cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining ground-based and remotely sensed snow data in a linear regression model for real-time estimation of snow water equivalent

Abstract Effective water resources management in California relies substantially on real-time information of snow water equivalent (SWE) at basin and mountain range scales as mountain snowpacks provide the primary water supply for the State. However, SWE estimation based solely on remote sensing, modeling, or ground observations alone does not meet contemporary operational requirements. This study develops a statistically-based data-fusion framework to estimate SWE in real-time, which combines multi-source datasets including satellite-observed daily mean fractional snow-covered area (DMFSCA), snow pillow SWE measurements, physiographic data, and historical SWE patterns into a linear regression model (LRM). We test two LRMs: a baseline regression model (LRM-baseline) that uses physiographic data and historical SWE patterns as independent variables, and an FSCA-informed regression model (LRM-FSCA) that includes the DMFSCA from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery as an additional independent variable. The performance of the model is comprehensively evaluated and compared with two operational models – the Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) and the National Water Model (NWM-SWE). By incorporating the satellite-observed DMFSCA, LRM-FSCA outperforms LRM-baseline with increased median R2 from 0.54 to 0.60, and reduced median PBIAS of basin average SWE from 2.6% to 2.2% in the snow pillow cross-validation. LRM-FSCA explains 87% of the variance in the snow course SWE measurements with 0.1% PBIAS, while LRM-baseline explains a lower 81% variance with 1.4% PBIAS, both of which show higher accuracy than SNODAS (73% and -2.4%, respectively) and NWM-SWE (75% and -15.9%, respectively). Additionally, LRM-FSCA explains 85% of the median variance in the Airborne Snow Observatory SWE with -9.2% PBIAS, which is comparable to the LRM-baseline (86% and -11.3%, respectively) and substantially better than SNODAS (64% and 28.2%, respectively) and NWM-SWE (33% and -30.1% respectively). This study shows a substantial model improvement by constraining the geographical and seasonal variation on snow-cover via satellite observation and highlights the values of using multi-source observations in real-time SWE estimation. The developed SWE estimation framework has crucial implications for effective water supply forecasting and management in California, where climate extremes (e.g., droughts and floods) require particularly skillful monitoring practices.
Physical Activity in Elementary School Girls: Implementation and Theory-Based Evaluation of Girls on the Run

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL GIRLS: IMPLEMENTATION AND THEORY-BASED EVALUATION OF GIRLS ON THE RUN Melanie Kerr van Ogtrop Bean, MS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Directors: Elizabeth Fries, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology Suzanne Mazzeo, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Rates of obesity in children are rising at an alarming rate, particularly among girls and ethnic minorities. Engaging in regular physical activity can help reduce this risk. Little is known about factors associated with physical activity (PA) in preadolescent populations, an age when intervention is ideal. Guided by Social Cognitive Theory, this study used a repeated-measures design to examine PA and its correlates, including PA self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social influences (from parents and peers), among participants (N = 57) in Girls on the Run, an innovative PA intervention for elementary school girls. Participants (M age = 9.4) predonlinately include girls from ethnic groups at highest risk for obesity, with 74% African American and 18% Hispanic. Multiple regressions indicated that, at baseline, girls with higher self-efficacy were significantly more likely to report greater intentions to be physically active (P = .40, p .05). Overall, findings suggest the importance of targeting physical activity self-efficacy and fostering high levels of peer and parental support for physical activity to help girls meet recommended guidelines. Implications for future interventions are discussed.
A copper(II)-pyrazole complex cation with (macro)3 imposed symmetry.

The reaction of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O, NaAsF6 and excess pyrazole yields hexakis­(pyrazole-κN2)copper(II) bis­(hexa­fluoroarsenate), [Cu(C3H4N2)6](AsF6)2 or [Cu(pzH)6](AsF6)2 (pzH is pyrazole), (I). The analogous hexakis­(pyrazole-κN2)copper(II) hexafluorophosphate perchlorate complex, [Cu(C3H4N2)6](PF6)1.29(ClO4)0.71 or [Cu(pzH)6](PF6)1.29(ClO4)0.71, (II), is obtained in a similar fashion, using KPF6 in place of NaAsF6. Both compounds contain the hitherto unknown [Cu(pzH)6]2+ complex cation, in which the copper(II) ion lies at the center of a regular octahedron of coordinated N atoms. The cation has crystallographically imposed \overline 3 symmetry. The X-ray data indicate that the lack of the expected distortion can be accounted for by the presence of either static Jahn–Teller disorder or dynamic Jahn–Teller distortion.
The Retirement Systems Act

THE recently enacted Retirement Systems Act,' signed by the Governor June 25, 1945, and effective September 15, 1945, although accomplishing its major purpose of exempting most pension and profit-sharing plans from the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Corporations comes as somewhat of a disappointment to persons interested in the field of employee benefit plans. The act purports to put all "retirement systems" in existence on September 15, 1945, or thereafter created, under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Corporations by requiring that such systems secure a license from the Commissioner before "transacting any business." However, there are then specifically exempted from the requirements for qualification practically every type of employee benefit plan other than a wholly or partly uninsured pension or profit-sharing plan administered through a non-corporate trustee. There is no question as to the soundness of placing under regulation by the Commissioner of Corporations plans of this latter type. The objections to the act arise from its use of new and unfamiliar verbiage and its failure to cover adequately certain problems facing persons administering employee benefit plans of the types exempted from qualification under the act.
Validation and Verification (V&V) of Safety-Critical Systems Operating Under Off-Nominal Conditions

Loss of control (LOC) remains one of the largest contributors to aircraft fatal accidents worldwide. Aircraft LOC accidents are highly complex in that they can result from numerous causal and contributing factors acting alone or more often in combination. Hence, there is no single intervention strategy to prevent these accidents. Research is underway at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the development of advanced onboard system technologies for preventing or recovering from loss of vehicle control and for assuring safe operation under off-nominal conditions associated with aircraft LOC accidents. The transition of these technologies into the commercial fleet will require their extensive validation and verification (V&V) and ultimate certification. The V&V of complex integrated systems poses highly significant technical challenges and is the subject of a parallel research effort at NASA. This chapter summarizes the V&V problem and presents a proposed process that could be applied to complex integrated safety-critical systems developed for preventing aircraft LOC accidents. A summary of recent research accomplishments in this effort is referenced.
Improved Cardiovascular Risk among Hispanic Border Participants of the Mi Corazón Mi Comunidad Promotores De Salud Model: The HEART II Cohort Intervention Study 2009–2013

Abstract Background Community resources (parks, recreational facilities) provide opportunities for health promotion, but little is known about how to promote utilization of these resources and their impact on cardiovascular disease risk (CVD). Methods This cohort study evaluated the impact of an intervention called Mi Corazon Mi Comunidad (MiCMiC), which consisted of promoting use of community physical activity and nutrition resources by Promotoras de Salud/Community Health Workers. Participants were assessed at baseline and following the 4-month intervention. Attendance records were objectively collected to assess utilization of intervention programming. Results A total of 5 consecutive cohorts were recruited between 2009 and 2013. Participants were mostly females (86.0%), on average 46.6 years old, and 81% were low in acculturation. Participants who completed follow-up (n=413) showed significant improvements in reported health behaviors and body composition. Higher attendance significantly predicted greater improvements. The baseline to 4-month change for the highest versus the lowest attendance quartiles were (-5.2 lbs vs. +0.01 lbs, p<.001), waist circumference (-1.20 inches vs. -0.56 inches, p=.047), hip circumference (-1.13 inches vs. -0.41 inches, p<.001); hours of exercise/week (+3.87 hours vs. +0.81 hrs, p<.001), proportion of participants eating 5 servings of fruits and vegetables/day (+54.7% vs. 14.7%, p<.001). Conclusions Following the Promotora-led MiCMiC intervention, substantial improvements in health behaviors and modest improvements in cardiovascular risk factors were found. Greater utilization of community resources was associated with more favorable changes. This study provided preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of Promotora-led interventions for promoting use of existing community resources in CVD risk reduction. Key Words: Community resources, community health workers, U.S.- Mexico border, Hispanic, cardiovascular disease, cohort
Using multimedia and the Web to teach the theory of digital multimedia signals

The paper is about using multimedia via the World Wide Web in a course that teaches the theory behind digital audio and video. New course materials accessible via the Web are now used by students to explore demos that were presented in class. At Georgia Tech (and soon Rose-Hulman) a relatively new course that teaches the fundamentals of discrete signal processing (DSP) to sophomores is now required of computer engineering majors. Because DSP is involved in every aspect of multimedia information signals (coding, transmission, storage, playback etc.) the numerous in-class demos and all of the labs relate to the creation or analysis of sounds or images via computer. The course is structured so that the classroom time is used to explain theory, which is then implemented in lab to explore a given concept (e.g., sampling rates) or carry out a small design (e.g., write a MATLAB program to produce a sequence of sinusoidal waveforms that when sent to a speaker will play a song such as Ramblin' Wreck). Traditionally, reading and homework assignments provide a link between lectures and labs. In this course the lecture/lab gap is closed via follow-up demos that are run by the students via the Web. Labs are assigned that require the students to run demos that illustrate and reinforce concepts introduced in the lecture. The homework assignments are designed to help the students to make the transition from the overview/demo mode to the implementation/lab mode. This leads them to implement something via MATLAB to test their answer.
A Voronoi tessellation based approach to generate hypothetical forest landscapes

Optimization models used for forest planning can be computationally complex and the demand for real forest data to test them far exceeds the supply. As a result, hypothetical forest landscapes are often used, although their capacity to match the characteristics of real forests is limited and they offer little control over important landscape metrics such as average adjacency. Using four landscape metrics that are believed to be relevant to the computational efficiency of forest harvest scheduling models, we describe a new method for generating hypothetical landscapes of prespecified characterization. The new approach produces landscapes based on Voronoi tessellation, created from points chosen by a combination of random point processes. Through a series of multiple regressions, the proposed algorithm determines appropriate control parameters to ensure that the output landscape will match target characteristics within a given statistical tolerance and with a predefined probability. The new method can produ...
Patriarchy, Power, and Pay: The Transformation of American Families, 1800–2015

This article proposes explanations for the transformation of American families over the past two centuries. I describe the impact on families of the rise of male wage labor beginning in the nineteenth century and the rise of female wage labor in the twentieth century. I then examine the effects of decline in wage labor opportunities for young men and women during the past four decades. I present new estimates of a precipitous decline in the relative income of young men and assess its implications for the decline for marriage. Finally, I discuss explanations for the deterioration of economic opportunity and speculate on the impact of technological change on the future of work and families.
The activity of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is initiated at the membrane of infected cells before the release of viral proteins and is required for release to occur with maximum efficiency.

Abstract The final steps in the production of the type C retroviruses include assembly of the viral core particle and release of virions from the surface of the infected cell. The core proteins are translated as part of one of two precursors, Gag and Gag/Pol, which are cleaved by a virally encoded protease. We examined the interaction between the processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor and the membrane-based assembly and budding of virions. Our results indicate that cleavage by the viral protease is initiated at the membrane of the infected cell during virus release and that protease activity is required for virion release to occur with maximum efficiency.
Comparisons Between the North Anatolian Fault of Turkey and the San Andreas Fault of California

The North Anatolian fault of Turkey is remarkably similar to the San Andreas fault of California in its style of displacement, high seismicity, physiographic expression, neotectonic history, presence of creep, and problems of seismic-hazard evaluation. On the other hand, significant contrasts between the two faults exist in their space-time patterns of seismicity and in their plate-tectonic relationships. Workers in the two areas have much to learn from one another.
An introduction to "the addiction connectome: brain connectivity in drug and alcohol addiction".

One of the most exciting advances in our understanding of brain functioning over the past two decades is the mapping of the human brain “connectome,” or the brain’s integrated neural circuitry, thr...
Television’s “Crazy Lady” Trope: Female Psychopathic Traits, Teaching, and Influence of Popular Culture

Objective This article describes notable illustrations of female psychopathy on modern television to review various characters that will have utility in teaching students about female psychopathy in distinction to male psychopathy and to encourage consideration of the potential effects that viewing these countless examples may have on a generation of young women.
Editor's Spotlight/Take 5: Small improvements in mechanical axis alignment achieved with MRI versus CT-based patient-specific instruments in TKA: a randomized clinical trial.

Note from the Editor-In-Chief: In “Editor’s Spotlight,” one of our editors provides brief commentary on a paper we believe is especially important and worthy of general interest. Following the explanation of our choice, we present “Take Five,” in which the editor goes behind the discovery with a one-on-one interview with an author of the article featured in “Editor’s Spotlight.” The authors certify that they, or any members of their immediate family, have no commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This comment refers to the article available at: 10.1007/s11999-014-3784-6.
Development of a Unit-Based Practice Committee: A Form of Shared Governance

Nursing leaders at one facility challenged staff nurses in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to implement a modified process of shared governance, a model that allows staff nurses to influence their practice. As a result of this initiative, PACU nurses were able to collaborate with other perioperative staff members, ultimately increasing patient safety. Successes included increased staff nurse participation in educational projects; increased interdisciplinary collaboration; personal and professional development for the nurses involved; and recognition from a highly esteemed, national organization.
The effects of anesthesia on measures of nerve conduction velocity in male C57Bl6/J mice

Animal models, particularly mice, are used extensively to investigate neurological diseases. Basic research regarding animal models of human neurological disease requires that the animals exhibit hall mark characteristics of the disease. These include disease specific anatomical, metabolic and behavioral changes. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is the predominant method used to assess peripheral nerve health. Normative data adjusted for age, gender and height is available for human patients; however, these data are not available for most rodents including mice. NCV may be affected by animal age and size, body temperature, stimulus strength and anesthesia. While the effects of temperature, age and size are documented, the direct and indirect effects of anesthesia on NCV are not well reported. Our laboratory is primarily concerned with animal models of diabetic neuropathy (DN) and uses NCV to confirm the presence of neuropathy. To ensure that subtle changes in NCV are reliably assayed and not directly or indirectly affected by anesthesia, we compared the effects of 4 commonly used anesthetics, isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, sodium pentobarbital and 2-2-2 tribromoethanol on NCV in a commonly used rodent model, the C57Bl6/J mouse. Our results indicate that of the anesthetics tested, isoflurane has minimal impact on NCV and is the safest, most effective method of anesthesia. Our data strongly suggest that isoflurane should become the anesthetic of choice when performing NCV on murine models of neurological disease.
Experiences Developing the OpenUH Compiler and Runtime Infrastructure

The OpenUH compiler is a branch of the open source Open64 compiler suite for C, C++, and Fortran 95/2003, with support for a variety of targets including x86_64, IA-64, and IA-32. For the past several years, we have used OpenUH to conduct research in parallel programming models and their implementation, static and dynamic analysis of parallel applications, and compiler integration with external tools. In this paper, we describe the evolution of the OpenUH infrastructure and how we've used it to carry out our research and teaching efforts.
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC FEATURES OF PEPIATRIC AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX (PARC)

The long-term clinical outcome for infants and children with PARC is unknown. We report our detailed clinical and immunologic analyses of 14 patients with PARC (ages 15 mos-8 yrs) who have been followed for 13-66 mos since the onset of their symptoms. Diagnostic criteria for PARC included: 1) clinical features suggestive of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection; 2) presence of serum antibody to HIV; 3) absence of opportunistic infections or malignancies. The most frequent clinical features at presentation were generalized lymphadenopathy (14/14) (GL), hepatosplenomegaly (10/14) (HSM), and recurrent otitis media (7/14). Except for hypergammaglobulinemia (13/14) and reversed T4/T8 ratios (9/14), immunologic analyses, including responses to mitogens and antigens, revealed no consistent abnormalities; 2 pts. had IgG2 deficiency. Over the course of follow-up, none of the pts. have developed serious or opportunistic infections and all have maintained their growth parameters. The T4/T8 ratios have remained stable (11/13) or improved (2/13). Gradual regression of GL and HSM has been noted in 6 pts. Although large scale follow-up studies over a longer period of time are needed to confirm our observations to date, PARC may represent an end-point response to HIV infection in many infected children. Detailed immunologic evaluation of these pts. may help identify a subset of children that may benefit from therapy such as IV gammaglobulin.
Noninvasive Detection of Concealed Complex Mixed Solution Using Raman Spectroscopy

In this paper, we present a modification Raman spectroscopic method-Spatially Offset Raman Spectrosocpy (SORS) for the noninvasive detection for the complex mixed soultion through diffusely scattering and fluorescing bottles and other packaging (including transparent, colored, diffusely cattering palstic and glass beverage, medicine and cosmetic bottles). Compared with conbentional Raman spectroscopic method, SORS is able to effectively supress fluorescence and Raman contributions originating from the container. This inherent ability cans substantially enhance the sensitivity. The application is demonstrated on the noninvasive detedtion of complex mixed solution. The experiments were performed using a 1064nm laser with 500mW average power, and a circular array of collection fibers were surround with the exciting laser. The resluts show that the SORS technology was capable of identifying the presence of concealed complex mixed solution in both transparent and non-transparen samples in quality control and authentication of chemical products.
Validity of the FOUR score coma scale in the medical intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity of the FOUR (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) score (ranging from 0 to 16), a new coma scale consisting of 4 components (eye response, motor response, brainstem reflexes, and respiration pattern), when used by the staff members of a medical intensive care unit (ICU). PATIENTS AND METHODS This interobserver agreement study prospectively evaluated the use of the FOUR score to describe the condition of 100 critically ill patients from May 1, 2007, to April 30, 2008. We compared the FOUR score to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. For each patient, the FOUR score and the GCS score were determined by a randomly selected staff pair (nurse/fellow, nurse/consultant, fellow/fellow, or fellow/consultant). Pair wise weighted κ values were calculated for both scores for each observer pair. RESULTS The interrater agreement with the FOUR score was excellent (weighted κ: eye response, 0.96; motor response, 0.97; brainstem reflex, 0.98; respiration pattern, 1.00) and similar to that obtained with the GCS (weighted κ: eye response, 0.96; motor response, 0.97; verbal response, 0.98). In terms of the predictive power for poor neurologic outcome (Modified Rankin Scale score, 3-6), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.75 for the FOUR score and 0.76 for the GCS score. The mortality rate for patients with the lowest FOUR score of 0 (89%) was higher than that for patients with the lowest GCS score of 3 (71%). CONCLUSION The interrater agreement of FOUR score results was excellent among medical intensivists. In contrast to the GCS, all components of the FOUR score can be rated even when patients have undergone intubation. The FOUR score is a good predictor of the prognosis of critically ill patients and has important advantages over the GCS in the ICU setting.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPLIED TO STRATEGIC PLANNING: THE LASE FOLLOW‐ON STUDY

The NASA Langley Research Center, Systems Engineering Office, has established a structured process for the application of systems engineering to in-house projects. Concurrent with this process development, several pilot studies have been conducted to refine the application steps and better tailor them to existing Langley policies and procedures. One such study is the subject of this paper, the LIDAR Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) Follow-On Study. The study was commissioned to utilize the LaRC systems engineering process for strategic planning, towards the overall goal of determining the best use of LASE hardware upon satisfaction of existing scientific objectives. This paper describes the process used, techniques employed, results obtained and lessons learned during application of the LaRC systems engineering process to the strategic resolution of the LASE experiment disposition.
Propagation of Tau Misfolding from the Outside to the Inside of a Cell

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau in neurons and glia. Although Tau is normally considered an intracellular protein, Tau aggregates are observed in the extracellular space, and Tau peptide is readily detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Tau aggregation occurs in many diseases, including Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia. Tau pathology begins in discrete, disease-specific regions but eventually involves much larger areas of the brain. It is unknown how this propagation of Tau misfolding occurs. We hypothesize that extracellular Tau aggregates can transmit a misfolded state from the outside to the inside of a cell, similar to prions. Here we show that extracellular Tau aggregates, but not monomer, are taken up by cultured cells. Internalized Tau aggregates displace tubulin, co-localize with dextran, a marker of fluid-phase endocytosis, and induce fibrillization of intracellular full-length Tau. These intracellular fibrils are competent to seed fibril formation of recombinant Tau monomer in vitro. Finally, we observed that newly aggregated intracellular Tau transfers between co-cultured cells. Our data indicate that Tau aggregates can propagate a fibrillar, misfolded state from the outside to the inside of a cell. This may have important implications for understanding how protein misfolding spreads through the brains of tauopathy patients, and it is potentially relevant to myriad neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein misfolding.
Human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells are potent producers of IL-6

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pluripotent cytokine, has traditionally been considered the product of proinflammatory cells. However, many other cell types have been shown to produce IL-6. Since intestinal inflammation is commonly associated with a vigorous systemic inflammatory response, we hypothesized that intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells might contribute to that response by producing IL-6. We therefore studied the capacity of differentiated human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cell lines to produce IL-6 in response to various proinflammatory stimuli.
Phase equilibria of the MgO-Cu2O-CuO system

Phase equilibria of the MgO-Cu{sub 2}O-CuO system have been determined in air at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1,100 C. The starting compositions ranged from 0 to 100% Mg in (Mg{sub 1{minus}x}Cu{sub x})O. CuO was quite soluble in MgO. The solubility of CuO in MgO at 850 C was about 9% and at 1,050 C was about 20%. The only known ternary Guggenite phase had a composition of Cu{sub 2}MgO{sub 3}. The Guggenite phase exists in three forms, namely, Guggenite A (G{sub A}, orthorhombic, space group Pmmn(59)), Guggenite B (G{sub B}, orthorhombic, space group I(0)), and Guggenite X (G{sub X}, monoclinic). Guggenite A was obtained as a single phase in air at x{sub CuO} = 67% (i.e., 67% CuO and 33% MgO) and 1,000 C. It undergoes a phase transition to the Guggenite X phase when it is heated above 1,050 C. The Guggenite B phase was obtained in a mixture at x{sub CuO} = 75% and at temperatures above 1,050 C. MgO was not found to be soluble in CuO. For samples with x{sub CuO} {ge} 67%, the Guggenite A phase coexisted with tenorite (CuO, monoclinic) at temperatures {le} 1,000 C and above 1,021 C, it was in equilibriummore » with cuprite (Cu{sub 2}O, cubic). For CuO compositions between 20% and 67%, a mixture of Guggenite A phase and the periclase phase (MgO, cubic) was obtained at temperatures {le} 1,000 C. The decomposition of Cu{sub 2}MgO{sub 3} (Guggenite A) phase was determined at several oxygen partial pressures and the Gibbs free energy of formation of this phase was also calculated.« less
Medical and Surgical Therapy for Advanced Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Venous ulceration is the most serious consequence of chronic venous insufficiency. The disease has been known for more than 3.5 millennia with wound care centers established as early as 1500 bc. Unfortunately, still today it is a very poorly managed medical condition by most physicians despite that a great deal has been learned about the pathogenesis and treatment for venous ulcerations. We find that many wound care clinics treat the wound and not the cause of the problem. In this article, we review the basic pathophysiology of advanced chronic venous insufficiency and review the most up-to-date information with regard to medical therapy and different options of surgical therapy to address the underlying venous pathology responsible for chronic ulcers.
Hemodynamic and molecular response to intermittent hypoxia (IH) versus continuous hypoxia (CH) in normal humans

The hemodynamic response to hypoxia may be influenced by exposure pattern and inducible biological signals, such as nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The systemic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) response to intermittent and continuous hypoxia (IH and CH) were examined as was the relationship between these responses and iNOS expression in 10 normal subjects. BP and HR were recorded during exposure to IH or CH (total hypoxic time=60 min/dayx3 days for each exposure profile), whereas arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was maintained at 80-90%. Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes before exposure on Day 1 and 2 hours after the last exposure on Day 3, and it was assayed for iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HR, systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) increased during both experimental conditions (P<0.05), with no difference by exposure pattern or evidence of facilitation over 3 days. No significant change occurred in iNOS mRNA during IH or CH when pre- and post-exposure values were compared. However, iNOS expression at the end of Day 3 was negatively correlated with the average end-exposure DBP (r=-0.79) and mean BP (MBP; r=-0.76) on Days 1-3 of the IH (P<0.05), but not CH exposure. It is concluded that both IH and CH are associated with significant but comparable hemodynamic changes. The negative correlation between BP and iNOS mRNA with IH, but not CH, may suggest differential modulation of the hemodynamic response to the 2 exposure patterns.
Experimental evidence on money as a medium of exchange

Abstract This paper presents an experimental examination of Kiyotaki and Wright's (1989) model of how money can arise as a medium of exchange. While the results generally support the hypothesis that individuals are willing to utilize a good as a medium of exchange, the trading patterns of a portion of the individuals deviated from the predicted patterns. Simulation studies suggest that while these deviations may have initially been a rational response by these subjects, they persisted after they became less than optimal.
Nitrogen solubility in liquid Fe-V and Fe-Cr-Ni-V alloys

Nitrogen solubility in liquid Fe, Fe-V, Fe-Cr-V, Fe-Ni-V and Fe-18 pct Cr-8 pet Ni-V alloys has been measured using the Sieverts’ method for vanadium contents up to 15 wt pct and over the temperature range from 1775 to 2040 K. Nitrogen solution obeyed Sieverts’ law for all alloys investigated. Nitride formation was observed in Fe-13 pet V, Fe-15 pet V and Fe-18 pet Cr-8 pet Ni-10 pet V alloys at lower temperatures. The nitrogen solubility increases with increasing vanadium content and for a given composition decreases with increasing temperature. In Fe-V alloys, the nitrogen solubility at 1 atm N2 pressure is 0.72 wt pet at 1863 K and 15 pct V. The heat and entropy of solution of nitrogen in Fe-V alloys were determined as functions of vanadium content. The first and second order interaction parameters were determined as functions of temperature as: $$e_N^V = \frac{{ - 463.6}}{T} + 0.148 and e_N^{VV} = \frac{{17.72}}{T} - 0.0069$$ The effects of alloying elements on the activity coefficient of nitrogen were measured in Fe-5 pet and 10 pet Cr-V, Fe-5 pet and 10 pet Ni-V and Fe-18 pet Cr-8 pct Ni-V alloys. In Fe-18 pet Cr-8 pet Ni-10 pet V, the nitrogen solubility at 1 atm N2 pressure is 0.97 wt pet at 1873 K. The second order cross interaction parameters, eNCr,V and eNNi,V, were determined at 1873 K as 0.00129 and − 0.00038 respectively.
Are Generic Formulations Equivalent to Trade Name Topical Glucocorticoids

• Trade name glucocorticoid formulations triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide, and betamethasone valerate were compared with their generic equivalents because of increasing substitution of generic formulations for trade name formulations. The vasoconstrictor assay was the method used for these comparisons. Large differences were found between generic and trade name formulations containing the same steroid in the same concentration in both cream and ointment vehicles. If generic substitutions are to be used for trade name formulations, the physician must be aware that significant differences in therapeutic effectiveness may be expected. (Arch Dermatol1987;123:1312-1314)
Incorporation of salinity in Water Availability Modeling

Summary Natural salt pollution from geologic formations in the upper watersheds of several large river basins in the Southwestern United States severely constrains the use of otherwise available major water supply sources. The Water Rights Analysis Package modeling system has been routinely applied in Texas since the late 1990s in regional and statewide planning studies and administration of the state’s water rights permit system, but without consideration of water quality. The modeling system was recently expanded to incorporate salinity considerations in assessments of river/reservoir system capabilities for supplying water for environmental, municipal, agricultural, and industrial needs. Salinity loads and concentrations are tracked through systems of river reaches and reservoirs to develop concentration frequency statistics that augment flow frequency and water supply reliability metrics at pertinent locations for alternative water management strategies. Flexible generalized capabilities are developed for using limited observed salinity data to model highly variable concentrations imposed upon complex river regulation infrastructure and institutional water allocation/management practices.
Dynamic analysis using a linearized failure surface

Abstract A method of nonlinear dynamic analysis is described for situations where there is material nonlinearity and a difference in compressive and tensile strengths. The material is assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic in nature and the plane stress yield criterion is represented by a linearized yield surface. A finite element computer program with a central difference scheme, written to incorporate this yield surface, is also described. Several example numerical solutions are presented. It is concluded that the technique is appropriate for predicting the transient response of a variety of systems.
Performance and Physiological Profiles of High Dietary Zinc and Fasting as Methods of Inducing a Forced Rest: A Direct Comparison

Abstract Equal periods of fasting or high zinc feeding as a means of inducing a forced rest were examined. Single Comb White Leghorn hens (60 weeks of age) were fasted (F) or fed a layer diet containing 20,000 ppm zinc (Zn) for either 4 or 10 days in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Feed intake was markedly depressed in the first day of high zinc feeding and averaged 10.7 and 6.1 g/hen-day during the 4 or 10 days of Zn feeding. Body weight losses of hens fasted or fed high dietary zinc were not significantly different. Egg production rate was highest for hens treated 10 days (both F and Zn) in the immediate weeks following the rest. However, over the entire 6-month experimental period, there were no significant differences among the four treatments. Ovary and oviduct regressed similarly in F and Zn hens. Tissue zinc concentration greatly increased during zinc feeding, especially in the pancreas, and rapidly returned to normal upon refeeding a normal layer diet. Fasting also caused a substantial increase in tissue zinc. The results show that the effectiveness of zinc as a forced-resting agent for hens is related to changes in feed intake.
Multiple orgasm in males

This is a preliminary report of a variation in the usual pattern of orgasm in men. It consists of repeated orgasm without ejaculation, except for the final orgasm which is simultaneous with ejaculation. We have called this pattern multiple orgasm in men.
Packet classification using rule caching

Data rates on Internet links keep increasing with the deployment of optical technology. Packets coming into highspeed networks need to be classified quickly. Different packet classification schemes have been developed but they require a number of memory accesses as classification is complex and memory is slow. We follow the approach of providing support with fast memory, as cache, in computer systems, to support packet classification schemes. Here, we propose a scheme based on memory cache to support packet classification. The scheme not only makes use of faster and smaller memories but also reduces the number of memory accesses to perform packet classification. It can make the performance of the adopted classification scheme independent of the number of connection flows. We present various packet-classification caching schemes for performing classification and provide the cache hit ratio results for various traffic models generated with Classbench.
Chronic depression: Update on classification and treatment

A significant proportion of patients with depressive disorders suffer from chronic conditions. The DSM-IV recognizes several forms of chronic depression. Chronic depressions differ from nonchronic major depressive disorder (MDD) on many clinical, psychosocial, and familial variables. However, less support exists for current distinctions between the various forms of chronic depression. Antidepressant medications and at least some forms of psychotherapy are efficacious in treating chronic depression, and the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy appears to be superior to either monotherapy alone. Still, chronic depression is often inadequately treated, and many patients fail to respond or continue to experience residual symptoms after treatment. An important direction for future research is to elucidate the multiple pathways to chronic depression and to tailor treatments to specific etiopathogenetic subgroups.
Developing a daily food guide for women

The California Department of Health Services has revised an existing food guide (1, 2) for the use of nutrition educators in assessing the nutritional adequacy of women's diets in a clinical or educational setting and for teaching women how to choose a nutritionally adequate die t. Revision was undertaken in order to incorporate currently available information about nutrient requirements (3), food composition (4, 5), dieta~y recommendations for disease prevention (6, 7), and nutrient intake patterns for women (8-14). Unlike other commonly used food gUides (15, 16), the Daily Food Guide for Women (17) was developed specifically to meet the nutritional needs of women during their reproductive years (3). The goal was to develop a food guide that would insure a minimum, average daily intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals to meet at least 90% of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating women. As with other food guides recently reviewed, a basic premise used in developing this guide was that consumption of a foundation diet of nutrient-dense foods specified by food group, serving size, and minimum number of servings would insure consumption of the major share of nutrient allowances currently recommended (18, 19). It was expected that women would eat more food than the guide recommended in order to satisfy their energy needs. This additional intake, while likely to be less nutrient-dense than that from the specified groups, would contribute some additional nutrien ts to the diet. The Daily Food Guide for Women (see Table 1) differs in a number of ways from other commonly used food gUides (15, 16). A minimum number of recommended
Testing the cognitive model of eating disorders: The role of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance

The cognitive theory of eating disorders posits that dysfunctional attitudes about physical appearance give rise to eating disorder risk factors such as dietary restriction, body dissatisfaction, and valuing of thinness. To test this hypothesis, the relationships between appearance beliefs and dietary restriction, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and thin-ideal internalization were examined using structural equation modeling. Beliefs about appearance were concurrently associated with dietary restriction, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and thin-ideal internalization, and predicted these variables within each time point and across time points. In contrast, none of the eating disorder risk factors predicted beliefs about appearance either within or across time points. Implications of these results for cognitive theory of eating disorders and eating disorder prevention are discussed.
Magnetization and nuclear magnetic resonance study of scandium-gadolinium alloys☆

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility measurements are presented for a series of scandium-gadolinium alloys. An enhanced polarization of the conduction electrons is found to be of an oscillatory form beyond the near neighbors to the impurity.
Vegetable oil-based microemulsions using carboxylate-based extended surfactants and their potential as an alternative renewable biofuel

Recently, vegetable oils have received increased attention as a source of renewable fuels. However, the high viscosity of vegetable oils makes them problematic for long-term use in diesel engines. Therefore, vegetable oil reverse micelle microemulsions have been evaluated as an alternative method of reducing vegetable oil viscosity while eliminating the trans-esterification reaction and avoiding the unpurified glycerol and its environmental problems. Since extended-surfactants can form microemulsions with a high solubilization capacity and with a wide range of oils, extended-surfactant-based reverse micelle microemulsion systems were evaluated in this research. The objective of this research is to study the phase behavior of carboxylate-based extended surfactant microemulsion systems with the goal of formulating optimized systems for biofuel. It was found that carboxylate-based extended surfactants were able to form reverse micelle microemulsions without salt addition, thereby eliminating the phase separation and precipitation which had been observed with sulfate-based extended surfactants. In addition, fuel properties such as viscosity and temperature dependence were favorable and thus support the continued development of these surfactant-based fuel systems for use in diesel engines.
Wind from a starburst galaxy nucleus

Galaxies with highly active star formation regions (starburst galaxies) are inferred to have high supernova rates in the region of activity1,2. If most of the supernova energy input is thermalized, a strong wind is driven out of the active region. The wind is probably so fast that gravitational forces are not involved. We present here an analytical solution for the wind which is driven from a region of uniform mass and energy deposition. The solution is applied to M82—the best observed case of a starbust galaxy. The model can be directly compared with the gas pressure in M82 and with a wind velocity deduced from radio spectra. The galaxy does have clouds orbiting out of the disk. The interaction of the wind with the clouds can give rise to streaming motions and to X-ray emission. The wind is expected to create a hole in any diffuse gas in which the galaxy is embedded. The wind may have a significant role in the evolution of a starburst galaxy in that it transfers gas, which is probably heavy-element enriched, from the central regions to the outer parts of the galaxy.
Opinion Leaders: Is Anyone Following?

ARE there opinion leaders in the sense that some individuals within the general public change their opinions earlier than others? Are there followers in the sense of a lagging public, or are "opinion leaders" the only people discussing and making up their minds on the major issues of the day? The General Electric Company has been conducting interviews with national samples of adults by telephone every quarter since 1964. One purpose of these studies is to alert management to changes in public opinion, providing an early indication of new influences that may affect the company. Beginning in 1972 questions were included to identify respondents whose opinions might be expected to change earlier than the total sample. The Katz/Lazarsfeld opinion leadership questions reported in Personal Influence (1955) were adapted to this purpose. Two basic assumptions about how opinions are formed were implicit in this attempt. First, it was assumed that the process of opinion formation is social. When faced with an unclear situation which requires some
PLCε mediated sustained signaling pathways.

Phospholipase C-e (PLCe) integrates signaling from G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to downstream kinases to regulate a broad range of biological and pathophysiological responses. Relative to other PLCs, PLCe is unique in that it not only serves a catalytic function in phosphoinositide hydrolysis but also functions as an exchange factor small the low molecular weight G-protein Rap1. PLCe is selectively stimulated by agonists for GPCRs that couple to RhoA, which bind directly to the enzyme to regulate its activity. Rap1 also regulates PLCe activity by binding to its RA2 domain and this generates a feedback mechanism allowing sustained signaling. As a result of its regulation by inflammatory ligands for GPCRs and its ability to promote chronic signals, PLCe has been implicated in diseases ranging from cancer to ischemia/reperfusion injury. This review will discuss the regulation of PLCe, molecular mechanisms that contribute to sustained signaling, and the role of the enzyme in various disease contexts.