cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative p53 mutational analysis of multiple primary cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Background Tumors arising in the upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) are often associated with predisposing factors that place the patient at risk for development of multiple synchronous or metachronous tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate p53 as a susceptibility gene in UAT malignancy. Methods. Seventeen patients with 41 separate primary tumors involving esophagus (n = 15), larynx (n = 14), pharynx (n = 6), lung (n = 2), and tongue (n = 2) were analyzed for the presence and specific genotype of p53 point mutation. Immunohistochemical staining of p53 and topographic genotyping consisting of polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing of p53 exons 5 to 8 were performed. Results. Eleven tumors were metachronous (6 months to 11 years), and 11 were synchronous. We found p53 point mutations in 19 (46.3%) of 41 tumors in exons 8 (n = 11), 7 (n = 4), 5 (n = 3), and 6 (n = 1). Tumors possessed either wild-type p53 or a single type of point mutation. Metastases displayed the identical genotype of its primary tumor in all cases. Most importantly, p53 genotype was found to be completely discordant between separate primary tumors for the same patient. Conclusions. Complete discordance in p53 genotype between separate primary UAT cancers strongly indicates that p53 is not functioning as a susceptibility gene in this setting.
Tip clearance flow in a compressor rotor passage at design and off-design conditions

The flow field in the tip clearance region of a compressor rotor at an off-design condition is reported in this paper. The earlier data at the design condition has also been re-interpreted and correlated with the blade and the flow parameters. The measurements inside the rotor tip region are acquired using a miniature hot wire sensor of 'V' configuration. The instantaneous velocity data is analyzed by the ensemble averaging technique to derive the blade-to-blade velocity field at various axial and radial locations between the rotor tip and the casing. The flow and the blade pressure data at the design condition are compared with the data at the off-design condition (lower blade loading). In addition to a reduction in the leakage velocities, its chordwise variation is also altered substantially at the lower blade loading.
Water Photooxidation by Smooth and Ultrathin α-Fe2O3 Nanotube Arrays

One-dimensional nanostructures exhibit quantum confinement that leads to unique electronic properties, making them attractive as the active elements for various applications. Iron oxide (α-Fe2O3 or hematite) nanotubes are of particular interest in catalysis, sensor devices, Li-ion battery, environmental remediation and photocatalysis. Here, we report a simple sonoelectrochemical anodization method to grow smooth and ultrathin (5−7 nm thick) Fe2O3 nanotube arrays (3−4 μm long) on Fe foil in as little as 13 min. The prepared catalyst has shown tremendous potential to split water to generate hydrogen under solar light illumination. A photocurrent density of 1.41 mA/cm2 is observed for hematite nanotube arrays with more than 50% being contributed by the visible light components of the solar spectrum.
A Ruthenium-Catalyzed, Atom-Economical Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles

The Ruthenium catalyzed, atom-economical domino redox isomerization/cyclization of tethered aminopropargyl alcohols is reported. This process displays a broad scope and functional group tolerance. ...
Implications of the X-Ray Variability for the Mass of MCG −6-30-15

The bright Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG -6-30-15 shows large variability on a variety of timescales. We study the 3 day timescale variability using a set of simultaneous archival observations that were obtained from the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA). The RXTE observations span nearly 106 s and indicate that the X-ray Fourier power spectral density has an rms variability of 16%, is flat from approximately 10-6 to 10-5 Hz, and then steepens into a power law proportional to f-α with α 1. A further steepening to α ≈ 2 occurs between 10-4 and 10-3 Hz. The shape and rms amplitude are comparable to what has been observed in NGC 5548 and Cyg X-1, albeit with break frequencies that differ by a factor of 10-2 and 104, respectively. If the break frequencies are indicative of the central black hole mass, then this mass may be as low as 106 M☉. An upper limit of ~2 ks for the relative lag between the 0.5-2 keV ASCA band compared to the 8-15 keV RXTE band was also found. Again by analogy with NGC 5548 and Cyg X-1, this limit is consistent with a relatively low central black hole mass.
3-Aryl-1,2-diacetamidopropane derivatives as novel and potent NK-1 receptor antagonists.

Early structure−activity studies on racemic tryptophan ester and amide NK-1 antagonists 5−7 led to the discovery that the potency of the series could be markedly increased by moving the carbonyl function in these molecules to an off-chain position as in the 3-aryl-1,2-diacetamidopropane 9. Further medicinal chemistry incorporating this change resulted in the discovery of a novel series of highly potent aryl amino acid derived NK-1 antagonists of the R stereoisomeric series (IC50's = 100 pM to >5 μM). Compounds in this series were shown to be competitive antagonists using an in vitro NK-1 smooth muscle assay, and this data correlated well with observed human NK-1 binding affinities. Two of these agents, (R)-25 and (R)-32, blocked intrathecal NK-1 agonist-driven [Ac-[Arg6, Sar9, Met(O2)11]-substance P 6−11 (Ac-Sar9)] nociceptive behavior in mice. Both compounds potently blocked the neurogenic dural inflammation following trigeminal ganglion stimulation in the guinea pig after intravenous administration. Fur...
Helminth co-infection in Helicobacter pylori infected INS-GAS mice attenuates gastric premalignant lesions of epithelial dysplasia and glandular atrophy and preserves colonization resistance of the stomach to lower bowel microbiota.

Abstract Higher prevalence of helminth infections in Helicobacter pylori infected children was suggested to potentially lower the life-time risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. In rodent models, helminth co-infection does not reduce Helicobacter-induced inflammation but delays progression of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Because gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice is promoted by intestinal microflora, the impact of Heligmosomoides polygyrus co-infection on H. pylori-associated gastric lesions and microflora were evaluated. Male INS-GAS mice co-infected with H. pylori and H. polygyrus for 5 months were assessed for gastrointestinal lesions, inflammation-related mRNA expression, FoxP3+ cells, epithelial proliferation, and gastric colonization with H. pylori and Altered Schaedler Flora. Despite similar gastric inflammation and high levels of proinflammatory mRNA, helminth co-infection increased FoxP3+ cells in the corpus and reduced H. pylori-associated gastric atrophy (p
Approximation algorithms for hierarchical location problems

We formulate and (approximately) solve hierarchical versions of two prototypical problems in discrete location theory, namely, the metric uncapacitated k-median and facility location problems. Our work yields new insights into hierarchical clustering, a widely used technique in data analysis. For example, we show that every metric space admits a hierarchical clustering that is within a constant factor of optimal at every level of granularity with respect to the average (squared) distance objective. A key building block of our hierarchical facility location algorithm is a constant-factor approximation algorithm for an ''incremental'' variant of the facility location problem; the latter algorithm may be of independent interest.
Exploring Ambiguity and Familiarity Effects in The “Earnings Game” Between Managers and Investors

Prior evidence suggests that managers and investors play an earnings game in which managers bias their earnings forecasts downward as the earnings announcement date approaches. Knowing managers’ incentives to provide biased guidance, investors still revise their expectations downward helping to create “positive earnings surprises.” Using a 2 (ambiguity) × 2 (familiarity) between subject randomized experimental design where MBA students playing the roles of manager and investor answer a series of questions related to earnings guidance, we investigate whether earnings environment ambiguity and manager-investor familiarity influence behavior during the “earnings game.” In general, results from this study suggest that ambiguity contributes to managers’ propensity to mislead and investors’ propensity to follow, and a false sense of familiarity may amplify investors’ reliance on managers’ guidance.
Transport spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract We have performed transport spectroscopy on individual ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes. We find that the levels are Zeeman split in a magnetic field, with a g-factor of 2.04±0.05. The observed pattern of peak splittings indicates the parity of the number of electrons on the dot. In one device there are also signs of the presence of a second dot. We observe features which resemble anticrossings between quantum levels in the two dots, which may be formed from separate conducting nanotubes within the rope.
A price-anticipating resource allocation mechanism for distributed shared clusters

In this paper we formulate the fixed budget resource allocation game to understand the performance of a distributed market-based resource allocation system. Multiple users decide how to distribute their budget bids) among multiple machines according to their individual preferences to maximize their individual utility. We look at both the efficiency and the fairness of the allocation at the equilibrium, where fairness is evaluated through the measures of utility uniformity and envy-freeness. We show analytically and through simulations that despite being highly decentralized, such a system converges quickly to an equilibrium and unlike the social optimum that achieves high efficiency but poor fairness, the proposed allocation scheme achieves a nice balance of high degrees of efficiency and fairness at the equilibrium.
Municipal Bond Ratings and Citizens Rights

Municipal bond ratings give investors information about bonds’ default probabilities. They also affect societal objectives by altering the cost of public infrastructure but are not regulated. This paper explores the possibility that these ratings involve behavior analogous to redlining, which is discrimination against people in places with a high minority composition. Drawing on our civil rights laws, the paper develops a regulatory framework to balance societal objectives with a rating agency's business interests. An application to the ratings of cities’ general obligation bonds finds evidence suggesting redlining-type behavior. This analysis supports the need for regulation of municipal bond ratings.
Ethnicity, Governance and the Provision of Public Goods

Ethnicity is an important institution and one that impacts on the quality of governance. This paper focuses on the behaviour of ethnic groups and specifically on their impact on the provision of public goods. The paper shows that ethnic heterogeneity results in under-provision of non-excludable public goods. On the other hand, such societies are associated with a high prevalence of patronage goods. The paper proposes some areas of research such as the economics of ethnic institutions, empirical investigation of the role ethnic groups on public goods provision, tax compliance and institutional reforms to improve governance. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Organizational Learning Curves: A Method for Investigating Intra-Plant Transfer of Knowledge Acquired Through Learning by Doing

This paper illustrates how a learning-curve model can be generalized to investigate potential explanations of organizational learning. The paper examines the hypothesis that knowledge acquired through by learning by doing is embodied in an organization's technology by analyzing the amount of transfer that occurs across shifts within a plant. If knowledge becomes completely embodied in technology, transfer across shifts should be complete since both shifts use the same technology. Methods that can be used for studying intra-plant transfer of knowledge are presented. The methods are illustrated by analyzing data from a plant that began production with one shift and then added a second shift several months into the production program. Three aspects of transfer are analyzed: 1 carry forward of knowledge when the plant makes the transition from one to two shifts, 2 transfer across shifts after both shifts are operating, and 3 transfer across time. Results indicate that substantial, but less than complete, transfer of knowledge occurred when the second shift was introduced. Once both shifts were operating, partial transfer across them occurred. Implications of the results for a theory of organizational learning and practical applications are discussed.
An open-framework thorium sulfate hydrate with 11.5 A voids.

We report the synthesis of a thorium sulfate hydrate with 11.5 A open channels that propagate through the structure. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P42/nmc, a = b = 25.890(4) A, c = 9.080(2) A, Z = 8, V = 6086.3(2) A3. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and high-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) revealing that the compound begins to undergo decomposition near 200 °C with an accompanied loss in crystallinity. The immediate coordination environment about the thorium atoms remains intact through heating to 500 °C as demonstrated by HEXS. Further heating reveals the formation of at least two crystalline phases, Th(SO4)2 and ThO2, which ultimately decompose to ThO2.
Evaluation of Commercially Available Spacecraft-Type Heat Pipes

As part of an effort to develop reliable, cost effective spacecraft thermal control heat pipes, Lewis Research Center of NASA is conducting life tests on 30 commercially-available heat pipes in 10 groups of different design and material combinations. Materials are aluminum and stainless steel, and working fluids are methanol and ammonia. The formation of noncondensible gas is observed for times exceeding 11,000 hours. The heat transport capacities of the pipes are also determined. Considerable gas is found in two groups of methanol pipes; one group shows no gas. One group of ammonia pipes has no observable gas. Another group has much gas. Manufacturers' processing schedules are examined for differences explaining the presence of gas. Heat transport capacity is found to be severely reduced in some pipes containing gas.
Comparison of two and ten per cent rectal methohexitone for induction of anaesthesia in children.

Plasma methohexitone concentrations were determined in 30 children, aged one to six years, who received 25 mg · kg-1 rectal methohexitone as either a two per cent or ten per cent solution for induction of anaesthesia. Venous blood samples were obtained 15, 30, 45 and 120 minutes following drug administration, Twenty-six of 30 children were asleep within fifteen minutes. Mean plasma methohexitone concentrations were 5.39, 4.42, 3.40 and 1.54 μg·ml-1 at 15, 30, 45 and 120 minutesfollowing administration of two per cent methohexitone. Use of the ten per cent solution resulted in mean plasma methohexitone concentrations of 3.81, 3.12, 2.31 and 1.07 μg · ml-1 at the same time intervals. Plasma methohexitone concentrations were significantly higher at 15, 30 and 45 minutesfollowing administration of two per cent methohexitone, when compared to the ten per cent solution.
Ferromagnetic ordering in ThSi2 type CeAu0.28Ge1.72

Abstract The compound CeAu 0.28 Ge 1.72 crystallizes in the ThSi 2 structure type in the tetragonal space group I 4 1 / amd with lattice parameters a = b =4.2415(6) A c =14.640(3) A. CeAu 0.28 Ge 1.72 is a polar intermetallic compound having a three-dimensional Ge/Au polyanion sub-network filled with Ce atoms. The magnetic susceptibility data show Curie–Weiss law behavior above 50 K. The compound orders ferromagnetically at ∼8 K with estimated magnetic moment of 2.48 μ B /Ce. The ferromagnetic ordering is confirmed by the heat capacity data which show a rise at ∼8 K. The electronic specific heat coefficient ( γ ) value obtained from the paramagnetic temperature range 15–25 K is∼124(5) mJ/ mol K 2 . The entropy change due to the ferromagnetic transition is ∼4.2 J/mol K which is appreciably reduced compared to the value of R ln(2) expected for a crystal-field-split doublet ground state and/or Kondo exchange interactions.
Improved wear performance by the incorporation of solid lubricants during thermal spraying

For components that are required to function in sliding or rubbing contact with other parts, degradation often occurs through wear due to friction between the two contacting surfaces. Depending on the nature of the materials being used, the addition of water as a lubricant may introduce corrosion and accelerate the degradation process. To improve the performance and increase the life of these components, coatings may be applied to the regions subject to the greatest wear. These coatings may be engineered to provide internal pockets of solid lubricant in order to improve the tribological performance. In the present study, coatings containing a solid lubricant were produced by thermal spraying feedstock powders consisting of a blend of tungsten carbide-metal and a fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer-based material. The volume content of this teflon-based material in the feedstock ranged from 3.5 to 36%. These feedstocks were deposited using a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) system to produce coatings having a level of porosity below 2%. Sliding wear tests in which coated rotors were tested in contact with stationary carbon-graphite disks identified an optimum level of teflon-based material in the feedstock formulation required to produce coatings exhibiting minimum wear. This optimum level was in the range of 7 to 17% by volume and depended on the composition of the cermet constituent. Reductions in mass loss for the couples on the order of 50% (an improvement in performance by a factor of approximately 2) were obtained for the best performing compositions, as compared to couples in which the coating contained no solid lubricant.
Lumped-Element Modeling of Millimeter-Wave HEMT Parasitics via Full-Wave Electromagnetic Analysis

We present a broadband lumped-element parasitic equivalent circuit extraction procedure based on full-wave modeling of electromagnetic interactions within the pad layout of millimeter-wave (mmW) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The proposed method is illustrated using a conventional two-finger HEMT topology within a coplanar waveguide environment. The accuracy of the suggested extraction procedure is validated through extensive comparisons between full-wave electromagnetic simulations, measured data, and the computed response of the proposed model up to 325 GHz. Using the proposed approach, we are also illustrating the impact of the gate-to-drain mutual inductance introduced in the conventional small signal equivalent circuit. Subsequently, we apply our new approach to differential configurations.
What Are the Driving Forces of International Business Cycles

Abstract We examine the driving forces of G-7 business cycles. We decompose national business cycles into common and nation-specific components using a dynamic factor model. We also do this for driving variables found in business cycle models: productivity; measures of fiscal and monetary policy; the terms of trade and oil prices. We find a large common factor in oil prices, productivity, and the terms of trade. Productivity is the main driving force, with other drivers isolated to particular nations or sub-periods. Along these lines, we document shifts in the correlation of the common component of each driver with the overall G-7 cycle.
S,S'‐ and S,N‐disubstituted derivatives of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoledithiones

Facile synthesis of 2-n-dodecylthio-4-phenylthiomethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thione 6, starting from 2,5-dimercapthothiadiazole via 2-n-dodecylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thione 2, 2-n-dodecylthio-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thione 4 and 2-n-dodecylthio-4-chloromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thione 5 is described.
Surface-mediated highly efficient regioselective nitration of aromatic compounds by bismuth nitrate

Abstract Montmorillonite impregnated with bismuth nitrate was found to be an excellent reagent for aromatic nitration in high yield.
Regulatory Events and Biotech Firm Share Prices

Using the "event study" method, we measure the impact on agricultural biotechnology firm equity values of new regulations and other limitations placed on the marketing of biotech crops. Unanticipated declines to biotech firm stock prices indicate that newly imposed regulatory restrictions appear most likely to diminish profit expectations for these firms. The stock price reaction to decisions by crop handlers, processors, or retailers to segregate or limit the use of biotech crops and to reports questioning their safety are less pronounced. Incentives to engage in new biotech crop research and development may be diminished by these developments. n previous decades, crop and seed development was generally a nonproprietary activity based on university-government partnerships. The research and development (R&D) of newer seed varieties-and crops developed through biotechnology (biotech) in particular-has generally evolved into a proprietary commercial undertaking, however.' As a private enterprise, the incentive to engage in new seed R&D hinges on the commercial success of these products that, in turn, requires acceptance by the farmers who grow these crops and the end-users that consume them. Since their commercial introduction in 1996, insect-resistant corn and cotton, as well as herbicide-tolerant soybeans, have gained rapid acceptance among farmers. Approximately 54% of soybean planted acreage, 25% of corn planted acreage, and 61% of cotton planted acreage in the United States was devoted to biotech varieties
Quantum algorithm to calculate electromagnetic scattering cross sections

We present a quantum algorithm that can solve a linear system exponentially faster than the best classical algorithm. We show how one can use it to compute the electromagnetic scattering cross-section of an arbitrary target.
Atom interferometry using wave packets with constant spatial displacements

A standing-wave light-pulse sequence is demonstrated that places atoms into a superposition of wave packets with precisely controlled displacements that remain constant for times as long as 1 s. The separated wave packets are subsequently recombined, resulting in atom interference patterns that probe energy differences of $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}34}$ J and can provide acceleration measurements that are insensitive to platform vibrations.
Mechanisms of Organic Superconductivity

In applying the ideas of the preceding chapter to organic superconductors, it is necessary to keep in mind three essential experimental facts: (a) there is a crossover from spin-density wave order to superconductivity as the pressure is increased (b) there is no 2kF charge-density wave and (c) the spin susceptibility is not activated. Using the general discussion of the previous chapter, it follows that U > 0 and V1 (or an appropriate combination of Vn) is negative at high pressure. This conclusion is not restricted to the one-dimensional region but it does assume that the pairing involves electrons on the same stack. However, in the general context of organic conductors, it is not easy to imagine that V1 can be as attractive as the experiments seem to require1. There is ample evidence of quite strong repulsive interactions in organic conductors, and In the conventional BCS picture of superconductivity this has to be overcome by the retarded electron-phonon interaction, to produce pairing. For the latter, an electron or hole distorts the lattice in its immediate neighborhood, and a second electron or hole feels the distortion as an effective attractive coupling to the first. The Coulomb repulsion can be overcome because the distortion takes some time to decay, and is active after the first electron or hole has moved away.
Chemoselection as a strategy for organ preservation in patients with T4 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with cartilage invasion.

Objectives/Hypothesis: High rates of overall survival (OS) and laryngeal preservation were achieved in two sequential phase II clinical trials in patients with stage III/IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients were treated with chemoradiation after a >50% primary tumor response to one cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (IC). We analyzed outcomes for T4 patients with cartilage invasion from both studies.
Shedding light on the dark sector with direct WIMP production

A weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) provides an attractive dark matter candidate, and should be within reach of the next generation of high-energy colliders. We consider the process of direct WIMP pair-production, accompanied by an initial-state radiation photon, in electron–positron collisions at the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC). We present a parametrization of the differential cross section for this process which conveniently separates the model-independent information provided by cosmology from the model-dependent inputs from particle physics. As an application, we consider two simple models, one supersymmetric and another of the 'universal extra dimensions' (UED) type. The discovery reach of the ILC and the expected precision of parameter measurements are studied in each model. In addition, for each of the two examples, we also investigate the ability of the ILC to distinguish between the two models through a shape-discrimination analysis of the photon energy spectrum. We show that with sufficient beam polarization the alternative model interpretation can be ruled out in a large part of the relevant parameter space.
General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) Kinase Protects Oligodendrocytes and White Matter during Branched-chain Amino Acid Deficiency in Mice

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is regulated by branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase, an enzyme complex that is inhibited when phosphorylated by its kinase (BDK). Loss of BDK function in mice and humans causes BCAA deficiency and epilepsy with autistic features. In response to amino acid deficiency, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2∼P) by general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) activates the amino acid stress response. We hypothesized that GCN2 functions to protect the brain during chronic BCAA deficiency. To test this idea, we generated mice lacking both Gcn2 and Bdk (GBDK) and examined the development of progeny. GBDK mice appeared normal at birth, but they soon stopped growing, developed severe ataxia, tremor, and anorexia, and died by postnatal day 15. BCAA levels in brain were diminished in both Bdk−/− and GBDK pups. Brains from Bdk−/− pups exhibited robust eIF2∼P and amino acid stress response induction, whereas these responses were absent in GBDK mouse brains. Instead, myelin deficiency and diminished expression of myelin basic protein were noted in GBDK brains. Genetic markers of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes were also reduced in GBDK brains in association with apoptotic cell death in white matter regions of the brain. GBDK brains further demonstrated reduced Sod2 and Cat mRNA and increased Tnfα mRNA expression. The data are consistent with the idea that loss of GCN2 during BCAA deficiency compromises glial cell defenses to oxidative and inflammatory stress. We conclude that GCN2 protects the brain from developing a lethal leukodystrophy in response to amino acid deficiencies. Background: Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK) deficiency reduces branched chain amino acids and causes epilepsy with autistic features. Results: Loss of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) in BDK−/− mice results in a fatal leukodystrophy. Conclusion: GCN2 is essential for protecting glial cells during amino acid deficiency. Significance: This study contributes novel information toward understanding the heterogeneous basis of white matter diseases.
Preferred modes of decay in nuclear fragmentation

Recent experimental studies show a characteristic energy dependence of the different fragmentation modes in heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies. In this work we study this dependence and find that, in multifragmentation, just like in low-energy fission, some modes of decay are more probable than the rest. We argue that these high-probability mass partitions are ultimately responsible for the observed energy dependence. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
General rotating five-dimensional black holes of toroidally compactified heterotic string

Abstract We present the most general rotating black hole solution of five-dimensional N = 4 super-string vacua that conforms to the “no-hair theorem”. It is chosen to be parameterized in terms of massless fields of the toroidally compactified heterotic string. The solutions are obtained by performing a subset of O (8,24) transformations, i.e. symmetry transformations of the effective three-dimensional action for stationary solutions, on the five-dimensional (neutral) rotating solution parameterized by the mass m and two rotational parameters l 1 , and l 2 . The explicit form of the generating solution is determined by three SO (1, 1) ⊃ O (8,24) boosts, which specify two electric charges Q 1 (1) , Q 2 (2) of the Kaluza-Klein and two-form U (1) gauge fields associated with the same compactified direction, and the charge Q (electric charge of the vector field, whose field strength is dual to the field strength of the five-dimensional two-form field). The general solution, parameterized by 27 charges, two rotational parameters and the ADM mass compatible with the Bogomol'nyi bound, is obtained by imposing [ SO (5) × SO (21)]/[ SO (4) × SO (20)] ⊃ O (5, 21) transformations, which do not affect the five-dimensional space-time. We also analyze the deviations from the BPS-saturated limit.
Go digital, go fuzzy

Abstract In many application areas of imaging sciences, object information captured in multidimensional images needs to be extracted, visualized, manipulated, and analyzed. These four groups of operations have been (and are being) intensively investigated, developed, and applied in a variety of applications. In this paper, after giving a brief overview of the four groups of operations, we put forth two main arguments: (1) Computers are digital, and most image acquisition and communication efforts at present are toward digital approaches. In the same vein, there are considerable advantages to taking an inherently digital approach to the above four groups of operations rather than using concepts based on continuous approximations. (2) Considering the fact that images are inherently fuzzy, to handle uncertainties and heterogeneity of object properties realistically, approaches based on fuzzy sets should be taken to the above four groups of operations. We give two examples in support of these arguments.
Partial control of linear inventory systems

Feedback and feedforward inventory control systems are derived which give improved probability of holding all inventories between predetermined limits, even when there are fewer controllers than controlled variables. The concept of partial controllability is developed to describe systems with uncontrollable states. An example shows that four tank levels can be held within limits with high probability, with only one manipulated flow rate used.
M(ysterious) patterns in SO(9)

Abstract The light-cone little group, SO(9), classifies the massless degrees of freedom of 11-dimensional supergravity, with a triplet of representations. We observe that this triplet generalizes to four-fold infinite families with the quantum numbers of massless higher spin states. Their mathematical structure stems from the three equivalent ways of embedding SO(9) into the exceptional group F 4 .
Numerical studies of the compressible Ising spin glass

We study a two-dimensional compressible Ising spin glass at constant volume. The spin interactions are coupled to the distance between neighboring particles in the Edwards-Anderson model with ±J interactions. We find that the energy of a given spin configuration is shifted from its incompressible value, E0, by an amount quadratic in E0 and proportional to the coupling strength. We then construct a simple model expressed only in terms of spin variables that predicts the existence of a critical value of the coupling above which the spin-glass transition cannot exist.
Fused Heteroaromatic Dihydrosiloles: Synthesis and Double-Fold Modification

An efficient method for the synthesis of fused heteroaromatic dihydrosiloles via Ni-catalyzed hydrosilylation/intramolecular Ir-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of the Si–H bond with the heteroaromatic C–H bond has been developed. The method is efficient for both electron-deficient and -rich heterocycles. It exhibits high functional group tolerance and good regioselectivity. Fused heteroaromatic dihydrosiloles can be smoothly halogenated and then oxidized or arylated. Application of these transformations allows obtaining highly functionalized heteroaromatic structures. A gram-scale synthesis of dihydropyridinosilole has also been accomplished using reduced amounts of Ni- and Ir-catalysts.
Random geometric series

Integer sequences where each element is determined by a previous randomly chosen element are investigated analytically. In particular, the random geometric series xn = 2xp with 0 ≤ p ≤ n − 1 is studied. At large n, the moments grow algebraically, xsn ~ nβ(s) with β(s) = 2s − 1, while the typical behaviour is xn ~ nln 2. The probability distribution is obtained explicitly in terms of the Stirling numbers of the first kind and it approaches a log-normal distribution asymptotically.
Color and spin in quarkonium production

Abstract I describe the NRQCD factorization approach to the inclusive production of heavy quarkonium, contrasting it with the color-singlet and color evaporation models. These approaches differ dramatically in their assumptions about the roles played by color and spin in the production process. They also differ dramatically in their predictions for the production of charmonium at large transverse momentum.
The advantage to hiding one's hand: Speculation and central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market

Abstract We analyze an asymmetric information model of sterilized intervention in the foreign exchange market. We characterize an equilibrium in which a central bank with ‘inside information’ about its exchange rate target trades with risk averse speculators who have private information about future spot rates. The model identifies circumstances in which ‘perverse’ responses to intervention will be observed, i.e. the domestic currency depreciates when the central bank purchases it, and it provides conditions under which the exchange rate will be highly sensitive to intervention. The model also provides an explanation for two forms of ‘policy secrecy’: (i) secrecy about the scale of an intervention operation is always desirable, (ii) secrecy about the target is sometimes desirable.
Covariance estimation under spatial dependence

Correlated multivariate processes have a dependence structure which must be taken into account when estimating the covariance matrix. The natural estimator of the covariance matrix is introduced and is shown that to be biased under the dependence structure. This bias is studied under two different asymptotic models, namely increasing the domain by increasing the number of observations, and increasing the number of observations in the fixed domain. Using the first asymptotic model, we quantify the convergence rate of the bias and of the covariance between the components of the estimated covariance matrix. The second asymptotic model serves to derive a fast and accurate bias correction. As shown, under mild hypotheses, the asymptotic normality of the estimated covariance matrix holds and can be used to test whether the bias is significant, for example, in the sense that the eigenvectors of the estimated and true covariance matrices are significantly different.
Organo-f-element catalysts for efficient and highly selective hydroalkoxylation and hydrothiolation

Lanthanide and actinide catalysts have made significant contributions to many areas of homogeneous catalysis with hydroelementation of C–C unsaturation being a notable area of success. In this Perspective, we review recent advances in f-element hydroelementation for highly selective hydroalkoxylation and hydrothiolation processes. As will be discussed, f-element hydroalkoxylation and hydrothiolation catalysts exhibit selectivities unobtainable by many late transition metal complexes. First, we review lanthanide-mediated hydroalkoxylation processes with mechanistic, thermodynamic, and kinetic considerations discussed, and then compare/contrast them with analogous C–N and C–P bond-forming transformations. In addition, computational studies are discussed which provide further insight into this transformation and the observed selectivities. Next, actinide-mediated alkyne hydrothiolation is reviewed with a similar discussion of reactivity, mechanism, and thermodynamics.
Engineering Reactions in Crystalline Solids: Prediction of Intramolecular Carbene Rearrangements

Abstract The unimolecular reactivity and stereoselectivity of four arylalkyl carbenes generated by a steady state irradiation of crystalline 1,2-diaryldiazopropanes were correctly predicted by taking advantage of known reaction trajectories applied to structures obtained by simple molecular mechanics calculations. It is suggested that the conformation of the diazo compound in the crystal determines the conformation of the carbene intermediate which is predisposed for a conformationally stereospecific 1,2-H shift. The results of irradiations of 1,2-diaryldiazoalkanes in crystalline media were compared with those obtained in solution and in amorphous solids. It was demonstrated that rigidity alone is not sufficient for carbene reactions to proceed with high stereoselectivity.
On abstraction and the expressive power of programming languages

We present a tentative theory of programming language expressiveness based on reductions (language translations) that preserve observational equivalence. These are called “abstraction-preserving” because of a connection with a definition of “abstraction” or “information-hiding” mechanism. If there is an abstraction-preserving reduction from one language to another, then essentially every function on natural numbers that is definable in the first is also definable in the second. Moreover, regardless of the set of first-order functions definable in either language, no programming language with an abstraction mechanism can be reduced to a language without. Since Lisp with user-defined special forms does not have an abstraction mechanism, it is therefore not “universal” in this theory, in spite of the ability to define every partial recursive function on the natural numbers. Several examples and counter-examples to abstraction-preserving reductions are given. We do not know whether there is a natural universal language with respect to abstraction-preserving reduction.
Spectral gap for the interchange process in a box

We show that the spectral gap for the interchange process (and the symmetric exclusion process) in a $d$-dimensional box of side length $L$ is asymptotic to $\pi^2/L^2$. This gives more evidence in favor of Aldous's conjecture that in any graph the spectral gap for the interchange process is the same as the spectral gap for a corresponding continuous-time random walk. Our proof uses a technique that is similar to that used by Handjani and Jungreis, who proved that Aldous's conjecture holds when the graph is a tree.
Microburst Precipitation Phenomena

Auroral zone microburst electron precipitation is reviewed. It can be shown from existing data that microbursts represent a major precipitation form on the dayside magnetosphere. Balloon X-ray data indicate that microbursts are periodic and they are small-scaled. Rocket and sattellite data indicate that microbursts may consist of substructures and that microburst precipitation is fractionally more enhanced along the magnetic field direction. The source of electrons appears to be nearby, _??_4Re from the surface of the earth. Microbursts are correlated to VLF and magnetic micropulsations. Study of microburst phenomena should lead to better understanding of wave-particle interaction mechanisms responsible for electron precipitation.
Bis(enediyne) Macrocycles: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Structural Analysis

Abstract We describe below the syntheses of five macrocycles possessing two enediyne warheads, along with the structural and thermal analyses of these bis(enediyne) compounds. The solid-state packing of compound 6 suggests the possibility for the molecule to undergo a topochemical diacetylene polymerization.
Boolean satisfiability and equivalence checking using general Binary Decision Diagrams

Abstract We show how general Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), i.e. BDDs where input variables are allowed to appear multiple times along any path in the BDD, can be used to check for Boolean satisfiability. Our satisfiability checking strategy is based on an input smoothing operation on general BDDs. We develop various input smoothing strategies for general BDDs. In order to verify the equivalence of two functions f 1 and f 2 , we check f 1 ⊕ f 2 for satisfiability. General BDDs are not a canonical form and are a much more powerful representation than reduced, ordered BDDs (OBDDs). For example, it has been shown that a general BDD of O( n 3 ) size can be constructed for an n × n multiplier. Using general BDDs we were able to verify different implementations of a 16 × 16 multiplier, a modified Achilles-heel function and a complex add-shift function. It was not possible to construct OBDDs for any of the three functions. The verification was carried out without requiring any additional information , other than the given logic-level descriptions. The use of general BDDs, as opposed to OBDDs, also dramatically reduces the memory requirements to verify other classes of circuits.
A stochastic model for eye movements during fixation on a stationary target.

A stochastic model describing small eye movements occurring during steady fixation on a stationary target is presented. Based on eye movement data for steady gaze, the model has a hierarchical structure; the principal level represents the random motion of the image point within a local area of fixation while the higher level mimics the jump processes involved in transitions from one local area to another. Target image motion within a local area is described by a Langevinlike stochastic differential equation taking into consideration, the microsaccadic jumps pictured as being due to point processes and the high frequency muscle tremor, represented as a white noise. The transform of the probability density function for local area motion is obtained, leading to explicit expressions for their means and moments. Evaluation of these moments based on the model are comparable with experimental results. A physiologically based criterion for the occurrence of local area changes is assumed and the renewal density of these transitions is obtained. These transitions are brought about by the occurrence of large saccades. Hence, our analysis leads us to derive expressions for the mean and moments of the occurrence of large saccades in a given time T. These predictions may be checked against experimental results.
Aqueous, Room Temperature Synthesis of a 3(N) Substituted Hydantoin

Abstract A disubstituted urea, N-α-carbamylisopropyl-N′-α-isobutyronitrile urea, reacts at room temperature in water to yield an N-substituted hydantoin, specifically, 3-(α-carbamylisopropyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
Multicanonical simulations step by step

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide a starter kit for multicanonical simulations in statistical physics. Fortran code for the q -state Potts model in d =2,3,… dimensions can be downloaded from the Web and this paper describes simulation results, which are in all details reproducible by running prepared programs. To allow for comparison with exact results, the internal energy, the specific heat, the free energy and the entropy are calculated for the d =2 Ising ( q =2) and the q =10 Potts model. Analysis programs, relying on an all-log jackknife technique, which is suitable for handling sums of very large numbers, are introduced to calculate our final estimators.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Normal and Abnormal Prostate Tissues as Defined by Biopsy, MRI, and 3D MRSI

This study characterized dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI of prostate tissues: cancerous peripheral zone (PZ), normal PZ, stromal benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and glandular BPH. MRI, MRSI, and DCE MRI were performed on 25 patients. Tissues were identified with MRI, MRSI, and (when available) biopsy results. Motion between MRI and DCE MRI, and within DCE MRI was assessed and manually corrected. To assess tissue and patient effects, native T1's were measured in 12 of 25 patients, and DCE MRI results were normalized to muscle enhancement. Regions of cancer had a higher peak enhancement (P < 0.006), faster enhancement rate (P < 0.0008), and faster washout slope (P < 0.05) than normal PZ tissues. Stromal BPH had the fastest enhancement rate (P < 0.003) of all tissues and tended to have the greatest enhancement. Intersequence motion averaged 2.6 mm and reached 7.9 mm. Motion within DCE MRI was generally minimal (<2 pixels), but one case showed a large shift that would have confounded the results. Native T1's were similar across the prostatic tissues. Interpatient variability in DCE MRI was only partially reduced by normalization to muscle. DCE MRI of the prostate discriminated PZ cancer from normal PZ tissues and predominantly stromal and glandular BPH. Magn Reson Med 53:249–255, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DESIGN OF PHASE I STUDIES FOR DEPOT CONTRACEPTIVES

Abstract Phase I clinical studies for depot contraceptives should provide information about clinical pharmacology. By necessity, these studies need to last longer than 10 days and therefore require prior completion of one year animal toxicology studies. The clinical studies should include 10–20 motivated healthy women aged 19–39 with normal menstrual cycles. In addition to determining the effect of the depot preparation upon the endocrine system, studies should be undertaken to evaluate renal and hepatic functions as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. If the mechanism of action is other than ovulation inhibition, weekly examination of cervical mucus should be performed. Endometrial biopsies should be obtained at less frequent intervals. In addition, duration of action of the depot preparation and time to return to normal function should also be determined. Assays should be developed to measure circulating levels of the pharmacologic agent at frequent intervals to determine its rate of release from the depot preparation. Ideally, release rates should be relatively constant to lower incidence of side effects.