cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY

Fluctuating asymmetry (subtle departures from identical expression of a trait across an axis of symmetry) in many taxa is under stabilizing selection for reduced asymmetry. However, lack of reliable estimates of genetic parameters for asymmetry variation hampers our ability to predict the evolutionary outcome of this selection. Here we report on a study, based on analysis of variation within and between isofemale lines and of generation means (line-cross analysis), designed to dissect in detail the quantitative genetics of positional fluctuating asymmetry (PFA) in bristle number in natural populations of Drosophila falleni. PFA is defined as the difference between the two sides of the body in the placement or position of components of a meristic trait. Heritability (measured at 25 degrees C) of two related measures of PFA were 13% and 21%, both of which differed significantly from zero. In contrast, heritability estimates for fluctuating asymmetry in the total number of anterior (0.7%) and transverse (2.4%) sternopleural bristles were smaller, not significant, and in quantitative agreement with previously published estimates. Heritabilities for bristle number (trait size) were considerably greater than that for any asymmetry measure. The experimental design controlled for the potentially confounding effects of common familial environment, and repeated testing revealed that PFA differences between lines were genetically stable for up to 16 generations in the laboratory at 25 degrees C. We performed line cross analysis between strains at the extremes of the PFA distribution (highest and lowest values); parental strains, F1, F1r (reciprocal), F2, backcross, and backcross reciprocal generations were represented. The inheritance of PFA was described best by additive and dominance effects localized to the X-chromosomes, whereas autosomal dominance effects were also detected. Epistatic, maternal, and cytoplasmic effects were not detected. The inheritance of trait size was notably more complex and involved significant autosomal additive, dominance, and epistatic effects; maternal dominance effects; and additive and dominance effects localized to the X-chromosomes. The additive genetic correlation between PFA and its associated measure of trait size was negative (-0.049), but not statistically significant, indicating that the loci contributing additive genetic effects to these traits are probably different. It is suggested that PFA may be a sensitive measure of developmental instability because PFA taps the ability of an organism to integrate interconnected developmental pathways.
Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora kikuchii, a Soybean Pathogen

Isolates of Cercospora kikuchii, a soybean (Glycine max) pathogen causing Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain, were tested to determine baseline sensitivities (n = 50) to selected quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides by conducting radial growth assays on fungicide-amended media. Baseline effective fungicide concentration to inhibit 50% of fungal radial growth (EC50) values were compared with EC50 values for isolates collected in 2011 (n = 50), 2012 (n = 50), and 2013 (n = 36) throughout soybean-producing areas in Louisiana. Median EC50 values for isolates subjected to QoI fungicides were significantly (P = 0.05) higher across all 3 years. Cross-resistance to QoI fungicides was observed in resistant isolates collected in 2011 to 2013. Discriminatory doses were developed for QoI fungicides to distinguish between sensitive and resistant isolates. On average, 89% of all isolates screened in 2011 to 2013 were resistant to QoI fungicides. At a discriminatory dose of thiophanate methyl (TM), a met...
Physical Principles: Electromagnetics

If electrostatic forces define the chemical shape of our world, to a great degree it is the movement of charge that brings that world to life. The movement of charge is necessary for sensation, mental activity, muscular movement, and energy transduction by photosynthesis and metabolism, to name just several examples. When an electric field exists in either free space or a conducting medium, charges will move under the field’s influence. This movement of charge is the electric current. The flow of charge in a vacuum is familiar to most readers as the electron beam of a television or oscilloscope. Movement of charge is more familiar today in the solid state, whether in metal or polymer conductors or in semiconductors. It is probable that within this generation the cathode ray tube will be of only historical interest, having most likely been replaced by solid state display devices. Movement of charge in the solid state is generally impeded by the presence of the atomic and molecular structure that composes the material through which charge flows. We will review the physical principles of conduction through conductors and semiconductors and then delve much more deeply into the molecular particulars of conduction in substrates of biological interest in later chapters.
Influence of Post-Deposition Annealing on Lattice Strain, Electrical Transport and Magnetic Properties in Epitaxial La0.8Ca0.2MnO3 CMR Films

The effect of annealing on 3-dimensional lattice strain, crystallographic domain structure, magnetic and electrical properties of both 250 A and 4000 A thick epitaxial La0.8Ca0.2MnO3 (LCMO(x=0.2)) thin films grown on (001) LaAlO3 substrates have been studied. While short annealing time (∼2hrs. at 950 °C in oxygen of 1 atm. pressure) leads to anomalous increase of the peak temperature (Tp) and Curie temperature (Tc) above room temperature and that of the bulk material, longer annealing time (∼10 hrs.) restores the Tp and Tc to almost the same values as that of the as-grown films. Furthermore, as the annealing time is increased, the lattice strain relaxes with film’s lattice parameter approaching the bulk value. In-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters and strain states of the as-grown and annealed films were measured directly using normal and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. A clear correlation is observed between Tp and perovskite unit cell volume for both the films. Tp is found to increase with the decrease of perovskite unit cell volume. This is attributed to the enhancement of overlap between Mn d orbitals and oxygen p orbitals leading to increased bandwidth and conductivity. Crystalline quality of the films as determined by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the x-ray rocking curves, improves with the annealing time. This work highlights the importance of controlling the 3-dimensional lattice strain for optimizing the properties of CMR films.
Improved Discrimination of Influenza Forecast Accuracy Using Consecutive Predictions.

INTRODUCTION The ability to predict the growth and decline of infectious disease incidence has advanced considerably in recent years. In particular, accurate forecasts of influenza epidemiology have been developed using a number of approaches. METHODS Within our own group we produce weekly operational real-time forecasts of influenza at the municipal and state level in the U.S. These forecasts are generated using ensemble simulations depicting local influenza transmission dynamics, which have been optimized prior to forecast with observations of influenza incidence and data assimilation methods. The expected accuracy of a given forecast can be inferred in real-time through quantification of the agreement (e.g. the variance) among the ensemble of simulations. RESULTS Here we show that forecast expected accuracy can be further discriminated with the additional consideration of the streak or persistence of the forecast-the number of consecutive weeks the forecast has converged to the same outcome. DISCUSSION The findings indicate that the use of both the streak and ensemble agreement provides a more detailed and informative assessment of forecast expected accuracy.
Attraction effects of different Musca domestica baits under simulated field conditions

Objective To screen highly attractive formulations to Musca domestica under simulated field conditions in order to determine the optimal bait that can be commercialized for fly density monitoring. Methods Two different bait formulations were used on fly traps in a simulated field to compare their attraction effects. Results After two rounds of screening, SA-8 baits (50 g stale fish gel, 100 g brown sugar and 100 g water) were remarkably superior over other compounds considering the capture rate and cost-effectiveness; its capture rate (36.95%) was higher than that of sugar-vinegar baits (12.64%) with significant difference (χ2=214.35, P0.01). Conclusion SA-8 could be subject to the field test as a candidate bait for further verification of its attraction effect on M. domestica and other fly species.
Modular 200 MVA programmable power supply for MST's poloidal field

The new Poloidal Field Programmable Power Supply will expand the capabilities of the MST reversed-field pinch experiment. The supply, based on IGBT H-bridges, will generate an arbitrary waveform up to +/− 2700 V at currents up to +/− 85 kA to drive the transformer which produces MST's poloidal field. Additional modules can be added, without other modification, to expand the output current to 115 kA, yielding over 300 MVA.
Selling the Consortium

Anyone who thought an oil solution would come easily did not understand the complexities of the affair. With three governments — none speaking with a single voice — eight major oil companies, and numerous minor ones jockeying for advantage, it was little wonder negotiations dragged on long after Musaddiq’s government had disappeared. At times it seemed as if the whole enterprise would come to naught, that one participant or another would pack up and go home. Although the parties came close to such a break, it never happened — there was just too much at stake. And as the shah and Zahidi slowly reestablished control, silencing if not winning over nationalist opponents, prospects for a settlement began to improve.
Examining the relationship of a survey based measure of math creativity with math achievement: Cross-national evidence from PISA 2012

Abstract Developing creative thinking skills in school children has become an important topic of discussion for education research and policy. International assessments of students’ academic learning skills have started to consider students’ creative thinking and problem solving skills along with assessments of traditional academic subjects. In this study we use the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 data to propose a survey based measure of math-creative thinking skills and further examine its relationship to math achievement. The results show that within schools, at the student-level, math-creativity is positively related to student achievement. Between countries, average math performance is negatively related to average math-creativity skills. Many countries that performed poorly on the 2012 math assessment have relatively higher proportions of students who consider themselves open problem solvers. Our findings highlight the importance of considering level of analysis when examining the relationship of creativity with achievement.
Static Production Structure

In this chapter we introduce the basic building blocks which we will be using to develop our dynamic models of production. As in our previous work on production and performance measurement, we follow Shephard and begin by specifying axioms which technology should satisfy. These are chosen to provide the minimum structure and regularity necessary to allow us to employ duality results, for example. A brief overview of these axioms, including alternative specifications of returns to scale and disposability of inputs and outputs opens this chapter.
The Cultivation of Christmas Trees: Through the Eyes of Children (and the Child-like)

The Cultivation of Christmas Trees is the last of Eliot’s Ariel Poems, appearing in the “new series” in 1954. An essay in verse form, it has not been highly regarded in the commentary. “There are several attitudes towards Christmas,” it opens, rather unimpressively. But voice here is critical; it is “child-like,” in its capacity for “both/and” that allows for the angel atop the tree to be seen as both decoration and angel. Herein lies the real character of Christmas, apparent in the child, represented in the child-like, and dramatized in the poem’s texture and structure. The humbleness of the poem is thus appropriate, participating in the “meanness” that surrounds the Birth in a stable, a mere decoration (or so it seems) that is a gift, both decoration and angel.
50th Anniversary Perspective: Block Polymers—Pure Potential

Block polymers have undergone extraordinary evolution since their inception more than 60 years ago, maturing from simple surfactants to an expansive class of macromolecules encoded with exquisite attributes. Contemporary synthetic accessibility coupled with facile characterization and rigorous theoretical advances have conspired to continuously generate fundamental insights and enabling concepts that target applications spanning chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering. Here, we parse the vast literature to examine the forefront of the field and identify exciting themes and challenging opportunities that portend a bracing future trajectory. This Perspective celebrates the visionary role played by Macromolecules in advancing our understanding of this remarkable class of materials.
East Asia and the study of law and development

From a comparative perspective, one of the most noteworthy aspects of East Asia' over the past five or six decades has been the region’s rapid development, which is true whether one defines ‘development’ in economic terms alone or takes a broader view. Growth rates in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and, more recently, China have been outstanding over sustained periods, as has been these societies’ performance on many broader measures of well-being (World Bank, 1993). For scholars interested in understanding how law and legal institutions interact with social processes of development, East Asia therefore provides a rich arena for research, not only to deepen understanding of fundamental theoretical issues, but also perhaps to provide practical guidance to today’s developing countries as they seek to structure their own legal systems to facilitate development. As this chapter will demonstrate, the East Asian experience challenges many claims and assumptions found in the mainstream law and development field. This was true of the East Asian ‘miracle’ economies of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, but the challenges posed by China’s development path are even more fundamental.
Serving people in crisis to make the world a better place

Carolin Silbernagl, who leads betterplace lab, the research arm of betterplace.org in Berlin, Germany, is a social technologist, as well as co-founder of dotHIV. Here, she shares what it takes to make betterplace, the first mover in the area of digital social startups in Germany.
Application of Nonlinear Semigroup Theory to Certain Partial Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the facts about nonlinear semigroups in arbitrary Banach spaces and an exposition of some applications and extensions of this general theory to certain nonlinear partial differential equations of parabolic type. The chapter focuses on the applicability of the abstract considerations to several concrete problems, to explain what useful information semigroup theory provides and what it does not, and to demonstrate how in certain cases, various partial differential equations techniques can be used to extend the theoretical understanding. The chapter presents the basic working information about nonlinear semigroups, including Crandall–Liggett generation theorem and various regularity and perturbation results. It also presents the nonlinear Chernoff theorem and several related topics, with a view toward the applications. These are the porous medium and related equations, certain variational and quasi-variational inequalities of evolution, and Bellman's equation.
Fusional Amplitudes: Developing Testing Standards.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The stability of binocular vision depends upon good fusional amplitudes, but the clinical assessment of fusional amplitudes varies around the world. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is variation in the assessment of fusional amplitudes in normal subjects. The author looked at the testing distance, the order of testing, the role of examiner encouragement, and the subject’s level of alertness.Methods: In a prospective study using a modified crossover design, the author assessed fusional amplitudes in 99 subjects with normal eye exams. The measurements were done in two separate sessions on different days with each subject being randomized as to the order of fusional vergence testing. All subjects were assessed without and with encouragement in the first session. In the second session, all were assessed at different testing distances.Results: The author previously presented data on 50 subjects. In this expanded cohort, statistical significance was reached confir...
Attempting Valid Assessment of Spiritual Growth: A Survey of Christ-centered Living*:

In an effort to document spiritual growth as an aspect of the mission of our university, we sought to implement sound assessment procedures so that students' specific spiritual needs might be ident...
The spatial and temporal domains of modern ecology

To understand ecological phenomena, it is necessary to observe their behaviour across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Since this need was first highlighted in the 1980s, technology has opened previously inaccessible scales to observation. To help to determine whether there have been corresponding changes in the scales observed by modern ecologists, we analysed the resolution, extent, interval and duration of observations (excluding experiments) in 348 studies that have been published between 2004 and 2014. We found that observational scales were generally narrow, because ecologists still primarily use conventional field techniques. In the spatial domain, most observations had resolutions ≤1 m2 and extents ≤10,000 ha. In the temporal domain, most observations were either unreplicated or infrequently repeated (>1 month interval) and ≤1 year in duration. Compared with studies conducted before 2004, observational durations and resolutions appear largely unchanged, but intervals have become finer and extents larger. We also found a large gulf between the scales at which phenomena are actually observed and the scales those observations ostensibly represent, raising concerns about observational comprehensiveness. Furthermore, most studies did not clearly report scale, suggesting that it remains a minor concern. Ecologists can better understand the scales represented by observations by incorporating autocorrelation measures, while journals can promote attentiveness to scale by implementing scale-reporting standards.
VIRTUE AND SELF-INTEREST IN XENOPHON’S MEMORABILIA 3.9.4–5

Are people at bottom motivated entirely by self-interest? Or do they act only sometimes out of self-interest, and sometimes for other reasons—say, to help out a friend for her own sake, with no expectation of being benefitted in return? Scholars have often thought they could discern in the works of classical Greek thinkers a commitment to psychological egoism, the thesis that one is motivated to act only by considerations of the expected benefits and harms that will accrue to oneself. For instance, a host of influential interpreters have taken Plato to be wedded to psychological egoism throughout his corpus. Often, the commitment is thought to run so deep that Plato rarely, if ever, manages to articulate it explicitly, let alone to examine it critically and defend it. That kind of approach obviously invites challenges, and lately there has been a small but growing resistance to the egoistic interpretation of Plato. The challenges are especially welcome given the general lack of support for psychological egoism in the present intellectual climate: egoistic readings have increasingly seemed to imply a crippling weakness in the Platonic system.
A Social Network Model for Innovation in Early Aviation History

Using data from many historical studies of early aviation, we present evidence that early advances in aviation were the result of an evolving social network with more than eighty nodes and over three hundred links. The node-link distribution is shown to be similar to a scale-free, power law behavior, characteristic of modern social networks such as the World-Wide-Web. This study suggests that technical innovation and invention in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries flourished through complex social networks commonly assumed to be unique to the twenty-first century.
Translation in Xenopus oocytes of mRNAs transcribed in vitro

The development of several in vitro transcription systems based on phage-specific RNA polymerases has made it possible to synthesize large quantities of RNAs from cloned DNA sequences. These transcripts can be translated by in vitro translation systems or introduced into Xenopus laevis oocytes to study post-transcriptional, translational, or post-translation al processes. Here we describe one of the in vitro transcription systems that utilizes a specific promoter and the RNA polymerase from the phage SP6 of Salmonella typhimurium. We also describe methods used to analyze translation of these RNAs in the Xenopus oocyte.
Repeating patterns of motoneurons in nematodes: The origin of segmentation?

Evolutionarily diverse groups of animals share numerous similarities as individual neurons are assembled into functional neural circuits. One example is the hierarchical sequence of events that individual nerve cells follow during morphological development. In the initial step a presumptive neuron is generated and positioned appropriately. Second, the undifferentiated cell elaborates a growth cone capable of interacting with extrinsic cues and leading the presumptive axonal process as it is guided into areas where potential synaptic targets reside. Finally, the differentiating nerve cell selects among appropriate and inappropriate target cells as it completes the process of selective synaptogenesis. The extracellular matrix molecule laminin provides a second example, this time at the molecular level. Biochemical and genetic studies have shown that this molecule directs process guidance of neurons in vertebrates, annelids, and nematodes. In both examples an interest in neural development has provided a window through which evolutionarily processes have been revealed. The free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans possesses several features that collectively place it in a rather unique position among metazoans and has allowed genetic and cellular studies to be integrated at the level of identified neurons and neural circuits. This review will focus on developmental studies of C. elegans locomotory neural circuits. General issues that will be addressed are the similarities and differences among different taxa regarding: the relationship between cell lineage and cell fate determination in generating reiterative neural patterns; pioneer cells and the molecular basis for process guidance and finally genetic and epigenetic events involved in sculpting highly specific synaptic patterns.
Lipid Metabolism During Fungal Development

Fungal growth and development can be divided into three distinct phases: spore germination, vegetative growth, and reproduction. The purpose of this chapter is to organize the available information on the involvement of lipids in the germination and reproductive processes. Lipid metabolism in relation to environmental and nutritional factors during vegetative growth has been discussed in Chapter 2.
Complexity of Automata, Brains, and Behavior

Organs other than the central nervous system have functions that are fairly well understood. The heart is a pump, the lung a gas exchanger, the kidney a filter. These functions had to remain mysterious to Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen whose times lacked an accurate chemistry, but now most of the mysteries are gone. The brain, however, is still poorly understood, as poorly as the other organs before modern physics and chemistry. The brain’s functions are not physical or chemical but cybernetic. The brain is a sensing and control organ. The theoretical framework for its functions is computer science, a discipline that has had much less time to mature than physics and chemistry, and consequently is less well developed. Understanding the brain remains a profound challenge.
Nonlinear Feedback Control Systems: An Operator Theory Approach

Non-linear Analytic Mappings. Non-linear Lipschitz Operators. Non-linear Feedback Systems. Optimal Design of Non-linear Feedback Control Systems. Coprime Factorizations of Non-linear Mappings for Control Systems. Non-linear Systems Identification.
COMPSAC 2018: Staying Smarter in a Smartening World

Sorel Reisman reflects on the 42nd annual IEEE Computer Society COMPSAC conference held in Tokyo, Japan in July 2018. This article also includes an erratum for Experiments with Ocular Biometrics: A Practitioners Guideline (Z. Akhtar et al., vol. 20, no. 3, 2018, pp. 50-63; doi: 10.1109/MITP.2018.032501748).
To grit or not to grit, that is the question!

Abstract The current study tested the validity of grit as a non-cognitive construct related to, yet distinct from self-control. Data were collected from N = 1907 adults spanning the life-course (53.1% female, M age = 41.4 years). Associations between grit and present and past goals were very similar to ones observed with self-control. Extensive model tests using structural equation modeling provided evidence of substantial overlap between these two constructs, calling into question the conceptual and empirical distinctiveness of grit vis-a-vis self-control, as well as the importance of grit as a unique and independent characteristic salient for the pursuit and achievement of long-term goals. This finding was consistent and invariant across adult developmental periods. Study implications for grit-investment are discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging of patellofemoral osteoarthritis: intertester reliability and associations with knee pain and function.

We examined the intertester reliability of patellofemoral compartment (PFC) osteoarthritis (OA) severity using magnetic resonance images (MRI) and a modified Kellgren and Lawrence (K&L) system. Second, we determined if these grades were associated with clinical tests of PFC involvement or self-reported pain/difficulty with stair climbing. Third, we assessed the association between PFC OA severity and knee pain or disability, after accounting for potential confounders including tibiofemoral OA severity. We examined the 9-year Osteoarthritis Initiative data from 114 subjects in the year prior to undergoing knee arthroplasty. The weighted kappa (κw) was used to determine intertester reliability, and the Pearson chi-square was used to assess associations among PFC OA scores and clinical tests. Multiple regressions were used to determine independent associations between self-reported pain/function and PFC OA. Reliability was substantial (κw = 0.73 (SE = 0.05)). Chi-square associations between PFC OA severity and clinical tests were not significant (p > 0.05). Multiple regression models between PFC OA and self-reported pain or function scores were not significant (p > 0.05). MRI-based measures of PFC OA were highly reliable indicating that musculoskeletal radiologists can reliably grade the PFCs of subjects using MRI. The extent of PFC OA is not associated with either clinical tests of PFC involvement or activities associated with PFC pain in persons with moderate to severe symptomatic tibiofemoral and PFC OA.
Endovascular Versus Open Repair of Intact Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

AbstractBackground: For the management of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms, recent evidence has suggested that outcomes of open surgical repair may surpass thoracic endovascular aortic repair (...
Thinking more broadly about policy responses to problematic video game use: A response to Király et al. (2018)

Kiraly et al. (2018) did an excellent job of reviewing policies that are undertaken to prevent and respond to problematic video game use. I argue that there has been a failure of imagination when considering public policy – generally, we only think of governmental or legislative policies. This paper identifies several other ways we could consider public policy, providing examples of some that have already been enacted and suggesting others that could be, all without governmental intervention. These types of policies may not only be more practical, but also be more effective.
Housing Instability and Homeless Program Use Among Veterans: The Intersection of Race, Sex, and Homelessness

This study describes race/sex differences in housing instability among veterans and examines whether there are disparities in their access of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) homeless programs....
Competitive Adsorption of Lubricant Base Oil and Ionic Liquid Additives at Air/Liquid and Solid/Liquid Interfaces

Oil-soluble ionic liquids (ILs) have been proved as effective additives in lubricant oils through tribological experiments and post-test analytical analyses. In this study, surface structures of lubricant base oil, oil-soluble ILs, and their mixtures at the air/liquid and solid/liquid interfaces have been studied using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. At the air/base oil and air/IL interfaces, the alkyl chains of the studied compounds were shown to be conformationally disordered and their terminal methyl groups point outward at the liquid surface. The base oil dominates the air/(base oil + IL) interface due to its higher surface excess propensity and larger bulk concentration. At the solid (silica) surface, ILs adopt a structure with their charged headgroups in contact with the silica surface, while their alkyl chains are more conformationally ordered or packed compared to the air/IL interface. At the interface between silica and (base oil + IL) mixtures, ILs also preferentially adsorb to the silica surface with their layer structures somewhat different from those of ILs alone. These results showed that ILs can adsorb onto the solid surface even before tribological contacts are made. The insights obtained from this SFG study provide a better understanding of the role of ionic liquids in lubrication.
Sample temperatures can modulate both emotional responses to and sensory attributes of tomato soup samples

Abstract This study aimed to determine how sample temperatures affect sensory attributes of and emotional responses to tomato soup samples. Six professionally-trained panelists evaluated two tomato soup products randomly served at four temperatures: 25, 40, 55, and 70 °C, and rated intensities of 29 attributes. Trained panelists found that five attributes changed with sample temperature of tomato soup. A total of 103 consumers also evaluated the same tomato soup products served at four temperatures using check-all-that-apply (CATA) ballots related to sensory attributes and emotional responses. The 27 emotional and 20 sensory attributes differed significantly among samples of two product types served at four temperatures. A principal component analysis showed that variation in sensory attributes could better be explained by product type rather than sample temperature, while emotional-response variation was attributed more to sample temperature than to product type. Sensory and emotional drivers of liking were also found to differ with sample temperature. Another study in which 66 consumers characterized sensory and emotional attributes of purified water at the four temperatures was conducted. Consumer emotional responses to water samples changed with sample temperature, while sensory perception varied only minimally. In conclusion, our findings provide empirical evidence that sample temperature significantly influences both emotional responses and sensory attributes, and temperature effects vary with the type of food.
Four Decades of HIV/AIDS — Much Accomplished, Much to Do

Four Decades of HIV/AIDS Considering the spectacular scientific advances that have been made over nearly four decades, it is conceivable that with optimal implementation of available prevention str...
Building bridges with dentistry: NICE guideline supports collaborative practice between GPs and dentists

The title of this article may suggest a discussion surrounding missing teeth and intra-oral prosthetics. However, this article is intended to discuss a broader topic, one that has gained increased coverage across academic journals in recent years: the integration of oral health into primary care. The integration of oral health into primary care is still a relatively new initiative worldwide. In the US, the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) has shown its support for a new model of care that promotes the integration of oral health into primary care. This model was outlined in the Oral Health Delivery Framework (OHDF).1 The OHDF aims to support GPs to incorporate some oral health practices such as: promoting oral health, identifying risk factors for oral disease, providing patient education, and developing referral networks to support collaborative practice with dentists.1 The potential benefits of collaborative practice are perhaps most pertinent among specific populations such as children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with chronic systemic diseases, for example diabetes.1 In the UK, previous studies have suggested that GPs and dentists should collaborate more to improve the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).2–3 It has been shown that patients who have regular dental check-ups are more likely to have OSCC diagnosed at an earlier stage.4 However, only 50.4% of the UK adult population was seen by an NHS dentist in the 24 months prior to 1 December 2018.5 Data from two large national surveys in the UK showed that the ‘inverse screening law’ applies to OSCC, and that there was a lower probability of regular dental check-ups among those with a greater risk of OSCC.6 In keeping with the OHDF model,1 a study of …
Abstract 5722: Acquired stemness by luminal cells

Rare cell types in the prostate are reported to have stem cell properties based on organ regeneration potential following castration. Here, we use single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) to characterize these populations from the murine and human prostate in hormonally intact and androgen deprived conditions. Prostate cells from hormonally intact mice partitioned into one large subset of basal epithelial cells, another large subset of luminal epithelial cells, which we designate luminal 1 and two rare luminal populations: luminal 2 and luminal 3. Luminal cells that persist following castration display enhanced organoid regeneration potential, particularly within 1-2 days of androgen addback, and contribute equipotently to prostatic regeneration as revealed by lineage tracing. This regeneration is mediated, in part, through the orchestrated expression of Nrg2, Igf1, Fgf10 and Rspo3 by distinct populations of androgen-responsive mesenchymal and smooth muscle cells. Thus, luminal cells that persist post-castration undergo a cell state change that primes a proliferative response to microenvironment signals, analogous to other models of tissue injury such as liver damage. Citation Format: Wouter Karthaus, Matan Hofree, Danielle Choi, Eliot L. Linton, Mesruh Turkekul, Alborz Bejnood, Brett Carver, Anuhandra Gopalan, Vincent Laudone, Moshe Biton, Ojasvi Chaudhary, Ignas Masilionis, Linas Mazutis, Dana Pe9er, Aviv Regev, Charles Sawyers. Acquired stemness by luminal cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5722.
Prevalence and predictors of death and severe disease in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 77 studies and 38,000 patients.

Introduction Progression of COVID-19 to severe disease and death is insufficiently understood. Objective Summarize the prevalence of risk factors and adverse outcomes and determine their associations in COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized. Methods We searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science for case-series and observational studies of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through August 31, 2020. Data were analyzed by fixed-effects meta-analysis using Shore’s adjusted confidence intervals to address heterogeneity. Results Seventy-seven studies comprising 38906 hospitalized patients met inclusion criteria; 21468 from the US-Europe and 9740 from China. Overall prevalence of death [% (95% CI)] from COVID-19 was 20% (18–23%); 23% (19–27%) in the US and Europe and 11% (7–16%) for China. Of those that died, 85% were aged≥60 years, 66% were males, and 66%, 44%, 39%, 37%, and 27% had hypertension, smoking history, diabetes, heart disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), respectively. The case fatality risk [%(95% CI)] were 52% (46–60) for heart disease, 51% (43–59) for COPD, 48% (37–63) for chronic kidney disease (CKD), 39% for chronic liver disease (CLD), 28% (23–36%) for hypertension, and 24% (17–33%) for diabetes. Summary relative risk (sRR) of death were higher for age≥60 years [sRR = 3.6; 95% CI: 3.0–4.4], males [1.3; 1.2–1.4], smoking history [1.3; 1.1–1.6], COPD [1.7; 1.4–2.0], hypertension [1.8; 1.6–2.0], diabetes [1.5; 1.4–1.7], heart disease [2.1; 1.8–2.4], CKD [2.5; 2.1–3.0]. The prevalence of hypertension (55%), diabetes (33%), smoking history (23%) and heart disease (17%) among the COVID-19 hospitalized patients in the US were substantially higher than that of the general US population, suggesting increased susceptibility to infection or disease progression for the individuals with comorbidities. Conclusions Public health screening for COVID-19 can be prioritized based on risk-groups. Appropriately addressing the modifiable risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and diabetes could reduce morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19; public messaging can be accordingly adapted.
Borrowing trouble? The impact of a systematic review service on interlibrary loan borrowing in an academic health sciences library

Background: With the mandate to review all available literature in the study’s inclusion parameters, systematic review projects are likely to require full-text access to a significant number of articles that are not available in a library’s collection, thereby necessitating ordering content via interlibrary loan (ILL). The aim of this study is to understand what effect a systematic review service has on the copyright royalty fees accompanying ILL requests at an academic health sciences library. Case Presentation: The library created a custom report using ILLiad data to look specifically at 2018 ILL borrowing requests that were known to be part of systematic reviews. This subset of borrowing activity was then analyzed to determine its impact on the library’s copyright royalty expenditures for the year. In 2018, copyright eligible borrowing requests that were known to be part of systematic reviews represented only approximately 5% of total filled requests that involved copyright eligible borrowing. However, these systematic review requests directly or indirectly caused approximately 10% of all the Spencer S. Eccles Library copyright royalty expenditures for 2018 requests. Conclusion: Based on the sample data set, the library’s copyright royalty expenditures did increase, but the overall financial impact was modest.
Developing a Latinx-Adapted Primary Care Parenting Program Through Expert Consensus: A Delphi Study

The purpose of this study is to establish consensus among a group of experts on the most effective ways to develop and implement a primary care parenting program for Latinx parents. Using a Delphi methodology, researchers sought consensus among Latinx, first-generation parents, Latinx researchers, and primary care experts by soliciting the suggestions of 23 women and five men from 10 different Latinx countries. Consensus was established across six out of seven themes. Themes where consensus was met included facilitator knowledge; program participants; program characteristics; program timing, length, and duration; program topics; and program educational methods. These results indicate that several programmatic changes need to be made to better adapt primary care parenting programs to the needs, values, and preferences of Latinx parents. Suggestions for programmatic changes are given at the end of this article.
Argamassa Construction Materials (a)

How does a high-performing manager move from admiring his boss to feeling like walking away from the position and company? This is a powerfully rich case that describes a manager's leadership style in the context of a construction materials company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eduardo Santiago, plant manager at Argamassa, disagreed with the cost-cutting strategy his boss and company owner had implemented. And he believed more recent changes had created an adversarial environment between management and labor. Santiago decided to arrange a dinner meeting with his boss. In the A case, he wonders whether he should go ahead with his plan to give feedback or keep his thoughts to himself and view the outing as a personal dinner between friends. The text is enriched with embedded videos in English and Portuguese to bring the discussion to life. Excerpt UVA-OB-1076 Aug. 12, 2015 Argamassa Construction Materials (A) At what point had Eduardo Santiago, plant manager at Argamassa, a construction materials company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, moved from admiring his boss to feeling like walking out? After all, if it weren't for Leandro Giuntini, the director of Argamassa, Santiago may not have had the opportunity to move into management—something he deeply wanted. Yet by the end of 2010, Santiago was feeling something less than gratitude toward Giuntini, who also happened to be a longtime friend. Santiago disagreed with the cost-cutting strategy Giuntini had implemented the previous year. And he believed that other more recent changes Giuntini had made had created an adversarial environment between management and labor. Struggling with the situation while trying to remain professional, Santiago decided to arrange a dinner meeting with Giuntini. Now he wondered whether he should go ahead with his plan to give feedback to his boss or keep his thoughts to himself and view the outing as a personal dinner between friends. Brazil and the Labor Market . . .
Trends, Predictors and In-Hospital Outcomes of the Next Day Discharge Approach After Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair

Early discharge strategies are associated with lower cost and resource utilization during hospitalization, as such we sought to evaluate trends, predictors and outcomes of the next day discharge (NDD) approach after transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) procedures with the MitraClip device. The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried between 2013 and 2018 for patients undergoing TMVR using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 procedure code ‘3597′ and ICD-10 procedure code ‘02UG3JZ’. Patients undergoing TMVR were stratified into two groups, determined by hospital length of stay (LOS) [≤1 day, NDD versus >1-day, non-NDD]. Overall, 22,035 patients underwent TMVR with 35.7% (n = 7,870) belonging to the NDD group (mean age 78.1 ± 9.7 years, women 45%). From 2013 to 2018, the proportion of patients being discharged using the NDD approach trended upward from 18.3% to 46.0%. Amongst demographic and social factors, female sex, black race, and low median household income were predictive of non-NDD (p
A model for naturalistic glance behavior around Tesla Autopilot disengagements.

Objective We present a model for visual behavior that can simulate the glance pattern observed around driver-initiated, non-critical disengagements of Tesla’s Autopilot (AP) in naturalistic highway driving. Background Drivers may become inattentive when using partially-automated driving systems. The safety effects associated with inattention are unknown until we have a quantitative reference on how visual behavior changes with automation. Methods The model is based on glance data from 290 human initiated AP disengagement epochs. Glance duration and transition were modelled with Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed models. Results The model replicates the observed glance pattern across drivers. The model’s components show that off-road glances were longer with AP active than without and that their frequency characteristics changed. Driving-related off-road glances were less frequent with AP active than in manual driving, while non-driving related glances to the down/center-stack areas were the most frequent and the longest (22% of the glances exceeded 2 s). Little difference was found in on-road glance duration. Conclusion Visual behavior patterns change before and after AP disengagement. Before disengagement, drivers looked less on road and focused more on non-driving related areas compared to after the transition to manual driving. The higher proportion of off-road glances before disengagement to manual driving were not compensated by longer glances ahead. Application The model can be used as a reference for safety assessment or to formulate design targets for driver management systems.
The calculation of /spl mu/-sensitivities

In this paper, we examine a robustness tool called the /spl mu/-sensitivities introduced by Braatz-Morari (1991). Given a closed loop system, the /spl mu/-sensitivities indicate how the structured singular value /spl mu/ decreases as the uncertainty in the system decreases. Using the upper bound to /spl mu/ as our performance, we derive a numerically stable and computationally efficient method to calculate these sensitivities. A nontrivial example shows that this new computational method makes the /spl mu/-sensitivities a viable tool for system analysis.
Adaptations to iron deficiency: cardiac functional responsiveness to norepinephrine, arterial remodeling, and the effect of beta-blockade on cardiac hypertrophy

Background Iron deficiency (ID) results in ventricular hypertrophy, believed to involve sympathetic stimulation. We hypothesized that with ID 1) intravenous norepinephrine would alter heart rate (HR) and contractility, 2) abdominal aorta would be larger and more distensible, and 3) the beta-blocker propanolol would reduce hypertrophy.
Calf lens messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes: Characterization and comparison of template activity with corresponding mRNAs☆

Abstract Lens messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes have been isolated from calf lens polysomes by sucrose gradient centrifugation after puromycin-induced dissociation. A 10 S mRNA was released from a 13 S messenger ribonucleoprotein complex and a 14 S mRNA from a 19 S messenger ribonucleoprotein complex. Two major protein components with molecular weights of approx. 64 000 and 40 000 were isolated from each of the messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes after RNAase digestion. Buoyant density determinations suggest that the messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes contain approximately one mol of each major protein species per mol mRNA. In contrast to lens mRNA, lens messenger ribonucleoproteins are poor templates for transcription with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. Similar results were also obtained with globin messenger ribonucleoprotein containing either two major protein species (or deficient in the lower molecular weight protein species). Polynucleotide phosphorylase eliminates the reverse transcription template activity of the lens mRNA. This effect is blocked in the messenger ribonucleoprotein. Such observations suggest that at least one of the protein components associated with lens messenger ribonucleoprotein may be located in the 3′-terminal region. Only a small variation in translation activity was observed between the messenger ribonucleoproteins and their respective mRNAs.