cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why religious movements succeed or fail: A revised general model

Abstract In this essay I refine and greatly expand the scope of my 1987 theory of why religious groups succeed or fail. The initial version was limited to new religions (cult movements). This version applies to all movements, including sects. The theory now consists of 10 propositions which attempt to specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for success or failure.
A mapping of the distribution of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in discrete areas of rat brain

Acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in 60 discrete areas dissected from the rat forebrain. All 3 substances were detectable in every region examined. The range for ACh levels was approximately 9-fold, with highest levels in the striatal and mesolimbic areas. Wider ranges were found for ChAT and AChE. In addition to not having a uniform distribution ACh, ChAT and AChE did not always show proportional variations. ACh levels did not appear to relate to the activity of either enzyme in a simple manner. There was a better correlation (r = 0.902) between the activities of ChAT and AChE, with AChE activities always being higher. In some regions, AChE was disproportionately low or high relative to ChAT. In general, the biochemical results presented here are compatible with histochemical studies of AChE. Such measurements in small brain regions should prove valuable in future experiments designed to determine cholinergic function and localize cholinergic pathways.
Comparison of the pharmacological effects of epinephrine administered by the intravenous and endotracheal routes.

Epinephrine in various dosages was administered to anesthetized dogs by intravenous and endotracheal routes. Both methods produced measurable effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Tachycardia occurred more rapidly after endotracheal administration than after intravenous administration. Respiration appeared to be supported more advantageously with the larger endotracheal dosages. The maximum blood pressure rise was delayed only 60 seconds by the endotracheal route. With an endotracheally administered dose of ten times the intravenous dose, equal responses in blood pressure were obtained. However, when equal doses are compared, there is only a two to three fold increase with the intravenous route. Pharmacological effects were dose-related with both modes of administration. The endotracheal route may be less toxic at higher doses, affording greater safety when large amounts of epinephrine are used. It is concluded that endotracheally administered epinephrine produces significant pharmacologic effects in anesthetized dogs.
Synthesis and crystal structure of titanium(III) boratabenzene and titanium(III) fluorenyl complexes

Abstract The reaction of [ClTi{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)] with 1 equiv. of Li[C5H5B-Ph] in Et2O affords [(C5H5B-Ph)Ti{N(SiMe3)2}2] (1) in high yield. An X-ray structure determination reveals two chemically identical molecules which differ in the bonding geometry of the metal centers in the asymmetric unit. Similarly, treatment of [ClTi{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)] with fluorenyllithium gives the corresponding [(C13H9)Ti{N(SiMe3)2}2] (2). The crystallographically determined structure of 2 shows three independent molecules whose coordination spheres differ only slightly. The titanium(III) complexes 1 and 2 do not react with dinitrogen, carbon monoxide or with ethylene in the presence of methylalumoxane.
Good fences: the importance of setting boundaries for peaceful coexistence

We consider the conditions of peace and violence among ethnic groups, testing a theory designed to predict the locations of violence and interventions that can promote peace. Characterizing the model's success in predicting peace requires examples where peace prevails despite diversity. Switzerland is recognized as a country of peace, stability and prosperity. This is surprising because of its linguistic and religious diversity that in other parts of the world lead to conflict and violence. Here we analyze how peaceful stability is maintained. Our analysis shows that peace does not depend on integrated coexistence, but rather on well defined topographical and political boundaries separating groups, allowing for partial autonomy within a single country. In Switzerland, mountains and lakes are an important part of the boundaries between sharply defined linguistic areas. Political canton and circle (sub-canton) boundaries often separate religious groups. Where such boundaries do not appear to be sufficient, we find that specific aspects of the population distribution guarantee either sufficient separation or sufficient mixing to inhibit intergroup violence according to the quantitative theory of conflict. In exactly one region, a porous mountain range does not adequately separate linguistic groups and that region has experienced significant violent conflict, leading to the recent creation of the canton of Jura. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that violence between groups can be inhibited by physical and political boundaries. A similar analysis of the area of the former Yugoslavia shows that during widespread ethnic violence existing political boundaries did not coincide with the boundaries of distinct groups, but peace prevailed in specific areas where they did coincide. The success of peace in Switzerland may serve as a model to resolve conflict in other ethnically diverse countries and regions of the world.
Quinolone antibiotics: a potential adjunct to intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer

Objectives. Despite complete transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumors, the recurrence rate averages 88% at 15 years. Intravesical chemotherapy decreases the recurrence rate, particularly if given immediately after tumor resection. Anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin target topoisomerase II as do the quinolone antibiotics. We evaluated two fluoroquinolones independently and in combination with doxorubicin for cytotoxic effects against bladder cancer cells in vitro. Methods. Three human transitional carcinoma cell lines, T24 (grade I), HTB9 (grade II), and TccSup (grade IV), were exposed to either ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin in concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1000 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 96 hours. In a separate experiment, a 30% cytotoxic dose (IC30) of doxorubicin was applied to the cell cultures for 1 hour and washed off, followed by exposure to ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin for 48 and 96 hours. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT colorimetric assay. Results. At 96 hours, significant cytotoxicity (P <0.05) for ciprofloxacin was seen starting at 12.5 μg/mL (HTB9, TccSup) and 50 μg/mL (T24) and for ofloxacin at 12.5 μg/mL (HTB9) and 50 μg/mL (TccSup, T24). Maximum cytotoxicity with ciprofloxacin was 95.4 ± 0.4% (HTB9, 400 μg/mL) and with ofloxacin was 95.2 ± 0.3% (HTB9, 800 μg/mL). Exposure to doxorubicin (IC30, 1 hour) resulted in cell kill rates of 30.9 ± 5.2% (T24), 50.7 ± 2.7% (HTB9), and 25.4 ± 10.6% (TccSup). The addition of as little as 25 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin increased kill rates to 78.5 ± 1.2% (T24), 61.2 ± 1.6% (HTB9), and 74.2 ± 2.4% (TccSup); P < 0.05 relative to doxorubicin alone. Similarly, 50 μg/mL of ofloxacin significantly increased kill rates to 81.8 ± 1.6% (T24), 63.3 ± 2.5% (HTB9), and 67.8 ± 2.0% (TccSup). Both drugs showed even greater synergism at higher concentrations. Conclusions. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin exhibit significant time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against transitional carcinoma cells and significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. These effects occur at concentrations achievable in the urine of patients after oral administration. This suggests that quinolone antibiotics might be useful as an adjunct to intravesical chemotherapy and might reduce seeding of cancer cells after transurethral resection of bladder tumors.
A dust plasma

A dust plasma was created using spores in a glass discharge tube. The dust particles become negatively charged, levitate in the positive plasma potential, and behave like massive electrons. A laser beam is used to make the dust visible, revealing plasma structure, such as the wall sheath and the direction of the local electric field. >
Phase II study of etoposide, ifosfamide, and mitoxantrone for the treatment of resistant adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Although combination chemotherapy induces complete remission in 60-90% of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, only 20-45% of patients remain in continued remission 5 years from diagnosis. For patients with a short first remission, multiple relapses, or patients with disease refractory to initial induction chemotherapy, few salvage treatments are successful. To improve the results of salvage therapy we studied the efficacy and toxicity of a combination of etoposide (100 mg/m2 IV qd x 5), ifosfamide (1.5 g/m2/d x 5), and mitoxantrone (8 mg/m2/d IV x 3) in 11 adult patients with relapsed or refractory ALL. The median follow-up of all patients completing therapy is 208 days (30-484+ days). Eight of 11 (73%; 95% confidence interval 45-92%) achieved a complete remission, two patients failed to enter remission, and one patient died of multiorgan system failure shortly after receiving therapy. Median DFS is 96 days and median survival from remission is 234 days. Five patients who achieved CR subsequently relapsed with a median time to relapse of 80 days (50-151 days). Median time to granulocyte > .5 x 10(9)/L was 28 days (21-46 days) and the median time to platelet recovery > 20 x 10(9)/L was 24 days (21-39 days). Although gastrointestinal toxicity was common, no patient developed severe cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, or neurologic complications. These results demonstrate that the combination of etoposide, ifosfamide, and mitoxantrone can be used as an effective salvage therapy for patients with resistant ALL.
Tui Chub Taphonomy and the Importance of Marsh Resources in the Western Great Basin of North America

Debates about the importance of marsh ressources to prehistoric human subsistence in the western Great Basin are longstanding. Recent questions regarding the natural vs. cultural origin of fish remains in lakeside archaeological sites further impede understanding of ancient subsistence patterns. Taphonomic study of a huge assemblage of tui chub (Gila bicolor) remains from an archaeological site in Stillwater Marsh, western Nevada, was undertaken to identify agents of deposition in marsh settings. The Stillwater fish remains showed limited surface modification -cut marks, burning, and digestive etching and staning- and thus these attributes were not usefull indicators of origin. Fish mortality profiles, reconstructed by regression analysis of body size, indicates cultural selection of young/small fish rather than natural catastrophic mass death. The low survivorship of vertebrae in the chub assemblage suggests differential treatment of cranial and postcranial body parts by cultural agents. The Stillwater site fish assemblage represents a vast number of small fish; the presence of small tui chub from archaeological sites throughout the western Great Basin suggests that prehistoric fishers targeted relatively small chub in the subsistence quest
On the equidistribution of sums of independent random variables

Let X1, X2, ⋯ be a sequence of independent, real-valued random variables with a common distribution function \( F\left( x \right) = \Pr \left[ {{X_n}\underline \leqslant x} \right] \), and let \( {S_n} = {X_1} + \ldots + {X_n} \). We are going to show in an elementary manner that the sequence {S n } is “equi- distributed” on the line –∞<x< ∞ with respect to a certain class X of functions h(x), in the sense that for any h(x) in ℌ, $$ \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j - 1}^n h \left( {{S_j}} \right) = M\left( h \right) $$ with probability 1, where the constant M(h) is the mean value of h(x) as defined in the theory of almost periodic functions.
Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ

Abstract This study provides an assessment of the ecological conditions of a 46-km effluent-dominated stream section of the Santa Cruz River in the vicinity of the International Waste Water Treatment Plant, Nogales, AZ. We associated changes in the structure of the macroinvertebrate community to natural and anthropogenic chemical and physical variables using multivariate analysis. The analysis shows that biological criteria for effluent-dominated streams can be established using macroinvertebrate community attributes only with an understanding of the contribution of three classes of variables on the community structure: (1) low flow hydrological discharge as affected by groundwater withdrawals, treatment plant discharge, and subsurface geomorphology; (2) chemical composition of the treatment plant discharge and natural dilution; and (3) naturally produced floods resulting from seasonality of precipitation.
Comprehensive framework for tracking control and thrust allocation for a highly overactuated autonomous surface vessel

In this paper, we present a comprehensive trajectory tracking framework for cooperative manipulation scenarios involving marine surface ships. Our experimental platform is a small boat equipped with six thrusters, but the technique presented here can be applied to a multiship manipulation scenario such as a group of autonomous tugboats transporting a disabled ship or unactuated barge. The primary challenges of this undertaking are as follows: (1) the actuators are unidirectional and experience saturation; (2) the hydrodynamics of the system are difficult to characterize; and (3) obtaining acceptable performance under field conditions (i.e., global positioning system errors, wind, waves, etc.) is arduous. To address these issues, we present a framework that includes trajectory generation, tracking control, and force allocation that, despite actuator limitations, results in asymptotically convergent trajectory tracking. In addition, the controller employs an adaptive feedback law to compensate for unknown—difficult to measure—hydrodynamic parameters. Field trials are conducted utilizing a 3-m vessel in a nearby estuary. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. **image** © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case Report: Hyponatremia of malignancy – An alternative mechanism? Syndrome of inappropriate atrial natriuretic peptide (SIANP)

Euvolemic hyponatremia in the setting of lung cancer is most commonly due to the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). However, a subset of patients with small cell carcinoma and hyponatremia also have elevated levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is produced by some small cell tumors. We report the case of a 64-year-old man with a limited-stage small cell carcinoma of the lung undergoing chemoradiation therapy, who was admitted to hospital with a pulmonary embolism. Two months earlier, at the time of diagnosis with lung cancer, he had a hypotonic, euvolemic hyponatremia, presumed to be caused by SIADH. At that time, his serum sodium readily normalized with fluid restriction and ADH-antagonist therapy with demeclocycline. However, during his second admission, the hyponatremia was refractory to treatment: his sodium level slowly declined from 138 mmol/L to a nadir of 118 mmol/L, despite early initiation of fluid restriction and maximal doses of demeclocycline. Laboratory values revealed a low but inappropriately non-zero level of ADH but also an inappropriately low level of aldosterone and an elevated level of ANP, suggesting that SIADH might not be the only contributor to the hyponatremia. While a causal link between ectopic ANP production and hyponatremia has never been established, an inappropriately high level of ANP can directly decrease sodium re-absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney and increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in greater excretion of sodium and water. In addition, high circulating levels of ANP can inhibit aldosterone secretion, potentially resulting in further sodium wasting. Here, the elevated ANP and inappropriately low aldosterone suggested the possibility that the refractory hyponatremia, although initiated by SIADH, was further worsened by an ANP-mediated natriuresis and suppression of aldosterone response.
Dual section quantum cascade lasers with wide electrical tuning

This paper describes our development efforts at Northwestern University regarding dual-section sampled grating distributed feedback (SGDFB) QCLs. These devices are the same size, but have much wider electrical tuning, than a traditional DFB laser. In this paper, I will show how we have dramatically extended the monolithic tuning range of high power quantum cascade lasers with high side mode suppression. This includes individual laser element tuning of up to 50 cm -1 and 24 dB average side mode suppression. These lasers are capable of room temperature continuous operation with high power (<100 mW) output. Additionally, we have demonstrated a broad spectral coverage of over 350 cm -1 on a single chip, which is equivalent to 87.5% of the gain bandwidth. The eventual goal is to realize an extended array of such laser modules in order to continuously cover a similar or broader spectral range, similar to an external cavity device without any external components.
Heavy ion physics with the ATLAS detector

Recent results from RHIC experiments suggest that a hot and dense QCD matter, which maybe the quark gluon plasma (QGP), is formed in Gold+Gold collisions at a center mass energy of 200 GeV per colliding nucleon pair. The LHC is planning to accelerate heavy nuclei such as Lead at energies of 2.75 TeV/nucleon. At these energies it will be possible to produce a even higher temperature QCD matter. In addition, hard scattering cross sections will increase significantly and they could be used as probes of the QCD matter. RHIC experiments suggest that hard scattered quarks inside the QGP radiate gluons and therefore modify the jet properties such as energy angular distribution. The ATLAS detector with its large acceptance is ideally suited to detect and study jets from nucleus-nucleus collisions. Initial simulation studies show most of the ATLAS detector will perform well in a high multiplicity environment, including inner detector tracking. Jet reconstruction is possible with an energy resolution close to the high luminosity proton-proton run. In this paper we present a summary of our initial round of simulations studies of the ATLAS detector in the heavy ion environment. PACS: 25.70.Ef – 21.60.Gx – 27.30.+t
Bahavioral fever in crayfish

Crayfish (Cambarus bartoni) were tested individually in an electronic shuttlebox thermoregulatory device which allowed them to control water temperature, and thereby their body temperature, by their movements. Crayfish which initially selected 22.1°C water increased their preferred temperature by 1.8°C following injection of killed bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) into the gill cavity. This ‘behavioral fever’ appears similar to that of vertebrates, and may enhance host defense reactions against pathogens.
Ultrafast imaging of free carriers: controlled excitation with chirped ultrafast laser Bessel beams

Nonlinear propagation of intense ultrafast laser pulses inside transparent materials has a strong influence on the fabrication quality and accuracy for 3D laser-material processing. Due to their ability to maintain near-constant fluence profiles over an appreciable distance along the propagation direction in linear and nonlinear media, ultrafast Bessel beams are ideal sources for high aspect ratio sub-micron structuring applications. We report here on the interaction of transparent materials, especially fused silica, with ultrafast non-diffractive beams of moderate cone angle at various laser energies and pulse durations and define their impact on photoinscription regimes, i.e. formation of isotropic and non-isotropic (positive and negative) refractive index structures. The laser pulse duration was observed to be key in deciding the type of the structures via excitation efficiency. To understand the significant mechanisms for forming these different structures, the free carrier behavior as a function of laser pulse duration and energy was studied by capturing instantaneous excitation profiles using time-resolved microscopy. Time-resolved imaging and simulation studies reveal that low carrier densities are generated for ultrashort pulses leading to soft positive index alterations via presumably non-thermally induced structural transitions via defects. On the other hand, the high free carrier density generation in the case of longer pulse durations leads to a hydrodynamic expansion resulting in high aspect ratio sub-micron size wide voids. Delayed ionization, carrier defocusing and lower nonlinear effects are responsible for the confinement of energy, resulting in efficient energy deposition on-axis.
Experimental determination of the reaction paragonite=jadeite+kyanite+H 2 O, and internally consistent thermodynamic data for part of the system Na 2 O−Al 2 O 3 −SiO 2 −H 2 O, with applications to eclogites and blueschists

Hydrothermal reversal experiments have been performed on the upper pressure stability of paragonite in the temperature range 550–740 ° C. The reaction $$\begin{gathered} {\text{NaAl}}_{\text{3}} {\text{Si}}_{\text{3}} {\text{O}}_{{\text{1 0}}} ({\text{OH)}}_{\text{2}} \hfill \\ {\text{ paragonite}} \hfill \\ {\text{ = NaAlSi}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{6}} + {\text{Al}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{5}} + {\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}} \hfill \\ {\text{ jadeite kyanite vapour}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ has been bracketed at 550 ° C, 600 ° C, 650 ° C, and 700 ° C, at pressures 24–26 kb, 24–25.5 kb, 24–25 kb, and 23–24.5 kb respectively. The reaction has a shallow negative slope (− 10 bar °C−1) and is of geobarometric significance to the stability of the eclogite assemblage, omphacite+kyanite. The experimental brackets are thermodynamically consistent with the lower pressure reversals of Chatterjee (1970, 1972), and a set of thermodynamic data is presented which satisfies all the reversal brackets for six reactions in the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. The Modified Redlich Kwong equation for H2O (Holloway, 1977) predicts fugacities which are too high to satisfy the reversals of this study. The P-T stabilities of important eclogite and blueschist assemblages involving omphacite, kyanite, lawsonite, Jadeite, albite, chloritoid, and almandine with paragonite have been calculated using thermodynamic data derived from this study.
New approaches in the measurement of shear stress and heat flux

Novel designs of skin friction and heat flux sensors have been developed based on advanced materials and processing techniques. These sensors produce dynamic, time-resolved, direct measurements of skin friction and heat flux, especially tailored towards turbulent flows. The skin friction sensors use ionic polymer transducers, which contain no moving parts, directly measure shear, and can be surface mounted with minimal flow intrusion. The sensors exhibit measurement accuracy in fluctuating shear on the order of 4.92% over a range of stresses of +/- 3 Pa and signal-to-noise-ratio on the order of 60 dB. The frequency response of the sensor is on the order of 10 kHz. An approach for automatic recalibration and error compensation based on changes of impedance has been developed. This process allows in-situ recalibration of the sensors under varying temperature conditions. The heat flux sensors are made with thin-film deposition which allows fine arrays to be created. The measured Seebeck coefficient (temperature sensitivity) of the deposited metals is 23.5 μV/ o C, which closely matches that of bulk wire.
Fourier transform blackbody spectroscopy: toward thermodynamic temperature measurement

The concept of basing a temperature scale on a wavelength standard was introduced by Gebbie almost 30 years ago, in a proposal to use Fourier-transform spectroscopy to measure the emission from blackbody sources operated at a series of different temperatures. At the National Research Council of Canada, we have embarked on a project to investigate the feasibility of this idea. Experimental and theoretical results will be shown describing an interpolation technique for obtaining temperature information for intermediate settings of the source, when the highest and lowest spectra are assumed fixed and known. The ratio technique which combines spectra three at a time is then considered as a candidate for determining a self-consistent solution which can calculate the temperatures of all of the data, thus eliminating the requirement for the two calibration points. Work with real and simulated data is presented to explore some of the difficulties faced when attempting to determine absolute thermodynamic temperature in this way.
Reliability Of A Photogrammetric Determination Of The Breast-Thorax Boundary

The study of the human female breast for the presence of neoplastic lesions has been the major focus of our research. Close-range stereogrammetry has been used to produce digital as well as graphic representations (contour maps) of the breast under examination. Previous study of these maps has been used to evaluate single contours for the presence of aberrations (deviations from the convex hull) and to correlate these with clinically documented masses. The purpose of this paper is to report, in part, the development of a measurement strategy to quantify breast volume and volume distribution comparisons within our subject pool. More specifically, the data acquisition techniques and algorithms employed in defining the boundary between the breast and thorax of the subject are described. Special emphasis has been placed on the determination of validity and reliability of the boundary placement by the stereoplotter technicians. In addition, the application of this measurement process to documentation of the presence or absence of total volume and volume distribution differences existing in normal breasts and those containing benign or malignant lesions are discussed.
Online news framing: A content analysis of the coverage of three Manila online newspapers during the 1998 Philippine presidential election

This study examined how three Manila online newspapers framed the coverage of the 1998 Philippine presidential election. It analyzed election news content (N = 367 stories) in terms of tone of coverage, manner of candidate’s publicity, and the frames used in presenting election news. The results showed positive election news (55%) and favorable (76%) publicity towards the candidates. The dailies used more strategy frames (56%) than issue frames (44%). It was also found that a newspaper can use more in-depth analysis (issue frames) in its coverage and still remain on top of the readership and circulation game. Furthermore, the attribution of the causes and solutions to an issue was not assignedto a candidate but rather to an institution, lending support to Iyengar’s (1991) episodic-thematic framing anal-ysis.
HHV-8- and EBV-associated nonepidermotrophic large B-cell lymphoma presenting as a foot rash in a man with AIDS.

Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is frequently identified in tumor tissue obtained from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), or multicentric Castleman's disease. The association between HHV-8 and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated solid lymphomas is less clear. Herein, I describe the case of a man with a CD4+ count of 30 cells/μL, and HIV viral load of 90,000 copies/mL, multi-drug resistant HIV infection, and limited stage KS. Biopsy of a progressive dorsal foot rash revealed a dense, deep, lymphoid infiltrate that extended into papillary dermis but without epidermotrophism. Microscopy showed a homogeneous population of anaplastic large B cells that stained positive for CD20 (L26), CD30, and λ light chain. In situ hybridization of tumor tissue identified Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA, and polymerase chain reaction amplification yielded HHV-8-specific gene products....
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TOOLS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF FORCED PERIODIC OPERATION OF CATALYTIC REACTORS

Two methods for assessing the effects of forced periodic catalytic reactor operation are presented. The vibrational control method is an analytical technique which evaluates the effects of high frequency forcing of system parameters by the method of averaging. The second technique is a numerical tool based on a shooting algorithm. These methods are capable of handling multiple input forcing and various shapes of forcing functions. Both methods are applied to isothermal, adiabatic and nonadiabatic operation of an internal recycle reactor in which the catalytic oxidation of ethylene takes place. The basic features of both techniques are discussed and the results obtained by using these methods are compared. Effects of single and multiple input parameter forcing are investigated. Experimental verification of the theoretical results is also performed for the isothermal case.
Intelligent query formulation for mobile visual search

While much progress is being made in mobile visual search, most efforts are on how to improve search performance (precision, recall, speed) given queries. How to help the user form a good query has generally left unexplored. Successful mobile search should keep users in the loop and have the machine and user work closely as a team to solve the difficult problem - user provide fast feedback on the fly and machine does the data intensive analysis. Therefore, helping the user to form a good query has a great potential in improving the search performance. We describe a novel framework, Active Query Sensing, to provide interactive query formulation solutions for mobile location search. We also discuss new research directions addressing the important open issues of interactive query formulation for mobile visual search.
Enterococcus spp on fomites and hands indicate increased risk of respiratory illness in child care centers.

Background Surface-mediated transmission is a potential route for respiratory disease in child care centers, but evidence of its importance relative to other routes (eg, airborne) is limited. Methods We tracked respiratory disease and monitored bacteria contamination on hands and fomites over 4 months during 64 visits at 2 child care centers. Staff monitored health daily by recording respiratory symptoms. We measured concentrations of Escherichia coli , Enterococcus spp, and fecal coliform in hand rinses and on select fomites. Results We demonstrated that symptomatic respiratory illness was positively associated with microbial contamination on hands and fomites, as measured using Enterococcus spp. Enterococcus spp were 0.28 (95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.48)-log 10 (colony-forming units per 2 hands) higher when an individual had symptomatic respiratory illness. Susceptible individuals were 1.62 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.46) times more likely to develop respiratory illness within 4 days with every log 10 increase of Enterococcus spp on hands. Conclusion The findings imply that hand contamination as measured using Enterococcus spp is a risk factor for onset of respiratory illness and highlight the utility of fecal indicator bacteria as a metric for hand and fomite contamination.
Eye tracking in Pick disease as contrasted to Alzheimer disease

The authors report normal smooth pursuit eye tracking from a patient with pathologically confirmed Pick disease. This is contrasted to the abnormal pursuit tracking found in a group of nine Alzheimer patients, each of the same severity of dementia as the Pick patient, and to a group of 15 normal elderly controls. The Alzheimer patients demonstrated saccadic pursuit whereas the Pick patient showed smooth ocular pursuit. The parieto-occipital cortex, the area from which ocular smooth pursuit is believed to originate, is spared in Pick disease, but not in Alzheimer disease. Monitoring of ocular pursuit may differentiate Pick disease from Alzheimer disease.
h- andp-version finite element analyses of a rhombic plate

A simply-supported rhombic plate with obtuse angle equal to 150 degrees is analysed by the finite element method, using both the h-version and the newer p-version. Results obtained using the computer code CONE (C1-continuity) for plate bending problems are compared with theoretical predictions and with computational results reported in the literature. If accuracy in terms of the number of degrees-of-freedom is used as a criterion, the solutions presented here are the most efficient that have been published to date.
Kac-Moody gauge fields and matter fields in d dimensions

Abstract A local d -dimensional lagrangian with a local Kac-Moody gauge symmetry is constructed. A large class of gauge field lagrangians are shown to have a hamiltonian and a unitary state space. Matter fields are gauge-invariantly coupled to the Kac-Moody gauge fields; the Kac-Torodov minimal realization of the super-Kac-Moody algebra is utilized in defining the representation content and the kinetic term for the matter fields.
Economic effects of an advertising excise tax

Graphical analysis is used to demonstrate the effects of an advertising excise tax on price, output, and welfare. Results indicate the costs of advertising check-off programs in general are not borne entirely by producers but rather are passed on in part to consumers in the form of higher retail prices. Consequently, (a) estimates of producers' returns to advertising that ignore the incidence of the advertising tax will be understated, (b) the ability to shift the advertising tax gives producers an added incentive to support check-off programs, and (c) because advertising check-off programs affect consumer as well as producer surplus (i.e., have social welfare implications) government oversight is warranted.
Pattern formation in a (2 + 1)-species activator-inhibitor-immobilizer system

Abstract The necessary and sufficient conditions for a Turing instability in a (2 + 1)-component reaction-diffusion system are derived. The 2-component subsystem consists of an arbitrary activator-inhibitor system in which the activator and the inhibitor diffuse at identical rates. The activator reacts with an immobile substrate to form an immobile complex which does not diffuse. It is found that the critical wavenumber and the location of the instability in parameter space are independent of the initial substrate concentration. As a special case, the (2 + 1)-variable activator-inhibitor-immobilizer system can be reduced to an activator-inhibitor system in which the activator diffuses more slowly than the inhibitor. This occurs when the time scales in the system satisfy certain constraints. The general results are applied to a (2 + 1)-variable model of the chlorite-iodide-starch reaction recently proposed by Epstein and Lengyel to explain the experimental observation of Turing patterns in a related system. I find an intrinsic wavelength which is within a factor of two of the experimentally observed wavelength, but the necessary conditions for the (2 + 1)-variable system to reduce to a two-variable activator-inhibitor system with rescaled diffusion coefficients are not satisfied.
Bidirectional selection for susceptibility to ethanol withdrawal seizures in Mus musculus.

Using within-family selection from a genetically heterogeneous population of HS/Ibg mice, lines and replicates have been selected for high (withdrawal seizure prone; WSP) and low (withdrawal seizure resistant; WSR) susceptibility to convulsions after withdrawal from chronic exposure to ethanol. Two nonselected control lines (withdrawal-seizure control; WSC) have also been maintained. The response was bidirectional in both replicates across 11 selected generations, WSP and WSR lines differing approximately 10-fold in seizure severity after an identical regimen of chronic exposure to ethanol. Realized heritability was found to be approximately 0.28. The phenotype appears to be polygenic in nature. The relatively low amount of inbreeding in these lines and the large response to selection should make them useful for examining the physiological basis of physical dependence on ethanol.
Normal Coordinate Treatments and Calculated Thermodynamic Properties of Phosphoryl Fluorodichloride, Phosphoryl Chlorodifluoride, Thiophosphoryl Bromide, Thiophosphoryl Fluorodibromide, and Thiophosphoryl Bromodifluoride

The Raman and ir spectra of phosphoryl dichlorofluoride, phosphoryl difluorochloride, thiophosphoryl tribromide, thiophosphoryl dibromofluoride, and thiophosphoryl difluorobromide were collected and examined for the most probable values for the wavenumbers, intensities, and depolarization factors. The data are as follows: The Raman displacements Δσ in cm−1, the relative intensities I, and the depolarization factors p are for POFCI2: Δσ (I) p = 207(3.6)0.55, 254(1.8)6/7, 330(1)0.6, 372(3.4)6/7, 386(5.5)0.3, 547(10)0.05, 620(w)6/7, 894(w)0.45, and 1331(m)p; for POF2Cl: 274(10)0.65, 274 (calculated), 410(17)0.23, 424(7)6/7, 424 (calculated), 618(10)0.05, 895(m)0.1, 948(w)6/7, and 1358(m)0.2; for PSBr3: 115(5.5)6/7, 165(4.1)0.3, 179(5)6/7, 299 (10)0.05, 438(w)6/7, and 718(m)p; for PSFBr2: 129(7)0.6, 159.5(11)6/7, 219(10)0.5, 254(4)6/7, 274(5)0.3, 377(10)0.2, 470(w)6/7, 718(m)p, and 887 (v w)p; and for PSF2Br: 175(28)0.5, 231(3)6/7, 288(29)0.3, 298(w)6/7, 384(7)0.25, 462(w)0.1, 474(10)0.1, 711(9)0.1, 899(w)0.75, and 930(w)0.75. No published ir spectral data were found for POFCl2, POF2Cl, PSBr3, PSFBr2, and PSF2Br. Also normal coordinate treatments were conducted for POFCl2, POF2Cl, PSFBr2, and PSF2Br on the basis of the Cs model and the one for PSBr3 on the basis of the C3v model. The results of these treatments established the above listed wavenumbers as fundamentals and lend support for 424 and 274 cm−1 bands for POF2Cl as the missing Raman bands. The F matrix elements obtained for these molecules were determined in such a way that F matrix elements common to POF3, POF2Cl, POFCl2, and POCl3 had nearly the same values and those common to PSF3, PSF2Br, PSFBr2, and PSBr3 also had nearly the same values. Finally, the values of the thermodynamic properties for these substances were computed for the ideal gaseous state using the rigid rotator harmonic oscillator approximation at 1 atm from 200 to 1000 K.
Analysis of the Laser Propelled Lightcraft Vehicle

Advanced propulsion research and technology require launch and space flight technologies, which can drastically reduce mission costs. Laser propulsion is a concept in which energy of a thrust producing reaction mass is supplied via beamed energy from an off-board power source. A variety of laser/beamed energy concepts were theoretically and experimentally investigated since the early 1970's. During the 1980's the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) research lead to the invention of the Laser Lightcraft concept. Based upon the Laser Lightcraft concept, the U.S. Air Force and NASA have jointly set out to develop technologies required for launching small payloads into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for a cost of $1.0M or $1000/lb to $ 100/lb. The near term objectives are to demonstrate technologies and capabilities essential for a future earth to orbit launch capability. Laser propulsion offers the advantages of both high thrust and good specific impulse, I(sub sp), in excess of 1000 s. Other advantages are the simplicity and reliability of the engine because of few moving parts, simpler propellant feed system, and high specific impulse. Major limitations of this approach are the laser power available, absorption and distortion of the pulsed laser beam through the atmosphere, and coupling laser power into thrust throughout the flight envelope, The objective of this paper is to assist efforts towards optimizing the performance of the laser engine. In order to accomplish this goal (1) defocusing of the primary optic was investigated using optical ray tracing and (2), time dependent calculations were conducted of the optically induced blast wave to predict pressure and temperature in the vicinity of the cowl. Defocusing of the primary parabolic reflector causes blurring and reduction in the intensity of the laser ignition site on the cowl. However, because of the caustic effect of ray-tracing optics the laser radiation still forms a well-defined ignition line on the cowl. The blast wave calculations show reasonable agreement with previously published calculations and recent detailed CFD computations.
Relaxation processes for internal waves in mesoscale flow

Abstract A dynamical “test-wave” model has been developed to study transport phenomena within oceanic internal wave fields. This model is extended here to describe effects of a mesoscale flow field on internal wave transport. Previous work with weak-interaction perturbation theory has suggested a substantial enhancement due to mesoscale currents. Extension to the strong-interaction regime in the present paper suggests a relatively small effect due to mesoscale interactions.
Rainbow trees in graphs and generalized connectivity

An edge-colored tree T is a rainbow tree if no two edges of T are assigned the same color. Let G be a nontrivial connected graph of order n and let k be an integer with 2 ≤ k ≤ n. A k-rainbow coloring of G is an edge coloring of G having the property that for every set S of k vertices of G, there exists a rainbow tree T in G such that S ⊆ V(T). The minimum number of colors needed in a k-rainbow coloring of G is the k-rainbow index of G. For every two integers k and n ≥ 3 with 3 ≤ k ≤ n, the k-rainbow index of a unicyclic graph of order n is determined. For a set S of vertices in a connected graph G of order n, a collection lT1,T2,…,Ter of trees in G is said to be internally disjoint connecting S if these trees are pairwise edge-disjoint and V(Ti) ∩ V(Tj) = S for every pair i,j of distinct integers with 1 ≤ i,j ≤ e. For an integer k with 2 ≤ k ≤ n, the k-connectivity κk(G) of G is the greatest positive integer e for which G contains at least e internally disjoint trees connecting S for every set S of k vertices of G. It is shown that κk(Kn)=n-⌈k-2⌉ for every pair k,n of integers with 2 ≤ k ≤ n. For a nontrivial connected graph G of order n and for integers k and e with 2 ≤ k ≤ n and 1 ≤ e ≤ κk(G), the (k,e)-rainbow index rxk,e(G) of G is the minimum number of colors needed in an edge coloring of G such that G contains at least e internally disjoint rainbow trees connecting S for every set S of k vertices of G. The numbers rxk,e(Kn) are determined for all possible values k and e when n ≤ 6. It is also shown that for e e l1, 2r, rx3,e(Kn) = 3 for all n ≥ 6. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Human cytomegalovirus mutant with sequence-dependent resistance to the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide fomivirsen (ISIS 2922)

A human cytomegalovirus mutant that was isolated for resistance (10-fold) to the antisense oligonucleotide fomivirsen (ISIS 2922) exhibited cross-resistance to a modified derivative of fomivirsen with an identical base sequence but little or no resistance to an oligonucleotide with an unrelated sequence. No changes in the mutant’s DNA corresponding to the fomivirsen target sequence were found.
Supervisory control of families of linear set-point controllers

This paper describes a simple, 'high-level' controller called a 'supervisor' which is capable of switching into feedback with a SISO process, a sequence of linear positioning or set-point controllers from a family /spl Fscr//sub C/ of candidate controllers, so as to cause the output of the process to approach and track a constant reference input. The process is assumed to be modeled by a SISO linear system whose transfer function is in the union of a number of subclasses, each subclass being small enough so that one of the controllers in /spl Fscr//sub C/ would solve the positioning problem, were the process's transfer function to be one of the subclasses members. The supervisor decides which controller to put in feedback with the process, not by an exhaustive search-i.e., by experimentally evaluating each and every candidate controller's performance by briefly applying it to the process-but rather by continuously comparing in real time suitably defined 'output estimation errors' generated by the candidate controllers, whether or not they are in feedback with the process. It is shown that under reasonably mild conditions, the supervisor can successfully perform its function in spite of modeling errors, provided the errors are sufficiently small. It is also shown that the supervisor will invariably correctly classify the process in finite time, so long as the reference input is nonzero and the "dc gains" of the "nominal" candidate process model transfer functions are distinct. >
Using volume to forecast stock market volatility around the time of the 1929 crash

This article explores the role of trading volume in making out-of-sample forecasts of stock market volatility around the time of the 24 October 1929 crash. Following the recent literature on volatility forecasting, we compare the performance of symmetric and asymmetric GARCH-class models. Moreover, as the volume-volatility relationship is now well established for modern day markets, we also consider the performance of these models when volume is allowed to enter the conditional variance equation. Given the institutional evidence that trading volume was beginning to take on an increasingly important role in the eyes of investors and market regulators during the last part of the 1920s, this is a particularly insightful endeavour. Generally speaking, the volatility models with trading volume provided the best volatility forecasts after 'Black Thursday'.
Intramuscular myxoma of the cervical paraspinal musculature: case report and review of the literature

Abstract Case A 57 year old female patient presented with a painful right-sided neck mass that on MRI was shown to be adherent to the posterior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The mass was surgically resected en bloc without complications. Histopathologic analysis revealed the mass to be a myxoma. Review To date, there have been several case reports of myxomas, although very few involving the head or neck. The majority of the literature available concurs that myxomas are benign neoplasms that exhibit characteristic qualities on MRI imaging. The definitive treatment by consensus is surgical excision. Conclusions Although the incidence of head and neck myxomas is low, it is important to include in the differential of a neck mass with certain radiographic findings.
Awe, Uncertainty, and Agency Detection

Across five studies, we found that awe increases both supernatural belief (Studies 1, 2, and 5) and intentional-pattern perception (Studies 3 and 4)—two phenomena that have been linked to agency detection, or the tendency to interpret events as the consequence of intentional and purpose-driven agents. Effects were both directly and conceptually replicated, and mediational analyses revealed that these effects were driven by the influence of awe on tolerance for uncertainty. Experiences of awe decreased tolerance for uncertainty, which, in turn, increased the tendency to believe in nonhuman agents and to perceive human agency in random events.
Scientific Inquiry into Small Group Process: A Multidimensional Approach.

Scientific inquiry into small group processes requires a pantheoretical organization of the facts discovered. A multidimensional system is proposed, based on commonly used measurement parameters in group research. Four dimensions describing the who, what, how, and when, ofprocess measurement are combined and crossed as a first step toward an orderly classification system. Implications for multidimensional process measurement are discussed.