cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear off-site emergency preparedness and response: key concepts and international normative principles

Abstract The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant underlines two basic facts about nuclear emergency preparedness and response (EPR). First, off-site EPR plays a critical role in nuclear accident management notwithstanding continuous improvements in nuclear safety. Second, EPR is a matter of intrinsic international concern not only between neighboring states but also globally as shortcomings in EPR anywhere tend to undermine confidence in nuclear safety everywhere. Against this background, this chapter examines the post-Fukushima international normative setting for off-site nuclear EPR, including key international conventions, International Atomic Energy Agency safety standards and practices, and other relevant international, regional, and industry efforts. It then reviews cross-border/regional cooperation and the harmonization of EPR objectives and measures and discusses specific core elements of EPR, such as emergency planning zones, effective risk communication, the testing and peer review of emergency plans, and international emergency assistance. This chapter thereby highlights an incontrovertible fact, namely that nuclear EPR has become largely “internationalized” even though—notionally—EPR remains, of course, a national responsibility.
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia: Safety and Efficacy of a Minimally Invasive Approach: Case Report

Missed diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is a known complication of blunt trauma as the diagnosis can be difficult to ascertain acutely. Pre-operative diagnosis is challenging, and to date, there is no consensus on the standard management for this condition. Until recently, open primary repair was the standard of care with few centers attempting laparoscopic repair for select patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, technical feasibility, and clinical outcomes for minimally invasive repair utilizing the DaVinci Robotic platform for traumatic diaphragmatic hernia repair. Robotic repair was performed on a patient who presented with a large diaphragmatic hernia 9 years after blunt trauma. The procedure was recorded, technique detailed, and clinical outcomes assessed. There were no significant adverse events noted. After 1 year, the patient is doing well with no complaints, no evidence of recurrence and no other complications. Robotic repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia effectively achieved reduction of herniated contents, primary defect closure, and broad mesh overlap with good results at 1 year. This approach may provide an innovative minimally invasive option for surgeons and patients.
Simply built microfluidics for fast screening of CO2 foam surfactants and foam model parameters estimation

Abstract Surfactant-stabilized CO2 foam is a promising technique to increase an oil reservoir’s sweep efficiency and therefore produce more oil. The development of successful CO2 foam formulations requires extensive screening and development of commercially available and new chemicals. In this work, we provide a detailed procedure to build a cost-efficient microfluidic device for rapid prescreening of CO2 foam surfactants. Several surfactant-stabilized CO2 foams were successfully tested using the device which demonstrated complete foam quality testing to pre-screen a surfactant in less than an hour. Foam measurements successfully differentiated between different surfactant solutions and showed an increase of viscosity in comparison to CO2 and brine flood alone. The microfluidic device enabled systematic studies of the effect of chip geometry, surfactant type and concentration, injection flow rate, gas fractional flow, and oil fractional flow on CO2 foam strength. The steady-state foam results from the device were used to estimate the texture implicit foam model parameters. The method provided is not only robust for fast surfactant screening, but also for understanding the foam fluids transport phenomenon and foam modeling using microfluidics.
Power-maximized experimental design and combination index surface analysis for evaluating interactions of drug combinations, with applications to suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) combined with etoposide (VP-16) in HL-60 human acute myeloid leukemia cells

5592 Abstract Although a number of methods for assessing drug interactions are available, most methods lack a means of selecting combinations of doses efficiently in planning such experiments. The power-maximized design, derived based on the uniform measures of all possible dose combinations of interest, is able to select the drug combinations (doses of each constituent drug) and to determine the required number of replicates at each combination in order to detect synergy, additivity or antagonism, with pre-specified statistical power for the experiment. An F-test is proposed to detect departures from additivity for combinations of two drugs. To explore the joint effect of the combination, a 3-dimensional combination index surface characterizes the interaction of a two-drug combination estimated using the B-splines. Synergism is manifested as a substantial drop in the combination index which is a 2-dimensional slice of the combination index surface. These methods were applied to evaluate SAHA treatment combined with VP-16 in HL-60 human acute myeloid leukemia cells. The implementation will be illustrated through the companion computer program for the design and analysis of combination studies.
A theoretical approach for transient shock strengthening in high-energy-density laser compression experiments

In high-energy-density shock compression experiments, the desired state of compression is typically achieved by passing shock waves through a sequence of different materials. In this study, a theoretical approach for transiently strengthening such shocks passing through interfaces of experimentally relevant impedance ratios is examined. A semi-analytical method based on characteristics analysis is used to solve the problem of a shock passing from one material to another through an intermediate region of non-uniform impedance; by appropriately designing this region, a greater shock strength can be achieved in the second material for a finite duration than in the absence of this region. When a shock passes into a material of higher impedance, the shock strengthening increases to a maximum before decreasing to an asymptotic value as the strength of the incident shock is increased. For shocks passing into materials of decreasing impedance, the shock strengthening increases monotonically as the strength of the incident shock is increased when the impedance ratio is above a critical threshold. Incorporating multiple intermediate materials can further increase the strength of the transmitted shock, with an exponential discretization of intermediate material impedances being the most effective distribution for strengthening strong shocks. The results suggest that up to 25% and 9% increases in pressure behind the leading shock can be achieved for materials of increasing and decreasing impedance, respectively. The technique is applied to the design of laser-driven dynamic compression experiments, and the results of the analysis are verified via comparison to simulations performed with the HYADES hydrodynamics code.
The dynamics of interest group evaluations of Congress

We apply a dynamic spatial model to interest group ratings of the members of Congress over the period 1959–1981. Spatial distances between an interest group and the members of Congress are assumed to be monotonic with the ratings. Our pooled cross-sectional time-series data set consists of 203,387 ratings by 59 interest groups. We restrict the spatial coordinates of the interest groups and members of Congress to be polynomial functions of time. Two significant dimensions are recovered: the first dimension, which accounts for approximately 75% of the variance, represents liberal-conservative positions on economic issues; the second dimension, which accounts for approximately an additional 5% of the variance, represents liberal-conservative positions on social issues. Nearly all the interest groups and most members of Congress are ideologically consistent. They are either liberal on both dimensions or conservative on both.
Social learning theory

Una exploracion de los avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, y autoregulatorios.
Partial Purification and Properties of d-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase from Zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii

Abstract A d-glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores was partially purified to a specific activity of 2.41 IU per mg of protein. Its pH optimum was 8.05 and its Km values were 2.4 × 10−4 M d-glucosamine 6-phosphate and 0.38 × 10−4 M Na3S-acetyl coenzyme A.
Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Current Levels of Domestic Violence: A Possible Elaboration of Intergenerational Transmission Processes

Research conducted on the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence has framed much of its inquiry from within the context of social learning theory. Although consistently significant, the effect size of social learning-derived intergenerational transmission variables is often small. This study was undertaken in an effort to broaden the theoretical basis of intergenerational transmission of family violence by assessing if incorporating parental substance abuse variables with exposure to violence in family of origin would increase the predictive power of a multiple regression model. Subjects (N = 74) were men in treatment for domestic violence. Paternal substance abuse was found to exert effects on respondents' violent behavior comparable to those from exposure to family of origin violence. Findings supported a need to broaden theoretical views of the etiology of domestic violence perpetration.
Soybean bioactive peptides: A new horizon in preventing chronic diseases

Soybeans, an excellent source of dietary peptides, have antihypertensive, anticholesterol, and antioxidant activities, and appear to prevent cancer. The processing of soy protein into peptides in the GI tract greatly increases their healthful effects by exposing active groups within the amino acid chain. Lunasin, one of the most promising of these peptides, has been shown in recent studies to be an effective anti-cancer agent. Found in a variety of readily available foods, lunasin is an accessible component to healthy living.
Teaching mathematical proofs to CS major students in the class of discrete mathematics

Teaching mathematical proofs to computer science major students is a challenge. Computer science majors like logical reasoning but not complicated mathematical proofs. This paper proposes two possible effective ways to teach mathematical proofs to computer science major students in the class of discrete mathematics.
Silver‐ BaCe0.8Gd0.2 O 3 Composites as Cathode Materials for SOFCs Using BaCeO3‐Based Electrolytes

Composites of silver and BaCe{sub 0.8}Gd{sub 0.2}O{sub 3} ceramics have been studied as cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells using BaCeO{sub 3}-based electrolytes. Results indicate that the electrochemical properties of these composites are quite sensitive to the composition and microstructure of the electrodes. The optimal silver content of the composites seems to fall within the range of 50 to 70 volume percent, depending on the particular microstructure of the electrode. As compared to pure silver electrodes, the composite electrodes show better adhesion to the electrolyte, higher exchange current densities, and lower cathodic overpotentials under various conditions. The observed high performance of the composite electrodes is attributed primarily to the fine-grained microstructure and high porosity of the composites, as the BaCe{sub 0.8}Gd{sub 0.2}O{sub 3} phase inhibits grain growth of the silver phase in the composites.
VALVE MORPHOGENESIS AND THE MICROTUBULE CENTER IN THREE SPECIES OF THE DIATOM NITZSCHIA1

The relationship of cell organelles to valve morphogenesis was investigated in three species of Nitzschia. One, N. sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Sm., showed consistent ability to generate both nitzschioid and hantzschioid symmetry in daughter cells following cytokinesis; the other two maintained nitzschioid symmetry stably. From previous work with Hantzschia, a certain sequence of events could be anticipated in the cytoplasm. In two significant areas–the behavior of the Microtubule Center (MC) and its microtubule (MT) system, and the central origin of the silicalemma–not only were the results unexpected, but the three species showed fundamental differences among themselves. In N. sigmoidea, the silicalemma (and the future raphe region) arises centrally on the cleavage furrow, and after some lateral expansion, the silicalemmas and their associated organelles move in opposite directions in daughter cells, so that the raphe and the raphe canals end up along the girdle side of the cell as expected. However, the MCs never become associated with their silicalemma, remaining throughout near the girdle bands. In N. sigma (Kutz) W. Sm., the silicalemmas arise centrally and after lateral growth, move in opposite directions to generate nitzschioid symmetry. In this case, the MCs move to the vicinity of but never close to the silicalemmas, and follow them distantly during their lateral movement. In N. tryblionella Hantzsch, the new silicalemmas arise opposite one another, on one side of the daughter cells; each MC soon moves very close to its silicalemma, and remains thus through most of valve morphogenesis. Later, only one silicalemma/MC complex moves laterally, establishing the nitzschioid symmetry in both daughter cells. In all three species, as in Hantzschia, linear arrays of mitochondria aligned along MTs occupy the forming raphe canal, and microfilaments line the outer edge of the expanding silicalemma. The fibulae (the wall struts arching across the raphe canal) in Hantzschia always grow from the valve surface to the girdle surface of the forming valves. In these three Nitzschiae, this invariably happens in only one daughter cell of any pair; in the other, all the fibulae grow from the girdle surface to the valve surface. An explanation of these variations is proposed: that the morphogenetic machinery of Nitzschia and Hantzschia have a common origin, with present Nitzschiae having undergone considerable diversification at the intracellular level, causing the unstable cell symmetry exhibited by several modern species. Perhaps a taxonomic distinction between Hantzschia and Nitzschia lies in whether the morphogenetic machinery associated with valve morphogenesis moves laterally in the same or in opposite directions.
The Total Dose Dependence of the Single Event Upset Sensitivity of IDT Static RAMs

The sensitivity to single event upsets induced by 40 MeV protons for three types of Integrated Device Technology, Inc. static RAMs has been shown to increase with total dose exposure.
Preparation, properties, and plasma retention of human hemoglobin derivatives: comparison of uncrosslinked carboxymethylated hemoglobin with crosslinked tetrameric hemoglobin.

Abstract Human hemoglobin A has been crosslinked by diisothiocyanatobenzenesulfonate to give a limited number of products in a yield of approximately 70%. The predominant product was crosslinked between subunits within a tetramer and had a Mr of 64,000; no higher Mr species were formed. This product had one crosslink per tetramer located between the NH2 termini of its alpha chains, as established by HPLC analysis, amino acid analysis, Edman degradation, and mass spectrometry. This crosslinked derivative had a slightly increased oxygen affinity [P50 = 9 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa); P50 for unmodified hemoglobin = 11 mmHg], and the retention time of this derivative in the circulation of rats was 2.9 and 3.3 hr at two hemoglobin concentrations (7 g/dl and 14 g/dl, respectively). The half-life of an uncrosslinked carboxymethylated derivative, which has a low oxygen affinity (P50 = 28 mmHg), was 0.6 and 0.7 hr under the same conditions. Therefore, prolongation of the plasma-retention time of infused hemoglobin is dependent on the crosslinking of the tetramer but independent of the oxygen affinity of the derivative.
The kinetics of cerebral RNA synthesis in relation to the route of injection.

Nachweis, dass die RNS-Synthese im Gehirn sich nach der Art der Injektion der radioaktiven Substanz richtet, wahrend die Umsatzgeschwindigkeit von3H-Uridin in nicht-nukleotiden Substanzen ebenfalls von der Injektionsmethode abhangig ist.
Space group theory and lattice dynamics

Abstract The major applications of group theory in lattice dynamics result from the assertion that the lattice normal modes are bases for the irreducible representations of the space group. Here we illustrate the construction of character tables for the irreducible representations in diamond, and explicitly present certain tables, which have been used in deriving reduction coefficients(3) and selection rules for infrared and Raman processes(5) in diamond. A brief remark is made on the use of tables of coupling coefficients for the construction of lattice invariants and covariants, which are being used in a theory of infrared lattice vibration absoption.(16)
A quasi-passive model of human leg function in level-ground walking

In this paper, we seek to understand how leg muscles and tendons work mechanically during walking in order to motivate the design of efficient robotic legs. We hypothesize that a robotic leg comprising only knee and ankle passive and quasi-passive elements, including springs, clutches and variable-damping components, can capture the dominant mechanical behavior of the human knee and ankle during level-ground walking at self-selected speeds. As a preliminary evaluation of this hypothesis, we put forth a simple leg model that captures the gross features of the human leg musculoskeletal architecture. We vary model parameters, or spring constants, damping levels and times when clutches are engaged, using an optimization scheme where errors between model joint behaviours and biological joint mechanics are minimized. For model evaluation, kinetic and kinematic gait data are employed from a single participant walking across a level-ground surface at a self-selected gait speed (1.3 m/sec). With only a single hip actuator, we find good agreement between model predictions and experimental gait data, suggesting that knee and ankle actuators are not necessary for level-ground robotic ambulation at self-selected gait speeds. This result is in support of the idea that muscles that span the human knee and ankle mainly operate eccentrically or isometrically, affording the relatively high metabolic walking economy of humans
Central effects of testosterone on food intake in male rats

Abstract Bilateral implants of testosterone propionate (TP) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) reduced food intake in castrated male rats. Similar implants in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area or VMH implants of 5α-dihydrotestosterone propionate had no effect on food intake. Bilateral and unilateral VMH implants of estradiol benzoate also reduced food intake in these animals. These and previous results suggest that testosterone or its estrogenic metabolites act on central and peripheral sites to affect food intake in male rats. The physiological relevance of these effects is discussed.
SPOTLESS: Similarity patterns of trajectories in label-less sensor streams

The process of inversion, estimation and reconstruction of the sensor quality matrix, allows modeling the precision and accuracy, and in general the reliability of the model. When the sensor data ranges are not known a priori, current systems do not train on new data samples, rather they approximate based on the parameter's global average value, losing most of the spatial and temporal features. The proposed model, which we call SPOTLESS, checks the spatial integrity and temporal plausibility of streams generated by mobility patterns due to varying channel conditions. We define a minimum quality of the measured sensor data as local stream (QoD) requirements to give high precision by using distributed labeled training. In our SPOTLESS datacleaning steps, to account for packet errors due to varying channel conditions, a soft-phy based decoding is selected for various Bit Error Rates (BER), minimizing packet loss at the mobile receiver. Numerical experiments for Rayleigh fading channels and mobile BER model examples are compared with large deployment of ground sensor collecting static data streams and Data MULE collecting multi-hop temporal data from the sensor to provide hypothetical parameter accuracy. Our results were obtained in the context of provisioning a minimum precision and accuracy stream (QoD) required for 802.15.4 mobile services. SPOTLESS data-cleaning algorithm coding provides 90% precision for static streams, and increases the plausible relevance of multi-hop mobile streams by 85% for task-based learning.
Nucleus accumbens β‐endorphin levels are not elevated by brain stimulation reward but do increase with extinction

Beta-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide implicated in reward processes, but the brain sites directly involved in its putative role in reward have not been identified. Here we used in vivo microdialysis in rats to study the effect of a potent reinforcer, lateral hypothalamus self-stimulation (LHSS), on the extracellular levels of beta-endorphin in the nucleus accumbens (NAS). The NAS is involved in the reinforcing effects of natural and artificial rewards, has high density of opioid receptors and is innervated by arcuate nucleus beta-endorphin neurons. LHSS had no effect on extracellular levels of beta-endorphin in the NAS. Surprisingly, extinction of the self-stimulation behaviour induced a rapid increase in NAS beta-endorphin levels. In a subsequent experiment in rats previously trained to self-administer heroin for 10 days, beta-endorphin levels also were increased during a test for extinction of the heroin-reinforced behaviour. Finally, the increase in extracellular beta-endorphin levels in the NAS was also observed during exposure to an aversive stimulus, intermittent footshock (20 min). These results indicate a possible role for increased levels of NAS beta-endorphin in the organism's adaptive response to stress and frustration.
Positron annihilation detection of ultra-violet light induced damage in conjugated polymers

Abstract The Doppler-broadened positron annihilation radiation (DBAR) lineshape S-parameter, and the optical absorption spectra were measured during Ultra-violet (UV) exposure to a polydiacetylene (p-4BCMU) which degraded, and a polyquinoline which did not degrade, when exposed to UV light. The S-parameter of p-4BCMU increased during photodegradation and correlated closely to the change in optical absorption spectra. The S-parameter of a polyquinoline remained unchanged.
Generalization: Terminological, methodological and conceptual issues

Generalization of adaptive behavior is a critical issue for behavior therapy. Nevertheless, researchers have treated generalization as an addendum to intervention studies and largely ignored it as an important phenomenon worthy of study in its own right. The history of the concept of generalization in the learning literature is traced, and the imprecision with which the term has been used by behavior therapists is discussed. Generalization is differentiated from other related terms and some advantages of adhering to a traditional definition are discussed. Examples are offered to illustrate how experimental research on generalization can aid behavior therapists in the study of generalization overall and the testing of generalization in particular. An example is provided to illustrate how behavior therapists could extrapolate from more general laboratory work to advance our knowledge of generalization and its control. Finally, it is argued that the study of generalization deserves the same intensity of study as other aspects of behavior therapy.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in large granular lymphocyte leukemia

Abstract Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is a human lymphoproliferative disorder associated with autoimmune disease. The etiology of LGL leukemia is not known. It is conceivable that antigen activation plus lymphokine secretion lead to leukemic LGL proliferation. To understand more about the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of LGL leukemia, we decided to investigate differentially expressed genes in leukemic LGL. By using microarray, a novel technique, we have identified a number of differentially expressed genes. The most predominantly expressed genes such as granzyme H, granzyme B, perforin, and lymphopain are all involved in the cytotoxic function of activated NK and T cells. Phosphatase in activated cells (PAC-1) is also constitutively expressed in leukemic LGL. PAC-1 is a mitogen induced dual specific Thr/Tyr phosphatase with stringent substrate specificity for MAP kinases. The role of the above mentioned constitutively expressed genes in relation to pathogenesis of LGL leukemia will be further investigated.
Agent-Based Modeling of Mass-Collaborative Product Development Processes

Mass-collaborative product development refers to a paradigm where large groups of people compete and collaborate globally to develop new products and services. In contrast to the traditional top-down decomposition-based design processes, the primary mechanism in mass-collaborative product development is bottom-up evolution. Hence, the issues underlying mass-collaborative processes are fundamentally different from those in traditional design processes. For example, instead of determining the best sequence in which activities should be carried out, the emphasis is on developing the right conditions under which product evolution can be fostered. Existing research on product development is primarily focused on top-down design processes. The evolutionary nature of mass-collaborative product development has received very little attention. Specifically, computational models for these processes have not been developed. In this paper, a step toward understanding the fundamental processes underlying mass-collaborative product development using a computational model is presented. The model presented in this paper is based on an agent-based modeling approach, which allows the modeling of the behavior of different entities within a product development scenario and the study of the effect of their interactions. The model captures the information about (i) products as modules and their interdependencies, and (ii) the participants involved and their strategies. The benefits of the agent-based model in understanding mass-collaborative product development are shown using a simple product model. The following aspects of the product development processes are studied: (a) the rate of evolution of the individual modules and the entire product, (b) product evolution patterns and the effect of the number of participants, (c) the effect of prior work on product evolution, (d) the evolution and distribution of participants, and (e) the effect of participant incentives. The agent-based modeling approach is shown as a promising approach for understanding the evolutionary nature of mass-collaborative product development processes.
Numerical Simulation of Separation Control for Transitional Highly Loaded Low-Pressure Turbines

The subsonic flow through highly loaded low-pressure turbines is simulated numerically using a high-order method. The configuration approximates cascade experiments that were conducted to investigate a reduction in turbine stage blade count, which can decrease both weight and mechanical complexity. At a nominal Reynolds number of 25 × 10 3 based upon axial chord and inlet conditions, massive separation occurs on the suction surface of each blade as a result of uncovered turning. Pulsed injection vortex generator jets were then used to help mitigate separation, thereby reducing wake losses. Computations were performed for both uncontrolled and controlled cases and reproduced the transitional flow occurring in the aft-blade and near-wake regions. The numerical method utilizes a centered compact finite difference scheme to represent spatial derivatives, which is used in conjunction with a low-pass Pade-type nondispersive filter operator to maintain stability. An implicit approximately factored time-marching algorithm is employed, and Newton-like subiterations are applied to achieve second-order temporal accuracy. Calculations were carried out on a massively parallel computing platform, using domain decomposition to distribute subzones on individual processors. A high-order overset grid approach preserved spatial accuracy in locally refined embedded regions. Features of the flowfields are elucidated, and simulations are compared with each other and with available experimental data. Relative to the uncontrolled case, it was found that pulsed injection maintained attached flow over an additional 15% of the blade chord, resulting in a 22% decrease of the wake total pressure loss coefficient.
The many faces of parenting.

Understanding parental influences and parent-adolescent relationships is difficult because individuals are involved in many activities and have varied goals. The chapters in this volume help address the complexities by focusing on variations in parental practices and domains of activities.
Status, scope, and problems of the section of terrestrial magnetism and electricity

The work of the student of the earth's magnetic and electric phenomena naturally divides itself into two parts, first the study of the main phenomena themselves, and second the study of their causes and of such subsidiary phenomena as are bound up with them. As regards the main phenomena, we have on the magnetic side the study of the magnitude and distribution of the earth's magnetic field over the earth's surface, and its diurnal, annual, and secular variations. On the electrical side, we have the study of the magnitude and distribution of the earth's potential-gradient, of the atmospheric ionization and conductivity, and the diurnal, annual, and secular variations of these quantities. We also have a class of phenomena which are to some extent distinct, since they are associated with abnormal rather than with normal conditions in the atmosphere. I refer to phenomena associated with the thunderstorm and with the electrification of rain.
A General Strategy for the Synthesis of P‐Stereogenic Compounds

A great leap forward toward the general synthesis of P-stereogenic compounds: Heating H3 PO2 with (-)-menthol and paraformaldehyde gives easily crystallized menthyl hydroxymethyl-H-phosphinate (1). From this product, virtually any P-stereogenic compound can be synthesized.
Does Global Warming Influence Tornado Activity

Tornadoes and other severe thunderstorm phenomena frequently cause as much annual property damage in the United States as do hurricanes, and often cause more fatalities (see http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml). In 2008, there were 2176 preliminary tornado reports logged through mid-December, with 1600 “actual counts” (duplicate reports removed) through September, the highest total in the past half century (Figure 1). The mass media have covered these events extensively, and experts have been deluged with requests for explanations, including possible links to anthropogenic global warming. Although recent research has yielded insight into the connections between global warming and tornado and severe thunderstorm forcing, these relationships remain mostly unexplored, largely because of the challenges in observing and numerically simulating tornadoes.
Optimization of composite rotor blades with advanced structural and aerodynamic modeling

This paper addresses the first significant step in the ongoing research towards the overall goal of developing an integrated dynamic, aerodynamic, and structural optimization methodology for helicopter rotor blades made of composite materials. It investigates the feasibility and the utility of the structural-dynamic phase of the optimization task with realistic blade cross-sections. As opposed to the often used, simplified cross-sections, the lift generating part of the rotor blade has a realistic airfoil shape in the present shape optimization task. A set of 'primitive' design variables form the representative design space in the present task of minimizing blade weight under several frequency, autorotational inertia, and airfoil mass-center related constraints. The investigation pertains to the hingeless rotors with frequency constraints for obtaining soft in-plane blades. The composite construction of the blade sections is analyzed via a two-dimensional finite element code, which establishes the beam constitutive law. The subsequent beam analysis is based on an hp-type displacement-finite-element strategy that incorporates all the geometric nonlinearities of the beam equations. The results indicate extreme sensitivity of the optimization process on the formulation of frequency constraints and starting designs. Autorotational inertia constraint also has a significant impact on the final design. The study shows the effectiveness of simpler and more numerous frequency constraints over the complicated and less numerous frequency constraints when trying to achieve an identical goal. The enhanced role of structural couplings (e.g., tension-bending, bending-torsion) was also observed under constraints on high modal frequencies. The work has highlighted the feasibility (and also the associated complexities) of including realistic blade details in a design optimization study. Research is progressing towards the overall objective of an integrated optimization study.
Winston Churchill's archetypal metaphors: A mythopoetic translation of World War II

This essay examines the archetypal metaphors used by Winston Churchill prior to and during World War II. The author notes the consistent patterns of the metaphors and argues that they combined to reshape literal events into figurative conditions, challenges, and rewards. Together, Churchill's metaphors translated World War II into an ongoing tale of romantic adventure.
Benefits of routine maxillectomy and orbital reconstruction with the rectus abdominis free flap

Abstract Maxillary defects lead to functional and cosmetic deficiencies, especially with tumor invasion of the orbit and cribriform plate. Additionally problematic is the near-total palatal resection in patients with poor dentition (ie, not useful for anchoring obturators) and the desire for return of deglutition and useful speech. A series of 12 patients is presented in whom a rectus abdominis free flap was used for reconstruction of the palate, maxilla, and/or orbit. Nine of 12 free flaps were used to reconstruct defects involving the maxilla and orbit; all were successful in restoring hard palate continuity and function without the use of an obturator. The remaining 3 patients underwent successful repair of defects involving the orbit and medial maxilla without complication. Four of those 9 patients with palatal reconstruction augmented their dental rehabilitation with either their existing upper denture plate or the use of a cosmetic appliance anchored to their remaining dentition. Objectively, the rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap proved to be a reliable and expeditious method of restoring function and acceptable cosmesis. We believe this technique should be routinely considered in the reconstruction of these defects. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:203-9.)
Tentative identification by ESR of a CSO23− impurity radical in irradiated single-crystal calcite

Abstract A paramagnetic defect tentatively identified as CSO 2 3− has been studied in irradiated natural calcite. Identification is based on chemical considerations, the fact that more than 99% of sulfur nuclei have spin zero, and upon a g value calculation which involves no adjustment of model parameters to fit the experimental data. The center is produced by room-temperature electron, γ, or X-ray irradiation but may be seen by ESR only below about 190°K. The ESR spectrum shows no hyperfine structure and consists of contributions from six inequivalent sites. Pairs of these sites are nearly equivalent and the g -tensor principal axes are nearly such that one is along a normal CO direction, a second is perpendicular to a normal Ca0Ca plane, and the third is perpendicular to the other two. The associated g values are 2.001, 2.063, and 2.008, respectively.
Treating Children Ages 3–6 Who Have Speech Sound Disorder: A Survey

Purpose In a national survey, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) were asked about service delivery and interventions they use with children ages 3–6 who have speech sound disorder (SSD). Method The survey was e-mailed to 2,084 SLPs who worked in pre-elementary settings across the United States. Of these, 24% completed part or all of the survey, with 18% completing the entire survey. Results SLPs reported that they provided children ages 3–6 who had SSD with 30 or 60 min of treatment time weekly, regardless of group or individual setting. More SLPs indicated that they used traditional intervention than other types of intervention. However, many SLPs also reported using aspects of phonological interventions and providing phonological awareness training. Fewer SLPs indicated that they used nonspeech oral motor exercises than in a previous survey (Lof & Watson, 2008). Recently graduated SLPs were no more familiar with recent advances in phonological intervention than were their more experienced colleagues. D...
Inactivation of Baculovirus heliothis by ultraviolet irradiation, dew, and temperature

Abstract The rate and extent of inactivation of Baculovirus heliothis by artificial ultraviolet (uv) irradiation, temperature, and dew collected from foliage of cotton and sobyean plants were determined. Exposure to uv irradiation resulted in substantial inactivation of the virus. Increase in temperature from 15° to 45°C had little effect on viral activity. A significant loss in viral activity was detected as temperature was increased to 45°C with exposure to uv irradiation. Exposure to pH 9.3 cotton dew resulted in substantial loss in activity during the initial dry-down of dew. Loss of activity appeared to result from exposure to high pH and high basic ion concentration. After the dew had dried; little additional activity loss occurred unless deposited ions were resuspended in water and allowed to redry. Exposure to cotton dews at pH 7.4 or 8.8 or soybean dew (pH 7.2) produced no significant viral inactivation.
Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture: A Florida case study

Abstract The DNDC (Denitrification-Decomposition) model is shown to simulate emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), changes in soil nitrate, and nitrogen mineralization rates consistent with field measurements at three agricultural sites in Florida. As a case study of the potential policy relevance of a process-oriented biogeochemical model, we estimated N 2 O emissions to the atmosphere from all agricultural lands in Florida, a state with significant agriculture on both organic and mineral soils. Nine landscape classes (3 soil classes × 3 annual rainfall classes) were coupled with county-based data on crops (5 major crops + pasture + fallow), fertilization, irrigation, and representative areas, to generate 86 model scenarios. Annual simulations were run for each case, and county and state emissions were tabulated. Total N 2 O emissions from Florida's agricultural lands were estimated to be 0.024 Tg N 2 ON y −1 . Emissions were unevenly distributed with approximately 50 percent of the N 2 O being emitted from soils in six (of 68) Florida counties. Organic soils, while occupying only 9% of the total agricultural land area and receiving no nitrogen fertilizer additions, accounted for 38% of the state's total N 2 O flux. Sensitivity studies suggest that the most effective means for mitigating N 2 O emissions would involve a combination of measures including reductions in drainage of organic soils, injection of fertilizers to soil depths of 10 cm or greater, and increased attention to precision irrigation. Biogeochemical modeling will be critical to developing an integrated framework for assessing policies for reducing N 2 O emissions from agricultural systems.
Circadian occurrence of symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in untreated patients.

Fifty-two patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were studied to determine whether there was a circadian pattern to the occurrence of this arrhythmia. Antiarrhythmic therapy was discontinued, and patients were followed until they had one recurrence of tachycardia documented by telephone transmission of the electrocardiogram. By least-squares analysis, the times of day that the 52 attacks (one from each patient) occurred were fit to a sinusoidal density function with a period of 24 hr. The highest relative incidence of tachycardia was at 4 P.M.; tachycardia was five times more likely to occur at 4 P.M. than at 4 A.M., the time of the lowest relative incidence. A second attack of tachycardia was recorded from 35 of the 52 patients. The times of the two attacks in individual patients were found to be independent; thus the times of day at which the second attacks occurred were used as a test set for the distribution estimated from the first. The empirical distribution for the times from the 35 second attacks was compared with the distribution function estimated from the 52 first attacks, and there was no significant departure; this finding confirmed the circadian pattern. Since the relative incidence of attacks of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is higher in the afternoon, it may be helpful to target antiarrhythmic therapy to that time of day.
Rousseau’s Rome and the Repudiation of Populist Republicanism

Abstract The chapters of Rousseau’s Social Contract devoted to republican Rome prescribe institutions that obstruct popular efforts at diminishing the excessive power and influence of wealthy citizens and political magistrates. I argue that Rousseau reconstructs ancient Rome’s constitution in direct opposition to the more populist and anti‐elitist model of the Roman Republic championed by Machiavelli in the Discourses: Rousseau eschews the establishment of magistracies, like the tribunes, reserved for common citizens exclusively, and endorses assemblies where the wealthy are empowered to outvote the poor in lawmaking and elections. On the basis of sociologically anonymous principles like generality and popular sovereignty, and by confining elite accountability to general elections, Rousseau’s neo‐Roman institutional proposals aim to pacify the contestation of class hierarchies and inflate elite prerogative within republics – under the cover of more formal, seemingly more genuine, equality.
Meshless methods for physics-based modeling and simulation of deformable models

As 3D digital photographic and scanning devices produce higher resolution images, acquired geometric data sets grow more complex in terms of the modeled objects’ size, geometry, and topology. As a consequence, point-sampled geometry is becoming ubiquitous in graphics and geometric information processing, and poses new challenges which have not been fully resolved by the state-of-art graphical techniques. In this paper, we address the challenges by proposing a meshless computational framework for dynamic modeling and simulation of solids and thin-shells represented as point samples. Our meshless framework can directly compute the elastic deformation and fracture propagation for any scanned point geometry, without the need of converting them to polygonal meshes or higher order spline representations. We address the necessary computational techniques, such as Moving Least Squares, Hierarchical Discretization, and Modal Warping, to effectively and efficiently compute the physical simulation in real-time. This meshless computational framework aims to bridge the gap between the point-sampled geometry with physics-based modeling and simulation governed by partial differential equations.
Intralesional Verapamil Prevents the Progression of Peyronie’s Disease

Objectives To define the impact of intralesional verapamil injection therapy on penile deformity in men with Peyronie’s disease. Methods Patients underwent a total of 6 intralesional injections of verapamil. Penile deformity was assessed at baseline and 3 months after the last intralesional injection of verapamil during penile erection after the administration of intracavernosal medication. Measurement was recorded using a goniometer at maximum penile rigidity. Endpoints included change in magnitude of curvature, stretched penile length, penetration ability, and resolution of pain. Results Ninety-four consecutive patients met all inclusion criteria. Mean (± standard deviation) patient age and duration of Peyronie’s disease at time of baseline deformity assessment were 44 ± 18 years and 5.2 ± 2.7 months, respectively. At baseline 86% had dorsal and 14% lateral curvature. The mean curvature and stretched flaccid length were 50° ± 28° and 12.6 ± 3.1 cm, respectively. At the follow-up evaluation, patients were 5.2 ± 1.8 months after their last ILV injection and were 11.7 ± 4.2 months after the onset of Peyronie’s disease. Eighteen percent of patients had improvement of curvature, 60% were unchanged, and 22% worsened. Pain resolved in 100% of patients. Conclusions In response to intralesional verapamil, a minority of men experienced improvement in penile deformity; however, the majority of patients had stabilization of their deformity. This information may permit clinicians to give realistic expectations to patients considering intralesional verapamil therapy.
Tobacco Sensitivity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

ABSTRACTBackground: Mechanisms responsible for sensitivity to irritants such as tobacco smoke are poorly understood. A Tobacco Score questionnaire was developed to identify and characterize subjects with this sensitivity. For this pilot study, scores were assessed in populations of self-selected controls and a group with irritant sensitivity (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, CFS).Method: Subjects graded the severity of 21 symptoms associated with tobacco exposure. Results were compared with other instruments and a measure of pain sensitivity (dolorimetry) in 116 control and 103 CFS subjects.Results: The Tobacco Score was positive in 16% of control and 51% of CFS subjects. Significant correlations were found between Tobacco Score, Irritant Rhinitis Score and history of sinusitis. Intermediate relationships were found with history of allergic rhinitis, Systemic Complaints Score and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Factors having no influence included gender, the severity of CFS symptoms, pain thresholds, and allergy...
The pressure dependence of superconducting energy gaps from high pressure critical field measurements

Abstract It is shown that the Toxen relationship Δ / kT c = T c / H c (0) (d H c /d T ) T c can be used to obtain Δ/ kT c as a function of pressure from critical field curves taken at high pressures. Data for Sn, In, Zn, Al, Cd, Ga, and Th are analyzed and Δ( p )/ kT c are tabulated. For Sn and In a comparison was made of energy gaps so determined with those measured directly by tunnelling.