cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure for navigation, context-dependent learning and episodic memory1,2,3, is composed of anatomically heterogeneous subregions. These regions differ in their anatomical inputs as well as in their internal circuitry4. A major feature of the CA3 region is its recurrent collateral circuitry, by which the CA3 pyramidal cells make excitatory synaptic contacts on each other4,5. In contrast, pyramidal cells in the CA1 region are not extensively interconnected4. Although these differences have inspired numerous theoretical models of differential processing capacities of these two regions6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13, there have been few reports of robust differences in the firing properties of CA1 and CA3 neurons in behaving animals. The most extensively studied of these properties is the spatially selective firing of hippocampal ‘place cells’1,14. Here we report that in a dynamically changing environment, in which familiar landmarks on the behavioural track and along the wall are rotated relative to each other15,16, the population representation of the environment is more coherent between the original and cue-altered environments in CA3 than in CA1. These results demonstrate a functional heterogeneity between the place cells of CA3 and CA1 at the level of neural population representations.
The Rise and Stall of Prison Privatization: An Integration of Policy Analysis Perspectives

This article examines prison privatization policy in the United States from 1984 to the turn of the century by integrating several policy analysis perspectives. Kingdon's theory of multiple streams...
Abnormal adrenal and vascular responses to angiotensin II and an angiotensin antagonist in acromegaly.

To test the possibility that the hypertension commonly seen in acromegaly could be due to abnormalities in the patients’ sensitivities to angiotensin II (A II), such as have recently been described in some subgroups of essential hypertensives, we studied the adrenal and vascular responses to endogenous and exogenous A II and to angiotensin blockade (saralasin) in 14 sodium-restricted (10 meq Na/day) acromegalics (10 hypertensive and 4 normotensive) and 26 sodium-restricted normal subjects. In response to stimulation of endogenous A II (upright posture), the acromegalics’ aldosterone levels rose less than normal (upright aldosterone levels, 33 ± 4 us. 78 ± 14 ng/ dl, respectively; P <0.01). In response to graded doses of iv A II (0.1–3.0 ng/kg-min), despite normal preinfusion PRA and A II levels, acromegalics showed reduced aldosterone and enhanced vascular responses (e.g. with the 3.0 ng/kg-min dose, the aldosterone increments were +12 ± 3 in the acromegalics us. +26 ± 4 ng/dl in the normal subjects, whil...
Molecular biology of inhibitory amino acid receptors.

Biochemical approaches to neurotransmitter receptors have been extensively exploited in recent years. With the introduction of radiolabeled analogs of transmitters or drugs thought to act at these transmitter receptors, it has become possible to directly study the binding sites of neurotransmitter receptors and draw conclusions as to the relative order of potency of drugs at these sites and their putative pharmacological properties. In addition, many conclusions about the properties of the neurotransmitter receptors have been reached by comparing the equilibrium binding constants and apparent numbers of receptors following various pharmacological and physiological manipulations. Although some of these conclusions may be justified, many investigators do not possess the expertise to study the more sophisticated aspects of protein structure and molecular dynamics. One unfortunate result of this is that each time an unexplainable break in a binding or displacement curve occurs, a new receptor is “discovered,” leading to a generalized confusion in some areas of neurotransmitter research. One has an overall sense that these areas will continue to circle around the core issues until a more sophisticated generation of researchers has broken with the past.
Relativistic Positron-Electron Bremsstrahlung at Wide Angles: A Numerical Calculation

The bremsstrahlung spectrum for the process e++e−→e++e−+γ has been evaluated at photon-emission angles of roughly 30° to 120° from the incident particles in the c.m. system. The phase-space integrals of the exact, lowest-order differential cross section were evaluated numerically. A computer program was used to reduce the Dirac traces to invariants and to further simplify them until reasonably compact expressions were obtained. Numerical results for selected photon angles and energies are given for 15-BeV positrons incident upon electrons at rest in the laboratory and for 600- and 4000-MeV positrons in the c.m. system (colliding-beam experiments). It was found that certain relativistic approximations to the spectrum, which are valid for forward angles, are still fairly good at wide angles; an empirical modification to such an approximation is given which provides a useful interpolation formula for the wide-angle region.
Control, responsibility, and moral assessment

Recently, a number of philosophers have begun to question the commonly held view that choice or voluntary control is a precondition of moral responsibility. According to these philosophers, what really matters in determining a person’s responsibility for some thing is whether that thing can be seen as indicative or expressive of her judgments, values, or normative commitments. Such accounts might therefore be understood as updated versions of what Susan Wolf has called “real self views,” insofar as they attempt to ground an agent’s responsibility for her actions and attitudes in the fact (when it is a fact) that they express who she is as a moral agent. As such, they seem to be open to some of the same objections Wolf originally raised to such accounts, and in particular to the objection that they cannot license the sorts of robust moral assessments involved in our current practices of moral responsibility. My aim in this paper is to try to respond to this challenge, by clarifying the kind of robust moral assessments I take to be licensed by (at least some) non-volitional accounts of responsibility and by explaining why these assessments do not in general require the agent to have voluntary control over everything for which she is held responsible. I also argue that the limited applicability of the distinction between “bad agents” and “blameworthy agents” on these accounts is in fact a mark in their favor.
Randomized social policy experiments and research on child development

Randomized social policy experiments (SPEs) are an important methodology for investigating topics in child development. This article provides a framework for understanding how evidence from SPEs can add to knowledge about child development. The use of SPEs for child development questions to date is summarized and lessons from the applied economics and policy studies literature on the advantages and limitations of experimental data are reviewed. Four principles from the developmental psychology literature are presented with implications for the interpretation of experimental data. A framework for applying SPE evidence on child development must consider that development depends on proximal causes, that development is nonlinear, that processes vary across and within populations and that change has a developmental cost. Design considerations and trade-offs between ideal design and other stakeholder goals are discussed.
Gambling problems in substance abusers are associated with increased sexual risk behaviors.

Objectives. This study evaluated the association between gambling problems and HIV risk behaviors in substance abusers. Participants and setting. One hundred and thirty-four substance abusers were recruited from advertisements placed in newspapers and at social service agencies. Intervention. Gambling problems were assessed using the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The Addiction Severity Index evaluated drug and psychosocial problems, and the HIV Risk Behavior Scale assessed risk behaviors. Findings. Based on SOGS scores, 24% (n = 31) of substance abusers evidenced probable pathological gambling. Problem gambling substance abusers were more likely to be male than non-problem gamblers, but no other differences in demographic characteristics or drug use variables were noted. Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers reported more sex partners and less frequent use of condoms with casual and paid sex partners. Stepwise logistic regression confirmed the association between severity of gambling problems and more risky sexual behaviors; higher SOGS scores predicted having more than 50 sex partners, exchanging sex for drugs/money, and engaging in anal intercourse (p < 0.05). Participants with gambling problems were also less knowledgeable about HIV transmission. Conclusions. These data suggest that gambling problems may be a risk factor for contracting HIV. Increased efforts are needed to screen for and treat gambling problems among substance abusers.
Factors predicting the number of EUS-guided fine-needle passes for diagnosis of pancreatic malignancies.

Abstract Background: The factors that affect the number of needle passes needed to diagnose pancreatic malignancies using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) –guided fine-needle aspiration are unknown. Methods: Patient and endosonographic data were prospectively recorded on 121 consecutive patients with pancreatic malignancy. Of these, 110 underwent EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. A cytopathologist was in attendance for all aspiration procedures. Results: Initial EUS detected a pancreatic mass in 96% of cases; 23% of these were not seen by computed tomography. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed in 109 of 110 (99%) patients, including 95 masses, 7 lymph nodes, and 7 hepatic metastases. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration provided a cytologic diagnosis of malignancy in 104 of 110 (95%). Only tumor differentiation and the site of aspiration affected the number of passes. Conclusions: With the participation of a cytopathologist, EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration can diagnose pancreatic malignancies with a high degree of accuracy. Only the aspiration site (mass versus node/liver metastasis) can be used to direct the number of passes if a cytopathologist is not present. Without a cytopathologist in attendance, 5 to 6 passes should be made for pancreatic masses and 2 to 3 for liver metastases or lymph nodes; however, this approach will be associated with a 10% to 15% reduction in definitive cytologic diagnoses, extra procedure time, increased risk and additional needles. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:184-90.)
Training Clinicians in the Seeking Safety Treatment Protocol for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Abuse

Abstract This paper provides suggestions for training clinicians in the Seeking Safety psychotherapy for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse. The treatment is a manual-based 25-session cognitive-behavioral therapy for integrated treatment of both disorders. Training guidelines include: procedures for clinician selection and training, supervisory principles, and typical problems. Emphasis is placed on procedures that allow observation of the clinician “in action” rather than through verbal report (e.g., taped sessions) and on intensive training experiences (e.g., watching videotapes of good versus poor sessions, rehearsal of “tough case” scenarios, peer supervision, identifying key themes, and think-aloud modeling). Supervisory principles include, for example: Encourage clinicians to use the coping skills in their own lives; Elicit patient feedback; and Listen to behavior more than words. These methods are “best guesses” based on experience with clinicians over several years; fu...
Elevated amounts of protein in C6 glial cells during the growth-inhibitory response elicited by dexamethasone.

: Dexamethasone suppresses C6 glial cell proliferation in vitro. This growth-inhibitory response is accompanied by elevated amounts of acid-insoluble protein in the steroid-treated cells relative to controls. These results provide additional evidence that the glucocorticoid acts to arrest C6 cell proliferation in G2.
BAROREFLEX ACTIVATION THERAPY PROVIDES DURABLE BENEFIT IN PATIENTS WITH RESISTANT HYPERTENSION: LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP RESULTS FROM THE RHEOS PIVOTAL TRIAL

Baroreflex Activation Therapy (BAT) has demonstrated therapeutic benefit over >5 years in small cohorts. The randomized, controlled Rheos Pivotal Trial of BAT provided evidence of therapy benefit and safety in resistant hypertension patients through 12 months. All patients enrolled in the Rheos
Neuromuscular Stimulation for Upper Extremity Motor and Functional Recovery in Acute Hemiplegia

Background and Purpose—The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of neuromuscular stimulation in enhancing the upper extremity motor and functional recovery of acute stroke survivors. Methods—Forty-six stroke survivors admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit were randomly assigned to receive either neuromuscular stimulation or placebo. Twenty-eight subjects completed the study. The treatment group received surface neuromuscular stimulation to produce wrist and finger extension exercises. The control group received placebo stimulation over the paretic forearm. All subjects were treated 1 hour per day, for a total of 15 sessions. Outcomes were assessed in a blinded manner with the upper extremity component of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment and the self-care component of the Functional Independence Measure at pretreatment, after treatment, and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. Results—The treatment subjects and control subjects had comparable baseline characteristics. Parametric analyses re...
Citizen perceptions of the legitimacy of traffic stops

Abstract Lundman and Kaufman (2003) reported that Black drivers were less likely than others to report that police made legitimate stops or that officers acted properly during traffic stops. The present work explored whether these results held when other variables were included in the model. Utilizing data drawn from a convenience sample, results show that being Black is not determinant in an expanded model aiming to better understand citizens’ perceptions of the legitimacy of traffic stops. Rather, size of place, time of day, and the race of the officer appeared to mediate the effect of “driving while Black”. Still, Black drivers had lower odds of reporting police acted properly during the traffic stop in either our basic or expanded model.
Raman Spectra of a Series of Octanols

The Raman spectra of a series of nineteen octanols were obtained using Hg 4358 as the exciting line. These alcohols have structures which differ only in the relative position of a C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ and OH group along the side of a straight carbon chain seven atoms long. The Raman spectra consist in most cases of from seven to ten modified lines whose position and intensity vary considerably for the different compounds. A comparison of the Raman spectra and the molecular structure leads to an interpretation of most of the modified lines in terms of modes of vibration of the molecules. The lines which have been accounted for appear to be due to vibrations of the type C-H, C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$-X, OH-X, and a C-C vibration in a plane at right angles to the length of the chain.
China's Soviet Watchers in the 1980s: A New Era in Scholarship

What are Chinese scholars writing about internal developments in the Soviet Union? Are they positive or negative in their assessments of each stage of Soviet history, from the early leadership of Lenin to the recent accession of Gorbachev? What are the consequences that changing Chinese attitudes are likely to have for Sino-Soviet relations? After a quarter-century of the Sino-Soviet split, foreign observers no longer need to grasp at tiny straws of information, or to rely solely on a small number of official documents and authoritative articles. The study of new, published sources can add substantially to our understanding of international perceptions in the socialist world, and can bring us nearer to the elusive goal of learning about debates on foreign policy in communist-led countries. Academic journals and books from the late 1960s in the Soviet Union, and from 1979 in China, present an impressively detailed and intriguingly lively literature on the problems of socialism in the other country. Having previously examined Soviet writings on China, I will introduce Chinese publications on the Soviet Union in this article.
Familiar physical activity to familiar music: The effects on apathy, agitation, eating ability, and dietary intake in institutionalized older adults with dementia

FAMILIAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO FAMILIAR MUSIC: THE EFFECTS ON APATHY, AGITATION, EATING ABILITY, AND DIETARY INTAKE IN INSTITUTIONALIZED OLDER ADULTS WITH DEMENTIA
Rate of inactivation of adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase: Determinants of brain cyclic AMP

Abstract In order to assess the effects of time requirements of different tissue inactivation methods, concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rat brain were determined. Fixation of tissues was obtained by the following methods: decapitation with removal of brain and freezing in liquid nitrogen; decapitation into liquid nitrogen; whole animal immersion in liquid nitrogen; 1.5 kW maximal field strength microwave irradiation for 8 seconds; and, 5 kW maximal field strength microwave irradiation for 2 seconds. Results of these studies indicate that as the time is reduced for inactivation of brain adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase, levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate become progressively lower. This same correlation is also evident in studies of regional brain concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate after 1.5 kW and 5 kW microwave inactivation. It is concluded that 5 kW maximal field strength microwave exposure is the most rapid means of enzyme inactivation permitting a more accurate estimation of endogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations. Its use offers rapid inactivation with minimization of trauma and facilities the study of regional metabolites through ease of dissection.
Effects of antenatal glucocorticoids on outcomes of very low birth weight multifetal gestations.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that benefits of antenatal glucocorticoids to reduce death or major morbidities are similar in very low birth weight multiple and singleton infants. Study Design: Infants with birth weight of 401 to 1500 g who were born from May 1991 through December 1999 were evaluated with the use of the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network registry data. The generalized estimating equations approach to multivariable logistic regression was used, with interaction between multifetal gestation and antenatal glucocorticoids as the primary independent variable. Results: Mothers of multiple infants were more likely to receive antenatal glucocorticoids than mothers of singleton infants (66% vs 56%; P Conclusion: If exposed to antenatal glucocorticoids, very low birth weight infants of multifetal gestations and very low birth weight singleton infants have similar risks of death or major morbidity. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:804-10.)
Gender and sexuality among immigrant Iranians in Canada

This article presents an analytical study of the changing concepts of sexuality and gender relations among Iranian immigrants in Canada. I explore the ways in which spatial displacement transformed gender relations and sexuality. The impact of migration on gender is mediated through both class and gender relations. Migration effects profound changes in the compact between men and women. One fundamental change in gender and sexuality is the emphasis on individuality, which even among upper-middle-class families creates discrepancies between real and ideal behavior. Immigrant communities are constructed based on a reservoir of cultural and social patterns ‘transported’ from home. Yet neither the ethnic community nor the host community is all-constitutive or all-restrictive. Men and women construct and contest gender and sexuality through a critical reappropriation of their ‘past’ and a creative redefinition of what is available to them by selective mix and match of ‘traditional’ norms and values with ‘moder...
Fog occurrence and chemical composition in the Po valley over the last twenty years

Abstract Frequency of fog events together with fog water chemical composition, pH, conductivity and liquid water content have systematically been measured from the end of the 1980's at the field station of San Pietro Capofiume, in the eastern Po Valley, Northern Italy. In agreement with what has been observed in other regions in Europe, fog frequency (visibility
FUZZY SETS AND PROBABILITY

An attempt is made to save the law of excluded middle in fuzzy set theory. This is done by mapping the sentences of axiomatic set theory to a Boolean algebra, prior to assigning numerical values. With a simple choice of Boolean algebra a probability interpretation emerges.
How Frequently are Words used on Naming Tests used in Spoken Conversation

Naming, or word-finding ability, is typically assessed using measures that require a patient to name a pictured object. Words used less frequently tend to be more difficult to find when speaking; thus word frequency can be used as a measure of item difficulty on such tests. However, frequency data for words on naming measures has either not been used in the creation of these tests or has been derived from data on how frequently words have been used in written materials. The present study determined how frequently words on the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) naming subtest, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) naming subtest, and auditory naming measures developed by Hamberger and Seidel (2003, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 479) and Brandt et al. (2010, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 1326) are used in spoken language. Items on the auditory naming measures had the highest mean frequency, an...
Deformation of a Convex Hydrogel Shell by Parallel Plate and Central Compression

To characterize the materials parameters and deformation of a convex shell of axial symmetry, a hydrogel contact lens is mechanically deformed by two loading configurations: (a) compression between two parallel plates and (b) central load applied by a shaft with a spherical tip. A universal testing machine with nano-Newton and submicron resolutions is used to measure the applied force, F, as a function of vertical displacement of the plate/shaft, w 0, while a homemade laser aided topography system records the in-situ deformed shell profile and the contact radius or central dimple, a. A nonlinear shell theory and an iterative finite difference method are used to account for the large elastic deformation, the central buckling for the central load compression, and the interrelationship between the measureable quantities (F, w 0, a).
Control of morphine-withdrawal hypothermia by conditional stimuli.

Male rats were given increasing doses of morphine sulfate to cause addiction. Each injection was paired with a bell. After a number of pairings, the bell acquired conditional-stimulus property in that, like morphine, it prevented withdrawal hypothermia during 72 h of withholding morphine. In another group the withdrawal hypothermia was precipitated by withholding of morphine injections. The bell reversed that hypothermia.
Combined histone deacetylase and NF-κB inhibition sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer to cell death

Abstract Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains resistant to traditional and novel chemotherapeutic agents, relating, in part, to the activation of the antiapoptotic transcription factor NF-κB. We hypothesize that inhibition of NF-κB using BAY-11-7085 will sensitize NSCLC cells to death, induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Methods Five tumorigenic NSCLC cell lines (A549, H157, H358, H460, H1299) were treated with nothing, SAHA, BAY-11-7085, or both compounds. Cell death was determined by crystal violet staining. p65 nuclear translocation was determined by Western blot analysis. NF-κB activity was determined by reporter-gene assays and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of the endogenous NF-κB–dependent gene interleukin 8. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation. Clonogenic cell survival assays were also performed. Data was analyzed with the Student t test when appropriate. Results SAHA alone resulted in no meaningful NSCLC cell death. SAHA induced nuclear translocation of p65, which was inhibited by BAY-11-7085. SAHA significantly induced NF-κB–dependent transcription which was ameliorated after treatment with BAY-11-7085 ( P = .01). Combined SAHA and BAY-11-7085 induced significantly more apoptosis and cell death than either drug alone ( P = .002). Conclusions Combined HDI and NF-κB inhibition using BAY-11-7085 sensitizes NSCLC cells to cell death and appears promising as a novel treatment strategy for this disease.
Open Mind Common Sense: Knowledge Acquisition from the General Public

Open Mind Common Sense is a knowledge acquisition system designed to acquire commonsense knowledge from the general public over the web. We describe and evaluate our first fielded system, which enabled the construction of a 450,000 assertion commonsense knowledge base. We then discuss how our second-generation system addresses weaknesses discovered in the first. The new system acquires facts, descriptions, and stories by allowing participants to construct and fill in natural language templates. It employs word-sense disambiguation and methods of clarifying entered knowledge, analogical inference to provide feedback, and allows participants to validate knowledge and in turn each other.
The Effects of Maternal Education on Child Nutritional Status Depend on Socio-Environmental Conditions

Background. Previous studies have shown an inconsistency in the association between maternal education and child nutritional status across socioeconomic levels. This may be because the beneficial effects of education are only significant when resources are sufficient but not abundant. Methods. Associations were examined for differences across socioeconomic levels using data collected from 41 rural communities of Benin for 435 children aged 13-36 months. Village-level indicators of household wealth were used together with child z-scores to partition the sample into three levels of socio-environment relative to conditions more or less conducive to child growth. Results. Using an interactive linear regression model it was shown that for the population of children of women who had no more than 4 years of formal schooling, the association of maternal education and child weight differed significantly across the socio-environments. The relationship was flat and non-significant in the lowest socio-environment, positive and significant (P < 0.05) in intermediate conditions, and weakly positive under the best socio-environment conditions. Among children of mothers attaining higher levels of education, an unexpected negative association was found. It could be that maternal education had enabled women to participate in activities outside the home without simultaneously ensuring adequate child care.
Platelet depletion by anti-CD41 (αIIb) mAb injection early but not late in the course of disease protects against Plasmodium berghei pathogenesis by altering the levels of pathogenic cytokines

Accumulating evidence indicates that platelets play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental severe malaria (ESM) elicited by infection with Plasmodium berghei. Mice injected on day 1 of P berghei infection (early) with either anti-CD41 or anti-CD61 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibited significantly (P<.001) increased survival from ESM compared with infection controls, indicating that platelets function early in the disease. In contrast, groups of mice treated on days 4, 5, and 6 (late) with anti-CD41 mAb exhibited similar mortality as controls. Because platelet depletion by anti-CD41 mAb on day 4 of infection did not protect mice, and platelet adherence occurs on day 6, platelet adherence to endothelium is not required to mediate malarial pathogenesis. Few platelet microparticles were detected in the blood during the course of malaria, but large numbers of erythrocyte vesicles, microparticles, and debris were detected. The protective effect of early anti-CD41 mAb treatment was independent of the number of platelets, platelet microparticles, erythrocyte-platelet conjugates, and erythrocyte vesicles. Mice treated early with anti-CD41 mAb exhibited markedly altered cytokine production on day 4 of P berghei infection (increased interleukin 10 [IL-10], IL-1alpha, IL-6, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha]; decreased IL-2) but no decline in coagulation factors compared with rat immunoglobulin G (IgG)-treated controls, indicating that platelets regulate the levels of pathogenic cytokines.
Expression and Alternative Splicing of the Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) Gene in Normal and Malignant Tissues

Abstract The DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) gene was identified because it is affected by somatic mutations in colorectal tumors, including allelic losses in greater than 70% of cancers and localized mutations in a subset of cases. The DCC gene also may be inactivated in other tumor types, including cancers of the pancreas, stomach, breast, prostate, and brain, as well as some leukemias. We have characterized DCC complementary DNAs obtained from human fetal brain tissues and IMR32 human neuroblastoma cells. Based on the fetal brain complementary DNA sequence, the predicted transmembrane DCC protein product has 1447 amino acids. The extracellular domain of about 1100 amino acids has four immunoglobulin-like domains and six fibronectin type III-like domains; the 325-amino acid cytoplasmic domain does not show similarity to previously characterized proteins. Comparison of DCC complementary DNAs from IMR32 cells to those from fetal brain identified two potential alternative splice sites. Studies of adult mouse tissues revealed that DCC transcripts were present at very low levels in all tissues studied, and alternative splicing of DCC transcripts was seen in some tissues. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation studies with DCC-specific antisera identified protein species with molecular weights of approximately 175,000–190,000 in some rodent tissues and human tumor cell lines. DCC protein expression was highest in brain tissues and neural crest-derived cell lines and markedly reduced or absent in the majority of cancer cell lines studied. Treatment of DCC-expressing cells with tunicamycin decreased the apparent molecular weight of the immunoreactive proteins, establishing that DCC is a glycoprotein. The studies presented here demonstrate that the DCC gene encodes several related glycoprotein species that are likely to be expressed at very low levels in many normal adult tissues. Furthermore, the absence of DCC expression in some of the cancer cell lines studied may result from genetic inactivation of DCC.
Movement patterns of giant Pacific octopuses, Enteroctopus dofleini (Wülker, 1910)

We attached sonic transmitters to, and tracked, 40 giant Pacific octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) ranging from 83% retention to the end of a tracking period (range 18 to 48 h. Direct movements (indicating relocation or den-switching) were common at night, central-tendency movements (indicating localized area use and return to den) were common at dawn, and stationary behavior was common in daylight, although each pattern occurred at all periods. Central-tendency movements recorded by intermittent tracking were oriented parallel to contours, while movements without central tendency crossed contours, suggesting that animals navigate by contour-following to return to a known den. During a relocation experiment, octopuses released at shallow depths moved deeper and those released deeper moved shallower; both into habitats with greater kelp cover. Although >90% of their time was spent stationary and hiding, Enteroctopus dofleini utilizes information about its environment (contour following), selects habitats (preference for more kelp cover), and occupies large use areas (minimum convex polygons) by making substantial direct movements from previous use areas.
A 10-bit 1-GHz 33-mW CMOS ADC

A pipelined ADC digitally calibrates capacitor mismatches in its 4-bit first stage and the gain error in the first 5 stages. Using a one-stage op amp with a gain of 10 and realized in 65-nm CMOS technology, the ADC digitizes a 490-MHz input with an SNDR of 52.4 dB, achieving an FOM of 0.097pJ/conversion-step.
Research of manufacturing execution system supporting rapid extended manufacturing

Due to the fact that crucial and often the complex components of product can not be manufactured outsourcing as a whole in one organization, this paper presents a solution of manufacturing execution supporting rapid extended manufacturing. The background of rapid extended manufacturing and Manufacturing Execution System are explained. The article analyzes several main issues of manufacturing execution system supporting rapid extended manufacturing. According to the problems of manufacturing execution system supporting rapid extended manufacturing, key technologies of manufacturing execution system supporting rapid extended manufacturing are studied: production scheduling for rapid extended manufacturing; manufacturing resource discovery and selection; manufacturing execution and management for process cooperation oriented mobilized rapid response manufacturing; information integration of manufacturing execution system with other systems based on manufacturing resources optimum allocation platform.
The Effect of Time Separation on Coordination Processes and Outcomes: A Case Study

Prior research has discussed and investigated how global teams bridge multiple boundaries (e.g., distance, time, culture) that separate its members and impact the coordination of their work. In this paper we report on a study we conducted at a semiconductor manufacturing company to better understand how global teams can work more effectively across one of these boundaries — time separation. More specifically, we investigate how time zones affect coordination costs and other coordination outcomes, and which coordination processes and mechanism are more effective in helping overcome the difficulties associated with time separation. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews of 23 global team members working on technical projects in several locations around the globe.
Adaptive location policies for global scheduling

Two important components of a global scheduling algorithm are its transfer policy and its location policy. While the transfer policy determines whether a task should be transferred, the location policy determines where it should be transferred. Based on their location policies, global scheduling algorithms can be broadly classified as receiver-initiated, sender-initiated, or symmetrically-initiated. The relative performance of these classes of algorithms has been shown to depend on the system workload. We present two adaptive location policies for global scheduling in distributed systems. These location policies are general, and can be used in conjunction with many existing transfer policies. By adapting to the system workload, the proposed policies capture the advantages of both sender-initiated and receiver-initiated policies. In addition, by adaptively directing their search activities toward the nodes that are most likely to be suitable counterparts in task transfers, the proposed policies provide short transfer latency and low overhead, and more important, high probability of finding a suitable counterpart if one exists. These properties allow these policies to deliver good performance over a very wide range of system operating conditions. The proposed policies are compared with nonadaptive policies, and are shown to considerably improve performance and to avoid causing system instability. >
Sequence conserved for subcellular localization

The more proteins diverged in sequence, the more difficult it becomes for bioinformatics to infer similarities of protein function and structure from sequence. The precise thresholds used in automated genome annotations depend on the particular aspect of protein function transferred by homology. Here, we presented the first large-scale analysis of the relation between sequence similarity and identity in subcellular localization. Three results stood out: (1) The subcellular compartment is generally more conserved than what might have been expected given that short sequence motifs like nuclear localization signals can alter the native compartment; (2) the sequence conservation of localization is similar between different compartments; and (3) it is similar to the conservation of structure and enzymatic activity. In particular, we found the transition between the regions of conserved and nonconserved localization to be very sharp, although the thresholds for conservation were less well defined than for structure and enzymatic activity. We found that a simple measure for sequence similarity accounting for pairwise sequence identity and alignment length, the HSSP distance, distinguished accurately between protein pairs of identical and different localizations. In fact, BLAST expectation values outperformed the HSSP distance only for alignments in the subtwilight zone. We succeeded in slightly improving the accuracy of inferring localization through homology by fine tuning the thresholds. Finally, we applied our results to the entire SWISS-PROT database and five entirely sequenced eukaryotes.
Demo abstract: Laser-based trace-gas chemical sensors for distributed wireless sensor networks

We demonstrate low-power, integrated laser-based tracegas chemical sensor systems which directly interface to the Telos wireless sensor networking (WSN) modules. We will demonstrate a prototype sensor which measures atmospheric oxygen concentration configured as a battery powered, handheld unit with power consumption ≪0.3W, sensitivity of 0.07%, high specificity, and the robustness required for long term environmental sensing applications.
Relationship of cerebral perfusion pressure levels to outcome in traumatic brain injury.

This study examined the relationship of cumulative percent time that cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) fell below set thresholds to outcome in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The sample included 157 patients (16 to 89 years of age, 79% male) admitted to an intensive care unit at an academic medical center who underwent invasive arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure monitoring. CPP levels were recorded continuously during the first 96 hours of monitoring. Initial neurologic status was assessed using the post-resuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale. Outcome was evaluated at hospital discharge and at six months post-injury using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE). The relationship of cumulative periods of low CPP to outcome was evaluated using hierarchical and binary logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, gender, and injury severity.
Water quality and summer use of sources of water in Texas.

Abstract In southern Texas, the lack of free-standing water that results from low rainfall or poor water quality can be deleterious to wildlife. Water quality can deteriorate rapidly due to evaporation during summer in southern Texas, and high concentrations of salts in water can cause physiological distress; however, little research has addressed water quality and needs of wildlife in arid environments. Our objectives were to: 1) establish water use patterns of wildlife during summer, 2) correlate visitation rates to temperature and rainfall events, and 3) monitor water quality in earthen stock ponds and concrete troughs during summer. We recorded visits to water by 17 species of wildlife and cattle. Cattle, feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had peak watering times that differed from one another. Track surveys showed a generally negative correlation between rainfall and wildlife watering frequency. Troughs had significantly higher total dissolved solids and pH than p...
Patching Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data gaps through expert elicitation: case study of laundry detergents

Abstract One approach to address the unavailability of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data is the use of a substitute or proxy dataset for certain processes. Although proxies have been regularly used in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), there has been no effort to (1) establish any form of guidance for the selection of products/processes as substitutes to fill LCI data gaps and, (2) estimate the associated uncertainty for the proxy choice and use. We explore these issues via a study of Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) in chemical manufacturing in laundry detergents. CED was chosen as the target environmental impact due to its less complex nature of modeling. Expert opinions were elicited through a survey of global LCA practitioners querying best proxy choices to substitute for missing data for five functional chemical groups in laundry detergents. The uncertainty associated with the use of proxies, referred to as the “proxy deviation parameter” (PDP), was quantified for each of the five groups, to be used along with the proxy guidance criteria. The results of the study imply the following: Firstly, this method of proxy selection to address data gaps is feasible. Secondly, the method is more robust and transparent than existing methods of selecting proxies since it provides expert guidance for selecting proxies, and enables the quantification of the associated uncertainty. The study also found that more than 50% of the experts consistently indicated that they would choose a different proxy if total environmental impact were considered instead of CED.
A Run-Time System for Power-Constrained HPC Applications

As the HPC community attempts to reach exascale performance, power will be one of the most critical constrained resources. Achieving practical exascale computing will therefore rely on optimizing performance subject to a power constraint. However, this additional complication should not add to the burden of application developers; optimizing the run-time environment given restricted power will primarily be the job of high-performance system software.
Lymphoma diagnosis in histopathology using a multi-stage visual learning approach

This work evaluates the performance of a multi-stage image enhancement, segmentation, and classification approach for lymphoma recognition in hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained histopathology slides of excised human lymph node tissue. In the first stage, the original histology slide undergoes various image enhancement and segmentation operations, creating an additional 5 images for every slide. These new images emphasize unique aspects of the original slide, including dominant staining, staining segmentations, non-cellular groupings, and cellular groupings. For the resulting 6 total images, a collection of visual features are extracted from 3 different spatial configurations. Visual features include the first fully connected layer (4096 dimensions) of the Caffe convolutional neural network trained from ImageNet data. In total, over 200 resultant visual descriptors are extracted for each slide. Non-linear SVMs are trained over each of the over 200 descriptors, which are then input to a forward stepwise ensemble selection that optimizes a late fusion sum of logistically normalized model outputs using local hill climbing. The approach is evaluated on a public NIH dataset containing 374 images representing 3 lymphoma conditions: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Results demonstrate a 38.4% reduction in residual error over the current state-of-art on this dataset.
Eye blink rate predicts reward decisions in adolescents

The ventral striatum displays hyper-responsiveness to reward in adolescents relative to other age groups, and animal research on the developmental trajectory of the dopaminergic system suggests that dopamine may underlie adolescent sensitivity to reward. However, practical limitations prevent the direct measurement of dopamine in healthy adolescents. Eye blink rate (EBR) shows promise as a proxy measure of striatal dopamine D2 receptor function. We investigated developmental differences in the relationship between EBR and reward-seeking behavior on a risky decision-making task. Increasing EBR was associated with greater reward maximization on the task for adolescent but not adult participants. Furthermore, adolescents demonstrated greater sensitivity to reward value than adults, as evinced by shifts in decision patterns based on increasing potential reward. These findings suggest that previously observed adolescent behavioral and neural hypersensitivity to reward may in fact be due to greater dopamine receptor activity, as represented by the relationship of blink rate and reward-seeking behavior. They also demonstrate the feasibility and utility of using EBR as a proxy for dopamine in healthy youth in whom direct measurements of dopamine are prohibitively invasive.
Measurements of turbulence scales in the particle Lagrangian reference frame

We've developed a technique which allows us to visually observe and quantitatively analyze flows in the particle-Lagrangian reference frame. This is a powerful tool which not only helps us understand particle movement in a near-Lagrangian reference frame, but can also be extended to observe and analyze fluid flows in various gravitational fields, and with particles of different inertia. The particle-Lagrangian reference frame is similar to a true-Lagrangian, except instead of following an actual fluid point, the particle-Lagrangian reference frame follows a non-fluid particle. By tracking a simulated particle through a fullydeveloped channel flow, we were able to measure the fluid turbulence, as seen by the particle. Our preliminary results are for particles with infinite inertia, but varying gravitational drift. For this case we found that the fluid integral time scales decreased with increasing gravitational drift on the particle, and the Kolmogorov time and length scales (the smallest structures of the flow) remain essentially constant.