cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zygoidy, a new nomenclatural concept

In zoological taxonomy, unambiguous and universal designation of a given taxon at a given rank in a given classification requires to establish its valid nomen and the correct spelling of the latter. Consequently, a need to resolve the situations of conflict that may exist between available nomina and spellings arises. These situations of nomenclatural conflict are here designated as zygoidy . They are of three kinds: zygonymy (conflicts of omonymy or synonymy between nomina for validity), zygography (conflicts of parography between spellings for correctness) and zygophory (conflicts of airetophory between onomatophore designations for validity). The resolution of these conflicts relies on several basic Principles already formulated in the Code (the Principles of Homonymy, Priority and “First-Reviser”, here renamed “Airesy”), as well as additional ones not yet recognized in this text: the Principles of Zygoidy, Proedry, Nomography and Sozoidy. A detailed analysis of these ituations is provided. It allows to identify in which cases and under which conditions these Principles apply. This omplete inventory of possible situations and solutions will be of great usefulness for a forecoming utomatisation and computerization of the Rules of the Code in forthcoming databases and Web applications.
Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustments during psychological stress and carotid artery intima-media thickness in youth

Abstract Objective Cardiovascular reactivity is associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness as early as childhood. Excess cardiovascular responses relative to the metabolic demand during psychological stress have been proposed as a mechanism for this association. However, it is not known whether excess cardiovascular responses in relation to the metabolic demand correlate with carotid artery intima-media thickness as strongly as traditionally measured cardiovascular reactivity. Methods Fifty-four adolescents, ages 13–16 years completed a graded exercise test in 1 day and measures of psychological stress reactivity (star tracing, speech) on another day. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and oxygen consumption were measured on both days. On a third visit adolescents completed an ultrasound scan to measure carotid artery intima-media thickness. Results Traditionally measured systolic blood pressure reactivity (β = 0.30, p = 0.02, R 2 increase = 0.09) and excess systolic blood pressure (β = 0.30, p = 0.02, R 2 increase = 0.08) while preparing a speech were associated with greater carotid artery intima-media thickness when controlling for demographic characteristics, fitness, and baseline systolic blood pressure. Conclusions This study adds to the growing body of literature showing a link between systolic blood pressure reactivity to acute psychological stress and carotid artery intima-media thickness in youth. This was the first study to demonstrate that systolic blood pressure in excess of the metabolic demand during psychological stress was also associated with carotid artery-intima media thickness.
A nonparametric approach to solving a simple one-sector stochastic growth model

In this paper we present a nonparametric approach to solving a simple one-sector stochastic growth model. A distinct advantage of our approach is that it does not require placing restrictions on the generally unknown conditional expectations functions. Our method is shown to be accurate and computationally stable when compared to the standard Parameterized Expectations Approach (PEA) and the traditional linear approximation. We demonstrate this using a simple stochastic general equilibrium model with a known solution.
Factors associated with respite care use by families with a child with disabilities

This paper reviews the literature on respite care utilization, describes a respite care program in Arkansas, and reports on a study of utilization initiated by the Arkansas Division of Mental Health Services (DMHS). Among the 89 families qualifying for respite services, 70 consented to participate, and 66 were surveyed in a phone interview. Users (n=54) and non-users (n=12) were compared relative to a variety of staff, child, geographic, and budget differences. Also, respite use was examined relative, to the aforementioned variables based on level of use, (i.e., none, low, moderate, high). There were no differences in use according to age, the number of family members, family income, or needs of the child. A larger percentage of non-use and low use of respite care was evident among those families receiving Tax Equity Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) benefits. There were no significant differences between races related to perceived barriers to care. Differences in expectations/experiences with respite care among rural and urban groups were limited with rural respondents expressing, concern about travel/distance issues. Overall, the program as a whole received positive ratings by parents, and no clear factors were found to be related to non-use in the small sample (n=12) who did not take advantage of respite services.
The solar flares of February 1986 and the ensuing intense geomagnetic storm

A very intense geomagnetic storm, the largest observed in 26 years, was observed in early February 1986 having just been preceded by a series of six solar flares during the period 3–7 February. The storm and its antecedent flares are currently a subject of great interest because of the unusually large magnitude of the various geomagnetic effects that obtained. The fact that the flares were moderate to large in soft X-ray intensity, but much smaller than the largest that the Sun is capable of producing, coupled with the fact that these events occurred near the minimum of the current solar activity cycle, adds to the uniqueness of the overall episode. This paper describes the special circumstances surrounding these events and offers an interpretation of the cause and effect relationships through a numerical simulation of the dynamical evolutionary processes that may have occurred in interplanetary space.
Enhancement of Immunofluorescent Staining of Erythrocytes by Saponin Hemolysis

The demonstration of human blood group antigens by the fluorescent antibody technic has been improved by hemolyzing the red cells with saponin. Hemoglobin has a quenching effect on fluorescence. Its removal resulted in dramatic enhancement of the stain. Saponin proved more effective for this purpose than several other common hemolytic agents, all of which caused nonspecific staining. Antigens A, B, M, and N were readily demonstrated when the saponin step was incorporated into the usual two-layer staining procedure. Antigen Rho(D) required the additional enhancement provided by the triple sandwich technic.
LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF CHILDREN WITH LYME DISEASE. † 1094

Although both parents and physicians have substantial anxiety about Lyme disease, there is little information about the long-term outcomes of patients treated for Lyme disease. To address this issue, we are conducting an on-going, community-based retrospective cohort study of 1200 patients(children and adults) randomly selected from all of the reports of patients with Lyme disease submitted to the CT Dept. of Health (as part of statewide surveillance for Lyme disease) from 1984-91. Medical records were reviewed and parents were interviewed using standardized forms. Investigators blinded to the patients' outcomes classified the accuracy of the diagnoses (probable, possible, or unlikely) based on a modification of CDC's surveillance criteria for Lyme disease. Outcomes included parents' reports of cure and parent-reported functional performance (e.g., amount of work, school or gym missed). To date, we have attempted to contact 1147 potential subjects. Of these, 28% could not be located, 7% refused (or the doctor refused) to participate and 65% were enrolled in the study. Interviews (which occurred a mean of 65.4 months after diagnosis) and reviews of records have been completed for 700 subjects (261 were children <18 years of age) and the first 200 (119 adults, 81 children) have been analyzed.
Regeneration of plants from mesophyll-derived protoplasts of British potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars

Abstract Using techniques developed from the North American potato cultivar Russet Burbank, 10850 viable calli were produced from mesophyll-derived protoplasts of seven British potato cultivars: Maris Piper, Bard, Feltwell, Foxton, Teal, Kingston and F49/52. Calli from all cultivars except Kingston and F49/52 formed shoots and roots. The frequency of shoot formation ranged from 2.4% to 26.7% among single leaf samples, with a mean frequency of 14%. The implications of these results for potato cultivar improvement are discussed.
Ethanol Inhibition of Insulin Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Chronic ethanol toxicity impairs liver regeneration, inhibits DNA synthesis, and mutes cellular responses to growth factor stimulation. Previous studies demonstrated that the adverse effects of ethanol are mediated by inhibition of tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the insulin receptor substrate-type 1 (IRS-1). However, overexpression of IRS-1 leads to increased DNA synthesis and cellular transformation due to constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The present study examines the effects of ethanol on insulin signaling through IRS-1 in FOCUS hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which overexpress IRS-1, to determine whether such cells were resistant to the inhibitory effects of ethanol. The results demonstrated that ethanol treatment (100 mM) caused 30 to 50% reductions in the levels of insulin-stimulated tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor beta-subunit, tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1, phosphorylation of Erk2, association of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase with tyrosyl-phosphorylated IRS-1, and MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activities. In contrast, ethanol treatment had no effect on epidermal growth factor-stimulated tyrosyl phosphorylation of Shc. Corresponding with the pronounced inhibition of MAP kinase, ethanol treatment resulted in 30 to 50% reductions in the expression levels of two important insulin-responsive genes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The findings suggest that, in FOCUS hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which overexpress IRS-1, ethanol treatment substantially inhibits IRS-1 and MAP kinase signaling and growth-associated gene expression, but has no effect on Shc phosphorylation, which activates p21ras through an IRS-1 independent pathway.
Changes in Proton Dynamics in Articular Cartilage Caused by Phosphate Salts and Fixation Solutions.

The objective was to study the effect of phosphate salts and fixation solutions on the proton dynamics in articular cartilage in vitro. Microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (µMRI) T2 anisotropy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) double quantum–filtered (DQF) spectroscopy were used to study the full-thickness articular cartilage from several canine humeral heads. The in-plane pixel size across the depth of the cartilage tissue was 13 µm. The acid phosphate salt was an effective exchange catalyst for proton exchange in the cartilage with an organized structure of collagen fibrils, while the alkaline phosphate salt was not. For cartilage tissue containing less organized collagen fibrils, both acid and alkaline phosphate salts have no significant effect on the T2 value at low concentration but decrease the T2 value at high concentration. The solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and D-PBS were found to have no significant effect on T2 and DQF in cartilage. This study demonstrates the ability to modify the proton exchange in articular cartilage using the solutions of phosphate salts. The ability to modify the proton exchange in articular cartilage can be used to modulate the laminar appearance of articular cartilage in MRI.
Identification of human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA and DNA in the heart of a child with cardiovascular abnormalities and congenital acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Abstract Abnormalities of the heart are common in infants and children congenitally infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Enhanced left ventricular performance, abnormal contractility 1 and increased heart mass 2 are the most common of these manifestations. The etiology of these abnormalities is obscure because there is no obvious histologic or ultrastructural explanation for their presence. 1 HIV-1 has been detected by Southern blot and cultivated from homogenized myocardium, 3,4 but these techniques are incapable of determining the precise location of viral expression or proviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within the tissue. Using molecular techniques, we have undertaken a detailed study of 1 patient to establish the presence of HIV in myocardium and the distribution of cells producing viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the heart muscle.
Single‐index model selections

We derive a new model selection criterion for single‐index models, AICC, by minimising the expected Kullback-Leibler distance between the true and candidate models. The proposed criterion selects not only relevant variables but also the smoothing parameter for an unknown link function. Thus, it is a general selection criterion that provides a unified approach to model selection across both parametric and nonparametric functions. Monte Carlo studies demonstrate that AICC performs satisfactorily in most situations. We illustrate the practical use of AICC with an empirical example for modelling the hedonic price function for cars. In addition, we extend the applicability of AICC to partially linear and additive single‐index models. Language: en
Hemoglobin SC disease and iris atrophy.

Case 1—A 54-year-old black woman was seen in the Department of Ophthalmology of Cook County Hospital because of decreasing vision in each eye. Her past medical history included diabetes mellitus, diagnosed one year previously and controlled with diet only. Family history was unremarkable. The initial eye examination revealed her right vision was decreased to light perception with good projec­ tion and color perception due to a mature cataract. The best corrected vision in the left eye was 20/40. Action of the extraocular muscles was normal. The anterior chamber was of normal depth and clarity in each eye. The right iris showed a semilunar patch of atrophy which was adjacent to the pupil­ lary margin between six and eight o'clock (Fig. 1). The left iris had a similar atrophie patch, horseshoe in shape, located between 12 and two o'clock and extending from the pupillary margin to the collar­ ette (Fig. 2). Grayish pigmentation of the involved
Drought and shade interact to cause fine-root mortality in Douglas-fir seedlings

Both desiccation and depleted carbohydrate reserves have been suggested as causes of fine-root (≤2 mm in diameter) mortality in trees. In this study, Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings were subjected to four combinations of shading and watering to determine whether shading increases drough-induced root mortality and, if so, whether this effect is due to reduced levels of carbohydrate reserves or increased susceptibility to desiccation. Two correlated measures of root mortality (counting root tips and weighing roots) showed that significantly more fine roots died only when seedlings were both shaded and unwatered. Concentrations of suberin, a compound synthesized by plant roots to control desiccation, were unaffected by any combination of shading and watering; however, carbohydrate reserves were nearly exhausted in the shaded and unwatered treatment — the treatment with highest root mortality. Water stress may have increased root mortality indirectly by increasing root temperature and maintenance respiration and by inhibiting photosynthate transport to the root system, but massive die-off in response to drought was apparent only when starch and sugar reserves were nearly depleted. Drought cannot be considered directly responsible for death of fine roots. Instead, a root's ability to continue to respire, which in turn depends on the status of its starch and sugar reserves, seems to be the primary physiological control of fine-root mortality.
Comparison of fusion from within and fusion from without by Newcastle disease virus.

It is obvious that cells which have more than a single nucleus and are thus multinucleate all have their origin in mononucleate cells. The mechanisms by which these multinucleate cells, or polykaryocytes, are formed are many and varied, but all of these processes, usually referred to as polykaryocytosis, fall into two main categories. Originally mononucleate cells must either fail to undergo cell division following the end of the mitotic process or they must in some way fuse with each other to give rise to multinucleate cells. Probably the vast majority of multinucl-ate cells found in nature have gained this state through this process of cell fusion. A major cause of cell fusion is viral infection. In this paper we deal mainly with two types of virus-induced cell fusion. Since much of the early work on cell fusion, including those processes which involve viruses and those which do not, was adequately reviewed at the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium in 1962 by Dr. Bernard Roizman (1), this material is not covered here. Virus-induced cell fusion has rapidly increased in importance in recent years. No longer is it solely the domain of the viral cytopathologist, who has recognized it as a common cytopathic effect associated with infection by viruses of the herpes and paramyxovirus groups. Today, virus-induced cell fusion is an important tool of the animal cell biologist. Since Okada's (2) finding that high multiplicities of noninfectious Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus) will induce cells to fuse, this virus in an inactivated form has been used as a fusing agent in many systems. It has been used to induce the formation of hybrid cells by Harris and Watkins (3). Gerber (4) and others have used inactivated Sendai
Magnetic resonance angiography with sliding interleaved projection reconstruction (SLIPR) acquisition.

In this paper, we report on the development of a novel multiple thin-slab projection-reconstruction acquisition technique. To eliminate the slab boundary artifact, the slabs are highly overlapped and only a small fraction of the projection view angles are sampled at each slab position. After Fourier transformation in the slice direction, there are sufficient numbers of projection measurements at each slice position to obtain very high resolution MR angiograms. The technique presented has all of the advantages of multiple overlapping thin slab acquisition (MOTSA) with no evidence of slab boundary artifact. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:569–575. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Old and New Face of Civic Education: expert, teacher, and student views

Using the representative database of the Second International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Civic Education Study, this article takes a look at civic education through the lens of expert scholars, teachers, and students. The data reveals that, as some of the experts reported, political interest is not pervasive among students and classrooms are not places where a culture of debate, controversy, and critical thinking flourishes for students. But things have changed if civic education was primarily an imparting of facts about national history and the workings of the political system. As for teachers, now the discourse of rights and the social movements associated with it top the list of curricular concerns. Large majorities of teachers share with national scholars a conceptualization of civic education as critical thinking and value education, repudiating knowledge transformation as ideal, and they recognize the wide gulf that exists between these ideals and reality. As for many students, political disinterest notwithstanding, forms of participation born out of social movements and community organizing are the preferred channels of political activity. And yet, it seems the experts have a point: the field is not where it should be. In 1963, when Almond & Verba published their ground-breaking study of civic culture in five nations, many countries in the West were nominally democracies, but lacked a culture of civic participation that would sustain and stabilize national democratic institutions. In many countries, what passed as civic education was an uncritical homage to national destiny and powerful leaders. It was the reformers' challenge then to inform students about their country's political system and to instill in them a desire to get involved in its institutions. Political knowledge, participatory forms of instruction, and a lively democratic school climate were to foster active citizenship.
Basal glucose homeostasis with and without fixed concentrations of glucagon and insulin.

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the basal steady state could be maintained with fixed concentrations of glucagon and insulin. To this end, arterial plasma glucose concentrations and peripheral glucose uptake (using the forearm technique) were compared in healthy men (age 19 to 23 years) in the normal postabsorptive state and after suppression of endogenous pancreatic secretion. Two groups (A and B), each consisting of four men, were studied. In group A, the study comprised a control period (I) of 40 minutes followed by a test period (II) of 180 minutes during which normal pancreatic secretion was maintained throughout. In group B, the study comprised a control period (I) of 40 minutes, a stabilization period (II) of 120 minutes, and a test period (III) of 120 minutes. After the control period with normal pancreatic secretion, a new steady state with fixed hormone concentrations was established during the first 90 minutes of period II using simultaneous infusions of somatostatin (250 μg/h), insulin (0.15 mU/kg/min) and glucagon, the latter being adjusted to maintain a stable arterial glucose level similar to the preceding control concentration. Thereafter, without further adjustement of the glucagon infusion rate, observations were continued during period III to assess the maintenance of the steady state. In group A, the range of variation in arterial glucose concentrations during periods I and II was 4.0 ± 0.9 and 6.5 ± 1.3 mg/dL, respectively. In group B, the variation in glucose levels (mg/dL) was similar in period I (3.3 ± 0.9) and the final 30 minutes of period II (3.0 ± 0.4), but was increased to 20.4 ± 5.4 in period III. During the latter, mean glucose concentrations rose from 97 ± 3 to 109 ± 5 mg/dL after 45 minutes and then declined to 92 ± 6 mg/dL (P < .02) by 120 minutes while forearm glucose uptake (FGU: .050 ± .015 mg100 mL forearm/min) remained unchanged. The conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: (1) Fixed basal levels of glucagon and insulin, in contrast to normal islet secretion, may result in markedly unstable glucose concentrations; (2) because the latter were not associated with any change in FGU, this instability was probably the result of changes in hepatic glucose output (HGO) rather than peripheral glucose uptake; (3) The technique of islet secretory blockade with fixed basal insulin and glucagon concentrations should be used with caution for investigating the control of HGO in man unless the influence to the technique alone is initially defined.
Evaporation and Dryout of Nanofluid Droplets on a Microheater Array

Nanofluid, a mixture of small concentration of metallic nanoparticles in a base fluid, is known to have substantial enhancement in thermal conductivity compared with that of the base fluid. The evaporation processes of different nanofluid droplets, all for 5-μl, 0.5 vol. % concentration and onto the micro-heater array at 80°C, are visualized to examine the effect of nanoparticle sizes on the dryout characteristics. While the distilled water droplet evaporates evenly in an axi-symmetric way, dryout patterns of the nanofluids containing nanoparticles (2-nm Au, 30-nm CuO, and 11-nm and 47-nm diameter Al2O3) are different in leaving concentric rims of dried nanoparticles near the initial wet-surface boundary. The formation of the rim is the most distinctive for the case of nanofluid containing 47-nm Al2O3, whereas the rims are less pronounced and more spreading for nanofluids containing smaller nanoparticles. For nanofluid containing 2-nm Au particles, the deposition is thicker and more uniform toward the droplet inner area in comparison with the other nanofluids containing larger nanoparticles. This is believed to be due to its slower flow and higher viscosity as a result of higher particle population, and high specific gravity.
On Certain Cross Varieties of Aperiodic Monoids with Commuting Idempotents

Let \({\fancyscript{A}_\mathrm{com}}\) denote the class of aperiodic monoids with commuting idempotents. It is shown that any subvariety of \({\fancyscript{A}_\mathrm{com}}\) that satisfies the identity \({x^2yx \approx xyx^2}\) is Cross if and only if it excludes the almost Cross varieties \({\mathbf{J_1}, \mathbf{J_2}}\), and \({\mathbf{L}}\). Consequently, these three almost Cross varieties are unique among all subvarieties of \({\fancyscript{A}_\mathrm{com}}\) that satisfy the identity \({x^2yx \approx xyx^2}\). On the other hand, the existence of almost Cross subvarieties of \({\fancyscript{A}_\mathrm{com}}\) different from \({\mathbf{J_1}, \mathbf{J_2}}\), and \({\mathbf{L}}\) is also established.
Trapping mechanisms and dynamics in bis-triarylamine-based photorefractive polymer composites

We report on the trapping mechanisms in bis-triarylamine (PATPD) based polymer composites. Although exceptional stability under continuous operation has been reported in PATPD-based composites, a small degradation of the response time in photorefractive devices under continuous operation has been found when improved styrene-based chromophores, with high figure-of-merit, are used. The accumulation of relatively large densities (~10 17 cm -3 ) of filled traps is observed even though to first approximation the transport manifold has the lowest ionization potential of all the moieties in the composite, so no apparent deep trapping sites are to be present. The results of spectroscopic studies where the formation of chromophore aggregates is explored and correlated with the formation of hole-trapping sites that dominate the temporal evolution of the photogenerated current density and C 60 anion accumulation after several minutes of continuous operation will be presented and compared with numerical simulations considering a two-trapping site model in materials containing the chromophore DBDC.
New method in design and manufacturing of fluid-filled multi-layered spherical pressure vessels

Abstract Multi-layered spherical pressure vessels were manufactured through the application of the integral hydro-bulge forming (IHBF) method. A spherical pressure vessel consisting of five layers of AISI 1018 steel was manufactured. The thickness of each layer was approximately 1.6 mm and each layer was separated by a fluid filled gap from the next layer. The process showed a linear relationship between the number of layers and the maximum pressure that the vessel can support before leaking (burst pressure). The IHBF method promises to be less costly and more effective in the manufacturing of thick multi-layered vessels in comparison with the conventional practice of manufacturing such vessels. In this paper the procedure of manufacturing the vessels, the welding technique and the results of the forming process will be presented.
Ultrafast Laser Scanner Microscope-First Performance Tests

First performance tests of an ultra-fast laser scanning microscope are reported. The objective lens has been perfected to reach the performance level specified in the design with respect to the spread function, freedom from spherical aberration and coma. The attained dimensional tolerances of the polygon spinner are given. The test results on operational pyramidal error suggest that the critical 4 arc sec limit is reached at 36,000 rpm. Excellent linearity and uniformity for the slow slide translation is attained with the PMI linear force motor. Over-all system performance is demonstrated with test scans of a bar pattern and biologic imagery.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Plasma membrane properties of cultured local LM cell tumors and metastases from athymic (nude) mice

Some cell surface membrane properties of tumors may depend upon the host tissue site. Therefore, local tumors and lung metastases were excised from athymic (nude) mice injected subcutaneously with LM fibroblasts. The excised local tumors and lung metastases were cultured in chemically-defined, serum-free medium to characterize their plasma membrane properties without complicating factors such as site of growth, presence of host inflammatory cells, and variation in nutrition. Plasma membranes were isolated from the cultured local tumor cells and cultured metastatic cells. The specific activities of (N+,K+)-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were elevated and decreased, respectively, in plasma membranes from metastatic cells as compared to local tumor cells, a finding consistent with data from directly excised local tumors and lung metastases. Plasma membranes of metastatic cells had a lower ratio of sterol/phospholipid, higher ratio of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine, and no differences in phospholipid unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio compared to plasma membranes from the locally-derived tumor cells. Plasma membranes of metastatic cells were more fluid (lower limiting anisotropy) than those of local tumor cells as indicated by multifrequency phase and modulation fluorometry and the fluorescence probe molecule, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Thus, the higher fluidity of metastatic as compared to local tumor plasma membranes was not due to differences in site of growth, host cell contamination, and/or nutrition.
Tolerance and withdrawal in goldfish exposed to ethanol.

Abstract Acute ethanol exposure decreases regulated body temperature. Tolerance and dependence develop with continued exposure. Removal of ethanol following chronic exposure produces withdrawal. There is little information on the time course for the development of tolerance and disagreement about the presence of a rebound effect on body temperature during withdrawal. For tolerance, we monitored the selected temperature [ T sel ] of goldfish [ Carassius auratus ] for 8 h while they were exposed to one of three doses of ethanol. During the period from 90 to 150 min post-exposure, T sel was: control: 24.1 ± 0.07 °C; 0.4% ethanol: 21.9 ± 0.09 °C; 0.8% ethanol: 21.3 ± 0.05°C; 1.1% ethanol: 18.4 ± 0.10 °C. The difference between control and experimental T sel decreased by the following amounts for the final 1.5 h in the gradient: 0.4% ethanol: 2.60 ± 0.12 °C; 0.8% ethanol: 1.58 ± 0.09 °C; 1.1% ethanol: 4.08 ± 0.12 °C. At all 3 doses, tolerance proceeded in a stepwise manner rather than continuously. Temperature regulation during withdrawal was evaluated by maintaining the goldfish in 0.8% ethanol for three days and subsequently monitoring T sel in an ethanol-free temperature gradient for 36 h. During withdrawal there was no evidence for an effect on T sel ; experimental and control values were nearly identical.
Comparative kinetics of poly (6-thioinosinic acid) and 6-mercaptopurine treated L1210 cells†

Poly(6-thioinosinic acid), poly(s6I), a synthetic polynucleotide shown to inhibit L1210 ascites growth in vivo, was compared with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) for their effects on cellular kinetics of L1210 cells in vitro. These kinetic perturbations were monitored by changes in growth rates, cell volumes and cell-cycle distributions. At equimolar exposure doses (based on molar concentration of purine bases), 0.1 mM poly(s6I) was more effective than 6-MP in reducing growth rate and total cell number. A 20-fold increase in the 6-MP exposure dose (to 2 mM) was required to reduce total cell number similar to 0.1 mM poly(s6I). Concomitant determination of Coulter volume distributions of treated cell populations indicated 0.1 mM poly(s6I) increased the mean population volume more than either concentration of 6-MP. Cell-cycle distributions obtained by flow cytometry showed that, simultaneously with the increase in mean population volume, poly(s6I) exposure caused a decrease of cells in G1 and S and a pronounced accumulation of cells in G2. Treatment with 6-MP caused similar cell-cycle redistributions but always less than for poly(s6I). Flow sorting of these redistributed populations indicated the increase in mean population volume during treatment with 0.1 mM poly(s6I) was almost equally due to an increased percentage of G2 cells and to an increased volume of cells with the G2 DNA content. However, with 0.1 mM 6-MP, increased volume of G2 cells was predominant. Although poly(s6I) was synthesized in an attempt to develop more effective delivery forms of biologically active compounds like 6-MP and it has close structural similarities to 6-MP, its mechanism of action is unknown.
Lattice theory approach to metastatic disease patterns in autopsied human patients: Application to metastatic neuroblastoma

Abstract It is recognized that subsets of some morphologically homogeneous tumors may have different metastatic distribution patterns. Lattice theory is a multidimensional generalization of the cube. If each autopsied patient is regarded as a ‘snapshot’ (lattice corner), then each lattice edge represents an event of metastatic spread. A ‘minimum entry’ construction program was applied to the 40 neuroblastoma patients with complete autopsies at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. This lattice has the inductive property that reconnecting a single pathway does not decrease its length. Subset patterns in patients identified by this method may have diagnostic and therapeutic significance.
Hyaluronan Fragments Promote Inflammation by Down-Regulating the Anti-inflammatory A2a Receptor

The tissue microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating inflammation. Chronic inflammation leads to an influx of inflammatory cells and mediators, extracellular matrix turnover, and increased extracellular adenosine. Low molecular weight (LMW) fragments of hyaluronan (HA), a matrix component, play a critical role in lung inflammation and fibrosis by inducing inflammatory gene expression at the injury site. Adenosine, a crucial negative regulator of inflammation, protects tissues from immune destruction via the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR). Therefore, these two extracellular products of inflammation play opposing roles in regulating immune responses. As such, we wanted to determine the effect of LMW HA on A2aR function. In this article, we demonstrate that LMW HA causes a rapid, significant, and sustained down-regulation of the A2aR. CD44 was found to be necessary for LMW HA to down-modulate the A2aR as was protein kinase C signaling. We also demonstrate that LMW HA induces A2aR down-regulation during inflammation in vivo, and that this down-regulation can be blocked by treatment with an HA-blocking peptide. Because adenosine plays a critical role in limiting inflammation, our data provide a novel mechanism whereby LMW HA itself may further augment inflammation. By defining the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of extracellular matrix components, we will be better able to identify specific pharmacologic targets as potential therapies.
Effectiveness of a psychiatric pain clinic.

Medical charts were reviewed for 101 consecutive outpatients seen between January 1, 1993 and July 1, 1996 at a unidisciplinary, psychiatric pain clinic, which exists within a hospital-based, university-run, outpatient service with primary and specialty care clinics. Mean duration of pain was 7 years. Multiple sites of pain were present in 69% of patients. Eighty-eight percent fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for pain disorder. The patients had significantly fewer medical visits and diagnostic tests 6 months after attending the pain clinic, compared with 6 months before ( P
Hyperbolicity and change of type in steady co-extrusion flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluids

Abstract The linearized equations governing the steady axisymmetric co-extrusion flow of two upper-convected Maxwell fluids through a circular die are studied and conditions are found under which the vorticity equation can change its type from elliptic to hyperbolic in the core and the annulus regions.
Performance of multi-antenna linear MMSE receivers in the presence of clustered interferers

A technique is presented to characterize the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) on a wireless link with a multi-antenna linear Minimum-Mean-Square Error (MMSE) receiver in the presence of spatially clustered interferers. The interferers could be distributed as either a single, randomly located cluster or a Poisson cluster process. Explicit expressions are provided for both the Thomas and Matern cluster processes of interferers which can be evaluated numerically using standard numerical integration tools. These results generalize previously derived results for non-homogenous Poisson networks (where the spatial non-homogeneity is deterministic) to networks where the non-homogeneity is random.
The relative health effect of medical and environmental radiation

Growing evidence for detectable effects on human health from relatively low levels of environmental radiation have raised the question of the reason why even larger population genetic doses from diagnostic procedures in medicine do not appear to have led to comparably serious effects. It is shown that the principal reason for this apparent discrepancy lies in the fact that whereas environmental radiation acts on the developing early embryo and foetus throughout the most critical stages of early cell differentiation and organ formation, direct abdominal radiation is very rarely given in the course of diagnostic studies during early pregnancy.
Foreword: Special Issue on Retail Operations

This article draws on my field research in the retailing industry to identify the operational challenges faced by retailers and the relevance of those challenges to senior retail managers and researchers in operations management. It summarizes areas of research in retail operations that have evolved recently and are likely to be important in the future.
Echocardiography: an important tool for cardiovascular risk assessment.

There is probably no more exciting time to be both an echocardiographer and an epidemiologist. Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) mass (LVM) assessment occupies a unique place in cardiovascular risk assessment; increased LVM is both a consequence of chronic risk exposure (hypertension and obesity) and a potent predictor, independent of those risk exposures, of cardiovascular outcomes. Since the initial observation in the Framingham study that LVM predicted cardiovascular outcomes, population-based research has routinely incorporated echocardiography into regular examinations. Fruits of this research include the inclusion of LV geometry (the ratio of ventricular wall thickness to cavity dimension) into risk algorithms, the extension of observations on heart size to include assessment of left atrial size as a predictor of outcomes, the design of clinical trials of antihypertensive treatment to test if regression of LVM improves outcomes independent of blood pressure lowering, and the incorporation of LVM into hypertension treatment algorithms in children. Recently in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, various measures of LV function performed at 23 to 35 years of age have been shown to predict incident heart failure in African Americans over 20 years of observation. The possibility of linking LVM to newer measures of LV function such as speckle tracking looms on the horizon. Accurate measurement of LVM has been an important part of LVM research since the inception of the field. Here the critical first observation was establishing the relationship of LVM measured echocardiographically to actual heart weight; these studies comparing LVM measurements in living individuals with those in hearts obtained at autopsy later in the course of a patient’s illness allowed the development of the current formula used in American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. Epidemiologic studies suggest that this formula has a coefficient of variation in individuals of about 10%, on the basis of quality control procedures used in the large population-based studies. Because LVM is strongly related to body size, a natural question arises as to the proper interpretation of raw LVM: does mass need to be indexed to body size for proper interpretation? What cutoff values can be considered to indicate hypertrophy? This issue is further complicated by the fact that not all increases in LVM are pathologic; for example, slower resting heart rate and exercise training both are associated with higher LVM. Conversely, is the increase in LVM
Substructure development in shock-loaded Cu-8.7 Ge and copper: the role of temperature, grain size and stacking fault energy

Abstract The effect of grain size and deformation temperature on the shock-hardening response and substructure development in Cu-8.7 Ge (where the composition is in atomic per cent) has been studied, as has the behavior of copper shocked at ultrashort pulse durations. In all cases, shocking introduced deformation twins, which formed initially as bundles of finer twins and then coalesced to form more perfect twins. Decreasing the deformation temperature did not significantly affect the shock-loading response of Cu-8.7 Ge. Increasing the grain size resulted in decreased dislocation and twin generation at short pulse durations. At long pulse durations, twin thickening dominated the deformation processes. Deformation twins were observed in copper at shock pulse durations as short as 20 ns, with the twin bundles being much thicker than those in Cu-8.7 Ge. The dislocation generation rates as a function of strain were found to be consistent with those for conventional deformation, indicating that the dislocation generation and multiplication mechanisms are the same for shock-loading and conventional deformation.
High-grade Astrocytomas in Children: Radiologically Complete Resection Is Associated with an Excellent Long-term Prognosis

Abstract High-grade astrocytomas comprise approximately 10% of intracranial tumors in children. A better prognosis in children than in adults has been reported for patients with these neoplasms, although the reasons for this survival advantage are uncertain. To determine whether any consistent factors were associated with long-term survival, we reviewed the records of 31 children with high-grade non-brain stem gliomas who were treated at our institution between 1975 and 1992. Histology was reviewed and classified according to the World Health Organization scheme, and neuroimaging studies were examined to determine the extent of resection, in both instances by individuals who were unaware of the patients' outcomes. The median overall survival for the 28 patients who survived the perioperative period was 18.5 months; 10 (36%) are currently alive, with a median follow-up of 70.5 months. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 10.5 months; eight patients (29%) remain progression-free with a median follow-up of 78 months. The extent of resection at initial operation was associated most closely with PFS and overall survival as revealed by multivariate analysis. The 14 patients who underwent subtotal (< 90%) resection and the 7 who underwent near-total (90-99%) resection had median PFS of 5.5 and 11 months, respectively (P = 0.38), and overall survival of 10.5 and 25 months, respectively (P = 0.02). None of the seven patients who underwent gross total removal of tumor as confirmed by postoperative imaging had disease progression, with a median follow-up of 84 months (P < 0.0001). All of the tumors that underwent gross total resection were situated within the cerebral hemispheres; five of the seven patients had seizures as a presenting symptom. Both tumor location and seizures were significantly associated with outcome as determined by univariate analysis, but because of the overwhelming impact of resection extent on outcome, these factors were not independently associated with outcome as revealed by multivariate analysis. Histology was associated with outcome in the subgroup of patients with incompletely resected hemispheric tumors, in which children with anaplastic astrocytoma had a significantly better PFS than those with glioblastoma multiforme (P = 0.009). In summary, our results support the role of cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of cerebral hemispheric high-grade astrocytomas in children, which may encompass a biologically distinct group of tumors that, by virtue of their location and growth characteristics, are amenable to aggressive resection. The prognosis for children with deep-seated lesions and for those with subtotally resected hemispheric lesions is generally poor with conventional therapy.
American Overreach: Strategic Interests and Millennial Ambitions in the Middle East

This article argues that American actions in the Middle East designed to advance democracy and/or ‘moderation’ tend to yield perverse outcomes that frustrate the aspirations of local actors while undermining the values purportedly being promoted by the US. In order to explain these contradictions, we emphasise the linkage between policies of democracy promotion and long-standing American commitments both to millennialism and geographical omnipresence. As a result of these policies and geopolitical vision, we argue that ‘democracy promotion’ often devolves into a simple defence of American interest – by producing electoral outcomes intended to strengthen local agents seen as compliant with US regional priorities. In this context, the shift from democracy promotion to a policy of pursuing ‘moderation’ in the region, understood as support for American policies, is entirely coherent. Commentators tend to present this shift (particularly in the wake of the Iraq War) as recognition by US political actors of the...
“The only thing I know how to do”: an interview with Mahasweta Devi

Mahasweta Devi is a distinguished writer of Bengali fiction, as well as being a prominent activist who works on behalf of the most oppressed communities in India. This interview focuses on the interaction of these aspects of her public life. Mahasweta argues that the separation of creative and social objectives is a contemporary phenomenon in Indian literature, but also maintains that her activism chronologically and significantly follows her creativity. Drawing a clear distinction between “theoretical” and “real” concerns, Mahasweta expresses her commitment to realism. Though her work has been subject to intense theoretical scrutiny, especially through the lens of Subaltern criticism, Mahasweta emphasizes a critical humanism that views the very purpose of literary study to be the knowledge and sympathy for people in different contingent circumstances.
Dynamics of the unbound head during myosin V processive translocation.

Myosin V moves cargoes along actin filaments by walking hand over hand. Although numerous studies support the basic hand-over-hand model, little is known about the fleeting intermediate that occurs when the rear head detaches from the filament. Here we use submillisecond dark-field imaging of gold nanoparticle–labeled myosin V to directly observe the free head as it releases from the actin filament, diffuses forward and rebinds. We find that the unbound head rotates freely about the lever-arm junction, a trait that likely facilitates travel through crowded actin meshworks. NOTE: In the version of this article initially published online, the length of the step shown in Figure 3e was mislabeled: it should be +25nm, not +24nm. In addition, the word "(right)" was erroneously included in the legend of Figure 2b. The errors have been corrected for all versions of the article.