cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Tropical Pest Chigger, Eutrombicula Batatas (Acarina: Trombiculidae), in Arizona and California, USA

The first records of the tropical pest chigger, E. batatas , from Arizona (7 localities in southern counties of Cochise, Pima, and Pinal) are given, based on larvae taken from rodents, lizards, and man. New records from southern California include larvae taken off rodents from moist habitats in desert areas of Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties. All larvae were recovered in April through October.
An expert system for the design and analysis of composite structures

A prototype expert system is described for concurrent design and analysis of composite structures. This system integrates symbolic, numerical and knowledge-based tools in an object-oriented programming environment for design synthesis, evaluation and modification. The system determines structural behavior utilizing a combination of analytical and numerical tools. Design modifications and structural optimization are performed using heuristic and experientially derived knowledge bases. The different domain-specific programs and commercial packages utilized by the system are integrated using a generic interfacing mechanism. The utility of the system is demonstrated by means of a design case study for a typical aircraft or rotorcraft structural component.
Family history of hypertension : a psychophysiological analysis

Family history of hypertension (positive and negative) and gender groups were compared on cardiovascular responses at rest, during stressors and during recovery. Two tasks were employed, mental arithmetic and an anger recall interview. Both levels and reactivity measures of blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were included. In addition, participants filled out several questionnaires measuring state feelings during the task and recovery periods, trait anger/hostility and emotions. Both men and women with a positive family history of hypertension exhibited higher tonic levels of blood pressure and heart rate at rest, recovery and during both tasks. They also exhibited greater heart rate reactivity during the mental arithmetic task and greater blood pressure reactivity to both tasks when post-math recovery, but not initial rest, was used as a covariate. Positive family history individuals reported less trust and gregariousness, more depression and aggression, less awareness of somatic responses to the tasks and less effort to relax during the post-task rest periods. Finally, significant correlations were found between low anger expression, low anger experience and high anger control and task SBP levels in positive family history individuals.
Single‐Calcination Synthesis of Pyrochlore‐Free 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics Using a Coating Method

A coating approach for synthesizing 0.9Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.1PbTiO 3 (0.9PMN-0.1PT) and PMN using a single calcination step was demonstrated. The pyrochlore phase was prevented by coating Mg(OH) 2 on Nb 2 O 5 particles. Coating of Mg(OH) 2 on Nb 2 O 5 was done by precipitating Mg(OH) 2 in an aqueous Nb 2 O 5 suspension at pH 10. The coating was confirmed using optical micrographs and zeta-potential measurements. A single calcination treatment of the Mg(OH) 2 -coated Nb 2 O 5 particles mixed with appropriate amounts of PbO and PbTiO 3 powders at 900°C for 2 h produced pyrochlore-free perovskite 0.9PMN-0.1PT and PMN powders. The elimination of the pyrochlore phase was attributed to the separation of PbO and Nb 2 O 5 by the Mg(OH) 2 coating. The Mg(OH) 2 coating on the Nb 2 O 5 improved the mixing of Mg(OH) 2 and Nb 2 O 5 and decreased the temperature for complete columbite conversion to ∼850°C. The pyrochlore-free perovskite 0.9PMN-0.1PT powders were sintered to 97% density at 1150°C. The sintered 0.9PMN-0.1PT ceramics exhibited a dielectric constant maximum of ∼24 660 at 45°C at a frequency of 1 kHz.
A permanent formula with many zero-valued terms

Abstract Applying finite-differences to a generating function produces formulas for the permanent of a matrix. We present a setting of the finite-difference parameters for which the permanent formula has many zero-valued terms when applied to 0–1 matrices. We outline a method to reduce computation by eliminating sets of zero-valued terms and show that the method significantly increases the computation speed.
Excision of formamidopyrimidine lesions by endonucleases III and VIII is not a major DNA repair pathway in Escherichia coli

Proper maintenance of the genome is of great importance. Consequently, damaged nucleotides are repaired through redundant pathways. We considered whether the genome is protected from formamidopyrimidine nucleosides (Fapy*dA, Fapy*dG) via a pathway distinct from the Escherichia coli guanine oxidation system. The formamidopyrimidines are produced in significant quantities in DNA as a result of oxidative stress and are efficiently excised by formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase. Previous reports suggest that the formamidopyrimidine nucleosides are substrates for endonucleases III and VIII, enzymes that are typically associated with pyrimidine lesion repair in E.coli. We investigated the possibility that Endo III and/or Endo VIII play a role in formamidopyrimidine nucleoside repair by examining Fapy*dA and Fapy*dG excision opposite all four native 2'-deoxyribonucleotides. Endo VIII excises both lesions more efficiently than does Endo III, but the enzymes exhibit similar selectivity with respect to their action on duplexes containing the formamidopyrimidines opposite native deoxyribonucleotides. Fapy*dA is removed more rapidly than Fapy*dG, and duplexes containing purine nucleotides opposite the lesions are superior substrates compared with those containing formamidopyrimidine-pyrimidine base pairs. This dependence upon opposing nucleotide indicates that Endo III and Endo VIII do not serve as back up enzymes to formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase in the repair of formamidopyrimidines. When considered in conjunction with cellular studies [J. O. Blaisdell, Z. Hatahet and S. S. Wallace (1999) J. Bacteriol., 181, 6396-6402], these results also suggest that Endo III and Endo VIII do not protect E.coli against possible mutations attributable to formamidopyrimidine lesions.
Predicting normal tissue injury in radiation therapy.

Abstract We tested three radiobiologic models, the nominal standard dose (NSD), the biologic index of reaction (BIR), and the linear quadratic (LQ) models to determine which best predicts normal tissue injury in radiation therapy. Clinical data for radiation myelopathy, rib fracture and pericardial effusion were used for all three models to predict injury. We assumed that on the average injuries occurred at higher equivalent doses of radiation than were received by patients who were not injured. We used a t-test to determine whether there were in fact significant differences in the mean values of the equivalent doses among the injured and non-injured. The means were calculated for the four sets of injury by the three models. For the LQ model it was necessary to choose a value for the parameter α β ; the results were not sensitive to the choice over the range of 1 2 to 12 Gy. None of these models showed a significant difference between injured and non-injured patients for all four sets of data. The BIR model showed significant differences in three sets, the LQ model was significant in two and marginally significant in one set, and the NSD was significant in two sets. This analysis illustrates therefore, that the linear quadratic model can be adopted for analysis of clinical data with results that are no worse and possibly better than the NSD model.
Adrenoreceptor antagonist treatment influences recovery of learning following medial septal lesions and hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth

Abstract Previous studied have demonstrated that in male rats hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth (HSI), which is induced by medial septal lesions (MS), is detrimental to recovery of spatial learning. The present study was performed in an attempt to determine if this effect was mediated through adrenergic receptor activity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent training on a modified version (i.e., 4 arms baited) of a radial-8-arm maze task. Following attainment of learning criterion animals underwent one of three surgical procedures: CON (sham surgeries); MSGx (MS + superior cervical ganglionectomy - to prevent HSI); MS (MS + sham ganglionectomy). Reacquisition trials were performed in the same manner as initial acquisition except animals were treated with vehicle, propranolol (20 mg/kg), or phentolamine (20 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to testing. As expected, vehicle-treated MS animals took longer to reacquire the task than MSGx animals, who were in turn more impaired than CON animals. Propranolol (β-adrenergic antagonist) treatment impaired performance of both the MS and MSGx group, but did not alter the CON group. Phentolamine (α-adrenergic antagonist) increased the number of trials to reattain criterion in the CON group, had no effect in the MSGx group, and markedly improved performance in the MS group. The results suggest that HSI mediates its detrimental effects through α-receptors, while β-blockade, in the setting of brain injury, is detrimental to performance regardless of the presence or absence of HSI.
Bridging Different Eras in Sports

Abstract This article addresses the problem of comparing abilities of players from different eras in professional sports. We study National Hockey League players, professional golfers, and Major League Baseball players from the perspectives of home run hitting and hitting for average. Within each sport, the careers of the players overlap to some extent. This network of overlaps, or bridges, is used to compare players whose careers took place in different eras. The goal is not to judge players relative to their contemporaries, but rather to compare all players directly. Hence the model that we use is a statistical time machine. We use additive models to estimate the innate ability of players, the effects of aging on performance, and the relative difficulty of each year within a sport. We measure each of these effects separated from the others. We use hierarchical models to model the distribution of players and specify separate distributions for each decade, thus allowing the “talent pool” within each sport...
AUDITORY PERCEPTION AND SPEECH EVOLUTION

Human speech perception seems to involve the ability to recognize groupings of speech sounds rather than component phonemes, and to distinguish between permuted orders of items within sequences as holistic entities. Humans can use this Holistic Pattern Recognition (HPR) not only with speech and music, but also with sequences of arbitrarily selected sounds after very little practice. Infrahuman primates, cats, chinchillas, and birds also seem to employ HPR with auditory sequences. Further, there is recent evidence that animals unable to produce speech sounds can nevertheless discriminate between closely related phonemes. Thus, it appears that human speech perception employs prelinguistic abilities shared with other animals to distinguish between phonemic groupings. Of course, use of speech for communication also requires establishment of phonemic groupings as symbols, and sequential arrangement of these symbols, by rule, to convey the desired message. Identification of Components and their Order (ICO) for auditory sequences is limited to humans. ICO involves verbal categorization and storage of the names for successive auditory items as they appear, followed by retrieval or the names in the order stored. Thus, direct identification of the order of sounds within auditory sequences rests upon verbal ability, which provides an explanation for the difficulty that aphasics have in identifying order within nonverbal sequences. Much confusion in the literature on auditory sequence perception seems to have resulted from a failure to differentiate between HPR and ICO.
Application of kusumoto cost-metric to evaluate the cost effectiveness of software inspections

Inspections and testing are two widely recommended techniques for improving software quality. While testing cannot be conducted until software is implemented, inspections can help find and fix the faults right after their injection in the requirements and design documents. It is estimated that majority of testing cost is spent on fault rework and can be saved by inspections of early software products. However there is a lack of evidence regarding the testing costs saved by performing inspections. This research analyzes the costs and benefits of inspections and testing to decide on whether to schedule an inspection. We also analyzed the effect of the team size on the decision of how to organize the inspections. Another aspect of our research evaluates the use of Capture Recapture (CR) estimation method when the actual fault count of software product is unknown. Using data from 73 inspectors, we applied the Kusumoto metric to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the inspections with varying team size. Our results provide a detailed analysis of the number of inspectors required for varying levels of cost-effectiveness during inspections; and the number of inspectors required by the CR estimators to provide estimates within 5% to 20% of the actual.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression: distribution and region-specific down-regulation by chronic morphine in female guinea pig hypothalamus

There is compelling evidence that endogenous opioid peptides are regulated by exogenous opiates. Our previous studies have shown that the μ-opioid receptor protein and mRNA are down-regulated in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the female guinea pig following chronic morphine treatment. In addition, electrophysiological studies have shown that hypothalamic β-endorphin (β-EP) neurons express μ-opioid receptors that are uncoupled and down-regulated following chronic morphine treatment. Currently, we tested the hypothesis that chronic morphine, which produces down-regulation of μ-opioid receptors, causes a down-regulation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC, the precursor of β-EP) mRNA expression in female guinea pig hypothalamus. Female guinea pigs were ovariectomized and implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) with 4×75 mg pellets for 2 days plus six more pellets of either morphine (n=6) or placebo (n=6) for another 5 days. Animals were sacrificed between 1000 and 1100 h on day 7. The expression of POMC mRNA were investigated using in situ hybridization histochemistry with a guinea pig specific 35S-labeled cRNA probe in hypothalamic tissue sections. POMC mRNA was localized to the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and median eminence (ME) of the medial basal hypothalamus. The distribution pattern was the same in both morphine and placebo control animals. However, the density of silver grains was less in morphine treated animals versus placebo control animals. Overall, the level of POMC mRNA was decreased by 22% in the Arc of morphine-treated guinea pigs as compared with the placebo controls (p<0.05). This decrease in POMC mRNA expression was even greater in the caudal Arc (28%, p<0.01) in morphine-treated animals. These results suggested that the biosynthetic activity of POMC neurons is down-regulated with chronic exposure to morphine.
ACCUMULATION OF ARSENIC IN THE SHOOTS OF SUDAN GRASS AND BUSH BEAN.

When Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis) were grown for varying lengths of time in nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of NaAsO/sub 2/, it was found that concentrations of arsenic up to 0.5 to 0.6 ppM had no effect on the growth of either plant as measured by increases in dry weight. Growth was effectively suppressed, however, by concentrations of 1.2 and 12.0 ppM of As for bean and Sudan grass, respectively. Addition of arsenic to the solutions caused an immediate plasmolysis of the roots and wilting of the leaves followed by discoloration of roots and necrosis of leaf tips and margins, indicating that the arsenic effected a sudden decrease in the movement of water into the plants. The concentrations of arsenic in the plant tops and in each of their parts except the reproductive structures were found to be proportional to the concentrations in the nutrient solutions. The magnitudes of these concentrations were more or less constant during the experimental periods, the longest of which was nine weeks. The leaves were highest, the stem tissues intermediate, and the reproductive structures lowest in concentration of arsenic. Within a narrow range of concentrations of more » arsenic in the nutrient medium both plants grew successfully; but they contained concentrations of arsenic in the plant tops in excess of the tolerance limit (1.08 ppM of As) established by law for the arsenic content of foods. For equal relative reductions in yield the more resistant species (Sudan grass) contained several times the concentration of arsenic in the sensitive species (bean). Accumulated arsenical residues in soils as a result of insect and weed control practices are discussed as a source of arsenic contamination in foods through absorption by plants. « less
Extra_Auditory Temporary Aftereffects of Exposure to Intense Sound

Concerts and bars with amplified music expose people to sound intensities far in excess of workplace limits. Such exposure may produce a variety of effects beside potential hearing loss. A survey of 185 college students revealed tinnitus, headaches, and dizziness as occasional aftereffects. Studies are being conducted to determine whether balance-related aftereffects pose a threat to safe driving.
Experience with Valved Conduits for Repair of Congenital Cardiac Lesions

Dacron valved conduits or aortic allografts were placed between the right heart and the pulmonary artery for repair of various complex congenital cardiac anomalies in 56 patients (aged 15 days to 33 years; median, 11 years). Forty-four patients had a total of 56 previous palliative procedures, which contributed to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Six patients had a total of seven episodes of early or late sepsis involving the conduit. One patient, treated for early sepsis, again developed infection in the Hancock graft 1 year postoperatively and died. Three other patients, 2 with calcified allografts, developed infections 4 months to 7 years following repair and required graft replacement. Hemodynamic data 1 month to 5 years (mean, 1.6 years) following repair revealed mild to moderate obstruction (less than 45 mm Hg gradient) at the Hancock conduit valve ring in 13 of 19 patients, while 5 had large pressure gradients (greater than 75 mm Hg). All aortic allografts had severe obstruction and calcification necessitating graft replacement. It is anticipated that improved technique and appropriate timing of palliative and corrective operations will substantially reduce or eliminate these problems.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Separation of Cu(II) and Fe(III) by Liquid-Liquid Extraction with a β-Hydroxy-oxime in Toluene

Abstract A quantitative study of the thermodynamic and kinetic separation of Cu(II) and Fe(III) by liquid-liquid extraction with toluene solutions of the oxime 2-hydroxy-5-t-octyl (acetophenone oxime) has been conducted. On the basis of the stoichiometry, equilibrium constants, rate laws and rate constants of the extraction reactions of Cu(II) and Fe(III) an equation has been derived which describes how the separation of Cu from Fe varies with the chemical composition of the system, the hydrodynamics of the extracting apparatus and the contact time between the aqueous and the organic phases. Our results show that separations which are not feasible thermodynamically are possible when the contact time between the two phases is kept much shorter than that required to reach equilibrium.
Exploring heavy-quark energy loss via b-tagging in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC

A strategy to study flavour-dependent parton energy loss by tagging heavy quark jets in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC is discussed. Estimates for production cross-sections and experimental techniques employed at collider detectors to search for QQ jets are presented and a brief evaluation of the capabilities of CMS, ALICE and ATLAS detectors are given.
Dynamic Imaging and Fluctuation Spectroscopy on Single Microvilli in Opossum Kidney Cells by the Modulation Tracking Method

Regulation of renal tubular inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport occurs via the proximal tubular apical brush border membrane (BBM) sodium gradient-dependent Pi (NaPi) cotransport proteins. Distinct families of NaPi cotransporters show differential regulation under dietary and hormonal stimuli, but the way this is accomplished, for instance through localization in distinct BBM micro- or nano-domains and/or preferential interaction with different PDZ proteins, is not yet understood.Crucial information could come from the application of single molecule fluctuation correlation spectroscopies on the BBM of living cultured Opossum Kidney (OK) cells expressing NaPi co-transporters with different GFP constructs. The BBM is composed of many microvilli, several micron long structures with a diameter of about 100nm. The microvilli show a relatively fast motion (in the seconds time scale) that makes the use of fluctuation spectroscopy difficult.None of the current nano-resolution optical methods seems capable of measuring the clustering dynamics of proteins on the surface of rapidly moving microvilli. We developed an optical imaging technique called Modulation Tracking (MT) in which we track the center of mass of the microvillus at an arbitrary point along its length while the laser spot rapidly oscillates perpendicularly to the surface and the changes in the modulation are used to measure the distance of the spot from the fluorescent surface with nanometer resolution. High resolution images of the microvilli can be obtained scanning slowly along the microvillus axis. Since the moving microvillus is always at the center of the orbit, fluorescence image correlation techniques can be applied making the MT a truly dynamic nano-imaging technique.Work supported in part by NIH RO1 DK066029-01A2 (ML, EG), NIH-P41 P41-RRO3155 (EG, PF and LL) and P50-GM076516 (EG, PF and LL).
The ERK2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates the Timing of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

Oligodendrocyte development is tightly controlled by a variety of extracellular growth and differentiation factors. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), ERK1 and ERK2, are critical intracellular signaling molecules important for transducing these extracellular signals. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are ubiquitously expressed, coordinately regulated, and highly similar, but Erk2 deletion in mice is embryonic lethal whereas Erk1 deletion is not. Several studies have suggested that MAPK signaling is important for oligodendrocyte differentiation, although specific roles for the two ERK isoforms have not been investigated. In this study, we deleted Erk2 in the developing mouse cortex from GFAP-expressing radial glia that generate neurons and oligodendrocytes. In vitro analysis revealed that loss of ERK2 resulted in fewer galactocerebroside-expressing mature oligodendrocytes in cortical cultures. In vivo, a delay in the expression of the myelin protein MBP was observed in the corpus callosum at postnatal day 10 (P10). In contrast, Erk1 deletion did not affect oligodendrocyte differentiation. By P21, MBP expression was restored to wild-type levels, demonstrating that the loss of ERK2 results in a delay but not a complete arrest in the appearance of differentiated oligodendrocytes in vivo. Importantly, both the proliferation and total number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) appeared normal in the Erk2 conditional knock-out cortex, demonstrating that ERK2 plays a specific role in the timing of forebrain myelination but is not critical for the proliferation or survival of OPCs. Oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of Erk2 also resulted in decreased levels of MBP, indicating a cell-autonomous effect of ERK2 in the oligodendrocyte lineage.
Triggered chemotherapeutic drug release from multi-component nanochains mediated by a local magnetic field

Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by comparing survival times of treated animals with untreated animals and control groups. The mean survival time for animals receiving a single treatment of Drug-NC followed by RF exposure was 25.1 days, compared to 15.2 days for untreated and control groups. A two-cycle treatment prolonged survival to an average of 46 days. Significant cell death was observed in the Drug-NC+RF group in histological sections of the tumors, while nearly no cell death was observed in any of the control groups. The iron oxide nanoparticles used in the chain are an effective tool for converting magnetic energy into mechanical energy. The current application makes use of restricted Brownian motion of the nanoparticles in the nanochain. The movement of the iron oxide chain is restricted due to bonding, preventing true rotation to align with the field.2 We believe the result is a mechanical “vibration” that causes imperfections in the liposome though which the drug is able to escape. To investigate this hypothesis, drug release was measured from several concentrations of Drug-NC exposed to the same magnetic field, and all samples exhibited the same release rate, suggesting that a high concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles is not necessary for drug release. Further, no global heating was observed, and the possibility of local heating was excluded through linking a fluorophore (Alexa 488) to the iron oxide chain of the Drug-NC particle.3 Multiple Drug-NC suspensions were exposed to direct heating (ΔT=0-9°C), causing a measureable decrease in fluorescence intensity. However, when the suspensions were only exposed to RF, no change in fluorescence intensity was observed.
Complications of minimal-access surgery in children

Minimal-access surgery (MAS) is rapidly becoming the surgical approach of choice for a variety of surgical disorders in adults, but its use in children remains a relative novelty. Most pediatric surgeons continue to harbor justifiable concerns about the morbidity of this modality owing to the cumbersome nature of the instruments and the technical difficulty associated with two-dimensional views. The purpose of this study was to determine the complication rate and the lessons learned from the use of MAS in performing a variety of procedures in a large series of children. To determine complications, the authors reviewed the medical records of all children (n = 636; age range, 1 month to 19 years) who underwent laparoscopy (LAP) or thoracoscopy (THO) during a 5-year period (January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1994). The follow-up ranged from 1 week to 45 months. THO was performed in 62 children. Conversion to thoracotomy occurred in eight children (13%), because of inability to localize the lesion (3), unresectibility (2), inadequate tissue sample (1), unsafe access (1), hypoxemia (1), or inadvertent esophagotomy (1). Postoperatively, two ventilator-dependent children had tension pneumothorax after lung resection and required chest tubes. LAP was performed on 574 children, with conversion to laparotomy occurring in 15 (2.6%), because of technical reasons (10) or intraoperative complications (5). The complication rate of LAP was 2% (12 of 574). Early in the experience, intraoperative complications that led to laparotomy included hemorrhage during appendectomy (2), cholecystectomy (1), and splenectomy (1); and esophagotomy during a fundoplication (1). Other technical problems in the postoperative period were a malpositioned Nissen fundoplication and a gastric volvulus after gastrostomy and Nissen fundoplication owing to improper gastrostomy tube position. In addition, two children had a hernia at the umbilical trocar site that had been used for contralateral inguinal exploration, and cellulitis developed in three patients when a gastrostomy tube was brought out through a trocar site. Other complications not specific to MAS included pelvic abscess after appendectomy (5); small bowel obstruction after jejunostomy catheter placement (1) and combined cholecystectomy/appendectomy (1); enterocolitis (1) and severe hyponatremia (1) after pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease; and pneumonia after splenectomy (1). The overall complication rate of MAS was 4% (26 of 626), and there were no deaths. The initial use of MAS was associated with technical errors, which decreased with experience. Based on this study, the authors recommend (1) routine placement of a thoracostomy tube in children after THO if they require postoperative ventilator support; (2) using the open hernia sac to place a 70 degrees telescope for contralateral inguinal exploration; and (3) not using a trocar site for gastrostomy tube placement in immune-suppressed patients. With appropriate training and experience, MAS can be used safely in children, for a wide variety of diseases, with minimal morbidity and mortality.
Diffraction by a black screen

The problem of diffraction of electromagnetic waves by a black screen, as defined by Kottler, is reconsidered. The solution proposed by Kottler does not satisfy one of the conditions of the problem; hence it is incorrect.
Effect of Temperature on Binding of Warfarin by Human Serum Albumin

The in vitro binding of warfarin by human serum albumin was studied at various temperatures and at pH 7.4 by a frontal gel filtration technique. The results can be best described in terms of a two class-of-binding site model, in which the numbers of primary and secondary sites are constrained to the average values for all experiments (n1 = 1.38 and n2 = 3.73). Analysis of the temperature dependence of the binding yielded the following thermodynamic parameters: deltaH1 =-2.55 kcal/mole, deltaS1=16.1 eu, and deltaF1=-7.34 kcal/mole for the primary binding and deltaH2=-5.08 kcal/mole, deltaS2=-1.10 eu, and deltaF2=4.72 kcal/mole for the secondary binding. Calculations based on these results showed that, for the therapeutic concentration range, warfarin was over 99% bound to albumin present in physiological concentration. These findings are compared and contrasted to binding data in the literature for warfarin and salicylate.
Enantiomeric separations of amino acids with inductively coupled plasma carbon emission detection

Abstract A chiral crown ether column with a pH 1.9 perchloric acid buffered aqueous mobile phase is used to separate amino acid enantiomers by high performance liquid chromatography. An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer coupled to the chromatographic system is used as a detector by monitoring the carbon atomic emission line at 193.09 nm. Seven underivatized amino acids are separated and detected resulting in an average mass detection limit of 5 ng (2.5 ng carbon). The chiral crown ether column resolves compounds with a primary amino group near the chiral center by forming a complex between the crown ether and an ammonium ion moiety from the sample. The d -form amino acid always elutes faster than its antipode. The carbon emission detector provides nearly identical sensitivities and similar detection limits for any compounds with comparable mass percents of carbon. Quantification is performed on unknown ratios of amino acids using an internal standard without the need for a calibration curve. Summing the calculated amounts of d and l amino acid and comparing to the known mixture quantity results in an average error of 1.0% for the seven amino acids separated.
The Surveillance of Woman's Body in Hawthorne's Short Stories

In many of his female-centered stories, Hawthorne shows the need to control woman’s sexuality or to insist upon her purity with a type of morality play whose sexual dynamics correspond to the theories of nineteenth-century sexuality that Foucault has set forth. As Foucault has shown in his History of Sexuality, it was not so much that sexuality was repressed in the nineteenth century, but rather that the bourgeois felt the need to control the sex (reproductive functions as well as family patterns) of the “lower” classes. Thus, there was a strange obsession and manifestation with sexuality, which was expressed in the many advice books and control mechanisms, but which ultimately had an outlet in the many varied forms of the discourse of sexuality, of which woman was often the central protagonist. Indeed, woman’s body becomes the site upon which the battle of the classes was fought. Hawthorne’s stories serve as vignettes exemplifying the compulsion to control woman’s body—as the narrators and male protagonists take on a Foucauldian surveillance. The scenarios vary but point to the same conclusion: unrestrained female sexuality (or unrestrained in the eyes of men)
The “shenandoah national park: Fish in sensitive habitats” (SNP: FISH) project. An integrated assessment of fish community responses to stream acidification

The “Shenandoah National Park: Fish in Sensitive Habitats” (SNP:FISH) project is a response to declining pH and acid neutralizing capacity in Shenandoah National Park (SNP) streams. SNP receives more atmospheric sulfate than any other USA national park, and pH had decreased to the point where early negative effects on fish were expected. SNP provides the opportunity to study the early stages of acidification effects on fish. Three different classes of geological formations yield streams with low-ANC (0 μEq/L), intermediate-ANC (60–100 μEq/L) or high-ANC (150–200 μEq/L) waters in SNP. This allows a comparison of responses across a water quality gradient in a small geographic area receiving similar deposition. Both chronic and episodic acidification occur in SNP streams. Biological effects are apparent in fish species richness, population density, condition factor, age, size, and bioassay survival. A primary project objective was to provide the necessary data for development and testing models for forecasting changes in fish communities resulting from changes in stream chemistry. Monitored variables include several which are predictive of acidification effects on SNP fish communities.
Relationships between chemical structure and inhibitory activity of C6 through C9 volatiles emitted by plant residues

Leaf, stem, flower, fruit, and root residues of a wide variety of plants have been reported to emit bioactiven-alkanes, 2-alkanols,n-alkanals, 2-alkenals, 2-alkanones, andn-alkanoic acids containing from six to nine carbon atoms. During a 72-hr exposure to the vapor phase of these compounds (6.9, 20.8 or 34.4μ M/liter), germination of onion, carrot, and tomato seeds was inhibited to varying degrees. The extent of inhibition caused by these plant residue volatiles depended upon the compound type and concentration, carbon-chain length, and the seed species tested. Tomato seeds recovered more fully from exposure to these volatile inhibitors than did those of carrot and onion. Degree of recovery in all three species depended on the type and concentration of volatile present. The C7 and C8 compounds were the most inhibitory among these 24 volatiles. Of the six classes of chemicals examined, the 2-alkenals were the most inhibitory, followed by the 2-alkanols,n-alkanals, and 2-alkanones, which were equally effective as seed germination inhibitors. The straight-chain alkanes and alkanoic acids were relatively noninhibitory. Tests of a C7 and C9 alkadienal indicated that the C7 compound was the more inhibitory.
AN OSCILLATING SYSTEM REGULATING DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS

Phytochrome conversion shifts the developmental pattern of dark-grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings. Red light was found to initiate rapid oscillations in a system that links illumination with subsequent growth. A single 8 s flash of red light increased the average leaf weight measured 24 h later by 8%. When total illumination was kept constant but the interval between two 4 s flashes was varied, the resulting leaf weight increase was not uniform but depended on the length of the interval between flashes and showed a series of deep minima followed by sharp maxima. Weight increase at the maximum was 60% greater than at the minimum. The minimum-maximum transitions recurred every 45 s for at least 22 min. Four s of far red light interposed between the two red flashes abolished the oscillation. Temperature between 15 and 30°C had no significant influence on the period of the oscillation but the period varied directly with the duration of the initial red flash. A 2 s initial flash resulted in a 35 s period, while 40 s of red light caused a 2 min period. Oat (Avena sativa) and radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings were found to possess similar oscillating mechanisms of growth regulation. The lack of pronounced temperature effects as well as our other findings, suggest that this oscillating system may participate in the time measuring as well as growth regulating mechanisms by which phytochrome controls circadian periodicity and development.
On Intra-Firm Resource Allocation Under Risk

ABSTRACT This paper concerns itself with providing the means by which a decision-maker may choose among competing projects and arrive at the optimal allocation of the firm's scarce dollar resources. The problem is handled in the mathematical programming framework. The model holds with or without the assumption of capital rationing and permits the incorporation of the effects of growth and of alternative financial mixes on the cost of capital for the firm. When iterated, the model equates marginal revenue to marginal cost, thus yielding the optimal investment level for the firm. Several investment alternatives not considered in the existing literature on the subject are examined, and some novel interpretations of the constraints and results are offered.
Communicate unto others

Abstract Risk communications should focus on critical information that is either missing or available but misunderstood. Identifying the facts that might be worth communicating requires normative analysis of the decisions that people face, followed by descriptive study of what they currently believe. This article discusses approaches to accomplishing these tasks. Each requires the skills of both social and natural scientists. So does ensuring that risk analysis plays an appropriate role in societal decision-making and is afforded the credibility that it deserves.
A homology theory for framed links in I-bundles using embedded surfaces

Abstract This paper introduces a homology theory for framed links in I-bundles over an orientable surface. The theory is unique in that the elements of the chain groups are embedded surfaces instead of diagrams. It is then shown this theory recaptures the homology theory constructed by Asaeda, Przytycki and Sikora.
Dielectric cure characterization of model elastomers

Isothermal dielectric properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) networks during cure were studied at room temperature with emphasis on the effect of catalyst concentration. The frequency range employed was 10−1 to 105 Hz. The dielectric response is sensitive to a change in catalyst levels as this was evidenced by the change in the values of the logarithm of the loss factor log ϵ”. We attribute these changes to dipolar and ionic contributions. A profile of the cure reaction of model elastomers may readily be obtained by using a combination of microsensors and time-domain dielectric spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the catalyst concentration affects both crosslinking and chain extension reactions. However, for the typical catalyst concentration at which typical networks are prepared, the crosslinking reaction is the dominant effect.
What generated the creation of the Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde, the predecessor of this journal, 150 years ago?

At the beginning of 1864, von Troltsch in Wurzburg, Politzer in Vienna, and Schwartze in Halle, published the Archiv fur Ohrenheilkunde, the first scientific journal devoted entirely to the diseases of the ear. As a very few details exist about the creation of this journal, three different contextual and influential aspects were studied to understand the generation of this journal: the means to transmit medical knowledge and the respective place of specialized medical journals; the concept of medical specialty and the establishment of otology as a specialty; and the level of otological knowledge and the need to have its proper journal. This research allows one to demonstrate that the creation of the Archiv fur Ohrenheilkunde in 1864 arrived at the right historical moment. The timing was contextually appropriate in the general history of medicine and the favorable movement to the creation of medical specialties and specialized journals. It was not an event linked to hazard, but correlated with, first the vacant place laid for a specialized journal in otology, second, otology was almost established but still not recognized as a specialty and third otological knowledge was sufficiently broad to necessitate publishing its progress in its own specialized journal.
Armies and politics in Latin America

An extensive literature analyzes military participation in Latin American politics. Case studies and a few comparative works undermine the faith of a decade ago—that military involvement in Latin American politics would decline as a result of economic development, social modernization, military professionalization, and American influence. Attention has turned increasingly to die variety of military involvements: direct and indirect; personal, factional, and institutional; intermittent and long-term; reformist and regressive. Analyses stressing the confluence and interaction of macro-social factors with those internal to the military institution seem most persuasive in explaining the diverse political roles played by Latin American officers. One central proposition which deserves further research is that the relation between the levels of military institutionalization and the institutionalization of civilian political procedures importantly affects these varying roles.
Individuation or Identification? Self-Objectification and the Mother–Adolescent Relationship

Do adolescents model their mothers' self-objectification? We measured self-objectification (body surveillance and body shame), body mass index (BMI), body esteem, and quality of the mother-adolescent relationship in 179 female and 162 male adolescents at age 15, as well as self-objectification in their mothers. Initial analyses indicated no improvement in model fit if paths were allowed to differ for females and males; therefore a single model was tested for the combined sample. Findings revealed that mothers' body surveillance negatively predicted adolescents' body surveillance. Mothers' body shame was unrelated to adolescents' body shame, but positively predicted adolescents' body surveillance. Results for the relationship between mothers' and adolescents' self-objectification suggest that adolescents engaged in more individuation than modeling. A more positive mother-adolescent relationship predicted lower body shame and higher body esteem in adolescents, suggesting that the quality of the relationship with the mother may be a protective factor for adolescents' body image. Mother-adolescent relationship quality did not moderate the association between mothers' and adolescents' self-objectification. These findings contribute to our understanding about the sociocultural role of parents in adolescents' body image and inform interventions addressing negative body image in this age group. The quality of the mother-adolescent relationship is a clear point of entry for such interventions. Therapists should work with adolescents and their mothers toward a more positive relationship quality, which could then positively impact adolescents' body image.
A hopf-algebraic formula for compositions of noncommuting flows

The Chen-Fliess series is known to be an exponential Lie series. Previously explicit formulas for the iterated integral coefficients were known only for its factorization into a directed infinite product of exponentials. This factorization uses Hall sets and the Zinbiel product. We use the underlying Hopf algebra structure to derive explicit formulas for the corresponding coefficients in the logarithm of the series. This allows one to express the series as a single exponential. This work is closely related to Fer and Magnus expansions, and has interpretations in terms of a continuous Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff formula. The result facilitates work in non-linear control, numerical integration and various applications that involve compositions of noncommuting flows.
Helpful or Harmful? Potential Effects of Exercise on Select Inflammatory Conditions

Inflammation has been characterized as a double-edged sword, requiring a balance between health as maintained by regular exercise and activities that would exacerbate inflammatory diseases. The influence of exercise on inflammation is complex and has been widely studied in both healthy patient populations as well as populations of patients with many inflammatory and/or autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Inflammatory markers can be affected by the type of exercise and muscle contraction, as well as the intensity, duration, and consistency of the exercise sessions. Because of these potentially important effects, many members of the general public, as well as some clinicians, believe that exercise could exacerbate symptoms and accelerate the progression of such conditions. The effects of different types of exercise have been studied among patients with inflammatory conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, as well as congestive heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome, which are considered low-grade systemic inflammatory diseases. This review will help exercise professionals and clinicians understand the effects of exercise on inflammatory markers, as well as offer effective treatment options and recommendations for patients exercising with rheumatic or inflammatory conditions.
Post-zygotic isolation in cactophilic Drosophila: larval viability and adult life-history traits of D. mojavensis ⁄D. arizonae hybrids

Drosophila mojavensis and Drosophila arizonae are cactophilic flies that have been used extensively in speciation studies. Incomplete premating isolation, evidence of reinforcement, and a lack of recent introgression between these species point to a potentially important role for post-zygotic isolating barriers in this system. Other than hybrid male sterility, however, post-zygotic isolation between D. mojavensis and D. arizonae has received little attention. In this study, we examined viability and life-history traits of D. mojavensis/D. arizonae F1 hybrids from sympatric crosses. Specifically, we reared hybrids and purebreds on the natural host cacti of each parental species and compared viability, development time, thorax length, and desiccation resistance between hybrids and purebreds. Interestingly, hybrid females from both crosses performed similarly or even better than purebred females. In contrast, hybrid sons of D. arizonae mothers, in addition to being sterile, had shorter average thorax length than males of both parental species, and hybrid males from both crosses had substantially lower desiccation resistance than D. mojavensis males. The probable cost to hybridization for D. mojavensis females resulting from reduced desiccation resistance of hybrid sons may have been an important selective factor in the history of reinforcement for crosses involving these females.