cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exchange Anisotropy in Mixed Manganites with the Hausmannite Structure

Magnetic properties are reported of powder compounds isomorphous to hausmannite, but containing partial to nearly complete substitution of diamagnetic ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{2+}$ or ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ ions in the tetrahedral sites of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. X-ray diffraction of these compounds reveals a single phase, whose structure corresponds to a tetragonally distorted spinel. Unidirectional anisotropy is present and is detected by the observation of hysteresis loops displaced along the field axis when the materials are cooled to low temperatures in magnetic fields of several kilo-oersteds. The unidirectional behavior is stable to reverse field pulses of 140 koe. An exchange anisotropy model is proposed involving interactions between ferrimagnetic and nearly antiferromagnetic regions brought about by the random distribution of the diamagnetic ions among the tetrahedral sites and the consequent magnetic inhomogeneity. This model is similar to that proposed for disordered alloy systems. Magnetic viscosity effects are observed which correspond in part to ordinary magnetic viscosity, but which are influenced by the presence of unidirectional anisotropy. The identity of this anisotropy is not impaired by the ordinary viscosity effects. In addition, observations of certain differences in the hysteresis loops measured dynamically and quasi-statically reveal an "extraordinary" viscosity associated with a gradual breakdown of the unidirectional anisotropy.
Gaming the game: Defeating a game captcha with efficient and robust hybrid attacks

Dynamic Cognitive Game (DCG) CAPTCHAs are a promising new generation of interactive CAPTCHAs aiming to provide improved security against automated and human-solver relay attacks. Unlike existing CAPTCHAs, defeating DCG CAPTCHAs using pure automated attacks or pure relay attacks may be challenging in practice due to the fundamental limitations of computer algorithms (semantic gap) and synchronization issues with solvers. To overcome this barrier, we propose two hybrid attack frameworks. which carefully combine the strengths of an automated program and offline/online human intelligence. These hybrid attacks require maintaining the synchronization only between the game and the bot similar to a pure automated attack, while solving the static AI problem (i.e., bridging the semantic gap) behind the game challenge similar to a pure relay attack. As a crucial component of our framework, we design a new DCG object tracking algorithm, based on color code histogram, and show that it is simpler, more efficient and more robust compared to several known tracking approaches. We demonstrate that both frameworks can effectively defeat a wide range of DCG CAPTCHAs.
Carbamazepine lowering effect on CSF somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in temporal lobe epileptics

The effect of carbamazepine treatment on CSF-somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy was investigated. A baseline lumbar puncture was performed on 12 patients and 10 normal volunteers. A second tap was repeated only in patients when they were on peak of carbamazepine concentration for 10 days. Levels of CSF-SLI were measured by RIA. No significant differences were found in CSF-SLI basal concentrations between epileptics and controls, whereas a significant decrease (p less than .0002 Duncan's multiple range test) of CSF peptide levels occurred in 9 of 12 patients under medication. Although the neural mechanism through which carbamazepine lowers CSF-SLI is still unknown, the results of the present study suggest that the reported effect might be part of the apparatus by which carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant action.
A Comparison of Southern Ocean Air–Sea Buoyancy Flux from an Ocean State Estimate with Five Other Products

AbstractThe authors have intercompared the following six surface buoyancy flux estimates, averaged over the years 2005–07: two reanalyses [the recent ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-Interim; hereafter ERA), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–NCAR reanalysis 1 (hereafter NCEP1)], two recent flux products developed as an improvement of NCEP1 [the flux product by Large and Yeager and the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE)], and two ad hoc air–sea flux estimates that are obtained by combining the NCEP1 or ERA net radiative fluxes with turbulent flux estimates using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) 3.0 bulk formulas with NCEP1 or ERA input variables.The accuracy of SOSE adjustments of NCEP1 atmospheric fields (which SOSE uses as an initial guess and a constraint) was assessed by verification that SOSE reduces the biases in the NCEP1 fluxes as diagnosed by the Working Group on Air–Sea Fluxes (Taylor), suggesting that oceanic observations may be a valuable constraint to ...
A Search for Hard-Spectrum Gamma-Ray Bursts Using SMM

We have searched over 9 yr of data from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) Gamma Ray Spectrometer for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with abnormally hard spectra that may have been missed in previous searches in the 0.35-0.8 MeV energy band. For this purpose, we searched the higher 0.8-10 MeV band. We have found only two new GRBs in this search, compared to 177 GRBs found in the 0.35-0.8 MeV band. We have made a careful examination of the threshold conditions for identifying the 0.8-10 MeV events, which confirms that there is no undiscovered population of hard-spectrum GRBs that have escaped detection by SMM, BATSE, and other instruments triggered by low-energy γ-ray emission. This conclusion does not apply to GRBs with duration less than 2 s, nor to those that are much fainter than the general population. Our results constrain models of GRBs that require or allow the peak in energy emission to be above 1 MeV.
Concerning Kustaanheimo-Stiefel's regularization

Les equations du probleme des deux corps, telles qu'elles ont ete regularisees parKustaanheimo etStiefel, peuvent etre resolues en forme universelle valable pour tous les genres d'orbites kepleriennes. Ramenee aux coordonnees cartesiennes de depart, la solution ainsi exprimee se reduit aux formules deStumpff.
Learning to look

How can autonomous agents with access to only their own sensory-motor experiences learn to look at visual targets? We explore this seemingly simple question, and find that naive approaches are surprisingly brittle. Digging deeper, we show that learning to look at visual targets contains a deep, rich problem structure, relating sensory experience, motor experience, and development. By capturing this problem structure in a generative model, we show how a Bayesian observer should trade off different sources of uncertainty in order to discover how their sensors and actuators relate. We implement our approach on two very different robots, and show that both of them can quickly learn reliable intentional looking behavior without access to anything beyond their own experiences.
Forage evapotranspiration and photosynthetically active radiation interception in proximity to deciduous trees

Practically all of the extensive body of research on evapotranspiration (ET) in agricultural systems has been done for open fields. There is a lack of information on how the microclimate variability within silvopasture systems affects water requirements of forages. Small 26 cm diameter, 23 cm deep lysimeters planted with either orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) or tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub) were placed in the ground along the north and south edge of two 15 m wide × 50 m deep notches cleared into a mature second growth hardwood forest. One notch opened to pasture on the east receiving more early day solar radiation and one to pasture on the west receiving more wind and late day solar radiation. There was no significant difference in ET between orchardgrass and tall fescue. North edges, receiving more direct beam radiation, had significantly higher ET (39%) than south edges which received a higher percentage of diffuse radiation. The west notch had significantly higher ET (11%) than the east notch. At the sunniest sites, advection provided 20% of the energy used for ET while at the shadiest sites it provided more than half (56%) with the rest provided by incident solar radiation. Dates where photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was restricted by clouds resulted in decreased ET relative to PAR compared to more sunny days. However, sites where PAR was restricted by tree shade had higher ET relative to PAR than more open sites. These results indicate tree modification of microclimate does not decrease forage ET to the extent that PAR is decreased.
Capitalizing on Heterogeneity and Anisotropy to Design Desirable Hardware That is Difficult to Reverse Engineer

This paper presents a method for treating material microstructure (crystallographic grain size, orientation, and distribution) as design variables that can be manipulated-for common or exotic materials-to identify the unusual material properties and to design devices that are difficult to reverse engineer. A practical approach, carefully tied to proven manufacturing strategies, is used to tailor the material microstructures by strategically orienting and laminating thin anisotropic metallic sheets. The approach, coupled with numerical optimization, manipulates the material microstructures to obtain the desired material properties at designer-specified locations (heterogeneously) or across the entire part (homogeneously). A comparative study is provided, which examines various microstructures for a simple fixed geometry. These cases show how the proposed approach can provide hardware with enhanced mechanical performance in a way that is disguised within the microscopic features of the material microstructure.
Reflections on the potentials of ecological modernization as a social theory

Resume Cet article fournit une vue d'ensemble et une interpretation de la forte montee en puissance de la notion de « modernisation ecologiqueces dernieres annees aux Etats-Unis et dans certains pays de l'Europe du Nord. L'auteur la considere comme une critique pertinente et creative de la sociologie environnementale qui, en accordant trop d'importance aux causes des degradations de l'environnement et aux reactions qu'elles entrainent, a sousestime l'etude des processus de renovation environnementale. La modernisation ecologique elargit donc l'analyse des problematiques et de ses acteurs a l'Etat et au capital, au-dela de l'environnementalisme et des mouvements environnementaux, tout en leur concedant une place importante. L'auteur avance que l'une des raisons pour lesquelles la modernisation ecologique est devenue si courante est que le terme lui-meme se prete a une grande variete d'utilisations et de significations. 11 est suggere ici qu'il soit reserve aux efforts de theorisation des chercheurs (toutes sciences incluses) qui etudient les conditions par lesquelles les politiques publiques mais aussi ce que l'auteur appelle les processus de « prises de decision privees— privees etant pris dans le sens a la fois industriel mais aussi individuel du terme — contribuent a la conservation environnementale, en d'autres termes a la « soutenabilite . A ces fins, il suggere que la nature meme de la notion de modernisation ecologique l'amene a etre une theorie fondee sur l'analyse du politique et de l'Etat et il fait quelques breves propositions susceptibles de renforcer cet aspect. L'auteur conclut en faisant remarquer que, en depit d'atouts certains, cette notion pose de serieux problemes qui ne peuvent etre ignores. Cela inclut une tendance a l'eurocentrisme, une insistance trop grande accordee a l'industrie, a la pollution industrielle au detriment de la consommation des ressources naturelles. Elle peut aussi se faire l'echo d'une vision trop « benignedu capitalisme industriel contemporain et surevaluer les possibilites qu'offrent l'ecorestructuration, l'ecologie industrielle et la gestion environnementale, de contrecarrer les tendances expansionnistes du capitalisme.
Genetic incompatibility between populations of the nymphalid butterfly Boloria selene from england and the United States

Genetic incompatibility between populations of the nymphalid butterfly Boloria selene from england and the United States
Neutrophil adherence to isolated adult cardiac myocytes. Induction by cardiac lymph collected during ischemia and reperfusion.

Abstract Canine neutrophils can be induced to adhere in vitro to isolated adult cardiac myocytes by stimulation of the neutrophils with chemotactic factors such as zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) only if the myocytes have been previously exposed to cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These cytokines induce synthesis and surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the myocyte, and neutrophil adhesion is almost entirely CD18 and ICAM-1 dependent. The present study examines cardiac-specific lymph collected from awake dogs during 1-h coronary occlusion and 3 d of reperfusion for its ability to induce both ICAM-1 expression in cardiac myocytes, and neutrophil-myocyte adherence. Reperfusion lymph induced ICAM-1 expression in isolated myocytes, and myocyte adherence to ZAS-stimulated neutrophils that was completely inhibited by anti-CD18 and anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies. This activity peaked at 90 min of reperfusion and persisted for up to 72 h. Preischemic lymph was not stimulatory. IL-1 appeared not to be a stimulating factor in lymph in that dilutions of lymph were found to inhibit the stimulatory effects of recombinant IL-1 beta. However, investigation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) revealed that recombinant IL-6 stimulated myocyte adhesiveness for ZAS-stimulated neutrophils (ED50 = 0.002 U/ml) and expression of ICAM-1 by isolated myocytes. IL-6 neutralizing antibody markedly reduced the ability of reperfusion lymph to stimulate adhesion and ICAM-1 expression, and estimates of levels of IL-6 in reperfusion lymph ranged from 0.035 to 0.14 U/ml. These results indicate that cytokines capable of promoting neutrophil-myocyte adhesion occur in extracellular fluid during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, and that one of these cytokines is IL-6. Neutrophil-myocyte adhesion may be of pathogenic significance because it may enhance the cytotoxic activity of the neutrophil.
Performance and modeling of active metal-matrix composites manufactured by ultrasonic additive manufacturing

This paper presents the development and characterization of active aluminum-matrix composites manufactured by Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM), an emerging rapid prototyping process based on ultrasonic metal welding. The primary benefit of UAM over other metal-matrix fabrication processes is the low process temperatures, as low as 25 °C. UAM thus provides unprecedented opportunities to develop adaptive structures with seamlessly embedded smart materials and electronic components without degrading the properties that make these materials and components attractive. The objective of this research is to develop UAM composites with aluminum matrices and embedded shape memory NiTi, magnetostrictive Galfenol (FeGa), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) phases. The paper is focused on the thermally induced strain response and stiffness behavior of NiTi-Al composites, the actuation properties of FeGa-Al composites, and the embedded sensing capabilities of PVDF-Al composites. We observe up to a 10% increase over room temperature stiffness for NiTi-Al composites and a magnetomechanical response in the FeGa-Al composite up to 52.4 μe. The response of the PVDF-Al composite to harmonic loads is observed over a frequency range of 10 to 1000 Hz.
Breast carcinoma etiology: current knowledge and new insights into the effects of reproductive and hormonal risk factors in black and white populations.

BACKGROUND A crossover in breast carcinoma incidence at ages 45–49 years has been observed between black and white women, with blacks experiencing higher incidence at younger ages and lower incidence after age 50 years. Can this phenomenon be partially explained by the differences in the distributions of reproductive risk factors? This article focuses on the effects and distributions of age at first full term pregnancy (FFTP), parity, and oral contraceptive (OC) use in younger versus older and black and white populations. Effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are also summarized. METHODS A literature review was conducted and information integrated on the effects and distributions of reproductive and hormonal risk factors in black and white populations, the crossover effect of parity, and the Pike model of “breast tissue age.” RESULTS Overall, early age at FFTP and higher parity decreased risk for both races. Distributions of age at FFTP and parity varied widely between the two races. Based on the effects and distributions of age at FFTP and parity, the authors formulated the hypothesis that a crossover in incidence curves between the two races would be expected, rather than be considered an anomaly. Regarding OC use, generally a stronger increase in risk was observed for younger women than for older women. Regarding HRT, a recent meta-analysis observed an increased risk of 1.35 for 5 years of use or more. CONCLUSIONS To promote public health in diverse populations, and to provide further insight into breast carcinoma etiology, research needs to focus on multicultural differences and similarities in the relation of hormonal risk factors and breast carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:1230–8. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
A least-squares solution for case IV of the law of comparative judgment

Case IV of Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment is displayed as a system of homogeneous linear equations for which a least-squares solution is presented, using various conditional equations which fix the origin and the unit of measurement. The computational load is, however, quite heavy.
Comparison of parametric and nonparametric ROC confidence bound construction in the context of acoustic/magnetic fusion systems for mine hunting

Traditional Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Confidence Bound Construction Methods are based on the use of asymptotic results or idealized models. In this work, an approach to ROC confidence bound construction is developed for both Per-Token and Cumulative ATR system performance, based on the use of the Bootstrap Method. This technique is nonparametric, and has been applied to problems in which traditional confidence bounds would be difficult, if not impossible, to construct. In addition, the technique is able to encompass the effects of training data and evaluation data variability in a single unified approach. Results are presented contrasting parametric and Bootstrap based cumulative ROC curve confidence bounds for three distinct sets of side-scan sonar data. Finally, Bootstrap based bounds are developed in the context of Acoustic/Magnetic fusion systems.
Determination of the minimum entropy configuration and velocity surfaces for elastic–plastic wave scattering at grain boundaries

A recent model based on full elastic anisotropy and crystal plasticity predicted the existence of multiple wave configurations during the interaction of stress waves with grain boundaries. Since the multiple wave configuration scenario cannot exist in nature, the principle of minimum entropy production is applied in the current work to find the most probable configuration. A large amplitude transmitted quasi-longitudinal wave is predicted for the given bicrystal orientation studied due to the wave propagating near a [001] direction and thus requiring large stress given the very low Schmid factor in this direction (for nickel aluminide (NiAl) as a model material). Anisotropic elastic–plastic velocity surfaces for quasi-longitudinal and quasi-shear waves in NiAl have also been constructed to gain an understanding of the general nature of plastic waves as a function of crystallographic direction.
Microbial control of hydrogen sulfide production in a porous medium

The ability of a sulfide-and glutaraldehyde-tolerant strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans (strain F) to control sulfide production in an experimental system of cores and formation water from the Redfield, Iowa natural gas storage facility was investigated. A stable, sulfide-producing biofilm was established in two separate core systems, one of which was inoculated with strain F, and the other core system (control) was treated in an identical manner, but was not inoculated with strain F. When formation water with 10 mM acetate and 5 mM nitrate was injected into both core systems, the effluent sulfide concentrations in the control core system ranged from 200–460 µM. In the test core system inoculated with strain F, the effluent sulfide concentrations were lower, ranging from 70-110 µM. In order to determine whether strain F could control sulfide production under optimal conditions for sulfate-reducing bacteria, the electron donor was changed to lactate, and inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphate sources) were added to the formation water. When nutrient-supplemented formation water with 3.1 mM lactate and 10 mM nitrate was used, the effluent sulfide concentrations of the control core system initially increased to about 3800 µM, and then decreased to about 1100 µM after 5 wk. However, in the test core system inoculated with strain F, the effluent sulfide concentrations were much lower, 160-330.µM. Nitrate consumption (5 mM) and high concentrations (107-108cells/mL) of strain F were detected in the test core system. An accumulation of biomass occurred in the influent lines during 2 mo of continuous operation, but only a small increase in injection pressure was observed. These studies showed that inoculation with strain F was needed for effective control of sulfide production, and that significant plugging or loss of injectivity owing to microbial inoculation did not occur.
Two distinct poly(A) polymerases in yeast nuclei

Abstract Yeast extracts have a poly(A) polymerase activity which catalyzes the addition of adenylate residues to the 3′-terminus of primer RNA. On purification of this activity, two poly(A) polymerases were found. Poly(A) polymerase I elutes from a DEAE-cellulose column at very low salt concentration and prefers as primer an RNA without an oligo(A) segment at the 3′-terminus. Poly(A) polymerase II elutes at a higher salt concentration from DEAE-cellulose and has a requirement for a primer with an oligo(A) segment at the 3′-terminus. The two enzymes are localized largely in the nucleus. It is suggested that these two enzymes function sequentially, first I then II, in forming the long poly(A) sequences that are found on messenger RNAs in yeast.
Three cases of benign giant cell tumor with unusual imaging features

Objective: Imaging findings for giant cell tumors (GCT) of the spine displaying aggressive characteristics have not been widely reported. Materials and methods: Patients with biopsy-proven GCT were included in the study. Three cases fulfilled these criteria. Results: MRI and CT demonstrated disc space involvement and vertebral body compression. Conclusion: Acute fracture, subluxation, and extension through the disc space have not been previously described and, while atypical for benign lesions, may in fact be typical for GCT of the spine.
EXPLICIT FREQUENCY EQUATION AND MODE SHAPES OF A CANTILEVER BEAM COUPLED IN BENDING AND TORSION

Abstract Exact explicit analytical expressions which give the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a bending–torsion coupled beam with cantilever end condition are derived by rigorous application of the symbolic computing package REDUCE. The expressions are surprisingly concise and very simple to use. By way of illustration in this paper, they are used to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cantilever wing with substantial coupling between the bending and torsional modes of deformation. The results are compared with exact published results to confirm the correctness and accuracy of the expressions. The derived expressions can be used to solve bench-mark free vibration problems as an aid in validating the finite element and other approximate methods. They are also intended for future applications in aeroelastic and/or optimization studies. Computer implementation and a comparison of solution times show that there is more than a four-fold advantage in c.p.u. time when using the explicit expressions as opposed to the alternative numerical method involving determinant evaluation and matrix manipulation.
Lamprey brain contains globular and asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase.

Abstract To obtain more information about the evolution of acetylcholinesterase in the vertebrates, we studied the cholinesterase activity from the brain of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. We found that the enzyme is true acetylcholinesterase and that 98% of it is present in the G4 globular form. Only 1% of the enzyme was found distributed among the asymmetric forms A4, A8 and A12; an additional 1% of the activity could not be extracted from the brain. The identity of the asymmetric forms was confirmed by collagenase digestion. These data demonstrate that asymmetric acetylcholinesterase is present in the CNS of organisms representing all classes of vertebrates. However, our results are inconsistent with an evolutionary trend that has been observed for vertebrate brain acetylcholinesterase.
SUM-FREQUENCY DIFFRACTION LOADS ON TENSION-LEG PLATFORMS IN BIDIRECTIONAL WAVES

Second-order diffraction theory is utilized to compute the sum- frequency diffraction loads on a deepwater tension leg platform (TLP) in bidirectional waves. The linear diffraction solution is obtained utilizing a Green's function approach using higher-order boundary elements. The second-order potential are computed suing the indirect, assisting radiation potential method. An efficient numerical technique is presented to treat the free-surface integral which appears in the second-order load formulation. Numerical results are presented for a stationary ISSC TLP in water of infinite depth. It is found that wave directionality may have a significant influence on the second-order hydrodynamic loads on a TLP and that the assumption of undirectional waves does not always lead to conservative estimates of the sum-frequency loading.
Successful lizard eggs in a human-disturbed habitat

As humans extend their influence to an increasingly large portion of the globe, it becomes of both theoretical and practical interest to understand the consequences of our activities on wildlife populations. Norops polylepis is a small anoline lizard native to rainforest of southern Costa Rica. It is also found and known to lay eggs in cattle pastures immediately adjacent to forest. I predicted that N. polylepis eggs would fare poorly in pastures because of the important abiotic and biotic differences with their native forest habitat. I obtained eggs from captive females and estimated an egg's probability of hatching, daily survival rate, and incubation time at various distances along a forest-to-pasture gradient. Contrary to expectation, egg survival rates were higher in pastures than in forest areas. Furthermore, egg incubation times were significantly shorter in pastures than in their native forest. As a result, eggs were at least as likely to hatch in pastures as in forested areas. Thus, pastures may represent a benign or even beneficial habitat for the eggs of some reptile species. High survival of eggs will facilitate range expansion into human-altered habitats such as pastures, but does not guarantee it. Indeed, pastures could represent an ecological trap and a population sink if adults are drawn there (e.g., in search of favorable ovipositioning sites) yet suffer higher mortality than in forests.
Early pregnancy termination with intravaginally administered sodium chloride solution-moistened misoprostol tablets: historical comparison with mifepristone and oral misoprostol.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the abortifacient effect of intravaginally administered moistened misoprostol tablets with that of the combination regimen of mifepristone and oral misoprostol. Study Design: One hundred women at ≤56 days' gestation received 800 μg misoprostol intravaginally in the form of sodium chloride solution–moistened tablets. The dose was repeated 24 hours later if a gestational sac persisted on ultrasonographic examination. These 100 subjects (group 1) were then matched with 100 subjects who had received 600 mg mifepristone followed by 400 μg misoprostol orally as part of a large multicenter American trial (group 2). Subjects were monitored for abortion success, adverse side effects, and bleeding characteristics. Abortion failure was defined as persistence of an intrauterine sac or the need to perform a surgical evacuation of the uterus for hemorrhage, for incomplete abortion, or at the subject's request. Results: In 88 of the 100 women in group 1 and 94 of the 100 women in group 2, abortion occurred and a surgical procedure was not required. Abortion rates were not influenced by gestational age in either group. Prostaglandin-related side effects of fever and chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and uterine pain were all significantly higher in group 1. Excessive uterine bleeding was uncommon in both groups, and no subjects received blood transfusions. Conclusion: The abortion rate with intravaginally administered moistened misoprostol tablets is similar to that with the combination of mifepristone and oral misoprostol. However, intravaginal administration of misoprostol is associated with significantly more prostaglandin-related side effects. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1386-91.)
The Langevin equation on Lie algebras: Maxwell–Boltzmann is not always the equilibrium

Abstract We give a geometric formulation of the Fokker–Planck–Kramer equations for a particle moving on a Lie algebra under the influence of a dissipative and a random force. Special cases of interest are fluid mechanics, the Stochastic Loewner equation and the rigid body. We find that the Boltzmann distribution, although a static solution, is not normalizable when the algebra is not unimodular. This is because the invariant measure of integration in momentum space is not the standard one. We solve the special case of the upper half-plane (hyperboloid) explicitly: there is another equilibrium solution to the Fokker–Planck equation, which is integrable. It breaks rotation invariance.
An assessment of substance abuse treatment training needs among nurses (part II): Applying an index of training needs

This article (part II of a two-part paper) presents the results of a substance abuse treatment training needs assessment study conducted with 133 nurses who were working in randomly selected New England substance abuse treatment facilities. This sample of nurses was derived from a larger survey sample of 1684 substance abuse treatment providers working in randomly selected New England substance abuse treatment facilities. These needs assessment data show that, compared with drug and alcohol counselors, social workers, and physicians or residents, nurses had the highest levels of training need in the three major substance abuse treatment domains investigated in this study. Without training, nurses cannot fulfill their roles in prevention, intervention and treatment. Agencies and institutions concerned with and committed to training health care providers are encouraged to attend to the demonstrated need for training while interest is high and clinical demand is great.
Derivatives of 5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole – high performance energetic materials

The energetic derivatives of 5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole, which include 2-(methyl or amino)-4-(nitramino, azido, or nitro)-5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazoles, were prepared in moderate yields, and confirmed with NMR and IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Their key properties, viz., melting and decomposition temperatures, densities, detonation pressures and velocities, and impact sensitivities, were measured or calculated. Among the new derivatives, 2-amino-4,5-dinitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole exhibits properties (Tm, 94 °C; Td, 190 °C; ρ, 1.83 g cm−3; P, 36.2 Gpa, vD, 8843 m s−1, IS, 24 J), comparable with RDX (Tm, 205 °C; Td, 230 °C; ρ, 1.80 g cm−3; P, 35.0 Gpa, vD, 8762 m s−1, IS, 7.5 J), and may have potential as a high-performance energetic material.
Space-form and the acousmatic image

The analytical discussion of acousmatic music can benefit from being based on spatial concepts, and this article aims to provide a framework for investigation. A personal experience of soundscape listening is the starting point, and uncovers basic ideas relating to the disposition and behaviour of sounding content, and listening strategy. This enables the opening out of the discussion to include source-bonded sounds in general, giving particular consideration to how experience of sense modes other than the aural are implicated in our understanding of space, and in acousmatic listening. Attention then shifts to a source-bonded spatial model based on the production of space by the gestural activity of music performance, prior to focusing in more detail on acousmatic music, initially by delving into spectral space, where ideas about gravitation and diagonal forces are germane. This leads to concepts central to the structuring of perspectival space in relation to the vantage point of the listener. The final section considers a methodology for space-form investigation.
Active vibration suppression of a flexible structure using smart material and a modular control patch

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410001532024
Biology of the Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) in a Rain Forest of Puerto Rico

Ecological aspects of the mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) were studied in the Luquillo Mountains, a rain forest region in eastern Puerto Rico. Information was obtained by removal trapping of mongoose from grids placed in tree plantations, colorado and tabonuco forests. Trapping efficiency was two mongoose per 100 trap-days, suggesting mongoose abundance is low in wet montane forests of Puerto Rico. Sex ratio was biased (2.6:1) in favor of males. Body masses of male mongoose inhabiting rain forests of the Luquillo Mountains were larger than those in dry forests at Guainica (P < 0.0001). Stomach contents from 18 mongoose were examined, animal matter comprised 75 percent of the. total food items encountered. Of these, 33 percent were from vertebrates. The food items most frequently encountered were lizards (Anolis spp.), centipedes (Scolopendra spp.), and cockroaches (Blatellidae).
Dual Enrollment Academy Programs

Dual Enrollment Engineering (DEEA) and Medical Science (DEMSA) Academies are two-year dual enrollment programs for high school students. Students explore engineering and medical careers through college coursework. Students prepare for higher education in engineering and medical fields while completing associate degrees in biology or engineering before they graduate high school.
Identification of a Phosphorylated Enzyme Intermediate in the Catalytic Mechanism for Selenophosphate Synthetase

Leisha S. Mullins,† Suk-Bong Hong,† Grant E. Gibson,† Heidi Walker,‡ Thressa C. Stadtman,‡ and Frank M. Raushel*,† Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M UniVersity College Station, Texas 77843 Laboratory of Biochemistry National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 ReceiVed April 4, 1997 Selenophosphate synthetase (SPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of the reactive selenium donor, selenophosphate. Selenophosphate is required for the biosynthesis of selenocysteyl-tRNASEC, the precursor of specific selenocysteine residues in bacterial and mammalian selenoproteins,1-6 and for the formation of 2-selenouridine from 2-thiouridine in the anticodons of various bacterial tRNA molecules.1-3,7 The biological importance of selenophosphate was emphasized by the discovery that two well-known eukaryotic enzymes, type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase8 and mammalian thioredoxin reductase,9 are selenocysteine-containing proteins. Activities of the deiodinase, which forms the active thyroid hormone, and thioredoxin reductase, which reduces protein disulfide groups, are essential for normal embryonic development, DNA biosynthesis, redox-regulation of certain transcription factors, regeneration of several antioxidants, and cellular redox control. ATP and selenide are converted stoichiometrically to selenophosphate, orthophosphate, and AMP by E. coli SPS, and in the absence of selenide the enzyme catalyzes a slow conversion of ATP to AMP and two orthophosphates.
The effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the oxygen consumption of tissues from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, under different osmotic conditions.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of acclimation to 300 and 940 milliosmole seawater and an acute hypo-osmotic stress on the weight-specific oxygen consumption of the gills, muscle and hepatopancreas of the blue crab. Callinectes sapidus , were determined. 2. 2. The gill and muscle tissues exhibited an increase in oxygen consumption on acclimation of crabs to a low salinity or when the tissues were subjected to an acute hypo-osmotic stress. Similar treatments did not alter the oxygen consumption of the hepatopancreas. 3. 3. At a concentration of 5 × 10 −3 M, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) caused inhibition of oxygen consumption in the tissues examined. The extent of this inhibition of oxygen consumption was independent of the metabolic activity of the tissues.
Evaluation of Systems for Feeding Supplemental Concentrate to Cows in Groups

Abstract A herd of 211 Holstein cows plus heifers calving subsequently was stratified into equal performance groups that were assigned randomly to three feeding system subherds fed for 68 wk: 1) bunk-fed silage mixture plus concentrate individually via transponder control; 2) one-group total mixed ration; and 3) a two-group total mixed ration system with respective ratios of forage: concentrate: 1) 48:52, 2) 56:44, and 3) 55:45 with 42:58 for the first 24 wk of lactation and 72:28 for the remainder. Respective average dry matter intakes (kg/cow per day) for the three feeding systems were forage 8.6, 10.3, and 10.1 and concentrate 9.3, 8.0, and 8.3. Cows fed concentrate via transponder control produced significantly more milk than cows in the one- or two-group total mixed ration systems, 2.7 and 3.8 kg/cow per day. Calculated intakes of net energy lactation (Meal/cow per day) were 29.0, 28.8, and 29.1 for the three subherds, but relative to milk energy output, corresponding efficiencies were 61.0, 54.4, and 51.0%. Cows averaged 14 daily visits to the feeders with a range of 2 to 32. There were low correlations between concentrate allocation and number of feeder visits and concentrate allocation and total time spent in feeder. Returns over feeding system costs were $4.15, $4.03, and $3.71/cow per day for the three subherds.
A Context-Aware HTML/XML Document Transmission Process for Mobile Wireless Clients

Delivery and rendering of HTML/XML documents has been a core task in many contemporary networking applications. In mobile wireless networks, efficient handling of these types of documents is necessary due to the frequent disconnections, packet loss, and high bit error rate. One approach to address the challenge is the ability to process and reuse the partial data. Current application protocols like HTTP cannot support this approach due to the following constraints: TCP's in-order data uploading to the applications and tag matching. We propose a context-aware transmission process (CATP) to run on top of UDP. This protocol does not transmit HTML/XML files in-order. Instead, it reorganizes the files and transmit tags first before transporting their enclosed data. Conforming browsers receive the file structures and fill in with subsequent data packets in whatever sequence they arrive. As a result, lost and delayed packets do not hinder rendering of those that are logically behind but have already arrived at the client sides. Thus the retransmission of the lost frames can be concealed and overall user perceived performance improved. The user-perceivable performance is quantified in terms of silent time during which no activity is observed at the browser display. The protocol also facilitates partial content caching, amortizing network transmission overhead, and non-interactive applications of Web services. We validated this protocol through prototype implementation and compared the performance with TCP and in-order delivery UDP schemes. Our protocol provides better user-perceivable performance under various loss rates and document sizes.
The predictive validity of subjective mortality expectations: evidence from the Health and Retirement Study.

Several recent studies suggest that individual subjective survival forecasts are powerful predictors of both mortality and behavior. Using 15 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, I present an alternative view. Across a wide range of ages, predictions of in-sample mortality rates based on subjective forecasts are substantially less accurate than predictions based on population life tables. Subjective forecasts also fail to capture fundamental properties of senescence, including increases in yearly mortality rates with age. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying these biases, I develop and estimate a latent-factor model of how individuals form subjective forecasts. The estimates of this model’s parameters imply that these forecasts incorporate several important sources of measurement error that arguably swamp the useful information they convey.
The effects of primary care physician visit continuity on patients' experiences with care.

Background Visit continuity is important to patients and valued by physicians. However, it is virtually impossible for primary care physicians (PCPs) to provide care during every paneled patient visit. It remains unclear whether PCP visit discontinuity can be planned in a way that is least disruptive to patients’ experiences with care.
Injectable medication for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: the influence of self-efficacy expectations and injection anxiety on adherence and ability to self-inject.

The management of many chronic illnesses involves medications that must be injected on a frequent basis. With fewer support resources available, patients are increasingly being obliged to manage injectable medications themselves. Interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a), recommended for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), must be injected intramuscularly on a weekly basis. Patients are generally advised and taught to self-inject, if possible. This longitudinal study examined cognitive and affective contributions to the ability to self-inject and adherence to IFNβ-1a over 6 months following initiation of medication. Participants were 101 patients with a relapsing form of MS. Injection self-efficacy expectations, injection anxiety, adherence expectations, method of injection administration, and 6-month adherence to IFNβ-1a were fitted to a path analytic model Pretreatment injection self-efficacy expectations were significantly related to 6-month adherence. This relation was mediated by the patient's ability to self-inject. Patients’experienced level of injection anxiety was related to adherence but not to method of injection.
Interferon and giant cell tumors.

The article by Kaban et al1 appearing in this month's issue of Pediatrics is of interest because it describes, to the best of my knowledge, the first completely successful medical treatment of a primary giant cell tumor of the bone with the angiogenesis inhibitor interferon I±-2a. Previously, a 37-year-old woman with a benign giant cell tumor of the leg that spread to the lungs demonstrated a significant decrease in pulmonary metastases and stabilization of disease following treatment with interferon I±-2a.2 Giant cell tumors of the bone have 3 major cell types: 1) proliferating mononuclear cells thought to be the neoplastic element of the tumor, 2) nonproliferating mononuclear cells, and 3) multinucleated giant cell that are fused mononuclear cells.3 The incidence of giant cell tumors among primary bone neoplasms is 4% to 5%, with most occurring around the knee and <1% in the skull. â€¦
In vitro activity of LY393558, an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter with 5-HT1B/1D/2 receptor antagonist properties

1-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-1(2H)-pyridinyl]ethyl]-3-isopropyl-6-(methylsulphonyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazine-2,2-dioxide (LY393558) is a potent inhibitor of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes (pIC(50)=8.48+/-0.12). It produces a dextral shift of the 5-HT dose-response curves for the binding of GTPgamma[35S] to human 5-HT(1B) (pK(b)=9.05+/-0.14) and 5-HT(1D) (pK(b)=8.98+/-0.07) receptors and inhibits the contractile response of the rabbit saphenous vein to the 5-HT(1B/D) receptor agonist, sumatriptan (pK(b)=8.4+/-0.2). In addition, it is an antagonist at the 5-HT(2A) (pK(i)=7.29+/-0.19) and 5-HT(2B) (pK(i)=7.35+/-0.11) receptors. Presynaptic autoreceptor antagonist activity was demonstrated by its ability to potentiate the K(+)-induced outflow of [3H]5-HT from guinea pig cortical slices (pEC(50)=7.74+/-0.05 nM) in which the 5-HT transporter had been inhibited by a maximally effective concentration of paroxetine. It is concluded that LY393558 should be an effective antidepressant with the potential to produce an earlier onset of efficacy than selective serotonin uptake inhibitors.
A Solid-State NMR Study of Tungsten Methyl Group Dynamics in [W(η5-C5Me5)Me4][PF6]

We report the results of Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) 13C and static 2H NMR studies of the dynamics of the methyl groups coordinated to tungsten in [WCp*Me4][PF6] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5). The temperature-dependent broadening of the axial methyl 13C line can be ascribed to interference between 1H decoupling and methyl motion when the motional rate and decoupling nutation frequency are comparable. This proposal is consistent with the absence of broadening in the 2H labeled compound and the motional rate constants inferred from 2H NMR lineshape and T1 studies, which range from 107 s-1 at 25 °C to 103 s-1 at −125 °C. The measured barrier to axial methyl hopping (26 kJ/mol) is among the highest reported to date. An X-ray crystal study of [W(η5-C5Me4Et)Me4][PF6] reveals no evidence (in terms of the core geometry) for an agostic interaction in either the axial methyl group or the equatorial methyl groups.
United States Employment Disability Discrimination Charges: Implications for Disability Management Practice

It is 20 years since the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act, yet employment and economic inequities continue for people with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to inform and encourage disability management leading practices to contribute toward reducing these disparities. The approach is an examination of where in the employment process applicants and incumbent employees perceive employment disability discrimination, leading to the filing of charges against an employer. Employment disability discrimination claims filed by individuals over 15 years (1993-2007) with the United States (US) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or state and local Fair Employment Practice Agencies are studied. The authors analyse employment discrimination charges by year, basis (i.e., protected class characteristics, such as disability, age, or race), issue (i.e., actions of the employer, such as discharge, hiring, or harassment), employer characteristics (i.e, size of business and industry sector), and joint filings under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (gender, race/ethnicity, and religious discrimination) and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Special attention is paid to where in the employment process people with specific impairments are perceiving discrimination. Implications of these research findings for the practice and administration of disability management and employer policies are discussed.