cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetric bipartite tables for accurate function approximation

The paper presents a methodology for designing bipartite tables for accurate function approximation. Bipartite tables use two parallel table lookups to obtain a carry-save (borrow-save) function approximation. A carry propagate adder can then convert this approximation to a two's complement number or the approximation can be directly Booth encoded. Our method for designing bipartite tables, called the Symmetric Bipartite Table Method, utilizes symmetry in the table entries to reduce the overall memory requirements. It has several advantages over previous bipartite table methods in that it: (1) provides a closed form solution for the table entries; (2) has right bounds on the maximum absolute error; (3) requires smaller table lookups to achieve a given accuracy; and (4) can be applied to a wide range of functions. Compared to conventional table lookups, the symmetric bipartite tables presented are 15.0 to 41.7 times smaller when the operand size is 16 bits and 99.1 to 273.9 times smaller when the operand size is 24 bits.
DERECHOS: PROBLEMAS FILOSÓFICOS Y PROPUESTAS DE SOLUCIÓN

El autor presenta en este texto diversos aspectos de su propuesta de teoria general de los derechos. Esta teoria toma a los legales como modelo de los derechos en general. Se plantea como primer objetivo la necesidad de esclarecer el discurso de los derechos, tanto por razones teoricas como practicas, esto es, para detallar el alcance practico de cada derecho. Este objetivo podria lograrse con la aplicacion de categorias fundamentales que analizo W. N. Hohfeld al lenguaje de los derechos. Tambien se pone de manifiesto la naturaleza contenciosa de los derechos asi como la complejidad de su estructura interna. Todos esos aspectos se reproducen en el caso de los derechos morales, cuyos singulares problemas de fundamentacion tambien son abordados. El texto se cierra con algunas consideraciones relativas a los posibles titulares de los derechos y a una categoria singular de derechos: los derechos humanos.
Lack of effect of crystalline lysozyme on the isolated intestinal pouch of the dog.

Summary Lysozyme in high concentrations does not demonstrably alter the mucous membrane of the ileo-colic pouch of the dog even after exposure to the enzyme over a prolonged period of time.
Cardiopulmonary readjustments in passive tilt

There is ample evidence that posture affects many cardiorespiratory variables, but the extent to which secondary reflex mechanisms complement or oppose the primary gravity effect is not clear. We have addressed ourselves to this problem by studying five normal volunteers, passively tilted from the supine to the upright position in 15 degrees increments, in random sequence, determinging cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), minute and alveolar ventilation (VE and VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial-end-tidal PCO2 pressure difference. In each position, four to five measurements were obtained by noninvasive techniques. Changes in Q and in FRC were linearly related to the sine of the tilt angle, indicating that reflexes were either absent or that their net effect was proportional to the effects of gravity; this was clearly not the case for other variables (HR, SV, VE, VA) in which it was possible to demonstrate threshold values for the appearance of secondary changes.
``Click'' Reactions: Novel Chemistries for Forming Well-defined Polyester Nanoparticles

We present the synthesis of discrete functionalized polyester nanoparticles in selected nanoscale size dimensions via a controlled intermolecular chain cross-linking process facilitated via “click”-chemistry approaches such as the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and thiol−ene reactions. Both “click” reactions led to the formation of well-defined nanoparticles with narrow size distribution and selected nanoscopic size dimensions. The controlled coupling involves the cross-linking of an alkyne functionalized polyester with a bisazide, 1,8-diazide-3,6-dioxaoctane, and an allyl functionalized polyester with 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol. The linear functional polyester precursors were synthesized via ring-opening copolymerization of δ-valerolactone and α-propargyl-δ-valerolactone as well as with α-ally-δ-valerolactone, respectively. We found that the nanoparticle formation and the control over the nanoscopic dimension are primarily influenced by the degree of the alkyne or allyl entity imple...
Protein kinase DYRK2 is a scaffold that facilitates assembly of an E3 ligase

Protein kinases have central functions in various cellular signal transduction pathways through their substrate phosphorylation. Here we show that a protein kinase, DYRK2, has unexpected role as a scaffold for an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. DYRK2 associates with an E3 ligase complex containing EDD, DDB1 and VPRBP proteins (EDVP complex). Strikingly, DYRK2 serves as a scaffold for the EDVP complex, because small-interfering-RNA-mediated depletion of DYRK2 disrupts the formation of the EDD-DDB1-VPRBP complex. Although the kinase activity of DYRK2 is dispensable for its ability to mediate EDVP complex formation, it is required for the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of its downstream substrate, katanin p60. Collectively, our results reveal a new type of E3-ubiquitin ligase complex in humans that depends on a protein kinase for complex formation as well as for the subsequent phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and degradation of their substrates.
A Versatile Route to Porous Solids: Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials Assembled through Hydrogen Bonds.

Square-planar and octahedral complexes of NiII and PtII link through head-to-head hydrogen bonds to form porous frameworks with large cavities that are suitable for inclusion of guest molecules. A series of four different complexes with pyridine-based ligands (in the center of the picture) are described, which contain either counterions or small molecules in channels. A=hydrogen-bond acceptor, D=hydrogen-bond donor, M=metal ion.
Acoustic and Ion Sensing of Lean Blowout in an Aircraft Combustor Simulator

** † ‡ § ** This paper describes work to develop practical, fast diagnostic techniques that can be used to monitor the proximity of a combustor to blowout using measurements of the flame’s acoustic and ion signatures. A novel ignition system with ion sensing capability is used for blowout detection in conjunction with acoustic sensing. Data was acquired from a commercial single nozzle combustor fueled with Jet-A. As lean blowout is approached, short duration, localized extinction and re-ignition events were observed. Several signal processing schemes were developed to detect these blowout precursors, including signal thresholding and spectral analysis. The analyses revealed changes in the low frequency acoustic and ion spectra and increased presence of intermittent precursor events in both acoustic and ion data closer to blowout.
All-garnet-substrate microstrip circulators

Data on a microstrip [1] circulator fabricated on an all-garnet substrate is presented. Fabrication involves only evaporation of copper lines, disk, and ground plane on the substrate. The implications for microwave integrated circuits are discussed briefly.
Gap-Free Set Partitions

A set partition is called “gap-free” if its block sizes form an interval. In other words, there is at least one block of each size between the smallest and largest block sizes. Let B(n) and G(n), respectively, denote the number of partitions and the number of gap-free partitions of the set [n]. We prove that ***image*** © 1992 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of annealing on transport properties of organic vapours in drawn polyethylene

Drawing of quenched polyethylene at 60°C transforms the spherulitic sample into a material with fibrous structure. As a consequence, the sorption and still more the diffusion of C2Cl4 vapours are drastically reduced. Annealing at 120 and 125°C increases the crystallinity and hence reduces the amount of the amorphous component. In spite of that, it enormously increases the transport properties. It restores the sorption per unit volume of amorphous component to a value which, corresponding to completely relaxed amorphous component, is even higher than that of the starting undrawn but quenched material. The diffusion constant after annealing is a little smaller than in the undeformed original sample and shows the same small dependence on concentration in striking contrast with the drawn material. One concludes that the restoration by annealing of the sorption and diffusion coefficients for drawn polyethylene to the values of the undrawn material is a consequence of the complete relaxation of polyethylene chains, in particular of tie molecules, in the amorphous component which completely overcompensates the effects of a reduced amorphous fraction and the increase in crystal perfection.
The teratogenic effects of methylmercury on early development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio.

Abstract Chronic bioassays were used to evaluate the concentration and exposure duration of methylmercury that resulted in specific teratogenic defects in Danio rerio embryos exposed at different developmental stages. Embryos in different stages of development (cleavage, blastula, gastrula, or segmentation) were exposed to 20 or 30 μg/l of methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl) for various exposure durations (8, 16, 32 h, or continuously to hatching). These exposures frequently caused two morphological defects, tissue abnormality in the median finfold and a flexure of the posterior tail region. The critical period of exposure for the production of both effects begins around 18–20 h after fertilization, with increased exposure resulting in more severe effects. These critical periods coincide with both tail and median finfold formation.
Characteristics of mung bean starch isolated by using lactic acid fermentation solution as the steeping liquor

Abstract Physicochemical properties of commercial mung bean starch isolated with lactic acid fermentation solution (LFS) and starches laboratory-prepared by using NaOH, Na2SO3 and distilled water as steeping liquors were examined with the aim of elucidating the effect of different steeping liquors on the properties of starches. Results indicated that the amylose content, granular morphology and X-ray diffraction pattern of starches isolated with different steeping liquors did not show obvious differences. However, the LFS-isolated starch had significantly (p
The effect of calcified bone matrix on the osteogenic potential of hematopoietic marrow

Abstract The combination of hematopoietic marrow and calcified autogenous matrix markedly enhances the bone-forming potential of the marrow by inducing the marrow to become osteogenic and by the matrix acting as a nidus for new bone growth. It is believed that, through the use of this combination graft, new surgical procedures for effecting complete osseous repair of large defects with relatively small amounts of graft material can be developed.
Relationship between the Longwave Cloud Radiative Forcing at the Surface and the Top of the Atmosphere

In order to achieve global coverage, any surface radiation climatology has to be based on satellite observations. In the last decade several schemes have been devised to obtain the surface solar insolation from top of the atmosphere reflected solar radiation. More recently, attempts have been made to infer the components of longwave radiation at the surface from satellite sounder data using a radiative transfer model. In addition to the radiative transfer scheme, these methods require assumptions about the effective emitting temperature of cloud tops and bases. Modeling studies have shown that although there are strong correlations between the solar upwelling radiative flux and surface flux, this is not true of the longwave. However, if the clear sky component is considered separately such that the cloud longwave forcing at the top and at the surface are compared, a slightly different picture emerges. During the FIRE Cirrus IFO, surface radiation measurements were made at several sites and coincident satellite overpass data was also collected. It may be possible to extract the longwave cloud radiative forcing at the top and surface from these data. If relationships are verifiable by observations, this information can be useful for the extraction of the surface longwave radiation from satellite data. The radiative transfer schemes used to convert upwelling spectral radiances into a downwelling longwave radiation can provide the clear sky component. The cloud radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere can then modify the surface fluxes according to relationships shown. It should be noted that this procedure may be considered only for temporal averages and not for instantaneous deductions of surface fluxes. This would be most useful in compiling monthly mean regional climatologies of the surface longwave fluxes.
Continual mechanical twinning part V. Implications of cleavage

Abstract Crack initiation and fracture produced by compression of single crystals of the b.c.c. supersaturated solid solution Fe-25 at. % Be have been investigated. The strain and stress at fracture are generally lower the higher the temperature and/or the lower the strain rate, except in special circumstances. This behavior, inverse to that usually observed for metals that deform exclusively by slip, can be attributed to continual mechanical twinning (CMT), and the observations support the interpretation of CMT already reported. Although fracture mechanisms are not delineated in the observations, some discussion of their pertinence to the characteristics of fracture during CMT is derived from microstructural observations.
A multivariant study of the absorption properties of poly(glutaric acid-glycerol) films

Hydrogels and organogels are polymer networks that can absorb large amounts of water and organic solvent, respectively. In this study, solvent absorption into the matrices of poly(glutaric acid-glycerol) hydrogel and organogel films amended with or without either iminodiacetic acid, sugarcane bagasse, pectin, corn fiber gum, or microcrystalline cellulose has been evaluated. Most of the starting materials used in this study, such as glycerol and the plant wall polysaccharides, are by-products of biofuel production. Finding uses for them would further biofuel initiatives worldwide. To that end, experimental results showed that water absorption increased when using polymer films composed of additional glycerol or plant cell wall polysaccharides. The amount of solvent absorbed into the control film increased when incubated in pH 10 buffer solutions but decreased when incubated in pH 4 buffer solutions and NaCl solutions when compared with absorption of water. Incubating the polymers in solvent at elevated temperatures increased the absorption rate. It was determined that the combined effects of pKa and polarity can be used to predict solvent absorption. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) could be selectively extracted from or desorbed into films from other solvents. Erosion of the polymer films in DMSO ranged from 1.9 (±0.2) to 34.7 (±3.4)%. In water, erosion ranged from 6.3 (±3.2) to 32.7 (±3.2)%. The polymer films resorbed 3.3- and 2.3-fold more DMSO and water, respectively, when compared with the original amount of absorbed solvent. These materials are potentially good candidates for agricultural and medicinal applications because their ability to absorb, desorb, and erode can be tuned. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The intra-aortic balloon pump: A review

Intra-aortic balloon pump therapy is often life-saving in patients with refractory cardiac failure following cardiopulmonary bypass, in the peri-infarct period, or in treating complications of coronary artery angioplasty. Anesthesiologists are intimately involved in the care of the majority of IABP patients and require a thorough understanding of the equipment, its physiologic effects, and potential complications.
Microfloral Comparison of Fresh and Thawed Frozen Fryers

Abstract The microflora of fresh and thawed frozen fryers were compared to determine potential public health significance of pigmented colonies of gram positive cocci observed on plates from defrosted frozen chicken. Numbers of NaCl tolerant bacteria were determined. Frozen fryers purchased from local stores and laboratory frozen fryers were thawed 24 hr at 3.3 C, split into halves, and packaged in polyethylene after swabbing a 3 cm2 area of the skin surface. Fresh fryers used for comparison were treated in a similar manner. All fryers were stored at 3.3 C with bacterial samples taken on days 3 and 5, then daily until odor spoilage. Bacterial numbers were enumerated using serial dilutions and plating with Staphylococcus 110 media, nutrient, and MPH agars. Salmonella detection was by use of Selenite enrichment followed by streaking on MacConkey and S.S. agars. Shelf life was similar, 7.9 days for fresh and 8.1 days for thawed frozen fryers. Initial counts of aerobic bacteria were similar averaging 2.1 × 104/cm2. Numbers of salt tolerant bacteria were similar at day 1, averaging 1.1 × 103/cm2 and remaining constant at about this level on thawed frozen fryers until spoilage, but declining rapidly on fresh fryers. All salt tolerant bacteria were gram positive cocci of which 52% were pigmented. Of pigmented isolates, 42% were coagulase positive. Subsequent identification indicated that most NaCl tolerant isolates producing bright yellow pigment were Staphylococcus aureus. Three Salmonella species were isolated from both fresh and thawed frozen fryers. Aerobic bacteria averaged 6.1 × 107/cm2 at odor spoilage of which over 99% were Pseudomonads.
Academic Entitlement, Grade Orientation, and Classroom Justice as Predictors of Instructional Beliefs and Learning Outcomes

The current study utilized the instructional beliefs model to explore the relationships and impact of students’ focus on instrumental outcomes (i.e., grade orientation, academic entitlement) and perceptions of classroom justice on mediating variables of expectancy and affect beliefs, which were proposed to influence student learning. The results of a structural equation model indicated that students’ instrumental focus negatively predicted, and perceptions of classroom justice positively predicted, expectancy beliefs and affective learning. These instructional beliefs, in turn, positively predicted students’ learning behaviors. The increasing prevalence of academic entitlement combined with a grade orientation negatively impact student learning through students’ instructional beliefs.
Recent Literature on Christian-Jewish Relations

In that decade, the period under survey, the Holocaust has been a dominating focus. Much of the massive literature on the shoah is written by Jews, who direct their work in smaller measure to the Christian-Jewish relation as such than do Christian writers. Christian materials are addressed primarily to the question of Christendom's responsibility for the anti-Semitism that culminated in the Endldsung as well as for Nazism itself. We are here reminded that Jewish and Christian motivations in the dialogue are at once the same and different. Shared concerns are linked to the need to live with others, extending to those who differ from us culturally and religiously. These concerns derive as well from moral imperatives common to Judaism and Christianity. But Christian participation in the dialogue entails an additional factor: the moral and psychological complexities associated with guilt for centuries of Christian derogation and persecution of Jews. How can it be that so horrible an event as the "Final Solution" had to take place in order for the Christian world (yet no more than a relatively small part of that world) to acknowledge the evil character and implications of its "teaching of contempt" (Jules Isaac) for the Jewish people? Recent studies reinforce the finding that the so-called church struggle against Nazi policies was in fact minimal, and that Christian
Linking Behavior and Community Ecology: Interspecific Aggression Provides Evidence for Competition Between a Migrant and Resident Warbler

Intraspecific aggression is known to be an important behavior structuring bird communities, but interspecific aggression has been studied less frequently. Because of a high degree of similarity in foraging niches, I hypothesized that American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) and Adelaide's warblers (S. adelaidae) would interact aggressively during the non-breeding season in southwest Puerto Rico. I used a crossover experiment to determine whether these species were aggressive to heterospecifics, presenting decoys and vocalizations of these two species, along with a control, to individuals and observing their vocal and physical responses. However, the study used only a single playback and decoy for each species, limiting the generality of the conclusions. Both species responded aggressively to decoys of conspecifics and heterospecifics, while no individual responded to the control. Responses to conspecifics were stronger than responses to heterospecifics as hypothesized, although the differences were significant only in Adelaide's warblers. The interspecific aggression observed in this study, combined with previous studies showing a high degree of overlap in space use and foraging niches and probable food limitation, strongly suggests that these species are competing for food during the non-breeding season.
Determination of small carboxylic acids by ion exclusion chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry

Abstract Ion exclusion chromatography (IEC) is used with electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) to analyze a mixture of formic, glyoxylic, oxalic, 2-hydroxyisobutyric, and maleic acids. Compromise experimental parameters were evaluated. Ion extraction voltages can be found that produce reasonable signals from negative parent ions ([MH]−) of these compounds as well as succinic, malic, 1-hexanoic, malonic, and tricarballylic acids. The effects of sheath gas, solvent composition, concentrated matrix ions, and pH of solution on sensitivity and linearity were examined. A basic isopropanol solvent with nitrogen sheath gas yield the best results. Detection limits are 40–200 ppb for direct infusion of sample into the ES-MS and 2–8 ppm for IEC-ES-MS. The presence of concentrated matrix ions can suppress the analyte signal significantly. These matrix effects are minimized by Chromatographic separation and internal standards. In most cases, the sample is injected directly onto the column with little or no preparation. A small additional flow of organic solvent with pH adjustment is added before the sample reaches the ES-MS.
Potential Implications of PCM Climate Change Scenarios for Sacramento–San Joaquin River Basin Hydrology and Water Resources

The potential effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin were evaluated using ensemble climate simulations generated by the U.S. Department of Energy and National Center for Atmospheric Research Parallel Climate Model (DOE/NCAR PCM). Five PCM scenarios were employed. The first three were ensemble runs from 1995-2099 with a 'business as usual' global emissions scenario, each with different at- mospheric initializations. The fourth was a 'control climate' scenario with greenhouse gas emissions set at 1995 levels and run through 2099. The fifth was a historical climate simulation forced with evolving greenhouse gas concentrations from 1870-2000, from which a 50-year portion is taken for use in bias-correction of the other runs. From these global simulations, transient monthly temperature and precipitation sequences were statistically downscaled to produce continuous daily hydrologic model forcings, which drove a macro-scale hydrology model of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins at a 1/8-degree spatial resolution, and produced daily streamflow sequences for each climate scenario. Each streamflow scenario was used in a water resources system model that simulated cur- rent and predicted future performance of the system. The progressive warming of the PCM scenarios (approximately 1.2 ◦ C at midcentury, and 2.2 ◦ C by the 2090s), coupled with reductions in winter and spring precipitation (from 10 to 25%), markedly reduced late spring snowpack (by as much as half on average by the end of the century). Progressive reductions in winter, spring, and summer streamflow were less severe in the northern part of the study domain than in the south, where a seasonality shift was apparent. Results from the water resources system model indicate that achieving and maintaining status quo (control scenario climate) system performance in the future would be nearly impossible, given the altered climate scenario hydrologies. The most comprehensive of the mitigation alternatives examined satisfied only 87-96% of environmental targets in the Sacramento system, and less than 80% in the San Joaquin system. It is evident that demand modification and system infrastructure improvements will be required to account for the volumetric and temporal shifts in flows predicted to occur with future climates in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River basins.
Acromioclavicular joint cyst formation

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) cysts are an uncommon and unusual sequela associated with shoulder pathophysiology. The majority of literature on ACJ cysts consists of individual case reports with no definitive literature review currently available. In addition to a comprehensive literature review, four clinical cases are presented in this report. First described by Craig (1984), a total of 41 cases have been previously reported in the literature. Of these cases, five occurred with the rotator cuff musculature intact. The remaining 36 cases of ACJ cysts occurred in patients with a complete tear/avulsion of the rotator cuff. Previous attempts at compiling a complete record of all reported cases have combined several distinct conditions into a single category. This article presents two distinct etiologies for the pathogenesis of ACJ cyst formation. In the presence of an intact rotator cuff, a Type 1 cyst can form superficially and be limited to the ACJ. Following a massive or traumatic tear of the rotator cuff, mechanical instability of the humeral head can cause a deterioration of the inferior acromioclavicular capsule (cuff tear arthropathy) and an overproduction of synovial fluid. Overtime, a "geyser" of fluid can form between the glenohumeral and the ACJ, forming a Type 2 cyst. This differentiation and categorization is essential for appropriate classification and treatment.
Langerhans cell responses to ultraviolet B radiation.

Skin exposure to solar radiation induces a series of characteristic changes, from the acute sunburn reaction to the development of pre-malignant and malignant tumors. The spectra of radiation within the ultraviolet B (UVB) light range (from 290 to 320 nm in wavelength) appear to cause most of the deleterious effects of solar radiation. Immunological influences of UVB radiation have been studied by many investigators under rather diverse hypotheses concerning the identity of chromophores and mechanisms of action [1,2]. For example, plasma membrane-associated molecules, trans-urocanic acid, and DNA have been postulated as relevant chromophores [3–5]. Generation of reactive oxygen species, activation of selected transcription factors and signaling molecules, multimerization of cell surface receptors, and DNA damage have been considered to be the primary and causative molecular event inducible by UVB radiation [4–7]. UVB radiation has been shown to alter many immunological attributes in the skin, including the production of cytokines, expression of various surface molecules, and cell death by apoptotic mechanisms in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and Langerhans cells (LC) [8–12]. In this review article, we will overview the recent progress in our understanding of the immunological influences of UVB radiation on skin, focusing on its impact on LC, the major antigen resenting cells in the skin.
The incidence risk, clustering, and clinical presentation of La Crosse virus infections in the eastern United States, 2003-2007.

Background Although La Crosse virus (LACV) is one of the most common causes of pediatric arboviral infections in the United States, little has been done to assess its geographic distribution, identify areas of higher risk of disease, and to provide a national picture of its clinical presentation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the geographic distribution of LACV infections reported in the United States, to identify hot-spots of infection, and to present its clinical picture. Methods and Findings Descriptive and cluster analyses were performed on probable and confirmed cases of LACV infections reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2003–2007. A total of 282 patients had reported confirmed LACV infections during the study period. Of these cases the majority (81 percent) presented during the summer, occurred in children 15 years and younger (83.3 percent), and were found in male children (64.9 percent). Clinically, the infections presented as meningioencephalitis (56.3 percent), encephalitis (20.7 percent), meningitis (17.2 percent), or uncomplicated fever (5 percent). Deaths occurred in 1.9 percent of confirmed cases, and in 8.6 percent of patients suffering from encephalitis. The majority of these deaths were in patients 15 years and younger. The county-level incidence risk among counties (n = 136) reporting both probable and confirmed cases for children 15 years and younger (n = 355) ranged from 0.2 to 228.7 per 100,000 persons. The southern United States experienced a significantly higher (p<0.05) incidence risk during the months of June, July, August, and October then the northern United States. There was significant (p<0.05) clustering of high risk in several geographic regions with three deaths attributed to complications from LAC encephalitis occurring in two of these hot-spots of infections. Conclusions Both the incidence risk and case fatality rates were found to be higher than previously reported. We detected clustering in four geographic regions, a shift from the prior geographic distributions, and developed maps identifying high-risk areas. These findings are useful for raising awareness among health care providers regarding areas at a high risk of infections and for guiding targeted multifaceted interventions by public health officials.
ASTEC V2.0 reactor applications on French PWR 900 MWe accident sequences and comparison with MAAP4

Abstract In the frame of the SARNET Severe Accident Network of Excellence an important task of partners is the assessment of the ASTEC integral code, considered today as the European reference code for evaluation of the source term. A code-to-code comparison between ASTEC V2.0 rev1 and MAAP 4.0.7 code versions has been performed by AREVA NP SAS on a French PWR 900 MWe. Two transients have been analyzed, focussing on in-vessel phenomena: total loss of feedwater (H2 sequence in the French nomenclature) and total loss of onsite and offsite power (H3 sequence). The detailed analysis shows an overall good agreement between both code results on thermal-hydraulics, hydrogen production and core degradation phenomena.
Effects of the embryonic axis and exogenous growth regulators on sunflower cotyledon storage protein mobilization

Cotyledons of sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Giant gray stripe) expand and their protein content first rises then begins to decrease during the first three days of growth. Storage protein structures, which are visible with scanning electron microscopy, undergo modification that leads to storage protein disappearance by day 4 post-imbibition. Expansion of cotyledons detached from seeds prior to imbibition is greatly reduced, total protein levels remain high, and storage protein structures remain visible in cells of these cotyledons. Incubation of excised cotyledons in 1.0 μM benzyladenine or kinetin increases the rates of cotyledon expansion and storage protein loss to levels higher than in intact seedling cotyledons, Incubation in 10 μM indole-3-acetic acid inhibits cotyledon expansion and protein mobilization. More rapid hydrolysis of storage proteins in cotyledons of intact seedlings or detached cotyledons treated with cytokinin is further indicated in day 2 specimens by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest a possible mechanism for regulation of cotyledon development by interactions of the promotive effects of cytokinin and inhibitory effects of auxin.
Statistical formalism for particle emission

A simple transparent formalism is presented for following the ensemble averaged evolution of an excited system as it statistically emits particles. The formalism provides spectra and multiplicities for the emitted particles. It permits consideration of large numbers of emitted particle species, including those of medium mass, and a large number of excited states. The time developments of temperature, mass, charge, Coulomb barrier, and recoil velocity are investigated with regard to their influence on multiplicity and spectra. Emission of resonant states is limited to those with decay rates, $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$, slow compared with emission rates which are readily calculable with the formalism.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Developed ensemble averaged formalism for statistical decay of excited nuclear system. Time evolution of nuclear temperature, mass, charge, Coulomb barrier, recoil velocity; emission of light, medium mass particle stable, unstable composite fragments; multiplicities, energy spectra calculated.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction in Sickle Cell Disease

ABSTRACT: This article reports the details of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions in four patients with sickle cell disease. These cases demonstrate the characteristics of the reactions, the significant risks involved, and the principles useful in diagnosis and treatment. Patients with sickle cell disease are at particular risk for delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions because they may be transfused at intervals over many years; they frequently form alloantibodies because of antigenic differences from the donor population; and they may receive emergency care in different hospitals where transfusion records are not available. In addition, exchange transfusions, which are often used for patients with sickle cell disease and which were given in three of these cases, raise the risks through increased exposure to foreign erythrocyte antigens and through an increased volume of erythrocytes susceptible to hemolysis. It was concluded that the hazards of these transfusion reactions justify preventive measures, such as extended erythrocyte phenotyping of patients with sickle cell disease and extended phenotypic matching of transfused cells.
Error detection and error classification: failure awareness in data transfer scheduling

Data transfer in distributed environment is prone to frequent failures resulting from back-end system level problems, like connectivity failure which is technically untraceable by users. Error messages are not logged efficiently, and sometimes are not relevant/useful from users' point-of-view. Our study explores the possibility of efficient error detection and reporting system for such environments. Prior knowledge about the environment and awareness of the actual reason behind a failure would enable higher level planners to make better and accurate decisions. It is necessary to have well defined error detection and error reporting methods to increase the usability and serviceability of existing data transfer protocols and data management systems. We investigate the applicability of early error detection and error classification techniques and propose an error reporting framework and a failure-aware data transfer life cycle to improve arrangement of data transfer operations and to enhance decision making of data transfer schedulers.
Genetic structure within and among populations of the endangered razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) as determined by analysis of microsatellites

Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) was once common and widely distributed throughout the Colorado River drainage of western North America. Water development and predation by non-native species led to significant decrease in the species’ range, and dramatic reduction in size of remaining populations. Previous analyses of mtDNA variation determined that most variation was found within locations and that haplotypes were randomly distributed relative to geography, indicating these samples represent remnants of a single, basin-wide population. In addition, both diversity and number of haplotypes declined progressively down- to upstream, consistent with geologically-recent expansion into the northern portions of the basin. Analyses of variation at 13 microsatellite loci also identified a decrease in genetic variation from down- to upstream, also consistent with the hypothesis of recent expansion. Analyses of population structure identified three distinct groups, but the majority of microsatellite variation was found within populations. Most individuals from the upper Colorado River were identified as a discrete unit. These individuals exhibited high levels of relatedness, indicating this represented an isolated group of closely related individuals. There also were significant differences between populations above and below the Grand Canyon; however, estimates of Θ were relatively low. Given nothing is known of local adaptation in this species, populations above and below the canyon should be managed as independent units; however, if numbers become too low it will be possible to translocate individuals from southern populations northward to increase levels of genetic variability and decrease relatedness within units. These results also illustrate the need for careful consideration of all available information when using molecular data in identifying units for management.
Reversed-phase C18 and normal-phase silica high-performance liquid chromatography of gibberellins and their methyl esters

Abstract Twenty-three gibberellins and their methyl esters were chromatographed by gradient reversed-phase C18 partition and isocratic normal-phase silica adsorption high-perforamnce liquid chromatography (HPLC). These four complementary HPLC systems allowed for the necessary separation to resolve these gibberellins. The four HPLC systems can be used to identify radioactive metabolites in metabolism studies by co-chromatography of radioactive labelled gibberellins with authentic standards using UV and radioactive flow detectors. The highest separatio efficiency for these gibberellins was achieved with the reversed-phase C18 HPLC of their methyl esters.
Providence and Predestination in Al-Ghazali

This essay seeks to show that contemporary interreligious dialogue, like contemporary theology, best proceeds by way of philosophically erudite ressourcement. As regards Christian-Muslim dialogue, this requires tapping into the major classical exponents of Muslim philosophy and theology, as exemplified in the work of David Burrell. Inspired by Burrell, the present essay focuses on the contribution of al-Ghazali to Muslim thinking about predestination, a central theme in the Qur’an and arguably in the Bible as well. In order to set the stage for the engagement with al-Ghazali, the essay begins by comparing Joseph Ratzinger's concerns that predestination as commonly understood implies a ready-made web according to which God saves some and damns others, with ‘Umar al-Ashqar's interpretation of the Qur’an along these lines. Al-Ghazali's view, while advocating a strong version of predestination, is more philosophically and theologically nuanced, and it provides a basis for Christian and Muslim dialogue about how to characterize the relationships between divine and human agency, faith and reason, and divine wisdom and will. This ongoing dialogue will find in classical Christian theology valuable ways of addressing, with contemporary import, the same problems that concern al-Ghazali.
Edge Stabilized Ribbon Growth

A new ribbon growth technique has been developed for the manufacture of semiconductor substrates intended for photovoltaic application. In the Edge stabilized ribbon (ESR) growth method, ribbon is grown from the melt surface with the edges stabilized by capillary attachment to wetted strings. Edge stabilized ribbon has been grown in widths of 2.5, 5.6 and 10.0 cm. The growth is extremely stable and the dimensional control is excellent with the growth of 50 - 100 micron thick ribbon a standard procedure. Solar cells fabricated on edge stabilized ribbon material demonstrate AM1 conversion efficiencies of 11% (corrected for AR coating) on 4 cm2 area, with excellent consistency of performance. Infra-red laser scanner studies demonstrate that ESR performance is limited solely by high dislocation density. Future work will emphasize continuous melt replenished growth of low dislocation density material.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
APPLICABILITY AND LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF NATIONAL INPUT‐OUTPUT TABLES FOR REGIONAL STUDIES

It appears that although national input-output tables cannot be used for purposes of regional studies without considerable adjustments, acceptable results can be achieved by the methods tried on the Washington State table.
Phase I studies of trimetrexate using single and weekly dose schedules.

Trimetrexate (TMTX), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, was shown to be more active than its analogue, Methotrexate, against murine and human tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo. We conducted two sequential phase I studies using a single bolus injection of TMTX every 14 days (Schedule A) and a weekly × 3 schedule every 4–6 weeks (Schedule B). Twenty-seven patients were treated on Schedule A with a TMTX dose range of 5 mg/m2 to 450 mg/m2 and 23 patients were treated on Schedule B with a TMTX dose range of 50 mg/m2 to 200 mg/m2. The dose limiting toxicity was myelosuppression on both schedules. The development of hematological toxicity was highly variable at different dose levels and within the same patient at a particular dose level. The nadir of blood counts was reached by Day 8 to 10 on the single dose schedule with recovery by Day 14. On Schedule B, the nadir granulocyte count occurred on Day 14 while platelet count was generally lowest by Day 20; the blood counts usually recovered 7 to 10 days after the last dose. Other common side-effects includes skin toxicity and stomatitis which were worse on the weekly schedule. Less common toxicities included mild nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and transient deterioration in renal and hepatic functions. The occurrence of toxicity was not related to the extent of prior treatment, liver metastases, or accumulation of third space fluids. Based on our results, we recommend a starting TMTX dose for Phase II studies of 200 mg/m2 every 2 weeks or 100 mg/m2 to 125 mg/m2 on the weekly schedule.
Sarbanes–Oxley Bill: New challenges for the financial professional

The Sarbanes–Oxley Bill was Congress's response to the recent corporate scandals. What will it change? And how will it affect you? © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-Energy Density, Room-Temperature Carbonate Fuel Cell

4In this study, the viability of a high-energy density, low-power, room-temperature carbonate fuel cell has been investigated. A solid carbonate conducting electrolyte based an anion exchange membrane was used. The pH sensitivity of the membrane was addressed by converting it to the bicarbonate/carbonate form. The resistivity of the membranes was measured and chemical stability in methanol evaluated. Hydrogen, 1M, and pure methanol have been shown to be viable anode fuels. Carbon dioxide was observed at the anode exhaust when operating on hydrogen. Experimental Calcium hydroxide 99.5%, Fisher Scientific and methanol 99.9%, Fisher Scientific were used as-received or diluted with deionized DI water. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate BMIBF4, 97%, Fluka was used as-received. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen gases were obtained from Air Products. Carbonate anion exchange membranes were prepared by soaking chloride containing AFN anion exchange membranes AFN, Somerset, New Jersey in aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate 99.9%, Fisher Scientific and sodium carbonate 99.5%, EMD Chemicals. Upon soaking in 1 M sodium carbonate, the membranes darkened from a light brown to near black and were found to be unusable as carbonate exchange membranes due to the high pH. The aqueous solution also changed from clear to yellow. In an attempt to prevent damage to the membranes, sodium bicarbonate was added to lower the pH of the solution resulting in green transparent membranes. The resulting membrane was measured to be 150 m thick. Fuel cells were constructed in two ways. The cells used for the hydrogen tests were formed by sandwiching the carbonate anion exchange membrane between two carbon electrodes coated on one side with platinum 20 wt % Pt/Vulcan XC-72 1m g/cm 2 Pt, ElectroChem, Inc. and hot-pressed together. The cells used in the methanol tests were constructed using epoxy to attach a rubber gasket with a hole of known area punched out to the electrode and membrane. An EG&G Princeton Applied Research model 263A potentiostat was used for the electrochemical measurements.
On the performance of high dimensional data clustering and classification algorithms

There is often a need to perform machine learning tasks on voluminous amounts of data. These tasks have application in fields such as pattern recognition, data mining, bioinformatics, and recommendation systems. Here we evaluate the performance of 4 clustering algorithms and 2 classification algorithms supported by Mahout within two different cloud runtimes, Hadoop and Granules. Our benchmarks use the same Mahout backend code, ensuring a fair comparison. The differences between these implementations stem from how the Hadoop and Granules runtimes (1) support and manage the lifecycle of individual computations, and (2) how they orchestrate exchange of data between different stages of the computational pipeline during successive iterations of the clustering algorithm. We include an analysis of our results for each of these algorithms in a distributed setting, as well as a discussion on measures for failure recovery.
Histologic study of the encephalomyelitis produced in hamsters by a neurotropic strain of measles.

A neurotropic strain of measles virus, passed in immature hamsters, produced in this species widespread patchy disease of the neuraxis, with foci of necrosis affecting all the elements of nervous tissue. In older animals, the disease was more or less sharply limited to the gray matter of the hippocampal gyrus, the habenular nuclei, and the ependyma of the third and lateral ventricles. Formation by cell fusion of syncytial, multinucleate giant cells was a prominent feature of the ependymal lesion and was seen in the nerve cells of fascia dentata of the hippocampal gyrus and (with later passage virus) in the neocortex and the granule cell layer of the cerebellum. Eosinophilic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in diseased ependymal and nerve cells. Myelin destruction was observed only as part of a general tissue necrosis in involved areas. No visceral lesions were observed. In mice, the virus produced a very similar disease, lesions being largely limited to the hippocampal gyrus and the habenular nuclei. In this species, giant cell formation was not observed.
Calculation of catalyst selectivity in vegetable oil hydrogenation

The description of catalysts in terms of the rates of reactions they promote is now feasible. Several procedures have been published in the literature for determining selectivity of hydrogenation catalysts, particularly as ratios of reaction rates. The present contribution reviews these procedures, tests their performance with sample data, and compares their merits.