cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental and computational framework for modeling multi-muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex

Current knowledge of coordinated motor control of multiple muscles is derived primarily from invasive stimulation-recording techniques in animal models. Similar studies are not generally feasible in humans, so a modeling framework is needed to facilitate knowledge transfer from animal studies. We describe such a framework that uses a deep neural network model to map finite element simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation induced electric fields (E-fields) in motor cortex to recordings of multi-muscle activation. Critically, we show that model generalization is improved when we incorporate empirically derived physiological models for E-field to neuron firing rate and low-dimensional control via muscle synergies.
Reaching Nonmember Advanced Practice Providers and Allied Health Care Professionals

AbstractIntroduction:The AUA (American Urological Association) partners with several organizations. However, past efforts to effectively collaborate with advanced practice provider associations, pa...
Energy-Efficient D2D Communication under Downlink HetNets

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is envisioned as an energy-efficient technology in the (5G) cellular standard. This paper addresses the channel and power allocation for heterogeneous cellular network-supported D2D during downlink transmission. We propose an energy-efficient scheme in terms of a joint resource block (RB) and power allocation. The energy efficiency of D2D (EE-D2D) is maximized without jeopardizing the quality of service (QoS) requirements of the other tier users. The optimization scheme decomposes into two subproblems. First, the Sequential Max Search (SMS) resource block allocation algorithm is applied to D2D users. Second, a genetic optimization approach (GA) is used to optimize the power of the D2D transmitter and base stations. Through simulation, we evaluate the proposed scheme (SMS-GA) under different QoS requirements. The SMS-GA scheme achieved a higher energy efficiency of D2D as compared to the max power scheme (SMS-Max).
Megakaryocyte emperipolesis: a new frontier in cell-in-cell interaction

Histology of bone marrow routinely identifies megakaryocytes that enclose neutrophils and other hematopoietic cells, a phenomenon termed emperipolesis. Preserved across mammalian species and enhanced with systemic inflammation and platelet demand, the nature and significance of emperipolesis remain largely unexplored. Recent advances demonstrate that emperipolesis is in fact a distinct form of cell-in-cell interaction. Following integrin-mediated attachment, megakaryocytes and neutrophils both actively drive entry via cytoskeletal rearrangement. Neutrophils enter a vacuole termed the emperisome which then releases them directly into the megakaryocyte cytoplasm. From this surprising location, neutrophils fuse with the demarcation membrane system to pass membrane to circulating platelets, enhancing the efficiency of thrombocytogenesis. Neutrophils then egress intact, carrying megakaryocyte membrane and potentially other cell components along with them. In this review, we summarize what is known about this intriguing cell-in-cell interaction and discuss potential roles for emperipolesis in megakaryocyte, platelet and neutrophil biology.
Implicit Emotion Regulation: A Novel Method for Capturing Individual Differences in Acute Emotion Regulation

Abstract Implicit emotion regulation is a mechanism that relies on habitual patterns to regulate efficiently without direct awareness. While an important aspect of successful regulation, few studies have assessed it experimentally. Those that have typically prime reappraisal and compare this strategy to explicit reappraisal or a control. The current study introduced a novel paradigm to assess implicit use of reappraisal or suppression. Specifically, we used a cognitive bias modification task to evaluate differences in implicit emotion regulation strategy selection. This resulted in roughly half of the participants tending toward choosing predominantly reappraisal words (High Reappraisers) and half choosing equal numbers of reappraisal and suppression words (Flexible Regulators). The possibility that this reflected implicit regulation style was further supported by significant relationships between implicit regulation choice and self-reported use of strategies. Contrary to hypotheses, implicit regulation style did not affect self-reported emotions following the distress task. Still, those scoring high in implicit reappraisal reported fewer difficulties in overall emotion regulation. These findings highlight the utility of a behavioral measure to capture variations in implicit emotion regulation style to better understand the context and factors that are most effective for emotion regulation more generally.
Physiological feeding rates and cilia suppression in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) with increased levels of dissolved carbon dioxide

Abstract Gills of marine bivalves, the organs that mediate water flow for feeding and other physiological functions, are exposed to increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater, in response to ocean acidification (OA). We examined the effects of elevated dissolved CO2 upon filtration and feeding behavior of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, under field conditions and in laboratory studies. We further investigated possible changes in cilia beat function in response to elevated dissolved CO2. Physiological filtration and feeding variables measured; included clearance, filtration, organic ingestion, and assimilation rates and selection efficiency, which decreased with increasing CO2. Absorption efficiency was not affected by dissolved CO2. Cilia beat frequency declined in excised lateral cilia (lc) exposed to increasing CO2 levels, which appears to account for decreased clearance rates observed in field and laboratory experiments. Our data suggest that under conditions of increased CO2 blue mussels will experience changes in physiological filtration, feeding rates, and cilia beat function that could have consequences for fitness and performance.
The importance of laparoscopic simulation in the continuing medical education of community surgeons

One well-established challenge for medical educators and surgeons is maintaining patient safety during a period of widespread surgical skill acquisition. The incongruity between evidence-based recommendations and real-world practice highlights the inadequacy of our current continuing medical education (CME) tradition, which consists of short courses and preceptored practice. The effectiveness of short courses for surgical skill training has been questioned many times since the beginning of the laparoscopic revolution. Laparoscopic simulation trainers also offer pedagogical advantages over other CME formats because they are learner centric, allowing for skill acquisition and improvement without the responsibility of patient care. Ongoing research is providing new evidence that simulation is of paramount importance to continuing professional development as it has been in graduate medical education. After briefly outlining the limitations of our current surgical CME paradigm, this paper will suggest that medical simulation using laparoscopic simulation trainers is a powerful yet underutilized adjunct to the current methods of surgical training for the practicing community surgeon. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care, Medical knowledge, Practice-based learning and improvement.
Emergency department utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: Optimizing resource utilization is critical to reducing healthcare costs. Our study aims to review trends in overall patient volume, acuity, time of presentation, and use of resources in the emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We compared ED utilization from a 30-day period during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2020-April 30, 2020) to the same 30-day period in the preceding calendar year (April 1, 2019-April 30-2019). Data were grouped into outcome measures focusing on ED throughput and utilization of ancillary ED services. Results: While the absolute number of patients in or arriving to the ED at any given time was significantly lower during the COVID-19 pandemic ( p < .01), the hourly patterns of patient census, arrivals, and admissions all aligned with pre-pandemic values. Also, patient acuity, as measured by ESI level, did not significantly change. The absolute number of admissions for both sites was similar to the pre-pandemic time period, but the percentage of patients admitted over the 30-day period increased. The absolute number of radiographic and laboratory studies ordered in the ED also changed significantly ( p < .05), but the hourly pattern did not. Conclusions: Our study shows significantly lower patient volumes, increased admission rates, and no significant change in the hourly throughput of the ED. Thus, our analysis suggests that shift times should not be adjusted, nor should the number or composition of providers on each shift in academic and community ED sites during the COVID national lockdown.
Caught in the Crossroad: An Intersectional Examination of African American Women Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Help Seeking.

Objectives:African American women are disproportionately impacted by intimate partner violence (IPV)-related homicide. They reflect the second highest prevalence rates and experience the highest ra...
The Experience of Situations Before and During a COVID-19 Shelter-at-Home Period

Undergraduate participants described their experience of an ordinary situation before (N = 544) and during (N = 123) a COVID-19 shelter-at-home period using the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ). ...
HNF4α isoforms regulate the circadian balance between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the liver

Abstract Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α), a master regulator of hepatocyte differentiation, is regulated by two promoters (P1 and P2). P1-HNF4α is the major isoform in the adult liver while P2-HNF4α is thought to be expressed only in fetal liver and liver cancer. Here, we show that P2- HNF4α is expressed at ZT9 and ZT21 in the normal adult liver and orchestrates a distinct transcriptome and metabolome via unique chromatin and protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate that while P1-HNF4α drives gluconeogenesis, P2-HNF4α drives ketogenesis and is required for elevated levels of ketone bodies in females. Exon swap mice expressing only P2- HNF4α exhibit subtle differences in circadian gene regulation and disruption of the clock increases expression of P2-HNF4α. Taken together, we propose that the highly conserved two-promoter structure of the Hnfa gene is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to maintain the balance between gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the liver in a circadian fashion.
Multiple instances of negative publicity: the role of publicity domain similarity

Although it is typical for consumers to be exposed to multiple instances of negative publicity about a brand, existing research has focused on consumers’ reactions to one-time negative publicity in...
C57BL/6 mice lacking Muc1 show no ocular surface phenotype.

PURPOSE. To test the hypothesis that a membrane-spanning mucin, Muc1, facilitates the spread of tear film and protects against bacterial adherence. METHODS. Age-matched, Mucl null mice and wild-type mice of C57BL/6 genetic background were used for comparison. Eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy with fluorescein solution to assess epithelial damage and tear film stability. Structure of the ocular surface epithelia was examined by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and wholemount confocal microscopy. Bacterial adherence assay was performed on in vivo corneas with Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein, followed by wholemount confocal microscopy. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed using Muc4-specific primers to quantitate Muc4 mRNA expression in ocular surface tissues. RESULTS. No differences were found between Mucl null and control mice in any parameter tested. Ocular surface epithelia of Mucl null mice of the C57BL/6 strain had a normal appearance of surface microplicae, a well-developed glycocalyx on the apical cell membrane, and a normal appearance of goblet cell mucin packets. There was no convincing evidence that bacterial adherence on the cornea was increased in Muc1 null mice. Muc4 mRNA expression was not upregulated in Mucl null mice compared with control. No ocular surface infections were observed in Mucl null mice of the C57BL/6 strain (n = 204), which were housed in the animal facility over a period of 26 months. CONCLUSIONS. Mucl null mice of C57BL/6 background appeared normal in all respects tested. These data differ from the reported phenotype in the mice of the C57BL/6 x SVJ129 background, which show development of blepharitis and conjunctivitis.
Cura Personalis: Some Ignatian Inspirations

Cura personalis is an expression of recent vintage, but the three meanings most commonly given to it have deep roots in the spirituality and lived experience of St. Ignatius. An awareness of the latter can shed light upon the organic unity of Ignatian spirituality as a whole and help to regulate proper usage of the term.
Hmong women and postpartum depression

Evidence of postpartum depression in Western culture has been widely documented in the literature. The conclusion reached by many researchers is that women are vulnerable to depression following childbirth to some extent. It has been suggested that postpartum depression is a culture‐bound syndrome that develops because of lack of supportive rites and rituals surrounding childbirth. The present study was undertaken to explore postpartum depression in Hmong women living in the U.S. and the influence of cultural practices on postpartum depression. The results indicate that cultural beliefs and practices help the Hmong women adjust to the postpartum period. Whatever symptoms of depression they reported were related to living in a different culture and different environment, and using a language to which they were not accustomed.
Interest-Rate Sensitivity of Real Estate Investment Trusts

This paper addresses the issue of whether REITs are sensitive to changes in short-term and long-term interest rates. REITs were found to be sensitive to changes in the long-term interest rates in 1...
Orally-delivered, tetrahydrobiopterin-containing nanoparticles targeting gastrointestinal lymphatics modulate nitric oxide synthesis by aortic endothelial cells (666.4)

A deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a critical cofactor for endothelial cell (EC) nitric oxide (NO) synthase, may be a common basis for vascular dysfunction in many diseases. Our goal was to...
The Effects of Teacher Content Authoring on TPACK and on Student Achievement in Algebra: Research on Instruction with the TI-Nspire Handheld

A year-long PD program was provided to four teachers teaching integrated algebra in a New York City Title I public school. The PD comprised teacher authoring of a curriculum that incorporated TI-Nspire technology. Teacher TPACK levels of development were measured through a TPACK Levels Rubric, created and validated by the authors. The rubric was used to assess the teachers’ written artifacts and observed behaviors. Results indicated that the pattern of change in a given teacher’s TPACK level over the period of a school year was non-linear. The classroom teaching was either at the same level or lower than the TPACK level of the corresponding lesson plan. The students performed better in the courses taught by the teachers with higher TPACK.
DNA Sticky End Design and Assignment for Robust Algorithmic Self-assembly

A major challenge in practical DNA tile self-assembly is the minimization of errors. Using the kinetic Tile Assembly Model, a theoretical model of self-assembly, it has been shown that errors can be reduced through abstract tile set design. In this paper, we instead investigate the effects of "sticky end" sequence choices in systems using the kinetic model along with the nearest-neighbor model of DNA interactions. We show that both the sticky end sequences present in a system and their positions in the system can significantly affect error rates, and propose algorithms for sequence design and assignment.
Equality of symmetrized tensors and the flag variety

Author(s): Berget, Andrew | Abstract: In this note we give a transparent proof of a result of da Cruz and Dias da Silva on the equality of symmetrized decomposable tensors. This will be done by explaining that their result follows from the fact that the coordinate ring of a flag variety is a unique factorization domain.
4,4'-Oxybis(2,6-di-methyl-pyridinium) bis-(tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate).

In the asymmetric unit of the title salt, C14H18N2O2+·2CF3O3S−, the components are linked by two N—H⋯O and one C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dipyridinium salt demonstrates a skew conformation based upon C—O—C—C torsion angles of 61.5 (3) and 15.1 (4)°. A C—O—C angle of 119.3 (2)° and C—O bond distances of 1.364 (3) and 1.389 (3) A are consistent with other dipyridyl ethers. The planes of the pyridyl rings exhibit a twist angle of 67.89 (8)°. One of the tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate ions shows disorder of the F atoms [in a 0.52 (7):0.48 (7) occupancy ratio] and an O atom [0.64 (8):0.36 (8) occupancy ratio]. In the crystal, the components are linked by C—H⋯O inter­actions, which form chains along [101].
Using Broadband to Enhance Financial Inclusion

The progress of financial inclusion in the Latin American and Caribbean region is constrained by the high cost of providing and accessing financial services. On the client side, micro- and small-sized firms, as well as low-income households, face high transaction costs as a result of the challenges of getting to points of service and meeting documentation requirements. On the provider side, the lack of economies of scale for financial service transactions and the difficulty to obtain reliable information on these kinds of clients generate high operational costs. These elevated costs can undermine the profitability of serving these market segments that, in turn, weaken competition. This paper provides basic information relating to the prospects and constraints of using broadband channels and applications to increase financial inclusion in the region. It is a useful resource for policymakers, financial institutions, and the broader development community in the Latin American and Caribbean region.
Gyrokinetic particle simulation of nonlinear evolution of mirror instability

[1] A gyrokinetic simulation model for nonlinear studies of the mirror instability is described. The model is set in a uniform, periodic slab with anisotropic ions and cold electrons. Particle-in-cell simulations with a noise reducing δfalgorithm show agreement with the linear theory of the mirror instability. Results of nonlinear simulations near marginal stability are presented. Single-mode simulations show saturation due to trapping. Simulations with a spectrum of unstable modes show that the negative magnetic perturbations saturate at a lower amplitude and earlier than the positive magnetic perturbations, which results in the development of peaked saturated structures. The saturation amplitude of negative magnetic perturbations is in agreement with the trapped particle theory, while the saturation amplitude of the positive magnetic perturbations is determined by the local change in the β⟂ (ratio of perpendicular plasma pressure to magnetic pressure) parameter.
Harmonic functions for quadrilateral remeshing of arbitrary manifolds

In this paper, we propose a new quadrilateral remeshing method for manifolds of arbitrary genus that is at once general, flexible, and efficient. Our technique is based on the use of smooth harmonic scalar fields defined over the mesh. Given such a field, we compute its gradient field and a second vector field that is everywhere orthogonal to the gradient. We then trace integral lines through these vector fields to sample the mesh. The two nets of integral lines together are used to form the polygons of the output mesh. Curvature-sensitive spacing of the lines provides for anisotropic meshes that adapt to the local shape. Our scalar field construction allows users to exercise extensive control over the structure of the final mesh. The entire process is performed without computing an explicit parameterization of the surface, and is thus applicable to manifolds of any genus without the need for cutting the surface into patches.
Product variety and market structure: A new measure and a simple test

Abstract The relationship between market structure and product variety is critical, since too few or too many products may be produced given a particular market structure. This paper measures empirically the relationship between structure and variety in the music recording industry. Entropy is used to generate a measure of product variety. The results suggest that the relationship is non-monotonic: high and low levels of concentration result in lessened variety, and maximum variety is promoted by a moderately concentrated structure.
Speculations on the budget of particulate and vapor phase non-methane organic carbon in the global troposphere

Perhaps less is known about the global source, distribution, and fluxes of non-methane organic matter than any other major class of chemical substances in the atmosphere. Source strength estimates and consideration of the available concentration data suggest that the quantity of organic carbon on large particles (d>1 μm) in the global troposphere can be explained by primary emissions from anthropogenic sources and such natural sources as the ocean, crustal weathering, and forest wildfires. However, these pollution and natural sources apparently cannot account for the global tropospheric burden of small particle (d<1 μm) organic carbon. Approximately 80–160 MT/yr of small particle carbon from some additional source is required to balance this cycle. Possibilities include direct production from the leaves of vegetation and gas to particle conversion of natural and anthropogenic organic carbon compounds. The estimated production of reactive vapor phase organic compounds from natural and pollution sources is sufficient to account for the mass of this additional small particle organic carbon. However, considerably more data is required on the global distribution, source strengths, reaction pathways and rates, and removal mechanisms before an accurate description of the non-methane organic carbon cycle can be made.
Pancreatic cancer-specific cell death induced in vivo by cytoplasmic-delivered polyinosine-polycytidylic acid.

Polyinosine–polycytidylic acid [pIC] is a synthetic dsRNA that acts as an immune agonist of TLR3 and RLR to activate dendritic and natural killer cells that can kill tumor cells. pIC can also trigger apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDAC) but its mechanism of action is obscure. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic activity of a formulation of pIC with polyethylenimine ([pIC] PEI ) in PDAC and investigated its mechanism of action. [pIC] PEI stimulated apoptosis in PDAC cells without affecting normal pancreatic epithelial cells. Mechanistically, [pIC] PEI repressed XIAP and survivin expression and activated an immune response by inducing MDA-5, RIG-I, and NOXA. Phosphorylation of AKT was inhibited by [pIC] PEI in PDAC, and this event was critical for stimulating apoptosis through XIAP and survivin degradation. In vivo administration of [pIC] PEI inhibited tumor growth via AKT-mediated XIAP degradation in both subcutaneous and quasi-orthotopic models of PDAC. Taken together, these results offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for the evaluation of [pIC] PEI as an immunochemotherapy to treat pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res; 74(21); 6224–35. ©2014 AACR .
Microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of a solitary, chemorefractory testicular cancer liver metastasis.

We present a case of a patient with stage IIIC metastatic seminoma with a persistent chemorefractory liver lesion. The patient was deemed a poor surgical candidate due to the tumor’s aggressive biology with numerous other liver lesions treated with chemotherapy and a relatively high probability for additional recurrences. Further chemotherapy with curative intent was not a feasible option due to the fact that the patient had already received second-line high-dose chemotherapy and four cycles of third-line treatment complicated by renal failure, refractory thrombocytopenia, and debilitating neuropathy. After initial failure of laser, microwave ablation of the chemorefractory liver metastasis resulted in prolonged local tumor control and rendered the patient disease-free for more than 35 months, allowing him to regain an improved quality of life.
Future directions in chemosensory research

The past two decades have witnessed phenomenal growth in chemosensory research in the basic sciences and clinical studies. Although chemosensory disorders today are recognized more widely for their marked impacts on QOL and public safety, the increased research focus has yet to translate into significant therapeutic advances for human olfactory or gustatory dysfunction. Nevertheless, it should be expected that active chemosensory research eventually will yield discoveries necessary to generate better treatment options for otolaryngologists and other physicians caring for smell and taste loss patients. As the understanding of chemosensory biology and disease pathophysiology grows, there is great promise that medical science will conquer the frustrating and debilitating health problems posed by olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Moreover, it is likely that the lessons gained through chemosensory research will apply broadly to a range of human diseases affecting sensory modalities and the central nervous system.
Residual stress distribution in cold brass sheet

Abstract The variation of residual stresses through the thickness of rolled sheet is a function of the size of the roll relative to the thickness of the sheet, as well as the total reduction. This effect has been studied both experimentally and numerically for cold-rolled α-brass sheet. Experimental measurements consisted of determining the normal stresses in the rolling and width directions as a function of location in the sheet using a method of serial removal by electropolishing while measuring the strains generated as material containing residual stresses was removed. Numerical simulations employed ANSYS 5.0 and an elastic-plastic constitutive equation. Results indicate that the nature and distribution of residual stresses in the rolled sheet can be controlled by selecting the aspect ratio of the deforming region.
Computability and human symbolic output

This paper concerns “human symbolic output,” or strings of characters produced by humans in our various symbolic systems; e.g., sentences in a natural language, mathematical propositions, and so on. One can form a set that consists of all of the strings of characters that have been produced by at least one human up to any given moment in human history. We argue that at any particular moment in human history, even at moments in the distant future, this set is finite. But then, given fundamental results in recursion theory, the set will also be recursive, recursively enumerable, axiomatizable, and could be the output of a Turing machine. We then argue that it is impossible to produce a string of symbols that humans could possibly produce but no Turing machine could. Moreover, we show that any given string of symbols that we could produce could also be the output of a Turing machine. Our arguments have implications for Hilbert’s sixth problem and the possibility of axiomatizing particular sciences, they undermine at least two distinct arguments against the possibility of Artificial Intelligence, and they entail that expert systems that are the equals of human experts are possible, and so at least one of the goals of Artificial Intelligence can be realized, at least in principle.
In Situ Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy of the Solution Growth of Au–Pd Core–Shell Nanostructures

Using in situ liquid cell electron microscopy we investigate Pd growth in dilute aqueous Pd salt solutions containing Au nanoparticle seeds. Au–Pd core–shell nanostructures are formed via deposition of Pd0, generated by the reduction of chloropalladate complexes by radicals, such as hydrated electrons (eaq–) induced by the electron beam in the solution. The size and shape of the Au seeds determine the morphology of the Pd shells, via preferential Pd incorporation in low-coordination sites and avoidance of extended facets. Analysis of the Pd incorporation on Au particles at different distances from a focused electron beam provides a quantitative picture of the growth process and shows that the growth is limited by the diffusion of eaq– in the solution.
Solution of potential problems using an overdetermined complex boundary integral method

The advantages of solving potential problems using an overdetermined boundary integral element method are examined. Representing a 2-dimensional potential solution by an analytic complex function forms two algebraic systems from the real and imaginary parts of the discretized form of the Cauchy theorem. Depending on which boundary condition is prescribed, the real or the imaginary algebraic system is diagonally dominant. Computations show that the errors of the strong system (diagonally dominant) often have almost the same value as those of weak system (diagonally non-dominant) but with the opposite sign. The overdetermined system, composed of the combination of the real and imaginary parts, tends to average these errors, especially for circular contours. An error analysis and convergence studies for several geometries and boundary conditions are performed. A methodology for handling computational difficulties with contour corners is outlined. A further modification is proposed and tested that shows exponential convergence for circular contours.
Measurements of electric anisotropy due to solidification texturing and the implications for the Earth's inner core

1-4 suggest that the Earth's solid inner core is elastically anisotropic, with the fast direction nearly parallel to the rotation axis. Compressional body- wave data also suggest that the anisotropy increases with turning depth, with a maximum anisotropy of 3-4% (refs 5-7). Here I propose that the inner core's elastic anisotropy and the depth dependence of the anisotropy may be due to solidification textur- ing that results from the dendritic growth of iron crystals. I demonstrate through laboratory measurements that directionally solidified metallic alloys can indeed exhibit a significant elastic anisotropy due to solidification texturing. The anisotropy is due to the dendrites growing along a particular crystallographic axis 8,9 , which tends to be aligned along the direction of heat flow. Directional cooling in the Earth's core must therefore be predominantly in the cylindrically radial direction in order for solidification texturing to cause the observed anisotropy; such directional heat flow may be consistent with the pattern of convection in the outer core 10 . It is possible that columnar crystals composed of dendrites and elongated in the cylindrically radial direction could also explain observations of inner-core attenua- tion anisotropy
Duplication of the SLIT3 locus on 5q35.1 predisposes to major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric and behavioral disorder. To discover novel variants conferring risk to MDD, we conducted a whole-genome scan of copy number variation (CNV), including 1,693 MDD cases and 4,506 controls genotyped on the Perlegen 600K platform. The most significant locus was observed on 5q35.1, harboring the SLIT3 gene (P = 2×10−3). Extending the controls with 30,000 subjects typed on the Illumina 550 k array, we found the CNV to remain exclusive to MDD cases (P = 3.2×10−9). Duplication was observed in 5 unrelated MDD cases encompassing 646 kb with highly similar breakpoints. SLIT3 is integral to repulsive axon guidance based on binding to Roundabout receptors. Duplication of 5q35.1 is a highly penetrant variation accounting for 0.7% of the subset of 647 cases harboring large CNVs, using a threshold of a minimum of 10 SNPs and 100 kb. This study leverages a large dataset of MDD cases and controls for the analysis of CNVs with matched platform and ethnicity. SLIT3 duplication is a novel association which explains a definitive proportion of the largely unknown etiology of MDD.
beta -expectation tolerance and sample-size determination for the Rayleigh distribution

The problem of obtaining prediction intervals for the Rayleigh distribution is considered. Classical (frequentist) prediction intervals are obtained by construction of a pivotal quantity that has a beta distribution. The proposed intervals are compared to highest posterior density prediction intervals in the literature. The problem of minimum sample size determination is addressed for measuring the variability of the coverage of the beta -expectation tolerance intervals. Tables for determination of sample size are provided. >
Précis ofFrustration Theory: An Analysis of Dispositional Learning and Memory.

This is a precis of a book on frustration theory, whose explanatory domain includes a family of phenomena that have been summarized by the terms dispositional learning and memory-systems that ordinarily have a long-term historical etiology, and in which the learning is relatively reflexive and the memory implicit and not strongly episodic. The book is an attempt, in the context of stimulus-response learning theory, to present in some detail an animal-based model of frustration as it is applied to a limited-but still large-number of these experimentally established phenomena (perhaps the largest number organized by any one such theory). These bear some resemblance to equivalent phenomena in humans, to which the descriptive terms arousal, suppression, persistence, and regression have been applied. An explicit caveat is that this is a book on one particular theory of frustration and not a book on frustrationtheories. Whereas it does address other theories of frustration, its main purpose is to review a line of theorizing and experimental research that has evolved over some 40 years: an analysis of the status of the concept of frustration in learning theory.
Activation of Hepatic Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System in Broiler Chicks by Diet Changes

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diet composition on activity of the microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were fed for 10 days either a corn-soy (CS) diet or diets supplemented with a combination of fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (FAY) or individually with fish meal (FM), alfalfa meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or torula yeast (TY). Activities of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase were increased when chicks were fed FAY, FM, TY, or DDGS compared with those fed CS. In another experiment chicks were fed the CS and FAY diets to 4 weeks of age. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase were significantly increased in birds fed the FAY diet. Activities of NADPH and NADH-cytochrome C reductase were not affected. These results show that the hepatic microsomal MFO system is activated by changes in diet composition and suggest that this activation may be responsible for reducing estradiol and liver lipid levels when similar diets are fed to laying hens.
Effect of vaporization on cryogenic spray dropsize measurement

The fluid mechanics of multi-phase flow breakup of liquid nitrogen, LN2, jets injected into sonic velocity nitrogen gasflow, was experimentally investigated. A scattered-light scanning instrument was used to measure the characteristic dropsize, D(sub v.5), of LN2 sprays and to determine the effect of droplet vaporization on experimental dropsize measurements. Under sonic gas-velocity conditions, liquid-jet breakup occurred in the regime of aerodynamic stripping. As a result, the following correlation of volume-median drop diameter, D(sub v.5), with atomizing gas flowrate, W(sub g), was derived for two-fluid atomizers; with atomizing gas flowrate, W(sub g), was derived for two-fluid atomizers; (D(sub v.5))(exp -1) = k(sub c)(W(sub g))(sup n), where proportionally constant k(sub c) and exponent n are functions of droplet vaporization rate. Partially vaporized sprays were investigated and it was found that n = 1.11, which is considerably less than the value of 1.33 that is predicted by atomization theory. This was attributed to the evaporative loss of very small droplets. As a result, the following expression was obtained experimentally: (D(sub v.5e))(exp -1) = 301(W(sub g))(sup 1.11). Values of D(sub v.5), that existed prior to partial vaporization of the LN2 sprays, were calculated and the following expression was derived for originally unvaporized LN2 sprays: (D(sub v.5))(exp -1) = 285(W(sub g))(sup 1.33). This expression agrees well with atomization theory that predicts n = 1.33, for liquid jet breakup in high-velocity gasflow.
Neurogenic thoracic outlet decompression: rationale for sparing the first rib

A total of 168 primary supraclavicular decompressions were performed on 146 patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. This report compares the results of rib resection (supraclavicular anterior and middle scalenectomy and first rib resection) with rib-sparing (supraclavicular anterior and middle scalenectomy alone) operations. All patients with cervical ribs were excluded. In total, 125 rib resections and 43 rib-sparing procedures were performed between 1983 and 1992 by a single surgeon. The patients were otherwise comparable in symptoms and physical signs. During surgery there was a significantly higher proportion of pleural injury associated with rib resection (59%) than with rib-sparing (40%) procedures. The mean hospital stay was also prolonged by 1 day in patients undergoing rib resection (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in early success between the two groups (83% for rib resection, 91% for rib sparing) and no difference in those resuming employment (52% and 63% respectively). Life-table analysis showed that the two groups have similar long-term results (69% and 76% at 2 years). The only important factor determining clinical outcome in primary supraclavicular thoracic outlet syndrome decompression was the duration of symptoms before operation. Some 83% of patients with symptoms less that 2 years had a successful result compared with only 68% in those with symptoms longer than 2 years (p < 0.05). Spontaneous or post-traumatic neurogenic symptoms responded to operation identically. The theoretical benefit of first rib resection to relieve mechanical compression of the brachial plexus is not evident from this review. Thorough removal of the scalene musculature and other myofascial anomalies, preferably through the supraclavicular approach, leads to less patient morbidity, shortens hospitalization, and is recommended for patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome requiring operative intervention.
Toxicity and influence of streptomycin in breeding in mice.

SummaryNo toxic effects were observed in albino mice fed streptomycin at daily levels of 1000, 400, 200, 100, and 50 μg for periods of one to 6 months. These levels had no significant influence on percentage fertility, litter size, number of young mice weaned, and general condition of the animals. Although no influence was evident at the various levels of streptomycin in the weight gains of first litters of mice, a greater increase in weight occurred in second litters at higher levels compared to second litters of the control and 50 μg groups.
EBR-9 Development In Heated Environment

Summary and conclusionsEBR -9 resist behavior when developed in both immersion and spray development underheated environments was explored. Spray development using Developer V seems to be thebest choice. However, for those who prefer immersion development, Type I or II wouldoffer larger development latitude while trading off lower contrast for sensitivity < 1 uC /cm2 at 10 kV. Resolution to 0.5 um is confirmed. CD uniformity, defects and dry plasma resistancedata are to be further studied.References 1. Tada, T., J. Electrochem Soc. 130, 912 (1983). 2. Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan "Toray EBR -9" No. 4 (1984). 3. Wedum, E. and Fok, S., "EBR -9 Resist Evaluation for E -Beam Exposure ", Perkin -Elmer EBT Tech. Report #13, June 9 (1982). 4. Fok, S. and Tang, P., "Processing EBR -9 with Developer V ", Perkin -Elmer EBTTech. Report #29, May 14, (1984). 5. Fok, S. and Hong, G.H.K., Kodak Microelectronics Seminar, Interface (1983). 6. Rissman, P. and Owen, G., J of Vac. Sci & Tech. (To be published).
On Proving Too Much

It is quite common to object to an argument by saying that it “proves too much.” In this paper, I argue that the “proving too much” charge can be understood in at least three different ways. I explain these three interpretations of the “proving too much” charge. I urge anyone who is inclined to level the “proving too much” charge against an argument to think about which interpretation of that charge one has in mind.
In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910-1989

* Preface *1. In the Path of Madero: 1910-1913 *2. The Revolutions Are the Revolution: 1913-1920 *3. From the Caudillo to the Maximato: 1920-1934 *4. The Cardenista Utopia: 1934-1940 *5. The Mexican Miracle: 1940-1968 *6. The Fading of the Miracle: 1968-1984 * 7. The Beginning of a Painful Transition * Bibliography * Index
Implementing the MOVE! weight-management program in the Veterans Health Administration, 2007-2010: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION One-third of US veterans receiving care at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical facilities are obese and, therefore, at higher risk for developing multiple chronic diseases. To address this problem, the VHA designed and nationally disseminated an evidence-based weight-management program (MOVE!). The objective of this study was to examine the organizational factors that aided or inhibited the implementation of MOVE! in 10 VHA medical facilities. METHODS Using a multiple, holistic case study design, we conducted 68 interviews with medical center program coordinators, physicians formally appointed as program champions, managers directly responsible for overseeing the program, clinicians from the program's multidisciplinary team, and primary care physicians identified by program coordinators as local opinion leaders. Qualitative data analysis involved coding, memorandum writing, and construction of data displays. RESULTS Organizational readiness for change and having an innovation champion were most consistently the 2 factors associated with MOVE! implementation. Other organizational factors, such as management support and resource availability, were barriers to implementation or exerted mixed effects on implementation. Barriers did not prevent facilities from implementing MOVE! However, they were obstacles that had to be overcome, worked around, or accepted as limits on the program's scope or scale. CONCLUSION Policy-directed implementation of clinical weight-management programs in health care facilities is challenging, especially when no new resources are available. Instituting powerful, mutually reinforcing organizational policies and practices may be necessary for consistent, high-quality implementation.
Hydrophobicity of Surfaces with Cavities: Making Hydrophobic Substrates from Hydrophilic Materials?

Rough surfaces made of hydrophobic materials are known to exhibit enhanced hydrophobicity. Similarly, rough surfaces made of hydrophilic materials show increased hydrophilic behavior. The energetics of these observations is well explained by either Wenzel's or Cassie–Baxter's formulas. Recent experimental results have shown that rough surfaces made of hydrophilic materials can exhibit hydrophobic behavior. The idea is to make a rough surface with cavities. The apparent contact angle of a drop on such surfaces is reported to agree with Cassie–Baxter's formula even when the substrate material is hydrophilic. Others have interpreted this to imply that air remains trapped in the cavities after a liquid drop is deposited on it, thus making it effectively hydrophobic. In this work, we consider the effective energy of such surfaces theoretically.
Tbx18 and Tbx15 null-like phenotypes in mouse embryos expressing Tbx6 in somitic and lateral plate mesoderm

Members of the T-box family of transcription factors play essential roles in cell type specification, differentiation, and proliferation during embryonic development. All T-box family members share a common DNA binding domain - the T-domain - and can therefore recognize similar sequences. Consequently, T-box proteins that are co-expressed during development have the potential to compete for binding at downstream targets. In the mouse, Tbx6 is expressed in the primitive streak and presomitic mesoderm, and is sharply down-regulated upon segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm. We sought to determine the phenotypic and molecular consequences of ectopically expressing Tbx6 within the segmented paraxial mesoderm and its derivatives using a 3-component transgenic system. The vertebral column, ribs, and appendicular skeleton were all affected in these embryos, which resembled Tbx18 and Tbx15 null embryos. We hypothesize that these phenotypes result from competition between the ectopically expressed Tbx6 and the endogenously expressed Tbx18 and Tbx15 at the binding sites of target genes. In vitro luciferase transcriptional assays provide further support for this hypothesis.
Regulation of Tryptophan Hydroxylase by Cyclic AMP, Calcium, Norepinephrine, and Light in Cultured Chick Pineal Cells

The level of 35 S incorporation into tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) shows a circadian rhythm in cultured chick pineal cells. The TPH oscillation peaks in the early subjective night, persists in constant darkness, and can be phase shifted by light, in parallel to the effect of these treatments on melatonin synthesis. Using quantitative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have examined the regulation of TPH by agents known to affect melatonin synthesis in the chick pineal. We report here that 35 S incorporation into TPH is induced by cyclic AMP and calcium, and partially inhibited by acute exposure to light. Cyclic AMP also causes a proportional increase in the radiolabeling of one of the TPH isoforms and a concomitant decrease in another isoform, possibly reflecting a change in the phosphorylation state of TPH. This effect is reversed by treatments known to reduce intracellular cyclic AMP levels in the chick pineal. Cyclic AMP thus appears to be involved in both translational and posttranslational processes regulating the expression of TPH in chick pineal cells.