cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Alcohol and Other Substance Use Reduced When College Students Attend Alcohol-Free Programs? Evidence from a Measurement Burst Design Before and After Legal Drinking Age.

College drinking and its negative consequences remain a major public health concern. Yet, many prevention efforts targeting college drinkers are expensive, are difficult to implement, use indicated approaches targeting only high-risk drinkers, and/or are only marginally effective. An alternative strategy taken explicitly or implicitly by many colleges is campus-led alcohol-free programming which provides students with attractive leisure alternatives to drinking on weekend nights. This study aimed to extend work by Patrick et al. (Prevention Science, 11, 155–162, 2010), who found that students drank less on weekend nights they attended LateNight Penn State (LNPS) activities during their first semester of college. Here, daily diary and longitudinal data on college students’ daily lives and risk behaviors were collected from 730 students on 19,506 person-days across seven semesters at a large university in the Northeastern United States. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate alcohol and illegal substance use on weekend days as a function of LNPS attendance, gender, legal drinking status (≥ 21 years), and day of the weekend. Across college, students who attended LNPS used alcohol and illegal substances less in general and less on days they participated compared to themselves on days they did not participate. Legal drinking status moderated the association between LNPS attendance and alcohol and illegal substance use such that levels of use were lowest for students under 21 years old on weekend days they attended LNPS. Our findings provide support for campus-led alcohol-free programming as a potential harm reduction strategy on college campuses.
When the Nose Doesn't Know: Canine Olfactory Function Associated With Health, Management, and Potential Links to Microbiota

The impact of health, management, and microbiota on olfactory function in canines has not been examined in review. The most important characteristic of the detection canine is its sense of smell. Olfactory receptors are primarily located on the ethmoturbinates of the nasal cavity. The vomeronasal organ is an additional site of odor detection that detects chemical signals that stimulate behavioral and/or physiological changes. Recent advances in the genetics of olfaction suggest that genetic changes, along with the unique anatomy and airflow of the canine nose, are responsible for the macrosmia of the species. Inflammation, alterations in blood flow and hydration, and systemic diseases alter olfaction and may impact working efficiency of detection canines. The scientific literature contains abundant information on the potential impact of pharmaceuticals on olfaction in humans, but only steroids, antibiotics, and anesthetic agents have been studied in the canine. Physical stressors including exercise, lack of conditioning, and high ambient temperature impact olfaction directly or indirectly in the canine. Dietary fat content, amount of food per meal, and timing of meals have been demonstrated to impact olfaction in mice and dogs. Gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota likely impacts olfaction via bidirectional communication between the GI tract and brain, and the microbiota is impacted by exercise, diet, and stress. The objective of this literature review is to discuss the specific effects of health, management, and microbiota shifts on olfactory performance in working canines.
Growth Motivation Moderates a Self-Serving Attribution Bias in the Health Domain

Abstract Past research on the self-serving attribution bias has shown that people typically protect their self-worth by attributing shortcomings to external factors to avoid personal responsibility. Subsequent work suggests that this pattern is attenuated among individuals highly motivated to achieve personal growth. We attempted to conceptually replicate past research on this moderating effect in a novel context. After measuring personality variation in growth motivation, participants (N = 126 college students) were randomly provided feedback implying that they were less healthy than their peers (failure), healthier than their peers (success) or a no feedback control. We found that among participants receiving failure feedback, growth motivation negatively predicted the extent to which participants attributed health outcomes to luck. While the expected pattern of the self-serving attribution bias was implied at very low levels of growth motivation, failure caused high growth-motivation participants to believe that their health was less influenced by chance factors.
Public health and ethical considerations in planning for quarantine.

effective, most feared, and most misunderstood methods of controlling communicable disease outbreaks. Its etymological roots are traceable to 14th century public health practices requiring ships arriving in Venice from plague-infected ports to sit at anchor for 40 days (hence, quar-antine) before disembarking their surviving passengers. While in recent times the use of quarantine has been more humane and scientifically based, the historical association with exile and death and the morally negative connotation of sacrifice of a few for the benefit of others remains as an undercurrent of public apprehension. Nevertheless, quarantine was recently implemented successfully in several countries as a socially acceptable measure during the SARS epidemic in 2003 [1]. It is an important component of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)† Pandemic Influenza Plan issued in November 2005 [2].‡ The purpose of this article is to review the modern public health approach to quarantine, outline highlights of current plans for its implementation in the event of an avian influenza pandemic, and consider the ethical principles that should be considered.
The Philosophy of Functional Fracture Bracing

In 1963 we developed a cast for the treatment of fractures of the tibia (Sarmiento 1967) which, in contrast to the conventional above-the-knee plaster of Paris casts, permitted mobilization of the knee joint. This below-the-knee cast, which was molded like the patellar tendon-bearing (PTB) prosthesis used by below-knee amputees was soon to be known (inappropriately) as the PTB cast. At that time we did not appreciate the enormous implications that such a departure from conventional treatments of tibial fractures would have in our overall attitude about fracture healing and fracture management in general. Those initial and subsequent experiences have shed new light on the understanding of fracture behavior in different environments and have demonstrated the benefits of limb function, in particular motion between the fragments in fracture healing.
Dreams: the convergence of neurobiologic and psychoanalytic perspectives.

Fromm's Aristotelian statement that "Dreaming is a meaningful expression of any kind of mental activity under the condition of sleep" (Fromm, 1951, p. 25) is similar to a modern neurobiological conclusion about the dreaming process. The current data from the neurosciences lead to the definition of dreams as a neuropsychological event during sleep whose manifest contents are affect laden, visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Their functions are adaptive and problem solving in themselves. They are part of the brain's connectionist information-processing system which channel, compare, and integrate current affect-laden memories with memories of past successful strategies. Thus, the neurobiological perspective of dreams provides an underlying neuroanatomical and information-processing matrix for the dream process that further supports the current psychoanalytic view concerning their assimilative and accommodative functions. In conclusion, I would like to return to the termination phase of Mr. M's therapy. This patient planned to leave therapy approximately 22 months after the occurrence of Dream 2, as this dream had predicted. He was to be married and move to another city. Although I felt somewhat anxious about his leaving, despite his significant progress, we agreed to a termination date. Just prior to the second-to-last session Mr. M had the following dream: It took place in a large gothic building in a zoo. It is dark and depressing and filled with cages of rhesus monkeys. I go around with a nurse to inoculate the monkeys. I am scared of the virus. My future wife appears. She is immune to the virus. She is brave and she rescues me. The patient seemed pleased in relating his dream, and it offered resolution and closure for both of us despite a paucity of discussion. Two years later I received a letter from him in which he stated that he was well and had no additional "monkey dreams."
Provoked Narcissistic Aggression: Examining the Role of De-Escalated and Escalated Provocations.

Theories have postulated why provocation is particularly likely to incite aggression for narcissists, but key propositions from such theories dealing with psychological process or boundary conditions have seldom been tested. Here, we investigated narcissists’ cognitive, emotional, and motivational experience and aggression following escalated and de-escalated provocation. Participants (N = 680) completed measures of grandiose narcissism (normal and pathological expressions) and vulnerable narcissism. Next, participants simulated provocation via imagining everyday scenarios in which a provocateur either de-escalates (apologizes and expresses concern) or escalates (makes a spiteful remark) the provocation and then rated anger and humiliation, perceived “narcissistic injury,” goals, and aggression. Expressions of grandiose narcissism, but vulnerable narcissism, more strongly related to aggression following escalated (vs. de-escalated) provocation. Path modeling revealed that perceived narcissistic injury and...
Isolation of the parametric effects of pre-blended fuel on low load gasoline compression ignition (GCI)

Abstract Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion is a promising solution to address increasingly stringent efficiency and emissions regulations imposed on the internal combustion engine. However, the high resistance to auto-ignition of modern market gasoline makes low load compression ignition operation difficult. The most comprehensive work focused on low load GCI operation has been performed on multi-cylinder research engines where it is difficult to decouple effects of the combustion event from air-handling and system level parameters (e.g., intake pressurization and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)). Further, most research has focused on technology applications (e.g., use of variable valve actuation or supercharging) rather than fundamental effects, making identification of influential factors difficult. Accordingly, there is a need for detailed investigations focused on isolating the critical parameters that can be used to enable low load GCI operation. A full factorial parametric study was completed to isolate the effects of intake temperature, EGR rate, and fuel reactivity on low load performance. A minimum intake pressure metric was used to compare these parameters. This allowed for combustion phasing and load to be held constant while isolating the experiment from fuel injection effects. The effort showed that increasing intake temperature yields a linear reduction in the minimum intake pressure required for stable operation. Adding a small amount of diesel fuel to gasoline improved combustion stability with minimal need for energy addition through intake pressurization. The minimum intake pressure requirement also showed very good correlation with the measured research octane number of the fuel. However, increasing the fuel reactivity with diesel fuel, caused NOx emissions to increase. Response model analysis was used to determine the intake conditions required to maintain NOx levels that may not require lean NOx after treatment. The combination of diesel fuel blending and EGR allowed NOx levels to be reduced to near zero values with the minimum intake pressurization required. A detailed investigation into the effects of EGR showed that, for a given fuel, there is a maximum EGR rate that allows for stable operation, which effectively constrains the minimum NOx prior to aftertreatment.
How Formal and Informal Institutional Environments Affect the Way Greenpeace Fights Genetically-Modified Organisms in Europe and the United States

We applied institutional theory to examine the effect of differences in institutional pressures on strategic decisions of a non-profit non-governmental organization, Greenpeace, in its fight to stop the use of genetically-modified organisms. The effects of differences in institutional pressures were examined through examining differences between the United States and the European Union as well as between two European nations, France and Spain, in Greenpeace’s strategy. We suggested that formal and informal institutional pressures influence strategic decision-making in Greenpeace’s independent national units. We proposed that the US differs from the EU in both formal and informal institutional environments, Spain and France differ in the informal dimension, and these differences are reflected in Greenpeace’s strategies. We also argued that Greenpeace exemplifies the successful use of a transnational strategy and discussed that non-profits may be better able to adopt a transnational strategy than do for-profits. To cite this document: Stephen R. Luxmore and Clyde Eirikur Hull, "Are Non-Profits Better at Adopting a Transnational Strategy Than For-Profits? How Environments Affect the Way Greenpeace Fights Genetically-Modified Organisms in Europe and the United States", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.14, No.3, pp. 225-252, 2018. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.17889
Morphological development of the dorsal hindbrain in an elasmobranch fish (Leucoraja erinacea).

The developmental anatomy of the dorsal hindbrain in an elasmobranch fish, Leucoraja erinacea, is described. We focus on the cerebellum, which is a synapomorphy for gnathostomes. Cerebellar development in L. erinacea, a representative of the most basal gnathostome lineage, may be a proxy for the ancestral state of cerebellar development. We also focus on sensory processing regions termed ‘cerebellum-like’ structures due to common anatomical and physiological features with the cerebellum. These structures may be considered generatively homologous if they share common developmental features. To test this hypothesis, the morphological development of the cerebellum and cerebellum-like structures must first be described. Of particular importance is the development of common features, such as the molecular layer, which is the defining characteristic of these structures. The molecular layers of the cerebellum and cerebellum-like structures are supplied with parallel fiber axons from distinct granule cell populations. These are the lateral granule mass, the dorsal granular ridge, the medial granule mass, and the granular eminences of the cerebellum. Cerebellar and cerebellar-like development in L. erinacea is similar to development in other elasmobranchs. The temporal order in which these granule cell populations develop suggests an evolutionary history of duplication or expansion of an existing developmental event.
Relaxation Interventions for Antepartum Mothers on Hospitalized Bedrest

Women with a high-risk pregnancy on hospitalized bedrest engaged in relaxation interventions, including guided imagery, visual imagery, and listening to music. Qualitative interviews gathered their perspectives on the effects of hospitalized bedrest on well-being and the subjective experiences related to the relaxation interventions. Benefits identified included improved physical well-being and sleep. Such relaxation interventions were concluded to have the potential to positively influence the occupational well-being of this population, resulting in more positive outcomes for mothers.
MAGICACT: A tool for predicting transcription factors and cofactors driving gene sets using ENCODE data.

ABSTRACT Transcriptomic profiling is an immensely powerful hypothesis generating tool. However, accurately predicting the transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors that drive transcriptomic differences between samples represents a challenge and current approaches are limited by high false discovery rates. This is due to the use of TF binding sequence motifs that, due their small size, are found randomly throughout the genome, and do not allow discovery of cofactors. A second limitation is that even the most advanced approaches that use ChIPseq tracks hosted at sites such as the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) assign TFs and cofactors to genes via a binary designation of ‘target’, or ‘non-target’ that ignores the intricacies of the biology behind transcriptional regulation. ENCODE archives ChIPseq tracks of 169 TFs and cofactors assayed in 91 cell lines. The algorithm presented herein, Mann whitney Analysis of Gene Cohorts for Associated Cofactors and Transcription factors (MAGICACT), uses ENCODE ChIPseq data to look for statistical enrichment of TFs and cofactors in gene bodies and flanking regions in gene sets. When compared to 2 commonly used web resources, o-Possum and Enrichr, MAGICACT was able to more accurately predict TFs and cofactors that drive gene changes in 3 settings: 1) A cell line expressing or lacking single TF, 2) Breast tumors divided along PAM50 designations and 3) Whole brain samples from WT mice or mice lacking a single TF in a particular neuronal subtype. In summary, MAGICACT is a standalone application that runs on OSX and Windows machines that produces meaningful predictions of which TFs and cofactors are enriched in a gene set.
THE THREE NUCLEON BOUND STATE PROBLEM AS A PROBE OF THE INTERNUCLEON FORCE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the three-nucleon (3N) bound state problem as a probe of the internucleon force. The 3N problem has been regarded as a potentially ideal probe of those features of the nuclear force unobtainable from two nucleon experiments. The 3N system is the simplest nuclear system, where the effects of both the off-shell behavior of the N–N force and possible three-body forces would show up. An essentially exact solution of the 3N dynamics, at least in the bound states, can be obtained and hence, effects can be studied. The presence of meson degrees of freedom presents at least two relatively unexplored features into the 3N problem, which includes the appearance of three-body forces and corrections to the electromagnetic form factors from meson exchange currents. The chapter highlights the role of the 3N bound state problem in obtaining information about the short-range internucleon dynamics in view of the possible importance of these features of the meson degrees of freedom. The chapter presents a calculation of triton binding energy and the 3He, 3H charge form factors, both without and with exchange current corrections, for various phenomenological models of the internucleon force, one of which includes a 3N force.
Quality assurance in additive manufacturing of thermoplastic parts: predicting consolidation degree based on thermal profile

Additive manufacturing is one of the most prominent and promising technologies in the field of manufacturing. However, its current dissemination is largely limited to the prototyping role due to inadequate quality assurance. The detailed process-geometry-property relationships are still to be unveiled, despite AM being a highly repetitive process. In this work, we aim to address this gap of insight by leveraging a numerical approach in predicting the thermal behaviour of the deposition to quantify the properties of the printed part. In particular, we present a prediction of the consolidation strength in fused filament fabrication. The proposed protocol is universal and can be applied to any deposition condition and geometry. This contribution has important implication for prefabrication quality assurance in AM as it allows to link process parameters with part properties for any geometry hence opening new avenues for process optimisation.
Imaging with Low-Redundancy Arrays

A conventional imaging system, consisting of a collection of lenses or mirrors with clear apertures, provides non-uniform coverage of the spatial spectrum of an incoherent object.1,2 Stated another way, a certain spatial-frequency redundancy is inherent to such a system, with low spatial frequencies being weighted more heavily than high spatial frequencies. In this paper we propose that it may sometimes be desirable to destroy this redundancy by inserting a complicated mask in the exit pupil of the system, thereby allowing the images to be formed with a multi-element interferometer. With a proper choice of mask geometry, the spatial frequency redundancy can be minimized or eliminated. The destruction of redundancy will be shown to be advantageous if the optical elements are aberrated and if post-detection image processing may be applied to improve image quality. We emphasize at the start that all arguments to follow apply only for spatially incoherent objects.
Evaluating Functional Outcomes in Reanimation Surgery for Chronic Facial Paralysis: A Systematic Review.

Chronic facial paralysis can lead to significant functional and psychosocial impairment. Treatment often involves free muscle flap-based facial reanimation surgery. Although surgical techniques have advanced considerably over the years, consensus has yet to be reached for postoperative outcome evaluation. To facilitate outcome comparison between the various techniques for free muscle-flap-based reanimation, a standardized, widely accepted functional outcomes assessment tool must be adopted. Methods In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we performed a systematic review of the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases to identify the reported functional outcome measurement tools used in the free muscle flap-based reanimation literature. Results The search yielded 219 articles, 43 of which met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We noted an increase in publications reporting the utilization of objective measures over time, particularly software-based tools, as well as increased utilization of patient reported outcomes measures. Conclusions Based on the trends identified in the literature, we suggest standardization of outcome measures following facial reanimation surgery with free muscle-flap using a combination of the Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation (FACEgram) software and the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale.
Insight into development of a mentorship program in a professional pharmacy organization.

Abstract Introduction The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Pharmacy Practice Section appointed a task force charged with developing a formal, national mentorship program for association section members. This manuscript provides insight into the creation of a mentorship program in a professional organization. Methods Eighteen task force volunteers were divided into four sub-teams, along with a chair and vice chair. Sub-team responsibilities were segmented into the following: (1) mission and vision development, (2) structure and content, (3) assessment and impact, and (4) dissemination and scholarship. Task force members were surveyed to generate recommendations for creating a formal mentorship program within a professional organization and reflect on the process. Results Seven of 14 eligible task force members completed the questionnaire (50% response rate). Most participants were mid-career, involved in a range of development aspects, and represented both committee members and leadership within the task force. The average time commitment was 15–19 hours over the year. The most common resource utilized was published literature and guidance documents. Identified needs included validated assessment tools, a wider range of exemplary programs to review, and guidance on broader organizational support. Strengths included organization and sub-team structure. Areas for improvement included coordination between sub-teams and resources available. Participants noted the challenges of creating a program to meet the diverse needs of a large membership. Conclusions This manuscript demonstrates the feasibility and evidence-based approach in creation of a mentorship program within a national organization.
Impact of Insurance Expansion on Disposition for Pediatric Trauma Patients: A National Trauma Data Bank Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Background: The insurance status of pediatric trauma patients is associated with access to post-discharge resources, including inpatient rehabilitation. Our goal was to understand the impact of changes in insurance coverage on access to post-acute care resources for pediatric trauma patients. Materials and Methods: We utilized the National Trauma Data Bank from 2012 to 2016 for all pediatric trauma patients with a highest body region abbreviated injury score >2. Our primary outcome was hospital discharge disposition location. We used multivariable regression to adjust for salient patient and trauma center characteristics. Additionally, we performed a sensitivity analysis including only high-volume hospitals to examine the relationship between the magnitude of facility level expansion in coverage and changes in patient disposition. Results: We identified 195,649 pediatric trauma patients meeting inclusion criteria. From 2012 to 2016 the proportion of patients with Medicaid (35% versus 39%, P Conclusions: Expanded insurance coverage for children was paradoxically associated with decreased discharge to inpatient rehabilitation and skilled nursing facilities after severe traumatic injury. These findings suggest that additional barriers may drive limitations in access to pediatric post-discharge services.
Influence of Preparation Conditions on Platinum and Palladium Catalysts Supported on Anodically Oxidized Stainless Steel Wire Meshes for CO Oxidation

Washcoat-free catalysts capable of operation in high-temperature combustion exhaust streams were produced via anodically oxidized stainless steel mesh catalysts supports with platinum and palladium as the catalytically active species. Except for the least aggressive anodic treatment, this methodology created catalysts that were more active and stable than catalysts prepared without anodic oxidation. In general, increasing the current during anodic oxidation resulted in increased activity at high temperatures, likely by improving surface roughening, which reduced the impact of steam-enhanced sintering. Treatment with acid with relative medium acidity resulted in catalysts with superior activity and stability. This increase in activity at moderate current has been attributed to increased metal uptake and in the platinum to palladium ratio, which increased to nearly a 1:1 ratio for the most active catalysts, as well more oxide growth relative to surface dissolution. Also, the most active catalyst displayed excellent stability during an extended 100-h time-on-stream test.
Platform Power and Regulatory Politics: Polanyi for the 21st Century

The rapid rise, expansion, and growing asymmetric power of online platform firms towards other businesses, labor and even the state itself occurred in a context of minimal regulatory oversight. In many respects, because the existing legal system was handicapped in understanding and regulating the new platform business models. The platform firms undermined traditional industry boundaries and developed surprising synergies by expanding in unexpected ways due to their ability leverage data and computational expertise. The growth of these platforms was accompanied by minimal intervention by state actors until recently, as concerns about the platform firms’ remarkable power has attracted the concern of States globally and the previous regime is giving way to intense debate and increasingly interventionist governmental policies and enforcement actions. We examine several salient aspects of this emerging regulatory and political reaction, and suggest that this represents an attempt to rebalance the positions of social groups in their relationship to the increasingly central platform firms. First, we view the rise of, and recent political responses to, the often-predatory power and manipulative conduct of platform firm in terms of a “Polanyian” double movement in which the destabilizing and destructive effects of unchecked corporate power and market development eventually generates political and regulatory responses to constrain private actions by new economic actors as they threaten the social, political, and economic order. Second, incipient legal changes, most notably the EU’s proposed Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act, indicate a shift in regulatory emphasis from competition (and antitrust) policy and law, which has proven limited in its capacity to address inherent monopolistic tendencies of platform firms and markets, towards more intensive and encompassing forms of social and economic regulation. Finally, the political dynamics of legal and institutional change open up new possibilities for political economic and societal reordering, but the particular changes will likely vary in character and significance across political jurisdictions, and therefore follow distinctive and possibly divergent developmental trajectories. We hypothesize that the EU may be able to become the first-mover in regulating the powerful multinational platform firms. We recognize that we are at the very beginning of a transformational process that is likely to reorder old and generate new political economic interests, identities, coalitions, and conflicts at the sectoral, national, regional, and international levels.
Cardiovascular Reactivity and Stress: Introduction and Overview

Cardiovascular reactivity research examines the alterations in cardiovascular activity that occur in response to environmental circumstances considered to be stressful. These circumstances are often discrete, identifiable stressors (such as short experimental tasks), but they can also be more long-lasting (such as a period of hours spent at work). Reactivity refers to a change in activity. As an example, consider heart rate reactivity. Its calculation requires a measure of heart rate during an unstressed period (often called a baseline period) and a measure of heart rate during the stressor. The easiest way of calculating reactivity, which has recently received renewed endorsement (Llabre et al., 1991; Pickering, 1991b), is to subtract the baseline level from the level of activity during the stressor. Thus, if one’s heart rate is 70 beats per minute (bpm) during the unstressed period and 100 bpm during the stressor, one’s reactivity score on this occasion would be 30 bpm. More rigorous description and definitions of reactivity will follow in later chapters.
Substrate profiles and expression of caffeoyl coenzyme A and caffeic acid O-methyltransferases in secondary xylem of aspen during seasonal development

Seasonal expression of caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.104) was analyzed in aspen developing secondary xylem in parallel with caffeate O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.68). Enzyme activity and mRNA levels for both enzymes peaked in the middle of the growing season. These results strongly suggest that both forms of O-methyltransferase were actively participating in lignin precursor biosynthesis during the growing season. To determine the role of each enzyme form, xylem extracts from two days in the growing season were assayed with four substrates: caffeoyl-CoA, 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA, caffeate acid and 5-hydroxyferulic acid. Recombinant forms of caffeoyl-CoA and caffeate O-methyltransferase were also assayed with these substrates. The recombinant enzymes have different substrate specificity with the caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase being essentially specific for CoA ester substrates with a preference for caffeoyl-CoA, while caffeate O-methyltransferase utilized all four substrates with a preference for the free acid forms. We suggest that caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase is likely to be responsible for biosynthesis of lignin precursors in the guaiacyl pathway and may represent a more primitive enzyme form leftover from very early land plant evolution. Caffeate O-methyltransferase is more likely to be responsible for lignin precursor biosynthesis in the syringyl pathway, especially since it can catalyze methylation of 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA quite effectively. This latter enzyme form then may be considered a more recently evolved component of the lignin biosynthetic pathways of the evolutionarily advanced plants such as angiosperms.
Max-Cost Discrete Function Evaluation Problem under a Budget.

We propose novel methods for max-cost Discrete Function Evaluation Problem (DFEP) under budget constraints. We are motivated by applications such as clinical diagnosis where a patient is subjected to a sequence of (possibly expensive) tests before a decision is made. Our goal is to develop strategies for minimizing max-costs. The problem is known to be NP hard and greedy methods based on specialized impurity functions have been proposed. We develop a broad class of \emph{admissible} impurity functions that admit monomials, classes of polynomials, and hinge-loss functions that allow for flexible impurity design with provably optimal approximation bounds. This flexibility is important for datasets when max-cost can be overly sensitive to "outliers." Outliers bias max-cost to a few examples that require a large number of tests for classification. We design admissible functions that allow for accuracy-cost trade-off and result in $O(\log n)$ guarantees of the optimal cost among trees with corresponding classification accuracy levels.
BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED EARTH SLABS

Laboratory data from some 65 small scale strip footing bearing capacity tests were used as a basis to develop an analytical procedure of predicting the load-settlement and ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing on sand which contains horizontal strips of tensile reinforcing. The theory is formulated in terms of the ratio of bearing capacity with and without reinforcing, assuming that existing methods are adequate for predicting bearing capacities on sand with 0 reinforcing. A working hypothesis is suggested involving a particular failure mode suggested from the tests. The dimensions, strength, and frictional properties of the sand and reinforcing are incorporated directly with this assumed failure mode to give a direct solution to the bearing capacity. An example calculation is included along with an approximate comparative cost analysis.
The Role of the State and Harrod's Economic Dynamics : Toward a New Policy Agenda?

This paper deals with Harrod's fiscal policies to raise the warranted growth rate toward the natural growth rate. Harrod shows that an increase in the budget deficit/GDP ratio raises the short-run growth rate while lowering the warranted growth rate. In order to raise the warranted growth rate Harrod recommends higher tax rates and an increase in public investment. However, given Harrod's own framework these are not unproblematic proposals. This paper resolves some ambiguities in Harrod's analysis and shows how taxation policy, either singly or in combination with a public investment strategy, can raise the warranted growth rate. Following Keynes and others it suggests the relevance of capital budgeting and shows how the warranted growth can be raised via appropriate capital budgeting policies.
Development of Thinking and Formation of Concepts in the Adolescent

The history of the development of thinking in the transitional age is itself undergoing a certain transitional stage from the old construction to a new understanding of maturation30 of the intellect. This understanding arises on the basis of new theoretical views of the psychological nature of speech and thinking, of development, and of the functional and structural interrelation of these processes.
Enteral Nutrition in Chronic Liver Disease Translating Evidence Into Practice

Malnutrition is prevalent in individuals with chronic liver disease and occurs as a result of inadequate nutrient intake, altered metabolism, and malabsorption. Although limited data show benefits of enteral nutrition (EN) in this population, patients with chronic liver disease often have inadequate oral intake and are potential candidates for EN. The goals of the EN, type and severity of liver disease, and access for EN will influence the decision to initiate EN. This paper summarizes EN studies in patients with liver disease and provides practical tips regarding patient selection, EN access, and EN formula choices. Two case studies illustrate the principles and challenges of providing EN to patients with cirrhosis. The paper concludes with suggested parameters for an EN feeding protocol and recommendations for future research.
Efficient recovery of DNA from peripheral blood for diagnostic analysis with a vacuum manifold.

Background The increasing clinical use of diagnostic DNA mutation analysis requires efficient isolation of DNA from peripheral blood. Methods and Results The use of a vacuum manifold to isolate DNA was evaluated and compared with a similar centrifugation-based DNA isolation technique. In PCR-based assays of five-point mutations, identical results were obtained with DNA isolated from peripheral blood using either centrifugation or a vacuum system. Minor modifications to PCR procedures were encountered. Conclusions In the clinical setting, this vacuum-driven method of DNA isolation provides an efficient, useful alternative to conventional centrifugation-based DNA isolation from peripheral-blood specimens. Providing sufficient, stable DNA for multiple assays, it is easily implemented without highly specialized, expensive equipment and decreases the time spent isolating DNA from multiple samples. In addition, the potential for specimen contamination is reduced because there are fewer transfer steps.
GENERAL IMPACT THEORY OF PRESSURE BROADENING

The work of two previous papers is extended and a theory of pressure broadening is developed which treats the perturbers quantum mechanically and allows for inelastic collisions, degeneracy, and overlapping lines. The impact approximation is used. It consists in assuming that it takes, on the average, many collisions to produce an appreciable disturbance in the wave function of the atom, and it results in an isolated line having a Lorentz shape. Validity criteria are given. When the approximation is valid, it is allowable to replace the exact, fluctuating interaction of the perturbers with the atom by a constant effective interaction. The effective interaction is expressed in terms of the one-perturber quantum mechanical transition amplitudes on and near the energy shell and its close relationship to the scattering matrix is stressed. The calculation of the line shape in terms of the effective interaction is the same as when the perturbers move on classical paths. Results are written explicitly for isolated lines. If the interaction of the perturbers with the final state can be neglected, the shift and width are proportional to the real and imaginary part of the forward elastic scattering amplitude, respectively. By the optical theorem, the width can also be written in terms of the total cross section. When the interaction in the final state cannot be neglected, the shift and width are still given in terms of the elastic scattering amplitudes, in a slightly more complicated fashion. Finally, rules are given for taking into account rotational degeneracy of the radiating states.
Electrodiagnostic studies: Are they useful in clinical practice?

Abstract Objective: Electrodiagnostic testing (electromyography [EMG] and nerve conduction studies [Ncs]) may result in some patient discomfort. The justification for such testing should be based on the expectation that the results will affect patient management. This study was conducted to determine how frequently the results of EMG/NCS change the clinical management of the patient. Methods: One investigator (MB) spoke to each referring physician after EMG/NCS to determine if any management decisions were altered by the test. Results: One hundred forty consecutive EMG/NCS records were obtained. Follow-up was available on 100 patients. Of 78 patients with abnormal findings on EMG/NCS, 29 (37%) had a diagnosis different from the referring diagnosis. For 43 of the 78 (55%), the physician reported that additional diagnostic testing was undertaken or treatment plans were altered. Conclusion: EMG/NCS are useful, informative, and diagnostic in the management of various neurologic disorders.
Memory and cognition: An information processing model of man

A model is presented based largely on theorization by Hunt, Neisser, and Bernstein as to how human beings may process information. The information processing approach is compared with certain S-R behavioristic ones, and research and theorizing in the areas of pattern recognition, memory, problem solving, language, motor organization, and to a lesser extent motivation, are reviewed in the context of the model. It is concluded that what we see as certain methodological advances over behaviorism (the use of a more flexible language derived in part from computer technology and linguistics, and a greater willingness to use subject protocols and experimenter intuitions as well as behavioral data) have led to four major classes of theoretical advance in the past 20 years. First, there is the multi-trace notion of memory. Second, the apparent compatibility of active information processes with determinism has resulted in their legitimization in theory. Third, there is the notion that information processing mechanisms themselves require memory space as stored data. Fourth, ideas concerning the nature of the data base in long-term memory and its relation to semantics are currently undergoing revision and show promise. Though several individual anticipations of these views are noted in late 19th- and early 20th century psychology, they seem now to have assumed the status of a major paradigm. Finally, it is pointed out as a caveat that the information processing approach and hence our model have tended to limit themselves to verbal processes of educated Western adults studied individually in the laboratory.
Synthesis and stability of individual ribosomal proteins in the presence of rifampicin

The effects of rifampicin on the differential synthesis rate and stability of individual ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) was examined. The differential synthesis rate of the average r-protein was observed to increase following rifampicin, suggesting that r-proteins are organized into transcriptional units which are longer than the average genetic units being transcribed under these conditions of growth. From the changes in the differential synthesis rates after rifampicin an order of r-protein cistrons with respect to decreasing proximity to their respective promoters can be suggested; this order however is subject to certain assumptions which are discussed.
Scoliosis in Ducks

Summary Scoliosis is a genetic defect occurring in the white Pekin duck. It results from an abnormal growth of individual vertebrae. Curvature of the spine is not obvious at the time of hatching, but histological evidence of portions of the notochord is present and this is associated with an abnormal growth of the vertebrae. Scoliosis may be grossly obvious in ducks 40 days old. Of 282 white Pekins, 28.4% had scoliosis but only a few had a vertebral abnormality that was evident in the living bird. Scoliosis was not observed in the Mallard or the Muscovy, but occurred in 22.2% of 27 hybrids resulting from the mating of the Muscovy male with the white Pekin female. Zusammenfassung Skoliose bei Enten Die Skoliose der weisen Peking-Ente beruht auf einem Gendefekt. Sie ist die Folge eines abnormen Wachstums einzelner Wirbel. Beim Schlupfen der Vogel ist eine Verbiegung der Wirbelsaule noch nicht erkennbar, doch konnen histologisch Reste der Chorda dorsalis nachgewiesen werden. Ein normales Wachstum der Wirbel wird dadurch verhindert. Der Defekt kann bei 40 Tage alten Enten sichtbar werden. Von 282 weisen Peking-Enten hatten 28,4% Skoliose; eine Verbiegung der Wirbelsaule sah man aber nur bei wenigen Tieren. Bei der Stock- und der Moschus-Ente wurde Skoliose nicht beobachtet. Dagegen kam sie bei 22,7% von 27 Bastarden aus Kreuzungen zwischen Moschus-Erpeln und weisen Peking-Enten vor. Resume La scoliose chez les canards La scoliose du canard pekin blanc est due a une deficience genetique. Elle est la consequence d'une croissance anormale de quelque vertebres. On ne peut pas encore reconnaire une deviation de la colonne vertebrale au moment d l'eclosion de l'oiseau, mais on peut mettre en evidence a l'histologie des restes de la corde dorsale. Ceci gene une croissance normale des vertebres. Cette deficience peut devenir visible chez des canards âges de 40 jours. Sur 282 canards pekin blancs, 28,4% etaient atteints d'une scoliose, mais la deformation de la colonne vertebrale n'etait visible que chez un petit nombre d'oiseaux. On n'a pas observe de scoliose chez les canards souchet et les canards musques. Par contre, sur 27 bâtards provenant de croisements entre canards musques mâles et canards pekin blancs, on en trouve 22,7% atteints de scoliose. Resumen Escoliosis en patos La escoliosis de pato bianco de Pekin estriba en un defecto genico. Es consecuencia de un crecimiento anomalo de las distintas vertebras. Al producirse la escoliosis de los patipollos no se aprecia ninguna des-viacion lateral de raquis, aunque si se pueden identificar histologicamente restos de la cuerda dorsal. Con ello se impide el crecimiento normal de las vertebras. El defecto puede tornarse visible en patitos de 40 dias de edad. Entre 282 patipollos blancos de Pekin, el 28,4% tenia escoliosis; pero la desviacion de la columna vertebral solo se vio en muy pocos animales. En los patos sil-vestres y en los almizcleros no se observaron escoliosis. En cambio, se registra en el 22,7% de 27 bastardos de cruces entre patos almizcleros y patas blancas de Pekin.
The electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone ester derivatives in aqueous solutions

Summary The electrochemical oxidation of a series of ester derivatives of hydroquinones has been studied in aqueous solutions at the carbon paste electrode. The series includes simple phosphate and sulfate derivatives of benzohydroquinone and naphthahydroquinone. These compounds have been proposed by others as model intermediates in biological phosphorylation and sulfonation processes. In acidic media the compounds are specifically adsorbed at the carbon paste/solution interface. The extent of adsorption is correlated with pKal of the ester ester derivatives, increasing as the pKal value increases. It is proposed that the neutral fully protonated acid species is adsorbed. An ecec oxidation mechanism is suggested to account for the voltammetric data. In acidic solutions an eHeR scheme is proposed (where H represents a proton transfer and R an ester hydrolysis) which transforms into an HeeR scheme between pH 6 and 8.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactions of Ruthenium Phenanthroline Complexes Bearing C1 Ligands: Formyl, Metallocarboxylate, and CO2-Bridged Complexes

A new formyl complex, cis-Ru(phen)2(CO)(CHO)(PF6) (8), has been characterized, and some of its reactions have been compared with those of its bipyridyl analogue. Reactions of 8 with MeOH can be photoassisted and lead to a metalloester, 7; reaction rates are comparable to those of the bipyridyl analogue. Reactions of 8 in DME/H2O require O2 and can be photoassisted; the reactions lead to a μ2-η2-type CO2-bridged complex, 10. Reactions of 8 with water are slower than those of the bipyridyl analogue and allow observation of an intermediate metallocarboxylic acid, cis-Ru(phen)2(CO)(COOH)(PF6) (6), which has been structurally characterized. A related CO2-bridged complex, cis,cis-[Ru(phen)2(CO2)Ru(bpy)2(CO)](2PF6) (11), has also been prepared and structurally characterized; its spectral properties support the formulation of 10 and its bipyridyl analogue.