cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrofurazone: Kinetics and oxidative stress in the singlepass isolated perfused rat liver

Abstract The disposition of the antibiotic nitrofurazone was studied in the singlepass isolated perfused rat liver. Both the effects of the steady-state level of drug and the composition of the perfusate were evaluated. The higher level (120 μg/ml) of nitrofurazone in a perfusion medium lacking the glutathione (GSH) precursors, glycine, glutamic acid and cysteine, caused a marked increase in bile flow (from 1.01 ±0.07 to 2.33 ± 1.07 μl/min/g), massive biliary efflux of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) (from 0.55 ± 0.07 to 60.6 ± 25.4 nmol/min/g) and a sharp decline in the caval efflux of GSH (to undetectable levels) and the tissue level of GSH (from 5.74 ± 0.20 to 2.68 ± 0.13 μmol/g). Even after the drug was discontinued, these parameters were not restored to control levels. The lower level (30 μg/ml) of nitrofurazone with or without amino acid supplementation and the higher level with supplementation induced less dramatic effects. Using [35S]methionine, a new conjugated metabolite of nitrofurazone and glutathione was detected. The data suggest that the toxicity of the reactive oxygen species generated by the redox cycling of the nitro group and the reactive metabolites generated by further reduction of nitrofurazone can be mitigated by adequate glutathione levels, but that livers lacking sufficient glutathione to scavenge these reactive species may be damaged.
Normal, Problematic and Compulsive Consumption of Sexually Explicit Media: Clinical Findings using the Compulsive Pornography Consumption (CPC) Scale among Men who have Sex with Men

To assess problematic sexually explicit media (SEM) consumption, and to identify clinically meaningful cut-off points, we examined clinical correlates using the new Compulsive Pornography Consumption (CPC) scale among 1165 participating MSM. Building on scale practices in measuring compulsive sexual behavior, two cut-off points were identified. While most (76-80%) MSM do not report compulsive symptoms, about 16-20% report levels of problematic SEM consumption, including 7% with extreme scores consistent with DSM criteria for compulsive disorders. Demographic, sexual, and HIV risk differences were identified between the three groups. Researchers and clinicians are encouraged to consider using the CPC scale for comprehensive assessment of compulsive sexual behavior.
Grain Boundary Responses to Heterogeneous Deformation in Tantalum Polycrystals

The evolution of heterogeneous deformation in a tantalum polycrystal was examined during a three-point bending experiment using electron backscatter pattern mapping. Slip bands formed at strains as low as 1%, and they became more intense with strain. Heterogeneous deformation was evident as intragranular orientation gradients as large as 30° were observed after a strain of about 8%. Nonmonotonic changes in the local average misorientation distribution were observed, implying that dislocation substructure developed in a complex manner. Slip bands were analyzed using plane traces computed from local orientation information. With the assumption of uniaxial stress, Schmid factors for favorable slip systems were identified for each grain and compared with observations, showing evidence for macroscopic activity on both {110} and {112} slip systems. Reconstructed boundary data were used to estimate the geometric potential for slip transfer at grain boundaries. The correlations indicated that when active slip systems were favorably oriented for slip transfer across the boundary, it was often observed in the form of continuous slip bands aligned across the boundary. In boundaries where geometrical alignment and Schmid factors were not favorable for slip transfer, there was a higher likelihood to form ledges (topographic discontinuities) along the grain boundaries. Dislocation pileups at grain boundaries were also correlated with a low potential for slip transfer.
228 microRNA REGULATION OF GENES IN BOVINE OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS

Little is known about expression of microRNA (miRNA) in bovine oocytes and pre-implantation embryos. These molecules likely have an important role in regulating development. For example, differences in quality of oocytes matured in vivo v. in vitro might be due, in part, to altered miRNA expression. In Experiment 1, in vivo-matured COC were collected by transvaginal aspiration of 7 superstimulated cows 21 to 23 h after GnRH injection, given 48 h after prostaglandin F2α and the last of 6 FSH injections given b.i.d. Oocytes aspirated from abattoir ovaries were matured in vitro for 23 h in a chemically defined medium. After vortexing, maturation of both groups of oocytes was confirmed by visualization of the first polar body, and oocytes were snap frozen in mirVana lysis buffer (Applied Biosciences, Foster City, CA, USA). In Experiment 2, in vitro-matured oocytes were generated as described. Subsets were fertilized in vitro or activated parthenogenetically by incubation in 5-μM ionomycin for 5 min followed by 10 μg mL-1 cycloheximide plus 5 μg mL-1 cytochalasin B for 5 h. After 18 h and 12 h, respectively, fertilized and activated oocytes were centrifuged at 10 000 × g for 10 min to enable visualization of pronuclei. Zygotes with 2 polar bodies and 2 pronuclei and parthenotes with 2 pronuclei were snap frozen in mirVana lysis buffer. Total RNA was extracted from 30 pooled oocytes for each replicate using the mirVana MiRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin, TX, USA). Reverse transcription of RNA was performed using the QuantiMir RT kit (System Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA), and miRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR using the Mouse miRNome Profiler plate, which contains primers for 384 miRNA (System Biosciences). Three plates were analyzed for each group (30 oocytes per plate). Changes in relative expression levels were analyzed with a t-test of values normalized to miR-181a, which was consistently expressed in all samples. In Experiment 1, compared with in vitro-matured oocytes, in vivo-matured oocytes had 11-fold higher (P = 0.02) expression of miR-375, which targets numerous genes involved in electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation pathways according to the bioinformatic database mirGator. MiR-291a-5p, miR-494, miR-539, and miR-547 were expressed in in vivo-matured oocytes only; the converse was found for miR-575-5p. Results from Experiment 2 are in the table. Major pathways associated with potential targets of the detected miRNA include TGF-beta signaling, Wnt signaling, tight junction formation, DNA replication reactome, steroid biosynthesis, mRNA processing binding reactome, and glutamate metabolism. Several of these candidate miRNA might be important for regulation of bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development. Table 1.Experiment 2: Fold change expression of miRNA
Vibronic Interactions in the Naphthalene Molecule

Abstract The second singlet-singlet absorption system of naphthalene (1 B 2u) has been examined in diverse host media at low temperature. Naphthalene substituted in durene and p-xylene crystals reveals hundreds of narrow lines (w 1/2 ∼2 cm−1) within the first 1500 cm−1 of 1 B 2u, Although the same gross band contours occur in all mixed crystal systems studied, each provided unique internal structure; also each deuterium isotope of naphthalene has a unique internal line pattern. This complexity is shown to derive from resonant vibronic interference between the 1 B 2u, electronic configuration and the underlying 1 B 3u vibronic manifold. It is a clear demonstration of the detailed interactions responsible for radiationless processes in such systems. The structure admits to a direct quantitative analysis by means of extended Herzberg-Teller theory and provides coupling terms within such a framework.
Effect of Cooling Air on Swirl Combustor

This paper presents the numerical study of the turbulent swirling flow in a combustor and the effect of cooling air, which has practical applications in industrial furnaces and jet engines. Cooling air is used to protect the combustor wall from burnout, while allowing the combustion to occur at higher temperature. The governing differential equations using k - Iµ turbulence model closure are solved by a control-volume based iterative finite difference technique. Computations are done for constant vane angle type swirl generation at inlet. Different swirl numbers up to 1.5 are considered. To study the effect of cooling air on the combustor performance, calculations are repeated for two different velocities of the cooling air jet. The predicted distribution of the mean axial and tangential velocities, turbulence kinetic energy and streamline plots are discussed in the article. With the increase of swirl strength, secondary on-axis recirculation due to swirl is observed. The swirl produces larger turbulence kinetic energy and enhances mixing rate, thus require shorter combustor length. The interaction between the non-swirling cooling air and swirling core flow also increases the generation of turbulence kinetic energy and mixing rate. The capability of the computational model for predicting recirculating flows is tested by comparing the results with available experimental data and found to have reasonable matching. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol.37 June 2007 pp.1-9 doi:10.3329/jme.v37i0.811
Strategic Maneuvering in Political Argumentation

Although political argumentation is not institutionalized in a formal sense, it does have recurrent patterns and characteristics. Its constraints include the absence of time limits, the lack of a clear terminus, heterogeneous audiences, and the assumption that access is open to all. These constraints make creative strategic maneuvering both possible and necessary. Among the common types of strategic maneuvering are changing the subject, modifying the relevant audience, appealing to liberal and conservative presumptions, reframing the argument, using condensation symbols, employing the locus of the irreparable, and argumentative use of figures and tropes. It is difficult to evaluate strategic maneuvering in political argumentation, however, because the activity types dictate wide latitude for the arguers, so there are few cases of unquestionable derailment.
Incorporating Stress Anisotropy in Determining Time-Dependent Rock Properties During Production Optimization and Environmental Monitoring in Shale Reservoirs

Summary The unconventional reservoirs are commonly recognized by their robust velocity anisotropy, low porosity and low permeability that require hydraulically induced fractures or other means of enhanced oil recovery techniques for economically viable production and acceptable recovery efficiencies. Yet, these stimulation methodologies also introduces concern on potential for surface and groundwater contamination as well as air pollution issues that need to be carefully studied to prevent and
Near-Group Theory and Collective Behavior: A Critical Reformulation

In commenting on the discontinuities between empirical research and systematic theorizing which seem to plague our discipline, Merton makes a plea for "codification" as a corrective procedure.' This process involves the conceptual assimilation of data from diverse empirical contexts in order to arrive at more inclusive theoretical propositions. It is the general thesis of this paper that the conceptual recasting of data from a single piece of research provides another useful attack on this problem.2 Our taking-off point is the fascinating study of adolescent delinquent gangs and gang warfare in New York City made by Yablonsky, who interprets his findings in terms of what he has called "near-group theory."3 In our opinion, however, the findings can be more productively and cogently organized in the general theoretical tradition of "collective behavior" and in
Understanding the Phenotypic Structure of Adult Retrospective ADHD Symptoms During Childhood in the United States

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder, and the phenotypic structure comprising inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive type symptoms has been the focus of a growing body of recent research. Methodological studies are needed to better characterize phenotypes to advance research as well as clinical practice. A large U.S. population-based sample of young adults (N = 14,307, aged 17–28 years, 52.8% female) retrospectively reported their experiences of childhood ADHD symptoms. Factor analysis, latent class analysis, and factor mixture modeling of ADHD symptoms were compared to determine which underlying structure best fit the data. Fit statistics as well as substantive criteria compared models within and across model subtypes. Analyses supported a two-factor two-class structure for both male and female subjects. The two latent factors represented inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptom dimensions. The two latent classes divided people into a smaller affected cla...
Nonlinear optics Mathcad exercise for undergraduate students

An educational experience in numerical modeling for physics majors at Virginia Military Institute has been created as part of the undergraduate research learning paradigm. As part of the independent project course required of all physics majors at VMI, those joining the thin films research group are taught the various stages of numerical modeling applied to complex problems (such as optical limiting) as a precursor to experimental work. Students are introduced to a realistic method of research involving open-ended experiments by this exercise. By teaching students how to design, create, and test a complex numerical model, they gain insight into how an experiment is set up and executed as well as what results can be anticipated. We present an exercise in which undergraduate students use Mathcad in their modeling and calculations.
Differential Interaction of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans LsrB and RbsB Proteins with Autoinducer 2

Our previous studies showed that the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans RbsB protein interacts with cognate and heterologous autoinducer 2 (AI-2) signals and suggested that the rbsDABCK operon encodes a transporter that may internalize AI-2 (D. James et al., Infect. Immun. 74:4021-4029, 2006.). However, A. actinomycetemcomitans also possesses genes related to the lsr operon of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium which function to import AI-2. Here, we show that A. actinomycetemcomitans LsrB protein competitively inhibits the interaction of the Vibrio harveyi AI-2 receptor (LuxP) with AI-2 from either A. actinomycetemcomitans or V. harveyi. Interestingly, LsrB was a more potent inhibitor of LuxP interaction with AI-2 from V. harveyi whereas RbsB competed more effectively with LuxP for A. actinomycetemcomitans AI-2. Inactivation of lsrB in wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans or in an isogenic RbsB-deficient strain reduced the rate by which intact bacteria depleted A. actinomycetemcomitans AI-2 from solution. Consistent with the results from the LuxP competition experiments, the LsrB-deficient strain depleted AI-2 to a lesser extent than the RbsB-deficient organism. Inactivation of both lsrB and rbsB virtually eliminated the ability of the organism to remove AI-2 from the extracellular environment. These results suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans possesses two proteins that differentially interact with AI-2 and may function to inactivate or facilitate internalization of AI-2.
The Phi-Test and Measures of Laterality in Children and Adults

Summary The direction of the apparent movement effect produced by continuous observation of a fixated near light alternating with a distant light (and vice versa), originally described by Jasper (1932) , has previously been related to cerebral dominance as well as eye- and hand-preference. Groups of normal adults and children were given the phi-test, a handedness inventory, a hand strength test, a dexterity and an eye preference test. Retest reliability after one day was only fair for the near fixation and unsatisfactory for the far fixation experiment. Jasper's hypothesis that the direction of movement on near fixation is related to preferred laterality was confirmed for reported handedness, eye preference and hand-strength, but not for dexterity. The direction of the phi-phenomenon on far fixation was also related to these measures. However, the hypothesis that a reversal in the direction of the observed movement on near and far fixation or that ambilaterality in the observation of the phi-phenomenon is related to manual ambilaterality or to the effects of eye dominance were not confirmed. Results obtained with additional lights designed to aid the subject in maintaining fixation did not change these findings. The phi-phenomenon does not appear to be a more reliable predictor of the subject's cerebral dominance than handedness questionnaires or other laterality tests. Consistency of reporting did not appear to be related to a subject's intelligence or age. It was concluded that the results do not encourage further use of the test in clinical studies.
Adiabatic analysis of collisions. III. Remarks on the spin model

Analysis of a spin-rotation model illustrates how transitions between adiabatic channel states stem from the second, rather than from the first, rate of change of these states, provided that appropriate identification of channels and scaling of the independent variable are used. These remarks, like the earlier development of a post-adiabatic approach, aim at elucidating the surprising success of approximate separation of variables in the treatment of complex mechanical systems.
Optic atrophy and visual loss in craniometaphyseal dysplasia.

Four members of one family had craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Two of the four had severe optic atrophy with profound loss of vision as a complication of this disorder. Optic nerve decompression attempted in one patient may have caused a reduction in the vision of that eye. Eight years later this patient underwent craniofacial surgery uneventfully for contouring of her facial and cranial bones, but osteotomies and intracranial surgery were specifically avoided because of bony overgrowth in the foramen magnum region.
Modified tumescent technique for outpatient facial laser resurfacing.

Abstract Purpose The study goal was to retrospectively review the effectiveness of a modified tumescent technique to provide anesthesia for facial laser resurfacing in an office-based setting. Patients and methods The charts of 54 consecutive patients treated with facial laser resurfacing at a large outpatient clinic were retrospectively reviewed for type of intravenous sedation/analgesia, adequacy of anesthesia, complications, and discharge criteria. All patients were treated with a modified tumescent technique with or without intravenous sedation. Results All patients tolerated the procedure extremely well. There were no anesthesia-related complications regarding loss of airway/airway obstruction, desaturation, or prolonged recovery periods. Several patients tolerated the procedure comfortably without intravenous sedation/analgesia. Conclusions The modified tumescent technique is a valuable method to provide patient comfort during facial laser resurfacing while reducing the risk for anesthesia-related complications.
Statistical Performance Bounds for Coded-Aperture Compressive Spectral-Polarimetric Imaging

We apply statistical information and Bayesian estimation theories to calculate certain fundamental bounds on the reconstruction of segment boundaries, material type, and surface texture of sparse objects from their coded-aperture, compressive spectral-polarimetric image data.
Reservoir Multiscale Data Assimilation Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter

In this paper we propose a way to integrate data at different spatial scales using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), such that the finest scale data is sequentially estimated, subject to the available data at the coarse scale (s), as an additional constraint. Relationship between various scales has been modeled via upscaling techniques. The proposed coarse-scale EnKF algorithm is recursive and easily implementable. Our numerical results with the coarse-scale data provide improved fine-scale field estimates when compared to the results with regular EnKF (which did not incorporate the coarse-scale data). We also tested our algorithm with various precisions of the coarse-scale data to account for the inexact relationship between the fine and coarse scale data. As expected, the results show that higher precision in the coarse-scale data, yielded improved estimates.
THE EFFECTS OF INTERVENTION WITH MOTHERS OF PRE-TERMS ON MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTION AND MATERNAL SELF-CONFIDENCE

Environmental variables, particularly mother-infant interaction are important contributors to predicting outcome for preterm (PT) infants. This study assessed the effects of hospital-based intervention with mothers of sixty PT infants (GA<37 wks; weight < 2.5 Kg) on immediate and later outcome of mother-infant interaction and maternal self-confidence. There were three intervention groups: Group A - mothers participation in administering the Brazelton Neonatal Scale to her infant and interaction-skills training; Group B-provision of general information on PT's; Group C - routine hospital care control condition. The assessment instruments include a videotaped mother-infant interaction sequence, the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) (17 behavioral items); a naturalistic home observation, the Beckwith Home Observation (BHO) (8 behavioral time-sampled items); and the maternal Self-Confidence Scale (MSC) (30 items). Both repeated measured and multivariate analyses demonstrated that mothers in Group A scored higher than Group B who scored higher than Group C on IRS and BHO interaction ratings, at discharge and 1 month follow-up (IRS- A=28.2, B=20.7, C=15.7, P < .0001 and (BHO - A=64.6; B=41.9, C=34.7, p < .001). Also infants in Group A scored higher than Group B who scored higher than Group C on IRS ratings at discharge and 1 month follow-up (A=16.8, B=14.2, C=12.9, p <.001). No main group effects were found on measurement of maternal self-confidence. The results suggest that hospital based intervention with mothers of PT infants has a greater impact on enhancing mother-infant interaction than does routine hospital care on short term outcome.
A broad-band E-plane 180 degrees millimeter-wave balun (transition)

A broadband 180 degrees millimeter-wave balun has been developed using E-plane techniques which provides a practical transmission line transition suitable for many millimeter-wave integrated circuit applications. A novel dual-transition approach was taken that provides a transition from a standard rectangular waveguide to a balanced pair of narrow coplanar striplines. In this experiment, a Ka-band (26.5-40-GHz) balun was designed to provide a 100- Omega coplanar strip (balanced) output. Bandwidth performance was excellent with less than 2 dB of variation over the full waveguide band. >
THE FATE OF VIOLA SEEDS DISPERSED BY ANTS

Experimental plantings of the seeds of the two species Viola odorata and V. hirta were carried out to determine relative importance of three effects of myrmecochory: 1) clumping of seeds, 2) scarification of the testa and elaiosome removal, and 3) relocation into ant nests. The study site was a beech-larch wood in southern England. Data show that clumping slightly reduces seedling emergence, scarification and elaiosome removal slightly enhances it, while the nest environment significantly increases the rate of seedling emergence. Only the last effect is statistically significant. Seedlings from nests have larger first adult leaves. The possible impact of ant manipulation of seeds on seedling recruitment into myrmecochorous populations is discussed. THE PHENOMENON of ant dispersal of diaspores (myrmecochory) has been extensively documented both by studies of morphological adaptation of diaspores for dispersal (Sernander, 1906; Berg, 1975), and observations of ants carrying diaspores that were placed within their foraging areas (Sernander, 1906; Culver and Beattie, 1978; Beattie, Culver, and Pudlo, 1979). A considerable proportion of the vernal flora of cool temperate forests apparently is ant-dispersed, but there has been no direct documentation of the advantage of myrmecochory to plants. Handel (1978) gives strong, but indirect, evidence that myrmecochores escape competition, and Culver and Beattie (1978) give indirect evidence that myrmecochores escape seed predation. In this paper we provide direct evidence of the effect ant dis
Children's Pets and Adults' Self-Concepts

ABSTRACT Self-concepts of adults were related to the age when they had their first pet. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) (Fitts, 1965) Total Positive self-concept scores were higher if subjects were under 6 years or over 10 years old than if they were between 6 and 10 years old when they had their first pet. Similar results were found for the TSCS Physical and Social subscales. Whereas gender effects were also found, no significant pet ownership or other childhood Companion Animal Bonding Scale (Poresky, Hendrix, Mosier, & Samuelson, 1987) effects were found.
A theoretical analysis of nonlinearities and feedbacks in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles

Analytical formulations of soil carbon and nitrogen cycles are used to explore the effects of model nonlinearities and feedbacks on the resulting dynamics. Two particular aspects are addressed: (i) nonlinearities in the decomposition rate of soil organic matter and (ii) nitrogen limitation feedbacks on microbial activity and plant-microbe competition. Although linear models of decomposition are more typical in the literature, nonlinear models accounting for the coupling between microbial biomass and its substrate have also been proposed. In deterministic conditions, linear models behave like exponential decay functions, while nonlinear models may also show fluctuating behavior, with dynamic bifurcations between stable-node and stable-focus equilibria as a function of the climatic parameters (e.g., soil moisture and temperature). Both data-model comparison and linear stability analysis support the conclusion that linear models are less suited to describe the soil fluctuating dynamics that arise under certain conditions. A second strong nonlinearity appears when the nitrogen-limitation feedback on decomposition is analyzed. Nitrogen limitation is often established when the substrate of the microbes is N-poor, and/or the competition with plants for mineral N is strong. Such conditions mainly occur when a large fraction of the microbial community cannot meet its nitrogen demand through organic N assimilation, so that mineral N is used. On the contrary, when the microbial community predominantly assimilates organic nitrogen, the occurrence of nitrogen-limitation is less likely and mineralization is given by microbial N surplus. The first case is traditionally modeled by the mineralization-immobilization turnover (MIT) scheme, while the second by the direct assimilation (DIR) scheme. However, since organic N assimilation and mineral N immobilization likely occur simultaneously because of soil heterogeneity and coexistence of different microbial communities, the two schemes only represent extreme cases. Thus, we combine them in a flexible model framework (parallel scheme) and explore how different efficiencies of organic nitrogen assimilation, mineral nitrogen availability and climatic factors control the outcome of plant-microbe competition. We conclude that models accounting only for the DIR pathway implicitly assume that microbes are superior competitors over plants, while models implementing only the MIT pathway might be too sensitive to N-limitation.
The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major

Protection induced by vaccination depends on the capacity of the vaccine to elicit an appropriate immune response. In leishmaniasis, protection requires leishmanial-specific CD4+ T helper (TH) cells. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with leishmanial antigens and interleukin-12 (IL-12) promoted the development of leishmanial-specific CD4+ TH1 cells. These mice were resistant to subsequent infection with Leishmania major. Thus, IL-12 is an effective adjuvant for the initiation of protective cell-mediated immunity against leishmaniasis and may be an important component in other vaccines that need to induce cell-mediated immunity.
Role of antibodies in Sm-p80-mediated protection against Schistosoma mansoni challenge infection in murine and nonhuman primate models.

Schistosomiasis is an important public health concern in more than 76 developing countries. Advent of an anti-schistosome vaccine would undoubtedly add to the existing control measures and may eventually help in the elimination of this disease. In the present study we have attempted to dissect the role(s) of antibodies in Sm-p80 mediated protection by intravenously transferring pooled sera from mice immunized with Sm-p80-pcDNA3 or purified IgG from baboons immunized with Sm-p80-pcDNA3, into naive C57BL/6 mice, respectively, prior to challenge with cercariae. The passive transfer of antibodies from protected mice (homologous transfers) as well as transfer of total IgG from baboons (heterologous transfers), into naive mice showed statistically significant reductions in worm burden and in the number of eggs in the tissues. Immunizations of antibody knockout mice (μMt-/-; B10.129S2 (B6)-Igh-6(tm1Cgn)/J) with recombinant Sm-p80 in the presence of CpG-motif oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant, resulted in substantial reduction of Sm-p80-mediated protection, compared to C57BL/6 (normal) control group of mice. Down regulation of cytokines that have important effects on B cell proliferation as well as the recovery of higher number of parasites in antibody knockout indicated a significant role(s) of antibodies in Sm-p80-mediated protection against Schistosoma mansoni in mice. In toto, these studies appear to suggest that antibodies play a significant role in Sm-p80 mediated protection.
The accidental celebritisation of Caster Semenya

In 2009, South African athletics star Caster Semenya won the 800-metre women's title at the track and field World Championships in Berlin. Shortly before the final heat of that event, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) confirmed reports that she had been subjected to a process of ‘gender verification’. This essay examines the ways in which the international media produced Semenya's accidental celebrity using Entman's (1993) notion of framing which ‘essentially involves selection and salience’.
The effects of temporal placement of unfavorable information and of attitude similarity on personnel selection decisions.

Abstract The present research had two goals: (1) to determine the joint effects of attitude similarity and the temporal placement of unfavorable applicant information on personnel decisions, and (2) to minimize such effects by providing job related qualifications predictive of job success. Two studies are reported in which subjects evaluated the resume of a hypothetical job applicant. In Study I, both the temporal placement of unfavorable applicant information and attitude similarity significantly influenced personnel decisions. In Study II, where cue validity was provided, only the effects of the temporal placement of unfavorable information were eliminated; those of attitude similarity remained. Implications concerning the validity of the selection interview are made.
Longitudinal Follow-up of Child Survivors of the Holocaust

Follow-up interviewing of child survivors is best accomplished when the survivor is viewed as a normal person who has lived through abnormal times. The author interviewed the 24 child survivors who lived in the Lingfield Children's Home in England, cared for by Alice Goldberger. The six youngest of this group who had been inmates of Terezin Concentration Camp were described in A. Freud and S. Dann's monograph. In this paper, follow-up interviews with four of the youngest group are discussed with respect to subsequent reverberations after the interviews for each. Using Freud's classic monograph, Goldberger's notes and her own observations, the author draws attention to three factors contributing to vulnerability or resilience in these survivor's lives: adaptability, appeal to adults, and assertiveness. Child survivors have much to contribute to the study of resilience over the life span.
Modeling climate shift of El Nino variability in the Holocene

A coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model is used to investigate climatic shift of El Nino in the Holocene. The model simulates a reduced ENSO intensity in the early and mid- Holocene, in agreement with paleoclimate record. The ENSO reduction is proposed to be caused by both an intensified Asian summer monsoon and a warm water subduction from the South Pacific into the equatorial thermocline.
Xenon adsorption on graphitized carbon blacks over a wide coverage range

Abstract Xenon adsorption isotherms are reported for two graphitized carbon blacks, Sterling MT 3100 and Graphon, at surface coverages ranging from 10 −10 to 0.9. A radioactive tracer method based on Xe 133 and a conventional volumetric method were used at the lower and higher coverages, respectively. Results confirm the small degree of surface heterogeneity associated with both materials. Close obeyance of Henry's law over the surface coverage range 10 −10 to 10 −6 was observed for Sterling MT 3100. At higher surface coverages, the adsorbed phase on both carbon blacks is interpreted to be a two-dimensionally mobile layer with adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.
Onset of metallic behavior in strained ( LaNiO 3 ) n / ( SrMnO 3 ) 2 superlattices

(LaNiO{sub 3}){sub n}/(SrMnO{sub 3}){sub 2} superlattices were grown using ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and x-ray scattering has been used to characterize the structural properties of the superlattices, which are strained to the SrTiO{sub 3} substrates. The superlattices exhibit excellent crystallinity and interfacial roughness of less than 1 unit cell. A metal-insulator transition is observed as n is decreased from 4 to 1. Analysis of the transport data suggests an evolution from gapped insulator (n=1) to hopping conductor (n=2) to metal (n=4) with increasing LaNiO{sub 3} concentration.
Dubious objections from iterated conjunctions

The knowledge account of assertion (KAA)—roughly: one should not assert what one does not know—can explain a variety of Moorean conjunctions, a fact often cited as evidence in its favor. David Sosa has objected that the account does not generalize satisfactorily, since it cannot explain the infelicity of certain iterated conjunctions without appealing to the controversial “KK” principle. This essay responds by showing how the knowledge account can handle such conjunctions without use of the KK principle.
Buckling of Imperfect Cylindrical Shells under Axial Compression and External Pressure

The wavelike structure is observed on both sides of the deformed area but not at the base region. Moreover, the wave structures at opposite positions on the deformed surface appear to be identical in shape, except that they are mirror images. A cross section of the target system shows that the crest of the waves to the right of the bottom region are turned to the right, whereas those on the left of the bottom are turned to the left, as indicated in Fig. 5a. Figure 5b shows a close-up view of the wave form in the right weld region (see Fig. 2 for wave structure in the left weld region). This behavior of the crest indicates that the velocity of the base plate was somewhat higher than that of the second plate. It is not yet possible to provide an unequivocal solution to this problem nor to establish the value of the critcial contact angle, since the results of the flow are not well known. However, the results in the figures are in qualitative agreement with a plausible extension of the considerations of the references to the present case. Concluding Remarks Melting is the usual commercial method for bonding of metals. In this process, the surface films (principally oxides) dissolve in the melt and/or float to the liquid surface and ultimately are segregated in and removed with the slag. A mechanical method such as hot or cold rolling frequently is employed to disrupt these surface films in order to bring bare metal into contact and provide bonding. We believe this is the first evidence that multiplate metallic structures may be spot-welded as a result of hypervelocity particle impact. It is evident from this work that meteoroid impact may cause seizure between surfaces (e.g., bearing surfaces) that are intended to slide freely on each other, even without penetration to the bearing interface.
Dynamic behavior of a single screw plasticating extruder part II: Dynamic modeling

The dynamic response of a 2.5 inch plasticating extruder and the extrusion line are modeled using high density polyethylene and acrylics us extrudate. Screw speed, back pressure valve position, and material changes are used as forcing functions. Three fundamental transfer functions in the Laplace domain: a first order, a second order, and a lead-lag, are developed to simulate the short term and long term responses of temperatures, pressures, and extrudate thickness. A kinetic-elastic model which can predict rheological properties of non-Newtonian, viscoelastic materials is also applied to the pressure responses of the extrusion process. This model can fit the experimental data well but due to the complexity involved in its parameter setting, more modifications are required before it can be applied for the control of extrusion process.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have emerged from being poorly defined, treatment-resistant tumors to a well-recognized, well-understood, and treatable tumor entity within only one decade. The understanding of GIST biology has made this tumor a paradigm for molecularly targeted therapy in solid tumors and provides informative insights into the advantages and limitations of so-called targeted therapeutics. Approximately 85% of GISTs harbor activating mutations in KIT or the homologous receptor tyrosine kinase PDGFRA gene. These mutations are an early event in GIST development and the oncoproteins serve as a target for the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib and sunitinib. The existing and emerging treatment options demand exact morphologic classification and risk assessment. Although, KIT (CD117) immunohistochemistry is a reliable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of GIST, KIT-negative GISTs, GISTs showing unusual morphology as well as GISTs which progress during or after treatment with imatinib/sunitinib can be a challenge for pathologists and clinicians. This review focuses on GIST pathogenesis, morphologic evaluation, promising new immunohistochemical markers, risk assessment, the role of molecular analysis, and the increasing problem of secondary imatinib resistance and its mechanisms.
Culture from the Outside in and the Inside out: Experiential Education and the Continuum of Theory, Practice, and Policy

Increasingly, instructional pedagogies in learning contexts from classrooms to boardrooms are couched within experiential learning paradigms. The field trip is a teaching pedagogy that draws on experiential learning. The author aims to demonstrate how a field trip to Sea Islands, South Carolina, presents an opportunity for undergraduate anthropology students to experience a learning continuum from course readings and films to a firsthand experience. The effectiveness of the field trip as an instructional pedagogy is assessed. Best practices for incorporating field trips into instruction are presented.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES COMPOSITION, ALTERNATE STATES, AND COMMUNITY BREAKPOINTS ALONG A PHOSPHORUS GRADIENT

A model combining algal mortality due to selective zooplankton grazing with the Monod model of phytoplankton growth was used to predict phytoplankton species composition along a gradient of phosphorus (P) concentration and zooplankton grazing pressure. Model predictions were compared to the results of a mesocosm experiment of phytoplankton species composition along a range of P concentrations of five to 115 μg L−1 and potential grazing loss rates of 0.001 to 0.27 day−1. The effect of the P gradient was measured by monitoring phytoplankton and zooplankton species composition and biomass, and physical and chemical parameters for seven weeks in 12 fiberglass tanks (5500 L) filled with lake water and associated plankton. P concentrations were manipulated so that tanks were evenly distributed along the gradient. Using laboratory derived Monod growth constants for P and literature values of phytoplankton selectivity coefficients, zooplankton filtering rates, and zooplankton assimilation efficiencies, the model correctly predicted (1) the existence of alternate community states, (2) breakpoints between the alternate states which are similar to the P concentrations defining Vollenweider's lake trophic states, and (3) phytoplankton species composition along the P gradient in the mesocosm study. These results suggest that the trade-off between competitive ability for P and edibility is a primary factor structuring phytoplankton communities, and that multiple states exist which may be consistent with the long-standing P-based lake trophic classification.
Innovators for the 21st century: will we face a crisis in biomedical-research brainpower?

THE future of biomedical research and technological innovation depends first and foremost on talent — on the quality of the biomedical man- and womanpower that is being developed now for tomorrow. ...
Surface conformance monitoring in the NextGen timeframe

The Federal Aviation Administration's Surface Trajectory-based Operations (STBO) concept is part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) vision for the mid- and far-term. The STBO concept describes a suite of decision support tools (DSTs) for use in the air traffic control tower to support safe and efficient surface operations. Research on the STBO DST capabilities is currently being conducted by The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD). Human-in-the-loop simulations focusing on the STBO DSTs have taken place at CAASD's Aviation Integration Demonstration and Experimentation for Aeronautics (IDEA) Lab in McLean, Virginia under the sponsorship of the FAA's Aviation Research and Technology Development Office and in collaboration with Mosaic ATM, Inc. This paper describes the proposed set of automation capabilities to support ground controller (GC) and local controller (LC) activities in the NextGen mid-term (∼2018), including automated DSTs to generate taxi routes and monitor pilot conformance to the assigned taxi route. Automation to support surface conformance monitoring supports goals of 1) a safer airport surface through detecting surface movement non-conformance that contributes to runway incursions and 2) increased efficiency of operations by ensuring taxiing aircraft are in compliance with assigned taxi routes. In the surface conformance monitoring concept, tower controllers will be provided with automation assistance to monitor whether an aircraft is in compliance with its assigned taxi route and to selected control instructions, such as, for example, line up and wait or takeoff clearances. The aircraft's assigned taxi route from its present position to its surface destination is stored in the automation. The surface conformance monitoring automation will compare the current position of the aircraft with the assigned taxi route and detect, or in the far-term, predict, non-conformance. This paper describes automation for surface conformance monitoring and scenarios to illustrate future operations.
Transcription factor choice in the Hippo signaling pathway: homothorax and yorkie regulation of the microRNA bantam in the progenitor domain of the Drosophila eye imaginal disc

The accurate control of cell proliferation and survival is critical for animal development. The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway regulates both of these parameters by controlling the nuclear availability of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki), which regulates downstream target genes together with Scalloped (Sd), a DNA-binding protein. Here we provide evidence that Yki can also regulate target genes in conjunction with Homothorax (Hth) and Teashirt (Tsh), two DNA-binding transcription factors expressed in the uncommitted progenitor cells of the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. Clonal analyses demonstrate that Hth and Tsh promote cell proliferation and protect eye progenitor cells from apoptosis. Genetic epistasis experiments suggest that Hth and Tsh execute these functions with Yki, in part by up-regulating the microRNA bantam. A physical interaction between Hth and Yki can be detected in cell culture, and we show that Hth and Yki are bound to a DNA sequence ;14 kb upstream of the bantam hairpin in eye imaginal disc cells, arguing that this regulation is direct. These data suggest that the Hippo pathway uses different DNA-binding transcription factors depending on the cellular context. In the eye disc, Hth and Tsh provide spatial information to this pathway, promoting cell proliferation and survival in the progenitor domain.
Developing An Interface For HOL

The HOL system is being increasingly used for a variety of theorem-proving and verification tasks, and by specialists an a variety of domains. A hindrance in making it more accessible is the austere, prompt-based interface to the logic. Many users find the methods for conducting proofs too restrictive. This paper describes a set of tools designed at Cambridge for improving interaction with the HOL proof environment. These tools, though useful at all levels, aim primarily at supporting the experienced user: they provide the same degree of transparency which allows close control of the proof environment-an aspect exploited by many users-while providing an easier intera.ction.
Improved Real-Time Stereo on Commodity Graphics Hardware

This paper presents a detailed description of an advanced real-time correlation-based stereo algorithm running completely on the graphics processing unit (GPU). This is important since it allows to free up the main processor for other tasks including high-level interpretation of the stereo results. Compared to previous GPU-based stereo implementations our implementation includes some advanced features such as adaptive windows and cross-checking. By taking advantage of advanced features of recent GPUs the proposed algorithm is also a lot faster than previous implementations. Our implementation running on an ATI Radeon 9800 graphics card achieves over 289 million disparity evaluations per second including all the overhead to download images and read-back the disparity map, which is several times faster than commercially available CPU-based implementations.