cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Distribution and Metabolism of Auxin Herbicides in Roots

The internal concentrations of four auxin herbicides- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dicamba, picloram, and naphthaleneacetic acid-were measured in the roots of treated pea seedlings. Intact seedlings were immersed in solutions of labeled herbicides at concentrations sufficient to produce toxic symptoms (inhibition of elongation, radial enlargement, and lateral root proliferation). Measurements of volume and herbicide content of segments taken sequentially along the root showed that an acropetal concentration gradient of each herbicide was established within the root immediately following treatment. Although there was a net loss of herbicide in the following 24 hours, the gradient was maintained. Initially, the concentration of herbicide in the root tips exceeded that in the external medium.In support of the contention that toxic symptoms due to herbicide treatment are caused by the presence of unmetabolized chemical at the site of action, it was found that metabolism was negligible for all herbicides except naphthaleneacetic acid.
Shifts in photoionization fragmentation onsets. A direct measure of cooling in a supersonic molecular beam

The dissociation of isobutane and ethyl chloride cooled in a supersonic expansion was investigated by photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO). The breakdown diagrams for various expansion conditions were compared to the breakdown diagram for a thermal source. The shift in the cross-over energy provides a direct measurement of the internal energy of molecules in the beam. For isobutane the lowest internal energy was observed for a seededbeam with 〈Eint〉 = 5 meV (corresponding to T< 100 K) compared to 〈Eint〉 = 123 meV at room temperature. Theexperiments revealed that rotational energy is available for dissociation in isobutane ions. For ethyl chloride the lowest internalenergy observed was 5 meV compared to 73 meV at room temperature. The results indicated that part of the rotational energy is available forovercoming the dissociation barrier. This is in spite of the tight transition state associated with the isomerization barrier.
Impulse response of alternative synthetic apertures for subsurface detection

Many researchers and system developers have proposed exploiting synthetic aperture processing to enhance the spatial resolution of subsurface radar imaging for mine and UXO detection. In this paper, we examine the 3D spatial impulse response associated with alternative geometries for synthetic aperture data collection. Several alternative radar geometries have been chosen for examination corresponding to both forward-looking as well as down- looking configurations.
Application of a technology-based instructional resource in diabetes education at multiple schools of pharmacy: evaluation of student learning and satisfaction

Abstract Objective To evaluate student knowledge of diabetes management and satisfaction with the course content and web-based design of DM Educate , a comprehensive diabetes course, at multiple schools of pharmacy. Methods Student learning was assessed though pre- and post-course knowledge tests composed of 34 questions. Student satisfaction was assessed though a post-course questionnaire focusing on content, design, technical aspects, and influence of the course on future opportunities sought. Results The median number of correct responses was 17 (50%) on the pre-test and 21.5 (63%) on the post-test ( p Conclusion This study validates the effectiveness of DM Educate course materials at multiple schools of pharmacy. Students significantly improved their knowledge of diabetes and management of patients with diabetes after completing the course and reported increased confidence in speaking with patients about all aspects of diabetes and increased interest in seeking further diabetes resources.
Virtually Perfect: Image Retouching and Adolescent Body Image

Most studies of ideal-body media effects on body image focus on the extreme thinness of the models, not their idealness. In modern media, this idealness is often created or maximized via digital image editing. This experiment tested the effects of image editing outside the research-typical context of exclusive thinness. Original unretouched photographs were manipulated by a professional retoucher to produce unretouched and retouched image conditions. In a third condition (retouched-aware), the retouched images were explicitly labeled as retouched. Adolescents ( N = 393, average age 15.43) were randomly assigned to one of these conditions or a no-exposure control, and they completed a questionnaire following exposure. Objectified body consciousness increased and physical self-esteem decreased among male and female adolescents in the retouched-aware condition only. This boomerang effect of retouching awareness is explored in the discussion.
A pneumatic stirrer for suspension cultures of mammalian cells.

The growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspension culture utilizing a novel pneumatically operated stirring rod is compared with that using a standard magnetic stirrer. No differences were detected between the two systems. The advantages of the pneumatic system are discussed.
K-12 Calculator Usage and College Grades.

We find that students in the big mathematics service courses at the Johns Hopkins University who were encouraged to use calculators in K-12 have somewhat lower grades than those who weren't.
Steroid-induced developmental plasticity in hypothalamic astrocytes: implications for synaptic patterning.

We have previously demonstrated that astrocytes in the developing arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus exhibit a sexually dimorphic morphology as a result of differential exposure to gonadal steroids. Testosterone via its aromatized byproduct, estrogen, induces arcuate astrocytes to undergo differentiation during the first few days of life. These differentiated astrocytes exhibit a stellate morphology. Coincident with the steroid-induced increase in astrocyte differentiation is a reduction of dendritic spines on arcuate neurons. As a result, the arcuate nucleus of males has fewer axodendritic spine synapses than females and this dimorphism is retained throughout life. In the immediately adjacent ventromedial nucleus, neonatal astrocytes are immature and unresponsive to steroids. Neurons in this region show no change in dendritic spines in the first few days of life but do exhibit increased dendritic branching as a result of testosterone exposure. These findings illustrate the importance of distinct populations of astrocytes in restricted brain regions and their potential importance to the establishment of regionally specific synaptic patterning. Conflicting reports leave the site of steroid-mediated astrocyte responsiveness in the arcuate nucleus unresolved: Are gonadal steroids acting directly on astrocytes or are steroid-concentrating neurons mediating astrocytic responsiveness? In this review, we discuss the current understanding of astrocyte-neuron interactions and the possible mechanisms for steroid-mediated, astrocyte-directed synaptic patterning in the developing hypothalamus.
Chemistry of the new immunosuppressant KH-1060: new synthons and x-ray evidence for unique side-chain geometry

The new vitamin D analog KH-1060 has immunosuppressive activity greater than of cyclosporin A. We report a new CD synthon 4 for the vitamin D analog KH-1060 and the synthesis and x-ray structure of related cholesterol derivative 15. Williamson ether synthesis provides a route to this class of compound using a new CD intermediate 8. The x-ray structure of 14 suggests that the immunosuppressive activity of KH-1060 may lie in its unique steroid side chain geometry.
Linking Criminal History to Crime Scene Behavior in Single-Victim and Serial Homicide: Implications for Offender Profiling Research

Research has consistently shown that the average individual who commits one or more homicides is likely to have a criminal record, but little research has focused on whether individuals behave in a psychologically or thematically consistent way in both their homicide crime scene actions and prior offending. The current study examines the crime scene behaviors of single and serial homicide offenders to identify patterns that can be compared to themes in their prior offending. The results showed that crime scene actions occurred on a continuum from hostile to cognitive actions with serial offenders concentrating at the latter end of this continuum. However, only a small group of the serial homicide offenders committed similarly themed prior offenses and homicide behaviors, which raises questions regarding the hypotheses of behavioral consistency underlying offender profiling.
Inner City School Reform: Toward Useful Theory

In traditional scholarly analyses of why educational reforms fail, attributes of district organization, schools, personnel, or of the reform projects themselves are assessed for characteristics that can be altered. This research has produced a substantial body of knowledge. I argue in this article that such assessments do not provide sufficient understanding of the failure of educational reform in inner city situations.
A Case of Pemphigus Herpetiformis Occurring in a 9‐Year‐Old Boy

: Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is a rare autoimmune vesiculobullous disease. It clinically mimics dermatitis herpetiformis and has immunofluorescent findings typical of pemphigus. PH occurs in adults more commonly than children and is often effectively treated with dapsone. We report a case of PH occurring in a 9-year-old boy that was refractory to dapsone and to various other steroid-sparing medications but resolved with methotrexate.
DIRECTED ACTION AND ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

Human action theory, with its emphasis on intentions and reasons, does little to enhance our understanding of the actions of nonhuman animals. Many animal (and human) actions are directed to objects in the world, including other animals. The notion of directedness can be analysed without attributing intentions or reasons to the agent. An action is directed to object X if and only if: (1) the agent singles out X, either by orientation or by selective performance of the action in the presence of X; (2) the agent recognizes X as a suitable object; and (3) the goal of the action is that X should be in a certain relation to the agent or to some other object. The goal of an action is not necessarily attributable to the agent as the agent's goal in acting. Moreover, an agent can have a goal in acting without understanding how the action achieves the goal. The usefulness of the concept of directed action in the study of animal communication is illustrated with examples from the recent ethological literature.
The tegmental reticular nucleus: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi, fluorescence histochemical and ultrastructural analysis.

The organization of the tegmental reticular nucleus of von Bechterew (TRN) has been analyzed in Nissl and Golgi material, by fluorescence histochemistry, and by electron microscopy. In the albino rat, the TRN situated in the ventral paramedian midbrain and pontine reticular formation, contains two principal types of neurons. The first is a population of large multipolar neurons (40–80 μm diameter) with abundant Nissl substance and 4–7 smooth dendrites which may extend up to 500 μm in length. The second is medium-sized fusiform neurons (14–40 μm diameter) with less Nissl substance and two primary dendrites that originate from each pole of the soma and have a more closely ramifying dendritic field. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrates that serotonin neurons constitute one component of the medium-sized neuron group. A third neuronal type, infrequently encountered at the outer margins of the nucleus, corresponds to the large, multipolar isodendritic neurons (soma diameter 40–80 μm) of the pontine reticular formation.
Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 calibration system configuration and performance characterization

The next generation Wide Field Planetary Camera will include a calibration system which will enable in situ relative radiometric field calibration of the CCD detectors from the VUV to the near IR. The system features various incandescent and UV light sources which are configured to produce flat field. Preliminary tests and characterization of the system show performance to be quite good both spatially and spectrally. A description of the system, test procedures, and results will be described.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How to do high-speed multicast right!

Abstract Multicast is an important technique for the distribution of data to groups of receivers. While in the past multicast traffic was restricted to slower transmission rates, newer networking equipment supports multicast in hardware and allows multicast traffic up to line rates of several hundreds of megabits and even gigabits per second. This evolution generates new opportunities for applications but also major risks for network operation. This paper presents several practical methods for high-speed multicast based on gigabit Ethernet, IP routing, and ATM. Important factors are discussed that in practice the theoretical transmission rates. Also methods are presented to avoid network problems, which may be caused by multicast rates of several hundred megabits.
Coronary Diameter and Vasodilator Function in Children Following Arterial Switch Operation for Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries

Coronary reimplantation during arterial switch operation (ASO) may affect coronary artery growth and function during childhood. The purpose of this study was to assess coronary artery diameter and regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) in children after neonatal ASO. We measured proximal diameters of left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex, and posterior descending coronary arteries on coronary angiogram in 12 children (median age 11 years, range 7.6 to 15.1) with a history of neonatal ASO. These children then underwent cardiac positron emission tomographic imaging using nitrogen-13 ammonia to assess MBF at baseline and during intravenous adenosine hyperemia in regions supplied by these 3 coronary arteries. Coronary artery z-scores were within normal range (−2.0 to 2.0) for 32 of 36 coronary arteries. MFR (ratio of hyperemic to basal MBF) was normal (>2.5) in all myocardial regions in 10 of 12 patients. The remaining 2 patients, 1 with a dual LAD and 1 with LAD origin from the right coronary artery, had generalized impairment of hyperemic MBF (
Conversion-electron spectroscopy of short-lived nuclides

Abstract A simple technique for obtaining conversion-electron spectra of short-lived activities with a Si(Li) detector is described. The method employs the helium-jet technique to produce sources repetitively for subsequent counting through a 0.90 mg/cm2 aluminized Mylar window. The effects of the Mylar window on resolution and line shape were investigated and shown to give acceptable results for electron energies as low as 85 keV. The most probable energy loss for electrons of energies 85, 109, 253, 292, and 389 keV was found to agree reasonably well with theoretical predictions. Conversion-electron spectra of 177Hfm (1.1 s) and 152Tbm (4.2 min) are shown. For the latter nucleus, transition multipolarities deduced from experimental internal-conversion coefficients were found to support spin and parity assignments made previously.
Improved method for measuring the catalytic activity of tryptophan synthase α subunit in cell extracts

Abstract An improved method has been developed for measuring the catalytic activity of tryptophan synthase α-subunit in cell extracts using the indole-3-glycerol phosphate (InGP) → tryptophan reaction. The method involves the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of the substrate InGP immediately before use and avoids the preparation of salt-free hydroxylamine. The method is more convenient, safer and more reliable than the traditional method employing the InGP → indole reaction.
Histological assessment of cervical lymph nodes provides prognostic information for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) and identifies high risk patients most likely to benefit from surgery plus chemoradiotherapy (CRT)

Methods: HNSCC surgical patients who had tumor resection and neck dissection at our institution from 1980 through 2007 were included in this retrospective study (n=1534). Cases were categorized according to number of positive cervical nodes (no positive nodes (n=719), 1-2 positive nodes (n=459) or 3+ positive nodes (n=351)) and by ECS status as negative (n=1048) or positive (n=415). Differences in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using KaplanMeier and log-rank tests.
Graphical Modeling: A New Response Type for Measuring the Qualitative Component of Mathematical Reasoning

We investigated the functioning of a new computer-delivered response type for potential use in graduate admissions assessment. This response type, which is open-ended and automatically scorable, presents problems calling for the examinee to draw a graph modeling a given situation. Problem situations can be like the single-best-answer items currently found on the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test (ETS, 1998) or they can be more loosely defined, allowing for multiple-correct responses. Two graphical modeling (GM) tests differing from one another in the manipulation of specific item features were randomly spiraled among study participants. Results showed that GM scores were very reliable and moderately related to the General Test's quantitative section, suggesting that GM might help broaden the GRE quantitative construct. In exploratory difficulty analyses, 1 of 3 manipulated item features, problem structure, had a dependable effect. No significant gender differences independent of those associ...
Changing stresses during emplacement of the radial dike swarm at Spanish Peaks, Colorado

A two-dimensional elastic model was used to analyze the pattern produced by the mapped extent of over 600 km of dikes in the Spanish Peaks, Colorado, radial dike swarm. Optimal regional stress fields were found for dikes of four different lithologies. The direction of maximum principal horizontal regional stress during intrusion of syenite and syenodiorite dikes was N80°E. This was also the direction of minimum principal horizontal regional stress during intrusion of granite and granodiorite dikes.
A Bill of Client Rights and Responsibilities.

Little has been written about client rights except on the issue of confidentiality. The authors of this article propose a bill of rights for the client in the counseling relationship. With each right there is a corresponding responsibility. The authors suggest that if clients wish to exercise their rights, they must also be prepared to assume a greater degree of responsibility. Such a change in the counseling relationship may bring about greater involvement on the part of both client and counselor.
Effect of washing on physicochemical properties of aluminum hydroxide gel

The negative electrophoretic mobility of aluminum hydroxide gel approaches zero logarithmically as the gel is washed and is related to the elution of chloride ion. Chloride ion is eluted at a constant rate and appears to be associated with the gel by a single mechanism. The viscosity of the gel increases with increased washing.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: A Novel Target of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Liver

Background & Aims: Wnt/β-catenin activation is observed in normal liver development, regeneration, and liver cancer. Our aim was to elucidate the regulation and mechanism of this pathway in liver. Methods: We report the generation and characterization of liver-specific nonmutated β-catenin-overexpressing transgenic mice. Transgenic livers were examined for their morphology and phenotype by histology, proliferation, apoptosis, and microarray analysis. Results: Transgenic livers displayed a significant increase in cytoplasmic, membranous, and nuclear β-catenin in hepatocytes as compared with their wild-type littermates, which display a predominant membranous localization only. A 15%–20% increase in the liver weight-body weight ratio was evident in transgenic mice secondary to increased hepatocyte proliferation. Microarray analysis showed differential expression of approximately 400 genes in the transgenic livers. Epidermal growth factor receptor RNA and protein and increased levels of activated epidermal growth factor receptor and Stat3 were observed in the transgenic livers. Epidermal growth factor receptor promoter analysis showed a T-cell factor-binding site, and subsequent reporter assay confirmed epidermal growth factor receptor activation in response to Wnt-3A treatment that was abrogated by frizzled related protein 1, a known Wnt antagonist. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition successfully decreased liver size in transgenic mice. Next, 7 of 10 hepatoblastomas displayed simultaneous β-catenin and epidermal growth factor receptor up-regulation, thus suggesting a strong relationship between these 2 proteins in tumors. Conclusions: β-Catenin transgenic mice show an in vivo hepatotrophic effect secondary to increased basal hepatocyte proliferation. Epidermal growth factor receptor seems to be a direct target of the pathway, and epidermal growth factor receptor activation might contribute toward some mitogenic effects of increased β-catenin in liver: epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition might be useful in such states.
Interpositional vein grafts to restore the superficial palmar arch in severe devascularizing injuries of the hand

The use of an interpositional vein graft to restore inflow to the digits by recreating the superficial palmar arch is presented. This technique is best reserved for severe, devascuiarizing injuries to the hand, significant damage to the palmar vessels, and when there may a paucity of donor vein available.
Shape Spirit: Deciphering Form Characteristics and Emotional Associations Through Geometric Abstraction

Understanding and tailoring the visual elements of a developing product to evoke a desired emotional response and aesthetic perception is a key challenge in industrial design. To date, computational approaches to assist this process have either relied on stiff geometric representations, or focused on superficial features that exclude often elusive shape characteristics. In this work, we aim to study the relationship between product form and consumer emotions through a visual deconstruction and abstraction of existing final products. In particular, we attempt to answer three questions: (1) Do observers’ aesthetic judgments rely on the product as a whole, including fine geometric details, superficial surface features, and brand-revealing icons, or are large, prominent shape characteristics sufficient to make this determination? (2) Is it possible to isolate shape features that give rise to specific emotional responses? (3) Is there a relationship between consumers’ ability to recognize a brand and the emotional attributes they associate with that brand. At the heart of our investigation is a shape analysis method that produces a spectrum of abstractions for a given 3D computer model. This produces a hierarchical simplification of an end product, whereby consumer response to geometric elements can be statistically studied across different products, as well as across the different abstractions of one particular product. The results of our study show that emotional responses evoked by coarse product “impressions” are strongly correlated with those evoked by final production models. This, in turn, highlights the importance of early aesthetic assessment and exploration before committing to detail design efforts.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Motor coupling through lipid membranes enhances transport velocities for ensembles of myosin Va

Myosin Va is an actin-based molecular motor responsible for transport and positioning of a wide array of intracellular cargoes. Although myosin Va motors have been well characterized at the single-molecule level, physiological transport is carried out by ensembles of motors. Studies that explore the behavior of ensembles of molecular motors have used nonphysiological cargoes such as DNA linkers or glass beads, which do not reproduce one key aspect of vesicular systems—the fluid intermotor coupling of biological lipid membranes. Using a system of defined synthetic lipid vesicles (100- to 650-nm diameter) composed of either 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) (fluid at room temperature) or 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) (gel at room temperature) with a range of surface densities of myosin Va motors (32–125 motors per μm2), we demonstrate that the velocity of vesicle transport by ensembles of myosin Va is sensitive to properties of the cargo. Gel-state DPPC vesicles bound with multiple motors travel at velocities equal to or less than vesicles with a single myosin Va (∼450 nm/s), whereas surprisingly, ensembles of myosin Va are able to transport fluid-state DOPC vesicles at velocities significantly faster (>700 nm/s) than a single motor. To explain these data, we developed a Monte Carlo simulation that suggests that these reductions in velocity can be attributed to two distinct mechanisms of intermotor interference (i.e., load-dependent modulation of stepping kinetics and binding-site exclusion), whereas faster transport velocities are consistent with a model wherein the normal stepping behavior of the myosin is supplemented by the preferential detachment of the trailing motor from the actin track.
Transmission electron microscopy of Listeria innocua treated by pulsed electric fields and nisin in skimmed milk

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) is a nonthermal food preservation process where organoleptic and nutritional properties of the food are maintained. PEF is known to inactivate microorganisms by causing dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane, thus altering the functionality of the membrane as a semipermeable barrier. The extent of damage of the cell membrane, whether visible in the form of a pore or as loss of membrane functionality leads to the inactivation of the microorganism. The objective of this study was to investigate under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the morphological changes on Listeria innocua as a result of PEF treatment in skimmed milk containing nisin. L. innocua was subjected to PEF at selected electric field intensities of 30, 40, and 50 kV/cm. L. innocua was treated by PEF in both skimmed milk with and without 37 IU nisin/ml. L. innocua treated by PEF in skimmed milk exhibited an increase in the cell wall roughness, cytoplasmic clumping, leakage of cellular material, and rupture of the cell walls and cell membranes. L. innocua subjected to PEF in skimmed milk containing 37 IU nisin/ml exhibited an increased cell wall width. At the highest electric field intensity, 50 kV/cm, elongation of the cell length was observed. There were no morphological differences between cells treated by PEF in skimmed milk with or without nisin. The combination of PEF and nisin exhibit an additive effect in the morphological damage observed on L. innocua. Pore formation was observed on L. innocua for an electric field intensity of 40 kV/cm. The inactivation of L. innocua was a consequence of rupture of the cell membrane and loss of cell membrane functionality.
Ważewski's Principle for retarded functional differential equations

Abstract Wazewski Principle is an important tool in the study of the asymptotic behavior of solutions of ordinary differential equations. A direct extension of this principle to retarded functional differential equations (RFDEs) can be obtained by noticing that solutions of RFDEs generate processes on C = C ([− r , 0], R n ) and by using the general version of Wazewski Principle for flows on topological spaces. The resulting method is of little use in applications, due to the infinite-dimensionality of the space C . This paper presents a “Razumikhin-type” extension of Wazewski's Principle, which is widely applicable to concrete examples. The main results are Corollaries 3.1 and 3.2. Also, an extension of the method to RFDEs with a merely continuous right-hand side is given, and a few examples illustrate the use of the method. Throughout the paper, a standard notation is used.
Magnetic Remanence in the Western Atlantic Spiny Lobster, Panulirus Argus

SUMMARY The magnetic characteristics of 15 western Atlantic spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) were analysed with a superconducting cryogenic magnetometer. Each specimen possessed a significant natural remanent magnetization (NRM) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), indicating that ferromagnetic material is present. Analyses of the distribution of total remanence and mass-specific remanence indicate that magnetic material is concentrated in the cephalothorax, particularly in tissue associated with the fused thoracic ganglia. Mass-specific remanence and the total quantity of magnetic material in the cephalothorax and abdomen both increase as functions of carapace length. The NRM is significantly orientated in at least four regions of the body. The NRM of the left half of the posterior cephalothorax is directed posteriorly, while that of the right half is orientated anteriorly. In addition, the NRM of the middle cephalothorax is orientated toward the right side of the animal; the NRM of the telson-uropods region is directed toward the left. The functional significance of these regions of orientated remanence is not known, but such a pattern could result from the ordered alignment of permanently magnetic particles comprising a magnetoreceptor system.
The boll weevil‐cotton plant complex

Abstract The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman was introduced from Mexico into the United States about 1892. More than three‐fourths of all insect losses to cotton in this country have been attributed to this insect, and it is generally agreed that cotton cannot be profitably grown in areas where it occurs without adequate control measures. This review summarizes the chemically oriented research conducted on this plant‐insect complex during the past seventy years with emphasis on the program conducted since 1962 at the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory. Of plant‐insect relationships, host plant resistance, feeding stimulants, plant attractants, and plant constituents are discussed. Insect‐insect relationships treated include insecticides, chemosterilants and hormones, sex attractants, and insect constituents. The development of an integrated program for the attempted eradication of this insect is also discussed.
A parallel particle-in-cell model for beam-beam interaction in high energy ring colliders

In this paper we present a self-consistent simulation model of colliding beams in high energy ring colliders. The model, which is based on a particle-in-cell method, uses a new developed shifted effective Green function algorithm for the efficient calculation of the beam beam interaction with arbitrary separation and large aspect ratio. The model uses transfer maps to treat the external focusing elements and a stochastic map to treat radiation damping and quantum excitation of the beams. In the parallel implementation we studied various strategies to deal with the particular nature of the colliding beam system - a system in which there can be significant particle movement between beam-beam collisions. We chose a particle-field decomposition approach instead of the conventional domain decomposition or particle decomposition approach. The particle-field approach leads to good load balance, reduced communication cost, and shows the best scalability on an IBM SP3 among the three parallel implementations we studied. A performance test of the beam beam model on a Cray T3E, IBM SP3, and a PC cluster is presented. As an application, we studied the flip-flop instability in an electron positron collider.
Rates of Teachers' Verbal Approval and Disapproval: Relationship to Grade Level, Classroom Activity, Student Behavior, and Teacher Characteristics

Existing rates of teacher approval and disapproval were assessed in 35 classrooms (grades K-4, 9, 12) during various activities. Teachers'mean rates of both approval and disapproval were highest in first grade and lower in upper grades, with the partial exception of the ninth. These data lend certain generality to those reported by White (1975), but there are also substantial differences between the two data sets. White's conclusions-that disapproval predominated after grade 2 and may account for disillusionment of children in grades thereafter-are questioned. Transition was the only activity in which disapprovals exceeded approvals. Approval and disapproval rates were not related to teachers' ages, years of experience, or recency of training. One implication is that teacher training should focus more on skill at verbal approval, particularly in classroom management, and that such training should be conducted by behavior analysts in classrooms.
The Risks and Benefits of Indacaterol — The FDA's Review

In July, the FDA approved Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol maleate powder), a long-acting beta-agonist, at a daily dose of 75 μg for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Why was this dose selected, after the European Medicines Agency approved 150-μg and 300-μg doses?
Putting the pieces together: Online argumentation vee diagrams enhance thinking during discussions

We examine the effect of online Argumentation Vee Diagrams (AVDs) on the quality of students’ argumentation during asynchronous, online discussions. With AVDs, students develop arguments on both sides of a controversial issue and then develop an integrated, overall final conclusion. In this study, students used AVDs individually before composing discussion notes, and then—at the end of the discussion—jointly created a group AVD using Wiki technology. Compared to a control group, the experimental intervention was found to significantly enhance the integration of arguments and counterarguments (specifically, compromises) and fostered opinion change. For AVDs to be effective, however, it was found to be necessary to include specific scaffolds on how to evaluate argument strength and/or to provide practice and feedback in using the AVDs.
Relational aggression in sibling and peer relationships during early childhood

The role of siblings (N = 50) in the display of physical and relational aggression among peers during early childhood was explored. Specifically, sibling pairs' rates of physical and relational aggression were assessed in their independent social contexts. Findings indicated low to moderate levels of intercorrelation between physical and relational aggression and moderate levels of stability for both physical and relational aggression across an academic year. Observations revealed that older sisters were more relationally aggressive than older brothers, whereas older brothers were more physically aggressive than older sisters. Older siblings directed more aggressive behavior to same-sex peers than did their younger siblings. Older sibling's relational aggression predicted younger sibling's use of relational aggression towards peers. In addition, older sibling's physical aggression predicted younger sibling's physical aggression with peers. This study reveals the importance of a multi-contextual approach (i.e., school and family influences) in understanding the development of aggression and in providing a guide for future interventions.
Design and analysis of network down line road protocols

The authors present the framework for a downline load service to which users subscribe to be properly loaded with their required code images. They review the user's requirements and present the outline of a service definition and protocol that satisfies the requirements. The analysis of downline-load protocol performance is given from the point of view of the time required to downline load a large number of devices. The authors also examine the impact of the total traffic generated by downline loading. Two downline-loading algorithms are studied and their performance characteristics compared. >
Novel electric micromotor for consumer electronics applications

This paper introduces a novel electric micromotor that will be useful for a broad new array of consumer products. The micromotor has achieved an efficiency of 65% and a minimum torque of 11.6 μN.m. in a package with a volume of approximately 50 mm3. The device essentially consists of a very small quantity of water, a group of bubble injectors (similar to those used in inkjet printer technology), and an impeller. The bubble injectors propel high-velocity water micro-droplets toward the impeller, forcing it to rotate. The water is collected and is circulated back to the injectors. Comparisons with other existing micromotor technologies are given.
An evolutionary linear programming algorithm for solving the stock reduction problem

It is very difficult to solve complex nested optimisation problems (optimising both parent and child problems at the same time). In this paper, we propose an evolutionary linear programming algorithm that combines Linear Programming (LP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve them. GA is used to optimise the parent problem, and the LP/GA hybrid algorithm is used to solve the sub-problem. The stock reduction problem (SRP) is a typical nested optimisation problem. The parent is a minimising stock mix problem (MSMP), and the child is a cutting stock problem (CSP). Simulation results have shown that our new hybrid algorithm can solve complex SRPs with high efficiency and accuracy. This new hybrid algorithm can be used in many other applications where integer and non-integer optimisation problems interact with each other, such as airline scheduling, shipping scheduling, etc.
Team Research Using Qualitative Methods: Investigating Children’s Involvement in Clinical Research:

With changes in U.S. federal guidelines mandating inclusion of children in clinical research, more and more children are being sought as subjects in clinical trials. As research participants, children are more vulnerable than adults because of cognitive and emotional development, legal capacity, level of autonomy, and dependence on family influence. The purpose of this article is to describe the methods and process of a family-focused qualitative study of the clinical research experiences of ill children and their mothers, fathers, and siblings. This research, undertaken by a team of investigators, was designed to result in understanding family members’ perspectives on research involving children and recommendations for optimal ways to obtain informed consent and conduct clinical research on children.
A Load-Sharing Tissue Engineered Meniscus Scaffold: One Year Outcome

Objectives:Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. Although the procedure provides good symptom relief, long term follow up suggests the proc...
Large-Grain Polysilicon Films with Low Intragranular Defect Density by Low- Temperature Solid-Phase Crystallization

Solid phase crystallization (SPC) of a-Si: H at 600 °C was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy in a cantilever structure, where the underlying SiO2 was removed prior to the crystallization. The absence of the underlying oxide leads to both a higher grain size and a lower intragranular defect density. The grain size increases from 0.6 µm in regions with the underlying oxide to 3.0 µm without the underlying oxide, and the intragranular defect density decreases one order of magnitude from ~ 10 11 cm -2 to ~ 10 10 cm 2 . The improvements in material quality without the lower a-Si/SiO2 interface are thought to be due to a lower nucleation rate and a lower tensile stress with an easier silicon atomic rearrangement at the lower silicon interface.
Commentary on Tax by Design: The Mirrlees Review

The objective of this commentary is to explore the relationship between the reforms proposed in Tax by Design and the recent academic literature. This literature provides solid support for the Mirrlees Review's dramatic proposals to eliminate any personal taxes on the normal rate of return to savings and to eliminate any net tax on new business investment. There is also solid support for the full taxation of any excess returns on financial investments, including income from capital gains. The commentary does raise questions, though, about the specific methods proposed to achieve these reforms. The proposal advocates adoption of rate-of-return allowances for individual savings under the personal tax and for business investment under the corporate tax. A commonly proposed alternative is to redefine the personal tax base to equal annual consumption and to allow expensing of new investment under the corporate tax. With such reforms to the personal tax, there is no longer even a clear reason to retain a corporate tax. The commentary also emphasises the pressures arising from cross-border investments and cross-border migration of individuals, issues given little attention in the review. These questions regard details of implementation. The overall proposals receive strong support in the academic literature.
Decoupled extended Kalman filter training of feedforward layered networks

Presents a training algorithm for feedforward layered networks based on a decoupled extended Kalman filter (DEKF). The authors present an artificial process noise extension to DEKF that increases its convergence rate and assists in the avoidance of local minima. Computationally efficient formulations for two particularly natural and useful cases of DEKF are given. Through a series of pattern classification and function approximation experiments, three members of DEKF are compared with one another and with standard backpropagation (SBP). These studies demonstrate that the judicious grouping of weights along with the use of artificial process noise in DEKF result in input-output mapping performance that is comparable to the global extended Kalman algorithm, and is often superior to SBP, while requiring significantly fewer presentations of training data than SBP and less overall training time than either of these procedures. >
Elasticity theory. IV. The stress–strain relation

The stress–strain relation is analyzed in terms of the gyration tensor where the sum is over all N atomic groups comprising the elastomeric material. All groups are taken for convenience to have the same mass. This tensor is linear in the strain, and furthermore it may be evaluated from a configuration integral. The definition of the strain by use of Sαβ gives new insight into the connection between statistical and continuum mechanics, and further clarifies the significance of “affine deformation.” Stress components are obtained as derivatives of the (Helmholtz) free energy A with respect to the invariants of Sαβ. The first invariant is just the radius of gyration S2 of the network, and the dependence of A on S2 alone provides a basis for analysis of stress–strain isotherms.
Respiratory Exchange and Evaporative Water Loss in the Flying Budgerigar

1. Oxygen consumption of 2 budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) was measured during level, ascending and descending nights lasting 5-20 min. in a wind-tunnel at speeds between 19 and 48 km./hr. In level flight oxygen consumption was lowest at 35 km./hr. with a mean value of 21.9 ml. (g. hr.)-1 or 12.8 times the standard value calculated for these birds (weight = 35 g.). At a given speed oxygen consumption was highest for ascending flight and lowest for descending flight. 2. Carbon dioxide production was measured on one bird flying level at 35 km./hr.for 20 min. The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption was 0.780, indicating that the bird was oxidizing primarily fat. 3. The efficiencies of level, ascending and descending flight are discussed. The measurements indicate that for the budgerigar 42 km./hr. is the most economical speed for covering distance, and below 27 km./hr. undulating flight is more economical than flight at a constant altitude. 4. Evaporative water loss in level flight was measured in two birds for 20 min. at 35 km./hr. at temperatures of 18-200 and 29-31° C. At 36-37° C. the birds became overheated and would not fly for as long as 20 min. Evaporative water loss at 18-20° C. was 20.4 mg. (g. hr.)-1. It increased to 63.9 mg. (g. hr.)-1 at 36-37° C. After accounting for metabolic water production and faecal water loss, budgerigars flying at 18-20°C. had a net water loss of 11 mg. (g. hr.)-1. At this temperature 15% of the estimated heat production in flight was lost by evaporation of water, while 47% was lost by evaporation of water at 36-37°C. 5. Lung ventilation, tidal volume and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air were estimated for flying budgerigars from evaporative water-loss data. In level flight at 18-20° C and 35 km./hr. these quantities had values of 398 ml. (g. hr.)-1, 0.033 ml. (g- breath)-1 and 37 mm. Hg. respectively. 6. Respiratory rate in level flight was measured in 2 birds at speeds between 19 and 48 km./hr. Respiratory rate depended on speed and was lowest at 35 km./hr. Since wing-beat frequency was constant at 840 beats/min. at all speeds, respiratory rate and wing-beat frequency were not synchronized. Published data and analysis of dimensional relations of birds suggest that in birds the size of a budgerigar or smaller a respiratory rate equal to the wing-beat frequency would be too high for efficient ventilation of the lungs. Birds the size of a pigeon or larger probably have synchronous wing beats and respirations.
Surface Localization of the Yps3p Protein of Histoplasma capsulatum

The YPS3 gene of Histoplasma capsulatum encodes a protein that is both resident in the cell wall and also released into the culture medium. This protein is produced only during the pathogenic yeast phase of infection and is also expressed differently in H. capsulatum strains that differ in virulence. We investigated the cellular localization of Yps3p. We demonstrated that the cell wall fraction of Yps3p was surface localized in restriction fragment length polymorphism class 2 strains. We also established that Yps3p released into the G217B culture supernatant binds to the surface of strains that do not naturally express the protein. This binding was saturable and occurred within 5 min of exposure and occurred similarly with live and heat-killed H. capsulatum. Flow cytometric analysis of H. capsulatum after enzymatic treatments was consistent with Yps3p binding to chitin, a carbohydrate polymer that is a component of fungal cell walls. Polysaccharide binding assays demonstrated that chitin but not cellulose binds to and extracts Yps3p from culture supernatants.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Other than Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Older Adults

Sexually active older adults may engage in activities that put them at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A brief review of the main STDs among older adults, including the epidemiology, clinical presentations, and diagnosis of and treatment recommendations for such STDs, is presented.