cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surrogate Money Managers in the 1990s: Marketing Strategy for Financial Services Retailers

This paper presents a study of financial surrogate usage among adult consumers. A scale to discriminate between heavy users and non-users the Desire for Financial Surrogacy Scale (DFSS) is developed and tested in a mail survey. Financial surrogacy usage is found significantly associated with biological sex, income, degree of financial opinion leadership, but not significantly associated with need for financial control, anxiety about money management, and risk-aversiveness. The DFSS is found to be the best discriminator between user groups. Marketing implicatiom of increased knowledge of who heavy users are and what they want are discussed in reference to new consumer segments, product innovation, and promotion.
Institutional Field Dynamics and the Competition Between Institutional Logics The Role of Rhetoric in the Evolving Control of the Modern Corporation

The authors examine how competing institutional logics shape institutional fields. Specifically, they conceptualize control of the modern corporation as an evolving institutional field. They connect changes in the institutional field to the rhetoric and corresponding logics put forth by various corporate stake-holders vying for control of the firm. Changes in the corporate institutional field are represented as the diffusion of takeovers and takeover defenses. Corporate control rhetoric is traced in interviews with corporate board members. The authors argue that the rhetoric of corporate control shapes and establishes dominant stakeholder groups in the institutional field. They conclude with a brief discussion of their analysis and a call for further research.
A wound-induced keratin inhibits Src activity during keratinocyte migration and tissue repair

Injury to the epidermis triggers an elaborate homeostatic response resulting in tissue repair and recovery of the vital barrier function. The type II keratins 6a and 6b (K6a and K6b) are among the genes induced early on in wound-proximal keratinocytes and maintained during reepithelialization. Paradoxically, genetic ablation of K6a and K6b results in enhanced keratinocyte migration. In this paper, we show that this trait results from activation of Src kinase and key Src substrates that promote cell migration. Endogenous Src physically associated with keratin proteins in keratinocytes in a K6-dependent fashion. Purified Src bound K6-containing filaments via its SH2 domain in a novel phosphorylation-independent manner, resulting in kinase inhibition. K6 protein was enriched in the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM), a key site of Src inhibition, and DRMs from K6-null keratinocytes were depleted of both keratin and Src. We conclude that K6 negatively regulates Src kinase activity and the migratory potential of skin keratinocytes during wound repair. Our findings may also be important in related contexts such as cancer.
2‐Trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl Chloride (SES‐Cl)

2-Trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl chloride (SES-Cl) intermediate: sodium β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonate product: 2-Trimethylsilylethylsulfonyl chloride (2) Keywords: addition, to CC; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; sulfonation, C-sulfonation
Fibronectin mRNA alternative splicing is temporally and spatially regulated during chondrogenesis in vivo and in vitro

Fibronectin, a component of the extracellular matrix in a variety of tissues, participates in many critical cellular processes, including differentiation, adhesion, and migration. A positive correlation exists between the presence of fibronectin and the onset of chondrogenesis, the differentiation of mesenchyme into cartilage. Heterogeneity in the structure of fibronectin is largely due to the alternative splicing of at least three exons (IIIB, IIIA, and V) during processing of a single primary transcript. We have previously shown that the fibronectin mRNA splicing patterns change during chondrogenesis (Bennett et al. [1991] J. Biol. Chem. 266:5918–5924). All of the fibronectin mRNAs from prechondrogenic chick limb mesenchyme contain exons IIIB, IIIA, and V (B + A + V +), whereas all of the fibronectin mRNAs from chick cartilage contain exons IIIB and V but do not contain exon IIIA (B + A − V +). In this study, we show that fibronectin mRNAs containing exon IIIA (FN-A) and/or the mRNAs containing exon IIIB (FN-B) are expressed in a specific and different spatiotemporal manner in the developing chick limb in vivo, as well as in limb mesenchymal cells undergoing chondrogenesis in vitro. Specifically, in situ hybridization reveals that FN-B mRNAs are present throughout the various stages (HH 20–30) of limb cartilage development in vivo, whereas FN-A mRNAs disappear following the condensation phase of chondrogenesis and are absent from the resulting cartilage. Chick limb cartilage fibronectin mRNAs are therefore B + A −, as in other embryonic cartilage tissues. Furthermore, limb mesenchymal cells undergoing chondrogenesis in vitro lose FN-A mRNAs immediately following condensation, recapitulating the events that occur during chondrogenesis in vivo. These results suggest an important role for fibronectin mRNA alternative splicing during chondrogenic differentiation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Subgrouping Poor Readers on the Basis of Individual Differences in Reading-Related Abilities

The present study investigated the use of the Reading Component Model to subgroup poor readers. A large sample of poor readers was identified in second grade and subgrouped on the basis of relative strengths and weaknesses in word recognition and listening comprehension. Although homogeneous subgroups were not identified, poor readers could be classified into four subgroups that differed significantly in reading-related abilities. Further analyses showed that poor readers' strengths and weaknesses in listening comprehension, and to a lesser extent in word recognition, were foreshadowed by their abilities on related kindergarten measures. Follow-up testing in the fourth grade indicated that poor readers' individual differences in word recognition and listening comprehension were consistent and that subgroups were moderately stable. The implications of these results for the assessment and remediation of reading disabilities are discussed.
INEQUALITY, INCENTIVES, AND OPPORTUNITY

Measured inequality has increased tremendously between the 1960s and 1990s, not only in the United States but throughout the majority of industrial nations. Wages among people of the same race and gender have become less equal. The hours worked by men have fallen, and the drop has been more pronounced among those who earn lower wages—as a result, inequality in labor income, which is the product of the wage rate and hours worked, has increased relative to inequality in wage rates. Moreover, among married couples, employment of the wives of high-income men has increased until these wives are approximately as likely to be employed outside the home as are the wives of low-income men, who have always worked for wages. In addition, due to assortative mating, wage rates of husbands and wives are positively correlated, and it is clear that the growth in inequality of labor incomes among families has outstripped the growth in inequality in individual labor income. Finally, only the highest-income families have savings in excess of home equity and company-sponsored pensions, which implies that inequality in wealth among families has been exacerbated by the growth in stock prices.
Mechanism of copper-mediated inactivation of herpes simplex virus.

The inactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by copper was enhanced by the following reducing agents at the indicated relative level: ascorbic acid > hydrogen peroxide > cysteine. Treatment of HSV-infected cells with combinations of Cu(II) and ascorbate completely inhibited virus plaque formation to below 0.006% of the infectious virus input, while it maintained 30% viability for the host mammalian cells. The logarithm of the surviving fraction of HSV mediated by 1 mg of Cu(II) per liter and 100 mg of reducing agent per liter followed a linear relationship with the reaction time, in which the kinetic rate constant for each reducing agent was -0.87 min(-1) (r = 0.93) for ascorbate, -0.10 min(-1) (r = 0.97) for hydrogen peroxide, and -0.04 min(-1) (r = 0.97) for cysteine. The protective effects of metal chelators and catalase, the lack of effect of superoxide dismutase, and the partial protection conferred by free-radical scavengers suggest that the mechanism of copper-mediated HSV inactivation is similar to that previously reported for copper-mediated DNA damage. The sensitivity exhibited by HSV to Cu(II) and reducing agents, particularly ascorbate, might be useful in the development of therapeutic antiviral agents.
Reactive burn models and ignition & growth concept

Plastic-bonded explosives are heterogeneous materials. Experimentally, shock initiation is sensitive to small amounts of porosity, due to the formation of hot spots (small localized regions of high temperature). This leads to the Ignition and Growth concept, introduced by Lee and Tarver in 1980, as the basis for reactive burn models. A homogeneized burn rate needs to account for three mesoscale physical effects (i) the density of burnt hot spots, which depends on the lead shock strength; (ii) the growth of the burn fronts triggered by hot spots, which depends on the local deflagration speed; (iii) a geometric factor that accounts for the overlap of deflagration wavelets from adjacent hot spots. These effects can be combined and the burn model defined by specifying the reaction progress variable {lambda}(t) as a function of a dimensionless reaction length {tau}{sub hs}(t)/{ell}{sub hs}, rather than by xpecifying an explicit burn rate. The length scale {ell}{sub hs} is the average distance between hot spots, which is proportional to [N{sub hs}(P{sub s})]{sup -1/3}, where N{sub hs} is the number density of hot spots activated by the lead shock. The reaction length {tau}{sub hs}(t) = {line_integral}{sub 0}{sup t} D(P(t'))dt' is the distance the burn front propagates from amore » single hot spot, where D is the deflagration speed and t is the time since the shock arrival. A key implementation issue is how to determine the lead shock strength in conjunction with a shock capturing scheme. They have developed a robust algorithm for this purpose based on the Hugoniot jump condition for the energy. The algorithm utilizes the time dependence of density, pressure and energy within each cell. The method is independent of the numerical dissipation used for shock capturing. It is local and can be used in one or more space dimensions. The burn model has a small number of parameters which can be calibrated to fit velocity gauge data from shock initiation experiments.« less
Quantifying Taphonomic Bias of Compositional Fidelity, Species Richness, and Rank Abundance in Molluscan Death Assemblages from the Upper Chesapeake Bay

Years of over-fishing combined with increased nutrient pollution have had a catastrophic effect on the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay. The Holocene record of bay mollusks may provide a baseline for ecological restoration, but the effects of taphonomic bias on these assemblages first must be assessed. In this study, a live-dead comparison was carried out on four sites distributed in the main channel of the upper bay. Molluscan death-assemblage data were obtained from replicate box-core samples from which whole specimens and fragments were sorted, identified, and counted. Data on live communities at the same sites, sampled over the past twenty years, were provided by the Chesapeake Bay Program, making it possible to examine the degree to which death assemblages reflect long-term changes in the live community. Traditional live-dead metrics document a strong agreement between live-community and death-assemblage estimates of species composition, richness, and abundance—77% of the species in the live community are found in the death assemblage, and 99% of the individuals of species found in the death assemblage are found in the live community. Correlations between live and dead estimates of species richness are not statistically significant, although they do improve with longer-term sampling of the live community. Rank abundance of taxa in the death assemblage is correlated strongly and significantly with live rank abundance regardless of the duration of live sampling. These results suggest that Holocene molluscan assemblages may provide useful estimates of richness and abundance for Chesapeake Bay restoration.
The Best Interests of the Child in Intercountry Adoption

Publications produced by the Office are contributions to a global debate on children and child rights issues and include a wide range of opinions. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches. There is universal agreement, embedded in international human rights law, that the best interests of the child should be a primary consideration in any decisions made about a child’s future. In the case of adoption, which represents one of the most far-reaching and definitive decisions that could be made about the future of any child - the selection of their parents - international law qualifies the best interests of the child as the paramount consideration. This study responds, in particular, to one key question: what is it that enables a policy, process, decision or practice to be qualified as either respectful or in violation of the best interests of the child in intercountry adoption?
Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction in COPD: Lessons in Implementing Clinically Based Precision Medicine

Consistent with strategies across many traditionally defined diseases and syndromes, research efforts in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have attempted to identify meaningful subclasses of disease that categorize and help identify patients who may be uniquely responsive to specific interventions. In the current context of increased interest in “precision medicine,” achieving this classification would require developing a better understanding of genetic variation and the resulting uniquely expressed cellular targets amenable to specific molecular therapeutic intervention. However, better classification of patients based on unique clinical, physiologic, and radiographic factors, rather than genetic variation, has been more effective in achieving increasingly precise clinical application of therapeutics in the context of surgical and bronchoscopic device lung volume reduction strategies.
Occupational Licensure In The Accounting Profession Effects Of Public Regulation On Accountants Earnings

This paper examines the effects of CPA licensure requirements on earnings in the accounting profession. Using micro data from the U.S. Census, we estimate a model of individual earnings in which explicit controls are included for occupational requirements in the accountants state of residence. Two findings are noteworthy. First, states which require additional credit hours beyond the four-year degree appear to be characterized by higher earnings. Second, states which do not have experience requirements are associated with lower earnings. The subject appears fruitful for further research.
Races People Play: The Theory of Racial Identity Transformation

This paper examines the fluid and de-centered nature of race and racial identity and advances the theory of racial identity transformation. By using college survey data on racial identity and reported racial ancestry, the theory of racial identity transformation is discussed and developed in this paper. The study first begins with a critical analysis of the government's definition of race, substantiating that racial transformation has been directed towards continuously expanding the definitional boundaries of the white race. The process of identifying individuals' race has also gone through various administrative changes and modifications, making it easier to claim white identity. While census takers were historically responsible for data collection and determination of one's race, the post-1960 census allowed individuals to designate their own racial identity. I argue that the relaxation of the identification methods further expanded racial boundaries and the cultural terrain for the mass-production of "whites" - as if they were "cloned" by statutory designations.My analysis supports the continuingly expansive terrain of white identity, and the present paper attempts to develop a theoretical framework, especially in relation to the whiteness, in which the selectivity of white identity then fosters a kind of game schemes that people routinely engage in fanning their own racial identity - the selection and deselection of identity based on their perception of societal costs, benefits, and risks in a given situation and socio-cultural setting in their everyday interactions.
Focus on . . . Investment Advice Under the Pension Protection Act of 2006

The Pension Protection Act of 2006 enacted new rules that are intended to make investment advice more accessible. This article discusses these new rules, and some of the questions that they raise.
Manhood; Shinigami in the 1%; Proscription; and Gag

The stray dogs, all of them hybrids of bears and rats, Barked bloody murder at every sound they thought they heard, Even the trash half-sunken in the sand . . .
Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization for the synthesis of high molecular weight cyclic polymers.

Cyclic polymers are an intriguing class of macromolecules. Because of the constraints of the cyclic topology and the absence of chain ends, the properties of these molecules differ from those of linear polymers in ways that remain poorly understood. Cyclic polymers present formidable synthetic challenges because the entropic penalty of coupling the chain ends grows exponentially with increasing molecular weight.In this Account, we describe recent progress in the application of zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization (ZROP) as a strategy for the synthesis of high molecular weight, cyclic polymers. Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization involves the addition of neutral organic nucleophiles to strained heterocyclic monomers; under appropriate conditions, cyclization of the resultant macrozwitterions generates cyclic macromolecules. We discuss the mechanistic and kinetic features of these zwitterionic ring-opening reactions and the conditions that influence the efficiency of the initiation, propagation, an...
Survey of dietary and nutritional intervention on Teacher in Ping Shan District

Objective To understand the dietary knowledge and skills of the school doctors and teachers,to develop appropriate training and health education intervention program,to improve the skills of chronic disease prevention and control on the teachers and their families,as well as through the words and deeds to affect students and their parents,thereby improving chronic disease prevention and control knowledge and skills across social groups.Method According to the "The dietary intervention pilot project implementation plan of the teachers in Shenzhen" requirements.Result The survey of personal health habits formation rate averaged 76.44 %, increase of 21.69 % compared to 54.75 % before intervention. And dietary knowledge rate averaged 94.71 %,increase of 46.98 % compared to 47.73 % before intervention.The survey showed that considered to carry out such a project to promote physical health benefits accounted for 71.85 %;Often using oil pot, spoon salt restriction, waist circumference ruler and BMI ruler and other health gadgets accounted for22.22 percent and occasionally used accounted for 60.00 %; Actively recommend using these healthy gadget to other people accounted for 28.15 % and sometimes recommend accounted for 63.70 %. Conclusion it is necessary to strengthen thenutrition knowledge of teachers.
Violent Free Surface Flow Simulations by a Coupled Level-Set and Volume-of-Fluid Method in Overset Grid Systems

We present a coupled level-set (LS) and volume-of-fluid (VOF) method for time-domain simulation of violent free surface flows in an overset grid system. The advection of the VOF function is performed by using a mixed second-order Eulerian and Lagrangian scheme with a piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC). A volume correction scheme is implemented to compensate for the mass change and to maintain a divergence-free velocity field. The LS function is solved by using a fifth-order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) scheme. The coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) interface-capturing method is employed in conjunction with the Finite-Analytic Navier-Stokes (FANS) method for violent free surface flow problems. Moreover, a chimera domain decomposition approach is implemented by using an overset grid system, including embedding and overlapping grids for accurate resolution of flow around structures. The simulation results demonstrate the capability of the CLSVOF method in an overset grid system for violent free surface flow problems.
Tensored Segre classes

Abstract We study a class obtained from the Segre class s ( Z , Y ) of an embedding of schemes by incorporating the datum of a line bundle on Z. This class satisfies basic properties analogous to the ordinary Segre class, but leads to remarkably simple formulas in standard intersection-theoretic situations such as excess or residual intersections. We prove a formula for the behavior of this class under linear joins, and use this formula to prove that a ‘Segre zeta function’ associated with ideals generated by forms of the same degree is a rational function.
A literature survey of wireless power transfer

Over 115 years ago Tesla invented the concept of wireless power transfer. Many industrial applications based on this technology have been developed ever since. This technology is of interest especially where the interconnecting wires are inconvenient, or even impossible. This paper provides a survey that describes the history of wireless power technology. Specifically two types of wireless power transfer, radiative and non- radiative, are studied. Additionally the formation of the first standard (Qi) and other standards are mentioned. Finally, the main challenges and future prediction of this technology are presented too.
Philosophy of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions

When the philosopher of science stands back from his field in order to try to situate the rapid developments of the past two decades, a variety of ways suggest themselves as to how one might best characterize these. In a lengthy article “History of science and its rational reconstructions”,1 the late Imre Lakatos proposed a four-fold division of what he regarded as the major ‘rival methodologies’: inductivism, conventionalism, falsificationism, and his own ‘methodology of scientific research programs’ (MSRP). It will be the task of this essay to evaluate this way of viewing the contemporary scene, and to propose a rather different one.
Are Activist Investors Good or Bad for Business? Evidence from Capital Market Prices, Informed Traders, and Firm Fundamentals

We provide new evidence on the important and contentious question of whether interventions by activist investors add value to the targeted companies. Our large sample covers two decades and includes interventions in which the five-percent-ownership threshold for filing SEC Schedule 13D requires too much capital. We find that short-window returns around the public announcement are significantly positive and do not reverse in the post-intervention period; analyst recommendations decline prior to the intervention but increase significantly afterward; and short interest declines significantly in the post-intervention period. These favorable reactions are supported by significant improvements in target firms’ accounting fundamentals. Finally, ownership by long-term (“dedicated”) institutional investors increases after the intervention, and ownership by short-term (“transient”) investors decreases. Taken together, actions by informed market participants and accounting fundamentals provide consistent, strong evidence that investor activism strengthens the prospects of target firms.
Oxygen Saturation of Retinal Vessels in All Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy and Correlation to Ultra-Wide Field Fluorescein Angiography

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine retinal hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) using retinal oximetry (RO) and to correlate the degree of retinal ischemia using intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA). Methods This is a single-center cross-sectional cohort study. Twenty-seven controls and 60 adult patients with diabetes mellitus (16 without DR and 44 with DR) were enrolled. Patients were stratified according to DR severity. Using RO, SO2 was measured in major retinal arterioles (SaO2) and venules (SvO2). Using IVFA, the percentage of retinal ischemia in 31 patients with DR was calculated and correlated with RO. Results Pairwise one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant increase in SaO2 and SvO2 in patients with proliferative DR (PDR) compared with controls (SaO2: PDR, 100 ± 7% vs. controls, 91 ± 4% [P = 0.003]; SvO2: PDR, 66 ± 11% vs. controls, 53 ± 6% [P < 0.00001]). The percentage of retinal ischemia also increased with DR severity: ANOVA showed a significant difference in retinal ischemia between all categories of nonproliferative DR vs. PDR: 2.31 ± 2% vs. 7.92 ± 9% (P = 0.017), respectively. Pearson two-tailed correlation showed significant correlation between SaO2 and ischemia (R = 0.467, P = 0.011). Conclusions Hemoglobin oxygen saturation of retinal arterioles and venules increases with DR severity; SaO2 correlates with increasing ischemia measured by IVFA. Retinal oximetry may complement current imaging strategies to noninvasively augment the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with diabetes.
The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin K in correcting cirrhosis-associated coagulopathy.

Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous (IV) vitamin K in cirrhosis. Methods This was a retrospective study of cirrhotic patients, not on anticoagulation, with administration of IV vitamin K and a baseline INR > 1.5. The primary outcome was the effectiveness of therapy defined by a 30% decrease in INR or a reduction in INR to an absolute value of ≤1.5. Key Findings A total of 96 patients were included in the cohort. There was an average decrease in INR of 0.31; however, 60 patients (62.3%) failed to achieve at least a 10% decrease. Sixteen patients (16.7%) met the primary effectiveness endpoint. Conclusions The use of IV vitamin K to correct coagulopathy of cirrhosis may not be beneficial.
Transitional Justice and Truth Commissions

Chapter themes: Truth Commissions and Victims Truth Commissions and Perpetrators Truth Commissions and the Question of Structure
Active Donor Management During the Hospital Phase of Care Is Associated with More Organs Transplanted per Donor

Background Meeting donor management goals when caring for potential organ donors has been associated with more organs transplanted per donor (OTPD). Concern persists, however, as to whether this indicates that younger/healthier donors are more likely to meet donor management goals or whether active management affects outcomes. Study Design A prospective observational study of all standard criteria donors was conducted by 10 organ procurement organizations across United Network for Organ Sharing Regions 4, 5, and 6. Donor management goals representing normal critical care end points were measured at 2 time points: when a catastrophic brain injury was recognized and a referral was made to the organ procurement organization by the DH; and after brain death was declared and authorization for organ donation was obtained. Donor management goals Bundle "met" was defined as achieving any 7 of 9 end points. A positive Bundle status change was defined as not meeting the Bundle at referral and subsequently achieving it at authorization. The primary outcomes measure was having ≥4 OTPD. Results Data were collected for 1,398 standard criteria donors. Of the 1,166 (83%) who did not meet the Bundle at referral, only 254 (22%) had a positive Bundle status change. On adjusted analysis, positive Bundle status change increased the odds of achieving ≥4 OTPD significantly (odds ratio 2.04; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.81; p Conclusions A positive donor management goal Bundle status change during donor hospital management is associated with a 2-fold increase in achieving ≥4 OTPD. Active critical care management of the potential organ donor, as evidenced by improvement in routinely measured critical care end points can be a means by which to substantially increase the number of organs available for transplantation.
Corrosion fatigue crack growth of laser additively-manufactured 316L stainless steel in high temperature water

Abstract Corrosion fatigue crack growth of laser additively-manufactured 316L stainless steel was studied in oxygenated 288 °C water. Effects of heat treatment, crack orientation, and applied cold work were evaluated. Stress-relieved material showed higher crack growth rate than annealed material. Their difference was not significant when the loading frequency was high. When the loading frequency decreased, the effects of material conditions created by heat treatment, crack orientation and applied cold work slightly increased. Retained unrecrystallized grains in an annealed material did not affect significantly the cracking susceptibility. High-temperature recrystallization treatment of an AM 316L component may be necessary for nuclear applications.
Electrographic Seizures in Preterm Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Objective:Characterize clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of preterm neonates undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit.Methods:Retrospective study of preterm neonates born less than 37 weeks’ gestational age undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit at Boston Children’s Hospital over a 2-year period.Results:Fifty-two preterms (46% male) had a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks (standard deviation = 4.17). Seizures were detected in 12/52 (23%), with EEG seizures detected in 4/12 (33%). The median time from EEG to the first seizure was 0.5 hours (interquartile range 0.24-4). Factors associated with seizures were male gender (odds ratio = 4.65 [95% confidence interval = 1.02-21.24], P = .047) and lack of EEG state change (odds ratio = 0.043 [95% confidence interval = 0.005-0.377], P = .04).Conclusion:Twenty-three percent of preterms undergoing continuous EEG had EEG seizures or electrographic seizures with no clear clinical correlate. This confi...
Signatures of self-interacting dark matter in the matter power spectrum and the CMB

Abstract We consider a self-interacting dark matter model in which the massive dark photon mediating the self-interaction decays to light dark fermions to avoid over-closing the universe. We find that if the model is constrained to explain the dark matter halos inferred for spiral galaxies and galaxy clusters simultaneously, there is a strong indication that dark matter is produced asymmetrically in the early universe. It also implies the presence of dark radiation, late kinetic decoupling for dark matter, and a suppressed linear power spectrum due to dark acoustic damping. The Lyman-α forest power spectrum measurements put a strong upper limit on the damping scale and the model has little room to reduce the abundances of satellite galaxies. Future observations in the matter power spectrum and the CMB, in tandem with the impact of self-interactions in galactic halos, makes it possible to measure the gauge coupling and masses of the dark sector particles even when signals in conventional dark matter searches are absent.
Time-Resolved Measurement of Negative Capacitance

To reduce the power consumption in scaled CMOS integrated circuits, transistors operating at low supply voltage with steep subthreshold swing (SS) are highly desirable. The negative capacitance (NC) effect in ferroelectric materials has emerged as a possible solution for achieving steep SS in transistors. In order to effectively leverage this effect in device applications, a proper understanding of its time-dependent nature is crucial. Here, we demonstrate that the NC effect occurs within a time window which is bounded by the switching time of ferroelectric domains at the faster time limit and screening charge compensation time of polarization at the slower time limit. We study this temporal dynamics of NC effect both by performing the transient measurements of metal–ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide–insulator–semiconductor capacitor connected in series with a load resistor and by characterizing NC field-effect transistors (NCFETs) at different time scales. Our experimental results provide deeper insight into the understanding of NC effect, reveal the time dependent switching nature of NCFETs, and pave way for the advancement of steep-slope transistors technology.
Supplemental effect of xylanase and mannanase on nutrient digestibility and gut health of nursery pigs studied using both in vivo and in vitro models

Abstract Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP; arabinoxylan, mannans) are present in high concentration in distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS). These NSP are not degraded by endogenous digestive enzymes of pigs. The purpose of this study was to determine if supplemental enzymes could increase the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients in nursery pigs fed corn DDGS, alter short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and affect gut health. Two independent studies were carried out using an in vitro porcine model and in vivo model. For the in vitro study, enzymatically digested residue of DDGS was used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: supplemental xylanase (0 or 1500 endo-pentosanase unit of xylanase/kg of the diet) and supplemental mannanase (0 or 400 unit of mannanase/kg of diet). For the in vivo study, corn-soybean meal based diets with 15% corn DDGS were formulated using thirty-two newly weaned pigs in a randomized complete block design for 4 treatments in the similar fashion as in vitro study. Plasma and mucosa were collected for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements. Digesta samples from jejunum and ileum were collected to measure viscosity, pH, and AID of nutrients including NSP components. Supplemental xylanase increased (P
What is Abstraction? How is it Used? Why is it Important?

Like the novelist Kundera (1988) describes, the scholar must select and define central terms with care and precision. As Robert Merton (1967, pp. 143–146) says, “[t]he specification and clarification of key concepts is an indispensable phase of theoretic work, ” not just for reasons of theory but also in order “to institute observable indices of the social data with which empirical research is concerned. ” Even so, as Mills (1959, p. 34) points out, definitions are more definite than they are definitive. This first chapter, then, may be seen as a long quest for a definition of abstraction. It considers various meanings of the term and points out some important distinctions and contrasts; it reviews theoretical, psychometric, and cognitive approaches to abstraction from the literature of psychology; it provides examples of abstraction that show it to be a common rather than an esoteric mode of thought; it examines the relevance of abstraction to topics of educational importance, such as the value of higher order thinking, the teaching of such skills, and the issue of cognitive transfer; and finally, it refines the definition of abstraction by relating it to its twin opposites—concrete thinking and stereotype thinking—within a conceptual framework of generalization processes.
Monitoring maternal mortality using vital records linkage.

We developed a method to identify maternal deaths (deaths to women within 365 days of delivery) by linking Tennessee vital records. A computerized algorithm compared personal identifiers from the death certificates of reproductive-aged women to maternal identifiers on birth and fetal death certificates. For each decedent record which met the study criteria, the algorithm calculated a “match score” by comparing common elements in both files. The algorithm awarded full credit for data elements that agree exactly, partial credit for elements in partial agreement, and subtracted credit for information that mismatched. Match scores ranged from 0 to 35 for the 9,009 deaths in women 10–55 years of age during the three study years, with the majority of scores (96.3%) being 0 for “no match.” Match scores of 1 to 8 were obtained by 153 (1.7%) of decedent records, while scores greater than 9 were obtained by 184 (2.0%) of decedent records. We used nurse-abstracted hospital, autopsy, and coroner records as our standard to verify the linkages. Manual review of personal identifiers showed that scores of 12 or less were not a match while scores of 13 or more indicated “true” matches. Based on this cutoff, the linkage algorithm yielded 130 maternal deaths. Of these, 32 (25%) were classified as truly pregnancy-related upon medical record review by an obstetrician. The remaining 98 deaths were associated only temporally with pregnancy. During the same time period, 16 individuals were identified to the State Health Department on their death certificates as dying from pregnancy-related causes, including one not identified by the linkage process. Thus, computer linkage supplemented by record review proved to be a reliable and efficient means of identifying maternal deaths and doubled ascertainment during the study period. Limitations of ascertainment by this method are due primarily to pregnancy terminations that do not generate a fetal vital record (spontaneous and induced abortions, ectopic pregnancies), which makes vital records linkage impossible.
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE AD HOC COMMITTEE FOR THE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATION

Abstract The history of the development of the Ad Hoc Committee for the Clinical Assessment of Psychotropic Medication is reviewed with special emphasis on the collaborative nature of this international effort where issues are defined and resolved in open discussion. The role of earlier U.S. Guidelines as an initiating structure is reviewed with respect to organizational features that appear to have an international pertinence. The continuing concern for a mutually acceptable resolution of ethical requirements is noted. The Basic Principles of the Tokyo Revision of the Helsinki Declaration, which are generally endorsed by the Committee, are included.
Characterization of insulin and growth hormone receptors in bovine tissues

Binding of bovine insulin and bovine growth hormone (bGH) to mononuclear cells isolated from blood and plasma membranes isolated from liver, kidney and fat was characterized in cattle and rats. Insulin and bGH receptors from rats and cattle exhibited specificity and high affinity (Ka-j 5 to 10 x 10 ® and Kap 2 to 20 x 10 7 m"^). Bovine mononuclear cells had approximately 3,700 high affinity and 15,000 low affinity insulin receptors per cell. All bovine tissue membranes examined exhibited similar insulin binding characteristics, but maximum binding percentage was only 1/3 that of rat tissues. Rat liver and adipose tissue membranes bound similar amounts of insulin, while kidney bound only 1/10 of that by liver and adipose tissue. bGH did not bind specifically to bovine mononuclear cells. bGH binding to liver membranes of rats and cattle was similar. Rat kidney membranes specifically bound bGH but spe­ cific binding could not be demonstrated in bovine kidney. This study indicates insulin and bGH receptors in rats and cattle are physically similar but some major organ differences exist between the two species, such as those observed in kidney.
Insulin signaling and the control of PHAS-I phosphorylation.

The rate of mRNA translation is determined by many factors including a family of proteins that control the availability of the mRNA cap-binding protein, eIF4E. The prototypic member of this family was originally described as a protein that became phosphorylated when rat adipocytes were exposed to insulin (Belsham and Denton 1980), a finding that presaged the important role of phosphorylation in controlling the protein’s function. The phosphorylated protein had the unusual properties of remaining in solution when boiled or exposed to acid (Belsham and Denton 1980), and it was named PHAS-I (phosphorylated heat- and acid-stable) after its cDNA was found to lack homology with any others encoding known proteins (Hu et al. 1994). Subsequently, PHAS-I was found to be an eIF4E-binding protein, and named 4E-BP1 (Pause et al. 1994). We have retained the earlier nomenclature and will refer to the family as PHAS proteins. Mammals and many lower organisms including slime mold, insects, fish, and birds express one or more members of this family (Fig. 1A). The proteins have not been found in plants or yeast, although the latter contain an eIF4E-binding protein that possibly serves a homologous function but which has no amino acid sequence identity with the PHAS proteins, except in the eIF4E binding domain (Zanchin and McCarthy 1995). Thus, the distribution of PHAS proteins in nature appears less widespread than that of eIF4E, which is probably expressed in all eukaryotic organisms. Nevertheless, in mammals and many other species, PHAS proteins are important mediators of the actions of insulin, growth factors and nutrients on protein synthesis.
The Participation and Performance of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in a State Accountability Assessment in Reading

This study examined the participation rates and performance of students classified with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in a statewide reading assessment. Gender, ethnicity, cognitive ability, school-level socioeconomic status, and instructional setting are analyzed as factors correlated with performance. Findings indicate that only 56% of students with EBD participate in statewide assessment. Only 44% of those met proficiency standards. Implications relate to classification of differences by subgrouping of students with EBD.
Highly selective, red emitting BODIPY-based fluorescent indicators for intracellular Mg2+ imaging

Most fluorescent indicators for Mg2+ suffer from poor selectivity against other divalent cations, especially Ca2+, thus do not provide reliable information on cellular Mg2+ concentrations in processes in which such metals are involved. We report a new set of highly selective fluorescent indicators based on alkoxystyryl-functionalized BODIPY fluorophores decorated with a 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid metal binding moiety. The new sensors, MagQ1 and MagQ2, display absorption and emission maxima above 600 nm, with a 29-fold fluorescence enhancement and good quantum yields (Φ > 0.3) upon coordination of Mg2+ in aqueous buffer. Fluorescence response to Mg2+ is not affected by the presence of competing divalent cations typically present in the cellular milieu, and displays minimal pH dependence in the physiologically relevant range. The choice of alkoxy groups decorating the styryl BODIPY core does not influence the basic photophysical and metal binding properties of the compounds, but has a marked effect on their intracellular retention and thus in their applicability for detection of cellular Mg2+ by fluorescence imaging. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of a triethyleneglycol (TEG) functionalization tactic that endows MagQ2 with superior cellular retention in live cells by reducing active extrusion through organic anion transporters, which are thought to cause fast leakage of typical anionic dyes. With enhanced retention and excellent photophysical properties, MagQ2 can be applied in the detection of cellular Mg2+ influx without interference of high concentrations of Ca2+ akin to those involved in signaling.
5-Azido-8-ethynyl-NAADP: A bifunctional, clickable photoaffinity probe for the identification of NAADP receptors

Abstract Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate is an evolutionarily conserved second messenger, which mobilizes Ca2+ from acidic stores. The molecular identity of the NAADP receptor has yet to be defined. In pursuit of isolating and identifying NAADP-binding proteins, we synthesized and characterized a bifunctional probe that incorporates both a photoactivatable crosslinking azido moiety at the 5-position of the nicotinic ring and a ‘clickable’ ethynyl moiety to the 8-adenosyl position in NAADP. Microinjection of this 5N3-8-ethynyl-NAADP into cultured U2OS cells induced robust Ca2+ responses. Higher concentrations of 5N3-8-ethynyl were required to elicit Ca2+ release or displace 32P-NAADP in radioligand binding experiments in sea urchin egg homogenates. In human cell extracts, incubation of 32P-5N3-8-ethynyl-NAADP followed by UV irradiation resulted in selective labeling of 23 kDa and 35 kDa proteins and photolabeling of these proteins was prevented when incubated in the presence of unlabeled NAADP. Compared to the monofunctional 32P-5N3-NAADP, the clickable 32P-5N3-8-ethynyl-NAADP demonstrated less labeling of the 23 kDa and 35 kDa proteins (~3-fold) but provided an opportunity for further enrichment through the ‘clickable’ ethynyl moiety. No proteins were specifically labeled by 32P-5N3-8-ethynyl-NAADP in sea urchin egg homogenate. These experiments demonstrate that 5N3-8-ethynyl-NAADP is biologically active and selectively labels putative NAADP-binding proteins in mammalian systems, evidencing a ‘bifunctional’ probe with utility for isolating NAADP-binding proteins.
Kali colubrina Melo, 2008: a senior synonym of Kali caribbaea Prokofiev, 2008 (Acanthomorphata: Chiasmodontidae)

The genus Kali is a member of the deep-sea fish family Chiasmodontidae with seven valid species. A taxonomic revision of Kali was recently conducted by Melo (2008), which included the description of two new species: K. colubrina and K. falx . I was unaware that parallel to that revision, Prokofiev (2008) was describing K. caribbaea . Both publications were published during a very short time interval. Upon having access to Prokofiev (2008), it became clear that K. colubrina and K. caribbaea are actually synonyms. After further investigation about the date of publication of both works, K. colubrina Melo, 2008 is herein placed as the senior synonym of K. caribbaea Prokofiev, 2008.
Two-Stage Debridement With Prosthesis Retention for Acute Periprosthetic Joint Infections.

Abstract Background Historically, infection control rates with debridement and component retention have been poor in the management of acute prosthetic joint infections. We previously described a 2-stage debridement with prosthesis retention protocol for acute periprosthetic joint infection and reported a 90% success rate in a sample of 20 patients. Methods A retrospective review of 83 patients who underwent a 2-stage debridement with implant retention with a minimum 1-year follow-up was performed. Patient data were primarily analyzed to determine infection control rates. Infections were considered controlled when patients had not undergone a reoperation for infection, and demonstrated lack of any clinical signs or symptoms of infection (a well healed wound, diminishing swelling and warmth, absence of erythema, improvement in baseline pain symptoms) A secondary goal of this study was to examine the effects of symptom duration on infection control rate. Results Average patient follow-up was 41.8 months (range 12-171) for all patients. The overall protocol success rate was 86.7% (72/83): 82.9% in hips and 89.6% in knees. Additionally, protocol success was observed in 45 of 48 primary joints (93.8%) and 27 of 35 (77.1%) revision joints (P = .046). Average time from onset of symptoms to surgery was 6.2 days for successfully treated patients (range 0-27 days) compared to 10.7 days for those who failed treatment (range 1-28 days, P = .070). Conclusion This 2-stage retention protocol resulted in a higher likelihood of infection control compared to prior reports of single stage debridement and modular part exchange.