cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating How Level of Detail of Visual History Affects Process Memory

Visual history tools provide visual representations of the workflow during data analysis tasks. While there is an established need for reviewing analytic processes, and many visual history tools provide visualizations to do so, it is not well known how helpful the tools actually are for process recall. Through a controlled experiment, we evaluated how the presence of a visual history aid and varying levels of visual detail affect process memory. Participants conducted an analysis task using a visual text-document analysis tool. We evaluated their memories of the process both immediately after the analysis and then again one week later. Results showed that even visual history views with reduced data-resolution were effective for aiding process memory. Further, even without inclusion of any data in the visual history aids, the visual cues alone from the final workspace were enough to improve memory of the main themes of analyses.
An analysis of chemical reactor stability and control-XV The multicomponent spray reactor

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a continuous stirred-tank model for processes in which a liquid is sprayed into a gas. In this model a uniform spray of droplets enters the reactor along with one or more gaseous reactants. Both the droplets and the gas are taken to be well-mixed in the reactor. The droplets evaporate and the resulting vapors combine homogeneously with the gaseous reactants. In the multicomponent case the droplets contain a mixture of two or more miscible components. Steady state and transient equations are derived, and the numerical methods of solution are discussed. Steady states are calculated for two-component systems of heptane-octane and hydrazine-water and for a three-component system of heptane-octane-nonane, with oxygen as the gaseous reactant in each case. In addition, a study is made of several parameters of the heptane-octane system. Stability is determined by calculating transients for selected perturbations from the steady states. Incorporated in the reactor model is an analytic model for the fluxes of vapors from a multicomponent droplet which exhibits the augmentation of transfer of one vapor due to the net flux of the remaining vapors. Also presented is an approximate model for the multicomponent spray reactor which gives good results for small droplets and requires only a fraction of the effort needed to solve the complete set of equations.
Recent instrumental neutron activation analysis studies utilizing very short-lived activities

The advantages and disadvantages of utilizing very short-lived induced activities (half lives in the range of 0.3 sec to 60 sec) in neutron activation analysis are reviewed. Results obtained with the recently described fast-transfer system and deadtime correction system are presented. They include results for 12 elements (F, S, Cl, Sc, Ge, Se, Br, Y, Zr, Ba, W, Pb), in both steady-state and high-intensity pulse irradiations, in both unlined and cadmium-lined irradiation positions. The half lives of the 12 species studied range from 0.3 sec to 18.7 sec. Some further aspects of the deadtime correction system are discussed.
Analytic atomic form factors for atoms and ions with Z ≤ 54

The independent-particle model of Green, Sellin, and Zachor (GSZ) with parameters fixed by an ab initio variational procedure is used to obtain approximate atomic form factors for all atoms and ions with $Z\ensuremath{\le}54$. For convenience of application we replace the electron density obtained using Poisson's equation from the GSZ potential by an approximating sum of Debye or Yukawa functions. This sum implies a corresponding approximating sum of Debye or Yukawa potentials for the GSZ potential. These steps lead to convenient analytic form factors whose parameters may all be fixed terms of the two GSZ parameters. In this way, we can define approximate form factors for any of the 1485 species with $Z\ensuremath{\le}54$. For most of these (\ensuremath{\sim} 1300 ionic species), no previous form-factor calculations have been reported.
A comparison of the in vivo incorporation of S35 methionine by two‐celled mouse eggs and blastocysts

Five-day-old mouse blastocysts were transferred into the oviducts of recipients on the second day of pregnancy. S35 methionine was then injected into the recipients and the blastocysts and native 2-celled eggs were recovered six hours later. Radioautographs reveal that the blastocysts incorporate S35 methionine while exposed to the tubal environment to the same degree that they would in the uterus. However, the 2-celled eggs in the same oviducal environment incorporate little or no methionine. It is therefore concluded that the difference in the incorporation of S35 methionine is due to maturational changes in the blastocyst rather than to a deficiency of the labelled amino acid in the tubal lumen.
Cis−Trans Proline Isomerization Effects on Collagen Triple-Helix Stability Are Limited

We investigated the effect of restricting cis−trans proline isomerization on collagen triple-helix stability. The Pro residues at the Xaa and Yaa positions of an (Xaa-Yaa-Gly) triplet were replaced by a Pro-trans-Pro alkene isostere in the host−guest peptide, H-(Pro-Pro-Gly)10-OH. The resulting alkene isostere peptide had a Tm value 53.6 °C lower than that of the control peptide. The Pro-trans-Pro alkene isostere peptide had a Tm value 3.9 °C higher than that of the previously reported Pro-trans-Gly alkene isostere peptide that did not involve cis−trans Pro isomerization (Jenkins, C. L.; Vasbinder, M. M.; Miller, S. J.; Raines, R. T. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 2619−22). Thus, single cis−trans proline amide isomerization alone has limited contribution to the overall stability of the collagen triple helix. Since collagen has a high content of imino acid residues, the cumulative effects of cis−trans isomerization may be quite significant. The peptide containing the Pro-trans-Pro isostere was significantly less stab...
Photoacoustic imaging in the evaluation of laser controlled drug release using gold nanostructure agents

This paper presents an in vitro study in photoacoustic evaluation of laser controlled drug release by using gold nanostructure agents. Laser controlled drug release has been studied and reported by using high intensity nanosecond laser source and optical absorbing gold nanostructures. With the same nanosecond laser source in low intensity, photoacoustic imaging technique can be employed to evaluate the laser controlled drug release, which makes it promising to combine low energy photoacoustic imaging/evaluation with high energy laser controlled drug delivery in a non-radiation, low cost and minimum modified theranostic platform. As an effort to test the feasibility, gold nanoparticles and gold nanorods which have strong absorption of laser specifically in 531 nm and 808nm to trig the drug release in carriers were evaluated in high energy laser treatment and low energy photoacoustic imaging. 20%-50% drop of the intensity in the photoacoustic images has been observed in gold nanoparticles solutions and gold nanorods solutions, after being treated by high energy laser. This study suggests that it is possible to evaluate the high energy laser controlled drug release with low energy photoacoustic imaging method in a non-complex theranostic platform.
Alcohol Counseling Reflects Higher Quality of Primary Care

Background Some primary care physicians do not conduct alcohol screening because they assume their patients do not want to discuss alcohol use.
A stop codon polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 5 is associated with resistance to systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a complex genetic basis that includes susceptibility gene(s) within the chromosome 1q41–1q42 region. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), the innate immune receptor for bacterial flagellin, maps to chromosome 1q41 and contains a common stop codon polymorphism that abrogates signaling (allele C1174T) and is associated with an increased risk of infection. By using transmission disequilibrium testing in a cohort containing 199 affected patients and their 75 unaffected siblings and 326 parents, we found that allele 1174C, but not 1174T (with the stop codon), was preferentially transmitted to SLE-affected offspring (a 19:6 transmitted/not transmitted ratio, P = 0.009). In contrast, the alleles of the other three TLR5 SNPs did not exhibit preferential transmission. In addition, we found that allele 1174C was not preferentially transmitted to unaffected offspring (3:6 transmitted/not transmitted ratio, P value not significant). The allele frequency of 1174T in the probands was 3.2% compared with 5.8% in unaffected individuals, which was consistent with a protective association (odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.98; P = 0.041). Subjects with the TLR5 stop codon produced significantly lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in comparison with individuals with the wild-type genotype. Together, these results indicate that the TLR5 stop codon polymorphism is associated with protection from the development of SLE. These data support a role for flagellated bacteria and the innate immune response in the development of SLE with implications for novel immunomodulatory treatment strategies.
Coordination patterns of walking and running at similar speed and stride frequency

The present study compared walking and running constrained to one speed (2.24 m/s) and the average of preferred walking and running stride frequency. Lower extremity coordination was assessed, using phase plots, relative phase and variability analysis. Angular excursions, phase plots, patterns of relative phase and variability analysis illustrated similar segmental and joint coordination patterns for walking and running. Under the speed and stride frequency constraints, we observed topological similarity in coordination patterns between the thigh and leg in walking and running, which co-existed with functional differences throughout the gait cycle, especially in the transition from stance to swing phase.
Dynamic Wavelength Assignment Using Wavelength Spectrum Separation for Crosstalk Limited Networks

As an optical signal propagates along a lightpath to its destination in wavelength-routed optical networks (WRONs), the quality of service (QoS) will be degraded by transmission impairments such as crosstalk, which is induced by signals traversing the same optical crossconnects, demultiplexers, and fiber segments. Consequently, the signal's bit error rate at the destination's receiver might become unacceptably high. Recently, many QoS-aware wavelength assignments (WAs) have been proposed [1], [2], [3], [4] that corporate physical layer blocking; these have a high computational complexity compared to traditional WAs because of QoS estimation. In this paper, a new dynamic WA scheme using a wavelength spectrum separation technique is proposed to combat crosstalk occurring in WRONs. Our simulation results show that the new WA scheme has much lower complexity than QoS-aware WA schemes yet has a performance close to the QoS-aware WA schemes.
Radishchev's Hundred‐Headed Monster Lives! The Role of the Bureaucrat Symbol in State‐Society Relations in Russia

Q kJince the time of Catherine the Great, the bureaucrat has evolved as a major symbol in Russian culture, eventually reaching iconic stature as the "hundred-headed monster."1 This article discusses the role of that symbol in shaping Russian society's beliefs about, and interactions with, the bureaucratic state. Despite the fact that bureaucracy is recognized as a central problem in post-Soviet Russian politics and state-society relations, the literature on it has been relatively sparse.2 This paucity reflects the low priority Boris Yeltsin's administration assigned to bureaucratic reform, the relative lack of interest of academics and policymakers given the exciting transitions taking place in Russia's political and economic systems in the post-Soviet period, and the fact that bureaucracy is a problem that cuts across political systems?from tsarist origins through the Soviet era to post-Soviet Russia. Interest in the bureaucracy problem increased somewhat during Vladimir Putin's presidency because of his efforts at bureaucratic reform. The new interest is reflected in literature that has focused either on the structure and composition of the bureaucracy and various proposals for reform, or on the corruption and clientilism associated with
Permanent breast enlargement in human females: a sociobiological analysis

Because of an intimate relation between body fat and reproductive function in human females, it is hypothesized that breast enlargement serves to advertise ovulatory potential, and as such compensates for the existence of concealed ovulation. The implications of this hypothesis are examined in light of optimal reproductive strategies for males, and it is shown that various sexual preferences appear consistent with this analysis.
THE TEMPERATURE-DENSITY RELATION OF THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AFTER HYDROGEN REIONIZATION

We use an analytic model to study how inhomogeneous hydrogen reionization affects the temperature distribution of the intergalactic medium (IGM). During this process, the residual energy of each ionizing photon is deposited in the IGM as heat, increasing its temperature to 20,000-30,000 K; subsequent expansion of the universe then cools the gas. Because reionization most likely proceeds from high to low densities, underdense voids are ionized last, have less time to cool, and are (on average) warmer than mean-density gas immediately after reionization is complete (an 'inverted' temperature-density relation). From this initial configuration, the low-density gas cools quickly and eventually returns to a more normal temperature-density relation. The rapidly evolving temperature introduces systematic uncertainties in measurements of the ionizing background at z {approx} 6. For example, late reionization implies rapid cooling, so that the ionizing background would have to evolve even more rapidly at z {approx} 5-6 than typically claimed. This degeneracy is difficult to disentangle, because the Ly{alpha} forest probes only a narrow range in densities (over which the gas is nearly isothermal). However, higher Lyman-series transitions probe wider density ranges, sampling different effective temperatures, and offer a new way to measure the IGM temperature-density relation that should workmore » even where nearly saturated absorption precludes other methods. This will help to separate evolution in temperature from that in the ionizing background. While more detailed study with hydrodynamic simulations is needed, we show that such measurements could potentially distinguish early and late reionization using only a handful of lines of sight.« less
Integrated Manufacturing and Job Design: Moderating Effects of Organizational Inertia

This study investigated the relationship between integrated manufacturing, a new manufacturing paradigm comprising advanced technology, just-in-time inventory control, and total quality management,...
A graphical method for forecasting radiation exposure from multi-aged fallout from nuclear weapons

After a nuclear attack it may be necessary for emergency workers, such as firemen, utility workers and medical personnel, to perform urgent tasks in areas highly contaminated by radioactive fallout. To assist the control of radiation exposure of these workers, it will be useful to provide means to forecast radiation exposures both inside and outside the fallout shelter. The method described in this paper is intended for use during the first few days to weeks after the attack, after which time more sophisticated methods may become available. This method requires only a radiation-rate meter, special graph paper, and a timepiece. Communications with Emergency Operating Centers or other sources of information are not necessary. The method permits the determination of the age of fallout and future exposure rates for a location that might be subjected to a number of different fallout clouds, without requiring knowledge of the weapon yields or times of detonation. This method will provide results with less accuracy if different-aged fallout clouds arrive simultaneously. The method is self-correcting so that if the actual decay rate is different than that which is assumed, the forecasted rates will have less error than results obtained by previous methods.
Antipsychotic use and diagnosis of delirium in the intensive care unit

Delirium is an independent risk factor for prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS) and increased mortality. Several antipsychotics have been studied for the treatment of intensive care unit (ICU) delirium that has led to a high variability in prescribing patterns for these medications. We hypothesize that in clinical practice the documentation of delirium is lower than the incidence of delirium reported in prospective clinical trials. The objective of this study was to document the incidence of delirium diagnosed in ICU patients and to describe the utilization of antipsychotics in the ICU. This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study conducted at 71 United States academic medical centers that reported data to the University Health System Consortium Clinical Database/Resource Manager. It included all patients 18 years of age and older admitted to the hospital between 1 January 2010 and 30 June 2010 with at least one day in the ICU. Delirium was diagnosed in 6% (10,034 of 164,996) of hospitalizations with an ICU admission. Antipsychotics were administered to 11% (17,764 of 164,996) of patients. Of the antipsychotics studied, the most frequently used were haloperidol (62%; n = 10,958) and quetiapine (31%; n = 5,448). Delirium was associated with increased ICU LOS (5 vs. 3 days, P < 0.001) and hospital LOS (11 vs. 6 days, P < 0.001), but not in-hospital mortality (8% vs. 9%, P = 0.419). Antipsychotic exposure was associated with increased ICU LOS (8 vs. 3 days, P < 0.001), hospital LOS (14 vs. 5 days, P < 0.001) and mortality (12% vs. 8%, P < 0.001). Of patients with antipsychotic exposure in the ICU, absence of a documented mental disorder (32%, n = 5,760) was associated with increased ICU LOS (9 vs. 7 days, P < 0.001), hospital LOS (16 vs. 13 days, P < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (19% vs. 9%, P < 0.001) compared to patients with a documented mental disorder (68%, n = 12,004). The incidence of documented delirium in ICU patients is lower than that documented in previous prospective studies with active screening. Antipsychotics are administered to 1 in every 10 ICU patients. When administration occurs in the absence of a documented mental disorder, antipsychotic use is associated with an even higher ICU and hospital LOS, as well as in-hospital mortality.
Evaluation of a stannous fluoride dentifrice for use in dental public health programs III. Supplementary findings

The effectiveness of a stannous fluoride dentifrice in the prevention of overt and incipient proximal dental caries in children was determined by radiographic examination. The incremental dental caries in children who did not use the test dentifrice, and the relation between reported frequency of toothbrushing at home and incremental dental caries in children who used the test dentifrice are reported.
Protective effects of fruits and vegetables in the diet

The current recommendation of the World Health Organisation is to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables per day for optimal health. This is the result of a large body of research into the effect of whole foods and food components on biological systems, combined with epidemiological studies. Presents some of the mechanisms by which these components may act. Shows also the types of fruit and vegetables which would make a good combination for “five‐a‐day”. The benefits from increased consumption of fruit and vegetables vary between individuals but include lowered risks of cancer, heart disease and cataract.
Design and Operation of Land-Treatment Systems for Minimum Contamination of Groundwater: ABSTRACT

The increasing interest in land-treatment systems for sewage effluent and other liquid wastes, as well as some solid wastes, poses a threat to the quality of the native groundwater even though the waste water itself undergoes a marked improvement in quality as it moves through the ground and becomes "renovated" water. To avoid large-scale spread of the renovated water into the groundwater basin, the renovated water should be collected again at some point by wells (deep aquifers) or drains (shallow aquifers) for reuse or release into the surface water. For the Salt River Valley, the effective transmissibility of the aquifer for recharge was evaluated from a pilot project and then used in the design of a full-scale system. This effective transmissibility was less than the a uifer transmissibility. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1592------------
SEPARATION OF HUMAN LYMPHOID CELLS INTO G1, S, AND G2 CELL CYCLE POPULATIONS BY USE OF A VELOCITY SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUE

Human lymphoid tissue culture cells can be separated according to cell size and corresponding cell cycle phase with a velocity sedimentation centrifugation method employing a continuous 5–20% wt/wt Ficoll gradient. A 7-fold increase in streaming limit was achieved by placing a buffer zone of isosmolar 5% Ficoll on top of the gradient before application of the cell load. The various pooled populations of cells from upper, middle, and lower areas of the gradient were characterized using autoradiographic, TCA-precipitable 3H]thymidine incorporation, and Fuelgen microspectrophotometric methods. The upper range of the gradient contains cells in the G1 cell cycle phase; the lower range, cells in the G2 phase; cells found in the middle of the gradient belong largely to the S phase of the cell cycle. These gradient-separated cell pools contained relatively little contamination with cells from other phases of the cell cycle and, when explanted from the gradient into fresh growth media, showed growth patterns characteristic of synchronized cell populations. This system of cell separation provides a useful tool for investigating the relationship of the cell cycle to surface membrane and metabolic characteristics in human lymphoid cell culture systems.
Neurogenesis persists in the subependymal layer of the adult mouse brain

Neurogenesis of olfactory bulb granule cells is known to persist in adult rats where, in some strains, the bulbs grow throughout life. In mice, bulb growth ceases early in adulthood and here we ask if granule cell neurogenesis persists after the bulbs have stopped growing. By injecting adult mice with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and allowing short and long survival times, we found that new cells form in the subependymal layer and that they migrate subsequently into the olfactory bulbs where they acquire the nuclear morphology of granule cells and express neuron-specific markers. Using [3H]thymidine, we found that most of these adult-generated granule neurons persist within the bulbs for at least 16 weeks. This shows the persistence of neurogenesis and neuronal migration in adult animals in which the olfactory bulbs have stopped growing.
A direct transition state theory based analysis of the branching in NH2 + NO

A combination of high-level quantum-chemical simulations and sophisticated transition state theory analyses is employed in a study of the temperature dependence of the N2H + OH → HNNOH recombination reaction. The implications for the branching between N2H + OH and N2 + H2O in the NH2 + NO reaction are also explored. The transition state partition function for the N2H + OH recombination reaction is evaluated with a direct implementation of variable reaction coordinate (VRC) transition state theory (TST). The orientation dependent interaction energies are directly determined at the CAS + 1 + 2/cc-pvdz level. Corrections for basis set limitations are obtained ia calculations along the cis and trans minimum energy paths employing an ∽aug-pvtz basis set. The calculated rate constant for the N2H + OH → HNNOH recombination is found to decrease significantly with increasing temperature, in agreement with the predictions of our earlier theoretical study. Conventional transition state theory analyses, employing new coupled cluster estimates for the vibrational frequencies and energies at the saddlepoints along the NH2 + NO reaction pathway, are coupled with the VRC-TST analyses for the N2H + OH channels to provide estimates for the branching in the NH2 + NO reaction. Modest variations in the exothermicity of the reaction (1–2 kcal mol−1), and in a few of the saddlepoint energies (2–4 kcal mol−1), yield TST based predictions for the branching fraction that are in satisfactory agreement with related experimental results. The unmodified results are in reasonable agreement for higher temperatures, but predict too low a branching ratio near room temperature, as well as too steep an initial rise.
A New Sarcophagid Genus with Descriptions of Fifteen New Species (Diptera)

In the course of fly collecting on mountain summits in 1952, some of the commonest species taken were of the Sarcophaga “sima-idonea group.” Fourteen species of this group were recognized in the summit material, of which nine were considered to be undescribed. This revision is based on that material, plus rather limited material from other sources, primarily the U. S. National Museum, the University of Michigan Museum, the Carnegie Museum, the Emory University Museum, the Chicago Natural History Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, the Snow Entomological Museum of the University of Kansas, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the Canadian National Collection. Valuable material was made available for study through the courtesy of Prof. Henry Dietrich and Dr. C. O. Berg, Cornell University, Mr. Wm. L. Downes, Ames, Iowa, Dr. F. M. Snyder, Baltimore, Md., and Mr. G. C. Steyskal, Grosse He, Mich. The late Professor P. W. Fattig, of Emory University, was also very helpful, and three more species were added to the Georgia list through his collecting. The writer is also indebted to the following persons for assistance in summit collecting: Mr. J. M. Seago, Mr. W. D. Sudia, Dr. H. D. Pratt, Dr. N. E. Good, and Mr. Charles Dunaphant.
Experimental high density optical memory using the dichroic absorption of the MA color center

An experimental, high density optical memory using MA color centers in KCI has been built to study the application of color centers as read, write, and erase computer bulk memories. MA centers are employed as a binary indicator by making use of their ability to reorient in the KCI lattice when excited with either [110] or [ 1¯10] polarized 531-nm light. Information is read out with circularly polarized 531-nm light. Results indicate that writing times of less than 5 sec and packing densities exceeding 106 bits/cm2 will be possible in a fully developed system.
ON SIN, SYMPTOM SUBSTITUTION, AND SIMPLICITY: A RESPONSE TO 'PREVENTING RELAPSE IN WEIGHT CONTROL'

Turner, Wang, and Westerfield (1995) have done a service in showing how to apply cognitive and behavioral strategies to the difficult problem of weight maintenance; however, a few important issues require attention. These can be classified as issues of sin, symptom substitution, and simplicity. Sin.-There is an unfortunate tendency to equate obesity with sinfulness. Obesity is the last remaining socially acceptable prejudice. People who would not consider making jokes at the expense of women, ethnic minority individuals, or alcoholics still ridicule people who are overweight. It is as though people believe that obese inchiduals are fair targets because they are to blame for their own dilemma: they have sinned. It is especially important, then, to avoid the use of the language of sin and morality, something which Turner, et al. (1995) unfortunately slipped into. Thus they state that "Professionals may even lose faith" (emphasis added, p. 651) in clients, a phrase that might seem odd if used to describe work h t h schizophrenic or depressed patients. It would be more appropriate to refer instead to the h i t a tions of programs or difficulty in treatment, thereby avoiding the language of morality, which moves the debate from science to theology. Turner, et al. also referred to "bad habits" (p. 652), which again has the moral tone; we would be surprised to hear that schizophrenics relapse due to a return to "bad habits." Later references to "temptation" and "indulgence" (p. 652) continue the language of sin instead of that of therapeutics. In a sense these are minor wording issues, but as language can affect as well as reflect thoughts and attitudes, words must be chosen carefully. Symptowz substitution.-The issue of symptom substitution, or symptom return, is a broader matter. When behavioral therapies came on the horizon in the 1950s, they seemed to promise cures via quick, simple techniques. Psychoanalytic theorists, relying on five decades of clinical and theoretical advances, warned that if symptoms were "removed" without addressing lar-
Examining driver behavior using data gathered from red light photo enforcement cameras.

Abstract Introduction To develop an effective driver assistance system that can prevent red light violations, it is important to have a thorough understanding of contributing factors and circumstances surrounding such violations. Methods Red light violation behavior was examined using about 47,000 violation records that were captured by photo enforcement cameras from 11 signalized intersections in the city of Sacramento, California, over a four-year period. This examination identified factors with strong correlation to red light running behavior. Results Key findings based on Sacramento's red light violation records include: (a) younger drivers showed a higher tendency of running the red light and were more likely to commit such a violation at speeds above the posted speed limit; (b) off-peak time period between 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. had lower violation counts, but red light violators in this time frame had a higher propensity of racing through intersections at high speeds; (c) also during the time period between 8 p.m. to 5 a.m., violators showed a higher probability of entering intersections two or more seconds after the onset of red light; and (d) violators were less likely to cross high traffic-volume intersections with speeds greater than the posted speed limit. Discussion Sacramento's data suggest that some red light violators might have committed such an offense unintentionally. The top three violation speeds were all below 20 mph and more than 94% of red light runners crossed intersections within 2 seconds after the onset of the red light. Impact on Industry In the next several years, studies will be executed to assess whether a red light violation warning system can reduce “unintentional red light running” such as drivers who made incorrect judgment regarding the adequate time to clear the intersection and inattentive motorists who fail to observe the presence and status of the red light.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma in von Hippel–Lindau Disease

We report a case of a 47-year-old female with von Hippel–Lindau disease with multiple intracranial hemangioblastomas. She presented with left-sided weakness and dizziness. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain revealed a lesion within the posterior fossa. She was treated initially in 1993 with surgical resection. Three years later, she experienced recurrence of her symptoms, and re-excision of two additional lesions was performed. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple hemangioblastomas not amenable to further resection. Because of continued symptoms, she was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery using three non-coplanar arcs via a 20 mm collimator to a dose of 16 Gy prescribed to the 90% isodose volume. Over the several months following radiosurgery, she had resolution of neurologic symptoms. We review the literature on radiation therapy for hemangioblastomas with particular attention to stereotactic radio-surgery. The reported experience suggests stereotactic radiosurgery has an important role in the management of hemangioblastomas.
Infrared reflectance spectroscopy of porous silicas

Abstract Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) specular reflectance spectroscopy was used to examine the fundamental phonon behavior of a series of porous silicas including porous Vycor, xerogels, aerogels, and colloidal solids. The spectra were evaluated using Kramers—Kronig analysis techniques, and the corresponding optical constants were determined via the Fresnel equations. The resulting spectra represent the first compilation of such data for low density silicas. The porous silicas revealed unique resonance modes for their respective imaginary dielectric functions and energy loss functions. A key distinction amongst the spectra was the change in the band shape of the antisymmetric SiOSi stretching modes. For instance, as the porosity level of the particulate systems increased, the maxima of the imaginary dielectric function shifted to higher frequencies while the maxima of the associated energy loss function shifted to lower frequencies. In essence, with increasing porosity, the maxima of the imaginary dielectric functions and the energy loss functions were converging toward frequencies intermediate between the transverse optical and longitudinal optical modes of fused silica. A similar trend was not observed for the semi-continuous silica matrices. Maxwell Garnett effective-medium models verified that these modes were a function of the porous microstructure and can be attributed to surface phonon modes. The effect of surface phonon modes was also evident in the absorption coefficient data. Contrary to the traditional view that changes in the absorption spectra of porous silicas are strictly due to molecular structure, this study has demonstrated that variations can be attributed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, to electrostatic screening effects of finite particles.
Airway epithelial cell-induced activation of monocytes and eosinophils in respiratory syncytial viral infection.

Abstract The early inflammatory events in respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) infection are likely to be crucial in the development of clinical disease, which is characterized by bronchiolitis with mononuclear cell inflammation, some eosinophil involvement and airway hyperreactivity. Since RSV replication is restricted to airway epithelial cells, our working hypothesis is that inflammatory cell recruitment by the infected cells will set the stage for late immunopathology. We have identified the selective induction and release of mononuclear cell and eosinophil-attracting β-chemokines MIP-1α and RANTES, but not eotaxin, by RSV infected airway epithelial cells and herein demonstrated the recruitment of eosinophils and monocytes, but not neurtrophils, in response to chemokines produced by infected epithelial cells during viral replication and dissemination. The chemotactic response of both eosinophils and monocytes was inhibited by antibodies to RANTES but not to MIP-1α. Interaction of eosinophils or monocytes with RSV-infected epithelial cells resulted in the production of additional β-chemokines MCP-1 and MIP1β, and increased levels of MIP-1α. The monocyte containing cultures produced >10 fold the amount of these chemokines compared to eosinophil containing cultures. On the other hand, the levels of RANTES and the lack of eotaxin were not altered in the cocultures, RSV-infected monocytes appeared to be the main source of MIP-1α and MIP-1β, while MCP-1 was derived from monocytes as well as epithelial cells following coculture. These data implicate RANTES as the primary chemokine responsible for selectively recruiting eosinophils and monocytes to the site of RSV infection. This inflammatory response results in the production of high levels of additional chemokines capable of setting up a full-fledged inflammatory response including lymphocytes.
Caregiver's anticipatory grief in dementia: A pilot study.

Twenty-seven wives who care for their spouses suffering from dementia completed the Anticipatory Grief Scale (AGS) and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist--SCL-90-R. The alpha coefficient for the AGS was 0.84, indicating good internal consistency. The AGS was also positively and significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) with the depression, anxiety, and hostility dimensions of the SCL-90-R, demonstrating good validity. The study explores bereavement issues of spouses of patients with dementia and provides preliminary findings on a new instrument to measure anticipatory grief.
Characteristic boundary conditions for simulations of compressible reacting flows with multi-dimensional, viscous and reaction effects

A generalized formulation of the characteristic boundary conditions for compressible reacting flows is proposed. The new and improved approach resolves a number of lingering issues of spurious solution behaviour encountered in turbulent reacting flow simulations in the past. This is accomplished (a) by accounting for all the relevant terms in the determination of the characteristic wave amplitudes and (b) by accommodating a relaxation treatment for the transverse gradient terms with the relaxation coefficient properly determined by the low Mach number asymptotic expansion. The new boundary conditions are applied to a comprehensive set of test problems including: vortex-convection; turbulent inflow; ignition front propagation; non-reacting and reacting Poiseuille flows; and counterflow cases. It is demonstrated that the improved boundary conditions perform consistently superior to existing approaches, and result in robust and accurate solutions with minimal acoustic wave interactions at the boundary in hos...
Naphthenic acid removal from crude oil through catalytic decarboxylation on magnesium oxide

Abstract Naphthenic acid (NA) has been recognized as one of the major sources of corrosion in oil production and refining. In this study, catalytic decarboxylation of carboxylic acid model compounds and naphthenic acid removal from crude oil were investigated. A metal oxide catalyst, MgO has been developed and its effectiveness in catalyzing decarboxylation reactions involving carboxylic acid compounds such as naphthoic acid has been determined based on the formation of CO 2 and the conversion of acid. The major reaction takes place in the temperature range of 150–300 °C. The role of MgO in the system is considered to be multiple. It has the ability to adsorb acidic compounds via acid–base neutralization and it can also promote reactions such as decarboxylation and hydrocarbon cracking at the increased temperature. Direct application of MgO to crude oil results in significant naphthenic acid removal and lower total acidity of the oil as evidenced by a decrease in RC OOH concentration as determined by FT-IR and a lower total acid number (TAN).
Radiation effects of 1.3 keV electron and 1.486 keV X-ray photon on trimethylsilane doped Si (1 0 0) surfaces

Abstract A trimethylsilane (TMSiH) covered Si (1 0 0) surface at temperature −120°C was chosen to investigate the electron and X-ray photon effects on it. The radiation sources are 1.3 keV electrons and 1.486 keV Al K α X-ray photons. The X-ray photons were used not only for the radiation source but also for the characterization tool of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The core level Si 2p and C 1s photoelectrons were monitored after each electron and X-ray bombardment when sample temperature was held at −120°C. The spontaneous dissociation of TMSiH on the Si (1 0 0) surface was observed judging from the formation of C–C bonds. The C–C and C–Si bonds increased initially and then saturated after ca. 20 min of electron exposure. However, X-ray photons cause the initial increase of both Si–C and C–Si bonds in the first 35 min exposure and decrease later. Unlike the 1.3 keV electron beam effect on the same system, the X-ray photons cannot continuously form the Si–C or C–Si bonds. Primary electron and X-ray photon induced secondary electrons were invoked to discuss the results.
Bedside transpyloric tube placement in the pediatric intensive care unit

Background:The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of placing transpyloric feeding tubes at the bedside without fluoroscopy in critically ill pediatric patients. Methods: The patient population consisted of 90 patients (ages 1 week to 15 years, median age 9 months) admitted to a 26-bed pediatric intensive care unit in a university-affiliated pediatric hospital. Patient weights ranged from 2.4 to 100 kg with a median weight of 7.5 kg. Seventy-six patients were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated; one patient had a tracheotomy. A total of 24 patients were pharmacologically paralyzed; 38 patients were receiving catecholamine infusions, and 17 patients had intracranial monitoring devices in place. All had concurrent nasogastric suctioning. Nonweighted Silicone Rubber 6F or 8F nasoenteric tubes were inserted at the bedside using metoclopramide, air insufflation, and positioning to achieve transpyloric passage. Blue-dyed water was instilled in 58 patients to test for reflux...
Reforming rent control in New York City: The role of research in policy making

This document describes the role of the New York City Rand Institute and other research groups in the rent control reforms enacted by the New York City Council in June 1970, summarizes the major research and analytical studies performed in this connection by Institute staff members, and offers some lessons for those contemplating similar work for public agencies.
Residual gravity changes and eruption magnitudes

Abstract Research during the last four decades has demonstrated that systematic temporal gravity changes are associated with eruptive activity. These gravity changes are caused by the free-air effect of elevation changes induced by magma bodies and by mass redistributions. Where gravity change data are accompanied by concurrent elevation control, observed gravity changes can be corrected for the free-air effect giving residual gravity changes. Residual gravity changes reflect only mass redistributions. At most volcanoes residual gravity changes can be accounted for by the addition of mass during pre-eruption time, and by the removal or addition of mass during post-eruption time. At explosive volcanoes, however, the data show mass must be removed from near surface magma systems during preeruptive time. The only reasonable mechanism acounting for these negative pre-eruption mass redistributions is displacing dense country rock or magma with gas bubbles in vesiculated magma. Application of Gauss' theorem to areal residual gravity changes and an assumed density for the displaced material, give an estimate of the volume of exsolved gas contained within the magma body. The kinetic energy released in explosive magmatic eruptions, to a first approximation, is caused by the explosive expansion of exsolved and dissolved gases contained within magma. If the density and temperature of magma, and if the amount, pressure, and composition of volatiles contained in magma bodies are known (or assumed), then the kinetic energy released by explosive gas decompression can be computed (or estimated ) using simple thermodynamic relationships. Kinetic energy estimates for explosive magmatic eruptions computed from muzzle velocities, and computed for isothermal and adiabatic gas decompression using assumed volatile contents, pressures, and temperatures give similar results. Minimum pre-eruption exsolved volatile contents estimated from negative pre-eruption mass deficits and assumed magma densities, temperatures, and pressures were used to compute predicted kinetic energies for five eruption-gravity change sequences at Pacaya, Mihara, Usu, and Mt. St. Helens volcanoes. Although the data are too few to be conclusive, they do indicate the possibility of forecasting eruption magnitudes at some volcanoes using precursory gravity changes.
Local energy-dependent imaginary optical potential

Abstract A simple procedure is presented for obtaining an energy-dependent local imaginary optical potential. The energy dependent strength, for a particular radial form, is obtained from a microscopic theory. The potential can easily be used with standard codes that involve local radial form factors. The case of neutrons on 208 Pb is treated as an example.
Changes in calcium homeostasis during aging and Alzheimer's disease.

SUMMARY Several observations indirectly suggest that intracellular calcium regulation may be altered by aging and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, calcium homeostasis was examined directly in skin fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients and compared to cells from normal young and elderly controls. Alterations in both bound and free calcium were noted; cells from Alzheimer's donors have higher levels of bound calcium but lower concentrations of free intracellular calcium when compared to cells from young and normal aged donors. These changes in calcium homeostasis may be physiologically significant, since processes that require transient elevations of intracellular free calcium, such as cell spreading, decline in the Alzheimer's cells. In summary, cultured skin fibroblasts from normal aged and Alzheimer's patients demonstrate deficits in calcium homeostasis and other metabolic processes when compared to cells from young donors.
An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas — III. Residential microenvironmental monitoring for air, house dust, and soil

A principal aspect of the 1993 Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Scoping Study was the analysis and interpretation of residential air, household dust, and soil pollutant concentration data for exposure assessments. Measurements included respirable particulate matter (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air. Household dust, road dust, and yard soil were analyzed for elements, pesticides, and PAHs. Nine residences were monitored for three weeks in the spring of 1993. Additional monitoring was conducted at six of the nine residences for ten days the following summer. Generally good agreement was found between outdoor residential air and same-species measurements collected concurrently at a non-residential central site in Brownsville, TX (Ellenson et al. 1997) for fine particulate matter, elements, and VOCs indicating the dominance of regional influences. PM2.5 mass and element concentrations in residential indoor and outdoor air were generally higher in the summer than in the spring. Indoor air concentrations of many species were higher than outdoor air concentrations and were attributed to household activities, ventilation of residences, and track-in of dislodged soils. Evidence of agricultural activities was noted in the occurrence of crop-related pesticides (e.g., malathion and chlorpyrifos) in indoor and outdoor air. Concentrations of common household pesticides (e.g., chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, heptachlor, and propoxur) were generally higher indoors than outdoors and were also present in house dust. Seasonal comparisons of pesticides and PAHs were also presented using matched residences in spring and summer; VOCs also may have indicated seasonal effects. VOCs (notably propane and butane isomers) and PAHs were higher indoors, presumably due to cooking-related activities.