cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work-Family Conflict, Enrichment, and Balance under “Levels” and “Episodes” Approaches

In this review, the authors differentiate work—family (WF) research that conceptualizes and measures conflict as a consolidated level versus as a conflict event or episode. They critique the “levels” literature in the areas of conflict, enrichment, and balance. They next review the WF “episodes” literature for the first time. They then introduce a framework that clarifies definitional inconsistencies and integrates the key constructs in the WF literature in a new way. This framework proposes that an employee’s mental conceptualizations relevant to WF roles can be discrepant with actual role enactment or with another mental conceptualization. These discrepancies form one’s level of WF balance or imbalance. The authors recommend that researchers adopt WF balance as the central levels construct, which changes primarily through the occurrence of WF conflict episodes and WF enrichment episodes. They finally discuss research and practical implications of this framework.
Publication Bias in Antipsychotic Trials: An Analysis of Efficacy Comparing the Published Literature to the US Food and Drug Administration Database

Background: Publication bias compromises the validity of evidence-based medicine, yet a growing body of research shows that this problem is widespread. Efficacy data from drug regulatory agencies, e.g., the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), can serve as a benchmark or control against which data in journal articles can be checked. Thus one may determine whether publication bias is present and quantify the extent to which it inflates apparent drug efficacy. Methods and Findings: FDA Drug Approval Packages for eight second-generation antipsychotics—aripiprazole, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, risperidone long-acting injection (risperidone LAI), and ziprasidone—were used to identify a cohort of 24 FDA-registered premarketing trials. The results of these trials according to the FDA were compared with the results conveyed in corresponding journal articles. The relationship between study outcome and publication status was examined, and effect sizes derived from the two data sources were compared. Among the 24 FDA-registered trials, four (17%) were unpublished. Of these, three failed to show that the study drug had a statistical advantage over placebo, and one showed the study drug was statistically inferior to the active comparator. Among the 20 published trials, the five that were not positive, according to the FDA, showed some evidence of outcome reporting bias. However, the association between trial outcome and publication status did not reach statistical significance. Further, the apparent increase in the effect size point estimate due to publication bias was modest (8%) and not statistically significant. On the other hand, the effect size for unpublished trials (0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.39) was less than half that for the published trials (0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.40 to 0.54), a difference that was significant. Conclusions: The magnitude of publication bias found for antipsychotics was less than that found previously for antidepressants, possibly because antipsychotics demonstrate superiority to placebo more consistently. Without increased access to regulatory agency data, publication bias will continue to blur distinctions between effective and ineffective drugs. Please see later in the article for the Editors’ Summary.
Supplementation of taurine and methionine to all-plant protein diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Taurine has been demonstrated to be a conditionally indispensable nutrient for several carnivorous fish species. Currently, trout feeds contain reduced levels of fishmeal which had been the primary source of dietary taurine. The reduction of fishmeal in the diet, and thus dietary taurine, may limit growth. A 12-week feeding trial was conducted using a factorial treatment design with taurine supplementation (3 levels) and methionine supplementation (3 levels) as the main effects. The diets were formulated to be fishmeal free, containing only plant proteins. Taurine was supplemented at 0, 5, and 10 g/kg dry diet and methionine was supplemented at 0, 5, and 10 g/kg dry diet in a 3 × 3 factorial design. All diets were formulated to contain 43.8% crude protein from intact protein and 20% lipid. Fifteen fish with a mean initial weight of approximately 18.4 g per fish were stocked in each of 27 tanks. The unsupplemented diet had 3.6 g of taurine/kg diet and 11.5 g total sulfur amino acids (met + cys)/kg diet. Supplementation with taurine improved growth ( p = 0.096, g gain per fish), and with 5 g/kg diet an increase in feed consumption ( p = 0.095) was observed. Methionine supplementation reduced growth ( p = 0.010, g gain per fish) and feed consumption ( p = 0.055). Neither taurine nor methionine supplementation had an effect on protein retention efficiency, energy retention efficiency or feed conversion ratio. Increased methionine intakes resulted in decreased ( p = 0.009) intraperitoneal fat deposition, whereas taurine levels had no effect. Plasma GH levels were not affected by either methionine or taurine supplementation, but decreased plasma IGF-I concentrations ( p = 0.009) were associated with methionine supplementation (5 g/kg diet). In conclusion, dietary taurine inclusion does appear beneficial for trout fed all-plant protein diets, and supplementation of methionine above the requirement does not appear to spare taurine.
Non-invasive distension of the small bowel for magnetic-resonance imaging.

Summary Magnetic resonance enteroclysis is a promising technique that allows assessment of the small bowel but needs invasive nasoduodenal intubation. We propose a non- invasive distension method for magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) in which ispaghula, dissolved in an aqueous solution with meglumine gadoterate taken orally over 4 h forms a viscous hydrogel within the intestinal lumen. MRI results from ten volunteers showed good luminal distension, constant signal homogeneity, optimum demarcation of the bowel content from surrounding tissues, and a low rate of artefacts. Our method permits non-invasive high quality MRI of the small bowel.
Assessing Parental Utilization of the Poison Center: An Emergency Center-Based Survey

The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize caretakers who fail to utilize the poison center for unintentional poisonings involving children. We interviewed 210 caretakers of children evaluated for unintentional poisoning in the emergency center of an urban, university-based teaching hospital to determine (1) whether demographic differences exist between those caretakers who contacted a poison center prior to the emergency center visit and those who did not and (2) whether differences exist in prevalence of poison prevention knowledge and behaviors between the two groups. Ninety-six (46%) of caretakers did not contact the poison center prior to the emergency center visit. Significant differences were found between the two groups for the following caretaker variables: race/ethnicity, language preference, age, level of education, country in which schooling occurred, and type of insurance coverage for the child. When logistic regression was used to control for confounding, the two variables associated with failure to use the poison center were black race and schooled outside the United States (primarily in Mexico). Poison center callers reported a higher prevalence of poison prevention knowledge and behaviors than noncallers. Educational interventions should be targeted to the groups of caretakers identified who do not use the poison center.
Finitary coding of Markov random fields

There exists a finitary code from any stationary ergodic Markov random field to any i.i.d. random field of strictly lower entropy.
Optical absorption in an equimolar barium borosilicate glass containing titanium ions

Abstract Optical absorption spectra were studied in the visible range, between 350 and 3500 nm, in an equimolar barium borosilicate glass containing 0–12 mol% titanium ions. The valence concentration ratio defined as the ratio of the concentration of the lower valence state transition metal ion Ti3+, to the total concentration of the transition metal ion Ti3+ + Ti4+, was varied between 0.15 and 0.85 at each concentration. Below a composition of 4% ions, the absorption is attributed to an electron transition between the levels formed by splitting the 2D ground state term of Ti3+ in a tetragonally distorted octahedral ligand field as suggested by previous investigators. However, at and above 4%, the contribution of the low-energy tail of the charge transfer band intruding into the visible range has to be considered to explain the results. The charge transfer mechanism involves the interaction transition between Ti3+ and Ti4+ ions.
Creation Ethics: The Moral Status of Early Fetuses and the Ethics of Abortion

Designant par la notion de jeune foetus l'embryon tel qu'il ne possede pas encore les proprietes intrinseques qui lui conferent le statut moral de foetus, l'A. entreprend une revision du debat liberal sur la justification de l'avortement, a la lumiere du principe du futur actuel qui distingue entre le statut moral du jeune foetus qui va vivre et l'absence de statut moral de celui qui va mourir.
Mice: suckling stimulation but not lactation important for maternal aggression.

Two experiments were conducted in order to examine the role of nipple growth, suckling stimulation by young, and lactation in the maternal aggressive behavior displayed by Rockland-Swiss (R-S) Albino mice. Experiment 1 examined the aggressive behavior of parturient animals and separate groups of pregnant animals hysterectomized at various stages of gestation (Days 9, 11, 13, or 15) and fostered young. Aggressive behavior was present in pregnant animals hysterectomized and fostered young at a time when nipple growth was adequate for suckling to take place (i.e., after Gestation Day 11). In contrast, aggression was not evident in animals hysterectomized and fostered young at a time during gestation when nipple growth was inadequate for suckling to take place (i.e., on or before Gestation Day 11). Experiment 2 examined the aggressive behavior of separate groups of parturient animals fostered young for the first time 0, 1, 2, or 3 weeks postpartum. Parturient animals fostered young for the first time 1 to 3 weeks following parturition did not lactate but received suckling stimulation and exhibited aggression identical to that of animals fostered young for the first time immediately following parturition. The growth of nipples and suckling stimulation are necessary conditions for the display of meternal aggression in mice, but suckling-induced changes in lactogenic hormones may not be necessary.
Oral pigmentation in McCune-Albright syndrome.

Importance The differential diagnosis for oral lentigines includes several syndromes with important associated systemic findings. McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), a mosaic condition associated with cafe au lait pigmentation, is not typically considered a mucosal lentiginosis syndrome. The clinical phenotype of MAS is variable because of mosaicism, but oral pigmentation developing in mid-childhood to early adulthood should be recognized as a clinical feature of MAS. Observations We present 4 patients with MAS who developed oral mucosal pigmentation during childhood or early adulthood. All patients had other characteristic findings of MAS including hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, and cafe au lait pigmentation. Conclusions and Relevance Oral pigmentation is an underrecognized finding in MAS and presents later in development compared with the other mucosal lentiginosis syndromes. The diagnosis of MAS is most commonly a clinical diagnosis because mutational analysis is challenging in mosaic conditions. Expanding the cutaneous phenotype to include oral pigmentation further characterizes the clinical findings in this mosaic condition, broadens the differential diagnosis of syndromes with oral pigmentation, and in some cases may aid in earlier diagnosis of MAS.
Intense laser pair creation and applications

Abstract We summarize recent results on pair creation using ultra-intense lasers and their potential applications to astrophysics and positronium physics.
The Naming of Parts: Doing Public Theology in a Global Era

This article draws on the sketch of an emerging paradigm of mission provided by David Bosch and adopts the premise that we can see a new public paradigm operating in the field of public theology. A truly public theology operates in the public sphere. Today the public sphere is global, torn and divided. Public theology should help to create a more inclusive public sphere in which the public anger of the silenced and excluded voices of the oppressed and marginalized can be heard and addressed by policymakers and practitioners. Public theologies have the task of bringing that public anger to effective policy resolution, while resisting the privatization of areas of national life that once were scrutinized in the public domain. Public theologians have to identify issues of public concern that have already been removed from public scrutiny, developing civic and political strategies to bring them back into an expanded public sphere.
Cost-effective management of invasive species using linear-quadratic control

Abstract The removal of invasive species is the first step toward restoring an ecosystem following invasion. We develop spatially-explicit, dynamic optimal control strategies for a large class of invasion problems using linear-quadratic control. This approach allows us to produce new insights that help guide policy that could not have emerged from existing models. We assume adults are sedentary, and heterogeneous patches are connected via dispersal of offspring. We develop a generalized approach to optimally manage species across time and space and apply the framework to several examples, primarily based on Spartina alterniflora . General conclusions are drawn and we show that strong connectivity makes invasive control much more costly, demonstrating that reducing connectivity can be a cost-effective part of invasive species control.
THE POLITICS OF MOTHERING IN A “MIXED” FAMILY: AN AUTOETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION

Interweaving excerpts from her personal journal with research and literature about mixed race, interfaith, and bicultural experience, Nora Lester Murad uses autoethnographic methods to explore the experience of mothering in an American–Jewish and Palestinian–Muslim family. She pushes theoretical discussion beyond the experiences of “mixed” people to consider how the identity of otherwise monoracial/ monocultural parents may be transformed through the experience of parenting across socially/politically significant differences, particularly, national origin, culture, and faith. She also extends theoretical discussion beyond the confines of identity to consider parenting as a political process with an impact within and beyond families.
The anatomy of a successful forecasting implementation

This paper describes the development of a forecasting system for a finance group within Xerox Corporation. The case is used to illustrate the application of principles for the implementation of forecasting systems. These principles include the needs to achieve sufficient levels of user involvement, top management support and education/training.
On the interaction of the liposomal membrane with blood components.

Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) has been shown to be a viable candidate as a blood replacement. However, few data have been presented as to how LEH interacts with normal blood components. Liposomes were prepared from egg lecithin, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate or phosphatidic acid, and mixed with fresh blood plasma or whole blood. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility, prothrombin time (extrinsic coagulation efficiency), activated partial thromboplastin time (intrinsic coagulation efficiency), plasma clot stability in urea (fibrin stabilizing factor), and clot retraction (platelet activation) were measured. Although liposomes were found to bind extensively to erythrocytes, all tests indicated that the liposomes had no significant adverse effects, provided that normal levels of plasma Ca++ were maintained. The ability of liposomes to absorb Ca++ from the plasma was related directly to the amount of dicetyl phosphate or phosphatidic acid present and thus, presumably, to the presence of negatively charge...
Convergence, convergence point and convergence rate for Steiglitz-McBride method; a unified approach

This paper presents a unified approach to analyze the convergence properties of Steiglitz-McBride(1966) method (SMM) in general environments. SMM is formulated as a successive substitution equation. Using results from fixed point theory enables a unified analysis of SMM in both white and colored noise, and sufficient and insufficient order cases. This analysis provides us with several new results. Specifically, for sufficient order filters in white noise environments, the convergence rate of SMM can be predicted by the signal-power to noise-power ratio (SNR) at plant output. For sufficient order filters in colored noise, SMM may diverge or converge depending on the initial estimate and SNR at plant output. If SMM converges, the convergence point is near the unbiased solution. SNR again determines the bias magnitude. For insufficient order filters, in addition to the possible multiple convergence points, we also demonstrate the existence of diverging fixed points of SMM. These diverging fixed points can be used to separate the convergence region, and identify the convergence points for each initial estimate. >
Emulsifying Capacity and Emulsion Stability of Milk Proteins and Corn Germ Protein Flour

Comparative studies of emulsifying capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES) of corn germ protein flour (CGPF), nonfat dry milk (NFDM), whey protein concentrates (WPC), and sodium caseinate (SC) were carried out using response surface methodology. CGPF was an effective stabilizer of fat-protein-water emulsions. Tested proteins showed the following trend in EC and ES: SC greater than WPC = NFDM greater than CGPF. EC and ES increased with increased concentration of protein. No effect of incubation temperature on EC and ES of these proteins was detected. All protein samples showed a maximum EC at high pH (near 8.0) and 1.0% concentration under test conditions, expect NFDM (about pH 7.0) Minimal pH effect on ES was found.
Fast Diffusion Mechanism of Silicon Tri-interstitial Defects

Molecular dynamics combined with the nudged elastic band method reveals the microscopic self-diffusion process of compact silicon tri-interstitials. Tight-binding molecular dynamics paired with ab initio density functional calculations speed the identification of diffusion mechanisms. The diffusion pathway can be visualized as a five defect-atom object both translating and rotating in a screwlike motion along ⟨111⟩ directions. The density functional theory yields a diffusion constant of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}0.49\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}∕{k}_{B}T)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}∕\mathrm{s}$. The low diffusion barrier of the compact tri-interstitial may be important in the growth of ion-implantation-induced extended interstitial defects.
Advances in the Management of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia and Other Hematologic Malignancies with Arsenic Trioxide

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), once considered the most devastating subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, is now the most treatable of all subtypes as a result of intensive research into its molecular pathogenesis. This research has led to a rational approach to treatment in which the use of the differentiating agent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has proven to be effective first-line treatment for inducing complete remission. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is currently used to treat relapsed disease, further enhancing survival rates in a patient population for which limited salvage options exist. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms responsible for development of APL and the evolution of treatment options over the last three decades, including the major advances using ATRA and ATO in the last 12 years. The mechanism of action of ATO is also described in view of this agent's potential for broader therapeutic application in a variety of hematologic malignancies.
Estudio descriptivo de un programa comunitario de educación en valores

Muchos educadores y autores han reconocido que los valores son ensenados ya sea de una manera explicita, a traves del dictado y el reforzamiento, o implicitamente, a traves del "curriculo escondido" (Cox, 1988). Este concepto alude a la carga de contenidos en valores que contiene cualquier curriculo, el reglamento de la escuela y la conducta del profesor(a) que los implementa. Asi si en un salon de clases se enfatiza la puntualidad en la hora de entrada y en la entrega de tareas se esta recalcando implicitamente la importancia de la responsabilidad. Lo mismo se puede decir del tipo de disciplina de un centro educativo o la relativa importancia de algunos cursos frente a otros. La idea fundamental implicita en este concepto es que es imposible no comunicar valores a los jovenes. Lo mismo se puede decir de los medios masivos de comunicacion o las interacciones de los ninos en su barrio y familia: En todo momento ellos reciben mensajes que les comunican que esta bien y que no (aun si no hay intencion de comunicar valores). En base a estas experiencias los ninos van formando un sistema propio de valores.
6. Lymphoid Tumor of the Lid

A 56-year-old white man presented with bilateral inferior lid tumors with a rubbery consistency suggesting lymphoid lesions. An excisional biopsy specimen of the larger lesion in the left lower lid led to routine pathologic, immunologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic investigations. The tumor displayed a diffuse pattern microscopically and was composed of atypical lymphocytes with intermediate differentiation. The immunologic and histochemical marker studies revealed that 90% of the constituent lymphocytes were B-lymphocytes bearing IgM-IgD immunoglobulins on their surface membranes; the remaining 10% of the cells being reactive T-lymphocytes. A diagnosis of a monoclonal proliferation was established and a systemic workup revealed disseminated lymphoma. The use of immunoglobulin and histochemical analyses of ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors is outlined.
A Practical Sampling Design for Acoustic Surveys of Bats

Acoustic surveys are widely used for describing bat occurrence and activity patterns and are increasingly important for addressing concerns for habitat management, wind energy, and disease on bat populations. Designing these surveys presents unique challenges, particularly when a probabilistic sample is required for drawing inference to unsampled areas. Sampling frame errors and other logistical constraints often require survey sites to be dropped from the sample and new sites added. Maintaining spatial balance and representativeness of the sample when these changes are made can be problematic. Spatially balanced sampling designs recently developed to support aquatic surveys along rivers provide solutions to a number of practical challenges faced by bat researchers and allow for sample site additions and deletions, support unequal-probability selection of sites, and provide an approximately unbiased local neighborhood-weighted variance estimator that is efficient for spatially structured populations such as is typical for bats. We implemented a spatially balanced design to survey canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus) activity along a stream network. The spatially balanced design accommodated typical logistical challenges and yielded a 25% smaller estimated standard error for the mean activity level than the usual simple random sampling estimator. Spatially balanced designs have broad application to bat research and monitoring programs and will improve studies relying on model-based inference (e.g., occupancy models) by providing flexibility and protection against violations of the independence assumption, even if design-based estimators are not used. Our approach is scalable and can be used for pre- and post-construction surveys along wind turbine arrays and for regional monitoring programs.
Thermodynamic properties of Mg2SiO4 liquid at ultra-high pressures from shock measurements to 200 GPa on forsterite and wadsleyite

Polycrystalline samples of Mg_2SiO_4 forsterite and wadsleyite were synthesized and then dynamically loaded to pressures of 39–200 GPa. Differences in initial density and internal energy between these two phases lead to distinct Hugoniots, each characterized by multiple phase regimes. Transformation to the high-pressure phase assemblage MgO + MgSiO_3 perovksite is complete by 100 GPa for forsterite starting material but incomplete for wadsleyite. The datum for wadsleyite shocked to 136 GPa, however, is consistent with the assemblage MgO + MgSiO_3 post-perovksite. Marked increases in density along the Hugoniots of both phases between ∼130 and 150 GPa are inconsistent with any known solid-solid phase transformation in the Mg_2SiO_4 system but can be explained by melting. Density increases upon melting are consistent with a similar density increase observed in the MgSiO_3 system. This implies that melts with compositions over the entire Mg/Si range likely for the mantle would be negatively or neutrally buoyant at conditions close to the core-mantle boundary, supporting the partial melt hypothesis to explain the occurrence of ultra-low velocity zones at the base of the mantle. From the energetic difference between the high-pressure segments of the two Hugoniots, we estimate a Gruneisen parameter (γ) of 2.6 ± 0.35 for Mg_2SiO_4-liquid between 150 and 200 GPa. Comparison to low-pressure data and fitting of the absolute pressures along the melt Hugoniots both require that γ for the melt increases with increasing density. Similar behavior was recently predicted in MgSiO_3 liquid via molecular dynamics simulations. This result changes estimates of the temperature profile, and hence the dynamics, of a deep terrestrial magma ocean.
High-power-density GaAs MISFETs with a low-temperature-grown epitaxial layer as the insulator

A GaAs layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy at 200 degrees C is used as the gate insulator for GaAs MISFETs. The gate reverse breakdown and forward turn-on voltages, are improved substantially by using the high-resistivity GaAs layer between the gate metal and the conducting channel. It is shown that a reverse bias of 42 V or forward bias of 9,3 V is needed to reach a gate current of 1 mA/mm of gate width. A MISFET having a gate of 1.5*600 mu m delivers an output power of 940 mW (1.57-W/mm power density) with 4.4-dB gain and 27.3% power added efficiency at 1.1 GHz. This is the highest power density reported for GaAs-based FETs. >
ERS-1 SAR observations of internal waves during the Joint US/Russia Internal Wave Remote Sensing Experiment

Images from the C-band ERS-1 SAR were acquired on two days during the Joint US/Russia Internal Wave Remote Sensing Experiment in July 1992. Images from 18 July 1992 show well-defined internal wave signatures associated with numerous internal wave packets propagating shoreward on the continental shelf. Surface winds were about 6 m/s and stable atmospheric conditions prevailed, that is, the air-water temperature difference was positive. On 25 July, under similar wind conditions but unstable atmospheric conditions, the ERS-1 SAR images are devoid of internal wave signatures. Similar results were observed in vertically-polarized, airborne radar images. Selected radar data are presented to illustrate these effects. These results demonstrate that, under some atmospheric conditions, vertically-polarised radars have significantly less capability for detecting internal wave features than horizontally-polarised radars, independent of the incidence angle of the illuminating radiation. Enhanced atmospheric clutter appears to be contributing to these differences in internal wave observability. >
Early Jurassic allotherians from South Wales (United Kingdom)

Abstract. Fossils from two fissure fillings in Pant Quarry (designated Pant 4 and Pant 5), South Wales, United Kingdom, probably of Early Jurassic age document a taxonomically diverse vertebrate fauna, the Morganucodon-sphenodont fauna, composed of several kinds of reptiles, non-mammalian synapsids, and mammals. Six isolated molariform teeth from Pant 4 and 5 fissures clearly record the presence of Thomasia (Mammalia, Allotheria, Haramiyidae), a genus previously known only from purported Late Triassic faunas of southwestern England, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, and Switzerland. Small morphological differences from teeth in the larger English and continental European samples warrant identification of the Welsh material as Thomasia cf. moorei. The highly derived morphology of an isolated molariform tooth from Pant 5 fissure indicates the presence of another, possibly allotherian, taxon. Fossilien aus zwei wahrscheinlich unterjurassischen Spaltenfullungen (Pant 4 und Pant 5) im Steinbruch Pant in Sud-Wales dokumentieren eine taxonomisch diverse Wirbeltierfauna. Diese Morganucodon-Sphenodontiden-Fauna besteht aus verschiedenen Formen von Reptilien, Synapsiden und Saugetieren. Sechs isolierte molariforme Zahne aus den Spaltenfullungen Pant 4 und Pant 5 belegen eindeutig das Vorkommen von Thomasia (Mammalia, Allotheria, Haramiyidae), einer bisher nur aus vermutlich obertriassischen Faunen Sudwest-Englands, Frankreichs, Belgiens, Luxemburgs, Deutschlands und der Schweiz bekannten Gattung. Geringe morphologische Unterschiede zu dem umfangreicheren Material aus England und Kontinental-Europa sprechen fur die Identifikation des neuen Materials als Thomasia cf. moorei. Die stark abgeleitete Morphologie eines isolierten molariformen Zahnes aus der Spalte Pant 5 belegt das Vorkommen eines anderen Taxons, das moglicherweise auch den Allotheria zuzuordnen ist. doi: 10.1002/mmng.200600018
COX-2 inhibition attenuates anorexia during systemic inflammation without impairing cytokine production

Anorexia and weight loss are frequent complications of acute and chronic infections and result from induction of cytokines, prostaglandins, and other inflammatory mediators that are critical for pathogen elimination. Selective attenuation of the hypophagic response to infection and maintenance of the production of factors essential for infection control would be a useful addition to antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of human disease. Here, we evaluate the relative contribution of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1- and COX-2-derived prostaglandins to anorexia and weight loss precipitated by systemic immune activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using COX isoform-selective pharmacological inhibitors and gene knockout mice, we found that COX-2 inhibition during LPS-induced inflammation results in preserved food intake and maintenance of body weight, whereas COX-1 inhibition results in augmented and prolonged weight loss. Regulation of neuropeptide Y, corticotropin-releasing hormone, leptin, and interleukin-6 does not change as a function of COX-2 inhibition after LPS administration. Our data implicate COX-2 inhibition as a therapeutic target to maintain nutritional status while still allowing a normal cytokine response during infection.
Simultaneous Computation of Dynamical and Equilibrium Information using a Weighted Ensemble of Trajectories

Equilibrium formally can be represented as an ensemble of uncoupled systems undergoing unbiased dynamics in which detailed balance is maintained. Many nonequilibrium processes can be described by suitable subsets of the equilibrium ensemble. Here, we employ the “weighted ensemble” (WE) simulation protocol [Huber and Kim, Biophys. J. 1996, 70, 97–110] to generate equilibrium trajectory ensembles and extract nonequilibrium subsets for computing kinetic quantities. States do not need to be chosen in advance. The procedure formally allows estimation of kinetic rates between arbitrary states chosen after the simulation, along with their equilibrium populations. We also describe a related history-dependent matrix procedure for estimating equilibrium and nonequilibrium observables when phase space has been divided into arbitrary non-Markovian regions, whether in WE or ordinary simulation. In this proof-of-principle study, these methods are successfully applied and validated on two molecular systems: explicitly s...
Dietary and spatial overlap between sympatric ursids relative to salmon use

We hypothesized that there would be minimal dietary overlap between sympatric brown bears (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (U. americanus) relative to salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) utilization when alternative foods (e.g., fruits) are abundant. To maximize the chance that we would reject this hypothesis, we examined the diets of brown and black bears known to have visited salmon streams. Species, sex, and individual identification of bears visiting salmon streams were determined by DNA analysis of hair and feces collected in 2002–2004 along those streams. Diets were estimated from fecal residues and stable isotope analyses of hair. Assimilated diets of brown bears were 66.0% (SD = 16.7%) salmon, 13.9% (SD = 7.5%) terrestrial animal matter, and 20.1% (SD = 17.2%) plant matter. Assimilated diets of black bears were 8.0% (SD = 5.4%) salmon, 8.4% (SD = 9.7%) terrestrial animal matter, and 83.6% (SD = 7.7%) plant matter. Male and female brown bears did not differ in either the proportion of dietary salmon, terrestrial animal matter, or plant matter. The relative amounts of fruit residues in the feces of brown bears (87.0%, SD = 15.2%) and black bears (91.8%, SD = 7.2%) did not differ. Both sexes of brown bears visited salmon streams and consumed significant amounts of salmon, but only male American black bears visited streams and then consumed minimal amounts of salmon. Thus, brown bears were largely carnivorous and black bears were largely herbivorous and frugivorous. This reduced dietary overlap relative to salmon and fruit use is understandable in light of the concentrated, defendable nature of salmon in small streams, the widely dispersed, non-defendable nature of abundant fruits, the dominance of brown over black bears, the higher energy requirement of the larger brown bear, and, therefore, the differing ability of the species to efficiently exploit different food resources.
Informed Consent: Principles for Elective Circumcision

Informed consent is more than a process; it is a gestalt that embraces the concept of the provider (physician or other practitioner) and the patient engaging in a two-way exchange of ideas to best determine a medical course of action. In pediatric cases, the parents are the decision-makers for their children and are presumed to have the best interest of the child in mind. The most important point to keep in mind is that patients (parents) come with preconceived expectations and often cultural considerations. It is important to be sensitive to these and at the same time present a well-balanced summary of the pros and cons of circumcision. To that “a well-crafted informed consent document outlining the procedure, goals of surgery, risks, benefits, and expected outcomes of the procedure allows an opportunity to confirm that the patient has understood and retained the information needed to reach a meaningful decision.”
Optical Non-contacting Vibration Measurement of Rotating Turbine Blades II

Identifying the structural dynamics of rotating components can be difficult. Often times, structural dynamic measurements are obtained while the structure is in a static configuration. There are differences that exist in the structural behavior when comparing these statically performed tests and the dynamic characteristics when in operation. In order to evaluate the actual system while in operation, slip-rings are used during testing with measurements made at only a very few selected points. But this slip-ring configuration can be problematic, suffer from measurement noise and the attached sensors can obscure the true dynamic response due to mass loading and aerodynamic effects. 3D digital image correlation (DIC) has been used to capture the out-of-plane motion on the surface of a small scale rotating fan blade. This work extends prior efforts, by quantifying the performance of the optical measurement on a 46 in (1.17m) diameter, rotating wind turbine. The optical measurements are made using DIC (10,000+ measurement points) and dynamic photogrammetry (providing dozens of effective measurement locations). The motion of the turbine as measured using DIC, photogrammetry and accelerometers is compared at several discrete points. The proposed measuring approaches via DIC and dynamic photogrammetry enable full-field dynamic measurement and monitoring of rotating structures in operation.
Desperately Seeking Texas: Federal Injunction of the World's Forum of Last Resort

This article previews the issues and arguments in Choo v. Exxon Corporation, on the Supreme Court’s 1987-88 docket. The issue here is whether a federal district court can, consistent with the Anti-Injunction Act, enjoin a state court from hearing a lawsuit that the federal court dismissed on forum non conveniens grounds. A corollary issue is whether, In the Interests of federalism, the state court should be able to determine the scope of its own forum non conveniens doctrine, or whether the state court is bound by federal maritime forum non conveniens rules.The wholesale flocking of injured foreign litigants to American courts, seeking to take advantage of the American system of justice and redress, sets the stage for this Supreme Court case. In this case, various procedural maneuvers to secure a hearing in some American forum has given rise to significant issues concerning the relationship between the federal and state court systems. In particular, the Court must now decide whether a federal court, which has dismissed a lawsuit on the basis of forum non conveniens, can also prevent a state court from then hearing that same lawsuit. In Its broadest sense, this litigation challenges the amicable relations between federal and state courts.The narrowest legal issue the Supreme Court will decide in this case is whether a federal court can enjoin a state court from adjudicating a lawsuit that the federal court dismissed on forum non convenlens grounds. The resolution of this issue will turn on the court's interpretation of the applicability of the Anti-Injunction Act. No doubt the Supreme Court will grapple with both the technical and theoretical legal issues. But as a practical matter, what is fundamentally at stake here is whether the Supreme Court is going to permit the federal courts to close the court doors ― both federal and state ― to foreign litigants. This is the so-called "floodgates" issue, and it implicates questions of foreign policy and International relations. Ultimately, the Supreme Court has to decide If it is permissible for the federal government to close the doors of Texas state courts, or if it is within Texas sovereign right to decide to embrace the litigious masses of the world.
Type B Dissection in a Pregnant Woman Managed With Peripartum Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

A 39-year-old woman (gravida 2, para 1-0-0-1) with no medical history developed acute, tearing chest pain radiating to her back, which reached maximal intensity within minutes of onset. She was then 31 weeks into an uncomplicated pregnancy with no evidence of pre-eclampsia or systemic hypertension. Routine prenatal care was pursued throughout the pregnancy, and testing for HIV infection and syphilis was negative. Vital signs on presentation to her local emergency department were notable for a blood pressure of 129/55 mm Hg and troponin I levels that were undetectable (<0.04 ng/mL) on serial evaluations. A computed tomography pulmonary angiogram revealed a type B aortic dissection (Figure 1) that extended to the aortic bifurcation (Figure 2). She was subsequently transferred to our institution where transthoracic echocardiography showed the dissection flap in the descending aorta (Figure 3 and Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement), an aortic sinus and ascending aorta within normal limits of size (3.7 and 2.9 cm, respectively), no evidence of aortic coarctation, and a trileaflet aortic valve. Color-flow Doppler revealed more prominent flow in the true lumen than in the false lumen (Figure 4 and Movie …
Congressional Jet-Setting: Lame Duck Travel and Majority Party Advantage in the House

Opportunism can surface at any point in a congressional career. It is especially likely to arise in the final term of office, when electoral constraints are absent, and, as research has shown, retiring legislators opportunistically prioritize leisure over representational responsibilities. This article explores how the majority party in Congress helps its retiring members to substitute leisure for work. It focuses on official foreign travel, a controversial political perquisite whose consumption is controlled by the majority party and is known to be subject to abuse by retiring and nonretiring incumbents. Using an original dataset spanning the 107th to the 111th Congresses, the article demonstrates that retiring members of the House majority not only travel more than retiring minority members, but also more than nonretiring members of both parties. The study has implications for political opportunism, ethics in government, and majority party advantage in Congress.
Asymmetry in sister chromatids of human chromosomes

Human metaphase chromosomes show identical lateral bands in sister chromatids when stained with quinacrine mustard or with Giemsa after trypsin treatment. A hybrid of these two methods produces banding patterns that are different in sister chromatids. Homologs may have similar patterns, so that a given chromatid is more like a homologous chromatid than its sister chromatid. It is suggested that asymmetry of sister chromatids may be important in regular mitotic disjunction.
A Ground Phloem Medium for Rearing Immature Bark Beetles (Scolytidae)

A ground phloem medium fortified with brewer's yeast was developed to rear the California five-spined ips, Ips confusus (LeConte), from egg to adult. The medium was applicable for 7 other scolytids. It can be sterilized and still remain acceptable. Low pH plus sodium benzoate adequately suppressed microorganism activity antagonistic to beetle development. Axenic adult beetles can be produced in axenic medium. The following variables (within the ranges tested) had no effect on beetle development in the medium: density of developing individuals, host tissue source and texture, and cold storage of eggs. The following variables affected development: temperature, starvation of larvae, moisture content of the medium, physical damage of larvae in handling, and egg quality as influenced by nematode parasitism of parent beetles.
Measurements of Surface Tension and Chemical Shift on Several Binary Mixtures of Water and Ionic Liquids and Their Comparison for Assessing Aggregation

Surface tension and proton chemical shift data are presented for aqueous solutions of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate [C1mim][MeSO4], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate [C4mim][MeSO3], and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C6mim]Cl, as well as surface tension data for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate [C2mim][MeSO3]. Even though a wide range of concentrations were investigated, none of the studied ionic liquid solutions displayed a plateau value for the surface tension, and a critical aggregation concentration (CAC) could not be established from the obtained surface tension data. However, further analyses of the chemical shift and surface tension data with the inclusion of additional available data for other ionic liquids revealed why CAC values in the literature may vary widely for principle and experimental reasons that are discussed in detail.
A Note on Commuting Automorphisms of Rings

(1970). A Note on Commuting Automorphisms of Rings. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 61-62.
Quantum-Size-Controlled Photoelectrochemical Fabrication of Epitaxial InGaN Quantum Dots

We demonstrate a new route to the precision fabrication of epitaxial semiconductor nanostructures in the sub-10 nm size regime: quantum-size-controlled photoelectrochemical (QSC-PEC) etching. We show that quantum dots (QDs) can be QSC-PEC-etched from epitaxial InGaN thin films using narrowband laser photoexcitation, and that the QD sizes (and hence bandgaps and photoluminescence wavelengths) are determined by the photoexcitation wavelength. Low-temperature photoluminescence from ensembles of such QDs have peak wavelengths that can be tunably blue shifted by 35 nm (from 440 to 405 nm) and have line widths that narrow by 3 times (from 19 to 6 nm).
Foraging Behavior of the Pika (Ochotona princeps), with Comparisons of Grazing versus Haying

Pikas ( Ochotona princeps ) inhabit areas with talus and forage on surrounding vegetation. Their foraging behavior was consistent with several predictions of central place foraging theory. Intensity of foraging decreased with distance from talus, whereas selectivity increased. Plant abundance and species richness increased with distance from talus. Differences between grazing (direct consumption of plants) and haying (harvesting and caching plants) behaviors appear to reflect differences in costs and benefits between these activities. Higher proportions of forbs and tall grasses were hayed than grazed. When haying, pikas traveled significantly farther into the meadow from the talus border than when grazing. Pikas grazed year round, but hayed only during a restricted time (July through September) when plant biomass had peaked.
The synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the rat medial vestibular nucleus

1. We examined the synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by stimulation of primary vestibular afferent projections to second-order neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (M...
Association of Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase c-Yes with Tight Junction Protein Occludin by Coimmunoprecipitation Assay

Immunoprecipitation is one of the most commonly used techniques to study protein-protein interaction in vivo. There are three major steps involved in an immunoprecipitation procedure: 1) lysis of the cells to make the antigen of interest available; 2) formation of the antibody-antigen complex by adding specific antibody; 3) separation and detection of the immune complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies can be used to immunoprecipitate the antigen. Polyclonal antibodies usually bind to multiple sites on the antigen and, therefore, are more efficient than monoclonal antibodies. The advantage of using monoclonal antibodies for immunoprecipitations is the specificity of the antibody-antigen interaction because monoclonal antibodies bind to only one epitope of the antigen. If the antigen of interest is tyrosine phosphorylated, and this tyrosine phosphorylation is under investigation, each step has to be handled with extra care to ensure success of the procedure. The buffer used to lyse the cells depends on the nature of the antigen, with more stringent conditions required for integral membrane proteins than for soluble cytosolic proteins. In either case, it is very important to add the protease inhibitors to the lysis buffer in order to prevent degradation of the antigen.
Developing a time-resolved flow cytometer for fluorescence lifetime measurements of near-infrared fluorescent proteins

Excited state fluorescence lifetimes of near-infrared fluorescent proteins iRFP682 and iRFP713 engineered from bacterial phytochromes were measured with a time-resolved flow cytometer. Average lifetimes ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 ns for n=5000 bacterial cells. We anticipate cell sorting for screening cells expressing mutated iRFP variants of high quantum yield.