cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
This is the Way the World “Friends”: Social Network Site Usage and Cultivation Effects

Social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and Twitter have become a primary means of communication over the past decade. Prior research (e.g. Gerbner, Gross, Morgan & Signorielli, 1980) has indicated that recurring themes in media can make those themes chronically available in consumers, altering interpersonal attitudes and overall worldview. Previous research demonstrated primarily negative impacts of chronic television consumption, with increased perceptions of the frequency of violent crime, infidelity in romantic relationships, and personal vulnerability to both, dubbed “Mean World Syndrome.” However, if SNS use continually primes users with social connection, then more positive, trusting social attitudes may result instead. An initial study showed a positive correlation between intensity of SNS use and endorsement of trusting social attitudes; a follow-up study demonstrated a causal effect for SNS primes on the same broad attitudes. These findings suggest frequent, intense SNS use may create a “Friendly World Syndrome” that mirrors established cultivation effects for television. Implications for SNS use, potential mechanistic explanations, and future directions of inquiry are discussed.
Can Your Students Save the World? Utilizing Pandemic®, a Cooperative Board Game, to Teach Management

This article focuses on using the cooperative board game Pandemic® to teach management. In Pandemic, players must work together to cure four diseases and save the world. In this article, we suggest...
Worldwide variation in lynch syndrome screening: case for universal screening in low colorectal cancer prevalence areas

To perform a systematic assessment of universal Lynch syndrome (LS) screening yield in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients around the world. Universal screening for LS is recommended in all CRC patients. However, the variation in yield of LS screening in the setting of significant global variation in CRC prevalence is unknown. A systematic review of articles in the MEDLINE database was performed to identify studies performing universal screening for LS. All cases with microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or missing one or more proteins on immunohistochemistry (IHC) were considered screening positive. The overall pooled yield of universal LS screening in 97 study arms from 89 identified studies was 11.9% (5649/47545) and the overall pooled percentage of confirmed LS patients was 1.8% (682/37220). LS screening positivity varied significantly based on geographic region (Kruskal Wallis test, p < 0.001) and reported 5-year CRC prevalence in the country (Fisher’s exact, p < 0.001). Significant inverse correlation was found between LS screening positivity and 5-year CRC prevalence (Pearson correlation, r = − 0.56, p < 0.001). The overall yield of LS screening was 15.00% (382/2553) and rate of confirmed LS was 7.7% (113/1475) in LS screening done in patients ≤ 50 years (16 studies). There is significant geographic variation in LS screening positivity with higher yield in countries with lower prevalence of CRC. Our results highlight the importance of universal LS screening in younger patients and low CRC prevalence countries.
Metabolomic Markers of Storage Temperature and Time in Pasteurized Milk

The current date labeling system for pasteurized milk is based on the predicted growth of spoilage microorganisms, but inherent inaccuracies and the inability to account for environmental factors (e.g., temperature fluctuations) contribute to household and retail food waste. Improved shelf-life estimation can be achieved by monitoring milk quality in real-time. In this study, we identify and quantify metabolites changing over storage temperature and time, the main factors affecting milk stability. Pasteurized 2% fat milk was stored at 4, 10, 15, and 20 °C. Metabolite change was analyzed using untargeted and targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics approaches. Several metabolites correlated significantly to storage time and temperature. Citric acid decreased linearly over time at a temperature-dependent rate. Ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid increased non-linearly after an initial period of minimal increase. Butyric acid exhibited strong inverse temperature dependencies. This study provides the first analysis of the effect of time and temperature on the concentration of key metabolites during milk storage. Candidate molecules for shelf-life monitoring have been identified, and the results improve our understanding of molecular changes during milk storage. These results will inform the development of real-time shelf-life indicators for milk, helping to reduce milk waste.
Alcohol use disorder in active duty service members: Incidence rates over a 19-year period.

Background: Alcohol use is a concerning issue for the military given its potential negative impact on human performance. Limited data are available regarding the incidence of alcohol use disorder in the military, which is critical to understand to evaluate force readiness, as well as for preventative initiatives and treatment planning. The aim was to examine the alcohol use disorder incidence rates (overall and across demographics) among active duty service members from 2001 to 2018. Methods: Data on 208,870 active duty service members between 2001 and 2018 from the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database was examined. Incidence rates were analyzed to determine the diagnostic rates of AUD (including both alcohol abuse and dependence), which were then examined by sex, age, service branch, military pay grade, marital status, and race. Results: Incidence rates of AUD in active duty service members (per 1,000 service members) ranged from 6.45 to 10.50 for alcohol abuse and 5.21 to 7.11 for alcohol dependence. Initial diagnoses of new-onset AUD occurred most frequently within 20-24 year-old, white, male, and non-married U.S. Army service members in the enlisted pay grades of E-1 to E-4. Statistically significant differences (p <.001) were found between observed and expected counts across all examined demographic variables. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive examination of AUD incidence rates in an active-duty military population over an extended 18-year period and during the last decade. Incidence rates were higher than expected for alcohol dependence and lower than expected for alcohol abuse. Given the untoward effects of AUD on overall health and force readiness, active-duty service members may benefit from more advanced preventative interventions to decrease incidence rates of AUD over time. Future research should use these data to develop targeted interventions for the demographics at greatest risk.
Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention and Care Among US Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review of Evidence, Gaps, and Future Priorities

The preponderance of HIV interventions have been behavioral, targeting individual, dyadic, or group dynamics. However, structural-level interventions are required to decrease HIV transmission and increase engagement in care, especially for men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly Black and Latinx MSM. A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the current state of structural interventions; only two studies detailing structural interventions related to HIV for Black and Latinx MSM in the US were identified. An additional 91 studies which discussed structural-level barriers to optimal HIV outcomes among MSM, yet which did not directly evaluate a structural intervention, were also identified. While this paucity of findings was discouraging, it was not unexpected. Results of the systematic review were used to inform guidelines for the implementation and evaluation of structural interventions to address HIV among MSM in the U.S. These include deploying specific interventions for multiply marginalized individuals, prioritizing the deconstruction of structural stigma, and expanding the capacity of researchers to evaluate “natural” policy-level structural interventions through a standardization of methods for rapid evaluative response, and through universal application of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity demographic measures.
COMMENTS ON DRIVER BEHAVIOR AND ITS ROLE IN TRAFFIC CRASHES

The universe of all traffic crashes can be disaggregated in many ways such as by the number of vehicles involved, by the age of the involved drivers, by the sex of the drivers, or by whether the drivers were drunk or sober. Disaggregation by any particular variable does not imply that disaggregation by any other variable is inappropriate. The present paper focuses on disaggregating all crashes by one factor, namely, drive behaviors associated with crash involvement. Such behavior is discussed as stemming from 3 sources: miscalculation of risk; risk taking for its own sake; intentional acts. Knowing the source of the behavior associated with crashes is important in proposing countermmeasures. Miscalculation of risks arises from inadequate knowledge or understanding, and may be addressed by education. Behavior with origins other than lack of knowledge is unlikely to be changed by supplying more knowledge, and other countermeasures must be sought.
A Physician’s Primer of Developmental and Psychologic Test Instruments

The recent emphasis on comprehensive health care has broadened the role of the primary care physician. This expanded role necessitates more involvement with psychologic and developmental testing, as it is estimated that one out of ten children has some type of developmental handicap or less severe learning problem. Since the enactment of PL 94–142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 1975), 5% of all school-aged children receive special education services for learning disabilities (LD), despite an estimate of an 11 to 13% prevalence of LD. The implementation of PL 99–457 (Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act, 1986) mandated early intervention services for at-risk children aged 3 to 5 years, and incentive grants have been provided to initiate programs for the under-4-year-old segment of this high-risk population. Furthermore, there is an increasing population of high-risk nursery center graduates, typically cared for by primary care physicians. These children are at increased risk for high-prevalence, low-severity learning problems such as deficits in visual motor integration, visual perception, reading, language, mathematics, and attention/concentration. Pediatricians face two major issues: (1) earlier, more accurate identification of developmental problems, and (2) an increased need for detection and intervention in regard to later learning difficulties.
Pathologic criteria of radiation injury

The many lesions associated with response to radiation are best considered on the base of dose, amount of body irradiated, duration of the radiation exposure, and time since exposure. Ionizing radiation of different types—X-ray, radium, neutrons—produces essentially similar effects, allowing for differences in dose and in linear energy transfer. The symptomatic reaction to overwhelming whole-body doses of radiation—thousands of rads—is almost immediate disorientation or coma with prompt death. There is no distinctive lesion present at death because of insufficient time for its development. In those few who survive some hours, generalized erythema appears. When tissues are examined histologically, there is little obvious change. Necrosis may be present in lymphoid tissues, as well as congestion and phagocytosis of lymphocytes and red blood cells by reticulum cells and macrophages. Mitosis is absent in tissues where normally active, such as germinal centers of lymphoid tissue, hematopoietic tissue in general, crypts of the intestinal glands, and testes.
Holography and its applications

Holography, initiated by the work of Dennis Gabor (1) in 1948, has now joined in scope and ramifications the fields of communication and information sciences: It includes, in fact, increasingly the developments of these fields, based on the original contributions of Norbert Wiener and Claude Shannon, among others. Through recent developments in technology, including the laser, as well as in the underlying mathematics and systems theory, including Fourier transform methods, the ramifications of communication and information sciences, as well as of holography are attaining new levels of importance and interest throughout physics, engineering, astronomy, medicine and biology, among many others. In all contemporary forms, of course, these fields now make increasing use of computers in their several forms. In fact, many of the most impressive applications of holography, beyond its 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging capabilities, and the related remarkable achievements of holographic interferometry, are appearing to be of a ‘computational’ nature: the field of ‘optical computing’ is gaining an increasing importance (2), and its potentials were recognized clearly from the beginning when the first textbooks started to appear in the middle 1960’s (3)(4)(5) etc. Even earlier, in the late 1950’s, holographic principles were used to reconstruct images with coherent light (later lasers) from film records, originally recorded with microwaves, as in the well-known coherent synthetic-aperture side-looking radar (6).
Development of the BOLVAPS/LIBORS lithium ion source for the PBFA II accelerator

A millimeter-thickness 10/sup 16/-10/sup 17/-cm/sup -3/ Li plasma ion source for the PBFA II applied-B ion diode is described. BOLVAPS (Boil-Off Lithium VAPor Source) is a technique for making a thin layer of Li vapor by rapid ohmic heating of a thin-film laminate, one layer of which contains Li. LIBORS (Laser Ionization Based On Resonance Saturation) is a technique for ionizing Li using light tuned to the 670.8-nm Li transition. BOLVAPS films consist of a 3-5- mu m-thick Mo layer, a 1- mu m LiAg layer, and a 0.3- mu m Ag overcoat. In operation, BOLVAPS films are preheated to 700 degrees C for approximately 10 ms to melt the LiAg and outgas volatile contaminants, and then heated to 1100-1200 degrees C for 500 ns to evaporate high-density Li. In small-scale tests with films on polished alumina, using 40 mJ/cm/sup 2/ of laser light, Li plasmas with average electron densities of 2*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/ and a thickness of 2 mm were made. Construction of the source is underway. >
Effect of Dietary Blackcurrant Seed Oil on Mouse Macrophage Subclasses of Choline and Ethanolamine Glycerophospholipids

There have been reports that dietary gamma-linolenic acid [18:3(n-6)] and alpha-linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)] are capable of regulating cellular eicosanoid biosynthesis and inflammation. Because the eicosanoid cascade is regulated in part by the distribution of arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)] among phospholipid subclasses, the effects of feeding blackcurrant seed oil [containing 18:3(n-6) and 18:3(n-3)] on the fatty acid composition of diacyl, alkylacyl and alkenylacyl subclasses of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were studied in mouse peritoneal macrophages. After 4 wk of dietary treatment, the relative distribution (mol %) of macrophage phospholipid classes and subclasses was not altered in animals fed blackcurrant seed oil relative to those fed corn oil [containing linoleic acid, 18:2(n-6)]. Macrophages from blackcurrant seed oil-fed animals had reduced levels of PC diacyl 18:3(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 20:3(n-6), 22:5(n-3), and alkylacyl 20:3(n-6), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3). In general, dietary blackcurrant treatment produced fatty acid alterations in PE subclasses that were similar to those in PC. A major exception, however, was the reduction in 20:4(n-6) levels in all PE subclasses, whereas no effect in PC subclass 20:4(n-6) levels was noted. These findings indicate i) that pronounced differences in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) compositions of macrophage PC and PE subclasses exist following dietary fat manipulation and ii) that 18:3(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) feeding can increase potential anti-flammatory precursor levels of 20:3(n-6) and (n-3) PUFA in the macrophage.
A Java Architecture for Dynamic Object and Framework Customizations

A collection of design patterns was described by Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides in 1994[1]. Each pattern ensures that a certain aspect can vary over time, for example the operations that can be applied to an object or the algorithm of a method. The patterns are described by constructs such as the inheritance and reference relations, attempting to emulate more dynamic relationships. As a result, the design patterns demonstrate how awkward it is to program natural concepts of reuse and evolution when using a traditional object-oriented language.
Center for Global Environmental Research

The Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) was established to contribute to the solution of pressing environmental problems and has three major activities: integration of environmental research through enhanced communication and international cooperation; support to global environmental research; and long-term and continuous monitoring relevant to global environmental issues. Keywords: environmental monitoring; climate change; ozone; international cooperation
Radical Initiatives with Case Studies in the Preparation of Multicultural Teachers.

Research points to particular problems in the experiences of White teachers teaching children of color and diverse backgrounds because often they are unfamiliar with their students‘ backgrounds and communities. Additionally, research points to the educational value of linking students‘ lived experiences to their classroom learning. This paper presents the research-based findings of faculty who implemented a field-based ―pedagogy lab‖ in an urban teacher preparation program. The lab offered teacher candidates opportunities to develop a deeper and a broader understanding of content and pedagogy, which resulted in enhanced specific content-pedagogical knowledge. The findings suggest new ways of preparing urban teachers.
Effect of pH and metal ion concentration on the equilibrium hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate.

Abstract The observed equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate has been calculated as a function of pH and pMg (-log (Mg2+)) at 25°, along with the numbers of moles of H+ and Mg2+ produced per mole of ATP hydrolyzed. This equilibrium constant has also been calculated as a function of pMg and pCa (-log (Ca2+)) at a constant pH of 7.4, along with the numbers of moles of Mg2+ and Ca2+ produced per mole of ATP hydrolyzed. The productions of inorganic phosphate, H+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are linked through the acid dissociations and metal ion binding of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate. Recalculation of earlier chemical equilibrium data has led to ΔG0'298 = -9500 cal mole-1 in the absence of magnesium ions, -8600 cal mole-1 at pMg = 2, and -8800 cal mole-1 at pMg = 3, at 25°, pH 7, and 0.2 ionic strength for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. In limiting cases, the inkage may be seen to result from certain simple reactions.
Resolution of racemic amino acids by gas chromatography. IV. N-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolyl amino acid n-butyl esters.

The structural effect of the amino acids on the resolution of enantiomers and the relative retention times were studied by gas chromatography on OV-1 and polyethylene glycol adipate as the stationary phases. Relation between the separation factors and structure of racemic amino acids was discussed. It was concluded that the separation factors of racemic amino acids depend on the relative size of the substituents on the asymmetric carbon and the position of amino group.
Soil and Sediments: Pesticides Content Sampling, Sample Preparation, and Preservation

For pesticide residue determination, field sampling and analysis of agricultural soils and sediments requires the consideration of several seemingly interrelated factors. The mechanisms by which pesticides are adsorbed, absorbed, and desorbed from soils are not well understood for most families of chemicals or for most soils. In addition, soil properties are both spatially and temporally variable, so that the question of sampling methodology becomes important in order to insure that the samples taken are statistically representative of the larger population being examined. Thus, the investigator must weigh the attributes and limitations of each and then choose the best overall compromise among sample size and numbers, analyte specificity, and experimental designs. Following proper collection, the laboratory analyst must then choose among several options for selective extraction techniques for removal of the pesticide analytes of interest. For most applications, one of the following will be used: a classical approach employing a suitable solvent or cosolvent mixture in either a batch shake-out or Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Other more recently developed options include the use of extractant solvents or cosolvent mixtures held under elevated pressures and temperatures (pressurized fluid extraction (PFE)) or pure substances amended with cosolvent modifiers and held above their respective critical points (CPs) (supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)). Another option is the use of ultrasonic energy (sonication) to facilitate extraction. Each of these approaches relies upon an input of sufficient kinetic energy from an externally applied source to the sample slurried with extractant. As the binding energies responsible for the retention of pesticides on soil are overcome, sorbed solutes are released into the solution phase. Studies which address pesticide fate issues often also require determination of soil metabolite and degradate compounds along with the registered parent chemical. For many families of insecticides and herbicides, these same extraction protocols can be used to quantitatively remove the major daughter compounds from soils without requiring an additional extraction step.
Legal Protection of Technological Measures Protecting Works of Authorship: International Obligations and the US Experience

The ongoing transposition of the EU Information Society Directive's requirement that member States adopt of legal prohibitions of the circumvention of technological protections of works of authorship occasions this review of international obligations and their implementation in the US. This article addresses the scope of international obligations the WIPO Copyright Treaties impose on member States to protect against circumvention, as well as the US experience with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act's prohibitions on circumvention of access and copy controls. It examines the text of the statute, codified at sec. 1201 of the 1976 Copyright Act, the five years of judicial decisions interpreting the statute, and the two administrative proceedings implementing one aspect of the statutory scheme. The analysis of the DMCA and its judicial and administrative interpretation will take up three issues: 1) What technological measures does sec. 1201 protect? 2) What conduct does sec. 1201 prohibit? 3) To what extent does sec. 1201 accommodate copyright exceptions? The US experience to date indicates that legal protection for technological measures has helped foster new business models that make works available to the public at a variety of price points and enjoyment options, without engendering the "digital lockup" and other copyright owner abuses that many had feared. This is not to say that the US legislation and its judicial interpretation represent the most preferable means to making the internet a hospitable place for authors while continuing to enable lawful user conduct. But brooding forecasts and legitimate continuing concerns notwithstanding, the overall equilibrium so far appears to be a reasonable one.
A Provocative Year: Guest Editorial

This overview highlights several of the themes that have been developed in the Reflections articles written for the FAJ in its 60th anniversary year: the ethical responsibilities of various market participants, agency theory, rules individuals need to succeed in making their own investment decisions, understanding the rapid development of what we call “modern finance theory,” and putting to use the lessons we can learn from the past.
Brief encounter: Federico García Lorca and Edouard Roditi in Paris (june 1929)

Me siento bien aqui [New York]. Mejor que en Paris, al que le noto un poco podrido y viejo.1 1Federico Garcia Lorca, letter to his parents of 28 June 1929, in Epistolario completo, ed. Andrew A. An...
Adaptive control experiment with a large flexible structure

A large space antenna-like ground experiment structure has been developed for conducting research and validation of advanced control technology. A set of proof-of-concept adaptive control experiments for transient and initial deflection regulation with a small set of sensors and actuators were conducted. Very limited knowledge of the plant dynamics and its environment was used in the design of the adaptive controller so that performance could be demonstrated under conditions of gross underlying uncertainties. High performance has been observed under such stringent conditions. These experiments have established a baseline for future studies involving more complex hardware and environmental conditions, and utilizing additional sets of sensors and actuators.
Photoemission studies of silicon chemisorption on Al(110)

Abstract We present the results of one of the few studies of chemisorption of a semiconductor overlayer on a metal substrate, performed for Si on Al(110). The results suggest that simple models cannot provide an unified picture of semiconductor interfaces.
Toward a theory of muscle contraction.

The general chemistry of muscle contraction was elucidated early on from test-tube reconstitutions of function:1, 2 Myosin and actin form an ATP-dissociable complex; myosin is an actin-modifiable ATPase, and the free energy of ATP hydrolysis “pays for” any work performed in contraction. The central structural feature of contraction was discovered later:3, 4 In the vertebrate sarcomere, thick (myosin) and thin (actin + control proteins) filaments interdigitate to produce shortening without change in filament length. Finally came the macroscopic “law of force”:5, 6 The “tetanic” shortening force, and/or the rate of chemical energy dissipation, is proportional to the number of interactions between (myosin) cross-bridges and actin. Even together these great discoveries are not an explanation of how muscle works because it remains unknown how myosin, actin, and ATP, located as they are, produce a force at the microscopic level, or how this force is directed and timed to produce the behavior expressed by the macroscopic law. On the other hand, it is nowadays pointless to theorize about these unknown processes unless the theory springs clearly and naturally from these firmly-established central facts.
Disordered magnet near the percolation threshold

Abstract A disordered Potts magnet containing a random mixture of ferromagnetic exchange constants J a and J b ( J a ⪡ J b ) near the percolation threshold is considered. The scaling form for the free energy contains two crossover exponents. Duality arguments in two dimensions show that these exponents are equal. They are also shown to be equal to unity in d = 6 − ϵ dimensions to order ϵ.
Hypokalemia in diabetic ketoacidosis is less common than previously reported.

[K+] 13.9 mmol/L (250 mg/dL), (2) serum bicarbonate 15, and (3) evidence of ketonaemia or ketonuria. 537 patients were diagnosed with DKA in the ED at the participating institutions during the reference period. The median [K+] was 4.9 mmol/L (IQR 4.3, 5.5). There were a total of seven patients with an initial 3.3 < [K+] < 3.5 mmol/L, but none with a [K+] < 3.3 mmol/L. Thus, no patients in our study sample required potassium supplementation before the initiation of insulin treatment. The incidence of hypokalemia in our sample of patients with DKA was much less than previously reported, with no cases requiring potassium supplementation before insulin administration.
The Universalizability of Moral Judgments Revisited

Two decades ago a debate raged in the philosophical literature about whether universalizability is an essential trait of moral judgmentswhether, that is, commitment to a moral judgment entails the universalization of that judgment. R. M. Hare introduced this view in his wellknown The Language of Morals'; MacIntyre and Winch,2 among others, attacked it. In recent years, however, interest in this issue has abated. Moral philosophers seem to have abstracted what they could from it, and moved on to other matters. At least three factors played a role in this shift of attention. First, the universalizability question tended to become, after a few skirmishes, a terminological quibble. Opponents offered ostensibly moral judgments which seemed not intended to be universalized, and proponents either explained them away or found them to use the term 'moral judgment' deviantly. We will take a brief look at one such exchange below. And not only did the dispute appear to be verbal in the worst sense, but Quine's global doubts about separating questions of meaning from questions of substance had begun to spread. It now seemed impossible to discuss 'the logic' of moral discourse (or of anything else) in isolation from particular moral views. By 1971, for example, Rawls accommodated a universalizability requirement into the system of A Theory of Justice by calling it 'a formal constraint on the concept of right'.3 This reads like a gesture toward Hare's view from within a Quinean framework that permits nothing to be 'true in virtue of the meaning of "right" '. (It is not clear that one can consistently cite both reasons for ignoring the status of universalizability.) Finally, it appeared at first that substantial moral consequences might follow from the universalizability thesis: when this hope proved empty,4 interest in the thesis subsided yet further. My aim here is to show that issues of importance hedge the universalizability question. Let me say at once that I concur with those who doubt that substantial moral conclusions can be drawn from Hare's
Psoas abscess demonstrated with SPECT and CT.

A Ga-67 SPECT study demonstrated abnormal accumulation of radionuclide in the region of the right psoas muscle in a febrile patient with right hip pain. A CT scan revealed a rim-enhancing fluid density collection confirming an abscess within the right psoas muscle
Anterograde axonal transport of AAV2-GDNF in rat basal ganglia

We elucidated the effects of parkinsonian degeneration on trafficking of AAV2-GDNF in the nigro-striatum (nigro-ST) of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. Vector infused into striatum (ST) was transported to substantia nigra (SN), both pars compacta (SNc), and pars reticulata (SNr). In the lesioned hemisphere, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) immunoreactivity was only found in SNr consistent with elimination of SNc dopaminergic (DA) neurons by 6-OHDA. Further analysis showed that striatal delivery of AAV2-GDNF resulted in GDNF expression in globus pallidus (GP), entopeduncular nucleus (EPN), and subthalamic nucleus (STN) in both lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres. Injection of vector into SN, covering both SNc and SNr, resulted in striatal expression of GDNF in the unlesioned hemisphere but not in the lesioned hemisphere. No expression was seen in GP or EPN. We conclude that adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) is transported throughout the nigro-ST exclusively by anterograde transport. This transport phenomenon directs GDNF expression throughout the basal ganglia in regions that are adversely affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) in addition to SNc. Delivery of vector to SN, however, does not direct expression of GDNF in ST, EPN, or GP. On this basis, we believe that striatal delivery of AAV2-GDNF is the preferred course of action for trophic rescue of DA function.
Inhibiting Effects of Nitrates on the Passive Film Breakdown of Alloy 22 in Chloride Environments

The influence of nitrates and chlorides on the passive film of alloy 22 (Ni-Cr22-Mol3-W3-Fe3) in chloride-containing solutions (1 and 4 m NaCI) from pH 5 to - 1 at 60 and 90°C is characterized. The combination of nitrates and chlorides in low pH solutions leads to a variety of different corrosion states, including: active, passive, active/passive, and transpassive. For each corrosion state, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is utilized to characterize the passive film properties. Active corrosion is a sensitive function of the nitrate-to-chloride ratio, rather than the total amount of anions in solution. At pH < 0, transpassive dissolution is initialized in all nitrate solutions independent of the tested temperatures and nitrate-to-chloride ratios. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows that Mo is a significant dissolution product during the initial stages of transpassive dissolution. The dissolution is attributed to a transformation from an insoluble Mo oxide to soluble Mo complexes at high open-circuit potentials and low pH. Finally, the results are correlated with critical nitrate/chloride ratios that lead to crevice corrosion in occluded volumes.
Active control of flow-induced vibrations of a flexible cylinder using direct velocity feedback

Abstract The use of a direct velocity feedback controller to attenuate actively vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible circular cylinder is described. The controller relies on its operation on an electromagnetic actuator, placed at a critical location inside the cylinder, to generate the control action necessary to resist the flow-induced excitations. The actuator is powered by a signal proportional and opposite to the velocity of the cylinder in order to enhance the overall viscous damping characteristics of the cylinder-actuator system. A prototype of the system was built, with a 3·175 cm diameter cylinder 26 cm long which has a first resonant frequency of 57·5 Hz. The system was tested in a wind tunnel, over a range of Reynolds number between 17 160 and 26 555, to demonstrate the feasibility of the controller in damping out the vortex-induced vibrations. The effect of varying the controller gain and the flow velocity on the system performance was determined in the frequency domain. The results obtained indicate that attenuations in excess of 80% are attained at resonant conditions. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions obtained from a wake oscillator model the lift coefficients of which satisfy a modified van der Pol equation. Adequate agreement is found between theory and experiments.
Organized long titanium dioxide nanofibers/nanotubes with controlled morphology using a sol–gel combined STEP technique

Highly aligned and long 1D anatase TiO2 nanostructures, including unidirectional nanofibers, nanowires in micro-tubes (NW@MT), smooth and porous tubes, were fabricated using a sol–gel process combined with a non-electrospinning Spinneret based Tunable Engineered Parameters (STEP) technique. The novel surface morphologies and cross-sectional profiles can be directly controlled through selectively tuning the synthesis parameters. When used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue, the porous TiO2 tubes demonstrate a higher efficiency compared to the other TiO2 nanostructures. The newly developed technique and the resulting novel morphologies will inspire the design and fabrication of other similar materials for energy and biomedical applications.
B-Type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide are depressed in obesity despite higher left ventricular end diastolic pressures

Background B-Type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are frequently used in diagnosing and monitoring patients with heart failure. Recent studies have demonstrated that concentrations of these peptides are decreased in obese patients, but whether lower natriuretic peptide concentrations are really due to different hemodynamics is unknown. The relationship between these markers and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in obesity has not been elucidated. Methods We examined patients undergoing cardiac catheterization who had creatinine of 2 . Results Of 203 patients enrolled, 101 were obese. The groups were similar in respect to race, creatinine, cholesterol, and history of dyslipidemia and cardiomyopathy. The obese patients tended to be younger, were more likely to have diabetes and hypertension, and were less likely to have coronary artery disease. The obese patients had higher LVEDP but reduced BNP and NT-pro-BNP. The relationship between the natriuretic peptides and LVEDP was poor, with r values of Conclusions Obese patients have reduced concentrations of BNP and NT-proBNP compared to nonobese patients despite having elevated LVEDP. This suggests that factors other than cardiac status impact on BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations. The poor relationship between natriuretic peptide concentrations and LVEDP also suggests that these concentrations should not be considered surrogates for cardiac filling pressures or volumes.
Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery: Angiographic and Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphic Correlates

We studied a patient with an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery by using conventional angiographic and myocardial imaging techniques. Myocardial imaging with radioactive 201thallium confirmed the significance of resting Q waves, and the defect in anterior perfusion coupled with the presence of thallium in the pulmonary outflow tract during exercise underscored the dynamic nature of the ischemic response to exercise in this syndrome.
Seasonal spatial distribution of juvenile lake sturgeon in Muskegon Lake, Michigan, USA

We examined seasonal spatial distribution and diel movements of juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Muskegon Lake, Michigan (a protected, drowned river mouth lake that links the Muskegon River to Lake Michigan). We surgically implanted ultrasonic tags in 20 juveniles (age 1–7) captured in gill nets to track their locations during August–December 2008/2009 and September 2010–October 2011. Most juveniles were observed ≤1.5 km from the mouth of the Muskegon River in Muskegon Lake at a mean depth of 7.5 m (SE = 1.3 m) during summer. In fall, juveniles moved away from the river mouth to the deepest part of Muskegon Lake and were observed at a mean depth of 15.8 m (SE = 1.3 m) during winter. The shift in spatial distribution coincided with fall turnover (i.e., loss of thermal stratification) and with changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the hypolimnion. During summer, DO concentrations in the hypolimnion were typically 7 mg·l−1 in 94% of instances. Tracking in 2009 revealed no significant change in depth distribution or movement over the diel cycle. We only observed two tagged juveniles immigrating to Lake Michigan, suggesting that juveniles use Muskegon Lake for multiple years. Our results suggest that: (i) Muskegon Lake serves as an important nursery habitat for juvenile lake sturgeon that hatched in the Muskegon River before they enter Lake Michigan and (ii) seasonal changes in DO concentration in the hypolimnion likely affect the spatial distribution of juveniles in Muskegon Lake.
Analysis of the effects of rigid and elastic boundary conditions in the elastic-plastic finite element analysis of rolling contact

The effects of boundary conditions and mesh refinement of finite element models of elasto-plastic 2-dimensional pure rolling contact are examined. The pure rolling of a cylinder is simulated by incrementally translating a semi-elliptical Hertzian pressure distribution over a finite element model of a semi-infinite half space. The half space is treated as an elastic-linear-kinematic-hardening-plastic (ELKP) material. The calculations evaluate the effects of rigid and elastic boundary conditions and two degrees of mesh refinement on the steady state residual stresses, the continuing cyclic plasticity, and the residual displacements. The results show that the boundary conditions influence the circumferential residual stresses and residual displacements, while they do not affect the axial residual stresses and the continuing cyclic plasticity. Careful choice of mesh refinement is shown to improve results and decrease computation time.
Gaining access to underresearched populations in women's health research.

Culture is an important variable in women's health research, and sample selection must include plans to recruit participants who represent the overall cultural makeup of the population. However, gaining access to underresearched groups is a major challenge and requires specific planning. Salient access techniques utilized by epidemiological researchers include (a) obtaining the support and endorsement of community leaders, (b) advertising the research in community publications, and (c) utilizing age, gender, and culturally matched research assistants. Although these elements were included in the planning of a study of the perimenopausal transition of Filipino American midlife women, the more powerful attractors for this particular cultural group were their pride in participating in a study that was associated with a major university and their intense community service orientation. Since each cultural group has unique issues and concerns, researchers must familiarize themselves with the values of their tar...
Design and Testing of a Subsonic All-Moving Adaptive Flight Control Surface

This study has shown that laminated plate theory and kinematics can successfully predict the deflections generated by piezoceramic flexspar flight control surface actuators
Examining Physics Graduate Teaching Assistants' Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching a New Physics Curriculum

In this study, we investigated the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) that physics graduate teaching assistants (TAs) developed in the context of teaching a new introductory physics curriculum, Matter and Interactions (M&I). M&I is an innovative introductory physics course that emphasizes a unified framework for understanding the world and presents physics through a few fundamental principles rather than exposing students to concepts through a series of derived equations. Through a qualitative, multiple case study research design, data were collected from multiple sources: non-participant observations, digitally recorded video, semi-structured interviews, TAs’ written reflections, and researchers’ field notes. The TAs’ PCK included three components: (a) knowledge of M&I curriculum goals, (b) knowledge of instructional strategies appropriate to the M&I course, and (c) knowledge of students’ learning. This study shows the complexity of adopting curriculum reforms and the necessity to support the faculty’s and TAs’ knowledge development when a novel science curriculum is adopted.
Lateralized preferences and right-left discrimination in the monkey: choice of mirror-image shape, position of recovered food and hand usage.

Summary Rhesus monkeys were tested for lateral preferences during mirror-image shape discrimination and food recovery from a row of pellets. Position of recovered food was unrelated to hand preference or mirror-image preference. There was no significant difference in the number of individuals preferring right and left lateral mirrorimage shapes. Individuals tended to retain the same mirror-image preference to the same degree upon repeated testing. animals of greater weight had stronger preferences. In all these respects, the features of mirror-image preference resembled those previously described for hand preference during a simple reaching task. The strength of different lateral preferences expressed by each animal were not significantly related thus failing to support the concept that asymmetric bodily responses can serve as cues for right-left discrimination in the environment. However, when the direction as well as strength of preference was considered, there appeared to, be a tendency for animals to prefer the mirror-image shape whose reward bias was opposite to that of the preferred hand. This finding might have been due to a positional bias though there was evidence against this possibility.
Synthesis of (+)-artemisinin and (+)-deoxoartemisinin from arteannuin B and arteannuic acid

Abstract (+)-Artemisinin and (+)-Deoxoartemisinin were prepared for the first time from arteannuin B. The synthetic route is short and efficient, making use of the prior art for the final photo-oxygenation/cyclization reaction. A convergent route to each of the above-named products from arteannuic acid is also described. A novel oxidative lactonization reaction was developed for this sequence.
The New Deal for Veterans: The Economy Act, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of New Deal Dissent

This article examines the impact of military veterans on the New Deal era. In 1934 the passage of the Economy Act, which severely cut veteran benefits, triggered a wave of political mobilization that laid the foundations for organized New Deal dissent. The response of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) to the Economy Act situated the organization in the vanguard of "New Deal Dissidents," including Huey P. Long, Father Charles E. Coughlin, and their supporters. In this coalition, military veterans expressed early and crucial "voices of protest." And the politics of veterans' pensions and benefits, in turn, profoundly shaped the New Deal era.
Relation of protein nutrition to the healing of experimental wounds.

SummaryWounded rats were kept on diets containing varying amounts of different proteins and “protein sulfur”. There appears to be no relation between the amount of protein nitrogen fed or retained by the rats and the rate of healing. However, the “protein sulfur” retention appears to be correlated with the rate of healing. It is suggested that the amount of retained sulfur in excess over that utilized for normal tissue protein synthesis is an important factor in determining the rate of healing of experimental wounds.
Comparison of IONCAP Predictions with AN/TRQ-35(V) Oblique-Incidence Sounder Measurements for a One-Month Conus Test During July and August 1982

The US Army Special Forces conducted a one-month test of high frequency (HF) propagation predictability during July and August 1982. One site was located at Ft. Bragg, NC, and it received transmissions from sounders located at Ft. Knox, KY (696 km), Ft. Leavenworth, KS (1439 km), and Ft. Lewis, WA (3830 km). AN/TRQ-35(V) oblique-incidence ionospheric sounders were used on each of the test paths at least once each hour for each of the 29 test days. Frequency reliability tables (FRTs) were generated two months prior to the test by the US Army Communications-Electronics Engineering Installation Agency (USACEEIA), Ft. Huachuca, AZ using the Ionospheric Communications Analysis and Prediction (IONCAP) program. In this paper, the IONCAP predictions are compared with the sounder measurements.
Self-Efficacy Beliefs and the Education of Students with Severe Disabilities

The purpose of this article is to examine the contributions made by the teacher efficacy literature to the study of teaching students with severe disabilities. The description and measurement of th...
Reducing staff injuries and violence in a forensic psychiatric setting

Despite the attention given to the issue of violence in the psychiatric literature, very little progress has been made towards improving our understanding of violence by the mentally ill and programs aimed at the prevention of violence are rare. This report describes the administrative and clinical efforts of the staff in a maximum security psychiatric facility when addressing an alarming increase in violence and serious staff injuries. Evaluation data include measures of aggression and violence, seclusion and restraint data, staff injuries, and incident report data.