cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal integration of melatonin infusion duration: signal averaging versus frequency dependence.

Day length affects somatic and reproductive physiology of Siberian hamsters via regulation of the duration of nocturnal pineal melatonin secretion. Nightly 'long' (e.g. 12 hr) or 'short' (e.g. 6 hr) melatonin signals inhibit or stimulate gonadal growth, respectively. When long and short signals are presented in combination, however, neuroendocrine mechanisms exhibit a frequency-dependent response, stimulating gonadal growth only if short signals are presented every second night or more frequently. The present experiments further assessed formal models for the temporal integration of melatonin signals changing abruptly in duration from night to night. Photo-inhibited Siberian hamsters were housed in constant light and infused subcutaneously with various combinations of nightly short or long melatonin signals according to one of the several regimes that varied the frequency of short melatonin signal occurrence, average duration of the nightly melatonin signal, or both. Six weeks of nightly alternating short and long signals yielded different gonadal responses depending on the average melatonin signal duration. Moreover, when average melatonin signal duration was held constant between groups, gonadal stimulation was independent of the frequency of the constituent melatonin signals except when the duration of the short signal was reduced to 3 hr. Thus, neuroendocrine mechanisms do not solely categorize melatonin signals as either long or short but attend also to the duration of each component signal. In the majority (six of seven) of infusion regimes, reproductive responses to chimeric patterns of long and short melatonin signals were compatible with a simple signal-averaging mechanism.
Scheduling Challenges in Mixed Critical Real-time Heterogeneous Computing Platforms

In Dynamic Data-Driven Application Systems (DDDAS), applications must dynamically adapt their behavior in response to objectives and conditions that change while deployed. Often these applications may be safety critical or tightly resource constrained, with a need for graceful degradation when introduced to unexpected conditions. This paper begins by motivating and providing a vision for a dynamically adaptable mixed critical computing platform to support DDDAS applications. We then specifically focus on the need for advancements in task models and scheduling algorithms to manage the resources of such a platform. We discuss the short comings of existing task models for capturing important attributes of our envisioned computing platform, and identify challenges that must be addressed when developing scheduling algorithms that act upon our proposed extended task model.
Connecting Protein Conformational Dynamics with Catalytic Function As Illustrated in Dihydrofolate Reductase

Combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the M20 loop conformational dynamics of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is severely restricted at the transition state of the hydride transfer as a result of the M42W/G121V double mutation. Consequently, the double-mutant enzyme has a reduced entropy of activation, i.e., increased entropic barrier, and altered temperature dependence of kinetic isotope effects in comparison with those of wild-type DHFR. Interestingly, in both wild-type DHFR and the double mutant, the average donor–acceptor distances are essentially the same in the Michaelis complex state (∼3.5 A) and the transition state (2.7 A). It was found that an additional hydrogen bond is formed to stabilize the M20 loop in the closed conformation in the M42W/G121V double mutant. The computational results reflect a similar aim designed to knock out precisely the dynamic flexibility of the M20 loop in a different double mutant, N23PP/S148A.
Single-Molecule Measurements of Gold-Quenched Quantum Dots

We report the study of the quenching of quantum dots (CdSe) by gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. Double-stranded DNA is used as a rigid spacer to tune the distance between the two nanoparticles. The width of the fluorescent intensity distribution, monitored at different interparticle distances, reflects both the nanoparticle heterogeneity and the fluorescence intermittency of the quantum dot. The fluorescence distribution emitted by single CdSe nanocrystals can easily be distinguished from the fluorescence of partially quenched CdSe. Our results show that the distance-dependence quenching is compatible with a F\"orster-type process.
Patterning the mammalian cerebral cortex.

Abstract When and how is the area map of the cerebral cortex set up during development? Recent studies indicate that regional pattern emerges early in cortical neurogenesis, and that this pattern does not require cues from extrinsic innervation. Studies of mutant mice indicate a role for embryonic signaling centers and for specific transcription factors in regionalizing the cortex. Thus, it is increasingly probable that the cortex is partitioned using the same types of mechanisms — and in some cases, the same gene families — that are used in patterning other parts of the embryo. This emerging model is likely to be the basis for many future studies. However, new evidence also confirms the special nature of the cerebral cortex, in that cues from developing connections appear to modify and refine the final area map.
A photometric search for rapid oscillations in the cool Ap star β CrB near magnetic maximum

Photoelectric photometry has been obtained on 8 nights, all within one day of the magnetic maximum of β CrB based on Kurtz' ephemeris, in order to attempt to clarify whether this cool magnetic oblique rotator is or is not a rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star. Coherent oscillations were not detected down to a level of 0.34 millimagnitude using narrow-band filters close in wavelength to Johnson B. This implies that β CrB may not be an roAp star, in spite of possessing characteristics very similar to other known roAp stars.
The Origins of Societal Power in South Korea: Understanding the Physical and Human Legacies of Japanese Colonialism

In seeking to explain the social, political and economic development of South Korea since liberation in 1945, many scholars have begun paying increasing attention to the significance of Korea’s colonial past. Most of these scholars have, for very good reasons, focused on fundamental—even revolutionary—changes in Korea's institutional structure, which for centuries had been dominated by a landed aristocracy ‘intent upon the preservation of its social, economic, and political privileges.’ Colonialism, to be more specific, replaced the factionalized and conflict-ridden institutions of aristocracy (and dynastic rule) with a modern, highly centralized, and extremely capable state apparatus, one which was used to reshape Korean society in any number of ways during Japan's 35 years of domination. The ‘strong state’ is, in fact, an enduring and undeniably powerful legacy of colonialism.
Characterization of materials using ultrasonic spectroscopy

ABSTRACT An ultrasonic transducer usually consists of a piezoelectric element, an acoustic lens, matching layers and a backingmaterial. The foremost important issue in an ultrasonic tninsducer designing is the choice of the right materials.Therefore, determination of the bulk modulus B and the shear modulus u in a broad megahertz frequency range forthose materials is essential. It can be achieved by measuring the phase velocities of the longitudinal (ci) and . fB+41i/3 f:i: . . transverse (c,) waves as they are given by c= and c,= j respectively, where p is the density. 'I PAnother important parameter is the attenuation coefficient for the longitudinal and transverse waves ofthe materials.All those quantities are commonly measured by using the narrowband discrete frequency method; it needs severaltransducers which have various resonance frequencies to cover the frequency range of interest. For measurementswhich involve transverse waves, shear wave transducers are needed. For this work, the ultrasonic spectroscopy(broadband pulse) technique incorporated with the mode conversion method was applied to measure thoseparameters as function offrequency simultaneously; no shear wave transducer was used. The basic theoiy andmethodology of this technique are presented. Eerrors of the measurement generated by the self-nonlinear interactionof different frequency components of an incident broadband ultrasonic pulse are usually caused by inappropriate use ofthis method.Keywords: materials' characterization, ultrasonic spectroscopy, broadband pulse technique, nonlinear interaction
Is There a Role for Stem Cell Therapy for Overactive Bladder

The traditional approach to the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) consists of behavioral therapies and pharmacologic interventions, both of which are effective in the short term but have failed to demonstrate durability over time. Patients who fail these interventions for OAB have other more invasive surgical options available that carry their own attendant risks. Herein we provide an up-to-date overview of contemporary research being performed in the treatment of OAB. Namely, we discuss the risks and benefits of pharmacogenomic medicine, whereby we can study the genetic differences in metabolic pathways that affect an individual’s response to certain drugs. We also look at molecular medicine and the use of viral vectors to deliver gene therapy to target cells. Finally, we provide an overview of stem cells and the purported therapeutic benefits as well as the challenges faced by researchers in the use of these emerging treatment modalities.
Effect of thrombin, adenosine diphosphate, connective tissue, and endotoxin on platelet glycolysis.

THROMBIN, which aggregates platelets, also induces an increase in rate of platelet glycolysis1,2. Other substances capable of aggregating platelets include adenosine diphosphate (ADP)3, connective tissue4, and (in rabbit platelet systems) endotoxin5. I have compared these other aggregating substances with thrombin in their ability to influence platelet glycolysis as measured by the production of lactate.
Enantioselective conjugate addition to cyclic enones with scalemic lithium organo(amido)cuprates, Part IV. Relationship between ligand structure and enantioselectivity

Abstract Scalemic lithium amides derived from primary and secondary amines react with organocopper compounds in ether or dimethyl sulfide to form lithium organo(amido)cuprates capable of enantioselective conjugate addition to 2-cycloalkenones. The most successful heterocuprate, in which the chiral ligand is (S)-N-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanamine, (S)-MAPP, 13, reacts with cyclic enones to form products with up to 97% ee. Nonlinear asymmetric induction was observed with the cuprate formed from ligand 13.
Origin and Uses of Primum Non Nocere—Above All, Do No Harm!

The so-called Hippocratic injunction to do no harm has been an axiom central to clinical pharmacology and to the education of medical and graduate students. With the recent reexamination of the nature and magnitude of adverse reactions to drugs, the purposes of this research and review were to discover the origin of this unique Latin expression. It has been reported that the author was neither Hippocrates nor Galen. Searches of writings back to the Middle Ages have uncovered the appearance of the axiom as expressed in English, coupled with its unique Latin, in 1860, with attribution to the English physician, Thomas Sydenham. Commonly used in the late 1800s into the early decades of the 1900s, it was nearly exclusively transmitted orally; it rarely appeared in print in the early 20th century. Its applicability and limitations as a guide to the ethical practice of medicine and pharmacological research are discussed. Despite insufficiencies, it remains a potent reminder that every medical and pharmacological decision carries the potential for harm.
A Compact Programmable Control Panel for Computer Control Systems

The Card Programmable Function Button Panel is basically a manual data entry device used for computer program assignment and binary control. However, it has the ability to be reassigned in over one thousand different configurations by changing a computer-read program card which also provides labeling of the panel's control buttons and indicator lights. The multiple assignment capability is accomplished by an optically-read ten-bit binary code on the program card. The panel is packaged in a 3-wide 8 3/4 inch high AEC Standard Nuclear Instrument Module (NIM). The front panel contains 30 control-button/indicator-light pairs which are labeled by the dollar-bill-sized program cards. The cards are made of a thin white plastic with a special writing surface. The recessed indicator-light matrix thus provides separate backlighting through each of the button-adjacent printed partitions of the over-laying program cards. Binary code bitlocations are printed across the bottom edge of the card, and the cards are encoded by punching out the appropriate code using a standard hand punch. The panel contains all the electronics necessary for lamp drivers, lamp test, lamp dimmers, as well as the logic for the registration, validation, reading, and transmission of the card's binary code to the computer. Separate electronics provides for button-switch debouncing, encoding, key-roll-over protection, and indicator-status memory. Electronic and mechanical construction details are reviewed as well as a brief description of the panel's use on the operator's control consoles at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (herein referred to as LAMPF).
Origins of bidirectional replication of Epstein–Barr virus: Models for understanding mammalian origins of DNA synthesis

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), provides unique advantages to understand origins of replication in higher eukaryotes. EBV establishes itself efficiently in infected B lymphocytes, where it exists as a 165 kb, circular chromosome which is duplicated once per cell cycle (Adams [1987] J Virol 61:1743-1746). Five to twenty copies of the EBV chromosome are usually present in each cell, increasing the signal/noise ratio for mapping and analyzing its replication origins. Remarkably only one viral protein is required for the synthesis and partitioning of the viral chromosomes: EBV nuclear antigen-1, or EBNA1. EBV uses distinct origins related to the ARS1 origin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to that of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [Bogan et al., 2000]. We shall review the properties and the regulation of these two kinds of origins in EBV and relate them to their cellular cousins.
Zur Thomas-Fermischen Gleichung bei hohen Temperaturen

Es wird eine semi-konvergente Entwicklung fur das Thomas-Fermische Potential bei hohen Temperaturen hergeleitet und deren Fehler abgeschatzt. Die genannte Entwicklung wird es ermoglichen, die numerische Integration der betreffenden Gleichung derart zu behandeln, das die Zustandsgleichung eines Elementes bei hohen Temperaturen erhalten werden kann.
Further Tests of the Validity of X-Ray Crystal Methods of Determining e

The authors have continued their efforts to absolve the x-ray method of determining the electronic charge of the criticism that Bragg reflection determines the lattice dimensions in only a very shallow surface region whereas the density determinations have been made on a much larger volume of crystal. In earlier work by a powder method we were able to show that the above-mentioned superficiality criticism could not explain the discrepancy between $e=4.803$ (the "x-ray value") and $e=4.770$ (computed by the oil-drop method with Harrington's value of air viscosity). The powder method, necessarily somewhat less precise than the macroscopic calcite method, yielded a mean of $e=4.799$, agreeing with the macroscopic calcite value well within the precision of the powder method. The present work gives a still more precise absolution of the macroscopic calcite results from the above-mentioned criticism. In the earlier work we abandoned efforts to measure lattice dimensions in the interior of a thin-cleaved slab of calcite by means of Laue reflection in a precision transmission spectrometer because photographs with the crystal adjacent to the slit, but on the same side as the photographic plate showed most of the Laue reflection coming from regions close to the front and back surfaces of the slab. Also strange unexplained fluctuations of intensity along the lengths of the spectral "lines" were observed with the crystal in this position. In a continuation of this work two thin crystal slabs have been studied. Each has been etched with HCl rather heavily all over one of its faces and over half the height of its opposite face. The upper half of the spectral lines selectively reflected to the photographic plate had thus traversed a crystal slab etched on both sides, while the lower half had traversed a slab etched on only one side. With this arrangement, and with the crystal on the side of the slit nearest the photographic plate, we are able to show that the enhanced Laue reflection from regions near the surface is completely suppressed by sufficient etching and that fainter reflection can then be definitely observed from the interior regions of the crystal. With the crystal on the opposite side of the slit from the plate we are able to compare very accurately on one and the same photographic plate the reflection angles for the enhanced surface reflection with the reflection angles for the interior planes. These angles turn out to be very precisely equal, thus furnishing clinching justification for the validity of the well-known precise determinations of $e$ by Bragg reflection from the surface of macroscopic pieces of calcite. The density fluctuations along the length of the lines are absent for the interior reflection and we conclude that they are probably the result of local variations of surface disturbance set up in the process of cleavage.
The bush administration's security strategy: Implications for transatlantic relations

There are signs of growing transatlantic estrangement over multiple international issues. An important catalyst for this estrangement is the National Security Strategy (NSS) that the Bush administration promulgated in September 2002, a document that is a detailed imperial blueprint. Despite its pretensions, however, it is not a global strategy, but instead appears to apply primarily to the 'Islamic Arc'--the territory from North Africa to the border of India. The administration's security strategy has important implications for the transatlantic relationship, since the United States is encouraging NATO to become a junior partner for missions throughout the Islamic Arc. Given the growing divergence in US and European interests and policy perspectives, the role that the Bush administration envisages for NATO is probably not sustainable. The 'West' was an artificial geostrategic concept that needed an extraordinarily threatening common adversary (the Soviet Union) to give it substance. The US and its allies ...
Functional Analysis of Aquaporin-1 Deficient Red Cells THE COLTON-NULL PHENOTYPE

The aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water transport protein contains a polymorphism corresponding to the Colton red blood cell antigens. To define the fraction of membrane water permeability mediated by AQP1, red cells were obtained from human kindreds with the rare Colton-null phenotype. Homozygosity or heterozygosity for deletion of exon I in AQP1 correlated with total or partial deficiency of AQP1 protein. Homozygote red cell morphology appeared normal, but clinical laboratory studies revealed slightly reduced red cell life span in vivo; deformability studies revealed a slight reduction in membrane surface area. Diffusional water permeability (Pd) was measured under isotonic conditions by pulsed field gradient NMR. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured by change in light scattering after rapid exposure of red cells to increased extracellular osmolality. AQP1 contributes ∼64% (Pd = 1.5 × 10-3 cm/s) of the total diffusional water permeability pathway, and lipid permeation apparently comprises ∼23%. In contrast, AQP1 contributes >85% (Pf = 19 × 10-3 cm/s) of the total osmotic water permeability pathway, and lipid permeation apparently comprises only ∼10%. The ratio of AQP1-mediated Pf to Pd predicts the length of the aqueous pore to be 36 A.
Economic liberalization and urban-rural inequality in India: a quantile regression analysis

We examine India’s urban–rural inequality in welfare in 1993–1994 and 2004, a period which coincides with the country’s economic liberalization reforms and rapid economic growth. Using real monthly per capita household consumption expenditure as our measure of welfare, we estimate quantile regressions to analyze the urban–rural welfare gap across the entire welfare distribution. While the urban–rural welfare gap was fairly convex across the welfare distribution in 1993–1994, it became more concave in 2004, with the gap narrowing for the lowest and highest quintiles and widening for the middle three quintiles. The urban–rural gap in returns to all levels of education widened substantially for the bottom four quintiles but became increasingly negative for the top quintile. Applying the Machado and Mata (J Appl Econom 20:445–465, 2005) decomposition technique to decompose the urban–rural welfare gap at each percentile, we find that for the bottom 40% of the distribution, differences in the distribution of covariates became less important while differences in the distribution of returns to covariates became more important in explaining the gap. The opposite was true for the top 40% of the distribution. Our analysis suggests that while the rural poor appear to be catching up with their urban counterparts in terms of labor market characteristics, ten years of economic reforms have intensified the urban–rural gap in returns to these characteristics. On the other hand, the rural rich lag even further behind the urban rich with respect to their labor market characteristics even though the urban–rural gap in the returns to these characteristics has diminished during the reform period. Future efforts to generate urban–rural equality may require policies that seek to equalize returns to labor market characteristics between the two sectors at the lower half of the distribution and improve rural labor market characteristics at the top half of the distribution.
The Labidocera Mirabilis Species Group (Copepoda, Calanoida) With Description of a New Bahamian Species 1)

[Eine neue Copepoden Art, Labidocera wilsoni, wird aus dem seichten Wasser der Insel Eleuthera in den Bahamas beschrieben. Die neue Art und L. mirabilis Fleminger stellen eine Artengruppe dar, welche nur vom subtropischen ostlichen Nordamerika bekannt ist. Die im westlichen Nordamerika einheimische jollae Artengruppe scheint ihr nachster Verwandter zu sein. Beide Arten-gruppen bilden einen in Nordamerika einheimischen Artenkreis. Beweismaterial fur die Annahme einer solchen Verwandtschaft wird vorgelegt und auf die Eignung der Gattung Labidocera fur das Studium der Evolution im meeres-pelagischen Bereich hingewiesen., Eine neue Copepoden Art, Labidocera wilsoni, wird aus dem seichten Wasser der Insel Eleuthera in den Bahamas beschrieben. Die neue Art und L. mirabilis Fleminger stellen eine Artengruppe dar, welche nur vom subtropischen ostlichen Nordamerika bekannt ist. Die im westlichen Nordamerika einheimische jollae Artengruppe scheint ihr nachster Verwandter zu sein. Beide Arten-gruppen bilden einen in Nordamerika einheimischen Artenkreis. Beweismaterial fur die Annahme einer solchen Verwandtschaft wird vorgelegt und auf die Eignung der Gattung Labidocera fur das Studium der Evolution im meeres-pelagischen Bereich hingewiesen.]
The tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine 1A/death receptor 3 cytokine system in intestinal inflammation.

Purpose of reviewTumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine 1A (TL1A) associates with the death receptor 3 (DR3) on activated lymphocytes and induces proinflammatory signals. The decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) competes for TL1A binding and inhibits functional signaling. This review focuses on the role of th
Hierarchical approach to feature indexing

We extend our previous approach to 2-D shape indexing, data-driven indexed hypotheses, to hierarchical features. It is shown mathematically and experimentally that an index based on hierarchical features is more computationally efficient than one based on nonhierarchical features. Our approach addresses two types of hierarchies: a multilevel approximation of the contours of 2-D objects and a three-level feature indexing system. Our approach can easily be extended to 3-D objects. As we know, occluded object recognition should be based on local features. However, these features may sometimes be lost due to changes of scale as well as to occlusion. Our first hierarchical mechanism is used to complement the feature loss due to scale changes. It results in multilevel approximations of the contours of objects using scale-space approaches. This approach is also beneficial when there are few boundary points of maximal curvature so that standard polygonal approximation schemes don''t work very well. Our second hierarchical mechanism is to use sets of visible local features to hypothesize the presence of objects. Verification of the various hypotheses is done via normalization and boundary template matching. Using these two hierarchical mechanisms results in an approach to shape recognition which is very general in practice. Theoretically, many types of features can be recognized, though line features are preferred. Our technique offers a new approach to the construction of indexing systems for image databases on the basis of image features.
Helicity of μ - Mesons; Mott Scattering of Polarized Muons

In order to find the helicity of the neutrino nu u associated with the mu meson, the reaction pi --- mu -+ nu /sub mu / is studied. The helicity is found from the asymmetry in the Mott scattering of the polarized mu - mesons produced in the reaction. It is found that the helicities of the nu mu and nu /sub e/ are equal. (T.F.H.)
Transonic calculation of airfoil stability and response with active controls

Transonic aeroelastic stability and response analyses are performed for the MBB A-3 supercritical airfoil. Three degrees of freedom are considered: plunge, pitch, and aileron pitch. The control of airfoil stability and response in transonic flow are studied. Stability analyses are performed using a Pade aeroelastic model based on the use of LTRAN2-NLR transonic small disturbance finite difference computer code. Response analyses are performed by coupling the structural equations of motion to the unsteady aerodynamic forces of LTRAN2-NLR. The focus is on transonic time marching transient response solutions using modal identification to determine stability. Frequency and damping of these modes are directly compared in the complex s-plane with Pade model eigenvalues. Transonic stability and response characteristics of 2-D airfoils are discussed and comparisons are made. Application of the Pade aeroelastic model and time marching analyses to flutter suppression using active controls is demonstrated.
Carbohydrate Modified Diet & Insulin Sensitizers Reduce Body Weight & Modulate Metabolic Syndrome Measures in EMPOWIR (Enhance the Metabolic Profile of Women with Insulin Resistance): A Randomized Trial of Normoglycemic Women with Midlife Weight Gain

Rationale Progressive midlife weight gain is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes and may represent an early manifestation of insulin resistance in a distinct subset of women. Emerging data implicate hyperinsulinema as a proximate cause of weight gain and support strategies that attenuate insulin secretion.
On the Separation of Nuclear Isomers

The fact that nuclear isomers can be separated chemically cannot be explained on the basis of the recoils involved. However, with $K$ capture, or with internal conversion accompanying the isomeric transition, there is a mechanism for the separation. The positive charge built up by the Auger effect during the electronic readjustment is enough to cause molecular dissociation. To illustrate this, the probabilities for Auger effect and for x-rays for all shells of the Br atom were calculated and compared, and they show that the excess charge in this case becomes as high as 4.7e. The effect on homopolar binding is examined by using a hydrogen molecule model. It is found that excess charges considerably less than 4.7e should cause dissociation in the Br case.
Preparation of polyelectrolyte multilayer films consisting of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) alternating with selected anionic layers

Abstract We have developed a new approach involving the use of pressure during the alternating physisorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on porous supports. For example, new polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as selective skins in composite membranes for NF were prepared by alternating layer-by-layer deposition of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI). During this electrostatic self-assembly deposition, it was demonstrated that the use of pressure could increase the salt rejection of the PEMs by one to two times. The effect of polymer charge density on membrane performance, e.g. sulfonation degree of sPEEK, was also studied. By depositing the sPEEK dissolved in methanol and branched PEI dissolved in water, the rejection of the PEMs could be further increased. The rejection is about 89% and very close to that of current commercially successful polyamide membranes, which is about 96%. The antifouling property of the PEMs has also been studied. Our membranes have a better antifouling property in comparison with commercial membranes, NTR 7450.
The singularity and the unity of transcendental consciousness in Kant

Transcendental consciousness is described by Kant as “the one single thing” in which “as in the transcendental subject, our perceptions must be encountered.” The unity of that subject depends on intellectual functions. I argue that its singularity is just the same as that of Kant's pre-intellectual “form” of spatiotemporal “intuition.” This may seem excluded by Kant's claim that it is through intellect that “space or time are first given as intuitions.” But while pre-intellectual form is insufficient for space and time as distinct “things,” it is sufficient for the constitution of a “single thing” indifferently construable as both. Contrary to what are typically seen as the main differences between Kant and Hume on identity of “self,” there is thus already a difference in play below the level of either's concern with the sorts of connections available for the combining, or illusion of combining, of manifolds of “impressions” or “ideas.”
Recent land use change in the Western Corn Belt threatens grasslands and wetlands

In the US Corn Belt, a recent doubling in commodity prices has created incentives for landowners to convert grassland to corn and soybean cropping. Here, we use land cover data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service Cropland Data Layer to assess grassland conversion from 2006 to 2011 in the Western Corn Belt (WCB): five states including North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Iowa. Our analysis identifies areas with elevated rates of grass-to-corn/soy conversion (1.0–5.4% annually). Across the WCB, we found a net decline in grass-dominated land cover totaling nearly 530,000 ha. With respect to agronomic attributes of lands undergoing grassland conversion, corn/soy production is expanding onto marginal lands characterized by high erosion risk and vulnerability to drought. Grassland conversion is also concentrated in close proximity to wetlands, posing a threat to waterfowl breeding in the Prairie Pothole Region. Longer-term land cover trends from North Dakota and Iowa indicate that recent grassland conversion represents a persistent shift in land use rather than short-term variability in crop rotation patterns. Our results show that the WCB is rapidly moving down a pathway of increased corn and soybean cultivation. As a result, the window of opportunity for realizing the benefits of a biofuel industry based on perennial bioenergy crops, rather than corn ethanol and soy biodiesel, may be closing in the WCB.
Consistent quantum counterfactuals

An analysis using classical stochastic processes is used to construct a consistent system of quantum counterfactual reasoning. When applied to a counterfactual version of Hardy's paradox, it shows that the probabilistic character of quantum reasoning together with the ``one framework'' rule prevents a logical contradiction, and there is no evidence within this approach for any nonlocal influences. Counterfactual reasoning can support a realistic interpretation of standard quantum theory (measurements reveal what is actually there) under appropriate circumstances.
Cytopathic effects of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans on monkey blood leukocytes

The suitability of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for studies concerned with the biologic properties of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is the subject of the present investigation. We found that normal monkeys harbored leukotoxic strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples. Monkey peripheral blood PMNs and monocytes were killed following in vitro exposure to sonic extracts of leukotoxic strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Monkey sera were capable of inhibiting the leukotoxic properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans sonic extracts due to the presence of IgG antibodies which neutralized the leukotoxin. Similarly, sera from patients with juvenile periodontitis (but not normal human sera) abolished leukotoxin-mediated killing of monkey PMNs. Monkey peripheral blood lymphoid cells were not killed by A. actinomycetemcomitans but demonstrated depressed responses to mitogens following pre-incubation with A. actinomycetemcomitans sonicates prepared from either leukotoxic or “non-leukotoxic” human strains. These studies suggest that cynomolgus monkeys may serve as a suitable in vitro and in vivo model for delineating more about host-A. actinomycetemcomitans interrelationships in the etiology of human periodontal disease.
The Electron Distributions in the Mars and Venus Upper Atmospheres

Abstract Theoretical models of the Mars and Venus ionospheres are constructed and compared with the observed electron distributions in the upper atmospheres of these planets. It is found that a serious discrepancy exists between calculated and observed electron densities for all the Mariner flights if the presently accepted values of the solar extreme ultraviolet radiation are assumed to be the only ionization source. This result suggests the presence of a second source of ionization having an importance at least comparable to that of the ultra-violet. The proton flux that would be required to provide a source of ionization strong enough to bring the computed electron densities into agreement with observation is calculated, and a comparison of these flux values with those typical of the solar wind shows that the solar wind is a potentially important ionization source for the Mars and Venus upper atmospheres. A quantitative treatment of solar wind flow across the planetary bow shock and the subsequent ioni...
Liver transplantation for sclerosing cholangitis

The clinical course of 37 patients who underwent 46 liver transplantations for primary (n = 33) and secondary (n = 4) sclerosing cholangitis was reviewed. The median follow-up was 37 months. The patient and graft survivals for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis at 1, 2, and 5 years were 96.9%, 91.6%, 87.9%, and 83.1%, 74.2%, 65.2%, respectively. In the patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), prior surgery except for simple cholecystectomy was associated with significantly greater operative time and blood loss. No cholangiocarcinoma was identified at the time of transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen typing for PSC patients was heavily weighed toward B8 (58.8%) compared with control (11.8%). Sixty-two percent of patients with PSC also had inflammatory bowel disease. Moderate or severe rejection requiring OKT3, "rescue therapy" with FK506, or retransplantation was relatively higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (70%) versus patients without inflammatory bowel disease (36.4%) and a matched control group (37.5%). Progressive inflammatory bowel disease was seen in 6 of 19 patients, with 3 developing cancer and a dysplasia. Two patients in the entire group died of sepsis and 3 of colon cancer (2 recurrent and 1 primary). These data demonstrate that excellent survival results can be achieved in this group of patients. Rejection is frequent and often severe and steroid refractory. Colon cancer represents the most frequent cause of death in PSC patients after liver transplantation and demands constant attention.
Ground-Based Observations of Cloud Features on Uranus☆

Abstract NSFCAM observations at 1.7 μm in 1998 and 1999 recorded the first discrete cloud features to appear in ground-based digital images of Uranus and the brightest such feature ever observed. The differential contributions of these northern hemisphere features to Uranus' disk-integrated brightness range from 0.8±0.2% and 0.11±0.3% for two 1998 features, to 4.9±0.7% for one 1999 feature, which is four times the value measured in 1998 NICMOS images at similar wavelengths.
On existence, uniqueness and convergence of approximate solution of boundary value problems related to the nonlinear operator Au: =-(k((u')2)u' )'+g(u)

We study the problems of solvability and linearization for the nonlinear boundary value problems with nonlinear operator Au:=-(k((u^')^2)u^')^'+g(u). Solvability in H^1[a,b] of the problems is obtained by using monotone potential operator theory and Browder-Minty theorem. Sufficient conditions for the solvability are obtained in explicit form. For the linearization of the considered nonlinear problems monotone iterative scheme is developed. The scheme permits use of the variational finite-difference scheme for the numerical solution the considered nonlinear problems. Sufficient conditions for the convergence of the iteration method are presented. Computational experiments illustrate high accuracy of the presented method.
A discrepancy‐arousal explanation of mutual influence in expressive behavior for adult and infant‐adult interaction 1

The expressive behaviors of adult and infant‐adult dyads are marked both by patterns of reciprocity and compensation. An alternative to the equilibrium and arousal‐labeling explanations of these findings is offered in the discrepancy‐arousal model. This model is similar to its predecessors in that physiological, cognitive, and affective components are central. However, the arousal component is given a more prominent role in predicting reciprocal or compensatory responses than in the arousal‐labeling theory. This modification permits discrepancy‐arousal to account for the reaction time of moment‐to‐moment influence, for the cycling of expressive involvement, for infant‐adult patterns of reciprocity and compensation, and for the etiology of adult patterns of mutual influence. Evidence supporting the discrepancy‐arousal position is reviewed. Predictive hypotheses are proposed and contrastive experimental tests are outlined.
One-step assembly in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments to form a complete synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium genome

We previously reported assembly and cloning of the synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium JCVI-1.0 genome in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombination of six overlapping DNA fragments to produce a 592-kb circle. Here we extend this approach by demonstrating assembly of the synthetic genome from 25 overlapping fragments in a single step. The use of yeast recombination greatly simplifies the assembly of large DNA molecules from both synthetic and natural fragments.
Identification and localization of the GM1 ganglioside in the cochlea using thin-layer chromatography and cholera toxin

Using high-performance thin-layer chromatography, we identified GM1, GM3, GD3, GD1a, GT1b, GQ1b, and other gangliosides in chinchilla cochlea and cerebellum. GM1 was also identified on chromatograms with the B-subunit of cholera toxin (BCT). BCT was also used to determine the distribution of GM1 in fixed and unfixed tissues from cochlea, cerebellum, and sciatic nerve. Positive control tissues showed expected labeling of GM1 by BCT. Negative controls showed expected suppression of BCT binding to GM1 after GM1 extraction and GM1 absorption. In the cochlea, GM1 appeared abundant in plasma membranes of most epithelial cells lining the endolymphatic surface of the scala media, including the interdental, inner supporting, pillar, Deiters, Hensen, Claudius, Boettcher, spiral prominence, and external sulcus. GM1 appeared less abundant in cells of the stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, and in nerve fibers. In hair cells, the stereocilia appeared to contain GM1; however, the endolymphatic surface of the cuticular plate and the body of the outer hair cells appeared to contain little GM1. In addition, the tectorial membrane, connective tissue of the spiral limbus, and amorphous layer of the basilar membrane also appeared to contain little GM1. Enzymatic degradation of glycoproteins and transformation of polysialogangliosides to GM1 increased the reactivity of BCT to cochlear GM1. This further supported the presence of GM1 and other gangliosides in the cochlea. Although the functional significance of GM1 and other gangliosides in the cochlea is not yet known, they are likely to play important roles in membrane function.
Maternal Reinforcement Style and Cooperation-Competition among Anglo-American and Mexican-American Children

ABSTRACT The major theoretical formulations regarding the antecedents of prosocial motives and behaviors support the hypothesis that a generally rewarding and nonpunitive maternal reinforcement style fosters the development of prosocial motives and behaviors. To test that hypothesis, 189 Anglo-American and Mexican-American mothers in interaction with their children were administered the Reinforcement Style Game which assesses generalized tendency to be rewarding and/or punishing, and the children were administered the Social Behavior Scale which assesses prosocial and competitive motives and behaviors. Results fail to support the theoretical formulations which postulate positive effects of a rewarding, nonpunitive maternal reinforcement style for fostering prosocial development.
Die Gärungs-Nebenproduktbildung einiger für die Weinbereitung wichtiger Hefen

Summary Nine different yeasts (2 Saccharomyces-cerevisiae-strains, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Kloeckera apiculata, Hansenuia anomala. Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida crusei, Candida pulcherrima, Pichia membranae-faciens ) were tested in an synthetic substrate for their ability of fermentation and their by-products formed during it. (1) Fermentation and the forming of by-products in a synthetic substrate can be compared with those in grape must. (2) Only one strain of Sacch. cerevisiae ferments sugar approximately quantitative. The secound strain of Sacch. cerev. and Saccharomycodes ludwigii ferment only 83%, Kloeckera, Hansenula and both strains of Candida 20–65%, Pichia and Schizosaccharomyces ferment under these conditions all but nothing. The production of acids increase with fermentation ability. (3) Less good fermenting Saccharomyces and Saccharomycodes surpass the best fermenting Saccharomyces in the production of glycerol. Also other slowly — fermenting yeasts produce relative more glvcerol —. With Pichia and Schizosaccharomyces the production of both pyruvate and acetal lehyde is most, likely the consequence of the minimum of sugar catabolism. (4) The production of propanol is limited in the main to the good fermenting yeasts and Hansenula . The production of isobutanol is rather high with most of the yeasts, best with Saccharomycodes , worst with Kloeckera . With the latter the production of heigher alcohols on the whole is insignificant. The production of amylalcohols depends on the fermentation: in slow fermentation the amount of 2-methylbutanol increases in relation to the amount of 3-methylbutanol. With good fermenting yeasts the total of both amylalcohols is high, but also the poor fermenting yeasts produce remarkable amounts. (5) No production of isoamylacetate takes place, but for two exeptions. Aethylaeetat was produced by all yeasts (mostly 20–60 mg./l.). Much more was produced by both species of Candida and Hansenula (137–220 mg./l.).
The paperless essay: one way to teach writing and computer skills in medical school.

We designed an assignment for first year medical students that included instruction in writing and in computer use, two important subjects that are usually neglected in the traditional curriculum. As part of a neuroscience course, students wrote an essay using a word processor and submitted it to the instructor via the campus computer network. If requested by the instructor, the students submitted a revision of their essays without a grade penalty. As a result of completing the assignment, students learned the importance of revision and were stimulated to learn more about computers. With only slight modification of medical school courses, faculty can place more emphasis on writing skills and computer literacy.
A new reduction method in integer programming

Abstract The system of two equations in nonnegative integer unknowns xj and expressed in the form ∑nj=1 a1jxj=b1, ∑nj=1 a2jxj=b2 has equivalent solutions to the single equation ∑nj=1 (t1aij+t2a2j)aj= t1b1+t2b2, provided t1 and t2 are suitably chosen. Glover [2] has n inequalities for determining t1 and t2. Elimam and Elmaghraby [1] try to achieve a single inequality for t1 and t2. We show, however, that the inequality of [1] may give t1 and t2 values that do not produce equivalence. We present a new theorem which leads to a single inequality constraint giving t1 and t2 values that consistently produce equivalence.
Efficient bounds for the stable set, vertex cover and set packing problems

Abstract In this paper we describe a collection of efficient algorithms that deliver approximate solution to the weighted stable set, vertex cover and set packing problems. All algorithms guarantee bounds on the ratio of the heuristic solution to the optimal solution.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydroxy Compound Cinnamoylation in Acetonitrile Catalyzed by N-Methylimidazole and 4-Dimethylaminopyridine

□ The kinetics of reaction of the acylating agents trans-cinnamic anhydride and trans-cinnamoyl chloride with the hydroxy compounds n -propyl alcohol and water in the presence of N-methylimidazole and 4-dimethylaminopyridine were studied spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile solution at 25°. The acid chloride reacted via the intermediate formation of the N-acyl catalyst, which underwent general base-catalyzed reaction with the hydroxy compound. The anhydride did not form the N-acyl intermediate, but instead underwent direct general base catalysis. In the presence of water, all systems formed the N-acyl intermediate. The mechanistic route followed by the system was determined by the nucleophilicity of the catalyst, the ability of the leaving group, and the polarity of the solvent.