cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations of dose and electrode spacing for rat breast cancer electrochemical treatment

Electrochemical treatment (EChT) with direct current delivered through implanted electrodes has been used for local control of solid tumors in humans. This study tested the hypothesis that rat breast cancer responses to EChT are dependent on electrode spacing and dose, and explored suitable parameters for treating breast cancers with EChT. Rat breast cancers were initiated by injecting 1 x 10(6) MTF-7 cells to the right mammary gland fat pad of Fisher 344 female rats. The rats were randomly divided into designated experimental groups when the tumors grew to approximately 2 x 2 x 2 cm. One hundred and thirty rats were used for a survival study and 129 for a pathology study. A 4-channel EChT machine was used to administer coulometric doses. The survival study indicated that local tumor control rate is less than 40% in the 40 coulomb (C) and 60 C groups and more than 70% in the 80 and 100 C groups. Sixty six rats died of primary tumors, including all 10 rats in the control group. Once a rat's primary tumor was controlled, no recurrence was found. The main reason for terminating the primary tumor-free rats (51) was lymph node metastasis. Thirteen tumor-free rats survived for more than 6 months. The pathology study showed a significant dose effect on EChT induced tumor necrosis. At 10, 20, 40, and 80 C, the fraction showing necrosis were 39.7, 52.3, 62, and 77.7%, respectively (P </= 0.001). Electrodes spacing was not an important factor within a given range. At 5, 10, and 15 mm spacing, the fraction showing the necrosis were 54.1, 60.4, and 59.2%, respectively (P = 0.552). The overlap rate of necroses was similar in the 5 and 10 mm groups (82.5 and 85%) and lower in the 15 mm group (65%). We conclude that the tumor responses to EChT, local control, survival rates, and necrosis percentages were significantly increased with increasing dose. The changes in electrode spacing (3, 5, and 10 mm) did not significantly affect the tumor responses to EChT within the same dose. For a diameter of 2.0-2.5 cm rat breast cancer, EChT should be applied with 5-10 mm spacing and a minimum dosage of 80 C.
Algal photosynthesis at increased hydrostatic pressure and constant pO2

Rates of oxygen evolution, 14CO2 uptake, and growth were measured in several species of algae and diatoms exposed to hydrostatic pressures up to 600 atm. All of the parameters measured decreased approximately linearly with increased pressure over the range tested. Oxygen evolution appears to be less sensitive to increased pressure than CO2 fixation or growth.
Mechanical properties of ormosils

Many organically modified silicates (ormosils) can be prepared by the sol-gel method with very different mechanical properties by varying the ratio of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) contents and processing conditions. With a low PDMS concentration, the ormosils are harder, stiffer and stronger than those with higher concentration of PDMS. Even harder ormosils are possible when ultrasonic irradiation is used during synthesis. As the PDMS concentration is increased, the ormosils take on a more flexible nature, and over a critical concentration actually become rubbery. These new rubbery materials can contain as much as 75% inorganic components, and have more stable mechanical properties than commercial rubbers at elevated temperatures. Effects of PDMS addition to the network structure and mechanical properties of the ormosils were investigated.
Landscape-level ecological regions: Linking state-level ecoregion frameworks with stream habitat classifications

Regionalization is a form of spatial classification, where boundaries are drawn around areas that are relatively homogeneous in landscape characteristics. The process of delineating ecological regions, or ecoregions, includes the analysis of ecosystem structure. To date, ecoregions have been developed at national and state scales for research and resource management. Stream classification is another method to order the variability of aquatic habitats that spans spatial scales from microhabitat to valley segment. In this study, landscape-level ecoregions are developed for the upper Grande Ronde River basin in northeastern Oregon, 3000 sq km in area. The ecoregion framework presented here is proposed to bridge the gap between stream habitat and state-level ecoregion classifications. Classification at this scale is meant to address issues of management at local scales: to aid in sampling design, in extrapolation of the results of site-specific studies, and in the development of best management practices that are more predictive of ecosystem response than current methods.
Kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system following lethal and nonlethal coronavirus-induced acute encephalomyelitis

Abstract The potential role(s) of cytokines in the reduction of infectious virus and persistent viral infection in the central nervous system was examined by determining the kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression following infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Mice were infected with an antibody escape variant which produces a nonlethal encephalomyelitis and compared to a clonal virus population which produces a fulminant fatal encephalomyelitis. Infection with both viruses induced the accumulation of mRNAs associated with Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10. Peak mRNA accumulations were coincident with the clearance of virus and there was no obvious differences between lethally and nonlethally infected mice. TNF-α mRNA was induced more rapidly in lethally infected mice compared to mice undergoing a nonfatal encephalomyelitis. Rapid transient increases in the mRNAs encoding IL-12, iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 occurred following infection. Nonlethal infections were associated with increased IL-12, IL-1β, and earlier expression of IL-6, while lethal infections were associated with increased iNOS and IL-1α mRNA. These data suggest a rapid but differential response within the central nervous system cells to infection by different JHMV variants. However, neither the accumulation nor kinetics of induction provide evidence to distinguish lethal infections from nonlethal infections leading to a persistent infection. Accumulation of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the central nervous system of JHMV-infected mice is consistent with the participation of both cytokines and cell immune effectors during resolution of acute viral-induced encephalomyelitis.
DISCUSSION PAPER: CHEMOTHERAPY OF PSEUDOMONAS SEPTICEMIA IN BURNED MICE

Several investigators1–4 have shown that burned animals are quite susceptible to systemic invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have produced fatal septicemia in mice by immersion of the scalded tail (immersed in water at 70°C for five sec) in cultures of Pseudomonas strain 180. For purposes of local therapy the tails have been enclosed in rubber tubing held in place by stapling to the loose skin at the base of the tail (figure 1). Therapy consisted of suspending the drugs in a vanishing cream base and injecting the suspension into the tubes, which were then sealed with a cork. Treatment was given six hr after challenge. Details of the techniques employed may be found in recent publications.5,6 In a comparative study of eleven chemotherapeutic agents, six were highly effective in preventing death. (See table 1). The mortality with 8.5% sulfamylon acetate was 8%; 0.25% chloramphenicol, 0.5% gentamycin, 0.4% neomycin, and 1% streptomycin all produced zero mortality; 0.5 sulfadiazine gave 10% mortality. Little effect on survival was observed from 0.2% polymyxin, 0.1% colimycin, 0.25% tetracycline, 0.25% penicillin G, or 0.5% silver nitrate. Ninetythree% of untreated animals died and 90% with the vanishing cream alone.5 A similar study was carried out on mice treated systemically, and without local therapy. Treatment was begun six hr after the challenge and repeated once daily for four additional days. It was found that sulfadiazine given orally in doses of 100 to 500 mg/kg brought about complete survival, and streptomycin administered subcutaneously in doses of 100 mg/kg produced 90% survival (table 2). The drugs currently in use, polymyxin, colimycin, and gentamycin had little effect in the usual therapeutic doses. A comparison of in vivo activity with in vitro sensitivity revealed that test tube activity is not a reliable index of therapeutic action (table 3). Gentamycin, polymyxin, and colimycin were bacteriostatic at 1 μg per ml. Only gentamycin exhibited local activity, and colimycin was without effect systemically. Chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, and streptomycin were equally active in vitro (25 μg/ml). All were effective locally, but systemically, chloramphenicol was inactive while sulfadiazine and streptomycin were most effective.
Impact ionization in semiconductors: Effects of high electric fields and high scattering rates.

We present a theory of impact ionization in semiconductors that expands an earlier theory of Kane and includes the effects of high electric fields and high scattering rates on the electron-electron collision process. We show that their combined effect, i.e., the intracollisional field effect and collision broadening, leads to a softening of the threshold energy for impact ionization and a marked increase in the anisotropy of the ionization rate with respect to the direction of the electric field.
Prediction of Dispersivity for Undisturbed Soil Columns from Water Retention Parameters

Dispersivity (a) is a required input parameter in solute-transport models based on the advection-dispersion equation (ADE). Normally a is obtained from miscible-displacement experiments. This dependency on inverse procedures imposes a severe limitation on our predictive capability. If solute breakthrough curves and soil hydraulic properties were measured simultaneously, pedotransfer functions could be developed to predict a from independent measurements. In this study, short (6 cm long) undisturbed columns were employed to investigate the relationship between a and the water-retention curve as parameterized by the air-entry value (ψ a ) and Campbell exponent (b ). We worked with 69 columns from six soil types ranging in texture from loamy sand to silty clay, conventional-till and no-till management practices, steady-state saturated flow conditions, and a step decrease in CaCl 2 concentration from 0.009 to 0.001 M. Breakthrough curves were measured by monitoring changes in effluent electrical conductivity using a computerized data acquisition system. Estimates of a (calculated using the method of moments) ranged from 1 to 192 mm for the six soil types. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis explained ∼50% of the total variation in a, and indicated that dispersion increased as ψ a and b increased. Since both ψ a and b increase with increasing day content, a also increases moving from coarse- to fine-textured soils. Our regression equation can be used as a pedotransfer function to predict a from existing databases of soil hydraulic properties. Further research is needed to independently validate its predictive capability, and to develop strategies for upscaling the model predictions.
Android-based speech processing for eldercare robotics

A growing elderly population has created a need for innovative eldercare technologies. The use of a home robot to assist with daily tasks is one such example. In this paper we describe an interface for human-robot interaction, which uses built-in speech recognition in Android phones to control a mobile robot. We discuss benefits of using a smartphone for speech-based robot control and present speech recognition accuracy results for younger and older adults obtained with an Android smartphone.
Program for XPS spectrum conversion to VGS‐5000 format

A FORTRAN program has been written for use on an IBM-PC/XT/AT or compatible microcomputer (PC) that converts a column of ASCII-format numbers into a binary-format file suitable for interactive analysis on a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computer running the VGS-5000 Enhanced Data Processing (EDP) software package. The incompatible floating-point number representations of the two computers were compared, and a subroutine was created to store correctly on the PC floating-point numbers in a format that can be read directly by DEC computers. The data file header required by the EDP programs for an x-ray photoelectron spectrum is also written to the file.
Analysis of simulated NMR order parameters for lipid bilayer structure determination.

The conventional formula for relating CD2 average order parameters to average methylenic travel is flawed when compared to molecular dynamics simulations of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Inspired by the simulated probability distribution functions, a new formula is derived that satisfactorily relates these quantities. This formula is used to obtain the average chain length , and the result agrees with the direct simulation result for . The simulation also yields a hydrocarbon thickness 2 . The result = is consistent with a model of chain packing with both early chain termination and partial interdigitation of chains from opposing monolayers. The actual simulated area per lipid is easily obtained from the order parameters. However, when this method is applied to NMR order parameter data from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, the resulting is 10% larger than the currently accepted value.
The Death of a Child With Diabetes from Neglect: A Case Study

This case report of a child with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) describes a naturally occurring ABABCA design. The A condition represents poor diabetes management provided in the home setting, and the B and C conditions represent improved diabetes management in residential treatment (condition B) or foster care (condition C). The A condition was consistently associated with episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, high glycosylated hemoglobin percentage, and school failure. In contrast, the B/C conditions were consistently associated with improved health status and school performance. On two occasions, the child was returned to condition A by the state's protective service agency (HRS) in direct conflict with the recommendations of the child's psychological and medical treatment staff. During her last condition A placement, the youngster died. Chronically ill children who are neglected may not receive the protection they need because of lack of awareness about the psychosomatic aspects of their problem.
VLSI MAP decoder architectural analysis

This paper presents an architectural analysis for MAP decoder hardware implementations. The use of the graphical representation of the trellis-time graph is proposed to analytically model the scheduling between different computational operations. The ALAP schedule policy for the branch metric operations is used to minimize both the branch memory size and power consumption. In addition, key architecture metrics are derived from the analytical model. Finally, FPGA implementation of various architectures are presented.
Current Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy. Despite efforts for prevention and screening as well as development of new technologies for diagnosis and treatment, the incidence of HCC has doubled, and mortality rates have increased in recent decades. A variety of important risk factors are associated with the development of HCC, with any type of cirrhosis, regardless of etiology, being the major contributor. Hepatitis C virus infection with bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis and hepatitis B virus infection are independent risk factors. The diagnosis of HCC is made without liver biopsy in over 90% of cases. Screening with ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at 6-month intervals is advised; however, it is not adequate for patients on the orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) list. Triple-phase computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging are used in combination with the detection of AFP, AFP-L3%, and/or des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin due to their superior sensitivities and specificities. Several treatment modalities are available, but only surgical resection and OLT are curative. OLT is available only for patients who meet or are downstaged into Milan or University of California, San Francisco criteria. Other treatment options include radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, transarterial chemoembolization, radioembolization, cryoablation, radiation therapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, and molecularly targeted therapies. The management of HCC is based on tumor size and location, extrahepatic spread, and underlying liver function. Given the complexity of the disease, patients are often best served in centers with experience in HCC management, where a multi-disciplinary approach can take place.
A bandwidth enhancement mechanism for the FRR-enabled OBS networks

Bandwidth usage efficiency and transmission latency are two important figures of merit to evaluate a system design for the next generation network. We propose a bandwidth enhancement mechanism for a recently introduced forward resource reservation (FRR) transmission scheme, which is designed to reduce the end-to-end data burst delay in an optical burst switching (OBS) network. After presenting the principle of the bandwidth enhancement mechanism, we analyze and evaluate its performance in terms of bandwidth savings and the associated operating cost. Simulation results also demonstrate the advantages of the bandwidth enhanced FRR scheme as compared to the basic FRR scheme.
A Meta-Analysis Of Resource Pulse-Consumer Interactions

Resource pulses are infrequent, large-magnitude, and short-duration events of increased resource availability. They include a diverse set of extreme events in a wide range of ecosystems, but identifying general patterns among the diversity of pulsed resource phenomena in nature remains an important challenge. Here we present a meta-analysis of resource pulse-consumer interactions that addresses four key questions: (1) Which characteristics of pulsed resources best predict their effects on consumers? (2) Which characteristics of consumers best predict their responses to resource pulses? (3) How do the effects of resource pulses differ in different ecosystems? (4) What are the indirect effects of resource pulses in communities? To investigate these questions, we built a data set of diverse pulsed resource-consumer interactions from around the world, developed metrics to compare the effects of resource pulses across disparate systems, and conducted multilevel regression analyses to examine the manner in which variation in the characteristics of resource pulse- consumer interactions affects important aspects of consumer responses. Resource pulse magnitude, resource trophic level, resource pulse duration, ecosystem type and subtype, consumer response mechanisms, and consumer body mass were found to be key explanatory factors predicting the magnitude, duration, and timing of consumer responses. Larger consumers showed more persistent responses to resource pulses, and reproductive responses were more persistent than aggregative responses. Aquatic systems showed shorter temporal lags between peaks of resource availability and consumer response compared to terrestrial systems, and temporal lags were also shorter for smaller consumers compared to larger consumers. The magnitude of consumer responses relative to their resource pulses was generally smaller for the direct consumers of primary resource pulses, compared to consumers at greater trophic distances from the initial resource pulse. In specific systems, this data set showed both attenuating and amplifying indirect effects. We consider the mechanistic processes behind these patterns and their implications for the ecology of resource pulses.
Explosive Performance Properties of Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN)

Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a melt-castable explosive with impressive performance, similar to the well-known related nitrate ester, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Though ETN has been known since 1849, its properties have not been thoroughly investigated. We report here the first 1/2′′ copper cylinder tests of ETN, compared with PETN. We discuss detonation and wall expansion velocity, along with diameter effect information in unconfined rate stick tests. The detonation velocity of ETN is 99 % that of PETN in the same test setup, showing that performance properties are very similar for the two nitrate esters.
Sialadenoma papilliferum. A previously unreported salivary gland tumor.

This report presents the clinical and morphological features of a previously unreported distinctive neoplasm of salivary gland origin. It appears to be quite similar morphologically to the syringadenoma papilliferum of sweat gland origin which tends to support the close relationship that exists between neoplasms of salivary and sweat gland origin. We propose the name sialadenoma papilliferum for this distinct tumor.
The utility of image-directed Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of the "parallel channel" sign.

Ultrasound has been shown to be an excellent modality in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient, proving extremely valuable in differentiating surgical (obstructive) from medical jaundice based on the presence or absence of ductal dilatation.1 The sonographic finding of intrahepatic dilatation has been termed the “double barrel,”2 “shotgun,”3, or “parallel channel”4 sign. This refers to visualization of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts with the normally visualized portal venous radicles. Subsequent to its initial description, this sign has also been observed in patients with increased hepatic arterial flow.5,6 In these patients, one of the components of the parallel channel sign represents the prominent intrahepatic artery. In the following case report, we demonstrate the use of pulsed Doppler to help make this distinction.
Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete

(2006). Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 37-49.
Response of Humidity and Clouds to Tropical Deep Convection

Currently available satellite data can be used to track the response of clouds and humidity to intense precipitation events. A compositing technique centered in space and time on locations experiencing high rain rates is used to detail the characteristic evolution of several quantities measured from a suite of satellite instruments. Intense precipitation events in the convective tropics are preceded by an increase in low-level humidity. Optically thick cold clouds accompany the precipitation burst, which is followed by the development of spreading upper-level anvil clouds and an increase in upper-tropospheric humidity over a broader region than that occupied by the precipitation anomalies. The temporal separation between the convective event and the development of anvil clouds is about 3 h. The humidity increase at upper levels and the associated decrease in clear-sky longwave emission persist for many hours after the convective event. Largescale vertical motions from reanalysis show a coherent evolution associated with precipitation events identified in an independent dataset: precipitation events begin with stronger upward motion anomalies in the lower troposphere, which then evolve toward stronger upward motion anomalies in the upper troposphere, in conjunction with the development of anvil clouds. Greater upper-tropospheric moistening and cloudiness are associated with larger-scale and better-organized convective systems, but even weaker, more isolated systems produce sustained upper-level humidity and clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation anomalies.
More tobacco is used in cigarette tubes than is taxed as roll-your-own tobacco in the USA.

Since federal tax rates increased in 2009, manufacturers have relabelled cigarette tobacco as pipe tobacco to evade taxes.1 Based on methods previously reported,2 I estimate over US$3.5 billion in federal tobacco tax revenue was lost to this tax evasion by the end of 2014, and states lost hundreds of millions more. The tax change was coincident with a technological innovation: a high-speed machine that could combine a bag of loose tobacco and a box of empty cigarette tubes to produce a carton of cigarettes in about 8 min.1 As these machines quickly spread around the country, smokers discovered they could cut their costs substantially—in some cases buying cartons for a half or a third of the price they were …
Feeding Inhibition and Mortality in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) After Exposure to Imidacloprid-Treated Soils

Feeding inhibition and mortality of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) exposed to sand, sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils treated with several concentrations of imidacloprid were studied using bioassay techniques under laboratory conditions. Termite workers stopped feeding after exposure to treated soils. Differences in feeding reduction varied among the soil types. Based on the magnitude of the F-statistics, the effect of imidacloprid on the reduction of termite feeding was greatest in sand followed by sandy loam, loam, and silty clay loam soils. Soil properties such as organic matter content, silt and clay proportions, pH, and cation exchange capacity were suggested to affect the bioavailability of imidacloprid. Similar soil effects on mortality were observed in termites continuously exposed to treated soil for 21 d. In three of four soils tested, susceptibility to imidacloprid was not affected by the source of the termites tested.
2SNV: Quasispecies reconstruction from PacBio reads

Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) sequencing is providing thousands of reads with the length up to 10,000 bases. In most cases this length is enough to cover entire region of interest however this technology has high (≈15%) error rate. We propose a method for viral haplotype reconstruction using long SMRT reads. The proposed method based on correlation between SNVs and maximum likelihood for frequency estimation. When applied to PacBio reads from an Influenza A Virus (IAV) sample with ten variants, our method was able to reconstruct the nine most frequent.
Teaching Accounting for Inventory by Calling on Students' Personal Experiences.

This essay seeks to give practical guidance to accounting instructors seeking to convey the difficult concepts of accounting for inventory. Techniques to convey the concepts of assumed inventory flow, inventory valuation under inflation and deflation, impairment of inventories, LIFO liquidations and the concept of the periodic inventory system are considered.
Object composition identification via mediated-reality supplemented radiographs

This exploratory work investigates the feasibility of extracting linear attenuation functions with respect to energy from a multi-channel radiograph of an object of interest composed of a homogeneous material by simulating the entire imaging system combined with a digital phantom of the object of interest and leveraging this information along with the acquired multi-channel image. This synergistic combination of information allows for improved estimates on not only the attenuation for an effective energy, but for the entire spectrum of energy that is coincident with the detector elements. Material composition identification from radiographs would have wide applications in both medicine and industry. This work will focus on industrial radiography applications and will analyse a range of materials that vary in attenuative properties. This work shows that using iterative solvers holds encouraging potential to fully solve for the linear attenuation profile for the object and material of interest when the imaging system is characterized with respect to initial source x-ray energy spectrum, scan geometry, and accurate digital phantom.
Functions with Closed Graphs

(1969). Functions with Closed Graphs. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 8, pp. 930-932.
Ultraviolet and Infrared Photodissociation of Si+(C6H6)n and Si+(C6H6)nAr Clusters

Ion−molecule complexes of the form Si+(C6H6)n and Si+(C6H6)nAr are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source. These clusters are mass-selected and studied with ultraviolet (355 nm) photodissociation and resonance-enhanced infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the C−H stretch region of benzene. In the UV, Si+(C6H6)n clusters (n = 1−5) fragment to produce the Si+(C6H6) mono-ligand species, suggesting that this ion has enhanced relative stability. IR photodissociation of Si+(C6H6)n complexes occurs by the elimination of benzene, while Si+(C6H6)nAr complexes lose Ar. Resonances reveal C−H vibrational bands in the 2900−3300 cm-1 region characteristic of the benzene ligand with shifts caused by the silicon cation bonding. The IR spectra confirm that the major component of the Si+(C6H6) ions studied have the π-complex structure rather than the isomeric insertion products suggested previously.
Radial basis function networks for delay differential equation

In this article, a numerical technique is developed for solving delay differential equations. The proposed method combines the method of steps with the radial basis function networks. A delay differential equation is transformed to an ordinary differential equation and then the radial basis function collocationmethod is implemented to find the solution of the ordinary differential equation. The procedure for implementation of the radial basis function collocation method and the proposed method for delay differential equation is presented in detail. Numerical experiments are carried out on a number of examples to show the advantages of the proposed technique over the radial basis function collocation method.
MR imaging of renal neoplasms.

SUMMARY MR imaging has many advantages over other modalities in the detection and staging of renal neoplasms, because of its intrinsic high soft tissue contrast, direct multiplanar imaging capabilities, and the availability of a non-nephrotoxic, renally excreted contrast agent. The ongoing refinement of breath-hold imaging sequences will probably broaden the use of MR techniques in imaging renal neoplasms.
The role of sport for youth amidst trauma and chaos

AbstractSport remains a huge draw for young people, with the dominant narrative remaining one of sport for good. However, it is likely that alternative narratives exist, particularly as the role of sport in development is complex and multi-faceted. Moreover, within the dominant narrative that proposes the use of sport for positive development, how sport contributes to developmental outcomes over time, and what impact sport has on various life domains remains an area of interest for scholars and practitioners alike. Given this, and in response to concerns about positivist and post-positivistic paradigms, a narrative analysis was conducted to examine the role of sport in the lives of former athletes who experienced multiple traumas and/or adverse experiences in their childhood. Utilising a constructionist philosophical orientation, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 10 former athletes who achieved a high level of success in sport, attended college, and have self-reported to be living a healt...
The Impact of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age on Alcohol-Related Chronic Disease Mortality.

BACKGROUND: The minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21 has been associated with a number of benefits compared to lower MLDAs, including long-term effects, such as reduced risk for alcoholism in adulthood. However, no studies have examined whether MLDA during young adulthood is associated with mortality later in life. We examined whether individuals exposed to permissive MLDA (METHODS: Data from the 1990 through 2010 U.S. Multiple Cause-of-Death files were combined with data on the living population and analyzed. We included individuals who turned 18 during the years 1967 to 1990, the period during which MLDA varied across states. We examined records on death from several alcohol-related chronic diseases, employing a quasi-experimental approach to control for unobserved state characteristics and stable time trends. RESULTS: Individuals who reported any college attendance did not exhibit significant associations between MLDA and mortality for the causes of death we examined. However, permissive MLDA for those who never attended college was associated with 6% higher odds for death from alcoholic liver disease, 8% higher odds for other liver disease, and 7% higher odds for lip/oral/pharynx cancers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.02, 1.10]; OR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.03, 1.13]; OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.03, 1.12], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The 21 MLDA likely protects against risk of death from alcohol-related chronic disease across the lifespan, at least for those who did not attend college. This is consistent with other work that shows that the long-term association between MLDA and alcohol-related outcomes is specific to those who did not attend college.Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. Language: en
A Comparative Perspective

In early 1979, the governments of Cambodia and Uganda were overthrown. Under Pol Pot and Idi Amin respectively, they had engaged in the mass killing of civilians; their denouements were brought about through the military intervention of bordering states, Vietnam and Tanzania. Although genocide was proclaimed as a motivating factor in both cases, neither Vietnam nor Tanzania cited humanitarian intervention to justify its role. The context of international law and diplomacy differed from the post-Cold War Rwandan situation, and it is therefore instructive to investigate the two most significant examples of intervention against murderous regimes in order to understand the changing perceptions since that time regarding the concept of sovereignty and the principle of humanitarian intervention.
Stability of the SB:FE and K-ABC for Young Children From Low-Income Families:: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study

Abstract The stability of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB:FE) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) was investigated by testing a sample of 65 African American and White children from low socioeconomic status (SES) families. Both tests were administered at ages 4, 6, and 9. Data were analyzed by comparing mean scores, computing correlation coefficients, and determining individual change scores among the 3 test times. In general, both tests were found to be quite stable during the 5-year period. Mean scores for the group were roughly equivalent, correlation coefficients were high, and change scores for the majority of the children were small. Racial differences were negligible.
Affect and value in critical examinations of the production and ‘prosumption’ of Big Data:

In this paper I explore the relationship between the production and the value of Big Data. In particular I examine the concept of social media ‘prosumption’—which has predominantly been theorized from a Marxist, political economic perspective—to consider what other forms of value Big Data have, imbricated with their often speculative economic value. I take the example of social media firms in their early stages of operation to suggest that, since these firms do not necessarily generate revenue, data collected through user contributions do not always realize economic value, at least in a Marxist sense, and that, in addition to their speculative value, these data have value beyond an economic valence. Instead I argue that in addition to their function as systems for accumulation, social media and their associated data have an affective value, related closely to their economic value, and demonstrate the efficacy of social media as systems designed for the appropriation and circulation of user attention.
Symptoms and care seeking among black and white women with endometrial cancer

A23 Although incidence of endometrial cancer is considerably lower in blacks than in whites in the US, mortality is almost double among blacks. Reasons for this include higher prevalence of lethal histologic types, economic factors, and less aggressive treatment. Symptom recognition and access to care might also explain this disparity, but this question has rarely been addressed. In a population based case control study of endometrial cancer in northern New Jersey in 2001-2005, we asked women with endometrial cancer about the symptoms they experienced in the 12 months before diagnosis and the process of obtaining care (time between noticing symptoms and seeing a doctor, type of doctor seen first, type who diagnosed cancer, and whether a gynecologic oncologist was seen). This analysis includes 403 whites and 38 blacks out of the total of 473 cases. Nearly all patients reported some symptoms, including 95% of whites and 92% of blacks. Bleeding was by far the most common symptom, reported by 79% of blacks and 72% of whites, followed by spotting (16% and 23%, respectively), abdominal pain (13% and 20%), back pain (16% and 10%), and frequent urination (16% and 10%). Other symptoms were reported by =35, mentioned by 82% of that group vs 68% of other women (p =35 (47% vs 28% of whites, p
Hydrodynamic Related Problems When Controlling a Ship Behaviour in the Port Area

Abstract Safety of port manoeuvres depends very much on the accuracy of decisions made and this relies on many factors. Regarding the hydrodynamics of a ship the computer simulation may be applied to predict both the time of a manoeuvre and manoeuvring area necessary from the safety point of view. The research problem presented in the paper has been connected with manoeuvres assisted by harbour tugs. The main objective of investigations was to find the boundaries for safe manoeuvring when a ship enters the restricted waters. The computational model regarding the performance of the hull-propeller-rudder system is introduced together with a new dynamical model describing the forces generated by the tugboats. The results of computer simulation concerning towing of a bulk carrier and a VLCC vessel inside both the Gdynia and Gdansk port areas are presented in the paper.
Probing the Aggregation and Photodegradation of Rhodamine Dyes on TiO2

The aggregation and photodegradation of rhodamine derivatives adsorbed to TiO2 are investigated using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, and time-correlated single-photon-counting (TCSPC) measurements. Rhodamine dyes containing substituted amines (i.e., 5-ROX, R101, RB) exhibit an ∼50 nm hypsochromic shift in λmax upon adsorption to TiO2 relative to solution. By examining a rhodamine derivative with primary amines (i.e., R560) as well as control experiments on insulating ZrO2 substrates, we demonstrate that photocatalyzed N-dealkylation is largely responsible for the spectral changes observed upon surface adsorption to TiO2. For R560, which does not undergo N-dealkylation, diffuse reflectance spectra show that mainly monomers and J-aggregates are present on TiO2. Comparative lifetime measurements for R560 on TiO2 and ZrO2 show that the injection yield for R560/TiO2 is increased with dye-loading concentration (i.e., from 0.63 for monomers to ∼0.80 for heavily doped films), indicat...
Combination Immunotherapy of MUC1 mRNA Nano-vaccine and CTLA-4 Blockade Effectively Inhibits Growth of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which constitutes 10%–20% of all breast cancers, is associated with aggressive progression, a high rate of metastasis, and poor prognosis. The treatment of patients with TNBC remains a great clinical challenge. Preclinical reports support the combination immunotherapy of cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockades in non-immunogenic tumors. In this study, we constructed nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver an mRNA vaccine encoding tumor antigen MUC1 to dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes to activate and expand tumor-specific T cells. An anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) monoclonal antibody was combined with the mRNA vaccine to enhance the anti-tumor benefits. In vivo studies demonstrated that the NP-based mRNA vaccine, targeted to mannose receptors on DCs, could successfully express tumor antigen in the DCs of the lymph node; that the NP vaccine could induce a strong, antigen-specific, in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against TNBC 4T1 cells; and that combination immunotherapy of the vaccine and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody could significantly enhance anti-tumor immune response compared to the vaccine or monoclonal antibody alone. These data support both the NP as a carrier for delivery of mRNA vaccine and a potential combination immunotherapy of the NP-based mRNA vaccine and the CTLA-4 inhibitor for TNBC.
Practical Aspects of Monitoring Spinal Motor Systems

This chapter concerns practical aspects of monitoring spinal motor systems (monitoring of cranial motor nerves is discussed in Chap. 11). It discusses techniques for stimulation of the motor cortex and the spinal cord, and for recording of transcranial motor evoked potentials (Tc-MEP).
Dietary sodium intake: a determinant of postprandial plasma sodium concentration in the dog.

1. The effect of dietary sodium intake on pre-and post-prandial plasma sodium concentrations and on the pattern of sodium and potassium excretion was determined in conscious female dogs, who were allowed free access to water and were fed on commercial low sodium diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 250 mmol of sodium chloride/day for 6 days. 2. The preprandial plasma sodium concentration was not altered by the dietary sodium intake. However, the 4 h postprandial plasma sodium concentration was linearly related to the magnitude of dietary sodium intake, whereas the 8 h postprandial plasma sodium concentration was elevated only in dogs receiving 250 mmol of sodium/day. 3. The (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for urinary sodium excretion was significantly correlated with both the dietary sodium intake and the postprandial increase in plasma sodium concentration. 4. The 24 h excretion of potassium was not markedly affected by the dietary sodium intake; however, the (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for potassium excretion was significantly correlated with both the dietary sodium intake and the (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for sodium excretion. 5. These data indicate that: (a) postprandial increases in plasma sodium concentration need to be considered when evaluating the mechanisms involved in the daily regulation of sodium balance; (b) the daily pattern of potassium excretion is closely linked to the dietary sodium intake.
ON SOME RECURSIVE RESIDUAL RANK TESTS FOR CHANGE-POINTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some recursive residual rank tests for change-points. A general class of recursive residuals is incorporated in the formulation of suitable rank tests for change-points pertaining to some simple linear models. The asymptotic theory of the proposed tests rests on some invariance principles for recursively aligned signed rank statistics. The chapter presents allied efficiency results along with the asymptotic properties of the proposed tests and describes testing procedures for a possible change in location or regression relationship occurring at an unknown time-point between consecutively taken observations.
The Inner Night: Towards a Phenomenology of (Dreamless) Sleep

Is a phenomenology of sleep possible? If sleep is the complete absence of experience, including the self-experience of consciousness itself, how can phenomenology, as a description of lived experience, have access to a condition that is neither lived nor experienced? In this paper, I respond directly and indirectly to Jean-Luc Nancy’s challenge that a phenomenology of sleep is impossible. As an indirect response, my sketch of the contours of phenomenology of sleep investigates Husserl’s employment of the distinction between sleep and wakefulness as a metaphor. Specifically, the metaphorical characterization of retentional consciousness is assessed. On the basis of this metaphorical characterization of time-consciousness in terms of sleep and wakefulness, I turn to Husserl’s account of the constitution of sleep. I argue that Husserl’s phenomenology of time-consciousness remains incomplete without an account of “sleep-consciousness” (by which we mean, in a restricted manner, dreamless sleep). In pursuing Husserl’s phenomenological account of sleep, falling asleep and waking up within the context of his genetic phenomenology, I offer a suggestion for how to understand the sense in which consciousness (temporarily) constitutes itself as sleep – as the absence of itself. I conclude with an analogy with Husserl’s investigations into the imaginary: in both instances, consciousness induces within itself its own suspension or self-abstention. In the particular instance of sleep, consciousness disengages itself entirely from the complex of interests while also immunizing itself to the force of affectivity.
Hydrogen bonding from a valence bond theory perspective: the role of covalency.

A valence bond theory based method has been developed to decompose hydrogen bond energies into contributions from geometry, electrostatics, polarization and charge transfer. This decomposition method has been carried out for F–H⋯FH, F–H⋯OH2, F–H⋯NH3, HO–H⋯OH2, HO–H⋯NH3, and H2N–H⋯NH3. Localized valence bond self-consistent field (L-VBSCF) and localized breathing orbital valence bond (L-BOVB) calculations were performed at the PBEPBE/aug-cc-pVDZ optimized geometries. It is shown that inclusion of valence bond structures that explicitly include charge transfer account for at least 32% (likely over half) of the hydrogen bond energy of all systems studied, indicating the dominant role of covalency. This is in agreement with calculated bond lengths, geometry deformation energies, and polarization energies. Electrostatic effects were found to play only a minor role in contrast to some widely held ideas regarding the nature of hydrogen bonding.
Adventitial Cystic Disease of the Radial Artery

Upper extremity adventitial cystic disease is rare, but the characteristic findings of this lesion should be known to the hand surgeon and used to guide treatment. We present a case of a young adult male who developed a painless mass in his distal forearm. Diagnostic imaging workup revealed a cystic mass that extended within and encased the radial artery. Both MRI and direct intraoperative visualization confirmed the presence of a stalk connecting the intra-mural radial artery mass to the radiocarpal joint. The mass and stalk were excised en bloc with fenestration of the volar capsule to prevent recurrence. This case demonstrates a less common example of upper extremity adventitial cystic disease and supports the articular theory of origin of these lesions. When surgical excision is performed, an attempt should be made to identify and excise the articular stalk in an effort to minimize risk of recurrence.