellular signaling in live and intact neural tissues. A lecture-videotape presentation will illustrate the use of such methods to study neural glial interactions and nervous system development.
A qualitative study on becoming cared for in Alzheimer's disease: the effects to women's sense of identity

ABSTRACTObjective: To explore the lived experience of becoming cared for and the impact this has on the identity and sense of self of women with Alzheimer's disease.Method: Eight women with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease were interviewed in Northamptonshire, England, on two separate occasions about their experiences relating to needing assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) tasks. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was the approach used to underpin this research.Results: Changes in the women's identity affected by the increased need for assistance with IADL tasks were expressed in terms of: who I am; unhappy being me; fighting to remain me; I'm not the same, but it doesn't worry me; and acceptance and contentment.Conclusion: This study offers an alternative perspective to the view that all women with Alzheimer's disease experience becoming cared for as a negative event in their lives. Some factors universally perceived as being a result of Alzheimer's disease may be a n...
Religious Sacramentals from Awatovi

In 1966 a 17th Century metal crucifix was discovered near the nave of the church of San Bernardo at Awatovi. It is similar in style to religious medals associated with graves beneath the floor of t...
Applications of digital controller in industrial control

The availability of computers and microprocessors has resulted in a steady increase of digital control applications. The system performance obtained is quite satisfactory in comparison to the continuous case. This paper presents the study of various digital control strategies. For the self-tuning controller some approaches are investigated and evaluated. The comparison of the different controllers and influence of various algorithms or function blocks are also illustrated. >
Race, Sex, and Rulemaking: Administrative Constitutionalism and the Workplace, 1960 to the Present

This Article uses the history of equal employment rulemaking at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Federal Power Commission (FPC) to document and analyze, for the first time, how administrative agencies interpret the Constitution. Although it is widely recognized that administrators must implement policy with an eye on the Constitution, neither constitutional nor administrative law scholarship has examined how administrators approach constitutional interpretation. Indeed, there is limited understanding of agencies’ core task of interpreting statutes, let alone of their constitutional practice.During the 1960s and 1970s, officials at the FCC relied on a strikingly broad and affirmative interpretation of the Constitution’s equal protection guarantees to adopt and enforce rules requiring equal employment in the FCC’s regulated industries. Meanwhile, administrators at the FPC relied on a quite different understanding of equal protection to reject similar rules.Federal officials’ differing views of whether the Constitution authorized, perhaps even required, them to regulate workplace discrimination illuminates an unexamined aspect of constitutional governance that I call administrative constitutionalism: administrators’ interpretation and implementation of the Constitution. For the most part, administrative constitutionalism involves administrators’ creative extension or narrowing of court doctrine in the absence of clear judicially defined rules. However, it also includes administrators selectively ignoring clearly relevant precedent or resisting judicial interpretations by acquiescing to a reviewing court’s judgment but not to the constitutional principle on which that judgment is based.The history of equal employment rulemaking at the FCC and the FPC supports three conclusions. First, equal protection followed a notably different path in administrative agencies than it did in the courts. Second, this example of administrative constitutionalism suggests some general features of administrators’ constitutional practice, particularly that administrators are guided, but not always bound, by court doctrine. Third, administrative constitutionalism is likely a recurring and persistent feature of the modern American state. To the extent that administrative constitutionalism differs from court constitutionalism, a complete account of the substance and scope of constitutional governance must consider the constitutional practice of administrative agencies.
On the transient performance of Monte Carlo simulations for initial uncertainty forecasting

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the transient performance of the conventional Monte Carlo method (called FMC in this paper) with a fixed number of samples. The following question is asked: under what conditions could the propagated FMC ensemble have been generated by a direct sampling of the unknown true state-pdf? To answer this question, the propagated ensemble is viewed as the realization of a Markov chain and the FMC process as the evolution of the associated transition kernel. An equation governing the evolution of FMC transition kernel is derived. It is shown that for systems with “zero-divergence” in their force field (∇ · f = 0), the true evolved state pdf is the invariant distribution of the propagated FMC transition kernel at all times. No such equivalence is guaranteed for systems with non-zero divergence. Numerical simulations are provided to support theoretical claims about ensemble quality for both types of dynamic systems.
Ionic Channels in Glia

Thirty years of detailed investigation indicates that inexcitable glial cells express many of the same ion channels originally described in neurons. While some of these channels support ion homeostasis in the brain thereby indirectly contributing to electrical signaling, other ion channels are required for cellular processes including cell proliferation and volume regulation. This chapter summarizes current knowledge regarding ion channel expression and function in macroglial cells.
Contextual identity experiencing facilitates resilience in Native American academics

Abstract This article discusses the socio-cultural dynamics that interact with ethno-racial identity experiencing in a previously under-researched group. A qualitative interdisciplinary study with 40 Native American academics from 28 mainstream universities across the U.S. served as a case example with findings that contrasted with historically influential theoretical frameworks postulating identity confusion and conflicts at the intersection of one’s mainstream education and profession versus one’s ethno-racial community grounding. Instead of feeling pressure to identify with only one worldview, the contextual, dynamic identities associated with the inclusive and flexible self-concept of tribal participants allowed them to in turn take advantage of two divergent cultural meaning systems pertaining to their distinct socio-cultural contexts. These shifts were experienced as not endogenous but rather exogenous variables, which did not cause the historically theorized issues. Participants felt their tribal identities instead facilitated meaningful integration of the existing incongruences, which resulted in unexpectedly resilient subjective experiencing.
Preoperative Hemoglobin Level is Associated with Increased Health Care Use After Elective Spinal Fusion (≥3 Levels) in Elderly Male Patients with Spine Deformity.

Background Measures of health care use such as length of hospital stay (LOS) are used as proxies for quality of care after spine surgery. Accordingly, hospitals and health systems are investing considerable resources into the preoperative identification of patients at risk for prolonged LOS. This study aims to investigate the impact of preoperative level on outcomes and LOS after spinal fusion. Methods The medical records of 204 elderly (≥60 years) male patients undergoing elective spinal fusion (≥3 levels) at a major academic institution from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed. The lower hemoglobin (Hgb) level was designated as Results Demographics and comorbidities were similar between both groups, with mean Hgb levels being 12.3 ± 0.9 g/dL and 14.9 ± 1.0 g/dL for the low and normal cohorts, respectively. The lower Hgb cohort experienced higher rates of postoperative delirium (21.7% vs. 5.8%; P = 0.0007), non-wound infections (6.0% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.006), and hematoma formation (3.6% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.035). There was a significant difference in LOS between the cohorts, with the low Hgb cohort experiencing approximately a 2-fold increase (low Hgb, 8.1 ± 5.9 days vs. normal Hgb, 4.8 ± 2.5 days; P Conclusions Our study shows that elderly male patients with lower preoperative Hgb levels have increased LOS and postoperative delirium after spinal fusion. Moreover, preoperative Hgb levels negatively correlate with LOS.
Characteristic mode analysis of folded patch antenna

CMA (Characteristic Mode Analysis) is an efficient tool for designing and optimizing antennas. The present study reinvestigate the fundamental aspects of folded patch wideband technique with the help of CMA. Analysis shows the presence of three significant Eigen modes within the band of interest. Eigen current behavior clearly portrays the mode orthogonality, which provides deeper insight to the properties of the configuration.
Early successional forest habitats and water resources

Tree harvests that create early successional habitats have direct and indirect impacts on water resources in forests of the Central Hardwood Region. Streamflow increases substantially immediately after timber harvest, but increases decline as leaf area recovers and biomass aggrades. Post-harvest increases in stormflow of 10–20%, generally do not contribute to downstream flooding. Sediment from roads and skid trails can compromise water quality after cutting. With implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs), timber harvests are unlikely to have detrimental impacts on water resources, but forest conversion from hardwood to pines, or poorly designed road networks may have long lasting impacts. Changing climate suggests the need for close monitoring of BMP effectiveness and the development of new BMPs applicable to more extreme climatic conditions.
DISCUSSION OF CONSOLIDATION UNDER ELECTRICAL - PRESSURE GRADIENTS

THE WRITER CRITICIZES THE AUTHORS' USE OF AN EMPIRICAL CURVE FITTING TECHNIQUE THAT IS MORE COMPLICATED THAN IS NECESSARY FOR COMBINED HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRICAL RADIAL FLOW. THE WRITER SHOWS MATHEMATICALLY THAT THE RATE OF CONSOLIDATION IS GOVERNED ALMOST COMPLETELY BY THE HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL. IT IS CONTENDED THAT THE RATE OF SOIL CONSOLIDATION IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD IS GOVERNED BY THE HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL. EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS THE CONCLUSION THAT THE RATE OF CONSOLIDATION IS PREDICTABLE, WITHIN ENGINEERING LIMITS, USING EXISTING THEORIES OF CONSOLIDATION, AND THAT ELECTRICAL CONSOLIDATION CAN NOW BE USED., WITH SOME CONFIDENCE, FOR FIELD INSTALLATIONS. REFERENCES: CONSOLIDATION UNDER ELECTRICAL-PRESSURE GRADIENTS, ROBERT L. NICHOLS, RENE L. HERBST, JR., PROC. PAPER 5438 OF JOURNAL OF THE SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, SEPTEMBER, 1967.
Recycling music, answering back: toward an oral tradition of electronic music

This essay outlines a framework for understanding new musical compositions and performances that utilize pre-existing sound recordings. In attempting to articulate why musicians are increasingly using sound recordings in their creative work, the author calls for new performance tools that enable the dynamic use of pre-recorded music.
Anti-PD1 (muDX 400) therapy given after radiation has greatest impact on (CD8+ Tim3- CD73+) stem cell like cells: Implications for improved clinical trial design incorporating radiation and anti-PD1.

e21525Background: Radiotherapy sometimes leads to remission at sites outside the field, in a phenomenon termed the “abscopal effect.” T cells, in particular CD8 T cells are believed to mediate this...
A Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene Sensor for Breathing-Flow Monitoring

Continuous monitoring of breathing flow is an essential but often poorly utilized predictor that is causing poor patient outcome. A low-cost, light-weight, easy-to-use, reliable, and disposable breathing sensor is required to bypass the limitations of existing conventional sensors, which are bulky, expensive, and often require experts to handle. In this article, a low-cost, inkjet-printed graphene sensor on a disposable glossy photo-paper substrate is presented for breathing-rate monitoring. The sensor architecture consists of a graphene nanoparticle based thin functional layer on top of a silver nanoparticle based interdigitated conductive pattern. A standard office inkjet-printer was configured with nanoparticle inks and a printed circuit board design software was utilized for the layouts. The sensor was tested in a laboratory environment, and its data were analyzed for different breathing patterns. An empirical model of the sensor was developed using the Cole–Cole impedance model. Test results showed successful detection of breathing rates for different breathing patterns. The prototype sensor provides a low-cost, disposable, and practical solution for frequent breathing pattern recognition.
Website Visual Design Qualities: A Threefold Framework

The present study aims to contribute to the information systems (IS) literature by developing a new theoretical perspective that integrates three dimensions of artifact visual design quality—namely aesthetic, functional, and symbolic dimensions—in the investigation of website visual design qualities that influence visitors’ attitudes and behaviors. Results suggest that website aesthetic, functional, and symbolic qualities positively influence intention to use the website and positive word of mouth and that website aesthetic quality positively influences website functional and symbolic qualities. Results also demonstrate that functional and symbolic qualities mediate the relationships between aesthetic quality and intention to use and positive word of mouth.
Angles of Axes of Incudes.

Incus angles of axes (the angle between "short process axis" and the "long process axis") are more open in humans than chimpanzees: 64.0 versus 55.7 degrees (Quam et al.: J Anat 225 (2014) 167-196). However, Flohr et al. (Anat Rec 293 (2010) 2094-2106) raise concern about interobserver agreement of the axes. The concern is important as phylogenetic relationships of mammals are inferred from the incus (and malleus and stapes). We sought to check (1) interobserver agreement; and (2) if the angles of the axes of incudes (incuses) exhibit bilateral symmetry, which is expected if the axes are genetically determined. We studied incudes from 41 modern adult crania with clinically normal temporal bones. Angles of axes were determined on rectilinear digital photographs of incudes in standard lateral orientation. Two observers independently drew the axes and measured the axes. Interobserver agreement was within 4 degrees for 24 of 34 left-sided incudes and for 27 of 35 right-sided incudes. The mean of the two observers' angle determinations were used. Left incudes' median was 67 degrees, range 60-73; right 67.5 degrees, range 58-77. Bilateral symmetry of angles of axes was found: r = 0.55, N = 31, 95% CI 0.24-0.75. Angles of axes of modern human incudes are probably genetically determined features, but are of doubtful physiologic or evolutionary advantage in modern humans. Interobserver agreement of angles of modern human axes is concerning and must be specified in reports. Consideration should be given to a convention to designate axes in ambiguous cases. Anat Rec, 302:1615-1619, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Special issue: mesothelioma.

This special issue of the Annals of Translational Medicine details an in-depth description of the most relevant topics on malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). The discussions include fascinating discoveries that deepened our understanding of the environmental and genetic exposures that cause this aggressive disease, reviews of traditional and novel approaches to staging it, and the complex multimodality therapies that have improved outcomes from no long-term survival to 15–24% 5-year-survival with treatment. Up-to-date reviews of radiation therapy are presented, including the latest results and commentary on induction radiation and hemithoracic radiation after pleurectomy/decortication (P/D). This issue offers perspectives on novel systemic therapies (such as immunotherapy), adjuncts (such as intraoperative heated chemotherapy), and insight into disease-related and treatment-related complications, with nuanced presentation of the management of MPM that has metastasized to the abdomen and traditional approaches to peritoneal mesothelioma that is a primary malignancy of the abdomen.
Serum Beta Carotene and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality.

Rationale: Although the health effects of beta carotene have been studied extensively, a systematic examination of serum concentrations and long-term mortality, including cardiovascular disease mor...
Transgender Tropes & Constitutional Review

The Trump administration is aggressively and systematically rolling back policies that protect transgender people. History teaches that these governmental attacks are not new, but instead represent the latest salvo in a long but losing battle to disparage transgender people, who have been ruthlessly depicted as criminals, deviants, and selfish iconoclasts. Notwithstanding the current administration’s open hostility toward transgender people, constitutional protections endure. This Essay discusses the evolution of government discrimination against transgender people — from laws that criminalized the violation of gender norms in the late twentieth century to the present‐day exclusion of transgender people from the U.S. military — and transgender people’s continued efforts to secure recognition of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Partial Observations and Conservation Laws: Gray-Box Modeling in Biotechnology and Optogenetics

Developing accurate dynamical system models from physical insights or data can be impeded when only partial observations of the system state are available. Here, we combine conservation laws used i...
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Stationary-Phase Acid Resistance and Assessment of Survival in a Model Vegetable Fermentation System

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) acid resistance may aid the pathogen's ability to cross the human gastric barrier, which makes it an organism of concern in acidic foods. Our objective was to determine how STEC acid resistance may correlate with survival during vegetable fermentations. Seven E. coli O157:H7 strains were screened to assess acid resistance in simulated stomach acid at pH 2. The strains were separated into two groups that differed in acid resistance (P < 0.05), with three being acid sensitive and four acid resistant. The growth rates of these strains were measured in a Luria broth at pH values from 4.2 to 6.8. Two strains having similar growth kinetics, B201 (acid sensitive) and B241 (acid resistant), were selected for further analysis. B201 was found to be missing (compared with B241) two glutamic acid decarboxylase regulatory genes required for acid resistance, gadE and gadX. These strains were challenged in lactic acid (100 mM) solutions, including cucumber juice (CJ) media at pH 3.3. As expected, B201 was more acid sensitive than B241, and a filtered fermented CJ was more inhibitory than similarly acidified CJ. In competitive growth studies with Lactobacillus plantarum LA445 in CJ, B201 or B241 grew from approximately 104 to 108 CFU/mL within 24 h, but the STEC strains were below the limit of detection by 48 h. In all fermentations, L. plantarum reached 108 CFU/mL by 48 h. However, in three of four independent fermentation experiments, strain B201 survived longer than B241. This was possibly due to buffering in B241-LA445 fermentation brines that had increased lactic acid for a given pH compared with B201-LA445. These data indicate that stationary-phase acid resistance may not accurately predict STEC survival during vegetable fermentations. HIGHLIGHTS
Alpha Decay of U 227

The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ spectrum of the $^{227}\mathrm{U}$ decay chain, previously reported in 1952 by Meinke et al., was investigated by bombarding $^{231}\mathrm{Pa}$ with protons from 35 to 54 MeV. The half-life of the parent nuclide $^{227}\mathrm{U}$ was found to be 1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 min, in agreement with the earlier value of 1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 min. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies in the decay chain were determined more precisely than in the earlier study. In addition, some disagreement was found with the 1952 work. The nuclides and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies observed in the present investigation are as follows: $^{227}\mathrm{U}$, 6.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV; $^{223}\mathrm{Th}$, 7.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV; $^{219}\mathrm{Ra}$, 7.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV (relative intensity 0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1) and 7.99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV (0.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1); $^{215}\mathrm{Rn}$, 8.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV; and $^{211}\mathrm{Po}$, 7.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV.
The Materiality and Heritage of Contemporary Forced Migration

Fleeing violence, poverty, abuse, war, and climatic change, tens of millions of people have fled their homes in the Global South seeking refuge in adjacent nations and in the Global North. This mod...
Transcriptional responses to water stress and recovery in a drought-tolerant fescue wild grass (Festuca ovina; Poaceae).

Water stress associated with drought-like conditions is a major factor limiting plant growth and impacts productivity of natural plant communities and agricultural crops. Molecular responses of pla...
Preparing Wildlife for Climate Change: How Far Have We Come?

Global biodiversity is in unprecedented decline and on‐the‐ground solutions are imperative for conservation. Although there is a large volume of evidence related to climate change effects on wildlife, research on climate adaptation strategies is lagging. To assess the current state of knowledge in climate adaptation, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and evaluated 1,346 peer‐reviewed publications for management recommendations designed to address the consequences of climate change on wildlife populations. From 509 publications, we identified 2,306 recommendations and employed both qualitative and quantitative methods for data analysis. Although we found an increase in the volume and diversity of recommendations since 2007, a focus on protected areas (26%, 596 of 2,306 recommendations) and the non‐reserve matrix (12%, 276 of 2,306 recommendations) remained prominent in the climate adaptation literature. Common concepts include protected areas, invasive species, ecosystem services, adaptive management, stepping stones, assisted migration, and conservation easements. In contrast, only 1% of recommendations focused on reproduction (n = 26), survival (n = 14), disease (n = 26), or human‐wildlife conflict (n = 24). Few recommendations reflected the potential for local‐scale management interventions. We demonstrate limited advancement in preparing natural resource managers in climate adaptation at local, management‐relevant scales. Additional research is needed to identify and evaluate climate adaptation strategies aimed at reducing the vulnerability of wildlife to contemporary climate change.
Outcomes of surgical mitral valve replacement: A benchmark to assess transcatheter technologies.

BACKGROUND Clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter mitral valve replacement in intermediate and high surgical risk patients. We analyzed outcomes of surgical mitral valve replacement in a regional consortium to provide benchmark data for emerging alternative therapies. METHODS All patients undergoing mitral replacement with a Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality (STS PROM) in a regional consortium from 2001 to 2017 were analyzed. Patients with endocarditis were excluded. Patients were stratified by STS PROM into low ( 8%) cohorts. Mortality, postoperative complications, and resource utilization were evaluated for each group. RESULTS A total of 1611 patients were analyzed including 927 (58%) low, 370 (23%) moderate, and 314 (20%) high-risk patients. The mean STS PROM was 2%, 5.6%, and 15.4% for each group. Mortality was adequately predicted for all groups while the most common complications included prolonged ventilation, reoperation, and renal failure. Higher risk patients had longer intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay (2 vs. 3 vs. 5 days, p < .0001 and 7 vs. 8 vs. 10 days, p < .0001) and higher total hospital costs ($38,029 vs. $45,075 vs. $59,171 p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Mitral valve replacement is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality, particularly for low and intermediate-risk patients. These outcomes also serve as a benchmark with which to compare forthcoming results of transcatheter mitral valve replacement trials.
The Relationship between Community Participation and Physical Activity among Individuals with Serious Mental Illnesses.

Abstract Introduction The importance of physical activity (PA) and health outcomes for individuals with serious mental illnesses (SMI) has been well documented. It is also established that individuals with SMI engage in high amounts of sedentary behavior and low amounts of physical activity, which contributes to poor health outcomes. This study explores the relationship between community participation, physical activity, and sedentary behavior among individuals with SMI. Methods This study used a sample of individuals with SMI who were receiving community mental health services in a large urban area of the United States. Of the 526 individuals approached, 308 were interested in the study; 173 consented and completed data collection. This study reports on 152 participants who had complete data. Using the Temple University Community Participation Scale, participants reported on community-based activities completed independently in the previous 30 days. Additionally, participants were asked to wear a tri-axial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X) on the non-dominant wrist for seven days. The total number of community participation days was correlated with PA variables including steps, sedentary, light, and moderate-vigorous PA. Two groups of step data were analyzed using t-tests: ≥7500 steps, and ≥10,000 steps. Logistic regressions were run to examine the relationship between amount, breadth and sufficiency of community participation and having ± 7500 steps and ± 10,000 daily steps, controlling for age, gender, and income. Results Amount of community participation was inversely associated with the % of time in sedentary activity and positively associated with the % of time in moderate to vigorous PA. Those with at or more than 7500 steps and 10,000 steps reported significantly more days of community participation. Conclusion This study highlights the contribution of everyday activities for increased physical activity and reduced time spent in sedentary activity. Practitioners should consider recommendations for engagement in the community to increase opportunities for walking.
Phenomenology of a littlest Higgs model with T parity: Including effects of T-odd fermions

We study the collider phenomenology of a littlest Higgs model with T parity. We first stress the important role of the T-odd $SU(2)$-doublet fermions (introduced to make the model T-parity invariant) in high energy scattering processes, such as $q\overline{q}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}_{H}^{+}{W}_{H}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ where ${W}_{H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ are the T-odd partners of $W$ bosons. Because the mass of the T-odd $SU(2)$-doublet fermions cannot be too heavy to be consistent with low energy data, they can be copiously produced at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Therefore, we study the collider phenomenology of the model with emphasis on the contributions of the T-odd fermion to the production of the heavy T-parity partners (either bosons or fermions) of the usual particles at the LHC. The production cross sections and the decay branching ratios of the new heavy particles are classified and various experimental signatures are discussed.
First-order logic as a constraint satisfaction problem

In this paper, we discourse an analysis of classical first-order predicate logic as a constraint satisfaction problem, CSP. First, we will offer our general framework for CSPs, and then apply it to first-order logic. We claim it would function as a new semantics, constraint semantics, for logic. Then, we prove the soundness and completeness theorems with respect to the constraint semantics. The latter theorem, which will be proven by a proof-search method, implies the cut-elimination theorem. Furthermore, using the constraint semantics, we make a new proof of the Craig interpolation theorem. Also, we will provide feasible algorithms to generate interpolants for some decidable fragments of first-order logic: the propositional logic and the monadic fragments. The algorithms, reflecting a ‘projection’ of an indexed relation, will show how to transform given formulas syntactically to obtain interpolants.
The School Interference Questionnaire: Examining a Novel Measure of Mental Health–Related Academic Functional Impairment in Youth:

This article reports on the development and initial psychometric properties of the School Interference Questionnaire (SIQ), a questionnaire designed to assess both academic functional impairment re...
The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands.

Advances in our understanding of brain function, along with the development of neural interfaces that allow for the monitoring and activation of neurons, have paved the way for brain machine interf...
Head and Neck CTA Utilization: Analysis of Ordering Frequency and Nonroutine Results Communication, With Focus on the Fifty Most Common Emergency Department Clinical Presentations.

Background: Utilization of head and neck CTA in the emergency department (ED) has grown disproportionately to other neuroimaging examinations. Objective: To characterize utilization of head and neck CTA in the ED, comparing utilization and frequency of nonroutine results communication among patients' chief concerns. Methods: All adult ED visits for a single healthcare system from January 2014 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables recorded included chief concerns, whether head and neck CTA was performed, and, if so, whether the report documented nonroutine results communication. The fifty chief concerns resulting in the highest number of head and neck CTA examinations were identified. Frequencies of head and neck CTA ordering and of nonroutine results communication were calculated. A subset of reports documenting nonroutine communication were manually reviewed. Results: Head and neck CTA was ordered in 2.5% (17,903) of 708,145 ED visits in 236,476 patients (mean age 48.9±20.5 years; 110,952 male, 125,521 female, 3 unknown sex). Head and neck CTA was ordered for 833 distinct chief concerns. Nonroutine results communication was documented for 17.6% (31,55/17,903) of examinations. Among the fifty chief concerns associated with the highest number of examinations, frequency of ordering head and neck CTA ranged from <0.5% (five concerns) to 55.2% (stroke code), and frequency of nonroutine communication ranged from 5.6% (transient ischemic attack) to 67.5% (unresponsive). Chief concerns not among the fifty most common accounted for 50.0% (8956/17903) of examinations; these exhibited a collective frequency of nonroutine communication of 4.8% (429/8956). Manual review of 11.1% (350/3155) of reports with a nonroutine communication indicated an acute finding related to the indication in 51.1%, non-emergent but potentially explanatory finding in 28.0%, incidental finding in 28.0%, and communication of negative results in 6.9%. Conclusion: Head and neck CTA is ordered in 2.5% of ED visits for a wide range of chief concerns. Frequencies of ordering and of nonroutine results communication are highly variable among chief concerns. Acute indication-related findings account for half of nonroutine radiologist communications. Clinical Impact: Insight into patterns regarding head and neck CTA ordering and nonroutine results may help optimize patient selection and radiologist communications in the ED setting.
ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LINEAR UNDAMPED ELASTIC SYSTEMS PERTURBED BY FOLLOWER FORCES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the behavior of linear undamped elastic systems perturbed by follower forces. It discusses the Beck's Problem, which is one of many nonconservative problems encountered in the theory of elastic structures; the problem is called nonconservative in that the total energy is not necessarily constant given the follower nature of the load. In the more familiar Euler problem, in which the load p is always in the vertical direction, energy is conserved; a bifurcation of static solutions occurs at a critical value of p, the so-called Euler static buckling load. No such phenomenon arises in the case of Beck's problem, and bifurcation of static solutions does not occur. Rather, as the load p is increased, a critical value is surpassed and certain oscillatory solutions no longer remain bounded. This phenomenon has been investigated through the use of separation of variables and subsequent analysis of the eigenvalues corresponding to the first few eigenvectors. The chapter also discusses the Liapunov approach for the study of the stability of these problems.
Geomagnetically trapped alpha particles

Prior to 1970, the existing experimental data on a-particles were limited (Krimigis, 1970; Blake and Paulikas, 1970) and new data were just becoming available. The early measurements dealt almost exclusively with particles in the outer zone which were mirroring far from the geomagnetic equator. Those studies showed that the relative abundance of α-particles to protons, J α /J p, was ~ 10-4 for E/A ≥ 0.5 MeV per nucleon, and that J α /J p increased with decreasing energy per nucleon to ~ 10-3 for E/A ~ 0.25 MeV per nucleon in the outer zone. These flux ratios are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those predicted under the assumption that the source of the trapped particles is radial diffusion of solar wind ions driven by magnetic fluctuations. The α-particle flux and the J α/J p ratio appeared to vary as a function of time and magnetic activity.
RNA LIGATION AND THE ORIGIN OF TRNA

A straightforward origin of transfer RNA, (tRNA), is difficult to envision because of the apparently complex idiosyncratic interaction between the D-loop and T-loop. Recently, multiple examples of the T-loop structural motif have been identified in ribosomal RNA. These examples show that the long-range interactions between the T-loop and D-loops seen in tRNA are not an essential part of the motif but rather are facilitated by it. Thus, the core T-loop structure could already have existed in a small RNA prior to the emergence of the tRNA. The tRNA might then have arisen by expansion of an RNA that carried the motif. With this idea in mind, Di Giulio's earlier hypothesis that tRNA evolved by a simple duplication or ligation of a minihelix RNA was re-examined. It is shown that an essentially modern tRNA structure can in fact be generated by the ligation of two 38-nucleotide RNA minihelices of appropriate sequence. Although rare, such sequences occur with sufficient frequency, (1 in 3 x 10(7)), that they could be found in a standard in vitro RNA selection experiment. The results demonstrate that a series of RNA duplications, as previously proposed, can in principal account for the origin of tRNA. More generally, the results point out that RNA ligation can be a powerful driving force for increased complexity in the RNA World.
Addition Scheme for Heat Capacities of Linear Macromolecules

Progress towards an updated addition scheme for heat capacities of linear macromolecules and results based on a detailed study of heat capacities are reported. The scheme is based on analysis of data bank information which contains all available literature values and new measurements on over 100 macromolecules. In particular, additivity rules as regarding the solid state, liquid state, glass transitions, and the crystallinity model are discussed and exceptions noted.
An algorithm for U-Pb isotope dilution data reduction and uncertainty propagation

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com".
Naturalistic Experience and the Early Use of Symbolic Artifacts

Experience with a variety of symbolic artifacts has been proposed as a mechanism underlying symbolic development. In this study, the parents of 120 2-year-old children who participated in symbolic object retrieval tasks completed a questionnaire regarding their children's naturalistic experience with symbolic artifacts and activities. In separate regressions predicting children's use of video and pictures for information in experimental tasks, predictor variables such as children's exposure to live video and their emerging understanding of graphic representation were significant, even after accounting for the effects of children's vocabulary and birth order and parents' education and occupation. The results support the role of experience in children's early detection of symbolic relations.