cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology of diaphragm neuromuscular junctions on different fibre types.

We hypothesize that the morphology of the neuromuscular junction on different muscle fibre types varies, reflecting differences in activation history. In the rat diaphragm muscle, we used a three-colour fluorescent immunocytochemical technique to simultaneously visualize (1) innervating axons and presynaptic nerve terminals, (2) motor endplates and (3) myosin heavy chain isoform expression (muscle fibre type). Laser-scanning confocal microscopy was then used to optically section the triple-labelled muscle fibres, and create three-dimensional views of the neuromuscular junction. Type I fibres were innervated by the smallest axons, and type IIa, IIx and IIb fibres by progressively larger axons. Absolute planar areas of nerve terminals and endplates progressively increased from type I, IIa, IIx to IIb fibres. When normalized for fibre diameter planar areas of nerve terminals were largest on type I fibres, with no difference among type II fibres. The normalized planar area of endplates were larger for type I and IIb fibres, compared to type IIa and IIx fibres. The three-dimensional surface area of endplates was largest on type I fibres, with no differences across type II fibres. When normalized for fibre diameter, endplate surface areas increase progressively from type I, IIa, IIx to IIb fibres. The branches increased progressively from type I, IIa, IIx to IIb fibres. Conversely, individual branch length was longest on type I fibres, and shortest on type IIb fibres. The extent of overlap of pre- and postsynaptic elements of the neuromuscular junction decreased progressively on type I, IIa, IIx and IIb fibres. We conclude that these morphological differences at the neuromuscular function of different fibre types reflect differences in activation history and may underlie phenotypic differences in neuromuscular transmission.
Mandarin phonological structure

This paper attempts to present the Mandarin phonological system after the generative fashion.1 We find it convenient to treat this part of the grammar in two components: namely, a syllable grammar and morphophonemics. The former attempts to designate the structure of the basic syllables independently of the syntactic component of the grammar. It consists of a set of P-rules to generate strings of phonemes for the basic syllables. The latter operates on sequences of these syllables with intrasyllabic information designated by the syllable grammar, and with category and intersyllabic information which can be given by the syntactic component. It consists of T-rules and gives a phonetic representation of sentences as its output.
Insuring the Children: Obstacles and Opportunities

Passage of Title XXI of the Social Security Act, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), offers new opportunities for helping children gain health insurance coverage. This article examines the current status of the problem of children without health insurance, describes the major provisions of Title XXI, and considers some of the implications of this new policy. Strategies human service professionals can use to help increase insurance among children are identified including: (1) helping families capitalize on opportunities for health care coverage through Medicaid and CHIP; (2) influencing key state policy decisions in the design and implementation of CHIP; and (3) continuing to engage in the research, policy analysis, and advocacy, which will help to improve the health insurance coverage available to children and families.
All-optical reconfigurable radio frequency up/down conversion using parametric loop mirror

A method of reconfigurable frequency up/down-conversion using an optical parametric loop mirror is proposed. Up-conversion of up to 60GHz and down-conversion from 40GHz for single and WDM signals are demonstrated.
Adolescent personality as a prospective predictor of parenting: an interactionist perspective.

Abstract This study examined personality during adolescence as a predictor of later parenting of toddler-aged offspring. Based on empirical research on the timing of parenthood and the interactionistmodel (Conger & Donnellan, 2007), age at parenthood and family socioeconomic status (SES)were examined as mediators of the relation between personality and parenting. Participants were228 emerging adults from an ongoing longitudinal study of the transition to adulthood. Later entryinto parenthood and higher SES accounted for the association between personality characteristicsand lower levels of harsh parenting and higher levels of positive parenting. Consistent with theinteractionist model, both personality characteristics and SES-linked variables were related tointerpersonal processes in families. The findings suggest that promoting adaptive personality traitsduring childhood and adolescence may help delay early entry into parenthood, promote higherSES, and, indirectly, foster more positive parenting of young children.
Development of the retinofugal projections in the embryonic and larval zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio )

Studies of the projection from the vertebrate retina have contributed significantly to current concepts of neural development. The zebrafish has recently become a favored system for the study of development in general and neural development in particular. Although the development of both the optic nerve and the retinotectal projection of the zebrafish has been described, the retinofugal projection in its entirety has not. This paper describes it and also addresses the issue of projectional exuberance: i.e., transient projections to targets that are not innervated in the adult. The retinofugal projection of embryonic and larval zebrafish (32 hours to 7 days post-fertilization) was labeled by intraocular injection of DiI (l,l’-dioctadecy1-3,3,3’,3’,tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and then studied in wholemounts and sections. The first optic axons crossed the chiasm at 32 hours post-fertilization and projected in a straight line to reach the tectum at about 44 hours. At 48 hours, a few optic axons deviated along either the tract of the posterior commissure or the tract of the postoptic commissure. By 72 hours (about the time of hatching) optic axons arborized in ten distinct regions, termed arborization fields. At 6-7 days post-fertilization, the same ten arborization fields (nine contralateral, one bilateral) were evident. Most of the arborization fields were located in the superficial neuropil and were not associated with morphologically identifiable clusters of somata. On the basis of various landmarks, the ten arborization fields are identified as precursors of retinorecipient nuclei previously described in other adult cypriniform fishes. The development was characterized by the nearly complete absence of any transient projections. Thus, the idea that axonal outgrowth is initially exuberant and trimmed back later is not supported by these results. o 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. The issue of how growing axons reach their targets is central to developmental neurobiology. Over the last 20 years, the idea that projections within the central nervous system (CNS) form with an initial “exuberant” phase, characterized by abundant terminals in incorrect locations, followed by a second phase, removal of the incorrect terminals, has gained considerable credence. The term exuberance has been used to describe two types of misplaced terminals: those in the wrong place of a particular target field (e.g., the optic tectum) and those in a target field that is not innervated in the adult. In this paper, we deal only with the second meaning. The most striking examples have come from the retinofugal projections of rodents.
DNA repair: Caretakers of the genome?

Recent results show that the 8-oxoguanine DNA repair system is functionally conserved in bacteria and mammals. The bacterial system protects the genome from the mutagenic effects of oxidative stress; the role of the mammalian system is expected to be similar and defects in it may increase susceptibility to cancer.
Soldering procedure for repairing a full cast gold restoration.

Abstract Repairing a small hole in a cast gold restoration can often be frustrating. The method described here using platinum foil to obliterate the hole to give the solder a medium to flow across is superior to most other methods of repairing crowns and is almost foolproof. This method requires the use of the die on which the crown was made and the use of soldering investment.
Design and experimental validation of a two-stage superplastic forming die

The conventional superplastic forming (SPF) of complex and deep geometries can result in excessive thinning and necking. To address these issues, a two-stage SPF process has been developed and demonstrated in forming trials using a superplastic aluminum sheet alloy. Within a single die, gas pressure is used to form the blank into a preform die cavity prior to the pressure being reversed to form the sheet into the final component cavity. The preforming of the blank creates length of line, while preserving metal thickness in certain regions to improve the thickness profile of the final part. In this work, a preform has been designed to improve the forming of a complex component by providing a superior thickness profile as compared to a conventional single stage forming cycle. Finite element analysis was used to guide the design of the preform cavity since the preforming surface was not intuitive and could cause wrinkling in the final part.
A new edge detection algorithm and its applications in picture processing

Edge detection is an important problem in the recognition of objects in images. This paper presents a new edge detector which is better than the gradient-type edge detectors used so far. When the edge detector is appied to an image, a picture is obtained consisting of edge points. Several general operations can be performed on this edge picture such as thinning of edges, tracing edge segments, joining edges, and so on. Algoithms are given that perform those operations. To show the power of the edge detector, an experiment is described in which rib boundaries are extracted in chest X-ray photographs.
Aerial image monitor for wavefront metrology of high-resolution EUV lithography tools

In this paper, we present an aerial image monitor suitable for use in high-NA EUV lithography tools, and discuss an application in an in-situ image-based reconstruction of the optical system aberrations. The working principle of the aerial image monitor relies on a scanning aperture that employs a binary, 2-dimensional uniformly redundant array (URA), which simultaneously provides high flux throughput and high spatial frequency bandwidth. Aerial images are captured through focus, and are fed into a computer algorithm that matches the measured images to a computer model with a trial set of pupil aberrations. The aberrations are then modified until the modeled images match the ones from the experiment. The Reduced Optical Coherent Sum (ROCS) decomposition for partially coherent aerial image calculation greatly reduces the computation time of each iteration which makes this method more computationally tractable.
Predictors of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting after Spontaneous Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is a serious medical condition with high morbidity. Hydrocephalus complicates the course of IPH recovery and frequently necessitates permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion by ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS). Risk factors for VPS have not been studied in adults after IPH. This is a nonrandomized retrospective study aimed to determine risk factors for VPS among IPH patients seen at Barrow Neurological Institute over a 2-year period. Chart review collected pertinent demographic and radiological data for all IPH patients. This data underwent statistical analysis to discover those factors associated with VPS requirements. A predictive shunting instrument was then constructed to determine those patients at greatest risk of VPS requirement. Initial Glasgow Coma Scale score 25 mmHg (P = 0.016), persistent ICP elevations > 20 mmHg (P = 0.017), and thalamic IPH location (P = 0.009) were associated with VPS on univariate analysis. Thalamic IPH location (P = 0.025) and ICP > 25 mm Hg (P = 0.025) were associated with VPS on multivariate analysis. Application of a predictive shunting instrument to the cohort had positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 81%. A predictive shunting instrument utilizing GCS score, lateral ventricle blood, ICP measurement, and the presence of hydrocephalus may predict those patients at risk for VPS or identify those patients requiring additional CSF drainage strategies.
A method for improving the quality of the magnetic field in a solenoid

Abstract A relatively simple and inexpensive device is described which can be used to provide a highly homogeneous magnetic field in a solenoid when the solenoid windings are inadequate. Design considerations and experiments measurements are presented. A field straightness of approximately 10−4 rad has been achieved.
Teaching about race, gender, class and geography through fiction

Abstract Fiction is used in geography teaching with a variety of objectives. The novel Betsey Brown was used to explore the intersection of race, class and gender in urban social geography. All members of the class read the novel while a small group researched the geographical and historical contexts of the book. Use of the novel increased awareness of race and class but was less successful with gender, although it did provide a catalyst and safe forum for the discussion of sensitive issues.
Single facility scheduling with nonlinear processing times

Abstract This paper considers the static single facility scheduling problem where the processing times of jobs are a monotonically increasing function of their starting (waiting) times and the objective is to minimize the total elapsed time (called the makespan) in which all jobs complete their processing. Based on the combinatorial analysis of the problem, an exact optimization algorithm is developed for the general processing time function which is then specialized for the linear case. In view of the excessive computational burden of the exact optimization algorithm for the nonlinear processing time functions, heuristic algorithms are proposed. The effectiveness of these proposed alogrithms is empirically evaluated and found to indicate that these heuristic algorithms yield optimal or near optimal schedules in many cases.
Sympathetic cooling of trapped negative ions by self-cooled electrons in a fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

Hot electrons confined in a Penning trap at 3 tesla self-cool to near room temperature in a few seconds by emission of cyclotron radiation. Here, we show that such cold electrons can “sympathetically” cool, in ∼10 s, laser desorbed/ionized translationally hot Au− or C70 − ions confined simultaneously in the same Penning trap. Unlike “buffer gas” cooling by collisions between ions and neutral gas molecules, sympathetic cooling by electrons is mediated by the mutual long-range Coulomb interaction between electrons and ions, so that translationally hot ions can be cooled without internal excitation and fragmentation. It is proposed that electrosprayed multiply charged macromolecular ions can be cooled sympathetically, in the absence of ion-neutral collisions, by self-cooled electrons in a Penning trap.
Generalized flow potentials in finite elastoplasticity—II. Examples

Abstract Various representations of generalized stress potentials are presented that result from a straightforward application of isotropic function theory. A variety of theories are then reduced from the theory as special cases. For comparison, a non-isotropic flow potential is presented.
Integrated analysis of core debris interactions and their effects on containment integrity using the contain computer code

Abstract The CONTAIN computer code includes a versatile system of phenomenological models for analyzing the physical, chemical and radiological conditions inside the containment building during severe reactor accidents. Important contributors to these conditions are the interactions which may occur between released corium and cavity concrete. The phenomena associated with interactions between ejected corium debris and the containment atmosphere (Direct Containment Heating or DCH) also pose a potential threat to containment integrity. In this paper, we describe recent enhancements of the CONTAIN code which allow an integrated analysis of these effects in the presence of other mitigating or aggravating physical processes. In particular, the recent inclusion of the CORCON and VANESA models is described and a calculation example presented. With this capability CONTAIN can model core-concrete interactions occurring simultaneously in multiple compartments and can couple the aerosols thereby generated to the mechanistic description of all atmospheric aerosol components. Also discussed are some recent results of modeling the phenomena involved in Direct Containment Heating.
On the Existence of Group Topologiesa, b

Results obtained by and with Dieter Remus are recapitulated and advanced as follows: If G is an Abelian group or a free group, and if |G|=γ≥ω, then G has 22γ-many Hausdorff topological group topologies that are totally bounded, and an equal number that are not; each class contains an antichain of cardinality 22γ, and each class contains a chain of length β iff the power set ?(γ), partially ordered under inclusion, admits a chain of length β. As to pseudocompact group topologies, the groups ⊕γQ serve as test spaces in this sense: If some group G with |G|=γ≥ω has a pseudocompact group topology of weight α, then so does ⊕γQ; in case the P-space topology of {0, 1}α has density character (log α)ω (as is the case if the singular cardinals hypothesis is assumed), then the free Abelian group ⊕γZ is also a test space when α > ω. Several unsolved questions are listed.
Planetary Waves at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The zonally asymmetric component of the 500 mb flow in the Southern Hemisphere has been analyzed into wavenumber space, and the annual cycle and interannual variability are documented for the period May 1972–January 1978. The planetary waves 1–3 account for most of the variance and all three waves make important contributions, especially to the interannual variability, although the mean fields are dominated by wave 1. The seasonal variation in all fields is small compared with that in the Northern Hemisphere. In the subtropics, the interannual fluctuations in the planetary waves are mainly coupled to the Southern Oscillation and the wave fluctuations are coupled to those in the mean zonal westerlies.
Eigenfunctions of Linearized Integrable Equations Expanded Around an Arbitrary Solution

Eigenfunctions of linearized integrable equations expanded around an arbitrary solution are obtained for the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) hierarchy and the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy. It is shown that the linearization operators and the integrodifferential operator that generates the hierarchy are commutable. Consequently, eigenfunctions of the linearization operators are precisely squared eigenfunctions of the associated eigenvalue problem. Similar results are obtained for the adjoint linearization operators as well. These results make a simple connection between the direct soliton/ multisoliton perturbation theory and the inverse-scattering based perturbation theory for these hierarchy equations.
Reconstruction of human mammary tissues in a mouse model

Establishing a model system that more accurately recapitulates both normal and neoplastic breast epithelial development in rodents is central to studying human breast carcinogenesis. However, the inability of human breast epithelial cells to colonize mouse mammary fat pads is problematic. Considering that the human breast is a more fibrous tissue than is the adipose-rich stroma of the murine mammary gland, our group sought to bypass the effects of the rodent microenvironment through incorporation of human stromal fibroblasts. We have been successful in reproducibly recreating functionally normal breast tissues from reduction mammoplasty tissues, in what we term the human-in-mouse (HIM) model. Here we describe our relatively simple and inexpensive techniques for generating this orthotopic xenograft model. Whether the model is to be applied for understanding normal human breast development or tumorigenesis, investigators with minimal animal surgery skills, basic cell culture techniques and access to human breast tissue will be able to generate humanized mouse glands within 3 months. Clearing the mouse of its endogenous epithelium with subsequent stromal humanization takes 1 month. The subsequent implantation of co-mixed human epithelial cells and stromal cells occurs 2 weeks after humanization, so investigators should expect to observe the desired outgrowths 2 months afterward. As a whole, this model system has the potential to improve the understanding of crosstalk between tissue stroma and the epithelium as well as factors involved in breast stem cell biology tumor initiation and progression.
The confluence of structure and dynamics in lanthanide(III) chelates: how dynamics help define structure in solution

Coordination exchange processes tend to dominate the solution state behaviour of lanthanide chelates and generally prohibit the study of small conformational changes. In this article we take advantage of coordinatively rigid Eu3+ chelates to examine the small conformational changes that occur in these chelates as water dissociatively exchanges in and out of the inner coordination sphere. The results show that the time-averaged conformation of the chelate alters as the water exchange rate increases. This conformational change reflects a change in the hydration state (q/rLnH6) of the chelate. The hydration state has recently come to be expressed as two separate parameters q and rLnH. However, these two parameters simultaneously describe the same structural considerations which in solution are indistinguishable and intrinsically related to, and dependent upon, the dissociative water exchange rate. This realization leads to the broader understanding that a solution state structure can only be appreciated with reference to the dynamics of the system.
Hotspots and the dispersion of leks

Abstract The settlement of promiscuous males on sites where they are most likely to encounter females was examined by computer simulation. The study extended an earlier model of Parker (1978) , which dealt with male settlement on environmentally fixed mating sites, to include populations of mobile females who can mate at any point in their home ranges. Males in the simulations were expected to settle at sites with high levels of female traffic (hotspots) and to correct for the sharing of females between adjacent sites. As a results, males became clustered into fewer and more compact aggregations as female home range size was increased. Increasing female density or allowing males to settle despotically instead of in a free manner had an opposite effect. The same results were found for both bounded and unbounded surfaces, although there was increased aggregation of males at the centre of bounded surfaces as female size was increased. The model may be relevant to the diversity of male dispersions seen in lek and swarm mating animals.
Identification of simultaneous equation models with measurement error

Abstract This paper establishes identification conditions for a simultaneous equation model in which some of the exogenous variables are measured with error. It is assumed that observational information is confined to the covariance matrix of the observed variables and that prior information on the structural coefficients and error variances takes the form of zero restrictions. The primary result is an easily-applied assignment condition for checking whether or not there are an adequate number and variety of prior restrictions to identify the structural parameters.
Behavioral Characteristics and Level of Involvement for Victims of Homicide

Few studies have differentiated demographic and situational correlates for victims within and among the various types of homicide. This article seeks to provide a comparative basis for certain victim types, and more important, to discern victims who were more culpable from those who were more or less guiltless in the events surrounding their victimization. The study involves 157 homicide victims in the city of Buffalo, New York, for the years 1992 and 1993. The data reveal that types of victimization vary depending on the characteristics and behavior of the victim as well as the situation in which the violence developed. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the etiology of homicide must consider less direct forms of victim contribution in order to specify those behaviors that have significant risk potential. Implications for future research and identification of high-risk homicide victim populations are discussed.
Computer Programs for Assessing Rater Agreement and Rater Bias for Qualitative Data.

The programs described compute rater agreement and rater bias statistics with qualitative data. They also utilize techniques for (a) selecting the most reliable from a set of raters and (b) identifying those cases which are the most diflicult for raters to classify.
Profile of the uninvolved worker: an examination of employee attitudes to wardmanagement practices

This paper examines the relationship which employee' attitudes toward work grop relationships, supervisory relationships, performance appraisal systems,and organizational commitment have on worker involvement. Discriminant analysis demonstrates that these “organizational humanist” attitudes do discriminate between the involved and uninvolved worker. Because this analysis also suggests a unidmensional nature to the concept of worker involvement, further analysis was conducted using a regression technique. The regression analysis confirms a relationship between these nothions (especially with respect to intergroup relationships and job challenge and employee involvement.
REGULATION OF FROZEN SNAP BEAN QUALITY BY POSTHARVEST HOLDING IN CARBON‐DIOXIDE ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES

Quality attributes of freeze-processed snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were examined after holding the raw product in nonrefrigerated CO2 -enriched atmospheres. Exposure to CO2 reduced shear resistance and titratable acidity while –a/b values, pH, and sensory color scores were enhanced. Texture and flavor were not significantly affected in most trials, but in some they were improved by the CO2 treatment. Alterations in color, resistance to shear, pH and acidity induced by CO2 increased in intensity with increasing cone of CO2, appeared within 2 hr of exposure, were rapidly reversible when exposed to air, and occurred regardless of temperature or sieve size. CO2-induced changes were not apparent in the raw product but were observed after heating. Exposure to CO2 -enriched atmospheres resulted in enhanced levels of CO2 and carbonates in extracted juice even after cooking. The results indicate that handling snap beans in CO2 -enriched atmospheres would be beneficial to freeze-processed quality.
Biogenic Silica in Lake Baikal Sediments: Results From 1990–1992 American Cores

Abstract The Lake Baikal Paleoclimate Project is a joint Russian-American program established to study the paleoclimate of Central Asia. During three summer field seasons, duplicate Russian and American cores were taken at a number of sites in different sedimentary environments in the lake. Eight cores returned to the U.S. were quantitatively analyzed for biogenic silica using a single-step 5-hour alkaline leach, followed by dissolved silicon analysis by inductively-coupled-plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy. Sediments of Holocene age in these cores have biogenic silica maxima that range from about 15 to 80 percent. An underlying zone in each core with low biogenic-silica concentrations (0 to 5 percent) dates from the last glacial maximum. The transition from the last glaciation to the present interglaciation, recorded by biogenic silica, began about 13,000 years ago. Biogenic silica profiles from these cores appear to be a good measure of past diatom productivity and a useful basis for paleoclimatic interpretations.
Predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death in premature infants with a patent ductus arteriosus

Predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death in premature infants with a patent ductus arteriosus
Peer Relationships and Violence Among Female Juvenile Offenders: An Exploration of Differences among Four Racial/Ethnic Populations

The present study examined the relationships among various aspects of peer relationships to violence in 128 female juvenile offenders representing four racial/ethnic groups (i.e., Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and biracial/multiracial). Results revealed that high levels of peer association and extrinsic rewards from peer relationships best predicted violence among all groups. Furthermore, among Hispanics, positive peer attitudes toward delinquency significantly contributed to violence. Among Caucasians, greater time spent with peers was associated with higher levels of violence. For African Americans, tangible rewards from peer relationships significantly contributed to violence. No significant results were found among biracial/multiracial female offenders. The findings from this study highlight the significant influence of peer relationships on violence among juvenile offenders and suggest the need for further research on racial and ethnic differences.
Synchronous versus asynchronous oscillations for antigenically varying Plasmodium falciparum with host immune response.

We consider a deterministic intra-host model for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria infection, which accounts for antigenic variation between n clonal variants of PfEMP1 and the corresponding host immune response (IR). Specifically, the model separates the IR into two components, specific and cross-reactive, respectively, in order to demonstrate that the latter can be a mechanism for the sequential appearance of variants observed in actual Pf infections. We show that a strong variant-specific IR relative to the cross-reactive IR favours the asynchronous oscillations (sequential dominance) over the synchronous oscillations in a number of ways. The decay rate of asynchronous oscillations is smaller than that for the synchronous oscillations, allowing for the parasite to survive longer. With the introduction of a delay in the stimulation of the IR, we show that only a small delay is necessary to cause persistent asynchronous oscillations and that a strong variant-specific IR increases the amplitude of the as...
Murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 causes severe large-vessel arteritis in mice lacking interferon-gamma responsiveness: a new model for virus-induced vascular disease.

Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 causes severe large-vessel arteritis in mice lacking interferon-γ responsiveness: A new model for virus-induced vascular disease
Sets of typical subsamples

Abstract A group theoretic condition on a set of subsamples of a random sample from a continuous random variable symmetric about 0 is shown to be sufficient to provide typical values for 0.
Secretion of NH4Cl by the hindgut of Sarcophaga bullata larva

Abstract 1. 1. Excess nitrogen in the blowfly larva is eliminated as NH4+ ions. 2. 2. The isolated hindgut of the blowfly larva is capable of moving NH4+ against its concentration gradient and deaminating amino acids. 3. 3. Maximum excretion of NH4+ by the hindgut requires the presence of both NH4+ ions and amino acids in the outside medium. 4. 4. The isolated hindgut is also capable of concentrating Na+, K+ and Cl−.
The production of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental communicating hydrocephalus

Utilizing an atraumatic model to produce chronic hydrocephalus, CSF production was measured during and after development of communicating hydrocephalus. CSF volume production was significantly lower in animals with increased pressure. Animals with chronic hydrocephalus and normal pressures had abnormal CSF production. Diminished CSF production appears to offer a potential compensatory mechanism when CSF absorption is altered.
On a computationally efficient microcomputer kinematic analysis of the basic linkage mechanisms

Based on the algebraic correspondence between the displacement equations of the plane, spherical and skew four-bar linkages and the plane and skew slider-crank mechanisms, a highly compact, computationally efficient procedure has been developed for a microcomputer kinetmatic analysis of these linkages.
Assessment of diurnal variation of cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in healthy human females.

Abstract The role of serotonin (5-HT) in the pathogenesis and treatment of major neuropsychiatric disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders, continues to be the subject of extensive research. Previous studies examining central 5-HT functioning measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by using single or multiple lumbar punctures. A number of investigators have demonstrated the feasiblity of continuous CSF sampling via an indwelling lumbar catheter to study CSF neurochemistry in healthy subjects and patients with neuropsychiatric illness. Four healthy female volunteers, aged 21–34 years, underwent continuous CSF sampling. CSF was collected at a constant rate of 1 ml every 10 minutes over a 30-hour period, with levels of tryptophan (TRP) and 5-HIAA measured every hour. Plasma was also obtained hourly for TRP determination. The results of this study indicate that CSF 5-HIAA, CSF TRP, and plasma TRP levels showed variation over time, but failed to show diurnal fluctuation. Intraindividual coefficients of variationdetermined for CSF 5-HIAA, CSF TRP, and plasma TRP ranged from 9.2 to 14.9%, 8.8 to 14.6%, and 14.7 to 19.0%, respectively. Continuous CSF sampling is safe and feasible in humans, and may prove useful for studies of central 5-HT neurotransmission in neuropsychiatric illness.
Designing for damage—robust flight control design using sliding mode techniques:

A brief review of sliding model control is undertaken, with particular emphasis upon the effects of neglected parasitic dynamics. Sliding model control design is interpreted in the frequency domain. The inclusion of asymptotic observers and control 'hedging' is shown to reduce the effects of neglected parasitic dynamics. An investigation into the application of observer-based sliding mode control to the robust longitudinal control of a highly unstable is described. The sliding mode controller is shown to exhibit stability and performance robustness superior to that of a classical loop-shaped design when significant changes in vehicle and actuator dynamics are employed to model airframe damage.
Effect of charge state and stoichiometry on the structure and reactivity of nickel oxide clusters with CO

Abstract The collision induced fragmentation and reactivity of cationic and anionic nickel oxide clusters with carbon monoxide were studied experimentally using guided-ion-beam mass spectrometry. Anionic clusters with a stoichiometry containing one more oxygen atom than nickel atom (NiO 2 − , Ni 2 O 3 − , Ni 3 O 4 − and Ni 4 O 5 − ) were found to exhibit dominant products resulting from the transfer of a single oxygen atom to CO, suggesting the formation of CO 2 . Of these four species, Ni 2 O 3 − and Ni 4 O 5 − were observed to be the most reactive having oxygen transfer products accounting for approximately 5% and 10% of the total ion intensity at a maximum pressure of 15 mTorr of CO. Our findings, therefore, indicate that anionic nickel oxide clusters containing an even number of nickel atoms and an odd number of oxygen atoms are more reactive than those with an odd number of nickel atoms and an even number of oxygen atoms. The majority of cationic nickel oxides, in contrast to anionic species, reacted preferentially through the adsorption of CO onto the cluster accompanied by the loss of either molecular O 2 or nickel oxide units. The adsorption of CO onto positively charged nickel oxides, therefore, is exothermic enough to break apart the gas-phase clusters. Collision induced dissociation experiments, employing inert xenon gas, were also conducted to gain insight into the structural properties of nickel oxide clusters. The fragmentation products were found to vary considerably with size and stoichiometry as well as ionic charge state. In general, cationic clusters favored the collisional loss of molecular O 2 while anionic clusters fragmented through the loss of both atomic oxygen and nickel oxide units. Our results provide insight into the effect of ionic charge state on the structure of nickel oxide clusters. Furthermore, we establish how the size and stoichiometry of nickel oxide clusters influences their ability to oxidize CO, an important reaction for environmental pollution abatement.
Strontium Isotopic Composition of Estuarine Sediments as Paleosalinity-Paleoclimate Indicator

The strontium isotopic composition of biogenic precipitates that occur in estuarine sediments can be used as proxy indicator of paleosalinity and for assessing precipitation and river discharge rates over thousands of years. In the San Francisco Bay estuary, river water with low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio (average, 0.7065) and low Sr concentration (0.13 parts per million) mixes with seawater with a higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio (0.7092) and Sr concentration (7.9 parts per million). The predicted mixing relation between salinity and Sr isotopic composition is confirmed by measurements of modern estuarine surface waters. A paleosalinity record obtained from foraminifera for the ancestral San Francisco Bay during oxygen isotope substage 5e of the last interglacial reflects a global rise and fall of sea level, and short time-scale variations related to fluctuations in discharge rates of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers.
The influence of patients' participation in research on their satisfaction.

Purpose To determine if there was a difference between patients participating in research and those who did not regarding their satisfaction with the medical encounter and their physician. Methods We prospectively randomized 128 patients to either complete 20 minutes of questionnaires (participate in research) or not. After the visit, all patients rated their satisfaction with their visit and satisfaction with the doctor on an 11-point ordinal satisfaction scales, with 0 being not at all satisfied and 10 being completely satisfied. Average satisfaction scores were analyzed in relation to demographics, questionnaires, and involvement in research. Results There were no significant differences between patients that did and did not participate in research for satisfaction with the medical encounter or satisfaction with the treating physician. Satisfaction was not associated with marital status, work status, or diagnosis. There was a significant correlation between greater satisfaction and both less education and lower self-efficacy. There was no significant correlation between patient satisfaction and magnitude of disability, pain intensity, or health anxiety. Conclusions This study demonstrated that patients' participation in research can coexist with patient satisfaction. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic I.
Rule of law and the democratization process: the case of Albania

This article will explore the dilemmas that Albania has been experiencing in implementing the rule of law during the past two decades with particular attention to the political institutional obstacles, including the difficulties of establishing an independent judiciary and the pervasiveness of corruption. The concept of the rule of law will be the lens through which the difficulties of the democratization process will be examined. The lack of transparency in the legislature and more broadly in the political decision-making process, and the divisive and leader-dominated political party system are two additional obstacles that Albania is facing in consolidating democracy. Since its first post-communist election in 1991, Albania has experienced challenges in conducting legitimate elections that meet international standards. The political and cultural environment where these political institutions operate and from which they have been constructed will provide the backdrop for analysis.
Structural Characterization of Caddisfly Silk with Solid-State NMR and X-Ray Diffraction

Adhesive silks spun by aquatic caddisfly (order Trichoptera) larvae are used to build both intricate protective shelters and food harvesting nets underwater. In this study, we use 13C and 31P solid-state NMR and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) as tools to elucidate molecular protein structure of caddisfly larval silk. Caddisfly silk is a fibroin protein-based biopolymer containing mostly repetitive amino acid motifs. Solid-state NMR results provide strong evidence for a structural model where phosphorylated serine repeats (pSX)4 complex with di- and trivalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ to form rigid nanocrystalline β-sheet structures in caddisfly silk (Addison et al., Biomacromolecules (2013)). NMR data suggests that both phosphorylated serine and neighboring valine residues exist in a β-sheet conformation while glycine and leucine residues common in GGX repeats reside in random coil conformations. 31P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) powder pattern analysis of native caddisfly silk indicates that the phosphates on phosphoserine residues are rigid, doubly ionized, and charge-stabilized by divalent cations. 31P solid-state NMR data also shows that the phosphorylated serine-rich motifs transform from a rigid environment to one that is highly mobile and water-solvated after treatment with the metal ion chelator, EDTA. However, the rigid phosphorus environment is mostly recovered after the silk is retreated with calcium. While a strong interaction between negatively charged phosphates and multivalent cations is no surprise, its prevalence within caddisfly larval silk is unique within silk-based biopolymers. In this work we demonstrate that multivalent cations are absolutely essential to the structural integrity of caddisfly silk.
Acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in larval and early juvenile walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos

Application of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides to agricultural fields during the spring often overlaps the period of spawning, egg incubation, and larval stages of fish species such as walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Because life stage can affect uptake, distribution, and effects of contaminants, our objective was to identify the most sensitive life stage of walleye tochlorpyrifos, a broad-spectrum OP insecticide. Prolarvae (yolk sac, endogenous feeding stage) were least sensitive to chlorpyrifos (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 225-316 microg/L), and postlarvae I (oil globule, exogenous feeding stage) were less sensitive (LC50 = 24-29 microg/L) than postlarvae II (oil globule absent; LC50 = 12-13 microg/L). The differences in sensitivity of the larval stages coincide with stages of gill development. Gill filaments were absent until the end of the prolarval stage, and development of secondary lamellae did not occur until the end of the postlarval I stage. Juvenile fish were less sensitive than postlarval stages, but did not differ significantly among the juvenile ages tested. The LC50s ranged from 37 to 45 microg/L for 30- and 90-d-old juvenile walleye, respectively. Larval walleye survived when cholinesterase (ChE) activity was inhibited by as much as 90%; however, 60- and 90-d-old juvenile walleye did not survive when ChE activity was inhibited more than 71%.
Methods of calculating atmospheric transmittance and radiance in the infrared

Radiation from remotely sensed objects in the earth's environment is attenuated in its passage through the atmosphere. In the infrared region of the spectrum, this is caused, for clear-sky conditions, mainly through absorption by atmospheric molecular species, i.e., the atmospheric gases. Molecular absorption is characterized by a highly variable, more-or-less random, frequency dependence which is difficult, if not impossible, to describe analytically in detail. On the other hand, most experimental work requiring an understanding of atmospheric attenuative phenomena is accomplished with instrumental spectral resolutions that are coarse enough to smooth out much of the spectral detail in molecular line structure. Therefore, methods are described for calculating atmospheric transmittance and radiance to correspond to spectral resolutions of those instruments used in remote sensing. These methods involve either numerical integration of the exact line structure over the desired spectral interval, or the use of band models derived from artificially created line structure. Limitations of these calculations are discussed in the light of factors such as the fidelity of model atmospheres used to simulate real ones and the utility of different routines regarding computer time and accuracy. A short section covers the effect of scattering.
Modeling volume power spectra for collections of spheres in a finite container

When modeling the volume power spectrum for a collection of randomly positioned scatterers in an impedance map, the assumption is usually made that the incoherent component of the spectrum is much larger than the coherent component. With this assumption, scattering form-factor models such as the Gaussian, fluid-filled sphere, etc. can be fitted to the impedance map volume power spectrum for the purpose of estimating parameters such as the scatterer size. The accuracy of the assumption concerning incoherent and coherent component spectrum magnitudes was studied using simulated collections of spheres in a finite container. A collection of spheres with a specific number density was simulated and the volume power spectrum was computed by taking the 3D Fourier Transform and squaring the modulus. Realizations of spheres with random positions within a cubical or spherical container were simulated and the resulting volume power spectra were averaged to study the expected value of the power spectrum versus different number densities of spheres. These results were compared to the volume power spectrum for a single sphere (ie., the fluid-filled sphere form factor). A single sphere volume power spectrum is expected if no coherent component in the spectrum exists. For low number density, the volume power spectrum for a collection of spheres matched the single sphere power spectrum. As volume fraction increased, the volume power spectrum became biased for low values of ka compared to the power spectrum for a single sphere. The source of this bias can be attributed to the interaction of sphere positions. As more spheres are placed in the container, their positions become less random, increasing the effect of the coherent component relative to the incoherent component. The simulations also indicated that the container shape affected the shape of the volume spectrum. When using a cube as the container for the collection of spheres, asymmetry was observed in the volume power spectrum. Specifically, peaks were present on-axis in k-space that were not present off-axis nor in the power spectrum for a single sphere. When changing the container to a sphere, the volume power spectrum was symmetric and the on-axis peaks observed for the cube container were not present. The results of this study indicate that when modeling the effects of scattering using single scattering approximations, a large number density may yield a significant coherent component in the power spectrum and the shape of the scattering volume must be taken into account.
Chester Ray Benjamin, 1923-2002

Chester Ray Benjamin, a mycologist who worked at the two major research facilities of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, first in Peoria, Illinois, and later in Beltsville, Maryland, died April 20...