cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Children for Emergency Medical Care: A Primary Prevention Approach

Increased emergency room use and the resulting rise in pediatric visits have prompted interest in psychological aspects of pediatric emergency care. This study evaluated the efficacy of a multicomponent hospital program designed to prepare children for emergency room visits. In Phase 1, 148 kindergarteners completed measures of medical fears and knowledge at pretreatment, posttreatment, and a 4-week follow-up. Program attenders had significantly fewer medical fears and higher medical knowledge at posttest and follow-up than control children. The program was more effective for black than white children. In Phase 2, 51 high-fear children from Phase 1 were selected randomly to attend a medical examination in an emergency room. No effects for program emerged on the observational distress measures or physiological arousal. Phase 2 children showed significantly increased medical knowledge at follow-up compared to children who did not receive the medical exam.
Patricide and Steppatricide Victims and Offenders: An Empirical Analysis of U.S. Arrest Data

Almost all of the literature on male parricide victims focuses on fathers killed with only little information available on stepparents killed. This study is the first to compare the victim, offender, and case correlates in incidents when fathers and stepfathers were killed. Supplementary Homicide Report data were used for the period 1976 to 2007 to investigate similarities and differences between the two male victim parricide types in the United States. Similarities between fathers and stepfathers included more than 80% of fathers and stepfathers were killed in single victim, single offender homicides. Their killers were adult sons and stepsons in more than 70% of the cases. Juvenile offenders were significantly less likely to be involved in the killings of fathers and stepfathers in more recent years. Significant differences emerged with respect to age and weapon use in the killings of fathers and stepfathers. Stepfathers and stepchildren, relative to fathers and their offspring, were significantly younger. Juvenile offenders were significantly more likely than their adult counterparts to use firearms to kill fathers (79% vs. 54%) and stepfathers (72% vs. 58%). Significant gender differences in weapons used to kill fathers were found among juvenile and adult offenders, with males more likely to use firearms than females. Reasons for the possible differences are discussed in the conclusion.
TASK: Template-Based Key Assignment for Confidential Communication in Wireless Networks

Predistribution of cryptographic keys is a widely used approach for establishing secure communication between network nodes which are severely resource-constrained. Many proposed key predistribution schemes make the implicit assumption that message contents need not be kept private from nodes other than the intended recipient. Messages in such schemes are not guaranteed to be confidential--they may be read by nodes within the network other than the intended recipient. In this paper, we present TASK--a symmetric key predistribution scheme that enables secure and confidential communication within wireless networks. TASK distributes keys by generating and reinforcing a series of template key assignment instances. We show, through analysis and simulation, that TASK achieves a level of security superior to that of two recently proposed schemes that also provide confidentiality, while maintaining the same space complexity. TASK is also parameterized, which allows it to make use of key storage capacities that other recently proposed schemes cannot.
Aristotle's Syllogistic and Core Logic

I use the Corcoran–Smiley interpretation of Aristotle's syllogistic as my starting point for an examination of the syllogistic from the vantage point of modern proof theory. I aim to show that fresh logical insights are afforded by a proof-theoretically more systematic account of all four figures. First I regiment the syllogisms in the Gentzen–Prawitz system of natural deduction, using the universal and existential quantifiers of standard first-order logic, and the usual formalizations of Aristotle's sentence-forms. I explain how the syllogistic is a fragment of my (constructive and relevant) system of Core Logic. Then I introduce my main innovation: the use of binary quantifiers, governed by introduction and elimination rules. The syllogisms in all four figures are re-proved in the binary system, and are thereby revealed as all on a par with each other. I conclude with some comments and results about grammatical generativity, ecthesis, perfect validity, skeletal validity and Aristotle's chain principle.
Repair of a Perforated Pulmonary Artery Due to a Swan-Ganz Catheter Using Thrombin Injection

Pulmonary artery perforation is a rare but often fatal complication of right heart catheterization that is due to Swan-Ganz catheter (Edward Lifesciences, Irvine, Calif) placement.1–3 Treatment of a catheter-induced pulmonary artery rupture includes emergent intubation, lung resection, surgical pulmonary artery repair, and catheter-based pulmonary artery embolization.4,5 This case demonstrates a new therapeutic approach of injecting topical Thrombin-JMI (GenTrac Inc, Middleton, Wisc) through the distal port of the Swan-Ganz catheter to effectively treat a pulmonary artery rupture during a right heart catheterization. The patient was a 72-year-old woman with a past medical history of severe mitral valve regurgitation. Left heart catheterization was performed first with no complications. The coronary angiogram demonstrated minimal luminal irregularities in all 3 major coronary arteries. The left ventriculogram demonstrated +3 …
Magnetic dipole moments in single and coupled split-ring resonators

We examine the role of magnetic dipoles in single and coupled pairs of metallic split-ring resonators by numerically computing their magnitude and examining their relative contributions to the scattering cross section. We demonstrate that magnetic dipoles can strongly influence the scattering cross section along particular directions. It is also found that the magnetic dipole parallel to the incident magnetic field and/or high-order multipoles may play a significant role in the linear response of coupled split-ring resonators.
Does choice lead to racially distinctive schools? Charter schools and household preferences

A persistent fear regarding school choice is that it will lead to more racially distinctive schools. A growing number of studies compares choosing households to non-choosing households, but few have examined the possibility that choosers sort themselves out based upon school preferences that are correlated with race and ethnicity. This report addresses this issue by analyzing the responses of 1,006 charter school households in Texas. It first examines the expressed preferences of choosing households, then compares expressed preferences with behavior. A comparison of the characteristics of the traditional public schools that choosers leave with the characteristics of the charter schools they choose indicates that race is a good predictor of the choices that choosing households make. Whites, African Americans, and Latinos transfer into charter schools where their groups comprise between 11 and 14 percentage points more of the student body than the traditional public schools they are leaving. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Effects of Lymphocyte Isolation and Timing of Processing on Detection of CD127 Expression on T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

Decreases in the detection of CD127 expression on T cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by flow cytometry can occur by delayed processing or by peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation and cryopreservation. These observations should be considered in the interpretation of functional studies and the planning of multicenter clinical trials.
SERE: Single-parameter quality control and sample comparison for RNA-Seq

Assessing the reliability of experimental replicates (or global alterations corresponding to different experimental conditions) is a critical step in analyzing RNA-Seq data. Pearson’s correlation coefficient r has been widely used in the RNA-Seq field even though its statistical characteristics may be poorly suited to the task. Here we present a single-parameter test procedure for count data, the Simple Error Ratio Estimate (SERE), that can determine whether two RNA-Seq libraries are faithful replicates or globally different. Benchmarking shows that the interpretation of SERE is unambiguous regardless of the total read count or the range of expression differences among bins (exons or genes), a score of 1 indicating faithful replication (i.e., samples are affected only by Poisson variation of individual counts), a score of 0 indicating data duplication, and scores >1 corresponding to true global differences between RNA-Seq libraries. On the contrary the interpretation of Pearson’s r is generally ambiguous and highly dependent on sequencing depth and the range of expression levels inherent to the sample (difference between lowest and highest bin count). Cohen’s simple Kappa results are also ambiguous and are highly dependent on the choice of bins. For quantifying global sample differences SERE performs similarly to a measure based on the negative binomial distribution yet is simpler to compute. SERE can therefore serve as a straightforward and reliable statistical procedure for the global assessment of pairs or large groups of RNA-Seq datasets by a single statistical parameter.
Geographic variation in the carotenoid plumage pigmentation of male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Geographic variation in both the colour and pattern of carotenoid plumage pigmentation displayed by males in two subspecies of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis and C. m. griscom) was quantified. The extent of ventral carotenoid pigmentation (patch size) differed markedly between these two subspecies; frontalis males from the U.S. (New York, Michigan, California and Hawaii) displayed a medium patch extending from their throats to their lower bellies, while griscomi males sampled in Guerrero, Mexico displayed small patches restricted to their throats. Frontalis males sampled in Michigan and New York and griscomi males were relatively bright in colouration, while frontalis males sampled in Hawaii were relatively drab. Populations of frontalis in California showed substantial local variation in average male colouration: in two areas only 12 km apart males were as colourful and as drab as any population sampled. In aviary experiments in which they were fed either a plain seed diet or a diet supplemented with red carotenoid pigments during moult, males from all populations converged on a similar appearance, except that griscomi males attained a brighter plumage than frontalis males when their diet was supplemented with red pigments. Regardless of diet, the difference in patch size between frontalis and griscomi males persisted after moult in captivity. The author concludes that the difference in patch size between frontalis and griscomi males reflects genetic differences between these populations, but that the differences in the mean plumage colouration of males among populations reflect differences in the access that males have to carotenoid pigments during moult.
Comparison of genotypes of Escherichia coli strains carrying F18ab and F18ac fimbriae from pigs

Escherichia coli carrying the F18 fimbriae colonize the small intestine of pigs and cause postweaning diarrhea and edema disease. There are 2 closely related antigenic variants of F18, F18ab, and F...
A pleasant stroll through the land of infinitely many creatures

Many distributed algorithms are designed for a system with a fixed set of n processes. However, some systems may dynamically change and expand over time,so that the number of processes may grow to infinity as time tends to infinity. This paper considers such systems, and gives algorithms that are new and simple (but not necessarily efficient) for common problems. The reason for simplicity is to better expose some of the algorithmic techniques for dealing with infinitely many processes. A brief summary of existing work in the subject is also provided.
Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Early Childhood: An Ecobiodevelopmental Perspective

Approximately 15.5 million children in the United States reside in households in which interpersonal violence is recurrent. Young children are more likely than older children to be present in the home when violence between adults occurs. In a recent technical report, the American Academy of Pediatrics renewed its call to invest in research and intervention resources for children younger than five years of age. The report also outlined the ecobiodevelopmental (EBD) framework, an emerging cross-disciplinary understanding of stress and coping response in very young children. The EBD framework explains how unresolved stress experienced by infants, toddlers, and preschoolers has toxic effects on their development. The framework could also expand opportunities for social workers who have an interest in research and clinical work involving very young children exposed to violence.
Promotion of host folding during the formation of a taco complex

Host folding for the formation of taco complexes can be promoted by introduction of additional interactions between the host and guest as shown by enhanced associations and X-ray crystal structures.
Ion beam dynamics in a linear Hall discharge

Ion current oscillations in a linear geometry Hall discharge with an open electron drift are studied using a planar Langmuir probe. The bulk discharge behavior is reconstructed from time-resolved measurements of the local ion current density. These ion beam images reveal the same fluctuating "breathing" behavior found in closed-drift Hall thrusters.
A Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SS Effector Mediates Pathogenesis by Independently Enabling Intestinal Colonization and Inhibiting TAK1 Activation

Vibrio parahaemolyticus type III secretion system 2 (T3SS2) is essential for the organism's virulence, but the effectors required for intestinal colonization and induction of diarrhea by this pathogen have not been identified. Here, we identify a type III secretion system (T3SS2)-secreted effector, VopZ, that is essential for V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity. VopZ plays distinct, genetically separable roles in enabling intestinal colonization and diarrheagenesis. Truncation of VopZ prevents V. parahaemolyticus colonization, whereas deletion of VopZ amino acids 38-62 abrogates V. parahaemolyticus-induced diarrhea and intestinal pathology but does not impair colonization. VopZ inhibits activation of the kinase TAK1 and thereby prevents the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which lie downstream. In contrast, the VopZ internal deletion mutant cannot counter the activation of pathways regulated by TAK1. Collectively, our findings suggest that VopZ's inhibition of TAK1 is critical for V. parahaemolyticus to induce diarrhea and intestinal pathology.
What makes Web sites credible?: a report on a large quantitative study

The credibility of web sites is becoming an increasingly important area to understand. To expand knowledge in this domain, we conducted an online study that investigated how different elements of Web sites affect people's perception of credibility. Over 1400 people participated in this study, both from the U.S. and Europe, evaluating 51 different Web site elements. The data showed which elements boost and which elements hurt perceptions of Web credibility. Through analysis we found these elements fell into one of seven factors. In order of impact, the five types of elements that increased credibility perceptions were “real-world feel”, “ease of use”, “expertise”, “trustworthiness”, and “tailoring”. The two types of elements that hurt credibility were “commercial implicationsrand “amateurism”. This large-scale study lays the groundwork for further research into the elements that affect Web credibility. The results also suggest implications for designing credible Web sites.
Statin therapy: new therapy for cardiac microvascular dysfunction.

See doi:10.1016/S1095-668X(03)00478-0for the article to which this editorial refers Cardiac syndrome-X is a clinical entity characterized by angina-like chest discomfort that is often prolonged in duration, normal coronary arteries as assessed by arteriography, non-inducible coronary vasospasm with ergonovine provocation and ST segment depression on treadmill exercise testing. The pathogenesis of cardiac syndrome-X has been ascribed to myocardial ischaemia that may be caused by microvascular dysfunction and increased sensitivity to intracardiac pain. Support for impaired myocardial perfusion in the aetiology of chest pain was provided in a case-control study of 20 patients with established syndrome-X and 10 matched controls that underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at rest and after adenosine infusion.1In syndrome-X patients, adenosine infusion reduced the subendocardial to subepicardial myocardial perfusion index and provoked chest pain in 19 of 20 patients. The mechanisms that may contribute to microvascular dysfunction in syndrome-X include endothelial dysfunction, and abnormal vasoconstrictive responses of the microvasculature to nitric oxide and endothelin. Several lines of evidence support impaired nitric oxide production or endothelial release by coronary vessels of syndrome-X patients. Intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine induce a diminished vasodilator response in syndrome-X patients compared to controls or may induce myocardial ischemia in the absence of vasospasm in epicardial coronary arteries. The acetylcholine-induced ischaemia may result from a vasoconstrictor effect of acetylcholine on vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, intracoronary infusions of L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, enhance coronary vasodilation in response to acetylcholine. Further, levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide, are increased in syndrome-X patients.2 Therapeutic approaches for …
Factors Influencing Patency of Bypass Grafts for Ischemia of the Upper Limb

In order to determine factors influencing operative and long-term patency of bypass grafting for upper extremity ischemia, a fifteen-year experience with 39 bypass grafts was reviewed. Etiology of the lesions included atherosclerosis in 17 limbs, thoracic outlet syndrome in 7 cases, violent or iatrogenic trauma in 12 cases, and arteritis in 3. Primary lesions affected the innominate, subclavian, axillary, and brachial artery in 2, 19, 8, and 10 cases respectively. All patients had a complete follow up (mean seventy-one ± forty-four months). The thirty- day, one-year, and five-year patency rates were 92%, 81%, and 78%, respec tively. Indications for operation and type of onset of ischemic symptoms significantly influenced graft patency (p<0.05). Although early results of bypass grafting were better in patients with chronic symptoms (p<0.05), these grafts had a higher incidence of late occlusion (p = NS). Late patency rate was also signifi cantly affected by the site of distal anastomosis, grafts inserted a...
Gender and Willingness to Mentor in Organizations

We investigated differences in willingness to mentor among men and women in three organizations. When controlling for gender differences in factors relating to decisions to mentor (age, rank, tenure, and mentorship experience), women expressed equivalent intentions to mentor as men, even though they anticipated more drawbacks to becoming a mentor. Additionally, individuals with prior experience in mentoring relationships, either as a protege or as a mentor, reported greater willingness to mentor than individuals lacking mentorship experience.
Efficacy of a commercial produce wash on bacterial contamination of lettuce in a food service setting.

Many microorganisms (including a number of important foodborne pathogens) can be present on raw fruits and vegetables. Since these products are frequently eaten raw, any pathogens present represent a potential risk to the consumer. The objective of this study was to compare the efe cacy of a commercial produce wash with that of water for reducing the total bacterial population on lettuce when used by food service employees in university dining halls. Because this study was carried out in actual food service facilities during their daily operation, we used indigenous produce microe ora instead of actual pathogens. Over the course of the study, more than 40 heads of lettuce were divided into thirds, and each section was analyzed for total plate count either before washing, after washing in water, or after washing in Victory produce wash. When initial contamination levels were $100 CFU/g (n 5 36 samples), reductions obtained with Victory produce wash (1.8 log CFU/g) were signie cantly larger (P 5 0.0006) than those obtained with water (0.8 log CFU/g). Our results indicate that Victory produce wash is effective in reducing indigenous e ora on lettuce during food service preparation. Our results also show that care must be taken in the analysis of microbial reduction data: only a slight reduction in total plate count (ca. 0.1 log CFU/g) and no signie cant difference in reductions ( P 5 0.84) were observed when all samples (irrespective of initial contamination level) were compared.
Small neutrino masses from supersymmetry breaking

An alternative to the conventional see-saw mechanism is proposed to explain the origin of small neutrino masses in supersymmetric theories. The masses and couplings of the right-handed neutrino field are suppressed by supersymmetry breaking, in a way similar to the suppression of the Higgs doublet mass, $\mu$. New mechanisms for light Majorana, Dirac and sterile neutrinos arise, depending on the degree of suppression. Superpartner phenomenology is greatly altered by the presence of weak scale right-handed sneutrinos, which may have a coupling to a Higgs boson and a left-handed sneutrino. The sneutrino spectrum and couplings are quite unlike the conventional case - the lightest sneutrino can be the dark matter and predictions are given for event rates at upcoming halo dark matter direct detection experiments. Higgs decays and search strategies are changed. Copious Higgs production at hadron colliders can result from cascade decays of squarks and gluinos.
A temporal analysis of QMR: abstracted temporal representation and reasoning and initial assessment of diagnostic performance trade-offs.

Explicit temporal representation and reasoning (TRR) in medical decision-support systems (MDSS) is generally considered to be a useful but often neglected aspect of system design and implementation. Given the great burden of explicit TRR both in knowledge acquisition and computational efficiency, developers of general-purpose large-scale systems typically utilize implicit (i.e., abstracted) forms of TRR. We are interested in understanding better the trade-offs of not incorporating explicit TRR in large general-purpose MDSS along the dimensions of system expressive power and diagnostic accuracy. In particular, we examine the types of abstracted TRR employed in QMR, a diagnostic system in the domain of general internal medicine, and the high-level effects of such an implicit treatment of time in the system's diagnostic performance. We present our findings and discuss implications for MDSS design and implementation practices.
Gamification of Service Desk Work

Gamification is an emerging science that seeks to redesign work processes to more fully resemble complex forms of play. This chapter examines gamification and Service Desk gamification to redesign the work of IT Service Desk workers.
I do not disagree: leveraging monolingual alignment to detect disagreement in dialogue

A wide array of natural dialogue discourse can be found on the internet. Previous attempts to automatically determine disagreement between interlocutors in such dialogue have mostly relied on n-gram and grammatical dependency features taken from respondent text. Agreement-disagreement classifiers built upon these baseline features tend to do poorly, yet have proven difficult to improve upon. Using the Internet Argument Corpus, which comprises quote and response post pairs taken from an online debate forum with human-annotated agreement scoring, we introduce semantic environment features derived by comparing quote and response sentences which align well. We show that this method improves classifier accuracy relative to the baseline method namely in the retrieval of disagreeing pairs, which improves from 69% to 77%.
The Meaning of Health for Graduate Nursing Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of health for graduate nursing students based on their life experiences. The qualitative descriptive approach of phenomenology was utilized to define the meaning of health for graduate nursing students. The sample consisted of 29 graduate nursing students. From the participants' responses, 68 descriptive expressions were obtained. Based on these expressions and identified elements, a definition of health was proposed that reflected an awareness of a physical as well as a mental state.
The Reliability of Chinese Histories

The world's greatest repository of historical information is to be found in the twenty-five officially approved Chinese standard histories. This collection begins with legendary ages and continues to the beginning of the Tsing or Manchu period. Because only parts of a very few histories have been translated, this collection remains almost completely unavailable, except to expert sinologists. Altogether the histories have well over twenty million characters, the equivalent of at least forty-five million English words. If this series were translated with appropriate notes and printed in the same format as the parts of the first two that have appeared, there would be about 225,000 pages, making about 450 volumes of 500 pages each. This translation is the greatest single task awaiting sinologfcal scholarship today.
Reclaimed Rubber Application of the T-50 Test

Abstract 1. If reclaimed rubber is introduced into a rubber compound, the T-50 values for the early part of the cure are lowered. This lowering is due in part to the faster rate of cure of the compound containing reclaim, and probably in part to the influence of the combined sulfur present in the reclaim itself. This lowering of T-50 value manifests itself chiefly during the early cures, diminishes as the cure progresses, and finally disappears. 2. The T-50 test should not be used to compare the relative states of cure of compounds containing different or unknown amounts of reclaimed rubber. 3. The T-50 test can be used to determine the effect of reclaimed rubber on the rate of cure of a compound by comparing the slopes and positions of the T-50 curves at various curing times; conclusions reached in this way can be substantiated by free sulfur data. The T-50 test appears to be somewhat more sensitive for this purpose than tensile and modulus tests. 4. T-50 tests on the reclaim-sulfur mix are more uniform ...
Rapid Determination of Silver in Nanobased Liquid Dietary Supplements Using a Portable X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer

This paper reports a rapid and straightforward method for the quantitation of total Ag content in nanobased commercially available liquid dietary supplements using a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzer. Figures of merits were evaluated by analyzing a series of AgNO3 standards. This method was shown to have a detection limit of 3 ppm, a quantitation limit of 10 ppm, and a broad linear range from the detection limit to 10000 ppm (1%). Accurate detection and quantitation of Ag content in well-characterized Ag nanoparticle samples and in nanobased liquid dietary supplements were achieved with good correlation (i.e., percentage difference average values under 15%) between the total Ag concentration obtained by the pXRF analyzer and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Furthermore, accurate quantitation of Ag in the presence of high concentrations of potential spectral interferences was also demonstrated.
Bladder cancer: Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma.

Angiogenesis has not yet been validated as a therapeutic target in advanced urothelial carcinoma. However, a recent phase II trial has suggested that ramucirumab — a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 antibody — combined with second-line docetaxel, might be beneficial.
Data-level Disaster Recovery Data Replication Technology Research and Analysis

Many enterprises to build a large centralized deployment of information systems, these information systems can not afford to face the risk of a regional disaster. In order to effectively prevent disasters, to protect the core data , they need to build data-level disaster recovery. While depending on the system architecture and operating environment, and its construction methods there are a variety of technical routes. In this paper, data-level disaster recovery involved in a variety of data replication techniques to study its strengths and weaknesses were analyzed, hoping in the design and implementation of help here.
On the Artistic Style of HuangShen's Portraitures

HuangShen is one of the ancient representative painters in our country,who,as a life-time painter,had made great artistic achievement.His brushwork was characterized by vivid individualization,putting calligraphy into painting and emphasizing the connotation of art.And therefore,it was a breakthrough of the traditional brushwork.He made civilians such as axe-man and fisherman as his portraying subject,and popularized literator's paintings and presented beauty in common customs by portraying mundane characters and folklores.
Useful and simple detachment technique for cardiomyocyte

The detachment techniques for vat cardiomyocyte were studied and a useful and simple one was developed io meet the need of experiments relative to tissue engineering as well as cultured heart model.
Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Brain Signaling Pathways

Obesity greatly increases the risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases and is one of the most significant and preventable causes of increased blood pressure (BP) in patients with essential hypertension. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) signaling pathways that contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension. We discuss the role of excess adiposity and activation of the brain leptin-melanocortin system in causing increased sympathetic activity in obesity. In addition, we highlight other potential brain mechanisms by which increased weight gain modulates metabolic and cardiovascular functions. Unraveling the CNS mechanisms responsible for increased sympathetic activation and hypertension and how circulating hormones activate brain signaling pathways to control BP offer potentially important therapeutic targets for obesity and hypertension.
Introduction: An Approach to Studying Communist Politics

Analysts of communist systems are very often wrong in their assessments of what is ‘going on’ and/or their predictions of what is likely to happen. The emergence of Solidarity, Chernenko’s succession of Andropov, the level of and rate of growth in Soviet military spending, the degree to which Maoism would outlast Mao, the survivability of Yugoslavia after Tito — these are but a few of the major changes in communist party states about which many analysts have erred.
Foundational workplace safety and health competencies for the emerging workforce

Abstract Introduction Young workers (aged 15–24) suffer disproportionately from workplace injuries, with a nonfatal injury rate estimated to be two times higher than among workers age 25 or over. These workers make up approximately 9% of the U.S. workforce and studies have shown that nearly 80% of high school students work at some point during high school. Although young worker injuries are a pressing public health problem, the critical knowledge and skills needed to prepare youth for safe and healthy work are missing from most frameworks used to prepare the emerging U.S. workforce. Methods A framework of foundational workplace safety and health knowledge and skills (the NIOSH 8 Core Competencies) was developed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Results The proposed NIOSH Core Competencies utilize the HBM to provide a framework for foundational workplace safety and health knowledge and skills. An examination of how these competencies and the HBM apply to actions that workers take to protect themselves is provided. The social and physical environments that influence these actions are also discussed. Conclusions The NIOSH 8 Core Competencies, grounded in one of the most widely used health behavior theories, fill a critical gap in preparing the emerging U.S. workforce to be cognizant of workplace risks. Practical applications Integration of the NIOSH 8 Core Competencies into school curricula is one way to ensure that every young person has the foundational workplace safety and health knowledge and skills to participate in, and benefit from, safe and healthy work.
Applicability of online Mechanics of Materials course for engineering undergraduate students

In this research, we examine the effects of online lectures on engineering students' course performances and students' attitudes towards online learning. Specifically, we compare performances of students enrolled in a traditionally taught, lecture format Mechanics of Materials course with students in an online Mechanics of Materials course in Summer 2016 and examine the students' attitudes towards learning Mechanics of Materials online. To see the effect of the two different teaching approaches across student types, students are categorized by gender, enrollment status, English proficiency, and grades students obtained for Statics, one of the prerequisite courses for Mechanics of Materials. The findings can highlight the types of students who benefit from an online Mechanics of Materials course. The larger goal of this study is to determine if the online pedagogy can improve students' academic performance for different types of students and to determine its applicability for the university on a larger scale.
Nonclassical Light Generation From III–V and Group-IV Solid-State Cavity Quantum Systems

Abstract In this chapter, we present the state of the art in the generation of nonclassical states of light using semiconductor cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) platforms. Our focus is on the photon blockade effects that enable the generation of indistinguishable photon streams with high purity and efficiency. Starting with the leading platform of InGaAs quantum dots in optical nanocavities, we review the physics of a single quantum emitter strongly coupled to a cavity. Furthermore, we propose a complete model for photon blockade and tunneling in III–V quantum dot-cavity QED systems. Turning toward quantum emitters with small inhomogeneous broadening, we propose a direction for novel experiments for nonclassical light generation based on group-IV color-center systems. We present a model of a multiemitter cavity QED platform, which features richer dressed-states ladder structures, and show how it can offer opportunities for studying new regimes of high-quality photon blockade.
Landmark Summaries: Interpreting Typical Values and Percentiles

In this chapter, you will learn how to condense a data set down to one number (or two or a few numbers) that summarizes the data by expressing some of the most fundamental data characteristics. The methods most appropriate for a single list of numbers (ie, univariate data) include the following: One: The average, median, and mode are different ways of selecting a single number that closely describes all the numbers in a data set. Such a single-number summary is referred to as a typical value, center, or location. The average is best when total amounts are important to you (because it divides the total equally) and the average also works well when the histogram shows an approximately normal distribution. The median can work better when you have skewness or outliers (because it always chooses a value near the middle of the data) although the median might not work well when total amounts are important. The mode is the most common category (or midpoint of tallest histogram bar with quantitative data) and is the best (and only) choice for nominal qualitative data. With ordinal qualitative data, either the median or the mode can be used, and all three of these summary methods are available with quantitative data. If some numbers in your data have more importance than others, you may use a weighted average to reflect this information. Two: A percentile summarizes information about ranks, characterizing the value attained by a given percentage of the data after they have been ordered from smallest to largest. There are many percentiles! For example, the median is the 50th percentile, and the quartiles are the 25th and 75th percentiles. Your company would be “at the 93rd percentile for revenues in your industry group” if your revenues are larger than those of about 93% of these companies. The box plot displays the five-number summary (smallest, 25th percentile, median, 75th percentile, largest) allowing you to focus on these essentials without the distractions of the additional details of a histogram. The cumulative distribution function displays all of the percentiles in full detail. Three: The standard deviation is an indication of how different the numbers in the data set are from their average. This concept is also referred to as diversity or variability and will be deferred to Chapter 5 .
Correlation of technical surgical goals to the GDI and investigation of post-operative GDI change in children with cerebral palsy

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to introduce a standardized set of surgical technical achievement goals (TAGs) as part of a comprehensive outcome assessment model for children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) undergoing orthopaedic surgical intervention to improve gait. Examination of relationships of these surgical goals to the Gait Deviation Index (GDI) and use of two assessments in tandem provided a thorough picture of technical surgical outcomes. This study also investigated changes in GDI in children with spastic CP after surgery. Methods Data from 269 participants with spastic CP, aged 4 to 19 years with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I, II, and III who underwent lower extremity orthopaedic surgical intervention to improve gait were retrospectively analyzed. Data were examined as one heterogeneous group and sub-grouped based on pattern of involvement and GMFCS level to determine change in GDI and relationships between GDI and TAGs. Results Differences in TAG achievement and GDI change by GMFCS level suggest a pairing of GDI with another technical measure to be beneficial. Analysis of the outcome tools individually revealed a significant difference between the pre-operative GDI and post-operative GDI mean for the entire group, as well as each of the subgroups. A significant difference in TAG achievement by GMFCS level was also noted. Conclusion This paper provides evidence that lower extremity orthopedic intervention for the ambulatory child with spastic diplegic or hemiplegic CP improves gait and that a pairing of the GDI and TAGs system is beneficial to capture an accurate technical outcome assessment in both higher and lower functioning patients.
What Makes a Hero? Exploring Characteristic Profiles of Heroes Using Q-Method:

Building on research about the characteristics and varieties of actual heroes, the purpose of this project was to investigate the extent to which different types of real heroes have similar and dis...
Insufficient Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity among Adolescents in a Chinese Population

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and overweight/obesity among Chinese adolescents. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese adolescents in 2016. In total, 2795 school-aged Chinese children aged 12 to 13 years participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete self-administered surveys during a 45-min class period in their classroom. Details of the questionnaire about health-related behaviors included sleep habits, physical activity, screen time, cigarette use, and alcohol use. Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were directly measured. Results: The mean sleep duration was 8.7 h/day. In total, 43.0% of the participants had a sleep duration of less than 9 h/day. Sleep duration was significantly inversely related to BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHtR in multiple linear regression analyses in both genders. Logistic regression models showed that insufficient sleep (<9 h/day) was associated with high odds of overweight/obesity among both young boys and girls. Conclusions: Insufficient sleep duration was associated with overweight/obesity in Chinese adolescents, and short sleep duration was probably associated with central adiposity, especially among boys.
Interplay of sketching & prototyping in early stage product design

AbstractResearch suggests that, for the design of simple mechanisms, sketching and prototyping are somewhat interchangeable in terms of their influence on idea quantity and quality. This study expl...
Racial Difference in Cerebral Microbleed Burden Among a Patient Population in the Mid-South United States.

BACKGROUND Although intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is more common among African-Americans, data on the burden of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) among different races is limited. The purpose of this study is to compare the number, associated factors, and topography of CMBs between African-American and Caucasian populations in the Mid-South United States. METHODS Using natural language processing, we extracted all brain MRIs performed during a 2-year period (2012-2013) when the report indicated the presence of CMB. All the extracted MRI studies were evaluated for number and location of CMBs, prior stroke, and deep white matter lesion. Negative binomial regression was used to model for the overdispersed count data. RESULTS A total 167 patients (mean age was 63 ± 15 years, 49% men, 77% African-American, median CMB count: 8) with 1 or more CMBs on their brain MRI were included in this study. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of CMB locations (P = .086), but there was a significant difference between African-American and Caucasian patients in terms of number of CMBs (16.5 ± 18 versus 6.5 ± 5.5, P < .001). The prevalence of multiple CMBs (CMBs ≥ 5) was similar among African-Americans and Caucasians (72% versus 55%, P = .062). After adjusting for potential confounders, the African-American race was not independently associated with a higher CMB burden (P = .073). CONCLUSION African-American race was not independently associated with a higher rate of CMB burden when compared to Caucasians after adjusting for potential confounders. We also did not observe a significant racial difference regarding the location and prevalence of multiple CMBs (CMBs ≥ 5).
Congenital bleeding disorders. Rational treatment options.

There are rational, effective choices available for the treatment of common inherited bleeding disorders, according to assessment of safety, efficacy and cost. All currently available products for patients with haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) are comparable in terms of efficacy and viral safety. However, high purity products are recommended for those with coexisting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Many patients with mild haemophilia A and most with von Willebrand's disease can be treated with desmopressin, which can be given as an intranasal spray in some countries. For the treatment of patients with factor XI deficiency, fresh frozen plasma remains the standard care, although solvent-detergent-treated fresh frozen plasma and factor XI concentrate are currently being investigated as alternatives. In the treatment of haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), purified factor IX concentrates are particularly useful in clinical settings where large amounts of concentrate are to be used (e.g. surgical prophylaxis). Their usefulness in other contexts needs clarification. Treatment of inhibitors that may develop in response to administered coagulation factors is still limited to the use of prothrombin complex concentrates and porcine factor VIII. Active clinical trials are currently assessing the efficacy and safety of recombinant factor VIIa, Xa and tissue factor in this indication.
Employment Discrimination and Its Remedies

The concentration of people of color and white women in less desirable and less remunerative jobs than those white men hold is a fundamental expression of race and sex stratification. Among the factors that produce these patterns is discrimination. This chapter addresses employment discrimination based on race, sex, and national origin, and the role of government in its extent.
Structural, optical, and hole transport properties of earth-abundant chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) nanocrystals

Here, we report thiol-free thermal-injection synthesis of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) nanocrystals (NCs) using iron (II) bromide (FeBr2), copper (II) acetaylacetonate (Cu(acac)2), and elemental sulfur (S). Controlled reaction temperature and growth time yield stable and phase-pure ternary CuFeS2 NCs exhibiting tetragonal crystal structure. With increasing growth time from 1 to 30 min, absorption peak slightly red shifts from 465 to 490 nm. Based on spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis, three electronic transitions at 0.652, 1.54, and 2.29 eV were found for CuFeS2 NC film. Also, CuFeS2 NC thin films are incorporated as hole transport layers in cadmium telluride solar cells reaching an efficiency of ~12%.
Bail and Pretrial Detention: Contours and Causes of Temporal and County Variation

Despite growing interest in bail and pretrial detention among both academic researchers and policymakers, systematic research on pretrial release remains limited. In this article, we examine bail and pretrial release practices across seventy-five large U.S. counties from 1990 to 2009 and look at the contextual correlates of bail regime severity. We find tremendous intra-county variation in bail practices, as well as a nationwide decline in the use of nonfinancial release and doubling of bail amounts during this period. This variation is not accounted for by differences in case composition across jurisdictions or over time. Patterns of bail practices are associated with political, socioeconomic, and demographic factors, however. Implications of these findings for future research on bail and pretrial detention are discussed.