cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The balancing act of performance: Psychometric networks and the causal interplay of organizational citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors

Abstract Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are recognized as two primary dimensions of the job performance domain, each contributing to crucial individual and organizational outcomes. However, an incomplete understanding of the OCB-CWB interplay persists due to a predominant focus on their between-person interrelation and a lack of consistent empirical support for the few within-person OCB-CWB studies. Here we elucidate the dynamic OCB-CWB interplay by integrating moral licensing and moral cleansing theories to form an overarching framework that explains previous inconsistency in findings. Specifically, we argue that performing OCBs can lead individuals to perceive a license to perform subsequent CWBs, whereas performing CWBs can lead individuals to compensate for their undesirable behavior by performing OCBs. In a 10-day daily-diary survey, we utilize the cutting-edge technique of directed-graph psychometric network analysis to test our hypotheses. Results suggest that although there may be a negative or null OCB-CWB relationship due to individuals' general consistency in behavior, integrating moral licensing and cleansing can explain instances of positive relations wherein OCBs predict subsequent CWBs and vice versa. Our findings demonstrate distinct relations at the between- and within-person levels of this phenomenon, as well as individual differences in the specific behavioral patterning of the OCB-CWB interplay. Notably, the current findings constitute a contribution to both our theoretical understanding of the dynamic OCB-CWB interplay, an empirical test of two major theories of moral behavior applied to the workplace, and points to the practical potential of the psychometric network approach within research and practice.
Using Head-Mounted Ethanol Sensors to Monitor Olfactory Information and Determine Behavioral Changes Associated with Ethanol-Plume Contact during Mouse Odor-Guided Navigation.

Abstract Olfaction guides navigation and decision-making in organisms from multiple animal phyla. Understanding how animals use olfactory cues to guide navigation is a complicated problem for two main reasons. First, the sensory cues used to guide animals to the source of an odor consist of volatile molecules, which form plumes. These plumes are governed by turbulent air currents, resulting in an intermittent and spatiotemporally varying olfactory signal. A second problem is that the technologies for chemical quantification are cumbersome and cannot be used to detect what the freely-moving animal senses in real time. Understanding how the olfactory system guides this behavior requires knowing the sensory cues and the accompanying brain signals during navigation. Here we present a method for real-time monitoring of olfactory information using low-cost, lightweight sensors that robustly detect common solvent molecules, like alcohols, and can be easily mounted on the heads of freely behaving mice engaged in odor-guided navigation. To establish the accuracy and temporal response properties of these sensors we compared their responses with those of a photoionization detector (PID) to precisely controlled ethanol stimuli. Ethanol sensor recordings, deconvolved using a difference-of-exponentials kernel, showed robust correlations with the PID signal at behaviorally relevant time, frequency and spatial scales. Additionally, calcium imaging of odor responses from the olfactory bulbs of awake, head-fixed mice showed strong correlations with ethanol plume contacts detected by these sensors. Finally, freely behaving mice engaged in odor-guided navigation showed robust behavioral changes such as speed reduction that corresponded to ethanol plume contacts. Significance Statement Animals are remarkable at locating resources, essential to survival, from long distances using olfactory information. Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms and the behavioral strategies for accomplishing this goal has been challenging due to the intermittent nature of the olfactory information. Here we present a method to record real-time olfactory information using low cost, lightweight sensors that can be mounted on the head of freely behaving rodents. This technology can therefore allow us to better correlate the spatiotemporally varying intermittent olfactory information with behavioral changes and neurophysiological recordings.
Scintillation Fiber Optic Dosimetry

Scintillation fiber optic dosimeters have drawn great attention due to their unique practical advantageous properties including the ability to perform in vivo, real-time, and intracavitary measurements with high spatial resolution because of their small physical size and mechanical flexibility. These features make them ideal candidates for many applications in radiation therapy dosimetry, such as in brachytherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, superficial therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, proton therapy, and small-field dosimetry. Working principle of optical fibers, characteristics of scintillators and detectors, and issues related to Cherenkov radiation generated in optical fibers are discussed in this chapter.
The farmer’s battlefield: traditional ecological knowledge and unexploded bombs in Cambodia

What role does traditional ecological knowledge play in the lives of smallholder farmers in post-conflict communities as they cope with the destructive impacts of war? In many cases, military weapons, such as unexploded bombs, are left behind in the surrounding landscape, forcing farmers to adapt their livelihood practices to the increased risk of death and injury. We analyze trends in the local production of knowledge in Ratanak Kiri province, Cambodia, an area heavily bombarded by the US Air Force during the Vietnam War. We argue that the system of traditional ecological knowledge has adapted to include basic information on bomb identification, location, and management strategies. This factual approach gives individuals the flexibility to generate their own views on whether they perceive unexploded ordnance as a violent hazard and/or an economic commodity. In a relatively short 50-year time period, the body of knowledge has been quickly accumulated and culturally transmitted to family and neighbors. Our findings suggest that traditional ecological knowledge should not be reduced to a static and ancient form of collective memory. We call for the expansion of the concept of traditional ecological knowledge to include short-term and dynamic processes of knowledge generation.
The Sn-Equivariant Rational Homology of the Tropical Moduli Spaces Δ2,n

We compute the Sn-equivariant rational homology of the tropical moduli spaces Δ2,n for n≤8 using a cellular chain complex for symmetric Δ-complexes in Sage.
Charlotte’s Web: A Fable of the Rise and Fall of National Socialism

Charlotte’s Web has many incongruous literary elements: odd names, illogical plots, and bloody morals which cannot be adequately explained by the commonly accepted origination story. Juxtaposing the story, with its illustrations, with the contemporary post-World War II thinking, one hypothesis is that the story is a fable of the rise of National Socialism in Germany, similar to the commonly accepted fable of Animal Farm referring to Stalin’s USSR. Importantly, the Aryanesque names, the swastika connections to both the spider web and Navajo blanket, the odd salutations, the black flag of terror and the moral lessons such as the “old pail trick” make this conclusion inescapable. E.B. White has previously compared American capitalism, especially with its seductive but fraudulent advertising, with Nazi Germany and its propaganda as early as 1938. Written in the height of the Red Scare and McCarthyism, the story can be best read as a clarion call to the danger of post-war America turning into a totalitarian police state of terror, which is to White “SOME STATE” that is “TERRIFIC.”
Geoengineering and the Evolution of Dueling Precautions

2018 witnessed the release of a number of films depicting a new kind of future dystopia. Instead of the usual portrayal of psychological, technological, and political horrors of future dystopias, we have begun to see an increasing emphasis on humans surviving in a world with no natural ecosystems left intact. For example, the new Blade Runner film takes place in a future with no remaining trees – not one – and artificial sources of nutrition instead of agriculture. In the recent Spielberg film Ready Player One, people must escape into a virtual reality world because the real world is unlivable, having been stripped of all natural resources and devastated by climate change. This trend in depressing entertainment reflects both an increased awareness of the extremely serious environmental issues facing our planet (including biodiversity loss and climate change) and a complete failure to appreciate our dependence on a functioning planet, and its associated ecosystem services, in order to survive. Without ecosystem services life doesn’t simply become unpleasant – it is over. Seeing healthy surviving protagonists living in a future with a completely-destroyed planet is perhaps the greatest fictional aspect of these films, and yet it is the least noticed. Because of our dependence on ecosystem services for survival, biodiversity is more than just our canary, it is the entire coal mine around us. In other words, we will not be able to save ourselves after failing to save everything else.
Homotopy Directed Optimization to Design a Six-Bar Linkage for a Lower Limb with a Natural Ankle Trajectory

Author(s): Tsuge, BY; Plecnik, MM; McCarthy, JM | Abstract: This paper presents a synthesis method for the Stephenson III six-bar linkage that combines the direct solution of the synthesis equations with an optimization strategy to achieve increased performance for path generation. The path synthesis equations for a six-bar linkage can reach as many as 15 points on a curve; however, the degree of the polynomial system is 1046. In order to increase the number of accuracy points and decrease the complexity of the synthesis equations, a new formulation is used that combines 11 point synthesis with optimization techniques to obtain a six-bar linkage that minimizes the distance to 60 accuracy points. This homotopy directed optimization technique is demonstrated by obtaining a Stephenson III six-bar linkage that achieves a specified gait trajectory.
Single Fathers: A Growing Minority in America

(1983). Single Fathers: A Growing Minority in America. Health Education: Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 37-40.
Electrical penetration graph studies to investigate the effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding behavior of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Capsicum annuum.

BACKGROUND The anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole has been shown to suppress aphid and whitefly populations as well as reduce transmission of plant viruses by thrips and whiteflies when taken up systemically by the plant. In this study, electrical penetration graphing (EPG) was used to compare effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding behavior of Myzus persicae with those of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid applied as a soil drench to pepper plants two-, six-, and ten-days post-treatment. RESULTS Significant reductions in the total amount of time spent probing, mean number of phloem feeding events, and mean number of intracellular punctures were observed on both cyantraniliprole- and imidacloprid-treated plants, compared to aphids that fed on plants treated only with water. Imidacloprid treatment also caused a significant reduction in the total number of probes relative to the water treated control. The effects of cyantraniliprole were statistically significant only in assays conducted at ten-days post-treatment, whereas the effects of imidacloprid on aphid feeding were significant in assays conducted at two-, six-, and ten-days post-treatment. CONCLUSION These findings document significant effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding by Myzus persicae. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient pricing of electric power service : Some innovative solutions

Abstract The author here argues that to maximize efficiency in the production and consumption of electricity, its price to the consumer should be varied in real time according to the short-run marginal social cost of providing power at various times and places, through remote control metering. To motivate privately-owned utilities to set prices in this manner he proposes the use of an escrow find to or from which would flow the difference between the responsive rate paid by the customer and the regulated retention rate established by regulatory proceedings. With consumption subject to instantaneous control through price, spinning reserves would no longer be needed and emergencies could be dealt with with fewer blackouts. How to calculate short-run marginal social cost under various circumstances is discussed in detail, and also how prices should differ from marginal cost to allow for costs involved in the provision of subsidies.
Domain extension for enhanced target collision-resistant hash functions

We answer the question of Reyhanitabar et al. from FSE'09 of constructing a domain extension scheme for enhanced target collision-resistant (eTCR) hash functions with sublinear key expansion. The eTCR property, introduced by Halevi and Krawczyk [1], is a natural fit for hash-and-sign signature schemes, offering an attractive alternative to collision-resistant hash functions. We prove a new composition theorem for eTCR, and demonstrate that eTCR compression functions exist if and only if oneway functions do.
Survey of singular geodesics

The existence of singular minimizers in the calculus of variations has been known at least since the time of Caratheodory. Several authors had claimed that such minimizers do not exist in the context of sub-Riemannian geometry. Recently the author gave an example where the singular extremals are minimizers and are stable under perturbation. This demonstrates that they are of central importance to sub-Riemannian geometry. We describe the example and the current state of knowledge regarding singular geodesies. Several open problems are posed.
Neutron Star Formation and the Weak Interaction

The collapse of the core of a massive star has no photon signature because this core is completely obscured by its opaque envelope. The supernova that might attend collapse will announce itself to an external optical observer long after the implosion/explosion of the core itself, as it takes about a day for the internally generated shock wave to traverse the giant envelope.
Personality Characteristics of Effective Listeners: A Five Factor Perspective

Abstract This study examined the personality characteristics of effective listeners using the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), an assessment instrument based on the Five Factor Model, and the Watson-Barker Listening Test (WBLT). One hundred and twenty five undergraduate students (33 men, 92 women) participated in the study and completed the paper-and-pencil self-report measures in their classrooms. A significant correlation was found between the School Success Scale of the HPI and the WBLT. However, none of the other major scales of the HPI were correlated with and the WBLT. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the major scales of the HPI did not predict any of the dimensions of the WBLT. As predicted the WBLT was related to a measure of empathy but the results did not support the hypothesis that effective listening is related to sensation seeking. The findings suggest that effective listening is more strongly related to social interactions linked to a specific context than to more general traits...
A fluorometric method for determination of actinomycin D in serum

Abstract A sensitive fluorometric method for the determination of actinomycin D in serum has been developed. The method is based on the fluorescence of the product obtained when actinomycin D is oxidized with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. The fluorescence is measured at 420 mμ with excitation at 370 mμ. The lower limit of detection for actinomycin D is 0.1 μg of actinomycin D per milliliter of serum. In this method, actinomycin D is totally recovered from serum by extraction with ethyl acetate.
Rate of microcrack nucleation

We propose a phenomenological model for microcrack nucleation in a solid under constant external stress. We argue that the kinetics of the crack nucleation process is qualitatively different from that occurring in simple metastable states such as supercooled liquids or supersaturated solutions. This difference is caused by irreversible processes such as surface diffusion that restructure microcrack surfaces. This restructuring inhibits microcrack healing and thus yields a microcrack nucleation rate that is much faster than that obtained by directly applying nucleation laws appropriate to metastable states in liquids or solutions.
Tracking magma volume recovery at Okmok volcano using GPS and an unscented Kalman filter

[1] Changes beneath a volcano can be observed through position changes in a GPS network, but distinguishing the source of site motion is not always straightforward. The records of continuous GPS sites provide a favorable data set for tracking magma migration. Dense campaign observations usually provide a better spatial picture of the overall deformation field, at the expense of an episodic temporal record. Combining these observations provides the best of both worlds. A Kalman filter provides a means for integrating discrete and continuous measurements and for interpreting subtle signals. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a nonlinear method for time-dependent observations. We demonstrate the application of this technique to deformation data by applying it to GPS data collected at Okmok volcano. Seven years of GPS observations at Okmok are analyzed using a Mogi source model and the UKF. The deformation source at Okmok is relatively stable at 2.5 km depth below sea level, located beneath the center of the caldera, which means the surface deformation is caused by changes in the strength of the source. During the 7 years of GPS observations more than 0.5 m of uplift has occurred, a majority of that during the time period January 2003 to July 2004. The total volume recovery at Okmok since the last eruption in 1997 is ∼60–80%. The UKF allows us to solve simultaneously for the time-dependence of the source strength and for the location without a priori information about the source.
Continued high caseload of rheumatic fever in western Pennsylvania: Possible rheumatogenic emm types of streptococcus pyogenes.

Objective To evaluate the occurrence of cases of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in western Pennsylvania although there has been a marked reduction of cases of ARF in the United States overall. Study design From 1994 to 2003, the cases of ARF evaluated at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh were reviewed. In addition, throat cultures were performed on a subset of these children and their family members beginning in 1995. Molecular typing was performed on isolates of the group A streptococcus (GAS) recovered, using field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) and emm typing. Results There were 121 new cases of ARF from 1994 to 2003. Of these, 57% were male. The median age was 10 years. The majority of children (57%) had carditis with or without another manifestation of ARF. The results of throat cultures were available for 231 persons; 36% (30/84) of the children with ARF and 14% (20/147) of family members were positive for GAS. Eight emm types were observed (emm 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, 28, 75, and 89). Data suggest that emm type 12 may be a rheumatogenic strain. Conclusion ARF remains a problem in western Pennsylvania. Identification of emm types associated with cases should enlighten vaccine development.
Micro-capacitors based on electrochemically grown vertical arrays of gold nanowires as electrodes

Abstract This paper describes the development of micro-capacitors with electrodes based on electrochemically grown vertical gold nanowire arrays. A high aspect-ratio anodized aluminum oxide template integrated on silicon dioxide/silicon substrates was exploited for fabricating a vertical array of nanowires with a high surface to volume ratio. Bismuth ferric oxide thin films were deposited to create high dielectric material between the electrodes using room temperature electrodeposition. This nanofabrication process may be compatible with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process, therefore, this capacitor can be used for protecting and regulating the surge voltage biased to the CMOS circuits. This capacitor achieved a high density capacitance of 3.1 μF/m2 at 1 MHz, which was measured using a parallel plate set-up.
Factors associated with early embryonic mortality

This paper describes the patterns of embryonic mortality in poultry species and summarises the various causes of mortality. Descriptions of the morphological stages of development at each of these time periods are given. Data are presented describing factors affecting development at oviposition, egg storage and incubation.
Sex differences in infant habituation research: A survey and some hypotheses

The literature on infant habituation was reviewed for evidence of sex differences in performance. While a majority of the studies do not report analyses for sex differences, studies finding such differences still constitute a significant proportion of the literature. Twenty-two procedural variables were examined in relation to the varying outcomes of the studies. The findings suggest that sex differences in habituation performance are related to the distribution of habituation training and implicate faster stimulus processing by male infants and/or more complete or detailed processing by females.
Effects of ultraviolet light on thymidine dinucleotide and polynucleotide.

Abstract 1. 1. The absorbance changes in dithymidylic acid and in polythymidylic acid produced by ultraviolet irradiation have been interpreted in terms of the reversible formation of dimers between adjacent thymine residues. The formation of dimers, breakage of dimers, and steady-state fraction of dimers are all wavelength dependent. 2. 2. The action spectra for dimer formation are approximately the same as the absorption spectrum of thymine. The quantum yields are approx. 0.01 for dithymidylic-acid and approx. 0.02 for polythymidylic acid. 3. 3. The action spectra for dimer breakage are the same for both polymers and are similar to that for breaking the thymine dimer. The quantum yield is approx. 1. 4. 4. The steady-state fraction of dimers is approx. 70% for 280 mμ and approx. 15% for 240-mμ irradiation.
Passive coping response to depressive symptoms among low-income homebound older adults: does it affect depression severity and treatment outcome?

Due to their homebound state, lack of financial resources, and/or other life demands, a significant proportion of depressed, low-income homebound older adults experience depression. Because of their limited access to psychotherapy, most of these older adults self-manage their depressive symptoms. The purposes of this study were to examine (1) the relationship between homebound older adults' coping responses to depressed mood and the severity of their depressive symptoms at baseline (n = 121), and (2) the moderating effect of passive coping responses on the relationship between participation in problem-solving therapy (PST: in-person or telehealth delivery) and depressive symptoms at 12- and 24-week follow-ups. Controlling for the effects of demographic and disability characteristics, cognitive passive coping was significantly associated with baseline depressive symptoms, while behavioral passive coping was not. The main effect of baseline cognitive passive coping response was also significant in mixed-effects regression analysis, but the interaction between coping pattern and group was not significant. The results point to a possibility that cognitive passive copers may have benefited as much from PST as the rest of the PST participants. Further research needs to examine the moderating effect of coping responses to depressive symptoms on treatment efficacy of PST and other psychosocial interventions for late-life depression.
Experiments and computational models for aerosol behaviour in the containment

Abstract Aerosols generated by condensation of volatile fission products during nuclear reactor core meltdown accidents represent a major fraction of the accidental airborne radioactivity. A comprehensive experimental research programme was performed at Battelle to investigate the transport and deposition behaviour of aerosols in the containment, in order to support the development of computer models which estimate the fission product behaviour in the containment and the source term for potential radionuclide releases to the environment. Important steps in the investigations were: (1) DEMONA experiments. The first large scale aerosol test series performed in the Battelle model containment (BMC) (total volume 640 m3), using an open (quasi one-room) geometry and condensation aerosols from a plasma torch generator. (2) VANAM experiments. Advanced aerosol tests in the BMC, using a multi-room geometry, mixed hygroscopic/non hygroscopic condensation aerosols, a double injection period, and varying thermohydraulic conditions. One of the experiments was subject of the International Standard Problem ISP 37. (3) KAEVER experiments. A systematic investigation of aerosol materials and mixtures and the related deposition behaviour, using a simplified one-room test vessel (10 m3 volume) and advanced instrumentation. Important computer codes developed and/or validated in connection with the experiments are FIPLOC and NAUA; aerosol codes CONTAIN, MELCOR and GOTHIC-MAEROS were also applied. Some important results from the investigations and code developments are: (1) significant local aerosol concentration differences can occur in a multi-room geometry; (2) concentration differences can be caused by atmospheric stratification; and (3) deposition is strongly affected by material hygroscopicity and atmospheric humidity. (4) Satisfactory prediction requires a consistent treatment of multi-room thermal hydraulics, aerosol transport and steam condensation on particles. (5) Prediction results can be affected by numerical stability and nodalization (user experience). This paper presents a number of results of the experimental investigations and the present state of code modelling, with special reference to the findings of ISP37.
QUALITY JUDGMENTS OF TECHNICAL FIELDS: BIAS, MARGINALITY, AND THE ROLE OF THE ELITE

Most accounts of scientific and technological development stress the importance of quality judgments for particular technical fields. This study investigates social psychological and structural factors associated with such judgments for nineteen fields in nuclear waste and solar cell research. The results of the analysis indicate a tendency toward positive bias for fields in which researchers have been active, for this bias to be stronger in less innovative fields, and for elite membership to affect this bias in different ways depending on the nature of the system. In addition, there was no tendency for those with a high level of social contacts to others working in a field to display a positive bias, except in consensually innovative fields.
Recruitment and activation of PLCγ1 in T cells: a new insight into old domains

Engagement of the T-cell antigen receptor leads to recruitment of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) to the LAT-nucleated signaling complex and to PLCγ1 activation in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. The mechanism of PLCγ1 recruitment and the role of PLCγ1 Src homology (SH) domains in this process remain incompletely understood. Using a combination of biochemical methods and real-time fluorescent imaging, we show here that the N-terminal SH2 domain of PLCγ1 is necessary but not sufficient for its recruitment. Either the SH3 or C-terminal SH2 domain of PLCγ1, with the participation of Vav1, c-Cbl and Slp76, are required to stabilize PLCγ1 recruitment. All three PLCγ1 SH domains are required for phosphorylation of PLCγ1 Y783, which is critical for enzyme activation. These novel findings entailed revision of the currently accepted model of PLCγ1 recruitment and activation in T lymphocytes.
CT findings in isolated ischemic proctosigmoiditis

The purpose of our study was to describe the CT features of ischemic proctosigmoiditis in correlation with clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histopathologic findings. Our study included seven patients with isolated ischemic proctosigmoiditis. Patients were identified by a retrospective review of all histopathologic records of colonoscopic biopsies performed during a time period of 4 years. All patients presented with left lower abdominal quadrant pain, bloody stools, and leukocytosis, and four patients had fever at the time of presentation. Four of seven patients suffered from diarrhea, one of seven was constipated and two of seven had normal stool consistency. The CT examinations were reviewed by two authors by consensus and compared with clinical and histopathologic results as well as with the initial CT diagnosis. The CT showed a wall thickening confined to the rectum and sigmoid colon in seven of seven patients, stranding of the pararectal fat in four of seven, and stranding of the perisigmoidal fat in one of seven patients. There were no enlarged lymph nodes, but five of seven patients showed coexistent diverticulosis and in three of these patients CT findings were initially misinterpreted as sigmoid diverticulitis. Endoscopies and histopathologic analyses of endoscopic biopsies confirmed non-transmural ischemic proctosigmoiditis in all patients. Isolated ischemic proctosigmoiditis often presents with unspecific CT features and potentially misleading clinical and laboratory findings. In an elderly patient or a patient with known cardiovascular risk factors the diagnosis of ischemic proctosigmoiditis should be considered when wall thickening confined to the rectum and sigmoid colon is seen that is associated with perirectal fat stranding.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. 65. An Investigation of the Oxidation of Oxalate by Tris(polypyridine) Ruthenium Complexes and the Effect of the Electrochemical Steps on the Emission Intensity

The homogeneous oxidation of oxalate has been investigated at an ultramicroelectrode by means of redox catalysis with different iron and ruthenium coordination complexes. Kinetically, the process is governed by the first electron transfer. It can be rationalized by Marcus theory. When the electron acceptor is a ruthenium coordination complex, the second electron transfer can generate a luminescent excited state of the ruthenium. This electrochemiluminescent process is related, in a first approximation, to the catalytic efficiency of the homogeneous oxalate oxidation, but also to the different competing routes for the second electron transfer (oxidation of CO2•-). The effect of the pH and the ionic strength on the redox catalysis and the light emission are discussed.
Characterization of deep level defects in Tl6I4S single crystals by photo-induced current transient spectroscopy

Defect levels in semi-insulating Tl6I4S single crystals grown by the horizontal Bridgman technique have been characterized using photo-induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS). These measurements revealed six electron traps located at (0.059 ± 0.007), (0.13 ± 0.012), (0.31 ± 0.074), (0.39 ± 0.019), (0.62 ± 0.110), and (0.597 ± 0.105). These defect levels are attributed to vacancies (VI, VS) and antisite defects (IS, TlS, TlI) upon comparison to calculations of native defect energy levels using density functional theory and defects recently reported from photoluminescence and photoconductivity measurements.
Absence of close linkage between acute intermittent porphyria and the ABO, Rh, P, acid phosphatase, Pr, orosmucoid and pepsinogen loci.

Linkage analysis of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) with 20 genetic markers demonstrated absence of close linkage with ABO, Rh, P, ACP1, Pr, Oro and Pg. Linkage with AIP was not establis
Elasticity of substitution and growth: normalized CES in the Diamond model

It is often asserted that the more substitutable capital and labor are in the aggregate production the more rapidly an economy grows. Recently this has been formally confirmed within the Solow model by Klump and de La Grandville (2000). This paper demonstrates that there exists no such monotonic relationship between factor substitutability and growth in the Diamond overlapping-generations model. In particular, we prove that, if capital and labor are relatively substitutable, a country with a greater elasticity of substitution exhibits lower per capita output growth in transit and in steady state.
Measurement of screening enhancement to nuclear reaction rates using a strongly magnetized and strongly correlated non-neutral plasma.

An analogy is uncovered between the nuclear reaction rate in a dense neutral plasma and the energy equipartition rate in a strongly magnetized non-neutral plasma. In strong magnetic fields, cyclotron energy, like nuclear energy, is released only through rare close collisions between charges. The probability of such collisions is enhanced by plasma screening effects, just as in nuclear reactions. Enhancements of up to ${10}^{10}$ are measured in simulations of cyclotron energy equipartition and are compared to the theory of screened nuclear reactions.
Minimizing sequences for differential inclusion problems in the presence of state constraints

Abstract Necessary conditions for minimizing sequences of a differential inclusion control problem in the presence of state constraints are given. We employ the Ekeland variational principle as well as the Sumin one to obtain the necessary conditions. The controls used are generalized controls discussed in the paper of Kaskosz and Lojasiewicz.
Effects of long‐term ozone exposure and drought on the photosynthetic capacity of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.)

summary Seedlings of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) were grown for three years under three atmospheric ozone concentrations – clean air (CF), ambient ozone (NF), and 15 times ambient ozone (NF150)–at a moderately-polluted site in the Sierra Nevada, under either well-watered or drought-stressed conditions. When the trees were 5 years old, photosynthetic capacities of 2-year-old, 1-year-old, and current-year needles were measured during August and September of the 3rd season of exposure. Current-year needles of NF150 trees had higher photosynthetic capacity than NF and CF trees during late summer, an effect due to greatly enhanced photosynthesis in well-watered plants that had lost older needles as a result of ozone damage. This photosynthetic compensation in well-watered NF150 seedlings was related to higher tissue nitrogen concentration in the current-year foliage and possibly to increased inorganic phosphate cycling, both responses to the loss of older needles. Drought-stressed NF150 seedlings were partially protected from ozone damage by decreased stomatal conductance and did not exhibit the same degree of photosynthetic compensation. No differences in photosynthetic rate were found between CF and NF seedlings or between well-watered and drought-stressed seedlings (across ozone treatments) in any needle age class.
Eu3+-doped Gd2O3 nanoparticles as reporters for optical detection and visualization of antibodies patterned by microcontact printing

Lanthanide oxide nanoparticles are promising luminescent probes in bioanalysis, because of their unique spectral properties, photostability, and low-cost synthesis. We report for the first time the application of europium-doped gadolinium oxide (Eu:Gd2O3) nanoparticles to the optical imaging of antibody micropatterns. The nanoparticles were synthesized by spray pyrolysis and coated with antibody (IgG) molecules by physical adsorption. Our experiments showed that the Eu:Gd2O3 is a good biocompatible solid support for antibody immobilization. The antibodies (anti-rabbit IgG) immobilized on the nanoparticles had excellent biological activity in the specific recognition reaction with rabbit IgG patterned in line strips (10 μm×10 μm) on a glass substrate by use of a micro-contact printing technique. The specific immunoreaction was confirmed by two independent microscopic techniques—fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both microscopic images revealed that the nanoparticles were organized into designated structures as defined by the microcontact printing process with negligible non-specific binding. The nanoparticles can be used as fluorescent markers in a variety of immunosensing applications in a microscale format.
Decreased platelet phosphoinositide turnover and enhanced platelet activation in IDDM.

Individuals with diabetes mellitus may have increased in vivo platelet activity. Abnormal platelet function could contribute to the increased incidence of vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. The biochemical mechanism(s) for platelet hyperactivation is unknown. We examined the hypothesis that platelet phosphoinositide turnover, a key signal-transducing mechanism involved in platelet activation, was abnormal in diabetic subjects. Platelets were harvested from 16 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 19 healthy, nondiabetic control subjects of comparable age. Plasma β-thromboglobulin (β-TBG), a specific marker of platelet activity in vivo, was increased in IDDM (67.1 ± 7.3 ng/ ml) compared with control (41.0 ± 6.0 ng/ml) subjects ( P 32 P]orthophosphate ( 32 P 1 ) incorporation into the individual phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA) reached isotopie equilibrium by 120 min for IDDM and control subjects. Specific activity (dpm 32 P/μg phosphorus) of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) was not different between IDDM and control subjects. Under these conditions, basal 32 P, incorporation into PIP 2 and PIP but not phosphatidylinositol (PI) or PA was significantly lower in IDDM subjects. There was significantly decreased [ 32 P]PIP 2 and [ 32 P]PIP hydrolysis and decreased [ 32 P]PA formation in IDDM after platelet stimulation with 4 U/ml human thrombin. There were no differences in [ 32 P]PI hydrolysis between the two groups. The mass of PIP 2 was reduced ( P 9 platelets) compared with control (1.65 ± 0.53 nmol/10 9 platelets) subjects. Similarly, PIP was lower ( P 9 platelets) than in control (2.92 ± 0.43 nmol/10 9 platelets) subjects. There were no differences in PI and PA mass between the two groups. We conclude that increased platelet activation in IDDM is associated with a decrease in platelet polyphosphoinositide content and hydrolysis of PIP and PIP 2 . These data suggest that altered phosphoinositide turnover may play a role in abnormal platelet function in IDDM.
Multidomain subjective response to respirator use during simulated work.

Objective : Evaluate subjective tolerance to respirator use outside of traditional industrial settings by users including persons with mild respiratory impairment. Methods : The response to respirator use (half face mask dual cartridge and N95) was measured during eight types of work activities as well as in an exercise laboratory setting. The 43 research subjects included persons with mild respiratory impairments. Multiple domains of subjective response were evaluated. Results : Mixed model regression analyses assessing the effect of respirator type and task type showed: 1) most tolerated respirator use well; 2) half face mask respirators typically had greater adverse impact than N95 types; 3) multiple subjective outcomes, rather than only comfort/breathing impact, should be measured; and 4) rated subjective impact during work activities is less than in exercise laboratory settings. Conclusions : The results suggest that respirator use may be feasible on a widespread basis if necessary in the face of epidemic or terror concerns.
Life characteristics of carbon-film resistors after 12,000 hours of operation

The development of carbon-film resistors since World War II has provided the electronics industry with a reasonably priced semiprecision resistor.1,2 The film resistors are smaller, lighter, cheaper, and have better frequency characteristics than precision wire-wound resistors. They are not as accurate as precision wire-wound resistors, and the temperature coefficient is still undergoing improvement, but the film resistor can perform an important function in filling the needs for a semiprecision resistor.3
Investigation of ultrafast carrier dynamics in ZnO rods using two-photon emission and second harmonic generation microscopy

The demand for novel optoelectronic and photonic technologies has fueled an intense research effort to synthesize and characterize nanostructured semiconductor materials with unique properties that lend themselves to technological innovation. Zinc Oxide has emerged as an attractive candidate for a variety of applications, due in part to a large second order nonlinear susceptibility, its wide band-gap and large exciton binding energy. We have used time-resolved nonlinear two-photon emission and second harmonic generation microscopy to characterize the optical properties and excited state dynamics of individual rods. Ultrafast emission microscopy is used to follow the trapping dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers. Our results show a time-dependent red-shift in the trap emission band that is interpreted as arising from carrier percolation through trap states. In a second series of experiments, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy illustrates the connection between the optical mode structure of the object and its nonlinear mixing efficiency. Images show a periodic modulation in the SHG efficiency that is symmetrically situated relative to the rod midpoint. This phenomenon arises when the fundamental optical field couples into standing wave resonator modes of the structure and is a direct manifestation of the tapered shape of the rod.
Gliosis and brain remodeling after treatment of stroke in rats with marrow stromal cells

The long-term (4-month) responses to treatment of stroke in the older adult rat, using rat bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), have not been investigated. Retired breeder rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) alone, or injected intravenously with 3 x 10(6) MSCs, at 7 days after MCAo. Functional recovery was measured using an adhesive-removal patch test and a modified neurological severity score. Bromodeoxyuridine, a cell proliferation marker, was injected daily for 14 before sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed 4 months after stroke. Double immunostaining was used to identify cell proliferation and cell types for axons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. MSC treatment induced significant improvement in neurological outcome after MCAo compared with control rats. MSC treatment reduced the thickness of the scar wall (P < 0.05) and reduced the numbers of microglia/macrophages within the scar wall (P < 0.01). Double staining showed increased expression of an axonal marker (GAP-43), among reactive astrocytes in the scar boundary zone and in the subventricular zone in the treated rats. Bromodeoxyuridine in cells preferentially colocalized with markers of astrocytes (GFAP) and oligodendrocytes (RIP) in the ipsilateral hemisphere, and gliogenesis was enhanced in the subventricular zone of the rats treated with MSCs. This is the first report to show that MSCs injected at 7 days after stroke improve long-term neurological outcome in older animals. Brain tissue repair is an ongoing process with reactive gliosis, which persists for at least 4 months after stroke. Reactive astrocytes responding to MSC treatment of ischemia may also promote axonal regeneration during long-term recovery.
Population growth and environmental quality in California: an American laboratory.

Rapid population growth, industrial and military activity, agriculture, and motor vehicles have had severe, quantifiable adverse impact on California's environment and social fabric. Cumulative impact of ground and surface water contamination will take decades to remedy at costs that may prove politically unbearable. The state's educational and welfare systems are approaching insolvency, due to factors associated with population growth, largely fueled by immigration. Increasingly severe restrictions on motor vehicles will be necessary to remediate degraded air, while number of vehicles will double before 2020.
Unprimed starch synthesis by soluble ADPglucose—starch glucosyltransferase from potato tubers

Abstract Soluble ADPglucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme transferred glucose from ADPglucose to several glucan primers. In addition, the enzyme synthesized glucan in the absence of added primer in a reaction mixture containing sodium citrate and bovine serum albumin. The rate of synthesis of glucan in the absence of primer was half the rate found with amylopectin as primer and was linear with time in 0·5 M sodium citrate. The unprimed product was a methanol precipitable glucan with principally α-1,4-linkages and some branches which were cleaved by glucoamylase. The enzyme showed unprimed activity after treatment of both the enzyme and reaction mixtures with glucoamylase.
Spinal cord effects of a brainstem cholinergic system.

Abstract Eserine has been found to produce two patterns of lumbar monosynaptic reflex (MSR) alteration: the first pattern was MSR depression followed by return to control amplitude; the second pattern was a gradual depression of the reflex followed by partial recovery and then further depression followed by a gradual return to control amplitude. The lack of evidence of primary afferent depolarization and of sensitivity to picrotoxin indicated that the MSR depression was post-synaptic in nature. The eserine-induced alteration of the MSR was of brainstem origin. The alteration did not occur following spinal cord transection and was not sensitive to strychnine. A slight depression of the Renshaw cell firing rate indicated that the inhibition was not due to Renshaw cell activity. Medial longitudinal fasciculus lesions and cerebellectomy did not prevent or modify the eserine induced MSR alteration. Interneuronal destruction, accomplished by thoracic aorta ligation, did not prevent eserine-induced MSR depression. Spinal cord tracts mediating the eserine effect appear to travel in the lateral funiculus. Eserine produced spike activity in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and a depression of neck muscle tone. Atropine sulphate reversed eserine-induced MSR alteration. It is thought that eserine (1) sensitizes a group of brainstem neurones, perhaps those in the Magoun inhibitory centre, to produce inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) on motoneurones, (2) triggers an episode of desynchronized sleep which produces a bombardment of IPSPs on motoneurones and (3) activates an independent system which results in MSR rebound or partial recovery from inhibition.
Advertising Trends in the Arab World: A Status Report

The impact of globalization can be felt throughout the world in various ways. Among these is the opening of markets to multinational companies worldwide. One of the regions where the impact of globalization is apparent is the Middle East region, particularly the Arab region. The purpose of this article is to investigate the technological changes as they relate to media in the Arab world and the opportunities and challenges they provide to marketers, particularly in the area of advertising. The article outlines the media challenges the Arab region has faced and the opportunities technology has created for advertisers in the region. The article, using secondary data, shows that television and Internet may be the most promising media outlets for advertisers to reach the Arab population.