cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the accuracy of OSHA's projections of the benefits of new safety standards

Background In the preambles to the safety and health standards that it has issued since 1987, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) projected that new safety standards would prevent over 2,600 death each year. For six safety standards issued since 1990, we compare OSHA's projections of the impact of full compliance on fatalities with actual fatality changes and examine the reasons for the differences. Methods We reviewed the preambles to OSHA standards and the Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) prepared for them to identify the baseline and the prevention factor that the agency used to project the number of deaths that would be prevented. We used three data sources to track the relevant categories of fatalities: the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality program, and OSHAs Fatality/Catastrophe investigations. Results For all six standards, OSHA appeared to overestimate the number of deaths prevented. The availability of CFOI led to better estimates of the fatality baseline, but the prevention factor was always overestimated, especially for standards which emphasized training. Conclusions OSHA needs to develop better methods for projecting injury impacts. Research is needed to help OSHA predict the effects of behavioral requirements (e.g., training) on actual work practices and injury outcomes. For non-fatal injuries, new methods of data collection will be required. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:313–328, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Tools for Molecular Imaging of Redox Metabolism: Development of a Fluorogenic Probe for 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

A new fluorogenic substrate was developed for 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3α-HSD), including the human enzymes implicated in important physiological functions (androgen deactivation, neurosteroid activation). While ketone 5 is nonfluorescent, the corresponding alcohol exhibits high fluorescence with emission maximum at 510 nm, thus constituting a redox optical switch. This study began with a chemical concept of a ketone−alcohol optical switch which guided the synthesis of a focused array of compounds. Subsequently, seven compounds were selected (1−7) on the basis of their optical and chemical (stability) properties and were submitted to a screen against a panel of dehydrogenase enzymes. Probe 5 was found to be highly selective for bacterial, rat, and human 3α-HSD enzymes. The kinetic parameters were obtained for human 3α-HSD enzyme (type 2 isozyme, AKR 1C3; Km = 2.5 μM, kcat = 8.2 min-1). Remarkably, comparison to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT, Km = 26 μM, kcat = 0.25 min-1, Figure 4), a likely phy...
Role of free radicals in toxic hepatic injury I. free radical biochemistry

(1993). Role of free radicals in toxic hepatic injury I. free radical biochemistry. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 139-171.
Multivalent artificial opsonin for the recognition and phagocytosis of Gram-positive bacteria by human phagocytes.

Abstract Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) remain a leading cause of death in the United States. Unfortunately, treatment of HAIs is complicated by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. In an effort to enhance the body’s natural immune response to infection, we have developed an artificial opsonin to promote the recognition, phagocytosis, and destruction of pathogenic bacteria by human phagocytes. The artificial opsonin is constructed from multivalent conjugates of poly( l -lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) with vancomycin and human IgG-Fc. Our approach utilizes vancomycin’s inherent ability to bind to d -Ala- d -Ala terminated peptides present in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we show that conjugation of vancomycin to PLL-g-PEG prevents its action as an antibiotic and allows vancomycin to function solely as a recognition molecule. Human IgG-Fc antibody fragment serves as a phagocyte recognition molecule and is recognized by the Fcγ cell surface receptors expressed on professional human phagocytes. Using flow cytometry, we found that a polysaccharide-encapsulated, methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis is efficiently recognized by the artificial opsonin (nearly 100% of cells were opsonized) and that opsonin binding is specific since it can be inhibited by the soluble cell wall peptide analog acetyl-Lys- d -Ala- d -Ala. Opsonization of S. epidermidis resulted in an approximate 2-fold increase in phagocytosis by a human neutrophil cell line. Notably, Enterococcus faecalis VanB, a bacterial strain with inducible vancomycin resistance, was used to show that the artificial opsonin does not unintentionally induce antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Effect of laser welding with human serum albumin on the expression of P-selectin on platelets.

Background and Objective Artery repair by means of laser energy induces activation of platelets with a risk of thrombosis and local inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of human serum albumin, the most common solder in laser surgery, on platelet activation. Study Design/Materials and Methods Platelet activation was evaluated in canine blood by using two-color flow cytometry with a phycoerythrin-labeled antibody to a common platelet marker, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled antibody to a platelet activation molecule, P-selectin. Human serum albumin was applied in vitro and in vivo, as a solder during laser reconstruction of canine arteries. Results In vitro, albumin significantly (P < 0.01) reduces the expression of P-selectin on platelets. This is most likely related to the blockage of P-selectin by albumin, which binds to the platelet surface, as confirmed by flow cytometry with fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled albumin. In vivo, application of albumin solder tended to result in a lower percentage of P-selectin–expressing platelets in laser-repaired arteries compared to suture-repaired arteries. Conclusion Albumin decreases the percentage of P-selectin–expressing platelets in vitro. Further research may allow the platelet activation inhibiting properties of albumin to be further optimized in vivo. Lasers Surg. Med. 25:438–444, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear Deformation of Woven Fabrics

The large deformation of plain-weave fabrics consist of bundle yarns under biaxial loading is examined by a sinusoidal model. The nonlinear properties, flattening and transverse shear effects of the bundle yarn, as well as the yarn’s crimp interchanges are considered in this study. The constitutive equations are derived from the energy method. Comparison is made with the uniaxial experimental result, and the biaxial behaviors of the fabric are predicted and discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Markets of sorrow, labors of faith: New Orleans in the wake of Katrina, by Vincanne Adams

Most social scientists would argue that natural disasters are not natural but rather nature’s forces colliding in a disastrous fashion with human systems, especially human settlements and their bui...
Downsizing, competition, and organizational change in government: Is necessity the mother of invention?

One answer to the question of why government organizations don't perform better—common in academic “public choice” literature but also in folk wisdom—is that resources come too easily, independent of performance. Some businessmanagement literature suggests that a crisis in resource flows can force successful change—”necessity is the mother of invention.” However, the literature also presents an alternative view: that crisis promotes rigid preprogrammed responses, not new ways of behaving. This paper examines the impact of crisis on organizational change in government by examining an organizational change effort in the U.S. federal government (procurement reform during the 1990s) that occurred simultaneously with an organizational crisis involving workforce downsizing and introduction of competition for some buying offices. Using a dataset consisting of a survey of approximately 1,600 frontline government contracting officials, the impact of variation in crisis at different buying offices on variation in behavior change is examined. Necessity was found to be the mother of invention, not rigidity. However, these effects were counteracted by two negative effects of crisis on organizational change: 1) employee resentment over violation of a “social contract at work” reduced behavior change, 2) employee association of the change effort with downsizing reduced attitudinal support for the change, which translated into reduced behavior change. On balance, crisis inhibited organizational change, rather than promoting it. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Site fidelity and movements of sharks associated with ocean-farming cages in Hawaii

Sharks are found in association with main Hawaiian Island ocean fish farms more frequently and at higher densities than is typical for coastal Hawaiian waters. Sharks attracted to fish farms could potentially threaten human water users, interact negatively with other fisheries, and seasonal migrations could be disrupted if individuals become entrained around farms throughout the year. We hypothesised that smaller coastal species would reside near farms, whereas more wide-ranging species would associate with farms only for short periods. We utilised passive acoustic telemetry to monitor the movements and behaviour of sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) sharks adjacent to two open ocean fish farms in Hawaii. Approximately half the tagged sandbar sharks showed site fidelity to the farms, with some individuals being detected repeatedly for 2.5 years. Sandbar sharks moved seasonally to the west coast of Oahu, suggesting that fish farms are not disrupting natural seasonal cycles in this species. Tiger sharks tagged near the cages were more transient, and showed much shorter residence times although some individuals returned sporadically to the cages over the 3-year period. Ocean fish cages appear to aggregate sandbar sharks, but are only ‘visited’ by tiger sharks. Although threats to public safety are probably minimal, the ecological effects of aggregating top-predators are still unknown.
Qualitative Inquiry and Family Therapist Identity Construction Through Community-Based Child Welfare Practice

The Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) field has discussed how to emphasize broader sociological contexts in family therapy practices (Hardy, 2001; Johnson, 2001; Sluzki, 2001) and education (McDowell & Shelton, 2002). As a way to bridge perceived fragmentation between MFT education and intensive clinical practice within larger sociological contexts, this article describes our experiences as five MFT therapist-interns and one clinical faculty (practicing as both therapist and supervisor) facilitating the Families in Transition (FIT) program, a community-based family reunification program offered through an accredited MFT training clinic. Qualitative action research methods (Greenwood & Levin, 2005) synthesizing feminist autoethnography (Allen & Piercy, 2005; Holman-Jones, 2005; Richardson & St. Pierre, 2005) were used to present an illustration of our struggle of knowing how to act as MFTs in the real-world context of child welfare.
An estrophilic macromolecula in chicken liver cytosol

Abstract 1. 1. The existence of a 4-S estrophilic macromolecule in chicken liver cytosol has been demonstrated by sucrose density gradient analysis of cytosol fractions incubated with [6,7- 3 H 2 ]estradiol-17β and similar analysis of cytosol fractions after intravenous adminstration of the tritiated steroid to laying hens and castrated male chickens. The estrophile binds estradiol-17β but not progesterone or testosterone. The K d estradiol-17β approximates 2·10 −9 M. The binding is destroyed by treatment with pronase, but unchanged by treatment with ribonuclease. 2. 2. The role of this macromolecule in the nuclear transport of estradiol was studied by comparing nuclear preparations incubated wity cytosol containing estrophile- bound estradiol with similar preparations incubated with Tris-EDTA buffer containing free estradiol. In this cell-free system, the estrophile retards total transfer of tritiated steroid into the nucleus. Nevertheless, the tritiated steroid extracted with 0.4 M KCl from nuclei after incubation with estrophile-bound estradiol is clearly of a different character in that: (a) it is mostly bound to a macromolecule excluded by Sephadex G-25 and G-50; and (b) it is primarily still estradiol. That extracted with 0.4 M KCl from nuclei after incubation with Tris-EDTA containing estradiol is (a) mostly free; and (b) over 50% converted to estrone.
Stages of sexual readiness and six-month stage progression among African American pre-teens.

We examined the range of sexual intentions and behaviors preceding sexual initiation among 211 African American pre‐teens assigned to the control arm of a longitudinal community‐based intervention trial. Stage of sexual readiness was assessed using the stage of change construct from the Transtheoretical Model, and patterns of stage movement during a 6‐month period were examined. Overall, 90% of participants were in precontemplation at baseline, with the proportion of participants in this stage declining with each year of age. There was substantial stability in stage of sexual readiness during the 6‐month period (87% stable). While definitive conclusions regarding exact patterns of movement are not yet possible, stage movement does not appear to be linear for all pre‐teens, and there is evidence of both stage progression and regression. We present emerging patterns of stage movement, which suggest potential variation by age, gender, and baseline stage, and discuss potential implications.
Effects of Three-Lobe Bearing Geometries on Flexible Rotor Stability

The effects of changing the preload, offset factor, and load angle on three-lobe bearings were experimentally studied by testing a three-mass flexible rotor in seven different sets of three-lobe bearings. Figures showing the dependence of the instability threshold on load angle, for each bearing set, as well as the dependence of the instability threshold on preload and offset, are presented. The tests indicate that the dependence of instability threshold on load angle decreases as the offset factor increases. With an offset factor of 0.5, the instability threshold increases with larger preloads whereas, with the preload held constant at 0.75, the instability threshold tends to decrease as the offset factor increases. A comparison of theory to experiment shows agreement for the optimum load orientation within 30° for most bearings. The theoretical and experimental instability thresholds differ by up to 45 percent. Possible reasons for the large differences are discussed. Presented as an American Society of...
Renal function in ascites: Position is everything in life

The assumption of upright posture by patients with liver cirrhosis leads to striking activation of adrenergic and renin-angiotensin systems. The tilting-induced modifications in renal function of eight healthy controls and 14 untreated patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were related to plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, renin activity and aldosterone. All patients had preserved renal blood perfusion. All parameters were evaluated during bed rest for two hours and in the sitting posture for one hour. Basal plasma renin activity (0.1 < p < 0.05), aldosterone and noradrenaline concentrations (p ± 0.01) were raised in cirrhotics. The renal function tests (creatinine clearance, filtered sodium, tubular rejection fraction, urinary sodium excretion) were significantly reduced in cirrhosis. Under basal conditions, in cirrhotic patients tubular rejection fraction and urinary sodium excretion were inversely related to both noradrenaline and aldosterone concentrations. After tilting, the noradrenaline and aldosterone integrated outputs (∑Δ) were significantly greater in cirrhosis. All renal function tests significantly decreased in cirrhotics, whereas creatinine clearance only significantly decreased in controls. Patient's tubular rejection fraction of sodium and sodium excretion were related to ∑Δ aldosteronaemia (r = −0.72; p < 0.01), but no longer to ∑Δ plasma noradrenaline.
HEREDITARY AND PATH COALGEBRAS

It is a well-known that, over an algebraically closed field and up to Morita equivalence, finite dimensional hereditary algebras are exactly the finite dimensional path algebras (see e.g., [1]). In...
In vivo tracking of human neural progenitor cells in the rat brain using bioluminescence imaging.

Abstract Background Stem cell therapies appear promising for treating certain neurodegenerative disorders and molecular imaging methods that track these cells in vivo could answer some key questions regarding their survival and migration. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which relies on luciferase expression in these cells, has been used for this purpose due to its high sensitivity. New method In this study, we employ BLI to track luciferase-expressing human neural progenitor cells (hNPC Luc2 ) in the rat striatum long-term. Results We show that hNPC Luc2 are detectable in the rat striatum. Furthermore, we demonstrate that using this tracking method, surviving grafts can be detected in vivo for up to 12 weeks, while those that were rejected do not produce bioluminescence signal. We also demonstrate the ability to discern hNPC Luc2 contralateral migration. Comparison with existing methods Some of the advantages of BLI compared to other imaging methods used to track progenitor/stem cells include its sensitivity and specificity, low background signal and ability to distinguish surviving grafts from rejected ones over the long term while the blood–brain barrier remains intact. Conclusions These new findings may be useful in future preclinical applications developing cell-based treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Dependent Regulation of Gonadotropin Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in the Rat*

The Nal-Glu GnRH antagonist (GnRHA) was given to castrate male and female rats 7 days after gonadectomy to assess the impact of selective GnRH inhibition on the steady state mRNA levels of FSH beta, LH beta, and alpha-subunit and serum levels of FSH and LH. A low dose of GnRHA (125 micrograms/kg.day) given to female rats for 1, 3, or 7 days resulted in suppression of serum FSH and LH levels by 7 days to 50% and 40%, respectively, of ovariectomized control values. LH beta mRNA levels decreased in a time-dependent manner, so that by 7 days, LH beta mRNA levels were less than those in intact controls. There were significant but less dramatic declines in alpha and FSH beta mRNA levels. A higher dose of GnRHA (500 micrograms/kg.day) for 7 or 14 days administered to castrate male or female rats resulted in inhibition of serum LH and FSH to or below levels in intact controls. At this dose, all three gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels fell from castrate values toward or below those in intact controls. Thus, although low dose GnRHA administration suppressed LH beta mRNA more than FSH beta mRNA levels, high dose GnRHA treatment resulted in equal suppression of all three gonadotropin subunits. No stimulatory effects on alpha-subunit mRNA levels were observed with either dose of GnRHA. We conclude that the pretranslational control of gonadotropin subunit biosynthesis is GnRH dependent. Adequate dose and length of administration of the potent Nal-Glu GnRHA results in suppression of both the serum gonadotropins FSH and LH and the mRNAs for FSH beta, LH beta, and alpha-subunit in female and male rats.
A micro-aperture electrostatic field mill based on MEMS technology

Abstract A miniature electrostatic field mill has been constructed using a silicon surface micromachining MEMS fabrication process. A moving shuttle with a viewing aperture of 10 μm2 periodically exposes and covers a charge sensing electrode, thus allowing the latter to measure electrostatic field magnitudes. A signal output on the order of 40 nV per V/m of measured field is reported. Electrostatic force is produced by interdigitated comb drives. Mechanical restoring force is produced by a folded beam suspension system. Techniques for reducing unwanted coupling of drive signals are discussed.
Preparing for a methadone program accreditation survey. Part I

Abstract One of the most significant innovations to impact methadone treatment over the last twenty years is the government sponsored effort to shift the methadone treatment field from a regulatory environment to one employing national accreditation as a vehicle for continuous quality improvement. More specifically, methadone program accreditation has the potential for setting best practice standards and establishing a certification process that will emphasize quality of care and program responsibility for outcomes. Methadone program accreditation is a potentially expensive and labor intensive process. This article provides an overview to the accreditation process, as well as providing specific suggestions regarding how a program might prepare for and achieve a successful survey.
Differentiation of solitary brain metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: a predictive multiparametric approach using combined MR diffusion and perfusion

Solitary brain metastasis (MET) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) can appear similar on conventional MRI. The purpose of this study was to identify magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion and diffusion-weighted biomarkers that can differentiate MET from GBM. In this retrospective study, patients were included if they met the following criteria: underwent resection of a solitary enhancing brain tumor and had preoperative 3.0 T MRI encompassing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE), and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion. Using co-registered images, voxel-based fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), K trans, and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) values were obtained in the enhancing tumor and non-enhancing peritumoral T2 hyperintense region (NET2). Data were analyzed by logistic regression and analysis of variance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the optimal parameter/s and threshold for predicting of GBM vs. MET. Twenty-three patients (14 M, age 32–78 years old) met our inclusion criteria. Pathology revealed 13 GBMs and 10 METs. In the enhancing tumor, rCBV, K trans, and FA were higher in GBM, whereas MD was lower, neither without statistical significance. In the NET2, rCBV was significantly higher (p = 0.05) in GBM, but MD was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in GBM. FA and K trans were higher in GBM, though not reaching significance. The best discriminative power was obtained in NET2 from a combination of rCBV, FA, and MD, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98. The combination of MR diffusion and perfusion matrices in NET2 can help differentiate GBM over solitary MET with diagnostic accuracy of 98 %.
Waveform design for distributed aperture using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization

In this work, we consider a distributed aperture radar system and present a method for clutter rejecting waveforms and reflectivity function reconstruction. This work generalizes the monostatic radar waveform design method for range-doppler imaging, developed in [1], [2] to distributed aperture radar systems. The designed waveforms also lead to a filtered backprojection type reconstruction of the reflectivity function which can be efficiently implemented in a parallel fashion.
Sparsely correlated hidden Markov models with application to genome-wide location studies

Motivation: Multiply correlated datasets have become increasingly common in genome-wide location analysis of regulatory proteins and epigenetic modifications. Their correlation can be directly incorporated into a statistical model to capture underlying biological interactions, but such modeling quickly becomes computationally intractable. Results: We present sparsely correlated hidden Markov models (scHMM), a novel method for performing simultaneous hidden Markov model (HMM) inference for multiple genomic datasets. In scHMM, a single HMM is assumed for each series, but the transition probability in each series depends on not only its own hidden states but also the hidden states of other related series. For each series, scHMM uses penalized regression to select a subset of the other data series and estimate their effects on the odds of each transition in the given series. Following this, hidden states are inferred using a standard forward–backward algorithm, with the transition probabilities adjusted by the model at each position, which helps retain the order of computation close to fitting independent HMMs (iHMM). Hence, scHMM is a collection of inter-dependent non-homogeneous HMMs, capable of giving a close approximation to a fully multivariate HMM fit. A simulation study shows that scHMM achieves comparable sensitivity to the multivariate HMM fit at a much lower computational cost. The method was demonstrated in the joint analysis of 39 histone modifications, CTCF and RNA polymerase II in human CD4+ T cells. scHMM reported fewer high-confidence regions than iHMM in this dataset, but scHMM could recover previously characterized histone modifications in relevant genomic regions better than iHMM. In addition, the resulting combinatorial patterns from scHMM could be better mapped to the 51 states reported by the multivariate HMM method of Ernst and Kellis. Availability: The scHMM package can be freely downloaded from http://sourceforge.net/p/schmm/ and is recommended for use in a linux environment. Contact:ghoshd@psu.edu or zhaohui.qin@emory.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Coronal streamers and fine scale structures of the low latitude corona as detected with Spartan 201‐01 White Light Coronagraph

The solar corona was observed with an externally occulted White Light Coronagraph carried on the SPARTAN 201-01 spacecraft for a 47 hour period beginning on April 11, 1993. At this phase of the descending solar magnetic activity cycle there were well developed coronal helmet streamers located over both the east and west limbs of the sun. Of additional interest in the SPARTAN data are the finer scale streamer structures observed in the low latitude corona which are partially resolved by the SP201-01 instrument. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the physical and morphological characteristics of the streamers and the fine scale ray structures observed in the region between streamers. A comparison of these low latitude rays with the polar rays observed in the north and south polar holes during the same flight suggest that they have similar morphology and physical characteristics.
Upper Permian Evaporites of Dolomite Mountains, Northern Italy: ABSTRACT

The Bellerophon Formation (Upper Permian) of the Dolomite Mountains in Italy is composed of evaporite and carbonate facies. The former are both supratidal (sabkha) and shallow subaqueous in origin. The latter consists of limestone, evaporitic dolomites, and dolomitic arenites. The rocks are underlain by continental clastics of fluvial and overbank facies and are overlain by a predominantly open-marine, shallow-water carbonate sequence. The facies reflect climatic variation, sea-level fluctuation, and changing sedimentologic conditions. This area has undergone postdepositional tectonic deformation. The deformation is, in part, recorded in a variety of structures in the Bellerophon Formation. Tectonic stylolites, as a response to stress, are widespread in the carbonate facies. In the evaporite facies, deformational fabrics are more varied. Flow structures and mylonitic textures clearly reflect bedding-parallel shear, whereas in the layered dolomite-evaporite parts of the sequence folding is a more common response to tectonic deformation. Recognition of the extent and nature of these varied structures provides a greater understanding of the geologic history of this and adjacent regions. The deformation seen in the evaporites may provide clues to an understanding of fluid migration in other tectonically stressed areas in which evaporites are found. End_of_Article - Last_Page 628------------
On the asymptotic behaviour of the pseudolikelihood ratio test statistic with boundary problems.

This paper considers the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic T for testing a subset of parameter of interest θ, θ = (γ, η), H(0) : γ = γ(0), based on the pseudolikelihood L(θ, ϕ), where ϕ is a consistent estimator of ϕ, the nuisance parameter. We show that the asymptotic distribution of T under H(0) is a weighted sum of independent chi-squared variables. Some sufficient conditions are provided for the limiting distribution to be a chi-squared variable. When the true value of the parameter of interest, θ(0), or the true value of the nuisance parameter, ϕ(0), lies on the boundary of parameter space, the problem is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the problem of testing the restricted mean of a multivariate normal distribution based on one observation from a multivariate normal distribution with misspecified covariance matrix, or from a mixture of multivariate normal distributions. A variety of examples are provided for which the limiting distributions of T may be mixtures of chi-squared variables. We conducted simulation studies to examine the performance of the likelihood ratio test statistics in variance component models and teratological experiments.
Cluster headache associated with a sixth nerve palsy: a case report.

Background: Cluster headache is a rare primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotyped short-lasting attacks of severe, unilateral head pain accompanied by autonomic symptoms.Meth...
A cautious minimum variance controller with ARIMA disturbances

This article investigates a Cautious Minimum Variance (CMV) control approach for controlling industrial process variability when the model parameters are estimated from data and subject to uncertainty. CMV control has a number of advantages over traditional robust control methods. It incorporates probabilistic, as opposed to deterministic, measures of parameter uncertainty, which are more consistent with the statistical methods typically used to estimate industrial process models. CMV control is also more consistent with the objective of minimizing process variability, since parameter uncertainty is treated simply as an additional source of variation. CMV results have previously been derived for the case where the process disturbance follows a first-order integrated moving average model. This work extends the results to autoregressive moving average and autoregressive integrated moving average disturbances.
Is Ethnicity Identifiable?: Lessons from an Experiment in South Africa

Ethnicity is frequently posited as an important factor in civil violence and other political contexts. Despite the attention that ethnicity receives, its effects depend on an important, but mostly ignored, assumption that ethnicity is identifiable within and across groups. There is likely considerable variation in peoples' abilities to identify each other. Certain individuals within groups might be better at identifying others' ethnicities; further, different types of information might aid identification better. We contend that the strength of an individual's ethnic identity influences her ability to identify others correctly. We test this argument using an experiment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in which individuals attempted to identify members of the major black ethnic groups. We find that the average individual struggles to identify ethnicity correctly in many conditions. Individuals with a stronger identity, however, are often better at correctly identifying the ethnicity of others relative to the average individual. When receiving contradictory information, individuals with stronger identities were sometimes deceived more easily than others. These results have implications for a diverse set of studies relying on the identifiability assumption.
Responsiveness to simple and complex auditory stimuli in the human newborn.

The relative effectiveness of complex and simple auditory signals was examined by presenting 2-day-old infants with a sequence of stimuli consisting of a white noise and a variety of pure tones (which ranged from 250 to 8000 Hz). “Catch” trials during which no stimulus was presented were interspersed throughout. The frequency of occurrence during “catch” trials of each of the response indicators (cardiac acceleration, toward-turning eye movements, and finger movements) was used as the baseline. Although the white noise stimulus elicited significantly more responses on each of the measures than occurred during “catch” trials, none of the pure tones produced significant changes in baseline rates for any of the measures. Failure to obtain an effect on pure tone stimulation could have stemmed from an intensity effect. Therefore, an additional group of infants was examined using pure tones that ranged in intensity from 50 to 80 db (the intensity range covered by the relevant component frequencies in the white noise). None of these stimuli at any of the intensities used had an effect on any of the measures.
Changing U.S. Urban Neighborhoods: Patterns, Postmodern Analysis, and Policy Relevance

Left Behind in Rosedale: Race Relations and the Collapse of Community Institutions. Scott Cummings. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. 223 pp. The Unknown City: The Lives of Poor and Working-Class Young Adults. Michelle Fine and Lois Weis. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1998. 328 pp. The Anthropology of Lower Income Urban Enclaves: The Case of East Harlem. Judith Freidenberg. ed. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1995. 286 pp.
An evaluation of ozone exposure metrics for a seasonally drought-stressed ponderosa pine ecosystem.

Ozone stress has become an increasingly significant factor in cases of forest decline reported throughout the world. Current metrics to estimate ozone exposure for forest trees are derived from atmospheric concentrations and assume that the forest is physiologically active at all times of the growing season. This may be inaccurate in regions with a Mediterranean climate, such as California and the Pacific Northwest, where peak physiological activity occurs early in the season to take advantage of high soil moisture and does not correspond to peak ozone concentrations. It may also misrepresent ecosystems experiencing non-average climate conditions such as drought years. We compared direct measurements of ozone flux into a ponderosa pine canopy with a suite of the most common ozone exposure metrics to determine which best correlated with actual ozone uptake by the forest. Of the metrics we assessed, SUM0 (the sum of all daytime ozone concentrations>0) best corresponded to ozone uptake by ponderosa pine, however the correlation was only strong at times when the stomata were unconstrained by site moisture conditions. In the early growing season (May and June), SUM0 was an adequate metric for forest ozone exposure. Later in the season, when stomatal conductance was limited by drought, SUM0 overestimated ozone uptake. A better metric for seasonally drought-stressed forests would be one that incorporates forest physiological activity, either through mechanistic modeling, by weighting ozone concentrations by stomatal conductance, or by weighting concentrations by site moisture conditions. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
cDNA Cloning, Sequencing, and Characterization of Male and Female Rat Liver Aldehyde Oxidase (rAOX1) DIFFERENCES IN REDOX STATUS MAY DISTINGUISH MALE AND FEMALE FORMS OF HEPATIC AOX

Molecular characterization of male and female rat liver aldehyde oxidase is reported. As described for the mouse liver, male and female rat liver expressed kinetically distinct forms of aldehyde oxidase. Our data suggest that the two forms arise as a result of differences in redox state and are most simply explained by expression of a single gene encoding aldehyde oxidase in rats. In support of this argument we have sequenced cDNAs from male and female rat liver. We examined mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis with RNA from males and females, from several tissues, and following androgen induction. Purified rat liver enzyme from males or females revealed a single 150-kDa species consistent with cDNA sequence analysis. Both male and female forms were reactive to the same carboxyl-terminal directed antisera.K m(app) values obtained in crude extracts of male or female rat liver and post-benzamidine-purified aldehyde oxidase differed substantially from each other but could be interconverted by chemical reduction with dithiothreitol or oxidation with 4,4′-dithiodipyridine. Our data indicate that a single gene is most likely expressed in male or female rat liver and that the kinetic differences between male and female rat liver aldehyde oxidases are sensitive to redox manipulation.
Teaching technical writing for computer engineers using the Web

Technical communication is extremely important for engineering education (ABET) requirements, but limited resources make it challenging to offer writing-intensive classes in a growing engineering school. Use of online technologies can help writing-intensive classes to scale. The authors describe their experiences using a variety of Web-based functions to teach and administrate CMPE185, Technical Writing for Computer Engineers, at UCSC. Their major contribution is an online peer editing system for document markup that uses Adobe Acrobat(g) or Microsoft Word(g) for annotations. The peer editing software comes with a manual for both students and instructors and is available at http://www.collage.soe.ucsc.edu.
Parameter Estimates for a PEMFC Cathode

Five parameters of a model of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell ~PEMFC! cathode ~the volume fraction of gas pores in the gas diffusion layer, the volume fraction of gas pores in the catalyst layer, the exchange current density of the oxygen reduction reaction, the effective ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, and the ratio of the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in a flooded spherical agglomerate particle to the square of that particle radius ! were determined by least-squares fitting of experimental polarization curves. The values of parameters obtained in this work indicate that ionic conduction and gas-phase transport are two processes significantly influencing the performance of PEMFC air cathodes. While ionic conduction influences cathode performance over a wide range of current densities, gas-phase transport influences cathode performance only at high current densities. The air cathode in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell ~PEMFC! is the largest source of voltage loss due to limitations of ionic ~proton! conduction, multicomponent gas transport, and liquidphase O2 diffusion. 1-3 To obtain a better understanding of these limitations, several models have been presented. 1-8 Two different pictures of the catalyst layer ~CAL! have been used to model the steady-state polarization performance of a PEMFC cathode: the flooded CAL and the CAL with the existence of gas pores. The assumption of a flooded CAL was found to overestimate the product of the diffusion coefficient and the concentration of O2 in the liquid electrolyte, 1 whereas a steady-state polarization model including gas pores in the CAL was found to be more realistic. 3,5,8
A two-stage DPCM scheme for wireless sensor networks

We implement a two-stage DPCM coding scheme for wireless sensor networks. The scheme consists of temporal and spatial stages that compress data by making predictions based on samples from the past and helping sensors. It continuously monitors the additional gain provided by samples from other sensors, and therefore can be combined with data-centric routing algorithms for joint compression/routing optimization. Backward /spl epsi/-NLMS adaptation is used to better track changing environments and avoid coefficient transmissions. Several simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of this coding scheme.
Note to the preceding paper by C. V. H. Rao

If ( a 1 , b 1 , c 1 ), ( a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ), ( a 3 , b 3 , c 3 ) be three sets of numbers subject to the six relations such as and with a positive determinant, then the four tetrahedra, M, M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , whose angular points have coordinates given by the rows of the four matrices are such that every two are mutually inscribed. The sixteen points so arising are the nodes of a Kummer surface having for one form of its equation
Ssn6-Tup1 requires the ISW2 complex to position nucleosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Imitation SWItch (ISWI) chromatin remodeling factors have been implicated in nucleosome positioning. In vitro, they can mobilize nucleosomes bi-directionally, making it difficult to envision how they can establish precise translational positioning of nucleosomes in vivo. It has been proposed that they require other cellular factors to do so, but none has been identified thus far. Here, we demonstrate that both ISW2 and TUP1 are required to position nucleosomes across the entire coding sequence of the DNA damage-inducible gene RNR3. The chromatin structure downstream of the URS is indistinguishable in Δisw2 and Δtup1 mutants, and the crosslinking of Tup1 and Isw2 to RNR3 is independent of each other, indicating that both complexes are required to maintain repressive chromatin structure. Furthermore, Tup1 repressed RNR3 and blocked preinitiation complex formation in the Δisw2 mutant, even though nucleosome positioning was completely disrupted over the promoter and ORF. Our study has revealed a novel collaboration between two nucleosome-positioning activities in vivo, and suggests that disruption of nucleosome positioning is insufficient to cause a high level of transcription.
Murine hyperglycemic vasculopathy and cardiomyopathy: whole-genome gene expression analysis predicts cellular targets and regulatory networks influenced by mannose binding lectin.

Hyperglycemia, in the absence of type 1 or 2 diabetes, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We have previously demonstrated a central role for mannose binding lectin (MBL)-mediated cardiac dysfunction in acute hyperglycemic mice. In this study, we applied whole-genome microarray data analysis to investigate MBL’s role in systematic gene expression changes. The data predict possible intracellular events taking place in multiple cellular compartments such as enhanced insulin signaling pathway sensitivity, promoted mitochondrial respiratory function, improved cellular energy expenditure and protein quality control, improved cytoskeleton structure, and facilitated intracellular trafficking, all of which may contribute to the organismal health of MBL null mice against acute hyperglycemia. Our data show a tight association between gene expression profile and tissue function which might be a very useful tool in predicting cellular targets and regulatory networks connected with in vivo observations, providing clues for further mechanistic studies.
What's “Public” About Public Journalism? Public Journalism and the Lack of a Coherent Public Philosophy

Mixed news: The public/civic/communitarian journalism debate. (1997). Edited by J. Black. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. xv + 263 pp. 24.95 paper. Doing public journalism. (1995). By A. Charity. New York: Guilford Press, x + 188 pp. 16.95 paper. Assessing public journalism. (1998). Edited by E. Lambeth, P. Meyer, & E. Thomson. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. x + 292 pp. 22.50 paper. Public journalism and public life: Why telling the news is not enough. (1998). By D. Merritt. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. xiv + 151 pp. 19.95 paper. Getting the connections right: Public journalism and the troubles in the press. (1996). By J. Rosen. New York: 20th Century Fund Press, vii + 101. 9.95 paper.
Responding to a Variable Environment: Home Range, Foraging Behavior, and Nest Relocation in the Costa Rican Rainforest Ant Aphaenogaster araneoides

We studied how the tropical wet forest ant Aphaenogaster araneoides adjusted its home range and foraging behavior in response to changes in the leaf litter and food environments. We decoupled litter abundance and food availability by creating a factorial treatment design including litter removal and food supplementation. Leaf litter removal caused a decrease in the number of foraging trips but an increase in their duration. Over a 2-week experimental period, about half of the colonies relocated their nests. We found a strong effect of nearest neighbor distance upon the home range areas of colonies after they relocated their nests. In summary, short-term manipulations of resources resulted in changes in home range area and foraging behaviors that differed depending upon nest relocation and the competitive environment.
A case study of using web search statistics: case restoration

We investigate the use of Web search engine statistics for the task of case restoration. Because most engines are case insensitive, an approach based on search hit counts, as employed in previous work in natural language ambiguity resolution, is not applicable for this task. Consequently, we study the use of statistics computed from the snippets generated by a Web search engine, and we show that such statistics can achieve performance similar to corpus-based approaches. We also note that the top few results returned by a search engine may not the most representative for modeling phenomena in a language.
Plasticity of First-Order Sensory Synapses: Interactions between Homosynaptic Long-Term Potentiation and Heterosynaptically Evoked Dopaminergic Potentiation

Persistent potentiations of the chemical and electrotonic components of the eighth nerve (NVIII) EPSP recorded in vivo in the goldfish reticulospinal neuron, the Mauthner cell, can be evoked by afferent tetanization or local dendritic application of an endogenous transmitter, dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine). These modifications are attributable to the activation of distinct intracellular kinase cascades. Although dopamine-evoked potentiation (DEP) is mediated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), tetanization most likely activates a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase via an increased intracellular Ca2+concentration. We present evidence that the eighth nerve tetanus that induces LTP does not act by triggering dopamine release, because it is evoked in the presence of a broad spectrum of dopamine antagonists. To test for interactions between these pathways, we applied the potentiating paradigms sequentially. When dopamine was applied first, tetanization produced additional potentiation of the mixed synaptic response, but when the sequence was reversed, DEP was occluded, indicating that the synapses potentiated by the two procedures belong to the same or overlapping populations. Experiments were conducted to determine interactions between the underlying regulatory mechanisms and the level of their convergence. Inhibiting PKA does not impede tetanus-induced LTP, and chelating postsynaptic Ca2+ with BAPTA does not block DEP, indicating that the initial steps of the induction processes are independent. Pharmacological and voltage-clamp analyses indicate that the two pathways converge on functional AMPA/kainate receptors for the chemically mediated EPSP and gap junctions for the electrotonic component or at intermediaries common to both pathways. A cellular model incorporating these interactions is proposed on the basis of differential modulation of synaptic responses via receptor–protein phosphorylation.