cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgenesis and genome editing in chickens

Abstract The chicken has been in the spotlight of research attention for decades because of its prominence as both a biological model and an agricultural animal. Due to the availability of its genome sequence information and the development of certain necessary tools and technologies, precision manipulation of the chicken genome has begun to gain momentum. In this chapter, we review the history and current state of chicken genome manipulation, with specific focus on recent developments in the field, including review of currently available tools and resources for genome manipulation based on discoveries in recombinant DNA technology and embryonic engineering.
A Foreword from the Editor-in-Chief

Over the past decades, Internet has gone beyond information sharing and communication, and become a platform for service reuse and service integration. Computing reuse based on abstraction and divide-and-conquer is at core of computer science and IT industry over the past decades, and the computing reuse granularity has grown from functions/methods to objects, reusable software components, and distributed cloud services. The maturity of container and microservice technologies makes both software system development and deployment truly distributed and reusable. The advancement in speed and security has now also enabled Internet to become an enterprise service integration platform that promote service reuse and management to an even higher level. “Internet +” is one of the layman’s terms to emphasize the new prominent function of Internet in local/regional/national/international scope enterprise service integration and reuse.
Roundtable: Our Culture Is Our Strength: Sustaining Social Justice Through Culturally Appropriate Contemplative Practices

This proposed roundtable discussion will flow around questions of how Black social justice activists and other members of the global majority can honor their ancestors and predecessors by grounding their contemplative practices within African and African American cultural traditions. We will consider how we can use culturally relevant and appropriate practices to drive and sustain political mobilization, especially at the micro and meso levels.
Now You See Them, and Now You Don't: An Evolutionarily Informed Model of Environmental Influences on Human Sex Differences.

Abstract The contributions of evolutionary processes to human sex differences are vigorously debated. One counterargument is that the magnitude of many sex differences fluctuates from one context to the next, implying an environment origin. Sexual selection provides a framework for integrating evolutionary processes and environmental influences on the origin and magnitude of sex differences. The dynamics of sexual selection involve competition for mates and discriminative mate choices. The associated traits are typically exaggerated and condition-dependent, that is, their development and expression are very sensitive to social and ecological conditions. The magnitude of sex differences in sexually selected traits should then be largest under optimal social and ecological conditions and shrink as conditions deteriorate. The basics of this framework are described, and its utility is illustrated with discussion of fluctuations in the magnitude of human physical, behavioral, and cognitive sex differences.
Machine Learning Generated Synthetic Faces for Use in Facial Aesthetic Research

Importance: A centralized repository of clinically applicable facial images with unrestricted use would facilitate facial aesthetic research. Objective: Using a machine learning neural network, we ...
Abstract P569: Adherence to Preventive Therapy and Early Recurrent Cerebral Ischemia in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: Analysis of the Myriad Study

Background: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (IAD) is a common cause of stroke with high rate of early recurrence despite maximal medical therapy. We sought to determine adherence to secondary ...
Exploring Citation Count Methods of Measuring Faculty Scholarly Impact

After US News & World Report’s announcement in 2019 that they will provide a separate ranking of law schools based on faculty scholarly impact, scrutinizing the various methods of assessing scholarly impact has been a hot topic. The various methods include reputation surveys, citation counts, and publication counts. This paper focuses on citation counts. Several methods of conducting citation counts have been circulated since the 1990s, notably Brian Leiter’s studies using Westlaw’s Law Reviews and Journals database; the Leiter study updates conducted by Gregory Sisk, et al., in 2012, 2015, and 2018; Heald and Sichelman’s look at HeinOnline and SSRN in Ranking the Academic Impact of 100 American Law Schools; and Ruhl, Vandenbergh, and Dunaway’s 2019 study using Web of Science in Total Scholarly Impact: Law Professor Citations in Non-Law Journals for interdisciplinary scholarly impact. Following the Ruhl study, faculty at Indiana University Maurer School of Law, with its strong record of interdisciplinary scholarship, were curious to learn Maurer’s overall scholarly impact. I reviewed existing studies of law faculty scholarly impact and then conducted a study of the interdisciplinary work of the Maurer Law faculty by duplicating the Ruhl citation count method of examining law faculty publications in non-law journals. While duplicating the Ruhl method with Web of Science, and gathering citation information from HeinOnline and Google Scholar, several problems arose, from inconsistent terminology, to access issues and changes in the databases. Conducting this process indicated that a more standardized method of citation counts and measuring scholarly impact is needed. Additionally, the results illustrated that Maurer faculty are making a significant scholarly impact in interdisciplinary publications, and that a true overall scholarly impact score for a law school’s faculty must include some measure of interdisciplinary work. This article reviews existing literature on measuring scholarly impact, describes the citation count method and related issues explored at Maurer, and discusses the benefits and limitations of including interdisciplinary scholarship in evaluating law faculty scholarly impact.
Patterns of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Risk of Dementia

Objective To identify clusters of patients with incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on their neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and to examine the risk of progression to dementia based on these clusters. Methods In this cohort study with a median of 2 years of follow-up from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, 540 patients with MCI at least 60 years old with complete data and follow-up were studied. Latent class analysis was used to identify clusters of patients based on their NPS, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine risk of progression to dementia based on clusters. Incident MCI was defined as a participant having MCI at a current visit but having been cognitively normal at his or her previous (yearly) visit. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire assessed the presence of 12 neuropsychiatric behavioral domains. Results Three clusters were identified: a severe cluster (agitation, anxiety, apathy, nighttime behaviors, inhibition), an affective cluster (depression, anxiety, irritability, nighttime behaviors), and an asymptomatic cluster. The prevalence of each class was 56% for the asymptomatic class followed by the affective class (37%) and finally the severe class (7%). Compared with the asymptomatic class, the severe class had more than twice the hazard of progression to dementia (2.69; 95% CI: 1.12–2.70) and the affective class had over 1.5 times the hazard of progression to dementia (1.79; 95% CI: 1.12–2.70). Conclusion Among persons with incident MCI, patterns of NPS may increase the likelihood of progression to dementia. Implications for early detection and treatment are discussed.
Fast Kinetic Models for Simulating AMPA, NMDA, GABAA and GABAB Receptors

Since the introduction of the alpha function by Rall in 1967 [12], there has been significant progress in our understanding of the molecular events underlying synaptic transmission. Particular receptor types have been identified and their activation kinetics characterized. It is now possible to develop models of these receptors, using a formalism similar to that introduced by Hodgkin and Huxley [9]. In this paper, we present recently-introduced models obtained by simplifying more detailed biophysical models of postsynaptic receptors [7]. The simplified models are fully compatible with the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, are very efficient to simulate, and account for important phenomena such as synaptic summation and desensitization. These models should be useful in large-scale network simulations.
Control of bacteriorhodopsin color by chloride at low pH. Significance for the proton pump mechanism.

Abstract The chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin undergoes a transition from purple (570 nm absorbance maximum) to blue (605 nm absorbance maximum) at low pH or when the membrane is deionized. The blue form was stable down to pH 0 in sulfuric acid, while 1 M NaCl at pH 0 completely converted the pigment to a purple form absorbing maximally at 565 nm. Other acids were not as effective as sulfuric in maintaining the blue form, and chloride was the best anion for converting blue membrane to purple membrane at low pH. The apparent dissociation constant for Cl − was 35 mM at pH 0, 0.7 M at pH 1 and 1.5 M at pH 2. The pH dependence of apparent Cl − binding could be modeled by assuming two different types of chromophore-linked Cl − binding site, one pH-dependent. Chemical modification of bacteriorhodopsin carboxyl groups (probably Asp-96, −102 and / or −104) by 1-ethyl-3-dimethlyaminopropyl carbodiimide, Lys-41 by dansyl chloride, or surface arginines by cyclohexanedione had no effect on the conversion of blue to purple membrane at pH 1. Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy of chloride purple membrane minus acid blue membrane showed the protonation of a carboxyl group (trough at 1392 cm −1 and peak at 1731 cm −1 ). The latter peak shifted to 1723 cm −1 in D 2 O. Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy of chloride purple membrane minus acid blue membrane showed ionization of a phenolic group (peak at 243 nm and evidence for a 295 nm peak superimposed on a tryptophan perturbation trough). This suggests the possibility of chloride-induced proton transfer from a tyrosine phenolic group to a carboxylate side-chain. We propose a mechanism for the purple to acid blue to chloride purple transition based on these results and the proton pump model of Braiman et al. (Biochemistry 27 (1988) 8516–8520).
The chemical thermodynamics of nuclear materials—V: The enthalpy of solution of alpha and delta-stabilized plutonium in 6M HCl

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of alpha phase plutonium and delta phase plutonium (stabilized with 2.95 atomic percent gallium) in 5.998 M HCl have been determined using a modified LKB reaction calorimeter. The enthalpy values obtained at 298.15 K are (−592.17 ± 1.02) kJ mol −1 for the alpha phase and (−577.17 ± 1.05) kJ g-formula −1 for the delta phase, respectively. These results enable the calculation of the enthalpy of formation of the plutonium-gallium alloy as (−2.25 ± 1.56) kJ g-formula −1 .
Projective Algebraic Geometry

So far all of the varieties we have studied have been subsets of affine space kn. In this chapter, we will enlarge kn by adding certain “points at ∞” to create n-dimensional projective space \(\mathbb{P}^{n}(k)\). We will then define projective varieties in \(\mathbb{P}^{n}(k)\) and study the projective version of the algebra–geometry dictionary. The relation between affine and projective varieties will be considered in §4; in §5, we will study elimination theory from a projective point of view. By working in projective space, we will get a much better understanding of the Extension Theorem in Chapter 3 The chapter will end with a discussion of the geometry of quadric hypersurfaces and an introduction to Bezout’s Theorem.
Optimal Time Bounds for Parallel Term Matching

Term Matching is a fundamental operation in term rewriting, functional programming and logic programming. Parallel algorithms for this operation have attracted much attention recently. However nontrivial lower bounds for term matching are as yet unknown. In this paper, we obtain lower bounds on parallel time for this problem. We also establish the tightness of our lower bounds for some representations and several models, by giving matching upper bounds with as few processors as possible.
The role of position class in Ket verb morphophonology

AbstractEach Ket verb lexically determines the morpheme positions its subject/object agreement markers will occupy (Vajda 2000a), raising an interesting question about the division between derivation and inflection in this language. Stump (1997) showed that inflectional morphology in all languages is “templatic” according to Simpson and Withgott's (1986) definition, but suggested a non-trivial distinction may exist between “templatic” and “non-templatic” forms of derivation. Vajda (2000a, 2001, 2002) argued that Ket actant agreement patterns use inflection position selection as a component of derivation. The present article examines the various morphophonemic strategies that identify position-class configuration in this unusual type of word formation, demonstrating that rules based on position class (which I call “morphotactic rules”) elegantly account for many hitherto puzzling features of Ket verb structure.
Short-term variability in outpatient pain intensity scores in a national sample of older veterans with chronic pain.

Objective The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) uses the 11-point pain numeric rating scale (NRS) to gather pain intensity information from veterans at outpatient appointments. Yet, little is known about how NRS scores may vary over time within individuals; NRS variability may have important ramifications for treatment planning. Our main objective was to describe variability in NRS scores within a 1-month timeframe, as obtained during routine outpatient care in older patients with chronic pain treated in VA hospitals. A secondary objective was to explore for patient characteristics associated with within-month NRS score variability. Design Retrospective cohort study. Subjects National sample of veterans 65 years or older seen in VA in 2010 who had multiple elevated NRS scores indicating chronic pain. Methods VA datasets were used to identify the sample and demographic and clinical variables including NRS scores. For the main analysis, we identified subjects with two or more NRS scores obtained in each of two or more months in a 12-month period; we examined ranges in NRS scores across the first two qualifying months. Results Among 4,336 individuals in the main analysis cohort, the mean and median of the average NRS score range across the 2 months were 2.7 and 2.5, respectively. In multivariable models, main significant predictors of within-month NRS score variability were baseline pain intensity, overall medical comorbidity, and being divorced/separated. Conclusions The majority of patients in the sample had clinically meaningful variation in pain scores within a given month. This finding highlights the need for clinicians and their patients to consider multiple NRS scores when making chronic pain treatment decisions.
Media use and communication inequalities in a public health emergency: a case study of 2009-2010 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1.

Objectives.Studies have shown that differences among individuals and social groups in accessing and using information on health and specific threats have an impact on their knowledge and behaviors. These differences, characterized as communication inequalities, may hamper the strength of a society's response to a public health emergency. Such inequalities not only make vulnerable populations subject to a disproportionate burden of adversity, but also compromise the public health system's efforts to prevent and respond to pandemic influenza outbreaks. We investigated the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) and health communication behaviors (including barriers) on people's knowledge and misconceptions about pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (pH1N1) and adoption of prevention behaviors.Methods.The data for this study came from a survey of 1,569 respondents drawn from a nationally representative sample of American adults during pH1N1. We conducted logistic regression analyses when appropriate.Results.We found that...
Defect detection using power supply transient signal analysis

Transient Signal Analysis is a digital device testing method that is based on the analysis of voltage transients at multiple test points. The power supply transient signals of an 8-bit multiplier are analyzed using both hardware and simulation experiments. The small signal variations generated at these test points are analyzed in both the time and frequency domain. A simple statistical procedure is presented that captures the variation introduced by defects while attenuating those variations introduced by process variations. The results of the analysis show that it is possible to distinguish between defect-free and defective devices in both simulation and hardware.
Diethyl­ammonium heptabromidedicadmium(II)

The trigonal compound, (Et2NH2)3[Cd2Br7], contains CdII species with both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination. The [CdBr4]2− species exist as isolated anions, stabilized by hydrogen bonding from the diethyl­ammonium cations. The octahedral species share faces, forming [CdBr3]_n^{n-} chains parallel to the trigonal axis.
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in a Basic Military Trainee

ABSTRACT We present the case of a 19-year-old woman with feeding intolerance, due to superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, after weight loss experienced during basic military training. She had previous good health and presented with vomiting 8 weeks after starting military training. She had experienced a 16-pound (7 kg) weight loss during the course of training and was increasingly unable to tolerate meals, solids worse than liquids. Computed tomography of the abdomen with oral contrast revealed gastric and duodenal distention, with narrowing of the second portion of the duodenum at the SMA. A nasojejunal feeding tube was placed and she was given tube feedings. Weight increased and she eventually tolerated oral feedings. She completed military training and remains in good health. SMA syndrome is a rare cause of feeding intolerance, but can follow periods of acute weight loss, as is experienced by some basic military trainees.
Expression of the prodynorphin gene after experimental brain injury and its role in behavioral dysfunction.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes excess release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, and increases intracellular calcium levels. Elevated levels of calcium, and perhaps other intracellular second messengers, as a result of TBI can alter the expression of many genes. The protein products of some of these genes may be signals for TBI-associated memory dysfunction. Therefore, identification of genes whose expression is altered after TBI in the hippocampus, a structure in the medial temporal lobe that plays a critical role in memory formation and storage, and elucidation of the role(s) of their protein products may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying TBI-elicited memory dysfunction. The prodynorphin gene is expressed in hippocampal granule cells, and its expression has been reported to be enhanced as a result of elevated intracellular calcium. The prodynorphin protein is proteolytically cleaved to generate multiple dynorphin peptides, which can modulate neurotransmitter release through th...
Contrasting effects of soil development on hydrological properties and flow paths

[1] Runoff pathways strongly influence hydrologic and biogeochemical losses and landscape evolution. On an evolving landscape, soil development may alter hydrologic properties and thereby change through time the relative importance of various pathways. Here we report in situ soil water retention, unsaturated and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and flow path characteristics of a 300 year old Andisol and a 4.1 million year old Oxisol, located at the extreme ends of a soil substrate age gradient across the Hawaiian Islands. The two soils contrasted in depth and texture; the young soil was shallow and coarse textured, while the old soil was deep and highly weathered with a near-surface plinthite horizon overlying numerous clay-rich subsurface horizons. The young soil drained freely under modest suction, whereas subsurface clay horizons at the old site required significantly more suction to start to drain than the upper horizons. Similarly, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was high throughout the soil profile at the young site, whereas Ks was two to three orders of magnitude lower through the subsurface clay horizons than the upper ones at the old site. Irrigation experiments with deuterium tracer demonstrated that water was downward advecting at the young site, while water at the old site moved both laterally along the subsurface clay horizon contact and slowly downward through it. Rainfall frequency distributions indicated a high probability of rainfall events exceeding subsurface Ks values in old soil. In Hawaii the addition of dust influences the time evolution of soil, but the tendency for subsoil clay accumulation in older soils leading to alteration in hydrologic flow paths has been proposed in other environments. Our findings together suggest that as soils develop with time, subsurface horizon Ks values decline, impeding rates of vertical water flow but also increasing the importance of shallow subsurface lateral flow.
Amitav Ghosh’s River of Smoke : A Critical Engagement with the Long History of Globalization

This essay reads Amitav Ghosh's River of Smoke to examine its critical engagement with the long history of globalization.
Structure–function relationships in food emulsions: Improving food quality and sensory perception

Increasing consumer demand for higher quality, cheaper, more convenient, and healthier emulsion-based products means that the food industry must have a good understanding of the relationship between the structural and functional properties of food emulsions. This review article provides an overview of the relationship between the composition and structural organization of oil-in-water emulsions and their physicochemical (optical, rheological, and stability) and sensory (appearance, texture, flavor, and mouthfeel) properties. It also discusses recent advances in the design of structured emulsions with novel functional properties, such as multiple emulsions, filled-hydrogel particles, multilayer emulsions, microclusters, and air-filled emulsions.
Performance enhancement under power constraints using heterogeneous CMOS-TFET multicores

Device level heterogeneity promises high energy efficiency over a larger range of voltages than a single device technology alone can provide. In this paper, starting from device models, we first present ground-up modeling of CMOS and TFET cores, and verify this model against existing processors. Using our core models, we construct a 32-core TFET-CMOS heterogeneous multicore. We then show that it is a very challenging task to identify the ideal runtime configuration to use in such a heterogeneous multicore, which includes finding the best number/type of cores to activate and the corresponding voltages/frequencies to select for these cores. In order to effectively utilize this heterogeneous processor, we propose a novel automated runtime scheme. Our scheme is designed to automatically improve the performance of applications running on heterogeneous CMOS-TFET multicores operating under a fixed power budget, without requiring any effort from the application programmer or the user. Our scheme combines heterogeneous thread-to-core mapping, dynamic work partitioning, and dynamic power partitioning to identify energy efficient operating points. With simulations we show that our runtime scheme can enable a CMOS-TFET multicore to serve a diversity of workloads with high energy efficiency and achieve 21% average speedup over the best performing equivalent homogeneous multicore.
History and Freedom: Lectures 1964–1965 – By Theodor W. Adorno

This is a most challenging and thought‐provoking work. It was first published in German as Zur Lehre von der Geschichte und von der Freiheit. In terms of methodology and mechanics, Theodor W. Adorn...
Determination of morphine in opium with the aid of an adsorption column.

An assay of morphine in opium is proposed which utilizes both adsorption and colorimetric procedures.
Keeping Children and Families in the Center of Our Concern: Ambulatory Pediatric Association Presidential Address

As ACADEMIC PEDIATRICIANS, we are easily caught up in the peripheral details of life. Keeping up with the financial demands, the umpteenth credentialing for managed care, the particular needs of our own institutions. Editor's Note: It's once again a pleasure to share with our readers the wisdom of an Ambulatory Pediatric Association president by publishing the annual address. Read and smile. Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD For now, let us put those things aside. Let us challenge ourselves with finding the way to keep children and families in the center of our concern. To do this, we need to go back to basics: knowledge, attitudes, and skills. KNOWLEDGE We actually know a lot about children and families. We know about the shape of the threats to their health and safety. We know the stark facts: One in 5 US children lives in poverty1 The United States is 19th in infant mortality2(p17)
Kolmogorov complexity of epithelial pattern formation: the role of regulatory network configuration.

Abstract The tissues of multicellular organisms are made of differentiated cells arranged in organized patterns. This organization emerges during development from the coupling of dynamic intra- and intercellular regulatory networks. This work applies the methods of information theory to understand how regulatory network structure both within and between cells relates to the complexity of spatial patterns that emerge as a consequence of network operation. A computational study was performed in which undifferentiated cells were arranged in a two dimensional lattice, with gene expression in each cell regulated by identical intracellular randomly generated Boolean networks. Cell–cell contact signalling between embryonic cells is modeled as coupling among intracellular networks so that gene expression in one cell can influence the expression of genes in adjacent cells. In this system, the initially identical cells differentiate and form patterns of different cell types. The complexity of network structure, temporal dynamics and spatial organization is quantified through the Kolmogorov-based measures of normalized compression distance and set complexity. Results over sets of random networks that operate in the ordered, critical and chaotic domains demonstrate that: (1) ordered and critical networks tend to create the most information-rich patterns; (2) signalling configurations in which cell-to-cell communication is non-directional mostly produce simple patterns irrespective of the internal network domain; and (3) directional signalling configurations, similar to those that function in planar cell polarity, produce the most complex patterns, but only when the intracellular networks function in non-chaotic domains.
Antiphase structures of an improper ferroelastic phase transition driven by an M 5 zone boundary phonon in RAg 1¿x In x

Rare-earth alloys RAg{sub 1-x}In{sub x} (where R=La, Ce, and Pr) are improper ferroelastic materials with the CsCl structure. A weakly first-order phase transition occurs with the softening of a zone-edge M{sub 5}{sup -} mode that drives the material from a cubic phase to a tetragonal phase. Based on Ginzburg-Landau theory, we utilize the complete free-energy density, constructed from a six-dimensional primary order parameter (shuffle) that couples to strain, to study domain formation. The model allows the study of complex antiphase structures that appear in this cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition. With the help of numerical techniques, the order-parameter profiles across antiphase boundaries of different orientations and their temperature dependence are calculated. We find a single set of two coupled dimensionless governing equations, which are applicable to order-parameter profiles across all antiphase boundaries for this transition.
Hilbert integral domains with maximal ideals of preassigned height

A commutative ring with identity R is called a Hilbert ring if every prime ideal in R is an intersection of maximal ideals. It is well known that, if R is a Hilbert ring, then the polynomial ring R[X] is also a Hilbert ring. Indeed, Hilbert rings first arose in this connection: the fact that R is Hilbert implies R[X] is Hilbert, being used by Krull in [4] and Goldman in [l] to give a ring theoretic proof for the Hilbert Nullstellensatz. If R is a Hilbert ring, then every maximal ideal in R[X] lies over a maximal ideal in R (see, for example, [3, p. 181). Thus, if R is a Hilbert ring and every maximal ideal in R has height >n, then every maximal ideal in R[XJ has height >n + 1. (A prime ideal P in R is said to have height n if there is a chain P,, < P1 < -*a < P, = P of prime ideals in R but no such chain of longer length.) The most naturally occurring examples of Hilbert domains are finitely generated ring extensions of a field or the ring of integers. Such examples as these have the property that all maximal ideals have the same height. Leslie Roberts in [5] points out that Hilbert domains with maximal ideals of different height do not seem to be well known, and gives, by means of an interesting localization technique, examples of Hilbert domains having maximal ideals of height both n and n + 1. The purpose of this note is to construct Hilbert domains with maximal ideals of various preassigned height. This is done by making use of intersection properties for certain integral domains given by Jack Ohm and the author in [2].
Recoil counting with surface barrier semiconductors

Abstract A method is described by which recoiling residual nuclei from nuclear reactions are counted and analyzed with good resolution as they escape from thin targets during accelerator bombardments. The properties of the silicon surface barrier detectors used are described. Spectra of 1 to 8 MeV B10, C12, C13 and N13 recoils from 15 MeV deuteron-induced reactions of carbon have been obtained as a function of detector bias target thickness, and thickness of interposed absorber. Applications of the method to studies of (1) the range, energy loss, and charge-state distributions of low energy heavy ions and (2) low energy nuclear reaction mechanisms are described.
Value chain risk and reward sharing and governance structures: Implications for industry strategy and structure

An essential feature of agricultural supply chains is that they must balance risk and reward sharing among participants so as to minimize transactions costs while adding value. A framework for understanding the tradeoff between internal transactions costs of ownership and external transactions costs of risk sharing is explored. Applied research results suggest producers and processors have incentives for increasing vertical arrangements and industry consolidation.
Enhancing hyperspectral data throughput utilizing wavelet-based fingerprints

Multiresolutional decompositions known as spectral fingerprints are often used to extract spectral features from multispectral/hyperspectral data. In this study, we investigate the use of wavelet-based algorithms for generating spectral fingerprints. The wavelet-based algorithms are compared to the currently used method, traditional convolution with first-derivative Gaussian filters. The comparison analyses consists of two parts: (1) the computational expense of the new method is compared with the computational costs of the current method and (2) the outputs of the wavelet-based methods are compared with those of the current method to determine any practical differences in the resulting spectral fingerprints. The results show that the wavelet-based algorithms can greatly reduce the computational expense of generating spectral fingerprints, while practically no differences exist in the resulting fingerprints. The analysis is conducted on a database of hyperspectral signatures, namely, Hyperspectral Digital Image Collection Experiment (HYDICE) signatures. The reduction in computational expense is by a factor of about 30, and the average Euclidean distance between resulting fingerprints is on the order of 0.02.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetically engineered vasculature for production of protein therapeutics in vivo

disruption, and how these correlate with endogenous TGF‐β signaling. Methods: Rat aortic SMCs were cultured with IL1β+ or TNF‐α alone (0 and100 ng/ml) and together (50 ng/ml each) over 4–120 h and over 22 days. Based on an initial WNT PCR array, we further screened for Wnts 1, 3, 4, 5A, 7A, MMPs 2, 7, 9 and 24; TIMPS 1–4, TGF‐β; and matrix genes elastin, collagen, LOX, and fibrillin. TCF activation was studied through Topflash/Fopflash ratio analysis. Western blots were performed for select proteins and TEM used to gauge de novo elastic matrix deposition and quality at 22 days. Results: Bootstrapping analysis showed that IL1β+TNF‐α suppressed canonical Wnts (1,3A,4) and greatly enhanced non-canonical Wnts (5A,7A), gradually suppressing TGF-β. These temporally coincided with exponential increases in MMPs 2 and 9 mRNA and protein and elastin gene down-regulation, reflected in a sporadic, nonfibrillar elastic matrix. Conclusions: Our results suggest that elastin and cell homeostasis initially maintained by the canonical Wnts and TGF-β is perturbed by cytokine-activation of Wnts 5A and 7A resulting in enhanced disruption and suppressed regeneration of elastin matrix. The results suggest a potential mechanistic target for therapy to concurrently reverse both these effects to stabilize AAAs.
The Field of Health Communication Today

The field of health communication today can be proud of its accomplishments, mainly achieved in the past two decades. A number of university centers of excellence have been established in health co...
The gas-phase thermochemistry of PCl4+: A test of lattice energy calculations

Abstract The bond dissociation energy for loss of Cl atom from PCl4+ has been measured to be 411 ± 17 kJ mol−1 at 0 K using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation in a flowing afterglow-guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Density functional calculations give bond energies that are lower than experiment, while MP2 calculations are in good agreement. The bond energy can be combined with the ionization energy of PCl3 to derive the 0 K heat of formation of PCl4+, 378 ± 18 kJ mol−1. This value is in good agreement with the value derived from lattice energy calculations.
Bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to marine mussels from solute and particulate pathways

Mussels have been extensively used as biological monitors of coastal contamination. This study measured the assimilation efficiencies (AEs) of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the mussel Mytilus edulis from ingested food, uptake from the dissolved phase, and the physiological efflux rates following uptake. A bioenergetic-based kinetic model was then employed to determine the relative contributions of different Cr species and their accumulation pathways to the overall concentration of Cr in mussels. The concentration factors of Cr(III) in four diverse marine phytoplankters ranged between 104 and 105, whereas for Cr(VI) they were 2 to 5 × 102. Rapid reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was observed in coastal sediments. AEs of Cr(III) in mussels from ingested sediments were consistently <1%, whereas the AEs of Cr(VI) from ingested phytoplankton were 1−10%. The uptake rate of Cr(VI) from the dissolved phase was 3 times higher than Cr(III). The efflux rate constant was 0.011 d-1 for mussels following 7 d dissolved uptake of C...
Extrinsic innervation of olfactory epithelium

The olfactory mucosa of frog has been studied at an ultrastructural level to confirm previous light microscope observations in regard to the presence, in the sensory epithelium, of nerve fibres not belonging to the first cranial nerve proper. It has been observed that both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres are present in the lamina propria and that eventually these fibres terminate inside the epithelium. Unmyelinated fibres usually contain dark core vesicles and similar content is seen in their intraepithelium terminals. Terminals containing only clear vesicles are also observed in the epithelium and they are believed to represent the terminals of the myelinated fibres. The significance of these ultrastructural findings is discussed in view of their functional meaning.
The Future of U.S.-China Relations: Is Conflict Inevitable?

What is likely to be the future character of the relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China? Will it be marked by convergence toward deepening cooperation, stability,...
Multilateral Productivity Comparisons with Undesirable Outputs

In a recent paper in this JOURNAL, Caves, Christensen and Diewert (I982; hereafter CCD) derive what they term 'multilateral superlative indexes' for use in the comparison of output, input, and productivity across economic entities. The indexes derived are distinguished both by transitivity and by a high degree of 'characteristicity' - a term introduced by Dreschler (I 973) to refer to the degree to which the weights used in a comparison are specific to the observations being compared. Though the indexes are presented with the application to multicountry comparisons of output, input, and productivity foremost in mind, the authors note that they may be useful in a number of other contexts as well, - i.e., firms and industries, time series and pooled time series and cross section. All of the applications mentioned or implied, however, have this in common: they involve the comparison of productive entities all of whose outputs are sold for positive prices. This is not surprising, of course, since most products with which economists are concerned possess this characteristic. However, it does render incomplete or potentially misleading the comparison of productive entities which produce significant amounts of 'undesirable' outputs, such as water and air pollution. Since the list of such entities is rather long and includes industries critical to many national and regional economies, - e.g., chemicals, paper, petroleum refining, copper, and steel' - the omission of this factor from consideration may be a matter of some importance.2 Consider, for example, a comparison of the productivity of the steel industries
Improving Patient Knowledge and Safe Use of Opioids: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES: The use of opioid analgesics in the United States has significantly increased in recent years. However, there is minimal consensus on what discharge counseling should accompany these high-risk prescriptions and large variations in what is done in practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a dual-modality (written and spoken) literacy-appropriate educational strategy on patients' knowledge of and safe use of opioid analgesics. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Consecutive discharged patients at an urban academic ED (>88,000 visits) with new prescriptions for hydrocodone-acetaminophen were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive either usual care or the educational intervention. The educational intervention was a one-page information sheet about hydrocodone-acetaminophen, which was both given to the patients and read aloud by the research assistant (nonblinded). Follow-up phone calls were conducted 4 to 7 days after the visit to assess patient knowledge about the medication and self-report of activities associated with safety of use (e.g., double-dipping with acetaminophen, storage, use with alcohol or while driving). RESULTS: A total of 274 patients were enrolled; 210 completed follow-up (110 usual care and 100 intervention). No significant differences in baseline characteristics emerged between the study arms; 42% were male, and 51% were white, with a median age of 43 years. Half of patients had non-back pain orthopedic injuries (49.5%). On follow-up, overall knowledge was poor, with only 28% able to name both active ingredients in the medication. The intervention group had better knowledge of precautions related to taking additional acetaminophen (usual care 18.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.9% to 25.5% vs. intervention 38%, 95% CI = 28.3% to 47.7%; difference = 27.6, 95% CI of difference = 21.5 to 33.7) and knowledge of side effects (usual care median = 1, interquartile range [IQR] 0 to 2 vs. intervention median = 2, IQR = 1 to 2; p CONCLUSIONS: This simple strategy improved several, but not all, aspects of patient knowledge and resulted in fewer patients in the intervention arm driving while taking hydrocodone. Integration of a patient education document into conversations about opioids holds promise for improving patient knowledge about these high-risk medications. Language: en
The respiration and composition of the mammary gland of the guinea pig during pregnancy and lactation.

Abstract The respiration and composition of the mammary gland have been studied in pregnant and lactating guinea pigs. Endogenous respiration of surviving slices increased significantly after parturition, fourfold on a dry-weight basis, twofold on a defatted dry-weight or fresh-weight basis. The changes were also significant when referred to tissue nitrogen, protein, or DNA. Similar increases in respiration were not noted in liver, kidney, spleen, heart, or adrenal. Addition of succinate resulted in marked stimulation of slice respiration of glands from post partum animals and during pregnancy when calculated on a defatted dry-weight basis. Pyruvate was effective only in animals 10 or 20 days post partum. Acetate produced significant stimulation in animals 10 days post partum and during pregnancy when calculated on a defatted dry-weight basis. The total nitrogen and protein content of the gland increased markedly at parturition, then declined as lactation waned. DNA remained fairly constant over the period of these experiments. The fat content of the gland decreases after parturition, but no alteration in water content occurs. Slices of glands from lactating animals lose dry matter content both during preparation and incubation, while those from pregnant animals lose dry matter only during incubation. The results have been discussed in light of data in the literature, and a tentative evaluation of the various bases for expression of metabolic activity has been made.
The Effect of a Gift‐Upon‐Entry on Sales: Reciprocity in a Retailing Context

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether providing shoppers with a gift upon entering a store would result in an increase in sales. An experiment was conducted in a pharmacy and a total of 200 subjects were used. The results showed that shoppers given a key chain and thanked for patronizing the store spent significantly more than a control group of shoppers who were not given any gift upon entry ($10.76 vs. $9.21). The results of this study are explained by reference to the literature on reciprocity and gift‐giving.
The effect of LB-46, A β-adrenoreceptor blocking drug, on isolated normal and ouabain-intoxicated Purkinje fibers of the dog

Abstract Effects of 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)-indole (LB-46), a potent β-adrenergic blocking agent, were investigated on the transmembrane electrical properties of the canine His-Purkinje system. The drug produced a competitive blockade of the effect of epinephrine on automaticity of these fibers in 5 × 10 −9 to 1 × 10 −8 M concentrations. The direct effects of LB-46 on single cell action potential were produced only in concentrations larger than 1 × 10 −5 M and were characterized by a decrease in resting potential, maximum rate of rise of TMP (vmax), action potential duration, excitability and membrane responsiveness. The drug produced a consistent decrease in the effective refractory period in the His-Purkinje fibers. The effect of LB-46 on conduction and propagation of premature impulses was more pronounced than on primary beats. In similar experiments, the drug was found effective in protecting the His-Purkinje system against ouabain, but the β-receptor blocking action could clearly be dissociated from such an antidigitalis action. It is suggested that the direct transmembrane effects of LB-46 on excitability, membrane stabilization, vmax and conduction may all contribute to its anti-arrhythmic action against the toxicity of ouabain.
The Role of Lexical Aspect in the Acquisition of Tense and Aspect

This article presents the results of a study investigating the acquisition of the simple past tense, identifies areas of difficulty, and presents an acquisitionally based approach to instruction for the problematic areas. The study, a cross-sectional investigation of 182 adult learners of English as a second language at six levels of proficiency, showed that the acquisition of the past tense in English is not a unitary phenomenon, but that it proceeds in stages. These stages are determined by the meaning of verbs as they relate to the expression of action and time, what we will term lexical aspect. These findings show that the acquisition of tense by classroom language learners follows the same sequences of development (with instruction) that have been observed in the acquisition of adult learners and in children without instruction. In early stages, learners often do not use the past tense where it is preferred by native speakers, indicating an undergeneralization of the meaning of the past in the learner grammar. We present an approach to instruction aimed at increasing the use of the past to balance contextualized examples through the use of authentic text and focused noticing exercises to encourage the learners toward a more targetlike association of form and meaning.
Flow and Chemical Kinetics Simulations of Endothermic Fuels

Advanced aircraft engines are reaching a practical heat transfer limit beyond which the convective heat transfer provided by hydrocarbon fuels is no longer adequate. One solution is to use an endothermic fuel that absorbs heat through chemical reactions. This paper describes the development of a two-dimensional computational model of the heat and mass transport associated with a flowing fuel using a unique global chemical kinetics model. Most past models do not account for changes in the chemical composition of a flowing fuel and also do not adequately predict flow properties in the supercritical regime. The two-dimensional computational model presented here calculates the changing flow properties of a supercritical reacting fuel by use of experimentally derived proportional product distributions. The present calculations are validated by measured experimental data obtained from a flow reactor of mildly cracked n-decane. It is believed that these simulations will assist the fundamental understanding of high temperature fuel flow experiments.Copyright © 2003 by ASME