cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glow discharge electron impact ionization source for miniature mass spectrometers

A glow discharge electron impact ionization (GDEI) source was developed for operation using air as the support gas. An alternative to the use of thermoemission from a resistively heated filament electron source for miniature mass spectrometers, the GDEI source is shown to have advantages of long lifetime under high-pressure operation and low power consumption. The GDEI source was characterized using our laboratory's handheld mass spectrometer, the Mini 10. The effects of the discharge voltage and pressure were investigated. Design considerations are illustrated with calculations. Performance is demonstrated in a set of experimental tests. The results show that the low power requirements, mechanical ruggedness, and quality of the data produced using the small glow discharge ion source make it well-suited for use with a portable handheld mass spectrometer.
Identification of a clinical subset of systemic lupus erythematosus by antibodies to the sm antigen

The clinical and renal histologic attributes of 135 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with DNA and/or Sm antibodies were compared to determine if the presence of the Sm antibodies served as a marker for a specific subset of SLE. Although Raynaud's phenomenon was more frequent in patients with Sm antibodies (P less than 0.005), serious central nervous system disease was over three times as common in patients with DNA antibodies (P less than 0.005). Only one of 23 patients with Sm antibodies had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy, whereas 6 of 14 patients with only DNA antibodies had this histologic finding (P = 0.01). The Sm antibody system may therefore identify a subset of SLE patients with milder central nervous system and renal disease.
Test generation for crosstalk-induced delay in integrated circuits

Due to technology scaling and increasing clock frequency, problems due to noise effects lead to an increase in design/debugging efforts and a decrease in circuit performance. This paper shows how crosstalk coupling between lines can affect the propagation delay of signals in integrated circuits. A model is presented to evaluate the effect of parasitic coupling crosstalk. Conditions for the creation of the worst-case coupling and propagation of a delayed signal are presented. A test pattern generation algorithm utilizing the above conditions is presented and applied to several example circuits.
The Purdue Artificial Receptor

Receptor (hair cell) loss in the inner ear (cochlea) causes nerve deafness. Surgical treatment with artificial ears (cochlear implants) recreates certain properties of normal hearing. The essential concept behind the Purdue Artificial Receptor (PAR) invention is that it recreates the normal signal processing of auditory receptors. Controlled experiments have demonstrated that PAR processing improved speech perception in every nerve-deaf patient studied. PAR is currently implemented in hardware as a single-channel, battery-powered, portable, real-time digital-signal-processor based computer which simulates natural receptor function. Future multichannel PARs will add spectral information to improve pitch perception. >
In vitro pharmacodynamics of anidulafungin and caspofungin against Candida glabrata isolates, including strains with decreased caspofungin susceptibility.

The activities of anidulafungin and caspofungin against Candida glabrata were evaluated. MICs, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 values), and IC 90 values for anidulafungin were lower than those for caspofungin for 16 of 18 strains tested. Anidulafungin has potent in vitro activity against C. glabrata that is maintained against isolates with elevated caspofungin MICs.
The geochemistry of rare earth elements in the Amazon River estuary

Abstract The estuarine geochemistry of rare earth elements (REEs) was studied using samples collected in the Amazon River estuary from the AmasSeds (Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) cruise of August 1989. Extensive removal of dissolved (0.22 μm filtered) trivalent REEs from river water occurs in the low (0–6) salinity region. Removal by the salt-induced coagulation of river colloids leads to fractionation among the REE(III) series; the order of removal is light REEs > middle REEs > heavy REEs. There also is the enhanced removal of Ce (relative to trivalent La and Nd) in the low salinity (0–6) zone and in the zone of high biological activity. This is the first field observation of strong Ce removal associated with coagulation of river colloids and biological productivity. The argument is made that the decrease in the Ce anomaly across a biological front is caused by biologically mediated oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV). Coagulation of river colloids and biologically mediated oxidation of Ce (III) lead to fractionation of REE(III) and redox modification of Ce. These processes result in the REE composition becoming fractionated relative to the Amazon River water and crust and more evolved toward the REE composition of the oceans. This study implies that reactions in estuaries play significant, yet poorly understood roles in controlling the REE composition and Ce anomaly of the oceans.
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS: Central Nervous System Involvement Treated Successfully with 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine

A case of disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis with resistant central nervous system (CNS) disease in an adolescent is described. The child presented with visible cranial lesions, emesis, headaches, and short-term memory loss. Diagnostic evaluation revealed multiple osseous lesions in the cranium, ribs, vertebral bodies, and pelvis. The clinical course with complications and response to each therapy are sequentially reviewed. Remission, as evidenced clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging, was ultimately accomplished with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA). The full course of 2-CDA was not tolerated due to bone marrow suppression. CNS histiocytosis is known to be resistant to therapy. Earlier introduction of 2-CDA for CNS disease might offer more successful treatment with less toxicity than seen in patient.
Calcium and Oxalate Ions Effect on the Texture of Canned Apricots

SUMMARY– Softening of canned apricots was accompanied by increase in soluble pectin and syrup viscosity. Calcium ions have the ability to decrease, to some extent, the movement of pectic material from the fruit to the syrup. This might be explained by the ability of calcium ions to make a bridge between polygalacturonic acid units, thus producing larger molecules which bind the cells together at the middle lamella. Added oxalate ions removed calcium from pectin in the cell wall, causing an increase in water-soluble pectin in the syrup and softening of texture. The mineral contents of canned apricots from three growing areas were determined by flame spectrophotometry. Low potassium in the fruit seems to be related to low pH in the cell sap, causing hydrolysis of pectic materials through hydrolysis ion catalysis and softening during heat processing and storage.
Bureau of Reclamation use of Risk Analysis

This paper briefly presents the Bureau of Reclamation’s philosophy and methodology in using risk-based analysis to select appropriate actions in its safety of dams program.
Multi-objective Optimization of Sensor and Excitation Layouts for Frequency Response Function-Based Structural Damage Identification

Abstract:i¾?The accuracy of many damage identification methods depends significantly on the quality of measurements collected by sensors, such as accelerometers, concerning the response characteristics of a structure. Often the number of sensors used to collect measurements is limited due to available funds, equipment, and access. In addition, the excitation location can significantly affect a sensor's ability to collect quality measurement information. Therefore, both the location and number of sensors and the location of the excitation must be optimized to maximize the quality of information collected. A multi-objective optimization approach is presented that minimizes the number of sensors specified while maximizing the sensitivity of the frequency response functions FRFs collected at each specified sensor location with respect to all possible damaged structural elements. The multiple Pareto-optimal sensor/excitation layouts obtained aid in determining the number of sensors required to obtain an effective level of measurement information. The benefit of using Pareto-optimal sensor/excitation layouts is investigated by using the optimized layouts to collect measurement information for a FRF-based structural damage identification method. Trial results confirm that an increase in damage identification accuracy and efficiency is achieved when Pareto-optimal sensor/excitation layouts are used instead of nonoptimal layouts. In addition, the Pareto-optimal layouts improved damage identification accuracy in noisy measurement environments due to increasing the quality of measurements collected.
Seasonal effect upon excision of acquired melanocytic proliferations.

Background Acquired melanocytic proliferations (AMPs) are excised throughout the year. Questions exist concerning seasonal variation in these excisions. Objective To investigate whether AMPs are removed more often during the spring–summer seasons than in the fall–winter and whether the percentage of benign nevi, dysplastic nevi and melanoma varies according to season. Design Retrospective analysis of 4794 histologically confirmed biopsies of AMPs was performed. Results A total of 2802 of the 4794 lesions (58%) were removed during the spring–summer season. These results confirm that seasonal variation in removal of AMPs does occur, and that removal peaks during the warmer months. In addition, the increased numbers of removals were accounted for by increases in benign pigmented lesion removals. Conclusions Many etiologic factors can be suggested for increased removal of AMPs during the warmer months. Reasons may include the cosmetic desires of the patient and clothing choices resulting in increased awareness of pigmented lesions. Increases in the number of skin cancer prevention programs offered by dermatologists in the spring also have a large impact on the awareness of the general population and potentially contribute to the seasonal variation.
Analog VLSI systems for early vision processing

Describes a project to design and build prototype analog early vision systems to determine how the advantages of analog VLSI, high speed, low power, and small area, can be exploited and its disadvantages, limited accuracy, inflexibility, lack of storage capacity, and long design times, can be minimized. This project explored three distinct circuit design styles for vision applications, continuous-time processing, charge-coupled devices, and switched capacitors. The overall effort and three chips are described. >
Age identity: A cross-cultural global approach:

A combination of recent international surveys establishes surprising universality of the subjective and ideal age self-construal constructs appraised in years. Results showed that in 18 culturally disparate countries, age-of-birth was older than subjective/cognitive age self-construal; in 15 nations ideal/ desired ages were measured as well, and those were even younger. Implications of the construct's universality , as well as the reliability, validity, and equivalence of the different measurements of age identity in a cross-cultural research context, are discussed from a global perspective.
THE EU SPACE COMPETENCE AS PER THE TREATY OF LISBON: SEA CHANGE OR EMPTY SHELL?

The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon late 2009 introduced a so-called 'space competence' of the European Union into the already complicated legal European 'spacescape' . It has been hailed by some as a sea change, a watershed following which the EU finally and irreversibly has entered the realm of legislating for space, whereas others fail to see it as more than an empty shell, a fig leaf for politicians to be able to show at least some progress towards a united European approach and policy with respect to space. Whilst some discussion has focused on whether this 'shared competence', a specific term of art in EU law, would not better be qualified as a sui generis 'parallel competence', no notable attention has been paid to the more fundamental question to what extent the inclusion of the relevant clause in the Treaty of Lisbon has resulted in a real change as to the legislative and regulatory side of space activities undertaken in the European context. The present paper will therefore try to analyse in somewhat more detail what the real significance of this new 'space competence', is, might or will be. This analysis will be undertaken with reference not only to the terminology of the Treaty of Lisbon and a related clause of the preceding but aborted Constitutional Treaty, but also with reference to the previous legislative efforts of the European Union relevant to space, the few national space legislations of EU member states, and the role of ESA in this context. 1. The discussion on the EU space competence
Rearrangement of aromatic sulfonate anions in the gas phase

Collisionally activated dissociation of deprotonated aromatic sulfonic acids in the gas phase causes rearrangement and fragmentation to produce the corresponding phenoxide ions. The mechanism for this reaction has been investigated and the results of this study favor initial intramolecular nucleophilic addition of a sulfonate oxygen atom to the aromatic ring, a process which is followed by heterolytic cleavage of the carbon-sulfur bond to rearomatize the ring. The product from this addition-elimination sequence is the anion of a sulfurous acid half-ester, which loses SO 2 to generate the corresponding phenoxide ion
Can intraocular pressure measurements be used to screen for elevated intracranial pressure in emergency department patients

Abstract Background Handheld measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) has been previously shown to accurately predict elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in neurosurgical patients. Handheld tonometry may have clinical utility in the prediction of elevated ICP among a cohort of emergency department (ED) patients receiving lumbar puncture (LP). Objective To ascertain the sensitivity and specificity of IOP for the prediction of elevated ICP in ED patients undergoing LP. Methods In this prospective observational pilot study, all ED patients over the age of 18 years and undergoing LP in the ED for any reason were eligible to participate. Study participants had IOP measured with the Tono-Pen XL (Reichert, Inc., Depew, NY) while in the supine position before LP. OP was measured in the lateral recumbent position. Elevated IOP was defined as≥20mm Hg; elevated ICP was defined as≥20mm H 2 O. Results There were 82 patients screened and 46 patients enrolled at the time of interim analysis. Of the 46 patients, 32 had a successful LP in the lateral recumbent position. There were 18/32 patients with a successful LP in the lateral recumbent position who had elevated opening pressure; 9/32 patients with a successful LP had an elevated IOP. Furthermore, 4/9 patients with elevated IOP also had an elevated opening pressure. There was only one patient who had elevated IOP, elevated ICP, and diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid (sensitivity 24%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9–48%; specificity 63%, 95% CI 32–88%; positive predictive value 28%, 95% CI 14–47%; negative predictive value 72%, 95% CI 53–96%). Conclusions Handheld tonometry has poor sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of increased ICP, and should not be used as a screening tool in the ED.
Dynamics of the Biennial Oscillation in the Equatorial Indian and Far Western Pacific Oceans

Abstract Many investigators have noted strong biennial atmospheric and oceanic variability, phase-locked to the calendar year, over the equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. A simple air–sea interaction theory suggests that biennial oscillations in the far western equatorial Pacific (120°–140°E) may originate from an air–sea interaction instability involving the mean seasonal wind cycle and evaporation. Over a wide range of realistic parameters the instability grows rapidly and is phase-locked to the calendar year in a similar way to the observations. Crucial to the mechanism are that the anomalous equatorial surface wind response is westerly under anomalous deep convection, that it lags the convection by at least 1 month, and that the zonal seasonal wind has a strong 12-month cycle. No such air–sea interaction instability is possible in the equatorial Indian Ocean because the water is either too cold for deep convection most of the year (western equatorial Indian Ocean, 40°–60°E) or the wind is westerly ...
AT1 receptor-mediated uptake of angiotensin II and NHE-3 expression in proximal tubule cells through a microtubule-dependent endocytic pathway.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) is taken up by proximal tubule (PT) cells via AT1 (AT1a) receptor-mediated endocytosis, but the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study te...
Differential Expression of the miR-200 Family MicroRNAs in Epithelial and B Cells and Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation by the miR-200 Family Member miR-429

The miR-200 microRNA family is important for maintaining the epithelial phenotype, partially through suppressing ZEB1 and ZEB2. Since ZEB1 inhibits Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation, we hypothesized that expression of miR-200 family members in epithelial cells may partly account for higher levels of EBV reactivation in this tissue (relative to nonplasma B cells). Here we show that, whereas miR-200 family members are expressed in epithelial cells, their expression is low in latently infected B cells. Furthermore, the miR-200 family member miR-429 shows elevated expression in plasma cell lines and is induced by B-cell-receptor activation in Akata cells. Lastly, expression of miR-429 can break latency.
Incorporating Long-acting Reversible Contraception Into Primary Care: A Training and Practice Innovation.

As the Affordable Care Act (ACA) reduces cost sharing as a barrier to long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use (Becker & Polsky, 2015), attention has turned to other barriers that limit LARC’s availability to patients (Weisman & Chuang, 2014). Two key barriers are the limited availability of on-site LARC services at primary care clinics, and inadequate numbers of providers trained in LARC insertion and removal, particularly among non–obstetrician-gynecologists. The importance of expanding the number of providers and facilities offering LARC is widely recognized by women’s and adolescent health experts (Harper, et al., 2013; Lunde, et al., 2014; Potter, Koyama, & Coles, 2015). However, LARC provision in the context of primary care by non–obstetrician-gynecologists has received less attention, despite the Institute ofMedicine’s emphasis that contraception is an essential preventive service for women (Committee on Preventive Services for Women, 2011). As the ACA improves access to primary care, including for younger patients, expanding LARC’s availability in primary care settings is of critical importance (Pace, Cohen & Schwarz, 2011). Across specialties, many outpatient primary care practices do not offer LARC and require patients seeking LARC to be referred elsewhere (Beeson et al., 2014; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In 2011, only 56% of office-based obstetricians/gynecologists, family practitioners, and adolescent medicine specialists offered on-site IUDs; only 32% offered implants (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Although we are not aware of published estimates, on-site availability of LARC
Engaging Faculty in a Discussion about the Future of Libraries

In this era of libraries needing to demonstrate return on investment and to justify their value to the institution, we all know it’s more important then ever to include faculty in discussions about the library. In this article I want to share a recent example at Indiana University Bloomington of a forum intended to serve as the foundation for deep and ongoing engagement with faculty about the future of the libraries.
Self-Care and Mobility Following Postacute Rehabilitation for Older Adults With Hip Fracture: A Multilevel Analysis.

Abstract Objective To examine contextual (facility and community) and individual factors associated with self-care and mobility outcomes among Medicare hip fracture patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation. Design Retrospective cohort study of 3 linked data files: Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility–Patient Assessment Instrument, Provider of Services, and Area Health Resources. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the effects of contextual and individual factors on self-care and mobility outcomes. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs). Participants Medicare hip fracture patients (N=35,264; mean age, 81y) treated in IRFs (N=1072) in 2012. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Self-care (eating, grooming, bathing, upper and lower body dressing, toileting) and mobility (walk/wheelchair, stairs) at discharge. Results Mean ± SD self-care and mobility scores at admission were 3.17±.87 and 1.24±.51, respectively; mean ± SD self-care and mobility scores at discharge were 5.03±1.09 and 3.31±1.54, respectively. Individual and contextual levels explained 44.4% and 21.6% of the variance in self-care at discharge, respectively, and 19.5% and 1.9% of the variance in mobility at discharge, respectively. At the individual level, age, race/ethnicity, cognitive and motor FIM scores at admission, and tier comorbidities explained variance in self-care and mobility; sex and length of stay explained variance only in self-care. At the contextual level, facilities' case mix (mean patient age, percent non-Hispanic white, mean self-care score at admission) and structural characteristics (rural location, freestanding, for-profit ownership) explained variance only in self-care; facilities' case mix (mean patient age, percent non-Hispanic white, percent living with social support, mean mobility score at admission) explained variance in mobility. Community variables were nonsignificant. Conclusions Individual and facility factors were significant predictors of discharge self-care and mobility among Medicare hip fracture patients in IRFs. The findings may improve quality of IRF services to hip fracture patients and inform risk adjustment methods.
Correction of canine cyclic hematopoiesis with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) is an autosomal recessive disease of gray collie dogs that is characterized by neutropenic episodes at 14- day intervals. The biochemical basis for CH is not known but may involve a regulatory defect of the response to or production of a hematopoietic growth factor. Administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) to two CH and one normal dog caused a marked leukocytosis (greater than 50,000 WBCs) in all three dogs. The leukocytosis was due largely to a greater than tenfold increase in neutrophils. Less pronounced but significant elevations in monocytes occurred during G-CSF treatment. The elevated WBC count was maintained for more than 20 days in all three dogs, and two predicted neutropenic episodes were prevented in both CH dogs during rhG-CSF treatment. A decline in the WBC count occurred simultaneously in all three dogs during the last five treatment days and was presumably associated with the development of neutralizing antibodies to the heterologous rhG-CSF protein. Bone marrow evaluation indicated that the swings in the myeloid/erythroid progenitor cells that are characteristic of CH were eliminated by rhG-CSF treatment in both CH dogs. These results suggest that the regulatory defect in canine CH can be temporarily alleviated by treatment with rhG-CSF and point to the potential treatment of human cyclic neutropenia with this agent.
Improving Contextual Self-Organizing Map Solution Times Using GPU Parallel Training

Visualizing n-dimensional design or optimization data is very challenging using current methods and technologies. Many current techniques perform dimensionality reduction or other “compression” methods to show views of the data in two or three dimensions. Designers are left to infer the relationships with other independent and dependent variables being considered. Contextual self-organizing maps offer a way to process a view and interact with all dimensions of design data simultaneously. Contextual self-organizing maps are a form of neural network that can be used to understand the complex relationships between large amounts of high-dimensional data, as was shown in previous work by the authors. This original formulation of contextual self-organizing maps used a sequential training method that took significant amounts of training time with large datasets. Batch self-organizing maps provide a data-independent training method that allows the training process to be parallelized. This research parallelizes the batch self-organizing map by combining networkpartitioning and data-partitioning methods with CUDA on the GPU to achieve significant training time reductions.
Techniques for analyzing rotating rake mode measurements over passive treatment

The NASA Glenn Research Center’s rotating rake mode measurement system has been successful in measuring the modal content propagating in hard-wall ducts. This paper proposes an extension of the rot...
Vitallium Prosthesis for the Olecranon and Proximal Part of the Ulna

A case has been presented in which there was a thirteen-year follow-up after prosthetic arthroplasty of the lower portion of the elbow joint. Although the patient's range of motion was less than desirable, he was satisfied with the functional result of the reconstructive procedures. Humeral erosion can be avoided by enlarging the semiluar notch and by blunting the coronoid process.
Examining the relationships among the brand equity dimensions: Empirical evidence from fast fashion

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to understand the nature of the inter-relationships among brand equity dimensions in the fast fashion context.Design/methodology/approach– Based on the empirical data collected from 419 fast fashion consumers in the USA, the study investigated the inter-relationships among the various brand equity dimensions by structural equation modeling.Findings– The findings reveal that brand awareness has a significant and positive direct impact on brand personality and perceived value; brand personality has a significant and positive direct effect on perceived quality and perceived value; and brand awareness, perceived quality and perceived value have a significant and positive direct effect on brand loyalty, respectively.Originality/value– Applying the brand equity model in the fast fashion industry and surveying actual consumers, the research provides in-depth empirical evidence of the interactions among the brand equity dimensions. Since fast fashion has become a key feature of the global fashion industry over the last decade, understanding the elements of brand equity and the inter-relationships among them provides important insights to marketing practitioners to develop strategies which encourage the growth of brand equity.
Project LEAN--lessons learned from a national social marketing campaign.

Abstract The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation initiated a social marketing campaign in 1987 to reduce the nation's risk for heart disease and some cancers. Consensus on recommendations for dietary change have stimulated the development of a variety of social marketing campaigns to promote behavior change. Project LEAN (Low-Fat Eating for America Now) is a national campaign whose goal is to reduce dietary fat consumption to 30 percent of total calories through public service advertising, publicity, and point-of-purchase programs in restaurants, supermarkets, and school and worksite cafeterias. The public service advertising reached 50 percent of the television viewing audience and the print publicity, more than 35 million readers. The toll-free hotline received more than 300,000 calls. Thirty-four organizations joined the foundation in partnership and raised $350,000 for collaborative activities. Thirteen States implemented local campaigns. Lessons have been learned about the use of the media, market segmentation, effective spokespersons, and successful partnerships. These lessons will be valuable to others planning social marketing campaigns on nutrition and other preventive behaviors.
Scavenger receptor B1, the HDL receptor, is expressed abundantly in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells

Cholesterol from peripheral tissue, carried by HDL, is metabolized in the liver after uptake by the HDL receptor, SR-B1. Hepatocytes have long been considered the only liver cells expressing SR-B1; however, in this study we describe two disparate immunofluorescence (IF) experiments that suggest otherwise. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy employing ultrathin (120 nm) sections of mouse liver, improving z-axis resolution, we identified the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), marked by FcγRIIb, as the cell within the liver expressing abundant SR-B1. In contrast, the hepatocyte, identified with β-catenin, expressed considerably weaker levels, although optical resolution of SR-B1 was inadequate. Thus, we moved to a different IF strategy, first separating dissociated liver cells by gradient centrifugation into two portions, hepatocytes (parenchymal cells) and LSEC (non-parenchymal cells). Characterizing both portions for the cellular expression of SR-B1 by flow cytometry, we found that LSEC expressed considerable amounts of SR-B1 while in hepatocytes SR-B1 expression was barely perceptible. Assessing mRNA of SR-B1 by real time PCR we found messenger expression in LSEC to be about 5 times higher than in hepatocytes.
Maqāṣid or Sharīʿa? Secularism, Islamic Reform, and Ethics in Modern Turkey

This chapter elaborates on the role of the maqāṣid al-sharīʿa [the higher objectives of Islamic law] in the Islamic reform discussions and movements in modern Turkey. Considering the sustained importance and the pivotal role of the discourse in other Muslim contexts analyzed in this book, I will argue that the Turkish literature on the maqāṣid al-sharīʿa appears relatively recent, abstract, academic, and, more significantly, antireformist. This stands in stark contrast to the conventional employment of the maqāṣid al-sharīʿa in the service of reform. In the last hundred years or so, the maqāṣid al-sharīʿa discourse, however differently understood and conceptualized, was more frequently voiced by a number of different actors as a venue for change rather than what we term “modern reformist projects.” Unlike the accepted traditional concepts of “renewal” and “revival” [tajdīd and iṣlāḥ], reformist projects were viewed as proposals disconnected from and directly attacking the rich traditional legal heritage. In the same vein, a distinguishing feature of one of the most prevalent approaches to the maqāṣid discourse in Turkey today is its self-depiction as the authentic conservative voice of the tradition against reformist proposals, and its deep critique of the idea of “reform,” understood literally as reshaping religion by declaring the classical Islamic legal heritage as redundant if not an obstacle for meaningful reform.
Family and Maternal Characteristics of Children With Co-Occurring ADHD and Depression.

Objective: This study examined differences between children with ADHD and comorbid depression (n = 26), ADHD only (n = 111), and a community control group (n = 130) on measures of family and matern...
Brain uptake and metabolism of the endocannabinoid anandamide labeled in either the arachidonoyl or ethanolamine moiety.

Abstract Introduction Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) is a retrograde neuromodulator that activates cannabinoid receptors. The concentration of anandamide in the brain is controlled by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which has been the focus of recent drug discovery efforts. Previous studies in C57BL/6 mice using [ 3 H-arachidonoyl]anandamide demonstrated deposition of tritium in thalamus and cortical areas that was blocked by treatment with an FAAH inhibitor and that was not seen in FAAH-knockout mice. This suggested that long chain fatty acid amides radiolabeled in the fatty acid moiety might be useful as ex vivo and in vivo radiotracers for FAAH, since labeled fatty acid released by hydrolysis would be rapidly incorporated into phospholipids with long metabolic turnover periods. Methods Radiotracers were administered intravenously to conscious Swiss–Webster mice, and radioactivity concentrations in brain areas was quantified and radiolabeled metabolites determined by radiochromatography. Results [ 14 C]Arachidonic acid, [ 14 C-arachidonoyl]anandamide and [ 14 C-ethanolamine]anandamide, and also [ 14 C]myristic acid, [ 14 C-myristoyl]myristoylethanolamine and [ 14 C-ethanolamine]myristoyl-ethanolamine all had very similar distribution patterns, with whole brain radioactivity concentrations of 2–4% injected dose per gram. Pretreatment with the potent selective FAAH inhibitor URB597 did not significantly alter distribution patterns although radiochromatography demonstrated that the rate of incorporation of label from [ 14 C]anandamide into phospholipids was decreased. Pretreatment with the muscarinic agonist arecoline which increases cerebral perfusion increased brain uptake of radiolabel from [ 14 C]arachidonic acid and [ 14 C-ethanolamine]anandamide, and (in dual isotope studies) from the unrelated tracer [ 125 I]RTI-55. Conclusions Together with our previously published study with [ 18 F-palmitoyl]16-fluoro-palmitoylethanolamine, the data show that the primary determinant of brain uptake for these tracers in Swiss–Webster mice is initial distribution according to blood flow. It is possible that recently reported strain differences in long chain fatty acid trafficking between C57BL/6 and Swiss–Webster mice are responsible for the differences between our results using [ 14 C]anandamide and the earlier studies using [ 3 H]anandamide.
Integrated system for point cloud reconstruction and simulated brain shift validation using tracked surgical microscope

Intra-operative soft tissue deformation, referred to as brain shift, compromises the application of current imageguided surgery (IGS) navigation systems in neurosurgery. A computational model driven by sparse data has been used as a cost effective method to compensate for cortical surface and volumetric displacements. Stereoscopic microscopes and laser range scanners (LRS) are the two most investigated sparse intra-operative imaging modalities for driving these systems. However, integrating these devices in the clinical workflow to facilitate development and evaluation requires developing systems that easily permit data acquisition and processing. In this work we present a mock environment developed to acquire stereo images from a tracked operating microscope and to reconstruct 3D point clouds from these images. A reconstruction error of 1 mm is estimated by using a phantom with a known geometry and independently measured deformation extent. The microscope is tracked via an attached tracking rigid body that facilitates the recording of the position of the microscope via a commercial optical tracking system as it moves during the procedure. Point clouds, reconstructed under different microscope positions, are registered into the same space in order to compute the feature displacements. Using our mock craniotomy device, realistic cortical deformations are generated. Our experimental results report approximately 2mm average displacement error compared with the optical tracking system. These results demonstrate the practicality of using tracked stereoscopic microscope as an alternative to LRS to collect sufficient intraoperative information for brain shift correction.
The atypical genesis and bioavailability of the plant-based small RNA MIR2911: Bulking up while breaking down

cope The uptake of dietary plant small RNAs (sRNAs) in consumers remains controversial, which is mainly due to low dietary content in combination with poor fractional absorption. MIR2911, among all the plant sRNAs including microRNAs, has been shown to be one of the most robustly absorbed sRNAs. Here we analyze the unusual abundance and unique genesis of MIR2911 during vegetable processing. Methods and results Using qRT-PCR, the abundance of MIR2911 increased dramatically in macerated tissues while other microRNAs degraded. The accumulation of MIR2911 correlated with the degradation of the rRNAs, consistent with MIR2911 being derived from the 26S rRNA. Bioinformatic analysis predicts a microRNA-like precursor structure for MIR2911; however, no reciprocal increase in the putative star-strand was noted, and using an Arabidopsis mutation deficient in miRNA processing the accumulation of MIR2911 appeared Dicer independent. MIR2911 was incorporated into the mammalian RNA-induced silencing complex as demonstrated in HEK293T cells, where transfected synthetic MIR2911 modestly suppressed the activity of a cognate luciferase reporter. Conclusion The genesis and amplification of MIR2911 post-harvest is atypical, as traditional plant bioactives are less plentiful as vegetables lose freshness. These findings offer an explanation to the disparity in serum detection between MIR2911 and canonical plant-based miRNAs.
Effect of reactor configuration on performance of vacuum gas oil (VGO) hydrotreater: Modelling studies

Abstract While kinetics is independent of either scale or configuration of hydrotreating reactor, hydrodynamics of reactor depend on both. The hydrodynamics of reactor which comprise of phase mass-transfer, catalyst wetting and pressure drop affect its performance significantly and should be addressed adequately while deciding on configuration or scale up issues. This study evaluates and compares the performance of different configurations of commercial VGO hydrotreater by employing mathematical model encompassing kinetics and hydrodynamics. Two configurations have been studied: • Conventional trickle-bed reactor, subdivided into (a) beds in parallel and (b) beds in series. • Pre-saturated one liquid flow (POLF) reactor, subdivided into (a) reactor with single pre-saturator (POLF-SP) and (b) multiple reactors in series with intermittent pre-saturators (POLF-MP). The performance of conventional reactor in series/parallel is found to be superior to POLF configurations. The inferior performance of POLF configurations is attributed to mixed flow behaviour due to recycle as against plug flow behaviour in conventional trickle-bed reactors.
128 Temperament in emerging adulthood, not adolescent behaviour problems, predicts opioid misuse in mid-twenties

This study compared earlier temperament and behavioural predictors of opiate misuse and binge drinking, using a sample of high risk young adults. Participants (n=367) are from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing community study of children with alcoholic parents and a community contrast sample of families with similarly aged children. We used logistic regression to examine behavioural and temperament factors from ages 15–20 that predicted opiate misuse and weekly binge drinking (five or more drinks on an occasion) in the mid-twenties, controlling for parent alcoholism. At age 24–26, 53 (14.5%) of the participants endorsed misuse of Vicodin and/or OxyContin in the last 3 years. Opiate misuse was predicted by binge drinking, (OR=1.005, p
Novel biomarker SYT12 may contribute to predicting papillary thyroid cancer outcomes.

Aim: To investigate biomarkers for predicting papillary thyroid cancer outcomes. Materials & methods: The expression of biomarkers (ITGA2, SYT12 and CDH3) was studied in a prospective cohort of patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Three outcomes of initial metastases, baseline status and longitudinal status were analyzed and correlated with the biomarkers. Results: SYT12 provided the best prediction of initial metastasis (sensitivity: 72%; specificity: 54%). SYT12 had the highest accuracy for predicting longitudinal status (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 47%). The best performance for longitudinal status resulted from combining SYT12 with American Thyroid Association risk stratification, with sensitivity and specificity of 88 and 73%, respectively. Conclusion: SYT12 has some prognostic significance in papillary thyroid cancer. Further validation studies in larger populations are warranted.
Electricity Market Structure and Pricing Analyses

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the electricity market structure and discuss its characteristics. We also survey the regulation policies on electricity prices and the existing price forecasting techniques in a market-driven electricity industry. The complex nature of electricity markets makes it difficult to design optimal policies for the policy makers. It also makes it challenging for market participants to conduct price forecasting. Additionally, the dynamic nature of the electricity markets creates strong demand for researchers to come up with a more accurate prediction.
Changes in colour and location as cues of generative transmission in perception of causality

ABSTRACTObservers viewed modified launching effect displays containing a spatial gap between the final location of the launcher (a black square) and the initial location of the target (a black outl...
Toward Practical Solar Hydrogen Production

Two articles recently published in Joule represent efforts in material discovery and new engineering for practical solar hydrogen production. Wong and colleagues improved the solar hydrogen production performance of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 by Cd substitution, and Domen and co-workers presented a panel design to take advantage of particulate Al-doped SrTiO 3 photocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Lesinurad: A Novel Agent for Management of Chronic Gout.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of lesinurad and determine its role relative to other agents in the management of chronic gout. Data Sources: A PubMed search (1946 to Fe...
On entropy determination from magnetic and calorimetric experiments in conventional giant magnetocaloric materials

In this work, we discuss measurement protocols for the determination of the magnetic entropy change associated with first-order magneto-structural transitions from both magnetization and calorimetric experiments. The Cu-doped Ni2MnGa Heusler alloy with a first-order magneto-structural phase transition is used as a case study to illustrate how commonly-used magnetization measurement protocols result in spurious entropy evaluations. Two magnetization measurement protocols which allow for the accurate assessment of the magnetic entropy change across first-order magneto-structural transitions are presented. In addition, calorimetric measurements were performed to validate the results from the magnetization measurements. Self-consistent results between the magnetization and calorimetric measurements were obtained when the non-equilibrium thermodynamic state was carefully handled. Such methods could be applicable to other systems displaying giant magnetocaloric effects caused by first-order phase transitions with magnetic and thermal hysteresis.
Cardiomyocyte-specific disruption of Cathepsin K protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

The lysosomal cysteine protease Cathepsin K is elevated in humans and animal models of heart failure. Our recent studies show that whole-body deletion of Cathepsin K protects mice against cardiac dysfunction. Whether this is attributable to a direct effect on cardiomyocytes or is a consequence of the global metabolic alterations associated with Cathepsin K deletion is unknown. To determine the role of Cathepsin K in cardiomyocytes, we developed a cardiomyocyte-specific Cathepsin K-deficient mouse model and tested the hypothesis that ablation of Cathepsin K in cardiomyocytes would ameliorate the cardiotoxic side-effects of the anticancer drug doxorubicin. We used an α-myosin heavy chain promoter to drive expression of Cre, which resulted in over 80% reduction in protein and mRNA levels of cardiac Cathepsin K at baseline. Four-month-old control (Myh-Cre-; Ctsk fl/fl) and Cathepsin K knockout (Myh-Cre+; Ctsk fl/fl) mice received intraperitoneal injections of doxorubicin or vehicle, 1 week following which, body and tissue weight, echocardiographic properties, cardiomyocyte contractile function and Ca2+-handling were evaluated. Control mice treated with doxorubicin exhibited a marked increase in cardiac Cathepsin K, which was associated with an impairment in cardiac structure and function, evidenced as an increase in end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, decreased fractional shortening and wall thickness, disruption in cardiac sarcomere and microfilaments and impaired intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In contrast, the aforementioned cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin were attenuated or reversed in mice lacking cardiac Cathepsin K. Mechanistically, Cathepsin K-deficiency reconciled the disturbance in cardiac energy homeostasis and attenuated NF-κB signaling and apoptosis to ameliorate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cathepsin K may represent a viable drug target to treat cardiac disease.
Changes in Management Based on Vitreous Culture in Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injection.

Purpose To assess whether vitreous culture results affect the clinical management of patients with acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Setting : Single-center. Study Population : Patients who developed endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab between January 1, 2016, and May 31, 2018. Observation : A change in clinical management was defined as additional intravitreal antibiotic injections or pars plana vitrectomy. Main Outcome Measures : A change in clinical management within 2 weeks of initial endophthalmitis culture and treatment; visual acuity. Results Of 204,986 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections performed, 60 cases (0.0293%) of endophthalmitis were identified, 18 of which were culture-positive. Six of 60 eyes (10%) had a change in clinical management. A change in clinical management was initiated in 3 of 18 (17%) culture-positive cases compared to 3 of 42 (7%) culture-negative cases (P = .357). Changes in management for culture-positive cases were performed based on declining vision (2 cases) and worsening clinical examination (1 case). Changes in management for culture-negative endophthalmitis cases were performed based on declining vision (1 case) and worsening clinical examination (2 cases). No additional interventions were initiated based on positive-culture results. Comparing vision loss from baseline by culture result, at final follow-up, oral flora-associated culture-positive cases lost 17.5 lines, non–oral flora-associated culture-positive cases lost 9.1 lines, and culture-negative cases lost 2.5 lines of vision (P Conclusion Following endophthalmitis from intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents, vitreous culture data may help prognosticate visual outcomes but appear to have a limited effect on clinical management.