cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hydrodynamic study of a slow nova outburst

The paper reports use of a Lagrangian implicit hydrodynamics computer code incorporating a full nuclear-reaction network to follow a thermonuclear runaway in the hydrogen-rich envelope of a 1.25 solar-mass white dwarf. In this evolutionary sequence the envelope was assumed to be of normal (solar) composition and the resulting outburst closely resembles that of the slow nova HR Del. In contrast, previous CNO-enhanced models resemble fast nova outbursts. The slow-nova model ejects material by radiation pressure when the high luminosity of the rekindled hydrogen shell source exceeds the local Eddington luminosity of the outer layers. This is in contrast to the fast nova outburst where ejection is caused by the decay of the beta(+)-unstable nuclei. Nevertheless, radiation pressure probably plays a major role in ejecting material from the fast nova remnants. Therefore, the sequence from slow to fast novae can be interpreted as a sequence of white dwarfs with increasing amounts of enhanced CNO nuclei in their hydrogen envelopes, although other parameters such as the white-dwarf mass and accretion rate probably contribute to the observed variation between novae.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Immune destruction of parasitized mouse fibroblasts in vitro

Abstract The ability of sensitized spleen cells to detect and destroy Trypanosoma cruzi infected fibroblasts was examined. The 51Cr-release assay was used to estimate in vitro target cell lysis by C3H(He) mouse spleen cells from normal, immunized, and infected donors. It was found that splenocytes taken from mice with Day 11 and Day 15 infections could effect significant specific cytolysis of parasitized syngeneic fibroblasts. Normal, uninfected fibroblasts were not affected by sensitized spleen cells. Whereas immunocytes from infected animals lysed infected host cells, spleen cells from mice immunized with preparations of lyophilized culture forms did not. Increasing the degree of parasitism per fibroblast did not result in increased target cell destruction by the population of effector cells. Serum from Day 17 infected mice did not interfere with splenocyte activity against parasitized cells. These results suggest (i) that net immunity in experimental Chagas' disease includes responsiveness against the intracellular phase, (ii) that this immunity develops during the acute phase, (iii) that serum antibody apparently does not inhibit effector cell activity, (iv) that autoimmunity against normal fibroblasts does not develop during the acute phase, and (v) that living parasites may be required in the development of this immunity.
Agreement between two dietary methods in the measurement of alcohol consumption.

This study compares estimates of alcohol consumption from two dietary methods: a self-reported diet diary and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In the 1984-85 University of Michigan Food Frequency Study, 228 black and white, male and female respondents, ages 23-51 years, kept diet diaries covering 16 days during a 1-year period. At the end of the year, the same respondents completed a dietary quantity-frequency questionnaire that included alcoholic beverages. The two methods showed excellent agreement in estimated group mean ethanol consumption and good agreement in the ranking of individual respondents. Respondents described alcohol consumption in abstract terms on the questionnaire in a way that was consistent with the consumption recorded in the diary. However, the two methods showed only poor to moderate agreement in classifying individuals as infrequent, moderate or heavier drinkers, suggesting that such classifications should be used cautiously. These results suggest that in general popul...
Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.

More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are at risk of developing chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite many common features in the pathogenesis of HBV- and HCV-related liver disease, these viruses markedly differ in their virological properties and in their immune escape and survival strategies. This review assesses recent advances in our understanding of viral hepatitis, contrasts mechanisms of virus-host interaction in acute hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and outlines areas for future studies. NECROINFLAMMATORY A state in which there is morphological evidence of infiltration of inflammatory cells and necrosis of parenchymal
Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease versus Death

BACKGROUND Among older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the comparative event rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cause-specific death are unknown.
gp49B1 deficiency is associated with increases in cytokine and chemokine production and severity of proliferative synovitis induced by anti-type II collagen mAb

Mice with a disrupted gp49B gene, which encodes gp49B1 that is expressed on certain hematopoietic cells and has two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), exhibit augmented FcϵRI-initiated mast cell degranulation and resultant tissue edema. gp49B1-deficient (gp49B–/–) mice also exhibit exaggerated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intravascular neutrophil aggregation leading to cutaneous microangiopathy. To determine whether gp49B–/– mice exhibit elevated cytokine and chemokine levels leading to pathologic inflammation, we quantified clinical and morphologic parameters of arthritis and tissue levels of contributory mediators in gp49B–/– and gp49B1-sufficient (gp49B+/+) mice injected with anti-type II collagen monoclonal antibody (mAb) and LPS. Clinical scores for joint swelling and histological assessments of synovial thickness and cartilage matrix depletion at day 7 were significantly 2.3- to 2.5-fold greater and were more prolonged in gp49B–/– mice. At day 5, the amounts of IL-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-2 were 2.1-, 2.5-, and 12-fold greater in joint extracts from gp49B–/– mice. A significant 2.7-fold more neutrophils infiltrated the synovium of gp49B–/– mice at day 7, and neutrophilia persisted with the delayed resolution of the synovitis. mAb-mediated depletion of neutrophils prevented the synovitis in both strains. Thus, gp49B1 counter-regulates the cytokine and chemokine induction and attendant neutrophilia that are all essential for synovitis and cartilage matrix depletion.
Are Swine Workers in the United States at Increased Risk of Infection with Zoonotic Influenza Virus

Background Pandemic influenza strains originate in nonhuman species. Pigs have an important role in interspecies transmission of the virus. We examined multiple swine-exposed human populations in the nation's number 1 swine-producing state for evidence of previous swine influenza virus infection.
Photosynthetic recovery in the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla after wetting

Photosynthetic recovery (PR) in a southwest Texas, USA population of Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook and Grev.) (Selaginellaceae), a poikilohydric spikemoss, was examined in the laboratory. Infrared CO2 gas analysis and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase activity measurements indicated that optimal temperature for PR was near 25°C in terms of: (1) rapidity of net CO2 uptake after hydration (5.4 h), (2) maximum net photosynthetic rate at 2000 μE·m-2·s-1 (2.44 mg CO2·g(DWT)-1·h-1), and (3) maximum net CO2 assimilation per 30 h hydration event (43.8 mg CO2·g(DWT)-1·30 h-1). The PR was much slower at both 15° and 35° C, with lower photosynthetic rates and net carbon gains per hydration event. High respiratory costs were incurred at 45°C and no net photosynthesis was observed. Increases in RuBP carboxylase activity and chlorophyll content during 24 h hydration were also greatest near 25°C. Dry plants had 60% of the enzyme activity of fully recovered (24 h hydration) plants, indicating enzyme conservation. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide did not appear to inhibit PR, but chloramphenicol appeared to totally inhibit RuBP carboxylase activity increases over levels conserved in dry plants. Therefore, rapid PR in S. lepidophylla was achieved by both rapid increase in RuBP carboxylase activity, possibly via de novo synthesis, and conservation of the photosynthetic enzyme. Both mechanisms are essential to maximize assimilation in S. lepidophylla in an environment where hydrated periods are rare and of short duration.
Molecular weights of sugar beet araban fractions

The molecular weight of sugar beet araban fractions prepared by fractionation of the araban acetates on a charcoal column have been determined. Light-scattering measurements using 2 M NaCl and aqueous 1% N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvents gave, weight average molecular weights which did not agree, the values in the latter solvent being about half of those in the former. Other experimental observations, such as, number average and sedimentation-viscosity molecular weights favor the results in salt solution; the low results in 1% DMF are presumably due to the interaction between araban and DMF. Arabans exhibited appreciable fluorescence when incident light of wavelength 436 mμ was used, but none at λ = 546 mμ. Sample limitations prevented measurements at the higher wavelength, and an alternate procedure for correcting for fluorescence is presented. The weight average molecular weights in 2 M NaCI which ranged from 18,400 to 37,000 for this study are appreciably higher than the previously reported value of 10,000. Number-average molecular weights determined by the chlorous acid end-group method ranged from 8700 to 24,200 for the various fractions. No simple relationship between molecular weight and fraction number was observed, and most of the fractions showed appreciable molecular weight heterogeneity.
Posttranslational modification of ras proteins: Detection of a modification prior to fatty acid acylation and cloning of a gene responsible for the modification

Products of ras genes are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and transported to the plasma membrane by a process which involves posttranslational modification by fatty acid. In this paper, we present evidence for the occurrence in the cytosol of an intermediate modification of ras proteins prior to the fatty acid acylation. The modification is detected by a slight shift in the mobility of the protein on SDS polyacrylamide gel. The fatty acid acylation does not contribute to this mobility shift. This modification is affected by the dpr1 mutation which has recently been shown to affect the processing of yeast RAS proteins. To further characterize the nature of the modification event, we have cloned DPR1 gene from the DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene is actively transcribed in yeast cells producing mRNA of approximately 1.6 kb. Genes related to the DRP1 appear to be present in a distantly related yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe as well as in guinea pig and human cells.
PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A CARDIAC SCORING SYSTEM TO PREDICT THE SEVERITY AND OUTCOME OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD). 211

There is a pressing need for a simple and reproducible cardiac scoring system (CSS) to predict the severity of CHD. We have previously developed a CSS based on the published risk of common congenital cardiac defects. Components of the CSS are scored as follows: cyanosis (0-room air saturation>85%, 1-saturation 2/3 systemic), and heart failure (0-none, 1-controlled with medication, 2-uncontrolled). The total score ranges from 0-6. To assess the usefulness of the CSS, 416 children with all types of CHD(age < 48 months) enrolled in a prospective trial of high titer RSV immune globulin to prevent RSV illness were scored on entry. Patients were enrolled over a three year period at 17 centers and were followed for 8 months(December through August) in the year they were entered. Score at entry: 0(n=25), 1(n=121), 2(n=141), 3(n=92), 4(n=28), 5(n=7), not scored (n=2) was assessed against other measures of morbidity and mortality. This CSS predicted hospitalization, need for cardiac surgery, and mortality in a large population of children with multiple forms of CHD. We propose that this CSS is able to predict both morbidity and mortality in children with simple and complex CHD.Table
Cognitive therapy for anorexia nervosa

This case represents the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in the treatment of an eating disorder (see Heffner, Sperry, Eifert, & Detweiler, 2002) . The response presents a cognitive therapy model to treat eating disorders, focusing on the treatment of anorexia nervosa. The paper presents a cognitive perspective that includes a conceptualization of the disorder, a treatment plan, specific interventions, and adjunctive treatments such as family therapy and hospitalization. The use of a cognitive therapy model in the treatment of eating disorders integrates well with a multifaceted treatment utilizing interpersonal, psychodynamic, and family therapy models and would easily combine with ACT.
Antibiotic-Induced Hypotension

Q I have noticed a trend: within an hour after patients with sepsis receive their first dose of an antibiotic appropriate for their infection, their blood pressure may decrease precipitously. This decrease has been explained as the antibiotic’s effect on the bacteria wall, lysing it and releasing th
Assessing the Filtering and Browsing Utility of Automatic Semantic Concepts for Multimedia Retrieval

The contributions of automatic semantic concept classifiers for interactive filtering (classifiers in conjunction with query rankings) and browsing (classifiers in lieu of query rankings) are tested against three test corpora: an amateur photo collection, documentary video, and news video. Results show that current classifiers offer browsing utility twice as good as having no classifier at all, and that continuous improvements in the classifiers produce comparable improvements in the browsing utility. For filtering a wellordered set of results (e.g., a set retrieved from text search), concept classifiers need greater accuracy: current classifiers showed worse performance than not filtering at all, even when the classifiers accuracy is nearly doubled. Results are consistent for all test corpora. Hence, automatic semantic concepts can offer significant utility for browsing at current levels of accuracy, but the requirement is much higher for filtering a well-ordered set of results, where extreme accuracy is necessary before benefits are seen.
Sagittal craniosynostosis combined with ossified cephalhematoma—a tricky and demanding puzzle

Introduction Four cases of sagittal synostosis combined with ossified cephalhematoma prompted the authors to present the data and to discuss the implications. Large cephalhematoma of the vertex at birth with subsequent ossification occurred in all with final sizes of 6.5–10 by 4.0–5.5 by 0.8–1.8 cm. At surgery with 2–6 months, the mean skull index was 64.75, sagittal suture completely closed, and a disfiguring bony mass present in all.
On the Definition of Internal Dose Metrics

ABSTRACT Internal dose metrics, as computed with pharmacokinetic models, are increasingly used as a means for extrapolating animal toxicological data to humans and to extrapolate across routes of administration. These internal dose metrics are thought to provide a more scientific means of comparing toxicological effects across animal species. The use of internal dose metrics is based on the universal assumption that toxic effects are equal across species if and only if the concentration of the toxic moieties in the target tissue is equal across species. Herein it is shown that this assumption is inconsistent with empirical toxicological data. It is shown that measurement of internal dose metrics in chronological time, as is done for AUC (Area under the concentration curve) and rate of metabolite production per kg of target tissue, does not produce equal toxic effects across species. A consequence of this observation is that the application of pharmacokinetics in risk assessments for such important chemica...
Public Television and Video Technology for Rural Families with Special Needs Young Children The ETIPS Model

The Educational Television Intervention Programs Project (ETIPS) model, useful in assisting families of special needs infants and toddlers and service providers primarily in rural communities, is described. The ETIPS model includes a broadcast quality video series called Stepping Stones: Pathways to Early Development, consisting of 30 15-minute videos designed to show parents, caregivers, and other family members working with special needs and typically developing young children in the skills they develop between birth and 3 years of age. Uses for the ETIPS model are discussed as generated by service providers and PBS-TV stations in nine states through a 1-year outreach effort.
Elementary Students’ Ways of Seeing Globalization in Science

Globalization has to be a new educational imperative in science education policy, teacher preparation programs, and curricular development initiatives. As geopolitical, cultural, and economic boundaries are blurred because of globalization, there is an urgent need to understand and document the effects of globalization in our youths’ everyday actions and choices inside and outside the school environments. In everyday urban science classrooms teachers and students are engaged in many science related activities but globalization is missing from the science discourses. This chapter presents fifth-grade urban students’ engagements with science content and activities and how their classroom engagements are parts of larger local and global events in the process of globalization. In this chapter I draw on three notions of globalization – deterritorialization, interconnectedness, and time and space compression – and look through the sociocultural lens to examine the interactions and discourses that take place in a poor urban science classroom. Using the interpretive research paradigm I attempt to answer the following three questions linking science and globalization: (1) How do elementary students see globalization in a science classroom context?; (2) How do elementary students engage in science when Western-scientific knowledge and non-Western knowledge interact as global and local knowledge structures?; and (3) How do students view their connection to larger global issues and the science they learn in school? The students in the fifth grade class took the initiative to connect science content to the recent earthquake disaster in Haiti and engaged in discussions and actions that created bonds between the students and the events in Haiti. The students not only discovered the role of their actions in being a part of the global event but also managed to redefine how science learning could reshape their thinking about distant people. Similarly, the students also wrestled with the standard science knowledge that the science books and school curriculum teach and the local and personal knowledge gained over long periods of time. As the process of globalization sweeps across many distant local communities and people, the struggle to retain and preserve local knowledge will become more acute. The interactions between local and global values and beliefs will spill into the social and cultural fabric of many communities. The voices that the students will bring into local science classrooms are at the heart of understanding and documenting what science education in the age of globalization should do for these students and their lives. Therefore, nations and communities have to rethink science education so that it will engage students in making sense of the interactions between science learning and the process of globalization and their role now and when they become adults.
High-speed CORDIC implementations using advanced circuit techniques

Presents results on using advanced domino circuit design techniques to implement a CORDIC processor. Skew-tolerant domino, enhanced precharged contention, nonblocking domino and pulsed reset domino circuit techniques are explained and applied to the implementation of this functional unit. For comparison purposes, a baseline design using standard two-phase domino with intermediate latches is also developed. Simulation results show that significant throughput improvement is possible using the advanced circuit techniques, with the pulsed reset style having the highest speed. On the other hand, these approaches result in increased power dissipation.
Activity of Imipenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo

Encapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as one of the most clinically relevant and more frequently encountered opportunistic pathogens in combat wounds as the result of nosocomial infection. In this report, we show that imipenem displayed potent activity against established K. pneumoniae biofilms under both static and flow conditions in vitro. Using a rabbit ear model, we also demonstrated that imipenem was highly effective against preformed K. pneumoniae biofilms in wounds.
A pilot-scale nonwoven roll goods manufacturing process reduces microbial burden to pharmacopeia acceptance levels for non-sterile hygiene applications

A total of seven source fiber types were selected for use in the manufacturing of nonwoven roll goods: polyester; polypropylene; rayon; greige cotton from two sources; mechanically cleaned greige cotton; and scoured and bleached cotton. The microbial burden of each source fiber was measured as a preliminary assessment of microbial contamination using heterotrophic spread plate counts. Greige cotton fibers exhibited the highest levels of total microbial contamination, which were reduced by both storage time and trash removal in the form of mechanical cleaning. Changes in microbial burden levels were measured at each step in the nonwoven manufacturing process. The hydroentanglement process resulted in the greatest overall reduction in microbial burden with no detectable levels of aerobic microbial contamination present on any of the final hydroentangled roll goods regardless of the source fiber. No detectable levels of aerobic microbial regrowth were observed on any fabrics despite storage time or ambient s...
A Novel Endo-β-Mannanase Gene in Tomato LeMAN5 Is Associated with Anther and Pollen Development

Endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) is involved in cell wall disassembly and the weakening of plant tissues by degrading mannan polymers in the cell walls. Endo-β-mannanase genes are expressed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds (LeMAN1 and LeMAN2) and fruits (LeMAN3 and LeMAN4). A novel endo-β-mannanase gene (termed LeMAN5) was found in the tomato genome by genome-walking PCR and bacterial artificial chromosome library screening. The 5′-upstream region of this endo-β-mannanase gene contained four copies of the pollen-specific cis-acting elements POLLEN1LELAT52 (AGAAA). A GUS-reporter gene driven with the putative LeMAN5 promoter (-543 to +38) was activated in anthers and pollen of transgenic Arabidopsis, with the highest β-glucuronidase activity detected in pollen. β-Glucuronidase expression was detected in mature pollen retained in sporangia, discharged pollen, and elongating pollen tubes in transgenic Arabidopsis. Consistently, expression of LeMAN5 mRNA and endo-β-mannnanase activity was detected in tomato anthers and pollen. In anthers, the highest mRNA expression and endo-β-mannanase activity were detected during late stages of anther development, when pollen maturation occurred. Endo-β-mannanase activity was present in discharged pollen, which was easily eluted in a buffer, indicating that the enzyme proteins are probably secreted from, and deposited on, the surface of pollen. These data suggest that the LeMAN5 endo-β-mannanase is associated with anther and pollen development.
A Theory of Ethnic Oppression: Toward a Reintegration of Cultural and Structural Concepts in Ethnic Relations Theory

Recent theories of racial and ethnic oppression, with their focus on social structural variables, have tended to ignore the impact of culture. This oversight is redressed by considering the effects of cultural values and beliefs on patterns of racial oppression against black Americans. Beginning with a concise summary of the structure of racial oppression and racial beliefs in American history, we note patterns and then present, in propositional form, a theory incorporating both structural and cultural variables. Beliefs are seen to legitimate, as well as pose periodic challenges to, the structure of racial oppression. The study of minority relations in America has moved through several distinctive phases. Prior to the last decade, minority groups were viewed as the victims of prejudice and discrimnination and the moral dilemmas represented by this fact seemed to dominate sociologists' work (cf. Allport; Myrdal; Westie). Not only did sociological analysis of minority problems suffer from the limitations of such concepts as prejudice and discrimination, as well as a preoccupation with moral dilemmas, it tended to be individualistic, ahistorical, and confined to the United States. During the 1960s, however, a clear reaction to these shortcomings occurred, as sociologists began to view structural patterns of discrimination. Moreover, analysis became historical and comparative as scholars sought to find universal principles of structured oppression. In keeping with the rejection of functional analysis, emphasis shifted to concern with power, control, and conflict relations among different ethnic populations. By the end of the decade, a number of theories of minority oppression had emerged (e.g., Blauner; Lieberson; Noel; Schermerhorn; van den Berghe). And into the present decade, minority relations research has tended to concentrate on structural variables and their opera
Strategies for machine instruction transformation in an expert system

To build an expert system which can transform machine language programs between any pair of computers, an intermediate language is proposed. A program is first converted to an equivalent program in this intermediate language, which in turn is converted to the assembly language and machine language of the destination machine. Several strategies are developed to ensure a proper and efficient transformation. The authors discuss a local transformation, a basic block transformation, and instruction side effect handling. An example of program transformation between the VAX and the IBM 370 systems is given. >
Appendix A: Event Sequences Used

Presented here are descriptions of the three-step and four-step event sequences used in the present research. Materials necessary to produce the event sequences are included in parentheses.
Science gateways made easy: the In-VIGO approach

Science gateways require the easy enabling of legacy scientific applications on computing Grids and the generation of user-friendly interfaces that hide the complexity of the Grid from the user. This paper presents the In-VIGO approach to the creation and management of science gateways. First, we discuss the virtualization of machines, networks and data to facilitate the dynamic creation of secure execution environments that meet application requirements. Then we discuss the virtualization of applications, i.e. the execution on shared resources of multiple isolated application instances with customized behavior, in the context of In-VIGO. A Virtual Application Service (VAS) architecture for automatically generating, customizing, deploying, and using virtual applications as Grid services is then described. Starting with a grammar-based description of the command-line syntax, the automated process generates the VAS description and the VAS implementation (code for application encapsulation and data binding) that is deployed and made available through a Web interface. A VAS can be customized on a per-user basis by restricting the capabilities of the original application or by adding to it features such as parameter sweeping. This is a scalable approach to the integration of scientific applications as services into Grids and can be applied to any tool with an arbitrarily complex command-line syntax. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Succinct Representation of Static Packet Forwarding Tables

We develop algorithms for the compact representation of the trie structures that are used for Internet packet forwarding. Our compact representations are experimentally compared with competing compact representations for packet forwarding tables and found to simultaneously reduce the number of memory accesses required for a lookup as well as the memory required to store the forwarding table.
The Role of Büchi’s Automata in Computing Science

Automata on infinite objects (strings) were introduced in the early 1960s by Buchi (1), motivated by issues in mathematical logic, that is, the decidability of his monadic second-order theory of one successor (SIS). This logical theory was actually referred to by Buchi as the Sequential Calculus because of its potential utility for describing the behavior of sequential circuits. Somewhat later, Muller (7) proposed that automata on infinite strings might themselves be applicable to describing the behavior of circuits, in particular, nonstabilizing asynchronous digital circuits. By the end of the 1960s, Rabin (9) had shown how automata on infinite trees, a natural but very powerful generalization of Buchi’s automata on strings, could be used to show decidability of a surprisingly rich class of logical theories including the basic monadic second-order theory of multiple successors (SnS).
Diffusion through colloidosome shells

Abstract Colloidosomes are aqueous cores surrounded by a shell composed of packed colloidal particles. Recent studies suggest that these colloidal shells reduce, or even inhibit, the transport of molecular species (diffusants). However, the effect of the colloidal shell on transport is unclear: In some cases, the reduction in transport of diffusants through the shell was found to be independent of the size of the colloidal particles composing the shell. Other studies find, however, that shells composed of small colloidal particles of order 100 nm or less hindered transport of diffusants more than those composed of micro-scale colloidal particles. In this paper we present a simple diffusion model that accounts for three processes that reduce diffusant transport through the shell: (i) a reduction in the penetrable volume available for transport, which also increases the tortuousity of the diffusional path, (ii) narrow pore size which may hinder transport for larger diffusants through size exclusion, and (iii) a reduction in interfacial area due to ‘blocking’ of the surface by the adsorbed particles. We find that the colloidal particle size does not affect the reduction in transport through the colloidal shell when the shell is a monolayer. However, in closely packed, thick layers where the thickness of the multi-layer shell is fixed, the rate of transport decreases significantly with colloidal particle dimensions. These results are in excellent agreement with previously published experimental results.
Right at Your Fingertips: Important Web-Based Resources for Understanding Evidence-Based Practices

The era of educational accountability has drawn attention to a need for the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in today’s classrooms. The existence of a research-to-practice gap is well established in the field of early childhood education (ECE), and significant barriers to the use of EBPs by practitioners have been documented through research. A number of free, easily accessible, high-quality websites are available for independent use by practitioners that help promote EBPs; however, practitioners are often unaware of these sites. This article explores the research about EBPs in ECE and provides information on selected federally funded websites that can be used to increase practitioners’ knowledge of EBPs for their work with young children.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal assemblages in native plant roots change in the presence of invasive exotic grasses

Plant invasions have the potential to significantly alter soil microbial communities, given their often considerable aboveground effects. We examined how plant invasions altered the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of native plant roots in a grassland site in California and one in Utah. In the California site, we used experimentally created plant communities composed of exotic (Avena barbata, Bromus hordeaceus) and native (Nassella pulchra, Lupinus bicolor) monocultures and mixtures. In the Utah semi-arid grassland, we took advantage of invasion by Bromus tectorum into long-term plots dominated by either of two native grasses, Hilaria jamesii or Stipa hymenoides. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots were characterized with PCR amplification of the ITS region, cloning, and sequencing. We saw a significant effect of the presence of exotic grasses on the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing native plant roots. In the three native grasses, richness of mycorrhizal fungi decreased; in the native forb at the California site, the number of fungal RFLP patterns increased in the presence of exotics. The exotic grasses also caused the composition of the mycorrhizal community in native roots to shift dramatically both in California, with turnover of Glomus spp., and Utah, with replacement of Glomus spp. by apparently non-mycorrhizal fungi. Invading plants may be able to influence the network of mycorrhizal fungi in soil that is available to natives through either earlier root activity or differential carbon provision compared to natives. Alteration of the soil microbial community by plant invasion can provide a mechanism for both successful invasion and the resulting effects of invaders on the ecosystem.
The quality-of-life impact of prostate cancer treatments.

Many options exist for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. In the decision to choose a therapeutic option for localized disease, many variables need to be considered such as tumor characteristics, clinical stage, the patient’s overall health and life expectancy, and preferences of both the physician and patient. Another important consideration is the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) implications of a given treatment option. The importance of HRQOL relative to the potential side effects of prostate cancer treatments has grown over the past few years. Although our collective awareness has increased, objective data on HRQOL for prostate cancer treatment are lacking due to a paucity of prospective clinical trial data. This review defines the concept of HRQOL, discusses what is currently known about the impact of various treatments on HRQOL, and summarizes the recent literature in this area relating to the management of localized prostate cancer.
Diel Feeding Activity and Thermoregulation by Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) within Host Plant Canopies

Abstract Patterns of feeding by Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, were studied in relation to time of day or night and to ambient temperature (Ta). We also measured beetles’ thoracic temperatures (Tth) at rest, during preflight warm up, and during flight, and observed their within-plant distributions in relation to sunlight or shade to gain insight regarding whether their in-field behavior involves physiological and behavioral thermoregulation. Finally, we studied startle response as affected by Ta and time of morning. Japanese beetles fed most extensively within trees from midmorning until late afternoon, but also substantially in evening (1800–2200 hours) and sparingly throughout the night so long as Ta was >15°C. Beetles in the field were capable of endothermy, maintaining elevated Tth independent of basking. At low to moderate Ta (19–32°C), nonflying beetles in shade or direct sunlight had Tth as much as 3.75 or 5.5°C higher, respectively, than Ta. Thoracic temperature was elevated during fl...
Two visual contrast processes: One new, one old.

In everyday life, we occasionally look at blank, un-textured regions of the world around us, a blue unclouded sky for example. But most of the time our eyes see regions occupied by spatial patterning ‐ by texture, form or patterns -- as when looking at a person to whom we are talking or at the text on this page. Further, there is constant temporal change as well as spatial patterning ‐ if only as a result of eye movements. Thus, the eye is usually looking at a visual scene where different parts of the scene are characterized by different levels of visual contrast, and, from moment to moment, the contrast at any point on the retina is changing. (Visual contrast in any region of the scene is the difference between the lightest and darkest parts of that region, relative to some measure of overall intensity in that region.) So one might wonder how the spatial patterning an observer has just seen affects the visual processing of the spatial patterning that an observer sees now. And, more specifically, one might wonder how the visual contrast one has just seen in a region affects the processing of visual contrast there now. The first part of this chapter is about an effect of contrast adaptation discovered rather recently, nicknamed Buffy adaptation. (For the origin of the nickname, see Graham and Wolfson, 2007. We are using the term adaptation here only to mean the effect of preceding contrast on the processing of subsequent visual contrast. Our procedure, which will be described in Fig. 1, might also be called masking or a procedure to study temporal processing.) This recently discovered effect of contrast adaptation dramatically increases the visibility of some contrast-defined patterns and dramatically decreases that of others. The second part of the chapter briefly places this new effect in the context of a previously known effect (called the old effect here), which exhibits more conventional Weber-law-like behavior.
Survey and Monitoring of Species at Risk at Camp Blanding Training Site, Northeastern Florida

We studied the presence and distribution of 19 species at risk in northeast- ern Florida at the Camp Blanding Training Site (CBTS) during 2000-2001, seven years after the first major baseline surveys of CBTS were conducted. Much of the training conducted at CBTS deals with light infantry exercises, but the site is also used for mining, silviculture, hunting, fishing, emergency logistical support, and entertainment purposes. CBTS contains more than 2000 species of plants and ani- mals in 14 natural communities, each impacted to various degrees by past and current land management. Adaptive management plans for species may be ineffective with- out continual feedback and the flexibility for change. Here we summarize and discuss the results of our surveys, compare these results with those of past surveys, identify differences between the surveys, and discuss the importance of systematic protocols and study design for CBTS environmental managers.
Evaluating the costs of meat and poultry recalls to food firms using stock returns

Food recalls have been an issue of great concern in the food industry. Stakeholder responses to food safety scares can cause significant economic losses for food firms. Assessing the overall impact that may result from a food recall requires a thorough understanding of the costs incurred by firms. However, a direct measurement of a firm’s total private costs and losses of revenue associated with a food recall requires firm-level data that is not available. The method utilized in this study overcomes this limitation. Using an event study, the impact of meat and poultry recalls is quantified by analyzing price reactions in financial markets. A unique contribution of this study is evaluating whether recall and firm specific characteristics are economic drivers of the magnitude of impact of recalls on stock prices. On average, shareholders’ wealth is reduced by 1.15 percent, equivalently to $109million, within 5days after a firm is implicated in a recall involving a serious food safety hazard. However, when recalls involve less severe hazards, stock markets do not react negatively. Firm size, firm’s experience handling a recall, media information and recall size are drivers of the economic impact of meat and poultry recalls. Findings from this study provide essential information to the meat industry. In particular, understanding the likely impact of food recall events is critical for firms investing in food safety technologies and protocols.
The Conscience of the King: Equity as Reconciliation in Shakespeare's Last Play

The paper explores the understanding of equity found in Shakespeare's last play, King Henry the Eighth. It explains why conscience is at the root of equity. It follows Shakespeare's account of the conditions under which conscience, hence equity, is possible. Shakespeare's argument proceeds through four trials: that of Buckingham, of Henry's wife Katherine, of his chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, and of Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury. It holds that conscience, hence equity, is possible only once we are able to apprehend the honor belonging to each life, most especially the honor belonging to the life of an enemy. Apprehension, Shakespeare argues, must lead to appreciation; appreciation, to reconciliation. It is reconciliation that is the highest passion of the man of conscience, the incomparable precondition of equity, the conscience of the king.
An efficient scheme of intermodal distributed Raman amplification using tailored doping profiles in spatial-division multiplexed coherent fiber-optic transmission systems

For next-generation long-haul communication systems, space-division multiplexing (SDM) is suggested as a promising technique for providing orders of magnitude increase in transmission capacity. Optical amplifiers for multimode fibers are the crucial components to realize SDM systems, while few-mode fiber (FMF) has the advantage of strong intensity overlap between different modes that allows sharing of single pump across multiple signal modes. FMF-based erbiumdoped fiber amplifiers (FM-EDFA) have been intensively studied. Since SDM is exceedingly reliant on DSP technique and thus has more stringent requirement on noise performance, FMF-based distributed Raman amplifier (FM-DRA) benefits from relatively lower noise figure (NF) compared with FM-EDFA. Yet much less work has been done in this area. To implement FM-DRAs in SDM systems, their performance should be carefully optimized. In this paper, modal gain and saturation characteristics of intermodal Raman amplification in FMFs have been fully investigated by tailoring the refractive-index profiles and doping levels of different FMF designs. For 50- km -long FMF with -3 dB m signal at 1550 nm and a 20-25 dB m pump at 1455 nm , the optimized modal-equalization of Raman gain and NF are provided depending on various fiber cross-section and pumping configuration with respect to modes/wavelengths. The pumpsignal modal-overlap integrals for each of the four mode-groups with normalized frequency V=5 have been exploited, resulting in a mean gain of 10 dB within 1 dB of equalization for 16 gain coefficients. Our results show it should be possible to design FMF with larger intermodal nonlinearity and better dispersion characteristics to achieve desirable Raman gain.
Effect of Aliphatic versus Aromatic Ligands on the Structure and Optical Absorption of Au20(SR)16

Despite the recent determination of the crystal structure of the Au20(TBBT)16 (TBBT = SPh-t-Bu) nanocluster, it is not certain if Au20(SR)16 adopts the same structure when R is an aliphatic ligand. To this end, we perform a theoretical investigation using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). We optimize a methylthiolate version of the new crystal structure geometry of Au20(TBBT)16 and compare the stability and optical properties with the three lowest energy isomers of Au20(SCH3)16 predicted previously. Furthermore, TDDFT calculations are performed for the Au20(TBBT)16 structure determined via X-ray crystallography and the related Au20(SPh)16 nanocluster. All the calculated optical absorption spectra are compared against the available experimental spectrum of Au20(PET)16 (PET = SCH2CH2Ph) and Au20(TBBT)16. We observe that the new geometry of the Au20(SCH3)16 nanocluster with an Au7 core is more stable than the previous isomers.
Hot Combustion Torch Jet Ignition Delay Time for Ethylene-Air Mixtures

Ignitability and the ignition delay time of ethylene-air mixtures, ignited by a hot gas jet generated from combustion in a pre-chamber were investigated experimentally. The jet enters one end of a long combustion chamber, consistent with seeking a viable igniter method for wave rotor combustors. A numerical simulation of jet penetration and mixing in the main chamber provided guidance in testing and interpretation. The ignitability limits were established and ignition delay times were measured for a range of equivalence ratios. Chemical kinetics and mixing between the combustion torch jet and the combustible mixture both appear to be important in determining ignition delay times. This is in contrast with chemical ignition delay studies using shock-heated ignition techniques. Ethylene-air mixtures proved to be ignitable for initial premixed equivalence ratios ranging from 0.4 to 2.4, with the shortest ignition delay times of about one millisecond occurring for lean nearstoichiometric mixtures. The ethylene-air ratio of the combustion torch jet affected the ignition delay time in the main chamber combustible mixture, with the slightly rich prechamber mixtures providing the lowest delay times in igniting the main chamber ethyleneair mixtures.
Correlations of the Protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with Water Quality Variables in a Watershed

A watershed in the western United States was surveyed biweekly for a year for the protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Parasite samples were collected using filtration of 200-1000 L of water, eluted by washing the filter, concentrated and clarified with density gradients. Oocyst and cysts were detected using monoclonal antibodies, in a direct or indirect immunofluorescent assay. The organisms were enumerated on membrane filters using epi-fluorescent microscopy. Number of organisms per liter of water were then calculated. Grab samples were analyzed for total and fecal coliform concentrations as well as turbidities. After log10(y+1.0) transformations, Pearson's correlation coefficients were derived for each variable against all others. From 39 samples, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 20 and 12 of the samples, respectively, and oocyst concentrations were approximately 10 times higher than cyst levels. The river downstream from the lake ran through an area concentrated with cattle pasture and had the greater numbers of both parasites (1.09 oocysts and 0.22 cysts/L). The lake, although receiving sewage effluents, may have also had lower levels (0.58 oocysts and 0.08 cysts/L) because of dilution and sedimentation. Coliform levels ranged from 0.12 to 75 CFU/l00ml while fecal coliform levels were slightly lower. Turbidity averaged 55 NTU at the river and 48 NTU at the lake. Correlation coefficients were derived for all variables. Giardia concentrations were significantly correlated to Cryptosporidium concentrations with an r value of 0.778, significant at the 99% confidence level. No other correlations were observed between Giardia and total or fecal coliforms or turbidities nor between Cryptosporidium levels and total or fecal coliforms or turbidities. Neither bacterial indicator organisms nor turbidity are reliable predictors for the absence of enteric protozoa in the study watershed.