cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular convection in a salinity gradient along a heated inclined wall

Abstract Natural convection along a heated inclined wall in a salinity gradient has been studied experimentally. The experiments were carried out in a tank with one wall inclined at 45°. The dimensions of the tank were 20 cm in height and depth, 30 cm wide at the top, and 10 cm wide at the bottom. The inclined wall and the opposite vertical wall were made of aluminum and they were kept at different constant temperatures. The other two walls were of plexiglass. Shadowgraph technique was used to visualize the fluid motion. The onset of celular motion was quite similar to the case of heating along a vertical wall. In the subcritical regime, the fluid moved along the heated wall almost imperceptibly. In the transition regime, convection cells were generated successfully from the bottom boundary. In the supercritical regime, simultaneous occurrence of the convection cells were observed. These cells then grew clear across the tank. The motions in the fully developed cells were quite different from those observed in tanks with vertical walls. The governing parameter which characterizes the fluid motion is the Rayleigh number defined in terms of the height of rise of a heated fluid particle and the reduced gravity. It was found that the Rayleigh number range for the transitional regime is somewhat higher than that for the vertical heated wall. This was due to the stabilizing effect of the additional hydrostatic pressure normal to the wall. Longitudinal vortices along the inclined wall were observed only in a large bottom cell 6 days into the experiment. At that time, the fluid within the cell was of constant salinity. In no other case longitudinal vortices were observed.
A CRITICAL STUDY OF SELECTED VIEWS ON PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

s of Doctoral Dissertations 75 The Classicists assigned a relatively insignificant economic role to government, and they did not seriously consider the possibility of public capital accumulation. They stressed the social importance of capital accumulation and argued that since public expenditure was "unproductive" it resulted indirectly in a loss of capital. In part, at least, as a result of the inadequate civil service then prevailing, they assumed that public activity was less efficient than private activity. Certain of their prescriptions were undoubtedly a reaction to what were regarded as the excesses of Mercantilism. With the passage of time and the growth of the industrial structure of Great Britain, the list of approved statesupported activities was expanded. The views of Steuart, Lauderdale, and Malthus were somewhat in opposition to the general Classical position. These writers assumed the existence of unemployed resources, and, as a result, they expected public expenditure to stimulate demand and employment. Steuart and Lauderdale in particular considered public borrowing as a means of preventing the accumulation of idle funds in the economy. Malthus understood the problems involved in efforts to retrench an expanded public budget. While both Lauderdale and Malthus favored a more equal distribution of income on the grounds of maintaining a higher level of demand, they feared the use of direct fiscal measures as a means toward this end. They agreed with the general Classical position that private property was an instrument for the creation of social wealth. An improvement in the condition of the poor should come through general economic growth rather than through income redistribution. There is little reason to hold that the Classicists believed that they had resolved the issues of public expenditure, either for other nations or for their own in other periods. Their policy prescriptions were more flexible than it has been generally thought; they approached most issues in a spirit of compromise. As a consequence, much of our intellectual heritage on public expenditures is the resultant of Classical doctrine which has been revised in accordance with changing conditions. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 07:25:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder-alcohol abuse comorbidity in women.

Trauma characteristics and symptoms were examined in 12 women diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse (AA), 13 women with PTSD only, and 22 controls. Participants served during the Vietnam era. Women completed diagnostic interviews and a questionnaire battery. Results showed that PTSD—AA women reported more childhood sexual abuse and sexual victimization during wartime service than the other two groups. Groups did not differ on other childhood trauma variables, nor on adult physical assault and traditional wartime stressor exposure. PTSD—AA women reported more PTSD, dissociation, and borderline personality traits than the other two groups. These results suggest that trauma type, specifically sexual victimization across the life span, is an important factor in dual diagnosis in women, and that women with PTSD—AA have a particularly severe level of symptoms relative to women with only PTSD and controls.
Protocols for metagenomic DNA extraction and Illumina amplicon library preparation for faecal and swab samples

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has extraordinarily enhanced the scope of research in the life sciences. To broaden the application of NGS to systems that were previously difficult to study, we present protocols for processing faecal and swab samples into amplicon libraries amenable to Illumina sequencing. We developed and tested a novel metagenomic DNA extraction approach using solid phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads on Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana) samples stored in RNAlater. Compared with the MO BIO PowerSoil Kit, the current standard for the Human and Earth Microbiome Projects, the SPRI-based method produced comparable 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification from faecal extractions but significantly greater DNA quality, quantity and PCR success for both cloacal and oral swab samples. We furthermore modified published protocols for preparing highly multiplexed Illumina libraries with minimal sample loss and without post-adapter ligation amplification. Our library preparation protocol was successfully validated on three sets of heterogeneous amplicons (16S rRNA gene amplicons from SPRI and PowerSoil extractions as well as control arthropod COI gene amplicons) that were sequenced across three independent, 250-bp, paired-end runs on Illumina's MiSeq platform. Sequence analyses revealed largely equivalent results from the SPRI and PowerSoil extractions. Our comprehensive strategies focus on maximizing efficiency and minimizing costs. In addition to increasing the feasibility of using minimally invasive sampling and NGS capabilities in avian research, our methods are notably not avian-specific and thus applicable to many research programmes that involve DNA extraction and amplicon sequencing.
Secondary repair of bilateral cleft lip deformities. A two-stage approach.

Abstract A two-stage procedure using previously described principles has been designed to achieve muscle-to-muscle union, narrowing of the philtrum and lengthening of the columella. In addition fuistulas may be corrected simultaneously.
Estrous and Endocrine Responses of Lactating Holsteins to Forced Ventilation During Summer

Fourteen lactating and cycling Holsteins in each of two summers were assigned randomly to pens in a free-stall barn either with or without overhead fans to study the effect of fan cooling on certain endocrine and behavioral responses during the estrous cycle. After an adjustment period of 8 d in the first summer and 21 d in the second summer, jugular cannulas were inserted, and 25 mg of PGF2 alpha were injected. After injection, blood samples were collected frequently for 84 h in the first summer and 88 h in the second summer, followed by collection three times weekly for 3 wk thereafter each summer. Rectal temperatures were lower in the group cooled by fans than in the control group each summer. Luteal progesterone secretion tended to be greater in the fan group each summer; area under the luteal phase curve was significantly higher than for controls during the second summer. There was tendency for more preovulatory surges of LH and higher estrous responses rates in the fan group during the second summer. Thus, fan cooling of lactating dairy cows for several weeks before anticipated breeding provides potential for more efficient reproductive performance during the summer.
A Low-Capacitance Multielectrode Probe for Use in Extracellular Neurophysiology

A multielectrode structure containing integrated junction-FET input stages is described. Photoengraved microelectrodes are utilized to obtain high dimensional precision, small size, and extremely low capacitive coupling between electrodes. The interelectrode capacitance is less than 0.01 pf. The integrated input devices (JFET's) reduce the impedance levels on the recording channels to less than 500 ohms, virtually eliminating crosstalk and stray noise pickup from the system. The n-channel JFET's operate as source-followers from a common 2.5 volt drain supply and have input impedances greater than 100 megohms at 1 kHz. A simple external preamplifier ensures stable operation and easy interfacing with conventional recording and display equipment. Special considerations in the design of low-noise completely integrated input stages for use with metal microelectrodes are discussed in detail. As a result of the low interelectrode coupling in this structure, simultaneous recording and stimulation from closely adjacent areas of brain should be possible with virtually no stimulus artifact.
The fasb's cost/benefit constraint in theory and practice

The FASB in its Conceptual Framework has set high principles in the ethics of standard-setting in accounting. This paper concentrates on what the FASB calls the cost/benefit constraint, i.e., the commitment to setting an accounting standard only when the benefits of the standard exceeds the costs of that standard toall stakeholders. This constraint is supposed to take precedence over other concerns, such as neutrality (freedom from bias) of account information.
New highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization method to detect PML/RARA fusion in acute promyelocytic leukemia

We investigated a new fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method to detect PML/RARA fusion and/or anomalies of the RARA gene (alias RARalpha) in interphase nuclei from patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This method uses a commercially available product with two different colored fluorescent probes to detect both PML/RARA gene fusion products (double fusion signal or dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization [D-FISH]). A total of 82 bone marrow specimens were studied, including 30 from normal bone marrow transplant donors, 33 from patients with untreated APL, 14 from patients with treated APL, and 5 from APL patients with known translocation variants or alternate translocations. The signal patterns and percentage of abnormal nuclei were determined in a blinded study on 500 interphase nuclei for each specimen. Based on 25 normal specimens, the normal cutoff was >0.6% and >1.6% for t(15;17) and t(17;var), respectively. The clinical sensitivity for this series of patients was 98% and the clinical specificity was 100%. The results suggest that the new D-FISH probe set can detect all t(15;17)(q22;q21) and all variant forms of this translocation associated with PML and RARA. In addition, this FISH method can detect all alternate translocations involving RARA and not PML. This FISH method can be used both for the accurate diagnosis of APL and to monitor low levels of disease in treated patients.
Using Saturation-Recovery EPR To Measure Exchange Couplings in Proteins: Application to Ribonucleotide Reductase

The stable tyrosine radical of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) from Escherichia coli, Tyr 122 of the B2 subunit, exhibits single-exponential spin-lattice relaxation lunetics for T≤16 K and nonexponential spin-lattice relaxation kinetics at higher temperatures. Saturation-recovery transients of the tyrosine radical are analyzed using a model developed to treat the interaction of two paramagnets in a rigid lattice at a fixed distance apart but with a randon orientation in the static magnetic field
Growth and chloroplast ultrastructure of two citrus rootstock seedlings in response to ammonium and nitrate nutrition 1

Abstract It is important to understand the differential response of citrus rootstock to various rates of nitrogen (N) forms in order to evaluate the tree response to N availability under different production conditions. In this study, the effects of N sources (NH4‐N or NO3‐N), and rates (5, 15, 45, and 135 mg N L−1) on two citrus rootstock seedlings (Swingle citrumelo, SC; Cleopatra mandarin, CM) growth (110 d) and N concentrations in various parts of seedling were investigated in a nutrient solution experiment. The effects of N nutrition on the chloroplast ultrastructure of leaves were examined at the end of the experiment. Rootstock and N sources significantly influenced the growth of leaves, stems, and roots. The growth of all seedling parts of both rootstocks decreased with an increase in concentration of NH4‐N in the solution. In contrast, there was a positive relationship between the seedling growth and the concentration of NO3‐N in the nutrient solution with marked response observed as the NO3‐N co...
Working Alliance and Vocational Outcomes for Cancer Survivors: An Initial Analysis.

This study examines the sex differences in the perception of working alliance and the perceptions of optimism regarding future employment and job satisfaction with adult cancer survivors receiving vocational rehabilitation services. No significant differences were found between males and females in terms of the three components of the working alliance. However, examination of effect sizes indicated that the females reported higher levels of tasks (d=0.40) and goals (d=0.55) than their male counterparts. The three components of working alliance explained 60% of the variance with bonds (β=0.865) making a significant and unique contribution to employment prospects. Working alliance was not associated with current job satisfaction in the employed group. Overall results of this study suggest that working alliance seems to be an important variable in the vocational outcomes for cancer survivors receiving vocational services.
Karl K. Turekian (1927–2013)

Karl K. Turekian, geochemist and educator extraordinaire, passed away on 15 March 2013. He was 85. Karl's career spanned 6 decades and saw geochemistry evolve from a field largely documenting the distributions of chemical elements on Earth to, as he put it, “a tool that…has pervaded the entire field of Earth sciences.” In large part, Karl Turekian was responsible for guiding that evolution.
Characterization of hemoglobin, water, and NIR scattering in breast tissue: analysis of intersubject variability and menstrual cycle changes

Near-infrared imaging was used to quantify typical values of hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, water fraction, scat- tering power, and scattering amplitude within the breast tissue of vol- unteer subjects. A systematic study of the menstrual variations in these parameters was carried out by measuring a group of seven premeno- pausal normal women (aged 41 to 47 years) in the follicular (days 7 to 14 of the cycle) and secretory phases (days 21 to 28) of the cycle, for two complete menstrual cycles. An average increase in hemoglobin concentration of 2.6 mM or 13% of the background breast values was observed in the secretory phase relative to the follicular phase (p ,0.0001), but no other average near-infrared parameter changes were significant. While repeatable and systematic changes were ob- served in all parameters for individual subjects, large intersubject variations were present in all parameters. In a survey of thirty-nine normal subjects, the total hemoglobin varied from 9 to 45 mM, with a systematic correlation observed between total hemoglobin concentra- tion and breast radiographic density. Scattering power and scattering amplitude were also correlated with radiographic density, but oxygen saturation and water fraction were not. Images of breast lesions indi- cate that total hemoglobin-based contrast can be up to 200% relative to the background in the same breast. Yet, since the background he- moglobin values vary considerably among breasts, the maximum he- moglobin concentrations observed in cancer tumors may vary consid- erably as well. In light of these observations, it may be important to use hemoglobin contrast values relative to the background for a given breast, rather than absolute hemoglobin contrast when trying to com- pare the features of breast lesions among subjects. © 2004 Society of Photo-
Effect of zinc on viral-host interactions in a rainbow trout cell line, rtg-2

Abstract A study was undertaken to determine the effects of the metal zinc, in virus-host interactions, in the rainbow trout cell line, RTG-2. Titers of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus showed a signficant enhancement, when cultured in the presence of 10.0 ppm zinc. Average enhancement equaled an increase in titer of 69.6 per cent. At a concentration of 7.5 ppm zinc, no effect was observed. Treatment of cell monolayers with 10.0 ppm zinc prior to inoculation with virus was sufficient to evoke the enhancement response. A mechanism of action is suggested in which zinc reduces the net negative charge on, either or both, the cellular or viral surfaces. This, in turn, reduces the electrostatic barrier between virus and cell and so enhances the adsorption of virus to the cell surface. It is proposed that since metallic cations can increase infectivity of disease causing organisms (i.e., viruses), the studies to determine “Biologically Safe” concentrations of these cations should include experiments on their interactions with virus—host systems.
Adaptive and Quality Quadrilateral/Hexahedral Meshing from Volumetric Data

This paper describes an algorithm to extract adaptive and quality quadrilateral/hexahedral meshes directly from volumetric data. First, a bottom-up surface topology preserving octree-based algorithm is applied to select a starting octree level. Then the dual contouring method is used to extract a preliminary uniform quad/hex mesh, which is decomposed into finer quads/hexes adaptively without introducing any hanging nodes. The positions of all boundary vertices are recalculated to approximate the boundary surface more accurately. Mesh adaptivity can be controlled by a feature sensitive error function, the regions that users are interested in, or finite element calculation results. Finally, a relaxation based technique is deployed to improve mesh quality. Several demonstration examples are provided from a wide variety of application domains. Some extracted meshes have been extensively used in finite element simulations.
Temporal responses of surface-water and ground-water to precipitation in Illinois

: Illinois data from 168 months (1986–1999) were investigated to determine the responses of surface-water and ground-water resources to precipitation. Such responses were generally within the month of occurrence or one to two months later, with recovery being reached another one to three months into the future, depending on season of the year. Although the drought of 1988 immediately impacted surface-water and ground-water resources, the time of recovery was substantially longer compared to those of individual dry months, generally continuing for several months. The extremely wet summer of 1993 resulted in elevated responses in water resources almost immediately, but in this instance continued through the following fall and winter, into the spring of 1994.
Elevated hepatic transaminases associated with telithromycin therapy: a case report and literature review.

Purpose. A case of mild hepatocellular injury associated with the administration of telithromycin in a patient with no risk factors for hepatotoxicity is presented. Summary. A 44-year-old man with no significant past medical history arrived at the emergency room after six days of high fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness, and back pain. Five days earlier, he visited a family medicine clinic for his symptoms and oral telithromycin 800 mg daily was prescribed for a suspected upper-respiratory-tract infection. The patient stopped taking the drug after three days due to persistent symptoms. On admission, the patient’s laboratory tests revealed an aspartate transaminase (AST) concentration of 68 units/L, an alanine transaminase (ALT) value of 155 units/L, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 40 mm/hr. The patient was not taking any long-term medications, had taken only aspirin for his fever, and denied the use of alcohol and illegal drugs. The patient was admitted to the general medical unit with a diagnosis of possible viral hepatitis. His urine culture was negative, and serology tests later revealed no evidence of hepatitis A, B, or C. Ibuprofen, pantoprazole, and enoxaparin were prescribed. On hospital day 2, the patient’s AST and ALT concentrations had decreased to 50 and 110 units/L, respectively. By day 3, the patient’s symptoms had improved and he remained afebrile. His AST and ALT values had further decreased to 41 and 105 units/L, respectively. He was then diagnosed with acute viral upper-respiratory-tract infection with mild hepatotoxicity associated with telithromycin and was discharged home with orders for follow-up at the family medicine clinic. Conclusion. A patient without risk factors for hepatotoxicity developed mild elevations in hepatic transaminases after receiving telithromycin for the treatment of a suspected upper-respiratory-tract infection.
Gravity Survey of a Deep Buried Valley

A gravity survey was conducted as part of a ground-water investigation covering 400 mi2 (1,000 km2) in Outagamie County, northeastern Wisconsin. The objective of the gravity survey was to supplement bedrock topography data obtained from well logs and seismic refraction profiles. The gravity method was chosen as it is a rapid and low-cost reconnaissance technique, and conditions in the study area were favorable for a successful gravimetric survey. The simple Bouguer gravity values were referenced to a local base station as only relative gravity values were required. The data were interpolated to a regular grid by an inverse-distance weighted average algorithm. The gravity residual was derived using a five-ring inverse weighted filtering routine. The residual map accurately reflects the major topographic features of the bedrock surface. A two-dimensional geologic model fitted to the residual data agrees well with the simple flat plate approximation used to obtain quantitative estimates of glacial drift thickness. Estimates of drift thickness from the gravity data also agree well with bedrock depths obtained from well logs. The most productive drift aquifers are restricted to the major bedrock valleys. Gravity data were coupled with seismic refraction and well data to produce a bedrock elevation map, from which it is possible to predict the extent and distribution of the major drift aquifers.
Echoes of the world: spectrality, community and sound in Recuerdos de una mañana

Jose Luis Guerin's short film Recuerdos de una manana (2011) takes as its point of departure a haunting accidental shot of a seemingly ordinary neighborhood scene: a man alone in his apartment playing the violin. From this shot, Guerin constructs a powerful narrative about the violinist's life and embarks on an equally powerful contemplation of his unexpected and, for some, ineffable death. Perhaps most striking is the film's attention not to solving the mystery of the man's death by suicide, but rather turning toward how his life touched the lives of others – his neighbors, some of whom never knew him, but all of whom heard and remembered him by the sonic mark he left on the world through his music. This essay looks at some of the ways in which Recuerdos de una manana offers us a cinematic space in which we, as spectators, are invited to contemplate the afterlife of this figure, and the way his memory has not only affected others but also remains with them as a dynamic force from the past that permeates ...
Sample preparation for quantitation of tritium by accelerator mass spectrometry.

The capability to prepare samples accurately and reproducibly for analysis of tritium (3H) content by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) greatly facilitates isotopic tracer studies in which attomole levels of 3H can be measured in milligram-sized samples. A method has been developed to convert the hydrogen of organic samples to a solid, titanium hydride, which can be analyzed by AMS. Using a two-step process, the sample is first oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. In the second step, the water is transferred within a heated manifold into a quartz tube, reduced to hydrogen gas using zinc, and reacted with titanium powder. The 3H/1H ratio of the titanium hydride is measured by AMS and normalized to standards whose ratios were determined by decay counting to calculate the amount of 3H in the original sample. Water, organic compounds, and biological samples with 3H activities measured by liquid scintillation counting were utilized to develop and validate the method. The 3H/1H ratios were quantified in samp...
Short Chain Branching Effect on the Cloud-Point Pressures of Ethylene Copolymers in Subcritical and Supercritical Propane

The cloud-point pressures of copolymers of ethylene with propylene, butene, hexene, and octene in propane were measured with a variable-volume optical batch cell to investigate the effects of the number and length of branches on the phase behavior in the temperature range from 25 to 200 °C and at pressures up to 700 bar. As the degree of branching increased in the ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butene copolymers, and ethylene-hexene copolymers, the cloud-point pressures decreased. At the same degree of branching, the cloud-point pressures decreased slightly upon increasing branch length. The copolymer SAFT (statistical association fluid theory) equation of state was found to correlate the experimental cloud-point data by adjusting the branch segment energy.
The United Nations: From peace‐keeping to a collective system?

(1991). The United Nations: From peace‐keeping to a collective system? The Adelphi Papers: Vol. 32, New Dimensions in International Security: Part I Papers from the IISS 33rd Annual Conference, pp. 18-29.
Optimal allocation of interchangeable components in a series-parallel system

This paper extends the work of El-Neweihi, Proschan, Sethuraman (1986) to maximize the reliability of a series-parallel system through optimal allocation of interchangeable components. It provides a practical procedure for the reliability optimization problem which is shown to be NP complete. Based on an observation that the reliability of series-parallel system increases with the homogeneity among the cutset hazards, an approximate linear programming model is developed in which the objective is to minimize the mean deviation of the cut-set hazards. An algorithm is provided to improve further the resulting allocation. The numerical investigation on this heuristic approach and its application to a large problem have yielded encouraging results.
The Limits of Law

The chief question in this chapter is when compliance with principles of procedural justice should be legally required. As noted below, both the U.S. Supreme Court and common-law courts confront a version of this issue in applying the constitution and principles of natural justice. However, our question is broader, because it also includes when legislatures should mandate compliance by statute. Indeed, we shall not consider the particular way procedural justice should be legally required—by a constitution, common law, or statutory law. However, common-law courts should generally be able to require compliance in the absence of statutory requirements unless there is a manifest legislative intent not to do so.
Quetelet's Index and Risk of Colon Cancer in College Alumni

Background While previous studies suggest that overweight, middle-aged men may face increased risk of colon cancer, it is unclear whether their weights as young adults influence this risk. It is also unknown whether their level of physical activity affects their risk of developing colon cancer. Purpose To determine the relationship between being overweight in middle-age or young adulthood and colon cancer risk, we prospectively studied alumni of Harvard University. We also investigated whether being overweight influences risk differently for men with different levels of physical activity. Methods In 1962 or 1966 (1962/1966), alumni completed questionnaires on weight, height, other sociodemographic characteristics, and medical history. We obtained information on weight and height at college entry from university archives. Alumni (n = 17,595) were followed from 1962/1966 to 1988 for colon cancer occurrence, ascertained from follow-up questionnaires in 1977 and 1988 and death certificates. Results Between 1962/1966 and 1988, 302 cases of colon cancer were diagnosed. Colon cancer risk increased with higher levels of Quetelet's index (weight [kg]/height [m]2) in 1962/1966. Relative risk per unit increase, adjusted for age, physical activity, and parental history of cancer, was 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.13). Quetelet's index at college entry did not predict risk as well (adjusted relative risk per unit increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.10). The heaviest fifth of alumni during both college time and in 1962/1966 had almost two and one-half times the risk of the lightest fifth of alumni (adjusted relative risk, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.40-4.13). When alumni were classified according to activity level in 1962/1966, higher levels of Quetelet's index were significantly associated with colon cancer risk only among those who were less active. Conclusions Overweight during middle-age or young adulthood is associated with higher colon cancer risk; in overweight, physically active men, however, the risk of colon cancer may not be increased.
Autistic disorder and viral infections

Autistic disorder (autism) is a behaviorally defined developmental disorder with a wide range of behaviors. Although the etiology of autism is unknown, data suggest that autism results from multiple etiologies with both genetic and environmental contributions, which may explain the spectrum of behaviors seen in this disorder. One proposed etiology for autism is viral infection very early in development. The mechanism, by which viral infection may lead to autism, be it through direct infection of the central nervous system (CNS), through infection elsewhere in the body acting as a trigger for disease in the CNS, through alteration of the immune response of the mother or offspring, or through a combination of these, is not yet known. Animal models in which early viral infection results in behavioral changes later in life include the influenza virus model in pregnant mice and the Borna disease virus model in newborn Lewis rats. Many studies over the years have presented evidence both for and against the association of autism with various viral infections. The best association to date has been made between congenital rubella and autism; however, members of the herpes virus family may also have a role in autism. Recently, controversy has arisen as to the involvement of measles virus and/or the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine in the development of autism. Biological assays lend support to the association between measles virus or MMR and autism whereas epidemiologic studies show no association between MMR and autism. Further research is needed to clarify both the mechanisms whereby viral infection early in development may lead to autism and the possible involvement of the MMR vaccine in the development of autism.
ASAP: a camera sensor network for situation awareness

Situation awareness is an important application category in cyber-physical systems, and distributed video-based surveillance is a good canonical example of this application class. Such applications are interactive, dynamic, stream-based, computationally demanding, and needing real-time or near real-time guarantees. A sense-process-actuate control loop characterizes the behavior of this application class. ASAP is a scalable distributed architecture for a multi-modal sensor network that caters to the needs of this application class. Features of this architecture include (a) generation of prioritization cues that allow the infrastructure to pay selective attention to data streams of interest; (b) virtual sensor abstraction that allows easy integration of multi-modal sensing capabilities; and (c) dynamic redirection of sensor sources to distributed resources to deal with sudden burstiness in the application. In both empirical and emulated experiments, ASAP shows that it scales up to a thousand of sensor nodes (comprised of high bandwidth cameras and low bandwidth RFID readers), significantly mitigates infrastructure and cognitive overload, and reduces false negatives and false positives due to its ability to integrate multi-modal sensing.
Why commutability matters.

A fundamental goal of laboratory medicine is that results for patients’ samples will be comparable independent of the medical laboratory that produced the results. Routine measurement procedures of acceptable analytical specificity that have calibration traceable to the same higher-order reference material or reference measurement procedure should produce numerical values for clinical samples that are comparable irrespective of time, place, or laboratory generating the result. The term “commutability” was first used to describe the ability of a reference or control material to have interassay properties comparable to the properties demonstrated by authentic clinical samples when measured by more than one analytical method (1)(2)(3). More recent metrologic documents expand the concept; they describe commutability as the equivalence of the mathematical relationships between the results of different measurement procedures for a reference material and for representative samples from healthy and diseased individuals (4)(5). A reference material is typically used to establish or verify the traceability of a measurement procedure to a value assigned to the material that represents the best estimate of the correct, or true, value. Concentration or activity values are assigned to reference materials by higher-order measurement procedures, when possible, or alternatively by a consensus process when reference measurement procedures are not available. When a reference material is intended to be measured by a routine clinical method, commutability must be validated among all of the …
METEOR: An Automatic Metric for MT Evaluation with High Levels of Correlation with Human Judgments

Meteor is an automatic metric for Machine Translation evaluation which has been demonstrated to have high levels of correlation with human judgments of translation quality, significantly outperforming the more commonly used Bleu metric. It is one of several automatic metrics used in this year's shared task within the ACL WMT-07 workshop. This paper recaps the technical details underlying the metric and describes recent improvements in the metric. The latest release includes improved metric parameters and extends the metric to support evaluation of MT output in Spanish, French and German, in addition to English.
QUESNAY'S TABLEAU ECONOMIQUE: ANALYTICS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Francois Quesney's Tableau is reformulated as a two-sector linear system. Stationary state interclass exchanges are described by a sequential accounting Tableau of real and monetary holdings of each class at each step of the circulation process. A diagrammatic framework is also set up to illustrate the Physiocratic equilibrium. These tools are used to evaluate Quesnay's policy prescriptions against conspicuous consumption, indirect taxes on agriculture, and deviations from the proper price. It is shown that either these maxims are inconsistent with the underlying theory or arguments advanced in their favor are deficient. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.
Regulation of T‐cell tolerance by calcium/NFAT signaling

Cells that escape negative selection in the thymus must be inactivated or eliminated in the periphery through a series of mechanisms that include the induction of anergy, dominant suppression by regulatory T cells, and peripheral deletion of self-reactive T cells. Calcium signaling plays a central role in the induction of anergy in T cells, which become functionally inactivated and incapable of proliferating and expressing cytokines following antigen re-encounter. Suboptimal stimulation of T cells results in the activation of a calcium/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells-dependent cell-intrinsic program of self-inactivation. The proteins encoded by those genes are required to impose a state of functional unresponsiveness through different mechanisms that include downregulation of T-cell receptor signaling and inhibition of cytokine transcription.
Iron deficiency and child and maternal health

Background Iron deficiency is most commonly found in women of reproductive age and infants worldwide, but the influence of maternal iron deficiency on infant development is underexplored. Objective The objective was to examine the relation between maternal iron status and mother-child interactions in a randomized, double-blind, intervention trial conducted in South Africa. Design Women were recruited into the study from a health clinic at 6-8 wk postpartum and were classified as either iron-deficient anemic (IDA) or iron-sufficient after blood analysis. IDA mothers received iron supplements of 125 mg FeSO(4) (IDA-Fe; n = 34) or placebo (IDA-PL; n = 30) daily from 10 wk to 9 mo postpartum. The control group (n = 31) consisted of iron-sufficient mothers. Free-play mother-child interaction sessions were videotaped in the clinic at 10 wk (n = 80) and 9 mo (n = 66) postpartum and coded per the Emotional Availability Scales (4 maternal scales: sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, and nonhostility; 2 infant scales: responsiveness and involvement). Results At 10 wk, scores for maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness were significantly greater in the control group than in the IDA groups (P = 0.028 and 0.009, respectively). At 9 mo, the control and IDA-Fe groups no longer differed. These 2 groups scored significantly better on the maternal sensitivity, structuring, and nonhostility scales and on the child responsiveness scale than did the IDA-PL group (P = 0.007-0.032), whose iron status remained low. Conclusion These data indicate that maternal iron deficiency negatively affects mother-child interactions and that iron supplementation protects against these negative effects.
Consensus-based cognitive radio assisted cooperative communications

This paper develops a framework for cooperative communications between multiple clusters of nodes connected in ad hoc fashion. The intermediate clusters are used to cooperatively relay the information from nodes in source cluster to the nodes in destination clusters. Since the nodes in relay clusters use the wireless resources as primary users, the relay clusters are Cognitive Radio (CR) enabled so as to make efficient use of idle resources by sensing, reporting and sharing cognitive parameters without any service interruption in relay clusters. We also developed a consensus-based power management scheme to adjust and maintain the transmit power and consequently the bitrate in relay clusters at an acceptable level to make sure that there are always connecting paths for delivering the packets. We demonstrate the performance improvement in terms of outage probability and end-to-end Symbol Error rate (SER) and Blocking Rate for M-QAM modulation in Rayleigh fading environment with AWGN.
Coping Strategies of Middle-Aged and Older Women Who Have Undergone a Mastectomy:

The purpose of this study was to examine the types of coping strategies used by middle-aged (n = 51) and older women (n = 49) who had a mastectomy and the relationship between the types of coping strategies used and the level of depression they experienced. Although both age groups of women used active-cognitive and active-behavioral coping strategies, more of the older women employed avoidance strategies than their middle-aged counterparts. The type of coping strategies used was not associated with depression levels for the middle-aged women. For older women, using avoidance strategies and not using cognitive strategies were associated with higher depression scores
Hyperintense vessel sign on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging is reduced by gadolinium

The HVS on FLAIR imaging is a useful marker of acute ischemic stroke. We investigated whether prior administration of gadolinium-based contrast hindered detection of this sign on images from subjects with acute nonlacunar ischemic stroke <4.5 hours after onset. Both blinded and comparative unblinded analyses showed significantly reduced HVS detection on postcontrast images. We suggest that assessment for this sign should be performed on images acquired prior to contrast administration.
Cross-Cultural Cognitive Interviewing: Seeking Comparability and Enhancing Understanding

Cognitive interviewing (CI) has emerged as a key qualitative method for the pretesting and evaluation of self-report survey questionnaires. This article defines CI, describes its key features, and ...
Real-time transmission of Gaussian sources over fading channels

We find the linear encoder and decoder pair that minimizes the mean square error in the transmission of a white Gaussian source over a Rayleigh fading channel and show that at low SNR the performance of linear coding is, to the first order, the same as the optimal performance theoretically achievable.
The Feasibility of High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Obese Adolescents

Exercise is a critical component in the management of pediatric obesity. Currently, continuous aerobic exercise (AE) is the standard of care for pediatric weight management programs. The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans primarily promote aerobic activity for children, and aerobic-based exercise at a steady intensity (AE) is typically prescribed in pediatric weight management programs1. Several studies in adults, however, show advantages of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) over continuous A Eat improving fitness and health in both healthy and obese people2–4. These benefits of HIIE compared to AE have also been demonstrated in some limited studies in children. In a sample of healthy prepubescent children, Borel et al showed the immediate effects on oxygen uptake (VO2) of HIIE to be comparable to continuous AE by continuously monitoring gas exchange of subjects at various points in an exercise protocol Farpour et al showed improved health and fitness measures in healthy children as a result of HIIE5,6. Some of this work in children extends into the obese population. Ingul et al showed that impaired cardiac function in obese adolescents can be improved by 3 months of HIIE training on a treadmill twice a week for 13 weeks7. Tjonna et al studied obese adolescents in twice weekly HIIE intervention for 12 weeks compared to subjects receiving bimonthly education from multidisciplinary health professionals8. HIIE was superior to educational classes at improving subject BMI, body fat, blood pressure, blood glucose, and endothelial function. A study from the Sao Paulo School of Medicine compared HIIE and AE in obese 8–12 year old children with treadmill training protocols twice a week for 12 weeks. Both were found to be equally effective in improving aerobic fitness, insulin sensitivity, and BMI in obese children but the study may have had too few enrolled to show a difference between modes of exercise9. While these few studies of HIIE in obese children have shown benefits on fitness and cardiovascular risk factors, the acceptability and enjoyment of this protocol in children is not clear. Enjoyment of the exercise is a crucial component if our goal is long-term adherence. Another limitation of many HIIE studies in children is restriction of the interval training to treadmill protocols; a more varied exercise protocol would be more comparable to the current standard of care, which includes group games and more variable equipment choices. The purpose of this HIIE study was to measure the enjoyment and acceptability of HIIE as well as the feasibility of a multimodal protocol in obese teenagers enrolled in a multi-disciplinary pediatric weight management program as a precursor for a larger, definitive study.
Performance-driven interconnect global routing

In this paper, we propose a global routing algorithm for multi-layer building-block layouts. The algorithm is based on successive rip up and rerouting while satisfying edge capacity constraints as well as achieving higher routability and good routing flexibility. The initial solution consists of nets routed independently by the SERT-C algorithm which minimizes the Elmore delay at critical sink of a Steiner tree. Then, all the nets with the most congested edge, i.e., the edge with maximum flow, are ripped up and rerouted by using an iterative hierarchical approach. For each iteration, a window is specified according to the span of the ripped-up nets or an upper bound if the span is too large. Rerouting is done hierarchically within the window by using integer programming to optimize the flow uniformity. The algorithm terminates when the flow uniformity can not be further improved. The algorithm has been implemented and interfaced with a placement tool. Experiments show that the algorithm can improve the flow uniformity by 19% to 97%. The final results include the number of routing layers needed to complete the routing. Thus, the method is also useful in determining the required number of layers for pack aging design using multi-chip models.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle-polymeric thin films for dynamic strain sensing

Piezoelectric transducers are becoming increasingly popular for dynamic strain monitoring due to their small form factors and their ability to generate an electrical voltage drop in response to strain. Although numerous types of piezoelectric thin films have been adopted for strain sensing, it has been shown that piezo-ceramics are expensive, brittle, and can fail during operation, while piezo-polymers possess lower piezoelectricity and mechanical stiffness. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a piezoelectric thin film characterized by high piezoelectricity (i.e., high dynamic strain sensitivities) and favorable mechanical properties (i.e., being conformable to structural surfaces yet stiff). First, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are dispersed in polyelectrolyte solutions, and the excess solvent is evaporated for thin film fabrication. The amount of ZnO nanoparticles embedded within the films is varied to yield seven unique sample sets with ZnO weight fractions ranging from 0 to 60%. Upon film fabrication, specimens are mounted in a load frame for monotonic uniaxial testing to explore the films’ stress–strain performance and to subsequently determine their mechanical properties (namely, modulus of elasticity, ultimate strength, and ultimate failure strain). Finally, film specimens are also mounted onto cantilevered beams undergoing free vibration due to an applied initial displacement. The generated voltages in response to induced strains in the beams are recorded, and the piezoelectric performance and dynamic strain sensitivities for the different weight fraction films are calculated and compared. Commercial PVDF thin films are also employed in this study for performance comparison.