cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing trust in the PKG in identity based cryptosystems

One day, you suddenly find that a private key corresponding to your Identity is up for sale at e-Bay. Since you do not suspect a key compromise, perhaps it must be the PKG who is acting dishonestly and trying to make money by selling your key. How do you find out for sure and even prove it in a court of law? This paper introduces the concept of Traceable Identity based Encryption which is a new approach to mitigate the (inherent) key escrow problem in identity based encryption schemes. Our main goal is to restrict the ways in which the PKG can misbehave. In our system, if the PKG ever maliciously generates and distributes a decryption key for an Identity, it runs the risk of being caught and prosecuted. In contrast to other mitigation approaches, our approach does not require multiple key generation authorities.
The relative effectiveness of three reminder letters. On making and keeping mammogram appointments.

Abstract One hundred fifty women who had previously had at least one mammogram were sent one of three prompt letters informing them that they were due for screening. The letters were either reassuring, anxiety provoking, or the standard hospital prompt. Based on a review of the literature, we hypothesized that the reassuring letter would be most effective in motivating women to schedule and keep appointments, the anxiety-provoking letter would produce an intermediate level of compliance, and the standard hospital letter would be least effective. Our hypothesis was partially supported. Overall, 45% of the women in the study scheduled mammogram appointments. This included 54% of those who received the reassuring letter, 42% of those who received the anxiety-provoking letter, and 38% of those who received the standard letter. Although the results were in the predicted direction, the results of a chi-square test indicated that differences among groups were not statistically significant. When the dependent mea...
Small Approximate Pareto Sets for Bi-objective Shortest Paths and Other Problems

We investigate the problem of computing a minimum set of solutions that approximates within a specified accuracy i¾?the Pareto curve of a multiobjective optimization problem. We show that for a broad class of bi-objective problems (containing many important widely studied problems such as shortest paths, spanning tree, and many others), we can compute in polynomial time an i¾?-Pareto set that contains at most twice as many solutions as the minimum such set. Furthermore we show that the factor of 2 is tight for these problems, i.e., it is NP-hard to do better. We present further results for three or more objectives, as well as for the dual problem of computing a specified number kof solutions which provide a good approximation to the Pareto curve.
Generation of multipartite spin entanglement from multimode squeezed states

We investigate the use of the Schwinger representation for casting multimode squeezed states into multipartite spin entangled states. While the generalization is not straightforward, we can still find highly entangled multipartite spin states.
What Are Textons

Textons refer to fundamental micro-structures in generic natural images and thus constitute the basic elements in early (preattentive) visual perception. However, the word "texton" remains a vague concept in the literature of computer vision and visual perception, and a precise mathematical definition has yet to be found. In this article, we argue that the definition of texton should be governed by a sound mathematical model of images, and the set of textons must be learned from, or best tuned to, an image ensemble. We adopt a generative image model that an image is a superposition of bases from an over-complete dictionary, then a texton is defined as a mini-template that consists of a varying number of image bases with some geometric and photometric configurations. By analogy to physics, if image bases are like protons, neutrons and electrons, then textons are like atoms. Then a small number of textons can be learned from training images as repeating micro-structures. We report four experiments for comparison. The first experiment computes clusters in feature space of filter responses. The second use transformed component analysis in both feature space and image patches. The third adopts a two-layer generative model where an image is generated by image bases and image bases are generated by textons. The fourth experiment shows textons from motion image sequences, which we call movetons.
Computing Diffusion State Distance Using Green’s Function and Heat Kernel on Graphs

The diffusion state distance (DSD) was introduced by Cao-Zhang-Park-Daniels-Crovella-Cowen-Hescott [PLoS ONE, 2013] to capture functional similarity in protein-protein interaction networks. They proved the convergence of DSD for non-bipartite graphs. In this paper, we extend the DSD to bipartite graphs using lazy-random walks and consider the general \(L_q\)-version of DSD. We discovered the connection between the DSD \(L_q\)-distance and Green’s function, which was studied by Chung and Yau [J. Combinatorial Theory (A), 2000]. Based on that, we computed the DSD \(L_q\)-distance for Paths, Cycles, Hypercubes, as well as random graphs \(G(n,p)\) and \(G(w_1,\ldots , w_n)\). We also examined the DSD distances of two biological networks.
Evaluating Search Engine Relevance with Click-Based Metrics

Automatically judging the quality of retrieval functions based on observable user behavior holds promise for making retrieval evaluation faster, cheaper, and more user centered. However, the relationship between observable user behavior and retrieval quality is not yet fully understood. In this chapter, we expand upon, Radlinski et al. (How does clickthrough data reflect retrieval quality, In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), 43–52, 2008), presenting a sequence of studies investigating this relationship for an operational search engine on the arXiv.org e-print archive. We find that none of the eight absolute usage metrics we explore (including the number of clicks observed, the frequency with which users reformulate their queries, and how often result sets are abandoned) reliably reflect retrieval quality for the sample sizes we consider. However, we find that paired experiment designs adapted from sensory analysis produce accurate and reliable statements about the relative quality of two retrieval functions. In particular, we investigate two paired comparison tests that analyze clickthrough data from an interleaved presentation of ranking pairs, and find that both give accurate and consistent results. We conclude that both paired comparison tests give substantially more accurate and sensitive evaluation results than the absolute usage metrics in our domain.
Enhancing the automatic generation of hints with expert seeding

The Hint Factory is an implementation of our novel method to automatically generate hints using past student data for a logic tutor. One disadvantage of the Hint Factory is the time needed to gather enough data on new problems in order to provide hints. In this paper we describe the use of expert sample solutions to "seed" the hint generation process. We show that just a few expert solutions give significant coverage (over 50%) for hints. This seeding method greatly speeds up the time needed to reliably generate hints. We discuss how this feature can be integrated into the Hint Factory and some potential pedagogical issues that the expert solutions introduce.
Rank Minimization Over Finite Fields: Fundamental Limits and Coding-Theoretic Interpretations

This paper establishes information-theoretic limits for estimating a finite-field low-rank matrix given random linear measurements of it. These linear measurements are obtained by taking inner products of the low-rank matrix with random sensing matrices. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the number of measurements required are provided. It is shown that these conditions are sharp and the minimum-rank decoder is asymptotically optimal. The reliability function of this decoder is also derived by appealing to de Caen's lower bound on the probability of a union. The sufficient condition also holds when the sensing matrices are sparse-a scenario that may be amenable to efficient decoding. More precisely, it is shown that if the n × n-sensing matrices contain, on average, Ω(nlog n) entries, the number of measurements required is the same as that when the sensing matrices are dense and contain entries drawn uniformly at random from the field. Analogies are drawn between the aforementioned results and rank-metric codes in the coding theory literature. In fact, we are also strongly motivated by understanding when minimum rank distance decoding of random rank-metric codes succeeds. To this end, we derive minimum distance properties of equiprobable and sparse rank-metric codes. These distance properties provide a precise geometric interpretation of the fact that the sparse ensemble requires as few measurements as the dense one.
A joint power harvesting and communication technology for smartphone centric ubiquitous sensing applications

With the popularization of smartphones, various smartphone centric ubiquitous sensing applications have emerged, which use a smartphone in conjunction with external sensors for data acquisition, processing, display, communication, and storage. Because smartphones made by different manufacturers do not have a common data interface, many ubiquitous sensing applications use the 3.5mm audio interface for communications so that they can work with different types of smartphones. The 3.5mm audio interface cannot provide DC power to external sensors. Thus, power needs to be harvested from an earphone channel. The existing technology uses one earphone channel to transfer data from a smartphone to external sensors and harvest power from the other earphone channel. Consequently, for many smartphones the technology cannot harvest enough power to support external sensors. In this paper, based on frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation scheme, we have proposed a joint power harvesting and communication technology that can simultaneously harvest power and transfer data with the same earphone channels. Circuit measurements show that by coherently harvesting power from both earphone channels, the proposed technology can extract more than two times of power as from one earphone channel. Meanwhile, demodulation tests show that our newly developed timer-based FSK demodulator can reliably recover the data transferred from a smartphone to external sensors without any error.
Path-Sensitive dataflow analysis with iterative refinement

In this paper, we present a new method for supporting abstraction refinement in path-sensitive dataflow analysis. We show how an adjustable merge criterion can be used as an interface to control the degree of abstraction. In particular, we partition the merge criterion with two sets of predicates — one related to the dataflow facts being propagated and the other related to path feasibility. These tracked predicates are then used to guide merge operations and path feasibility analysis, so that expensive computations are performed only at the right places. Refinement amounts to lazily growing the path predicate set to recover lost precision. We have implemented our refinement technique in ESP, a software validation tool for C/C++ programs. We apply ESP to validate a future version of Windows against critical security properties. Our experience suggests that applying iterative refinement to path-sensitive dataflow analysis is both effective in cutting down spurious errors and scalable enough for solving real world problems.
Time dependent changes in Schottky barrier mapping of the W/Si(001) interface utilizing ballistic electron emission microscopy

The W/Si(001) Schottky barrier height is mapped to nanoscale dimensions using ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) over a period of 21 days to observe changes in the interface electrostatics. Initially, the average spectrum is fit to a Schottky barrier height of 0.71 eV, and the map is uniform with 98% of the spectra able to be fit. After 21 days, the average spectrum is fit to a Schottky barrier height of 0.62 eV, and the spatial map changes dramatically with only 27% of the spectra able to be fit. Transmission electron microscopy shows the formation of an ultra-thin tungsten silicide at the interface, which increases in thickness over the 21 days. This increase is attributed to an increase in electron scattering and the changes are observed in the BEEM measurements. Interestingly, little to no change is observed in the I-V measurements throughout the 21 day period.
Stress Tensor Fluctuations and Passive Quantum Gravity

The quantum fluctuations of the stress tensor of a quantum field are discussed, as are the resulting space-time metric fluctuations. Passive quantum gravity is an approximation in which gravity is not directly quantized, but fluctuations of the space-time geometry are driven by stress tensor fluctuations. We discuss a decomposition of the stress tensor correlation function into three parts, and consider the physical implications of each part. The operational significance of metric fluctuations and the possible limits of validity of semiclassical gravity are discussed.
Particles as Bound States in Their Own Potentials

I consider the problem of computing the mass of a charged, gravitating particle in quantum field theory. It is shown how solving for the first quantized propagator of a particle in the presence of its own potentials reproduces the gauge and general coordinate invariant sum over an infinite class of diagrams. The distinguishing feature of this class of diagrams is that all closed loops contain part of the continuous matter line running from early to late times. The next order term would have one closed loop external to the continuous matter line, and so on. I argue that the gravitational potentials in the 0-th order term may permit the formation of bound states, which would then dominate the propagator. It is conceivable that this provides an tractable technique for computing the masses of fundamental particles from first principles. It is also conceivable that the expansion in external loops permits gravity to regulate certain ultraviolet divergences.
Remark about the spectrum of the p-form Laplacian under a collapse with curvature bounded below

We give a lower bound on the number of small positive eigenvalues of the p-form Laplacian in a certain type of collapse with curvature bounded below.
Labor markets in rural and urban Haiti--based on the first household survey for Haiti

This paper addresses labor markets in Haiti, including farm and nonfarm employment and income generation. The analyses are based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. The findings suggest that four key determinants of employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, gender, location, and migration status. This is emphasized when nonfarm activities are divided into low-return and high-return activities. The wage and producer income analyses reveal that education is key to earning higher wages and incomes. Moreover, producer incomes increase with farm size, land title, and access to tools, electricity, roads, irrigation, and other farm inputs.
First autonomous recording of in situ dissolved oxygen from free-ranging fish

Biologging technology has enhanced our understanding of the ecology of marine animals and has been central to identifying how oceanographic conditions drive patterns in their distribution and behavior. Among these environmental influences, there is increasing recognition of the impact of dissolved oxygen on the distribution of marine animals. Understanding of the impact of oxygen on vertical and horizontal movements would be advanced by contemporaneous in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen from animal-borne sensors instead of relying on environmental data that may not have appropriate spatial or temporal resolution. Here, we demonstrate the capabilities of dissolved oxygen pop-up satellite archival tags (DO-PATs) by presenting the results from calibration experiments and trial deployments of two prototype tags on bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus). The DO-PATs provided fast, accurate, and stable measurements in calibration trials and demonstrated high correlation with vertical profiles obtained via traditional ship-borne oceanographic instruments. Deployments on bluntnose sixgill sharks recorded oxygen saturations as low as 9.4 % and effectively captured the oceanography of the region when compared with World Ocean Atlas 2013 values. This is the first study to use an animal-borne device to autonomously measure and record in situ dissolved oxygen saturation from non-air-breathing marine animals. The DO-PATs maintained consistency over time and yielded measurements equivalent to industry standards for environmental sampling. Acquiring contemporaneous in situ measurements of dissolved oxygen saturation alongside temperature and depth data will greatly improve our ability to investigate the spatial ecology of marine animals and make informed predictions of the impacts of global climate change. The information returned from DO-PATs is relevant not only to the study of the ecology of marine animals but will also become a useful new tool for investigating the physical structure of the oceans.
Holographic cosmology and its relevant degrees of freedom

We reconsider the options for cosmological holography. We suggest that a global and time-symmetric version of the Fischler-Susskind bound is the most natural generalization of the holographic bound encountered in AdS and De Sitter space. A consistent discussion of cosmological holography seems to imply an understanding of the notion of ''number of degrees of freedom'' that deviates from its simple definition as the entropy of the current state. The introduction of a more adequate notion of degree of freedom makes the suggested variation of the Fischler-Susskind bound look like a stringent and viable bound in all 4-dimensional cosmologies without a cosmological constant.
Maximin safety: when failing to lose is preferable to trying to win

We present a new decision rule, maximin safety, that seeks to maintain a large margin from the worst outcome, in much the same way minimax regret seeks to minimize distance from the best. We argue that maximin safety is valuable both descriptively and normatively. Descriptively, maximin safety explains the well-known decoy effect, in which the introduction of a dominated option changes preferences among the other options. Normatively, we provide an axiomatization that characterizes preferences induced by maximin safety, and show that maximin safety shares much of the same behavioral basis with minimax regret.
Symbolic Localization Reduction with Reconstruction Layering and Backtracking

Localization reduction is an abstraction-refinement scheme for model checking which was introduced by Kurshan [12] as a means for tackling state explosion. It is completely automatic, but despite the work that has been done related to this scheme, it still suffers from computational complexity. In this paper we present algorithmic improvements to localization reduction that enabled us to overcome some of these problems. Namely, we present a new symbolic algorithm for path reconstruction including incremental refinement and backtracking. We have implemented these improvements and compared them to previous work on a large number of our industrial examples. In some cases the improvement was dramatic. Using these improvements we were able to verify circuits that we were not previously able to address.
The Class of Homothetic Isoquant Production Functions

COMMITTEE ON ECONOMETRICS AND MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS Working Paper No. 104 THE CLASS OF HOMOTHETIC ISOQUANT PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS by Simone Clemhout April, 1967 Note: This working paper is duplicated for private circulation and should not be quoted or referred to in publications without permission of the author. INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH University of California Berkeley, California
Collection-Oriented scientific workflows for integrating and analyzing biological data

Steps in scientific workflows often generate collections of results, causing the data flowing through workflows to become increasingly nested. Because conventional workflow components (or actors) typically operate on simple or application-specific data types, additional actors often are required to manage these nested data collections. As a result, conventional workflows become increasingly complex as data becomes more nested. This paper describes a new paradigm for developing scientific workflows that transparently manages nested data collections. Collection-oriented workflows have a number of advantages over conventional approaches including simpler workflow designs (e.g., requiring fewer actors and control-flow constructs) that are invariant under changes in data nesting. Our implementation within the Kepler scientific workflow system enables the explicit representation of collections and collection schemas, concurrent operation over collection contents via multi-level pipeline parallelism, and allows collection-aware actors to be composed readily from conventional actors.
Paying Peter and Paul: Benefits of a Hospital-Based Lay Pastoral Visitation Program

Lay chaplaincy in hospitals is an idea whose time has come. Its benefits are many. Patients receive more pastoral attention. The professional chaplain receives support and an opportunity to teach his or her craft. The hospital finds the cost-effectiveness of the chaplain greatly increased. The churches may utilize the program as a training ground for their own lay ministry. And the lay chaplains themselves are enabled to participate in a form of Christian service that is as old as the Church itself and deeply rewarding.
Proof of the Alternating Sign Matrix Conjecture

The number of $n \times n$ matrices whose entries are either $-1$, $0$, or $1$, whose row- and column- sums are all $1$, and such that in every row and every column the non-zero entries alternate in sign, is proved to be $$[1!4! \dots (3n-2)!] \over [n!(n+1)! \dots (2n-1)!],$$ as conjectured by Mills, Robbins, and Rumsey.
Second Trimester Sunlight and Asthma: Evidence from Two Independent Studies

AbstractOne in 12 Americans suffers from asthma, and its annual costs are estimated to exceed $50 billion. Yet the root causes of the disease remain unknown. A recent hypothesis posits that materna...
Biodiversity Conservation in Asia

Asian's remarkable economic growth brought many benefits but also fuelled threats to its ecosystems and biodiversity. Economic growth brings biodiversity threats but also conservation opportunities. Continued biodiversity loss is inevitable, but the types, areas and rates of biodiversity loss are not. Prioritising biodiversity conservation, tempered by what is tractable, remains a high priority. Policy and market distortions and failures significantly underprice biodiversity, undermine ecosystems and create perverse incentives, leading to over-consumption and under-conservation. Properly priced biodiversity creates price signals and incentives that account for all contributions from biodiversity and ecosystems. Habitat conservation remains the centrepiece of biodiversity conservation. The next steps forward include selected command-and-control measures and economic policies that eliminate perverse incentives and creating positive ones along with improved enforcement.
Interaction between variants in CLU and MS4A4E modulates Alzheimer's disease risk.

Abstract Introduction Ebbert et al. reported gene-gene interactions between rs11136000-rs670139 ( CLU - MS4A4E ) and rs3865444-rs670139 ( CD33 - MS4A4E ). We evaluate these interactions in the largest data set for an epistasis study. Methods We tested interactions using 3837 cases and 4145 controls from Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium using meta-analyses and permutation analyses. We repeated meta-analyses stratified by apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) e4 status, estimated combined odds ratio (OR) and population attributable fraction (cPAF), and explored causal variants. Results Results support the CLU - MS4A4E interaction and a dominant effect. An association between CLU - MS4A4E and APOE e4 negative status exists. The estimated synergy factor, OR, and cPAF for rs11136000-rs670139 are 2.23, 2.45, and 8.0, respectively. We identified potential causal variants. Discussion We replicated the CLU - MS4A4E interaction in a large case-control series and observed APOE e4 and possible dominant effect. The CLU - MS4A4E OR is higher than any Alzheimer's disease locus except APOE e4, APP , and TREM2 . We estimated an 8% decrease in Alzheimer's disease incidence without CLU - MS4A4E risk alleles and identified potential causal variants.
Firing rate dynamics in recurrent spiking neural networks with intrinsic and network heterogeneity

Heterogeneity of neural attributes has recently gained a lot of attention and is increasing recognized as a crucial feature in neural processing. Despite its importance, this physiological feature has traditionally been neglected in theoretical studies of cortical neural networks. Thus, there is still a lot unknown about the consequences of cellular and circuit heterogeneity in spiking neural networks. In particular, combining network or synaptic heterogeneity and intrinsic heterogeneity has yet to be considered systematically despite the fact that both are known to exist and likely have significant roles in neural network dynamics. In a canonical recurrent spiking neural network model, we study how these two forms of heterogeneity lead to different distributions of excitatory firing rates. To analytically characterize how these types of heterogeneities affect the network, we employ a dimension reduction method that relies on a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and probability density function equations. We find that the relationship between intrinsic and network heterogeneity has a strong effect on the overall level of heterogeneity of the firing rates. Specifically, this relationship can lead to amplification or attenuation of firing rate heterogeneity, and these effects depend on whether the recurrent network is firing asynchronously or rhythmically firing. These observations are captured with the aforementioned reduction method, and furthermore simpler analytic descriptions based on this dimension reduction method are developed. The final analytic descriptions provide compact and descriptive formulas for how the relationship between intrinsic and network heterogeneity determines the firing rate heterogeneity dynamics in various settings.
Two-dimensional bubble rafts

Abstract We show that magnetic bubbles and lipid monolayer bubbles belong to the same family of cellular pattern systems, whose best studied member is the two-dimensional soap froth. We analyse the family resemblances by showing that these systems share the phase space structure of the ideal planar froth. The dynamics of these systems is studied with the goal of seeing how their topological structure might arise and unravel. Monolayer bubbles evolve in time, while magnetic bubbles do not; we show that this is due to a symmetry breaking in the interactions that form the domains. We propose the Gibbs-Thompson effect as responsible for this breaking in monolayers, and show that it induces a dynamics which is, to lowest order, von Neumann's law.
A synthesis of the spiroketal subunit of (−)-calyculin A

Abstract Using a Ru catalyzed cyclization-addition, a short synthesis of the spiroketal core corresponding to the natural enantiomer of (−)-calyculin A from R-pantolactone emerges.
Renormalization group for interacting fermions in d > 1

Abstract A renormalization group transformation (RGT) that permits us to analyze the stability of fermionic systems to various perturbations in any number of dimensions is developed. An RGT that leaves invariant the free fermion system (on or off a lattice) is defined and interactions are classified as relevant, irrelevant or marginal. It is shown how the RGT automatically considers competing instabilities simultaneously, in contrast to mean-field theory, which focuses on just one. It is shown that a weak coupling only the BCS coupling is relevant unless there is nesting. Both Landau theory and the Kohn-Luttinger argument are viewed in the light of the renormalization group.
Baryons in the 1/n Expansion

Abstract In this paper the existing results concerning mesons and glue states in the large- N limit of QCD are reviewed, and it is shown how to fit baryons into this picture.
A note on the lack of symmetry in the graphical lasso

The graphical lasso (glasso) is a widely-used fast algorithm for estimating sparse inverse covariance matrices. The glasso solves an ? 1 penalized maximum likelihood problem and is available as an R library on CRAN. The output from the glasso, a regularized covariance matrix estimate Σ ? g l a s s o and a sparse inverse covariance matrix estimate ? ? g l a s s o , not only identify a graphical model but can also serve as intermediate inputs into multivariate procedures such as PCA, LDA, MANOVA, and others. The glasso indeed produces a covariance matrix estimate Σ ? g l a s s o which solves the ? 1 penalized optimization problem in a dual sense; however, the method for producing ? ? g l a s s o after this optimization is inexact and may produce asymmetric estimates. This problem is exacerbated when the amount of ? 1 regularization that is applied is small, which in turn is more likely to occur if the true underlying inverse covariance matrix is not sparse. The lack of symmetry can potentially have consequences. First, it implies that Σ ? g l a s s o - 1 ? ? ? g l a s s o and, second, asymmetry can possibly lead to negative or complex eigenvalues, rendering many multivariate procedures which may depend on ? ? g l a s s o unusable. We demonstrate this problem, explain its causes, and propose possible remedies.
Supply Chain Relationships and Contracts: The Impact of Repeated Interaction on Capacity Investment and Procurement

Consider a firm developing an innovative product. Due to market pressures, production must begin soon after the product development effort is complete, which requires that an upstream supplier invests in capacity while the design of the product and production process are in flux. Because the product is ill-defined at this point in time, the firms are unable to write court-enforceable contracts that specify the terms of trade or the supplier's capacity investment. However, the firms can adopt an informal agreement (relational contract) regarding the terms of trade and capacity investment. The potential for future business provides incentive for the firms to adhere to the relational contract. We show that the optimal relational contract may be complex, requiring the buyer to order more than her demand to indirectly monitor the supplier's capacity investment. We propose a simpler relational contract and show that it performs very well for a broad range of parameters. Finally, we identify characteristics of the business environment that make relational contracting particularly valuable.
Joining of melt-textured YBCO : a direct contact method.

We report a method for making weld joints, capable of transmitting high supercurrent densities, in bulk samples of melt-textured YBCO. The joining procedure is carried out in a flowing atmosphere of O2 to eliminate problems associated with nitrogen gas, which can become trapped in the joint. No filler or fluxing material is used. The method can be used to join large areas (several cm2) that are capable of transmitting supercurrent densities exceeding 104 A cm−2.
My Memories of Sakata-Sensei

The impact of Shoichi Sakata on particle physics in its formative years is narrated through my personal experiences.
A design for an auxiliary associative parallel processor

The use of highly parallel processing units for computing problems that are highly parallel in structure has been widely studied. The range of systems varies from the duplication of complete processing elements, through the provision of a set of specially tailored small processors attached to a main processor, to the use of cellular arrays; other writers have exploited the inherent parallelism of associative memories as components of parallel processing systems.
Solutions of the Noh problem for various equations of state using LIE groups

A method for developing invariant equations of state (EOS) for which solutions of the Noh problem will exist is developed. The ideal gas EOS is shown to be a special case of the general method. Explicit solutions of the Noh problem in planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometry are determined for a Mie-Gruneisen and the stiff gas equation of state.
Algebraic coset conformal field theories

All unitary Rational Conformal Field Theories (RCFT) are conjectured to be related to unitary coset Conformal Field Theories, i.e., gauged Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) models with compact gauge groups. In this paper we use subfactor theory and ideas of algebraic quantum field theory to approach coset Conformal Field Theories. Two conjectures are formulated and their consequences are discussed. Some results are presented which prove the conjectures in special cases. In particular, one of the results states that a class of representations of coset W N (N≥ 3) algebras with critical parameters are irreducible, and under the natural compositions (Connes' fusion), they generate a finite dimensional fusion ring whose structure constants are completely determined, thus proving a long-standing conjecture about the representations of these algebras.
Fearing fear: gender and economic discourse

Economic discourse—or the lack of it—about fear is gendered on at least three fronts. First, while masculine-associated notions of reason and mind have historically been prioritized in mainstream economics, fear—along with other emotions and embodiment—has tended to be culturally associated with femininity. Research on cognitive “gender schema,” then, may at least partly explain the near absence of discussions of fear within economic research. Second, in the extremely rare cases where fear and emotion are alluded to within the contemporary economics literature on risk aversion, there is a tendency to (overly-)strongly associate them with women. Finally, historians and philosophers of science have suggested that the failure to consider the full range of human emotions and experience may be itself rooted in fear: a fear of the feminine. This aversion to discussing fear—especially fear as experienced by men—contributes to serious problems, especially in regard to financial market instability and ecological threats.
★-Wars episode I: the phantom anomaly

Abstract As pointed out, chiral non-commutative theories exist, and examples can be constructed via string theory. Gauge anomalies require the matter content of individual gauge group factors, including U (1) factors, to be non-chiral. All “bad” mixed gauge anomalies, and also all “good” (e.g., for π 0 → γγ ) ABJ type flavor anomalies, automatically vanish in non-commutative gauge theories. We interpret this as being analogous to string theory, and an example of UV/IR mixing: non-commutative gauge theories automatically contain “closed string”, Green–Schwarz fields, which cancel these anomalies.
Large eddy simulation of wind turbine wake dynamics in the stable boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Recently, an actuator disk parameterization was implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind turbine wakes. To thoroughly verify this model, simulations of various types of turbines and atmospheric conditions must be evaluated against corresponding experimental data. In this work, numerical simulations are compared to nacelle-based scanning lidar measurements taken in stable atmospheric conditions during a field campaign conducted at a wind farm in the western United States. Using several wake characteristics—such as the velocity deficit, centerline location, and wake width—as metrics for model verification, the simulations show good agreement with the observations. Notable results include a high average velocity deficit, decreasing from 73% at a downwind distance x of 1.2 rotor diameters (D) to 25% at x = 6.6D, resulting from a low average wind speed and therefore high average turbine thrust coefficient. Moreover, the wake width expands from 1.4D at x = 1.2D to 2.3D at x = 6.6D. Finally, new features—namely rotor tilt and drag from the nacelle and tower—are added to the existing actuator disk model in WRF-LES. Compared to the rotor, the effect of the tower and nacelle on the flow is relatively small but nevertheless important for an accurate representation of the entire turbine. Adding rotor tilt to the model causes the vertical location of the wake center to shift upward. Continued advancement of the actuator disk model in WRF-LES will help lead to optimized turbine siting and controls at wind farms.
Copper-catalyzed stereospecific N-allenylations of amides. Syntheses of optically enriched chiral allenamides.

Syntheses of chiral allenamides via a stereospecific amidation of optically enriched allenyl iodides using catalytic copper(I) salt and N,N‘-dimethylethylene-diamine are described here.
Novel constitutions? New regimes of openness in synthetic biology

Synthetic biology is typically described as an arena in which new kinds of biological entities are being created via novel ‘engineering-based’ means of tinkering with life and its component parts. This research domain is also an arena of social experimentation, in that some advocates of synthetic biology are actively promoting new property regimes aimed at establishing various forms of ‘open biology’. This article considers how these emerging visions of open biology are implicated in the construction of political subjects and the relations among them. The article contrasts two policy discourses for understanding intellectual property: the traditional innovation perspective and the less well-institutionalized but clearly emerging politics-of-technology perspective. These discourses serve as heuristic devices that offer different perspectives from which to view emerging property regimes in the synthetic biology arena. As a concrete example of an open biology regime, the article then turns to the BioBricks initiative and examines the regime being imagined and constituted in its vision of open synthetic biology. In this way, the article explores the question of whether and in what ways the open source regimes currently being proposed actually address increasingly pressing questions about how property rights in emerging technology impinge on democratic decision making.
Atom optics - From de Broglie waves to Heisenberg ferromagnets

We review some of the key developments that lead to the field of atom optics, and discuss how it has recently began to make connections with Werner Heisenberg's trailblazing work on magnetism.
A method to search for strong galaxy-galaxy lenses in optical imaging surveys

We present a semi-automated method to search for strong galaxy-galaxy lenses in optical imaging surveys. Our search technique constrains the shape of strongly lensed galaxies (or arcs) in a multiparameter space, which includes the third-order (octopole) moments of objects. This method is applied to the Deep Lens Survey (DLS), a deep ground-based weak lensing survey imaging to R ∼ 26. The parameter space of arcs in the DLS is simulated using real galaxies extracted from deep Hubble Space Telescope fields in order to more accurately reproduce the properties of arcs. Arcs are detected in the DLS using a pixel thresholding method and candidate arcs are selected within this multiparameter space. Examples of strong galaxy-galaxy lens candidates discovered in the DLS F2 field (4 deg 2 ) are presented.
Electric field tuning of superconductivity in lanthanum-doped strontium titanate field-effect transistors

Abstract We report on the electric field modulation of superconductivity in thin-film field-effect transistors based on lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (La:STO) channels with n-type channel carrier densities in the range of 3–7×1019 cm−3 and thickness in the range of 75–150 nm and undoped strontium titanate (STO) gate insulation. Electric field tuning of normal state resistance and channel critical current are observed in both enhancement and depletion modes. Gate modulation of superconductivity at finite frequency has been observed and is consistent with a small-signal analysis.
Dependence of remote sensing evapotranspiration algorithm on spatial resolution

Abstract Most of the existing satellite-based evapotranspiration algorithms have been developed using fine-resolution Landsat TM and ASTER data. However, these algorithms are often applied to coarse-resolution MODIS data. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of this approach using data from ASTER overpasses of the Las Cruces region in New Mexico, which consisted of irrigated and bare land surface conditions in a desert climate, and a satellite-based evapotranspiration algorithm which has been developed for the Las Cruces region using fine-resolution ASTER data. The evaluation technique consists of comparing evapotranspiration calculated in two ways: first, calculate at the ASTER resolution and average to the MODIS resolution; and second, calculate directly at the MODIS resolution by aggregating the ASTER data to the MODIS resolution. Results show that applying the satellite-based algorithms, which are developed at ASTER resolution, to MODIS resolution leads to ET estimates that (1) preserve the overall spatial pattern (spatial correlation in excess of 0.90), (2) increase the spatial standard deviation and maximum value, and (3) have modest conditional bias: underestimate low ET rates (
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Surfaced Roads in the Eastern Rice Region of India

In a recent study, Easter, Abel, and Norton attempted to measure the contribution of various inputs to total output in the eastern rice region (ERR) of India.1 They included both the traditional inputs such as land, labor, and fertilizer as well as nontraditional inputs such as irrigation, technology, environmental factors, and infrastructure. They estimated production functions in log form using district level data and found that the production elasticity on surfaced roads was highly significant and very stable under alternative equation specifications. The present research note uses their estimated production elasticity on surfaced roads (0.208) in estimating a benefit-cost measure of public investment in surfaced roads in the ERR. In this paper, a model is set up to estimate the benefits, then costs are estimated, and, finally, the estimated benefits and costs are joined together in a benefitcost ratio. According to the Easter-Abel-Norton (EAN) study: "Surfaced roads appear to be important in explaining productivity differences among districts. . . The absence of roads in a heavy rainfall area such as the rice region has the effect of raising input prices paid by farmers and lowering output prices received by them due to higher transportation costs." Following this, the benefits of public investment in surfaced roads may be assessed as follows. Consider figure 1, which depicts the basic economic interrelationships between the rural producing and consuming sector, the marketing sector, and the nonrural consuming sector. Figure 1(a) describes the supply (S) and demand (D) curves for the rural or food surplus area. Figure 1(b) describes the excess supply (ES) curve from this area and a demand (DU) curve for the urban or food deficit area. Figure 1(c) describes the supply (SM) and demand (DM) curves for marketing services, where the supply of marketing services are assumed to be perfectly elastic over the observed range of services supplied. This is thought to be reasonable, in the absence of congestion costs, following some earlier research (for example, Ruttan).2 Using a perfectly competitive model, the last mentioned curve is a vertical subtraction of the ES from the DU curve.
Studies of the Bc meson at CDF

We present the latest measurements of the B c meson properties using 360 p b −1 of data collected by the CDF detector. The results include the B c mass and the ratio of branching fraction B c → J / ψ l with respect to B → J / ψ K .
Two commuting operators associated with a tridiagonal pair

Let K denote a field and let V denote a vector space over K with finite positive dimension. We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A:V→V and A∗:V→V that satisfy the following four conditions: (i) Each of A,A∗ is diagonalizable; (ii) there exists an ordering {Vi}i=0d of the eigenspaces of A such that A∗Vi⊆Vi-1+Vi+Vi+1 for 0⩽i⩽d, where V-1=0 and Vd+1=0; (iii) there exists an ordering {Vi∗}i=0δ of the eigenspaces of A∗ such that AVi∗⊆Vi-1∗+Vi∗+Vi+1∗ for 0⩽i⩽δ, where V-1∗=0 and Vδ+1∗=0; (iv) there does not exist a subspace W of V such that AW⊆W, A∗W⊆W, W≠0, W≠V. We call such a pair a tridiagonal pair on V. It is known that d=δ; to avoid trivialities assume d⩾1. We show that there exists a unique linear transformation Δ:V→V such that (Δ-I)Vi∗⊆V0∗+V1∗+⋯+Vi-1∗ and Δ(Vi+Vi+1+⋯+Vd)=V0+V1+⋯+Vd-i for 0⩽i⩽d. We show that there exists a unique linear transformation Ψ:V→V such that ΨVi⊆Vi-1+Vi+Vi+1 and Ψ-ΛVi∗⊆V0∗+V1∗+⋯+Vi-2∗ for0⩽i⩽d, where Λ=(Δ-I)(θ0-θd)-1 and θ0 (resp. θd) denotes the eigenvalue of A associated with V0 (resp. Vd). We characterize Δ,Ψ in several ways. There are two well-known decompositions of V called the first and second split decomposition. We discuss how Δ,Ψ act on these decompositions. We also show how Δ,Ψ relate to each other. Along this line we have two main results. Our first main result is that Δ,Ψ commute. In the literature on TD pairs, there is a scalar β used to describe the eigenvalues. Our second main result is that each of Δ±1 is a polynomial of degree d in Ψ, under a minor assumption on β.
Theory of Superconductivity

A quantum-mechanical model has been developed exhibiting the characteristic properties of superconductors. Localized "atomic" wave functions are used to construct many-electron wave functions obeying the exclusion principle and corresponding to definite electronic localization ($\ensuremath{\varphi}$ functions). The crystal translations will take these over into a set of, say $\ensuremath{\omega}$, equivalent $\ensuremath{\varphi}$-functions. Quantum resonance of these provides a zero-order wave function with the correct symmetry properties. ($\ensuremath{\Psi}$-functions.) The $\ensuremath{\varphi}$-functions of small $\ensuremath{\omega}$ have a high translational symmetry and are referred to as "electron-lattices." The model has super-conducting properties if its lowest state is described by a $\ensuremath{\psi}$-function obtained through the resonance of at least three resonating electron lattices, and if this state is somewhat depressed below the continuum of high $\ensuremath{\omega}$-states. The latter can also be described in the standard band formalism. In the absence of external fields the lowest state is without a current. If the transition from $\ensuremath{\varphi}$- to $\ensuremath{\psi}$-functions is carried out in the presence of a magnetic field, one automatically obtains a current "induced" by the field, and connected with it by the well-known London relation. The present method is not adequate to prove that the conditions stated are actually satisfied in superconductors. Nevertheless, qualitative quantum-chemical arguments make it appear plausible that these conditions are satisifed in the regions of the periodic table where the actual superconductors are located. Conversely, if the theory is accepted, a rather detailed insight is gained into the quantum-chemical properties of superconductors. The recent experimental and theoretical work on the isotope effect is being discussed.