cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methyl isobutyl ketone as a solvent for wax deoiling

The solvency of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) for use in deoiling and cold-fractionation of solid paraffin waxes is investigated by a visual polytherm method in the temperature interval 0-36 C. The capability of MIBK for precipitating solid hydrocarbons from solution was found to be greater than acetone/toluene or MEK/toluene, with only MEK better in this respect than MIBK. The quantity of wax remaining in the filtrate is examined. The critical solution temperatures are investigated and it is shown that MIBK surpasses MEK. The results obtained indicate that MIBK is extremely promising for use in processes of deoiling and cold fractionation of waxes.
Service Value Modeling: A Systematic Method to Unveil the Business Value of Industry Solutions

There is a growing demand in the business-to-business environment for solutions that cater for specific industry needs as opposed to those for generic purposes. In response, technology vendors have gradually shifted their focus to industry solutions. More often than not, however, industry solutions are highly technical and complex, making it difficult for vendors to articulate the business impact and, as such, for customers to justify the investment. Although existing work provides a set of relevant building blocks for value modeling, they are yet to form an integrated approach. In recognizing the gap, this paper proposes Service Value Modeling (SVM), a systematic, step-wise method to connect industry solutions with business outcomes through the use of customer-specific business architecture. The SVM method is illustrated by two practical examples to show how exactly an industry solution affects the customer's operations and makes a positive impact on its performance. It was found that, with SVM, technology vendors are more likely to gain competitive advantage in both sales and delivery stages.
Fracture Mechanics Approach to Adhesive Joints

This study investigates the problem of applying fracture mechanics to the opening mode fracture of a two-material (aluminum-epoxy-aluminum) system. The results of a finite element analysis of a two-material, single- edge-notch (SEN) plate are used with a compliance method in order to obtain strain energy rates, g, and with a displacement method to obtain stress intensity factors, K. Approximate relationships between the homo geneous system and the adhesive system for both K and g are determined. The relationship between K and g for the adhesive system is obtained. The experimental investigation provides an experimental compliance calibration for the same adhesive system and loading. Good reproducibility of the fracture toughness values obtained for the two-material system with SEN and tapered DCB specimens indicates the geometry independence of the fracture toughness. The effect of the notch root radius and proper specimen preparation are also considered.
A biological function for electroreception in sharks and rays.

![Figure][1] Carl D. Hopkins discusses Adrianus J. Kalmijn's 1971 paper entitled ‘The electric sense of sharks and rays’. A copy of the paper can be obtained from The discovery of a new sensory modality in animals is of great
Origin of negative thermal expansion phenomenon in solids

We show that the negative thermal expansion (NTE) phenomenon originates from the existence of high pressure, small volume phases with higher entropy, with their configurations present in the stable phase matrix through thermal fluctuations, thus exists. Consequently, it extends the platform for designing structures with desired thermal expansion properties whether positive, negative, or zero. The theory is validated for a range of pure elements and compounds and utilized to provide insights to the NTE phenomenon in Fe3Pt and ZrW2O8.
Managing access control policies using access control spaces

We present the concept of an access control space and investigate how it may be useful in managing access control policies. An access control space represents the permission assignment state of a subject. We identify subspaces that have meaningful semantics. For example, the set permissions explicitly assigned to a subject defines its specified subspace, and constraints define the prohibited subspace. In analyzing these subspaces, we identify two problems: (1) often a significant portion of the access control space has unknown assignment semantics, meaning that it is not defined whether an assignment in this space should be permitted or not, and (2) often high-level assignments and constraints that are easily understood result in conflicts where permissions are both specified and prohibited. To solve these problems, we have developed a tool, called Gokyo, that enables definition and analysis of access control spaces. Gokyo computes the unknown subspace to show system administrators the ambiguous region and enable them to reduce it. Gokyo identifies conflicting subspaces and enables system administrators to handle subspaces as exceptions, if desired. We demonstrate the utility of Gokyo by analyzing a web server policy example.
Hypermnesia in the eyewitness to a crime

Forty students served as subjects in two groups of witnesses to which a surprise filmed crime was shown. All subjects gave free recall statements about the crime. Following either a directed thinking interval or a diversionary task to block rehearsal, witnesses gave two additional statements. Hypermnesia for hits and memory intrusions was observed, but ď scores did not show hypermnesia. The witnesses fell into two groups: “good” witnesses who had ascertained the correct schema and “bad” witnesses who were obviously on the wrong track. While most witnesses showed short-term hypermnesia for correct responses (hits), the good witnesses showed a significant increase in memory intrusions (false alarms) during the third recall trial (p <.01). Only with correct-schema witnesses did ď scores above the guessing level occur. Witnesses who had ascertained the correct schema but who were interrogated too often tended to make things up to suit the demands for detail, with a resultant increase in memory intrusions and lower d’.
Spectroscopy of the extreme ultraviolet dayglow during active solar conditions

The spectral characteristics of the mid-latitude daytime airglow observed between 530 and 1500 A under conditions of high solar activity are compared with those obtained at the same location during markedly lower solar activity. The spectral observations were made by two scanning spectrometers and an N2 3371 A photometer carried aboard Astrobee-F rockets launched from White Sands Missile Range, NM, on January 9, 1978 and June 27, 1980. The more recent data allow the partial resolution of the emission spectrum between 800 and 1200 A into a large number of weak N I, O I and N2 transitions. Data taken at 220 km altitude suggest an increase in atomic nitrogen density of more than a factor of 3 between the two observations, along with a doubling of the solar EUV flux at wavelengths less than 688 A. No evidence of a corresponding increase in the 10 to 50 eV photoelectron flux is found, however, an ionospheric sounding data indicate the peak electron density to have decreased during this period. The mechanism for this electron flux decrease in the face of increased EUV flux and only a three-fold increase in N concentration remains unknown.
A method of restoring deciduous anterior teeth

When stainless steel bands are used for the restoration of deciduous anterior teeth, many problems caused by the use of conventional restorations are eliminated.
A quantitative analysis of subjective, cognitive, and physiological manifestations of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome.

Rationale Previous studies have documented the existence of signs and symptoms of the acute tobacco abstinence syndrome; however, less attention has been paid to quantifying the magnitude of these effects.
The Intersection of the Sciences of Biogeography and Infectious Disease Ecology

Our understanding of disease ecology can be enhanced by the use of spatially explicit models and a biogeographic perspective. For example, disease emergence is partially a function of shifts in the geographic ranges of pathogens and hosts. Biogeographic approaches can be used to help us understand the interaction of host and pathogen diversity. Climate change is a global phenomenon that will require a biogeographic perspective if we are to predict its affect on global disease burden. Studies of disease ecology can enhance our general understanding of the effects of global change on species’ distributions by providing useful case studies for developing and testing models. Possibly most important, studies of the spread of pathogens has the promise of giving us a general law of species’ spread. Currently, biogeography and disease ecology are disciplinary communities with little overlap. The articles in this special feature are designed to help bridge that gap.
Affine automata and related techniques for generation of complex images

Abstract In this paper, we introduce probabilistic affine automata (PAA), which are probabilistic finite generators having transitions labeled with affine transformations. It is shown that PAA are capable of generating highly complex images. Barnsley's (1988) IFS method to generate fractals is a special case of PAA when the automaton happens to have only a single state. A number of theoretical results on PAA are shown. The relationship between PAA, mutually recursive function systems (MRFS) and affine regular sets is investigated.
Moving the discourse on identities in intercultural communication: Structure, culture, and resignifications

In this essay, we seek to provide a focused critique of theories of identity within intercultural communication literature. In addition, we propose ways of revising/extending identity theorizing in the field through the use of alternative communication‐based frameworks or theoretical lenses that give the construct, “identity,”; a more dynamic and multi‐faceted re‐reading; and finally, we offer empirical examples of the use of such alternative frameworks in three brief case studies drawn from the three authors’ individual works. This essay will therefore surface both the structural constraints as well as the subjective re‐creative processes involved in the constructing, construing, performing, and negotiating of identities. Ultimately, we seek to show how the concept, “identity,”; might be engaged more adequately taking into consideration its cultural, historical, and political embeddedness in multiple contexts using the lens of communication.
The effects of anticipatory stress on heart rate and T-wave amplitude

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of an anticipatory stressor on three measures of cardiovascular activity: heart rate (HR), T-wave amplitude (TWA) and blood pressure (BP). Twenty-eight males were assigned to either a stress or no-stress group. All subjects reviewed a brief section of prose and then read it aloud during two sessions. The stress group was told that the reading task was a speech and that their performance would be evaluated. The no-stress group was told that the reading task was a part of the readability evaluation of the text material. Reliable increases in HR were observed during both sessions with the stress group exhibiting greater accelerations than the no-stress group. Though TWA and BP varied with periods, no reliable group differences were observed. Degree of threat or aversiveness appears to be indexed more reliably by HR changes than by changes in TWA.
Computer Controlled Chamber Measurements for Multiple Contacts for Soil-Skin Adherence from Aluminum and Carpet Surfaces

ABSTRACT A computer-controlled mechanical chamber was used to perform multiple contacts between human cadaver skin or cotton sheet samples and soil-laden carpet or aluminum foil to measure mass soil transfer. The amount transferred was measured with an analytical balance. The contact parameters of pressure (10 to 50 kPa) and time (10 to 50 s) were varied for 760 separate multiple contact experiments, where two soil types (play sand and lawn soil) and two soil sizes (< 139.7 and ≥ 139.7 < 381 μm) were used. Through parametric and non-parametric tests, this article specifically looks at the influence and interaction of these experimental parameters on the transfer of soil or sand to human skin during multiple contacts. The relationships between the amount of soil or sand that transfers for a first contact, for a second contact, and overall are also presented. On average, a second contact added an additional 8% of soil or sand to the adherence material (i.e., cloth, skin). The experimental variables of press...
Characterization of 19 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for coho salmon

AbstractWe report 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed in 23 nuclear DNA sequencesin coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch . High-throughput genotyping assays based on the5 ′′′ -nuclease reaction were developed for 17 of these nuclear SNPs and for two previouslypublished mitochondrial DNA SNPs. Minor allele frequency differences ( ∆ q ) amongcollections were between 5.2% and 51.2%, resulting in per locus F ST estimates of 0.00–0.24with an average of 0.09. Keywords :5 ′ -nuclease reaction, coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , SNP, Taq Man Received 22 November 2005; revision received 8 December 2005; accepted 8 January 2006 Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch are anadromous, spawn-ing in streams and tributaries of rivers that drain into thenorth Pacific Ocean from Asia and North America. Cohosalmon are harvested in freshwater and near-shore areasthat often do not coincide with spawning sites and thuscontain mixtures of individuals from many populations.The sustainability of these harvests depends on the abilityof resource managers to estimate the origins of the fishharvested, a task increasingly done using genetic data.Genetic markers requiring electrophoresis of proteins(Utter
Co-localization of PKCε with various GABAA receptor subunits in the mouse limbic system

The distribution of PKCepsilon and its co-localization with various GABA(A) receptor subunits within limbic structures of the mouse brain was examined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Levels of PKCepsilon immunoreactivity were highest in the cingulate cortex and dentate gyrus, moderate in the nucleus accumbens, and lowest in the prelimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala. Co-localization of PKCepsilon immunoreactivity with the GABA(A) receptor alpha1, beta 2/3, and gamma2 subunits varied by subunit and brain region examined, with the majority of co-localization occuring in the dentate gyrus, nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala. These results demonstrate that PKCepsilon may interact with GABA(A) receptors in a subunit- and region-specific manner, and provide a potential anatomical basis for recent behavioral and biochemical evidence that PKCepsilon modulates GABA(A) receptor function.
Fire history and its relations with land use and climate over three centuries in the central Appalachian Mountains, USA

Aim Our aims were to: (1) reconstruct the fire history of pine–oak forests in the central Appalachian Mountains, USA, with an annual resolution over as long a time period as possible using dendroecological techniques; (2) estimate the frequency of fire in the study area before the fire-suppression era; and (3) investigate how variations in land use and climate have affected the occurrence of fire in the study area. Location Temperate forests at three study sites within the central Appalachian Mountains, Virginia, USA. Methods Cross-sections were taken (sawn) from fire-scarred pine (Pinus L.) trees growing in pine-dominated patches within a hardwood forest matrix. Dendroecological techniques were used to date the scars, which were used to calculate fire intervals. A variety of analyses were carried out: Pearson correlation analysis, to investigate whether fire activity varied over time (under changing land uses); Kruskal–Wallis analysis, to examine whether fire frequency varied spatially (among study sites); chi-square analysis, to test whether scar seasonality changed temporally; and superposed epoch analysis, to explore whether fire activity was associated with interannual climatic variations in moisture, as characterized by the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). Results Fire scars dated back to the 17th or early 18th century (depending on site). The filtered composite fire interval, considered to be a particularly reliable estimate of fire interval, averaged between 6 and 8 years. Fire frequency remained fairly constant from the beginning of the record until effective fire suppression began in the early 20th century, after which burning virtually ceased. Fire occurred more frequently at the easternmost site, which was located in the Blue Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains, than at the other two sites, in the Ridge and Valley province. Scar seasonality showed no discernible trend over time. Fire was associated with low PDSI (i.e. dry years) at two of the study sites. Main conclusions Fire occurred frequently at these central Appalachian study sites during the period of aboriginal depopulation that preceded European colonization, and throughout the periods of European settlement and industrialization (with mining, logging and railroads) that followed. Our results match those from other fire-history sites in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, and suggest that fire was an important factor influencing vegetation development in the temperate forests covering this region.
Microseismicity induced by a controlled, mine collapse at White Pine, Michigan

Abstract We recorded an, explosively induced, 320 m deep, mine collapse and subsequent aftershocks, at White Pine, Michigan, using an array of 12 seismic stations. The collapse resulted from the rubblization of a 3×10 4 m 2 panel of a room-and-pillar copper mine, performed to facilitate leaching operations. The explosions produced little seismic energy. However, the collapse generated strong tension-crack, free-fall and slap-down phases. Regional data indicate a magnitude (m bLg ) of 3.1, leading to estimates of displaced mass, 5.6×10 8 kg and thickness, 11 m. Peak acceleration was 300 cm/s 2 at ground zero and dropped to 20 cm/s 2 at 1.1 km. Most of the locatable affershocks, (90%) occured in the first 2 hours following collapse. At ground zero, the occurrence rate followed the modified Omori, law: Rate=560·(time-0.01) −1.3 , with time in hours. The largest aftershock generated a moment magnitude of 1.0. We obtained locations of 135 aftershocks. The aftershock zone was less than 100 m thick, situated on top of the collapsed panel. The shallowest aftershocks occurred at depths of 200 m, giving no indication of collapse-related deformation extending to the surface. Aftershocks concentrated along the only edge of the collapsed panel open to the room-and-pillar mine. If the seismically active area reflects the extent of the de-stressed zone used in modeling stress redistribution, the asymmetrical distribution with respect to the collapsed panel was consistent with lower-than-predicted stresses measured in the first row of intact pillars.
Thermal imaging investigation of modified fused silica at surface damage sites for understanding the underlying mechanisms of damage growth

We use an infrared thermal imaging system in combination with a fluorescence microscope to map the dynamics of the local surface temperature and fluorescence intensity under cw, UV excitation of laser-modified fused silica within a damage site. Based on a thermal diffusion model, we estimate the energy deposited via linear absorption mechanisms and derive the linear absorption coefficient of the modified material. The results indicate that the damage growth mechanism is not entirely based on linear absorption. Specifically, the absorption cross-section derived above would prove insufficient to cause a significant increase in the temperature of the modified material under nanosecond, pulsed excitation (via linear absorption at ICF laser fluences). In addition, irreversible changes in the absorption cross-section following extended cw, UV laser exposure were observed.
Microbiology and chemistry of 105-year-old cheese.

Abstract An earthen crock containing approximately 14.9kg (40lb) of cheese was recovered from a sailing ship which had rested on the bottom of Green Bay in Lake Michigan under approximately 33.6m (110 feet) of water for 105 years. Samples from the interior of the cheese contained approximately 30,000 bacteria per gram, all of which appeared to be a single species of Lactobacillus resembling Lactobacillus casei . Cheese at the surface contained no lactobacilli but approximately 50,000 Bacillus sp. and 40 each of Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes per gram were detected. Silt which covered the cheese contained large numbers of sporeformers, coliforms, yeasts, and some molds. Enrichment procedures yielded no organisms different from those recovered by primary plating. Salmonellae and staphylococci were not detected in samples of the cheese. The cheese contained 56.6% moisture, 32.32% fat, 0.19% sodium chloride, 0.34% protein, and 11.08% solids-not-fat (including sodium chloride and protein). Free fatty acids were in amounts greater than those in Piccante-type Provolone or Blue cheese. Organochlorine compounds were not recovered from the cheese. This suggests that the cheese, in recent years, was not in direct contact with circulating Lake Michigan water.
The Convergent Validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and Creativity Interest Inventories.

This study compared scores on two divergent thinking tests, the Verbal and the Figural Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking(TTCT), with scores on two creativity interest inventories, Davis’s How Do You Think? and Raudsepp’s How Creative Are You? The creativity interest inventories showed weak correlations with the Verbal TTCT and no correlations with the Figural TTCT. The two interest inventories showed a strong intercorrelation, but the Verbal and Figural TTCTs were only moderately intercorrelated. These interrelationships were not substantially affected by controlling for standardized academic test scores. A principal components analysis of the subscale scores on the four tests resulted in three factors: Interests and Attitudes, Verbal Divergent Thinking, and Figural Divergent Thinking. These results provide evidence that creative interest inventories are not measuring the same construct as divergent thinking tests and that both are distinct from academic aptitude/achievement. They also support the conte...
Terahertz Pioneer: Koji Mizuno "50 Years in Submillimeter-Waves: From Otaku to Sensei"

A detailed professional biography of Koji Mizuno is given highlighting his professional achievements. This is the story of a young electrical engineer from Japan who was so self-motivated, he used his mother's inheritance to cover the cost of attending the very first international THz symposium, held in Brooklyn, NY, USA, back in March 1970. Ever since that career forming decision to participate in something new and exciting, Professor Koji Mizuno has been an active contributor to THz science and applications. Back in 1970, the appropriate terminology was submillimeter waves. Nevertheless, the discipline spanned a very wide application base and attracted a diverse group of scientists, which included chemists, physicists, engineers and even one or two biologists. Professor Mizuno worked in all of these areas, and as we shall find, has been one of the staunchest supporters of our discipline, as well as a tireless ambassador that has helped to bring the science of THz to Asia and beyond.
Increased expression of mutated Ha-ras during premalignant progression in SENCAR mouse skin.

The ras proto-oncogene family products are membrane-associated, guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that serve as a molecular switch for signal transduction pathways in a diverse array of organisms. In the mouse skin two-stage carcinogenesis model, a specific point mutation in Ha-ras codon 61 is responsible for the initiation event. Here we investigated whether Ha-ras protein and mRNA expression change during premalignant progression. Also, we assessed the Ha-ras mutated allele after these changes. To those ends, we analysed the Ha-ras expression profiles in normal and hyperplastic skin, papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas by western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization. Increased levels of Ha-ras expression were observed at specific times during promotion. These changes were followed by an increase in the level of expression of the Ha-ras mutated allele. These results suggest that increased expression of Ha-ras mutated alleles may have an important role during premalignant progression.
Local Theory of Disordered Systems.

Abstract : The most striking characteristic of crystalline solids is their periodicity. As a result of this feature, theoretical descriptions of physical phenomena in such systems are usually given in wave number of momentum space. The reciprocal lattice of a crystal and the Fermi surface of a metal are examples. In a disordered system, on the other hand, there is no such periodicity and momentum space descriptions are much less natural. However, in such systems, physical conditions near a point r, in coordinate space, become independent of the conditions at a distant point r', provided that (the absolute value of (r' -r) is large compared to either a characteristic mean free path or some other appropriate length. This suggests that one can analyze a macroscopic disordered system by averaging over the properties of microscopic neighborhoods. The present paper reports some details of such a program which has focused especially on the electronic density of states.
The efficacy of advancement on the basis of merit in relation to structural properties of the organization

Abstract Merit, defined as goodness of performance on jobs at a given level in an organization, often is used as a basis for the selection of persons for advancement so as to fill vacant positions at higher levels. By means of a simple mathematical model it was shown that structural properties of organizations bear upon the efficacy of merit as a basis for filling vacant positions. In general, advancement on the basis of merit is found to be most effective in organizations which have large spans of control, are homogeneous, and are flat in shape.
Experimental evolution recapitulates natural evolution

Genomes of the closely related bacteriophages phiX174 and S13 are 5386 bases long and differ at 114 nucleotides, affecting 28 amino acids. Both parental phages were adapted to laboratory culture conditions in replicate lineages and analysed for nucleotide changes that accumulated experimentally Of the 126 experimental substitutions, 90% encoded amino-acid changes, and 62% of the substitutions occurred in parallel in more than one experimental line. Furthermore, missense changes at 12 of the experimental sites were at residues differing between the parental phages; in ten cases the phiX174 experimental lineages were convergent with the S13 parent, or vice versa, at both the nucleotide and amino-acid levels. Convergence at a site was even obtained in both directions in three cases. These results point to a limited number of pathways taken during evolution in these viruses, and also raise the possibility that much of the amino-acid variation in the natural evolution of these viruses has been selected.
Thermistor thermometry errors induced by forced convection

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate thermometry errors encountered, while using thermistor probes, due to forced convection to the surrounding fluid. The thermistor resistance varies logarithmically with the temperature of the probe. However, in measuring this resistance, electric heat is produced by the instrumentation raising the probe temperature above that of the fluid. This erroneous temperature difference was shown to be a function of the ability of the surrounding fluid to convect away this heat and thus is a direct function of the flow characteristics of this fluid. Analysis shows that temperature differences as high as 20C can be created with as little as one microWatt of power.
Recommended Policy for the Utilization of Indiana Tobacco Settlement Funds

The award of tobacco settlement funds to the state of Indiana provides an opportunity for legislators and other stakeholders to formulate health policies that will prevent tobacco-related diseases ...
Effects of Alcohol on Myocardial Contractility

1.Ethyl alcohol in concentrations up to 900 mg per cent was not found to have any appreciable effect on myocardial contractility in the isolated heart-lung preparation in the open chest dog. This preparation tends to evaluate primary effects of a drug on the heart and minimize secondary effects. 2.These findings are in contrast to the myocardial depression caused by alcohol in the intact animal that is unprotected from the secondary effects of alcohol.
How strategic decisions are made

Abstract The aim of this article is to shed some light on how strategic decisions and actions occur in organizations. The fundamental argument is that the traditional literature fails to provide an adequate understanding of how such decisions are made and that a new focus is needed. Drawing on organizational theory, the author approaches a new focus on decision-making, having the first described the traditional approaches.
Stretched-Pulse Fiber Laser With a Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror

A stretched-pulse fiber laser with a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) produces 135-fs pulses with 1-nJ energy. These are the best results obtained with a laser utilizing a NOLM, which can be the basis for environment ally-stable designs.
Evaporation effects on the formation of martian gullies

Abstract In order to investigate the formation of martian gullies and the stability of fluids on Mars, we examined about 120 gully images. Twelve HiRISE images contained a sufficient number of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) associated with the gullies to make the following measurements: overall gully length, length of the alcove, channel and apron, and we also measured the frequency of nearby TARs. Six of the 12 images examined showed a statistically significant negative correlation between overall gully length (alcove, channel and apron length) and TAR frequency. Previous experimental work from our group has shown that at temperatures below ∼200 K, evaporation rate increases by about an order of magnitude as wind speed increases from 0 to ∼15 m/s. Thus the negative correlations we observe between gully length and dune frequency can be explained by formation at temperatures below ∼200 K where wind speed/evaporation is a factor governing gully length. In these cases evaporation of the fluid carving the gully was a constraint on their dimensions. Cases where there is no correlation between gully length and TAR frequency, can be explained by formation at temperatures >200 K. The temperatures are consistent with Global Circulation Model and Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data for these latitudes. The temperatures suggested by these trends are consistent with the fluid responsible for gully formation being a strong brine, such as Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 which has a eutectic temperature of ∼200 K. We also find that formation timescales for gullies are 10 5 –10 6 years.
Wave Propagation and Transport in the Middle Atmosphere

The paper reviews the dynamics of wave propagation and wave transport for vertically propagating, planetary scale waves in the middle atmosphere. Such waves are divided into two major classes: extratropical planetary waves and equatorial waves. The most significant extratropical modes are the quasi-stationary Rossby waves, while the most significant equatorial modes are the Kelvin wave and the mixed Rossby-gravity wave. Both types of waves are capable of generating mean flow changes through wave-mean flow interaction.
Community maps for joint visualization of images and descriptors

We propose a method to visualize a large image database. The key novelty is that the visualization maintains the structure often seen in clustering based visualization schemes while allowing for overlap between two clusters. Clustering is based on user-defined descriptors such as color, texture, and EXIF settings. Associations between images and descriptors are also made explicit in the visualization. Visualization of a 16000 image database downloaded from Flickr is presented.
Worst-case optimal hidden-surface removal

An O(n2) hidden-surface removal algorithm is shown. This is an improvement over the previous best worst-case performance of O(n2 log n). It has been established that the hidden-line and hidden-surface problems have an O(n2) worst-case lower bound, so the algorithm is optimal. However, the algorithm is not output-size sensitive. Two corollaries to the result are (1) hidden-lines can be removed in optimal O(n2) time, and (2) the portion of a 3-D polyhedron visible from a given interior point is constructible in optimal O(n2) time.
Incipient plasticity and dislocation nucleation in body-centered cubic chromium

Abstract In this study, we conducted nanoindentation tests to explore the incipient plasticity (or onset of yielding) in a fully annealed coarse-grained Cr at loading rates between 0.02 and 2 mN/s and temperatures ranging from 295 to 423 K. The maximum shear stress at the first indentation pop-in were evaluated and found comparable to the theoretical shear strength for the yielding of dislocation-free Cr. The activation volume and activation energy for the onset of yielding were also evaluated using Schuh׳s statistical model, and further compared with that anticipated for homogeneous and heterogeneous dislocation nucleation processes. We concluded that heterogeneous nucleation was the favorite mechanism and the type of point defect that induced dislocation nucleation appeared to be interstitials rather than vacancies in the body-centered cubic Cr.
Procedures for Modeling Laminar Cascade ARC Behavior

Past efforts at modeling laminar, cascade arc behavior are reviewed. The models are delineated in terms of their inherent restrictions and are compared on the basis of ease of application, as well as ability to provide useful engineering information and important physical insights. It is concluded that, although approximate analytical models have suggested important trends, they have almost universally failed to accurately quantify arc behavior. The most successful procedures have been those which use finite-difference methods for the solution of a comprehensive set of flow equations. Greatest success is derived from the use of a multi-fluid model which accounts for arc thermochemical nonequilibrium effects.
Numerical ranges of composition operators

Abstract Composition operators on the Hilbert Hardy space of the unit disk are considered. The shape of their numerical range is determined in the case when the symbol of the composition operator is a monomial or an inner function fixing 0. Several results on the numerical range of composition operators of arbitrary symbol are obtained. It is proved that 1 is an extreme boundary point if and only if 0 is a fixed point of the symbol. If 0 is not a fixed point of the symbol, 1 is shown to be interior to the numerical range. Some composition operators whose symbol fixes 0 and has infinity norm less than 1 have closed numerical ranges in the shape of a cone-like figure, i.e., a closed convex region with a corner at 1, 0 in its interior, and no other corners. Compact composition operators induced by a univalent symbol whose fixed point is not 0 have numerical ranges without corners, except possibly a corner at 0.
Extraction of Cobalt from Hydrotreating Catalysts Using Supercritical Ammonia

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of leaching cobalt from a hydrotreating catalyst material using supercritical aqueous ammonia solvents. The effects on cobalt extraction caused by variations in solvent composition, pressure and temperature, including subcritical conditions, were investigated. Cobalt in the catalyst material was leachable at supercritical and subcritical solvent phase conditions. Cobalt extraction at supercritical phase conditions was generally higher than extraction obtained at any of the other pressure - temperature conditions tested. Leaching enhancement at supercritical conditions was determined not to be solely the result of simple pressure or temperature effects. Rather, leaching enhancement is probably caused by the improved transport properties exhibited by supercritical fluid solvents.
THE STRUCTURE OF FINITE GROUPS IN WHICH PERMUTABILITY IS A TRANSITIVE RELATION

(Received 30 October 1999; revised 28 June 2000)Communicated by R. B. HowlettAbstractThe structure of finite groups in which permutability is transitive (PT-groups) is studied in detail.In particular a finite /T-group has simple chief factors and the p -chief factors fall into at most twoisomorphism classes. Th e structure of finite T-groups, that is, groups in which normality is transitive, isalso discussed, as is that of groups generated by subnormal or normal P 7-subgroups.2000 Mathematics subject classification: primary 20D35.
Action Alters Object Identification: Wielding a Gun Increases The Bias to See Guns

Stereotypes, expectations, and emotions influence an observer’s ability to detect and categorize objects as guns. In light of recent work in action-perception interactions, however, there is another unexplored factor that may be critical: The action choices available to the perceiver. In five experiments, participants determined whether another person was holding a gun or a neutral object. Critically, the participant did this while holding and responding with either a gun or a neutral object. Responding with a gun biased observers to report “gun present” more than did responding with a ball. Thus, by virtue of affording a perceiver the opportunity to use a gun, he or she was more likely to classify objects in a scene as a gun and, as a result, to engage in threat-induced behavior (raising a firearm to shoot). In addition to theoretical implications for event perception and object identification, these findings have practical implications for law enforcement and public safety.
Salt diffusion into vegetable tissue as a pretreatment for ohmic heating: Determination of parameters and mathematical model verification

Abstract Diffusion coefficients and equilibrium distribution coefficient were determined for infusion of salt solution into vegetable (potato) tissue. Samples were infused with aqueous NaCl solutions of various concentrations, and concentrations in solid and liquid were determined over time using titration methods. Equilibrium distribution coefficients were dependent on salt concentration. Values of diffusion coefficient were found to be within the ranges reported in the literature. For the conditions studied, the diffusion coefficient was unaffected by brine concentration. An analytical model for concentration profiles was found to be in good agreement with experimental results.
Surgical margins for melanoma in situ: When 5-mm margins are really 9 mm

Surgical margins for melanoma in situ: When 5-mm margins are really 9 mm To the Editor: Welch et al recently suggested 5-mm margins were adequate for melanoma in situ on nonchronically sun-exposed skin. However, the authors point out their academic institution included a large margin of normal-appearing skin with the excisional biopsy, and then an additional 5-mm margin was excised. We thank Welch et al for recognizing that their small cohort of patients likely had a total of 8 to 9 mm of normal-appearing skin around the primary lesion removed. In addition, their study did not evaluate the entire margin, and standard breadloafing every 2 to 4 mm misses 63% to 81% of positive melanoma margins. Because the study effectively used an 8to 9-mm margin and did not evaluate the full margin, and because margin guidelines refer to the primary lesion, we continue to recommend a 9-mm margin for all melanoma in situ. Certainly most melanoma in situ (approximately 86%) will be extirpated with only 5 mm, but not all. Joy H. Kunishige, MD, David G. Brodland, MD, and John A. Zitelli, MD Departments of Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Zitelli and Brodland Skin Cancer Center, Pennsylvania
Hydrothermal activity on the Gorda Ridge

Near-bottom plumes of materials indicative of discharge of metal-rich hot springs were discovered at sites on the Gorda Ridge by a research team of government and university scientists on a cruise of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Surveyor during May 1985 as part of the NOAA Vents Program. The Gorda Ridge, off northern California and Oregon, is the only seafloor spreading center within the proclaimed 200-mile U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (370 km wide) of the conterminous United States and is one of the last oceanic ridges to be explored for metal-rich hot springs. One reason for this neglect is that the Gorda Ridge is slow spreading, with half-rates ranging from 1.1 cm/yr in the southern portion to 2.2 cm/yr in the northern portion. Slow spreading centers have not been fully evaluated with regard to hydrothermal activity by many members of the research community, who have concentrated their attention on the faster spreading East Pacific Rise to the south and the Juan de Fuca Ridge to the north of the Gorda Ridge.
Mean-Field Approximation and Extended Self-Similarity in Turbulence

Recent experimental discovery of extended self-similarity (ESS) was one of the most interesting developments, enabling precise determination of the scaling exponents of fully developed turbulence. A sufficient condition for extended self-similarity in a general dynamical system is derived in this paper. It is also shown that if the pressure-gradient contributions are expressed in terms of velocity differences in the mean-field approximation [V. Yakhot, Phys. Rev. E 63, 026307 (2001)], then the ESS is a consequence of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Managing business political activities in the USA: bridging between theory and practice

The political arena in the USA is portrayed as a marketplace in which businesses and other groups compete to influence public policy decisions. Managers can view this political market as an opportunity to shape the rules of the game by which they operate but must realise that it is a very competitive arena. Drawing on concepts from business strategy advocacy activities like lobbying, making campaign contributions, and organising grassroots efforts are analysed in terms of opportunities for gaining competitive advantage. Results from case studies indicate that many businesses miss opportunities to build support among employees for political advocacy because few firms use bottom up approaches for political action committees or grass-roots efforts. Suggestions for managers interested in improving the effectiveness of their business advocacy efforts are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Management Principles are What? A Case Study of the Application of the Concept of Management by Objective

The article presents a letter to the editor in response to the June 1967 article “The Universality of Management,” by William V. Muse.
A recipe for targeted therapy in prostate cancer

In their Review, Marignol and colleagues discuss the comprehensive knowledge of the biology of prostate cancer, which is deeply associated with hypoxia and notch signalling (Marignol, L., Rivera-Figueroa, K., Lynch, T. & Hollywood, D. Hypoxia, notch signalling, and prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 10, 405–413; 2013).1 On this topic, an additional three issues related to targeted therapy should be discussed based on recent evidence: the role of tumour angiogenesis, notch signalling inhibition (by γ-secretase inhibitors [GSIs]) and cancer stem cells. Firstly, hypoxia is known to be a common feature of prostate tumours, as Marignol and colleagues mentioned.1 Interestingly, recent studies2,3 have demonstrated that addition of therapy targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to standard of care showed no improvement in the overall survival of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Specifically, the soluble VEGF decoy receptor (aflibercept)2 and anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab)3 were each added to the docetaxel plus prednisone backbone to inhibit angiogenesis, but resulted in disappointing clinical outcomes. That is, inhibiting angiogenesis in already hypoxic tumours probably does not have an effect. Second, notch signalling has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, although it remains to be elucidated whether the pathway has an oncogenic or a tumour-suppressive role.4 In some cases, the effects of notch signalling on prostate tumorigenesis might be contextdependent, varying between prostate cancers. If notch signalling is activated and has an oncogenic role in a patient with prostate cancer, notch inhibition by GSIs might be effective in a cell-autonomous manner (that is, by directly inducing apoptosis in tumour cells). GSIs inhibit the cleavage of the notch intracellular domain, resulting in the blockade of notch activation. GSIs, which have not yet gained FDA approval for cancer treatment, are being assessed in clinical trials (NCT00100152, NCT00106145, A recipe for targeted therapy in prostate cancer
Same-sex marriage and the regulation of language

In this article, we draw an analogy between the regulation of market language (including official definitions of `organic', `ice cream', and `diamond') and the regulation of the social and legal label `marriage'. Many of the issues raised in the debate over same-sex marriage are less about access to material benefits than about the social and cultural meaning of `marriage'. After reviewing the issues in this debate, we present an analysis of the regulation of language in the marketplace. We discuss the considerations that shape how the state regulates language in the marketplace, if it regulates it at all. Using this framework to analyze the issue of same-sex marriage allows us to identify the costs and benefits of different proposals with regard to marriage, and allows us to distinguish issues that are often conflated. Contrary to its opponents, we argue that making marriage available to same-sex couples does not violate the meaning of `marriage' or destroy marriage, because such a change is similar to m...
Helium isotopic systematics within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland

Helium isotopic compositions have been measured in a suite of sub-glacial basaltic glasses from the neovolcanic zones of Iceland. The 3He/4He ratios vary between 8 and 26.2× atmospheric; the higher ratios are generally consistent with a relatively primitive undegassed mantle source for the helium. Several sampling tests indicate that sub-glacial basaltic glasses retain a representative sample of magmatic helium, much like mid-ocean ridge basalts. The overall variations, high observed helium concentrations (up to 1.6×10−6 cm3 STP/g), and young age of Icelandic crust argue strongly against crustal contamination as a primary control of helium isotopes in the basaltic lavas. Each volcanic zone has a distinctive basaltic 3He/4He isotopic signature: 18–26.2× atmospheric in the eastern volcanic zone and central Iceland, 12–16× atmospheric in the western volcanic zone, and 8–11 in the northeastern volcanic zone. The limited range of 3He/4He ratios within each zone, variability between volcanic zones in 3He/4He, and temporal aspects of Icelandic volcanism are interpreted within the framework of a plume model for the mantle beneath Iceland. The preferred model involves variable contributions from a plume source (i.e. undegassed) to each of the Icelandic volcanic zones. The fact that the highest 3He/4He ratios are observed in eastern and central Iceland suggests that volcanism in these areas has the greatest contribution from the plume.