cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social achievement goals and social media

Abstract Social media use is an increasingly prevalent part of modern life and allows for a wide variety of ways to engage with others. The current research examines how chronic social goal orientations relate to social media use and to individuals’ sense of connection with others while using social media. Utilizing social achievement goal theory, we hypothesized that social goal orientations would predict 1) the likelihood of engaging with a larger audience on social media, 2) whether social media was used in a relatively active, deep, and interactive manner, and 3) the degree to which social media involvement leads to a feeling of social connection. Results of two studies supported our hypotheses and suggested that social development, social demonstration-approach, and social demonstration-avoid goals relate to different kinds of social media behavior and different perceptions of social connection in relation to their social media use. Findings suggest that social media provide a variety of ways for individuals to attain a sense of social competency and connection that are consistent with their underlying goal orientations.
A randomized controlled trial of a community health worker delivered home-based asthma intervention to improve pediatric asthma outcomes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using Community Health Workers (CHWs) to deliver the home-based Wee Wheezers asthma education program on asthma symptoms among children wi...
Material properties and applications of mechanically interlocked polymers

Mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs), such as polyrotaxanes and polycatenanes, are polymer architectures that incorporate a mechanical bond. In a polyrotaxane, the mechanical bond is the result of a linear dumbbell component threaded through a ring, while in a polycatenane, it is the consequence of interlocked ring components. The interlocked nature of these architectures can result in high degrees of conformational freedom and mobility of their components, which can give rise to unique property profiles. In recent years, the synthesis and studies of a range of MIPs has allowed researchers to build an initial understanding of how incorporating mechanical bonds within a polymer structure impacts its material properties. This Review focuses on the understanding of these structure–property relationships with an outlook towards their applications, specifically focusing on four main classes of MIPs: polyrotaxanes, slide-ring gels, daisy-chain polymers and polycatenanes. Incorporating the mechanical bond into polymer architectures allows access to polymers with high-mobility elements, leading to unique material properties. This Review outlines the structure–property relationships of materials based on either polyrotaxanes (including slide-ring materials and daisy-chain polymers) or polycatenanes, and looks towards future applications and technologies.
Study of Marketing and Need of Change in Marketing Technique for Agricultural Produce

Indian agricultural marketing is poor and defective. Farmers not getting reasonable price for their produce. Mostly Indian farmers are illiterate or can easily fooled by money lenders, middle-man, traders etc. Most of the margin of farmers taken by middleman results in loss of farmers and customers getting product at high price. Also, there is lack of processing machinery and storage facilities so they have to sell their produce immediately after harvesting. In Indian agriculture market there is no proper grading and standardization system for agriculture produce and lack of infrastructure like roads and transportation system made available. There is need of change in agricultural marketing so farmers should adopt concept like contract farming, Direct marketing, Private wholesale market, organized retailing, FPO (Farmer Producing Organization), Co-operatives in Agricultural Marketing like AMUL. This can be results into Monetizing the produce, Market growth, Capital formation and investment in technologies, Increase in revenue generation, Market expansion, Export and foreign exchange. Need of change is agricultural marketing is serious issue. New innovative ideas can change the life style of the farmers. In the current study researcher has tried to understand the present marketing techniques used by farmers to increase their revenue. But due to fast changing market scenario the companies and every one doing business needs to keep updating the marketing techniques on regular basis.
The Integral Manifolds of the N Body Problem

The “N-Body Problem” refers to the study of the dynamics of a system of N point masses, moving under their mutual gravitational attraction. For such a system, it is classical that there are conserved quantities of center of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum and energy. The level sets $${\mathfrak {M}}(c,h)$$ of these conserved quantities are parameterized by the angular momentum c and the energy h, and are known as the integral manifolds. In spite of their fundamental importance in the N-body problem, relatively little is known about the global structure of these spaces. In particular, for non-zero angular momentum, the manifolds exhibit a variety of discontinuities and complexities at collinear configurations. These discontinuities are removed by the introduction of a blow-up construction, which is then exploited to provide a description of the integral manifolds, in the sense of a reduction formula for the homology groups of the manifolds. That reduction formula is then applied to investigate the topology of the integral manifolds for energies just below zero. For four masses, the homology groups for this energy range are fully determined; for arbitrary N, the homology with real coefficients is determined. Comparison to the values for positive energies confirms that for all masses, the topology of the integral manifold changes at zero energy.
Assessing and Accepting Risk: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Risk is about the future, operationalized through risk assessment and management. Risk seems to have become a universally accepted concept applied in innumerable decision-making processes in science, technology, and politics. This chapter analyzes the origins and development of the concept of risk, illuminates the various, sometimes conflicting, paradigms of risk, tracks policies about risk and institutions of decision making as well as national differences, and adds a social science perspective to explain the seemingly unquestioned ubiquity of this term. It includes a debate about the precautionary principle and the role that different cultures and the dependency on experts play in resolving risk-related issues. Thus, this will provide some background as to why it is so perplexing that science-based approaches to coping with risk yield such an array of different results.
Case Study Analysis: The Ghost Student

A situational analysis of combating academic dishonesty in community colleges based on the article "The Ghost Student".
Ethanol interaction with α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neurons of the laterodorsal tegmentum.

Background Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a key role in the rewarding effects of ethanol (EtOH), and while several nAChR subtypes have been implicated, attention has recently shifted to a role for the α3β4 nAChR. The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), a brainstem cholinergic nucleus that sends excitatory projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is an Integral part of the brain reward pathway, and here we investigate a potential role for LDTg α3β4 nAChRs in EtOH self-administration and reward. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were given ad-libitum access to a 20% EtOH solution, as part of a 2-bottle choice paradigm. Approximately one week after removal of EtOH access, we measured LDTg α3β4 nAChR current responses to focal application of acetylcholine (ACh), using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology recordings in acute brain slices. In addition, we used whole-cell electrophysiology to assess the acute effects of EtOH on the sensitivity of LDTg α3β4 nAChRs. Results Focal application of ACh onto LDTg neurons resulted in large α3β4 nAChR mediated inward currents, the magnitude of which showed a positive correlation with levels of EtOH self-administration. In addition, using brain slices taken from EtOH naive rats, bath application of EtOH resulted in a moderate potentiation of LDTg α3β4 nAChR sensitivity. Conclusions Increased α3β4 nAChR function in high EtOH drinkers, along with positive modulation by EtOH, may predispose towards increased EtOH consumption, thus identifying the α3β4 nAChR as a potentially important therapeutic target in the treatment of EtOH use disorder.
Community pharmacist engagement in HIV and HCV prevention: Current practices and potential for service uptake

Abstract Background The central Appalachian region is at an elevated risk for HIV/HCV outbreaks, primarily due to injection drug use. Regional risk assessments highlight gaps in the evidence-based continuum of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies to minimize HIV/HCV transmission. One potential strategy for increasing the reach of HIV/HCV prevention efforts in rural areas is through provision of services at community pharmacies. Objective To qualitatively describe community pharmacists' HIV/HCV-related prevention behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs in a 3-state central Appalachian region. Methods Key informant interviews were conducted with 15 practicing community pharmacists. Theory of Planned Behavior-based questions probed for perceptions about the role of pharmacies in preventing and reducing HIV/HCV outbreaks in rural areas through activities such as syringe services, screening for HIV/HCV, and linking people to treatment when appropriate. Investigators applied thematic analysis to deductively and inductively generate themes from the interview transcripts. Results Two overarching themes regarding pharmacist engagement in HIV/HCV-related prevention services were generated: 1) current approaches to primary prevention through nonprescription syringe sales (e.g., gatekeeping behaviors) and 2) potential for uptake of the continuum of HIV/HCV-related prevention services in community pharmacies. Future engagement of community pharmacists in the continuum of HIV/HCV-related prevention services comprised 2 subthemes as possible underlying factors: general and specific willingness to provide services and perceived fit within the pharmacy profession. Conclusions Central Appalachian community pharmacists express a general willingness to help patients who may benefit from HIV/HCV-related prevention services, but current engagement, willingness, and perceived fit for offering specific prevention services in the community pharmacy setting is variable. This has potential immediate implications, such as prioritizing the introduction of more widely accepted services (e.g., provision of HIV/HCV-related prevention education) to community pharmacy practice, and longer-term implications, such as the integration and framing of HIV/HCV-related prevention services as helping behavior within the pharmacist professional identity.
UBR7 acts as a histone chaperone for post-nucleosomal histone H3

Histone chaperones modulate the stability of histones beginning from histone synthesis, through incorporation into DNA, and during recycling during transcription and replication. Following histone removal from DNA, chaperones regulate histone storage and degradation. Here, we demonstrate that UBR7 is a histone H3.1 chaperone that modulates the supply of pre-existing post-nucleosomal histone complexes. We demonstrate that UBR7 binds to post-nucleosomal H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 histones via its UBR box and PHD. UBR7 binds to the non-nucleosomal histone chaperone NASP. In the absence of UBR7, the pool of NASP-bound post-nucleosomal histones accumulate and chromatin is depleted of H3K4me3-modified histones. We propose that the interaction of UBR7 with NASP and histones opposes the histone storage functions of NASP and that UBR7 promotes reincorporation of post-nucleosomal H3 complexes.
Results of Behavioral Evaluations Predict Length of Stay for Shelter Dogs.

Most animal shelters conduct behavioral evaluations before making dogs available for adoption. However, little information exists on whether behaviors displayed during these assessments predict a dog’s length of stay at the shelter. We reviewed nearly 5 years of records from 975 dogs released for adoption at a New York shelter to see whether behaviors shown during their evaluation predicted length of stay. For most tests and subtests, the prevalence of concerning and especially dangerous behaviors was low. Nevertheless, dogs’ scores on some tests or subtests—food guarding and meeting another dog—predicted length of stay at the shelter. Dogs evaluated as showing dangerous behavior had longer lengths of stay than dogs evaluated as showing either concerning behavior or no concerning behavior; the latter two groups did not differ from one another in length of stay. The most likely explanation for the relationships found between behavior during the evaluation and length of stay at the shelter is that dogs with challenging behaviors had smaller pools of potential adopters. Understanding the relationships between performance on behavioral evaluations and length of stay may inform shelter management of canine populations and also help identify dogs requiring special adoption efforts to avoid long shelter stays.
Recent progress on neutron studies of YBa2Cu3O6+x

A review is given of recent developments in inelastic neutron scattering experiments on the high temperature superconductor YBa_2Cu_3O_7 and its antiferromagnetic precursor YBa_2Cu_3O6.2. These include the detection of high energy “optical” spin waves and the determination of the full spin Hamiltonian in YBa_2Cu_3O6.2, a detailed study of the 40 meV magnetic resonance peak in the superconducting state of YBa_2Cu_3O_7, and experiments on the effect of superconductivity on phonon lifetimes in YBa_2Cu_3O_7.
Fission/α analysis of the U, Th families

A MODIFICATION is presented here of the technique of particle track analysis (PTA) by means of which it is possible to measure in particular geologic materials not only uranium but also thorium and/or radioactive disequilibria in the U and Th families.
Implementation and evaluation of the DFF protocol for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks

This paper evaluates the Depth First Forwarding (DFF) protocol — a reliable data forwarding mechanism for use in low power, lossy networks. Routing protocols used for lossy networks typically take time to converge if the topology changes, during which data failure may occur. DFF was proposed to help reduce this; it reacts to data delivery failures at a node by trying to successfully deliver the packet while giving time for the routing protocol to converge the network state. This paper discusses different implementation strategies for DFF, and confirms by the experimental results that using DFF significantly increases the delivery ratio at the cost of slightly increased path length and RTT (Round Trip Time).
The Pro-Life Pregnancy Help Movement

More pro-life activists are said to participate in the “individual outreach” or “pregnancy help” wing of the pro-life movement than in any other wing, yet this form of activism has received little scholarly attention. The pregnancy help wing of the movement offers counseling, material assistance, and other services to pregnant women and their families, typically at community-based “pregnancy centers.” Its existence potentially challenges conventional wisdom about the pro-life movement’s orientation toward women and the welfare state, and it also presents its own puzzle: it has grown even while the pro-life movement’s political access has increased. This paper presents an overview of the pro-life pregnancy help movement, using data from original national surveys of pregnancy center directors and their staff, interviews of movement leaders, movement documents, and observation of movement activities. It explores the activities of the pregnancy help movement and the characteristics, motives, and political orientations of its participants. It also assesses the contributions of political factors - poor political access and prospects for outlawing abortion and a partisan alignment that offers few outlets for pro-life, pro-social welfare activism – in the development of the pregnancy help movement, concluding that their roles are minimal.
A CATALOG OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES

The General Catalog of Variable Stars contains information necessary for obtaining observaitons of variable stars, and in particular, cataclysmic variables. However, the coordinates presented are not accurate enough for observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope, and the references to finding charts are often to journals not easily accessible to some astronomers. We have therefore created a catalog of all cataclysmic variables (known to us as of 1992 February) which contains coordinates (measured in the reference frame of the Hubble Space Telescope Guide Star Survey for the non-novae, and obtained from the literature for the novae), the variability type, the magnitude range, and references to both finding charts and spectroscopy. The atlas contains finding charts for the dwarf novae, novalike variables, and objects classified only as cataclysmic variables, for which we could obtain valid identifications; a similar catalog and atlas for novae has been published by Duerbeck (1987a).
Contraceptive effect of intrauterine application of Lugol's solution.

Abstract These preliminary data indicate that the intrauterine application of Lugol's solution is effective in preventing pregnancy in rats. In the human, application of Lugol's solution on Day 17 resulted in no contraceptive effect, but when carried out on Day 20–Day 24, the prevention of pregnancy was excellent. Irregular and/or abnormal bleeding was not reported from observation in the human volunteers. A long-term observation and evaluation of the current study is warranted to determine side effects, such as endometrial changes and irregular bleeding. Contraindication to this procedure would be hypersensitivity to iodine, or a person who is scheduled for thyroid function test. This procedure might be useful in case of rape because of its effect on the endometrium and direct spermicidal effect of Lugol's solution if applied soon thereafter.
The eurozone crisis: how banks and sovereigns came to be joined at the hip

The eurozone sovereign and banking crisis evolved in three phases. Following the onset of the subprime tremors in July 2007, the risk premia (spreads) on bonds issued by eurozone sovereigns rose from historically low levels; but they rose largely in tandem across the eurozone membership along with global banking stresses. The rescue of the US investment bank, Bear Stearns, in March 2008, oddly enough, marked the start of a distinctively European banking crisis accompanied by increased differentiation of countries within the eurozone. With the greater expectation of public support for distressed banks, the spreads that a sovereign paid tended to rise following evidence of stress in its domestic financial sector. This was especially so in countries with lower growth prospects and higher debt burdens. But there was as yet no feedback from banks to sovereigns. Finally, as the limits of fiscal support for domestic banks became clearer, and coinciding with the nationalization of Anglo Irish in January 2009 but gathering steam with evidence of the Greek sovereign’s distress in May 2010, sovereign weaknesses also came to be quickly transmitted to a more pessimistic assessment of the financial sector’s prospects, creating the potential of mutual destabilization. — Ashoka Mody and Damiano Sandri
Closed-Loop Supply Chains

There are numerous examples and cases available of products that are being reused via remanufacturing or recycling, or combinations of reuse activities (Thierry et al. 1995, Krikke et al. 1999, Guide 2000, Toktay et al 1999, Fleischmann 2000. However, these products and their supply chains are not all the same with respect to a number of critical dimensions, including product acquisition, reverse logistics, inspection, testing and disposition, remanufacturing, and distribution and selling of the remanufactured product. In the following sections we document a number of diverse products that are presently being remanufactured and describe their supply chains. After each case, we summarize and discuss the distinguishing features of the supply chains. Finally, we discuss the management of each of the different supply chain systems, and identify the key research issues.
High rate comparison of lithium-ion, valve regulated lead acid, and nickel metal hydride batteries for use in pulsed power applications

Electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices are steadily becoming more power and energy dense, bringing about the opportunity to more widely deploy them in high rate civilian and military applications. They are of special interest for use aboard future naval vessels on which high rate pulsed power loads will be fielded. EES devices traditionally operate at low voltages and modest current levels. Operating them at higher voltages and/or higher power rates often requires multiple cells to be interconnected in a series and/or parallel manner. The most common battery chemistries being considered for use in future pulsed power applications are valve regulated lead acid (VRLA), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (LI). At the University of Texas at Arlington's (UTAs) Pulsed Power and Energy Laboratory (PPEL), each of these chemistries has been evaluated at the cell or low voltage module level under a 5 second on/ 5 second off pulsed profile, as they may be used to drive future pulsed power applications. Metrics evaluated and presented here include power density, energy density, usable capacity, rate of capacity fade, and thermal evolution when operated at these high rates typically required of a directed energy system's prime power supply. Conclusions will be drawn to provide the reader with a better understanding of the role of each of these technologies in future pulsed power systems as well as design practices which can be followed based upon the lessons learned here.
Ambipolar zinc-polyiodide electrolyte for a high-energy density aqueous redox flow battery

Conventional redox flow batteries have low energy densities. Here the authors present an aqueous redox flow battery with an ambipolar and bifunctional zinc-polyiodide electrolyte, which exhibits an energy density approaching to that of lithium ion batteries.
Using GIS to Model and Forecast HIV/AIDS Rates in Africa, 1986–2010

In this article we draw on the power of geographic information systems (GIS) to examine the progression of HIV/AIDS in Africa for the period from 1986 to 2003. We use GIS for two purposes: (1) to transform and interpolate a set of annual point-based HIV/AIDS rates into area data; and (2) to extract or “mine” annual HIV/AIDS prevalence rates from the interpolated area (country) level maps. Once the rates are extracted from the GIS analysis we then model and forecast them into the near future (i.e., 2004–2010) by using the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) software. The article offers an alternative grounded in geospatial analysis for yielding estimates of HIV/AIDS rates in Africa. Using incomplete sets of data for the period from 1986 to 2003, mean HIV/AIDS rates are generated from spatially interpolated data and future trends are estimated. The results indicate that the HIV/AIDS epidemic for many countries in Africa has reached the saturation or maturity level as evidenced by the typical S-sh...
Analytic vortices and magnetic resonances in rotating superfluid He 3 - A . III

We study variationally the circular-hyperbolic vortex-pair free energy. This bound pair yields a free energy much lower than that from a pair of isolated analytic vortices. The satellite resonance frequency of the pure $\stackrel{^}{l}$ vortex pair and that of the vortex pair with nonuniform $\stackrel{^}{d}$ are analyzed. We find that the pure $\stackrel{^}{l}$ vortex pair gives the observed transverse satellite frequency as well as the observed intensity of the satellite, while the vortex pair with nonuniform $\stackrel{^}{d}$ gives a satellite frequency that is somewhat lower than observed experimentally. It is puzzling why the pure $\stackrel{^}{l}$ vortex with higher free energy than that from the vortex with nonuniform $\stackrel{^}{d}$ is more consistent with experiment.
Arthropod biomass in winter and the age of longleaf pines

Abstract The endangered red-cockaded woodpecker ( Picoides borealis ) satisfies its nutrient requirements by capturing arthropods from live pine trees. Age of pine stands has been used as a guide for providing suitable habitat for the species, however, little is known about the relationship of arthropods to age of pines. The relationship on longleaf pines ( Pinus palustris ) 22–127 years old was examined in winter. Arthropod biomass m −2 on the bole, live limbs and dead limbs was related to tree age, radial growth 6–10 years before sampling and ambient temperature. Arthropod biomass m −2 declined with increasing tree age on the lower, mid- and upper bole; increased with tree age on dead limbs; and increased with tree age on live limbs until 80 years when it declined with increasing age. Slower growing trees had higher arthropod biomass m −2 for a given age than faster growing trees. Total arthropod biomass for the whole tree increased with tree age up to 86 years, when it declined with increasing tree age. However, the older the tree, the greater the arthropod biomass on dead limbs.
DNA looping induced by bacteriophage λ O protein: Implications for formation of higher order structures at the gl origin of replication

Abstract A plasmid has been constructed, pOri2, which contains two λ replication origin sequences separated by 1068 bp; both λ sequences having the same orientation. When λ initiation protein 0 is reacted with linearized pOri2 and examined by electron microscopy it is found to contain a looped area in which two parts of the plasmid are bound together by the 0 protein complex. Length measurements show that the 0 protein binds at the expected positions of the λ origin sequences and that the looped area represents the DNA segment between the two 0 protein binding domains. Similar looping occurs in reactions with supercoiled pOri2 or if an amino-terminal fragment of 0 protein is used. When looped molecules are reacted with psoralen, crosslinked by irradiation with uv light, and then denatured, it is found that the looped area is more thermostable than the rest of the molecule. This indicates that the DNA within the looped segment is torsionally constrained while that outside the loop is free to rotate and suggests that simultaneous binding of 0 to two origins fixes the linkage number of the intervening DNA. The double origin binding ability of 0 may be diagnostic of the details of the reaction of 0 with a single origin sequence. A model is presented that rests on the assumption that 0 can produce microscopic looping between 0 protein binding sites within a single on sequence.
The expansion of the EMU: currency speculation and arbitrage

The latest European Union summit in the fall of 2002 revealed that over 11 countries (Cyprus, The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and Romania) have expressed their desire to join the European Monetary Union (EMU) and convert their currency to the “euro”. The European Commission will have to completely equalize interest rates and inflation rates of all these countries before admitting them to join the EMU or there will be arbitrage profits and currency speculation, which will slow down the growth of the overall European Community and negatively affect the value of the euro.
Regulation of lipopolysaccharide O antigen expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that is ubiquitously found in the environment. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients and causes life-threatening lung infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis. A prominent virulence factor for many Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is an immunodominant antigen located in the outer portion of the outer membrane. P. aeruginosa produces two O antigens that are attached to lipid A + core: a B-band O antigen and an A-band O polysaccharide. The B-band O antigen-repeating unit of LPS is responsible for serotype specificity; strains lacking O antigen have been shown to be less virulent in animal models of infection. What is less well understood is how the O antigen chain length is regulated and why P. aeruginosa and some other bacteria show two preferred O antigen lengths. P. aeruginosa encodes two genes encoding O antigen chain length regulators. These genes, wzz1 and wzz2...
Racial disparities in healthy behaviors and cancer screening among breast cancer survivors and women without cancer: National Health Interview Survey 2005.

Purpose We investigated racial disparities in healthy behaviors and cancer screening in a large sample from the US population.
A Comparative Study of the Use of Linear and Modified Cubic Spline Interpolation for Image Reconstruction

Image reconstruction is the process of recovering a function of two variables from experimentally obtained estimates of its integrals alone certain lines. An important version in medicine is the recovery of the density distribution within a cross-section of the human body from a number of X-ray projections. A computationally efficient technique for image reconstruction is the so-called convolution method. It consists of two steps: (i) data obtained by each of the projections of the cross-section are separately (discrete) convolved with a fixed function; (ii) the density of the function at any point in the cross-section is estimated as the sum of values (one from each projection) of the convolved projection data. A difficulty is that part (ii) usually requires values of the convolved projection data at points other than where they have been calculated during part (i). This is usually resolved by interpolation between the calculated values. In this paper we report on a computer experimental study which compares the efficacy of two methods of interpolation (linear interpolation and a modified cubic spline interpolation) when used with the convolution reconstruction method. The two interpolation techniques are examined for their mathematical properties and are compared from the points of view of resolution of fine details, smoothness of the reconstructed cross-sections, sensitivity to noise in the data, the overall nearness of the original and reconstructed objects, and the cost of implementation. Both methods are illustrated on reconstructions of a mathematically described cross-section of the human head from computer simulated X-ray data.
Meat Yield from Live, Dressed, and Eviscerated Rhode Island Red Chickens During Growth and at Maturity

Abstract THE meat yields from live, dressed, and eviscerated Rhode Island Red cockerels were reported by McNally and Spicknall in 1949. Since linear relationships and equations were found suitable for use with these birds, it was considered worth while to continue the study with pullets and mature birds of both sexes to determine if the sex and age differences were important in the determination of yield in this breed. The effect of age is especially interesting, since in the growing birds each individual is increasing in weight and thus passing from one weight group to another. In the mature birds the growth has stopped and the musculature has become balanced. The smaller bird will not change into the larger one at some later time. The difference between small and large growing birds, therefore, might be much greater or much less than between mature birds that are small and large. The birds …
The Language of Historical Education

James F. Voss and Mario Carretero, (eds.) Learning and Reasoning in History. International Review of History Education
Edit distance based instruction merging technique to improve flexibility of custom instructions toward flexible accelerator design

Due to ever shortening time-to-market of a system-on-a-chip (SoC) and increasing NRE cost of designing accelerators in the SoC, a design methodology for a flexible accelerator is desirable. We propose a novel technique to make custom instructions (CIs) of an application specific instruction-set processor (ASIP) flexible. By doing so, CIs can support applications that were not considered at design time of the ASIP, which is difficult to do with a conventional CI design method. We have shown that custom instructions generated by our technique can support future applications by up to 7X better than those from a conventional method.
Evaluation of startup policies in simulation experiments

This paper describes a procedure for evaluating pro posed startup policies that define the initial condi tions and the truncation point in a simulation ex periment. The evaluation procedure involves the tabulation of bias, variance, and mean square error of the sample mean over a fixed range of truncation points and initial conditions. For each policy, the tabulated values are averaged with respect to an empirical truncation-point distribution based on independent model runs. These results are used to construct confidence intervals for the steady-state mean with the same average length for all policies; the corresponding average confidence interval cover age can then be used to compare policies.To illustrate the procedure, several well-known policies are evaluated for two finite-state Markovian queueing systems—α single-server queue with a capac ity of 15 and a machine-repair system with 3 repair- men and 14 machines. The results for both systems indicate that the best initial condition is the most freque...
Distribution of transvascular pathway sizes through the pulmonary microvascular barrier.

Mathematical models of solute and water exchange in the lung have been helpful in understanding factors governing the volume flow rate and composition of pulmonary lymph. As experimental data and models become more encompassing, parameter identification becomes more difficult. Pore sizes in these models should approach and eventually become equivalent to actual physiological pathway sizes as more complex and accurate models are tried. However, pore sizes and numbers vary from model to model as new pathway sizes are added. This apparent inconsistency of pore sizes can be explained if it is assumed that the pulmonary blood-lymph barrier is widely heteroporous, for example, being composed of a continuous distribution of pathway sizes. The sieving characteristics of the pulmonary barrier are reporduced by a log normal distribution of pathway sizes (log mean=−0.20, log s.d.=1.05). A log normal distribution of pathways in the microvascular barrier is shown to follow from a rather general assumption about the nature of the pulmonary endothelial junction.
Characterization and biodegradation of water-soluble biomarkers and organic carbon extracted from low temperature chars

Abstract This study demonstrates that wildfires/biomass combustion may be an important source of labile pyrogenic water-soluble organic matter (Py-WSOM) in aquatic systems. Spectroscopic analysis (solid char and Py-WSOM) with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the Py-WSOM extracted from two low temperature chars (one wood, one grass) was dominated by polar moieties (–OH and C–O) derived from depolymerization and fragmentation of lignocellulose. Incubation experiments under aerobic conditions with unsterilized river water suggested that Py-WSOM and associated biomarkers may have a turnover rate of the order of weeks to months, consistent with mixing and transport conditions of riverine systems. For example, pyrogenic dissolved organic carbon (Py-DOC) had a half-life of 30–40 days. Turnover rate for the combustion biomarkers was shorter, with levoglucosan and free lignin phenols having a half life around 3–4 days and polymeric lignin components 13–14 days. The latter observations contradict earlier studies of the biodegradation of dissolved lignin and point to the need for re-assessment of lignin degradation kinetics in well-mixed riverine systems, particularly when such lignin components are derived from thermally altered plant material that may exist in a form more labile than that in highly processed riverine DOM.
A New Approach to 'Queer' Differential Equations.

Abstract : Queer differential equations first arose in the work of Harold Grad on controlled thermonuclear fusion. These relate in particular to models for the slow adiabatic evolution and resistive diffusion of a plasma. These are queer in that these share aspects of partial, ordinary and functional differential equations. In this document the authors give a new way of thinking of these equations by relating these to free boundary problems. This is the first of a series of papers intending to demonstrate that solutions of such a queer differential equation can be thought of as limits of solutions of free boundary problems with n-free boundaries. A long term hope is that this work will complement and further refine existing numerical schemes for finding such solutions.
Fabrication of Ti Retinal Microtacks Using Ultra-High-Precision Micromilling

To adhere an artificial retinal implant onto the epiretinal surface of the eye, our group has designed retinal microtacks. The microtacks were fabricated by first bonding titanium foil to a silicon wafer; the tacks were then machined using an ultra-high precision micromilling technique with a 150-μm end-mill. The versatility of the micromilling technique allowed a partially conical, tapered tip to be added to the Ti tack, which created a sharp point. The Ti tacks average overall length and width were measured to be within 1% and 6%, respectively, of the design. Additionally, the grip width, stop thickness, and the tip taper angle of the Ti tacks were within 3%, 9%, and 4%, respectively, of the design.© 2003 ASME
Nonparametric test for checking lack of fit of the quantile regression model under random censoring

The author proposes a nonparametric test for checking the lack of fit of the quantile function of survival time given the covariates; she assumes that survival time is subjected to random right censoring. Her test statistic is a kemel-based smoothing estimator of a moment condition. The test statistic is asymptotically Gaussian under the null hypothesis. The author investigates its behavior under local alternative sequences. She assesses its finite-sample power through simulations and illustrates its use with the Stanford heart transplant data. Un test non parametrique d'ajustement pour le modele de regression quantile en presence de censure aleatoire Resume: L'au teure propose un test non parametrique d'ajustement de la fonction quantile d'un temps de survie etant donne certaines covariables; elle suppose que l'observation de la survie est sujette a une censure a droite aleatoire. Sa statistique de test est un estimateur a noyau lisse d'une condition de moments. La loi asymptotique de cette statistique est gaussienne sous l'hypothese nulle. L'auteure en etudie le comportement sous des suites de contre-hypotheses locales. Elle en evalue la puissance a taille finie par voie de simulation et en illustre l'emploi au moyen des donnees de l'etude de transplantation cardiaque de Stanford.
Separation and detection of individual submicron particles by capillary electrophoresis with laser-light-scattering detection

Separation and detection of individual submicron polystyrene spheres using capillary electrophoresis with laser-light-scattering detection has been demonstrated. Electrophoretically separated particles were passed through a focused laser beam and light scattered from individual particles was collected at 90°. Each diameter of polystyrene spheres injected (from 110 to 992 nm) resulted in the observation of a well-defined migration window containing multiple peaks, each arising from the light scattered by an individual particle. The migration time window for individual particles of a particular size corresponded well to the migration time of a peak from a population of particles of the same size detected using a UV absorbance detector. The electrophoretic mobility and scattered light intensity were determined for each particle detected. The average scattered light intensity for each particle size was consistent with Mie scattering theory. Particles as small as 110 nm in diameter were detected individually using this method, but particles with a diameter of 57 nm could not be individually detected. The number of single particle scattering events was counted and compared to the theoretical number of particles injected electrokinetically, and the detection efficiency determined ranged from 38 to 57% for polystyrene spheres of different sizes. The laser-light-scattering detection method was directly compared to laser-induced fluorescence detection using fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. The number of particles detected individually by each method was in agreement.
REVERSION OF UVC-INDUCED TUMORIGENIC HUMAN HYBRID CELLS TO THE NON-TUMORIGENIC PHENOTYPE

Abstract Non-tumorigenic HeLa x skin fibroblast human hybrid cells were UVC-irradiated (10 J/m2) and induced to neoplastic transformation with accompanying morphological change and expression of the HeLa tumour-associated antigen, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). A single-cell-derived cell line was cloned out of a neoplastically transformed focus and designated as UV-12. In low density culture, this cell line demonstrated the ability to undergo reversion to a morphology similar to that of the nontumorigenic parent with accompanying, much reduced levels of LAP expression. The frequency of this reversion to low LAP expression increased with passage of low density cultures reaching 10−2 at 26 passages. A revertant colony was selected and expanded into a cell line which was designated UV-12-RM-1. This cell line had a 67-fold reduction in LAP expression compared to UV-12 and demonstrated a much reduced tumorigenic phenotype. A cell line reconstituted from a tumour derived from this cell line demonstrated a high LAP expression level (3-fold less than UV-12) and was highly tumorigenic. Six single-cell-derived lines were cloned from UV-12-RM-1 and all had low LAP expression. Of these, one demonstrated an aggressive tumorigenicity, four showed the reduced tumorigenic phenotype characteristic of UV-12-RM-1, and one (UV-12-RM-105) was non-tumorigenic. However, with passage in culture, this latter cell line reverted to a weakly tumorigenic phenotype and a much elevated IAP level. It is hypothesised that the phenotypic shifts demonstrated by these UV-induced tumorigenic cells are under epigenetic control, and that they are most likely a consequence of an underlying genetic instability in the survivors of UVC-irradiation.
Stabilities of Uracil and Pyridone-Based Carbanions: A Systematic Study in the Gas Phase and Solution and Implications for the Mechanism of Orotidine-5'-Monophosphate Decarboxylase.

Abstract The stabilities of the C6-centered carbanions derived from 1,3-dimethyluracil, N-methyl-2-pyridone, and N-methyl-4-pyridone were systematically investigated in the gas phase and in DMSO and water solutions. The stabilities of the carbanions in the gas phase and DMSO were directly measured through their reactions with carbon acids with known proton affinity or pKa values. The stabilities of the carbanions in DMSO were also probed through their kinetic isotope effects of protonation over deuteriation using acids with different acidity. The stabilities of the carbanions in water were determined through the rates of hydrogen–deuterium exchange reactions of the corresponding conjugate acids. The carbanions derived from the two pyridones were found to have the same stability, whereas the carbanion derived from 1,3-dimethyluracil was more stable. The order of the stability of the carbanions showed no correlation with the decarboxylation rates of their corresponding carboxylic acids. The implications of the results for the mechanism of orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase) are discussed.
Magnetic Breakdown, Fermi Surface, and Galvanomagnetic Properties in Antiferromagnetic Metals

The effect of spin-density waves (SDW) on the electronic properties and Fermi surface of antiferromagnetic metals is examined. When the superlattice due to SDW is incommensurable with a crystal lattice, the usual Brillouin-zone picture of the energy spectrum breaks down, and energy gaps appear at arbitrary points in $k$ space. They are susceptible to a perturbative method of calculation which converges rapidly for usual cases and normal experimental conditions. Several model calculations are performed. They indicate that for Cr, complete magnetic breakdown of all energy gaps of third or higher order in the superlattice potential should be expected for magnetic fields of about 10 G or higher.The perturbation treatment is applied to existing calculations of the paramagnetic Fermi surface of Cr, and the results are compared with experiment. Qualitative agreement is obtained for the magnetoresistance and Hall-effect data. Detailed comparison with the de Haas-van Alphen data proves to be not very fruitful with the present accuracy of the band-structure calculations. Some conclusions regarding the Fermi surface can, however, be obtained from the experimental evidence.
Morphological control of cell growth and viability.

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and subsequent cell spreading are essential for the growth and survival of many cell types. While integrin engagement is known to activate various signalling pathways, the role that cell spreading plays in the control of growth and survival is not clear. Using a novel technique, however, Chen et al.(1) demonstrate that the effect of cell spreading on growth and survival is not a consequence of increased area of contact with the extracellular matrix, supporting the hypothesis that regulation through changes in cell tension and architecture play a key role.
Pharmacokinetics of calcium-entry blockers☆

Abstract Effective use of drugs in therapy depends not only on clinical acumen but also on the availability of relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. Such information assists in development of safe dosing regimens, prediction of abnormal handling of drugs in states of disease and disorder and anticipation of drug interactions. For the calciumentry blocking agents now available in the United States (verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem), these data appeared well after clinical patterns of use evolved. Nonetheless, their relevance continues to be demonstrated by the dependence of each agent on intact liver blood flow and function for normal rates of elimination; by the nonlinear kinetic characteristics for verapamil and diltiazem (and probably for nifedipine, as well) and the derivative implications for decreased dosing frequency requirements; and by observations now appearing on the relation between plasma drug levels and drug effects, both therapeutic and toxic. Such data are discussed herein, with emphasis on those aspects that impact on the clinical use of the calcium-entry antagonists.