cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘good war’ on terror: rewriting empire from George W. Bush to American Sniper

Starting in the mid-2000s, a number of films were produced that challenged George W. Bush’s conflation of the War on Terror with the so-called “good war.” The films, which despite critical acclaim saw relatively low box-office returns, interrogated not only the rationale for and conduct of the War on Terror but the ontological claims of narrative and visual representation as such; resisting the dualisms, the easy resolutions and the proclaimed self-evidence of the “good war” model, they revealed both the war and its legitimation as intrinsically constructed, redacted and selective. This article identifies, in Zero Dark Thirty and American Sniper, a return to the tropes of the “good” war that has sought to confer legitimacy and necessity upon the “War on Terror” and its exceptional/extrajudicial measures, arguing that, ultimately, it is precisely their expression in these terms that most starkly betrays the ideals for which the “good war” was ostensibly fought.
Anti-Site Bonds and the Structure of Interfaces in SiC

High resolution electron microscopy has been used to study the structure of the 3C/6H interface, Σ=3 {111} and Σ=3 {112} grain boundaries in 3C-SiC. In SiC, as in other compound semiconductors, anti-site bonds occur in a variety of defects. These are high energy bonds comparable to that of dangling bonds. But, while dangling bonds at the grain boundaries may be eliminated by reconstruction just as in elemental semiconductors, it may not be possible to avoid anti-site bonds. These problems are discussed for the Σ=3 {112} grain boundary, where the structures proposed for Ge and Si are used as starting models for SiC.
The perception of experimentally induced failure

A simulated decision making, environment was used to examine the relationship between experimentally induced failure and Ss perceptions of success and failure. The obtained relationship between induced and perceived failure was generally linear, with a significant higher order trend. The implications of these findings for homeostatic and adaptation level theories of perception are considered.
Child Soldiers, Executive Functions, and Culpability

Child soldiers, who often appear to be both victims and perpetrators, present a vexing moral and legal challenge: how can we protect the rights of children while seeking justice for the victims of war crimes? There has been little stomach, either in domestic or international courts, for prosecuting child soldiers—but neither has this challenge been systematically addressed in international law. Establishing a uniform minimum age of criminal responsibility would be a major step in the right direction; we argue that such a standard ought to be guided by the best evidence from neuropsychology about the development, during childhood and adolescence, of executive functions that give rise to morally and legally responsible agents. In light of that evidence, which suggests that the brain’s executive functions are still maturing into early adulthood, we recommend a graded structure of culpability for child soldiers.
A Process for Producing “Granular Single Crystals” of Ceramics from Polycrystals by Biaxial Alignment, Demonstrated for High-Tc Superconductors

A recently developed method for producing triaxial alignment of single crystalline grains may be applicable to ceramics other than the high-T c cuprate superconductors for which it was designed as a means of reducing the grain boundary weak links due to grain orientational misfit. This technique uses a suitable combination of a mechanical force and a magnetic field acting on the moment of a rare earth element incorporated into the ceramic; a "granular single crystal" is thus formed. A detailed step-by-step procedure is presented here to facilitate use of the new approach.
Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis.

Significant neurologic manifestations occur in about one-fourth to one-third of patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis; however, the exact incidence is not known. Almost none of the neurologic manifestations are typical of the disease. For the most part they could be evidence of other processes. The clues to the presence of bacterial endocarditis come from the complete clinical-laboratory picture. Exceptions are changes in the fundus oculi, seen in about one of five patients.
Ethics for Ethicists? The Professionalization of Clinical Ethics Consultation.

The challenge in professionalizing bioethics is to retain interdisciplinary membership and exchange as an integral part of the profession.
Low-dose glucocorticoids maintain Na-H exchange in distal colon of adrenalectomized rats.

With in vivo perfusion we demonstrated that physiological doses of glucocorticoids restore Na and Cl absorption in adrenalectomized rat colon. The absorption is spironolactone and amiloride resistant and is inhibited by the Na-H inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), suggesting that glucocorticoids modulate Na-H antiport. The present in vitro study examines pathways mediated by glucocorticoids in adrenalectomized rat distal colon and rectum. In vivo administration of 2.5 micrograms/100 g body wt dexamethasone did not alter serosal-to-mucosal flux or tissue electrical parameters but restored mucosal-to-serosal flux and net Na and Cl absorption within 2–3 h of administration to levels found in intact rat colon. Transport was not inhibited by 10(-5) M amiloride but was eliminated by 10(-5) M EIPA. After 26 h of dexamethasone, an amiloride-resistant short-circuit current was stimulated, accompanied by increased residual ion flux in rectum, but not distal colon, suggesting that a delayed or second...
Biomarker PAHs in the Environment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of environmental concern have been described with regards to their origins. The anthropogenic PAHs from primarily combustion are the major sources, however, PAHs from biomass combustion and other natural processes are also important and consist of aromatic biomarkers (i.e., biomarker PAHs). The sources and fate of these PAHs derived from natural products are discussed in this overview. It covers the terpenoid and steroid sources of biomarker PAHs, their occurrence in ancient and contemporary sediments, various modes of formation, and their dissemination in the geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Stochastic Simulation and Performance Analysis of Classical Knock Control Algorithms

The random nature of knock events means that deterministic notions for control system design, analysis, and performance assessment, in particular, cannot be applied to knock-control systems. New methods are, therefore, presented for predicting and quantifying the statistical properties of the closed-loop response of a standard advance–retard knock-control strategy based on a computationally efficient Markov or first-step type analysis. The results provide new insight into the steady-state and transient response of the controller and enable these characteristics to be quantified in a more rigorous and repeatable way than has previously been possible.
Spin-orbit-induced resonances and threshold anomalies in a reduced dimension Fermi gas

We calculate the reflection and transmission probabilities in a one-dimensional Fermi gas with an equal mixing of the Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling (RD-SOC) produced by an external Raman laser field. These probabilities are computed over multiple relevant energy ranges within the pseudopotential approximation. Strong scattering resonances are found whenever the incident energy approaches either a scattering threshold or a quasibound state attached to one of the energetically closed higher dispersion branches. A striking difference is demonstrated between two very different regimes set by the Raman laser intensity, namely, between scattering for the single-minimum dispersion versus the double-minimum dispersion at the lowest threshold. The presence of RD-SOC together with the Raman field fundamentally changes the scattering behavior and enables the realization of very different one-dimensional theoretical models in a single experimental setup when combined with a confinement-induced resonance.
Does stage migration exist in active multiple myeloma (MM)

8105 Background: Tumor stage migration can artifactually inflate cancer survival rates and overestimate benefits of newer therapies. We have previously shown a favorable impact of widely used novel...
Historical evidence for abstract phonological analyses

A frequent criticism leveled against abstract phonological analyses is that such analyses are "not psychologically real". Direct psycholinguistic experimentation often fails to resolve convincingly the question of the reality of abstract analyses; evidence may, however, be drawn from historical change to support or refute their psychological reality. Hooper [1976] does argue for a concrete view of phonology by using evidence from language change. It is the purpose of this paper to argue for an abstract phonological analysis of the nasal + consonant sequences at a historically earlier stage in Kimatuumbi, a Bantu language spoken in southern Tanzania.
"Team Psychological Contract Fulfillment Climate: Definitions, Measurement, and Nomological Network"

Now-a-days, many organizations utilize a team structure to achieve their objectives. Concurrently, research in teams and team structures has grown significantly. Continuing this effort, we expand o...
Effects of Electricity and Lightning on Man and Animals

It is often difficult to prove whether a man or animal has been electrocuted. Since death from electrocution can occur with no marks on the body, it is important for pathologists and attorneys to be aware of the lethal effects of electricity from the viewpoint of the engineering expert witness who aids in the investigation of such cases.
Hybrid Closure of Apical Post-Infarct Septal Defect: Externalizing an Occluder and Excluding the Right Ventricle

A 63-year-old man was transferred to our hospital 5 weeks after an acute anterior myocardial infarction complicated by an apical ventricular septal defect (VSD). He was on intravenous dopamine and required an intra-aortic balloon pump for hemodynamic stability. A large peri-infarct area with a
The replication crisis in epidemiology: snowball, snow job, or winter solstice?

Like a snowball rolling down a steep hill, the most recent crisis over the perceived lack of reproducibility of scientific results has outpaced the evidence of crisis. It has led to new actions and new guidelines that have been rushed to market without plans for evaluation, metrics for success, or due consideration of the potential for unintended consequences. The perception of the crisis is at least partly a snow job, heavily influenced by a small number of centers lavishly funded by a single foundation, with undue and unsupported attention to preregistration as a solution to the perceived crisis. At the same time, the perception of crisis provides an opportunity for introspection. Two studies’ estimates of association may differ because of undue attention on null hypothesis statistical testing, because of differences in the distribution of effect modifiers, because of differential susceptibility to threats to validity, or for other reasons. Perhaps the expectation of what reproducible epidemiology ought to look like is more misguided than the practice of epidemiology. We advocate for the idea of “replication and advancement.” Studies should not only replicate earlier work, but also improve on it in by enhancing the design or analysis. Abandoning blind reliance on null hypothesis significance testing for statistical inference, finding consensus on when preregistration of non-randomized study protocols has merit, and focusing on replication and advance are the most certain ways to emerge from this solstice for the better.
Umbilical cord clamping practices of U.S. obstetricians.

Background Delayed umbilical cord clamping is associated with significant benefits to preterm and term newborns and is recommended for all infants by the World Health Organization and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Little is known about the cord management practices of U.S. obstetricians. Objective The objective of this study was to describe current cord clamping practices by U.S. obstetricians and investigate factors associated with delayed cord clamping. Study design A cross-sectional survey was sent to 500 members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Umbilical cord practices were assessed, and factors related to delaying cord clamping were examined using Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models. Results The overall response rate was 37% with 74% of those opening the email responding. Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported DCC by one minute or more after vaginal births at term. After preterm and near-term vaginal births, 73% and 79% said they waited at least 30 seconds before clamping. The factor most consistently and strongly related to delaying cord clamping in both bivariate and multivariate analyses was having the belief that the timing of clamping was important. Additional analysis revealed that believing the timing was important was positively associated with the physician's institution having a written policy on the cord clamping. Conclusions In this study, a majority of respondents reported delaying cord clamping and indicated that employing strategies to implement the full uptake of this practice could be valuable. Findings suggest that institutional policies may influence attitudes on cord clamping.
Indigenous Engagement with Christianity: A Review Essay

Mixed Blessings , Defining Metis , and Perishing Heathens all move scholarly dialogue past mere indictment of the colonizer’s religion toward the possibilities of Indigenous refusal, acceptance, adaptation, and politically motivated use of Christianity. Read together, these three books function like a primer on the possibilities and pitfalls involved in studying often tense and ambiguous moments of interreligious and cross-cultural encounter. This review offers an overview of each text and then highlights ways in which all three situate themselves in relation to Indigenous perspectives, address the difficulty of accessing Indigenous history through archival sources, and contribute something significant to the field of Indigenous studies.
Maturation of polycistronic mRNAs by the endoribonuclease RNase Y and its associated Y-complex in Bacillus subtilis

Endonucleolytic cleavage within polycistronic mRNAs can lead to differential stability, and thus discordant abundance, among cotranscribed genes. RNase Y, the major endonuclease for mRNA decay in Bacillus subtilis, was originally identified for its cleavage activity toward the cggR-gapA operon, an event that differentiates the synthesis of a glycolytic enzyme from its transcriptional regulator. A three-protein Y-complex (YlbF, YmcA, and YaaT) was recently identified as also being required for this cleavage in vivo, raising the possibility that it is an accessory factor acting to regulate RNase Y. However, whether the Y-complex is broadly required for RNase Y activity is unknown. Here, we used end-enrichment RNA sequencing (Rend-seq) to globally identify operon mRNAs that undergo maturation posttranscriptionally by RNase Y and the Y-complex. We found that the Y-complex is required for the majority of RNase Y-mediated mRNA maturation events and also affects riboswitch abundance in B. subtilis In contrast, noncoding RNA maturation by RNase Y often does not require the Y-complex. Furthermore, deletion of RNase Y has more pleiotropic effects on the transcriptome and cell growth than deletions of the Y-complex. We propose that the Y-complex is a specificity factor for RNase Y, with evidence that its role is conserved in Staphylococcus aureus.
Interesting instance discovery in multi-relational data

The general area of machine discovery focuses on methods to use computers to perform or assist discovery tasks. Herbert Simon described it as “gradual problemsolving processes of searching large problem spaces for incompletely defined goal objects” [Simon, 1995, p.171]. Today machine discovery research falls into two major categories, scientific discovery and knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD). In this paper we propose a new research direction that lies somewhere in-between these two trends: we call it interesting instance discovery (IID) which aims at discovering interesting instances in large, multi-relational datasets. There are three important characteristics for IID research: (1) Unlike scientific discovery and KDD, it aims at the discovery of particular interesting instances as opposed to general laws or patterns. (2) It is dealing with multi-relational data instead of numeric data that is best described as a relational graph or a semantic net. In such a network nodes represent objects and links represent relationships between them – see Figure 1 for an example of such a network from a bibliography domain. (3) Similar to KDD, it also focuses on data that are too large and complex to be analyzed manually by humans.
Jets in Crossflow — Scalar Mixing via PLIF

The scalar concentration field of the round jet in a uniform crossflow is studied for a range of jet to crossflow velocity ratios, r, with emphasis on r = 10 and 20, using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of acetone. For a top-hat jet exit velocity profile, the emerging presence of jet fluid in the wake structures is seen for for r > 10. The near-field region is characterized by a centerline concentration decay of s −1.3 , an improvement over the mixing rate s −1 of the free jet. The far-field is marked by a branching away from the s −1.3 decay and approaching a decay of s −2/3 a rate derived from modelling efforts. When normalized by r 2 d, the branch points occur at a uniform jet position, x/r 2 d ~ 0.2. The view of the branch points as points of transition in the flow is reinforced by the probability density function (pdf) results along the upper edge of the jet.
Changes in Cell Wall Components of White Pine and Maple by White-Rot Fungi

Few detailed studies have been made of the relative rates of removal of the structural components of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) during decay by white-rot fungi. Kretsberg et al. (1971) showed that the total pentosans are destroyed faster than the cellulose, and the lignin more slowly than cellulose or pentosans, during the decay of spruce by the white-rot fungus Trametes trogii. Kirk and Highley (1973) found that the relative rates of removal of lignin and the other components by three white-rot fungi in conifer woods decayed in soil-block tests varied during the decay process. Their results suggested that removal of glucomannan may precede removal of cellulose as found in brown-rots, but that additional wood and fungus combinations are needed before it can be established whether this is a valid generalization for white-rots. For hardwoods, such detailed analysis seem to have been done only by Cowling (1961) who found that Coriolus versicolor removed lignin and carbohydrates at about the same rate in sweetgum. Removal of glucan, mannan, and xylan, however, was not determined until 25% weight loss.
Grammatical Analysis of User Interface Events for Task Identification

Modern window-based applications are event-driven. User interface events carry valuable information about user behavior and are considered as an important source of data for usability evaluation. Aspect-oriented techniques provide an effective way to capture user interface events. However, it is insufficient to analyze event traces based on the information carried within events themselves. We describe a grammatical approach to analyzing event traces and identifying user tasks in the context of a task model. We also describe a proof-of-concept experiment to demonstrate its feasibility. Our approach paves the way for automatic support for task identification and therefore is beneficial to user interface evaluation that relies on task-based usability data.
Topographic electroencephalographic study of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Publisher Summary Presence of the slow wave components and slowing, or amplitude depression of background activity on the ischemic side suggest a relationship between cerebral ischemia and the resulting electroencephalographic abnormalities. Polymorphic delta activity and an asymmetrical distribution of background activity are thought to be unilateral signs of the EEG abnormalities in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The incidences of the resulting EEG abnormalities have differed widely in various studies; these unilateral EEG abnormalities are found in 67.6% of the patients with unilateral cerebral infarction, in 85.7% of those with occlusive cerebrovascular disease, and in 90.3% who had an infarct in the carotid or middle cerebral arterial territory. These variations in the results are considered to depend on some basic factors. The three important factors influencing the resulting EEG abnormalities in cerebral ischemia are as follows: (1) localization of the ischemia area, (2) the duration of the ischemia, and (3) the interval between the onset of ischemia and the recording of the EEG.
Mental health in Somali youth in the United States: the role of protective factors in preventing depressive symptoms, suicidality, and self-injury.

Objectives: Community, school, family, and individual factors protect against mental illness in general samples of adolescents. How these assets apply to Somali youth resettled to the United States...
Cervical Cancer Incidence Among Elderly Women in Massachusetts Compared With Younger Women.

Importance Current cancer screening guidelines recommend cessation of cervical cancer screening at the age of 65 years for most women. To examine residual risk among elderly women, we compared cervical cancer incidence rates (IRs) in Massachusetts from 2004 to 2015 among women younger than 65 years versus 65 years and older. Materials and methods The Massachusetts Cancer Registry was used to identify all women diagnosed with cervical cancer between January 01, 2004, to December 31, 2015. Cancer incidence was calculated based on age of diagnosis ( Results In Massachusetts, 2,418 incident cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed from 2004 to 2014, of which 571 (23.6%) were diagnosed among women 65 years and older. When compared with women diagnosed younger than 65 years, women diagnosed at the age of 65 years and older were more likely to be diagnosed with stage II or higher (71.8% vs 43.8%, p Conclusions and relevance Women 65 years and older account for one quarter of cervical cancer diagnoses in Massachusetts and present with higher-stage disease than younger women. Upcoming planned revisions in screening and prevention guidelines should address the continued risk of cervical cancer for older women.
Activity-Regulated Transcription: Bridging the Gap between Neural Activity and Behavior.

Summary Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As cells function in their respective niches, transcription further allows mature cells to interact dynamically with their external environment while reliably retaining fundamental information about past experiences. In this Review, we provide an overview of the field of activity-dependent transcription in the vertebrate brain and highlight contemporary work that ranges from studies of activity-dependent chromatin modifications to plasticity mechanisms underlying adaptive behaviors. We identify key gaps in knowledge and propose integrated approaches toward a deeper understanding of how activity-dependent transcription promotes the refinement and plasticity of neural circuits for cognitive function.
Lowering line tension with high cholesterol content induces a transition from macroscopic to nanoscopic phase domains in model biomembranes.

Abstract Chemically simplified lipid mixtures are used here as models of the cell plasma membrane exoplasmic leaflet. In such models, phase separation and morphology transitions controlled by line tension in the liquid-disordered (Ld) + liquid-ordered (Lo) coexistence regime have been described [1]. Here, we study two four-component lipid mixtures at different cholesterol fractions: brain sphingomyelin (BSM) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/cholesterol (Chol). On giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) display a nanoscopic-to-macroscopic transition of Ld + Lo phase domains as POPC is replaced by DOPC, and this transition also depends on the cholesterol fraction. Line tension decreases with increasing cholesterol mole fractions in both lipid mixtures. For the ternary BSM/DOPC/Chol mixture, the published phase diagram [19] requires a modification to show that when cholesterol mole fraction is >~0.33, coexisting phase domains become nanoscopic.
A pipeline for automated face dataset creation from unlabeled images

Computer vision tasks are very dataset dependent and with the emerging growth of image processing tasks and their applications, there is a huge demand for more datasets in terms of variety or size. Considering many face datasets are assembled largely manually, the process of manual dataset construction could be very time-consuming and labor intensive. In addition, some face datasets are constructed automatically over the past few years, but they are all constructed with previous knowledge of labels to some extent.In this work, we focus on automated face dataset generation from unlabeled images. We present a novel and effective pipeline for generating face datasets automatically from unlabeled and raw data for face-related tasks. We evaluated our pipeline on several datasets and it achieved a significant improvement compared to clustering-only approaches, which shows its potential towards practical solutions for automated face dataset generation.
A 22-year experience with pancreatic resection for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Background The pancreas is a rare site of metastases, although metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is the most commonly reported secondary tumor. Pancreatectomy has been described in selected patients with localized metastases, but long-term benefit remains poorly defined. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed to evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing pancreatectomy for mRCC at a tertiary care center from 1995–2017. Postoperative complications were evaluated using the Modified Accordion Grading System (MAGS) and Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests were utilized for survival analysis. Results 29 patients underwent pancreatectomy for mRCC including 15 distal pancreatectomies (DP), 10 pancreaticoduodenectomies (PD) and 4 total-pancreatectomies (TP). The mean age was 67 ± 8 years, and 15 were male. The median time from index nephrectomy to pancreatectomy was 8 (IQR: 3.72–12.2) years. There was no 90 Day post-pancreatectomy mortalities and the morbidity incidence included 13 Minor MAGS and 8 Severe MAGS complications respectively. Post-pancreatectomy disease specific survival at 2- and 4-years were 89% and 80% with 12 patients being alive at last follow up. Conclusions Pancreatic resection can be safely performed in select patients with localized mRCC with favorable long-term outcomes.
Environmental Chemical Exposures and Intellectual Disability in Children

Children are considered to be the population subgroup that is most vulnerable to the toxicities that result from exposure to environmental chemicals. Their enhanced vulnerability is attributable to a variety of behavioral and physiologic factors. For many chemicals, the central nervous system is the most sensitive target organ, and most of the chemicals that the World Health Organization considers to pose the greatest public health concerns are known to disrupt normal brain development. In general, the impacts of such exposures depend on a chemical’s mode of action, the dose, and the stage of development at which exposure occurs. This chapter discusses the toxicology of environmental chemicals, specifically their impacts on children’s intellectual development. It focuses on metals (mercury, lead, arsenic, fluoride), pesticides, air pollution, synthetic organic chemicals, and chemicals that disrupt endocrine function. The final section discusses issues germane to estimating the global burden of disease associated with exposures to neurotoxic environmental chemicals. An exposure that is highly prevalent but associated with relatively modest morbidity for an individual can have a substantial impact on population health.
Robotic endoscopic mitral valve repair with the endoballoon in a patient with right aortic arch

We describe a patient with right aortic arch who underwent robotic endoscopic mitral valve repair with the endoballoon for severe mitral regurgitation. We review the important issues when performing totally endoscopic robotic surgery in a case with such congenital aortic anomaly that must be appreciated to ensure safe surgery in this situation.
The activist health sciences librarian

At the remove of 2019, it is hard for many to imagine the sense of apocalypse that was palpable throughout the gay community during the 1980s and much of the 1990s. My professional career was launched at the height of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, and at the time, saving lives through librarianship was my mission. This Janet Doe Lecture presents my personal story of activism and advocacy as a lens through which to consider the larger story of activism around social justice issues for the Medical Library Association, by groups such as the Relevant Issues Section, now the Social Justice Section, and by the work of past Doe Lecturers Rachael K. Anderson, AHIP, FMLA, and Gerald Oppenheimer. It is also the story of an association that has at times been deeply conflicted about the role of such activism in our niche of librarianship. With anchors in poetry and prose, this is a story of hope through justice, conveying a message of the essentialness of our work as librarians and health information professionals to the mission of saving lives.
Rhythm of Team Communication

Team conversations ebb and flow as members collaborate to complete their tasks. This ebb and flow may be characterized as having varying degrees of stability, predictability, and complexity. In this chapter, we examine these characteristics to understand the rhythm of communication using recurrence quantification analysis, including constructing recurrence plots that facilitate visualizing the communication rhythm. Our results underscore when teams may benefit from focused versus cyclic conversations, whether those conversations should follow predictable patterns or be seemingly random, and if the time spent talking about specific topics should be consistent or vary over time. These insights may be dependent upon a variety of issues including where in the lifecycle the teams are, how much time they have to complete their task, and what media is available for communicating.
Micromechanical Property Evaluation Of REBCO Coated Conductors Using Microcantilever Beam Method

REBCO coated conductor (CC) has been applied to high field magnets due to its high critical current density ( J c) and high tensile strength. In order to further improve in-field critical current density ( J c), we have developed EuBa2Cu3Oy (EuBCO) CCs doped with BaHfO3 (BHO) as artificial pinning centers (APCs). Although it is important for conductor development to understand the difference in mechanical properties depending on the REBCO materials, it was difficult to directly measure the strength and fracture toughness of the superconducting layer in the CCs. As a new approach, we introduced the microcantilever beam method to evaluate the micromechanical properties of the superconducting layer. The microcantilever beam specimens (∼μm) were formed in the superconducting layer by focused ion beam (FIB) processing. Their strengths were measured by bending tests using a nanoindenter. We report on details of the test method and a comparison of the strength of the CCs.
Conceptualizing intragroup and intergroup dynamics within a controlled crowd evacuation

Social dynamics play a critical role in successful pedestrian evacuations. Crowd modeling research has made progress in capturing the way individual and group dynamics affect evacuations; however, few studies have simultaneously examined how individuals and groups interact with one another during egress. To address this gap, the researchers present a conceptual agent-based model (ABM) designed to study the ways in which autonomous, heterogeneous, decision-making individuals negotiate intragroup and intergroup behavior while exiting a large venue. A key feature of this proposed model is the examination of the dynamics among and between various groupings, where heterogeneity at the individual level dynamically affects group behavior and subsequently group / group interactions. ABM provides a means of representing the important social factors that affect decision making among diverse social groups. Expanding on the 2013 work of Vizzari et al., the researchers focus specifically on social factors and decision making at the individual group and group / group levels to more realistically portray dynamic crowd systems during a pedestrian evacuation. By developing a model with individual, intragroup, and intergroup interactions, the ABM provides a more representative approximation of real-world crowd egress. The simulation will enable more informed planning by disaster managers, emergency planners, and other decision makers. This pedestrian behavioral concept is one piece of a larger simulation model. Future research will build toward an integrated model capturing decision-making interactions between pedestrians and vehicles that affect evacuation outcomes.
Broadband technology opportunities program public computer center grants and residential broadband adoption

Abstract The Broadband Technology Opportunities Program's Public Computer Center (BTOP PCC ) grants were awarded to public libraries to increase broadband access for the public. Libraries funded by the BTOP PCC grants improved computers and broadband facilities and offered training programs to help library patrons acquire computer and Internet skills. This study uses data on the BTOP PCC grants and public library surveys to examine the question of whether residential broadband adoption rates increase in counties whose libraries have received the grants and aggressively increased the number of Internet-connected computers available for public use between June 2009 and December 2014. However, there were no significant increases in the adoption rates in those counties. This result suggests that spillover effects outside libraries funded by the grants are not present.
Sleepy Doctors: Work Hours and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education

On March 5, 1984, Bennington College freshman Libby Zion died at New York Hospital. She had been admitted the night before with vague symptoms and strange jerking motions. After consulting with her family physician, the residents on call gave her intravenous solutions for possible dehydration and prescribed meperidine to control her jerking motions. They then left to take care of other patients. Luise Weinstein, the first-year resident, was responsible for 40 other patients. No sleep for her.
Bypass of dG-AAF in the Y-family Dpo4 polymerase: Molecular dynamics studies.

5239 Primer extension studies have shown that the Y-family DNA polymerase Dpo4 can bypass the dG-AAF adduct with preferential incorporation of normal partner C, followed by mismatched A [Boudsocq et al. (2001) Nucleic Acids Res. 29:4607]. This polymerase contains major and minor groove pockets that may accommodate a bulky adduct. The major groove pocket is much more spacious and open. Decades of studies have indicated that dG-AAF favors the syn glycosidic torsion conformation. However, this conformation precludes Watson-Crick base-pairing in B-DNA, presenting a challenge to the polymerase in selection of the complementary incoming nucleotide, and in accommodating a C8 substituted bulky adduct which then would be placed in the small minor groove pocket. Our goal in the current study is to elucidate on a structural level how dG-AAF can be harbored in the Dpo4 DNA polymerase active site opposite an incoming dCTP or dATP, using molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. Both anti and syn conformations of the templating dG-AAF in Dpo4 were investigated, employing a Type I Dpo4 ternary complex crystal structure [Ling et al., (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 101:2265] as initial model. We found that a structure with unusual anti glycosidic torsion and C1’-exo deoxyribose conformation allows dG-AAF to be Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded with dCTP, or form two hydrogen bonds with an incoming syn dATP. In these structures, the fluorenyl rings of dG-AAF are comfortably situated in the Dpo4 large major groove open pocket. With dG-AAF syn, the fluorenyl rings are in the small minor groove pocket and the active site region is highly distorted. Thus, flexibilities inherent in DNA structure can be utilized by the Dpo4 DNA polymerase to facilitate bypass of a bulky adduct. The novel anti AAF-dG conformation can explain the preferential incorporation of dC and dA by Dpo4, and also may be relevant to observed dCTP incorporation opposite AAF-dG in other polymerases. This work is supported by NIH 2R01 CA75449.
Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacid: tRNA ligases and of tRNA.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the information on the regulation of biosynthesis of tRNA and of aminoacid:tRNA ligases. It focuses on the recent work in bacterial systems. It discusses that the essential nature of aminoacid:tRNA ligases, and of tRNA; provides the reason to understand the details of the regulation of levels and activities of these cellular constituents. The study of the physiological response to increased protein synthesis and to single amino-acid restriction has revealed a complex regulation pattern in bacteria and yeast. There appears to be no uniform regulation of all of a cell's ligases, nor has a control coordinated with that for the cognate amino-acid biosynthetic enzymes been found. However, some elements involved in their regulation must take part in the control of ligases, as alterations in the biosynthetic enzymes or in the aminoacid concentration often affect the ligase levels. The chapter reviews that as the levels of aminoacyl tRNA are crucial for the cell and as ppGpp appears to act in controlling the synthesis of many gene products, the levels of these and other “signal” molecules should be examined. Then the effects of such compounds will be determined in in vitro transcription-translation systems that synthesize the ligases. The DNA for such experiments should be available from cloned E. coli DNA fragments. All the regulatory mutants known so far, affect only a single aminoacid:tRNA ligase, suggesting that all of them are individually controlled.
Sera Fatty Acid Effects on Cultured Rat Splenocytes

Rats were fed either a stock diet or purified diets containing either 10% by weight corn oil or linseed oil for 8 weeks. Splenocytes from rats on the stock ration were cultured for 48 hours in media containing either serum from the rats fed stock diet, corn oil or linseed oil, or fetal bovine serum (FBS). Populations were cultured without stimulation and with stimulation by leucogglutinin (PHA), and the production of prostaglandin F2 alpha by the cells was determined. The serum from the corn oil-fed rats differed markedly in composition from that of the linseed oil-fed rats notably in the higher level of arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) and lower level of timnodonic acid (20:5 omega 3). FBS also had a lower level of 20:4 omega 6. These changes were reflected in the fatty acid composition of the spleen choline glycerophosphatide. PGF2 alpha production was significantly depressed in the medium from linseed oil-fed rats compared to the corn oil group. This effect was due to the competition of 20:5 omega 3 for the cyclooxygenase. Viability of cells was better in rat serum than in FBS. The study shows that when studying functions in cultured cells obtained from rats fed different dietary fats the dietary effect will be abrogated or modified by use of FBS in the medium.
Reliability Analysis of Wood Transmission Poles

The feasibility of probability-based design procedures for electrical transmission lines is discussed. Single pole structures have been selected in this initial study because of their simplicity as well as the lack of consistency in their design procedures. For the reliability analysis of a line, the paper emphasizes the “design point,” or advanced mean value second order method. All equations needed for a “design point” analysis are presented. These equations were implemented in the reliability program PAPOLE. The computer program can perform a reliability or “design point” analysis for a line consisting of poles with random properties and the line can be subjected to random wind and ice loads. Any probability distribution can be prescribed for the variables. Sample reliability analyses are presented. It is shown how reliability analyses of existing lines can be used to calibrate new proposed design procedures. A design procedure based on the (LRFD) Load Resistance Factor Design format is recommended.
The spectacle of saving: conservation voluntourism and the new neoliberal economy on Utila, Honduras.

Drawing on ethnographic research on Utila, Honduras, this paper suggests that conservation volunteerism suffers from “fictitious conservation”, surrounded by “spectacle”. The “spectacle of saving” associated with the promotion of conservation voluntourism advances the creation of new neoliberal citizens while further concealing the micropolitics of commodified nature. Volunteer conservation tourism creates value in the trade of experiences in or with “nature” while detracting from the labour and value produced through grounded local interactions with natural resources. While voluntourists are busy “saving” endangered species, they are also collecting the entrepreneurial skills and competencies to be successful as the new neoliberal economy. Thus, as a site of fictitious conservation under neoliberalism, conservation voluntourism advances the creation of new neoliberal citizens while justifying its own existence by furthering ecological devastation, obscuring uneven development processes and devaluing loca...
Estimation of Surface Temperature and Surface Emissivity

Measurements of thermal radiation at infrared wavelengths (7 to 14 µm) yield much information about the land surface. The primary use of these observations is for surface temperature determination as the emissivity is usually close to one. For this purpose, it is fortuitous that the peak in the thermal emission occurs in an atmospheric transmission window. In addition, there are variations in the emissivity of minerals and soils in the 7–14 µm region, which can be interpreted for identification purposes. These also produce significant emissivity variations for arid or desert areas, where there are considerable exposed soils and rocks. The emissivity for vegetative canopies has been found to be close to one, with little spectral variation. Applications of the derived surface temperature to study the surface energy balance and to estimate the energy fluxes from the land surface are discussed. Keywords: remote sensing; thermal infrared; surface emissivity
Total Contact Casting for Diabetic Neuropathic Ulcers

Despite its limited therapeutic use, several research reports indicate that TCC is currently the most rapid and effective technique for healing diabetic neuropathic ulcers. Skilled application and careful follow-up of the wound are necessary to avoid complications and minimize the risks for reulceration. As more clinicians adopt this form of therapy, the successful treatment of neuropathic ulcers using TCC should result in a lower incidence of infection, hospitalization and lost income in patients with chronic sensory neuropathies.
Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster Testes Transcriptome Reveals Coordinate Regulation of Paralogous Genes

Gene duplications have been broadly implicated in the generation of testis-specific genes. To perform a comprehensive analysis of paralogous testis-biased genes, we characterized the testes transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster by comparing gene expression in testes vs. ovaries, heads, and gonadectomized males. A number of the identified 399 testis-biased genes code for the known components of mature sperm. Among the detected 69 genes downregulated in testes, a large fraction is required for viability. By analyzing paralogs of testis-biased genes, we identified “co-regulated” paralogous pairs in which both genes are testis biased, “anti-regulated” pairs in which one paralog is testis biased and the other downregulated in testes, and “neutral” pairs in which one paralog is testis biased and the other constitutively expressed. The numbers of identified co-regulated and anti-regulated pairs were higher than expected by chance. Testis-biased genes included in these pairs show decreased frequency of lethal mutations, suggesting their specific role in male reproduction. These genes also show exceptionally high interspecific variability of expression in comparison between D. melanogaster and the closely related D. simulans. Further, interspecific changes in testis bias of expression are generally correlated within the co-regulated pairs and are anti-correlated within the anti-regulated pairs, suggesting coordinated regulation within both types of paralogous gene pairs.
Prolonged emergency department length of stay is not associated with worse outcomes in traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background Data suggest that prolonged Emergency Department length of stay (EDLOS) has a detrimental effect on outcomes in some critically ill patients. However, the relationship between EDLOS and outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been examined. Objective Our objective was to determine the effect of EDLOS on neurologic outcomes in TBI patients. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively identified cohort of patients with moderate (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 9–13) and severe (GCS ≤ 8) TBI who presented to a Level 1 trauma center (2006–2010). Inclusion criteria were transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) or operating room (OR) from the ED. Primary outcome was Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score, a measure of neurologic function, at discharge. We used a proportional odds model to control for significant predictors of GOS in univariate analysis. Results Two hundred and twenty-four patients were included in the analysis, 77 (34%) of which were transferred to the OR. Median EDLOS was 3.3 h and 81.2% of patients had a GOS score ≤3 (e.g., severe disability, vegetative, or deceased). In multivariable analyses, EDLOS was not associated with GOS score in either ICU bound ( p = 0.57) or OR bound ( p = 0.11) patients. Younger age, pupil reactivity, and absence of intubation were independent predictors of good outcomes in the ICU group. In OR patients, predictors of higher GOS score included presence of an epidural hemorrhage, absence of midline shift, and pupil reactivity. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that EDLOS was not associated with poor outcomes in patients with moderate to severe TBI who required intensive care or early operative intervention in an academic Level 1 trauma center.