cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOMOLOGOUS INHIBITION, TOXICITY, AND MULTIPLICITY REACTIVATION WITH ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED VACCINIA VIRUS

Abstract Galasso, G. J. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) and D. G. Sharp. Homologous inhibition, toxicity, and multiplicity reactivation with ultraviolet-irradiated vaccinia virus. J. Bacteriol. 85:1309–1314. 1963.—Vaccinia virus whose plaque-forming capacity had been destroyed by ultraviolet rays (2,537 A) was shown to retard the growth of L cells in tube cultures. At input multiplicities (M) of 0 < M < 10, no interference was detected, but at M 100 the irradiated virus particles exerted a strong toxic effect on the L cells in monolayer cultures, affecting the plaque formation by active virus which was added. Multiplicity reactivation occurs in sublethally irradiated vaccinia, as shown by virus particle counts via electron microscopy and plaque counts. It is clearly demonstrated in this system because there is no complicating interference. It sets in at a total virus particle multiplicity of about one, even though the multiplicity of the original plaque-forming particles is much below one.
Powerpoint: Bankruptcy Immunities, Transparency, and Capital Structure

Summarizes and further develops themes from "Secret Liens and the Financial Crisis of 2008".Secret Liens:This article explains the roots of financial crises in one of the oldest and most fundamental problems of commercial law: hidden leverage. Common law courts wrestled with this problem for centuries and developed a time - tested solution: the doctrine of secret liens. If the debtor becomes insolvent, the doctrine of secret liens punishes secret lien holders by subordinating their claims to those of other creditors. In other words, by overriding privately negotiated payment priorities, the doctrine of secret liens creates incentives for transparency. This article argues that legal changes over the last 80 years eroded the doctrine of secret liens, and thereby led to the financial crisis. Due to these legal changes, complex and opaque financial products received the highest priority in bankruptcy, and creditors' incentives were therefore to structure transactions using these favored financial products. The opaque credit environment that resulted permitted debtors - particularly investment banks - to hide the extent of their leverage, to the detriment of all creditors. This article argues that Congress can prevent future financial crises by restoring the doctrine of secret liens, or by adopting a modernized regulatory regime built on the doctrine of secret liens' fundamental insight - that creditors should be compelled to disclose their claims in exchange for payment priority.Additional information:The powerpoint presentation documents specific real world events which bear out the "secret liens" theory, including mischaracterization of Repo transactions as Lehman Brothers, Citibank, and Bank of America, and the use of currency and interest rate swaps by Greece and Italy to hide their debts. The powerpoint also shows different estimates of taxpayer losses from the AIG bailout.
Heterosexual Privilege Awareness, Prejudice, and Support of Gay Marriage Among Diversity Course Students

Although most research investigating diversity courses focuses on attitudes toward racial minorities and women, these courses may also influence student attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. The current study assessed student awareness of heterosexual privilege, prejudice against lesbians and gay men, and support for same-sex marriage. Students (N = 143) in a general diversity course completed identical surveys during the first and last weeks of the semester. Participants in diversity courses exhibited increased heterosexual privilege awareness and support for same-sex marriage, as well as less prejudice against lesbians and gay men, during the last week of the semester compared to pretest levels.
GENERAL AND TEST ANXIETY, SHYNESS, AND GRADE POINT AVERAGE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF DIVORCED AND NONDIVORCED PARENTS '

Summary.-116 boys and girls in elementary Grades 4, 5, and 6 were adrninistered the General Anxiety Scale, Test Anxiety Scale, and the Shyness Scale. Their GPAs were obtained from school records as were Normal Curve Equivalents from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills given the previous school year. Children of divorced parents (n = 31) had lower GPAs than children of nondivorced parents (n = 85). The girls had higher GPAs and general anxiety scores than the boys. The students who scored lower on test anxiety had higher Normal Curve Equivalents. Pearson correlations were significant for scores on Test Anxiety with those on general anxiety (r = .57), GPA (r = - .25), and Normal Curve Equivalents (r = - .26). Normal Curve Equivalents correlated significantly with GPA (r= .66), but shyness did not correlate significantly with any other measure. The present study examined scores of elementary children in Grades 4, 5, and 6 of divorced and nondivorced parents on general and test anxiety and shyness for whether these scores were associated with the students' grade point averages and Normal Curve Equivalents on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. METHOD With permission of the school administration, the elementary students completed the tests, and information on sex, age, grade, and the marital status of their parents was provided by each student. The grade point averages were calculated for the previous school year while the Normal Curve Equivalents for the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were taken from students' cumulative records. The Test Anxiety Scale and the General Anxiety Scale (Sarason, Davidson, Lighthall, Waite, & Ruebush, 1960) were administered. The former has 37 questions and the latter has 17 questions to be answered 'yes' or 'no.' The sum of 'yes' answers is the final score. Anxiety is "an emotional state, with the subjectively experienced quality of fear or a closely related emotion (terror, horror, alarm, fright, panic, trepidation, dread, scare)" (Lewis, 1970, p. 77). It is an unpleasant, unsettling emotion which is usually directed toward the future.
Glutathione, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and the mercapturic acid pathway as modulators of 2-bromohydroquinone oxidation☆

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) conjugates of 2-bromohydroquinone are more difficult to oxidize than the parent hydroquinone. Hydrolysis catalyzed by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), however, results in the formation of the corresponding cysteine conjugate which is more readily oxidized than the parent hydroquinone. N-Acetylation of the cysteine conjugate to yield the mercapturate regenerates a compound that is more stable to oxidation than either the parent quinol or its cysteine conjugate. Thus, 2-bromohydroquinone oxidation is exquisitely modulated via GSH conjugation and its metabolism through the mercapturic acid pathway. The ability of γ-GT to facilitate quinol oxidation by catalyzing the formation of the labile cysteine conjugate may have important biological consequences. Cells exhibiting high γ-GT activity may be predisposed to the potentially toxic effects of quinol-thioethers.
Architecture-based force-velocity models of load-moving skeletal muscles.

Abstract A predictive model of muscle force-velocity relationships is presented based on functional architectural variables. The parameters of Hill's equation describing muscle force-velocity relationship of nine muscles were estimated by their relationships with variables extracted from the whole-muscle length-force relationship and the percentage of slow-twitch fibres. Specifically, the maximal unloaded velocity (Vo) was estimated through multiple linear regression, from each muscle's fibre composition and the shortening range through which each muscle could produce active force. The maximal isometric force (Po) was also extracted from each muscle's length-force relationship. The ratio of Hill's dynamic constant a to Po and b to Vo, which determines the degree of curvature of the relation, was determined solely by the percent of slow-twitch fibres. This model was verified by fitting it to experimental force-velocity curves of nine different muscles in the cat's hindlimb. It was found that reasonable fits of force-velocity curves would be obtained with correlation coefficient in the range of 0.61 to 0.92, with an average of 0.82. The model predicted that muscles with relatively long shortening ranges would achieve higher maximal velocity, and that muscles with higher percentage of slow-twitch fibres had less pronounced curvature and lower maximal velocity in their force-velocity relationships.
Considerations in the isolation of rat liver nuclear matrix, nuclear envelope, and pore complex lamina.

Abstract A number of recent studies have demonstrated a salt-, nuclease, and detergent-resistant subnuclear structure termed the nuclear protein matrix which consists of a fibrogranular intranuclear network, residual components of the nucleolus, and a peripheral lamina. Other workers, however, have shown that somewhat similar methods result in the isolation of the peripheral lamina devoid of the intranuclear components. In this report we demonstrate that seemingly slight changes in the isolation procedure cause major changes in the morphology of the residual structures obtained. When freshly purified rat liver nuclei were digested with DNase I and RNase A and then extracted with buffers of low magnesium ion concentration (LS buffer) and high ionic strength (HS buffer), the resulting structures isolated prior to or after Triton X-100 extraction lacked the extensive intranuclear network and the easily identifiable residual nucleoli present in the nuclear protein matrix. Systematic modification of this extraction procedure revealed that morphologically identifiable residual nucleoli were present when digestion with RNase A followed extraction with HS buffer but were absent when the order of these steps was reversed. The removal of the nucleolus by RNase A and HS buffer correlated with the removal of nuclear RNA by the same treatments. These coordinate events could not be prevented by treatment with protease inhibitors but were prevented by treatment of the RNase A with diethylpyrocarbonate, an RNase inhibitor. The extensive intranuclear network seen in the nuclear protein matrix was sparse or absent when residual structures were prepared from DNase- and RNase-treated nuclei under conditions which minimized the oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups. In contrast, an extensive non-chromatin intranuclear network was seen if the formation of intermolecular protein disulfide bonds was promoted by extraction of nuclei with cationic detergents, by overnight incubation, or by treatment with oxidizing agents like sodium tetrathionate prior to nuclease digestion and subsequent extraction. By varying the order of extraction steps and the extent of disulfide cross-linking, it is possible to isolate from a single batch of nuclei residual structures with a wide range of morphologies and compositions.
Seroquel : behavioral effects in conventional and novel tests for atypical antipsychotic drug

Seroquel was compared to clozapine and several other antipsychotic agents in tests predictive of antipsychotic activity or extrapyramidal symptoms. In the conditioned avoidance test in squirrel monkeys as well as several paradigms using apomorphine or amphetamine-induced behavioral alterations, seroquel displayed the profile of a drug with potential antipsychotic activity. In these paradigms the potency of seroquel was somewhat less than clozapine in rodent tests, while the reverse was true in higher species, i.e. monkeys, cats. In tests designed to evaluate the propensity to induce EPS or tardive dyskinesia, for example, the production of dyskinetic reactions in haloperidol-sensitized cebus monkeys, seroquel displayed a profile similar to clozapine and disparate from typical antipsychotic drugs. In drug-naive cebus monkeys seroquel sensitized significantly fewer monkeys than haloperidol and the dyskinetic reactions were of significantly less intensity. It is anticipated that this novel antipsychotic agent will have a significantly reduced propensity to produce extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia than typical antipsychotics.
Beyond translation: elongation factor-1α and the cytoskeleton

While reported interactions of elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) with various other molecules involved in protein biosynthesis are abundant, its interactions with major cytoskeletal proteins have not been as extensively examined. Major roles for EF-1α in cytoskeletal organization emerge from a review of such interactions within species as diverse as slime molds and mammals, sea urchins and higher plants. Based on these studies, the integration of EF-1α's cytoskeletal roles with those of translation is considered, and prospective mechanisms for regulation of EF-1α's cytoskeletal associations are discussed.
Initial calcium binding rates of canine cardiac relaxing system (sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments) determined by stopped-flow spectrophotometry.

Calcium binding by cardiac relaxing system (sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments) from canine ventricle was measured by a dual-beam spectrophotometric technique with manual and with stopped-flow mixing. The ATP-dependent equilibrium Ca++ binding level was 68.3 ± 3.2 nmole/mg protein. The initial Ca++ binding was 19 nmole/mg protein within 150 msec at 25°; the reaction exhibited a Q10 of approximately 2. It is concluded that the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum has the binding capacity and sufficient initial rates of Ca++ binding to effect relaxation in vivo.
A biopsy tool with integrated piezoceramic elements for needle tract cauterization and cauterization monitoring

This paper reports the feasibility of biopsy needle tract cauterization and cauterization monitoring using an embedded array of piezoceramic microheaters. Circular heaters of lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5A), with 200 μm diameter and 70-80 μm thickness, are fabricated using a batch mode micro ultrasonic machining process. These are then assembled into cavities in the walls of 20-gauge stainless steel needles and sealed with epoxy. Experiments are performed by inserting the proposed biopsy needle into porcine tissue samples. The needle surface exceeds the minimum target temperature rise of 33°C for either radial or thickness mode vibrations. The corresponding input power levels are 236 mW and 325 mW, respectively. The tissue cauterization extends 1-1.25 mm beyond the perimeter of the needle and is uniform in all directions. After cauterization, the fundamental anti-resonance frequency and the corresponding impedance magnitude of the PZT heater decrease by 4.1% and 42.6%, respectively, thereby providing a method to monitor the extent of tissue cauterization. A sensing interface circuit capable of measuring the resonance frequency shift of the PZT elements is built and tested using discrete integrated circuit components. The circuit detects the resonance frequency shift from 8.22 MHz to 7.96 MHz of the PZT elements when the biopsy needle is inserted into wax medium. An interface circuit for actuation of the PZT elements for tissue cauterization is also described.
PCN2: WHICH VARIABLES DO METASTATIC BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AND ONCOLOGY NURSES ANCHOR ON WHEN USING THE EUROQOL DESCRIPTIVE SYSTEM IN MEASURING UTILITIES WITH THE STANDARD GAMBLE TECHNIQUE?

OBJECTIVE: To determine which of seven EuroQoL descriptives used in collecting utility scores were the anchors for metastatic breast cancer patients (pts) and oncology nurses (nur). METHODS: Eight states of health describing metastatic breast cancer were presented to 45 pts and 56 nur. Each health state had seven bullet points describing varying degrees of severity in the following categories: Mobility, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Hand/finger use (NOT EuroQoL), Usual Activity, Anxiety/Depression, Ability to think (NOT EuroQoL), and Pain/Discomfort. After the utility scores were obtained, subjects were asked which of the seven variables were most important and second most important to them. RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS: It appears that both pts and nur anchored mainly on the Self-Care variable. Combining the most important with the next most important variable demonstrates that the Anxiety/Depression variable was also an important anchoring variable for both groups. Pts appear to anchor more on Usual Activity than nur. Nur appear to anchor more on Pain/Discomfort than pts. The results also suggest that the Hand and Finger use variable (NOT a EuroQoL variable) may not be necessary and may actually overburden subjects. Overall, these finding may help explain why metastatic breast cancer patients differ from oncology nurses on utility scores. Patients, N=45 Most Important Variable, N (%) Next Most Important Variable, N (%) Row Total, N (%) Mobility 11 (24.4) 3 (6.7) 14 (31.1) ADL or Self Care 14 (31.1) 10 (22.2) 24 (53.3) Hand or finger use 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Usual Activity 3 (6.7) 7 (15.6) 10 (22.2) Anxiety/Depression 9 (20.0) 11 (24.4) 20 (44.4) Ability to Think 5 (11.1) 10 (22.2) 15 (33.3) Pain/Discomfort 3 (6.7) 4 (8.9) 7 (15.6) Column Total 45 (100%) 45 (100%) Nurses, N=56 Mobility 9 (16.1) 7 (12.5) 16 (28.6) ADL or Self Care 18 (32.1) 14 (25.0) 32 (57.1) Hand or finger use 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Usual Activity 1 (1.8) 3 (5.4) 4 (7.2) Anxiety/Depression 14 (25.0) 15 (26.8) 29 (51.8) Ability to Think 4 (7.1) 9 (16.1) 13 (23.2) Pain/Discomfort 10 (17.9) 8 (14.3) 18 (32.2) Column Total 56 (100%) 56 (100.1% rounded)
Knowledge Maps and Spatial-Verbal Processing: A Temporal Analysis

The present experiment served as an initial empirical investigation of the spatial-verbal processing model of Dansereau and colleagues. The model was developed as a framework for elucidating the processes associated with the acquisition of information from spatial text displays (e.g., knowledge maps). The assumptions of the model lead to the contention that main ideas (processed mainly through spatial channels) act to cross-cue details (processed mainly through verbal channels). Moreover, this main idea-detail relationship can be expected to differ as a function of the temporal nature of acquisition (i.e., initial comprehension, encoding/storage, and recall/utilization). Participants in the present experiment were divided into two experimental groups, map and text. Both groups studied a passage of information over the autonomic nervous system and completed recall tests after a 5-min. overview, after studying for 30 min., and two days after the completion of studying. Those in the map group studied the inf...
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and MK-801 by aortic arch flush for cerebral preservation during exsanguination cardiac arrest of 20 min in dogs. An exploratory study.

Abstract In our exsanguination cardiac arrest (CA) outcome model in dogs we are systematically exploring suspended animation (SA), i.e. preservation of brain and heart immediately after the onset of CA to enable transport and resuscitative surgery during CA, followed by delayed resuscitation. We have shown in dogs that inducing moderate cerebral hypothermia with an aortic arch flush of 500 ml normal saline solution at 4°C, at start of CA 20 min no-flow, leads to normal functional outcome. We hypothesized that, using the same model, but with the saline flush at 24°C inducing minimal cerebral hypothermia (which would be more readily available in the field), adding either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP, a more efficient energy substrate) or MK-801 (an N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker) would also achieve normal functional outcome. Dogs (range 19–30 kg) were exsanguinated over 5 min to CA of 20 min no-flow, and resuscitated by closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). They received assisted circulation to 2 h, mild systemic hypothermia (34°C) post-CA to 12 h, controlled ventilation to 20 h, and intensive care to 72 h. At CA 2 min, the dogs received an aortic arch flush of 500 ml saline at 24°C by a balloon-tipped catheter, inserted through the femoral artery (control group, n =6). In the FBP group ( n =5), FBP (total 1440 or 4090 mg/kg) was given by flush and with reperfusion. In the MK-801 group ( n =5), MK-801 (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) was given by flush and with reperfusion. Outcome was assessed in terms of overall performance categories (OPC 1, normal; 2, moderate disability; 3, severe disability; 4, coma; 5, brain death or death), neurologic deficit scores (NDS 0–10%, normal; 100%, brain death), and brain histologic damage scores (HDS, total HDS 0, no damage; >100, extensive damage; 1064, maximal damage). In the control group, one dog achieved OPC 2, one OPC 3, and four OPC 4; in the FBP group, two dogs achieved OPC 3, and three OPC 4; in the MK-801 group, two dogs achieved OPC 3, and three OPC 4 ( P =1.0). Median NDS were 62% (range 8–67) in the control group; 55% (range 34–66) in the FBP group; and 50% (range 26–59) in the MK-801 group ( P =0.2). Median total HDS were 130 (range 56–140) in the control group; 96 (range 64–104) in the FBP group; and 80 (range 34–122) in the MK-801 group ( P =0.2). There was no difference in regional HDS between groups. We conclude that neither FBP nor MK-801 by aortic arch flush at the start of CA, plus an additional i.v. infusion of the same drug during reperfusion, can provide cerebral preservation during CA 20 min no-flow. Other drugs and drug-combinations should be tested with this model in search for a breakthrough effect.
Acute toxicities of selected herbicides to fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

A scan of the acute toxicities of eighteen common herbicides to one-year-old channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was conducted. Herbicides causing less than 10% mortality in 48 hr at 10 ppm were: alanap, chloramben, 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D dimethyl amine salt, dalapon, diuron, DSMA, EPTC, fluometuron, metribuzin, monuron, MSMA, nitralin and 2,4,5-T. The 96-hr LC50 values in ppb for four herbicides found toxic were: propanil, 3796; trifluralin, 417; bensulide, 379; and DNBP, 118. The toxicity of Dyanap®, a mixture of DNBP and alanap, was lower than that of DNBP; there was no apparent synergism between DNBP and alanap in the mixture.
In utero methamphetamine effects: I. Behavior and monoamine uptake sites in adult offspring.

Chronic in utero methamphetamine treatment, throughout gestation in rats, resulted in alterations in both behavior and brain monoamine function in the adult offspring. The higher dose of methamphetamine (10 mg/kg/b.i.d.) caused a significant decrease in square crossing and rearing in an open field, as well as a regional increase of serotonin and dopamine uptake sites. In contrast, the lower dose of in utero methamphetamine (2 mg/kg/b.i.d.) resulted in a significant decrease in regional densities of serotonin and dopamine uptake sites, and only decreased rearing behavior. Across treatment groups, there were significant correlations between open-field square crossing activity and the number of uptake sites in specific brain areas. Other measured behaviors, such as the neonate righting reflex and the adult Morris water maze performance, were unaffected by either in utero drug regimen. These results are discussed in terms of the known neurotoxicity of amphetamines and the ability of the immature nervous system to compensate for fetal exposure to methamphetamine.
High-density photon-gated hole burning in sulfides

We present the case of photoionization-induced persistent spectral holeburning in rare earth doped II-VI compounds for high density memory storage. Experimental data on photon-gated holeburning has been presented for different sulfide hosts (MgS, CaS: RE2+ and RE3+). With the proper choice of the host electronic band structure, the optically active rare earth ion and its electronic transitions involved in the holeburning process, we have observed the highest number of persistent holes ever burned in a single electronic transition. Efficient photon-gated holeburning in the 4f7 (8S7/2) - 4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ is a result of photoionization of Eu2+ to Eu3+. These holes have a width of less than 5 GHz, have no detectable erasing effects after thousands of reading cycles, survive thermal cycling up to the room temperature and have infinite lifetime at low temperature (2 K). Although self- gated holeburning is observed with reading laser at higher powers, the photon budget for reading these holes is so small that thousands of reading cycles can be performed without significantly affecting the optical signal. We discuss the unique features of these systems that make them the most promising candidates to date for the holeburning based optical memories.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Soil Dust from Asia to the Tropical North Pacific: Temporal Variability

The concentration of airborne soil dust at Enewetak Atoll(11°N, 162°E) in April 1979 was 2.3 micrograms per cubic meter but decreased steadily to 0.02 microgram per cubic meter over the next 5 months. The spring dust is probably derived from China; its deposition rate (∼0.3 millimeter per 1000 years) suggests that it may be a significant contributor to the deep-sea sediments of the North Pacific.
Hemorrhagic infarction in white matter following acute carbon monoxide poisoning

Hemorrhage complicating acute carbon monoxide poisoning is usually confined to the basal ganglia. The authors report three people with acute carbon monoxide poisoning manifesting selective or prominent white matter involvement complicated by hemorrhagic infarction on CT and MRI in one and by subcortical T2*-weighted MRI abnormality in all three.
Population concentration in an urban system: Korea 1949-1980

This study focuses on growth and change in the urban system of the Republic of Korea over the past three decades. In an analysis of system-wide and subregional growth trends with particular emphasis given to the Gini coefficient of population concentration two stages of development are identified. During the 1950s and early 1960s the system experienced numerical and spatial expansion along with growing concentration in the largest centers. Since the late 1960s the main process has been concentrated in Seoul and in the places immediately below it in the city-size distribution. Spatially this concentration has taken the form of a core-corridor from Seoul to Busan. It is shown that "in large part these changes reflect the transformation to an urban-industrial economy but they also reflect government policies which have focused heavily on Seoul but perhaps not heavily enough on the spatial distribution of other large centers in the urban system." (EXCERPT)
Treatment of Bronchogenic Carcinoma with Nitrogen Mustard

1) The effects of methyl-bis-(B chloroethyl) amine in 19 patients with histologically proved bronchogenic carcinoma are described. These cases were unsuitable for other forms of therapy. 2) Seven of the 19 patients are still alive. Five of the seven living have anaplastic carcinoma. 3) A good effect was obtained in two patients having anaplastic carcinoma. One is still living nine months after three and one-half courses of nitrogen mustard therapy. The other patient is still living six months following two courses of HN2. Both had superior mediastinal involvement with decrease in tumor size and symptoms following therapy. 4) Nitrogen mustard often resulted in decrease in the leukocyte count, and platelet count, but in no patient did serious complications arise as the result of these effects. Toxic manifestations of nausea and vomiting were observed in several patients following HN2 administration, but the intensity of these symptoms varied greatly.
From dialogue to disputation in the age of Archbishop Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada

The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa is here viewed within the broader context of interfaith relations in Iberia during the thirteenth century. Particular attention is given to Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada, his historical and polemic writings, and his relations with multiple communities inside and outside of Spain. The period of Las Navas coincided not only with the military ascendency of Christian Spain, but also with a general evolution from polemical dialogue (a written form) to interfaith disputation (a cultural practice) during these critical decades of the Reconquest. The full deployment of disputational strategies toward Jews and Muslims would likely not have been possible without the combined military and rhetorical activities initiated by an Archbishop with international connections and ambitions.
Aviation and the electrical engineer

Rapid advances in aviation have created a whole series of new problems for electrical engineers and aviation designers. The electrical and aviation industries must work together to develop satisfactory aircraft electric equipment, standardize minimum requirements for such equipment, and educate members of both industries to comply with these standards.
Protein- phospholipid interactions in biologic calcification

Abstract Protein-acidic phospholipid interactions were used to evaluate the demonstrated association between membranes and biologic calcification. The ultrastructure of calcifying microbial proteolipid and a synthetic lysozyme-phosphoinositide complex model was used to study the mineralization sequence during suspension in a metastable calcium phosphate solution. Calcification began with initial calcium binding along the surfaces of the acidic phospholipid bilayers, then progressed through formation of tiny dot-like amorphous structures which finally fused into crystals of hydroxyapatite. It was concluded from the study that membrane bilayers containing a protein stabilized acidic phospholipid domain can form a microenvironment which facilitates calcification.
Characterization of atmospheric aerosols using MFRSR measurements

[1] Measurements by multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers (MFRSRs) constitute a valuable global data set with contributions from hundreds of instruments deployed worldwide. The geographical coverage of MFRSR networks is complementary to that of AERONET and often provides better spatial density of measurement sites, especially in the United States. We describe our recently updated analysis algorithm for MFRSR data that allows partitioning of the spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) into fine and coarse mode AOD and retrieval of the fine mode effective radius. Our recent sensitivity study demonstrated that for a typical measurement accuracy 0.01 of AOD, the trade-offs between the spectral aerosol extinction and NO2 absorption in the visible range effectively prevent unambiguous retrieval of NO2 column from MFRSR data and may also bias aerosol size distribution retrievals. This has prompted us to adopt a new retrieval approach, which utilizes climatological NO2 (based on SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals) and uses column ozone from TOMS measurements. The performance of this new approach was evaluated using the long-term data set from the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site operated by the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. We present a detailed intercomparison of total, fine, and coarse mode AOD and fine mode effective radius between two MFRSRs located at the SGP's Central Facility and with the correlative AERONET Sun-sky inversion results (Version 2) derived from a collocated CIMEL Sun photometer. The comparison between two MFRSRs demonstrated good consistency of both the measurements and the analysis. Agreement with AERONET inversions is remarkably good, in that differences in AOD components do not exceed the expected measurement accuracy of 0.01, while the retrieved values of fine mode effective radius show no relative bias and only 0.03 μm random error (standard deviation of the differences). We show that if only data with large enough AOD (more than 0.06 at 870 nm) are selected, this error is reduced by a factor of two, becoming about 10% of a typical fine mode effective radius value.
Entanglement-assisted quantum error correction with linear optics

We construct a theory of continuous-variable entanglement-assisted quantum error correction. We present an example of a continuous-variable entanglement-assisted code that corrects for an arbitrary single-mode error. We also show how to implement encoding circuits using passive optical devices, homodyne measurements, feedforward classical communication, conditional displacements, and off-line squeezers.
Graves disease in a patient with the del(18p) syndrome

We report the first known patient with a del(18p) and Graves disease. This deletion has previously been reported to be associated with autoimmune thyroid disease and, perhaps, with inborn errors of thyroxin biosynthesis. We present the clinical and histological information on this patient and review the literature in an attempt to clarify the relationship between abnormalities of chromosome 18 and thyroid disease.
Ethical decision making in the public accounting profession : An extension of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior

The purpose of this study is to expand our understanding of the factors that influence ethical behavioral intentions of public accountants. Recent scandals have dominated the news and have caused legislators, regulators and the public to question the role of the accounting profession. Legislative changes have brought about major structural changes in the profession and continued scrutiny will surely lead to further changes. Thus, developing an understanding of the personal and contextual factors that influence ethical decisions is critical. An extension of the theory of planned behavior [Ajzen, I.: 1985, Action Control-From Cognition to Behavior (Springer, Heidelberg)], the model used in this study examined the influence of personal, social and organizational factors on ethical intentions. Specifically, the individual level model tested direct effects of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, moral sensitivity and ethical climate. Professionals from five accounting firms completed a survey that measured responses to ethical dilemmas related to the public accounting domain. To minimize the potential impact of common method bias, the survey instrument was administered in two phases. Hypotheses were evaluated using a structural modeling technique, partial least squares. Results show strong support for a direct relationship between attitudes and ethical intentions. The proposed direct effect of subjective norms was not supported. However, a significant relationship between subjective norms and attitudes was found. Professionals’ attitudes towards ethical issues clearly influence intentions. Moreover, this study illustrates the potential influence of social factors in attitude formation. Future research should explore the factors in the public accounting domain that most strongly influence attitude formation. This study suggests that the theory of reasoned action offers a useful framework for exploring these issues.
MicroRNA-19 (miR-19) Regulates Tissue Factor Expression in Breast Cancer Cells

Tissue factor has been recognized as a regulator of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The tissue factor gene is selectively expressed in highly invasive breast cancer cells, and the mechanisms regulating tissue factor expression in these cells remain unclear. This study demonstrates that microRNA-19 (miR-19) regulates tissue factor expression in breast cancer cells, providing a molecular basis for the selective expression of the tissue factor gene. Tissue factor protein was barely detectable in MCF-7, T47D, and ZR-75-1 cells (less invasive breast lines) but was expressed at a significantly higher level in MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cells (invasive breast lines) as assayed by Western blot. The tissue factor gene promoter was activated, and forced expression of tissue factor cDNA was achieved in MCF-7 cells, implying that the 3′-UTR of the tissue factor transcript is responsible for the suppression of tissue factor expression. Bioinformatics analysis predicted microRNA-binding sites for miR-19, miR-20, and miR-106b in the 3′-UTR of the tissue factor transcript. Reporter gene assay using the TF-3′-UTR luciferase reporter construct confirmed that the 3′-UTR negatively regulates gene expression in MCF-7 cells, an effect reversed by deletion of the miR-19-binding site. Application of the miR-19 inhibitor induces endogenous tissue factor expression in MCF-7 cells, and overexpression of miR-19 down-regulates tissue factor expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. RT-PCR analysis using cDNA made from Ago2-immunoprecipitated RNA samples confirmed that Ago2 binds preferentially to tissue factor 3′-UTR in MCF-7 cells, as compared with MDA-MB-231 cells, consistent with the observation that miR-19 levels are higher in MCF-7 cells.
An Extension of the Time-Spectral Method to Overset Solvers

Relative motion in the Cartesian or overset framework causes certain spatial nodes to move in and out of the physical domain as they are dynamically blanked by moving solid bodies. This poses a problem for the conventional Time-Spectral approach, which expands the solution at every spatial node into a Fourier series spanning the period of motion. The proposed extension to the Time-Spectral method treats unblanked nodes in the conventional manner but expands the solution at dynamically blanked nodes in a basis of barycentric rational polynomials spanning partitions of contiguously defined temporal intervals. Rational polynomials avoid Runge's phenomenon on the equidistant time samples of these sub-periodic intervals. Fourier- and rational polynomial-based differentiation operators are used in tandem to provide a consistent hybrid Time-Spectral overset scheme capable of handling relative motion. The hybrid scheme is tested with a linear model problem and implemented within NASA's OVERFLOW Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) solver. The hybrid Time-Spectral solver is then applied to inviscid and turbulent RANS cases of plunging and pitching airfoils and compared to time-accurate and experimental data. A limiter was applied in the turbulent case to avoid undershoots in the undamped turbulent eddy viscosity while maintaining accuracy. The hybrid scheme matches the performance of the conventional Time-Spectral method and converges to the time-accurate results with increased temporal resolution.
Balance Theory and Political Cognitions

The CPS 1972-1976 panel is employed to test numerous principles of balance theory on Americans' political cognitions. Evidential support is found for Heider's original formulation of balance theory pertaining to dichotomous variables comprising a triad and extensions of this theory to structures of more than three cognitions, and variables measured at the interval level. Political reality effects, rational policy evaluation processes, and alternative psychological perspectives cannot adequately explain our data patterns. Other findings are: people attain balance in diverse ways by changing any of their cognitions; the more politically sophisticated are more affected by balance processes; balance theory has implications for the vote decision. The implications of the study for the nature of American democracy are also addressed.
Effects of Welding Current on Metal Transfer and Weld Pool Dynamics in Gas Metal Arc Welding

In gas metal arc welding (GMAW), current is one of the most important factors affecting the mode of metal transfer and subsequently the weld quality. Recently, a new technology using pulsed currents has been employed to achieve the one droplet per pulse (ODPP) metal transfer mode with the advantages of low average currents, a stable and controllable droplet generation, and reduced spatter. In this paper, the comprehensive model recently developed by the authors was used to study the influences of different current profiles on the droplet formation, metal transfer, and weld pool dynamics in GMA, welding. Five types of welding currents were studied, including two constant currents and three waveform currents. In each type, the transient temperature and velocity distributions of the arc plasma and the molten metal, and the shapes of the droplet and the weld pool were calculated. The results showed that a higher electromagnetic force was generated at a higher current and becomes the dominant factor that detaches the droplet from the electrode tip. A smaller droplet size and a higher droplet frequency were obtained for a higher current. The model has demonstrated that a stable ODPP metal transfer mode can be achieved by choosing a current with proper waveform for given welding conditions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Vaccinating to Help Ourselves and Others

Background. Many behaviors affect not only the self but also others. The utility of a vaccination to each individual depends on population immunity, the cumulative result of individual vaccination ...
Respiratory Monitoring: Physiological and Technical Considerations

The American Dental Association and several dental specialty organizations have published guidelines that detail requirements for monitoring patients during various levels of sedation and, in some cases, general anesthesia. In general, all these are consistent with those guidelines suggested by the American Society of Anesthesiologists for sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists. It is well accepted that the principal negative impact of sedation and anesthesia is the compromise of respiratory function. While monitoring per se is a technical issue, an appreciation of its purpose and the interpretation of the information provided require an understanding of respiratory anatomy and physiology. The focus of this continuing education article is to address the physiological aspects of respiration and to understand the appropriate use of monitors, including the interpretation of the information they provide.
Prospects for an AIDS Vaccine

Jon Cohen presents a bleak view of the prospects for an AIDS vaccine in his article about the National Institutes of Health's decision not to fund a clinical trial of its leading candidate for such a vaccine (“Disappointing data scuttle plans for large-scale AIDS vaccine trial,” News of the Week
Evaluation of the major metabolites of raloxifene as modulators of tissue selectivity.

Abstract Raloxifene (LY139481 HCl) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which blocks the effects of estrogen on some tissues, such as the breast and uterus, while mimicking estrogen in other tissues, such as bone. To study the origins of this unique pharmacology, we have prepared the major metabolites of raloxifene as chemical probes for examining the estrogen receptor function in vitro and in vivo . In human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) related assays, these glucuronide conjugates show little affinity for the estrogen receptor and are more than two orders of magnitude less potent at inhibiting cell proliferation than raloxifene. In non-traditional estrogen target tissue, such as bone, these metabolites are less effective than the parent at inhibiting cytokine-stimulated bone resorbing activity in rat osteoclasts or producing transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF- β 3 ). In animal models, tissue distribution studies with radiolabelled metabolite indicate that conversion to raloxifene occurs readily in a variety of tissues including the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, bone and uterus. Differential conversion of metabolite in target organs, such as bone and the uterus, is not observed indicating that the origin of raloxifene's pharmacology does not result from tissue-selective deconjugation of metabolite to parent.
Odorous Secretion of Normal and Mutant Tribolium confusum

An autosomal recessive mutant characterized by "melanotic stink glands" has been found in the tene-brionid flour beetle, Tribolium confusum. The contents of the reservoirs of both pairs of odoriferous glands become modified in two ways as the beetles age. (i) The quinones (2-ethyl- and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) present in the secretion are reduced to 1/20 of that normally found in the wild type. (ii) The contents may be modified into a high-molecular-weight polymeric substance, which becomes visible through the exoskeleton and, upon dissection, appears as a black solid lump. The medium in densely populated cultures of the mutant becomes moldy while that containing normal beetles remains particulate. This difference suggests that one of the functions of the secretions of the odoriferous glands is to prevent the growth of fungi or bacteria in the nutrient flour.
Detection of weak transitions in signal dynamics using recurrence time statistics

Signal detection in noisy and nonstationary environments is very challenging. In this Letter, we study why the two types of recurrence times [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 3178] may be very useful for detecting weak transitions in signal dynamics. We particularly emphasize that the recurrence times of the second type may be more powerful in detecting transitions with very low energy. These features are illustrated by studying a number of speech signals with fricatives and plosives. We have also shown that the recurrence times of the first type, nevertheless, has the distinguished feature of being more robust to the noise level and less sensitive to the parameter change of the algorithm. Since throughout our study, we have not explored any features unique to the speech signals, the results shown here may indicate that these tools may be useful in many different applications.
Cytokine abnormalities in a patient with eosinophilic fasciitis

Background Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) and peripheral eosinophilia are rare in children. Objectives To describe a case of EF in a 3-year-old child who presented with acute painless induration of her forearm. Methods Cytokine profiles were obtained and compared with patients with atopic disease during the acute presentation and after treatment with low-dose prednisone. Results The patient's serum showed elevation of transforming growth factor β1 and interleukin-5, which improved after treatment with low-dose prednisone. Conclusions The case suggests that patients with EF have cytokine abnormalities similar to atopic patients, but with a striking elevation of transforming growth factor β1. The responsiveness of the clinical symptoms and cytokine profile to low dose prednisone supports treatment with low dose immunosuppressive therapy in this disorder.
The use of protein A columns in the treatment of cancer and allied diseases.

The staphylococcal cell-wall protein known as protein A has been explored as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of cancer and allied diseases. Protein A binds the Fc fragment of IgG 1,2 and 4, and preferentially binds to IgG incorporated into immune complexes. Early investigators focused on the immune-suppressive effects of immune complexes in cancer and, based on in vitro experiments, postulated that clearance of immune complexes in vivo would permit effective immune clearance of cancer cells. A large clinical trial of the perfusion of cancer patient plasma over protein A was subsequently undertaken. Results were generally disappointing, with no complete remissions and overall response rates of 22%. Response rates for Kaposi's sarcoma (39%) and breast adenocarcinoma (26%) were somewhat encouraging, and further clinical trials in these disorders are ongoing. More impressive have been the responses to protein A perfusion in immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Using a protein A-silica device, Snyder et al. reported responses in 42% of immune thrombocytopenia patients, with mean increases in platelet count from 27×109/l to 120×109/l. On the basis of these results, the protein A-silica column was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. Equally encouraging are reports of an overall 59% response rate in cancer chemotherapy-related hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Reported toxicities include fever, chills, hypotension, dyspnea and musculoskeletal pain. With rare exceptions, these reactions are easily treated and do not result in cessation of therapy. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of plasma perfusion over protein A is very unclear. The best available evidence would point to an immunomodulatory role, manifested by stimulation of an anti-idiotype response in immune thrombocytopenia. A better understanding of how protein A immunoadsorption alters the immune response will be necessary to permit optimum use of this therapy.