cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive surgical margins with radical retropubic prostatectomy: anatomic site-specific pathologic analysis and impact on prognosis

Abstract Objectives. To correlate the extent and location of positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy with disease progression. Methods. Data on 495 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy by one surgeon were analyzed. All radical prostatectomy specimens were sectioned entirely using 2 to 3-mm step sections by one pathologist. One hundred fifty-one patients (30.5%) had one or more positive surgical margins and were subjected to further detailed analysis. Recurrence was defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 0.2 ng/mL and rising on at least two postoperative measurements. Results. The mean follow-up was 25.3 months (range 3 to 73). The overall recurrence rate was 13.3%. Neoadjuvant hormonal treatment was given to 37 (25%) of those with a positive margin. Patients with positive surgical margins had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence compared with those with negative margins (27.8% versus 6.9%, P = 0.001). The recurrence rate for various locations was 29% apex/urethra, 30% posterior, 33% anterior, 36% lateral, 48% posterolateral, and 57% bladder neck. Time to recurrence was shorter in patients older than 70 years ( P P P = 0.02); with a prostatectomy Gleason score greater than 7 ( P P = 0.0001); having more than 1 location of a positive margin ( P = 0.002); or having a positive margin at the bladder neck ( P = 0.0003) or the posterolateral surface of the prostate ( P = 0.02) compared with other locations. Multivariate proportional hazards analyses indicated that age older than 70 ( P = 0.005), a prostatectomy Gleason score of 7 ( P = 0.015) or 8 to 10 ( P = 0.003), and positive margin(s) at the bladder neck ( P = 0.003) were independently associated with a shorter time to recurrence among patients with a positive margin. Conclusions. In our study, among patients with positive surgical margins, those with multiple positive margins, or a margin involving the bladder neck or the posterolateral surface of the specimen carried a higher risk of progression. A positive margin at the bladder neck appears to be the most significant adverse prognostic indicator. This information may help in decisions regarding additional therapy.
Geographic variation in chloroplast haplotypes in the California red fir-noble fir species complex and the status of Shasta red fir

I present the results of a molecular investigation into taxonomically unresolved issues of the California red fir – noble fir species complex. Samples were collected throughout the range of California red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murray), from the southern Sierra Nevada to the region in northern California and southern Oregon where morphological variation has suggested it hybridizes with noble fir (Abies procera Rehder). Two rbcL sequences were found within A. magnifica and showed perfect linkage with variation at the chloroplast trnD locus. Only populations in the region of hypothesized hybridization were polymorphic for rbcL. One haplotype is unique to A. magnifica in the southern part of its range, and the other is identical to that found in A. procera to the north, supporting a broad zone of hybridization. There was no evidence for a cryptic geographic barrier between the two species. A single A. procera tree from southwestern Washington also had the A. magnifica haplotype, suggesting that introgressio...
Fatigue Properties of Thermally Deformed Alloys of the TI–SI System

We study the mechanical properties of the well-known VT1 and VT6 titanium alloys and new deformed alloys of the Ti–Si system with silicon contents of 0.1–6%. It is shown that, as the amount of silicon increases, the modulus of elasticity, the fatigue limit of smooth specimens, and the calculated fatigue threshold of the specimen containing a crack determined according to the parameters of fatigue fracture increase. It is shown that the mechanical characteristics of alloys of the Ti–Si system exceed the characteristics established for extensively used VT6 alloy.
A WORK AVAILABILITY PERSPECTIVE OF TURBOFAN ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Presented at the 39th AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 9-11, 2001.
Arytenoidectomy for Advanced Unilateral Chondropathy with Accompanying Lesions

A noncurrent prospective study of nonworking horses with arytenoid chondropathy was conducted to confirm a clinical impression that horses with unilateral chondropathy and accompanying lesions had a poorer prognosis after arytenoidectomy than horses with bilateral or uncomplicated unilateral chondropathy. Surgical failure was defined as death, euthanasia, permanent tracheostomy, or reoperation. Survival to surgical failure and clinical improvement data were compared between horses with and without accompanying lesions treated by arytenoidectomy. The probability of surgical failure was significantly higher and times to surgical failure were significantly shorter for horses with unilateral chondropathy and accompanying lesions than for horses with bilateral or uncomplicated unilateral chondropathy. Clinical improvement at the median follow-up time of 6 months was significantly less likely in horses with than without accompanying lesions. Horses with endoscopic evidence of inflammation and paralyzed opposite cartilage were significantly less likely to improve clinically than horses with pharyngeal cicatrix.
Electroweak constraints on extended models with extra dimensions

Electroweak measurements place significant bounds on higher-dimensional versions of the standard model in which the gauge and Higgs fields have Kaluza-Klein excitations. These bounds may be altered quantitatively if chiral matter is also allowed to propagate in the higher-dimensional ``bulk.'' We determine the electroweak constraints on a number of models of this type, including scenarios in which only the leptons or only the first two generations of matter fields propagate in the bulk. We also consider the possibility that different factors of the electroweak gauge group may be distinguished by their bulk or three-brane assignment, and study a minimal extra-dimensional ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ model. We find typical bounds on the compactification scale between 1.5 and $4 \mathrm{TeV},$ and comment on models in which these bounds might be significantly relaxed.
The Reduction of Occupational Stress among Elderly Lawyers: The Creation of a Functional Niche

The question of how older lawyers function in the context of what is generally a high stress occupation is examined from data drawn from a random stratified sample of 130 members of the legal profession. It is shown that elderly lawyers are able to reduce work stress (largely deriving from volume, responsibility, clients, and trials) by control over the quantity and focus of their work, as well as through client selection. Elderly lawyers are able to create a relatively stress free work role, which is in fact a functional niche for them within the profession. The result is high job satisfaction and low rates of retirement among elderly practitioners. Two factors: work role compensation and work role autonomy, are isolated from the legal data and proposed as important variables in a general theory of retirement behavior.
Involvement of C-terminal Structural Elements of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase in DNA Polymerase and Ribonuclease H Activities

Abstract In order to investigate the modes of DNA synthesis supported by the 66 and 51 kDa subunits of equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase (EIAV RT), recombinant p66 polypeptides containing a modified ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain were purified and evaluated. Defined heteropolymeric template-primer combinations and high-resolution gel electrophoresis provided a qualitative evaluation of DNA polymerase and RNase H activities, while DNase I footprinting revealed features of replication complexes containing the truncated enzymes. Removal of α-helix E′ and the conserved β5′-αE′ “His-loop” in p66Δ20 RT uncouples the RNase H activities, alters affinity for template-primer and dictates how the replicating enzyme responds to secondary structure on both DNA and RNA templates. Despite these alterations, DNase I footprinting shows no major difference in the overall structure of DNA-directed DNA synthesis complexes. In contrast, removing 47 C-terminal residues, which includes α-helix D′, β-strand 5′ and α-Helix E′, yields an enzyme with distributive DNA polymerase properties closely resembling the purified p51 subunit.
When can attention influence binocular rivalry

Attentional influence over perception is particularly pronounced when sensory stimulation is ambiguous, where attention can reduce stimulus uncertainty and promote a stable interpretation of the world. However, binocular rivalry, an extensively studied visual ambiguity, has proved to be comparatively resistant to attentional modulation. We hypothesize that this apparent inconsistency reflects fluctuations in the degree of unresolved competition during binocular rivalry. Namely, attentional influence over rivalry dynamics should be limited to phases of relatively unresolved stimulus competition, such as ends of individual dominance periods. We found that transient, feature-based cues congruent with the dominant stimulus prolonged dominance durations, while cues matching the suppressed stimulus hastened its return to dominance. Notably, the effect of cues depended on when the cues are presented. Cues presented late, but not early, during a given episode of perceptual dominance influenced rivalry dynamics. This temporal pattern mirrors known changes in the relative competitive dynamics of rival stimuli, revealing that selective effects occur only during temporal windows containing weak resolution of visual competition. In conclusion, these findings reveal that unresolved competition, which gates attention across a variety of domains, is also crucial in determining the susceptibility of binocular rivalry to selective influences.
Realistic models of pion-exchange three-nucleon interactions

We present realistic models of pion-exchange three-nucleon interactions obtained by fitting the energies of all the 17 bound or narrow states of $3l~Al~8$ nucleons, calculated with less than 2% error using the Green's function Monte Carlo method. The models contain two-pion-exchange terms due to $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering in S and P waves, three-pion-exchange terms due to ring diagrams with one $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ in the intermediate states, and a phenomenological repulsive term to take into account relativistic effects, the suppression of the two-pion-exchange two-nucleon interaction by the third nucleon, and other effects. The models have five parameters, consisting of the strength of the four interactions and the short-range cutoff. The 17 fitted energies are insufficient to determine all of them uniquely. We consider five models, each having three adjustable parameters and assumed values for the other two. They reproduce the observed energies with an rms error $l1%$ when used together with the Argonne ${v}_{18}$ two-nucleon interaction. In one of the models the $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ S-wave scattering interaction is set to zero; in all others it is assumed to have the strength suggested by chiral effective-field theory. One of the models also assumes that the $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ P-wave scattering interaction has the strength suggested by effective-field theories, and the cutoff is adjusted to fit the data. In all other models the cutoff is taken to be the same as in the ${v}_{18}$ interaction. The effect of relativistic boost correction to the two-nucleon interaction on the strength of the repulsive three-nucleon interaction is estimated. Many calculated properties of $Al~8$ nuclei, including radii, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments, isobaric analog energy differences, etc., are tabulated. Results obtained with only Argonne ${v}_{8}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${v}_{18}$ interactions are also reported. In addition, we present results for seven- and eight-body neutron drops in external potential wells.
CHEKs and balances: accounting for breast cancer

Two highly penetrant loci have been linked to familial breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2), but do not explain most breast cancer familial aggregation. A new study suggests that a variant in a gene involved in DNA repair may account for some of this unexplained risk.
Origin of Indigo of Woad

Although the ancient Briton's woad, from Isatis tinctorio L., has been differentiated from the indigo dye indoxyl-β-D-glucoside, from the tropical legume genus Indigofera, it has never been identified. It has now been shown to be indoxyl-5-ketogluconate and its structure is completely specified.
Correction: Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment options

After publication of our recent article [1], we noticed that Virginia Kraus had been inadvertently omitted as coauthor. The author list is now complete and the competing interests section modified accordingly.
On the ciliate fauna associated with the marine species of the amphipod genus Gammarus J. G. fabricius

Abstract The present paper describes the ciliate epifauna found on the marine species of the amphipod genus Gammarus in Scandinavian waters. Twentyfive species of ciliates were found which, ecologically, could be placed in the following four groups: Suspension feeders, herbivores, carnivores, and parasites. It is shown that the forming of swarmers in sessile commensals (peritrichs and chonotrichs) is correlated with the moulting of the host. While most of the epizoans found on Ganunarus are specific for the genus, the distribution of the ciliates within the host genus is controlled mainly by environmental factors. especially salinity. The marine and brackish water Gammarus species have no ciliates in common with the fresh-water species G. lacustris. Even G. duebeni, when living in freshwater, has an impoverished marine fauna of ciliates. Brackish water populations of Gammarus species were found to harbour the greatest number of ciliate species. This is in contrast to the general concept that a smaller num...
X-ray spectroscopy of electronic quasimolecules. I. Isolation and study of particular K molecular-orbital transitions

Selected K molecular-orbital (MO) transitions in collisions of 100-, 160-, and 200-MeV /sup 93/Nb on /sup 93/Nb and 200-MeV /sup 93/Nb on /sup 120/Sn have been isolated in a MO x-ray--K x-ray coincidence measurement. This experiment exploits the cascade relationship between the MO x rays emitted in transitions from the (2p..pi../sub x/, 2psigma) MO's into the 1ssigma MO and the characteristic K x ray which follows from the filling of the ensuing vacancy in the projectile or target atoms after their separation. In both symmetric and asymmetric systems, most of the high-energy MO x rays (C2 radiation) were found to be in coincidence with characteristic K x rays while the low-energy MO x rays (C1 radiation) were not correlated to the K x rays. Noncascade processes due to multiple vacancies in the 1ssigma and 2psigma MO's were also found to contribute a small amount to the true MO x-ray--K x-ray coincidences. Theoretical estimates of the relative contributions of the isolated transitions as well as contributions from multiple vacancies are discussed.
Observation of the trapping of radioactive inert gas radon on oxide glass surfaces: Macroporous scintillating-glass-fiber bundler alpha detector

Abstract We report the observation of the trapping of radioactive inert gas radon (222Rn) on oxide glass under ambient air temperature and pressure of 300 K and 760 Torr, respectively. Radon diffuses from the source, through two macroporous scintillating-glass-fiber bundle alpha detectors in series, to the end of the linear closed system filled with ambient air. The strategy is to provide radon atoms and alphas emitted from radon and its progeny with large accessible scintillating glass surface areas for efficient trapping and detection, respectively. Diffusion-only transport mechanism could not explain the experimental observations, strongly suggesting the trapping of radioactive inert gas radon (222Rn) on oxide glass.
Aminoglycosides in gynecology

Aminoglycosides have played an important role in the treatment of gynecologic infections for almost 2 decades, because of their excellent bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes. These organisms are important to the gynecologist because of their frequent isolation from the genitourinary tract or the bloodstream of women with nosocomial or community-acquired pelvic infections. Although the widespread clinical use of such aminoglycosides as streptomycin and kanamycin in the past has been associated with the emergence of resistant strains of Gram-negative bacteria, gynecologists now use gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, or amikacin, which are effective against most Gram-negative isolates seen in hospitalized gynecologic patients with infections. Aminoglycosides remain a cornerstone of therapy because patients seen by the gynecologist are young, healthy, with good renal function, and the risk of nephrotoxicity is minor.
Plant genomics: More than food for thought

In all but the poorest countries of South Asia and Africa, the supply and quality of food will rise to meet the demand. Biotechnology, accelerated by genomics, will create wealth for both producers and consumers by reducing the cost and increasing the quality of food. Famine and malnutrition in the poorest countries may be alleviated by applying genomics or other tools of biotechnology to improving subsistence crops. The role of the public sector and the impact of patent law both could be great, but government policies on these issues are still unclear.
Trapping and Accretion of Aeolian Sediment by Cyanophytes: ABSTRACT

The accretion of sediment by cyanophytes is usually associated with sediment trapping and precipitation of minerals by stromatolites in the marine intertidal and subtidal zones. Stromatolitic structures are also known to form in freshwater streams, lakes, and hot springs. All of these structures originate in aquatic environments. Current work suggests similar biogenic structures can form on dry land. Aeolian quartz sands as well as silt- and clay-size particles are trapped and held by filamentous cyanophytes which intertwine to form networks around the sand grains, and to whose sheaths the smaller particles adhere. Trapping and accretion occur whenever enough moisture is present to rehydrate dormant organisms and allow them to migrate by gliding motility to the surface of the mat. Such movements are accompanied by renewed production of polysaccharide sheath. The organo-sedimentary structures End_Page 686------------------------------ which result cover otherwise barren soil and rock in arid and semiarid regions of the southwestern United States. The brittle, fragile mats cover hundreds of square miles in areas undisturbed by livestock and man, and represent an accretional phenomenon in an otherwise generally erosional setting. End_of_Article - Last_Page 687------------
Nomadic context-aware knowledge management systems: applications, challenges and research problems

Increasingly, knowledge is being created and applied on the move by knowledge workers. In this paper, we discuss the concept of nomadic context-aware Knowledge Management Systems (KMS). In nomadic context-aware KMS, computing becomes inseparable from the environment and work of the knowledge worker, and they serve to support their knowledge intensive activities as they change while they are on the move. This paper introduces nomadic computing systems, and describes how they can significantly enhance the usability of one common kind of KMS, lessons learned systems. We examine potential enhancements for KMS, and identify some of the challenges involved in the design and deployment of nomadic context-aware KMS. We define some directions for future research and discuss how existing methods can bring us closer to nomadic context-aware KMS.
Optical processor for radar beamforming

A new optical approach capable of providing simultaneous estimates of azimuth and elevation is presented. It is shown how acoustic and optical methods can be combined to reconstruct the far field of a 2D array. Particular attention is given to the basic theory of, and a quantitative transfer function for, the optical beamformer.
First year of STIS on-orbit calibration and science observing

This paper provides a high level summary of STIS, the space telescope imaging spectrograph, and describes the principle hurdles overcome during the servicing mission orbital verification in order to bring STIS to operational status as HST's optical and UV spectrograph. Also described are the approach taken to develop STIS for effective GO use and the approach taken to the on-orbit calibration of this complex and capable instrument. Lastly, we provide a description of the current operational and calibration status of STIS, including many recent results. STIS is performing extremely well as a science instrument. Monitoring projections suggest it should continue to operate effectively throughout its projected 13 year mission, barring unforeseen effects or complications.
The Molecular Metamorphosis of Experimental Embryology

Most embryologists have been drawn to the field by the beauty of the developing embryo and the mystery of its structure emerging from a single fertilized egg. The classic publications in the field of experimental embryology illustrate the power of describing cell behavior (cf. lineages, movements) and perturbing the embryo to test hypotheses of the underlying mechanisms. This tight coupling between observation, hypothesis, and perturbation has extracted significant insights from relatively simple experimental designs. For example, by analyzing eggs that had been fertilized by more than one sperm, Boveri showed the importance of a full set of chromosomes to normal development and thus established the chromosomes as the source of genetic material (Boveri 1907). Simple perturbation experiments designed to destroy the genetic information offered some of the first evidence that information in the chromosomes depended on intact DNA (Boveri 1904). Thus, the basic approach of the experimental embryologist—an integrative cycle between description, proposal, and experimentation—has generated insights that are amazing in their accuracy and depth.
On the Development of Control Laws for an Orbiting Tethered Antenna / Reflector System Test Scale Model

Tethered systems can be used to change the geometry and inertial characteristics of space structural systems to meet the gravity gradient stability requirements. The control law design for an orbit...
The Effect of a Generic Drug Law on the Retail Cost of Antiglaucoma Medications

The passage of the Missouri generic drug law in 1979 did not increase the dispensing of generic antiglaucoma medications, nor did it reduce retail prices. In 1976 and in 1980, antiglaucoma medications purchased with generic prescriptions were no less expensive than medications purchased with brand-name prescriptions. Almost all generic prescriptions were filled with brand-name products. A wide range of prices (approximately twofold) was noted from pharmacy to pharmacy for each drug. The retail cost of antiglaucoma medication increased approximately 35% between March and April 1976 and July and August 1980. This was less than the increase in the Consumer Price Index for the urban United States during the same period.
A Capital Expenditure Analysis Teaching Aid

Abstract An important commercial poultry management consideration is the evaluation of the attractivness of potential capital expenditures or investments. A computer program, based on cash flow methodology, has been developed to assist students in efficiently and accurately performing the numerous arithmetic calculations required in capital expenditure analyses. The program can easily be used to appraise investment attractiveness by the payback, net present value (NPV), or the internal rate of return (IRR) methods.
The global trope and urban redevelopment: the American experience

Abstract. This paper examines a new "political opportunity structure" in United States Rust Belt cities – globalization – currently being used by redevelopment governances. An investigation of two cities reveals that this discourse ("the global trope") has helped to produce a new socio-spatial polarization in US cities. Globalization here is now not merely a new reality, but also a powerful rhetorical device whose invoking is proving to be a potent political tool for capital in its drive to transform cities. At this rhetoric's core, a supposed new hyper-competitive reality makes Rust Belt cities easily discardable as places of investment. These once-enclosed containers of "the economic", in the rhetoric, have recently become leaky landscapes rife with a potential for economic hemorrhaging. Against this supposed reality, cities are portrayed as beset by a kind of accumulation disorder that now haunts them. Through this, the new governmentality's dominant contours – a proposed shock treatment of re-regulation – is rationalized. This generates a new uneven development across US cities that marginalizes low-income African-American communities.
Psychophysical Aspects of Sensory Analysis of Dairy Product: A Critique

Abstract Although there is still a great need for methodological research and still some unsolved controversies about the status of data, there is a range of techniques available for the sensory analysis of dairy products. These can be divided into three main procedures: intensity scaling, difference testing, and descriptive analysis. They all have their particular limitations, but if these are borne in mind, the tests can be used effectively. However, all too often such tests have been a source of misinformation in dairy research. Inappropriate tests have been used, they have been applied in such a way. that psychological bias has been introduced, and they have been analyzed without due regard to the statistical limitations imposed by the procedure for obtaining the data. Greater care should be taken in selecting appropriate testing procedures and statistical analyses for use in the sensory analysis of dairy products.
Invariants and affordances: An analysis of species-typical information

Abstract It is hypothesized that species-typical information is detectable from structural and transformational invariants (abstract geometric patterns) that specify unique animal/ animal and animal/ecosystem reciprocal units. These units (affordance structures) constitute mutual compatibilities that support unique animal intentions and activities that require intrinsic measures such as ratios rather than extrinsic metrics such as inches. In addition, two human species-typical invariants, the “center of moment”, a structural invariant specifying gender, and “cardiodal strain”, a transformational invariant specifying age level/dependent status, are reviewed. This analysis suggests that organisms are sensitive to extremely abstract invariant information that questions theories that rely on characterizations of information such as features or mental representation such as images. It also presents evidence that the lack awareness of this abstract information can lead to unintended consequences such as inappropriate caregiving.
The Effects of Inlet Flow Modification on Cavitating Inducer Performance

This paper explores the effect of inlet flow modification on the cavitating and noncavitating performance of two cavitating inducers, one of simple helical design and the other a model of the low-pressure LOX pump in the Space Shuttle Main Engine. The modifications were generated by sections of honeycomb, both uniform and nonuniform. Significant improvement in the performance over a wide range of flow coefficients resulted from the use of either honeycomb section. Measurements of the axial and swirl velocity profiles of the flows entering the inducers were made in order to try to understand the nature of the inlet flow and the manner in which it is modified by the honeycomb sections.
Distributed Protocols for Defensive and Offensive Alliances in Network Graphs Using Self-Stabilization

Graph alliances are recently developed global properties of any symmetric graph. Our purpose in the present paper is to design self-stabilizing fault tolerant distributed algorithms for the global offensive and the global defensive alliance in a given arbitrary graph. We also provide complete analysis of the convergence time of both the algorithms
A Calcium-Responsive Transcription Factor, CaRF, that Regulates Neuronal Activity-Dependent Expression of BDNF

Transcription of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is regulated in a calcium- and neuron-selective manner; however, the mechanisms that underlie this selectivity are not known. We have characterized a new calcium-response element, CaRE1, that is required for activity-dependent transcription of BDNF exon III and have cloned a transcription factor, CaRF, that activates transcription from BDNF promoter III in a CaRE1-dependent manner. The transcriptional activity of CaRF is regulated in a calcium- and neuron-selective manner, suggesting that CaRF may confer selectivity upon the activity-dependent induction of BDNF exon III expression.
Multiagent technology for fault tolerance and flexible control

One of the main characteristics of multiagent systems (MAS) is fault tolerance. When an agent is unavailable for some reason, another agent with similar capabilities can theoretically compensate for this loss. The system can be designed not only for this kind of fault tolerance but also for others. Many key aspects of fault tolerance in MAS are described in this correspondence including social knowledge and physical distribution. We present a MAS framework that has been designed for control applications, in which fault tolerance and flexibility are key parts of the system
Equilibrium Enzymes in Regulatory Systems A Problem in Scalar-Vector Transition

See related article, p 68–73 The work by Karamat et al1 contains evidence that creatine kinase (CK) mRNA in vascular smooth muscle has a direct correlation with blood pressure. This result is both interesting and problematic: there is no previous evidence from in vitro experiments that smooth muscle CK is a regulatory enzyme, and there is considerable evidence that the enzyme is at equilibrium inside cells. As the data indicate a regulatory role for the equilibrium enzyme CK in control of blood pressure, the general problem of investigating the role of an equilibrium enzyme in a regulatory system is inherently intriguing. Cytosolic CK has been always considered an equilibrium enzyme, whether in striated or smooth muscle. This assumption was used to calculate the free concentration of ADP in cells, in which the concentrations of ATP, PCr, and creatine could be determined. Phosphate NMR was used to measure the relative free concentrations of ATP, PCr, and Pi, and from the chemical shifts of Pi and β-ATP, the pH and free Mg++ of the cell could also be determined. Coupled with chemical measurements of creatine, and using in vitro measurements of the CK equilibrium constant, the free concentration of ADP (and thus the free energy of the cell) could be calculated. Measurements of free ADP cannot be made from chemical analyses because ADP liberated from f-actin compromises these measurements.2 ADP could not be seen as a peak in striated muscle phosphate NMR because of both its low concentration and chemical shift similarity to the ATP resonances. The lower concentration of Mg++ in smooth muscle meant that β-ADP had a different chemical shift from γ-ATP, and ADP peaks could be seen under …
In Planta Variation of Volatile Biosynthesis: An Alternative Biosynthetic Route to the Formation of the Pathogen-Induced Volatile Homoterpene DMNT via Triterpene Degradation in Arabidopsis Roots

Plant-derived volatile compounds such as terpenes exhibit substantial structural variation and serve multiple ecological functions. Despite their structural diversity, volatile terpenes are generally produced from a small number of core 5- to 20-carbon intermediates. Here, we present unexpected plasticity in volatile terpene biosynthesis by showing that irregular homo/norterpenes can arise from different biosynthetic routes in a tissue specific manner. While Arabidopsis thaliana and other angiosperms are known to produce the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) or its C16-analog (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene by the breakdown of sesquiterpene and diterpene tertiary alcohols in aboveground tissues, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis roots biosynthesize DMNT by the degradation of the C30 triterpene diol, arabidiol. The reaction is catalyzed by the Brassicaceae-specific cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP705A1 and is transiently induced in a jasmonate-dependent manner by infection with the root-rot pathogen Pythium irregulare. CYP705A1 clusters with the arabidiol synthase gene ABDS, and both genes are coexpressed constitutively in the root stele and meristematic tissue. We further provide in vitro and in vivo evidence for the role of the DMNT biosynthetic pathway in resistance against P. irregulare. Our results show biosynthetic plasticity in DMNT biosynthesis in land plants via the assembly of triterpene gene clusters and present biochemical and genetic evidence for volatile compound formation via triterpene degradation in plants.
A Simple Model for the Transient, Enhanced Diffusion of Ion-Implanted Phosphorus in Silicon

Unlike As, B as well as P implanted into Si exhibits transient, enhanced diffusion. For example, when P implants are annealed for times of ~1 s at temperatures > 900°C, we observe a large movement of dopant toward the furnace of the Si wafer which is nearly independent of temperature 1050-1200°C. Once the temperature rises above 1200-1250°C the diffusion is similar to that normally observed. We model the experimental results as a transient, enhanced diffusion of a mobile component, about half the total phosphorus implant, distributed deeper in the bulk than the total P distribution. This mobile component may be linked to a large super-saturation of self-interstitials produced by the 50 keV implantation, which are expected to be left deeper in the bulk than the total dopant profile.
“A Child Born of the Land”: The Rhetorical Aesthetic of Hawaiian Song

This essay argues that the theory of form Kenneth Burke introduced in Counter-Statement can be read as articulating a usable concept of a rhetorical aesthetic. Here rhetoric involves identity in assertions and responses that develop through immediate encounters that prompt, even if just vicariously, a sensory experience. In their conventional conceptions, rhetoric engages concepts while aesthetic engages sensation and emotion—an overgeneralization that may still be more or less accurate. But if we conclude with Burke that it is not always useful to treat the rhetorical and the aesthetic as separate we might come to better understand the human tendency to abandon abstraction and dive into immediacy in matters pertaining to the alienation of self from community. Ideas and arguments bind people together or push them apart, but aesthetic experience does that as well and perhaps to greater effect. The essay explores that claim in the context of a contemporary revival of traditional Hawaiian music that draws di...
Immigration and Recruitment in an Urban White-Winged Dove Breeding Colony

Abstract Dove population management necessitates estimates of vital rates for use in mechanistic models used to evaluate and predict population responses to environmental variation and/or alternati...
Dissociation between spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats in baseline performance and methylphenidate response on measures of attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity in a Visual Stimulus Position Discrimination Task.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a widely accepted rodent model of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and methylphenidate (MP) is a central nervous system stimulant that has been shown to have a dose-related positive effect on attention task performance in humans with ADHD. The current study was undertaken to compare SHR to its typical control strain, Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats, on the performance of a Visual Stimulus Position Discrimination Task (VSPDT) as well as of the responsiveness of the two rat strains to MP treatment. The rats were initially trained on the VSPDT, in which a light cue was presented randomly at three different cue-light intervals (1 s, 300 ms and 100 ms) over one of two levers, and presses on the lever corresponding to the light cue were reinforced with a food pellet. Once rats reached stable performance, the treatment phase of the study began, during which they received daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of saline, 2 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg of MP in a randomized order immediately prior to being tested on the VSPDT. Baseline performance accuracy on the VSPDT did not differ between the groups. Furthermore, a striking strain dissociation was evident in the response of the two strains to treatment; VSPDT performance was substantially disrupted by the 5 and 10 mg/kg dose in the WKY rats but only mildly in the SHR rats. Response omissions were also increased only in WKY rats. Finally, both strains had increased locomotor activity in the operant chamber following MP treatment. These findings point to an important difference in response tendency to MP in the two strains that supports a view that a critical difference between these strains may suggest neurochemical and neuroadaptive differences associated with the behavioral impairments of ADHD.
Effect of soccer footwear on landing mechanics

Lower-extremity injury is common in soccer. A number of studies have begun to assess why specific lower-extremity injuries occur. However, currently few studies have examined how footwear affects lower-extremity mechanics. In order to address this question, 14 male (age: 22.1 ± 3.9 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and mass: 73.3 ± 11.5 kg) and 14 female (age: 22.8 ± 3.1 years, height: 1.68 ± 0.07 m and mass: 64.4 ± 9.2 kg) competitive soccer players underwent a motion analysis assessment while performing a jump heading task. Each subject performed the task in three different footwear conditions (running shoe, bladed cleat, and turf shoe). Two-way analyses of variance were used to examine statistical differences in landing mechanics between the footwear conditions while controlling for gender differences. These comparisons were made during two different parts (prior to and following) of a soccer-specific jump heading task. A statistically significant interaction for the peak dorsiflexion angle (P = 0.02) and peak knee flexion angle (P = 0.05) was observed. Male soccer players exhibited a degree increase in dorsiflexion in the bladed cleat while female soccer players exhibited a three-degree reduction in peak knee flexion in the bladed cleat condition. Other main effects for gender and footwear were also observed. The results suggest that landing mechanics differ based upon gender, footwear, and the type of landing. Therefore, training interventions aimed at reducing lower-extremity injury should consider utilizing sport-specific footwear when assessing movement patterns.
THE CHALLENGE TO GERONTOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN AN ERA OF AUSTERITY

This paper presents challenges for present and future gerontological education in light of the policy environment of retrenchment and cutbacks. The demographics of an aging society are discussed in terms of estimates of the future need for trained professionals and an adequate research base that will not compromise national expectations for enlightened understanding and treatment of the aging. Trends in the federal budget and funding for research, education, and training are examined to show a significant erosion in support for gerontological and geriatric education. More specifically, the effect of the recently enacted Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings Deficit Reduction Act is estimated, showing that, in the years to come, this legislation could have a cataclysmic impact on research funding, overall. The potential deleterious effect of changes in federal priorities and funding on substantive areas of aging research, statistical research and data needs, and professional training is discussed. The author argues that a...
Transtibial Versus Independent Drilling Techniques for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression

Background:While numerous cadaveric, in vivo, and clinical studies have compared transtibial and independent drilling of femoral tunnels during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, there is no evidence-based consensus on which technique affords the best outcome.Hypothesis:There is no difference in clinical outcome between transtibial and independent drilling of femoral tunnels.Study Design:Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.Methods:Cadaveric, in vivo, and clinical studies comparing transtibial and independent drilling techniques were systematically identified. A qualitative synthesis of nonrandomized studies and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were performed. In addition, a meta-regression analysis of RCTs that did not directly compare drilling techniques was performed.Results:A total of 49 studies were included in the qualitative review, and 15 were included in the meta-analysis; 22 studies were included in the meta-regression. In biomechanical studies, in...
The Role of the M.P. in Tanzania

The study of politics in “developing” countries has tended to focus on the less formal organs of government, such as political parties, the military, the bureaucracy, and even the educational system. National legislatures have often been ignored or rated of little significance in the political processes of these states. This practice contrasts markedly with the attention paid to legislatures in Western states. The most obvious explanation for it is that legislatures in new states tend to have little influence. Important decisions and shifts in power are usually made or recorded elsewhere in the political system. The Bunge, or National Assembly, of Tanzania is no exception to this general phenomenon. Nevertheless, an examination of the role of M.P.'s in Tanzania can be illuminating. The Bunge contains most of the major political leaders and has, at least constitutionally, broad authority. As a consequence, if the Assembly is to be only a weak political body, then informal norms limiting the powers of the M.P.'s role must exist. Moreover, these norms should prescribe authority relationships between the legislature and other policy shaping bodies in the political system, particularly the Party. Thus, an analysis of the roles of these men can provide important insights not only into the functions of the Bunge, but also into the elite political culture of Tanzania and the pattern of politics which this culture supports.
A comparison of platelet production methods suitable for a service-oriented blood donor center.

A comparison of two methods of producing platelets for transfusion reveals similar efficiencies between the standard double plateletpheresis method and the Latham Blood Processor. The platelets produced are similar in size and survival. The double plateletpheresis system is somewhat cheaper especially in lower volume production systems and allows for the simultaneous production of cryoprecipitate and other plasma products. The Latham system, on the other hand, has the advantage of production of larger number of platelets obtained from individual donors.
Alterations in upper limb muscle synergy structure in chronic stroke survivors

Previous studies in neurologically intact subjects have shown that motor coordination can be described by task-dependent combinations of a few muscle synergies, defined here as a fixed pattern of activation across a set of muscles. Arm function in severely impaired stroke survivors is characterized by stereotypical postural and movement patterns involving the shoulder and elbow. Accordingly, we hypothesized that muscle synergy composition is altered in severely impaired stroke survivors. Using an isometric force matching protocol, we examined the spatial activation patterns of elbow and shoulder muscles in the affected arm of 10 stroke survivors (Fugl-Meyer <25/66) and in both arms of six age-matched controls. Underlying muscle synergies were identified using non-negative matrix factorization. In both groups, muscle activation patterns could be reconstructed by combinations of a few muscle synergies (typically 4). We did not find abnormal coupling of shoulder and elbow muscles within individual muscle synergies. In stroke survivors, as in controls, two of the synergies were comprised of isolated activation of the elbow flexors and extensors. However, muscle synergies involving proximal muscles exhibited consistent alterations following stroke. Unlike controls, the anterior deltoid was coactivated with medial and posterior deltoids within the shoulder abductor/extensor synergy and the shoulder adductor/flexor synergy in stroke was dominated by activation of pectoralis major, with limited anterior deltoid activation. Recruitment of the altered shoulder muscle synergies was strongly associated with abnormal task performance. Overall, our results suggest that an impaired control of the individual deltoid heads may contribute to poststroke deficits in arm function.
A bone marrow-derived murine macrophage model for evaluating efficacy of antimycobacterial drugs under relevant physiological conditions.

Abstract Even though the macrophage is the host cell for the intracellular bacterial parasite Mycobacterium avium, macrophages have undergone only limited evaluation as models for determining the capacities of antimycobacterial drugs to inhibit the growth of M. avium within this relevant intracellular environment. In the present study, we demonstrated that a panel of M. avium isolates could actively infect homogeneous monolayers of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. A number of established and experimental antimycobacterial drugs were then added to these cultures at a range of concentrations, and their effects on the numbers of surviving bacilli were determined 8 days later. By plotting such numbers versus drug concentrations it was then possible to clearly distinguish between compounds with bactericidal activity (such as rifabutin and PD 125354) and those with bacteriostatic effects (such as clarithromycin), even though several of these compounds had very similar MICs. In addition, an estimate of the potential therapeutic efficiency of each drug could be made by determining the concentration needed to destroy an arbitrary percentage of the inoculum (in this case, the bactericidal concentration destroying 99% of the inoculum). Such values were considerably in excess of the MICs and may more realistically reflect the concentrations in serum required to effectively reduce the bacterial burden in vivo.
Domain-level antibody epitope mapping through yeast surface display of epidermal growth factor receptor fragments

Individual domains from extracellular proteins are potential reagents for biochemical characterization of ligand/receptor interactions and antibody binding sites. Here, we describe an approach for the identification and characterization of stable protein domains with cell surface display in Saccharomyces cerevesiae, using the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a model system. Fragments of the EGFR were successfully expressed on the yeast cell surface. The yeast-displayed EGFR fragments were properly folded, as assayed with conformationally specific EGFR antibodies. Heat denaturation of yeast-displayed EGFR proteins distinguished between linear and conformational antibody epitopes. In addition, EGFR-specific antibodies were categorized based on their ability to compete ligand binding, which has been shown to have therapeutic implications. Overlapping EGFR antibody epitopes were determined based on a fluorescent competitive binding assay. Yeast surface display is a useful method for identifying stable folded protein domains from multidomain extracellular receptors, as well as characterizing antibody binding epitopes, without the need for soluble protein expression and purification.