cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radial modulation doping in core–shell nanowires

Semiconductor nanowires are potential candidates for applications in quantum information processing, Josephson junctions and field-effect transistors and provide a unique test bed for low-dimensional physical phenomena. The ability to fabricate nanowire heterostructures with atomically flat, defect-free interfaces enables energy band engineering in both axial and radial directions. The design of radial, or core-shell, nanowire heterostructures relies on energy band offsets that confine charge carriers into the core region, potentially reducing scattering from charged impurities on the nanowire surface. Key to the design of such nanoscale heterostructures is a fundamental understanding of the heterointerface properties, particularly energy band offsets and strain. The charge-transfer and confinement mechanism can be used to achieve modulation doping in core-shell structures. By selectively doping the shell, which has a larger bandgap, charge carriers are donated and confined in the core, generating a quasi-one-dimensional electron system with higher mobility. Here, we demonstrate radial modulation doping in coherently strained Ge-SixGe1-x core-shell nanowires and a technique to directly measure their valence band offset. Radial modulation doping is achieved by incorporating a B-doped layer during epitaxial shell growth. In contrast to previous work showing site-selective doping in Ge-Si core-shell nanowires, we find both an enhancement in peak hole mobility compared with undoped nanowires and observe a decoupling of electron transport in the core and shell regions. This decoupling stems from the higher carrier mobility in the core than in the shell and allows a direct measurement of the valence band offset for nanowires of various shell compositions.
Using genome-wide measurements for computational prediction of SH2–peptide interactions

Peptide-recognition modules (PRMs) are used throughout biology to mediate protein–protein interactions, and many PRMs are members of large protein domain families. Recent genome-wide measurements describe networks of peptide–PRM interactions. In these networks, very similar PRMs recognize distinct sets of peptides, raising the question of how peptide-recognition specificity is achieved using similar protein domains. The analysis of individual protein complex structures often gives answers that are not easily applicable to other members of the same PRM family. Bioinformatics-based approaches, one the other hand, may be difficult to interpret physically. Here we integrate structural information with a large, quantitative data set of SH2 domain–peptide interactions to study the physical origin of domain–peptide specificity. We develop an energy model, inspired by protein folding, based on interactions between the amino-acid positions in the domain and peptide. We use this model to successfully predict which SH2 domains and peptides interact and uncover the positions in each that are important for specificity. The energy model is general enough that it can be applied to other members of the SH2 family or to new peptides, and the cross-validation results suggest that these energy calculations will be useful for predicting binding interactions. It can also be adapted to study other PRM families, predict optimal peptides for a given SH2 domain, or study other biological interactions, e.g. protein–DNA interactions.
Long-term clinical data and molecular defects in the STAR gene in five Greek patients

Context: Steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) gene mutations lead to adrenal and gonadal failure. Interesting, though as yet unexplained, features are the formation of ovarian cysts and the potential presence of CNS findings. Objective: To report biochemical, genetic, and long-term clinical data in five Greek patients from four different families with STAR gene defects (three 46,XX and two 46,XY). Methods and results: All patients presented in early infancy with adrenal insufficiency. The STAR gene mutation c.834del11bp, detected in three of our patients, completely alters the carboxyl end of the STAR protein and has not thus far been described in other population groups. These three patients belong to three separate families, possibly genetically related, as they live in different villages located in a small region of a Greek island. However, their interrelationship has not been proven. A second mutation, p.W250X, detected in our fourth family, was previously described only in two Serbian patients. Ovarian cysts were detected ultrasonographically in our 46,XX patients and seemed to respond to a low dose of a contraceptive. The histology of an excised ovarian cyst was diagnosed as a corpus luteum (CL) cyst. In two out of the four patients who had undergone brain magnetic resonance imaging, asymptomatic Chiari-1 malformation was observed. Conclusions: The occurrence of STAR gene mutation c.834del11bp in three families living in a restricted geographic region could indicate either a founder effect or simply reflect a spread of this defect in a highly related population. The ovarian histological findings suggest that ovarian cysts detected ultrasonographically in 46,XX individuals with STAR gene defects may be CL cysts. The Chiari-1 malformation in two of our patients may be part of the STAR gene mutation phenotype. Nevertheless, more data are needed to confirm or disprove the existence of specific CNS pathology in patients with STAR gene mutations.
Fertile transgenic pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] plants recovered through microprojectile bombardment and phosphinothricin selection of apical meristem-, inflorescence-, and immature embryo-derived embryogenic tissues.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a drought-tolerant cereal crop used for grain and forage. Novel traits from outside of the gene pool could be introduced provided a reliable gene-transfer method were available. We have obtained herbicide-resistant transgenic pearl millet plants by microprojectile bombardment of embryogenic tissues with the bar gene. Embryogenic tissues derived from immature embryos, inflorescences and apical meristems from diploid and tetraploid pearl millet genotypes were used as target tissues. Transformed cells were selected in the dark on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 15 mg/l phosphinothricin (PPT). After 3–10 weeks in the dark, herbicide-resistant somatic embryos were induced to germinate on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l thidiazuron and 0.1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine. Plants were transferred to the greenhouse after they were rooted in the presence of PPT and had passed a chlorophenol red assay (the medium turned from red to yellow). Transgenic plants were recovered from bombardments using intact pAHC25 plasmid DNA, a gel-purified bar fragment, or a mixture of pAHC25 plasmid or bar fragment and a plasmid containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene (p524EGFP.1). Analyses by the polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot hybridization, GFP expression, resistance to herbicide application, and segregation of the bar and gfp genes confirmed the presence and stable integration of the foreign DNA. Transformed plants were recovered from all three explants, although transformation conditions were optimized using only the tetraploid inflorescence. Time from culture initiation to rooted transgenic plant using the tetraploid inflorescence ranged from 3–4 months. Seven independent DNA/gold precipitations were used to bombard 52 plates, 29 of which produced an average of 5.5 herbicide-resistant plants per plate. The number of herbicide-resistant plants recovered per successful bombardment ranged from one to 28 and the frequency of co-transformation with gfp ranged from 5% to 85%.
Evaluating Texel-, Suffolk-, and Columbia-Sired Offspring: II. Postweaning Growth and Carcass Traits Under Feedlot and Pasture-Feedlot Finishing Systems1

A terminal sire study was conducted to evaluate postweaning growth and carcass traits of Texel-sired offspring compared with Suffolk- and Columbia-sired offspring. The lambs were weaned at an average age of 70 and 94 d during the 2-yr study, respectively. After weaning, lambs from each sire breed were allocated to one of two finishing programs. Finishing programs were 1) direct to feedlot (FP1) and 2) pasture followed by feedlot (FP2). In the feedlot, lambs were fed ad libitum shelled corn (74.86% TDN and 7.18% CP, as fed) and pelleted protein supplement (43.20% CP) in a ratio of 85:15, respectively. Lambs were harvested at a BW of 58.5 kg (±7.2 kg). The ADG was greatest for Suffolksired offspring, followed by Columbiaand Texel-sired offspring (318, 286, and 262 g, respectively; P<0.01). Mean ADG was greater (P<0.01) for FP1 lambs than for FP2 lambs (333 vs 244 g, respectively). Feed efficiency (FE) in drylot was similar for offspring of each sire breed; however, FE was greater for FP1 than for FP2 (4.4 vs 5.1 kg of DMI/kg of BW gain, respectively; P<0.05). Texel-sired carcasses had greater (P<0.01) longissimus area (LA) than Suffolk- and Columbia-sired carcasses (17.3, 16.1, and 16.1 cm2, respectively). Texel- and Suffolk-crossbred lambs were similar to Columbiacrossbred lambs in backfat (BF) thickness (0.79, 0.61, and 0.70 cm, respectively), although BF thickness was greater (P<0.05) in Texel- than Suffolkcrossbred lambs. Body wall thickness (BWT) was less (P<0.10) in Texel- and Suffolk-sired carcasses than in Columbia-sired carcasses (2.95, 2.99, and 3.21 cm, respectively). Dressing percentage (DP) and quality grades were similar for lambs from the 3 sire breeds. Lambs finished on FP2 had more LA (P=0.05) and less BF (P=0.10) than lambs finished on FP1 (16.4 vs 15.5 cm2 and 0.54 vs 0.64 cm, respectively). The BWT was also less in carcasses of lambs finished on FP2 vs FP1 (2.57 vs 2.85 cm, respectively; P<0.01). The interactions between sire breeds and finishing programs were nonsignificant for all growth and carcass traits except DP. These data indicate that Texel-sired crossbred lambs may have some potential for increasing muscle mass. However, increased lean mass of Texel-crossbred lambs is counterbalanced by lesser postweaning growth rate than Suffolk- and Columbia-sired crossbred lambs. Grazing lambs following weaning and prior to finishing in drylot improved leanness and muscling without influencing quality grade.
Description of the first Chlamydopsinae (Coleoptera: Histeridae) from the Philippines

The first two species of the obligate inquilinous subfamily Chlamydopsinae (Coleoptera: Histeridae) from the Philippines, Eucurtiopsis ashei (Luzon Island) and E. avis (Negros Island), are described and illustrated. Positions of the new species within the genus and potential biogeographic connection of the Philippine chlamydopsine fauna are discussed.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF NEW HAFNIUM COMPOUNDS

The important use of x-ray powder diffraction as a tool in the identification of unknown crystalline materials is dependent on the proper standards being in the reference file. Such new standards are added yearly to the Powder Diffraction File. The main purpose of this paper is to present new data on several well characterized salts based primarily on hafnium both in the hydrated and anhydrated form.
Temporal-based multilevel correlating inclusive cache replacement

Inclusive caches have been widely used in Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) to simplify cache coherence. However, they have poor performance compared with noninclusive caches not only because of the limited capacity of the entire cache hierarchy but also due to ignorance of temporal locality of the Last-Level Cache (LLC). Blocks that are highly referenced (referred to as hot blocks) are always hit in higher-level caches (e.g., L1 cache) and are rarely referenced in the LLC. Therefore, they become replacement victims in the LLC. Due to the inclusion property, blocks evicted from the LLC have to also be invalidated from higher-level caches. Invalidation of hot blocks from the entire cache hierarchy introduces costly off-chip misses that makes the inclusive cache perform poorly. Neither blocks that are highly referenced in the LLC nor blocks that are highly referenced in higher-level caches should be the LLC replacement victims. We propose temporal-based multilevel correlating cache replacement for inclusive caches to evict blocks in the LLC that are also not hot in higher-level caches using correlated temporal information acquired from all levels of a cache hierarchy with minimal overhead. Invalidation of these blocks does not hurt the performance. By contrast, replacing them as early as possible with useful blocks helps improve cache performance. Based on our experiments, in a dual-core CMP, an inclusive cache with temporal-based multilevel correlating cache replacement significantly outperforms an inclusive cache with traditional LRU replacement by yielding an average speedup of 12.7p, which is comparable to an enhanced noninclusive cache, while requiring less than 1p of storage overhead.
Brief Performance assessment of multivariable feedback control systems

A new procedure is developed for the estimation of minimum-variance performance bounds in multivariable feedback control systems. The algorithm used in this paper does not require any knowledge of the interactor matrix. Instead, it uses the first few Markov parameters of the plant (up to the delay order of the process) and a set of closed-loop operating data to estimate an expression for the outputs under minimum-variance control. The minimum-variance term of a multivariable feedback control system is shown to be identical to the behavior of the outputs under a finite-horizon minimum-variance control with specified horizon length. The utility of the proposed method in the performance assessment of multivariable control systems is demonstrated through a simulated example.
Quantification of axially correlated ablation in z-pinch wire-arrays

Wire-array z-pinch experiments were performed on the 1 MA, 100 ns rise-time COBRA facility at Cornell University. Experiments utilized wire-arrays containing 2 pair of 5 to 7.5 micron diameter tungsten wires spaced ~240 nm apart. X-pinch x-ray backlighters were used to image breakup of the wire cores. Axially correlated ablation regions between paired wires were observed. These correlated regions were also observed in data from evenly spaced wire-arrays. Quantified fractional lengths of these correlated ablation regions are presented.
Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) Before Upgrade to Component Test Facility (CTF)

The compact (R0~1.2-1.3m) Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) is aimed at providing a fully integrated, continuously driven fusion nuclear environment of copious fusion neutrons. This facility w...
The Psychological Role of Pay Systems in Undertaking Discretionary Work Hours

Drawing on psychological and economic perspectives, this paper models aspects of pay systems that dispose employees towards longer discretionary work hours than predicted by economically rational exchange alone. Three pay-system triggers and their respective paths to the undertaking of discretionary work hours are expounded: 1) pay equated to units of time, 2) pay contingent on subjective individual performance standards, and 3) pay growth determined by tournament pay structures. The effects are conceived as self-reinforcing due to loss aversion stemming from both endowment of income and sunk cost bias. Also considered are implications for human capital, a posed curvilinear relationship that holds practical relevance for organizational sustainability — i.e., maintenance of the firm’s human capital over the long term.
Packaging: Polymers in Flexible Packaging

Flexible packaging includes wraps, bags, sacks, and pouches. Low density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene are the most common materials used. Plastic films can be produced using either the blown film or cast film processes. Coextrusion and lamination are used to produce films containing more than one plastic layer or combining plastic with paper or foil. Coating is also used to provide improved properties such as enhanced barrier.
Spin transfer torque in a graphene lateral spin valve assisted by an external magnetic field.

Spin-based devices are widely discussed for post-complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) applications. A number of spin device ideas propose using spin current to carry information coherently through a spin channel and transfering it to an output magnet by spin transfer torque. Graphene is an ideal channel material in this context due to its long spin diffusion length, gate-tunable carrier density, and high carrier mobility. However, spin transfer torque has not been demonstrated in graphene or any other semiconductor material as of yet. Here, we report the first experimental measurement of spin transfer torque in graphene lateral nonlocal spin valve devices. Assisted by an external magnetic field, the magnetization reversal of the ferromagnetic receiving magnet is induced by pure spin diffusion currents from the input magnet. The magnetization switching is reversible between parallel and antiparallel configurations, depending on the polarity of the applied charged current. The presented results ar...
Pentafluorophenylimido Alkylidene Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten

Pentafluorophenylimido alkylidene complexes of molybdenum and tungsten have been prepared in good yields. Examples include Mo(NC6F5)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me2Pyr)2 (Me2Pyr = 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide), W(NC6F5)(CH-t-Bu)(DME)(Pyrrolide)2, Mo(NC6F5)(CHCMe2Ph)[OC(CF3)3]2, W(NC6F5)(CH-t-Bu)(DME)[OC(CF3)3]2, Mo(NC6F5)(CHCMe2Ph)[OC(C6F5)3]2, W(NC6F5)(CH-t-Bu)[OC(C6F5)3]2, Mo(NC6F5)(CHCMe2Ph)(ODFT)2 (ODFT = O-2,6-(C6F5)2C6H3), and W(NC6F5)(CH-t-Bu)(ODFT)2. Treatment of W(NC6F5)(CH-t-Bu)(DME)[OC(CF3)3]2 with ethylene led to formation of W(NC6F5)(CH2CH2CH2)[OC(CF3)3]2, which has a TBP structure in which the metallacyclobutane ring lies in the equatorial plane. 2,3-Dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene is polymerized by M(NC6F5)(CHR′)(ODFT)2 initiators to give cis,isotactic-poly(DCMNBD).
News and Corporate Bond Liquidity

Both macroeconomic and firm-specific news contain value-relevant information for corporate bonds. In this article, we show that trading volume in corporate bonds spikes before the release of scheduled macroeconomic news but on the days with and after scheduled firm-specific news. Since investors are less likely to be concerned with asymmetric information about macroeconomic than firm-specific news to be released, this result suggests that the anticipated arrival of macroeconomic news promotes speculative trades, whereas the arrival of firm-specific news encourages liquidity trades. Turning to liquidity, we find evidence of reduced informed trading and increased corporate bond liquidity on days with firm-specific news, but not on days with macroeconomic news.
Application Verification of UFV-200F Out-of-Step Separation Device

The 1 000 kV AC power transmission test and demonstration project from southeast Shanxi province via Nanyang in Henan province to Jingmen in Hubei province will be put into operation in the year of 2008. As the supporting item, four sets of UFV-200F out-of-step separation devices are equipped. It is the first time to apply out-of-step separation device in UHVAC power network. The dynamic simulation tests for out-of-step separation devices are implemented in quality inspection and test center of power devices and instruments for power industry. Test results show that the UFV-200F out-of-step separation device can meet the demand of UHVAC power grid operation and conform to the relevant technological standards.
Selenium Redox Reactivity on Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dot Surfaces

Understanding the structural and compositional origins of midgap states in semiconductor nanocrystals is a longstanding challenge in nanoscience. Here, we report a broad variety of reagents useful for photochemical reduction of colloidal CdSe quantum dots, and we establish that these reactions proceed via a dark surface prereduction step prior to photoexcitation. Mechanistic studies relying on the specific properties of various reductants lead to the proposal that this surface prereduction occurs at oxidized surface selenium sites. These results demonstrate the use of small-molecule inorganic chemistries to control the physical properties of colloidal QDs and provide microscopic insights into the identities and reactivities of their localized surface species.
New Concepts in Antibody Structure

The accepted view of the three-dimensional structure of the antibody molecule is derived from our understanding of how enzymes work and from the known structure of enzyme-substrate complexes. X-ray crystallographic analysis of enzymes and their substrates have given us ample evidence for the existence of pockets or tunnels in which substrates enter and undergo enzymatically mediated chemical changes. This view has greatly influenced the models for how antibodies bind their antigens, although antibodies do not change anything of the chemistry of antigens. The pocket or groove concept was reinforced by several X-ray crystallographic studies (2,26,29) of Fab fragments of myeloma proteins which had defined hapten specificities. In these structures the relevant hapten are indeed embraced by a pocket in the immunoglobulin structure. These pockets or grooves fit quite well into the concept of antibody binding sites which represent concave areas of the antibody molecule present on the tip of the Fab arms. However, this classical concept of antibody structure based on concave impressions for holding antigen, runs into difficulties in the structural interpretation of the immune network hypothesis of Niels Jerne (14).
Effective medium modeling of velocity dispersion and attenuation in isotropic rocks

ABSTRACTCalculation of the velocity of elastic waves that propagate in saturated rocks is complicated by many dispersion and attenuation mechanisms. Wave-induced fluid flow at pore and mesoscopic scales is responsible for substantial dispersion and attenuation effects. In addition, dispersion and attenuation phenomena in rocks are due to spatial heterogeneities in density and elastic properties. Whenever the wavelength of a propagating wave is of the same scale as the size of the pores, dispersion takes place in the form of multiple scattering. We have developed an effective medium model that reproduced the combined effects on acoustic velocities of four wave-attenuation mechanisms by replicating results predicted by existing models in saturated isotropic rocks, Biot’s and squirt flow, and acoustic scattering from spherical pores and randomly oriented penny-shaped cracks. First, the strengthening of rocks and wave velocity increase with frequency associated with fluid-related dispersion was modeled by int...
Knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease among Vietnamese Americans and correlates of their knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease:

The present study examined the knowledge of Alzheimer's disease and correlates of the disease knowledge among Vietnamese Americans. Cross-sectional survey interviews were conducted with 95 middle-aged and older Vietnamese Americans. Vietnamese Americans showed limited knowledge about Alzheimer's disease. Normalization of Alzheimer's disease in old age was prevalent. They lacked knowledge about treatment and cure of Alzheimer's disease. Those who reside longer in the U.S. and are more exposed to Alzheimer's disease are likely to have higher levels of Alzheimer's disease knowledge. Our study identified current Alzheimer's disease knowledge level and status, and areas of misconceptions and knowledge gaps among Vietnamese Americans, calling for urgent needs for educational outreach to improve knowledge about Alzheimer's disease among Vietnamese Americans. Information about who can be more or less knowledgeable about Alzheimer's disease can be used to strategize and tailor outreach efforts for different segments of the Vietnamese American population.
The King is Dead: The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII: Lipscomb, Suzannah, New York: Pegasus Books 192 pp., $26.95, ISBN 978-1-68177-254-X Publication Date: December 2016

Suzannah Lipscomb's The King is Dead: The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII takes some of Tudor history's most eminent historians to task regarding one of the most intriguing and challenged doc...
Economic Origins of the Mafia and Patronage System in Sicily

Organized crime satisfies a demand for necessary social services in the absence of effective government institutions. This paper examines the rise of the Sicilian mafia. Using system dynamics, we model this system and test various policies to determine what factors have the greatest impact on mafia power. Based on the experiments, the most effective policies for reducing mafia power are those that decrease the demand for private protection services by reducing the threat of banditry in society, and not those policies that act against the mafia directly. We also examine historical examples of other mafia-type organizations and discover that our findings apply not just to Sicily, but also to other societies including present-day Iraq and Afghanistan.
Towards Efficient Microarchitectural Design for Accelerating Unsupervised GAN-Based Deep Learning

Recently, deep learning based approaches have emerged as indispensable tools to perform big data analytics. Normally, deep learning models are first trained with a supervised method and then deployed to execute various tasks. The supervised method involves extensive human efforts to collect and label the large-scale dataset, which becomes impractical in the big data era where raw data is largely un-labeled and uncategorized. Fortunately, the adversarial learning, represented by Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), enjoys a great success on the unsupervised learning. However, the distinct features of GAN, such as massive computing phases and non-traditional convolutions challenge the existing deep learning accelerator designs. In this work, we propose the first holistic solution for accelerating the unsupervised GAN-based Deep Learning. We overcome the above challenges with an algorithm and architecture co-design approach. First, we optimize the training procedure to reduce on-chip memory consumption. We then propose a novel time-multiplexed design to efficiently map the abundant computing phases to our microarchitecture. Moreover, we design high-efficiency dataflows to achieve high data reuse and skip the zero-operand multiplications in the non-traditional convolutions. Compared with traditional deep learning accelerators, our proposed design achieves the best performance (average 4.3X) with the same computing resource. Our design also has an average of 8.3X speedup over CPU and 6.2X energy-efficiency over NVIDIA GPU.
Phase II study of single agent paclitaxel in adult patients with relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Background: A phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with relapsed adult acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was conducted. Methods: Patients with relapsed ALL, no more than one prior salvage regimen, and no overt hepatic, renal, or cardiac dysfunction were eligible. Patients received paclitaxel 250 mg/m2 given as a continuous 24 -h intravenous infusion repeated every 3–4 weeks. Results: Eight patients received 13 courses of paclitaxel. One transient partial response was observed. The only severe extramedullary toxicities observed were Grade 3 myalgias and arthralgias. Conclusion: The study paclitaxel regimen was ineffective in refractory adult ALL.
Control Function Measures for Hydrodynamic Problems

This short paper shows that different choices made for control functions of information in hydrodynamic flow problems can have significant implications for interpretations of the system. Using as a simple illustration the case of a steady-state, one-dimensional flow model with no internal sources or sinks and with the hydraulic conductivity depending on a single parameter and the distance from the origin, it is shown that, even when a continuous, error-free head data set is provided, statements about the uniqueness or not of the inverse solution are conditioned on the choice of the control function. Care has to be exercised in obtaining physically meaningful results and, depending on the model assumptions and the data available, there may not be acceptable models. It is also shown that there may be more than one model behavior that is acceptable. The results have implications for the hydrodynamic upscaling problem for flow in permeable media, for ensemble averaging methods, and for parameter determination for deterministic models of permeable flow.
Collective behavior in groups of self-propelled particles with active and passive sensing inspired by animal echolocation

Collective behavior is observed in many physical and biological systems and has been studied through agent-based models, including the Vicsek model, which enforces aligned motion among agents. The behaviors produced by these models are highly dependent on the type of sensing individuals use. In nature, bats successfully use a complex form of sensing, namely, active echolocation in a relatively narrow beam and passive eavesdropping on their conspecifics' sound over a wider volume. Inspired by this system, we investigate whether augmenting an active sensing mechanism with passive sensing can improve the collective behavior of the group. A three-dimensional Vicsek-type model is presented to study the effects of combining active and passive sensing on collective behavior of a group of particles in the presence of noise. Phase transition is observed in both the presence and absence of passive sensing, yet the range of parameters for which ordered and disordered group states exist dramatically changes when passive sensing is implemented. Notably, we find numerous cases of the model for which the implementation of passive sensing increases the robustness of the collective behavior to noise.
A direct route from white phosphorus and fluorous alkyl and aryl iodides to the corresponding trialkyl- and triarylphosphines

Reactions of white phosphorus (P4), fluorous alkyl iodides I(CH2)mRfn (Rfn = CF3(CF2)n−1; 4.0–5.0 equiv./P), and SmI2 (1.0–1.5 equiv./iodide) in THF afford the corresponding trialkylphosphines P((CH2)mRfn)3 (m,n = 2,8; 2,10; 3,6; 3,8; 4,8; 58–92% after workup). Similar reactions with the fluorous aryl iodides IC6H4(3-Rf6), IC6H4(4-Rf6), and IC6H3(3,5-Rf6)2 require the stronger reductants SmBr2 or SmCl2 and give the triarylphosphines P(C6H4(3-Rf6))3, P(C6H4(4-Rf6))3, and P(C6H3(3,5-Rf6)2)3 (23–41%). These transformations involve non-chain radical additions to P4. Advantages versus existing routes to fluorous phosphines, and general strategic issues in the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds, are discussed.
La encuesta como método de estudio del estado nutricional de la población. El caso de los trabajadores municipales de Santiago de Chile (1936)

Introduction: Diagnoses in the beginning of the 20th Century showed the deterioration of material conditions of life in the general population, especially the poorest. One of the most important aspects was the problem of access to adequate food and diet. The objective of this reflection is to analyze the results of a nutrition survey applied in 1936 to the workers of the Department of Cleanliness of the Municipality of Santiago de Chile. Reflection: The survey of the Municipality of Santiago de Chile provides important information on calorie consumption, height and weight. This survey allows for discussion of the scope of the survey as a research technique during the 1930s and 1940s, and the reasons why it was imposed against other methods such as the use of national surveillance systems. Conclusion: The survey applied to the workers of the Municipality of Santiago shows their privileged conditions in regards to income, dietary intake, and Body Mass Index.
Analysis of psychosocial and spiritual concerns in patients consulted for palliative radiation therapy.

157Background: Little is known about the prevalence of psychosocial and spiritual issues in patients being treated with palliative radiation therapy (PRT). This study assessed patients’ psychosocia...
Thin Film Solar Cells Based on n-type Polycrystalline CdTe Absorber

The effect of Indium (In) doping on CdTe thin film solar cells was investigated. CdTe thin films were deposited using the elemental vapor transport (EVT) technique under various Cd/Te gas phase ratios and In vapor concentrations. TCO/Buffer/n-CdTe/p-ZnTe solar cells have been fabricated and characterized. Indium doping has been found to affect the device performance. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements revealed that net n-type doping increased with In concentration during the EVT deposition. Spectral response (SR) measurements indicated an enhanced carrier collection at higher In concentrations. The open-circuit voltage ($\text{V}_{\mathbf {OC}}$) and fill factor (FF) of the devices was found to increase with increased n-type doping and therefore builtin voltage. To-date n-type CdTe solar cells yielded devices with $\text{V}_{\mathbf {OC}} \quad =$ 730 mV, $\text{J}_{\mathbf {SC}} \quad =$ 20 mA/cm$^{\mathbf {2}} {, \mathbf {FF}} =$textbf 62 % and efficiency near 9 %.
The Urbanization Barrier

This chapter looks the way that urban migration is exacerbating present and future water problems. Many areas of the world are unable to keep pace with the growing need to supply their populations with the necessary wastewater collection and treatment facilities. One result of this is heightened pollution from discharging untreated sewage into existing water courses.
Firm Linkages to Scandals via Directors and Professional Service Firms: Insights from the Backdating Scandal

We examine market reactions to the stock options backdating scandal in a slightly unusual way, but focusing on firms who were not perceived to have had a backdating concern, but were instead linked to firms who did have a backdating concern. These linkages can be found via board interlocks and the roles those directors perform. In addition we examine the linkages which occur from shared professional services firms, such as auditors and outside legal counsel. That these potential conduits are available is not in question, but rather, do investors perceive the conduits are used to pass along information about backdating stock options? We then ask if affiliation with dominant audit and legal services firms ameliorates or exacerbates those investor market reactions. We find that firms linked to the scandalized firms also face negative reactions, which are worsened when they also are serviced by professional services firms who are themselves are also linked to the managerial practice.
Literature in the Standards Paradigm: An Evolution of Gains and Losses:

The purpose of this article is to present the findings of a qualitative content analysis of historical documents related to the teaching of literature. Through a social semiotics framework, we anal...
Cytokine profiling of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes by flow cytometry

Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) utilizing fluorescently labeled, cytokine-specific antibodies is a powerful technique utilized to evaluate cytokine expression that provides resolution at the single cell level. Combined with multi-parameter flow cytometry, ICS can provide detailed information on complex cytokine profiles and cellular phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment, particularly for the CD4+ T helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell compartments. This technique provides critical information concerning tumor-infiltrating T cell function that is essential for evaluating existing or therapeutically-induced tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in both preclinical models and cancer patients. In this chapter we will discuss in detail the critical steps necessary for a successful ICS assay and outline common protocols for the evaluation of cytokine production from T cell subsets present within the tumor microenvironment.
The Strongest Possible Earthquake Ground Motion

Ground accelerations have been seen to exceed three accelerations of gravity (g). Can extreme motions further surpass this level as more earthquakes are experienced? Also, ground shaking of nearly ...
JUUL on Twitter: Analyzing Tweets About Use of a New Nicotine Delivery System

Background Initial reports suggest that JUUL, a popular e-cigarette, is being used in schools and other locations in which cigarette smoking is illegal or discouraged. However, there is little scholarly research documenting this. We aimed to make a systematic analysis of JUUL use themes and sentiment on Twitter. Methods Data were collected from Twitter's Filtered Streams Application Programming Interface from April 12, 2018 to May 10, 2018. This yielded 67,934 tweets, from which a random sample of 2% was selected for coding. The final dataset included 1209 tweets. Inter-rater reliability ranged κ = 0.64-0.85. Results The majority (71.5%) of tweets expressed positive sentiment toward JUUL. JUUL use in places where cigarette smoking is illegal or discouraged appeared in 111 tweets (9.2%); approximately one-third of these tweets referring to using the device in school. Nearly 20% of tweets mentioned using the device at home and/or directly in front of responsible adults. Conclusions This study confirms anecdotal reports of JUUL use in places where cigarette smoking is illegal or discouraged. Positive sentiment about use of JUUL suggests that the product is being normalized among young people. It may be valuable for educators to discuss the addictive nature of nicotine delivered through JUUL with younger populations.
Associated risk factors for extended length of stay following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Abstract Objectives There is a paucity of literature describing the predictors associated with extended length of hospital stay (LOS) for patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The aim of this study was to identify the patient- and hospital-level factors associated with extended LOS for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing ACDF. Patients and methods The National Inpatient Sample database was queried to identify patients with a diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing ACDF between 2010 and 2014. Updated trend weights were used to assess patient demographics, comorbidities, complications, LOS, discharge disposition and total cost. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio for risk-adjusted LOS. The primary outcome was the degree to which patient comorbidities or postoperative complications correlated with extended LOS (>3 days). Results We identified 144,514 patients with 29,947 (20.7%) experiencing an extended LOS (Normal LOS: 114,567; Extended LOS: 29,947). Comorbidities were overall significantly higher in the extended LOS cohort compared to the normal LOS cohort. Patients with extended LOS had a significantly greater proportion of blood transfusion (p 1 complication. Conclusion Our national cohort study demonstrated multiple patient- and hospital-level factors associated with extended LOS (>3 days) after ACDF for CSM. Specifically, patients with an extended LOS had lower socioeconomic status, higher rate of comorbidities, greater percentage of postoperative complications and non-routine discharges, with greater overall costs. Further investigational studies are necessary to identify quality improvement strategies targeted to better optimizing patients preoperatively and reducing perioperative complications in order to improve quality of patient care and reduce hospital LOS.
The uses of writing for digital video

In this essay I view writing as a communicative practice, and ask how and in what ways teachers and students define the role of writing in relation to digital video composition. While there is much...
Using Benford's Law to Predict the Risk of Financial Statement Fraud in Equity Crowdfunding Offerings

Purpose – This research will use Benford’s Law to identify high and low fraud risk in equity crowdfunders’ financial statements provided to investors. I also test whether nonconformity to Benford’s Law is more likely in startups, firms with annual losses reported, or related to the offer size, which determines the level of assurance and disclosure requirements. Design/methodology/approach – I identify anomalies in equity crowdfunding offerings’ financial statements that diverge from Benford’s Law. I use the Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnoff (KS) statistics to determine which noncompliant statements diverge to the degree that indicates the likelihood of presence of fraud in the statements. I use the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) statistic to identify subgroups that have a greater likelihood of fraud risk. Additionally, I compare the KS statistic and MAD statistic of divergent equity crowdfunding firms in the study to other public companies. Findings – Regulation Crowdfunding firms are more at risk for fraudulent financial reporting than other public firms. Startups are a higher fraud risk than growing or maturing companies and positive or break-even earnings are riskier than firm-years reporting losses. No specific funding tier is indicative of a higher or lower fraud risk, however, fraud risk is equally pervasive in all tiers. The implication of these findings is that it raises awareness that this mechanism is extremely risky and the investor protections embedded in the current regulations are not enough to keep the fraudsters at bay. Fraudulent filings are not prevented through mandated assurance and the appeal of high rewards by the equity crowdfunders outweighs the risk of detection. Originality/Value – Regulation Crowdfunding is intended to facilitate capital formation in startups and small business while trying to protect investors (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2016). Although much concern has been expressed about the dangers of investing in equity crowdfunding issues, there have been no other studies analyzing the initial filings of equity crowdfunding offers and there have been no fraud risk assessments conducted on these filings, including the use of audit data analytics (ADA). Audit data analytics have been shown to predict or detect financial statement fraud in large, public companies (Amiram et al., 2015; Nigrini, 2017a) and auditors commonly use Benford’s Law to assess the risk of financial statement fraud in their audits.
Inhibition of dual leucine zipper kinase prevents chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairments.

ABSTRACT Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments (CICI) are common, often severe neurotoxic side effects of cancer treatment that greatly reduce quality of life of cancer patients and survivors. Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved agents for the prevention or curative treatment of CIPN or CICI. The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) is a key mediator of axonal degeneration that is localized to axons and coordinates the neuronal response to injury. We developed a novel brain-penetrant DLK inhibitor, IACS'8287, which demonstrates potent and highly selective inhibition of DLK in vitro and in vivo. Coadministration of IACS'8287 with the platinum derivative cisplatin prevents mechanical allodynia, loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers in the hind paws, cognitive deficits, and impairments in brain connectivity in mice, all without interfering with the antitumor activity of cisplatin. The protective effects of IACS'8287 are associated with preservation of mitochondrial function in dorsal root ganglion neurons and in brain synaptosomes. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis of dorsal root ganglia reveals modulation of genes involved in neuronal activity and markers for immune cell infiltration by DLK inhibition. These data indicate that CIPN and CICI require DLK signaling in mice, and DLK inhibitors could become an attractive treatment in the clinic when coadministered with cisplatin, and potentially other chemotherapeutic agents, to prevent neurotoxicities as a result of cancer treatment.
Social Media Accompanying Reading Together: A SMART Approach to Promote Literacy Engagement

Dialogic reading, in which parents engage children in discussion of books, is associated with long-term literacy success. Social media is an emerging platform for promoting behavioral change, but i...
High Burden of Subclinical and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adults With Metabolically Healthy Obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

OBJECTIVE It is controversial whether adults who are obese but “metabolically healthy” have cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk comparable with that of normal-weight adults. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), a biomarker of myocardial damage, is useful in characterizing subclinical CVD. We categorized obesity phenotypes and studied their associations with subclinical and clinical CVD and CVD subtypes, including heart failure (HF). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses of 9,477 adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We used the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and BMI to define obesity phenotypes as follows: metabolically healthy normal weight, metabolically healthy overweight, metabolically healthy obese, metabolically unhealthy normal weight, metabolically unhealthy overweight, and metabolically unhealthy obese. RESULTS At baseline (1990–1992), mean age was 56 years, 56% were female, 23% were Black, and 25% had detectable hs-cTnT (≥6 ng/L). Over a median of 17 years of follow-up, there were 2,603 clinical CVD events. Those with the metabolically healthy obese (hazard ratio [HR] 1.38, 95% CI 1.15–1.67), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.30–1.76), metabolically unhealthy overweight (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.41–1.82), and metabolically unhealthy obese (HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.88–2.44) phenotypes had higher CVD risks in comparison with metabolically healthy normal weight. Detectable hs-cTnT (≥6 ng/L) was associated with higher CVD risk, even among metabolically healthy normal-weight adults. Metabolically healthy obese adults had higher HF risk (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.30–2.09) in comparison with metabolically healthy normal weight. CONCLUSIONS The metabolically healthy obese phenotype was associated with excess burden of clinical CVD, primarily driven by an excess risk of HF. hs-cTnT was useful in stratifying CVD risk across all obesity phenotypes, even among obese individuals who appear otherwise metabolically healthy.
Preemptive interventions for infants and toddlers with a high likelihood for autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding the impact of preemptive interventions on development for those with a high likelihood for autism is a critical step in building a transdiagnostic model of optimized intervention. The...