cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Softening of Cosserat sensitivity in a foam: Warp effects

Abstract Buckling gives rise to softening of the structural stiffness of columns; buckling of ribs gives rise to softening of the incremental elastic modulus of foams. Softening of Cosserat characteristic lengths occurs in pre-compressed foam material as determined from warp of cross sections of a square bar in torsion. Warp in the foam is reduced considerably in comparison with the predictions of classical elasticity. Pre-compression increases the warp in comparison with the warp observed without pre-compression. The effect is attributed to release of energy stored via pre-compression.
Gender Differences in Physical Activity Associated with Urban Neighborhood Parks: Findings from the National Study of Neighborhood Parks.

Abstract Introduction Urban neighborhood parks are designed to provide easy access to recreation and physical activity. We analyzed data from the first National Study of Neighborhood Parks, which assessed the characteristics and use of a representative sample of U.S. urban neighborhood parks. This article compares factors associated with active commuting (e.g., walking) to parks among men and women and park characteristics associated with observed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) within neighborhood parks. Methods We used systematic direct observation to quantify parks visitors of all ages in 162 U.S. neighborhood parks in 25 cities in 2016 and surveyed a sample of adult visitors (877 women and 793 men). We used descriptive statistics to identify park facilities, amenities, and park management practices associated with park use. We also conducted multivariate regressions to identify factors most closely associated with observed park-based MVPA among all age groups and with self-reported levels of active commuting to parks among adults. Results Reasons to visit parks varied by gender, with women more likely than men to bring children (59% vs 42% for men; p Conclusions Significant gender differences in why men and women visit parks and how parks are used likely reflect cultural determinants of gender roles. Our findings suggest that park management practices should be adjusted to mitigate the lower use of parks and lower levels of park-based MVPA among women and girls compared with men and boys.
Improving CT assessment for pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic stenosis, correlation with right heart catheterization.

Abstract Purpose To identify CT parameters useful for assessment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Materials and methods Retrospective study of 165 patients who had undergone right heart catheterization (RHC), and CTA of the thorax for preoperative aortic valve replacement (TAVR) planning. These were divided into groups based on mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (mPAP) of 25 mm Hg on RHC (85 cases and 80 controls). Diameters of main pulmonary artery diameter (MPAD), left pulmonary artery (LPA), right pulmonary artery (RPA), and maximal long axis and short axis diameters of the right atrium (RA) and ventricle (RV) were measured on the axial plane. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was utilized to identify metrics predictive of PH. Results MPAD, LPA, and RPA were higher in subjects with mPAP >25 mm Hg (p Conclusion Threshold to identify PH in patients with AS using PA enlargement is higher than previously reported range for normal. Inclusion of RA and RV enlargement improves the ability of CT to more accurately identify PH in patients with AS.
Integrated Redox Proteomic Analysis Highlights New Mechanisms of Sensitivity to Silver Nanoparticles.

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used nanomaterials in both commercial and clinical biomedical applications, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their activity remain elusive. In this study we profiled proteomics and redox proteomics changes induced by AgNPs in two lung cancer cell lines: AgNPs-sensitive Calu-1 and AgNPs-resistant NCI-H358. We show that AgNPs induce changes in protein abundance and reversible oxidation in a time and cell-line-dependent manner impacting critical cellular processes such as protein translation and modification, lipid metabolism, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial dynamics. Supporting confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data further emphasize mitochondria as a target of AgNPs toxicity differentially impacting mitochondrial networks and morphology in Calu-1 and NCI-H358 lung cells. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021493.
La Mère belliqueuse contre la mer pacifique : Corps colonisateurs et espace colonisé dans Un barrage contre le Pacifique

Representations of the hostile, uninhabitable, and threatening land haunt all of the novels of Marguerite Duras' Indochina cycle. The literal and symbolic importance of natural disasters is already...
Atomic structures of interfacial solute gateways to θ′ precipitates in Al-Cu alloys

Abstract Many materials employed in critical structural applications depend upon metastable strengthening precipitates that transform or dissolve at elevated temperatures. Herein, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations are used to accurately determine the atomic structure of the highly mobile, semi-coherent precipitate interfaces that control this process in the classic θ′ (Al2Cu) precipitate in the Al-Cu system. Semi-coherent {110} interfaces are found to be composed of an array of unexpected misfit dislocations that are arranged in two different structural units. Dislocations accommodate nearly all of the misfit between the Al matrix and strengthening phase. Cu is observed to segregate to the compressed edge of the dislocation cores at specific sites in this interface. First-principles calculations revealed the energetic landscape that facilitates these sites to become entry and exit gateways of Cu atoms in this semi-coherent interface. This investigation reveals critical features within semi-coherent interfaces that determine the thermal stability of precipitation-hardened alloys.
Utilising an access to care integrated framework to explore the perceptions of hepatitis C treatment of hospital-based interventions among people who use drugs.

ABSTRACT Background Gaps remain in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade for people who use drugs (PWUD). Acute medical or surgical illnesses requiring hospitalisation are an opportunity to address addiction, but how inpatient strategies could affect HCV care accessibility for PWUD remains unknown. We explored patient perspectives of hospital-based interventions using an integrated framework of access to HCV care. Methods We conducted a qualitative study of hospitalised adults (n=27) with HCV and addiction admitted to an urban academic medical centre in the United States between June and November 2019. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and dual-coded. We analysed data with coding specific for hospital-based interventions including screening, conducting HCV-related laboratory work-up, starting treatment, connecting with peers, and coordinating outpatient care. We analysed coded data at the semantic level for emergent themes using a framework approach based off an integrated framework of access to HCV care. Results The majority of participants primarily used opioids (78%), were white (85%) and men (67%). Participants frequently reported HCV screening during previous hospitalisation with rare inpatient connection to HCV-related services. Participants expressed willingness to discuss HCV treatment candidacy during hospitalisation; however, lack of inpatient conversations led to perception that “nothing could be done” during admission. Participants expressed interest in completing inpatient HCV work-up to “get the ball rollin’” – consolidating care would enhance outpatient service permeability by reducing barriers. Others resisted HCV care coordination, preferring to focus on “immediate” issues including health conditions and addiction treatment. Participants also expressed openness to engaging with peers about HCV, noting shared drug use experience as critical to a peer relationship when discussing HCV. Conclusion Hospitalised PWUD have varied priorities, necessitating adaptable interventions for addressing HCV. Hospitalisation can be an opportunity to address HCV access to care including identification of treatment eligibility, consolidation of care, and facilitation of HCV-related referrals.
Inhaled loxapine for acute agitation in a psychiatric emergency service.

BACKGROUND Rapid control of agitation in medical settings is necessary for safety and provision of care. Inhaled loxapine achieves peak plasma levels within 2 minutes of administration and is FDA-approved for managing acute agitation. METHODS We examined the use of inhaled loxapine vs non-parenteral treatment as usual (TAU) in a psychiatric emergency service for consecutive patients with acute agitation or aggression. Data were collected retrospectively. T tests were used for continuous variables and Chi-square tests were used for categorical data. RESULTS A total of 61 patients received inhaled loxapine and 29 received TAU. Time to outcome for patients receiving inhaled loxapine was 21 ± 21 minutes compared with 121 ± 206 minutes for TAU (t =-2.61; P = .014). At outcome, 89% of patients treated with loxapine experienced symptom resolution, compared with 69% of TAU (Chi-square = 17.4, P < .0001). Ten percent of patients receiving loxapine had no change in symptoms and 1% had worsening symptoms vs 14% in the TAU group who experienced no change in symptoms (z = 0.5, not significant), and 17% who described worsening symptoms (z = 6153.9, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The rapid absorption of inhaled loxapine is associated with a 6-fold faster and more robust symptom control.
Digital Curb Cuts: Towards an Inclusive Open Forms Ecosystem

In this paper we focus on digital curb cuts created during the pandemic: improvements designed to increase accessibility that benefit people beyond the population that they are intended to help. As much as 86% of civil legal needs are unmet, according to a 2017 study by the Legal Services Corporation. Courts and third parties designed many innovations to meet the emergency needs of the pandemic: we argue that these innovations should be extended and enhanced to address this ongoing access to justice crisis. Specifically, we use the Suffolk University Law School's Document Assembly Line as a case study. The Document Assembly Line rapidly automated more than two dozen court processes, providing pro se litigants remote, user-friendly, step-by-step guidance in areas such as domestic violence protection orders and emergency housing needs and made them available at courtformsonline.org. The successes of this project can extend beyond the pandemic with the adoption of an open-source, open-standards ecosystem centered on document and form automation. We give special attention to the value of integrated electronic filing in serving the needs of litigants, a tool that has been underutilized in the non-profit form automation space because of complexities and the difficulty in obtaining court cooperation.
Exclusion criteria of breast cancer research protocols: A descriptive analysis.

82Background: Clinical trials play an important role in advancing cancer treatments. Unfortunately, only about 3% of adults with cancer are enrolled in a clinical trial in the United States due to ...
The peritoneal fluid in strangulation obstruction: The role of the red blood cell and E. coli bacteria in producing toxicity*

Summary An extensive investigation of the lethal properties of peritoneal fluid obtained from dogs dying of experimental strangulation obstruction of the small intestine has been carried out. Similar studies were also carried out on fluid obtained from a human with strangulation obstruction. The rat was used as a recipient animal, and the results obtained were then confirmed in the dog. It was found that the toxicity of strangulation fluid appears to be due to the presence of a hemoglobin concentration greater than 1 gm, per cent and a level of {ulE. coli} of 10 7 organisms per milliliter or higher. These findings were true of strangulation fluid from a human as well as strangulation fluid obtained from dogs. Furthermore, it was found posible to create a fluid of similar toxicity and physiologic action by growing {ulE. coli} in nutrient broth containing whole blood or saline washed red blood cells. The major portion of the toxicity of the red blood cell appears to reside in the soluble fraction of hemolyzed cells rather than in the red cell stroma. It is felt that a further understanding of the manner in which the red blood cell or its constituents interfere with the normal defense mechanisms in the peritoneal cavity may shed additional light on the problem of host resistance as a whole.
Compiler-Assisted Memory Encryption for Embedded Processors

A critical component in the design of secure processors is memory encryption which provides protection for the privacy of code and data stored in off-chip memory. The overhead of the decryption operation that must precede a load requiring an off-chip memory access, decryption being on the critical path, can significantly degrade performance. Recently hardware counter-based one-time pad encryption techniques [13,16,11] have been proposed to reduce this overhead. For high-end processors the performance impact of decryption has been successfully limited due to: presence of fairly large on-chip L1 and L2 caches that reduce off-chip accesses; and additional hardware support proposed in [16,11] to reduce decryption latency. However, for low- to medium-end embedded processors the performance degradation is high because first they only support small (if any) on-chip L1 caches thus leading to significant off-chip accesses and second the hardware cost of decryption latency reduction solutions in [16,11] is too high making them unattractive for embedded processors. In this paper, we present a compiler-assisted strategy that uses minimal hardware support to reduce the overhead of memory encryption in low- to medium-end embedded processors. In addition to the global counter used in [13], our technique uses additional counters. These counters, which are compiler controlled, are maintained using a small number of dedicated on-chip registers. Our experiments show that the proposed technique reduces average execution time overhead of memory encryption for low-end (medium-end) embedded processor with 0 KB (32 KB) L1 cache from 60% (13.1%), with single counter, to 12.5% (2.1%) by additionally using only 8 hardware counter-registers.
A sliding mode observer for the induction motor

An observer is presented to estimate the magnetic flux components and speed of an induction motor based on stator voltage and current measurements alone. The observer is based on the principle of variable structure systems which immediately offers a number of advantages such as ensured stability, parameter insensitivity, noise rejection, etc. The principle of operation of a sliding mode observer is introduced in an intuitive manner using a simple first order system. Experimental results verifying the operation of the first order observer are presented. Then the sliding mode observer for the induction motor is discussed. Detailed simulation results verifying the operation under tuned and detuned conditions are presented. Practical realizations of the observer system based on robust implementation strategies are discussed. >
Phase II study of cixutumumab in combination with temsirolimus in pediatric patients and young adults with recurrent or refractory sarcoma: A report from the children's oncology group

Background The combined inhibition of insulin-growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has shown activity in preclinical models of pediatric sarcoma and in adult sarcoma patients. We evaluated the activity of the anti-IGF-1R antibody cixutumumab with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and other soft tissue sarcoma, using the recommended dosages from a pediatric phase I trial.
Linear differential difference equations

In this chapter, we discuss the simplest possible differential difference equations; namely, linear equations with constant coefficients. For these equations, a rather complete theory can be developed using very elementary tools. The chapter serves as an introduction to the more general types of equations that will be encountered in later chapters. It also is intended to bring out the roles of the characteristic equation and the Laplace transform, and to emphasize some of the differences between retarded and neutral equations. Since ordinary differential equations and difference equations are special cases of the theory, we begin the discussion with the latter.
Asymptotic giant branch stars as producers of carbon and of neutron-rich isotopes

Carbon stars are thought to be in the asymptotic giant branch (AGR) phase of evolution, alternately burning hydrogen and helium in shells above an electronde-generate carbon-oxygen (CO) core. The excess of carbon relative to oxygen at the surfaces of these stars is thought to be due to convective dredge-up which occurs following a thermal pulse. During a thermal pulse, carbon and neutron-rich isotopes are made in a convective helium-burning zone. In model stars of large CO core mass, the source of neutrons for producing the neutron-rich isotopes is the 22Ne(α,n)25Mg reaction and the isotopes are produced in the solar system s-process distribution. In models of small core mass, the 13C(α,n)16O reaction is thought to be responsible for the release of neutrons, and the resultant distribution of neutron-rich isotopes is expected to vary considerably from one star to the next, with the distribution in isolated instances possibly resembling the solar system distribution of r-process isotopes. After the dredge-up phase following each pulse, the 13C is made by the reactions 12C(P,γ)13N(β+ν)13C in a zone of large 12C abundance and small 1H abundance that has been established by semiconvective mixing during the dredge-up phase. There is qualitative accord between the properties of carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds and properties of model stars, but considerably more theoretical work is required before a quantitative match is achieved.
Semiotics and the 'Internet of Signs'

This paper introduces the concept of the "Internet of Signs". In particular, this paper brings together notions from semiotics and the "Internet of Things" to provide an alternative framework, resulting in the "Internet of Signs"; that refers to signs generated across the Internet by the broad base of heterogeneous sensors, devices, databases, knowledge bases, social media and other sources; (ultimately, "big data") available on the Internet. In so doing, this paper also integrates theoretical constructs from semiotics and the "Internet of Things" to facilitate analysis of events, behaviors, reputations, etc.
On parametric pumping in linear columns under conditions of equilibrium and nondispersive flow

A simple geometric interpretation for the transport induced by parametric pumping is given. Two separation problems are discussed i.e., enrichment and splitting. In the case of enrichment, the steady counterpart of parametric pumping is a dual temperature process and in the case of splitting this counterpart is conventional extraction. Advantages and disadvantages of parametric pumping as compared to its steady state counterparts are discussed. Fur den durch parametrisches Pumpen verursachten Transport wird eine einfache geometrische Deutung gegeben. Zwei Probleme der Stofftrennung, namlich Anreicherung und Zerlegung, werden diskutiert. Im Fall von Anreicherung ist das stationare Gegenstuck des parametrischen Pumpens ein Zweitemperaturenprozes, und im Fall von Zerlegung ist das Gegenstuck die konventionelle Extraktion. Vorteile und Nachteile des parametrischen Pumpens im Vergleich mit seinen stationaren Gegenstucken werden diskutiert.
Metabolomic and exome sequence analysis reveal novel molecular signatures associated with colorectal cancer relapse

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cancer killer in the United States, affecting both men and women. Standard treatment for stage II colon cancer is surgical removal of the cancer and an area surrounding the cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy may also be given as a precaution against cancer recurrence, usually recommended to highrisk patients. Recent studies have shown that for stage II patients, adjuvant therapy does not increase overall survival, but there is a significant increase in progression-free survival after therapy [1]. Therefore, it is important to identify a subgroup of patients with the highest risk of relapse who can potentially benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. The informatics team at Georgetown University has generated and analyzed multi-omics profiling datasets in stage II CRC patients with or without relapse to identify molecular signatures in CRC that may serve both as prognostic markers of recurrence, and also allow for identification of the subgroup of patients who might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods and Results Mass spectrum data from serum and urine samples of 40 CRC patients (20 relapse and 20 relapse-free samples) were collected and pre-processed using a standard pre-processing pipeline. Statistical group comparison was performed using t-test (Bio-conductor). A total of 77 differential metabolites in serum and 47 in urine were identified. Nearly 60% of differential metabolites in both urine and serum were identified using the in-house developed Metabolomics - Data Analysis and Annotation Pipeline (M-DAAP). Enrichment analysis revealed top enriched pathways, including ‘Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism’ (P = 0.007) in urine and ‘Methionine Metabolism’ (P = 0.002) in serum. A comprehensive catalogue of genomic alterations in the coding regions of 40 tumor samples was also generated by whole-exome sequencing to decipher the mutational landscape associated with CRC relapse. Enrichment analysis of the statistically significant genes from a gene-based association test revealed several pro-inflammatory and chromatin remodeling pathways, including ‘BradykininR ® STAT3 signaling’ (P = 0.005); ‘INO80 Chromatin Remodeling’ (P =0 .013); and‘TNFR ® AP-1/ ATF/TP53 signaling’ (P = 0.03). Conclusions Preliminary exome data analysis revealed proinflammatory signaling as the most significant pathway. Bradykinin (BK) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator and, together with TNF-a (another pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in CRC), has been observed in colonic myofibroblasts, leading to enhanced signaling of several downstream kinases involved in oxidative stress, tumor proliferation and metastasis [2]. Urinary metabolites revealed Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism as the top enriched pathway. Genes in this pathway have been shown to be differentially expressed in colon cancer cells and are also closely related to oxidative stress and inflammatory response [3] and thus support its potential biological role in colon cancer etiology.
SameAs networks and beyond: analyzing deployment status and implications of owl:sameAs in linked data

Millions of owl:sameAs statements have been published on the Web of Data. Due to its unique role and heavy usage in Linked Data integration, owl:sameAs has become a topic of increasing interest and debate. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of owl:sameAs deployment status and uses these statistics to focus discussion around its usage in Linked Data.
Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in the kindred of an infant with CFTR-related metabolic syndrome: Importance of follow-up that includes monitoring sweat chloride concentrations over time

Newly implemented newborn screening (NBS) programs in California have resulted in a large subset of patients in whom at least two cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations are identified, but subsequent sweat chloride analysis reveals normal or indeterminate values. These patients are diagnosed with CFTR-Related Metabolic Syndrome (CRMS). However, the natural progression and management of these patients are not clearly understood and frequently after the age of 1-year these patients are lost to follow-up with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Centers. We present the first case of an infant who was referred to Miller Children's Hospital for a NBS positive for CF and subsequent discovery of identical mutations in six of his seven older brothers. Several siblings had positive sweat chloride results on repeat testing after the age of 3 years. We suggest the need for continued follow-up of CRMS in a CF center with diagnostic evaluation including repeat sweat chloride testing, beyond the currently recommended period.
A history of burn care

If one uses the incontrovertible index of postburn mortality, it is evident that our ability to care for burn patients has improved markedly since World War II. This can be quantified by the lethal area 50 % (that burn size which is lethal for 50 % of a population), which in the immediate postwar era was approximately 40 % of the total body surface area (TBSA) for young adults in the U. S., whereas it increased to approximately 80 % TBSA by the 1990 s [1]. Furthermore, the mortality rate at the Galveston Shrine for children with 80 % TBSA or greater (mean 70 % full-thickness burn size) during 1982–96 was only 33 % [2]. What has been responsible for these improved outcomes in burn care? What practices were essential to this growth, and what are the major problems that remain unsolved? In this chapter, we will take as our focal point the fire disaster at the Cocoanut Grove Night Club which took place in Boston in 1942, less than a year after Pearl Harbor.
Contingency management delivered by community therapists in outpatient settings

Background Few community-based clinicians have been trained to deliver contingency management (CM) treatments, and little data exist regarding the efficacy of CM when administered by clinicians.
Liposomes Containing α-Tocopherol and Ascorbate are Protected from an External Oxidant Stress

The interaction between α-tocopherol and ascorbate in protecting membrane lipids from peroxidation was studied in unilamellar liposomes in which α-tocopherol was incorporated into the liposomal membrane, and ascorbate was trapped within the vesicles. Extravesi-cular ferricyanide was reduced by ascorbate-derived electrons, and this was enhanced by the presence of α-tocopherol in the lipid bilayer. When a water-soluble free radical initiator was added to the outside of liposomes, intravesicular ascorbate prevented oxidation of α-tocopherol, and this effect was associated with complete protection against peroxidation of membrane lipids. These results suggest that ascorbate-dependent recycling of α-tocopherol can protect biological membranes from peroxidation by oxidants originating across the membrane bilayer from ascorbate.
Female belly colour and bobbing behaviour advertise sexual receptivity in a pelagic-spawning coral reef fish

Female nuptial signals (FNSs) advertise reproductive state, individual quality, and are used in intrasexual competition. I explored whether pelagic-spawning pink-belly wrasse (Halichoeres margaritaceus) used red belly colouration and a unique bobbing behaviour as FNSs to advertise spawning readiness. I examined (i) if there was a temporal pattern in belly colour and incidence of bobbing, as each related to spawning; (ii) response of female belly colouration during male courtship behaviours; and (iii) pink belly area as it related to body area and bobbing rate. Temporal patterns were detected, females displayed ephemeral red belly colour and bobbing behaviour prior to spawning; females displaying red belly colouration elicited more courtship behaviour from males than females with white or pink belly colouration, and larger females displayed larger red belly areas. Benefits to advertising spawning readiness in pink-belly wrasse are discussed, including a reduction in mate-searching costs and potential for increased reproductive success through sex-change.
Picosecond stimulated Raman scattering in liquids in the laser depletion regime

Both the spatial growth rate of stimulated Raman scattering and conversion efficiency to Stokes radiation were measured in three liquids (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) in the regime where the pump pulse is significantly depleted. Self-focusing was present, and, when taken into account by model calculations, the region of maximum Stokes spatial growth is in agreement with experiment. Conversion efficiency to first Stokes was measured for both focused and unfocused pump beams in liquid HCl and is in agreement with the depleted beam model.
Optimal muscular coordination strategies for jumping

This paper presents a detailed analysis of an optimal control solution to a maximum height squat jump, based upon how muscles accelerate and contribute power to the body segments during the ground contact phase of jumping. Quantitative comparisons of model and experimental results expose a proximal-to-distal sequence of muscle activation (i.e. from hip to knee to ankle). We found that the contribution of muscles dominates both the angular acceleration and the instantaneous power of the segments. However, the contributions of gravity and segmental motion are insignificant, except the latter become important during the final 10% of the jump. Vasti and gluteus maximus muscles are the major energy producers of the lower extremity. These muscles are the prime movers of the lower extremity because they dominate the angular acceleration of the hip toward extension and the instantaneous power of the trunk. In contrast, the ankle plantarflexors (soleus, gastrocnemius, and the other plantarflexors) dominate the total energy of the thigh, though these muscles also contribute appreciably to trunk power during the final 20% of the jump. Therefore, the contribution of these muscles to overall jumping performance cannot be neglected. We found that the biarticular gastrocnemius increases jump height (i.e. the net vertical displacement of the center of mass of the body from standing) by as much as 25%. However, this increase is not due to any unique biarticular action (e.g. proximal-to-distal power transfer from the knee to the ankle), since jumping performance is similar when gastrocnemius is replaced with a uniarticular ankle plantarflexor.
Tamoxifen modulation of cisplatin cytotoxicity in human malignancies

Recent clinical trials have indicated that addition of tamoxifen (TAM) to a combination of cisplatin (DDP), carmustine and dacarbazine markedly increases the overall objective response rate of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Previous studies have determined that there is remarkable synergy between TAM and DDP in a human melanoma cell line T-289. Using the technique of median effect analysis, in clonogenic assay, we observed a highly synergistic interaction between TAM and DDP. To determine whether or not this synergistic interaction was unique to human melanomas, or is generally observed in other types of malignancy, we examined the nature of this interaction using a human ovarian carcinoma and small cell lung cancer cell line. Synergy was observed in both cell lines. In the case of all 3 types of malignancy, synergy was observed at concentrations of both TAM and DDP that can be achieved in patients. Our results demonstrate that cytotoxic synergy between the DDP and TAM is observed in cell lines established from multiple types of human malignancies. It is important to note that the synergy between TAM and DDP is not dependent on the presence of estrogen or progesterone receptors. Since TAM is well tolerated by patients, it is particularly attractive as a potential agent with which to sensitize human tumors to DDP.
Structural Adaptations to Environments

This paper develops a conceptual model combining ideas from organization theory and industrial economics. According to this model, objective industry environments influence managers' perceptions of their environments, and managers' perceptions influence structural adaptations. As well as industry environments, individuals' characteristics and organizational structures also influence managers' perceptions. In contrast with other models, this model examines managers' perceptions in terms of several dimensions. Managerial choice and organizational slack also influence structural adaptations to environments.
Design, implementation and pitfalls of photoaffinity labelling experiments in in vitro preparations. General principles

A discussion of the methodology of a photoaffinity labelling protocol requires the designation of the system under study since each system possesses uniquely specific independent complexities. Such factors often require a unique approach to each study. This range of uniqueness can be adequately examined by discussing the field under four generalized headings: 1) basic aspects of photoaffinity labelling; 2) the methodology of direct photoaffinity labelling using photoactivatable analogues of natural ligands; 3) photochemical crosslinking studies and 4) topological labelling of soluble proteins and membrane systems
Introduction: Evolving neural functions

Abstract Evolution does not work logically, or with a long-term perspective, on the design of neural circuits, but rather selects the most successful behavior from generation to generation. Thus there is no reason why the simplest solution to a problem should be the one actually used by the nervous system. As long as both the end result and all the intervening stages work, elegance of design counts for little. The result, in the case of the crayfish escape response, is a confusing mixture of conflicting excitatory and inhibitory pathways. In fact, a common feature of all the examples we have described is that their organization could not have been predicted. It may not be possible to deduce the design of neural circuits by considering the patterns of inputs and outputs, as has been attempted. Such a process of deduction is essentially logical, whereas the evolution of neural circuits is not.
Cellular and extracellular matrix modulation of corneal stromal opacity

Stromal transparency is a critical factor contributing to normal function of the visual system. Corneal injury, surgery, disease and infection elicit complex wound healing responses that serve to protect against insults and maintain the integrity of the cornea, and subsequently to restore corneal structure and transparency. However, in some cases these processes result in prolonged loss of corneal transparency and resulting diminished vision. Corneal opacity is mediated by the complex actions of many cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines produced by the epithelial cells, stromal cells, bone marrow-derived cells, lacrimal tissues, and nerves. Myofibroblasts, and the disorganized extracellular matrix produced by these cells, are critical determinants of the level and persistence of stromal opacity after corneal injury. Decreases in corneal crystallins in myofibroblasts and corneal fibroblasts contribute to cellular opacity in the stroma. Regeneration of a fully functional epithelial basement membrane (BM) appears to have a critical role in the maintenance of corneal stromal transparency after mild injuries and recovery of transparency when opacity is generated after severe injuries. The epithelial BM likely has a regulatory function whereby it modulates epithelium-derived growth factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF) β and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that drive the development and persistence of myofibroblasts from precursor cells. The purpose of this article is to review the factors involved in the maintenance of corneal transparency and to highlight the mechanisms involved in the appearance, persistency and regression of corneal opacity after stromal injury.
Microballoon Timing Sensor

The microballoon timing sensor is a disposable, commercially-available impact sensor. This optical-fiber sensor converts a high-pressure, mechanical impulse into an optical signal that is transmitted to a photo-detector via an optical fiber as shown schematically in Fig. 1. By analogy with electrical impact sensors known as "electrical pins," the microballoon timing sensor is often referred to as an "optical pin."© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proof Without Words: The Length of a Polygonal Arch

(1998). Proof Without Words: The Length of a Polygonal Arch. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 377-377.
Successive‐ganzfeld haploscopic viewing technique for color‐appearance research

A new experimental technique for color appearance research is described. This technique, successive-Ganzfeld haploscopic viewing, combines advantages of traditional haploscopic and successive-haploscopic techniques with modifications that provide a more amenable viewing situation for the observer. This note reviews the need for haploscopic viewing techniques in color appearance research and the pros and cons of traditional techniques. and outlines the implementation of the new technique along with current and potential applications.
The Recruitment of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase to the E-cadherin-Catenin Complex at the Plasma Membrane Is Required for Calcium-induced Phospholipase C-γ1 Activation and Human Keratinocyte Differentiation

Calcium induces epidermal keratinocyte differentiation, but the mechanism is not completely understood. We have previously demonstrated that calcium-induced human keratinocyte differentiation requires an intracellular calcium rise caused by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent activation of phospholipase C-γ1. In this study we sought to identify the upstream signaling pathway necessary for calcium activation of PI3K and its subsequent activation of phospholipase C-γ1. We found that calcium induces the recruitment of PI3K to the E-cadherin-catenin complex at the plasma membrane of human keratinocytes. Knocking-down E-cadherin, β-catenin, or p120-catenin expression blocked calcium activation of PI3K and phospholipase C-γ1 and calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation. However, knocking-down γ-catenin expression had no effect. Calcium-induced PI3K recruitment to E-cadherin stabilized by p120-catenin at the plasma membrane requires β-catenin but not γ-catenin. These data indicate that the recruitment of PI3K to the E-cadherin/β-catenin/p120-catenin complex via β-catenin at the plasma membrane is required for calcium-induced phospholipase C-γ1 activation and, ultimately, keratinocyte differentiation.
Finite Step Rate Corrections in Stress Relaxation Experiments: A Comparison of Two Methods

The material response after the application of a constant strain rate ramp, followed, at time t 1, by a constant strain differs from the response to an ideal (instantaneous) step of strain at short test times. Due to experimental limitations, the ideal step-strain cannot be achieved. As a result, short time stress relaxation data have to be corrected in order to obtain reliable estimates of, for example, the modulus G(t) at times shorter than approximately ten times the ramp time. Here we compare two methods of correction to the stress relaxation data obtained after a linear ramp, assuming a relaxation modulus of the form G(t) =G 0 e−(t/τ)β. The Lee and Knauss correction uses an iterative scheme based on Boltzmann superposition. We compare this method with the Zapas–Craft approach in which the `true' relaxation time becomes t−t 1/2 (t is the experimental time and t 1 is the finite time to apply the step in strain). Our numerical computations show that when the relaxation time is short, there is a substantial error in the Lee–Knauss correction. Although the Zapas–Craft approach provides a better correction for times just slightly greater than t 1/2, it is limited in that it cannot be used for times shorter than t 1/2. We also investigate the case for which the ramp-step is replaced with a more realistic nonlinear function of time. Finally, it is often desirable to have a similar correction for large deformation responses. The Lee–Knauss method is valid only for linear viscoelastic systems whereas the Zapas–Craft approach has not been rigorously evaluated for large deformations. We evaluate the use of the latter for large deformations within the context of the Bernstein, Kearsley and Zapas single integral model.
Prodrugs of perzinfotel with improved oral bioavailability.

Previous studies with perzinfotel (1), a potent, selective, competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, showed it to be efficacious in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. To increase the low oral bioavailability of 1 (3−5%), prodrug derivatives (3a−h) were synthesized and evaluated. The oxymethylene-spaced diphenyl analogue 3a demonstrated good stability at acidic and neutral pH, as well as in simulated gastric fluid. In rat plasma, 3a was rapidly converted to 1 via 2a. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the amount of systemic exposure of 1 produced by a 10 mg/kg oral dose of 3a was 2.5-fold greater than that produced by a 30 mg/kg oral dose of 1. Consistent with these results, 3a was significantly more potent and had a longer duration of activity than 1 following oral administration in a rodent model of inflammatory pain. Taken together, these results demonstrate that an oxymethylene-spaced prodrug approach increased the bioavailability of 1.
Tactics for promoting sexual encounters

Through empirical studies we explored the perceived effectiveness and reported usage of tactics to promote sexual encounters. In the first study (N = 58) we identified 122 acts and 34 tactics for promoting sexual encounters. In the second study (N = 50) we examined the perceived effectiveness of each tactic when used by a man and when used by a woman. In the third study (N = 100) we examined the reported frequency with which men and women performed each tactic, as well as the frequency of being the recipient of each tactic from the other sex. Tactics were generally perceived as more effective for women than for men. Women were particularly effective, however, when conveying signals of immediate sexual access and enhanced physical appearance. Despite the effectiveness of signaling immediate sexual access, women performed these acts only infrequently. The most effective male tactics for promoting a sexual encounter involved investing time and attention and communicating love and commitment to a woman. Overa...
The economic impact of opioids on postoperative pain management.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the consequences of opioid use for postoperative pain management and the degree to which these consequences may be reduced or minimized with opioid-sparing or opioid-replacement techniques. Design: Literature review relating to the economics of postoperative pain management. Comparisons between opioids and opioid-sparing techniques were identified and selected for study. Measurements and Main Results: Studies evaluating overall economic impacts or surrogate outcomes (e.g., resource use or recovery milestones) showed benefits with opioid-sparing therapies. Conclusions: Opioids will likely remain an integral part of postoperative pain management, but side effects increase the costs of care. The challenge is to identify situations where opioid-sparing techniques improve surrogate economic measurements and decrease overall hospital costs.
Sodium lactate, sodium diacetate and pediocin: Effects and interactions on the thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on bologna.

Abstract The effects and interactions of temperature (56.3–60 °C), sodium lactate (SL; 0–4.8%), sodium diacetate (SD; 0–0.25%) and pediocin (0–10,000 AU) on Listeria monocytogenes on bologna were studied and a predictive inactivation model was developed. Bologna was manufactured with different SL/SD concentrations in the formulation, dipped in pediocin solution and treated at different temperatures using combinations of parameters determined by central composite design. D-values were calculated and analyzed using second order response regression. Predicted D-values were also calculated. The observed D-values for L. monocytogenes on bologna ranged from 2.10 to 35.59 min. Temperature alone decreased predicted D-values from 99.02 min at 56.3 °C to 44.71 min at 60.0 °C. Adding SL decreased D-values (85.43–22.71 min) further; however, heat and SD combined was the most effective for reducing L. monocytogenes on bologna. An SD level of 0.25% at 58.2 °C had the overall lowest predicted D-value (15.95 min). Combination treatments increased or decreased D-values, depending on the temperature. Pediocin (2500 and 5000 AU) and heat decreased D-values, but exhibited a protective effect at higher concentrations (≥7500 AU). The results showed that interactions between additives in formulations can vary at different temperatures/concentrations, thereby affecting thermal inactivation of foodborne pathogens in meat products. Hence, food processors should modify food formulations carefully, and verify with adequate testing so that product safety is not compromised.
Precursors of colorectal carcinoma. Biopsy and biologic markers.

The term biologic marker (biomarker) of colorectal cancer refers in this article to an early preclinical phenotypic characteristic that relates to the risk for developing this cancer. Putative biologic markers in the normal colorectal mucosa of patients at risk include abnormal cell proliferation as determined by kinetic studies, ornithine decarboxylase activity, and polyamine synthesis. Alterations of mucin synthesis have been studied using both histochemical stains and lectin-binding techniques. Blood group and related carbohydrate antigens also have been evaluated as potential biomarkers in the normal mucosa