cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal secretion of organic anions and cations.

Renal secretion of organic anions and cations. The renal proximal tubule actively transports charged, potentially toxic xenobiotics from blood to lumen. Basolateral uptake of organic anions is indirectly coupled to the sodium gradient through Na-dicarboxylate cotransport and dicar-boxylate-organic anion exchange. Upon entry, a significant fraction of intracellular organic anion is sequestered within vesicles. Disruption of the cellular microtubular network can lead to both diminished vesicular movement and reduced transepithelial secretion. Luminal efflux of organic anions is energetically downhill, but carrier mediated. Both anion exchange and potential driven transport are present, but neither completely accounts for transport from cell to lumen. For organic cations, basolateral entry is downhill via potential driven facilitated diffusion. Intracellular sequestration of organic cations in vesicles is substantial, but its role in secretion is uncertain. Multiple carriers are available to drive organic cations uphill into the tubular lumen. The classical system indirectly taps the energy of the luminal Na gradient to drive organic cation efflux via Na + -H + and proton-organic cation exchange. In addition, the multidrug resistance ATPase can pump organic cations into the tubular lumen. Thus, although much detailed information has been added over the last 50 years, it is not yet possible to provide a detailed, quantitative understanding of these important excretory systems.
Biotransformation of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene by mouse epidermal cells in culture

The formation of cell- and medium-associated metabolites of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) by primary mouse epidermal cells was examined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Cells were cultured in the presence of 14C DMBA for various time periods prior to harvesting. Ethyl acetate/acetone (2:1) extractable metabolites found associated with cells cochromatographed with 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-OHM-12-MBA), 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene (12-OHM-7-MBA), (+/-)-trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ((+/-)-trans-DMBA-3,4-diol) and phenols. The major metabolite(s) found within cells cochromatographed with DMBA-phenol(s). Ethyl acetate/acetone extractable metabolites found in the medium cochromatographed with 7-OHM-12-MBA, 12-OHM-7-MBA, (+/-)-trans-DMBA-3,4-diol, (+/-)-trans-8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ((+/-) -trans-DMBA-8,9-diol) and phenols. The major ethyl acetate/acetone soluble metabolite found in the medium cochromatographed with (+/-)-trans-DMBA-8,9-diol. This metabolite is rapidly excreted unchanged from the cells into the medium. In addition, primary epidermal cells rapidly converted 14C DMBA to water soluble metabolites that could not be extracted from the medium with ethyl acetate/acetone. Approximately 50% of these water soluble metabolites were extractable with organic solvent upon treatment of the medium with beta-glucuronidase. Phenolic metabolite(s) represented 75-85% of the total beta-glucuronidase releasable material. The results indicated that primary mouse epidermal cells in culture rapdly converted DMBA to a variety of hydroxylated products some of which were conjugated with glucuronic acid. In addition, the formation of (+/-)-trans-DMBA-3,4-diol and its retention within the cells provides additional support for an important role for this metabolite in carcinogenesis by DMBA.
Anharmonic rovibrational calculations of singlet cyclic C4 using a new ab initio potential and a quartic force field.

We report a CCSD(T)/cc-pCV5Z quartic force field (QFF) and a semi-global CCSD(T)-F12b/aug-cc-pVTZ potential energy surface (PES) for singlet, cyclic C4. Vibrational fundamentals, combinations, and overtones are obtained using vibrational second-order perturbation theory (VPT2) and the vibrational configuration-interaction (VCI) approach. Agreement is within 10 cm−1 between the VCI calculated fundamentals on the QFF and PES using the MULTIMODE (MM) program, and VPT2 and VCI results agree for the fundamentals. The agreement between VPT2-QFF and MM-QFF results is also good for the C4 combinations and overtones. The J = 1 and J = 2 rovibrational energies are reported from both VCI (MM) on the PES and VPT2 on the QFF calculations. The spectroscopic constants of 12C4 and two C2v-symmetry, single 13C-substituted isotopologues are presented, which may help identification of cyclic C4 in future experimental analyses or astronomical observations.
Allele specific inactivation of insulin 1 and 2, in the mouse yolk sac, indicates imprinting

Genomic imprinting, gene inactivation during gametogenesis, causes maternal and paternal alleles of some genes to function unequally. We examined the possibility of imprinting in insulin genes because the human insulin gene (ins) and its mouse homologue (ins2) are adjacent to the known imprinted genes, igf2 and H19, and because imprinting has been implicated in the transmission of an ins linked risk for Type I diabetes. We show, by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of cDNAs from parents and progeny of interspecies mouse crosses, that insulin genes are imprinted. While both alleles of the two mouse insulin genes were active in embryonic pancreas, only paternal alleles for both genes were active in the yolk sac.
A Finite Element Analysis of the Human Temporomandibular Joint

A 2-D finite element model of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been developed to investigate the stresses and reaction forces within the joint during normal sagittal jaw closure. The mechanical parameters analyzed were maximum principal and von Mises stresses in the disk, the contact stresses on the condylar and temporal surfaces, and the condylar reactions. The model bypassed the complexity of estimating muscle forces by using measured joint motion as input. The model was evaluated by several tests. The results demonstrated that the resultant condylar reaction force was directed toward the posterior side of the eminence. The contact stresses along the condylar and temporal surfaces were not evenly distributed. Separations were found at both upper and lower boundaries. High tensile stresses were found at the upper boundaries. High tensile stresses were found at the upper boundary of the middle portion of the disk.
pH-Responsive Ruthenium-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts: Controlled Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization in Alcoholic and Aqueous Media upon Acid Addition

The new hexacoordinate catalysts (PCy3)(DMAP)2Cl2Ru═CH(p-C6H4)CH2NMe2 (7) and (PCy3)(DMAP)2Cl2Ru═CH(p-C6H4)N(CH3)2 (8) have been synthesized via exchange of a PCy3 ligand for two DMAP ligands from ...
IEEE 802.11ad: Defining the Next Generation Multi-Gbps Wi-Fi

IEEE 802.11ad will take advantage of the luge swath of available spectrum in the 60 GHz band to develop a protocol to enable throughput intensive applications such as wireless display and high speed sync-and-go file transfer. Functional requirements, evaluation methodology, and channel models are currently being developed by the task group in preparation for a call for proposals. Likely enhancements to 802.11 beyond a new 60 GHz PHY include Personal Basic Service Set, MAC modifications for directional antennas, fast session transfer between PHYs, beamforming, and spatial reuse. Therefore in this paper we give an overview of IEEE 802.11ad, which is poised to define the next generation multi-Gbps Wi-Fi.
Apparent Increase in Populations of the Strawberry Aphid Caused by Phorate and Disulfoton

Strawberry plants side-dressed with phorate or disul-foton had more strawberry aphids, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), than the check plants early in the summer. Possibly the plants initially absorbed sublethal amounts of toxicant Which stimulated aphid reproduction or altered plant composition provided superior nutrition. Results from field and laboratory trials with soil drenches of sublethal amounts of these chemicals indicated that the low dosages caused aphid populations to be higher than on untreated plants.
Video Compression Transmission via FM Radio

At this moment of technology, video still represents the most effective communication in the world. In recent study from Dr. Charles Hsu and Dr. Harold Szu, the video can be compressed highly using feature-preserving but lossy discrete wavelet transform (DWT) technology. The processes of DWT technology are to improve the video compression level, storage capacity, filtering, and restoration techniques. This technology would allow running real time video through radio with fairly quality performance due to their compression and computational complexity techniques. After the compression, the video can be stored and transmitted at 16kbps through any reliable media and still retain a reasonable video quality [3]. Hsu and Szu have done serious simulations and successfully implemented in the brassboards. The main objective of this paper is to present how to transmit this highly compressed video to the users via FM radio link interactively by using special technique. This application can enable many radio users receive video through their radio receiver box. This application has more interested in developing countries where television transmission is hardly afforded for education, distance learning, telemedicine, low cost sports, one-way videoconference and entertainment broadcasting.
High-speed Storage Nodes for the Cloud

In this paper, we describe an architecture for high-speed storage nodes intended for supporting cloud-based storage I/O intensive applications such as file servers, backup servers and databases. The nodes can host multiple virtual machines each having direct access to a storage array via Single Route I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV). This is done in a way which does not compromise security. We demonstrate that SR-IOV imposes negligible overhead for storage I/O and provides the hosted virtual machines with four times the storage I/O bandwidth than is available from the same hardware when I/O is redirected through the hyper visor. We describe how the storage nodes are incorporated into a heterogeneous Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) consisting of mixed storage and compute nodes.
A Method of Making a Radar Self-Calibrating

A method of making a radar system self-calibrating has been developed to obtain the ratio of power received to power transmitted with minimum effort. A portion of the transmitter pulse is made to bounce back and forth in a long, short-circuited, microwave-transmission line where it is delayed and attenuated. A portion of the power in the pulse is fed into the receiver at regular intervals to calibrate its output in terms of the transmitter power. Analytical expressions required for an understanding of the system have been developed. Several practical microwave-transmission lines have been studied. A self-calibrating system has been constructed, and the experimental results agree with theory.
Pediatric Computed Tomographic Angiography: Imaging the Cardiovascular System Gently

Whether congenital or acquired, timely recognition and management of disease is imperative, as hemodynamic alterations in blood flow, tissue perfusion, and cellular oxygenation can have profound effects on organ function, growth and development, and quality of life for the pediatric patient. Ensuring safe computed tomographic angiography (CTA) practice and "gentle" pediatric imaging requires the cardiovascular imager to have sound understanding of CTA advantages, limitations, and appropriate indications as well as strong working knowledge of acquisition principles and image post processing. From this vantage point, CTA can be used as a useful adjunct along with the other modalities. This article presents a summary of dose reduction CTA methodologies along with techniques the authors have employed in clinical practice to achieve low-dose and ultralow-dose exposure in pediatric CTA. CTA technical principles are discussed with an emphasis on the low-dose methodologies and safe contrast medium delivery strategies. Recommended parameters for currently available multidetector-row computed tomography scanners are summarized alongside recommended radiation and contrast medium parameters. In the second part of the article an overview of pediatric CTA clinical applications is presented, illustrating low-dose and ultra-low dose techniques, with an emphasis on the specific protocols.
Intercalation chemistry of NU-6(1), the layered precursor to zeolite NSI, leading to the pillared zeolite MCM-39(Si)

Abstract The layered material NU-6(1), precursor to zeolite NSI, contains 4,4′-dipyridyl (dipy) structure directing agent between layers composed of silica. The intercalated dipy has been removed by treatment with 2 M acid solution producing organic-free lamellar product, MCM-39. It has considerably shorter unit cell in the layer stacking direction of approximately 1.7 nm compared to 2.7 nm in NU-6(1). MCM-39 can be re-intercalated with various amines with expansion of the interlamellar space. Especially important is the treatment with hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, which affords swollen NSI and enables conversion into the pillared derivative, MCM-39(Si), with permanently expanded interlayer separation and enhanced porosity. The crystallographic repeat in MCM-39(Si) is equal to ca. 3.7 nm while TEM shows extensive, uniform, multilayer pillared zeolite structure. Calcination of MCM-39 without intercalated organic compound produces material with stacking dimension (unit cell) shorter than in the zeolite NSI. It is attributed to non-congruent condensation and the product is denoted as Sub-NSI.
Cultural factors in decision-making about child physical abuse: identifying reporter characteristics influencing reporting tendencies.

Abstract Objective This study examined cultural factors that may influence child physical abuse reporting. Relevant cultural factors such as the respondents’ ethnic identity and corporal punishment acceptability were investigated as proximal variables of ethnicity that affect child physical abuse reporting tendencies. Method Participants consisted of 378 Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American college students. Participants read 12 vignettes that varied the ethnicity of the child and described a parent using physical punishment with the child. Participants’ level of ethnic identity and their acceptance of different discipline practices were also assessed. Data were analyzed using multiple regression procedures. Results The ethnicity of the respondent was a significant predictor of reporting tendencies for African American respondents only. For African Americans, higher levels of ethnic identity and acceptance of corporal punishment were significant mediators of reporting tendencies, which influenced the relationship between ethnicity and likelihood to report a child of the same ethnicity. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that ethnic minorities may not share similar cultural values and may differ in their degree of adherence to certain cultural variables. These results demonstrate how cultural variables that influence reporting tendencies may not apply across ethnic groups. Therefore, specifying relevant cultural variables is essential to understanding the relationship between ethnicity and reporting tendencies.
“THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MURDER”: THE TRANSGRESSIVE AESTHETICS OF MURDER IN VICTORIAN STREET BALLADS

To say that this common [criminal] fate was described in the popular press and commented on simply as a piece of police news is, indeed, to fall short of the facts. To say that it was sung and balladed would be more correct; it was expressed in a form quite other than that of the modern press, in a language which one could certainly describe as that of fiction rather than reality, once we have discovered that there is such a thing as a reality of fiction.—Louis Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous ClassesSPEAKING OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, Louis Chevalier traces the bourgeoisie’s elision of the working classes with the criminal classes, in which crime becomes either the representation of working class “failure” or “revenge” (396). Chevalier argues that working- class texts “recorded” their acquiescence to and acceptance of “a genuine fraternity of [criminal] fate” when they “described and celebrated [it] in verse” (397). Though a community of fate might inspire collective resistance, popular poetry and ballads, he confirms, reproduced metonymic connections between criminal and worker when “their pity went out to embrace dangerous classes and laboring classes alike. . . . One might almost say [they proclaimed these characteristics] in an identical poetic strain, so strongly was this community of feeling brought out in the relationship between the favorite subjects of working-class songs and the criminal themes of the street ballads, in almost the same words, meters, and tunes” (396) Acquiescence to or reiteration of worker/criminal equations established itself in workers’ views of themselves as “a different, alien and hostile society” (398) in literature that served as an “involuntary and ‘passive’ recording and communication of them” (395). Though I am investigating Victorian England, not nineteenth-century France, and though I regard the street ballads as popular texts which record resistance, not acquiescence, Chevalier’s work usefully articulates the predicament of class-based ideologies about worker and criminal which functioned similarly in Victorian England. More importantly, Chevalier acknowledges the complexity of street ballads as cultural texts..
Characteristics of MOS solar cells built on (n-type) InP substrates

An examination is made of the electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of Au- (n-type) InP Schottky-barrier solar cells with and without a thin anodic oxide layer at the interface. Cells built on anodized surface (MOS type) exhibit a reduction of dark current by three orders of magnitude and an increase in the barrier height (≃ 0.80 eV) by 0.30 eV, over conventional Schottky-barrier devices. Current transport in both type of cells is limited by thermionic emission of carriers and an increase in n factor from 1.02 to 1.16 is observed for MOS cells. Under illumination, MOS cells show an increase of open-circuit voltage to 0.46 V without any reduction in the short-circuit current which is obtained as 17.20 mA/cm2. The efficiency has been found to go up from 3.45 to 6 percent for MOS cells which show an excellent spectral response, almost flat over a large portion of the visible spectrum.
The global decline of reptiles, deja’ vu amphibians

A s a group [reptiles] are nei t h er ‘good ’n or ‘b ad ,’ but ia re intere s ting and unu su a l , a l t h o u gh of m i n or i m port a n ce . If t h ey should all disappe a r, it wo u l d not make mu ch differen ce one way or the other ”( Zim and Smith 1953, p. 9 ) . Fortu n a tely, this op i n i on from the Golden Gu i de Series does not persist tod ay; most people have com e to recogn i ze the va lue of both reptiles and amph i bians as an i n tegral part of n a tu ral eco s ys tems and as heralds of envi ron m ental qu a l i ty (Gibbons and Stangel 1999). In recent ye a rs , as overa ll envi ron m ental aw a reness among the p u blic has incre a s ed , con cerns have come to inclu de intere s t in the eco l ogical state of reptile and amph i bian spec i e s t h em s elves and of t h eir habi t a t s . In c re a s ed aw a reness may s tem from bet ter edu c a ti on abo ut threats to bi od ivers i ty in gen era l , and to reptiles and amph i bians in parti c u l a r, a n d po s s i bly even from an innate attracti on to these taxa ( Kell ert and Wi l s on 1993). From the perspective of many nonscientists, the two vertebrate classes comprising reptiles and amphibians, collectively referred to as the herpetofauna, are interchangeable. For example,the Boy Scout merit badge pamphlet for herpetology was called simply Reptile Study from 1926 to 1993 (Conant 1972, Gibbons 1993), and major zoos (e.g., National Zoo in Washington, DC; Zoo Atlanta; and San Diego Zoo) use only the name “reptile” to refer to the facility that houses both amphibians and reptiles. Thus, public attitudes about the need for conservation of reptiles are probably linked to concern about amphibian declines and deformities (Alford and Richards 1999, Johnson et al. 1999, Sessions et al. 1999), which have been the subject of numerous, well-documented scientific studies. Because amphibians are distributed worldwide, but herpetologists who document amphibian declines are not, it is difficult to accurately assess what portion of amphibian populations are experiencing significant declines or have already disappeared. Furthermore, the means of determining a species’ conservation status is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and therefore counts of “officially” recognized endangered and threatened species are likely to grossly underestimate the actual number of imperiled s pecies (Ta ble 1). The worl dwi de amph i bian decl i n e probl em , as it has come to be known, has garnered significant attention not only among scientists but also in the popular media and in political circles.
A Contextual Family/Systems Approach to Pediatric Psychology: Introduction to the Special Issue

Introduced the special issue on "Family Systems in Pediatric Psychology" by organizing the papers around a series of themes relevant to understanding families in pediatric psychology. Themes reflect the relationships between parent and child adjustment, family subsystems, legacies and traditions, social support systems, family interventions, the constancy of change in families, the challenges of conducting longitudinal research, the inclusion of fathers, and the importance of a competency framework in pediatric family psychology. The paper concludes with recommendations for pediatric family psychology, including suggestions for increasing diversity, expanding methodological approaches, and enhancing family competence.
Emerging FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia

Introduction: The FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is highly expressed in acute leukemias. Mutations involving FLT3 are among the most common molecular abnormalities in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Available evidence suggests that these molecular lesions confer a shorter disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics. Therefore, substantial interest in FLT3 as a therapeutic target has led to the development of several promising inhibitors that target this tyrosine kinase. Areas covered: This review covers the molecular pathways associated with FLT3 activation in patients with AML, the biological rationale for inhibiting FLT3 and recent clinical progress with FLT3 inhibitors for the treatment of AML. Six FLT3 inhibitors undergoing clinical evaluation are discussed. A review of selected published manuscripts on the subject of FLT3 inhibition in AML and a search of the English language manuscripts in PubMed using the index words FLT3 and AML were conducted an...
Theoretical study of the 2A22B2 separation of the alkali superoxides

The computed 2A2-2B2 separations of the alkali superoxides are in good agreement with those deduced from electron-spin resonance spectra. The calculations definitively show that the ground state of CsO2 is 2A2. The larger than expected separation for CsO2, based on the trend from LiO2 to RbO2, is attributed primarily to the differential effects of core relaxation. The CsO2 dissociation energy is computed to be 42.7 kcal/mol, with an uncertainty conservatively estimated as +/- 4 kcal/mol.
Anesthesiology and the law

Anesthesiology and the law, Peters, J.D.; Fineberg, K.S.; Kroll, D.A.; and, Collins, V. (Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1983), 397 pages, $50.00.
Extension of TFTR operations to higher toroidal field levels

For the past year, TFTR has sometimes operated at extended toroidal field (TF) levels, The extension to 5.6 Tesla (79 kA) was crucial for TFTR's November '94 10.7 MW DT fusion power record. The extension to 6.0 Tesla (85 kA) was commissioned on 9 September 1995. There are several reasons that one could expect the TF coils to survive the higher stresses that develop at higher fields. They were designed to operate at 5.2 Tesla with a vertical field of 0.5 Tesla, whereas the actual vertical field needed for the plasma does not exceed 0.35 Tesla. Their design specification explicitly required they survive some pulses at 6.0 Tesla. TF coil mechanical analysis computer models available during coil design were crude, leading to conservative design. And design analyses also had to consider worst-case misoperations that TFTR's real time Coil Protection Calculators (CPCs) now positively prevent from occurring. Engineering considerations are summarized.
Women's Schooling, Patterns of Fertility, and Child Survival

Evidence that women's schooling is associated with lower fertility and child mortality has moved some population specialists to advocate expanding female school enrollment to reduce birth and child death rates in countries where they are high. Consistent findings relating years of school attendance to reproductive rates, however, are not matched by an understanding of educational processes. This article provides an overview of the demographic evidence, a framework for analyzing how schooling affects maternal behavior and population change, and a report of findings from a study in Mexico. Problems for further educational research are identified.
Electric Power System Planning with Explicit Stochastic Reserves Constraint

The problem of optimal planning of an electric power system is formulated as a cost minimizing mixed-integer mathematical program. The model emphasizes system reliability, requiring reserve generating capacity such that a Loss of Load Probability criterion of one day in ten years is met. Integer variables are used in the model to express system reliability explicitly as a constraint on the system model. Results are given for several plant outage rates and demand levels. The results show that the reliability and “rule-of-thumb” approaches to system reserve planning can yield substantially different optimal system costs and configurations.
Pollen contamination of boll weevil traps

Abstract The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, has been the most devastating insect pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the southern United States of America (USA). Although thought to feed only on cotton, the list of non-cotton alternative food sources increases yearly. Many of these taxa are thought to be contaminates and not food sources. The purpose of this research was to examine the possibility that weevils become contaminated with pollen while sitting in the trap. Between January and April, boll weevil traps were placed near Brownsville and Weslaco (a substitute location) and in Santa Ana Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Pollen was removed from the trap's pole, skirt, mesh cone, and lid by wiping them with an individual, sterile, 100% cellulose acetate filter. The original trap was replaced with a replacement trap that was left for three days, then wiped for pollen. Little pollen was found on the trap parts regardless of the month or the site. The mesh cone was the least contaminated. From thes...
CARMA1 is required for akt-mediated NF-κB activation in T cells

Many details of the generic pathway for induction of NF-κB have been delineated, but it is still not clear how multiple, diverse receptor systems are able to converge on this evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that the CARMA1, Bcl10, and MALT1 proteins are critical for coupling the common elements of the NF-κB pathway to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD28. We previously demonstrated a role for the serine/threonine kinase Akt in CD28-mediated NF-κB induction. Using a CARMA1-deficient T-cell line, we have now found that the CARMA complex is required for induction of NF-κB by Akt, in cooperation with protein kinase C activation. Furthermore, using a novel selective inhibitor of Akt, we confirm that Akt plays a modulatory role in NF-κB induction by the TCR and CD28. Finally, we provide evidence for a physical and functional interaction between Akt and CARMA and for Akt-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl10. Therefore, in T cells, Akt impinges upon NF-κB signaling through at least two separate mechanisms.
Computational implications of human navigation in multiscale electronic worlds

In this work I seek to formulate a theory of the computational implications of certain factors that affect human navigation in multiscale electronic worlds. Specifically, I seek to describe the properties a multiscale world must satisfy to furnish useful Games of reference. I draw factors from three areas. First, understanding of spatial cognition in general and frames of reference in spatial cognition in particular. Second, theoretical characteristics of multiscale information spaces. Third, general attributes of users’ task contexts. The ultimate goal of the work is to provide a basis for a theory of design of navigational aids. This project also seeks to provide a case study of integrating existing psychological theories with emerging theories of computational environments.
Developmental Changes in Polyamine Levels and Synthesis in the Ovine Conceptus

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are essential for placental growth and angiogenesis. However, little is known about changes in polyamine synthesis associated with development of the ovine conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated placental membranes). We hypothesized that rates of placental polyamine synthesis were maximal during the rapid placental growth that occurs in the first half of pregnancy. This hypothesis was tested using ewes between Days 30 and 140 of gestation. Columbia cross-bred ewes were hysterectomized on Days 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, or 140 of gestation (Day 0 5 mating; n 5 4 ewes/day) to obtain placentomes, intercotyledonary placenta, intercaruncular endometrium, and allantoic as well as amniotic fluids. The tissues were analyzed for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginase activities; arginine, ornithine, and polyamine concentrations; and polyamine synthesis using radiochemical and chromatographic methods. Maximal ODC and arginase activities and the highest rates of polyamine synthesis were observed in all tissues on Day 40 of gestation. Concentrations of ornithine and polyamines in placentomes and intercaruncular endometrium also peaked on Day 40 of gestation. In ovine allantoic and amniotic fluids, polyamines were most abundant during early (Days 40‐60) and late (Days 100‐ 140) gestation, respectively. Amniotic fluid spermine increased progressively with advancing gestation. Results of the present study indicate metabolic coordination among the several integrated pathways that support high rates of polyamine synthesis in the placenta and endometrium during early pregnancy. Our findings may have important implications for both intrauterine growth retardation and fetal origins of diseases in adults. developmental biology, placenta, pregnancy, uterus
Novel Sucrose-dependent Adhesion Co-factors in Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases form extracellular glucans from sucrose to promote adhesion to the teeth. We tested whether additional factors are involved in S. mutans sucrose-dependent adhesion. By screening a pVA891-insertion mutant library of S. mutans LT11, we isolated four clones deficient in adhesion to glass in the presence of sucrose, but normal in glucosyltransferase activities. The genetic loci flanking the insertion sites were retrieved and identified. They encode glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an ABC transporter, a multidrug-efflux pump, and either the ribulose monophosphate operon or ascorbate metabolism operon. The four mutants were analyzed for their phenotypic expression and in vivo colonization in rats. The multidrug efflux pump mutant failed to colonize the rats. Three other mutants colonized the rats by reverting to the wild type. Therefore, these four factors may contribute to S. mutans sucrose-dependent adhesion.
NCAPQ: Network Coding-Aware Priority Queueing for UDP Flows over COPE

We are interested in UDP unicast flows over coded wireless networks with constructive inter-session network coding, such as COPE [1]. In prior work, we developed independently two mechanisms: (i) network coding-aware queue management (NCAQM) aimed at creating more network coding opportunities in the presence of congestion [2]; and (ii) network coding-aware MAC level packet prioritization (NCAPP), which assigned higher priority to coded than to uncoded packets [3]. In this paper, we compare the two mechanisms and we show that they achieve similar throughput benefits but work in complementary ways. We improve and combine them into a novel network coding-aware priority queuing scheme, which we refer to as NCAPQ. The proposed scheme improves throughput compared to COPE (by a factor of 10, in our simulations) and, even more importantly, compared to each individual scheme alone (by a factor of 2). Furthermore, we show that this significant increase in throughput comes without significant loss in fairness. The modifications we propose are minimal on top of COPE, thus making the scheme suitable for practical deployment.
An Investigation Of The Erosion In New Major Innovation Characteristics Over Time

A recent study by ODonnell and Sauer (2008) indicated, that over time, the benefit of launching new majors to reduce freshman attrition dissipated. In 2004, new majors had a significant effect on reducing attrition. By 2007, however, these same new majors were no longer significant predictors of attrition. What happened between 2004 and 2007 to cause this erosion in the affect of new majors on attrition? In this study, we examine the differences in perceptions of the innovative characteristics in an effort to explain why this erosion might have occurred. Results of a two-way between subjects ANOVA reveals that new majors began to be perceived as similar to old majors along certain dimensions of innovative characteristics. In particular, differences in the prospects of getting a better job, the perception that the new major was easier, hearing from others that new majors offered better job prospects and that employers preferred new majors, and that new majors were less compatible with student needs and goals, all disappeared by 2007. Nevertheless, new majors were still perceived as requiring more prerequisites, being more likely to require an extra course, and as not being offered at other area colleges and universities relative to old majors. This article discusses the impact and consequences of these findings and proposes future research to be pursued.
Reciprocal activation of Xenobiotic response genes by nuclear receptors SXR/PXR and CAR

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene products such as CYP3A and CYP2B are essential for the metabolism of steroid hormones and xenochemicals including prescription drugs. Nuclear receptor SXR/PXR (steroid and xenobiotic receptor/pregnenolone X receptor) has been shown both biochemically and genetically to activate CYP3A genes, while similar studies have established constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) as a CYP2B regulator. The response elements in these genes are also distinct, furthering the concept of independent regulation. Unexpectedly, we found that SXR can regulate CYP2B, both in cultured cells and in transgenic mice via adaptive recognition of the phenobarbital response element (PBRE). In a type of functional symmetry, orphan receptor CAR was also found to activate CYP3A through previously defined SXR/PXR response elements. These observations not only provide a rational explanation for the activation of multiple CYP gene classes by certain xenobiotics, but also reveal the existence of a metabolic safety net that confers a second layer of protection to the harmful effects of toxic compounds and at the same time increases the propensity for drug–drug interactions.
SHIP: Scalable Hierarchical Power Control for Large-Scale Data Centers

In today's data centers, precisely controlling server power consumption is an essential way to avoid system failures caused by power capacity overload or overheating due to increasingly high server density. While various power control strategies have been recently proposed, existing solutions are not scalable to control the power consumption of an entire large-scale data center, because these solutions are designed only for a single server or a rack enclosure. In a modern data center, however, power control needs to be enforced at three levels: rack enclosure, power distribution unit, and the entire data center, due to the physical and contractual power limits at each level. This paper presents SHIP, a highly scalable hierarchical power control architecture for large-scale data centers. SHIP is designed based on well-established control theory for analytical assurance of control accuracy and system stability. Empirical results on a physical testbed show that our control solution can provide precise power control, as well as power differentiations for optimized system performance. In addition, our extensive simulation results based on a real trace file demonstrate the efficacy of our control solution in large-scale data centers composed of thousands of servers.
Social Media Theory and Practice: Lessons learned for a pioneering course

Social media are more than just a buzzword or an interesting phenomenon to our teenagers, they are a way of life. Research shows that active participation on sites like Facebook, communicating via texting and chat programs, and creating blogs are everyday occurrences for a generation of students. Yet these same students do not consider the impact of these tools on their lives for good or ill. Furthermore, they have not seriously considered the design, development and application of these tools; either as support systems throughout their professional careers or as a field in which they could find employment. This paper describes a course created to examine design and use of social media while evaluating the use of CMS and social media tools as part of the course itself.
Membrane Traffic and Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis, the last step in cell division, is a process common to all eukaryotic life forms. The many mechanisms cells use to divide one parent cell into two progeny reflect the diversity of eukaryotic life. Despite the varied mechanisms cells use, increasing evidence demonstrates that many different cells use ‘classical’ membrane trafficking proteins for cytokinesis. This review highlights recent evidence for roles for membrane trafficking proteins in cytokinesis.
Patient-provider discussion of physical activity among early stage lung cancer survivors.

Lung cancer accounts for approximately 14% of all new cancer cases and 28% of cancer deaths in the United States each year [1], with 52% of those diagnosed with localized disease now expected to live beyond five-years [1]. Lung cancer survivors can experience significant ongoing symptom burden, including impairments in quality of life and high rates of dyspnea and fatigue. Evidence suggests that physical activity can enhance cardiorespiratory fitness, improve quality of life and reduce symptom burden [2]; however the majority of cancer survivors do not engage in sufficient physical activity to meet national guidelines (≥150 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise)[3]. Participation in physical activity may be particularly crucial for lung cancer survivors who tend to be older, often have a history of smoking, and commonly suffer from comorbid conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cancer survivors remain at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, secondary cancers and diabetes [4]. The importance of health promotion has become increasingly recognized, with the role of providers in encouraging participation in physical activity noted, along with a recommendation to include physical activity in survivorship care plans [5, 6]. The majority of Americans identify their physician as their primary source of advice concerning health information [7] and The American College of Preventive Medicine recommends physical activity counseling as part of all routine patient visits. Importantly, the discussion of physical activity with an oncologist has been associated with greater patient participation in physical activity [8]; however exercise may not be discussed as frequently as needed. A nationwide survey found that few survivors received recommendations regarding physical activity, diet and smoking guidelines, and that survivors were less likely than those without a history of cancer to receive a physical activity recommendation [9]. The goals of the current study were to (1) describe early-stage lung cancer survivors’ self-reported discussion of physical activity with health-care providers, and (2) examine the association between sociodemographic, disease and health behavior variables and discussion characteristics.
Redescription, Description of the Male, and New Distribution Records for the Homolid Crab Paromola Faxoni (Schmitt) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

The homolid crab Paromola faxoni (Schmitt, 1921) is redescribed and compared to previous descriptions of the female holotype. The male is described and illustrated for the first time. New records of specimens from several museum collections on the west coast of the United States are presented. The range, formerly restricted to the type locality off Point Loma, Cali­ fornia, is extended north to Tajiguas, California, and south to Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico.
Overview of the Safety Profile of the H2-Receptor Antagonists

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a dysfunction of the distal esophagus causing movement of stomach contents into the esophagus. Patients may develop heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, odynophagia, and hemorrhage. Respiratory symptoms occur in 10-60 percent of patients with GER or hiatal hernia. Although there is evidence associating pulmonary symptoms and GER, causality has not been proven. The appropriate use of antireflux therapy or surgery to treat GER may consequently alleviate respiratory symptoms.
Toxic Action of Dipterex and DDVP to the House Fly

Dipterex or 0,0-dilllethyll-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichlorocthyl phosphonate under mildly alkaline conditions is rapidly degraded to DDVP. The half-life values for this reaction are: pH 8.0-63 minutes, pH 7–386 minutes, and pH 6.0–89 hours. The rate of reaction is very slow at pH 5.4. The in vitro inhibition of house fly head cholinesterase by 10-7 M Dipterex showed marked pH dependency and ranged from 11% at pH 5.4 to 100% at pH 8.0, thus clearly demonstrating that DDVP formation is necessary for in vitro cholinesterase inhibition. In vivo studies of the mode of action of Dipterex showed that the rate of knockdown of house flies feeding on Dipterex-treated moist sugar bait was much more rapid at pH 7.0 than pH 5.4. This, together with the 4- to 7-fold greater toxicity of DDVP over Dipterex and the isolation of about 5% of P32 DDVP from the total P32 metabolites in Dipterex-poisoned house flies, strongly indicates that DDVP is responsible for the in vivo toxic action of Dipterex.
Cultural Resiliency and the Rise of Indigenous Media: Book Review of "The New Media Nation: Indigenous Peoples and Global Communication" by Valerie Alia

Valerie Alia’s book, The New Media Nation: Indigenous Peoples and Global Communication (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012, 270 pp.), points the way to major communication breakthroughs for traditional communities around the world, in turn fostering a more democratic media discourse. From Canada to Japan, and Australia to Mexico, this ambitious and wide-reaching work examines a broad international movement that at once protects ancient languages and customs but also communicates to audiences across countries, oceans, and political boundaries. The publication is divided roughly into five sections: The emergence of a global vision for Indigenous communities scattered around the world; government policy obstacles and opportunities; lessons from Canada, where Indigenous media efforts have been particularly dynamic; the global surge in television, radio and other technological media advances; and finally the long-term prospects and aspirations for Indigenous media. By laying out such a comprehensive groundwork for the rise of global Indigenous media over a variety of formats, particularly over the past century, Alia shows how recent social media breakthroughs such as the highly successful #IdleNoMore movement—a sustained online protest by Canada’s First Nations peoples—have been in fact inevitable. The world’s Indigenous communities have leveraged media technologies to overcome geographic isolation, to foster new linkages with Indigenous populations globally, and ultimately to mitigate structural power imbalances exacerbated by non-Indigenous media and other institutions.
Age-associated vascular inflammation promotes monocytosis during atherogenesis

Aging leads to a proinflammatory state within the vasculature without disease, yet whether this inflammatory state occurs during atherogenesis remains unclear. Here, we examined how aging impacts atherosclerosis using Ldlr(-/-) mice, an established murine model of atherosclerosis. We found that aged atherosclerotic Ldlr(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced atherogenesis within the aorta. Aging also led to increased LDL levels, elevated blood pressure on a low-fat diet, and insulin resistance after a high-fat diet (HFD). On a HFD, aging increased a monocytosis in the peripheral blood and enhanced macrophage accumulation within the aorta. When we conducted bone marrow transplant experiments, we found that stromal factors contributed to age-enhanced atherosclerosis. To delineate these stromal factors, we determined that the vasculature exhibited an age-enhanced inflammatory response consisting of elevated production of CCL-2, osteopontin, and IL-6 during atherogenesis. In addition, in vitro cultures showed that aging enhanced the production of osteopontin by vascular smooth muscle cells. Functionally, aged atherosclerotic aortas displayed higher monocyte chemotaxis than young aortas. Hence, our study has revealed that aging induces metabolic dysfunction and enhances vascular inflammation to promote a peripheral monocytosis and macrophage accumulation within the atherosclerotic aorta.
233 PROBING CENTRAL NORADRENERGIC ACTIVITY IN IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME PATIENTS WITH YOHIMBINE AND CLONIDINE: A PILOT STUDY.

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is conceptualized as a syndrome of enhanced central stress circuit responsiveness, likely associated with altered adrenergic and autonomic responses. Aims (1) To determine if baseline autonomic nervous system (ANS) differences exist in IBS versus control subjects; (2) to determine group differences in ANS response to yohimbine (YOH) and clonidine (CLO); and (3) to determine group differences in the effects of YOH and CLO on affective states. Methods IBS and control subjects were enrolled. ANS and affective measures were taken before and after drug ingestion. ANS was measured by HRV (high frequency, HF, indicating cardiovagal and low/high frequency ratio, LF/HF, indicating sympathetic) and systolic BP. Affective ratings were made with the Stress Symptom Rating Questionnaire. Results Mean baseline HF was lower in IBS versus controls (34.29 nu vs 62.88 nu, p = .013). Mean baseline LF/HF was higher in IBS versus controls (2.59 vs 0.91, p = .057). No significant HRV changes were seen in response to CLO or YOH in either group. YOH significantly increased BP (p = .01) and CLO significantly reduced BP (p = .02) in pooled subjects; no group difference in BP was seen. No group differences in affective ratings were seen. In combined groups, YOH increased anxiety (p = .05) and CLO led to increased fatigue (p = 0.01) with decreased arousal (p = .02). Conclusion These findings confirm that there is greater baseline sympathetic and lower parasympathetic activity in IBS patients compared with controls. A larger sample of patients is likely needed to elucidate group differences in drug responses.