cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal N-linked glycosylation of cortical AMPA receptor subunits in schizophrenia

Numerous studies have demonstrated brain region- and subunit-specific abnormalities in the expression of subunits of the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors in schizophrenia. In addition, abnormalities in the expression of proteins that regulate the forward trafficking of AMPA receptors through the cell have been reported. These findings suggest abnormal trafficking of AMPA receptors as a mechanism underlying dysregulated glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia. AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4) assemble to form AMPA receptor complexes in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These subunits undergo the posttranslational modification of N-linked glycosylation in the ER and the Golgi apparatus before the assembled receptors are transported to the plasma membrane. In this study, we measured expression of AMPA receptors and the extent of their N-glycosylation using Western blot analysis in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with schizophrenia (N = 35) and a comparison group (N = 31). N-glycosylation was assessed using molecular mass shift assays following digestion with endoglycosidase H (Endo H), which removes immature high mannose-containing sugars, and with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), which removes all N-linked sugars. Of the four AMPA receptor subunits, only GluR4 was significantly increased in schizophrenia. GluR2 and GluR4 were both sensitive to Endo H and PNGase F treatment. Endo H-mediated deglycosylation of GluR2 resulted in a significantly smaller pool of GluR2 protein to shift in schizophrenia, reflecting less N-linked high mannose and/or hybrid sugars on the GluR2 protein in this illness. This was confirmed by immunoisolation of GluR2 and probing with Concanavalin A, a mannose specific lectin; in subjects with schizophrenia GluR2 was significantly less reactive to Concanavalin A. Altered N-linked glycosylation of the GluR2 subunit in schizophrenia suggests abnormal trafficking of AMPA receptors from the ER to the synaptic membrane in schizophrenia.
Increased phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of spinal cord α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor in rats following intradermal injection of capsaicin

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that help mediate rapid excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are critical for synaptic plasticity in central nociceptive transmission. The current study was designed to investigate the role of the AMPA receptor subunit, GluR1, and its phosphorylated forms (at Ser-831 and Ser-845) in central sensitization in rat spinal cord. Western blots and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine the expression and localization of GluR1 and the phosphorylated forms of GluR1 (phospho-GluR1) at Ser-831 and Ser-845 with specific antibodies. Results showed that immunolabeling of GluR1 protein in rat spinal cord can be detected at 110 kD, and two phospho-GluR1 proteins were found at 106 kD. A significant upregulation of phospho-GluR1 both at Ser-831 and Ser-845 was found by 5 min after capsaicin treatment, and this increase lasted at least 60 min. Immunostaining showed that GluR1 and its phosphorylated forms were localized in the superficial laminae of dorsal horn and quantitative image analysis supported the immunoblotting results. Our findings are consistent with the suggestions that AMPA receptors show increased responsiveness because of their phosphorylation and that this may contribute to central sensitization following intradermal injection of capsaicin.
Isolation, separation and detection via high-performance liquid chromatography of acidic and neutral acetylated rearrangement products of opium alkaloids

Abstract The isolation, separation and detection of acidic and neutral acetylated rearrangement products of opium alkaloids, which are major sources of heroin processing impurities, are described. Preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with the aid of a micro-computer has been utilized for the isolation of product obtained from the action of acetic anhydride on thebaine and noscapine alkaloids. Results obtained show that a high-speed C 18 analytical column (3 μm particle size, 3.0 cm × 4.6 mm I.D.) containing a monomeric bonded phase can be used to develop separations for a polymeric bonded-phase preparative column (10 μm particle size, 25 cm × 22 mm I.D.). An optimized reversed-phase separation was developed for the acetylated thebaine and noscapine compounds and for acetylated rearrangement products from three other opium alkaloids: morphine, codeine and norlaudanosine. Ultraviolet, fluorescence and electrochemical detection were compared for these compounds. A detection system optimized in terms of sensitivity and selectivity was developed utilizing two variable-wavelength UV detectors, programmable fluorescence detector, and an electrochemical detector in series.
Interrelationships among individual differences in alcohol demand, impulsivity, and alcohol misuse.

An Alcohol Purchase Task (APT) is a novel behavioral economic measure for characterizing the incentive value of alcohol to an individual (i.e., alcohol demand). Individual differences in alcohol demand have been associated with a number of alcohol-related outcomes and the current investigation sought to extend these previous findings in a number of ways. The goals of the study were: (a) to examine the relationship between alcohol demand and alcohol misuse in a large sample of community adults; (b) to examine sex differences in alcohol demand; and, (c) to examine the relationship between alcohol demand and impulsive personality traits, both in general and as moderating variables. Participants (N = 720; 39% female) were adult smokers who reported drinking in the last year and were recruited from the community at large. All four behavioral economic indices of demand from the APT were significantly associated with alcohol misuse, with Omax and intensity uniquely associated in combined analyses. Males exhibited significantly higher demand, but these differences were largely eliminated after adjusting for drinks per week and other covariates. Trait levels of urgency, sensation-seeking and lack of premeditation were significantly associated with intensity and urgency was associated with Omax, but no moderating relationships were present. The significant relationships between aspects of impulsivity and the demand indices may signify a common process underlying disinhibition and demand for alcohol. These findings further support the relationship between indices of alcohol demand and alcohol misuse and a link between demand and impulsivity. Methodological considerations and future directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Age of Trachyte from Ross Island, Antarctica

40 K/ 40 Ar whole-rock age determinations of trachyte from Observation Hill give a mean age of 1.18 ± 0.03 m.y., establishing a minimum age for the onset of Ross Island volcanism. This age is within the Matuyama reversed geomagnetic polarity epoch and agrees with the reversed magnetization previously reported for trachytes from the same locality by Cox (1966). The trachyte outcrops have been glaciated, and the new age data reinforce a previously proposed maximum age of 1.2 m.y. for the Ross Sea glaciations.
Effects of micrometazoa on the protistan assemblage of a littoral food web

SUMMARY. 1. Effects of two size-classes of micrometazoa (assemblages of rotifers and of rotifers/cladocerans/copepods) on the abundance and composition of a co-occurring, substrate-associated protistan assemblage were assessed by selectively transferring these groups from a small pond to laboratory microcosms. 2. Addition of micrometazoa to the microcosms resulted in significant changes in the dominance of different protistan groups within 7 days, including a substantial decrease in the abundance of larger omnivorous and bactivorous Protozoa, mostly ciliates, and dominant algal taxa, and an increase in the abundance of heterotrophic microflagellates. 3. Mechanisms whereby micrometazoa reduce the abundance of larger heterotrophic protists may include competition for overlapping resources, but probably involves interference and predation as well. Positive effects of Metazoa on the abundance of heterotrophic microflagellates may result from the elimination of ciliates that prey on and compete with smaller Protozoa. 4. Interactions indicated in this study may alter both quantitative and qualitative aspects of energy flow and mineral cycling in benthic food-webs and be part of a larger trophic cascade involving other Metazoa such as fish.
Relationships among Vocal Jazz Improvisation Achievement, Jazz Theory Knowledge, Imitative Ability, Musical Experience, Creativity, and Gender

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among various aspects of vocal jazz improvisation achievement and several predictor variables. Subjects included 101 college students enrolled in vocal jazz courses. The aspects of vocal jazz improvisation achievement that were measured included 18 tonal, rhythmic, and expressive items. Subjects performed two vocal jazz improvisation tasks, a blues, and a u-V7-I progression. The independent variables included jazz theory knowledge, imitative ability, jazz experience, instrumental lessons, voice lessons, gender, and general creativity.The major findings of this study were as follows: (a) the best order of predictors of the blues task was jazz theory knowledge, jazz experience, and imitative ability; (b) the best order of predictors of the u-V7-I task was imitative ability, jazz theory knowledge, and jazz experience; (c) the best order of predictors of the composite improvisation tasks were jazz theory knowledge, imitative ability, and jazz experien...
Glucose tolerance test: varying diagnostic strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the common medical conditions that complicates pregnancy and has been associated with higher incidences of maternal and neonatal complications.1, 2 It has been demonstrated that treatment of GDM improves perinatal outcomes such that women treated for GDM have lower rates of pre-eclampsia, macrosomia, admissions to the neonatal nursery and composite perinatal complications that include neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture and nerve palsy compared to routine prenatal care.3 Thus, it is imperative to identify women with GDM at risk of adverse outcomes.
Driving contact hole resolution to 45nm using novel process enhancement techniques

Without question, one of the most difficult layers to print with a usable process window is the contact level. As the industry moves towards the 45nm node and beyond, the challenges associated with printing contact holes with a manufacturable process window have become increasingly difficult. The authors have taken a two-pronged approach that combines chemical and plasma etch methods in order to shrink contact holes and thus obtain higher resolution. Process windows were looked at using both methods individually, and then with both techniques combined. There are several resolution-enhancing chemical shrink materials on the market. In this discussion of contact resolution enhancement, the authors chose JSR CSX004. A relatively new etch approach, focused on reducing contact hole size, will be demonstrated. The etch process utilizes a SiARC ARC, which acts as a hardmask in order to create an enhanced contact hole. In this paper, the authors will describe an approach that will illustrate a methodology that can be used to produce 45nm node contact resolution in a manufacturing environment. Lithographic process windows, side-wall angles (via SEM cross section) and etch selectivity will be studied in detail.
Demonstration of acousto-optic bistability and chaos by direct nonlinear circuit modeling.

A novel technique involving nonlinear dependent sources expressed as convergent power series expansions of one or more variables representing the output fields of a Bragg-domain hybrid acousto-optic device with feedback is presented. Using some straightforward modifications of a basic circuit prototype, we show how optical bistability, possible multistability, and chaos may be generated for three fundamental types of tuning effects, i.e., feedback gain, bias voltage, and input amplitude. The results obtained are shown to compare favorably with the existing theory and experiments.
Feeding biology of the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A newly described species of shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata Williams and Rona, 1986, dominates the megafaunal community at two hydrothermal vent sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Behavioral observations and gut-content analyses indicate, that these shrimp ingest large amounts of sulfide particles from black smoker chimneys. We found no evidence for chemoautotrophic endosymbionts in R. exoculata, based on analyses of morphology, stable isotopes, lipopolysaccharides, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity. Instead we suggest that the shrimp, are normal heterotrophs, grazing on free-living microorganisms associated with black smoker chimneys. We infer that high bacterial productivity is required to sustain populations of R. exoculata at these vent sites.
11 Larger Less Frequent Meals Decrease Hunger in the Pediatric Obese Population

Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Studies of the mechanisms of abnormal weight gain are rare in the pediatric population. Abnormal weight gain has been associated with impaired control of appetite. Studies in lean adults have demonstrated that frequent small meals may increase satiety and decrease hunger. Purpose: To examine the effect of frequent feedings of low caloric density versus less frequent feedings of high caloric density on hunger and satiety in lean and obese prepubertal children. We hypothesized that frequent low caloric density feedings should increase satiety and lead to decreased hunger. Methods: Fifteen lean and eight obese children (age 6-10) were admitted fasting to the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) on two separate days. On each of the two study visits children were randomly assigned to receive one of two meal patterns: either 3 meals or 3 meals and 2 snacks. The total caloric intake as well as carbohydrate, protein, and fat composition on each day were identical. Each day, two hours following the last meal, subjects were offered a dessert (ice cream) and asked to consume as much as they would like (up to a predetermined upper limit). Hunger related questionnaires and amount of ice cream consumed were recorded as outcome measures of satiety. Paired t tests were used to evaluate the difference between ice cream consumption as affected by feeding patterns. Each lean and obese subject served as their own control. Data from parental questionnaires were also collected. These questionnaires assessed if restrictive feeding practices in parents were correlated to ice cream consumption in the children. Results: Preliminary results indicate that obese children consumed significantly less ice cream on the day when larger, less frequent feedings were administered (p <0.05). No difference was found between ice cream consumption and meal patterns in lean subjects. In lean subjects, a correlation (r=0.523) at a p value of 0.05 was observed between greater scores of parental restriction of food and ice cream consumption. Data from hunger questionnaires in all subjects did not reveal a significant relationship between the hunger-rating instrument used and amount of ice cream consumed. Conclusions: Our preliminary data, as opposed to our hypothesis, indicate that obese children may experience greater satiety when offered larger meals without snacks. No relationship with meal patterns and ice cream consumption was found in the lean pediatric population. In the lean group, greater parental restriction of “forbidden” food correlated with greater consumption of that food when the restriction was absent
Separation and quantitative determination of the cerium group lanthanides by gas—liquid chromatography

Abstract A gas chromatographic method is reported for the separation and subsequent quantitative determination of the cerium group lanthanides. The lanthanides (RE) are synergistically extracted from aqueous solution with the polyfluorinated β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-3,5-heptanedione, H(FHD), as ligand, and di-n-butylsulphoxide, DBSO, as neutral donor. The composition of the extracted species is reported to be RE(FHD)3 ·2DBSO. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes is reported. Analytical curves were prepared and found to be usable over the range of 0·1–10 μg of metal. Individual lanthanides were determined with 99·0 % recovery with a relative mean deviation of ±2·0%. Mixture of lanthanides were analyzed with 101·2% recovery with a relative mean deviation of ±2·2%.
On the accuracy of the distance message in the dances of honey bees

1. The duration of wagtimes in honey bee dances for feeders at distances between 20 and 500 m was analysed in nine feral colonies from Brazil, and six from North America (USA). 2. The distribution of the wagtimes was not normal in 71.1% of the cases (Table 2). 83.3% of the non-normal cases had a tendency to longer wagtimes (skewed to right), and 11.9% tended to shorter wagtimes (skewed to left). 57.1% had a sharper peak than a normal distribution (leptokurtic). 3. The slopes of the functions describing the relationship between mean wagtime and feeder distance varied between 0.0007 and 0.0020 s/m for the various hives (Fig. 1). The magnitude of individual wagtime errors is similar for animals from different hives (Fig. 4), thus errors in communicated distance vary remarkably between colonies (since they depend on the slope). 4. In 85% of all cases there is a significant added variance component among individuals (“between-individuals” error). In 73% of these cases the “within-individual” error is bigger, in 12% it is reversed (Table 4). 5. Wagtimes oscillate around a mean in consecutive dances. A regular periodicity could not be found (Fig. 2). Individuals that follow more than 6 dances could not gain more accuracy (Fig. 3). 6. Training techniques do not have a significant influence on the message accuracy. 7. Brazilian hybrids do not perform waggle dances for feeders as close as 20 m. They behave like “German bees”. 8. The magnitude of individual errors in wagtime is similar for animals from different hives. It has a basic value of ±0.14 s (SD) and increases about ±25 ms (SD) for every 100 m (Fig. 5). 9. Because of the great differences in accuracy between hives, published data cannot be used to calculate approach accuracies or recruit errors.
Prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver injury by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor

Abstract Background/Aims: Considerable indirect evidence suggests that cytokine tumor necrosis factor α contributes to the hepatocellular damage caused by toxic liver injury. The effects of tumor necrosis factor α neutralization on liver cell injury were determined in an in vivo model of toxic liver injury. Methods: The in vivo effects of tumor necrosis factor α were examined in carbon tetrachloride liver injury through the administration of a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor to neutralize the effects of this cytokine. Results: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor treatment decreased the degree of liver injury as measured by reduced levels of serum liver enzymes and improved histology. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor administration also lowered the mortality from a lethal dose of carbon tetrachloride from 60% to 16%. Tumor necrosis factor α neutralization had no detrimental effect on liver regeneration as determined by the timing of histone gene expression and postinjury liver weight. Conclusions: These data provide direct evidence for a role of tumor necrosis factor α in toxin-induced liver cell injury. In addition, these investigations suggest that soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy may be of benefit in the treatment of human liver disease.
Large mobile versus small sedentary herbivores and their resistance to seaweed chemical defenses

Small, relatively sedentary herbivores like amphipods and polychaetes (mesograzers) often live on the plants they consume and should therefore view plants as both foods and living sites. Large, relatively mobile herbivores like fishes commonly move among, and feed from, many plants; they should view plants primarily as foods and rarely as potential living sites. In marine communities, fishes that consume plants are also important predators on mesograzers. Since seaweeds avoided by fishes should represent safer living sites for small herbivores, mesograzers living on and consuming seaweeds that are not eaten by fishes should have higher fitness than mesograzers living on plants preferred by fishes. In previous work, we demonstrated that seaweed secondary metabolites that deterred feeding by a fish and sea urchin had no effect on feeding by a common amphipod (Hay et al. 1987a). We then hypothesized that mesograzers would, in general, be less affected by seaweed chemical defenses than larger, more mobile herbivores like fishes. In this investigation, we evaluate the generality of this hypothesis by comparing the feeding of an omnivorous fish (Lagodon rhomboides) with that of an omnivorous, tube-building polychaete (Platynereis dumerilii) to see if the mesograzer prefers seaweeds avoided by the fish and if it is less affected by seaweed chemical defense. Platynereis dumerilii fed almost exclusively on Dictyota dichotoma, the seaweed eaten least by Lagodon rhomboides. The diterpene alcohols (dictyol-E and pachydictyol-A) produced by Dictyota significantly deterred feeding by Lagodon but did not affect, or at one concentration stimulated, feeding by Platynereis. Our data support the hypothesis that small, relatively sedentary herbivores that live on plants are more resistant to chemical defenses than are large, relatively mobile herbivores that move among many plants.
Development of the Utah Artificial Arm

The development of a practical multifunction, electronically controlled artificial arm is an extremely complex undertaking. Various technical factors such as the limited capability of man-made components, together with problems in the development of adequate control systems, impair the ultimate performance of any prosthesis. Also, nontechnical problems in clinical, marketing, and economic areas strongly influence the potential success of any system. Consequently, the realization of a practical system with the possibility of near-term application requires simultaneous and coordinated work by personnel in a number of normally unrelated areas of medicine and engineering. The opinions of engineers, physicians, amputees, industrial entities, and institutions responsible for funding the fitting of artificial limnbs must be understood and must influence the design process. This paper begins with a discussion of the natural limb and those design objectives and compromises which govern the development of its artificial counterpart Specific details of the Utah Arm are then reviewed, along with general comments regarding the area of prosthetic limb research and application.
Dopamine agonist-induced hyperglycemia in rats: Effects of lergotrile mesylate

Lergotrile and apomorphine, two direct-acting dopamine agonists, caused marked hyperglycemia in fasted rats, while compounds which release endogenous dopamine (amphetamine, methylphenidate) or inhibit dopamine reuptake (LR5182), failed to elevate blood glucose. The effect of lergotrile was dose dependent, causing blood glucose to rise 3-fold above resting levels at 5 mg/kg (i.p.). Blood glucose increased prior to the onset of the behavioral signs of dopamine stimulation. The effect of lergotrile was attenuated by phentolamine, propranolol or butaclamol. Adrenalectomy also prevented lergotrile-induced hyperglycemia. These data indicate that hyperglycemia is not a property of all compounds that cause dopaminergic effects. The action of lergotrile might be indirect, perhaps mediated through release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands.
Inappropriate ICD shocks in pediatrics and congenital heart disease patients: Risk factors and programming strategies

Background Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks are a common and significant problem in pediatric patients and patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of programming high detection rates and long detection duration on inappropriate shocks in this population. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients with ICDs at a single pediatric center. Inappropriate shocks were defined as a shock for any rhythm except ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Results A total of 144 patients were included, 63 (44%) with CHD. At implant, mean age and weight were 17 ± 10 years and 57 ± 23 kg. ICDs were single chamber in 35 (24%), dual chamber in 97 (67%), and biventricular in 12 (8%). The mean follow-up duration was 42 ± 39 months. Appropriate shocks occurred in 29 (20.1%) and inappropriate shocks in 14 (9.7%). Causes of inappropriate shocks were supraventricular tachycardia (n = 6), lead malfunction (n = 4), sinus tachycardia (n = 3), and T-wave oversensing (n = 1). The mean ventricular fibrillation detection rate was 222 ± 15 beats/min, and the detection duration was 18 ± 12 beats. Patients with shocks programmed in the ventricular tachycardia zone were more likely to receive an inappropriate shock (P = .03). There were no associations between inappropriate shocks and age or weight at implant, presence of CHD, dual-chamber vs single-chamber device, history of supraventricular tachycardia, or antiarrhythmic use. There were no adverse events as a result of programming. Conclusion Programming high detection rates and long detection duration resulted in a low rate of inappropriate shocks without associated adverse events in this large cohort of pediatric and CHD patients with ICDs.
A comparative study of financial performance of freestanding ambulatory surgery centres and hospital-based outpatient departments: 1997-2004

We compared financial performance of freestanding ambulatory surgery centres (ASCs) and hospital-based outpatient departments (HOPDs). Patient-level ambulatory surgery data (1997-2004) for the state of Florida were assembled and analysed. We used a pooled, cross-sectional design. We applied multiple regression models to study pricing differences for freestanding ASCs and HOPDs. Substantial charge differences exist for patients undergoing the most common outpatient procedures, and that these differentials are in favour of freestanding ASCs over HOPDs in the majority of studied procedures. These differences in charges are large enough to presume that they may translate into similar difference in actual costs. Although previous research does not show a clear 'winner' (neither ASCs nor HOPDs) in terms of quality outcomes, healthcare policymakers, payers, and patients may be led to look more carefully at charge and cost data in their contracting processes, or choosing a certain provider of outpatient services.
"We're not just whistling Dixie”: Policymakers’ perspectives on state education reform

Abstract This case study examined the impetus for and impact of a high‐stakes assessment plan and reform initiative, North Carolina's ABC Plan for Public Education, from the perspective of state level policymakers and local level implementers. It extends the findings of two previous studies (Miller, Hayes, & Atkinson, 1997a; 1997b) examining how state policymakers informed local level implementers (administrators and practitioners) about decisions leading up to the reform initiative. Holding teachers and schools accountable for students’ test scores was clearly understood by all participants in the study to be the centerpiece of the reform. As the initiative was implemented, practitioners received little support for aligning their instructional practices so that they were not only congruent with the reform, but were also supportive of meaningful teaching and learning. After one year, implementation of The ABC's of Public Education resulted in an adversarial relationship between local level implementers an...
Adenovirus-mediated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects spiral ganglion neurons from ototoxic damage.

Hair cell loss, the most common cause of deafness, is often associated with auditory nerve degeneration. Our goal was to determine the influence of combined ciliary-derived neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene therapy on the survival of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) after elimination of inner hair cells in the mature guinea pig ear. Seven days after bilateral deafening, a 5-µl suspension of CNTF and/or BDNF adenovirus vectors was injected into the left scala tympani through the round window. Animals were sacrificed 28 days after deafening, and their inner ears were prepared for SGN counts. The SGN counts revealed that BDNF alone and the combined CNTF and BDNF treatment significantly enhanced SGN survival. CNTF did not significantly enhance the protective effect of BDNF. These data present possible strategies for enhancing SGN survival in cochlear implant procedures.
The role of adduct site-specific mutagenesis in understanding how carcinogen-DNA adducts cause mutations: perspective, prospects and problems

Usually, a particular mutagen/carcinogen forms adducts at many sites in DNA, making it impossible to determine which type of adduct causes which mutation and why. Adduct site-specific mutagenesis studies, in which a single adduct is built into a vector, can be used to overcome this problem. The adduct can be situated in double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA or in a single-stranded gap, and the benefit and concerns associated with each are addressed. An adduct site-specific study is most useful when it is compared to a mutagenesis study with its corresponding mutagen/carcinogen. Mutations induced by a particular mutagen/carcinogen can be influenced by DNA sequence context, mutagen/carcinogen dose (and other changes in conditions), level of SOS induction, cell type and other factors. Thus, it is important to match the conditions of the adduct study versus the mutagen/carcinogen study as closely as possible. DNA sequence context can profoundly affect the quantitative and qualitative pattern of adduct mutagenesis, which is addressed. In vitro studies with DNA polymerases, frameshift mutagenesis and semi-targeted mutagenesis, whereby a mutation is induced near but not at the site of the adduct, are each discussed. Finally, the relationship between structural studies on adducts and mutagenesis is considered.
Population structure, physiology and ecohydrological impacts of dioecious riparian tree species of western North America

The global water cycle is intimately linked to vegetation structure and function. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the arid west where riparian forests serve as ribbons of productivity in otherwise mostly unproduc- tive landscapes. Dioecy is common among tree species that make up western North American riparian forests. There are intrinsic physiological differences between male and female dioecious riparian trees that may influence popu- lation structure (i.e., the ratio of male to female trees) and impact ecohydrology at large scales. In this paper, we re- view the current literature on sex ratio patterns and phys- iology of dioecious riparian tree species. Then develop a conceptual framework of the mechanisms that underlie population structure of dominant riparian tree species. Finally, we identify linkages between population structure and ecohydrological processes such as evapotranspiration and streamflow. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms that underlie population structure of dominant riparian tree species will enable us to better predict global change impacts on vegetation and water cycling at multiple scales.
Design and Implementation of an Electronic Textile Jumpsuit

This paper provides a case study of the construction of an electronic textile jumpsuit with an on-fabric digital network of sensors, including details of the weave, garment construction, and network bandwidth.
A willing benefactor: An essay on wilderness in Nilotic and Bantu culture

Using common historiographie sources—early ethnographic reports—we compare traditional perceptions of wilderness among East Africa's pastoral Nilotes and highland Bantu. Specifically, the hypothesis that Nilotic and Bantu views are substantially the same is investigated and cautiously accepted. Acceptance of the hypothesis, however, does not mean that important differences do not exist in the perception and approach to wilderness among the peoples being compared. Nilotes, dominated by pastoralism, lived closer to wilderness and wildlife, which they found necessary to integrate into their culture, whereas the highland Bantu, as agriculturalists, established significant barriers between themselves and wilderness. Both peoples, however, share ontological views that depict creation as lively, active, and complex. These shared views, to the extent they remain prevalent in contemporary society, are a possible basis for a unified, indigenous philosophy of wilderness independent of the West's traditions of romant...
USE OF ARBOREAL TERMITARIA BY NESTING BIRDS IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON

Abstract I documented the use by nesting birds and availability of arboreal termite nests (termitaria) in the Peruvian Amazon. Birds occupy about 1% of the termitaria annually, suggesting that termitarium availability does not limit reproductive output. Birds choose termitaria that are larger and higher than average, and the three most common termitarium-nesting species differ in their use of termitaria. Two species of Brotogeris parakeets use termitaria with similar characteristics, but Tui Parakeets (B. sanctithomae) nest in young forests and edge habitats whereas Cobalt-winged Parakeets (B. cyanoptera) use mature forests. Termitaria used by Black-tailed Trogons (Trogon melanurus) are larger and lower than those used by the two Brotogeris species. The contention that birds usually nest in termitaria still occupied by termites was upheld, but the presence or absence of termites did not explain a significant proportion of the difference between used and available termitaria after removing the effects of h...
Linear array characteristics with one-dimensional reactive-region near-field scanning: simulations and measurements

A model for simulating the performance of a phased-array antenna with one-dimensional near-field scanning is addressed. Measurements and simulations in the reactive near-field region for a linear array with monopole elements are described. The array and near-field probe characteristics are simulated by using the method of moments. Measurements and simulations of the array near-zone received voltage, plane-wave spectrum, and far-field data, using centerline scanning at less than one wavelength distance from the antenna, are shown to be in good agreement. The presence of evanescent grating lobes in the plane-wave spectrum is observed. It is shown that a V-dipole theoretical probe antenna can accurately model a practical near-field measurement probe. >
Nontelomeric Role for Rap1 in Regulating Metabolism and Protecting against Obesity

The mammalian telomere-binding protein Rap1 was recently found to have additional nontelomeric functions, acting as a transcriptional cofactor and a regulator of the NF-κB pathway. Here, we assess the effect of disrupting mouse Rap1 in vivo and report on its unanticipated role in metabolic regulation and body-weight homeostasis. Rap1 inhibition causes dysregulation in hepatic as well as adipose function, leading to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, liver steatosis, and excess fat accumulation. Furthermore, Rap1 appears to play a pivotal role in the transcriptional cascade that controls adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Using a separation-of-function allele, we show that the metabolic function of Rap1 is independent of its recruitment to TTAGGG binding elements found at telomeres and at other interstitial loci. In conclusion, our study underscores an additional function for the most conserved telomere-binding protein, forging a link between telomere biology and metabolic signaling.
Building robust conservation plans

Systematic conservation planning optimizes trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human activities by accounting for socioeconomic costs while aiming to achieve prescribed conservation objectives.However,themostcost-efficientconservationplancanbeverydissimilartoanyotherplanachieving the set of conservation objectives. This is problematic under conditions of implementation uncertainty (e.g., if all or part of the plan becomes unattainable). We determined through simulations of parallel implementation of conservation plans and habitat loss the conditions under which optimal plans have limited chances of implementation and where implementation attempts would fail to meet objectives. We then devised a new, flexible method for identifying conservation priorities and scheduling conservation actions. This method entails generating a number of alternative plans, calculating the similarity in site composition among all plans, and selecting the plan with the highest density of neighboring plans in similarity space. We compared our method with the classic method that maximizes cost efficiency with synthetic and real data sets. When implementation was uncertain—a common reality—our method provided higher likelihood of achieving conservation targets. We found that χ, a measure of the shortfall in objectives achieved by a conservation planiftheplancouldnotbeimplementedentirely,wasthemainfactordeterminingtherelativeperformanceof a flexibility enhanced approach to conservation prioritization. Our findings should help planning authorities prioritize conservation efforts in the face of uncertainty about future condition and availability of sites.
Posterior atlantoaxial fixation with screw-rod constructs: safety, advantages, and shortcomings.

he use of screw-rod constructs for subaxial cervical spinal fusions has become commonplace, with the widespread T use of lateral mass bone screws, small polyaxial screw heads, and compatible rods. Goel and Harms expanded the use of segmental screw fixation to C1-C2 fusion applications, which they described in their technique and case series articles in 1994 and 2001 (1, 2). Since then, the use of screw-rod fixation for various atlantoaxial pathologies has expanded greatly. The GoelHarms technique of C1-C2 fixation has been applied for traumatic injuries involving the atlantoaxial complex to various degenerative, oncologic, and congenital malformations that result in atlantoaxial instability. To date, more than 700 publications have reported on the novel use, testing, or comparison of the technique to other previously described fixation modalities. Screwrod fixation of the atlantoaxial complex has become the preferred method of fusion of C1-C2 at our institution for many years. We think it offers significant ease of use, favorable biomechanical properties, and flexibility when used in challenging clinical situations. However, there exist perceived and real compromises with this approach that can affect patient outcome.
JOB RELOCATION AND THE RACIAL GAP IN UNEMPLOYMENT IN DETROIT AND CHICAGO, 1980 TO 1990

The spatial mismatch hypothesis argues that residential segregation and job decentralization combine to adversely affect the employment opportunities of minorities. While employment is increasingly located outside of central cities, residential segregation prevents minorities from moving closer to suburban jobs. Although this hypothesis has intuitive appeal, there is little consensus regarding its empirical validity. This study (1) constructs detailed geographic measures of changes in employment opportunities, (2) estimates a fixed-effects model of changes in the unemployment rate over time, and (3) accounts for spatial correlation in the error term. Neighborhood-level employment data from 1980 and 1990 are used to measure changes in the distance to jobs from census tracts in the Detroit and Chicago metropolitan areas. In both cities, the decentralization of employment and the loss of manufacturing jobs resulted in substantial changes in the spatial distribution of employment. The empirical results indicate that a decline in the spatial proximity to employment is associated with an increase in the unemployment rate for blacks.
Analyzing Longitudinal Data with Multilevel Models: An Example with Individuals Living with Lower Extremity Intra-articular Fractures.

The use and quality of longitudinal research designs has increased over the past two decades, and new approaches for analyzing longitudinal data, including multi-level modeling (MLM) and latent growth modeling (LGM), have been developed. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of MLM and its advantages in analyzing longitudinal data. Data from a sample of individuals with intra-articular fractures of the lower extremity from the University of Alabama at Birmingham’s Injury Control Research Center is analyzed using both SAS PROC MIXED and SPSS MIXED. We start our presentation with a discussion of data preparation for MLM analyses. We then provide example analyses of different growth models, including a simple linear growth model and a model with a time-invariant covariate, with interpretation for all the parameters in the models. More complicated growth models with different between- and within-individual covariance structures and nonlinear models are discussed. Finally, information related to MLM analysis such as online resources is provided at the end of the paper.
A mass transfer model for simulating VOC sorption on building materials

Abstract The sorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by different building materials can significantly affect VOC concentrations in indoor environments. In this paper, a new model has been developed for simulating VOC sorption and desorption rates of homogeneous building materials with constant diffusion coefficients and material–air partition coefficients. The model analytically solves the VOC sorption rate at the material–air interface. It can be used as a “wall function” in combination with more complex gas-phase models that account for non-uniform mixing to predict sorption process. It can also be used in conjunction with broader indoor air quality studies to simulate VOC exposure in buildings.
The rpoS Gene in Pseudomonas syringae Is Important in Surviving Exposure to the Near-UV in Sunlight

The near-UV component of sunlight decreased culturability of the leaf epiphyte and plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Exposure of the wild-type cells for 4 h to UV-A and UV-B in sunlight was ten fold more detrimental than exposure to sunlight with just UV-A. Sensitivity to UV-A especially increased in a mutant of P. syringae lacking the global regulatory sigma factor, RpoS. No RpoS-mutant cells were culturable after 4 h of exposure to near-UV sunlight. These findings suggest that both UV-A and UV-B wavelengths cause damage to the bacterial cell and that the RpoS protein regulates protective measures for the leaf-associated pseudomonad.
A retrovirus similar to MMTV associated with human breast cancer

We investigated whether a retrovirus similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is implicated in human breast carcinogenesis. Using PCR and specific primers, a 660-bp sequence homologous to the env gene of MMTV was detected in 38% of the human breast cancers. This sequence was absent in normal tissues and other tumors [1]. Samples from several geographical locations have higher or lower frequencies. The MMTV-like sequence was expressed as RNA in most positive specimens [2]. The complete 9.9-kb proviral sequence of an MMTV-like agent has now been amplified and sequenced in two breast cancers. Structural features of this provirus suggest that it is replicative competent [3]. Primary cultures of env positive tumors show budding retroviral particles, and the supernatant particulate fractions show RT activity, presence of MMTV-like genes by RT-PCR and viral particles by electron microscopy [4]. Experiments to prove infectivity are in progress. Whether this virus is MMTV or a related human mammary tumor virus is not certain, or is it known how humans are infected. However, if a retrovirus is indeed involved in human breast carcinogenesis, then preventive strategies can be planned.
Enhanced CD8 T-cell anti-viral function and clinical disease in B7-H1-deficient mice requires CD4 T cells during encephalomyelitis

Background Anti-viral CD8 T-cell activity is enhanced and prolonged by CD4 T-cell-mediated help, but negatively regulated by inhibitory B7-H1 interactions. During viral encephalomyelitis, the absence of CD4 T cells decreases CD8 T cell activity and impedes viral control in the central nervous system (CNS). By contrast, the absence of B7-H1 enhances CD8 T-cell function and accelerates viral control, but increases morbidity. However, the relative contribution of CD4 T cells to CD8 function in the CNS, in the absence of B7-H1, remains unclear.
Discontinuities and Constructed Continuities in Virtual Work

Boundaries such as time, distance, organization, and culture have been a useful conceptual tool for researchers to unpack changes in the virtual work environment, moving from a dichotomous perspective that contrasts face-to-face (FTF) and virtual work to a more nuanced hybrid perspective. However, researchers may tacitly assume that all members of a virtual team and virtual teams collectively will respond to a boundary in a similar way. We posit instead that boundaries are a dynamic phenomenon and may have different consequences under different circumstances. We offer the language of discontinuities and continuities as a tool for more focused investigation of the virtual work environment. Discontinuities and continuities describe the setting in which individuals in a virtual team operate, both actual work practices and the perceptions of the individuals in the virtual work environment. The terms offer a starting point to identify and understand what may otherwise seem to be paradoxical differences in how virtual team members respond to boundaries.
Modeling and Control Framework to Ensure Intra-dispatch Regulation Reserves

An automated control framework for cost-effective intra-dispatch real-power balancing is proposed in this chapter. The control objective is to balance the sustained variations in wind power, resulting from nonzero mean energy offsets around the wind power’s forecast or scheduled value, between two consecutive dispatch actions. The proposed control is an automated function that will track intra-10 min supply-and-demand imbalances caused primarily by sustained wind ramps. The balancing objective is achieved by ramping the slow generation resources from their scheduled dispatch, thereby minimizing the need for fast regulation reserves.
Nuclear annihilation by antinucleons

We examine the momentum dependence of $\overline{p}p$ and $\overline{n}p$ annihilation cross sections by considering the transmission through a nuclear potential and the $\overline{p}p$ Coulomb interaction. Compared to the $\overline{n}p$ annihilation cross section, the $\overline{p}p$ annihilation cross section is significantly enhanced by the Coulomb interaction for projectile momenta below ${p}_{\mathrm{lab}}l500$ MeV/$c$, and the two annihilation cross sections approach the Pomeranchuk's equality limit [JETP Lett. 30, 423 (1956)] at ${p}_{\mathrm{lab}}\ensuremath{\sim}500$ MeV/$c$. Using these elementary cross sections as the basic input data, the extended Glauber model is employed to evaluate the annihilation cross sections for $\overline{n}$ and $\overline{p}$ interaction with nuclei and the results compare well with experimental data.
A Cost/benefit Approach to Postage used on Mail Questionnaires

This research was designed to reveal whether four postage alternatives resulted in differing response rates, responses to dependent variable questions, and/or elicited responses from different demo...