cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temperature sensitivity of a mutation in the essential tRNA modification enzyme tRNA methyltransferase D (TrmD).

Background: Although temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations of TrmD exist, deficient in converting G37- to m1G37-tRNA, the basis of their phenotype is unknown. Results: The ts-S88L mutation, while conferring thermal lability, caused a stronger defect on catalysis. Conclusion: The catalytic defect of the ts-S88L mutation reduced the quantity and quality of tRNA methylation. Significance: ts mutations leading to catalytic defects are useful for studying enzyme mechanism. Conditional temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations are important reagents to study essential genes. Although it is commonly assumed that the ts phenotype of a specific mutation arises from thermal denaturation of the mutant enzyme, the possibility also exists that the mutation decreases the enzyme activity to a certain level at the permissive temperature and aggravates the negative effect further upon temperature upshifts. Resolving these possibilities is important for exploiting the ts mutation for studying the essential gene. The trmD gene is essential for growth in bacteria, encoding the enzyme for converting G37 to m1G37 on the 3′ side of the tRNA anticodon. This conversion involves methyl transfer from S-adenosyl methionine and is critical to minimize tRNA frameshift errors on the ribosome. Using the ts-S88L mutation of Escherichia coli trmD as an example, we show that although the mutation confers thermal lability to the enzyme, the effect is relatively minor. In contrast, the mutation decreases the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme to 1% at the permissive temperature, and at the nonpermissive temperature, it renders further deterioration of activity to 0.1%. These changes are accompanied by losses of both the quantity and quality of tRNA methylation, leading to the potential of cellular pleiotropic effects. This work illustrates the principle that the ts phenotype of an essential gene mutation can be closely linked to the catalytic defect of the gene product and that such a mutation can provide a useful tool to study the mechanism of catalytic inactivation.
Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome following methylphenidate administration.

SUMMARY A nine-year-old boy with clinically typical ‘minimal brain dysfunction’ developed Tourette's syndrome eight weeks after the start of therapy with methylphenidate. Although methylphenidate was discontinued, the symptoms persisted. Treatment with haloperidol was effective. It is suggested that methylphenidate stimulated an increase in dopamine turnover and brought about the onset of Tourette's syndrome in a vulnerable patient. RESUME Un garcon de neuf ans presentant des signes cliniques typiques de dysfunction cerebrale a minima a debute un syndrome de Tourette, huit semaines apres le debut d'un traitement par methyl-phenidate. Les symptomes ont persiste malgre l'arret de la methylphenidate; un traitement par l'haloperidol a ete efficace. Il est possible qu'une augmentation de la circulation de la dopamine stimulee par la methyl-phenidate ait declanche le debut de syndrome de Tourette chez un sujet vulnerable. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ein neun jahriger Junge mit den typischen Zeischen einer ‘minimal brain dysfunction’ entwickelte ein Tourette Syndrom acht Wochen nach dem Beginn einer Therapie mit Methylphenidat. Obgleich das Methylphenidat abgesetzt wurde, blieben die Symptome, bestehen. Zur Behandlung hat sich Haloperidol bewahrt. Es wird vermutet, das eine durch Methylphenidat bedingte Steigerung im Dopamin-Stoffwechsel den Beginn eines Tourette Syndroms bei einem dafur anfalligen Patienten begunstigt. RESUMEN Siguiendo la administracion de metilfenidato, un nino de 9 anos de edad con una ‘disfuncion cerebral minima’ clinicamente tipica desarrollo un sindrome de Tourette 8 meses despues de empezada una terapeutica con metilfenidato. Aunque el metilfenidato se interrumpio, los sintomas han persistido; el tratamiento con haloperidol es efectivo. Se especula sobre la posibilidad de que un aumento en el recambio de dopamina, estimulado por el metilfenidato, puede desencadenar el inicio del sindrome de Tourette en un paciente vulnerable.
Effect of increase in weight and stiffness of vehicles on the safety of rear seat occupants

In this study, full-scale finite element (FE) simulations have been performed to identify factors affecting the protection of rear seat occupants. An FE model based on the 2001 Ford Taurus was used and coupled with a Hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy model in the rear seat of the vehicle. The dummy model was restrained using a three-point belt system. The effects of changes in the vehicle design, including changes in vehicle weight and stiffness, on injury readings of the rear seat dummy, including head injury criterion (HIC), chest acceleration and Nij, were evaluated. The simulation results were first validated against available test data for a Ford Taurus vehicle and later used for the analysis. The analysis showed that an increase in the stiffness of the vehicle can significantly increase rear seat dummy injury measures. It was shown, for example, that the HIC15 of a rear seat dummy can increase from 478 to 755 between two vehicles with an increase in stiffness from 1000 to 1557 N/mm.
Toward a Geography of a World Without Maps: Lessons from Ptolemy and Postal Codes

Abstract Discussions within geography of the history of the concepts of “space” and “place” are often Whiggish rehearsals of perceived mistakes and misapprehensions; there is little sense that earlier understandings of the concepts have anything important to offer the contemporary geographer. Conversely, one finds little that suggests that reflections on contemporary life might shed light on those now seemingly antiquated concepts. Both views are unfortunate. In fact, viewed from the perspective of current practice, the classical division of topos/choros/geos makes sense not, as is commonly thought, as an ontologically oriented oversimple conceptualization of scalar differences but, rather, as an outgrowth of epistemological differences. The discourses that emerged around those concepts—topography, chorography, and geography—each relied upon a different way of knowing, storing, and communicating knowledge. Indeed, in the absence of the appropriate affording technologies—the map and the data storage device...
The road to sustainable development and conservation

Ecologists visit some of the most interesting places on Earth, and many have fascinating tales to tell. These encounters can highlight important scientific concepts or lead to a better understanding of organisms or systems. In the new series, Trails and Tribulations, authors wil describe their experiences and discuss the associated environmental, ecological, or conservation issues. In the first article, Norm Christensen tells the story of a brief encounter he had while hiking in the mountains in Haiti and discusses the conflicting demands of environmental protection and human survival.
A Chronic Iron-Deficient/High-Manganese Diet in Rodents Results in Increased Brain Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Deficits in the Morris Water Maze

Iron deficiency (ID) is especially common in pregnant women and may even persist following childbirth. This is of concern in light of reports demonstrating that ID may be sufficient to produce homeostatic dysregulation of other metals, including manganese (Mn). These results are particularly important considering the potential introduction of the Mn-containing gas additive, methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), in various countries around the world. In order to model this potentially vulnerable population, we fed female rats fed either control (35 mg Fe/kg chow; 10 mg Mn/kg chow) or low iron/high-manganese (IDMn; 3.5 mg Fe/kg chow; 100 mg Mn/kg chow) diet, and examined whether these changes had any long-term behavioral effects on the animals’ spatial abilities, as tested by the Morris water maze (MWM). We also analyzed behavioral performance on auditory sensorimotor gating utilizing prepulse inhibition (PPI), which may be related to overall cognitive performance. Furthermore, brain and blood metal levels were assessed, as well as regional brain isoprostane production. We found that treated animals were slightly ID, with statistically significant increases in both iron (Fe) and Mn in the hippocampus, but statistically significantly less Fe in the cerebellum. Additionally, isoprostane levels, markers of oxidative stress, were increased in the brain stem of IDMn animals. Although treated animals were indistinguishable from controls in the PPI experiments, they performed less well than controls in the MWM. Taken together, our data suggest that vulnerable ID populations exposed to high levels of Mn may indeed be at risk of potentially dangerous alterations in brain metal levels which could also lead to behavioral deficits.
A solution comparison for dual angular linear programs

Abstract In this paper, computational results are reported for Gass' Dualplex Method which is designed to solve dual angular structured linear programs. The test problem set includes a group of staircase problems from such diverse areas as economic development, agricultural planning, and cutting stock models. Each test problem is solved by an experimental dualplex code and an efficient commercial version of the simplex algorithm for comparative purposes. Based on the test problem results, the dualplex method is found to exhibit very good solution behavior and have steeper solution convergence than the commercial simplex code.
Optical absorption and luminescence of 14-MeV neutron-irradiated CaF2 single crystals

Abstract The effects of 14-MeV neutron irradiation (1.1 × 10 19 n/m 2 ) on crystalline CaF 2 have been examined by optical absorption and luminescence techniques to evaluate its suitability as a window material for fusion energy applications. For comparison, similar studies were done on unirradiated and X-irradiated samples. It is confirmed that pristine CaF 2 exhibits excellent optical transmission in the spectral region 200–1000 nm. X and neutron irradiation induce similar optical absorption spectra with maximum absorption coefficients approximately 1.6 and 0.8 cm −1 , respectively. Thermally stimulated luminescence glow curves are induced by X-ray (11.55 kGy) and neutron exposures; peaks occur at 423, 534, 596 and 479, 550, 605 K, respectively. Thermal annealing experiments show that the major absorption peaks decay in concert with appearance of the first glow peak, which is attributed to an electron trap. Thus, the major absorption bands are associated with F and F-aggregate centers. The relative ease with which these centers are produced strongly suggests that CaF 2 is not a good final optic window material for fusion energy applications.
Binaural Acoustic Reflex Activity following Monaural Noise Exposure in Decerebrate Chinchillas1 : Activité du réflexe acoustique binaural chez des chinchillas décérebrés après exposition à un bruit monaural

Acoustic reflex thresholds, latencies and magnitudes were recorded binaurally in decerebrate chinchillas suffering monaural, temporary noise trauma. Simultaneous recordings of cochlear microphonics from both cochleae during monaural reflex stimulation served as an index for acoustic reflex dynamics. Baseline values of threshold, latency and magnitude were recorded from ipsilateral and contralateral ears prior to a monaural 2-hour exposure to a 0.5-kHz octave-band noise at 100 dB SPL. Reflex dynamics were meaured immediately after exposure and again following 1 h of recovery. Cochlear microphonic input-output functions for the exposed ear were completed prior to and after cessation of the noise and after 1 h of recovery. Acoustic reflex threshold and magnitude increased and latency decreased following exposure to noise for both the ipsilateral and contralateral recording conditions. Reflex activity in the nonexposed ear was unaffected. Reflex properties returned to pre-exposure values following recovery. T...
Urban Lakes and Waterbirds: Effects of Development on Avian Behavior

Abstract The need to understand how wildlife responds to the broad-ranging impacts of development is becoming increasingly important as human populations around the globe continue to increase and urbanize. We studied waterbird behavioral associations with developed and undeveloped shorelines on four partially developed urban lakes in central Florida. Summer observations revealed that wading birds foraged significantly more along developed shoreline, and that ducks rested and tended young significantly more along developed shoreline. Winter observations revealed that marsh birds foraged significantly more along undeveloped shoreline but displayed active/swimming behavior significantly more along developed shoreline. Summer ducks and winter wading birds showed significantly greater alert/flee behavior along undeveloped shoreline. Ducks in both seasons showed significantly greater alert/flee behavior than other guilds. For all guilds, alert/flee behavior was seen 1.6 times more often in the winter. Winter mi...
Electronic transport and optical properties of plastically deformed CdS

The temperature dependence of the dc electrical conductivity (300-30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) and the optical transmission (300-109\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) of plastically deformed CdS crystals have been measured for samples deformed up to 25%. The results yield further evidence for the existence of dislocation energy bands located at energies within 0.3 eV of the valence-band top. A simple band model is presented to describe the observed properties of this system.
Sonographic appearance of appendicitis in a neutropenic pediatric patient after inversion appendectomy

The technique of inversion-ligation appendectomy is used by some surgeons to eliminate the risk of peritoneal contamination as the result of incidental appendectomy during an otherwise clean surgical procedure. In most cases, the intussuscepted appendix necroses and sloughs into the cecum after several days. We present the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of a retained, inflamed appendix, which occurred in a neutropenic pediatric patient 15 months after inversion appendectomy. Our case illustrates the importance of a complete surgical history for the interpretation of abnormal sonographic findings of the cecum.
Properties of [3H]AMPA Binding in Postmortem Human Brain from Psychotic Subjects and Controls: Increases in Caudate Nucleus Associated with Suicide

Abstract [3H]AMPA binding, a measure of the non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors, was measured in the frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens of postmortem human brain tissue samples. In normal human frontal cortex, the binding data were best fit by a two-site model, with Kd values of 137 nM and 11.3 μM, and Bmax values of 2780 fmol/mg protein and 67.6 pmol/mg protein, respectively. Binding was linearly related to protein concentration and was strongly inhibited by glutamic acid and quisqualic acid. Binding was partially inhibited by kainic acid and glutamic acid diethyl ester and only slightly inhibited by N-methyl- d -aspartic acid. AMPA binding was not inhibited by neuroleptic drugs, in vitro. Freezing and storage did not result in a loss of AMPA binding, and there tended to be an increase in AMPA binding with extended freezer storage. When tissue frozen intact was compared to tissue frozen as a homogenate, the high-affinity binding parameters were unchanged, but there was an increase in the affinity and Bmax of the low-affinity site for the tissue frozen intact. Thus it appears that only the high-affinity site can be measured accurately in tissue frozen intact. AMPA binding was not significantly altered by premortem neuroleptic administration, age, postmortem delay, or by moderate durations of freezer storage. No differences in AMPA binding were found in psychotic subjects compared to normal controls. There was, however, a pronounced increase in total AMPA binding in the caudate nucleus in subjects that had committed suicide.
The Spectrum of Erythema Multiforme

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute hypersensitivity reaction characterized by distinctive skin lesions and mucous membrane involvement that has a spectrum of severity. It occurs in two forms: the more common "minor" type and the more severe "major" type, also called Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). Sometimes EM includes toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Lyell disease. EM minor first was described completely by von Hebra in 1866; Stevens and Johnson described the major variant in 1922. EM occurs more often in males, and 20% to 50% of cases occur in the pediatric age group, although rarely in those younger than age 3 years.
Components of the ERG of the moth, Galleria mellonella.

Abstract Origin of the components of the electroretinogram of the moth Galleria mellonella have been investigated. Successive recordings taken at different depths through the retina and optic ganglion indicate that the positive and maintained negative phases of the ERG originate in the retina while a phasic negative potential occurs in the ganglion, but under certain conditions may invade the retina too. There appears to be no correlation between amplitude and adaptation for the positive and slow negative phases nor will agents applied to the ganglion obliterate the positive phase. If either NaCl or Ringer solution is applied to the retina the positive phase is abolished. Isotonic KCl does not have this effect. Ringer's and NaCl applied to the ganglion do not affect the ERG. Damage to the retinal basement membrane also appears to abolish the positive phase. We interpret these effects to indicate the ion-selective permeability of the basement membrane.
Intermolecular transfer integrals for organic molecular materials: can basis set convergence be achieved?

Abstract Intermolecular transfer integrals, and associated band-structures of organic molecular materials can be calculated through a dimer approach. Extensive numerical studies are performed on an ethylene π-dimer to investigate the basis sets dependence of transfer integrals. Convergence of calculated transfer integrals is achieved with respect to both Gaussian and plane-wave basis sets, provided the same level of theory is used. Effects of diffuse and polarization Gaussian functions on transfer integrals are identified. Comparison of experimental and theoretical values of transfer integrals of the TTF–TCNQ charge transfer salt is also presented.
Effect of nanotube waviness on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-based composites

Abstract This paper reports the effect of nanotube waviness on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-based composites using a percolation model. Wavy nanotubes are approximated by elongated polygons, and the current-carrying backbones of percolation clusters in the composite are identified by the direct electrifying algorithm. The tunneling resistance due to an insulating film of matrix material between crossing nanotubes is considered. Results of Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the electrical conductivity of composites with wavy nanotubes are lower than that of composites with straight nanotubes. The critical exponent of the power-law dependence of electrical conductivity on nanotube concentration decreases with increasing nanotube curl ratio. The conductivity exhibits an inverse power-law dependence on the curl ratio with a critical exponent in the range of 2.2–2.6.
Pleistocene Ice-Rafted Pebble Abundance, Eastern North Atlantic Ocean: ABSTRACT

Detailed examination of a suite of 8 deep-sea cores collected by USNS Kane, north of 48°N lat., in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean indicates an unusually high abundance of coarser than sand-size rafted debris. An average of 3 pebbles per core, each weighing greater than 8 g, characterizes the suite. In fact, the average weight for all pebbles found was 30 g. Assuming that these averages are compatible for the rest of the eastern North Atlantic, and assuming an average age of 300,000 years for the 8 cores, it has been calculated that over 2.6 × 1013 metric tons of coarse debris has been transported from Europe, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands by ice-rafting since late middle Pleistocene time. If coarse debris represents a total of only 20% of all ice- afted sediment, then in the eastern North Atlantic, over 1.3 × 1014 metric tons of sediment has been ice-rafted in the last 300,000 years. End_of_Article - Last_Page 640------------
Parametric Study of MMC Solidification in the Presence of Cooled Fibers: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation

A new experimental configuration for the casting of metal matrix composites (MMCs) using Al-4.5 wt pct Cu has been used to obtain finer microstructures around the fiber reinforcement. The new configuration allows fibers to be extended out of the mold and cooled by a heat sink. By doing so, solidification can be sped up and more primary alpha-aluminum phase can be formed on the surface of the fibers. It is believed that this can lead to improved material properties of the composite. A simulation study of the solidification process has been carried out to examine the effects of different processing parameters on the cooling rate during the casting of MMC. Among these parameters include the pouring temperature of the liquid melt, sink temperature, fiber length extended out of the mold, fiber conductivity, mold initial temperature, mold conductivity, applied pressure, mold wall thickness, and fiber bundle diameter. Selected simulation results are compared with the available experimental data obtained from the UWM Center for Composites.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Efficient Reliability Analysis of Concurrent Software Applications Considering Software Architecture

Architecture-based reliability analysis of software applications is gaining prominence as it can provide valuable guidance to software architects during early design phases. Concurrent component execution is common among modern software applications, and hence, reliability analysis considering concurrency within the context of software architecture is essential. Our preliminary analysis approach considering concurrency suffers from state-space explosion; due to which it cannot be applied to practical software applications. This paper proposes solutions to the model specification and solution challenges arising from the state-space explosion problem. The specification challenge is alleviated using the Stochastic Reward Net (SRN) modelling paradigm which can intuitively and concisely represent concurrent software architecture at a higher level of abstraction. The computational challenge is alleviated by aggregating the original state space. Our illustrations show that aggregation introduces only a small inaccuracy into the reliability estimate, and hence, preserves the utility of the original model to produce design guidance via sensitivity analysis.
An Instructional Strategy Taxonomy: Theory and Applications

Is there empirical evidence for a theory-based approach to instruction? The answer is yes. There is much carefully conceived, controlled, and executed research on instruction. However, synthesizing, interpreting, and developing theorems from this data base is difficult because we lack a common vocabulary for the variables investigated. Furthermore, we lack a taxometric formulation relating these variables to one another in a meaningful
Accuracy of non-invasive fetal Rh genotyping from maternal blood

CHAD A. GROTEGUT, JOHN P. GAUGHAN, OSSIE GEIFMAN-HOLTZMAN, Temple University School of Medicine, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Temple University School of Medicine, Biostatistics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: To determine the reported accuracy of non-invasive fetal Rh genotyping from maternal blood. STUDY DESIGN: A PubMed search of the literature describing fetal Rh determination from maternal blood was conducted. From each study, we determined the fetal Rh genotype tested, the source of the fetal DNA (maternal plasma, serum or fetal cells), gestational age, and confirmation of fetal Rh type. The sensitivity and specificity of the Rh typing were calculated and the presence of alloimmunization and exclusions due to Rh gene rearrangements were noted. RESULTS: We found 25 English-written publications reporting non-invasive Rh typing using fetal DNA obtained from maternal blood. Gestational age at time of testing ranged from 12 to 41 weeks. A total of 2122 correct fetal RhD genotyping were documented out of 2240 tested (94.7%). When excluding for reported RhD gene rearrangements, the testing accuracy increased to 97.5% (2122 out of 2186 tested). Fetal RhD was determined correctly in 13 of 28 (46.4%) alloimmunized pregnancies. For other Rh groups, a total of 97/98 (98.9%) correct fetal RhE/e genotyping and a total of 79/91 (86.8%) fetal RhC/c genotyping were reported. Alloimmunization status was reported in 4 studies and in 21 studies testing was performed on Rh negative mothers. When looking at the years 1993-2000 compared to 2000-2005, 174/216 (80.5%) vs. 1948/1970 (98.8%) correct fetal Rh genotyping were reported. CONCLUSION: Accurate non-invasive fetal Rh determination using maternal peripheral blood is possible and can be applicable to Rh prophylaxis and to the management of Rh alloimmunized pregnancies. Improvements of the technique and further study of structure and rearrangements of the RhD gene S136 SMFM Abstracts
On the Mechanism of Flashing Injection of Initially Subcooled Fuels

Etude experimentale des mecanismes de l'injection avec vaporisation instantanee en utilisant un injecteur electromagnetique pour l'injection de propane, de methanol ou d'indolene chauffes dans un recipient a volume constant. Identification de 2 regimes d'injection avec vaporisation instantanee
Simplified Rotor Inflow Model for Descent Flight

A simplified inflow model called the ‘ring vortex model’ is developed for a rotor in descent condition. The ring vortexmodelaccountsforthe flowinteractionbetweenrotorwakeandsurroundingairflowindescent flightbyusing a series of vortex rings along the rotor wake. Important features of the ring vortex model are illustrated in detail, including the convection speed, the vortex strength, and the number of vortex rings. An augmentation to total mass flow parameter in the existing inflow equation is proposed to create a steady-state transition between the helicopter and the windmill branches. With the ring vortex model, it is feasible to predict rotor inflow over a wide range of descent conditions. Numerical results show good correlation with experimental data for both axial and inclined descent. In addition, the ring vortex model is used to explain the influence of model parameters (such as blade twist and blade taper) on rotor-induced velocity during descent flight. Nomenclature CQ = rotor torque coefficient CT = rotor thrust coefficient CT = average rotor thrust coefficient kring = nondimensional factor used to compute induced velocity from a vortex ring k� = strength factor of a vortex ring Nb = number of blades Nring = number of vortex rings R = rotor radius T = rotor thrust Vh = rotor-induced velocity at hover Vi = rotor-induced velocity Vver;con = vertical convection speed of a vortex ring Vx = rotor horizontal speed (positive forward) Vz = rotor vertical speed (positive in climb) � = angle of descent � = strength of a vortex ring � T = amplitude of thrust fluctuation with respect to mean value of thrust � Vi = increment of rotor-induced velocity due to the presence of vortex rings � = normalized rotor vertical speed (positive in climb) � peak = normalized rotor vertical speed corresponding to the peak value of induced velocity � = nondimensional total inflow � m = nondimensional average induced velocity � = average total inflow � = advance ratio � z = nondimensional climb rate in the tip path plane � � = rotor advance ratio normalized by induced flow at
Compensation for atmospheric degradation of optical beam transmission by nonlinear optical mixing

Abstract The use of nonlinear optical mixing for compensating for atmospheric propagation distortion is considered.
A procedural explanation for contemporary urban design

Abstract This paper presents an explanation of urban design that tries to make sense of the different tactics used by contemporary urban designers. It is argued that urban design is a second‐order design endeavour; that is, designers are only indirectly responsible for producing built forms and the spaces in between them; they design the decision environment within which others make decisions to add to or alter the built environment. The paper first reviews what has been established in the literature and in practice as the tactics used by contemporary urban designers. A case is then made for why the term second‐order design is a good explanation for these tactics. Finally, the conclusion considers the implications this attitude towards urban design could have for educating urban designers and for conducting research in urban design.
Column enumeration based decomposition techniques for a class of non-convex MINLP problems

We propose a decomposition algorithm for a special class of nonconvex mixed integer nonlinear programming problems which have an assignment constraint. If the assignment decisions are decoupled from the remaining constraints of the optimization problem, we propose to use a column enumeration approach. The master problem is a partitioning problem whose objective function coefficients are computed via subproblems. These problems can be linear, mixed integer linear, (non-)convex nonlinear, or mixed integer nonlinear. However, the important property of the subproblems is that we can compute their exact global optimum quickly. The proposed technique will be illustrated solving a cutting problem with optimum nonlinear programming subproblems.
Patterns in Adult Sibling Relationships After the Death of One or Both Parents

The authors explored how sibling relationships were affected by the death of one or both parents in the context of the dynamics of those sibling relationships prior to the death. Qualitative data obtained from 66 interviews in a mixed-methods study of adults in middle or older age with at least one living sibling were analyzed for the purpose of finding common patterns that emerged after the death. The patterns were: Even closer; Just us now; New roles, responsibilities, and relationships; Unsettled estate; Never close; From bad to worse; Back together, temporarily; and No change. Implications for social work practice include exploring perceptions of family members regarding patterns and using the concept of ambivalence to normalize sibling relationships.
A randomized controlled trial for obesity and binge eating disorder: Low-energy-density dietary counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy

The present study examined a dietary approach - lowering energy density - for producing weight loss in obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED) who also received cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address binge eating. Fifty consecutive participants were randomly assigned to either a six-month individual treatment of CBT plus a low-energy-density diet (CBT+ED) or CBT plus General Nutrition counseling not related to weight loss (CBT+GN). Assessments occurred at six- and twelve-months. Eighty-six percent of participants completed treatment, and of these, 30% achieved at least a 5% weight loss with rates of binge remission ranging from 55% to 75%. The two treatments did not differ significantly in weight loss or binge remission outcomes. Significant improvements were found for key dietary and metabolic outcomes, with CBT+ED producing significantly better dietary outcomes on energy density, and fruit and vegetable consumption, than CBT+GN. Reductions in energy density and weight loss were significantly associated providing evidence for the specificity of the treatment effect. These favorable outcomes, and that CBT+ED was significantly better at reducing energy density and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption compared to CBT+GN, suggest that low-energy-density dietary counseling has promise as an effective method for enhancing CBT for obese individuals with BED.
Excellent long-term patient and graft survival are possible with appropriate use of livers from deceased septuagenarian and octogenarian donors.

Background Although increasing donor age adversely affects survival after liver transplantation, livers have been used from selected deceased donors older than 70 years. Although there are reports of excellent short-term results, long-term results are unknown. Our experience was reviewed with septuagenarian and octogenarian deceased donors to determine long-term outcomes.
mAuditor: Mobile Auditing Framework for mHealth Applications

Enormous numbers of mobile health applications (mHealth apps) developed recently on mobile devices (e.g. smartphones, tablets, etc.) have enabled health status (e.g. sleep quality, heart rate, etc.) monitoring that is readily accessible to average mobile device users. Typically, such mHealth apps involve active usage of mobile device resources, such as on-board sensors, network bandwidth, etc. The rapid increase of these applications promotes the US FDA agency to put in place regulations on mHealth app risk assessment. But these existing and upcoming regulations have not yet been accompanied by a mobile auditing framework, which provides real-time monitoring of mHealth apps' resource usage and triggers alerts to users if abnormal resource usage patterns are detected. In this paper, we develop a low-overhead and non-obtrusive mobile auditing framework, called mAuditor, that specifically monitors in real-time on-board sensor and network bandwidth usage of mHealth apps. We carry out experiments using a diverse set of mHealth apps that are available on the Google Play App store. Our results indicate that mAuditor is able to detect the discrepancies between normal and abnormal resource usage patterns of mHealth apps.
On a stochastic extension of the EOQ formula

Abstract This note considers the classical EOQ model with finite replenishment rate, under stochastic lead time. It shows that if crossover of orders is prohibited and the model's parameters are such that the system experiences each cycle both positive stock and shortage the solution is closed form and is an intuitive extension of the EOQ formula.
Nonlinear MR model inversion for semi-active control enhancement

The increased prevalence of semi-active control systems is largely due to the emergence of cost effective commercially available controllable damper technology such as Magneto-Rheological (MR) devices. Unfortunately, MR dampers are highly nonlinear, which presents an often over-looked complexity to the control system designer. The well-known Skyhook Damping control algorithm has enjoyed great success for both fully active and semi-active control problems. The Skyhook design strategy is to create a control force that emulates what a passive linear damper would create when connected to an inertial reference frame. Skyhook control is device independent since it generates a desired control force command output that must be produced by the control system. For simplicity, MR dampers are often assumed to have a linear relationship between the current input and the force output at a given relative velocity. Often this assumption is made implicitly and without knowledge of the underlying nonlinearity. In this paper, we show that the overall performance of a semi-active Skyhook control system can be improved by explicitly inverting the nonlinear relationship between input current and output force. The proposed modification will work with any semi-active control algorithm, such as Skyhook, to insure that the controller performance is at least as good as the performance without the proposed modification. This technique is demonstrated through simulation on a quarter-vehicle system.
Audit Quality and Auditor Reputation: Evidence from Japan*

At the same time that Japan is holding itself out as a high quality participant in world capital markets, there have been a string of high-profile accounting scandals, including those at Sanyo, Nikko Cordial, Kanebo, and Livedoor (“Corporate Shenanigans in Japan,” The Economist, March 22, 2007). Regulators at the Japanese FSA have reacted strongly to these scandals, arresting auditors and suspending the operations of one of Japan’s Big Four accounting firms, ChuoAoyama, the PwC affiliate in Japan. These events caused PwC to restructure its Japanese operations, which essentially resulted in the transfer of lower quality clients and staff to competitors and the formation of a new, smaller boutique operation in Japan (PwC Aarata). These events provide an unusually rich setting to investigate the role of auditor reputation on audit quality in a country where auditors’ legal liability has, until recently, been largely non-existent. We provide evidence on auditor switching around the time of these events, whether ChuoAoyama’s reputation for low audit quality is evident in the nature of its clients and/or their earnings quality, and on the market’s reaction to events that revealed the extent of ChuoAoyama’s audit failure.
Coronary arterial patterns in complete transposition—;classification in relation to the arterial switch procedure

The arterial switch operation has become the standard of surgical repair for total correction of complete transposition (concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial connections). A standard nomenclature for classification of the numerous anatomic relationships the coronary arteries may assume, however, has yet to be universally adopted. Inconsistent use of varied nomenclatures remain an obstacle to effective communication between physicians and surgeons. In this review we offer a unified nomenclature incorporating five important relationships: the configuration of the sinuses; their location; the configuration of the arterial orifices; the pattern of branching of the major coronary arteries; and the course of each artery.
Cardiorespiratory responses following electrical stimulation of caudal sites in the rat medulla.

Abstract A limited occipital craniotomy was conducted on urethane-anesthetized rats to expose the caudal medulla in the region of the obex. Discrete bipolar electrical stimulation was administered at sites in the dorsal medulla of spontaneously breathing rats in the vicinity of the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and adjacent reticular formation. Cardiorespiratory responses were recorded during microstimulation at three separate stimulating frequencies to examine the functional interaction of cardiovascular and respiratory-related neuronal elements in the NTS. Microstimulation was conducted at sites in the dorsal and medial regions of the NTS beginning at the level of the area postrema and extending posteriorly through the rostrocaudal course of the NTS; microstimulation was also conducted at midline sites in the commissural region of the NTS and the ventral and ventrolateral regions of the caudal NTS. Microstimulation of loci in the reticular formation adjacent to these NTS sites did not elicit any cardiorespiratory responses whereas stimulation of individual NTS regions elicited specific patterns of cardiorespiratory responses. Specifically, microstimulation of the dorsal and medial NTS at the level of the area postrema elicited pressor responses associated with apneic/hypopneic responses whereas stimulation of midline sites in the commissural region, dorsomedial sites caudal to the area postrema and the ventral and ventrolateral areas of the caudal regions of the NTS elicited depressor responses associated with bradycardic and apneic/hypopneic responses. The most profound respiratory effects (i.e., apnea) and heart rate responses (i.e., bradycardia) were seen following stimulation of the ventral and ventrolateral regions of the caudal NTS. These findings support the notion that the caudal NTS is a major site for coordinating Cardiorespiratory afferent information in the rat and it is also apparent from this study that specific regions of the caudal NTS demonstrate a functional coexistence of cardiovascular and respiratory-related neurons. Finally, the results from this study showing the regional specificity and frequency-dependent characteristics of Cardiorespiratory response patterns elicited by microstimulation suggest that the local microcircuitry and intrinsic neuronal networks in the more caudal regions of the rat NTS are more complex and heterogeneous than hitherto revealed.
Effects of ethanol on photoreceptors and visual function in developing zebrafish.

Some children born to mothers who have consumed alcohol during pregnancy have a number of morphologic, sensory, and cognitive abnormalities, including vision deficits, collectively known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). It was originally thought that FAS was the result of alcohol abuse; however, smaller doses or shorter durations of prenatal alcohol consumption also produce harmful, though more subtle, effects referred to as alcohol-related birth defects (ARBDs) or alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND).1 Even though FAS was described several decades ago,2 little is known about the mechanistic underpinnings of ethanol teratogenicity.3 The retina is one of the organs affected by ethanol during embryogenesis. As many as 90% of children in whom FAS is diagnosed have some type of ocular problem, ranging from microphthalmia and retinal dysmorphologies to reduced visual function.4,5 In rats, ethanol exposure during embryogenesis has been linked to optic nerve hypoplasia.6,7 In trying to understand the effects of alcohol on visual development, Katz and Fox8 analyzed the visual function of rat pups born to mothers exposed to ethanol during pregnancy. The rat pups exhibited deficiencies in both photopic and scotopic vision and had lower rhodopsin levels than non–ethanol-treated rat pups. These results suggested that ethanol's effect on the development of visual function in vertebrates could alter the expression of genes regulating the development of the photo-receptors. One of the challenges of analyzing ethanol's teratogenicity in vertebrates using rodents as model systems is that mammals develop in utero. Therefore, ethanol concentrations and exposure times that result in a specific phenotype are difficult to determine because the metabolic function of the mother must be considered. Other vertebrates, such as zebrafish and Xenopus laevis, develop ex utero, so specific concentrations of ethanol over specific developmental periods are easily achieved. Treating zebrafish and Xenopus embryos with ethanol results in phenotypes comparable to those described for children with FAS, suggesting that the same molecular mechanisms are disturbed by ethanol treatment in vertebrates.9–11 Moreover, unlike mouse, zebrafish contain abundant cone photoreceptors that differentiate relatively early, making it a better system for the study of color vision in vertebrates.12,13 The goal of this study was to obtain a detailed analysis of the effect of ethanol in zebrafish retinal development and function during the period of photoreceptor differentiation. We demonstrate that treating zebrafish embryos with ethanol causes the retinal abnormalities described in rodent models with FAS. Furthermore, ethanol compromises photoreceptor function at levels that do not affect photoreceptor development or morphology.
Defective galactosylation in galactosemia: is low cell UDPgalactose an explanation?

There is circumstantial evidence that defective galactosylation of complex glycoconjugates exists in tissues from galactosemic patients. Whether this is an etiologic factor in the long-term complications of the disorder is not known. Also not evident is the basis for the impaired galactosylation. The hypothesis that abnormally low cellular uridine diphosphate galactose (UDPgal) content is responsible has not been established. There is a tendency for galactosemic red cell UDPgal to be in the low normal range with a high uridine diphosphate glucose to UDPgal ratio. This may reflect an inability of red cell UDPgal-4′-epimerase to maintain a normal ratio and consequently higher levels of UDPgal. In the more complex white blood cells and cultured fibroblasts, the UDPgal content and the uridine diphosphate glucose to UDPgal ratio of galactosemics are normal. Therefore, defective galactosylation observed in galactosemic fibroblasts must result from a defect in the transfer of galactose from UDPgal to these moieties.
Isolation and partial characterization of a rat hepatoma heparan sulfate proteoglycan.

Abstract A proteoglycan was isolated from a Morris rat hepatoma by sequential precipitations with ammonium sulfate and cetyl pyridinium chloride followed by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B and DEAE-cellulose. The proteoglycan has a molecular weight of about 1.5 × 105 with 40,000 molecular weight glycosaminoglycan side chains, identified as heparan sulfate based on resistance to chondroitinase and susceptibility to nitrous acid treatment. Immunological studies showed that the protein core of this proteoglycan is immunologically distinct from a rat yolk sac tumor chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (A. Oldberg, E. G. Hayman, and E. Ruoslahti, 1981, J. Biol. Chem.256, 10847–10852), but resembles a heparan sulfate proteoglycan isolated from a basement membrane-producing mouse tumor (J. R. Hassell, P.M. Robey, H.-J. Barrach, J. Wilczek, S. R. Rennard, and G. R. Martin, 1980, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA77, 4494–4498).
Temperature Effects on the Impact Behavior of Fiberglass and Fiberglass/Kevlar Sandwich Composites

Impact tests were performed on sandwich composites with Fiberglass and Fiberglass/Kevlar face sheets subjected to varied temperatures. A number of specimens were tested at −50 to 120 °C temperature range and at 20, 30, and 45 J low velocity energy levels. Impact properties of the sandwich composites that were evaluated include maximum normal and shear stresses, maximum energy absorption, non-dimensional parameters (AEMP, PI, and RD), and compression after impact strength. Composite specimens tested have a urethane foam filled honeycomb center sandwiched between a variation of four layered Fiberglass and Kevlar/Fiberglass face sheets in a thermoset polymer epoxy matrix. Results showed that the impact performance of these sandwich composites changed over the range of temperature considered and with the addition of a Kevlar layer.
Intelligent vehicle highway systems: challenge for the future

The concept of intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS) is described, and the institutional barriers that the IVHS faces are examined. The goals and objectives of IVHS include improved safety, reduced congestion, increased and higher quality mobility, improved environmental quality and energy efficiency, improved economic productivity, the development of an IVHS supply industry in the United States, major changes in the transportation profession, and the development and deployment of a variety of technologies and partnerships between the public and the private sector. Institutional issues are discussed with reference to public-private partnerships, organizational change, and academia and the transportation research community. >
A structural analysis of the situation in the Middle East in 1956

We attempt to display a systematic approach for the distinction between states of equilibrium and disequilibrium in the interrelationships between nations, using as corroborative material the rapid shifts in 1956 among the various nations, brought about by the Middle Eastern situation. The psychological theory behind this approach is that of structural balance, which is pertinent in the present context to balance of power, while the logical framework involves the mathematical theory of graphs. We do not assert that this theory in its present form is predictive, but we do feel that it offers a well-organized mode of thinking which, although simple, may be fruitful. We also comment on some aspects of the Hungarian situation in terms of structural balance. It must be borne in mind throughout this article that it was written in early 1957 and that therefore the interrelationships among nations described herein reflect that time period.