cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient deficiencies and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar: Effects on larval performance and detoxication enzyme activities

Abstract We investigated the consequences of specific nutrient deficiencies for growth performance, food processing efficiencies and detoxication enzyme activities in larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar . Larvae were reared on one of four artificial diets, including a low wheat-germ control diet, and protein-, mineral- and vitamin-deficient diets. Growth of fourth instars was reduced on each nutrient-deficient diet; reductions were attributable to decreased efficiencies of conversion of digested food. Larvae on the low protein diet exhibited compensatory feeding responses, but not great enough to offset the reduction in protein intake. The low protein and low mineral diets prolonged development time of females, and reduced pupal weights of males and females. All larvae fed the low vitamin diet succumbed to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus late in the fifth larval stadium. We observed few significant effects and no clear-cut patterns of response of detoxication enzymes to nutrient limitation. Polysubstrate monooxygenase and glutathione transferase activities were unaffected. Soluble esterase and carbonyl reductase activities tended to increase in response to protein deficiency, but decrease in response to vitamin deficiency. Phytophagous insects evolutionarily adapted to feeding on nutrient-poor but allelochemical-rich host plants may have evolved biochemical/physiological mechanisms that serve to maintain effective enzyme function in the context of nutrient deficiency.
Measures on the circle invariant under multiplication by a nonlacunary subsemigroup of the integers

LetS be a nonlacunary subsemigroup of the natural numbers and letμ be anS-invariant and ergodic measure. Using entropy arguments on a symbolic representation of the inverse limit of this action, we show that if any element inS has positive entropy with respect toμ, thenμ is Lebesgue.
MuLK, a Eukaryotic Multi-substrate Lipid Kinase

Abstract We report the identification and characterization of a novel lipid kinase that phosphorylates multiple substrates. This enzyme, which we term MuLK for multi-substrate lipid kinase, does not belong to a previously described lipid kinase family. MuLK has orthologs in many organisms and is broadly expressed in human tissues. Although predicted to be a soluble protein, MuLK co-fractionates with membranes and localizes to an internal membrane compartment. Recombinant MuLK phosphorylates diacylglycerol, ceramide, and 1-acylglycerol but not sphingosine. Although its affinity for diacylglycerol and ceramide are similar, MuLK exhibits a higher Vmax toward diacylglycerol in vitro, consistent with it acting primarily as a diacylglycerol kinase. MuLK activity was inhibited by sphingosine and enhanced by cardiolipin. It was stimulated by calcium when magnesium concentrations were low and inhibited by calcium when magnesium concentrations were high. The effects of charged lipids and cations on MuLK activity in vitro suggest that its activity in vivo is tightly regulated by cellular conditions.
Labeling of the active site of glutamate dehydrogenase with a photogenerated species.

Abstract 2-Azidoisopthalic acid and 5-azidoisopthalic acid were prepared from the corresponding amines through diazonium salt intermediates. Kinetic studies indicate that they are competitive inhibitors of glutamate dehydrogenase. Photolysis of the enzyme-inhibitor complex with light > 300 nm generates a nitrene which reacts irreversibly with the enzyme and exhibits fluorescence emission at 430 nm when excited by 350 nm radiation.
Reduction of renal blood flow and proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in rats by gentamicin

Although aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure occurs commonly, little is known about the mechanisms which alter renal hemodynamics. In sodium-depleted Sprague-Dawley rats treated with gentamicin, we measured RBF and GFR at the onset of this model of nephrotoxic acute renal failure. After 10 days of sodium chloride depletion, one group of rats received a single injection of gentamicin, 100 mg/kg, while control animals received the gentamicin vehicle. Twenty-four hours later, PCr and UNa/UCr were similar in both groups. CIn was unchanged, but RBF was reduced significantly (12.40 +/- 1.33 vs. 16.89 +/- 1.24 ml/min). Micropuncture studies revealed that although SNGFR was unchanged, end-proximal and early distal flow rates were increased significantly. End-proximal TFCl was reduced significantly in gentamicin-treated animals when compared to controls (130.7 +/- 3.9 vs. 149.5 +/- 4.1 mEq/liter). Early distal TFCl was also reduced significantly (32.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 44.3 +/- 1.4 mEq/liter). In other rats, 24 hr after a second injection of gentamicin, PCr and UNa/UCr were increased significantly and both GFR and RBF were reduced significantly. We conclude that the earliest hemodynamic change in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure is a reduction in RBF which precedes any change in GFR. A single dose of gentamicin also impairs proximal bicarbonate and water reabsorption and reduces end-proximal and early distal chloride concentration.
Dynamic stability of superior vs. inferior body segments in individuals with transtibial amputation walking in destabilizing environments

Abstract Interestingly, young and highly active people with lower limb amputation appear to maintain a similar trunk and upper body stability during walking as able-bodied individuals. Understanding the mechanisms underlying how this stability is achieved after lower-leg amputation is important to improve training regimens for improving walking function in these patients. This study quantified how superior (i.e., head, trunk, and pelvis) and inferior (i.e., thigh, shank, and feet) segments of the body respond to continuous visual or mechanical perturbations during walking. Nine persons with transtibial amputation (TTA) and 12 able-bodied controls (AB) walked on a 2 m×3 m treadmill in a Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN). Subjects were perturbed by continuous pseudo-random mediolateral movements of either the treadmill platform or the visual scene. TTA maintained a similar local and orbital stability in their superior body segments as AB throughout both perturbation types. However, for their inferior body segments, TTA subjects exhibited greater dynamic instability during perturbed walking. In TTA subjects, these increases in instability were even more pronounced in their prosthetic limb compared to their intact leg. These findings demonstrate that persons with unilateral lower leg amputation maintain upper body stability in spite of increased dynamic instability in their impaired lower leg. Thus, transtibial amputation does significantly impair sensorimotor function, leading to substantially altered dynamic movements of their lower limb segments. However, otherwise relatively healthy patients with unilateral transtibial amputation appear to retain sufficient remaining sensorimotor function in their proximal and contralateral limbs to adequately compensate for their impairment.
Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution

EACH sex is part of the environment of the other sex. This may lead to perpetual coevolution between the sexes, when adaptation by one sex reduces fitness of the other. Indirect evidence comes from experiments with Drosophila melanogaster indicating that seminal fluid reduces the competitive ability of sperm from other males, thereby increasing male fitness1,2. It also reduces a female's propensity to remate and increases her egg-laying rate3. In contrast to these benefits to males, seminal fluid has substantial toxic side effects in females, with increasing quantity leading to decreasing female survival4,5. Here I show that when female D. melanogaster are experimentally prevented from coevolving with males, males rapidly adapt to the static female phenotype. This male adaptation leads to a reduction in female survivorship, which is mediated by an increased rate of remating and increased toxicity of seminal fluid.
Superoxide dismutase and catalase protect cultured hepatocytes from the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen

Superoxide dismutase, catalase and mannitol prevent the killing of cultured hepatocytes by acetaminophen in the presence of an inhibitor of glutathione reductase, BCNU. Under these conditions, the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen depends upon its metabolism, since beta-naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed function oxidation, prevents the cell killing. In hepatocytes made resistant to acetaminophen by pretreatment with the ferric iron chelator, deferoxamine, addition of ferric or ferrous iron restores the sensitivity to acetaminophen. In such a situation, both superoxide dismutase and catalase prevent the killing by acetaminophen in the presence of ferric iron. By contrast, catalase, but not superoxide dismutase, prevents the cell killing dependent upon addition of ferrous iron. These results document the participation of both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in the killing of cultured hepatocytes by acetaminophen and suggest that hydroxyl radicals generated by an iron catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction mediate the cell injury.
Discounted MDP's: distribution functions and exponential utility maximization

The present value of the rewards associated with a discrete-time Markov process has a probability distribution which depends on the initial state. The first part of the paper applies fixed point theory to a system of equations for the distribution functions of the present value. The second part of the paper expands the model to a Markov decision process (MDP) and considers the maximization of the expected utility of the present value when the utility function is exponential.
Malacoplakia presenting with obstructive nephropathy with bilateral ureter involvement

The lesions associated with the rare granulomatosus disease malacoplakia, which can result in serious complications, are often mistaken for renal abscesses or malignant growths. Sanchez and colleagues describe the presentation of a woman whose malacoplakia involved both ureters and the bladder and required the placement of bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy tubes. Background. A 48-year-old woman with chronic urinary tract infections presented with uremia. Imaging studies revealed bilateral hydronephrosis and segmental ureteral thickening. Investigations. Physical examination, urine and blood analysis, radiography of the chest, chest CT, abdominal and pelvis CT, renal ultrasonography, cystoscopy, anterograde pyelogram, bladder biopsy. Diagnosis. Malacoplakia involving bilatateral ureters and bladder; cavitary pneumonia. Management. Hemodialysis, placement of bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy tubes, administration of ciprofloxacin, ascorbic acid and bethanechol.
Activity-induced depression of synaptic inhibition during LTP-inducing patterned stimulation.

Abstract In the hippocampus, patterns of electrical stimulation that approximate bursting neuronal activity during θ rhythm have been shown to induce a long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synapses. In this study, a single subthreshold stimulus applied to one set of Schaffer/commissural fibers affected the response to a second stimulation delivered 200 ms later to a separate set of Schaffer/commissural fibers in the CA1 field of rat hippocampal slices. The first (priming) stimulus caused a prolongation of the synaptic response elicited by the second (primed) stimulus. In addition, the priming stimulation facilitated the induction of LTP by bursts of stimulation (4 pulses at 100 Hz) of the second afferent pathway. Analysis of the shape of the synaptic responses indicates that the prolongation is due to the removal of an inhibitory component rather than the addition of a novel excitatory component. Blockade of GABA A -ergic transmission with picrotoxin mimicked the priming effect in that it also widened synaptic responses and facilitated burst-induced LTP. We suggest that these patterns of stimulation result in a transient loss of inhibition during the primed stimulation. This, in turn, brings about a prolongation of the synaptic response that allows short bursts of excitatory synaptic activity to depolarize postsynaptic cells sufficiently to trigger LTP.
Insurance agents: ignored players in health insurance reform

ABSTRACT: In this paper we use the reforms to the individual health insurance market in New Jersey to illustrate the intricate interaction between insurance agents and insurance reform initiatives. Until recently, policymakers who designed reforms to the health insurance market largely ignored the role of agents in selling individual health insurance policies. These reforms have the potential to overturn the agent's traditional role, and agents can influence how the reforms are implemented.
Spiritual issues in counseling : Clients' beliefs and preferences

The current study assessed psychotherapy clients' beliefs about the appropriateness of discussing religious and spiritual concerns in counseling, clients' preferences for such discussion, and identified explanatory variables for these beliefs and preferences. These variables were assessed using the Client Attitudes toward Spirituality in Therapy survey; the Index of Spiritual Experiences (J. D. Kass, R. Friedman, J. Leserman, P. C. Zuttermeister, & H. Benson, 1991); the Expectations About Counsel-ing-Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982); the Religious scale of the Counseling Appropriateness Check List (R. Warman, 1960); the Socially Desirable Response Set-5 Scale (R. D. Hays, T. Hayashi, & A. L. Stewart, 1989); and the Religion Section of the Mooney Problem Check List-Adult Form (L. V. Gordon & R. L. Mooney, 1950). Clients believed religious concerns were appropriate for discussion in counseling and had a preference for discussing spiritual and religious issues in counseling. Spiritual experience was the most potent variable for explaining preferences for discussing spiritual issues. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
Nursing's role in NetWellness: a children and adolescent health information resource via the Web.

Nurses are in the business of health information. A nursing entrepreneurial model of service for children and adolescents is providing health education and health promotion through the World Wide Web. Developed at the University of Cincinnati, and later joined by The Ohio State University and Case Western Reserve University, NetWellness ( //www.netwellness.org ) offers easily accessible and reliable health care information. The Ask an Expert feature is valued by parents, families, children and health professionals around the United States and the world. As members of the NetWellness expert team in Ohio, nurses are leaders in this initiative.
Predicting enthalpies of molecular substances: application to LiBH4.

For molecular substances exhibiting harmonic and nonharmonic vibrations, we present a first-principles approach to predict enthalpy differences between phases at finite temperatures, including solid-solid and melting. We apply it to the complex hydride LiBH 4 . Using ab initio molecular dynamics, we predict a structure for the high-T solid phase of lithium borohydride, and we propose an approximation to account for nonharmonic vibrations. We then predict the enthalpy changes for solid-solid transition, melting, and an H-storage reaction, all in agreement with experiment.
MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE OBLIGATION TO EMIGRATE TWO FATWĀS FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY GRANADA TO ISLAMIC TERRITORY:

When Christian forces conquered the entire eastern regions ( sharq al-Andalus ) of the Iberian peninsula in the thirteenth century, a large population of Muslims became subject to Christian rule. Now known as Mudejar s, these Muslims continued to practice their religion and regulate their communities according to Islamic law, but their residence in dār al-Harb (abode of war) became the subject of divided legal discourse among Mālikī jurists. Some of the controversies which surrounded a Mudejar's obligation to emigrate to Islamic lands are preserved in fatwā s issued by jurists in Granada, the Maghrib, and Ifrīqiya. The aim of this essay is to present two previously unknown fatwā s, issued by al-Haffār and al-Mawwāq, that address two particular aspects of the Mudejar predicament: the validity of sadāq contracts authenticated by Mudejar judges and the obligations of Muslims to their Mudejar families and communities living under Christian rule.
The resonance Raman spectrum of carotenoids as an intrinsic probe for membrane potential Oscillatory changes in the spectrum of neurosporene in the chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Abstract The resonance Raman spectrum of the carotenoid neurosporene is shown to be a sensitive monitor of absorption shifts, and thus changes in membrane potential, in chromatophores of the GlC mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . For a Raman excitation wavelength at 472.7 nm, the intensities of the two most prominent resonance Raman features ( v 1 and v 2 ) respond very differently to small shifts in the absorption maxima. Thus, the ratio intensity v 1 /intensity v 2 is a sensitive probe for absorption shifts. Changes in this ratio of ∼20% were observed during a valinomycin induced diffusion potential. At 5°C changes in the average intensity ratio of +6, −4 and −14% were brought about by oligomycin, FCCP and sodium deoxycholate, respectively. The changes in intensity ratio were temperature dependent and, in addition, effects due to the laser beam acting as an actinic light could be detected. Oscillatory changes were observed in absolute Raman and Rayleigh scattering intensities for chromatophores at 5°C and for intact cells under growing conditions.
Applications of Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) detected infrared microwave double-resonance spectroscopy to problems in vibrational dynamics

Abstract A description of Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) detected infrared (IR) spectroscopy is presented. A series of measurements demonstrates the versatility of using a narrowband high Q cavity FTMW spectrometer as a rotationally resolved detector for molecular-beam infrared spectroscopy. The IR-FTMW spectrometer performance is characterized by comparing the spectrum of the acetylenic C–H stretch fundamental of 1-butyne to that obtained using a high-resolution electric resonance optothermal spectrometer (EROS). Two different measurement schemes, corresponding to IR excitation before or after the microwave polarization pulse, are compared. The ability to measure rotationally resolved spectra in the region of the first overtone of the acetylenic C–H stretch is demonstrated through measurements on tertbutylacetylene and trimethylsilylacetylene. One major advantage of the current technique is that large frequency scan rates can be achieved. This feature is useful for molecules exhibiting fast intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) as shown by measurements of the highly perturbed acetylenic C–H stretch fundamental region of cyclopropylacetylene. The second strength of the technique is that the high-sensitivity of FTMW spectroscopy makes it possible to obtain the infrared spectra of molecules in low abundance in the pulsed jet expansion. This capability is exploited to measure the infrared spectrum of the 13 C isotopomer of cyclopropylacetylene in natural abundance and to obtain the spectra of the trans and gauche conformational isomers of 4-fluorobut-1-yne. The technique is also well-suited to measuring the vibrational spectra of weakly bound complexes. The spectral simplification achieved by the double-resonance measurement has made it possible to identify weak perturbations in the acetylenic C–H stretch fundamental region of the H–C C–H–NH 3 complex. The acetylenic C–H stretch fundamental spectrum of propyne–ammonia has also been obtained using the technique.
Relationship of soccer heading to computerized neurocognitive performance and symptoms among female and male youth soccer players

Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between soccer heading and computerized neurocognitive performance and symptoms in female and male youth soccer players.Research design: Cross-sectional and prospective design.Methods and procedures: A total of 63 (27 females, 36 males) youth soccer players aged 13–18 years (M = 15.89, SD = 1.17) participated in the study. Participants completed the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) and symptom report.Main outcomes: Computerized neurocognitive performance (e.g., verbal and visual memory, motor processing, and reaction time) and symptoms.Results: There were no differences in neurocognitive performance or symptoms among low-, moderate-, and high-exposure header groups. The current sample outperformed the 10th percentile norms for neurocognitive and symptom scores. Males headed the ball more frequently and reported lower verbal and visual memory and motor processing speed scores than females.Conclu...
Terminal services in heterogeneous distributed systems

Abstract This paper examines the requirements and design issues of terminal services in heterogeneous distributed systems and then discusses the architecture of and implementation experience with a prototype terminal services system. To begin, we briefly discuss heterogenous distributed systems and describe why they are important. We then develop requirements for terminal services within these systems. Three general areas of concern are used to categorize the requirements: (1) flexibility, (2) protocol interfaces, and (3) security. With respect to flexibility, we argue that users should be able to logon to a host in a wide variety of situations, not just those that are most common. To allow interaction between systems supporting different protocol families, protocol interfaces that translate terminal services supported by one family into those supported by others are necessary. Finally, we discuss at length the distributed system logon problem and analyze previous work related to its solution. To accommodate heterogeneity while collaterally meeting terminal service requirements, we introduce the notion of administrative domains. They are parts of the distributed system that are homogeneous with respect to a set of appropriate attributes. Gateways provide the necessary mechanisms that allow administrative domains to interact with one another. We describe the interface issues that affect gateway structure related to communication protocols and to logon. From our implementation experience, we discuss performance and architectural issues and summarize our experience by pointing out major contributions of our research.
Mining Microarrays for Metabolic Meaning: Nutritional Regulation of Hypothalamic Gene Expression

DNA microarray analysis has been used to investigate relative changes in the level of gene expression in the CNS, including changes that are associated with disease, injury, psychiatric disorders, drug exposure or withdrawal, and memory formation. We have used oligonucleotide microarrays to identify hypothalamic genes that respond to nutritional manipulation. In addition to commonly used microarray analysis based on criteria such as fold-regulation, we have also found that simply carrying out multiple t tests then sorting by P value constitutes a highly reliable method to detect true regulation, as assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), even for relatively low abundance genes or relatively low magnitude of regulation. Such analyses directly suggested novel mechanisms that mediate effects of nutritional state on neuroendocrine function and are being used to identify regulated gene products that may elucidate the metabolic pathology of obese ob/ob, lean Vgf-/Vgf-, and other models with profound metabolic impairments.
Cytochemical and biochemical identification of lysosomes in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Normaski optics, fluorescence and electron microscopy were employed to demonstrate the occurrence of lysosomes in capsulated, enzymatically decapsulated, and dewalled cells of a human isolate ofCryptococcus neoformans. Fluorescent studies, using acridine orange as a lysosomal indicator, revealed the presence of variously sized, spherical, reddish-orange fluorescing bodies. Electron microscopy studies demonstrated the presence of acid phosphatase (AP), a lysosome marker enzyme, in single-membrane bound organelles. Lysosomes were removed from dewalled cells and separated by differential centrifugation on ficoll gradients. That fraction indicating the highest assay for AP was centrifuged at high speed, and the resulting pellet was fixed for electron microscopy and stained by the Gomori procedure for AP. Sections of the pellets revealed AP stained vesicles of the same size range as those within intact cells.
A review of intercalation in heavy metal iodides

This review outlines the work to date concerning the mysteries of both the large optical effects and the bonding mechanisms involved with intercalation in heavy metal iodide systems. Such a system exhibits unusual shifts of the optical band edge to higher energies upon intercalation. The shift depends on which host−guest combination is used. Several models have been developed to describe this system. The bonding mechanism for this system is not clear because some data appear to support a model based on a polarization interaction between the guest and host material whereas other data support a charge transfer or quantum confinement model. There appear to be several different systems being formed by intercalation of the same substances that have different stoichiometry. This riddle may be solved by investigations of the particular methods of intercalation.
Syndecan-4 modulates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation

The cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4 acts in conjunction with the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin to promote the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in fibronectin (FN)-adherent cells. Fibroblasts seeded onto the cell-binding domain (CBD) fragment of FN attach but do not fully spread or form focal adhesions. Activation of Rho, with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), or protein kinase C, using the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, or clustering of syndecan-4 with antibodies directed against its extracellular domain will stimulate formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers in CBD-adherent fibroblasts. The distinct morphological differences between the cells adherent to the CBD and to full-length FN suggest that syndecan-4 may influence the organization of the focal adhesion or the activation state of the proteins that comprise it. FN-null fibroblasts (which express syndecan-4) exhibit reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) tyrosine 397 (Tyr(397)) when adherent to CBD compared with FN-adherent cells. Treating the CBD-adherent fibroblasts with LPA, to activate Rho, or the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium vanadate increased the level of phosphorylation of Tyr(397) to match that of cells plated on FN. Treatment of the fibroblasts with PMA did not elicit such an effect. To confirm that this regulatory pathway includes syndecan-4 specifically, we examined fibroblasts derived from syndecan-4-null mice. The phosphorylation levels of FAK Tyr(397) were lower in FN-adherent syndecan-4-null fibroblasts compared with syndecan-4-wild type and these levels were rescued by the addition of LPA or re-expression of syndecan-4. These data indicate that syndecan-4 ligation regulates the phosphorylation of FAK Tyr(397) and that this mechanism is dependent on Rho but not protein kinase C activation. In addition, the data suggest that this pathway includes the negative regulation of a protein-tyrosine phosphatase. Our results implicate syndecan-4 activation in a direct role in focal adhesion regulation.
Plant Growth Conditions and Yield of Viable Protoplasts Isolated from Leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum and L. peruvianum

Summary Protoplasts were isolated from leaves of the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum cultivar Rheinlands Ruhm and the wild species L. peruvianum which were grown under different environmental conditions. These conditions included different calcium concentrations in the root medium, treatment with abscisic acid and kinetin, and different temperatures and humidities. No consistent differences in final yields of protoplasts were found between control and plants treated with either calcium, abscisic acid or kinetin. The final yields, however, were significantly higher in plants grown under relatively high humidity (82 % relative humidity) and low temperature (15 °C) as compared with those grown under low humidity (56 %) and high temperature (25 °C). The increase of final yields was greater in the cultivated plants. Greater proportions of spherical as well as viable protoplasts as expressed by their plating efficiency, were isolated from plants grown under the lower temperature and higher humidity. Some of the changes characterize the leaves of plants grown under the different environmental conditions are discussed.
The Structure of Wages

Although surveys show that traditional orderings of average wage—i.e., higher earnings with higher schooling and concave age-wage profiles—have not changed during the past three decades, the actual size of the wage differentials measured by education or by work experience has varied from peak to trough by a factor of two-to-one. The patterns are not monotone, but there is a trend toward increased skill premiums. We first examine the structure of wages among white men distinguished by age and schooling for the period from 1963 to 1989. We then compare shifts in the distribution of wages and employment among the age x schooling categories to show in reference to a stable demand structure that employment alone cannot account for observed changes in relative wages. Finally, we describe the characteristics required of candidate demand shifters and offer examples using linear trend, business cycle shocks, and recent patterns of deficits in international trade.
Fast frequency estimation using spline wavelets

An approach for fast frequency estimation using spline wavelet is introduced in this paper, which simply makes use of the zero-crossings of the spline wavelet transforms of a signal. We show that the scale and order of the wavelets have a close relation with the frequency components of the signal. For a random signal with zero means, the lowest frequency component can be obtained by counting the number of zero-crossings of its spline wavelet transforms at sufficiently large scales, while the highest frequency component can be estimated by increasing the order of vanishing moments. A number of numerical examples will be demonstrated. The fast frequency estimation can find many applications such as the search of periodicity and white noise testing. Finally, we show the intrinsic connection of this approach with the level-crossing analysis in statistics and the scaling theorem in computer vision.
Commentary : coming to america : the integration of international medical graduates into the american medical culture

This Commentary is a companion piece to two Research Reports appearing in this issue: "Behavioral Science Education and the International Medical Graduate," by Searight and Gafford, and "International Medical Graduates and the Diagnosis and Treatment of Late-Life Depression," by Kales et al. International medical graduates (IMGs) come to America from diverse cultures around the world to complete their graduate medical education (GME). These residents are and will continue to be a fundamental part of the American health care delivery system. IMGs' acculturation into the norms and standards of medicine as practiced in the U.S. is crucial to their education as well as to quality patient care. The time has come for GME to begin to systematically and effectively address the cultural challenges that IMGs face not only within the context of American medicine and GME, but in the larger context of American culture. Specific programs and strategies need to be developed and put in place early in the GME experience-or even before entry into GME-to assist IMGs in understanding the context for, and issues associated with, providing optimum health care in the United States. The author reflects on the findings of the two Research Reports, and calls for increased attention in the medical education community to acculturating and educating IMGs for optimal patient care.
Thermoelastic stresses in a filament-wound orthotropic composite elliptic cylinder due to a uniform temperature change

Abstract The problem of obtaining the thermal stresses and displacements in an orthotropic elliptic cylinder (as can be produced by filament winding on a mandrel of elliptical cross-section) due to a uniform change in temperature, is formulated. The material properties are assumed to be independent of temperature and the anisotropy is referred to the coordinate system that is inherent to the geometry of the filament wound body. A displacement approach is used. Illustrative results are presented for the distribution of stresses and displacements in these orthotropic cylindrical tubes of elliptic cross-section and a comparison with the limit of circular hollow cylinders is made.
Intrapore Synthesis of Silicalite Membranes at Temperatures below 100 °C

Growth of silicalite membranes inside the pores of α-Al_2O_3 support tubes was carried out at 95 °C. The support tubes had a 1-μm mean pore diameter and were seeded by impregnation in a suspension of 0.1-μm silicalite particles prior to membrane growth. The membranes were weighed to determine the total reaction product and examined by SEM and EDS to estimate the spatial distribution. Reaction product was found at a depth of 100 μm or more inside the pores of the support. The membranes were tested in single gas permeations of hydrogen, nitrogen, n-butane, and isobutane and in the separation of n-butane/isobutane mixtures. After three growth periods, mixture measurements gave n-butane permeances of 10−17 MPU [1 MPU = 10^(-8) mol/(m^2 s Pa)] and n-butane/isobutane selectivities of 30−40 at room temperature. The selectivity results are discussed in terms of gaps between the intrapore crystals.
The relation between gender and negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: Do gender role attitudes mediate this relation?

This study examined whether traditional gender role attitudes mediated the relation between gender and negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. One hundred and fifty-five heterosexual college students (59% female; 97% Caucasian) completed questionnaires that assessed their attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and their gender role attitudes. Although males reported more negative attitudes toward gay men than females, there were no gender differences in attitudes toward lesbians. Traditional gender role attitudes mediated the relation between gender and attitudes toward gay men. These findings suggest that attitudes toward gay men are more strongly related to gender role attitudes than to gender.
Heinz‐Wolfram Kasemir: His Collected Works

The story of Heinz-Wolfram Kasemir's scientific research is the not-uncommon tale of a researcher forced to the fringes for pushing hypotheses that ran against the grain. In the AGU monograph Heinz-Wolfram Kasemir: His Collected Works, Vladislav Mazur and Lothar Ruhnke pull together all of Kasemir's published works, some of them translated from German, in one place for the first time. In this interview, Vladislav Mazur shares with Eos a look into Kasemir's life and work, the science of atmospheric electricity and lightning, and an insider perspective on how science changes course.
Counterexample—An inadmissible estimator which is generalized bayes for a prior with “light” tails

Abstract Previous work on the problem of estimating a univariate normal mean under squared error loss suggests that an estimator should be admissible if and only if it is generalized Bayes for a prior measure, F, whose tail is “light” in the sense that ∫ 1 ∞ f ∗−1 (x) dx = ∞ = ∫ −∞ −1 f ∗−1 (x) dx , where f ∗ denotes the convolution of F with the normal density. (There is also a precise multivariate analog for this condition.) We provide a counterexample which shows that this suggestion is false unless some further regularity conditions are imposed on F.
Studies on Habituation of Vestibular Reflexes: IV. Effect of caloric stimulation in blindfolded cats

The effect of vision upon habituation of nystagmus elicited by repetitive caloric stimulation was studied in cats. The animals were blindfolded or enclosed in a lightproof room. One trial consisting of 15 to 25 caloric tests in one ear with water at 20°C was used for inducing habituation.The observations regarding acquisition, retention and transfer of habituation in darkness confirm the opinion that vision may have some effect upon development of the phenomenon, but certainly it is not a critical factor. The general pattern of the response decline is similar to that described in animals habituated in a lighted room.
Kin recognition in plants

In a recent article in Biology Letters , [Dudley & File (2007)][1] claim to have demonstrated kin recognition and altruistic behaviour towards related individuals in an annual plant. This is an extraordinary claim and, if true, has far-reaching implications for many topics in plant ecology and
The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: Genetic variation and genetic distance

The Eskimos of St. Lawrence Island have been typed for genetic variation at 44 discrete genetic loci. Three private polymorphisms, at the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, peptidase B, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase loci, have been observed, which may be useful in future studies of genetic relationships between Eskimos and other circumpolar populations. Genetic distance analysis reveals a close relationship between the St. Lawrence Island Eskimos and other Eskimo populations and that the Eskimo populations form a distinct cluster from Amerindian populations. The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos appear to be more similar to Asiatic Eskimos than to other groups. Caucasian admixture in this population is estimated to be between 2 and 7%.
Franck-Condon integrals as the source of line shapes in the absorption of light by molecules

Abstract The spectral weight functions which arise from Franck-Condon integrals are formally evaluated in terms of the vibrational states of the ground electronic state.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIS[3,5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOLE (1-METHOXY,3,5-DIMETHYL PYRAZOLE) COPPER(II) PERCHLORATE]

Abstract The reaction of anhydrous copper nitrate with 1-hydroxy-methyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole in the presence of 3,5-dimethyl pyrazole in methanol gave a deep green colored solution, which upon addition of excess sodium perchlorate afforded dark green crystals of bis[3,5-dimethylpyrazole(1-methoxy,3,5-dimethyl pyrazole) Cu(II) perchlorate] (1) upon slow evaporation of the solvent. The structural assignment of (1) was made in part by elemental analysis and electronic spectroscopy and was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The crystal structure reveals that compound (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 In with four molecules in the unit cell of dimensions a = 8.927(3), b = 19.019(9), and c = 9.794(3)A, and β = 112.65(3)∗. The structure has been refined to an R(F) factor of 0.029 based on 2110 observed reflections. The geometry around each Cu(II) center is best described as a square pyramid, with the basal plane occupied by two ligating nitrogen atoms with an average Cu-N di...
Effect of climate change on fire regimes in northwestern Minnesota

Of all the impacts of projected climate change on forest ecosystems, perhaps the most difficult to forecast is the potential for altered fire frequency and intensity. Fire regimes in forests are poorly understood for lack of long-term evidence. Here I used petrographic thin sections to determine the annual production of charcoal within a lake catchment in northwestern Minnesota over the past 750 years providing the long and high-resolution record required to elucidate fire regimes. Maximum abundance and frequency occurred in the warm, dry fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Fire importance decreased dramatically with the onset or intensification of the 'little ice age' about AD 1600. Fire cycles with harmonics corresponding to multiples of the 22-year drought cycles of the region and increased fire frequency at times when early successional stands were breaking up, suggest a synergistic influence of climate and fuel accumulation. The anomalously warm, dry twentieth-century climate would have produced substantially different fire regimes from the previous century in the absence of fire suppression.
Dynamic neural network modeling for nonlinear, nonstationary machine tool thermally induced error

This paper presents a new modeling methodology for nonstationary machine tool thermal errors. The method uses the dynamic neural network model to track nonlinear time-varying machine tool errors under various thermal conditions. To accommodate the nonstationary nature of the thermo-elastic process, an Integrated Recurrent Neural Network (IRNN) is introduced to identify the nonstationarity of the thermo-elastic process with a deterministic linear trend. Experiments on spindle thermal deformation are conducted to evaluate the model performance in terms of model estimation accuracy and robustness. The comparison indicates that the IRNN performs better than other modeling methods, such as, multi-variable regression analysis (MRA), multi-layer feedforward neural network (MFN), and recurrent neural network (RNN), in terms of model robustness under a variety of working conditions.
Abstract 3935: Microfluidic analysis of triple negative breast cancer epithelial cells in response to chemotherapeutic treatments coupled with oxygen gradients

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Multi-trap nanophysiometers (MTNPs) are used in trapping and studying very small numbers of cells. These precisely manufactured instruments, made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), contain microfluidic channels and chambers that house arrays of three-sided cell traps. Trapped MCF7 breast cancer cells were perfused with media and gradients of chemotherapeutic agents specific to triple-negative breast cancer while oxygen levels were modulated within the device and quantified by the incorporation of an oxygen-sensing film. Rapid switching between perfusion channels and gas enabled precise dosing of cells with chemotherapeutic agents in a chamber simulating a variety of tumor microenvironments ranging from anoxic to normoxic. Preliminary results show a positive correlation between oxygen concentration and non-translational motion of trapped cells over a four hour time period. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3935. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3935
DNA Packaging-Associated Hyper-Capsid Expansion of Bacteriophage T3

Evidence that in vivo bacteriophage T3 DNA packaging includes capsid hyper-expansion that is triggered by lengthening of incompletely packaged DNA (ipDNA) is presented here. This evidence includes observation that some of the longer ipDNAs in T3-infected cells are packaged in ipDNA-containing capsids with hyper-expanded outer shells (HE ipDNA-capsids). In addition, artificially induced hyper-expansion is observed for the outer shell of a DNA-free capsid. Detection and characterization of HE ipDNA-capsids are based on two-dimensional, non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by structure determination with electron microscopy and protein identification with SDS-PAGE/mass spectrometry. After expulsion from HE ipDNA-capsids, ipDNA forms sharp bands during gel electrophoresis. The following hypotheses are presented: (1) T3 has evolved feedback-initiated, ATP-driven capsid contraction/hyper-expansion cycles that accelerate DNA packaging when packaging is slowed by increase in the packaging-resisting force of the ipDNA and (2) each gel electrophoretic ipDNA band reflects a contraction/hyper-expansion cycle.
Proteomic Analysis of Akita Mice Reveals 9 Proteins Altered during Early Stages of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of diabetic morbidity and over 10% of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) die before they are 40 years old. This study utilized Akita mice, a murine model with T1DM progression analogous to that of humans. Diabetic cardiomyopathy in Akita mice presents as diastolic impairment as early as 3 months of age and significant cardiac atrophy by 5 weeks. Hearts from recently diabetic mice (5 weeks) were analyzed with label free proteomics to identify proteins which may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy (n=3). At this early stage, 9 proteins were differentially expressed in diabetic mice: GANC, PLEKHN1, COLIA1, GSTK1, ATP1A3, RAP1A, ACADS, EEF1A1, HRC, EPHX2, and PKP2 (gene names). A recent study demonstrated that deletion of EPHX2, encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), attenuated the development of hyperglycemia in response to the pancreatic toxin, streptozotocin. Immunoblots of five week old Akita heart homogenates showed a 30% increase in expression of sEH (P<0.01). By twelve weeks, cardiac sEH increased 145% +/- 20% compared to control littermates (P<0.001) but no differences were found in hearts from 3 or 4 week old mice. qPCR results suggest that these changes are driven largely by transcriptional regulation with no differences in EPHX2 gene expression at 3 and 4 weeks and a 50% and 100% increase at 5 and 12 weeks respectively. In addition, immunoblots indicate an approximate 100% increase in sEH in gastrocnemius tissue of 12 week old Akita mice (P<0.01). Our results suggest that an increase in sEH is a key factor in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, the increased presence of this protein in multiple tissues suggests that it may be useful as a diagnostic target.
Cytospin Centrifuge in Differential Counts of Milk Somatic Cells

A procedure was developed for a cytospin centrifuge to concentrate cells from milk onto microscope slides in a circle with 6 mm diameter. Differential somatic cell counts with cytospin were compared to the conventional hand smearing technique to ascertain variation in differential counts. Milk samples were from each of 30 cow quarters, 10 within each of three total milk somatic cell count ranges of less than .7, .7 to 1.5, and more than 1.5 × 106/ml. Two cytospin and two hand smears were prepared from each sample. All smears were air dried; and stained with modified Wright's stain, the first 200 cells were counted. Differential cell counts from smears prepared by the two procedures were not different. Variation between duplicate smears in differential cell counts was less for cytospin technique. Cytospin can be used to obtain rapid and accurate differential cell counts in milk over a wide range of total somatic cell counts.
Endogenous adipose tissue as a hemostatic: use in microsurgery.

Bleeding is a frequent complication of microsurgical repair of small blood vessels and time is spent while hemostasis is accomplished. We studied the hemostatic effect of endogenous adipose tissue on bleeding from rat femoral arterial anastomoses. We measured bleeding time (time from removal of clamps to cessation of active bleeding) and mean arterial blood velocity (using a micro-Doppler system), the latter immediately after anastomosis, and again 7 days post-anastomosis. Bleeding time for vessels with fat applied to the artery was 50% less than when no fat was applied. Blood velocity by day 7 post-anastomosis returned to values equivalent to those for intact arteries. Histological evaluation of the anastomotic site demonstrated no significant differences in inflammatory response between fat-treated and untreated arteries. These data suggest that endogenous adipose tissue may be a useful hemostatic agent devoid of significant effects on small artery blood velocity or histology. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.