cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Overactive Bladder in the Young Man

In this review, the current literature regarding idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) in the young male will be discussed. We will also share the unique experience of providers at a single military institution in treating this specific patient population and their recommendations based on the unique etiologies, comorbidities, and treatment response and adherence. Despite several studies addressing idiopathic OAB and providing the basis for existing guidelines, none offer guidance on how this syndrome affects a younger male population in whom OAB is less likely to be due to an obstructive etiology, nor is there guidance on the optimal approach to efficient assessment and management in this patient population. Adherence to the American Urological Association guidelines with more liberal use of adjunctive diagnostic measures with early escalation of therapy when symptoms are not adequately controlled may expedite OAB symptom management more appropriately in young men. Prospective studies focusing on OAB treatment in this patient population are needed to better understand and better treat OAB in this patient population.
Preceptors' Frequency and Supervision of Athletic Training Students' Medical Documentation During Clinical Education

Context Athletic trainers (ATs) who serve as preceptors for athletic training students must model, facilitate, and guide professional skills and behaviors, including medical documentation. Precepto...
Carboxypeptidase E-∆N Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via Upregulation of CXCR2 Gene Expression

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The molecular basis for the pathogenesis of this disease remains elusive. In this study, we have investigated the role of wild-type Carboxypeptidase E (CPE-WT) and a 40 kDa N-terminal truncated isoform, CPE-ΔN in promoting proliferation and invasion of Panc-1 cells, a pancreatic cancer cell line. Both CPE-WT and CPE-ΔN were expressed in Panc-1 and BXPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that in CPE transfected Panc-1 cells, CPE-ΔN was found primarily in the nucleus, whereas CPE-WT was present exclusively in the cytoplasm as puncta, characteristic of secretory vesicles. Endogenous CPE-WT was secreted into the media. Overexpression of CPE-ΔN in Panc-1 cells resulted in enhancement of proliferation and invasion of these cells, as determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell proliferation assay and Matrigel invasion assay, respectively. In contrast, the expression of CPE-WT protein at comparable levels to CPE-ΔN in Panc-1 cells resulted in promotion of proliferation but not invasion. Importantly, there was an upregulation of the expression of CXCR2 mRNA and protein in Panc-1 cells overexpressing CPE-ΔN, and these cells exhibited significant increase in proliferation in a CXCR2-dependent manner. Thus, CPE-ΔN may play an important role in promoting pancreatic cancer growth and malignancy through upregulating the expression of the metastasis-related gene, CXCR2.
Video-based literacy coaching to develop teachers’ professional vision for dialogic classroom text discussions

Abstract This study explores how 4th and 5th grade teachers’ reflective practice developed as they participated in a remote video-based coaching intervention to implement dialogic classroom text discussions. Drawing on a professional vision framework, we analyzed teachers’ verbal and written reflections to examine how teachers’ noticing and reasoning about their videoed classroom interactions developed over time. Findings suggest teachers became more focused on the connection between their discussion moves and students’ thinking in video, and their reasoning about these interactions became more interpretive and in-depth over time. Implications for research on how teachers learn dialogic pedagogies are discussed.
Mind the Gap: Commentary on Session XXV

Using the absent beginning of the session as shorthand this commentary seeks to explore the pedagogical possibility of this textual lack for understanding Lacan’s explication of the relation between anxiety and desire.
Conclusions and Future Directions in Interprofessional Care Coordination for Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder

In the concluding chapter of the book, a brief review of preceding chapters is provided. The purpose of this chapter is to reflect on common themes throughout the chapters, and to highlight some key areas for future work in interprofessional care coordination (ICC) for autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, some current and future priorities may include (1) person-centered and family-centered care coordination, (2) innovative assessment and service management approaches, and (3) teaming and telehealth models that reduce barriers to accessing coordinated services.
What Are We Measuring? A Systematic Review of Outcome Measurements Used in Shoulder Surgery.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the most commonly used outcome measurements following shoulder surgery and to investigate demographic variables related to their use. Methods PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies in which at least 1 shoulder-specific outcome measurement was used. Exclusion criteria included duplicate studies, review articles, lack of surgical arm, written in a language other than English, or not adult-specific. Additionally, surgeries were subcategorized based on the type of pathology leading to surgery. Results Of the 589 articles identified in the search, 180 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 35 shoulder-specific outcome measurements were reported. The Constant-Murley score (CMS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score (ASES), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), and University of California Los Angeles Score (UCLA) were used in more than 10% of the articles. The CMS and SSV were used more commonly together than individually (P = .0074). Additionally, the ASES (P < .00001) and CMS (P = .0109) were associated with the country of origin of the article. The SST was used more frequently in randomized control trials (P = .0287). The ASES and DASH were associated with surgeries categorized under the degenerative indication (P = .001 and P = .0146). Finally, the SSV, ASES and DASH were all found to be significantly paired with surgeries that indicated traumatic pathology (P = .0061, P = .0077 and P = .0069, respectively). Conclusions There is great variability among the outcome measurements currently being used for assessing function following orthopaedic shoulder surgery; however, 5 scoring systems are used more frequently than others. There remains a large discrepancy between the ideal reporting, as noted in the recent literature review, and the current state of outcomes reported at this time. Clinical Relevance By identifying and evaluating the heterogeneity of the reporting and the usage of the performance indicators, these results can guide the standardization of outcome measurements in shoulder surgery and allow for better comparability when assessing outcomes between patients and studies.
Pulmonary Vein Thrombosis in COVID-19

Research on COVID-19, the cause of a rapidly worsening pandemic, has led to the observation of laboratory derangements such as a propensity towards a hypercoagulable state. However, there are currently no reports on the incidence of pulmonary venous thrombosis in the setting of COVID-19. We report a case in which follow-up chest CT scans revealed an expansile filling defect in a branch of the right inferior pulmonary vein, which is consistent with pulmonary venous thrombosis. Our objective was to provide insight into an uncommon sequela of COVID-19 and consequently garner increased clinical suspicion for pulmonary VTE during hospitalization.
Identification and utilization of solid tumor genomic sequencing in the treatment of ovarian and endometrial cancer

Objectives: We aimed to identify clinically-relevant genetic mutations (CRGMs) in ovarian (OV), fallopian tube (FT), primary peritoneal (PP), and endometrial (EC) cancer patients and investigate the impact of targeted therapy (TT). Methods: EMERSE was utilized to identify patients diagnosed with OV, FT, PP, and EC who underwent tumor genomic profiling at our institution between April 2014-January 2019. All patients who underwent testing with verifiable results were included in our retrospective cohort. Patients were excluded if they had synchronous cancers and germline or non-solid tumor testing only. Clinical information was abstracted from the medical record. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 513 patients were included (n=226 OV/FT/PP, n=287 EC). In the OV/FT/PP cohort, 58.5% (n=125) of patients had at least one CRGM, with 39.1% (n=67) of patients having more than one CRGM. Fallopian tube cancers were less likely to be associated with CRGMs vs non-CRGMs (14.3 vs 29.1%, p=0.10), as well as HGS histology (58.0 vs 72.1%, p=0.04). Low-grade serous histology was associated with a higher rate of CRGMs (10.1 vs 1.2%, p=0.01). When comparing those who received TT versus non-TT, there was no difference in histology or stage. BRCA mutations were the most common CRGM (26.6%, n=32). 25 patients (20.8%) were treated with TT or enrolled in clinical trials (CTs) based on sequencing results. In patients receiving TT, 12.5% (n=3) had complete response (CR), 8.3% (n=2) had partial response (PR), and 20.8% (n=5) had stable disease (SD) for an objective response rate (ORR) of 20.0% and clinical benefit rate (CBR) of 41.7%.In patients with EC, 79.3% (n=218) of patients had at least one CRGM, with 74.8% (n=168) having more than one CRGM. Endometrioid histology was associated with higher rate of CRGMs vs non-CRGMs (73.4 vs 31.6%, p Conclusions: Genomic sequencing detected a high rate of CRGMs associated with gynecologic tumors. TT was associated with a high clinical benefit, however was not utilized in the majority of patients with CRGMs. Additionally, many patients were found to multiple CRGMs, suggesting a role for further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of combining TTs targeting different molecular pathways to enhance clinical benefit.
Investigating Relationships between Balance Confidence and Balance Ability in Older Adults

Increasing balance confidence in older individuals is important towards improving their quality of life and reducing activity avoidance. Here, we investigated if balance confidence (perceived ability) and balance performance (ability) in older adults were related to one another and would improve after balance training. The relationship of balance confidence in conjunction with balance performance for varied conditions (such as limiting vision, modifying somatosensory cues, and also base of support) was explored. We sought to determine if balance confidence and ability, as well as their relationship, could change after several weeks of training. Twenty-seven healthy participants were trained for several weeks during standing and walking exercises. In addition, seven participants with a higher risk of imbalance leading to falls (survivors of stroke) were also trained. Prior to and after training, balance ability and confidence were assessed via the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and Activities Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, respectively. Both groups showed improvements in balance abilities (i.e., BESS errors significantly decreased after training). Balance confidence was significantly higher in the healthy group than in the stroke group; however, ABC results reflected that balance confidence did not significantly increase after training for each. The correlations between balance ability and balance confidence were explored. Encouragingly, healthy participants displayed a negative correlation between BESS errors and ABC (i.e., enhancements in balance confidence (increases in ABC Scale results) were related to improvements in balance ability (decreases in BESS errors)). For the stroke participants, despite improvements in balance ability, our results showed that there was no relation to balance confidence (i.e., no correlation between BESS errors and ABC) in this group.
TRANSPORTATION AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

High technology industries constitute a major growth sector of the U.S. economy and have, as such, become the center of considerable attention from state and local economic development agencies and others concerned with national industrial competitiveness. These industries present spatial and production characteristics that differ from those of traditional manufacturing, including special transportation requirements, that have not received adequate attention to date from transportation planners and policy makers. The transportation implications of this major economic change within a framework that considers the stages of the industrial innovation process are discussed in this paper. In particular, implications for air transportation, for both passenger and freight demand, are outlined. Transportation-related measures for fostering high technology growth are addressed, and recommendations are made for further research to address unresolved theoretical and design issues.
Disintegration of Measures

Let (X,B), (Y,C), be measurable spaces and let μ be a measure on the product measure space. A disintegration of μis a representation $$ \mu = \int {{v_y}d\gamma (y)} $$ (1) where for each y in Y, υ y is a measure on X. The meaning of this formula is that for each ? in some specified class of function onX×Y, $$ \int {\phi d\mu = \int {(\int {\phi (x,y)d{v_y}(x)} )} } d\gamma (y) $$ (3) .
Multi-Parametric Analysis of Cell Death Pathways Using Live-Cell Microscopy

Programmed cell death is a complex process with new forms being discovered with regularity. Each pathway has a distinct and overlapping biochemical and physiological change occurring as the cell prepares for death. Detection of these changes can be facilitated by the availability of various fluorescent probes and advances in microscope systems. By analyzing these probes over time using fluorescence microscopy, the changes that occur in each cell en route to death can be analyzed on a cell-by-cell basis. While the timing of events varies considerably from cell to cell, it has been found that the sequence of events is highly conserved. Transient events, which would be difficult to detect using population averaging techniques, are readily detected when cells are analyzed individually in time lapse. The protocols in this unit describe using probes for real-time imaging of one of the apoptotic cell death pathways using various inducers, as well as the associated hardware necessary for imaging so that the imaging itself is not affecting cell viability. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 58:4.40.1-4.40.31. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: apoptosis; fluorescence microscopy; real-time imaging; image analysis; FRET
Melanoma-targeting properties of (99m)technetium-labeled cyclic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide analogues.

Preliminary reports have demonstrated that (99m)technetium (Tc)-labeled cyclic [Cys(3,4,10), D-Phe7]alpha-MSH(3-13) (CCMSH) exhibits high tumor uptake and retention values in a murine melanoma mouse model. In this report, the tumor targeting mechanism of 99mTc-CCMSH was studied and compared with four other radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide analogues: 125I-(Tyr2)-[Nle4, D-Phe7]alpha-MSH [125I-(Tyr2)-NDP]; 99mTc-CGCG-NDP; 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH; and 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH. In vitro receptor binding, internalization, and cellular retention of radiolabeled alpha-MSH analogues in B16/F1 murine cell line demonstrated that >70% of the receptor-bound radiolabeled analogues were internalized together with the receptor. Ninety % of the internalized 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP, whereas only 36% of internalized 99mTc-CCMSH, was released from the cells into the medium during a 4-h incubation at 37 degrees C. Two mouse models, C57 mice and severe combined immunodeficient (Scid) mice, inoculated s.c. with B16/F1 murine and TXM-13 human melanoma cells were used for the in vivo studies. Tumor uptake values of 11.32 and 2.39 [% injected dose (ID)/g] for 99mTc-CCMSH at 4 h after injection, resulted in an uptake ratio of tumor:blood of 39.0 and 11.5 in murine melanoma-C57 and human melanoma-Scid mouse models, respectively. Two strategies for decreasing the nonspecific kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH, substitution of Lys11 in CCMSH with Gly11 or Nle11, and lysine coinjection, were evaluated. The biodistribution data for the modified peptides showed that Lys11 replacement dramatically decreased the kidney uptake, whereas the tumor uptakes of 99mTc-Nle11- and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH were significantly lower than that of 99mTc-CCMSH. Lysine coinjection significantly decreased the kidney uptake (e.g., from 14.6% ID/g to 4.5% ID/g at 4 h after injection in murine melanoma-C57 mice) without significantly changing the value of tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH. In conclusion, the compact cyclic structure of 99mTc-CCMSH, its resistance to degradation, and its enhanced intracellular retention are the major contributing factors to the superior in vivo tumor targeting properties of 99mTc-CCMSH. Lys11 residue in 99mTc-CCMSH is critical to the tumor targeting in vivo, and lysine coinjection rather than lysine replacement can significantly decrease the nonspecific renal radioactivity accumulation without impeding the high melanoma-targeting properties of 99Tc-CCMSH. The metal-cyclized CCMSH molecule displays excellent potential for the development of melanoma-specific diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
Cell wall composition and digestibility alterations in Brachypodium distachyon achieved through reduced expression of the UDP-arabinopyranose mutase.

Nucleotide-activated sugars are essential substrates for plant cell-wall carbohydrate-polymer biosynthesis. The most prevalent grass cell wall sugars are glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), and arabinose (Ara). These sugars are biosynthetically related via the UDP-sugar interconversion pathway. We sought to target and generate UDP-sugar interconversion pathway transgenic Brachypodium distachyon lines resulting in cell wall carbohydrate composition changes with improved digestibility and normal plant stature. Both RNAi-mediated gene-suppression and constitutive gene-expression approaches were performed. Cell walls from 336 T0 transgenic plants with normal appearance were screened for complete carbohydrate composition. RNAi mutants of BdRGP1, a UDP-arabinopyranose mutase, resulted in large alterations in cell wall carbohydrate composition with significant decreases in cell wall Ara content but with minimal change in plant stature. Five independent RNAi-RGP1 T1 plant lines were used for in-depth analysis of plant cell walls. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that gene expression levels for BdRGP1, BdRGP2 and BdRGP3 were reduced in RNAi-RGP1 plants to 15-20% of controls. Cell wall Ara content was reduced by 23-51% of control levels. No alterations in cell wall Xyl and Glc content were observed. Corresponding decreases in cell wall ferulic acid (FA) and ferulic acid-dimers (FA-dimers) were observed. Additionally, cell wall p-coumarates (pCA) were decreased. We demonstrate the cell wall pCA decrease corresponds to Ara-coupled pCA. Xylanase-mediated digestibility of RNAi-RGP1 Brachypodium cell walls resulted in a near two-fold increase of released total carbohydrate. However, cellulolytic hydrolysis of cell wall material was inhibited in leaves of RNAi-RGP1 mutants. Our results indicate that targeted manipulation of UDP-sugar biosynthesis can result in biomass with substantially altered compositions and highlights the complex effect cell wall composition has on digestibility.
The Equilibrium and Transient Behavior of Mutation and Recombination

This paper investigates the limiting distributions for mutation and recombination. The paper shows a tight link between standard schema theories of recombination and the speed at which recombination operators drive a population to equilibrium. A similar analysis is performed for mutation. Finally the paper characterizes how a population undergoing recombination and mutation evolves.
Sound and complete monitoring of sequential consistency for relaxed memory models

We present a technique for verifying that a program has no executions violating sequential consistency (SC) when run under the relaxed memory models Total Store Order (TSO) and Partial Store Order (PSO). The technique works by monitoring sequentially consistent executions of a program to detect if similar program executions could fail to be sequentially consistent under TSO or PSO.We propose novel monitoring algorithms that are sound and complete for TSO and PSO--if a program can exhibit an SC violation under TSO or PSO, then the corresponding monitor can detect this on some SC execution. The monitoring algorithms arise naturally from the operational definitions of these relaxed memory models, highlighting an advantage of viewing relaxed memory models operationally rather than axiomatically. We apply our technique to several concurrent data structures and synchronization primitives, detecting a number of violations of sequential consistency.
Increasing the Robustness of Bounded Model Checking by Computing Lower Bounds on the Reachable States

Most symbolic model checkers are based on either Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), which may grow exponentially large, or Satisfiability (SAT) solvers, whose time requirements rapidly increase with the sequential depth of the circuit. We investigate the integration of BDD-based methods with SAT to speed up the verification of safety properties of the form G f, where f is either propositional or contains only the next-time temporal operator X. We use BDD-based reachability analysis to find lower bounds on the reachable states and the states that reach the bad states. Then, we use these lower bounds to shorten the counterexample or reduce the depth of the induction step (termination depth). We present experimental results that compare our method to a pure BDD-based method and a pure SAT-based method. Our method can prove properties that are hard for both the BDD-based and the SAT-based methods.
More than Cheap Talk: U.S. Campaign Rhetoric and China's Currency Reform

Is China-bashing on the campaign trail more than just “cheap talk”? If campaign appeals are reliable indicators of future legislative activity, then democratic signals may be less noisy than cynics complain, adding micro-level evidence of democratic credibility in international politics. While not the intended audience of campaign ads, Chinese policymakers may overhear and draw inferences about U.S. policy. We show that when challengers attacked on the campaign trail during the 2010 midterm elections, successful challengers and victorious incumbents were subsequently more likely to sponsor anti-China legislation. Moreover, China recognized that Congressional attention to China’s exchange rate put pressure on the White House as the election approached, affecting the timing of Chinese revaluation to prevent an international confrontation. Using time series data over the 110th-112th sessions of Congress, we show that increases in congressional activity were associated with increases in the Chinese exchange rate.
Understanding neural plasticity for programming brain-machine systems

The rapidly emerging field of brain-machine interfaces (BMI) establishes a spectacular convergence between literature and neuroscience. But brain-machine interfaces emerge from two well-defined practical goals: creating more powerful computers and giving new hope to a broad segment of the disabled population. During the last century, the study of computers and of the brain have evolved in a reciprocal metaphor: the brain is investigated as an organ that processes information and computers have been developed starting from the dream of creating an artificial brain. Brain-machine interfaces provide us with the perspective of moving beyond metaphor and considering the possibility of accessing the computational power of neural tissue. Despite the speed with which today's computers execute billions of operations, our brains have still unsurpassed performance when it comes to recognizing a face or controlling the complex dynamics of the arm. The computational power of biological systems has sparked research aimed at mimicking neurobiological processes in artificial system. Perhaps the most well-known outcomes of this research are artificial neural-networks, which attempt to emulate some of the key features of neural information processing. More recently, a new idea has begun to take shape: the idea of constructing hybrid computers in which neurons are grown over a semiconductor substrate.
Comments on NMR resolution of the chemical shift in solids

Abstract Several errors of principle and fact in a recent letter are pointed out and some additional comments made on new NMR experiments in progress.
The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders: Prevalence Findings from Recent Studies

Abstract. While sharing a new emphasis upon identifying discrete psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, epidemiological field studies conducted during the past decade have used diverse methods of case ascertainment and definition. Half used the multimethod-multistage approach to ascertain cases. Severity rating scales and measures of pervasiveness, parent-child concordance, and global functional impairment were employed to enhance the specificity of case definition. The majority of overall prevalence estimates of moderate to severe disorder range from 14 to 20%. Those investigations that use multiple methods to define caseness show greatest promise in identifying true cases in community samples.
A fuzzy evolutionary programming-based solution methodology for security-constrained generation maintenance scheduling

Abstract A traditional mathematical model for maintenance scheduling of power generation systems may give an optimal schedule for a power system with known conditions. A change of the system condition due to uncertainties or sudden changes may render the resulting optimal schedule unsuitable or inapplicable for the power system under study. This paper presents a fuzzy model and an evolutionary programming-based solution technique for the security-constrained maintenance scheduling (MS) problem of generation systems with uncertainties in the load and fuel and maintenance costs. The proposed technique results are fuzzy optimal cost range that reflects the problem uncertainties. The technique solves a decomposed maintenance model of two interrelated subproblems, namely the maintenance and the security-constrained economic dispatch problem. Test results on the IEEE 30-bus system with six generating units reported in this paper are quite encouraging.
Transient assembly of F-actin on the outer mitochondrial membrane contributes to mitochondrial fission

In addition to established membrane remodeling roles in various cellular locations, actin has recently emerged as a participant in mitochondrial fission. However, the underlying mechanisms of its participation remain largely unknown. We report that transient de novo F-actin assembly on the mitochondria occurs upon induction of mitochondrial fission and F-actin accumulates on the mitochondria without forming detectable submitochondrial foci. Impairing mitochondrial division through Drp1 knockout or inhibition prolonged the time of mitochondrial accumulation of F-actin and also led to abnormal mitochondrial accumulation of the actin regulatory factors cortactin, cofilin, and Arp2/3 complexes, suggesting that disassembly of mitochondrial F-actin depends on Drp1 activity. Furthermore, down-regulation of actin regulatory proteins led to elongation of mitochondria, associated with mitochondrial accumulation of Drp1. In addition, depletion of cortactin inhibited Mfn2 down-regulation– or FCCP-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. These data indicate that the dynamic assembly and disassembly of F-actin on the mitochondria participates in Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission.
The Poe Palimpsest

Julian Symons. The T'ell-Tale Heart: The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe. Wolf Mankowitz. The Extraordinary Mr. Poe.
The Impact of Examinee Performance Information on Judges' Cut Scores in Modified Angoff Standard-Setting Exercises.

This research evaluated the impact of a common modification to Angoff standard-setting exercises: the provision of examinee performance data. Data from 18 independent standard-setting panels across three different medical licensing examinations were examined to investigate whether and how the provision of performance information impacted judgments and the resulting cut scores. Results varied by panel but in general indicated that both the variability among the panelists and the resulting cut scores were affected by the data. After the review of performance data, panelist variability generally decreased. In addition, for all panels and examinations pre- and post-data cut scores were significantly different. Investigation of the practical significance of the findings indicated that nontrivial fail rate changes were associated with the cut score changes for a majority of standard-setting exercises. This study is the first to provide a large-scale, systematic evaluation of the impact of a common standard setting practice, and the results can provide practitioners with insight into how the practice influences panelist variability and resulting cut scores.
Stepwise Insertion and Inversion of a Type II Signal Anchor Sequence in the Ribosome-Sec61 Translocon Complex

In eukaryotic cells, the ribosome-Sec61 translocon complex (RTC) establishes membrane protein topology by cotranslationally partitioning nascent polypeptides into the cytosol, ER lumen, and lipid bilayer. Using photocrosslinking, collisional quenching, cysteine accessibility, and protease protection, we show that a canonical type II signal anchor (SA) acquires its topology through four tightly coupled and mechanistically distinct steps: (1) head-first insertion into Sec61α, (2) nascent chain accumulation within the RTC, (3) inversion from type I to type II topology, and (4) stable translocation of C-terminal flanking residues. Progression through each stage is induced by incremental increases in chain length and involves abrupt changes in the molecular environment of the SA. Importantly, type II SA inversion deviates from a type I SA at an unstable intermediate whose topology is controlled by dynamic interactions between the ribosome and translocon. Thus, the RTC coordinates SA topogenesis within a protected environment via sequential energetic transitions of the TM segment.
AGU education and public outreach programs: Empowering future Earth and space scientists

The staff and leadership of AGU are committed to fostering excellence in Earth and space science education. While AGU's Strategic Plan does not specifically highlight primary or secondary education among its objectives, outreach in this area plays a significant role in developing and nurturing the next generation of Earth and space scientists. Several educational goals along with specific strategies will help AGU meet its goal related to workforce or talent pool development. Particular emphasis is being placed on building partnerships and collaborations that will increase the effectiveness of AGU's outreach efforts related to education.
Early androgen treatment and male sexual behavior in female rats

Abstract Stimulation of the newborn male rat by endogenous testicular hormones and stimulation of the newborn female rat by exogenous testosterone will permanently suppress the rat's potential to respond to estrogen and progesterone with the display of feminine sexual behavior. Thus, early hormone stimulation de-feminizes the rat. Some data suggest that early testosterone stimulation may also enhance masculine sexual behavior and the reactivity of the adult rat to testosterone. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate this latter hypothesis. In Experiment 1 female rats were treated with oil at birth, with testosterone at birth, 96 hr after birth or 192 hr after birth. This postnatal testosterone stimulation did not increase the frequency of mounting behavior in response to testosterone treatment in adulthood. In Experiment 2 female rats were treated with testosterone or oil on Day 17 of gestation. This prenatal testosterone treatment did not increase the frequency of mounting behavior in response to testosterone treatment in adulthood. In Experiment 3 female rats were treated with testosterone or oil on Days 16–20 of gestation and 96 hr after birth. This prenatal and postnatal testosterone treatment did not increase the frequency of mounting behavior in response to testosterone treatment in adulthood. It was concluded that early testosterone stimulation does not enhance the rat's potential to display masculine sexual behavior or its reactivity to testosterone in adulthood.
Maximum-efficiency architectures for steady-flow combustion engines, II: Work-regenerative gas turbine engines

Abstract In this paper we identify the maximum-efficiency architecture allowed by physics for simple-cycle gas turbine engines. This is achieved by functional minimization of total irreversibility using the attractor trajectory optimization approach developed in the first part of this study. It is shown that maximization of efficiency requires the combustion process to be performed in a part-adiabatic and part-isothermal manner. The optimal split of fuel to be burned between the adiabatic and isothermal segments is determined to be a function of turbomachinery irreversibilities and the turbine-blade temperature limit. The resulting optimal architecture has higher efficiency than both the traditional Brayton cycle (that employs only adiabatic combustion) and a fully-reheat cycle (that employs only isothermal combustion).
Elevated serum periostin levels in patients with bone metastases from breast but not lung cancer.

Periostin is a recently identified gene that is preferentially expressed in periosteum, indicating a potential role in bone formation and maintenance of structure. We independently identified and isolated periostin from cancer tissue, using the palindromic PCR-driven cDNA Differential Display technique. For the present work, we developed a novel sandwich chemiluminescence assay to detect serum periostin level using newly developed monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. We investigated serum periostin levels in breast cancer and small cell lung cancer patients, especially in patients with bone metastasis. The study included 58 breast cancer and 44 small cell lung cancer patients. Serum periostin levels were elevated in breast cancer patients presenting with bone metastases (92.0 +/- 28.6 ng/ml) compared to similar breast cancer patients without evidence of bone metastasis (55.0 +/- 16.6 ng/ml, p = 0.04). No correlation was found between the serum periostin level and any other prognostic factors, such as clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Serum periostin levels thus appear to serve as a marker of bone metastasis from breast cancer. In contrast, serum periostin levels were similar in samples from patients with small cell lung cancer who did or did not have bone metastasis. However, increasing T-stage and N-stage of patients with small cell lung cancer were correlated with higher periostin levels (T4, 126.5 +/- 29.7 ng/ml v.s. T2, 64.9 +/- 16.1 ng/ml, p = 0.03; and T4 v.s. T1, 36.3+/- 7.5 ng/ml, p = 0.01; N3, 108.7 +/- 17.3 ng/ml v.s. N2, 49.7+/- 10.9 ng/ml, p = 0.01). Periostin has a substantial homology with the insect cell adhesion molecule, fasciclin I. Thus, expression of periostin may facilitate tumor cell adhesion to the bone surface. In fact, we found by in situ RNA hybridization, that the periostin gene was highly expressed in the stromal cells immediately surrounding the tumor, but not within the breast cancer cells themselves.
Laparoscopic vascular relocation: alternative treatment for renovascular hydronephrosis in children.

Aims The standard treatment for pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) has been dismembered pyeloplasty. The open surgical, Hellstrom procedure in which crossing polar vessels are relocated, has been an option in adult urological practice. We present our experience with laparoscopic vascular relocation in children.
Impact wear of a tool steel

Abstract Results from wear studies in repetitive impact sliding are described in this paper. The material pair studied consisted of steel CPM-10V (specimen) (where CPM denotes crucible particle metallurgy) and 17-4 precipitationhardened (PH) steel (counterface) with transverse sliding velocities of 4 and 8 m s−1. By means of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays and X-ray diffraction methods it is shown that the wear is due to a material transport of the counterface 17-4 PH steel to the CPM-10V surface. In the wear process, a change in microhardness of the counterface substrate is apparent, and X-ray diffraction of debris confirms the presence of transformed metal. These products include γ-Fe together with trace amounts of α-Fe2O3; however, virtually no carbide from the CPM-10V steel was detected.
A note on remembering to execute planned actions

Abstract The purpose of this article is to call attention to the necessary role of remembering in the execution of planned actions, such as following instructions, delivering messages, and keeping appointments. Remembering in this context is considered within a theoretical framework of activities, actions, and operations advanced by Soviet developmental psychologists. The importance of remembering planned actions in applied settings, strategies employed by children and adults in remembering planned actions, relationships between motivation and remembering, and developmental relationships are discussed. In addition, several characteristics of the Soviet developmental approach are briefly noted.
Short-range structure for amorphous intertransition metal alloys

Amorphous intertransition metal alloys may be a special class of the glassy state whose short-range structure is random tetrahedral close packing of soft atoms similar to those in the crystalline counterparts. A short-range structure is described based on random stacking of Kasper poly hedra and atomic disorder at the stacking misfit, and has tetrahedral sites, high atomic coordination numbers and asymmetric shapes of atoms.
Determination of the Fragmentation Pattern of HOD

Abstract During our studies of the methanation reaction over Ni/SiO2 catalyst we have employed mass spectroscopy to follow the redistribution of isotopes among the reactant and product species. When deuterium was employed in the studies,1 a wide variety of isotopic species resulted. Among the species produced are H2O, D2O, and HOD. If accurate sensitivity and fragmentation data are available on the species in question, matrix algebra may be used to transform mass fragment data into concentrations. For example see the text by Roboz.2
Effects of naloxone on anti-conflict and hyperphagic actions of diazepam.

Abstract Rats were treated with diazepam (DZP) with or without co-administration of naloxone (NLX). Animals were subsequently tested in two settings. Sated rats were tested for food consumption in their home cages for a 1 hr period following injection. Food was then removed and on the following day the fasted animals were placed in an open field for 15 min. A single food pellet (5–6 g) was secured in the center of the open field. Animals were observed and scored on frequency of rearing, grooming, urination, number of approaches to the food, amount of food eaten and x g food eaten per approach to the food pedestal. DZP treatment increased food consumption by sated animals in their home cages. Naloxone blocked this effect. In the open field, DZP, reduced novelty induced grooming, increased the amount of food eaten and x g food eaten per approach to the food pedestal. Co-administration of NLX had no affect on these parameters. The primary effect of NLX appears to be on consumatory behavior per se and not on the anti-conflict properties of DZP.
Communal and exchange relationship perceptions as separate constructs and their role in motivations to donate

Researchers have operationalized communal and exchange relationship perceptions as either mutually exclusive categories or opposite ends of a continuum. This research conceptualizes these relationships as distinct constructs that should be measured separately. We develop multi-item measures of communal and exchange relationship perceptions and find that they are actually positively correlated. We also examine the way communal and exchange relationship perceptions combine to influence intrinsic, extrinsic, and social motivations to donate, a category stipulated in economics, but not in psychology. We find that both relationship perceptions influence consumer attitudes toward donating through a mix of intrinsic, extrinsic, and social motivations.
Soft X-ray absorption spectra of aqueous salt solutions with highly charged cations in liquid microjets

X-ray absorption spectra of 1M aqueous solutions of indium (III) chloride, yttrium (III) bromide, lanthanum (III) chloride, tin (IV) chloride and chromium (III) chloride have been measured at the oxygen K-edge. Relatively minor changes are observed in the spectra compared to that of pure water. SnCl{sub 4} and CrCl{sub 3} exhibit a new onset feature which is attributed to formation of hydroxide or other complex molecules in the solution. At higher energy, only relatively minor, but salt-specific changes in the spectra occur. The small magnitude of the observed spectral changes is ascribed to offsetting perturbations by the cations and anions.
Creating commitment and loyalty behavior among retailers: what are the roles of service quality and satisfaction?

As a result of weakening brand image/loyalty, little differentiation, and intense price competition, manufacturers are now increasingly pressed to ensure retailers’ shelf space and/or salesperson attention. This research contributes to the literature by empirically examining an underrepresented body of literature in the B2B context—retailer loyalty. Specifically, this study fills a gap by investigating retailer evaluations of the technical and relational dimensions of a manufacturer’s order fulfillment service quality as predictors of retailer satisfaction, affective versus calculative commitment, and ultimately loyalty behavior. Results suggest that both technical and relational order fulfillment service quality influence satisfaction, which in turn positively affects both affective and calculative commitment. By separating the affective and calculative dimensions, loyalty behavior is associated directly only with affective commitment. Further examination reveals that relational order fulfillment service quality has a direct impact on affective commitment. When the sample was split based on “share of wallet,” results suggest that satisfaction impacts both affective and calculative commitment, regardless of “share of wallet.” For “high share” retailers, the positive relationship of calculative to affective commitment creates an indirect route (through affective commitment) by which calculative commitment affects behavioral loyalty.
Association with Nitric Oxide Synthase on Insulin Secretory Granules Regulates Glucokinase Protein Levels

Glucokinase (GCK) association with insulin-secretory granules is controlled by interaction with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and is reversed by GCK S-nitrosylation. Nonetheless, the function of GCK sequestration on secretory granules is unknown. Here we report that the S-nitrosylation blocking V367M mutation prevents GCK accumulation on secretory granules by inhibiting association with NOS. Expression of this mutant is reduced compared with a second S-nitrosylation blocking GCK mutant (C371S) that accumulates to secretory granules and is expressed at levels greater than wild type. Even so, the rate of degradation for wild type and mutant GCK proteins were not significantly different from one another, and neither mutation disrupted the ability of GCK to be ubiquitinated. Furthermore, gene silencing of NOS reduced endogenous GCK content but did not affect β-actin content. Treatment of GCK(C371S) expressing cells with short interfering RNA specific for NOS also blocked accumulation of this protein to secretory granules and reduced expression levels to that of GCK(V367M). Conversely, cotransfection of catalytically inactive NOS increased GCK-mCherry levels. Expression of GCK(C371S) in βTC3 cells enhanced glucose metabolism compared with untransfected cells and cells expressing wild type GCK, even though this mutant has slightly reduced enzymatic activity in vitro. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that V367M induces conformational changes in GCK that are similar to S-nitrosylated GCK, thereby suggesting a mechanism for V367M-inhibition of NOS association. Our findings suggest that sequestration of GCK on secretory granules regulates cellular GCK protein content, and thus cellular GCK activity, by acting as a storage pool for GCK proteins.
The SLIM Spectrometer

A new spectrometer, here denoted the SLIM (simple, low-power, inexpensive, microcontroller-based) spectrometer, was developed that exploits the small size and low cost of solid-state electronic devices. In this device, light-emitting diodes (LED), single-chip integrated circuit photodetectors, embedded microcontrollers, and batteries replace traditional optoelectronic components, computers, and power supplies. This approach results in complete customizable spectrometers that are considerably less expensive and smaller than traditional instrumentation. The performance of the SLIM spectrometer, configured with a flow cell, was evaluated and compared to that of a commercial spectrophotometer. Thionine was the analyte, and the detection limit was ∼0.2 μM with a 1.5-mm-path length flow cell. Nonlinearity due to the broad emission profile of the LED light sources is discussed.
Signalling pathways: A common theme in plants and animals?

The unexpected notion that disease resistance mechanisms may use similar regulatory pathways to developmental processes has emerged from recent advances in understanding signal transduction pathways in insects, mammals and plants.
The evolution of elbow arthroplasty: innovative solutions to complex clinical problems.

Total elbow design has evolved dramatically over the last century. Prior to 1947, resection and interposition arthroplasty were the primary surgical procedures for the treatment of severe posttraumatic deformity, trauma, and rheumatoid arthritis. In 1947, surgeons began performing partial elbow replacements of the distal part of the humerus and proximal part of the ulna as well as using custom hinged metal devices to treat these problems. The results were unpredictable pain relief and predictable loosening and/or instability1-5. Beginning in the 1970s, the first simple hinged prosthesis was inserted with use of methylmethacrylate fixation. This improved the stability of the construct, but three to five-year loosening rates were as high as 50%6. As a result of these and other failures, three design concepts have emerged: linked, unlinked, and convertible prostheses. Linked, or “semi-constrained,” prostheses (e.g., GSB III [Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana], Coonrad-Morrey [Zimmer], Discovery [Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana]) are the most commonly used implants in North America and allow some out-of-plane motion. Varus, valgus, and rotational motion of around 6° to 8° is permitted by the “sloppy” hinge7,8. The advantage of this design is that instability and dislocation are rare. However, as a result of the inherent constraint, increased stress is transferred to the bone-cement interface, and higher loosening rates have been reported9. The second major design is an unlinked prosthesis (e.g., Souter-Strathclyde [Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, Limerick, Ireland], Kudo [Biomet], Instrumented Bone Preserving [Biomet]), in which there is no mechanical linkage between the humeral and ulnar components10,11. Advantages include maintenance of bone stock and decreased polyethylene wear9. However, because there is no linkage, the stability of the implant requires exacting surgical technique and an intact soft-tissue envelope. Well-balanced soft-tissue attachments reduce stress at the bone-cement …