cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corynebacterial Kidney Disease of Salmonids: Growth and Serological Studies on the Causative Bacterium

Comparative growth studies of 10 isolates of the Corynebacterium of salmonid kidney disease were quantified on four media. Greatest cell yield was obtained from Mueller-Hinton medium with 0.1% L-cysteine hydrochloride. Serological tests, in which rabbit antisera used against typical bacteria strains showed all to be antigenically homologous, provided a reliable method of identification.
New particle formation in anthropogenic plumes advecting from Asia observed during TRACE‐P

The characteristics and sources of what are believed to be newly formed 3 to 4 nm particles in anthropogenic plumes advecting from Asian are reported. Airborne measurements were made from March to April 2001 as part of the NASA TRACE-P experiment at latitudes ranging from North of the Philippines to Northern Japan (20 to 45 deg. N). In the more polluted plumes, high concentrations of 3 to 4 nm diameter particles (less than 100/qu cm) were observed both within and along the upper outer edges of plumes that were identified by enhanced carbon monoxide and fine particulate sulfate concentrations. The results from two research flights are investigated in detail. Three to four-nm particle concentrations are generally correlated with gas phase sulfuric acid and found in regions of low surface areas relative to the immediate surroundings or where there are steep transitions to lower surface areas. Sulfuric acid and surface area concentrations in the most polluted plume reached 6 x l0(exp 7) and 750 micro sq m/qu cm, respectively, in regions of particle formation. In contrast to these anthropogenic plumes, few 3 to 4 nm particles were observed in the clean background and few were detected within a volcanic plume where the studies highest H2SO4 concentrations (less than lO(exp 8)/qu cm) were recorded. Enhanced SO2 concentrations in the range of approximately 2 to 7 ppb, in conjunction with other unidentified, possibly coemitted species, appear to be the driving factor for nucleation. (0345, 4801); 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution-urban and regional (0305); 4801 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Aerosols (0305).
Regulation of Bacteriophage T5 Development by ColI Factors

The I-type colicinogenic factor ColIb transforms Escherichia coli from a permissive to a nonpermissive host for bacteriophage T5 reproduction by preventing complete expression of the phage genome. T5-infected ColIb(+) cells synthesize only class I (early) phage protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Neither phage-specific class II proteins [associated with viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication] nor class III proteins (phage structural components) are formed due to the failure of the infected ColIb(+) cells to synthesize class II or class III phage-specific messenger RNA. Comparable studies with T5-infected cells colicinogenic for the related ColIa factor revealed no decrease in the yield of progeny phage although the presence of the ColIa factor leads to a significant reduction in the amount of phage-directed class III protein synthesis.
Counseling Latino alcohol and other substance users/abusers cultural considerations for counselors

This article presents a sociocuhural alcohol/drug counseling model for counselors working with Latino users/abusers. Intended to supplement different treatment models, this model addresses pre- treatment issues of Latino users~abusers. A demographic overview of Latinos and a discussion of selected l~tino cultural values and issues as the 3, relate to substance use/abuse are included. These cultural val- ues include Simpatfa, Personalismo, Familismo, Gender Roles (Machismo and Hembrismo/Marian- isimo), Vergiienza, and Espiritismo. Along with identifying misperceptions and issues that may occur within the counseling session, specific recommendations and interventions for counselors are provided. Keywords-alcohol/drug counseling model; Latino users/abusers; Latino cultural values.
Weight-loss strategies used by baby boomer men: a mixed methods approach.

Background Baby Boomer men (those born in 1946–1964) are becoming obese at an earlier age compared to previous generations. The present study aimed to identify weight-loss strategies used by Baby Boomer men, to determine whether those strategies varied by weight status and to explore their dieting experiences. Methods The study used a cross-sectional survey of 211 men and 20 in-depth interviews. Results Men had a mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) of 29.35 (5.07) kg m–2, with 82% being overweight or obese. Fifty-six percent were currently trying to lose weight. Healthy weight-loss strategies included reducing portions, increasing physical activity, cutting back on fried foods, cutting back on sweets, cutting back on alcohol, using meal replacement drinks/bars and joining a weight-loss programme. Unhealthy strategies included skipping meals and using over-the-counter ‘diet pills’. Men who reduced portions, skipped meals, cut back on sweets, joined a weight-loss programme and used diet pills had significantly higher BMIs than men who said they did not (P < 0.05 for all). Interviews revealed that older men struggle to lose weight, ‘I've been struggling for the last 2–3 years’. ‘The last time I really tried to lose weight I stayed on the diet for just a day or two’. Wives were considered essential to their weight management success. Conclusions Men used a do-it-yourself weight-loss approach using both healthy and unhealthy strategies. Obese men were more likely to use unhealthy practices than overweight men.
Predictors of outcome in reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: summarizing the evidence and highlighting the limitations

Several studies have reported the prognostic significance of various clinical, genetic, biologic and molecular markers on postallogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes such as nonrelapse mortality, relapse and survival. Notwithstanding limitations, existence of refractory/progressive disease at allografting yields worse nonrelapse mortality, more relapse and inferior overall survival. Advanced age results in higher nonrelapse mortality and increased relapse risk. Presence of poor-risk cytogenetics increases post-transplant relapse risk, but its impact on overall survival appears controversial. Developing prognostic models using large multicenter data could help better understand the effect of these and other variables on post-transplant outcomes. Newly discovered mutations as well as response (or not) to new potent therapies, such as ibrutinib or others, would likely be incorporated in such models.
Biotic Interactions and Sunlight Affect Persistence of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Microbial Source Tracking Genetic Markers in the Upper Mississippi River

The sanitary quality of recreational waters that may be impacted by sewage is assessed by enumerating fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (Escherichia coli and enterococci); these organisms are found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and many other animals, and hence their presence provides no information about the pollution source. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods can discriminate between different pollution sources, providing critical information to water quality managers, but relatively little is known about factors influencing the decay of FIB and MST genetic markers following release into aquatic environments. An in situ mesocosm was deployed at a temperate recreational beach in the Mississippi River to evaluate the effects of ambient sunlight and biotic interactions (predation, competition, and viral lysis) on the decay of culture-based FIB, as well as molecularly based FIB (Entero1a and GenBac3) and human-associated MST genetic markers (HF183 and HumM2) measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In general, culturable FIB decayed the fastest, while molecularly based FIB and human-associated genetic markers decayed more slowly. There was a strong correlation between the decay of molecularly based FIB and that of human-associated genetic markers (r(2), 0.96 to 0.98; P < 0.0001) but not between culturable FIB and any qPCR measurement. Overall, exposure to ambient sunlight may be an important factor in the early-stage decay dynamics but generally was not after continued exposure (i.e., after 120 h), when biotic interactions tended to be the only/major influential determinant of persistence.
Microscopic Image Photography Techniques of the Past, Present, and Future.

Context.— The field of pathology is driven by microscopic images. Educational activities for trainees and practicing pathologists alike are conducted through exposure to images of a variety of path...
Variations in fertility by marital status and marriage order.

Analysis of data from the June 1985 [U.S.] Current Population Survey reveals that although marriage continues to be an important setting for childbearing the strength of this relationship varies considerably by the mothers race education and age at first birth. The largest proportion of white births occurs during first marriages with the next largest group made up of premarital births; that pattern is reversed for black births. The proportion of births occurring during second marriages is twice as high among whites as among blacks; however intermarital childbearing is more common among blacks than among whites. (EXCERPT)
Battles Over Buttered Bread and the Sneetches: Teaching Discrimination and Behavioral Ethics Concepts Through Two Stories by Doctor Seuss

This paper demonstrates how the use of books by Dr. Seuss may be used to teach the behavioral ethics concepts related to discrimination and provides practical exercises designed to help students recognize discrimination in their own worlds. The paper is intended to demonstrate how teaching behavioral ethics concepts through simple literature may connect in meaningful ways with students.
Academically Resilient Latino Elementary Students Bridging the Achievement Gap

This study investigated associations between school-readiness patterns of Latino students and their subsequent academic achievement. After identifying a subgroup of students with academic risk at kindergarten entry who showed signs of later average or better academic skill development, academic data were gathered to explore how this group of “resilient” students (risk-catching up group) compared to their risk-lagging peers (those who entered kindergarten at high risk and continue to perform far below grade-level) and ready-proficient peers (those who entered kindergarten with low risk and continue to perform at a proficient level). Students were evaluated on individually administered measures that assessed cognitive and academic learning resources. A series of one-way MANOVAs identified that on academic measures of oral reading fluency (GORT-4) and verbal and nonverbal cognitive development (KBIT-2) students in the risk-catching up group performed consistent with their ready-proficient peers, and both groups scored significantly higher than the risk-lagging students. In contrast, scores on the California Standards Test ELA and math indicated that students in the risk-lagging group scored significantly lower than risk-catching up students who scored significantly lower than ready-proficient students. These findings provide evidence that the risk-catching up students made substantial progress to develop the academic skill base needed to support ongoing improvements in academic achievement; however, this growth was not fully discerned in the CST test results. Importantly, these results suggest that closing achievement gaps is an ongoing process, not an end point. The study highlights the importance of school readiness experiences for all students and that early and targeted interventions are needed to support a positive academic trajectory for all students.
NIR Photocleavage of the Si-C Bond in Axial Si-Phthalocyanines

The use of light-triggered photolysis provides a powerful tool for unique syntheses and for applications that require remote operation such as drug delivery or molecular switches. Here, we describe the photochemistry of a recently developed alkylsilicon phthalocyanine Pc 227, which undergoes an exchange of the alkyl ligand for a ligand derived from the solvent when the axial Si–C bond is photolyzed in a solvent with low-energy visible light. In this work with methanol as the solvent, we investigate the formation of the methoxy analogue of the therapeutic drug Pc 4, (termed Pc 233) upon irradiation. Using steady-state spectroscopy and characterization of the photoproducts, the competing pathways between direct ligand exchange on the central silicon atom and delocalization of the radical produced by homolysis on the phthalocyanine ring is observed. The delocalized radical intermediate is quite long-lived. At long times this intermediate decomposes without significant formation of Pc 233. The results of this...
The NACHT, LRR and PYD Domains-Containing protein 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome Mediates Inflammation and Voiding Dysfunction in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Rat Model of Cystitis

Objective: NOD-like receptors (NLRs) sense sterile and non-sterile signals and form inflammasomes which trigger an inflammatory response through the activation of caspase-1 and release of IL-1β. Recently we have shown the presence of several NLRs in the bladder urothelia and demonstrated the importance of NLRP3 in bladder outlet obstruction and cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, both models of sterile inflammation. In this study we explore a role for NLRP3 in mediating the response to LPS, a key antigen of uropathogenic bacteria. Method: In order to bypass the protective glycosaminoglycan layer lining the urothelium, LPS was directly injected into the bladder wall of Sprague-Dawley rats. Glyburide (a NLRP3 inhibitor) or vehicle was administered orally prior to and after injection. Rats were analyzed 24 h later. Inflammasome activity (caspase-1 activity, IL-1β release) and inflammation (Evan’s Blue extravasation, bladder weight) were assessed, as was physiological bladder function (urodynamics). Results: Injection of LPS stimulated inflammasome activation (caspase-1 activity) and the release of IL-1β into the urine which was prevented by glyburide. Likewise, LPS increased inflammation, (bladder weight and the extravasation of Evan’s blue dye), and this was reversed by glyburide. Functionally, animals injected with saline alone demonstrated decreased voiding volume as measured by urodynamics. In the presence of LPS, additional urinary dysfunction was evident with decreased voiding pressures and threshold pressures. The decrease in voiding pressure was blocked by glyburide but the decrease in threshold pressure was not, suggesting that LPS has significant effects mediated by inflammasome-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Conclusion: Overall, the results demonstrate the potential importance of inflammasomes in bacterial cystitis as well as the ability of the bladder wall injection technique to isolate the in vivo effects of specific inflammasome ligands to the physiological changes associated with cystitis.
Identification and characterization of a high-affinity peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor in rabbit urinary bladder.

Abstract The present study used radioligand binding and in vitro contractility experiments to identify and characterize a peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor PBR in rabbit urinary bladder. [3H]PK11195 bound to bladder membranes with high-affinity and density (Kd = 5.2 nM., Bmax = 268 fmol./mg. protein), indicating the presence of a PBR. [3H]flunitrazepam bound with high-affinity and density (Kd = 1.2 nM., Bmax = 48 fmol./mg. protein). The rank order potency of various benzodiazepines and isoquinoline carboxamides in displacing the binding of [3H]PK11195 was Ro5-4864 > diazepam = flunitrazepam » Rol5-1788 = clonazepam. Ro5-4864 and PK11195 inhibited nerve-evoked contractions in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 42 μΜ. and 56 μΜ., respectively). Carbachol- and KCl-induced contractions were also inhibited by Ro5-4864 and PK11195. KCl-induced contractions were inhibited to a greater extent than carbachol-induced or field-stimulated contractions with all the drugs tested. Both Ro5-4864 and PK11195 significantly increased the ED50 for calcium-induced contractions following a cholinergic stimulus compared with control. These data demonstrate the presence of a PBR in urinary bladder capable of altering contractility in vitro through modulation of calcium activity.
Flatbed Computer Scanners: Everyone’s an Art Director

In this chapter I explain that scanners turn everyone with a computer into a potential art director, for scanners allow us to scan images we like and save them in various programs such as Picasa. We live in an image-centered society, which explains why 70% of the content on Facebook is images. I offer an example of how having a scanner with optical character recognition allowed me to publish a manuscript I wrote in 1973. I also discuss the use of my scanner in publishing images on postings on Facebook and other sites. Finally, I discuss the development of a new art form—scanner art, in which artists use their scanners to create pastiches, some of them elaborate and imaginative works of art.
Influence of the Solvent on the Orientation of Ambidentate Solvent and Ligand Molecules in the Coordination Sphere of Metal Ions

Studies on the nature and behavior of inorganic species in nonaqueous media, over the years, have dealt primarily with monofunctional solvents such as acetonitrile, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and ethanol. In this paper, we describe some of our work on the nature and behavior of inorganic species in difunctional solvents where there is the possibility of monocoordination by either or both functional groups. More specifically, our studies focus on the influence of the solvent on the orientation of difunctional or ambidentate solvent molecules in the coordination sphere of metal ions.
What Do Parents Think about Chromosomal Microarray Testing? A Qualitative Report from Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Background. Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) is increasingly utilized to detect copy number variants among children and families affected with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, CMA is controversial due to possible ambiguous test findings, uncertain clinical implications, and other social and legal issues related to the test. Methods. Participants were parents of children with ASD residing in the North Eastern region of North Carolina, USA. We conducted individual, face-to-face interviews with 45 parents and inquired about their perceptions of CMA. Results. Three major themes dominated parents’ perceptions of CMA. None of the parents had ever heard of the test before and the majority of the parents postulated positive attitudes toward the test. Parents’ motivations in undergoing the test were attributed to finding a potential cause of ASD, to being better prepared for having another affected child, and to helping with future reproductive decisions. Perceived barriers included the cost of testing, risk/pain of CMA testing, and fear of test results. Conclusion. This study contributes to the understanding of psychosocial aspects and cultural influences towards adoption of genetic testing for ASD in clinical practice. Genetic education can aid informed decision-making related to CMA genetic testing among parents of children with ASD.
Emmanuel Levinas and the Problem of Meaningless Suffering: the Holocaust as a Test Case

Johann Baptist Metz has exhorted Christian theologians to discard “system concepts” in favor of “subject concepts” in their theologizing. This revisioning of Christian theology recovers the primacy of the uniqueness and irreplaceability of the individual from totalizing doctrinal formulations and systems that function, for Metz, without reference to the subject. In short, a revisionist Christian theology in light of the Holocaust recovers the preeminence of the inviolability of individual human life.How can such a revisioning be accomplished in the realm of Christian spirituality? This article will utilize the thought of Emmanuel Levinas to assert the primacy of ethics as “first philosophy” replacing ontology, and by implication the ontological foundations undergirding Christian spirituality, with the ethical relation. Such a relation is the basis for a new Christian spirituality that posits the primacy of merciful and compasionate action in the face of conditions of life in extremity.
A Comparison of Logical-Formula and Enumerated Authorization Policy ABAC Models

Logical formulas and enumeration are the two major ways for specifying authorization policies in Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC). While considerable research has been done for specifying logical-formula authorization policy ABAC, there has been less attention to enumerated authorization policy ABAC. This paper presents a finite attribute, finite domain ABAC model for enumerated authorization policies and investigates its relationship with logical-formula authorization policy ABAC models in the finite domain. We show that these models are equivalent in their theoretical expressive power. We also show that single and multi-attribute ABAC models are equally expressive.
Doctor Who Fandom, Critical Engagement, and Transmedia Storytelling

As the opening quotation indicates, many Doctor Who fans care about improving lives and curing social ills. Meisner (2011) asserts that the Doctor is “an activist” who is “an example to concerned citizens everywhere” (p. 7). While scholars differ in their interpretations of the show’s texts, most agree that many episodes contain overt anti-totalitarian storylines, progressive social messages, and educative political parallels.
The Role of Haptic Feedback in Robotic-Assisted Retinal Microsurgery Systems: A Systematic Review

Retinal microsurgery is one of the most technically difficult surgeries since it is performed at the threshold of human capability. If certain retinal conditions are left untreated, they can lead to severe damage, including irreversible blindness. Thus, techniques for reliable retinal microsurgery operations are critical. Recent research shows promise for improving surgical safety by implementing various types of sensory input and output. Sensory information is used to inform the surgeon about the environment inside the eye in real time. This review examines literature that discusses human factors and ergonomics (HFE) of sensory inputs and outputs of retinal microsurgery instrumentation with a focus on force and haptic feedback. Thirty-four studies were reviewed on the following topics: (1) variation between different input sensory devices and their performance, (2) variation between alternative output sensory devices and their performance, and (3) variation between alternative output sensory devices and their user satisfaction. This review finds that the implementation of HFE is important for the consideration of retinal microsurgery devices, but it is largely missing from current research. The addition of direct comparisons between devices, measures of user acceptance, usability evaluations, and greater realism in testing would help advance the use of haptic sensory feedback for retinal microsurgery instruments.
Watching the Chaperones

In the rear section of When the Dinosaurs Were Gone, the lights are bright and there are more than a dozen interactive exhibit components exploring the processes of paleontology. Two chaperones are sharing the task of watching their charges. They stand together, observing 10 third-graders in this limited-access space, attending to those children who need gentle reprimanding for overexuberant behavior, and helping others negotiate a tricky hands-on exhibit.
RISK OF RE-DISSECTION IN SEGMENTAL ARTERIAL MEDIOLYSIS

Background: Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a rare non-inflammatory non-atherosclerotic disease characterized by lysis of the arterial media. The clinical presentation varies from acute self-limiting pain to organ infarction and death from arterial dissection. The natural history and risk of
Factors Associated With Communicative Participation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Purpose People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis frequently experience bulbar impairment and dysarthria that may restrict their ability to take part in everyday communication situations. The aim o...
Mitogenic stimulation accelerates influenza-induced mortality by increasing susceptibility of alveolar type II cells to infection

Development of pneumonia is the most lethal consequence of influenza, increasing mortality more than 50-fold compared with uncomplicated infection. The spread of viral infection from conducting airways to the alveolar epithelium is therefore a pivotal event in influenza pathogenesis. We found that mitogenic stimulation with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) markedly accelerated mortality after infectious challenge with influenza A virus (IAV). Coadministration of KGF with IAV markedly accelerated the spread of viral infection from the airways to alveoli compared with challenge with IAV alone, based on spatial and temporal analyses of viral nucleoprotein staining of lung tissue sections and dissociated lung cells. To better define the temporal relationship between KGF administration and susceptibility to IAV infection in vivo, we administered KGF 120, 48, 24, and 0 h before intrapulmonary IAV challenge and assessed the percentages of proliferating and IAV-infected, alveolar type II (AECII) cells in dispersed lung cell populations. Peak AECII infectivity coincided with the timing of KGF administration that also induced peak AECII proliferation. AECII from mice that were given intrapulmonary KGF before isolation and then infected with IAV ex vivo exhibited the same temporal pattern of proliferation and infectious susceptibility. KGF-induced increases in mortality, AECII proliferation, and enhanced IAV susceptibility were all reversed by pretreatment of the animals with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin before mitogenic stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest mTOR signaling-dependent, mitogenic conditioning of AECII is a determinant of host susceptibility to infection with IAV.
Renal artery revascularisation: can we predict who benefits?

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is commonly seen in individuals with vascular disease in other territories, that is, coronary and cerebrovascular disease.1 Epidemiological data suggest that ARAS is present in ~7% of patients over the age of 65 years and in more than half of the patients with evidence of atherosclerosis elsewhere such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease and multivessel coronary artery disease. The overall goals of therapy in ARAS is normalisation of blood pressure, improvement of renal function, and reduction of the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Among those with existing cardiovascular disease, an important objective is reduction of future adverse events. Optimal management of individuals with ARAS should include lifestyle and pharmacological modification of cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure control with effective drugs, evidence-based use of antiplatelet therapy and statins. The important question for clinicians then becomes which individuals are likely to have incremental benefit from renal artery revascularisation beyond such therapies. In this issue of the journal, Nakajima et al 2 attempt to identify clinical and echocardiographic factors associated with improvements of cardiac symptoms after renal artery stenting. Since the initial description of renal artery stenting, there have been multiple contrasting studies on the benefits of renal artery revascularisation. In general, retrospective, and uncontrolled studies have suggested benefit, while rigorous randomised studies have shown a lack …
Surface Plasmon Resonance: Material and Interface Design for Universal Accessibility.

The ability to monitor biomolecular reactions in a real-time and label free manner is nearly synonymous with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. At its basis, SPR relies on the interaction of an incoming light source with a thin metallic film in close contact with a prism or grating, which, under the correct experimental conditions, allows for the propagative oscillation of the conduction electrons at the surface of the metallic material. The oscillating, electromagnetic fields are extremely sensitive to small changes in the refractive index within the dielectric near the sensing interface, where various binding events and interactions can be detected. Historically, SPR has seen its predominant use within pharmaceutical research, where commercial instrumentation has been employed for drug discovery, antibody characterization, and studies of protein/enzyme inhibition. There have recently been a number of excellent reviews focused on the various applications in which SPR spectroscopy and its deri...
EL IMPRESIONISMO MÍSTICO DE CAMINO DE PERFECCIÓN

The literary controversy between tradition and innovation has profoundly affected the post-imperial Spanish literary discourse, when, as a result of the progressive loss of power, the Spanish society began experience a defensive nationalist reaction on the part of her intellectuals. Nationalism and literatue have maintined an intimate relationship in Spain ever since. Pio Baroja, well aware of his marginal status attempts to connect his literatura with the fashionable European impressionist movement, alleging an Spanish origin of the movement because of its mystical components. The result: an original hybridity.
The Macro Pedagogy Debate: Teaching DSGE to Undergraduates Symposium: Maybe you can, but perhaps you shouldn't! saving undergraduate macroeconomics from DSGE modeling

ABSTRACTIntroducing DSGE modelling into undergraduate macroeconomics would be a mistake. DSGE modelling hasn't served the profession well, and won't enhance an undergraduate curriculum that is over...
Probabilistic fatigue-life assessment model for laser-welded Ti-6Al-4V butt joints in the high-cycle fatigue regime

Abstract The present paper focuses on the effect of inherent welding-induced defects on the high-cycle fatigue behaviour of laser-welded Ti-6Al-4V butt joints. The transition of the crack origin from the surface to the subsurface occurs upon removal of the surface stress concentrators. Under these circumstances, fatigue cracks nucleate at subsurface porosity and show a typical fish-eye pattern of fracture surface. A fatigue-life assessment model has been developed for internally flawed materials based on a fracture-mechanics approach, which takes effects of short-cracks into account. A novel approach for the simplified construction of the cyclic resistance curve of internal cracks is proposed herein. Using statistical methods, the experimentally determined porosity distribution has been incorporated into the model to predict the fatigue scatter range. The presented methodology can potentially be used to achieve a required reliability of the welded joints with respect to fatigue as a design criterion.
Walk and learn: Enabling accurate indoor positioning by profiling outdoor movement on smartphones

Abstract One of the key objectives in developing pervasive and mobile applications is to localize users within indoor environments. By employing accelerometers on smartphones, dead reckoning is an intuitive and common approach to generate a user’s indoor motion trace via mobile devices. Nevertheless, dead reckoning often deviates from the ground truth due to noise in the sensing data. We propose IOLoc , an indoor localization approach that benefits by transferring learning from tracking outdoor motions to the indoor environment. Via sensing data on a smartphone, IOLoc constructs two datasets: relatively accurate outdoor motions from GPS and less accurate indoor motions from accelerometers. Then, IOLoc leverages a Motion Range Space to improve a user’s acceleration and orientation values used for computing dead reckoning. After using a transfer learning algorithm to the two datasets, IOLoc boosts the Motion Range Box to achieve better indoor localization results. Additionally, IOLoc exploits indoor GPS exception cases, pedometer, and average speed estimation to further improve dead reckoning. Through case studies on 15 volunteers for the indoor and outdoor scenarios, we show IOLoc is a non-infrastructure, low-training complexity, and energy saving indoor positioning approach that achieved a localization accuracy of 0.26 ∼ 0.49 m in multiple scenarios.
The Use of Bentonite as a Coagulant in Water Treatment

Studies made on the dispersion of bentonite, a highly colloidal clay, in turbid waters containing more or less dissolved mineral matter show that under easily controlled conditions coagulation of the clay suspension takes place, to form a readily filtered floe that effectively clears up the turbidity originally present. Moreover the apparent volume of this floe measured by the use of the Imhoff cone is considerably greater than that produced with alum of equal weight and precipitated under optimum conditions. It is further observed that certain bentonites have zeolitic properties i.e., they undergo a base exchange with waters carrying calcium salts and thus produce a definite softening effect. This paper covers the main features of an investigation made on a Utah clay. Schroeder, Stone and Sanford (1) of the United States Geological Survey define bentonite as a bedded plastic clay which swells greatly on wetting. Ladoo (2) says "the name bentonite has been applied to a group of clay-like minerals characterized by an alkaline or alkaline earth content of five to ten per cent, fine grain size, high adsorptive powers, and usually very strong colloidal properties." Davis and Vacher (3) assign to it the more or less definite composition of the crystalline clay-like minerals montmorillonite and beidellite in both colloidal and crystalline form. Ross and Shannon (4) consider it to be a "rock composed essentially of a crystalline clay-like mineral formed by devitrification and chemical alteration of a glassy, igneous material, usually a tuff or volcanic ash, and often containing accessory crystal grains of feldspar, biotite and quartz." The average composition of 8 bentonites from different sources as shown by their data is given in Table I.
The Epidemiology of Amputations

Vascular amputations in the United States have shown no decline in incidence in the past decade, indicating that peripheral arterial occlusive disease is still a major public health problem. Arterial bypass procedures show promise in reducing the number of amputations due to vascular disease. Nonvascular amputations continue to be a significant problem in younger population groups.
Non-opioid analgesia improves pain relief and decreases sedation after gastric bypass surgery.

Purpose Several non-opioid drugs have been shown to provide analgesia during and after surgery. We compared sevoflurane anesthesia with fentanyl analgesia to sevoflurane and non-opioid drug treatment for gastric bypass surgery and recovery.
Biotransformation of Trichothecenes: The Role of Intestinal Microflora in the Metabolism and Toxicity of Trichothecene Mycotoxins

The trichothecene mycotoxins are a group of tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid compounds characterized by a six-membered oxygen ring, an epoxide in the 12,13 position and an olefinic bond in the 9,10 position. They are produced by a variety of fungi including Stachybotrys, Myrothecium, Trichothecium, and particularly species of the genus Fusarium.21
Neurobehavioral Studies of Schizophrenic Children: A Developmental Perspective on Schizophrenic Disorders

Attempts to understand the nature of the CNS dysfunction in schizophrenia have to contend with two important facts: (a) there is no unitary brain lesion found in all schizophrenic patients; and (b) the brain lesions found in some schizophrenic patients are not unique or specific to schizophrenia “because other disorders that are associated with pathology in similar brain areas usually do not present as schizophrenia” (Weinberger 1987). In addition, there often appears to be a significant delay (more than a decade) between the time wher the brain lesions first occur and the first appearance of positive symptoms ot schizophrenia. Post mortem studies suggest that brain lesions occur very early in life (in many instances during foetal development) and are static, nonprogressive (Weinberger 1987).
Management of Prenatal Hydronephrosis

An abnormality involving the genitourinary tract is detected in 1 in 50 to 1 in 100 pregnancies, depending on the sonographic criteria. The goal of management is to recognize and treat congenital anomalies that may adversely affect renal function or cause urinary infection or sepsis. Most structural abnormalities of the urinary tract are characterized by hydronephrosis, which generally is assumed to be obstructive. However, hydronephrosis is not often caused by obstruction; examples include vesicoureteral refl ux, multicystic kidney, and certain abnormalities of the ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junction.
Analysis of the threshold and expected coverage approaches to the pobabilistic reserve site selection problem

Two approaches to formulating the reserve site selection problem when species occurrence data is probabilistic were solved for terrestrial vertebrates in a small set of potential reserve sites in Oregon. The expected coverage approach, which maximizes the sum of the occurrence probabilities, yielded solutions that covered more species on average in Monte Carlo simulations than the threshold approach, which maximizes the number of species for which the occurrence probability exceeds some threshold.
Improved potency and reduced toxicity of the antifungal peptoid AEC5 through submonomer modification

Abstract As proteolytically stable peptidomimetics, peptoids could serve as antifungal agents to supplement a therapeutic field wrought with toxicity issues. We report the improvement of an antifungal peptoid, AEC5, through an iterative structure-activity relationship study. A sarcosine scan was used to first identify the most pharmacophorically important peptoid building blocks of AEC5, followed by sequential optimization of each building block. The optimized antifungal peptoid from this study, β-5, has improved potency towards Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased toxicity towards mammalian cells. For example, the selectivity ratio for C. neoformans over mammalian fibroblasts was improved from 8 for AEC5 to 37 for β-5.
Life‐sentenced juveniles: Public perceptions of risk and need for incarceration

Pursuant to recent United States Supreme Court decisions in Miller v. Alabama (2012) and Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016), individuals convicted of crimes committed when they were younger than 18 and for which they received mandatory life sentences are entitled to new sentencing hearings. This study examined public perceptions of such individuals (life-sentenced juveniles, or LSJs). Study participants were 663 adults (52.3% male) ages 22-71 years (M = 36.00, SD = 11.46) recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Each participant received one of a possible four vignettes about a man who was incarcerated for a crime that occurred when he was 17 years old and subsequently sentenced to mandatory life in prison following conviction. Two variables (risk of harming others if released to the community, and circumstances of the crime) were manipulated in a 2 × 2 between-subjects design. Each participant read one vignette and then answered questions relating to appropriateness for release from prison. Results indicate that risk, but not circumstances of the crime, strongly influenced participants' views regarding resentencing. When the individual in the vignette was labeled as high risk, participants described him as less appropriate for release, more deserving of punishment, needing more rehabilitation, and more appropriate for specific and general deterrence. The circumstances of the crime had no effect on participants' responses. This may be important for various reasons, as applicable law does not explicitly identify risk as a consideration in juvenile resentencing. The nonetheless noteworthy empirical influence of risk on perceptions regarding LSJs is discussed in their implications for research, policy, and practice.
Introduction: You Get Control When You Recognize the Patterns

This book is for everyone who wants to understand our information age. This book is written for CEOs, entrepreneurs considering online start-ups, and undergraduates still trying to pick a career. This book is for regulators, lobbyists, and lawmakers. This book is for anyone who wants to understand how information changes consumer behavior, corporate strategy, competition, and law. This book describes the digital transformation of everything . It describes the new patterns of power in this transformed world. We start by learning about the changes produced by information. These are the individual pieces that, when taken together, create the digital transformation of everything. We’re going to see how information changes the behavior of individuals, the strategy of firms, and the structure of organizations. We’re going to learn to see new patterns as they start to emerge, before their impact on behavior, strategy, or structure is readily visible. This will enable us to understand the changes that have occurred, early, before others see them. It will also enable us to predict the changes that are going to occur, even before it is possible to see them. It will give us competitive advantage. This chapter introduces the book’s first pattern, Newly Vulnerable Markets .
Systematic dependence of kinetic and thermodynamic barriers to homogeneous silica nucleation on NaCl and amino acids

The kinetics of silica polymerization was measured in silicic acid solutions containing a suite of 0.1 M amino acids, 0.1 M citric acid, 0.7 M NaCl, and 0.10 M NaCl (Control). Fitting a modified classical rate model to measurements of induction time (τ) at 20 °C for a series of supersaturated solutions, we estimate the thermodynamic barrier (ΔGc), interfacial free energy (γ), and kinetic barrier (Δagk) for silica nucleation. For 0.10 M NaCl solutions, γControl = 54.9 ± 1.6 mJ/m2 and ΔagkControl = 2.29 × 10−19 J/mol. These values are consistent with previous reports for amorphous and fused silica materials. To facilitate comparisons with the treatments, ΔagkControl is converted to a molar basis and used as a reference datum, such that ΔagkControl = 0.0 J/mol. The effects of salt and organic acids on nucleation rate have thermodynamic and kinetic origins, respectively. Faster nucleation rates measured in 0.7 M NaCl solutions arise from a lower interfacial free energy, such that γ0.7 M NaCl = 51.4 ± 1.7 mJ/m2. Organic acids increase rate through biomolecule-specific reductions in Δagk. Catalytic effects are greatest for lysine (Δagklysine = −1685 ± 315) and citric acid (Δagkcitric = −1690 ± 96 J/mol). Reductions in the kinetic barrier correlate with net positive charge of the amino acids and dissociation of the amine $\left( {{K_{\alpha - {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_3}}} + } \right)$ group and thus the abundance of the conjugate base. Citric acid, lacking amine groups, promotes the greatest rate enhancement, thus demonstrating the role(s) of additional kinetic factors in promoting nucleation rate. Catalytic activity correlates with multiple physical and chemical properties of the organic acids.
Estimating multiple bearings-of-arrival from tornadic storms using the complex Wishart distribution

Several array signal processing methods can be used to estimate bearings-of-arrival (BOA) in the presence of multiple infrasound sources, and their effectiveness depends upon several factors including array geometry, relative signal and noise power spectra, and noise cross-spectra. One of the most effective and computationally efficient methods is Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC). However, MUSIC's performance not only degrades with the decreasing signal-to-noise ratio, as all methods, but also degrades as the noise model deviates from the assumption of uncorrelated, equal noise power on all channels. Uncorrelated, but unequal, noise power levels are a common situation with infrasound arrays, and the degradation of MUSIC's performance has been observed when estimating 2–10 Hz acoustic emissions from tornadic storms. This presentation examines the performance of formal maximum-likelihood estimation of multiple BOAs using the complex Wishart distribution as a model for the array's cross-spectral density matrix estimates. Estimation and computational performance comparisons with MUSIC are also reported.
Compounds without borders: a novel paradigm for quantifying complex odors and responses to scent-pollution in bumblebees

Abstract Bumblebees are critical pollinators whose populations have been experiencing troubling declines over the past several decades. Successful foraging improves colony fitness, thus understanding how anthropogenic influences modulate foraging behavior may aid conservation efforts. Odor pollution can have negative impacts on bumble- and honey-bees foraging behavior. However, given the vast array of potential scent contaminants, individually testing pollutants is an ineffective approach. The ability to quantitatively measure how much scent-pollution of a floral-odor bumblebees can tolerate would represent a paradigm shift in odor-pollution studies. Current statistical methods for analyzing complex odors have poor predictive power because statistically-derived odor-spaces are rewritten when new odors are added. This study presents an alternative method of analyzing complex odor blends based on the encoding properties of insect olfactory systems. This “Compounds Without Borders” (CWB) method vectorizes odors in a multidimensional space representing relevant functional group and carbon characteristics of their component odorants. A single vector can be built for any scent, which allows the angular distance between any two odors to be calculated – including a learned odor and its polluted counterpart. Data presented here indicate that CWB-angles are capable of both describing and predicting bumblebee odor-discrimination behavior: odor pairs with angular distances in the 20-29° range are generalized, while odor pairs over 30 degrees are differentiated. The neurophysiological properties underlying CWB-vectorization of odors are not unique to bumblebees; CWB-angle analysis of published data on a hawkmoth supports the idea that this method may have broader applications.