cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of intestinal solute load on water secretion in infants with acquired monosaccharide intolerance.

Summary The osmotic effect of unabsorbed glucose on intestinal secretion of water and electrolytes was investigated by jejunal perfusion in eight infants ranging from 2 to 17 months of age. All infants had or were recovering from acquired monosaccharide intolerance. Isocaloric solutions of glucose and glucose polymer containing 1% polyethylene glycol as a nonabsorbable marker were tested. The osmolalities of the glucose polymer solutions were '/s to % that of the glucose. No major differences were noted in carbohydrate absorption whereas mean water flux changed from secretion of 0.37 ml/min to absorption of 0.023 ml/min when glucose was replaced by glucose polymer. Sodium and potassium flux followed the same pattern. The results of this study indicate that the increased intestinal secretion in acquired monosaccharide intolerance may be a function of osmolar load in the presence of a reduced absorptive capacity. Swculation Formulas presently used to treat infants with absorptive disorders of the small bowel frequently include those which are elemental and have high osmolalities. This study implies that there is a need to further develop dietary products which are well absorbed but have a lower osmotic load. Acquired monosaccharide intolerance is a reversible clinical syndrome commonly seen in the first 6 months of infancy. This syndrome is initiated by acute diarrhea or surgical manipulation of the intestine and results in chronic acidic diarrhea, generalized malabsorption, and failure to thrive. It was first reported by Burke and Danks (1) in 1966 and further described by Lifshitz et al. (5) in 1970. The small intestinal mucosa in affected infants is characterized by atrophy or blunting of the villi causing a reduced mucosal absorptive surface which we previously reported (4) to be responsible for the malabsorption which is characterized by total carbohydrate intolerance. The oral ingestion of sugar results in a profound fermentative diarrhea with an acidic pH. In an attempt to enhance absorption, these infants are frequently treated with chemically defined formulas which contain glucose as the carbohydrate and amino acids as the protein source. These formulas have a very high osmolarity and are difficult to feed to infants with this syndrome without producing diarrhea. Even though it appears that the malabsorption of nutrients is the major stimulus for diarrhea in these infants, the osmolality of the feeding mixture may enhance the secretion of water into the intestinal lumen, worsening the symptom. The following study was designed to evaluate this phenomenon.
Estimation of temperatures beneath archaeological campfires using carbon stable isotope composition of soil organic matter

Abstract An Inceptisol and an Alfisol from Western Maryland were sampled by horizon and exposed to the elevated temperatures associated with heat transfer measured beneath campfires. Substantial loss in organic carbon and change in carbon stable isotope composition was observed, even after exposure to relatively low temperatures (200–400 °C). Analyses showed that a comparison of carbon isotope enrichment in organic matter beneath a suspected campfire site to that of unaltered soil would give quantitative information about the minimum effective campfire temperature. Application of these results may lead to particular insight for archaeological sites where soil surfaces have been eroded or otherwise truncated.
The rat with oxygen-induced retinopathy is myopic with low retinal dopamine.

Purpose. Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter implicated both in modulating neural retinal signals and in eye growth. Therefore, it may participate in the pathogenesis of the most common clinical sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), visual dysfunction and myopia. Paradoxically, in ROP myopia the eye is usually small. The eye of the rat with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is characterized by retinal dysfunction and short axial length. There have been several investigations of the early maturation of DA in rat retina, but little at older ages, and not in the OIR rat. Therefore, DA, retinal function, and refractive state were investigated in the OIR rat.
Quantification of the rat left ventricle force and Ca2+ -frequency relationships: similarities to dog and human.

Objective To measure and quantify the force-frequency (FFR) and Ca(2+)-frequency (CaFR) relationships in isolated rat left ventricular (LV) muscle at physiological heart rates and compare the obtained FFR to that measured in larger mammalian muscle from dog and human using the same experimental protocol. Methods Rat papillary muscle was isolated from the LV of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, and dog and human muscles were from free-wall LV biopsies, loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator Fura-2, allowed to recover from isolation trauma and then subjected to direct electrical stimulation while measuring force production and intracellular Ca(2+) transients. Results We obtained a positive FFR between 1 and 4 Hz that is qualitatively similar to that found in isolated LV epicardial muscle strips from dogs and humans with normal LV function. The FFR reflects the cytosolic Ca(2+) transients in amplitude. Isoproterenol yielded an enhancement in force, but flattening of the FFR, whereas cyclopiazonic acid caused depression of FFR amplitude without changing frequency-dependent shape. Conclusion We describe an experimental protocol that consistently yields positive FFRs in rat, dog and human LV muscle at stimulation rates between 1 and 4 Hz, without significant qualitative differences. We attribute previously observed negative FFR in rat muscle to an increase in SERCA activity early after excision and preparation of the muscle strips.
Grünbaum 4-arrangements on the 120-cell and the 600-cell

In 1971, Branko Grunbaum noted that the projectived-arrangements formed by including with the facet hyperplanes of a regular polytope in Ed some of its hyperplanes of mirror symmetry and possibly the hyperplane at infinity might be expected to be simplicial. In this paper we show that none of the 4-arrangements so associated with either the 120-cell or the 600-cell inE4 is simplicial.
Electron transfer properties of ReO(ECD)

Abstract The electron transfer properties of the complex, ReO(ECD), where H 2 ECD is N , N ′-1,2-ethylenediylbis- L -cysteine, diethyl ester, are reported. The results of this study will demonstrate that ReO(ECD) has an unusual reductive electron transfer mechanism, in that the addition of one electron to this complex results in the loss of H /sd from the ligand. This corresponds to the net loss of a proton (H + ) from the complex and hence the product of the reduction is the same as that obtained by the reaction of a base with ReO(ECD) to form [ReO(ECD)] − .
Evaluating Docking Methods for Prediction of Binding Affinities of Small Molecules to the G Protein βγ Subunits

Several studies have suggested that disrupting interactions of the G protein βγ subunits with downstream binding partners might be a valuable study for pharmaceutical development. Recently, small molecules have been found which bind to Gβγ with high apparent affinity in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have demonstrated selective inhibition of interactions of Gβγ with downstream signaling partners, and have been shown to increase antinociceptive effects of morphine and inhibit inflammation in vivo. In this paper we examine several docking and scoring protocols for estimating binding affinities for a set of 830 ligands from the NCI diversity set to the Gβ1γ2 subunit and compared these with IC50s measured in a competition ELISA with a high-affinity peptidic ligand. The best-performing docking protocol used a consensus score and ensemble docking and resulted in a 6-fold enrichment of high-affinity compounds in the top-ranked 5% of the ligand data set.
Feature-Based Induction.

A connectionist model of argument strength that applies to categorical arguments involving natural categories and predicates about which subjects have few prior beliefs is proposed. An example is robins have sesamoid bones, therefore falcons have sesamoid bones. The model is based on the hypothesis that argument strength is related to the proportion of the conclusion category′s features that are shared by the premise categories. The model assumes a two-stage process. First, premises are encoded by connecting the features of premise categories to the predicate. Second, conclusions are tested by examining the degree of activation of the predicate upon presentation of the features of the conclusion category. The model accounts for 13 qualitative phenomena and shows close quantitative fits to several sets of argument strength ratings.
CHOICE REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY DIFFERENCES

Summary.-Sixteen Ss made same-different choice reactions (CRT) to 10 pairs of pure tones differing from 10 to 100 H z (different) and 6 pairs of zero frequency difference (same). Results indicated that, based on the number of errors, the stimuli represented three different perceptual levels. The first level was assumed to represent items below S's level of discrimination, the second an inceraction of discriminability and dissimilarity and the third dissimilarity only. The CRTs for the items below S's discrimination level were lower than items representing an interaction between dissimilarity and discriminability. Thus, items missed most often were reacted to with CRTs less than what would be expected. Rate of information transmission in bits/seconds provided a single positive function of the logarithm of stimulus dissimilarity over the entire range of frequency difference values. Results of several studies have indicated that choice reaction time (CRT) varies directly with the similarity of stimulus alrernatives. Henmon (1906) found that as pure tones were nearer in frequency to a standard 500-Hz pure tone, CRT for judging whether the variable tone was higher or lower than the standard tone increased. Thurmond and Alluisi (1967) concluded on the basis of both error and CRT data, that CRT was not a continuous function of stimulus dissimilarity when comparing spots of light of different sizes. Rather, stimulus dissimilarity was bifurcated into two functions: one in which dissimilarity and discriminability interacted and the other which was a funccion of dissimilarity alone. The present investigation was performed to determine whether auditory stimuli vary directly with CRT as suggested by Henmon or dysjunctively as a
Relativistic second-order energy in infinite fermion matter

The second-order terms in the energy per unit volume or energy per particle in infinite fermion matter are calculated for scalar, vector, and pseudoscalar meson exchanges.
Researching the multiple murderer: A comprehensive bibliography of books on specific serial, mass, and spree killers

True crime books are a useful source for researching serial killers. Unfortunately, many of these books do not include the name of the killer in the title, making it difficult to find them in a literature search. To make researching serial killers easier, we have created a comprehensive bibliography of true crime books on specific multiple murderers. This was done by identifying the names of nearly 1,800 serial killers and running searches of their names through such sources as WorldCat, Amazon.com, Barnes and Noble, and crimelibrary.com. This listing was originally published in 2004 in the Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology and was last updated in August, 2012. An asterisk next to a killer’s name indicates that a timeline written by Radford University students is available on the Internet at http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial_killer_timelines.htm and an asterisk next to a book indicates that the book is available in the Radford University library. ______________________________________________________________________________________
Current Concepts In Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, Part II*

A variety of antifungal agents are available to treat serious fungal infections, and a number of antifungal agents are under development. With the increasing prevalence of mycotic infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, and with the emergence of drug resistance to these agents, there is an increased need to perform antifungal susceptibility testing to determine which of the available antifungal agents are likely to be effective therapeutically. Part I of this two-part article will address some of the major issues and concerns, as well as propose guidelines for performing yeast susceptibility testing. Part II of this article will focus on the issues related to the performance of susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi.
Cyclical economic fluctuations and oil consumption behaviour

Abstract This paper introduces a new methodology for analysing the short-term behaviour of demand for oil. The point of departure from the previous studies is the application of generally well-known property of economic time series that they can be decomposed into trend and cyclical components. Based on this idea, the short-term behaviour of oil consumption in the OECD countries as a whole is modelled to depend on a structural component, specified as a quadratic time trend, and a cyclical component related to the cyclical fluctuations of aggregate real output and to short-term fluctuations of the real price of oil. Using quarterly data over the period 1971–1981, the influences of these two components of oil consumption are measured and their relative quantitative dimensions established. It is shown that over the sample period 1971–1981, the cyclical component of oil consumption has closely corresponded to the business cycles in the OECD countries, and that the structural component has accounted for about 43% of the drop in 1979–1981 oil consumption.
Factors in faculty evaluation of medical students' performance.

Context Faculty members often use global rating scales as a method of assessing various characteristics of medical students' clinical performance. The purpose of this study was to determine if some performance characteristics are more highly associated with the overall faculty grade than others. Methods The clinical performance of 211 surgery clerkship students was evaluated by 2 or 3 faculty preceptors. Faculty rated students on 10 specific performance characteristics, using a 5-point scale. Faculty then assigned a numerical grade summarising the faculty's view of the student's performance. Reliability of the ratings was estimated by the intraclass correlation, and 1-way (analysis of variance) anova was used to test for differences among the students' mean ratings. Logistic regression was employed to determine the accuracy of each performance measure in predicting students' grades (A or B). Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine if there was a combination of performance characteristics that best predicted students' grades. Results The inter-rater reliabilities were low (≤ 0.33). Four of the 10 performance characteristics were each found to predict the assigned grade most accurately (80%). However, the least predictive characteristic achieved 75% accuracy. The stepwise logistic regressions indicated that combinations of 2 or 3 of the 10 performance characteristics increased prediction accuracy by ≤ 4%. Conclusions The rating on any single characteristic predicts a student's overall grade very accurately. Additional measures do not greatly increase the accuracy of prediction. Our results suggest that faculty make a relatively undifferentiated judgement in assigning student grades, and there is little to be gained by using multi-item forms in assessing medical students' clinical performance.
Testosterone Programs Adult Social Behavior before and during, But Not after, Adolescence

Whereas the adolescent brain is a major target for gonadal hormones, our understanding of hormonal influences on adolescent neural and behavioral development remains limited. These experiments investigated how variations in the timing of testosterone (T) exposure, relative to adolescence, alters the strength of steroid-sensitive neural circuits underlying social behavior in male Syrian hamsters. Experiment 1 simulated early, on-time, and late pubertal development by gonadectomizing males on postnatal d 10 and treating with SILASTIC brand T implants for 19 d before, during, or after adolescence. T treatment before or during, but not after, adolescence facilitated mating behavior in adulthood. In addition, preadolescent T treatments most effectively increased mating behavior overall, indicating that the timing of exposure to pubertal hormones contributes to individual differences in adult behavior. Experiment 2 examined the effects of preadolescent T treatment on behavior and brain regional volumes within t...
BF3 Adsorption on Stoichiometric and Oxygen-Deficient SnO2(110) Surfaces

BF 3 has been used as a probe of the basicity of surface oxygen anions on SnO 2 (110) surfaces. BF 3 interacts directly with surface lattice oxygen "base" sites on SnO 2 (110) and acts as a reasonable molecular chemisorption probe for the basicity of thermally stable three-coordinate O 2 - anions by forming a Lewis acid/base adduct with these particular surface oxygen anions. However, BF 3 reacts irreversibly with the more labile two-coordinate bridging oxygen on the stoichiometric surface, and no distinctive BF 3 desorption feature is observed in thermal desorption that can be used to provide a measure of the basicity of bridging oxygen anions. These results are indicative of an inherent limitation in the application of BF 3 thermal desorption measurements as a simple probe for the basicity of surface oxygen species of limited thermal stability. The presence of bridging oxygen on the stoichiometric surface does gives rise to gas-phase reaction products (HF and F 2 ) in thermal desorption that are not seen on the more oxygen-deficient surfaces. For all surfaces, some BF 3 dissociation is observed, which results in the slow build up of surface boron and fluoride during consecutive thermal desorption runs.
Robustness through prior knowledge: using explanation-based learning to distinguish handwritten Chinese characters

Handwritten Chinese character recognition is difficult due to the unstructured and noisy nature of its training examples. There are often too few training examples for a statistical learner like SVM to overcome the noise and extract useful information reliably. Existing prior domain knowledge represents a valuable source of information for classifying handwritten characters. Explanation-based learning (EBL) provides a way to incorporating prior domain knowledge into the learner. The dynamic bias formed by the interaction of domain knowledge with training examples can yield solution knowledge of potential higher quality. Two EBL approaches, one that uses a special feature kernel function in SVM, the other uses a conventional kernel for the SVM but provides additional preference in choosing the classification hyperplane, are reported.
Population Genetics, Dispersal, and Kinship Among Wild Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus macrodon): Preferential Association Between Closely Related Females and Its Implications for Insect Prey Capture Success

Little genetic information is available to evaluate hypotheses concerning the parameters that affect population genetic structure in primate taxa that exhibit interspecific variation in social systems, such as squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). Here, we used genetic data to assess dispersal patterns, kin structure, and preferential association with same-sex kin in a wild population of Saimiri sciureus macrodon. We also analyzed behavioral data to assess whether individuals that maintain shorter interindividual distances show increased insect foraging success. If there was greater male than female dispersal, then we expected mean pairwise relatedness, F ST values, and intragroup mean corrected assignment indices to be greater among adult females than among adult males. We also expected matrices of pairwise affinity indices (PAIs) for “association” (time spent ≤5 m) and “proximity” (time spent ≤10 m) among female dyads to positively correlate with a matrix of female pairwise relatedness. Not only did we find support for female philopatry, but we also found significant positive relationships between the relatedness matrix and each of the PAI matrices: females were more likely to be associated with (and proximal to) close female relatives than more distant relatives or unrelated individuals. Foraging analyses revealed that females had higher insect capture rates than males, and this sex difference may be related to a smaller mean interindividual distance among closely related female group members. Our result shows how estimates of genetic relatedness are useful for testing predictions regarding the evolution of sex-biased dispersal patterns, as well as potential relationships between kin-biased social behaviors and foraging success.
The Web as An Organizational Behavior Learning Medium

This article explores the suitability of the current online medium as an organizational behavior (OB) learning environment. Six differences between classroom and online medium are identified, concerning (a) the ways people communicate, (b) team dynamics, (c) access to Internet, (d) suitability for self-managed learning, (e) class diversity, and (f) ease in using computer-assisted learning. The impact of these differences when moving typical OB learning activities from the classroom to an online medium is discussed. The article concludes that although some activities may be better conducted in a face-to-face environment, most carry over well to an online medium, and for some areas, online may well be the medium of choice.
The Confluence Model and Six Divergent Data Sets: Comments on Zajonc and Bargh.

Abstract In a recent article, Zajonc and Bargh demonstrated the ability of the confluence model in simulating widely divergent patterns of family configuration—intelligence relationships observed in six national data sets. Variations in the parameter estimations between nationalities were found to coincide with meaningful differences in the psychological characteristics of the populations tested. A closer look at these parameter estimates, however, seems to warrant a second opinon. Extreme differences in intelligence levels are predicted between nations, including substantial retardation for some populations. In addition, the parameter values of Zajonc and Bargh do not allow mental growth functions consistent with previous confluence notions.
Creating a collaborative space to share data, visualization, and knowledge

Collaboration is an effective approach to problem solving. Most large-scale scientific investigations are highly interdisciplinary and collaborative, with project investigators often geographically distributed. For example, ITER [1] is a joint international research and development project that aims to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power. The partners in the project are distributed in more than ten countries, and it is imperative that they share their creations and findings since greater advances are only made with collective efforts. Similarly, I am participating in the U.S. Department of Energy's SciDAC (Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing) program [2], which sponsors a dozen high-profile science projects. Each of the project teams involves researchers from several different universities and national laboratories. Clearly, there is an explicit need to provide support for collaborative work. How can these researchers effectively share their data, problem solving strategies, and research findings without time and place constraint? The answer is web-based collaboratories, which have been created for many major science projects. However, most of these collaboratories are simply data repositories with web interfaces. For instance, users do not get to see the associations between data and users, which are as valuable as the data itself. These associations can be large and very complex, and thus hard to comprehend. Visualization can play a key role in both knowledge discovery and managing potentially complex and high-dimensional collaborative workspace. I have been thinking about how to address the need to support collaborative data analysis and visualization, and how to direct the visualization research community towards the development of such needed technologies. I am going to describe some of the ongoing efforts to facilitate sharing visualization resources that will provide the eventual support for the kind of collaborative workspace I have in mind.
Maximal matching stabilizes in time O( m )

Abstract On a network having m edges and n nodes, Hsu and Huang's self-stabilizing algorithm for maximal matching stabilizes in at most 2m+n moves.
Regularity and synchrony in motor proteins

We investigate the origin of the regularity and synchrony which have been observed in numerical experiments of two realistic models of molecular motors, namely Fisher–Kolomeisky’s model of myosin V for vesicle transport in cells and Duke’s model of myosin II for sarcomere shortening in muscle contraction. We show that there is a generic organizing principle behind the emergence of regular gait for a motor pulling a large cargo and synchrony of action of many motors pulling a single cargo. These results are surprising in that the models used are inherently stochastic, and yet they display regular behaviors in the parameter range relevant to experiments. Our results also show that these behaviors are not tied to the particular models used in these experiments, but rather are generic to a wide class of motor protein models.
Image contrast theory of electronic focus

The degree of focus of an image may be assessed by scanning a photo sensor through the image and evaluating its response. Equations for the accuracy of electronic focus by this method are developed. Taken into account are image illuminance, image frequency bandwidth, lens f number, detector size, detector velocity, and amplifier noise. Several numerical examples are worked out to show how to compute the minimum scene luminance required for accurate focus together with the focusing error which results. Pinholes, slits, and arrays of slits are analyzed. It is shown that focusing sensitivity increases as the square root of the slit length provided that the noise remains constant. For arrays, focusing sensitivity increases as the number of elements provided that a narrowband filter can be used whose Q is equal to the number of elements; otherwise, focusing sensitivity increases as the square root of the number of elements, still assuming that the noise remains constant.
Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves II. The rate of absorption

Termination or closure of intestinal permeability to colostral immunoglobulins in the calf occurs spontaneously with age at a progressively increased rate after 12 h postpartum. Following a normal distribution, mean closure occurred near 24 h postpartum when the calves were not fed. Feeding colostrum shortly after birth resulted in earlier cessation of absorption. The amount of colostrum fed had no influence on closure. A quadratic response surface analysis of starting time on closure showed a significant linear response in all immunoglobulin classes, indicating that as colostrum feeding is delayed, cessation also is delayed up to the time of spontaneous closure. Differences in closure time for the three immunoglobulin classes were not significant.
Specific sequences downstream from -6 are not essential for proper and efficient in vitro utilization of the Escherichia coli lactose promoter.

A series of deletion mutants of the wild-type Escherichia coli lactose promoter, with endpoints at +25, +19, +14, +1 and −6 (relative to the start of transcription at +1), was constructed and the deleted DNA replaced with non-lac DNA. These mutants were used to show that no specific DNA sequences downstream from −6 are required for efficient promoter utilization in vitro. In all cases transcription is dependent on the presence of the catabolite activator protein (CAP) and cAMP, and begins at +1 at a level indistinguishable from that at the wild-type promoter. A set of lac DNA fragments deleted to −6 was constructed, having an A, C, G or T residue at +1 and heterologous DNA downstream. These synthetic promoters allow systematic testing of the effect of the initiating nucleotide on the transcription process. Again, transcription occurs mainly from +1, at a level similar to the normal wild-type level. No substantial differences between these promoters are observed in the rates of formation of stable complexes, in the degree of complex formation, in the rate at which polymerase “escapes” from the complex or in abortive transcription products. Equivalent results are seen with a related set of constructs based on the CAP-insensitive lac UV5 promoter. Thus, lac promoter sequences including consensus hexamers at −10 and −35, plus the spacer region between them, provide specificity and efficiency both in initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase and in CAP-polymerase interactions. A question as to whether there is a third RNA polymerase binding site at lac, in addition to the known overlapping P1 and P2 regions, was not unambiguously answered. However, if a “P3” site does exist, it must lie between P1 and P2. Alternatively, the variety of polymerase interactions at wild-type lac may reflect different structural states of the enzyme. The results presented here indicate that DNA downstream from −6 plays little part in determining the conformation of the enzyme at the lactose promoter.
III-V Junctionless Gate-All-Around Nanowire MOSFETs for High Linearity Low Power Applications

III-V junctionless gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire MOSFETs (NWFETs) are experimentally demonstrated for the first time. Source/drain resistance and thermal budget are minimized by regrowth using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition instead of implantation. The fabricated short channel (Lg=80 nm) GaAs GAA NWFETs with extremely scaled NW width (WNW=9 nm) exhibit excellent gm linearity at biases as low as 300 mV, characterized by the high third intercept point (2.6 dbm). The high linearity is insensitive to the bias conditions, which is favorable for low power applications.
Taming Prophetic Religion? Faith-Based Activism and Welfare Provision

This article examines the current debate in the United States (primarily) and Britain regarding government-funded social service provision via faith-based institutions. By highlighting the tension between the 'priestly' and 'prophetic' roles of public religion, it argues for the critical importance of protecting religion's prophetic role even as society moves toward more extensive public financing of priestly social service provision. The article first outlines contemporary prophetic religion in the United States, especially faith-based community organizing (also known as broad-based community organizing) efforts, emphasizing three facets of the field: its scale, its role in building social capital, the issues it has addressed. Secondly, the article argues that, despite the narrow partisan tenor of recent faith-based social service provision in the US, it may have redeeming features that new leaders will want to preserve. However, H. R. Niebuhr's (1951) analysis of the relationship between religion and culture is invoked to characterize four key tensions between priestly and prophetic religion that may be exacerbated by governmental funding. The conclusion outlines several approaches through which practitioners, policymakers, the press, and scholars can help society maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of such funding.
Predicting the intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steels

Abstract The precise environmental conditions necessary for the intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steels have been determined by potentiostatic methods. Intergranular corrosion of sensitized 18 Cr-8 Ni stainless steel only occurs in limited potential regions. These results have been used to develop a new method for rapidly predicting the intergranular corrosion tendencies of the steels in various sulphuric acid environments. It is also shown that sensitized stainless steels may be used in many media without the occurrence of intergranular attack.
Dobutamine echocardiography for Determining Myocardial Viability after Reperfusion: Experimental and Clinical Observations

Dobutamine echocardiography is being used increasingly to assess the presence of viable myocardium after reperfusion therapy in patients with myocardial infarction. This review places emphasis on results of experimental and pertinent clinical studies in order to provide an understanding of the physiologic basis for using this modality for detecting viable myocardium. It is hoped that an understanding of these principles will allow a more meaningful interpretation of test results in different clinical situations.
Differential Item Functioning of the Symptoms of Major Depression by Race and Ethnicity: An Item Response Theory Analysis

This study examines the psychometric properties, and particularly differential item functioning (DIF) due to racial and ethnic group, of the criteria for a major depressive episode using a large sample (N = 1,063) of outpatients seeking treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. DIF was evaluated using multiple group confirmatory factor analysis. Item thresholds fell along a continuum with the core features of depressed mood and anhedonia, along with fatigue, being endorsed at lower levels of depression, and change in appetite and suicidal ideation endorsed at more severe levels of depression. Item discriminations, reflecting an item’s ability to discriminate between lower and higher levels of depression, were highest for depressed mood and anhedonia, and lowest for change in appetite and suicidal ideation. When examining model fit among the racial groups we did not find differences in symptom functioning, providing support for the use of these symptoms across diverse groups. This is of particular importance given the paucity of studies examining this question using a semi-structured clinician administered instrument to a clinical sample.
A rough hard-sphere model for the thermal conductivity of molten salts

A new model based on the rough hard-sphere theory is proposed for the correlation and prediction of the thermal conductivity of molten salts. The model is capable of predicting the thermal conductivity of all the members of a family of molten salts characterized by a common anion if the behavior of any single member of the family of salts is known. Only the molar volumes of the molten salt and the solid salt at the melting temperature are required in the calculations. In addition, the model is easily extended to mixtures with a simple mixing rule.
Status Inequality in a Religious Community: The Case of a Trappist Monastery

Through an analysis of the status structure of a Trappist monastery, an attempt is made to fill a gap in the literature on intentional communities, both religious and secular. On the basis of field notes based on 26 weeks of observation and questionnaire data it was discovered that despite an extremely egalitarian ideology and absolute material equality, a clearly discernible system of status ranking exists. This ranking was found not to be positively correlated with the monk's status as priest or brother, his job within the economic enterprise, or the socioeconomic status of his family of origin. Positive correlations were found with seniority and the holding of a superior office (e.g., abbot). The question whether high status or holding superior office has caused priority, and the implications of the findings for the existence of status stratification within monasteries and other intentional communities are discussed.
Genetic Control of Albinism in Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.)

Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) is a diploid (2n = 2x = 16) perennial aquaphyte. Preliminary studies revealed that a group of nonalbino pickerelweed plants maintained for breeding and inheritance studies regularly produced albino seedlings. The objective of this experiment was to determine the number of loci, number of alleles, and gene action controlling albinism in pickerelweed. Five nonalbino parental lines were used in this experiment to create S(1) and F(1) populations. F(2) populations were produced through self-pollination of F(1) plants. Evaluation of S(1), F(1), and F(2) generations allowed us to identify a single diallelic locus controlling albinism in these populations of pickerelweed, with albinism completely recessive to normal green leaf production. We propose that this locus be named albino with alleles A and a.
The efficiency of progesterone vaginal gel versus intramuscular progesterone for luteal phase supplementation in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles: a prospective clinical trial

We compared the efficiency of progesterone vaginal gel (PVG) with intramuscular progesterone (IMP) supplementation for luteal phase support after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist cycles. The treatment outcomes were similar for PVG and IMP for luteal support in GnRH-antagonist protocols. With its ease of use, high tolerability by patients, and fewer side effects, PVG can be a successful alternative to IMP.
Analysis of an array of line sources above a finite ground plane

A simplified analysis which gives insight into and physical interpretation on the radiation mechanism of an array of line sources above a finite ground plane is presented. Computations have been restricted to an array of two line sources since data are available for comparison. Results on the variation of the maximum field intensity, the angle of maximum field intensity, and the field intensity at the axis of the counterpoise as functions of the size of the ground plane are presented. Variations of the maximum field intensity and the angle of maximum field intensity as functions of the distance of the source above the ground plane are also illustrated. These data become very important in the design of antennas for aircraft navigation taking into account the presence of the finite counterpoise which otherwise could lead to erroneous designs.
Gestational Methylazoxymethanol Exposure Leads to NMDAR Dysfunction in Hippocampus During Early Development and Lasting Deficits in Learning

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has long been associated with learning and memory processes as well as diseased states, particularly in schizophrenia (SZ). Additionally, SZ is increasingly recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive impairments often preceding the onset of psychosis. However, the cause of these cognitive deficits and what initiates the pathological process is unknown. Growing evidence has implicated the glutamate system and, in particular, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction in the pathophysiology of SZ. Yet, the vast majority of SZ-related research has focused on NMDAR function in adults leaving the role of NMDARs during development uncharacterized. We used the prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM, E17) exposure model to determine the alterations of NMDAR protein levels and function, as well as associated cognitive deficits during development. We found that MAM-exposed animals have significantly altered NMDAR protein levels and function in the juvenile and adolescent hippocampus. Furthermore, these changes are associated with learning and memory deficits in the Morris Water Maze. Thus, in the prenatal MAM-exposure SZ model, NMDAR expression and function is altered during the critical period of hippocampal development. These changes may be involved in disease initiation and cognitive impairment in the early stage of SZ.
Understanding Social Work in the History of Ideas

Objectives:The purpose of this article is to present a theoretical frame of reference for the study and assessment of social work from the perspective of a history of ideas.Method:The study employed an analysis of primary and secondary historical sources.Results:Social work as a practice and research field is embedded in the genesis of modern social science as developed by the Scottish School of thinking, and organized practice for the betterment of life conditions of individuals, groups, and communities.Conclusion:The history of ideas of social work provides a theoretical frame of reference for identifying the historical roots of social work, defining its core as well as professional and research territory relative to other professions and disciplines, and placing evidence-based social work practice in a historical context.
High expression reduces an antibody response after neonatal gene therapy with B domain-deleted human factor VIII in mice

Summary. Background: Gene therapy could prevent bleeding in patients with hemophilia A, but might induce antibodies that block factor VIII (FVIII) function. Objectives: To test the efficacy of gene therapy in the newborn period for preventing a response to human FVIII (hFVIII) because of immaturity of the immune system. Methods:Varying doses of a retroviral vector (RV) expressing a B domain-deleted hFVIII cDNA were injected i.v. into newborn hemophilia A C57BL/6 or normal C3H mice. Mice were evaluated for hFVIII expression, hemostasis, and development of anti-hFVIII antibodies with inhibitory activity. Results and conclusions:Injection of a high RV dose [10 10 transducing units (TU) kg )1 ] into newborn hemophilia A or C3H mice resulted in 61% and 13% of normal hFVIII antigen in plasma, respectively; most mice did not produce anti-hFVIII antibodies, and hemophilia A mice did not bleed. Furthermore, most mice with >20 ng mL )1 of hFVIII in plasma (10% normal, 1 · 10 )10 M) were tolerant to hFVIII, as an antibody response was markedly reduced after challenge with hFVIII with or without adjuvant. However, most RVtreated animals with lower antigen levels developed antibodies before or after challenge. Thus, initiation of a gene therapy trial with low RV doses might increase inhibitor formation. Furthermore, frequent hFVIII infusions in newborns with hemophilia A might reduce inhibitor formation. Finally, difficulties in achieving tolerance after gene therapy for hemophilia A as compared to hemophilia B may relate to lower expression of FVIII than FIX, as high antigen levels are most effective at inducing tolerance.
Quality of Dough and Bread Prepared with Sea Salt or Sodium Chloride

Bread is commonly prepared with salt and, currently, high sodium intake is being regulated because of its negative health effects. Hence, low-sodium sea salt was investigated as a sodium reduction strategy for bread formulation. Various levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sea salt were used in a bread formulation. NaCl reduced water absorption of the dough as compared with sea salt. Resistance to extension decreased with the use of sea salt; however, extensibility was higher when compared with bread prepared with NaCl. Loaf volume decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in bread with NaCl. Also, crust color became darker with the increase of sea salt, most likely because of the presence of metal ions (potassium and magnesium) in sea salt. Free sugar content in whole bread, crumb and crust portions were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in breads prepared with sea salt than those prepared with NaCl. Overall, sea salt did not affect bread-making quality, but bread with 0.5% sea salt presented the best quality parameters. These results encourage us to investigate the effects of potassium and magnesium present in sea salt on the structure of gluten proteins, starch behavior and development of color through Maillard reactions. Practical Applications High sodium intake is a major health concern. However, elimination or replacement of sodium has considerable effects on the organoleptic and functional properties of bakery products. Salt is a key ingredient in bread baking and these implications must be taken into consideration when reformulating for sodium reduction. This study evaluates the functional effects of a low-sodium sea salt for use in bread.
Threats to rural surgery.

Abstract Background Rural surgery is a subject that often is discussed but little has been done to address the problems of rural surgery. With a decreased interest in broad-based general surgery, an aging population (especially in rural America), an aging population of general surgeons who are retiring early, surgical care in rural North America is approaching a crisis. Methods An internet search was performed to analyze the problems in rural surgery. Also, the experience of a 90-bed rural hospital in south central Kentucky was analyzed. Results Approximately 17% to 25% of the population in America (55 million) live in a rural environment, depending on the way rural is defined. Rural general surgeons may become an endangered species because of multiple factors, including: lack of broad-based training, increased specialization, lifestyle issues, decreased interest in surgery, increased technology, aging rural surgeons, increased workload for the general surgeon, decreased reimbursement, increased expenses, increased expectations of the general public, and increased malpractice costs. Solutions include programs dedicated to training rural surgeons, networking with university tertiary care hospitals, equal pay for work performed regardless of the location, regionalization of rural surgery centers with multiple surgeons so the lifestyle issues can be addressed. Conclusions There is an increasing need for broad-based general surgeons in rural America. Training programs need to address the problem by offering dedicated training programs that should include primary training in general surgery and fellowships for special needs. A new specialty in rural general surgery needs to be created.
The Utility of Very High Spatial Resolution Images to Identify Urban Objects

Abstract With the diversity of new digital geographic information products and in particular the near future Very High Spatial Resolution images (1 to 5m), an evaluation of the capacity of these new data source is necessary in the framework of urban studies. This article aims at assessing the utility of VHSR sensors to provide reliable and useful information for the end‐users (city councils, urban community, county) in urban planning, monitoring and management. The capacity of this new source of information to answer to the end‐users needs have to be investigated. In fact, which type of end‐users must these resolution satisfy, what are the potential applications of these images, what are the characteristics of the information required and finally what type of extraction methods are efficient? An analysis of the capacities of these new sensor to extract urban objects have been carried out for different resolutions and with several extraction methods. This analysis allows on the one hand to define a “Minima...