cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on the normality of unramified, abelian extensions of quadratic extensions

Let F, K and L be algebraic number fields such that\(F \subseteq K \subseteq L\), [K∶F]=2 and [L∶K]=n. It is a simple consequence of the class field theory that, if L is an abelian, unramified extension of K and (n,h)=1, where h is the class number of F, then L is normal over F. The purpose of this note is to point out the necessity of the condition (n,h)=1 by constructing for any field F with even class number a tower of fields\(F \subseteq K \subseteq L\) with [K∶F]=2, [L∶K]=2 where L is unramified over K, but L is not normal over F.
Bronchogenic cancer, sepsis and survival

There is much speculation concerning the effect of post-operative sepsis (empyema) on the course of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Most reported series include only a few patients with short follow-up. This paper reports a series of over 900 cases of resectable bronchogenic carcinoma who have been followed carefully for five years. At each time interval reported, even excluding the 30-day mortality, the patients who did not experience infection had a better outlook. The differences are not statistically significant, and lend no support to the apparent increased survival associated with infection and bronchogenic carcinoma.
The Co-Adsorption of UPD Copper and Irreversibly Adsorbed Bismuth on Pt(111) and Pt(100) Electrodes

Copper co-deposits underpotentially onto the remaining free platinum sites of Pt(111) and Pt(100) electrodes irreversibly modified with bismuth. On Pt(111), three copper atoms can adsorb on the surface for every bismuth atom displaced, so that no copper can be deposited when the bismuth coverage is 0.33. At slow potential scan rates (2 mV/s), the redox processes associated with the bismuth adlayer and the copper deposition and stripping processes occur at similar potentials around +0.37 V. However, at faster sweep rates (e.g., 25 mV/s), these processes separate based upon the differing kinetic behavior of bismuth and copper, with the latter exhibiting large increases in ΔEp (ca. 205 mV at a sweep rate of 25 mV/s) because of its slow deposition and stripping kinetics. On Pt(100), there is a 1:1 relation of the number of copper atoms that can adsorb per bismuth atom displaced. The potentials for copper deposition and stripping and oxidation and reduction of adsorbed bismuth differ sufficiently to allow for ...
Assessing the information content of HREM images

Abstract A method has been developed for assessing the information content of high resolution electron microscope (HREM) images of thin films, primarily but not exclusively of amorphous materials, on the bases of Shannon's information theory and the concept of relative entropy. Under appropriate conditions, this provides a measure of ordering in the thin films. Numerical evaluations of non-randomness can be accompanied by visual representations in real and reciprocal space. Such evaluation is also sensitive to operation conditions of the microscope used. For example, both the information content and the bandwidth of the information mapping decrease by an appreciable amount when an image is taken too far from optimum defocus. The implication is that both measures can be used to determine the optimum operating conditions, such as in an auto-alignment procedure. It is also shown that the effect of phase randomization can be quantitatively assessed. Examples are given for images obtained with an electron microscope with resolution better than 0.2 nm of amorphous films of Si about 2 nm thick.
Social Dimensions of Mental Illness among Rural Elderly Populations

Despite growing concern with rural elderly populations, little attention has focused on their mental health, ways it may correlate with physical health, or how rural mental health patterns compare to urban. Popular wisdom contends that elderly people in general, and rural elderly persons in particular, are at increased risk for mental illness. This article examines these questions. A review of available literature suggests that elderly people may be at only slightly greater risk of mental illness than the population at large, though there are some indications that rates of depression may be somewhat higher among the elderly population. Much of this same literature implies that objective environmental conditions play a significant role in the incidence of depression. Analysis of data gathered in a statewide random poll (N = 743) indicates that while physical health tends to be poorer among rural populations, when health is held constant there is actually an inverse relationship between age and depression. Therefore, rural elderly persons are no more likely to be depressed than their urban counterparts despite harsher living conditions. Both conceptual and policy implications are discussed.
Consumers’ responses to ambivalent online hotel reviews: The role of perceived source credibility and pre-decisional disposition

Abstract Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is prevalent in today's lodging market and has potential to influence consumers’ decision making. This study investigated how the presence of online reviewers’ personal identifying information (PII) may affect consumers’ processing of ambivalent online hotel reviews and hotel booking intentions. The results of an experiment with a sample of 274 undergraduate students indicate that the presence of PII positively affects the perceived credibility of the online reviews. When coupled with ambivalent online reviews, the presence of PII significantly lowers consumers’ hotel booking intentions.
A sensitive, precise, and convenient method for determination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma☆

Abstract A new, highly sensitive and relatively convenient method has been developed for the determination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 2 in blood plasma. The method involves a simplified and more specific extraction procedure, new rapid and effective methods of purification, and a competitive binding assay using intestinal cytosol from rachitic chicks. The method also includes a procedure for stabilizing the cytosol binding protein and a convenient procedure for the separation of bound from free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 with the use of polyethylene glycol. The recovery of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 during extraction and purification is 68% and triplicate determinations can be made on a 5-ml plasma sample. With this method, rachitic chick plasma, plasma from anephric patients, and plasma from patients suffering severe endstage renal failure show no detectable 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, while normal human values have been found to be 29 ± 2 pg/ml.
Power Analysis Software for Educational Researchers

Given the importance of statistical power analysis in quantitative research and the repeated emphasis on it by American Educational Research Association/American Psychological Association journals, the authors examined the reporting practice of power analysis by the quantitative studies published in 12 education/psychology journals between 2005 and 2010. It was surprising to uncover that less than 2% of the studies conducted prospective power analysis. Another 3.5% computed observed power, a practice not endorsed by the literature on power analysis. In this article, the authors clarify these 2 types of power analysis and discuss functionalities of 8 programs/packages (G*Power 3.1.3, PASS 11, SAS/STAT 9.3, Stata 12, SPSS 19, SPSS/Sample Power 3.0.1, Optimal Design Software 2.01, and MLPowSim 1.0 BETA) to encourage proper and planned power analysis. On the basis of their review, the authors recommend 2 programs (SPSS/Sample Power and G*Power) for general purpose univariate/multivariate analyses, and 1 (Opti...
The effect of vitamin a on the uptake of a water soluble and lipid soluble nitrosourea by the EMT6 mouse mammary tumor.

Abstract Recent reports have suggested that vitamin A, a recognized membrane-active agent, enhances the antitumor effect of certain lipid nitrosoureas in marine L1210 leukemia, when used as a pretreatment agent. A possible explanation may involve enhanced uptake or binding of the alkylating nitrosourea. This theory was tested by administering the lipid soluble 14 C-CCNU and water soluble 14 C-chlorozotocin (CZL), following vitamin A pretreatment (200 mg/kg), to mice bearing a solid tumor (EMT6 Mouse Mammary Tumor), and following the levels of radioactivity in the tumor versus time. A comparison of vitamin A pretreated mice with non-pretreated mice showed vitamin A to have no significant effect upon the incorporation of CLZ, and no enhancement of its antitumor activity, as measured by monitoring growth. On the other hand, the incorporation of the highly lipid soluble CCNU was significantly reduced by vitamin A pretreatment. CCNU, with or without vitamin A pretreatment, had little effect upon the growth of the tumor, while CLZ showed significant reduction in tumor size and growth. It appears that any enhancement of the antitumor activity of nitrosoureas by vitamin A does not involve increased uptake or prolonged binding of the alkylating agent.
Images of “Licence” in Milton's Sonnet XII

The publication of the divorce tracts earned for Milton the reputation of a radical whose views favoring the dissolubility of marriage in certain circumstances were in opposition to the basic moral laws of Christian society. Following the appearance of The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce in 1643, he was attacked as a “lewd” writer guilty of advocating “libertinism” and accused of encouraging men and women to abandon their lawful spouses.1 In the preface to his translation of The Judgment of Martin Bucer (1644), Milton admits that he had been denounced for setting forth a doctrine that was “licentious” and “scandalous.“2 He felt that the opinions of the prestigious Bucer in favor of divorce would strengthen his own position, but the appearance of the translation did little if anything to stem the tide; his writings continued to be criticized as “corrupt and wicked” and “little less than blasphemy.“3 After the simultaneous publication in March 1645 of the Colasterion (a counter-attack on his opponents) and the Tetrachordon (an account of the four scriptural passages bearing on divorce), the attacks escalated. He was treated as the prophet of a new heretical sect, the Divorcers; his views on loosening the bonds of marriage were said to constitute an incitement to “inordinate lust”; there was even a rumor that Milton had “two or three wives living”; and at the Restoration he was still being castigated as a “Christian libertine.“4
Geometrical-confinement effects on excitons in quantum disks

Excitons confined to flat semiconductor quantum dots with elliptical cross sections are considered as we study geometrical effects on exciton binding energy, electron-hole separation, and the resulting linear optical properties. We use numerical matrix diagonalization techniques with appropriately large and optimized basis sets in an effective-mass Hamiltonian approach. The linear optical susceptibilities of GaAs and InAs dots for several different size ratios are discussed and compared to experimental photoluminescence spectra obtained on GaAs/Al{sub {ital x}}Ga{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}As and InAs/GaAs quantum dots. For quantum dots of several nm in size, there is a strong blueshift of the luminescence due to geometrical-confinement effects. Also, transition peaks are split and shifted towards higher energy, in comparison with dots with circular cross sections.
Property rights and western United States water markets

This paper addresses water scarcity issues in the American West and examines the allocation of water through the appropriative rights system and the extent markets are used to reallocate water from low- to high-valued uses. The unique physical properties of water make it difficult to bound and measure, which makes defining property rights difficult. Markets are also impeded by disputes over third-party effects due to the interdependencies of water users and complex institutional arrangements that dilute decision-making authority. Analysis of water trading in the western United States indicates that the rate of permanent transfers is increasing over time and urban users are paying higher prices relative to agricultural users.
CATION TRANSPORT : AN EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURAL BASED SELECTIVITY

Through the high-resolution structure of the gramicidin A channel in lamellar phase lipids and the characterization of specific ion peptide interactions, fundamental principles for ion channel selectivity and conductance efficiency are illustrated with atomic resolution detail. Delocalized cation binding in the first turn of the helix reduces the unfavorable entropy contribution upon binding. Stepwise dehydration minimizes the energy barrier for cation entry and provides valence selectivity in this channel. Three or more water molecules in the monovalent cation binding site result in flexibility in the cation solvation environment causing weak cation size selectivity. Lack of cation induced structural modification avoids the formation of a significant energy barrier, thus permitting efficient cation transport.
Exchange coupling in di-μ-hydroxo-bridged chromium(III) dimers

The magnetic properties of a series of di-μ-hydroxo-bridged chromium(III) complexes of the general formula [CrLm(H2O)n(OH)]2q± are discussed in terms of the structural features of the molecules using extended Huckel molecular orbital formalism. The singlet-triplet splittings which arise from superexchange coupling correlate with the ratio Φ/r, where Φ is the angle at the bridging oxygen atom and r is the Cr-O(bridge) bond distance. Small deviations from the overall correlation result from other structural variations and electronic effects which are not treated. Data presented for three alkoxo-bridged chromium(III) complexes reflect enhanced exchange coupling as expected from the increased electron density in the orbitals of the bridging oxygens.
Novel associations with dyspepsia: a community‐based study of familial aggregation, sleep dysfunction and somatization

Dyspepsia is a common phenomenon and the majority of patients have functional dyspepsia; however, potential risk factors are unclear, with conflicting results in the literature. Although several risk factors have been evaluated previously, this knowledge has not led to more effective management of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess potential novel risk factors for dyspepsia in both a cross-sectional and a nested case-control study among a randomly selected community-based cohort. A valid questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of Olmsted County, MN residents (n = 659 responders; 133 had dyspepsia). In a nested case-control study, dyspeptic patients (n = 52) and healthy controls (n = 40) identified among community respondents completed further questionnaires on diet. Independent risk factors for dyspepsia adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and anti-secretory therapy were a positive family history of abdominal pain [odds ratio (OR) = 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-14.9, P = 0.008] and indigestion (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.0-11.5, P = 0.048), difficulty falling asleep (OR = 8.2, 95% CI = 2.2-31.5, P = 0.002), poor sleep associated with worsening symptoms (OR = 15.9, 95% CI = 2.0-124.9, P = 0.009) and a high somatic symptom checklist score (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 1.5-20.7, P = 0.01). Diet, including total calories (kcal day(-1)) and total protein, carbohydrate and fat intake (g day(-1)), was not significantly associated with dyspepsia. Familial aggregation raises the possibility of a genetic component, although environmental factors also need to be considered. Sleep dysfunction and somatization suggest a primary psychological component.
The Uses of Word Processing Programs for Clinical Writing. Part II: Program Features for Developing Report Formats.

This article demonstrates the use of word processing commands for the creation of sections of diagnostic reports, intervention plans, progress summaries. The use of basic word processing program commands for searching and finding key words in a core report is illustrated. Examples of ways to use word processing programs to save time and effort as well as to customize reports are provided. Additionally, use of chaining sequences for the creation of templates for writing objectives is described as a method of creating a customized intervention plan in an efficient fashion.
The Berlin-White Integrated Science and Mathematics Model

Science and mathematics are naturally and logically related in the real world. Educators are trying to capture this relationship in the classroom in an effort to improve students' achievement and attitude in both disciplines. However, the literature abounds with terms and definitions related to the integration of science and mathematics education. The Berlin-White Integrated Science and Mathematics (BWISM) Model was developed to provide a template to characterize current resources, guide in the development of new materials, and provide a common language to advance the research base related to integrated science and mathematics teaching and learning.
Ultrastructural Observations of the Adenohypophyseal Gonadotrophs from Growth Selected Lines of Chickens

Abstract The ultrastructure of adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs (GT-cells) from pullets of lines selected for high (HWS) and low (LWS) body weight was studied at various physiological ages. Increasing the photoperiod beyond 14 hours in a 24-hour cycle did not have a significant effect on the ultrastructure of GT-cells in either line. A qualitative analysis, based on the extent and complexity of the protein synthetic apparatus, suggested that the synthetic activity of gonadotrophs from HWS pullets was greater than that of LWS pullets at each of the ages studied. Although no significant differences were found in the frequency of pullets showing evidence of intracellular digestion of secretory products, the condition was more severe in the HWS than in the LWS females. Crinophagy tended to be positively correlated with cell activity in both lines. These observations suggest that selection for growth rate had a correlated effect on hypophyseal proteinaceous secretions. They also indicate that interactions between fluctuations in gonadotrophic cell activity, secreting mechanisms and neural thresholds for hormone action may be implicated in the manifestation of the erratic ovulation patterns.
Life history of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, with comments on geographic variability in life history traits

We determined age and growth, size at maturity, and fecundity for cownose rays, Rhinoptera bonasus, collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Vertebral age estimates ranged from 0+ to 18+ years for females and 0+ to 16+ years for males. Annual deposition of growth increments was verified with marginal increment analysis. Likelihood ratio tests indicated that the growth of the cownose ray was best described by a combined sexes Gompertz model. Median size at 50% maturity was determined to be 642 mm DW for males and 653 mm DW for females, or 4–5 years of age. Median pup size-at-birth was estimated to be 350 mm DW, with a gestation period of 11–12 months. In all cases, gravid females contained only one pup. Statistically significant differences were detected between growth curves for the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic Ocean. Cownose rays in the Gulf of Mexico had lower estimates of DW∞ and K, and a higher theoretical longevity than their conspecifics in the western Atlantic Ocean. Cownose rays in the Gulf of Mexico also attain maturity at a smaller size and earlier age than their counterparts in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Determination of carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds containing phosphorus and sulfur: A rapid semimicro method using silver permanganate

Abstract A rapid and an economical semimicro method for the determination of carbon and hydrogen in the organophosphorus and sulfur compounds is described. A short combustion tube filled with thermally decomposed silver permanganate is used for the oxidation of organic matter. The filling of the combustion tube combines with phosphorus, sulfur, and halides, retaining them inside the tube. Carbon dioxide and water are absorbed conventionally in Ascarite and Anhydrone absorption tubes. One carbon-hydrogen determination by this method takes 40 minutes.
Acceptability and preliminary outcomes of a peer‐led depression prevention intervention for African American adolescents and young adults in employment training programs

This study examines the acceptability and preliminary outcomes from an open trial of a depression prevention intervention for low-income African American adolescents and young adults in employment training programs. The sample (N=42) consisted of predominately African American adolescents and young adults (mean age=19.1) exhibiting subclinical depressive symptoms. A 9-week intervention incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapy and a focus on coping with stressful and traumatic events was delivered by young adult employment training program graduates. Data on attendance, participant ratings of intervention sessions, and fidelity of implementation indicated good intervention acceptability. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing changes in high- and low-intervention dosage participants' depressive symptoms and active coping strategies from pre- to post-intervention, although there were no significant differences for the other three coping domains. These findings suggest that depression prevention interventions in employment training programs should be further examined using more rigorous research designs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability and Motion of a Hairpin and the Corresponding Mismatched Duplex: A Theoretical Exploration Using Molecular Mechanics and Normal Mode Analysis of 2D NMR Results on d(GCCGCAGC)

The oligomer d(GCCGCAGC) can adopt two different conformations: i) a duplex with two mismatched A.C base pairs and ii) a hairpin with two C.G base pairs and a single stranded loop. We report molecular mechanics, normal mode analysis, and thermodynamic stability calculations for both structures. We show that the energy-minimized structure and harmonic-dynamics results are in complete agreement with the observed NOE spectrum and imino proton exchange data. We conclude that the high stability of the hairpin structure over the duplex at low salt concentration is due to the higher vibrational entropy contribution to the system free energy by the single stranded loop and to the lack of minor groove phosphate/phosphate electrostatic repulsions that tend to destabilize the duplex.
Theoretical Analysis of the Adsorption of Late Transition-Metal Atoms on the (001) Surface of Early Transition-Metal Carbides

The interaction of atoms of Groups 9, 10, and 11 with the (001) surface of TiC, ZrC, VC, and δ-MoC has been studied by means of periodic density functional calculations using slab models. The calculated values of the adsorption energy are rather large, especially for Groups 9 and 10 elements (Eads = 3−6 eV), but without clear trends along the series. Nevertheless, the analysis of the interaction at different sites indicates that the adsorbed atoms will be relatively mobile. Many of the admetals are electronically perturbed upon interaction with the carbide surfaces. Co, Ni, Cu, and Rh adatoms get positively or negatively charged, depending on the nature of the carbide substrate. Ir, Pd, Pt, and Au adatoms are always negatively charged. An analysis of the Bader charges for the most stable sites provides strong evidence that the most negative charge on the adatoms corresponds to the interaction with ZrC, followed by TiC. In the case of VC and δ-MoC, the charge on the adsorbed atoms may be slightly positive ...
Surgery for congenital diseases of the aorta

Congenital diseases of the aorta tend to be obstructive when they present early in life, and aneurysmal when they present later in life. The latter group also tends to be associated with connective tissue disorders and with repaired conotruncal lesions. The indications for intervention in the aneurysm group are still in evolution but are clearly age- and lesion-dependant. Disorders such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome and Turner syndrome may deserve aggressive prophylactic surgery, as well as Marfan syndrome to a lesser extent. The natural history of the dilated aorta after repair of congenital heart lesions is probably more benign than de novo aneurysms and therefore should be treated conservatively.
Ab Initio Study of 1,4-Pentadienyl Electrocyclic Reactions

The thermochemistry and transition states of the electrocyclic ring closures of the resonance-stabilized 1,4-pentadienyl radical to cyclopenten-3-yl, cyclobut-2-enylmethyl, and 2-vinylcyclopropyl are investigated at Hartree-Fock and coupled-cluster levels of theory. The CCSD(T)//QCISD/cc-pVDZ calculations predict activation barriers of 130, 169, and 236 kJ/mol, respectively, and DeltaH values of -60, 115, and 155 kJ/mol. Experimental evidence for the appearance of vinylcyclopropyl following photolytic generation of pentadienyl is more likely the result of a distinct electrocyclic reaction than quenching of a two-step mechanism for formation of cyclopentenyl. Higher energy pathways for formation of polycyclic structures are also briefly examined.
425: Parity in relation to antithyroid peroxidase antibodies

CATHERINE SPONG, DONALD MCINTIRE, KENNETH LEVENO, F. GARY CUNNINGHAM, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland OBJECTIVE: Antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO) are associated with chronic thyroiditis. Since hypothyroidism occurs more commonly in women, it has been hypothesized that fetal-to-maternal cell trafficking is responsible for this gender disparity. If so, this suggests a link between parity and TPO status and our objective was to evaluate the relationship between maternal parity and TPO. STUDY DESIGN: Between November 2000 and April 2003, all women who presented for prenatal care underwent thyroid screening. Excess serum was frozen and stored at 80°C. Serum samples from women without clinical hypothyroidism who had been screened in the first 20 weeks of gestation and who delivered a singleton infant weighing 500 g or more were analyzed for concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Serum TPO levels were determined using a chemiluminescent assay (Immulite 2000 Analyzer, Diagnostic Products Corporation). Maternal parity was evaluated in relationship to positive TPO level ( 50 IU/mL). RESULTS: Serum samples from 17,298 women were tested. Of these, 1,012 (6%) women were identified with TPO. Women with TPO were older and more often parous. Figure A: After adjustment for maternal age, TPO status and parity were not related (P .92). Figure B: After adjustment for parity, TPO status and age remained significantly associated (P .001).
CRF-driven multi-compartment geometric model

We present a hybrid framework for segmenting structures consisting of distinct inter-connected parts. We combine the robustness of Conditional Random Fields in appearance classification with the shape constraints of geometric models and the relative part topology constraints that multi-compartment modeling provides. We demonstrate the performance of our method in cell segmentation from fluorescent microscopic images, where the compartments of interest are the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and the negative hypothesis (background). We compare our results with the most relevant model- and appearance-based segmentation methods.
A web services-enabled marketplace architecture for negotiation process management

As the eBusiness environment becomes more pervasive and dynamic, negotiations between companies are required more frequently than ever. Despite its potential value and the progress in research, the adoption of negotiation systems has been slow in practice. We believe one reason for this is insufficient consideration of process management aspects such as process design, description, and deployment. Business negotiations must be approached from the process management perspective since they take place in the context of corporate processes such as procurement or sales.In this paper, we study system support and automation of business-to-business (B2B) negotiations from the process management perspective. We propose a Web Services-enabled marketplace architecture for negotiation process management and refine it by adding pattern-based process composition. We validate the concept by implementing the proposed architecture using BPEL4WS and evaluating it from various perspectives.
Characteristics of anion transport in cat and dog red blood cells

Self-exchange of chloride and sulfate in dog and cat red cells has been measured under equilibrium conditions. The rates of efflux for these anions are approximately twofold higher in dog compared to cat red blood cells. Although the rates differ, the anion exchange systems of these two red cell types exhibit many common properties. The dependence of35SO4 efflux on the intracellular SO4 concentration, the pH dependence and the inhibition of35SO4 efflux by Cl and SITS are almost identical in dog and cat red cells. Nystatin treatment was used to study the dependence of36Cl efflux on internal Cl. Chloride efflux exhibits saturation in both cell types with dog red cells possessing a higherVmax andK1/2 than cat red cells. The number of anion transport sites was estimated by extrapolation to the number of molecules of dihydro DIDS (H2DIDS, where DIDS is 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′ stilbene-disulfonic acid) which were bound at 100% inhibition of transport. The results indicate that either the turnover numbers for anion transport differ in dog, cat, and human red cells or that there is heterogeneity in the function of the membrane components which bind H2DIDS.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in an insect, Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Abstract 1. Topical application of PCBs induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in Spodoptera eridania midgut homogenates or microsomes, as measured by increased metabolism of [14C]-benzo[a]-pyrene. 2. Low PCB doses produced significant AHH induction. 3. Levels of AHH induction were not proportional to PCB chlorine content. 4. Induction was maximal at 24 hr; the effect persisted for at least 4 days after a single exposure to Aroclor 1254. 5. It appears that AHH induction by PCBs precedes proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation theory for occupation restricted multiple active space self-consistent field reference functions.

A multi-configuration quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation method based on the occupation restricted multiple active space (ORMAS-PT/ORMAS) reference wavefunction is presented. ORMAS gives one the ability to approximate a complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wavefunction using only a subset of the configurations from the CASSCF space. The essential idea behind ORMAS-PT is to use the multi-reference Moller-Plesset formalism to correct the ORMAS reference energy. A computational scheme employing direct CI methodology is presented. Several tests are presented to demonstrate the performance of the ORMAS-PT method.
The Caodai Mother Goddess in a globalizing world: mediation between religious universalism and homeland orientation among Vietnamese Caodaists in the United States

The Mother Goddess in Caodaism has emerged in an American context as a focus for tracing the centralization and transnational development of the Tay Ninh Caodai community, specifically in exchanges with coreligionists in Vietnam. This religious group has bifurcated into two distinct strands since its arrival to the US in 1975. The nondenominational branch has strategically erased the Mother Goddess in an effort to build a cross-sectarian base. It has aimed at universalizing Caodaism by de-emphasizing the significance of the Tay Ninh Holy See. In contrast, the other group has institutionalized itself around the Mother Goddess in order to assert the significance of the Tay Ninh Holy See. Paradoxically, the latter but not the former strand has become increasingly transnational despite its non-universal aspirations. This is precisely because the organization's centralization around the Mother Goddess reorients believers to their homeland and reactivates their ethnic identity.
Improved algorithm for voltage/VAr management on the NGC system

This paper reports on the development of a contingency constrained optimal reactive dispatch (ACCORD) algorithm. It is an improved OPF (optimal power flow) based voltage/VAr management algorithm which combines heuristics with a mathematically rigorous formulation to satisfy the NGC requirements for maintaining pre and post-fault voltages within operational limits. The developed algorithm is primarily intended for short term operational planning applications but it could be adapted for use as an on-line facility. The paper explains briefly the technical details of the underlying OPF algorithm but concentrates on the practical implementation of an integrated operational facility and presents and discusses results obtained for the UK Supergrid transmission system. (6 pages)
ESTIMATING INTERFERENCE AND LINKAGE MAP DISTANCE FROM TWO-FACTOR TETRAD DATA

We present methods for using the model of Foss, Lande, Stahl and Steinberg to estimate interference and map distances from two-factor tetrad data. We illustrate the application of the methods with data from Neurospora and from Saccharomyces.
Relative Usefulness of Measuring Polyamines in Serum, Plasma, and Urine as Biochemical Markers of Cancer

Serial samples of plasma and serum were collected in the morning and afternoon from cancer patients, along with 24-h urine specimens. Values for serum and plasma samples taken at the same time from the same patient differed little, suggesting that either procedure is acceptable for polyamine analysis. Increases in concentrations of putrescine and spermidine in serum and plasma correlate well with such increases in 24-h urine samples. Spermidine concentrations in sera were consistently about 10-fold lower than corresponding urine values. Putrescine concentrations were 10- to 100-fold different. The variation in putrescine values may be due to its more active metabolism by diamine oxidase, an enzyme known to be present in serum. Concentrations of polyamines in serum and urine increased in response to effective chemotherapy.
Detailed studies of the effect of electron beam optics on the gain characteristics of a rectangular grating backwards wave amplifier

Summary form only given. We are examining a low-voltage(<=10 kV), sheet-beam-compatible, grating backward wave amplifier for the Ku-band of frequencies. The linear gain vs, beam energy and the corresponding current density variation is studied, The GRAting AMPlifier(GRAMP) code is used to obtain the theoretical gain. We explain certain experimental gain observations which differ from the conventional theoretical model, These effects include the asymmetry of the absorption and gain portions of the beam energy scan as well as the narrowing of the gain tuning curve. The experimental configuration and results are analyzed and extensions are made to the theoretical model. The special features can be explained in terms of beam optics effects which include beam energy spread, alignment with waveguide axis and waveguide entrance conditions. The results of these detailed analyses will be presented and discussed.
An application portal for collaborative coastal modeling

We describe the background, architecture and implementation of a user portal for the SCOOP coastal ocean observing and modeling community. SCOOP is engaged in the real-time prediction of severe weather events, including tropical storms and hurricanes, and provides operational information including wind, storm surge and resulting inundation, which are important for emergency management. The SCOOP portal, built with the GridSphere Framework, currently integrates customized Grid portlet components for data access, job submission, resource management and notification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special Educators and Data Recording: What’s Delayed Recording Got to Do With It?

This study examined the effects of delayed recording on the accuracy of data recorded by special educators serving students with high- or low-incidence disabilities. A multi-element design was used...
Control of soliton-soliton and soliton-dispersive wave interactions in high bit-rate communication systems

The authors present numerical simulations of the 80 Gbit/s soliton transmission experiment (Electron. Lett. 1994. 30, pp. 1777-1778) operating in a regime beyond the average-soliton limit and show that dispersive waves and soliton interaction limit the total transmission distance to /spl sim/500 km in agreement with the experimental results. Two ways of improving the system performance are presented and discussed. The use of fast saturable absorbers can eliminate interaction between solitons and dispersive waves and increase the transmission distance above 1000 km. The soliton-soliton interaction can be made virtually ineffective by using synchronous modulation. Such a lightwave system can transmit a high bit-rate (50-100 Gbit/s) soliton signal over transoceanic distances while keeping amplifier spacings larger than the soliton period. >
Lo studio dell’interazione sociale nei contesti educativi: risultati e questioni irrisolte

The study of social interaction in educational settings: accomplishments and unresolved issues Traduzione di Raffaele Alessandro Panza The study of face-to-face interaction in educational settings is placed in historical context. The major themes of interactional analysis – that social and cognitive structures are constructed in social interaction, human behavior is context-specific, cultural discontinuity helps explain educational inequality, and learning is a sociocultural process – are reviewed, and the contributions of these findings to theory, methodology and pedagogy are assessed. The paper concludes with a discussion of two unresolved issues: the integration of social structure and interaction in educational analysis and the reconciliation of conflictual and consensual dimensions of learning.
Identification of new, emerging HIV-1 unique recombinant forms and drug resistant viruses circulating in Cameroon.

Background: The HIV epidemic in Cameroon is characterized by a high degree of viral genetic diversity with circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) being predominant. The goal of our study was to determine recent trends in virus evolution and emergence of drug resistance in blood donors and HIV positive patients. Methodology: Blood specimens of 73 individuals were collected from three cities and a few villages in Cameroon and viruses were isolated by co-cultivation with PBMCs. Nested PCR was performed for gag p17 (670 bp) pol (840 bp) and Env gp41 (461 bp) genes. Sequences were phylogenetically analyzed using a reference set of sequences from the Los Alamos database. Results: Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences revealed that 65% (n = 48) of strains were CRF02_AG, 4% (n = 3) subtype F2, 1% each belonged to CRF06 (n = 1), CRF11 (n = 1), subtype G (n = 1), subtype D (n = 1), CRF22_01A1 (n = 1), and 26% (n = 18) were Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs). Most URFs contained CRF02_AG in one or two HIV gene fragments analyzed. Furthermore, pol sequences of 61 viruses revealed drug resistance in 55.5% of patients on therapy and 44% of drug naive individuals in the RT and protease regions. Overall URFs that had a primary HIV subtype designation in the pol region showed higher HIV-1 p24 levels than other recombinant forms in cell culture based replication kinetics studies. Conclusions: Our results indicate that although CRF02_AG continues to be the predominant strain in Cameroon, phylogenetically the HIV epidemic is continuing to evolve as multiple recombinants of CRF02_AG and URFs were identified in the individuals studied. CRF02_AG recombinants that contained the pol region of a primary subtype showed higher replicative advantage than other variants. Identification of drug resistant strains in drug-naive patients suggests that these viruses are being transmitted in the population studied. Our findings support the need for continued molecular surveillance in this region of West Central Africa and investigating impact of variants on diagnostics, viral load and drug resistance assays on an ongoing basis.
Time heals all wounds--but 12-HHT is faster

![Figure][1] Insight from Yael Gus-Brautbar (left) and Dipak Panigrahy Chronic nonhealing wounds such as diabetic ulcers are a major problem associated with human disease. In this issue, Liu et al. offer new hope for tackling nonhealing wounds by defining a novel role for the leukotriene
Conductivity modulation in p-i-n diodes simulated using a highly flexible approach

A highly flexible numerical tool for power device simulation has been developed. It allows devices to be simulated microscopically on the basis of device geometry and physics, which can be specified very easily and with few limitations. This framework (known as the symbolic generation language or SGL) also allows interfacing to external circuit components to permit time-domain simulations. Anomalous behavior in p-i-n diodes and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) has been experimentally observed and is being investigated with the microscopic model. The system is used to obtain a better understanding of an anomalous di/dt dependent voltage, referred to as conductivity modulation lag (CML). The presence of the CML effect has been confirmed by experiment and now by simulation for a p-i-n diode. >
Rethinking Hopelessness and the Role of Spiritual Care When Cure Is No Longer an Option

Abstract Increasingly in the U.S., health care clinicians fail to recognize and accept when curative goals are no longer realistic. At this point, futile efforts at cure can fuel false hopes in patients and their loved ones. The clinician's need to be "doing something" may result in treatment that violates the dignity and well-being of the patient and this can lead to the patient's ultimate hopelessness and despair. This article uses a personal narrative to explore the hopelessness of a patient diagnosed with nonresectable pancreatic cancer and the challenge it raised for the author, who was a friend and a nurse to the patient. Hope is described as a virtue that takes as its object "a future good, difficult but possible to obtain," and that sits squarely between false hopes and despair. Spiritual care that addresses three universal spiritual needs (meaning and purpose, love and relatedness, and forgiveness) is recommended as a valuable intervention to address hopelessness.
A multiresolution spatial parameterization for the estimation of fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions via atmospheric inversions

Abstract. The characterization of fossil-fuel CO2 (ffCO2) emissions is paramount to carbon cycle studies, but the use of atmospheric inverse modeling approaches for this purpose has been limited by the highly heterogeneous and non-Gaussian spatiotemporal variability of emissions. Here we explore the feasibility of capturing this variability using a low-dimensional parameterization that can be implemented within the context of atmospheric CO2 inverse problems aimed at constraining regional-scale emissions. We construct a multiresolution (i.e., wavelet-based) spatial parameterization for ffCO2 emissions using the Vulcan inventory, and examine whether such a~parameterization can capture a realistic representation of the expected spatial variability of actual emissions. We then explore whether sub-selecting wavelets using two easily available proxies of human activity (images of lights at night and maps of built-up areas) yields a low-dimensional alternative. We finally implement this low-dimensional parameterization within an idealized inversion, where a sparse reconstruction algorithm, an extension of stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit (StOMP), is used to identify the wavelet coefficients. We find that (i) the spatial variability of fossil-fuel emission can indeed be represented using a low-dimensional wavelet-based parameterization, (ii) that images of lights at night can be used as a proxy for sub-selecting wavelets for such analysis, and (iii) that implementing this parameterization within the described inversion framework makes it possible to quantify fossil-fuel emissions at regional scales if fossil-fuel-only CO2 observations are available.
Pattern of restricted diffusion seen on magnetic resonance imaging in maple syrup urine disease.

Valine (50-242) 95 490 334 172 447 71 Isoleucine (10-86) 55 367 114 17 141 260 Leucine (30-142) 277 3229 651 70 19 262 Allo-isoleucine (0-1) 19 224 34 27 23 36 A 9-day-old term female presented with decreased feeding and irritability. She was transferred to our hospital for continued evaluation of refractory hypoglycemia and hyperammonemia. Upon arrival, she had signs of dehydration. She was agitated, crying, and moving all extremities spontaneously with generalized hypotonia. Her evaluation was notable for nonketotic hypoglycemia and leukocytosis. Infectious disease evaluation with lumbar puncture and blood culture was negative. Her newborn screening had revealed elevated leucine (451 mmol; reference range <372 mmol) and normal valine (271 mmol; reference range<376 mmol). Evaluation of the serum amino acids revealed elevated branched chain amino acids (Table) suggestive of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).1,2 The alloisoleucine level was also elevated, which was relatively specific for MSUD.1,2 Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was notable for restricted diffusion in the corticospinal tracts, brainstem, and cerebellar white matter (Fig).1 After receiving urgent hemodialysis, the metabolic crisis and branched chain amino acids levels improved (Table). She was started on branched-chain amino acid and proteinfree formulas (35 g of MSUD analog and 75 g of Pro-Phree powder) and improved.2 Diffusion-weighted imaging in MSUD can reveal restricted diffusion in the central part of the centrum
Modeling of Biomimetic Robotic Fish Propelled by An Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite Caudal Fin

In this paper, a physics-based model is proposed for a biomimetic robotic fish propelled by an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuator. Inspired by the biological fin structure, a passive plastic fin is further attached to the IPMC beam. The model incorporates both IPMC actuation dynamics and the hydrodynamics, and predicts the steady-state cruising speed of the robot under a given periodic actuation voltage. The interactions between the plastic fin and the IPMC actuator are also captured in the model. Experimental results have shown that the proposed model is able to predict the motion of robotic fish for different tail dimensions. Since most of the model parameters are expressed in terms of fundamental physical properties and geometric dimensions, the model is expected to be instrumental in optimal design of the robotic fish.