cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor mutants using low-dose aerosol infection of guinea pigs suggests a role for SigC in pathogenesis

Secondary sigma factors in bacteria direct transcription of defence regulons in response to specific stresses. To identify which sigma factors in the human respiratory pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis are important for adaptive survival in vivo, defined null mutations were created in individual sigma factor genes. In this study, in vitro growth virulence and guinea pig pathology of M. tuberculosis mutants lacking functional sigma factors (SigC, SigF, or SigM) were compared to the parent strain, H37Rv. None of the mutant strains exhibited a growth deficiency in Middlebrook 7H9 broth, nor were any impaired for intracellular replication in the human monocytic macrophage cell-line THP-1. Following low-dose aerosol infection of guinea pigs, however, differences could be detected. While a SigM mutant resulted in lung and spleen granulomas of comparable composition to those found in H37Rv-infected animals, a SigF mutant was partially attenuated, exhibiting necrotic spleen granulomas and ill-defined lung granulomas. SigC mutants exhibited attenuation in the lung and spleen; notably, necrotic granulomas were absent. These data suggest that while SigF may be important for survival in the lung, SigC is likely a key regulator of pathogenesis and adaptive survival in the lung and spleen. Understanding how SigC mediates survival in the host should prove useful in the development of anti-tuberculosis therapies.
Time-resolved ion and molecule transport sensing with microfluidic integration by chemoreceptive neuron MOS transistors (CvMOS)

The charge-based sensing in chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CvMOS) transistors with the extended floating-gate structure has brought forth unique features that are beneficial to the system integration of chemical sensing. This paper presents the results of integrating microfluidic channels for time-resolved ion and molecular transport sensing
The RMT (Recursive Multi-Threaded) tool: a computer aided software engineering tool for monitoring and predicting software development progress

A number of software life-cycles for object-oriented software development (Fountain Model, Recursive/Parallel Model, McGregor and Sykes Model, and Chaos Model Life Cycle) exist today. However, these existing life-cycles have little or no support for estimating and monitoring progress during the development of the software. The ability to measure progress during the development is significant because it allows both the managers and the developers to determine whether a project is on schedule or not. Identifying that a project is behind schedule allows managers and developers to notify appropriate individuals of any scheduling and/or budgetary impacts at an early stage during the development and to determine appropriate course of action. This demonstration presents the Recursive Multi-Threaded (RMT) software life-cycle and the implemented computer aided software engineering tool based on RMT. The RMT Tool supports the monitoring of progress during development, addresses the specific needs of the developing object-oriented software, and attempts to resolve deficiencies found in many existing software lifecycles. What makes RMT unique from existing software life-cycles is its use of a "thread" for partitioning and organizing software development activities. Threads support iteration and recursion, which are critical concepts for the development of the software.
A Comparative Study of Declared and Undeclared College Students on Career Uncertainty and Involvement in Career Development Activities.

As reported in current research, many if not most freshmen and sophomores in colleges and universities who are declared as well as undeclared about their academic majors express uncertainty about their careers and lack the level of involvement in the career development process (especially self-assessment, career exploration, and career decision making) necessary to make educated career decisions. This research study, using both quantitative and qualitative research processes, identifies and examines differences and similarities in career uncertainty and in levels of involvement in the career development process between declared and undeclared college students.
Path selection with class distribution information in the integrated network

In an integrated network, QoS routing plays an essential role in supporting various classes with different priority and quality-of-service (QoS) characteristics. The path selection procedure is an important part of the QoS routing scheme. The existing path selection algorithms do not consider the class distribution information of residual bandwidth (RB-CDI). As a result, these algorithms may cause the sessions of higher priority classes to be preempted instead of those of lower priority classes. We propose a new and straightforward path selection algorithm to solve this problem. The proposed algorithm uses not only the information of residual bandwidth amount but also RB-CDI. We evaluate the proposed algorithm by comparing with existing path selection algorithms. The performance evaluations are done in various situations. We use the throughput of each class and the link utilization of the network as evaluation metrics.
Deficiency of PTEN in Jurkat T cells causes constitutive localization of Itk to the plasma membrane and hyperresponsiveness to CD3 stimulation.

ABSTRACT Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain binding to D3-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositides (PI) provides a reversible means of recruiting proteins to the plasma membrane, with the resultant change in subcellular localization playing a key role in the activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Previously we found that the T-cell-specific PH domain-containing kinase Itk is constitutively membrane associated in Jurkat T cells. This distribution was unexpected given that the closely related B-cell kinase, Btk, is almost exclusively cytosolic. In addition to constitutive membrane association of Itk, unstimulated JTAg T cells also exhibited constitutive phosphorylation of Akt on Ser-473, an indication of elevated basal levels of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) products PI-3,4-P2 and PI-3,4,5-P3 in the plasma membrane. Here we describe a defect in expression of the D3 phosphoinositide phosphatase, PTEN, in Jurkat and JTAg T cells that leads to unregulated PH domain interactions with the plasma membrane. Inhibition of D3 phosphorylation by PI3K inhibitors, or by expression of PTEN, blocked constitutive phosphorylation of Akt on Ser-473 and caused Itk to redistribute to the cytosol. The PTEN-deficient cells were also hyperresponsive to T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, as measured by Itk kinase activity, tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1, and activation of Erk compared to those in PTEN-replete cells. These data support the idea that PH domain-mediated association with the plasma membrane is required for Itk activation, provide evidence for a negative regulatory role of PTEN in TCR stimulation, and suggest that signaling models based on results from Jurkat T-cell lines may underestimate the role of PI3K in TCR signaling.
STARS: Electronic Calculators: Desktop to Pocket

Discusses the historial development of computers from electronic calculators to current pocket-sized devices.
VHF data link: a demonstration using the ACARS protocol

During the period 28 June-1 July 1999, The MITRE Corporation conducted a demonstration of a VHF data link system using a text message sent to participating Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)-equipped aircraft over the VHF frequency 131.55. Two demonstration systems were deployed in Taiwan ROC: one at CKS International Airport and one at Kaohsiung International Airport. This experimental data link capability was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a digital data link system using equipment already used for airline business operations. Consequently, the airlines did not have to add any special avionics equipment in order to receive the data link message. For this demonstration, the data link text was a digital Automated Terminal Information Service (DATIS) message that was uplinked to participating aircraft. While DATIS itself is not a new capability, the objective of the demonstration was to show how a simple controller-pilot communication could be performed with a VHF data link.
How to Exploit Diversity for Scientific Gain Using Individual Differences to Constrain Cognitive Theory

People often show considerable systematic variability in their ability to perform many different cognitive tasks. In this article, we argue that by combining an individual-differences approach with an experimental- cognitive-neuroscience approach one can often further constrain potential theories of the underlying cognitive mechanisms. In support of this proposal, we outline three basic benefits of using an individual-differences approach: validating neurophysiological measures, demonstrating associations among constructs, and demonstrating disso- ciationsamongapparentlysimilarconstructs.Toillustrate these points, we describe recent work by us and other re- searchers that utilizes each of these techniques to address specific questions within the domain of visual working memory. It is our hope that some of these techniques for utilizing individual variability may be applied to other domains within cognitive neuroscience. People vary considerably across countless dimensions: physical characteristicsandpoliticalandreligiousbeliefs,aswellasspecific skills and aptitudes. This variability can also be observed at a finer level in terms of how individual brains work: Some people have crisp clear memories of long-ago events, while others can't even recall what they did this morning; some can focus attention on an object or task for an extended period of time, while others are easily distracted by anything other than what they are trying to accomplish. This rich diversity in cognitive ability arises through a mix of genetic and environmental contributions and can be thought of as the results of ''nature's experiments''
Role of cognition in generating and mitigating clinical errors

Given the complexities of current clinical practice environments, strategies to reduce clinical error must appreciate that error detection and recovery are integral to the function of complex cognitive systems. In this review, while acknowledging that error elimination is an attractive notion, we use evidence to show that enhancing error detection and improving error recovery are also important goals. We further show how departures from clinical protocols or guidelines can yield innovative and appropriate solutions to unusual problems. This review addresses cognitive approaches to the study of human error and its recovery process, highlighting their implications in promoting patient safety and quality. In addition, we discuss methods for enhancing error recognition, and promoting suitable responses, through external cognitive support and virtual reality simulations for the training of clinicians.
Lumbar position sense with extreme lumbar angle

Abstract Tasks involving flexed torso postures have a high incidence of low back injuries. Changes in the ability to sense and adequately control low back motion may play a role in these injuries. Previous studies examining position sense errors of the lumbar spine with torso flexion found significant increases in error with flexion. However, there has been little research on the effect of lumbar angle. In this study, the aim of the study was to examine how position sense errors would change with torso flexion as a function of the target lumbar angle. Fifteen healthy volunteers were asked to assume three different lumbar angles (maximum, minimum and mid-range) at three different torso flexion angles. A reposition sense protocol was used to determine a subject’s ability to reproduce the target lumbar angles. Reposition sense error was found to increase 69% with increased torso flexion for mid-range target curvatures. With increasing torso flexion, the increase in reposition sense errors suggests a reduction in sensation and control in the lumbar spine that may increase risk of injury. However, the reposition error was smaller at high torso flexion angles in the extreme target curvatures. Higher sensory feedback at extreme lumbar angles would be important in preventing over-extension or over-flexion. These results suggest that proprioceptive elements in structures engaged at limits (such as the ligaments and facet joints), may provide a role in sensing position at extreme lumbar angles. Sensory elements in the muscles crossing the joint may also provide increased feedback at the edges of the range of motion.
Determination of riboflavin by light absorption and polarographic methods

Abstract Using the Beckman spectrophotometer and the U. S. P. riboflavin reference standard, calibration curves were compiled in both visible and ultraviolet light. Like‐wise, a standard calibration curve was prepared on the polarograph. Results of the determination of riboflavin in tablets by the spectrophotometric and polarographic methods are compared with the results obtained by the official fluorometric method. A study of the effect of light on the absorbance of acid solutions of riboflavin during the preparation of the samples indicates that in prolonged diffused daylight there is little change in concentration of riboflavin. In prolonged artificial sunlight large changes in concentration are recorded in acid solutions due to the decomposition of riboflavin. The changes can readily be detected by comparing the ratio of the optical density at 265 and 270 millimicrons.
Limited flexibility and unusual longevity shape forager allocation in the Florida harvester ant ( Pogonomyrmex badius )

The benefits of behavioral flexibility in social insect societies are well known, but the advantages of limited flexibility have seldom been considered. Florida harvester ant colonies maintain a stable forager population size for much of their active season, and despite seasonal variation in chronological age, foragers die within 27 days of initiating foraging. To determine how colonies balance forager mortality and forager replacement, we tested the relative influences of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on forager membership, retention, and longevity. Potential and realized forager longevity differed significantly. Residual lifespan increased by 57 % when colonies were penned for 20 days, and up to 8-fold when foragers were retained in the laboratory. Increased forager longevity inhibited the movement of new workers into the forager population. In contrast, increased mortality and starvation did not stimulate the addition of new foragers and forager population size declined when mortality exceeded 4 % per day. Experimental increases in forager number, body fat, and the ratio of larvae to foragers did not induce behavioral reversion in existing foragers. These results suggest an unidirectional allocation strategy, with foragers that are less disposable and less behaviorally flexible than the well-studied honey bee. In P. badius, forager membership is maintained not by young ants detecting increased demand, but by workers developing at rates that allow forager replacement and prevent excessive worker depletion. In the absence of a lifespan matched to predictable risks, opportunistic increases in forager survival may promote colony growth by inhibiting the scheduled and irreversible transitions of younger workers.
Unterstützung durch Beratung: Servicebüros zur Hilfestellung im Erwerbs- und Privatleben

Serviceburos sind keine neuen Einrichtungen – sie finden sich z. B. bei der Bahn, bei Kommunen, Theatern, Universitaten und Versicherungsunternehmen oder auch fur spezifische Themen wie Geschichtsrecherchen, Konfliktschlichtung und Burodienste, um nur einige wenige aufzuzahlen. Der Name „Serviceburo“ ist nicht geschutzt und kann daher individuell bzw. spezifisch verwendet werden. Aus diesem Grund ist wichtig darzulegen, woruber gesprochen bzw. geschrieben wird: Im folgenden Beitrag stehen Serviceburos fur Familienfreundlichkeit oder Work-Life-Balance, nachfolgend Serviceburos fur Familienfreundlichkeit genannt, im Mittelpunkt.
Directions and issues in psychosocial research and methods as applied to cleft lip and palate and craniofacial anomalies.

Abstract Psychosocial research into cleft lip and/or palate and craniofacial conditions has historically employed a “medical model” of research that sought to clarify whether patients experienced psychopathology as a consequence of the birth defect. In recent years, this paradigm has been replaced by a “social science model” of research that posits that most individuals with clefts do not manifest psychological pathology. The “social science model” examines adjustment and adaptation in the patients and their families. Research questions may consider the social, cultural, and psychological ramifications of being different in terms of speech, appearance, or identity. The authors suggest that an expanded set of research questions be considered, and that researchers from sociology, anthropology, ethics, economics, health services research, as well as psychology, become engaged. This paper proposes a range of possible research topics and indicates likely trends in research design and methodology.
Skeletal muscle phosphocreatine recovery in exercise-trained humans is dependent on O2 availability

In skeletal muscle, phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery from submaximal exercise has become a reliable and accepted measure of muscle oxidative capacity. During exercise, O2 availability plays a role in...
What Motivates China to Invest So Heavily in U.S. Treasury Securities

This paper attempts to shed light on the question: What motivates China to invest so heavily in U.S. Treasury securities, despite the fact that U.S. Treasuries provide real rates of return that are...
Thermohydraulics of an Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System

The thermohydraulics of an aquifer thermal energy storage system is reviewed. The storage of hot or chilled water in an aquifer involves three major physical processes: (1) buoyancy flow, (2) forced convection, (3) thermal conduction and thermal dispersion. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part presents an analysis of buoyancy flow causing the tilting of the interface (thermal front) between hot and cold water. The second part describes a numerical approach that studies the thermohydraulics of an aquifer thermal energy system where all three processes are taken into account.
ASCR Workshop on Quantum Computing for Science

This report details the findings of the DOE ASCR Workshop on Quantum Computing for Science that was organized to assess the viability of quantum computing technologies to meet the computational requirements of the DOE’s science and energy mission, and to identify the potential impact of quantum technologies. The workshop was held on February 17-18, 2015, in Bethesda, MD, to solicit input from members of the quantum computing community. The workshop considered models of quantum computation and programming environments, physical science applications relevant to DOE's science mission as well as quantum simulation, and applied mathematics topics including potential quantum algorithms for linear algebra, graph theory, and machine learning. This report summarizes these perspectives into an outlook on the opportunities for quantum computing to impact problems relevant to the DOE’s mission as well as the additional research required to bring quantum computing to the point where it can have such impact.
Binomial sequential sampling for management of aster leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and aster yellows phytoplasma in carrot: Impact of tally threshold on the accuracy of treatment decisions

We sampled aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes), populations in 1996 and 1997 from central and southern Minnesota to develop a binomial sequential sampling plan for the leafhopper in carrot, Daucus carota (L.). Both conventional and organic farms were sampled with a sample unit consisting of 10 sweeps. Mean density ranged from 0.13 to 16.15 leafhoppers per 10 sweeps. Resampling simulation software was used with the Wald sequential probability ratio test to validate a binomial sampling plan from field data. Action thresholds were chosen based on aster yellows infectivity level (the proportion of individuals vectoring the phytoplasma) and varietal tolerance combinations. We used 2 infectivity levels (1 and 5%) and 3 varietal tolerance levels (resistant, intermediate, and susceptible) to represent 6 scenarios encountered in the field. Results from resampling validation analyses were used to select a final tally threshold (number of insects in a sample needed to consider the sample infested), based on the probability of making a decision to treat (i.e., operating characteristic). The operating characteristic was analyzed to determine which tally threshold provided the highest proportion of correct decisions. A tally threshold of 3 was selected as the overall optimum across infectivity level and varietal tolerance combinations. For the 6 possible infestation scenarios, 4–10 samples (10 sweeps each) were required to make a treat or no treat decision. Stop-line graphs are provided for field use for all 6 scenarios. Use of binomial sequential sampling plans should provide effective management of M. quadrilineatus in carrots and minimize sampling time and cost.
Diseases of the ureters.

Diversion of the urinary stream to an isolated loop of ileum is considered superior to other methods of urinary diversion except for short-term palliation in advanced cancer of the bladder, for which uretero-sigmoidostomy is preferred. A series of 272 ileal loop diversions is described.Ectopic ureter, ureteral carcinoma, injuries and calculi are also discussed.
Arterial duplex for diagnosis of peripheral arterial emboli.

Background Whether duplex ultrasound (DUS) imaging alone can be used to successfully plan revascularization for peripheral arterial embolism (PAE) is unknown. This study evaluated the utility of DUS imaging alone for the diagnosis and treatment of PAE. Methods Patients with cardiogenic PAE to the lower or upper extremities during a 20-year period were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with visceral or cerebral PAE were excluded. Diagnosis by DUS imaging alone was compared with contrast angiography (CA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA). Patient demographics, use of intraoperative CA, need for reintervention, length of revascularization procedure, and rate of fasciotomy and amputation were compared. Mean peak systolic velocity (PSV; cm/s) measured at the proximal, middle, and distal segment of each artery from the common femoral to the distal tibial arteries was also compared with surgical outcomes. Results We identified 203 extremities in 182 patients with PAE. Preoperative imaging was obtained in 89%, including DUS imaging alone (44%), CA (37%), and CTA (7%). DUS imaging was used more frequently than CA or CTA in women, older patients, patients with congestive heart failure, upper extremity PAE, and patients on antiplatelet agents preoperatively. Use of intraoperative CA, need for reintervention, rate of fasciotomy and limb loss, and hospital length of stay were similar between the two groups. No upper extremities required amputation. Patients with lower extremity emboli who underwent fasciotomy had lower mean PSVs than those free from fasciotomy at the popliteal (4 ± 6 cm/s vs 31 ± 62 cm/s; P = .03), anterior tibial (1 ± 3 cm/s vs 10 ± 16 cm/s; P = .004), and posterior tibial (2 ± 3 cm/s vs 9 ± 15 cm/s; P = .03) arteries. The 30-day mortality for the series was 25% with a median follow-up of 7.4 months. The only predictor of 30-day mortality on multivariate analysis was tobacco use (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-7.0). Conclusions Surgical outcomes and survival for patients evaluated by preoperative DUS imaging alone for PAE are equivalent to patients evaluated with CA or CTA. PSVs in the tibiopopliteal arteries may predict the need for fasciotomy. Preoperative DUS imaging alone is sufficient for operative planning in patients with symptoms suggestive of PAE.
Endothelial cells release soluble factors that support the long-term survival of filarial worms in vitro.

The inability to maintain filarial nematodes in long-term in vitro culture greatly limits research into the basic biology of these parasites and hinders in vitro screening of novel anti-filarial agents. In this study, we sought to characterize nutrients that promote the long-term survival of filarial worms in vitro. Using microfilariae (MF) obtained from gerbils infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis, a filarial parasite of rodents, we found that Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) resulted in MF survival of only 5 days. However, co-culturing MF with a mouse endothelial cell line (EOMA) enabled survival for 40 days. Culturing EOMA cells in transwell plates extended MF survival to the same degree as direct co-culture, suggesting that the factors microfilariae require are soluble in nature. Heat inactivation of EOMA conditioned media at 56 °C reduced MF survival by approximately 50%, and heat inactivation at 100 °C reduced survival to 3 days, demonstrating that both heat labile and heat stable factors are involved. EOMA cells require FBS to produce these factors, as conditioned media collected from EOMA cells grown in the absence of FBS failed to prolong survival. The removal of lipids also abrogated survival, indicating MF are likely utilizing lipid factors released by EOMA cells. Dialysis experiments demonstrate that at least some of the required factors are between 0.1 and 1 kDa in size. Importantly, L. sigmodontis adult worms also show significantly extended survival when cultured in EOMA conditioned media. Together, these results suggest that EOMA-produced factors include lipid-containing molecules, heat labile molecules (likely a protein), and micronutrients between 0.1 and 1 kDa in size. These studies have established a cell-free approach to maintaining MF and adult stage filarial worms in long-term in vitro culture and have taken important steps towards biochemically characterizing host-derived nutrients required for parasite survival.
Prognostic Significance of a Negative Prostate Biopsy: An Analysis of Subjects Enrolled in a Prostate Cancer Screening Trial

Purpose: To our knowledge the optimal treatment of patients following a negative prostate biopsy is unknown. Consequently, resources are increasingly being directed toward risk stratification in this cohort. However, the risk of prostate cancer mortality in this group before the introduction of supplemental biomarkers and imaging techniques is unclear.Materials and Methods: The PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer) Screening Trial provides survival data prior to the implementation of new diagnostic interventions. We divided men with an initial positive screen and a subsequent prostate biopsy into cohorts based on positive or negative results. Prostate cancer specific mortality was then compared to that in the trial control arm to estimate the prognostic significance of biopsy results relative to the general population.Results: A total of 36,525 and 36,560 patients comprised the screening and control arms, respectively. Of 4,064 subjects with a positive first screen 1,233 underwent a linked ...
Cross-Border Bank Flows and Systemic Risk

Using Bank for International Settlements (BIS) data on cross-border bank flows across 128 countries and over two decades, we find that heightened bank flows are associated with improved financial stability in a recipient country’s bank system. The reductions in marginal expected shortfall (MES) are concentrated among network-central banks and especially those in less concentrated banking sectors. Higher bank flows are also associated with improvements in bank asset quality, efficiency, and profitability in recipient markets. We interpret these new findings as consistent with predictions from recent models of bank globalization that emphasize a competition channel for bank risk-taking.
ALFARES DE PUÉMAPE: UN ANÁLISIS PETROGRÁFICO DE CERÁMICAS FORMATIVAS DE LA COSTA NORTE DE PERÚ

Este estudio presenta la composicion mineral y las caracteristicas petrograficas de la pasta de 21 fragmentos de ceramica de Puemape, sitio de litoral del Formativo en la Costa norte peruana vinculado a la cultura Cupisnique. Los datos indican la presencia de varias producciones locales y de una botella rojo grafitado alogena. Se nota una diferencia en las fuentes utilizadas y la manufactura entre las producciones ceramicas de las fases Puemape Medio y Tardio. Se propone interpretaciones en cuanto a la produccion ceramica en Puemape, con comparacion con otros sitios del valle del Jequetepeque y una reflexion sobre la posibilidad de una produccion de vasijas especiales para una distribucion al nivel regional.
The role of scaffold interactivity in supporting self-regulated learning in a community college online composition course

This study addressed some of the challenges of supporting self-regulated learning in community college online English composition. This course used a flexible learning design, providing a choice of procedural scaffolds to support self-regulation of learning tasks by students. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the use of two procedural scaffolds, a custom-designed, interactive checklists tool and a non-interactive calendar tool, and the core assignment submission and metacognition of online English composition students. Measures included clickstream data for procedural scaffold usage, a count of core assignment submissions, and Metacognitive Awareness Inventory scores. Results indicated that use of the custom-designed interactive checklists tool better supported submission of core assignments by students than the non-interactive calendar tool. While metacognition awareness scores increased across the study, no significant association with procedural scaffold use was found. Implications for future practice support the continued and extended use of interactive procedural scaffolds to support online students through task completion for complex processes such as academic writing.
Stretching Epitaxial La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ for Fast Oxygen Reduction

The slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the key challenges in developing high performance energy devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells. Straining a film by growing on a lattice-mismatched substrate has been a conventional approach to enhance the ORR activity. However, due to the limited choice of electrolyte substrates to alter the degree of strain, a systematic study in various materials has been a challenge. Here, we explore the strain modulation of the ORR kinetics by growing epitaxial La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSCO) films on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates with the film thickness below and above the critical thickness for strain relaxation. Two orders of magnitude higher ORR kinetics is achieved in an ultrathin film with ∼0.8% tensile strain as compared to unstrained films. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling confirms that the Sr surface segregation is not responsible for the enhanced ORR in strained films. We attribute this enhancement of ORR kine...
Bayesian estimation of the analyte concentrations using the sensor responses and the design optimization of a sensor system

Abstract Using an array of sensors with well calibrated but different tuning curves, it is possible to appreciate a wide range of stimuli. In this work, we first revisit the statistical estimation of the stimuli concentrations given the responses of a sensor array, discussed in Sanchez-Montanes & Pearce [18]. Since it is not a typical regression problem, the Bayesian concept is adopted to develop an estimation method by elucidating the dynamic and uncertain nature of the environment-dependent stimuli with a proper choice of the probability distribution. Other studies confirm that the proposed method can demonstrate a superior performance in terms of accuracy and precision when compared to the popular frequentist methods in addition to the theoretical soundness it enjoys as a statistical estimation problem. Under the proposed framework, the design optimization of an artificial sensory system is also formulated using the expected Bayes risk as an objective function to minimize. The same approach may be equally applied to any sensory system in order to optimize its performance within a population of sensors. Finally, illustrative examples are provided to describe how the proposed method can be applied for the optimal configuration of a sensory system for a given sensing task.
Spanish Language Use Across Generations and Depressive Symptoms Among US Latinos.

Acculturation markers, such as language use, have been associated with Latino depression. Language use may change between generations; however, few studies have collected intergenerational data to assess how language differences between generations impact depression. Using the Ninos Lifestyle and Diabetes Study (2013–2014), we assessed how changes in Spanish language use across two generations of Mexican-origin participants in Sacramento, California, influenced offspring depressive symptoms (N = 603). High depressive symptoms were defined as CESD-10 scores ≥ 10. We used log-binomial and linear-binomial models to calculate prevalence ratios and differences, respectively, for depressive symptoms by language use, adjusting for identified confounders and within-family clustering. Decreased Spanish use and stable-equal English/Spanish use across generations protected against depressive symptoms, compared to stable-high Spanish use. Stable-low Spanish use was not associated with fewer depressive symptoms compared to stable-high Spanish use. Exposure to multiple languages cross-generationally may improve resource access and social networks that protect against depression.
Infection: Cause or Effect of Pathophysiologic Change in Burn and Trauma patients

The survival of burn patients has increased significantly over the past 40 years as a result of improvements in both general care and burn specific treatment.1The use of effective topical chemotherapy to control microbial proliferation within injured tissue has significantly reduced the incidence of invasive burn wound sepsis, even in patients with extensive burn injury, and has altered the characteristics of the burn wound flora and hence the causative organisms of the invasive infections that do occur, i.e., Pseudomonas burn wound infections have become relatively rare and yeast and fungal infections relatively common.2 Even though present day management has reduced the occurrence of burn wound infections, infection in other sites remains the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in successfully resuscitated patients with burns and other injuries (Table I). The incidence of infection appears to be proportional to the severity of injury, e.g.,burn size, and to reflect both systemic and local effects of injury which predispose such patients to infection, confound its diagnosis and make it difficult to differentiate the cause and effect relationships of injury and infection.3
Management of Frequent or Refractory Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

The delivery of inappropriate therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT), with rapid ventricular rates remains a vexing problem for patients with implantable cardioverter de~brillators (ICDs). Studies in the early 1990’s reported that the incidence of inappropriate therapy occurred in 20–40% of all patients [1–3]. Along with signi~cant discomfort from shocks and additional hospitalizations, inappropriate therapy has been shown to induce ventricular arrhythmias in up to 5% of patients [1,2,4]. Strategies to minimize this important complication may involve both better classi~cation of arrhythmias by the device and therapies to prevent supraventricular rhythms with rapid rates.
Process Discovery Using Prior Knowledge

In this paper, we describe a process discovery algorithm that leverages prior knowledge and process execution data to learn a control-flow model. Most process discovery algorithms are not able to exploit prior knowledge supplied by a domain expert. Our algorithm incorporates prior knowledge using ideas from Bayesian statistics. We demonstrate that our algorithm is able to recover a control-flow model in the presence of noisy process execution data, and uncertain prior knowledge.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precipitation and solubility effects in lithium-sulfur batteries

Abstract A rate-dependent nucleation theory is developed to analyze the dependence of the capacity of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries on discharge rates. The theory is based on expressing the nucleation rate of solid products in terms of the surface oversaturation of the precipitating species and rewriting the classical Kolmogorov-Avrami model in the form of a differential system of equations. By coupling this system of equations with the multicomponent transport equations we are able to explain qualitatively well the decrease of the specific capacity with increasing discharge rates and the characteristics of the discharge curves under variable discharge currents in Li-S batteries. Special attention is given to accurately determine the values of model parameters from experimental data, including the solubility constants of the solid products and the mobilities and diffusivities of the ions. The anodes of the batteries used in our analysis were made using Li foils and the cathodes were fabricated using freestanding carbon nanotube foams, on which solid sulfur was uniformly distributed to maximize the dissolution rate. The experimental data combined with the theoretical analysis show that the capacity limitation in our batteries is due to surface passivation by the final reaction products. In order to increase the specific capacity of Li-S batteries under normal discharge rates we conclude that it is better to avoid the solid precipitation of intermediate lithium polysulfides (LiPS) by using electrolytes with a high solubility of LiPS. In addition, it is better to use catalyst particles in the cathode that would promote the nucleation rate at specified locations. The number of catalyst particles should not be too small to avoid electrolyte oversaturation or too large to avoid the rapid passivation of the carbon surface with solid products.
‘Bye-bye boobies’: normativity, deservingness and medicalisation in transgender medical crowdfunding

Transgender individuals experience multiple barriers to accessing care related to medical transition, including a shortage of providers as well as health insurance programmes that categorically exclude the provision of gender-affirming hormones and surgery. Like people seeking financial support for health care related to illness or injury, many transgender people utilise web-based crowdfunding to help pay for medical transition costs. Although a growing body of research finds that medical crowdfunding individualises the effects of health inequalities, little of this research has focused specifically on trans crowdfunding. A dataset of 410 crowdfunding campaigns for medical transition was created. The majority of online campaigns were used to fund chest surgeries among young, white, binary-identified trans men in the USA. On average, campaigns raise only about 25% of their fundraising goal. Using thematic narrative analysis, I find that campaign narratives exhibit several main themes: trans 101, biological essentialism, insurance access, deservingness, normative transition and notions of progress. These themes illustrate how transgender medical crowdfunding is a response to inequalities but also has the effect of reproducing them.
Racial Gaps, Occupational Matching, and Skill Uncertainty

White workers in the United States earn almost 30 percent more per hour on average than Black workers, and this wage gap is associated with large racial differences in occupational assignments. In this article, we theoretically and empirically examine the Black-White disparity in occupations. First, we present a model based on Antonovics and Golan (2012) that relates occupational assignments to the incentives workers face while learning about their own unknown ability. Second, we document differences between Black and White workers in both the complexity of skills required in their initial occupations and the growth rates of this complexity over time. To do this, we match panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles measures of occupational characteristics and find that, compared with White workers, Black workers start in occupations requiring less-complex skills, see slower growth in job complexity over time, and are relatively more likely to transition to jobs with lower complexity. Finally, we consider the relationship between our model and our empirical findings; for example, discrimination in hiring early in the career can have long-term consequences on the ability of Black workers to learn their best occupational match and explains part of their lower wage growth. We conclude with suggestions for policy and future research directions.
Constructal Design of Flying Wing Aircraft: Curved and Swept Configurations

Constructal law considers the design as a physics principle and uses energy flow configurations (e.g., the flow of stresses through the structure) to explain and predict the time arrow of change an...
Think globally, act locally: adoption of climate action plans in California

California has been a global leader in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The state has set an ambitious goal of reducing GHG to 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The statewide goal cannot be accomplished without the support of local stakeholders. We analyzed over 150 city climate action plans (CAPs) in California and examined their reduction goals. We hypothesized five sets of factors that can explain whether a jurisdiction adopts a plan or not, and what kind of target it sets. We find that size of the city, political ideology, and institutional capacity are related to a higher chance of adopting a climate action plan, while political ideology and air quality explain the extent of aspiration of targets. We also find evidence of policy diffusion where neighbors are more likely to adopt plans. Our findings identify gaps in the CAPs within the state and address what lessons can be learned from the Californian experience of local climate policy adoption and goal-setting.
Evolution of Ty1 copy number control in yeast by horizontal transfer of a gag gene

Insertion of mobile DNA sequences typically has deleterious effects on host fitness, and thus diverse mechanisms have evolved to control mobile element proliferation across the tree of life. Mobility of the Ty1 retrotransposon in Saccharomyces yeasts is regulated by a novel form of copy number control (CNC) mediated by a self-encoded restriction factor derived from the Ty1 gag capsid gene that inhibits virus-like particle function. Here, we survey a panel of wild and human-associated strains of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus to investigate how genomic Ty1 content influences variation in Ty1 mobility. We observe high levels of mobility for a canonical Ty1 tester element in permissive strains that either lack full-length Ty1 elements or only contain full-length copies of the Ty19 subfamily that have a divergent gag sequence. In contrast, low levels of canonical Ty1 mobility are observed in restrictive strains carrying full-length Ty1 elements containing canonical gag. Phylogenomic analysis of full-length Ty1 elements revealed that Ty19 is the ancestral subfamily present in wild strains of S. cerevisiae, and that canonical Ty1 in S. cerevisiae is a derived subfamily that acquired gag from S. paradoxus by horizontal transfer and recombination. Our results provide evidence that variation in the ability of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus strains to repress canonical Ty1 transposition via CNC is encoded by the genomic content of different Ty1 subfamilies, and that self-encoded forms of transposon control can spread across species boundaries by horizontal transfer.
A Review of the Ongoing Decline of the White-Tailed Jackrabbit

Abstract The distribution and abundance of the white-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii have declined significantly since 1950, continuing a trend that began in some regions of its range in the lat...
Large Eddy Simulation of a turbulent lifted flame using multi-modal manifold-based models: Feasibility and interpretability

Abstract A general model for multi-modal turbulent combustion is achievable with two-dimensional manifold equations that use the mixture fraction and a generalized progress variable as coordinates. Information about the underlying mode of combustion is encoded in three scalar dissipation rates that appear as parameters in the two-dimensional equations. In this work, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of a multi-modal turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in a vitiated coflow is performed using this new turbulent combustion model, leveraging both convolution-on-the-fly and In-Situ Adaptive Tabulation for computational tractability. The simulation predicts a lifted flame consistent with observations from past experiments. The feasibility of such a model implemented in LES is examined, and the cost per timestep is found to be comparable to conventional one-dimensional manifold-based models describing one asymptotic mode of combustion. Additionally, the model provides clear interpretability, allowing for combustion mode analysis to be performed with ease by evaluating the scalar dissipation rates and generalized progress variable source term. This analysis is used to show that the flame is stabilized by autoignition and has a trailing nonpremixed flame. Furthermore, transport of progress variable from the most reactive mixture fraction towards richer mixtures at the centerline is found to be important.
Attitudes, perceptions, and walking behavior in a Chinese city

Abstract Introduction An increasing number of studies discuss the relationship of walking with attitudes and perceptions. However, the findings are not consistent, and few studies have examined the relationship between walking and attitudes to overall mobility and multiple modes. In this paper, we contribute to these debates by exploring the relationship between walking for transport and broad attitudes to urban mobility and transport modes. Methods Using a clustered random sample survey conducted in a second-tier city in China (N = 1048), we hypothesized that people with different attitudes have different amounts of walking for transport. Data analysis methods involved descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), hierarchical logistic models, and hierarchical linear models. Results Positive attitudes and perceptions regarding multiple transport modes and related environments were associated with some walking for transport. T-tests indicated that those with different attitudes walked different amounts. Regression models showed that associations between attitudes and odds of people walking varied between genders. Males who perceived bus frequency was not a problem were more likely to walk. Females tended to walk when viewing transportation in the city as convenient. Both findings contribute to the understanding that positive perceptions of overall mobility in the city were associated with higher odds of walking. Meanwhile, among those who did walk, those with positive attitudes towards pedestrian safety crossing streets and those perceiving traffic jams as a problem in their daily trips spent more time walking. Conclusion This paper concludes that positive broad attitudes and perceptions of overall mobility and all transport modes are related to more walking activities. A better understanding of such relationships can provide a reference point for urban policies aiming at promoting walking for transport.