cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between Flash Glucose Monitors and A1C: A Retrospective Pre-Post Analysis

Background: Randomized controlled trials have investigated the effect of continuous glucose monitors on hemoglobin A1C; however, more evidence is needed to justify their use and expand insurance coverage. Additionally, there are few published studies investigating the A1C lowering effect of flash glucose monitors (FGMs) in broad diabetes populations with varying insulin requirements. This analysis aimed to help fill this gap in medical literature and help clinicians evaluate costs/benefits when considering FGMs for their patients with diabetes. Objectives: To determine the association between FGM use and A1C reduction in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus regardless of insulin dependence. Methods: Pharmacy dispensing records were used to identify patients for inclusion. Patients who received a FGM from a University of Utah pharmacy between July 7, 2018 and July 7, 2020 were included. Patients who did not receive at least an 84-day supply of FGM sensors or did not have a baseline or follow-up A1C were excluded. Baseline and follow-up A1Cs, defined as A1Cs that are within one year before and 3-12 months after the FGM dispense date, were collected for each patient. New diabetes medications within a six-month window of the initial FGM dispense date were also recorded. Outcome variables were collected before and after patients received their first FGM (pre-FGM vs. post-FGM, respectively). The primary outcome was the difference between baseline and follow-up A1C for each patient. Secondary outcomes were the difference in baseline and follow-up A1C for various clinical subgroups within the overall sample. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics and outcome data. Paired Student’s t-tests were used to evaluate outcome differences (α=0.05). Results: Fifty-seven patients (50.8% male; mean age: 49 years) were included. For the primary outcome, the average baseline and follow-up A1Cs were 9.33% and 8.32%, respectively for a difference of -1.01% ([95%CI -1.31:-0.72]; p<0.0001). Conclusions: The use of FGMs is associated with decreases in A1C within a cohort of patients at one health system. Further effort to determine impact of FGM on clinical and economic outcomes is warranted.
Devils, Angels, and Robots: Tempting Destructive Users in Social Media

Social media sites derive their value by providing a popular and dependable community for participants to engage, share, and interact. This community value and related services like search and advertising are threatened by spammers, content polluters, and malware disseminators. In an effort to preserve community value and ensure long-term success, we present a prototype system for automatically detecting and profiling destructive users in social media. We described the architecture of the system - inspired by the "broken windows" theory embraced by law enforcement - the results and insights gained from a preliminary study conducted to determine the efficacy of our approach, and a discussion of our ongoing research.
Japan's role in Asia-Pacific cooperation: Dimensions, prospects, and problems

Japan and the United States together have been the dominant economic partners for most other Asia-Pacific countries. However, changes may now swing the balance toward Japan, as it continues to increase bilateral foreign aid to the region, expand its imports from the region, and set up direct investment. Greater Japanese involvement in the region is welcome, but could lead toward a regional bloc centered rather exclusively on Japan. Any such development would not be in the U.S. national interest, and both nations need to follow policies that diminish such possibilities and strengthen the multilateral organizations serving the region.
Explanation based learning as constrained search

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses explanation-based learning as constraint search. In place of the typical Explanation-based generalization (EBG), especially when an inadequate domain theory is involved, a different inference method can be used—one that is not truth preserving (and does not do proofs) but still uses explanations to build a space of plausible generalizations. This approach has two advantages. It does not require complete domain theories. Plausible reasoning allows inference despite the incomplete knowledge. It also creates the opportunity to use multiple explanations. Differing explanations will constrain search in different ways and to varying amounts. If each of the explanations captures some different, useful information, then it is likely that one of the variety of explanations will be useful for each instance. An example of such a system is the MOB system. MOB is a failure-driven supervised learning system whose task is the pronunciation of novel English words. Each training instance is a correct word/pronunciation pair. When MOB is given a pair that contains a word that it fails to pronounce correctly, it attempts to learn the correct pronunciation. The success of MOB using EBL techniques in an inherently incomplete domain suggests that this combination of theory-based explanation and generalization with empirical utility testing addresses a few problems of incomplete domain theories.
11 Mental models of spatial relations and transformations from language

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on two experiments testing the efficacy of language to evoke spatial transformations. The results support the claim that people's experience of their bodies interacting with the spatial world underlies their mental representations of space, which in turn support the comprehension of spatial language. The results also add support to the claim that people's mental representations of space are not like the internalized perceptions of space but depend rather on the people's conceptions of space. Exploring spatial imagination through description is simpler technically than exploring spatial imagination through experience. In many cases, the effects are the same. Because in the normal course of events people move through stationary environments, it was expected that describing people as stationary and environments as moving would be more difficult to comprehend than describing people as moving in stationary environments. Moreover, research relevant to the nature of mental representations of spatial transformations from discourse come from research on imagery.
Cold Interstellar Matter in Early-Type Galaxies: A Progress Report

The amount of cold (T < 100 K) interstellar matter within early type galaxies is estimated from far infrared and radio observations. The typical mass appears to be in the range between 107 and 108 M⊙. Within the very substantial uncertainties, the relative amounts of molecular and atomic gas are comparable. We picture that the cold material is contained in clouds that are embedded within a hot interstellar medium; the temperature and pressure of both the clouds and the intercloud medium are considered. We make particular reference to the cooling flow elliptical NGC 1275 where there is evidence for ongoing low-mass star formation.
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and methyl tert-butyl ether for partially calcified gallstones.

Abstract To explore the possibility that gallbladder stone fragments might be able to be safely dissolved using methyl tert -butyl ether immediately after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a feasibility study in 8 patients with one to four partially calcified gallbladder stones was performed. The gallstones averaged 2.2 cm in diameter (range 1.3–3 cm) and contained layered or diffuse calcium detectable by computed tomography scan only (7 patients) or plain film (1 patient). After a 5F (1.7 mm) pigtail catheter was placed percutaneously into the gallbladder, ESWL fragmentation was performed using a renal stone lithotriptor. The patients were under general anesthesia and in the prone position on a support gantry designed for gallbladder stone ESWL. Following ESWL, methyl tert -butyl ether was infused and aspirated via the gallbladder catheter until no further stone material was radiologically detectable or could be dissolved. After 8–26 h (mean = 13 h) of methyl tert -butyl ether therapy, no radiologically detectable gallstones remained in 6 of 8 patients. Shell fragments of three peripherally calcified stones in 1 patient and the densely calcified, predominantly pigment stone in a second patient were refractory to combined therapy. Both ESWL and treatment with methyl tert -butyl ether were well tolerated in all patients, although bile leakage after catheter removal occurred in 3 patients, one of whom was treated by cholecystectomy. Additional measures to prevent bile leakage may be advisable if these two modalities are to be used in tandem. We found no evidence, however, that predissolution stone fragmentation with ESWL predisposed the gallbladder to either mucosal damage by methyl tert -butyl ether or increased absorption of it.
THE EFFECTS OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE (DHEA) ON THE THYMUS, SPLEEN, AND ADRENALS OF PREPUBERTAL AND ADULT FEMALE RATS

Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to female rats produces a condition of reproductive failure and ovarian cysts similar to that seen in women having polycystic ovarian disease. On the other hand, DHEA may have beneficial effects on the immune system. We sought to determine the effect of DHEA, when administered in pharmacological amounts, on the thymus and spleen of prepubertal (25 day old) and young adult (60 day old) female rats. Since the adrenal, by means of its production of corticosteroids, also is known to modulate the immune system, we also evaluated the effects of DHEA administration on this gland. The daily SC administration of DHEA (6 mg/100g BW) to young adult female rats led to progressive and striking reductions in thymic weights (greater than 85% suppression after 20 days compared to vehicle treated animals). There were no effects of DHEA on body weights or the weights of the spleen. DHEA treatment also led to significantly reduced weights of the adrenals , which was sustained at about 15-20% below normal over 5-20 days treatment. Ovariectomy of the rats 5 days before initiation of DHEA or vehicle treatment gave rise to significant increases in thymic and spleenic weights in control animals and strikingly blunted the inhibitory effects of DHEA treatment for 10 days on the thymus; DHEA had no effect on the ovariectomy-induced rise in the weight of the spleen. Ovariectomy also had no effect on the inhibitory effects of DHEA on adrenal weight. Similar, albeit quantitatively less striking, responses were noted to occur after DHEA treatment in immature female rats. These data indicate that DHEA in doses sufficient to interfere with ovarian cyclicity also has potentially adverse effects on the adrenal and thymus. The ovary appears to play an independent role in maintenance of the size of the thymus and spleen and also may mediate some of the effects of DHEA on the thymus but not those on the adrenals.
Broadband dispersion compensation for sub-100-femtosecond pulses with compression ratio of 300

Summary form only given. In summary, we have demonstrated nearly dispersion-free, linear transmission of 62-fs pulses over >40 m of fiber. These results are made possible by a composite single mode fiber (SMF) dispersion compensated (DCF) link with third order dispersion reduced by 8 times compared to dispersion-shifted fiber. To our knowledge this is the first report of several hundred-fold broadening and compression of sub-100-fsec pulses in an all-fiber system. Our results should impact ultrashort pulse fiber transmission as well as chirped-pulse fiber amplification systems.
Dicarbonyl(cyclohexadiene)(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum Tetrafluoroborate

(BF4 salt) [115252-55-6] C13H13BF4MoO2 (MW 383.99) InChI = 1S/C6H8.C5H5.2CO.BF4.Mo/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2-4-5-3-1;2*1-2;2-1(3,4)5;/h1-4H,5-6H2;1-5H;;;;/q;;;;-1;+1 InChIKey = WSPJAIXSCCXWAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (PF6 salt) [84117-10-2] C13H13F6MoO2P (MW 442.15) InChI = 1S/C6H8.C5H5.2CO.F6P.Mo/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2-4-5-3-1;2*1-2;1-7(2,3,4,5)6;/h1-4H,5-6H2;1-5H;;;;/q;;;;-1;+1 InChIKey = LSTUPHLVMXMYPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (cation) [84117-09-9] C13H13MoO+2 (MW 297.18) InChI = 1S/C6H8.C5H5.2CO.Mo/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2-4-5-3-1;2*1-2;/h1-4H,5-6H2;1-5H;;;/q;;;;+1 InChIKey = YUSLBLOIFXWDEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for stereocontrolled multiple functionalization of cyclohexene rings1) Physical Data: dec >300 °C. Solubility: sol most polar organic solvents; very sol methylene chloride; insol diethyl ether and alkanes. Form Supplied in: yellow crystals generally prepared by user from Mo(CO)6. Analysis of Reagent Purity: carbonyl stretching bands at 2017 and 1962 cm−1 (CH2Cl2) are characteristic. Preparative Methods: straightforwardly prepared in 97% yield by hydride abstraction from CpMo(CO)2(cyclohexenyl),2 which in turn is prepared following a procedure developed for the parent allyl complex by Hayter5 (>70% yield). This involves reflux of Mo(CO)6 in acetonitrile to produce Mo(CO)3(MeCN)3, addition of 3-bromo-1-cyclohexene, and subsequent treatment with lithium cyclopentadienide. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: should be handled under nitrogen or argon. The crystals can be handled in air for short periods with no significant decomposition. Solutions of the compound are air sensitive, but can be handled with brief exposure to air or can be reduced in volume with a rotary evaporator. Use in a fume hood.
(1R,5S)‐(−)‐6,6‐Dimethyl‐3‐Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]Hexan‐2‐One. Highly Enantioselective Intramolecular Cyclopropanation Catalyzed by Dirhodium(II) Tetrakis[Methyl 2‐Pyrrolidone‐5(R)‐Carboxylate]

(1R,5S)-(−)-6,6-dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one. Highly enantioselective intramolecular cyclopropanation catalyzed by dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-pyrrolidone-5(R)-carboxylate] intermediate: (−)-Methyl 2-pyrrolidone-5(R)-carboxylate intermediate: (+)-Dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-pyrrolidone-5(R)-carboxylate] intermediate: 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-yl acetoacetate intermediate: 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-yl diazoacetate product: (1R,5S)-(−)-6,6-Dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one reactant: (R)-(+)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid [Fluka Chemika-BioChemika, D-pyroglutamic acid, +9 ± 1° (H2O, c 5)] Keywords: acylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[M,N]; cyclization, free radical-carbenoid/nitrenoid; cyclopropanation; deacylation; diazo transfer; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; metalation reactions, ruthenium; metal-catalyzed reactions, rhodium; replacement reactions, halogen by oxygen; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; stereoselective reactions, enantioselective; assay methods, of enantiomeric purity by chiral column HPLC; chlorobenzene; dichloromethane (methylene chloride); d-pyroglutamic acid; tetrahydrofuran; diazo compounds; thionyl chloride, toxic, corrosive
Wideband simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) bi-layer circular array

The main challenge with the full-duplex simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) systems is achieving high isolation over a wide bandwidth while preserving identical (or similar) radiation patterns in both, the transmitting and receiving modes. In this paper, a novel low profile wideband bi-layer STAR circular array configuration is presented. The two layers, one for transmit and the other for receive, are identical and composed of four antenna elements. The proposed approach is based on exciting TX/RX layers with the circular mode 1 phase progression while applying a phase difference between the two layers. Virtually identical radiation patterns and TX/RX isolation >50dB over the wide bandwidth is demonstrated.
Biomechanical measures in participants with shoulder pain: Intra-rater reliability.

Biomechanical measures are used to characterize the mechanisms of treatment for shoulder pain. The objective was to characterize test-retest reliability and measurement error of shoulder surface electromyographic(sEMG) and kinematic measures. Individuals(n = 12) with subacromial pain syndrome were tested at 2 visits. Five repetitions of shoulder scapular plane elevation were performed while collecting sEMG of the upper trapezius(UT), middle trapezius(MT), lower trapezius(LT), serratus anterior(SA) middle-deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles during ascending and descending phases. Simultaneously, electromagnetic sensors measured 3-dimensional kinematics of scapular internal/external rotation, upward/downward rotation, posterior/anterior tilt, and clavicular elevation/depression and clavicular protraction/retraction. Kinematic and sEMG variables were reduced for the total phase of ascending and descending elevation (30°-120°, 120°-30°), at 30° intervals for sEMG, and at every 30° discrete kinematic angle. The intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) ranged from 0.08 to 0.99 for sEMG and 0.23-0.95 for kinematics. Correspondingly, the standard error of the measurement(SEM) and minimal detectable change(MDC) for sEMG measures varied from 2.3% to 103.8% of a reference contraction(REF-contraction). For kinematics, the SEM and MDC varied from 1.4° to 5.9°. Between-day reliability was good to very good, except for scapular internal/external rotation kinematics, and sEMG for the LT, UT, and SA. sEMG error values were highest (>25%REF-contraction) for most of the LT, UT, and SA variables. Kinematic error values indicate changes or differences of 2°-3° are meaningful, except for upward/downward rotation and internal/external rotation with MDCs of 4°-6°. Generally, data from the total phase of movement had better reliability and lower error than the data from sEMG interval or kinematic discrete angles.
SCALING OF THE TENEBRIONID BEETLE COMMUNITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT ON THE COLORADO SHORTGRASS STEPPE

Ecological patterns and processes often change with scale, and determining how they do so is a necessary first step in understanding these relationships. We documented how the spatial patterns of beetle species richness, environmental variables, and correlations between the two change with spatial scale. Tenebrionid beetles and vegetation coverage were sampled on the shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado during June and August 1998. We used triplet quadrat variance (tQV) and triplet quadrat covariance (tQC) to evaluate the spatial patterns of beetle distribution and environmental variables. As revealed by tQV, spatial patterns of beetle species richness and environmental measures were scale dependent but differed among transects. Bare ground exhibited significant patchiness at spatial scales in the 460–500-m range, grass at 460–540 m, and shrubs at 420–620 m. Tenebrionid species richness in June showed significant patchiness in the 400–420-m and 560–640-m range, while August patch dimensions were in ...
1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR studies of dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine and dioctanoylthiophosphatidylcholine.

Abstract Coupling constants and chemical shifts were measured for dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine and its thio analogue in a CDCl3/CD3OD solvent mixture. Replacing the bridging oxygen atom of the CH—CH2—O—P portion of the phosphatidylcholine molecule with a sulfur atom affects chemical shifts and coupling constants in the glycerol backbone portion of the molecule as well as in the choline head group region. Preferred conformations about selected bonds in the phospholipids were determined from the vicinal 1H-1H, 31P-1H and 31P-13C coupling constants. A reduction of the 31P T 2 ∗ (effective spin-spin relaxation time) for the thio analogue, as well as changes in the relative chemical shifts of 13C nuclei in the acyl chains, suggest a somewhat greater degree of aggregation for the thio analogue. The quadrupolar coupling constant 1J(14N-13C) for the choline methyls of either analogue, however, indicates that aggregation of these phospholipids in the CDCl3/CD3OD solvent mixture is not significant. Differences in conformation between dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine and its thio analogue may be responsible for their differences in chemical and physical properties.
SONG SPARROW (MELOSPIZA MELODIA) SONG VARIES WITH URBAN NOISE

Abstract In urban environments, anthropogenic noise may mask bird song, especially the notes occurring at lower frequencies (1–2 kHz). Birds living in urban environments may modify their songs, particularly the low-frequency portions, to minimize masking by anthropogenic noise. Such modifications have been observed in Great Tits (Parus major) in The Netherlands, as well as in some mammals. We studied Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), which are common in both urban and rural environments in much of North America, and recorded the songs of 28 free- living males in Portland, Oregon. We also measured the amplitude and spectrum of ambient noise at singing locations. Song Sparrows singing at noisier locations exhibited higher-frequency low notes and had relatively less energy (amplitude) in the low-frequency range of their songs (1–4 kHz), where most anthropogenic noise also occurred. Although the mechanism(s) producing the correlation are as yet undetermined, the observed match between song and noise may resu...
Immunologic reactions and Australia antigenemia in Down's syndrome.

Abstract Immunologic studies were done in sixty institutionalized patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and compared with age and sex matched mentally retarded (MR) controls. In the DS group there was a significant increase in gamma globulins, IgG and IgA. Au antigenemia was found in 27 per cent of DS patients and in none of the controls. In contrast to previous reports there was no evidence of decreased delayed hypersensitivity to PPD, histoplasmin or dermatophytin in DS subjects. There were, however, significantly fewer positive skin tests to mumps antigen. These studies confirmed the previously reported changes in serum proteins and increased prevalence of Australia antigenemia in DS. The results of skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation (reported elsewhere) did not demonstrate a generalized defect in cellular immunity in DS. The decrease in positive mumps skin reactions and Australia antigenemia may reflect an unusual defect in the handling of viral infections.
Frequency and waveform agile receiver covering the ultra high frequency band

Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) has developed a radio frequency (RF) receiver that is agile in frequency and waveform over the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The software defined receiver is CubeSat-scale in size and power consumption, and it provides a flexible, adaptable solution for a number of RF application areas including communications, tracking and locating, and signals intelligence. Based on SwRI internal funding and previous developments for the U.S. Government, the receiver, which is currently at a technology readiness level of five, enables pre-mission and on-orbit reconfiguration plus RF agility from 300 to 3,000 MHz with a bandwidth of up to 30 MHz. This paper describes the hardware architecture of the agile receiver and provides an application example of the geographical location of a terrestrial RF transmitter. In this example, geolocation performance is simulated using performance parameters of the receiver modeled on two or three low Earth orbit spacecraft to estimate the location of the transmitter. A number of spatial separations of the three spacecraft configuration are considered. Further, two RF frequencies are simulated, one for an RF transmitter in the lower portion of the UHF band and another for an RF transmitter in a higher portion of the UHF band. Results show that this small, low power technology, which is suitable for a CubeSat payload, provides a capability for geolocating terrestrial transmitters.
“Social Change” and “Status Quo” Framing Effects on Risk Perception An Exploratory Experiment

Operating from a guard-dog perspective of the media, this study investigates whether “social change” or “status quo”news frames affected individuals’ risk perceptions, using an experimental design. Participants who read a news story that used the social change frame reported the highest level of risk awareness ( F = 34.88, p = .00), indicating that the way the media frame a story about environmental issues has the potential to influence the audience’s perception of risk.
Nanoscale dynamics in glass

A number of recent experiments and simulations give strong support for the idea that dynamics vary with position in glassy materials. Relaxation times appear to be correlated over a few nanometers, supportive of the notion of cooperatively rearranging regions (CRR). But details of the local cooperative dynamics are still mysterious, and certain issues, such as the heterogeneity lifetime, remain controversial. I will describe experiments in which molecular cooperativity was directly observed near the glass transition, through nanometer-scale probing of dipolar noise in polymer glasses. The dynamics and evolution of individual CRR was studied. The CRR were found to revisit a handful (2-4) of configurations up to hundreds of times. Statistical analysis of the noise give information about the lifetime of the CRR, the local shape and evolution of the energy landscape, and the evolution from exponential to nonexponential response. * E. Vidal Russell and N. E. Israeloff, Nature 408, 695 (2000).
Self-reflexive moments in the poetry of cecco angiolieri

It is an unfortunate fact that the preponderance of critical studies on Cecco Angiolieri, and the medieval comic poets in general, took place in the early part of the twentieth century, in the wake of the many important philological discoveries regarding these so-called minor poets. The majority of these studies are now clearly dated, relying as they do on outmoded approaches to literary criticism. Alessandro D'Ancona, who published the first critical study on Angiolieri in 1912, attempted to reconstruct a biography from his sonnets. At times this biographical reconstruction borders on fiction.1 .Benedetto Croce, in his Poesia popolare e poesia d'arte continues in this vein, calling Angiolieri not a comic poet, but "un poeta autobiografico" (134). Luigi Pirandello objected to D'Ancona's assertion that Cecco was a humorist and showed, again using Angiolieri's sonnets as biographical information, that he never learned from his own mistakes. As all the misfortunes which befall Cecco are due to his own errors, one cannot rightly call him a humorist, Pirandello argues. In contrast to the biographical approach, Ferdinando Figurelli reads Angiolieri' s sonnets in a Crocean manner to conclude that Cecco's production is "nonpoesia," for while it accurately expresses the feelings of the poet, at no time does it rise to a universal level. While scholars of Angiolieri have since been kinder to the comic poet, and by extension, the comic style of medieval poetry, the criticism of the early twentieth century has left its mark regarding these poets. The notion of these poets being "popular," that is, of the lower-classes, at times conceived of as semi-literate, is still very prevalent. The image of the poet Angiolieri is still confused with the persona he creates in his sonnets, as Tracy Turner Barrett strongly argues in her
The early Kant’s (anti-) Newtonianism

Abstract It is well known that during his pre-Critical period, Kant was a major proponent of Newtonian physics, for the project of the Universal Natural History explicitly uses “Newtonian principles” to explain the formation of the various bodies that constitute our solar system as well as those that lie beyond. What has not been widely noted, however, is that the early Kant also developed a major criticism of Newton, one that is based on subtle metaphysical issues pertaining to God, which are most at home in philosophical theology. Interestingly, this criticism is neither an inchoate precursor of his later criticisms of Newton’s account of absolute space, nor isolated to the abstract realm of metaphysics, but has a wide range of implications for the way in which a scientific account of the formation and constitution of the heavenly bodies ought to be developed, that is, for the kind of argument Newton offered in the Principia . That Kant remained interested in this set of issues later in his Critical period suggests that, alongside the revolutionary changes that comprise transcendental idealism, there are deep continuities not only in his Newtonian commitments, but in his anti-Newtonian tendencies as well.
The effect of microbial contamination on musculocutaneous and random flaps.

Abstract Although musculocutaneous flaps have been shown to have the ability to withstand a greater inoculum of bacteria than random flaps, it has not been shown that the musculocutaneous flap has any greater ability to decrease the bacterial population in a contaminated wound. In this series of experiments, granulating wounds were developed containing 10 4 , 10 5 , or 10 6 bacteria per gram of tissue. These contaminated wounds were then covered either with musculocutaneous flaps, random flaps, or left uncovered as a control. In the heavily contaminated wounds containing 10 6 bacteria per gram of tissue, neither type of flap was able to prevent bacterial proliferation and all flaps dehisced. In the minimally contaminated wounds containing 10 4 bacteria per gram of tissue, both the musculocutaneous and random flaps achieved wound healing and decreased the bacterial level in the wound. However, in the intermediate group containing 10 5 bacteria per gram of tissue, musculocutaneous flaps lowered the bacterial count and allowed wound closure, whereas the random flaps did not control the bacterial growth and failed. Therefore, in the moderately contaminated wound, musculocutaneous flaps are advantageous and can decrease bacterial counts and obtain successful closure when random flaps cannot.
Color holography using multiple layers of DuPont photopolymer

We present true-color holographic stereograms made using multiple layers of Du Pont OmniDex photopolymer. Red, green, and blue color separations are reproduced at optimum replay wavelengths by exposing in blue and post-swelling using monomer color tuning films. This material is also used to record pseudo-color and true-color holograms of real-life scenes. A theoretical analysis of the color-reproduction is applied to the technique being presented and compared to results using other materials. The signal-to-noise ratio, color rendering, and color gamut area properties are shown to be comparable to those found when using dichromated gelatin and considerably better than holograms recorded in silver halide materials.
Redox delivery system for brain-specific, sustained release of dopamine

Dopamine was transformed into a redox chemical system for delivery to the brain. The lipoidal form allowed penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Oxidative and hydrolytic processes then transformed the delivery form into a quaternary ammonium precursor of dopamine. The quaternary ammonium precursor was rapidly eliminated from the general circulation, whereas that formed in the brain was locked in, thereby providing a significant and sustained brain-specific dopaminergic activity.
Myasthenia gravis and related disorders: Pathology and molecular pathogenesis.

Disorders affecting the presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic portions of the neuromuscular junction arise from various mechanisms in children and adults, including acquired autoimmune or toxic processes as well as genetic mutations. Disorders include autoimmune myasthenia gravis associated with acetylcholine receptor, muscle specific kinase or Lrp4 antibodies, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, nerve terminal hyperexcitability syndromes, Guillain Barre syndrome, botulism, organophosphate poisoning and a number of congenital myasthenic syndromes. This review focuses on the various molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders, characterization of which has been crucial to the development of treatment strategies specific for each pathogenic mechanism. In the future, further understanding of the underlying processes may lead to more effective and targeted therapies of these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuromuscular Diseases: Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis.
Fault diagnosis under a limited-fault assumption and limited test-point availability

This paper describes a method of fault diagnosis for large interconnected circuits in which the number of faults is limited to, say,nf where it is possible thatnf exceeds the number of output measurements,no. The problem and its solution are formulated in the context of a frequency domain tableau based on the component connection model of a circuit/system. The paper describes Jacobian tests for diagnosability whennf≥no and states a full parameter diagnosability test as a corollary to the main theorem. An algorithm is developed for the identification of faulty parameters in this limited fault case. Finally, examples, including a 26-parameter video-amplifier circuit, illustrating the technique are given.
An overview of research on revenue management: current issues and future research

The paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent development of revenue management in different industries. We discuss research on different revenue management strategies including pricing, auctions, capacity control, overbooking and forecasting. Related issues such as economic concerns, customer perception, competition and consolidation, implementation, performance evaluation, and common techniques and approaches used for solving revenue management problems are also discussed. Finally, we give our suggestion on some important areas that warrant further research.
Differentials of Functions with Arguments and Values in Topological Abelian Groups.

By a topological abelian group T (t.a.g. T) we shall mean an abstract abelian group-written additively-such that (a) the function x + y and the inverse function -x are continuous functions (neighborhood continuity) of both variables x and y and of the variable x, respectively, with respect to a postulated Hausdorff topology; (b) given any y e T and any Hausdorff neighborhood U of 0 e T, there exists a "positive integer" n such that y e nU. In this note we shall give brief indications of a differential calculus for functions f(x) with x e t.a.g. T_1 and values in a t.a.g. T_2. Proofs and further developments will appear elsewhere.
Capitate shortening osteotomy with vascularized bone grafting for the treatment of Kienböck's disease in the ulnar positive wrist.

Purpose Decompression surgery combined with revascularization surgery may provide better results than either alone in the treatment of Kienbock's disease. This study describes our experience with capitate shortening combined with vascularized bone grafting for the treatment of Kienbock's disease in ulnar neutral and ulnar positive variant patients. Methods Between 1996 and 2004, patients diagnosed with Lichtman stage II or stage IIIA Kienbock's disease with ulnar neutral or ulnar positive wrists were enrolled in this prospective study and had capitate shortening osteotomy with concurrent vascularized bone grafting. Preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation included wrist arc of motion, grip strength, and overall satisfaction score. Preoperative and postoperative wrist radiographs and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Radiographic measurements of preoperative and postoperative ulnar variance and carpal height ratio were also evaluated. The average follow-up period was 41 months (range, 26–65 months). Results Fourteen patients with an average age of 25 years (range, 16–39 years) were studied. The results show significant improvement in grip strength (58% to 78% of the normal side), satisfaction score, and satisfactory arc of motion. The average carpal height ratio was maintained. Average time to osteotomy healing was 48 days. Conclusions Capitate shortening osteotomy combined with vascularized bone graft is effective in the treatment of ulnar-positive Kienbock's disease prior to the onset of radiocarpal arthrosis. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Finger length ratios and incident knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative

increased BMD at the BML location. Increased BMD associated with BML may be an indicator of locally increased loading within the knee joint or a consequence of trabecular microfractures (impaction and callus formation), although the cause-effect relationship was not investigated. However, in our study, the BML extension was not exactly covered by the a priori (in the CT image) defined analysis VOIs. Nevertheless, these results are a promising step in utilizing multimodality imaging and advanced 3D analysis for the diagnosis of knee OA by combining the benefits of CT and MR.
Mercuric chloride uptake by eggs of the ricefish and resulting teratogenic effects.

Eggs collected from adult Japanese Medaka were incubated for 16 days in solutions containing 10, 15, 20, and 30 ppb mercury as mercuric chloride. The mean hatchability of control eggs was 46.7 percent. Experimental eggs incubated in 10 ppb and 15 ppb mercury had hatching percentages of 58.3 and 20.8 respectively (Chi Square= 12.8, P<.0005). None of the 20 ppb or 30 ppb experimental eggs hatched, Hemorrhaging, blood vessel deterioration and loss of blood cells were observed in 79 percent of the 15 ppb experimental eggs and all the 20 and 30 ppb experimental eggs. Neither the control nor the 10 ppb experimental eggs demonstrated any of these abnormalities. The Lc100 For 384 hours was between 20 ppb and 30 ppb.
Calcium Metabolism of Teleosts

The osseous tissues of modern bony fishes are usually classified as cellular or acellular bone. The latter lacks osteocytes; the former is restricted to individual families within the Clupeiformes and Scopeliformes. Many fishes can take up calcium actively from their environment and apparently can store considerable amounts of calcium in sites other than bone. The question asto the degree that fishes can or do utilize a closed-cycle, bone—body fluid continum is a subject of controversy; those fishes that have abandoned apatites must operate as an open-cycle system. Data from several laboratories have shown that hypophysectomy does affect calcium homeostasis, at least at the serum and kidney levels. There is no evidence that the observed alterations involve metabolism of bone. The idea that the ultimobranchial body has a parathyroid-like function is an attractive one, but the evidence in favor of this view is based entirely on histological grounds and is far from decisive. Studies using extracts of this gland, and purified mammalian parathyroid hormone, are needed.
Estimation of Renal Function in Children and Adolescents With Spinal Dysraphism

Purpose: In children with spinal dysraphism such as myelomeningocele the relation between muscle mass and body composition varies considerably. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the relevance of renal function assessments done with serum creatinine. Since serum cystatin C has been suggested to be independent of body size and composition, this evaluation was compared to chromium51 edetic acid clearance.Materials and Methods: Simultaneous measurements of cystatin C and chromium51 edetic acid clearance were performed prospectively in 65 patients 2 to 19 years old with spinal dysraphism.Results: Cystatin C values were within the normal range in all patients, while chromium51 edetic acid clearance was reduced in 10. A significant relation was seen.Conclusions: Using chromium51 edetic acid clearance as a gold standard, children with spinal dysraphism and slightly to moderately reduced renal function may remain undiagnosed if cystatin C is used for evaluation.
“Deep as a Giant”—An Experiment in Children's Language

(1938). “Deep as a Giant”—An Experiment in Children's Language. Childhood Education: Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 314-315.
Association of cyclophosphamide drug–metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms and chemotherapy-related ovarian failure in breast cancer survivors

Objective To determine if genetic variation in chemotherapy metabolism are associated with risk of ovarian failure in breast cancer patients after adjuvant chemotherapy. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Comprehensive cancer center. Patient(s) Early-stage breast cancer patients who were premenopausal at cancer diagnosis and treatment. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcomes Measure(s) Chemotherapy-related ovarian failure (CROF). Result(s) A total of 127 breast cancer subjects who were premenopausal at cancer diagnosis and underwent cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy were genotyped for nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in enzymes involved in cyclophosphamide activation (CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP3A5) and detoxification (GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1). Median age at chemotherapy was 43.2 years. Median follow-up after chemotherapy was 5.2 years. For the entire cohort, there was no significant association between CROF and SNPs. However, the association between CROF and SNPs was modified by age at chemotherapy. In subjects younger than 45 years old at chemotherapy, CYP3A4∗1B variants had significantly longer time to CROF than CYP3A4∗1A homozygotes in an adjusted multivariable Cox model. Age and tamoxifen use were also independently associated with CROF. Conclusion(s) A common SNP in a cyclophosphamide drug–metabolizing enzyme appears to be related to ovarian failure after cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy in young women with breast cancer. Larger prospective studies to validate these results should be directed toward women younger than 45 years of age at chemotherapy.
MIMO link design strategy for wireless data center applications

This paper deals with mm Wave MIMO link design strategy for wireless data center applications where the MIMO degrees of freedom is taken into account in multi-node packet networking environments. The problem is treated differently from the coordinated multiuser MIMO situation and the link design is optimized independently in each node with meeting control and data plane requirements for contention-based packet switching. In particular, we propose using an interference-aligned out-of-band control plane to improve the unidirectional bonded in-band data plane collision-related performance degradation with a limited number of antenna elements per node. We also present a high-level implementation plan.
Neutron diffraction studies of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase complexed with methotrexate

Hydrogen atoms play a central role in many biochemical processes yet are difficult to visualize by x-ray crystallography. Spallation neutron sources provide a new arena for protein crystallography with TOF measurements enhancing data collection efficiency and allowing hydrogen atoms to be located in smaller crystals of larger biological macromolecules. Here we report a 2.2-A resolution neutron structure of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in complex with methotrexate (MTX). Neutron data were collected on a 0.3-mm3 D2O-soaked crystal at the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center. This study provides an example of using spallation neutrons to study protein dynamics, to identify protonation states directly from nuclear density maps, and to analyze solvent structure. Our structure reveals that the occluded loop conformation [monomer (mon.) A] of the DHFR·MTX complex undergoes greater H/D exchange compared with the closed-loop conformer (mon. B), partly because the Met-20 and β(F-G) loops readily exchange in mon. A. The eight-stranded β sheet of both DHFR molecules resists H/D exchange more than the helices and loops. However, the C-terminal strand, βH, in mon. A is almost fully exchanged. Several D2Os form hydrogen bonds with exchanged amides. At the active site, the N1 atom of MTX is protonated and thus charged when bound to DHFR. Several D2Os are observed at hydrophobic surfaces, including two pockets near the MTX-binding site. A previously unidentified D2O hydrogen bonds with the catalytic D27 in mon. B, stabilizing its negative charge.
The structure of beryllium films

Abstract A difference in structure of beryllium films has been found to depend on the impurity content of the vapor source used for deposition by electron beam evaporation. Preliminary results indicated tht iron and/or aluminum cause the effect. As the contents of these two elements decrease, the size of the columnar grains increases and the number of large cones produced in the film increases.
Gender Dilemmas in Sexual Harassment Policies and Procedures.

Many organizations have established policies and procedures to deal with sexual harassment, yet few complaints are reported. Some have suggested that the lack of complaints is due to the absence of a problem, or the timidity or fearfulness of victims. This article proposes that the reasons for the lack o fuse of sexual harassment grievance procedures lie not in the victims, but rather in the procedures themselves. Women perceive sexual harassment differently than men do, and their orientation to disputeresolution processes is likely to differ as well. The way that policies define harassment and the nature of dispute resolution procedures may better fit male than female perspectives. This gender bias is likely to discourage women from reporting complaints.
Some considerations in the design of aquatic microcosms for plankton Studies

Some of the most important problems facing aquatic microcosm research are those resulting from the small size of laboratory microcosms because not all biological and physical processes present in natural ecosystems can be scaled down to laboratory size. Three major problems of scale are: (i) problems arising from the shallow depth of most microcosms; (ii) the difficulty of including higher trophic levels; (iii) the dominance of chemical and biological activity occuring on the sides and bottom of microcosms. The most severe of these problems is the third: in particular, the growth of periphyton on the sides of the container. Periphyton growth exerts a significant effect on the metabolism of microcosms within 40–50 days after inoculation. Biological control of periphyton growth has been largely unsuccessful and the efficacy of mechanical means is uncertain. A possible resolution of the problem of side activity is to focus on the plankton bloom which occurs shortly after inoculation. Since side growth is not...
Information driven optimal sensor control for efficient target localization and tracking

This paper describes the problem of multiple target tracking and localization using dynamic sensors such as Unmanned Ariel Vehicles. Often the location or path of the target is uncertain and has to be accounted along with UAV fuel costs while optimally planning the dynamic sensor trajectory. The coupled problem of optimal target state estimation and sensor path planning is computationally expensive and at times intractable. In this paper, an iterative sub-optimal control approach is proposed with the intent of a real-time application.