cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma waves in planetary magnetospheres

Research conducted within the last four years on plasma waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere as well as those of Jupiter and Saturn is reviewed. Studies aimed at the characterization of plasma wave emissions in the earth's magnetosheath and magnetopause are considered, together with investigations of the characteristics and mechanisms of electron cyclotron harmonic and upper hybrid resonance waves, nonthermal continuum radiation, auroral kilometric radiation, chorus, hiss and whistler-mode turbulence, whistlers, power line radiation, ion cyclotron waves, an ionospheric irregularities and instabilities. Experimental studies based on the injection of waves or plasma into the ionosphere and plasma waves in the laboratory are also examined. In situ Voyager data and radio astronomical observations of Jupiter are discussed as they relate to the plasma waves detected in the Jovian mgnetosheath and magnetopause, outer and inner magnetosphere and magnetotail, as well as the Jovian radio emission. In the case of Saturn, particular attention is given to the emissions observed during the Voyager encounter with the planet, its rings and Titan.
Testing for Polygenic Effects in Genome‐Wide Association Studies

To confirm associations with a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), each with only a small effect size, as hypothesized in the polygenic theory for schizophrenia, the International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009, Nature 460:748-752) proposed a polygenic risk score (PRS) test and demonstrated its effectiveness when applied to psychiatric disorders. The basic idea of the PRS test is to use a half of the sample to select and up-weight those more likely to be associated SNPs, and then use the other half of the sample to test for aggregated effects of the selected SNPs. Intrigued by the novelty and increasing use of the PRS test, we aimed to evaluate and improve its performance for GWAS data. First, by an analysis of the PRS test, we point out its connection with the Sum test [Chapman and Whittaker, Genet Epidemiol 32:560-566; Pan, Genet Epidemiol 33:497-507]; given the known advantages and disadvantages of the Sum test, this connection motivated the development of several other polygenic tests, some of which may be more powerful than the PRS test under certain situations. Second, more importantly, to overcome the low statistical efficiency of the data-splitting strategy as adopted in the PRS test, we reformulate and thus modify the PRS test, obtaining several adaptive tests, which are closely related to the adaptive sum of powered score (SPU) test studied in the context of rare variant analysis [Pan et al., 2014, Genetics 197:1081-1095]. We use both simulated data and a real GWAS dataset of alcohol dependence to show dramatically improved power of the new tests over the PRS test; due to its superior performance and simplicity, we recommend the whole sample-based adaptive SPU test for polygenic testing. We hope to raise the awareness of the limitations of the PRS test and potential power gain of the adaptive SPU test.
RULE-VIOLATING BEHAVIOR ON THE GOLF COURSE

An unobtrusive observation technique was utilized to record the rule-violating behavior of 150 male golfers on a public golf course. The number of golfers in the group as well as the type and frequ...
1799 THE EFFECT OF NALOXONE ON APNEA OF PREMATURITY

Naloxone therapy improved the pneumocardiogram (PCG) results of seven preterm infants suffering from apnea of prematurity. The patients (BW 1.5+/−0.2 kg, GA 32+/−2 weeks), were evaluated with a six hour PCG at 1.0+/−0.7 weeks of age. A single intravenous dose of naloxone, 0.01mg/kg, was administered, and then followed by a second six hour PCG. All PCG's were read by a computerized analyzer (Medical Graphics). The results of the comparison are shown below: The PCG following naloxone administration had fewer short ( 15 sec), decreased apnea density and percent periodic breathing. Naloxone did not influence number, length, or nadir of associated bradycardias. Naloxone therapy was effective in decreasing the severity of clinical apnea in this group of infants.
Metabolism of trichloroethylene in B6C3F1 mouse and human liver slices.

ABSTRACTHuman and B6C3F1 mouse liver tissue was exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) to determine metabolic rate constants. Using a novel volatile exposure system based on precision-cut tissue explants, TCE biometabolism was measured by appearance of a major oxidative product trichloroacetic acid (TCA). TCE metabolic rate was linear in this system to 150 minutes, allowing calculation of Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters, Km and V max. Both human and mouse liver explants tolerated exposure to TCE up to 750 aM without evidence of cytotoxicity. Km values for mouse and human tissue were 215 and 30.6 aM TCE, respectively, and Vmax estimates were 6.14 and 0.47 ng TCA produced per mg protein min−1, mouse and human, respectively. These results are consistent with other reports in describing the greater capacity of mice to metabolize TCE. Metabolic differences such as these must be considered when interpreting the implications of TCE-induced toxicity in rodent models for human health assessment.
The Moderating Effects of Mother-Adolescent Relations on the Longitudinal Association between Father and Offspring Depressive Symptoms.

Little theoretical or empirical attention has been given to factors associated with better or worse outcomes in offspring of depressed fathers. Drawing from interpersonal models of intergenerational depression transmission in children of depressed mothers, the present investigation of adolescents and their families (N = 424) examined maternal warmth and hostility as moderators of the longitudinal association between paternal and adolescent depressive symptoms. Controlling for family demographic variables, previous adolescent depressive symptoms, and maternal depressive symptoms, fathers’ depressive symptoms predicted offspring depressive symptoms among adolescents experiencing low maternal warmth or high maternal hostility. Adolescent girls reporting adversity in their relationships with their mothers were the most vulnerable to risk associated with paternal depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the implications of fathers’ mental health for adolescent psychological well-being and add to the growing evidence that family relationships play a crucial role in the transmission of depression from one generation to the next.
Neutron Starquakes and Pulsar Periods

THE outer layers of neutron stars form a solid crust with a calculable rigidity (shear modulus) very soon after the stars are born. Subsequent changes in stellar shape from oblate toward spherical, as the neutron star angular velocity decreases, will induce stresses in the crust until the maximum shear strain which the solid can support is reached. Beyond this yield point there will be a sudden relaxation of the stress, and a very slight change in stellar shape and moment of inertia. The calculated accompanying jump in angular velocity is close to that which has been observed in a pulsar.
The development of a spatially explicit model to estimate radiocaesium body burdens in raccoons (Procyon lotor) for ecological risk assessment.

A spatially explicit model of raccoon (Procyon lotor) distribution for the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) in west-central South Carolina was developed using data from a raccoon radio-telemetry study and visualized within a Geographic Information System (GIS). An inductive approach was employed to develop three sub-models using the ecological requirements of raccoons studied in the following habitats: (1) man-made reservoirs, (2) bottomland hardwood/ riverine systems, and (3) isolated wetland systems. Logistic regression was used to derive probabilistic resource selection functions using habitat compositional data and landscape metrics. The final distribution model provides a spatially explicit probability (likelihood of being in an area) surface for male raccoons. The model is a stand-alone tool consisting of algorithms independent of the specific GIS data layers to which they were derived. The model was then used to predict contaminant burdens in raccoons inhabiting a riverine system contaminated with radiocaesium ( 137 Cs). The predicted 137 Cs burdens were less than if one would assume homogeneous use of the contaminated areas. This modelling effort provides a template for DOE managed lands and other large government facilities to establish a framework for site-specific ecological assessments that use wildlife species as endpoints. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Floral and solution patterns of coccoliths in surface sediments of the North Pacific

Coccolith assemblages from core-top samples of the North Pacific seafloor follow the distribution of surface water masses. Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica, Umbellosphaera tenuis, and Coccolithus pelagicus are the most important identifiers of surface water mass. Different multivariate statistical techniques group shallow samples in somewhat different spatial patterns. Factor analysis condenses the information contained in sixteen -ies percentages to four new variables that can be interpreted as species assemblages. By canonical correlation analysis these assemblages can in turn be related to the environment. The first canonical correlation indicates that Factor 2, the G. caribbeanica assemblage, is represented in samples underlying cooler surface water. A second possible correlation describes a direct relationship between Factor 3, the Umbilicosphaera sibogae assemblage, and the remaining environmental variable: surface water salinity. Factor 1, the G. oceanica assemblage, and Factor 4, the Emiliania huxleyi assemblage, are not as closely related to the selected environmental measures of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and inorganic phosphate-phosphorus as are Factor 2 and Factor 3. Because samples were coded according to their overlying water mass, group separations produced by discriminant analysis are easily interpreted in terms of the environment. Overlap of group assignments occurs for samples from the South China Sea and extreme western Pacific. Even partially dissolved samples retain the signature of surface water mass. Group assignment for those samples is generally reliable with the exception of samples from the Central Water Mass, where almost half of the shallow and half of the deep samples show strongest affinities with one of the other three water masses. Selective solution, therefore, only partially obscures the record of floral provinciality. Partial dissolution of coccolith assemblages does not proceed according to one systematic rank order: the sequence of species removal is variable from region to region. The more abundant species tend to consistently appear at an extreme of the ranking, for example: Umbilicosphaera sibogae is among the least resistant and C. leptoporus and G. oceanica are among the most resistant species. Maximum depths of coccolith lysocline and compensation depth occur generally in the central part of the basin and shoal towards its margins, as previously observed for planktonic foraminifera.
A volumetric lysimeter system (VLS): an alternative to weighing lysimeters for plant-water relations studies

A closed, recirculating volumetric lysimeter system (VLS) consisting of 24 experimental plant growth units was constructed. The VLS measured irrigation and drainage volumes with pressure transducer trace analysis of irrigation reservoir/sump water elevation. To estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET), changes in soil moisture storage in the plant growth boxes were obtained with neutron probe measurements and were combined with the transducer data to estimate the complete water balance measurement of crop ET. Automated tensiometers, temperature sensors, and four-electrode salinity sensors were installed to monitor soil matric potential, temperature, and electrical conductivity of drainage waters, respectively, 10 times per hour. Plant response to evaporative demand was characterized with a high degree of resolution with the VLS transducer estimated ET detection of approximately 0.1 mm. The VLS provided rapid, reliable, and field-transferable research information. This provided us with the statistical power to compare variables of interest to study the interaction of water quality and quantity on plant ET. Data obtained from the VLS during the cultivation of two crops, alfalfa and tall wheatgrass, under various salinity and water stress treatments were analyzed with a response surface regression model. The model was able to attribute at least 89% of the variation in ET for each crop to salinity and applied water treatments.
Youth participation and perceptions at the United Nations DPI/NGO Conference on Reaffirming Human Rights for All

Youth from diverse societies need to understand the importance of human rights and become involved in related projects that insure the human rights of peoples in local cultures worldwide. For this reason, it was particularly notable that young people from countries all over the world participated in the recent annual conference of non-governmental organizations accredited at the United Nations, that was held in Paris in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This paper reports on youth participation at that meeting, with particular emphasis on experiences of several young psychologists who attended and a group of student journalists who participated in the unique student journalism program under the auspices of the Conference Planning Committee composed of NGOs accredited with the UN Department of Public Information (DPI) as well as staff of DPI. Included are their definitions of the meaning of human rights, their role models, the youth caucus, n...
The Self-Testing of a Solid State Safety System

An automatic, on-line self-test system is employed in the General Electric BWR/6 solid state Nuclear System Protection System (NSPS) control room cabinets to rapidly detect hardware failures and facilitate repair. Each of the four NSPS cabinets in the control room contains a microprocessor based selftest controller in whose memory are stored sets of input stimulii test patterns and expected output results. For each set of input patterns the expected and actual outputs are compared and discrepancies annunciated to the plant's operators. These sets of test patterns comprehensively test all essential circuits and wiring within and between the NSPS cabinets such that the self-test system is able to determine the exact location of all failures in safety related hardware. The cabinets were designed to ensure that operation of and failures in the selftest system do not influence the correctness of the safety system's outputs.
Experimental study of bifurcation diagrams and maps of two parallel interacting catalytic reactions

Abstract Steady state multiplicity features of systems in which two reactions occur simultaneously may be affected by thermal and kinetic interactions and be qualitatively different from those of a single reaction. This is illustrated by an experimental study of the catalytic co-oxidation of hydrogen with either ammonia, butane or ethylene on a Pt wire. The bifurcation diagrams of wire temperature at a fixed hydrogen concentration vs. co-reactant concentration reveal multiplicity features which cannot be accounted for just by thermal interaction. The ignited branch was discontinuous at intermediate H 2 concentrations and extinction occurred upon increasing the co-reactant concentration. The loci of the observed ignition and extinction points were used to construct a bifurcation map in the concentration plane. The maps show that kinetic inhibition exists between the two reactions in addition to thermal interaction.
Performance of the MRI-based virtual bone biopsy in the distal radius: Serial reproducibility and reliability of structural and mechanical parameters in women representative of osteoporosis study populations

Abstract Serial reproducibility and reliability critically determine sensitivity to detect changes in response to intervention and provide a basis for sample size estimates. Here, we evaluated the performance of the MRI-based virtual bone biopsy in terms of 26 structural and mechanical parameters in the distal radius of 20 women in the age range of 50 to 75 years (mean = 62.0 years, S.D. = 8.1 years), representative of typical study populations in drug intervention trials and fracture studies. Subjects were examined three times at average intervals of 20.2 days (S.D. = 14.5 days) by MRI at 1.5 T field strength at a voxel size of 137 × 137 × 410 μm 3 . Methods involved prospective and retrospective 3D image registration and auto-focus motion correction. Analyses were performed from a central 5 × 5 × 5 mm 3 cuboid subvolume and trabecular volume consisting of a 13 mm axial slab encompassing the entire medullary cavity. Whole-volume axial stiffness and sub-regional Young's and shear moduli were computed by finite-element analysis. Whole-volume-derived aggregate mean coefficient of variation of all structural parameters was 4.4% (range 1.8% to 7.7%) and 4.0% for axial stiffness; corresponding data in the subvolume were 6.5% (range 1.6% to 13.0%) for structural, and 5.5% (range 4.6% to 6.5%) for mechanical parameters. Aggregate ICC was 0.976 (range 0.947 to 0.986) and 0.992 for whole-volume-derived structural parameters and axial stiffness, and 0.946 (range 0.752 to 0.991) and 0.974 (range 0.965 to 0.978) for subvolume-derived structural and mechanical parameters, respectively. The strongest predictors of whole-volume axial stiffness were BV/TV, junction density, skeleton density and Tb.N (R 2 0.79–0.87). The same parameters were also highly predictive of sub-regional axial modulus (R 2 0.88–0.91). The data suggest that the method is suited for longitudinal assessment of the response to therapy. The underlying technology is portable and should be compatible with all general-purpose MRI scanners, which is appealing considering the very large installed base of this modality.
Low temperature rate constants for the N + CN → N2 + C reaction: two-dimensional quantum capture calculations on an accurate potential energy surface

The title reaction is thought to be responsible for the production of molecular nitrogen in interstellar clouds. In this work, we report quantum capture calculations on a new two-dimensional potential energy surface determined by interpolating high-level ab initio data. The low-temperature rate constant calculated using a capture model is quite large and has a positive temperature dependence, in agreement with a recent experiment. The origin of the aforementioned behaviors of the rate constant is analyzed.
Effect of step-synchronized vibration stimulation of soles on gait in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study

Background Previous studies have suggested that impaired proprioceptive processing in the striatum may contribute to abnormal gait in Parkinson's disease (PD).
Development of micro-scale frequency distributions of plankton for inclusion in foraging models of larval fish, results from a Video Plankton Recorder

A self-contained, analog Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) mounted on a 1-m 2 MOCNESS sampling system was used to obtain data on micro-scale (<10 m) distributions of zooplankton as prey for larval cod and haddock during May 1997 and May 1999 on Georges Bank. The negative binomial frequency distribution was selected to best describe the more abundant plankton categories in 10-second bins for 10-m depth intervals. Most of the strata had asymmetrical frequency distributions with low means and low k values indicating a clumped distribution. Water-column stratification was especially important in structuring micro-scale high-density layers of phytoplankton and copepods. The most symmetrical Poisson-like distributions with high means and high k values occurred in the upper 30 m above the base of the thermocline.
Thrust stand for vertically oriented electric propulsion performance evaluation

A variation of a hanging pendulum thrust stand capable of measuring the performance of an electric thruster operating in the vertical orientation is presented. The vertical orientation of the thruster dictates that the thruster must be horizontally offset from the pendulum pivot arm, necessitating the use of a counterweight system to provide a neutrally-stable system. Motion of the pendulum arm is transferred through a balance mechanism to a secondary arm on which deflection is measured. A non-contact light-based transducer is used to measure displacement of the secondary beam. The members experience very little friction, rotating on twisting torsional pivots with oscillatory motion attenuated by a passive, eddy current damper. Displacement is calibrated using an in situ thrust calibration system. Thermal management and self-leveling systems are incorporated to mitigate thermal and mechanical drifts. Gravitational restoring force and torsional spring constants associated with flexure pivots provide restoring moments. An analysis of the design indicates that the thrust measurement range spans roughly four decades, with the stand capable of measuring thrust up to 12 N for a 200 kg thruster and up to approximately 800 mN for a 10 kg thruster. Data obtained from calibration tests performed using a 26.8 lbm simulated thruster indicated a resolution of 1 mN on 100 mN-level thrusts, while those tests conducted on 200 lbm thruster yielded a resolution of roughly 2.5 micro at thrust levels of 0.5 N and greater.
Pathogenicity of Treponema denticola Wild-Type and Mutant Strain Tested by an Active Mode of Periodontal Infection Using Microinjection

The available passive mode of periodontal infections in mice requires high efficiency of bacterial attachment and invasiveness and is not always suitable to test the pathogenicity of genetically engineered mutant strains. We developed an active mode of oral infection, using microinjection in the marginal gingiva of mice, to test the pathogenicity of a genetically engineered Treponema denticola mutant strain deficient in intermediate-like filaments, compared to the wild-type strain. This targeted mode of infection inoculates the bacterial strain to be tested directly at a lesion site (needle entry point) located at the future periodontal lesion site. The efficiency of T. denticola wild-type strain to elicit bone loss contrasted with the lack of pathogenicity of the intermediate-like filament deficient mutant strain in comparison to the sham infection. The periodontal microinjection oral model in mice can be used for a variety of applications complementary to the passive mode of periodontal infection in context of pathogenicity testing.
Lyapunov Design of Cooperative Control and Its Application to the Consensus Problem

In this paper, cooperative control of nonlinear networked systems is investigated. In particular, the Lyapunov direct method is applied to stability analysis and control design of cooperative systems. The proposed design is based on a necessary and sufficient condition of (linear) cooperative controllability on properties of arbitrarily time-varying topologies and on their corresponding control Lyapunov functions. A class of cooperative control Lyapunov functions with respect to the consensus set x = c1 is explicitly found, and a Lyapunov argument is presented for both analysis and design. Examples are included to illustrate both the design process and performance of cooperative controls.
Computational framework for next-generation sequencing of heterogeneous viral populations using combinatorial pooling.

MOTIVATION Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for analyzing a large number of viral sequences from infected patients, providing an opportunity to implement large-scale molecular surveillance of viral diseases. However, despite improvements in technology, traditional protocols for NGS of large numbers of samples are still highly cost and labor intensive. One of the possible cost-effective alternatives is combinatorial pooling. Although a number of pooling strategies for consensus sequencing of DNA samples and detection of SNPs have been proposed, these strategies cannot be applied to sequencing of highly heterogeneous viral populations. RESULTS We developed a cost-effective and reliable protocol for sequencing of viral samples, that combines NGS using barcoding and combinatorial pooling and a computational framework including algorithms for optimal virus-specific pools design and deconvolution of individual samples from sequenced pools. Evaluation of the framework on experimental and simulated data for hepatitis C virus showed that it substantially reduces the sequencing costs and allows deconvolution of viral populations with a high accuracy. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code and experimental data sets are available at http://alan.cs.gsu.edu/NGS/?q=content/pooling.
Incidental Discovery of a Testicular Plasmacytoma at Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma

Testicular plasmacytomas are a rare phenomenon reported in the literature and they can occur as a solitary plasmacytoma, as a recurrence of multiple myeloma, or concurrently in an active myeloma. We report the case of a 43-year-old man who presented with back pain and was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. A CT scan performed to determine the extent of disease revealed an incidental mass in the testicle. Immunohistochemical staining of the mass revealed monoclonal cytolpasmic IgA in the tumor cells and serum studies showed this same immunoglobulin. Following orchiectomy, radiotherapy to the vertebra, chemotherapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, and doxorubicin, and an autologous bone marrow transplant, the patient is alive twelve months after diagnosis and is in complete remission.
On the Campaign Trail: State Planning and Eigen-Sinn in a Communist Campaign to Transform the East German Countryside

Throughout its history, the East German Communist Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, hereafter SED) organized campaigns to overcome the economic and political challenges facing it and to launch new program initiatives. Whether the aim was to increase factory safety, beautify a village, or raise standards of living, the party and the East German government used mass mobilizations to shape society, or at least certain social groups. Communist campaigns were directed attempts to improve diverse sectors of society by concentrating resources on arenas marked as economically deficient and socially resistant. By directing their efforts at revolutionizing narrowly defined critical areas, Communist leaders felt that they could enact overarching societal changes. Campaigns thus served as a means to initiate new policies and to correct problems that developed later. They were an essential part both of the state planning so prevalent in Communist systems, and of the often hectic short-term initiatives endemic in such economies. These mobilization efforts were so critical to the regime that one scholar has declared that the German Democratic Republic (GDR) possessed a campaign, rather than a command economy.
Effect of 80-Hour Workweek on Continuity of Care

Work limitations were mandated (2003) to increase safety and improve resident lifestyle. Is clinic continuity affected? Medical University of South Carolina pediatric residents' records for 6 months of 2002 (before regulation) and 2003 (after regulation) were reviewed. Continuity for physician formula, t tests, and multivariate linear regression were used. Continuity was calculated for 44 residents (2002) and 45 residents (2003). Mean continuity was 54% (2002) and 53% (2003; P = .5); continuity for well-child care visits was 78% (2002) and 73% (2003; P = .047). Continuity decreased most for interns (52% [2002], 47% [2003] for all visits; 76%, 67% for well-child care visits). In the multivariate model, year did not predict continuity. When only well-child care visits were considered, year showed a trend toward significance ( P = .07): 2003 had less continuity. Compared with third-year residents, interns had 8% points less continuity for all visits (6% points less for well-child care visits). Continuity can be maintained despite regulations. Interns are most vulnerable.
A high-content, live-cell, and real-time approach to the quantitation of ligand-induced β-Arrestin2 and Class A/Class B GPCR mobilization.

We report the development of a method to analyze receptor and β-arrestin2 mobilization between Class A and B GPCRs via time-resolved fluorescent microscopy coupled with semiautomated high-content multiparametric analysis. Using transiently expressed, tagged β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) or parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTH1R), we quantified trafficking of the receptors along with the mobilization and colocalization of coexpressed tagged β-arrestin2. This classification system allows for exclusion of cells with nonoptimal characteristics and calculation of multiple morphological and spatial parameters including receptor endosome formation, β-arrestin mobilization, colocalization, areas, and shape. Stimulated Class A and B receptors demonstrate dramatically different patterns with regard to β-arrestin interactions. The method provides high kinetic resolution measurement of receptor translocation, which allows for the identification of the fleeting β-arrestin interaction found with β2-AR agonist stimulation, in contrast to stronger mobilization and receptor colocalization with agonist stimulation of the PTH1R. Though especially appropriate for receptor kinetic studies, this method is generalizable to any dual fluorescence probe system in which quantification of object formation and movement is desired. These methodologies allow for quantitative, unbiased measurement of microscopy data and are further enhanced by providing real-time kinetics.
Vibration-insensitive nonlinear optical loop mirror utilizing reflective scheme

We propose a new type of nonlinear optical loop mirror that can reduce nonreciprocal phase shifts due to external vibration. We experimentally confirm its excellent vibration by all-optical time-division demultiplexing of 100-Gb/s optical signal.
Electrochemical Pitting And Repassivation On Icosahedral AL-CU-FE, And A Comparison With Crystalline Phases

We report the electrochemical potentials at which localized pitting and repassivation occur on icosahedral Al-Cu-Fe, and on a series of related alloys and elemental metals. the electrochemistry occurs in a buffered NaCI solution, pH 8.4. Under these conditions, pitting and repassivation appear to be controlled mainly by the chemical composition of the alloy, although the quasicrystalline phase displays an anomalous resistance to repassivation. Corrosion of this phase proceeds by dissolution of Al and Fe, leaving behind pits which are Cu-enriched.
Two Cultures, Two Excerpts, Two Religions

This study is primarily interested in an exegetical analysis of two pericopae located in the Acts of the Apostles. Specifically, Acts 5:17-33 and Acts 17:1-13 will be examined in light of a number of pertinent studies spanning as far back as 1959 to the present. Out of the historical context engendered by such a survey, several methods of interpretation (mimesis, critical realism, form and historical literary criticism) will be applied to these two scripture passages in hopes of producing reasonable conclusions regarding possible authorial intent, meaning, as well as how the stories work in relationship to the larger story these pericopae are embedded in.
Changes in the sperm surface during maturation in the epididymis

Mammalian spermatozoa are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule after completing a prolonged and complex process of differentiation. Although the resultant cells are highly specialized in structure and function, they are immature, being neither motile nor capable of fertilizing an oocyte. After leaving the testis, sperm rapidly move into the epididymis where they remain for several days. During passage through the epididymis, sperm achieve functional maturity, developing both the capacity for forward motility and for effecting fertilization of an ovum (l–4).
The Pratt Pouch Provides a Three-Fold Access Increase to Antiretroviral Medication for Births outside Health Facilities in Southern Zambia.

INTRODUCTION: Modern day antiretroviral therapy allows HIV+ pregnant women to lower the likelihood of viral transmission to their infants before during and after birth from 20-45% to less than 5%. In developing countries where non-facility births may outnumber facility births infant access to safe antiretroviral medication during the critical first three days after birth is often limited. A single-dose polyethylene pouch ("Pratt Pouch") addresses this challenge by allowing the medication to be distributed to mothers during antenatal care. METHODS: The Pratt Pouch was introduced as part of a one year clinical feasibility study in two districts in Southern Province Zambia. Participating nurses community health workers and pharmacists were trained before implementation. Success in achieving improved antiretroviral medication access was assessed via pre intervention and post intervention survey responses by HIV+ mothers. RESULTS: Access to medication for HIV-exposed infants born outside of a health facility increased from 35% (17/51) before the introduction of the pouch to 94% (15/16) after (p 0.05). Results remained below the national average homebirth rate of 52%. Users reported minimal spillage and a high level of satisfaction with the Pratt Pouch. CONCLUSION: The Pratt Pouch enhances access to infant antiretroviral medication in a rural non-facility birth setting. Wide scale implementation could have a substantial global impact on HIV transmission rates from mother to child.
Metal-mediated dihydrogen activation. What determines the transition-state geometry?

Density functional theory and absolutely localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis calculations were used to calculate and analyze dihydrogen activation transition states and reaction pathways. Analysis of a variety of transition-metal complexes with d0, d6, d8, and d10 orbital occupation with a diverse range of metal ligands reveals that for transition states, akin to dihydrogen σ complexes, there is a continuum of activated H–H bond lengths that can be classified as “dihydrogen” (0.8–1.0 A), “stretched or elongated” (1.0–1.2 A), and “compressed dihydride” (1.2–1.6 A). These calculations also quantitatively for the first time reveal that the extent to which H2 is activated in the transition-structure geometry depends on back-bonding orbital interactions and not forward-bonding orbital interactions. This is true regardless of the mechanism or whether the metal ligand complex acts as an electrophile, ambiphile, or nucleophile toward dihydrogen.
Molecular Routes to Metal Oxides and Metal Silicates. Synthesis and Thermal Decomposition Studies of Eclipsed Mo2[O2Si(OtBu)2]3 and W2(NHMe2)2[O2Si(OtBu)2]2[OSi(OH)(OtBu)2]2

Reaction of Mo2(NMe2)6 with 3 equiv of (tBuO)2Si(OH)2 afforded a new siloxide complex, Mo2[O2Si(OtBu)2]3 (1), as the only metal-containing product. An X-ray crystal structure determination reveals that 1 adopts an eclipsed structure with three di-tert-butoxysilanediolato ligands bridging the molybdenum centers in a symmetrical fashion. Lewis acidic complex 1 forms an isolable adduct with pyridine. Reaction of W2(NMe2)6 with 3 equiv of (tBuO)2Si(OH)2 afforded W2(NHMe2)2[O2Si(OtBu)2]2[OSi(OH)(OtBu)2]2 (3), which was isolated as air-sensitive orange crystals. In this molecule, two O2Si(OtBu)2 ligands bridge the W⋮W bond in an η1 ,η1 fashion, and OSi(OH)(OtBu)2 ligands are coordinated to each W atom. This molecule adopts a highly eclipsed conformation and has a 2-fold axis of symmetry which perpendicularly bisects the tungsten−tungsten bond. Complex 1 undergoes a two-step weight loss (by TGA), which corresponds to the initial loss of isobutene and water (at ca. 200 °C), followed by the loss of molybdenum by e...
ASCOCARPS OF ASPERGILLUS STROMATOIDES, A. NIVEUS, AND A. FLAVIPES-

SUMMARY Previously unknown ascosporic states of Aspergillus stromatoides Raper & Fennell, A. niveus Blochwitz, and A. ftavipes (Bain. & Sart.) Thorn & Church, are described from several strains recently isolated from Thailand soils. Cleistothecia of A. stromatoides are like those of the A. cremeus group. Ascocarps of A. niveus resemble those of the A. nidulans group. The perfect state of A. ftavipes is similar to that de­ scribed for A. rehmii Zukal. Several strains of Aspergillus stromatoides Raper & Fennell, A. niveus Blochwitz, and A. flavipes (Bain. & Sart.) Thorn & Church have been isolated from Thailand soils in recent years. These strains were made available to the authors from a general survey collection of micro­ scopic fungi isolated in upland forested areas of central Thailand during a cooperative program of the Tropical Environmental Data Project, U. S. Army, and the Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand. These isolates have been identified by comparison with strains derived from type or authentic material of the species to which they are assigned. They are notable in the production of perfect states, previously unde­ scribed for these species.
PREFERENCE HIERARCHIES AND THE ORIGIN OF GEOGRAPHIC SPECIALIZATION IN HOST USE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES.

Four allopatric populations of the widely distributed western anise swallowtail butterfly, Papilio zelicaon, use different plant genera as hosts, but simultaneous choice experiments showed that these populations have diverged only slightly in oviposition preference. Of the four populations-two from southeastern Washington State, one from coastal southwestern Washington State, and one from central California-three use hosts that are not available to any of the others. Although variation for the degree of preference for particular plant species occurred within and among populations, all four populations ranked hosts in the same overall order. Monophagy on a local, low-ranking host outside the range of high-ranking hosts did not necessarily lead to the loss of preference for those high-ranking hosts, thereby indicating that the high-ranking hosts would still be accepted, and in some cases even preferred, if a population encountered them again. Hence, the overall preference hierarchy among P. zelicaon populations appears to be evolutionarily conservative. Analyses of differences among families within the California population indicated that increased preference for some hosts is inversely correlated, whereas preference for other hosts may be uncorrelated. Positive correlations may also occur but were not observed among the plant species tested. Overall, the results indicate local monophagy on different plant species in P. zelicaon has not involved major reorganizations in the preference hierarchy of ovipositing females, even in populations that may have fed on a low-ranking host for many generations. Instead, small increases in preference for local hosts have occurred within an evolutionarily conservative preference hierarchy.
Is Sociology the Integrative Discipline in the Study of Human Behavior

L'A. s'efforce de montrer que la sociologie est la discipline la mieux situee autour de laquelle pourra se construire une perspective generale en ce qui concerne la comprehension des comportements humains. Il etudie les rapports avec les autres disciplines telles que l'economie, les sciences politiques, la psychosociologie, l'histoire et les sciences religieuses. En ce qui concerne le developpement de la discipline, il preconise une certaine tolerance entre les chercheurs et invite a construire des analyses suivant des angles de recherche qui permettent d'envisager l'objet sous une multitude d'angles possibles dans le but de mieux le cerner
Oxide Superconductors: A Chemist’s View

The brief history of oxide superconductors is presented and discussed in terms of structure, bonding and property interrelationships. The perovskite structure has been very prominent in the history of oxide superconductors, including the recently discovered copper oxide based superconductors. However, an alternate description of the high Tc superconductors in terms of sheets, chains and sticks may be more useful. Although chains and orthorhombic symmetry in RBa2Cu3O7 phases favor high Tc superconductivity, orthorhombic symmetry is not required to have well developed chains and reasonably high Tc (e.g ∼60 K). Furthermore, highly disordered LaBa2Cu3O7 and YBa2Cu3O6.7 phases are not superconducting even though they are weakly orthorhombic. Superconducting RBa2CueO6+x phases are prepared by oxygen intercalation of a semiconducting phase with a low x value; intercalation phases are not normally expected to be thermodynamically stable. A mechanism for superconductivity in oxides is presented based on disproportionation reactions such as 2CuII → CuI + CuIII and 2BiIV → BiIII + Biv.
Polyetherimide: A Versatile, Processable Thermoplastic

Polyetherimide is a new resin introduced in 1982 by General Electric Company under the Tradename ULTEM®. An amorphous, high performance engineering thermoplastic polyetherimide is based on the regular repeating units of ether and imide linkages. The aromatic imide units provide the high performance properties while the flexible ether linkages allow for good melt flow characteristics and easy processability.
Forecasting the Senate vote on the Supreme Court vacancy

This paper forecasts current senators’ votes on Merrick Garland’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, in the unlikely case that a vote actually takes place. The forecasts are necessarily conditional, awaiting measurement of the nominee’s characteristics. Nonetheless, a model that combines parameters estimated from existing data with values of some measurable characteristics of senators—particularly their party affiliations, party loyalty levels, and ideological positions—is sufficient to identify potential swing voters in the Senate. By accounting for a more nuanced and refined understanding of the confirmation process, our model reveals that if President Obama were to nominate almost any nominee (conservative or liberal) today, that nominee would be rejected if a vote was allowed to take place. So why nominate anyone at all? Obama’s hope for a successful confirmation must come from the stochastic component, that is, from outside the traditional decision-making calculus.
Synthesis of a Covalently Reactive Antigen Analog Derived from a Conserved Sequence of HIV-1 gp120

Antibodies (Abs) and their light (L) chain subunits are reported to catalyze the cleavage of VIP, the HIV coat proteins gp41 and gpl20, Arg-vasopressin, thyroglobulin, factor VIII, prothrombin and various model peptidase substrates. The serine protease inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) consistently inhibits the catalytic activity of the Abs, and a serine protease-like catalytic triad in a model proteolytic Ab L chain has previously been deduced from site-directed mutagenesis studies. The catalytic site appears to be germline encoded [1]. In principle, probes that can specifically recognize the active site of serine protease Abs could be applied for the selection of efficient catalytic Abs (CAbs) from display libraries, and perhaps also as the immunogens capable of recruiting the germline encoded Ab variable region genes.
Pudendal nerve entrapment leading to avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): A case report

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a diagnosis in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 (DSM-5) manifested by persistent failure to meet nutritional and/or energy needs. Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) often causes pelvic discomfort in addition to constipation and painful bowel movements. Current literature on ARFID is sparse and focuses on the pediatric and adolescent population. No association between PNE and ARFID has been described. We present a case of ARFID in an adult male with PNE resulting from subsequent scarring from testicular cancer surgery. The patient's gastrointestinal symptoms due to PNE caused significant food avoidance and restriction subsequently leading to severe malnourishment. Clinicians should be aware that distressing gastrointestinal symptoms arising from a secondary disease process such as PNE might lead to dietary restriction and food aversion. More research is needed for proper screening, detection, and treatment of ARFID. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:84-87).
X-ray diffraction structure of (5S)-3,4-dichloro-5-menthoxy-2(5H)-furanone

The structure of (5S)-3,4-dichloro-5-menthoxy-2(5H)-furanone is reported. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21: a = 6.650(2) A, b = 8.038(3) A, c = 14.858(8) A, β = 97.01(3)○, V = 788.3(6) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0718, Rw = 0.0795 for 735 observed reflections with I > 3σ (I), and the absolute configuration at C-5 of the furanone ring is shown to be (S).
The evolving agricultural landscape of post-plantation Hawai‘i

Hawai‘i's agricultural landscape was previously dominated by large monocrop plantations of sugar cane and pineapple, but following a sweeping series of plantation closures beginning at the end of the twentieth century, that era has concluded. The last spatial assessment of Hawai‘i's agricultural footprint was completed in 1980, during the active plantation period. Here we present the results of a 2015 statewide assessment of the commercial crop footprint for Hawai‘i, based on World-View 2 satellite imagery and supporting datasets. We analyzed changes relative to the 1980 baseline on both a statewide and regional basis, to better understand how Hawai‘i's agricultural system has evolved in the post-plantation era. Sugar cane and pineapple saw dramatic reductions during this period, collectively losing more acres (257,000) than were planted for all crops combined (152,000) in 2015. Idle plantation lands and past plantation-era investments in irrigation and other infrastructure have created opportunities for other types of agriculture, despite rising land values, new and existing tropical diseases, and other challenges. Seed crops, primarily for genetically modified corn trials, were the second largest crop in 2015 (24,000 acres) despite having no mapped footprint in 1980. Commercial forestry, also absent in 1980, covered 23,000 acres in 2015. Macadamia nut, coffee, and diversified agriculture also all saw significant gains in their footprints, with coffee plantings increasing >250% during this period. Despite these gains, the Hawaiian Islands continue to have an extremely low degree of self-reliance for food production. The Oahu plain, adjacent to the major population center of Honolulu, has the most potential for considerably increasing the production of local produce, but without changes in consumption patterns and significant efforts to protect agricultural land from development, any increases in local food production will continue to be incremental. The post-plantation agricultural landscape in Hawaii is smaller, more diversified, and more nimble than it was in 1980, reflecting inter-island geographic differences in land use, history, and ownership. Mapping and assessing spatial changes in agricultural activity over time can provide valuable insights for decision-makers and communities as they continue to define what agriculture should look like in the post-plantation era. Our results suggest that Hawai‘i's agricultural landscape and overall production capability will continue to contract without substantial changes in policy and practice.