cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating geoarchaeological deposits from Naihehe cave in the Sigatoka River valley of Viti Levu, Fiji

Abstract This report summarizes the results of a series of original investigations of Naihehe Cave on Viti Levu, Fiji, which include excavations and laboratory analyses. The goal of this research was to investigate evidence of human occupation of Naihehe cave in prehistory via analyses of sediments, sedimentary processes, and identification of parent materials and anthropogenic deposits. Analyses of sediments were conducted at “macro” and “micro”-scales: the macro-scale approach analyzed aggregates of sediment grains using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Laser-ablated Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The micro-scale approach focused on individual grains of sediment using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Identified charcoal and radiocarbon dating were used to determine the age of deposits. The results of these analyses identified different classes of sediment based upon their textural and mineralogical qualities and determined major and minor elemental components of individual grains and aggregates. These in turn provide unique insights into the origin and depositional environment of the cave’s sediments. Analyses also identified anthropogenic deposits via the detection of elemental and mineralogical signatures and intrusive microfossils. Combustion features in the cave’s deposits, two of which produced calibrated radiocarbon dates of 886-1013 CE (2σ) and 260-529 CE (2σ), identify human activity in the cave in the two millennia following human colonization of Fiji. This report discusses these primary findings and argues that instrument-based studies of sediment are insightful for the identification of natural and anthropogenic deposits.
Autonomous Coverage Expansion of Mobile Agents via Cooperative Control and Cooperative Communication

In this paper, a distributed extremum seeking and cooperative control is designed for mobile agents to disperse themselves optimally in maintaining communication quality and maximizing their coverage. The agents locally form a virtual MIMO communication system, and they communicate among them by using the decode and forward cooperative communication. Outage probability is used as a measure of communication quality which can be estimated real-time. A general performance index balancing outage probability and spatial dispersion is chosen for the overall system. Extremum seeking control approach is used to estimate the optimal values specified by the performance index, and cooperative formation control is applied to move the agents to the optimal locations by using only the locally-available information. The network connectivity and coverage are much improved when compared to either non-cooperative communication approaches or other existing control results. Simulation analysis is carried out to demonstrate the performance and robustness of the proposal methodology, and simulation is done to illustrate its effectiveness.
A Survey of Evidence and Discovery Rules in Civil Sexual Harassment Suits with Special Emphasis on California Law

Workplace sexual harassment creates a problem that extends beyond the specific injuries suffered by the individual victim. Insofar as sexual harassment is directed predominantly toward women, it serves to perpetu ate sex-based economic disparities. Sexual harassment plaintiffs have ex perienced an expansion of their substantive rights in recent years, through a variety of state and federal civil rights legislation and court decisions. The author contends, however, that defendants' use of discovery (and the corresponding introduction of evidence in open court) strips plaintiffs of their privacy to the extent that meritorious suits may be inhibited. The author focuses on two issues: the introduction of evidence regarding plain tiffs' past sexual behavior, and court-ordered psychiatric examinations of plaintiffs. The author suggests that legislation analogous to rape shield statutes be enacted to curb potential plaintiffs' fears of humiliation and embarrassment. The author further proposes that psychiatric examina tions be ordered only when a plaintiff is planning to introduce expert testi mony on her mental state. Alternately, the plaintiff could be accorded the right to have counsel present during psychiatric examinations.
A Class of Star-Algebras for Point-Based Qualitative Reasoning in Two-Dimensional Space

In this article we have presented a new scheme for reasoning with points in 2D- space, called Star-ontology(6), and presented the current results of our study on complexity of reasoning with incomplete/disjunctive information using this new ontology. In this paper we have also proposed a generalized framework Star-ontology(α) for an integer α, that could be specialized to many ontologies including some of the known ones like the 2D Cardinal-directions ontology. This generalization also points to an interesting direction for investigation in the field of spatio-temporal reasoning.
Trinucleotide expansion in haploid germ cells by gap repair

Huntington disease (HD) is one of eight progressive neurodegenerative disorders in which the underlying mutation is a CAG expansion encoding a polyglutamine tract. The mechanism of trinucleotide expansion is poorly understood. Expansion is mediated by misaligned pairing of repeats and the inappropriate formation of DNA secondary structure as the duplex unpairs. It has never been clear, however, whether duplex unpairing occurs during mitotic replication or during strand-break repair. In simple organisms, trinucleotide expansion arises by replication slippage on either the leading or the lagging strand, homologous recombination, gene conversion, double-strand break repair and base excision repair; it is not clear which of these mechanisms is used in mammalian cells in vivo. We have followed heritable changes in CAG length in male transgenic mice. In germ cells, expansion is limited to the post-meiotic, haploid cell and therefore cannot involve mitotic replication or recombination between a homologous chromosome or a sister chromatid. Our data support a model in which expansion in the germ cells arises by gap repair and depends on a complex containing Msh2. Expansion occurs during gap-filling synthesis when DNA loops comprising the CAG trinucleotide repeats are sealed into the DNA strand.
A ONE-POINT ATTRACTOR THEORY FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION ON THIN DOMAINS WITH NO-SLIP BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In an earlier paper related to recent results of Raugel and Sell for periodic boundary conditions, we considered the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on 3-dimensional thin domains with zero ("no-slip") boundary conditions and established global regularity results. We extend those results here by developing an attractor theory. We first show that under similar thinness restrictions trajectories of solutions approach each other in L4-norm exponentially. Next, for constant-in-time forcing data fl = fi (x), we suppose that f (t) -fi in L2 as t -4 +00, and show that if v and wl solve the equations with forcing data f and fi, respectively, then lI (t)W i (t) 114 -0 as t -4+00. For similar thinness restrictions we show that the steady-flow equations with forcing data fi have a unique solution u8,. Under both thinness assumptions we then have that all solutions v (t) converge to u8, in L4 as t -4 +oo; thus we have a one-point attractor for strong solutions. In fact, we have a onepoint attractor for the Leray solutions as well. Moreover, under significantly more relaxed thinness assumptions we are able to show that Leray solutions nonetheless eventually become regular.
Primary Care of the Patient with Asthma

Obstructive lung disease includes asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because a previous issue of Medical Clinics of North America (2012;96[4]) was devoted to COPD, this article focuses on asthma in adults, and addresses some topics about COPD not addressed previously. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease marked by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity. Onset is most common in early childhood, although many people develop asthma later in life. Adult-onset asthma presents a particular challenge in the primary care clinic because of incomplete understanding of the disorder, underreporting of symptoms, underdiagnosis, inadequate treatment, and high rate of comorbidity.
Technical Note: How to increase organizational innovation

This paper examines the importance of innovation in the organization. Specific methods are presented for increasing the innovative efforts in the company. Sources of innovation are examined, both internal and external to the organization. Suggestions for managing people involved in innovation, as well as the process itself, are provided.
RADIATION AND CISPLATIN FOR TREATMENT OF CANINE URINARY BLADDER CARCINOMA

Two cases of canine urinary bladder carcinoma were treated with combined radiation and cisplatin. Total radiation dose was 4400 cGy for one dog and 4800 cCy for the other. Cobalt 60 radiation was fractioned using 400 cGy per fraction. Cisplatin was administered intraarterially at a dose of 50 mg/m2 divided equally six to seven hours before the first three radiation fractions. Cisplatin was administered before the last three radiation fractions at the same dose and time, but was infused intravenously. Objective evaluation using double contrast cystograms revealed reduction in tumor size in both dogs. The therapy was well-tolerated with minimal side effects.
Closeout of the HALT-PKD trials

Background The HALT Polycystic Kidney Disease Trials Network consisted of two randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trials among patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The trials involved 5–8 years of participant follow-up with interventions in blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy. We provide a framework for designing and implementing closeout near the end of a trial while ensuring patient safety and maintaining scientific rigor and study morale.
Microstrip aperture-coupled antenna design for in-space power reception experiment using nano-sized satellite

The concept of space solar power (SSP) satellites has been around since 1968 and is the vision of placing huge satellites (on the order of 1 square kilometer) into geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) to harvest gigawatts of the suns radiant energy and transmit it to Earth where it is collected and converted to usable direct current (dc) power by a rectifying antenna (rectenna) array (larger than the transmitting satellite) and injected into the electrical grid. Yet over 40 years later there is still no operational SSP due to the economics and associated risks, public awareness, political agendas and from lack of demonstrations to these audiences.
Tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite DNA markers for assessing genetic diversity, population structure, and demographics in the Holmgren milk-vetch (Astragalus holmgreniorum)

We document the isolation and characterization of 17 tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite DNA markers in the Holmgren milk-vetch (Astragalus holmgreniorum) surveyed among plants from three critical habitat units (CHUs) located in southern Utah and northern Arizona, USA. These markers displayed moderate to high levels of allelic diversity (averaging 19.5 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 75.1%). No deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and limited (1.8%) linkage disequilibrium were observed. A series of analyses identified significant population differentiation among the three CHUs. Demographic analyses suggested that each collection has achieved mutation-drift equilibrium. The microsatellite markers developed for A. holmgreniorum yielded sufficient genetic diversity to: (1) distinguish individuals and delineate kinship; (2) elucidate population structure; (3) define management units; and (4) provide unique demographic perspectives for recovery efforts.
Preexisting superbubbles as the sites of gamma-ray bursts

According to recent models, γ-ray bursts apparently explode in a wide variety of ambient densities ranging from ~ 10-3 to 30 cm-3 or more. The lowest density environments seem, at first sight, to be incompatible with bursts in or near molecular clouds or with dense stellar winds and hence with the association of γ-ray bursts with massive stars. We argue that low ambient density regions naturally exist in areas of active star formation as the interiors of superbubbles. The evolution of the interior bubble density as a function of time for different assumptions about the evaporative or hydrodynamical mass loading of the bubble interior is discussed. We present a number of reasons why there should exist a large range of inferred afterglow ambient densities whether γ-ray bursts arise in massive stars or some version of compact star coalescence. We predict that many γ-ray bursts will be identified with X-ray bright regions of galaxies, corresponding to superbubbles, rather than with blue localized regions of star formation. The lack of evidence for winds may imply low wind densities and hence low mass-loss rates combined with high velocities for any massive star progenitor. The problem would be avoided in a binary neutron star model.
A clinical study of rest position using the Kinesiograph and Myomonitor.

Abstract This clinical study was designed to study the vertical dimension of rest position and mandibular closure to maximum intercuspation of the teeth before, during, and after relaxation procedures on 14 subjects with stable dentitions. The findings call attention to the potential of both the Myomonitor and the Kinesiograph for research and clinical use, to the physiologic need for flexibility of the vertical dimension of rest position, and to the importance of measuring all three dimensions when examining the rest position.
Social Structure Predicts Genital Morphology in African Mole-Rats

Background African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) exhibit a wide range of social structures, from solitary to eusocial. We previously found a lack of sex differences in the external genitalia and morphology of the perineal muscles associated with the phallus in the eusocial naked mole-rat. This was quite surprising, as the external genitalia and perineal muscles are sexually dimorphic in all other mammals examined. We hypothesized that the lack of sex differences in naked mole-rats might be related to their unusual social structure. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared the genitalia and perineal muscles in three African mole-rat species: the naked mole-rat, the solitary silvery mole-rat, and the Damaraland mole-rat, a species considered to be eusocial, but with less reproductive skew than naked mole-rats. Our findings support a relationship between social structure, mating system, and sexual differentiation. Naked mole-rats lack sex differences in genitalia and perineal morphology, silvery mole-rats exhibit sex differences, and Damaraland mole-rats are intermediate. Conclusions/Significance The lack of sex differences in naked mole-rats is not an attribute of all African mole-rats, but appears to have evolved in relation to their unusual social structure and reproductive biology.
Course management systems and online teaching

TEACHING AN EFFECTIVE ONLINE COURSE is a challenging experience. Although the content may be similar to that provided in a “traditional” course, the delivery, communication aspects, and management of an online course are quite different. In the past few years, course management systems have been developed that provide valuable tools for teaching and managing an online course.
Kinship, reciprocity and synergism in the evolution of social behaviour

There are two ways to model the genetic evolution of social behaviour. Population genetic models using personal fitness1 –9 may be exact and of wide applicability, but they are often complex and assume very different forms for different kinds of social behaviour. The alternative, inclusive fitness models10 –12, achieves simplicity and clarity by attributing all fitness effects of a behaviour to an expanded fitness of the actor. For example, Hamilton's rule states that an altruistic behaviour will be favoured when −c + rb>0, where c is the fitness cost to the altruist, b is the benefit to its partner, and r is their relatedness. But inclusive fitness results are often inexact for interactions between kin1–5, and they do not address phenomena such as reciprocity13–15 and synergistic effects7,8,16 that may either be confounded with kinship or operate in its absence. Here I develop a model the results of which may be expressed in terms of either personal or inclusive fitness, and which combines the advantages of both; it is general, exact, simple and empirically useful. Hamilton's rule is shown to hold for reciprocity as well as kin selection. It fails because of synergistic effects, but this failure can be corrected through the use of coefficients of synergism, which are analogous to the coefficient of relatedness.
Preceptors, leadership style, and the student practicum experience.

Positive and beneficial practicum experiences for students are a primary goal for nursing faculty. Students must be able to take advantage of every interaction in the setting they are assigned; consequently, efficient use of clinical time at all levels is important. These interactions tend to form t
Intensity and Magnetic Field Distribution of Sunspots

We study the relationship between the brightness (I) and magnetic field (B) distributions of sunspots using 272 samples observed at the San Fernando Observatory and the National Solar Observatory, Kitt Peak, whose characteristics varied widely. We find that the I – B relationship has a quadratic form for the spots with magnetic field less than about 2000 G. The slope of the linear part of the I – B curve varies by about a factor of three for different types of spots. In general the slope increases as the spot approaches disk center. The I – B slope does not have a clear dependency on the spot size but the lower limit appears to increase as a function of the ratio of umbra and penumbra area. The I – B slope changes as a function of age of the sunspots. We discuss various sunspot models using these results.
Are there promising biologic therapies for osteoarthritis

A large unmet need exists for desirable pharmacologic therapeutic interventions for osteoarthritis (OA). Developers of these interventions should be mindful of the current status of therapeutic interventions and focus on the mechanics of the joint and tissues of symptom origin. Much of the pathophysiology of the joint is still poorly understood, particularly as it relates to tissues other than hyaline articular cartilage. Improved knowledge of the role of these tissues (especially bone, fat, and synovium) in OA pathophysiology will likely yield treatment breakthroughs. This review discusses promising biologic therapies for the treatment of OA. Investigators are developing promising therapies, but we need to pay heed to the lessons learned thus far if new therapies are to be effective.
GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA) AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SQUARE WAVE IRRADIANCE IN INDOOR CULTURE1

Temperature and photon flux density (PFD) vary independently in estuaries, e.g. high PFD may occur at any temperature, so it is necessary to consider synergistic effects of these factors on algal growth. Because natural PFD is highly variable and daylength changes confound seasonal temperature cycles, it is easier to interpret factorial experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. Clonal Ulva rotundata Blid. (Chlorophyta) has been studied extensively in outdoor culture. In this study it was maintained indoors under square wave photoperiods at five PFDs and three temperatures. Growth rate, photqsynthetic light response (P-I) curves, and photosystem II chlorophyll fluorescence properties were measured at the growth temperature following acclimation. Interactions between PFD and growth temperature were strongly indicated in all physiological parameters measured. Greatest PFD response occurred at the highest temperature, and the largest temperature response occurred at the highest PFD. Light-saturated photosynthesis (Pm) dark respiration (Rd), and light-limited quantum yield (Φm) were sufficient to describe acclimation status. The light-saturation parameter (Ik) was redundant and potentially misleading. Although U. rotundata exhibits a great amplitude of photoacclimation, it apparently has little capacity for temperature acclimation compared to the kelp, Laminaria saccharina, for which published data indicate similar photosynthetic rates over a broad range of growth temperatures. Diurnal variation of Pm and Rd at a growth PFD of ∼ 1700 ± 200 μmol photons · m−2· s−1 was similar to the pattern observed previously in outdoor culture, suggesting endogenous control of these parameters. Quantum yield and the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), which were depressed in midday sunlight exceeding ∼ 1500 μmol photons · m−2· s−1, were relatively invariant through the day in indoor culture, indicating that these parameters are controlled primarily by instantaneous PFD. Growth and fluorescence data are also presented for some other macroalgae for comparative purposes.
Cooperative Plasmonic Effect of Ag and Au Nanoparticles on Enhancing Performance of Polymer Solar Cells

This article describes a cooperative plasmonic effect on improving the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. When mixed Ag and Au nanoparticles are incorporated into the anode buffer layer, dual nanoparticles show superior behavior on enhancing light absorption in comparison with single nanoparticles, which led to the realization of a polymer solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 8.67%, accounting for a 20% enhancement. The cooperative plasmonic effect aroused from dual resonance enhancement of two different nanoparticles. The idea was further unraveled by comparing Au nanorods with Au nanoparticles for solar cell application. Detailed studies shed light into the influence of plasmonic nanostructures on exciton generation, dissociation, and charge recombination and transport inside thin film devices.
Upstream influence on the near field of a plane turbulent jet

The effects of the mean and turbulence characteristics of the upstream (initial) boundary layer on the evolution of the flow in the near field of a plane jet have been experimentally investigated for four initial conditions. Rates of jet widening and centerline mean velocity decay as well as the kinematic and geometric virtual origins show evidence of systematic dependence on initial conditions. The growth rate of longitudinal turbulence intensity, and the mass flux are higher when the initial boundary layer is laminar than when turbulent. Immediately downstream of the exit, the nondimensional entrainment rates for the laminar initial boundary layer cases reach peak values which are about twice the delayed peak values for the fully turbulent initial boundary layer cases. Within the first 40 slit widths, increases in total average streamwise momentum flux range from 20% to 56%, the larger increases occurring for the laminar initial boundary layers; about 10% of each increase is due to the turbulence field. While such increases violate the traditionally accepted momentum flux invariance, they are consistent with the negative mean static pressure data.
Friends or Foes? Nonstate Public Goods Providers and Local State Authorities in Nondemocratic and Transitional Systems

Ordinary citizens often welcome nonstate provision of public goods and social welfare, but government officials, particularly in nondemocratic and transitional systems, may view nonstate actors as political competitors. Drawing on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data from rural China, this paper finds that some kinds of nonstate participation in public goods and social welfare provision can actually make local officials more optimistic about their ability to implement state policies and elicit citizen compliance. Local officials often believe that coproduction of public goods and services with community groups in particular, often with community actors taking the lead, can build trust and social capital that can spill over into increased citizen compliance with state demands, a central element of state capacity. Simply increasing levels of public goods provision, however, is not associated positively with optimistic perceptions of local state authority and capacity. Moreover, other forms of nonstate participation such as coproduction between private businesses and local officials or substitutive provision by nonstate actors have less potential for building trust between officials and citizens and are not seen by officials as beneficial for increasing citizen compliance.
Ice hockey injuries

Ice hockey is a team sport that has recently grown in popularity not only in the United States but also in Canada and Europe. With this increase in popularity has come a growing concern about the number and severity of injuries. The world literature on the biomechanics and physiology of ice hockey was reviewed in an attempt to evaluate the forces and mechanisms involved in the game. The influence of rule and equipment changes on injury patterns was particularly studied. Several studies on the epidemiology of injuries, providing data on the types of injuries and the mechanisms of those injuries, were analyzed to determine the conclusions that could be supported and those that require further study. Possible changes in the patterns and types of injury are outlined.
Implementation of a university wide computer-augmented-curriculum

This paper discusses the implementation of a project to provide microcomputing resource to all students and faculty in an effort to integrate computer-assisted-learning with traditional teaching/learning methods across the curriculum of a comprehensive university. Also discussed is the structure and staffing of the project, initial hardware and software selection and the project's impact on a Computer Science Department.
The motion of an inviscid drop in a bounded rotating fluid

The motion of a buoyant inviscid drop rising vertically along the rotation axis of a rapidly rotating low viscosity fluid bounded above and below by rigid horizontal boundaries is considered in the case that the drop is circumscribed by a Taylor column that spans the entire fluid depth. Both the shape and steady rise speed of the drop are deduced as a function of the interfacial tension. The analysis demonstrates that the drop assumes the form of the prolate ellipsoidal figure of revolution which would arise in the absence of any relative motion in the surrounding fluid. The hydrodynamic drag on the drop follows simply from the analysis of Moore and Saffman [J. Fluid Mech. 31, 635 (1968)], who considered the equivalent motion of a rigid particle. The rise speed of a deformed inviscid drop is approximately one‐half that of an identically shaped rigid particle; in particular, the rise speed of a spherical inviscid drop is 0.41 that of a rigid sphere.
MACULAR HOLE SURGERY USING THROMBIN-ACTIVATED FIBRINOGEN AND SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF THE INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE

Purpose.To evaluate a tissue sealant (autologous cryoprecipitate activated with bovine thrombin) as an adjuvant in macular hole surgery.Methods.Sixty-nine patients with stage 2, 3, or 4 full-thickness macular hole were enrolled consecutively in a prospective pilot study. Anatomic closure of the macu
Vagal nerve dysfunction in patients undergoing antireflux surgery

Purpose: Bloating and diarrhea, when occurring after antireflux surgery, are often blamed on an inadvertent vagotomy, yet there are few data concerning the true incidence of vagal injury with this surgery. We sought to evaluate vagal nerve integrity before and after antireflux surgery. We present preliminary data from our first 16 patients.
Experimental study of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide from methyltrichlorosilane

A comprehensive study of the chemical vapor deposition of SiC from methyltrichlorosilane at atmospheric pressure was conducted in this study; its main objectives were to identify the range of operating parameters in which stoichiometric SiC could be deposited and the generation of reliable kinetic data that could be used for the design of atmospheric pressure processes of chemical vapor deposition or chemical vapor infiltration of SiC. Deposition experiments were conducted in a hot-wall, cylindrical reactor at temperature ranging from 1273 to 573 K on flat graphite substrates or thin molybdenum wires aligned with the axis of the reactor. The obtained results showed that the deposition rate and the deposit stoichiometry varied markedly with the distance from the entrance of the reactor. The deposition rate exhibited, depending on the reaction temperature, one or two pronounced maxima before the beginning of the isothermal zone of the reaction, whereas the deposit stoichiometry showed an abrupt transition from almost silicon to stoichiometric silicon carbide after the first maximum. Experiments with HCl added in the feed showed that the presence of HCl could cause complete suppression of the deposition of silicon and lead to smoother variation of the SiC deposition rate with the residence time in the reactor. It is believed that this effect could be exploited to improve the uniformity of SiC deposition in chemical vapor deposition reactors or in the interior of porous preforms.
The Politics of Homeownership

With multivariate analysis of national survey data from 1976 and 1980, we test the conventional wisdom that ownership has a conservatizing political effect and encourages political participation. Using measures of ideological identification, voting choice, and attitudes toward socioeconomic policy, we find that homeownership is associated to some extent with more conservative politics in the population as a whole, but its net effects are small or not significant. In terms of political participation, homeowners are somewhat more inclined to vote than renters, but not to participate more actively at the local or national level. We test also the proposition that homeownership has a conservatizing effect and promotes participation within the working class, in effect fragmenting it as a political force. Among workers, homeownership is associated modestly with a conservative orientation and participation in terms of voting.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

Despite considerable concern by the government, deep regional disparities remain a persistent and troubling feature of Pakistan's economy. Although stark inter-provincial differences have received the most attention, both policy-makers and research scholars also need to address profound intra-provincial inequalities. Using factor analysis, this paper examines the relationship between investments in “hard” infrastructural development and inter-provincial and intra-provincial disparities in Pakistan. Overall, the paper argues that a very close association exists in Pakistan between regional infrastructure endowment and broad levels of socio-economic development. Specifically, data indicate the striking importance of transport within and across regions. The analysis investigates the importance of differing types of transport infrastructure for regional development. The paper concludes with policy recommendations concerning levels, types and mix of hard infrastructural investments that might provide policy-makers with the best opportunity for alleviating income disparities.
Statistical Analysis and Data Display: An Intermediate Course With Examples in S–PLUS, R, and SAS

(2005). Statistical Analysis and Data Display: An Intermediate Course With Examples in S–PLUS, R, and SAS. Technometrics: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 371-371.
Effect of Sink Region Cooling on Translocation of Photosynthate

The effect of metabolic inhibition of the sink tissues on translocation of 14 C-labeled photosynthate was studied by cooling part or all of the sink region in a translocating sugar beet plant ( Beta vulgaris L. var Klein Wanzleben). When the sink region was cooled, 4 phases were observed: a temporary decline, a period of translocation at the pre-treatment rate, a period of decline, and a new steady rate at 35 to 45% of the original rate. The new rate persisted throughout 26 hours of cooling. Cooling half the blade of a developing leaf caused a decline in translocation to the uncooled half. When a portion of the beet was cooled, translocation to a developing leaf located above the supply leaf node increased 30%. Translocation into the treated region recovered rapidly and completely when cooling ceased indicating that cooling had not caused serious damage to tissues. Enhancement of the proportion of 14 C as sucrose in the cooled portion of the sink leaf as compared with the corresponding warm side indicated that sucrose is the chief species of translocate molecule arriving in the sink. The data suggest that the translocation process includes active uptake into storage and growing areas.
A NONPARAMETRIC CONTROL CHART FOR A SYMMETRIC PROCESS: A MARKOVIAN APPROACH

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] A rank-based process control chart that is distribution-free and that does not require any parameter estimations is proposed. The nonparametric control chart is based on rank distribution of the c..
The role of acentric chromosome fragments in gene amplification

We assessed the role of acentric chromosome fragments in gene amplification by using cell fusion techniques to introduce the fragmented chromosomes of a donor Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line that contained the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr)gene(s) into a CHO cell line deficient for dhfr.Chromosome fragments were successfully integrated into cells at a frequency of approximately 3%. Methotrexate-resistant variants arose much more frequently in two cell lines derived from these successful cell fusions than in wild-type CHO cells. The hybrid cell lines also amplified their dhfrgenes more readily than did the CHO cell line used as dhfrdonor.
Magnesium-creatine supplementation effects on body water

This study evaluated magnesium-creatine (MgCre) supplementation on body water and quadriceps torque. Maltodextran (Placebo), Mg oxide plus Cre (MgO-Cre), and Mg-creatine chelate (MgC-Cre) at 800 mg Mg and 5 g Cre per day were used for 2 weeks in 35 subjects in a random assignment, blinded study. Pre-post measures were completed with bioimpedance to determine total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECF), and intracellular water (ICF), and an isokinetic device at 180 degrees per second for knee extension peak torque (T), total work (W), and power (PWR). Body weights increased for both treatment groups, MgO-Cre Delta 0.75 kg (P <.05) and MgC-Cre Delta 0.4 kg (P =.07). Significant pre-post differences (P <.05) were noted only for MgC-Cre in ICW (26.29 v 28.01 L) and ECW (15.75 v 14.88 L). MgC-Cre had significant peak T (Nm) increase (124.5 v135.8, P <.05), while MgO-Cre (116.4 v 124.9, P =.06) and placebo (119.8 v 123.7, P =.343) did not. Both treatment groups had increased PWR (P <.05). MgC-Cre affects cellular fluid compartments. The peak torque changes were significant only in the MgC-Cre group, which had increases in ICW that may infer more muscular creatine due to its osmotic effect, and with increased cellular hydration, perhaps increased protein synthesis.
Consequences of hypothermia

Abstract Virtually all anaesthetics render patients poikilothermic and body temperature invariably decreases during surgery. For selected surgical procedures, hypothermia can protect vital organs from ischaemic injury. Hypothermia, however, is not without consequences as hypothermia-related complications are well known. As little as 2°C of core hypothermia impairs coagulation and predisposes to bleeding. Hypothermia slows emergence from general anaesthesia by both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Thermal discomfort is another commonly recognized perioperative problem. In the postoperative setting, even mild hypothermia exacerbates the stress response by activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in increased catecholamines. By this mechanism, hypothermia can precipitate myocardial ischaemia and cardiac morbidity in awake patients. In surgical patients, body temperature should be carefully monitored and controlled with the same level of attention that is given to the other vital signs. By controlling body temperature in the perioperative period, improved outcomes can be achieved.
Diprosopus: A unique case and review of the literature

Background We present a case of partial facial duplication in a male infant. Methods The clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings for this patient are described, followed by a review of the literature. Results Craniofacial duplication is a rare form of conjoined twinning and presents in a wide spectrum, from dicephalus to diprosopus to partial facial duplication. Many of these cases can be diagnosed prenatally. Prenatal assessment of our patient revealed only agenesis of the corpus callosum. Conclusions The pathogenesis is believed to involve duplication of the notochord. Where there are more severe associated anomalies, the prognosis is poor. Partial facial duplication, as in our case, is associated with fewer anomalies, and the prognosis is better. Symmetry and an excess of tissue, rather than deficiency, favor a positive result. Teratology 66:282–287, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoreception and Entrainment of Cockroach Activity Rhythms

In the cockroach there are two distinct sets of photoreceptors—the compound eyes and the ocelli—which may function as a sensory input whereby circadian locomotor rhythms are entrained by environmental light cycles. Surgical removal of the ocelli did not interfere with normal entrainment, but covering over the compound eyes effected a loss of entrainment.
Review of Tech-Check-Tech

Objective:To explore the legal implications of the empiric literature and relevant legal literature on tech-check-tech.Methods:Two reviews were made: one of the states' and US holdings' laws regarding technician credentialing and tech-check-tech, and another of the empiric literature on tech-check-tech.Data Sources/Selection:The International Pharmacy Abstracts database and PubMed were searched for articles using the following key words: Tech* & accuracy, Tech* & check, Tech* & error, and tech-check-tech. When searching PubMed, the term “pharmacy” was added in each search. This search was verified July 2, 2002, to ensure that no articles were missed. Full articles and meeting abstracts were included if they contained data that allowed for comparisons between pharmacists' and technicians' accuracy or error rates in checking. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources were used. All articles included were searched on the Web of Science to find other relevant articles. The bibliographies of the included articl...
Gastric xenon trapping mimicking COPD: recognition using an effervescent agent.

Trapping of xenon 133 in the stomach due to gas swallowing can mimic xenon 133 retention in the left lower lobe due to obstructive lung disease on pulmonary ventilation/perfusion studies. In such cases, ingestion of sodium citrate-bicarbonate-simethicone crystals, which from CO2 gas on contact with water, can distend the xenoncontaining stomach and allow clear delineation of its gastric location. This approach is useful in selected cases and may help avoid false-positive diagnoses of obstructive airways disease.
Immune response to influenza A/H1N1 vaccine in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with anti TNF-α agents: Effects of combined therapy with immunosuppressants

Abstract Background and aims Our first objective was to evaluate the immune response to the adjuvanted 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) vaccine in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with anti-TNF-α alone or combined with immunosuppressants (IS). Second and third aims were the safety of pH1N1 vaccine and the effects on IBD clinical activity. Methods 36 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 26 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and thirty-one healthy control (HC) subjects were enrolled. 47 patients were on anti TNF-α maintenance monotherapy and 15 on anti TNF-α combined with IS. Sera were collected at baseline (T0) and 4 weeks after the vaccination (T1) for antibody determination by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI). Disease activity was monitored at T0 and T1. Results Seroprotective titers (≥ 1:40) in patients were comparable to HC. Seroconvertion rate (≥ 4 fold increase in HAI titer) was lower than HC in IBD patients (p = 0.009), either on anti TNF-α monotherapy (p = 0.034) or combined with IS (p = 0.011). Geometric mean titer (GMT) of antibodies at T1 was significantly lower in patients on combined therapy versus those on monotherapy (p = 0.0017) and versus HC (p = 0.011). The factor increase of GMT at T1 versus T0 was significantly lower in IBD patients versus HC (p = 0.042), and in those on combined immunosuppression, both versus monotherapy (p = 0.0048) and HC (p = 0.0015). None of the patients experienced a disease flare. Conclusion Our study has shown a suboptimal response to pH1N1 vaccine in IBD patients on therapy with anti TNF-α and IS compared to those on anti-TNF-α monotherapy and HC.
Purification and characterization of an aminopeptidase from Plasmodium falciparum.

A soluble aminopeptidase from Plasmodium falciparum was purified by high performance liquid chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 100 000 and pI 6.8. Activity can be monitored conveniently with l-alanine-p-nitroanilide or l-leucine-p-nitroanilide at 405 nm or with l-leucine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin in a fluorescence assay. The enzyme is inhibited by bestatin and phosphoramidone but not by leupeptin, chymostatin, antipain or pepstatin. pH-rate studies indicated the presence of a group on the free enzyme, pKa = 6.6, which must be in the conjugate base form for activity. The aminopeptidase has an essential sulfhydryl group at the active site which is rapidly modified by Hg2+ or Zn2+, is slowly modified by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, but is not accessible to iodoacetamide or N-ethylmalcimide. The aminopeptidase is inhibited noncompetitively by chloroquine, mefloquine and quinacrine (Ki = 410, 280 and 20 μM, respectively) but is not inhibited by quinine or primaquine. Hemin does not inhibit. Complexation of hemin with quinacrine prevents inhibition by quinacrine.
A Deterrence Theory of Punishment

I start from the presupposition that the use of force against another is justified only in self-defence or in defence of others against aggression. If so, the main work of justifying punishment must rely on its deterrent effect, since most punishments have no other significant self-defensive effect. It has often been objected to the deterrent justification of punishment that it commits us to using offenders unacceptably, and that it is unable to deliver acceptable limits on punishment. I describe a sort of deterrent theory which can avoid both of these objections.
Basal ganglia lesions in the rat: effects on quinolinic acid metabolism.

Abstract Experimental basal ganglia lesions were produced in order to examine the effect of neuronal loss on quinolinic acid (QUIN) metabolism. The latter was investigated by measuring the activities of QUIN's biosynthetic enzyme, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3-HAO) and its degradative enzyme, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT). Striatal ibotenic acid lesions caused a steady increase in striatal QPRT activity, reaching 280% of control levels 21 days after the lesion. In the same tissue, 3-HAO activity, too, was elevated. It rose to 436% of control after 7 days and to a lesser degree (+309%) after 3 weeks. Immunotitration experiments using anti-rat 3-HAO antibodies and kinetic analysis of lesioned and control striata showed that the increase in 3-HAO was due to de novo production of enzyme protein. The large increases in striatal enzyme activities after 7 days were accompanied by smaller increases in both 3-HAO and QPRT activities in the ipsilateral substantia nigra. Physical destruction of corticostriatal glutamatergic fibers resulted in increases in striatal 3-HAO (+216%) and QPRT (+243%) activities after one week. No changes in nigral or striatal QUIN metabolism were recorded 7 days after in intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. These data confirm the notion of a largely glial localization of the QUIN system in the basal ganglia, and correlate well with recent observations in brain tissue from Huntington's disease victims.
The Posterior Stigmatic Apparatus of Trypetid Larvae

This investigation was undertaken to describe the external and internal morphology of the posterior stigmatic openings. The stigmata differ in each species which makes them important characters in the identification of dipterous larvae. Little has been written about them morphologically. Most of the literature has dealt with the gross anatomy of the larva giving merely a description of the external appearance of the stigmata.
Growth, Characteristics, and Distribution Patterns of Chemistry and Biochemistry E-journals: A Feasibility Study for CUNY Libraries

This article reviews past, present, and future trends of electronic journals (e-journals) in general, and more specifically, chemistry and biochemistry journals. The author presents various issues involved in e-journals and their subscription models and provides some professional tools and figures. The author analyzes the growth, characteristics, and distribution patterns of e-journals and discusses aggregators, the leading e-journal packages, and pricing options. The second part of this study considers when and how a consortium of university libraries should switch from print to e-journals. The author presents a feasibility study for the acquisition of a core collection of electronic journals in chemistry and biochemistry by the City University of New York (CUNY) libraries. Serials Review 2002; 28:21–32.
Intracranial extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:We present a patient with a dural-based intracranial extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, which was initially thought to be an atypical meningioma. This rare tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young adults with an aggressive-appearing dural-base
Monozygotic twins with Huntington's disease in a family expressing the rigid variant

A set of male monozygotic twins concordant for Huntington's disease is described. The monozygosity of the twins and the diagnosis of Huntington's disease are well established. The twins are now age 30, and although the severity of their chorea differs, they have a similar degree of mental deficit. This family is of additional interest because the daughter of one of the twins has childhood Huntington's disease, and the mother of the twins had the adult-onset rigid variant of the disease. Such unusual families afford some insight into the variability of the clinical manifestations of this hereditary disease.
Electromagnetic propagation in a photorefractive layered medium

The propagation of electromagnetic radiation in a photorefractive layered medium is considered. The forward-and backward-propagating waves are coupled in the photorefractive material. This coupling is asymmetrical and leads to a nonreciprocal optical transmission. The reflectance and the transmittance are derived and discussed.