cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effect of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on pathways of hepatic glycogen repletion.

To delineate the roles of hyperglycemia and insulin on the direct vs. indirect pathways of liver glycogen synthesis, we performed euglycemic (group I; n = 8), hyperglycemic (group II; n = 9), and euglycemic pharmacological hyperinsulinemic clamp studies (120 min) with an infusion of [1-13C]glucose in chronically catheterized conscious rats after a 24-h fast. Portal vein plasma glucose concentrations and portal vein plasma insulin concentrations, respectively, obtained at the end of the study in groups I-III were as follows: group I 110 +/- 4 mg/dl, 29 +/- 7 ng/ml; group II 219 +/- 7 mg/dl, 24 +/- 7 ng/ml; and group III 112 +/- 9 mg/dl, 174 +/- 25 ng/ml. Mean liver glycogen concentrations at the end of the three studies were 0.68 +/- 0.07, 1.22 +/- 0.08 (P less than 0.001 compared with groups I and III), and 0.60 +/- 0.17 g/100 g wet wt liver in groups I-III respectively, which yielded hepatic glycogen synthetic rates of 0.16 +/- 0.03, 0.41 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.001 compared with groups I and III), and 0.13 +/- 0.08 mumol glucosyl U.g liver-1.min-1 in groups I-III, respectively. From the enrichments of 13C in the C-1 and C-6 positions of the glucosyl unit in glycogen compared with the enrichment in the C-1 position in portal vein glucose as determined by 13C- and 1H-NMR, the amount of glycogen synthesized by the direct pathway was calculated to be 18 +/- 2, 41 +/- 3 (P less than 0.0001 compared with groups I and III), and 17 +/- 3% in groups I-III, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Beyond the Personal Representative: The Potential of Succession Without Administration

The baby-boom generation has changed a number of institutions and challenged a number of assumptions. As the baby-boom generation ages, one such institution that may be changed is the probate court, a court that handles estates. A revived Succession without Administration could facilitate the efficient and effective transfer of estates.
Chemically Engraving Semiconductor Nanowires: Using Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Morphology to Encode Functionality from the Bottom Up

The patterning of semiconductors with nanometer-scale precision is a cornerstone of modern technology. Top-down methods, ranging from photolithography to focused-ion beam milling, are typically used to fabricate complex nanostructures. In this Perspective, we discuss an alternative bottom-up method to encode similar high-resolution morphology in semiconductor nanowires (NWs). This process, termed ENGRAVE for "Encoded Nanowire GRowth and Appearance through VLS and Etching", combines fast modulation of nanowire composition during vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth with composition-dependent wet-chemical etching. This method produces cylindrically symmetric structures in which the diameter is modulated on a sub-10 nm axial length scale. The process can produce patterns that range from periodic, centrosymmetric to nonperiodic, asymmetric structures, including gratings, fractals, tapers, ratchets, sinusoids, nanogaps, and nanodots. We discuss the prospect for the ENGRAVE process to become a complementary method of lithographic-like patterning that encodes unique morphologies and physical properties in semiconductors for a range of technologies.
Description of Data Computing Summary Statistics

As noted in Chapter 2, the original observations in a data file contain all the information there is in a set of data, but it is almost impossible simply to look at a data file and extract the information. All the information is there, but it is hidden by the randomness in the data.
Kernel Hyperalignment

We offer a regularized, kernel extension of the multi-set, orthogonal Procrustes problem, or hyperalignment. Our new method, called Kernel Hyperalignment, expands the scope of hyperalignment to include nonlinear measures of similarity and enables the alignment of multiple datasets with a large number of base features. With direct application to fMRI data analysis, kernel hyperalignment is well-suited for multi-subject alignment of large ROIs, including the entire cortex. We report experiments using real-world, multi-subject fMRI data.
Inhibition of synthesis of herpes simplex virus deoxyribonucleic acid by a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

SummaryAn inhibition of HSV DNA synthesis was observed in infected RK cells following treatment with the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, DMBA. No such effect was observed in replicate cultures treated with the related but noncarcinogenic chemical, anthracene. The compounds were without cytocidal effects in the experimental system employed at the concentrations tested.This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Research Grant No. CA-11647 from the National Cancer Institute and under Contract No. 70-2024 within the Special Virus Cancer Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service.
Abstract 3431: Role of tumor microenvironment in promoting tumor metastasis

Metastatic spread of tumor cells to vital organs is the major cause of mortality in cancer patients. Tumor metastasis is a complex process involving multiple steps including detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor, interaction with vascular endothelium and invasion of target organs. Although our understanding of the molecular and biological events that contribute to tumor cell progression has increased considerably over the last decade, we still know very little about the role of tumor-accessory cells in promoting tumor cell release from the primary tumor and metastasis to distal sites. It is well established that tumor angiogenesis plays a critical role in tumor progression. We have recently demonstrated that VEGF, in addition to its pro-angiogenic function, also induces the expression of Bcl-2 in the microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, tumor samples from head and neck cancer patients showed significantly higher Bcl-2 expression in tumor blood vessels and this enhanced Bcl-2 expression in tumor-associated endothelial cells was directly correlated with metastatic status of these patients. Upregulated Bcl-2 expression in tumor-associated endothelial cells was sufficient to enhance tumor metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a SCID mouse model. While much is known about the role of Bcl-2 in cell survival, very little is known about the role of Bcl-2 in tumor metastasis. In this study, we examined the role and mechanism(s) by which Bcl-2 expression in tumor-associated endothelial cells may promote tumor metastasis. Our results suggest that endothelial cells expressing Bcl-2 (EC-Bcl-2) promote tumor metastasis via cell-cell interaction with tumor cells as well as by secreting chemokines including IL-6 and IL-8. EC-Bcl-2 secreted IL-6 induced EMT-related changes (downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin proteins) in the normal oral keratinocytes as well as head and neck tumor cells. IL-8 promoted tumor metastasis by enhancing tumor cell motility and invasiveness. In addition, EC-Bcl-2 cells exhibited significantly higher adhesion molecules expression and showed enhanced tumor cell binding. Tumor cells, when cultured alone in non-adherent conditions, showed marked increase in apoptosis (anoikis). In contrast, tumor cells showed a significant decrease in anoikis when co-cultured with EC-Bcl-2 in non-adherent conditions. Similarly, tumor cells when injected along with EC-Bcl-2 showed significantly higher lung metastasis as compared to tumor cell and EC-VC or tumor cell alone group. Taken together, these results suggest that endothelial cells expressing Bcl-2 promote tumor cell metastasis by enhancing tumor cell release and chaperoning them to distal sites. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3431.
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Picosecond Pulses

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) can probe chemistry occurring at surfaces with both nanometer spectroscopic and submolecular spatial resolution. Combining ultrafast spectroscopy with TERS allows for picosecond and, in principle, femtosecond temporal resolution. Here we couple an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)-TERS microscope to excite the tip plasmon with a picosecond excitation source. The plasmonic tip was not damaged with OPO excitation, and TER spectra were observed for two resonant adsorbates. The TERS signal under ultrafast pulsed excitation decays on the time scale of 10 s of seconds; whereas with continuous-wave excitation no decay occurs. An analysis of possible decay mechanisms and their temporal characteristics is given.
Pelvic Osteotomy around the Acetabulum and Sciatic Notch——A New Surgical Technique for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children

Objective To describe a new procedure of pelvic osteotomy around the acetabulum and sciatic notch for developmental dysplasia of the hip(DDH).Methods The cutting line started in the middle point between the anterior and inferior superior iliac spine and proceeded parallel to the upper posterior edge of the acetabulum and ended straightly at 3 mm to 5mm anterior to the cortex of sciatic notch.After finishing the cutting with a narrow straight osteotome,laminar spreader was inserted into the gap of iliac osteotomy in order to open the osteotomy gap and to produce deliberately incomplete fracture of sciatic notch,which was the hinge for ante-lateral rotations of the acetabulum.Therefore a bone wedge was inserted into the open space for the stability of the iliac osteotomy.97 children(112 hips)with DDH were performed with this procedure.Results 31 cases with 39 hips were followed up for more than two years.According to the Mckay clinical classification and Severin X-ray classification,37 hips were excellent and 2 good.Conclusion The new pelvic osteotomy has the advantages of both the Salter and Pemberton pelvic osteotomy and is easier to be performed with a wider indicator for DDH in children.
The gray area: high school dropout likelihood among skin tone levels of black males

We evaluate the role skin tone plays in the likelihood of dropping out of high school for black male respondents in the NLSY97. We find that blacks are 11 percent more likely to drop out of high school. This gap almost disappears after controlling for key family background variables. In addition, we find that light skinned blacks are less likely to drop out compared to whites, while dark skinned blacks are more likely to drop out compared to whites after controlling for the same family background variables. Therefore, after controlling for family background, the dropout likelihood of both light and dark skinned blacks “cancel out” and thus the bi-racial gap mistakenly seems to disappear.
Reassessment of aerobic metabolism in amphibians during activity

1. Activity oxygen consumption rates (\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) max) were determined for a variety of amphibians using both electrical and manual stimulation to elicit and maintain activity. The suitability of manometric measurement of\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) max was also evaluated. 2. \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) max (units, ml/g·h) for three minute activity periods induced by manual stimulation were:Hylaregilla, 1.06±0.10;Hyla cadaverina, 1.25±0.14;Batrachoseps attenuatus, 0.82±0.08;Ensatina eschscholtzi, 0.37±0.6; andAneides lugubris, 0.70±0.25.\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) max was 4 to 6 times greater than previously reported values. In all species,\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) during activity was greater than\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) during recovery (Tables 1, 2). 3. \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) in burst activity (3 min) is about 20% greater than\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) in sustained activity (30 min) inRana pipiens (Fig. 1). VO2max was 3 times greater than previously reported values. 4. Electrical stimulation can lead to physiological impairment of aerobic metabolism as evidenced by a decline in\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) with increasing stimulus duration and frequency (Table 1). Electrical stimulation can also lead to errors in\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) as a result of electrolytic gas generation (Fig. 2). 5. Manometric measurement of\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) can seriously underestimate actual oxygen consumption rates because of temperature transients, resulting from both biological and electrical heat production (Fig. 2). Temperature transients also lead to an apparent delayed development of\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_2 } \) after the activity about.
Effects of various phenothiazine derivatives on the behaviour of free living herring gulls (Larus a. argentatus Pontopp)

Die Wirkung einiger Phenothiacine auf das Verhalten von freilebenden Silbermowen wurde in einer gro\en Brutkolonie untersucht. Chlorpromacin (12–75 mg/kg) rief eine zunehmende motorische Unruhe hervor, die Tiere horten auf zu bruten und liefen wAhrend mehreren Stunden ziellos in ihrem Brutrevier umher. Die geduckte Haltung sowie das in der Literatur beschriebene depressive Verhalten von Tauben in Dressurversuchen lassen vermuten, da\ beim Vogel durch Chlorpromacin neben der Aktivierung motorischer Systeme eine DAmpfung psychischer VorgAnge erfolgt. Nach Levomepromacin (25–50 mg/kg) verlie\en die Mowen das Nest nur kurzfristig und bruteten nach einigen Wurgebewegungen wieder normal weiter. 4 mg/kg Fluphenacin und 2,5–7,5 mg/kg Butyrylperacin riefen keine VerhaltensAnderungen hervor.
Management of bacterial infections of the skin.

The antibiotics have revolutionized the treatment of cutaneous bacterial infections although they have not replaced all other methods of treatment. The antibacterial spectrum and disadvantages of each antibiotic are summarized in this paper. In addition, diagnosis, predisposing factors, prognosis and therapeutic agents for the management of cutaneous pyogenic infections are discussed.
Computing longest common extensions in partial words

Abstract The Longest Common Extension of a pair of positions ( i , j ) in a string, or word, is the longest substring starting at i and j . The LCE problem considers a word and a set of pairs of positions and computes for each pair in the set, the longest common extension starting at both positions in the pair. This problem finds applications in matching with don’t-care characters, approximate string searching, finding all exact or approximate tandem repeats, to name a few. From a practical point of view, Ilie et al. (Journal of Discrete Algorithms, 2010) looked for simple and efficient algorithms for the LCE problem. In this paper, we extend their analyses to partial words, strings with don’t-cares or holes. We compute the Longest Common Compatible Extension of each pair of positions ( i , j ) in a partial word, i.e., the longest substrings starting at i and j that are compatible via a combinatorial approach. We also estimate the LCCE of each pair of positions in a partial word via a probabilistic approach. We show that our results match with those of total words (partial words without holes). We find that one of the simplest algorithms for implementing the LCE problem is optimal on average in the context of partial words.
A new thermal aging facility for the evaluation of generator stator insulation systems

A new test facility has been built to assess the effect of long-term cyclic duty on generator armature insulation systems. In this facility it is possible to isothermally age or thermally cycle armature insulation systems in simulation of base-load or cycling service conditions. Results obtained from a three-year aging program on two service-proven base-load insulation systems are presented.
Current technique and results for extended pelvic lymph node dissection during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

The practice of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) remains one of the most controversial topics in the management of clinically localized prostate cancer. Although most urologists agree on its benefit for staging and prognostication, the role of the ePLND in cancer control continues to be debated. The increased perioperative morbidity makes it unpalatable, especially in patients with low likelihood of lymph node disease. With the advent of robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, many surgeons were slow to adopt ePLND in the robotic setting. In this study, we summarize the evidence for the prognostic and therapeutic roles of ePLND, review the clinical tools used for lymph node metastasis prediction and survey the numerous experiences of ePLND compiled by robotic urologic surgeons over the years.
Abstract 4867: Comparative analysis of RNA sequencing methods for characterization of cancer transcriptomics

RNA sequencing (RNASeq) provides the ability to comprehensively assay the transcriptome in a high-throughput manner. Current there are a variety of library preparation methodologies for measuring and sequencing the transcriptome depending on (a) the sample source and (b) outcomes of interest. Beyond protocol selection, the requisite computational tools and resources are significant considerations in processing, analyzing and reporting the experimental results. While there are many resources readily available to effectively perform RNA-seq experiments, optimal protocols and analysis tools for the cancer domain remain to be developed. We have developed and characterized a set of protocols and analysis procedures that comprise an RNA-seq pipeline that can effectively be used in a cancer research setting. The analysis pipeline consists of a sequence of functions and tools to process and clean the raw data, generate quality control and summary metrics, and perform secondary analyses that include expression quantification, fusion detection and somatic mutation calling. We applied this pipeline to three different RNAseq strategies (whole-transcriptome, exome, and targeted RNA-seq) and performed an in-depth comparative analysis to investigate the implications of the choice of strategy on the downstream analysis and results. More specifically, we investigated the impact of library preparation methods on the dynamic range and expression profiles, variant calling and fusion detection. While the data indicated that capture-based protocols provided efficient methods for sampling transcripts as compared to whole-transcriptome RNA-seq, there are considerations in its use, particularly for duplicate reads and uncaptured transcripts. We illustrate the implications of these issues on downstream analysis, such as somatic mutation and fusion calling and differential expression. In summary, we have described a RNA-seq analysis platform that provides a varied set of library preparations and analytical components for large-scale clinical or research transcriptomics. Our analysis has characterized the technical features of the different library preparations, providing a necessary understanding of the costs and benefits of each method and the potential effects on the downstream analyses. Citation Format: Ryan P. Abo, Ling Lin, Samuel S. Hunter, Deniz N. Dolcen, Rachel R. Paquette, Angelica Laing, Luc de Waal, Aaron R. Thorner, Matthew D. Ducar, Liuda Ziaugra, William C. Hahn, Matthew L. Meyerson, Laura E. MacConaill, Paul Van Hummelen. Comparative analysis of RNA sequencing methods for characterization of cancer transcriptomics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4867. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4867
Oxalobacter formigenes colonization normalizes oxalate excretion in a gastric bypass model of hyperoxaluria

Abstract Background Hyperoxaluria and oxalate kidney stones frequently develop after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Oxalobacter formigenes can degrade ingested oxalate. Objectives Examine the effect of O. formigenes wild rat strain (OXWR) colonization on urinary oxalate excretion and intestinal oxalate transport in a hyperoxaluric RYGB model. Setting Basic Science Laboratory, United States. Methods At 21 weeks of age, 28 obese male Sprague-Dawley rats survived Sham (n = 10) or RYGB (n = 18) surgery and were maintained on a 1.5% potassium oxalate, 40% fat diet. At 12 weeks postoperatively, half the animals in each group were gavaged with OXWR. At 16 weeks, percent dietary fat content was lowered to 10%. Urine and stool were collected weekly to determine oxalate and colonization status, respectively. At week 20, [14 C]-oxalate fluxes and electrical parameters were measured in vitro across isolated distal colon and jejunal (Roux limb) tissue mounted in Ussing Chambers. Results RYGB animals lost 22% total weight while Shams gained 5%. On a moderate oxalate diet, urinary oxalate excretion was 4-fold higher in RYGB than Sham controls. OXWR colonization, obtained in all gavaged animals, reduced urinary oxalate excretion 74% in RYGB and 39% in Sham and was further augmented by lowering the percentage of dietary fat. Finally, OXWR colonization significantly enhanced basal net colonic oxalate secretion in both groups. Conclusions In our model, OXWR lowered urinary oxalate by luminal oxalate degradation in concert with promotion of enteric oxalate elimination. Trials of O. formigenes colonization and low-fat diet are warranted in calcium oxalate stone formers with gastric bypass and resistant hyperoxaluria.
A Living Curriculum of Orgullo

The authors argue for the formation and promotion of a living curriculum based on one’s lived experiences. Proceeding from an understanding of identity as a complex and multilayered construct that an individual constantly revises and adjusts, this paper proposes the creation of a bridge between learning spaces and the need to recognize and harbor the self as an infinite creation. This proposition contends the necessity to provide all persons the opportunity to express who they are and explore their space in the world in order to claim a place and be part of the political and democratic process. By becoming empowered in claiming what is necessary for one’s realization, individuals will consequently create and promote change in the world.
Determinants of short and long term outcomes in patients undergoing immediate breast reconstruction following neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background We evaluated oncologic outcomes and complications of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate reconstruction (IR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with early-stage and locally advanced breast cancer (BC). Methods BC patients from 2000 to 2014 treated with NAC followed by SSM/NSM and IR were reviewed. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, NAC response, complications, and recurrence were analyzed. Results Two hundred sixty-nine patients with 280 BCs were treated with NAC followed by SSM (94%) or NSM (6%) with IR. Median age was 47 (26-72) years with a median follow-up of 45 months. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was noted in 49 (17.5%) cases. Overall 30-day complication rate was 13.2%. Variables associated with complications included BMI (P < 0.0001), tobacco use (P = 0.015), and adjuvant radiation (P = 0.025). Local-regional recurrence was 3.2% and metastatic recurrence was 13.2%. Variables predicting recurrence risk were pre-NAC tumor size (P < 0.001), residual tumor size (P = 0.002), Grade III (P = 0.002), HER-2 negative (P = 0.025), pre-NAC nodal disease (P = 0.05), and lack of pCR (P = 0.045). Conclusion Following NAC, risk factors for complications in patients undergoing SSM/NSM with IR are high BMI, smoking, and adjuvant XRT. SSM/NSM following NAC is associated with excellent local control. These data support expanding the indications for NSM/SSM to include patients receiving NAC.
Photoswitchable Arylazopyrazole-Based Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes

A new family of donor-functionalized photoswitchable arylazopyrazole-based ligands (3–5) was synthesized and characterized. The new ligands have been employed to prepare a series of novel photoswitchable half-sandwich ruthenium(II) cymene complexes of the type [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(L)Cl]+ (L = 1-(2-methylenepyridyl)-4-(phenyldiazenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (6a), 1-(2-methylenepyridyl)-4-((4-bromophenyl)diazenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (6b), 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-3,5-dimethyl-4-arylazopyrazole (7)). All of the complexes have been fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV–vis spectroscopy and elemental analyses. In addition, the structure of complex 6a was determined by X-ray crystallography. The UV–vis spectroscopic studies show that both the ligands and metal complexes exhibit excellent trans to cis photoisomerization of the arylazopyrazole moiety upon irradiation with 365 nm UV light. The cis isomer of the compounds can be switched back nearly quantitatively to the more stable trans form with 530 nm ...
Python in the NERSC Exascale Science Applications Program for Data

We describe a new effort at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) in performance analysis and optimization of scientific Python applications targeting the Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Landing, KNL) manycore architecture. The Python-centered work outlined here is part of a larger effort called the NERSC Exascale Science Applications Program (NESAP) for Data. NESAP for Data focuses on applications that process and analyze high-volume, high-velocity data sets from experimental or observational science (EOS) facilities supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Science. We present three case study applications from NESAP for Data that use Python. These codes vary in terms of "Python purity" from applications developed in pure Python to ones that use Python mainly as a convenience layer for scientists without expertise in lower level programming languages like C, C++ or Fortran. The science case, requirements, constraints, algorithms, and initial performance optimizations for each code are discussed. Our goal with this paper is to contribute to the larger conversation around the role of Python in high-performance computing today and tomorrow, highlighting areas for future work and emerging best practices.
The Perception of Riesling Varietal Character: The Role of 2,2,1-Trimethyl-Dihydronaphthalene (TDN)

The perception of wine aroma is an excellent example of the human ability to experience multiple sensations as a single gestalt, i.e. a configural perception or as a top-down process. For example, the same wine recognized as Riesling could, after some time spent on analysis, yield, “This Riesling has a moderate petrol aroma and a faint lemon smell.” Recent studies of binary mixtures showed that only similar odors cross-adapt while dissimilar odors suppress each other in mixtures, indicating a possible explanation for the suppression of fruity/floral by 2,2,1-trimethyl- dihydronaphthalene (TDN) in Riesling.
An Assessment of Temporal Decorrelation Compensation Methods for Forest Canopy Height Estimation Using Airborne L-Band Same-Day Repeat-Pass Polarimetric SAR Interferometry

We assess and compare several algorithms to compensate for temporal decorrelation observed in repeat-pass L-band polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PolInSAR) measurements of forest canopy height. The analysis is performed on data acquired with an approximately 45-min temporal baseline using the uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar collected in August 2009 over temperate and boreal forests of the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec. This investigation presents several compensation methods based on the classical random volume over ground model, which include fixing the value of the extinction parameter, fixing the temporal decorrelation magnitude, or varying temporal decorrelation estimates with height. We also compare results with the random motion over ground model. While these methods have been presented in the literature previously, a comparison of the different methods and an assessment of their height estimation accuracy applied to the same datasets have not yet been performed. In addition, we introduce the use of ancillary reference forest height data from airborne large footprint lidar to estimate model parameters and to mitigate solution ambiguities. We finally demonstrate that this mitigation strategy is robust and suitable for use with future spaceborne lidar missions such as the Global Ecosystems Dynamics Investigation. The resulting PolInSAR canopy height estimates correspond well with those obtained from coincident field and airborne lidar data. Height estimation differences of 3.4 m (RMSE) were observed between the PolInSAR- and lidar-derived canopy height maps when using the fixed extinction method. These can be partially attributed to inherent differences in the sensor spatial resolutions and geolocation accuracy. The RMS error between the PolInSAR height estimates and the field collected Lorey's heights was 2.4 m.
Non-Deterministic Segmentation for Chinese Lattice Parsing

Parsing Chinese critically depends on correct word segmentation for the parser since incorrect segmentation inevitably causes incorrect parses. We investigate a pipeline approach to segmentation and parsing using word lattices as parser input. We compare CRF-based and lexicon-based approaches to word segmentation. Our results show that the lattice parser is capable of selecting the correction segmentation from thousands of options, thus drastically reducing the number of unparsed sentence. Lexicon-based parsing models have a better coverage than the CRF-based approach, but the many options are more difficult to handle. We reach our best result by using a lexicon from the n-best CRF analyses, combined with highly probable words.
Neutronic Calculations for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Diagnostic Penetrations

The arrangement of the tokamak fusion test reactor diagnostic system results in a number of streaming paths that are directly visible to the plasma. Two important configurations of these penetrations have been examined: the large isolated ducts through the primary igloo shield at the plasma midplane, and the coplaner diagnostic tubes through the substructure beneath the plasma. The spatial distribution of the flux and spectrum has been determined as preliminary input for the design of the diagnostic shield boxes.
Models of the Solar Photosphere

This review summarizes the main properties of the available theoretical models of the solar photosphere and the semiempirical models based primarily on observed spectra in different wavelength regions. LTE and non-LTE semiempirical models are compared with LTE and non-LTE theoretical (radiative equilibrium) models calculated with and without convective energy transport. Atomic and molecular lines throughout the spectrum affect the model calculations in essential ways. The temperature-minimum region, considered as the upper boundary of the photosphere, is discussed in detail, in view of the substantial non-radiative cooling in this region. Results are shown to illustrate the relationship between average one-dimensional models and Nordlund’s three-dimensional convection models.
Applications of Stochastic Differential Game Theory to Optimal Resource Extraction

This paper studies the optimal extraction of a common property non-renewable resource under a differential Cournot oligopoly. We first develop the model under a deterministic economy, where we show that the Cournot Theorem holds in the limiting case of an infinitely large oligopoly. Then, we extend the model to a stochastic environment where we investigate the impact of supply shocks on the optimal extraction problem, particularly regarding the equilibrium spot price trajectory and the prices of forward contracts on the resource. GBM model of commodity spot prices results endogenously from the solution of the Cournot competition under particular parameter choices.
Technology Transfer with System Analysis, Design, Decision Making, and Impact (Survey-2000) in Acute Care Hospitals in the United States

This paper provides the results of the Survey-2000 measuring technology transfer for management information systems in health care. The relationships with systems approaches, user involvement, user satisfaction, and decision-making were measured and are presented. The survey also measured the levels Internet and Intranet presents in acute care hospitals, which will be discussed in future articles. The depth of the survey includes e-commerce for both business to business and customers. These results are compared, where appropriate, with results from survey 1997 and changes are discussed. This information will provide benchmarks for hospitals to plan their network technology position and to set goals. This is the first of three articles based upon the results of the Srvey-2000. Readers are referred to a prior article by the author that discusses the survey design and provides a tutorial on technology transfer in acute care hospitals.
Envisioning Queer Game Studies: Ludology and the Study of Queer Game Content

This chapter explores and unpacks the affordances and limitations of ludological concepts and approaches in studying queer game content. It identifies one major point of oversight in ludology—the messy construction of the player-subject position—that has been of primary interest to much of queer game scholarship since the early 2000s. In adopting this focal point to expand ludological frames, the author conducts a content analysis of a sample of 17 transgender characters in 91 commercial mainstream games from 1987 to 2015. This chapter suggests the hailing and interpellation processes of play are central to understanding how transgender identities circulate in gamic spaces, how these relations have changed over time, and how the representational and simulative facets of queer game content relate intimately.
‘A Day in the Life’: Nation-building the Republic of Ngô Đình Diệm, 26 October 1956, symbolically

Most studies of Vietnam under the Diệm regime conceive it as a stepping stone of American nation-building efforts, citing Diệm's political approach as being influenced by modern, Western, and specifically American democratic concepts and by his associations with American advisers. Such studies assumed that the regime existed within this bubble, isolated from the past and from the society that it aimed to rule and shape. By contrast, this study contends that the regime was more deeply rooted in the enduring Vietnamese pre- and colonial history and in the post-1954 socio-political milieus, the defining components of which were intrinsically woven into the fabric of the Ngo nation. In its early years, the Republic of Vietnam (1955–63), led by the Ngo family and supporters, attempted to define itself as a nation incontestably heir to its pre-colonial past, while being increasingly conditioned by anti-communist and pro-Catholic patrimonialism. The 1956 commemoration of its 26 October National Day, the focus of the present analysis, provides insights into the values that essentially defined the Ngo’s nation—an entity far different from what its American godfathers had envisioned.
Shared neural substrates of deficits in social cognition and negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Abstract Deficits in social cognition are closely associated with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which are broadly characterized by deficits in goal initiation and maintenance, desire for and engagement in social activity, as well as impaired emotional expression and experience of pleasure. Although social cognition deficits and negative symptoms are central features of schizophrenia that impact overall functioning and quality of life, and are known to be statistically correlated with one another across affected individuals, little is known about how the two are linked mechanistically. This chapter emphasizes a cognitive neuroscience perspective as a means of understanding the potentially shared, underlying neurobiology of these two categories of symptoms/deficits. The evidence in support of (1) a “bottom-up,” (2) “top-down,” and (3) integrated model of these symptoms is described, and suggestions for future research on this question are also discussed.
A guide to tumor assessment methodologies in cancer drug discovery

Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to NCI, an estimated 1,735,350 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in 2018 in the United States and 609,640 people will die from it. Although there has been a decline in cancer-related deaths since 1990, better treatment options are required to cater the ever-increasing incidence of different cancers globally. Cancer research has constantly been evolving with new drugs emerging from the laboratory bench into the clinic. For any drug to move to the clinic, it must first go through different phases of evaluation for specificity, efficacy, as well as toxicity. After the first step of testing the drugs on different cell lines (in vitro), next comes the need to verify their efficacy in animal models of diverse cancers. There are multiple ways of inducing cancer in animal models as well as methods of drug administration and evaluation. Animal models results play a significant role in the go-no-go decision of any new experimental agent forward into the clinic. In this chapter, we will concentrate on most common types of animal models and methods of cancer initiation in these models. We will also discuss how to test different agents in these animal models, emphasizing proper protocols for the assessment of their antitumor activity.
LoRaWan-Hyperledger robust network integrity on IoT devices

Communication, power efficiency and data storage are core needs of an IoT environment. Communication protocols for low power wide area networks (LPWAN) are a growing field of research, and require of innovative approaches to provide data chronological logging and security while preserving the all-data all-the-time-connected (ADAT2C) paradigm. In this paper we propose a theoretical and practical IoT design using LoRaWAN protocol and Hyperledger Fabric network. The former defines a power efficient, and enroll secure network of end-node devices; and the later provides a secure immutable chronological data ledger with permission policies. The proposed hybrid network implements a role-integration of devices to improve resources, a request on-demand certificate credentials for each endnode, anomaly detection algorithm and a quarantine channel mechanism for defense on replica attacks.
Personal Genetic Testing and the Fourth Amendment

Operating under sparse regulatory oversight, direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is rife with legal and bioethical issues involving data privacy, scientific accuracy, and consent. Meanwhile, despite several instances of misidentification, police have used genetic testing data to find and prosecute suspects such as the Golden State Killer, and are increasingly keen to access DTC companies’ massive private databases. The Fourth Amendment’s protections against unreasonable searches and seizures would typically temper government use of individuals’ genetic material. But in justifying such searches, the government can invoke the “third-party doctrine,” which allows it to obtain data without a warrant when a suspect has voluntarily given that data to a third party. The growing popularity of DTC genetic testing and of police skill in wielding investigative genealogy ensure that many people – if not, someday soon, all people - can be identified and tracked by the government even if they themselves never complete a genetic test. Though the Supreme Court recently revisited the third-party doctrine in Carpenter v. United States, it neither overhauled the doctrine to accommodate the vast data-gathering capabilities of modern technology, nor resolved pre-existing doctrinal confusions. Carpenter’s application to DTC genetic data is therefore unclear. This Article is among the first to examine whether third-party doctrine exempts DTC genetic data from Fourth Amendment protections. It argues that the doctrine’s premises, both before and after Carpenter, ill-fit genetic data’s hypersensitive attributes and questionable DTC industry practices. DTC DNA data thus reveals a fundamental flaw in the Court’s conception of third-party doctrine: namely, its failure to recognize a burgeoning category of information that is generated, at least in part, by third parties, and the contents of which are not fully known to individuals when they share it. A strict warrant requirement for police searches of DTC genetic data is an essential first step for ensuring that such searches conform to the Fourth Amendment right to privacy.
Electrochemical Reactivity of Faceted β‑Co(OH) 2 Single Crystal Platelet Particles in Alkaline Electrolytes

Oxygen evolution reaction is the kinetic bottleneck in the generation of H2 gas through the electrolysis of water. Understanding how water is electrochemically converted to oxygen is key to the dev...
Nursing leadership in policy formation

This article provides broad definitions of the concepts of policy, politics, and power, which will be developed further in subsequent articles. The article describes the critical role of nurses in health policy formation at local, organizational, and national levels and outlines the unique strengths and sources of influence that nurses possess and must employ if health care in the United States is to become safer, more accessible, holistic, and more affordable. Many of these same talents can be used at international levels to affect health care worldwide. The basic premise of this article-and actually of the entire issue-is this: When informed nurses are actively involved in shaping healthcare policy at any level, desired outcomes will be substantially improved.
A plea for inexact truthmaking

Kit Fine (2017) distinguishes between inexact and exact truthmaking. He argues that the former can be defined from the latter, but not vice versa, and so concludes that truthmaker semanticists should treat the exact variety of truthmaking as primitive. I argue that this gets things backwards. We can define exact truthmaking in terms of inexact truthmaking and we can’t define inexact truthmaking in terms of exact truthmaking. I conclude that it’s inexact truthmaking, rather than exact truthmaking, that truthmaker semanticists should treat as the primitive semantic relation.
Seafloor Cable Based Navigation and Monitoring with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

This study focuses on infrastructure monitoring relevant to offshore power cable inspection. Here we explore the use of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) carrying a small magnetometer to localize and map underwater power cables. By surveying cables with the goal of cable localization, we can circumvent the difficulties associated with AUV based cable-following routines and provide a robust approach to cable localization and characterization that can inform subsequent along-cable navigation, ensuring survey reliability for commercial stakeholders.
Normal Gaze Patterns of the Face in Lateral View.

Importance: Current efforts to quantify the attentional distraction of facial deformities have been limited to deformities that are best perceived when the face is in frontal view, and there remain...
Critical Decrease in the Level of Axon Guidance Receptor ROBO1 in Rod Synaptic Terminals Is Followed by Axon Retraction.

Purpose To define remodeling of photoreceptor synaptic terminals and second-order retinal neurons in canine X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 1 caused by a five-nucleotide deletion in the RPGR exon ORF15. Methods Retinas of normal and mutant dogs were used for gene expression, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Cell-specific markers were used to examine disease-dependent retinal remodeling. Results In mutant retinas, a number of rod axon terminals retract into the outer nuclear layer. This neuritic atrophy preceded significant loss of rods and was evident early in disease. Rod bipolar and horizontal cell processes were found to extend into the outer nuclear layer, where they seemed to form contacts with the spherules of rod photoreceptors. No ectopic rewiring was observed. Because cytoskeletal reorganization was previously shown to underlie photoreceptor axon retraction, we examined normal and mutant retinas for expression of axon guidance receptors ROBO1 and ROBO2, which are known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We found that the overall expression of both ROBO1 and ROBO2 is retained at the same level in premature and fully developed normal retinas. However, analysis of predisease and early disease retinas identified markedly decreased levels of ROBO1 in rod spherules compared with controls. In contrast, no differences in ROBO1 signals were noted in cone pedicles in normal and mutant retinas, where ROBO1 levels remained similarly low. Conclusions Depletion of ROBO1 in rod synaptic terminals correlates with the remodeling of axonal and dendritic processes in the outer retina of dogs with X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 1 and may play a role in the retraction of rod axons.
Bottleneck Determination in Networks of Queues

Procedures are given for identifying saturated servers in open networks of queues, or closed networks of queues with customer populations approaching infinity. The former leads to simultaneous functional equations for the throughputs, while the latter leads to a non-linear complementarity problem which in important special cases may be interpreted as a Kuhn-Tucker set. Efficient computational procedures are supplied for both the open and closed network cases.
Wet-chemical etching of FIB lift-out TEM lamellae for damage-free analysis of 3-D nanostructures.

Abstract Reducing ion beam damage from the focused ion beam (FIB) during fabrication of cross sections is a well-known challenge for materials characterization, especially cross sectional characterization of nanostructures. To address this, a new method has been developed for cross section fabrication enabling high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of 3-D nanostructures free of surrounding material and free of damage detectable by TEM analysis. Before FIB processing, nanopillars are encapsulated in a sacrificial oxide which acts as a protective layer during FIB milling. The cross sectional TEM lamella containing the nanopillars is then mounted and thinned with some modifications to conventional FIB sample preparation that provide stability for the lamella during the following wet-chemical dip etch. The wet-chemical etch of the TEM lamella removes the sacrificial oxide layer, freeing the nanopillars from any material that would obscure TEM imaging. Both high resolution TEM and aberration corrected scanning TEM images of Si/SiGe pillars with diameters down to 30 nm demonstrate the successful application of this approach.
Homoleptic cerium tris(dialkylamido)imidophosphorane guanidinate complexes.

We report the synthesis of a new potassium tris(piperdino)imidophosphorane N,N′-dicyclohexylguanidinate, K[CyGNP(pip)3], and describe the synthesis and characterization of the tris-homoleptic compounds, [Ce(CyGNP(pip)3)3], 1-Ce, and [Ce(CyGNP(pip)3)3][BPh4], 2-Ce. The latter is an unusual cationic tetravalent cerium complex. Cyclic voltammetry studies of 1-Ce and 2-Ce revealed Epc potentials of −1.56 V and −1.81 V, and Epa potentials of −0.78 V and −0.66 V (200 mV s−1; THF, vs. Fc0/+), respectively. Compounds 1-Ce and 2-Ce were studied by L3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and the fit of the spectrum of 2-Ce revealed a white-line multiplet with an nf value of 0.50(2).