cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Formulations of the Transhipment Problem

The problem of determining simultaneously the flows of primary products through processors to the market as final products has been formulated alternatively as a transhipment model by King and Logan and as a reduced matrices model by Rhody. An extension of this problem to a multiregion, multiproduct, and multiplant problem formulated in the general linear programming framework has been proposed by Judge et al. This article presents some alternative formulations of the problem within the framework of the transportation model that permit solution of problems of the type discussed by King and Logan without the need for subtraction of artificial variables; solution of problems of the transhipment type where processing capacity in any one or all of the regions is limited, but where the total processing capacity of all regions is enough or more than enough to handle the supply of the raw product; and solution of multiregion, multiplant, multiprocessing, and multiproduct problems of the type discussed by Judge.
Über die Herstellung von m-und p-N.N′Dimethyl-xylylendiamin

Durch Ausfuhren von Lithiumalanat-Reduktionen in einer Soxhletschen Extraktionsapparatur gelang es, die in Athern sehr schwer loslichen m- und p-Xylylendi-formamide sowie Isophthalsaure-bis-methylamid zu den entsprechenden symm. N.N′-Dimethyl-xylylen-diaminen, die auf anderem Wege nicht hergestellt werden konnten, zu reduzieren.
Network Heterogeneity and a Coordination Game

We investigate a two-strategy logit choice coordination game on heterogeneous networks. We show that the heterogeneity of a network affects the outcome in that it determines the number of stable steady states and the properties of the states. The network heterogeneity also determines which of the stable steady states is realized in the end and the probability that a strategy is used in a given stable steady state.
Motor Skill Performance by Low SES Preschool and Typically Developing Children on the PDMS-2.

The purpose of this study was to compare the motor skill performance of preschool children from low socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds to their age matched typically developing peers using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). Sixty-eight children (34 low SES and 34 typically developing; ages 3–5) performed the PDMS-2. Standard scores from each subtest (i.e., stationary, locomotion, object manipulation, grasping, and visual-motor integration) and three quotient scores were calculated for the children identified as low SES and typically developing children. A MANOVA was used to analyze the PDMS-2 standard score and quotient score differences between the children identified as low SES and the typically developing children. All preschool children identified as low SES scored at average or lower on total motor quotient scores. Specifically, 88.2 % of children identified as low SES were classified as average, and 11.8 % of children were in the below average performance category. The MANOVA analysis showed that children identified as low SES scored significantly lower than the typically developing children on the visual-motor integration subtest, F(1,64) = 7.232, p = .009; locomotion subtest, F(1,64) = 11.449, p = .001; and TMQ, F(1,64) = 4.732, p = .033. Children identified as low SES were significantly delayed in both fine and gross motor skill areas when compared to their typically developing age and gender matched peers. Researchers are recommended to provide comprehensive assessments for preschool children and to include motor tasks when designing early intervention programs.
The common cold: control?

Hippocrates believed the practice of therapeutic bleeding for colds was a worthless treatment, and in the first century, Pliny the younger supported the therapeutic value for colds of "kissing the hairy muzzle of a mouse." Benjamin Franklin spoke against the prevalent belief that cold exposure and dampness caused colds. He also had astutely observed that close contact with ill persons would lead to colds; he recommended fresh air and to avoid exposure to the transpirations of others. Chicken soup is purported to effect improvement in symptoms, and the proposed basis for such an effect, inhalation of warm moist air, forms the basis for a therapeutic device called Rhinotherm® that generates warm moist air for inhalation. Vitamin C and, more recently, zinc compounds are reportedly effective for colds [1]. The recital of proposed causes and cures of the common cold continues as man's most common malady continues to circumvent effective control. A considerable disparity exists currently between the relative significance of the medical problem and the relative intensity of research on the common cold; the result is slow progress toward development of methods for control. Nevertheless, although control of the common cold is not currently in sight, progress is being made and development of effective control should not be considered as altogether hopeless. In the current issue of the Journal, the problems and inadequacies of a potentially useful material for treatment of colds, interferon, are presented; in addition, further insight into mechanisms of the spread of colds as well as a model system for evaluating control procedures are described. These reports provide reasons to be both discouraged and encouraged. This perspective will summarize some previous information concerning colds and iden-
Lifetime costing of the body-in-white: Steel vs. aluminum

In order to make informed material choice decisions and to derive the maximum benefit from the use of alternative materials, the automobile producer must understand the full range of costs and benefits for each material. It is becoming clear that the conventional cost-benefit analysis structure currently used by the automotive industry must be broadened to include nontraditional costs such as the environmental externalities associated with the use of existing and potential automotive technologies. This article develops a methodology for comparing the costs and benefits associated with the use of alternative materials in automotive applications by focusing on steel and aluminum in the unibody body-in-white. Authors' Note: This is the first of two articles documenting a methodology for evaluating the lifetime monetary and environmental costs of alternative materials in automotive applications. This article addresses the traditional money costs while a subsequent paper, which is planned for the August issue, will address the environmental externalities.
Sampling Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Adults in Several Crops with Reference to Adult Dispersion Patterns

During 1982 and 1983, pheromone-trap captures of lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), were compared to absolute numbers of adult males and females in grain sorghum, soybean, peanut, and corn. Actual adult numbers were estimated by flushing, and precision of the absolute sampling procedures was moderate to good. Estimates of both male and female numbers correlated well with pheromone-trap captures, and the relationships were statistically similar in each crop and year. Female numbers were fewer than male numbers on most sample dates, apparently because female populations developed more slowly than male populations. As a result, relationships between pheromone-trap captures and actual adult numbers were statistically different for each sex. Our results indicate that pheromone trapping is useful for providing relative estimates of both male and female numbers in agricultural systems. Dispersion statistics of mean/variance ratio, standardized Morisita's index, and Taylor's power law were calculated for male and female 1983 flushing estimates, and moth populations were randomly distributed or slightly aggregated on all dates.
Panel Discussion: Future Challenges for the Effective Utilization of Robotic Assets in Military Environments:

This panel has been designed to discuss future directions in unmanned system (UMS) and human-robot interaction (HRI) research. Robotics research for military applications has come a long way, but new issues are appearing on the horizon, which stand to have a significant effect on UMS integration with Soldiers. The Soldiers' role with robotics, in the future, will range from operator, to information manager, to information consumer, to teammate, and interactions will be as varied as the collaborations between man and machine. As heterogeneous robotic assets make their way into regular duty, researchers are faced with the challenge of meeting potential issues in a number of areas head-on; limiting negative influences on performance and increasing effectiveness of UMSs and human-robot teams. Issues that may direct this research include the effects of increased autonomy, multi-robot networking, information flow management, specific task management concerns, and the role of network science in facilitating the ...
Plate heights below 50 nm for protein electrochromatography using silica colloidal crystals.

Silica colloidal crystals formed from 330 nm nonporous silica spheres inside of 75 μm i.d. fused silica capillaries were evaluated for the efficiency of capillary electrochromatography of proteins. Three proteins, ribonuclease A, cytochrome C, and lysozyme, each covalently labeled with fluorophor, were well separated over a distance of 1 cm by isocratic electromigration, using 40:60 acetonitrile/water with 0.1% formic acid. A van Deemter plot showed that the plate height for lysozyme, which was the purest of the three proteins, was diffusion-limited for electric fields ranging from 400 to 1400 V/cm. The plate height for lysozyme was below 50 nm at almost all of the migration velocities, and it approached 10 nm at the highest velocity. Eddy diffusion was negligible. Lysozyme migrated over a 12 mm separation length with more than 106 plates in 1.5 min. These results indicate that silica colloidal crystals are well suited for electrically driven separations of large, highly charged analytes such as proteins....
Broken SU ( 3 ) antidecuplet for Θ + and Ξ 3 / 2

If the narrow exotic baryon resonances ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}(1540)$ and ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{3/2}(1862)$ are members of the ${J}^{P}={\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ antidecuplet with ${N}^{*}(1710),$ the octet-antidecuplet mixing is required not only by the mass spectrum but also by the decay pattern of ${N}^{*}(1710).$ This casts doubt on the validity of the ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}$ mass prediction by the chiral soliton model. While all pieces of the existing experimental information point to a small octet-decuplet mixing, the magnitude of mixing required by the mass spectrum is not consistent with the value needed to account for the hadronic decay rates. The discrepancy is not resolved even after the large experimental uncertainty is taken into consideration. We fail to find an alternative $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ assignment even with a different spin-parity assignment. When we extend the analysis to mixing with a higher $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ multiplet, we find one experimentally testable scenario in the case of mixing with a 27-plet.
User Engagement with Interactive Media: A Communication Perspective

This chapter builds on previous work that positions user engagement on the user involvement continuum and suggests that user engagement is comprised of physical interactions with media, cognitive involvement, absorption in media content, and behavioral outcomes in the form of outreach or media participation. The authors explore medium or interface characteristics and individual differences in the form of “power users” as determinants of user engagement, and persuasion as an outcome. An empirical example is user to illustrate the relationship between physical interactions, cognitive engagement, imagery engagement, and user attitudes and behavioral intentions. The chapter acknowledges and seeks to remedy the challenge associated with integrating conceptual frameworks of user engagement into design principles.
Activating Photodynamic Therapy in vitro with Cerenkov Radiation Generated from Yttrium-90

The translation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the clinical setting has primarily been limited to easily accessible and/or superficial diseases, for which traditional light delivery can be performed noninvasively. Cerenkov radiation, as generated from medically relevant radionuclides, has been suggested as a means to deliver light to deeper tissues noninvasively to overcome this depth limitation. This article investigates the utility of Cerenkov radiation, as generated from the radionuclide yttrium-90, for activating the PDT process using clinically approved aminolevulinic acid at 1.0 mm and also the more efficient porphyrin-based photosensitizer mesotetraphenylporphine with two sulfonate groups on adjacent phenyl rings (TPPS2a) at 1.2 µm. Experiments were conducted with monolayer cultured glioma and breast tumor cell lines. Although aminolevulinic acid proved to be ineffective for generating a therapeutic effect at all but the highest activity levels, TPPS2a produced at least a 20% therapeutic effect at activities ranging from 6 to 60 µCi/well for the C6 glioma cell line. Importantly, these results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that Cerenkov radiation generated from a radionuclide can be used to activate PDT using clinically relevant photosensitizers. These results therefore provide evidence that it may be possible to generate a phototherapeutic effect in vivo using Cerenkov radiation and clinically relevant photosensitizers.
Risk Pools and Social Policy Adoption

Within a few decades, every rich democracy adopted social policy programs to cover all main risks (old age, health, accident, and unemployment), a remarkable transition “from poor house[s] to welfare states” (Alber 1982). The specifics of these roughly 100 or so programs (23 rich democracies times 4 risks) vary widely, as do their conception, birth, and maturation (Alber 1981; Carroll 1999; Flora and Alber 1981). The complex history of social policies cannot be reduced to simple models of their development, and it is easy to point out specific examples that contradict existing generalizations of welfare state politics: industrialization nurtured social policy development, but a late-industrializing nation was the first to adopt social insurance programs (Germany); left parties and unions were often supportive of social policy development, but sometimes vigorously opposed it; it was often liberal, not social democratic, parties that initiated social policy legislation; employers often opposed the welfare state, but were sometimes instrumental in advancing it; and so on. The diversity of unemployment insurance (UI) systems, and the diversity of opinions toward these systems, are well documented in a report prepared by Hugh S. Hanna of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The report provides a description of all “unemployment-insurance systems in effect in the 18 countries which … had adopted such systems up to May, 1931. The descriptive reports for these countries were prepared by the consular representatives of the United States Department of State in the several countries concerned, in accordance with an outline and a memorandum of instructions prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics” (Hanna 1931, 1). One particularly useful aspect of these reports is that they include, for many countries, “a statement of the attitude of representative individuals and organizations toward the system” (Hanna 1931, 178). The reports prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics reveal that (in 1931) in some countries, the (voluntary or mandatory) UI system enjoyed general support from employers, employees, and the public (Ireland, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands) while in other countries, no group was enthusiastic about the system (Czechoslovakia). In various cases, employers were initially opposed to (specifics of) the unemployment system (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, others), while employees supported it.
Comparing instructor self-perception versus student perceptions using the same teaching evaluation instrument: a study of computer science courses in an urban master's degree program

This study compares instructor self-perceptions with student perceptions of teaching quality using the same 16-item evaluation instrument. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) Instructors' self-evaluations will be higher than those of their respective students; (2) The more similar student-instructor perceptions, the more likely instructors will receive a higher score compared to when student-instructor perceptions are more divergent; and (3) Students taking a course as a major requirement will be more critical of the instructor than those students taking the course as a distribution requirement or an elective. A total of 1,524 individuals (1,452 graduate students and 72 instructors) in a part-time evening computer science program participated in the study of 79 courses over the spring and fall semesters of 1996. Overall, instructors generally perceived themselves more positively than their students, although statistically significant differences were observed for only three relevant items (involving grading fairness, presentation clarity and instructor enthusiasm) of the 16 items evaluated. Instructors whose perceptions were more similar to their students were generally rated higher than those instructors whose perceptions were more divergent from their students; however, the difference was not significant. Finally, contrary to the third hypothesis, the reason for taking a course did not have a significant effect on student ratings of the instructor.
Supporting Struggling Writers With Class-Wide Teacher Implementation of a Computer-Based Graphic Organizer

ABSTRACTFollowing professional development, 4 teachers implemented instructional lessons designed to improve the written expression of 6th- and 7th-grade struggling writers in inclusive, self-contained, and co-taught classrooms. A multiple-baseline study investigated the effects of a computer-based graphic organizer (CBGO) with embedded self-regulated learning strategies on the quantity and quality of persuasive essays by students struggling with writing. We collected data on the numbers of words, sentences, and transition words and on writing quality scores across baseline (writing without the CBGO), CBGO use (writing with the CBGO), and maintenance (writing on the computer without the CBGO) phases. Visual analysis of group average performance revealed that all students improved the quality of their writing, and the majority of students also increased the quantity of their writing. Despite teacher adherence to intervention fidelity, we discuss the quality of teacher implementation to inform future educat...
Ser poeta y mujer: una manera de revelarse y rebelarse en la poesía de Mía Gallegos y Julieta Dobles

Este articulo se enfoca en el complejo papel que han jugado las poetas en la sociedad para reivindicar su posicion, no solo como escritoras, sino tambien como pensantes. Especificamente, se ha centrado en la poesia de Mia Gallegosy Julieta Dobles por ser ellas dos sobresalientes ejemplos de tenacidad y excelencia en las letras costarricenses. Se analizan diversos poemas de ambas poetas que muestran la sagacidad con que ellas han creado un espacio propio que les ha permitido obtener un lugar en este espinoso oficio de magas de las palabras.
Tri-mode operation of highly doped silicon resonators for temperature compensated timing references

In this work, we propose a novel temperature compensation method that utilizes a tri-mode operation scheme to generate a temperature-stable frequency reference over a large temperature range. Three resonant modes are excited simultaneously on a highly doped silicon MEMS resonator, and the unique TCf characteristic of each mode is fitted to a parabolic curve. A linear combination of the three frequencies is shown to eliminate the temperature dependence up to second order and produce a temperature-insensitive frequency output. Preliminary results verify the concept and show a ±14ppm temperature dependence of the output frequency across the temperature range of −40∼80°C.
Critique [of Ethnic Education: A Clash of Cultures in Progressive Chicago by Gerald R. Gems]

Gerald R. Gems has successfully put into historical context the significant issues of educational reform in the United States. In 1900, and in 1991, educational issues should be at the center of a national discussion of the kind of country we want to be.
An Overview of Media Coverage of Gay Male Athletes

This chapter discusses prior research about media coverage of gay male athletes, much of which has been analyzed through the lens of hegemonic masculinity. Media sociology and more specifically Shoemaker and Reese’s Hierarchical Influences Model, the theoretical linchpins of this book, are introduced. Sports journalism’s designation as “the toy department”—an area of the field dismissed as lacking in critical perspective and depth—is addressed in more detail and incorporated into the media sociology approach taken here, as is content analysis, the primary method used for the studies in this work.
Behavioral thermoregulation in older adults with cardiovascular co-morbidities.

We tested the hypotheses that older adults with cardiovascular co-morbidities will demonstrate greater changes in body temperature and exaggerated changes in blood pressure before initiating therma...
From in Vitro Cell Culture to in Vivo Animal Study: Demonstration that Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Is a Potent Inhibitor of Adipose Differentiation.

Obesity which is characterized by abnormal adipose tissue development is a first degree public health hazard in industrialized countries as it is accompanied by a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and elevated morbidity. One important aspect in the study of adipose tissue development is to investigate the hormonal control of adipose differentiation. In particular, if negative regulators of differentiation can be identified, than they can be used to develop a therapeutic approach towards the control of excessive adipose tissue development in human subjects. The data presented here describe the identification of epidermal growth factor as a potent inhibitor of adipose differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, evidence are presented that genetically obese ob/ob mice present an impaired level of EGF thus demonstrating for the first time the existence of a correlation between low level of the adipose differentiation inhibitor EGF and excessive adipose tissue development.
From Theology to Therapy: A Genealogical Account

This chapter traces the crisscrossing of various intellectual pathways that led to developing the first program to treat addiction (i.e., the so-called “Twelve Steps”), thereby outlining the historical-cultural backdrop or interpretive horizon within which its founder attempted to understand the problem. We will discover that the historical account of his development indirectly reveals a gap in the program for treating addiction, which is only partially closed by appealing to religious maxims: specifically, the paradox of how a physically based pathology can be overcome through the practice of a “spiritual discipline.”
Percutaneous Spinal Fixation

In the last two decades, percutaneous fixation techniques have evolved due to the utilization of image guidance and advanced spinal instrumentation. With this new technology, spine surgeons are able to perform percutaneous pedicle screw, iliac screw, and facet screw placement as effectively as open surgery. These techniques also allow for significantly less muscular injury and greatly diminish the approach-related morbidity compared to open procedures. This chapter will provide a comprehensive description of the percutaneous spinal fixation techniques and their surgical considerations.
Historical Reflections on How Algebra Became a Vital Component of Middle- and Secondary-School Curricula

The chapter begins by identifying, and placing in their historical contexts, the main issues in a longstanding debate over the purposes of school algebra. The following six purposes for school algebra, recognized by various writers over the past three centuries, are then identified: (a) algebra as a body of knowledge essential to higher mathematical and scientific studies, (b) algebra as generalized arithmetic, (c) algebra as a prerequisite for entry to higher studies, (d) algebra as offering a language and set of procedures for modeling real-life problems, (e) algebra as an aid to describing structural properties in elementary mathematics, and (f) algebra as a study of variables. The question is then raised, and discussed, whether school algebra represents a unidimensional trait.
Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable:

Infidelity poses threats to high-investment mating relationships. Because of gender differences in some aspects of reproductive biology, such as internal female fertilization, the nature of these threats differs for men and women. Men, but not women, for example, have recurrently faced the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parenthood. Jealousy is an emotion hypothesized to have evolved to combat these threats. The 1992 article Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology reported three empirical studies using two different methods, forced-choice and physiological experiments. Results supported the evolution-based hypotheses. The article became highly cited for several reasons. It elevated the status of jealousy as an important emotion to be explained by any comprehensive theory of human emotions. Subsequent meta-analyses robustly supported the evolutionary hypotheses. Moreover, the work supported the evolutionary meta-theory of gender differences, which posits differences only in domains in which the sexes have recurrently faced distinct adaptive problems. It also heralded the newly emerging field of evolutionary psychology as a useful perspective that possesses the scientific virtues of testability, falsifiability, and heuristic value in discovering previously unknown psychological phenomena.
Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Rationale for Current Treatment Guidelines

The antiangiogenic treatments for age-related macular degeneration have continued to evolve since the first FDA-approved anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy pegaptanib (Macugen, Eyetech Pharmaceuticals, Long Island, NY) was approved for use in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 2004 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2004; Gragoudas et al. 2004). While this treatment benefit appeared similar to photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin (Visudyne, QLT, Inc., Vancouver, Canada) (TAP Study Group 1999), subsequent studies with another anti-VEGF agent, ranibizumab (Lucentis, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA), appeared to be far superior to these earlier regimens. Specifically, the ANCHOR (Anti-VEGF Antibody for the Treatment of Predominately Classic CHORoidal Neovascularization in AMD) and MARINA (Minimally classic/occult trial of the Anti-VEGF antibody Ranibizumab In the treatment of Neovascular AMD) trials established efficacy for every 4-week ranibizumab for at least 2 years in neovascular AMD (Brown et al. 2006; Rosenfeld et al. 2006). Additional studies explored less-frequent dosing of ranibizumab (Holz et al. 2011; Lalwani et al. 2009; Regillo et al. 2008; Schmidt-Erfurth et al. 2011) and use of compounded bevacizumab for neovascular AMD (Avery et al. 2006; Bashshur et al. 2006; Rich et al. 2006; Spaide et al. 2006). However, until 2011, no large randomized trials supported the use of these alternative treatment approaches. In 2011 and 2012, respectively, the CATT (Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment Trial) in the United States (CATT Research Group et al. 2011) and the IVAN (Inhibit VEGF in Age-related choroidal Neovascularization) trial in the United Kingdom (The IVAN Study Investigators 2012) evaluated whether bevacizumab was non-inferior to ranibizumab, and whether treatment regimens less frequent than every 4 weeks were non-inferior to every 4-week regimens. At the same time, new anti-VEGF therapies were being developed and tested. Most recently, the FDA approval of a new anti-VEGF therapy, aflibercept (EYLEA; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY), has added yet another alternative for antiangiogenic treatment in AMD (Brown et al. 2011a, b; Heier et al. 2012). This chapter reviews the recent data for antiangiogenic approaches for neovascular AMD while also providing a framework for how these results may influence treatment decisions.
Stones and Endourology in Older Adults

Urolithiasis is a common medical condition that may affect patients of all age groups. Combining an overall increase in the prevalence of kidney stones and an increasing life-expectancy, we can expect to see an additional number of older individuals with kidney stones. The geriatric patient with urolithiasis may present differently than their younger counterparts, have more medical comorbidities, and need different preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. This chapter is designed to explore the prevalence of urolithiasis in the elderly population, discuss differences in clinical presentation, and outline treatment options and outcomes in the endourological management of older adults.
Inter-Species Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Organic Acid Herbicides. Is the Dog a Relevant Species for Evaluation of Human Health Risk?

3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid (triclopyr) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are widely utilized herbicides that have undergone extensive toxicity and pharmacokinetic analysis. Based on this large data-base, the dog appears to exhibit the lowest No-Observed-Effect Levels (NOEL) relative to other species that have undergone toxicological evaluation. It is proposed that this unique sensitivity of the dog to organic acid herbicides is primarily due to the dog’s low capacity, relative to other species (including humans), to excrete organic acids. The excretion of organic acids, like triclopyr and 2,4-D, in the kidney is the net result of filtration, secretion and reabsorption processes. Although renal clearance mechanisms for organic acids are ubiquitous in mammalian species there are qualitative differences between species that account for observed discrepancies in clearance capacity. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of triclopyr and 2,4-D are fairly consistent across species (including the dog), these herbicides are rapidly absorbed following oral administration and quickly cleared from the body into the urine predominantly unmetabolized. Aliometric parameter scaling was used to compare the triclopyr and 2,4-D pharmacokinetic parameters across species. The results of this analysis clearly illustrated the decreased capacity of the dog to effectively clear these organic acids relative to other species, including humans. In addition, this decreased clearance capacity of the dog is not compound specific, but is associated with organic acids that share common pharmacokinetic properties: as (1) extensive but reversible plasma protein-binding, (2) weak acids that are highly ionized at physiological pH, (3) limited metabolism of the parent acid, and (4) urinary excretion primarily involving a saturable, active secretion. The most likely mechanism responsible for the lower clearance in the dog, is a low capacity to actively secrete organic acids by the kidney. Other potential mechanisms for the lower clearance such as increased reabsorption from the tubules can not be excluded. This comparative species evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of triclopyr and 2,4-D questions the relevance of using dog toxicity data for the extrapolation of human health risk for these organic acids. Based on the lack of a pharmacokinetic concordance between the dog and other mammalian species it is suggested that the dog is not a reasonable surrogate for humans. Therefore, from a risk assessment perspective, it would seem prudent to utilize toxicity data from other species (e.g. rodents) for extrapolation of human health risk for these organic acid herbicides.
Complexity in Organizations: A Paradigm Shift

Summary. Complexity theory is applied to organizational sciences in this paper. The implications of this application are significant, so much so that they signal a paradigm shift in the way we understand organization and leadership. Complexity theory alters core perceptions about the logic of organizational behavior and, consequently, “discovers” the significant importance of firms’ informal social dynamics (informal behaviors have long been treated as something that should be suppressed or channeled). This altered perspective has implications for how we coordinate, motivate, and lead in firms. A complexity view of organizations is particularly useful and germane in light of recent movements among industrialized nations toward knowledge-based, rather than production-based, economies.
Reactivation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Invasive and Metastatic Cancer

During development cells of epithelial and mesenchymal origin convert between the two phenotypes in what has been described as Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition (MET). The common characteristics exhibited during EMT are a loss of epithelial cell contacts, a reorganization of cytoskeletal components to promote a motile phenotype, and a remodeling of the surrounding extracellular matrix to allow for invasion. These events are tightly regulated and required for proper cellular organization and organogenesis during development. Studies in cancer models have identified an analogous plasticity of some epithelial cancer cells which acquire mesenchymal features as a means to escape the primary tumor mass. During the initial stages of tumor metastasis a complex series of events occur in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body via the bloodstream and/or the lymphatic system. All metastatic cells must first acquire the abilities to disseminate, migrate and invade the surrounding tissue to allow for metastasis to occur. Thus, a reactivation of developmental pathways resulting in an EMT-like program is one possible mechanism by which cells acquire these capabilities and are able to form distal metastasis. Intriguingly, many similarities between developmental and oncogenic EMT have been identified and has led to our understanding of common signaling pathways (including TGF-beta, Ras and Wnt), transcriptional regulators (including the Snail, Zeb and Twist families) and microRNAs (including let-7 and miR-200 families) which regulate EMT. Aberrant regulation of these pathways and factors is associated with increased metastatic potential in vitro and in animal models and correlate with poor clinical outcomes. This chapter focuses on the EMT program in cancer, its regulation, its parallels to developmental EMT and its significance to the progression to metastatic disease.
Principles of Systems Science

This pioneering text provides a comprehensive introduction to systems structure, function, and modeling as applied in all fields of science and engineering. Systems understanding is increasingly recognized as a key to a more holistic education and greater problem solving skills, and is also reflected in the trend toward interdisciplinary approaches to research on complex phenomena. While the concepts and components of systems science will continue to be distributed throughout the various disciplines, undergraduate degree programs in systems science are also being developed, including at the authors own institutions. However, the subject is approached, systems science as a basis for understanding the components and drivers of phenomena at all scales should be viewed with the same importance as a traditional liberal arts education. Principles of Systems Science contains many graphs, illustrations, side bars, examples, and problems to enhance understanding. From basic principles of organization, complexity, abstract representations, and behavior (dynamics) to deeper aspects such as the relations between information, knowledge, computation, and system control, to higher order aspects such as auto-organization, emergence and evolution, the book provides an integrated perspective on the comprehensive nature of systems. It ends with practical aspects such as systems analysis, computer modeling, and systems engineering that demonstrate how the knowledge of systems can be used to solve problems in the real world. Each chapter is broken into parts beginning with qualitative descriptions that stand alone for students who have taken intermediate algebra. The second part presents quantitative descriptions that are based on pre-calculus and advanced algebra, providing a more formal treatment for students who have the necessary mathematical background. Numerous examples of systems from every realm of life, including the physical and biological sciences, humanities, social sciences, engineering, pre-med and pre-law, are based on the fundamental systems concepts of boundaries, components as subsystems, processes as flows of materials, energy, and messages, work accomplished, functions performed, hierarchical structures, and more. Understanding these basics enables further understanding both of how systems endure and how they may become increasingly complex and exhibit new properties or characteristics. Serves as a textbook for teaching systems fundamentals in any discipline or for use in an introductory course in systems science degree programs Addresses a wide range of audiences with different levels of mathematical sophistication Includes open-ended questions in special boxes intended to stimulate integrated thinking and class discussion Describes numerous examples of systems in science and society Captures the trend towards interdisciplinary research and problem solving
Photoinduced absorption of aggregate-coupled intermolecular charge transfer states and their impact on small molecule photovoltaic device efficiency (Conference Presentation)

Squaraines continue to attract attention for their use in non-linear optics, fluorescence bioimaging and organic photovoltaics applications because of their strong, broad NIR absorbance and optoelectronic properties that depend on both excitonic and intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) couplings in the solid state. Our previous theoretical work demonstrates splitting of the H-aggregate with coupling to the ICT that goes beyond Kasha’s exciton model. This ICT splitting leads to the panchromatic absorption profile in the solid state, but the impact of the ICT on excited state diffusion and dynamics remains unclear. Here, we employ subpicosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to probe the excited state photophysics of an anilino-squaraine and its aggregates. Our samples are designed with a continuum of intermolecular separation from monomers in solution, through solid solution thin films, to the fully condensed phase, demonstrating the increasing contribution of short-range intermolecular charge transfer. We measure excited state kinetics that confirm species assignments and we show the effect of ICT states on exciton diffusion. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with our theoretical modeling. Finally, we correlate this combination of theory and excited state characterization with the measured efficiency in small molecule organic photovoltaic devices. Our remarkable results explain the importance of excitonic and ICT couplings for future applications driven by rational optoelectronic material design.
Engaged Citizenship through Campus-Level Democratic Processes: A Librarian and Graduate Student Collaboration on Open Access Policy Adoption

INTRODUCTION While faculty votes to establish open access (OA) policies leverage one particular campus-level democratic mechanism in the name of advancing scholarly communication, other processes, including student government actions, can also play significant roles in OA policy adoption and related efforts. As early career researchers, graduate students are particularly well-poised to engage with campus-level democratic institutions in order to bring about change in scholarly communication. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM This case study details a multi-year collaboration between librarians and graduate students at the University of Colorado Boulder aimed at the development and adoption of a campus OA policy. Librarians and graduate students worked together to plan for and sustain momentum throughout the process of building formal support for the policy through student government and faculty assembly resolutions, drafting policy language, and shepherding the proposed policy through numerous meetings and committees all the way up to and including its formal adoption. This collaboration through engaged citizenship at the campus level also led to a number of unintended benefits to both librarians and graduate students involved. NEXT STEPS AND CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, the CU Boulder collaboration between librarians and graduate students led to significant scholarly communication achievements largely through the utilization of campus-level democratic processes. The case study concludes with a look at next steps for implementing the OA policy across campus as well as a discussion of the labor involved in such efforts, including implications for graduate student involvement in scholarly communication initiatives.
Power Flow as Intersection of Circles: A new Fixed Point Method

The power flow (PF) problem is a fundamental problem in power system engineering. Many popular solvers face challenges, such as convergence issues. One can try to rewrite the PF problem into a fixed point equation, which can be solved exponentially fast. But, existing methods have their own restrictions, such as the required AC network structure or bus types. To remove these restrictions, we employ the circle geometry per-bus via rectangular coordinate representation to embed our physical knowledge of operation point selection in PV curves. Each iteration of the algorithm consists of finding intersections of circles, which can be computed efficiently with high numerical accuracy. Such analysis also helps in visualizing PV curve to always select the high voltage solution. We compare the performance of our fixed point algorithm with existing state-of-the-art methods, showing that the proposed method can correctly find the solutions when other methods cannot. In addition, we empirically show that the fixed point algorithm is much more robust to bad initialization points than the existing methods.
TECNOLOGIAS NA EDUCAÇÃO: O ENSINO HÍBRIDO ENQUANTO POSSIBILIDADE METODOLÓGICA

O presente trabalho, de cunho bibliografico, objetiva abordar as mudancas geradas pelas inovacoes tecnologicas no âmbito educacional, destacando os principais beneficios trazidos pelas TDICS, de que forma trabalha-las em sala de aula e reflexoes sobre os principais desafios desta insercao. Enquanto possibilidade metodologica, discorremos sobre o Ensino Hibrido, que visa unir o melhor da aula tradicional com algum tipo de tecnologia, ressaltando de que forma ele pode ser inserido no contexto escolar gradativamente, respeitando o tempo das pessoas envolvidas neste processo. Assim, pretendemos oferecer subsidios para que os professores tenham condicoes de levar inovacoes e tecnologias para o ambiente escolar, objetivando melhorias na qualidade do processo de ensino e de aprendizagem.
Activity-dependent long-term potentiation of electrical synapses in the mammalian thalamus

Abstract Activity-dependent changes of synapse strength have been extensively characterized at chemical synapses, but the relationship between physiological forms of activity and strength at electrical synapses remains poorly understood. For mammalian electrical synapses composed of hexomers of connexin36, physiological forms of neuronal activity in coupled pairs has thus far have only been linked to long-term depression; activity that results in strengthening of electrical synapses has not yet been identified. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), a central brain area primarily connected by gap junctional (electrical) synapses, regulates cortical attention to the sensory surround. Bidirectional plasticity of electrical synapses may be a key mechanism underlying these processes in both healthy and diseased states. Here we show in electrically coupled TRN pairs that tonic spiking in one neuron results in long-term potentiation of electrical synapses between coupled pairs of TRN neurons. Potentiation is expressed asymmetrically, indicating that regulation of connectivity depends on the direction of use. Further, potentiation depends on calcium flux, and we thus propose a calcium-based activity rule for bidirectional plasticity of electrical synapse strength. Because electrical synapses dominate intra-TRN connectivity, these synapses and their modifications are key regulators of thalamic attention circuitry. More broadly, bidirectional modifications of electrical synapses are likely to be a widespread and powerful principle for ongoing, dynamic reorganization of neuronal circuitry across the brain. Summary Long-term potentiation results from spiking in one cell of an electrically coupled pair. Asymmetry of synapses increases following unidirectional activity. We suggest a calcium-based rule for electrical synapse plasticity.
Role of Homogeneity in Powder Sampling

When chemical analyses fail to satisfy the precision and accuracy requirements of a problem, it is common to attribute this difficulty to heterogeneity. In this paper, relationships between the properties of samples and standards and the methods used to analyze them are examined with respect to the influence of homogeneity. The majority of chemical analyses are intended to characterize bulk composition. In this situation, a homogeneous material is one in which the unit that determines segregation is "very small" compared to the size of the analytical sample and in which the defining units are randomly distributed in the bulk. Both theoretical and experimental evidence is presented to demonstrate the magnitude of error contributed by various sizes of analytical samples and segregation units. The error contributed by heterogeneity cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, the analyst must attempt to devise a total analytical system with an acceptable sampling error.
"Peer Reviewer of the Year" 2020: Jennifer Lincoln.

It might be traditional to think of peer reviewers as adversarial gatekeepers who scrutinize manuscripts for shortcomings and credibility gaps.True, Jennifer Lincoln, PhD, had a reject button as sh...
Calicioid lichens and fungi of Minnesota, U.S.A.: Including two new species, Chaenothecopsis jordaniana and C. penningtonensis (Mycocaliciaceae)

Sixty-four species of calicioid lichens and fungi are reported from the state of Minnesota, which is located in the upper Midwest of the United States. Chaenothecopsis jordaniana and C. penningtonensis are new to science, Calicium denigratum is reported for the first time from the United States, and an additional 23 species are reported for the first time from the state. As the first comprehensive calicioid flora from the central part of North America, significant range extensions are also reported for eight species that were previously only known from eastern or western states and provinces. Information on previously published works and locations, community preferences and habitat ecology are provided for each species, as is an identification key to all species.
Recalibrating Physical Education in an Era of Physical Activity

The purpose of this editorial is to discuss three strategies that should be implemented into any lessons, reemphasizing the cognitive, social, and affective domain, while still allowing for maximum...