cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infants who have undergone cardiac surgery: what can we learn about lengths of stay in the hospital and presence of complications?

The purpose of this study was to describe a population of infants undergoing cardiac surgery at a regional tertiary medical center and the relationship between age, weight, number of other diagnoses, and length of stay in the hospital and presence of complications. Nearly two thirds of the infants in the sample ( n = 551; age, birth to 365 days) were younger than 28 days with a modal weight of 3.2 kg. There were 56 defects in the infants and 152 operative procedures studied. Fifty percent of the infants had one primary defect and were discharged in 2 to 10 days; 63.7% had no complications after surgery and were discharged in 4 to 15 days after surgery. Operative weight significantly predicted length of stay ( p = .046; R 2 = .046). Operative age ( p = .0011) and number of other diagnoses other than a child's primary defect ( p = .0099) significantly predicted presence of fatal and nonfatal complications. As the number of other diagnoses increased by one, the odds of complications increased by 28%. As operative age increased by 1 day, the odds of complications decreased by 0.63%. The findings from this study can be used as evidence to support care that nurses give to neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery. These findings provide support for integration of this information into the informed consent process.
Fundamental investigation of Si anode in Li-Ion cells

Silicon is a promising and attractive anode material to replace graphite for high capacity lithium ion cells since its theoretical capacity is ∼10 times of graphite and it is an abundant element on earth. However, there are challenges associated with using silicon as Li-ion anode due to the significant first cycle irreversible capacity loss and subsequent rapid capacity fade during cycling. In this paper, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to build a fundamental understanding of silicon anodes. The results show that it is difficult to form the SEI film on the surface of Si anode during the first cycle, the lithium ion insertion and de-insertion kinetics for Si are sluggish, and the cell internal resistance changes with the state of lithiation after electrochemical cycling. These results are compared with those for extensively studied graphite anodes. The understanding gained from this study will help to design better Si anodes.
The Critical Recognition of Sister Carrie 1900–1907

In his introductory essay to The Stature of Theodore Dreiser, Alfred Kazin has noted that the legend that Sister Carrie had been suppressed by the publisher's wife became so dear to the hearts of the rising generation of the twentieth century that ‘Mrs Doubleday became a classic character, the Carrie Nation of the American liberal epos, her ax forever lifted against “the truth of American life”’. Equally dear to the hearts of the new generation of Americans was the belief that both the puritanical publishers and the equally puritanical reviewers tried to prevent the ‘immoral’ Sister Carrie from coming before the American public. That this belief is still widely held is testified to by the recent studies of Philip L. Gerber, W. A. Swanberg, and Yoshinobu Hakutani.
Resource Utilization for Observation-Status Stays at Children’s Hospitals

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Observation status, in contrast to inpatient status, is a billing designation for hospital payment. Observation-status stays are presumed to be shorter and less resource-intensive, but utilization for pediatric observation-status stays has not been studied. The goal of this study was to describe resource utilization characteristics for patients in observation and inpatient status in a national cohort of hospitalized children in the Pediatric Health Information System. METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort from 2010 of observation- and inpatient-status stays of ≤2 days; all children were admitted from the emergency department. Costs were analyzed and described. Comparison between costs adjusting for age, severity, and length of stay were conducted by using random-effect mixed models to account for clustering of patients within hospitals. RESULTS: Observation status was assigned to 67 230 (33.3%) discharges, but its use varied across hospitals (2%–45%). Observation-status stays had total median costs of $2559, including room costs and $678 excluding room costs. Twenty-five diagnoses accounted for 74% of stays in observation status, 4 of which were used for detailed analyses: asthma ( n = 6352), viral gastroenteritis ( n = 4043), bronchiolitis ( n = 3537), and seizure ( n = 3289). On average, after risk adjustment, observation-status stays cost $260 less than inpatient-status stays for these select 4 diagnoses. Large overlaps in costs were demonstrated for both types of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Variability in use of observation status with large overlap in costs and potential lower reimbursement compared with inpatient status calls into question the utility of segmenting patients according to billing status and highlights a financial risk for institutions with a high volume of pediatric patients in observation status.
The kinetics of the brass-catalysed dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol

Abstract The dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol over a brass catalyst has been investigated in a stirred vessel reactor over the temperature range of 572 to 842°F at atmospheric pressure. The temperature range of this study extends the range of previous investigations which suggested that a dual mechanism model best characterizes the dehydrogenation from 550 to 700°F at 1 atm. It was found in the present study that a dual mechanism does appear to operate within this temperature range, and moreover that a second transition takes place at about 800°F to what is most probably the original low-temperature mechanism. Several advantages of the stirred vessel reactor are discussed.
Wegener's granulomatosis in an adolescent presenting with pachymeningitis, mastoid effusion and Horner's syndrome

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) classically affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts as well as the renal system, while central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare. We report a 17-year-old patient with WG who presented with a 2-month history of meningeal signs, left Horner's syndrome, multiple cranial neuropathies and a left middle ear effusion. MRI demonstrated left middle ear and mastoid effusions, pachymeningitis with diffuse left temporal dural enhancement, and right sinus destructive changes. In this report, we will review diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to Wegener's granulomatosis, with a particular emphasis on CNS manifestations and the adolescent population.
Effects of dietary vitamin E and synthetic antioxidants on composition and storage quality of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of natural and synthetic antioxidants in the diet on body composition and storage quality of channel catfish. An initial 12-week feeding trial in aquaria evaluated semipurified casein/gelatin diets containing two levels of vitamin E (60 or 240 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg) with (1) no synthetic antioxidant, (2) ethoxyquin (150 mg/kg), or (3) butylated hydroxytoluene (10 mg/kg) in a factorial arrangement. In a separate 10-week feeding trial, similar diets containing vitamin E at two levels (60 or 240 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg) with (1) no synthetic antioxidant, (2) butylated hydroxyanisole (10 mg/kg), or (3) Endox TM (125 mg/ kg) were evaluated. None of the antioxidants tested significantly altered growth, feed efficiency or proximate composition of whole-body and fillet tissues. Fish fed diets with 240 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg had significantly higher levels of α-tocopherol in fillet samples than did those fed 60 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, but synthetic antioxidants in the diet did not affect tissue levels of α-tocopherol. Oxidation of lipids in frozen channel catfish fillets was determined by 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis before and after 6 months at − 18 °C. Oxidative stability of fillets from catfish fed all dietary treatments was not significantly reduced during the 6-month storage period. When oxidation of the fillets was forced by flushing the samples with oxygen, TBA values were significantly reduced in samples from fish fed the higher level of vitamin E; whereas none of the synthetic antioxidants reduced oxidation. These data indicate that increasing supplemental vitamin E in the diet from 60 to 240 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg provides additional protection against lipid oxidation in fillet tissue.
Reproducibility of penile arterial colour duplex ultrasonography

Objective To assess the reproducibility of penile arterial colour duplex ultrasonography (CDU) in patients with impotence. Patients and methods Fifty-eight patients underwent CDU of their penile arteries on two occasions 2 weeks apart. Group A (n = 34) received 60 mg of papaverine intracavernosally before CDU and group B (n=24) received a combination of papaverine, prostaglandin El and phentolamine. The variables measured during CDU were peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the end diastolic velocity (EDV), with the systolic rise-time (SRT) also recorded in group B. Results In both groups of patients the reproducibility between the first and second recordings was poor for all variables. The mean variation in PSV was 31.5%, and 40.2%, and in EDV was 44.9% and 50.1%, for groups A and B, respectively. For the SRT, measured only in group B, the mean variation was 25.7%. Conclusions These results show that CDU is a poorly reproducible technique for assessing vascular status in patients with impotence. Therefore, it is not reliable in the long-term follow-up of patients and single measurements should be interpreted with caution.
The maximum entropy moment matrix with missing values

Abstract The occurrence of missing values for one or several variables has the effect of adding a ridge along the diagonal of their maximum entropy (ME) covariance matrix. This is a second ridge in addition to the usual ridge of the ME covariance matrix.
Early registration of diffusion tensor images for group tractography of dystonia patients

Purpose To make a group comparison of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) results of dystonia patients and controls to reveal occult pathology. We propose using an early registration method that produces sharper group images and enables us to do group tractography.
Herpes Virus Amplicon Vectors

Since its emergence onto the gene therapy scene nearly 25 years ago, the replication-defective Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) amplicon has gained significance as a versatile gene transfer platform due to its extensive transgene capacity, widespread cellular tropism, minimal immunogenicity, and its amenability to genetic manipulation. Herein, we detail the recent advances made with respect to the design of the HSV amplicon, its numerous in vitro and in vivo applications, and the current impediments this virus-based gene transfer platform faces as it navigates a challenging path towards future clinical testing.
Origins of childhood dental fear

This study explored Rachman's theory of fear acquisition applied to fear of the dentist in a large sample of low income American primary school children. Children and their mother/guardians were interviewed or completed questionnaires in the home about fear acquisition and related concerns. A multivariate logistic regression model was evaluated in order to explore the relationship of direct conditioning and modeling variables to fear levels. Both direct conditioning and parent modeling factors were significant independent predictors of fear level even when controlling for gender, age and other sociodemographic and attitudinal factors.
Imagery for musical timbre

Subjects made same/different judgments concerning the pitches of two successive tones. In Experiment 1, the two tones were played on either the same instrument (guitar, flute, trumpet) or on different instruments. In Experiment 2, the first tone was always a sine wave and the second was one of the same three instrumental tones. Following the sine wave, but before presentation of the second tone, people were asked to form an image of what an assigned instrument would have sounded like playing that pitch. A match between this imagined timbre of the first tone and the timbre of the second tone produced faster reaction times to identical pitches than a mismatch
New description of Io's cold plasma torus

[1] Despite more than 25 years of study of the Io plasma torus, its generation, dynamics, and even its spatial structure are still poorly understood, especially in the case of the inner, cold region of the torus. To remedy this lack, we analyzed ground-based coronagraphic images of the torus in S+ 6371 A emission. We derived cold torus properties by modeling and removing these images' inherent line-of-sight integration and atmospheric blurring, using new deconvolution techniques, obtaining high-spatial-resolution estimates of the three-dimensional (3-D) S+ distributions. From these 3-D distributions, we discovered that the cold torus is washer-shaped, with a roughly constant vertical thickness ≤0.25 Jovian radius (RJ), and a radial width that varies from 0.6 to 0.9 RJ. The cold torus is separated by a 0.1–0.2 RJ-wide low-density region, or “gap,” from the “ribbon” region which lies just outside it. The small, approximately constant washer height implies an ion parallel temperature (T∥) of ∼3 eV, compared with a ribbon T∥ that varies from about 20 to 50 eV as a function of Jovian magnetic longitude (λIII). The washer has a distinct inner edge, not seen before, whose jovicentric distance varies with λIII so as to create the variable cold torus width. Thus this inner edge is concentric with neither Jupiter nor the rest of the torus. We also confirm the existence of a tilt between the midplanes of the ribbon and cold torus, with an orientation that cannot be produced by the magnetic mirror force acting on ion temperature anisotropy. The structure and composition of the gap and cold torus are best explained by a model in which a small amount of warm S+ plasma diffuses inwards while radiatively cooling. While still warm, its distribution over a large scale height keeps its density small, forming the gap. After sufficient cooling, it collapses to the centrifugal equator, where its higher density and continued inward diffusion make it more visible as the cold torus washer. However, its low electron temperature (probably ≤ T∥) must be kept from further decline by a hitherto-unsuspected energy source that powers the observed visible wavelength radiation from the cold torus and fluctuates on timescales less than the plasma diffusion time. The formation of the abrupt cold torus inner edge might indicate the loss there of either this energy source or the plasma itself.
Hyperbolic equations with Dirichlet boundary feedback via position vector: Regularity and almost periodic stabilization--Part I

A hyperbolic equation defined on a bounded domain is considered, with input acting in theDirichlet boundary condition and expressed as a specifiedfeedback of theposition vector only. Two main results are established. First, we prove a well-posedness and regularity result of the feedback solutions. Second, we specialize our equation to the case when the original differential operator withzero boundary conditions is self-adjoint and unstable. Here, under certain natural algebraic conditions based on the finitely many unstable eigenvalues, we establish the existence ofboundary vectors, for which the corresponding feedback solutions have the same desirablestructural property of astable free system: They can be expressed as an infinite linear combination of sines and cosines (special case of almost periodicity). A cosine operator approach is employed.
Signal Control by Six Signals

In previous signal-control experiments, several types of stimuli elicited pecking when paired with peck-contingent grain. Here, we compared the effectiveness of an auditory stimulus and five visual stimuli. For 12 pigeons, the first keypeck to follow the offset of a 4-sec. signal was reinforced with grain. We examined the following signals: a tone, a white keylight, a dark keylight, a keylight that changed from white to red, houselight onset, and houselight offset. All signals acquired strong control over responding. According to one measure, percent of signals with a peck, houselight offset showed less control than the others; according to another measure, pecking rate, the white keylight showed greater control than the others. In this experiment, we found that a wide variety of stimuli can elicit strong pecking in the signal-control procedure. The present findings increase the chances that in past conditioning experiments, some keypecks thought to be due to contingencies of reinforcement were in fact el...
Novel mechanisms of estrogen action in the brain : New players in an old story

Estrogen elicits a selective enhancement of the growth and differentiation of axons and dendrites (neurites) in the developing brain. Widespread colocalization of estrogen and neurotrophin receptors (trk) within estrogen and neurotrophin targets, including neurons of the cerebral cortex, sensory ganglia, and PC12 cells, has been shown to result in differential and reciprocal transcriptional regulation of these receptors by their ligands. In addition, estrogen and neurotrophin receptor coexpression leads to convergence or cross-coupling of their signaling pathways, particularly at the level of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. 17beta-Estradiol elicits rapid (within 5-15 min) and sustained (at least 2 h) tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the MAP kinases, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1, and ERK2, which is successfully inhibited by the MAP kinase/ERK kinase 1 inhibitor PD98059, but not by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 and also does not appear to result from estradiol-induced activation of trk. Furthermore, the ability of estradiol to phosphorylate ERK persists even in ER-alpha knockout mice, implicating other estrogen receptors such as ER-beta in these actions of estradiol. The existence of an estrogen receptor-containing, multimeric complex consisting of hsp90, src, and B-Raf also suggests a direct link between the estrogen receptor and the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Collectively, these novel findings, coupled with our growing understanding of additional signaling substrates utilized by estrogen, provide alternative mechanisms for estrogen action in the developing brain which could explain not only some of the very rapid effects of estrogen, but also the ability of estrogen and neurotrophins to regulate the same broad array of cytoskeletal and growth-associated genes involved in neurite growth and differentiation. This review expands the usually restrictive view of estrogen action in the brain beyond the confines of sexual differentiation and reproductive neuroendocrine function. It considers the much broader question of estrogen as a neural growth factor with important influences on the development, survival, plasticity, regeneration, and aging of the mammalian brain and supports the view that the estrogen receptor is not only a ligand-induced transcriptional enhancer but also a mediator of rapid, nongenomic events.
Formation of Reconstituted Casein Micelles with Human β-Caseins and Bovine κ-Casein

Abstract Human β -casein (CN) is the major protein of the human milk casein fraction (∼80%) and exists in six calcium-sensitive forms, having zero to five organic phosphates per molecule. The major forms are the doubly-phosphorylated ( β -CN-2P; ∼30%) and the quadruply phosphorylated ( β -CN-4P; ∼35%) forms. Although calcium-insensitive, κ -CN is known for its role in preventing the precipitation of β -CN in the presence of Ca( +2 , but it is not known how the different levels of phosphorylation may affect this. In the present investigation, turbidity, measured at 400nm, was determined at increasing temperatures (4 up to 37°C) for solutions of β -CN-2P and β -CN-4P (3 mg/ml in 0.02 M NaCl, 0.01 M imidazole, pH 7) individually and also mixed with bovine κ -CN in 6/1 and 3/1 weight ratios of β / κ and containing 0, 5, and 10m M Ca +2 . The results indicate that the first step of micelle formation probably leads to polymers of limited size, the only complexes available to β -CN-2P under most conditions. With β -CN-4P, these polymers aggregate further to give reconstituted micelles, probably because of the ability to form crosslinks at this phosphorylation level. The formation of reconstituted micelles under various conditions of pH, Ca +2 concentration and κ -CN content indicates that both hydrophobic interactions and Ca +2 bridges or crosslinks may contribute to protein aggregation and micelle building.
Organization of the mouse RNA-specific adenosine deaminase Adar1 gene 5'-region and demonstration of STAT1-independent, STAT2-dependent transcriptional activation by interferon.

The p150 form of the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 is interferon-inducible and catalyzes A-to-I editing of viral and cellular RNAs. We have characterized mouse genomic clones containing the promoter regions required for Adar1 gene transcription and analyzed interferon induction of the p150 protein using mutant mouse cell lines. Transient transfection analyses using reporter constructs led to the identification of three promoters, one interferon-inducible (PA) and two constitutively active (PB and PC). The TATA-less PA promoter, characterized by the presence of a consensus ISRE element and a PKR kinase KCS-like element, directed interferon-inducible reporter expression in rodent and human cells. Interferon induction of p150 was impaired in mouse cells deficient in IFNAR receptor, JAK1 kinase or STAT2 but not STAT1. Whereas Adar1 gene organization involving multiple promoters and alternative exon 1 structures was highly preserved, sequences of the promoters and exon 1 structures were not well conserved between human and mouse.
Constructing optimal IP routing tables

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) populates Internet backbone routers with routes or prefixes. We present an algorithm to locally compute (without any modification to BGP) equivalent forwarding tables that provably contain the minimal number of prefixes. For large backbone routers, the Optimal Routing Table Constructor (ORTC) algorithm that we present produces routing tables with roughly 60% of the original number of prefixes. The publicly available MaeEast database with 41315 prefixes reduces to 23007 prefixes when ORTC is applied. We present performance measurements on four publicly available databases and a formal proof that ORTC does produce the optimal set of routes.
Scalable algorithms for global snapshots in distributed systems

Existing algorithms for global snapshots in distributed systems are not scalable when the underlying topology is complete. In a network with N processors, these algorithms require O(N) space and O(N) messages per processor. As a result, these algorithms are not efficient in large systems when the logical topology of the communication layer such as MPI is complete. In this paper, we propose three algorithms for global snapshot: a grid-based, a tree-based and a centralized algorithm. The grid-based algorithm uses O(N) space but only O(√N) messages per processor. The tree-based algorithm requires only O(1) space and O(logNlog w) messages per processor where w is the average number of messages in transit per processor. The centralized algorithm requires only O(1) space and O(log w) messages per processor. We also have a matching lower bound for this problem. Our algorithms have applications in checkpointing, detecting stable predicates and implementing synchronizers. We have implemented our algorithms on top of the MPI library on the Blue Gene/L supercomputer. Our experiments confirm that the proposed algorithms significantly reduce the message and space complexity of a global snapshot.
Facile Synthesis and Highly Reactive Silver Ion Adsorption of Novel Microparticles of Sulfodiphenylamine and Diaminonaphthalene Copolymers

A series of novel copolymer microparticles from 4-sulfonic diphenylamine (SDP) and 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was facilely prepared by a chemically oxidative polymerization. The structures and properties of the microparticles were systematically characterized by several important techniques. The microparticles exhibit good water resistance and high thermostability. Their electrical conductivity significantly rises after HCl doping or Ag adsorption. The Ag+ reactive adsorbability of the microparticles was optimized by carefully regulating the SDP/DAN ratio, particle size, and Ag+ solution pH. Both the introduction of SDP units into DAN polymer chains and the diminution of the particle size can effectively increase the capacity and rate of Ag+ adsorption. In particular, the Ag+ adsorbance on SDP/DAN (30/70) copolymer microparticles reaches 2.0 g g-1, which is the highest silver adsorption capacity reported thus far. A novel mechanism of Ag+ reactive adsorption on the microparticles containing a large numb...
Hand tool injuries at work: A surveillance perspective

This paper reports results of a surveillance study of work injuries caused by power and nonpower hand tools. Analyzing 129,399 case reports of hand tool injury compensation claims from the 1983 Supplementary Data System of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the authors determined that nonpower hand tool injury rates were highest in agriculture, followed by construction, mining, and retail trades. For power hand tool injury rates, the order was: construction, agriculture, manufacturing, and mining. Among nonpower hand tools, hand knives were prominent, causing large proportions of injuries to workers in the food preparation occupations and farm laborers. Power hand tool injuries were most often associated with saws, which accounted for large proportions of injuries to lumbermen, carpenters, and miscellaneous laborers. Most injuries could be described as acute trauma involving upper extremities, but musculoskeletal injuries were also documented in substantial numbers. The authors provide suggestions for focused investigations to follow the surveillance effort reported here.
Conventionalizing US and Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces

US and Russian nuclear force reductions according to the requirements of the Moscow Treaty of 2002 will be important contributions to arms race and crisis stability. In addition, the two states might consider denuclearization or “conventionalization” of one or more parts of their forces remaining in 2012. Russia and the US might equip some parts of their retaliatory “triad” of land based, sea based, and airborne launchers with conventional munitions, especially those previously held on prompt alert with nuclear warheads.
Product Volatilization as a Probe of the Physics and Chemistry of Latent Image Formation in Chemically Amplified Resists

Chemical analyses of vapors desorbing from chemically amplified resist films and kinetic analyses of deprotection, vaporization, and film densification during postexposure thermal processing provide important information on the volatilization of resist components, available decomposition pathways, and mechanistic details of image formation. We have made several types of in situ measurements to characterize imaging chemistry and physics during postexposure bake (PEB). Volatile products from the thermal and acid-catalyzed deprotection of poly(tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene) (PTBOCST) to form poly(hydroxystyrene) have been identified by mass spectrometry. The results show that two reaction pathways are present with markedly different chemistries and that the generally accepted deprotection mechanism oversimplifies what is actually happening in the film. Using infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic reflectometry, the relative rates of deprotection, product volatilization, and film densification of PTBOCST homopolymer and copolymer resists during PEB were assessed. These data rule out any significant accumulation of excess free volume or marked plasticization of the resist film during normal PEB, providing evidence against a transient enhancement in acid mobility leading to image blur mediated by these factors.
Accuracy of the Pain Numeric Rating Scale as a Screening Test in Primary Care

BACKGROUND Universal pain screening with a 0–10 pain intensity numeric rating scale (NRS) has been widely implemented in primary care.
Effects of Systemic Delivery of Insulin on Plasma Lipids and Lipoprotein Concentrations in Pancreas Transplant Recipients

Objective To determine whether pancreas transplantation alters lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and whether peripheral hyperinsulinemia is always associated with altered lipid levels. Design We assessed the lipid profiles of seven pancreas-kidney recipients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, seven kidney recipients without diabetes who received the same immunosuppressive agents, and eight normal subjects. Material and Methods In the three study groups, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, C-II, and C-III concentrations were determined. Results Fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations did not differ between the two transplant groups; however, peripheral insulin concentrations were twice as high ( P P Conclusion Despite peripheral hyperinsulinemia, pancreas transplantation can result in normal or near-normal lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Thus, systemic delivery of insulin does not invariably produce an atherogenic lipid profile.
On the invariant measure for the Yang-Mills configuration space in (3+1) dimensions

Abstract We consider a gauge-invariant Hamiltonian analysis for Yang–Mills theories in three spatial dimensions. The gauge potentials are parametrized in terms of a matrix variable which facilitates the elimination of the gauge degrees of freedom. We develop an approximate calculation of the volume element on the gauge-invariant configuration space. We also make a rough estimate of the ratio of 0 ++ glueball mass and the square root of string tension by comparison with (2+1)-dimensional Yang–Mills theory.
Lidar atmospheric sounder and altimetry for the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite

The NASA Space Station Program includes development of a polar orbiting platform as part of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Program. A lidar facility is in turn being developed for the EOS polar platforms to make atmospheric science measurements utilizing techniques of laser atmospheric backscatter (optical radar), Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) and altimetry. The science for this facility has been developed by the Lidar Atmospheric Sounder and Altimetry (LASA) panel for the Earth Observing System and will be addressed in an Announcement of Opportunity which will be released early in 1988 to solicit science proposals and experiment proposals for the EOS missions.
A Logical Use for Atoms

It is increasingly more difficult and costly to continue to shrink silicon chip components. Moore's law, which describes such progress, is running into serious trouble. Technologists have been seeking out alternative architectures for computation. Some have even pondered the possibility of shrinking the components to the ultimate end of any roadmap—to the scale of atoms. On page 1062 of this issue, Khajetoorians et al. present such a radical leap forward ( 1 ) by demonstrating spin-based logic operation in chains of magnetic atoms on a surface.
Further evidence for ClockΔ19 mice as a model for bipolar disorder mania using cross-species tests of exploration and sensorimotor gating

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a pervasive neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression. The switch between mania and depression may reflect seasonal changes and certainly can be affected by alterations in sleep and circadian control. The circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) protein is a key component of the cellular circadian clock. Mutation of the Clock gene encoding this protein in ClockΔ19 mutant mice leads to behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of BD mania. To date, however, these mice have not been assessed in behavioral paradigms that have cross-species translational validity. In the present studies of ClockΔ19 and wildtype (WT) littermate mice, we quantified exploratory behavior and sensorimotor gating, which are abnormal in BD manic patients. We also examined the saccharin preference of these mice and their circadian control in different photoperiods. ClockΔ19 mice exhibited behavioral alterations that are consistent with BD manic patients tested in comparable tasks, including hyperactivity, increased specific exploration, and reduced sensorimotor gating. Moreover, compared to WT mice, ClockΔ19 mice exhibited a greater preference for sweetened solutions and greater sensitivity to altered photoperiod. In contrast with BD manic patients however, ClockΔ19 mice exhibited more circumscribed movements during exploration. Future studies will extend the characterization of these mice in measures with cross-species translational relevance to human testing.
The design and realization of a high mobility biomimetic quadrupedal robot

Legged robots have made significant strides in facing challenging tasks including navigating rough terrain with the help of energy conserving techniques. This paper describes the detailed design considerations and realization of Sabertooth, a high mobility biomimetic quadrupedal robot. Each leg of Sabertooth has three active degrees of freedom with the bottom two links employing a spring system to allow for compliance and power recovery. Sabertooth has two notable biomimetic features including a passive two degree of freedom spine and a fully compliant ankle system. The front and back ankles are designed differently to mimic a quadrupedal animals power and stability legs. The full system integrates an array of sensors including an inertial measurement unit, laser range finder, camera, and multiple potentiometers. The computing power is split between an onboard FPGA and netbook computer.
Review: Atmospheric deposition and plant assimilation of gases and particles

Abstract This review and workshop summary examines the interactions of airborne materials with environmental surfaces, particularly vegetative canopies. Key objectives were to: (1) review and describe physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants in the air surrounding various receptors; (2) determine if existing concepts and information describe adequately the transfer of material from the atmosphere to the receptors; (3) assess existing capability for predicting the consequences of interactions between atmospheric substances and vegetation and (4) determine information needs regarding environmental conditions and mechanisms regulating deposition and uptake of airborne substances by vegetation. Although the workshop findings have been updated using the recent literature, nearly all of the original conclusions remain valid and pertinent.
The pit-craters and pit-crater-filling lavas of Masaya volcano

Lava flowing into a pit crater will become entrapped to form an inactive lava lake. At Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) pit filling lavas are exposed in the walls of Nindiri, Santiago and San Pedro pits. Mapping of these lavas shows that fill can involve emplacement of both ’a’a and pahoehoe, with single fill units ranging in thickness from 2 to 22 m. Thick units with columnar joints were emplaced as simple inactive lava lakes during high effusion rate episodes. Sequences of thinner units, which can form pit floor shields or compound lakes, were emplaced at lower effusion rates. Lava withdrawal caused unsupported sections of three 20-m-thick units to subside, resulting in unit flexure and faulting, and viscous peeling features reveal that subsidence occurred while at least one unit was still partially molten. Where withdrawal has not occurred, fill sequences are flat lying and symmetrically distributed around the feeder structures (cinder cones and dykes). The filled Nindiri pit holds 5 × 107 m3 of lava in a 215-m-thick sequence. Partial fill of Santiago pit with 1 × 107 m3 of lava has filled the pit with a 110-m-thick lava sequence, of which ∼50% has been consumed by formation of a secondary pit. Altogether, 6.4 × 107 m3 of lava was erupted into Nindiri and Santiago during 1525–1965, with 94% of this volume remaining pit-contained; the remainder forms a north flank lava flow field. Pit development and filling is a dynamic and ephemeral process, having short-lived effects on volcano morphology, where pits develop and fill over hours-to-centuries. However, pits play an important role in shaping an edifice, representing lava sinks and controlling whether lavas are trapped or able to spread onto the flanks.
Flavonol Glycosides in Cranberries

SUMMARY The yellow flavonol glycosides were isolated from cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait.) and identified by chromatographic, chemical, and spectral studies. The major pigment was quercetin-3-galactoside, followed by quercetin-3-hamnoside, quercetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin, myri-cetin-3.arabinoside, and myricetin-3-digalactoside.
Molecular carcinogenesis of prostate cancer: Potential clinical relevance and nursing implications

Objectives: Describe the current state of knowledge on the molecular basis of prostate carcinogenesis, potential clinical relevance of findings, and nursing implications. Data sources: Published research articles, clinical summaries, proceedings of conferences, and personal communication with investigators. Conclusion: The understanding of the molecular basis of prostate cancer lags behind that of other common solid tumors. Until recently, much research was reliant on cell line and animal data. Epidemiologic studies, a recently recognized hereditary variant, and cytogenetic analysis of human prostate tissue have provided insight into prostate carcinogenesis. Like other cancers, prostate cancer results from combined somatic and genetic mutations, gene activations, and interplay of genetic and environmental factors. To date, the most consistent changes are those of allelic loss events with the majority of tumors examined showing loss of alleles from at least one chromosomal arm. No specific genes have yet been identified. Clinical applications of these findings are still in developmental stages or early stages of clinical trials. Implications for nursing practice: An understanding of the molecular basis of cancer is requisite to the provision of up-to-date patient education and to understanding newly developing diagnostic, treatment, and preventive strategies.
Experimental study on the effect of ventilation on the burning of piles of solid fuels

Abstract The rate of burning (pyrolysis) of cribs of wood and non-dripping synthetic polymers has been studied at various levels of forced ventilation. It has been found that the burning of non-charring fuels is virtually unaffected by the ventilation level, whereas charring materials burn faster up to a maximum as the flow rate of air increases.
Ultrasonic Imaging of Micro-Leaks and Seal Contamination in Flexible Food Packages by the Pulse-Echo Technique

Reliable inspection of flexible food packages for micro-leaks and product contamination in the seal area is needed to prevent spoilage and safety hazard. Nondestructive testing by the ultrasonic imaging method, Backscattered Amplitude Integral (BAI), was evaluated for use in defect detection. Channel defects (6-15 μm in diameter) and simulated food strands (20-60 μm dia) perpendicular to the sealing direction were fabricated within the seal region of both all-plastic and foil-containing retortable pouches. Results showed that 17.3-MHz pulse-echo BAI-imaging detected channel defects (9.5-15 μm) and all strand-inclusion defects in both types of package materials.
Microstructure and thermal oxidation behavior of yttria-stabilized hafnia nanostructured coatings deposited on alumina

Abstract Nanostructured yttria-stabilized hafnia (YSH) coatings were grown on α-Al 2 O 3 substrates with variable coating thickness in a wide range of ~ 50 nm to 1 μm. Microstructure and thermal oxidation behavior of the grown YSH coatings were studied employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and isothermal furnace oxidation testing. The effect of coating thickness on the crystal structure, surface/interface morphology and thermal oxidation was investigated. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the formation of monoclinic phase for relatively thin coatings (
A prototype knowledge-based system (KBS) for selection of inventory control policies

Abstract In a previous paper Parlar presents an expert system for advising on the selection of production/inventory models. A deficiency of this system is that the user must review the reference literature to locate the corresponding inventory control policy. This paper presents a prototype expert system where the knowledge base contains the control policy equations for reorder level (L), reorder quantity (Q) and total system cost (TC). Moreover, after identifying the inventory control policy equations, the expert system then shells to an external computer program to numerically solve the model that the rules select. It is believed that the output of more precise information to the user will lead to more accurate usage of inventory models.
Multiple Perspectives on Assault: The 360-Degree Interview

Workplace violence is common in health care settings. The authors review various models of this violence that have developed over time. From a linear model, understanding progressed to an interacti...
PERSISTENT RIGHT SINUS VENOSUS VALVE PRODUCING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION

A 12-year-old girl presented with exercise intolerance. Spinnaker formation of a persistent right sinus venosus valve produced right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The heart was otherwise normal, and surgical correction was successful.
Unintended Consequences of State and Federal Antidiscrimination and Family Medical Leave Legislation on the Employment Rates of Persons With Disabilities

Although some writers have suggested that the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), contrary to its intent, was responsible for a decline in employment for persons with disabilities, there is litt...
The stability of parental bonding reports: a 20-year follow-up.

Background Addressing the long-term reliability of retrospectively assessed parenting is underscored by the well-documented association between parenting behaviors, and mood disorders in offspring. The rarity of longitudinal research with follow-up periods exceeding 10 years creates a need for additional studies.
Landscapes of Cultivation in Mesoamerica on the Eve of the Conquest

Abstract Pre-Columbian Amerindian agriculturalists developed technologies and management practices with which to crop a wide range of ecological conditions, giving rise to a multiplicity of cultivated landscapes. This variety was particularly evident in Mesoamerica, where agricultural practices ranged from swiddening to multicropped, hydraulically transformed wetlands. Here we explore these indigenous cultivated landscapes as they existed about the time of the Columbian Encounter. We illustrate them through the examination of three transects approximating the courses of the initial Spanish entradas through this diverse region: the first extends from the Gulf coast to central Mexico; the second traverses the Yucatan peninsula from north to south; and the third climbs into highland Guatemala from the Pacific coastal plain. Second, we broadly sketch the major changes that took place in these landscapes during the first phase of Spanish domination and some of the forces that shaped these changes. Three proces...
Ad.interferon beta is effective in a murine orthotopic model of bronchioloalveolar lung cancer via NK cell and CD8+ T-cell mediated effects

RESULTS: Untreated tumor-bearing mice (n 8) all died by day 57 (median survival 49 days). Ad.LacZ treated mice (n 8) all died by day 71 (median survival 65 days). All mice treated with Ad.IFNB(n 8) were long term survivors ( 120 days)(p 0.001). This experiment was repeated with virtually identical results. In vitro and flank tumor studies demonstrated that Ad.IFN-B induced direct tumor cell killing and that depleting natural killer(NK) or CD 8 T cells, but not CD 4 T cells, with antibodies attenuated the effect of Ad.IFN-B.
In situ cardiac performance of Pacific bluefin tuna hearts in response to acute temperature change.

SUMMARY This study reports the cardiovascular physiology of the Pacific bluefin tuna ( Thunnus orientalis ) in an in situ heart preparation. The performance of the Pacific bluefin tuna heart was examined at temperatures from 30°C down to 2°C. Heart rates ranged from 156 beats min –1 at 30°C to 13 beats min –1 at 2°C. Maximal stroke volumes were 1.1 ml kg –1 at 25°C and 1.3 ml kg –1 at 2°C. Maximal cardiac outputs were 18.1 ml kg –1 min –1 at 2°C and 106 ml kg –1 min –1 at 25°C. These data indicate that cardiovascular function in the Pacific bluefin tuna exhibits a strong temperature dependence, but cardiac function is retained at temperatures colder than those tolerated by tropical tunas. The Pacific bluefin tuna9s cardiac performance in the cold may be a key adaptation supporting the broad thermal niche of the bluefin tuna group in the wild. In situ data from Pacific bluefin are compared to in situ measurements of cardiac performance in yellowfin tuna and preliminary results from albacore tuna.
Govert Bidloo (1649–1713) and the first description of lipomyelomeningocele

Govert Bidloo was a Dutch anatomist and royal physician who lived during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Most remembered for his anatomy text and feud with contemporary William Cowper, Bidloo’s surgical text appears to describe the first case of what is now known as a lipomyelomeningocele. The authors review the life of Bidloo and his description of this pathologic entity. Govert Bidloo appears to have described a lipomyelomeningocele almost 200 years before the description often mentioned as the sentinel paper on this topic.
Regulation of DnaA Assembly and Activity: Taking Directions from the Genome

To ensure proper timing of chromosome duplication during the cell cycle, bacteria must carefully regulate the activity of initiator protein DnaA and its interactions with the unique replication origin oriC. Although several protein regulators of DnaA are known, recent evidence suggests that DnaA recognition sites, in multiple genomic locations, also play an important role in controlling assembly of pre-replicative complexes. In oriC, closely spaced high- and low-affinity recognition sites direct DnaA-DnaA interactions and couple complex assembly to the availability of active DnaA-ATP. Additional recognition sites at loci distant from oriC modulate DnaA-ATP availability by repressing new synthesis, recharging inactive DnaA-ADP, or titrating DnaA. Relying on genomic DnaA binding sites, as well as protein regulators, to control DnaA function appears to provide the best combination of high precision and dynamic regulation necessary to couple DNA replication with cell growth over a range of nutritional conditions.
Design of four-state inverter using quantum dot gate-quantum dot channel field effect transistor

Quaternary logic can be implemented using quantum dot gate-quantum dot channel field effect transistors (QDG-QDCFETs) which produce four states in their transfer characteristics. A circuit model is used to simulate a four-state state inverter which is the basic building block of any multi-valued logic (MVL) circuit design. A basic problem of MVL implementation is the noise margin. The stable nature of the transfer characteristics of the QDG-QDCFET can make them a promising circuit element in future MVL circuit design. Comparison of fabricated device characteristics and the model data is shown.