cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E Is Present in Hippocampal Neurons without Neurofibrillary Tangles in Alzheimer's Disease and in Age-Matched Controls

Apolipoprotein E (apoE, protein; APOE, gene) is a susceptibility gene for late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). To examine the role of apoE in the pathogenesis of AD, we used immunocytochemistry to compare apoE localization in the hippocampus of histologically confirmed cases of AD, Parkinson's disease (PD), and normal controls. We confirmed apoE immunoreactivity in astrocytes, senile plaques, blood vessels, and some neurons containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In addition, we observed apoE immunoreactivity in hippocampal neurons without NFTs in AD and PD patients as well as in some nondemented aged controls. In AD cases, apoE-immunoreactive neurites were closely associated with beta-amyloid (A beta) containing senile plaques and intraneuronal apoE was sometimes associated with immunoreactive tau protein accumulation. Thus, apoE is localized where it may affect the biological expression of two characteristic AD pathological correlates: extracellular A beta deposition and intraneuronal tau metabolism and NFT formation.
Biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid predicts survival in a North American cohort of primary biliary cirrhosis patients

Biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid among patients with primary biliary cirrhosis remains variable, and there is no agreement of an ideal model. Novel assessment of response coupled to histologic progression was recently defined by the Toronto criteria. We retrospectively assessed transplant-free survival and clinical outcomes associated with ursodeoxycholic acid response to evaluate the Toronto criteria using a large North American cohort of PBC patients. Three hundred and ninety-eight PBC patients from the Mayo Clinic PBC Genetic Epidemiology Registry were assessed for ursodeoxycholic acid treatment and biochemical response per the Toronto criteria. Responders were defined by reduction in alkaline phosphatase to less than or equal to 1.67 times the upper normal limit by 2 years of treatment, whereas non-responders had alkaline phosphatase values greater than 1.67 times the upper normal limit. Probability of survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Three hundred and two (76 %) patients were responders and 96 (24 %) were non-responders. Significantly more non-responders developed adverse events related to chronic liver disease compared to responders (hazard ratio (HR) 2.77, P = 0.001). Biochemical responders and early-stage disease at treatment start was associated with improved overall transplant-free survival compared to non-responders (HR 1.9) and patients with late-stage disease (HR 2.7) after age and sex adjustment. The Toronto criteria are capable of identifying ursodeoxycholic acid-treated primary biliary cirrhosis patients at risk of poor transplant-free survival and adverse clinical outcomes. Our data reveal that despite advanced disease at diagnosis, biochemical response per the Toronto criteria associates with improved overall transplant-free survival.
Diagnosis, treatment options, and rehabilitation of chronic lower leg exertional compartment syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg is a well-described and documented cause of exercise-related pain in recreational, elite, and military athletes. Although this condition is common, the exact underlying mechanisms, those most at risk, long-term effects on muscular strength if unrecognized, and prevention strategies are relatively uncertain. Runners are most commonly affected and can be markedly impaired by the recurrent, often predictable pain that develops with exercise. An accurate history, high index of suspicion, and compartment pressure testing before and after symptomatic exercise confirms the diagnosis. Conservative therapy is minimally effective. Fasciotomy is the treatment of choice for athletes who are unwilling to modify their exercise or sport.
Abstract 5479: Mcl-1 is differentially regulated in acute myeloid leukemia cells treated with all trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Both all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) induce complete remission in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. Using the APL derived NB4 cell line containing the PML-RARα fusion protein it has been found that ATRA induced differentiation while ATO mainly induced apoptosis. Previously it has been reported that the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bfl-1/A1 were regulated during ATRA-induced differentiation process in APL cells. However, the regulation of Mcl-1, a major antiapoptotic protein required during myeloid granulocyte differentiation, has not been determined. Recently it has been shown that ERK phosphorylates Mcl-1 and regulates its stability. The regulation of Mcl-1 and p-ERK by ATRA and ATO were investigated in NB4 and its subclone R4 cells, HL-60 and its subclone HL-60/Res cells. Both NB4 and R4 cells contain PML-RARα while HL-60 and HL-60/Res cells contain RARα. However, the ATRA binding domain in PML-RARα and RARα is mutant in R4 and HL-60/Res cells, respectively. The levels of Mcl-1 were induced by ATRA in both NB4 and HL-60 cells, but not in R4 cells nor HL-60/Res cells. The induction of Mcl-1 in NB4 and HL-60 cells correlated with the induction of differentiation and the increased level of p-ERK. Unlike ATRA treatment, ATO treatment decreased the levels of Mcl-1 in both NB4 and R4 cells, but not in HL-60 nor in HL-60/Res cells, which correlated with the induction of apoptosis and down-regulation of p-ERK. Both NB4 and R4 cells contain PML-RARα which is degraded by ATO, suggesting that PML-RARα plays a role in ATO-mediated down-regulation of Mcl-1. To test the effect of PML-RARα on the regulation of Mcl-1 after ATO treatment, U937/PR9 cells with the inducible expression of PML-RARα were used. Expression of PML-RARα increased the levels of Mcl-1 and p-ERK. ATO treatment decreased the levels of both Mcl-1 and p-ERK. These data suggest that ATRA increases the level of Mcl-1 through activating ERK due to overcoming PML-RARα transcriptional repression and activating RARα while ATO decreases the level of Mcl-1 through inactivation of ERK due to inducing degradation of PML-RARα. The increased level of Mcl-1 after ATRA treatment protects against cell death and promotes differentiation while the decreased level of Mcl-1 after ATO-treatment sensitizes apoptosis induction. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5479. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5479
What factors predict pacemaker syndrome and how can it be treated in patients with sinus node dysfunction

What factors predict pacemaker syndrome and how can it be treated in patients with sinus node dysfunction?
The synthesis, X-ray structure analysis, and photophysical characterization of 3,3′-diacetylstilbene

Abstract 3,3′-Diacetylstilbene was produced in modest yield (26%) from a palladium(II) acetate-catalyzed coupling reaction between triethoxyvinylsilane and the triazene 1-{3-[(E)-morpholin-4-yldiazenyl]phenyl}ethanone. X-ray analysis of crystals of 3,3′-diacetylstilbene revealed a nearly planar molecule (average deviation 0.037 A) on a crystallographic inversion center. Its crystal packing was found to be composed of sheets of individual molecules of the stilbene interacting through C H···O hydrogen bonds with the sheets in turn participating in two types of weak C H···π aromatic interactions. The room-temperature absorption spectra of 3,3′-diacetylstilbene in propanenitrile and chloroform featured two π → π* transitions with maxima at approximately 250 and 300 nm. 3,3′-Diacetylstilbene was observed to be luminescent in room-temperature solution, in propanenitrile glass at 77 K, and in the solid state with maxima in the range 385–470 nm. The broadness of the emission spectra qualitatively indicated the degree that 3,3′-diacetylstilbene aggregated in solution. Quantum yields of 2 in propanenitrile and chloroform solution indicated that it had a higher fluorescence efficiency than 4,4′-diacetylstilbene.
Linear model for the determination of solvent strength parameters in liquid-solid chromatography

Abstract A new method is presented for the determination of solvent strength parameters in liquid-solid chromatography (LSC). This method, which is based on the chromatographic comparison of an unknown solvent system with known, well characterized solvents has been shown to be simple to implement, accurate and applicable to solvent mixtures as well as pure solvents. The technique is based on the assumption that secondary solvent effects are negligible which has been found to be an accurate description of the situation involving many weak to moderate LSC solvent systems.
Generous actors, selfish actions: markets with other-regarding preferences

This paper points out that classical competitive outcomes arise in two different market environments even if agents have non-classical preferences. Consumers with separable, other-regarding preferences behave as if they have classical preferences in competitive equilibrium. These outcomes need not be efficient, but under plausible conditions will be efficient following a redistribution of income. In simple double-auction environments competitive outcomes arise under a wide range of assumptions on preferences even without assuming separability. I discuss the importance of the domain of definition of preferences and how the preferences present in the economy influence the performance of the trading institution.
Nuclear resonance of ytterbium local moments in gold

We have observed the $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$ nuclear resonance in dilute $\mathrm{Au}\mathrm{Yb}$ alloys using a phase-coherent spin-echo spectrometer in the frequency range 450-530 MHz, with external fields of 67-119 kOe and temperatures of 1-2 K. At these field strengths and temperatures, the electronic moment is strongly polarized and the local-moment relaxation regime ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}{T}_{2}^{e}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ applies. The resonance has been studied in both powders and single crystals. The field dependence of the resonance frequencies can be fit with a crystal-field splitting $\ensuremath{\Delta}({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7})=83.7(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5)$ K and a hyperfine constant $\frac{A}{h}=\ensuremath{-}241.5(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)$ MHz. These values agree well with those obtained in electron-spin-resonance, M\"ossbauer, and magnetic-susceptibility experiments. The transverse nuclear relaxation time varies as ${T}_{2}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${T}_{2}\ensuremath{\propto}{H}_{0}^{2}$. The measured rates agree with predictions for the \textonehalf{} \ensuremath{\leftrightarrow} -\textonehalf{} nuclear transition based on a model involving local-moment fluctuations within the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ ground-state doublet using a conduction-electron exchange constant $〈{\mathcal{I}}^{2}〉{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}=0.018$ derived from the reported thermal broadening of the ytterbium ESR. The absence of significant contributions to the observed high-field relaxation rates from ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ fluctuations provides strong evidence that the local-moment---conduction-electron interaction in $\mathrm{Au}\mathrm{Yb}$ is principally of an anisotropic form.
Drive for consumption, craving, and connectivity in the visual cortex during the imagery of desired food

There is considerable interest in understanding food cravings given the obesogenic environment of Western Society. In this paper we examine how the imagery of palatable foods affects cravings and functional connectivity in the visual cortex for people who differ on the power of food scale (PFS). Fourteen older, overweight/obese adults came to our laboratory on two different occasions. Both times they ate a controlled breakfast meal and then were restricted from eating for 2.5 hours prior to scanning. On one day they consumed a BOOST® liquid meal after the period of food restriction, whereas on the other day they only consumed water (NO BOOST® condition). After these manipulations, they had an fMRI scan in which they were asked to image both neutral objects and their favorite snack foods; they also completed visual analogue scales for craving, hunger, and the vividness of the imagery experiences. Irrespective of the BOOST® manipulation, we observed marked increases in food cravings when older, overweight/obese adults created images of favorite foods in their minds as opposed to creating an image of neutral objects; however, the increase in food craving following the imagery of desired food was more pronounced among those scoring high than low on the PFS. Furthermore, local efficiency within the visual cortex when imaging desired food was higher for those scoring high as compared to low on the PFS. The active imagery of desired foods seemed to have overpowered the BOOST® manipulation when evaluating connectivity in the visual cortex.
Similar sequences from the 5' end of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs

Similar, large (N approximately 40) oligonucleotides are released from each of the two cowpea mosaic virus genomic RNAs by digestion with ribonuclease T1. Each large oligonucleotide was radiolabeled at the 3' end, and the nucleotide sequence was determined by base-specific partial degradation and analysis of the fragments. Specific deoxyoligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of each large oligonucleotide were primers in reverse transcription reactions with intact virion RNA as template. Sequences to the 5' side of the large oligonucleotide sequences, and extending almost to the 5' end of each RNA, were read from analyses of transcripts that had been terminated by the incorporation of 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside-5'-phosphate residues. We report sequences of 87 and 79 nucleotide residues, respectively, from the two virus RNAs. The two sequences show many similarities and can be folded into a similar pattern to accommodate base pairing.
The effect of intergrid operators on multigrid convergence

We study the effect of interpolation and restriction operators on the convergence of multigrid algorithms for solving linear PDEs. Using a modal analysis of a subclass of these systems, we determine how two groups of the modal components of the error are filtered and mixed at each step in the algorithm. We then show that the convergence rate of the algorithm depends on both the properties of the interpolation and restriction operators and the characteristics of the system. The analysis opens the problem of optimization of these operators. By different choices of operators we show a trade-off between the optimization of the convergence rate and the optimization of the number of computations required per iteration.
Ground states of holographic superconductors

We investigate the ground states of the Abelian Higgs model in AdS{sub 4} with various choices of parameters, and with no deformations in the ultraviolet other than a chemical potential for the electric charge under the Abelian gauge field. For W-shaped potentials with symmetry-breaking minima, an analysis of infrared asymptotics suggests that the ground state has emergent conformal symmetry in the infrared when the charge of the complex scalar is large enough. But when this charge is too small, the likeliest ground state has Lifshitz-like scaling in the infrared. For positive mass quadratic potentials, Lifshitz-like scaling is the only possible infrared behavior for constant nonzero values of the scalar. The approach to Lifshitz-like scaling is shown in many cases to be oscillatory.
Acoustic emission during polarization switching in ferroelectric ceramics

Abstract Acoustic emission associated with the polarization switching in ferroelectric ceramics is investigated. Under bipolar ac electric field driving, whereby ferroelectric ceramics undergo a transition between the macroscopically poled and depoled states, the acoustic emission signal is large in the poled state and small in the depoled state. Under unipolar electric field driving, whereby a prepoled ferroelectric ceramic sample does not experience a macroscopic polarization reversal, the acoustic emission signal obtains the maximum amplitude at an intermediate polarization level. Furthermore, the acoustic emission signal decreases as the induced ferroelectric polarization decreases after ferroelectric fatigue. These phenomena have been interpreted by attributing the AE signal to the elastic energy release associated with the domain switching and the transmission of the elastic waves via a electromechanical coupling.
A general formula obtained from induced moments for the retarded van der Waals dispersion energy shift between two molecules with arbitrary electric multipole polarizabilities. II. Excited state interactions

The method of induced multipole moments used in the preceding paper to calculate a generalized expression for the ground state dispersion energy between a pair of arbitrarily electrically polarizable molecules is extended to deal with the case in which one of the species is excited. As an application, the resonant contribution to the energy shift is computed explicitly for electric dipole, quadrupole and octupole polarizable systems and compared, where possible, with previous response theory calculations.
The Computer as a Tool of Architectural Education

(1974). The Computer as a Tool of Architectural Education. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 28, Pedagogical Catalog 2, pp. 71-72.
Chronic exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in 2 Indian lions (Panthera leo persica)

Abstract Clinical evidence of chronic exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was encountered in 2 litter-mate captive Indian lions ( Panthera leo persica ) and confirmed by subsequent laparotomy, biopsy and necropsy. At necropsy, the pancreas consisted merely of small pink islands of tissue within surrounding mesenteric fat. Histologically, acinar tissue was replaced and there was no evidence of an inflammatory infiltrate. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated many stages of acinar cell degeneration. The disease in the lions resembled that observed in dogs and is considered to be degenerative. Whether the disease has its origin in a recessive gene abnormality, associated with high consanguinity, as is suggested in dogs, requires further investigation.
Penetrating Pancreatic Injury

Pancreatic injury following penetrating trauma is a rare but complex problem in trauma surgery. The retroperitoneal location of the pancreas and its intricate anatomic relationship to other vital structures both contribute to this complexity. Accurate intraoperative diagnosis of pancreatic injury can be difficult, making careful and thorough operative exposure paramount. Operative management is guided by the presence of associated injuries and the severity of the pancreatic injury. External drainage, resection, and staged reconstruction when indicated are the pillars of operative management for the majority of injuries. Post-injury complications are common and can include fistula, pancreatitis, abscess, hemorrhage, and pseudocyst. ERCP is central to the management of these complications and can aid in avoiding return to the operating room. Because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with penetrating pancreatic injury, collaboration among surgical disciplines is warranted to optimize outcome.
Geochemistry of the Madeira River, Brazil: comparison of seasonal weathering reactions using a mass balance approach

ittle information is available regarding the geochemical factors and reactions controlling the seasonal variation in major elemental distribution in river waters. In this note, we have utilized previously published seasonal water chemistry of the Madeira River, Brazil (Pessenda et al., 1986) and the geochemical model NETPATH to determine the different chemical reactions controlling major solute distribution in the river on a seasonal basis. Our modeling effort suggests that there are major seasonal differences in the weathering reactions in the Madeira Basin. This is, in part, due to seasonal variations in ∑CO2 input into the river.
Gas-phase peptide/protein cationizing agent switching via ion/ion reactions.

Polypeptide ions comprising different cationizing agents show distinct fragmentation behavior in the gas phase. Thus, it is desirable to be able to form ions with different cationizing agents such as protons and metal ions. Usually, metal-cationized peptide/protein ions are introduced to the mass spectrometer by electrospraying solutions containing a mixture of the peptide/protein of interest and a metal salt. A new technique for generating metal-containing polypeptide ions that involves gas-phase ion/ion reactions is described. In this strategy, solutions of metal-containing ions and solutions of proteins are each electrosprayed into separate ion sources. The approach allows for independent maximization of ion signal and selection of ions prior to gas-phase reactions. Selected ions are stored in a quadrupole ion trap where reactions of ions of opposite polarity form metal-cationized peptides and proteins in the gas phase by cation switching. This approach affords a high degree of flexibility in forming m...
Effect of Isomorphous Substitution on the Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Hydrotalcites.

Abstract: Hydrotalcites have many important applications in catalysis, wastewater treatment, gene delivery and polymer stabilization, all depending on preparation history and treatment scenarios. In catalysis and polymer stabilization, thermal decomposition is of great importance. Hydrotalcites form easily with atmospheric carbon dioxide and often interfere with the study of other anion containing systems, particularly if formed at room temperature. The dehydroxylation and decomposition of carbonate occurs simultaneously, making it difficult to distinguish the dehydroxylation mechanisms directly. To date, the majority of work on understanding the decomposition mechanism has utilized hydrotalcite precipitated at room temperature. In this study, evolved gas analysis combined with thermal analysis has been used to show that CO 2 contamination is problematic in materials being formed at RT that are poorly crystalline. This has led to some dispute as to the nature of the dehydroxylation mechanism. In this paper, data for the thermal decomposition of the chloride form of hydrotalcite are reported. In addition, carbonate-free hydrotalcites have been synthesized with different charge densities and at different growth temperatures. This combination of parameters has allowed a better understanding of the mechanism of
Interaction of Human Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)-2 with the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor

SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) proteins have been shown to be negative regulators of cytokine receptor signaling via the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. We have cloned a member of this family (hSOCS-2) by utilizing the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) cytoplasmic domain as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human fetal brain library. The hSOCS-2 protein interacted strongly with the activated IGF-IR and not with a kinase negative mutant receptor in the two-hybrid assay. Mutation of receptor tyrosines 950, 1250, 1251, and 1316 to phenylalanine or deletion of the COOH-terminal 93 amino acids did not result in decreased interaction of the receptor with hSOCS-2 protein. hSOCS-1 protein also interacted strongly with IGF-IR in the two-hybrid assay. Glutathione S-transferase-hSOCS-2 associated with activated IGF-IR in lysates of mouse fibroblasts overexpressing IGF-IR. Human embryonic kidney cells (293) were transiently transfected with vectors containing IGF-IR and FLAG epitope-tagged hSOCS-2. After IGF-I stimulation, activated IGF-IR was found in anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates and, conversely, FLAG-hSOCS-2 was found in anti IGF-IR immunoprecipitates. Thus, hSOCS-2 interacted with IGF-IR both in vitro and in vivo. HSOCS-2 mRNA was expressed in many human fetal and adult tissues with particularly high abundance in fetal kidney and adult heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and liver. These results raise the possibility that SOCS proteins may also play a regulatory role in IGF-I receptor signaling.
ALIENATION AND THE CORRECTIONAL OFFICER: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

The increased pressures which have been placed upon correctional institutions in the 1980’s have made the retention of quality correctional officers imperative. Yet many of these officers find prison work to be an unsatisfying experience. This paper attempts to measure levels of alienation among correctional officers and identify factors which may be related to its occurrence.
Managing Marginality in Railway Stations: Beyond the Welfare and Social Control Debate

ijur_920 1029..1044 How to rid railway stations of the marginalized people who congregate in them? This is the problem faced by railway companies which are seeking to maximize the commercial drawing power of their spaces. The limitations of a strictly repressive policy are prompting railway companies to fund non-profit community-based organizations to carry out social policies aimed at the marginalized. Based on two studies in the railway stations of Lyon and Milan, the article analyses how this strategy was implemented. Our analysis involves differentiating our work from two hypotheses: the irenic hypothesis, which sets social policies in opposition to security policies, and the malefic hypothesis, which equates social policies with security policies. The work of the non-profit community-based organizations shows that the boundary between social policy and security policy is a tenuous one, since the principal aim is to disperse marginalized people and move them away from the station. Control of marginalized people is based on the use of incentive structures rather than on coercion. The community organizations also have to retain control of their philanthropic legitimacy, which they are selling to the railway companies, but which they are also putting at risk. Focusing on the agency of the actors allows us to avoid both an irenic analysis (in which ‘human’ and ‘just’ social policies come to the aid of the marginalized) and a malefic analysis (in which social policies are merely security policies in disguise).
General purpose model and a computer program for combined segregation and path analysis (SEGPATH): Automatically creating computer programs from symbolic language model specifications

A general purpose model and a flexible computer program, called SEGPATH, have been developed to assist in the creation and implementation of a variety of genetic epidemiological models. SEGPATH is a computer program which can be used to generate programs to implement linear models for pedigree data, based upon a flexible, model-specification syntax. SEGPATH models can perform segregation analysis, path analysis, or combined segregation and path analysis using any user-specified path model and can be structured to analyze any number of multivariate phenotypes, environmental indices, and/or measured covariate fixed effects (including measured genotypes). Population heterogeneity models, repeated-measures models, longitudinal models, auto-regressive models, developmental models, and gene-by-environment interaction models can all be created under SEGPATH. Pedigree structures can be defined to be arbitrarily complex, and the data analyzed with programs generated by SEGPATH can have any missing value structure, with entire individuals missing, or missing on one or more measurements. Corrections for ascertainment can be done on a vector of phenotypes and/or other measures. Because the model specification syntax is general, SEGPATH can also be used in non-genetic applications where there is a hierarchical structure, such as longitudinal, repeated-measures, time series, or nested models. A variety of applications are demonstrated. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in mode-division multiplexing

The capacity of mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems is limited, for a given outage probability, by mode-dependent loss (MDL) and gain. Modal degrees of freedom may be exploited to increase transmission rate (multiplexing gain) or lower outage probability (diversity gain), but there is a fundamental tradeoff between the achievable multiplexing and diversity gains. In this Letter, we present the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in MDM systems for the first time, studying the impact of signal-to-noise ratio, MDL, and frequency diversity order on the tradeoff in the strong-mode-coupling regime.
Time alignment of optical cells with arbitrary message payloads

Summary form only given. Ultrafast (100 Gbit/s) optical time-division multiplexed (OTDM) signals must be transmitted exclusively in the optical domain due to the speed limitation of present optoelectronic and digital circuitry. Cell-based switch nodes must perform alignment, routing and contention resolution functions directly on the optical data in order to remain transparent to the ultrafast data signal. The time synchronization function is required at the front end of a transparent optical switch to align incoming cells with the switch node timing and prevent cell jitter accumulation. The alignment method described here employs a fiber-optic binary-weighted delay line (BDL) that is electronically configured by a cell header receiver referred to as the Optical Cell Header Interface Subsystem (OCHIS). Results obtained using a prototype three-stage BDL with 1-ns resolution are presented.
Solidification of Couette Flow in an Annulus with Inner Cylinder Rotation

A semi-analytic solution is presented for the solidie cation of laminar Couette e ow within a one-dimensional annular region with a rotating inner cylinder and stationary outer cylinder. Viscous dissipation in the liquid is taken into account. The inner cylinder is maintained under adiabatic conditions while the outer cylinder is convectively cooled. Analytic expressions for the dimensionless quasi-steady temperature distribution in the solid and liquid regions, Nusselt number at the solid ‐liquid interface, dimensionless power and torque per unit length, and dimensionless steady-state freeze front location are derived as a function of liquid-to-solid thermal conductivity ratio,Brinkman number, annulusradiusratio,and Stefannumber,whichisassumedto besmall (<0.1)butnonvanishing. The dimensionless instantaneous solid ‐liquid interface location is determined using numerical integration. In addition, the Brinkman number is related to the Reynolds number, and expressions for the factor increase in transition Reynolds and Brinkman numbers are derived. It is observed that an ine nitely large Biot number, corresponding to the isothermal cooling limit, increases the e ow stability in the liquid region as the transition Reynolds increases by a factor of up to 11. However, this stability increase comes at the expense of a factor increase in the power per unit length of up to 2.4.
Analysis of the lifetime of wireless sensor networks for underground communications in dry sand

In this paper we present an advanced model for power consumption in communications and study its effect on the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks in underground communications for dry sand. The power communications model is incorporated in the life time model of wireless sensor networks. The life time model takes into consideration several parameters such as the total number of sensors, network size, percentage of sink nodes, location of sensors, the mobility of sensors, power consumption when nodes move and the power consumption of communications. The model for power consumption in communications shows more accurate results about the lifetime of the sensor network in comparison with previously published results.
Stigma or Separation?: Understanding the Incarceration-Divorce Relationship

Prior research suggests a correlation between incarceration and marital dissolution, although questions remain as to why this association exists. Is it the stigma associated with "doing time" that drives couples apart? Or is it simply the duration of physical separation that leads to divorce? This research utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel to shed light on these questions. The findings generally support a separation explanation of the incarceration-divorce relationship. Specifically, the data show that exposure to incarceration has no effect on marital dissolution after duration of incarceration is taken into account. In addition, across both datasets we find that individuals who spend substantial time away from spouses are at higher risk of divorce. The findings point to the importance of spousal separation for understanding the incarceration-marital dissolution relationship. Moreover, and in contrast to settings in which stigma appears quite salient (e.g., labor markets), our results suggest that the shared history and degree of intimacy among married partners may weaken the salience of the stigma of incarceration. Findings are discussed in the context of a burgeoning body of work on the collateral consequences of incarceration and have implications for the growing pool of men in American society returning from prison.
Benchmarking of Improved DPAC Transient Deflagration Analysis Code

The transient deflagration code DPAC (Deflagration Pressure Analysis Code) has been upgraded for use in modeling hydrogen deflagration transients. The upgraded code is benchmarked using data from vented hydrogen deflagration tests conducted at the HYDRO-SC Test Facility at the University of Pisa. DPAC originally was written to calculate peak deflagration pressures for deflagrations in radioactive waste storage tanks and process facilities at the Savannah River Site. Upgrades include the addition of a laminar flame speed correlation for hydrogen deflagrations and a mechanistic model for turbulent flame propagation, incorporation of inertial effects during venting, and inclusion of the effect of water vapor condensation on vessel walls. In addition, DPAC has been coupled with CEA, a NASA combustion chemistry code. The deflagration tests are modeled as end-to-end deflagrations. The improved DPAC code successfully predicts both the peak pressures during the deflagration tests and the times at which the pressure peaks.
Radiant emission characteristics of nonisothermal cylindrical cavities.

Consideration is given to the radiant interchange in a circular cylindrical cavity of finite length for the condition wherein there is an axially increasing or decreasing temperature along the cavity wall. The mathematical formulation of the problem leads to a linear integral equation which has been solved in closed form. The solution yields expressions for the local apparent emittance and for the over-all radiant energy transfer. These quantities fully specify the emission characteristics of the cavity.
Not Just Parliamentary ‘Cowboys and Indians’: Ministerial Responsibility and Bureaucratic Drift

A strict interpretation of the doctrine of individual ministerial responsibility requires that the minister alone bear public responsibility for her department's actions. Critics charge that it is not sensible to hold a mminister solel responsible for departmental errors when government departments are so large and complex, and senior bureaucrats so powerful in their own right; senior bureaucrats should be made directly accountable to Parliament. The paper uses a game theoretic model to show that this criticism is misguided. To the extent that politicians more effectively police the bureaucracy when they are governed by a doctrine of ministerial responsibility than when they are not, the doctrine strengthens accountability. Much of the doctrine's force comes from the threat of ministerial resignation, but the opportunities that the doctrine creates for opposition parties to embarrass the government also contribute to its efficacy.
Endogenous oxytocin levels are associated with the perception of emotion in dynamic body expressions in schizophrenia

Lower endogenous oxytocin levels have been associated with impaired social cognition in schizophrenia, particularly facial affect identification. Little is known about the relationship between oxytocin and other forms of emotion perception. In the current study, 41 individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and 22 demographically matched healthy controls (CN) completed a forced-choice affective body expression classification task. Stimuli included dynamic videos of male and female actors portraying 4 discrete emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, and neutral. Plasma oxytocin levels were determined via radioimmunoassay. Results indicated that SZ had significantly higher plasma oxytocin concentrations than CN. SZ were also less accurate at identifying expressions of happiness and sadness; however, there were no group differences for anger or neutral stimuli. A group×sex interaction was also present, such that female CN were more accurate than male CN, whereas male SZ were more accurate than female SZ. Higher endogenous oxytocin levels were associated with better total recognition in both SZ and CN; this association was specific to females in SZ. Findings indicate that sex plays an important role in identifying emotional expressions in body gestures in SZ, and that individual differences in endogenous oxytocin predict emotion perception accuracy.
Learning, Active Investors, and the Returns of Financially Distressed Firms

I develop a dynamic asset pricing model to analyze expected returns of financially distressed firms in the presence of learning about firm fundamentals and endogenous information acquisition by active investors that acquire large stakes in distressed firms via private investments in public equity. The model reveals that learning and information acquisition critically affect risk exposures close to default and can rationalize low and even negative expected equity returns for firms with high default risk. Similar to Schumpeter’s (1934) argument that recessions have a positive, cleansing effect on the economy, the model reveals that equity holders may benefit from the increased speed of learning about insolvent firms in downturns, which increases the value of their abandonment option in these times. Equity holders’ option value is further enhanced by the ability to partially free-ride on active investors’ acquisition of information on firm fundamentals. Both information channels are shown to affect equity betas, and may account for striking, momentum-type dynamics in risk premia.
The C-Terminal Domain of MinC Inhibits Assembly of the Z Ring in Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli, the Min system, consisting of three proteins, MinC, MinD, and MinE, negatively regulates FtsZ assembly at the cell poles, helping to ensure that the Z ring will assemble only at midcell. Of the three Min proteins, MinC is sufficient to inhibit Z-ring assembly. By binding to MinD, which is mostly localized at the membrane near the cell poles, MinC is sequestered away from the cell midpoint, increasing the probability of Z-ring assembly there. Previously, it has been shown that the two halves of MinC have two distinct functions. The N-terminal half is sufficient for inhibition of FtsZ assembly, whereas the C-terminal half of the protein is required for binding to MinD as well as to a component of the division septum. In this study, we discovered that overproduction of the C-terminal half of MinC (MinC(122-231)) could also inhibit cell division and that this inhibition was at the level of Z-ring disassembly and dependent on MinD. We also found that fusing green fluorescent protein to either the N-terminal end of MinC(122-231), the C terminus of full-length MinC, or the C terminus of MinC(122-231) perturbed MinC function, which may explain why cell division inhibition by MinC(122-231) was not detected previously. These results suggest that the C-terminal half of MinC has an additional function in the regulation of Z-ring assembly.
Chemical feedback effects on the spatial patterns of the NO x weekend effect: a sensitivity analysis

Abstract. We examine spatial variations in the weekday–weekend pattern of NO2 over the Los Angeles metropolitan area using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and then compare the observations to calculations using the WRF-Chem model. We find that the spatial pattern of the weekday–weekend variations of the NO2 column in the model is significantly different than observed. A sensitivity study shows that the contrasting spatial pattern of NO2 on weekdays and weekends is a useful diagnostic of emissions and chemistry. These improvements suggest that constraints from space-based observations of the processes affecting urban photochemistry (e.g., spatial patterns of emissions, ratios of VOC to NOx emissions, rate constants) are possible at a level of detail not previously described.
The selC-associated SHI-2 pathogenicity island of Shigella flexneri.

Pathogenicity islands are chromosomal gene clusters, often located adjacent to tRNA genes, that encode virulence factors present in pathogenic organisms but absent or sporadically found in related non-pathogenic species. The selC tRNA locus is the site of integration of different pathogenicity islands in uropathogenic Escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli and Salmonella enterica. We show here that the selC locus of Shigella flexneri, the aetiological agent of bacterial dysentery, also contains a pathogenicity island. This pathogenicity island, designated SHI-2 (Shigellaisland 2), occupies 23.8 kb downstream of selC and contains genes encoding the aerobactin iron acquisition siderophore system, colicin V immunity and several novel proteins. Remnants of multiple mobile genetic elements are present in SHI-2. SHI-2-hybridizing sequences were detected in all S. flexneri strains tested and parts of the island were also found in other Shigella species. SHI-2 may allow Shigella survival in stressful environments, such as those encountered during infection.
Understanding the Impact of Synergy in Multimedia Communications

Abstract Many advertisers adopt the integrated marketing communications perspective that emphasizes the importance of synergy in planning multimedia activities. However, the role of synergy in multimedia communications is not well understood. Thus, the authors investigate the theoretical and empirical effects of synergy by extending a commonly used dynamic advertising model to multimedia environments. They illustrate how advertisers can estimate and infer the effectiveness of and synergy among multimedia communications by applying Kalman filtering methodology. Using market data on Dockers brand advertising, the authors first calibrate the extended model to establish the presence of synergy between television and print advertisements in consumer markets. Second, they derive theoretical propositions to understand the impact of synergy on media budget, media mix, and advertising carryover. One of the propositions reveals that as synergy increases, advertisers should not only increase the media budget but als...
100W X-band GaN SSPA for medium power TWTA replacement

This paper reports an X-band solid-state power amplifier with an initial output power of 180W at 9.5 GHz and greater than 100 watts measured over an 8 to 11 GHz bandwidth after burn-in. These SOA results were achieved by combining 16 GaN amplifier modules in a low-loss spatial power combiner network. The combining structure has shown a port to port loss of 0.25–0.75 dB from 8GHz to 12 GHz. The 16-way combiner demonstrates an overall combining efficiency of 90%. The size of the 16-way amplifier/combiner is 2.2″ dia. x 6″ length. This work represents the widest bandwidth operation of a GaN combiner technology to applications at X-band, and establishes new levels of power and efficiency for solid-state power amplifiers operating at these bandwidths.
Pressure Retarded Osmosis: Laboratory Scale Design and Experiment

Clean forms of renewable energy with low to no environmental impact are highly desirable. Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) has been a growing form of “Blue Energy” [1], a renewable energy medium involving mixing bodies of salt and fresh water. PRO systems take advantage of the pressure difference seen between freshwater and seawater by forcing fresh water across a semipermeable membrane into a body of saltwater. This transfer, through the means of forward osmosis, yields an increase in pressure on the saltwater side of the membrane. This observable increase in pressure can be used for generating electricity. A popular thought proposed has involved taking a part of this newly created pressure and diverting it back into the system with the use of a pressure exchanger. Residual pressure would then be devoted to the generation of electricity. If done correctly, a net gain can be seen between the electricity gleaned from the output of the system, and the energy consumed to run the pumps necessary for operation. The group’s aim is to design and construct a variant of the traditional PRO system for the purpose of analysis in a laboratory setting. The design proposed consists of a compact, two-membrane system that allows for the testing and analysis of forward osmosis in a closed system. While the system is not intended for actual electrical generation, it provides a medium for future experimentation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Failure of antihistaminic drugs to reduce reactive hyperemia in man.

Summary and Conclusions1. In 6 subjects reactive hyperemia was produced in the legs by release of arterial occlusion maintained for from one-half to 10 minutes. Blood flow in the foot and distal portion of the leg was measured with a venous occlusion plethysmograph. The initial inflow rate immediately following release of arterial occlusion is taken as representative of the degree of vasodilatation resulting from the occlusion.2. After administration of effective amounts of antihistaminic drugs the reactive hyperemia was not diminished.3. The mechanism of reactive hyperemia has not been shown to be due to release of histamine or “H-substance.” It is as yet unexplained.
The effect of industry activities on public support for ‘fracking’

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that previous, current, and prospective extractive industry activities influence perceptions of new development. Studies that have drawn this conclusion, however, have usually focused on specific projects in specific communities. Here, these factors are examined on an aggregate, national scale. Combining geospatial data on extractive industry activities and survey data from a nationally representative sample (N = 1061), the influence of extractive industry activities on support for fracking is studied. While limited evidence is found for the impact of proximity to oil and gas wells or production on support for fracking, employment levels in the natural resources and mining sector in the respondent’s county and residence in an area experiencing active oil and gas development significantly increase support for fracking. The results highlight the role of spatial and community factors in shaping support for energy development.
Patterns of Accreditation Performance in Army Family Practice Residencies

Army leadership emphasizes training in all segments of its population, including family medicine. Standards for medical professional training, however, are provided by a civilian agency, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). In order to search for performance patterns, the authors reviewed the last two accreditation documents of each Army Family Practice residency. After independently scoring the documents against the written standards, the scores were compared with the actual written findings from the ACGME Residency Review Committee. The authors discuss patterns and trends resulting from this analysis, and recommend areas for future growth in the military training of family physicians.