cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural abundance 17O NMR spectroscopy of heteroaromatic nitro compounds

The 17O chemical shift data, at natural abundance, for selected nitroquinolines, nitroindoles, nitroindazoles and nitrothiophenes are reported. In the absence of a peri or a lone-pair repulsion effect, the nitroquinolines' chemical shifts differ little from those of their carbocyclic analogs. However, the signal for 5-nitroquinoline, 2, is deshielded by 25 ppm compared to 6-nitroquinoline, 1, and the 17O nucleus in 8-nitroquinoline, 3, is deshielded by 49 ppm compared to that in 1. Both these shifts are attributed to rotation of the nitro group from the plane of the heteroaromatic ring arising from peri hydrogen interaction and lone pair repulsion, respectively. The signals for nitro groups on electron excessive ring systems (e.g., indoles and thiophenes) are shielded relative to corresponding ones in electron deficient heterocyclic ring system analogs. The chemical shifts for the π-excessive systems are interpreted in terms of electronic effects.
Adenosine release upon spinal cord injury.

Abstract The hypothesis that release of adenosine following spinal cord injury (SCI) may provide neuroprotective feedback is explored. Consistent with this hypothesis, substantial release of adenosine, estimated to reach 100 μM in the extracellular space, was detected by microdialysis sampling immediately following contusion SCI. There is also considerable release of excitatory amino acids following SCI. The latter was not affected by administration of the general adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline and the A1 antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, implying that the adenosine released following SCI does not significantly influence the release of neurotoxic amino acids. Administration of the concentration of glutamate released upon SCI into the spinal cord caused only about 1% as much release of adenosine as did injury, evidence that elevated excitatory amino acids do not elicit an appreciable fraction of the release of adenosine that follows SCI. Results obtained suggest that release of endogenous adenosine is not neuroprotective by blocking release of excitatory amino acids following SCI.
Experience With New Chemotherapeutic Agents in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer mortality, remains a significant health-care problem among men and women in the United States, despite an overall 20-year decline in the incidence of cigarette smoking. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises 75 to 80% of all lung cancer cases. The metastatic nature of this disease has been responsible for the poor survival statistics reported to date and emphasizes the need for effective systemic treatment. Prior to 1993, attempts to identify new chemotherapeutic agents and combinations with activity against NSCLC met with little success. Recently, however, several new compounds and classes of compounds have offered some hope for at least small improvements in response and survival while being relatively well tolerated in patients with this disease. This article presents current findings for some of these agents, including the taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel, the topoisomerase inhibitors irinotecan and topotecan, and the novel pyrimidine analogue gemcitabine. In addition, the University of Southern Califomia/Norris Cancer Center experience with the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is presented.
Coupled heat and mass transfer by mixed convection from a vertical plate in a saturated porous medium

Abstract Similarity solutions are reported for coupled heat and mass transfer by mixed convection from a vertical plate in a saturated porous medium. The governing parameters for the problem under consideration are the Lewis number Le, the buoyancy ratio N and mixed convection parameter Ra/Pe. Depending on the values of N and Le, the heat and mass transfer results may range from the asymptotic free convection limit to that of the forced convection limit. The results are presented in terms of the relation between the transfer coefficients and the governing parameters.
Percentage binding of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroisoandrosterone in human plasma

Abstract Equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration by centrifugation and by vacuum gave similar results for the percentage binding of testosterone (T), androstenedione (Δ) and dehydroisoandrosterone (D) when using plasma samples diluted 1:5 at 37°C. The percentage binding of T is significantly lower in male plasma than in female plasma. Pregnancy and estrogen treatment in males increase T binding, whereas ProveraRtreatment in males decreases it. In addition to T itself, 5α-androstan-3α, 17β-diol, estradiol-17β and to a smaller extent estrone can compete for T binding. The percentage binding of Δ was similar in male and female plasma. Pregnancy and estrogen or ProveraR treatment in males had no effect. In range of concentration used, there was no binding competition by the steroid tested. Although the percentage binding of D was not influenced by sex, it was increased in pregnant women and estrogen-treated men. There was also a slight competition by T.
Low-density lipoprotein has an enormous capacity to bind (E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enal (HNE): detection and characterization of lysyl and histidyl adducts containing multiple molecules of HNE.

(E)-4-Hydroxynon-2-enal (HNE), an electrophilic bifunctional cytotoxic lipid peroxidation product, forms covalent adducts with nucleophilic side chains of amino acid residues. HNE-derived adducts h...
Thiazolidinediones—improving endothelial function and potential long-term benefits on cardiovascular disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes

Endothelial dysfunction, which leads to impaired vasodilation, is an early event in the development of atherosclerosis. A number of mechanisms involving, for example, cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, and cytokines, contribute to this inflammatory disease, and insulin resistance plays a cardinal role in accelerating these processes. Hyperglycemia and other metabolic abnormalities that are commonly associated with insulin resistance also contribute to impaired endothelial function. In addition, the important role of the endothelium in damage repair following a cardiovascular event is emerging. The combination of proatherogenic factors in patients with type 2 diabetes results in blunted endothelial function and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Insulin-sensitizing agents such as thiazolidinediones have demonstrated a number of clinical benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties, which may impact on the course of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that thiazolidinediones improve endothelial function in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes.
Editorial Comment to Significance of early prostate-specific antigen values after salvage radiotherapy in recurrent prostate cancer patients treated with surgery.

Given that up to 35% of patients develop biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP), the use of salvage radiation therapy (SRT) to prevent progression and reduce mortality is appropriate for many patients. However, unlike RP or primary radiation where definitions of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) failure are widely accepted and allow early identification of patients for secondary treatments, there is no standard definition of PSA recurrence after SRT. Identifying PSA response criteria that predict tumor progression after SRT would allow the subset of men at greatest risk to receive early aggressive next-line treatment with the intent to improve long-term outcomes. To address this specific matter, Chang et al., in the current issue of International Journal of Urology, examined whether the absolute PSA value or changes in PSA after SRT predicted clinical recurrence-free survival among 167 men who received SRT after RP. During a 53-month median follow-up period, 12% of men had a clinical recurrence (local, nodal or distant metastases), with the majority being nodal or distant. Just two factors were significantly predictive of clinical recurrence: absolute PSA level at 4 months post-SRT (<0.2 ng/mL had better outcomes), and the ratio of PSA at 4-month post-SRT to pre-SRT PSA (ratios <0.45 had better outcomes). These results are indeed encouraging and if reproduced in larger studies, post-SRT PSA cut-offs could translate into clinical practice to help practitioners caring for SRT patients. However, before these results can be utilized in clinical practice, other clinical and pathological factors that lead to a poor PSA response after SRT, such as pre-SRT PSA levels, PSA doubling time and adverse pathological features after RP, should also be investigated in larger studies with longer follow up. Specifically, PSA doubling time was not evaluated in the present study, though others have shown it predicts response to SRT. In putting these results in context, it is likely that men with an inadequate PSA response to SRT have residual disease outside the area of radiation, and are no longer candidates for further local treatment. As such, these men might be considered to harbor micrometastatic disease, and thus could benefit from early initiation of systemic therapy (i.e. androgen deprivation therapy). Although this issue can only be solved by prospective clinical trials, these men at the least are at high risk of clinical progression and require close follow up.
To Reveal Thy Heart Perchance to Reveal the World

Ronald PELIAS, ein Professor fur speech communications, verwendet eine Vielzahl an Schreibmethoden als Beispiele einer alternative Forschung, um den Leser(inne)n auf diese Weise einen selten wahrgenommenen und beachteten Aspekt akademischen Lebens nahezubringen: das Herz. In den ersten Kapiteln des Buches versucht PELIAS, sein "Herz" in den Vordergrund zu stellen und auf diese Weise seine Verletzlichkeit, seine Menschlichkeit, sein "In-der-Welt-sein" sichtbar zu machen. In spateren Kapiteln verortet er "das Herz" im Rahmen einer autoethnografischen Studie in dem Kontext akademischen Lebens. In meinem Rezensionsaufsatz diskutiere ich PELIAS Buch vor dem Hintergrund vorliegender autoethnographischer Literatur und subjektivistischer Forschung. Ausgehend von PELIAS Autoethnografie des akademischen Lebens unterstreiche ich dann die Nutzlichkeit und Notwendigkeit solcher alternativer Methoden. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs050279
Physiochemical, mineralogical, and isotopic characterization of magnetite-rich iron oxides formed by thermophilic iron-reducing bacteria

Thermophilic (45-75{degrees}C) iron-reducing bacteria obtained from two sedimentary basins in Virginia and Colorado, USA, reduced amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide to form magnetite-rich (>60% in most samples) iron oxides in acetate- or H{sub 2}/CO{sub 2}-enriched cultures. The mineralogical compositions of the iron oxides were determined by X-ray diffraction and oxidation state analyses. Significantly lower Eh values ( -100 mV). The pH values in acetate-enriched cultures did not change significantly from the starting value siderite was formed in addition to magnetite. The microbial production of magnetic and siderite was consistent, on a thermodynamic basis, with Eh-pH conditions determined for these experiments. Examination of the magnetite-rich iron oxides by scanning electron microscopy showed extracellular aggregates of <200 nm and no distinguishable increase in particle size over a period of 20 days. Average values of oxygen isotope fractionation between the magnetite-rich iron oxides (io) and water (wt), expressed as 10{sup 3} ln {alpha}{sub io-wt}, ranged from -0.09% at 50{degrees}C to -1.08{per_thousand} at 70{degrees}C. These values did not differ significantly among various cultures of different growth rates, suggesting that a kinetic isotopic effect is either unimportant or reproducible during microbial magnetic formation.more » Results of this research indicate that studies combining microbial activity, solution chemistry, mineralogy, and oxygen isotopes can provide insight into the environmental conditions and mechanisms for biogenic iron mineral formation in natural systems. 62 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Dynamic Repositioning of CD4 and CD8 Genes during T Cell Development

Although stable repression of CD4 and CD8 genes is a central feature of T cell lineage commitment, we lack detailed information about the timing and mechanism of this repression. Stable gene repression has been linked to the position of genes within the nucleus. Therefore, information about the nuclear position of CD4 and CD8 genes during T cell development could provide insights into both the mechanism of regulation of CD4 and CD8 genes, and the process of lineage commitment. Here, we report that lineage-specific repression of CD4 and CD8 genes is associated with the repositioning of alleles close to heterochromatin. We also provide evidence that the relocalization of CD4 and CD8 genes to heterochromatin can occur as an early response to positive selection signals. We discuss our results in terms of our current knowledge of CD4 and CD8 gene regulation and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment.
Genetic Aspects of Rous Sarcoma-Induced Tumor Expression in Chickens

Abstract In part A of this study, six genotypes involving all combinations of the B blood group haplotypes, B1 , B12, and B15, in White Leghorn inbred line HN were compared for resistance to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumors. Results confirm the findings of others that tumor regression is controlled by genes (R-Rs, r-Rs) linked to the B complex. A comparison of tumor expression of the homozygotes, B1 B1, B12 B12, and B15 B15 demonstrates that R-Rs-12 linked to B12 and r-Rs-1 linked to B1 behave essentially as a fully dominant/recessive allelic pair, but for the allelic pair linked to B12 and B15 (i.e., R-Rs-12 and r-Rs-15) the former is incompletely dominant. In addition, the alleles, r-Rs-1 and r-Rs-15, linked to B1 and B15, respectively are each recessive to the B12-linked allele, R-Rs-12, but differ distinctly one from the other. These results demonstrate that these B complex-linked genes, controlling tumor expression, belong to a multiple allelic series. In part B, the question considered was whether or not a specific B complex-linked locus is required to regress a tumor induced by a specific RSV subgroup. Eight highly inbred Leghorn lines segregating for different B complex haplotypes plus two moderately inbred (40%) heavy-breed lines were studied. Each genetic group was challenged with each of three RSV subgroups, A, B, and C. Although the data were not sufficient to decisively choose either the single- or a multiple-locus hypothesis, the former gave a statistically satisfactory fit to the data. For the 10 different B complex haplotypes, 3 demonstrated significant differences in tumor regression between virus subgroups. This is considered evidence for multiple loci. However, when the results are pooled over the 10 haplotypes, the differences were not statistically significant. This would support the alternative hypothesis of a single B complex-linked locus controlling tumor regression.
A hybrid simulation framework for the newsvendor problem with advertising and viral marketing

The newsvendor problem is known as one the classical problems in the inventory management context which has received a great deal of attention during the past few decades. In this paper, a two-level simulation-based framework is proposed, where in the first level, agent-based simulation is developed to model the effect of advertising intensity and word-of-mouth on the demand in order to estimate the demand distribution under various levels of advertising intensity. The results from the agent-based model are then plugged into a Monte Carlo simulation model in order to make the final decision on the optimal advertising intensity and economical order quantity with the objective to maximize the expected profit. The proposed approach is then applied to a hypothetical newsvendor problem to illustrate its applicability as a decision support tool for solving real-world newsvendor problems.
Permanent magnet-based guided-wave magnetooptic Bragg cell modules

Compact magnetostatic forward volume wave-based guided-wave magnetooptic (MO) Bragg cell modules have been realized by utilizing a pair of small samarium-cobalt permanent magnets together with a pair of current-carrying coils. A highly uniform DC magnetic field, has been obtained in the air gap where yttrium iron garnet-gadolinium gallium garnet (YIG-GdGG) waveguide samples are inserted. A tunable DC magnetic field as large as 2446 Oe corresponding to a tunable carrier frequency band of 6.85 GHz has been achieved. The resulting MO Bragg cell modules, at the optical wavelength of 1.303 mu m, with carrier frequencies ranging from 2.0 to 12.0 GHz have provided performance characteristics comparable to those obtained by using a bulk electromagnet. Compact MO Bragg cell modules have potential applications, such as scanning, switching of light beams, and real-time processing of wide-band microwave signals without requiring frequency down-conversion. >
A Convenient Procedure for the Formation of Enol Acetates Under Basic Conditions

Abstract In connection with several different synthetic projects we have had occasion to look for effective methods for the synthesis of enol acetates under basic conditions. The classical method1 involving acetic anhydride and sodium or potassium acetate generally provides average yields at best, and sometimes very poor yields. In searching for more effective alternatives, we have found several which work well for specific compounds, and one method which gives yields superior to the reported literature yields in all cases but one that we have examined. We wish to report briefly on that method.
Distributional coalitions and other sources of economic stagnation: on Olson's Rise and Decline of Nations

One of the most important recent contributions to the field of comparative political economy is Mancur Olson's The Rise and Decline of Nations. In that work, Olson deduces, from his logic of collective action, a series of implications regarding the impact of social organizations—in particular, “distributional coalitions”—on economic growth that can explain variations in national growth rates across a wide range of time and space. This article considers the assumptions upon which that logic is founded, the plausibility of the several implications drawn from that logic, and the application of the theory to account for differences among five nations in rates of economic growth in the post-World War II era. The analysis suggests that the characteristics of group activity emphasized by Olson represent, at best, only a small— perhaps negligible—part of the explanation of cross-national differences in growth. Instead, it suggests that an important source of the variation among nations in growth rates is the international political and economic system. In particular, the discussion of the German, Japanese, and British cases suggests that stagnation (or growth) is, to a considerable extent, the product of a nation's position in the world economy, the policy responses through which governments seek to perpetuate or improve that position, and the constraints upon (or opportunities for) growth-oriented domestic economic policy posed by that position.
Discovery and Characterization of Field Resistance to Bt Maize: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Puerto Rico

Transgenic maize, Zea mays L., event TC1507 produces the Cry1F protein to provide protection from feeding by several important lepidopteran pests, including Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Reports of reduced field performance against this species in Puerto Rico were investigated, and laboratory bioassays showed that S. frugiperda collected from the affected area exhibited lower sensitivity to the Cry1F protein compared with typical colonies from other regions. The resistance was shown to be autosomally inherited and highly recessive. The Puerto Rico colony was shown to be moderately less sensitive than susceptible laboratory strains to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, but the differences in sensitivity were dramatically smaller than for Cry1F. Potential contributory factors to the emergence of resistance to Cry1F in Puerto Rico populations of S. frugiperda include the tropical island geography, unusually large population sizes in 2006, and drought conditions reducing the availability of alternative hosts. In response to this resistance incident, the technology providers have stopped commercial sales of TC1507 maize in Puerto Rico pending potential reversion to susceptibility.
M 3 Express: A low-cost independently-mobile reconfigurable modular robot

This paper presents M3Express (Modular-Mobile-Multirobot), a new design for a low-cost modular robot. The robot is self-mobile, with three independently driven wheels that also serve as connectors. The new connectors can be automatically operated, and are based on stationary magnets coupled to mechanically actuated ferromagnetic yoke pieces. Extensive use is made of plastic castings, laser cut plastic sheets, and low-cost motors and electronic components. Modules interface with a host PC via Bluetooth® radio. An off-board camera, along with a set of modules and a control PC form a convenient, low-cost system for rapidly developing and testing control algorithms for modular reconfigurable robots. Experimental results demonstrate mechanical docking, connector strength, and accuracy of dead reckoning locomotion.
Rheology of polyisobutylene. II. Low molecular weight polymers

The flow and retarded-elastic behavior of four polyisobutylene specimens (Mw 1.09 × 104 to 8.54 × 104), measured in a concentric cylinder rotational viscometer, are reported. Under the conditions investigated the non-Newtonian flow behavior can be represented by Ferry's equation. The logarithm of the viscosity η varied linearly with the reciprocal of the square of the absolute temperature. The time-scale for retarded elasticity was found to vary with temperature in the same way as the viscosity. The normalized retarded elasticity functions at temperatures corresponding to unit viscosity are substantially identical. The time corresponding to a normalized retarded elastic compliance of 0.5 is about 10−5 η second when η is in poises. The reciprocal steady state shear compliances 1/J and internal shear moduli Gi in Ferry's equation are of the same order of magnitude for each polymer. The retardation time function L(ln τ) is calculated for one of the polymers, and then the dynamic response; these results are in good agreement with dynamic measurements on this material. From a consideration of the stress relaxation behavior of high molecular polymers, it is pointed out that there must exist another retarded elasticity mechanism, the time-scale of which depends only on temperature and not on molecular weight. This second mechanism is masked in the reported experiments on low molecular polymers.
The velocity of climate change

The ranges of plants and animals are moving in response to recent changes in climate. As temperatures rise, ecosystems with 'nowhere to go', such as mountains, are considered to be more threatened. However, species survival may depend as much on keeping pace with moving climates as the climate's ultimate persistence. Here we present a new index of the velocity of temperature change (km yr(-1)), derived from spatial gradients ( degrees C km(-1)) and multimodel ensemble forecasts of rates of temperature increase ( degrees C yr(-1)) in the twenty-first century. This index represents the instantaneous local velocity along Earth's surface needed to maintain constant temperatures, and has a global mean of 0.42 km yr(-1) (A1B emission scenario). Owing to topographic effects, the velocity of temperature change is lowest in mountainous biomes such as tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (0.08 km yr(-1)), temperate coniferous forest, and montane grasslands. Velocities are highest in flooded grasslands (1.26 km yr(-1)), mangroves and deserts. High velocities suggest that the climates of only 8% of global protected areas have residence times exceeding 100 years. Small protected areas exacerbate the problem in Mediterranean-type and temperate coniferous forest biomes. Large protected areas may mitigate the problem in desert biomes. These results indicate management strategies for minimizing biodiversity loss from climate change. Montane landscapes may effectively shelter many species into the next century. Elsewhere, reduced emissions, a much expanded network of protected areas, or efforts to increase species movement may be necessary.
Toward quantitative fetal heart rate monitoring

Continuous electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring during labor is motivated by the clinical experience that fetal distress causes loss of FHR variation and the occurrence of decelerations late during uterine contraction. This practice is of uncertain clinical benefit, perhaps because the interpretation is qualitative. We have developed new quantitative measures and analyzed cardiotocograph records from 148 consecutive patients, 44 of whom had at least one "nonreassuring" epoch. In multivariate regression models, measures of deceleration and variability were significantly associated with the obstetrician's diagnosis (receiver operating characteristic area 0.84, p<0.05). This approach may be useful clinically.
The importance of terrestrial subsidies in stream food webs varies along a stream size gradient

Cross system subsidies of energy and materials can be a substantial fraction of food web fluxes in ecosystems, especially when autochthonous production is strongly limited by light or nutrients. We explored whether assimilation of terrestrial energy varied in specific consumer taxa collected from streams of different sizes and resource availabilities. Since headwater streams are often unproductive, we expected that inputs from surrounding terrestrial systems (i.e. leaf litter, terrestrial invertebrates) would be a more important food source for consumers than in mid-size rivers that have more open canopies and higher amounts of primary production available for consumers. We collected basal resources, invertebrates, and fish along a gradient in stream size in the Adirondack Mountains (NY, USA) and in Trinidad and Tobago and analyzed all samples for hydrogen isotopes as a means of differentiating biomass derived from allochthonous versus autochthonous sources. We found significant differences in allochthonous energy use within individual consumer taxa, showing that some taxa range from being entirely allochthonous to entirely autochthonous depending on where they were collected on the stream size gradient (grazers and collector–gatherer functional feeding groups), while other taxa are relatively fixed in the source of energy they assimilate (shredder and predator functional feeding groups). Consistent with expectations, allochthonous energy use was positively correlated with canopy cover in both regions for most feeding groups, with individuals from small, shaded streams having a more pronounced allochthonous signal than individuals collected from larger streams with less canopy cover. However, consumers in the shredder/detritivore feeding group did not vary among sites in their allochthonous energy use, and had a mostly allochthonous signal regardless of canopy cover and algal biomass. Our results demonstrate that the importance of energy from terrestrial subsidies can vary markedly but are similar in both temperate and tropical streams, suggesting a widely consistent pattern.
Incidence and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in a high risk trauma population

Background Pelvic fractures, lower extremity injuries, acute head or spinal injury, and extended bedrest place trauma patients at an increased risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). We reviewed patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBI), spinal cord injuries (SCI), and lower extremity fractures (LEF) to examine our DVT and PE incidence and evaluate the success of our DVT and PE prophylaxis. Methods From January 1, 1994 to March 1, 1995, the records of trauma patients with TBI, SCI, and LEF who were admitted to the trauma service and transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation facility were reviewed. Results Twenty-two patients had a TBI, 16 patients with SCI, and 12 patients with LEF. Fortynine of the 50 patients received DVT prophylaxis, with 7 inferior vena cava (IVC) filters placed. The DVT incidence was 6% and the PE incidence was 2%. Conclusion The 6% incidence of DVT was lower than expected due to diligent DVT prophylaxis and appropriate screening of symptomatic patients for clinically significant DVT. The 2% incidence of PE was also lower than expected, most likely due to our lower DVT incidence and the use of IVC filters. The lower DVT and PE incidence verifies our success at DVT and PE prophylaxis.
Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioinorganic bridge?

Recent data imply that for much of the Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 543 million years ago), Earth's oceans were moderately oxic at the surface and sulfidic at depth. Under these conditions, biologically important trace metals would have been scarce in most marine environments, potentially restricting the nitrogen cycle, affecting primary productivity, and limiting the ecological distribution of eukaryotic algae. Oceanic redox conditions and their bioinorganic consequences may thus help to explain observed patterns of Proterozoic evolution.
On Hearing the Music in the Sound: Scruton on Musical Expression

Consider the lovely moonlight sequence from Smetana's Vltava. This is not a representation of the Vltava in the moonlight.... But it wears a certain expression, and predicates like shining, silken, shimmering, suggest themselves as an apt description of it.... It does not seem strained to suggest that Smetana's music expresses the shining and silken qualities that we hear in it, just as the opening chords of Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto in G Major, Op. 58, express a tranquil gratitude.
The Teenagers' Revolution: Schülerräte in the Democratization and Right-Wing Radicalization of Germany, 1918–1923

On November 27, 1918, Konrad Haenisch, the newly installed education minister (Kultusminister) and Majority Social Democrat, issued arguably the most radical decree in the history of Prussian schooling. The “Appeal to Male and Female Pupils in Secondary Schools,” as the edict was titled, aimed to redress the alleged rampant “demons of morbid subservience, mistrust, and lies” in secondary schools. Its proposed solution was for every school to hold an assembly by the end of the year to introduce democratic governance. Each teacher and each pupil in the ninth grade (Obertertia) and higher would have an equal vote on whether they wanted to form a school parliament (Schulgemeinde), a pupil council (Schulerrat), or both. In the school parliament, all teachers and pupils would have equal rights to have an “entirely open discussion” about their school affairs, including matters of discipline, and equal votes to pass resolutions pertaining thereto. In addition, pupils alone would elect a teacher and pupil council that would be standing liaisons to the director and the other teaching staff. Most controversially, the school parliament or the standing pupil council could appoint a representative empowered to bypass the school director and teaching staff and hold conversations with the ministers in Berlin about how to redress inequities in their particular school and change youth policy in the new republic more generally. A last measure in the decree gave pupils the unlimited right to join any association, provided it was “not political.” This new right abrogated the requirement that pupils in secondary schools get permission from their directors to found or join associations in or outside school. Haenisch required that schools post this decree on all blackboards. There were similar decrees issued in December 1918 in Saxony, Wurttemberg, and Bavaria.
Planning for success: how students use a grade prediction tool to win their classes

Gameful course designs require a significant shift in approach for both students and instructors. Transforming a standard course into a good game involves fundamentally altering how the course functions, most notably by giving students greater control over their work. We have developed an application, GradeCraft, to support this shift in pedagogy. A key feature of the application is the Grade Predictor, where students can explore coursework options and plan pathways to success. We observed students in two gameful courses with differing designs using the Grade Predictor in similar ways: they spent similar amounts of time per session, increased usage when assignments were due and before making significant course decisions, predicted different types of assignments at different rates, and made more predictions in preparation for the end of semester. This study describes how students plan their coursework using the GradeCraft Grade Predictor tool.
Effect of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Cell Surface Phenotype

Highly active antiretroviral therapy has succeeded in many cases in suppressing virus production in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, once treatment is discontinued, virus replication is rekindled. One reservoir capable of harboring HIV in a latent state and igniting renewed infection once therapy is terminated is a resting T cell. Due to the sparsity of T cells latently infected with HIV in vivo, it has been difficult to study viral and cellular interactions during latency. The SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) mouse model of HIV latency, however, provides high percentages of latently infected cells, allowing a detailed analysis of phenotype. Herein we show that latently infected cells appear phenotypically normal. Following cellular stimulation, the virus completes its life cycle and induces phenotypic changes, such as CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class I down-regulation, in the infected cell. In addition, HIV expression following activation did not correlate with expression of the cellular activation marker CD25. The apparently normal phenotype and lack of HIV expression in latently infected cells could prevent recognition by the immune response and contribute to the long-lived nature of this reservoir.
Do clinically relevant circulating concentrations of radiographic contrast agents inhibit platelet-dependent arterial thrombosis?

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if radiographic contrast agents (RCAs) inhibit thrombosis in a rat carotid artery injury model. Background: Whether ionic and nonionic RCAs differentially affect thrombus formation during coronary artery angioplasty is controversial. Although there are numerous in vitro studies and clinical trials addressing this issue, it is unknown whether clinically relevant plasma concentrations of RCA inhibit platelet-dependent thrombosis after injury of medium-sized arteries. Methods: Rats received RCA or control solution by bolus (0.7 ml/kg) and constant (0.04 ml/kg/min) intravenous infusion. Carotid arteries were injured with ferric chloride. Blood flow was monitored for 1 h. In vitro platelet aggregation and plasma clotting were studied. Results: After injury, mean times free from formation of an occlusive, platelet-rich thrombus were 16.2±2.3, 49.6±18.9, 47.9±21.0, and 37.1±22.8 min for rats (n=5/group) that received saline, diatrizoate (P<.002 vs. saline), ioxaglate (P<.002 vs. saline), and iohexol (P=.06 vs. saline), respectively. Reperfusion after initial occlusion did not occur in saline-treated animals, but was common in rats that received RCA. The antithrombotic properties of RCA were not explained by their high osmolarities or by detectable effects on in vitro platelet aggregation and plasma clotting. Plasma concentrations of RCA were <1%. Conclusions: Systemic administration of RCA at doses that achieve low, clinically relevant plasma concentrations can inhibit platelet-rich thrombus formation after arterial injury. Antithrombotic properties of ionic RCA appear to be greater than those of nonionic RCA.
Principles for restoring invasive plant-infested rangeland

Abstract It is becoming increasingly clear that prescriptions for rangeland weed control are not sustainable because they treat the symptoms of weeds rather than their cause. Future restoration of invasive plant–infested rangeland must be based on ecological principles and concepts that provide for predictable outcomes. A generalized objective for ecologically based weed management is to develop and maintain a healthy plant community that is largely invasion resistant. Successional management based on ecological principles involves modifying the processes controlling the three general causes of succession: disturbance, colonization, and species performance. The processes controlling plant community dynamics can be modified to allow predictable successional trajectories. Successional management can lead to biomass optimization models for grazing management, spread vector analysis, and using resource availability to direct weedy plant communities toward those that are desired. Our challenge is to develop ec...
Helium refrigeration systems for super-conducting accelerators

Many of the present day accelerators are based on superconducting technology which requires 4.5-K or 2-K helium refrigeration systems. These systems utilize superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities and/or superconducting magnets which are packaged into vacuum vessels known as cryo-modules (CM’s). Many of the present day accelerators are optimized to operate primarily at around 2-K, requiring specialized helium refrigeration systems which are cost intensive to produce and to operate. Some of the cryogenic refrigeration system design considerations for these challenging applications are discussed.
“A Space for the Spiritual”: A Roundtable on Race, Gender, and Islam in the United States

This roundtable features leading thinkers on Islam and gender. The contributors provide brief opening statements on their work on Islam, race, and gender. The roundtable includes a discussion of key terms in the field, whether the scholars identify as Muslim American or American Muslim, and the relationship between feminism and Islam.
Proof-of-Concept Experimental Validation of a New Active Hydrodynamic Bearing

Flow-induced instabilities known as ‘whirl’ and ‘whip’ are the main contributors to self-excited vibrations in fluid-film bearings. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate a new active hydrodynamic bearing designed to lessen flow-induced vibrations in rotating machines. The active system consists of a fluid-film bearing with a motor-actuated rotating bushing that serves as the control input. This input is used to adjust the mean flow velocity in the bearing and indirectly control the whirl vibration. A PID-type control law is used to adjust the bushing speed. An experimental test rig that realizes the active bearing concept is introduced. Experimental results are presented comparing the active bearing with PID-type control and open-loop control to the passive bearing operation. The results show that the active bearing with feedback control is effective in eliminating whirl vibrations.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
‘Insider Control’ and the Effects on Economic Systems

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the so-called ‘insider control’ phenomenon and its effects on economic systems, particularly in China. The paper will introduce the concept of the ‘insider control’ phenomenon and its background, such that a clear view with respect to the derivation of the ‘insider control’ can be seen. Then, the Chinese case and its impact upon the economic reforms process will be discussed. It is followed by the use of the open-system concept to try to understand the emergence and spread of such a phenomenon, in order to examine the usefulness and plausibility of using Critical Systems Thinking (Jackson, 1991) to guide a systems-based inquiry into ways of solving or dissolving ‘insider control’. The importance of this approach is associated with the sustainability of Chinese economic development for the benefit of the Chinese nation and the world as a whole.
Application of spatial frequency domain imaging for characterizing wide field tissue optical heterogeneity

A spatial frequency domain imaging was used to characterize tissue absorption, scattering and spatial heterogeneity. Six features were extracted from SFDI absorption and scattering images. A sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 100% was obtained.
Design and Implementation of a AntisubmarineHelicopter Mission-training Simulator

The training of antisubmarine-helicopter is expensive and difficult to cooperate with other troops.Based on the current simulation technology and the function requirement analysis of antisubmarine- helicopter mission-training system,a simulator is designed and implemented.This paper introduces the hardware and software structure and major function,especially the key technique of this system which including flight and flight control simulation,dipping sonar simulation and tactical processing,etc.At last,we can simulate the whole training process with the scenario which setted in the teacher worktable.
Evaluating support for shark conservation among artisanal fishing communities in Costa Rica

Abstract Many shark populations have experienced severe declines in the past few decades due to increased demand for their products. As fisheries managers, conservation biologists, and other invested groups move to develop new conservation measures to better protect sharks it will be important to understand the potential reactions (behaviors) local fishermen will have to new regulations. To determine the potential behaviors local artisanal fishermen in Costa Rica would have toward new conservation measures for sharks a structured survey (n=72) was distributed to several fishing communities along Costa Rica's Pacific coast. Overall, 89% of fishermen felt that protecting sharks was important with 97% stating a willingness to support shark conservation. However, support dropped to 67% if they would have to change some of their fishing practices. Almost all fishermen surveyed (93%) were in support of the formation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Although, if MPAs restricted their current fishing practices support dropped to between 6% and 65% depending on the restrictiveness of regulations implemented in the MPA. The majority (86%) of the fishermen surveyed also indicated they would be more likely to support new legislative measures to protect sharks if they were included in the decision making process. The results suggest that artisanal fishermen in Costa Rica are willing to protect sharks, but only if their current fishing practices are minimally impacted. It is therefore important that mangers work with these communities to develop management plans that will provide the best protection possible for sharks while also garnering local support to ensure continued compliance.
Accept or divert

Stretching scarce resources is more than a managerial issue. Should you accept the patient to an understaffed ICU or divert him to another facility? The intense "medical utility" controversy focuses on a situation that critical care nurses now face every day.
A Nonlinear Paradigm for Resilience, Workload, Performance, and Clinical Phenomena

Research on resilience in the workplace is currently limited by at least two issues: an inconsistent documentation and choice of the stress-producing events and a singular construct of what constitutes resilience (Britt, Shen, Sinclair, Grossman, & Klieger, 2016). This commentary summarizes some recent experimental research that was possibly too new to have been included in the review and that offers some insights to both concerns. The research is predicated on a theoretical model that explains the role of resilience in either work-related or clinical outcomes and the temporal dynamics of work performance.
The Development of Ambulatory and Office-Based Anesthesia

Long, Wells, and Morton provided outpatient anesthesia in the 1840s. Nicoll in Scotland and Waters in the US gave outpatient anesthesia in the early twentieth century. Modern outpatient anesthesia began in 1959, with Canadian anesthetists Webb and Graves’ report of their 6-month experience with 494 surgical patients, cared for as outpatients. In 1962 at UCLA, Cohen and Dillon opened the first ambulatory surgery program, in 1966 describing the safety and economic advantage of their approach. Free-standing outpatient surgical facilities followed in 1968 in Rhode Island, and in 1969 in Arizona.
Metaphysics of Species for the Commitment-wary

I have argued that Species-as-Individuals (SAI) can be defended only at steep cost. It might, of course, be a cost worth paying. But to decide this we should consider the alternatives. At this point, a defender of SAI is likely to cry in exasperation: What alternatives?! Everything must be either concrete or abstract. There’s no third option. “We can apply the terms ‘class’ and ‘individual’ to all bona fide ontological categories” (Ghiselin 1997, p. 37). Things are, however, a bit more complicated than Ghiselin makes out. In the first place, most philosophers will want to think of classes and individuals as ontological categories, rather than properties of ontological categories. A more reasonable interpretation of Ghiselin’s claim is that any bona fide entity must fit in one ontological category or another—and that there are only two: classes and individuals. While coherent, this latter claim is controversial. Some philosophers have explored ontologies with more than two categories.1
Ammonia vs Ammonium: Elimination Pathways of Nitrogenous Wastes in Ammoniotelic Fishes

Nitrogenous waste from protein catabolism is produced and eliminated by animals in three different forms: ammonia, urea and uric acid. Production of the primary endproduct ammonia is energetically much more efficient than synthesis and subsequent elimination of urea or production of uric acid. The pronounced toxicity of nonionized ammonia, however, limits utilization of ammonia as a nitrogenous waste to animals which can readily dump the substance at low body fluid concentrations into the environment. Similar to CO2, ammonia can be voided as a respiratory gas, or eliminated in the form of its ionization product, the ammonium ion. Elimination as a respiratory gas as well as sizable elimination of ammonium ions can be performed at the required small partial pressure or concentration gradients, respectively, by species capable of exploiting the favorable effective capacitance coefficient of aqueous solutions, provided that large volumes of environmental water of low ammonia and ammonium concentrations are available. These prerequisites are generally fulfilled by aquatic animals, whereas terrestrial species are restricted by the small volumes of eliminated solutes, mainly urine, in their capacity to excrete ammonia. Thus, the energetic advantage of ammonia as the main nitrogenous metabolic end product is generally utilized only by teleost fish and aquatic amphibia.
Efficient processing of phased array radar in sense and avoid application using heterogeneous computing

This paper describes a tightly integrated phased-array radar platform for a UAV-based sense and avoid application. The system leverages heterogeneous computing on a Zynq 7000 SoC processor to efficiently process the large streams of radar data required to guide a small Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) away from obstacles and intruding air vehicles. The system is mounted on a small UAV which requires stringent size, weight, and power constraints, and thus data processing must be done efficiently. The system is implemented on the commercial MicroZed development board. Low-level radar data-stream processing is performed in the FPGA fabric on the Zynq, which accelerates processing and improves energy efficiency. The Zynq ARM CPUs are used to perform higher-level radar processing and avoidance algorithms. The final proof of concept system is 2.25 × 4 × 1.5 in3 weighing only 120 g (0.26 lbs) and consumes 8 watts of power. As an example, the improvements demonstrated by executing the FFT algorithm in hardware will be highlighted where hardware FFT processing provides a 17× improvement in processing time and a 49× improvement in energy efficiency over a CPU only implementation on the same SoC.