cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing the structural effects on the intrinsic electronic and redox properties of [2Fe–2S]+ clusters, a broken-symmetry density functional theory study

In biological electron transport chains, [2Fe–2S] clusters have versatile electrochemical properties and serve as important electron carriers in a wide variety of biological processes. To understand structural effects on the variation in reduction potentials in [2Fe–2S] proteins, a series of [2Fe–2S] protein analogs with bidentate ligands ( − SC 2 H 4 NH 2) were recently produced by collision-induced dissociation of [Fe 4 S 4(L)4]2− (L = SC 2 H 4 NH 2). Combined with photoelectron spectroscopy findings, the reaction mechanisms of [Fe 4 S 4(L)4]2− to [Fe 2 S 2(L)2]− and the structural effects of ligands on the electronic and redox properties of the [2Fe–2S] clusters are investigated here using broken-symmetry density functional theory method. Our calculations suggest that [Fe 2 S 2(η2 − L)(cis − L)]− and [Fe 2 S 2(η2 − L)2]− are the experimentally observed [2Fe–2S] products, which are generated via a fission process of [Fe 4 S 4(L)4]2− followed by rearrangement of ligands of [Fe 2 S 2(L)2]−. Moreover, structural variation of the ferrous center may dramatically affect the oxidation energy of the [2Fe–2S] clusters.
The number and probability of canalizing functions

Canalizing functions have important applications in physics and biology. For example, they represent a mechanism capable of stabilizing chaotic behavior in Boolean network models of discrete dynamical systems. When comparing the class of canalizing functions to other classes of functions with respect to their evolutionary plausibility as emergent control rules in genetic regulatory systems, it is informative to know the number of canalizing functions with a given number of input variables. This is also important in the context of using the class of canalizing functions as a constraint during the inference of genetic networks from gene expression data. To this end, we derive an exact formula for the number of canalizing Boolean functions of n variables. We also derive a formula for the probability that a random Boolean function is canalizing for any given bias p of taking the value 1. In addition, we consider the number and probability of Boolean functions that are canalizing for exactly k variables. Finally, we provide an algorithm for randomly generating canalizing functions with a given bias p and any number of variables, which is needed for Monte Carlo simulations of Boolean networks.
Quantum quenches in the thermodynamic limit

We introduce a linked-cluster based computational approach that allows one to study quantum quenches in lattice systems in the thermodynamic limit. This approach is used to study quenches in one-dimensional lattices. We provide evidence that, in the thermodynamic limit, thermalization occurs in the nonintegrable regime but fails at integrability. A phase transitionlike behavior separates the two regimes.
Hemodynamic Data and Angiographic Findings after Mustard Repair for Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries

Eleven childrern with uncomplicated transposition of the great arteries repaired by the Mustard procedure were studied by atrial pacing, cardiac catheterization, and cineangiography. Nine had persistent postoperative ectopic cardiac rhythms. Atrial pacing in five suggested sinus node damage in four and A-V junctional conduction tissue damage in one. In seven children dye-dilution curves indicated small right-to-left shunts. In all seven superior vena cava cineangiograms showed leaks in the baffle at the superior atrial junction. In the other 10, sequential pressures in the superior vena cava, physiologic right atrium, and inferior vena cava showed no evidence of obstruction to systemic venous return. The three complications related to placement of the atrial baffle seemed to be due in large part to technical difficulties in suturing the baffle in the vulnerable sinus node region. There were no differences in the postoperative hemodynamics between the five patients repaired at a younger age because of severe cyanosis and the five larger children who had been repaired electively. Our results support the aim for early surgical correction in uncomplicated transposition of the great arteries.
Defining an Agenda for Future Research on the Clinical Application of Mindfulness Practice

Interest in the clinical use of mindfulness practices has expanded rapidly in recent years. To provide a direction for future research in this area, this article identifies the primary scientific and clinical questions regarding the clinical application of mindfulness practice. In particular, the following questions are addressed: What is mindful-ness? What are the consequences of separating mindful-ness from its spiritual and cultural origins? Is mindfulness training an efficacious treatment intervention? What are the active or essential ingredients of mindfulness training? Can mindfulness enhance clinical practice apart from its role as a clinical intervention? How does mindfulness work? How should therapists be trained in order to deliver mindfulness interventions competently? Is mindfulness training amenable to widespread dissemination?
Energy Production and Reservoir Water Quality: Development of a Manual of Practice for the Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling of Reservoirs Impacted by Energy Facilities

The operation and management of hydroelectric reservoirs and impoundments are coming under more stringent regulatory requirements relative to water quality within them and as affected by their releases. In addition, hydroelectric reservoirs and impoundments support or operate in conjunction with other energy facility requirements such as steam electric power plant cooling and pumped storage facility operations. This strong link between energy production and reservoir water quality is being addressed by a new task committee that has been formed under the auspicious of the Energy Division Environmental Effects Committee. The committee’s goal is the development of a manual of practice for the use of water body models in relation to the management of energy facilities that impinge upon rivers and reservoirs. Issues that can be addressed within a modeling framework include but are not limited to ~1! release water quality, fish passage, water quality within impounded waters ~including dissolved oxygen variations and anthropogenically altered nutrient cycles, sedimentation, and chemical exchange with sediment!; ~2! receiving reservoirs for cooling water ~artificially elevated temperatures and the effect on the flora and fauna, exotic discharges—both planned and accidental!; ~3! TMDL issues related to the reservoirs and their watersheds ~relationship of reservoir water quality to in-reservoir versus watershed processes!; and ~4! maintaining efficient energy production with these environmental constraints. The committee will look at such reservoirs impacted by energy facilities and more specifically on how to model the hydrodynamics and water quality of such systems and how to use models as management tools for these circumstances. The committee draws on expertise in the energy production and regulation field, government employees, modeling consulting companies and on university researchers working in the field. The manual of practice—oriented toward people in the energy field—will outline the issues, which they should be aware of, describe the theory behind some of the available models, and outline case studies of modeling practice. The manual is intended to be a guide for energy facility managers who are either undertaking modeling studies or considering undertaking such studies. The manual will help decide if a modeling study is warranted
Precipitation kinetics in solutionized aluminum alloy 2124: II. Effect of prior Guinier–Preston zone formation

Abstract Part I of this study described a calorimetric investigation of kinetics and energetics of Guinier–Preston (GP) zone formation and precipitation in solutionized (SOL) aluminum alloy 2124. The present paper discusses results of experiments designed to determine the effect of prior GP zone formation on precipitation in the same alloy. The samples studied (designated SOL/GP samples) had each been held at temperatures ≤100°C until GP zone formation was determined to be complete, after which differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential isothermal calorimetry (DIC) precipitation measurements were carried out. The DSC data (for scan rates from 1.2 to 20°C/min) were analyzed by the Kissinger method to yield activation energies and time constants. From the DIC experiments, we obtained precipitation kinetics information using analysis techniques developed in this laboratory. Precipitation activation energies and time constants for SOL/GP samples derived from DSC agree rather well with those from DIC. As was the case for the SOL alloy, two processes with slightly different temperature ranges are involved in precipitation in SOL/GP 2124. Although prior GP zone formation seems to have little effect on the first precipitation process (associated with S ′ (CuMgAl 2 )), it does reduce the activation energy of the second one (assigned to θ ′ (CuMg 2 )) by more than 10%. The exothermic heat of precipitation, Δ Q (measured isothermally) is also relatively unaffected by previous GP zone formation.
A comparison of semi-lagrangian and Eulerian polar climate simulations

Abstract At the modest vertical resolutions typical of climate models, simulations produced by models based on semi-Lagrangian approximations tend to develop a colder tropical tropopause than matching simulations from models with Eulerian approximations, all other components of the model being the same. The authors examine the source of this relative cold bias in the context of the NCAR CCM3 and show that it is primarily due to insufficient vertical resolution in the standard 18-level model, which has 3-km spacing near the tropopause. The difference is first diagnosed with the Held and Suarez idealized forcing to eliminate the complex radiative–convective feedback that affects the tropopause formation in the complete model. In the Held and Suarez case, the tropical simulations converge as the vertical grid layers are halved to produce 36 layers and halved again to produce 72 layers. The semi-Lagrangian approximations require extra resolution above the original 18 to capture the converged tropical tropopau...
Optimal line-sweep-based decompositions for coverage algorithms

Robotic coverage is the problem of moving a sensor or actuator over all points in given region. Ultimately, we want a coverage path that minimizes some cost such as time. We take the approach of decomposing the coverage region into subregions, selecting a sequence of those subregions, and then generating a path that covers each subregion in turn. We focus on generating decompositions based upon the planar line sweep. After a general overview of the coverage problem, we describe how our assumptions lead to the optimality criterion of minimizing the sum of subregion altitudes (which are measured relative to the sweep direction assigned to that subregion). For a line-sweep decomposition, the sweep direction is the same for all subregions. We describe how to find the optimal sweep direction for convex polygonal worlds. We then introduce the minimal sum of altitudes (MSA) decomposition in which we may assign a different sweep direction to each subregion. This decomposition is better for generating an optimal coverage path. We describe a method based on multiple line sweeps and dynamic programming to generate the MSA decomposition.
Germination of Invasive Plant Seeds after Digestion by Horses in California

Using a unique sterile design intended to eliminate outside seed contamination of horse feces, we investigated whether weed seeds germinate after digestion by horses. Feces were collected from selected National Parks and other locations in central and northern California. All potted fecal samples were irrigated and grown in an enclosed sterile nursery environment. Thirty-two plant spe- cies emerged from these fecal samples, 24 of which were not native to California. None of these were identified on the California Department of Agriculture's Noxious Weed List, which is used as a basis to certify equine feed as weed free. However, seven of the non-native species are identified as moderately invasive on the California Invasive Plant Council's (Cal-IPC) list. These species are: Hirschfeldia incana, Hordeum marinum, Lolium multiflorum, Mentha pulegium, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium hirtum, and Vulpia myuros. In addition, the following four non-native plants are listed at the limited invasiveness level on the Cal-IPC list: Hypochaeris glabra, Lythrum hyssopifolium, Medicago polymorpha, and Poa pratensis. Because we did not survey invasive plant cover in locations from which we sampled, we cannot guarantee that species identified in our samples would have also germinated in the field. Our results add to a growing body of literature documenting germination of seeds after passing through the digestive system of horses and suggest that conscientious horse owners should select feed sources that are free of weeds. We also find that the current list of noxious weeds used to certify weed-free feed for equines should be comprehensive.
Utilizing simulation to evaluate business decisions in sense-and-respond systems

Simulation can be an effective way to evaluate alternative decisions in sense-and-respond systems prior to taking actions to resolve existing or anticipated business situations. In sense-and-respond systems, business situations arise within predefined contexts that specify what aspects of the business need to be monitored and what information is needed to make decisions. We have designed a decision support system that dynamically configures simulation models based on business context and interactively presents simulation results to business analysts. In this paper, our decision support system is applied to the IBM demand conditioning process, in which mismatches between supply and demand are identified and corrective actions are initiated.
In Physics Education, Perception Matters

Student difficulties in science learning are frequently attributed to misconceptions about scientific con- cepts. We argue that domain-general perceptual processes may also influence students' ability to learn and demonstrate mastery of difficult science concepts. Using the concept of center of gravity (CoG), we show how student difficulty in applying CoG to an object such as a baseball bat can be accounted for, at least in part, by general principles of perception (i.e., not exclusively physics-based) that make perceiving the CoG of some objects more difficult than oth- ers. In particular, it is perceptually difficult to locate the CoG of objects with asymmetric-extended properties. The basic perceptual features of objects must be taken into account when assessing students' classroom performance and devel- oping effective science, technology, engineering, and math- ematics (STEM) teaching methods.
Bullying and Middle School Students With and Without Specific Learning Disabilities: An Examination of Social-Ecological Predictors

The current study investigated demographic variables, sense of belonging, and social supports as predictors for involvement in bullying for students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) and students without disabilities. Although these student groups are characteristically different, results suggested involvement in bullying was invariant. However, gender, race, grade point average, and participation in extracurricular activities emerged as significant predictors for involvement in the bullying dynamic. In addition, increased peer social support was found to be the most significant predictor of decreased bullying, victimization, fighting, and anger for both students with SLD and students without disabilities. Educational implications include the suggestion that schools adopt multitiered antibullying programs that foster increased social supports and peer acceptance and incorporate targeted interventions for at-risk subpopulations of students.
Adaptive Equalization for Chirp Radars through Channels with Nonlinear Phase

An equalization technique is described suitable for operation in a chirp radar system in which the signal is transmitted over a channel dominated by phase nonlinearities. It is shown that the system is easily implementable, and an analysis of system performance will be presented.
Effects of Coaching on the Implementation of Functional Assessment-Based Parent Intervention in Reducing Challenging Behaviors.

This study examined the effects of coaching on the implementation of functional assessment–based parent intervention in reducing children’s challenging behaviors. A multiple baseline across partici...
Effect of combined modality therapy on the surgical management of locally advanced rectal carcinoma

The treatment of locally advanced rectal carcinoma is one of the more complicated problems in the management of colorectal carcinoma. More than any other site successful treatment requires a multimodality approach as surgery alone is frequently insufficient to completely eradicate all disease. This review focuses primarily on the management of patients who present without prior treatment and discusses the role of preoperative radiation therapy as well as intraoperative radiation therapy. Although much less gratifying, patients who present after failing previous therapy may also benefit from an aggressive multimodality approach.
Botulinum A toxin for glabellar wrinkles. Dose and response.

background. Botulinum A exotoxin injection is a well-established method for treatment of glabellar frown lines, crow's feet, and horizontal furrows of the forehead. However, there is no consensus as to the optimal dosage per injection site or the concentration of injectate to be used. objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal effective dose per injection site to be used as well as the effect of concentration in response to treatment. results. A total of 46 subjects were divided into ten groups and injected with escalating doses and concentrations of botulinum toxin. The response and longevity of treatment were then followed on a monthly basis. A dose between 2.5–4 U per injection site (12.5–20 U total) was determined to be an effective starting dose, with a duration of 2–5 months (median 14 weeks). conclusions. There was no statistically significant difference in safety or efficacy for concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 U/ml of botulinum toxin.
Optical characterization of macroporous oxides: evolution of the photonic band gap

Summary form only given. It has recently been shown that a crystal of close-packed air spheres, with a high dielectric in the interstitial regions, exhibits a complete photonic band gap. An example of such a material has been difficult to fabricate because the dielectric required is higher than that of nearly all transparent solids. However, it is nonetheless valuable to study the optical properties of materials as they approach this interesting limit, to see how these properties evolve with increasing dielectric contrast. Although a variety of metal oxides possess reasonably high dielectrics and good transparency in the visible range, the synthetic challenges associated with the preparation of a well-ordered macroporous solid have been daunting. Recently, several groups have reported the fabrication of macroporous oxides, but their ability to characterize the optical properties of these materials has been limited by issues of sample quality such as grain size, inhomogeneity in thickness, etc. As a result, no studies of transmission spectra have been reported. Recently, we have developed a method for preparing well-controlled thin films of macroporous oxides that are uniform in thickness and contain few grain boundaries over regions as large as 1 cm/sup 2/, and are thus well suited for optical transmission experiments.
A New Legal Empiricism? Assessing ELS and NLR

The past decade has seen a return of interest in empirical research within the U.S. legal academy, hearkening back to a similar empirical turn during the ascendancy of Legal Realism in the New Deal era. However, the current revival of legal empiricism has emerged against the backdrop of several well-established traditions of empirical socio-legal research both in the interdisciplinary law-and-society movement and in the social science disciplines themselves. This article examines two of the most prominent manifestations of the "new" legal empiricism, Empirical Legal Studies and New Legal Realism, and it situates them in the pre-existing socio-legal terrain. The analysis concludes by considering different possible futures for empirical law studies
Amplitude-modulated laser imager

Laser systems have been developed to image underwater objects. However, the performance of these systems can be severely degraded in turbid water. We have developed a technique using modulated light to improve underwater detection and imaging. A program, Modulated Vision System (MVS), which is based on a new theoretical approach, has been developed to predict modulated laser imaging performance. Experiments have been conducted in a controlled laboratory environment to test the accuracy of the theory as a function of system and environmental parameters. Results show a strong correlation between experiment and theory and indicate that the MVS program can be used to predict future system performance.
Optimizing Node Capacity in Multilayer Networks

A multilayer network topology architecture of IP/MPLS over OTN (Optical Transport Networks) over DWDM has been receiving significant attention in large ISP's networks. In this multilayer network architecture, we consider the problem of optimizing the node capacity of nodes in different layers. This goal is of importance in a large ISP network to reduce the amount of power consumption of complex structural nodes, or to balance between node costs in different layers. We present an optimization model that considers each layer's constraints including the OTN layer, aiming to reduce the capacity of the routing and switching nodes. We then present an analysis on how node capacity is impacted at each layer.
Adaptive Tracking Algorithm of Weak GNSS Signal

The receiver of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is likely to lose tracking for a GNSS signal in some degraded environments. To solve this problem, this paper designs a new adaptive tracking algorithm for GNSS signals. First, we design an error extraction module to extract phase errors so that a CTL can estimate phase errors without using a loop discriminator, which can reduce the requirements of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of GNSS signals. Second, we design a motion detection module to detect the real-time movement status of GNSS receivers. Then, using its detecting results as inputs, we design an algorithm to automatically make the CTL switch between a second-order loop and a third-order loop. Third, we design a bandwidth-adjusting module to adjust the bandwidth of CTL, according to the CNR and the movement status of a GNSS receiver. Finally, a simulation is performed to verify that our adaptive carrier tracking algorithm can effectively improve the precision of CTL, as well as enhance its dynamic range.
Emission Spectra and Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements of Yb:YAG as a Function of Temperature

Temperature dependence of the emission spectra (cross section, peak wavelength and linewidth) and 1.03-μm fluorescence lifetime of 5.5 at.%-doped Yb:YAG is reported (80K to 400K).
Square Pegs Into Round Holes? Strict Scrutiny and Voluntary School Desegregation Plans

The Supreme Court's decisions in Grutter v. Bollinger, Gratz v. Bollinger, and Johnson v. California indicate that the nature and operation of the strict scrutiny standard in Equal Protection Clause analysis is changing. Shortly after Grutter and Gratz, the racially-conscious K-12 student assignment plans in Comfort, Mass. and Seattle, Wash. were challenged in federal court, and the First and Ninth Circuits, respectively, ruled that Grutter's holding that attaining a diverse student body could constitute a compelling state interest for strict scrutiny purposes applied in the K-12 context. The First and Ninth Circuits relied heavily on Grutter's admonition that context matters in the Equal Protection Clause analysis, and in upholding the plans stretched strict scrutiny perhaps to its breaking point. This Comment argues that strict scrutiny, and the tiers of review as a whole, have become to rigid and rule-like and that the decisions of the First and Ninth Circuits were positive attempts to direct Equal Protection Clause analysis towards a more flexible, standards-based analysis that allows for contextual differences and ignores misleading tiers of review. The paper has been accepted for publication by the University of Cincinnati Law Review for the Winter 2006 issue, but has not gone through any edits.
From Women and Labour Law to Putting Gender and Law to Work

This chapter argues that it is possible to discern a threefold conceptual shift in the feminist legal literature on employment and labour law over the past thirty years. The first shift is away from focusing on women as a unified category of analysis and object of study to exploring gender as a constructed, contested, and differentiated social relationship. The second shift broadens the scope of inquiry beyond formal employment contracts to the labour market in general and the relationship between unpaid and paid work in particular. The third shift is from an instrumental conception of law in which law is seen as a tool for remedying sex discrimination to a more complex and multi-dimensional understanding of the relationship between law and society. These shifts in feminist legal writing about employment and work both reflect and are informed by changes in feminist and legal theory. They also track profound changes in the structure and operation of labour markets, the organization of production, and the politics and power of the nation state. The chapter begins by showing how the literature in the 1970s and the 1980s concentrated on identifying and remedying women’s employment inequality. This work tended to focus on specific dimensions of, or topics relating to, women’s inequality, such as unequal pay, occupational segregation, sexual harassment and discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. In the 1990s, feminist concerns about addressing various axes of subordination that influenced a women’s social location combined with the erosion of the standard employment relationship to reveal differences between women and the profoundly gendered nature of employment norms. The third section discusses how feminist legal researchers attempted to develop both a transformative conception of equality and a postmodern understanding of law that appreciated its discursive and ideological effects. Following this discussion, the chapter focuses on some key themes - the relationship between gender and intersectionality, the conflict between employment and unpaid, but socially necessary, work and the shift from instrumental to discursive conceptions of law - that have shaped contemporary feminist labour law literature. The chapter concludes by summarizing some of the major achievements in feminist theorizing about labour law and identifying some of the key issues with which feminists who study labour law continue to grapple.
Identifying channels of economic impacts: An inter-regional structural path analysis for Alaska fisheries

Abstract Alaska fisheries have strong spillover effects on economies of other states (especially the state of Washington) due to their dependence on imports from these other states. Several studies attempt to develop inter-regional or multi-regional economic impact models to investigate these spillover effects, and calculate the multipliers for Alaska fisheries. However, these multipliers measure only total economic impacts, failing to provide fishery managers with the information on how and along what channels these total economic impacts are generated and transmitted throughout the regions. This paper uses an inter-regional structural path analysis (IRSPA) to identify the various channels (paths) through which the economic impacts of an initial shock to a seafood sector are transmitted, amplified, and spilled over to other regions, within an inter-regional social accounting matrix (IRSAM) framework for two US regions – Alaska and the rest of US (RUS).
Instrumentation for Diagnosis and Basic Treatment of Gingivitis/Periodontitis

How the instrument is held. There are a number of techniques to grasp an instrument. They include the pen grasp, modified pen grasp, and the palm and thumb grasp:
The Voting Rights Act and Hispanic Political Representation in the Southwest

Extensions of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in 1970 and 1975 expanded coverage to the southwestern United States and included provisions for non-English speaking minorities. In the South, the VRA had the effect of increasing the number of black voters and elected officials. In this article, we examine the changes in numbers of Mexican American and other Hispanic elected officials in the five southwestern states forfederal, state, and local offices during the eleven-year period of 1973-1984. Gains occurred during the period, although they were uneven across the states andfor different types of offices. The VRA served to remove the more blatant obstacles to electoral participation, but the law's fullest impact has also required effective political mobilization by Hispanic organizations to increase voter registration and produce a conducive environment for Hispanics to seek and win elective positions.
Office lighting and personal light exposures in two seasons: Impact on sleep and mood

Lighting design for office buildings has focused largely on providing sufficient light for visual performance, minimal glare, good colour rendering and energy conservation. Little attention has bee...
Arterial wall-determined risk factors to vascular diseases: a nonhuman primate model.

Many decades of research have led to considerable in-depth understanding of circulating factors that may lead to coronary atherosclerosis. However, not every individual with serious known risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia or cigarette smoking develops atherosclerosis. Differential susceptibility of the arterial wall to circulating atherogenic risk factors, which may be largely controlled by genetic variants, may provide this missing link. Endothelial cells, the lining of the arterial wall, are responsible for the integrity and responses to the circulating environment. Dysfunctional endothelial cells and the subsequent proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells are the prelude of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome. Yet, there have been no detailed studies exploring the interaction between circulating environmental and arterial wall endogenous risk factors in living human subjects. This deficiency is largely the result of restricted access. Genetic factors almost certainly play a key role in directing how the arterial wall responds to circulating “environmental” factors. This endogenous-exogenous (i.e. the arterial wall-circulating) blood balance is the reflection of nature-nurture or gene-environment interaction. Understanding the interaction fully will require direct access to the arteries, and nonhuman primates can provide an excellent model for such investigations. In the current review, we discuss the importance of arterial wall factors in vascular diseases and present a baboon model for practical studies of arterial wall factors and their interaction with circulating factors. Direct biopsy access to baboon arteries will provide a unique opportunity to explore arterial wall susceptibilities and to evaluate the direct effects of diet or pharmaceutical agents on vascular diseases. The use of baboons from large pedigreed families in these studies will enable the identification of genes that interact with these environmental factors in determining individual risk of atherosclerosis.
Consumer Logistics: The Handling and Storage Subsystem

This paper presents the portrayal of the handling and storage subsystem of the consumer logistics system. It introduces concepts useful for understanding the subsystem, and relates these concepts to both strategic and operational decisions involved in management of the subsystem. This basic portrayal of the subsystem is intended to stimulate further research into the structure and process of the consumer logistics system. To this end, the paper presents a variety of research topics suggested by the conceptual portrayal.
From 3-Dimensional Printing to 5-Dimensional Printing: Enhancing Thoracic Surgical Planning and Resection of Complex Tumors

Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomic models for complex surgical cases improves patient and resident education, operative team planning, and guides the operation. Our group describes two additional dimensions. Description The process of 5-dimensional (5D) printing was developed for surgical planning. Pretreatment computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans were reformatted and fused. Selected anatomy from these studies, along with posttreatment computed tomography and magnetic resonance images, were coregistered and segmented. This fused anatomy was converted into stereolithography files for 3D printing. Evaluation A patient presenting with a complex thoracic tumor was selected for 5D printing. 3D and 5D models were prepared to allow surgical teams to directly evaluate and compare the added benefits of information provided by printing in 5 dimensions. Conclusions Printing 5D models in patients with complex thoracic pathology facilitates surgical planning, selecting margins for resection, anticipating potential difficulties, teaching for learners, and education for patients.
Aviation Safety, Psychology of

Traditionally, aviation psychologists have focused on understanding the underlying nature and causes of pilot error in order to improve flight safety. There are at least four perspectives or approaches for addressing human error within the context of aviation. These approaches are cognitive, ergonomics, psychosocial, and organizational. Additionally, several different strategies for reducing both the occurrence and consequences of human error have evolved from these different perspectives. These strategies include training, cockpit design, crew pairing, and personnel selection. Each psychological approach to human error in aviation is briefly discussed, along with related intervention strategies.
GLYCOLIPIDS AS MEMBRANE ANTIGENS

Publisher Summary Glycolipids are tightly bound components of the cell. They are distributed mainly or exclusively in the plasma membrane. Therefore, the antigenic activity and immunological specificity of the mammalian cell depend greatly on the type and content of the glycolipids that are present at the cell surface. Any sphingoglycolipid is antigenic when injected with a foreign protein and Freund's adjuvant. As the free glycolipid itself is not antigenic, the complex formed between the micellar aggregate of the glycolipid and the coexisting proteins is recognized as foreign and, thus, acquires antigenic activity. Glycolipids, containing a fucose unit, are present in high concentration in glandular tissues, and in adenocarcinoma tissue, which derives from glandular tissue. The biological importance of the sphingoglycolipids, containing a fucose residue, resides in their blood-group ABH and Lewis specificities. Neutral carbohydrate components have a stronger activity than acid carbohydrate components.
Thiamine Deficiency in Mammals

The use of animal models of thiamine deficiency has proved quite beneficial in the elucidation of underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. Brain lesions, time course, symptoms, and reversibility of symptoms all correlate very well with features seen in humans. The issue of mode of action of thiamine antagonists has been investigated in thiamine-deficient rats (Gubler, 1961). Although several antagonists have been discovered such as oxythiamine, pyrithiamine, amprolium, and deaminothiamine most studies have used either oxythimine or pyrithiamine. The Gubler study examined the effects of a pure dietary thiamine-deficient diet, a thiamine-deficient diet plus oxythiamine, and a thiamine-deficient diet plus pyrithiamine on the oxidation of rat brain pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate.
Expanding curves in T1(Hn) under geodesic flow and equidistribution in homogeneous spaces

Let H = SO(n, 1) and A = {a(t): t ∈ R} be a maximal R-split Cartan subgroup of H. Let G be a Lie group containing H and Γ be a lattice of G. Let φ = gΓ ∈ G/Γ be a point of G/Γ such that its H-orbit Hx is dense in G/Γ. Let φ: I = [a, b] → H be an analytic curve. Then φ(I)x gives an analytic curve in G/Γ. In this article, we will prove the following result: if φ(I) satisfies some explicit geometric condition, then a(t)φ(I)x tends to be equidistributed in G/Γ as t → ∞. It answers the first question asked by Shah in [Sha09c] and generalizes the main result of that paper.
Engaging young children in visual literacy instruction

Visual literacy is a critical skill that enables individuals to navigate the world of visual media. While research shows multiple benefits of introducing visual literacy early in life, there is a scarcity of visual literacy programs for young children. In an effort to advance development of visual literacy programs for children, we explored techniques for engaging young children in visual literacy instruction using artworks. Our paper reports preliminary study findings and recommendations and outlines directions for future work.
Cavity-Based Medium Resolution Spectroscopy (CBMRS) in the THz: A Bridge Between High- and Low-Resolution Techniques for Sensor and Spectroscopy Applications

System technologies and sensor applications in the THz largely bifurcate between high-resolution ( 1 GHz) methods. There is an extensive high-resolution literature and many approaches to low-resolution spectroscopy have been proposed and demonstrated. In this paper, we discuss and apply an approach, cavity-based medium resolution spectroscopy (CBMRS) that is applicable continuously across this intermediate resolution gap. CBMRS systems use high brightness and spectrally pure continuous wave electronic sources to determine absolute absorption coefficients by the measurement of 100–1000 mode widths of a high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity. This eliminates the challenge of distinguishing broad spectral features from a complicated baseline that results from variations in source power, transmission efficiency, and detector response. CBMRS has many fewer data points than observed with high-resolution systems interrogating near Doppler-limited spectra. Thus, CBMRS sacrifices the “absolute” specificity of high resolution Doppler-limited systems, but still can retain excellent specificity. Indeed, this smaller sampling does not set the specificity limit, but rather it is set by whether or not the analyte has a specific THz signature. Results from pressure broadened (including atmospheric pressure) applications and molecules with dense and/or quasi-continuous spectra will be presented. Comparisons with related observations in the literature are discussed.
Feeding the multitude: A polynomial-time algorithm to improve sampling.

A wide variety of optimization techniques, both exact and heuristic, tend to be biased samplers. This means that when attempting to find multiple uncorrelated solutions of a degenerate Boolean optimization problem a subset of the solution space tends to be favored while, in the worst case, some solutions can never be accessed by the algorithm used. Here we present a simple postprocessing technique that improves sampling for any optimization approach, either quantum or classical. More precisely, starting from a pool of a few optimal configurations, the algorithm generates potentially new solutions via rejection-free cluster updates at zero temperature. Although the method is not ergodic and there is no guarantee that all the solutions can be found, fair sampling is typically improved. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method by improving the exponentially biased data produced by the D-Wave 2X quantum annealer [S. Mandra et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 070502 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.118.070502], as well as data from three-dimensional Ising spin glasses. As part of the study, we also show that sampling is improved when suboptimal states are included and discuss sampling at a finite fixed temperature.
Is this a worrisome red eye? Episcleritis in the primary care setting

Episcleritis is the inflammation of the thin, loose, highly vascular connective tissue layer that lies between the conjunctiva and sclera. Incidence is less than 1/1000. It is more common in women ...
Genetic deregulation of ethanol-related genes.

Wild-type Escherichia coli strains are unable to use ethanol as a carbon source. However, they do produce ethanol as a fermentation product under certain conditions of anaerobic growth. In the absence of nitrate, at acidic pH, and especially in the presence of high phosphate concentrations, E. coli ferments glucose mainly to lactic acid. However, at alkaline pH and in the absence of phosphate an equimolar mixture of acetate plus ethanol is the major product (11).
Kontrollmechanismen lebender Systeme

Zu den auffalligsten Eigenschaften lebender Systeme gehort deren Fahigkeit, geordnete und sinnvolle Funktionen auszufuhren. Die hierbei wirksamen Kontroll- und Regelvorgange sollen in diesem Kapitel beschrieben werden. Ein Teil dieser Kontrollmechanismen lauft innerhalb der Zellen ab, ein anderer Teil verlauft uber Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Zellen. Dabei mus man voraussetzen, das sowohl Organisation als auch Regulation keine kunstlichen, von ausen dem lebenden Organismus „auf gesetzt en“Eigenschaften sind, sondern das sie dem lebenden System als biochemische Charakteristika innewohnen. Die Natur verwendet dabei die Regulationsmechanismen nicht, um biochemische Prozesse zu ordnen, sondern geordnete Reaktionen sind gegenuber den unkontrollierten Prozessen vorteilhafter und organisierte Strukturen waren im Verlaufe der Evolution stets bevorzugt. Die Selektion der belebten Natur erfolgte nicht auf Grund kluger oder schopferischer Entwicklungen, sondern auf der Grundlage des chemisch gunstigsten Prozesses.
Multi-Photon Resonance Ionization of Emitted Particles

It is clear from the scope of this symposium that major advances have been achieved in our ability to detect and characterize the uncharged species that desorb from ion bombarded surfaces. The use of plasma sources and lasers have been particularly useful in enhancing the sensitivity of detection over the traditional weight-loss methods. In this paper, we describe the use of multi-photon resonance excitation as a post-ionization technique for detecting desorbed neutrals with high sensitivity and selectivity. The discussion will focus on where this approach is most likely to be successful and where it should probably not be utilized. Examples of present applications will be cited,with a special emphasis on the use of laser techniques to determine the energy and angle distributions of particles emitted from single crystals.
A Hybrid Maze Procedure for Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Background Catheter ablation (CA) for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) is suboptimal, and open surgical ablation, although more successful, is too invasive to be a first-line therapy. Less invasive hybrid procedures that combine thoracoscopic surgery (TS) with CA have been only marginally more successful for LSPAF than CA alone. Methods Joint hybrid procedures for LSPAF are based on the assumption that AF surgery and CA procedures can be guided by intraoperative mapping. However, intraoperative mapping is not always dependable because of the transient nature of the sustaining reentrant drivers. The best results in patients with LSPAF have been attained with the non-guided, anatomy-based surgical Maze-III and Maze-IV procedures. Likewise, a staged TS/CA hybrid procedure that creates a combination of lesions that adhere to the concept of a Maze pattern, that is, a Hybrid Maze-IV procedure, should be more effective for LSPAF. Results Initial TS includes all lesions of the Maze-IV procedure except the mitral line, coronary sinus lesion, and one right atrial lesion. Follow-up CA at 3 months includes touching up any incomplete TS lesions, a cavotricuspid isthmus lesion, and a mitral line/coronary sinus lesion in the 10% to 15% of patients with post-TS perimitral flutter. This combination of TS and CA lesions creates a complete Maze-IV procedure. Conclusions It is possible to create the complete lesion pattern of a Maze-IV procedure with a staged TS/CA hybrid procedure. The success of this Hybrid Maze procedure in patients with LSPAF should be the same as that attained with an open surgical Maze-IV procedure.
Prevalence of germline genetic alterations in colorectal cancer patients.

1577Background: Although universal screening of all colorectal tumors for Lynch syndrome (LS) is recommended, the prevalence of other germline mutations, with potential clinical implications, in co...
Portable power, religious swag: mediating authority in Brazilian Neo-Pentecostalism

This study is an ethnographic and conceptual analysis of religious objects, their uses, and mediation of authority within the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (Universal Church) in Brazil. Dr...
Future of Technology in Health Education

Dr. Mark Kittleson, Founder and Editor of the International Electronic Journal of Health Education (IEJHE), provides a vision for the future of technology in health education.
Fixing the Leaky Pipeline: Strategies for Making Economics Work for Women at Every Stage

While women comprise over half of all undergraduate students in the United States, they account for less than one-third of economics majors. From there, the proportion of women at each stage of the academic tenure track continues to decrease, creating a 'leaky pipeline'. In this paper, I provide a toolkit of interventions that could be implemented by individuals, organizations, or academic units who are working to attract and retain women students and faculty at each stage of this pipeline. I focus on smaller-scale, targeted interventions that have been evaluated in a way that allows for the credible estimation of causal effects.
Regulation of Linear Input Delayed Systems in the Absence of Delay Knowledge

In this paper, we propose a delay independent control scheme that regulates to zero the state and the control input of a linear input delayed system whose open loop poles are at the origin. Two main features of our control scheme are its non-distributed nature in the sense that only the current state is used in the feedback, and its delay independence in the sense that no knowledge of the delay is required. The main ingredients of our control scheme and the regulation proof include a design of the delay independent truncated predictor feedback law with a time-varying feedback parameter, a Lyapunov function based adaptation of the time-varying parameter, a mechanism for switching between two update laws of the time-varying parameter, and the partial differential equation based analysis for delayed systems.
Dust explosions: Hazard identification

Abstract Loss records show that facilities handling and processing combustible solids face the risks associated with potential combustible dust fires and explosions. Careful planning and implementation of engineered safety systems and administrative controls are required to mitigate hazards and prevent losses. Companies must identify needed protections while, at the same time, they must ensure that resources are not uselessly put toward unneeded or ineffective systems and efforts. Dust hazard analysis (DHA) provides the means of conducting a systematic review of combustible dust hazards within the process and the facility and for identifying effective, necessary, and sufficient protections to address them. This chapter provides guidance on how to organize, conduct, and implement the learnings from a DHA and describes several analytical techniques that can be used in the DHA. Relevant industry guidance is referenced.