cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of residence time distribution from tracer recycle experiments

This note develops a procedure that can be used to calculate the single pass residence time distribution in a reactor system, such as a landfill, operated with recycle, from pulse tracer studies. An equation relating the effluent tracer concentration and residence time distribution (“E curve”) is derived, and a numerical technique to solve such an equation is presented and applied to data obtained from experiments on a laboratory-scale reactor. The significance of the procedure developed to biological reactors is discussed.
György Márkus’s concept of high culture: A critical evaluation

In the first part of this essay I sum up the theoretical genesis and foundations of Markus’s theory of culture as a theory of modernity. Central to the high culture of modernity, defined in terms o...
Lightmicroscopical histochemistry of hydrolases in the root tip of lima beans,Phaseolus lunatus L., in relation to cell differentiation and wound regeneration

Acid phosphatase, Β-glucosidase, Β-galactosidase, glucosaminidase, nonspecific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase were determined histochemically in Lima bean root tips. Highest enzyme activities were observed in terminally differentiating cells, such as xylem and root cap cells and also in the rhizodermis. Meristematic and parenchymatic cells contained the lowest hydrolase activity. The histochemical enzyme pattern of developing lateral roots resembled in all details that of the main root. tip. Regenerating root tissue contained increased levels of acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Β-glucosidase, naphthol-Β-galactosidase and nonspecific esterase. Changes in the activity of indoxyl-Β-galactosidase, Β-glucosaminidase, and leucine aminopeptidase were not observed during wound regeneration. Cell viability was monitored histochemically with succinic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome C oxidase.
Classical displacive limit of an n -component model for structural phase transitions

The static critical behavior of an $n$-component model at the displacive limit is investigated by means of classical mechanics. In the large-$n$ limit, critical exponents and crossover behavior are found by explicit calculation, whereas renormalization-group and scaling relations are used to treat the case of general $n$ exactly for arbitrary dimension. The exponents at the displacive limit, i.e., for ${T}_{c}=0$, are classical for $dg2$. They are independent of $n$ and differ from those of ${T}_{c}g0$ for $dl4$.
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome: Long-Term Results of Surgical Vaginal Creation

ABSTRACT The McIndoe split thickness graft technique for vaginal creation has been used successfully in women with congenital absence of the vagina, including patients with androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and mullerian agenesis (MA). Endocrbiologically, adult AIS patients differ from women with MA in having undergone a gonadectomy at or before their vaginoplasty, requiring estrogen replacement and being resistant to androgens. The long-term result of the McIndoe procedure in 14 AIS patients, operated on between 1958 and 1976 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, was retrospectively determined. The average age at surgery was 19.7 years, with an average follow-up time of 10.2 years. Preoperative vaginal depth averaged 2.6 cm and measured between 10 and 12 cm postoperatively. Vaginal graft take was excellent in all patients. Nevertheless, only 10/14 (72%) had fully satisfactory intercourse postoperatively, 3/14 (21%) had a partial success, complaining of mild to moderate discomfort, and 1 (7%) had severe dysp...
Dietary intake and development of a quantitative FFQ for a nutritional intervention to reduce the risk of chronic disease in the Navajo Nation.

Objectives: To characterize dietary intake for Navajo adults, to identify foods for a nutritional intervention programme and to develop a culturally appropriate quantitative FFQ (QFFQ) for evaluating the impact of the intervention programme. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 24 h dietary recalls. Setting: Navajo Nation, USA. Subjects: Seventy-nine (forty men, thirty-nine women) aged 18–71 years completed 24 h dietary recalls. Results: The median daily energy intake was 11 585 kJ (2769 kcal) for men and 8519 kJ (2036 kcal) for women. The greatest contributors to energy were fried potato dishes, sweetened juices/drinks, regular pop, bread, tortillas and burritos (contributing approximately 30 % of total energy intake). The mean number of meat servings was over twice that recommended (2–3 servings recommended v. 7?4 consumed by men and 5?3 by women). The mean servings of vegetables were well below the recommendation of 3–5 servings (1?0 serving for men and 1?2 servings for women). The final QFFQ contains 177 food and drink items. Conclusions: Our study found that major contributors to total energy, fat and sugar intakes in the Navajo Nation included mostly processed meats and sweetened drinks. A nutritional intervention will target these foods and promote acceptable and healthier alternatives. In addition, we were able to identify foods and beverages for inclusion on a culturally appropriate QFFQ to assess dietary intake. This QFFQ will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of our intervention on food and food group consumption and nutrient intake.
Perspectives on Sparse Bayesian Learning

Recently, relevance vector machines (RVM) have been fashioned from a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework to perform supervised learning using a weight prior that encourages sparsity of representation. The methodology incorporates an additional set of hyperparameters governing the prior, one for each weight, and then adopts a specific approximation to the full marginalization over all weights and hyperparameters. Despite its empirical success however, no rigorous motivation for this particular approximation is currently available. To address this issue, we demonstrate that SBL can be recast as the application of a rigorous vari-ational approximation to the full model by expressing the prior in a dual form. This formulation obviates the necessity of assuming any hyperpriors and leads to natural, intuitive explanations of why sparsity is achieved in practice.
Estimating live-time for new PET scanner configurations

We present the derivation of a live-time model for predicting count rates in computer simulations of PET scanners. Computer models are frequently used to investigate new PET scanner configurations, but they typically do not account for the count losses caused by scanner-specific electronics and processing. The live-time fraction depends strongly on the photon flux incident on the detector. We modeled the live-time of a clinical PET scanner by relating measured and simulated single photon fluxes. Our model used data from a specific scanner, but the approach is generally applicable. We applied the live-time model to partial collimation on a PET scanner; in particular, a scanner with septa positioned between every third detector ring ("2.7D" acquisition mode). The photon flux was measured and simulated for conventional acquisition modes (2D, 3D), and simulated for partial collimation (2.7D). These data were used in the model to predict live-time for partial collimation. The model was then validated against measurements in 2.7D mode. At low activity the model was very accurate at predicting the live-time fraction. Over-estimation of count-rates by the simulations lead to an uncertainly in the live-model. The uncertainty increased with activity concentration, reaching 0.9% and 2.2% at 20 kBq/mL for singles and coincidence live-time, respectively. When applied to 2.7D mode, the model predicted coincidence live-time accurate to 2.2% and 10% at 5 kBq/mL and 20 kBq/mL in the phantom, respectively. The 2.7D singles- counting live-time was predicted to within 0.2% of the measured value for up to 20 kBq/mL in the phantom.
Enhancing design robustness with reliability-aware resynthesis and logic simulation

While circuit density and power efficiency increase with each major advance in IC technology, reliability with respect to soft errors tends to decrease. Current solutions to this problem such as TMR require high area and power overhead. In this work, soft-error reliability is improved with minimal area overhead by careful, localized circuit restructuring. The key idea is to increase logic masking of errors by taking advantage of conditions already present in the circuit, such as observability don't-cares. We describe two circuit modification techniques to improve reliability: don't-care-based resynthesis and local rewriting. A key feature of these techniques is fast, on-the-fly estimation of soft error rate (SER) using our reliability evaluator AnSER. This tool is compared against prior SER evaluators and found to run orders of magnitude faster. We show empirically that our reliability-driven synthesis methods can reduce SER by 29--40% with only 5--13% area overhead.
Worry, Anhedonic Depression, and Emotional Styles

This study examined how elevated levels of worry and anhedonic depression are associated with affect intensity, attention to emotion, and clarity of emotion. University students (N = 923) completed the Affect Intensity Measure, the Trait Meta Mood Scale, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the anhedonic depression subscale from the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Control individuals with worry and depression scores below the median (n = 158) were compared with three distress groups—elevated worry without elevated depression (n = 58), elevated depression without elevated worry (n = 35), and elevated levels of both worry and depression (n = 39). The control and distress groups each differed significantly from one another, and these differences could not be accounted for by gender or neuroticism. Controls resembled individuals described in past research as being cerebral, the depression-only group resembled individuals described as being cool, the worry-only group resembled individuals described as hot, and the dual-distress group resembled individuals described as overwhelmed.
Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations

Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations. Barbara Tedlock. ed. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1992. 297 pp. $15.95 (paper).
Biology of Tiger Beetles

The goals of this article are to present as complete and broad an update of tiger beetle biology as possible, and to introduce tiger beetles to biologists seeking an ideal group of organisms for testing and integrating generalizations in such areas as ecology, physiology, behavior, morphology, phylogeny, and biogeography. Because of their distinct color patterns, their occurrence in habitats where they are readily observed, and the extremely rapid running and flight of the adult forms, which make them challenging to collect, tiger beetles have also been the focus of many amateur collectors. A natural alliance of amateurs and professionals resulted in a journal, Cicindela, which has been published quarterly since 1969. Among the general articles published on tiger beetles, five present a broad and readily understandable overview of tiger beetle biology (61, 63, 168, 175, 183). A preliminary list of papers dealing with tiger beetles of the world has also been published in two parts (85, 86).
Bibilometrics Services and the Academic Library: Meeting the Emerging Needs of the Campus Community

The increasing importance of research assessment is but one factor within the ever-changing scholarly communication landscape that is challenging libraries to develop new services to serve the needs of their academic communities. Institutional budget allocations, grant funding, and faculty tenure and promotion increasingly depend on performance indicators, including bibliometrics such as citation counts, impact factors, the h-index, and other quantitative measurements of research output. With their longstanding expertise in collecting, categorizing, and analyzing data, not to mention their familiarity with scholarly databases and indexes tracking cited references, librarians are well qualified to meet the emerging demand for bibliometrics services.
IS CLEAR LAKE METHYLMERCURY DISTRIBUTION DECOUPLED FROM BULK MERCURY LOADING

Clear Lake is the site of the abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, active periodically from 1873 to 1957, resulting in ∼100 Mg of mercury (Hg) being deposited into the lake's ecosystem. Concentrations of total (primarily inorganic) Hg (TotHg) in Clear Lake are some of the highest reported worldwide for sediments (up to 4.4 × 105 ng/g [ppb dry mass]) and water (up to 4 × 10−1 μg/L [= ppb]). However, the ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to TotHg at Clear Lake indicates that the methylation process is mostly decoupled from bulk inorganic Hg loading, with Hg in lower trophic level biota significantly less than anticipated compared with other Hg-contaminated sites worldwide. This may be due to several factors, including: (1) reduced bioavailability of Hg derived from the mine (i.e., cinnabar, metacinnabar, and corderoite), (2) the alkaline nature of the lake water, (3) the shallow depth of the lake, which prevents stratification and subsequent methylation in a stratified hypolimnion, and (4) possible dilution of MeHg by a highly productive system. However, while bulk inorganic Hg loading to the lake may not contribute significantly to the bioaccumulation of Hg, acid mine drainage (AMD) from the mine likely promotes Hg methylation by sulfate-reducing and iron-reducing bacteria, making AMD a vehicle for the production of highly bioavailable Hg. If Clear Lake were deeper, less productive, or less alkaline, biota would likely contain much more MeHg than they do presently. Comparisons of MeHg:TotHg ratios in sediments, water, and biota from sites worldwide suggest that the highest production of MeHg may be found at sites influenced by chloralkali plants, followed by sites influenced by gold and silver mines, with the lowest production of MeHg observed at cinnabar and metacinnabar Hg mines. These data also suggest that the total maximum daily load (TMDL) process for Hg at Clear Lake, as currently implemented to reduce contamination in fishes for the protection of wildlife and humans, may be flawed because the metric used to implement Hg load reduction (i.e., TotHg) is not directly proportional to the critical form of Hg that is being bioaccumulated (i.e., MeHg).
The IKK/NF-κB activation pathway—a target for prevention and treatment of cancer

Abstract The importance of the IκB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB signaling pathway in immunoregulatory functions is well accepted. However, the relevance of IKK and NF-κB in tumor maintenance, tumor promotion and possibly even in tumor initiation is becoming more evident. Activation of the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway leads to the induction of target genes that can interfere with apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cell invasion and metastatic growth as well as radio- and chemotherapy. By possibly bridging inflammation and cancer NF-κB might also contribute to tumorigenesis. Several natural compounds and synthetic drugs that are able to inhibit the IKK/NF-κB activation pathway have been shown to either prevent cancer or to inhibit cell growth in animal models. However, these compounds do not selectively inhibit any of the NF-κB activation pathways. Furthermore, general inhibition of NF-κB might lead to immunodeficiency. The investigation of the different NF-κB signaling pathways in different cell types and their role in certain diseases is therefore needed to evaluate the most successful therapeutic strategies.
Modifiable correlates of physical symptoms and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Heart failure is associated with high rates of hospitalization and mortality. The majority of patients with heart failure suffer from physical symptoms, and these symptoms are strongly associated with poor health-related quality of life. To improve physical symptoms and health-related quality of life, the modifiable factors associated with physical symptoms need to be examined. Purpose To examine modifiable psychosocial and behavioral factors associated with physical symptoms and health-related quality of life, and the mediator effects of physical symptoms on the relationships between the modifiable factors and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure. Methods Data on potential correlates of physical symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms, perceived control, social support, medication adherence, sodium intake, and self-care management) were collected from 109 patients with heart failure (mean age 58±14 years, 46% male, 89% New York Heart Association class II/III). Data on physical symptoms (Symptom Status Questionnaire-Heart Failure) and health-related quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure) also were collected. Simple and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results Among the potential correlates, depressive symptoms and sodium intake were associated with physical symptoms ( F =11.63, p F =9.917, p Conclusion Improving depressive symptoms and eating the appropriate amount of sodium may be primary intervention targets to improve physical symptoms. To improve health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms as well as physical symptoms need to be managed appropriately.
Volumetric quantification of Fisher Grade 3 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a novel method to predict symptomatic vasospasm on admission computerized tomography scans.

Object. Predicting which patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) will develop delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) due to vasospasm remains subjective and unreliable. The authors analyzed the utility of a novel software-based technique to quantify hemorrhage volume in patients with Fisher Grade 3 aneurysmal SAH. Methods. Patients with aneurysmal SAH in whom a computerized tomography (CT) scan was performed within 72 hours of ictus and demonstrated Fisher Grade 3 SAH were analyzed. Severe DIND was defined as new onset complete focal deficit or coma. Moderate DIND was defined as new onset partial focal deficit or impaired consciousness without coma. Fifteen consecutive patients with severe DIND, 13 consecutive patients with moderate DIND, and 12 consecutive patients without DIND were analyzed. Software-based volumetric quantification was performed on digitized admission CT scans by a single examiner blinded to clinical information. There was no significant difference in age, sex, admi...
Deposition Kinetics for Polymerization via the Gorham Route

It is known to those familiar with parylene that it is has very unique deposition kinetics. The deposition rate increases as the substrate temperature is decreased, which is the opposite of most CVD reactions. The deposition rate increases as the monomer pressure in the chamber is increased, which is more typical of a CVD reaction. It is also known that there is a minimum pressure below which no deposition occurs. This pressure increases (decreases) as substrate temperature increases (decreases). Before more information is presented on parylene kinetic models it is important to have an overview of CVD kinetics in general.
Stress history of folding and cleavage development, Baraboo syncline, Wisconsin

Analysis of quartz subfabric elements was undertaken in specimens of Precambrian Baraboo Quartzite collected around the doubly plunging, asymmetric Baraboo syncline. Principal stress axes determined from quartz deformation lamellae in specimens from the hinge zone of the fold are σ 1 (greatest compressive principal stress) and σ 2 in the plane of the bedding and σ 3 (least compressive principal stress) normal to bedding. In the closures, σ 1 is essentially perpendicular to the hinge line. On the limbs of the fold, σ 1 is mostly parallel to the hinge line of the fold and σ 3 is nearly vertical. At the eastern end of the northern limb where the fold is tightest, σ 3 is again vertical, but σ 1 is horizontal north-south and nearly perpendicular to vertical east-striking bedding and to the hinge line. Gliding flow features in minerals of most folded layered rocks have reflected early layer-parallel compression (σ 1 ) oriented perpendicular to the hinge line of the fold. Prior to our new data from the Baraboo syncline only macrofractures, tension gash bands, and (in one case) twin lamellae in calcite have shown σ 1 parallel to hinge lines of folds or perpendicular to bedding. The two latter stress configurations are theoretically characteristic of stresses associated with a later stage in the history of folding. Hence, the detrital quartz grains on the limbs of the Baraboo syncline apparently contain deformation lamellae produced mainly by later stage stresses rather than earlier in the fold history, when σ 1 was parallel to bedding and perpendicular to the hinge line. The closely spaced cracks forming the cleavage in the quartzite possibly were controlled in orientation by relaxation following the early layer-parallel compression.
A 12-Bit, 10-MHz Bandwidth, Continuous-Time $\Sigma\Delta$ ADC With a 5-Bit, 950-MS/s VCO-Based Quantizer

The use of VCO-based quantization within continuous-time (CT) SigmaDelta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) structures is explored, with a custom prototype in 0.13 mum CMOS showing measured performance of 86/72 dB SNR/SNDR with 10 MHz bandwidth while consuming 40 mW from a 1.2 V supply and occupying an active area of 640 mum times 660 mum. A key element of the ADC structure is a 5-bit VCO-based quantizer clocked at 950 MHz which achieves first-order noise shaping of its quantization noise. The quantizer structure allows the second-order CT SigmaDelta ADC topology to achieve third-order noise shaping, and direct connection of the VCO-based quantizer to the internal DACs of the ADC provides intrinsic dynamic element matching of the DAC elements.
Disconnections: Pushing Readers Beyond Connections and Toward the Critical

This article highlights a popular classroom reading practice in the United States, connection-making with autobiographical experiences, and argues that this practice may hinder critical engagement with texts when not viewed as a continuum. Data from a multi-year ethnographic and teacher-research study that took place in a high-poverty community in the Midwest region of the U.S. are used to explore the use of disconnections as a potential entry point for critical literacy practices. Using sociocultural and critical frameworks for thinking about students and literacy, the authors present a case for encouraging students to notice and work through a spectrum of connection-making including disconnections they experience with text.
Design of scalable and multicast capable cut-through switches for high-speed LANs

High-speed switches play an important role in building switched LANs. Among different techniques used in switch design, cut-through switching promises short latency delivery and thus is well suited to distributed/parallel applications. The back pressure flow control of cut-through switching also prevents packet loss due to buffer overflow. This paper presents an incremental switch design based on modular building blocks using cut-through switching technique. The switch can be either nonblocking with full configuration and deterministic routing, or blocking but having more flexibility in configuration and fault tolerance. A kind of switch configuration that fits the client/server computing paradigm is presented. Simulation results are given for various switch configurations and traffic loads. The switch also has built-in hardware multicast capability. Issues of physical layout and integration into practical LANs are also discussed.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia and daptomycin: are higher doses necessary?

Results: Forty-six cases were included in the primary analysis and 60.9% of patients were neutropenic. The two dose groups differed in the baseline characteristics of age, body mass index, blood culture source and catheter removal. Median TMC was 2 days for both dose groups. There was no significant difference in TMC between MIC subgroups of ≤2 mg/L versus .2 and ≤4 mg/L. For the secondary analysis 227 VRE isolates were evaluated and 62% had daptomycin MICs of 3 –4 mg/L. Each daptomycin MIC group had a similar incidence of prior vancomycin exposure. Conclusions: Based on this retrospective review we did not observe a difference in TMC based on daptomycin dose and MIC; however, there were various limitations to this study, and the study was not powered to detect a difference in TMC. Also, prior vancomycin exposure did not appear to influence daptomycin MICs. The frequency of daptomycin MICs of 3 –4 mg/L reported in this study is higher than those reported in the literature.
A scheme for implementation of neural networks with replicated receptive fields

The authors shows how neural networks with local receptive fields and replicated weights can be mapped efficiently onto a CCD parallel processing architecture. Implementation of the neocognitron, a neural network for feature extraction and classification, on the CCD architecture was simulated. A modified training procedure for the neocognitron that improves its ability to extract features when using the CCD architecture is presented. >
A Real-Time Human Action Recognition System Using Depth and Inertial Sensor Fusion

This paper presents a human action recognition system that runs in real time and simultaneously uses a depth camera and an inertial sensor based on a previously developed sensor fusion method. Computationally efficient depth image features and inertial signals features are fed into two computationally efficient collaborative representative classifiers. A decision-level fusion is then performed. The developed real-time system is evaluated using a publicly available multimodal human action recognition data set by considering a comprehensive set of human actions. The overall classification rate of the developed real-time system is shown to be >97%, which is at least 9% higher than when each sensing modality is used individually. The results from both offline and real-time experimentations demonstrate the effectiveness of the system and its real-time throughputs.
Multiple Methods for Identifying Outcomes of a High Challenge Adventure Activity.

The purpose of this study was to provide insight into what occurs in moments of high challenge within participants during an outdoor adventure education (OAE) program. Given the inherent risk and r...
Defense Mechanisms in Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavior Therapy Personality Theory

It has been argued that if rational emotive cognitive behavior therapy (RECBT) is to survive and prosper in the present century, the personality theory underlying it requires further development, greater clarification, and more comprehensiveness. In this article it is argued that RECBT personality theory could be further broadened and strengthened by attempting to incorporate the classic defense mechanisms of psychoanalytic theory via stripping them away from Freud’s hypothetical dynamic unconscious and instead resting them on Ellis’s concept of the unconscious. First, to provide proper context, the unconscious and the defense mechanisms are briefly discussed. Then attention is turned to the 10 classic defense mechanisms, discussed one by one. In each described mechanism, the mechanism in question is defined, then placed in the framework of RECBT personality theory along with ample examples. Then the clinical implications of each mechanism are briefly explored, with RECBT practitioners in mind. It is hoped that this discussion will, in some way, help to broaden and strengthen RECBT theory and practice.
Fixed interval behavior in mixed and multiple schedules with alternating fixed interal-fixed ratio components

Two pigeons were run on both multiple and mixed FI-1 FR-10 schedules with the schedule components occurring in a simple alternating order. Data for the FI components showed that FI performance was quantitatively similar for both multiple and mixed schedules. Observation of the subjects revealed that they adopted unusual response topographies in the FR component of the mixed schedule.
THE OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EPISTATIC VARIANCE FOR QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS AND ITS MEASUREMENT IN HAPLOIDS

Epistatic genetic variance for quantitative traits may play an important role in evolution, but detecting epistasis in diploid organisms is difficult and requires complex breeding programs and very large sample sizes. We develop a model for detecting epistasis in organisms with a free-living haploid stage in their life cycles. We show that epistasis is indicated by greater variance among families of haploid progeny derived from individual diploids than among clonally replicated haploid sibs from the same sporophyte. Simulations show that the power to detect epistasis is linearly related to the number of sporophytes and the number of haploids per sporophyte in the dataset. We illustrate the model with data from growth variation among gametophytes of the moss, Ceratodon purpureus. The experiment failed to detect epistatic variance for biomass production, although there was evidence of additive variance.
Harry Potter in the Academy: Reviewing and Our Own Cloak of Invisibility

As Journal of Management Education (JME) editors, the critically important work of reviewing is never far from our minds. During our post–Academy of Management meeting debrief conversations, it again has taken a forefront position. Each of us heard more than one Program Chair in Vancouver lament how difficult it continues to be to get solid reviews; one divisional Chair noted that, although submissions had increased about 30%, the reviewer corps had slightly decreased in numbers despite repeated entreaties to that division’s community. Our editorial team, too, has noted increasing difficulty in wrangling the terrific reviews that JME authors have enjoyed for 40 years. We think it is important to address what might be going on throughout our discipline and perhaps elsewhere in academe as well. As we move through the various tasks of our work as editors, particularly when representing JME at conferences, a significant portion of what we do is devoted to the reviewing process—asking and encouraging individuals to volunteer as reviewers, talking about how important it is for JME to offer developmental reviews, conducting workshops on how to craft such reviews, and counseling authors on the ways to consider reviewer feedback as a basis for improving their manuscript. All of our engagements with reviewers and authors remind us that reviewing is an essential contribution to knowledge creation in our field, a fundamental activity that helps maintain the high
Evaluation of the cytologic test in the early diagnosis of cancer

Abstract 1. 1. In 1946 and 1947, in the Strang Clinic of Memorial Hospital, approximately 8,000 asymptomatic women had routine vaginal and cervical smears for the detection of cancer of the genital tract. The method as applied in the clinic is discussed. 2. 2. The significant features of the criteria of malignancy as seen in cytologic studies are evaluated. 3. 3. A classification of the findings on smears as applied to the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm is presented. 4. 4. Our findings result in twenty-two positive cases of carcinoma of the female genital tract, which is approximately one case per 354 asymptomatic women examined. Twenty-one cases were substantiated by biopsies. The remaining case continues positive smears in spite of repeated negative cervical biopsies. One case showed negative smears prior to the positive cervical biopsy although the surgically removed uterus showed only adenosis.
Autonomously constructing hierarchical task networks for planning and human-robot collaboration

Collaboration between humans and robots requires solutions to an array of challenging problems, including multi-agent planning, state estimation, and goal inference. There already exist feasible solutions for many of these challenges, but they depend upon having rich task models. In this work we detail a novel type of Hierarchical Task Network we call a Clique/Chain HTN (CC-HTN), alongside an algorithm for autonomously constructing them from topological properties derived from graphical task representations. As the presented method relies on the structure of the task itself, our work imposes no particular type of symbolic insight into motor primitives or environmental representation, making it applicable to a wide variety of use cases critical to human-robot interaction. We present evaluations within a multi-resolution goal inference task and a transfer learning application showing the utility of our approach.
Recovery and germination of gelatin-encapsulated seeds fed to cattle

Artificial reseeding of marginal farmlands, wildlands, or rangelands by mechanical means is expensive and often unsuccessful. This study was conducted to determine the recovery and germinability of seeds of south-western U.S.A. rangeland forages fed to cattle. Seed of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides), blue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale), and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) were administered in gelatin capsules to steers maintained on a moderate-quality alfalfa (Medicago sativa) diet. Approximately 95% of the recovered seed passed through the steers within 72 h after dosing, but recovery varied among species. Total recovery was 9·5, 46·4, 61·8, and 0% for fourwing saltbush, alkali sacaton, blue panicgrass and sideoats grama, respectively. Fourwing saltbush, blue panicgrass, and alkali sacaton retained viability and germinated in the fecal material. Germination of seeds recovered 48h post ingestion was 14·8, 50·1, and 41·4% for fourwing saltbush, alkali sacaton, and blue panicgrass, respectively, and was similar to germinability of noningested seeds. The use of gelatin capsules would be an effective method for easily feeding known quantities of seeds to livestock in small herds and could be incorporated with other common and necessary livestock handling practices.
Development of the Stock Markets

The development of stock markets is one of the most important elements of China’s reform in the financial system. Before the late 1970s, the government strictly controlled virtually all channels of investment. All investments made by enterprises were either from direct grants from the state budgetary funds or from government allocated bank credits. The whole financial system was dominated by the state-owned banks, such as the PBC, a few specialized banks and their local branches. The bureaucratic process that allocated investments across regions and sectors was often inefficient, and in many cases, caused a significant waste of resources.
Demonstration of a soliton frequency comb in a high-Q silica microresonator

Temporal cavity solitons with a detectable repetition rate are generated in a high-Q silica microresonator. A technique for long-term stabilization of the soliton train is demonstrated and used to measure soliton properties for comparison with theory.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep related disorders.

Purpose of reviewSleep related disorders are common and under-recognized in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) population. COPD symptoms can disrupt sleep. Similarly, sleep disorders can affect COPD. This review highlights the common sleep disorders seen in COPD patients, their impact,
Benefits of Patient-Controlled Analgesia without Continuous Infusion for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease Vaso-Occlusive Crisis Pain

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic illness characterized by unpredictable episodes of pain, cumulative organ damage, and high-health care utilization rates. Intravenous opioids are considered a mainstay in the management of acute vaso-occlusive pain crisis (VOC). In 2007, van Beers and colleagues demonstrated that the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) results in significant reductions in morphine consumption with equivalent response on measurements of pain and quality of life, and this is largely accepted by SCD providers. There remains controversy regarding the method of administration of opioids via PCA, with studies examining varying ratios of continuous to demand dosing. PCA with basal infusion plus demand dosing seems to be preferred by the hematology community whereas emerging data in other populations, demonstrate adequate pain control and reduced rates of opioid-related adverse events with the use of demand only approaches. In October 2012, as part of a quality improvement initiative at the Children9s Hospital at Montefiore, we revised our pain management guidelines to exclude the routine use of basal infusions in our PCA protocol. In addition, pain management consultation was requested to assist in management of PCA, particularly as it related to the appropriate use of basal infusions when indicated and timely transition to oral analgesics. Short-term methadone during the inpatient stay with a short taper post discharge was utilized for improved and long-acting analgesia in patients that did not improve rapidly on the standard regimen. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with SCD Results: A total of 144 admissions were included in the analysis, 73 in 2011 and 72 in 2013. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were similar in both groups (Table 1). In 2011, 72/73 patient admissions were treated with PCA with basal infusion compared to only 1/72 patient in 2013. Total opioid utilization during inpatient admission, total PCA hours and LOS were significantly reduced in the 2013 group compared to the 2011 group with no significant difference in admit pain to discharge pain (Table 2). Furthermore, patients in the 2013 group demonstrated a significantly lower incidence in episodes of hypoxia and acute chest syndrome (Table 2) Conclusions: In conclusion, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of demand only PCA in the management of VOC pain. Superiority of the demand only PCA approach needs to be rigorously evaluated in a randomized prospective study. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads: What Predicts the Ratings?

As an important category of user-generated content (UGC) community, Question and Answer (Q&A) community offers internet users opportunities to ask questions and share knowledge with others. In order to understand how the ratings of knowledge contribution quality correlate with the way knowledge is being shared in discussion threads, the study examines user behaviors and profiles in a large knowledge sharing community, /r/Techsupport, a discussion based Q&A site in Reddit.com concerning internet and technology problems. Negative binomial regressions and negative binomial mixed models are built to investigate the relationships among thread structure, level of user activity, user profiles and the ratings of threads and comments in the community. Results indicate that in the better rated threads, the structures tend to be more centralized with heterogeneous participants discussing the problem at a deeper level. Meanwhile, contributions with good ratings are more likely to be produced by users who are more engaged in commenting behaviors.
Unemployment, social protection spending and child poverty in the European Union during the Great Recession:

The 2008 financial crisis triggered the first contraction of the world economy in the post-war era. This article investigates the effect of the Great Recession on child poverty across the EU-27 plu...
Sequential slip transfer of mixed-character dislocations across Σ3 coherent twin boundary in FCC metals: a concurrent atomistic-continuum study

Sequential slip transfer across grain boundaries (GB) has an important role in size-dependent propagation of plastic deformation in polycrystalline metals. For example, the Hall–Petch effect, which states that a smaller average grain size results in a higher yield stress, can be rationalised in terms of dislocation pile-ups against GBs. In spite of extensive studies in modelling individual phases and grains using atomistic simulations, well-accepted criteria of slip transfer across GBs are still lacking, as well as models of predicting irreversible GB structure evolution. Slip transfer is inherently multiscale since both the atomic structure of the boundary and the long-range fields of the dislocation pile-up come into play. In this work, concurrent atomistic-continuum simulations are performed to study sequential slip transfer of a series of curved dislocations from a given pile-up on Σ3 coherent twin boundary (CTB) in Cu and Al, with dominant leading screw character at the site of interaction. A Frank-Read source is employed to nucleate dislocations continuously. It is found that subject to a shear stress of 1.2 GPa, screw dislocations transfer into the twinned grain in Cu, but glide on the twin boundary plane in Al. Moreover, four dislocation/CTB interaction modes are identified in Al, which are affected by (1) applied shear stress, (2) dislocation line length, and (3) dislocation line curvature. Our results elucidate the discrepancies between atomistic simulations and experimental observations of dislocation-GB reactions and highlight the importance of directly modeling sequential dislocation slip transfer reactions using fully 3D models. Three-dimensional modelling has uncovered important mechanistic clues to strengthening polycrystalline metals through plastic deformation. A team led by David McDowell at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the US used concurrent atomistic-continuum (CAC) simulations to investigate the challenging problem of how curved dislocations pile-up and interact with special ‘twin’ grain boundaries in copper and aluminum when the metals are subjected to mechanical strain. These line defects move until they meet barriers such as grain boundaries separating crystalline regions, where they ‘pile-up’ behind the leading defect and may inhibit further defects from forming, a process known as work hardening. The multiscale CAC technique coarse grains the lattice using 3-D rhombohedra, and then applies an integral form finite element method to describe dislocation motion between elements, critical for understanding work hardening.
Living Lean: Belinda, Bags, and Batches

This case is part of the "Living Lean" series, which presents accessible, everyday scenarios for a Lean process improvement journey. In this episode on batching, a woman rushing to the grocery store on Thanksgiving is sensitive to the relative merits and waste of two types of checkout aisle. Excerpt UVA-OM-1466 Rev. Oct. 24, 2013 LIVING LEAN: Belinda, Bags, and Batches Illustrations by Michael Twery. Around 2:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day, as guests began to arrive, Belinda took the turkey, glistening and brown, out of the oven. She had left just enough time to whip up some gravy on the stovetop and warm up the mashed potatoes and sweet potato casserole that had been cooked the day before. As her friends and family entertained themselves and waited for mealtime, Belinda peered into cabinets that had not been cleaned out in over a year and failed to find any flour for the gravy. All the activity was starting to give her a headache, so she took some ibuprofen. . . .
Nondestructive method to predict the buckling load in elastic spherical shells

Abstract This paper presents a general methodology for predicting the critical buckling loads of spherical shells using a nondestructive test. For this purpose, the well known graphical method of predicting buckling loads, i.e., the Southwell’s nondestructive method for columns is analytically extended to spherical shells and a new formula is derived for the critical buckling load of uniformly compressed spherical shells. Subsequently, finite element simulation and experimental work proved that the theory is also applicable to spherical shells with an arbitrary axi-symmetrical loading as well. The results show that the technique provides a useful estimate of the elastic buckling load provided care is taken in interpreting of the results. The usefulness of the method lies in its generality, simplicity and in the fact that, it is non-destructive. Moreover, it does not make any assumption regarding the number of buckling waves or the exact localization of buckling.
Listening Effort Measured in Adults with Normal Hearing and Cochlear Implants.

Background Studies have examined listening effort in individuals with hearing loss to determine the extent of the impairment. Regarding cochlear implants (CIs), results suggest that listening effort is improved using bilateral CIs compared to unilateral CIs. Few studies have investigated listening effort and outcomes related to the hybrid CI. Purpose Here, we compared listening effort across three CI groups, and to a normal-hearing control group. The impact of listener traits, that is, age, age at onset of hearing loss, duration of CI use, and working memory capacity, were examined relative to listening effort. Research design The participants completed a dual-task paradigm with a primary task identifying sentences in noise and a secondary task measuring reaction time on a Stroop test. Performance was assessed for all participant groups at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), ranging in 2-dB steps from 0 to +10 dB relative to an individual's SNR-50, at which the speech recognition performance is 50% correct. Participants completed three questions on listening effort, the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire, and a reading span test. Study sample All 46 participants were adults. The four participant groups included (1) 12 individuals with normal hearing, (2) 10 with unilateral CIs, (3) 12 with bilateral CIs, and (4) 12 with a hybrid short-electrode CI and bilateral residual hearing. Data collection and analysis Results from the dual-task experiment were compared using a mixed 4 (hearing group) by 6 (SNR condition) analysis of variance (ANOVA). Questionnaire results were compared using one-way ANOVAs, and correlations between listener traits and the objective and subjective measures were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Significant differences were found in speech perception among the normal-hearing and the unilateral and the bilateral CI groups. There was no difference in primary task performance among the hybrid CI and the normal-hearing groups. Across the six SNR conditions, listening effort improved to a greater degree for the normal-hearing group compared to the CI groups. However, there was no significant difference in listening effort between the CI groups. The subjective measures revealed significant differences between the normal-hearing and CI groups, but no difference among the three CI groups. Across all groups, age was significantly correlated with listening effort. We found no relationship between listening effort and the age at the onset of hearing loss, age at implantation, the duration of CI use, and working memory capacity for these participants. Conclusions Listening effort was reduced to a greater degree for the normal-hearing group compared to the CI users. There was no significant difference in listening effort among the CI groups. For the CI users in this study, age was a significant factor with regard to listening effort, whereas other variables such as the duration of CI use and the age at the onset of hearing loss were not significantly related to listening effort.