cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the estimation of spatial-spectral mixing with classifier likelihood functions

Abstract Conventional, hard classification algorithms that decide one class per pixel ignore the fact that many pixels in a remote sensing image represent a spatial average of spectral signatures from two or more surface categories. The mixing of signatures arises from the intrinsic, spatially-mixed nature of most natural land cover categories, the physical continuum that may exist between discrete category labels, resampling for geometric rectification, and by the spatial integration defined by the sensor's point spread function. By allowing for multiple classes per pixel, each with a relative membership likelihood, soft classification algorithms have the potential to “unmix” the pixel data into the proportions of individual components. The potential and limitations of this approach are explored in this paper by empirical examples and analyses. A major conclusion is that the use of likelihood functions as estimators of mixing is valid for classes with high spectral signature separability, but problematic otherwise.
Vacuum treatment of tissue conditioners

1. issue-conditioning agents are used to improve the health of abused denture-bearing tissues’-3 and to make functional impressions for reline procedures.‘-lo For both of these uses, a uniform mix that incorporates minimal air in the tissue conditioner is desirable. The incorporation of air produces voids in the material, and voids are undesirable for several reasons. When the material is used as a tissue-conditioning agent, voids may harbor debris, bacteria,“,‘* and oral yeasts’3,‘4 that will further
Rare-earth-doped materials for applications in quantum information storage and signal processing

Realization of practical quantum memory and optical signal processing systems critically depends on suitable materials that offer specific combinations of properties. Solid-state materials such as rare-earth ions doped into dielectric crystals are one of the most promising candidates for several quantum information storage protocols, including quantum storage of single photons. This article provides an overview of rare-earth-doped material properties and summarizes some of the most promising materials studied in our laboratory and by other groups for applications in quantum information storage and for ultra-wide bandwidth signal processing. Understanding and controlling spectral diffusion in these materials, which ultimately limits the achievable performance of any quantum memory system, is also briefly reviewed. Applications in quantum information impose stringent requirements on laser phase and frequency stability, and employing a narrow spectral hole in the inhomogeneous absorption profile in these materials as a frequency reference can dramatically improve laser stability. We review our work on laser frequency and phase stabilization and report our recent results on using a narrow spectral hole as a passive dynamic spectral filter for laser phase noise suppression, which can dramatically narrow the laser linewidth with or without the requirement of active feedback.
Force Measurements in the Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn Attachment: Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Removal

Background: Tears of the medial meniscus posterior horn attachment (PHA) occur clinically, and an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–deficient knee may be more vulnerable to this injury.Hypothesis: The PHA forces from applied knee loadings will increase after removal of the ACL.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: A cap of bone containing the medial meniscus PHA was attached to a load cell that measured PHA tensile force. Posterior horn attachment forces were recorded before and after ACL removal during anteroposterior (AP) laxity testing at ±200 N and during passive knee extension tests with 5 N·m tibial torque and varus-valgus moment. Selected tests were also performed with 500 N joint load.Results: For AP tests with no joint load, ACL removal increased laxity between 0° and 90° and increased PHA force generated by applied anterior tibial force between 30° and 90°. For AP tests with an intact ACL, application of joint load approximately doubled PHA forces. Anteroposterior testing of ACL-defi...
Optical implementation of reference phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

In this paper, we propose a new optical implementation for reference-phase-encoded joint transform correlation technique for efficient multiple target detection. The proposed method employs phase encoding for the reference image and nonlinear Fourier plane apodization for optimizing the detection performance. The reference phase-encoded joint transform Correlator (JTC) overcomes false target detection by eliminating the false correlation peaks while alleviating the effects of noise and other artifacts in just one-step thus ensuring higher processing speed. This technique yields only one peak per target instead of a pair of peaks produced by alternate JTCs. An all-optical implementation for the reference phase-encoded JTC technique is proposed and experimental results are presented.
The Role of Gender in Rural Population Decline in Kansas and Nebraska, 1990-2010

Migration patterns of young adults are thought to have a significant role in the overall dynamics of population change in the Great Plains. Although most research has discussed migration patterns of “young people” as if this group were homogenous, there is evidence of gender differences with regard to residential preferences among youth, and still other research has noted the disparate opportunities afforded to men and women of the rural Great Plains. Sex ratio data for Kansas and Nebraska, calculated from US Census records at the county and subcounty levels for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010, were analyzed for differences in residential outcomes of young men and young women by creating age-sex “cohorts” and comparing their changes over a period of 10 years. Although more young men left areas of low population, places with populations of 800 or fewer residents experienced a mean sex ratio increase of 38.9% (+14.66 net change) over the period from 2000 to 2010, indicating increasing imbalance between men and women in those places. Conversely, places of more than 5,000 residents experienced an increase in young women relative to young men, resulting in a mean sex ratio decrease of 2.26% (–2.88 net change). Further analysis provides evidence that young women are disproportionately more attracted to urban places within the study area, and these places appear to be trending toward far more balance between young men and young women compared to less populous places.
Solving the biharmonic equation in a square: a direct versus a semidirect method

Two methods for solving the biharmonic equation are compared. One method is direct, using eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition. The other method is iterative, solving a Poisson equation directly at each iteration.
Sliding Mode Control of Mechanical Systems with Bounded Disturbances via Output Feedback

In this paper, a new sliding mode output feedback algorithm is developed to control the vibration of mechanical systemssubjectedto disturbanceforces.Ithasbeenassumed thatthenumberofstatesisgreaterthan thenumberof sensors.Theslidingmodecontrollawisdesignedto berobusttoexternaldisturbancesprovidedtheirupperbounds are known. A boundary layer has been introduced around each sliding hyperplane to eliminate the chattering phenomenon. The results from numerical simulations are presented to corroborate the validity of the proposed controller.
Improved Simulation of Flow Regime Transition in Sewers: Two-Component Pressure Approach

Operational problems and system damage have been linked to the flow regime transition between free surface and pressurized flow in rapidly filling stormwater and combined sewer systems. In response, emphasis has been placed on the development of numerical models to describe hydraulic bores and other flow phenomena that may occur in these systems. Current numerical models are based on rigid column analyses, shock-fitting techniques, or shock-capturing procedures employing the Preissmann slot concept. The latter approach is appealing due to the comparative simplicity, but suffers from the inability to realistically describe subatmospheric full-pipe flows. A new modeling framework is proposed for describing the flow regime transition utilizing a shock-capturing technique that decouples the hydrostatic pressure from surcharged pressures occurring only in pressurized conditions, effectively overcoming the cited Preissmann slot limitation. This new approach exploits the identity between the unsteady incompressible flow equations for elastic pipe walls and the unsteady open-channel flow equations, and the resulting numerical implementation is straightforward with only minor modifications to standard free surface flow models required. A comparison is made between the model predictions and experimental data; good agreement is achieved.
The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work satisfaction

Abstract Although improvisation is often considered to be an elemental component of entrepreneurship, little work has been done to evaluate factors that influence the relationship of entrepreneur improvisational behavior with important outcome variables. In an attempt to partly fill this gap, the current study examines the moderating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the relationship of founders' improvisational behavior with both the performance of their startups and their individual level of work satisfaction using a national (United States) random sample of 159 entrepreneurs. In alignment with our predictions, improvisational behavior was found to have a positive relationship with new venture performance (i.e., sales growth) when exhibited by founders who were high in entrepreneurial self-efficacy, whereas improvisational behavior was found to have a negative relationship with new venture performance when exhibited by founders who were low in entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Contrary to our expectations, entrepreneurial self-efficacy was found to have a negative moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneur improvisational behavior and work satisfaction.
The effects of volcanic ash on COSPEC measurements

Abstract Data from a series of laboratory experiments show the relationships between measured correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) sulfur-dioxide (SO 2 ) burdens, automatic gain control (AGC) deflections, and visible wavelength opacities in ash-laden plumes. The data show that the COSPEC reliably measures (within a 10% accuracy) SO 2 burdens up to AGC deflections of 2 V and visible wavelength opacities of 50%. Beyond these limits, the under measurement of the SO 2 burden is not well constrained. During typical COSPEC runs, these limits are rarely violated. The 10% error introduced by measuring ash-laden plumes is acceptable because the error is small relative to other error sources associated with the technique, especially plume velocity; and the error is correctable which allows for a wider range of plume conditions to be measured. These results imply that the densest SO 2 concentrations near the volcanic source can be measured. This is important so that SO 2 is not lost from the volcanic plume due to physical and chemical processes and that measurements are conducted under maximum signal to noise ratios.
The influence of magnetic information on the orientation of the indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea

Summary The recent studies of Merkel and Wiltschko have renewed discussion of possible magnetic orientation in migrating birds. Stimulated by their affirmative findings, I examined the importance of geomagnetic information to migratory orientation in the Indigo Bunting ( Passerina cyanea ). Three series of experiments were conducted: 1. Directional preferences of caged buntings were noted in a large planetarium. When the artificial sky was manipulated so that stellar and magnetic north did not coincide, the birds oriented with reference to celestial information. Presented with geomagnetic cues only (stars shut off), the birds' orientation deteriorated to random. 2. Birds tested repeatedly in the presence of a normal geomagnetic field but in a ‘visually cueless’ chamber failed to develop any significant directional preferences. 3. Attempts to classically condition buntings to respond to directional changes (of 1 s duration) in the horizontal component of an artificially induced magnetic field have been unsuccessful. In summary, I have been unable to obtain experimental confirmation of the hypothesis that Indigo Buntings can perceive and use static magnetic fields as directional cues.
Hydrofluoric and nitric acid transport through lipid bilayer membranes.

Abstract Hydrofluoric and nitric acid transport through lipid bilayer membranes were studied by a combination of electrical conductance and pH electrode techniques. Transport occurs primarily by nonionic diffusion of molecular HF and HNO3. Membrane permeabilities to HF and HNO3 ranged from 10−4 to 10 −3 cm · s −1 , five to seven orders of magnitude higher than the permeabilities to NO3−, F− and H+. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that F− transport through biological membranes occurs mainly by nonionic diffusion of HF. Our results also suggest that of the two principal components of “acid rain”, HNO3 may be more toxic than H2SO4.
The Maquiladora Industry and Migration in Mexico: A Survey of Literature

I survey the literature, which analyzes the relationship between the maquiladora industry and migration in Mexico. The maquiladora industry is an export processing program, which has grown to become one of Mexico's most important economic activities. It was expanded from its birthplace along the United States–Mexico border to Mexico's interior states, partly to absorb surplus labor and deter migration. I divide the literature into three main categories dealing with internal migration, migration to the United States, and gender issues. I find that despite a wide range of methodological and theoretical perspectives, there are generally three views on the industry's effect on migration. The optimistic view credits the industry with curbing migration; the neutral view is cautious about the maquiladora industry's long-term sustainability as a development project that can affect migration; and the pessimistic view blames the industry's development model for Mexico's economic problems and higher emigration rates. I conclude that more study is needed to update the existing work, and to demystify today's polarized political and economic rhetoric, especially in the United States, concerning the relationship between development and migration.
Load fatigue of teeth restored by a dentin bonding agent and a posterior composite resin

A three-surface MOD preparation measuring one third of the isthmus cavity distance at the isthmus was prepared for five extracted, intact human maxillary premolar teeth. The teeth were restored with a posterior resin and a dentin bonding agent. Each tooth was tested under a cyclically varying load in a fatigue machine made at the University of Washington. The cyclic load rate was 75 cycles per minute. A strain gauge was applied to the buccal surface of each tooth. Under the load applied at an angle of 60 degrees to the long axis of the tooth, reinforcement of the tooth was established by the reduced deflection of the buccal surface of the restored tooth as compared with the unrestored tooth. The loss of this reinforcement due to the application of the cyclically varying load established the end point of the fatigue testing. Four different load values of 13, 16, 19, and 22 lb loads were applied separately to each tooth. The results of this testing were classic wherein the smallest load required the greatest number of load cycles before loss of adhesion was registered by the strain gauge. Failure always occurred within the adhesive joint.
The essential and nonessential transcription units for viral protein synthesis and DNA replication of porcine circovirus type 2

During porcine circovirus (PCV) replication in PK15 cells, nine PCV type 2 (PCV2)-specific RNAs are synthesized. They include the capsid RNA (CR), five Rep-associated RNAs (Rep, Rep', Rep3a, Rep3b, and Rep3c), and three NS-associated RNAs (NS515, NS672, and NS0). In this work, mutational analyses were conducted to investigate the involvement of each PCV2 transcription unit in viral protein synthesis and DNA replication. The results demonstrated that a stop codon introduced at the very 5'-end of CR did not affect Rep-associated antigens or viral DNA synthesis. Altering the consensus dinucleotides at the splice junctions of the minor RNAs (Rep3a, Rep3b, Rep3c, NS515, and NS672) or introducing a stop codon in the abundant NS0 RNA also did not have any effect on viral protein synthesis or DNA replication. However, mutations that resulted in truncated Rep or Rep' proteins caused greater than 99% reduction of viral protein synthesis and complete shut down of viral DNA replication. These results demonstrated that both Rep and Rep' are absolutely essential for PCV2 replication.
The new faculty member: Supporting and fostering professional development.

1. Introduction: New FacultyA Neglected Resource Part One: Obstacles Confronting New Faculty Members 2. Gaining the Acceptance of Colleagues 3. Establishing Teaching Styles and Skills 4. Developing Habits of Writing Productivity Part Two: Helping New Faculty Overcome Obstacles 5. Mentoring to Build Collegiality 6. Establishing Basic Teaching Skills 7. Encouraging Scholarly Productivity 8. Helping New Faculty Help Themselves Part Three: Building an Institutional Support System 9. Recruitment and Orientation 10. Retention and Tenure 11. Tailoring Programs to Special Needs 12. Enlisting Chairs and Other Administrators 13. Strategies for Getting Programs Under Way Resource: Questionnaire Used to Interview New Faculty.
Does neoadjuvant chemoradiation downstage esophageal carcinoma

Abstract Background: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is administered to patients with esophageal carcinoma with the belief that this will both downstage the tumor and improve survival. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is currently the most accurate method of staging esophageal cancer for tumor (T) and lymph node (N) status. Because both EUS and neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal carcinoma are relatively new, there are few data examining the relationship between EUS stage and histological stage (the stage after resection) in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. Methods: To determine the effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on T and N stage as determined by EUS, we retrospectively compared two groups of patients with esophageal cancer staged by EUS. One group (33 patients) underwent neoadjuvant therapy (Walsh protocol: 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and 4000 rads of external beam radiation) followed by resection. The second group (22 patients), a control group, underwent resection without neoadjuvant therapy. We then compared histological stage to determine if there was a downstaging in the patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. Survival was evaluated as well. Results: EUS accurately predicted histologic stage. In the control group EUS overestimated T stage in 3 of 22 (13%), underestimated N stage in 2 of 22 (9%), and overestimated N stage in 2 of 22 (9%) of patients. Preoperative radiochemotherapy downstaged (preoperative EUS stage versus pathologic specimen) 12 of 33 (36%) of patients whereas only 1 of 22 (5%) of patients in the control group was downstaged. Complete response (no tumor found in the surgical specimen) was observed in 5 of 33 (15%) of patients receiving radiochemotherapy. Survival was prolonged significantly in patients receiving radiochemotherapy: 20.6 months versus 9.6 months for those (stage II or III) patients not receiving radiochemotherapy ( P Conclusions: EUS accurately stages esophageal carcinoma. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy downstages esophageal carcinoma for T and N status. In our nonrandomized study, neoadjuvant therapy conferred a significant survival advantage. Operative risk appears to be increased in patients receiving neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy prior to esophagectomy.
Accurate state estimation from uncertain data and models: an application of data assimilation to mathematical models of human brain tumors

Data assimilation refers to methods for updating the state vector (initial condition) of a complex spatiotemporal model (such as a numerical weather model) by combining new observations with one or more prior forecasts. We consider the potential feasibility of this approach for making short-term (60-day) forecasts of the growth and spread of a malignant brain cancer (glioblastoma multiforme) in individual patient cases, where the observations are synthetic magnetic resonance images of a hypothetical tumor. We apply a modern state estimation algorithm (the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter), previously developed for numerical weather prediction, to two different mathematical models of glioblastoma, taking into account likely errors in model parameters and measurement uncertainties in magnetic resonance imaging. The filter can accurately shadow the growth of a representative synthetic tumor for 360 days (six 60-day forecast/update cycles) in the presence of a moderate degree of systematic model error and measurement noise. The mathematical methodology described here may prove useful for other modeling efforts in biology and oncology. An accurate forecast system for glioblastoma may prove useful in clinical settings for treatment planning and patient counseling. This article was reviewed by Anthony Almudevar, Tomas Radivoyevitch, and Kristin Swanson (nominated by Georg Luebeck).
Defective regulation of the proinflammatory immune response in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome

Abstract Objective: The cause of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome is unknown. To determine a possible role for defective immune regulation in this chronic condition, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses to the 70-kd heat shock protein and to lipopolysaccharide were compared in women with and without vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Study design: Whole blood cultures from 62 women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome and 48 control subjects were incubated in the presence or absence of 5 μg/mL human recombinant 70-kd heat shock protein or 0.1 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide for 18 hours. The culture supernatants were then assayed for interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Median levels of interleukin-1β were higher in response to heat shock protein in cultures from patients with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (median, 1.07 ng/mL) as opposed to control subjects (median, 0.40 ng/mL; P = .006). Conversely, levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were higher in response to heat shock protein in control subjects (median, 39.21 ng/mL) than in patients (median, 29.25 ng/mL; P = .009).In response to lipopolysaccharide, median levels of interleukin-1β were similar in patients (1.00 ng/mL) and control subjects (1.15 ng/mL); median interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentrations were higher in control subjects (70.0 ng/mL) than in patients (44.3 ng/mL; P P = .0002) and lipopolysaccharide ( P = .01). In uninduced cultures, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels were also higher in control subjects (median, 1.60 ng/mL) than in patients with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (median, 0.62 ng/mL; P Conclusion: A relative inability to down-regulate proinflammatory interleukin-1β activity by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist may contribute to the pathophysiologic features of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:696-700.)
Military Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency in Peacekeeping: Public Versus Private

The main question addressed by this research is whether or not there is a measurable difference in the use of private or public peacekeepers. The article examines differences in military effectiveness and economic efficiency as evidenced from four major civil wars that occurred in the countries of Somalia, Sierra Leone, Angola and Liberia from 1993 to 2003. Two different methods of conflict cessation are contrasted: Private Military Corporation forces (PMC) and United Nation Peacekeeping forces (UNPK). A further distinction is made between peacekeeping and peace enforcement, arguing that the UN, by using a neutral approach, may be more costly in the long run than a coercive approach that would enforce peace and allow social and economic development to begin. This analysis also shows that policy-makers need to think seriously about the ability of the UN either to enforce peace coercively through military engagement or to move to private enforcers.
Mge1 Functions as a Nucleotide Release Factor for Ssc1, a Mitochondrial Hsp70 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Mge1, a GrpE-related protein in the mitochondrial matrix of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is required for translocation of precursor proteins into mitochondria. The effect of Mge1 on nucleotide release from Ssc1, an Hsp70 of the mitochondrial matrix, was analyzed. The release of both ATP and ADP from Ssc1 was stimulated in the presence of Mge1, therefore we conclude that Mge1 functions as a nucleotide release factor for Ssc1. Mge1 bound stably to Ssc1in vitro; this interaction was resistant to high concentrations of salt but was disrupted by the addition of ATP. ADP was much less effective in releasing Mge1 from Ssc1 whereas ATPγS and AMPPNP could not disrupt the Ssc1/Mge1 complex. Ssc1-3, a temperature sensitive SSC1 mutant protein, did not form a detectable complex with Mge1. Consistent with the lack of a detectable interaction, Mge1 did not stimulate nucleotide release from Ssc1-3. A conserved loop structure on the surface of the ATPase domain of DnaK has been implicated in its interaction with GrpE. Since the single amino acid change in Ssc1-3 lies very close to the analogous loop in Ssc1, the role of this loop in the Ssc1:Mge1 interaction was investigated. Deletion of the loop abolished the physical and functional interaction of Ssc1 with Mge1, suggesting that the loop in Ssc1 is also important for the Ssc1:Mge1 interaction. Two mutants with single amino acid changes within the loop did not eliminate the stable binding of Mge1, yet the binding of Mge1 did not stimulate the release of nucleotides from the mutant SSC1 proteins. We propose that the loop region of Ssc1 is important for the physical interaction between Mge1 and Ssc1, and for generation of a conformational change necessary for Mge1-induced nucleotide release.
Oxygen incorporation in the biosynthesis of p-coumaric acid in seedlings of Zea mays

Abstract The results of experiments in which seedlings of Zea mays were grown in the light in an atmosphere enriched with oxygen-18 indicated that the hydroxyl oxygen atom in p -coumaric acid is derived from molecular oxygen.
Immunologic Characterization of Ocular Adnexal Lymphoid Neoplasms

We correlated the light microscopic features of ten ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms with the results of selected immunologic and histochemical lymphocyte marker studies. The lesions were divided into three histomorphologic patterns: inflammatory pseudotumor, reactive follicular hyperplasia, and malignant lymphoma. The six inflammatory pseudotumors, and reactive follicular hyperplasia, despite diverse histomorphology, were immunologically polyclonal and consisted of from 45 to 73% T cells and 27 to 60% B cells, the B cells being polyclonal with respect to light chain determinants. The four malignant lymphomas were immunologically monoclonal. Each consisted of a predominant B-cell proliferation, greater than 50% of the cells, which were monoclonal with respect to surface light chain determinants. No T-cell proliferations were observed. Our preliminary data indicate that, as in systemic lymphoid neoplasms, benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasias are immunologically polyclonal whereas malignant lymphomas are immunologically monoclonal. The systematic application of immunologic and histochemical techniques to the study of ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms may elucidate the natural history of these lesions.
Complement as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis.

This letter is in response to the recent report in the Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology by Brink et al. The pathology of multiple sclerosis is location-dependent: No significant complement activation is detected in purely cortical lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005;64:147-55 Complement as a Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis A pathogenic role for complement in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has long been suspected because complement is activated by myelin-derived components and because complement proteins and their activation fragments can be detected in MS lesions (1). Also, more direct studies using genetically …
"Thymineless" death in androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells

The molecular mechanism of "thymineless" death induced by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or trifluorothymidine, in androgen-independent rat prostatic adenocarcinoma AT-3 cells was investigated. Fragmentation of genomic DNA into discrete multiples of a nucleosomal unit (i.e. 180bp subunit) and induction of expression of TRPM-2, a programmed cell death-associated gene, temporally correlated with the activation of programmed cell death in this system. In contrast, killing of AT-3 cells by osmotic lysis, or membrane-targeted metabolic inhibitors results in neither the stereotypic DNA fragmentation into nucleosomal oligomers nor the elevation of TRPM-2 mRNA levels but to non-specific biochemical changes characteristic of necrosis. These results suggest that androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells retain a major portion of the programmed cell death cascade which can be activated by non-androgen ablative cytotoxic drugs that induce "thymineless" death.
Association between psychological factors and adolescent smoking in seven cities in China.

Background: Cigarette smoking is a culturally accepted behavior among adult males in China. However, there is limited information on smoking among Chinese adolescents, particularly the information on the relationship between psychological well-being and smoking behavior among this population. Purpose: This study explored associations between three psychological factors—anxiety, hostility, and depressive symptoms—and smoking behavior among Chinese adolescents. Methods: The data presented in this study are a cross-sectional slice from a longitudinal investigation of tobacco use and lifestyle carried out in China. The study population consisted of 4,724 7th and 11th grade students from seven large cities in China. Results: Odds ratios showed that anxiety, hostility, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with a higher risk of lifetime smoking for both boys and girls. Conclusion: Much like their Western counterparts, Chinese adolescents face developmental stress. The resulting distress may increase their risk for substance use and other health-risk behaviors.
A comparison of four strategies to promote fair trade products

– The purpose of this paper is, first, to assess the influence of four promotional strategies on students' purchase intention for fair trade coffee; and second to examine the effect of attractiveness and credibility of two university sports celebrities on purchase intention for fair‐trade coffee in a campus convenience store., – A survey of 100 college students at a mid‐western asked them to rate two campus sports celebrities on attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness and the relationship of these qualities to purchase intention for fair trade coffee. Influence of four promotional strategies on purchase intention was assessed., – There was a positive and significant relationship between attractiveness and trustworthiness of the sports celebrities and customers' purchase intention for fair‐trade coffee. However, a “buy one get one free cup coupon” stimulated higher purchase intention than sports celebrities, flyers, and packaging., – Results are based on a student sample. Advertising stimuli were written scenarios with no illustrations., – Less expensive promotional strategies (e.g. coupons) rather than celebrity endorsements may be equally effective in eliciting purchase intention for fair trade products., – The paper is innovative in its examination of the effectiveness of promotional strategies (including sports celebrity influence) to promote fair trade products in a small business context.
Calculation of the mass parameter in the theory of self-cranked generator coordinates

The self-cranked generator coordinate (SCGC) method of Haff and Wilets, together with constrained Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov wave functions, has been used to calculate the mass parameter BQ for quadrupole deformations. A simple ansatz reduces the required integrals to a form similar to that required in Hartree-Fock calculations, and the same matrix elements of the Hamiltonian occur in both cases. The results are sensitive to numerical approximations and care must be exercised to maintain accuracy. Finally, since the SCGC method adds another variational function, the energy is lowered relative to the usual generator coordinate method, and hence BQ is increased. Finally, for a particular sample calculation, the correction more than doubled BQ.
Lambda-neutron interaction in kaon photoproduction from the deuteron

The importance of hyperon-nucleon final-state interaction in kaon photoproduction from the deuteron is examined. By calculating the deuteron wave function using the Reid, Paris, or Bonn NN potentials, the uncertainty of this process due to the nucleonic wave function is found to be negligible. The insignificance of off-shell and relativistic effects is demonstrated by employing a completely relativistic wave function and comparing various approximations. We find the influence of the kaon production operator to be the most critical ingredient in this calculation. Final-state effects, which are included via a distorted-wave formalism, involve partial waves up to l=3. They produce a sharp rise of the cross section near threshold resulting in an enhancement by about a factor of 3, but diminish rapidly as the energy increases. Different \ensuremath{\Lambda}N potential models show variations of the effect by up to 10%.
New Approach to Flavonols via Base‐Mediated Cyclization: Total Synthesis of 3,5,6,7‐Tetramethoxyflavone

The novel four-step synthesis of flavones (VI) involves a LDA-mediated cyclization/isomerization/elimination sequence as the key step.
Neutrophil-selective CD18 silencing using RNA interference in vivo

Tissue-specific silencing of genes may be used for genetic engineering in mice and has possible therapeutic applications in humans. Current strategies in mice rely on Cre/loxP technology requiring the generation of multiple transgenic lines and breeding strategies. Here, we describe the selective silencing of CD18, a leukocyte-specific integrin in neutrophils using a micro RNA (miRNA) strategy that requires the generation of one transgenic line. CD18-specific miRNA hairpin driven by the myeloid specific human MRP8 promoter resulted in the generation of transgenic lines with 75% to 95% reduction in CD18 protein levels in neutrophils and monocytes. Minimal decreases in T cells and a partial diminution in macrophages were observed. Neutrophil CD18 silencing resulted in neutrophilia, splenomegaly, and significant defects in neutrophil trafficking with the degree of alterations correlating with the extent of CD18 silencing. Thus, our data demonstrate the utility of using miRNA approaches to silence genes in neutrophils, which are terminally differentiated cells with a short half-life that largely precludes their genetic manipulation in vitro. Furthermore, the mouse models provide a valuable tool to examine the contribution of CD18 on neutrophils to leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD-I), a complex inherited disorder in which reduced or absent CD18 expression in multiple leukocyte subsets leads to impaired innate and adaptive immune responses.
Th2 Cytokines associated with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps Down-Regulate the Antimicrobial Immune Function of Human Sinonasal Epithelial Cells:

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is a disorder characterized by persistent eosinophilic Th2 inflammation and frequent sinonasal microbial colonization. It has been postu...
“Duty, Honor, Country”

During the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, the media have called attention to post-traumatic stress syndrome, concussive injuries, and the development of improved prosthetic devices, but PTJ 's special issue on military rehabilitation broadens our perspective to consider such topics as depression, sleep deprivation, transition back to community, and occupation. This issue also sheds light on the important role that physical therapists in the military play in diagnosing and treating a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. Although this issue focuses on the armed services in North America, the guest co-editors, Lt Col John Childs and Dr Alice Aiken, and I believe that the findings are relevant to military personnel around the world—and to civilians as well. Several models of health care delivery presented in this issue may serve as models for effective accountable care organizations and medical homes and merit investigation. I thank Lt Col Childs and Dr Aiken for “joining forces” to create this issue. The idea began with a discussion with Dr Aiken at the World Confederation for Physical Therapy conference in June 2011; when you read their editorials, you will understand their passion and the timeliness of the topics. In his editorial, Lt Col Childs remarks, “ Regardless of your political leanings, war is the closest thing to hell on Earth ….” This is a perfect opening for us to contemplate the life of someone who chose an alternate path to the military for his public service. As a Quaker, John “Jack” …
A university system's approach to enhancing the educational mission of health science schools and institutions: the University of Texas Academy of Health Science Education

Background: The academy movement developed in the United States as an important approach to enhance the educational mission and facilitate the recognition and work of educators at medical schools and health science institutions. Objectives: Academies initially formed at individual medical schools. Educators and leaders in The University of Texas System (the UT System, UTS) recognized the academy movement as a means both to address special challenges and pursue opportunities for advancing the educational mission of academic health sciences institutions. Methods: The UTS academy process was started by the appointment of a Chancellor’s Health Fellow for Education in 2004. Subsequently, the University of Texas Academy of Health Science Education (UTAHSE) was formed by bringing together esteemed faculty educators from the six UTS health science institutions. Results: Currently, the UTAHSE has 132 voting members who were selected through a rigorous, system-wide peer review and who represent multiple professional backgrounds and all six campuses. With support from the UTS, the UTAHSE has developed and sustained an annual Innovations in Health Science Education conference, a small grants program and an Innovations in Health Science Education Award, among other UTS health science educational activities. The UTAHSE represents one university system’s innovative approach to enhancing its educational mission through multi- and interdisciplinary as well as inter-institutional collaboration. Conclusions: The UTAHSE is presented as a model for the development of other consortia-type academies that could involve several components of a university system or coalitions of several institutions. Keywords: academy; consortium; faculty development; Health Science Education; Innovations Conference (Published: 13 March 2013) Citation: Med Educ Online 2013, 18 : 20540 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v18i0.20540
A portable hot-water ice drill

Abstract A portable hot-water drilling system has been developed for conducting detailed thickness surveys of multi-year sea ice. Primary components of the system are a propane-fired water heater and a twin-piston pump which is driven by a small gasoline engine. When assembled, the system is mounted on a sled which can be moved across relatively smooth ice surfaces by two persons. The system components easily fit inside a Bell 205 or 212 helicopter for movement to other locations. A field program in April and May 1986 proved the viability of the system for rapidly penetrating multi-year sea ice in relatively cold ambient temperatures. The prototype drill penetrated ice at rates of 3 m/min. A 43-cm-diameter ring can be quickly substituted for the normal drilling probe. This ring is useful for making larger holes through the ice for the release or recovery of instruments. Overall performance of the drilling system was highly satisfactory during the field investigations. Future systems, however, will incorporate fuel oil burners and higher-pressure pumps to achieve higher penetration rates as well as to take advantage of more readily available fuel sources.
The Restructuring of the US Steel Industry: Changes in the Location of Production and Employment:

Recent reorganization of the US iron and steel industry provides a useful setting for an analysis of the relationship between industrial location and institutional forms. Regression analysis shows that institutional shifts in the organization of production dominated geographical shifts in employment and product value as integrated maxi-mills sought to raise productivity. The reorganization of production includes mill abandonment, increased subcontracting by maxi-mills in the initial stages of production, horizontal penetration by mini-mills in the sheet-steel market, and the growing integration of steel finishing and automobile assembly as firms that belong to Japanese corporate groups expand their operations in the USA. Maxi-mills are concentrating investment and production in the Midwest states as their joint ventures with Japanese steel firms specialize in the mass production of galvanized sheets for the automobile industry. Locational shifts also include the national spread of scrap-processing mini-mi...
Potassium redistribution and water movement in crayfish muscle fibers

1. After subjecting the isolated crayfish muscle fiber to a variety of external ionic conditions, the intracellular potassium concentration was measured with an ultramicro integrative flame photometer. 2. The quantity of fiber water was determined by correcting the weight of the fiber for the solid component and the adhering and extracellular water. In normal control Ringer's solution the ratio of fiber water to cell weight is 0.79. 3. The intracellular potassium concentration of a fiber bathed in normal control Ringer was determined as 130±10 mM/kg-H20. With propionate substituted for chloride in the control solution, the final intracellular potassium concentration was 128 ±13 mM/kg-H2O. 4. The muscle fiber was subjected to media made hyperosmotic by the addition of K salts. When the anion was permeant (chloride) the redistribution of the intracellular potassium conformed to a Donnan system. With the impermeant ion propionate, the fiber behaved as an osmometer. 5. When the media were isosmotically changed with the addition of K salts, the fiber potassium did not conform to a Donnan redistribution with chloride, nor as an osmometer with propionate. 6. When the fiber was suddenly exposed to a propionate control solution after equilibration in chloride, the transient time course of intracellular potassium indicated a predominant water movement. This water movement was probably by electroosmosis.
A Broader View of “Self” in Egocentric Social Judgment: Current and Possible Selves

Virtually all previous research addressing the self as a standard of comparison in social judgment defined the self to be one's current-held characteristics. We extended research on egocentric definitions of social categories (Dunning, Perie, & Story, 1991) and the self-image bias (Lewicki, 1983) by measuring a broader definition of “self” which includes possible selves. In two studies, measures of college students' self-systems (current and possible selves together) accounted for three times as much variance in social judgments (M = 12.9%) than did measures of their current selves alone (M = 4.2%). We argue for the theoretical and empirical benefits of using a broader definition of self in social judgment research.
Ultra-high I/O density glass/silicon interposers for high bandwidth smart mobile applications

Smart mobile applications are driving the demand for higher logic-to-memory bandwidth (BW) in 10–30 GB/s range with lower power consumption and larger memory capacity. This paper presents a radically-different, scalable and lower cost approach than the 3D ICs with TSV stack approach being pursued widely, to achieve high bandwidth. This approach is referred to as interposer approach using ultra-thin glass or silicon with ultra-high I/O density interposers, which does not require TSVs in the logic IC in the 3D stack. This paper presents a comparative study, based on electrical modeling of the logic-to-memory signal path, in various current and emerging package configurations for use in smart mobile devices. Frequency and time domain analysis for each of these scenarios is performed using both chip and package-level models with varying interconnection dimensions. Simulated eye diagrams for the complete data paths in the thin glass interposer approach demonstrated more than 3 Gbps/pin data rate, similar to 3D ICs.
Overview of retinoid metabolism

Substantial and exciting progress has been made in understanding the cytoplasmic metabolism and the nuclear functions of vitamin A. Keys to this understanding have come from studies of the plasma and cytoplasmic proteins that bind retinol and retinoic acid, thereby regulating retinoid concentration and specifying the enzymatic reactions through which retinol is absorbed, stored as esterified retinol or oxidized to retinoic acid. In the nucleus, the hormone-like activity of retinoic acid is transduced by a family of retinoic acid receptors that regulate a large number of retinoic acid-responsive genes. The coordination of cytoplasmic retinoid metabolism and the nuclear effects of retinoic acid or other retinoid metabolites is now recognized as critical to embryonic development and the control of cellular differentiation throughout life.
Intractable sneezing due to IgE-mediated triethanolamine sensitivity

Sneezing has been commonly recognized as part of the nasal allergic reaction in response to pollen and inhalant allergens; isolated intractable sneezing is an unusual presentation in allergic patients. An 8-yr-old white girl developed intractable sneezing in the fall while walking past an area where fresh roofing tar was being prepared. Her personal and family histories were negative for allergic disease or symptoms. Positive physical findings were boggy nasal mucosa; pollen and inhalant skin tests were negative. Response to topical cromolyn and beclomethasone administered intranasally was only partial; antihistamines were little help. Upon careful review of history, exposure to clothes washed in Miracle White Laundry Soil and Stain Remover correlated to symptoms; removal from clothing by extensive washing relieved the sneezing, which recurred upon exposure. Prick test was positive to triethanolamine at 10(7)M to 10(-4)M and not to other ingredients of this product. Investigation demonstrated dose-dependent leukocyte histamine release (25% to 27% specific release) to triethanolamine (10(-4)M to 10(-7)M); this release (50% at 10(-5)M) was inhibited by preincubation with cromolyn sodium (5 X 10(-6)M). Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was demonstrated to triethanolamine (10(-7)M to 10(-4)M); specific IgE to triethanolamine was demonstrated by polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay. Controls had no histamine release or specific IgE. Thus exposure to triethanolamine caused IgE-mediated intractable sneezing.