cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SoC Balancing of Different Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids Using Modified Droop Control

Droop control as a well known approach is used as the basis of the power sharing among different paralleled voltage sources and battery energy storage systems (BESS). In order to extend the lifetime of BESS and avoid the overuse of a certain battery, the State of the Charge (SoC) of BESS should be balanced. This paper reviews and compares three different droop control methods in an islanded DC microgrid that are based on balancing the SoC of different BESS. All of the presented methods are compared together and the best one is selected. The feasibility of the selected method is verified through computer simulations in MATLAB/Simulink for a DC microgrid consisting of three BESS, PV (Photovoltaic) arrays and DC load.
Careerography: Introducing a New Tool for Research, Theory Development, Practice, and Training in Career Psychology:

This article introduces the special section on careerography, which is positioned as a valuable tool for research, theory development, training, and practice in career psychology. Anchored in the l...
Many medical students applying for surgical residency feel inadequately prepared to prescribe post-operative opioids.

Abstract Background Little is known regarding medical school curricular variability regarding safe prescribing of post-operative opioids for students entering surgical residency. Methods Surveys were administered to general surgery residency interviewees at an accredited academic institution for 2018–2019 application season. Responses were anonymously recorded using web-based software on an electronic tablet. Descriptive statistics were evaluated using proportions and medians with interquartile range. Results Of 103 eligible, 90 (87.4%) interviewees participated. Although 96.7% of students reported opioid pharmacology during medical school, 35.6% reported their curriculum did not include educational material on acute pain management. While 91.1% felt their curriculum adequately covered opioid related adverse events, 34.4% felt adequately prepared to prescribe post-operative opioids to surgical patients. Conclusion Students entering surgical residency from US medical schools have variable exposures to opioid related educational content and many students feel their medical education inadequately prepared them for prescribing postoperative opioids.
Modeling Human Factors Topics in Aviation Reports

This paper describes the development and new application of a text modeling process for identifying human factors topics, such as fatigue, workload, and distraction in aviation safety reports. Curr...
Theoretical Search for Collisionless Orbit Waves

Combescot’s form of the kinetic equation is studied in the collisionless regime in a search for orbit waves in He3-A. No solutions are found for real values of the velocity. It is pointed out that spontaneously broken symmetry does not imply an associated mode in the collisionless regime.
E-026 Endovascular treatment of pericallosal artery aneurysms: single center experience with early follow up

Traditionally, microsurgical clipping has been the mainstay of treatment for pericallosal artery aneurysms (PAAs). However, this has changed in recent years with advancements in endovascular surgical techniques. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pericallosal artery aneurysms that underwent endovascular treatment with coiling and flow diversion at our institution. 33 patients with 34 aneurysms were included (25 aneurysms ruptured, 9 unruptured or recurrent). Of the ruptured group, 22 were coiled (88%) and rest treated with flow diversion. Initial angiographic follow up rate was 72% at median of 159 days. Overall recurrence rate was 40% (10/25) at median of 376 days, all among coiled aneurysms. 6 recurrent aneurysms were retreated with further coiling (2) and flow diversion (4). Of the unruptured/recurrent group, 5 were coiled (55%) and remainder treated with flow diversion. Initial angiographic follow up rate was 100% at median of 267 days. Recurrence rate was 22% (2/9), both in coiled aneurysms. Overall, 27 aneurysms were treated with coiling, 9 with flow diversion and 3 with ‘partial’ flow diversion. All aneurysms treated with pipeline flow diversion achieved 100% occlusion. No re-rupture or new rupture was noted in our series. Good clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale, mRS 0–2) was seen in 79% of patients. Our study demonstrates that endovascular coiling for PAAs is associated with a definite rate of recurrence, which has to be monitored with timely angiography. We also demonstrate the excellent effectiveness of flow diversion for PAAs with either presentation. Disclosures M. Sattur: None. Y. Li: None. E. Almallouhi: None. J. Lena: 2; C; Penumbra Inc., Alameda, California. A. Spiotta: 2; C; Penumbra Inc., Alameda, California.
Leveraging Digital Twins to Enhance Performance of IoT in Disadvantaged Networks.

The U.S. Army is investing in research to deliver enhanced sensing, situational awareness, computing, and decision-making capabilities via IoT devices on the battlefield. One of the current shortfalls with existing capabilities involves the use of large wireless mesh networks to support disadvantaged users. Networks, like the Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) suffer from increased latency and packet overhead that affect system performance and severely limit the operational employment of the system. In this paper, a novel hybrid topology management technique using a digital twin of the propagation environment and rapid assessment, cluster creation, and node assignment process has been proposed and investigated to show Software-Defined Networking and K-Means Clustering machine learning have potentials for increasing the number of users able to connect to wireless mesh networks. Preliminary results show that this technique can reduce the path length in large graphs at the expense of edge connectivity while delivering a level of service to all users that was previously unavailable.
Cleveland Clinic Total Artificial Heart

Heart failure is a serious health issue and a primary contributor to cardiovascular mortality that affects approximately millions of people worldwide. Heart transplantation can provide a remarkable improvement in quality of life and survival in selected patients with end-stage heart disease, but a shortage of donor hearts will always limit this option.
Our Language—Linguistic Ideologies and Japanese Dialect Use in L1/L2 Interaction

This study uses conversation data and ethnographic interviews to examine the role of meta-talk in speaker legitimacy for L2 Japanese speakers. Autoethnographic analysis of conversation data demonstrates how an L2 speaker is co-constructed (jointly positioned) as a (non)legitimate speaker of Japanese Dialect. The researcher, an L2 Japanese speaker, recorded Japanese conversations with L1 interlocutors, namely, her L1 Japanese spouse and in-laws. Two contrasting cases of L2 Japanese Dialect use are examined. In the first case, L1 interlocutors respond to the L2 speaker’s dialect with meta-talk about “our language,” co-constructing the L2 speaker as a non-legitimate dialect user. In the second case, the L2 speaker’s dialect use is affirmed when the L1 interlocutor uses similar dialect; no meta-talk occurs. The conversation data is supplemented with ethnographic interview data which underscores the prevalence of meta-talk. Meta-talk reveals speakers’ beliefs about legitimate speakerhood in which “our language” does not include L2 speakers. Conversely, the absence of meta-talk affirms the L2 speaker’s dialect use and depicts dialect as a shared form of “our language.” This study contributes to understanding linguistic ideologies, demonstrates how language ownership and speaker legitimacy manifest in Japanese interactions, and adds to research examining Japanese Dialect use by L2 speakers.
Innovative Interpretations: Three Recent Studies by Latin American Women Scholars

This article offers a survey of recent work by women scholars in the field of Latin American Studies. Focusing on the writings of Emily Hind, Ana Forcinito, and Sophia Beal, it identifies dominant threads in their research into masculinity and canon formation in Mexico, women filmmakers in Argentina, poetics of memory in Uruguay, and gender and urban spatiality in Brazil. Set within a larger context of the history of Gender Studies within the discipline, this piece provides a vision of pioneering developments in contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies.
Markers of Kidney Function and Longitudinal Cognitive Ability Among Older Community-Dwelling Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study.

BACKGROUND Reduced kidney function has been associated with cognitive decline. Most studies have examined a single marker of kidney function and have limited duration of follow-up. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated associations between markers of kidney function (urine albumin, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], and hyperuricemia) with cognitive performance over time. METHODS This is a longitudinal study of 1,634 community-dwelling adults (mean age = 71.7 years), with kidney function markers and cognitive ability measured at baseline (1992-1996) and at up to five additional time points with a maximum of 23.4 years (mean = 8.1 years) of follow-up. Associations between kidney function and cognitive performance were assessed using linear mixed effects models. Testing for interaction by sex was conducted. RESULTS Albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [ACR]≥30 mg/g) was associated with steeper annual declines in global cognitive function (MMSE, β= -0.12, p = 0.003), executive function (Trails B, β= 4.50, p < 0.0001) and episodic memory (Buschke total recall, β= -0.62, p = 0.02) scores in men. Results were similar when cognitive test scores were regressed on latent trajectory classes of ACR. In men, hyperuricemia (serum uric acid [SUA]≥6.8 mg/dl for men and SUA≥6.0 mg/dl for women) was associated with lower baseline MMSE (β= -0.70, p = 0.009) scores but not with MMSE change over time. No such associations were detected in women. There were no significant associations between eGFR and cognitive performance for either sex. CONCLUSION In older men, albuminuria is an independent predictor of subsequent cognitive decline. More investigations are needed to explain the observed sex differences and the potential relationship between hyperuricemia and poorer global cognition.
Smartband-Based Automatic Smoking Detection and Real-time Mindfulness Intervention: Protocol for a Feasibility Trial

Background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Smoking cessation interventions delivered by smartphone apps are a promising tool for helping smokers quit. However, currently available smartphone apps for smoking cessation have not exploited their unique potential advantages to aid quitting. Notably, few to no available apps use wearable technologies, most apps require users to self-report their smoking, and few to no apps deliver treatment automatically contingent upon smoking. Objective: This pilot trial tests the feasibility of using a smartband and smartphone to monitor and detect smoking and deliver brief mindfulness interventions in real time to reduce smoking. Methods: Daily smokers (N=100, ≥5 cigarettes per day) wear a smartband for 60 days to monitor and detect smoking, notify them about their smoking events in real time, and deliver real-time brief mindfulness exercises triggered by detected smoking events or targeted at predicted smoking events. Smokers set a quit date at 30 days. A three-step intervention to reduce smoking is tested. First, participants wear a smartband to monitor and detect smoking, and notify them of smoking events in real time to bring awareness to smoking and triggers for 21 days. Next, a “mindful smoking” exercise is triggered by detected smoking events to bring a clear recognition of the actual effects of smoking for 7 days. Finally, after their quit date, a “RAIN” (recognize, allow, investigate, nonidentification) exercise is delivered to predicted smoking events (based on the initial 3 weeks of tracking smoking data) to help smokers learn to work mindfully with cravings rather than smoke for 30 days. The primary outcomes are feasibility measures of treatment fidelity, adherence, and acceptability. The secondary outcomes are smoking rates at end of treatment. Results: Recruitment for this trial started in May 2021 and will continue until November 2021 or until enrollment is completed. Data monitoring and management are ongoing for enrolled participants. The final 60-day end of treatment data is anticipated in January 2022. We expect that all trial results will be available in April 2022. Conclusions: Findings will provide data and information on the feasibility of using a smartband and smartphone to monitor and detect smoking and deliver real-time brief mindfulness interventions, and whether the intervention warrants additional testing for smoking cessation. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03995225; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03995225
Stability of the Cellulase of Trichoderma reesei under use conditions

Enzyme stability studies have been reinvestigated under the conditions used for cellulose hydrolysis (pH 4.8, 50 degrees C, 24 hr). The cellobiohydrolase (CBH) component as measured on Avicel is less stable than other enzymes of the cellulase complex, and is 60% inactivated by merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) under the above conditions. Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase is much more stable, and more resistant to merthiolate and other compounds. Under unshaken conditions the Avicelase of the Rutgers strain C 30 shows greater stability to heat than that of other available strains. Biocides must be selected not only for their ability to prevent contamination, but also for their compatibility with cellulases. Tetracycline and chlortetracycline are inexpensive, effective in very low concentrations, have no harmful effect on the enzymes, and are compatible with the yeasts that subsequently grow on the sugar solutions to produce alcohol. Attempts have been made to stabilize the enzymes by chemical modification in such a way as to maintain their solubility. Glutaraldehyde treatment greatly increased the enzyme size, lowered the pI values, and gave a slight shift in the pH activity curve. There was, unfortunately, no increase in enzyme stability, and the activity of enzymes on solid celluloses was adversely affected. Shaking greatly reduced the hydrolysis of Avicel by Trichoderma reesei C 30 enzyme. The adverse effect was accompanied by a decrease in recoverable enzyme and protein.
Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America

1. Institutional crises in presidential regimes 2. Five cases of impeachment and a presumed madman 3. Presidential crises and the decline of military intervention 4. Latin America in the age of scandal 5. Scandals and the political economy of popular outrage 6. Building a legislative shield: the institutional determinants of impeachment 7. Towards a new pattern of political instability 8. Rethinking Latin American presidentialism.
Decisional support to prevent adverse drug reactions of long latency: pilot randomized controlled intervention for glucocorticoid-induced diabetes.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES Long-term exposure to glucocorticoids can cause adverse drug reactions of long latency (ADRLLs), including glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus (GID). Providers can monitor for GID using the glycosylated haemoglobin blood (HbA1C) test. This study examined the utility of decisional support to improve HbA1C-based screening for GID. US veterans were identified as chronic users of oral glucocorticoids (>120 days of oral glucocorticoids in the last 2 years). The primary care providers caring for these patients were the target of the intervention. Providers were randomized to receive automatic HbA1C orders for their patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid or usual care. METHODS This study was a pilot two-arm, group-randomized, controlled trial (n = 12 providers, n = 38 patients). Data collection occurred from 5 May 2013 until 10 January 2014. A pharmacist generated the order for an HbA1C through the electronic medical record. The time between the intervention start date and the date on which an HbA1C order was signed were compared using Cox proportional and hierarchical linear regression. RESULTS The time to sign HbA1C orders (mean 12.0 days for the intervention arm; 104.0 days for control arm) was associated with significant differences favouring the intervention [HR (Hazard Ratio) 50.2, P < 0.001, confidence interval (CI) 6.3 to 398.7]. For the intervention group, 95% of orders were signed, whereas only 12% of control providers signed orders (odds ratio 150, P < 0.001, CI 12.4 to 1812.9). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study strongly suggest that the clinical pharmacist-triggered order intervention is effective. This method of computerized decisional support may be useful in improving screening for GID and ADRLLs.
Escaping Confrontation: Latin America’s Debt Crisis in the Late 1980s

The Brazilian moratorium on interest payments to banks on 20 February 1987, and the Citicorp decision to enhance its loan-loss reserves on 19 May 1987, closed a chapter on the debt drama of Latin America. With these decisions, the heaviest players in the field told the industrial countries and multilateral institutions that current collaborative arrangements were not working and that they were framing their own individual solutions to the debt-overhang problem. The institutional framework devised in 1982, which the Baker Initiative sought to rescue in 1985, was endangered. A new, more confrontational phase of the debt problem began to take shape.
Estimation of necrosis volumes in focal liver lesions based on multi-phase hepatic CT images

This study presents a computer-aided volumety (CAV) scheme that estimates the necrosis volumes in the focal liver lesions based on the multi-phase hepatic CT images for estimation of liver tumor burden. We developed a CAV scheme that consisted of the following three major steps: registration of multi-phase series based upon the portal-venous phase images, modeling of the concentration-time curve and thus estimattion of the arterial and portal-venous blood flow, and segmentation of the necrotic and tumorous tissues. Sixteen hepatocellular carcinoma cases were used for the evaluation of the CAV scheme. The total blood volume distribution of the liver tissue, tumor, and necrosis was computed in these datasets. The blood volumes for the liver tissue, tumor, and necrosis had 0.250±0.129, 0.171±0.073, and 0.054±0.045 ml/sec, respectively. The CAV scheme was shown to be potentially useful for efficient and accurate longitudinal measurement of liver tumor burdens in hepatic CT images.
The interaction of thyroxine with human plasma prealbumin and with the prealbumin-retinol-binding protein complex.

Abstract Prealbumin was isolated from human plasma by chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethyl Sephadex and Sephadex G-200, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The prealbumin was homogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge with an s20,w of 3.7 S and with a molecular weight of about 50,000. Prealbumin formed a protein-protein complex with plasma retinol-binding protein in a molar ratio of 1:1. The interaction of thyroxine with prealbumin was quantitatively studied by the method of equilibrium dialysis with 131I-labeled thyroxine. Studies were conducted at 24° and at 37° in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and in phosphate buffer containing 0.14 m NaCl. Prealbumin was found to possess a single binding site for 1 molecule of thyroxine. The association constant for the thyroxine-prealbumin interaction was approximately 1.6 x 107, and was only slightly affected by temperature change or by NaCl. The binding capacity and affinity of prealbumin for thyroxine were similar in the presence and absence of retinol-binding protein. Moreover, the binding of thyroxine to prealbumin did not interfere with the interaction of prealbumin with retinol-binding protein. The interaction of prealbumin with thyroxine appears to be independent of the prealbumin-retinol-binding protein interaction.
Ablation of ventricular tachycardia.

Ablation is an important management tool for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Even at experienced centers ventricular tachycardia ablation carries a minor but significant risk for potential complications, including vascular and thomboembolic complications, air embolism, volume overload and the precipitation of congestive heart failure, cardiac tamponade from catheter perforation or from steam pop with RF energy delivery, valve or subvalvular support structure disruption, conduction system disruption with development of heart block, coronary artery injury when ablating in the coronary cusps region or trying to gain access to the LV chamber, precipitation of cardiogenic shock from ablation of viable myocardium in patients with marginal reserve and failure to resuscitate or precipitation of cardiogenic shock from repeated VT induction, and with epicardial ablation the potential complications of epicardial access, coronary arteries and phrenic nerve damage. Recognition of these risks is paramount for their avoidance with careful pre-procedure planning and intraprocedural technique being essential to minimize the potential for complications.
Ultrasound imaging of angiogenesis

Among the early changes that differentiate normal from cancerous tissues is the process by which the tumor develops its blood supply, tumor angiogenesis. The development of anti-angiogenesis agents and the clinical evaluation of such therapy have stimulated interest in non-invasive imaging methods to monitor response. Ultrasound has great potential in providing clinically relevant information related to angiogenesis by measuring tumor flow and vascular volume. In this presentation the fundamentals of angiogenesis and the implications for ultrasound imaging is described with an emphasis on the use of ultrasound contrast agents. We show that power Doppler and pulse inversion harmonic imaging correlates with Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an immunohistochemical predictor of angiogenesis, in a murine melanoma xenograft model (p<0.05). Preliminary results from a human trial of Angiostatin (Entremed, Rockville, NID) are also presented. In conclusion, contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging of tumor neovascularity may provide noninvasive markers of angiogenesis.
Membrane alterations linked to early interactions of HIV with the cell surface.

Abstract Ultrastructural studies suggest that cell surface alterations occur early during the course of HIV-1 infection of CD4 + T-lymphoblastoid cells. Attachment and penetration of HIV resulted in formation of membrane discontinuities and pores and “ballooning.” Distention of the endoplasmic reticulum occurred in some cells within the first hour after HIV infection, and this correlated with the numbers of virions bound at the cell surface. These results suggest that HIV virion components may directly damage the cell membrane.
Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

BACKGROUND Although running is a popular leisure-time physical activity, little is known about the long-term effects of running on mortality. The dose-response relations between running, as well as the change in running behaviors over time, and mortality remain uncertain. 24% of adults participated in running in this population. Compared with nonrunners, runners had 30% and 45% lower adjusted risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, respectively, with a 3-year life expectancy benefit. In dose- response analyses, the mortality benefits in runners were similar across quintiles of running time, distance, frequency, amount, and speed, compared with nonrunners. Weekly running even <51 min, <6 miles, 1 to 2 times, <506 metabolic equivalent-minutes, or <6 miles/h was sufficient to reduce risk of mortality, compared with not running. In the analyses of change in running behaviors and mortality, persistent runners had the most significant benefits, with 29% and 50% lower risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, respectively, compared with never-runners. CONCLUSIONS Running, even 5 to 10 min/day and at slow speeds <6 miles/h, is associated with markedly reduced risks of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease. This study may motivate healthy but sedentary individuals to begin and continue running for substantial and attainable mortality benefits. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:472-81) © 2014 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.
Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats

Regional changes in concentrations of brain norepinephrine [NE] and its metabolites after chronic exercise have not been described for exercise protocols not confounded by other stressors. We examined levels of [NE], 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol [MHPG], and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol [DHPG] in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, pons-medulla, and spinal cord after 8 wk of exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 36) were randomly assigned to three conditions: 1) 24-h access to activity wheel running (WR), 2) treadmill running (TR) at 0 degrees incline for 1 h.d-1 at 25-30 m.min-1, or 3) a sedentary control group (C). Levels (nmol.g-1) of [NE], [MHPG], and [DHPG] were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Planned contrasts (P < 0.05) indicated that exercise training increased succinate dehydrogenase activity (mmol cytochrome C reduced.min-1.g-1 wet weight) in soleus muscle for TR compared with WR or C. [NE] was higher in the pons-medulla and spinal cord for both TR and WR compared with C. [DHPG] was higher in the pons-medulla for TR compared with C, and [MHPG] was higher in the frontal cortex and in the hippocampus for TR compared with C. Our results suggest that treadmill exercise training is accompanied by brain noradrenergic adaptations consistent with increased metabolism of NE in areas containing NE cell bodies and ascending terminals, whereas treadmill running and wheel running are accompanied by increases in levels of NE in the areas of NE cell bodies and the spinal cord, independently of an exercise training effect.
Initial response of the potassium channel voltage sensor to a transmembrane potential.

Early transition events of the voltage sensor (VS) of Kv1.2 potassium channel embedded in a lipid membrane are triggered using full atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. When subject to an applied hyperpolarized transmembrane (TM) voltage, the VS undergoes conformational changes and reaches a stable kinetic intermediate state, β′, within 20 ns. The gating charge (∼2e) associated with this fast transition results mainly from salt-bridge rearrangements involving negative charges in S2 and S3 and all but the two top residues R294 and R297 of S4. Interactions of the latter with phosphomoieties of the lipid head groups appear to stabilize the kinetic state β′
Oogenesis in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis (Freminville).

The ovaries of small and large adult Gecarcinus were studied histologically and histochemically at various stages in the annual cycle. At all seasons of the year, dividing cells are seen within germinal nests in the ovary. Following division, the cells within the germinal nest enlarge and appear to move out into the stroma, forming cords of young oocytes that become encapsulated by follicle cells. Glycogen, not demonstrable in cells within the germinal nests, is present in the perinuclear cytoplasm of both young and mature oocytes. Lipid is distributed peripherally in the cytoplasm of the oocytes. Deoxyribonucleoprotein is demonstrable within the nuclei of germinal nest cells and of the young oocytes; it is not detectable within the nuclei of the large oocytes. The histological observations suggest that oogenesis occurs throughout the reproductive life of Gecarcinus.
Tumors and the immune system: the effects of a tumor growth modulator☆

Abstract We model the interaction between tumor cells and the immune system in the presence of a tumor growth modulator, either a promoter or inhibitor, by a set of differential equations. We make the following assumptions : 1. (1) In the absence of an immune response, tumor cells grow according to first-order kinetics (exponentially). 2. (2) A growth modulator, while it is present, either increases or decreases the proliferation rate of tumor cells. 3. (3) The part of the immune system that responds to the threat of tumor cells (we call them “defender cells”) destroys tumor cells according to a mass-action law. 4. (4) The presence of tumor cells stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxically active defender cells. However as the number of tumor cells increase beyond a certain threshold, the proliferation of defender cells is inhibited and the number of active defender cells diminishes. The model makes the following predictions: 1. (1) For promoters (modulators which increase tumor growth rate): There are two tumor-cell threshold levels, N 1 and N 2 , which depend upon the strength of the promoter and the level of defender cells at the time they first engage the tumor. If the number of tumor cells at this time (the “initial tumor level”) exceeds N 2 , the tumor will ultimately overwhelm the immune system, with or without the assistance of the promoter. If the initial tumor level falls between N 1 and N 2 , the defender cells will destroy the tumor unless the promoter is permitted to act for a certain critical period of time, T . Once the promoter has acted for this critical time, it can be “turned off.” The tumor will overwhelm the defender cells nontheless. If the initial tumor level is below N 1 , the defender cells will destroy the tumor even if the promoter is allowed to act indefinitely. 2. (2) For inhibitors (modulators which decrease the tumor growth rate): There are two threshold levels, N ' 1 and N ' 2 , which depend upon the strength of the inhibitor and the level of defender cells at the time the inhibitor begins to act. If the number of tumor cells at this time (the “initial tumor level”) exceeds N ' 2 , the tumor will ultimately overwhelm the immune system, no matter how long the inhibitor is allowed to act. If the initial tumor level lies between N ' 1 and N ' 2 , the tumor will ultimately overwhelm the immune system unless the inhibitor is allowed to act for a certain critical time, T ' . Once the inhibitor has acted for this time, it can be turned off. The immune system will destroy the tumor. If the initial tumor level lies below N ' 1 , the immune system will defeat the tumor, with or without the aid of the inhibitor. The model yields quantitative relationships between N 1 , N 2 , T (or N ' 1 , N ' 2 , T ' ) and the biological parameters of the system.
Organic crystal engineering with 1,4-piperazine-2,5-diones. 6. Studies of the hydrogen-bond association of cyclo[(2-methylamino-4,7-dimethoxyindan-2-carboxylic acid)(2-amino-4,7-dimethoxyindan-2-carboxylic acid)].

The title 1,4-piperazine-2,5-dione was synthesized in 23% yield over six steps from ethyl 2-amino-4,7-dimethoxyindan-2-carboxylate. Crystallization by slow diffusion of ether into a chloroform solution and by slow evaporation of an ethanol−chloroform−benzene solution produced polymorphic crystalline forms as determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The polymorphs exhibited different hydrogen-bonding networks. The association of this piperazinedione in solution was studied using mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The MS and NMR data were interpreted using the solid-state structures as models for solution aggregation. Association constants extracted from the NMR data are in line with those of other cyclic cis amides in chloroform solvent.
Chromatin modifiers, cognitive disorders, and imprinted genes.

In this issue of Developmental Cell , Kernohan et al. link the chromatin regulatory proteins ATRX, MeCP2, CTCF, and cohesin with silencing of H19 and other imprinted genes during critical stages of postnatal brain development, perhaps suggesting a common etiology for several human diseases that exhibit defects in brain development and function.
ANXIETY AND STRESS IN PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING WITH MANIPULATED INITIAL RESPONSE STRENGTH'

Within the framework of a drive interpretation of anxiety (Spence, 195S), differential predictions regarding the performance of high and low anxious Ss (HA and LA Ss) depend upon whether correct or incorrect responses are highest in the response hierarchy at the outset of learning. For verbal learning tasks which maximize intra-serial competition, it is generally assumed thac competing responses are of equal or higher habit strength than correct responses. The higher drive level of the HA Ss is expected to combine with the higher habit strength of incorrect response tendencies with the result that the performance of HA Ss will be inferior to thac of LA Ss. Hill (1957) has pointed out thac the position of correct and incorrect responses in the hierarchy is not specifically demonstrated in many experimental tasks termed complex. Therefore, when the hierarchial assumption is based on the concept of task difficulty or intra-list competition, the assumption itself may be invalid, leading to negative or inconsistent results (Sarason, 1960), which reflect methodological rather than theoretical inadequacies. The present snidy explored one method of ~nanipulating response strength in order to support an assumption about the relative position of correct and incorrect responses in the initial hierarchy. A number of experiments have demonstrated that strong backward associations are established between word pairs in the learning of paired-associate lists (e.g., Feldman & Underwood, 1957; Murdock, 1956). In the present study, trials on n first paired-associate lisr (AB) were used to establish backward associations which were correct for one-half and incorrect for the other half of the pairs in a second lisc (BA/BX). At the conclusion of trials on the AB list, it was de~nonstrated that A words were. for the list as a whole, higher in the response hierarchy of B words than any 'This research was supported by Research Grant M-2470 from the National Institutes of Health. at Vanderbilt University.
Breakdown Mechanism of Oxide Grown on Czochralski Silicon Wafers

The breakdown mechanism of oxide grown on Czochralski (Cz) silicon wafers was studied using a combination of copper decoration and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. Recently, crystal defects with octahedral voids were found on the surface and in bulk silicon of as-grown Cz wafers. This result led researchers to infer that oxide breakdown occurs due to oxide thinning at the corner of the octahedral structure or heavy metal gettering at the void. Our study, however, does not support those models. We propose a new model that the crystal defect in the silicon wafer is filled with an "imperfect silicon", not a void, and that the oxide breakdown occurs due to the formation of degraded oxide which is made of the imperfect silicon, during oxidation.
Anxiety in children with asthma

The purpose of this study was to examine associations between levels of state and trait anxiety in children with asthma and increased asthma morbidity immediately following an acute asthmatic attack. A total of 155 children, aged 7-12 years, diagnosed with asthma, were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) while the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI) was administered to the mother. The mother's state and trait anxiety scores were consistently higher than the child's scores, and there was no significant correlation between child and mother anxiety levels. Almost two-thirds of children reported feeling "panic" at the beginning of the index asthma attack, which was significantly associated with child state anxiety. Health professionals must be sensitive to child as well as maternal anxiety in families of children with asthma.
X-ray spectra and large-scale features of two starburst galaxies - NGC 253 and M82

The results of Einstein Observatory IPC X-ray observations of the well-known nearby starburst galaxies NGC 253 and M82 are presented. The major axis X-ray surface brightness profile of NGC 253 is steeper than the optical profile, but follows the radio continuum distribution closely. Extended X-ray emission with no optical or radio counterpart is found on the northern side of this galaxy. It is suggested that this emission may be due to gaseous clouds ejected from the starburst nucleus. The X-ray halo of M82 extends as far as 9 arcmin away from the nucleus along the minor axis. The radial distribution of the X-ray surface brightness of this halo is steep and suggests a density distribution proportional to 1/r-squared, typical of free-flowing winds. The spectral properties of the nuclear regions are different from those of the surrounding emission. They are fitted with large intrinsic absorption columns and possibly lower emission temperatures.
Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Is Regulated in White and Brown Adipose Tissue by Obesity

Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is an outer-mitochondrial membrane transporter which has many functions including participation in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), production of cellular energy, and is the rate-limiting step in the uptake of cholesterol. TSPO expression is dysregulated during disease pathologies involving changes in tissue energy demands such as cancer, and is up-regulated in activated macrophages during the inflammatory response. Obesity is associated with decreased energy expenditure, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation which collectively contribute to the development of the Metabolic Syndrome. Therefore, we hypothesized that dysregulation of TSPO in adipose tissue may be a feature of disease pathology in obesity. Radioligand binding studies revealed a significant reduction in TSPO ligand binding sites in mitochondrial extracts from both white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mouse models of obesity (diet-induced and genetic) compared to control animals. We also confirmed a reduction in TSPO gene expression in whole tissue extracts from WAT and BAT. Immunohistochemistry in WAT confirmed TSPO expression in adipocytes but also revealed high-levels of TSPO expression in WAT macrophages in obese animals. No changes in TSPO expression were observed in WAT or BAT after a 17 hour fast or 4 hour cold exposure. Treatment of mice with the TSPO ligand PK11195 resulted in regulation of metabolic genes in WAT. Together, these results suggest a potential role for TSPO in mediating adipose tissue homeostasis.
Modification of Pattern of Photosynthate Movement within and between Shoots of Vitis vinifera L

During the prebloom and bloom stages, no movement of labeled photosynthates occurred from a shoot of Vitis vinifera L. fed with (14)CO(2), to an adjacent shoot on the same spur. Movement of labeled assimilates into the unfed shoot was induced when this shoot was sprayed with 2.89 x 10(-3)m gibberellic acid during the prebloom stage. During the bloom stage darkening or defoliation of the unfed shoot resulted in the import of labeled photosynthates from the adjacent fed shoot. Similarly, movement of (14)C into an untreated shoot was induced by removing the terminal 7.5 centimeters and deblossoming the fed shoot. During the berry set stage, translocation of labeled photosynthates from a newly exporting leaf was upwards to the shoot tip, but the direction of movement was reversed by removal of the shoot tip or by darkening or removal of the leaves below the fed leaf. Translocation of photosynthates was predominantly basipetal from a fed leaf near the base of the shoot during the berry set stage, but upward movement was induced by darkening or defoliation of the upper part of the shoot.
A Case Series and Review of Bisphosphonate-associated Orbital Inflammation

AbstractPurpose: To report the largest series of new cases to date of bisphosphate-associated orbital inflammation.Methods: A retrospective case review of patients with orbital inflammation following treatment with systemic bisphosphonate.Results: Six patients over an 18-month period (2 males, 4 females) with an average age of 62.2 years had onset of orbital inflammatory symptoms 1–11 days after intravenous bisphosphonate infusion or, in 1 case, 4 weeks after initiation of oral bisphosphonate therapy. Imaging revealed diffuse orbital involvement in 3 cases, isolated lateral rectus muscle involvement in 2 cases, and superior rectus–levator involvement in 1 case. Two patients’ symptoms resolved spontaneously within 2 weeks, and 3 responded rapidly and completely to corticosteroid therapy. The 1 patient on oral bisphosphonate had a slower but complete response to corticosteroid treatment.Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the association between acute orbital inflammation and recent treatment with sys...
Conjugate photoelectron impact ionization

Ionospheric photoelectron exchange at magnetic conjugates, considering electron density and impact ionization by inelastic collisions
Probing the fetal genome: progress in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis

Progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of heritable diseases, through identification of specific mutations, has provided a foundation for the development of DNA-based prenatal diagnosis. Genetic analysis of fetal DNA is now routinely performed from chorionic villus samples obtained as early as the tenth week of gestation or by amniocentesis from week 15 onwards. However, both of these approaches involve invasive procedures with increased risk of fetal loss. To avoid such complications, attempts have been made to develop non-invasive tests through the identification, characterization and isolation of fetal cells or free fetal DNA from the maternal circulation. Recently, progress has been made towards the development of novel strategies that are expected to provide non-invasive means for early prenatal diagnosis in pregnancy.
Single-crystal elastic constants of indium

Abstract The elastic constants of tetragonal indium have been measured by the ultrasonic pulse-echo method. Single crystals were cut so that pulses propagated in the approximate directions [100], [110] and [011] respectively. The nine wave velocities allow the six constants to be determined with three internal checks. If indium is regarded as a tetragonally deformed f.c.c. structure, the constants may be referred to axes coincident with the deformed cubic axes, and in this reference frame the values (expressed in units of 10 11 dyne cm 2 obtained are: C 11 = 4.45, C 33 = 4.44, (C 11 − C 12 2 = 0.253, (C 11 + C 33 ) 4 − >C 13 2 = 0.197, C 44 = 0.655, C 66 = 1.22. The constants and combinations representing stiffness to shear are low, and are anisotropic in contrast to those for aluminum. The microscopic parameters, particularly those pertaining to overlap electrons, which appear in the calculation of Leigh for aluminum can be adjusted to account for these features of indium.
Environmental Regulation and U.S. Economic Growth

In this article we quantify the costs of pollution controls by reporting the results of simulations of the growth of the U.S. economy with and without regulation. For this purpose, we have constructed a detailed model of the economy that includes the determinants of long-term growth. We have also analyzed the interaction between industries in order to capture the full repercussions of environmental regulations. However, we have not attempted to assess the benefits resulting from a cleaner environment. We find that pollution abatement has emerged as a major claimant on the resources of the U.S. economy. The cost of emission controls is more than 10% of the total cost of government purchases of goods and services.
Plain Language: Effective Communication in the Health Care Setting

As recognition of the burden and causes of limited health literacy has grown, health care leaders are calling for organizations to adopt organization-wide strategies to address this problem. Group Health, a nonprofit, consumer-governed health system serving members in Washington State and North Idaho, has responded to the call to improve health literacy by implementing a “Plain Language” initiative across the organization. This work has resulted in a Plain Language Toolkit, which has improved member and patient-oriented communications.
Usefulness of T Wave Inversion in Leads With ST Elevation on the Presenting Electrocardiogram to Predict Spontaneous Reperfusion in Patients With Anterior ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

Inversion of the T waves (T−) in electrocardiographic leads with ST-segment elevation after the initiation of reperfusion therapy is considered a sign of reperfusion. However, the significance of T− on presentation before the initiation of reperfusion therapy is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether T− on presentation predicts patency of the infarct-related artery in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) who undergo primary percutaneous interventions. The medical records, electrocardiograms, and angiographic findings of 209 consecutive patients who underwent emergent coronary angiography as part of primary percutaneous coronary intervention protocol activation for STEMI were reviewed. A total of 179 patients (86%) had positive T waves (T+), 16 (8%) had biphasic T waves (T+/−), and 14 (7%) had T−. Patency of the infarct-related artery (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] flow grades 2 and 3) was seen in 64.3% of the patients in the T− group compared with only 31.2% in the T+/− group and 19.0% in the T+ group (p
Genetic drift resolves Selten's Chain Store Paradox

Recent behavioral evidence suggests that mutation-susceptible, best-practice emulation is a common strategy updating mechanism among real world human actors. Unlike purely analytical models of non-cooperative strategic behavior, computational models employing mutation-susceptible emulation-based strategy updating mechanisms (e.g. elitist Genetic Algorithms) are susceptible to a process similar to genetic drift. This drift is known to disrupt the stability of an equilibria. This paper uses a computational, Genetic Algorithm based model to demonstrate that such equilibrium-disrupting drift resolves Selten's Chain Store Paradox. More broadly, this paper hopes to modestly demonstrate how results from behavioral game theory can fruitfully be used to select the mechanisms used in computational game theoretic models.
The emergence of spacetime in condensed matter approaches to quantum gravity

Condensed matter approaches to quantum gravity suggest that spacetime emerges in the low-energy sector of a fundamental condensate. This essay investigates what could be meant by this claim. In particular, I offer an account of low-energy emergence that is appropriate to effective field theories in general, and consider the extent to which it underwrites claims about the emergence of spacetime in effective field theories of condensed matter systems of the type that are relevant to quantum gravity.