cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Mechanical Deterioration of Highway Rigid Pavements

Highway rigid pavements, such as many of the constructed facilities of the nation, have been deteriorating, some even beyond functional failure, due to excessive loading, environmental effects, and chemical attack of the material components. A method to estimate the mechanical deterioration of highway rigid pavements caused by repetitive traffic loading is presented. In the method presented here, erosion, fatigue, and joint faulting are recognized as mechanisms of failure in highway rigid pavements. A nonlinear analysis with finite elements is used to calculate the repetitive stresses and strains caused by traffic. Decay of slab stiffness and load transfer efficiency, as well as pumping and amount of damage, are obtained as a function of traffic volume and pavement properties.
The Myth of Cosmic Symmetry Breaking

General considerations are presented concerning symmetry and reference frames. It is shown that the Universe as a whole cannot possess perfect symmetry and that there was no cosmic symmetry breaking at cosmic phase transitions between cosmological eras. Cosmological schemes that assume perfect symmetry for the Universe are meaningless, but that can be circumvented. Assuming discontinuous evolution, high-energy physics does not reconstruct earlier eras. Specifically, any symmetry emerging at high energies cannot be a feature of earlier eras and is not a restoration of symmetry (that never was). The quantum era is considered and can reasonably be assumed to have been nontemporal, nonspatial, and extremely quantal. The Beginning can reasonably be identified with the quantum era or with the cosmic transition to space-time.
Growth response of weed and crop seedlings to deleterious rhizobacteria

Selected bacterial isolates previously demonstrated to be suppressive toward weed species in the laboratory were tested for eVectiveness under greenhouse conditions. Rhizobacteria varied in ability to inhibit growth of host or nonhost weed species. Some bacterial isolates caused 675% growth inhibition, while some isolates did not express inhibitory eVects under greenhouse conditions. Host speciWcity of rhizobacteria also varied, with some isolates signiWcantly suppressing growth of host plants as well as nonhost weed species and occasionally crop plants. For example, green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] growth was suppressed by 57% of rhizobacteria isolated from several weed hosts but morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] were suppressed by only 32 and 37% of the rhizobacterial isolates, respectively. Isolates that only inhibited growth of weed plants without negatively aVecting crop plants can be considered candidates for further tests as potential biological control agents. Because potential biological control agents would encounter more complex interactions with indigenous microorganisms and environmental factors when applied in the Weld, the greenhouse test is an important step in documenting the eVectiveness and host speciWcity of deleterious bacteria.
The relative contributions of reduced photorespiration, and improved water-and nitrogen-use efficiencies, to the advantages of C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis in Flaveria.

Analyses of carbon-assimilation patterns in response to intercellular CO2 concentrations, and the photosynthetic water-and nitrogen-use efficiencies, were conducted for a C3, a C4, and three C3−C4 species in the genus Flaveria in order to determine some of the advantages and disadvantages of C3−C4 intermediate photosynthesis. Operational intercellular CO2 partial pressures (pi), determined when the atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pa) was approximately 330 μbar, in the C3−C4 species were generally equal to, or greater than, those observed in the C3 species under well-watered or water-stressed conditions. This reflects equal, or lower, water-use efficiencies (WUEs) in the C3−C4 species. The only case in which higher WUEs were observed in the C3−C4 species, compared to the C3 species, was when photosynthesis rates were limited by available nitrogen and were less than 12.5 μmol CO2 m-2s-1. At higher photosynthesis rates, the C3−C4 species exhibited lower values of photosynthesis rate for equal values of stomatal conductance (lower WUE), compared to the C3 species. Comparing slopes for the linear regions of the relationship between leaf nitrogen content and net photosynthesis rate (taken as an index of photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, NUE), the C4 species exhibited the highest NUE, followed by the C3−C4 species, F. ramosissima, with the other two C3−C4 species and the C3 species being equal and exhibiting the lowest NUEs. The lack of consistent advantages in NUE and WUE in the C3−C4 species F. pubescens and F. floridana suggest that in some C3−C4Flaveria species C4-like anatomy and biochemistry do not provide the same gas exchange advantages that we typically attribute to the CO2-concentrating mechanism of fully-expressed C4 plants.
Intrusion of basaltic magma into a crystallizing granitic magma chamber: The Cordillera del Paine pluton in southern Chile

The Cordillera del Paine pluton in the southernmost Andes of Chile represents a deeply dissected magma chamber where mafic magma intruded into crystallizing granitic magma. Throughout much of the 10x15 km pluton, there is a sharp and continuous boundary at a remarkably constant elevation of 1,100 m that separates granitic rocks (Cordillera del Paine or CP granite: 69–77% SiO2) which make up the upper levels of the pluton from mafic and comingled rocks (Paine Mafic Complex or PMC: 45–60% SiO2) which dominate the lower exposures of the pluton. Chilled, crenulate, disrupted contacts of mafic rock against granite demonstrate that partly crystallized granite was intruded by mafic magma which solidified prior to complete crystallization of the granitic magma. The boundary at 1,100 m was a large and stable density contrast between the denser, hotter mafic magma and cooler granitic magma. The granitic magma was more solidified near the margins of the chamber when mafic intrusion occurred, and the PMC is less disrupted by granites there. Near the pluton margins, the PMC grades upward irregularly from cumulate gabbros to monzodiorites. Mafic magma differentiated largely by fractional crystallization as indicated by the presence of cumulate rocks and by the low levels of compatible elements in most PMC rocks. The compositional gap between the PMC and CP granite indicates that mixing (blending) of granitic magma into the mafic magma was less important, although it is apparent from mineral assemblages in mafic rocks. Granitic magma may have incorporated small amounts of mafic liquid that had evolved to >60% SiO2 by crystallization. Mixing was inhibited by the extent of crystallization of the granite, and by the thermal contrast and the stable density contrast between the magmas. PMC gabbros display disequilibrium mineral assemblages including early formed zoned olivine (with orthopyroxene coronas), clinopyroxene, calcic plagioclase and paragasite and later-formed amphibole, sodic plagioclase, mica and quartz. The early formed gabbroic minerals (and their coronas) are very similar to phenocrysts in late basaltic dikes that cut the upper levels of the CP granite. The inferred parental magmas of both dikes and gabbros were very similar to subalkaline basalts of the Patagonian Plateau that erupted at about the same time, 35 km to the east. Mafic and silicic magmas at Cordillera del Paine are consanguineous, as demonstrated by alkalinity and trace-element ratios. However, the contemporaneity of mafic and silicic magmas precludes a parent-daughter relationship. The granitic magma most likely was derived by differentiation of mafic magmas that were similar to those that later intruded it. Or, the granitic magma may have been contaminated by mafic magmas similar to the PMC magmas before its shallow emplacement. Mixing would be favored at deeper levels when the cooling rate was lower and the granitic magma was less solidified.
Elastic scattering of α-particles by 54Fe from 8 to 15 MeV

Abstract Twenty-eight point angular distributions for the elastic scattering of α-particles by 54 Fe have been measured using bombarding energies of 8 to 15 MeV over an angular range of 25° to 175° (lab). The data were analyzed using a five-parameter (the real and imaginary well depths, their respective radii and a common diffuseness parameter) optical model. Two discretely ambiguous real depths were found at 15 MeV, but only one, at about 42.5 MeV, was satisfactory throughout the energy range. Overall fits to the data are comparable to those found previously for scattering by 40 Ca and several heavier nuclei ( A ≈ 100). This case appears to be intermediate between the relatively low absorption parametrization for scattering by 40 Ca and the large absorption which characterized the heavy target data.
Notes on source materials: The L. J. Henderson papers at Harvard

Lawrence Joseph Henderson (1878-1942) was a man of such diverse interests that his personal papers should prove valuable to others besides historians of biology. Although he was primarily a biochemist and physiologist, his published works include treatises on subjects such as philosophy and sociology (see my article in this issue). He was an influential force at Harvard University during his career there, playing an instrumental role in the founding of the Department of Physical Chemistry in the Medical School, the Fatigue Laboratory, the Society of Fellows, and the history of science program. Jean Mayer commented in 1968 (J. Nutr. 94: 5): "To write of the history of science and its application to man in the United States during the first half of this century without mentioning L. J. Henderson would be to have missed one of the most important elements in the academic atmosphere in which they developed." The L. J. Henderson papers at Harvard University are located primarily in the archives of Widener Library and Baker Library, although the Countway Library also contains a few Henderson manuscript materials. These papers include correspondence, notebooks, unpublished lectures, rough drafts of publications, and similar items. Henderson's wide range of activities brought him into contact with scholars in many different fields. His correspondents included scientists (e.g., Joseph Barcroft, A. V. Hill, J. S. Haldane, Walter Cannon, and Raymond Pearl), philosophers (e.g., Josiah Royce, F. S. C. Northrop, and R. F. A. Hoernle), historians (e.g., George Sarton), sociologists (e.g., Pitrim Sorokin and James Harvey Rogers), and poets and writers (e.g., E. A. Robinson, Henry Mencken, and Bemnard de Voto). He was close to two presidents of Harvard University, A. Lawrence Lowell and
Some body fluid characteristics of the Antarctic fish, Trematomus bernacchii

An examination of some characteristics of the blood plasma and urine of Trematomus bernacchii, an Antarctic fish, shows that at least in certain seasons the freezing points of these fluids are adjusted in response to environmental temperature. During October and November, freezing point of the urine was found to be about 0.7°C higher than that of the water. Adjustment of freezing point is seen to be intimately related to chloride concentration. At high temperatures magnesium concentration in the urine may be quite high; sodium replaces magnesium under cold stress. During cold stress, sodium and chloride move into the urine independently of each other.
A Revision of ageratina (Compositae: Eupatorieae) from eastern North America

Species ofAgeratina Spach have been separated recently from the genusEupatorium L. Eastern North American plants ofAgeratina are eglandular with opposite leaves, involucres in essentially two series, and have white, funnelform corollas. Statistical data derived from measurements of six characters on more than 1000 specimens, in addition to other qualitative evidences, lead to the recognition of three species:A. altissima including vars.angustata androanensis, A. aromatica, andA. jucunda. Descriptions, distribution maps, and illustrations are provided, andA. altissima (=E. rugosum Houtt.) is compared with the closely related, western species,A. rothrockii. Accessory chromosomes are reported inA. aromatica. Three new combinations are proposed.
Effect of Permeant Water on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Exhumed GCLs

Hydraulic conductivity tests were performed on geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) exhumed from composite barriers (i.e., geomembrane over GCL) in four landfill covers using three dilute permeant waters: type II deionized water (DW), 0.01M CaCl2 (so called “standard water” (SW)), and a typical water having average characteristics of eluent from cover soils (“average water” (AW)). Depending on the exhumed state of the GCL, very different (up to four orders of magnitude) hydraulic conductivities were obtained with DW, AW, and SW. When macroscopic features were present in the GCL, similar hydraulic conductivities (1×10−9–2×10−7 m/s) were obtained with SW and AW, but lower hydraulic conductivities were obtained with DW (1×10−11–3×10−10 m/s). For GCLs without macroscopic features, much higher hydraulic conductivities were obtained with SW (1×10−9–2×10−7 m/s) than AW or DW ( 53 %). For GCLs with lower water contents, permeation with AW or DW had minimal effect on the composition of bound cations. In contrast, permeation with SW reduced the mole fraction of monovalent bound cations. These findings demonstrate that the chemistry of the permeant water can have a significant effect on the hydraulic conductivity of exhumed GCLs even when the permeant water is dilute. To simulate typical conditions, a solution containing 1.3 mM NaCl and 0.8 mM CaCl2 is recommended as the permeant water (73.8 mg of anhydrous NaCl and 87.0 mg of anhydrous CaCl2/L DW). A conservative assessment of hydraulic conductivity can be obtained using 0.3 mM NaCl and 1.9 mM CaCl2 (15.5 mg of anhydrous NaCl and 214.6 mg CaCl2/L DW).
Selectively controlling the 2D organization of mammalian cells: Templated assembly by selective removal (TASR) for medical applications

This work presents the first ever size-selective sorting of single mammalian cells using a microfabrication-enabled assembly process known as templated assembly by selective removal (TASR). The selective placement and sorting of single mouse lung cancer cells into patterned hemispherical sites on rigid assembly templates using TASR was demonstrated. Nearly 100% of the assembly sites on the template were filled with matching cells (with assembly density as high as 900 sites/mm 2 ) within short assembly times of 3 minutes. Size selective sorting of mammalian cells holds promising potential for implementation in medical applications such as tissue engineering.
Artificial Animals and Humans: From Physics to Intelligence

The confluence of virtual reality and artificial life, an emerging discipline that spans the computational and biological sciences, has yielded synthetic worlds inhabited by realistic, artificial flora and fauna. Artificial animals are complex synthetic organisms that possess functional biomechanical bodies, sensors, and brains with locomotion, perception, behavior, learning, and cognition centers. Artificial humans and other animals are of interest in computer graphics because they are self-animating characters that dramatically advance the state of the art of production animation and interactive game technologies. More broadly, these biomimetic autonomous agents in their realistic virtual worlds also foster deeper, computationally oriented insights into natural living systems.
Discriminated avoidance and the partial reinforcement effect

Groups of 10 female albino rats each received 0%, 50%, or 100% reinforcement followed immediately by the reinterpreted extinction procedure in discriminated avoidance. Performance during acquisition was a direct function of reinforcement percentage, but during extinction performance demonstrated PRE with 100% Ss significantly below both 50% and 0% Ss. Fifty-percent Ss were superior to 0% Ss during 100% reinforced reacquisition, but with 0% Ss better than the Day 1 performance of the 100% Ss. Frequency distributions of avoidance latency indicated that latency might be further developed as an index of avoidance performance.
The Role of Community College Financial Aid Counselors in Helping Students Understand and Utilize Financial Aid.

Financial aid counselors are a primary source of information that many students rely upon to understand financial aid and how to pay for college. However, little is known about financial aid counselors at America's community colleges and their interactions with the students they serve. Using original survey data, this study examined the role these counselors play in helping community college students understand and make use of financial aid. The majority of counselors in the sample reported the counselor-to-student ratio at their college was one counselor for every 1,000 students (or higher), suggesting these counselors do not have the time or resources to meet the needs of every student who needs their advice. Counselors also identified common pitfalls their students experience during the financial aid process. These findings serve as the basis for recommendations intended to improve the utilization of financial aid among community college students.
Cortisone therapy of lye burns of the esophagus.

Summary Eleven patients with cases of lye ingestion have been treated with cortisone and antimicrobial therapy. In one of these cases an esophageal stricture developed, but in this case therapy was not begun until the fourth day. No complication of cortisone therapy of acute lye burns was observed. Because of the limited number of patients treated, a final appraisal of this therapy of lye burn must await additional experience.
Impact of climatic conditions and socio-economic status on solid waste characteristics: a case study

Abstract The impact of climatic conditions and socio-economic status on solid waste characteristics at Agra city during 1989–90 is discussed. The city was divided, occupation-wise, into residential, commercial and industrial areas following the ‘Stratified Random Sampling Technique’. Four hundred and fifty samples were analysed to compare the average values of various physical and chemical properties of solid wastes produced by different sub-groups in different seasons. The paper concludes with recommendations and suggestions for a better management of Agra city refuse.
RUBREDOXIN, A SIMPLE IRON-SULFUR PROTEIN : ITS SPIN HAMILTOMAN AND HYPERFINE PARAMETERS

Rubredoxin (Rd) from Clostridium pasteurianum is a protein that contains, in its redox active center, a high-spin iron atom coordinated to four cysteine sulfurs of the polypeptide chain. The roughly tetrahedral FeS4 complex of Rd is the basic structural unit of the active centers in the more complicated iron-sulfur proteins that contain linked clusters of two and four of these tetrahedra. Under suitable conditions Rd shows Mossbauer spectra with well resolved magnetic and electric hyperfine splittings both in the oxidized and reduced state. These spectra have been parametrized using the spin Hamiltonian X = D(S} — S (S + l)/3 + X (Si — Si)) + p S.J.H + S.I.I + X Q. At low temperatures the Mossbauer spectra of oxidized Rd, S = 5/2, consist of a superposition of three resolved component spectra due to the individual Kramers doublets. Only minor relaxation effects are observed in frozen solution at temperatures up to 20 K. The parameters D = 2.7 K, X = 0.23, g = 2, A = — 22.5 MHz, A = — 0.5 mm/s, n = 0.2 provide a first approximation of the spectra ; further corrections are discussed. The same Hamiltonian reproduces the 4.2 K, high- field spectra of reduced Rd, S = 2, with D = 10.9 K, X = 0.28, g = (2.1, 2.2, 2), A = — (27.6, 11.4, 41.3 )MHz, A = — 3.25 mm/s, n = 0.65, in the slow relaxation limit.
p130Cas, a Substrate Associated with v-Src and v-Crk, Localizes to Focal Adhesions and Binds to Focal Adhesion Kinase

p130(Cas) (crk associated substrate) has the structural characteristics of an adapter protein, containing multiple consensus SH2 binding sites, an SH3 domain, and a proline-rich domain. The structure of p130(Cas) suggests that it may act to provide a framework for protein-protein interactions; however, as yet, its functional role in cells is unknown. In this report we show that p130(Cas) is localized to focal adhesions. We demonstrate that p130(Cas) associates both in vitro and in vivo with pp125(FAK) (focal adhesion kinase), a kinase implicated in signaling by the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors. p130(Cas) also associates with pp41/43(FRNK) (pp125(FAK)-related, non-kinase), an autonomously expressed form of pp125(FAK) composed of only the C-terminal noncatalytic domain. We show that the association of p130(Cas) with pp125(Fak) and pp41/43(FRNK) is direct, and is mediated by the binding of the SH3 domain of p130(Cas) to a proline-rich sequence present in both the C terminus of pp125(FAK) and in pp41/43(FRNK). In agreement with recent studies we show that p130(Cas) is tyrosine-phosphorylated upon integrin mediated cell adhesion. The association of p130(Cas) with pp125(FAK), a kinase which is activated upon cell adhesion, is likely to be functionally important in integrin mediated signal transduction.
Dynamic mechanical and rheo-optical studies of collagen and gelatin.

The frequency dependence of dynamic mechanical properties of rat tail tendon (RTT), enzyme-solubilized collagen membranes (ESC), AKM-23 dialysis membranes, and gelatin film have been measured at 110, 11, and 3.5 Hz from - 160 to 220°C. RTT and AKM-23 are devoid of a rubbery region; there are as many as six mechanical loss transitions. Gelatin and ESC membranes behave as rubbery materials above room temperature; only three tan δE peaks can be resolved for these materials. Strain birefringence was used to measure the crystalline and amorphous contribution of orientation induced by strain. Both the birefringence and the strain optical coefficient are sensitive to the amount of water in a sample. The effect of chemical swelling agents and of annealing on birefringence are described. Stress relaxation data on gelatin film were analyzed with the rubber elasticity theory to give the average number of chains per unit volume, the specific polarizability, the stress-birefringence ratio and the average molecular weight between hydrogen bonds were calculated. The intrinsic amorphous birefringence for “wet” gelatin film is 1.25 × 10−2; it is estimated to be about 6 × 10−2 for “dry” gelatin film.
CODAS: a data display system

CODAS, a Customer Oriented Data System, is a user-oriented data retrieval and display system. The command language of the system provides the user with an easy means for specifying data retrieval and display requests. Data is displayed as tables and graphs produced in a format ready for publication. In this paper the statements of the request language and the general system design are described.
THEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY, CLASSICAL THEISM, AND “LIVED TIME” IN ANTJE JACKELÉN'S TIME AND ETERNITY

. Antje Jackelen's Time and Eternity successfully employs the method of correlation and a close study of the question of time to enter the dialogue between science and theology. Hermeneutical attention to language is a central element of this dialogue, but we must be aware that much science is untranslatable into ordinary language; it is when we get to the bigger metaphysical assumptions of science that true dialogue begins to happen. Thus, although the method of correlation is a useful way to approach this dialogue, there is not a strict equivalence in this relationship. Theology needs science more than science needs theology. In speaking of time and God we must keep in mind the relational nature of classical Christian theism, even in its most austere forms. We should not read Enlightenment ideas of God back into the classical Christian tradition or neglect the apophatic emphasis in Christian theism, which warned against assuming knowledge of the divine nature. God's relation to time always lies beyond our understanding. Studying the effects of either the Newtonian or Einsteinian concepts of time on our theological concepts should not detract our attention from the “lived time” that characterizes human experience. Consideration of the notion of time in the Madhyamaka Buddhist tradition reminds us that we cannot control the inner reality of time and that for humans time is something to be considered pragmatically.
On the mechanism of the mander carbomethoxylation of ketone enolates with methyl cyanoformate

Abstract The acylation of lithium enolates of ketones with methyl cyanoformate has been shown to proceed through an aldol-type intermediate that can be trapped at low temperature.
Respect-due and respect-earned: negotiating student–teacher relationships

Respect is a cardinal virtue in schools and foundational to our common ethical beliefs, yet its meaning is muddled. For philosophers Kant, Mill, and Rawls, whose influential theories span three centuries, respect includes appreciation of universal human dignity, equality, and autonomy. In their view children, possessors of human dignity, but without perspective and reasoning ability, are entitled only to the most minimal respect. While undeserving of mutual respect they are nonetheless expected to show unilateral respect. Dewey and Piaget, scions of the same liberal tradition, grant children a larger degree of autonomy and equality thereby approximating the full respect conditions reserved for adults in the prior theories. In this article, after reviewing the premises of respect, I attempt to blend the divide – between minimal and full respect – by separating respect-due from respect-earned. While the former, premised on human dignity, should be granted unconditionally to all, the latter is contingent upo...
Musings about the few-body problem

Abstract I review some anecdotal history of the few-body problem in physics, survey the present scope of the field, and mention some unsolved problems as possible future challenges.
Breaking of wind-generated waves: measurements and characteristics

A method of using local wave properties to provide a detailed description of breakings in a random wave field is developed. These properties, derived through the Hilbert transform, include the angular frequency, phase velocity, and surface-velocity components. The breaking characteristics are presented, including the probability of breaking, its time- and lengthscales, its intensity, and the phase of its inception. The time- and lengthscales, of breaking events were found to be linearly proportional to the corresponding scales of underlying waves, and to indicate that the breaking region is geometrically similar. Consistent results were obtained from temporal and spatial measurements. Finally, on the basis of these results we have evaluated geometric and kinematic criteria for identifying breaking waves.
Reduction of efferent motor commands during alpha feedback as a facilitator of EEG alpha and a precondition for changes in consciousness.

Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that a basic component underlies the subjective experience of the EEG alpha state. Corrective commands to the oculomotor system, causing movement in extrinsic eye muscles and lens adjustment, suppress occipital alpha. Somatic commands to many muscle groups block or suppress central alpha, hence the absence of such commands may be the precondition for an altered state of consciousness that can be repeatedly demonstrated by alpha feedback.
Nader Versus ETS: Who Should We Believe?

Nairn, A., & Associates. The Reign of ETS.Today's Education, 1980, 69, 58G–64G. Kaplan, R.M. Nader's Raid on the Testing Industry: Is it in the Best Interest of the Consumer?American Psychologist, 1982, 37, 15–23.
Determination of risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized children

Abstract Purpose Our objective was to determine the time trend and risk factors for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities among pediatric inpatients. Methods This cross-sectional study used the data from the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for the years of 1997, 2000, and 2003 to estimate the DVT prevalence and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years and who were hospitalized for at least 4 days were included. Results The weighted prevalence of DVT was 4.2 per 1000 hospital discharges (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4-3.7). Independent of age, the prevalence of DVT was significantly greater in 2000 and 2003 compared to 1997, prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.2 and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.3 and 1.2-1.4). Using only the 2003 database, adjusted analysis revealed that patients at highest risk were those in the age range of 15 to 17 years (PR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.4) and with the following comorbid conditions: obesity (PR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5-2.8), inflammatory bowel disease (PR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7), hematologic malignancy (PR, 2.5; 95% CI, 2.0-3.1), and thoracoabdominal (PR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.6-2.2) or orthopedic (PR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.7-2.8) operations. Predictors not associated with DVT included sex and diagnosis of trauma. Conclusions The discharge diagnosis of DVT of the lower extremities has significantly increased since 1997. In addition, teenagers with underlying disorders are at highest risk for DVT.
What can one person do to support dispute resolution

T housands of well-motivated Americans have become involved in alternative dispute resolution. They encourage the use of conciliation, mediation, arbitration, and other forms of out-of-court dispute sett lement. They attend seminars and take academic courses. They-part icipate in the process, seeking to understand how disputes can be resolved, amicably and without litigation. 1hese good people come from many backgrounds and professions. They share a common desire to reconcile disputes between contesting parties. In our societg, peacemakers such as these seem to be in the minority, outnumbered by people who display persistent adversarial tendencies, by public ofl]cials who refuse to bend their rules, and by ideologues who stand on principle. The United States has a world class reputation for litigiousness and confrontation. And yet, a growing number of Americans champion mediation and negotiated settlements. They believe that sensible solutions can best be reached through compromise, ba~d upon good faith negotiations. Is that a flawed vision? Looking at the larger world, institutional power and individual injustice seem intertwined. Global society consists largely of victims, almost four billion souls, mostly poor and without significant power, uneducated, inarticulate. All but a few are incapable of meaningful dialogue with the institutions that direct their lives. Many people barely survive in a hostile environment. If not statwing, they are incapable of challenging the impersonal forces that dominate their lives. What does it mean to preach to such people about negotiating skills or mediation, or even about individual rights? Arrayed against them are s e e m ing ly impenetrable barriers erected by nationalism, the military, religious organizations or ideologw. These are the forces that exer t power and stand in the way of peaceful change. Sapping any possibility of independent expression are economic inequalities, racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination imposed upon people by society. \ ~ l a t can alternative dispute resolution do for such powerless people? Even in the United States, where we like to say" that individuals are independent, liberated and free to express themselves, inequality is common. Few of us, as individuals, can force important changes in the status quo. Consider the courts as an example. Many people say that the U.S. court
Optical sample-position sensing for electrostatic levitation

A comparative study is conducted for optical position-sensing techniques applicable to micro-G conditions sample-levitation systems. CCD sensors are compared with one- and two-dimensional position detectors used in electrostatic particle levitation. In principle, the CCD camera method can be improved from current resolution levels of 200 microns through the incorporation of a higher-pixel device and more complex digital signal processor interface. Nevertheless, the one-dimensional position detectors exhibited superior, better-than-one-micron resolution.
Optimal design and the model validity range

Abstract A class of model-robust optimal designs, based on an extension of the standard optimality criteria to cases where there exist some prior information on the validity of a response function, is considered. Under this set-up, the concept of the “model validity range” is introduced and explored. A necessary condition for optimality is obtained for the determinant criterion ( D -optimality in the classical case). A modified version of this criterion is proposed and discussed. The corresponding results provide upper and low bounds for the original problem and help to construct approximate solutions, when contamination is relatively small. Optimal designs for simple but commonly used regression models are obtained and studied.
Early recognition of risk factors for adverse outcomes during hospitalization among Medicare patients: a prospective cohort study

There is a persistently high incidence of adverse events during hospitalization among Medicare beneficiaries. Attributes of vulnerability are prevalent, readily apparent, and therefore potentially useful for recognizing those at greatest risk for hospital adverse events who may benefit most from preventive measures. We sought to identify patient characteristics associated with adverse events that are present early in a hospital stay. An interprofessional panel selected characteristics thought to confer risk of hospital adverse events and measurable within the setting of acute illness. A convenience sample of 214 Medicare beneficiaries admitted to a large, academic medical center were included in a quality improvement project to develop risk assessment protocols. The data were subsequently analyzed as a prospective cohort study to test the association of risk factors, assessed within 24 hours of hospital admission, with falls, hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU) and infections (HAI), adverse drug reactions (ADE) and 30-day readmissions. Mean age = 75(±13.4) years. Risk factors with highest prevalence included >4 active comorbidities (73.8%), polypharmacy (51.7%), and anemia (48.1%). One or more adverse hospital outcomes occurred in 46 patients (21.5%); 56 patients (26.2%) were readmitted within 30 days. Cluster analysis described three adverse outcomes: 30-day readmission, and two groups of in-hospital outcomes. Distinct regression models were identified: Weight loss (OR = 3.83; 95% CI = 1.46, 10.08) and potentially inappropriate medications (OR = 3.05; 95% CI = 1.19, 7.83) were associated with falls, HAPU, procedural complications, or transfer to intensive care; cognitive impairment (OR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.24, 4.37), anemia (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.00, 3.51) and weight loss (OR = 2.89; 95% CI = 1.38, 6.07) were associated with HAI, ADE, or length of stay >7 days; hyponatremia (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.30, 9.35), prior hospitalization within 30 days (OR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.31, 5.43) and functional impairment (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.02, 4.13) were associated with 30-day readmission. Patient characteristics recognizable within 24 hours of admission can be used to identify increased risk for adverse events and 30-day readmission.
Characterization of steric and electronic properties of NiN2S2 complexes as S-donor metallodithiolate ligands.

The physical properties and structures of a series of six complexes of the type (NiN2S2)W(CO)4 have been used to establish electronic and steric parameters for square planar NiN2S2 complexes as bidentate, S-donor ligands. According to the ν(CO) stretching frequencies and associated computed Cotton−Kraihanzel force constants of the tungsten carbonyl adducts, there is little difference in donor abilities of the five neutral NiN2S2 metallodithiolate ligands in the series. The dianionic Ni(ema)2- (ema = N,N‘-ethylenebis(2-mercaptoacetamide)) complex transfers more electron density onto the W(CO)4 moiety. A ranking of donor abilities and a comparison with classical bidentate ligands is as follows: Ni(ema)= > {[NiN2S2]0} > bipy ≈ phen > Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 > Ph2PCH2PPh2. Electrochemical data from cyclic voltammetry find that the reduction event in the (NiN2S2)W(CO)4 derivatives is shifted to more positive potentials by ca. 0.5 V compared to the ca. −2 V NiII/I redox event in the free NiN2S2 ligand, consistent with ...
The photovoltaic mechanism in CdS/Cu 2 S heterojunctions

The current-voltage characteristics of a CdS/Cu 2 S solar cell is explained in terms of the contributing physical effects: Minority carrier generation, recombination, and diffusion in Cu 2 S, a Schottky barrier layer with sliding boundary condition, n x=0 (j), at the junction interface for applied voltages near V oc and current saturation due to high field domains at voltages below V oc -V D limiting the currents to values below the saturation current in the Cu 2 S. Conditions are given for lifting this current ceiling. The model shows substantially improved agreement with the experiment than the previously used diode model.
Cdk1 promotes cytokinesis in fission yeast through activation of the septation initiation network

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, late mitotic events are coordinated with cytokinesis by the septation initiation network (SIN), an essential spindle pole body (SPB)-associated kinase cascade, which controls the formation, maintenance, and constriction of the cytokinetic ring. It is not fully understood how SIN initiation is temporally regulated, but it depends on the activation of the GTPase Spg1, which is inhibited during interphase by the essential bipartite GTPase-activating protein Byr4-Cdc16. Cells are particularly sensitive to the modulation of Byr4, which undergoes cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation presumed to regulate its function. Polo-like kinase, which promotes SIN activation, is partially responsible for Byr4 phosphorylation. Here we show that Byr4 is also controlled by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1)-mediated phosphorylation. A Cdk1 nonphosphorylatable Byr4 phosphomutant displays severe cell division defects, including the formation of elongated, multinucleate cells, failure to maintain the cytokinetic ring, and compromised SPB association of the SIN kinase Cdc7. Our analyses show that Cdk1-mediated phosphoregulation of Byr4 facilitates complete removal of Byr4 from metaphase SPBs in concert with Plo1, revealing an unexpected role for Cdk1 in promoting cytokinesis through activation of the SIN pathway.
Increased monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 concentration and monocyte count independently associate with a poor prognosis in dogs with lymphoma

Overexpression of the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) has been associated with a poor prognosis in many human cancers. Increased MCP-1 concentrations may promote tumour progression by increasing mobilization of myeloid derived suppressor cells such as immature monocytes and neutrophils. We hypothesized that increased numbers of peripheral neutrophils or monocytes and increased MCP-1 concentrations would predict a worse outcome in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. In this retrospective study involving 26 client-owned dogs diagnosed with lymphoma, we show that peripheral neutrophil and monocyte counts as well as serum MCP-1 concentrations were significantly elevated relative to healthy control animals, and that such increases were associated with a decreased disease-free interval in dogs treated with chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone (CHOP). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that pretreatment evaluation of monocyte and neutrophil counts can provide important prognostic information in dogs with lymphoma. The mechanisms underlying these observations remain to be determined.
Adaptive spatial-temporal filtering methods for clutter removal and target tracking

In space-based infrared (IR) ballistic missile defense sensor systems, cluttered backgrounds are typically much more intense than the equivalent sensor noise or the targets being detected. Therefore, the development of efficient clutter removal and target preservation/enhancement algorithms is of crucial importance. To meet customer requirements, the advanced clutter rejection algorithms should provide more than 20 dB improvement in detection sensitivity. We propose an adaptive parametric spatial-temporal filtering technique together with the jitter compensation (scene stabilization). The results of simulations and processing of real data show that the developed adaptive spatial-temporal clutter suppression (CLS) algorithms allow for efficient clutter rejection in all tested situations. Proposed algorithms completely remove heavy clutter in the presence of substantial jitter and do not require expensive subpixel jitter stabilizers. In contrast, spatial-only filters and temporal differencing methods can be used only for weak and relatively correlated clutter. A stand-alone simulator was developed to demonstrate capabilities and performance of various algorithmic approaches. Simulations model various geometries, resolutions, illuminations, and meteorological conditions for space-based IR staring sensor systems.
Comparison of various precipitation downscaling methods for the simulation of streamflow in a rainshadow river basin

Global simulations of precipitation from climate models lack sufficient resolution and contain large biases that make them unsuitable for regional studies, such as forcing hydrologic simulations. In this study, the effectiveness of several methods to downscale large-scale precipitation is examined. To facilitate comparisons with observations and to remove uncertainties in other fields, large-scale predictor fields to be downscaled are taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalyses. Three downscaling methods are used: (1): a local scaling of the simulated large-scale precipitation; (2) a modified scaling of simulated precipitation that takes into account the large-scale wind field; and (3) an analogue method with 1000 hPa heights as predictor. A hydrologic model of the Yakima River in central Washington state, USA, is then forced by the three downscaled precipitation datasets. Simulations with the raw large-scale precipitation and gridded observations are also made. Comparisons among these simulated flows reveal the effectiveness of the downscaling methods. The local scaling of the simulated large-scale precipitation is shown to be quite successful and simple to implement. Furthermore, the tuning of the downscaling methods is valid across phases of the Pacific decadal oscillation, suggesting that the methods are applicable to climate-change studies. Copyright  2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Pesticide effects on secondary metabolism of higher plants

Secondary compounds serve both endogenous and exogenous functions in higher plants because they are involved in plant growth and development as well as intraspecies and interspecies interactions. Documentation of the effects of pesticides on secondary compound biosynthesis in higher plants is increasing. While several herbicides have been reported to reduce levels of secondary compounds by non-specific mechanisms, a few herbicides, such as alachlor and glyphosate, directly affect specific biosynthetic steps. Alachlor reduces flavonoid synthesis at a step late in the biosynthetic pathway, and glyphosate blocks synthesis of all cinnamate derivatives by inhibiting 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase. Inhibition of EPSP synthase also leads to the accumulation of high levels of shikimate, benzoic acids and benzoic acid derivatives. The sulfonylureas and p-nitro-substituted diphenylether (DPE) herbicides can cause increases in the level of cinnamatederived phenolic compounds and the DPEs can cause dramatic increases in terpenoid stress metabolites. Certain fungicides are thought to act through enhancing the capacity of plants to produce phytoalexins. These and other data suggest that sublethal effects of pesticides on target and non-target plants can significantly affect agricultural ecosystems by altering the synthesis of compounds important in inter- and intraspecies interactions.
Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century

Background: The consumption of omega-3 (n–3) and omega-6 (n–6) essential fatty acids in Western diets is thought to have changed markedly during the 20th century. Objective: We sought to quantify changes in the apparent consumption of essential fatty acids in the United States from 1909 to 1999. Design: We calculated the estimated per capita consumption of food commodities and availability of essential fatty acids from 373 food commodities by using economic disappearance data for each year from 1909 to 1999. Nutrient compositions for 1909 were modeled by using current foods (1909-C) and foods produced by traditional early 20th century practices (1909-T). Results: The estimated per capita consumption of soybean oil increased >1000-fold from 1909 to 1999. The availability of linoleic acid (LA) increased from 2.79% to 7.21% of energy (P < 0.000001), whereas the availability of α-linolenic acid (ALA) increased from 0.39% to 0.72% of energy by using 1909-C modeling. By using 1909-T modeling, LA was 2.23% of energy, and ALA was 0.35% of energy. The ratio of LA to ALA increased from 6.4 in 1909 to 10.0 in 1999. The 1909-T but not the 1909-C data showed substantial declines in dietary availability (percentage of energy) of n−6 arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Predicted net effects of these dietary changes included declines in tissue n--3 highly unsaturated fatty acid status (36.81%, 1909-T; 31.28%, 1909-C; 22.95%, 1999) and declines in the estimated omega-3 index (8.28, 1909-T; 6.51, 1909-C; 3.84, 1999). Conclusion: The apparent increased consumption of LA, which was primarily from soybean oil, has likely decreased tissue concentrations of EPA and DHA during the 20th century.
Flagellar protein localization mediated by a calcium–myristoyl/palmitoyl switch mechanism

The mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to flagella and cilia are poorly understood. We set out to determine the basis for the specific localization of a 24 kDa flagellar calcium-binding protein (FCaBP) expressed in all life cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Through the study of trypanosome transfectants expressing various FCaBP deletion mutants, we found that the N-terminal 24 amino acids of the protein are necessary and sufficient for flagellar localization. Subsequent experiments revealed that FCaBP is myristoylated and palmitoylated and, in fact, is one of very few proteins in the cell possessing these acyl modifications. Both fatty acids are required for flagellar localization, suggesting that FCaBP localization may be mediated through association with the flagellar plasma membrane. Indeed, FCaBP associates with the flagellar membrane in a calcium-dependent manner, reminiscent of the recoverin family of calcium–myristoyl switch proteins. Thus, FCaBP is a novel member of the calcium–acyl switch protein family and is the only member described to date that requires two fatty acid modifications for specific membrane association. Its unique localization mechanism is the first described for any flagellar protein. The existence of such a protein in this protozoan suggests that acylation and calcium switch mechanisms for regulated membrane association are conserved among eukaryotes.