cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of tumor volume changes during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose Dose escalation for lung cancer is limited by normal tissue toxicity. We evaluated sequential computed tomography (CT) scans to assess the possibility of adaptively reducing treatment volumes by quantifying the tumor volume reduction occurring during a course of radiotherapy (RT). Methods and Materials A total of 22 patients underwent RT for Stage I-III non–small-cell lung cancer with conventional fractionation; 15 received concurrent chemotherapy. Two repeat CT scans were performed at a nominal dose of 30 Gy and 50 Gy. Respiration-correlated four-dimensional CT scans were used for evaluation of respiratory effects in 17 patients. The gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated on simulation and all individual phases of the repeat CT scans. Parenchymal tumor was evaluated unless the nodal volume was larger or was the primary. Subsequent image sets were spatially co-registered with the simulation data for evaluation. Results The median GTV reduction was 24.7% (range, −0.3% to 61.7%; p 100 cm 3 vs. 3 , and hilar and/or mediastinal involvement vs. purely parenchymal or pleural lesions. A tendency toward a greater volume reduction with increasing dose was seen, although this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion The results of this study have demonstrated significant alterations in the GTV seen on repeat CT scans during RT. These observations raise the possibility of using an adaptive approach toward RT of non–small-cell lung cancer to minimize the dose to normal structures and more safely increase the dose directed at the target tissues.
Geometry and migration characteristics of bedforms under waves and currents. Part 1: Sandwave morphodynamics

Abstract In this paper the geometric and migration characteristics of sandwaves generated under the combined effect of waves and currents are described. Description and analysis of the flow structure along the centerline of developed sandwaves are also presented. The velocity distribution along the sandwave is used to explain, in part, the size and shape characteristics of the ripples superimposed upon the sandwaves (as discussed in the companion paper [Catano-Lopera, Y. and Garcia, M.H., in press. Geometry and migration characteristics of bedforms under waves and currents: Part 2, Ripples superimposed upon sandwaves. Coastal Engineering ( doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.03.008 ).]). Variation in roughness height along the considered bed feature is also discussed for a particular experiment. Velocity measurements within the fluid were recorded with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). An acoustic level sensor was employed to determine surface wave characteristics such as amplitude and period. 3D mapping of the bottom was done via a 32-composite-element array of sub-aquatic acoustic sensors (SeaTek-Multiple Transducer arrays). Bottom records were statistically analyzed to obtain height, length, migration rates of ripples and sandwaves and vertical growth rate of sandwaves. Experiments were conducted for the mobility factor and the Reynolds wave number within the ranges 10
Altruism and compassion in the health professions: a search for clarity and precision

This article presents a conceptual model of altruism grounded in compassion in the health professions. The intent is to bring order out of the current conceptual chaos about the meaning and practical operation of these constructs. The theory-based model proposes that altruism is expressed as overt behavior in specific situations that vary in levels of intensity. It assumes that altruism is not a broad-based, cross-situational personal trait; that altruism can be measured objectively; and that altruism can be increased via education, practice and reinforcement. The article concludes by demonstrating the progression from formation of a theory-based conceptual model, development of objective measures, performing systematic research and accumulating an orderly and consensual body of knowledge about altruism grounded in compassion in the health professions.
Improving the usefulness of molecular similarity-based chemical prioritization strategies

Quantitative molecular similarity analysis (QMSA) is a seemingly useful tool for estimating environmental properties for the hundreds of emerging contaminants that have not yet been fully evaluated. Moreover, calibrated QMSA models are also useful for prioritizing research among currently unmeasured chemicals of interest. Previous work has demonstrated that prioritization based on molecular 'representativeness', as parameterized using summed Euclidean distances in n dimensions corresponding to n molecular descriptors, improves the prediction accuracy of QMSA models compared to random selection of compounds to be measured. In this study, we use two datasets of environmental parameters (i.e. in vitro oestrogenicity and sorption distribution coefficient Kd ) to demonstrate that maximizing representativeness alone cannot deliver optimal improvement in prediction accuracy if many of the chemicals that have already been measured are themselves highly representative. Thus, proper QMSA-based prioritization among unmeasured chemicals constitutes a balance between maximizing representativeness and minimizing redundancy. It is demonstrated that redundancy considerations are especially critical for highly heterogeneous datasets, and some discussion about achieving a proper balance between the two prioritization criteria is presented.
Theorems on power, mean and RMS values of uniformly sampled periodic signals

It is shown that previously published theorems on uniform sampling of signals need modification. Modified theorems are stated and proved. General theorems for exact power evaluation and for the minimum number of samples are stated and proved. A simplified version of the latter theorem, which is useful in practical situations, is restated. Finally, conditions for equal mean and RMS values of sampled and unsampled sinusoidal signals are stated in the form of a theorem followed by a proof.
Inflicted submersion in childhood.

Objective: To improve characterization and recognition of inflicted pediatric submersions. Design: Retrospective case series, records review. Setting: A regional children's hospital and the King County (Washington) Medical Examiner's office. Patients: Children younger than 19 years who sustained submersion injury between 1983 and 1991 and were hospitalized or autopsied. Outcome Measures: Two pediatricians, using preestablished criteria, categorized abstracted case scenarios as either inflicted or unintentional events. The two groups were compared. Results: Of 205 submersions, 16 (8%) were judged to have been inflicted. Objective physical signs of abuse and incompatibilities between the history and the child's stage of development or physical findings were common (69% and 50%, respectively). Inflicted submersion victims were likely to be young (median age, 2.1 years). They tended to be the youngest sibling in a large (three or more children) household. Social and demographic attributes of inflicted and unintentional submersion victims did not differ significantly. Bathtubs were the most common site for inflicted submersions (9/16 [56%]), and submersions in bathtubs were frequently inflicted (9/34 [26%]). Compared with unintentional submersion victims, children who were inflicted submersion victims were less likely to be revived by bystanders (relative risk, 0.10; confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.72) and were more likely to die (relative risk, 4.32; confidence interval, 1.40 to 21.43). Conclusions: Enough childhood submersions are inflicted to warrant careful case evaluation. Bathtub submersion victims and children with physical and historical findings common to other forms of abuse are most likely to be the victims of inflicted submersion. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:298-303)
Excited-State Processes in Polycyclic Quinones: The Light-Induced Antiviral Agent, Hypocrellin, and a Comparison with Hypericin

Hypocrellin is a naturally occurring perylene quinone that possesses light-induced antiviral activity, most notably against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as does the related molecule, hypericin. White-light continuum is employed to examine the excited-state processes in hypocrellin from the picosecond to the nanosecond time scales. These processes are assigned to intramolecular proton transfer, intersystem crossing, and interconversion between different conformations of hypocrellin, which is constrained to be nonplanar in its ground-state owing to its bulky side chains. The ground state of hypocrellin is suggested to be heterogeneous and to be comprised of an equilibrium between at least two tautomeric forms. The results are discussed in terms of the properties of hypericin, which bears marked similarities and differences with respect to hypocrellin, both in terms of its excited-state properties as well as its mode of induced antiviral activity.
Sensitive structures that retain stiffness by incorporating finite-length measurement paths

Frequently in designing a structure to incorporate integrated sensors the stiffness of the system is sacrificed to improve sensitivity. By incorporating finite length measurement paths that tessellate throughout the volume of a structure, a measurement's sensitivity can be optimized while retaining structural rigidity. Thus the transducer element can be utilized as a critical load-bearing structure. Within the framework of linear elastostatics, the normal, transverse, and shear components of strain along a path can be integrated over a finite length to separate and yield external loading components. These measurements over a long distance accommodate the use of fiber- optic displacement sensors. The use of interferometric sensors in contrast with electrical strain gauges allows the precision and range of the component measurements to scale with the geometry of the device rather than the maximum strain in the structure. It becomes possible by virtue of these scaling properties to construct a stiff yet sensitive device. The design of stiff structures that measure all six resultant-load-components using both piezo-resistive and interferometric sensors is described. An advanced torsion sensor and a linear acceleration transducer are also discussed. In addition, invariant paths have been found that allow the in-situ integrity of a structural volume to be monitored with a single pair of displacement sensors. Finally, practical considerations in the design of finite length sensor path transducers are noted.
Determinants of Grievance Activity and the Grievance System's Impact on Employee Behavior:An Integrative Perspective

Research on the grievance system has focused on one of two questions: why do employees file grievances or what is the impact that the grievance system has on employee behavior? This article presents a conceptual framework that integrates perspectives of both questions. Attention also is given to the degree to which research supports the framework's components. Implications for theory and research are suggested.
Titanium with aligned, elongated pores for orthopedic tissue engineering applications

Porous titanium with elongated and aligned pores, mimicking the anisotropic structure of bone, was created by solid-state expansion of argon trapped in elongated pores between titanium wires. Both elastic moduli and yield strengths are larger in the longitudinal direction (E = 51 GPa, sigma y = 338 MPa) than in the transverse direction (E = 41 GPa, sigma y = 267 MPa). Finite-element analysis of simplified anisotropic structures provides insight into the local micromechanical behavior of these porous materials, evaluating elastic modulus, resistance to plastic deformation, and localized stress concentrations which may be experienced under biological loading. Preliminary in vitro cell culture studies further demonstrate the influence of the elongated porous microstructure on osteoblast colonization behavior. These studies suggest that as an optimized material, titanium with aligned, elongated pores is promising for applications in orthopedic tissue engineering, as it combines high strength, toughness, and biocompatibility of titanium with the reduced stiffness and open porosity suitable for mechanical integration with bone tissue produced by aligned pores.
1354 THE RELATIVE EFFICACY OF AN INCUBATOR AND AN OPEN WARMER IN PRODUCING THERMONEUTRALITY IN SMALL PREMATURES

Other studies comparing oxygen consumption (VO2) in open radiant warmers (RW) and convectively heated incubators (I) demonstrated a trend toward lower VO2 in the I. This study using a larger group of babies documents that the trend represents a significant difference and an RW is less able than an I to produce a neutral thermal environment for premature infants. The VO2 of 16 babies less than 1500 gm were measured in I and under RW. Both warming systems (WS) were set to maintain skin temp near 36° (skin temp I 36.04±.03 SE, RW 35.99±.01 SE, p= NS). The skin temp probe was shielded from IR radiation. Babies had a mean weight of 1340 gm (1000-1490 gm), mean age of 22 d (6-49 d) and mean post conceptional age of 34 wks (29-40 wks) when studied. VO2 was measured during a period of non-rem sleep on each baby after at least an hour in each of the two WS-order randomized. There were no significant differences in rectal temp (I=36.9±.1°, RW=36.9±.1°), face temp, mean skin temp (weighted average of 9 skin temps), or time since fed. Air temp (I=33.4±.4, RW=27.9±.3, p<.001), foot temp (I=35.2±.2, RW=33.6±.4, p<.001) and humidity (I=75±2, RW= 55±2, p<.001) were lower in the RW. Mean VO2 (ml/kg/min ± SE) was 6.84±.37 for the I and 7.45±.44 for the RW (p<.02 by two tailed t test). The radiant warmer was less able to induce a minimal metabolic rate than the incubator. Thus if thermoneutrality is required in small premature infants, open radiant warmers should not be used.
Final Wisdom I

Final Wisdom I is an interactive installation where participants shape their experience with a work of visual and sonic poetry by means of gesture, touch, and proximity. The work is engaged through an interactive software framework that provides an interface to the physical world through objects reacting to touch, sound, and pressure, presenting viewers with a shifting environment of media as they navigate and shape their experience with a work of spatialized poetry. Final Wisdom I is the work of artists Hans Breder and John Fillwalk, with poetry by Donald Kuspit, music by Carlos Cuellar Brown, and programmer Jesse Allison.
How age, outcome severity, and scale influence general medicine clinic patients' interpretations of verbal probability terms.

Objective: To assess whether the type of scale used (scaling effects) and the severity of outcome (outcome severity) influence patients’ numerical interpretations of verbal probability expressions.
Effect of aspect ratio on laminar heat transfer behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid in an electronics coldplate

Abstract The present note delineates the effect of duct aspect ratio on the heat transfer characteristics for laminar forced convection of inelastic non-Newtonian fluids in a nonuniformly heated rectangular duct, which is an integral part of an electronics coldplate, where the flow is hydrodynamically developed but thermally developing as often encountered in coldplates used in the cooling of phased array radar. The governing equations are solved by a finite volume method. The effects of shear thinning, given by the Carreau equation, and the viscous dissipation, characterized by the Brinkman number, are examined via the the friction factor, the Nusselt number, and the bulk fluid temperature for duct aspect ratios ranging from 1. to 0.2. The results indicate that when viscous dissipation is present, the heat transfer from the heated surface of the duct is not significantly increased as the aspect ratio decrease (i.e., the area of heat transfer increases); however, with a decreasing duct aspect ratio the rate of increase of the bulk fluid temperature with axial distance is significant. Also, the product of the Fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number will not be significantly increased with decreasing aspect ratio for a shear thinning fluid. Consequently, the use of a duct aspect ratio near 1 will provide the best overall design for cooling ducts used in electronics coldplate heat removal systems when the flow is hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing.
The importance of cloud drop representation on cloud photochemistry

Because the acidity of the drop varies with cloud drop size, the concentration of species whose dissolution or whose aqueous reactions depend on the pH of the drop may also depend on the manner the cloud drop size distribution is represented in the cloud model. Cloud parcel model simulations coupled with gas and aqueous-phase chemistry are performed to assess the importance of the cloud drop size distribution on aqueous photochemical species. This study focuses on sulfate, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, formaldehyde, and formic acid because these species concentrations can be dependent on the pH of the cloud drops. In one set of simulations the cloud drop size distribution is represented explicitly, that is, sectioned into sizes using the bin method. In a second set of simulations, the cloud drop size distribution is represented by a single-sized drop with radius = 10 μm, which is a common assumption in cloud physics models. The cloud parcel model simulations are computed with and without the coalescence process. Simulations without coalescence show that predicted formaldehyde and formic acid mixing ratios are affected by the cloud drop size distribution particularly in average background aerosol concentrations. Effects on other species are small. Results from simulations that included the coalescence process (resulting in a broader cloud drop size distribution) have similar results as the no coalescence simulations. Due to entrainment and turbulence processes, cloud water size distributions measured in clouds are generally broader than those modeled in this study. Thus, the effect of these processes on cloud photochemistry needs to still be assessed.
NEUTRON PRODUCTION IN A HIGH-POWER PINCH APPARATUS

Neutrons produced in a pinched discharge in deuterium in the LASL device, the Columbus II, are reported on. This device is designed to operate above 60 kv, but the neutrons and the characteristic voltage or current fluctuations which identify the discharge disappear above 55 kv. The dependence of neutron yield on applied magnetic field, He contamination, gas pressure and voltage, as well as the long neutron pulse-duration, suggests a mechanism of neutron production different from the usual instability process. However, it is clear from the anistropy in the neutron energy spectrum at 200-gauss axial magnetic field that directed motion of the reacting deuteron system exists. (M.H.R.)
Elastic constants and internal friction of martensitic steel, ferritic-pearlitic steel, and α-iron

Abstract The elastic constants and internal friction of induction hardened and unhardened SAE 1050 plain-carbon steel at ambient temperatures were determined by resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy. The hardened specimen contained only martensite and the unhardened specimen was ferrite-pearlite. Using an inverse Ritz algorithm with assumed orthorhombic symmetry, all nine independent elastic-stiffness coefficients were determined, and, from the resonance peak widths, all nine components of the internal-friction tensor were determined. Similar measurements and analysis on monocrystalline α-iron were performed. The steel has slight elastic anisotropy, and the isotropically approximated elastic moduli were lower in the martensite than in ferrite-pearlite: shear modulus by 3.6%, bulk modulus by 1.2%, Young modulus by 3.2%, and Poisson ratio by 1.5%. Isotropically approximated elastic moduli of α-iron were 0.6–1.3% higher than ferrite-pearlite. All components of the internal-friction in martensite were higher than those of ferrite-pearlite, but lower than those of α-iron.
Optical rotatory dispersion of the peptide antibiotic stendomycin: the architecture of microbial peptides.

A STUDY of the peptide antibiotic stendomycin1 resulted in the tentative formula2 where FA stands for fatty acids (isomyristic acid, isotridecanoic acid and their lower homologues), NMeThr is N-methyl-L-threonine, Δ-But is dehydrobutyrine, a is allo, and “B” is
Moment inference from tomograms

[1] Time-lapse geophysical tomography can provide valuable qualitative insights into hydrologic transport phenomena associated with aquifer dynamics, tracer experiments, and engineered remediation. Increasingly, tomograms are used to infer the spatial and/or temporal moments of solute plumes; these moments provide quantitative information about transport processes (e.g., advection, dispersion, and rate-limited mass transfer) and controlling parameters (e.g., permeability, dispersivity, and rate coefficients). The reliability of moments calculated from tomograms is, however, poorly understood because classic approaches to image appraisal (e.g., the model resolution matrix) are not directly applicable to moment inference. Here, we present a semi-analytical approach to construct a moment resolution matrix based on (1) the classic model resolution matrix and (2) image reconstruction from orthogonal moments. Numerical results for radar and electrical-resistivity imaging of solute plumes demonstrate that moment values calculated from tomograms depend strongly on plume location within the tomogram, survey geometry, regularization criteria, and measurement error.
Genetic differentiation among coastal and offshore common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the eastern North Pacific Ocean

Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, often occurring as distinct coastal and offshore ecotypes. Along the west coast of the United States, two stocks are recognized for management based on morphological and photo-identification studies: a California coastal stock, estimated at 450–500 individuals, and a California/Oregon/Washington offshore stock of about 1,000 animals. This study is the first to analyze genetic differentiation between these stocks. We examined both the hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and fifteen microsatellite markers for coastal (n = 64) and offshore (n = 69) dolphins. Significant genetic differentiation was found between the two stocks for mtDNA (ΦST = 0.30, P < 0.001; FST = 0.14, P < 0.001) and microsatellite loci (FST = 0.19, P < 0.001). Coastal dolphins had less genetic diversity than offshore dolphins. Further substructuring within the offshore stock was not detected. The level of genetic differentiation between the coastal and offshore dolphins is consistent with long-term separation and reinforces recognizing them as separate stocks. These findings are particularly important for management of the smaller, less genetically diverse, coastal stock that is vulnerable to a variety of anthropogenic threats.
Mobile mathematics communication

We present a system [1] that allows wireless smartphones to be used for mathematics communication, that is, for the creation and exchange of mathematical formulas, diagrams, and text between two or more participants. The system enables two or more persons with smartphones or traditional computers to participate in a session. Each of the participants may convey textual, graphical and mathematical information to the other participants. Users can draw, edit, and label geometric shapes, send chat messages, and compose formulas. A turn taking mechanism moderates the communication. The system also supports the integration of services that can be used to provide individual users with additional functionality. Currently, a LATEX rendering service is available to allow users to create and share mathematical formulas in typeset quality.Wireless smartphones are becoming the medium of choice for improvised synchronous collaboration since increasing numbers of users carry their smartphones at all times. It is true that the small size of the devices---while necessary for their ubiquity---limits the complexity of collaborative tasks that can be carried out effectively. On the other hand, there is a need to capture inspiration, to access and evaluate information on the go, and to make decisions on the spot.The domain of mathematics is ideally suited to explore---and push---the limits of smartphone communication. The challenge of representing mathematics in typeset form has led to the development of document preparation systems such as TEX, LATEX, and LYX which are in widespread use today. Mathematical handwriting recognition continues to push the limits of general handwriting recognition [2]. Many of the cognitive challenges that arise in mathematical collaboration also arise in intellectual teamwork in other domains.Some of the challenges of developing a system for mobile mathematics communication are posed by the input and output limitations of the devices and the enormous heterogeneity of the available hardware platforms.We use the Treo 600/650 as our hardware platform. Our software is written in pure Java and can be run on any platform that supports the Java Virtual Machine. Our software architecture makes it easy to add new local or remote services to enhance the communication.The poster presents use-case diagrams, architecture diagrams, and a series of screenshots that describe the user's interaction with the system. The poster also shows how we solved the problems of cross-referencing and turn-taking in mobile collaboration. A 7.5-minute video shows users interacting with the system.
Substance use behaviors as a mediator between posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health in trauma-exposed college students

Introduction Research within the field of traumatic stress has documented a strong link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adverse physical health outcomes, although the mechanisms contributing to this relationship are unclear.
Detection of sulfur mustard bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide and metabolites after topical application in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop an assay to study the flux of sulfur mustard (HD) through the skin and determine if metabolites are formed due to the epidermal metabolism of HD after topical exposure of the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) to 14C-HD. Four IPPSFs were topically dosed with 2.85 mg of 14C-HD in ethanol. Venous perfusate samples were collected and added to a 34% solution of NaCl and snap-frozen to inhibit the metabolism of HD until time for assay. Perfusate samples were extracted using a solid-phase extraction cartridge with ethyl acetate and then assayed using gas chromatography. Two of the 4 IPPSFs showed detectable levels of HD in the venous perfusate 15 min after dosing, with 1 of these 2 IPPSFs showing detectable levels of HD in the perfusate 2 hours after dosing. All 4 IPPSFs had no more than 3 metabolites of HD appearing in the perfusate throughout the 2 hr experiment, with one of those metabolites identified as thiodiglycol. These experiments showed that little, if any, HD appears in the venous perfusate intact after percutaneous absorption and that epidermal metabolism of HD does occur to a significant degree in the IPPSF.
Simulation Procedures for Teaching Independent Menstrual Care to Mentally Retarded Persons.

Four mentally retarded adolescent females participated in a program for assessment and training of independent menstrual care skills. Three task analyses served as the basis for instruction: (a) menstrual stain on underwear, (b) menstrual stain on a sanitary pad, and (c) menstrual stain on both sanitary pad and underwear. During individual training sessions, subjects were taught to perform correct sequences via simulation training with a small doll, in which a trainer utilized instructions, praise, modeling, and corrective feedback. Three types of assessment probes were conducted prior to training, upon completion of specified mastery criteria, and during post-training follow-up sessions. Doll probes assessed performance with the toy doll, self-probes assessed naturalistic performance but under conditions of simulated menstruation, and in vivo probes assessed performance during actual menstruation. Results of a multiple baseline analysis indicated that subjects emitted few correct responses during baseline probes, but showed consistent improvements that corresponded to the introduction of training. Generalization to untrained skills was noted with all subjects. Follow-up assessments indicated maintenance of skills for periods up to 30 weeks following termination of training.
The Time Course of Segmentation and Cue-Selectivity in the Human Visual Cortex

Texture discontinuities are a fundamental cue by which the visual system segments objects from their background. The neural mechanisms supporting texture-based segmentation are therefore critical to visual perception and cognition. In the present experiment we employ an EEG source-imaging approach in order to study the time course of texture-based segmentation in the human brain. Visual Evoked Potentials were recorded to four types of stimuli in which periodic temporal modulation of a central 3° figure region could either support figure-ground segmentation, or have identical local texture modulations but not produce changes in global image segmentation. The image discontinuities were defined either by orientation or phase differences across image regions. Evoked responses to these four stimuli were analyzed both at the scalp and on the cortical surface in retinotopic and functional regions-of-interest (ROIs) defined separately using fMRI on a subject-by-subject basis. Texture segmentation (tsVEP: segmenting versus non-segmenting) and cue-specific (csVEP: orientation versus phase) responses exhibited distinctive patterns of activity. Alternations between uniform and segmented images produced highly asymmetric responses that were larger after transitions from the uniform to the segmented state. Texture modulations that signaled the appearance of a figure evoked a pattern of increased activity starting at ∼143 ms that was larger in V1 and LOC ROIs, relative to identical modulations that didn't signal figure-ground segmentation. This segmentation-related activity occurred after an initial response phase that did not depend on the global segmentation structure of the image. The two cue types evoked similar tsVEPs up to 230 ms when they differed in the V4 and LOC ROIs. The evolution of the response proceeded largely in the feed-forward direction, with only weak evidence for feedback-related activity.
Transition-metal mediated exo selective and enantioselective Diels–Alder reactions for the preparation of octalones with unusual stereochemistries. Reactions of 2-cobaloxime substituted 1,3-dienes with cyclohexenone in optically active Lewis acid catalyzed [4+2] cycloadditions

Abstract 2-Cobaloxime- E -1,3-pentadienyl complexes (cobaloxime=pyridine(dimethyl or diphenylglyoxime) 2 Cobalt (III)) react with cyclohexenone in enantioselective Lewis acid catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. These cycloaddition reactions produce octalones with cis ring junctions through exo transition states. The octalones are removed from the cobalt via demetallation reactions which replace the cobalt with a hydrogen and provide pyr(dmg) 2 CoMe which can be recycled into the synthesis of the starting dienyl complex. The enantiomeric purity of the demetallated octalones was determined by gas chromatographic analysis.
Cultural and linguistic effects on neural bases of ‘Theory of Mind’ in American and Japanese children

Theory of Mind (ToM) has been defined as our ability to predict behaviors of others in terms of their underlying intentions. While the developmental trajectory of ToM had been thought to be invariant across cultures, several ToM studies conducted outside the Anglo-American cultural or linguistic milieus have obtained mixed results. To examine effects of culture/language on the development of neural bases of ToM, we studied 12 American monolingual children and 12 Japanese bilingual children with second-order false-belief story and cartoon tasks, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While a few brain regions such as ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and precuneus were recruited by both cultural/linguistic groups, several brain areas including inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) were employed in a culture/language-dependent manner during the ToM tasks. These results suggest that the neural correlates of ToM may begin to vary depending upon cultural/linguistic background from early in life.
Gender differences in reasons for methamphetamine use in an ethnically diverse population in Hawaii

AbstractObjectives: This preliminary study examined methamphetamine (MA) use behaviors and motivators for MA use among 46 ethnically diverse participants from an university-affiliated community hospital and narcotics anonymous groups in Hawaii.Method: Data were collected among 46 participants using an anonymous survey.Results: Results showed that both women and men use MA primarily to get high and to get more energy. Women were more likely than men to use MA to cope with negative feelings and for increased energy. Men were more likely than women to use MA for sexual reasons and due to peer pressure.Conclusion: These results suggest that some women may be self-medicating with MA. Studying these behaviors may guide in developing future prevention and treatment strategies.
Multiphase Stirling Engines

Analysis, design, fabrication, and experimental assessment of a symmetric three-phase free-piston Stirling engine system is discussed in this paper. The system is designed to operate with moderate-temperature heat input that is consistent with solar-thermal collectors. Diaphragm pistons and nylon ftexures are considered for this prototype to eliminate surface friction and to provide appropriate seals. In addition, low loss diaphragm pistons, etched and woven-wire screen heat exchangers, and plastic flexures, as the main components of the system, are outlined. The experimental results are presented and compared with design analysis. Experiments successfully confirm the design models for heat exchanger flow friction losses and gas spring hysteresis dissipation. Furthermore, it is revealed that gas spring hysteresis loss is an important dissipation phenomenon for low-power Stirling engines and should be carefully addressed in design. Analysis shows that the gas hysteresis dissipation is reduced drastically by increasing the number of phases in a multiphase Stirling engine system. It is further shown that for an even number of phases, half of the engine chambers could be eliminated by utilizing a reversing mechanism within the multiphase system. The mathematical formulation and modal analysis of multiphase Stirling engine system are then extended to a system that incorporates a reverser. By introducing a reverser to the fabricated prototype, the system successfully operates in engine mode. The system proves its self-starting capability and validates the computed start-up temperature.
Wind-Tunnel Measurement of Dynamic Cross-Coupling Derivatives

An oscillatory apparatus and the associated data-reduction procedure for routine measurement of the 12 static and dynamic moment derivatives due to pitching and yawing have been developed. The list of derivatives includes some dynamic cross-coupling derivatives, which have never been systematically measured before. It was therefore considered desirable to develop an independent calibration system to verify the basic principles of the method and to confirm the validity of the data-reduction procedure used. A three-degrees- of-freedom dynamic calibrator was constructed, with which the aerodynamic moments in pitch, yaw, and roll could be simultaneously simulated. The moments were induced electromagnetically, at the same frequency as that of the primary motion, but with an arbitrary amplitude and arbitrary phase relative to the primary motion. The calibrator was used, with most satisfactory results, to verify the experimental method and the associated data analysis.
Older adult stroke survivors discussing poststroke depressive symptoms with a healthcare provider: a preliminary analysis.

Purpose The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between the poststroke depressive symptoms, older adult stroke survivors' perceptions of the depressive symptoms, and the congruence with an informal caregiver about the presence of depressive symptoms, and comfort talking to the health care provider with whether or not older stroke survivors discussed their depressive symptoms with a health care provider. Method A cross-sectional study where 44 caregiver/older adult stroke survivor dyads completed questionnaires including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Symptom Perception Questionnaire, and reporting of depressive symptoms to the health care provider via one time interview. Results Thirty-seven percent (n = 16) of all older stroke survivors reported depressive symptoms to their health care provider. Of the stroke survivors who had high levels of depressive symptoms (CESD ≥ 16; n = 11), seven reported the depressive symptoms to their health care provider. Identifying the symptoms as possible depression and attributing the cause of the depressive symptoms to the stroke were related to stroke survivors reporting the depressive symptoms to a health care provider. Conclusions High functioning, older stroke survivors may benefit from strategies to help them identify when they experience depressive symptoms, in order to be able to play an active role in their recovery by appropriately discussing their symptoms with a health care provider.
Ideal tensile strength of B2 transition-metal aluminides

The ideal tensile strengths of the $\mathrm{B}2$-type $(\mathrm{CsCl})$ transition-metal aluminides $\mathrm{FeAl}$, $\mathrm{CoAl}$, and $\mathrm{NiAl}$ have been investigated using an ab initio electronic structure total energy method. The three materials exhibit dissimilar mechanical behaviors under the simulated ideal tensile tests along [001], [110], and [111] directions. $\mathrm{FeAl}$ is weakest in tension along [001] whereas CoAl and NiAl are strongest in the same direction. The weakness of $\mathrm{FeAl}$ along [001] direction is attributed to the instability introduced by the filling of antibonding $d$ states.
Assessing the utility of the utility function

Over the last 40 years, anesthesiologists have incorporated a series of new pharmacologic concepts that give us a better understanding of how drugs behave when administered by intravenous bolus or infusion. Each of these concepts initially seemed arcane and theoretical, but most are now accepted as a fundamental part of anesthesia practice. For example, the rapid administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs produces effects that aren’t well-described by their plasma concentrations (after all, they don’t work in plasma). This discrepancy lead to the development of “pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling” and the concept of a hypothetical “biophase” or “effect compartment”.1,2 More than fifty years ago, clinicians noted that the recovery from opioid infusions had a poor correlation with the elimination half- life.3. This eventually lead to the development of the “context-sensitive half-time,” which describes the minutes required for a 50% decrement in plasma drug concentration after stopping infusions of varying durations.4–6 Traditional pharmacokinetics focused predominantly on drug elimination, but an understanding of anesthetic onset required models that described drug disposition from the moment of injection.7 Thus, the concept of recirculatory pharmacokinetic models, or “front-end kinetics” was introduced to anesthesiology.8 Subsequent to their introduction, these new concepts were validated through extensive additional investigation.
Evaluation of TBA Methods for Determination of Lipid Oxidation in Red Meat from Four Species

Four methods of TBA analysis were used to study lipid oxidation in cooked longissimus and biceps femoris muscle from 10 antelope, deer, elk and beef animals. Pigment characteristics and total lipid were also evaluated to determine their effect on lipid oxidation. Differences (P < 0.05) existed among species for all TBA methods studied. Differences in pigmentation, percent lipid and phospholipids existed (P < 0.05) among methods of TBA analysis and among species. No one factor was consistently correlated with degree of lipid oxidation for any of the methods or species studied. Beef tended to be higher in percent fat and lower in total pigment and percent hemoglobin than tissue from the other species. Beef also tended to produce TBA numbers which were higher than those from antelope, deer or elk.
Energy dependence of the pulse height defect in silicon particle detectors

Abstract The pulse height response of silicon surface barrier detectors was measured for median light and heavy fission fragments at average energies from 7 to 102 MeV. The fragment energies were determined by a time-of-flight technique. Comparison of the detectors' response to fission fragments with that to alpha particles yielded Δ, the pulse height defect. The results indicate that an appreciable fraction of Δ is due to recombination losses within the ionization column produced by the fragment. The contribution to Δ from this cause decreases approximately linearly with fragment energy. In the energy realm where nonionizing nuclear collisions occur, Δ decreases sharply at initial energies below 25 MeV. An empirical energy calibration method proposed by Schmitt et al. for fission fragments with undergraded energies gave good agreement with the time-of-flight data in the energy range 25–100 MeV. A further empirical procedure is proposed for energies below 25 MeV.
Monoclonal antibodies as probes for estrogen receptor detection and characterization

Splenic lymphocytes from a Lewis rat, immunized with purified estradiol-receptor complex of calf uterine nuclei, were fused with cells of three mouse myeloma lines to yield several monoclonal lines of hybridoma cells that secrete antiestrophilin antibodies, which, like the antiserum of the immunized rat, react specifically with estrophilin of calf tissues. In contrast, a Lewis rat, immunized with cytosol estradiol-receptor complex from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells after purification by a novel affinity chromatography technique, gave antiserum that crossreacts with receptor from mammalian as well as avian tissues. Monoclonal antibodies secreted by three hybridoma cell lines derived from this immunized rat showed interesting differences in cross reactivity. All recognized receptor from primate sources, two of the three monoclonal preparations recognized receptor from calf and rat uterus as well, but none reacted with estrophilin from hen oviduct. Thus, in addition to similarities, there appear to be immunocytochemical differences between estrogen receptors from mammalian and avian sources and between receptors from primate and non-primate tissues. These monoclonal antibody preparations, recognizing different determinants on the estrophilin molecule, provide a novel approach to the study of receptor structure and function as well as the basis for a simple immunoradiometric determination of estrogen receptors in human breast cancers. Preliminary studies indicate that they also may prove useful for the immunocytochemical detection of estrophilin in tissue sections.
Associations of Wisconsin mosquitoes and woodland vertebrate hosts.

Host-feeding associations of mosquitoes were determined by exposing 20 species of woodland vertebrates to natural mosquito populations. Only Culex pipiens (L.) and C. restuans (Theobald) showed a definite host preference to the avian hosts. However, C. pipiens fed also on several of the mammal hosts. Aedes and Psorophora showed a preference for mammal hosts especially nonrodents. Aedes vexans Meigen, A. stimulans group, and Psorophora ferox (Humboldt) exhibited little response to rodents or cold-blooded vertebrates. Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett); A. sticticus (Meigen); and Mansonia perturbans (Walker) were general feeders. Aedes canadensis (Theobald) had a high attraction and engorgement rate on turtles as well as on some mammals, while A. cincreus Meigen showed a strong association with chipmunks and ground squirrels. Of the 7 rodent hosts the 13-lined ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlincatus (Metchill), was the most acceptable. Most of the Aedes mosquitoes appeared to attack the most available host in an area.
Pt interactions with annealed and chemically-etched Nb-doped SrTiO3(0 0 1) surfaces: Metal/oxide surface chemical effects on band bending behavior

XPS and LEED have been used to characterize the interaction of sputter-deposited Pt (maximum coverage <5 ML) with Nb-doped SrTiO3(0 0 1) surfaces prepared either by annealing in O2 and then UHV, or by chemical-etching in aqua regia. The annealed surface exhibits an ordered (1 × 1) LEED pattern, with additional diffraction spots and streaks indicating the presence of oxygen vacancies. Increasing Pt coverage results in the decrease of the observed Pt(4f7/2) binding energy and the uniform shift of the Sr(3d), Ti(2p) and O(1s) levels to smaller binding energies, as expected for Pt cluster growth and surface-to-Pt charge donation on an n-type semiconductor. The etched surface is disordered, and exhibits a hydroxylated surface with a contaminant C film of ∼23 Ǻ average thickness. Pt deposition on the etched surface results in an immediate decrease in the intensity of the OH feature in the O(1s) spectrum, and a uniform shift of the Sr(3d), Ti(2p) and O(1s) levels to larger binding energies with increasing Pt coverage. The observed Pt(4f7/2) binding energy on the etched surface (∼72 eV) is independent of Pt coverage, and indicates substantial electronic charge donation from the Pt to surface hydroxyl species. The observation of band bending towards higher binding energies upon Pt deposition (behavior normally associated with p-type semiconductors) demonstrates that sub-monolayer quantities of adsorbates can alter metal/oxide interfacial charge transfer and reverse the direction of band bending, with important consequences for Schottky barrier heights and device applications.
Deuteron tunneling at electron-volt energies

We speculate on a new mechanism for deuteron-deuteron fusion reactions at electron-volt energies. Appealing to conservation principles, it is shown that deuteron tunneling leading to fusion is very unlikely to take place between two isolated deuterons. It is argued that in solids, however, tunneling may lead to fusion via a new reaction mechanism which populates energy levels of4He, with simultaneous energy transfer to an electron. Predictions of this theory are that d+d+e− fusion at electron-volt energies in solids should lead to copious production of tritium, protium, energetic electrons, and small quantities of4He.
Summation, Variety, and Indeterminate Value

In this paper, I consider two sorts of objections to summative theories of value. The first objection concerns "indeterminate" value. The second concerns the importance of variety. I argue that both objections pose serious problems for the summative approach. I also argue that if we accept certain plausible views about the value of variety, we should reject certain forms of argument concerning what sorts of states have intrinsic value.