cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Neuropsychological Assessment of the Effects of Chronic Ketamine Exposure in a Rodent Model of Drug Abuse

While used as paediatric and veterinary anaesthetic and for pain management, the nonselective NMDA (N-methyl-D- aspartate) antagonist ketamine also remains popular among recreational users. As such, there is legitimate concern about the psychological and physiological consequences associated with chronic abuse of this drug. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the impact of chronic exposure to ketamine following a period of abstinence in a rodent model of ketamine abuse. In the present experiment, rats were given repeated injections of saline, 5 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg of ketamine. Beginning at 111 days of age, the animals were tested for retention of an aversive outcome on a step-down avoidance task and assessed for general levels of activity. In addition, the animals were trained on a series of tasks with spatial components of various levels of difficulty, a spatial learning set task, and a nonspatial response learning task. On early trials with water maze tasks of varying difficulty, the ketamine-treated rats were impaired relative to controls, with dose-dependent effects observed on many of the tasks. On probe trials the drug-treated animals spent significantly less time in the target quadrant. In addition, the performance of the drug-treated rats was inferior to that of the control animals on a spatial learning set task, and a response learning task suggesting some difficulty in adapting their responses to changing task demands. The results suggest that chronic exposure to this NMDA receptor antagonist in young adult rats is capable of producing a variety of changes that affect nonspatial learning and memory performance in adulthood, well after the drug exposure period.
How do spatial and angular resolution affect brain connectivity maps from diffusion MRI

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to the directionally-constrained flow of water, which diffuses preferentially along axons. Tractography programs may be used to infer matrices of connectivity (anatomical networks) between pairs of brain regions. Little is known about how these computed connectivity measures depend on the scans' spatial and angular resolutions. To determine this, we scanned 8 young adults with DTI at 2.5 and 3mm resolutions, and an additional subject at 4 resolutions between 2–4 mm. We computed 70×70 connectivity matrices, using whole-brain tractography to measure fiber density between all pairs of 70 cortical and subcortical regions. Spatial and angular resolution affected the computed connectivity for narrower tracts (internal capsule and cerebellum), but also for the corticospinal tract. Data resolution affected the apparent role of some key structures in cortical anatomic networks. Care is needed when comparing network data across studies, and interpreting apparent disagreements among findings.
Speech-like coding of pictures in short-term memory.

Memory span for pictures of common objects and for the names of these objects was examined as a function of three speech-related variables. Both picture span and name span were found to be influenced by the phonological similarity (Experiment 1) and the length (Experiment 2) of the names, as well as by the subject’s engaging in “irrelevant” vocalization during item presentation (Experiment 3). Moreover, for each variable the effect was in the same direction and of comparable magnitude for the two types of items. Experiments 4-6 replicated these findings with the procedure modified such that the retention of order information was not required. It is concluded that under the present conditions, there is a substantial functional equivalence between short-term memory for readily nameable pictures and for words and that this equivalence may be thought of as due to mediation by a common, “speech-like” code.
Effects of fluprazine hydrochloride on an olfactory discrimination in rats

The effects of 8.0 mg/kg fluprazine hydrochloride on latencies to locate a buried food reward were examined. The drug had no effect on rats’ performance when the reward was placed on the surface of the apparatus, but it produced a marginally significant increase in latency when the reward was buried 4.0 cm deep. These results provide further evidence that fluprazine interferes in some way with normal olfactory function and that this impairment is not restricted to the processing of conspecific odors. It is suggested that a generalized olfactory impairment may contribute to the drug’s effects on copulatory and maternal behavior as well as on conspecific aggression.
Developing clinical performance measures based on the Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative Clinical Practice Guidelines: process, outcomes, and implications.

Abstract Background: The National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-DOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines established a widely accepted set of recommendations for high-quality dialysis care. To enhance the End-Stage Renal Disease Core Indicators Project, an ongoing effort to assess and improve dialysis care in the United States, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) commissioned a project to develop clinical performance measures (CPMs) based on the NKF-DOQI guidelines. Methods: The CMS contracted with Qualis Health, a private nonprofit organization serving as a Medicare Quality Improvement Organization, to facilitate a 9-month project to develop dialysis CPMs with the participation of a broad range of stakeholders from the renal community. Work groups were established to develop CPMs addressing 4 areas: hemodialysis adequacy, peritoneal dialysis adequacy, vascular access management, and anemia management. The NKF-DOQI guidelines were prioritized based on the strength of the evidence supporting the guidelines, the feasibility of developing performance measures, and the significance of the areas addressed to the quality of care delivered to dialysis patients. Expert panels developed data specifications, sampling approaches, data-collection tools, and analytic strategies. Results: Sixteen CPMs were developed based on 22 of 114 NKF-DOQI guidelines. After establishing reliability through field-testing of data-collection instruments, the CPMs were applied to a sample of 8,838 randomly selected hemodialysis patients and 1,650 randomly selected adult peritoneal dialysis patients in summer 1999. Conclusion: The development of CPMs based on the NKF-DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for dialysis care was accomplished in a timely and effective manner by engaging a broad range of stakeholders and technical experts. The CPMs are important tools to assess and improve the quality of dialysis care in the United States. Few comparable efforts exist in other fields of medicine.
Overcoming Resistance to Interferon-Induced Apoptosis of Renal Carcinoma and Melanoma Cells by DNA Demethylation

Epigenetic editing of gene expression by aberrant methylation of DNA may help tumor cells escape attack from the innate and acquired immune systems. Resistance to antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induction by interferons (IFNs) was postulated to result from silencing of IFN response genes by promoter hypermethylation. Treatment of human ACHN renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and A375 melanoma cells with the DNA demethylating nucleoside analog 5-AZA-2deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC) synergistically augmented antiproliferative effects of IFN- alpha () 2 and IFN-beta (). Either 5-AZA-dC or an antisense to DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) overcame resistance to apoptosis induction by IFNs with up to 85% apoptotic cells resulting from the combinations. No similar potentiation occurred in normal kidney epithelial cells. IFN response genes were augmented more than 10 times in expression by 5-AZA-dC. Demethylation by 5-AZA-dC of the promoter of the prototypic, apoptosis-associated IFN response gene XAF1 was confirmed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. siRNA to XAF1 inhibited IFNinduced apoptosis; conversely, overexpression of XAF1 overcame resistance to apoptosis induction by IFN-. As occurred with apoptosis-resistant melanoma cells in vitro, tumor growth inhibition in the nude mouse of human A375 melanoma xenografts resulted from treatment with 5-AZA-dC in combination with IFN-, an effect not resulting from either single agent. The importance of epigenetic remodeling of expression of immune-modifying genes in tumor cells was further suggested by identifying reactivation of the cancer-testis antigens MAGE and RAGE in ACHN cells after DNMT1 depletion. Thus, inhibitors of DNMT1 may have clinical relevance for immune modulation by augmentation of cytokine effects and/or expression of tumor-associated antigens.
Corporate virtue: Treatment of whistle blowers and the punishment of violators

Abstract An evolutionary game-theoretic model is employed to address three essential aspects of whistle blowing: ethical decision making, the duality of mutual accountability among cohorts in large organizations, and role conflict between individual and organizational values. I derive an equilibrium condition relating the treatment of whistle blowers to the punishment of violators. The model facilitates an evaluation of the whistle blowing provisions in the Sarbanes–Oxley (2002) Act.
Cortical Structure in Nondividing and Cortical Morphogenesis in Dividing Oxytricha fallax

SYNOPSIS. Light- and electronmicroscopic observations of nondividing Oxytricha fallax revealed a high degree of cortical complexity in this species and provided much additional detail to previous descriptions of hypotrich ciliates. By the same microscopic methods, the morphogenetic pattern of O. fallax was found to be similar to that of other hypotrich genera with regard to the formation of oral primordium in association with cirri and to the incorporation of specific cirri into cirral primordia. There is no donation of any cirral part to the oral primordium, but cirri involved in cirral primordia formation appear to be donated fully to these primordia. Attainment of final form and size of the oral primordium and new cirri is a multistep process. Alignment of kinetosomes to form membranelles occurs first in pairs, the immature membranelles containing only 2 rows of kinetosomes. The 3rd and 4th rows are added by production of new kinetosomes from right to left on the anterior edge of each membranelle. Cirral development, likewise, is not completed until individual new cirri are distinguishable, new kinetosomes being added as the cirri move to their final locations on the organism's surface. The cirral resorption process also is reported briefly. Means of experimental analysis of the possible role of individual cortical structures in morphogenesis is discussed.
Augmenting Vitamin D to Combat Genetic Disease

Vitamin D-resistant rickets is a genetic disease that causes severe bone underdevelopment due to mutations in the vitamin D receptor. Orthogonal analogs of vitamin D were recently identified that correct defects in the ligand binding pocket of a mutant receptor associated with this disease.
On vacuum metrics of type (3, 1)

A technique is described for constructing solutions of Einstein's equations for empty space, in which the Riemann tensor has a triply degenerate principal null direction with twist.
Comparison of reinforcement and punishment functions produced by the same contingent event in the same subjects

Abstract The same event, forced running, was used to reinforce the lever-pressing of six rats in one component of a multiple schedule and to punish their drinking in another component. When the durations of running were converted to probabilities that Ss would not be running at t + n sec, given that the run gegan at t = 0 sec, both reinforcement and punishment were found to be linear (inverse) functions of the probability of not-running. A high concordance (0.90) between slopes of the reinforcement and punishment functions indicated that individual Ss were either sensitive to both reinforcement and punishment or sensitive to neither.
Epinephrine in anaphylaxis: higher risk of cardiovascular complications and overdose after administration of intravenous bolus epinephrine compared with intramuscular epinephrine.

Background Epinephrine is the drug of choice for the management of anaphylaxis, and fatal anaphylaxis is associated with delayed epinephrine administration. Data on adverse cardiovascular (CV) complications and epinephrine overdose are limited. Objective To compare rates of CV adverse events and epinephrine overdoses associated with anaphylaxis management between various routes of epinephrine administration among patients with anaphylaxis in the emergency department. Methods This was an observational cohort study from April 2008 to July 2012. Patients in the emergency department who met diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis were included. We collected demographics; route of epinephrine administration; trigger; overdose; and adverse CV events, including arrhythmia, cardiac ischemia, stroke, angina, and hypertension. Results The study cohort included 573 patients, of whom, 301 (57.6%) received at least 1 dose of epinephrine. A total of 362 doses of epinephrine were administered to 301 patients: 67.7% intramuscular (IM) autoinjector, 19.6% IM injection, 8.3% subcutaneous injection, 3.3% intravenous (IV) bolus, and 1.1% IV continuous infusion. There were 8 CV adverse events and 4 overdoses with 8 different patients. All the overdoses occurred when epinephrine was administered IV bolus. Adverse CV events were associated with 3 of 30 doses of IV bolus epinephrine compared with 4 of 316 doses of IM epinephrine (10% vs 1.3%; odds ratio 8.7 [95% CI, 1.8-40.7], P = .006). Similarly, overdose occurred with 4 of 30 doses of IV bolus epinephrine compared with 0 of 316 doses of IM epinephrine (13.3% vs 0%; odds ratio 61.3 [95% CI, 7.5 to infinity], P Conclusion The risk of overdose and adverse CV events is significantly higher with IV bolus epinephrine administration. Analysis of the data supports the safety of IM epinephrine and a need for extreme caution and further education about IV bolus epinephrine in anaphylaxis.
Cenozoic marine sedimentation in the Sechura and Pisco basins, Peru

Abstract The central and northern Peruvian margin consists of a series of 8 paired forearc basins which may be separated into an inner set of shelf basins and a seaward set of slope basins. We have examined the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the onshore portions of the Sechura Basin (5–7°S) and Pisco Basin (13–16°S), two shelf basins which have accumulated marine sediment discontinuously since the mid to late Eocene. Cenozoic sediments in the Pisco Basin were deposited during at least three major transgressive cycles. Each sequence is preserved as a similar vertical progression of facies including coarse nearshore bioclastic conglomerates and sandstones grading upwards into sandy siltstones and mudstones, and capped by biogenic deposits including diatomites, diatomaceous mudstones, dolomitic horizons, and phosphate deposits. Stratigraphic nomenclature for the Pisco Basin has recently evolved; a stratigraphy presented here includes the Eocene Caballas Fm., upper Eocene Los Choros fm., upper Eocene to lowermost Oligocene Yumaque fm., uppermost Oligocene to middle Miocene Chilcatay fm., and upper Miocene to Pliocene Pisco Fm. Major hiatuses in the Pisco Basin span the Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene, early to late Oligocene, middle Miocene, and late Pliocene/Pleistocene to Recent. Cenozoic sediments of the Sechura Basin were deposited within at least 4 major transgressive cycles with hiatuses during the Paleocene to middle Eocene, Oligocene, early to middle Miocene, and late Miocene. Based on recent biostratigraphic studies, sediments enriched in biogenic components accumulated between about 40-36 Ma, 24-16 Ma, and 11-3 Ma in the Pisco Basin and between 40-37 Ma and 8.5-4.5 Ma in the Sechura Basin. In both basins, the most diatomaceous sediments are restricted to the Late Eocene and Late Miocene through Pliocene. The temporal distribution of biogenic sediments suggests that high productivity conditions linked to coastal upwelling have occurred episodically since at least the Late Eocene. The occurrence of diatomites and phosphorites is diachronous between the Pisco and Sechura Basins and between the Peruvian forearc and other circum-Pacific Monterey Formation analogs, a reflection of the strong influence of local tectonism on sedimentation patterns. The volume of Neogene sediments along the Peruvian forearc is nearly twice that of the Monterey Fm.; despite basin-to-basin facies diachroneity, these deposits very likely contributed to fluctuations of the late Miocene carbon/CO 2 system by acting as large carbon sinks.
Cimetidine enhances cisplatin toxicity in mice.

The combination of the histamine H2 antagonist cimetidine (CMT) and the anticancer agent cisplatin (CDDP) was studied in normal and tumorbearing mice. CMT doses of 100 mg/kg produced no alteration in the survival of DBA/2J mice bearing P-388 leukemia treated with CDDP doses of 3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg. In these groups, the median survival was 13 days and 16 days, respectively, compared to 10 days in untreated controls. However, when adult CD-1 mice were given higher but nonlethal CDDP doses of 10, 15, or 18 mg/kg, the addition of CMT significantly increased CDDP lethality (P<0.05 by Wilcoxon analysis). For the 3 groups, CMT-inhanced lethality occurred in 10% of mice given 10 mg/kg CDDP, 80% of mice given 15 mg/kg, and 100% of mice given 18 mg/kg CDDP. Thus, CMT can acutely alter CDDP toxicity without affecting antitumor efficacy in mice.
Hereditary chin tremor in Parkinson's disease

Hereditary chin tremor (HCT) is characterized by rhythmical, involuntary movements of the chin muscles usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. We describe a 74-year old man with familial, childhood-onset chin tremor, and a 3-year history of progressive hand tremor, gait difficulty, and other parkinsonian features. Since chin tremor often occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD), a coexistent HCT may not be recognized unless past and family history of tremor is carefully explored.
Treating Myofascial Pain

Neuropathic pain invariably affects the musculoskeletal system, causing muscle contracture and shortening: “Myofascial Pain”. Spondylosis, the universal outcome of age, wear and tear, is probably t...
Spin—rotation relaxation in C60

Abstract Recent solid-state NMR studies have shown that the nuclear spin—lattice relaxation time of C 60 is dominated by the chemical shift anisotropy relaxation mechanism. Those studies were performed at high magnetic field strengths and at temperatures not exceeding 320 K. We find that the spin—rotation relaxation mechanism contributes significantly to the total relaxation rate at low magnetic field strengths. This relaxation mechanism also becomes significantly at high temperatures for high magnetic field strengths. We find that the average value of the spin—rotation coupling constant is equal to 41 Hz.
Reproduction in Free-Ranging Male Propithecus verreauxi: The Hormonal Correlates of Mating and Aggression

Endocrine studies of captive strepsirrhine primates suggest that physical environment and social factors mediate inter-individual varia- tions in testicular function and serum testosterone (sT) in males. While these studies have made major contributions to our understanding of the individual proximate mechanisms influencing androgen activity in male strepsirrhines, none have investigated how these mechanisms work coincidentally in free- ranging populations. In this study we used fecal steroid analysis to examine androgen-behavior interactions associated with reproduction in free-ranging male Propithecus verreauxi. Behavioral and hormone data were collected from two social groups during the 1990-91 and 1991-92 breeding seasons at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar. Solid phase and radioimmunoassay techniques were used to quantify testosterone (T) in 105 desiccated fecal samples collected weekly from seven males. Results suggest that 1) solid phase extraction and radioimmunoassay techniques were reliable and accurate methods for quanti- fying T in sifaka feces; 2) fecal T (fT) elevations spanned a minimum of 4 months, peak levels occurring 1 month prior to the January onset of the breeding season; 3) fecal T concentrations were influenced by developmental factors and, among mature males, social factors associated with rank, intergroup aggression, and group instability. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:137- 151, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Role of Radiation in Low Density Silicon Carbide Foams

There are a variety of foams that can be used in thermal protection and/or thermal insulation systems. At high temperature (> 1000 K) thermal radiation may be important or dominate heat transfer in a foam; however, studies based on more detailed thermal radiation analysis are limited. In this paper foams are considered to be semitransparent, because radiation can penetrate through the pore (or void) space and/or foam skeleton (ligament), depending on the materials from which the foams are made. Of particular interest of this study is to understand how the properties of foam material such as its density, mean cell size, etc. affect the radiative transfer through silicon carbide (SiC) foams. In the paper, the dimensionless strut diameter is considered an important parameter of foams, and the radiative properties of the foams are analyzed by Mie scattering theory. The attenuation/extinction behavior of SiC foams can be considered as a function of the dimensionless strut diameter of the foam. The results reveal that the foam properties can significantly reduce radiative heat transfer through the high temperature foam used for the thermal protection.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Mechanics of a fatigue crack nucleation mechanism

Abstract The mechanics of the build-up of large local plastic strains at the free surface of a polycrystal under fatigue loading is shown. Two closely located thin slices in a most-favourably-oriented crystal located at a free surface of the polycrystal are assumed to have an initial resolved shear stress of a few psi of opposite sign. Under cyclic loading, the two thin slices slide in opposite directions, one during the forward loading and the other during the reversed loading. Based on the dependency of slip on the resolved shear stress, the increase of local plastic strain in the slices with cycles of loading is calculated by applying the analogy between plastic strain and external force. The calculated local plastic shear strain in both slices (one positive and the other negative) reaches 100 per cent at the free surface in a few hundred cycles. These large plastic shear strains clearly cause the start of an extrusion or intrusion and the nucleation of a fatigue crack.
High-resolution measurement of breaks in prematurely condensed chromosomes by differential staining

A relatively simple method has been developed to improve the resolution for measuring breaks produced in interphase chromosomes by X rays or other agents following the induction of premature chromosome condensation (PCC). Mitotic HeLa cells, which induce PCC when fused with interphase cells, were obtained from cultures grown for several generations in 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). These were fused to cells from low-passage confluent cultures of normal human fibroblasts and subsequently stained by a modified fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG) technique. Following this protocol the prematurely condensed chromosomes stain intensely, whereas the mitotic chromosomes of the inducer cell(s), which are intermingled with them, stain very lightly. With this technique the interphase chromosomes and their fragments can be identified unequivocally, making scoring much easier and more accurate. The frequency of breaks produced in G1 phase AG1522 human fibroblasts immediately following X-ray doses of 58 and 117 rad was 3.68 and 7.38 per cell, respectively. Use of this technique should allow the detection of damage from ionizing radiation at doses lower than 10 rad.
Voter Turnout in US Presidential Elections: Does Carville’s Law Explain the Time Series?

We estimate a time series model of voter turnout for 34 US presidential elections, 1880–2012. Employing a variety of econometric techniques, our major results are as follows. (1) A negative and significant structural shift in voter turnout occurs in 1972 and is too large to be explained by the lowering of the voting age. (2) The 1972 shift is the only statistically significant structural shift to occur since the first decade of the twentieth century. (3) Short-term macroeconomic conditions significantly impact turnout, with unemployment having a positive effect. (4) Turnout in recent presidential elections has not deviated significantly from the post-1972 norm. (5) Turnout is positively related to the expected closeness of the election outcome, but contrary to some theoretical predictions, closeness exhibits no trend over time.
TRANSLUMINAL ATTENUATION GRADIENT PROVIDE INCREMENTAL VALUE OVER CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY ALONE IN THE PREDICTION OF FLOW-LIMITING LESION AS DETERMINED BY FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE

This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of quantitative 320 detector-row coronary computed tomography angriography (CCTA) and transluminal attenuation gradient (TAG) for detecting flow-limiting coronary artery stenoses. We studied 49 patients with 55 intermediate lesions (30%-69% diameter
Exciton trapping dynamics at very low temperatures

Abstract We consider the decay of particles or excitations undergoing mechanical transport in a medium containing randomly-placed, irreversible trapping centers. We find, as observed earlier, that the trapping efficiency can be reduced for coherent excitations relative to the case where particle motion is diffusive. Indeed, our calculations show that in d -dimensions the untrapped fraction of coherent excitations should decay at very long times as a stretched exponential, P ( t ) ≈ exp[- At d /( d +3) ], which is asymptotically slower than that associated with diffusive transport. In strongly disordered media the decay can be substantially slower than this, exhibiting, e.g., a power law decay, with a power which depends upon the localization length of localized eigenstates near the band edge.
Involvement of 16S rRNA Nucleotides G1338 and A1339 in Discrimination of Initiator tRNA

Summary Three consecutive G-C pairs in the anticodon stem are a key discriminatory feature of initiator tRNA and are required for its selection by IF3. Here, we have mutated two 16S rRNA nucleotides, G1338 and A1339, which provide the sole contact to the G-C pairs of tRNA fMet bound to the ribosomal P site. We have tested their effects on translational activities in vivo and have affinity-purified mutant 30S subunits for functional analysis in vitro. Our results are consistent with the formation of Type II and I minor interactions, respectively, between G1338 and A1339 and the anticodon stem of tRNA and suggest that these interactions play a role in tRNA fMet discrimination by IF3. Moreover, our findings indicate that discrimination also involves recognition of at least one additional feature of the tRNA fMet anticodon stem loop.
Perceptual biases in social cognition as potential moderators of the relationship between alcohol and intimate partner violence: A review

Heavy drinking and alcohol use disorders are well-established risk factors for the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet, there is considerable debate over the functional role of alcohol in IPV. Psychopharmacological effects of alcohol intoxication may escalate the risk of violence directly by impairing cognitive function and facilitating aggressogenic processes by distorting perceptions of social cues and lowering inhibitions. Additionally, alcohol limits the capacity to attend to social cues and, in conflict situations, may thereby increase the salience of provocative cues. Importantly, research on stable personality characteristics of partner-violent men has identified social cognitive processing biases that may heighten the risk for IPV, especially during alcohol intoxication. This review examines social perceptual deficits as possible moderators of the effect of alcohol on IPV within the context of the multiple threshold model. Specifically, we examine maladaptive or deficient social perceptual processes that have been identified as risk factors for IPV and have also been implicated as moderators of the association between alcohol and general aggression: empathic accuracy, facial affect recognition, and anger/hostile attribution biases. Despite the interrelations among cognitive processes related to IPV and risk markers for alcohol-related aggression, many of these constructs continue to be examined in separate literatures.
Main and interactive effects of emotion dysregulation and breath-holding duration in relation to panic-relevant fear and expectancies about anxiety-related sensations among adult daily smokers.

The current study investigated the main and interactive effects of emotion dysregulation and distress tolerance in relation to panic-relevant variables among daily smokers. The sample consisted of 172 adults (61.2% male; Mage = 31.58, SD = 11.51), who reported smoking an average of 15.99 cigarettes per day (SD = 10.00). Results indicated that both emotion dysregulation and distress tolerance were significantly related to interoceptive fear and agoraphobia. Additionally, emotion dysregulation, but not distress tolerance, was significantly related to anxiety sensitivity. All effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by average cigarettes per day, tobacco-related physical illness, and panic attack history. The interaction between emotion dysregulation and distress tolerance significantly predicted interoceptive and agoraphobic fears as well as the cognitive component of anxiety sensitivity. Such findings underscore the importance of emotion dysregulation and distress tolerance in regard to panic-specific fear and expectancies about anxiety-related sensations among daily smokers.
Social demographic and attitudinal determinants of consumer acceptance of food irradiation

The effects of eleven social demographic and attitudinal variables on four measures of acceptance of food irradiation were evaluated in a laboratory experiment. Subjects were presented with balanced information on food irradiation and allowed to discuss the process to simulate the effects of word-of-mouth on acceptance. Trust in government and industry was found to be the most important predictor of all four dependent variables, including participation on a taste panel for irradiated chicken meat. Implications of the findings for consumer education are presented. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for recruitment of macrophages into the cell cycle.

Abstract Mouse peritoneal macrophages whether harvested from a stimulated or unstimulated peritoneal cavity are mitotically quiescent. Either of these populations can be subdivided based upon the particular conditions needed to bring particular subsets back into the cell cycle. Three subsets of macrophages are evident in exudates obtained after stimulation in vivo with starch, endotoxin, or thioglycolate medium. About 50% of such cells proliferate in vitro in response to macrophage growth factor (MGF). For about one-third of MGF-responsive cells, a non-specific agent given in vitro is sufficient for recruitment into the cell cycle (subset 1). Non-specific agents given were dextrans, endotoxin, or thioglycolate. For the remaining two-thirds of MGF-responsive cells, it appears that a need for MGF must be fulfilled in vitro (subset 2). There is always a fraction of macrophages from stimulated peritonea that appear to be non-responsive (subset 3). Unstimulated animals yield two subsets of macrophages in culture: about 80–90% non-responsive cells (subset a) with the remaining fraction only responsive to MGF and a non-specific agent given in combination (subset b). It is possible that growth responsiveness may be used as a criterion to define macrophage activation at the single-cell level within populations that on the whole are activated or normal.
The ecology and feeding biology of two Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) found to ingest the embryos of host hermit crabs (Anomura: Decapoda) from the Philippines

The ecology and feeding biology of two shell-burrowing polydorids associated with hermit crabs from the Philippines were investigated. Polydora umangivora and P. robi were found in shells of 15 and 28 gastropod species, respectively, occupied by nine hermit crab species. Polydora umangivora constructs U-shaped burrows in the outer shell while P. robi constructs burrows in the apex of the shell, extending to an opening along the columella of the upper body whorls. Polydora umangivora and P. robi preyed upon the embryos of three and seven species, respectively, of diogenid hermit crabs collected in the field. In laboratory feeding trials, P. robi ingested up to 230 developing eggs and 70 embryos of Calcinus gaimardii over a 6-h period. The impact of embryo predation is more apparent in hermit crab species that produce small broods of eggs (Paguristes runyanae) than in species that produce large broods of eggs (Calcinus gaimardii). Polydora robi transports the embryos to the mouth by a combination of muscular and ciliary action of the palps; ingestion follows breakage of the attachment stalk between embryo and pleopod seta. Invertebrates known and suspected to feed on host hermit crab eggs are reviewed and the evolution of polydorid/hermit crab symbioses is discussed.
Synthesis of 6,6′-dideoxy-6,6′-difluorosucrose

Abstract The chemical synthesis of 6,6′-dideoxy-6,6′-difluorosucrose was accomplished in five steps: (a) tritylation of C-6,-1′ and -6′ of sucrose; (b) benzoylation of 6,1′,6′-tri-O-tritylsucrose; (c) detritylation with mild acid; (d) fluorination at C-6 and -6′ with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST); and (e) debenzoylation. The resulting compound was chromatographically pure. The structure was established by 13C- and 19F-n.m.r. spectrometry and by elemental analysis.
La(Sr)FeO3 SOFC Cathodes with Marginal Copper Doping

Abstract (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98Fe0.98Cu0.02O3-δ can be sintered directly onto YSZ (without the need for a protective ceria interlayer to prevent inter-diffusion). Though subject to an extended “burn-in” period (~200 hours), anode-supported YSZ cells utilizing the Cu-doped LSF achieve power densities ranging from 1.3-1.7 W/cm2 at 750oC and 0.7V. These cells have also demonstrated 500 hours of stable performance. The results are somewhat surprising given that XRD indicates an interaction between (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98Fe0.98Cu0.02O3-δ and YSZ resulting in the formation of strontium zirconate and/or monoclinic zirconia. The amount and type of reaction product was found to be dependent on cathode and electrolyte powder pre-calcination temperatures.
Nonparametric Likelihood Ratio Estimation of Probabilities for Truncated Data

Abstract We consider the problem of interval estimation of probabilities for randomly truncated data. The best-known method is based on the normal approximation of the product-limit estimator and has a drawback that it may produce intervals containing impossible values outside the range [0, 1]. Its small-sample performance is also not satisfactory. In this article we investigate an alternative approach that derives confidence intervals directly from a conditional nonparametric likelihood ratio. The method is an exact nonparametric analog of the classical parametric likelihood ratio theory, with the parameter space now being the family of all distributions. It has an appealing property that the resulting confidence intervals are always subintervals of [0, 1]. It also demonstrated a better small-sample performance in our simulation studies. This approach is generalized to obtain confidence intervals for the ratio of two probabilities, make joint inferences on any finite number of probabilities, and test goo...
The relationship between soil-borne wheat mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract The relationship between soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was investigated by serology, gel electrophoresis, and mixed infection. The two viruses cross-reacted in microprecipitin, Ouchterlony agar double-diffusion, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation serological tests. The coat proteins of SBWMV and TMV migrated the same when treated with SDS and electrophoresed on 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0% polyacrylamide gels. The infectivity of TMV on Pinto bean was decreased by as much as 80% by the addition of SBWMV. From these results, it is concluded that SBWMV is related to TMV.
Elucidating the Foundations of Statistical Inference with 2 x 2 Tables

To many, the foundations of statistical inference are cryptic and irrelevant to routine statistical practice. The analysis of 2 x 2 contingency tables, omnipresent in the scientific literature, is a case in point. Fisher's exact test is routinely used even though it has been fraught with controversy for over 70 years. The problem, not widely acknowledged, is that several different p-values can be associated with a single table, making scientific inference inconsistent. The root cause of this controversy lies in the table's origins and the manner in which nuisance parameters are eliminated. However, fundamental statistical principles (e.g., sufficiency, ancillarity, conditionality, and likelihood) can shed light on the controversy and guide our approach in using this test. In this paper, we use these fundamental principles to show how much information is lost when the tables origins are ignored and when various approaches are used to eliminate unknown nuisance parameters. We present novel likelihood contours to aid in the visualization of information loss and show that the information loss is often virtually non-existent. We find that problems arising from the discreteness of the sample space are exacerbated by p-value-based inference. Accordingly, methods that are less sensitive to this discreteness - likelihood ratios, posterior probabilities and mid-p-values - lead to more consistent inferences.
Chronic illness and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A population-based study

A cross-sectional study of the distribution of depressive symptoms and association between depressed mood and chronic illness was conducted in a geographically defined population in southern California of 1617 men and women aged 65 years and older. The prevalence of depressed mood for the total population was 5.2%. Women exhibited a significantly higher mean depressive symptom score and a prevalence rate almost twice that of men. Depressive symptoms were associated with several risk factors in both sexes, including age, self-perception of current health status, number of reported chronic diseases and medications and amount of exercise. However, the relationship between physical illness and depressive symptoms appeared to differ by sex with respect to the nature of the disease or disability and the type of medication currently used. These findings indicate that the risk of depression does not diminish with age among the elderly as other studies have suggested.
Domesticating patriarchy: hegemonic masculinity and television's "Mr. Mom"

This essay examines television news treatments of stay-at-home dads (Mr. Moms)during the late 1990s and argues that these news accounts represent a challenge to more traditional masculine identities depicted in media. While offering a nominal challenge, however, these representations reinscribe significant aspects of patriarchal privilege within domestic space. Through a combination of discursive strategies compatible with the commercial needs of contemporary media organizations, television news programs' Mr. Moms operate ideologically to legitimate domesticity and nurturance as appropriately masculine. In so doing, they challenge some traditional notions about men while further solidifying a connection between these men and heterosexuality in the context of mainstream television news representations of middle-class family life in the contemporary United States. This process of legitimating nurturance and domesticity also and concurrently reverses the genders long articulated to particular advertising tar...
Ion beam deposition of 107Ag(111) films on Ni(100)

Abstract Monolayer thick silver films were grown on an Ni(100) surface using direct ion beam deposition of 107 Ag + ions with 20 eV kinetic energy and the substrate at 25°C. Deposition was performed by means of a mass-selected, low-energy, ultra-high vacuum ion beam system with a well-defined ion energy. The films were analyzed in situ by time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS) and by low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Classical ion trajectory simulations were used to model the TOF-SARS spectra. Results of the TOF-SARS spectra and azimuthal scans are consistent with the growth of a monolayer Ag film with a fcc (111) structure on the Ni(100) surface. The deposited films exhibited a faint hexagonal c(2×8) LEED pattern. Molecular dynamic simulations of the deposition process are in agreement with the experimental observations. The growth of such isotopically pure metal monolayers at room temperature with controlled orientations provides the opportunity for exploring a variety of unique physical properties.
Farewell my fantasy.

In this essay, I seek to place Chen Kaige's Farewell My Concubine not solely within the Chinese matrix of its production but within the transnational matrix of its distribution and viewing; indeed, the film may well have been intended for international audiences, to which the film's numerous awards testify. Yet China, too, has been fascinated with Western ideas, with Freud one particular example. So here I use a Freudian interpretation of the film's rationalization of homosexuality in terms of beating and childhood sexuality, a rationalization that diverges from the Lilian Lee novel on which the film is based.
Introduction: unsettling the ESS curriculum

We launch this mini-symposium, “Status Quo, Conflict, and Innovation in the ESS Curriculum,” with a background and overview of essays, closing with recommendations for future trajectories. The notion of Kuhnian paradigms and the related distinction between settled, “puzzle solving” vs. unsettled, “paradigm shift” moments in the history of knowledge is applied to the Environmental Studies and Sciences (ESS) curriculum to explore its own tendencies toward settlement and unsettlement. We argue that the current moment in ESS is less settled than some believe, and understandably so; moving toward settlement is important and timely, but must be done with proper reflection, which thankfully is evidenced in a range of recent literature. This mini-symposium, which builds upon a number of recent related discussions, includes six articles exploring the contemporary ESS curriculum from a variety of perspectives: high school preparation, the undergraduate student experience, curricular assumptions regarding social change, recent national-scale curricular assessments, the need for greater attention to regionalism, and the creative possibilities afforded by teaching through objects. We ultimately suggest, via this introduction and the following essays, that rather than accept the curricular status quo as a settled trajectory, we can embrace the richness and diversity of current engagement contributing to the future development of the ESS curriculum.
Analytical Characterization of the Anisotropy and Local Heterogeneity of Short Fiber Composites: Fiber Fraction as a Variable:

A statistical analysis to characterize the system anisotropy and the local heterogeneity of short fiber composites is presented in this report. Firstly, using a fiber orientation probability density function (pdf), the statistical mean values and variations of the fiber cut ends and the parameters of the matrix material distribution on an arbitrary cross section of a composite are derived. The fiber area fraction Af, which is shown to be a function of the fiber orientation and the direction of the cross section, is used to calculate the composite elastic properties such as the tensile modulus associated with the cross section so that the direction-dependence or the anisotropic nature of the composite properties is predicted.However, to study other important system properties such as the strength, the fiber-matrix interaction, failure process and impact resistance, neither the overall fiber volume fraction Vf nor the fiber area fraction Af at cross sections is proved to be adequate. Local fiber volume frac...
The preparation and characterization of rhenium modified Pt(111) and Pt(100), and platinum modified Re(0001) single crystal surfaces

Abstract Rhenium metal grows epitaxially on Pt(111) and Pt(100) in a layer by layer mode as shown by Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. The growth mode of platinum metal on Re(0001) was also found to be layer by layer. Rhenium evaporated onto Pt(111) grows with a hexagonal close-packed structure exposing the (0001) face while on Pt(100) it grows with a face centered cubic structure exposing the (100) face. The surface composition of the bimetallic Re-Pt surface can be determined from the Auger spectrum when the coverage of rhenium is less than three monolayers. Following rhenium deposition on platinum, chemical shifts were detected in the 4f levels of both adsorbate and substrate using XPS, and this is indicative of the formation of a surface alloy between the two metals. Annealing the bimetallic surface to 1150 K caused further shifts to higher binding energies for both the platinum and the rhenium 4f lines. The presence of platinum on a partially oxidized Re(0001) surface was found to catalyze the decomposition of rhenium oxides under UHV and at a temperature as low as 400° C.
Ethanol electro-oxidation on Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts in alkaline and acid solutions

Abstract Carbon supported Pt and PtSn were prepared by a modified polyol method. The electrocatalytic activities and stabilities of the Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts towards ethanol electro-oxidation reactions (EORs) were investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods in a 0.1 M NaOH solution (or 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 ) containing 0.01 M ethanol. On both catalysts, the EOR currents in the alkaline solutions were much higher than those in the acid solutions, and the onset potentials of the EOR in alkaline solutions were less positive than those in acid solutions, indicating that the kinetics of the EOR improve in alkaline solutions. Even though a significant improvement was observed in acid media on PtSn/C, compared with Pt/C, only negligible improvement was observed in alkaline media. The apparent activation energies of the EOR on the PtSn/C catalyst varies from 21 to 33 kJ mol −1 , depending on the potentials, which are slightly lower than the corresponding values on the Pt/C catalyst (25∼42 kJ mol −1 ) under the same conditions. The Tafel slopes are divided into two parts–at low overpotentials, Tafel slopes on both catalysts are close to 120 mV dec −1 , which is in agreement with the proposed mechanism–Temkin-type adsorption for both OH ad and ethoxi at low overpotentials; in contrast, at high overpotentials, Tafel slopes on both catalysts are over 300 mV dec −1 due to the oxide formation on the surface.