cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the direct interaction of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor with IRS-1, Shc, and Grb10

We have used the yeast two-hybrid system to study the interaction between the IGF-I receptor and two putative substrates, IRS-1 and Shc. In addition, we have identified Grb10 as a protein that binds to the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor. This two-hybrid system (the interaction trap) utilizes a hybrid protein containing the LexA DNA-binding domain fused to the intracellular portion of the IGF-I receptor (LexA-IGFIR beta) and hybrids containing an activation domain fused to either IRS-1 (Ad-IRS-1), Shc (Ad-Shc), or a cDNA library. A positive interaction of LexA-IGFIR beta with the activation domain hybrid results in activation of reporter genes, LacZ and LEU2, in the yeast. Western blotting of extracts from transformed yeast demonstrated that the LexA-IGFIR beta fusion protein was expressed and phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Coexpression of LexA-IGFIR beta with Ad-IRS-1 resulted in strong activation of both reporter genes; activation did not occur with a kinase-negative receptor mutant. IRS-1 residues 160-516 were sufficient for this strong interaction. Coexpression of LexA-IGFIR beta with Ad-Shc also resulted in strong activation of both LacZ and LEU2 reporter genes. This interaction was also dependent upon a tyrosine kinase-active receptor and required tyrosine 950 in the juxtamembrane region of the receptor. An N-terminal fragment of Shc (amino acids 1-232) interacted almost as strongly as full-length Shc whereas the Shc SH2 domain only activated the more sensitive LEU2 reporter. Full-length Shc was phosphorylated on tyrosine when coexpressed with IGFIR beta but not when coexpressed with the kinase-negative receptor mutant. To identify additional proteins that interact with the IGFIRs, a human fetal brain cDNA library was screened using the interaction trap system. This analysis identified partial cDNAs for Grb10. Coexpression of LexA-IGFIR beta with Ad-Grb10 resulted in strong activation of both LacZ and LEU2 reporter genes; this interaction was dependent upon a tyrosine kinase-active receptor but did not require tyrosine 950.
Implications of deregulating satellite communications

Abstract Following the divestiture of AT&T, US policy makers have focused attention on means of increasing competition in international telecommunications markets. Several policy changes have been made by the FCC to deregulate international satellite communications. International concern has been aroused by the Reagan administration approval of alternative international satellite systems. INTELSAT and PTTs fear the systems will permit multinational corporations to bypass them, shifting the cost burden onto individual users and developing nations. While there are risks to be avoided, the potential effects of the private international satellite systems have been exaggerated by supporters and opponents.
The Regulation of Cooling and Star Formation in Luminous Galaxies by Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback and the Cooling-Time/Entropy Threshold for the Onset of Star Formation

Using broadband optical imaging and Chandra X-ray data for a sample of 46 cluster central dominant galaxies (CDGs), we investigate the connection between star formation, the intracluster medium (ICM), and the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). We report the discovery of a remarkably sharp threshold for the onset of star formation that occurs when the central cooling time of the hot atmosphere falls below ~5 × 108 yr, or equivalently when the central entropy falls below ~30 keV cm2. In addition to this criterion, star formation in cooling flows also appears to require that the X-ray and galaxy centroids lie within ~20 kpc of each other and that the jet (cavity) power is smaller than the X-ray cooling luminosity. These three criteria, together with the high ratio of cooling time to AGN outburst (cavity) age across our sample, directly link the presence of star formation and AGN activity in CDGs to cooling instabilities in the intracluster plasma. Our results provide compelling evidence that AGN feedback into the hot ICM is largely responsible for regulating cooling and star formation in the cores of clusters, leading to the significant growth of supermassive black holes in CDGs at late times.
Anthropology and Labeling Theory: A Constructive Critique

The phenomenon of deviance has continued to interest sociologists and anthropologists partly because it illuminates areas of social and cultural importance. Many earlier sociological treatments of deviance tended to view it as an absolute, symptomatic of problems in the social organism (cf. Clinard 1974:11-14; Edgerton 1976). However, some notable interpretations of deviance argued that it was an integral part of society and functioned to increase the solidarity of other members of the social order (Durkheim 1938; Erikson 1966). Although anthropologists did little to advance theories of deviance, they did adopt a relativistic approach to deviance congruent with their comparative perspective (cf. Malinowski 1964). Shortly, I will argue that anthropology's comparative perspective can contribute to an improved understanding of labeling theory, currently one of the most popular sociological approaches to deviance, and to the manner in which it operates in differing social contexts. In the early 1960s the writings of Becker (1963), Kitsuse (1962), Matza (1969), Lemert (1967) and others developed a new sociological perspective on deviance-labeling theory. Labeling theory focuses on the manner in which society defines and creates deviance.
International responsiveness of entrepreneurial new ventures from three leading emerging economies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to answer the question, “How do international new ventures (INVs) from emerging economies become responsive to the demands of their international customers?”Design/methodology/approach – The authors propose a model of international responsiveness that incorporates founding team experience, international firm experience, international strategic orientation, and investment in international supply chain and test the model using data from 293 INVs from three leading emerging economies: China, India, and South Africa.Findings – Results show that for INVs from emerging economies international strategic orientation mediates the relationship between international firm experience, investment in international supply chain, and international responsiveness. In addition, the authors identify a significant difference in the effects of international strategic orientation on international responsiveness among subgroups of INVs.Practical implications – Given the specific context of ...
Effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on adenylate cyclase in murine mononuclear phagocytes

Abstract Peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes elicited by thioglycollate demonstrate responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) which differs from that seen in the normal resident population. PTH causes a twofold stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in elicited cells but inhibits this activity in resident cells. CT causes a greater stimulation of adenylate cyclase in elicited than in resident cells. Both CT and PTH cause an increase in cyclic AMP accumulation in cultures of elicited mononuclear phagocytes. These results indicate that cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage have functional receptors for both PTH and CT. This is the first biochemical evidence to support the hypothesis that mononuclear phagocytes are precursors of the bone resorbing osteoclast.
Feasibility of a self-nulling beam combiner using no external phase inverter

Space-based nulling interferometers will play a major role in the search for exoplanets, as both NASA and ESA plan missions for the near future. Current architectures produce the requisite broadband π phase shift in one arm of each nulling telescope pair by means of a system of "field flip" optics that may involve one of a number of sophisticated technologies (periscope, phase plates, through-focus, or other). The two beams, of equal intensity but conjugate phase, are then combined, perhaps in a modified Mach-Zehnder (MMZ) or similar beam combiner of high configurational symmetry. A novel approach has recently been proposed, however, in which the achromatic π phase shift is supplied by two applications of the innate π/2 phase shift between transmitted and reflected beams in a beam splitter. This simply requires using the traditionally bright output port of the MMZ as a nulled port; adaptive nulling can be used to ease the tolerances on matching the moduli of reflection and transmission coefficients. The rather substantial systems benefit that accrues is that the external phase shifting ("field flipping") optics may be entirely eliminated. Here, I discuss the feasibility of this "self-nulling" beam combiner scheme.
Abstract 650:IGSF4methylation is an independent marker of HPV positive OPSCC.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a known causative agent for oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC). The goal of our study was to determine the relationship of HPV type 16 (HPV16) infection and methylation status in an OPSCC cohort. HPV16 was detected using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a retrospective cohort of 111 primary OPSCC. A 24 tumor suppressor gene candidate panel was assessed for methylation using the methylation specific-multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) assay. Univariate associations with HPV and gene methylation, age, gender, race and smoking were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression. A final multiple logistic regression model, to include patient characteristics and genes significant on univariate analysis, was built using backwards selection of genes. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 and all analyses were done using SAS 9.2. In univariate analyses, Caucasian American (CA) OPSCC were more likely to be HPV positive as compared to African American (AA) OPSCC (OR=3.01, 95% CI 1.28, 7.07, p=0.011). Also, smoking (never vs current) [OR=3.60 (1.06, 12.24), p=0.04], and TIMP3, DAPK1, ESR1, and IGSF4 were associated with HPV positive status (OR=5.03, p=0.021; OR=3.71, p=0.04; OR=5.03, p=0.021; OR=7.68, p=0.012, respectively). The final model, after controlling for patient characteristics and after backward elimination of genes, indicated IGSF4 methylation is an independent predictor of HPV positive status [OR=7.07 (1.22, 40.79), p=0.029]. HPV infection status is independently associated with methylation of IGSF4, indicating interplay of DNA methylation and HPV in OPSCC pathogenesis. Citation Format: Kang Mei Chen, Josena K. Stephen, Meredith Mahan, Shaleta Havard, George Divine, Glendon Gardner, Vanessa P. Schweitzer, Maria J. Worsham. IGSF4 methylation is an independent marker of HPV positive OPSCC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 650. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-650
Pair-Distance Distribution Function P(R) of Protein Solution at Crystallographic Resolution

The pair-distance distribution function P(r) is a measure of the frequency of interatomic vector lengths within a protein molecule, and can provide information about the shape and intra-structure of the scattering particle. P(r) function has long been recognized as a smooth curve, and the oscillation at low distance is mainly due to unphysical truncation ripples in Fourier transformation.Recently, we have developed an effective method and succeeded in collecting high-quality SAXS and WAXS of protein solutions, showing negligible radiation damage (1) (2) (3). A high resolution pair-distance distribution function, P(r), of protein molecules has been obtained from the complete solution scattering curve made by combining accurate small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering data out to crystallographic resolution (2 A).Both indirect and direct Fourier transforms exhibit two distinct peaks at 1.4 A and 5.1 A in P(r). X-ray crystallographic data demonstrate that these peaks correspond to two intramolecular distances: the average bond length between C, N and O atoms and the pitch of an α-helix, respectively. Hence some high resolution aspects of the structure and function of a protein can be investigated in solution.Reference:1. X. Hong and Q. Hao. 2009. Measurements of accurate x-ray scattering data of protein solutions using small stationary sample cells. Review of Scientific Instruments 80:014303.2. X. Hong and Q. Hao. 2009. High resolution pair-distance distribution function P(r) of protein solutions. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94:083903-083903.3. X. Hong and Q. Hao. 2009. Combining solution wide-angle X-ray scattering and crystallography: determination of molecular envelope and heavy-atom sites. Journal of Applied Crystallography 42:259-264.
Interplay between theory and experiment in investigations of molecules embedded in superfluid helium nanodroplets

Helium is the only substance that has been observed on macroscopic scale to form the fourth state of matter, the superfluid state. However, until recently superfluid helium had not found any practical applications, mainly because it expels all other atoms or molecules. Only in the 1990s was it discovered that it is possible to mix in other substances with superfluid helium if helium is prepared as small droplets, called nanodroplets, containing only a few thousand atoms. This discovery led to the development of a new and very powerful experimental technique, called helium-nanodroplet spectroscopy. Superfluid helium creates a gentle matrix around the impurities and – due to superfluidity and to very weak interactions of helium atoms with other atoms or molecules – allows measurements of the spectra with precision not much lower than in the gas phase. Consequently, helium-nanodroplet spectroscopy enables very accurate probing of molecules or clusters which cannot be investigated in the gas phase due to thei...
Polyaniline nanofiber composites with amines: Novel materials for phosgene detection

Several orders of magnitude of change in resistance are observed upon chemical doping and dedoping of the conducting polymer polyaniline. This large conductivity range can be utilized to make sensitive chemical sensors. Polyaniline, in its nanofiber form, has even greater sensing capabilities due to the small fiber diameters, high surface area, and porous nanofiber network that enhances gas diffusion into the fibers. Polyaniline nanofibers have been synthesized using a rapid mixing method and dispersed in water allowing them to be easily modified with water soluble agents, making new composite materials. Polyaniline nanofiber composite materials can be used to enhance detection of analytes that unmodified polyaniline would not otherwise be able to detect. The detection mechanism involves the reaction of an additive with the analyte to generate a strong acid that is easily detected by polyaniline, resulting in orders of magnitude changes in resistance. The reaction of the additive alone with the analyte produces no electrical response, however. In this paper, an array of amine-polyaniline nanofiber composite materials is investigated for the detection of phosgene gas. The influence of environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature are examined and a detection mechanism is presented.
Type specimens deposited at the University of California Riverside Nematode Collection

The University of California Riverside Nematode Collection (UCRNC) was founded by S.A. Sher in 1953. Today it includes ca 35 000 slides and nearly 180 000 mounted specimens of nematodes from around the world, soil Tylenchida being particularly strongly represented. In addition to material mounted on slides, the collection is a repository for vials of bulked collections, scanning electron micrographs and a supporting reprint collection. The collection of name-bearing types, with more than 3200 slides, is published herein.
Obtaining Funding and Support for Undergraduate Research

Over the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in undergraduate research activities at colleges and universities nationwide. However, this comes at a time when budgets are being tightened and some institutions do not have the resources to pursue new initiatives. In this article we present some ideas for obtaining funding and support for building an undergraduate research program in mathematics.
Diffusion of water in optical fibers at elevated temperature and pressure

Optical fibers are being used in an increasingly wider range of applications, some of which involve elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of water. Measurements of the penetration rate of water into optical fibers at elevated temperature (300 degree(s)C) and pressure (1440 psi) is presented for standard communication grade silica fiber and for protected fibers. The penetration rate was monitored in- situ using a broadband light source and an optical spectrum analyzer to measure the change in absorption over the spectral range from 400 to 1700 nm. Methods to protect the optical fibers from water penetration were also evaluated in the elevated temperature and pressure environment. Stress corrosion cracking data for fibers exposed to air at room temperature and pressure as well as dry and wet fiber treatments is also presented in terms of time to failure versus bend radius for selected environmental conditions. Effect of chemical treatments on the time to failure at fixed bend radius both for pre-water and post-water exposure is presented.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acetylcholine-like Activity in Sciatic Nerve

Extracts of sciatic nerve exhibit acetylcholine-like activity that is only partly attributable to acetylcholine. The extracts show relatively greater activity on the rectus abdominis muscle of the frog than on the ileum of the guinea pig. To prevent the action of the extract on the frog rectus abdominis muscle, a greater concentration of d-tubocurarine is required than is necessary to prevent the action of known acetylcholine.
A Stochastic Representation of Particle Behavior in Gas-Liquid Horizontal Annular Flow

A stochastic method which uses a modified Langevin equation to represent the velocities of the fluid seen by a particle in a turbulent field is explored. Calculations of the dispersion of particles from a source on a wall agree with calculations at Reτ = 150 which use a DNS to represent the fluid velocity field. The paper demonstrates how wall source calculations can be used to analyze problems involving atomization and deposition, which are of interest in horizontal gas-liquid annular flows.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Determinants of Return to Work After Carpal Tunnel Release

Purpose The determinants of time to return to work—a common measure of treatment effectiveness—are incompletely defined. Our primary hypothesis was that employment circumstances are the strongest determinant of earlier return to work. Our secondary hypothesis was that return to work in patients with desk-based jobs is predicted by patient expectations and other psychosocial factors. Methods We enrolled 65 employed patients with limited incision open carpal tunnel release in a prospective cohort study. Patients completed validated measures of depression, coping strategies, pain anxiety, and job burnout. Heavy lifting was not allowed for 1 month after surgery. Return to modified and full work duty was recorded in days. Although not specifically an exclusion criterion, none of the patients had a workers' compensation claim or other source of secondary gain. Results Patients returned to modified duty an average of 11.8 days and full duty at an average of 18.9 days after surgery. Predictors of earlier return to modified duty in multivariate analyses included desk-based work and both the number of days patients expected to take off and the numbers of days they wanted to take off for the entire cohort, with an additional influence from catastrophic thinking in desk-based workers. Predictors of earlier return to full duty in multivariate analyses included desk-based work and number of days patients expected to take off before for the entire cohort, fewer days off desired in non–desk-based workers, fewer days off desired and change in work role in desk-based workers, and lower pain anxiety in part-time workers. Conclusions The most important determinant of return to full duty work after limited incision open carpal tunnel release is job type, but psychological factors such as patient expectations, catastrophic thinking, and anxiety in response to pain also have a role. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Multiphonon absorption in As2S3As2Se3 glasses

Abstract Multiphonon absorption in As2S3 and As2Se3 glasses is well explained by a molecular model in terms of combination bands of high frequency vibrational modes of pyramidal AsY3 and bent AsYAs groups (Y = S or Se). Multiphonon absorption coefficients in mixed As2S3As2Se3 glasses are nearly additive in terms of the pure components, suggesting a high degree of non-random mixing.
Relation of marital status to social phobia severity.

Columbia University and Anxiety Disorders Clinic of theNew York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New YorkPortions of this study were presented at the 32nd Annual Meet-ing of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy,Washington, DC, November 5–8, 1998.Contract grant sponsor: National Institute of Mental Health; Con-tract grant numbers: 44119, 40201.*Correspondence to: Richard G. Heimberg, Ph.D., Adult AnxietyClinic, Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall,1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6085. E-mail:rheimber@nimbus.ocis.temple.eduReceived for publication 5 January 1999; Accepted 25 May 1999
Evaluation of the DMS flux and its conversion to SO2 over the southern ocean

Abstract A total of 16 boundary layer (BL) DMS flux values were derived from flights over the Southern Ocean. DMS flux values were derived from airborne observations recorded during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). The latitude range covered was 55°S–40°S. The method of evaluation was based on the mass-balance photochemical-modeling (MBPCM) approach. The estimated flux for the above latitude range was 0.4–7.0 μmol m−2 d−1. The average value from all data analyzed was 2.6±1.8 μmol m−2 d−1. A comparison of the MBPCM methodology with several other DMS flux methods (e.g., ship and airborne based) revealed reasonably good agreement in some cases and significant disagreement in other cases. Considering the limited number of cases compared and the fact that conditions for the comparisons were far from ideal, it is not possible to conclude that major agreement or differences have been established between these methods. A major result from this study was the finding that DMS oxidation is a major source of BL SO2 over the Southern Ocean. Model simulations suggest that, on average, the conversion efficiency is 0.7 or higher, given a lifetime for SO2 of ∼1 d. A comparison of two sulfur case studies, one based on DMS–SO2 data generated on the NCAR C-130 aircraft, the other based on data recorded on the NOAA ship Discoverer, revealed qualitative agreement in finding that DMS was a major source of Southern Ocean SO2. On the other hand, significant disagreement was found regarding the DMS/SO2 conversion efficiency (e.g., 0.3–0.5 versus 0.7–0.9). Although yet unknown factors, such as vertical mixing, may be involved in reducing the level of disagreement, it does appear at this time that some significant portion of this difference may be related to systematic differences in the two different techniques employed to measure SO2. It would seem prudent, therefore, that further instrument intercomparison SO2 studies be considered. It also would be desirable to stage new intercomparison activity between the MBPCM flux approach and the air-to-sea gradient as well as other flux methods, but under far more favorable conditions.
Robust Estimation and Detection in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Interest in robust detection and estimation in the presence of lying nodes has assumed importance in a number of applications. In this paper we motivate the robust detection and estimation problem using recent results for cooperative sensing in Cognitive Radios and multi-object tracking in sensor networks. As a first step, we formulate an abstract version of the problem that is solved under different assumptions. We use Expectation Maximization (EM) framework to successfully weed out the lying nodes. We consider different types of lying behavior. In the simplistic case of liars behaving the same over all observations. In the more complex cases, the lying behavior of the users changes over time. The solution to the problem of detection in the presence of lying nodes has been developed from two view points. In the first case we consider the binary variable being detected as a latent variable, and in the second case we consider the binary variable as a parameter. The results under the two schemes are presented and compared. In all of the cases considered in this paper, we show that the factors that maximally impact the estimation/decision process are the mean of the liars, the variance of the channel, and the number of observations.
4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat: protection by ascorbic acid, AT-125, and aminooxyacetic acid.

A halogenated derivative of 4-aminophenol, 4-amino-2, 6-dichlorophenol (ADCP), is a potent nephrotoxicant and a weak hepatotoxicant in Fischer 344 rats. Although the mechanism of ADCP nephrotoxicity is unknown, ADCP could undergo oxidation to a reactive intermediate, such as a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenoxy radical or 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinoneimine, which can generate additional free radicals and/or covalently bind to cellular proteins. The toxic process might also be mediated by glutathione (GSH) conjugates of ADCP, as suggested for the mechanism of 4-aminophenol nephrotoxicity. In this study, the effects of modulators of oxidation and GSH conjugation-related metabolism or transport on ADCP-induced nephrotoxicity were examined. In one set of experiments, male Fischer 344 rats (four/group) were intraperitoneally (ip) administered ADCP (0.38 mmol/kg) only or coadministered an antioxidant, ascorbic acid (1.14 mmol/kg, ip) with ADCP. Administration of ascorbic acid markedly reduced both functional nephrotoxicity and morphological changes induced by ADCP. Administration of a gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) inhibitor, l-(alphaS, 5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxy-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (10 mg/kg, ip), or a cysteine conjugate beta-lyase inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid (0.5 mmol/kg, ip), 1 hr before ADCP (0.38 mmol/kg) challenge partially protected rats against ADCP nephrotoxicity. In contrast, administration of an organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid (140 mg/kg, ip), 30 min before ADCP had little effect on ADCP nephrotoxicity. The GSH depletor, buthionine sulfoximine (890 mg/kg, ip), was given 2 hr prior to ADCP and only minimal protection was noted. In addition, the nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) contents in renal cortex and liver were determined at 2 hr following the administration of ADCP only or ascorbic acid/ADCP. Ascorbic acid afforded complete prevention of the depletion of NPSH in the kidney and liver caused by ADCP administration and also prevented the elevation of renal glutathione disulfide content induced by ADCP. The results indicate that oxidation of ADCP appears to be essential to ADCP nephrotoxicity and that GSH or GSH-derived conjugates of ADCP may be partly responsible for the nephrotoxic effects of ADCP via a GGT-mediated mechanism.
Direct cerebrospinal fluid delivery of an antiretroviral agent using multivesicular liposomes

The use of multivesicular liposomes for administration of antiviral agents into cerebrospinal fluid was explored in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. DDC (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) was encapsulated into multivesicular liposomes made from dioleoyl lecithin, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol, cholesterol, and triolein. The half-lives of drug leakage in human plasma and in 0.9% NaCl were 15 and 47 h, respectively. After intraventricular injection with a stereotaxic apparatus, DDC levels within the central nervous system decreased exponentially, with a half-life of 1.1 h for the unencapsulated DDC and 23 h for the liposome-encapsulated DDC. There were no abnormalities observed in the behavior of the rats. Encapsulation of a more hydrophilic antiviral agent is expected to increase the half-life even further. The results of this study offer the possibility of a practical intrathecal drug delivery for drugs that do not cross the blood-brain barrier.
Total Correction of Transposition of the Great Arteries Following Balloon Atrioseptostomy

Twelve patients with isolated d-TGA have undergone total correction by an interatrial baffle technique. Ten of these patients had been palliated in infancy by the BAS technique, while two patients had atrial septectomy by the Blalock-Hanlon technique. Operation was facilitated if the patient had not had a previous thoracotomy. All patients survived operation and were discharged from the hospital considerably improved. While the mean preoperative arterial oxygen tension in room air bad been 27 mm Hg, the mean postoperative tension in room air was 49 mm Hg (P < 0.001). The most common complications were fluid retention, treated with diuretics, and arrhythmias, which in most instances were not of clinical importance. All patients eventually had an atrial pacemaker with normal atrioventricular conduction. Six patients had life-threatening complications, which included technical complications resulting in a late death, one case of postoperative intrathoracic bleeding, six pulmonary complications, two infection...
Effect of Caenorhabditis elegans age and genotype on horizontal gene transfer in intestinal bacteria

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between bacteria occurs in the intestinal tract of their animal hosts and facilitates both virulence and antibiotic resistance. A model in which both the pathogen and the host are genetically tractable facilitates developing insight into mechanistic processes enabling or restricting the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Here we develop an in vivo experimental system to study HGT in bacteria using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Using a thermosensitive conjugative system, we provide evidence that conjugation between two Escherichia coli strains can take place in the intestinal lumen of N2 wild-type worms at a rate of 10(-3) and 10(-2) per donor. We also show that C. elegans age and genotype are important determinants of the frequency of conjugation. Whereas ∼1 transconjugant for every 100 donor cells could be recovered from the intestine of N2 C. elegans, for the age-1 and tol-1 mutants, the detected rate of transconjugation (10(-3) and 10(-4) per donor cell, respectively) was significantly lower. This work demonstrates that increased recombination among lumenal microbial populations is a phenotype associated with host aging, and the model provides a framework to study the dynamics of bacterial horizontal gene transfer within the intestinal environment.
Comparative relative strength in artificial immune systems: system wellness

This work focuses on an aspect of artificial immune systems not yet addressed by research, and demonstrates that as immune system metaphors grow and evolve in complexity, overall network health can play a role in the vulnerability and strength of the network. Recent works have suggested the analogous role of the immune system to computer security systems. As artificial immune system research progresses, a growing number of components of the human immune system have been incorporated, raising opportunities for further research and understanding. In particular, this work focuses on the development and testing of an agent-based model of a complex network to demonstrate and evaluate the concept of comparative relative strength (CRS) in artificial immune systems. CRS stems from a comparison of the overall strength of the host entity of an immune system to individual agent strength, this case in an artificial immune system (AIS). This principle has been employed to facilitate selection in a model of an AIS. Using the development and testing of an agent-based model of a complex network to demonstrate and evaluate the concept of comparative relative strength (CRS), this research introduces this concept.
Study of the Anomalous Thermochemical Behavior of 1,2-Diazines by Correlation-Gas Chromatography

The vaporization enthalpies and liquid vapor pressures of quinoxaline, quinazoline, phthalazine, benzo[c]cinnoline, 1,10-phenanthroline, phenazine, and triphenylamine are measured by correlation-gas chromatography and compared to values calculated from available literature vaporization, sublimation, and fusion enthalpy data. Good agreement with the literature is observed for all compounds except the 1,2-diazines and the sublimation enthalpy of triphenylamine. The results suggest that liquid 1,2-diazines exhibit an additional intermolecular stabilizing interaction of approximately 6 kJ · mol -1 not present in other diazine isomers.
The Social Construction of Population Science: An Intellectual, Institutional, and Political History of Twentieth-Century Demography

Dans cette etude, l'A. souligne l'approche constructionniste de la production du savoir dans la demographie du vingtieme siecle. Cette approche repose sur la proposition que rien dans la nature de son sujet ne rendait inevitable le fait que la demographie se soit developpee comme champ hautement mathematique et faible en theorie sociale. D'autres demographies auraient pu emerger, notamment en incorporant des approches anthropologiques et historiques. L'A. montre que la trajectoire de la demographie a ete un produit historique forge par des groupes particuliers et des acteurs sociaux operant dans des contextes economiques et politiques historiquement specifiques. L'A. s'interesse plus specialement aux demographes americains qui representent le contingent le plus nombreux et le plus influent de specialistes de la population dans le monde. Et, parmi eux, elle se penche sur les specialistes de la fecondite qui a represente le segment de la discipline le plus vaste de l'apres-guerre
An electromyogram simulator for myoelectric prosthesis testing

Myoelectric prostheses use the naturally occurring surface electromyogram (EMG) produced by extant muscle tissue to provide amputees control of artificial limbs. Design and testing of these devices is currently performed using function generators or the healthy EMG signal of the tester. However, these methods of testing either do not provide data representative of the intended usage or are inconvenient to the tester, respectively. In this paper, we present a simple and portable prototype device which simulates the surface EMG signal in order to test myoelectric prostheses with a currently unavailable level of precision.
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding from focal duodenal lymphangiectasia.

To the Editor: Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) refers to dilated enteric lymphatics associated with impaired lymph drainage. In its most advanced and diffuse form IL can present as protein-losing ...
Phylogenetic relationships of flesh flies in the subfamily Sarcophaginae based on three mtDNA fragments (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

In an effort to improve our knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of the subfamily Sarcophaginae, we analysed data from three mitochondrial gene fragments. Sequence data for portions of the genes cytochrome oxidase I (COI), cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) were obtained from 43 species of Sarcophagidae representing 15 genera. We used a Bayesian approach to simultaneously choose how best to partition the data and which substitution model to apply to each partition. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods. Our results are consistent with monophyly of the subfamily Sarcophaginae (posterior probability 1; bootstrap support 93%), as well as with monophyly of several genera within the Sarcophaginae (including Sarcophaga s.l.; posterior probability 1; bootstrap support 97%). We found support for a sister-group relationship between Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy and Oxysarcodexia Townsend, which has been hypothesised by past authors on the basis of morphological similarities, although this was supported only in the Bayesian analyses (posterior probability 0. 81–0. 98), and for some novel supra-generic clades. Contrary to a recent morphological hypothesis, we do not find Helicobia Coquillett to be nested within Sarcophaga Meigen; our data suggest, but do not strongly support, a hypothesis that Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy is the sister group to Sarcophaga.
Does N+1 Times Prove More Programs Correct Than N Times?

Slightly modifying Burstall-Manna-Waldinger's Intermittent Assertions program verification method (also called SOMETIME method and denoted here by Bur), Sain[21] obtained the so called SOME OTHER TIME method and showed that it proves strictly more programs correct than the SOMETIME method and, on the other hand, proves less than or equally many programs correct as the method obtained from Bur by imposing the axioms of successor on time.
A Screen for Genetic Loci Required for Body-Wall Muscle Development during Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We have used available chromosomal deficiencies to screen for genetic loci whose zygotic expression is required for formation of body-wall muscle cells during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. To test for muscle cell differentiation we have assayed for both contractile function and the expression of muscle-specific structural proteins. Monoclonal antibodies directed against two myosin heavy chain isoforms, the products of the unc-54 and myo-3 genes, were used to detect body-wall muscle differentiation. We have screened 77 deficiencies, covering approximately 72% of the genome. Deficiency homozygotes in most cases stain with antibodies to the body-wall muscle myosins and in many cases muscle contractile function is observed. We have identified two regions showing distinct defects in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Embryos homozygous for deficiencies removing the left tip of chromosome V fail to accumulate the myo-3 and unc-54 products, but express antigens characteristic of hypodermal, pharyngeal and neural development. Embryos lacking a large region on chromosome III accumulate the unc-54 product but not the myo-3 product. We conclude that there exist only a small number of loci whose zygotic expression is uniquely required for adoption of a muscle cell fate.
Change and Deeper Change: Transforming Social Work Education

In recent years, the concept of transformation has become more prevalent in the social work literature; however, its use is quite varied. In this article, I attempt to disentangle some of these uses. I then propose a conceptualization of transformation and discuss its relevance for social work education. In this conceptualization, transformation is considered an orientation to learning and knowing rather than about particular content or an end state. I conclude with some ideas about how this conceptualization might be integrated into social work education.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana

We have constructed a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for the nuclear genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The map, containing 90 randomly distributed molecular markers, is physically very dense; greater than 50% of the genome is within 1.9 centimorgans, or approximately 270 kilobase pairs, of the mapped DNA fragments. The map was based on the meiotic segregation of markers in two different crosses. The restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage groups were integrated with the five classically mapped linkage groups by virtue of mapped mutations included in these crosses. Markers consist of both cloned Arabidopsis genes and random low-copy-number genomic DNA clones that are able to detect polymorphisms with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, Bgl II, and/or Xba I. These cloned markers can serve as starting points for chromosome walking, allowing for the isolation of Arabidopsis genes of known map location. The restriction fragment length polymorphism map also can associate clones of unknown gene function with mutant phenotypes, and vice versa.
Understanding Native Women's Health: Historical Legacies

Purpose: Theoretical underpinnings of two theories are examined for their applicability in guiding practice and research when understanding Native American women's health outcomes. Method: Published studies testing two independent theories, historical trauma and weathering, are reviewed. Key theoretical concepts that are applicable in the study of Native women and understanding their intergenerational heritage of injustice and cultural context are discussed. Results: The authors infer underlying assumptions and definitions of both theories and present a hypothetical diagram blending both theories. Conclusion: By understanding historical legacies and the surrounding context, researchers and clinicians can develop knowledge to improve and enhance optimal health outcomes and life opportunities for Native women.
Techniques to improve the spatial sampling of MicroPET-a high resolution animal PET tomograph

A method is described to improve the spatial sampling of microPET, a high resolution PET scanner designed for imaging small laboratory animals. The high intrinsic resolution of the microPET detector (1.58 mm FWHM), in combination with the stationary ring geometry of the tomograph, generate an imaging system which is inherently spatially undersampled. As a result the imaging resolution measured with a three-dimensional (3-D) filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm for a point source at the center of the field of view (CFOV) is only 1.8 mm FWHM and has large fluctuations at positions near the CFOV. A small wobble motion was introduced via a circular motion of the scanner bed in the transverse plane, with a wobble radius of 300 /spl mu/m. The data was acquired with a step-and-shoot method by dividing the wobble circle into a number of equidistantly sampled intervals. The separate sinograms were interpolated to a finely resampled sinogram, which was reconstructed with the 3-D filtered backprojection algorithm. The resulting images demonstrated full recovery of the intrinsic detector resolution and elimination of the local nonuniformities of the point spread function (PSF) at the CFOV, with three wobble samples. The resulting average resolution improvement fur the central 5 cm of the FOV was approximately 13% in the radial and 19% in the tangential direction, with an associated 50% penalty in the reconstructed image noise.
Probing the molecular basis for an inherited sensitivity to the startle-gating disruptive effects of apomorphine in rats.

Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (PPI) is deficient in several heritable brain disorders. In rats, the dopamine agonist, apomorphine (APO), reduces PPI and expression of the early gene, c-fos, within the nucleus accumbens (NAC) core. Both of these effects are greater in Sprague–Dawley (SD) vs. Long Evans (LE) rats, and this PPI strain pattern is inherited. Here, we examined phosphorylation of cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a putative intermediary step between dopamine receptor stimulation and Fos expression, in SD and LE rats. The effects of APO (vehicle vs. 0.5 mg/kg) on PPI were tested in SD and LE rats in a within-subject design. Seven days later, under conditions mimicking PPI testing, half of the rats from each strain received either vehicle or APO (0.5 mg/kg) 20 min before euthanasia. NAC CREB and phospho-CREB levels were quantified from tissue sections reacted immunohistochemically. APO reduced PPI in both strains, with a significantly greater effect in SD vs. LE rats. APO also significantly reduced NAC core phospho-CREB levels in both strains, with a significantly greater effect in SD vs. LE rats. Among SD rats receiving APO, the reduction in NAC core CREB phosphorylation correlated significantly with the APO-induced reduction in PPI (R = 0.49). A dose of APO that disrupts PPI of acoustic startle causes a profound suppression of CREB phosphorylation in the NAC; both dopamine-sensitive behavioral and molecular phenotypes are more robust in SD vs. LE rats, and within SD rats, they are significantly correlated.
Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern

Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern By Jorge Otero-Pailos University of Minnesota Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-8166-6603-4 $25.00, Paperback, pp. 310, with illust...
Foundations for Group Decision Analysis

This paper derives a general prescriptive model for group decision analysis based on a set of logical and operational assumptions analogous to those for individual decision analysis. The approach accounts for each group member's potentially different frames of their common decision, including different events and different consequences of concern. Assuming that each group member accepts the decision analysis assumptions to evaluate his or her analysis of what the group should do and that the group accepts an analogous set of decision analysis assumptions for the group's decision, it is proven that the group expected utility for an alternative should be a weighted sum of the individual member's expected utilities for the alternatives. After each group member does his or her decision analysis of the group's alternatives, the essence of the group decision analysis is to specify the weights based on the interpersonal comparison of utilities and on the relative importance or power of each individual in the group.
Miscarriages among Female Physical Therapists Who Report Using Radio- and Microwave-frequency Electromagnetic Radiation

Physical therapists are exposed to radio- and microwave-frequency electromagnetic radiation by operating shortwave and microwave diathermy units. Recent studies suggest that use of shortwave diathermy is associated with an excess risk of birth defects, perinatal deaths, and late spontaneous abortions among the offspring of exposed female therapists. To assess the impact of occupational use of microwave and shortwave diathermy at the time of conception, the authors mailed questionnaires to 42,403 physical therapists in 1989. Both occupational and reproductive histories were obtained. Exposures to shortwave and microwave diathermy were both assessed in the same fashion and were examined in relation to early recognized fetal loss in a nested case-control design. A total of 1,753 case pregnancies (miscarriages) were matched to 1,753 incidence density control pregnancies (other pregnancies except ectopic pregnancies). A pregnancy was considered "exposed" if the mother reported using microwave or shortwave diathermy anytime during the 6 months prior to the first trimester or during the first trimester. Pregnancies of mothers reporting microwave use 6 months prior to the pregnancy or during the first trimester were more likely to result in miscarriage (odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.59). The odds ratio increased with increasing level of exposure (chi 2 = 7.25, p < 0.005). The odds ratio in the highest exposure group (20 or more exposures/month) was 1.59. The overall odds ratio was slightly lower after it was controlled for prior fetal loss (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.00-1.59), but the exposure-response effect remained (chi 2 = 5.17, p < 0.01). The risk of miscarriage was not associated with reported use of shortwave diathermy equipment (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.91-1.24). The odds ratio in the highest exposure group was 0.87.