cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Industry to Entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Kauffman Firm Survey

Industries serve an important function in strategic entrepreneurship. By placing the industrial structure at the focal point of analysis, Porter’s five forces model explains why some industries are more profitable than others. Yet, despite their importance in strategic entrepreneurship, studies often treat industries as something to be controlled rather than explicitly examined, and although some studies have considered the industry’s important role in the entrepreneurship literature, they often examine particular industries or comparisons between a few select industries. Research, however, has seldom examined the importance of industries to entrepreneurship outcomes. We fill this void by conducting an empirical analysis of North American Industry Classification System industry sectors using the Kauffman Firm Survey, which follows thousands of small and nascent businesses in the USA between 2004 and 2011. We uncover several important findings. Namely, we find that service industries — particularly the Professional, Technical, and Scientific services industry — have a higher rate of profit and better rate of survival when compared to other industries. In contrast, we find that retail and manufacturing industries generally perform worse on these metrics, as they are less profitable and have lower rates of survival. Our evidence, thus, affirms the importance of industry for strategic entrepreneurship, which has important managerial and public policy implications.
Social construction of sex work: ethnography of escort agencies in Poland

The book Social Construction of Sex Work is a richly detailed ethnography about the organization of sex work by escort agencies in Poland. In particular, Izabela Ślezak aims at understanding the hi...
Targeting Stress-Response Pathways and Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer is the sixth leading cancer worldwide; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for more than 90% of incident cases. In the US, cases of HNSCC associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) have been growing in proportion amongst a younger demographic with superior outcomes to the same treatments, relative to cases associated with tobacco. Yet failures to improve the long-term prognosis of advanced HNSCC over the last three decades persist in part due to intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance. Deregulation of the pathways to respond to stress, such as apoptosis and autophagy, often contributes to drug resistance and tumor progression. Here we review the stress-response pathways in drug response and resistance in HNSCC to explore strategies to overcome these resistance mechanisms. We focus on the mechanisms of resistance to current standard cares, such as chemotherapy (i.e. cisplatin), radiation, and cetuximab. Then we discuss the strategies to overcome these resistances, including novel combinations and immunotherapy.
Conventional curing practices reduce generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. on dry bulb onions produced with contaminated irrigation water

Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) has emphasized microbial risks associated with irrigation water. Treasure Valley (eastern Oregon/western Idaho) has the highest yield of dry bulb onions in the country; however, their irrigation water is often non-compliant with current industry and proposed federal standards for fresh produce. Conventional curing practices may provide a mechanism to mitigate irrigation water quality to comply with FSMA regulations. Dry bulb onions were grown in Owyhee silt loam and Semiahmoo muck soils in greenhouses and irrigated with water containing a cocktail of rifampicin-resistant generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (4.80 log CFU/ml). To mimic conventional practices, mature onions remained undisturbed in soil without irrigation for 12 days prior to being lifted and cured for 16 additional days. Surviving generic E. coli and Salmonella spp. were selectively enumerated on using standard plating (Hektoen Enteric Agar with rifampicin; HE + rif) or most probable number (lactose broth with rifampicin; HE + rif) methods. Generic E. coli and Salmonella spp. on onions decreased 0.19-0.26 log CFU/g·d during the initial 12 days of finishing. At lifting, generic E. coli and Salmonella spp. had been reduced to <1 CFU/g and persisted through the end of curing. This study demonstrates conventional curing practices as an effective mitigation strategy for dry bulb onions produced with water of poor microbiological quality.
Reversible prolonged pacemaker failure due to electrocautery.

Despite improved technology, permanent pacemakers remain susceptible to electromagnetic interference, including electrocautery. We describe sudden, apparently irreversible output loss in a pacemaker associated with the use of electrocautery, despite standard precautionary measures. When tested by the manufacturer several weeks later, pulse generator function was normal and it was functioning in the “reset” mode. We postulate that pacemaker failure was related to current drain causing “lockout” of the voltage control oscillator, the mechanism responsible for regulating pulse width. Further reduction in battery voltage, due either to exposure to cold temperatures while the device was being transported to the manufacturer or to further use of electrocautery during device explantation, may have allowed it to reach the “reset” level, permitting normal function to resume.
Cellular basis of memory for addiction.

Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. Here, we review the types of molecular and cellular adaptations that occur in specific brain regions to mediate addiction-associated behavioral abnormalities. These include alterations in gene expression achieved in part via epigenetic mechanisms, plasticity in the neurophysiological functioning of neurons and synapses, and associated plasticity in neuronal and synaptic morphology mediated in part by altered neurotrophic factor signaling. Each of these types of drug-induced modifications can be viewed as a form of “cellular or molecular memory.” Moreover, it is striking that most addiction-related forms of plasticity are very similar to the types of plasticity that have been associated with more classic forms of “behavioral memory,” perhaps reflecting the finite repertoire of adaptive mechanisms available to neurons when faced with environmental challenges. Finally, addiction-related molecular and cellular adaptations involve most of the same brain regions that mediate more classic forms of memory, consistent with the view that abnormal memories are important drivers of addiction syndromes. The goal of these studies which aim to explicate the molecular and cellular basis of drug addiction is to eventually develop biologically based diagnostic tests, as well as more effective treatments for addiction disorders.
Glove starch granulomatous disease. An unsolved surgical problem.

Abstract A patient with glove starch granulomatous peritonitis that recurred at a second operation is reported on. Eight other cases of starch peritonitis and one case of granulomatous disease after inguinal herniorrhaphy are reported. Two cases of granulomatous disease in which the offending agent could not be identified are also presented. The possibility of a cellular immune response in glove starch disease is discussed. The implications of this iatrogenic disease to the patient, the physician, and the glove manufacturer are considered.
PET Imaging in Prostate Cancer

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive tool for detecting and quantifying molecular activity throughout the body, and its use in oncology is now widespread. PET imaging is based on the detection of probes that consist at minimum of a targeting agent (e.g., an antibody, peptide, or small molecule) and a positron-emitting radionuclide that provides the signal for imaging. A variety of radionuclides with different half-lives are available for labeling, including fluorine 18 (18F), carbon 11 (11C), nitrogen 13 (13N), iodine 124 (124I), zirconium 89 (89Zr), and copper 64 (64Cu), and different radionuclides may be used to label the same targeting agent. The glucose analog fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), labeled with 18F, is at present the most common PET radiotracer used in routine clinical care. However, a number of other probes now in the pipeline promise to significantly expand the role of PET in prostate cancer management. Furthermore, prostate-specific probes that can be imaged with PET have been identified and are undergoing clinical translation.
Viral infection transiently reverses activation receptor-mediated NK cell hyporesponsiveness in an MHC class I-independent mechanism

Continuous engagement of the Ly49H activating receptor with its ligand (m157) in a transgenic mouse expressing m157 (m157-Tg) results in hyporesponsiveness of Ly49H(+) NK cells. The same interaction, during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, leads to activation of Ly49H(+) NK cells. MCMV infection results in decreased MHC class I (MHC-I) expression on the infected cell as well as inflammatory responses, both of which do not take place in the uninfected m157-Tg mouse, potentially allowing for activation of NK cells in the context of MCMV infection. In this study, we demonstrated that viral infection transiently reverses activation receptor-mediated NK cell hyporesponsiveness in an MHC-I-independent mechanism. Furthermore, Ly49H(+) NK cells in an MHC-I-deficient environment remained hyporesponsive in the context of m157 expression, even when mature WT splenocytes were transferred into m157-Tg mice in an MHC-I-deficient environment. However, the administration of cytokines TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-β resulted in a partial recovery from activation receptor-induced hyporesponsiveness. Thus, the release of the aforementioned cytokines during MCMV infection and not the downregulation of MHC-I expression appears to be responsible for partial resolution of Ly49H receptor-induced NK cell hyporesponsiveness.
Generating Box Invariants

Box invariant sets are box-shaped positively invariant sets. We show that box invariants are computable for a large class of nonlinear and hybrid systems. The technique for computing these invariants is based on nonlinear constraint solving. This paper also shows that the class of multiaffine systems, which has been used successfully for modeling and analyzing regulatory and biochemical reaction networks, can be generalized to the class of monotoneand quasi-monotonesystems without losing any of its nice properties.
Risperidone and the treatment of delusions of parasitosis in an elderly patient.

R isperidone, a benzisoxazole derivative with high binding affinity for serotonergic 5-HT2 and dopaminergic D2 receptors, is becoming a first-line treatment for patients with schizophrenia. The pharmacology ofthis drug has been well described.· Risperidone has been found to be an effective antipsychotic agent with a relatively favorable side-effect profile, and there appears to be less risk for extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia compared to traditional neuroleptics. The efficacy of this drug has been tested in a variety of clinical trials in the United States, Canada, and abroad. Most of the pharmacological studies have involved comparisons between risperidone and other antipsychotic agents, including clozapine. The patients studied have most often had the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Less attention has been given to the use of risperidone in other psychotic disorders. The following report describes the use of risperidone to treat a patient with delusional parasitosis.
Redox state changes in density-dependent regulation of proliferation.

Abstract The ability of certain transcription factors to bind to DNA has been demonstrated to be influenced by the redox environment. Therefore, fluctuations in the redox state of the cell may regulate the transcription of genes which control proliferation. To assess whether changes in the redox state may be related to proliferation, levels of oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione, the primary modulators of the redox state, were measured in cultures of varying densities of normal human fibroblasts which exhibit contact inhibition of proliferation, as well as fibrosarcoma cells, which lack this mechanism of growth control. Redox potentials calculated from normal, proliferating fibroblasts were found to be −34 mV more reducing than confluent, contact-inhibited cells. However, fibrosarcoma cells did not demonstrate this modulation in redox state. Further, to delineate whether these redox changes were the consequence or the cause of contact inhibition, cultures of subconfluent proliferating fibroblasts were treated with modulators of glutathione synthesis. Buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, induced a less reducing redox state and decreased proliferation. In contrast, GSH synthesis precursors caused a more reduced redox state and increased proliferation. Collectively, these results suggest an interrelationship between redox state and growth control.
On the realization of a (p,s)-digraph with prescribed degrees

Abstract This paper presents the general conditions that are necessary and sufficient far the existence of a (p, s)-digraph with prescribed degrees. It reduces to all the special cases derived in the literature for different assumptions ( 2–11 ). This result allows the unification of all the existing results and provides an insight into the complicated cases.
Human FLI-1 localizes to chromosome 11Q24 and has an aberrant transcript in neuroepithelioma

Abstract The v-ets oncogene family shares a conserved motif, termed the ETS-domain, that mediates sequence-specific DNA binding. This motif is unique among transcription factor families. Using partially degenerate oligonucleotides to highly conserved amino acids in this motif as primers for the polymerase chain reaction, a novel ETS-domain cDNA fragment was generated. This fragment was subsequently used to clone both mouse and human full length cDNAs for this gene. The amino acid sequence of the longest open reading frame showed that this gene was homologous to the mouse FLI-I gene, an ETS family gene activated by Friend erythroleukemia virus insertion. The gene is normally expressed only in hematopoietic cells. The gene was localized to chromosome 11q24, a region of aberrations in Ewing's sarcoma and neuroepithelioma. In the neuroepithelioma cell line TC-32 the FLI-1 transcript is present but has an abberant structure, indicating that it may be rearranged in neuroepithelioma.
Facilitation of bacterial transport through porous media by changes in solution and surface properties

Abstract Facilitation of bacterial transport for the purpose of bioaugmentation of contaminant degradation may be achieved by a number of methods typically involving changes in the properties of the groundwater or changes in the characteristics of the bacterial surface. Facilitated bacterial transport was investigated in laboratory experiments monitoring bacterial retention in quartz sand and glass bead mini-columns. Bacterial attachment efficiencies were estimated from bacterial retention using a steady-state filtration equation. Decreased ionic strength resulted in decreased retention of A. paradoxus , with roughly order-of-magnitude decreases in retention accompanying order-of-magnitude decreases in ionic strength. Seven test chemicals were also examined in terms of their ability to modify bacterial surface properties and enhance bacterial transport. Of the seven test chemicals, the surfactants resulted in the most dramatic decreases in bacterial retention. The attachment efficiency of A. paradoxus on glass beads was lowered from 0.38 in the absence of Tween-20 to 0.0016 in the presence of 0.1 vol.% Tween-20, and from 0.064 in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to 0.0067 in the presence of 10 mg l −1 SDS. Cell-surface modifying chemicals such as proteinase-k, EDTA, and pyrophosphate reduced bacterial attachment efficiencies. However, the reductions were less than an order of magnitude, even at the highest concentrations used. Bacterial attachment efficiencies were reduced from 0.055 in the absence of proteinase-k to 0.044 in the presence of 0.1 mg l −1 proteinase-k, 0.61 in the absence of EDTA to 0.34 in the presence of 0.001 M EDTA, and 0.27 in the absence of pyrophosphate to 0.11 in the presence of 0.01 M pyrophosphate. Increased bacterial attachment efficiencies were observed for A. paradoxus on glass beads in the presence of 0.1 mg l −1 lysozyme (0.74) vs. the absence of lysozyme (0.0048), and in the presence of 0.01 M periodate (0.10) vs. the absence of periodate (0.052). Changes in porous media surface characteristics were also examined. Retention of Savannah River strain A1264 on quartz sand media was observed to be less than half that on iron oxide coated quartz sand media. Coating of iron oxide-quartz by sorbed humic acids resulted in a 44% decrease in bacterial retention, a value slightly greater than that on quartz porous media. In addition to the presence of sediment organic matter, the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) altered bacterial retention on the porous media. DOM decreased bacterial retention on quartz (≈20%), and increased bacterial retention on iron oxide-quartz (≈10%).
Perceptions of Cable News Credibility

By analyzing variability in credibility assessments of news outlets CNN and FOX, this study extends prior research focusing on perceptions of credibility for a single media source. Using national survey data from 2006 and 2008, we find that demographic and political characteristics help to explain different patterns of perceived credibility. Those detecting larger differences between CNN and FOX are more politically knowledgeable and hold more polarized political attitudes. Some findings coincide with research on overall news media trust. Yet other findings demonstrate the importance of considering different patterns. Liberal Democrats were more likely than conservative Republicans to find neither network particularly credible, for example. We also examine the connection between selective exposure and credibility. We find evidence that credibility perceptions for both networks mediate the relationship between political predispositions and cable news use.
The widespread plant-colonizing bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae detects and exploits an extracellular pool of choline in hosts.

Summary The quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) choline is a major component of membrane lipids in eukaryotes and, if available to microbial colonists of plants, could provide benefits for growth and protection from stress. Free choline is found in homogenized plant tissues, but its subcellular location and availability to plant microbes are not known. Whole-cell bacterial bioreporters of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae were constructed that couple a QAC-responsive transcriptional fusion with well-characterized bacterial QAC transporters. These bioreporters demonstrated the presence of abundant free choline compounds released from germinating seeds and seedlings of the bean Phaseolus vulgaris, and a smaller but consistently detectable amount of QACs, probably choline, from leaves. The localization of P. syringae bioreporter cells to the surface and intercellular sites of plant tissues demonstrated the extracellular location of these QAC pools. Moreover, P. syringae mutants that were deficient in the uptake of choline compounds exhibited reduced fitness on leaves, highlighting the importance of extracellular choline to P. syringae on leaves. Our data support a model in which this choline pool is derived from the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine through plant-encoded phospholipases that release choline into the intercellular spaces of plant tissues, such as for membrane lipid recycling. The consequent extracellular release of choline compounds enables their interception and exploitation by plant-associated microbes, and thus provides a selective advantage for microbes such as P. syringae that are adapted to maximally exploit choline.
Polarization wake by fast charged particles: The density effect

Abstract Using a recently developed “complete wake” description of the passage of a fast charged particle through matter, stopping power is found from Lienard-Wiechert potentials. The description properly accounts for energy loss rates by fast particles, inclusive of the density effect.
Development of Curriculum in Micro Assembly and Nano Manufacturing

This paper discusses the creation of new curriculum in micro assembly and nano manufacturing for undergraduate and graduate engineering students at New Mexico State University. Virtual Engineering tools are used to enhance the learning experience of students. Students are exposed to Information models and modeling techniques, which are used to create information intensive models of various processes in these two domains.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Quark susceptibility in hot QCD.

We analyze the quark number susceptibility at high temperature in three-dimensional QCD where the susceptibility carries nonperturbative temperature effects at next-to-leading order. Using arguments of dimensional reduction, we show that the Coulomb bound state description used recently to describe the DeTar correlators is consistent with the free quark susceptibility, and offers a nonperturbative framework for discussing next-to-leading-order effects. The relevance of our results to four-dimensional QCD at high temperature is discussed.
Growth Factors Bind Receptor Tyrosine Kinases to Stimulate Cell Survival, Cell Division, Cell Growth, and Cytoskeletal Rearrangement

These two animations show some of the molecular events associated with the growth factors activation of receptor tyrosine kinases that leads to the stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. In Animation 1, growth factors stimulate cell survival and entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. In Animation 2, growth factors stimulate the activation of proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton, stimulation of protein synthesis, and stimulation of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases. Animation 2 also shows how the action of phosphatases, such as PTEN, terminates signaling and resets the system to receive a new stimulus. The cellular processes illustrated include protein and lipid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, protein degradation, protein translocation, and regulation of gene expression.
Articular cartilage preservation and storage

Articular cartilage slice explants were stored under various conditions, including freezing-thawing at various rates by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective agent, incubating in standard tissue culture medium (MEM Eagle:NCTC 135:15% fetal calf serum) in 5% CO2 and air at 4 degrees, 21 degrees, and 37 degrees C, and incubating in standard tissue culture medium containing 200 micrograms/ml alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) at 37 degrees C after first ascertaining a dose-response curve of vitamin E. Results indicated that articular cartilage slice explants did not survive freezing or storage at 4 degrees and 21 degrees C as measured by 35S uptake. When stored at 37 degrees C in standard tissue culture in 5% CO2 and air, the slice explants remained viable for up to 60 days. The addition of alpha-tocopherol to the medium resulted in significantly less release of previously incorporated 35Sin stored cartilage slices and significantly less reduction of the amount of hexosamine present in the stored explants. alpha-Tocopherol in the medium also preserved safranin O staining. Thus, the application of tissue culture techniques to the storage of articular cartilage made it possible to preserve cartilage slice explants in a viable, biochemically "normal" state.
Probabilistic structural analysis methods for critical SSME propulsion components

The development of a three-dimensional inelastic analysis methodology for the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) structural components is described. The methodology is composed of: (1) composite load spectra, (2) probabilistic structural analysis methods, (3) the probabilistic finite element theory, and (4) probabilistic structural analysis. The progress in the development of generic probabilistic models for various individual loads which consist of a steady state load, a periodic load, a random load, and a spike, is discussed. The capabilities of the Numerical Evaluation of Stochastic Structures Under Stress finite element code designed for probabilistic structural analysis of the SSME are examined. Variation principles for formulation probabilistic finite elements and a structural analysis for evaluating the geometric and material properties tolerances on the structural response of turbopump blades are being designed.
Alternative models of the effects of family structure on early family formation.

Abstract Data from the 1979-1985 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the effect of residing in a nonintact family during adolescence on the probability of experiencing a teen birth and on the timing of first premarital births. Models are developed to account for possible unmeasured common factors that jointly affect family structure and early family formation. The results confirm previous research findings that, after controlling for various socio-demographic factors, living in a nonintact family at age 14 increases the likelihood of becoming a teen parent and lowers the expected age of experiencing an out-of-wedlock birth. Using differing assumptions about the process-generating nonintact family structure and early family-formation outcomes, we find no evidence of the endogeneity of family structure. However, in the absence of prior information, the effect of family structure on early adult outcomes cannot be identified. As such, estimates of family-structure effects depend on the assumptions researchers make about the processes affecting family structure and early family formation.
Capillary electrophoresis fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with sustained off-resonance irradiation for the characterization of protein and peptide mixtures

A new approach to protein and peptide analysis that involves the coupling of on-line capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with a variation of sustained off-resonance irradiation is described. With this technique, multiple irradiation frequencies are broadcast simultaneously, which yields fragmentation of species at different mass-to-charge ratio values from the same waveform. In conjunction with capillary electrophoresis, this technique can provide sequence information from small amounts of proteins or peptides in complex mixtures. Initial results obtained from a mixture of gramicidin S (1141 u), bee venom melittin (2845 u), and equine apomyoglobin (16,951 u) are presented.
Hydrogen water chemistry for BWRs

Abstract Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) has been responsible for more than 1,000 cases of cracking in austenitic stainless steel piping systems in boiling water reactors (BWRs). This paper presents the status of efforts in the United States to prevent IGSCC in BWRs during power operation by modifying the chemistry of the reactor water. The technical basis for this alternative water chemistry, called hydrogen water chemistry (HWC), is described and the results are presented of an ongoing in-plant program, at Commonwealth Edison's Dresden-2 plant, to verify the HWC concept and systematically assess the consequences of using it in an operating BWR. In addition, progress toward implementation of HWC at other U.S. plants is summarized.
Preparation of ceruloplasmin.

Abstract 1. 1. Ceruloplasmin may be extracted from Fraction IV-1 or IV-1,4 of the Cohn cold ethanol procedure with 0.06–0.1 M NaCl and preferentially adsorbed by batchwise addition of equilibrated DEAE cellulose. 2. 2. The ceruloplasmin may be eluted by more concentrated NaCl giving a product of 60–70% purity. The DEAEC holding the protein may also be slurried above a new column of equilibrated DEAEC. From this it may be eluted by salt gradient giving center cuts approaching 100% purity. 3. 3. Ceruloplasmin prepared by this method possessed an electrophoretic mobility of −3.46 × 10 −5 sq. cm./v./sec. at pH 7 and −5.32 × 10 −5 sq. cm./v./sec. at pH 8.6. Ultracentrifuge determination indicated a single component giving S 20w = 7.29 and D 20w = 4.5.
Construction and maintenance costs of mediterranean-climate evergreen and deciduous leaves I. Growth and CO2 exchange analysis

Gas exchange and leaf growth analysis were used in conjunction to determine leaf-construction and maintenance costs in three co-occurring shrubs of the california chaparral, one evergreen, Heteromeles arbutifolia, and two drougth deciduous species, Lepechinia calycina, and Diplacus aurantiacus. The construction costs per unit of leaf weight were similar among the three species and very close to values reported for other evergreens but considerably higher than leaf construction costs for other deciduous or herbaceous plants. Maintenance costs per unit of leaf weight were significantly greater in one deciduous species, L. calycina, than in the evergreen. Maintenance costs for all species were in the range reported for herbaceous species and considerably above those reported for other evergreens.
Physiological basis for antagonism of clethodim by imazapic on goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.)

Abstract Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of imazapic on the herbicidal activity of clethodim on goosegrass. Imazapic did not affect absorption of [14C]clethodim by goosegrass. Averaged across the two treatments of clethodim alone and clethodim plus imazapic, absorption was 36 and 89% of applied [14C]clethodim at 0.5 and 96 h, respectively. The majority of [14C]clethodim (79% of applied) was absorbed by 24 h. Translocation of 14C was not affected by imazapic, and 3.6% of applied 14C had translocated into the portion of the shoot below the treated leaf at 96 h after treatment. Metabolism of clethodim was not affected by the presence of imazapic. Three major metabolites of clethodim were detected in treated tissue at all harvest intervals. The majority (58%) of [14C]clethodim was converted to a relative polar metabolite form 96 h after treatment, whether clethodim was applied alone or in the presence of imazapic. One day after treatment, the photosynthetic rate in plants treated with imazapic decreased below the rate in the non-treated check, and was less for 8 days, the duration of the study. These data suggest that the antagonism of clethodim by imazapic may be caused by imazapic reducing the photosynthetic rate of goosegrass and therefore the sensitivity of ACCase to clethodim.
Widening the Net: National Estimates of Gender Disparities in Engineering

This paper explores the causes behind the severe under-representation of women in engineering. Based on national data on undergraduate engineering programs, this study presents cross-sectional estimates of male and female student retention. Contrary to widespread beliefs, the study found that overall and in most disciplines there is no differential attrition by gender. Instead, results suggest that gender disparities in engineering are largely driven by inadequate enrollment (not inadequate retention) of women. The paper concludes that outreach—within institutions of higher education, across institutions (into two-year colleges, middle and high schools), and into K-12 curricular reform—are needed to address what is, at its very core, a recruitment problem.
Protective Effects of Broadly Neutralizing Immunoglobulin against Homologous and Heterologous Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection in Horses with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Using the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) lentivirus model system, we previously demonstrated protective effects of broadly neutralizing immune plasma in young horses (foals) with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However, in vivo selection of a neutralization-resistant envelope variant occurred. Here, we determined the protective effects of purified immunoglobulin with more potent broadly neutralizing activity. Overall, protection correlated with the breadth and potency of neutralizing activity in vitro. Four of five SCID foals were completely protected against homologous challenge, while partial protection occurred following heterologous challenge. These results support the inclusion of broadly neutralizing antibodies in lentivirus control strategies.
Therapeutics. Influenza vaccination of children and adolescents decreased influenza infection in nonvaccinated community members.

Source Citation Loeb M, Russell ML, Moss L, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination of children on infection rates in Hutterite communities: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;303:943-50. 20215608
Power/Response Spectrum Transformations in Equipment Qualification

Since its introduction a few years ago the use of the power/response spectrum transformation has gained considerable interest and acceptance, and a number of new applications of the transformation have been developed in the equipment qualification area. A brief review of the power/response spectrum transformation is given with a discussion of the input/output relationships for linear systems required for elevated power spectrum generation. Frequency content of earthquakelike signals is discussed with emphasis on the resolution given by the PSD. The problem of excessive ZPA due to inconsistent spectra enveloping and mechanical nonlinearities is also discussed. The PSD/RS transformation is applied to the problems of combining various dynamic load events, developing bounding spectra, and developing damping consistent test spectra. Development of elevated component spectra corrected for base overtest and generation from in-situ measurements is reviewed.
Automorphisms in the PTIME-Turing degrees of recursive sets☆

Abstract We consider questions related to the rigidity of the structure R, the PTIME-Turing degrees of recursive sets of strings together with PTIME-Turing reducibility, ⩽pT, and related structures; do these structures have nontrivial automorphisms? We prove that there is a nontrivial automorphism of an ideal of R. This can be rephrased in terms of partial relativizations. We consider the sets which are PTIME-Turing computable from a set A, and call this class PTIMEA. Our result can be stated as follows: There is an oracle, A, relative to which the PTIME-Turing degrees are not rigid (i.e. there is a nontrivial automorphism of the structure 〈PTIMEA, ⩽pT〉). Furthermore, the automorphism can be made to preserve the complexity classes DTIMEA(nk) (the collection of sets computable from A by a deterministic computation with time bound of order nk) for all k ⩾ 1, or to move any DTIMEA(nk) for n ⩾ 2. From the existence of such an automorphism we conclude as a corollary that there is an oracle A relative to which the classes DTIME(nk) are not definable over R. We carry out the corresponding partial relativization for the many-one degrees to construct an oracle, A, relative to which the PTIMA-many-one degrees relative to A have a nontrivial automorphism, and one relative to which the lattice of sets in PTIMEA under inclusion have a nontrivial automorphism. The proof is phrased as a forcing argument; we construct the set A to meet a particular collection of dense sets in our notion of forcing. Roughly, the dense sets will guarantee that if A meets these sets and we split A into two pieces, A0 and A1, in a simple way, and then switching the roles of A0 and A1 in all computations from A will produce an automorphism of the ideal of PTIMA-degrees below A. We force A0 and A1 to have different PTIME-Turing degree; this will then make the automorphism nontrivial. An appropriately generic set A is constructed using a priority argument.
Operative treatment of coronary atherosclerosis.

The evolution of percutaneous intervention has reduced the prevalence of coronary bypass surgery in a patient population that is older, with more comorbidity and advanced coronary disease. Despite this less favorable group, perioperative mortality has continued to decline as the operation improves. The latter includes off-pump coronary grafting, smaller incisions, better intraoperative myocardial preservation, improving management of cardiopulmonary bypass, perioperative glucose control, and increasing use of arterial conduits as the radial artery comes of age and the gastroepiploic artery is reborn as a free graft. This brief review of the basics of coronary artery bypass is part experience with an effort to be fair-minded and balanced and to include that which is new and promising. It is imperative that we continue to innovate and distil the best from the old so that we can provide the optimal intervention for coronary artery disease.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 Enhances M2 Macrophage Differentiation and Attenuates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in the Infarcted Diabetic Heart

Inflammation has been implicated as a perpetrator of diabetes and its associated complications. Monocytes, key mediators of inflammation, differentiate into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages upon infiltration of damaged tissue. However, the inflammatory cell types, which propagate diabetes progression and consequential adverse disorders, remain unclear. The current study was undertaken to assess monocyte infiltration and the role of fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9) on monocyte to macrophage differentiation and cardioprotection in the diabetic infarcted heart. Db/db diabetic mice were assigned to sham, myocardial infarction (MI), and MI+FGF-9 groups. MI was induced by permanent coronary artery ligation and animals were subjected to 2D transthoracic echocardiography two weeks post-surgery. Immunohistochemical and immunoassay results from heart samples collected suggest significantly increased infiltration of monocytes (Mean ± SEM; MI: 2.02% ± 0.23% vs. Sham 0.75% ± 0.07%; p<0.05) and associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6), adverse cardiac remodeling (Mean ± SEM; MI: 33% ± 3.04% vs. Sham 2.2% ± 0.33%; p<0.05), and left ventricular dysfunction (Mean ± SEM; MI: 35.4% ± 1.25% vs. Sham 49.19% ± 1.07%; p<0.05) in the MI group. Importantly, treatment of diabetic infarcted myocardium with FGF-9 resulted in significantly decreased monocyte infiltration (Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 1.39% ± 0.1% vs. MI: 2.02% ± 0.23%; p<0.05), increased M2 macrophage differentiation (Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 4.82% ± 0.86% vs. MI: 0.85% ± 0.3%; p<0.05) and associated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1RA), reduced adverse remodeling (Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 11.59% ± 1.2% vs. MI: 33% ± 3.04%; p<0.05), and improved cardiac function (Fractional shortening, Mean ± SEM; MI+FGF-9: 41.51% ± 1.68% vs. MI: 35.4% ± 1.25%; p<0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest FGF-9 possesses novel therapeutic potential in its ability to mediate monocyte to M2 differentiation and confer cardiac protection in the post-MI diabetic heart.
A fiber optic temperature sensor with an epoxy-glue membrane as a temperature indicator

Abstract A fiber optic temperature sensor for monitoring/detecting ambient temperature ranging from room temperature (25 °C) to ∼100 °C has been described. This sensor uses polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) presenting in a commercially available epoxy glue as the temperature indicator. The PAHs in the epoxy glue fluoresce when excited with a UV light source. The intensity of the fluorescence of the PAHs decreases when the epoxy glue is exposed to an environment of higher temperature. Therefore, the reduction of fluorescence signal can be used to indicate temperature. A simple structured optical fiber temperature transducer has been constructed by gluing two silica optical fibers together with the epoxy glue. An optical fiber temperature sensor was built up by connecting one of the fibers to a UV light emitting diode and the other fiber to an optical fiber compatible UV–vis spectrometer. The sensor has been tested for monitoring temperature from room temperature up to 100 °C. The attenuation of the fluorescence intensity of the fiber optic sensor in dB has a linear relationship with temperature in the tested range. In this paper, the principle, fabrication, response characteristics, calibration, stability of this sensor and possible applications of the temperature sensing principle established in this work are discussed.
High-dose chemoradiotherapy and bone marrow transplantation in patients with refractory lymphoma☆

Abstract Eight adult patients with refractory Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with high-dose combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, BCNU and VP-16) or with cyclophosphamide and fractioned whole-body irradiation (TBI), followed by bone marrow transplant (BMT). Six patients received autologous and two patients allogeneic BMT. Five patients achieved complete remissions, and three of them (two with undifferentiated lymphoma, one with lymphoblastic lymphoma) are alive and free of disease 4–18+ months after BMT. The other two complete responders died of opportunistic infections 2 and 5 months , respectively, after BMT. One patient with HD achieved partial remission and is alive 18+ months after BMT. Two patients were considered failures: one developed leptomeningeal disease 24 days after BMT, and the other dies of progressive lymphoma 7 months after BMT. Engraftment and prompt hematologic recovery occurred in all patients. The major toxicity included two fatal infections and one case of diffuse idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis. High-dose chemotherapy with or without TBI followed by BMT appears to produce a high response rate and, although associated with toxicity, it demonstrates the potential for salvaging patients with refractory lymphoma who otherwise would have a dismal prognosis.
Abdominal Pseudocyst associated with Peritoneal Shunt

Two patients with abdominal pseudocysts as a complication of peritoneal shunt were reported and a review of the literature relating to this complication was presented. Each patient had a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt 3 years previously for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Vomiting and abdominal distention were noted. There was no symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure. One patient, Case 1, had a left epidural abscess and one previous shunt revision. The other, Case 2, had no history of prior abdominal surgery or shunt infection and the shunt was converted to a ventriculoarterial diversion. Abdominal pseudocysts are not a common complicaton of peritoneal shunt procedures. In this clinic only 2 (0.9%) of 228 peritoneal shunts, which was performed for the treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus in the past 5 years, developed this complication. Forty-one cases of abdominal pseudocysts have been reported in the literature. All except one case had abdominal symptoms and/or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure on admission. The clinical signs developed as late as 5 years after catheter insertion, but frequently within 6 months. Associated shunt infection and previous intra-abdominal surgery appeared to be the most constant and related causes in the formation of the pseudocyst. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt into another cavity was considered to be the most reliable treatment of this complication.
Metabolic and Hepatobiliary Side Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been in use since 1987, the initiation of highly active ART has produced an increase in adverse drug reactions. This is a new challenge as many of the adverse drug reactions attributable to ART may be indistinguishable from non-drug-related illnesses. The emergency physician must be aware of the potential complications of ART as affected patients may present with nonspecific symptoms. The focus of this article is the metabolic and hepatobiliary adverse effects of ART.
Morphological and Functional Imaging of the Cochlea with Optical Coherence Tomography

The exquisite phase sensitivity of OCT has enabled in vivo investigation of the murine cochlear vibratory response. Detailed measurements of nanoscale motion have lead to new understanding in the mechanics of hearing.
Apixaban in Atrial Fibrillation From Bleeding Cows to 21st Century Medicinal Chemistry

It is hard to imagine a poorer candidate drug than warfarin. It has a narrow therapeutic window, multiple interactions with other drugs, and a multitude of dietary interactions. It has unpredictable dose–response characteristics mandating trial-and-error dose adjustment and requires frequent blood monitoring to achieve therapeutic levels and avoid toxicity. Consequently, many patients are unable or unwilling to be treated with warfarin. Further, those patients that can be treated with warfarin spend just over half the time actually within the therapeutic target range of the drug.1 And yet, for more than 50 years, warfarin and the other vitamin K antagonist derivatives (VKAs) have been the only available oral anticoagulants. Were it not for the extraordinary efficacy of these medications at preventing stroke and other thromboembolic events, such drugs could not possibly have survived in clinical use so long. The discovery of the VKAs has its roots in the environmental degradation of the midwestern United States in the 1920s.2 During the so-called “Dust Bowl” years, depletion of soil nutrients due to poor farming practices led to dramatic changes in local ecosystems. It was soon found that sweet clover could survive in the barren soil, and coincident with the spread of sweet clover came a hemorrhagic disease in cattle. Two veterinarians, Drs Schofield and Roderick, determined that the hemorrhagic disease was due to consumption of moldy sweet clover and that the disease was associated with a reduction in prothrombin activity. The (possibly apocryphal) story of the discovery of the VKAs themselves occurred in 1933, when a farmer in Wisconsin, upset by this hemorrhagic disease killing his cattle, brought a pail of unclotted blood to Dr Karl Link at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.2 Over the next 8 years, Dr Link was able to isolate and identify the causative agent …
Acetonitrile-Diatomaceous Earth Column for Corticosteroids

A column of acetonitrile on diatomaceous earth is used to hold the corticosteroid on the column during the wash of the column with n-heptane to remove decomposition products and interfering substances, after which the corticosteroid and acetonitrile are eluted from the column with chloroform. The recommended procedure significantly reduces or completely eliminates the interference of various substances and certain decomposition products in the blue tetrazolium, phenylhydrazine, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and UV methods of determination. The column can be readily modified to include acidic, basic, or neutral aqueous-trap layers when necessary. There is no significant difference in precision between the proposed procedure and the normal precision of the determinative methods. Results on typical pharmaceutical preparations, some of which show evidence of extensive decomposition, are given.