cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pelvic (rectal) palpation of the female monkey, with special reference to the ascertainment of ovulation time

Abstract 1. 1. The evidence on ovulation time in women is briefly scrutinized in the light of present knowledge of reproductive processes and in the light of common sense. 2. 2. The first definite proof of ovulation time in primates we owe to Corner and Allen; in man to Allen, Pratt, Newell and Bland, who recovered ova from the fallopian tube. Ovulation occurred in their cases near the middle of the cycle. 3. 3. The physiologic test of Knaus gives great promise of general human applicability. The evidence points to days 9 to 18 as the ovulation days in women. 4. 4. Over 100 precisely determined cases of ovulation in the monkey occurred almost altogether on the tenth to the fifteenth days, a few on other days. The monkey has a long “safe” period. Much corroborative evidence, such as 55 cases of isolated coitus, has been previously published by the writer. 5. 5. An analysis of 53 cases, in which ovulation was recorded in completed cycles, shows that the preovulatory interval is relatively constant and that the variations in total cycle length parallel and are due almost altogether to variations in the length of the postovulatory interval. 6. 6. Ogino's suggestion that we count backward from the succeeding menstrual period to determine the ovulation day need not worry us at present, at least until it can be shown that man differs from monkey in this respect, which is not likely.
Neural Network Model Reference Adaptive Control of Marine Vehicles

A neural network model reference adaptive controller for trajectory tracking of nonlinear systems is developed. The proposed control algorithm uses a single layer neural network that bypasses the need for information about the system’s dynamic structure and characteristics and provides portability. Numerical simulations are performed using nonlinear dynamic models of marine vehicles. Results are presented for two separate vehicle models, an autonomous surface vehicle and an autonomous underwater vehicle, to demonstrate the controller performance in terms of tuning, robustness, and tracking.
First National Aquatics Conference on Professional Standards

(1970). First National Aquatics Conference on Professional Standards. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 52-53.
Surviving culture clash: How to read German financial statements

As global business expands, more U.S. firms want to buy foreign companies—or invest in them, form alliances, or extend credit to them. So U.S. firms examine foreign companies' financial statements to gauge the risk. But cultural— as well as accounting—differences can get in the way. For example, financial statements for German companies can befuddle a U.S. reader. What must you know to really understand them? © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The direct use of likelihood for significance testing

An approach to significance testing by the direct interpretation of likelihood is defined, developed and distinguished from the traditional forms of tail-area testing and Bayesian testing. The emphasis is on conceptual issues. Some theoretical aspects of the new approach are sketched in the two cases of simple vs. simple hypotheses and simple vs. composite hypotheses.
Behavioral aspects of stress.

Many researchers view stress theory as having evolved from a specific response for each specific stimulus, through a standardized general adaptation syndrome for a wide variety of stressors, to a newly hypothesized model that suggests a standardized physiological response for psychological stressors and specific homeostatic responses for physical stressors. Stressors can originate from within an individual (endogenous) or from the environment (exogenous). A sense of control over one's environment (exogenous stimuli) and predictability of stimuli are extremely important in determining the potency of psychological stressors. The performance of highly repetitive, stereotyped behaviors has been shown to help animals cope with environments containing little or unvaried stimulation. Chronic psychological stressors are the most problematic area of stress research and animal care. Animals may respond behaviorally to chronic stressors by either achieving adaptation or by showing such conditions as learned helplessness, intensification of drives, stereotyped behavior, and absence of normal behaviors. A chronic endogenous buildup of motivation to perform specific behaviors that an animal has been prevented from performing can be quantified and result in animals displaying signs of chronic stress, i.e., altered metabolism (hormones), suppressed immune system, and learned helplessness. It is of paramount importance that the behavioral and physiological variables utilized in stress research be relevant to the particular species and questions under study.
FEMSTER: an object oriented class library of discrete differential forms

The FEMSTER finite element class library described in this paper is unique in several aspects. First, it is based upon the language of differential forms. This language provides a unified description of a great variety of PDEs and thus leads us directly to a concise and abstract interface to finite element methods. This language also unifies the seemingly disparate Lagrange, H(curl) and H(div) basis functions that are used in computational electromagnetics. Secondly, FEMSTER utilizes higher-order elements, bases, and integration rules. Higher-order elements are important for accurate modeling of curved surfaces. The use of higher-order basis functions reduces the demands put upon mesh generation, e.g. a billion element mesh is no longer required for a numerically converged solution. The FEMSTER class library is ideally suited for researchers who wish to experiment with unstructured-grid, higher-order solution of Poisson's equation, the Helmholtz equation, Maxwell equations, and related PDEs that employ the standard gradient, curl, and divergence operators.
Clinical social workers involvement in and adoption of managed mental health care technology.

Contemporary clinical social work practice has been in the process of being radically altered by the proliferation of what has become known as managed mental health care technology (MMHC). To date there is not an empirical basis for determining the extent to which clinical social workers have been involved with or have adopted MMHC. The present study investigated the degree to which clinical social workers have adopted MMHC, and attempted to identify reasons why that technology has been accepted or rejected. Adoption patterns were conceptualized in terms of Rogers (1962; 1971; 1976; 1986) Diffusion of Innovations theory. Thus, the major question of this study was: Does clinical social workers perceived involvement with ("adoption of") MMHC have a differential relationship with the diffusion of innovations adoption characteristics "perceived relative advantage", "perceived compatibility", and "perceived complexity"? To assess adoption of MMHC, this research asked subjects to respond to a mailed survey. Participants were selected randomly from the 1990 Register of Clinical Social Workers. Subjects selected the degree to which they perceived themselves to be involved with MMHC. Their responses served to place them in one of four groups ranging from no t involved to very involved. A one-way analysis of variance (with four levels of the variable, "involvement") was performed for each of the three measures of the perceived adoption characteristics. Forty-four percent (N = 950) of the total sample (N = 2139) returned usable questionnaires. Slightly more than 80% (N = 763) of the sample had some degree of involvement in MMHC. Eighteen percent (N = 169) of the sample indicated that they were very involved with MMHC. Likewise, 18% (N = 169) of the respondents indicated that they were not at all involved with MMHC. The results of the ANOVAs affirmed each of the hypotheses advanced. As expected, the perceived diffusion of innovations characteristics "relative advantage" and "compatibility" were significantly positively correlated with "degree of involvement". Likewise, "complexity" was significantly negatively correlated with degree of involvement. The fundamental findings of this research are that a significant number of clinical social workers have indeed adopted MMHC, and those who have tend to view MMHC as providing them with a greater relative advantage and compatibility, and less complexity. The present study has implications for practice, policy and organizations.
Research and Information Services at Lied Library: Restructured, revitalized and planning for the future

Purpose – This paper summarizes the changes in the organization and services of the Research and Information Department since moving into Lied Library. Design/methodology/approach – Includes a description of reorganization and strategic planning efforts of the department, along with possible future direction for the evolution of services, space utilization and staffing. Findings – The reality of living in the new facility, Lied Library, proved to require changes not envisioned during the planning phase. Lied Library is not a static environment. Allocation of space and the way services are provided to customers continue to evolve. Originality/value – This paper will be helpful to others planning a new academic library, and highlights the need for ongoing planning and evaluation of services after the building project is completed. It also describes successful and less successful strategic planning efforts for an academic reference department.
Perceptual Organization of Sequential Stimuli in Listeners With Cochlear Hearing Loss

The perceptual organization of sequential stimuli presumably depends in part on the fidelity with which acoustic cues are encoded in the auditory system. The purpose of this study was to examine th...
Effects of early steroid withdrawal after heart transplantation.

Background Managing immunosuppression is a significant aspect of posttransplantation patient care. Previously, our institution reported that prednisone could be withdrawn in cardiac allograft recipients without jeopardizing midterm survival. We returned to this group of patients to investigate the long-term effects of our steroid taper protocol. Methods We reviewed the records of 162 consecutive cardiac transplant recipients from our institution. Patients who underwent transplantation between 1988 and 1990 were treated with traditional triple-therapy immunosuppression (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone). Beginning June 1990, we instituted a protocol of early steroid taper with discontinuation by 6 months after transplant. The two groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, ethnicity, cause of heart failure, ischemic time, body mass index, and creatinine at the time of transplantation. Results Fifty-seven percent of the patients in the early steroid taper group were successfully withdrawn from steroids at 6 months after transplantation. This group had a decreased freedom from and increased frequency of acute rejection ( p p = 0.53). The early steroid taper group enjoyed an increased freedom from malignancy ( p = 0.01) and trended toward a decreased frequency of infection ( p = 0.10) and improved survival ( p = 0.06). Conclusions Steroid withdrawal is possible in 57% of patients at 6 months after transplantation. The institution of an early steroid taper protocol improves the overall freedom from malignancies and may decrease the frequency of infection and prolong overall survival without increasing the risk of posttransplant coronary artery disease.
Micromorphic description of turbulent channel flow

Abstract The simple microfluid theory of Eringen is employed to determine the velocity profile and microgyrations in a steady flow of viscous fluids between two parallel walls. The shearing stress, microrotations, microinertia and Reynold stresses are determined. The results are compared with the experimental work of Laufer.
The Effect of the Number of Defects on Estimates Produced by Capture-Recapture Models

Project managers use inspection data as input to capture-recapture (CR) models to estimate the total number of faults present in a software artifact. The CR models use the number of faults found during an inspection and the overlap of faults among inspectors to calculate the estimate. A common belief is that CR models underestimate the number of faults but their performance can be improved with more input data. This paper investigates the minimum number of faults that has to be present in an artifact before the CR method can be used. The result shows that the minimum number of faults varies from ten faults to twenty-three faults for different CR estimators.
Mechanical Forces between Electric Currents and Saturated Magnetic Fields

The general case considered is that of N independent electric circuits placed in a medium of variable permeability and subject to saturation, in parts or as a whole. The problem is to determine the component (in a given direction) of the mechanical force acting upon one of the electric circuits, upon a group of circuits, or upon a group of circuits with part of the magnetic medium rigidly attached to them. It is believed that the problem has not been solved in this general form, heretofore. Use is made of the expression for the stored electromagnetic energy, W, of the system, assuming all the electric circuits to be originally open and then closed one by one. Such a treatment necessitates a number of partial saturation curves, giving g the linkages with each individual electric circuit when some of the remaining circuits are closed and the rest are open. A virtual displacement, ? s, is then given to the part of the system under consideration, keeping either the linkages or the currents constant, and the mechanical force, F, is determined from a comparison of the work done, F. ? s, with the change in the stored energy, ? W. It is shown that the familiar reciprocal relationship for the mutual inductance, M 12 = M 21 , which holds true in a medium without saturation, can be generalized to a more involved integral expression for a saturated medium.
The performance of expansile nanoparticles in a murine model of peritoneal carcinomatosis

Carcinomatosis from peritoneal surface malignancies, such as mesothelioma, appendiceal carcinoma or ovarian metastases, significantly decreases survival and quality of life. Given a 60-80% locoregional recurrence rate after surgical debulking for mesothelioma, the current study explores the use of polymeric nanoparticles, specifically engineered to expand and locally deliver chemotherapeutic agents at endosomal pH, for the prevention of progressive carcinomatosis. Anti-tumor efficacy of paclitaxel-loaded pH-responsive expansile nanoparticles (Pax-eNP) was evaluated in vitro and in in vivo murine models of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Pax-eNP inhibited mesothelioma growth in vitro, markedly decreased tumor growth and disease severity in vivo, prevented initial intraperitoneal tumor implants, and significantly prolonged survival compared to other intraperitoneal drug delivery methods. These outcomes suggest that the mechanism of pH-triggered drug delivery and tumor affinity associated with eNP may effectively improve the local control of residual microscopic disease following surgical debulking of locoregionally aggressive malignancies.
High-pressure injection injuries of the hand: Review of 25 patients managed by open wound technique

This article reviews the outcome of injury of the hand in 25 patients treated at our institution by the open wound technique: wide debridement, drainage, open packing, and delayed closure. The results obtained are superior to those reported in the literature: Among the patients, 84% of the involved hands or fingers were salvaged, 64% had essentially normal hand function at the time of final follow-up, and 92% were able to return to their previous jobs. We propose that aggressive treatment by the open wound technique improves the outcome of high-pressure injection injuries of the hand.
Educating providers and patients about Medicare Part D.

This interview was conducted on January 4, 2006, with Nathan Thompson, director of outpatient pharmacy for the Johns Hopkins Home Care Group in Baltimore, Maryland. Below, Thompson describes some of the challenges Hopkins faced when developing an education plan about Medicare Part D for patients and
Quantitative Analysis of Small-Subunit rRNA Genes in Mixed Microbial Populations via 5′-Nuclease Assays

Few techniques are currently available for quantifying specific prokaryotic taxa in environmental samples. Quantification of specific genotypes has relied mainly on oligonucleotide hybridization to extracted rRNA or intact rRNA in whole cells. However, low abundance and cellular rRNA content limit the application of these techniques in aquatic environments. In this study, we applied a newly developed quantitative PCR assay (5'-nuclease assay, also known as TaqMan) to quantify specific small-subunit (SSU) rRNA genes (rDNAs) from uncultivated planktonic prokaryotes in Monterey Bay. Primer and probe combinations for quantification of SSU rDNAs at the domain and group levels were developed and tested for specificity and quantitative reliability. We examined the spatial and temporal variations of SSU rDNAs from Synechococcus plus Prochlorococcus and marine Archaea and compared the results of the quantitative PCR assays to those obtained by alternative methods. The 5'-nuclease assays reliably quantified rDNAs over at least 4 orders of magnitude and accurately measured the proportions of genes in artificial mixtures. The spatial and temporal distributions of planktonic microbial groups measured by the 5'-nuclease assays were similar to the distributions estimated by quantitative oligonucleotide probe hybridization, whole-cell hybridization assays, and flow cytometry.
Using the Community College to Control College Costs: How Much Cheaper Is It?

Data from NCES indicate that it is two to three times more expensive to educate a student at a public four-year college than at a community college. These figures exaggerate the difference between the two when you calculate the costs of the first two years of education for students working on a bachelor's degree. Using modified Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data from the recently released Delta Project, this study shows that the cost per full-time equivalent (FTE) and the public subsidy per FTE are lower at public master's level colleges than at the community college. Trend data from 1987–2005 are examined along with appropriate cautions for interpreting the results.
Echocardiographic Features of Mitral Obstruction due to Bacterial Endocarditis

We describe a patient with mitral valvular obstruction due to vegetative endocarditis. The diagnosis was made before surgery by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiograms, which revealed a mass of echoes obstructing the mitral orifice. This was confirmed subsequently at surgery. Both modes of echocardiography are of value in the noninvasive diagnosis of mitral valvular obstruction due to vegetative endocarditis, a condition which may be amenable to surgery for valvular replacement.
Analyzing the journal coverage of abstracting/indexing databases at variable aggregate and analytic levels

Several studies have attempted to reveal the real scope, completeness, and consistency of journal coverage across time in abstracting/indexing publications. Online and CD-ROM databases make easier the collection of posting information for journals to determine the traits of their coverage but do not eliminate entirely the tedium of manual methods. Difficulties are compounded when multiple databases are used to compare the journal coverage and overlap of several databases for an extended time period. This article discusses the use of advanced search commands and the Journal Name Finder database of DIALOG, to simplify the collection and processing of posting information for 42 prestigious library and information science (LIS) serials between 1966 and 1996 in six databases. It presents the major types of deficiencies in journal coverage that may yield very incomplete search results and may distort the results of bibliometric and scientometric studies. The methodology allows the creation of various subsets by the versatile combination of journal titles, time periods and databases, and encourages longitudinal data collection and comparison of variously aggregated datasets. It can be used for profiling the journal coverage in the evaluation of databases in support of bibliometric research, database acquisition, and licensing decisions.
The effect of fasting on rat portal venous and aortic blood glucose, lactate, alanine, and glutamine.

ABSTRACT: Using a chronically catheterized rat model, the effect of fasting on portal venous, aortic, and venous blood concentration minus aortic blood concentration ([PV-A]) blood glucose, lactate, alanine, and glutamine concentrations was determined. It has been postulated that the intestine is a source of lactate and alanine, precursors for glycogen synthesis, in the fed state. After 48 h of fasting portal venous glucose, lactate, and alanine blood concentrations decreased by 31, 28, and 41%, respectively. Portal venous glutamine concentration was not affected by fasting. A glucose [PV-A] was not found in either fed or fasted states. Whereas the lactate [PV-A] was not present in fed rats, it was negative in fasted rats. Alanine [PV-A] was positive in fed and fasted rats. The glutamine [PV-A] was negative in fed and fasted rats. These data indicate that portal venous concentrations of the gluconeogenic precursors, lactate and alanine, decrease in fasted rats. In fasted rats intestinal utilization of lactate increases as reflected by a negative [PV-A]. Fasting did not affect alanine production by the intestine or glutamine utilization. Despite these changes with fasting, we conclude that the intestine does not appear to be able to maintain portal venous blood concentrations of gluconeogenic precursors.
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes: diagnosis and management

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (preterm PROM) is a common and significant cause of preterm birth and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The obstetric caregiver has the opportunity significantly to alter pregnancy and perinatal outcome for women suffering from this complication. Although management is often predetermined by the presence of clinical infection, vaginal bleeding, labor, or nonreassuring fetal heart-rate pattern on admission, a gestational age-based approach to the management of the stable patient with preterm PROM offers the potential to reduce perinatal infectious and gestational age-dependent morbidity for patients who are amenable to conservative management.
Iron deficiency on corn root mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activity

Abstract Iron deficiency significantly reduced corn root mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity. The root mitochondrial ATPase had two pH optima. In the presence of K and Mg ions, ferrous ion stimulated the ATPase activity especially when plants were Fe‐deficient.
Arbitrary order aberrations for elements characterized by measured fields

The precise understanding of the properties of large acceptance devices like modern nuclear spectrographs often requires the calculation of high-order aberrations. In many practical cases, it is necessary to treat all details of the fields of the elements, and instead of utilizing more or less simple field models, one has to rely on measured data. It is shown how aberrations of in principle unlimited orders can be obtained from measured field data; moreover, for the remaining aberrations of yet higher order, rigorous upper bounds of their influence on the motion can be found. The methods are used for the analysis and correction of the high-resolution S800 spectrograph at MSU.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sucrose influence on lecithin and polypyrrole lecithin bilayer membranes

Abstract Lecithin and polypyrrole+lecithin membranes were coated with sucrose from a water solution. Changes of the membrane properties were investigated. A significant increase in the mechanical membrane stability was observed. The optimum sucrose concentration was determined.
Variations in inpatient pediatric anesthesia in California from 2000 to 2009: a caseload and geographic analysis.

Summary Background Regional referral systems are considered important for children hospitalized for surgery, but there is little information on existing systems. Objectives To examine geographic variations in anesthetic caseloads in California for surgical inpatients ≤6 years and to evaluate the feasibility of regionalizing anesthetic care. Methods We reviewed California's unmasked patient discharge database between 2000 and 2009 to determine surgical procedures, dates, and inpatient anesthetic caseloads. Hospitals were classified as urban or rural and were further stratified as low, intermediate, high, and very high volume. Results We reviewed 257 541 anesthetic cases from 402 hospitals. Seventeen California Children's Services (CCS) hospitals conducted about two-thirds of all inpatient anesthetics; 385 non-CCS hospitals accounted for the rest. Urban hospitals comprised 82% of low- and intermediate-volume centers (n = 297) and 100% of the high- and very high-volume centers (n = 41). Ninety percent (n = 361) of hospitals performed <100 cases annually. Although potentially lower risk procedures such as appendectomies were the most frequent in urban low- and intermediate-volume hospitals, fairly complex neurosurgical and general surgeries were also performed. The median distance from urban lower-volume hospitals to the nearest high- or very high-volume center was 12 miles. Up to 98% (n = 40 316) of inpatient anesthetics at low- or intermediate-volume centers could have been transferred to higher-volume centers within 25 miles of smaller centers. Conclusions Many urban California hospitals maintained low annual inpatient anesthetic caseloads for children ≤6 years while conducting potentially more complex procedures. Further efforts are necessary to define the scope of pediatric anesthetic care at urban low- and intermediate-volume hospitals in California.
Retrocausal Quantum Mechanics: Maudlin's Challenge Revisited

In 1994, Maudlin proposed an objection to retrocausal approaches to quantum mechanics in general, and to the transactional interpretation (TI) in particular, involving an absorber that changes location depending on the trajectory of the particle. Maudlin considered this objection fatal. However, the TI did not die; rather, a number of responses were developed, some attempting to accommodate Maudlin's example within the existing TI, and others modifying the TI. I argue that none of these responses is fully adequate. The reason, I submit, is that there are two aspects to Maudlin's objection; the more readily soluble aspect has received all the attention, but the more problematic aspect has gone unnoticed. I consider the prospects for developing a successful retrocausal quantum theory in light of this second aspect of the objection.
XXVth Congress of the International Primatological Society Compiled Minutes of the IPS Council and General Assembly

In attendance: IPS Officers: Tetsuro Matsuzawa (President), Nancy Caine (Secretary General), Steve Schapiro (Treasurer/VP for Membership), Janette Wallis (VP for Conservation), Elizabeth Lonsdorf (VP for Education), Claudia Fichtel (VP for Communications), Jo Setchell (VP for Research and IJP Editor), Christoph Schwitzer (VP for Captive Care); Ex officio: Anthony Rylands (IUCN/PSG), Juichi Yamagiwa (Past President); Representatives of Affiliated Societies: Zimbo Boonratana (SEAPA: Southeast Asia Primatology Association), Kim Bard (EFP: European Federation for Primatology), Jonah Ratsimbazafy and Josia Razafindramanana (GERP: Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar), Riashna Sithaldeen (PEGG: South African Primatology Society), Yuji Takenoshita (PSJ: Primate Society of Japan), Gisela Kopp (GfP: Gesellschaft fur Primatologie), Simon Bearder (PSGB: Primate Society of Great Britain), Marilyn Norconk (ASP: American Society of Primatologists), Mauricio Talebi (SBPr: Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia), Zhang Peng (PSC: Primate Society of China), Angela Maldonado (APC: Asociacion Primatologica Colombiana), Liliana Cortes Ortiz (AMP: Asociacion Mexicana de Primatologia), Marco Gamba (API: Associazione Primatologica Italiana), Paola Moscoso (GEPE: Grupo de Especialistas de Primates del Ecuador), Domingo Canales Espinosa (SLAPRIM: Sociedad Latinoamericana de Primatologia). Int J Primatol (2015) 36:1–13 DOI 10.1007/s10764-014-9806-0
Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA assay for detection of Giardia lamblia in fecal specimens

A total of 417 fecal samples preserved in 10% buffered formalin and PVA were submitted to a commercial microbiology laboratory only for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Results from fecal specimens collected from 411 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were compared using the following methods: (a) standard Ova & Parasite (OP (b) Alexon's ProspecT/Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, and (c) Meridian's Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Stain. In the 29 specimens in which G. lamblia was detected, 10 were O&P, DFA and ELISA positive, 17 were only ELISA positive and two were only Ova & Parasite and Direct Fluorescent Antibody positive. Of the 29 positive specimens, 22 were confirmed as true positives. The ELISA sensitivity was 91% and the specificity was 98%. The expense associated with these methods to detect the presence of Giardia is $11.00, $8.95, and $12.80, respectively. In symptomatic patients, the ProspecT/Giardia ELISA is a cost-effective, rapid, and sensitive method for detecting the presence of G. lamblia in fecal specimens.
On the extension of CP models to address cathodic protection under a delaminated coating

Cathodic protection models for pipeline and other metallic structures developed to address the presence of coating flaws or holidays do not account explicitly for the presence of a delaminated region surrounding a holiday. The potential drop in the delaminated region was obtained by solving the coupled, non-linear, partial differential, governing equations that describe transport and electrochemical reactions within the delaminated region. The results were used to develop an analytic expression for the potential drop across the delaminated region as a function of delaminated region length and the resistivity of the bulk environment exterior to the holiday. Expressions developed using this approach can be utilized by existing cathodic protection models to deliver improved potential distributions along protected metallic surfaces. The simulations were used to test the commonly employed assumption that transport by diffusion can be neglected in the delaminated region. The influence of diffusion on current was shown to be significant.
Protection against prenatal alcohol-induced damage.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most common, nongenetic cause of mental retardation, and has a significant national health impact [ 1]. Meeting the criteria for this condition requires the identification of specific features, involving craniofacial dysmorphology (particularly midfacial anomalies), growth retardation, and deficits in brain function. Most children with alcohol-induced prenatal deficits do not have this full syndrome, but, instead, they fall under the umbrella term of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). These disorders result from prenatal alcohol exposure, and the sequelae include specific neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders. Recent reports suggest that fetal alcohol spectrum disorders affect one out of 100 children born in the United States [ 2]. There have been numerous public health approaches to alerting women to the dangers of drinking during pregnancy—including warning labels appearing on alcoholic beverages in 1989 ( Box 1), and a US Surgeon General warning issued in 1981 (updated and reissued in 2005) urging women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant to abstain from alcohol ( http://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/pressreleases/sg02222005.html). Yet despite these warnings, alcohol use during pregnancy is common, with up to 50% of women of childbearing age consuming alcohol, 15%–20% acknowledging continuing to drink when pregnant, and one in 25 pregnant women reporting binge drinking [ 3, 4]. Box 1. Warning Labels on Alcohol The Omnibus Drug Initiative Act of 1988 enacted by the US Congress required that all containers of alcoholic beverages produced for domestic consumption carry the following warning labels, effective November 19, 1989: “l. According to the Surgeon General, women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. 2. Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health problems.”
Telecommunication with Neutrino Beams

Collimated neutrino beams in the energy range 1 to 100 gigaelectron volts, now available from high-energy proton accelerators, are proposed as a potential means for telecommunication over global distances. Quantitative estimates of the feasibility of this proposal based on a particular detector configuration are presented.
Laryngeal structure and function in the pediatric larynx: clinical applications.

This article presents an overview of the normal anatomy and physiology of the pediatric larynx, followed by some examples of pediatric voice disorders that were chosen to exemplify the alterations ...
An Analysis of Ultimobranchial Gland Function in the Chicken

Avian ultimobranchial gland extract (UBGE), which was hypocalcemic in the rat, failed to produce hypocalcemia in intact, six—weekold cockerels. Animals which were parathyroidectomized—ultimobranchialectomized (PTX—UBX) did not show a significantly different response from sham—operated animals to injected parathyroid extract (PTE), indicating that the intact UBG was not effective in counteracting acute hypercalcemia. There was no significant change in serum calcium levels in PTX/UBX birds who received 300 mU UBGE/100 g bw. Thus, the lack of hypocalcemic response to UBGE cannot be attributed to a compensatory increase in parathyroid activity. Simultaneous injection of UBGE (up to 300 mU/100 g bw) did not modify the expected hypercalcemic response to PTE. Attempts to confirm the hypocalcemic action of UBGE in acutely PTX'd adult cockerels (Kraintz, L., and K. Intscher, Can J Physiol Pharmacol 43: 313, 1969) were unsuccessful. We conclude that control of acute hypercalcemia is probably not the primary role of...
Frequent value locality and its applications

By analyzing the behavior of a set of benchmarks, we demonstrate that a small number of distinct values tend to occur very frequently in memory. On an average, only eight of these frequent values were found to occupy 48p of memory locations for the benchmarks studied. In addition, we demonstrate that the identity of frequent values remains stable over the entire execution of the program and these values are scattered fairly uniformly across the allocated memory. We present three different algorithms for finding frequent values and experimentally demonstrate their effectiveness. Each of these algorithms is designed to suit a different application scenario. Since the contents of memory exhibit frequent value locality, it is expected that frequent values will be observed in data streams that flow across different points in the memory hierarchy. We exploit this observation for developing two low-power designs: a low-power level-one data cache and a low-power external data bus. In each of these applications a different form of encoding of frequent values is employed to obtain a low-power design. We also experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of these designs.
von Hippel–Lindau-associated malignancies: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Kidney cancer, blood vessel tumors (hemangioblastomas), and adrenal tumors (pheochromocytomas) are features of von Hippel–Lindau disease, which is caused by germline VHL mutations. VHL mutations are also common in sporadic kidney cancers and hemangioblastomas. The normal VHL gene product inhibits a transcription factor called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which in turn controls a variety of growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inhibition of HIF-dependent growth factors appears promising for the treatment of kidney cancer and hemangioblastomas.
In Situ Partial Exfiltration of Rainfall Runoff. I: Quality and Quantity Attenuation

Rainfall runoff impacted by anthropogenic activities transports significant quantities of particulate, aqueous, and complexed constituents. These diffuse, unsteady, and stochastic event-based loadings are unique challenges for water quality (concentration, mass) and quantity control (volume, peak flow). While many infiltration/exfiltration structural best management practices (BMPs) or low impact development practices are implemented, few in situ data sets are examined for actual events and temporal-based BMP behavior, in part due to costs of such examinations. Fewer studies provided a statistical and mechanistic interpretation for event-based BMP performance. The design, water quality, and quantity functions of a partial exfiltration reactor (PER) utilizing Fe-coated sand is examined specifically across three water quality type rainfall-runoff events over a 10-month period. Reduction of total concentrations for metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd), ranged from 24 to 93%, while total mass reductions ranged from 57...
Sequence elements responsible for DNA curvature.

Intrinsic DNA bending or curvature is a phenomenon that has been shown to play an important role in a variety of DNA transactions. Large curvature occurs when short homopolymeric (dA.dT)4-6 runs (A-tracts) are repeated in phase with the helical screw. We have used electrophoretic mobility modulation to examine how bending depends on the nature of the 5 bp DNA sequence between the A tracts in molecules of the form (A5-6N5)n. We show that A-tract-induced DNA curvature can indeed be affected by other sequence elements, although by only about +/- 10%. The small observed curvature modulation implies that the overall helix axis deflection contributed by 5-bp B-DNA segments between A-tracts varies little from one sequence to another. This result validates, to first order, the assumption that DNA curvature results from inserting A-tracts at integral turn phasing into generic B-DNA. Therefore, if, as has been proposed, A-tracts have zero roll between the base-pairs and all curvature results from positive roll in the B-DNA segments, then this must be a general property of approximately 5 bp B-DNA sequences, not just special cases. This interpretation would require that the canonical structure of B-DNA be revised to include systematic roll between the base-pairs of about 6 degrees. Alternatively, the data are also consistent with zero average roll in the B-DNA sequences, and wedge angles dominated by negative roll in the A-tracts, or with an appropriate mixture of the two models. It is not possible to resolve this ambiguity using comparative electrophoresis or existing structural data. We show that published wedge angle parameters successfully predict the measured direction and, with appropriate rescaling, the magnitude of curvature due to a non-A-tract sequence containing the protein-free lac operator CAP protein binding site.
Appendix B—A review of “A new method of estimating stream‐flow” by J. A. Folse

It is with difficulty that this reviewer has arrived at what is felt to be a fair evaluation of “A new method of estimating stream-flow” by J. A. Folse, Research Associate, Carnegie Institution of Washington, published in 1929. This work, together with the development of an evaporation-formula, comprises Bulletin 400 of the Carnegie Institution and presents the work of the late Dr. John F. Hayford. Mr. Folse, Dr. Hayford's principal assistant, later concluded the work and arranged its publication. Some idea of the magnitude of the project can be derived from the statement of Mr. Folse that Dr. Hayford himself spent some 2000 hours on the non-routine parts, and over 32,000 man-hours by 41 persons were consumed in making the study.
On nonlinear parametric search

An alternative viewpoint for parametric search is presented, which achieves a bound similar to that of Cole's improvement on Megiddo's method. The new technique simulates the algorithm for the underlying fixed-parameter problem simultaneously over multiple computation paths and applies naturally to linear and nonlinear problems. The uses of the method are illustrated with examples from optimization on weighted graphs and dynamic geometry, including maximum spanning trees, diameter, and smallest enclosing ball.
Does Having “the Right Stuff” Matter? Gender Differences in the Determinants of Career Success Among Intercollegiate Athletic Administrators

The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences on the determinants of career success (i.e., career satisfaction and promotions) through the differential return hypothesis. Human capital and social capital were both hypothesized to have a greater influence on the men's career success than on the women's. A questionnaire was used to gather data from 213 (74 men, 139 women) NCAA Division I athletic administrators. Results suggest that social capital was more influential for men than for women in gaining promotions in administration. However, differential returns were not noted for the human capital determinants on either career success variables.
Motivational determinants of decision-making in a triadic coalition game.

Summary A triadic coalition game was structured as an achievement-oriented situation by inclusion of a skill-based game task. Deductions regarding coalition partner choices were derived from Atkinsons' model of achievement motivation with the expectation that achievement-oriented players (Ms < Maf) would prefer moderate-risk strategy options while failure-avoidant players (Maf < Ms) would avoid moderate-risk strategies. Observation was made of the coalition partner preferences of 126 college sophomore males and females who played the game in same-sex triads. The Ss were categorized into motive configuration groups on the basis of scores derived from the Test of Insight and the Test Anxiety Questionnaire. The results were supportive of the hypotheses, since the Ms < Maf group chose moderate-risk coalition options more frequently than did the Maf < Ms group. By contrast the Maf < Ms group chose low-risk strategies and tended to avoid moderate-risk coalition options. While other coalition-game studies have s...
Inhibition of lectin-induced lymphocyte activation by diamide and other sulfhydryl reagents

Abstract Inhibition of lectin-induced lymphocyte activation by five reagents capable of combining with or oxidizing free sulfhydryl groups was examined. Each of the reagents tested was capable of inhibiting [ methyl - 3 H]thymidine or [ 14 C]uridine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. Four of these reagents, iodoacetamide and N -ethylmaleimide (alkylating agents) and 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p -hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonic acid (sulfhydryl binding agents), inhibited activation when added to lymphocyte cultures together with lectin or at any time thereafter through 48 hr. In contrast, the sulfhydryl oxidizing agent diazine dicarboxylic acid bis[ N,N -dimethylamide] (diamide) was effective only when added within 30–60 min of lectin or when added after 24 hr. This inhibition of lymphocyte activation was not due to decreased intracellular levels of reduced glutathione or to inhibition of binding of lectin to the lymphocyte. These results suggest that maintenance of free sulfhydryl groups is important during the early induction of lymphocyte activation and suggest that an obligatory step or steps in the activation sequence may involve sulfhydryl interactions.
Evaluation of Risk Assessment Questions Used to Target Blood Lead Screening in Illinois

Objective. Beginning in 1995, Illinois law permitted targeted—as opposed to universal—blood lead screening in low-risk areas, which were defined by ZIP code characteristics. State guidelines recommended specific lead risk assessment questions to use when targeting screening. This study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Illinois lead risk assessment questions. Design. Parents bringing their 9- or 10- or 12-month and 24-month-old children for health supervision visits at 13 pediatric practices and parents of children (aged 6 through 25 months and who needed a blood lead test) receiving care at 5 local health departments completed a lead risk assessment questionnaire concerning their child. Children had venous or capillary blood lead testing. Venous confirmation results of children with a capillary level ≥10 μg/dL were used in analyses. Children. There were 460 children with both blood and questionnaire data recruited at the pediatric practices (58% of eligible) and 285 children (51% of eligible) recruited at local health departments. Of the 745 children studied, 738 provided a ZIP code that allowed their residence to be categorized as in a low-risk (n = 456) or high-risk (n = 282) area. Results. Sixteen children (3.5%) living in low-risk areas versus 34 children (12.1%) living in high-risk areas had a venous blood lead level (BLL) ≥10 μg/dL; 1.8% and 5.3%, respectively, had a venous BLL ≥15 μg/dL. For children living in low-risk areas, Illinois mandated risk assessment questions (concerning ever resided in home built before 1960, exposure to renovation, and exposure to adult with a job or hobby involving lead) had a combined sensitivity of .75 for levels ≥10 μg/dL and .88 for levels ≥15 μg/dL; specificity was .39 and .39, respectively. The sensitivity of these questions was similar among children from high-risk areas; specificity decreased to .27 and .28, for BLLs ≥10 μg/dL and ≥15 μg/dL, respectively. The combination of items requiring respondents to list house age (built before 1950 considered high risk) and indicate exposure to renovation had a sensitivity among children from low-risk areas of .62 for BLLs ≥10 μg/dL with specificity of .57; sensitivity and specificity among high-risk area children were .82 and .36, respectively. For this strategy, similar sensitivities and specificities for low and high-risk areas were found for BLLs ≥15 μg/dL. Conclusions. The Illinois lead risk assessment questions identified most children with an elevated BLL. Using these questions, the majority of Illinois children in low-risk areas will continue to need a blood lead test. This first example of a statewide screening strategy using ZIP code risk designation and risk assessment questions will need further refinement to limit numbers of children tested. In the interim, this strategy is a logical next step after universal screening.
Electrophilic alkylation of 1-SB9H9

Abstract Reaction of closo-1-SB9H9 with either ethyl or methyl iodide in the presence of A1C13 produces alkylated derivatives of the type 1-SB9H(9-x)Rx (R  C2H5, CH3;x  15), which were identified by GC/MS, 11B and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The initial product is 6-R-1-SB9H8 rather than the 10-R-1-SB9H8 predicted on the basis of ground-state charge considerations. Thus, these results are as found for halogenation of 1-SB9H9 but differ from the precedent set by substitution reactions in closo-carboranes.