cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF MODELING AND GOAL-SETTING ON THE JUMPING PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY-GRADE CHILDREN

This research investigated the effects of two prepractice factors on the jumping performance of children. It was hypothesized that modeling and goal-setting as well as the combination of these two ...
Navigating Toward Andragogy: Coordination and Management of Student–Professor Conversations

Some professors make conversational moves intended to transform their relationships with students and help move students through a liminal space toward more adult-like (or andragogical) patterns of learning. Specifically, professors might attempt to construct more collaborative and mutual relationships with students, and may attempt to encourage students to position themselves as more intrinsically motivated, personally responsible, and self-directed. This study explored such conversations and transitions using the coordinated management of meaning as a theoretical and heuristic lens. Conclusions were drawn inductively from interview data, recalled conversations, document analysis, and ethnographic observations; a taxonomy emerged for describing the conversational patterns enacted when professors attempt to foster student development toward andragogy. This framework included identification of significant bifurcation points (or relational turning points) where one interlocutor might enact an intervention i...
The Prevalence of Dissociated Vertical Deviation in Patients With Sensory Heterotropia

Purpose We reviewed 281 consecutive patients with sensory esotropia or exotropia to determine the prevalence of dissociated vertical deviation in patients with sensory strabismus. Methods We reviewed the charts of all patients who received a diagnosis of sensory heterotropia or dissociated vertical deviation and who were examined at the Pediatric Ophthalmology Service at the Texas Children's Hospital between 1973 and 1992. Statistical analyses of the prevalence of dissociated vertical deviation were determined after evaluating the direction of the accompanying horizontal strabismus and examining the temporal relationship of the unilateral vision loss. Results Dissociated vertical deviation was diagnosed in 35 patients (12.5%). It occurred more frequently in sensory esotropia (22 patients, 18.3%) than exotropia (13 patients, 8.1%) (P = .009). The age at which unilateral visual loss occurred did not influence the development of dissociated vertical deviation. Conclusion Dissociated vertical deviation in patients with acquired loss of vision does not support the contention that dissociated vertical deviation is a genetically predetermined anomaly of binocular vision.
Electroencephalographic studies of chlorpromazine methiodide and somatostatin-induced barrel rotation in rats

Abstract It has been reported that intraventricular injection of chlorpromazine methiodide (CPZMI), a quaternary ammonium derivative of chlorpromazine, in rats induces abnormal, twisting postures which may serve as an experimental model of the human movement disorder dystonia. We have shown elsewhere that the behavior induced by intraventricular CPMZI is identical to what has been called “barrel rotation”, first observed to follow intraventricular injection of somatostatin (SRIF), which consists of twisting about the long axis, with repetitive lateral rolling. The suitability of barrel rotation, induced by CPZMI or SRIF, as an experimental model for dystonia depends on its physiologic basis. Human dystonia is clinically not a convulsive phenomenon. SRIF-induced barrel rotation has been reported to be associated with epileptiform activity recorded by the electroencephalogram (EEG). The purpose of this study was to investigate EEG activity during CPZMI- and SRIF-induced rotation. We found that CPZMI barrel rotation was not associated with epileptiform activity in cortex, amygdala, or hippocampus, and contrary to prior reports, neither was SRIF rotation. Both CPZMI and SRIF injected in high doses could induce epileptiform activity, but this was associated with clonic motor phenomena and not barrel ratation. We conclude that electroencephalographic criteria do not exclude either CPZMI- or SRIF-induced rotation as models for movement disorders, but their validity as such requires further study.
The γ-ray decay properties of low-lying levels of 65Zn via the 65Cu(p, nγ)65Zn reaction

Abstract They γ-ray decay of 13 low-lying levels of 65 Zn has been studied utilizing the 65 Cu(p, nγ) 65 Zn reaction. The decay scheme was obtained from θ γ = 90° yield curve measurements and from a neutron-gamma coincidence measurement. Angular distributions γ-rays were measured for seven angles at E p = 3.5 and 4.0 MeV. Gamma-ray energies, level energies, and branching ratios obtained are compared with recent measurements. Expected angular correlations for possible spin sequences are calculated utilizing Hauser-Feshbach statistical reaction theory. The results, combined with other available evidence, establish the J π assignments for the following levels: 768.9 ± 0.1 keV ( 5 2 − ), 864.8 ± 0.2 ( 7 2 − ), 1047.5 ± 0.1 ( 5 2 − ), 1252.9 ± 0.4 ( 7 2 and 1343.9 ± 0.1 ( 5 2 − ) . Previous assignments are confirmed for the levels 909.8 ± 0.1 keV ( 3 2 − ) and 1369.5 ± 0.2 ( 5 2 + ) . Limiting if J -values are obtained for the levels of 1577.1 ± 0.2 keV (≦ 5 2 ) and 1588.2 ± 0.4 (≦ 7 2 ) . Gamma-ray multipole mixing ratios are extracted for 19 transitions between low-lying levels and transition strengths calculated where the level lifetimes are assumed to be in the range 10 −12 to 10 −13 sec.
Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery

This paper compares the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent impervious surface as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery by investigating the relationships between the land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area (%ISA), and the NDVI. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data were used to estimate the LST from four different seasons for the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area. A map of percent impervious surface with a standard error of 7.95% was generated using a normalized spectral mixture analysis of July 2002 Landsat TM imagery. Our analysis indicates there is a strong linear relationship between LST and percent impervious surface for all seasons, whereas the relationship between LST and NDVI is much less strong and varies by season. This result suggests percent impervious surface provides a complementary metric to the traditionally applied NDVI for analyzing LST quantitatively over the seasons for surface urban heat island studies using thermal infrared remote sensing in an urbanized environment.
A PEM fuel cell temperature controller design using a thermal equivalent circuit model

In order to control a temperature in the fuel cell system, a thermal equivalent circuit model for PEM fuel cells and its control algorithms are presented. By defining temperature as a state, the energy balance model can be established so that feedback control algorithm can be directly employed. The details of the design of the thermal equivalent circuit model and its control scheme are provided in the paper. The proposed thermal equivalent circuit model and its control design were analysed through Bode plots. Based on the Bode plot results, the proposed thermal circuit model for PEM fuel cells is applied to design an appropriate temperature controller.
Saving the Creation: Christian Environmentalism in the United States*

L'A. etudie le mouvement ecologiste aux Etats-Unis. Il s'interesse plus particulierement a l'ecologie d'inspiration chretienne. Il met en evidence trois types d'orientation ecologiste chretienne : la premiere souligne la necessite de gerer l'environnement conformement au precepte biblique, la seconde rapproche les questions d'environnement des perspectives chretiennes sur la justice, la derniere insiste sur la spiritualite liee a la Creation. Il presente un certain nombre d'analyses concernant l'origine et le developpement de ces differents mouvements
The Importance of Patient–Provider Communication in End-of-Life Care

Successful formulation and implementation of end-of-life care requires ongoing communication with the patient. When patients, for reasons of general medical or psychiatric illness, fail to verbally communicate, providers must be receptive to messages conveyed through alternate avenues of communication. We present the narrative of a man with schizophrenia who wished to forgo hemodialysis as a study in the ethical importance of attention to nonverbal communication. A multilayered understanding of the patient, as may be provided by both behavioral and motivational models, can inform the provider’s ability to receive, process, and represent communicated content to the patient or his or her surrogate decision-maker.
Dissociation of adult mouse liver by sodium tetraphenylboron, a potassium complexing agent.

Summary1. Sodium tetraphenylboron (TPB), a specific agent for complexing K+ has been found to dissociate adult mouse liver in vitro into a suspension of single cells. 2. Evidence is presented that this is the result of the removal of K+, which is the major cation involved in aggregation of cells in this tissue. 3. A coordination mechanism for aggregation is proposed in which the negatively charged surfaces in cell-cell aggregates or in cell-matrix-cell aggregates are neutralized by monovalent cations. 4. Two variables of coordination mechanisms, i.e., cation coordinated and the coordination number are used in a model advanced to explain ordered movement and aggregation of cells in tissues.
Hot mantle upwelling across the 660 beneath Yellowstone

P-to-s receiver functions mapped to depth through P and S body-wave tomography models image continuous 410 and 660 km discontinuities beneath the area covered by USArray prior to the year 2011. Mean depths to the 410 and 660 km discontinuities of 410 and 656 km imply a mantle transition zone that is about 4 km thicker than the global average and hence has a slightly cooler mean temperature and/or enhanced water content. Compared to the mean 660 depth beneath this ~2000 km wide area, the 660 beneath the Yellowstone hotspot is deflected upward by 12–18 km over an area about 200 km wide. This is the most anomalous shallowing of the 660 imaged and its horizontal extent is similar to the area where P and S tomography image low-velocity mantle extending from the top of the transition zone to about 900 km depth. Together, these results indicate a high-temperature, plume-like upwelling extending across the 660. The depth of 410 km discontinuity beneath the Yellowstone region is within 5 km of the mean depth implying that the plume is vertically heterogeneous and possibly discontinuous. Tomography indicates a similar vertically heterogeneous thermal plume. The irregular plume structure may be intrinsic to the dynamics of upwelling through the transition zone, or distortion may be caused by subduction-induced mantle flow. Topography of the 410 and 660 confirms that subducted slabs beneath the western U.S. are highly segmented, as inferred from recent tomography studies. We find no evidence of regionally pervasive velocity discontinuities between 750 and 1400 km depth. The plume's depth of origin within the lower mantle remains uncertain.
Relativism and Nihilism

In Chapter One I argued that moral judgments involve claims about the correctness of attitudes. In making a favorable (or unfavorable) moral judgment about something one is claiming that it is correct for any rational being (or at least any human being) to have a favorable (or unfavorable) attitude about it. In Chapter Two, we saw reasons for thinking that there are many moral issues (probably the overwhelming majority) concerning which there is no attitude that is correct for all human beings. There is even some chance that there are no moral issues concerning which there is an attitude that is correct in this sense. I thus seem to be committed to the view that most moral questions are such that any moral judgment concerning them is false or mistaken. Moral judgments presuppose that attitudes about things are correct in a sense in which they aren’t. This view might appear to constitute a kind of nihilism or rejection of morality. In this chapter, I want to determine whether or not it is consistent for me to make moral judgments about any of those issues concerning which I believe that there is no objectively correct view or no view that is correct for all human beings. It is clear that my view denies much of what is implicitly claimed in ordinary moral judgments, and therefore it is important to determine which aspects of our ordinary moral perspective I am committed to abandoning and whether the view that I am left with is in any sense a moral one.
Immune Profile of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patients.

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is characterized by an acute inflammation of the skin of the affected breast due to blockage of the dermal lymphatics by tumor emboli. Cytokines and chemokines affect the migration of tumor cells and immune cell function that regulates the pathogenesis of IBC. Preliminary data suggest that sera of IBC patients contain several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines capable of regulating innate and adaptive cellular immune responses. Since there is a paucity of data on the characteristics and function of immune cells of IBC patients, we determined the immunophenotype and cytokine production by T cells and dendritic cells.Methods: From October 2008 through May 2009, peripheral blood (PB) from 34 IBC patients (18 non-metastatic and 16 metastatic), 18 non-IBC patients and 24 healthy donors (HD) were analyzed to determine the immunophenotype of T-cell subsets, activated and regulatory T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cell subsets (NKC), and dendritic cell (DC) subsets. Additionally, we assessed the ability of T-cells and DCs to synthesize cytokines following activation through the T-cell receptor (TCR) and toll-like receptors (TLR), respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests determined the differences between IBC patients, non-IBC patients, and HD.Results: IBC and non-IBC patients were well-matched in terms of ER, PR, Her2, high-grade tumor, tumor size, and menopause status. Both IBC and non-IBC patients had significantly fewer lymphocytes, total T-cells (CD3+), T-helper (CD4+), T-cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8+), and B (CD19+) than HD (all p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4129.
Challenges facing the biological control strategy for eliminating aflatoxin contamination

Competition with Aspergillus flavus isolates incapable of aflatoxin production is currently the most widely used biocontrol method for reducing aflatoxin contamination in maize and cottonseed where aflatoxin contamination is a persistent problem for human and animal health. The method involves spreading non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus spores onto the field prior to harvest. How competition works is not fully understood. Current theories suggest that atoxigenic A. flavus either simply displaces aflatoxin-producing isolates or that competition is an active inhibition process that occurs when the fungi occupy the same locus on the plant. In this paper we describe several challenges that the biocontrol strategy should address before this practice is introduced worldwide. These include the need to better understand the diversity of A. flavus populations in the agricultural soil, the effects of climate change on both this diversity and on plant susceptibility, the ability of the introduced biocontrol strain to outc...
Parasites of the Christmas turkey.

Abstract In the temperate West, the turkey remains popular fare for festive feasts. It is a large bird, amenable to intensive rearing, and now represents one of the cheapest forms of poultry meat available (Box 1). In the USA alone, nearly 100 million birds are raised annually — mainly in Minnesota and North Carolina. But intensive rearing can incur risks of epizootic parasitic diseases, often responsible for severe economic losses. Improved management and medication have reduced the impact of some, such as ‘gapezvorm disease', histomoniasis and intestinal coccidiosis; leucocytozoonosis now presents less of a threat than in the past, but some ‘newer' diseases such as cryptosporidiosis may yet present severe problems. In this article, Peter Long, William Current and Gayle Noblet review the main parasite challenges faced by the commercial turkey industry.
Channeling to the Nucleus

L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCs) may control neuronal gene expression by increasing nuclear Ca 2+ levels or regulating Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent transcription factors. In the November 3 issue of Cell , Gomez-Ospina et al. demonstrate another signaling mechanism, in which a C-terminal fragment of LTC translocates to the nucleus in a calcium-dependent manner and directly regulates transcription.
VNsnap: Taking Snapshots of Virtual Networked Infrastructures in the Cloud

A virtual networked infrastructure (VNI) consists of virtual machines (VMs) connected by a virtual network. Created for individual users on a shared cloud infrastructure, VNIs reflect the concept of "Infrastructure as a Service” (IaaS) as part of the emerging cloud computing paradigm. The ability to take snapshots of an entire VNI-including images of the VMs with their execution, communication, and storage states-yields a unique approach to reliability as a VNI snapshot can be used to restore the operation of the entire virtual infrastructure. We present VNsnap, a system that takes distributed snapshots of VNIs. Unlike many existing distributed snapshot/checkpointing solutions, VNsnap does not require any modifications to the applications, libraries, or (guest) operating systems (OSs) running in the VMs. Furthermore, by performing much of the snapshot operation concurrently with the VNI's normal operation, VNsnap incurs only seconds of downtime. We have implemented VNsnap on top of Xen. Our experiments with real-world parallel and distributed applications demonstrate VNsnap's effectiveness and efficiency.
Accuracy and resolution of in vitro imaging based porcine lens volumetric measurements

Abstract There is considerable interest in determining lens volume in the living eye. Lens volume is of interest to understand accommodative changes in the lens and to size accommodative IOLs (A-IOLs) to fit the capsular bag. Some studies have suggested lens volume change during accommodation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the only method available to determine lens volume in vivo. MRI is, by its nature, relatively low in temporal and spatial resolution. Therefore analysis often requires determining lens volume from single image slices with relatively low resolution on which only simple image analysis methods can be used and without repeated measures. In this study, 7 T MRI scans encompassing the full lens volume were performed on 19 enucleated pig eyes. The eyes were then dissected to isolate and photograph the lens in profile and the lens volumes were measured empirically using a fluid displacement method. Lens volumes were calculated from two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) MR and 2D photographic profile images of the isolated lenses using several different analysis methods. Image based and actual measured lens volumes were compared. The average image-based volume of all lenses varied from the average measured volume of all lenses by 0.6%–6.4% depending on the image analysis method. Image analysis methods that use gradient based edge detection showed higher precision with actual volumes (r2: 0.957–0.990), while threshold based segmentation had poorer correlations (r2: 0.759–0.828). The root-mean-square (RMS) difference between image analysis based volumes and fluid displacement measured volumes ranged from 8.51 μl to 25.79 μl. This provides an estimate of the error of previously published methods used to calculate lens volume. Immobilized, enucleated porcine eyes permit improved MR image resolution relative to living eyes and therefore improved image analysis methods to calculate lens volume. The results show that some of the accommodative changes in lens volume reported in the literature are likely below the resolution limits of imaging methods used. MRI, even with detailed image analysis methods used here, is unlikely to achieve the resolution required to accurately size an A-IOL to the capsular bag.
Marijuana enhancement of shuttle-box avoidance performance in rats.

SummaryMarijuana extract distillate enhanced shuttle-box avoidance of rats with a previously established base line of poor performance. When drug was discontinued, performance returned to base line. Marijuana facilitated acquisition of avoidance behavior; performance level was maintained after treatment ended. The data suggest that the facilitative effect is due to an action of the drug different than that which causes depression of conditioned behavior.
Anemia in the Newborn Infant

The proper management of anemia in the newborn period, as at any age, requires an accurate diagnosis. It is helpful to divide the many possible etiologies into three major categories: blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), and decreased production of red blood cells (bone marrow aplasia or hypoplasia). DEFINITION The first step in the diagnosis of neonatal anemia is to define it. Normal hematologic values during the first 2 weeks of life in the term infant are presented in Table 1. Similar values for infants of low birth weight have been published by Stockman and Oski. The more common anemias will be discussed in terms of findings on physical examination, history, ry, laboratory studies, and management with reference to groups of conditions (Tables 2 and 3) rather than to specific disease entities. The less common disorders will be either omitted or described only briefly. The anemia of prematurity will not be covered. A discussion of this topic can be found in the article by Stockman. Approach to Diagnosis The usual approach to diagnosis, taking a history and then performing a physical examination, has been reversed in this paper. In most cases, a physician is called to see a neonate suspected of being anemic because of signs and/or symptoms of shock, pallor, or a low hemoglobin concentration, and the physician examines the infant prior to obtaining a history.
A microassay for the determination of monoamine oxidase activity using electron capture gas chromatography

Abstract A sensitive and specific assay for determining monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in serum and platelets is described. The procedure employs m -iodobenzylamine as substrate. The product, m -iodobenzaldehyde, is separated on an OV-17 column and measured by electron capture. Gas chromatography offers the advantage of analytical specificity without the need for additional procedural steps to eliminate potential interferences. Electron capture detection of the iodinated aldehyde is sufficiently sensitive to allow routine analysis on platelet samples of less than 15 μg of protein and serum aliquots of 50 μl or less. Analysis of approximately 80 samples per day may be accomplished by a single worker by employing an automatic sampling system for gas chromatographic injection. This fact, in addition to the small sample size, makes the method particularly suitable for the determination of large numbers of clinical samples.
Impact of multiple consecutive donnings on filtering facepiece respirator fit.

Background A concern with reuse of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-certified N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is that multiple donnings could stress FFR components, impairing fit. This study investigated the impact of multiple donnings on the facepiece fit of 6 N95 FFR models using a group of 10 experienced test subjects per model. Methods The TSI PORTACOUNT Plus and N95 Companion accessory were used for all tests. After qualifying by passing a standard Occupational Safety and Health Administration fit test, subjects performed up to 20 consecutive tests on an individual FFR sample using a modified protocol. Regression analyses were performed for the percentage of donnings resulting in fit factors (FFs) ≥100 for all 6 FFR models combined. Results Regression analyses showed statistical significance for donning groups 1-10, 1-15, and 1-20. The mean percentage of donnings with an FF ≥100 was 81%-93% for donning group 1-5, but dropped to 53%-75% for donning group 16-20. Conclusions Our results show that multiple donnings had a model-dependent impact on fit for the 6 N95 models evaluated. The data suggest that 5 consecutive donnings can be performed before FFs consistently drop below 100.
Distance: A Metric for Flight Deck Design and Function Allocation

Designing the appropriate level of automation has always been difficult. Too much automation and the human operator may become cognitively disjoint from the task at hand. Too little automation and ...
STM and HREELS investigation of gas phase silanization on hydroxylated Si(100)

Abstract The gas phase anhydrous reaction of glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane (GPDMES) with a model hydroxylated surface has been investigated using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Water dissociation on the clean reconstructed (2 × 1)-Si(100) surface was used to create an atomically flat surface with ~ 0.5 ML of hydroxyl groups. Exposure of this surface to GPDMES at room temperature under vacuum was found to lead to formation of covalent Si–O–Si bonds although high exposures (6 × 10 8 L) were required for saturation. STM images at the early stages of reaction indicate that the reaction occurs randomly on the surface with no apparent clustering. The STM images together with semi-empirical (AM1) calculations provide evidence for hydrogen bonding interactions between the oxygen atoms in the molecule and surface hydroxyl groups at low coverage.
35Cl-NMR studies of Co2+ carbonic anhydrases.

Abstract 35Cl NMR studies of Co2+ substituted carbonic anhydrase (CA) reveal a difference in the pK of hydrolysis for the high and low specific activity forms of the enzyme in agreement with studies on the zinc enzymes. A time dependence was observed for the reaction of Co2+ with bovine apo CA but not with human B apo CA. A CN− titration of the Co2+ CA indicates only one cobalt-chloride binding site. This work indicates that 35Cl NMR can be used to monitor the interaction of Co2+ ions with proteins.
Second-harmonic generation from silver and aluminum films in total internal reflection

We have measured optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the total-internal-reflection regime from opaque silver and aluminum films. A recent hydrodynamic theory of SHG from metal surfaces by Sipe shows that at large angles of incidence the SHG in total internal reflection will be sensitive to the normal component of the harmonic surface current. We find that the phenomenological parameter a which estimates the size of this normal component has a value of 0.9 for silver and 1.5 for aluminum. By calibrating the reflected SHG from the opaque metal films to the transmitted SHG from quartz we determine that the theoretical and experimental conversion factors for reflected SHG agree to within 20% for silver and 40% for aluminum. For thin metal films we observe new interference structure in the wings of the surface-plasmon resonance, which also is in good agreement with the theory. We conclude that for incident 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m radiation the SHG from silver and aluminum films is well described by Sipe's hydrodynamic model.
Adenosine A1 and A2A receptor effects on G-protein cycling in beta-adrenergic stimulated ventricular membranes

In the heart beta1-adrenergic (beta1R) and adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors modulate contractile and metabolic function. The interaction between these receptors was investigated at the level of G-protein cycling by determining the effect of receptor agonists on the binding of GTP to G-proteins and displacement of G alpha-subunit-bound GDP by GTP. Crude membranes from rat heart or brain were stimulated by agonists for beta1R (isoproterenol; ISO), A1R (chlorocyclopentyladenosine, CCPA) and A2AR (CGS-21680; CGS). GTP binding to membranes was increased by ISO (17%), CCPA (6%) and CGS (12%). Binding values observed with incubation using ISO and CCPA together were significantly less than values obtained by the incubation of individual agents alone. With ISO, GTP binding to G alpha(s) subunits as determined by immunoprecipitation was increased 79% in heart and 87% in brain. These increases were attenuated by CCPA, an effect that was inhibited by CGS. GDP release by membranes was increased 6.9% and 4.6% by ISO and CCPA, respectively. After co-incubation of these agonists, release was increased less than determined by the addition of the individual agent responses. CGS inhibited the reduced release caused by of CCPA. Adenylyl cyclase activity stimulated by ISO was attenuated 33% by CCPA, an effect inhibited by CGS. Together, these results indicate that A1R exert an antiadrenergic action at the level of beta1R stimulated G(s)-protein cycling and that A2AR reduce this action.
Opiate antagonists do not alter neuronal responses to stimulation of opioid-containing pathways in rat hippocampus

Abstract The opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone and β-chlornaltrexamine, were used to determine whether activation of endogenous opioid peptide containing pathways produced pharmacologically reversible opioid actions. Extracellularly recorded responses of the hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells were evoked by stimulation of the dynorphin-containing mossy fiber pathway. Neither naloxone nor β-chlornaltrexamine pretreatment significantly changed the evoked response. However, both antagonists blocked the effect of applied dynorphin-A (1–17) on CA1 pyramidal cell evoked responses. Thus, our data demonstrate that if endogenous opioids are released from this pathway, the peptides cannot be responsible for the evoked response measured in hippocampal CA3 cellular field. With no direct evidence for endogenous opioid peptides acting through opioid receptors, the neurotransmitter role of dynorphins in rat hippocampus remains obscure.
Nonlinear Stability Considerations in Thermoelastic Contact

The behavior of a one-dimensional thermoelastic rod is modeled and analyzed. The rod is held fixed and at constant temperature at one end, while at the other end it is free to separate from or make contact with a rigid wall. At this free end a pressure and gap-dependent thermal boundary condition is imposed which couples the thermal and elastic problems. Such systems have previously been shown to undergo a bifurcation from a unique linearly stable steady-state solution to multiple steady-state solutions with alternating stability. Here, the system is studied using a two-timing or multiple-scale singular perturbation technique. In this manner, the analysis is extended into the nonlinear regime and dynamic information about the history dependence and temporal evolution of the solution is obtained.
A self-consistent calculation of the tunneling barrier of metal-vacuum-metal junctions: Application to W-Vac-Au

Abstract A self-consistent calculation of the potential barrier seen by a conduction electron tunneling through a metal-vacuum-metal (MVM) junction is presented, based upon use of the local density approximation and a jellium model treatment of the metals involved. The procedure involves the iterative solution of the Kohn-Sham equation numerically through the junction region, with asymptotic matching to plane wave or decaying exponential solutions deep within each metal, using an approach developed by Ferrante and Smith [Phys. Rev. B31 (1985) 3427]. The resulting barrier potentials calculated for the tungsten-vacuum-gold junction are then compared with recent quasi-self-consistent potentials obtained by Orosz and Balazs [Surface Sci. 177 (1986) 444]. Biased junctions involving these metals are also treated by an extension of the Ferrante-Smith procedure. Finally a discussion is given of the applicability of the jellium model to MVM junctions.
Wavelet analysis of global warming

The close attention has been paid to the climatic change for its important influence on economy and society. Now, the warming of the global climate for the last one hundred years is one of the hot topics in the studies of the climatic change.56'7 It is generally acknowledged that the increasing of greenhouse gases, such as GO2, which enhanced the greenhouse effect, is responsible for the warming of the global climate in the 20th century, especially in the 1980s. In this paper, the global warming is reexamined using of the wavelet transform "microscope". Wavelet analysis is a mathematical technique introduced recently for seismic data and acoustic signals.4 It provides a two— dimensional unfolding of one-dimensional signals, resovling both the time and frequency as independent variable.
Recognition and clearance of liposomes containing phosphatidylserine are mediated by serum opsonin

Abstract Liver uptake of liposomes containing phosphatidylserine was studied in a single pass liver perfusion system and found to be serum dependent. The effectiveness of serum in mediating liposome uptake by the liver depends on liposome size. Large liposomes appeared to be opsonized more efficiently and, therefore, taken up more by the liver than the smaller ones. The effects of liposome size on liver uptake did not occur in the absence of serum. Treatment of serum at 56°C for 30 min abolished the serum activity, suggesting the involvement of complement components. Inhibition of the hemolytic activity of complement through the alternative pathway by PS-containing liposomes suggests that components in this pathway are responsible for liposome opsonization. Liposomes containing phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, and dicetyl phosphate compete in different degrees for serum components which mediate the liver uptake of PS-containing liposomes. These results suggest that the opsonization of liposomes by serum opsonins are the determining factors for the recognition and clearance of liposomes by the RES. Complement components are most likely involved in this process. The results presented here are relevant to the use of liposomes as drug delivery vehicle in vivo and to the PS-mediated clearance of red blood cells from the blood circulation.
Training in vacuum technology

Abstract THE author discusses the subject of training for vacuum work and suggests that there is a need for special courses for post-graduates or technicians who have completed their basic training. The Northampton Polytechnic, with which the author is associated, has arranged for a course on vacuum technique as a permanent feature of its educational programme and the author gives a detailed description of the syllabus of the course, the laboratory facilities available and the practical work included in the course.
A critical period for the organization of alternative male phenotypes of tree lizards by exogenous testosterone

Male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) exhibit permanent adult differences in color and size that are functionally linked with behavioral differences: males with a central blue throat patch are territorial, more aggressive, and smaller than males lacking the patch, who are nomads or satellites foregoing territory defense. Gonadectomy or long-lasting hormone implants in hatchlings affect the development of these permanent adult differences, but similar manipulations in adults are ineffective. Analogous early hormone actions in vertebrate sexual differentiation typically must occur during a critical period. Whether there is a critical period for early hormone actions affecting development of male types in tree lizards is unclear. We followed a protocol identical to our previous experiments on hatchlings, but we manipulated testosterone (T) in later-aged juveniles to determine if they remained sensitive to such hormone manipulations. Testosterone implants given at 60 days posthatching (day 60) did not alter adult throat color, indicating that sensitivity of throat color to T declines by day 60. This contrasts to our earlier work where adult color was affected by T manipulations on day 30. However, size and throat color responded differently to exogenous T, as juveniles given T implants at day 60 grew less than control-implanted males.
Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Oviposition Responses of Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Oak Leaf Infusions

Organic infusions created by fermenting white oak ( Quercus alba L.) leaves in water were evaluated as sources of attractant odorants and contact oviposition stimulants for gravid Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say). Infusions were bioassayed in the laboratory by giving single females a choice of ovipositing in 1 container with infusion and 7 containers with water. Ae. albopictus laid significantly more eggs in containers with infusion, regardless of concentration (dilutions ranging from 10 to 100%) or age (fermentation periods of 7, 28, 60 d), than in containers holding water. The largest proportion of eggs (76.8%) was deposited in response to a 60% concentration of 7-d-old infusion. In contrast, Ae. triseriatus exhibited variable oviposition responses but generally deposited the largest number of eggs in only a few concentrations of older age infusions. In binary “sticky screen” bioassays, there was no difference between the numbers of females attracted to infusion or water, indicating that oviposition responses to infusion were mediated by contact chemostimulants rather than by attraction to odorants. Oviposition responses to infusions by field populations of Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus in Raleigh, NC, were evaluated with pairs of oviposition traps, one containing infusion and the other containing water. Generally, Ae. albopictus laid significantly more eggs in ovitraps containing infusion regardless of its age (7, 28, and 60 d old) or the mass of leaves fermented (126 g = 1 × or 504 g = 4×) than in water. In contrast, Ae. triseriatus deposited an equivalent number of eggs in traps containing water or 1×, 80% infusion regardless of its age; however, the oviposition response to ovitraps containing 4×, 7-d-old, 50% infusion was significant. Placement of an automobile tire behind an ovitrap did not increase the number of Ae. albopictus eggs laid in ovitraps containing 4×, 7-d-old, 50% infusion or water relative to ovitraps without a tire. Our research indicates that baiting ovitraps with oak leaf infusion would increase the sensitivity of surveillance efforts for Ae. albopictus and Ae. triseriatus .
Automatic generation of functional coverage models from CTL

Functional coverage models which measure the sufficiency of test stimuli are essential to the verification process. A key source of difficulty in their deployment emanates from the manual and imprecise nature of their development process and the lack of a sound measure of their quality. A functional coverage model can be considered complete only if it accurately reflects the behavior of the Design under Verification (DUV) as described in the specification. We present a method to automatically generate coverage models from a formal CTL description of design properties. Experimental results show that the functional coverage models generated using our technique correlate well with the detection of randomly injected errors into a design.
The articular facets in relation to low-back pain and sciatic radiation

1. The anatomical possibilities for the articular facets to play a more or less active part in the production of low-back pain with or without sciatic radiation are obvious, but pathological evidence is not yet sufficient to make this conclusion a fact. 2. Clinical evidence, in case of low-back pain with or without sciatic radiation, of pathology in or affecting the articular facets, requires serious consideration of the articulation in all cases of this syndrome. 3. The frequency of arthritis in the facets as age progresses, and the frequency of low-back disturbances in similar age periods, are coincidental facts of very probable significance. 4. Sciatica is a symptom complex, in which the syndrome is the only constant factor; the causative factors are variable and may be single or multiple, but the role of the facets should be considered in every case. 5. Rotation of the lumbar, and particularly of the lumbosacral articulation, occurs to a greater extent than anatomists have recognized. In this region it takes place chiefly in the facets, instead of in the intervertebral discs as it does in rotation in the thoracic region.
Tuberculosis genes expressed during persistence and reactivation in the resistant rabbit model

As previously published, after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, New Zealand white rabbits established infection with active bacillary replication, but later contained disease to a paucibacillary state through an effective adaptive response consistent with latency. Despite the heterogeneity among outbred rabbits, the resistant response was uniform. Immunosuppression resulted in reactivation with increased lung bacillary burden. Using this rabbit model, we isolated bacillary RNA from infected rabbit lungs and assessed transcriptional profiles of bacillary genes using RT-PCR to examine genes differentially regulated during active replication, persistence, steroid-induced reactivation, and post-steroid immune reconstitution. Genes involved in hypoxia response (fdxA), resuscitation promoting factors (rpfB), and DNA repair pathways (Rv2191) may be important in bacillary persistence. Further investigation into these gene pathways is warranted.
Thermal annealing effect on cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membrane structure

Abstract The structure variation of cellulose acetate (CA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes due to thermal annealing was investigated by using gas adsorption. When the CA membranes were dehydrated by freeze-drying, the morphology of the unannealed membrane was similar to that of the annealed membrane. On the contrary, with air-drying which induced structure collapse of the CA membranes, gas adsorption behavior of the unannealed membrane showed a significant difference from that of the annealed membrane. The CA RO membrane in an unannealed state totally collapsed during air-drying, but the membrane that was annealed for 10 min at 90°C showed significantly reduced collapsing compared to the unannealed one. However, even though the CA membranes were annealed, use of methanol as the wetting agent caused complete collapsing during air-drying.
Memory management for self-adjusting computation

The cost of reclaiming space with traversal-based garbage collection is inversely proportional to the amount of free memory, i.e., O(1/(1-f)), where f is the fraction of memory that is live. Consequently, the cost of garbage collection can be very high when the size of the live data remains large relative to the available free space. Intuitively, this is because allocating a small amount of memory space will require the garbage collector to traverse a significant fraction of the memory only to discover little garbage. This is unfortunate because in some application domains the size of the memory-resident data can be generally high. This can cause high GC overheads, especially when generational assumptions do not hold. One such application domain is self-adjusting computation, where computations use memory-resident execution traces in order to respond to changes to their state (e.g., inputs) efficiently.This paper proposes memory-management techniques for self-adjusting computation that remain efficient even when the size of the live data is large. More precisely, the proposed techniques guarantee O(1) amortized cost for each reclaimed memory object. We propose a set of primitives for self-adjusting computation that support the proposed memory management techniques. The primitives provide an operation for allocating memory; we reclaim unused memory automatically.We implement a library for supporting the primitives in the C language and perform an experimental evaluation. Our experiments show that the approach can be implemented with reasonably small constant-factor overheads and that the programs written using the library behave optimally. Compared to previous implementations, we measure up to an order of magnitude improvement in performance and up to a 75% reduction in space usage.
Transcription Factors OVOL1 and OVOL2 Induce the Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition in Human Cancer

Cell plasticity regulated by the balance between the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the opposite program, EMT, is critical in the metastatic cascade. Several transcription factors (TFs) are known to regulate EMT, though the mechanisms of MET remain unclear. We demonstrate a novel function of two TFs, OVOL1 and OVOL2, as critical inducers of MET in human cancers. Our findings indicate that the OVOL-TFs control MET through a regulatory feedback loop with EMT-inducing TF ZEB1, and the regulation of mRNA splicing by inducing Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Protein 1 (ESRP1). Using mouse prostate tumor models we show that expression of OVOL-TFs in mesenchymal prostate cancer cells attenuates their metastatic potential. The role of OVOL-TFs as inducers of MET is further supported by expression analyses in 917 cancer cell lines, suggesting their role as crucial regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal cell plasticity in cancer.
Nerve injury and Grades II and III ankle sprains

Nerve injuries associated with inversion sprains of the ankle have been mentioned in the literature on a case presentation basis only. Sixty-six consecutive patients with Grade II (30) and Grade III (36) ankle sprains were examined by electromyography 2 weeks after injury to determine the presence and distribution of nerve injuries. Ankle active range of motion (AROM) and the number of weeks postinjury when the patient could heel/toe walk and return to full activity were also noted. Five patients (17%) with Grade II sprains had mild peroneal nerve injury and three (10%) injured the tibial nerve. Clinical measurements were normal by the end of the second week. Thirty-one patients (86%) with Grade III sprains injured their peroneal nerve, while 30 (83%) incurred posterior tibial nerve injury. Ankle AROM was impaired, and heel/toe walking (5.1 weeks) and return to full activity (5.3 weeks) were markedly prolonged. The likely cause of this injury is considered to be a mild nerve traction or a hematoma in the epineural sheath at the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve into peroneal and posterior tibial branches. This report indicates that a consistently high percentage of patients with Grade III ankle sprains sustain a significant injury to both motor nerves in the leg and that rehabilitation time is markedly prolonged.
Film as Modern Medium and Ontology

The interest in television programming, its content, even its semiotics and at times the various levels of rhetoric, economic context and controlling interests, have been thoroughly analyzed. This is even the case with the analyses of the phenomenon of reruns, although one could surmise that the analyses are somewhat artificial. What has been left out of these important contributions are some of the most fundamental compositions of media in general and television in particular. These compositions will be called ontological, i.e. explicating the presumed nature of media, all the way to its very substance. The latter can only be intimated, since the more comprehensible aspects will be offered first.