cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-simulated moving bed (μSMB) systems: A numerical study

Continuous chromatographic separation processes like simulated moving bed (SMB) systems have been employed in petrochemicals, sugar, and more recently, in pharmaceutical industries by virtue of their superior separation efficiency. Miniaturization of chromatography-based analytical techniques (e.g., high performance liquid chromatography, micro-HPLC or μHPLC) has already been successfully demonstrated in the last few years owing to the rapid development in MEMS technology. With such a rapid progress in technology, it is definitely possible to realize the miniaturization of a powerful continuous chromatographic process such as SMB. Micro-SMB (μSMB) systems could not only inherit the merits of μHPLC, but also provide efficient separation of compounds such as isomers and enantiomers that are otherwise very difficult to isolate. In this paper, new simulations of the performance of a μSMB system for the separation of a mixture of phenol and o-cresol, using a robust numerical algorithm developed that mimics the dynamic operation of the μSMB system, are presented. A systematic parametric sensitivity analysis that addresses the effects of various process parameters on the performance of the μSMB system is also presented. High purities and yields of both phenol and o-cresol is achieved in the μSMB by judicious choice of process parameters.
Identification of Methionine as the Site of Covalent Attachment of a p-Benzoyl-Phenylalanine-containing Analogue of Substance P on the Substance P (NK-1) Receptor

Previously we have been able to restrict the site of covalent attachment of a photolabile and radiolabeled derivative of substance P (SP), p-benzoylphenylalanine8-SP (Bpa8-SP), to residues 178-183 located on the second extracellular loop (E2) of the SP (NK-1) receptor (Boyd, N. D., Kage, R., Dumas, J. J., Krause, J. E., and Leeman, S. E. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 433-437). To ascertain the specific amino acid in this sequence that serves as the site of covalent attachment for 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent (BH)-Bpa8-SP, we have employed here a novel solid-phase approach to cyanogen bromide cleavage of the photolabeled receptor followed by mass spectrometric analysis of a purified labeled fragment. SP receptors on transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells were photolabeled with isotopically diluted 125I-BH-Bpa8-SP. A membrane preparation of the photolabeled receptors was adsorbed onto C-18-derivatized silica gel and cleaved with cyanogen bromide. A single radiolabeled fragment containing 63% of the photoincorporated radioactivity was generated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometric analysis identified a single molecular ion with a molecular mass of 1751.4 ± 2, establishing that upon irradiation the bound photoligand forms a covalent link with the methyl group of a methionine residue at the peptide binding site. In view of our previous findings, this methionine is Met-181 on the primary sequence of the SP receptor.
Capacity achieving distributed scheduling with finite buffers

In this paper, we propose a distributed cross-layer scheduling algorithm for wireless networks with single-hop transmissions that can guarantee finite buffer sizes and meet minimum utility requirements. The algorithm can achieve a utility arbitrarily close to the optimal value with a tradeoff in the buffer sizes. The finite buffer property is not only important from an implementation perspective, but, along with the algorithm, also yields superior delay performance. In addition, another extended algorithm is provided to help construct the upper bounds of per-flow average packet delays. A novel structure of Lyapunov function is employed to prove the utility optimality of the algorithm with the introduction of novel virtual queue structures. Unlike traditional back-pressure-based optimal algorithms, our proposed algorithm does not need centralized computation and achieves fully local implementation without global message passing. Compared to other recent throughput/utility-optimal CSMA distributed algorithms, we illustrate through rigorous numerical and implementation results that our proposed algorithm achieves far better delay performance for comparable throughput/utility levels.
HEALTH PROMOTION/DISEASE PREVENTION: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR GERIATRIC EDUCATION

Prevention is a major concern in work with the elderly, especially in outpatient or community settings, where the goal is often to prevent admission to hospitals or placement in long‐term care institutions. Whereas hospitals provide essential care to older adults with acute care problems, many of the more commonly experienced problems—chronic disease, functional impairments, and case management issues—are handled in outpatient settings. Primary care practitioners in office‐based practices and other outpatient facilities need to be better prepared to address the special problems of ambulatory geriatric patients. In response to these needs, the Harvard Upper New England Geriatric Education Center has developed 10 educational modules in health promotion/disease prevention: Alzheimer's Disease in Minority Elders, Dehydration in Long‐Term Care, Diabetes Control, Elder Abuse, Geriatric Nutrition, Geriatric Oncology, Geriatric Oral Health in Long‐Term Care, Incontinence in the Elderly, Injury Prevention, and Phy...
Modeling relativistic heavy ion collisions: From AGS to SPS

The importance of hadronic resonances in relativistic heavy ion collisions, from AGS to SPS energies, is now widely recognized. The systematics from Si beams to Au beams, provide overwhelming evidence that the hadronic resonance description of the heavy ion collisions is quite accurate at AGS energies with the possible exception when the highest baryon densities are reached. The authors have seen the importance of resonance rescattering in nucleus-nucleus collisions. However, they have very little direct knowledge on the cross-sections and the rescattering mechanisms of these resonances. They also have the formation of high baryon density regions, but they have no direct knowledge on the medium dependence of the hadronic cross sections involved. In the hadronic cascade model, ARC, they have assumed that baryon resonances rescatter as nucleons and the meson resonances as pions, and the free space cross-sections for nucleons and pions are used through out the collisions. It would be much better if these assumptions could be verified independently through experiments. For details of resonance rescattering, they obtain some information by reconstructing the resonances from the observed hadrons. Determining the hadronic cross sections in a dense medium is a hard problem. The authors describe tests on the sensitivities ofmore » medium dependence to the observed spectra. These tests make very drastic and unrealistic assumptions on the density dependence of the hadronic cross sections, but as sensitivity tests they are nevertheless quite revealing.« less
Multilineage, non‐species specific hematopoietic growth factor(s) elaborated by a feline fibroblast cell line: Enhancement by virus infection

In studies designed to determine the role of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in the pathogenesis of marrow failure in the cat, we tested medium conditioned by uninfected and FeLV-infected feline embryonic fibroblasts (FEA) for its effect on hematopoietic colony growth in culture. As opposed to an inhibitory effect, we found that the conditioned medium (CM) from FEA or FEA/FeLV increased the in vitro growth of multiple hematopoietic progenitor cell types including erythroid burst-forming cells (BFU-E), granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells, megakaryocytic colony-forming cells, and mixed-cell colony-forming cells. Furthermore, CM enhanced the growth of progenitors in cultures of mouse or human marrow cells, as well as cat marrow cells. Stimulation of feline BFU-E was most marked with an increment in growth of 400% over control. The human burst promoting activity (BPA) of the CM was equivalent or better than other CM available in our laboratory. The evidence suggest that the growth-promoting activity is a constitutive product(s) released by FEA which was enhanced eightfold with virus infection. Studies with non-adherent and T-lymphocyte-depleted human marrow cells and human peripheral blood cells suggest that the growth factor(s) acts directly on progenitor cells and not through readily identified accessory cells. These findings are consistent with the concept that mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts have the capacity to release hematopoietic growth factor(s) capable of acting on primitive hematopoietic progenitors. The results provide an example of how injury of such cells, through virus infection, may enhance growth factor(s) release and influence the hematopoietic microenvironment.
Trustworthiness in explanation: the obligation to explain well.

‘Scientific integrity’ certainly requires that data and references be beyond reproach. However, issues within the theory of scientific explanation suggest that there may be more to it than just this. While it is true that some contemporary, pragmatic analyses of explanation suffer from the ‘problem of relevance’ (an inability to ensure that explanations which are paradigmatic technically are relevant to the question being posed), it does not seem to be true that the addition of formal, metaphysical constraints is necessary to solve this problem. I argue that, when viewed as requests for help with an epistemic problem, explanation-seeking questions reveal the existence of a set of moral criteria centered in trust which, when satisfied, prevent trivial or irrelevant explanations from being offered, thereby broadening the concept of ‘scientific integrity’.
Big brown dog or brown big dog? An electrophysiological study of semantic constraints on prenominal adjective order.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read and made acceptability judgments about sentences containing three types of adjective sequences: (1) normal sequences—e.g., Jennifer rode a huge gray elephant; (2) reversed sequences that violate grammatical-semantic constraints on linear order—e.g., *Jennifer rode a gray huge elephant; and (3) contradictory sequences that violate lexical-semantic constraints on compositionality—e.g., *Jennifer rode a small huge elephant. Relative to the control condition, the second adjective elicited a reduced N400 and an enhanced P600 in both the reversal condition and the contradiction condition. We present several alternative accounts of these two effects, but favor an interpretation which treats them as reflecting semantic and syntactic aspects of a temporary reanalysis of the adjective order construction. Furthermore, relative to the control condition, the final noun elicited a robust N400 in the contradiction condition but not in the reversal condition. We suggest that this effect indexes the full registration of the lexical-semantic incompatibility of the two adjectives in the contradiction condition. Finally, we discuss how all of these findings fit into the broader context of recent ERP studies that have reported atypical N400s and robust P600s in response to certain types of semantic anomalies.
Scheduling parallel tasks on multiprocessor computers with efficient power management

In this paper, scheduling parallel tasks on multiprocessor computers with dynamically variable voltage and speed is addressed as combinatorial optimization problems. Our scheduling problems are defined such that the energy-delay product is optimized by fixing one factor and minimizing the other. It is noticed that power-aware scheduling of parallel tasks has rarely been discussed before. Our investigation in this paper makes some initial attempt to energy efficient scheduling of parallel tasks on multiprocessor computers with dynamic voltage and speed. Our scheduling problems contain three nontrivial subproblems, namely, system partitioning, task scheduling, and power supplying. The harmonic system partitioning and processor allocation scheme is used, which divides a multiprocessor computer into clusters of equal sizes and schedules tasks of similar sizes together to increase processor utilization. A three-level energy/time/power allocation scheme is adopted for a given schedule, such that the schedule length is minimized by consuming given amount of energy or the energy consumed is minimized without missing a given deadline. The performance of our heuristic algorithms is analyzed and accurate performance bounds are derived. Simulation data which validate our analytical results are also presented. It is found that our analytical results provide very accurate estimation of the expected normalized schedule length and the expected normalized energy consumption, and that our heuristic algorithms are able to produce solutions very close to optimum.
Recursive implementation of gaussian filters with switching and reset hardware

This paper suggests the use of linear programming and curve fitting to approximate Gaussian filters with a combination of recursive linear-phase exponential filters. The switching and reset method is used to create a stable implementation of an otherwise unstable pole-zero cancelation in the exponential filters. The results show that an accurate approximation of a Gaussian filter, of any order, can be recursively implemented using only 18 constant coefficient multipliers and 26 adders.
Progestins stimulate the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

Abstract The effect of progesterone on the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was investigated and compared with other sex steroids (estradiol and testosterone), with cortisol, with the synthetic progestin R5020 and with the progestin/glucocorticoid antagonist RU38486. At 10−8 M, progesterone stimulated the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triglyceride deposition. Progesterone, R5020, cortisol, and RU38486 increased triglycerides about 2-fold at 10−7 M. Only minimal effects were observed with testosterone and estradiol even at 10−6 M. When the cells were cultured in presence of 10−5 M metyrapone the effect of progesterone was unchanged, suggesting that the progesterone was not metabolized to a glucocorticoid. Progesterone, R5020 and RU38486 competed efficiently with [3H]dexamethasone for the glucocorticoid receptor in 3T3-L1 cytosol. These results indicate a significant, reproducible dose-dependent effect of progestins on differentiation of the preadipocytes, which appears to be mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor.
The influence of chemical management of pests, diseases and weeds on pest and predatory arthropods associated with tomatoes.

Abstract The effects of selected pesticide application regimes on pest predator populations as well as pests were investigated in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum L.) agroecosystems. The treatments included: (i) the full spectrum of recommended pesticides, including insecticides (carbaryl, endosulfan, and esfenvalerate), a fungicide (chlorothalonil), and herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat); (ii) only insecticides, using the same insecticides and doses as in the full-spectrum pesticide treatment; (iii) only fungicides and herbicides; using the same fungicides and herbicides and doses as in the full-spectrum pesticide use treatment; (iv) control plots which received no pesticide applications. In 1994, the insecticides controlled aphids and flea beetles and reduced their populations by 85% and 72%, respectively. However, aphid populations were 125% greater in the insecticide-treated plots than in the control plots in 1995. The fungicides and herbicides caused increases in the numbers of aphids by 33% in 1994 and by 39.8% in 1995 and those of flea beetles by 55% in 1994 and 17% in 1995. All the full-spectrum pesticide treatments had some degree of detrimental effects on populations of predatory arthropods. The different pesticide applications reduced coccinellid beetle Coleomegilla maculata (Col: Coccinellidae), populations by 6.6% to 35.5% in 1994 but only slightly in 1995; Anthocoridae (Heteroptera) numbers by 26.2% to 55.8% in 1994 and 13.5% to 38.8% in 1995; spider (Araneae) populations by 44.6% to 70.9% in 1994 and 37.0% to 91.4% in 1995. Five hypotheses are proposed to explain these results: (1) the fungicide and herbicide applications reduced the populations of predatory arthropods which in turn resulted in higher pest populations; (2) the fungicide and herbicide applications suppressed the fungal parasites of the pests; (3) the applications increased the fecundity of the pests and resulted in more offspring of the pests and hence higher populations, (4) the applications caused some physiological changes in the tomato plants that attracted more pests or stimulated their reproduction and; (5) the fungicide applications provided more nutritious and suitable habitats for the pests by suppressing the disease of the tomatoes.
Using POGIL to help students discover CS concepts and develop process skills (abstract only)

This workshop is for anyone who teaches CS, and introduces process-oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) in computer science. POGIL is based on learning science, and shares characteristics with other forms of active, discovery, and inquiry learning. In a POGIL classroom, teams of 3-5 learners work on instructor-facilitated activities. Through scripted inquiry and investigation, learners discover concepts and construct their own knowledge. Using assigned team roles and meta-cognition, learners develop process skills and individual responsibility. Studies show that POGIL can significantly improve student performance. POGIL has particular potential for CS education. Software development is largely a team-based problem-solving activity, and POGIL helps students to learn from each other and develop problem-solving abilities as well as important team process skills. POGIL has been developed and validated over the last 15 years in a range of STEM disciplines.The workshop consists primarily of hands-on team activities. Participants will work through CS activities and a set of meta-activities to explore POGIL practices and activity structures. Participants will also begin to draft parts of their own activities. More information and materials are available at http://cspogil.org and http://pogil.org, including sample activities for topics in a variety of CS courses. Laptops optional. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DUE-1044679.
Gonadal development in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to 17 β-estradiol

Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) as an ecotoxicological model for the rapid evaluation of environmental estrogens. A novel short-term (48-h) exposure to 17 β-estradiol is proposed in development of a positive control for disruption of gonadal development. Recently hatched medaka fry (30 fry per dose group) with undifferentiated gonads were exposed to 4.0, 29.4, and 115.6 μg/liter of 17 β-estradiol (acetone carrier) for 48 h in a water bath at 25 °C. The fry were then grown-out in spring water for 2 weeks, killed, and processed for histological evaluation. High lethality was encountered during the grow-out period in the 115.6 μg/liter dose group. Fry in the spring water and acetone (carrier) control groups developed into females or males. Fry exposed to 17 β-estradiol developed primarily into females or had testis-ova.
A selective electrolytic sensor for nitrite based on a modified platinum electrode

The electrolytic sensor described is based on the oxidation of nitrite at a platinum electrode modified with chemisorbed iodine and coated with a thin layer of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine), qPVP. The sealed sensor uses an anion-exchange membrane to separate Donnan transport of nitrite across the membrane and controlled potential electrolysis at the Pt/qPVP indicator electrode. The sensor has a linear response to nitrate concentration in aqueous samples over the range 4 × 10−6−2 × 10−3 M nitrite. The detection limit is 2 × 10−6 M nitrite. The sensor is free of interference by nitrate, dissolved oxygen, cations, and many neutral species. Anions that are electroactive at 0.7 V vs. Ag/ AgCl would interfere, but they are uncommon in most samples. Initial tests with lake water samples suggest that this sensor is unaffected by this matrix. The system was also evaluated for monitoring nitrite levels in spiked meat extracts.
An NADH:Quinone Oxidoreductase Active during Biodegradation by the Brown-Rot Basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum

The brown-rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum uses a quinone redox cycle to generate extracellular Fenton reagent, a key component of the biodegradative system expressed by this highly destructive wood decay fungus. The hitherto uncharacterized quinone reductase that drives this cycle is a potential target for inhibitors of wood decay. We have identified the major quinone reductase expressed by G. trabeum under conditions that elicit high levels of quinone redox cycling. The enzyme comprises two identical 22-kDa subunits, each with one molecule of flavin mononucleotide. It is specific for NADH as the reductant and uses the quinones produced by G. trabeum (2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 4,5-dimethoxy-1,2-benzoquinone) as electron acceptors. The affinity of the reductase for these quinones is so high that precise kinetic parameters were not obtainable, but it is clear that k(cat)/K(m) for the quinones is greater than 10(8) M(-1) s(-1). The reductase is encoded by a gene with substantial similarity to NAD(P)H:quinone reductase genes from other fungi. The G. trabeum quinone reductase may function in quinone detoxification, a role often proposed for these enzymes, but we hypothesize that the fungus has recruited it to drive extracellular oxyradical production.
Algorithm development in the mobile environment

Mobility is emerging as a new research field with its own characteristic problems, models, and algorithms. Fixed networks are commonplace but the challenges of mobility such as the transient nature of connections, reduced bandwidth, and limited processing power have made incorporating mobility into this existing environment challenging. Our contribution to the rapid integration of mobility is the design and development of algorithms in the mobile environment which will serve as a foundation for mobile applications. In this paper, we describe two models for mobility, outline the challenges of each environment, and provide approaches to algorithm development within each model.
Composition dependence of the nucleation energy of iron antimonides from modulated elemental reactants.

Modulated elemental reactants containing iron and antimony were found to react at low temperature (T < 200 °C) forming either FeSb2 or FeSb3 depending on both the layer thicknesses and the overall composition of the initial reactant. For films containing 75% antimony and 25% iron, the metastable compound FeSb3 was observed to nucleate and grow if the layer thickness was below approximately 35 A. Above this critical thickness for the modulation, annealing led to the formation of FeSb2. This, combined with low-angle diffraction data, suggests that the initial interdiffusion between iron and antimony layers in an elementally modulated reactant results in the formation of an amorphous reaction intermediate if the layering thickness is less than 35 A. For modulated reactants with composition between 70 and 90 atomic % antimony and below this critical layer thickness, the metastable compound FeSb3 formed. In more iron-rich modulated reactants FeSb2 nucleates. The nucleation temperature and the nucleation energy...
Progress in the application of ATR-FTIR microscopy to the study of multi-layered cross-sections from works of art

As a non-invasive or micro-invasive technique attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) microscopy is a valuable tool for the analysis of materials in works of art. An application for which it has received growing interest is in the analysis of paint cross-sections. However, FTIR microscope configurations, objectives’ geometries and low spatial resolutions, and issues of sample preparation have often hampered the characterization of individual layers or features in cross-sections. With the use of case studies, it is demonstrated here that an ATR-FTIR microscope featuring a crystal of optimized geometry and a viewing capability feature allows characterization of individual layers, or areas within layers, of 10 μm thickness or less in single measurements. Of particular value is a remote aperturing feature which allows the analysis of selected areas within the contact footprint of the ATR crystal. Since the technique is non-destructive, the same area can be analyzed by complementary microscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was also used in some cases to corroborate the spectroscopic data. The analyses presented provided data which were important in informing art historical interpretation and conservation of the artworks examined.
Stimulation of RNA synthesis in isolated mammary cells by insulin and prolactin bound to sepharose.

Abstract Rapidly-labeled nuclear RNA synthesis was stimulated 3-fold in dispersed mammary epithelial cell preparations incubated with Separose-bound insulin in a manner similar to that observed with the native hormone. Mammary cells derived from organ cultures pre-treated with insulin and hydrocortisone were stimulated to synthesize this class of RNA by prolactin covalently linked to Sepharose. The results indicate that increases in nuclear biosynthetic activity can be initiated by the interaction of these hormones with the superficial membrane structures of mammary cells.
Gamma-radiation from light nuclei under proton bombardment

Studies of the gamma-radiation emitted in the disintegration of lithium, beryllium, carbon, and fluorine by protons at several well-known resonances have recently been completed. The thick-target yield of the radiation, the half-width of the resonance, and the range in aluminum of the secondary electrons produced by the radiation have been determined.
Resolution, sensitivity and selectivity of a high-performance liquid chromatographic post-column fluorometric labeling technique for determination of carbamate insecticides

Abstract N-Methyl carbamate insecticides and carbamate metabolities are separated on octylsilane and cyanopropylsilane bonded packing with an acetonitrile-water gradient mobile phase. The eluted carbamates are detected at the nanogram and sub- nanogram levels with a fluorescence detector after in-line hydrolysis to methylamine and subsequent reaction with o -phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol to form the fluorophore. Using this high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, no responce was observed for 182 pesticides including various amides, anilides, anilines, carboximides, N-methyl carbamates, triazines, ureas and other nitrogen-containing pesticides. The HPLC post-column fluoremetric system provides the resolution, sensitivity and selectivity desired for the determination of multicarbamate insecticide residues.
Role of cytokines in endometrium and at the fetomaternal interface

Cytokines were first recognized as factors involved in the immune responses. However, emerging evidence suggests that cytokines serve as the unanimous language through which cells in organ systems as diverse as hypothalamus to endometrium communicate. Evidence for the participation of these factors in the normal function of the endometrium and uteroplacental unit and development of the embryo is being recognized. This review will highlight the significant insight gained over the past several years for the role of cytokines in the field of reproductive biology. Major emphasis will be placed on interleukins, tumour necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factors, colony stimulating factors and interferon-gamma.
A simultaneous electrical conductivity—differential thermal analysis apparatus

Abstract A highly sensitive simultaneous electrical conductivity—differential thermal analysis apparatus is described. The apparatus can simultaneously record both the electrical conductivity and differential thermal analysis curves of a sample under the same conditions of furnace heating rate and atmosphere. Application of the apparatus is illustrated by curves of CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O, [Co(NH 3 ) 5 H 2 0]Br 3 and Cu 2 HgI 4 .
Anthropogenic signals recorded in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada

Trends in the annual flux of sulfate and nitrate in a new ice core collected at an elevation of 3017 m on Eclipse Icefield, 45 km northeast of Mt. Logan were examined to determine the effect of anthropogenic activity on precipitation chemistry in the remote northwest North American mid- troposphere. The annual flux of both sulfate and nitrate at Eclipse began increasing in the 1940s, demonstrating, for the first time, the anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate pollution of the northwest North American Arctic in an ice core from this region. Comparison of the Eclipse record with regional emission estimates for total sulfur and nitrogen oxides suggests that Eurasia is the dominant source of pollutants reaching Eclipse. The available data does not permit a confident assessment of the relative importance of European versus Soviet emissions in producing the observed trends in sulfate and nitrate at Eclipse.
Characteristics of Male Elementary Teachers in the U.S.A., at Teacher Education Program Entry and Exit.

This article reports on two studies that describe the status of male elementary preservice and inservice teachers. One study looked at entering teacher candidates, describing differences between males entering elementary education and other teacher candidates, at three universities in the U.S.A. (n = 936), with three sets of variables: (1) high school background, (2) self-confidence in teaching, and (3) expectations for teacher education. The second study looked at practicing male elementary school teachers who were recent graduates of teacher education programs at 12 different universities (n = 1098), with three sets of variables: (1) career status, (2) ratings of teacher education program quality, and (3) self-evaluation of teaching knowledge and skills. Male elementary candidates were less academically oriented, more self-confident about teaching, and less optimistic about usefulness of courses than other subgroups of entering teacher candidates. Male elementary teachers had lower job satisfaction and less favorable opinions of their teacher education programs than other subgroups of teachers, but were just as sanguine about their level of teaching skill as were the other groups.
Observing system simulation experiments to assess the impact of remotely sensed data on hurricane prediction

Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are an important tool for evaluating the potential impact of proposed new observing systems, as well as for evaluating trade-offs in observing system design, and in developing and assessing improved methodology for assimilating new observations. Extensive OSSEs have been conducted at NASA/ GSFC and NOAA/AOML in collaboration with Simpson Weather Associates and operational data assimilation centers over the last 27 years. These OSSEs determined correctly the quantitative potential for several proposed satellite observing systems to improve weather analysis and prediction prior to their launch, evaluated trade-offs in orbits, coverage and accuracy for space-based wind lidars, and were used in the development of the methodology that led to the first beneficial impacts of satellite surface winds on numerical weather prediction. In this paper, we summarize applications of global OSSEs to hurricane track forecasting, and current experiments using both global and regional models aimed at both track and intensity forecasting.
Vector lensing with a single chain of metal nanoparticles

A single periodic chain of noncontacting noble-metal nanoparticles is predicted to provide focusing in a cylindrical geometry of optical fields whose frequency lies within the surface-plasmon-polariton band polarized perpendicular to the chain axis for fields dominated by that component based on an analytic nonlocal vector electrodynamic theory in the Fresnel limit. Exact closed-form expressions within the model for the coherently scattered field and the quadratic phase are obtained.
Hearing Levels Affect Higher Order Cognitive Performance

Twenty-one young (M=21.3) and 19 older (M=73.1) adults completed an aurally administered test of working memory capacity presented at 5 above threshold levels (65, 60, 55, 50, and 45 dB). The test required verification of sentences and recall of sentence final words at the end of each set. Audiometric assessment as well as sentence verification ensured that all auditory stimuli were above hearing levels in both age groups. Both young and older listeners demonstrated reduced working memory capacity scores as stimuli were presented at lower dB levels. The impact of decreases in dB level was greater for older relative to younger adults. But since older adults have elevated hearing thresholds within the range investigated here, the capacity differences observed between the two groups may be negligible. Implications of the results for theories of cognitive aging and for cognitive testing among older adults with subclinical hearing loss are discussed. Language: en
Reversal of diuretic-induced secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia by enalapril (MK-421): A new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

The study reported here prospectively evaluated the prevention of diuretic-induced secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia by a converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril (MK 421). Eighteen normal subjects were randomized into three groups: (1) a HCTZ group (hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 50 mg/day); (2) a MK-421 group (MK-421 10 mg/day); and (3) a HCTZ + MK-421 group [HCTZ 50 mg/day plus MK-421 10 mg/day]. Following a five-day control and a 28-day treatment period, the HCTZ group demonstrated an attenuated but persistent secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia, the MK-421 group manifested a gradual decline in aldosterone secretion, and the HCTZ + MK-421 group had a delayed but effective correction of secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia at 28 days but not before. In conclusion, MK-421 reversed diuretic-induced secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia after 28 days of hydrochlorothiazide therapy. Therefore, converting enzyme inhibitors, such as enalapril, provide useful adjunctive therapy in diuretic-treated patients, but potassium supplementation may be required before the start of four weeks of combined therapy.
Apodization without loss of resolution in the 3-D reconstruction of icosohedral virions

ICOS is a modular software system for the 3-dimensional reconstruction of icosohedral particles from 2-dimensional projections. Noise in the resulting reconstructions is due to many sources including ringing artifact due to finite sampling of Fourier transforms and is comparable with many of the desired components representing particulate structure. This paper describes a method for reducing ringing artifact without significant loss of resolution. Application of a Blackman window to the original Fourier transforms significantly improves the signal to noise ratio by suppressing ringing artifact but reduces resolution in the fmal reconstruction. Taking a voxel by voxel minimum of the filtered and unfiltered 3-dimensional reconstruction restores the original resolution while retaining the enhanced SNR. 2.
News from Online:: Lights, Camera, Chemistry!

This paper presents a collection of online resources related to National Chemistry Week with a focus on the American Chemical Society’s 2010 theme, Behind the Scenes with Chemistry.
Velocity-dependent spontaneous emission: The strong coupling regime

Abstract We analyze the strong coupling limit of spontaneous emission by an atom moving along the axis of a Fabry-Perot cavity. The combined effects of the spatial cavity mode structure and of the Doppler shift lead in general to a damped oscillatory behaviour characterized by a large number of Doppler-shifted spectral sidebands.
Tomographic Separation of Composite Spectra. VI. The Physical Properties of the Massive Close Binary HD 152248

We present the results of a Doppler tomographic reconstruction of the UV spectra of the double-lined O binary HD 152248 based on observations made with IUE. We used cross-correlation methods to obtain radial velocities, confirm the orbital elements, estimate the UV flux ratio, and determine projected rotational velocities. The individual component spectra are classified as O7 I + O7 I using UV criteria defined by Penny, Gies, & Bagnuolo. We present a model fit of the eclipsing light curve from which we derive an orbital inclination, i=72? ? 3?. This analysis indicates that neither star is currently experiencing Roche lobe overflow. We place the individual components in the theoretical H-R diagram and show that the individual masses (Mp/M?=24.2 ? 2.0; Ms/M?=25.8 ? 2.0) derived from the combined spectroscopic and photometric analysis are significantly lower than those computed from evolutionary tracks for single stars.
Controversies in the management of primary breast cancer--a surgical analysis.

(1983). Controversies in the Management of Primary Breast Cancer—A Surgical Analysis. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 259-265.
CONIOPHORA PUTEANA (SCHUM.) KARST. ON LIVING SEQUOIA GIGANTEA

Summary 1 When a 36-year-old tree of Sequoia gigantea was felled it was found to have rotted areas in the wood at the base of the trunk. 2 One organism only was isolated from wood in these rotted areas. 3 The general and detailed microscopic characters exhibited by this fungus in culture identify it as Coniophora puteana. 4 In the present case it seems clear that the fungus was acting as a primary parasite.
The high-functioning autistic experience: Birth to preteen years

A retrospective chart review of 15 children with high-functioning autism was conducted for the years 1981 through 1992. The purpose of the study was to describe the experience of children with high-functioning autism from infancy through preadolescence. Chart data included clinic staff records, parent letters, academic program records, service records, and comments from the children themselves. The findings of this study support the proposition that children with autism who have an IQ above 70 follow a varied but improving course over time. All 15 children met the DSM-III-R criteria for autism when first evaluated. By middle elementary school, however, none of the children in this study met the DSM-III-R criteria for autism, although they continued to have various language disturbances, social skill deficits, and unique behavioral qualities.
Study of acetate adsorption at the platinum electrode/acid electrolyte interface using “blocking effects”: Influences of acetate adsorption on ethanol fuel cell electrodes

Abstract This manuscript describes results using a novel electrochemical approach that utilizes pulse sequences and surface blocking effects for the quantitative study of the accumulation of acetate ions and the influence of ethanol and molecular oxygen on those accumulations at a polycrystalline platinum electrode. The electrochemical properties of acetic acid are of special interest in connection with ethanol fuel cell technology where it is the main product of incomplete ethanol oxidation in laboratory fuel cells. Acetic acid adsorbs as the anion on a platinum electrode in an acid electrolyte. Adsorbed acetate ions block oxygen adsorption during an anodic potential scan, with a stoichiometry of two oxygen adsorption sites per adsorbed acetate ion. Use of this “blocking effect” has enabled the first-time determination of rates of acetate adsorption and desorption and of an adsorption isotherm normalized with respect to available surface sites. The ethanol adlayer is comprised of acetate and species other than acetate that block hydrogen adsorption during a cathodic scan while adsorbed acetate does not. Use of a combination of the “blocking effects” has enabled the first-time quantitative determination of the interaction between the two types of adsorbed species. Adsorbed acetate significantly impedes both ethanol oxidation and molecular oxygen reduction in fuel cells.
Methanol conversion to olefins over ZSM-5. I: Effect of temperature and zeolite SiO2/Al2O3

Abstract The conversion of methanol to olefins over ZSM-5 zeolites is described. The interdependence of reaction parameters T, P, contact time, and catalyst Bronsted acidity in controlling olefin selectivity is characterized and interpreted. It is found that olefin formation can be decoupled from aromatization via a combination of high temperature and low catalyst acidity.
SYNTHESIS OF USEFUL EIGHT-BAR LINKAGES AS CONSTRAINED 6R LOOPS

This paper formulates a methodology for designing planar eight-bar linkages for five task positions, by adding two RR constraints to a user specified 6R loop. It is known that there are 32 ways in which these constraints can be added, to yield as many as 340 different linkages. The methodology uses a random search within the tolerance zones around the task specifications to increase the number of candidate linkages. These linkages are analyzed using the Dixon determinant approach, to find all possible linkage configurations over the range of motion. These configuration trajectories are sorted into branches. Linkages that have all the five task configurations on one branch, ensure their smooth movement through the five task positions. The result is an array of branch-free useful eight-bar linkage designs. An example is provided to illustrate the results.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Control Synthesis for Dynamic Contact Manipulation

We explore the control synthesis problem for a robot dynamically manipulating an object in the presence of multiple frictional contacts. Contacts occur both between the object and the robot, and between the object and the environment. Two sets of constraints govern the evolution of the system — contact velocity constraints that prevent separation and cause rolling, and, contact force constraints that arise from Coulomb friction. We combine the constraints in the space of contact accelerations, obtaining bounds on the robot acceleration as a function of the system state. We solve the motion planning problem by providing a feasible path for the system and generating the controls and the system trajectory by time-scaling the feasible path. We provide examples that illustrate the merits and limitations of our technique and discuss some of the open problems.
Technology directions for portable computers

This paper contains an evaluation of trends in the key system parameters (e.g., size, weight, function, performance, battery life) for battery-powered portable computers, together with a review of development trends in the technologies required for such systems. The discussion focuses on notebook-size portable computers. Those technologies which will have substantial impact on battery life and power budgets of future notebook computers receive the primary emphasis in this paper for example, liquid crystal displays, storage technology, wireless communication technology, and low power electronics. System power management is also be addressed. The basic theme of this paper is first to develop a view of what the key attributes of future notebook computers will be, and then to discuss how technologies must evolve to allow such systems to be advanced over the current state of the art in terms of portability and battery life. >
Football protective gear and cervical spine imaging

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to assess the effect of football protective gear on the cervical spine radiographic evaluation of adult male subjects. Methods: The study used a prospective, randomized, matched-pairs, observational design. Subjects served as their own control subjects, with cross-table lateral and open-mouth odontoid cervical spine radiographs. Radiographs were obtained with protective head and shoulder equipment (pads group) and without protective equipment (no pads group). Two emergency physicians and 2 neuroradiologists reviewed study radiographs. Physicians assessed radiographic views for adequate cervical spine visualization to the C7-T1 level and the odontoid and related structures. Comparison of radiographic readings for the pads and no pads groups used the McNemar exact test. A McNemar test of equality of paired proportions was used to estimate a population of 20 paired individuals to detect a significant outcome difference. Results: Zero percent of the pads group's cross-table lateral structures were adequately visualized by all 4 reviewers (reviewer unanimity decision) compared with 25% of the no pads group's cross-table lateral films (between-group difference 25%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0 to 44). When 3 of 4 reviewers noted adequate visualization (reviewer majority decision), 0% of the pads group's cross-table lateral structures were adequately visualized versus 40% of the no pads group's cross-table lateral radiographs (between-group difference 40%; 95% CI 19 to 62). With reviewer unanimity, 25% of the pads group's open-mouth odontoid structures were visualized versus 45% of the no pads group's open-mouth odontoid structures (between-group difference 20%; 95% CI –8.9 to 49). With reviewer majority analysis, 35% of the pads group's odontoid radiographs were adequately visualized versus 75% of the no pads group's open-mouth odontoid radiographs (between-group difference 40%; 95% CI 12 to 68). Conclusion: Football head and shoulder protective equipment appears to be an impediment to cervical spine radiographic visualization. Guidelines for players' cervical spine imaging should incorporate procedures for removal of equipment before initial radiographic evaluation. [Davidson RM, Burton JH, Snowise M, Owens WB. Football protective gear and cervical spine imaging. Ann Emerg Med. July 2001;38:26-30.]
Single vibronic level fluorescence. V. Pyridazine

Abstract Resonance fluorescence has been observed from pyridazine vapour at 0.1 torr by exciting low energy bands in the 3700 A absoprtion system with tuned light. Some spectra are shown and their analyses are discussed. The fluorescence generated by pumping the band at 26 649 cm−1 (vacuum) is consistent with its assignment as the 1B1-1A1 electronic origin, but the structure of fluorescence after pumping a neighbouring absorption band suggests some modification of earlier proposals concerning excited state Fermi resonances in pyridazine.
New Selective Gas Sensing Device based on Metal Oxide Layer with Suspended Catalyst

A novel kind of metal oxide based gas sensors has been prepared by sputtering to improve the selectivity towards a specific target gas. A metal oxide thin film has been deposited on an alumina substrate equipped with IDC contacts and heater, at a fixed distance an alumina substrate with a catalyst on one side and a heater on the backside has been positioned. The presence of an independent heater on the catalyst substrate allows the control of its thermal activation. Thus this device modifies the response of the sensitive layer changing the composition of the atmosphere surrounding the metal oxide layer and obtaining a more selective response towards specific gases. The novelty consists in the miniaturization of a system with both sensing element and catalyst in a single case in order to have the catalyst just in front of the sensing layer. The catalyst can be activated affecting the gaseous atmosphere surrounding the sensing layer or non activated.
High resolution studies of the electromechanical properties of bone during remodeling

Knowledge of the electromechanical properties of bone is important in the development of understanding of bone remodeling. The scanning evanescent microwave probe (SEMP) is a new non-contact method to image electrical properties of bone. Together with the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), we are studying the electromechanical properties of bone at high resolution, i.e. of the order of microns.