cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representation of motion boundaries in retinotopic human visual cortical areas

Edges are important in the interpretation of the retinal image. Although luminance edges have been studied extensively, much less is known about how or where the primate visual system detects boundaries defined by differences in surface properties such as texture, motion or binocular disparity. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to localize human visual cortical activity related to the processing of one such higher-order edge type: motion boundaries. We describe a robust fMRI signal that is selective for motion segmentation. This boundary-specific signal is present, and retinotopically organized, within early visual areas, beginning in the primary visual cortex (area V1). Surprisingly, it is largely absent from the motion-selective area MT/V5 and far extrastriate visual areas. Changes in the surface velocity defining the motion boundaries affect the strength of the fMRI signal. In parallel psychophysical experiments, the perceptual salience of the boundaries shows a similar dependence on surface velocity. These results demonstrate that information for segmenting scenes by relative motion is represented as early as V1.
Abstract 115: Predictors Of A Positive Stress Test Among Patient Presenting To The Emergency Department With Chest Pain

Objectives: Patients frequently present to the hospital with chest pain. Once myocardial infarction is ruled out based on EKG and cardiac enzymes, most patients undergo stress testing, but only few patients have a positive test. In ambulatory practice, age, sex and symptomatology can establish pretest probability of the coronary disease. However, there are no studies evaluating the predictors of a positive stress test in the emergency department (ED). We assessed predictors for a positive stress test in patients presenting to our hospital with chest pain. Methods: This is a case-control study conducted on a subset of patients admitted to our tertiary care center with chest pain between 2007 and 2009, and who had an inpatient stress test (n=1474). Using chart review, we identified 87 patients, whose stress tests were positive (abnormals), defined as presence of ischemia on EKG and/or imaging modalities. We then used a pseudorandom number generator to select 194 patients whose stress test results were normal (normals) for comparison. Clinical features of chest pain and CAD risk factors were abstracted from the medical record for comparison. A bivariable screening process was used to identify characteristics for inclusion in a multivariable predictive model. Sex and age were maintained in the model for face validity, and remaining covariates were removed in ascending order of their z-statistics until only those with a two-sided p-value of <0.10 remained. Stata 12.1 (Copyright 2011, StataCorp LP) was used for all analyses. Results: Patients with an abnormal stress test were older and more likely to be male and to have a history of vascular disease. Although patients with abnormal stress test were more likely to have history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and current or ex-smoking, this difference was not statistically significant. Over half of the patients presented with non-cardiac chest pain and there was no significant difference in the chest pain characteristics between patients who had a normal and an abnormal stress test result. In the final multivariable model, when compared to the normals, abnormals were four times as likely to have a history of revascularization (OR 4.13, 95% CI 2.11, 8.09) and twice as likely to have a history of hyperlipidemia (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.18, 3.79). They were also more likely to have an EKG suggestive of ischemia at presentation (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.03, 3.53). Specificity of the model was 89%; sensitivity was 43%, and the c-statistic for the final multivariable model was 0.76, suggesting fair to good discrimination. Conclusions: Among patients presenting to the ED with chest pain, a past history of revascularization and hyperlipidemia and an EKG suggestive of ischemia may independently predict the likelihood of an abnormal stress test. Further validation of this model on an external dataset is necessary.
Cell interaction with three-dimensional sharp-tip nanotopography

Cells in their native microenvironment interact with three-dimensional (3D) nanofeatures. Despite many reports on the effects of substrate nanotopography on cells, the independent effect of 3D parameters has not been investigated. Recent advances in nanofabrication for precise control of nanostructure pattern, periodicity, shape, and height enabled this systematic study of cell interactions with 3D nanotopographies. Two distinct nanopatterns (posts and grates) with varying three-dimensionalities (50-600 nm in nanostructure height) were created, while maintaining the pattern periodicity (230 nm in pitch) and tip shape (needle- or blade-like sharp tips). Human foreskin fibroblasts exhibited significantly smaller cell size and lower proliferation on needle-like nanoposts, and enhanced elongation with alignment on blade-like nanogrates. These phenomena became more pronounced as the nanotopographical three-dimensionality (structural height) increased. The nanopost and nanograte architectures provided the distinct contact guidance for both filopodia extension and the formation of adhesion molecules complex, which was believed to lead to the unique cell behaviors observed.
Assessment of physical and behavioral outcomes of treatment

This article reviews the availability of reliable and valid measures for assessing treatment outcomes and discusses issues related to research design, with the goal of identifying design elements that enhance the quality of evidence produced by clinical studies of therapeutic interventions. Assessment of outcomes in temporomandibular disorders can draw on methods and measures used with other chronic or recurrent pain conditions as well as temporomandibular disorder-specific measures. Reliable outcome measures are available for assessing the following: clinical signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders; pain intensity; affective aspects of pain; pain-related coping; pain behaviors, including expressive behaviors, activity limitation and use of health services; as well as pain-related disability and life interference. Well-designed measures of self-efficacy for controlling pain, explanatory models of pain, and patient satisfaction with treatment outcomes are needed. Elements of research design necessary for proving the worth of a clinical intervention include randomization, blinding, control, low loss to follow up, and an adequate follow-up period.
Expression of naloxone-resistant β-endorphin binding sites on A20 cells: effects of concanavalin A and dexamethasone

beta-Endorphin affects mononuclear cell proliferation, cytokine production and calcium uptake in a naloxone-resistant manner. The presence of naloxone-insensitive binding sites for beta-endorphin have been demonstrated on murine EL4-thymoma cells, transformed human mononuclear cells and normal murine splenocytes. Since murine splenic B cells have been shown to express naloxone-resistant receptors for beta-endorphin in response to the mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), the A20 B-cell lymphoma line was used to further study regulation of this site by Con A and dexamethasone. Analyses showed two sites: a high-affinity site, Kd1 = (8.7 +/- 2.3) x 10(-11) M and binding capacity (Bmax1) of (2.6 +/- 2.0) x 10(3) receptors/cell; and a low-affinity site, Kd2 = (2.2 +/- 0.8) x 10(-8) M with Bmax2 of (1.5 +/- 0.8) x 10(5) receptors/cell. Competition studies showed that N-acetyl-beta-endorphin was approx. 5-fold and beta-endorphin6-31 10-fold less potent than beta-endorphin1-31. Neither beta-endorphin1-27 nor naloxone, morphine or other opioid receptor agonists displaced [125I]beta-endorphin. Con A (20 micrograms/ml) significantly increased the Bmax (3.5-fold; expressed per cell) and resulted in a loss of the higher-affinity site. However, the increased Bmax occurred in proportion to the Con-A-induced increase in protein/cell. Dexamethasone (Dex) also increased Bmax, primarily by increasing (2-3-fold) the number of lower affinity sites. In contrast to Con A, two binding sites persisted after treatment with Dex, which exerted a minimal effect on protein/cell. Therefore, binding/cell and binding/protein/cell were both significantly enhanced by Dex. The combined effects of Dex and Con A on binding failed to show additivity or synergy. When binding was analyzed per protein/cell, the effect of Con A appeared to dominate; the Dex-enhanced binding/protein/cell was no longer evident in the presence of Dex plus Con A. Thus, Dex and Con A may enhance binding by independent mechanisms.
Sexual Satisfaction and Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Health Initiative

Abstract Background Sexual dysfunction in some men is predictive of occult cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether dissatisfaction with sexual activity, a domain of female sexual dysfunction, is associated with prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Methods Data from the Women′s Health Initiative-Observational Study were used. Subjects who were sexually active in the past year were classified at baseline as sexually satisfied or dissatisfied. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses modeling baseline cardiovascular conditions including myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure, and angina. We then created Cox proportional hazards models to determine hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease by baseline sexual dissatisfaction status. Results Dissatisfaction with sexual activity at baseline was significantly associated with prevalent peripheral arterial disease (odds ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.84), but not prevalent myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization including coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or a composite cardiovascular disease variable. The odds of baseline angina were decreased among those reporting sexual dissatisfaction at baseline (odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.86). In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, dissatisfaction with sexual activity was not significantly related to an increased hazard of any cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Dissatisfaction with sexual activity was modestly associated with an increased prevalence of peripheral arterial disease, even after controlling for smoking status. However, dissatisfaction did not predict incident cardiovascular disease. Although this may represent insensitivity of the sexual satisfaction construct to measure sexual dysfunction in women, it might be due to physiological differences in sexual functioning between men and women.
VFS Interjudge Reliability Using a Free and Directed Search

Reports in the literature suggest that clinicians demonstrate poor reliability in rating videofluoroscopic swallow (VFS) variables. Contemporary perception theories suggest that the methods used in VFS reliability studies constrain subjects to make judgments in an abnormal way. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a directed search or a free search approach to rating swallow studies results in better interjudge reliability. Ten speech pathologists served as judges. Five clinical judges were assigned to the directed search group (use checklist) and five to the free search group (unguided observations). Clinical judges interpreted 20 VFS examinations of swallowing. Interjudge reliability of ratings of dysphagia severity, affected stage of swallow, dysphagia symptoms, and attributes identified by clinical judges using a directed search was compared with that using a free search approach. Interjudge reliability for rating the presence of aspiration and penetration was significantly better using a free search (“substantial” to “almost perfect” agreement) compared to a directed search (“moderate” agreement). Reliability of dysphagia severity ratings ranged from “moderate” to “almost perfect” agreement for both methods of search. Reliability for reporting all other symptoms and attributes of dysphagia was variable and was not significantly different between the groups.
Finite Element Analysis of Freely Rotating Tires

Abstract Axisymmetric analysis of an inflated tire rotating with constant angular speed can be used to simulate two loading conditions of a tire during its service life: (1) a freely rotating tire on an automobile that is stuck in snow or mud and (2) the top region of a rolling loaded tire, where footprint loading has little influence on the distribution of its stresses and strains. The equations of motion for a freely rotating deformable body with constant angular speed have been derived and implemented into a finite element code developed in‐house. The rotation of a thin disk was used to check the validity of the implemented formulation and coding. Excellent agreement between the numerical and the analytical results was obtained. A cast tire, a radial automobile tire, and a radial truck tire, were then analyzed by the new finite element procedure. The tires were inflated and rotated at speeds up to 241 km/h (150 mph). The elastomers in these tires were simulated by incompressible elements for which the ...
On the Role of Meta-Analysis in Personality and Social Psychology

An examination of the frequency with which meta-analyses appear in the sub disciplines of psychology reveals that educational psychology and psychotherapy have produced the most meta-analyses, with social psychology not far behind. Several concerns that theoretical psychologists might have about applying meta-analysis to their research domain are reviewed. These include the notions that (a) meta-analysis is good for the study of methodological artifacts, not substantive theories, and (b) meta-analysis focuses on main effects whereas theory testing focuses on interactions. Both concerns are shown to be unwarranted. Examples of the use of meta-analysis to advance social psychological theory are presented, along with a discussion of the benefits to social psychology that might accrue if meta-analysis were widely adopted.
WE-D-AUD B-09: Fluence Variability and Errors in Dose Reconstructed From Exit Fluence Due to Patient Anatomical Variations

Purpose: To test the basic tenets of exit‐fluence‐based dose reconstruction by measuring incident fluence variability and by determining the error introduced by incorrectly attributing measured patient‐induced exit fluence deviations to incident fluence deviations. Method and Materials: Fluence reproducibility of a Varian linac's 6 and 18 MV beams is measured for open fields, MLC test fields, and a sample complex patient field using an aS1000 EPID. Both short‐ and long‐term reproducibility are measured, using a method designed to separate fluence and detector variability. To demonstrate potential pitfalls of attributing patient‐related fluence deviations to incident fluence variations, EPIDimages are calculated using a Monte Carlo‐based algorithm for both the original patient anatomy and for a variant anatomy in which the patient's rectum is filled with air. Deviations between the computed exit images are used to derive entrance fluence ‘corrections’, which are then used in the Monte Carlo‐based algorithm to reconstruct the patient dose. Results: For MLC test fields and the complex patient field, measured fluence variability is <2%. Comparison of the planned, actual and reconstructed doses finds that the difference between the planned and actual dose is substantially smaller than the difference between the reconstructed and actual dose. The uncorrected original planned dose is a better estimator of the actual dose than the reconstructed dose. Conclusion: Attributing measured exit fluence variations to incorrect incident fluence delivery appears to be both unjustified and incorrect. Assigning patient‐induced exit fluence deviations to incident‐fluence deviations increases the error in patient dose estimation. Dose reconstruction breaks down when its basic premise is violated, that is, when fluence deviations are caused by anatomical changes instead of fluence delivery variations. Conflict of Interest: This work was supported in part by Varian Medical Systems.
Haptic feedback and students' learning about levers: Unraveling the effect of simulated touch

While there has been extensive experimental research on haptics, less has been conducted on cross-modal interactions between visual and haptic perception and even less still on cross-modal applications in instructional settings. This study looks at a simulation on the principles of levers using both visual and haptic feedback: one group received visual and haptic feedback while the other just visual feedback. Using the triangulation of learning scores, eye tracking data, and video analysis of interaction with the levers, the efficacy of haptic feedback to improve learning was explored. The results indicate that while the total fixation time on the levers and numeric readout was greater for the visual and haptic group, very similar patterns of visual attention were seen between groups. Perhaps surprisingly, the visual only group scored higher on an embedded assessment. Explanations for these results are synthesized from theories of cross-modal perception and cognitive architecture.
Function of identified motoneurones and co‐ordination of primary and secondary motor systems during zebra fish swimming.

1. The activity of the two classes of motoneurones, primary and secondary, which innervate myotomal muscle fibres in the zebra fish, was monitored with electromyographic and intracellular techniques. 2. Simultaneous EMG and intracellular recordings from muscle fibres showed that the activity of the two motor systems and of individual primary motoneurones can be distinguished by recording EMG spikes during swimming. 3. Measurements of EMG spikes demonstrated that primary and secondary motoneurones are co-ordinately activated over a wide range of conditions during normal swimming. 4. During swimming the primary motoneurones within a given segment are usually co-activated although they sometimes fire independently. 5. When different primary motoneurones within a given segment are co-activated, they fire nearly synchronously. 6. We conclude that the primary motoneurones are used principally, although not exclusively, during fast swimming, struggling and the startle response, whereas secondary motoneurones function primarily during slower swimming.
An IP-10 (CXCL10)-derived peptide inhibits angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in processes such as organ development, wound healing, and tumor growth. It requires well-orchestrated integration of soluble and matrix factors and timely recognition of such signals to regulate this process. Previous work has shown that newly forming vessels express the chemokine receptor CXC receptor 3 (CXCR3) and, activation by its ligand IP-10 (CXCL10), both inhibits development of new vasculature and causes regression of newly formed vessels. To identify and develop new therapeutic agents to limit or reverse pathological angiogenesis, we identified a 21 amino acid fragment of IP-10, spanning the α-helical domain residues 77–98, that mimic the actions of the whole IP-10 molecule on endothelial cells. Treatment of the endothelial cells with the 22 amino acid fragment referred to as IP-10p significantly inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial motility and tube formation in vitro, properties critical for angiogenesis. Using a Matrigel plug assay in vivo, we demonstrate that IP-10p both prevented vessel formation and induced involution of nascent vessels. CXCR3 neutralizing antibody was able to block the inhibitory effects of the IP-10p, demonstrating specificity of the peptide. Inhibition of endothelial function by IP-10p was similar to that described for IP-10, secondary to CXCR3-mediated increase in cAMP production, activation of PKA inhibiting cell migration, and inhibition of VEGF-mediated m-calpain activation. IP-10p provides a novel therapeutic agent that inhibits endothelial cell function thus, allowing for the modulation of angiogenesis.
Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum in differentiating root protophloem of Nicotiana tabacum.

In protophloem sieve elements of roots of Nicotiana tabacum L., nuclei disintegrate completely during cell differentiation. While the sieve element still hardly differs from meristematic cells next to it, the nucleus shows indications of reduction in the amount of chromatin, and its nucleolus is small. After the contents of the nucleus are more or less completely eliminated, the nuclear envelope partly collapses. Its integrity breaks down and the nuclear space is invaded by cytoplasmic ribosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) increases in amount as differentiation progresses and the initially scattered cisternae are assembled into stacks. Electron-dense material appears between the cisternae of a stack. Development of stacked ER is at maximum just before reorganization of the protoplast is completed and the cell reaches the mature state. A small amount of ER is present in the mature cell, but the nucleus is absent. Various other phenomena of specialization of the sieve element protoplast are correlated with the changes in the nucleus and ER. Particularly notable is the timing in maturation of the sieve plate. While the nucleus collapses, the pore sites are still covered with ER cisternae. Removal of the ER from pore sites and the final opening of pores occur at the end of differentiation of the sieve element.
Analgesic cross-tolerance between morphine and opioid peptides

The analgesic effect of intracerebroventricular administration of morphine, ketocyclazocine, [D-ala2]-methionine enkephalinamide (DAM), [D-ala2-D-leu5]-enkephalin (DADLE), leuenkephalin, metenkephalin, and beta-endorphin on acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing (AAW) was investigated in naive and morphine-tolerant mice. It was found that the relative potencies of a series of opioids are different in naive and morphine-tolerant groups. In naive animals, the order of potency (ED50, nmol) was beta-endorphin greater than morphine = DAM greater than DADLE greater than ketocyclazocine = leuenkephalin = metenkephalin. The morphine-tolerant animals were cross-tolerant to ketocyclazocine and to all the peptides studied; DAM and beta-endorphin exhibited the highest degree of tolerance. In morphine-tolerant animals, the order of potency was morphine = DADLE = beta-endorphin greater than DAM = ketocyclazocine = metenkephalin greater than leuenkephalin. The results indicate that endogenous opioid systems may be affected by tolerance development to morphine.
Bringing sustainability science to water basin management

Sustainability science studies the causes, pathways and impacts of complex development problems that result from the interaction of natural and social forces. Water availability in arid basins with rapidly growing populations presents a perfect example of a development problem that needs sustainability science to provide the scientific underpinnings for integrated management of the basin. The author (1) introduces the concept of sustainability science, (2) applies the concept to integrated water basin management, and (3) illustrates the use of sustainability science in the management of the arid Rio Grande basin on the border between Mexico and the United States.
Male-Biased Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron-Specific Deletion of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit p85α on the Reproductive Axis

GnRH neurosecretion is subject to regulation by insulin, IGF-I, leptin, and other neuroendocrine modulators whose effects may be conveyed by activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated pathways. It is not known, however, whether any of these regulatory actions are exerted directly, via activation of PI3K in GnRH neurons, or whether they are primarily conveyed via effects on afferent circuitries governing GnRH neurosecretion. To investigate the role of PI3K signaling in GnRH neurons, we used conditional gene targeting to ablate expression of the major PI3K regulatory subunit, p85α, in GnRH neurons. Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed reduction of p85α mRNA expression in GnRH neurons of GnRH-p85α knockout (KO) animals. Females of both genotypes exhibited estrous cyclicity and had comparable serum LH, estradiol-17β, and FSH levels. In male GnRH-p85αKO mice, serum LH, testosterone, and sperm counts were significantly reduced compared with wild type. To investigate the role of the other major regulatory subunit, p85β, on the direct control of GnRH neuronal function, we generated mice with a GnRH-neuron-specific p85α deletion on a global βKO background. No additional reproductive effects in male or female mice were found, suggesting that p85β does not substitute p85 activity toward PI3K function in GnRH neurons. Our results suggest that p85α, and thus PI3K activity, participates in the control of GnRH neuronal activity in male mice. The sex-specific phenotype in these mice raises the possibility that PI3K activation during early development may establish sex differences in GnRH neuronal function.
Stakeholders and Takeovers: Can Contractarianism be Compassionate?

The issue of what, if any, purchase non-shareholder corporate constituencies (that is, employees, creditors, suppliers, customers, and communities) should have on the discretionary decisions of corporate management has proved to be one of the most durable, if not vexing, issues in modern corporate scholarship. Most recently, the issue has resurfaced in the context of the takeover wave of the 1980s, particularly during the latter part of the decade when control transactions became associated with high levels of leverage. At core, stakeholder advocates were riveted by the asymmetries involved in change-of-control transactions. While target shareholders earned consistent and sizeable returns from these transactions, stakeholders were left in the cold. Indeed, in some cases, control transactions were thought to be capable of inflicting highly focused losses on stakeholders. So severe were these losses that some commentators, were led to conclude it was the gains from opportunistic breaching of stakeholder contracts that motivated the transactions in the first place. As in the past, participants in the stakeholder and takeover debate generally array themselves into two distinct camps: one, which views any judicial or legislative attempt to protect stakeholders from harms not explicitly prohibited by corporate contracts as anathema ('non-protectionists'), and the other, which regards corporate responsibility for stakeholder harms as an innate and natural feature of the system of modern corporate governance ('protectionists'). In a perceptive article, Romano attributes part of the differences among scholars on divisive issues of corporate law to the starkly divergent normative beliefs that underlie each side. For nonprotectionists, the underlying normative framework is individualistic liberalism, whereas for protectionists, it is usually communitarianism. Given the gulf that divides these underlying normative views, the hope for a principled and durable resolution to the stakeholder debate is indeed dim.
Suggestions for a course in consumer health

(1981). Suggestions for a Course in Consumer Health. Journal of American College Health Association: Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 245-246.
Building Blocks of Social Inequality: A Critique of Durable Inequality

Durable Inequality is an important and insightful book. In this work, Charles Tilly links organizational needs to the production and reproduction of social inequality. For some time now, organizational theorists have demonstrated that formal organizations are central actors in modem society, and that the significant environment of formal organizations are other formal organizations. Durable Inequality demonstrates how social inequality is directly tied to solving organizational problems. His four master mechanisms-exploitation, opportunity hoarding, emulation, and adaptation-tell us a great deal about how inequality is produced and maintained. The argument about categorical pairing and how such pairing is used by organizations to generate inequality is plausible and seductive. Tilly's book provides an unequivocal structural argument of inequality. But cultural analysts will find a small space in which to huddle underneath this large structural umbrella. Tilly makes clear that belief systems affect inequality. His argument does not require students of inequality to completely discard beliefs systems like racism, sexism, and homophobia. For exploiters, opportunity hoarders, and even victims of inequality utilize such beliefs to rationalize, justify, and explain processes of inequality. Nevertheless, Tilly's argument insists that belief systems play no causal role in the generation of inequality. Beliefs and ideologies may embellish and at times reinforce structural factors that produce durable inequality. For Tilly, ideas and belief systems pertaining to inequality are fluid and ad hoc in nature. They can be plucked from existing cultural repertoires and applied to processes of inequality as the need arises. He writes that "the relative prevalence of such attitudes plays a secondary part in inequality's extent and form. Mistaken beliefs reinforce exploitation, opportunity hoarding, emulation, and adaptation but exercise little independent influence on their initiation" (15). Structural mechanisms cause inequality. Tilly maintains that "causal mechanisms resemble each other greatly, while outcomes differ dramatically thus inviting very different rationalizations or condemnations after the fact" (15). This logic leads him to conclude that "social scientists dealing with such durable forms of inequality must hack through dense ideological overgrowth to reach structural roots" (15).
Neural and Hemodynamic Responses to Optogenetic and Sensory Stimulation in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex

Introducing optogenetics into neurovascular research can provide novel insights into the cell-specific control of the hemodynamic response. To generalize findings from molecular approaches, it is crucial to determine whether light-activated circuits have the same effect on the vasculature as sensory-activated ones. For that purpose, rats expressing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) specific to excitatory glutamatergic neurons were used to measure neural activity, blood flow, hemoglobin-based optical intrinsic signal, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during optogenetic and sensory stimulation. The magnitude of the evoked hemodynamic responses was monotonically correlated with optogenetic stimulus strength. The BOLD hemodynamic response function was consistent for optogenetic and sensory stimuli. The relationship between electrical activities and hemodynamic responses was comparable for optogenetic and sensory stimuli, and better explained by the local field potential (LFP) than the firing rate. The LFP was well correlated with cerebral blood flow, moderately with cerebral blood volume, and less with deoxyhemoglobin (dHb) level. The presynaptic firing rate had little impact on evoking vascular response. Contribution of the postsynaptic LFP to the blood flow response induced by optogenetic stimulus was further confirmed by the application of glutamate receptor antagonists. Overall, neurovascular coupling during optogenetic control of glutamatergic neurons largely conforms to that of a sensory stimulus.
Affect and automatic mood maintenance

The hedonic contingency model (HCM; Wegener & Petty, 1994) states that individuals have learned to seek out positive activities while in a happy mood in order to maintain or elevate that mood. We argue that this tendency may become overlearned and, thus, automated. More specifically, the experience of a happy mood was predicted to automatically activate the mood-maintenance tendency proposed by the HCM. Participants induced into happy, sad, or neutral moods ranked their preferences for future activities that were nonconsciously associated with either a positive or negative valence. Supporting the notion of automatic mood maintenance, happy participants appeared to evaluate the affective qualities of the future activities and base their preferences on this evaluation without realizing that they were doing so. Theoretical implications of this finding are discussed.
Differential expression of GAP-43 mRNA in adult central cholinergic neuronal populations

Abstract The present study addresses a question of differential expression for a ‘plasticity’ gene within neurons identified by neurotransmitter type. A method combining immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) with in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) in the same brain sections was used to quantitate the levels of mRNA for the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (neuromodulin) in rat central cholinergic neuronal populations. We found that many cholinergic neurons in the adult rat brain express levels of GAP-43 mRNA comparable to other brain regions noted for their expression of this plasticity gene. GAP-43 expression in cholinergic cell groups appeared to be highly heterogeneous; this was often true even for cholinergic neurons within the same brain region. A dorsal-ventral gradient in GAP-43 mRNA levels was evident in the rostral basal forebrain cholinergic groups; i.e., medial septum, nucleus basalis magnocellularis and the vertical limb of the diagonal band expressed intermediate levels, while the horizontal limb of the diagonal band and the substantia innominata expressed higher levels of GAP-43 mRNA. Cholinergic interneurons of the striatum were grouped in several populations according to mRNA levels, from very low to very high expression. Similarly, GAP-43 mRNA levels in the cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis/ substantia innominata were quite variable. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA in brainstem cholinergic groups (laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei) was in nearly uniform populations of somewhat lower levels. While the expression of GAP-43 mRNA in cholinergic neurons was heterogeneous, virtually every ChAT-positive neuron sampled contained GAP-43 mRNA at levels significantly over background. The highly heterogeneous expression of neuromodulin/GAP-43 in central cholinergic neurons may relate to the differential survival of these cells in brain disease or injury, or may reflect on differential involvement of GAP-43 in regulation of neurotransmitter release.
Qualitative analysis of a diffusive prey–predator model

Abstract In this work we examine a Lotka–Volterra model with diffusion describing the dynamics of multiple interacting prey and predator species. We show that the solution exists, and is unique, bounded, nonnegative, and globally defined. We also prove the non-existence of nonconstant steady state solutions if certain conditions are satisfied. For the particular case of two prey (e.g., engineered and native, respectively) and one common predator species, by performing a linear stability analysis about the initial native-dominant steady state, we determine under which conditions the engineered species invasion succeeds.
Sequence studies on human placenta tRNAVal: Comparison with the mouse myeloma tRNAVal

Abstract The major species of valine specific tRNA was isolated from human placenta, degraded to oligonucleotides, and shown to have the nucleotide sequence pG-U-U-U-C-C-G-U-A-G-U-G-U-A-G-D-G-G-D-D-A-U-C-A-C-m2G-U-U-C-G-C-C-U-(I or C)-A-C-A-C-G-C-G-A-A-A-G-m7G-D-m5C-m5C-C-C-G-G-U-U-C-G-m1A-A-A-C-C-G-G-G-C-G-G-A-A-A-C-A-C-C-AOH. This human placental tRNAVal differs from the major species of mouse myeloma tRNAVal only in that it contains either I or C in the wobble position of the anticodon, and totally lacks 2′-O-methylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine in the anticodon loop.
Multiple disturbances accelerate invasion of reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) in a mesocosm study

Disturbances that intensify with agriculture and/or urban development are thought to promote the spread of invasive plants, such as the clonal perennial reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L). To test this relationship and interactions among disturbances, we subjected wet prairie assemblages within 1.1 m2 mesocosms to invasion by Phalaris and addition of nutrients, sediments, and flooding. Species richness decreased with the application of sediments and/or flooding of 4 consecutive weeks or longer. Losses of up to six dominant and subdominant species in these treatments increased light transmission through the plant canopy by as much as 400% over the control. Light availability in July and September was a strong predictor of end-of-season aboveground biomass of Phalaris. Phalaris was also 35% and 195% more productive when nutrients were added at low and high levels, respectively. Multiple factors in combination were usually additive in their effects on invasion, but sediments and nutrients interacted with flood regime to synergistically increase invasion in some cases. A separate experiment likewise revealed a synergistic interaction between added nutrients and simulated grazing. We suggest that multiple factors be mitigated simultaneously to reduce invasion of Phalaris.
The complexity and accuracy of discrete state models of protein structure.

The prediction of protein structure depends on the quality of the models used. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the complexity and accuracy of representation of various models of protein α-carbon backbone structure. First, we develop an efficient algorithm for the near optimal fitting of arbitrary lattice and off-lattice models of polypeptide chains to their true X-ray structures. Using this, we show that the relationship between the complexity of a model, taken as the number of possible conformational states per residue, and the simplest measure of accuracy, the root-meansquare deviation from the X-ray structure, is approximately (Accuracy) X (Complexity) −1/2 . This relationship is insensitive to the particularities of individual models, i.e. lattice and off-lattice models of the same complexity tend to have similar average root-mean-square deviations, and this also implies that improvements in model accuracy with increasing complexity are very small. However, other measures of model accuracy, such as the preservation of X-ray residue-residue contacts and the α-helix, do distinguish among models. In addition, we show that low complexity models, which take into account the uneven distribution of residue conformations in real proteins, can represent X-ray structures as accurately as more complex models, which do not: a selected 6-state model can represent protein structures almost as accurately (1.7 A root-mean-square) as a 17-state lattice model (1.6 A root-mean-square). Finally, we use a novel optimization procedure to generate eight 4-state models, which fit native proteins to an average of 2.4 A, and preserve 85% of native residue-residue contacts. We discuss the implications of these findings for protein folding and the prediction of protein conformation.
International geodesy discussed in Vienna

The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) met for 2 weeks in August 1991 during the 20th General Assembly of the IUGG in Vienna. Numerous plans were made for future scientific projects and meetings and a large number of scientific and administrative activities were completed. IAG is an organization whose objectives are to promote the study of scientific problems of geodesy;; to promote and coordinate international cooperation in geodesy;; and to provide, on an international basis, an opportunity for the discussion and publication of geodetic research. To implement these objectives, the IAG is organized into five sections and several groups that fall outside the section definition. The five sections are Positioning (I), Advanced Space Technology (II), Determination of the Gravity Field (III), General Theory and Methodology (IV), and Geodynamics (V). Each section has a structure that is organized through the president of the section.
Limit behavior of fibrous materials

Abstract This paper studies the limit behavior of fibrous materials which are composed of planar arrays of long elastic, perfectly plastic fibers site bonded or imbedded in a strengthless matrix. The upper and lower bound limit theorems are used to obtain equations for limit surfaces of representative structural elements of fibrous membranes in terms of the number, orientation and limit load of the constituent fibers. The effects of fiber orientation geometry. fiber yielding, fiber buckling and pullout of fibers from the remaining structure are included in the theory and illustrated with numerical examples. Experimental results consisting of uniaxial tensile tests of metal wire mats and non-woven fabrics are compared to analytical predictions.
Childhood Sexual Abuse Among Black Women and White Women From Two-Parent Families:

Differences in childhood sexual abuse (CSA) between Black women and White women are explored in a community sample of 290 women raised in two-parent families.A self-administered questionnaire and a face-to-face interview assessed CSA characteristics, aftermath, and prevalence as well as family structure and other childhood variables. Siblings served as collateral informants for the occurrence of CSA. Overall, comparisons of the nature, severity, and aftermath of CSA showed similarities by race; some differences, for example, in age of onset, are potentially relevant for the planning of prevention programs. Logistic regression models examined effects of childhood variables on CSA prevalence. Initial analyses showed a higher CSA prevalence among Black women (34.1% [45] of Black women vs. 22.8% [36] of White women) that was attenuated when family structure (e.g., living with two biological parents throughout childhood or not) and social class were considered. Of interest, differences in family structure remained important even among these two-parent families. Understanding the dynamics of abuse by race and family structure will facilitate the design of more targeted CSA prevention programs.
Chronic morphine treatment selectively suppresses macrophage colony formation in bone marrow.

Abstract Opioids have been shown to have diverse effects on the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro, but their interactions on immature progenitor cells have been little studied. We have examined the effects of chronic morphine treatment of mice on colony formation by bone marrow cells in vitro. Bone marrow cells from mice implanted with morphine pellets for 72 h showed a 65% decrease in their response to macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). In contrast, chronic morphine treatment had no effect on the response of bone marrow cells to granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Removal of the morphine pellets from the mice resulted in a time-dependent reversal of the inhibition of macrophage colony formation, and the inhibition was completely blocked by simultaneous administration of naloxone and morphine pellets to the mice. No inhibition of colony formation was observed in bone marrow cells from mice treated with a single acute dose of morphine. Incubation of bone marrow cells from untreated mice for 7 days with in vitro morphine concentrations as low as 25 μM also reduced macrophage colony formation, and the opioid peptide β-endorphin was even more potent, significantly reducing macrophage colony formation at concentrations as low as 0.25 μM. In agreement with the in vivo effects, neither opioid in vitro had a significant effect on granuiocyte/macrophage colony formation. These results suggest that opioids may significantly alter the maturation of immune cells, which could result in potent effects on overall immune competence.
Some cobalt complexes of binucleating Schiff base ligands

Abstract The cobalt(II) complexes of three binucleating ligands have been prepared and characterized. The chemistry of these complexes has been examined, largely reactions in methanol solution. The dicobalt(II) complexes are readily oxidized to the di-cobalt(III) analogs, and these in turn are re-reduced to the parent complexes. One organometallic derivative was prepared, the (CH3Co)2 complex of the ligand 5-Butsal4bz. It was characterized by its reaction with mercury(II) and its photodecomposition to the dicobalt(II) complex in the absence of oxygen and to di-cobalt(III) when oxygen is present.
Independent measurement of oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery

This experiment investigated the relationship between oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery (cardiac output X arterial oxygen content) in an acute canine model. Previous studies investigating this relationship have largely utilized methods in which oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery were each calculated using the same measured variables resulting in mathematical coupling of variables. In this study, oxygen consumption was measured directly by closed-circuit spirometry. Oxygen delivery was independently controlled using right atrial bypass. These techniques assured that the values for oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery were derived entirely independently. In our study using 11 dogs, we found that oxygen consumption was constant and independent of oxygen delivery at oxygen delivery levels greater than 8.0 cc/kg/min (normal canine oxygen delivery 20-25 cc/kg/min). Oxygen consumption was linearly related to oxygen delivery at oxygen delivery levels less than or equal to 8.0 cc/kg/min. Below this critical level of oxygen delivery, animals were more acidotic and hypotensive than at higher delivery levels.
The progressive division and specialization of industries

(1965). The progressive division and specialization of industries. The Journal of Development Studies: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 363-383.
ENHANCEMENT BY THYMIDINE ANALOGS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CELLS TO TRANSFORMATION BY SV40.

Abstract The established mouse cell line, 3T3, is readily transformed by SV40. Infection of exponentially growing cultures results in a greater transformation frequency (3.6–6.8%) than does infection of stationary phase, non-DNA-synthesizing cells (1.8–2.6%). The thymidine analogs IUDR and BUDR are without effect on cell viability or transformation frequency when added to nongrowing cultures. Dividing cultures lose viability in the presence of these drugs to a degree dependent on the concentration and duration of exposure. Under conditions that lead to loss of viability of a portion of the population, surviving the cells are transformed by SV40 with a considerably higher frequency. Since this effect occurs whether the cells are exposed to the analogs before or after infection, they do not appear to act through modification of viral growth. At analog concentrations where cell killing is not too expensive, the absolute number of transformed colonies is increased, indicating a direct effect of the analogs on the susceptibility of the cells to transformation.