cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of 154 actual five-year survivors of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer patients in the United States have a poor prognosis with a collective 5-year survival rate of less than 15%. We identified a subset of actual 5-year survivors (long-term survivors) and analyzed clinicopathologic variables predictive of recurrence and survival beyond the 5-year mark. A review of our prospective database from July 1985 to February 1993 revealed 154 patients who were long-term survivors and 280 patients who died of disease prior to 5 years (short-term survivors) following curative resection (R0). Tumor (T) stage, nodal (N) status, tumor location, and median number of positive nodes were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis of disease-free and greater than 5-year disease-specific survival was performed within the long-term survivors. Among the long-term survivors, 29% were classified as “early gastric cancers” (T1NX). The median number of positive nodes (0 vs. 5; P <0.001) and percentage of lesions that were T1/T2 (60% vs. 19%; P <0.001), node negative (58% vs. 15%; P <0.001), or proximal (40% vs. 65%; P <0.001) was significantly different in long-term survivors vs. short-term survivors, respectively. Of the 154 five-year survivors, gastric cancer recurred in 23, and 13 patients (8%) died of the disease at a median of 84 months from the original diagnosis. On univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in the long-term survivors, only the Lauren histologic classification predicted disease-specific and disease-free survival with diffuse histologic types faring significantly less well. T stage and N status are powerful prognostic factors of outcome within the first 5 years after curative resection of gastric carcinoma. However, the Lauren histologic type emerges as the dominant predictor of outcome once a patient with gastric cancer has survived for 5 years or more.
Food, Fasting, and Itinerant Nuns

Spanish nuns who traveled to Mexico and Peru during the 17th and 18th centuries brought with them their pre-conceived notions on food and fasting. They firmly believed that they could keep up their prescribed regimen of fasting according to the strict Capuchin Rule. Their own descriptions of their travels, however, prove the contrary. Journeys that took them across the arid plains of the Iberian Peninsula, the high seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the towering peaks of the Andes, proved much more challenging than they had ever imagined. Little by little, itinerant nuns had to embrace the difficult rules of the road and accept the different foods placed in front of them. They also had to modify some of their spiritual regimes such as their devotion to Eucharistic piety. Based on archival research and first person narratives, this study will use the lens of liminality to explore food and fasting in the writings of these Spanish Capuchin nuns.
A novel optic nerve photograph alignment and subtraction technique for the detection of structural progression in glaucoma.

Purpose To highlight changing features over time within a single static image through the auto-alignment and subtraction of serial optic nerve photographs. Methods Subtraction maps were generated from auto-aligned (EyeIC, Narbeth, PA) baseline and follow-up images using Adobe Photoshop software. They demonstrated progressive retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects, optic disc haemorrhage (DH), neuroretinal rim loss (RL) and peripapillary atrophy (PPA). A masked glaucoma specialist identified features of progression on subtraction map first, then assessed feature strength by comparison with original images using alternation flicker. Control images with no progression and parallax-only images (as determined by flicker) were included. Results Eighty eyes of 67 patients were used to generate subtraction maps that detected glaucoma progression in 87% of DH (n = 28, sensitivity (Se) 82%, specificity (Sp) 98%) and 84% of PPA (n = 30, Se 80%, Sp 98%) cases. The lowest rate of detection was seen with RL at 67% (n = 31, Se 65%, Sp 100%). The subtraction technique was most sensitive for detecting parallax (n = 39, Se 98%, Sp 94%). Features of glaucoma progression appeared equally strong in flicker and subtraction images, but parallax was often enhanced on subtraction maps. Among control images selected for absence of features of glaucomatous change (n = 9) in original flicker images, no features were detected on subtraction maps. Conclusions Auto-alignment and subtraction of serial optic nerve photographs reliably detects features of glaucoma progression with a single static image. Parallax identification may also be facilitated. Auto-alignment and subtraction of serial optic nerve photographs may prove especially useful in education and printed publications when dynamic imaging is not feasible.
Regulatory processes and population cyclicity in laboratory populations ofAnagasta kühniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) IV. The sequential steps in the behavioral process of host finding and parasitization by the entomophagous parasite,Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

The sequential steps in the behavioral process of a California stock of the entomophagous parasite,Venturia canescens (Grav.), parasitizingAnagasta kuhniella (Zeller) was studied.
Scopolamine's effect on passive avoidance behavior in immature rats

Male albino rats ranging in age from 15--30 days were injected with either scopolamine hydrobromide or saline, prior to training and retention testing on a black-white passive avoidance (PA) task. Pretraining administration of a 1.0-mg/kg dose of scopolamine significantly increased the median number of trials to criterion for 18-, 21-, and 30-day-old rat pups when compared with their saline controls. Fifteen-day-olds showed drug-related PA deficits when a 2.0-mg/kg dose was given. Retention data reflect characteristic age-dependent memory loss over the 1-week acquisitionretention period with no apparent state-dependent effects. The data suggest the presence of cholinergic inhibitory mediation of PA responding in preweanling and postweanling pups.
Regulation of IL-4 production in mast cells: a paradigm for cell-type-specific gene expression.

The role of interleukin (IL)-4 as an important immunomodulatory cytokine is well established. IL-4 exhibits a highly restricted pattern of expression by cells of distinct lineages. The cell types that produce IL-4 are located in anatomically distinct locations (e.g. circulating T cells vs. fixed tissue mast cells) and thus have access to different IL-4-responsive target cells. In addition, these cells appear to regulate IL-4 expression in cell-type-specific ways. These findings suggest that an understanding of IL-4 gene regulation in T and mast cells could provide the means to specifically control IL-4 release in a lineage- and site-specific manner. In this article we review the current knowledge regarding the cell-type specific regulation of IL-4 gene expression in mast cells and compare this to what has been defined in T cells. We show that there are distinct yet parallel events that control developmentally determined chromatin modifications, allowing accessibility of the locus, and provide the potential for transcription. In differentiated cells, a subset of unique cell activation signals initiates the cascade of events that lead to transcriptional activation of the IL-4 gene.
Impact of the Oxidized Guanine Lesion Spiroiminodihydantoin on the Conformation and Thermodynamic Stability of a 15-mer DNA Duplex

Spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) is a hyperoxidized guanine base produced from oxidation of the mutagenic DNA lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxguanosine (8-oxoG) by a variety of species including peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, and the high-valent metals Ir(IV) and Cr(V). In this study, the conformation and thermodynamic stability of a 15-mer DNA duplex containing an Sp lesion are examined using spectroscopic techniques and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Sp lesion does not alter the global B-form conformation of the DNA duplex as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Thermal denaturation experiments find that Sp significantly lowers the thermal stability of the duplex by approximately 20 degrees C. The enthalpies, entropies, and free energies of duplex formation for 15-mers containing guanine, 8-oxoG, and Sp were determined by performing DSC experiments as well as van't Hoff analysis of UV melting spectroscopic data. The thermodynamic stability of the Sp duplex is significantly reduced compared to that of both the 8-oxoG and parent G duplexes, with the thermodynamic destabilization being enthalpic in origin. The thermodynamic impact of the Sp lesion is compared to what is found for other types of DNA base damage and discussed in relation to how the presence of this lesion could affect cellular processes, in particular the recognition and repair of these adducts by the base excision repair enzymes.
Including emerging markets in international momentum investment strategies

Abstract Momentum return investment strategies that diversify across countries provide lower portfolio standard deviations and/or increased expected returns. These diversification benefits are larger when adding emerging markets than when adding developed markets, and they are larger than would be suggested by diversifying with long-only portfolios. Using data on almost 16,000 firms from 22 developed and 18 emerging markets over the 1990–2004 period, we confirm the profitability of momentum trading strategies in both developed and emerging markets and document the diversification benefits of including emerging markets in an international momentum portfolio investment strategy.
PPh3-Substituted [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COH)]Ru(CO)(PPh3)H Exhibits Slower Stoichiometric Reduction, Faster Catalytic Hydrogenation, and Higher Chemoselectivity for Hydrogenation of Aldehydes over Ketones Than the Dicarbonyl Shvo Catalyst

The PPh3-substituted hydroxycyclopentadienyl ruthenium hydride [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COH)]Ru(CO)(PPh3)H (1) stoichiometrically reduces aldehydes and ketones in the presence of a pyridine trap to produce alcohols and the ruthenium pyridine complex 5, with a rate law that is dependent only on [aldehyde] and [1]. The observation of deuterium kinetic isotope effects on substitution of the acidic and hydridic protons of 1 are consistent with concerted transfer of hydrogen to aldehydes during reduction. 1 catalytically hydrogenates aldehydes under mild temperature and pressure conditions. While the Shvo catalyst 2 shows little activity under these conditions, it surpasses 1 at elevated temperatures and pressures. 1 shows high chemoselectivity for catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes over ketones, while 2 is much less selective.
Characterization of a 3H-arginine8-vasopressin binding site in the cingulate gyrus of the rat pup.

Abstract Autoradiographic analysis of 1, 8, 16 and 26-day-old rat brains showed 3 H-arginine 8 -vasopressin ( 3 H-AVP) binding to the cingulate gyrus-dorsal hippocampus (CG) only in the 8-day-old rat brain. Saturation analysis of CG membranes prepared from pups (7–10 days) and adults (90 days) revealed a small but significant increase in binding site concentration in adults compared to pups. However, the K d of the 3 H-AVP binding site increased significantly with age. The K d of 3 H-AVP binding to pup CG membranes was 0.9±0.1 nM, while the adult CG was 5.7±1.0 nM. The pharmacological specificity of 3 H-AVP binding sites in the pup and adult CG was similar, but differed markedly from the profile observed in adult septal membranes. The primary specificity difference between the pup CG and septum was the reduced potency of certain V 1 receptor antagonists. In competition experiments the CG binding site showed a reduced affinity for the V 1 antagonist, [d(CH 2 ) 5 , Tyr(Me)]AVP. This reduced affinity for the V 1 antagonist was also documented autoradiographically using 3 H-[d(CH 2 ) 5 , Tyr(Me)]AVP. The data suggest that the 3 H-AVP binding site expressed in the pup CG is not identical to the V 1 type receptor present in the periphery and brain of the adult rat.
Nonredundant Arrays and Postdetection Processing for Aberration Compensation in Incoherent Imaging

For incoherent imaging systems, wave-front aberrations can have the effect of severely reducing the contrast of high spatial frequencies. Although postdetection image processing can improve image detail, the success of such an approach is limited by image noise. If a simple spatial filter consisting of a nonredundant array of clear openings in an opaque mask is placed in the pupil plane of the system, postdetection image processing yields a restored image superior to that obtainable from a system without the pupil-plane filter. Experimental results confirm the predictions of the theory.
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism

This article presents a review of the book “Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism,” by Alfred D. Chandler Jr.
Wax esters in two species of freshwater zooplankton

Livid classes were determined in three Lake Michigan hypolimnetic calanoid copepods, Limnocalanus macrurus, Diaptomus sicilis, and Senecella calanoides. Limnocalanus macrurus and S. calanoides contained large stores of wax esters (57–80% of total lipid). Wax esters in this amount have not previously been reported for freshwater zooplankton. Diaptomus sicilis exhibits a typical freshwater lipid profile and contains triacylglycerols as its lipid reserves. Lipid storage sites are morphologically different in the copepods. Limnocalanus macrurus and S. calanoides store their wax esters in a large sac that surrounds the intestine, whereas D. sicilis maintains lipid droplet morphology typical of freshwater “triacylglycerol-storing” zooplankton. Limnocalanus macrurus and S. calanoides are “glacial relicts,” which may explain the origin of their typically marine wax ester lipid class.
Integrated Transportation Network Design Optimization

Traditionally, the design of a transportation system has focused on one of the two sys-tems that comprise the transportation architecture, the vehicle or the network design.However, to deﬂne a systems level architecture for a transportation system, it is neces-sary to expand the system deﬂnition during the design process to include the networkdeﬂnition, the vehicle architecture, and the operations, which couple the vehicle and thenetwork. In this paper, the transportation architecture is decomposed into these fundamen-tal sub-systems by classifying the decisions required to deﬂne each sub-system. Utilizingthe integrated transportation system formulation, the design of the transportation archi-tecture can be obtained by concurrently optimizing the vehicle and network decisions. Byformulating the problem in this manner, the optimization can exploit the coupling betweenthe vehicle and network deﬂnition to ﬂnd a system-level solution that best satisﬂes the sys-tem objective. The case study presented in this paper focuses on the design of an aircrafttransportation network for overnight package delivery. By concurrently optimizing boththe vehicle and network deﬂnition for a selected few cities with a ﬂxed demand, we obtaina minimum of a ten percent improvement in cost over that obtained by optimizing thenetwork design using a set of pre-deﬂned aircrafts. Additionally, by comparing the concur-rently optimized solutions with the solutions obtained by traditional vehicle optimization,a minimum of an eleven percent improvement in cost is realized. The improvement insystem cost obtained by the integrated transportation optimization implementation can beattributed to the reduction in operational ine–ciencies for the transportation system.
A Response to “Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy”

This article offers comments on the Keats and Sabharwal article, “Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Ttherapy,” including the rationale for the approach, its conceptual base, the group process and ethical issues. Suggestions for further research on this approach are presented, including examination of its application to specific populations like Native college students.
Measurement of daily activity in restrictive type anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is common affecting up to 1% of young women in Western cultures (Klein, Mayer, Schebendach, & Walsh, 2007) and is associated with 4% mortality (Signorini, et al., 2007). Daily activity (the sum of non-exercise and exercise activity) is thought to be important in the etiology and maintenance of restrictive type anorexia nervosa (RTAN) (Casper, 1998; Davis, et al., 1997; Hebebrand, et al., 2003) particularly for patients who are refractory to treatment (Klein, et al., 2007). The hypotheses we tested are that the Physical Activity Monitoring System (PAMS): 1) could be used to accurately and precisely distinguish between different postures: lying, sitting and standing, 2) could be used to distinguish a motionless stance from walking at 0.5 mph, 3) could be used to differentiate different speeds of walking, and 4) acceleration measured using PAMS will increase with progressively increasing walking energy expenditure in participants with RTAN compared to healthy adults. Confirming the preliminary validity of PAMS in RTAN may assist future research to gain insight into the pathophysiology of this disorder and potentially allow health care professionals in monitoring their patient’s activity and their response to therapy.
Regulation of hydrogen utilisation in Rhizobium japonicum by cyclic AMP

Utilisation (uptake) of hydrogen gas by whole cells of Rhizobium japonicum was found to be influenced by the carbon source(s) present in the growth medium, with activity being highest in a medium containing sugars. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, such as malate, significantly reduced H2 utilisation. No reduction in the hydrogenase activity is observed when the enzyme is assayed directly by the tritium exchange method, indicating that the decrease in hydrogen uptake activity is not due to repression of hydrogenase biosynthesis. Cyclic AMP was found to alleviate the inhibition of H2 uptake by malate, and this requires new protein synthesis. Addition of chloramphenicol or rifampicin simultaneously with cyclic AMP eliminated the stimulation of H2 uptake in the malate medium. These results show that in R. japonicum cyclic AMP plays a major role in the regulation of H2 metabolism.
Urodynamic findings in postprostatectomy incontinence.

Due to the large variability in the reported contribution of bladder dysfunction to postprostatectomy incontinence and the impact this dysfunction may have on the outcome of selected treatment, we retrospectively reviewed the videourodynamic findings of bladder and sphincteric function in patients with postprostatectomy incontinence. The contributions of bladder and sphincteric causes of incontinence are determined. Ninety-two patients had multichannel videourdynamic testing performed as part of a comprehensive evaluation for incontinence at least 1 year after prostatectomy. Using a 6-French double-lumen catheter in the bladder and a 10-French catheter in the rectum, all pressures were recorded continuously while in the upright position. Valsalva leak point pressures (VLPP) were measured in the absence of a bladder contraction at a 150-ml volume and at 50-ml increments thereafter until maximum functional capacity was reached. Bladder compliance and bladder capacity were determined and the presence of detrusor instability (DI) was documented. Sixty-five patients (71%) presented after radical prostatectomy (RP) and 27 patients (29%) after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The predominant urodynamic finding was sphincteric incompetence as VLPP were obtained in 85 patients (92%) and ranged from 12 to 120 cm water. DI was a common finding, occurring in 34 patients (37%), and classified as follows: a) phasic instability in 22/34, b) tonic instability in 3/34, and c) mixed phasic and tonic instability in 9/34. However, we found DI to be the sole cause of incontinence in only 3/92 patients (3.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of sphincteric incompetence after RP or TURP; however, TURP patients had a higher incidence of DI, which was statistically significant (P = 0.019). There was no correlation of incontinence severity and VLPP when comparing preoperative pad usage to VLPP ⩽70 or ⩾71 cm water. Although bladder dysfunction may be contributing problem in patients with postprostatectomy incontinence, it is rarely the only mechanism for this disorder. VLPP does not correlate with incontinence severity. Although sphincteric incompetence is the most common mechanism contributing to incontinence after prostatectomy, bladder dysfunction may coexist or be an isolated cause of postprostatectomy incontinence. Therefore, urodynamic studies are important to illustrate the exact cause(s) of incontinence in each individual patient after prostatectomy. Neurol. Urodynam. 17:493–498, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fe2+, Fe3+, and Oxygen React with DNA-Derived Radicals Formed during Iron-Mediated Fenton Reactions†

Oxidative DNA damage is decreased by the presence of O2 during Fe2+-mediated Fenton reactions when H2O2 is in excess. During these reactions, the presence of DNA increases H2O2 consumption relative to Fe2+ consumption under anaerobic conditions, but decreases H2O2 consumption relative to Fe2+ consumption under aerobic conditions. The pseudobimolecular rate constant of H2O2 consumption is the same under both conditions, however, indicating that the presence of DNA affects the oxidation and/or reduction of the iron pool. To understand the basis of these effects, DNA was replaced with ethanol as a model compound. Computer simulations of Fe2+ and H2O2 consumption were experimentally verified and allowed identification of the predominant reactions leading to the changes in stoichiometry. Based upon these results and upon qualitative and quantitative differences in DNA damages between aerobic and anaerobic conditions, it was concluded that, in the presence of DNA, Fe3+ is reduced by some DNA radicals. However, ...
Submicrometer stripes and bubbles in amorphous films

Lorentz microscopy is used to study amorphous thin films of Gd-Co-Au and Gd-Co-Mo having a range of Q values. Stripe and bubble formation are shown as a function of perpendicular bias fields and pulsed or rotating in-plane fields. In the presence of an in-plane field, stripes contain a pair of Bloch lines and break into rows of Bloch-line containing bubbles. A unichiral stripe, however, forms a unichiral bubble that is stable to higher perpendicular bias fields than are Bloch-line bubbles. Bloch-line rotation in bubble walls in the presence of external rotating fields is demonstrated. and Bloch-line motion due to sweeping in-plane walls is shown. The rare occurrence of four Bloch lines in a 0.2-µm bubble is observed, as is the pearl-like accumulation of multiple Bloch lines in walls of irregularly shaped domains.
Effects of age and pregnancy on cytochrome P450 induction by octamethyltetracyclosiloxane in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Dimethylcyclosiloxanes (DMCS) are components of silicone gel containing implants and are known inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes. The effects of the major DMCS, octamethyltetracyclosiloxane (D4) on cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction were examined in young adult, mature, and pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats. Also, the ability of D4 administered to pregnant dams to affect CYP expression in fetal liver was examined. Female young, mature, and pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 0, 5, 20, and 100 mg/kg D4 daily by gavage for 8 days. Liver microsomal CYP (CYP2B, CYP3A, CYP1A) concentrations were evaluated by Western blots using specific antisera, and CYP activities were assayed using CYP selective assays. D4 treatment resulted in a significant induction of CYP2B and CYP3A isoforms. CYP induction was dose and age dependent. A comparison of the inducibility of CYP3A protein by D4 in rats from different age groups showed that the degree of increase was the highest in the pregnant rats at doses of 20 mg/kg D4 or higher. The mature rats had a lesser degree of responsiveness than did the young rats at the dose of 100 mg/ kg D4. Significant increases in CYP2B immunoreactive protein concentrations were observed in young and mature rats given D4 at doses >5 mg/kg and in pregnant rats at doses >20 mg/kg. Maximal CYP2B induction detected with blotting was more than 90-fold in mature rats; however, no significant changes were detected in CYP1A expression. There was a 20% increase of liver to body weight ratio in the mature rats treated with 100 mg/kg D4. D4 has different inductive properties in female rats of different ages and reproductive status. Also, D4 administered to the pregnant dam is capable of inducing CYP expression in fetal liver as well as decreasing fetal body weight. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:129–138, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20059
Pioglitazone improves superoxide dismutase mediated vascular reactivity in the obese Zucker rat

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the thiazolidinedione agent, pioglitazone, mediates its chronic BP lowering action via improving vascular reactivity.Methods and Results: Lean (Fa/fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats were treated with or without pioglitazone (20 mg/ kg/day) for 4 weeks (n=8 animals per group). Pioglitazone treatment was associated with a significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance in the obese animals (p<0.05 compared with untreated obese). Pioglitazone prevented the development of hypertension seen in obese untreated rats (SBP 126±1 versus 138±1 mmHg; p<0.0001). Aortic ring preparations from pioglitazone-treated obese rats showed improved relaxation responsiveness (ED50 0.28 versus 1.15 U/ ml, p<0.001) to SOD, a NO potentiator, compared with untreated obese animals.Conclusions: SOD-mediated vasorelaxation may contribute to the chronic antihypertensive effect and/or the improvement in insulin sensitivity following pioglitazone treatment.
Photoperiodic Stimulation of Egg Laying in the Land Snail Helix aspersa

WE report here early results of an investigation of the relation between photoperiod and various aspects of the physiology and reproduction of the land snail, Helix aspersa. It was suggested recently that maturation of gametes may be initiated by annual temperature fluctuations and is perhaps correlated with changes in illumination. There does not seem to be much information on the influence of light. Induction of egg laying in the pulmonate pond snail Lymnaea palustris given light periods of 13.5 h or more has been reported and interruption of the dark period on a short day schedule is also effective2.
On-axis probability density function and fade behavior of partially coherent beams propagating through turbulence

We examine the gamma-gamma and lognormal distributions as they apply to the irradiance at a point detector produced by partially coherent beams propagating horizontally through atmospheric turbulence. Our investigation compares the probability density functions and probability of fade predicted by the distributions with results from a wave-optics simulation developed for partially coherent beam propagation. For a partially coherent beam that is not too far removed from a coherent beam, we find the wave-optics results tend to the gamma-gamma model for the weak fluctuation regime and the results are closer to the lognormal model for the strong fluctuation regime. We observe that increasing the initial beam size/Fried parameter ratio (w0/r0) or shortening the coherence length (lc) tends to narrow the probability density profile produced by the simulation.
The Potential of Hyperpolarized 13C MRI in Assessing Signaling Pathways in Cancer

Advances in genomics are enabling integration of various -omics to reveal the complexities underneath carcinogenesis. Multivariate signaling pathways are deregulated and evolve spatially and temporally depending on the tumor microenvironment. This finding shifts the focus of cancer research from “one disease–one target and drug” to “one disease–multiple pathway targets and combinational therapy” and imposes new challenges on the imaging community in terms of imaging targets, scales and information levels. In current clinical settings, most imaging modalities assess cancer risk through alternations in anatomy, function, metabolism, cellularity, or limited molecular events. Few clinical-translatable imaging modalities are capable of detecting aberrations in signaling pathways at the level of tissue biology. An exception to this is hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (HP 13C MRI), which is capable of imaging the molecular signatures of special metabolic enzymes using HP 13C-labeled substrates. HP 13C MRI can identify multiple metabolites including intermediates and products simultaneously to allow extraction of critical parameters such as flux alterations for multiple metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, recent progress in cancer metabolism research affirms that metabolic alterations are directly controlled by signaling pathways. Thus, in vivo assessment of aberrations occurring in signaling pathways becomes feasible through HP 13C imaging. This report briefly reviews the connections between signaling pathways and cancer metabolic phenotypes, the current status of HP 13C MRI in assessing signal pathways, and recent advances in HP 13C MRI techniques. Integrated with cancer genomics and animal models, HP 13C MRI may hold high promise in exploring important issues in cancer that are linked to functionality of signaling pathways. Examples include genomic-driven therapy, intratumoral heterogeneity, and drug resistances.
Generalizations of the reverse order law with related results

Abstract This paper presents conditions which are necessary and sufficient for ( AB >) + = B + A ω for all normalized generalized inverses A ω of the complex matrix A . Corresponding conditions are stated which are equivalent to the situation where ( AB ) + = B ω A + is satisfied by each weak generalized inverse B ω of B . The results are applied to theorems by Baskett and Katz and by Schwerdtfeger.
Vertical flux of particulate Al, Fe, Pb, and ba from the upper ocean estimated from 234Th/238U disequilibria

Abstract The vertical sinking flux of particulate Al, Fe, Pb, and Ba from the upper 250 m of the Labrador Sea has been estimated from measurements of 234 Th/ 238 U disequilibrium and the respective metal/ 234 Th ratios in >53 μm size particles. 234 Th-derived particulate metal fluxes include in situ scavenged metals, labile lithogenic metals, and metals derived from external input (e.g., atmospheric supply). In contrast to the POC/ 234 Th ratio, particle size-fractionated (0.4–10 μm, 10–53 μm, and >53 μm) Al/ 234 Th, Fe/ 234 Th and Pb/ 234 Th, and Ba/ 234 Th ratios generally increase with depth and exhibit no systematic change with particle diameter. Sinking fluxes of particulate Al (2.47–22.3 μmol m −2 d −1 ), Fe (2.69–16.3 μmol m −2 d −1 ), Pb (2.85–70 nmol m −2 d −1 ), and Ba (0.13–2.1 μmol m −2 d −1 ) at 50 m (base of the euphotic zone) and 100 m (base of the mixed layer) are largely within the range of previous sediment trap results from other ocean basins. Estimates of the upper ocean residence time of Al (0.07–0.28 yr) and Pb (0.8–2.9 yr) are short compared to previously reported values. The settling rate of >53 μm particles calculated from the 234 Th data ranges from 14 to 38 m d −1 .
The UTPB computer science research lab: running on student power

The University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) is a small university of approximately 3,300 students. The Computer Science Research Lab at UTPB was founded by a federal grant from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and consists of both Windows and UNIX networks as well as a Linux Cluster and Lego Robots. The lab is used by approximately 100 Computer Science and Information Systems students and five faculty. It provides students with full access to network and database administration as well as an environment for application development. Many courses, such as Research, Software Engineering, Database Systems, Information Systems Design, and Computer Science I and II, use the lab to enhance course work and give students "hands on" experience. However, it is not possible to have a dedicated technician to manage the lab, so the Computer Science Research Lab at UTPB is operated and maintained by undergraduate student assistants with minimal faculty supervision. Even the initial set up of the lab was done by students and faculty. The department has managed to maintain a quality lab environment for the last seven years because many non-traditional UTPB students are already working and have various areas of expertise that help with lab maintenance. In addition, through a dedicated Research course, the faculty members guide students to follow defined procedures for installation and maintenance of equipment and software. The faculty would like to share the lab experiences of the last seven years with the SIGUCCS audience.
Correlated Response in Classification Scores Accompanying Selection for Milk Yield in Jerseys

Abstract Daughters of bulls selected for PD milk (selection line) were compared to random bred controls at the University of Tennessee-USDA Dairy Experiment Station. Jersey classification data were divided: 1) 166 selection and 82 control cows scored under the categorical system (1971 to 1979); and 2) 152 selection and 45 control cows scored under Uniform Functional Type Traits Appraisal (1980 to 1984). Least squares analysis compared first parity scores, adjusted for age and stage of lactation, of selection line cows with those of controls. Type scores from both data sets were dependent variables in a mixed model including effects of date classified, line, and sire within line. Linear scores of selection line cows were higher for dairy character (82.4 vs. 76.1) and final score (76.9 vs. 73.6). Dairy character scores (86.2 vs. 84.7) were higher for selection line cows in the categorical subset. Line means for other nonlinearly scored traits were not different. For linear data, dairy character rating explained much of the variation in final score. Other important traits in this regard include front teat placement, fore udder, foot angle, and suspensory ligament. These results reflect emphasis placed on priority traits by the American Jersey Cattle Club.
On interaction between intermediate-depth long waves and deep-water short waves

Abstract The interaction between a unidirectional deep-water short-wave train and an intermediate water-depth long wave is studied. The steady solutions are derived up to third order in wave steepness, respectively, using two different approaches: a conventional perturbation method employing linear phase functions to describe both long- and short-wave phases and a phase modulation method using a modulational phase function to model the short-wave phase. The two results are shown to be identical for a parametric range ϵ 1 coth Kd ≪ ϵ 3 ≤0.5, where ϵ 3 is the short-to-long wavelength ratio, ϵ 1 and K are, respectively, the long-wave steepness and wavenumber, and d the water depth. When ϵ 1 coth Kd approaches ϵ 3 , the conventional solution converges slowly and eventually diverges for ϵ 1 coth Kd ≫ ϵ 3 . The slow convergence of the conventional solution results from the approximation of a modulated short-wave phase by a linear phase formulation. In addition to the increasing modulation of the short-wave phase, amplitude and wavenumber as the water depth decreases, it is found that the modulation of the short-wave intrinsic frequency and potential amplitude along the long-wave surface become significant. Previous results about virtually non-modulated short-wave intrinsic frequency and potential amplitude are only limited to the case of unidirectional wave modulation in very deep water.
The Study of Sluice Gate and Sharp-Crested Weir Through Hodograph Transformations

The problems of sluice gate and sharp crested weir were studied through hodograph transformations. Numerical calculations of the stream function in terms of hodograph variables were carried out after the hodographs were transformed into rectangles. Results were compared with the available experimental data and other results of calculations. Favorable agreement in all cases substantiated the fact that the method of hodograph transformation is effective in dealing with these problems strongly influenced by gravitation.
Enzymatic and nonenzymatic ADP-ribosylation of cysteine

Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a protein modification that occurs at a number of different amino acids, dictated by the specificity of the individual ADP-ribosyltransferases. A specific cysteine in several guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins is ADP-ribosylated by the bacterial protein pertussis toxin. Recent purification of an ADP-ribosylcysteine hydrolase and NAD:cysteine ADP-ribosyltransferase, and detection of ADP-ribose-cysteine linkages in tissue samples has raised hope that an endogenous regulatory cysteine-specific ADP-ribosylation pathway exists. A current goal is the identification of such a pathway for ADP-ribosylation of cysteine within animal cells. Interpretation of the data in this field has been complicated by recent reports that revealed several unforeseen chemical reactions of NAD and its metabolites with free cysteine and cysteine in proteins. This mini-review covers the latest understanding of the ADP-ribosylation reactions associated with cysteine, and provides a set of criteria for future research to establish positively the existence of an endogenous cysteine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase.
The electrocardiogram of 6- to 11-year-old children in the United States

Amplitude and duration of waves and intervals of electrocardiographic leads I, II, aV R , aV F , V 1 , and V 5 as determined from a nationwide systematic probability sample of 6- to 11-year-old children are presented and discussed.
Ethical Issues in Surgical Research

Higher standards of evidence for surgical procedures are likely to be demanded in the future by health insurance providers. Consequently, more formal and rigorous surgical research, including RCTs, will become more prevalent. Facing the ethical challenges of surgical research requires understanding of the ethically significant differences between surgical practice and research and the ways in which the ethical standards appropriate for the design and conduct of clinical research differ from the ethics of clinical care.
Pretenuring for Java

Pretenuring can reduce copying costs in garbage collectors by allocating long-lived objects into regions that the garbage collector with rarely, if ever, collect. We extend previous work on pretenuring as follows. (1) We produce pretenuring advice that is neutral with respect to the garbage collector algorithm and configuration. We thus can and do combine advice from different applications. We find that predictions using object lifetimes at each allocation site in Java prgroams are accurate, which simplifies the pretenuring implementation. (2) We gather and apply advice to applications and the Jalapeno JVM, a compiler and run-time system for Java written in Java. Our results demonstrate that building combined advice into Jalapeno from different application executions improves performance regardless of the application Jalapeno is compiling and executing. This build-time advice thus gives user applications some benefits of pretenuring without any application profiling. No previous work pretenures in the run-time system. (3) We find that application-only advice also improves performance, but that the combination of build-time and application-specific advice is almost always noticeably better. (4) Our same advice improves the performance of generational and Older First colleciton, illustrating that it is collector neutral.
Does correction of stenoses identified with color duplex scanning improve infrainguinal graft patency

Abstract Purpose: This study was undertaken (1) to determine whether correction of infrainguinal bypass stenoses detected with color duplex scanning (CDS) improved graft survival and (2) to define the natural history of grafts that did not undergo revision. Methods: Over a 39-month period 462 color-flow duplex scans were obtained on 170 limbs with autogenous vein grafts. Grafts were scanned within 3 months of operation, at 6 and 12 months, and then yearly. Doubling of the velocity at any point in the graft-arterial system compared with the velocity immediately above or below (velocity ratio ≥ 2.0) was the criterion adopted for identification of a hemodynamically significant (≥ 50%) diameter reduction. Results: One hundred ten stenoses were detected in 62 (36%) of the limbs, of which 9 (8%) were in native vessels, 30 (27%) were at the anastomoses, and 71 (65%) were in the graft itself. Seventy-seven percent of the stenoses were detected in the first year. Twenty-four (39%) of the grafts with positive scans were revised. During follow-up, occlusions occurred in 10 (9%) of the 108 grafts with negative scans (NEG), in 2 (8%) of the 24 revised grafts with positive scans (PR), and in 10 (26%) of the 38 non-revised grafts with positive scans (PNR). Cumulative patency rates of NEG grafts were 90% at 1 year and 83% at 2 through 4 years. Similar patency rates were found in the PR vein grafts: 96% at 1 year and 88% at 2 through 4 years. In contrast, patency rates in PNR grafts with 50% or greater stenoses were only 66% at 1 year and 57% at 2 through 4 years. Log-rank tests showed a significant difference between the cumulative patency rates of NEG and PNR grafts ( p p = 0.02). Flow velocities less than 45 cm/sec and ankle/brachial indexes did not discriminate well between grafts with or without 50% or greater stenoses or identify those grafts that subsequently occluded. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that CDS detects graft-threatening lesions, that a velocity ratio of 2.0 or greater is the most highly predictive parameter, and that revision of grafts with stenoses identified with CDS prolongs patency. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:54-66.)
BEIRUT - A CITY WITH SO MANY FACES

Since the 19th century, Beirut has known a spectacular development in its physiognomy as well as its morphology and its space extent. Each era has left its mark on the city, thus con-stituting territories inside which various visual messages delimitated ideological space. Presently, 13 years after the end of the war, Beirut has become a huge agglomeration and offers several faces. What are those faces?
Case studies: Why and how

Case studies have been advocated as a means to advance the development of the augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) field. However, many potential case studies may remain unwritten because those with experiences to share do not know how to assemble them into a case study. To help provide potential authors with the knowledge necessary to prepare a case study, some of the definitions and purposes of case studies will be reviewed. This will be followed by suggestions for case study content and how to increase the probability that a case study will be publishable. Finally, relations between case studies and single-subject research designs will be discussed, in an attempt to clarify some of the differences between them.
Structure of androcam supports specialized interactions with myosin VI

Androcam replaces calmodulin as a tissue-specific myosin VI light chain on the actin cones that mediate D. melanogaster spermatid individualization. We show that the androcam structure and its binding to the myosin VI structural (Insert 2) and regulatory (IQ) light chain sites are distinct from those of calmodulin and provide a basis for specialized myosin VI function. The androcam N lobe noncanonically binds a single Ca2+ and is locked in a “closed” conformation, causing androcam to contact the Insert 2 site with its C lobe only. Androcam replacing calmodulin at Insert 2 will increase myosin VI lever arm flexibility, which may favor the compact monomeric form of myosin VI that functions on the actin cones by facilitating the collapse of the C-terminal region onto the motor domain. The tethered androcam N lobe could stabilize the monomer through contacts with C-terminal portions of the motor or recruit other components to the actin cones. Androcam binds the IQ site at all calcium levels, constitutively mimicking a conformation adopted by calmodulin only at intermediate calcium levels. Thus, androcam replacing calmodulin at IQ will abolish a Ca2+-regulated, calmodulin-mediated myosin VI structural change. We propose that the N lobe prevents androcam from interfering with other calmodulin-mediated Ca2+ signaling events. We discuss how gene duplication and mutations that selectively stabilize one of the many conformations available to calmodulin support the molecular evolution of structurally and functionally distinct calmodulin-like proteins.
CD4+ T Lymphocyte Modulation of Ozone-induced Murine Pulmonary Inflammation

Inhalation of elevated levels of ozone produces a potent inflammatory response in the lung. The magnitude of this response to ozone exposure in mice is inbred strain dependent with the susceptible phenotype being exemplified by the C57BL/6J (B6) strain and the resistant phenotype by the C3H/HeJ (C3) strain. To examine the role of T lymphocytes in the regulation of ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation, mice were pretreated by an intraperitoneal injection of anti-Thy1.2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-CD4+ mAb, or isotype-matched control antibodies (0.5 mg each) and subsequently exposed for 72 h to either filtered air or ozone (0.3 ppm). Immediately after ozone exposure, the cellular profile in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) was assessed. In isotype-treated controls of both strains of mice, ozone exposure induced significant increases in the numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells recovered in the BALF; however, the magnitude of each cell type recovered was significantly greater in B6 mice as compared with C3 mice. Both anti-Thy1.2 and anti-CD4+ monoclonal antibody treatments decreased the number of each cell type recovered in the B6 mice and increased the number of cells in the C3 mice. To determine if the CD4+ T-cell-derived cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 was involved in the differential effect of T-cell depletion on the ozone-induced inflammatory responses of C3 and B6 mice, mice were pretreated with either 400 ng of recombinant mouse IL-4 or vehicle, or 5.0 mg anti-IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibody or an isotype-matched antibody before either air or ozone exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Developing a Digital Archive with Limited Resources

This article describes how a small liberal arts college library created a digital library using existing staff and financial resources. The Hekman Digital Archive (HDA) was created using a digital media archive module of the library's integrated library system, and is maintained by one library staff member with the help of numerous student assistants.
A field study of growth and development of nestling masked shrews (Sorex cinereus).

Information on growth and development of Sorex cinereus from birth to 20 days was obtained from 60 nestlings from nine litters. Periodic removal of young shrews for measurement did not cause females to relocate their nests. Eyes and ears opened at 17–18 and 14–17 days, respectively. Incisors erupted between days 13 and 14; weaning occurred after day 20. Growth data were fitted to the Richards equation. Body weight averaged 0.28 g on the day of birth, 2.1 g on day 8, and 3.5 g on day 20. Hind foot and tail reached adult length by 17–20 days, whereas mean body weight equaled that of free-ranging subadults (2.8 g) at 10–11 days and began to plateau at about 3.5 g by day 15. At 20 days, nestlings contained 3.8 times as much subcutaneous fat as was found in subadult specimens. This excess weight gain in the nest may have survival value for the young while they learn to hunt.