cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal and Shot Noise in Open Conductors

In this paper I give a brief discussion of thermal noise and noise in the presence of transport for open conductors. An open conductor permits exchange of carriers via a number of contacts. In many cases an explicit description of the contact properties is crucial for making contact with experimental reality. A theory of electrical conductance which is capable of treating contacts is the transmission approach. The transmission approach relates the measured resistances to the scattering matrix of the sample. In this paper I discuss the fluctuation dissipation theorem which belongs to this approach. The fluctuation dissipation theorem relates the current or voltage fluctuations at equilibrium to linear response transport coefficients. I also discuss the fluctuations of current and voltage away from the average value in the presence of transport. I illustrate these results by discussing conductors which exhibit the quantized Hall effect.
A Selected Bibliography on Marketing to African Americans and Hispanics Since the Late 1970s

This research effort reports an identification of selected research references focusing on the buyer behavior patterns of African American and Hispanic consumers published since the late 1970s. Specifically, the bibliographic published literature is sectioned off as data based studies, dissertation studies and published articles.
Is the opposite of positive negative

Purpose – The relationship between work‐family enrichment (WFE), representing positive interdependencies between individuals' work and family roles, and work‐family conflict (WFC), representing negative interdependencies between the same roles, has been discussed but never fully clarified in the scholarly literature on the work‐family interface. The purpose of this article is to increase understanding of the relationship between these two constructs.Design/methodology/approach – The relationship between WFE and WFC is conceptualized at the level of a “resource” that may be generated in one role, work or family, and applied to the other role. This approach offers an alternative to the more typical approach of analyzing this relationship at the aggregate level across all possible resources.Findings – The answer to the question posed in the title of the article is “yes or no”, or “it depends”. At the resource level, it is suggested that WFE is either unrelated or negatively related to WFC depending on the sp...
Families That Care

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify family caregiving approaches that preserve the well being of caregivers while maintaining an acceptable quality of care for older adults. The goal was to determine whether there is a difference in the quality of elder care provided by family caregiving teams as compared to the primary caregiving approach. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the caregiving approaches utilized by twenty-two families actively engaged in the provision of elder care. The findings of this study hold implications for every level of service to aging families, including the micro, mezzo, and macro levels of practice.
Jamming of three-dimensional prolate granular materials.

We have found that the ability of long thin rods to jam into a solidlike state in response to a local perturbation depends upon both the particle aspect ratio and the container size. The dynamic phase diagram in this parameter space reveals a broad transition region separating granular stick-slip and solidlike behavior. In this transition region the pile displays both solid and stick-slip behavior. We measure the force on a small object pulled through the pile, and find the fluctuation spectra to have power law tails with an exponent characteristic of the region. The exponent varies from $\ensuremath{\beta}=\ensuremath{-}2$ in the stick-slip region to $\ensuremath{\beta}=\ensuremath{-}1$ in the solid region. These values reflect the different origins---granular rearrangements vs dry friction---of the fluctuations. Finally, the packing fraction shows only a slight dependence on container size, but depends on aspect ratio in a manner predicted by mean-field theory and implies an aspect-ratio-independent contact number of $⟨c⟩=5.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$.
Functional Overlap in Mismatch Repair by Human MSH3 and MSH6

Three human genes, hMSH2, hMSH3 , and hMSH6 , are homologues of the bacterial MutS gene whose products bind DNA mismatches to initiate strand-specific repair of DNA replication errors. Several studies suggest that a complex of hMSH2·hMSH6 (hMutSα) functions primarily in repair of base·base mismatches or single extra bases, whereas a hMSH2·hMSH3 complex (hMutSβ) functions chiefly in repair of heteroduplexes containing two to four extra bases. In the present study, we compare results with a tumor cell line (HHUA) that is mutant in both hMSH3 and hMSH6 to results with derivative clones containing either wild-type hMSH3 or wild-type hMSH6 , introduced by microcell-mediated transfer of chromosome 5 or 2, respectively. HHUA cells exhibit marked instability at 12 different microsatellite loci composed of repeat units of 1 to 4 base pairs. Compared to normal cells, HHUA cells have mutation rates at the HPRT locus that are elevated 500-fold for base substitutions and 2400-fold for single-base frameshifts. Extracts of HHUA cells are defective in strand-specific repair of substrates containing base·base mismatches or 1–4 extra bases. Transfer of either chromosome 5 ( hMSH3 ) or 2 ( hMSH6 ) into HHUA cells partially corrects instability at the microsatellite loci and also the substitution and frameshift mutator phenotypes at the HPRT locus. Extracts of these lines can repair some, but not all, heteroduplexes. The combined mutation rate and mismatch repair specificity data suggest that both hMSH3 and hMSH6 can independently participate in repair of replication errors containing base·base mismatches or 1–4 extra bases. Thus, these two gene products share redundant roles in controlling mutation rates in human cells.
New species of carex from Mexico and Guatemala

C.subbracteata var.tolucensis (sect.Ovales) andC. distentiformis (sect.Extensae) from Mexico,C. guatemalensis (sect.Longicaules) andC. caxinensis (sect.Viridiflorae) from Guatemala, andC. volcanica (sect.Ovales) from Mexico and Guatemala are described as new.
Single-breath nitrogen washout; effects of alterations of lung volumes and elastic recoil.

Strapping of the chest causes decreased lung volumes and increased elastic recoil pressure. Such strapping was used in conjunction with single-breath nitrogen washout to study the effects of changes in these factors on the dynamics of the small airways. Studies consisted of simultaneous measurements of the quasistatic lung pressure-volume curve and single-breath nitrogen washout Strapping caused significant reductions in all lung volumes and in lung compliance at 50 percent of the total lung capacity (TLC). The volume of phase 4 was not changed; however, the ratio of closing capacity to control TLC decreased from 29.9 ± 6 percent to 24.2 ± 4 percent with strapping (P 2 O was not altered by strapping of the chest. The slope of phase 3 of the single-breath nitrogen-washout test and the average alveolar concentration of nitrogen were increased during strapping. A similar phenomenon occurred in three subjects who performed the single-breath nitrogen-washout test following partial vital capacities. A reduction of the onset of closure of the airways without a change in closing pressure suggests that restrictions of the chest wall caused no change in mechanical properties of the small airways. Elevation of the slope of the alveolar plateau is probably due to exaggeration of the apex-to-base nitrogen difference consequent to the strapping-associated decreased lung and alveolar compliance.
Use of a silicone transfer index to prepare parallel guide planes

1. Parr GR, Loft GH. The occlusal spectrum and complete dentures. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1982; 3:241-50. 2. Parr GR, Ivanhoe JR. Lingualized occlusion: an occlusion for all reasons. Dent Clin North Am 1996;40:103-12. 3. Lang BR, Razzoog ME. Lingualized integration: Tooth molds and an occlusal scheme for edentulous implant patients. Implant Dent 1992;1:204-11. 4. Ortman HR. Complete denture occlusion. In: Winkler S, editor. Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics, vol 1. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica; 1994. p. 217-29. 5. Gysi A. Special teeth for cross-bite cases. Dent Digest 1927;33:167-71. 6. French FA. The problem of building satisfactory dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1954;4:769-81. 7. Payne SH. A posterior set-up to meet individual requirements. Dent Digest 1941;47:20-2. 8. Pound E. Personalized denture procedures. Anaheim: Denar Corp; 1973. p. 4. 9. Pound E. Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service. J Prosthet Dent 1970;24:586-600. 10.Ortman HR. The role of occlusion in preservation and prevention in completed denture prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent 1971;25:121-38. 11.Murrell GA. The management of difficult lower dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1974;32:243-50. 12.Becker CM, Swoope CC, Guckes AD. Lingualized occlusion for removable prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent 1977;38:601-8. 13.Kelly E. Centric relation, centric occlusion and posterior tooth forms and arrangement. J Prosthet Dent 1977; 37:5-11. 14.Javid NS, Porter MR. The importance of the Hanau formula in construction of complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1975;34:397404. 15.Hanau RL. Full denture technique for Hanau Articulator Model H. 4th ed. Buffalo: Hanau Engineering; 1930.
Changes in heat and radiation sensitivity during long duration, moderate hyperthermia in hela S3 cells

Abstract Step-up heating and thermal radiosensitization were studied at 41.5°C in HeLa S3 cells under conditions where chronic thermotolerance was not expressed. In spite of this lack of thermotolerance expression, it was possible that thermotolerance to higher temperature treatment had developed. Accordingly, cells were incubated for various times at 41.5°C, then immediately shifted up to 45°C, whereupon heating continued for up to 75 min. Thermotolerance to 45°C heating was observed after 8 hr incubation at 41.5°C and decayed by 32 hr of continuous incubation at 41.5°C. When the time of 45°C treatment was extended to 150 min, the biphasic survival response indicated that chronic thermotolerance was expressed at 45°C, even though it was not expressed during the 41.5°C treatment. Thus, chronic thermotolerance can develop under conditions (e.g., at 41.5°C) where it is not expressed, yet be expressed under other conditions (e.g., during 45°C exposure). When cultures were x-irradiated after various periods of 41.5°C treatment, maximum thermal radiosensitization was observed after 4 hr of incubation at 41.5°C, for which no cell killing was observed due to heat alone. The radiosensitization observed decreased the D 0 and D q values from about 1.3 Gy to 0.7 Gy and from about 2.0 Gy to 1.0 Gy, respectively. As the duration of the 41.5°C pre-treatment was extended up to 32 hr, no additional thermal-radiosensitization was observed; all killing due to the heat exposure at 41.5°C was additive to the radiation killing after the initial induction of thermal radiosensitization. These results demonstrate differences in the thermal and radiation responses of HeLa cells when compared to earlier studies using CHO cells and may be more relevant to the clinical setting.
Japanese communication practices: Recent comparative research

Recent research affords adscititious knowledge concerning Japanese oral communication practices. Seven studies are collocated with the substance and principal findings of each chronicled. The studies cover affect orientation, argumentativeness, immediacy, loneliness, verbal predispositions, social style, and verbal aggressiveness. Combined with previously known attributes of Japanese speaking and with socio‐cultural backgrounds regarding Japanese communication practices, the seven comparative studies provide a characterization of the typical Japanese communicator.
Mineral Physics: Looking ahead

Mineral physics is a relatively new category used by geoscientists to describe the field of research that involves measurement and characterization of the physical, and to a certain extent the chemical, properties of minerals under varying pressure, temperature, stress, and chemical environment. Great progress has been made in the past 20 years because of the availability of major research facilities, new instruments, and new and improved techniques. Areas of special interest in which mineral physics plays a significant role are the study of deep-earth mineralogy, environmental mineralogy, and interactions among minerals and biological systems. There are many problems yet to be solved by applying the techniques described here along with new developments yet to come.
The amnestic effect of protein synthesis inhibitors is not due to the inhibition of adrenal corticosteroidogenesis.

Elipten, (aminoglutethimide) at doses that inhibited the adrenal production of corticosterone in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), did not cause amnesia for passive avoidance in mice. The drug was administered either 5 or 30 min prior to training, and mice were tested 24 hr later. Similarly, amnesia was not produced by either dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, at doses that inhibit ACTH secretion, or by cortexolone, which competes for glucocorticoid receptors but which has no glucocorticoid activity. It is concluded that the amnesia caused by protein synthesis inhibitors does not depend on the lack of an adrenal corticosteroidogenic response during or shortly after training.
Educational Scale-Making.

Abstract The article explores the complexities of educational scalemaking. ‘Educational scales’ are defined as the spatial and temporal orders generated as pupils and teachers move and are moved through educational systems; scales are ‘envelopes of spacetime’ into which certain schoolbased identities (and not others) can be folded. Scale is thus both an object and a means of power in educational practice. Using data from life history interviews with an elementary teacher in the USA, the article illustrates the multiplicity of scale-making processes, and raises the question of how certain scale definitions become more widely accepted and authoritative than others.
The basic helix-loop-helix domain of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter (ARNT) can oligomerize and bind E-box DNA specifically.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter (ARNT) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that contains a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain. ARNT heterodimerizes in vivowith other bHLH PAS proteins to regulate a number of cellular activities, but a physiological role for ARNT homodimers has not yet been established. Moreover, no rigorous studies have been done to characterize the biochemical properties of the bHLH domain of ARNT that would address this issue. To begin this characterization, we chemically synthesized a 56-residue peptide encompassing the bHLH domain of ARNT (residues 90–145). In the absence of DNA, the ARNT-bHLH peptide can form homodimers in lower ionic strength, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering analysis, and can bind E-box DNA (CACGTG) with high specificity and affinity, as determined by fluorescence anisotropy. Dimers and tetramers of ARNT-bHLH are observed bound to DNA in equilibrium sedimentation and dynamic light scattering experiments. The homodimeric peptide also undergoes a coil-to-helix transition upon E-box DNA binding. Peptide oligomerization and DNA affinity are strongly influenced by ionic strength. These biochemical and biophysical studies on the ARNT-bHLH reveal its inherent ability to form homodimers at concentrations supporting a physiological function and underscore the significant biochemical differences among the bHLH superfamily.
Publishing relationships in Higher Education

Under the assumption that a field of study is based largely on communications systems, this study examines the publication processes preferred by members of the American Association for Higher Education, the Association of Professors of Higher Education, and editors of journals in higher education. The research focuses on desired standards of both authors and editors in the review process, specific criteria for manuscript selection, as well as authors' rationales for publication and criteria used in selection of journals for manuscript submission.
The effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition and dopamine uptake blockade on MPTP-induced increase of 2-[3H]deoxyglucose uptake in specific mesencephalic catecholaminergic nuclei.

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection in C57 black mice of 30 or 7.5 mg/kg MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) followed 1–2 h later by 0.5 mCi 100 g 2-[ 3 H]deoxyglucose (2-DG) produces an intense increase of 2-DG uptake in the dopaminergic zona compacta (ZC) of the substantia nigra and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) as seen in autoradiographs. Anesthetized animals also exhibit this reaction. Clorgyline (10 mg/kg), a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A inhibitor, 30 min before MPTP does not block this reaction. Deprenyl (10 mg/kg), an MAO-B inhibitor, blocks increased 2-DG uptake in ZC and VTA if injected 30 min or 12 h before 7.5 mg/kg MPTP, but has no effect if injected 12 h before 30 mg/kg MPTP. Mazindol (10 mg/kg), a dopamine uptake blocker, is effective in blocking the action of 7.5 mg/kg MPTP, but ineffective against 30 mg/kg MPTP. Heavier doses of MPTP can, in some instances, overcome the actions of MAO inhibitors or dopamine uptake blockers in preventing the increased 2-DG uptake elicited by MPTP. But, essentially, the intensely increased glucose metabolism acutely induced in specific catecholaminergic neurons appears to be another significant pathological feature of the dopaminergic neurotoxicity caused by MPTP which can be prevented by MAO inhibition or dopamine uptake blockade.
An onboard hydrogen generation method based on hydrides and water recovery for micro-fuel cells

Abstract Micro-proton exchange membrane fuel cells are considered to be the next generation power sources for micro-scale power applications, but onboard hydrogen storage and generation with high energy density at the small scale is still a technical barrier. This paper introduces a hydrogen generation method based on an onboard hydride fuel and a byproduct water recovery mechanism for micro-hydrogen PEM fuel cells. The water recovery is carried out by water diffusion from the more humid cathode side to the less humid anode side through the proton exchange membrane. The micro-fuel cells based on this water recovery method were constructed and tested. The results demonstrate that the relative humidity has a significant affect on the fuel cell performance as well as the opening area on the cover layer, the type of hydrides, and the thickness of the Nafion membrane also can affect the fuel cell performance. A 10 mm 3 prototype water recovery micro-fuel cell has been built and tested, and the device has produced a maximum power density of 104 W L −1 and a maximum energy density of 313 W h L −1 .
Stress reactivity and coping in seasonal and nonseasonal depression

Stress, stress reactivity, and coping skill use were examined in individuals with seasonal depression, nonseasonal depression, and nondepressed controls. Although participants in the two depressed groups reported using more avoidance coping strategies than controls, only participants in the seasonal depressed group reported using more season-specific coping (i.e., light-related strategies) than participants in the nonseasonal depressed and control groups. Individuals in the seasonal depressed group also reporting using acceptance coping strategies less frequently than individuals in the control group. Only participants in the nonseasonal depressed group, however, exhibited greater psychophysiological arousal in reaction to a laboratory stressor (i.e., unsolvable anagram task) when compared to participants in the seasonal and nondepressed control groups. Participants in both depressed groups reported greater impact of negative life events during the past 6 months than did controls. Similarities and differences in the two types of depression may have implications for the conceptualization and treatment of seasonal depression.
Alpha heating in ITER L-mode and H-mode plasmas

Predictions of alpha heating in ITER L-mode and H-mode DT plasmas are generated using the PTRANSP code. The baseline toroidal field (5.3 T), plasma current ramped to 15 MA and a flat electron density profile ramped to Greenwald fraction 0.85 are assumed. Various combinations of external heating by negative ion neutral beam injection, ion cyclotron resonance and electron cyclotron resonance are assumed to start half-way up the density ramp with the full power planned (Pext = 73 MW). 50 s later the power is reduced to 50 MW to increase QDT, and to prevent excessive heat flow to the divertor and walls as the alpha heating increases. The time evolution of plasma temperatures and bulk toroidal rotation v are predicted assuming GLF23 and boundary parameters. Conservatively low temperatures (0.6 keV) and v 400 rad s−1 at the boundary (r/a 0.85) are assumed.Alternative options are used to predict v and the flow-shearing rates induced by the neutral beam torques in order to assess effects of uncertainties. Option 1 assumes the momentum transport coefficient χ is half the energy transport coefficient χi predicted consistently with the GLF23-predicted temperatures. With this assumption flow shearing does not have large effects on the energy transport, plasma temperatures and alpha heating. Option 2 uses GLF23 to predict v directly. Higher flow-shearing rates and alpha heating powers are predicted for heating mixes with neutral beam heating. If the L → H power threshold is twice the ITPA fit then the heating mixes with the highest neutral beam power (and the most alpha heating) transition to H-mode during the density ramp. Other heating mixes remain in L-mode.Predictions of H-mode temperatures and alpha heating depend sensitively on the assumed pedestal pressures. A scan in pedestal pressures is presented using the more pessimistic option 1. A linear increase in alpha heating with pedestal temperature and pressure is predicted.
Nicotinic α7 or β2-Containing Receptor Knockout: Effects on Radial-Arm Maze Learning and Long-Term Nicotine Consumption in Mice

Classically, it has been thought that high-affinity nicotinic receptors-containing beta2 subunits are the most important receptor subtypes for nicotinic involvement in cognitive function and nicotine self-administration, while low affinity alpha7-containing nicotinic receptors have not been thought to be important. In the current study, we found that knockout of either beta2 or alpha7 subunits caused significant deficits in spatial discrimination in mice. The character of the impairment in the two knockouts was different. The beta2 knockout preferentially impaired cognition in males while the alpha7 caused impairment regardless of sex. Both beta2- and alpha7-containing nicotinic receptors also are important for nicotine self-administration, also in different ways. Most animal model studies of nicotine self-administration are relatively short-term whereas the problem of tobacco addiction is considerably longer-term. To better model the impact of nicotinic receptor subtypes on nicotine self-administration over the long-term, we studied the impact of genetic knockout of low affinity alpha7 receptors vs. high-affinity beta2-containing nicotinic receptors. Mice with knockouts of either of these receptors and their wildtype counter parts were given free access to a choice of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free solution in their home cages on a continuous basis over a period of 5 months. During the first few weeks, the beta2-containing nicotinic receptor knockout mice showed a significant decrease in nicotine consumption relative to wildtype mice, whereas the alpha7 knockout mice did not significantly differ from wildtype controls at the beginning of their access to nicotine. Interestingly, in the longer-term after the first few weeks of nicotine access, the beta2 knockout mice returned to wildtype mouse levels of nicotine consumption, whereas the alpha7 knockout mice developed an emergent decrease in nicotine consumption. The alpha7 receptor knockout-induced decrease in nicotine consumption persisted for the 5-month period of the study. Both alpha7- and beta2-containing nicotinic receptors play critical roles in cognitive function and nicotine self-administration. Regarding cognitive function, beta2-containing receptors are important for maintaining normal sex differences in spatial learning and memory, whereas alpha7 receptors are important for cognitive function regardless of sex. Regarding nicotine self-administration high-affinity beta2-containing nicotinic receptors are important for consumption during the initial phase of nicotine access, but it is the alpha7 nicotinic receptors that are important for the longer-term regulation of nicotine consumption.
Ornithine as a precursor for the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine.

Abstract Radioactive nicotine, from Nicotiana rustica plants which had been fed [2-14C]-ornithine, was degraded with recovery of C-5 of the pyrrolidine ring. This position of the ring was shown to have about half of the radioactivity of the original nicotine. The remaining radioactivity was in the residual carbon skeleton of the nicotine which was isolated as a derivative of a substituted primary amine. A previous degradation had established that the radioactivity in the amine derivative was in the carbon atom corresponding to position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine. This pattern of labelling supports the postulation of one or more symmetrical intermediates in the synthesis of the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine from the amino acid ornithine.
PR-143—A New Class of High-Temperature Fluids

A new class of high-temperature fluids, designated PR-143, which are capable of use in the range of −50 to −700 F, is discussed. These fluorinated materials do not sludge or tar on high-temperature exposure, even in the presence of air. The fluids are being tested in hydraulic systems, as gas turbine engine oils and as base fluids for high-temperature greases (designated PR-240). Properties and test results related to these applications are given. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in San Francisco, Calif., October 18–20, 1965.
Ultrafast holography and transient absorption spectroscopy in charge-transfer polymers

Charge-transfer polymers are a new class of nonlinear optical materials which can be used for generating femtosecond holographic gratings. Using semiconducting polymers sensitized with varying concentrations of C{sub 60}, holographic gratings were recorded by individual ultrafast laser pulses; the diffraction efficiency and time decay of the gratings were measured using non-degenerate four-wave mixing. Using a figure of merit for dynamic data processing, the temporal diffraction efficiency, this new class of materials exhibits between two and 12 orders of magnitude higher response than previous reports. The charge transfer range at polymer/C{sub 60} interfaces was further studied using transient absorption spectroscopy. The fact that charge-transfer occurs in the picosecond-time scale in bilayer structures (thickness 200 {angstrom}) implies that diffusion of localized excitations to the interface is not the dominant mechanism; the charge transfer range is a significant fraction of the film thickness. From analysis of the excited state decay curves, we estimate the charge transfer range to be 80 {angstrom} and interpret that range as resulting from quantum delocalization of the photoexcitations.
Effect of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the glucuronidation of retinoic acid in the rat

Abstract Administration of a single oral dose (10 μg/kg) of tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) caused a 33% decrease in retinyl esters in the livers of male rats, but a 13-fold increase in retinyl esters in the kidney and a 3-fold increase in serum retinol. Liver and kidney microsomal uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity toward all- trans -retinoic acid was increased 3.7- and 2.6-fold, respectively, ten days following exposure to TCDD. Verification of the in vitro formation of [ 3 H]retinoyl β-glucuronide (RG) was by cochromatography with authenic RG on reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), identification of retinoic acid as the hydrolysis product after β-glucuronidase treatment, and the characterization of the all- trans -retinoyl glucuronide by negative fragment mass spectroscopy, fast atom bobardment. We conclude that increased retinoic acid glucuronidation may be a contributing factor to the hepatic depletion of vitamin A and the increased excretion of vitamin A metabolites following TCDD exposure.
An Increase in Mitochondrial DNA Promotes Nuclear DNA Replication in Yeast

Coordination between cellular metabolism and DNA replication determines when cells initiate division. It has been assumed that metabolism only plays a permissive role in cell division. While blocking metabolism arrests cell division, it is not known whether an up-regulation of metabolic reactions accelerates cell cycle transitions. Here, we show that increasing the amount of mitochondrial DNA accelerates overall cell proliferation and promotes nuclear DNA replication, in a nutrient-dependent manner. The Sir2p NAD+-dependent de-acetylase antagonizes this mitochondrial role. We found that cells with increased mitochondrial DNA have reduced Sir2p levels bound at origins of DNA replication in the nucleus, accompanied with increased levels of K9, K14-acetylated histone H3 at those origins. Our results demonstrate an active role of mitochondrial processes in the control of cell division. They also suggest that cellular metabolism may impact on chromatin modifications to regulate the activity of origins of DNA replication.
On optimal Chebyshev-type quadratures

A well-known result of Bernstein states that a Chebyshev quadrature formula of the form $$\int\limits_{ - 1}^1 {f(x) dx = \frac{2}{n}\sum\limits_{k - 1}^n {f(t_k ) + R_n (f), t_k real,} }$$ can have algebraic degree of exactnessp=n only if 1?n?7 orn=9. The nodest k are necessarily symmetric with respect to the origin, so that in factp=2[n/2]+1. If symmetry of the nodes is imposed, it is known from work of Gautschi and Yanagiwara and others that next-to-highest algebraic degreep=2[n/2]?1, beyond the classical cases above, can be attained only whenn=8, 10, 11, and 13. For these values ofn, "optimal" formulas have been obtained which minimize |R n (x p+1)| among all symmetric Chebyschev quadratures of degreep=2[n/2]?1. We show here that these same formulas in fact minimize |R n (x i )| for eachi?p+1.
Psychophysical measurements of Hannah color/distance effects

Jay Hannah has been studying changes in color with distance for a number of years. He has studied this phenomenon by making a series of over 100 paintings. With the keen eye of an artist he has made many dramatic demonstrations of color change. An example is that a 1.2 cm white stripe will appear bright yellow at a distance of 14 meters. Hannah has shown that color is influenced by the surround, but not by the usual complementary color rules. This paper describes a series of experiments that use color matching to quantify the appearance of a number of Hannah's painting at close (1.4 m) and far (14 m) distances This study uses the changes in appearance to establish the visual equivalent at different distances. These equivalent colors can be used to study the underlying mechanism of color appearance near spatial-frequency threshold.
Synthesis and electrochemical aspects of group 14 iron complexes of the type (η5-C5H5)Fe(L)2ER3, L2 = (CO)2, (Ph2P)2CH2; E = C, Si, Ge, Sn

Abstract The dicarbonyl and diphosphine complexes of the type (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Fe(L) 2 ER 3 (L 2 = (CO) 2 ( a ), (Ph 2 P) 2 CH 2 ( b ); ER 3 = CH 3 ( 1a / b ); SiMe 3 ( 2a / b ), GeMe 3 ( 3a / b ), SnMe 3 ( 4a / b )) were synthesized and studied electrochemically. Cyclic voltammetric studies on the dicarbonyl complexes 1a – 4a revealed one electron irreversible oxidation processes whereas the same processes for the chelating phosphine series 1b – 4b were reversible. The E ox values found for the series 1a – 4a were in the narrow range 1.3–1.5 V and in the order Si > Sn ≈ Ge > C; those for 1b – 4b (involving replacement of the excellent retrodative π-accepting CO ligands by the superior σ-donor and poorer π-accepting phosphines) have much lower oxidation potentials in the sequence Sn > Si ≈ Ge > C. This latter oxidation potential pattern relates directly to the solution 31 P NMR chemical shift data illustrating that stronger donation lowers the E ox for the complexes; however, simple understanding of the trend must await the results of a current DFT analysis of the systems.
Pubertal changes in gonadal hormones do not underlie adolescent dopamine receptor overproduction

Males, but not females, overproduce dopamine receptors in the striatum of rats across the periadolescent period followed by their elimination during young adulthood. In order to investigate the role that gonadal hormones play in this pubertal process, rats were castrated or ovariectomized at postnatal day (P) 28 when estrogen and testosterone levels are beginning to surge. Dopamine D1 and D2 striatal receptor density was then determined with autoradiography at P40 (adolescence) and P80 (young adulthood) to determine if either testosterone stimulates the overproduction of receptors in males or if estrogen inhibits this process in females. Neither castration nor ovariectomy altered dopamine receptor density, although enhanced testosterone levels increased D1 receptor binding 4.2% and 19.5% in males and females, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the endogenous rise in gonadal steroid hormones during puberty is not responsible for the overproduction of receptors in males or the lack of overproduction in females.
On the structure of turbulent wakes and merging shear layers of multielement airfoils

The structure of the attached turbulent flow in the vicinity of a NACA 4412 airfoil equipped with a single-slotted flap was studied. The airfoil/flap configuration was tested at a Mach number of 0.06 and a Reynolds number of 1.3 x 10 to the 6th in a 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel. Surface-pressure measurements were made on the main airfoil and on the flap. Detailed measurements, obtained using a high-spatial-resolution laser Doppler anemometer, were made of the mean velocity flow field and of the second-order statistical quantities (Reynolds stresses) in the boundary layers, wakes, and merging shear layers. The experimental observations are compared with theoretical predictions of pressure, mean velocity, and Reynolds stress.
Global Analysis of Short RNAs Reveals Widespread Promoter-Proximal Stalling and Arrest of Pol II in Drosophila

Emerging evidence indicates that gene expression in higher organisms is regulated by RNA polymerase II stalling during early transcription elongation. To probe the mechanisms responsible for this regulation, we developed methods to isolate and characterize short RNAs derived from stalled RNA polymerase II in Drosophila cells. Significant levels of these short RNAs were generated from more than one-third of all genes, indicating that promoter-proximal stalling is a general feature of early polymerase elongation. Nucleotide composition of the initially transcribed sequence played an important role in promoting transcriptional stalling by rendering polymerase elongation complexes highly susceptible to backtracking and arrest. These results indicate that the intrinsic efficiency of early elongation can greatly affect gene expression.
Late effects in children treated with intensive multimodal therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma: High incidence of endocrine and growth problems

Due to the poor prognosis of high-risk (HR) neuroblastoma (NBL), scant data exist on late effects after treatment. Recently, protocols utilizing intense multimodal treatment have resulted in improved long-term survival. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of late effects in survivors of HR NBL. A retrospective review of clinical data for serial patients completing treatment between September 1994 and October 2007 and surviving for at least 1 year was performed. Therapy included aggressive chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and single or tandem SCT. Oncology follow-up was standard; clinical criteria were utilized for referrals to endocrinology and other services. Fifty-one eligible patients were identified. Median follow-up was 6.1 years (range 1.0-15.2). Height was significantly impacted (ΔZ-score -1.91 in those treated with TBI and -0.77 in those without). Pre-diabetes or diabetes, hypothyroidism and ovarian insufficiency were observed in 50, 59 and 75% of at-risk survivors, respectively. Hearing loss and dental issues were common. Nine patients had relapse of NBL; seven died of progressive disease. As there is a high prevalence of late effects in long-term survivors of HR NBL, close monitoring and further studies after treatment are indicated, and in particular after more modern, non-TBI regimens.
Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in animals is a primary neoplasm of epithelial origin. OSCC or "cancer eye" is the most common malignant tumor affecting cattle in North America and is responsible for significant economic losses. In the United States, the prevalence of OSCC varies geographically and is higher in the southwestern region and in lower latitudes with higher levels of sunlight. Control of this disease would be of considerable significance to the economics and profitability of the beef and dairy cattle industries. This article reviews the characteristics of the most commonly affected animals, the factors that are believed to contribute to the development of OSCC, and the treatment options that have been proposed.
Motivational Analysis of Fish Feeding

i. Problems and approaches in the analysis of the motivation (internal stimuli) of animal behaviour are reviewed and the nature and advantages of stimulus-response models in dealing with complex cases are discussed. 2. The data on the motivation of fish feeding are reviewed by considering the topics of homeostasis, deprivation and satiation, systemic need versus gastric volume, and preference and selectivity. 3. Based on these observations, a tentative model is proposed. In this model hunger is presumed to be determined jointly by the metabolic debt (systemic need) of the fish and the amount of food in the stomach (gastric volume), two parameters which are themselves affected by many physiological and ecological factors. For given environmental conditions hunger determines the probability that an encountered item is eaten and the interval between encounters. From these parameters monophagous encounter and feeding rates can be calculated. In the case of polyphagy the rates can be calculated provided the relative availabilities of the food types are known. 4. It is shown that the model clarifies several points in the literature and predicts certain response relations present, but apparently unrealized, in the published data. Further, the model makes a number of untested predictions. 5. Some of these predictions were tested and confirmed in a controlled experiment involving pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), in individual aquaria, fed in a standard Latin square design with added control conditions. The fish were fed three different proportions of housefly adults and pupae after one or two days of deprivation. Food items were presented one at a time over a 30 minute feeding bout. The changes in behaviour following changes in deprivation and relative availability of food types were as predicted by the model. The key prediction that response measures would be related in a manner invariant over changes in the independent variables was also supported despite nonstationarities in several response measures. 6. The modelling approach, traditional drive theory, and the case study of fish hunger were used to develop a rigorous general definition of "drive" based on stimulus-invariant response relations. The preferred nature of such a concept for dealing with bodies of motivational data containing such relations is shown. The consequent overall possibilities of modelling diverse motivational systems are considered.
Practical aspects of material data bases and expert systems for high-temperature corrosion and coatings in gas turbines

High-temperature environmental attack often limits the useful service life of the hot section components in gas turbines, for aircraft, marine and industrial applications. Hightemperature coatings are mandatory to obtain acceptable service life, but the life of these coatings often determines the refurbishment intervals. This paper addresses the use of computerized data bases and expert systems for high-temperature corrosion and high-temperature coatings, which have not always been useful for other material problems. The principal problems with material data bases are assessing the quality of the data; describing the materials, test conditions and test results; as well as the more common problems of data retrieval, correction of errors, and updating of data. Expert systems have generally not achieved expert performance, but are useful for people having less expertise than the program. Several expert systems are discussed including one that is currently being used by electric utilities to select high-temperature coatings for industrial gas turbine blades. Finally, in developing data bases and expert systems, the rapid prototyping process is recommended, along with a careful consideration of the end users, the available data and the available expertise.
Reaction of solid cathodes with tetraalkylammonium electrolytes

Abstract This study provides a view of the cathodic processes for Bi, Sn and Pb metals in the presence of two tetraalkylammonium electrolytes: tetramethylammonium (TMA + ) and dimethylpyrrolidinium (DMP + ) tetrafluoroborate. The deposition of an insoluble film at the electrode/solution interface was characterized in all cases using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry. The new solid phase [tetraalkylam-monium-metal (R 4 N-metal)] is deposited as a single bulk phase at the Bi electrode, while at Sn and Pb electrodes the deposition process proceeds in two distinct steps: the formation of an initial layer and of the bulk phase. The ease of R 4 N-metal formation was compared using reduction potentials where R 4 N-metal products are first observed. The order: Sn > Bi > Pb > Hg, is the same for both cations studied. This suggests that the strength of the metal lattice is important in allowing the formation of R 4 N-metals.
Electron correlation effects at the Gd(0001) surface

We have performed full-potential linearized augmented plane wave calculations of the Gd(0001) surface using the local density approximation (LDA) together with the Hubbard U (LDA+U) total energy functional. The use of LDA+U instead of LDA total energy calculations leads to a ferromagnetic ground state for both bulk Gd and the Gd surface, in agreement with experimental observation. The calculated downward shift of 4f eigenvalues for the Gd surface is in agreement with experimentally observed binding energies. Surface strain relaxation leads to a 90% enhancement of the interlayer surface-to-bulk effective exchange coupling. Application of a Landau–Ginzburg-type theory yields a 30% enhancement of the Curie temperature at the surface, in very good agreement with the experiment.
A High-Capacity High-Voltage Three-Cycle Oil Circuit Breaker

POWER-system designers and operating engineers quite properly are constantly endeavoring to improve the quality of their services. Increases in connected capacity inevitably accentuate the demand for reducing both the frequency and the duration of interruptions in the flow of power. This is particularly true in the case of high-voltage lines which form the “backbone” of all large systems. Circuit-breaker-design engineers welcome their portion of this problem in the fulfillment of the requirement for circuit breakers having higher interrupting ratings, shorter interrupting times, and faster reclosing times. An outstanding example of this trend is found in the recent development and field testing of a 138-kv oil circuit breaker which had the following new requirements: 1. An interrupting rating of 3,500 mega-volt-amperes. 2. An interrupting time of three cycles. 3. A reclosing time of less than 20 cycles.
Proof of the positive mass theorem. II

The positive mass theorem states that for a nontrivial isolated physical system, the total energy, which includes contributions from both matter and gravitation is positive. This assertion was demonstrated in our previous paper in the important case when the space-time admits a maximal slice. Here this assumption is removed and the general theorem is demonstrated. Abstracts of the results of this paper appeared in [11] and [13].
The coefficient of aggregate impact: A method of accounting for aggregate change

Abstract The coefficient of aggregate change, introduced here, measures aggregate change, as opposed to change in individual cases. For example, in a public opinion survey it could measure an increase or decrease in support for the president. The article compares this method to regression.
Rapid extraction of phycobiliproteins from cultured cyanobacteria samples.

Abstract Cyanobacteria are a valuable and ubiquitous component of marine picophytoplankton that contribute significantly to total carbon biomass and primary productivity of the oceans. They contain water soluble, natively highly fluorescent proteins, phycobiliproteins, that can be considered ideal marker pigments for understanding the distribution and trophic dynamics of picoplankton populations. However, there is no standard protocol for extracting and quantitating these proteins from cyanobacterial cells. Ideally, the cells would be disrupted quickly and efficiently with complete extraction and recovery of the released proteins. For that purpose, we describe a method for extracting phycobiliproteins from a Synechococcus CCMP 833 cyanobacteria culture that utilizes 3% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyammonio]propanesulfonic acid (Chaps) 0.3% asolectin combined with nitrogen cavitation. Extraction efficiencies of greater than 85% were achieved by this method, which requires less than 3 h. The analysis of the extracted samples was carried out by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
Nutrition and vascular dementia

Objective The objective of this review was to elucidate the relationship between VaD and various nutritional factors based on epidemiological studies.
Oral Sucrose for Heel Lance Increases Adenosine Triphosphate Use and Oxidative Stress in Preterm Neonates

Objective To examine the effects of sucrose on pain and biochemical markers of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation and oxidative stress in preterm neonates experiencing a clinically required heel lance. Study design Preterm neonates that met study criteria (n = 131) were randomized into 3 groups: (1) control; (2) heel lance treated with placebo and non-nutritive sucking; and (3) heel lance treated with sucrose and non-nutritive sucking. Plasma markers of ATP degradation (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) and oxidative stress (allantoin) were measured before and after the heel lance. Pain was measured with the Premature Infant Pain Profile. Data were analyzed by the use of repeated-measures ANOVA and Spearman rho. Results We found significant increases in plasma hypoxanthine and uric acid over time in neonates who received sucrose. We also found a significant negative correlation between pain scores and plasma allantoin concentration in a subgroup of neonates who received sucrose. Conclusion A single dose of oral sucrose, given before heel lance, significantly increased ATP use and oxidative stress in premature neonates. Because neonates are given multiple doses of sucrose per day, randomized trials are needed to examine the effects of repeated sucrose administration on ATP degradation, oxidative stress, and cell injury.