cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Juncture II: Mass Education and the Demise of the Humboldtian University: The Great Paradox—University in Ruin Caused by Its Own Success

In the past 100 years, the university has accepted another purpose: vocational training. Consistent with Humboldt, Abraham Flexner, trained at the University of Berlin, insisted that the university was no place for vocational training. However, the university—as has often occurred in its long history—has morphed into something new by accepting a purpose on behalf of external stakeholders. Since 1960, there has been a dramatic increase in university enrollments, and that increase has come from students who see the university as providing vocational training. The university has moved from “elite higher education” to “mass higher education.” The intellectual descendants of Humboldt and Flexner assert that the modern-day university is in “ruin” because it has compromised its role to engage in vocational training.
Development of De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation Following Ischemic Stroke: Case Report and Review of Current Literature

Background Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are hypothesized to be static, congenital lesions developing as early as 4 weeks of fetal life. New literature has shown that AVMs may represent dynamic and reactive vascular lesions arising from cerebral infarction, inflammation, or trauma. A literature search reveals 17 previously reported cases of new AVM formation after previous negative imaging studies. This reactive development or “second hit” theory suggests that at a molecular level, growth factors may play a vital role in aberrant angiogenesis and maturation of an arteriovenous fistula into an AVM. Case Description A 52-year-old female presented with a ruptured left frontal AVM demonstrated by computed tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography. The patient had suffered an acute ischemic stroke in the similar cerebral vascular territory 8 years prior due to left internal carotid artery occlusion. Detailed neuroimaging at that time failed to reveal any vascular malformation, suggesting that the AVM might have developed in response to initial vascular insult. Conclusions We believe that there might exist a subset of AVMs that display dynamic characteristics and could potentially appear, grow, or resolve spontaneously without intervention, especially in the presence of local growth factors and molecular signaling cascades. When combined with a previous cerebral insult such as stroke, trauma, or inflammation, de novo AVM formation may represent a “second hit” with abnormal angiogenesis and vessel formation.
Rational Development of Hbv Capsid Inhibitors Aided by Molecular Dynamics

Chronic infection by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has no cure and is a major cause of liver damage and liver cancer. According to recent studies, the virus growth can be inhibited by capsid assembly inhibitors (CAMs), which bind in the pockets between the dimer subunits of the HBV capsid protein. This binding alters the orientation of the subunits in the capsid assembly intermediates and can inhibit the virus growth by either accelerating capsid assembly or by misdirecting it. However, the mechanisms of how CAMs affect assembly is presently not well understood, preventing a rational enrichment of their therapeutic potential.
The Effect of Manifest Anxiety upon the Travel and Manipulation Components of Human Motion

Forty undergraduates served as Ss to evaluate the effects of anxiety, defined by scores on the Manifest Anxiety Scale, upon two measures of human motion: travel movement time and manipulative movement time. High anxious Ss, in comparison to low anxious Ss, performed better on the travel components and poorer on the manipulative component. However, no significant differences in overall performances were obtained. The results were discussed in relation to Hullian learning theory and a theory of human motion proposed by K. U. Smith.
From Big Screens to Pasarelas : Studying Beauty in Latin America

This essay reviews the following works: Making Up the Difference: Women, Beauty, and Direct Selling in Ecuador. By Erynn Masi de Casanova. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011. Pp. xix + 239. $55.00 cloth: ISBN: 9780292723863. Dolores del Rio: Beauty in Light and Shade. By Linda B. Hall. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. Pp. xvi + 358. $60 cloth. ISBN: 9780804784078. Queen for a Day: Transformistas, Beauty Queens, and the Performance of Femininity in Venezuela. By Marcia Ochoa. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014. Pp. xi + 277. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822356264. Of Beasts and Beauty: Gender, Race, and Identity in Colombia. By Michael Edward Stanfield. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013. Pp. x + 280. $60.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780292745582. Beauty and the Beast. By Michael Taussig. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. Pp. x + 172. $18.00 paper. ISBN: 9780226789866.
Motion Control Algorithm for a Lower Limb Exoskeleton Based on Iterative LQR and ZMP Method for Trajectory Generation

In this paper a problem of controlling a lower limb exoskeleton during sit-to-stand motion (verticalization) in sagittal plane is studied. It is assumed that left and right sides of the exoskeleton are moving symmetrically. The main challenge in performing this motion is to maintain balance of the system. In this paper we use the zero-moment point (ZMP) methodology to produce desired trajectories for the generalized coordinates that would allow the system to remain vertically balanced. The limitations of this approach is that, it requires relatively accurate work of the feedback controller that ensures that the exoskeleton follows generated trajectories. In this work we use Iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator (ILQR) as a feedback controller in order to obtained the required accuracy. In the paper a way of trajectory generation that uses ZMP methodology is discussed, the results of the numerical simulation of the exoskeleton motion are presented and analyzed. A comparison between a natural human motion (for a human not wearing an exoskeleton) and the simulated motion of an exoskeleton using the proposed algorithm is presented.
The Mu2e experiment at fermilab: μ - N →e - N

Abstract Mu2e will search for coherent, neutrino-less conversion of muons into electrons in the field of a nucleus to a few parts in 10 − 17 , a sensitivity improvement of a factor of 10,000 over existing limits. Muon-Electron conversion provides unique windows into new physics inaccessible to other lepton flavor violation searches and probes up to mass scales ∼ 10 4 TeV, far beyond the reach of present or planned high energy colliders. We present the design of the muon beamline and spectrometer, how the experiment fits in the current Fermilab complex, and discusses potential upgrades at Fermilab's Project X.
Cost analysis and risk factors for interval cholecystectomy after bariatric surgery: a national study.

Abstract Background Besides rate and extent of weight loss, little is known regarding demographic factors predicting interval cholecystectomy (IC) after bariatric surgery and its incremental costs. Objectives We aim to identify risk factors predicting IC after bariatric surgery and quantify its associated costs. Setting Nationally representative sampling of acute care hospitals across the United States. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Readmission Database 2010 to 2014. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to identify risk factors for IC. Linear regression models were constructed to examine associations between cholecystectomy timing and cumulative hospitalization costs. Results An estimated national total of 553,658 patients received bariatric surgery during the study period. Of these, 3.3% received concomitant cholecystectomy (CC). After adjusting for bariatric procedure type, age, sex, complication, and length of stay, CC was independently associated with a US$1589 increase in hospitalization cost (95% confidence interval US$1021–2158, P P P P = .03) were all risk factors for IC. IC was independently associated with a US$1499 higher cumulative hospitalization cost than CC ( P Conclusions Despite the higher absolute cost of IC, its low incidence does not financially justify a routine prophylactic CC approach. In addition, no significant reduction in cholecystectomy-related complications was achieved by performing CC. An individualized approach taking identified risk factors for IC into consideration is recommended when deciding whether to perform prophylactic CC.
Association of an Opioid Standard of Practice Intervention With Intravenous Opioid Exposure in Hospitalized Patients.

Importance Opioids are commonly used to treat pain in hospitalized patients; however, intravenous administration carries an increased risk of adverse effects compared with oral administration. The subcutaneous route is an effective method of opioid delivery with favorable pharmacokinetics. Objective To assess an intervention to reduce intravenous opioid use, total parenteral opioid exposure, and the rate of patients administered parenteral opioids. Design, Setting, and Participants A pilot study was conducted in an adult general medical unit in an urban academic medical center. Attending physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who prescribed drugs were the participants. Use of opioids was compared between a 6-month control period and 3 months following education for the prescribers on opioid routes of administration. Interventions Adoption of a local opioid standard of practice, preferring the oral and subcutaneous routes over intravenous administration, and education for prescribers and nursing staff on awareness of the subcutaneous route was implemented. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a reduction in intravenous doses administered per patient-day. Secondary measures included total parenteral and overall opioid doses per patient-day, parenteral and overall opioid exposure per patient-day, and daily rate of patients receiving parenteral opioids. Pain scores were measured on a standard 0- to 10-point Likert scale over the first 5 days of hospitalization. Results The control period included 4500 patient-days, and the intervention period included 2459 patient-days. Of 127 patients in the intervention group, 59 (46.5%) were men; mean (SD) age was 57.6 (18.5) years. Intravenous opioid doses were reduced by 84% (0.06 vs 0.39 doses per patient-day, P P P P = .02), and mean daily overall opioid exposure decreased by 31% (6.30 [4.12] vs 9.11 [7.34] MMEs per patient-day). For hospital days 1 through 3, there were no significant postintervention vs preintervention differences in mean reported pain score for patients receiving opioid therapy: day 1, –0.19 (95% CI, −0.94 to 0.56); day 2, −0.49 (95% CI, −1.01 to 0.03); and day 3, −0.54 (95% CI, −1.18 to 0.09). However, significant improvement was seen in the intervention group on days 4 (−1.07; 95% CI, −1.80 to −0.34) and 5 (−1.06; 95% CI, −1.84 to −0.27). Conclusions and Relevance An intervention targeting the use of intravenous opioids may be associated with reduced opioid exposure while providing effective pain control to hospitalized adults.
Analysis and modeling of the equilibrium behaviors of U and Pu in molten LiCl-KCl/Cd system at 500 °C

Abstract In the field of pyroprocessing of used nuclear fuels, liquid cadmium is applied in different ways to recover transuranics from molten salt, while effecting some degree of separations between transuranics and lanthanides. A model of the separation performance between uranium and plutonium across the phase boundary between molten salt and liquid cadmium is presented. The salt is the LiCl-KCl eutectic with solute concentrations of UCl3 and PuCl3. The cadmium is the liquid cadmium phase field from the Cd-U-Pu ternary alloy system. The model used to describe the behavior of uranium and plutonium in the salt/cadmium system is applied to describe the behavior of plutonium and lanthanide in the salt/cadmium system.
Investigating the Physiological Control of Mammalian Vocalizations

Studies of the physiological factors regulating the occurrence and physical characteristics of mammalian vocalizations have a long history. The end organ of phonation in mammals, the larynx, has been the object of many anatomical and physiological investigations. Major emphasis has been given to the comparative anatomy of the larynx and accessory organs, and to the role of particular laryngeal intrinsic muscles and their associated cartilages and nerve branches in regulating the quality of emitted sounds. Historically, studies of brain physiology and neuroanatomical substrates related to vocal behavior have reflected the traditional view that vocalizations are a behavioral measure of emotional expression. This is evident in the early reference to “pain cries” and “distress vocalizations” produced by electrical stimulation of the brain in conscious animals. More recently, the contributions made by zoologists and others familiar with the communicative behavior of social mammals have documented a rich array of vocal signals used in an equally rich variety of social contexts. With this new information has come a growing appreciation for the value of studying the neural representation and physiological control mechanisms of specific vocalizations in specific mammalian species.
Improving pediatric compliance with positive airway pressure therapy: the impact of behavioral intervention.

Study Objective: The purposes of this study were (1) to describe behavior interventions provided to improve compliance with positive airway pressure (PAP) therapies in children with obstructive sleep apnea, (2) to survey physician and caregiver satisfaction with these interventions, and (3) to present preliminary outcome data on the effects of these interventions. Design: Retrospective, descriptive analysis. Setting: Pediatric psychology consultation service at a university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital. Participants: 20 children (aged 1-17 years) with obstructive sleep apnea, referred by physicians for noncompliance with PAP. Interventions: Patients self-selected into 1 of 3 groups: (1) a group receiving a 1.5-hour consultation and recommendation session (CR+), (2) a group receiving consultation and recommendations plus a course of behavior therapy (BT), and (3) a group for whom behavior therapy was recommended after the consultation and recommendations, but the family did not follow-up (CR-). Results: Prior to behavior intervention, none of the children were consistently wearing the PAP equipment. After intervention, 75% of children who received behavior intervention (CR+ and BT groups) successfully tolerated PAP with increased hours of documented usage. This was in contrast to children whose families declined recommended behavior therapy (CR- group), of whom 0% increased their usage of PAP. High satisfaction ratings were obtained from referring physicians and patient caregivers for children in the CR+ and BT groups. Conclusions: The results are encouraging and support the importance of behavior analysis and therapy for increasing compliance and making the benefits of PAP available to a greater number of children.
The Need for a Presidential Commission: Some Caveats

In what follows I am making the assumption that in regard to the care of aged people we have a major problem which we must confront, it is not one of the proportions and complexity of which we can continue to ignore. Readers who do not accept that assumption need not waste their time reading this chapter. The assumption leads to the suggestion that the president appoint a commission charged (a) with reviewing and evaluating the present programs and services for aged people who need them, and (b) with making recommendations for changing and improving them, and (c) with making their findings available in 2 years.
Complications of the Heitz-Boyer urinary diversion: case report of late development of malignancy.

AbstractWe report on 3 patients with bladder exstrophy followed for more than 15 years after having undergone Heitz-Boyer urinary diversion. One patient had adenocarcinoma at the ureterocolonic anastomoses 16 years after diversion. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a malignancy developing after a Heitz-Boyer procedure. The other 2 patients had significant problems with urinary incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infections. Initial success with this form of urinary diversion can be followed by significant long-term complications.
Re-Evaluating Tribal Customs of Land Use Rights

Indigenous peoples developed sustainable land tenure systems over countless generations, but these customary systems of rights are barely used by American Indian tribes today. Would increasing formal recognition of these traditional customs be desirable for tribes in a modern context? This Comment examines one traditional form of indigenous land tenure - the use right - and argues that those tribes that historically recognized use rights in land might benefit from increased reliance on these traditional customs. The Comment argues that in the tribal context, use rights can potentially be just as economically efficient, if not more so, than the Anglo-American system of unqualified, absolute ownership in land. The Comment also argues that tribal customs of land use rights may help preserve Indian cultural identity by cultivating core, non-economic values of tribal peoples. The Comment concludes by addressing some of the challenges tribes will likely face in attempting to more broadly rely on their customs of land use rights in the new millennium, while also remarking on some current and important opportunities for the re-integration of tribal customs in tribal land law.
Changing ourselves: Narrative experiences of women taking the lead in family and consumer sciences

The purpose of this feminist narrative study was to articulate the meaning and understandings emerging female leaders bring to their experience of assuming responsibility for leading in family and consumer sciences education. Narrative inquiry was used to investigate women’s experiences as a theoretical resource for understanding present conditions and exploring the meaning women make of experiences of socialization and leadership in family and consumer sciences. Interviews conducted with three women identified to be emerging leaders were used as the primary source of data. Through the use of inductive analysis, themes emerged from the stories the women shared of the development of their leadership and socialization into the profession. Themes included: key influences and experiences, values and motivation, developing a philosophy of leadership, challenges and sacrifices, and aspirations. Characterizing these three women’s socialization was internalized attitudes and beliefs that placed commitment and passion at the forefront of their professional development. They expressed the critical role of mentoring relationships in fostering the commitment and passion that led to leadership actualization in their professional lives. Through their experiences they developed a feminist conceptualization of leadership based in a philosophy of leadership as nonhierarchical and representing the leader as someone who collaborates or facilitates collective action toward the empowerment of others or the accomplishment of a common goal. This study reveals the significance of providing and encouraging relationships and experiences that promote a professional culture that cultivates commitment and passion in order to build and sustain leaders.
The Axiom of Choice

The Axiom of Choice was first enunciated by Zermelo. The standard formulation is as follows.
Preference vs Constraints: Generational Transmission of Immigrant Entrepreneurship

Why are immigrants more likely to own businesses than natives? Some scholars emphasize immigrants’ “preferences” for entrepreneurship, while others suggest “constraints” on non-entrepreneurial alte...
The Space Between: Transformative Learning and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management.

Introduction:Immigrant populations experience higher type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence rates and worse health outcomes secondary to T2DM than native-born populations. But as the largest im...
Improving Augmented Reality Relocalization Using Beacons and Magnetic Field Maps

In this paper, we show how beacon-based indoor localization and additional environmental fingerprints like magnetic field data can be used to both accelerate and increase the robustness of Augmented Reality (AR) relocalization. We show how the combination of Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) and beacons can be used to construct a dense indoor magnetic field map that can act as a fine-grained calibration for compasses to quickly determine a mobile device’s orientation. Unique to our approach is that we leverage accurate VIO trajectories to provide full vector magnetic field mapping that can be collected and used with devices placed in any orientation. We demonstrate a system running on an iPhone that can acquire location with 80th percentile 3D accuracy of 27cm in LOS and 46cm in NLOS, and our magnetic field mapping approach can instantly estimate orientation with 80th percentile accuracy of 11.7 degrees. We demonstrate an end-to-end system for generating a magnetic field map and subsequently localizing and tracking mobile users using beacons and VIO. This has the side effect of enabling multi-user (even cross-platform) AR applications, as all users can now be localized with respect to a common global reference without any sharing of visual feature maps.
Lipin-1 regulates lipid catabolism in pro-resolving macrophages

Abstract Macrophages reprogram their metabolism to promote appropriate responses. Pro-resolving macrophages primarily utilize fatty acid oxidation as an energy source. Metabolites generated during the catabolism of fatty acids aid in the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair, but the regulatory mechanisms that control lipid metabolism in macrophages is not fully elucidated. In this current study we show that lipin-1, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase and regulator of lipid metabolism, is required for increased oxidative phosphorylation during IL-4 mediated responses. We also show that the transcriptional coregulatory function of lipin-1 is required for β-oxidation in response to palmitate (free fatty acid) and apoptotic cell derived lipids. BMDMs lacking lipin-1 have a reduction in critical TCA cycle metabolites following IL-4 stimulation, suggesting a break in the TCA cycle that is supportive of lipid synthesis rather than lipid catabolism. Together, our data demonstrate that lipin-1 regulates intermediary metabolism within pro-resolving macrophages and highlights the importance of aligning macrophage metabolism with proper responses to stimuli.
Studying the Incubation of a New Product Market Through Realized and Alternative Histories

In this paper, we contribute to the literature on new market emergence by implementing a “history-friendly” simulation of the incubation period encompassing the decision processes that took place w...
Pediatric Basilar Skull Fracture Mechanisms and Trends From 2007 to 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the specific mechanism and trend of injury resulting in pediatric basilar skull fractures.Study DesignRetrospective chart review of a trauma database.SettingTertiary care chil...
On Mesoscopic Surface Formation in Metal Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Process

During Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (LPBF), the surface formation of the selected-melted powder-bed region is subject to a melting-solidification process along the line-scans and sensitive to the process conditions. This study focuses on the surface formation of mesoscopic line-scans in LPBF and aims to investigate the effect of different process parameters, such as laser power and layer thickness, on the track morphology and surface roughness. For this purpose, single-track scans were produced by an LPBF system and then were characterized under a white-light interferometer. A discrete element method and 3D thermo-fluid modeling were applied to simulate powder spreading and laser scanning. The results show that the line-scan surface morphology and the surface roughness of the quasi-steady regions on the line scans are signifiscantly dependent on the process conditions both longitudinally and transversely. As a result of continuous melting in the line scans, increasing laser power and decreasing layer thickness lead to smoother surface finish, respectively.
Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives: Lessons from the Age of Mass Migration - Online Appendix A to E

In this paper, I show that political opposition to immigration can arise even when immigrants bring economic prosperity. I exploit exogenous variation in European immigration to US cities between 1910 and 1930 induced by World War I and the Immigration Acts of the 1920s, and instrument immigrants’ location decision relying on pre-existing settlement patterns. I find that immigration triggered hostile political reactions, such as the election of more conservative legislators, higher support for anti-immigration legislation, and lower public goods provision. Exploring the causes of natives’ backlash, I document that immigration increased natives’ employment and occupational standing, and fostered industrial production and capital utilization. Even in occupations highly exposed to immigrants’ competition, there were no employment or wage losses among natives, suggesting that political discontent was unlikely to have economic roots. Consistent with this interpretation, I provide evidence that natives’ backlash was increasing in the cultural differences between immigrants and natives. These results indicate that diversity might be economically beneficial but politically hard to manage.
Taking a Detour; or, Gioan’s Theorem, and Pseudolinear Drawings of Complete Graphs

We describe a uniform approach to two known graph drawing results including Gioan’s theorem, stating that any two good drawings of a complete graph with the same rotation system are isomorphic up to Reidemeister moves of type 3, and a characterization of pseudolinear drawings of the complete graph via an excluded configuration: a bad $$K_4$$ . Our approach yields a new and short self-contained proof of Gioan’s theorem, and a short proof of the pseudolinearity characterization using a previous result. As a bonus we obtain an extension of Gioan’s theorem to the family of graphs $$K_n-M$$ , where M is a non-perfect matching in $$K_n$$ , $$n \ge 5$$ .
Hegemony and Democracy

1. A Democratic Hegemon? 2. Democracy, War, and Expansion through Historical Lenses 3. Dimensions of Resource Vulnerability: Some Elements of Rigor in Concept and Policy Analysis 4. U.S. Hegemony: Gone or Merely Diminished, and How Does it Matter? 5. The Real Decline in Nuclear Hegemony 6. The Future as Arbiter of Theoretical Controversies: The Scientific Study of Politics and Predictions with James Lee Ray 7. Courting Disaster: NATO vs. Russia and China with Allan C. Stam 8. A Neo-Kantian Perspective: Democracy, Interdependence and International Organizations in Building Security Communities 9. Democratic Intergovernmental Organizations Promote Peace with Jon Pevehouse 10. Security Council Expansion: Can't and Shouldn't 11. Liberalism 12. No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II 13. Democracy, Hegemony, and Collective Action
The role of the media specialist in elementary schools with a majority limited English proficient Latino enrollment

L'etude des cas de trois ecoles primaires de l'etat de Georgie a permis d'etablir quels sont les roles et les responsabilites du specialiste des medias vis-a-vis des enfants d'origine latino-americaine aux competences en anglais limitees, majoritaires dans ces etablissements. Le specialiste des medias est amene a remplir quatre roles : enseignant, partenaire educatif, specialiste de l'information et administrateur de projet.
Creating competitive rotorcraft noise technology

Rotorcraft noise includes turbofan engine noise components, as well as noise from the main and tail rotors that is conditioned by the aircraft's various operational modes. Both of the rotors generate loading noise and broadband noise. Another noise contributor is blade/vortex interaction noise, which results when shed vortices are encountered by a following blade, releasing impulsive acoustic energy. Attention is presently given to the experimental and developmental initiatives to be made by a NASA/industry five-year program that began in 1983. Aeroacoustic data acquired from experiments conducted in NASA facilities can be used in the development of empirical noise prediction methods, in the improvement of existing noise prediction methodology, in the evaluation of proposed reduced noise designs, and in the establishment of useful scaling relationships for selected noise-generating mechanisms.
Education-Occupation Mismatch and the Effect on Wages of Egyptian Workers

This study attempts to fill a void in the literature by examining education-occupation mismatches in Egypt. Using the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) 2006 and Egypt Labor Market Survey (ELMS) 1998, this paper investigates whether the empirical evidences of studies on over-education and under-education carry over to the private sector of the Egyptian labor market; evaluates the incidence and magnitude of the education-occupation mismatch by gender and by occupational categories; and determines whether the incidence of educational mismatches has increased over time. The main findings are as follows: there is evidence of an education-occupation mismatch in the Egyptian private sector. The incidence has declined from 51% to 42% during the eight year period, and males are more likely to be mismatched than females. The Egyptian labor market has witnessed a drop in the percentage of overeducated workers at the expense of an expansion in the share of under-educated workers. Empirical findings do not support the main stream literature. Returns to over-education for white collar and blue collar males are higher than those of adequately educated males and are greater in 2006 than in 1998. Females in white collar jobs, both over and undereducated, received higher returns than adequately educated females in 1998, but returns to over-education were higher and returns to under-education were lower than adequate education in 2006. Females in blue collar jobs are being penalized if they are inadequately matched, especially in 2006, and are rewarded less than males. These findings support the job competition model in a labor market with an imperfect information system whereby employers use education as an indicator of the cost of investing in job training. Workers, on the other hand, may accept these jobs while competing for a job.
Vinblastine sulfate. Its reversible thermal aggregation and interaction with hydrophobic groups.

Abstract Vinblastine sulfate (10 −3 M) in an aqueous solution at a pH of 7·4 aggregates readily when heated. This aggregation, which involves a sharp transition over a short temperature range, is pH dependent, can be reversed by cooling, is inhibited by various proteins and by sodium dodecyl sulfate, but is not affected by ionic strength or hydrophilic substances. The nature of its interaction with microtubular proteins is dependent on the relative concentration of the reactants. Excess protein inhibits heat aggregation, whereas an excess of vinblastine results in co-precipitation. Since the assembly of microtubules involves an endothermic polymerization of protein subunits, similar to that exhibited by vinblastine over similar pH and temperature ranges, it is concluded that the inhibition of mitosis caused by vinblastine is related to its strong lipophilic character and to its hydrophobic interaction with the microtubular system.
The isolation and characterization of active site peptides in lysyl oxidase

Publisher Summary The nature of the covalently bound cofactor in lysyl oxidase (LO) has been the matter of interest, because of its important physiologic functions. Both redox cycling assays and enzyme inhibition patterns indicate that LO contains a quinone-like structure at its active site. This chapter discusses the methodology of the isolation and mass spectroscopic characterization of the active site, cofactor-containing peptide from bovine aorta LO. To confirm the structure for the LO cofactor, model compounds mimicking the proposed enzymic structure has been synthesized. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the model compound, with a λ max of 504 nm that is red-shifted compared to other trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ)-containing amine oxidases, corresponds almost exactly to that of native LO. Under the same conditions, the resonance Raman spectrum of the phenylhydrazine derivative of the model compound has been found to be superimposable with that of the isolated LO peptide labeled with phenylhydrazine, yet very different from the phenylhydrazine derivative of a TPQ model compound. In addition to this, a previously unknown cofactor has been identified in LO, which is formed by the cross-linking of two amino acid side-chains and catalyzes the redox reaction in the enzyme.
Toward Effective and Preferred Programming: A Case for the Objective Measurement of Social Validity with Recipients of Behavior-Change Programs

The adoption of effective behavioral interventions and teaching strategies for young children is largely influenced by the extent to which stakeholders find the procedures appropriate and the effects important. Stakeholder values have been described by measures of social validity in applied behavior analysis, and these measures have been a part of behavior-analytic research and practice since their important characteristics were described in the late 1970s. The typically subjective nature of the social validation process appears, however, to have marginalized children and other usual recipients of behavior-change procedures (i.e., individuals with autism or intellectual disabilities) from social validation processes. Therefore, the importance of including recipients of behavior-change procedures in the social validation process and methods for doing so are described in this paper.
Paleolimnology and Paleohydrology

The study of the sedimentary record of nonmarine aquatic systems (paleolimnology) provides a tool for reconstructing the history of the basins themselves, as well as the history of the atmospheric and terrestrial systems that influence them. Such records allow us to understand environmental dynamics over periods longer than that of recorded history. Among inland aquatic systems, lakes have been studied more extensively; therefore, this review focuses on insights regarding environmental structure and function gained from studying lake sediments. Studies of the lacustrine paleolimnological record have been used to describe patterns of long-term climatic variation and the response of lakes to changes in climate and catchment vegetation and soils. Although ecological literature from the early decades of the twentieth century suggested that lakes became enriched over time (eutrophic), eventually filling with sediment and becoming wetlands, it is now clear that there are multiple developmental pathways for lakes. Some lakes indeed become enriched, whereas others show a long-term decline in nutrient concentrations and pH. Similarly, succession from lake to bog or wetland is not a universal trend. Paleolimnological studies also have been used to reconstruct the recent history of eutrophication, lake acidification, and atmospheric pollution. In these studies, the history archived in lake sediments provides a tool for measuring the magnitude of human impacts on the environment and for evaluating whether twentieth century patterns fall outside the natural range of environmental variation. Keywords: paleolimnology; paleohydrology; paleoclimate; limnogeology; lake sediments; lake acidification; eutrophication; climate change; atmospheric pollution
Technology Trends And Opportunities For Giga-scale Integration

As we proceed toward the beginning of the 21" Century, we will start facing a variety of possible show stoppers. This review talk will deal with general technical trends toward and beyond sub-0.1 pm geometry in terms of Microlithography, CVD, etching, device physics and circuit iimplementation. Also to be discussed, what will be an adequate model for R&D in prec.ompetitive as well as post-competitive domains.
Progressive or Conservative: Rationally Allocate Cooperative Work in Mobile Social Networks

There are plenty of idle computational resources on the Internet, which could potentially be used for accomplishing huge tasks. More and more applications are being designed for exploring those idle resources. In this paper, we focus on the idle computational resources, including both human intelligence and machine computing abilities, in mobile social networks (MSNs). Based on the unique features of MSN, we design a new cooperative system, called social-crowdsourcing. The distributed and infrastructure-free features of the system make it more attractive than traditional crowdsourcing platforms. In the proposed system, a huge work is gradually partitioned into smaller pieces, and is propagated from node to node. However, how to partition and allocate these segments is a critical problem, which directly affects the work’s completion time and system throughput. Due to the lack of global information, independent relay nodes are likely to make conflicted decisions, which will cause an unbalanced workload distribution on participating nodes. In this paper, we find that, for a work at different processing stages, one should adopt distinct workload exchanging schemes, moving from a progressive method to a conservative one. Based on this observation, we propose an adaptive workload allocation scheme, in which a participating node can gradually switch his decision strategy according to the workload statuses of neighboring nodes. By using our approach, system throughput can be significantly improved, and large works can finish within a nearly optimal time. Unlike in traditional scheduling problems, we take a human’s rejection, contact delay, and social similarity into consideration. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed algorithms can successfully make full use of the idle resources in MSNs.
Development of Active-Cells for Macroscopically Deformable Structures

In this paper we describe extensions and improvements upon prior work on “active cells” — small contractile electromechanical elements used in large numbers to create actuated composite structures. Each element (cell) consists of square fiberglass end-pieces encapsulating a bias spring within two telescoping tubes, actuated using two contractile shape memory coils, and occupying approx. 1cm3 when fully contracted. The end-pieces contain conductive interfaces to nearby cells, thus allowing channeling of power through a connected network of cells to provide actuation far from the source of electrical current. Prior work developed the conceptual structure of such a cell as well as preliminary prototypes. This paper describes the attachment of cells to each other and to rapid-prototyped cell interconnects — as well as improved fabrication techniques for the shape-memory coils — resulting in robust actuation for each cell, and the creation of considerably more complex chained and networked composite structures. A detailed exploration of appropriate interconnect mechanisms, powering schemes to provide network-level structural deformations, and examples of multi-cell structures are presented.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Investigating the Effect of Miniaturization on the Microtensile Properties of Brass (CuZn30)

As everyday equipment becomes smaller and smaller, it is of increasing importance that the manufacturing processes used for metals are capable of producing parts of appropriate sizes. Currently, manufacturing processes assume macromaterial properties can be applied for microscale production, but is this a valid assumption? This paper investigates the accuracy of applying macroscale tensile properties in microscale applications. In order to test the soundness of this supposition, tensile tests were performed on both macroscale and microscale brass specimens, and the resulting calculated material properties, strain hardening exponent (n) and strength coefficient (K), were compared. Specimens were heat treated to various temperatures before tensile tests were performed, and the strength coefficient and strain hardening exponents of micro and macro tensile specimens were compared. Additionally, it is investigated whether average grain size correlates to material properties. The results showed that in general it is not accurate to apply macroscale tensile properties to microscale applications. However, at mesocale grain sizes, (12–20 microns), the strain hardening exponent values were similar for both macro and microscale specimens.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Spherocytosis and Related Disorders : Consequences of a Deficiency or a Mutation of Membrane Skeletal Proteins

The membrane skeleton, a protein lattice that laminates the internal side of the red cell membrane, contains four major proteins: spectrin, actin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. By mass, the most abundant of these proteins is spectrin, a fibre-like protein composed of two chains, alpha and beta, which are twisted along each other into a heterodimer. At their head region, spectrin heterodimers are assembled into tetramers. At their distal end, these tetramers are interconnected into a two dimensional network by their linkage to oligomers of actin. This interaction is greatly strengthened by protein 4.1. The skeleton is attached to the membrane by ankyrin, a protein that connects the spectrin beta chain to the major transmembrane protein band 3, the anion channel protein. Additional attachment sites are those of protein 4.1 with several glycoproteins, namely glycophorin A and C, as well as direct interactions between spectrin, protein 4.1 and the negatively charged lipids of the inner membrane lipid bilayer. Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis and pyropoikilocytosis represent a group of disorders that are due to deficiency or dysfunction of one of the membrane skeletal proteins (Fig. 1). Known deficiency states include that of spectrin, ankyrin and protein 4.1. Severe spectrin and ankyrin deficiencies (with decrease in spectrin and ankyrin contents to about 50% of the normal amount) are both rare disorders associated with severe autosomal recessive hereditary spherocytosis. On the other hand, mild spectrin deficiency is found in the majority of patients with autosomal dominant spherocytosis in which the degree of spectrin deficiency correlates with the clinical severity of the disease. Protein 4.1 deficiency, in contrast, is associated with hereditary elliptocytosis, which in certain populations constitutes about 20% of all such patients. Known skeletal protein dysfunctions include mutants of both alpha and beta spectrin that involve the spectrin heterodimer self-association site. These are clinically expressed as hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) and a closely related disorder, hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP). At the level of protein function, this defect can be detected by analysis of the content of spectrin dimers and tetramers in 0 degrees C low ionic strength extracts of red cell membranes. Their structural identification is accomplished by limited proteolytic digestion of spectrin followed by two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A reconsideration of measures of instability

Using three measures, namely, the standard deviation of the ratio of the deficit to GDP and the slope and standard error of the estimate of regressing this ratio on time, Brewer (1985) concludes that the developing countries’ deficits, as a group, are not notably larger or more unstable than the industrial countries’ deficits. This comment demonstrates that by using a more appropriate measure of instability, the developing countries as a group actually exhibit greater stability. Variation over time is an indicator of instability. The greater the variation., the greater the instability. Because standard deviation is one measure of variation, it is often used as a measure of instability. In some cases, however, standard deviation may not be an appropriate measure to reflect instability. For a set of time-series observations, the underlying pattern demonstrated by them may be composed of two parts: a trend part which is predictable, and an uncertainty part which is unpredictable. Since the trend part can be predicted with much confidence and the uncertainty part cannot, we think that only the uncertainty part reflects the essence of instability. Because the calculation of standard deviation does not explicitly consider the trend part, we doubt the appropriateness of using the standard error to measure instability for time-series observations. Case 1 and case 2 in Table 1 are good examples. The mean is the same in the two cases, but the standard deviation of case 1 is higher than that of case 2. This seems to suggest that case 1 is more unstable than case 2. But an examination of data in Table 1 shows that case 1 is more stable than case 2 since the former has a constant increase of amount q for each time period. This points to the limitation of using standard deviation as the measure of instability. If the values of observation are steadily decreasing
Analysis of General Circulation Model Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly Simulations Using a Linear Model. Part I: Forced Solutions

Abstract Experiments are presented which indicate that many features of the response of a general circulation model to sea-surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific east of the dateline can be reproduced with a linear nondivergent barotropic vorticity-conserving model. The midlatitude response to anomalous forcing is especially well reproduced by the simple model if it is linearized about the general circulation model’s wavy control climatology. Diagnosis of the linear solutions using kinetic energy and enstrophy budget, as well as indicators of group velocity, indicates that basic state–perturbation interaction supplies nearly as much energy to the perturbation flow as anomalous forcing does. Further experiments show that the linear model is incapable of reproducing the finding of Geisler et al. that the structure of the general circulation model's midlatitude response is insensitive to the longitudinal position of the forcing anomaly. However, a Green’s function analysis of the linear mode...
The cotypeset of a torsion-free Abelian group of finite rank

For a discussion of types and for basic definitions and notations see [ 7 1. In 1961 Beaumont and Pierce [4] posed the problem of finding necessary and sufficient conditions for a (necessarily finite or countable) set T of types to be realized as T = typeset G for some G of rank two. They presented a simple characterization for finite T: Let T be a finite set of types. Then T= typeset G for some G of rank two if and only if there exists a type t, in T such that inf(t, t’) = C, for all t # t’ in T. In general, if T is the typeset of a rank two group G, it is easy to see that there must exist a type f0 with inf(t, t’) = t, for all t # t’ in T (to is called the inner type of G). However, in 1965, Dubois [5] constructed a countable set of types T for which inf(t, t’) = type (2) for all t # t’ in T, but such that T is not the typeset of any rank two group. Some necessary and some sufficient conditions for T = typeset G, rank G = 2, were obtained by Koehler [9] in 1964, Dubois [S, 61 in 1965-1966, and Ito [8] in 1975. In 1978 Schultz [lo] introduced the term cotypeset for the set of types of all rank one factors of a group. This set of types has appeared with some regularity in the study of torsion-free Abelian groups [ 1,3, 10-15 1. In [ 101 Schultz claimed to have solved the problem of finding necessary and sufficient conditions on two sets of types T, T' such that T = typeset G, T' = cotypeset G for some rank two G. However, a counterexample to Schultz’ main theorem was given by Vinsonhaler and Wickless [ 131, where it was also shown that the “dual” to the Beaumont-Pierce condition was both 380 0021-8693/83 $3.00