cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scan and click: The uses and gratifications of social recommendation systems

An online survey was used to the examine college students' uses and gratifications of social recommendation systems such as ''like'' on Facebook. By presenting numerical values, these systems display the volume (i.e., how many users) and valence (i.e., like/dislike) of collective opinions within a specific e-community that users are involved with. Consequently, these systems offer the chance for users to scan the climate of opinions within a specific online community. More importantly, these systems have introduced a new mode of speaking out online. Due to social recommendation systems' significance in the public opinion domain, the study attempted to understand why and how people use them to express opinions. Results showed that social recommendations were used for expression, information, socialization, and entertainment purposes. Above all, users primarily viewed them as potential expressive tools and actually use them to express their opinions. While internet use had no significant relationships with either motives or system uses, social media uses were closely related with both motives and actual uses. The findings suggest that social recommendation systems seem to play an important role in the public opinion domain by offering an additional way to scan collective opinions and express opinions.
Deformation of the Stokes B2 Rotary Tablet Press: Quantitation and Influence on Tablet Compaction

Deformations that affect the vertical punch displacement of a Stokes B2 rotary tablet press were characterized with a cathetometer. The press deformation was found to be elastic for both the upper and lower compression roller assemblies. However, the upper and lower compression roller assemblies have different Hookian spring constants: 8.58×104 and 5.18×104 kN/m for the upper and lower assemblies, respectively. Using two‐way analysis of variance, the Hookian spring constants were shown to be independent of compaction phases and lower punch penetration setting. To study the influence of press deformation on tablet compaction, the Hookian spring constants were factored into the calculation of the incremental work of compaction for dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and microcrystalline cellulose. As the peak compression pressure increases, the force‐displacement work done on the tablet during the loading phase decreases relative to calculations that neglect press deformation. This decrease in force‐displacement work was attributed to elastic press deformation, which absorbs energy during the loading phase and then releases this energy later in the compaction cycle, altering the punch‐displacement profile. The rate at which the press stores and releases elastic energy depends in part upon the viscoelastic properties of the tablet. Based upon these results, the coupling between press elasticity and a tablet. Based upon these results, the coupling between press elasticity and a tablet's viscoelastic properties should be accounted for when analyzing tablet compaction or trying to simulate the punch‐displacement profile of a tablet press that deforms during compaction.
The X-Ray-Emitting Components toward ℓ = 111°: The Local Hot Bubble and Beyond

We have obtained an XMM-Newton spectrum of the diffuse X-ray emission towards (l, b) = (111.14,1.11), a line of sight with a relatively simple distribution of absorbing clouds; > 9 x 10(exp 19)/sq cm at R>170 pc, a 6 x 10(exp 21)/sq cm molecular cloud at 2.5-3.3 kpc, and a total column of 1.2 x 10(exp 22)/sq cm. We find that the analysis of the XMM-Newton spectrum in conjunction with the RASS spectral energy distribution for the same direction requires three thermal components to be well fit: a "standard" Local Hot Bubble component with kT = 0.089, a component beyond the molecular cloud with kT = 0.59, and a component before the molecular cloud with kT = 0.21. The strength of the O VII 0.56 keV line from the Local Hot Bubble, 2.1+/-0.7 photons/sq cm/s/sr, is consistent with other recent measures. The 0.21 keV component has an emission measure of 0.0022+/-0.0006 pc and is not localized save as diffuse emission within the Galactic plane; it is the best candidate for a pervasive hot medium. The spatial separation of the approx. 0.2 keV component from the approx. 0.6 keV component suggests that the spectral decompositions of the emission from late-type spiral disks found in the literature do represent real temperature components rather than reflecting more complex temperature distributions.
Traumatic Injury to the Trachea and Bronchus

Tracheobronchial injuries are relatively uncommon, often require a degree of clinical suspicion to make the diagnosis, and usually require immediate management. The primary initial goals are twofold: stabilize the airway and define the extent and location of injury. These are often facilitated by flexible bronchoscopy, in the hands of a surgeon capable of managing these injuries. Most penetrating injuries occur in the cervical area. Most blunt injuries occur in the distal trachea or right mainstem, and are best approached by a right posterolateral thoracotomy. Choice and timing of approach are dictated by the presence and severity of associated injuries. The mainstay of intraoperative management remains a single-lumen endotracheal tube. Most injuries can be repaired by simple techniques, using interrupted sutures, but some require complex reconstructive techniques. Follow-up to detect stenosis or anastomotic technique is important, as is attention to pulmonary toilet.
Heat transfer to fine powders in a bubbling fluidized bed with sound assistance

Most of the published research on heat transfer in a fluidized bed is focused on Geldart type B and D particles, while there is little information available on heat transfer to fine powders (Geldart group C). Previous studies of fine powder fluidization with sound assistance have shown that stable bubbling can be achieved with sound assistance. In this study, experiments were performed to measure bubble behavior and heat-transfer coefficients around a horizontal tube in a fine powder fluidized bed with sound assistance. Two types of data are presented as functions of excess air velocity and sound pressure level—average and local heat-transfer coefficients and bubble frequency, packet residence time, and the fraction of the particle packet contact time. A packet renewal model with a gas film at the tube surface is proposed to explain the heat-transfer data. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 302–310, 2004
A sociological approach to biology

The paper develops further some suggestions made previously (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966) that certain biological phenomena may be more easily interpreted from a “sociological” point of view by considering the organism as a social aggregate of cells and a cell as a social aggregate of genes. In this light the problems of origin of life on earth, of aging, and of parasitism and symbiosis are discussed. The notion of social aggregates of different orders is introduced.
Re-examination of the elastic strain energy of an incoherent ellipsoidal precipitate

Abstract The elastic strain energy of an incoherent ellipsoidal precipitate in either an isotropic or an anisotropic matrix is re-evaluated as a function of the ellipsoidal aspect ratio (β) using the method of Eshelby. An incoherent interface means an essentially disordered interphase boundary structure and therefore such a precipitate is stressed in a purely hydrostatic fashion along the precipitate:matrix interface. The general behavior of the strain energy found by Nabarro and by Kroner is again observed: that is, the strain energy becomes zero as β → 0 (disk), while reaching its maximum value when β equals unity (sphere). However, comparison of the results of the Kroner approach with the exact results shows a noticeable error in Kroner's results. It is found that the Kroner approach is correct only when the matrix is elastically isotropic and the precipitate shape is one of three special cases, i.e. disk, sphere and needle (β→ ∞). As an example, when β = 0.1, the error is found to vary up to 48%, depending upon the severity of the anisotropy of the matrix.
Uncovering Early Response of Gene Regulatory Networks in ESCs by Systematic Induction of Transcription Factors

To examine transcription factor (TF) network(s), we created mouse ESC lines, in each of which 1 of 50 TFs tagged with a FLAG moiety is inserted into a ubiquitously controllable tetracycline-repressible locus. Of the 50 TFs, Cdx2 provoked the most extensive transcriptome perturbation in ESCs, followed by Esx1, Sox9, Tcf3, Klf4, and Gata3. ChIP-Seq revealed that CDX2 binds to promoters of upregulated target genes. By contrast, genes downregulated by CDX2 did not show CDX2 binding but were enriched with binding sites for POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG. Genes with binding sites for these core TFs were also downregulated by the induction of at least 15 other TFs, suggesting a common initial step for ESC differentiation mediated by interference with the binding of core TFs to their target genes. These ESC lines provide a fundamental resource to study biological networks in ESCs and mice.
Thermionic field emission from nanocrystalline diamond-coated silicon tip arrays

Thermionic field emission properties of nitrogen doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coated silicon tip arrays are examined using thermionic field emission electron microscopy (TFEEM). Nitrogen doping has been shown to enhance the emission properties of diamond by the introduction of a donor level $1.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ below the conduction band minimum. The field enhancing geometry of the films initiates accelerated electron emission at the tipped structures which may be beneficial to thermionic energy converter design where space charge effects can significantly limit attainable current densities. Two temperature regimes of electron emission are observed; $600--800\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, where the emission is enabled because of the H passivation and $900--1100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, where the emission is attributed to tunneling from nitrogen related states through the barrier of a clean diamond surface.
TESTING NEWTONIAN GRAVITY AT ULTRA-SHORT DISTANCES

The appearance of new fundamental forces and extra-dimensional modifications to gravity in extensions of the Standard Model has motivated considerable interest in testing Newtonian gravity at ultra-short distances (≲10-4m). New experiments which attempt to probe these distances will encounter formidable new obstacles, including large intermolecular forces, which could obscure weak new forces or small modifications to Newton's law of gravity. Here we will review the motivation for conducting such ultra-short distance gravity experiments, and discuss some of the new problems that may arise in future experiments. Finally, we suggest a schematic design for a null experiment which would address some of these problems using the "iso-electronic" effect.
Learning and self-disclosure behavior on social networking sites: the case of Facebook users

This paper studies Facebook users’ learning-based attitude formation and the relationship between member attitude and self-disclosure. Through the theoretical lens of learning theories, we recogniz...
Direct Sensing of Total Acidity by Chronopotentiometric Flash Titrations at Polymer Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes

Polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes containing lipophilic ionophores are traditionally interrogated by zero current potentiometry, which, ideally, gives information on the sample activity of ionic species. It is shown here that a discrete cathodic current pulse across an H+-selective polymeric membrane doped with the ionophore ETH 5294 may be used for the chronopotentiometric detection of pH in well-buffered samples. However, a reduction in the buffer capacity leads to large deviations from the expected Nernstian response slope. This is explained by the local depletion of hydrogen ions at the sample−membrane interface as a result of the galvanostatically imposed ion flux in direction of the membrane. This depletion is found to be a function of the total acidity of the sample and can be directly monitored chronopotentiometrically in a flash titration experiment. The subsequent application of a baseline potential pulse reverses the extraction process of the current pulse, allowing one to interrogate t...
Low-Melting Dialkyl- and Bis(polyfluoroalkyl)-Substituted 1,1‘-Methylenebis(imidazolium) and 1,1‘-Methylenebis(1,2,4-triazolium) Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amides: Ionic Liquids Leading to Bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) Complexes of Palladium

Ionic liquids with pincer dicationic nuclei, 2a−6a and 2b−6b, were prepared from either 1,1‘-methylenebis(imidazole) or 1,1‘-methylenebis(1,2,4-triazole) via quaternization with alkyl or polyfluoroalkyl halides under classical or microwave irradiation conditions. Palladium-catalyzed Heck cross-coupling reactions were performed successfully in the ionic liquid 3a. A single-crystal X-ray structure of a bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complex of palladium (7) formed in the ionic liquid catalyst system supports its likelihood as the active catalyst.
Modeling of high-temperature microburners

Flame propagation in microchannels is modeled using two-dimensional parabolic simulations with detailed multicomponent transport, gas-phase chemistry, heat loss through the wall, radical recombination at walls, and possible temperature discontinuity at the wall due to lack of thermal accommodation. We show that under certain conditions of preheating and insulation, methane/air flames are able to propagate in microchannels, providing a possible explanation for recent experimental observation. It is found that in very small reactors, radial gradients and temperature discontinuity at the wall are negligible but become significant as the diameter is increased. On the other hand, the near-entrance heat loss and radical quenching at the wall are key issues in controlling flame propagation in microchannels. Finally, a brief comparison between elliptic and parabolic simulations is presented. Although ignition distances are shorter in elliptic simulations due to heat propagation upstream of the flame front, similar trends are observed.
Upper limits on rare two-body processes in K−−p and p̄−p scattering at high energies☆

Abstract A missing mass spectrometer search was made for several two-body, double charge exchange reactions, including backward K −p and pp elastic scattering at 8 and 16 GeV/ c and small momentum transfer. No examples of any of these processes were observed.
Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in polyvinylidene fluoride: Influence of the lattice structure

Piezoelectric and pyroelectric responses of β‐phase (Phase I) polyvinylidene fluoride are predicted for a model system of polarizable point dipoles. The model incorporates the influence of the orthorhombic crystal structure by including the dependence of the internal electric field on the lattice parameters. Strong anisotropy in the piezoelectric response under uniaxial stress is predicted as a consequence of the orthorhombic lattice structure. Predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement with room‐temperature experimental data.
Cardinal interpolation and spline functions. III. Cardinal Hermite interpolation

Abstract The results of item [9] in our list of References, concerning cardinal spline interpolation of data of power growth are here extended to the case of Hermite interpolation. Let m ⩾2, and 1 ⩽γ⩽m. Given are now γ sequences y = (yν), y′ = (yν′),…, y( r−1 ) = (y ν ( r−1 )) (− ∞ , and the objective is to find a cardina spline function S(x) of degree 2m − 1, having its knots at the integers, and satisfying the conditions S(ν) = yν, S′(ν) = yν′,…, S( r−1 )(ν) = y ν ( r−1 ) for all ν. Here we must assume that the knots of S(x) are γ-fold, which means that S(x) ∈ C2m−r−1( − ∞, ∞). If γ = 1 we have the problem discussed in [9]. In the present paperit is shown that the interpolation problem has a unique solution that grows like a power of |x|. provided that all data grow like a power of |ν|. An analogue of the Lagrange formula is also available. Essential use is made of a theorem of Gantmacher and Krein concerning the eigenvalues of oscillation matrices (see [1] and [2; Satz 6, 100]).
Modeling discrete heterogeneity in X-ray diffraction data by fitting multi-conformers

The native state of a protein is regarded to be an ensemble of conformers, which allows association with binding partners. While some of this structural heterogeneity is retained upon crystallization, reliably extracting heterogeneous features from diffraction data has remained a challenge. In this study, a new algorithm for the automatic modelling of discrete hetero­geneity is presented. At high resolution, the authors’ single multi-conformer model, with correlated structural features to represent heterogeneity, shows improved agreement with the diffraction data compared with a single-conformer model. The model appears to be representative of the set of structures present in the crystal. In contrast, below 2 A resolution representing ambiguous electron density by correlated multi-conformers in a single model does not yield better agreement with the experimental data. Consistent with previous studies, this suggests that variability in multi-conformer models at lower resolution levels reflects uncertainty more than co­ordinated motion.
Blackboard systems at the architecture level

Abstract Since Hearsay-II, many application systems using the blackboard architecture have been built. Some of these applications have been built using expert system shells or tools. These tools contain the skeletal constructs of blackboard systems into which the user adds the necessary information and knowledge from the application domain to create an application system. Although the tools are useful in the implementation phase, they provide little help in the design of the system, which must necessarily precede the implementation phase. The determination of the blackboard levels, the knowledge sources, and the details of the control strategy is a task reserved for the knowledge engineer/system designer. In order to automate the design process, one needs to understand the relationships between the architectural constructs and domain information that provide the semantics of the architecture. In this paper the authors explore the components of blackboard systems from the perspective of the type of knowledge that goes into the makeup of blackboard systems at the architecture level. They describe a research system, KASE, that captures the various knowledge needed for design and applies the knowledge to aid knowledge engineers design blackboard systems.
Altered gas exchange, limited glucose and branched chain amino acids, and hypoinsulinism retard fetal growth in the rat.

Abstract We measured several growth stimulating variables in growth retarded (small-for-gestational-age [SGA]) rat fetuses on days 18, 19, 20, and 21 of their 21.5-day gestation. Bilateral maternal uterine artery ligation on day 18 was used to retard fetal growth, and fetuses of sham and nonoperated (normal) mothers served as controls. SGA fetuses had the lowest body and placental weights, while sham fetuses had intermediate weights from days 19 to 21. Similarly, SGA fetuses had the most profound alterations in arteriovenous PO 2 , PCO 2 , and pH, while sham fetuses had significant but less severe alterations. Fetal plasma concentrations and fetal/maternal ratios of glucose were significantly diminished in SGA fetuses on days 18 and 19; sham fetuses had intermediate values on day 19. Plasma concentrations and fetal/maternal ratios of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, but not the other amino acids, were significantly diminished in SGA fetuses on days 18, 19, and 20. Plasma insulin concentrations were significantly diminished in SGA fetuses on days 19 and 20, and hepatic concentrations of glycogen were significantly diminished on all days. Despite significantly elevated plasma glucagon concentrations in SGA fetuses, hepatic cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was not elevated. These data indicate that bilateral uterine artery ligation retards fetal growth in the rat by altering gas exchange and limiting fuel availability. The limited insulin in SGA fetuses might further have retarded growth. Despite the acknowledged role of glucagon as a potent stimulator of gluconeogenic enzyme induction during the perinatal period, significantly elevated glucagon concentrations in the SGA fetus failed to stimulate PEPCK.
Ground state reorientation effects in elastic scattering cross sections

Abstract Elastic scattering cross sections are shown to be quite sensitive to ground state reorientation amplitudes and cross sections. These effects are dramatically evident when comparing scattering from even-even nuclei with that from high-spin odd- A nuclei, and may affect choices of potentials for odd versus even nuclei. Neutron scattering data from 235 U and 238 U are analyzed via coupled channels methods. The diffraction minima in elastic scattering from 235 U are found to be dominated by reorientation cross sections. The majority of this reorientation is shown to follow from second order virtual nuclear excitations rather than proceeding through amplitudes for direct ground state reorientation.
Hydroacoustic monitoring of seismicity at the slow‐spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

[1] In February 1999, long-term hydroacoustic monitoring of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) was initiated. Six autonomous hydrophones were moored between ∼15°N and ∼35°N on the flanks of the MAR. Results from the first year of data reveal that there is significant variability in along-axis event rate. Groups of neighboring segments behave similarly, producing an along-axis pattern with high and low levels of seismic activity at a wavelength of ∼500 km. This broad scale pattern is likely influenced by the axial thermal regime. Several earthquake sequences with variable temporal characteristics were detected, suggesting fundamental differences in the cause of their seismicity. Off-axis, most seismic faulting occurs within a zone < 15 km from the axis center.
Monopoly Pricing and Unemployment

Introduction: neglect of monopoly influence, 108. — The model, 109. — Initial assumptions, 110. — Primary unemployment, 110. — Rising cost curves, 112. — Variations in aggregate consumer outlay, 114. — Secondary unemployment, 117. — Derived demand for capital goods, 120. — Monopoly in investment goods, 121. — Reconciliation with Keynes' theory, 121. — Conclusion, 124. — Appendix of symbols, 124.
Development of tools to manage embedded SQL

This paper describes proposed research into the development of various software engineering tools to aid engineers in the management of embedded SQL statements. It addresses the problem of recovering embedded SQL from source-code files, and identifies existing tactics for doing so. It then provides mid-high level descriptions of basic tools that could be developed on top of such a parsing tool, to form an extensible tool-kit that will then be used as the basis for a GUI implementation, with focuses on ease-of-use for developers.
Characterization of Two Distinct Lymphoproliferative Diseases Caused by Ectopic Expression of the Notch Ligand DLL4 on T Cells

Notch signaling is essential for the development of T cell progenitors through the interaction of NOTCH1 receptor on their surface with the ligand, Delta-like 4 (DLL4), which is expressed by the thymic epithelial cells. Notch signaling is quickly shut down once the cells pass β-selection, and CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) cells are unresponsive to Notch. Over the past two decades a number of papers reported that over-activation of Notch signaling causes T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), a cancer that prominently features circulating monoclonal CD4/CD8 double positive T cells in different mouse models. However, the possible outcomes of Notch over-activation at different stages of T cell development are unknown, and the fine timing of Notch signaling that results in T-ALL is poorly understood. Here we report, by using a murine model that ectopically expresses DLL4 on developing T cells, that the T-ALL onset is highly dependent on a sustained Notch activity throughout the DP stage, which induces additional mutations to further boost the signaling. In contrast, a shorter period of Notch activation that terminates at the DP stage causes a polyclonal, non-transmissible lymphoproliferative disorder that is also lethal. These observations resolved the discrepancy of previous papers on DLL4 driven hematological diseases in mice, and show the critical importance of the timing and duration of Notch activity.
Zchaff2004: an efficient SAT solver

The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) is a well known NP-Complete problem. While its complexity remains a source of many interesting questions for theoretical computer scientists, the problem has found many practical applications in recent years. The emergence of efficient SAT solvers which can handle large structured SAT instances has enabled the use of SAT solvers in diverse domains such as electronic design automation and artificial intelligence. These applications continue to motivate the development of faster and more robust SAT solvers. In this paper, we describe the popular SAT solver zchaff with a focus on recent developments.
Nutritional Features of Syntrophomonas wolfei

Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. wolfei grew poorly in a defined medium with crotonate as the energy source in the absence of rumen fluid. Thiamine, lipoic acid, biotin, cyanocobalamin, and para-aminobenzoic acid were required for growth comparable to that obtained with the rumen fluid-based medium. Iron and cobalt were also required for the growth of S. wolfei in the chemically defined medium.
The promise of downlink MU-MIMO for high- capacity next generation mobile broadband networks based on IEEE 802.16 m

The dramatic increase of the demand for mobile broadband services poses stringent requirements on the performance evolution of currently deployed mobile broadband networks, such as Mobile WiMAX Release 1 and 3GPP LTE Release 8. Although the combination of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (SU-MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) provide the appropriate technologies for improving the downlink performance of third generation (3G) code division multiple access (CDMA)-based mobile radio systems and, thus, address the current mobile internet requirements, a fundamental paradigm shift is required to cope with the constantly increasing mobile broadband data rate and spectral efficiency requirements. Among the different technologies available for making the paradigm shift from current to next-generation mobile broadband networks, multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) constitutes the most promising technology because of its significant performance improvement advantages. In this article, we analyze the performance of MU-MIMO under a multitude of deployment scenarios and system parameters through extensive system-level simulations which are based on widely used system-level evaluation methodologies. The target mobile broadband system used in the simulations is IEEE 802.16 m which was recently adopted by ITU-R as an IMT-Advanced technology along with 3GPP LTE-Advanced. The results provide insights into different aspects of MU-MIMO with respect to system-level performance, parameter sensitivity, and deployment scenarios, and they can be used by the mobile broadband network designer for maximizing the benefits of MU-MIMO in a scenario with specific deployment requirements and goals.
Evidence in neutrino scattering for right-handed currents associated with heavy quarks

The production of heavy quarks is considered in the quark-parton model. The model is shown to account for the energy-dependent effects of large produced masses. By considering the inclusive, charged-current neutrino scattering data as a function of energy, it is possible to distinguish between the standard four-quark model and models with right-handed currents and additional heavy quarks. It appears that the present data favor the latter models, and allow estimates of the masses of new quarks.
A comparison of band pass filter technologies for communications system applications

Characteristics of electromagnetic and piezoelectric bandpass filters are discussed from the perspective of (commercial) radio land mobile communication systems. Since the mass marketing of hand-held communications products such as portable cellular telephones and radio pagers are driving the need for small, low-loss, low-cost filter technologies, emphasis is placed upon the capabilities and limitations of the various filter types considered in the light of these criteria. The discussions are limited to narrowband ( >
The use and misuse of serum albumin as a nutritional marker in kidney disease.

Nutritional status refers to the composite quantitative and qualitative assessment of visceral and somatic (muscle) protein stores and energy balance ([1][1],[2][2]). Evaluating nutritional status is a critical component of physiologic health and fundamental to identifying protein-energy wasting (
Side-pumped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ laser with thermal aberration correction using a diffractive optical element

Summary form only given. Unlike longitudinally pumped solid-state lasers where thermally induced distortions are often correctable by conventional optics, phase distortions in side-pumped geometries are generally much more complex and often cannot be easily corrected. Many different resonator cavity designs have been proposed to reduce specific thermally induced aberrations. Diffractive optical elements, on the other hand, provide an excellent tool for correcting arbitrary thermal aberration profiles. We have designed and implemented a side-pumped laser cavity that incorporates a single custom-made diffractive element for thermal aberration correction, resulting in single-mode operation at high pump power. The experimental arrangement is shown. A conventional stable laser cavity is formed using an HR-coated concave mirror and an 83% reflective flat output coupler.
Vibration elicits involuntary, step-like behavior in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Background. Impaired walking is a debilitating consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). This impairment arises, to some degree, from disruption of supraspinal pathways that activate the spinal loco...
Into the Words: Using Statutory Text to Explore the Impact of Federal Courts on State Policy Diffusion

I examine the impact federal appellate courts have on state policy diffusion through the use of computational text analysis. Using a dyadic framework, I model the impact courts have on the decision to adopt a policy and, if adopted, how much text to borrow directly from another state's preexisting law. A court decision ruling a statute unconstitutional can generate up to a 28% relative reduction in the probability of adoption, and a ruling of constitutionality can both increase the probability of adoption by a similar amount and more than double the amount of borrowed text. These findings shed light on how states learn from one another
The Big Picture of Individual Differences in Physical Activity Behavior Change: A Transdisciplinary Approach.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this research is to utilize a transdisciplinary framework to guide the selection of putative moderators of the effectiveness of an intervention to promote physical activity behavior adoption and maintenance. Effective interventions to increase physical activity are sorely needed, and one barrier to the identification and development of such interventions is the lack of research targeted at understanding both the mechanisms of intervention efficacy and for whom particular interventions are effective. Design We demonstrate the utilization of important individual difference moderators in the context of a randomized controlled intervention trial. Methods We outline our transdisciplinary approach to understanding individual differences in the effectiveness of a previously successful exercise promotion intervention. Results We explain the rationale for and operationalization of our framework, characteristics of the study to which we apply the framework, and planned analyses. Conclusion By embracing a transdisciplinary orientation for individual differences important in the prediction of physical activity (spanning molecular approaches, animal models, human laboratory models, and social psychological models), we hope to have a better understanding of characteristics of individuals that are important in the adoption and maintenance of physical activity.
Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition for Locally Advanced Periocular Basal Cell Carcinoma and Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome.

Purpose To review our experience treating patients with the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, vismodegib, in patients with orbital or periocular locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or basal cell nevus syndrome. Design Retrospective interventional case series. Methods We reviewed all patients with locally advanced or metastatic orbital or periocular BCC or basal cell nevus syndrome treated with the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, vismodegib, at a comprehensive cancer center from 2009 through 2015. Reviewed data included age; sex; American Joint Commission on Cancer tumor, node, metastasis staging system designation; type and grade of drug-related side effects; response to treatment; duration of follow-up, and status at last follow-up. Results The study included 10 white men and 2 white women; the median age was 64.5 years. Ten patients had locally advanced BCC; 2 had basal cell nevus syndrome. Among the patients with locally advanced BCC, 5 had T3bN0M0 disease at presentation; 1 each had T3aN0M0, T3bN1M0, T2N1M1, T4N1M1, and T4N2cM1 disease. Overall, 3 patients had a complete response, 6 had a partial response, and 3 had stable disease at last follow-up. Two patients developed progressive disease after a complete response for 38 months and stable disease for 16 months, respectively. All patients developed grade I drug-related adverse effects, most commonly muscle spasms (12 patients), weight loss (10), dysgeusia (9), alopecia (9), decreased appetite (5), and fatigue (4). Five patients developed grade II adverse effects. At last follow-up, none of the 5 patients presenting with T3bN0M0, nor the patient with T3bN1M0 disease, had required orbital exenteration. Conclusion Hedgehog pathway inhibition produces a significant clinical response in most patients with locally advanced or metastatic orbital or periocular BCC or basal cell nevus syndrome and can obviate orbital exenteration in some patients. Drug-related adverse effects are manageable in most patients.
Round Table Discussion: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, from Dimers to Infinite Solids

A picture of a horse is of limited use unless you know how well the horse runs. Understanding the status of knowledge relating to the mechanism of electron transfer (ET) in mixed valence complexes was the challenge. The round table consisted of D. Astruc (Bordeaux), R. G. Burns (MIT, Cambridge), R. D. Cannon (East Anglia), R. J. H. Clark (London), P. Day (Grenoble/Oxford), E. Krausz (Canberra), G. C. Papavassiliou (Athens), D. Rosseinsky (Exeter) and D. N. Hendrickson (San Diego) as chairman.
On parameters of the human genome

There are mathematical constants that describe universal relationship between variables, and physical/ chemical constants that are invariant measurements of physical quantities. In a similar spirit, we have collected a set of parameters that characterize the human genome. Some parameters have a constant value for everybody’s genome, others vary within a limited range. The following nine human genome parameters are discussed here, number of bases (genome size), number of chromosomes (karyotype), number of protein-coding gene loci, number of transcription factors, guanine–cytosine (GC) content, number of GC-rich gene-rich isochores, density of polymorphic sites, number of newly generated deleterious mutations in one generation, and number of meiotic crossovers. Comparative genomics and theoretical predictions of some parameters are discussed and reviewed. This collection only represents a beginning of compiling a more comprehensive list of human genome parameters, and knowing these parameter values is an important part in understanding human evolution.
The polymerization of styrene sulfide

Styrene sulfide autopolymerizes at room temperature to low molecular weight polymer. Considerably higher molecular weights are obtained with certain Lewis acid-type catalysts, i.e., [η] = 2.05 with chlorocadmium butyl mercaptide. The molecular weight is inversely proportional to the polymerization temperature. Polystyrene sulfide is obtained in about 50% conversion as a soluble, amorphous, white solid which softens at about 50°C. and which forms fairly tough, rubbery films. Styrene sulfide dimerizes in the presence of dimethyl sulfate to 2,5-diphenyl-p-dithiane. Oxidation of polystyrene sulfide gives polystyrene sulfone. Polystyrene sulfide is relatively unstable toward heat and ultraviolet light, both in the presence and absence of air. The cyclic dimer is one of the products obtained in the thermal degradation of the polymer prepared with chlorocadmium butyl mercaptide.
Lay Theories About Social Class Buffer Lower-Class Individuals Against Poor Self-Rated Health and Negative Affect

The economic conditions of one's life can profoundly and systematically influence health outcomes over the life course. Our present research demonstrates that rejecting the notion that social class categories are biologically determined-a nonessentialist belief-buffers lower-class individuals from poor self-rated health and negative affect, whereas conceiving of social class categories as rooted in biology-an essentialist belief-does not. In Study 1, lower-class individuals self-reported poorer health than upper-class individuals when they endorsed essentialist beliefs but showed no such difference when they rejected such beliefs. Exposure to essentialist theories of social class also led lower-class individuals to report greater feelings of negative self-conscious emotions (Studies 2 and 3), and perceive poorer health (Study 3) than upper-class individuals, whereas exposure to nonessentialist theories did not lead to such differences. Discussion considers how lay theories of social class potentially shape long-term trajectories of health and affect of lower-class individuals.
Dynamical Metamaterials at Terahertz Frequencies

Utilizing terahertz time domain spectroscopy, we characterized the electromagnetic response of planar Split Ring Resonators fabricated on GaAs. Optical excitation is sufficient to turn off the electric resonance demonstrating the potential of SRR terahertz switches. Other aspects of active control of metamaterials will also be discussed.
Evaluation of the chemopreventive potential of retinoids using a novel in vitro human prostate carcinogenesis model.

The prevalence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and latent prostatic carcinoma, representing multiple steps in carcinogenesis and progression to invasive carcinoma, makes them relevant targets for prevention. A unique family of human prostate epithelial cell lines, which mimic steps in prostate carcinogenesis and progression, were used to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR). The effects of RA and 4-HPR on anchorage-dependent growth of an immortalized, non-tumorigenic cell line RWPE-1 and two tumorigenic cell lines, WPE1-NB14 and WPE1-NB11, derived from RWPE-1 by exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), were examined. Both tumorigenic cell lines grow more rapidly than the parent RWPE-1 cell line in monolayer culture. Further, while RWPE-1 cells do not form colonies in agar, both tumorigenic cell lines do, with a colony forming efficiency (CFE) of 1.85 and 2.04% for WPE1-NB14 and WPE1-NB11 cells, respectively. Both RA and 4-HPR inhibited anchorage-dependent growth of all cell lines and anchorage-independent growth of WPE1-NB14 and WPE1-NB11 cells, in a dose-dependent manner, however, 10 times more RA than 4-HPR was required to produce the same effect. RWPE-1 cells are not invasive but WPE1-NB11 cells are significantly more invasive than WPE1-NB14 cells. Both RA and 4-HPR inhibited invasion in vitro by WPE1-NB11 and WPE1-NB14 cells where the more malignant WPE1-NB11 cells showed greater inhibition of invasion by 4-HPR than by RA. Overall, 4-HPR was more effective than RA in inhibiting growth and invasion but the response varied amongst the cell lines. These three cell lines mimic progressive steps in carcinogenesis and progression, from immortalized, non-tumorigenic RWPE-1 cells, to the less malignant WPE1-NB14 to the more malignant WPE1-NB11 cells, and provide powerful models for studies on secondary and tertiary prevention, i.e. promotion and progression stages, respectively, of prostate cancer.
Poroelastic model to relate seismic wave attenuation and dispersion to permeability anisotropy

A transversely isotropic model with a horizontal axis of symmetry, based on the Biot and squirt‐flow mechanisms, predicts seismic waves in poroelastic media. The model estimates velocity dispersion and attenuation of waves propagating in the frequency range of crosswell and high‐resolution reverse vertical seismic profiling (VSP) (250–1250 Hz) for vertical permeability values much greater than horizontal permeability parameters. The model assumes the principal axes of the stiffness constant tensor are aligned with the axes of the permeability and squirt‐flow tensors. In addition, the unified Biot and squirt‐flow mechanism (BISQ) model is adapted to simulate cracks in permeable media. Under these conditions, the model simulations demonstrate that the preferential direction of fluid flow in a reservoir containing fluid‐filled cracks can be determined by analyzing the phase velocity and attenuation of seismic waves propagating at different azimuth and incident angles. As a result, the fast compressional wave...
AFTER REAGAN'S DEREGULATION: STATE-FEDERAL CONFLICT OVER ENERGY POLICY

President Reagan's New Federalism has promised to redistribute the political power within the fcdcral system through a concerted program of deregulation and decentralization. Through such an approach, the Administration holds that intergovernmental policy making will reap the benefits of increased cooperation, efficiency, and effectiveness. This paper examines Reagan's New Federalism in energy policy, finding a continued presence of state-federal conflict in intergovernmental implementation decisions. This conflict emerges as the President's priorities of deregula- tion and decentralization often combat one another. This analysis, then, suggests that New Federalism's emphasis on deregulation, rather than decentralization, carries the greatest weight in explaining the politics on intergovernmental energy policy implementation in the 1980s.
Imaging Radars for Geoscience Use

Properties of a side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) designed for geoscience rather than military use are presented. The speckled nature of usual single-frequency radar images may be reduced by averaging in azimuth and by averaging in range or transmitting excess range bandwidth. With synthetic aperture systems, averaging is possible in both range and azimuth, but only range averaging (excess bandwidth) is reasonable with most real-aperture systems. Multispectral sensing appears to offer advantages for radar comparable with those for photography, on the basis of experimental spectral response curves. Matching the transfer characteristics of receiver, recorder, and film is necessary to achieve quality images. Special techniques may be necessary to permit discriminating targets of similar radar return while at the same time allowing for the very wide total range of returns. The calibration necessary to achieve repeatable results and permit use of automatic data processing may be obtained by inserting a stepped sample of transmitter signal into the receiver to place calibration blocks on the image. Both multiple look-angle coverage with a single flight line and stereo can be achieved by use of fore-and-aft squinted antennas for alternate transmissions.
I'll Go to the Library Later: The Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Library Anxiety.

Approximately 95 percent of college students procrastinate on academic tasks such as writing term papers, studying for examinations, and keeping up with weekly reading assignments. At the graduate level, an estimated 60 percent of students procrastinate on academic tasks. Academic procrastination stems primarily from fear of failure and task aversiveness. It has been theorized, though not tested empirically, that highly anxious graduate students typically procrastinate while engaged in library-related tasks. This study investigated the relationship between academic procrastination and library anxiety at the graduate level. Participants included 135 graduate students enrolled in three sections of a required introductory-level educational research course. Findings revealed that, overall, academic procrastination was significantly positively related to the following dimensions of library anxiety: affective barriers, comfort with the library, and mechanical barriers. A canonical correlation analysis revealed that academic procrastination resulting from both fear of failure and task aversiveness was related significantly to barriers with staff, affective barriers, comfort with the library, and knowledge of the library. Implications for library anxiety reduction as a procrastination intervention are discussed.
Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow by Stable Xenon Contrast Computerized Tomography

Computerized reconstruction techniques have made remarkable progress, providing anatomic resolution in three dimensions by X-ray transmission and positron emission tomography [1–3]. If advantage is taken of these technical advances, localized measurements of cerebral blood flow (LCBF), local tissue: blood partition coefficients (Lλ), and local metabolism are possible with excellent resolution [4–7]. The present communication describes improved methods for measuring LCBF and Lλ, utilizing the CT scanner during 35% stable xenon (Xes) inhalation [6, 7], and their application in normal aged volunteers. Computerized emission tomography has also been used for measuring LCBF during 77Kr or 133Xe inhalation [4, 5]. The latter emission methods have poorer resolution [3] than Xes methods because of technical problems with absorption of isotope emissions, partial volume effects, and Compton scatter.