cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
27.6 An 821MHz 7.9Gb/s 7.3pJ/b/iteration charge-recovery LDPC decoder

This paper presents a 576b LDPC decoder test-chip designed using a charge-recovery logic family. The chip has been fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process and relies on 16 integrated inductors to achieve energy-efficient operation by recovering charge from gate fanouts. When self-oscillating at 821MHz, the chip recovers 51.4% of the energy supplied to it. In terms of device count, this chip is more than an order of magnitude larger than the largest previously-reported chips with charge-recovery logic [3-4]. When operating at 821MHz, it achieves a 7.9Gb/s throughput at 7.3pJ/b/iteration, improving on results in [1-2,5] by at least 1.7× in energy efficiency and 2.3× in area efficiency.
Sturm–Liouville Problems on Time Scales with Separated Boundary Conditions

We consider the general regular Sturm–Liouville problems on time scales with separated boundary conditions. By extending the result by Agarwal, Bohner, and Wong [2] on the existence of eigenvalues, we study the dependence of the eigenvalues on the boundary condition. We show that the n-th eigenvalue λ n depends continuously on the boundary condition except at the generalized “Dirichlet” conditions, where certain jump-discontinuities may occur. Furthermore, λ n as a function of the boundary condition angles is continuously differentiable wherever it is continuous. Formulas for such derivatives are obtained which reveal the monotone properties of λ n in terms of the boundary condition angles. Our results not only unify the Sturm–Liouville problems for differential equations and difference equations, but are also new for the discrete case.
Morphological control of surfactant-templated metal oxide films

Abstract We discuss here recent developments of note in the synthesis of self-assembled surfactant–mesophase templated films using a sol–gel route. First, the formation of metal oxide (non-silica) films using this method has become a highly active area of research, with careful studies unlocking the key processing parameters needed to successfully synthesize these materials. Also, the control of pore orientation in these self-assembled materials using confinement or surface modification has also become extremely important. Finally, we identify research directions we believe will yield important new advances in this area of materials science/chemistry.
A Nonoscillatory Discontinuous Galerkin Transport Scheme on the Cubed Sphere

AbstractThe discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is high order, conservative, and offers excellent parallel efficiency. However, when there are discontinuities in the solution, the DG transport scheme generates spurious oscillations that reduce the quality of the numerical solution. For applications such as the atmospheric tracer transport modeling, a nonoscillatory, positivity-preserving solution is a basic requirement. To suppress the oscillations in the DG solution, a limiter based on the Hermite-Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory (H-WENO) method has been implemented for a third-order DG transport scheme. However, the H-WENO limiter can still produce wiggles with small amplitudes in the solutions, but this issue has been addressed by combining the limiter with a bound-preserving (BP) filter. The BP filter is local and easy to implement and can be used for making the solution strictly positivity preserving. The DG scheme combined with the limiter and filter preserves the accuracy of the numerical solutio...
Experimental Study of a Model Gas Turbine Combustor Swirl Cup, Part 11: Droplet Dynamics

As the second part of a study to characterize the performance of a 3 x scale gas turbine combustor swirl cup, the focus of the present article addresses the droplet dynamics. Droplet axial, radial, and tangential velocities as well as size were measured using phase Doppler interferometry. Bimodal droplet axial and tangential velocities distributions were observed in the shear layer close to the exit plane of the swirl cup. Bimodal droplet radial velocity distributions around the closing point of the on-axis recirculation zone and at the periphery of the spray were observed as well. Droplet velocity histograms, based on droplet size classes, reveal how these velocity bimodal distributions are formed and explain why velocity fluctuations for larger droplets are greater than those of the smaller droplets in some regions. Correlations between size and velocity, individual velocity components, and size and flow angle provide evidence of intermittent flowfield structures superimposed on the local and global turbulence. Specific flowfield structures and flowfield intermittencies are found to give rise to these bimodal distributions. Overall, these data add measurably to the understanding of the two-phase transport that can occur in practical systems. 2 refs.
A unified approach to optimizing performance in networks serving heterogeneous flows

We study the optimal control of communication networks in the presence of heterogeneous traffic requirements. Specifically, we distinguish the flows into two crucial classes: inelastic for modeling high-priority, delay-sensitive, and fixed-throughput applications; and elastic for modeling low-priority, delay-tolerant, and throughput-greedy applications. We note that the coexistence of such diverse flows creates complex interactions at multiple levels (e.g., flow and packet levels), which prevent the use of earlier design approaches that dominantly assume homogeneous traffic. In this work, we develop the mathematical framework and novel design methodologies needed to support such heterogeneous requirements and propose provably optimal network algorithms that account for the multilevel interactions between the flows. To that end, we first formulate a network optimization problem that incorporates the above throughput and service prioritization requirements of the two traffic types. We, then develop a distributed joint load-balancing and congestion control algorithm that achieves the dual goal of maximizing the aggregate utility gained by the elastic flows while satisfying the fixed throughput and prioritization requirements of the inelastic flows. Next, we extend our joint algorithm in two ways to further improve its performance: in delay through a virtual queue implementation with minimal throughput degradation and in utilization by allowing for dynamic multipath routing for elastic flows. A unique characteristic of our proposed dynamic routing solution is the novel two-stage queueing architecture it introduces to satisfy the service prioritization requirement.
Trace element distributions in an antarctic meromictic lake

1. The relative abundance in Lake Bonney of the trace elements studied was B≫M>Fe>Cu>Ni>Mo>Co, with more than 90 per cent of each element in the monimolimnion. 2. The monimolimnion contains concentrations of B which are probably toxic to phytoplankton, and Cu concentrations which are at least potetially toxic to these organisms. 3. Concentrations of B, Cu, and Mn in the mixolimnion occassionally reach potentially toxic concentrations, but there exist mitigating influences such as high calcium levels. 4. The relative amounts of trace elements contributed by the Sollas-Lacroix meltstream to the lake were Mn>Fe>Cu>Ni≃Co>B. Except for Co and Mo, the Sollas-Lacroix meltstream did not appear to contribute trace elements in quantities which would explain the weekly changes found in the mixolimnion.
Vasopressin concentration in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal hypoxia: mechanism of release in sheep

Hypoxia is a potent stimulus to the release of vasopressin in fetal sheep and, in turn, plasma concentrations of the hormone correlate inversely with fetal oxygenation. Because the fetal kidney contributes to vasopressin clearance, we propose that measurement of increased amounts of vasopressin in amniotic fluid would be indicative of fetal hypoxia. We therefore measured concentrations of vasopressin in amniotic fluid under resting conditions, during and after fetal hypoxia, and with intravenous and intra-amniotic administration of vasopressin in 15 chronically instrumented fetal lambs 111-141 d gestation. In the resting state mean (+/- SE) vasopressin concentrations in amniotic fluid (1.6 +/- 0.3 pg . ml-1) did not differ from those in maternal (1.4 +/- 0.4 pg . ml-1) or fetal (1.8 +/- 0.2 pg . ml-1) plasma. After exposure of the ewe to 10% O2 or partial occlusion of the umbilical cord, vasopressin concentrations in fetal plasma increased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 200 +/- 59 pg . ml-1 with a delayed increase in amniotic fluid concentrations (P less than 0.03) to 15.8 +/- 4.5 pg . ml-1. This rise in concentration of vasopressin in amniotic fluid was sustained for at least 24 h and levels at that time were highly correlated with peak plasma concentrations (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001). Intravenous infusion of vasopressin into the fetus was accompanied by an equally significant (P less than 0.02) and sustained increase of vasopressin in amniotic fluid. After intraamniotic injection of vasopressin, levels remained increased for at least 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Selective cholesterol dynamics between lipoproteins and caveolae/lipid rafts.

Although low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake through clathrin-coated pits is now well understood, the molecular details and organizing principles for selective cholesterol uptake/efflux (reverse cholesterol transport, RCT) from peripheral cells remain to be resolved. It is not yet completely clear whether RCT between serum lipoproteins and the plasma membrane occurs primarily through lipid rafts/caveolae or from non-raft domains. To begin to address these issues, lipid raft/caveolae-, caveolae-, and non-raft-enriched fractions were resolved from purified plasma membranes isolated from L-cell fibroblasts and MDCK cells by detergent-free affinity chromatography and compared with detergent-resistant membranes isolated from the same cells. Fluorescent sterol exchange assays between lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL, apoA1) and these enriched domains provided new insights into supporting the role of lipid rafts/caveolae and caveolae in plasma membrane/lipoprotein cholesterol dynamics:...
Normal forms, resonance and bifurcation analysis via the Carleman linearization

Abstract Equivalence between the normal form (NF) and the Carleman linearization of a nonlinear dynamic system is established. The near-identity nonlinear coordinate transformation which brings a system to its NF is shown to be the similarity transformation bringing a Carleman system to a Jordan canonical form. It is shown that the steady-state multiplicity is given by the nullity of the first Carleman matrix with noncomplete nullspace. The stability of the limit cycles at Hopf bifurcation is determined by the direction of the iω-generalized eigenvector of the first odd order Carleman matrix which has a noncomplete iω-eigenspace. The coefficients of the resonant terms that are retained in the NF are explicitly determined.
Synthesis of protein with a cell-free system from Bacillus cereus 569.

Ribosomal particles isolated from Bacillus cereus 569 and Escherichia coli B are self-sufficient units for the transfer of amino acids from amino acyl-tRNA† to polypeptide chains. Furthermore, since repeated washing of the ribosomal particles reduces their incorporation activity only slightly, it is suggested that protein synthesis is mediated by a highly organized ribosomal structure, the components of which are firmly associated with each other. The results also suggest that the binding of messenger and at least one of the enzymes required for protein synthesis to the ribosome are sequential and interdependent processes.
Male Student Professionals: Their Attitudes toward Women, Sex, and Change

Summary.-The predominantly male professions of law and medicine have wielded a powerful influence on the definition of accepted roles and behavior for women in American society. It, therefore, seemed reasonable to examine attitudes toward women, permissible sexual expression, and adherence to tradition among male representatives of these professional groups. A sample of 135 medical and 62 law students responded to paper-and-pencil surveys of attitudes on these topics, and students classified as profeminist and traditional in ideological posture were compared on dogmatism and sexual attitude dimensions. Results showed student professionals to be significantly more profeminist than male undergraduates, and endorsement of a profeminist position, willingness to accept change, and tolerance of liberal sexual attitudes and behavior in others were positively correlated. Physicians and lawyers have parcicipated in the controversy surrounding the movement for feminine equality since the time of its inception. Indeed, these predominant;y male professionals have wielded a powerful influence on the definition of accepted roles and behavior for women in American society. The status of women has been legislated, interpreted, and enforced by the legal profession, and physicians have rendered expert opinions as to the potential strengths or abilities of women on the job or in the sports arena. Similarly, psychiatrists traditionally have offered interpretations and predictions about the effeccs of changing sex roles on che mental health of children, husbands, wives, and society in general. On a more personal level, women have consulted physicians and attorneys in divorce proceedings, in cases of forcible rape, in discrimination suits, or when troubled by marital or sexual problems. More recently, ic has been observed that the largely male system of courtroom justice has protecced adulc women from experiencing incarceracion or the negative consquences of their criminal behavior as often as men (Sucker & Moan, 1973;
Pollen stratigraphic correlation and dating of barrier-beach peat sections

Clark, J.S., Overpeck, J.T., Webb III, T. and Patterson III, W.A., 1986. Pollen stratigraphic correlation and dating of barrier-beach peat sections. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 47: 145--168. Coastal researchers use data from core sections to reconstruct past sedimentary environments and barrier-beach dynamics over the last 350 years. Disjunct organic and silt strata separated by sand deposits represent former salt marshes and lagoons that were buried in the normal course of barrier migration processes. Interpretations are invariably limited by a lack of close time control needed to correlate sections and to tie stratigraphic evidence to documented changes in sea level, storms, inlet activity, overwash, and human disturbances. Regional pollen spectra from organic and silt strata in a large number of barrier-beach cores have been matched with spectra from a 21°Pb and pollen-dated reference profile from the centre of the study area on Great South Beach, Long Island, New York, U.S.A. The dramatic vegetation changes following European settlement allowed for a high degree of vertical (and thus, temporal) resolution in profiles of regional pollen. For visual matching of pollen samples, percentages of agricultural-indicator types, the percentages of all regional types, stratigraphic relationships, and sediment concentrations of industrially-derived opaque spherules were considered. Chord-distance comparisons that measure the degree of dissimilarity between pairs of pollen spectra, produced the same correlations as visual estimates for 80--87% of the comparisons between spectra of post-settlement age (i.e. spectra containing agricultural indicators). These correlations were used to establish isochrones through a transect of cores across the barrier beach. 2~°Pb provided an absolute chronology for a reconstruction of geomorphic events that included inlet changes overwash, and salt-marsh formation. The advantages of the present methods for both absolute dating and chronostratigraphic correlation were evident when the age estimates derived from pollen data were compared to 29 14C dates.
Form follows function? Interorganizational networks as a strategic imperative for global strategies

P&G's global networks are the platform for the activities that, together, constitute the connect-and-develop strategy. (Huston and Sakkab, 2006: 62). The main goal of any global strategy must be to manage the large differences that arise at borders, whether those borders are defined geographically or otherwise . . . Not all integration that is required to add value across borders needs to occur within a single organization. IBM and other firms illustrate that some externalization is a key part of most ambitious global strategies. (Ghemawat, 2007: 67).
Seminal DNase Frees Spermatozoa Entangled in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Insemination always stimulates neutrophil migration into the female reproductive tract (FRT), which eliminates excess spermatozoa and bacterial contaminants introduced by the breeding process. However, the presence of neutrophils in the FRT at the time of semen deposition has been shown to result in sperm-neutrophil binding that reduces motility and fertility. Although the binding and trapping mechanism has not been determined, seminal plasma (SP) was found to include a protein factor or factors that reduced sperm-neutrophil binding and improved fertility of sperm inseminated in the presence of neutrophils. Although DNase has been shown to be present in the SP of different species and has been associated with improved fertility in bulls, the mechanism(s) explaining this association and the paradox of DNA-packed cells being associated with DNase have remained unresolved. We demonstrate that sperm-activated neutrophils extrude their DNA, which in turn traps sperm cells and hinders their motility (and ultimately may hinder sperm transport to the fertilization site). DNase activity present in the SP digests the extruded DNA and frees entangled spermatozoa, which in turn may allow more spermatozoa to reach the oviduct, and explains at least one mechanism by which SP increases the rate of fertility. The ability of SP proteins to suppress neutrophil activation in the presence of spermatozoa did not render neutrophils incapable of combating bacteria, demonstrating that SP proteins are highly selective for suppressing neutrophils activated by spermatozoa, but not by bacteria.
Distributed stereo image coding with improved disparity and noise estimation

Distributed coding of correlated grayscale stereo images is effectively addressed by a recently proposed codec that learns block-wise disparity at the decoder. Based on the Slepian-Wolf theorem, one image can be transmitted at a rate approaching the conditional entropy if the other image is referenced as side information at the decoder. This paper improves the methods in the decoder design by refining disparity estimates to pixel resolution, generating more accurate initial disparity estimates, and modeling noise as a nonstationary random field. The new decoder enables up to an additional 9 percent bit rate savings for lossless coding. When the rate is insufficient for lossless reconstruction, the new decoder improves PSNR and significantly reduces visually unpleasant blocking artifacts.
The External Validity of Behavioral Fear Assessment The Problem of Generalizing from the Laboratory to the Natural Environment

This article reviews the literature relevant to the external validity of laboratory tests: (a) the degree to which the fear-eliciting stimuli in behavior tests adequately represent the phobia-relevant situations that subjects encounter in the natural environment, and (b) the effects of measurement reactivity on subjects' responses to these stimuli. We then review the small amount of empirical research correlating subjects' performance on laboratory tests with information about their naturalistic functioning. Our conclusion, based on both conceptual and empirical considerations, is that laboratory tests do not provide data that currently allow us to predict how subjects will function in naturalistic situations targeted by treatment; thus, research using these tests as major outcome criteria cannot be used to argue for the clinical effectiveness of change techniques. Finally, we present methodological suggestions designed to (a) encourage research cross-validating subjects' laboratory performance with infor...
Studies of glucocerebrosidase provide new therapeutic targets for parkinsonism

Parkinsonism and related Lewy body disorders affect a large percent of our aging population. While generally managed symptomatically with variable degrees of success, there are no interventions that mitigate the progression of these neurodegenerative disorders. Efforts to treat these diseases have been hindered by our lack of understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. Such insight is essential for the identification of new targets for intervention. Recent studies regarding the associa tion between Gaucher’s disease and parkinsonism [1,2] provide a new focus for basic science studies, and potentially for new therapeutic strategies. Gaucher’s disease, the inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), is a disorder primarily of the reticuloendothelial system, and there are both non-neuronopathic (type 1) and neuronopathic forms (types 2 and 3) [3,4]. The disorder is characterized by symptoms including anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and skeletal involvement. Gaucher’s disease is generally treated with enzyme replacement therapy consisting of lifelong infusions of recombinant enzyme [5]. This therapy successfully normalizes many of the visceral and hemato logical manifestations and often prevents bony complications, but has no impact on CNS involvement in neuronopathic Gaucher’s disease. It has been more recently appreciated that a relatively small subgroup of patients with Gaucher’s disease may eventually develop parkinsonian manifestations [6,7]. Moreover, it has now been shown that relatives of patients with Gaucher’s disease, who are carriers of mutations in the gene encoding GCase (GBA), have a higher frequency of Parkinson’s disease (PD) than expected [7,8]. These observations led to multiple studies screening cohorts of patients with PD and dementia with Lewy Bodies for the presence of GBA mutations [9–14]. Two large multicenter studies definitively showed that patients with these synucleinopathies have a far higher frequency of GBA mutations than controls, with odds ratios of greater than five for PD and greater than eight for dementia with Lewy bodies [1,2]. Today, it is recognized that mutations in the GBA gene are the most common genetic risk factor for PD. It has also been shown that compared with patients with sporadic PD, those with GBA-associated parkinsonism may have a poorer clinical prognosis. These patients generally have an earlier age at onset of PD [1,7,15] and more cognitive deficits and/or dementia [1–2,16]. In the past few years several new reports provide evidence for a reciprocal relationship between GCase and α-synuclein (α-syn), a protein implicated in the etiology of PD [17,18]. Once the critical “The identification and testing of compounds that serve as noninhibitory chaperones of glucocerebrosidase and can cross the blood–brain barrier opens a new avenue for drug development for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body disorders.”
Design of band-select filters with arbitrary characteristics using overlapped loaded line topologies

The design of a new class of band-select filters is proposed. For operation between the load and source impedances of Z 0 Ω, the filter is composed of a carrier line of the same impedance that is loaded by capacitors and inductors. The choice of active inductors and capacitors enables the band-select filtering. The frequency response characteristics for each band are independent of the rest of the bands, and therefore the proposed topology is suitable for multi-band designs with many degrees of freedom. Two different examples of this topology are presented.
Human Rights and Mental Health Among Latin American Women in Situations of State-Sponsored Violence Bibliographic Resources

The Task Force of the American Psychological Association Division 35 Psychology of Women conducted a literature review of resources from Latin America to examine the social dimensions of state-sponsored violence in Latin America their effects on socialization and community and some responses of women surviving these experiences. It limited its review to works of womens groups progressive organizations and individual women exploring the effects of war and state-sponsored violence on womens mental health. Recurring emergent themes included the false dichotomy of violence committed against women in public versus that committed in private silencing of women accompanies state imposed terror collective resistance to such terror. The resources addressed 3 types of womens experiences of violence: exile within and beyond ones national borders; torture--an extreme form of state-sponsored violence; and nontraditional culturally appropriate interventions--alternatives to Western models. This review motivated the Task Force to call on their colleagues to contribute to the on-going documentation of state-sponsored violence. Task Force members identified several areas for collaborative research and/or theory development. Psychologists should question the validity of clinical neutrality and examine the particular meanings of non-neutrality within different cultures. For example some Latin American psychologists reject diagnoses of intrapsychic syndromes (e.g. post-traumatic stress syndrome) and propose concepts that center on the nexus of individuals and social life. The Task Force sees great opportunities for US psychologists to network and to form solidarity-based relationships with Latin American women. It has identified many womens groups working in Latin America. Human rights organizations (e.g. Americas Watch) have formed womens projects. Further work should be done to improve resource exchanges.
The Price Impact of Institutional Trading

Recent studies document a strong positive relation between quarterly and annual changes in institutional ownership and returns measured over the same period. The source of this positive correlation could arise from institutional investors' intra-period positive feedback trading, institutions forecasting intra-period price changes, or from price pressure caused by institutional trades. Price pressure can in turn arise for inventory/liquidity reasons, or because market participants infer information from institutional trades. Our results suggest that the price impact of institutional trading is primarily responsible for the documented positive covariance between quarterly changes in institutional ownership and quarterly returns. Moreover, our analyses suggest this price pressure results from information revealed through institutional trading.
Lymphotoxin and LIGHT signaling pathways and target genes

Lymphotoxins (LT alpha and LT beta), LIGHT [homologous to LT, inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D for HSV entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes], tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and their specific receptors LT beta R, HVEM, and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, form the immediate family of the larger TNF superfamily. These cytokines establish a critical communication system required for the development of secondary lymphoid tissues; however, knowledge of the target genes activated by these signaling pathways is limited. Target genes regulated by the LT alpha beta-LT beta R pathway include the tissue-organizing chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21, which establish cytokine circuits that regulate LT expression on lymphocytes, leading to organized lymphoid tissue. Infectious disease models have revealed that LT alpha beta pathways are also important for innate and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense. Here, regulation of interferon-beta by LT beta R and TNFR signaling may play a crucial role in certain viral infections. Regulation of autoimmune regulator in the thymus via LT beta R implicates LT/LIGHT involvement in central tolerance. Dysregulated expression of LIGHT overrides peripheral tolerance leading to T-cell-driven autoimmune disease. Blockade of TNF/LT/LIGHT pathways as an intervention in controlling autoimmune diseases is attractive, but such therapy may have risks. Thus, identifying and understanding the target genes may offer an opportunity to fine-tune inhibitory interventions.
A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Oxindoles: Progress Towards the Synthesis of Welwitindolinone A Isonitrile

The complete carbon skeleton of welwitindolinone A isonitrile has been prepared by using a [2+2] cycloaddition to establish the bicyclo[4.2.0]octane core and a SmI2-mediated intramolecular reductive cyclization between an enone and an aryl isocyanate to stereoselectively install the spiro-oxindole (see scheme; DBU=1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).
National and state estimates of secondhand smoke infiltration among U.S. multiunit housing residents.

Introduction: Multiunit housing (MUH) residents are susceptible to secondhand smoke (SHS), which can infiltrate smoke-free living units from nearby units and shared areas where smoking is permitted. This study assessed the prevalence and character istics of MUH residency in the United States, and the extent of SHS infiltration in this environment at both the national and state levels. Methods: National and state estimates of MUH residency were obtained from the 2009 American Community Survey. Assessed MUH residency characteristics included sex, age, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. Estimates of smoke-free home rule prevalence were obtained from the 2006–2007 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. The number of MUH residents who have experienced SHS infiltration was determined by multiplying the estimated number of MUH residents with smoke-free homes by the range of self-reported SHS infiltration (44%–46.2%) from peer-reviewed studies of MUH residents. Results: One-quarter of U.S. residents (25.8%, 79.2 million) live in MUH (state range: 10.1% in West Virginia to 51.7% in New York). Nationally, 47.6% of MUH residents are male, 53.3% are aged 25–64 years, 48.0% are non-Hispanic White, and 24.4% live below the poverty level. Among MUH residents with smoke-free home rules (62.7 million), an estimated 27.6–28.9 million have experienced SHS infiltration (state range: 26,000– 27,000 in Wyoming to 4.6–4.9 million in California). Conclusions: A considerable number of Americans reside in MUH and many of these individuals experience SHS infiltration in their homes. Prohibiting smoking in MUH would help protect MUH residents from involuntary SHS exposure.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF PENCILLIUM ROQUEFORTI LIPASE

SUMMARY: A Penicillium roqueforti strain produced maximal amounts of lipase when grown in 0.5% casitone-1% Proflo broth, pH 5.5, at 27°C. Addition of butteroil, com oil or olive oil to the growth medium inhibited the lipase production. Under pH stasis the partially purified lipase of P. roqueforti had an optimum pH of 8.0 and an optimum temperature of 37°C. Maximum lipolytic activity occurred with 5% butteroil emulsion as the substrate. Manganese chloride and magnesium chloride stimulated the enzyme activity. Calcium, sodium and potassium sale had no appreciable effect on lipolysis; silver, mercury and zinc salts were inhibitory. The lipase was thermolabile, being inactivated completely within 10 min at 50°C. The lipase hydrolyzed tributyrin, tricaprylin, tricaprin, tripropionin and triolein in decreasing order.
A Proposed Job Description for the Modern Division Director

All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.016 T he position of division director is constantly evolving and today it has become arguably one of the most demanding positions within an academic Department of Pediatrics, requiring many of the skills and attributes of the department chair. Edward Miller, MD, former Dean and Chief Executive Officer at Johns Hopkins, reflected on the qualities and skills he looked for when recruiting a department chairperson for Johns Hopkins Medicine. His list included people skills, financial management skills, ability to get the most out of faculty, accountability for faculty performance, humility, and openness to new ways of thinking as key characteristics for the next generation of academic program leaders. It would seem that these attributes are the skills required of a successful division director as well. Although some previous articles, including those referenced above, have reviewed the leadership skills of the academic division director for pediatric, medical, and surgical services, we were unable to find any works specifically identifying the attributes and expectations of the modern division director. Collectively, we have decades of experience leading major academic programs at leading medical centers, and have been challenged by the process of recruiting leaders for key divisions (G.L. and G.D.). This experience prompted us to define more clearly the roles and responsibilities of our division directors. What follows is a proposed “job description” for the modern division director that a Department of Pediatrics chair may use to help guide expectations during the recruiting process. Ultimately, the actual responsibilities will be influenced by the organizational structure of the department, school of medicine, and hospital, as well as by the available compensation for administrative time, division size, and internal organization.
Boundary conditions in photoacoustic tomography and image reconstruction

Recently, the field of photoacoustic tomography has experienced considerable growth. Although several commercially available pure optical imaging modalities, including confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography, have been highly successful, none of these technologies can penetrate beyond ∼1mm into scattering biological tissues because all of them are based on ballistic and quasiballistic photons. Consequently, heretofore there has been a void in high-resolution optical imaging beyond this depth limit. Photoacoustic tomography has filled this void by combining high ultrasonic resolution and strong optical contrast in a single modality. However, it has been assumed in reconstruction of photoacoustic tomography until now that ultrasound propagates in a boundary-free infinite medium. We present the boundary conditions that must be considered in certain imaging configurations; the associated inverse solutions for image reconstruction are provided and validated by numerical simulation and experiment. Partial planar, cylindrical, and spherical detection configurations with a planar boundary are covered, where the boundary can be either hard or soft. Analogously to the method of images of sources, which is commonly used in forward problems, the ultrasonic detectors are imaged about the boundary to satisfy the boundary condition in the inverse problem.
Supercooled Liquids and Glasses

Selected aspects of recent progress in the study of supercooled liquids and glasses are presented in this review. As an introduction for nonspecialists, several basic features of the dynamics and thermodynamics of supercooled liquids and glasses are described. Among these are nonexponential relaxation functions, non-Arrhenius temperature dependences, and the Kauzmann temperature. Various theoretical models which attempt to explain these basic features are presented next. These models are conveniently categorized according to the temperature regimes deemed important by their authors. The major portion of this review is given to a summary of current experimental and computational research. The utility of mode coupling theory is addressed. Evidence is discussed for new relaxation mechanisms and new time and length scales in supercooled liquids. Relaxations in the glassy state and significance of the “boson peak” are also addressed.
Erasure communication channel statistics

Three categories of density functions are demonstrated for an erasure communication channel where the output is restricted to being greater than some threshold. The exponential, gamma, and geometric variables are in the first category by a variance that goes to a constant value as the threshold goes to infinity. The Gaussian, Rayleigh, and Poisson random variables are in a second category characterized by a variance that goes to zero as the threshold goes to infinity. In the last category is the power law random variable characterized by a variance that goes to the infinity as the threshold goes to infinity. The first category is described by an exponential drop-off of the density function or the probability function, the second category by a drop-off that is more rapid than exponential, and the last category by a drop-off that is less rapid than the exponential. >
Cloning and Characterization of an Ovarian-specific Protein That Associates with the Short Form of the Prolactin Receptor

Prolactin (PRL) is essential for progesterone biosynthesis and luteal cell hypertrophy of the rat corpus luteum during pregnancy. Both the long and short form of the PRL receptor have been identified in the corpus luteum of pregnant rat. The long form has been shown to transduce PRL signal in other cells, whereas no information is available on the role of the short form, especially in the corpus luteum. In the present study, we have cloned a rat ovarian-specific phosphoprotein, PRAP (PRL Receptor Associated Protein), which has no significant homology to other known proteins. We have demonstrated that this protein is immunoprecipitated by anti-PRL receptor and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. To determine whether PRAP associates with either the long or the short form of the PRL receptor, fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase containing the cytoplasmic domain of the long or short form of the PRL receptor were produced, purified, and incubated with luteal proteins. Our results indicate that PRAP preferentially binds to the short form of the PRL receptor. Thus, the long form and short forms of the PRL receptor may signal through distinct pathways. These data provide evidence for the involvement of a novel protein in PRL signal transduction and suggest that PRAP may contribute to the luteotropic effects of PRL on the corpus luteum during pregnancy.
Audio-haptic description in movies

This paper proposes a methodology to enhance audio described movies (i.e., films augmented with additional narration to explain visual content to viewers who are blind or visually impaired) by providing positional information of on-screen actors through haptics. Using a vibrotactile belt, we map the location of a character across the screen to a relative location around the waist, and the relative distance of a character from the camera is mapped to a tactile rhythm. Character movement is subsequently conveyed through these two dimensions. All participants, including one visually impaired subject, felt the vibrations improved their visualization of the clips. This subject also felt that it was quite easy to combine the information received through audio and haptics, and that the vibrations were not obstructing the subject’s attention to audio.
A Small Portable Mie–Rayleigh Lidar System to Measure Aerosol Optical and Spatial Properties*

Abstract The characteristics of a small, lightweight portable lidar system for measuring aerosol (Mie) scatter at wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm are described. It uses a 20-Hz Nd:YAG pulsed laser as a source and a 12.7-cm-diameter telescope as a receiver. By using a minimal number of commercially available components, the cost of construction has been reduced. The lidar has a useable range of 60–3000 m for clean marine conditions. Its performance has been demonstrated using measurements of tropospheric aerosols on the island of Hawaii.
Prediction of Transport Properties of Deformed Natural Fracture Through Micro-scale Hydro-mechanical Modeling

To study the effect of fracture properties on mechanical and fluid flow behavior of fractured rocks, we developed a micro-scale hydro-mechanical model. Modeling grains and studying their interactions are used to predict the mechanical response of digital rock samples. Fluid flow behavior is obtained through a realistic network model of the pore space in the compacted assembly. As a result of grain deformation and micro-crack development in a rock sample, the geometric description of the complex pore structure is regenerated to predict fluid flow performance of the rock sample using a dynamic pore network model. In our numerical model, the first step consisted of constructing a Berea sandstone sample. Then, fractures with different properties such as orientation, dilation angle, roughness, and cementing materials are introduced. Mechanical properties of the fractured sample are measured as functions of deformation by performing numerical triaxial tests. Applying a dynamic pore network provides a tool to investigate the important role of fracture parameters on transport behavior. Our results show that shearing along the fracture dilates the sample, and increases its permeability, which is a complex function of fracture mechanical properties.
SIZE MATTERS: WHAT REDUCIBILITY CAN TELL US

We show that the experimentally observed binomial multiplicity distributions for intermediate mass fragments can be explained as mainly due to the effects of the finite size of the emitting system. The dependence of the binomial parameters p and m on the total transverse energy, as well as the scaling and reducibility properties, can be explained by examining the acceptance of the detector used in the fragmentation experiments that found these properties.
Total shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fracture is associated with increased hospital charges despite a shorter length of stay

Abstract Background Operation choice is a complex decision in the surgical management of proximal humerus fractures. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) for complex fracture patterns. Hypothesis Patients with proximal humerus fractures who receive TSA are more likely to have higher hospital charges and a prolonged length of stay relative to patients receiving hemiarthroplasty (HA), open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction with internal fixation (CRIF). Materials and methods A statewide electronic database was used to identify 13,316 hospital admissions from 2000–2011 were a proximal humerus fracture was surgically managed in an effort to determine the effect of operation choice on cost and length of stay. A univariate analysis was preformed to examine overall trends in surgical management. Additionally, a periodic, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine how operation choice affected the odds of a high cost hospital stay or a prolonged length of stay after controlling for age, comorbidity burden, gender, and insurance type. Results After controlling for confounding factors, patients receiving total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) were 2.25 times more likely to have high total hospital charges than patients receiving HA and 3.21 times more likely than patients receiving ORIF. Additionally, TSA was found to be a significant negative predictor of prolonged length of stay (pLOS). HA, ORIF and CRIF did not significantly predict pLOS. Discussion The use of TSA for acute proximal humerus fractures is associated with increased hospital costs despite a shorter length of stay when compared to other operative choices. As reverse total shoulder arthroplasty becomes more popular for treatment of this injury, it is important that functional outcomes be interpreted in the context of relative cost trade-offs. Level of evidence Level IV.
Analysis of receptor-ligand binding by photoaffinity cross-linking

Photoaffinity cross-linking is a fast developing technology for biomolecular interactions, including receptor-ligand binding. The chemical mechanisms of the most commonly used photoactivatable probes and their respective photochemistry are summarized. This review focuses on the expanding utilities of this technology as a result of recent advances in the (i) identification of receptor contact sites, (ii) monitoring ligand-induced receptor conformational changes, (iii) identification of global binding surfaces, (iv) binding mode analysis using bifunctional photo-probes, (v) application of biosynthetic photo-probes, and (vi) examples of novel target discovery using this technology. Limitations and future potential of this approach are also discussed.
The Broadening Field of Agricultural Economics

The whole curve of American economic and political life has shifted to a new long-time trend, which may persist through the present generation. The turn in the trend became evident with the election of 1932; the election of 1936 indicates that the new direction will persist over many decades. The dominant characteristic of this new orientation is the belief that our economic institutions have lagged behind our technological progress; that depressions, individual insecurity, and unemployment are the result of these obsolescent institutions; and that conscious action to remodel the old institutions or to create new ones can increase
ART properties of interest in engineering applications

This paper briefly summarizes some valuable properties of ART architectures that are advantageous in engineering applications, and outlines some areas of likely future progress, together with their motivations. Some of ART's advantages, such as its stability, biological plausibility, and responsiveness to the stability-plasticity dilemma, are well-described in the literature. This paper's focus will be on the advantages of scalability, speed, configurability, potential for parallelization, and ability to interpret the results. A valuable new area of innovation will be the application of ART to more generalized data structures such as trees and grammars. Continued progress on distributed representations would be valuable because of increased data representation capability, both in terms of system capacity and template complexity. Another valuable area of progress would be removal of the dichotomy between match-based and error-based learning.
Roles of iron in neoplasia. Promotion, prevention, and therapy.

Research and clinical observations during the past six decades have shown that: Although normal and neoplastic cells have similar qualitative requirements for iron, the neoplastic cells have more flexibility in acquisition of the metal. Excessive iron levels in animals and humans are associated with enhanced neoplastic cell growth. In invaded hosts, cytokine-activated macrophages increase intracellular ferritin retention of the metal, scavenge iron in areas of tumor growth, and secrete reactive nitrogen intermediates to effect efflux of nonheme iron from tumor cells. Procedures associated with lowering host intake of excess iron can assist in prevention and in management of neoplastic disease. Chemical methods for prevention of iron assimilation by neoplastic cells are being, developed in experimental and clinical protocols. The antineoplastic activity of a considerable variety of chemicals, as well as of radiation, is modulated by iron. The present article focuses on recent findings and suggests directions for further canceriron research.
Another Cry of Heresy at Oxford: the Case of Dr John Holand, 1416

The legal historian can scarcely help but encounter the world of academic learning in his studies. He meets the university teachers among his auctores ; he finds the mode of their writing often determined by university exercises; in court records and formulary books he encounters graduates holding offices in the courts; he even finds the occasional wayward student who because of his impecunious ways or his transgression of the peace has been cited to appear in court. It is from a formulary book that a case of more than passing interest has come to light concerning Oxford in the early fifteenth century.