cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Falling Impact of Head Using a Test Dummy

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) contributes to a major number of deaths and cases of permanent disability each year. Falls are the leading cause of TBI with the highest rates for children 0–4 years old and for adults age 75 and older. Accordingly, there is a significant interest in fall-related injury mechanism and head impact. Since the dynamics of human fall and head injury mechanisms are highly variable due to the inherent and complex nature of human falling, the aim of the present study is to describe the dynamics of backward falls and risk of injury due to head impact. In order to have a better understanding of head impact, A HYBRID III 5th Percentile Female test (Denton ATD, Inc.) instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer with measuring range of ±500g at the center of gravity of the head was dropped from standing posture by using a controlled release mechanism. The dynamic model of fall was captured using a T-series Vicon motion capture system synchronized with a force plate to measure the impact force and a tri-axial accelerometer to measure the impact acceleration of the head. The acceleration impact data measured at 20 KHz and the motion capture system was capable to retrieve 500 samples per second. The primary objective of this study was to determine the equivalent mass involved during head impact due to a backward fall. This effective mass is a key quantity to design the head impact experimental setups, protection devices and computer simulations of head impact. Based on the force and acceleration measurements in several tests, the head impact effective mass is approximately found to be the mass of head itself plus 48% the neck mass. Two scenarios of backward fall were studied and discussed. First, falling while the hip joints are involved and the trunk moves forward and second, falling while the hip joints act like a fixed joint. For the first scenario the impact forces and accelerations peak measured using the HYBRID III were found to be 10±1.8KN and 255±42g, respectively, and for the second scenario the larger impact forces, 14.5±0.9KN, and acceleration peaks, 364±27g, were measured in all tests.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Revised distinction between direct and indirect response of electroplax.

Abstract In observations on the monocellular electroplax preparation the neurally evoked electrical response seemed to be frequently resistant to curare, even in relatively high concentrations. Analysis of this surprising result has revealed that the generally applied distinction between direct and indirect response of the electroplax is inadequate. It was assumed that the direction of current flow determines the type of response and that cathodal stimulation evokes only the direct, anodal stimulation only the indirect response. In the present paper it is shown that anodal stimulation may lead to a direct response. Curare regularly blocks the neurally evoked, indirect response, but not the direct spike that is evoked by anodal stimulation. The potency of three curare-like compounds was compared. Toxiferine was found to be about 5 times, diallylnortoxiferine about 50 times as potent as d-tubocurarine.
Focused microarray analysis

We describe detailed protocols and results with an integrated platform for studying relative transcript expression, including microarray design and fabrication, analysis and calibration algorithms, and high throughput quantitative real-time PCR. This approach optimizes sensitivity and accuracy while controlling the cost of experiments. A high quality cDNA array was fabricated using a restricted number of carefully selected transcripts with each clone printed in triplicate. This focused array facilitated both repeated measurement and replicate experiments. Following normalization and differential expression analysis, we found that experiments with this array identified differentially expressed transcripts with a high degree of accuracy and with high sensitivity to low levels of differential expression. Using a calibration algorithm improved the accuracy of the array in quantifying the relative level of transcript expression. All differentially expressed transcripts identified by the array were independently tested using high throughput quantitative real-time PCR assays. This approach reliably identified transcripts having as low as 1.3-fold differences in transcript expression between RNA samples from treatment- and control groups and was applicable to highly heterogenous tissue sources such as hypothalamus and cerebral cortex.
Degassing-induced crystallization of basaltic magma and effects on lava rheology

During the north-east rift eruption of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii, on 25 March–14 April 1984 (Fig. 1), microphenocryst contents of erupted lava increased from 0.5 to 30% without concurrent change in either bulk magma composition or eruption temperature (1,140 ± 3 °C). The crystallization of the microphenocrysts is interpreted here as being due to undercooling of the magma 20–30 °C below its liquidas; the undercooling probably resulted from separation and release of volatiles as the magma migrated 12 km from the primary summit reservoir to the eruption site on the north-east rift zone. Such crystallization of magma during an eruption has not been documented previously. The undercooling and crystallization increased the effective viscosity of the magma, leading to decreased eruption rates and stagnation of the lava flow.
Effects of 5,5-substitution on dipyrrolylmethane ligand isomerization.

The difference in steric profiles for η5 and η1-pyrrolyls can be used to modify barriers for pyrrolyl exchange. The method investigated incorporated 1,3-diaxial interactions in a cyclohexyl backbone of the dipyrrolylmethane. Some of the enthalpic barrier created with the 1,3-steric interactions appears to be mediated by increased entropy in the ground state, but noticeable changes are produced in the pyrrolyl exchange rates by 1H NMR without steric crowding at the metal center.
Long-term field evaluation and analysis of top-down cracking for Superpave projects

A field evaluation of cracking performance was undertaken for 10 pavement sections as part of a long-term Superpave monitoring project. It was found that top-down cracking was the major type of cracking. Also, moisture damage was identified in four of these sections. An analysis based on the energy ratio (ER) parameter showed that the mixtures that were affected by moisture generally exhibited a much faster reduction in the ER (indicating reduced fracture resistance) than those that were not. Further analysis of cracking performance was conducted using the enhanced hot mix asphalt fracture mechanics-based pavement performance model (HMA-FM-E). The HMA-FM-E is capable of predicting the entire process of top-down cracking from the onset of cracking until pavement failure, and thus provides more valuable information that may better assist material and pavement engineers to optimise their designs. The results showed that the predictions for sections not affected by moisture generally agreed well with field ob...
The persistence of memory: contiguity effects across hundreds of seconds.

A contiguity effect—the finding that stimuli that occur close together in time become associated to each other—is observed between words that are separated by several seconds. The traditional account of contiguity effects is that item representations become associated to each other while active in a short-term memory buffer—a limited-capacity store that can hold a small, integral number of items. Participants studied and free recalled 48 lists of words. At the end of the session, participants were given a surprise final free recall test on all of the items from all of the lists. In addition to a standard contiguity effect between items presented at nearby serial positions, we simultaneously observed a contiguity effect between items presented in different lists. This latter contiguity effect extended over several lists, or several hundred seconds, well beyond the range that can be attributed to a buffer holding a small, integral number of items.
Aerometric and hair trace metal content in learning-disabled children.

Abstract Children in the fourth to sixth grades at two schools were studied and divided in a control group ( n = 323) and a learning disability (LD) group ( n = 77). The following trace metals were analyzed in the air (7 months) at the two schools and in the children's hair: cadmium, selenium, arsenic, mercury, and lead. Discriminant analysis showed that selenium, mercury, cadmium, diastolic blood pressure, arsenic, and sex (all P P P P P P P 3 , Hg = 1.5 ng/m 3 , Se = 1.75 ng/m 3 ). The data suggest that there is a significant difference between LD and control trace metal hair content and blood pressure, but that the air is not a major source of this effect although it does add to the cumulative trace metal hair content.
The impact of welfare reform on local labor markets

We develop a local labor market information system to assess the labor market effects of recently adopted welfare reform laws. Using the Cleveland-Akron metropolitan area as a prototype, we develop an occupationally and geographically specific inventory of projected job openings and measure the skill mismatch between projected job openings and the welfare population likely to enter the labor market. We find the skill mismatches are quite large: Following implementation of reform, welfare recipients entering the labor force would initially have to claim anywhere from 34 to 61 percent of expected low-skill job openings in order to become fully employed. Labor market opportunities are further diminished if one takes into account the effect of gender and space in limiting job accessibility. Welfare recipients entering the labor market as a result of reform would require from 40 to 75 percent of jobs remaining if predominately male occupations are removed from consideration. The AFDC recipients who depend on public transportation, even in extraordinarily long commutes, can access only 40 to 44 percent of entry-level job openings. © 1998 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Closed-Form Expressions for Noncoherent Radar Integration Gain and Collapsing Loss

Closed-form formulas allow rapid determination of noncoherent integration gain and integration loss when the single-sample IF signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is known. In addition, if the required SNR is known for any number of integrated pulses, the required SNR for any other number is easily determined. A closed-form expression is given for radar collapsing loss, expressed in terms of the equivalent integrated signal-to-noise ratio required to produce a given combination of false-alarm and detection probabilities. Alternatively, the single-sample signal-to-noise ratio of a set of samples may be used together with the closed-form expression for integration gain to get the equivalent integrated signal-to-noise ratio.
Preferences for Visual Stimuli Following Amygdala Damage

Bilateral damage to the human amygdala impairs retrieval of emotional and social information from faces. An important unanswered question concerns the specificity of the impairment for faces. To address this question, we examined preferences for a broad class of visual stimuli in two subjects with complete bilateral amygdala damage, both of whom were impaired in judgments of faces. Relative to controls, the subjects showed a positive bias for simple nonsense figures, color patterns, three-dimensional-looking objects and landscapes. The impairment was most pronounced in regard to those stimuli that are normally liked the least. The human amygdala thus appears to play a general role in guiding preferences for visual stimuli that are normally judged to be aversive.
Relation between induced hyperthyroidism and an unidentified chick growth factor.

SummaryA thyrotoxic condition in the chick, induced by feeding desiccated thyroid or iodinated casein was effectively counteracted either by supplementing the diet with condensed fish solubles or by the injection of reticulogen.An increased growth response was obtained upon the addition of either desiccated thyroid or iodinated casein to a ration containing adequate amounts of the known and unidentified chick growth factors.The addition of either 0.125% desiccated thyroid or 0.02 to .03% iodinated casein to the basal ration resulted in an improved assay range for the unidentified chick growth factor (s) in condensed fish solubles and reticu-logen.
National complication rates after pancreatectomy: beyond mere mortality.

National studies on in-hospital pancreatic outcomes have focused on mortality. Non-fatal morbidity affects a greater proportion of patients. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1998–2006 was queried for discharges after pancreatectomy. Rates of major complications (myocardial infarction, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary compromise, perforation, infection, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage, or reopening of laparotomy) were assessed. Predictors of complication(s) were evaluated using logistic regression. Their independent effect on in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and discharge disposition was assessed. Of 102,417 patient discharges, 22.7% experienced a complication. Complication rates did not decline significantly over time, while mortality rates did. Independent predictors of complications included age ≥75 [referent, 19–39; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.5, p < 0.0001], total pancreatectomy (vs proximal, OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.1–1.5, p = 0.0025), and low hospital resection volume (vs high, OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.4–1.8, p < 0.0001). Complications were a significant independent predictor of death (OR 7.76, 95%CI 6.7–8.8, p < 0.0001), prolonged hospital stay (OR 6.94, 95%CI 6.2–7.7, p < 0.0001), and discharge to another facility (OR 0.28, 95%CI 0.26–0.3, p < 0.0001). Despite improvements in mortality, complication rates remain substantial and largely unchanged. They predict in-hospital mortality, prolonged hospital stay, and delayed return to home. The impact on healthcare costs and quality of life deserves further study.
Neuropeptide Y, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus: Stimulation of feeding and the release of corticosterone, vasopressin and glucose

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is known to have an important function in mediating a variety of behavioral and endocrine responses. In the present study, the responsiveness of the PVN to the effects of the coexisting neurotransmitters, neuropeptide Y (NPY), epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE), was examined. Albino rats were each chronically implanted with a swivel brain-cannula that permits chemicals to be infused without disturbing the animals' ongoing behavior. When infused into the PVN, each of these neurotransmitters elicited a reliable feeding response during the first hour after injection. The response to EPI was significantly stronger than that of NE and NPY, while the latency to eat after injection was considerably longer for NPY as compared to the catecholamines. In tests with food absent, each of these substances also increased blood levels of corticosterone (EPI greater than NE = NPY) and vasopressin (NPY greater than EPI greater than NE) and revealed a significant positive correlation between circulating levels of these two hormones. In addition, EPI and NE, in contrast to NPY, caused a simultaneous rise in blood glucose, producing levels that were positively correlated with the hormones. No relationship, however, was detected between these endocrine changes and the rats' feeding-stimulatory responses. Together with other evidence, these results suggest that adrenergic as well as noradrenergic innervation to the PVN has a key role in the behavioral and endocrine systems of this nucleus and, moreover, that NPY generally mimics the effects of these catecholamines in the PVN.
Isolation and bioinformatic analysis of a novel transposable element, ISCbe4, from the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii

Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium of special interest for use in the consolidated bioprocessing of plant biomass to biofuels. In the course of experiments to engineer pyruvate metabolism in C. bescii, we isolated a mutant of C. bescii that contained an insertion in the l-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldh). PCR amplification and sequencing of the ldh gene from this mutant revealed a 1,609-bp insertion that contained a single open reading frame of 479 amino acids (1,440 bp) annotated as a hypothetical protein with unknown function. The ORF is flanked by an 8-base direct repeat sequence. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that this ORF is part of a novel transposable element, ISCbe4, which is only intact in the genus Caldicellulosiruptor, but has ancient relatives that are present in degraded (and previously unrecognized) forms across many bacterial and archaeal clades.
Olivocochlear innervation in the mouse: immunocytochemical maps, crossed versus uncrossed contributions, and transmitter colocalization.

To further understand the roles and origins of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the efferent innervation of the cochlea, we first produced in the mouse an immunocytochemical map of the efferent terminals that contain acetylcholine (ACh), CGRP, and GABA. Olivocochlear (OC) terminals in inner and outer hair cell (IHC and OHC) regions were analyzed quantitatively along the cochlear spiral via light-microscopic observation of cochlear wholemounts immunostained with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAT), or the peptide CGRP. Further immunochemical characterization was performed in mice with chronic OC transection at the floor of the fourth ventricle to distinguish crossed from uncrossed contributions and, indirectly, the contributions of lateral versus medial components of the OC system. The results in mouse showed that (1) there are prominent GABAergic, cholinergic, and CGRPergic innervations in the OHC and IHC regions, (2) GABA and CGRP are extensively colocalized with ACh in all OC terminals in the IHC and OHC areas, (3) the longitudinal gradient of OC innervation peaks roughly at the 10-kHz region in the OHC area and is more uniform along the cochlear spiral in the IHC area, (4) in contrast to other mammalian species there is no radial gradient of OC innervation of the OHCs, and (5) all OHC efferent terminals arise from the medial OC system and terminals in the IHC area arise from the lateral OC system.
Free fatty acid utilization by mammalian cell suspensions comparison between individual fatty acids and fatty acid mixtures

Abstract Long-chain free fatty acid utilization by Ehrlich ascites tumor cell suspensions was compared when either one or a mixture of albumin-bound free fatty acids was present in the incubation medium. The percentage distribution of palmitate radioactivity in cell phospholipids, glycerides and cholesterol esters was similar when the medium contained either palmitate alone or an equimolar mixture of palmitate plus another fatty acid. Less palmitate was taken up and metabolized when a second fatty acid was available. However, at a given medium free fatty acid concentration and fatty acid-albumin molar ratio, total fatty acid utilization from an equimolar mixture of palmitate and oleate was intermediate between that occurring when palmitate and oleate were present alone. The major factor regulating fatty acid uptake and metabolism was the molar ratio of total free fatty acid to albumin when either one or a mixture of acids was available to the cells. During incubation with free fatty acid and glucose, the net increase in cell lipid ester content was not enhanced when palmitate was replaced by an equimolar mixture of palmitate and linoleate. Likewise, the incorporation of glucose radioactivity into cell lipids was only slightly greater when mixtures of free fatty acids were present instead of a single fatty acid. These findings suggest that the rates of fatty acid utilization observed in mammalian cell suspensions when only one acid is contained in the medium probably are adequate gross estimates of the capacity of that system to utilize free fatty acid.
THEORY OF WEAK ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS.

A new perturbation procedure for calculating interatomic interaction energies in which the wave function is expanded in terms of product functions is presented. The method is used to discuss various difficulties which can arise in such calculations and these are illustrated by considering the problem of the interaction of two hydrogen atoms. It is found that (a) the inclusion of continuum states in the basis set of functions is of vital importance; (b) the inclusion of charge-transfer states or of antisymmetrical product functions in the basis set can lead to ambiguous results; (c) in general, exchange integrals cannot be neglected relative to Coulomb integrals; and (d) only when the basis functions are products of the individual atomic wave functions is it possible to make a priori estimates of the magnitudes of the higher-order terms in the perturbation expansion.
Friction and Wear of Restorative Dental Materials

Friction coefficients for a variety of material couples are reported. The relative abrasive wear of materials followed the order of their hardness, with one exception.
Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of a dorsal unpaired median neuron of the cricket, Acheta domesticus

Abstract 1. 1. The dorsal unpaired median neuron (DUMDL) of the metathoracic dorsal longitudinal flight muscle was studied using cobalt and neutral red staining, various pharmacological agents and extracellular recording of electrical activity. 2. 2. The soma of DUMDL is posterior in the group of dorsal unpaired median neurons of the metathoracic ganglion; DUMDL does not degenerate following histolysis of its muscle. 3. 3. Slow, regular spontaneous activity of DUMDL is generated in the isolated metathoracic ganglion and is suppressed following stimulation of DUMDL and by discharges of the flight motor neurons. This spontaneous activity is increased by acetylcholine and eserine and blocked by anticholinesterase agents. 4. 4. The neurite of DUMDL appears to have several impulse initiation zones characterized by a low safety factor.
A comparison of solar absorption air conditioning systems

Abstract A computer simulation of solar powered absorption air conditioning systems is discussed. The results of simulations of various systems composed of conventional flat plate or evacuated tube collectors, wet or dry cooling towers, lithium bromide-water or aqua-ammonia working fluids and hot water, chilled water or refrigerant storage alternatives are obtained over a common operating cycle. Performance of the lithium bromide-water working fluid is shown to be superior to aqua-ammonia. Relative performance gains realized with the evacuated tube collector and relative performance losses associated with the dry cooling tower are presented. Chilled water storage is shown to be advantageous for an evacuated collector, dry cooling tower, lithium bromide-water system.
Four-year incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study.

Purpose To estimate 4-year incidence and progression of early and advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Population-based cohort study. Methods A comprehensive ophthalmologic examination including stereoscopic fundus photography was performed on adult Latinos at baseline and follow-up. Photographs were graded using a modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. For estimations of incidence and progression of AMD, the Age Related Eye Disease Study Scale was used. Main outcome measures are incidence and progression of early AMD (drusen type, drusen size, and retinal pigmentary abnormalities) and advanced AMD (exudative AMD and geographic atrophy). Results A total of 4658 of 6100 subjects (76%) completed the follow-up examination. The 4-year incidence of early AMD was 7.5% (95% CI: 6.7, 8.4) and advanced AMD was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1, 0.4). Progression of any AMD occurred in 9.2% (95% CI: 8.3, 10.1) of at-risk participants. Incidence and progression increased with age. Incidence of early AMD in the second eye (11.2%) was higher than incidence in the first eye (6.9%). Baseline presence of soft indistinct large drusen ≥250 μm in diameter was more likely to predict the 4-year incidence of pigmentary abnormalities, geographic atrophy, and exudative AMD than smaller or hard or soft distinct drusen. Conclusions Age-specific incidence and progression of AMD in Latinos are lower than in non-Hispanic whites. While incident early AMD is more often unilateral, the risk of its development in the second is higher than in the first eye. Older people and those with soft indistinct large drusen had a higher risk of developing advanced AMD compared to those who were younger and did not have soft indistinct large drusen.
Mckusick-kaufman syndrome (MK catalogue #236700) presenting prenatally as fetal abdominal mass

McKusick-Kaufman Syndrome (MK catalogue #236700) Presenting Prenatally as Fetal Abdominal Mass
Human Rights and Psychologists' Involvement in Assessments Related to Death Penalty Cases

In 2010, following intense controversy over the involvement of psychologists in military interrogations at U.S. detention centers such as Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib, the American Psychological A...
Another Role for Nonprofits: The Case of Mop-Ups and Nursemaids Resulting from Privatization in Emerging Economies

This article synthesizes economic, sociological, and historical theory, first in the American context and then in an Eastern European (Polish) context, to develop an explanation for a distinctive type of nonprofit activity. The authors explore a role for some nonprofits arising due to the privatization experience in the early history of the United States and to recent privatization in Poland (as an example of a transitioning economy), where nonprofits develop as facilitators for the creation of for-profit enterprises. The "facilitator hypothesis" proposes two roles for nonprofits. First, they "mop up" problems created when firms are privatized, assisting those persons left unemployed or otherwise adversely affected by privatization. Second, they act as "nursemaids," nurturing nascent for-profit businesses and industries. This article suggests further study of emergent organizational forms in the transformation from command to market-oriented economies as a way to understand the diffusion of sectoral model...
Panel — Teaching students to participate in Open Source Software projects

This panel will present several experiences in involving students in Open Source Software (OSS) projects from the perspectives of both the instructor and a member of the OSS community. OSS is growing rapidly and gaining market share in both industry (e.g., Linux and Mozilla) as well as academia (e.g, Moodle, Greenfoot, and Drupal). OSS projects have a culture built on volunteer participation to support software development. Computing degree programs desire to involve students in large-scale software projects to provide students with real-world experience and an understanding of the issues found in large, complex software projects. Involving computing students in OSS projects serves both the OSS community by providing development resources for the project while also serving the academic community by providing access to large software projects in which students can gain experience. However, the marriage of student and OSS project presents some challenges including identification of approachable OSS projects, creation of appropriate educational infrastructure, evaluation and grading, and more. Panelists will address the factors that contribute to student success in an OSS project.
β1-MEDIATED Adhesion to fibronectin protects cells from CD95-mediated apoptosis

Abstract Damiano et al recently demonstrated that interactions between fibronectin (FN) and β1 integrins mediate cellular resistance to doxorubicin melphalan (Damiano et al Blood. 1999). To determine if this anti-apoptotic phenomenon also protected cells from physiological programmed cell death (PCD), we examined the effects of FN adhesion on CD95-mediated apoptosis. We demonstrate that cellular adhesion to FN suppresses both agonist antibody and FasL-induced apoptosis in the U937cell line. Annexin V-FITC staining demonstrated that cellular adhesion, for either two or 24 hours, was able to attenuate CD95-induced PCD. Analysis of caspase activation demonstrated that the cleavage and activity of the effector caspases, caspase-3 and caspase-7 was also reduced. Moreover, we observed a similar attenuation of cleavage and activity the CD95 proximal procaspase-8, suggesting that the mechanism by which cellular adhesion protects cells from CD95-mediated apoptosis may effect a step upstream of procaspase-8 activation. We recently demonstrated that CD95 expression directly correlates with sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis (Shain et al. Leukemia . 2000). To determine if Fn adhesion mediated down-regulated CD95 surface expression, we examined surface levels using indirect immuno-staining by flow cytometry (FCM). FCM analysis revealed no alterations in CD95 expression following adhesion to FN. We also demonstrated that cellular adhesion to FN did not alter the ability of agonist antibody to bind to CD95 on the cell surface. The reduced caspase-8 activity, in the face of the unchanged agonist antibody/receptor binding, suggests that the protective effect(s) of adhesion to FN target a point at or upstream of caspase-8 activation, but downstream of the receptor.
Multi-electron Activation of Dioxygen on Zirconium(IV) to Give an Unprecedented Bisperoxo Complex

Although long proposed as key intermediates in different industrial and biological catalytic processes, bis(peroxides) of heavier transition metals have been elusive species for bulk manipulations. We report on the synthesis and structural characterization of the first such bisperoxo molecule of Zr(IV) as well as on its bis(diamido) precursor. Reduction of the glyoxal-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imine with magnesium powder in ether followed by reaction with ZrCl4 and extraction in hexane afforded the Zr(IV) bis(diamido) species 1. Further reaction with dry dioxygen produces the Zr(IV) bisperoxo compound 2, isolated as stable orange-brown crystals in 30% yield. X-ray diffraction data revealed an unprecedented quasi-orthogonal orientation of the two peroxide groups, which also have very long O−O bond distances of 1.512(4) and 1.504(4) A.
Characterization of the beta-adrenergic receptor in isolated human fetal lung type II cells.

Functioning of the @-adrenergic response system is important for successful transition of the neonate from fetal life to breathing air. We characterized the /.?- adrenergic receptors on human fetal lung type I1 cells, the cell type responsible for many pulmonary responses sen- sitive to /.?-adrenergic stimulation. Type I1 cells were iso- lated from human fetal lung explants, and membrane par- ticulates prepared from these cells were used for radioli- gand binding studies. 1251-iodocyanopindolol, a specific @- adrenergic antagonist, bound to a single class of saturable, high-affinity binding sites on type I1 cell membranes with a receptor concentration of 78 f 9 fmol receptor/mg mem- brane protein, a of 79 f 18 nM, and 958 f 120 receptors per cell. Binding was stereoselective with I-propranolol binding with higher affinity than the inactive d-isomer. The binding site had the characteristics of a P2-adrenergic receptor. The order of potency of /.?-adrenergic agonists was isoproterenol > epinephrine >> norepinephrine. The /.?2-selective antagonist ICI 118 551 competed for a single class of high-affinity sites. Agonist binding affinity was reduced in the presence of guanyl nucleotides, consistent with receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide binding pro- teins. @-Adrenergic agonists also stimulated adenylyl cy- clase in these membrane preparations. '251-iodocyanopin- do101 binding to membranes prepared from human fetal lung fibroblasts indicated fewer receptors (404 f 68) than were present on type I1 cells. Work by others has suggested a difference in lung function and lung P-adrenergic receptor concentration between males and females. After culturing midgestation human fetal lung for 5 d we found no signifi- cant difference between the /.?-adrenergic receptor number per type I1 cell for male (820 f 165) and female (1107 f 220) specimens. (Pediatr Res 32: 350-355,1992)
Evaluating Fermion Determinants Through the Chiral Anomaly

Abstract A class of fermion operators whose determinants can be calculated exactly has recently been noted. We observe that typically such operators can be chirally rotated into the free Dirac operator; hence, their determinants are given by the chiral anomaly. Four-dimensional fermion determinants of this type are computed; the appearance of the Wess-Zumino anomaly term is noted.
Large twisting of beams using shape memory alloy wire

This paper shows how shape memory alloy (SMA) wires can be used to actively twist a beam or other long slender structural members. This is accomplished by attaching to the beam, a pre- strained SMA strip in its martensite state. The strip is wrapped around the beam in a helical pattern. When heated, the SMA wire transforms into from it martensite state to its austenite state. This causes the wire to shorten in length but since it is attached to the beam it induces a force on the beam that causes the beam to twist. A nonlinear finite element model that incorporates the thermo-structural coupling is used to analyze and study the phenomenon. Results from experiments and finite element analysis are presented and they show that this method can produce large twist angles. This twist can be maintained and reversed without causing any damage to the underlying structure. Several issues involving the method of attachment of the SMA strip to the beam are addressed including a method that allows the SMA wire to 'slide' along the beam. This concept can be used to control the angle of twist of blades of rotor equipment and thereby improve their performance or change their vibratory response.
Optimizing the Transition to Home Parenteral Nutrition in Pediatric Patients

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is commonly used in pediatric institutions in patients who either cannot be fed enterally or are unable to tolerate sufficient enteral calories to provide their nutrition requirements. Many pediatric patients, particularly those with short bowel syndrome or intestinal failure, will eventually require home PN (HPN) therapy. Although discharge to HPN is complex and can be associated with both immediate and long-term complications, it can be successfully achieved through collaboration between healthcare providers within the institution and the home care company and HPN education of the patient and caregivers. This review describes the processes that clinicians and institutions should consider when preparing for HPN discharge and serves as a guide for the effective transition to HPN in pediatric patients.
Child and adolescent psychopathology as risk factors for subsequent tobacco use

A growing body of research suggests that a number of types of psychopathology that occur during childhood and adolescence are also associated with an increased risk for tobacco use. This paper assesses the relationship between several types of child and adolescent psychopathology and subsequent tobacco use. The types of psychopathology that are discussed include 'externalizing' disorders such as conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 'internalizing' disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. The strongest evidence for connections between child and adolescent psychopathology and subsequent tobacco use is for conduct problems, ADHD, and depression. There is much weaker support for a connection between anxiety disorders and tobacco use. The relationships between conduct problems and ADHD (which frequently co-occur) and subsequent tobacco use are quite robust. Possible explanations of the relationships between conduct problems, ADHD, and tobacco use are presented. There appears to be a bidirectional relationship between depression and tobacco use; i.e., each has a comparable probability of preceding the other. Areas of particular importance are: (a) the effects of various psychopathologies on various aspects of tobacco use; (b) the role of comorbid psychopathologies; (c) identification of protective factors; (d) the effects of moderators (e.g., gender, ethnicity); (e) mechanisms and processes ('active ingredients') associated with various psychopathologies; (f) implications for intervention; and (g) possible cohort effects.
Wave-equation migration velocity analysis for VTI models

ABSTRACTAnisotropic models are needed for wave simulation and inversion where a complex geologic environment exists. We extended the theory of wave equation migration velocity analysis to build vertical transverse isotropic models. Because of the ambiguity between depth and δ in the acoustic regime, we assumed δ can be accurately obtained from other sources of information, and inverted for the NMO slowness and the anellipticity parameter η. We combined the differential semblance optimization objective function with the stacking power maximization to evaluate the focusing of the prestack image in the subsurface-offset domain. To regularize the multiparameter inversion, we built a framework to adapt the geologic and the rock physics information to guide the updates in NMO slowness and η. This regularization step was crucial to stabilize the inversion and to produce geologically meaningful results. We tested the proposed approach on a synthetic data set and a 2D Gulf of Mexico data set starting with a fairly...
Adenosine triphosphate acceleration of the nephridial apparatus of Paramecium multimicronucleatum.

SYNOPSIS. Paramecium multimicronucleatum was exposed to various external concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (Na2ATP) to determine the effects thereof on the cycling rate of the nephridial apparatus. Normal rate was found to vary from 3.46 to 4.28 cycles/min with a mean rate of 3.85 cycles/min at 20 C. Concentrations of ATP of less than 5 × 10−4 M caused only slight, very temporary acceleration of the cycling rate. At 5 × 10−4 M the cycling rate was accelerated less than 15%. At 3 × 10−3 M cycling rate was accelerated, varying from 5.35 to 7.24 cycles/min, with a mean accelerated rate of 6.25 cycles/min, a mean aoceleration of 88.3%. Changes in rate after addition of 5 × 10−3 M ATP ranged from a decrease of 6.2% to an increase of 1.8%, with the nephridial apparatus ultimately stopping. At higher concentrations, stoppage was almost immediate. Paramecium is rapidly dehydrated by the ATP-accelerated cycling of its nephridial apparatuses, with a net loss of 27% of its volume in 6 minutes in the 3 × 10−3 M ATP.
Objective measurement of minimal fat in normal skeletal muscles of healthy children using T2 relaxation time mapping (T2 maps) and MR spectroscopy

Background Various skeletal muscle diseases result in fatty infiltration, making it important to develop noninvasive biomarkers to objectively measure muscular fat.
Novel electrodynamic trapping mechanism for neutral, polar particles

A conceptually new trapping mechanism for neutral, polar particles is introduced and discussed. Unlike existing mechanisms that are based on oscillating saddle-point potentials or rotating electric dipole fields, the new mechanism is based on a superposition of ac and dc electric monopolefields that dynamically generate a minimum of the effective ponderomotive potential in which the particles are trapped. Extensive numerical simulations of the dynamics and the stability properties of trapped HC17N molecules and ferroelectric rods (made of barium titanate or croconic acid crystals) prove the validity of the new mechanism. The examples show that the same mechanism is applicable to the trapping of macroscopic as well as microscopic particles. The numerical results are backed by a physical pseudo-potential picture and an analytical stability analysis that provide physical insight into why and how the new mechanism works. A semi-quantum, Born-Oppenheimer-type calculation that treats the intrinsic rotational degree of freedom of HC17N quantum mechanically is also presented. A detailed discussion of engineering aspects shows that laboratory implementation of the new mechanism is within current technological reach.
Methanol productivity comparison between an agitated slurry reactor and an entrained reactor

ABSTRACT The effect of various operating conditions including the catalyst loading in slurry, on the productivity of methanol in an agitated slurry reactor were studied. The modeling of the mechanically agitated slurry reactor was performed with the aid of the reaction rate expression and the gas-liquid mass transfer correlation that were developed, to predict the rate of methanol production for any inlet condition The equilibrium limitation encountered in the liquid phase methanol synthesis process in an agitated slurry reactor can be alleviated by conducting this process in an entrained reactor, where the product methanol formed is continuously flashed out of the system. After developing a kinetic rate expression and a gas-liquid mass transfer correlation, the modeling of the entrained reactor was performed to predict the reactor productivity for any process condition. The rate of methanol production predicted for nominally identical operating conditions in an entrained reactor and in a mechanically agi...
Interdisciplinary Experiential Education of Intellectual Property Concepts in an Engineering Context

Abstract-Drawing from a curricular model proposed in a recent report from educators in the UK, this article examines the need to educate US engineering students in intellectual property concepts through partnerships between law students and undergraduate engineering students [1]. The educational vehicle that is the focus of this article is the engineering senior capstone design project. In the proposed pedagogical model, law students studying intellectual property will take on the role of advisors to engineering students (their clients) while the latter group endeavors to develop an engineering solution to a real world problem. This article also seeks to identify and address concerns of licensing authorities and professional associations that may arise as a result of implementation of the model.
Extrachromosomal unequal homologous recombination and gene conversion in simian kidney cells: effects of UV damage

Abstract Shuttle plasmid vectors containing the SV40 origin of replication and tandem neo genes with distally placed non-overlapping deletions were used to study the effects of DNA damage on extrachromosomal homologous recombination in simian kidney cells. DNA was introduced into COS7 cells by a lipofectin-mediated transfection procedure and recombination was assessed by analyzing the structure of plasmids. Recombinational events observed included unequal homologous recombination (triplication), gene conversion, double reciprocal recombination, deletion (pop-outs), gene amplification (4–6 copies), and multimerization. Triplication, an event that previously had not been reported in association with extrachromosomal recombination, predominated in experiments with undamaged vectors. The recombination frequency (NeoR/AmpR) of vectors randomly damaged by UV irradiation was essentially unchanged; however, the relative number of triplication events decreased significantly. Selective damage in one of the two neo genes increased the relative frequency of gene conversion. The experimental system developed for use in this study detects all major homologous recombination events observed in chromosomal direct repeat sequences in mammalian cells and yeast and should prove valuable for future studies of homologous recombination in mammalian cells.
Studies on blended Portland cements containing Santorin earth

Abstract Although pozzolans, such as the Santorin earth, have been in use for over two thousand years for making cementitious products, the mechanism by which pozzolanic reactions contribute to the strength and chemical durability of mortars and concretes is not fully understood. Reported here are the results of an investigation in which portland pozzolan cements containing 10, 20, or 30 weight percent Santorin earth were used. Performance of the cements was evaluated with respect to strength development, drying shrinkage, sulfate resistance, and alkali-silica activity. The cement containing 20 percent pozzolan showed the highest compressive strength at 1 year, and the cements containing 20 or 30 percent pozzolan showed the least permeability and best resistance to sulfate attack. Microstructural investigations involving scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, determination of free Ca(OH) 2 present, and pore-size distribution were conducted on hydrated cement pastes for the purpose of understanding the factors responsible for the observed behavior of the cements. From the results, it is concluded that the process of pore refinement associated with pozzolanic reactions plays an important part in enhancing the strength and chemical durability of portland pozzolan cements. It is suggested that the rate at which pore refinement occurs in a hydrating pozzolan cements is not only useful as a measure of the activity of the pozzolan presen, but also for a more reliable prediction of the performance characteristics of the cement.
Envelope glycoprotein nucleotide sequence and genetic characterization of North American ovine lentiviruses.

Abstract Ovine lentiviruses (OvLV) resemble human immunodeficiency viruses in genomic organization, viral heterogeneity, and spectrum of cytophenotypic expression. To gain a better understanding of the relationship of North American OvLV isolates with other characterized OvLV strains, the complete DNA nucleotide sequence of the env region of a highly lytic (rapid/high) OvLV strain (85/34) was determined and compared with the sequence of amplicons within env of three other OvLV strains of varying cytophenotype and isolated from the same flock of sheep. LTR and pol regions also were compared among these strains. The env region of 85/34 was 986 codons in length and the reported nucleotide sequence showed features shared by other OvLV including heavy glycosylation and conserved and hypervariable regions within the surface membrane protein region. Phylogenetic analyses of regions within LTR, reverse transcriptase, and env grouped the four virus strains together and similar to the maedi-visna OvLV strains, including visna virus, South African ovine maedi visna virus, and EV1 (British OvLV isolate), but they were distinct from caprine arthritis encephalitis virus.
EFFECTS OF METHIONINE FORTIFICATION ON SOY PROTEIN AND BEEF–SOY PROTEIN MIXTURES

The effects of the addition of d,l-methionine on the biological value of textured soy protein (TSP) and mixtures of TSP and beef were studied. The biological value of soy protein, as measured by the PER method, is increased by the addition of d,l-methionine to TSP. The optimum level of addition of d,l-methionine is approximately 1.0% based on the protein content of the soy product. This level of addition causes a minor problem in flavor of ensuing products and a noticeable disagreeable odor during the cooking of some products. Mixtures of beef (two parts) extended with one part by weight of hydrated TSP (two parts water, one part dehydrated TSP by weight) had PER Values as high as similar mixtures containing added d,l-methionine. Variations in the PER between laboratories on identical samples made quantitative comparison difficult. As in a previous investigation of parameters influencing the PER of proteins, inconsistency in results between different laboratories on identical samples was encountered.