cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Direct3D 10 system

We present a system architecture for the 4th generation of PC-class programmable graphics processing units (GPUs). The new pipeline features significant additions and changes to the prior generation pipeline including a new programmable stage capable of generating additional primitives and streaming primitive data to memory, an expanded, common feature set for all of the programmable stages, generalizations to vertex and image memory resources, and new storage formats. We also describe structural modifications to the API, runtime, and shading language to complement the new pipeline. We motivate the design with descriptions of frequently encountered obstacles in current systems. Throughout the paper we present rationale behind prominent design choices and alternatives that were ultimately rejected, drawing on insights collected during a multi-year collaboration with application developers and hardware designers.
Time to Stroke Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background Recent guidelines on stroke neuroimaging from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over computed tomography (CT) for stroke diagnosis when patients present within 12 hours of onset. We sought to estimate the proportion of stroke MRI that is performed within 12 hours. Methods Using the best available data, we estimated total time from symptom onset to MRI with a Monte Carlo simulation. We modeled 3 times to MRI: time to presentation, time to emergency department (ED) MRI, and time to inpatient MRI. Total time to MRI was estimated by summing these time components while varying model parameters around our base model. Sensitivity analyses assessed the relative importance of model parameters to overall MRI timing. Results In 2009, we estimate that 66% of stroke patients underwent MRI, 14% received an MRI in the ED, and 68% of all MRIs were obtained on hospital day 0 or 1. We estimate that 29% (95% confidence interval 24-33%) of stroke MRIs are obtained within 12 hours of onset. Sensitivity analyses revealed that even large clinical changes (eg, decreasing time to presentation) would only moderately influence this proportion. For example, if mean time to presentation were reduced to 30 minutes (from the base case estimate of 16 hours), the proportion of stroke MRI performed within 12 hours would only increase to 55.3%. Conclusions Stroke guidelines favor the use of MRI over CT only during the first 12 hours from symptom onset, yet less than one-third of stroke MRIs are actually performed within this timeframe.
Initial results in underwater single image dehazing

As light is transmitted from subject to observer it is absorbed and scattered by the medium it passes through. In mediums with large suspended particles, such as fog or turbid water, the effect of scattering can drastically decrease the quality of images. In this paper we present an algorithm for removing the effects of light scattering, referred to as dehazing, in underwater images. Our key contribution is to propose a simple, yet effective, prior that exploits the strong difference in attenuation between the three image color channels in water to estimate the depth of the scene. We then use this estimate to reduce the spatially varying effect of haze in the image. Our method works with a single image and does not require any specialized hardware or prior knowledge of the scene. As a by-product of the dehazing process, an up-to-scale depth map of the scene is produced. We present results over multiple real underwater images and over a controlled test set where the target distance and true colors are known.
Two-fold degenerate simple harmonic oscillator: Radial matrix elements of 1 and r−1

Abstract The generating function for associated Laguerre polynomials is used to obtain general expressions for the two-fold degenerate simple harmonic oscillator radial matrix elements of 1 and r −1 . The nonvanishing matrix elements of 1 for the cases l′ = l ± 2, which occur in certain spectral line intensity calculations, are worked out.
Colloidal scale blend of rigid and flexible polyamides

A two step procedure was employed to prepare a colloidal scale, uniform dispersion poly(p-aminobenzoic acid) (PAB) in Nylon 6(3)T. In the first step, a colloidal suspension of PAB was prepared via direct polycondensation, starting from a concentrated solution of AB in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) containing suitable activators. In the second step, a solution of Nylon 6(3)T in DMAc was mixed with the colloidal suspension. The composite powder was generated by precipitation in water and the composite film obtained by redispersing the powder in DMAc and casting. The films contain PAB particles, below 100 nm in size, uniformly distributed in the Nylon 6(3)T matrix. The mechanical properties and the thermal transitions of these composites were investigated.
Power over the Sea: The Relevance of Neoclassical Realism to Euro-Mediterranean Relations

The Barcelona Process and the European Neighbourhood Policy have often been considered inherently constructivist policies. This article maintains that power and the logics based on it are important in such policies and that the political dynamics at stake in the Mediterranean area offer an interesting occasion to reflect on the current relevance of the realist tradition. Drawing on classical and neoclassical realism, this research highlights that the realist perspective does not necessarily neglect ideational factors and the non-material dimension of power and it aims at showing that classical realism can be usefully updated to interpret phenomena of contemporary international politics such as Euro-Mediterranean relations.
Impact of non-local advection on flux footprints over a tall forest canopy: a tracer flux experiment

Since the early 1990s, in the planning and execution of their flux measurement campaigns, micrometeorologists have used the footprint concept to determine site quality with respect to both fetch and surface homogeneity. While the usefulness of these models has been demonstrated time and time again, there are cases which clearly call for caution. For instance, over tall forest canopies, footprint models have been applied without prior experimental validation, thus causing uncertainties in the interpretation of flux data particularly close to sources and sinks. Another example is that, despite recent advances aimed at identifying both the spatial extent of upwind sources and their individual weight to a point flux measurement, little attention has been given to the possible contribution of sources well outside the footprint region to flux measurements. This paper evaluates footprint models applied to fluxes above tall forest canopies with a tracer experiment. This work further identifies the contribution of sources outside the footprint region to an in situ flux measurement. A field campaign was performed over an 1 l-year old slash pine canopy and a passive tracer (SF6) was released from a line source deployed near the treetop. Vertical SF6 fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance technique at two positions downwind from the source. Measured fluxes during near-neutral, unstable and very unstable conditions were compared against a Lagrangian simulation and an analytical solution to the diffusion equation, two methods commonly used to predict the footprints. Both the formulations compare favorably with SF6 flux measurements except in cases characterized by wind direction-specific advection. Results suggest that, in addition to local source inhomogeneities within the footprint, in some conditions, non-local, larger scale forcings originating hundreds of meters outside the footprint envelope can contribute significantly to flux measurements. This finding is supported by sodar measurements of the three-dimensional velocity field. This finding further suggests caution to experimentalists involved with flux measurements and illustrates the fact that flux measurements must be made with an awareness of landscape-wide surface properties.
Political Authority and Ecclesiology in Melanchthon's “De Ecclesiae Autoritate”

Philip Melanchthon's 1539 treatise On the Authority of the Church and the Writings of the Ancient Fathers (hereafter De ecclesiae autoritate) occupies a prominent place in the canon of his theological writings. Few texts of the Reformation period state so clearly the principles according to which the Fathers and the councils of the church may be considered authentic sources for Christian doctrine. To set the work within the canon of Melanchthon's theological work is not necessarily to say that other genres are not present in it, however. The compartmentalization of a thinker's work, while perhaps heuristically necessary, always risks distortion. The danger is all the more present with regard to an author like Melanchthon, whose intellectual interests were broad and whose historical importance is many-sided. The scope of Melanchthon's activities is broad, and so are the contexts and ramifications of his important writings. In 1960 Peter Fraenkel called De ecclesiae autoritate Melanchthon's “patrology”—not an inaccurate label, but an overly restrictive one.
Agitation in the medically ill elderly.

Agitation is a common and significant problem in the medically ill elderly. It is responsible for diminished quality of life for not only the patient, but the caregivers as well as the patient\'s relatives. This paper will illustrate the concept of agitation and different modes of classification. The major emphasis will be placed on discussing prompt, correct diagnosis of the underlying cause of agitation and effective treatment of both the cause of agitation and the symptoms of agitation itself. Keywords : elderly, agitation, confusion, mood stabilizer, antipsychotics, antidepressant West African Journal of Medicine Vol. 24(2) 2005: 171-174
Some Approaches to the Correction of Selectivity Bias

This article addresses the issue of specification of econometric selectivity models and suggests approaches for the correction of selectivity bias. Our approaches provide ways to specify selectivity models without the assumption of multinormal distribution. Some flexible function forms for the correction of selectivity bias in the regression equation are derived. All the models considered can be estimated by simple consistent two stage methods. Our approaches provide simple procedures for the testing of selectivity bias without imposing restrictive distributional assumptions and also tests for the normality assumption.
Regulation of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter knbc1 function: role of Asp986, Asp988 and kNBC1-carbonic anhydrase II binding

The HCO3− : Na+ cotransport stoichiometry of the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter kNBC1 determines the reversal potential (Erev) and thus the net direction of transport of these ions through the cotransporter. Previously, we showed that phosphorylation of kNBC1-Ser982 in the carboxy-terminus of kNBC1 (kNBC1-Ct), by cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA), shifts the stoichiometry from 3 : 1 to 2 : 1 and that binding of bicarbonate to the cotransporter is electrostaticaly modulated. These results raise the possibility that phosphorylated kNBC1-Ser982, or other nearby negatively charged residues shift the stoichiometry by blocking a bicarbonate-binding site. In the current study, we examined the role of the negative charge on Ser982-phosphate and three aspartate residues in a D986NDD custer in altering the stoichiometry of kNBC1. mPCT cells expressing kNBC1 mutants were grown on filters and mounted in an Ussing chamber for electrophysiological studies. Enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-tagged mutant constructs expressed in the same cells were used to determine the phosphorylation status of kNBC1-Ser982. The data indicate that both kNBC1-Asp986 and kNBC1-Asp988, but not kNBC1-Asp989, are required for the phosphorylation-induced shift in stoichiometry. A homologous motif (D887ADD) in the carboxy-terminus of the anion exchanger AE1 binds to carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). In isothermal titration calorimetry experiments, CAII was found to bind to kNBC1-Ct with a KD of 160 ± 10 nm. Acetazolamide inhibited the short-circuit current through the cotransporter by 65 % when the latter operated in the 3 : 1 mode, but had no effect on the current in the 2 : 1 mode. Acetazolamide did not affect the cotransport stoichiometry or the ability of 8-Br-cAMP to shift the stoichiometry. Although CAII does not affect the transport stoichiometry, it may play an important role in enhancing the flux through the transporter when kNBC1-Ser982 is unphosphorylated.
Heat Pulse Propagation in Pure Sodium Fluoride at Low Temperatures From Ballistic to Diffusive Conduction

In this paper, heat pulse propagation in pure NaF at low temperature is studied by using hydrodynamic equations of a weakly interacting phonon gas. The observed longitudinal waves, transverse waves, second sound waves, and diffusive waveforms from the experiments conducted in early 1970s are numerically reconstructed. In the numerical simulations, the phase velocities of the longitudinal waves and the transverse waves are based on the experimental results, while two relaxation times for normal scattering process (τN ) and resistive scattering process (τR ) respectively are adjusted to fit the arrival time of second sound or to fit the observed waveforms observed in the experiments. The waveforms based on numerical results can fit the observed waveforms quite well. It is elucidated how heat pulse is transmitted by different waves in the dielectric crystal from ballistic to diffusive regions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A new species of Otopheidomenid mite from the Philippines with comments on Noctuiseius Prasad and Prasadiseius Wainstein (Acarina: Otopheidomenidae)

Abstract Genera Noctuiseius Prasad and Prasadiseius Wainstein are re-defined. A new subgenus of Noctuiseius, Subnoctuiseius, is erected for the species in which setae S1 and S2 are on soft integument and the spermatheca is cup shaped. Two new subgenenera under Prasadiseuis, Neoprasadiseius and Subprasadiseius are also created for other species. A new species, Noctuiseius (Subnoctuiseius) batoridgi is described from an unknown moth from the Philippines. It is illustrated.
Specific association between the human DNA repair proteins XPA and ERCC1

Abstract Processing of DNA damage by the nucleotide-excision repair pathway in eukaryotic cells is most likely accomplished by multiprotein complexes. However, the nature of these complexes and the details of the molecular interactions between DNA repair factors are for the most part unknown. Here, we demonstrate both in vivo, using the two-hybrid system, and in vitro, using recombinant proteins, that the human repair factors XPA and ERCC1 specifically interact. In addition, we report an initial determination of the domains in ERCC1 and XPA that mediate this interaction. These results suggest that XPA may play a role in the localization or loading of an incision complex, composed of ERCC1 and possibly other repair factors, onto a damaged site.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Cost Savings from Earlier Hospital Discharge

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be a devastating illness and may be difficult to diagnose in those cases without a typical skin rash. As a result, physicians often rely on HSV polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid to rule out HSV encephalitis. We developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for HSV using the SmartCycler II (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA). End point dilution studies showed sensitivity comparable to that of two national reference laboratories that use LightCycler. In-house turnaround time was ≈1.5 days versus ≈5.2 days for sending the test to a reference laboratory. We hypothesized that the rapid availability of a negative test result would allow physicians to discharge appropriate patients earlier. Six months after implementation, clinical case analysis identified 12 pediatric patients who were discharged earlier based on more rapid test results, with a projected savings of ≈55.2 hospital days throughout the first year. Actual length of stay for patients tested in-house was significantly less than that of historical controls and was projected to save ≈70.2 hospital days in the first year. Including projected annual laboratory cost/test savings of ≈$11,000, a total savings of $38,000 to $43,000 was estimated for the first year of implementation, more than offsetting startup instrument and development cost.
On the Solution of Geometric Programs via Separable Programming

To date, large geometric programs have been difficult to solve. This paper presents a simplex-based approach to the solution of such programs which is indifferent to the degree of difficulty of the problem. Furthermore, unlike many gradientsearch techniques its success is not dependent upon a "good" starting point.
Toxicity of carbaryl and 1-naphthol to goldfish (Carassius auratus) and killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).

Dans ces tests de toxicite statique en aquarium, le naphtol-1 apparait beaucoup plus toxique que le carbaryl chez ces deux poissons avec observation de traumaneurologiques. Relation de ces etudes in vivo avec les tests in vitro sur des cultures de cellules de C.a. Comparaison de la toxicite de ces composes pour plusieurs especes de mollusques et de poissons
Genetic association mapping at the crossroads: Which test and why? Overview and practical guidelines

Until about a decade ago, genetic association testing essentially meant case control association analysis using genetic markers. Concerns about population stratification propelled family-based tests of association into widespread use and challenged the classic case control design. The literature now contains a vast collection of different family-based methods, most of which are based on the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). Some methods extend the original TDT to accommodate multiallelic markers, variable pedigree constellations, multiple loci, etc. Other methods go beyond the original design of the TDT to detect genetic association via haplotype sharing. Most recently, we have witnessed a revival of case control methods that control for population stratification. The purpose of this review is to help orient readers to the rapidly developing methods of association testing and enhance their understanding of the basic principles of these approaches. We present an overview of the development of genetic association tests, with practical guidelines on which test might be the most suitable for a given study.
The thermal stability of lithium-manganese-oxide spinel phases☆

The thermal stability of stoichiometric spinel phases in the system Li{sub 1+{delta}}Mn{sub 2{minus}{delta}}O{sub 4} (0 {le} {delta} {le} 0.33) has been investigated by high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. At elevated temperatures, the lithium-manganese-oxide spinels undergo phase changes by loss of oxygen and lithia (Li{sub 2}O). The data highlight the importance of temperature control when synthesizing lithium-manganese-oxide spinel compounds.
Atrioventricular delay programming and the benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in MADIT-CRT

The optimal atrioventricular pacing delay (AVD) in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) remains to be determined.
Test-wrapper optimization for embedded cores in TSV-based three-dimensional SOCs

System-on-chip (SOC) designs comprised of a number of embedded cores are widespread in today's integrated circuits. Embedded core-based design is likely to be equally popular for three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs), the manufacture of which has become feasible in recent years. 3D integration offers a number of advantages over traditional two-dimensional (2D) technologies, such as the reduction in the average interconnect length, higher performance, lower interconnect power consumption, and smaller IC footprint. Despite recent advances in 3D fabrication and design methods, no attempt has been made thus far to design a 1500-style test wrapper for an embedded core that spans multiple layers in a 3D SOC. This paper addresses wrapper optimization in 3D ICs based on through-silicon vias (TSVs) for vertical interconnects. Our objective is to minimize the scan-test time for a core under constraints on the total number of TSVs available for testing. We present two polynomial-time heuristic solutions. Simulation results are presented for embedded cores from the ITC 2002 SOC test benchmarks.
Time critical lumigraph rendering

It was illustrated in that the light leaving the con vex hull of an object or entering a convex region of empty space can be fully characterized by a D function over the space of rays crossing a surface surrounding the object or surrounding the empty space Methods to repre sent this function and quickly render individual images from this representation given an arbitrary cameras were also de scribed This paper extends the work outlined by Gortler et al by demonstrating a taxonomy of methods to accelerate the rendering process by trading o quality for time Given the speci c limitation of a given hardware con guration we discuss methods to tailor a critical time rendering strategy using these methods CR Descriptors I Computer Graphics Three Dimensional Graphics and Realism Additional
Algorithms for distributing telecommunication traffic on a multiple-ring SONET-based network

Abstract We examine a problem arising in the assignment of telecommunication traffic to a set of synchronous optical network (SONET) rings. Prior SONET design algorithms determine node-to-ring assignments while concurrently prescribing an assignment of traffic to the rings. However, due to uncertain voice and data demand among client nodes, it may become necessary to revise the planned routing scheme once the true values of this data are realized. We develop a minimum cost flow algorithm for the case in which demands may be split across multiple rings, and provide a transformation to a maximum flow problem for specially structured data. The case in which each demand pair may be routed on only one ring is proven to be NP-hard, and we accordingly provide a powerful heuristic and an effective standard valid inequality generation scheme to optimally solve this problem within reasonable computational limits. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on a set of randomly generated test data.
A spectral interference in the determination of arsenic in high-purity lead and lead-base alloys using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and Zeeman-effect background correction

Abstract Arsenic, antimony, and tellurium are determined at part-per-million concentration levels in bullet lead, lead-base alloy, and high purity lead using electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with Zeeman-effect background correction. A spectral interference by lead absorption lines resulting from excited state transitions is observed on both primary arsenic analysis lines, at 193.696 nm and 197.197 nm. Analytical bias caused by the interference at 197.197 nm is eliminated by using temperature programming and temporal resolution.
The acoustic component of western consonance

Abstract A formalism is developed for providing a measure of dissonance in a superposition of complex tones. The formalism is based on an extension of the Helmholtz‐Plomp and Levelt model of beating as the cause of dissonance. For dyads this measure of dissonance gives a good fit to psychological rank orderings of dissonance and its absence (consonance), and to orderings of consonance and dissonance found in Western common practice and pedagogy. A logarithmic scale for the perception of consonance and dissonance is indicated.
Increased Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Serum and Liver after Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Administration in Thermally Injured Rats

Background. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been shown to modulate the hypermetabolic response and the hepatic acute-phase response after thermal injury. In vitro studies, however, demonstrated that rhGH activates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene transcription and production, suggesting that rhGH may exert some of its effects indirectly through IGF-I stimulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of rhGH on serum and hepatic IGF-I in thermally injured rats. Methods. Sprague–Dawley rats (56 males) receiving a 60% TBSA third-degree scald burn were randomly divided to receive either rhGH (2.5 mg/kg/day im) or saline (control). Rats were sacrificed on postburn days 1, 2, 5, and 7 and serum IGF-I, hepatic IGF-I mRNA, and IGF-I protein concentration were measured. The physiologic response to changes in IGF-I levels was evaluated by measuring hepatocyte proliferation, total liver protein concentration, and muscle dry/wet weights. Results. Serum IGF-I was increased from postburn day 1 through day 7 in rats receiving rhGH compared to controls (P < 0.05). Hepatic IGF-I mRNA and IGF-I protein expression were increased from day 1 to 7 after burn in animals receiving rhGH when compared to controls (P < 0.05). Recombinant hGH increased hepatocyte proliferation at 5 days and total liver protein concentration at 5 and 7 days postburn compared to controls (P < 0.05). Muscle dry/wet weights increased in rats receiving rhGH at 7 days after burn compared to controls (P < 0.05). Summary. Liver and serum IGF-I levels decreased after a thermal injury. Recombinant hGH attenuated this decrease by stimulating hepatic IGF-I expression. Increases in IGF-I were associated with increases in hepatocyte proliferation and protein concentration in liver and muscle. Conclusion. We suggest that rhGH modulates the hypermetabolic response through IGF-I stimulation in the hepatic parenchyma.
Polymer physics in poled polymers for second-order nonlinear optics

A special class of thermally stable poly(arylene ether) phosphine oxide polymers is being investigated for second-order nonlinear optical applications because of their high glass transition temperatures (> 200 degree(s)C). These polymers also have strong hydrogen bonding sites that can interact with the chromophores which may improve the temporal stability of chromophore orientation following poling. This work describes the polymer physics including structure/property relationships; in particular, the chromophore/polymer interactions and polymer backbone structures that influence the thermal and temporal stability of chromophore orientation in these polymer matrices. Second harmonic generation is sensitive to local changes in the polymer microenvironment and thus is an excellent technique for probing chromophore orientational dynamics during and following poling and the effect of dopant/polymer interactions on the temporal stability. Dielectric relaxation is employed to examine the intermolecular cooperativity and segmental relaxation behavior arising from different polymer backbone structures and steric effects. It is critical to understand how structure/property relationships affect the chromophore orientational dynamics and polymer relaxation in these polymers so that one can better tailor materials for nonlinear optical device applications.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extraction of non-protein nitrogen from potato tuber and its amino acid composition

Trichloroacetic acid, sulphosalicylic acid, acetic acid and ethanol have been evaluated for the extraction of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) from potato tubers. Diluted acids yielded a substantial quantity of protein nitrogen in addition to NPN in extracts. Results indicated that 80% ethanol was the most suitable solvent for the extraction of NPN because none or little protein nitrogen was present in the extract.
A role for ERK1/2 in EGF- and ATP-dependent regulation of amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption.

Receptor-mediated inhibition of amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption was observed in primary and immortalized murine renal collecting duct cell (mCT12) monolayers. The addition of epidermal growth...
Inverse Comptonization and the nature of the March 1979 gamma-ray burst event

A discussion is presented concerning whether the March 5, 1979 gamma-ray burst has as its source the supernova remnant N 49 of the Large Magellanic Cloud, whose extragalactic distance implies super-Eddington luminosity. It is pointed out that the observed burst spectrum is best interpreted as that of a synchrotron spectrum modified by inverse Compton scattering from MeV e + or - pairs. Inverse Comptonization describes the energy gain of photons as a result of scattering with electrons of much higher energy. This model allows the derivation from first principles of the burst source's intrinsic synchrotron luminosity; which is found to be in basic agreement with that expected from N 49, with its distance of about 55 kpc.
Numerical accuracy of statistical programs for microcomputers

Abstract The accuracy of numerical software is crucial to any school psychology researcher whose results depend upon the proper interpretation of statistical output. Many of today's microcomputer statistics packages haven't yet benefitted from the lessons learned during the development of mainframe programs. Even though accuracy improvements, due to both the increased mathematical sophistication and the size and power of microcomputers, have been made in recent years, this study concludes that important differences in the calculation accuracy of statistical software programs continue to exist. Several popular statistics programs used by doctoral students at The Pennsylvania State University were evaluated with respect to their ability to solve (a) a notoriously difficult problem in multiple regression, (b) a typical regression problem that might be encountered in the social sciences, and finally (c) the ability to simply calculate means and standard deviations on data sets composed of increasingly large numbers. The most accurate program with respect to the regression analyses was SYSTAT.
Identification and molecular mapping of two QTLs with major effects for resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. Novel sources of resistance are critical for improving FHB resistance levels in wheat. From a large-scale evaluation of germplasm for reactions to FHB, we identified one wheat accession (PI 277012) that consistently showed a high level of resistance in both greenhouse and field experiments. To characterize the FHB resistance in this accession, we developed a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population consisting of 130 lines from the cross between PI 277012 and the hard red spring wheat cultivar ‘Grandin’. The DH population was then evaluated for reactions to FHB in three greenhouse seasons and five field environments. Based on a linkage map that consisted of 340 SSR markers spanning 2,703 cM of genetic distance, two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for FHB resistance were identified on chromosome arms 5AS and 5AL, with each explaining up to 20 and 32% of the variation in FHB severity, respectively. The two QTLs also showed major effects on reducing the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in seeds. FHB resistance has not previously been reported to be associated with this particular genomic region of chromosome arm 5AL, thus indicating the novelty of FHB resistance in PI 277012. Plant maturity was not associated with FHB resistance and the effects of plant height on FHB resistance were minor. Therefore, these results suggest that PI 277012 is an excellent source for improving FHB resistance in wheat. The markers identified in this research are being used for marker-assisted introgression of the QTLs into adapted durum and hard red spring wheat cultivars.
Speech production: Motor programming of phonetic features

Abstract Three experiments are reported on the role of phonetic features in motor programs for speech production. Each experiment involved a type of response-priming procedure. The procedure required subjects to prepare a specified primary vocal response that contained one or two vowel-consonant syllables (e.g., “up,” “ub,” “ut,” and “ud”). After the preparation interval, the subjects either produced the primary response upon command or else switched to produce another specified secondary response instead. Response latency and accuracy were measured as a function of the relationship between the phonetic features of the primary and secondary responses. Longer latencies and more errors occurred when the secondary response had place-of-articulation or voicing features identical to those of the primary response. The results may be interpreted in terms of an interactive-activation model. It appears that phonetic features play a significant role during the compilation of articulatory motor programs, and that preparation to produce an utterance inhibits the programming of other utterances with similar features. This outcome complements and extends conclusions derived from analyzing naturalistic slips of the tongue and coarticulation phenomena. The interactive-activation model of speech production provides a link with theoretical accounts of speech perception, word recognition, and manual movement.
Spontaneous development in vitro of a myelin basic protein-specific suppressor T cell line

T cell lines to myelin basic protein (MBP) developed following in vitro culture cause experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon transfer into naive recipient mice. We have, however, repeatedly observed that MBP-specific T cell lines lose their ability to transfer EAE after 40 days in culture. Analyses of such cell lines failed to show any differences in their proliferative responses to antigen, or in the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and/or IL-4 when compared to their encephalitogenic counterparts. In contrast, examinations of T cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain gene rearrangement patterns showed sequential changes in the clonal population of cells concomitant with the loss of encephalitogenic function. Furthermore, transfer of a non-encephalitogenic, genotypically altered cell line after long-term in vitro culture into mice challenged with MBP suppressed the development of EAE. These findings suggest that the development of such putative regulatory cells in vivo may be involved in the recovery in EAE.
P-selectin/PSGL-1: full or foul integrin activation?

Comment on Ma et al, page [2549][1] Ma and colleagues describe an intermediate state of integrin activation induced by P-selectin binding to PSGL-1 on neutrophils, which may be integral to how endothelial cell and platelet P-selectin (as well as soluble P-selectin shed from them) activate
New visions of human-computer interaction: making affect compute

Looking at the intersection of cognition, emotion, computing, and context reveals various historical gaps that are important to understand in order to progress in applying affective computing technologies to real-world problems involving human-computer interaction (HCI). The paper reviews several streams of research along these lines while striving for a philosophical and conceptual understanding of what affecting computing means for new visions of HCI. In turn this provides a foundational structure for positioning the special issue and sets up the papers to provide readers with a broad exposure to the potential (and hazards) involved with affective computing as it impacts cognate areas of emphasis. Finally, the hope is put forth that affective computing must be developed as a user-centered technology to be of value for unexplored frontiers of the digital global economy.
Exploring Strain in Community and Nursing Home Family Caregivers

This research compared strain among 581 family caregivers of nursing home and community dwelling older persons whose level of cognitive impairment ranged from none to severe. The study explored differences between the two caregiver groups in global and domain-specific strain, the impact of elders' cognitive impairments on strain, and correlates of strain. In models controlling for important correlates of caregiving, findings revealed no differences between caregiver groups on any measure of strain. Cognitive impairment was associated with increases in all strain measures for community caregivers, but only increased overall and emotional strain for nursing home caregivers. Characteristics of caregivers and caregiving situations were related to strain differently, depending on the domain of strain and examined and the site of care. Implications for practice in nursing home settings are discussed.
Direct electrocardiographic recording of a twenty-three millimeter human embryo∗

Abstract An electrocardiographic recording of a human embryo approximately seven weeks of age has been described. Evidence is presented for the existence of a functionally complete cardiac system with respect to the electrocardiographic components. Some physiologic responses are reported and the possible existence of a myo-, neuro- or humoral regulatory mechanism is suggested.
Deskilling of Professional Services and Pseudo-Professional Identity in Tax Preparation Work (WITHDRAWN)

This paper argues that deskilling of professional services creates a paradoxical situation. While the replacement of skilled workers with a combination of unskilled laborers and expertise- encapsul...
Contralateral breast cancer risk.

Abstract The use of breast-conserving treatment approaches for breast cancer has now become a standard option for early stage disease. Numerous randomized studies have shown medical equivalence when mastectomy is compared to lumpectomy followed by radiotherapy for the local management of this common problem. With an increased emphasis on patient involvement in the therapeutic decision making process, it is important to identify and quantify any unforeseen risks of the conservation approach. One concern that has been raised is the question of radiation- related contralateral breast cancer after breast radiotherapy. Although most studies do not show statistically significant evidence that patients treated with breast radiotherapy are at increased risk of developing contralateral breast cancer when compared to control groups treated with mastectomy alone, there are clear data showing the amount of scattered radiation absorbed by the contralateral breast during a routine course of breast radiotherapy is considerable (several Gy) and is therefore within the range where one might be concerned about radiogenic contralateral tumors. While radiation related risks of contralateral breast cancer appear to be small enough to be statistically insignificant for the majority of patients, there may exist a smaller subset which, for genetic or environmental reasons, is at special risk for scatter related second tumors. If such a group could be predicted, it would seem appropriate to offer either special counseling or special prevention procedures aimed at mitigating this second tumor risk. The use of genetic testing, detailed analysis of breast cancer family history, and the identification of patients who acquired their first breast cancer at a very early age may all be candidate screening procedures useful in identifying such at- risk groups. Since some risk mitigation strategies are convenient and easy to utilize, it makes sense to follow the classic ‘ALARA’ (as low as reasonably achievable) principles and to minimize scattered radiation for these special risk groups and perhaps for all patients undergoing breast radiotherapy. This paper reviews the literature on the risk of radiation- related second contralateral breast cancers.
Effect of Water Chilling on Objective Color of Bruised and Unbruised Broiler Tissue

Abstract Changes in the color of skin due to the presence of bruises and chilling were investigated. Broiler chicken carcasses were obtained from a local processing plant after exiting the last picker, individually bagged, and transported to the lab for color evaluation. Selection of carcasses was based on the presence of bruised breast or leg tissue on one side, with the same general location on the other side evaluated as unbruised tissue. The procedure was replicated seven times. Objective color values (L*, a*, and b*) were recorded for both the bruised and unbruised tissue before and after chilling. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with a random block design. Chilling resulted in significant increases in L* values (lightness) for both breast and leg, bruised and unbruised. The only significant change in a* values (redness) due to chilling was observed on unbruised breast tissue, which increased from .65 to 2.07 after chilling. The a* value of bruised breast and leg and unbruised leg tissue was not affected by chilling. Likewise, immersion chilling did not affect b* values. Under the conditions of this study, immersion-chilled carcasses were lighter in color than unchilled carcasses. Based on a* values, the appearance of bruised tissue did not change due to chilling.
G-protein-coupled Receptor Kinase Specificity for β-Arrestin Recruitment to the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Revealed by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer *

The small family of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate cell signaling by phosphorylating heptahelical receptors, thereby promoting receptor interaction with β-arrestins. This switches a receptor from G-protein activation to G-protein desensitization, receptor internalization, and β-arrestin-dependent signal activation. However, the specificity of GRKs for recruiting β-arrestins to specific receptors has not been elucidated. Here we use the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), the archetypal nonvisual heptahelical receptor, as a model to test functional GRK specificity. We monitor endogenous GRK activity with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay in live cells by measuring kinetics of the interaction between the β2AR and β-arrestins. We show that β2AR phosphorylation is required for high affinity β-arrestin binding, and we use small interfering RNA silencing to show that HEK-293 and U2-OS cells use different subsets of their expressed GRKs to promote β-arrestin recruitment, with significant GRK redundancy evident in both cell types. Surprisingly, the GRK specificity for β-arrestin recruitment does not correlate with that for bulk receptor phosphorylation, indicating that β-arrestin recruitment is specific for a subset of receptor phosphorylations on specific sites. Moreover, multiple members of the GRK family are able to phosphorylate the β2AR and induce β-arrestin recruitment, with their relative contributions largely determined by their relative expression levels. Because GRK isoforms vary in their regulation, this partially redundant system ensures β-arrestin recruitment while providing the opportunity for tissue-specific regulation of the rate of β-arrestin recruitment.
Detection of complement in relation to disease

Abstract If a single component is lowered, it is reasonable to question whether the patient has a genetically-controlled defect (Table III). Studies of family members may be required. If split products, complexes, or neoantigens are present, it is likely that there is ongoing complement activation. If most of the components of a pathway are lowered, a reasonable supposition is that complement is being activated. We then turn to a consideration of the factors that may activate complement. When hypocomplementemia is associated with a decrease in titer of several components, it is often possible to determine whether the classic or alternative pathway is the major pathway being activated; this, in turn, may suggest certain diagnoses and rule out other diagnoses (Table II). The nature of the circulating complexes or split products may provide the same information. Thus, a consideration of the pathophysiology of the complement system and of the factors that activate complement provides an approach to an understanding of the function of complement and the role of complement causing a damage in a clinical setting.
From bobolinks to bears: interjecting geographical history into ecological studies, environmental interpretation, and conservation planning

In these days of supercomputer-based global climate models, large ecosystem experiments including Biosphere II, and aircraft-borne sensors of ozone holes it is often overlooked that many fundamental insights into ecological processes and major environmental issues come not through reductionist or high-tech studies of modern conditions but from thoughtful consideration of nature’s history. In fact, it is foolhardy to make any ecological interpretation of modern landscapes or environments or to formulate policy in conservation or natural resource management without an historical context that extends back decades, at least, but preferably centuries or millennia. Oftentimes, the ecological and conservation communities, in their search for more detail on the present and simulation of the future, appear to have forgotten the value of a deep historical perspective in research and application. However, the willingness of the geographical sciences to embrace broad temporal and spatial perspectives and to consider cultural as well as natural processes is worth emulating as we address environmental subjects in the new millennium.
Identification of genetic polymorphisms associated with risk for pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease

Up to 30% of adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) will develop pulmonary hypertension (pHTN), a complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To identify genetic factors that contribute to risk for pHTN in SCD, we performed association analysis with 297 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 49 candidate genes in patients with sickle cell anemia (Hb SS) who had been screened for pHTN by echocardiography (n = 111). Evidence of association was primarily identified for genes in the TGFβ superfamily, including activin A receptor, type II–like 1 (ACVRL1), bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2), and bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6). The association of pHTN with ACVRL1 and BMPR2 corroborates the previous association of these genes with primary pHTN. Moreover, genes in the TGFβ pathway have been independently implicated in risk for several sickle cell complications, suggesting that this gene pathway is important in overall sickle cell pathophysiology. Genetic variation in the β-1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) was also associated with pHTN in our dataset. A multiple regression model, which included age and baseline hemoglobin as covariates, retained SNPs in ACVRL1, BMP6, and ADRB1 as independently contributing to pHTN risk. These findings may offer new promise for identifying patients at risk for pHTN, developing new therapeutic targets, and reducing the occurrence of this life-threatening SCD complication.
Glucose Recovery with Bare and Hydrogel-Coated Microdialysis Probes: Experiment and Simulation of Temporal Effects

In vitro microdialysis glucose sampling was used to test the transient and steady-state suitability of antifouling hydrogel coatings, composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, vinylpyrrolidinone, and poly(ethylene glycol). The in vitro glucose diffusion coefficients of bare microdialysis membranes and hydrogel coatings were determined experimentally to be 1.1 × 10-6 and 3.2 × 10-6 cm2/s, respectively. These values were used to numerically simulate the effect of the hydrogel on glucose transport across the microdialysis membrane using a convection−diffusion transport model. The times for dialysate at the exit of the bare and hydrogel-coated microdialysis probes to reach 95% of steady state were calculated to be 20 and 66 s, respectively. However, the experimental data showed that 95% of steady-state glucose recoveries were reached after 4−5 min. Numerical simulations incorporating the Taylor dispersion in the outlet tubing showed the time difference was caused almost completely by convective transport in th...