cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cost channel of monetary transmission–revisited

This article empirically re-examines the importance of the cost channel of monetary transmission–the effect of money supply shocks on the costs of production and supply, as opposed to the traditional effect on demand. Unlike Barth and Ramey (2002), this article identifies the response of industry-level wages to money supply shocks by assuming long-run monetary neutrality. The pervasive findings of a positive response of real wages to money supply shocks in this study provide even stronger support for the cost channel than Barth and Ramey (2002).
SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING OF LEADERSHIP POSITIONS BY STUDENT LEADERS '

126 student leaders in Grades 4 through 8 were asked for their perceptions of leadership roles. Boys showed more stereotyped perceptions of leadership roles than girls.
World in My Eyes

The following article delineates at least two important thrusts of the Journal of Adult Development. First, it demonstrates the journal’s commitment to the complementarity of natural science (quantitative) and human science (qualitative) models of research in either studies that utilise a single method or mixed-models methods. The journal’s theoretical and methodological flexibility evokes Maslow’s (1946) classic distinction between means-oriented and problem-oriented research in which, in the former, the method dictates the range of problems that can be studied whereas the latter–most consonant with the journal’s approach–gives priority to the phenomenon being studied. Second, since its inception, the journal has been committed to providing young scholars with an outlet for the publication of their work. Later, Karl Dominey of Brown University discusses his own transition from adolescence to young adulthood (or what now would more likely be called emerging adulthood). As his piece demonstrates, Karl integrates psychological and sociocultural factors with a keen literary bent to explore this personally important developmental transition using a variant of narrative analysis. He hopes to be admitted into a doctoral programme in sociology and/or American civilisation next fall to explore issues related to individual and social (e.g. father–son) development. Readers who wish to correspond with Karl either about his piece and/or about the gruelling process of admission to doctoral programmes are strongly encouraged to do so.
City Adoption of Environmentally Sustainable Policies in California's Central Valley

Problem: Sustainability remains “the current object of planning's fascination,” as Campbell described it in 1996, but it is unclear what causes local governments to adopt environmentally sustainable policies and whether they are effective once adopted. Purpose: The goal of this article is to explain why communities adopt environmentally sustainable policies. Methods: We develop an environmental policy sustainability index for 100 incorporated cities in California's Central Valley using a combination of survey and archival data. We then use regression and cluster analyses to test which independent variables expressing three theoretical perspectives (Tiebout's public goods development model, Peterson's fiscal capacity model, and Logan and Molotch's interest group/growth machine model) are best at explaining this index. Results and conclusions: The results suggest that sustainable policies are more likely to occur in cities with better fiscal health and whose residents are of higher socioeconomic status. The...
Standards of Arm Muscle by Stature for the Assessment of Nutritional Status of Children

This study is based on a sample of 9,134 children ranging in age from 2 to 17 years from which the excessively lean and fat children by skinfold thickness were excluded. This sample was derived from the combined data sets of the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II) of 1971-1974 and 1976-1980. Means and percentiles of upper arm muscle area were calculated for 3 cm increments in stature from 84 to 184 cm for boys and from 84 to 176 cm for girls. Based on means, Z-score units, and percentile ranges of upper arm muscle area by stature, five operational categories of nutritional status have been established. It is recommended that these standards and this classification system be used to supplement current standards of weight for age and weight for height in order to obtain a more complete assessment of body composition and nutritional status.
Pecan Weevil: Suppression of Larvae with the Fungi Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana and the Nematode Neoaplectana dutkyi

Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Neoaplectana dulkyi Jackson, were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field as pathogens of larvae of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn). Selected treatments with these pathogens significantly increased mortality of larvae in field experiments within 20 days after soil treatment. Effectiveness of pathogens varied with isolate, culture technique, and method of application.
Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in the United States and Australia

What do people think when they imagine themselves as part of a nation? Nation and Commemoration answers this question in an exploration of the creation and recreation of national identities through commemorative activities. Extending recent work in cultural sociology and history, Lyn Spillman compares centennial and bicentennial celebrations in the United States and Australia to show how national identities can emerge from processes of 'cultural production'. She systematically analyses the symbols and meanings of national identity in these two 'new nations', identifying changes and continuities, similarities and differences in how visions of history, place in the world, politics, land, and diversity have been used to express nationhood. The result is a deeper understanding, not only of American and Australian national identities, but also of the global process of nation-formation.
The dissociation energies and mechanism of energy-selected bromo- and iodo-butanes

Abstract Accurate dissociation onsets for the loss of a halogen atom from the isomers of bromo and iodobutanes have been measured from breakdown graphs and photoionization efficiency curves. The breakdown curves for 1-halobutanes, 2-halobutanes, isobutyl halides, and t -butyl halides were obtained by state-selecting the ions with the photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) technique. A comparison of the dissociation onsets with the known dissociation limits to the C 4 H + 9 + X (X = Br, I) products demonstrates that only the 2-halobutanes and t -butyl halides produce the expected C 4 H + 9 fragments, the 2-butyl and t -butyl ions, respectively. The 1-halobutane ion probably forms the 2-C 4 H + 9 product ion, while the isobutyl halide ion dissociates to the t -butyl ion. The necessary rearrangements can be accomplished by H atom scrambling. Although the dissociations proceed via a reverse activation barrier in all cases except for the 2-butyl halide, the kinetic energy released in the reactions is small and nearly statistical. One exception is the dissociation from the excited electronic states of the t -butyl halides, which results in a large and non-statistical kinetic energy release. Dissociation rate studies of the C 4 H + 9 products demonstrate that all of these ions isomerize to the t -butyl structure prior to producing C 3 H + 5 + CH 4 .
Shaped phase-plane control for flexible structures with friction

Describes the design of closed-loop control laws for undamped flexible structures with friction using a phase-plane approach. The time-optimal control law for a rigid body with friction is shaped using input shaping ideas to address the flexible mode, and then the altered rigid body phase-plane trajectories resulting from this shaping are solved for and used to determine a closed-loop controller. Simulation results show that the resulting controller leads to near time-optimal performance without unwanted residual vibrations.
Response of nonprotein thiols to copper stress and extracellular release of glutathione in the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii

We studied the dynamic changes of cellular thiols and the extracellular release of glutathione (GSH) during growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii under varying levels of copper (Cu) addition in both metalbuffered (with EDTA) and unbuffered (without EDTA) media. The cell quotas of both thiols and pigments decreased with growth time; however, pigment-normalized cellular thiol concentrations at a given Cu exposure level were more or less conservative. In both media, specific growth rates of greater than 1 per day were obtained at total inorganic Cu concentrations of less than 80 nmol L 21 ; however, at higher Cu levels, cell growth was significantly suppressed. A dose‐response relationship was observed between the phytochelatin-2 : GSH ratio and the Cu exposure level during the exponential growth period. GSH was released from the phytoplankton cells at similar concentrations in both media; therefore, the presence of a synthetic metal chelator does not affect thiol release, substantiating the premise that algae respond to inorganic species of Cu. GSH release was closely related to Cu-induced cell membrane damage. The extracellular GSH release rate was higher in normally grown cultures than in growth-limited cultures but lower than in growth-suppressed cultures. The excretion of GSH apparently reflects physiological conditions during algal growth rather than an enzymatic response of the algae to control trace metal speciation in the media. Therefore, the role of GSH in metal complexation in ambient waters is probably an inadvertent by-product of this process, although it could contribute a significant portion of Cu-complexing ligands in open ocean waters.
The Beech Gaps of the Great Smoky Mountains

The beech gaps are one of several striking vegetation types of higher altitudes in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. The term "beech gap" 1 refers to relatively high (above 5,000 feet elevation) forests of beech (Fagus grandifolia 2), which usually are found on the south-facing slopes of local dips in east-west or northeast-southwest ridges. Their boundaries are very sharply marked. The dominant forest type at elevations greater than about 5,000 feet in the Great Smokies is spruce-fir (Picea rubens-Abies fraseri). The beech forests occur as small stands or deciduous "islands" in this forest (Fig. 1). Present over considerable areas also are successional burn forests, composed of a variety of young trees. These occur generally where spruce-fir or spruce had previously stood. The area covered by high elevation beech forest is quite small. Ashe (1922) stated that in North Carolina it was "doubtful if the aggregate area exceeds 10,000 acres." The total acreage in Tennessee is in all probability less. Some of the areas that formerly supported beech forests have been cleared in historic times. Cain (1937) cites as examples Newfound Gap and Indian Gap, the two lowest and widest passes through Forney Ridge between Knoxville, Tennessee, and Asheville, North Carolina. Some beech still exists at Newfound Gap, but the beech forest is now completely absent from Indian Gap. In 1947 and 1948, studies were made by the present author of a number of beech
National Estimates of Retention, Migration, and Attrition: A Multiyear Comparison of Music and Non-music Teachers

This study was designed to estimate the magnitude of retention, migration, and attrition of music teachers; the transfer destinations of those who migrated; the career path status of those who left; and the likelihood that former music teachers would return to teaching. Data, which were analyzed for music (n = 881) and non-music teachers (n = 17,376), came from the 1988—1989, 1991—1992, 1993—1994, and 2000—2001 administrations of the National Center for Education Statistics's Teacher Follow-up Survey, a national survey designed to compile comprehensive data concerning changes in the teacher labor force. Results indicated that between 1988 and 2001, 84% of music teachers were retained by schools, 10% migrated to different schools, and 6% left the profession every year, in rates similar to non-music teachers. Transferring music teachers migrated primarily to different school districts in the same state. One year after leaving the profession, former teachers were attending college (28%), retired (23%), out o...
Local Perception of Risk to Livelihoods in the Semi-Arid Landscape of Southern Africa

The United Nations and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change deem many regions of southern Africa as vulnerable landscapes due to changing climatic regimes, ecological conditions, and low adaptive capacity. Typically in highly vulnerable regions, multiple livelihood strategies are employed to enable sustainable development. In Botswana, livelihood strategies have diversified over time to include tourism and other non-agricultural activities. While such diversification and development have been studied, little is known about how locals perceive livelihood risks. This article analyzes perceptions of risk through a risk hazards framework. During the summer of 2010, 330 surveys were completed within seven villages in northern Botswana and the Caprivi Strip of Namibia. During the survey respondents were asked to list the biggest threats/challenges to their livelihoods. Responses were grouped into categories of risk according to the capital assets on which livelihoods depend: natural, physical, financial, human, and social. A risk mapping procedure was utilized, for which indices of severity, incidence, and risk were calculated. It is hypothesized that people's perception of risk is directly dependent on environmental conditions and employment status of the household. Results indicate that problems related to natural and financial assets are the greatest source of risk to livelihoods. Furthermore, flood, drought, and other measures of climate variability are perceived as influential, typically negatively, to livelihood strategies.
Edmund Berkeley, computers, and modern methods of thinking

Edmund Berkeley established himself as an influential force in the early development of computer science. The article examines Berkeley's work with symbolic logic and explores how this knowledge shaped his ideas about early electronic computers. It further explores how Berkeley applied symbolic logic and human reasoning to the design of relay computers, especially machines designed for the insurance industry.
Azimuth quadrupole component spectra on transverse rapidity y t for identified hadrons from Au-Au collisions at s NN =200 GeV

I present the first isolation of azimuth quadrupole components from published $v_2(p_t)$ data (called elliptic flow) as spectra on transverse rapidity $y_t$ for identified pions, kaons and lambdas/protons from minimum-bias Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV. The form of the spectra on $y_t$ indicates that the three hadron species are emitted from a common boosted source with boost $\Delta y_{t0} \sim 0.6$. The quadrupole spectra have a L\'evy form similar to the soft component of the single-particle spectrum, but with significantly reduced ($\sim 0.7\times$) slope parameters $T$. Comparison of quadrupole spectra with single-particle spectra suggests that the quadrupole component comprises a small fraction ($< 5$%) of the total hadron yield, contradicting the hydrodynamic picture of a thermalized, flowing bulk medium. The form of $v_2(p_t)$ is, within a constant factor, the product of $p'_t$ ($p_t$ in the boost frame) times the ratio of quadrupole spectrum to single-particle spectrum. That ratio in turn implies that above 0.5 GeV/c the form of $v_2(p_t)$ is dominated by the hard component of the single-particle spectrum (interpreted as due to minijets). It is therefore unlikely that so-called {\em constituent-quark scaling} attributed to $v_2$ is relevant to soft hadron production mechanisms (e.g., chemical freezeout).
Simplified ultrasonically- and microwave-assisted solvent extractions for the determination of ginsenosides in powdered Panax ginseng rhizomes using liquid chromatography with UV absorbance or electrospray mass spectrometric detection

New approaches for the recovery of ginsenosides are presented that greatly simplify the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of the total content of eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2) in powdered Panax ginseng rhizomes. The extraction protocols not only recover the neutral ginsenosides, but also simultaneously incorporate base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the malonyl-ginsenosides using dilute potassium hydroxide added to the methanol–water extractant. This eliminates the need for an independent extraction step followed by acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis. Both ultrasonically-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction methods are developed. The optimization of these simplified methods to remove pendant malonate esters, while retaining the glycosidic linkages, was determined by LC through variation of the extraction/hydrolysis time, order of hydrolysis reagent addition, and evaluation of multiple extractions. A comparison of the ginsenoside profiles obtained with and without addition of base to the extractant solution was made using LCMS with positive-mode electrospray ionization (ESI+) detection. A number of malonyl-ginsenosides were tentatively identified by their mass spectral fragmentation spectra and indicating that they were converted to the free ginsenosides by the new extraction/hydrolysis procedure.
Glial Modulators as Potential Treatments of Psychostimulant Abuse

Glia (including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes), which constitute the majority of cells in the brain, have many of the same receptors as neurons, secrete neurotransmitters and neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory factors, control clearance of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts, and are intimately involved in synaptic plasticity. Despite their prevalence and spectrum of functions, appreciation of their potential general importance has been elusive since their identification in the mid-1800s, and only relatively recently have they been gaining their due respect. This development of appreciation has been nurtured by the growing awareness that drugs of abuse, including the psychostimulants, affect glial activity, and glial activity, in turn, has been found to modulate the effects of the psychostimulants. This developing awareness has begun to illuminate novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for treating psychostimulant abuse, for which targeting more conventional neuronal targets has not yet resulted in a single, approved medication. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular pharmacology, physiology, and functional relationships that the glia have especially in the light in which they present themselves as targets for pharmacotherapeutics intended to treat psychostimulant abuse disorders. We then review a cross section of preclinical studies that have manipulated glial processes whose behavioral effects have been supportive of considering the glia as drug targets for psychostimulant-abuse medications. We then close with comments regarding the current clinical evaluation of relevant compounds for treating psychostimulant abuse, as well as the likelihood of future prospects.
Regulation of PDGFR-α in rat pulmonary myofibroblasts by staurosporine

Upregulation of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-alpha (PDGFR-alpha) is a mechanism of myofibroblast hyperplasia during pulmonary fibrosis. We previously identified interleukin (IL)-1beta as a major inducer of the PDGFR-alpha in rat pulmonary myofibroblasts in vitro. In this study, we report that staurosporine, a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor, upregulates PDGFR-alpha gene expression and protein. A variety of other kinase inhibitors did not induce PDGFR-alpha expression. Staurosporine did not act via an IL-1beta autocrine loop because the IL-1 receptor antagonist protein did not block staurosporine-induced PDGFR-alpha expression. Furthermore, staurosporine did not activate a variety of signaling molecules that were activated by IL-1beta, including nuclear factor-kappaB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. However, both staurosporine- and IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and upregulation of PDGFR-alpha by these two agents was inhibited by the p38 inhibitor SB-203580. Finally, staurosporine inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated mitogenesis over the same concentration range that induced PDGFR-alpha expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that staurosporine is a useful tool for elucidating the signaling mechanisms that regulate PDGFR expression in lung connective tissue cells and possibly for evaluating the role of the PDGFR-alpha as a growth arrest-specific gene.
Evaluation of popular drug information resources on clinically useful and actionable pharmacogenomic information.

Background: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This descriptive study assessed whether popular drug information resources provide clinically useful pharmacogenomic (PGx) information. Methods: Four resources (package inserts, Lexicomp, Micromedex 2.0, and Epocrates) were evaluated for information about twenty-seven drugs. Results: There was wide variability of PGx information. Whereas Lexicomp included relevant PGx biomarker information for all 27 drugs, Epocrates did in less than 50% of the drugs. None of the resources had monographs that fully incorporated Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) recommendations in more than 30% of the drugs. Conclusion: Lexicomp appears to be most useful PGx drug information resource, but none of the resources are sufficient.
Factors influencing the use and consumption of brown rice in Chinese restaurants

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to examine factors influencing current use and consumption of brown and white rice in Chinese restaurants. Thirty Chinese restaurants were selected from the Twin Cities metro area to participate in the study. Face-to-face or phone interviews, based on a questionnaire, were conducted with a manger/owner of each restaurant. Plate waste observations were used to examine consumption for brown rice consumers (n = 200) and white rice consumers (n = 153) in a chain-Chinese restaurant. Data were analyzed using a t-test and analysis of variance. Results indicated that in 15 of the total restaurants, both brown and white rice were served. The main motivator for serving brown rice was to attract health conscious consumers, while low customer request was the major constraint for non-use. Authentic/family owned restaurants were less likely to serve brown rice than chain restaurants. Brown rice (85%) consumption was significantly higher than white rice (79%; P = .02), based on an...
Prospects for standardized assays in vector biology.

The benefits of technological advances continue to accrue at an ever ac-celerating rate. In 1987 I presented a brief review of recent advances and ap-plications of biotechnology to the study of arthropods and disease-vector re-lationships(1). Since 1987 progress has been made in practically all areas in-cluded in that earlier review and I want to give brief mention of just a few significant advances that have appeared in print since that time. An obvious spin-off of modern technology has been the production of continually improved tools to aid in species identification. This is true for the arthropods as well as for pathogenic organisms transmitted by arthro-pods. Consequently, we can now approach the problems presented by species complexes with an array of techniques, and we find that we are limited only by our access to the necessary reagents, grasp of the technology and funding. Likewise, in studies of arthropod-pathogen relationships, many new tools have been developed for detection of pathogens in the vectors and these tools are applicable to field and laboratory investigations into the many issues of vector competence. 。
Synthesis of Epitaxial Thin-Films of Tetragonal Perovskites Via a Solution Technique

Solution chemistry has been used to synthesize epitaxial films of SrLaGaO4, SrPrGaO4, SrLaAlO4, and SrPrAlO4 on single crystal substrates of [100] SrTiO3 and [100] LaAlO3. Precursor solutions were prepared from metal methoxyethoxides in 2-methoxyethanol. Films were prepared by spin-casting from partially hydrolyzed solutions followed by firing for 20 minutes in air at 850°C. The structure of the films was determined using X-ray diffraction. Theta/2-theta scans and omega scans (rocking curves) indicated that the films were c-axis aligned. Phi scans proved that the films were also aligned in-plane.
Time for Work and Work Timing Among Married Couples Raising Children with Disabilities

Using Australian time-diary data, this study examines the effects of child disability on couples' work patterns. Findings show that while mothers' labor force participation, work hours, and exact scheduling of hours of paid employment over a twenty-four-hour day were associated with raising children with disabilities, these areas of fathers' paid work lives were unaffected. Results for control variables confirmed previous findings in the literature on maternal labor supply. This study offers new knowledge on the impact of childhood disability on the organization of work in two-parent families, broadens debate about the work-family dilemma, and promotes inclusion of families raising special-needs children into future research on work and families.
Atomic layer deposition of Al(2)O(3) and ZnO at atmospheric pressure in a flow tube reactor.

Improving nanoscale thin film deposition techniques such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) to permit operation at ambient pressure is important for high-throughput roll-to-roll processing of emerging flexible substrates, including polymer sheets and textiles. We present and investigate a novel reactor design for inorganic materials growth by ALD at atmospheric pressure. The reactor uses a custom “pressure boost” approach for delivery of low vapor pressure ALD precursors that controls precursor dose independent of reactor pressure. Analysis of continuum gas flow in the reactor shows key relations among reactor pressure, inert gas flow rate, and species diffusion that define conditions needed to efficiently remove product and adsorbed reactive species from the substrate surface during the inert gas purge cycle. Experimental results, including in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) characterization and film thickness measurements for deposition of ZnO and Al2O3 are presented and analyzed as a function of p...
A possible relationship between reversed sexual size dimorphism and reduced male survivorship in the ruby-throated hummingbird

An examination of 28 years of banding data from Powdermill Nature Reserve in southwestern Pennsylvania showed the following trends in the sex ratio (female:male) of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris): 1.1:1 for immature hummingbirds caught in late summer and fall; 1.4:1 for adults in spring (April-May); 3.1:1 for adults in summer (June-7 August); and 4.1:1 for adults in fall (8 August-October). Hypotheses to explain these increasingly female-biased sex ratios include differential migration, capture bias and differential mortality. Banding data from eight other stations in eastern North America provided no evidence of different fall migration routes for males and females. We detected no capture bias at Powdermill, with respect to mesh size of mist nets, net wariness or net avoidance ability, but there was seasonal variation in the number of overlapping captures of males and females at individual mist nets: spring (81.5%); summer (27.6%); fall (44.7%). A capture bias resulting from differences between the sexes in the use of habitats sampled by our mist nets has likely contributed to observed sex ratio variation. Differential mortality, with males suffering greater losses than females, probably also contributed to this variation. Estimated annual survivorship calculated from returns of banded hummingbirds to Powdermill was lower for males (0.294) than females (0.446), but this difference was not significant. The mean minimum known age for returning male hummingbirds at Powdermill was significantly less than that for females; furthermore, the oldest known age for a returning male (three years) was half that observed for a female. The lower inferred survivorship for males may be related to reversed sexual size dimorphism in this species. The body mass of female Ruby-throated Hummingbirds was significantly greater than that of males and did not vary between May and August, whereas males weighed significantly less in June and July than they did in May and August. Low mid-summer mass in males, coupled with increased metabolic demands during the breeding season, may lead to a fatal "energy crisis" in this sex during nocturnal fasting or periods of inclement weather.
The intermolecular cross-links in uterine collagens of guinea pig, pig, cow, and human beings.

SummaryThe intermolecular cross-links have been studied in the uterine insoluble collagen of guinea pig, pig, cow, and human beings with a single given procedure. After NaB 3H4 reduction, there are three intermolecular cross-links; namely, dihydroxylysin-onorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine. In human uterine collagen samples these reduced cross-links are present in equal amounts. The reduced intermolecular collagen cross-links of uterine leiomyoma are very similar to those of the normal uterine tissue. Dihy-droxylysinonorleucine is the principal reduced cross-link in uterine collagen of guinea pig, pig, and cow. Alkaline hydrolysis reveals that dehydrodihydroxylysinonor-leucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine occur in vivo as glycosylated derivatives.The authors gratefully acknowledge the supplying of sample materials by Dr. Amy Huang, Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, and Dr. Chien Wei Lan, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C.
Research on the circadian rhythm of immune cells in the peripheral blood in mice

Objective To research the circadian rhythm of immune cells in the peripheral blood in mice. Methods C57 BL/ 6 male mice were kept in the standardized light-dark cycle( 12 h L: 12 h D) for 4 weeks. Then,peripheral blood samples were collected at 4 time points( 9: 00,15: 00,21: 00 and 3: 00). Flow cytometry was used to detect immune cells,including the total number of white blood cells,the number of lymphocytes,the percentage of CD4+lymphocytes,the percentage of CD8+lymphocytes,the number of monocytes and the percentage of granulocytes. Results In the standardized light-dark cycle,the immune cells in the peripheral blood exhibited a significant circadian rhythm with different apex and nadir. The white blood cells reached apex[( 9. 1 + 1. 8) × 109/ L] at 15: 00 hours,various lymphocytes( CD4+lymphocytes and CD8+lymphocytes) reached apex from 15: 00 to 21: 00 hours. The number of mononuclear cells reached apex( 0. 487 × 109/ L) at 15: 00 hours,while the number of granulocytes reached apex( 0. 127 × 109/ L) at 3: 00 hours. Conclusion In the light-dark cycle,the immune components fluctuated for maintaining the balance of the immune system.
The Coefficients of Cyclotomic Polynomials

One of the most surprising properties of cyclotomic polynomials is that their coefficients are all 1, -1 or zero—at least that seems to be the case until one notices that the 105th cyclotomic polyn...
A Heterobimetallic Mechanism for C–H Borylation Elucidated from Experimental and Computational Data

To understand better how homogeneous catalysts comprised of two base metals can mimic precious metal catalysts, we have elucidated a complete mechanistic pathway for C–H borylation with Cu–Fe catalysts that is consistent with experimental observations as well as first-principles quantum chemistry. The catalytic cycle begins with the B–H bond of the borane inserting into the Cu–Fe bond of the catalyst, followed by bimetallic oxidative B–H activation and release of the NHC-bound Cu–H group. After UV irradiation, release of CO permits the inner-sphere Fe coordination of a solvent arene molecule, which then undergoes C–H borylation via a concerted, 4-centered transition state. The resulting iron-hydride can undergo bimetallic reductive elimination with the Cu–H partner to form H2, closing the catalytic cycle. Analysis of fragment charges during these processes confirms that the bimetallic reaction pathways resemble oxidative addition and reductive elimination steps. Spectroscopic studies are included to probe...
Writing Integrative Reviews of the Literature: Methods and Purposes

This article discusses the integrative review of the literature as a distinctive form of research that uses existing literature to create new knowledge. As an expansion and update of a previously published article on this topic, it acknowledges the growth and appeal of this form of research to scholars, it identifies the main components of the integrative literature review, and summarizes guidelines for organizing and writing integrative literature reviews. Not addressed elsewhere in the literature, this article describes five reasons and purposes for writing literature reviews and discusses these purposes in relation to the methods for writing literature reviews. The article concludes that aligning the integrative literature review's methods with its purpose provides unity and coherence to the review.
Cyber Infidelity: The New Seduction.

In July 2015, Dr. Eve, the nom de plume used by Dr. Marlene Wasserman, published her study on cyberinfidelity, just five days before AshleyMadison.com, the dating website for married people, was ha...
Clinicians’ Reverie as Private Enactments

This paper introduces a concept the authors refer to as private enactments. While the majority of the relational literature has focused on the more dramatic enactments in treatment, private enactments emerge as the therapist becomes aware through reveries and personal associations that she is facing a parallel struggle with the patient, one shaped by the unfolding relational unconscious cocreated in treatment. These moments are private in the sense that the therapist experiences them internally after a period of sustained, often confusing private reflection during moments of clinical impasse. The authors elucidate this process with two cases with traumatized patients that highlight how the eventual resolution of private enactments offered new perspective on the clinical stalemate, novel understanding that evolved into constructive interventions after both authors became aware of shared, dissociated conflicts involving threads of trauma and loss, leading further to mutual reparation. Far from being dramatic moments acted out between therapist and patient, or far from simply involving unresolved emotional conflicts in the therapist, the cases of help illustrate how these subtle, often unnoticed musings operating sub rosa can highlight a shared, cocreated struggle that if identified can provide new insight and relief from impasse, so that we change as our patients change by metabolizing our private associations.
Linking river flow regimes to riparian plant guilds: a community-wide modeling approach

Modeling riparian plant dynamics along rivers is complicated by the fact that plants have different edaphic and hydrologic requirements at different life stages. With intensifying human demands for water and continued human alteration of rivers, there is a growing need for predicting responses of vegetation to flow alteration, including responses related to climate change and river flow management. We developed a coupled structured population model that combines stage-specific responses of plant guilds with specific attributes of river hydrologic regime. The model uses information on the vital rates of guilds as they relate to different hydrologic conditions (flood, drought, and baseflow), but deliberately omits biotic interactions from the structure (interaction neutral). Our intent was to (1) consolidate key vital rates concerning plant population dynamics and to incorporate these data into a quantitative framework, (2) determine whether complex plant stand dynamics, including biotic interactions, can be predicted from basic vital rates and river hydrology, and (3) project how altered flow regimes might affect riparian communities. We illustrated the approach using five flow-response guilds that encompass much of the river floodplain community: hydroriparian tree, xeroriparian shrub, hydroriparian shrub, mesoriparian meadow, and desert shrub. We also developed novel network-based tools for predicting community-wide effects of climate-driven shifts and deliberately altered flow regimes. The model recovered known patterns of hydroriparian tree vs. xeroriparian shrub dominance, including the relative proportion of these two guilds as a function of river flow modification. By simulating flow alteration scenarios ranging from increased drought to shifts in flood timing, the model predicted that mature hydroriparian forest should be most abundant near the observed natural flow regime. Multiguild sensitivity analysis identified substantial network connectivity (many connected nodes) and biotic linkage (strong pairwise connections between nodes) under natural flow regime conditions. Both connectivity and linkage were substantially reduced under drought and other flow-alteration scenarios, suggesting that community structure is destabilized under such conditions. This structured population modeling approach provides a useful tool for understanding the community-wide effects of altered flow regimes due to climate change and management actions that influence river flow regime.
Specific Rejection of Integumentary Allografts by the Sea Star Dermasterias imbricata

The origins of well-developed adaptive cell-mediated immune responses in vertebrates would seem to reside among the invertebrates. The work supporting this contention has been extensively reviewed elsewhere (3, 7). Since the immune responsiveness of vertebrates appears to have gone through a step-wise evolutionary development, one would not expect to find specific adaptive immunity widespread throughout all phylums of invertebrates. Indeed, there are few reports in the literature of what appear to be specific cell-mediated immune responses among invertebrates. The studies of Cooper (1) and that of Duprat (2) showed that annelids are capable of specific transplantation immunity with at least short-term memory. Reddy et al. (6) have recently presented evidence that tunicates at the protochordate level are also capable of specific allograft rejection. The data of Hildemann and Dix (4) suggest that at least one representative of the echinoderms, the sea cucumber Cucumaria tricolor, can reject allografts with development of heightened secondary responsiveness. This preliminary study stimulated our further interest in characterizing the immunological potentialities at this level of phylogeny. Thus, we have undertaken extensive studies utilizing the sea star Dermasterias imbricata (class Asteroidea), to ascertain whether or not these animals possess an adaptive immune response as evidenced by specific rejection of integumentary allografts.
Catalytic synthesis of few-layer graphene on titania nanowires.

Growth mechanisms of graphitic nanostructures on metal oxides by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are observed at 750 °C, using titania nanowire aerogel (NWAG) as a three-dimensional substrate and without metal catalysts. We temporally observed catalytic transformation of amorphous carbon into few-layer graphene on the surface of 5–10 nm diameter titania nanowires. The graphitization spontaneously terminates when the titania nanowires are encapsulated by a shell of approximately three graphene layers. Extended CVD time beyond the termination point (>1125 seconds) yields only additional amorphous carbon deposits on top of the few-layer graphene. Furthermore, it was discovered that the islands of amorphous carbon do not graphitize unless they catalytically grow beyond a threshold size of 5–7 nm along the nanowire length, even after an extended thermal treatment. The electrical conductivity of the NWAG increased by four orders of magnitude, indicating that the graphene shell mediated by titania nanowires yielded a network of graphene throughout the three-dimensional nanostructure of the aerogel. Our results help us understand the growth mechanisms of few-layer graphene on nanostructured metal oxides, and inspire facile and controllable processing of metal oxide–nanocarbon fiber–shell composites.
Long-Term kidney function, proteinuria, and associated risks among HIV-infected and uninfected men

BACKGROUND Factors affecting kidney function and proteinuria among HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) persons need better characterization. METHODS We evaluated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m) changes, proteinuria prevalence (a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio of ≥0.2 at two consecutive visits) and associated factors among HIV+ and HIV- men. RESULTS There were 917 HIV+ men receiving HAART, 159 HIV+ men not receiving HAART, and 1305 HIV- men seen from October 2003 to September 2014. Median annual eGFR change was -0.5, -0.8% for HIV+ and -0.3% for HIV- men (P < 0.001). Factors significantly (P < 0.05) associated with more than 3% annual eGFR decline were HAART receipt (but no specific antiretroviral drug), age more than 50, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking. Proteinuria existed in 14.9% of visit-pairs among HAART recipients, 5.8% among non-HAART recipients, and 1.9% among HIV- men, and was associated with subsequent annual more than 3% eGFR decline (odds ratio 1.80, P < 0.001). Proteinuria-associated factors also included HAART use (vs. HIV-), age at least 50 (vs. <40), diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, hepatitis C virus-infection (all P < 0.05) and, among HIV+ men, lower CD4 cell count, didanosine, saquinavir, or nelfinavir use (all P < 0.05). After adjusting for proteinuria, among HAART users, having a detectable HIV RNA, cumulative use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, ritonavir, atazanavir, any protease inhibitor, or fluconazole were associated with more than 3% annual eGFR decline. CONCLUSION Longitudinal kidney function decline was associated with HAART use but no individual antiretroviral drug, and traditional kidney disease risks. Proteinuria was nearly seven times more common in HAART-treated men than HIV- men, reflected recent eGFR decline and predicted subsequent eGFR decline.
Connecting ecology to daily life: How students and teachers relate food webs to the food they eat

This study used sociocultural learning theory to better understand how middle and high school environmental science and biology students and pre- and in-service science teachers connect the daily l...
Application of Data Fusion for Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality in the Shenandoah River

This article is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of combining water quality observations with modeling using data fusion techniques for efficient nutrients monitoring in the Shenandoah River ...
Impacts of Pre-Service Training and Coaching on Kindergarten Quality and Student Learning Outcomes in Ghana

Abstract Using a randomized-control trial, this study evaluates a program designed to support Ghanaian kindergarten student-teachers during pre-service training through mentorship and in-classroom training. Several potential barriers to improved teaching quality and learning outcomes are examined. Findings show that the program improved knowledge and implementation of the national curriculum for individuals both when they were student-teachers and, the following year, when they became newly qualified teachers (NQTs). There were mixed impacts on professional well-being, increasing personal accomplishment and motivation but decreasing job satisfaction for NQTs. There were mixed impacts on teaching quality, with increases in child-led learning but decreases in some other aspects of quality. There were no impacts on NQTs’ student learning outcomes. The findings highlight system level challenges with both the posting of NQTs and the absence of support in their first teaching year. Implications for global early childhood education policy and teacher education are discussed.
Clinician-observed and patient-reported toxicities and their association with poor tolerance to therapy in older patients with head and neck or lung cancer treated with curative radiotherapy

Abstract Objectives The agreement between clinician- and patient-reported toxicities and their association with poor tolerance to therapy were assessed in an older population receiving curative radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods Patients ≥ 65 years old with newly-diagnosed head and neck or lung cancer receiving curative RT ± chemotherapy were enrolled on a prospective, observational study. Agreement between clinician (CTCAEv4.02) and patient (PRO-CTCAE, EORTC QLQ-C30) report of toxicities were assessed at baseline, during treatment, and post-treatment. The association of clinician- and patient-reported symptoms with poor tolerance to therapy (defined as hospitalization, >3-day treatment delay, change in treatment regimen, or death) was assessed. Results Among 45 patients, median age was 71, 60% had head and neck cancer, and 47% received concurrent chemotherapy with RT. In comparing CTCAE vs PRO-CTCAE, there was good agreement at baseline except for fatigue, anorexia, and pain, where clinicians under-reported the severity. The discrepancy increased during treatment with clinicians reporting lower severity in ≥50% of matched pairs for 4/10 symptoms assessed. At follow-up, clinicians under-reported severity in ≥50% of pairs for 7/10 symptoms. CTCAE vs EORTC QLQ-C30 mirrored these findings. Patient-reported symptoms of nausea and dysphagia at 2 weeks and clinician-observed symptoms of nausea and dysphagia at 4 weeks were associated with poor tolerance to therapy. Conclusion Clinicians under-report toxicities during and after curative RT in older patients with head and neck or lung cancer. Select toxicities reported by patients early in treatment and clinicians later in treatment were associated with poor tolerance to cancer therapy, providing valuable complementary information.
Learning Bayesian networks from incomplete data using evolutionary algorithms

This paper describes an evolutionary algorithm approach to learning Bayesian networks from incomplete data. This problem is characterized by a huge solution space with a highly multimodal landscape. State-of-the-art approaches all involve using deterministic approaches such as the expectation-maximization algorithm. These approaches are guaranteed to find local maxima, but do not explore the landscape for other modes. Our approach evolves the structure of the network and the missing data. We use a factorial design to choose a good set of parameters for selection, crossover, and mutation. We show that our algorithm produces accurate results for a classification problem with missing data.