cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical impact of ulceration width, lymphovascular invasion, microscopic satellitosis, perineural invasion, and mitotic rate in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma: a retrospective observational study at a comprehensive cancer center.

The prognostic significance of the width of the ulceration in primary melanomas remains unclear, and there is a relative paucity of data for lymphovascular invasion (LVI), microscopic satellitosis (MS), perineural invasion (PNI), and mitotic rate when compared with other pathological elements currently required for reporting. To evaluate the prognostic importance of the ulceration width and other important pathologic measurements, a single-institutional retrospective study was conducted using records of cutaneous melanoma patients who underwent sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy at The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center between 2003 and 2008. We identified 1898 eligible patients with median tumor thickness of 1.25 mm and median follow-up of 6.7 years. By multivariable analyses, the strongest risk factor for SLN positivity was high tumor thickness followed by the presence of LVI. The pathologic measures with the strongest influence on recurrence-free survival (RFS) were tumor thickness and positive SLN status. Ulceration width and presence of MS were also significantly associated with RFS while PNI was not. Factors with the strongest influence on melanoma-specific survival (MSS) were positive SLN status and mitotic rate. In conclusion, SLN biopsy should probably be offered if the primary tumor has LVI. MS is an adverse prognostic factor for RFS, but its influence on outcome is modest. Ulceration width predicts RFS but loses its independent prognostic significance for MSS when adjusting for currently used clinicopathological factors. In view of its impact on MSS, mitotic rate should be recorded for cutaneous invasive melanomas across all T categories.
Investigation of polylactide and carbon nanocomposite filament for 3D printing

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been used to manufacture complicated structures and robots in the past few years. However, most FDM machines do not fabricate fully functional robots that are ready for use. One of the requirements of fully functional 3D printed robots is electrical connection in some part of the printed structure. Recently, electrically conductive commercial filaments are emerging to the market, but the actual chemical compositions of the filler and host materials as well as mechanical properties are not available. This paper presents composite materials consisting of conductive carbon nanoparticles, thermoplastics, and solvents to create thin filaments for 3D printing. The mechanical and electrical properties of the filaments fabricated using a composition of 0–15% weight of carbon nanoparticles (NC) in polylactide (PLA) and dichloromethane (DCM) solvent were investigated. The DCM is used for dissolving the PLA and dispersion of the NC, which is subsequently evaporated by drying. The electrical conductivity of the composite filament is compared with commercial and academia counterparts. Possible applications of the composite materials for fabrication of electrical circuitry for 3D printed robots were also discussed.
OmniCat: automatic text classification with dynamically defined categories

We present OmniCat, an ontology-based text categorization method that classifies documents into a dynamically defined set of categories specified as contexts in the domain ontology. The method does not require a training set and is based on measuring the semantic similarity of the thematic graph created from a text document and the ontology fragments created by the projection of the defined contexts. The domain ontology together with the defined contexts effectively becomes the classifier, as it includes all of the necessary semantic and structural features of the classification categories. With the proposed approach, we can also dynamically change the classification categories without the need to retrain the classifier. In our experiments, we used an RDF ontology created from the full version of the English language Wikipedia to categorize a set of CNN documents and a subset of the Reuters RCV1 corpora. The high accuracy achieved in our tests demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method and applicability of Wikipedia for semantic text categorization.
3D Architecture of Myocardial Microcirculation in Intact Rat Heart: A Study with Micro-CT

The branching geometry of the coronary arterial tree may play a significant role in the observed spatial heterogeneity in myocardial perfusion. To provide more insight into this possibility we used a micro-CT scanner to image the intact rat heart and its opacified coronary arterial tree, for quantitative analysis of the coronary arterial architecture. Results show a consistent pattern of branching throughout the heart wall.
Stereo Camera Based Formation Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The area of Formation Control has been extensively explored by researchers in recent years. The popularity of Formation Control to researchers is primarily do to its use to coordinate the movement of a swarm of robots. However, there are multiple algorithms that can coordinate the control of robotic swarm. In this paper, a novel leader-follower formation control algorithm was developed to control a formation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using only stereo camera, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), without the need of feature or pattern matching. Stereo cameras are chosen for formation control purposes because they allow the camera to guarantee that the field of view of the cameras of the various UAVs always have some overlap. Assuring there are no gaps in the field of view of the UAVs is important for missions such as search and rescue. Two different control algorithms were developed: direct method, and PID control. The results were tested in a simulation environments consisting of non-erroneous non-linear dynamics to verify its robustness. A novel formation controller is successfully developed which uses GPS, IMU and stereo camera input, without the need for feature or pattern matching and the computed results verify the effectiveness of our developed algorithm.
Adaptive Optimal Output Regulation of Discrete-time Linear Systems subject to Input Time-delay

This paper addresses the adaptive optimal output regulation problem of discrete-time linear systems with input time-delay. The state is reconstructed by retrospective input and measurement output. Based on value iteration and adaptive dynamic programming, an approximate optimal controller is learned by online input and output data. Notably, the exact knowledge of the plant and the exosystem is not needed, and the a priori knowledge of an initial admissible control policy is no longer required. Theoretical analysis and an application to a grid-connected inverter show that the proposed data-driven methodology serves as an effective tool for solving adaptive optimal output regulation problems.
Linkages between hydrology and seasonal variations of nutrients and periphyton in a large oligotrophic subalpine lake

Abstract Periphyton is important to lake ecosystems, contributing to primary production, nutrient cycling, and benthic metabolism. Increases in periphyton growth in lakes can be indicative of changes in water quality, shifts in ecosystem structure, and increases in nutrient fluxes. In oligotrophic lakes, conservationists are interested in characterizing the influence of hydrological drivers on excessive periphyton growth along nearshore areas. We collected nutrient samples bi-weekly from groundwater and surface water during a 9-month monitoring period to evaluate the timing and availability of nutrients to eulittoral periphyton in Lake Tahoe. Groundwater discharge rates were measured synoptically using seepage meters and estimated indirectly using continuous head gradient measurements and aquifer properties estimated by slug tests. The discharge measurements made from the seepage meter measurements provide information about the spatial variability perpendicular from shore along and the change in groundwater discharge due to wave action. Algal biomass sampled from substrates and observed using underwater photographs were used to correlate seasonal growth and nutrient concentrations in groundwater and lake water. Results indicate that groundwater and nutrient discharge are temporally variable due to seasonal changes in recharge within the watershed, wave action, and lake stage. Groundwater discharge was enhanced by the seasonally-low lake stage and episodic recharge caused by precipitation falling as rain in the watershed. Increases in dissolved phosphorus and nitrate in the lake during winter are attributed to groundwater discharge and correlates to increases in algal biomass in the nearshore area. Results indicate that nutrient-rich groundwater discharge appears to stimulate seasonal periphyton blooms along the eulittoral zone of Lake Tahoe.
Modeling the effects of atmospheric pressure on suicide rates in the USA using geographically weighted regression

Low atmospheric pressure may increase depression and suicide through inducing hypoxia. Previous studies have not evaluated the geographic variation of this relationship across the United States. Analyses were based on three groupings of age-adjusted completed suicide rates (all suicide, firearm-related suicide, non-firearm-related suicide) from 2286 counties in the United States. Multiple regression was used to determine the overall relationship between atmospheric pressure and completed suicide rates. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were used to obtain local coefficient estimates. A negative correlation between atmospheric pressure and completed suicide rates was observed for all three suicide groupings (p-value <0.0001). Significant, negative GWR coefficient estimates were located in the West and Northeast for the all suicides and firearm-related suicides, and in the Midwest for non-firearm-related suicides.
Aromatic amine coupling ofaspergillus niger lactase to controlled-pore silica witho-dianisidine

Lactose (β-galactosidase) derived fromAspergillus niger was immobilized on controlledpore silica with an average pore diameter of 425 A. The coupling of this enzyme to the surface of the silica was accomplished by reacting the surface of the silica with o-dianisidine followed by the functionalization of the residual amine with glutaraldehyde or with nitrite to form the diazonium salt. The PH profiles of the immobilized enzymes were determined and compared. Continuous reactor studies of the glutaraldehyde-functionalized, immobilized enzyme indicated a half-life of 52 days at 50°C with a 5% lactose feed at pH 3.5.
Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2014 update on diagnosis, monitoring, and management.

Disease overview: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with an incidence of 1–2 cases per 100,000 adults, and accounts for ∼15% of newly diagnosed cases of leukemia in adults. Diagnosis: CML is characterized by a balanced genetic translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), involving a fusion of the Abelson oncogene (ABL) from chromosome 9q34 with the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene on chromosome 22q11.2. This rearrangement is known as the Philadelphia chromosome. The molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of a BCR-ABL fusion oncogene, which in turn translates into a Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Frontline therapy: Three tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the first-line treatment of patients with newly diagnosed CML in chronic phase (CML-CP). Clinical trials with second generation TKIs reported significantly deeper and faster responses; their impact on long-term survival remains to be determined. Salvage therapy: For patients who fail frontline therapy, second-line options include second and third generation TKIs. Although second and third generation TKIs are potent and specific BCR-ABL TKIs, they exhibit unique pharmacological profiles and response patterns relative to different patient characteristics, such as patients comorbidities, disease stage, and BCR-ABL mutational status. Patients who develop the T315I “gatekeeper” mutation display resistance to all currently available TKIs except ponatinib. Allogeneic transplantation remains an important therapeutic option for CML-CP who have failed at least 2 TKIs, and for all patients in advanced phase disease. Am. J. Hematol. 89:547–556, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiation exposure from diagnostic procedures in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer

Radiation exposure is associated with an increased risk of secondary cancers. Knowing the approximate radiation exposure from diagnostic procedures in the rst year after a breast cancer diagnosis could help educate patients and allow physicians to monitor them more closely for potential risks.
Effects of Minimal Grouping On Implicit Prejudice, Infrahumanization, and Neural Processing Despite Orthogonal Social Categorizations.

Racial prejudice is a pervasive and pernicious form of intergroup bias. However, a mounting number of studies show that recategorization—even into minimal groups—can overcome the typical consequenc...
New approaches for the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a set of related diseases characterized by the immortalization and uncontrolled expansion of myeloid precursors. Core therapy for AML has remained unchanged for nearly 30 years, and survival rates remain unsatisfactory. However, advances in the immunotherapy of AML have created opportunities for improved outcomes. Enforcing a tumor-specific immune response through the re-direction of the adaptive immune system, which links remarkable specificity with potent cytotoxic effector functions, has proven particularly compelling. This may be coupled with immune checkpoint blockade and conventional therapies for optimal effect. Engineered antibodies are currently in use in AML and the repertoire of available therapeutics will expand. NK cells have shown effectiveness in this disease. New methods to optimize the targeting and activation of AML cells show potential. Most significantly, adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-specific T cells, and particularly T cells re-directed using genetically introduced TCR or chimeric antigen receptors, have particular promise. Each of these approaches has unique benefits and challenges that we explore in this review.
Effects of dynamical time scale mismatch on time series analysis using event intervals

Abstract The use of a sequence of inter-event time intervals as a proxy for time series measurements in state space reconstructions, used to compute correlation dimensions, is explored. In addition to testing the validity of the method in general, the effects of using time intervals that are much longer than the characteristic time scale of the system dynamics are examined. Two model systems for which copious information is available are employed: empirically measured data produced using a Chua circuit, and computed numerical values produced using a nonlinear model of the reproductive endocrine system. For time intervals well-matched to the dynamical time scale, the result of state space reconstructions using these time intervals is successful for both the Chua circuit data and the endocrine modeling results. Using longer time intervals, however, results in computed correlation dimensions that are considerably higher than the actual correlation dimensions of these systems. Similar results are also found using very long delay times in a standard time series analysis of the variables in both systems. Using parameter variations to induce changes in the correlation dimension of the endocrine model system, it is shown that these changes are similar in both the actual correlation dimension and the higher correlation dimension computed using very long time intervals. It is argued that this has important implications for studies in which the only available data consists of event intervals, as illustrated by comparisons between the endocrine modeling results presented here and empirical studies using menstrual cycle lengths as events intervals.
Wind Turbine Main Bearing Fatigue Life Estimation with Physics-informed Neural Networks

Unexpected main bearing failure on a wind turbine causes unwanted maintenance and increased operation costs (mainly due to crane, parts, labor, and production loss). Unfortunately, historical data indicates that failure can happen far earlier than the design lives of the component. Root cause analysis investigations have pointed to problems inherent from manufacturing as the major contributor, as well as issues related to event loads (e.g., startups, shutdowns, and emergency stops), extreme environmental conditions, and maintenance practices, among others. Altogether, the multiple failure modes and contributors make modeling remaining useful life of main bearings a very daunting task. In this paper, we present a novel physics-informed neural network modeling approach for main bearing fatigue. The proposed approach is fully hybrid and designed to merge physics- informed and data-driven layers within deep neural networks. The result is a cumulative damage model where the physics-informed layers are used model the relatively well-understood physics (L10 fatigue life) and the data-driven layers account for the hard to model components (e.g., contribution due to poor greasing conditions).
Surface-enhanced spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) for detection of neurochemicals through the skull at physiologically relevant concentrations

Detection techniques for neurotransmitters that are rapid, label-free, and non-invasive are needed to move towards earlier diagnosis of neurological disease. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) allows for sensitive and selective detection of target analytes. The combination of SERS with spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) in a technique termed surface enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) permits a sensitive and selective detection of neurotransmitters through the skull. Here, we present the SESORS detection of individual neurotransmitters and mixtures of neurotransmitters at physiologically relevant concentrations, while also establishing limits of detection.
Outcomes of Heart Re-Transplantation: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)

Purpose Donor and recipient-related factors may limit long-term graft survival and a selected subset of heart transplantation recipients are candidates for re-transplantation (HRT). However, outcomes of HRT are inferior to those of primary HT. Methods HT recipients ≥18 years old that underwent HRT, were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry between 1991 and 2016, with follow-up through March 2018. We conducted inverse-probability weighted estimator (IPWE) survival analysis of long-term survival stratified by type of primary HT or HRT, accounting for donor, recipient and operative characteristics. Results We identified 51231 HT and 1552 HRT recipients. Patients who underwent HRT were significantly younger (45.4 years vs. 52.1 year for HT) and more likely females (29.9% vs. 24.2% for HT). Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) was the most frequent etiology for HRT (57.2%) followed by chronic rejection (9.5%) and primary graft failure (8.3%). HRT rates have increased significantly during the study period (Figure). Median survival was 11.2 years for primary HT recipients (95% Confidence intervals [CI], 11.1-11.3), and was significantly higher (Hazard ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.5) compared with HRT (8.7 years, 95% CI 7.9-9.5, Figure). Conclusion A subset of HT recipients with graft dysfunction mainly due to CAV, undergo HRT with long-term survival inferior to that of primary HT.
The Centrality of Ancestral Grandmothering in Human Evolution.

When RA Fisher, GC Williams, and WD Hamilton laid the foundations of evolutionary life history theory, they recognized elements of what became a grandmother hypothesis to explain the evolution of human postmenopausal longevity. Subsequent study of modern hunter-gatherers, great apes, and the wider mammalian radiation has revealed strong regularities in development and behavior that show additional unexpected consequences that ancestral grandmothering likely had on human evolution, challenging the hypothesis that ancestral males propelled the evolution of our radiation by hunting to provision mates and offspring. Ancestral grandmothering has become a serious contender to explain not only the large fraction of post-fertile years women live and children's prolonged maturation yet early weaning; it also promises to help account for the pair bonding that distinguishes humans from our closest living evolutionary cousins, the great apes (and most other mammals), the evolution of our big human brains, and our distinctive preoccupation with reputations, shared intentionality and persistent cultural learning that begins in infancy.
Original contributionEndoscopic findings of diverticular inflammation in colonoscopy patients without clinical acute diverticulitis: prevalence and endoscopic spectrum

Objective Experienced colonoscopists sometimes encounter endoscopic findings of diverticular inflammation in patients without clinical evidence of acute diverticulitis. Our aim was to describe the spectrum and prevalence of such endoscopic findings in a consecutive series of patients undergoing colonoscopy.
A Quality Review of School-Based Challenging Behavior Interventions for Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities

There is a growing population of adolescent students with developmental disabilities (DD) in school settings. Educators are in need of evidence-based practices (EBP) to address the challenging behaviors of students with DD. A key consideration in determining whether practices should be considered as an EBP is whether these practices have been implemented with fidelity. Yet, previous research has shown that many studies fail to report treatment fidelity data, which may compromise the outcomes of studies examining interventions to reduce challenging behaviors for adolescents with DD. Reported fidelity is essential for having increased confidence that the study outcomes were in fact due to the intervention rather than some extraneous variable. Thus, the purposes of this review were to systematically evaluate the quality of research on challenging behavior interventions for adolescents with DD and examine the reporting of implementation fidelity in high-quality studies. Fifty-three studies were evaluated against the quality indicators developed by the Council for Exceptional Children. Recommendations for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
Right Ventricular Clot in Transit in COVID-19: Implications for the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with a prothrombotic state in infected patients. After presenting a case of right ventricular thrombus in a patient with coron...
Detecting the aberration of the cosmic microwave background

The motion of the solar system barycenter with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) induces a very large apparent dipole component into the CMB brightness map at the 3 mK level. In this Letter, we discuss another kinematic effect of our motion through the CMB: the small shift in apparent angular positions due to the aberration of light. The aberration angles are only of order β 0.001, but this leads to a potentially measurable compression (expansion) of the spatial scale in the hemisphere toward (away from) our motion through the CMB. In turn, this will shift the peaks in the acoustic power spectrum of the CMB by a factor of order 1 ± β. For current CMB missions, and even those in the foreseeable future, this effect is small but should be taken into account. In principle, if the acoustic peak locations were not limited by sampling noise (i.e., the cosmic variance), this effect could be used to determine the cosmic contribution to the dipole term.
Greater belief in science predicts mask-wearing behavior during COVID-19

Abstract We investigated whether and how individual's belief in science directly impacts reported face mask wearing behavior in the United States and the mediating role of belief in mask effectiveness in preventing transmission of COVID-19 in this relationship. Mechanical Turk participants (N = 1050) completed measures on reported face mask wearing behavior, general beliefs in science, belief in face mask effectiveness in reducing transmission of COVID-19, and sociodemographic information. We found evidence that greater belief in science predicted greater belief in the effectiveness of face masks reducing the transmission of COVID-19, which in turn predicted more reported face mask wearing behavior in public, controlling for sociodemographic factors. We urge researchers to engage in more open science practices and science education to increase the public's belief in science and the effectiveness of masks in reducing the transmission of COVID-19 in order to increase the frequency of face mask wearing in public.
Sleep and incubation: using problem reactivation during sleep to study forgetting fixation and unconscious processing during sleep incubation

When people are stuck on a problem, they sometimes benefit from an incubation period—a break from working on the problem. Anecdotes and empirical evidence suggest that sleeping during incubation is...
COVID on Campus: An Empirical Analysis of COVID Infection Rates at US Colleges and Universities (preprint)

We provide an empirical analysis of the determinants of cumulative Covid infection rates at over 1,100 US colleges and universities during the 2020-21 academic year. We propose a simple theoretical framework in which financially constrained educational institutions face a trade-off between educational quality and the reduction of Covid infection risks. This framework suggests that an institution’s equilibrium Covid infection rate will be determined by a set of exogenous variables describing its finances, demographics, selectivity, governance, and location. We find that cumulative campus infection rates are higher at wealthier institutions, measured by higher endowments per student or higher tuition rates. Institutions with lower enrollment yields in admissions also have higher Covid infection rates, perhaps reflecting the greater influence of student preferences on decision making at these institutions. Economies of scale in Covid mitigation emerge gradually over the course of the year. Finally, we find that infection rates are higher at public institutions and that this effect is fully explained by higher infection rates at public institutions in states with Republican governors.
Fluorescent Guided Lymph Node Harvest in Laparoscopic Wilms Nephroureterectomy.

Abstract Lymph node harvest is an integral part of Wilms tumor surgery with both SIOP and COG protocols asking for more than 6 lymph nodes to best evaluate for nodal spread and a subsequent need for intensification of treatment. The majority of studies show that in both open and minimally invasive resections the median number of nodes removed is 4. Indocyanine green and near infrared fluorescence may be the key to solving this problem. In adult gynaecology, colorectal and breast cancers, ICG is used to identify sentinel nodes and facilitate nodal retrieval. This report describes its use in Wilms tumor as a technique to aid lymph node harvest
Enhanced Expression and Function of Renal SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2) in Heart Failure: Role of Renal Nerves

Background: Recent clinical studies demonstrate that SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors ameliorate heart failure (HF). The present study was conducted to assess the expression and fu...
Technical Editing: An Introduction to Editing in the Workplace: Donald H. Cunningham, Edward A. Malone, and Joyce M. Rothschild [Book Review]

Subtitling this 578-page book as an "introduction" may be a misnomer; the book is broad in scope and deep in coverage of its subject. It fills a need for current texts on the topic of technical editing and is grounded in modern technical communication workflows, practices, and approaches. This book is an invaluable teaching aid for classrooms and a welcome reference resource for practicing professionals. Throughout the book, the authors address issues of modern technical communication workflows. They acknowledge that the dedicated editor role has become increasingly rare and that many technical writers are responsible for editing their own or their peers’ documents. They also address workplace considerations, including people, budgets, and schedules, in both planning and executing editing projects. The book includes a thorough 30-page glossary of grammar terms, 33 pages of notes and references, and a thorough index.
Chapter 202 – Phytotoxicity: Phytotoxemia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the phytotoxicity, damage caused to plants by insects. Insects damage plants in many ways, but the most common type of damage is the removal of plant tissues, as in the familiar examples of caterpillars, beetles, and grasshoppers whose feeding creates noticeable holes or even the wholesale removal of leaves, fruits, or other plant parts. Minute arthropods such as mites and thrips remove plant parts on a smaller scale by evacuating the contents of individual plant cells by their feeding. In contrast to damage caused by the removal of plant tissue, a phytotoxemia is the reaction of a plant to a chemical toxin introduced by insect feeding. Sucking insects in the order Hemiptera, such as plant bugs, aphids, leafhoppers, and psyllids, are the best-known insects that cause phytotoxicity by their feeding (phytotoxemia). The appearance of a phytotoxemia can be small, localized lesions of discolored or dead (necrotic) tissue, the formation of cork, scabs or pits, premature fall of leaves or fruits, curling or malformation of plant organs. These are often symptoms of plant diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and thus may be easily confused with symptoms caused by pathogens. Symptoms may be systemic, that is far removed from the site of insect feeding. For example, leaves may be discolored or distorted by phytotoxic feeding in roots or stems.
La acción de inaplicabilidad de preceptos legales

This article makes a brief historical review of the constitutionality control of the law, particularly focusing its analysis in the action of inapplicability of legal precepts. The study begins with the situation of the Constitution of 1833. lt then focuses in the action of inapplicability of the Constitution of 1925, finishing with the current field of attributions of the Constitutional Court, after the reform of 2005, permitting it to know of the action of inapplicability exclusively.
NQPC= co-C=P

Abstract Adleman, DeMarrais, and Huang introduced the nondeterministic quantum polynomial-time complexity class NQP as an analogue of NP. Fortnow and Rogers implicitly showed that, when the amplitudes are rational numbers, NQP is contained in the complement of C = P . Fenner, Green, Homer, and Pruim improved this result by showing that, when the amplitudes are arbitrary algebraic numbers, NQP coincides with co-C = P. In this paper we prove that, even when the amplitudes are arbitrary complex numbers, NQP still remains identical to co-C = P. As an immediate corollary, BQP differs from NQP when the amplitudes are unrestricted.
Review of George Selgin, Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the Beginnings of Modern Coinage

Despite their general commitment to the market as the preferred process of resource allocation, economists do have a few areas that they often treat as exceptions to this principle. Foremost among those, for most economists, is the production of money. It is a widely accepted belief that private enterprise and the profit motive are incapable of producing money and near-moneys in a way that would assure both quality and macroeconomic stability. The power of both the mint and the printing press must be under the control of government if those two goals are to be achieved. George Selgin has spent a career challenging that claim. In his 1988 book The Theory of Free Banking and a number of subsequent articles, Selgin made the case that competition was perfectly capable of producing money that would out-perform central banks in terms of avoiding inflation, deflation, and business cycles and generally providing a sound environment for entrepreneur-led growth. In his new book Good Money, Selgin explores the history of private coinage in Britain, arguing that private mints were effective in producing coins that could satisfy the market demand for small change. The book is a detailed and fascinating history, exploring both the institutions and the personalities that were central to the almost 50 years of private coinage that he covers. The context for Selgin’s story of entrepreneurial innovation is the shortage of small change that affected Great Britain in the mid to late eighteenth century. The early stages of the Industrial Revolution brought with it a general increase in monetary transactions as many things that had previously been done within the household and farm were now sold and purchased in the marketplace, including paying money wages. The increased scale of market production meant that large factories had to have sufficient coinage on hand to pay their workers. It also meant that the coins they were using had to be of sufficient quality to be accepted by Rev Austrian Econ (2010) 23:411–413 DOI 10.1007/s11138-010-0113-5
Differential Expression Of Small Rnas In Anchorage Independent Metastatic Tumor Models Of Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines

Background: Small RNAs play an essential role in fundamental biological processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and homeostasis. Evidence suggests that small RNAs may also play function in Cancer progression. The conventional in-vitro two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture models are not sufficient to explain the exact mechanism behind tumor invasion and metastasis. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of small RNAs in tumor invasion and metastasis using in vitro 2D and anchorage independent (3D) models in ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods: Total RNA samples were isolated from several 2D and 3D ovarian cancer cell lines. Small RNA libraries were prepared and sequenced using Next-Generation Sequencing. Results: Gene expression levels of 3D culture differ from 2D culture, especially in epithelial and mesenchymal target genes. We were able to identify the predominant pathways that small RNAs regulate in 3D cultures. These pathways were involved in cellular invasion, migration, metastasis, proliferation, and tumor growth. Conclusion: The Results from this experiment suggest that small RNAs play a crucial role in controlling tumor invasion and metastasis in the studied phenotypes. Therefore, small RNAs may offer a critical target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Health and Biomedical
Making nanocolumns and tips

This tutorial describes the construction of fritless nanocolumns and tips from 100-µm microcapillary tubing. Protocols are given for pulling the tips using a commercial laser puller as well as for packing a single-phase or multidimensional column. The nanocolumns described are for use in in-line µLC separations and are typically coupled to an ESI source. Keywords: nanocolumn; electrospray; microcapillary; mass spectrometry
Developing a process framework using principles of value-based software engineering: Research Sections

In this article we present a software process framework using the 4 + 1 theory and principles of value-based software engineering (VBSE). The value-based process framework serves as a 6-step process guide, and explains critical interactions between the five theories in the 4 + 1 theory of value-based software engineering. This article also applies the process framework to a supply chain organization through a case study analysis to illustrate its strength in practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of N-Nitrosamines in Gid-deed

Gid-deed is a traditional Libyan food product which is prepared in most households by heavily salting lamb meat and then sun-drying. Nitrates and nitrites are not intentionally added to the product, although nitrate may be present as an impurity in the salt and thus incidentally added in the salting step. In this study, presumptive N-nitrosamine levels in gid-deed samples prepared with rock salt, refined salt, refined salt plus nitrite, and refined salt plus nitrate are reported. Similarly, four gid-deed samples prepared in Libya were also analyzed. The content of free proline and sarcosine was also determined since these amino acids have been implicated as precursors of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosodimethylamine, respectively.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF AN AXIALLY MOVING BEAM BY SMART HYBRID BEARINGS

Abstract A model is proposed that describes the response of a smart hybrid bearing pair coupled to a flexible axially moving beam. Exact, explicit, closed form determination of the bearing force generated is derived. The maximum axial velocity of the beam for stable response of the coupled system, and the damping and stiffness forces created in the bearing are determined. The smart hybrid bearing can be tuned for vibration control by active and passive control of the rate of lubricant supply. The use of tuned hybrid bearings can increase the maximum stable axial velocity of the stable response of the beam.
A genetic map of the mouse with 4,006 simple sequence length polymorphisms.

We have constructed a genetic map of the mouse genome containing 4,006 simple sequence length polymorphims (SSLPs). The map provides an average spacing of 0.35 centiMorgans (cM) between markers, corresponding to about 750 kb. Approximately 90% of the genome lies within 1.1 cM of a marker and 99% lies within 2.2 cM. The markers have an average polymorphism rate of 50% in crosses between laboratory strains. The markers are distributed in a relatively uniform fashion across the genome, although some deviations from randomness can be detected. In particular, there is a significant underrepresentation of markers on the X chromosome. This map represents the two–thirds point toward our goal of developing a mouse genetic map containing 6,000 SSLPs.
Computational Challenges of Viscous Incompressible Flows

Over the past thirty years, numerical methods and simulation tools for incompressible flows have been advanced as a subset of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) discipline. Although incompressible flows are encountered in many areas of engineering, simulation of compressible flow has been the major driver for developing computational algorithms and tools. This is probably due to the rather stringent requirements for predicting aerodynamic performance characteristics of flight vehicles, while flow devices involving low-speed or incompressible flow could be reasonably well designed without resorting to accurate numerical simulations. As flow devices are required to be more sophisticated and highly efficient CFD took become increasingly important in fluid engineering for incompressible and low-speed flow. This paper reviews some of the successes made possible by advances in computational technologies during the same period, and discusses some of the current challenges faced in computing incompressible flows.
EFFECT OF A CENTERED CONDUCTING BODY ON NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN AN ENCLOSURE

The effect of a centered, square, heat-conducting body on natural convection in a vertical square enclosure was examined numerically. The analysis reveals that the fluid flow and heat transfer processes are governed by the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, the dimensionless body size, and the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the body to that of the fluid. For Pr = 0.71 and relatively wide ranges of the other parameters, results are reported in terms of streamlines, isotherms, and the overall heat transfer across the enclosure as described by the Nusselt number. Heat transfer across the enclosure, in comparison to that in the absence of a body, may be enhanced (reduced) by a body with a thermal conductivity ratio less (greater) than unity. Furthermore, the heat transfer may attain a minimum as the body size is increased. These and other findings are justified through a careful examination of the local heat and fluid flow phenomena.
Molecular Basis for Naturally Occurring Elevated Readthrough Transcription across the M-F Junction of the Paramyxovirus SV5☆

Transcription of the paramyxovirus RNA genome is thought to involve a sequential stop-start mechanism whereby monocistronic mRNAs are produced by polyadenylation and termination of 3' upstream gene followed by reinitiation at the downstream start site. For a number of paramyxoviruses, transcription across the M-F gene junction results in the synthesis of high levels of a dicistronic M-F readthrough RNA. In cells infected with the paramyxovirus SV5, 15% or less of the transcripts from the viral P, M, SH, HN, and L genes were detected as readthrough products with the 3' proximal gene. By contrast, approximately 40% of the SV5 F mRNA was detected as a dicistronic M-F transcript. A comparison of the individual SV5 gene junctions showed that elevated M-F readthrough transcription correlate with the M gene end having the shortest U tract for directing polyadenylation and a gene end sequence that differs from the consensus sequence. We have tested the hypothesis that elevated M-F readthrough transcription results from an inefficient termination signal at the end of the M gene. A reverse genetics system was established whereby SV5 transcription was reconstituted in transfected cells using cDNA-derived polymerase components and dicistronic minigenomes that encoded either the SV5 M-F or the SH-HN gene junction. Chimeric SV5 minigenomes were constructed to contain exchanges of a 10 base gene end sequence and the U tract from the M-F (approximately 40% readthrough) and SH-HN (approximately 15% readthrough) junctions. Northern blot analysis of RNA synthesized from these altered templates showed that, in the context of the M-F intergenic region, increasing the length of the M gene end U tract from four residues to six or eight U residues did not decrease M-F readthrough transcription. In contrast, chimeric minigenomes that contained the 10 base region from the end of the SH gene directed very efficient gene termination and a corresponding decrease in readthrough transcription. Mutational analysis showed that a single G to A substitution located five bases 3' to the M gene U tract was sufficient to convert the M gene end region to an efficient signal for polyadenylation-termination. These results demonstrate a role for the gene end region located immediately 3' to the U tract as a major determinant of transcription termination in the paramyxovirus genome. The possible role of M-F readthrough transcription in the paramyxovirus growth cycle is discussed.
Enantioselective Syntheses of 1-Carbacephalosporins from Chemoenzymically Derived β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acids: Applications to the Total Synthesis of Carbacephem Antibiotic Loracarbef

Abstract Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) derived from recombinant E. coli was found to be able to catalyze the condensation between glycine and 4-pentenaldehyde, affording enantiopure l -erythro-2-amino-3-hydroxy-6-heptenoic acid (AHHA) in high yield and throughput. Conversion of this chiral intermediate of biosynthetic origin to the oral carbacephalosporin antibiotic loracarbef (Lorabid®) via β-lactam forming reactions and subsequent Dieckmann cyclization was achieved.
Inverse scattering and minimal partial realizations

We present an inverse scattering interpretation of the classical minimal partial realization problem posed in a slightly generalized context. Our approach starts by considering a canonical cascade-form structure for the realization of arbitrary transfer functions, where the cascade structure can be interpreted as the description of a layered wave scattering medium. In this context the partial realization problem calls for a recursive process of layer identification from a given input-response pair (the scattering data). The realization algorithm uses a causality principle to progressively determine the parameters of cascaded linear 2-ports that model the successive wave-interaction layers. This method for approaching the realization problem turns out to fit nicely into a framework that was also used to obtain fast, structured linear estimation algorithms and cascade realizations for digital filters.
Social belongingness satisfaction as a function of interaction medium

Participants assigned to face-to-face (FTF), virtual, or no interaction condition.Participants indicated basic social needs (BN) satisfaction and mood.FTF and virtual interactions reduced negative mood compared to no interaction.FTF interaction satisfied BN and positive mood more than other two conditions. Humans are inherently social, requiring stable access to relationships and groups. Historically, such belonging was satisfied through face-to-face interactions. More recently, numerous technological developments have expanded the type and format of social interactions available to potentially satisfy social belonging. Of interest in the current research was whether computer-mediated communication (CMC) fulfills belongingness needs to the same extent as face-to-face interaction. Participants engaged in a virtual social interaction (Instant Messenger; IM) or a face-to-face interaction (FTF) with a same-sex peer, or completed a separately run control condition involving no social interaction. Participants then reported their basic belongingness needs satisfaction, their mood, and their enjoyment of the previous interaction (for participants in the virtual and face-to-face interaction conditions). The results indicated that participants in the FTF interaction condition reported greater basic social needs satisfaction and positive mood compared to both virtual interaction and no interaction condition participants; however both FTF and virtual interaction participants reported less negative mood compared to participants in the no interaction condition. Collectively, these results demonstrate although computer-mediated social interactions can benefit users (i.e., reduce negative mood), they do not have the same beneficial impact on increasing positive mood and satisfying social belongingness needs compared to FTF interactions.
α-Ketoglutarate regulation of glutamine transport and deamidation by renal mitochondria

Abstract α-ketoglutarate was found to be a potent inhibitor of glutamine transport and deamidation in mitochondria isolated from rat kidney; physiological concentrations of the ketoacid (∼0.3mM) reduced transport and deamidation 45–60 percent. The observed concentration-inhibition relationship between α-ketoglutarate and mitochondrial glutamine transport and deamidation indicated that changes in renal concentration of the ketoacid occurring during conditions associated with an increase in glutamine deamidation (e.g. metabolic acidosis) would have significant effects on glutamine transport and deamidation by renal mitochondria in vivo. The inhibitory effect of α-ketoglutarate was specific; several of the other major organic acids found in renal cells stimulated rather than inhibited mitochondrial glutamine transport.