cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion Chromatography for the analysis of household consumer products

Abstract Ion chromatography (IC) is an indespensable tool for the analysis of household consumer products. Items such as baking soda, laundry detergent, dental care products, mouthwash, etc., can be analyzed quickly and accurately using chemically suppressed IC, single-column ion chromatography (SCIC) or a combination of the two technologies. In USP baking soda, trace anions can be determined at ppm levels to ensure product quality and conformance to FDA requlations. In dental care products, the determination and speciation of soluble flouride compounds will be shown, as well as the determination of the tartar control agent, pyrophosphate. The non-chromophoric sweetener, sodium cyclamate, will be determined in foreign dental care products. In liquid laundry detergents, chloride is added for viscosity control; silicate, mono-, di- and triethanolamines are added for buffering. Formate is present as an enzyme stabilizer. Citrate and laurate are added for hardness control. These species can be determined effectively in SCIC systems, as well as chemically suppressed systems. For some applications, the use of traditonal SCIC columns along with chemical suppression improves detectability and simplifies sample preparation. The MilliTrap-H+ membrane cartridge will be evaluated as an aid to sample preparation.
powerlessness, exploitation and the soul‐eating witch: an analysis of Badyaranke witchcraft

Conflict between village peasants and the modern state is associated with increased concern with witchcraft. Villagers accuse one another of witchcraft and do not accuse the state bureaucrats with whom they have many unresolved grievances. The argument is that in accusing one another of witchcraft the village peasants are displacing conflicts with more powerful outsiders. [Senegal, religion, witchcraft, social change, symbolism]
Affective behavior and weight changes among hospitalized failure‐to‐thrive infants

The affective behavior and weight change of 12 nonorganic failure-to-thrive, 12 organic failure-to-thrive, and 12 control infants (M age = 8 months) were compared across their hospitalization. Infant affect was evaluated at approximately the beginning, middle, and endpoints of hospitalization using the Behavioral Assessment Scale. Among the failure-to-thrive infants, positive responses to stimulation at the initial assessment were related to weight loss across the course of hospitalization, while positive responses to the same stimulation at the middle assessment were related to weight gain. These unexpected results coupled with the finding that 70% of the failure-to-thrive infants gained weight and 30% lost weight across hospitalization led to a comparison between infants who gained and infants who lost weight. An increase in positive affect across hospitalization occurred only for the infants who gained weight. Paradoxically, the losers may have experienced hospital stimulation as less adequate than maternal stimulation, while the gainers may have experienced hospital stimulation as more adequate than home stimulation.
Bayesian Results for the Inverse Gaussian Distribution with an Application

Some Bayesian results are derived for the inverse Gaussian family of distributions with noninformative reference prior as well as the natural conjugate prior. With a particular parameterization, the posterior distributions are found to have remarkable similarities with the corresponding results for the normal model. Finally, an application of the Bayesian results is given toward analyzing some equipment failure data.
Domain-general abilities applied to domain-specific tasks: Sensitivity to probabilities in perception, cognition, and language☆

Abstract Perceptual and cognitive abilities that are species- and domain-specific may nonetheless have components that are widespread across species and apply to numerous domains. For example, all theories of sentence parsing are constrained by the operations of a limited-capacity memory that is a general characteristic of cognition. This paper discusses another ability that is general across species and, within a species, across numerous cognitive and perceptual domains. We review evidence from the animal learning and human cognitive literature that animals (a) possess fine- grained sensitivity to probabilistic patterns in their environment and (b) use multiple probabilistic cues to solve particular problems. Such sensitivity is advantageous because the structure of the environment itself can often be characterized as probabilistic. The chances of success at solving various problems, from foraging to depth perception, would therefore increase if animals were sensitive to probabilistic cues and could determine whether multiple cues converge on a solution. We discuss the implications of these claims for language processing, and argue that the domain- general ability to detect and exploit probabilistic information is brought to bear on numerous language-specific problems.
Differential responses of small mammals to fragmentation in a Thailand tropical forest

Abstract Fragmentation of tropical forests has wide-ranging effects on wildlife communities, but the actual mechanisms of species impoverishment remain poorly understood. Small mammal assemblages on recent land-bridge islands at Chiew Larn, Thailand, were compared with nearby continuous forest from the fifth to seventh years following island creation. Assemblages on islands rapidly developed a nested structure, converging in composition and representing a depauperate subset of those in continuous forest. Among species that persisted on islands, many had altered abundances, with some increasing and others declining. A “random placement model” accounted for the observed distributions of species on mainland sites but not on islands, suggesting that nested island assemblages were generated both by changes in species distributions and abundances after fragmentation. Six species were prone to extinction on islands, whereas three increased in abundance, apparently because they were good over-water colonizers or favored disturbed habitats on islands. We conclude that the development of nested mammal assemblages in the Chiew Larn archipelago was caused both by differential vulnerabilities of species to local extinction and by varying abilities of species to colonize islands and to thrive in disturbed island habitats.
Serial headache drawings by children with migraine: correlation with clinical headache status.

Children's artistic self-depictions of headache provide valuable insights into their experience of pain and aid in the diagnostic differentiation of headache types. In a previous study, we compared the clinical diagnosis (gold standard) and artistic diagnosis of headaches in 226 children. In approximately 90% of cases, the drawing predicted the clinical diagnosis of migraine versus nonmigraine headache correctly. In the present study, we explored whether headache drawings correlate with clinical improvement after treatment in children with migraine headaches followed longitudinally. Children seen in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic with the chief complaint of headache were asked to draw a picture of what their headache feels like. On subsequent clinic visits, children with the clinical diagnosis of migraine were asked to draw another picture depicting their current headache. The two drawings were compared to assess whether there was improvement; this “artistic response” was then correlated with the child's ...
Distributed detection in wireless sensor networks in the presence of misbehaving nodes

Distributed detection in wireless sensor networks in the presence of one or more classes of misbehaving nodes is considered. Misbehavior may arise from Byzantine attacks, or may be caused by other factors such as node failure due to hardware or software degradation. We consider binary hypotheses testing where the honest nodes transmit their binary decisions to the fusion center (FC), while the misbehaving nodes transmit fictitious decisions. The FC must identify the misbehaving nodes in order to remove their deleterious effect. We show that each class of nodes can be identified with its operating point on the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Maximum likelihood estimation of the nodes' operating points is then formulated and solved as an expectation maximization (EM) problem with the nodes' identities as latent variables. The solution from the EM algorithm is then used to classify the nodes and to solve the distributed hypothesis testing problem. Numerical results compared with those from the reputation-based schemes show a significant improvement in both classification of the nodes and hypothesis testing results. We also discuss an inherent ambiguity in the node classification problem and explain how it can be resolved.
Electrophoretic injection of a fluorescent dye into giant mitochondria and mitoplasts

Studies of the electrical properties of giant mitochondria and mitoplasts with microelectrodes have indicated that there are no significant metabolically dependent membrane potentials. The internal location of the microelectrode has been confirmed by electrophoretically microinjecting the water-soluble dye Lucifer yellow CH into giant mitochondria or mitoplasts.
Methionine biosynthesis in Ochromonas malhamensis.

Abstract Methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthetase) has been partially purified (60- to 80-fold) from the soluble fraction of Ochromonas malhamensis cells. Preliminary studies with the enzyme from cells grown on medium containing cyano-B12 sufficient for optimum growth were done with and without air. Under anaerobic conditions coenzyme B12 inhibited methionine formation. In air the coenzyme gave marked stimulation and was much more active than the system under nitrogen. Without coenzyme B12 the activity under nitrogen and in air was similar. With protein prepared from cells grown with limiting cyano-B12, more methionine was synthesized anaerobically than in air when coenzyme B12 was not present. Anaerobically coenzyme B12 had no effect. In air the coenzyme caused very high activity, equivalent to the B12-adequate preparation plus coenzyme B12. Both holoenzyme and apoenzyme are probably present in each preparation, with more of the apoenzyme in the deficient preparation. The adequate enzyme system in air required in addition to coenzyme B12, ATP, Mg2+, adenosylmethionine, and NADH. The major work dealt with the B12-deficient protein. The cofactor requirements were the same as for the adequate system. No other reducing agent was equivalent to NADH. FMNH2 (H2) was less effective; dithiothreitol inhibited. The unique preference for NADH may be related to the synthesis of holoenzyme. In this system coenzyme B12 was the most active B12 compound. Cyano-B12 was somewhat less active, but required the same cofactors. Methyl-B12 was also less active, and at higher levels caused inhibition. This inhibition only occurred in the presence of ATP. Otherwise, the cofactors needed with methyl-B12 were the same, except that a smaller amount of Mg2+ and a higher quantity of adenosylmethionine were needed for maximum activity. Ethyl-B12 was active and propyl-B12 gave some activity at a low level, but inhibited at a higher level. Some of the activity maybe attributed to its protection of the holoenzyme in air, although the magnitude of the activity suggests that there may have been some enzymatic cleavage of the cobalt-propyl bond. The role of ATP is unclear. It was required for maximum utilization of endogenous B12 and added coenzyme B12 and cyano-B12, and it inhibited the use of methyl-B12. It is proposed that ATP may alter protein conformation permitting better spacial relationships when the “natural” B12 coenzyme [formed from coenzyme B12 and cyano-B12 (in vivo or in vitro)]is present, than when methyl-B12 is the source of the B12 compound.
Partial nucleotide sequence of the parvalbumin from chicken thymus designated “avian thymic hormone”

Abstract The incomplete amino acid sequence of the protein identified as avian thymic hormone was recently reported [Brewer et al. (1989), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160 , 11555-1161], and a very high degree of homology to the parvalbumins was apparent. Using mixed oligonucleotide primers based on the reported protein sequence, we have succeeded in amplifying and cloning a 188 bp fragment of the coding region for this protein, beginning with double-stranded cDNA prepared from chicken thymus mRNA. The translated nucleotide sequence of this fragment and the reported amino acid sequence display substantial disagreement. Most notably, the nucleotide sequence indicates that the CD site of avian thymic hormone is a typical parvalbumin CD site.
Tuning of the Reflection Properties of Templated Cholesteric Liquid Crystals using Phase Transitions

The magnitude of the color changes induced by heating chiral templated polymer structures formed in spatially heterogeneous cells is examined. The large blue and subsequent red tuning of the selective reflection wavelength, caused by deswelling/reswelling of the network at the transition temperatures, is affected by the network crosslink density, heating/cooling rates, and architecture of the cell. The system is stable to multiple heat/cool cycles and shows large scale coloration changes at heating rates up to 10°C/min. At higher heating rates, a distortion of the selective reflection notch shape occurs during tuning. The magnitude of the color change is not affected by rate. At both high and low crosslink density, no tuning is observed. A window of network elasticity and responsiveness is needed to enable the anisotropic contraction/expansion processes to be observed macroscopically. Finally, the magnitude of tuning relative to the cell thickness and spatial heterogeneity across the thickness direction i...
Coarse head pose estimation of construction equipment operators to formulate dynamic blind spots

Several hundred workers die in construction in the United States every year because equipment operators are unable to see their fellow workers during operation of their vehicle. In this paper we propose a step towards improving this situation by providing an automated method based on range imaging for estimating the coarse head orientation of a construction equipment operator. This research utilizes commercially-available low resolution range cameras to measure the continuously changing field-of-view (FOV) of an equipment operator in outdoor construction. This paper presents a methodology to measure so-called dynamic blind spot maps. The dynamic blind spot map is then projected on a known static equipment blind spot map that already exists to each construction vehicle. A robust computational coarse head pose estimation algorithm and results to three different pieces of construction equipment and multiple operators are presented. The developed method has the potential in automatically determining the spaces around vehicles that are currently not in the field-of-view of the vehicle operator thus providing eventually additional means and technology for improving safety in construction.
Unified WebGL/CSS scene-graph and application to AR

In this paper we present the implementation of a unified WebGL/CSS scene graph that allows 2D web elements to be combined with 3D WebGL-based graphics using a single scene-graph interface and discuss issues with respect to the augmented reality-enabled web browser Argon2.
Synergistic interaction between topotecan and microtubule-interfering agents

Purpose: Topotecan is a topoisomerase I inhibitor with demonstrated anticancer activity in preclinical and clinical studies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate drug-drug interactions in therapeutic regimens that would combine topotecan with microtubule-interfering agents, such as Taxol and vinblastine. Methods: The cytotoxic activities of various drug combinations and schedules of administration were measured in a colon cancer cell line using the MTT assay. Western blot and flow cytometry were performed to determine the effects of Taxol and vinblastine on topoisomerase I and Bcl-xL protein levels and cell cycle distribution. Results: Brief incubation of colon cancer cells with low concentrations of either Taxol or vinblastine increased the efficacy of a subsequent treatment with topotecan. Preincubation of cells with vinblastine or Taxol reduced by 10- to 40-fold the concentration of topotecan necessary to induce a 50% decrease in cell survival. The effects were maximal when the cells were treated for 5 h with microtubule-interfering agents and then incubated for 19 h in drug-free medium before the addition of topotecan. Under these conditions, both Taxol and vinblastine caused an increase in topoisomerase I protein levels, fraction of S phase cells, and extent of Bcl-xL phosphorylation immediately prior to the addition of topotecan. All these factors may contribute to the increased efficacy of topotecan observed with sequential therapy. Conclusion: Combinations of topotecan and microtubule-interfering agents result in synergistic anticancer activity when the drugs are administered sequentially. The promising preclinical data presented here encourage clinical testing of these drug combinations using a sequential schedule of administration.
Diversification in relation to farm size and other socioeconomic characteristics.

Interest by agricultural economists in farm diversification is evident in published research. Since the early work of Markowitz and Heady, attention has focused mainly on mean-variance portfolio approaches (Johnson; Stovall; Carter and Dean: Greve, Plaxico, Lagrone). These studies generally focus on the normative issue of optimal diversification under uncertainty. In the present paper, a positive examination of diversification using detailed microdata is undertaken.
The conversion of the 8-C-glycosylflavone vitexin to the 6-isomer, isovitexin, in Lemna minor

Abstract 14 C-Labeled vitexin (I) and isovitexin (II), which were obtained from Spirodela species cultured on a medium containing phenylalanine-1- 14 C, were introduced in separate experiments into the growth media for Lemna minor plants, a species which normally produces both of these C -glycosylflavones. Under these conditions, vitexin was converted into isovitexin but the reverse transformation was not observed.
The in vivo effects of concanavalin a on the cellular immune response in balb/c mice. Inhibition of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin.

The suppressive effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the cell-mediated immune response was demonstrated in BALB/c mice made immune to challenge with tuberculin. 400 μg of Con A administered intraperitoneally simultaneously with injection of antigen into the footpad of primed animals resulted in suppression of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction as detected by a sensitive radioisotopic footpad assay. If Con A was given in a dose of 100 μg three times weekly to normal mice being sensitized to tuberculoprotein, the maximum immune response following complete immunization was significantly suppressed but not abolished. The suppressive effect of Con A appeared to be due to its binding to cell membranes, since splenic lymphocytes obtained from Con A-treated immune mice failed to respond in the local adoptive transfer reaction to tuberculin. The lymphocytes regained their immune reactivity to tuberculin if they were first incubated in α-methyl-D-mannoside. These findings represent the first demonstration of in vivo immunosuppression by Con A of the tuberculin immune response in the mouse. Both the inductive and established responses of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction appear to be affected. The reversible inhibition of the local adoptive transfer of tuberculin immunity suggests the depression of the response is due to binding to or alteration of antigen receptor sites by Con A.
Information Fusion Methodology

An approach is presented for designing multisensor electronic vision systems using information fusion concepts. A random process model of the multisensor scene environment provides a mathematical foundation for fusing information. A complexity metric is introduced to measure the level of difficulty associated with various vision tasks. This complexity metric provides a mathematical basis for fusing information and selecting features to minimize the complexity metric. A major result presented in the paper is a method for utilizing a priori knowledge to fuse an n-dimensional feature vector X = (X1, X2, ..., Xn) into a single feature Y while retaining the same complexity. A fusing theorem is presented that defines the class of fusing functions that retains the minimum complexity.
Land use planning and wildfire risk mitigation: an analysis of wildfire-burned subdivisions using high-resolution remote sensing imagery and GIS data

This paper evaluates risk factors that influence the probability that a house will burn from wildfire. A logistic regression is used to analyse data processed from pre-fire and post-fire IKONOS images and other geo-referenced data. The dependent variable is the probability that a given house will burn. A total of 12 independent variables are evaluated: vegetation density; area of defensible space; adjacency of a parcel to public lands; proximity of a house to fire station; road width; road type; parcel size; subdivision morphology; assessed value; elevation; slope and aspect. Model results generally support dominant land use planning and design strategies for wildfire risk reduction including vegetation treatments, site selection with respect to topography, and improving access to fire stations.
Ki-67 expression in sclerosing adenosis and adjacent normal breast terminal ductal lobular units: a nested case-control study from the Mayo Benign Breast Disease Cohort.

Sclerosing adenosis (SA) increases risk for invasive breast cancer (BC) 2.1 times relative to that in the general population. Here, we sought to evaluate whether the proliferation marker Ki-67 stratifies risk among women with SA. A nested case–control sample of patients with SA was obtained from the Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease Cohort. Ki-67 expression was evaluated in SA lesions and in the adjacent normal terminal duct lobular units (TDLU) in women who did (cases, n = 133) or did not (controls, n = 239) develop BC. Ki-67 was scored by intensity and number of positively stained cells per one high-power field (magnification, ×40) (40× HPF) for both SA and normal TDLU. Associations of Ki-67 expression with case–control status were assessed using conditional logistic regression. Higher Ki-67 expression was significantly associated with case–control status in both SA (P = 0.03) and normal background TDLU (P = 0.006). For the SA lesion, >2 average positively stained cells/40× HPF showed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.9 (95 % CI, 1.1–3.4) compared to samples with an average of ≤2 positively stained cells. For background TDLU, lobules with >2 but ≤6 average positively stained cells showed an adjusted OR of 1.3–1.5, whereas those with an average of >6 positively stained cells had an OR of 2.4 (95 % CI, 1.1–5.3) compared to those with an average of <2 positively stained cells. Among women with SA, increased Ki-67 expression in either the SA lesion or the normal background TDLU carried an approximately twofold increased odds of subsequent BC as compared to lower Ki-67 expression.
Fiber damage during the consolidation of PVD Ti6Al4V coated nextel 610TM alumina fibers

Abstract Titanium matrix composites reinforced with sol-gel synthesized α-alumina fiber tows have attracted interest as a potentially low cost continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composite system. We have conducted a detailed investigation of fiber damage during high temperature consolidation of PVD Ti6Al4V metallized sol-gel alumina fiber tows. Using both hot isostatic pressing and interrupted vacuum hot press consolidation cycles, the two principal mechanisms of fiber damage have been experimentally identified to be microbending/fracture and fiber matrix reaction. A time dependent micromechanics model incorporating the evolving geometry and mechanical properties of both the fibers and matrix has been formulated to simulate the fiber bending/failure mechanism in a representative unit cell and explore the effect of fiber strength loss due to reaction with the matrix. This model has been used to design a process cycle that minimizes damage by exploiting the enhanced superplastic deformation of the initially nanocrystalline PVD Ti6Al4V matrix.
MEXICAN AMERICANS CIRCA 1850

ABSTRACT The 1850 population census schedules and supplementary estimates reveal that more than 80,000 Mexican Americans constituted about twenty percent of the enumerated population of the American Southwest in the mid-nineteenth century. Most were natives of the Southwest, and most lived in areas where they had been born. The greatest concentration was in New Mexico Territory.
Econometric modeling of health care costs and expenditures: a survey of analytical issues and related policy considerations.

Background:Econometric modeling of healthcare costs and expenditures has become an important component of decision-making across a wide array of real-world settings.Objectives:The objective of this article is to provide a brief summary of important conceptual and analytical issues involved in econom
Quantum feedback of a double-dot qubit

We discuss an experimental proposal on quantum feedback control of a double-dot qubit, which seems to be within the reach of the present-day technology. Similar to the earlier proposal, the feedback loop is used to maintain the coherent oscillations in the qubit for an arbitrary long time; however, this is done in a significantly simpler way. The main idea is to use the quadrature components of the noisy detector current to monitor approximately the phase of qubit oscillations.
Critical Social Analysis, Service Learning, and Urban Affairs: A Course Application in Public Policy and Administration* * This paper is in part derived from "The Role of Critical Social Analysis in Public Policy and Administration: A Service Learning Course Application in Race, Inequality, and Public Policy," Contemporary Justice Review 5:4 (2002), pp. 351-369, by Edward J. Martin

This article discusses a course application in urban affairs within a masters program in public administration. The course application utilizes service learning and critical social analysis methods as instructional tools. The article identifies the historical evolution of social analysis, starting in the Enlightenment and finally reaching its current manifestation in critical theory. The development of critical social analysis methodology, otherwise known as "critical consciousness," is then analyzed in the applications of social critics and educators Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich. Based on this form of social criticism, four vignettes are evaluated based on an intensive seminar course in urban affairs. The subsequent techniques are then adapted within a service learning component in the course. The article details examples of focus questions and journal exercises deemed useful in aiding students, administrators and practitioners in critically assessing the study of urban affairs. The potential implication...
Operations Automation: Definition, Examples, and a Human-Centered Approach

Operations automation is automation intended to replace human controllers by carrying out activities in a manner similar to that used currently by controllers. This paper describes three complementary research efforts addressing operations automation. First, design implications based on two field studies of a prototype NASA operations automation application are summarized. Second, AutoPass, an automation architecture designed to mitigate observed problems and to incorporate, in a principled manner, human-centered automation principles is presented. AutoPass was evaluated to assess the extent to which it provides more robust, and thus, less brittle, automation in comparison to NASA's operational prototype. Finally, Apprentice, a general architecture for operations automation, is described. Apprentice offers atheory for the design of operations automation and proposes a method to address the current bottleneck in implementing robust automation—obtaining and encoding expert knowledge.
Rock beats scissors: historicalism fights back

Jerry Fodor (1994) thinks that content is not historically determined. In this paper we will consider Fodor's reasons. One of us accepts historicalism, the other is neutral, but we both think that Fodor's arguments are unsuccessful. A good example of an historical account of content is Dretske's (1988). On this theory, an item C means F when C has acquired the function of indicating Fs. What C has the function of indicating will depend upon the environment in which C acquires its indicator function. C is a part of system S, and S is in environment El. Were one to have put S in E2, C may have acquired the function of indicating Gs, not Fs. C would then mean G, not E This type of account is historical because it makes C's meaning depend upon S's history (the environment S is in and the indicator function C acquires in that environment). It is also historical because it makes C's meaning depend upon actual events. C comes to mean F in virtue of actual episodes of indicating Fs and in virtue of that indication's causally explaining relevant bodily movements. Other accounts of content are ahistorical. For example, on Fodor's (1990) theory of content, an item 'X' means X when it's a law that 'Xs cause "X"s' and nothing else would cause 'X's, but for the fact that Xs do.1 This account is apparently ahistorical for the reason that laws are ahistorical or at least, the laws upon which content depends are supposed to be ahistorical. Suppose that 'X' is a syntactical item in a system S. Whether Xs would cause 'X's is not supposed to depend upon S's history. Also, for Fodor, whether 'X' means X is independent of any actual events where Xs causes 'X's. Counterfactuals suffice (or so it is claimed).
From foot soldier to finance minister: Takahashi Korekiyo, Japan's Keynes – By Richard J. Smethurst

Smethurst, Richard J. , From foot soldier to finance minister: Takahashi Korekiyo, Japan's Keynes (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press , 2007. Pp. xiv + 377 . 13 figs. 2 tabs. ISBN 9780674026018 Hbk. £33.95/$45).
The Carotid Artery as a Coronary Bioprosthesis: Five Potential Donor Species

Bovine, porcine, ovine, caprine and canine carotid arteries were chosen for study as potential sources of aortocoronary bypass biologic prostheses for use in patients undergoing reconstructive surgery. Anatomic and histologic evalua tions, structural measurements and static mechanical property tests were per formed. The canine carotid arteries have an average length of about 20 to 21 cm with the considerable advantage that there is only one branch, located near the distal end. They also offer the most uniform luminal diameter of 3.0 to 4.0 mm and the most uniform wall thickness (approximately 0.5 mm). The suitable lu minal diameter and wall structure provide a good match to the coronary arte rial anastomosis. Although the canine carotid artery has a thinner wall, static mechanical property tests demonstrate that wall strength and elasticity are com parable to the four other species studied. The canine carotid artery appears to best fit the suggested criteria for a biologic aortocoronary bypass prosthesis ...
Correcting for Brain Swelling’s Effects on Infarct Volume Calculation After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Evaluating infarct volume is the primary outcome for experimental ischemic stroke studies and is a major factor in determining translation of a drug into clinical trials. Numerous algorithms are available for evaluating this critical value, but a major limitation of current algorithms is that brain swelling is not appropriately considered. The model by Lin et al. is widely used, but overestimates swelling within the infarction, yielding infarct volumes which do not reflect the true infarct size. Herein, a new infarct volume algorithm is developed to minimize the effects of both peri-infarct and infarct core swelling on infarct volume measurement. 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride-stained brain tissue of adult rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion was used for infarct volume analysis. When both peri-infarct swelling and infarction core swelling are removed from infarct volume calculations, such as accomplished by our algorithm, larger infarct volumes are estimated than those of Lin et al.’s algorithm. Furthermore, the infarct volume difference between the two algorithms is the greatest for small infarcts (<10 % of brain volume) when peri-infarct swelling is the greatest. Finally, using data from four published studies, our algorithm is compared to Lin et al.’s algorithm. Our algorithm offers a more reliable estimation of the infarct volume after ischemic brain injury, and thus may provide the foundation for comparing infarct volumes between experimental studies and standardizing infarct volume quantification to aid in the selection of the best candidates for clinical trials.
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) gene expression in discrete regions of the rostral preoptic area change during the oestrous cycle and with age.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is important to the timing and amplitude of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge on pro-oestrus. Data suggest that GABA input in the preoptic area must decrease for a normal LH surge to occur in young rats. We have previously found that ageing alters the timing and amplitude of the LH surge. Therefore, this study focused on changes in GAD 67 gene expression, a reflection of GABA synthesis, in two regions of the rostral preoptic area, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) during the oestrous cycle and with age. We assessed the possibility that the expression of GAD 67 mRNA in these regions displays time-related and age-dependent changes on pro-oestrus. Our results demonstrate that, with age, overall expression of GAD 67 mRNA decreases in the area surrounding the OVLT and in the AVPV. Young rats display a diurnal rhythm in GAD 67 mRNA in both regions. GAD 67 mRNA expression is high during the early morning hours of pro-oestrus and then declines around the time of the GnRH-induced LH surge. In addition, the diurnal rhythm disappears in the AVPV and is attenuated in the area surrounding the OVLT of middle-aged proestrous rats. These findings suggest that a loss of rhythmicity in GAD 67 gene expression and maintenance of inhibitory tone on proestrous afternoon may alter the timing and amplitude of the LH surge, as previously observed in middle-aged rats.
Supportive developmental systems for children and youth: A theoretical framework for comprehensive community initiatives

Abstract This special issue gathers comprehensive community initiative (CCI) researchers to discuss findings from cutting-edge research and provide directions for future work. To introduce the special issue, this article provides a brief review of the existing research on CCIs and the current CCI movement. Further, we recommend a conceptual framework for the study and implementation of CCIs based on relational developmental systems theories of development (e.g., Overton, 2013), wherein the developmental system for youth comprises key developmental supports that a young person needs to thrive and recognizes the agency of the youth. When the developmental supports across these contexts are aligned with the strengths and needs of each young person, a supportive youth system is formed. We argue that using a theory of change consistent with this framework will increase the likelihood that a CCI will have a positive impact on children and youth.
Surface and adsorbate structural analysis from time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS)

Abstract The methods of obtaining surface structural information from low energy ion scattering spectrometry are described. These methods include measurements of backscattering, forwardscattering, and recoiling intensities vs beam incident α, beam exit β, crystal azimuthal δ, and scattering Θ angles. References are provided which give examples of each different kind of measurement. The technique of time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS), which collects both scattered.and recoiled neutrals and ions simultaneously, is described. TOF-SARS data for the three surface phases, clean Ni{110}-(1 × 1), Ni{110}-(1 × 2)-H missing row, and Ni{110}-(2 × 1)-O missing row, are used to illustrate some of the structural measurements.
Performance Evaluation of the VersaTREK Blood Culture System for Quality Control Testing of Platelet Units

The performance of the VersaTREK blood culture system for the detection of a bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates was assessed using samples spiked with serial dilutions of nine bacterial species associated with platelet contamination. The system detected growth for all organisms in <20 h, and the detection sensitivity was <20 CFU/ml.
Impotence and aging: clinical and hormonal factors.

A cross-sectional study of 216 impotent men aged 40 to 79 years (mean age 60.9 years) was conducted to determine if there are age-related changes in clinical and hormonal parameters in an impotent population. There was a slight increase in the degree of sexual dysfunction with age, with complete erectile failure occurring in a larger percent of the 60- and 70-year-olds than in the younger patients (41% vs 27% for the 40 year olds, P less than .05). No patient above the age of 70 years reported any full erections, even of short duration. In contrast, reported levels of libido did not vary significantly with age. Abnormal penile Doppler studies diagnostic of vasculogenic impotence were found in 17.8% of the patients tested, and an additional 17.8% were found to have evidence suggestive of a vascular etiology. These abnormal vascular findings were associated with an extremely high prevalence of clinically apparent atherosclerosis in this population. In 22.9% of the subjects, an abnormal vascular response was found only on exercise, ie, a "pelvic steal", which only occurred above the age of 50 years. There was a marked age-related alteration in the concentration of testosterone (T) and bioavailable testosterone (BT), but no statistically significant change in the levels of gonadotropins with age. An increase in the prevalence of eugonadotropic hypogonadism with age was found, which suggested an increasing prevalence of hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction in this patient group. For both vascular and hormonal changes (such as low T and BT), the greatest changes appear to occur after the age of 50.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Production of new cosmological perturbations during the radiation-dominated era

PURCELL (unpublished data) has noted the tendency for ‘dust’ particles strongly to cluster when they are coupled by viscous drag to a ‘gas’ whose velocity field is stochastic: where α(s−1) is the viscous coupling constant. The application of the Purcell clustering effect to cosmology which is considered here generates relatively large isothermal perturbations from relatively small adiabatic perturbations which will not otherwise survive damping during recombination.
cAMP mediated decrease in membrane phosphorylation

Summary An endogenous cAMP independent protein kinase incorporated label from (γ-32P)-ATP into a 58,000 and a 55,000 dalton component in the microsomal membrane fraction from rat adipocytes. An endogenous cAMP dependent protein kinase incorporated label into a 19,000 and a 15,000 dalton component only in the presence of cAMP. An unexpected result of the presence of cAMP was a marked decrease in the cAMP independent protein kinase labeling of the higher molecular weight components. This decrease was eliminated by using higher levels of ATP which implies that the two kinds of kinases compete for ATP in the presence of cAMP. The possible physiological importance of this competition which results in decreased phosphorylation by cAMP independent protein kinases in the presence of cAMP is considered.
An efficient lid design for cooling stacked flip-chip 3D packages

3D chip-stack packages are more difficult to cool than 2D chip packages due to additional thermal resistances in the heat flow path. The additional thermal resistances are due to the presence of the C4 joins between the chips, the BEOL wiring layers in each chip and the silicon thickness of the chips in the stack. In this paper we present an efficient lid design for a 3D flip-chip package that allows contact, through a thin thermal interface material (TIM) layer, of exposed chip regions of the lower chips in the 3D vertical stack. The efficient lid was assembled on to 3D thermal test vehicle packages and its thermal advantage over standard lid 3D packages was experimentally demonstrated. The packages were cross-sectioned to ensure that the assembly process yielded the correct TIM gaps. A thermal conduction model was calibrated to the experimental data and the stacked chip-chip and the efficient lid TIM thermal resistances were extracted from the model. A sensitivity analysis was then conducted to identify the important parameters controlling the thermal performance of the 3D package.
The Decomposition Chemistry of an AlN Precursor Bis-Dimethylaluminum Deutero-Amide, [(CH3)2AlND2]3, as Revealed by Time-of-Flight Molecular beam mass Spectrometry

A molecular beam mass spectrometer coupled to the inlet portion of a hot-wall CVD reactor has been used to measure the time-of-flight (TOF) distribution of molecules sampled from the reactor. The molecular weights of the species in the reactor can be determined from test TOF distributions. This technique has been used to identify the gas phasespecies present in a hot-wall reactor during the CVD of A1N using bis-dimethylaluminum deutero-amide,[(CH 3 ) 2 AlND 2 ] 3 (I), as the precursor. Evidence has been found for: deuterated methane, CH 3 D, trimeric form of the precursor I, and its dimeric form. TOF evidence also supports the presence of an oligomer of I with a pentameric structure, as well as a number of substituted versions of trimer and dimer. Mechanisms have been formulated that explain methane elimination from the precursor as well as the formation of all species observed.
Matching observation to addiction theory

Over the years, many theories have been proposed to account for the aberrant behavior of drug dependent individuals. Heyman posits that the existing theories of drug dependence are inadequate to explain the complex processes inherent in human drug-taking. He proposes that incongruous behaviors that comprise addiction, such as continued drug use in spite of adverse consequences, can be explained by application of the matching law approach. While the matching law theory of addiction explains certain aspects of human behavior, its application to the area of addiction must be subjected to experimental verification.
Ultrasound abnormalities preceding cerebral palsy in high-risk preterm infants

Abstract Objective To assess sequential high-resolution cranial ultrasound (US) in high-risk preterm infants to predict cerebral palsy (CP). Study design Preterm infants were prospectively studied (n = 2139), 1636 ≤32 weeks gestational age (GA) (group A) and 503 with a GA of 33 to 36 weeks (group B). US was performed once a week until discharge and at 40 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), using a 7.5-MHz transducer. Grade III and IV hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia (c-PVL), and focal infarction were considered major US abnormalities. A diagnosis of CP was made at a minimum age of 24 months. Results Seventy-six (5%) of the 1460 survivors in group A developed CP. US abnormalities were present in 70 of 76 (92%) infants, being major in 58 (83%) and minor in 12 (17%). In 29% of the CP cases with major US abnormalities, cysts were first detected beyond day 28. A further 6 infants without US abnormalities developed CP, and 3 of these infants developed ataxic CP. Twenty-nine (6%) of the 469 survivors in group B developed CP. US abnormalities were present in 28 of 29 (96%) infants, being major in 25 (89%) and minor in 3 (11%). One infant without US abnormalities developed CP. Considering the major US abnormalities, a specificity of 95% and 99% and a sensitivity of 76% and 86% were found for group A and B, respectively. The positive predictive value was 48% in group A and 83% in group B. Conclusion Seventy-nine percent of our CP cases had major US abnormalities. To detect c-PVL, the most predictive US marker for CP, sequential scans with a 7.5-MHz transducer are required.
LEAD-ACID-BATTERY STORAGE MODEL FOR HYBRID ENERGY-SYSTEMS

This paper describes a new battery model developed for use in time series performance models of hybrid energy systems. The model is intended to overcome some of the difficulties associated with currently used methods. It is based on the approach of chemical kinetics. This model, which can be used for charging and discharging, is specifically concerned with the apparent change in capacity as a function of charge and discharge rates. It assumes that the charge can be stored in two ways, either as immediately available or as chemically bound. As described in this paper, it requires the determination of as few as three constants. Examples of the deviation of the battery model constants and comparisons of the new model with those used previously are given. Based on the success of the new model, it has been incorporated into the latest versions of the University of Massachusetts's wind/diesel simulation codes.
A free-streamline solution for stratified flow into a line sink

An analysis is made of the two-dimensional flow under gravity of an inviscid non-diffusive stratified fluid into a line sink, involving a velocity discontinuity in the flow field. The fluid above the discontinuity is stagnant and hence is not drawn into the sink. At sufficiently low values of the modified Froude number, this is the only physically possible mode of flow, and is the cause of flow separation in many industrial and natural processes. A proper mathematical solution for flows with a stagnant zone has so far been lacking. This paper presents such a solution, after posing the problem as one involving a free-streamline, which is the line of velocity discontinuity. The solution to be given here is obtained by an inverse method. It is also found herein that the modified Froude number has a value of 0·345 for all separated flows of the kind in question.
In Vivo Kinematics of the Tibiotalar Joint After Lateral Ankle Instability

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) may be linked to altered kinematics and the development of osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. However, the effects of ATFL injury on the in vivo kinematics of the ankle joint are unclear.HypothesisBased on the orientation of the ATFL fibers, ATFL deficiency leads to increased anterior translation and increased internal rotation of the talus relative to the tibia.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory study.MethodsThe ankles of 9 patients with unilateral ATFL injuries were compared as they stepped onto a level surface. Kinematic measurements were made as a function of increasing load. With use of magnetic resonance imaging and orthogonal fluoroscopy, the in vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar joint were measured in the ATFL-deficient and intact ankles of the same individuals.ResultsA statistically significant increase in internal rotation, anterior translation, and superior translation of the talus was measured in A...