cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Deep Language Model for Symptom Extraction from Clinical Text and Its Application to Extract COVID-19 symptoms from Social Media.

Patients experience various symptoms when they have either acute or chronic diseases or undergo some treatments for diseases. Symptoms are often indicators of the severity of the disease and the need for hospitalization. Symptoms are often described in free text written as clinical notes in the Electronic Health Records (EHR) and are not integrated with other clinical factors for disease prediction and healthcare outcome management. In this research, we propose a novel deep language model to extract patient-reported symptoms from clinical text. The deep language model integrates syntactic and semantic analysis for symptom extraction and identifies the actual symptoms reported by patients and conditional or negation symptoms. The deep language model can extract both complex and straightforward symptom expressions. We used a real-world clinical notes dataset to evaluate our model and demonstrated that our model achieves superior performance compared to three other state-of-the-art symptom extraction models. We extensively analyzed our model to illustrate its effectiveness by examining each components contribution to the model. Finally, we applied our model on a COVID-19 tweets data set to extract COVID-19 symptoms. The results show that our model can identify all the symptoms suggested by CDC ahead of their timeline and many rare symptoms.
Michael H. v. Gerald D.

The author attempts to apply semiotic analysis to a question of family law. By examining the language used by the Supreme Court in the title case, Michael H. v. Gerald D., along with the case briefs, lower court opinions, other Supreme Court cases and prior legal scholarship, the author attempts to determine the requisite relationships between father–child and father–mother in order for a legal tie to exist between a father and his biological child. The author tries to not only determine the necessary circumstances but also the political ideology that distinguishes these familial ties. The author further attempts to analyze the goals of these underlying political ideologies.
Long-Term Variations of Stellar Magnetic Activity in Lower Main Sequence Stars

Observed chromospheric emission fluxes and their time variation are undoubtedly universal phenomena in lower main sequence stars. Knowledge gained from the Sun indicates that stellar chromospheric activity is caused by magnetic variations. In lower main sequence stars, magnetic activity variations can be investigated by proxy with the chromospheric emission present in the Ca II H and K lines. Cross-sectional and time-serial studies reveal the dependence of average chromospheric activity levels and their variations on stellar macroscopic parameters such as mass, age and rotation. Twenty years of chromospheric Ca II H and K fluxes in cool stars monitored from Mt. Wilson Observatory have revealed long-term variations that are similar to the 11-year sunspot cycle. The behavior of the long-term activity variations is summarized. Cycle periodicities inferred for the majority of stars in the Mt. Wilson sample show no obvious dependence on rotation, mass or chromospheric activity level. Subgroups of the sample do, however, contain insight on magnetic cycle behavior: First, some F- and early G-type dwarf stars display short (≤4 yr), distinctly non-solar, cycle periods. Second, for stars with extremely obvious periodicities, the cycle period may depend upon the chromospheric radiative loss expressed as a fraction of stellar bolometric luminosity. Contributing to the tentativeness of the latter result is the inaccurate determination of cycle periods longer than ten years from the short, twenty-year baseline of the time series.
Comorbidity of externalizing and internalizing problems.

Comorbidity refers to the coexistence of two or more distinct disorders or syndromes in the same individual. Research findings are presented showing comorbidity of externalizing (aggression and del...
Effect of inositol trisphosphate and calcium on oscillating elevations of intracellular calcium in Xenopus oocytes

Stimulation of many nonexcitable cells by Ca2(+)-mobilizing receptor agonists causes oscillating elevations of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ((Ca2+]i), rather than a continuous increase. It has been proposed that the frequency at which [Ca2+]i oscillates determines the biological response. Because the occurrence of [Ca2+] oscillations is observed together with endogenous inositol polyphosphate (InsPs) production or following InsPs application, we injected Xenopus laevis oocytes with InsPs and monitored Ca2(+)-activated Cl- currents as an assay of [Ca2+]i. Microinjection of the poorly metabolizable inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) derivatives inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(2,4,5)P3) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphorothioate (Ins(1,4,5) P3S3) induced [Ca2+]i oscillations. The frequency at which [Ca2+]i oscillated increased with the injected dose, indicating that the frequency-generating mechanism lies distal to InsP3 production and that generation of oscillations does not require either oscillation of InsP3 levels or InsP3 metabolism. Injections of high doses of Ins(1,4,5)P3 or Ins(2,4,5)P3 inhibited ongoing oscillations, whereas Ca2+ injections decreased the amplitude of Ins(2,4,5)P3-induced oscillations without altering their frequency. Injections of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolite inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate also caused oscillations whose frequency was related to the injected dose, although inositol tetrakisphosphate injection induced an increase in the cellular level of Ins(1,4,5)P3. The results suggest a multicomponent oscillatory system that includes the InsP3 target as well as a Ca2(+)-sensitive step that modulates amplitude.
Applied digital library project management

Purpose – This paper sets out to define and describe paired comparison analysis as a method for prioritizing the factors that have the most impact in a digital library project.Design/methodology/approach – Using theory and example, the paper relates the use of paired comparison analysis to the successful prioritization of competing demands in digital library projects.Findings – Paired comparison analysis is useful to project managers and project teams alike as a means for prioritizing the issues, factors, and courses of action within a single project or among multiple projects, especially when these items are difficult to evaluate using an objective scheme.Originality/value – The paper fills a gap in the digital library project management literature by providing an overview of a useful tool to prioritize the issues, factors, and courses of action within a project or among several projects, particularly when these items cannot be compared based on similar measures.
Lay workers in primary health care: victims in the process of social transformation.

Abstract The training and utilization of non-professional Primary Health Care Workers (PHCW's) is currently a major strategy for meeting the minimal health needs of the four-fifths of the world's population without permanent access to care. Increasingly, however, in countries where the wealth is in the hands of the few, PHCW's are become victims of political violence. Because the implementation of the Primary Health Care Model in these Third World countries requires a major transformation of the existing socioeconomic structures, the PHCW may be knowingly or unknowingly placed in a vulnerable situation. This relates to the various functions—both latent and manifest—of the PHCW's role as well as to the way they have been trained and utilized. That PHCW's may be utilized as vehicles of a nation's overall political strategy is demonstrated by the role of the ‘barefoot’ doctors during the cultural revolution in China. In contradistinction, they may be trained and utilized as part of a government's strategy to ‘take over’ struggling liberation groups and to ‘cool out’ potentially explosive situations. In addition, they may be used as spies as may their foreign counterparts and trainers. PHCW's trained in programs which encourage health workers to participate with the community in a critical analysis of the root causes of their ill health may be subject to reprisals if, in fact, they actually participate with the community in the development and implementation of strategies designed to combat the underlying social causes of their problems. For this reason, to protect the PHCW's, a number of community-based health programs are assuming a low profile and questioning the wisdom of their ‘consciousness-raising’ educational methods. It may be, however, that any health worker who is conscientiously trying to deliver health care in the context of gross socioeconomic inequity is at risk. By the very virtue of their healing role, PHCW's derive social status and influence. Particularly within the context of civil unrest, the political forces would be sensitive to the PHCW's position in the community. Further, accessible health care within a community may result in a certain self-reliance and freedom from the social institutions which may have served to maintain the social class structure of the larger society, a situation potentially threatening to the ruling elite. Finally, by treating the ills of the system, PHCW's can be thought of as latent critics of the system. They are, therefore, vulnerable in times of conflict, not because of who they are or what they are doing, but because of what they represent.
A Curious Sequence

We call the finite sequence a0, al, a2., an curious if ai is the number of i's in the sequence for each i = 0, 1. n. For example, 1, 2, 1, 0 is a curious sequence with n = 3. The problem is to find all such sequences for any n. This is a good problem for students at almost any level since some thinking is required just to understand the definition. Solutions can be found for small values of n by simple experimentation. For larger n, good students can be challenged by writing a computer program to generate solutions. In addition to finding solutions for large values of n, very good students might be able to prove that these solutions are unique. The problem for n = 7 was in the 1978-79 Scottish Mathematical Challenge Examination and the problem for n = 10 was in the 1987-88 Wisconsin Mathematics Science and Engineering Talent Search Examination. This sequence also appears as one of a number of interesting mathematical investigations discussed in [1, pages 23-34]. Before giving a general solution, we note two properties of curious sequences. If s = En oai and w = En oiai (w for weighted sum), then both s and w equal n + 1. That is, s and w are just two different ways of counting how many elements there are in the sequence and thus they both equal n + 1.
A damped wave equation for groundwater flow

Abstract A linear hyperbolic groundwater model (a damped wave equation) based on the unsteady Darcy equation is developed for pressure waves in a saturated, porous medium. The field equations in this formulation include the time-dependent fluid flux which is characterized by a small parameter referred to as the relaxation time. The equations are solved analytically by standard integral transform techniques. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the behavior of the analytical solution. After an initial start-up time, the damped wave equation problem reduces to the classical diffusive problem. The motivation for using the hyperbolic model is that it allows an estimate of the transmissivity and storativity from the long-term response and the porosity based on the lag time of the head response.
The effectiveness of sand as a filter medium.

Sand fillers were studied under a variety of conditions to determine their usefulness as a filter medium for aerosols in low-velocity air streams. Ruthenium and iodine were removed from the vapor stream from a boillng mixture containing these isotopes, and it is thought that sand may be used to filter aerosols from either dry or moist gas streams.
Gradient estimation and sheared interpolation for the cube architecture

Abstract We describe novel ways of gradient estimation and tri-linear interpolation for a real-time volume rendering system, using coherency between rays. We show simulation results that compare the proposed methods to traditional algorithms and present them in the context of Cube-3, a special-purpose architecture capable of rendering 5123 16-bit per voxel datasets at over 20 frames per second.
Propagation measurements at 3480 Mc/s over a 173-mile path

The paper presents an account of an experimental study of beyond-the horizon radio scatter propagation at a frequency of 3480 Mc/s over a path of 173 statute miles between Start Point and Wembley. Details of the path and brief details of the transmitting, receiving and recording equipment are given. Propagation data, collected from May, 1956, to April, 1957, are presented. The performance of the link is measured by the hourly median transmission loss, L, defined as the ratio, expressed in decibels, of the power transmitted to that received. The diurnal and seasonal variations in L are discussed. The distribution of the amplitude of the received signal within a period of an hour is used to investigate the characteristic rapid fading of the scattered signal. Some attempt has been made to associate variations in L with general trends in the weather. Experimental estimates of the aerial coupling loss are given and compared with various theoretical predictions. Preliminary measurements on double diversity, using aerials which can be separated in the vertical direction by distances varying from 9 to 17 ft, are reported. The effects produced by aircraft flying through the beam are discussed, and a series of tests in which a naval aircraft flew both along and transversely across the transmission path are described.
Does Dixon's Integrative Environmental Health Model Inform an Understanding of Rural Parents' Perceptions of Local Environmental Health Risks?

A qualitative study of parents' perceptions of local environmental health risks was conducted to assess the fit between concepts from Dixon's Integrative Environmental Health Model (DIEH model) and field-generated data. This research was part of a prospective study addressing environmental exposures of rural low-income children. Home visit data from 11 parents were analyzed (1) thematically and (2) according to DIEH concepts. These complementary analyses allowed the researchers to examine perceptions that were congruent with or diverged from the DIEH model. Findings revealed that participants were concerned about children's exposure to pathogenic molds and cigarette smoke and felt uninformed about risks and prevention strategies. Barriers to preventive actions included families' lack of time and a disinterest in brochures. Participants reported being "stuck" in substandard housing by poverty and family demands. They expressed concern about risks, but were unsure "what to worry about." Results provided the researchers with confidence that the DIEH model aligned with participants' cognitive constructions of risk. As a result, the DIEH model was incorporated into the conceptualization for the clinical trial phase of the study. This type of check between a theoretical approach and field data can be a helpful intermediate step for researchers involved in multiyear studies.
Fluorescent marker for direct detection of specific dsDNA sequences.

We have created a fluorescent marker using a mutant EcoRI restriction endonuclease (K249C) that enables prolonged, direct visualization of specific sequences on genomic lengths of double-stranded (ds) DNA. The marker consists of a biotinylated enzyme, attached through the biotin-avidin interaction to a fluorescent nanosphere. Control over biotin position with respect to the enzyme’s binding pocket is achieved by biotinylating the mutant EcoRI at the mutation site. Biotinylated enzyme is incubated with dsDNA and NeutrAvidin-coated, fluorescent nanospheres under conditions that allow enzyme binding but prevent cleavage. Marker-laden DNA is then fluorescently stained and stretched on polylysine-coated glass slides so that the positions of the bound markers along individual DNA molecules can be measured. We demonstrate the marker’s ability to bind specifically to its target sequence using both bulk gel-shift assays and single-molecule methods.
Hypercalcemia Caused by Metastatic Adamantinoma: Response to Radiotherapy

Purpose. To describe successful palliation of a patient with metastatic adamantinoma presenting with lung metastases and hypercalcemia resulting from a parathormone-like substance released from the tumor.Methods and materials. The records of a patient with a history of a tibial adamantinoma who presented with symptoms of hypercalcemia 20 years after the original surgery, as well as the literature concerning hypercalcemia and adamantinoma were reviewed and summarized.Results. After thorough review of the literature we found no prior reports of radiation being used for palliation of hypercalcemia associated with metastatic adamantinoma.We report rapid improvement in symptoms and normalization of serum calcium levels following a course of radiation therapy. The patient remains asymptomatic 15 months following radiotherapy despite a gradual return of elevated serum calcium levels.Discussion. Radiation therapy should be considered as a palliative option for patients who are not surgical candidates presenting with medically refractory hypercalcemia.
Failure modes of Na-beta alumina

Abstract Degradation of sodium-beta aluminas can take two forms: Mode I and Mode II. Mode I is the well-documented electro-mechanical propagation of a pre-existing microcrack in the surface of the elevtrolyte. The critical electrode current densities, j crit , were determined below 100°C using acoustic emission detection during electrolysis. The temperature dependence and magnitudes of j indicate that the applied voltage is an important factor. Mode II, a degradation involving internal sodium formation is briefly reviewed.
Contact lenses and the rate of evaporation measured in vitro; the influence of wear, squalene and wax

Accelerated evaporation of tears may contribute to dry eye symptoms. It is not clear whether contact lenses decrease or increase the rate of evaporation of tears. In this study, the rates of evaporation through contact lenses (ERTCL) were measured in vitro to gain insight to this question. Contact lenses were equilibrated with various solutions to determine if they influenced ERTCL in vitro. ERTCL was measured gravimetrically. ERTCL measured in vitro for used contact lenses was about 20% faster than for buffer alone suggesting that natural tear components bound to the lenses changed the ERTCL. One natural tear component that binds to contact lenses is waxes. Equilibration of contact lenses with wax increased the ERTCL by about 30% suggesting that waxes might potentially increase ERTCL in vivo. Squalene, found in sebum and possibly meibum was infused into the contact lenses as a step toward decreasing the ERTCL. Squalene decreased ERTCL by over 60% in vitro. Soaking a contact lens in DuraSite(®) with benzalkonium chloride (BAK) did not alter the ERTCL. ERTCL were about 40% higher than the evaporation rate of DuraSite(®) alone or without BAK. In addition to lowering the ERTCL, the squalene in contact lenses could be a source of terpenoids to replace the terpenoids deficient in patients with MGD. If the ERTCL could be minimized in vivo, contact lenses could potentially be used to relieve dry eye symptoms in patients with evaporative dry eye.
Capsule Commentary on Weinstock et al., Weight loss success in metabolic syndrome by telephone interventions: results from the SHINE Study.

Weinstock et al. report the results of a primary care-based weight loss intervention. Participants received counseling by telephone, either individually or in groups.1 Differences in weight change between the two groups were not significant at year one, but were by year two. At least one other trial has tested the efficacy of group-based telephone counseling.2 In that study, a proprietary group-based program using liquid meal replacements and portion-controlled entrees was as effective when delivered via telephone as it was in-person. The trial by Weinstock et al. provides more evidence that group-based telephone interventions can be effective. The current study also confirms the results of a trial in which group interventions were more effective than individual interventions for weight loss, even when the participant preferred individual counseling.3 The major question that remains is how these interventions can be disseminated into routine medical practice to improve care for patients. Currently, reimbursement for non-surgical treatment of obesity remains a major barrier to dissemination of obesity treatment.4 Few health systems have figured out how to reimburse their clinicians and staff for time spent outside of a face-to-face visit. For example, the new Medicare benefit for Intensive Behavioral Therapy (IBT) for obesity mandates that the visits be done in the office.5 Outside of a clinical trial, clinicians practicing in smaller practices may be less likely to have the resources to conduct telephone counseling, as compared to clinicians practicing in larger accountable care organizations. A second concern related to dissemination is the 2 days of training that were required to implement the intervention. Two days is a substantial amount of time in a busy primary care practice. Practices could choose to focus on tobacco cessation, medication adherence, or behavioral health issues other than obesity treatment. The trial by Weinstock and colleagues is an excellent example of how we could improve the reach of intensive weight loss counseling. To achieve the goals of offering intensive therapy to every obese patient [as is recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)], changes in the structure of our health system and in reimbursement will be needed.
Evolution of crystallinity of GaN layers grown at low temperature on sapphire with dimethylhydrazine and triethylgallium

Abstract The crystallinity of GaN layers grown at low temperature by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire using dimethylhydrazine and triethylgallium has been studied with Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The layers were grown in the temperature range from 520°C to 660°C. Amorphous, possibly non-stoichiometric Ga-rich layers were produced below 560°C. Smooth layers of crystalline GaN with a disordered structure were produced between 560°C and 600°C. Rough but crystalline layers were produced at higher temperatures. The minimum temperature for production of crystalline layers occurs at about 580°C.
The guanidination of some biologically active proteins

Abstract 1. 1. The guanidination of pituitary growth and lactogenic hormones and of lysozyme has been described. In all three instances guanidination has had no effect on the biological activity of the proteins. 2. 2. On the other hand, in confirmation of earlier results, acetylation of all three proteins was found to lead to inactivation; however, acetylation of the guanidinated derivatives does not result in inactivation. 3. 3. Since it has been shown that only the e-amino groups are guanidinated, the results have been interpreted as indicating that the α-amino groups of these proteins are not necessary for biological activity. For maintenance of the activity, what is essential is conservation of the positive charge on the lysine side chain, independent of whether this charge results from the presence of an e-amino or a guanidino group. 4. 4. The results of preliminary data on the guanidination of insulin, α-corticotropin and ribonuclease have been presented. 5. 5. Some possible uses for the guanidinated-derivatives have been suggested.
Aspects of amino acid metabolism and nutrition in the ectoparasitoid wasp, Exeristes roborator.

Abstract Exeristes roborator contains a wide variety of free amino acids, and the composition of all developmental stages was quantitatively dominated by proline and glutamic acid. The latter occurred together with lesser amounts of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, and histidine which varied between developmental stages. Minor and trace amounts of most other commonly occurring amino acids were also found. The percentages or relative amounts of major constituents were not influenced when the parasite was reared on the alternate hosts, Pectinophora gossypiella and Gnorimoschema operculella . Likewise, the major characteristics of the latter hosts' free amino compositions could not be accounted for, in either case, by their diets. Differences in the relative distribution of the major amino acids between the developmental stages of E. roborator indicate large decreases in the percentage of proline occur during development from the larval to the adult stage with corresponding increases in the percentages of glycine in the pupal stage and alanine as well as other amino acids in the adult stage. The results suggest that proline may play an important role in E. roborator , probably as an energy reserve. The amino acid compositions of the total proteins of E. roborator and its hosts were similar and all quantitatively dominated by glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and amides. However, the disk gel electropherograms of the proteins of both hosts and parasite were different. Quantitative changes were evident in the protein pattern of the parasite when reared on the alternate hosts. E. roborator incorporated radioactivity from 14 C(U)-glucose into the amino acids, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, alanine, and proline. Furthermore, 14 C(U)-glutamic acid was incorporated into a wide variety of proteins. The data suggest that the above amino acids may be non-essential dietary components for E. roborator . However, quantitative determinations indicate that the amount of glutamic acid synthesized does not account for the amount incorporated into protein over the same time period.
Complement Inhibition Keeps Mothers Calm and Avoids Fetal Rejection

The paternal antigens presented by the fetus could be considered foreign by the mother's immune system and elicit an immune response. Here we show that the complement system functions as an effector in fetal rejection in two different mouse models of pregnancy loss. In a mouse model of fetal loss and growth restriction (IUGR) induced by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), we found that complement activation is a crucial and early mediator of pregnancy loss. We demonstrated that C5a-C5aR interaction and neutrophils are key mediators of fetal injury. We identified tissue factor (TF) as a critical intermediate that, acting downstream of C5 activation, enhances neutrophil activity and trophoblast injury. In an antibody-independent mouse model of spontaneous miscarriage and IUGR (CBAxDBA) we also identified C5a as an essential mediator. Complement activation caused dysregulation of the angiogenic factors (deficiency of free vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and elevated levels of soluble VEGF receptor 1) required for normal placental development. Inhibition of complement activation prevented angiogenesis failure and rescued pregnancies. Our studies in antibody-dependent and antibody-independent models of pregnancy complications identified complement activation as the crucial mediator of damage and will allow development of new interventions to prevent pregnancy loss and IUGR.
Characterization of Off-Axis Laminates Made by Folding

Some folding techniques were established for fabricating off-axis balanced plies, [±O], of a laminate. In this research, the folding technique is applied to make the [±O/∓O]s family of laminates. The modulus and strength of the folded laminates are characterized and compared to the conventional laminates made by cutting. Both the tension and com pression tests show that the folded laminates are significantly stiffer and stronger than the conventional laminates. These folded laminates can be used to characterize the structures that have no free edges.
Women with intellectual disability in secure settings and their mental health needs

Purpose – This article aims to describe the development of secure services for women with intellectual disability in the UK and to outline what is known about their mental health needs.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a general review which is based on what is known historically about the subject, findings from the current literature and the author's own personal knowledge of these specialist services.Findings – Secure services for women with intellectual disability have developed out of mainstream forensic and learning disability services.Originality/value – Although there is a reasonable body of literature on offending in the intellectually disabled population as a whole, little of this is specific to women. Despite this, the evidence there is suggests that women continue to require secure services and that they have significant mental health needs.
Mass alienation under state socialism and after

Abstract This paper examines the development and endurance of mass alienation under state socialism and its aftermath. It argues that mass alienation was originally a reaction to the defects of the state socialist system, and later developed into a pattern of behavior that is harder to transform than the political and economic institutions that created it. Moreover, the paper argues that although widespread mass alienation may either help the opposition movement to achieve the establishment of a democratic political system or considerably erode the governing ability of the regime, it does not help to create a normal market system, nor does it help to create stable democratic institutions. In most cases, the most likely scenario is a period of “corrupt markets” and “unstable democracy.”
Preparation and properties of iron-doped II-VI chalcogenides

Abstract Semimagnetic semiconductors are a class of doped II–VI compounds which are of interest in the study of magnetic interactions. Samples of iron-doped ZnS, ZnSe, and CdS were prepared by the direct combination of the elements. Magnetic measurements indicate that the antiferromagnetic interactions of the iron in the zinc systems are greater than those observed in the cadmium chalcogenides. Single crystals of iron-doped zinc chalcogenides were grown by chemical vapor transport. Their IR transmission was measured and the iron concentration for maximum hardness was determined.
A note on a consistent quasigeostrophic model in a multiply connected domain

Abstract The familiar quasigeostrophic equations are reconsidered to consistently include forcing and diffusive processes, as well as auxiliary conditions for making the model a fully determined one in both simply and multiply connected domains. In particular, Newtonian diffusions of momentum in the vertical direction and buoyancy in the horizontal must be excluded. The auxiliary conditions are such as to prevent spurious energy and mass fluxes through the boundaries and to assure the correct circulation magnitudes about interior obstacles (i.e., “islands”). Several examples of consistent model equations are presented where the vertical discretization is explicit.
Electron microscopic observations on multiple polyoma virus-related particles

Abstract Isopycnic banding of small-plaque polyoma virus in CsCl produced four bands at densities 1.28, 1.29, 1.33, and 1.34. Examination of these fractions in the electron microscope revealed the upper band to consist of 48 mμ shells incompletely filled with PTA. These were interpreted as being 48 mμ shells with an internal 38 mμ shell. The second band consisted of three sizes of separated, capsomered shells 48, 38, and 22 mμ in diameter which are believed to consist of 72, 32, and 12 “capsomeres”, respectively. The lower two bands were not morphologically different, consisting of complete virus particles. A 26 mμ shell of DNA was shown in complete particles by uranyl acetate staining, and a 38 mμ capsomere shell was demonstrated in situ between the 26 mμ DNA shell and a ring of residual stain between the 48 and 38 mμ shells. These observations suggest that the polyoma virus may be constructed (from interior to exterior) of a 22 mμ shell of capsomeres, a thin shell of DNA, a 38 mμ shell of capsomeres and a 48 mμ protein shell. A fifth layer of phospholipid covers some particles to a diameter of about 60 mμ A similar picture of three sizes of spherical particles was seen with SV40 virus. Filamentous, capsomered forms were found in large number only in KBr “cushion” fractions; apparently filaments were destroyed by CsCl. Filaments also occurred in three general sizes, 22, 38, and 48 mμ Possible roles of filamentous forms in virus replication are discussed.
A comparison of data produced by different behavioral assessment techniques with implications for models of social-skills inadequacy∗☆

Abstract Fifty undergraduates participated in four behavioral assessment techniques (role-playing, interviews, questionnaires and self-ratings) in each of three heterosocial situations (relationship initiation, maintenance and termination). Assessment techniques in which the S s evaluated themselves (questionnaires and self-ratings) produced significantly poorer ratings of social skills than assessment techniques in which experimenters evaluated the S s (interviews and role-playing). Ratings differed not only by assessment techniques, but also by social situation. The differences between self- and other-evaluations was not due to the skill level of the S s, medium of observation or to different external standards. The implications are discussed for choices of assessment techniques in clinical practice and in research. A second portion of this study lent support to the social-skills deficit and physical attractiveness models of social inadequacy. Socially-unskilled S s tended to be less attractive than their skilled counterparts. They were not able to improve their role-playing performance in any notable manner, even when instructed to do so, although they accurately evaluated the social skills of others and did not evaluate their own skills more negatively than did more skilled persons.
Efficiency of antibiotics in supplementing the growth effect of beta carotene in vitamin A-depleted rats.

SummaryThe capacity of some antibiotics to stimulate additional growth in rats receiving a sub-optimum intake of Vit. A (as beta carotene) has been determined. The additional growth response obtained under the conditions of these studies ranged from essentially no additional growth when sodium acrylate or streptomycin was used to a 44% increase when tetracycline HCl was incorporated into the Vit. A-deficient diet. While relationship of structure of the antibiotic to growth-stimulating capacity was not fully apparent, the tetracyclines as a group appeared to be the most effective in this respect. This may have been related to the specific level of antibiotic feeding in that the 1 g/kg level had been found previously to be optimum when chlortetracycline was fed. This may not have been true for other antibiotics. The mode of action of certain antibiotics in the economy of Vit. A and beta carotene metabolism is being studied.
Temperature-mediated sex pheromone production and response of the American cockroach

Abstract Temperature affects the production of and response to sex pheromone by the American cockroach. Female sex-pheromone production is directly related to acclimation temperature and rapidly decreases 1 week after acclimation to lower temperatures. Production decreases slightly between weeks 1 and 2 and remains constant thereafter. Phermone-release rates are not affected by substrate temperature. Male response to a 1 ♀-equivalent hr pheromone dose is also temperature dependent. Maximal response was obtained at 26.7°C. Acclimated males were able to perceive pheromone (EAG technique) and capable of movement at lower temperatures (10°C), suggesting central nervous system inhibition.
Disputing the effects of championship pressures and home audiences.

New data led B. R. Schlenker, S. T. Phillips, K. A. Boniecki, and D. R. Schlenker (1995) to question whether home teams perform unusually badly (choke) when on the verge of winning a championship. Despite the new data, their main findings did not differ significantly from previous work that supported the «home-choke» hypothesis; they merely found that the erect dropped below significance. Their new data were confounded by a rule change favoring home teams. Their analysis omitted many games in which home teams apparently choked and lost. Also, their null findings did not justify strong conclusions. On the positive side, their new data on timing of errors did shed new light on and suggest modifications of previous theory. Implications regarding archival research are discussed
Comparative Efficacy and Potency of Long-Term Therapy with Glipizide or Glyburide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Long-term studies on the comparative efficacy and relative potency of glipizide and glyburide are sparse and controversial. Methods: In a randomized prospective trial, we compared the effectiveness and relative potency of glipizide and glyburide over a 15-month period in 18 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) (9 on glyburide and 9 on glipizide) who were unresponsive to diet therapy. Glycemic control was assessed using 4 methods: 1) quarterly fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose after a standard breakfast; 2) insulin and glucose response to Sustacal (test meal) challenge every 3 to 6 months; 3) quarterly hemoglobin Ale; and 4) intravenous glucose tolerance testing every 6 months to measure first and second phase insulin secretion. Patient characteristics were similar in each treatment group. Results: Similar doses of glipizide (11 mglday) or glyburide (10 mglday) resulted in comparable reduction of FPG and hemoglobin Ale and increase in first phase insulin response to intravenous glucose tolerance testing. There was greater reduction in FPG and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose with glipizide than with glyburide in 6 months. Contrary to the Physicians’ Desk Reference, but consistent with another short-term study, our long-term study demonstrated that glipizide and glyburide are equipotent at similar doses in controlling hyperglycemia in DM2. Conclusions: Glipizide and glyburide are effective in controlling hyperglycemia with similar doses in DM2. Glipizide exhibits greater reduction in FPG and 2PPG at 6 months. Additional studies are needed to validate equipotency of these drugs.
Subcellular fractionation studies related to the processing of neurosecretory proteins in Aplysia neurons

— Neurosecretory cells (bag cells and R3–14 neurons) in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica were ‘pulse-chased’ in [3H]leucine and comparisons of the labeled protein profiles from the total cell homogenate versus a crude ‘neurosecretory granule’ fraction on acid-urea polyacrylamide gels were made, The data provides indirect support for the hypothesis that some of the post-translational processing of the neurosecretory proteins occurs intragranularly (Lohet al, 1975). In the case of the Bag cells the initial processing of the 29,000 daltons precursor appears to occur extragranularly, possibly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae.
A Latent Markov Model Approach to the Estimation of Response Errors in Multiwave Panel Data

Abstract When direct measures of response error are not available in multiwave panel data, latent Markov chain models can provide a useful framework for analysis of response errors. These models permit the estimation of real change and response error even when the observations are widely spaced. This methodology is illustrated with Social Security Administration panel data from the years 1971, 1972, and 1974 (see Frohlich 1975 and Social Security Administration 1979a,b) on self-reported disability status. The model shows much less real change than that indicated from inspection of raw turnover tables. Direct estimates of measurement error from a later survey (1978) give a proximate confirmation of the model results.
Evidence of trapped-particle modes in low-β plasmas

Abstract It is proposed that fluctuations observed in multipole configurations are experimental evidence of ‘trapped-particle modes’ having the proper phase velocity, frequency and topology, and that these provide a mechanism for anomalous particle loss in conditions where fluctuations are absent.
Analysis of a new class of pulse-frequency modulated feedback systems

A new class of pulse-frequency modulated systems is presented in this paper. These systems referred to here as \SigmaPFM have many advantages over previously used schemes such as integral PFM. Most significant advantages are improved stability and simpler physical implementation of the modulator. The major part of this paper is concerned with the study of sustained oscillations using a specially developed quasi-describing function. One important feature of these kinds of PFM systems is that they often present a limit annulus and not a limit cycle, a feature which is common in most nonlinear discrete feedback systems. A few examples with experimental verification are presented and the limitations of the method are discussed.
Can advertising copy make FSI coupons more effective

Packaged goods manufacturers distribute cents-off coupons in freestanding inserts (FSIs) in newspapers. Free-standing insert coupons are typically composed of two parts: the coupon per se and a pri...
Spectral Representation for a Class of Non-Gaussian Processes

A new model is developed for non-Gaussian processes. The model is based on the spectral representation theorem for weakly stationary processes, can match the second moment properties and several higher order moments of any non-Gaussian process, and consists of a superposition of harmonics with uncorrelated but dependent random amplitudes. The calibration of the model to a target non-Gaussian process may require iterations. The Ito⁁ formula is used to calculate higher-order moments of the proposed model. These moments can be used to tune the model such that it matches some of the higher-order moments of a target non-Gaussian process in addition to its second-moment properties. The proposed model is useful for both Monte Carlo simulation and analytical studies on the response of linear and nonlinear systems to non-Gaussian noise. Examples are presented to illustrate the use of the proposed model.
Synthesis of chlorinated rubber with acrylate and carboxylic acid functionalities

Abstract A novel method to synthesize chlorinated rubber possessing both acrylate and carboxylic acid functionalities (CRACA) has been developed. CRACA was synthesized via the reaction of 2-hydroxyethylacrylate and chlorinated maleinized rubber, the latter being a chlorination product of maleinized rubber. Chemical characterization was accomplished via Fourier transform infrared and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, while the thermal properties of CRACA were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry.
Periodic trends in organic functionalization of group IV semiconductor surfaces.

Organic functionalization of group IV semiconductor surfaces provides a means to precisely control the interfacial properties of some of the most technologically important electronic materials in use today. The 2×1 reconstructed group IV (100) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, in particular, have a well-defined surface that allows adsorbate−surface interactions to be studied in detail. Surface dimers containing a strong σ- and weak π-bond form upon reconstruction of the group IV (100) surfaces, imparting a rich surface reactivity, which allows useful analogies to be made between reactions at the surface and those in classic organic chemistry. To date, most studies have focused on single substrates and a limited number of adsorbate functional groups. In this Account, we bring together experimental and theoretical results from several studies to investigate broader trends in thermodynamics and kinetics of organic molecules reacted with group IV (100)-2×1 surfaces. By rationalizing these trends in terms of simpl...
Treatment considerations for comminuted mandibular fractures

Abstract Purpose: We sought to assess the methods of treatment used and outcomes for a large sample of patients with comminuted fractures of the mandible. Patients and Methods: The records of all patients who were identified as having comminuted fractures of the mandible over a 10-year period with sufficient follow-up were collected and analyzed for demographic information, treatment rendered, and outcomes. Standard descriptive statistics and nonparametric statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 196 patients (167 males and 29 females) with 198 comminuted fractures met the inclusion criteria. The mandibular body was the most commonly affected region. Approximately half were sustained in altercations. Gunshot wounds created fractures that were more comminuted than other causes. The comminuted regions were treated by closed reduction and maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) in 35 fractures, open reduction with stable internal fixation in 146 fractures, and 17 were treated with external pin fixation. For those patients treated with open reduction, a single reconstruction bone plate was used in the majority of cases (114). For those patients treated open, 98 were treated using an intraoral approach and 52 were treated using an extraoral approach. The mean follow-up was 140.6 days. Complications occurred in 26 fractures (13%). The complications were malocclusion in 8 fractures and nonocclusal (ie, infection, nonunion, etc) in 18 fractures. There was a statistically significant relationship between the development of complications and the degree of fragmentation (P Conclusions: The results of this study show that, when possible, the use of open reduction and stable internal fixation is associated with a low complication rate. However, not all comminuted fractures are amenable to this treatment, and in those, alternatives such as closed reduction with MMF or the application of external pin fixation may be necessary.
Pupation Preferences of Bollworms, Tobacco Budworms, and Beet Armyworms and Impact on Mortality Resulting from Cultivation of Irrigated Cotton

Bollwonns, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budwonns, H. virescens (F.), pupated in and emerged successfully from soils that ranged from sifted to cloddy and from dry to wet. Beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), preferred cloddy soils for pupation and avoided sifted and very wet soils. Prepupae of the 3 species avoided pupation sites where temperatures were in excess of 38°C. Emergence declined as the pupae were buried in successive 2.5-cm increments from 2.5–15 cm of soil. Emergence of Heliothis moths improved if the buried pupae were in cells. Pressure from cultivation will result in high mortality of the 3 specices.
Transluminal atherectomy of saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts

Abstract Angioplasty of stenotie saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts is often unsatisfactory because of the relatively high incidence of acute complications and restenosis. During an initial evaluation of transluminal coronary atherectomy, 14 patients had atherectomy of saphenous vein graft lesions (15 grafts). Atherectomy was successful in 13 of 14 patients, decreasing the mean diameter of stenosis from 85 to 15%. in 1 patient, the lesion could not be crossed by the atherectomy device. The following 3 minor complications occurred: 1 embolus of atheromatous material; 1 air embolism; and 1 transient thrombosis leading to subendocardial myocardial Infarction. Of the 14 patients, 8 underwent anglography 4 to 6 months after atherectomy; 5 patients had restenosis and 3 had widely patent grafts. Four other patients were clinically evaluated at 3 months after atherectomy. Two were asymptomatic, 1 had class 11 angina and 1 had class III angina. Transluminal adarectomy achieved excellent immediate results with a low incidence of major complications in the treatment of stenosed saphenous vein bypass grafts. However, preliminary follow-up results suggest a high incidence of restenosis.