cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary legacy response observed in algae and bryophytes following hydrogen sulfide administration

The study presented here examined the effects of administering hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to several ancient extant plant species to determine the organisms’ response to stress. Even though sulfur is an essential macronutrient required for growth and productivity, there are toxic compounds of this element that exert detrimental effects and produce physiological stress. It is speculated that the accumulation of H2S, a lethal gas, may have been a major contributing factor in past mass extinction events, where the environment was fairly anoxic with fluctuating temperatures. The potential of this toxic compound to exist as an environmental stressor suggests that certain organisms may have adapted to survive these periods of mass extinctions. It is hypothesized that due to the abundant presence of H2S in the past, ancient land plants may have an adaptive advantage that allowed them to survive and thrive. In this study, species of bryophytes and algae were exposed to specific concentrations of aqueous H2S over a se...
Surfactant Phospholipid Metabolism in 3-Day and 3-Day Postmature Rabbits In Vivo

Summary: Three-day-old normal and 3-day postmature rabbits (prepared by human chorionic gonadotropin treatment of the does) were given injections of the radiolabeled phospholipid precursors palmitic acid, choline, and glycerol. The specific activities as cpm/μmol phospholipid phosphate were measured for phosphatidylcholine, disaturated phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine from lung and alveolar wash fraction lipid extracts of 3-day-old rabbits. Specific activities similarly were measured for phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine from postmature rabbits. Curves describing the appearance of labeled phospholipids into the alveolar wash fraction demonstrated that in both 3-day and postmature rabbits, phospholipid secretion was delayed for 3 to 4 hr. Thereafter, there was a rapid accumulation of labeled phospholipids until 12 to 16 hr after labeled precursor injection. The curves were similar for all measured phospholipids and all labeled precursors studied. The phospholipid compositions of lung and alveolar wash fraction lipid extracts were determined by analysis of the various phospholipids separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Forty percent of lung samples and 35% of alveolar wash samples from postmature rabbits contained no detectable phosphatidylglycerol, whereas all 22 lung and surfactant samples from 3-day-old rabbits contained this phospholipid. Speculation: The appearance of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid is thought to signal lung maturity in the human fetus. The present work in the 3-day-old rabbit shows that the strikingly slow kinetics of labeling of surfactant phospholipids in newborn rabbits (24) does not "mature" to adult rabbit (21) labeling patterns synchronously with the appearance of phosphatidylglycerol. Rather, alveolar wash phospholipid composition "matures" without major changes in the kinetics of labeling of the alveolar wash phospholipids. Relative to adult rabbits, the delay of 3 to 4 hr in the appearance of labeled phospholipids in the alveolar wash characteristic of the perinatal rabbit may reflect different processing of phospholipids from synthesis through packaging and storage in lamellar bodies to secretion.
Iron-59 complexes of lipophilic hexadentate phenolate-derivatized cyclohexanetriamine ligands

Abstract The compounds (RsalH 2 ) 3 tachH 3 (R = H, NO 2 , OMe) have been synthesized by Schiff base condensation between cis -1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane and a substituted salicylaldehyde, followed by reduction with KBH4. Reaction of these compounds with iron(III) salts gives neutral hexacoordinate N 3 O 3 complexes of type Fe(RsalH 2 ) 3 tach. These complexes have been characterized by a combination of infrared, UV vis and mass spectroscopy. The distribution coefficients between 1-octanol and water indicate that the complexes are lipophilic. The electronic absorption spectra of the high spin Fe(III) complexes show LMCT bands in the 450–500 nm range. These lipophilic complexes in vivo do not cross the blood-brain barrier to any significant extent.
Financial impact of the medicare fee schedule on a department of anesthesiology in an academic medical center: Two scenarios

The purpose of this study was to model the financial impact of the Medicare Fee Schedule (MFS) on an anesthesiology department in a large academic medical center under two different scenarios. Scenario 1 assumes continued use of actual-time units throughout the five-year transition period. Scenario 2 assumes a change to the use of average-time units by the time the MFS is fully implemented in 1996. Twelve months of actual payments and frequencies for services billed to Medicare in 1991 were used as baseline data. It was assumed there would be no change in volume of services, billing practices, or staffing patterns. It was estimated that upon full implementation of the MFS, the anesthesiology department that was studied would lose $244,000 (13%) under Scenario 1 and $945,000 (51%) under Scenario 2. There is a full transition to final fee schedule rates in Year 1 of the MFS transition under Scenario 1, whereas there are additional incremental losses in each successive year under Scenario 2. This study shows that HCFA's future policy decisions with regard to anesthesiology reimbursement will have substantial financial consequences for many practicing anesthesiologists.
Gravity, CPT, and the standard-model extension

Exotic atoms provide unique opportunities to search for new physics. The search for CPT and Lorentz violation in the context of the general field-theory based framework of the gravitational Standard-Model Extension (SME) is one such opportunity. This work summarizes the implications of Lorentz and CPT violation for gravitational experiments with antiatoms and atoms containing higher-generation matter as well as recent nongravitational proposals to test CPT and Lorentz symmetry with muons and muonic systems.
The STAT3 Pathway

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is widely expressed and activated by various growth-regulating signals, as well as diverse cytokines, that activate gp130 signaling receptors. Hence, STAT3 is critical for embryonic development and stem cell biology, as well as inflammation, growth regulation, and multiple immune regulatory and homeostatic functions. STAT3 is also found in its activated state in a large number of human cancers and has been correlated with oncogenic activity and tumor maintenance in several systems. The Connections Map highlights activation of STAT3 by interleukin 6 and shows that STAT3 serves as an integration point for components in multiple signaling pathways in addition to those involving JAKs, for example, the small guanosine triphosphatase Ras, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G proteins) of the G i/o family, and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the Src family. Science Viewpoint D. S. Aaronson, C. M. Horvath, A road map for those who don9t know JAK-STAT. Science 296 , 1653-1655 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]
Invisibility of the Lorentz Contraction

It is shown that, if the apparent directions of objects are plotted as points on a sphere surrounding the observer, the Lorentz transformation corresponds to a conformal transformation on the surface of this sphere. Thus, for sufficiently small subtended solid angle, an object will appear---optically---the same shape to all observers. A sphere will photograph with precisely the same circular outline whether stationary or in motion with respect to the camera. An object of less symmetry than a sphere, such as a meter stick, will appear, when in rapid motion with respect to an observer, to have undergone rotation, not contraction. The extent of this rotation is given by the aberration angle ($\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), in which $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle at which the object is seen by the observer and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the angle at which the object would be seen by another observer at the same point stationary with respect to the object. Observers photographing the meter stick simultaneously from the same position will obtain precisely the same picture, except for a change in scale given by the Doppler shift ratio, irrespective of their velocity relative to the meter stick. Even if methods of measuring distance, such as stereoscopic photography, are used, the Lorentz contraction will not be visible, although correction for the finite velocity of light will reveal it to be present.
Characterization of the ZBTB42 gene in humans and mice

A 12 kb haplotype upstream of the key signaling protein gene, AKT1, has been associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (Devaney et al. 2010). The region contains the first exon and promoter sequences of AKT1, but also includes the complete transcript unit for a highly conserved yet uncharacterized zinc finger-containing protein (ZBTB42). One of the component SNPs of the 12 kb haplotype metabolic syndrome haplotype changes a conserved amino acid in the predicted ZBTB42 protein, increasing the potential significance of the ZBTB42 transcript unit for contributing to disease risk. Using RT-PCR of human and mouse cells, we verified that the two exon ZBTB42 was expressed and correctly spliced in human skeletal muscle, and murine C2C12 cells. Production of peptide antibodies showed the expected protein in human (47 kD) and mouse (49 kD) immunoblots, and murine tissue distribution showed strongest expression in muscle and ovary. Immunostaining showed nuclear localization of the ZBTB42 protein in human muscle. Confocal imaging analyses of murine muscle showed ZBTB42 distributed in the nucleoplasm, with particular enrichment in nuclei underlying the neuromuscular junctions. The genetic association data of metabolic syndrome, coupled with the molecular characterization of the ZBTB42 transcript unit and encoded protein presented here, suggests that ZBTB42 may be involved in metabolic syndrome phenotypes.
Structural basis of receptor/G protein coupling selectivity studied with muscarinic receptors as model systems

Different muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes were used as model systems to study the structural basis of receptor/G protein coupling selectivity. Extensive mutagenesis studies have previously led to the identification of single amino acids on the m3 muscarinic receptor protein (located in the second intracellular loop (i2) and at the N- and C-terminus of the third intracellular loop (i3)) that dictate selective recognition of Gq/11 proteins by this receptor subtype. Based on these results, we proposed a model of the intracellular m3 receptor surface in which the functionally critical residues project into the interior of the transmembrane receptor core. To identify specific regions on the G protein(s) that are contacted by these different, functionally critical receptor sites, we recently employed a novel experimental strategy involving the coexpression of hybrid m2/m3 muscarinic receptors with hybrid G alpha-subunits. Using this approach, we could demonstrate that the C-terminus of G protein alpha i/o-subunits is recognized by a short sequence element in the m2 muscarinic receptor ("VTIL") that is located at the junction between the sixth transmembrane domain (TM VI) and the i3 loop. We could show that this interaction is critically involved in determining coupling selectivity and triggering G protein activation. By using a similar strategy (coexpression of mutant muscarinic receptors with hybrid G alpha-subunits), other major receptor/G protein contact sites are currently being identified. These studies, complemented by biochemical and biophysical approaches, should eventually lead to a detailed structural model of the ligand-receptor-G protein complex.
Crack-growth prediction in axisymmetric pull-out and tension specimens

A methodology is developed which combines the basics of reinforced concrete, three-dimensional plasticity, stress freezing and the shear-difference method and utilizes the maximum-tensile-stress criterion to predict crack locations and their direction of propagation in reinforced axisymmetric specimens. The advantages of using a three-dimensional photoelastic model include: (1) the generation of stress trajectories, (2) the accurate location of singular zones and stress concentrations, and (3) the direct observation of internal cracks.
How the house sparrow Passer domesticus absorbs glucose.

SUMMARY According to the hypothesis that most glucose absorption occurs passively across intestinal tight junctions (paracellular absorption), one would predict fairly similar rates of in vivo absorption of l-glucose, the stereoisomer of d-glucose that is absorbed only passively and is not catabolized, and of 3- O -methyl-d-glucose (3OMd-glucose), the d-glucose analogue that is actively and passively transported and not catabolized. In house sparrows Passer domesticus , we applied a pharmacokinetic method to measure simultaneous in vivo absorption of [ 14 C]l-glucose and [ 3 H]3OMd-glucose in a situation in which intestinal glucose transporters were relatively saturated (gavage solution contained 200 mmol l -1 3OMd-glucose). Fractional absorptions ( F ) were not significantly different between [ 3 H]3OMd- and [ 14 C]l-glucose (0.80 vs 0.79), and the apparent rates of absorption did not differ significantly. When we performed the same experiment on other sparrows in a situation in which intestinal glucose transporters were relatively unsaturated (200 mmol l -1 mannitol replaced 3OMd-glucose in the gavage solution), the apparent rate of absorption was significantly reduced for [ 14 C]l-glucose by 39% and for [ 3 H]3OMd-glucose by 26%. A simulation model showed that a reduction is not predicted if most of the [ 3 H]3OMd-glucose is actively absorbed, because the absorption rate of the tracer should increase when competitive inhibitor (unlabeled 3OMd-glucose) is removed. The similar extent and rates of absorption of [ 3 H]3OMd- and [ 14 C]l-glucose, and the acceleration of their rates of absorption in the presence of luminal 3OMd-glucose, are most consistent with Pappenheimer9s hypothesis that the majority of dietary d-glucose is absorbed passively.
First observatory results with an image-sharpening telescope*

The image-sharpening telescope described in the preceding article was installed and operated on equatorial mounts at both Leuschner Observatory and Lick Observatory. We present measurements of the characteristic speckle change times for stars observed at these locations. We also present sharpened images of Sirius and Arcturus.
Bifurcation analysis of a heterogeneous mean-field oscillator game model

This paper studies the phase transition in a heterogeneous mean-field oscillator game model using methods from bifurcation theory. In our earlier paper [1], we had obtained a coupled PDE model using mean-field approximation and described linear analysis of the PDEs that suggested possibility of a Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation. In this paper, we simplify the analysis somewhat by relating the solutions of the PDE model to the solutions of a certain nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Both analysis and computations are much easier for the nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Apart from the bifurcation analysis that shows existence of a phase transition, we also describe a Lyapunov-Schmidt perturbation method to obtain asymptotic formulae for the small amplitude bifurcated solutions. For comparison, we also depict numerical solutions that are obtained using the continuation software AUTO.
Integrating wireless actuation capabilities with the 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem for enhanced multimedia services

Wireless actuators are small scale devices that can receive/accept instructions and act on their environment. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a key component for 3G networks. It aims at seamless provisioning of multimedia services. Combining actuation capabilities with IMS capabilities will certainly enable novel value added services. This paper proposes an architecture for the integration of wireless actuation with IMS. The cornerstone of the architecture is the actuation control function, a new functional entity that we introduce into the IMS architecture. A proof of concept prototype has also been developed along with an application to demonstrate the potential of such an integration.
Inertial and viscous forces on a rigid sphere in straining flows at moderate Reynolds numbers

The focus of this paper is the effect of spatial non-uniformity in the ambient flow on the forces acting on a rigid sphere when the sphere Reynolds number, $Re$ , is in the range 10 to 300. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) based on a pseudospectral methodology are carried out to solve for the unsteady three-dimensional flow field around a sphere which is either held stationary or allowed to translate freely under the hydrodynamic forces. The various components of the total force, namely the inertial, steady viscous, and history forces, are systematically estimated in the context of linearly varying straining flows. The inertial forces are isolated by computing the rapid changes in the drag and lift forces in response to a rapid acceleration of the ambient flow. It is shown that the inertial forces arising due to convective acceleration at moderate Reynolds numbers follow the inviscid flow result. While the effect of temporal acceleration depends only on the sign and magnitude of the acceleration, the effect of convective acceleration is shown to depend also on the initial state of the ambient flow. A simple theoretical argument is presented to support the numerical observations. It is also shown that the effect of convective acceleration on the steady viscous force can be realized on a slower time scale. The results show that the history kernels currently available in the literature are not adequate to represent the effect of non-uniformity on the history force.
Metal Matrix Composites for Liquid Rocket Engines

This article presents an overview of current research and material requirements for metal-matrix composite (MMC) technologies being developed for liquid rocket engines (LRE). Developments in LRE technology for the U.S. Air Force are being tracked and planned through the integrated high payoff rocket propulsion technologies program (IHPRPT). Current efforts and research requirements for three types of MMC systems are discussed: aluminum-, copper-, and nickel-matrix material systems. Potential applications include turbopump housings, rotating machinery, and high-stiffness flanges and ductwork.
Creep, stress relaxation and structural change of amorphous alloys

Abstract The time, temperature and stress dependence of the homogeneous flow of amorphous FeNiPB and PdCuSi has been examined in tensile creep, tensile stress relaxation and bend stress relaxation tests. The results are shown to be entirely self-consistent, and are used to reconcile the discrepancies found in the literature data. In all cases, the viscosity increases linearly with time, the rate of increase being both temperature and composition dependent. The stress dependence of the strain rate follows a hyperbolic sine relation. The volume strain element appears to be a function of temperature and composition. A general empirical flow law for amorphous alloys is presented based on these observations. It is shown to be in agreement with all the available data.
In vivo interaction of the enantiomers of disopyramide in human subjects

Disopyramide, an antiarrhythmic agent, is marketed as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. The racemic drug has unusual pharmacokinetic properties because of its concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins in the therapeutic plasma concentration range. This study examined, in healthy subjects, the individual pharmacokinetic properties of both total and unbound d- and 1-disopyramide in plasma after intravenous administration of each enantiomer separately (1.5 mg/kg). Also investigated is the pharmacokinetics of total d- and 1-disopyramide in plasma after intravenous administration of a pseudoracemate. Both d- and 1-disopyramide are found to exhibit concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins, with d-disopyramide being more avidly bound at lower concentrations. The stereoselective, concentration-dependent binding to plasma proteins resulted in distinct pharmacokinetic properties when the enantiomers were given together as the pseudoracemate. d-Disopyramide had a lower plasma clearance and renal clearance, a longer half-life, and a smaller apparent volume of distribution than 1-disopyramide. However, when the enantiomers were administered separately, there were no differences in the clearance, renal clearance, and volume of distribution between enantiomers calculated from either total or unbound drug concentrations. The results reveal an important pharmacokinetic interaction between the enantiomers of disopyramide when given as a racemic mixture, which may be dose-dependent and is not apparent upon administration of the enantiomers separately.
On the structure of polypropylene fibres

Abstract Conventional wide angle X-ray diffraction and density techniques are used to measure the validity of a two phase model for the structure of polypropylene fibres. Percentage crystallinity studies showed that the crystallinity of polypropylene fibres when measured by the X-ray method as a function of increasing draw ratio remained constant, while the crystallinity of the same samples measured by the density method increased from 49 per cent (D.R.=3·0) to 77 per cent (D.R.=7·0). These data and a measured shift in the equatorial diffraction peaks strongly suggest the existence of intermediate states of order, and a paracrystalline model for the structure of polypropylene fibres is proposed.
Recovery from long-term stationary phase and stress survival in Escherichia coli require the l-isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase at alkaline pH

The l-isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase (pcm) can stimulate repair of isoaspartyl residues arising spontaneously in proteins to normal l-aspartyl residues. PCM is needed in Escherichia coli for maximal long-term survival when exposed to oxidative stress, osmotic stress, repeated heat stress or methanol. The effect of pH on a pcm mutant during long-term stationary phase was examined. PCM was not required for long-term survival of E. coli subjected to pH stress alone; however, PCM-deficient cells showed impaired resistance to paraquat and methanol only at elevated pH. The mutant also showed stress-survival phenotypes in minimal medium buffered to pH 9·0. Accumulation of isoaspartyl residues was accelerated at pH 8·0 or 9·0 in vivo, though PCM-deficient cells did not show higher levels of damage. However, the pcm mutant displayed an extended lag phase in recovering from stationary phase at pH 9·0. Protein repair by PCM thus plays a key role in long-term stress survival only at alkaline pH in E. coli, and it may function primarily to repair damage in cells that are recovering from nutrient limitation and in those cells that are able to divide during long-term stationary phase.
Differentiation of columnar epithelia: the hensin pathway.

Epithelia, the most common variety of cells in complex organisms exist in many shapes. They are sheets of polarized cells that separate two compartments and selectively transport materials from one to the other. After acquiring these general characteristics, they differentiate to become specialized types such as squamous columnar or transitional epithelia. High density seeding converts a kidney-derived cell line from flat `generic9 epithelial cells to columnar cells. The cells acquire all the characteristics of differentiated columnar cells, including microvilli, and the capacity for apical endocytosis. The high seeding density induces the deposition of a new protein termed hensin and polymerization of hensin is the crucial event that dictates changes in epithelial phenotype. Hensin is widely expressed in most epithelia. Its deletion in mice leads to embryonic lethality at the time of generation of the first columnar epithelium, the visceral endoderm. Moreover many human cancers have deletions in the hensin gene, which indicates that it is a tumor suppressor.
Strings of spherical carbon clusters grown in a catalytic arc discharge

Abstract Strings of near-spherical, multiwalled carbon clusters grow in a carbon arc discharge when nickel or iron is present. They consist of ten to twenty ‘beads’ of 10–20 nm diameter, nearly equal in the same string. They touch and deform each other in the contact areas, carrying a nickel or iron particle of approximately the bead diameter at one end. Termination by a catalyst particle is common to catalytically grown carbon nanofibers. However, the phenomenon reported here lacks continuity of fiber growth at the metal—graphitic interface, and requires a different explanation for the interrupted, repetitive sequence of near-spherical cluster growth.
Unrestricted availability of intracoronary stents is associated with decreased abrupt vascular closure rates and improved early clinical outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the unrestricted availability of intracoronary stents is affecting abrupt vascular closure rates and early clinical outcomes. Intracoronary stents have improved procedural outcome despite their application in more complex lesions, but the impact of unrestricted availability of stents on abrupt closure and early clinical outcomes is unknown. Two cohorts were identified retrospectively from a coronary intervention registry: patients treated between 1988 and 1992 (n = 3,617) when stents were not generally available, and patients treated between 1994 and 1997 (n = 4,518) when stents were freely available. The late cohort patients consisted of more females; it also had greater comorbidity and more complex presentation. However, there was a significant reduction in the abrupt closure rates between the two time periods (7% vs. 4%, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for female gender, thrombus, and lesion angulation, the late cohort remained significantly associated with decreased odds of abrupt closure (odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95% upper and lower confidence intervals [CI] = 0.52–0.75, P = 0.0001). The late cohort also had decreased in-hospital mortality (OR = 0.91, CI = 0.86–0.95, P = 0.0002) and major adverse clinical event (OR = 0.93, CI = 0.91–0.96, P = 0.0001). Unrestricted availability of intracoronary stents is associated with reduced abrupt closure rates and improved early clinical outcomes among patients undergoing coronary intervention despite treatment of high-risk patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:294–302. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development and implementation of the body logic program for adolescents: A two-stage prevention program for eating disorders

It has been hypothesized that targeting adolescents who are at risk for developing eating disorders may result in more effective prevention efforts. The Body Logic Program is a two-stage prevention program, which included a school-based intervention component for all students within the school setting, as well as a more intensive intervention for students identified as at risk for developing eating disorders. The efficacy of the program was tested using a controlled treatment outcome design. Participants were 157 female and 130 male sixth and seventh graders from two private schools (School 1: n = 122; School 2: n = 165). The school-based intervention led to decreases in scores for students in School 1 on the Fear of Fatness scale of the Multiaxial Assessment of Eating Disorder Symptoms (MAEDS) for all female participants, as well as female participants identified as at risk, and the Avoidance of Forbidden Foods scale of the MAEDS (all females), which were maintained at 10.5-week follow-up. Efforts to attract the students identified as at risk for eating disorders (n = 55) and their parents for participation in the intensive family-based intervention proved unsuccessful. No significant effects for the intervention were noted for male participants, but baseline scores for boys were quite low, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn.
A comparison of the STAPH-Ident and STAPH-Trac systems to conventional methods in the identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine udders.

The STAPH-Ident and STAPH-Trac systems (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) were compared to conventional methods for identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine udders. The STAPH-Ident system identified 80.5% of isolates correctly. An additional 7.6% of Staphylococcus hyicus strains were delineated from S. epidermidis by characterizing acetoin and pigment production. Final accuracy of the STAPH-Ident system was 88.1%. The STAPH-Trac system identified 66.1% of isolates. Negative phosphatase tests for 42.3% of S. hyicus strains resulted in misidentification as S. simulans. Consequently, only 45.5% of S. hyicus isolates were identified correctly by the STAPH-Trac system. Minor modification of each system would permit accurate, rapid identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine udders.
Polygonal triples and the double ruling of a hyperboloid

For a given positive integer k ≠ 4, let P k,n denote the n-th k-gonal number. We study k-gonal triples (a, b, c) satisfying A k-gonal triple corresponds to a rational point on the rectangular hyperboloid x 2 + y 2 = z 2 + 1. The simple observation that this is a doubly ruled surface leads to an easy, complete determination of k-gonal triples. The main result is expressed in terms of primitive Pythagorean triples. We also establish a correspondence between (2h + 1)-gonal triples and 4h-gonal triples.
Returning children home: Clinical decision making in cases of child abuse and neglect.

Factors that influence the decision to remove children from their parents' care in cases of abuse and neglect were examined by reviewing hospital records of 185 children. Children with physical injuries were more likely to be placed in a foster home or in residential care if they were from poor families, while those with non-physical injuries were more likely to be removed if their families were more affluent. Implications for clinical decision making are considered.
Automatic parameterization of force field by systematic search and genetic algorithms

Parmscan is an automatic engine for force-field parameterization. In this work, we applied both systematic search (SS) and a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the force-field parameters (bond length, bond angle, as well as torsional angle terms) to reproduce the relative energies of conformational pairs as well as other molecular properties such as vibrational frequencies. We present an example of how to apply Parmscan to reproduce the relative energies of 11 hydrocarbons by optimizing the torsional parameter of C–C–C–C using both systematic search and the genetic algorithm. Both of the two methods successfully found the lowest RMS error, which is 0.51 kcal/mol (the unsigned mean error is 0.37 kcal/mol). The Cornell et al. model (Parm94, ref. 21) achieves an RMS error of 0.78 kcal/mol. A second example is the application of the genetic algorithm to optimize the torsional parameter C–O–C–O and bond angle parameter O–C–O simultaneously for 11 dioxanes, to reproduce the experimental relative energies. After 300–400 iterations of GA optimizations, the RMS deviation is reduced to 0.56–0.57 kcal/mol, slightly better than that of Parm99 (ref. 22) and much better than that of the Cornell et al. model. In further applications, the bond length and bond angle parameters of hydrocarbons and benzene were optimized to reproduce the experimental vibrational frequencies. Encouraging results were obtained compared to the Cornell et al. force field: for the low vibrational frequencies of ethane, propane, and butane, the new model achieves an unsigned mean error of 19 cm−1, compared to 30 cm−1 of the Cornell et al. model; for 20 vibrational frequencies of benzene, the new model can also give much smaller unsigned mean error (29 vs. 53 cm−1). It seems that after appropriate parameterizations, a simple harmonic molecular model, such as employed in AMBER, can also reproduce lower vibrational frequencies of molecules quite well. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1219–1228, 2001
COGNITIVE STYLE AND THE USEFULNESS OF INFORMATION

The desirability of a merger/acquisition alternative depends in part on the perceptions of the decision maker. What sources of information are “useful” to the decision maker & Does the set of useful information remain constant for all decision makers; if not, do individuals using similar information sets have similar information processing characteristics? Do these sets vary as feedback is obtained during the decision process? To answer these questions, graduate students participated in a modified Delphi experiment, and the resulting data were analyzed by the two-way aligned-ranks nonparametric test. These test results affirm that in a merger/acquisition scenario, decision makers with different cognitive styles prefer different sets of information and these sets vary dynamically as feedback is incorporated in the decision-making process. Furthermore, information that contains worker and community welfare considerations is identified as “useful” five times more frequently by decision makers with a “feeling” cognitive style than those with a “thinking” style.
DNA polymerase delta: a second eukaryotic DNA replicase.

During the past few years significant progress has been made in our understanding of the structure and function of the proteins involved in eukaryotic DNA replication. Data from several laboratories suggest that, in contrast to prokaryotic DNA replication, two distinct DNA polymerases are required for eukaryotic DNA replication, i.e. DNA polymerase delta for the synthesis of the leading strand and DNA polymerase alpha for the lagging strand. Several accessory proteins analogous to prokaryotic replication factors have been identified and some of these are specific for pol delta whereas others affect both DNA replicases. The replicases and their accessory proteins appear to be highly conserved in eukaryotes, as homologous proteins have been found in species ranging from humans to yeast.
Evolutionary Psychology: A View From Evolutionary Biology

(2002). COMMENTARY: Evolutionary Psychology: A View From Evolutionary Biology. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 150-156.
An Experimental and Computational Study of the Enantioselective Lithiation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine Using Sparteine-like Chiral Diamines

The enantioselective lithiation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine using sec-butyllithium and isopropyllithium in the presence of sparteine-like diamines has been studied experimentally and computationally at various theoretical levels through to B3P86/6-31G*. Of the (−)-cytisine-derived diamines (N-Me, N-Et, N-nBu, N-CH2tBu, N-iPr) studied experimentally, the highest enantioselectivity (er 95:5) was observed with the least sterically hindered N-Me-substituted diamine, leading to preferential removal of the pro-R proton i.e., opposite enantioselectivity to (−)-sparteine. The experimental result with the N-Me-substituted diamine correlated well with the computational results: at the B3P86/6-31G* level, the sense of induction was correctly predicted; the lowest energy complex of isopropyllithium/diamine/N-Boc-pyrrolidine also had the lowest activation energy (ΔH⧧ = 11.1 kcal/mol, ΔG⧧ = 11.5 kcal/mol) for proton transfer. The computational results with the N-iPr-substituted diamine identified a transition state for proto...
Is a trout a trout? A range-wide comparison shows nonnative brook trout exhibit greater density, biomass, and production than native inland cutthroat trout

Frequently nonnative species invade habitats occupied by a similar, even closely related, species, and it is often assumed that the two have functionally redundant ecological roles. However, the consequences of these types of invasions are rarely studied. Eastern brook trout are the most widely distributed and abundant nonnative fish throughout western North America and are assumed to be analogous in terms of ecological function to the native cutthroat trout they replace. However, based on results of previous studies conducted on a few streams, we hypothesized that the two species differ ecologically, and we predicted that brook trout would exhibit greater density, biomass, and annual production than cutthroat trout at the onset of invasion (i.e., in sympatry) and once replacement has occurred (i.e., in allopatry). We compiled data sets (sympatry: n = 169; allopatry: n = 687) from across the historical range of inland cutthroat trout and made comparisons for all sites combined (western scale) and among regions. In sympatry, at the western scale we observed that brook trout exhibited 3.1 times greater density and 2.5 times greater biomass than cutthroat trout, but no difference in production. In allopatry, density and biomass were 1.5 times greater and annual production 1.9 times higher for brook trout than cutthroat trout. Results of comparisons by region were similar, though more variable. In addition, we found that trout density and biomass were correlated with landscape features such as elevation and gradient, but such watershed variables did not account for the differences we observed between the trout species. These results suggest a general pattern of greater density, biomass, and production when brook trout invade and replace cutthroat trout, and highlight the need for more studies that elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this pattern and that investigate the broader consequences of a nonnative species replacing a closely related (and often presumed to be similar) native species.
Runtime Checking for ISO Standard Pascal

Changes to Pascal, embodied in the proposed ISO Pascal standard, affected Fischer and LeBlanc's runtime error checking implementation designed for Wirthian Pascal. Three kinds of runtime errors became obsolete; two were introduced, and one was apparently neglected. A criticism is made of Fischer and LeBlanc's conclusion that runtime errors will always be with us.
Elastic photon–proton scattering: the polarizabilities of the proton

A review is presented of the elastic photon scattering data from the proton at energies below 150 MeV, where the important physics to be learned is the electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the proton. The relationship between the polarizabilities and the Compton scattering cross section is established. The experimental data are reviewed. Techniques for extracting the polarizabilities from the data are discussed and then used to obtain new values. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical uncertainty in this procedure. A brief theoretical review is given with the principal emphasis on dispersion relations.
Early communicative intents expressed by 12-month- old children with and without chronic otitis media:

The current study compares the early communication of 12- month-old children with and without chronic otitis media during interactions with their parents. Results indicated that children with chronic otitis media used significantly fewer nonverbal strategies to help parents interpret their otherwise unintelligible vocaliz ations than their healthy peers did. The two groups were similar in early lexical development and some aspects of pragmatic development; however, there was much individual variation within groups in frequency and diversity of communicative intents. These findings suggest that children with chronic otitis media may be at risk for subsequent language problems, and that low frequency of nonverbal gestures may serve as an early marker of later language difficulties within this population. In addition to providing information about the earliest stages of communicative development in this group of children at mild to moderate risk of language problems, this finding confirms the results of othe...
Molecular Biology for Nonmolecular Biologists

Molecular biology offers various powerful tools for understanding the etiology of diabetes mellitus. These methods can be understood by nonmolecular biologists. Topics briefly introduced include 1) control of gene expression, 2) cloning of genes, 3) how gene promoters work, 4) transgenic mice, 5) mutagenesis in vitro, 6) human molecular genetics, and 7) the new powerful polymerase chain-reaction technique, which greatly simplifies many of the other methods.
Modeling satellite image streams for change analysis

Fast detection of changes in environmental remotely sensed data is a major requirement in the Earth sciences, especially in natural disaster related scenarios. As satellite, transmission, and network technologies continue to improve, the real-time stream processing and delivery of geospatial data from remote sensors requires a systematic approach for change analysis and visualization in a streaming fashion. Although various approaches have been formulated to model the inherent spatial-temporal-spectral complexity of remotely sensed satellite data, there are still challenging peculiarities that demand a precise characterization in the context of environmental change detection.In this paper, we present a formal characterization of fundamental operational aspects for the unambiguous specification of change detection and visualization queries in a streaming fashion. This goal is accomplished by defining spatially-aware temporal operators with a consistent semantics for change analysis tasks, and a practically relevant image stream processing architecture founded on a precise execution model and realized by using scientific workflows particularly targeted at collaborative scientific environments. We illustrate our approach with representative examples in land cover and wildfire detection using live data from environmental remote sensors.
Financial reform and stabilization policy in a developing economy

Abstract Despite the long-run efficiency benefits that can be generated by a financial reform program, the authorities in developing countries are often reluctant to enact the required reforms because they fear that these programs will create short-run difficulties for important segments of the financial system. This paper argues that many of these difficulties can be avoided if financial reform is integrated with stabilization policy. The analysis focuses on the specific problem of how to remove nominal interest rate ceilings when complete interest rate decontrolwould lead to widespread bankruptcies amongst the firms in a major segment of the financial system. The optimal combination of stabilization policy and financial reform is shown to involve a mix of discrete and gradual changes in the rate of monetary growth and ceiling lending and depocit rates under either adaptive or rational expectations.
Direct medullary-to-periosteal transition and the occurrence of subperiosteal haematopoietic islands.

DURING the growth and remodelling of bone, a direct conversion between medullary or endosteal connective tissues and periosteum takes place in some parts of the bone. An intervening layer of cortical bone is not involved. A converse process of periosteal conversion directly into medullary connective tissue can also occur without an intermediate stage of ossification. The basis for this previously unreported situation lies in normal remodelling changes which take place during bone growth. It is known that young, rapidly growing bones are partially composed of a particular variety of bone tissue which is non-lamellar and which has a fine-cancellous texture. This is in contrast to the compact, lamellar structure of most adult bone tissues (ROUILLER, 1956; SMITH, 1960; ENLOW, 1963). During the growth of a bone, the cortex is continually moving in a variety of inward and outward (endosteal and periosteal) directions during the complex remodelling sequence which accompanies growth. Outward cortical movement is a result of subperiosteal deposition of new bone together with resorptive removal from the endosteal surface. Conversely, the inward (endosteal) movement of the cortex is brought about by periosteal resorption together with endosteal deposition. Because of the cancellous nature of this young, rapidly growing bone tissue, a direct contact between medullary connective tissues and the periosteum occurs in those areas occupied by the relatively large cancellous spaces (Fig. 1). This contact line is itself in continuous movement in either periosteal or endosteal directions as the entire cortex moves in a corresponding outward or inward course. As a result, continual changes in the structure of both endosteal and periosteal connective tissues take place as one becomes altered into the other. During inward growth, the reticular connective tissue of the medulla undergoes direct fibrous and cellular transformation into the collagenous connective tissue of the periosteum. Reversals in direction of growth commonly occur during successive growth stages so that this transformation process becomes reversed. The collagenous connective tissue of the periosteum is then converted into reticular medullary tissue. The continuously moving line of separation between endosteum and periosteum is well defined and readily identifiable using routine staining methods for collagenous or argyrophilic tissues. Direct fibrous transitions may be observed, and abrupt changes in the cellular components of the tissues are seen. The nature and structure of medullary connective tissue varies according to age and location in the young growing bone. An undifferentiated (primitive) tissue type can
Enhanced Eyelashes: Prescription and Over-the-Counter Options

Women have long strived to possess long, thick, and dark eyelashes. Prominent eyes and eyelashes are often considered a sign of beauty and can be associated with increased levels of attractiveness, confidence, and well-being. Numerous options may improve the appearance of eyelashes. Mascara aims to temporarily darken, lengthen, and thicken eyelashes using a combination of waxes, pigments, and resins. Artificial eyelashes can be adhered either to the dermal margin or to individual eyelashes. Individuals may even use eyelash transplantations to improve the appearance of their eyelashes. The unique properties of eyelashes (e.g., relatively long telogen and short anagen phases compared with scalp hairs, slow rate of growth, and a lack of influence by androgens) may allow for specific aesthetic interventions to improve the appearance of natural eyelashes. Some over-the-counter (OTC) products may contain prostaglandin analogs that can affect eyelash growth, but neither the safety nor efficacy of these OTC cosmetics has been fully studied. Originally indicated for the reduction of intraocular pressure, the synthetic prostaglandin analog bimatoprost was recently approved for the treatment of hypotrichosis of the eyelashes. In a double-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled trial, bimatoprost safely and effectively grew natural eyelashes, making them longer, thicker, and darker. Bimatoprost was generally safe and well tolerated and appears to provide an additional option for individuals looking to improve the appearance of their eyelashes.