cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopamine Receptor mRNA Expression Patterns by Opioid Peptide Cells in the Nucleus Accumbens of the Rat: A Double In Situ Hybridization Study

Colocalization of proenkephalin and prodynorphin mRNAs with each other as well as with D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptor mRNAs was analyzed in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Distinct combinations were detected in the rostral pole, core, and shell subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens. Proenkephalin and prodynorphin mRNAs were principally localized in separate cells in the core. All detectable prodynorphin cells in the core expressed D1 mRNA but not D2 mRNA. Conversely, approximately 95% of the proenkephalin-positive cells in this region expressed D2 mRNA but not D1 mRNA. This pattern was identical to that observed in the caudate putamen. In the rostral pole and the shell, embedded in a background of this “typical” colocalization pattern, clusters of cells expressing a distinct configuration were found. In these clusters, proenkephalin-positive cells expressed both prodynorphin and D1 mRNAs, but they did not express D2 mRNA. D3 and prodynorphin mRNAs were colocalized in “limbic” striatal areas, including the ventromedial caudate putamen, the rostral pole, and the medial shell. In contrast, D3 mRNA was not detected in any proenkephalin-positive cells. Together with the prodynorphin/Dl data, this suggests that a subset of prodynorphin cells expresses both D1 and D3 mRNAs. It is concluded that 1) clusters of cells that coexpress proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and D1 mRNAs overlap extensively with previously defined cytoarchitectural cell clusters in the nucleus accumbens and 2) a subset of the prodynorphin cells in the ventromedial caudate putamen and the nucleus accumbens contains both D1 and D3 mRNAs. ‘ii 19% Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: Dl receptor, D2 receptor, D3 receptor, striatum
Biphasic and monophasic transthoracic defibrillation in pigs with acute left ventricular dysfunction.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare biphasic versus monophasic shock success for VF termination in a porcine model of acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Background: For the termination of ventricular fibrillation (VF), transthoracic biphasic waveform shocks achieve higher success rates than monophasic shocks. However, the effectiveness of biphasic versus monophasic defibrillation in a setting of left ventricular dysfunction has not been reported. Methods: In 23 open-chest adult swine (15–25 kg), LV dysfunction [≥25% decline in cardiac output (CO)] was induced by continuous inhalation of halothane (1–1.75%). Each pig randomly received transthoracic biphasic and monophasic shocks at three energy levels (30, 50 and 100 J) in two conditions: baseline and LV dysfunction. Halothane effect on left ventricular size and contraction was measured by echocardiography in three additional swine. Results: With halothane, pigs demonstrated a decline in CO (baseline 4.16±0.19, halothane 2.72±0.19 l/min, P P P P P P P P P Conclusion: In this porcine model of acute LV dysfunction, biphasic waveform shocks were not only superior to monophasic waveform shocks for termination of VF during baseline, but retained superiority to monophasic waveform shocks when LV dysfunction was present.
A first semester freshman project: the enigma encryption system in C

This case study continues our effort to introduce complex systems development projects into the college curriculum at the earliest possible moment. In our previous work, we demonstrated that sophomores were quite capable of developing a complex encryption system in assembly language; we also discussed the success of second semester freshman developing multi-game, client-server casino systems in C#. Our next pedagogical challenge was to determine whether freshman could master the basics of C programming rapidly enough to complete the WWII German Encryption system during their first semester in college. In this article we describe how a project based learning pedagogy, combined with a Socratic-like method, once again led entering freshmen to success.
Open reduction of proximal humerus fractures in the adolescent population

Abstract Purpose Proximal humerus fractures in the pediatric population are a relatively uncommon injury, with the majority of injuries treated in a closed fashion due to the tremendous remodeling potential of the proximal humerus in the skeletally immature. Yet, in adolescent patients, open treatment is, at times, necessary due to unsatisfactory alignment following a closed reduction, loss of previously achieved closed reduction, and limited remodeling when close to skeletal maturity. The purpose of our study was to examine the open reduction of adolescent proximal humerus fractures. Methods A retrospective review of the outcomes of proximal humerus fractures in the adolescent population which were consecutively treated at our institution with open reduction was performed. Results Ten children met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 14.3 years (±1.3) and a mean weight of 60.7 kg (±14.9) at the time of injury. There were seven Salter-Harris 2 fractures and three Salter-Harris 1 fractures. The large...
Looking for soliton signatures in polaron Bloch states

Abstract We have recently made considerable progress on the classic problem of polaron theory using a variety of variational states to obtain the full ground-state energy band of the system. One of the ansatz states we have implemented was first proposed by Toyozawa and is closely related to localized states based on the Davydov ansatz. Our goal in this paper is to test certain archetypical characteristics of the soliton theories associated with localized states against the variational results based on the Toyozawa method. In the Toyozawa method, the internal structure of the complete set of polaron Bloch states for the ground-state energy band is represented by variational surfaces giving the optimal values of the complete set of exciton and phonon amplitudes for every value of the joint exciton-phonon crystal momentum κ and the exciton and phonon subsystem wave vectors k and q . Here we focus on those aspects of the band-theoretic results that show the greatest promise for a favorable comparison with soliton theory. We find that quantitative characteristics typical of solitons do not survive this close scrutiny.
Turbulent flow of gas through a circular tube with chemical reaction at the wall

Abstract A scheme is developed for computing concentration profiles when an arbitrary reaction occurs at the wall of a tubular reactor. Solutions are constructed using complete sets of orthogonal functions. For reactions which are not first order, it is necessary to solve an integral equation for the concentration of reactant at the wall. A convenient numerical scheme is developed for doing this. Eigenvalues and Fourier coefficients are presented together with computed concentration profiles for several typical cases.
Macroeconomic consequences of cyclical and secular changes in feminization: An experiment at gendered macromodeling

Abstract This paper analyzes the macroeconomic implications of cyclical and secular movements in the feminization of the labor force and changes in the intensity of female household labor. We assume that a rise in the feminization of the labor force stimulates investment while a rise in the intensity of female household labor raises savings. We examine the interaction of these two effects in the context of a dynamic Keynesian growth cycle model and assess the likelihood of a structurally adjusting economy experiencing a recovery through feminization. Our analysis shows that for a gender-based recovery to succeed, the impact of feminization of the labor force on investment must be stronger than the impact a rising intensity of female household labor has on savings. Our analysis shows that high and high middleincome countries are more likely to benefit from feminization processes.
Resource management, soil fertility and sustainable crop production: experiences of China.

Abstract China is unique for its long history of permanent arable farming, large population, low per capita natural resources, and at the same time, having largely achieved food self-sufficiency. Some of the experiences of Chinese farming may provide clues or alternatives to other resource-poor countries in their strive for optimizing utilization of natural resources, improving soil fertility, and increasing food production. China's experiences are summarized into five attributes: (1) farmer's strong awareness of the importance of organic manuring in soil fertility and productivity, (2) exploration of all possible organic resources for recycling, (3) maximization of resource use efficiency, (4) crop rotation and cropping intensification, and (5) irrigation and use of chemical fertilizers. Chinese farmers regard almost all forms of organic wastes as ‘organic treasures’, and recycle them into organic fertilizers through animal digestion and/or composting. Biogas generation using organic wastes is explored as an extra step in this process. Recycling of organic wastes through animals and biogas generation utilizes effectively the part of organic carbon that can be converted directly to food and useful energy, which would otherwise be quickly lost in the early phase of decomposition in soil or compost. Crop rotation with legumes helps restore and balance soil nutrient supply. Multiple cropping is effective in boosting crop production from limited arable land. Cropping intensification, however, requires external nutrient inputs from chemical fertilizers, and in many places, also irrigation. Government support proved critical in the development of agricultural infrastructure as well as in overall crop production.
Cold Pressing Solid Samples in a Wax Disk for Far Infrared Analysis

For far it studies of powders, it is necessary to prepare the sample in a finely divided state, and run it dispersed in some nonabsorbing medium such as a mull in Nujol or as a pressed polyethylene disk. These both have drawbacks. The mull tends to settle with time or to leak under vacuum, causing channeling. The disk works quite well if one can obtain the correct, easily pressed highly linear polyethylene such as the one recommended by Schiele and Halfar,1 and if one handles it with great care (it is very brittle).
Prevention of allograft rejection by amplification of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

CD4 + CD25 + T cells were identified originally as potent suppressors of autoimmunity and were later termed "natural regulatory T cells" or nTreg cells. Subsequently, a transcription factor called forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) was identified to be a critical regulator for Treg differentiation and function. Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells have been increasingly documented to suppress allograft rejection and to mediate allograft tolerance in transplantation. In this article, the authors review current approaches for amplification of allo-specific Foxp3 + CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells for prevention of allograft rejection and induction of allo-specific transplant tolerance.
Librarians as Partners of the Faculty in Teaching Scholarly Inquiry in Nursing to Undergraduates at Brigham Young University

This article describes collaboration between the nursing librarian and faculty members teaching scholarly inquiry in nursing (nursing research), a course for baccalaureate nursing students. Workshops presented by the librarian enhanced nursing students' information literacy skills, particularly related to accessing evidence-based sources. Student perceptions of the library integration with scholarly inquiry in nursing are presented and suggest that librarians empower them with knowledge and skills that enhance their ability to integrate evidence into their nursing practice.
A filter based analyzer for studies of X-ray Raman scattering

Abstract Non-resonant X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) with hard X-rays holds the potential for measuring local structure and local electronic properties around low- Z atoms in environments where traditional soft X-ray techniques are inapplicable. However, the small cross-section for XRS requires that experiments must simultaneously achieve high detection efficiency, large collection solid angles, and good energy resolution. We report here that a simple X-ray analyzer consisting of an absorber and a point-focusing spatial filter can be used to study some X-ray Raman near-edge features. This apparatus has greater than 10% detection efficiency, has an energy resolution of 8 eV, and can be readily extended to collection angles of more than 1 sr. We present preliminary measurements of the XRS from the nitrogen 1 s shell in pyrolitic boron nitride.
The Role of Parents in Moral Development: A social domain analysis

This article provides a social domain theory analysis of the role of parents in moral development. Social knowledge domains, including morality as distinct from other social concepts, are described. Then, it is proposed that, although morality is constructed from reciprocal social interactions, both affective and cognitive components of parents' interactions with their children may facilitate children's moral development. The affective context of the relationship may influence children's motivation to listen to and respond to parents; in addition, affect associated with responses to transgressions can affect children's encoding and remembering of those events. Although moral interactions occur frequently in peer contexts, parents' domain-specific feedback about the nature of children's moral interactions are proposed to provide a cognitive mechanism for facilitating moral development. Parents promote children's moral understanding by providing domain appropriate and developmentally sensitive reasoning and...
Up-regulation of Duffy antigen receptor expression in children with renal disease.

Up-regulation of Duffy antigen receptor expression in children with renal disease. Background The Duffy antigen chemokine receptor (DARC) is a promiscuous chemokine receptor that binds chemokines from the C-X-C and C-C families. DARC was initially described on red blood cells, but subsequent studies have demonstrated DARC protein expression on renal endothelial and epithelial cells, even in Duffy-negative individuals whose red cells lack DARC. Because approximately 68% of African Americans lack the Duffy/DARC on their red cells, we carried out experiments to identify the specific renal cells expressing DARC protein and mRNA in African American children and to define whether DARC expression was altered in renal inflammatory processes. Methods Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies were done in 28 renal sections from children with each of the following diagnoses: HIV nephropathy (HIVAN), HIV-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HIV-HUS), HIV infection without renal disease, HIV-negative children without renal disease, and Argentinean children with classic HUS. Results The predominant localization of DARC mRNA and protein was found in endothelial cells underlying postcapillary renal venules in all patients studied. However, DARC mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated in peritubular and glomerular capillaries, collecting duct epithelial cells, and interstitial inflammatory cells in children with HIVAN, HIV-HUS, and classic HUS. Conclusion These findings support the notion that the renal DARC is linked to the inflammatory cascade and that African American children may be at risk of accumulating chemokines in renal tissues.
Tourism development the case of American Samoa

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of tourism in American Samoa. The government in American Samoa initiated efforts to develop tourism during the early 1960's. In spite of this, tourism in American Samoa is still in an early development stage. Internal factors which have constrained tourism growth have been the limited natural resources and underlying conflict between the traditional Samoan culture versus western ideas. External factors in the form of increased competition from nearby destinations and shifts in airline services also have limited the number of tourists to the area. The development of tourism in American Samoa is relevant to other less popular and newly developing destinations in the Pacific. Thus, it illustrates the risks and problems in developing tourism in similar Pacific destinations.
In vitro characterization of a heterologously expressed nonribosomal Peptide synthetase involved in phosphinothricin tripeptide biosynthesis.

The late stages of biosynthesis of phosphinothricin tripeptide (PTT) involve peptide formation and methylation on phosphorus. The exact timing of these transformations is not known. To provide insight into this question, we developed a heterologous expression system for PhsA, one of three NRPS proteins in PTT biosynthesis. The apparent kcat/Km value for ATP−pyrophosphate exchange activity for d,l-N-acetylphosphinothricin was 3.5 μM−1 min−1, whereas the kcat/Km,app for l-N-acetyldemethylphosphinothricin was 0.5 μM−1 min−1, suggesting the former might be the physiological substrate. Each substrate could be loaded onto the phosphopantetheine arm of the thiolation domain as observed by Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS).
Effect of Salt, Tripolyphosphate and Tertiary Butylhydroquinone on Myoglobin‐Lipid Oxidation Indicators in Freeze‐Dried Meats

The previously developed myoglobin oxidation indicators were used to detect the effect of curing agents, sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), and also the antioxidant effect of mono tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) on the oxidation of restructured freeze-dried beef upon storage. Fresh, choice-grade deboned chuck with 15% fat was flaked and treated with salt, TPP, and TBHQ, freeze-dried and stored in the presence of air at 37°C. Upon storage, beef samples were reconstituted and a meat extract was obtained. Myoglobin in-solubilization (measured spectrophotometrically at the isobestic point at 525 nm) and oxidation (measurement of a peak intensity of met-myoglobin at 630 nm) in stored samples were determined. Antioxidant-containing samples showed the least myoglobin insolubilization and myoglobin oxidation as compared to control beef (with no additives) and beef treated with salt and TPP.
Resistance thermometry in magnetic fields 1. Thermistors and platinum thermometers at 77 K

Abstract The effects of static magnetic field up to 16 kG on seven midget disc thermistors and three miniature platinum resistance thermometers were measured at 77 K. Corrections for the magnetoresistance of the electrical leads and solder junctions were made from data taken on a copper wire coil. A virtual temperature rise of the order of millikelvins occurs for both temperature sensors; the lead wire correction is less than a few microkelvins. The thermistors have larger magnetoresistance effects than similar types recommended for use at lower temperatures. A figure of merit comparison suggests that they are slightly less desirable than platinum thermometers in magnetic fields at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Intestinal Resection and Calcium Absorption in the Rat

SummaryCalcium transport was measured in duodenum and ileum of young rats 7-9 days post 70% resection of mid-small intestine. Duodenal calcium absorption per unit weight of mucosa was depressed to half that of transected controls because of decreased flux out of the lumen. Since absorption per cm segment length of duodenum was also depressed in resected as compared with transected animals, the mucosal hyperplasia secondary to resection did not compensate for decreased absorption per unit weight of mucosa. Ileum of resected animals showed net calcium secretion in comparison with net absorption in transected controls. Possible causes for depression of calcium absorption include abnormal vitamin D metabolism with decreased enterohepatic cycling of polar vitamin D metabolites or immaturity of rapidly proliferating mucosal cells.We thank Fred Kirchner, Radiation Research Laboratory, University of Iowa, for advice regarding the intestinal resections.
Multidentate oligomeric ligands to enhance the biocompatibility of iron oxide and other metal nanoparticles

We prepared a set of multi-coordinating and reactive amphiphilic polymer ligands and used them for surface-functionalizing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The amphiphilic oligomers were prepared by coupling (via one step nucleophilic addition) several dopamine anchoring groups, polyethylene glycol moieties and reactive groups onto a poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) chain. The availability of several anchoring groups in the same ligand greatly enhances the ligand affinity to the nanoparticle surfaces, via multiplecoordination, while the hydrophilic and reactive groups promote colloidal stability in buffer media and allow subsequent conjugation to target biomolecules. The hydrophilic nanoparticles capped with these polymers maintain compact size and exhibit great long term colloidal stability.
Effects of haloperidol and propranolol on rats' transport response to maternal stimuli.

Abstract Presentation of maternal stimuli to mother- or littermate-deprived 16-day-old rat pups strengthens the transport response. Administration of varying doses of haloperidol failed to attenuate this response potentiation. In contrast, administration of varying doses of propranolol blocked response potentiation. It is proposed that under high levels of stress the potentiation of transport response is primarily under the control of betanoradrenergic systems.
Mortality risk and life expectancy

Changing the mortality risks we face would change human life expectancy. As a special case, one could imagine adding a fixed increment R to all the age-specific mortality rates from age zero upwards. For this case we seek a constant K(A) such that K(A) x R approximates the resulting change in life expectancy remaining at age A, at least for small values of R. The formula for K(A) derived here corrects a heuristic argument that appeared in JORS earlier. An estimate of K(0) suggests that the permanent addition of a one-in-a-million risk at each year of life would reduce life expectancy at birth by about 1 day—a useful fact for risk communication.
Is it love for local/organic or hate for conventional? Asymmetric effects of information and taste on label preferences in an experimental auction

We endowed consumers with conventional apples and auctioned local, organic and organic–local apples to elicit consumers’ valuation and the response to two experimental treatments: scientific information and taste. For both local and organic labels, which participants valued as partial substitutes, positive willingness to pay is conditional on distrusting the governmental food agencies. Information documenting the inconclusive scientific evidence in favor of organic and local production had mixed and small effects. Participants with positive valuation reacted to organoleptic characteristics when the new information favored the labeled apples. The observed behavior is more consistent with polarization against conventional products, rather than in favor of local and organic.
Impaired sensorineural function after allergen-induced mediator release

We tested the hypothesis that allergen-induced mediator release augments the magnitude of isocapnic dry gas hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in sensitized guinea pigs. Male Hartley guinea pigs were sensitized by spontaneous inhalation of ovalbumin (OA) aerosol on days 0 and 7 of the study. On day 14, sensitized animals again breathed OA aerosol and were prospectively divided into a group that exhibited labored breathing (LB), presumably reflecting OA-induced inflammatory mediator release, and a group that did not exhibit LB at this time. Control guinea pigs breathed saline aerosol on days 0, 7, and 14. Bronchoalveolar lavage on day 17 disclosed relative eosinophilia in OA+LB, but not in OA-LB, animals. On day 17, the bronchoconstrictor responses to increasing intravenous (i.v.) doses of acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and capsaicin, as well as dry gas hyperpnea, were measured in vivo in animals from each group. Control and OA-LB guinea pigs exhibited similar responses, but OA+LB animals demonstrated augmented bronchoconstriction induced by i.v. administration of ACh, SP, or NKA. However, despite their augmented responsiveness to these exogenous constrictor agonists, OA+LB animals displayed no greater bronchoconstriction after dry gas hyperpnea or i.v. capsaicin administration. It is known that both dry gas hyperpnea and i.v. capsaicin cause bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs by releasing endogenous tachykinins from airway sensory C-fibers. Thus, our results suggest that allergen-induced mediator release impairs endogenous tachykinin release from airway sensory C-fibers in guinea pigs.
Parametric imaging with Bayesian priors: A validation study with 11C-Altropane PET

It has been suggested that Bayesian estimation methods may be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of parametric images. However, there is little experience with the method and some of the underlying assumptions and performance properties of Bayesian estimation remain to be investigated. We used a sample population of 54 subjects, studied previously with (11)C-Altropane, to empirically evaluate the assumptions, performance and some practical issues in forming parametric images. By using normality tests, we showed that the underpinning normality assumptions of data and parametric distribution apply to more than 80% of voxels. The standard deviation of the binding potential can be reduced 30-50% using Bayesian estimation, without introducing substantial bias. The sample size required to form the a priori information was found to be modest; as little as ten subjects may be sufficient and the choice of specific subjects has little effect on Bayesian estimation. A realistic simulation study showed that detection of localized differences in parametric images, e.g. by statistical parametric mapping (SPM), could be made more reliable and/or conducted with smaller sample size using Bayesian estimation. In conclusion, Bayesian estimation can improve the SNR of parametric images and better detect localized changes in cohorts of subjects.
Effect of pulsed infrared lasers on neural conduction and axoplasmic transport in sensory nerves

Over the past ten years there has been an increasing interest in the use of lasers for neurosurgical and neurological procedures. Novel recent applications range from neurosurgical procedures such as dorsal root entry zone lesions made with argon and carbon dioxide microsurgical lasers to pain relief by low power laser irradiation of the appropriate painful nerve or affected region1 '2 However, despite the widespread clinical applications of laser light, very little is known about the photobiological interactions between laser light and nervous tissue. The present studies were designed to evaluate the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser light on neural impulse conduction and axoplasmic transport in sensory nerves in rats and cats. Our data indicate that Q-switched Nd:YAG laser irradiation can induce a preferential impairment of (1) the synaptic effects of small afferent fibers on dorsal horn cells in the spinal cord and of (2) small slow conducting sensory nerve fibers in dorsal roots and peripheral nerves. These results imply that laser light might have selective effects on impulse conduction in slow conducting sensory nerve fibers. In agreement with our elecirophysiological observations recent histological data from our laboratory show, that axonal transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase is selectively impaired in small sensory nerve fibers. In summary these data indicate, that Q-switched Nd:YAG laser irradiation can selectively impair neural conduction and axoplasmic transport in small sensory nerve fibers as compared to fast conducting fibers. A selective influence of laser irradiation on slow conducting fibers could have important clinical applications, especially for the treatment of chronic pain.
Laulimalide and synthetic laulimalide analogues are synergistic with paclitaxel and 2-methoxyestradiol.

Some of the most significant therapeutic leads and agents used for the treatment of cancer target microtubule dynamics. Paclitaxel is an exceptional example that is currently used for treating a wide range of tumors. New, non-taxane microtubule stabilizers, including several epothilones, are advancing through clinical trials. Laulimalide is a potent microtubule stabilizer that binds to tubulin at a site that does not overlap the taxane-binding site. It is active against paclitaxel-resistant cancer cells. Notwithstanding its therapeutic potential, laulimalide is relatively unstable, rearranging to a more stable but less active isomer. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of laulimalide and two designed laulimalide analogues, C16-C17-des-epoxy laulimalide (LA1) and C20-methoxy laulimalide (LA2), to inhibit cell proliferation in combination with other tubulin-binding and non-tubulin-binding antiproliferative antimitotic agents. The synthetic laulimalide analogues retain the mechanism of action ...
Vertical and radial emission profiles and ion-atom intensity ratios in inductively coupled plasmas: the connection to vaporizing droplets

Abstract Vertical Ca I and Ca II emission intensity profiles appear to be directly related to the number of incompletely desolvated droplets at each height in the plasma. The number of desolvated aerosol droplets at the height of peak time-integrated Ca I 422 nm emission intensity is constant (about 10.5 thousand counts/s) regardless of where the peak: occurs as the power and center (nebulizer) gas flow rate are varied. Similarly, the number of incompletely desolvated droplets near the height of peak time-integrated Ca II emission intensity is constant (about 550 counts/s) even when the power and center gas flow rate are changed, resulting in variations in the location of the maximum Ca II 393 nm emission intensity. Therefore, incompletely desolvated aerosol droplets appear to be a key variable controlling vertical emission profiles. Radial Ca I and Ca II emission intensity profiles are different in the presence and absence of a nearby incompletely desolvated droplet. Time-resolved Ca II to Ca I emission intensity ratios acquired from a fixed height in the plasma vary by up to a factor of 70. Between the height of maximum time-integrated Ca I emission intensity and maximum time-integrated Ca II emission intensity the time-integrated ion to atom emission intensity ratio is controlled by the fraction of time an incompletely desolvated droplet is near the observation zone.
SICKLE-CELL TRAIT A Report of a Postoperative Neurological Complication

It is widely assumed that individuals with sickle-cell trait present no anaesthetic problems with the result that sickle-cell screening is not performed in Negro patients unless they are anaemic. This complacent attitude is potentially dangerous and may be the cause of occasional postoperative morbidity or mortality. This report is of a 12-year-old Negro patient with sickle-cell trait who was anaesthetized for an elective eye operation. After the operation, he developed signs of a haemorrhagic cerebral infarct with aphasia and hemiplegia.
Comparative growth of two peach seedling rootstocks under alkaline soil conditions

Abstract An almond X peach seed line, ‘Titan’ X Nemaguard (T X NG), which is tolerant to lime‐induced chlorosis, was compared to a susceptible seedling rootstock, Nemared, under alkaline conditions. The tolerant rootstock's growth was not affected by Fe stress, whereas the susceptible rootstock showed chlorosis which corresponded to approximately a 20% chlorophyll loss in the new foliage during the 18‐week stress period, a 62% decrease in shoot dry weight and a 22% decrease in plant height.
Cyclic nucleotides in the cone-dominant ground squirrel retina.

Abstract Dark-adapted cone-dominant ground squirrel retina has an average concentration of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) of 9·0 μmol/kg dry wt. The average concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is 6·6 μmol/kg dry wt. Measurement of cyclic nucleotides in individual layers of the ground squirrel retina demonstrates that the highest concentrations of cyclic GMP are found in layers containing photoreceptor cells. These levels are 10–40 times those found in the inner portions of the retina. Cyclic AMP, on the other hand, is more evenly distributed and similar to that found in other regions of the CNS. The levels of cyclic GMP in the outer segment layer of the ground squirrel are 10 times that of cyclic AMP. In contrast, in the inner retinal layers cyclic AMP concentrations are 7–8 times greater than those of cyclic GMP. Light-adaptation does not influence the average levels of either cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP or their concentrations in any layer of the ground squirrel retina. These data indicate that cyclic GMP is the predominant cyclic nucleotide in the cone photoreceptor and that its distribution is similar to the reported previously for roddominant retinas. The failure of long periods of light-adaptation to modify the levels of either cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP in the ground squirrel retina indicates either a fundamental difference in the way these cyclic nucleotides are metabolized in cone-dominant retinas, or simply a quantitative difference in the rate at which their concentrations are altered.
Simulation of motion of a three-link robot with controlled friction forces on a horizontal rough surface

A three-link robot moving due to controlled dry friction forces that act on the central contact points of the robot with a horizontal rough surface is considered. A mathematical model of the mechanism is developed. Algorithms for the implementation of various types of motion are presented. Numerical simulation results and the comparison with analytical results are discussed.
Memory of past exposure to the chemokine IL-8 inhibits the contraction of fibroblast-populated collagen lattices.

The inflammatory cytokine makeup of healing wounds helps delineate the phases of the repair process. As an example, during the lag phase (inflammatory phase) of repair, elevated levels of IL-8, a chemokine, participate in the activation and chemotaxis of neutrophils. During the normal proliferative and remodeling phases of repair, IL-8 levels are minimal. Healing burn wounds often have small, open, slow-to-heal areas, which have been shown to contain elevated levels of IL-8. Does a limited exposure of IL-8 to fibroblasts in vitro at the concentrations measured in these unhealed sites cause altered cell behavior? To study this possibility the fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) model, an in vitro model of wound contraction, was used to investigate fibroblast response to IL-8. As previously reported, the chronic exposure of fibroblasts to IL-8 at 30 ng/ml within FPCLs significantly inhibited FPCL contraction. Fibroblasts in monolayer culture were incubated with IL-8 for 3 days. In the absence of IL-8, FPCLs were manufactured with these preexposed cells and it was found that FPCL contraction was inhibited. Fibroblasts retained their reduced capacity of reorganizing collagen fibrils when previously exposed to IL-8. Treating fibroblasts in monolayer with IL-8 for only 1 h prior to their incorporation into collagen lattices caused inhibition of FPCL contraction. The speculation is that in vivo open areas in reepithelialized healed burns are the consequence of the local population of fibroblasts having been exposed to elevated levels of IL-8. Such an earlier exposure triggers a memory in this population of fibroblasts that alters their capacity to lay down an extracellular matrix that optimizes the migration of epidermal cells.
Regional distribution of isozymes of D-amino-acid oxidase and acetylesterase in developing primate brain.

Abstract Isozymes of d -amino-acid oxidase and acetylesterase in different regions of the brain of the developing rhesus monkey were separated by starch gel electrophoresis. Activity of d -amino-acid oxidase was identified by the use of d -phenylalanine as substrate in a coupled peroxidase system, and acetylesterase activity was identified by using alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate in the presence of Diazo Blue. d -amino-acid oxidase isozymes in the brain of the juvenile (2- to 3-year-old) monkey were localized primarily in brain stem, cord, and midline and lateral cerebellum but were also demonstrable in zymograms of subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and globus pallidus. Although isozymes of acetylesterase were more generally distributed throughout all brain areas, one band (band 1) was much more prominent in specimens from caudate nucleus and putamen than in specimens from any other area of brain. Isozymes of d -amino-acid oxidase were not generally detected until after birth, but then all major bands appeared fairly rapidly. By 20 weeks of postnatal age patterns of zymograms were similar to those of the adult brain. Although zymograms of the isozymes of acetylesterase in the brain of the first trimester fetus were very similar to those in regions of brain of the 2- to 3-year-old animal, one band (band 6) was much more pronounced in the zymograms of fetal brain than in those from brains at any later age. The principal contribution of these studies is the demonstration of ( a ) an enormously higher concentration, relative to other brain regions, of one of the acetylesterase isozymes (band 1) in extracts of caudate nucleus and putamen, ( b ) the progressive decline of one of the acetylesterase isozymes (band 6) during fetal development, and ( c ) the occurrence of two different patterns of distribution and development of isozymes in the primate central nervous system.
Paleomagnetism of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation: Implications for Jurassic apparent polar wander

The paleomagnetism of the ∼147 Ma (Tithonian) Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation was analyzed to obtain a Late Jurassic paleomagnetic pole for North America. A total of 200 samples were collected from 25 sedimentary horizons (sites) at Norwood Hill in southwest Colorado. At Montezuma Creek in southeast Utah, 184 samples were collected from 26 sites. Detailed thermal demagnetization (up to nine temperature steps between 600°C and 680°C) and principal component analysis were required to confidently isolate characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions carried by hematite. Demagnetization behavior for many horizons is erratic and does not allow isolation of a high unblocking-temperature ChRM. Data selection criteria required sample ChRM directions to be defined by three or more thennal demagnetization steps and maximum angular deviations of sample ChRM directions to be ≤20°. Eight sites from the Norwood Hill location and 10 sites from the Montezuma Creek location passed these criteria. The 18 site-mean virtual geomagnetic poles yield a paleomagnetic pole position from the Brushy Basin Member of 68.3°N, 156.2°E (A95 = 4.8°, K = 53). This pole position is within 2° of the paleomagnetic pole which Steiner and Helsley (1975a) reported for the “upper” Morrison Formation at Norwood Hill, Colorado. A second paleomagnetic pole was calculated after excluding sites with site-mean α95 > 20° and sites with fewer than three samples that passed the above selection criteria. This additional editing did not significantly change the paleomagnetic pole position at the 95% confidence level. Along with other paleomagnetic poles from the continental interior the paleomagnetic data from the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation are interpreted to indicate that the Late Jurassic part of the North American apparent polar wander path progresses from a late Middle Jurassic (∼160 Ma) position at ∼60°N, 135°E toward the mid-Cretaceous pole position at 72°N, 191°E.
EFFECTS OF VARIATION IN VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATION ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY

Summn.ry.-The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of three different stimulus conditions on gastrointestinal motility as measured by electrodes on rhe surface of the abdomen. The 16 Ss were each run for nvo 40-min. sessions, during which they were instructed to lie quietly on a cot. Amplirnde differentiated between a group that received diffuse stimulation and groups that received normal stimulation and no stimulation, with the former showing greater activity throughout the session. The increase in gastrointestinal activity for Ss in the diffuse stimulus group is attributed to the novelty and ambiguity of the stimulus sirnation. Davis, et a/. ( 1957, 1959) have described a method for recording gastrointestinal (g.i.) activity electrically from surface electrodes attached to the skin of S's abdomen. A later study (Thyne 8: Davis, 1960) showed that measures obtained in this way decreased significantly in amplitude during a 40-min. period when S was lying at rest in a dark, sound-deadened room. The conditions under which the recordings were made resembled those employed by other investigators studying effects of "sensory deprivation" or, more accurately, sensory reduction. In a recent report, Stern (1963) has described the effects of exposure to the same conditions on other somatic variables: breathing amplitude, heart rate, and skin conductance were decreased significantly, while electromyograms showed no change. The present experiment was designed to study such short-term effects of general reduction in environmental stimulation by varying visual and auditory input. Under Condition A Ss were exposed to sensory reduction as in previous experiments, i.e., no visual or auditory stimulation; under Condition B vision was not restricted and a low auditory input was constantly present; under Condition C the same auditory input was present but diffusion lenses restricted visual input to unpatterned stimulation. Electrophysiological measures of g.i. activity served as the dependent variables. The hypothesis tested was that g.i. motility would decrease in all groups during a 40-min. experimental period, but that the group receiving diffuse vis~al stimulation would show the slowest rate of change. This hypothesis was based upon previous work in our laboratory and upon contrasting results reported by Bexton, Heron, and Scott ( 1954) and by Vernon and Hoffman ( 1956). The former, using diffuse stimulation, observed disturbances 'This research was supported by Contract DA-49-193-MD2063, U. S. Army Surgeon General, Roger W. Russell, Project Director.
Mechanisms of inhibition of active transport ATPases by mercurials.

Inhibition by methylmercury and mercuric chloride of Mg,Ca ATPase and Na,K ATPase activities in human erythrocyte ghosts was correlated with the binding capacity of ghosts for the mercurial. Full inhibition was always reached below saturation of binding capacity, and half-inhibition at levels as low as 10% saturation. Under such conditions, concentrations of free inhibitor were negligibly low, and existing mathematical models of inhibition were not applicable. New inhibitor partition equations were introduced to model the mechanisms of action of mercurials. Up to 7 methylmercury groups were calculated to bind to one Na,K ATPase molecule at non-inhibitory sites, while only one reacted with the inhibitory site. Mg,Ca ATPase showed simple one-hit inhibition (one mercurial per enzyme); further washing of ghosts, however, unmasked a second binding site (cooperative two-hit inhibition). Affinities of mercurials to sites of inhibition were calculated relative to other ligands in erythrocyte membranes: the ratios ranged from 3 : 1 to 50 : 1. The results demonstrated the use of binding capacity assays and inhibitor partition equations to measure and compare the susceptibilities of membrane-bound enzymes to poisoning by mercurials.
High Thermal Conductivity in Silicon Nitride with Anisotropie Microstructure

Silicon nitride was fabricated by tape casting of {alpha}-Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} powder with 5 wt% Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} and 5 vol% rodlike {beta}-Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} seed particles, followed by tape stacking, hot pressing under 40 MPa, and annealing at 1,850 C for 2--66 h under a nitrogen pressure of 0.9 MPa. Silicon nitrides fabricated by this procedure exhibited a highly anisotropic microstructure with large elongated grains (developed from seed particles) uniaxially oriented parallel to the grain alignment were much higher than those measured in other directions and exhibited high values of up to 120 W/(m{center_dot}K). The anisotropic thermal conductivity of the specimen could be explained by the rule of mixture, considering that large elongated grains developed from seeds have higher thermal conductivity than a small-grained matrix.
Song discrimination suggests premating isolation among sympatric indigobird species and host races

Indigobirds (Vidua spp.) are host-specific brood parasites that have diversified in a recent radiation apparently driven by host colonization. Behavioral imprinting of both male and female indigobirds on host song is thought to promote rapid speciation because it results in assortative mating between indigobirds associated with a particular host. We conducted a song playback experiment to test whether male indigobirds discriminate among potential competitors based on song. Of particular interest was the behavior of two sympatric host races of the Cameroon indigobird Vidua camerunensis that differ only in host song mimicry and other components of their vocal repertoires. Territorial males of the two V. camerunensis host races and Vidua raricola, a morphologically distinct indigobird species, were tested with playbacks of each other’s songs. Males of all three groups responded most aggressively to songs of their own species and/or host race, as evidenced by strong and highly significant differences in a variety of response variables. This differential territorial defense suggests that an intruding male with different songs does not represent a competitive threat and is expected if females mate assortatively with respect to song. Thus, our results provide evidence of premating reproductive isolation among recently evolved indigobird species and host races. Key words: brood parasitism, indigobird, playback experiment, reproductive isolation, song, speciation. [Behav Ecol]
Improving Reading Outcomes in Kenya: First-Year Effects of the PRIMR Initiative.

Abstract While educational participation is high in Kenya, literacy outcomes remain poor. The PRIMR Initiative aims to improve literacy learning by aligning curriculum and teacher practices with current research, providing ongoing instructional support and observation, and supplying basic instructional materials and English and Kiswahili books for students. In a randomized control trial in more than 400 schools in three counties in Kenya, the intervention improved oral reading fluency and in grade 1 formal and nonformal schools and grade 2 nonformal schools for both English and Kiswahili. The findings support the importance of in-classroom teacher support in program implementation to improve literacy outcomes.
A PBNM system for integrated QoS and multicast management

QoS and multicast are facilities that several modern applications require from networks. However, the management of such facilities is complex and not integrated. We present a policy-based management architecture and system for the integrated management of QoS and multicast-enabled networks. The definition of policies for this architecture is also presented. The proposed architecture is based on the IETF approach. However, we discuss how such approach had to be adapted in order to support not only QoS management but also multicast management. Finally, we also present the implementation of our proposal providing some management example scenarios.