cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiral O(Q 4 ) two-body operators for s-wave pion photoproduction on the NN system

The two-body currents for $s$-wave pion photoproduction on the $\mathit{NN}$ system are derived to $\mathcal{O}({Q}^{4})$ in chiral perturbation theory. For the interesting case of ${}^{3}{S}_{1}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ transitions, we show that an axial isovector two-nucleon contact term connects the short-distance physics of pion photoproduction to pion production and several important electroweak reactions. We also find that the standard chiral Lagrangian gives a $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\mathit{NN}$ vertex that has not been explicitly mentioned in previous literature. The corresponding Feynman rule is presented here and some processes where it should be important are briefly discussed.
Charmonium suppression by Comover scattering in Pb + Pb collisions

Experiment NA50 has reported an abrupt decrease inψproduction in Pb+Pb collisionsat 158GeV per nucleon[1]. Speciﬁcally, the collaboration presented a striking‘threshold eﬀect’ in the ψ–to–continuum ratio by plot-ting it as a function of a calculated quantity, the meanpath length of the ψthrough the nuclear medium, L, asshown in ﬁg. 1a. This apparent threshold has sparkedconsiderable excitement as it may signal the formationof quark–gluon plasma in the heavy Pb+Pb system [2].5 10 15
Chromosome-specific nonrandom sister chromatid segregation during stem-cell division

Adult stem cells undergo asymmetric cell division to self-renew and give rise to differentiated cells that comprise mature tissue. Sister chromatids may be distinguished and segregated nonrandomly in asymmetrically dividing stem cells, although the underlying mechanism and the purpose it may serve remain elusive. Here we develop the CO-FISH (chromosome orientation fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique with single-chromosome resolution and show that sister chromatids of X and Y chromosomes, but not autosomes, are segregated nonrandomly during asymmetric divisions of Drosophila male germline stem cells. This provides the first direct evidence, to our knowledge, that two sister chromatids containing identical genetic information can be distinguished and segregated nonrandomly during asymmetric stem-cell divisions. We further show that the centrosome, SUN-KASH nuclear envelope proteins and Dnmt2 (also known as Mt2) are required for nonrandom sister chromatid segregation. Our data indicate that the information on X and Y chromosomes that enables nonrandom segregation is primed during gametogenesis in the parents. Moreover, we show that sister chromatid segregation is randomized in germline stem cell overproliferation and dedifferentiated germline stem cells. We propose that nonrandom sister chromatid segregation may serve to transmit distinct information carried on two sister chromatids to the daughters of asymmetrically dividing stem cells.
Production system conflict resolution strategies

Production systems designed to function and grow in environments that make large numbers of different, sometimes competing, and sometimes unexpected demands require support from their interpreters that is qualitatively different from the support required by systems that can be carefully hand crafted to function in constrained environments. In this paper we explore the role of conflict resolution in providing such support. Using criteria developed in the paper, we evaluate both individual conflict resolution rules and strategies that make use of several rules.
Parallel performance of a lattice-Boltzmann/finite element cellular blood flow solver on the IBM Blue Gene/P architecture

We discuss the parallel implementation and scaling results of a hybrid lattice-Boltzmann/finite element code for suspension flow simulations. This code allows the direct numerical simulation of cellular blood flow, fully resolving the two-phase nature of blood and the deformation of the suspended phase. A brief introduction to the numerical methods employed is given followed by an outline of the code structure. Scaling results obtained on Argonne National Laboratories IBM Blue Gene/P (BG/P) are presented. Details include performance characteristics on 512 to 65,536 processor cores.
Anthramycin, a new type of DNA-inhibiting antibiotic: reaction with DNA and effect on nucleic acid synthesis in mouse leukemia cells.

Abstract 1. Anthramycin, a new antibiotic and potent cytotoxic agent, was found to inhibit selectively RNA and DNA synthesis by mouse leukemia cell suspensions. Unlike actinomycin, anthramycin did not inhibit RNA much more than DNA synthesis. 2. The possibility that anthramycin may inhibit DNA primer function by direct interaction with DNA was investigated. Anthramycin was observed to react with purified DNA in solution, producing changes in DNA melting temperature and buoyant density, and undergoing a change in absorption spectrum. 3. Unlike most DNA-binding antibiotics, anthramycin reacts relatively slowly with DNA, so that it is easy to follow the kinetics of the reaction. 4. The antibiotic exhibits a high degree of preference for reaction with helical DNA. It does react with heat-denatured DNA but much more slowly. No reactions with soluble RNA or deoxyribonucleotides were detected. 5. The complex between anthramycin and helical DNA was not decomposed by alcohol precipitation, ultracentrifugal banding in concentrated CsCl, heating to the DNA melting temperature, or denaturation of the DNA by exposure to high pH. 6. The firmness of the binding, the slowness of the reaction, and the absence of any obvious structural features to account for firm binding suggest that anthramycin binds to DNA by means of covalent bonds.
Complex dermoscopic pattern : a potential risk marker for melanoma

Summary Background Dysplastic naevi have repeatedly been shown to be an independent risk factor for melanoma; however, risk estimates vary. Dermoscopy has allowed for more elaborate classification of naevi based on global patterns. Objectives To assess dermoscopic images of naevi from patients with melanoma and controls to explore dermoscopic patterns that are associated with melanoma risk. Methods Dermoscopic images of naevi from the backs of 20 patients with melanoma and 20 age- and sex-matched controls were reviewed for dermoscopic patterns and structures. An unblinded review of 187 naevi of patients and 150 naevi of controls was completed. Complex global dermoscopic pattern was defined in naevi presenting both network and globules, with or without structureless areas. Results Complex global dermoscopic pattern was observed more frequently in melanoma patients than controls (odds ratio, OR 2·9, P = 0·003). As for specific dermoscopic structures, presence of globules was observed more frequently in patients than controls (OR 2·3, P = 0·0001), whereas presence of dots was inversely associated with case status (OR 0·5, P = 0·002). Conclusions These pilot data suggest that dermoscopic pattern may serve as a more robust and specific marker of melanoma risk than clinical naevus phenotype.
Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid: a review of 14 cases.

Background. Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is a rare tumor. Treatment can be complicated by noncontiguous spread of the tumor. Objective. Review a series of patients with sebaceous carcinoma to illustrate clinical presentations, treatments, and outcomes. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with sebaceous carcinoma treated at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). Results. Fourteen patients had sufficient follow-up data available for review. Mean follow-up was 57 months (range 18–134 months). Treatment included wide local excision with frozen and permanent section control (9 patients, 64%), Mohs micrographic surgery (2 patients, 14%), external beam radiation (2 patients, 14%), and exenteration and total parotidectomy with cervical lymph node dissection (1 patient, 7%). Two patients (14%) had local recurrence of the tumor after wide local excision, and 1 patient (7%) had tumor recurrence after Mohs micrographic surgery. Conclusion. Treatment should be chosen on the basis of the extent of the tumor and the specific needs of the patient. The mainstay of treatment of tumors without orbital involvement has been wide local excision, with the margins checked in both permanent and frozen sections, in combination with conjunctival map biopsies when warranted. Mohs micrographic surgery is an alternative that may provide tissue conservation and lower recurrence rates. Recurrence rates between treatments are difficult to assess because of the small number of cases reported in the literature. In cases with orbital involvement, exenteration may be warranted. Radiation may be useful when surgery cannot be tolerated.
Accurate treatment of interface roughness in nanoscale DG MOSFETs using non-equilibrium Green's functions

Abstract In the sub-50-nm scale, the aggressive scaling of MOSFETs is expected to culminate in dual-gate (DG) architectures on SOI substrates. DG MOSFETs are widely accepted to be the ultimate design that silicon can deliver in terms of on and off currents. So far, the design efforts on these novel structures have concentrated on ideal geometries and doping profiles. However, at nanometer scale, devices fabricated with lithography and etching techniques cannot deliver perfect reproductions of the ideal design and suffer significantly from fluctuation effects associated with random doping and interfaces. While the former is less important in undoped, thin-body architecture, the interface roughness is a crucial factor in DG MOSFET performance, as indicated by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.
A modern solver interface to manage solution algorithms in the Community Earth System Model

Global Earth System Models (ESMs) can now produce simulations that resolve ~50 km features and include finer scale, interacting physical processes. However, the current explicit algorithms that dominate production ESMs require ever-decreasing time steps in order to achieve these fine-resolution solutions, which limits time to solution even when efficiently exploiting the spatial parallelism. Solution methods that overcome these bottlenecks can be quite intricate, and there is no single set of algorithms that perform well across the range of problems of interest. This creates significant implementation challenges, which is further compounded by the complexity of ESMs. Therefore, prototyping and evaluating new algorithms in these models requires a software interface that is flexible, extensible, and easily introduced into the existing software. We describe our efforts to create a parallel solver interface that links the Trilinos collection of solver libraries to the Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model (Glimmer-CISM), a continental ice-sheet model used in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We demonstrate this interface within both current and developmental versions of Glimmer-CISM and provide strategies for its integration into the rest of the CESM.
Vinylogous reactivity of silver(I) vinylcarbenoids

Silver(I)-catalyzed reactions of vinyldiazoacetates have been shown to involve the intermediacy of silver-carbenoid species. The silver vinylcarbenoid displays a strong preference for electrophilic reactivity at the vinyl terminus in O–H insertion reactions.
Regeneration in the tail fan of crayfish

The tail fan of a crayfish consists of the caudal end of the body, the telson, and the most caudal limbs, the uropods. We investigated the positional information in these structures with grafting operations. The uropods are biramous; they bifurcate to a lateral exopodite and a medial endopodite. After the distal part of a uropod ramus was grafted to the stump of a ramus, medio-lateral or dorso-ventral mismatch of surfaces provoked the production of supernumerary distal parts. Proximo-distal intercalation between exopodite and endopodite yielded a mosaic ramus. The results show that the two rami contain equivalent ramus fields in congruent orientation. The exopodite consists of basal and distal segments; each of these segments seems to have an equivalent segmental field.
The CaV 1.2 Ca2+ channel is expressed in sarcolemma of type I and IIa myofibers of adult skeletal muscle

Although Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways are important for skeletal muscle plasticity, the sources of Ca(2+) that activate these signaling pathways are not completely understood. Influx of Ca(2+) through surface membrane Ca(2+) channels may activate these pathways. We examined expression of two L-type Ca(2+) channels in adult skeletal muscle, the Ca(V) 1.1 and Ca(V) 1.2, with isoform-specific antibodies in Western blots and immunocytochemistry assays. Consistent with a large body of work, expression of the Ca(V) 1.1 was restricted to skeletal muscle where it was expressed in T-tubules. Ca(V) 1.2 was also expressed in skeletal muscle, in the sarcolemma of type I and IIa myofibers. Exercise-induced alterations in muscle fiber types cause a concomitant increase in the number of both Ca(V) 1.2 and type IIa-positive fibers. Taken together, these data suggest that the Ca(V) 1.2 Ca(2+) channel is expressed in adult skeletal muscle in a fiber type-specific manner, which may help to maintain oxidative muscle phenotype.
MECHANICAL RESTORATION OF IRRITABILITY AND OF THE POTASSIUM EFFECT

Treatment of Nitella with distilled water apparently removes from the cell something which is responsible for the normal irritability and the potassium effect, (i.e. the large P.D. between a spot in contact with 0.01 M KCl and one in contact with 0.01 M NaCl). Presumably this substance (called R) is partially removed from the protoplasm by the distilled water. When this has happened a pinch which forces sap out into the protoplasm can restore its normal behavior. The treatment with distilled water which removes the potassium effect from the outer protoplasmic surface does not seem to affect the inner protoplasmic surface in the same way since the latter retains the outwardly directed potential which is apparently due to the potassium in the sap. But the inner surface appears to be affected in such fashion as to prevent the increase in its permeability which is necessary for the production of an action current. The pinch restores its normal behavior, presumably by forcing R from the sap into the protoplasm.
Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lens Implantation in Children

Purpose To evaluate visual outcome and complications after extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in children. Methods Extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was performed on 20 eyes of 19 patients with traumatic cataract, ten eyes with unilateral congenital or developmental cataract, and 15 eyes (eight patients) with bilateral developmental cataract. Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy was performed in the early postoperative period as indicated. Results Fourteen (70%) of 20 eyes with traumatic cataract had best-corrected pseudophakic visual acuity of 20/40 or better. When we excluded four eyes with macular injuries from analysis, 14 (87%) of 16 eyes had visual acuity of 20/40 or better. In patients with bilateral cataract in whom vision was quantified by Snellen acuity (nine eyes of five patients), nine of nine eyes had best-corrected pseudophakic visual acuity of 20/40 or better. In the remaining three patients, six of six eyes had central steady and maintained fixation. Visual outcome was poorest in patients with unilateral cataract (ten eyes); one eye had best-corrected pseudophakic visual acuity of 20/40; two eyes, 20/60; two eyes, 20/70; one eye, 20/100; and two eyes, 20/200. One additional eye had central steady maintained fixation and noncentral fixation. Five of ten eyes had four or more lines improvement in visual acuity. Postoperative complications occurred in five eyes, each of which had traumatic cataract. Three eyes developed iris capture, one eye had a postoperative intraocular hemorrhage, and another developed a dense secondary membrane. In 45 postoperative eyes, 27 (60%) received one Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. A second Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was performed in 11 (41%) of these 27 eyes. Conclusions Extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in children can be accomplished in selected patients, with generally favorable results. However, many of the patients in this series remain potentially amblyogenic, and long-term follow-up may temper our present visual results.
Strengths and Weaknesses in Reading Skills of Youth with Intellectual Disabilities.

Reading-related skills of youth with intellectual disability (ID) were compared with those of typically developing (TD) children of similar verbal ability level. The group with ID scored lower than the TD group on word recognition and phonological decoding, but similarly on orthographic processing and rapid automatized naming (RAN). Further, phonological decoding significantly mediated the relation between group membership and word recognition, whereas neither orthographic processing nor RAN did so. The group with ID also underperformed the TD group on phonological awareness and phonological memory, both of which significantly mediated the relation between group membership and phonological decoding. These data suggest that poor word recognition in youth with ID may be due largely to poor phonological decoding, which in turn may be due largely to poor phonological awareness and poor phonological memory. More focus on phonological skills in the classroom may help students with ID to develop better word recognition skills.
Role of the ubiquitin system and tumor viruses in AIDS-related cancer.

Tumor viruses are linked to approximately 20% of human malignancies worldwide. This review focuses on examples of human oncogenic viruses that manipulate the ubiquitin system in a subset of viral malignancies; those associated with AIDS. The viruses include Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human papilloma virus, which are causally linked to Kaposi's sarcoma, certain B-cell lymphomas and cervical cancer, respectively. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these viruses subvert the ubiquitin system and potential viral targets for anti-cancer therapy from the perspective of this system.
Experiencing community: perspectives of individuals diagnosed as having serious mental illness.

ObjectiveCommunity integration is recognized as a crucial component of recovery from serious mental illness. Although the construct of community integration can be measured with structured instruments, little is known about the subjective and experiential meaning of community and community involvement for persons with serious mental illness.MethodsIn 2010, 30 individuals with serious mental illness treated in two public mental health clinics completed semistructured interviews that elicited the places and people that they associate with the experience of community and the larger meaning of community in their lives.ResultsParticipants described four experiences as integral to their concepts of community: receiving help, minimizing risk, avoiding stigma, and giving back. Participants looked for communities that provide reliable support, and they described the need to manage community contact in order to protect themselves and others from their symptoms and from discrimination. Most participants experienced ...
Canalicular adenoma--search for the cell of origin: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of 7 cases and review of the literature.

AbstractCanalicular adenoma (CA) is a rare, benign epithelial neoplasm of the salivary glands. Historically considered to be a variant of basal cell adenoma, this “monomorphic” adenoma has a distinct clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical profile. The putative cell of origin remains a topic of debate. A combination of morphology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural analyses have been employed to determine histogenesis, but the interpretations of these studies have implicated multiple different cell types along the salivary gland duct as the cell of origin. The authors sought to further characterize CA using electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and special and immuno-stains on 7 cases. Their morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings support a cell of origin demonstrating features of both the intercalated duct cells and the striated duct luminal epithelial cells.
Models for Tables

The focus of this chapter is the analysis of tabulated data. Although the measurements could be numerical, the tables summarize only the counts along the levels of two or more crossed factors according to which the data are tabulated. In this text, we go beyond the traditional coverage and discuss topics such as three-dimensional tables, multiple tables (Mantel–Haenszel theory), paired tables (McNemar test), and risk theory (risk differences, relative risk, and odds ratios) for paired tables. The risk theory for ordinary (unpaired) tables was already discussed in Chap. 10 in the context of comparing two population proportions.
Diversity-enabled power profile design for relay networks

Cooperative networks have caught a lot attention these days because they provide diversity which mitigates the deleterious wireless channel fading effects. So far, numerous strategies have been proposed to collect the cooperative diversity. In the link-adaptive strategy, the relay node scales the decoded symbols according to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source-relay and the relay-destination links to exploit the cooperative diversity. In this paper, based on a general link-adaptive strategy which does not require any feedback at either source or relay, we design power profile at the relay node to enable diversity at the destination. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the design of the adaptive relay to guarantee full diversity at the destination are also provided.
Can weight management programs in worksites reduce the obesity epidemic

Rates of overweight and obesity are at epidemic levels in the United States, and national health care costs are increased by w$200 billion/y for diseases associated with excess weight (1). Worksites are considered potentially important venues for national efforts to contain the obesity epidemic, in particular because >50% of the adult population receives paid employment and because worksites have preexisting social groups that may be helpful for weight control if they can become a positive rather than negative social force. This symposium invited 3 speakers and a discussant to review evidence of the potential effectiveness of worksites in national weight management efforts and anticipated effects on health care costs.
Pharmacodynamics of mivacurium chloride in 13‐ to 18‐yr‐old adolescents with thermal injury

Background Burned patients demonstrate resistance to the effects of non-depolarizing blocking drugs as a result of acetylcholine receptor changes. They also have decreased activity of plasma cholinesterase (PCHE), which metabolizes mivacurium. We hypothesized that decreased PCHE activity would decrease metabolism of mivacurium, and counteract the receptor-related resistance following burns. Methods Thirteen burned patients and six controls, aged 13–18 yr were followed in 27 studies. The burned patients were sub-classified as having 10–30% or >30% body surface area burn and were studied whenever possible at ≤6 days, and at 1–12 weeks after the burn. Mivacurium pharmacodynamics were examined following a bolus (0.15 mg kg−1) dose, and during and after a continuous infusion. Results Following a bolus, the onset time and the maximal effect were similar to controls. Recovery was prolonged in the 10–30% burn group at 1–12 weeks (P 30% burn group at ≤6 days (P Conclusion In contrast to previous studies with non-depolarizers in burned patients, normal mivacurium doses can produce paralysis, at least as rapidly as in controls, but with a possibility of a prolonged recovery from block. The standard dose of mivacurium in the presence of decreased PCHE activity is in effect, a relative overdose that explains the above findings. Mivacurium is an effective drug for use in burns, irrespective of time after, or magnitude of burn injury.
Vocational interests of heroin-dependent patients.

Summary.-Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory profiles of 114 male drug abusing (18 to 44 yr.) participants in a voluntary VA Drug Abuse Program were obtained. Mean scores are reported for the occupational scales and area scales. The profiles are more indicative of avoidance rather than similarities of interests. The purpose of this study was to analyze che vocational interests of patients participating in a Veterans Administration Drug Abuse Program. Interest data using the Minnesota vocational Interest Inventory (Clark & Campbell, 1965) were obtained on participants who were addicted to heroin. The inventory has been used in counseling and vocational planning for males when a goal or aspiration does not call for considerable education or training beyond high school. The instrument also has been used with success in counseling, career planning, and vocational placement in this setting. There are rwo profiles, one an occupational scale and the other an area scale. The former indicates the similarity of interests with men who are successful in 21 occupations. The profile also shows the range of the middle third of a group of skilled tradesmen that is indicative of the similarity of interests to working men in generaL The latter profile sl~ows a preference for activities in nine broad occupational areas. The inventory was used by Lester, Narkunski, Burkman, and Gandica ( 1975) in a vocational evaluation program for ex-drug addicts. They found the food service area capable of differentiating subjects who successfully completed the program from those who did not. In this instance, significant differences among the occupational scales were not found. In an earlier study using the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, Taylor, Bidus, and Collins (1977) did not find significant number of high or low scores for 65 male patients, who were volunteer admissions to a Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. This particular group of subjects said that they had a preference for activities related to sales, social service, and art. As a group, the responses did not yield a pattern of interest similar to any of the occupations given on the Strong profile. They had little interest in common with men successfully employed in occupations requiring considerable education and training. The profiles suggested a people-orientation with manipulative aspirations. The subjects appeared to have a lack of structure and organization and showed rejection of
Digital versus plain film imaging in the operating room: cost and safety considerations.

COMMENTARY ON: Steinmetz MP, Mroz TEM, Krishnaney A, Modic M. Conventional vs. digital radiographs for intraoperative cervical spine-level localization: a prospective time and cost analysis. Spine J 2009;9:967–971 ( in this issue ).
Ion thermal effects on E-region instabilities: linear theory

Linear instabilities and turbulent processes in equatorial and high-latitude electrojets lead to formation of plasma density irregularities which create much of the common E-region radar clutter. Studies of these irregularities have focused on the role of the Farley-Buneman (FB) and gradient drift instabilities with the assumption that the plasma behaves isothermally or adiabatically. In the last decade, this restriction has been relaxed, resulting in the prediction of D and E-region thermally driven instabilities, which now have some supporting observational evidence. Even more recently, fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations show that ion thermal effects strongly modify the nonlinear behavior of the FB instability, especially at the top of the electrojet. This paper describes the linear theory of the combined FB and thermal instabilities. The theory predicts that instabilities will develop over a wider range of altitudes than predicted for the adiabatic or isothermal FB instability. It also predicts that preferred directions of thermally modified FB waves may differ significantly from that of standard Farley-Buneman waves. These theoretical developments have important observational consequences.
CCN2 is required for the TGF-β induced activation of Smad1-Erk1/2 signaling network.

Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is a multifunctional matricellular protein, which is frequently overexpressed during organ fibrosis. CCN2 is a mediator of the pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β in cultured cells, but the specific function of CCN2 in the fibrotic process has not been elucidated. In this study we characterized the CCN2-dependent signaling pathways that are required for the TGF-β induced fibrogenic response. By depleting endogenous CCN2 we show that CCN2 is indispensable for the TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad1 and Erk1/2, but it is unnecessary for the activation of Smad3. TGF-β stimulation triggered formation of the CCN2/β3 integrin protein complexes and activation of Src signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that signaling through the αvβ3 integrin receptor and Src was required for the TGF-β induced Smad1 phosphorylation. Recombinant CCN2 activated Src and Erk1/2 signaling, and induced phosphorylation of Fli1, but was unable to stimulate Smad1 or Smad3 phosphorylation. Additional experiments were performed to investigate the role of CCN2 in collagen production. Consistent with the previous studies, blockade of CCN2 abrogated TGF-β-induced collagen mRNA and protein levels. Recombinant CCN2 potently stimulated collagen mRNA levels and upregulated activity of the COL1A2 promoter, however CCN2 was a weak inducer of collagen protein levels. CCN2 stimulation of collagen was dose-dependent with the lower doses (<50 ng/ml) having a stimulatory effect and higher doses having an inhibitory effect on collagen gene expression. In conclusion, our study defines a novel CCN2/αvβ3 integrin/Src/Smad1 axis that contributes to the pro-fibrotic TGF-β signaling and suggests that blockade of this pathway may be beneficial for the treatment of fibrosis.
γ-Glutamyl transferase deficiency results in lung oxidant stress in normoxia

γ-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) is critical to glutathione homeostasis by providing substrates for glutathione synthesis. We hypothesized that loss of GGT would cause oxidant stress in the lung. We co...
High-Quality, Smooth Fe 3 O 4 Thin Films on Si By Controlled Oxidation of Fe in CO/CO 2

We fabricated Fe3O4 thin films on TiN buffered Si by CO/CO2 oxidation at 160 °C. The easy saturation of the magnetization at high magnetic field and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) images show low defect density, smooth Fe3O4 thin films. Oxidation at 400 °C resulted in an undesirable second phase in between the TiN and the un-oxidized Fe, but changes in total gas pressure did not lead to a second phase. The crystal structure of this second phase is similar to Fe2TiO4 (ulvospinel) from HRSTEM and STEM electron energy loss spectroscopy. Fe3O4 thin films grown at 160 °C follow a power law growth model with an exponent of 0.23±0.03.
Facilitation and Teacher Behaviors: An Analysis of Literacy Teachers' Video-Case Discussions.

This study explored how peer and professor facilitations are related to teachers’ behaviors during video-case discussions. Fourteen inservice teachers produced 1,787 turns of conversation during 12...
From ‘cuadro de costumbres’ to Nationalist Tool: The Case of El carnero in the Colombian Literary Canon

Juan Rodriguez Freile's historiographical text known as El carnero, although written in 1636, was not published until 1859. The more than 200 year circulation of the text in manuscript form conditioned the way it was discussed after its publication. Rodriguez Freile's text, therefore, provides an interesting example of the double function, or ‘uses’, of literature in the construction of nationalistic projects. On the one hand, El carnero helped to cement a unified concept of community in the collective imaginary; and, on the other, it became an institutionalized tool that legitimized the concept of community and presented it as a well-defined historical narrative of national identity. This essay situates the publication of El carnero within the larger preoccupation of the Colombian intellectual elite who sought to define what constituted an ‘autochthonous literature’, which, in turn, was constructed in order to represent a set of national customs. The publication and inclusion of El carnero into the liter...
Interrelationships among angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment during N-methyl-N-nitrosourea androgen-induced prostate carcinogenesis in rats

Proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis are critical biologic processes altered during carcinogenesis. Surrogate biomarkers of these processes represent potential intermediate endpoints for short-term intervention studies with preventive and therapeutic agents. We examined the interrelationships among these processes during prostate carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in male Wistar-Unilever rats. Immunohistochemical and digital image analysis techniques were used to evaluate the proliferation index, the apoptotic index and microvessel density (MVD) in tissue representing stages of prostate carcinogenesis. The proliferation index in the normal glandular epithelium of the prostate is lower than that observed in hyperplastic foci and atypical hyperplasia (P < 0.01) and is further increased in carcinoma (P < 0.01). Apoptosis in the normal prostate epithelium or hyperplastic lesions is lower than in adenocarcinoma (P < 0.01). In parallel to proliferation index, MVD increases as prostate cancer progresses. As tumors enlarge, we observed a predictable change in biomarker expression within the tumor microenvironment. We examined prostate tumors vertical line 1 cm in diameter and biomarker expression was quantified within the peripheral (outer 1-2 mm), central (perinecrotic) and intermediate (remaining) areas of each tumor. The proliferation index is higher (P < 0.01) in the intermediate area than either in the peripheral area or central area. Similarly, the vascular density in the intermediate area is higher (P < 0.01) than either in the peripheral or central area. The apoptotic index is higher (P < 0.05) in the central perinecrotic core than that in either the intermediate or the peripheral area. In conclusion, we observe that angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis are linked biological processes predictably altered temporally and spatially during prostate carcinogenesis in the MNU model. These biomarker changes are similar to those reported in human prostate carcinogenesis and represent potential biomarkers for the assessment of dietary, chemopreventive and therapeutic agents.
Factors Associated with Employment Status in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Unemployment is common in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with substantial socioeconomic burden. Several MS-related factors have been found to be associated with employment status, including fatigue, depression, cognitive problems, and motor difficulties. However, few studies have examined these factors collectively in predicting employment. The present study aimed to explore these variables together in predicting employment status in MS. Methods: Fifty-three individuals with MS participating in a research study of cognitive, emotional, and social factors related to MS were examined. Composite scores were created using factor analysis that represented cognition, fatigue, depression, and motor function. These composite scores, along with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score, were explored as predictors of employment status (working, not working) via logistic regression. Models of mediation were also investigated. Results: A model including composite scores of mo...
"So that’s the ureter." - the informal logic of discovering work

Modern surgery is in certain ways a living contradiction. On the one hand, it is a specialized enclave, a place removed where highly-honed skills and complex technologies are applied to accomplish seemingly miraculous feats of reconstruction and healing. On the other, it is what might be conceived of as a “shop floor” in the sense developed by Garfinkel (2004)—that is, a mundane workplace in which established procedures are repeatedly and routinely carried out. As with all shop floors there is a continuing concern with standardization with a view toward improving the consistency of the end product. As a strictly practical matter, however, every body entered is a terra incognita, a place where the familiar may be difficult to recognize and where the unexpected is sometimes to be found. In this way, the practical work of surgery resists standardization. Surgeries, for this reason, inevitably involve discovery and, hence, the potential relevance of our current study to a special issue on the work of discovering.
Sex, Politics, and Lessons Learned from Plan B: A Review of the FDA’s Actions and Future Direction

Plan B, an emergency contraceptive pill available in the United States, acts in a similar manner as regular hormonal contraception; however, Plan B is a strong, concentrated dose of a synthetic progesterone used to prevent pregnancy in the event of unplanned and/or unprotected sex or the failure of other contraception such as condoms or a birth-control pill. Plan B became the first drug in ten years to be rejected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) after the agency’s own panel and research teams recommended OTC approval. Women’s Capital Corporation, manufacturer of Plan B (now Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), had applied to have Plan B’s status changed from prescription only to over-the-counter (OTC) back in 2003. Throughout Plan B’s application process, there was evidence of strong political interference. Due to the FDA’s denial of the switch to OTC status for those under eighteen years of age, Congress requested an investigation by the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Finally, in 2009, a federal judge ordered the FDA to approve OTC use for ages seventeen and older and remanded the case back to the FDA to re-review the application of OTC use for all ages. This Article discusses the past, present, and future implications and directions for the FDA regarding Plan B and other emergency contraceptives.
Relation of expression of hostility to coping with stress

-27 male and 27 female undergraduates currently coping well with stressful life events were compared on each subscale of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory with a group (20 women and 12 men) coping poorly. Poor copers scored higher on the following subscales, Indirect, Guilt, Rcsentment, Suspiciousness and Total Score. N o differences occurred for the expressive subscales, Assault and Verbal. Efficient coping is associated with reacting to stress with a minimum of hostility either expressed or suppressed.
Quasi-Lumped Element Bridged-T Absorptive Bandstop Filter

In this letter, we present a new absorptive bandstop filter topology that is capable of operating in the microwave regime (C-Band) and is capable of creating large attenuation using resonators which are comprised of printed circuit elements and surface mount elements. This particular topology allows for a high level of miniaturization when compared to transmission line realizations. Simulated and measured results are presented and show good correlation. We demonstrate a prototype absorptive bandstop filter that operates within the C-band, achieves $>$ 50 dB of rejection, and has a total size of 7 mm $\times$ 8.2 mm.
Barbara C. Allen, Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885–1937. Life of an Old Bolshevik

Drawing on material from seven archives, five in Russia and two in the United States, as well as extensive conversations with the Shlyapnikov family, Barbara Allen has provided the definitive biogr...
A Framework for the Qualitative Comparison of Diverse Developmental Agents.

Developmental agents learn task-nonspecific skills through environmental interactions. The humanlike flexibility of such agents isn’t captured by domainspecific performance metrics. We present a novel framework that complements traditional metrics by allowing cross-domain comparison. The framework considers four properties of developmental agents: the degree of human involvement in design, the length of the agent’s developmental period, the architectural support for acquiring new behaviors, and the tolerated dimensionality of input. This framework is applied to realworld systems in three case studies. We find that our framework allows cross-domain comparison that would not be contributed by traditional quantitative metrics.
General Principles of Biopsy Assessment

Abstract Liver biopsy is an important diagnostic tool in hepatology. It is the most direct way of visualising disease processes in the liver, and liver specimens can be obtained using many techniques including percutaneous needle biopsy, or with more recent methods involving transjugular or transgastric routes. This chapter outlines the indications for liver biopsy, including establishing a diagnosis of primary or secondary tumour, the workup of granulomas or evaluation of the cause of post–liver transplant abnormal serum liver tests.
Fourier Analysis of Monthly Sunshine Duration for Algeria

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the analysis of seasonal variations of sunshine duration measured in fifty four meteorological stations of Algeria. The sunshine duration data have been processed on a monthly basis using the Fourier analysis. In the North of Algeria and High Tablelands, the seasonal variations of sunshine duration are conveniently represented by the fundamental component of Fourier series. In the regions extending from the Atlas Mountains to the middle of Sahara desert, the three first harmonic components of the Fourier expansion are found to be sufficient to describe the sunshine duration variations over the year. In the southern Algeria including Hoggar and Tassili mountains, the monthly sunshine duration data are represented by the six first harmonic components of the Fourier series.
Single-Molecule Measurement of Membrane Protein Stability

Our understanding of membrane proteins has been severely hindered by a dearth of techniques to investigate membrane protein folding and stability in lipid bilayers. Our lab has developed a technique to drive membrane protein unfolding under native conditions called the steric trap method, which uses a protein that preferentially binds the unfolded state such that binding drives unfolding. Previously, this method has been reliant on the use of a functionally assayable protein, such as the chromophore-containing protein bacteriorhodopsin or the membrane enzyme diacylglycerol kinase. We propose generalizing the steric trap method using single-molecule fluorescence technology. By moving the system to infinite dilution in which there is only a single protein per vesicle we can eliminate aggregation problems that plague membrane protein studies. The sensitivity of single-molecule detection permits us to use much less protein and lipid material, and the minimal light scattering allows us to observe proteins in vesicles instead of using solubilizing agents required for bulk spectroscopic assays. By circumventing the requirement for a protein-specific functional assay, we hope to expand the reach of membrane protein folding studies.
Phosphine-Based HNO Detection

Phosphines react with nitroso compounds to yield a variety of products. Nitroxyl (HNO), the simplest nitroso compound, reacts with phosphines to give equal amounts of the corresponding phosphine oxide and azaylide. These azaylides react with a properly located internal electrophile through a reductive Staudinger ligation to yield stable and distinct HNO-derived products and release the corresponding alcohol. This chemistry serves as the basis of HNO detection by phosphine derivatives by incorporation of specific colorimetric or fluorometric leaving groups. Over the past few years, several distinct phosphines have been designed and prepared based on this chemistry to detect and quantify HNO. These organophosphines are highly suitable for HNO detection due to their rapid rate of HNO trapping and their lack of cross-reactivity with other physiologically relevant species, especially reducing agents. These fluorescent phosphine probes selectively detect HNO derived from various HNO donors in vitro and in living cells and form a distinct approach to HNO detection in live cells.
Disruption of autophagic degradation with ROC-325 antagonizes renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis

Purpose: Although autophagy plays important roles in malignant pathogenesis and drug resistance, there are few clinical agents that disrupt this pathway, and the potential therapeutic benefit of autophagy inhibition remains undetermined. We used medicinal chemistry approaches to generate a series of novel agents that inhibit autophagic degradation.Experimental Design: ROC-325 was selected as a lead compound for further evaluation. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the selectivity, tolerability, and efficacy of ROC-325 in preclinical models of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with HCQ serving as a comparator. Markers of autophagy inhibition and cell death were evaluated in tumor specimens.Results: ROC-325 exhibited superior in vitro anticancer effects compared with the existing autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in 12 different cancer cell lines with diverse genetic backgrounds. Focused studies of the mechanism of action and efficacy of ROC-325 in RCC cells showed that drug treatment induced hallmark characteristics of autophagy inhibition, including accumulation of autophagosomes with undegraded cargo, lysosomal deacidification, p62 stabilization, and disruption of autophagic flux. Subsequent experiments showed that ROC-325 antagonized RCC growth and survival in an ATG5/7-dependent manner, induced apoptosis, and exhibited favorable selectivity. Oral administration of ROC-325 to mice bearing 786-0 RCC xenografts was well tolerated, was significantly more effective at inhibiting tumor progression than HCQ, and inhibited autophagy in vivoConclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ROC-325 has superior preclinical anticancer activity compared with HCQ and support the clinical investigation of its safety and preliminary efficacy in patients with RCC and other autophagy-dependent malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2869-79. ©2016 AACR.
Go West Young Man, Go East Young Woman: Searching for the Trans in Western Gender History

JLn the mid-nineteenth century, the New York Tribune's Horace Greeley exhorted young American men bereft of family and friends to go west to build their homes and make their fortunes. In 1859, the journalist traveled to the region to observe the fruits of his advice. He did not necessarily find there what he had hoped. On the Great Plains en route to the Rocky Mountains, for example, he learned that hundreds of prospectors had recently gone bust at the Colorado gold diggings, deserted the region in droves, and consequently faced unemployment and other sufferings. Yet Greeley reported his encounter with only one such individual, a young clerk with whom he had supped at Station 9 of the Pike's Peak Express and, who "having frozen his feet on the winter journey out, had had enough of gold-hunting, and was going home to his parents in Indiana. . . ." The morning following Greeley's repast with the clerk, and only after they had departed in opposite directions, the New Yorker learned something astonishing about his new acquaintance: "I was apprised by our conductor," exclaimed Greeley, "that said clerk was a woman!"1 This otherwise terse anecdote contains complex nineteenth-century ideas about sex and gender and their relationship to the American West as both place and process.