cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the 21 Ne Zeeman frequency shift due to Rb − 21 Ne collisions

Using a ${}^{21}\mathrm{Ne}{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ Zeeman maser, we compared the frequency shift of the ${}^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ nuclear Zeeman resonance induced by polarized Rb vapor to the shift induced in the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nuclear Zeeman resonance. The ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Rb}$ shift has recently been measured with high precision [M.V. Romalis and G.D. Cates, Phys. Rev. A 58, 3004 (1998)], permitting the conversion of our differential measurement to an absolute value for the ${}^{21}\mathrm{Ne}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Rb}$ shift. We report a value of ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{21}=32.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.9$ for the $\mathrm{Rb}{\ensuremath{-}}^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ contact shift enhancement factor at a temperature of approximately $128\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ We also propose high-precision differential contact shift measurements, the absolute accuracy of which could be limited by the error in the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ contact shift.
Water determination in active pharmaceutical ingredients using ionic liquid headspace gas chromatography and two different detection protocols

A rapid, accurate, precise and versatile analytical method was developed for the detection and quantification of water in solid active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) method utilized an ionic liquid (IL) based open tubular capillary GC column to increase sensitivity and ruggedness of this method. ILs are also utilized as the headspace solvent because of their low vapor pressure, unique physiochemical properties and high thermal stability. This method is not affected by side reactions and solubility problems which are common with Karl Fischer Titration (KFT) methods. Nor is it as limited as weight loss on drying approaches. The ability to use either/both modern thermal conductivity or barrier ion discharge GC detection provides flexibility, different dynamic ranges and sensitivity. The developed method also was shown to be broadly applicable.
Carbanion-induced intramolecular beta-cleavage reactions of 2-oxetanones

Abstract Intramolecular β-cleavage reactions of β-lactones, or 2-oxetanones, by stabilized enolates have been demonstrated. Three-, four-, five-, and six-membered carbocyclic rings have been prepared.
Infectious endocarditis—an experience spanning three decades

Over the last 30 years, 94 episodes of infectious endocarditis have been identified in 86 children seen at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. In most of these children no precipitating event could be documented. There was no change in underlying cardiac anomalies over the three decades of this study, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common anomalies. Streptococci and staphylococci were the most common infecting organisms, and there was a slight increase in the percentage of streptococci in the last decade. Cardiovascular damage occurred in about one-third of the cases, and aortic regurgitation was most common. Mitral regurgitation was also an important complication, as was the development of an aortic aneurysm. Important systemic and pulmonary emboli were rare. Surgical intervention was necessary in one-fifth of the children. Valvar replacement was the most common procedure done. The mortality rate declined markedly over the period of the study, dropping from 36% in the first decade to 8% in the last.
Parental education is related to C-reactive protein among female middle-aged community volunteers.

Growing evidence suggests that socioeconomic attributes of both childhood and adulthood confer risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study, we examine the association of both parental and individual educational attainment with C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory mediator relevant to cardiovascular pathophysiology, in a mid-life community sample. Subjects were 811 men and women (394 men/417 women; 87% European-American/13% African-American), 30–54 years of age. Plasma concentrations of CRP were determined from blood samples obtained at a single session following an overnight fast. Regression analyses adjusting for age and race showed both parental education and individual education to be associated inversely with CRP in women, but not men. The relationship of parental education with CRP in women persisted on multivariable adjustment for both lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, exercise, body mass index) and individual SES. Independent of reported personal educational attainment, mid-life adult women whose parents achieved fewer years of educational attainment exhibit higher levels of circulating CRP than women with higher parental education. This association may help explain the increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality conferred by low childhood socioeconomic status.
How switches and lags in biophysical regulators affect spatial-temporal variation of soil respiration in an oak-grass savanna

[1] Complex behavior, associated with soil respiration of an oak-grass savanna ecosystem in California, was quantified with continuous measurements of CO 2 exchange at two scales (soil and canopy) and with three methods (overstory and understory eddy covariance systems, soil respiration chambers, and a below-ground CO 2 flux gradient system). To partition soil respiration into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components, we exploited spatial gradients in the landscape and seasonal variations in rainfall. During the dry summer, heterotrophic respiration was dominant in the senesced grassland area, whereas autotrophic respiration by roots and the feeding of microbes by root exudates was dominant under the trees. A temporal switch in soil respiration occurred in the spring. But the stimulation of root respiration lagged the timing of leaf-out by the trees. Another temporal switch in soil respiration occurred at the start of autumn rains. This switch was induced by the rapid germination of grass seed and new grass growth. Isolated summer rain storms caused a pulse in soil respiration. Such rain events stimulated microbial respiration only; the rain was not sufficient to replenish soil moisture in the root zone or to germinate grass seed. Soil respiration lagged photosynthetic activity on hourly scales. The likely mechanism is the slow translocation of photosynthate to the roots and associated microbes. Another lag occurred on daily scales because of modulations in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by the passage of dry and humid air masses.
What Courses Should Law Students Take? Harvard’s Largest Employers Weigh In

We report the results of an online survey, conducted on behalf of Harvard Law School, of 124 practicing attorneys at major law firms. The survey had two main objectives: (1) to assist students in selecting courses by providing them with data about the relative importance of courses; and (2) to provide faculty with information about how to improve the curriculum and best advise students. The most salient result is that students were strongly advised to study accounting and financial statement analysis, as well as corporate finance. These subject areas were viewed as particularly valuable, not only for corporate/transactional lawyers, but also for litigators. Intriguingly, non-traditional courses and skills, such as business strategy and teamwork, are seen as more important than many traditional courses and skills.
A framework for modeling steady turning of robotic fish

In this paper we present a novel framework for computing the steady turning motion of a robotic fish undergoing periodic body and/or tail deformation. Taking the turning radius and the angular velocity as unknowns, we obtain the absolute motion trajectories of points on the “spinal column” of robotic fish by superimposing relative body/tail motions on the rigid body circular motion. The hydrodynamic reactive force and the resulting moment are then computed from the motion trajectories, using Lighthill's large-amplitude elongated-body theory, in terms of the two turning parameters. By integrating the dynamics of rigid body motion and averaging out oscillations, implicit equations involving the turning parameters can be established and solved. We also discuss the plan of applying the proposed framework to the modeling of steady turning maneuvers of biomimetic robotic propelled by an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) caudal fin.
Alternatively spliced variants of Gallus gallus TNFRSF23 are expressed in the ovary and differentially regulated by cell signaling pathways.

Abstract As a result of searching recently available chicken (ch) expressed sequence tag databases, a new Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Super Family (TNFRSF) member with similarity to the murine (m) TNFRSF23 decoy receptor (DcR) has been identified. However, by comparison with the mTNFRSF23, there exist at least two splice variants of chTNFRSF23, one of which includes an intracellular death domain (TNFRSF23.v1) characteristic of death receptors, and the other with a truncated cytoplasmic domain of a DcR (named TNFRSF23.v2). These two splice variants of chTNFRSF23 display differential patterns of mRNA expression across various hen tissues, with the highest levels observed within reproductive tissues. More specifically, TNFRSF23.v1 is most highly expressed in preovulatory follicle granulosa cells in the ovary, whereas TNFRSF23.v2 mRNA is found at highest levels in ovarian stromal tissue. Primary culture experiments with granulosa cells determined that expression of TNFRSF23.v1 mRNA was decreased by protein...
αs and gauge coupling unification in flipped SU(5) models with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking

Abstract We examine gauge coupling unification and prediction for α s ( M Z ) in minimal flipped SU(5) with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. We include threshold corrections at weak scale, messenger scale and unification scale, and explicitly show that in this model there can be either one-step or two-step gauge coupling unification, depending on unification-scale threshold corrections. The experimental value of α s ( M Z ) constrains heavy particle masses in one-step unification. In the case of two-step unification, we examine the prediction for α s ( M Z ) with two-loop, light, messenger and heavy threshold corrections, and find it to be compatible with the updated experimental data.
Increasing fertility in cohabiting unions: evidence for the second demographic transition in the United States?

As cohabitation becomes increasingly common and accepted, one might expect the meaning of this arrangement to change. In some countries in Europe (e.g., Sweden), as cohabitation became more prevalent, it moved from a deviant status to an acceptable alternative to marriage. Will the same thing happen in the United States? To investigate this question, I examine increases in the proportion of births occurring in cohabiting unions, using data from the 1987–1988 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and the1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). The standardization and decomposition procedure shows that most of the growth in the proportion of births to cohabitors is the result of increases in the proportion of women cohabiting, rather than changes in union formation behaviors surrounding pregnancies.
Neuronal Embryonal Tumors in Fish

This article describes 11 cases of neuronal embryonal neoplasia in captive adult teleost fish. Neoplasms were located within 1 or both eyes of 8 fish and the skin of 3 other fish. Ocular neoplasms most often presented as unilateral or bilateral exophthalmia. Seven ocular and 1 cutaneous mass were composed of small triangular (carrot-shaped) neoplastic cells with Flexner-Wintersteiner-type rosette formation. Mass location and histologic and ultrastructural features were suggestive of retinoblastomas. One ocular mass was composed of ribbons and rosettes of neoplastic cells with multiple areas of neuronal differentiation and was diagnosed as a teratoid medulloepithelioma. A cutaneous mass from an electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) consisted of rosettes and streams of elongate neoplastic cells. The epidermal electroreceptor (ampullary) organ was considered as an origin. Although distant metastases were not observed, neoplasms were generally locally aggressive with postexcision recurrence. There was occasional spread to or de novo occurrence within the contralateral eye.
Association between male gender and cortical Lewy body pathology in large autopsy series

Sex-linked factors may alter risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Definitive diagnoses are not established until autopsy, so neuropathological studies are critical. There have not been reported gender-related differences in neocortical Lewy bodies (LBs) using large multi-center autopsy series. We evaluated the associations between gender and pathologically characterized neurodegenerative diseases. Cases with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), neocortical LBs, AD + neocortical LBs, or neither pathology were evaluated as separate groups. Results were corrected for possible confounders including age at death, smoking history, and education. The settings were the University of Kentucky Alzheimer’s Disease Center and the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) Registry autopsy series; 3,830 subjects met inclusion criteria. Patients with neocortical (“diffuse”) or intermediate (“limbic”) LB pathologies tended to be male (male:female odds ratios ~2.9 with 95% CI 2.02–4.18). The preponderance of males dying with neocortical LB pathology was seen consistently across age groups and was not due to the potential confounders evaluated. By contrast, individuals dying with AD pathology were more likely to be female if dying over 80 (male:female odds ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.50–0.88), but that tendency was not seen in individuals dying with AD pathology prior to age 80. Increased understanding of the male predominance in neocortical LB pathology may help guide clinicians, because males are more likely to be “undercalled” for neocortical LBs clinically, and females are more likely to be “overcalled” (P < 0.05 for both). Males are far more likely than females to die with neocortical LB pathology. This phenomenon may help guide medical practice including clinical trial study design.
Translation-coupled violation of Parity Rule 2 in human genes is not the cause of heterogeneity of the DNA G+C content of third codon position.

The genome of higher eukaryotes consists of genes having a widely heterogeneous base composition at the third codon position. Ubiquitous variability of the DNA base composition has the following two aspects: intragenomic heterogeneity of the G+C content and the amino-acid-specific translation-coupled biases from the Parity Rule 2 (PR2). PR2 is an intrastrand rule where A = T and G = C are expected if there is no bias in mutation and selection between the two complementary strands of DNA. To examine whether or not the biases from PR2 are responsible for the wide heterogeneity of the DNA G+C content in human, the third codon position of 846 human genes was analyzed. Genes were separated into six groups according to their G+C content of the third codon position, and each group was examined for the translation-coupled PR2 biases in the nucleotide composition of the third codon position for two- and four-codon amino acids. The results show that genes in the different G+C content groups have similar PR2 biases, indicating that the intragenomic heterogeneity of the G+C content is not correlated with translation-coupled biases from the PR2. Therefore, the heterogeneity of the G+C content is likely to be determined by some other mechanism (e.g. locally variable directional mutation pressures) than amino-acid-specific selections for the codon preference.
Silver in dual-mode Surface-Plasmon Resonance sensors

Dual-mode Surface-Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors use both long- and short-range surface-plasmon waves to differentiate surface binding interactions from interfering bulk effects. Typically, a thin layer of gold is used in these sensors. However, research shows silver is theoretically a more suitable candidate. This paper examines following: the optical properties of silver; how the optical properties of silver change with various deposition techniques; and whether silver is a superior metal for dual-mode SPR sensors.
Improved polymerase chain reaction technique for determining the species composition of Eimeria in poultry litter.

Abstract An improved polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for determining the species composition of Eimeria in poultry litter was developed by incorporating species-specific internal standards in the assay. Internal standard molecules were prepared by fusing seven different Eimeria species-specific intervening transcribed sequence 1 (ITS1) rDNA primer pairs to a non-Eimeria DNA molecule and by cloning the hybrid DNA molecules into a plasmid. The internal DNA standards were then used in Eimeria-specific ITS1 PCR, and they were found to be capable of detecting E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. praecox, and E. tenella oocysts isolated directly from poultry litter.
Adoptive T cell therapy for cancer in the clinic

The transfusion of lymphocytes, referred to as adoptive T cell therapy, is being tested for the treatment of cancer and chronic infections. Adoptive T cell therapy has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity, augment vaccine efficacy, and limit graft-versus-host disease. This form of personalized medicine is now in various early- and late-stage clinical trials. These trials are currently testing strategies to infuse tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CTLs, Th cells, and Tregs. Improved molecular biology techniques have also increased enthusiasm and feasibility for testing genetically engineered T cells. The current status of the field and prospects for clinical translation are reviewed herein.
Side-stream cigarette smoke accentuates immunomodulation during murine AIDS

Abstract Side-stream cigarette smoke has become a hotly debated social, political, and scientific health and safety issue for nonsmokers. The harmful influences of side-stream cigarette smoke on human health are its adverse effects on the immune system, especially when already compromised by other agents. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a clinical disorder caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To facilitate studies, murine AIDS was induced in C57BL/6 mice by LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus infection, which mimics human AIDS. After 2 weeks of retroviral infection, the mice were exposed to side-stream cigarette smoke for 30 min, 5 days/week for 12 weeks using a side-stream cigarette smoke exposure system. Murine retrovirus infection reduced the in vitro proliferation of T lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A, increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), increased the hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreased the α-tocopherol levels in liver, lung and heart. Concomitant side-stream cigarette smoke exposure for 12 weeks further inhibited the proliferation of T cells, increased the release of TNF-α, IL-6 cytokines and enhanced the hepatic lipid peroxidation from retrovirus infected mice. The loss of α-tocopherol was also further enhanced by side-stream cigarette smoke exposure during retrovirus infection. Our conclusions are that side-stream cigarette smoke induced increasing oxidative stress, reducing nutrient concentrations and suppressing immune function could make mice with murine AIDS more susceptible to opportunistic infections, potentially accelerating murine AIDS progression. Thus, the reduction of side-stream cigarette smoke exposure is an important health issue in AIDS patients to improve the quality and quantity of their lives.
Early Experiences and Clinical Implications of Drug-Eluting Stents: Part 1

OBJECTIVETo review the pathogenesis of in-stent restenosis and the evolution of drug-eluting stents (DES).DATA SOURCESUsing the search terms sirolimus, paclitaxel, and drug-eluting stents, a literature review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles and abstracts in MEDLINE (1966—June 2003). Recent meeting abstracts were accessed through the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Web sites. Citations from available articles were also reviewed for additional references.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONPublished reviews and studies showing the effects of in-stent restenosis and drug-coated and -eluting stents were evaluated and reviewed.DATA SYNTHESISCoronary stent implantation is a common form of percutaneous coronary interventions. Approximately 20–30% of patients undergoing stent placement develop restenosis 6 months after the procedure. The primary cause of in-stent restenosis is neointimal proliferation and subsequent accumulation of extracellular matrix, collagen, ...
Economies of Size and Scale in Agriculture: An Interpretive Review of Empirical Measurement

Empirical studies of economies of size in agriculture have generally found the cost curve to be "L"-shaped. Changes in the structure of agriculture over time are not necessarily consistent with this cost structure. These differences can be reconciled by appeal to external, non-size factors, and to difficulties in correctly measuring size economies. In addition to size economies, important factors affecting the size structure of agriculture include pecuniary economies at the firm and industry level, technical change, management and information, values and goals, and opportunity costs outside the agricultural sector. Size economies may be incorrectly measured due to poor data, misspecified technologies, unrealistic assumptions, and aggregation error.
Pricing training and development programs using stochastic CVP analysis

This paper sets forth, analyzes and applies a stochastic cost-volume-profit (CVP) model specifically geared toward the determination of enrollment fees for training and development (T+D) programs. It is a simpler model than many of those developed in the research literature, but it does incorporate one advanced component: an ‘economic’ demand function relating the expected sales level to price. Price is neither a constant nor a random variable in this model but rather the decision-maker's basic control variable. The simplicity of the model permits analytical solutions for five ‘special prices’: (1) the highest price which sets breakeven probability equal to a minimum acceptable level; (2) the price which maximizes expected profits; (3) the price which maximizes a Cobb–Douglas utility function based on expected profits and breakeven probability; (4) the price which maximizes breakeven probability; and (5) the lowest price which sets breakeven probability equal to a minimum acceptable level. The model is applied to data provided by the Center for Management and Professional Development at the authors' university. The results suggest that there could be a significant payoff to fine-tuning a T+D provider's pricing strategy using formal analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene Structure Prediction Using an Orthologous Gene of Known Exon-Intron Structure

Given the availability of complete genome sequences from related organisms, sequence conservation can provide important clues for predicting gene structure. In particular, one should be able to leverage information about known genes in one species to help determine the structures of related genes in another. Such an approach is appealing in that high-quality gene prediction can be achieved for newly sequenced species, such as mouse and puffer fish, using the extensive knowledge that has been accumulated about human genes. This article reports a novel approach to predicting the exon-intron structures of mouse genes by incorporating constraints from orthologous human genes using techniques that have previously been exploited in speech and natural language processing applications. The approach uses a context-free grammar to parse a training corpus of annotated human genes. A statistical training procedure produces a weighted recursive transition network (RTN) intended to capture the general features of a mammalian gene. This RTN is expanded into a finite state transducer (FST) and composed with an FST capturing the specific features of the human orthologue. This model includes a trigram language model on the amino acid sequence as well as exon length constraints. A final stage uses the free software package ClustalW to align the top n candidates in the search space. For a set of 98 orthologous human-mouse pairs, we achieved 96% sensitivity and 97% specificity at the exon level on the mouse genes, given only knowledge gleaned from the annotated human genome.
Kinematic tuning: A proposed new method for measuring electron momentum density

Abstract Radiative electron capture (REC) in fast ion-atom collisions has the unrealized potential to sensitively probe the momentum distribution of bound electrons. A kinematic tuning technique appears to promise a momentum resolution of 0.001 au, an order of magnitude improvement over existing techniques. By varying the projectile energy is small steps, the REC X-ray peak is tuned across a sharp absorption edge thereby producing an integral spectrum. Numerical differentiation of that spectrum unfolds the REC lineshape, an accurate copy of the momentum distribution. The electron involved in REC goes into a bound state of the projectile, so post-collision interactions that cause shifts and asymmetries found in certain inelastic electron and photon scattering cross sections should be altered in REC. Kinematic tuning will be sensitive to these effects signifying the breakdown of the impulse approximation.
RADIOLOGY OF THE MONTH: Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH).

Purpose Obtaining a tissue sample diagnostic of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) by transbronchial biopsy is notoriously difficult. The condition's appearance on computed tomography is well described and singularly characteristic, perhaps adequate for definitive diagnosis. We propose an approach to diagnosis of these patients. Methods Radiology case report of PLCH in a middle-aged female smoker with two week history of nonproductive cough, low grade fevers, and fatigue. Results Computed tomography (CT) provided the diagnosis of PLCH. Transbronchial biopsies failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. Conclusions Utility of transbronchial biopsy in diagnosis of PLCH is limited. Patients who present with signs, symptoms and high resolution computed tomography typical of PLCH do not require a correlation by tissue diagnosis. If cancer is suspected, a wedge biopsy should be performed for tissue diagnosis.
A Louisiana Civilian in the Supreme Court: The Selective Service Cases Revisited

Edward Douglass White, who served both as an Associate Justice and as Chief Justice of the United States during his long tenure on the Supreme Court (1894-1921) is notable for being the only civilly-trained Louisianan to serve on the Court. In the course of his judicial career, he relied on civilian sources in a number of his opinions. This Article explores one such example. The Selective Draft Law Cases of 1918 represents a consolidation of several lower-court challenges to the constitutionality of the conscription regime adopted by Congress at the time of America's entry into World War I. White's opinion is notable, among other reasons, for his use of Emmerich Vattel's (1714-1767) treatise Le droit des gens as a major source for his constitutional theorizing on the inherent powers of the state. After evaluating White's use of Vattel as a legal source, the final section of the Article situates White's use of Continental materials in the historical jurisprudence of that time. Law, in that school of thought, represented an admixture of human reason and historical experience. White, by looking to Continental sources, sought to expand the usual range of materials employed by historical jurisprudes and found a fit vehicle for this purpose in Vattel's theory of the state in a time of war.
Firm Creation as an Inductive Learning Process: A Neural Network Approach

I present a neural network model for the spontaneous emergence of enterprises following a dynamic approach to firm formation in the tradition started by Adam Smith and further pursued by Joseph Schumpeter. I suggest that the “natural propensity to truck and barter” is the observable behaviour of self-interested economic actors who are continually exposed to and confronted with an environment complexity, which transcends their limited cognitive and computational capabilities. In their learning process they build networks of relations with other agents. It is this interaction among heterogeneous agents that often leads to the formation of successful organizations that completely solve the original problem. Firms can be seen simultaneously as the result of the entrepreneurs induction process, but also as the essential instrument for the elaboration of a solution to the problem. Increasing returns to scale and market size find in this framework a very natural representation. The role of competition for the nurturing of efficiency, and the issue of protection of infant industries can be tackled by this model.
Social Costs of Technological Protection Measures

The anticircumvention rules, enacted as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in 1998, promote the use of technological protection measures (TPMs) by publishers of copyrighted materials in digital formats. Many types of works incorporate some type of TPM. For example, the Content Scramble System, which is implemented on commercially released movie DVDs, makes it impossible to copy such a movie without the use of some technology that circumvents the TPM. Tethering technologies prevent Windows XP from being installed on more than one computer, and prevent playing an .mp3 music file downloaded from iTunes on more than five computers. In this Article I argue that publishers' use of TPMs gives rise to negative externalities, imposing costs on those who are not parties to the transaction in which the TPM-protected good is sold. Therefore, as is generally the case with technologies that yield negative externalities, in the absence of any regulatory limits on the use of TPMs profit-maximizing publishers will implement TPMs at an inefficiently high level. Regulatory action aimed at making publishers take into account some of the externalized harms caused by TPMs is justified on the basis of two analogies. First, public policy as embodied in the legal regimes of intellectual property protection allows authors, inventors, and producers generally to internalize some of the positive externalities resulting from their efforts; requiring publishers to internalize some of the negative externalities of TPMs seems equally justified. Second, public policy requires other classes of entities generating negative externalities - in particular, polluters - to internalize some of the resulting costs; consistency calls for placing the same requirement on publishers. I consider four possible regulatory responses to the problem I have identified. These are traditional command-and-control regulation, Coasean bargaining, Pigouvian taxes, and cap-and-trade allowances. I find that traditional command-and-control regulation is not the best choice because it fails to take advantage of information held by market participants, and Coasean bargaining is impractical due to the large number of interested parties and consequent high bargaining costs. Pigouvian taxes and cap-and-trade both do a better job of incorporating marketplace intelligence, and there is no clear basis for preferring one over the other. In the absence of any more definitive criterion, I propose a cap-and-trade program as the more market-oriented of the two.
Limited Persistence of Viral Antigen in Coxsackievirus B3 Induced Heart Disease in Mice

SummaryFollowing acute Coxsackievirus B3 infection of young adult mice, peak virus titers in the heart were found 7 days postinfection, after which virus was cleared. Though postinfection cardiomyopathy was observed following disappearance of virus, evidence for the continued presence of structural viral antigen in cardiac cells could not be found. Postinfection myocarditis is likely to be due to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes directed against nonstructural viral antigen or, alternatively, to a cellular neoantigen.
Initiation and perpetuation of obesity and obesity resistance in rats

A search was made for predisposing factors and sequelae of diet-induced obesity (DIO) or resistance to DIO (DR). During 3 mo on a high-energy (CM) diet, two-thirds of the male Sprague-Dawley rats a...
Sealing effect of heparin and 0.9% saline on intravenous indwelling catheter system in infants and young children

Objective:To investigate the sealing effect of sealing liquids of heparin and 0.9% saline on intravenous indwelling catheter system in infants and young children. Methods:One hundred and sixty hospitalized patients of infants and young children were divided randomly into two groups (group A and B),each group had 80 patients; all patients underwent therapy by intravenous infusion and with intravenous indwelling catheter system,and the intravenous indwelling catheter system was sealed after infusion using heparin 5U/mL and 0.9% saline for patients of in group A and B respectively. Average retention time of indwelling catheter system,incidences of catheter blockage,liquid leakage,phlebitis and skin rash were observed and compared. Results:Average retention times of indwelling catheter system in group A and B were [(3.64 ± 1.68) d] and [(3.01 ± 1.42) d] respectively,and there was significant difference between them (t=2.54,P0.05); the incidence of catheter blockage in group A was 4.89%,which was lower significantly than that in group B (P0.05); of the incidences of liquid leakage,phlebitis and skin rash,there were no significant differences between the two groups (P0.05). Conclusion:The sealing effect of heparin is better than that of 0.9% saline for intravenous indwelling catheter system in infants and young children,with advantages of higher safety and enabling longer patency of the indwelling catheter system.
Das Forschungsprojekt “INEES” – Intelligente Netzanbindung von Elektrofahrzeugen zur Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen (The ‘INEES’ research project – intelligent grid integration of electric vehicles to provide system services)

Das Konzept der Bundesregierung Deutschland fur eine umweltschonende, zuverlassige und bezahlbare Energieversorgung definiert hohe Ziele fur den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energietrager. Daher erlebt insbesondere die elektrische Energieversorgung aktuell einen fundamentalen Wandel. Immer mehr dezentrale, flexible Einheiten erzeugen Strom und sind dabei von fluktuierenden Faktoren wie der Sonneneinstrahlung oder dem Windaufkommen abhangig. Dadurch entstehen neben den bisherigen, durch schwankenden Stromverbrauch bedingten Fluktuationen zusatzliche kurzfristige Schwankungen im Stromnetz, die zur Erhaltung einer stabilen Netzfuhrung ausgeglichen werden mussen. Wegen des Wegfalls konventioneller Kraftwerke, die bisher diesen Ausgleich vorgenommen haben, mussen hier neue Losungen gefunden werden.
Control With Minimal Cost-Per-Symbol Encoding and Quasi-Optimality of Event-Based Encoders

We consider the problem of stabilizing a continuous-time linear time-invariant system subject to communication constraints. A noiseless finite-capacity communication channel connects the process sensors to the controller/actuator. The sensor's state measurements are encoded into symbols from a finite alphabet, transmitted through the channel, and decoded at the controller/actuator. We suppose that the transmission of each symbol costs one unit of communication resources, except for one special symbol in the alphabet that is “free” and effectively signals the absence of transmission. We explore the relationship between the encoder's average bit-rate, its average consumption of communication resources, and the ability of the controller and encoder/decoder pair to stabilize the process. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a stabilizing controller and encoder/decoder pair, which depends on the encoder's average bit-rate, its average resource consumption, and the unstable eigenvalues of the process. Moreover, if this condition is satisfied, a stabilizing encoding scheme can be constructed that consumes resources at an arbitrarily small rate, provided the encoder has access to a sufficiently precise clock or large memory. The paper concludes with the analysis of a simple emulation-based controller and event-based encoder/decoder pair that are easy to implement, stabilize the process, and have average bit-rate and resource consumption within a constant factor of the optimal bound.
Review: Omega-3 HUFAs added to antidepressant therapy may reduce depression symptoms

Source Citation Sarris J, Murphy J, Mischoulon D, et al. Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:575-87. 27113121
Utilization of neoadjuvant therapy and rates of pathologic complete response at Commission on Cancer accredited centers across the United States.

e12010 Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has become increasingly utilized in breast cancer, but few studies have examined trends in NAC therapy and response rates across the United States....
Literature Review of Research on Chronic Pain and Yoga in Military Populations

Background: Although yoga is increasingly being provided to active duty soldiers and veterans, studies with military populations are limited and effects on chronic pain are largely unknown. We reviewed the existing body of literature and provide recommendations for future research. Methods: We conducted a literature review of electronic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Science, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Social Science & Humanities). The studies were reviewed for characteristics such as mean age of participants, sample size, yoga type, and study design. Only peer-reviewed studies were included in the review. Results: The search yielded only six studies that examined pain as an outcome of yoga for military populations. With one exception, studies were with veteran populations. Only one study was conducted with Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) or Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. One study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Four of the five studies remaining used pre/post design, while the last study used a post-only design. Conclusions: Studies on the use of yoga to treat chronic pain in military populations are in their infancy. Methodological weaknesses include small sample sizes, a lack of studies with key groups (active duty, OEF/IEF veterans), and use of single group uncontrolled designs (pre/post; post only) for all but one study. Future research is needed to address these methodological limitations and build on this small body of literature.
Peripheral macrophage infiltration and complement-initiation lead to synaptic loss and cognitive decline following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly prevalent and extremely debilitating problem with nearly 2 million new cases reported annually and over 5 million individuals living with long-term injury-induced deficits. Critical changes that affect cognition take place over time following the initial insult and the innate immune system is a key mechanism that contributes to chronic neurodegeneration. Two at risk populations for TBI are adolescents and the elderly; two populations with vastly different immune parameters. In this work we compared injury-induced immune responses and cognitive decline from young and aged animals. In both young and aged animals significant increases in inflammatory responses in the brain were measured immediately following injury. In the aged animals, there are exacerbated and prolonged inflammatory responses, characterized by macrophage infiltration, microglia activation and robust cytokine/chemokine profiles. This exacerbated immune response corresponds with worsened cognitive decline in the aged animals. Furthermore, we found complement initiation (C1q, C3) increases corresponding with synapse loss in aged-injured animals. Complement initiation can lead to microglia mediated pruning in development and neurodegenerative disease. Thus we investigated if microglia and/or macrophages interacted with C1q in aged-injured animals. We measured co-localization between Iba-1, CD68 and C1q suggesting that these immune cells may be causing synaptic loss. Currently, we are testing if interference of these pathways (macrophage infiltration, microglia activation and/or complement initiation) can reverse injury-induced cognitive decline.
Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion-Outcomes and Complications.

Purpose of Review Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is a relatively new, minimally invasive technique for interbody fusion. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of LLIF with a special focus on outcomes and complications.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Socioeconomic Dimensions of Shared Accommodations: the Case of Airbnb in LOS Angeles, California

Abstract. In recent years, disruptive innovation by peer-to-peer platforms in a variety of industries, notably transportation and hospitality have altered the way individuals consume everyday essential services. With growth in sharing economy platforms such as Uber for ridesharing and Airbnb for short-term accommodations, interest in examining spatiotemporal patterns of participation in the sharing economy by suppliers and consumers is increasing. This research is motivated by key questions: who are the sharing economy workers, where are they located, and does their location influence their participation in the sharing economy? This paper is the first systematic effort to analyze spatiotemporal patterns of participation by hosts in the shared accommodation-based economy. Using three different kinds of shared accommodations listed in a 3-year period in the popular short-term accommodation platform, Airbnb, we examine spatiotemporal dimensions of host participation in a major U.S. market, Los Angeles CA. The paper also develops a conceptual model by positing associations of demographic, socioeconomic, occupational, and social capital attributes of hosts, along with their attitudes toward trust and greener consumption with hosts’ participation in a shared accommodation market. Results confirm host participation to be influenced by young dependency ratio, the potential of supplemental income, as well as the sustainability potential of collaborative consumption, along with finance, insurance, and real estate occupation, but not so much by trust for our overall study area. These results add new insights to limited prior knowledge about the sharing economy worker and have policy implications.
Changes in potential wildland fire suppression costs due to restoration treatments in Northern Arizona Ponderosa pine forests

Abstract Wildfire suppression costs have been increasing since the early 1970's. With growing concern over wildfire suppression costs, our analysis addresses restoration treatment effectiveness in reducing wildfire suppression costs. We examine past fires across the Northern Arizona landscape to determine fire behavior characteristics that are significant in predicting wildfire suppression costs and capable of being modeled in fire simulations prior to wildfire events. We find burn severity metrics to be significant in predicting wildfire suppression costs. Three proposed treatment alternatives for the Four Forest Restoration Initiative (4-FRI) are analyzed to determine treatment effectiveness and policy implications in reducing burn severity metrics and wildfire suppression costs. The more aggressive treatments are more effective in reducing wildfire suppression costs except in the case of sever wind and weather events.
‘Her Room Was Her World’: Nellie Sloggett and North Cornish Folklore

Nellie Sloggett (1850–1923) was a Cornish novelist and, under the name Enys Tregarthen, a folklore writer. This article has four aims. First, to bring together all the biographical information about Sloggett. Second, to make the point that Sloggett’s writing is useful for folklorists: she has, since her death, been neglected even by south-western scholars. Third, to situate her work in the broader British and Irish folklore movement: her corpus offers some unique challenges. And, fourth, to provide a hand-list of her books and her other writings to facilitate further research. It is hoped, too, that some of the reflections on the geography of folklore collection will have a wider application.
Madness of Choice

This paper is divided into two parts. The first part traces the genesis of the modern interpretation of individual selfhood back to the Protestant Reformation. By privatizing, deregulating, and decentralizing religion, Luther prepared the way for what would eventually become the modern notion of the market. Educated in the Calvinist atmosphere of Scotland, Adam Smith translates Calvin’s notion of divine providence and the fortunate fall into the notion of the invisible hand and machinations of the market through which pursuit of personal ends serve the good of the whole.The second part of the paper presents an analysis of the dynamics of individual decision through a consideration of theories of emergent complex adaptive systems. In this model, individuals function as something like nodes in intersecting social, cultural, technological and natural webs. The economy as a whole is a complex network that functions as a self-regulating, non-equilibrium system in which individuals must be understood as integral members of all-encompassing wholes. In this way, complexity theory counterbalances the excessive individualism of much recent economic theory. The Protestant interpretation of the individual subject informs the understanding of individual choice and decision that lies at the heart of contemporary capitalism.
Exposure Parameters during Studies with ELF Magnetic and Electric Fields

At the present time, mechanisms for explaining reported biological effects following in vivo and in vitro exposures to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric fields are unclear. One consequence of this situation is the uncertainty in determining what characteristics of the field, e.g., magnitude, frequency content, polarization, etc., are the active agents responsible for the reported effects. Therefore characterization of one or more of these characteristics and how they might relate to human exposure may serve as possible goals of a research program1.