cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the metal-bound N–H functionality in Noyori-type molecular catalysts

Noyori-type catalysts have found numerous applications in research and industrial settings. The central mechanistic component of such catalysts is a metal centre coordinated to a N–H moiety. This amino moiety has traditionally been thought to participate directly in catalytic reactions by serving as a H+ donor, with the resulting amido group then serving as a H+ acceptor. This traditional understanding has been supplanted by more recent studies that instead suggest that the N–H group(s) (or N–Ma group(s) obtained in the reaction with a base of an alkali metal Ma) serve to stabilize rate-determining transition states through non-covalent N–X···O interactions (X = H or Ma). Thus, N–X bonds are actually not cleaved or formed in many catalytic cycles. This Review describes examples of metal–ligand bifunctional catalysts relevant to reactions involving H2 or its equivalents, emphasizing systems that have been applied in industry. Subsequently, a summary of our present understanding of the Noyori–Ikariya and Noyori reaction mechanisms is presented, which we compare to topical related reactions such as MeOH dehydrogenation, ester and carboxamide hydrogenation and the dehydrogenative coupling of primary alcohols with other alcohols and amines. This mechanistic understanding allows us to identify the design principles that may potentially afford improved molecular catalysts and that may unravel a distinct mechanism for H2 production by the diiron hydrogenase enzymes. Noyori-type catalysts perform (de)hydrogenation and transfer (de)hydrogenation reactions at a metal centre coordinated to a N–H moiety. Understanding how these metal–ligand bifunctional catalysts operate enables us to design better catalysts for these reactions and for related conversions such as alcohol dehydrogenations, ester or carboxamide hydrogenations and dehydrogenative coupling of primary alcohols with other alcohols or amines.
Nonlinear Model Identification Methodology for Small, Fixed-Wing, Unmanned Aircraft

This paper describes system identification of a nonlinear flight dynamic model for a small, low-cost, fixed-wing unmanned aircraft with a limited instrumentation system. Unique challenges include g...
Understanding interoperability

In this paper, we seek to understand and explain what interoperability is, how it works and make a case for a formal theory of interoperability. Based on the study of existing definitions and approaches, we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions under which systems are interoperable and show that current approaches are semantically equivalent. Finally, we propose a set of objectives that a formal theory of interoperability should meet in order to be useful.
Abstract 1: A small molecule inhibits Nrf2 expression and activity in cancer cells

Activation of the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway is a master defense mechanism protecting against oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2 was traditionally considered cancer-preventing, as Nrf2 deficiency enhances susceptibility to carcinogens in a variety of mouse models. However, increasing evidence suggests a tumor-promoting role for Nrf2 in established tumors: gain of function mutations in NFE2L2, which activates the Nrf2 pathway, or loss of function mutations in its negative regulator, Keap1, have been found most frequently in lung cancer. Constitutive activation of the Nrf2 pathway is associated with chemoresistance and poor survival. Nrf2 inhibitors, therefore, become potential novel drugs for cancer treatment and needed tool compounds to study the Nrf2 pathway in cancer. To identify Nrf2 inhibitors, we conducted a high throughput screen with a diverse set of small molecules (~6500 compounds). 890 compounds were identified as hits, and a funnel strategy was applied to filter through the hits and select lead compounds. Although other known Nrf2 inhibitors were identified, a potentially novel compound, MSU225, was chosen as a lead for further evaluation. MSU225 downregulated tBHQ (tert-butyl hydroquinone)-induced Nrf2 transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay without inducing cell death. When A549 human lung cancer cells, in which Keap1 is mutated inducing constitutive activation of Nrf2, were treated with 5 µM MSU225, the mRNA expression of HMOX1, NQO1, GST1A1, GCLC, GCLM, and UGT1A6, all downstream targets of Nrf2, were decreased. Moreover, MSU225 significantly (p Citation Format: Di Zhang, Corbin Livingston, Thomas Dexheimer, Edmund Ellsworth, Aaron Odom, Karen Liby. A small molecule inhibits Nrf2 expression and activity in cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1.
A research note on the methodological and theoretical considerations for assessing crime forecasting accuracy with the predictive accuracy index

•The Predictive Accuracy Index is a common metric utilized to indicate how accurate crime forecasting techniques are when predicting future crime.•The PAI traditionally relies on area in the denominator, overlooking more appropriate units.•We argue that length or street segments should be considered in the denominator of the PAI calculation to better represent practical applications of crime forecasting.
The Journey Within

A reflection on the challenges and joys of practicing medicine as a Catholic physician: God often leads us on paths we could not have imagined, and there is a beauty in the surrender to His will. T...
Range of Motion to Impingement Curves Create a New Patient-Specific Impingement-Free Zone for Acetabular Cup Placement.

Introduction The acetabular "safe zone" has recently been questioned as a reliable reference for predicting total hip arthroplasty impingement and instability as many dislocations occur within the described parameters. Recently, an improved understanding of spino-pelvic mechanics has provided surgeons useful information to both identify those at a higher risk of dislocation and, in some cases, allows altering component positioning to accommodate the patient's individual "functional" range of motion. The purpose of this study was to create a new patient-specific impingement-free zone by considering range of motion (ROM) to prosthetic impingement for both high flexion and extension poses, thus demarcating a zone that avoids both anterior and posterior impingement, thereby creating an objective approach to identifying a patient's ideal functional safe zone. Materials and methods A validated hip ROM three-dimensional simulator was utilized to create ROM-to-impingement curves for both high flexion as well as pivot and turn poses. The user imported a computerized tomography (CT) with a supine pelvic tilt (PT) value of zero and implant models (tapered wedge stem, 132° neck angle, 15° stem version, 36mm femoral head). Femur-to-pelvis relative motions were determined for three upright seated poses (femur flexed at 90° and 40° internal rotation, with 0°, 10°, and 20° posterior PT), one chair rise pose (femur flexed at 90° and 0° internal rotation, with the pelvis flexed anteriorly until the pelvis made contact with the femur), and three standing pivot and turn poses (femur set at 5° extension, and 35° external rotation, with 5° posterior PT, 0°, and 5° anterior PT). ROM-to-impingement curves for cup inclination versus anteversion were graphed and compared against the Lewinnek safe zone. Results The ROM-to-impingement curves provide an objective assessment of potential impingement sites as they relate to femoral rotation and pelvic tilt. The area between the stand and sit curves is the impingement-free area. A sitting erect pose with a simulated stiff spine (0° PT) yielded less impingement-free combinations of cup inclination and version than poses with greater than 0° posterior pelvic tilt. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the acetabular target zone has a relatively small margin for error between the sitting and standing ROM curves to impingement. Importantly, anterior and posterior pelvic tilt can markedly increase the risk of impingement, potentially leading to posterior or anterior dislocations, respectively. This study highlights the importance of correctly identifying the patient-specific functional range of motion to execute optimal component positioning.
CU-MSDSp: A flexible parallelized Reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method

Abstract Reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) is a powerful Bayesian trans-dimensional algorithm for performing model selection while inferring the distribution of model parameters. The present work introduces CU-MSDSp as an open source and fully automated parallel RJMCMC implementation that aims to increase the accessibility of RJMCMC to practitioners. CU-MSDSp begins by independently forming Markov Chains to approximate the posterior distribution of each model’s parameters. These approximations are then used to estimate the posterior distribution of the model space. This embarrassingly parallelizable software eliminates the need of designing a trans-dimensional proposal distribution and Jacobian all while ensuring the same theoretical guarantees as the non-parallel RJMCMC algorithm. Finally, CU-MSDSp enables practitioners to rely on their previous knowledge of fixed dimension MCMC convergence assessment and simulation design.
Associations between fruit juice and milk consumption and change in BMI in a large prospective cohort of U.S. adolescents and preadolescents.

Background There are concerns that fruit juice and milk contribute to childhood obesity. Objective Determine the relationship between fruit juice and milk intakes and body mass index (BMI) change among preadolescents/adolescents. Methods Participants aged 9 to 16 years old from the Growing Up Today Study II completed surveys including validated food frequency questionnaires in 2004, 2006 and 2008. The contributions of one serving of juice or milk to total energy intake and 2-year change in BMI were evaluated using multiple linear regression. Additional analyses were conducted with subgroups of juice (orange juice and other fruit juice) and milk (low fat and high fat). Missing values for BMI were imputed using a multiple imputation approach, after which data from 8173 participants and 13 717 2-year interval observations were analysed. Results Baseline fruit juice consumption was inversely associated with BMI change in girls (β = -.102 kg/m2 , SE = 0.038, P value = .008) but not boys after controlling for race, age, baseline BMI, and baseline and 2-year changes in total energy intake and physical activity. Orange juice was inversely associated with BMI change among girls (β = -.137 kg/m2 , SE = 0.053, P value = .010) while other fruit juice, low fat and high fat milk were not associated with BMI change. Conclusion Orange juice was inversely associated with 2-year BMI change among preadolescent/adolescent girls but not boys and there were no significant associations with other juices or milk among either gender.
The effects of epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine on risky decision-making

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and caffeine are the two primary compounds found in green tea. While EGCG has anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory effects, its acute effects on cognition are not well understood. Furthermore, despite widespread green tea consumption, little is known about how EGCG and caffeine co-administration impact behavior. Here, we investigated the effects of multiple doses of either EGCG or caffeine on a rat model of risk-taking. This was assessed using the risky decision-making task (RDT), in which rats choose between a small, safe reward and a large reward with escalating risk of mild footshock. Rats were tested in RDT after acute systemic administration of EGCG, caffeine, or joint EGCG and caffeine. EGCG caused a dose dependent reduction in risk-taking without affecting reward discrimination or task engagement. Caffeine did not impact risk taking, but elevated locomotor activity and reduced task engagement at high doses. Finally, exposure to both EGCG and caffeine had no effect on risk-taking, suggesting that low-dose caffeine is sufficient to mask the risk-aversion caused by EGCG. These data suggest EGCG as a potential therapeutic treatment for psychological disorders that induce compulsive risky decision-making.
Structural Insights into the Interactions of Digoxin and Na+/K+-ATPase and Other Targets for the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside long used to treat congestive heart failure and found recently to show antitumor potential. The hydroxy groups connected at the C-12, C-14, and C-3'a positions; the C-17 unsaturated lactone unit; the conformation of the steroid core; and the C-3 saccharide moiety have been demonstrated as being important for digoxin's cytotoxicity and interactions with Na+/K+-ATPase. The docking profiles for digoxin and several derivatives and Na+/K+-ATPase were investigated; an additional small Asn130 side pocket was revealed, which could be useful in the design of novel digoxin-like antitumor agents. In addition, the docking scores for digoxin and its derivatives were found to correlate with their cytotoxicity, indicating a potential use of these values in the prediction of the cancer cell cytotoxicity of other cardiac glycosides. Moreover, in these docking studies, digoxin was found to bind to FIH-1 and NF-κB but not HDAC, IAP, and PI3K, suggesting that this cardiac glycoside directly targets FIH-1, Na+/K+-ATPase, and NF-κB to mediate its antitumor potential. Differentially, digoxigenin, the aglycon of digoxin, binds to HDAC and PI3K, but not FIH-1, IAP, Na+/K+-ATPase, and NF-κB, indicating that this compound may target tumor autophagy and metabolism to mediate its antitumor propensity.
United States hydraulic fracturing’s short-cycle revolution and the global oil industry’s uncertain future

Abstract The global oil industry has entered into a period of debilitating uncertainty. Two forces – renewable energy and price volatility – call into question the profitability of investing in the massive, decades-long conventional projects which form the backbone of global production. Facing a volatile, unknown future, energy financiers are retracting from long-term projects. United States (US) hydraulic fracturing has offered a partial solution. The unique material properties of hydraulic fracturing give it—relative to conventional production—a small investment scope with a short cycle of production. This flexible production process has helped sections of the industry avoid the commodity’s uncertain outlook by narrowly focusing on the near term. However, hydraulic fracturing, while offering a different temporal and financial scale of investment, is often more expensive per barrel. Confronted by COVID-19 disruptions, massive debt, and public contestation, some predict the end of fracking, as the least profitable, most indebted players go under. This paper hypothesizes that intensifying uncertainty over the future of oil – above all from the renewable energy transition – will, however, ironically further stimulate this destructive form of extraction.
Acute Management of Orbitozygomatic Fractures

SUMMARY In this article we have discussed the surgical anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment techniques for orbitozygomatic and zygomatic arch fractures. Careful history, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation are critical to document the injury. Treatment should be planned using this information along with sound operative principles and techniques described in this article.
Address of the 2021-2022 President-elect at the 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.

Good afternoon and thank you for giving me this opportunity to share with you the committee charges for the coming year, and the new strategic plan for your Association that we developed over the past year, a plan that will guide our actions for the next few years. It is truly an honor and privilege
Role of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide in Perinatal Pulmonary Vasoregulation

Recent advances in vascular biology have led to greater insight into the role of the endothelial cell in regulating vascular function and structure. Several potent vasoactive products, including endothelium-derived relaxing factor or nitric oxide (endothelium-derived nitric oxide; EDNO), prostacyclin, endothelin, and others, have been shown to contribute substantially to vascular tone and growth in many experimental and clinical settings.18,26,28,32 Although several studies have demonstrated the importance of endothelial products in the regulation of vascular tone in various adult circulations, relatively little is known about their functional role in the perinatal lung or maturation-related changes. Over the past several years, our laboratory and others have examined the potential role of endothelial-derived products, especially EDNO, in modulating vascular tone in the late-gestation fetal and transitional pulmonary circulations. These findings have in part contributed to recent clinical studies of inhaled NO in the treatment of newborns with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension, who have failed to achieve the normal decline in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at birth (Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn, PPHN). In the following chapter, we present a brief overview of data from our laboratory regarding the potential role of EDNO activity in the normal fetal and transitional pulmonary circulations, as well as data from our clinical experience in using inhaled NO in treating newborns with severe PPHN.
Bayesian Additive Regression Trees With Parametric Models of Heteroskedasticity

We incorporate heteroskedasticity into Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) by modeling the log of the error variance parameter as a linear function of prespecified covariates. Under this scheme, the Gibbs sampling procedure for the original sum-of- trees model is easily modified, and the parameters for the variance model are updated via a Metropolis-Hastings step. We demonstrate the promise of our approach by providing more appropriate posterior predictive intervals than homoskedastic BART in heteroskedastic settings and demonstrating the model's resistance to overfitting. Our implementation will be offered in an upcoming release of the R package bartMachine.
Effect of ethanol and vitamin A deficiency on epithelial cell proliferation and structure in the rat esophagus.

Abstract An increased risk of cancer of the esophagus has been reported in alcoholics and in populations with low dietary vitamin A consumption. As cancer is a disorder of cell proliferation and differentiation, we have assessed the combined effects of ethanol and vitamin A deficiency on cell proliferation and structure of the esophagus. Weanling male rats were fed liquid diets with either a standard amount of vitamin A or lacking vitamin A for 8 wk. Littermates were pair-fed the same diets with carbohydrate (36% of calories) replaced by ethanol. Rats were given [ 3 H]thymidine 1 h before death, and the labeling index of the proliferative basal cells was determined on radioautographs. In rats fed the normal vitamin A diet with or without ethanol, plasma vitamin A was normal. Hepatic vitamin A was markedly decreased, whereas esophageal vitamin A was increased after ethanol feeding. Ethanol feeding resulted in a twofold increase in basal cell labeling index (14.6 ± 0.7 vs. 6.8 ± 0.8; p
TGF-β-MAPK signaling enhances metastases by stimulating tumor cell invasion and changes in tumor microenvironment

3524 TGF-β is a potent regulator of tumor invasion, immune response, and inflammation, the processes that critically contribute to cancer progression. TGF-β functions as tumor suppressor but can also promote metastasis. This duality of TGF-β creates a major problem for targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer. The current study is aimed to the development of TGF-β therapeutics by identifying specific effectors of the TGF-β pathway contributing to alterations in tumor microenvironment and formation of breast cancer metastases. We show that three mitogen activated pro tein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades mediated by JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK contribute to TGF-β-enhanced tumor cell migration, invasion, and changes in tumor microenvironment. Constitutive signaling in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by Alk5-T204D mutant of TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI/Alk5) significantly enhanced migration and invasion, and pulmonary metastases from orthotopic xenografts in SCID mice. Alk5-T204D increased tumor vascularization and reduced cell death as assessed by TUNEL staining but did not affect Ki67 index. TGF-β-mediated cell migration was blocked by inhibitors of JNK, p38, and ERK signaling indicating that all three kinases contribute to cell migration. TGF-β-mediated tumor invasion was associated with a specific up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) without an effect on MMP1 and MMP2. TGF-β increased secretion and matrix degradation at focal contacts. Studies with kinase inhibitors and dominant negative (dn) MKK6, an upstream kinase for p38 and JNK, showed that ERK and p38 but not JNK contribute to the MMP9 induction. Silencing of MMP9 by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly reduced tumor cell invasion but not migration. Importantly, siRNA to MMP9 reduced TGF-β-mediated tumor vascularization and lung metastases. Thus, MAPK signaling may represent a marker of breast cancer progression and an important therapeutic target against pro-metastatic function of TGF-β.
WHERE DID THE POLITICAL PARTY MONEY GO?: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 2006 AND 2008 OKLAHOMA ELECTIONS

With the decline of the economy and the implementation of term limits in Oklahoma, campaign money has become increasingly more important to state legislative candidates in Oklahoma. Featuring data from every state legislative contest in the 2006 and 2008 elections, this article seeks to explore the role of money in political campaigns. While many of the traditional expectations held (winners spent more losers, Senate candidates spent more than House candidates, and candidates spent more money overall), the spending of the political parties was the most drastic change in the 2006 and 2008 elections. Both parties, but especially the Democrats, experienced a significant decline in their campaign spending. With Republicans controlling both houses ofthe Oklahoma legislature, this does not bode well for Oklahoma Democrats in the future if this trend does not change.
Trust Behavior: The Essential Foundation of Securities Markets

Evidence is accumulating that in making investment decisions, many investors do not employ a 'rational expectations' approach in which they anticipate others’ future behavior by analyzing their incentives and constraints. Rather, many investors rely on trust. Indeed, trust may be essential to a well-developed securities market. A growing empirical literature investigates why and when people trust, and this literature offers several useful lessons. In particular, most people seem surprisingly willing to trust other people, and even institutions like 'the market,' in novel situations. Trust behavior, however, is subject to history effects. When trust is not met by trustworthiness but instead is abused, trust tends to disappear. These lessons carry significant implications for our understanding of modern securities markets.
Time Domain Characterization of Active Microwave Circuits — The FDTD Diakoptics Method

A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) Diakoptics method is developed in this paper. A two overlapped cells boundary is proposed for implementation of this method. The numerical dispersion error of FDTD in finding the impulse response is circumvented by a deconvolution method with a band-limited excitation. The transient responses of several linear and nonlinear active circuits are computed and compared with simulated results from Microwave SPICE (MWSPICE).
Intracellular sphingosine kinase 2–derived sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates epidermal growth factor–induced ezrin-radixin-moesin phosphorylation and cancer cell invasion

The bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediates cellular proliferation, mitogenesis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. These biologies are mediated through S1P binding to specific GPCRs [sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR)1-5] and some other less well-characterized intracellular targets. Ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins, a family of adaptor molecules linking the cortical actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, are emerging as critical regulators of cancer invasion via regulation of cell morphology and motility. Recently, we identified S1P as an acute ERM activator (via phosphorylation) through its action on S1PR2. In this work, we dissect the mechanism of S1P generation downstream of epidermal growth factor (EGF) leading to ERM phosphorylation and cancer invasion. Using pharmacologic inhibitors, small interfering RNA technologies, and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that sphingosine kinase (SK)2, and not SK1, is essential and sufficient in EGF-mediated ERM phosphorylation in HeLa cells. In fact, knocking down SK2 decreased ERM activation 2.5-fold. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SK2 is necessary to mediate EGF-induced invasion. In addition, overexpressing SK2 causes a 2-fold increase in HeLa cell invasion. Surprisingly, and for the first time, we find that this event, although dependent on S1PR2 activation, does not generate and does not require extracellular S1P secretion, therefore introducing a potential novel model of autocrine/intracrine action of S1P that still involves its GPCRs. These results define new mechanistic insights for EGF-mediated invasion and novel actions of SK2, therefore setting the stage for novel targets in the treatment of growth factor-driven malignancies.
Integrin β4 regulation of PTHrP underlies its contribution to mammary gland development

The integrin α6β4 (referred to as β4) is expressed in epithelial cells where it functions as a laminin receptor. Although in vitro studies have implicated β4 in the biology of mammary epithelial cells, its contribution to mammary gland development has not been settled. To address this problem, we generated and analyzed itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(-) and itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(+) mice. The salient features of embryonic mammary tissue from itgb4(flox/flox)MMTV-Cre(+) mice were significantly smaller mammary buds and increased apoptosis in the surrounding mesenchyme. Also, compared to control glands, the itgb4-deleted mammary buds lacked expression of the progenitor cell marker CK14 and they were unable to generate mammary glands upon transplantation into cleared fat pads of recipient mice. Analysis of mammary glands at puberty and during pregnancy revealed that itgb4-diminished mammary tissue was unable to elongate and undergo branching morphogenesis. Micro-dissection of epithelial cells in the mammary bud and of the surrounding mesenchyme revealed that loss of β4 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in epithelial cells and of target genes of the PTHrP receptor in mesenchymal cells. Given that the phenotype of the itgb4-deleted mammary tissue mimicked that of the PTHrP knockout, we hypothesized that β4 contributes to mammary gland development by sustaining PTHrP expression and enabling PTHrP signaling. Indeed, the inability of itgb4-deleted mammary buds to elongate was rescued by exogenous PTHrP. These data implicate a critical role for the β4 integrin in mammary gland development and provide a mechanism for this role.
Studer Group® ' s evidence-based leadership initiatives.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of an organizational change initiative – Studer Group®’s Evidence-Based Leadership (EBL) – in two large, US health systems by comparing and contrasting the factors associated with successful implementation and sustainability of the EBL initiative. Design/methodology/approach – This comparative case study assesses the responses to two pairs of open-ended questions during in-depth qualitative interviews of leaders and managers at both health systems. Qualitative content analysis was employed to identify major themes. Findings – Three themes associated with success and sustainability of EBL emerged at both health systems: leadership; culture; and organizational processes. The theme most frequently identified for both success and sustainability of EBL was culture. In contrast, there was a significant decline in salience of the leadership theme as attention shifts from success in implementation of EBL to sustaining EBL long term. Within the c...
Using Ventilator Graphics to Identify Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony

Patient-ventilator interaction can be described as the relationship between 2 respiratory pumps: (1) the patient's pulmonary system, which is controlled by the neuromuscular system and influenced by the mechanical characteristics of the lungs and thorax, and (2) the ventilator, which is controlled by the ventilator settings and the function of the flow valve. When the 2 pumps function in synchrony, every phase of the breath is perfectly matched. Anything that upsets the harmony between the 2 pumps results in asynchrony and causes patient discomfort and unnecessarily increases work of breathing. This article discusses asynchrony relative to the 4 phases of a breath and illustrates how asynchrony can be identified with the 3 standard ventilator waveforms: pressure, flow, and volume. The 4 phases of a breath are: (1) The trigger mechanism (ie, initiation of the inspiration), which is influenced by the trigger-sensitivity setting, patient effort, and valve responsiveness. (2) The inspiratory-flow phase. During both volume-controlled and pressure-controlled ventilation the patient's flow demand should be carefully evaluated, using the pressure and flow waveforms. (3) Breath termination (ie, the end of the inspiration). Ideally, the ventilator terminates inspiratory flow in synchrony with the patient's neural timing, but frequently the ventilator terminates inspiration either early or late, relative to the patient's neural timing. During volume-controlled ventilation we can adjust variables that affect inspiratory time (eg, peak flow, tidal volume). During pressure-controlled or pressure-support ventilation we can adjust variables that affect when the inspiration terminates (eg, inspiratory time, expiratory sensitivity). (4) Expiratory phase. Patients with obstructive lung disease are particularly prone to developing intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP) and therefore have difficulty triggering the ventilator. Bedside evaluation for the presence of auto-PEEP should be routinely performed and corrective adjustments made when appropriate.
Mandibular fracture fixation and reconstruction using the lower-border threaded rod: an eleven-year follow-up study.

Abstract Twenty-five cases in which a lower border threaded rod was used for fracture fixation and mandibular reconstruction were reviewed. These cases were performed during the last 11 years and have been followed for periods of up to five years and ten months. The fixation technqiue, originally reported in 1978, is well tolerated and provides excellent mechanical stability when enhanced security of fixation is indicated. Three unusual cases are reported in detail.
High-frequency ultrasound for intraoperative margin assessments in breast conservation surgery: a feasibility study

In addition to breast imaging, ultrasound offers the potential for characterizing and distinguishing between benign and malignant breast tissues due to their different microstructures and material properties. The aim of this study was to determine if high-frequency ultrasound (20-80 MHz) can provide pathology sensitive measurements for the ex vivo detection of cancer in margins during breast conservation surgery. Ultrasonic tests were performed on resected margins and other tissues obtained from 17 patients, resulting in 34 specimens that were classified into 15 pathology categories. Pulse-echo and through-transmission measurements were acquired from a total of 57 sites on the specimens using two single-element 50-MHz transducers. Ultrasonic attenuation and sound speed were obtained from time-domain waveforms. The waveforms were further processed with fast Fourier transforms to provide ultrasonic spectra and cepstra. The ultrasonic measurements and pathology types were analyzed for correlations. The specimens were additionally re-classified into five pathology types to determine specificity and sensitivity values. The density of peaks in the ultrasonic spectra, a measure of spectral structure, showed significantly higher values for carcinomas and precancerous pathologies such as atypical ductal hyperplasia than for normal tissue. The slopes of the cepstra for non-malignant pathologies displayed significantly greater values that differentiated them from the normal and malignant tissues. The attenuation coefficients were sensitive to fat necrosis, fibroadenoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Specificities and sensitivities for differentiating pathologies from normal tissue were 100% and 86% for lobular carcinomas, 100% and 74% for ductal carcinomas, 80% and 82% for benign pathologies, and 80% and 100% for fat necrosis and adenomas. Specificities and sensitivities were also determined for differentiating each pathology type from the other four using a multivariate analysis. The results yielded specificities and sensitivities of 85% and 86% for lobular carcinomas, 85% and 74% for ductal carcinomas, 100% and 61% for benign pathologies, 84% and 100% for fat necrosis and adenomas, and 98% and 80% for normal tissue. Results from high-frequency ultrasonic measurements of human breast tissue specimens indicate that characteristics in the ultrasonic attenuation, spectra, and cepstra can be used to differentiate between normal, benign, and malignant breast pathologies.
Effects of approximations on calculations of ultrasonic attenuation by phonons at low temperatures

Abstract Numerical calculations of the low temperature ultrasonic attenuation due to thermal phonons have been made. The effects of various approximations are found by successively including them. It is found, for example, that the consistent inclusion of dispersion of the thermal phonons leads to increased temperature dependences at low temperatures.
Some recent observations on the retrogradation of amylose

Abstract Starch is the major storage polysaccharide of higher plants where it occurs as water insoluble granules. Two component polymers may be extracted from the starch granules, namely amylose and amylopectin. Both polymers are based on chains on α-1,4-linked d -glucose. However, whereas amylose is an essentially linear polymer, amylopectin is highly branched with branches linked at the 6-position.
Protein inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase: Production and characterization of antibodies and intracellular localization

Multiple forms of protein kinase inhibitor exist in mammalian testis. Specific antibodies to testicular protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) have been raised in sheep. The antibody to the smallest of the inhibitors (9300 daltons) has been purified by antigen-affinity chromatography and shown to give a precipitin band with the inhibitor by double immunodiffusion. The antibody does not recognize any of the subunits of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, namely cGMP-dependent protein kinase or the catalytic or regulatory subunits from type I or type II cAMP-dependent protein kinases. The biological activity of the 9300 dalton PKI is blocked completely by a 5 fold molar excess of antibody. Furthermore, the antibody can also block the activity of all other forms of testicular PKI. Using the antibody in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, PKI localization was examined during interphase and mitosis in a variety of cell types. Our observations indicate that PKI is localized on microtubules in the cytoplasmic microtubule complex during interphase and in the spindle apparatus during mitosis. We suggest that PKI may play a role in the cAMP-dependent regulation of microtubule structure and/or function.
Classroom presentation of dynamic events using Hypertext

Problems associated with classroom presentation of dynamic events and associated concepts are developed. The use of Hypertext as a tool for enhancing the learning process with respect to such dynamic events is introduced. The in-class application of this tool is illustrated in two different areas of Computer Science, Introduction to Problem Solving and Data Structures. The advantages of instructor use of the Hypertext tool is summarized and areas of additional work are delineated.
Tissue diagnosis of new lung nodules in patients with a known malignancy

Abstract Background New lung nodules in patients with known malignancy often represent metastatic disease. However, a lack of pathological confirmation can lead to inappropriate treatment. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients with malignancy undergoing tissue diagnosis of a lung nodule between January 2006 and January 2008. Results Ninety-five cancer patients were identified with new lung nodules. Percutaneous biopsy was the first diagnostic procedure in 64 patients, showing metastatic disease in 37 patients and an alternative specific diagnosis in 9 patients. Eighteen biopsies were nondiagnostic. Surgical resection was the first diagnostic procedure in 31 patients. This confirmed cancer in 16 patients and benign disease in 15 patients. Overall, tissue diagnosis changed management in 31% of patients. Conclusions Pathological confirmation of metastatic disease is vital before treatment, especially in regions with endemic pulmonary fungal diseases, because a number of lung nodules will represent benign processes despite a history of cancer.
Increased Susceptibility of Juvenile Chinook Salmon to Vibriosis after Exposure to Chlorinated and Aromatic Compounds Found in Contaminated Urban Estuaries

Abstract Saltwater-adapted juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to aromatic and chlorinated compounds, representative of contaminants found in urban estuaries in Puget Sound, have a higher susceptibility to vibriosis than do fish exposed only to the solvent vehicle. Susceptibility to vibriosis was assessed by examining the percent cumulative mortality of the salmon after exposure to the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. The aromatic and chlorinated compounds examined consisted of a sediment extract from the Hylebos Waterway that was enriched in butadienelike compounds (chlorinated-enriched Hylebos Waterway sediment extract (CHWSE)), a model mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Two trials were conducted. In trial l, the percent cumulative mortality of juvenile chinook salmon exposed to V. anguillarum after receiving either CHWSE, HCBD, or the mode...
Circumesophageal interneurons required for reflexive and circadian locomotor behaviors in crayfish

Surgical lesions were performed on the circumesophageal connectives of the crayfish,Procambarus clarkii, in an effort to localize further the interneuron tracts responsible for mediating a reflexive and a circadian locomotor behavior. Results (Table 1) indicate that these tracts are multiple within the cord and that they are redundant in this ability. All cord sectors except the dorso-medial quadrant appear to couple the two walking behaviors to their higher driver centers. Furthermore, in lesioned animals, both behaviors are lost or retained jointly, suggesting that the interneurons controlling them are either co-distributed within the connectives, or are in fact the same interneurons.
Virus Capsid Expansion Driven by the Capture of Mobile Surface Loops

The capsids of tailed-DNA bacteriophages first assemble as procapsids, which mature by converting into a new form that is strong enough to contain a densely packed viral chromosome. We demonstrate that the intersubunit crosslinking that occurs during maturation of HK97 capsids actually promotes the structural transformation. Small-angle X-ray scattering and crosslinking assays reveal that a shift in the crosslink pattern accompanies conversion of a semimature particle, Expansion Intermediate-I/II, to a more mature state, Balloon. This transition occurs in a switch-like fashion. We find that crosslink formation shifts the global conformational balance to favor the balloon state. A pseudoatomic model of EI-I/II derived from cryo-EM provides insight into the relationship between crosslink formation and conformational switching.
Correlation of the effects of grazing flow on the impedance of Helmholtz resonators

Measurements of the acoustic impedance of a two‐dimensinal Helmholtz resonator, i.e., a cavity coupled to the environment through a high‐aspect ratio slot are presented as a function of the velocty of a steady flow above the orifice of the resonator. The structure of the unsteady flow above the orifice is outlined from hot‐wire measurements. A simplified model of it is proposed and analyzed, leading to a successful correlation of both the resistance and the reactance of the resonator.
Light inactivation of arabidopsis photomorphogenic repressor COP1 involves a cell-specific regulation of its nucleocytoplasmic partitioning

Arabidopsis COP1 acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis in darkness, and light stimuli abrogate this suppressive action. COP1, when fused to beta-glucuronidase (GUS), is enriched in the nucleus in darkness, but not in the light, in hypocotyl cells of Arabidopsis seedlings and epidermal cells of onion bulbs. In Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells, the nuclear GUS-COP1 level changes in response to dark-light transitions and quantitatively correlates with the extent of repression of photomorphogenic development. In root cells, GUS-COP1 is constitutively nuclear, consistent with an established role of COP1 in suppressing root chloroplast development in both light and darkness. We conclude that COP1 acts inside the nucleus to suppress photomorphogenesis and that light inactivation of COP1 involves a cell type-specific control of its nucleocytoplasmic partitioning.
Pultruded Glass Fiber-reinforced Plastic and Paperboard Composite Tubes

This research investigates the production of hybrid composite tubes by combining spirally wound paperboard tubes and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials using the pultrusion process to improve selected mechanical and physical properties of the paperboard tube. Higher natural frequencies of vibration of tubes used in the converting industry is needed in the marketplace because of continued pressure for throughput productivity improvements. This study focuses on hybrid tubes with increased natural frequencies of flexural vibration. A manufacturing feasibility study is conducted which determined that the pultrusion method is the most cost-effective process for this purpose. To evaluate the proposed method, a series of production trials is conducted using 1-in. (2.54 cm) diameter paperboard tubes as the internal mandrel with a thin layer (0.050 in. (0.13 cm)-0.15 in. (0.38 cm)) of FRP material pultruded on the outer surface. Trials are conducted with different FRP layer thicknesses, fiber architectures, ...
aMAZe-ing tools for mosaic analysis in zebrafish.

Genetic mosaic analysis is a powerful technique to analyze the function of cells with varied genotypes in the same animal. By contrast, cell-lineage tracing allows the history of a cell's development to be uncovered. Zebrafish are uniquely suited to merge mosaic and cell lineage studies, and in this issue of Nature Methods, Russell Collins and colleagues present the first non-invasive method of generating temporally and spatially controlled mosaics in zebrafish1.
Trp1-dependent enhancement of salivary gland fluid secretion: role of store-operated calcium entry.

SPECIFIC AIMSIn vitro studies with excised salivary gland tissue or dispersed cell preparations have previously demonstrated that 1) sustained activation of the ion channels that drive fluid secretion requires a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i, and 2) sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i depends primarily on Ca2+ influx. Thus, Ca2+ influx has been implicated in the mechanism of salivary fluid secretion. However, this suggestion has not been directly demonstrated since the Ca2+ influx pathway(s) in nonexcitable cells have not yet been identified. To examine the involvement of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in the regulation of fluid secretion from salivary gland, we have assessed the physiological consequence(s) of adenovirus-mediated expression of hTrp1 in vivo in rat submandibular glands (SMG).PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Adenovirus-mediated expression of hTrp1 in HSG cells enhances store-operated calcium entryA recombinant E1−-adenovirus encoding HA-tagged hTrp1 (AdCMV-hTrp1) was used to direct the expression of ...
Thymosin α1-like peptides: Localization and biochemical characterization in the rat brain and pituitary gland

Abstract Using a radioimmunoassay for thymosin α 1 , endogenous thymosin-like peptides were characterized in the rat brain and pituitary gland. Thymosin α 1 - like peptides were present in high concentrations in hypothalamus and pituitary extracts. These peptides were characterized using gel filtration techniques and the main peak of immunoreactive thymosin had a molecular weight similar to that of thymosin α 1 (3108 daltons). Using HPLC techniques, one main peak of immunoreactivity was present in brain extracts, whereas two peaks were present in pituitary extracts, one of which coeluted with thymosin α 1 . The discrete regional distribution of thymosin α 1 - like peptides was investigated and the highest densities of immunoreactive thymosin were present in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, as well as the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. Due to the anatomical proximity of immunoreactive thymosin to loci containing known releasing factors and hormones, thymosin α 1 - like peptides may function as neuroendocrine regulatory agents.
The High Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of Ni-Ti Alloys

The thermodynamic properties of liquid Ni-Ti alloys have been determined between 1475° and 1725°C by a Knudsen cell-mass spectrometric technique. The liquid Ni-Ti system exhibits strong negative deviations from ideality, indicating a preference for unlike atom bonding. Pronounced maxima in the excess stability function occur near the Ni3Ti and NiTi compositions at 1500° C.
Photo-formation of gold nanoparticles: photoacoustic studies on solid monoliths of Au(III)-chitosan-silica aerogels.

Abstract Photo-formation of gold nanoparticles in the solid monoliths of Au(III)–chitosan–silica aerogels with different Au/NH 2 molar ratios has been investigated using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Upon exposing to 320 nm UV light, a new absorption feature in the visible region around 525 nm could be seen due to the surface plasmon resonance of gold particles that are generated as a result of UV-induced reduction of Au(III) to Au(0). The plasmon band becomes stronger and shows saturation effects upon increasing the UV exposure time. A blue shift of about 7 nm is also noticed on exposing the sample (Au/NH 2 = 1/5) for 6 h, indicating a slight decrease in the nanoparticle size due to light-induced annealing with increasing the UV exposure time. The PA signals monitored as a function of chopping frequency show ω −1 dependence, implying the thermally thin character of Au(III)–chitosan–silica aerogels.
Estimation of benchmark performance standards: An application to public school expenditures

Abstract The accounting and management literature reflects an increasing interest in relative performance evaluation (RPE) measures, often called ‘benchmarking’. In this paper we illustrate how stochastic frontier estimation (SFE) can be used to estimate benchmark performance standards which control for differences in the environments of the benchmarked operating units. Our application of SFE uses cross-sectional data reported by school districts in the state of Missouri for the year 1990–1991. The results suggest that the districts may have had as much as $394 million of excess expenditures in their operations.