cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Person-centered death education

Abstract A person-centered, humanities-based approach to teaching death and dying is described. It emphasizes ideas that students can make their own in developing self-understanding, understanding of others, and means of coping and of helping others in facing the mysteries of life, death, and suffering. Storytelling is central, rather than peripheral, to its effectiveness. Reflection on humanness (what it is to be a person) and humaneness (what it is to respect a person) is central. The article treats the evolution of the approach, the rationale for it, general pedagogical implications, and concrete illustrations of its use.
Inefficient Peptide Binding by Cell-Surface Class II MHC Molecules☆

The efficiency of peptide loading onto surface class II MHC molecules in intact APC was investigated, using a previously defined europium immunoassay as well as a simplified Western blot procedure. Conditions normally employed for peptide loading in T cell stimulation assays were suboptimal for peptide binding, which is enhanced at low pH, in the presence of protease inhibitors, and the absence of competing serum proteins. In contrast to some earlier reports, our results indicate that the rate of peptide loading by class II molecules is not enhanced in the environment of the plasma membrane. Peptide association rates were similar for purified and cell-surface class II molecules. As previously reported, rapid peptide binding can be achieved by reconstituting class II molecules into total cellular membranes. We report that this activity is due solely to HLA-DM (which is not present at the cell surface), since it can be specifically removed by immunodepletion with an anti-DM mAb. Thus, we find no evidence for additional cellular cofactors capable of catalyzing peptide binding to class II molecules.
FOREIGN CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN ASIA

Abstract Foreign Christian Organizations (FCOs) and governments can and should work to expand synergies between responsible religious liberty and social well-being and stability. FCOs provide needed and quality social services but they also represent a foreign Christian entity with ultimate allegiance to God and not to local governments. This tension is expressed in the Lutheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist, and Catholic teachings regarding responsibilities to society and particularly to the state. FCOs often assume that the concept and correctness of church-state separation and religious plurality are givens but they are new concepts in many countries, especially in Asia.
A Model for Predicting the Heat Flow into the Workpiece in Dry Drilling

A model is developed for predicting the heat that flows into the workpiece during dry drilling processes. The model can be applied to any drill of known geometry. The measured drilling thrust and torque are used as inputs in an oblique cutting analysis, and an advection heat partition model is developed to calculate heat flux loads on a finite element model of the workpiece. Experiments using embedded thermocouples have verified that the model accurately predicts the temperature field in the workpiece for a range of drilling speeds and feeds.
Biological studies withChrysocharis parksi [Hym.: Eulophidae] a parasite ofLiriomyza spp. [Dipt.: Agromyzidae]

Biological studies withChrysocharis parksi Crawford, a parasite of agromyzid leafminers, were conducted.C. parksi successfully parasitized the following species in the genusLiriomyza Mik.,L. huidobrensis (Blanchard),L. sativae Blanchard,L. trifolii (Burgess), andL. trifoliearum Spencer. Successful parasite development was recorded from 8 plant families and 16 genera. Host plants which were suitable for leafminer development to the adult stage were also suitable for parasite development. Mean immature developmental period (egg to adult, usingL. trifolii as the host) at 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2° C was (for both sexes) 23, 14, and 14 days, respectively.
Effects of root temperature and nitrogen form on magnesium uptake and translocation by wheat seedlings

Abstract Low concentrations and low bioavailability of Mg in winter wheat forage have been related to grass tetany, a metabolic disorder of grazing ruminants caused by Mg deficiency in the blood serum. To investigate the effects of root temperature, N form, and Mg supply on Mg uptake and translocation by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Centurk'), seedlings were grown in nutrient solution with three root‐zone temperatures (RZT) (10, 15, or 20 °C), three N forms (NH4:NO3 in mM 10:0, 5:5, or 0:10), and two Mg levels (0.4 or 4 mM). Increasing the RZT increased Mg uptake rates of seedlings less than 30 days old, but decreased Mg uptake rates for plants more than 30 days old. Magnesium uptake rates were significantly higher for plants supplied only NO3 than for plants supplied only NH4. However, increasing the proportion of NO3 significantly decreased net Mg translocation. Consequently, shoot Mg concentrations at the low Mg level were significantly decreased by increasing the proportion of NO3. As was found...
Cell-surface exposure of phosphatidylserine correlates with the stage of fludarabine-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and expression of apoptosis-regulating genes

Background Programmed cell death (PCD) is characterized by a sequence of tightly regulated events that result in the activation of caspases and in internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Late apoptotic events such as DNA-strand breaks can be assayed by in situ end labeling (ISEL) and DNA measurement (sub G1) using flow cytometry. Phosphatidylserine (PS) redistribution from the inner plasma membrane leaflet to the outer leaflet, an early event in PCD, can be detected by annexin V (AxV) binding to PS. AxV-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence intensity is variable and characterizes different cell populations, denoted here as AxV-negative (AxVneg), AxV-low-positive (AxVlo), and AxV-high-positive (AxVhi). Methods We investigate the correlation of three methods (ISEL, sub G1 DNA content, and AxV assay) for detecting apoptosis with focus on differences between populations with different levels of PS. We also examined the expression of PCD-regulating Bcl-2 family members in these cell populations by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells exposed to fludarabine (FAMP) were used as an in vitro model. Cells with different PS/AxV levels were separated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results Only purified AxVhi cells had high positivity in the ISEL and sub G1 assays (94 ± 0.6%, 88.6 ± 6.6%, and 98.6 ± 0.6%, respectively), indicating that late apoptotic cells are detected equally by all three methods. In the AxVlo population, ISEL was positive in 21% ± 13% and DNA sub G1 in 20% ± 6.6% of cells, suggesting that AxV identifies early apoptotic cells better than the other assays. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL were upregulated by FAMP when cells entered apoptosis (AxVlo), as was pro-apo- ptotic Bcl-XS, which was undetectable in nonapoptotic AxVneg cells. Pro-apoptotic Bax was only expressed in AxVneg and AxVlo cells. Late apoptotic AxVhi cells did not express Bcl-XS or Bax. Results (1) AxV staining is more sensitive than sub G1 or ISEL in detecting early apoptotic cells; (2) only late apoptotic cells are equally detected by all assays; (3) AxV is a valuable tool in the detection and isolation of apoptotic cells at different stages of PCD; and (4) pro-apoptotic Bcl-XS and Bax are expressed at early, not late, stages of apoptosis. Cytometry 40:19–25, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Capnographic trend curve monitoring can detect 1-ml pulmonary emboli in humans.

To evaluate the potential of trend monitoring of end-tidalPco2 (Petco2) to detect pulmonary embolization, the capnograms of 24 mechanically ventilated patients were monitored during simulation of 1-ml pulmonary embolization by inflation of the balloons of their pulmonary artery catheters. Within 1 minute of balloon inflation,Petco2 showed an exponential decrease to a new equilibrium. This response is characteristic of a CO2 wash-out curve produced by a step increase in dead space. Because of a steady baseline, the depression of the trend line during balloon inflation was apparent to a naive reader repeatedly in 20 of the 24 patients (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 94%; positive predictive value, 98%; negative predictive value, 89%), despite a small mean decrease inPetco2 (2±1.97 mm Hg). ThePetco2 trend curve did not reliably allow detection of balloon inflation in 4 patients whose capnograms were poorly formed. In conclusion, during constant ventilation,Petco2 trend curve monitoring might provide clinically useful “on line” information regarding pulmonary embolization.
A space-efficient assembly for NMR experiments on anchorage-dependent cells

Abstract A culture assembly is described which can be conveniently used in an NMR spectrometer and which supports anchorage-dependent cells for periods as long as one month. Phosphorus-31 NMR data for chicken embryo fibroblasts obtained with this apparatus are presented.
Reduction of Nitric Oxide from Combustion Flue Gas by Bituminous Coal Char in the Presence of Oxygen

A detailed parametric study quantifying the effect of various operating parameters on the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) in the presence of oxygen by inexpensive carbons was carried out. The selectivity of the carbon−NO reaction over the parasitic carbon−oxygen reaction was measured by a global selectivity parameter, defined as milligrams of NO reduced per gram of carbon consumed. An increase in the reaction temperature, bed height, and inlet NO concentration leads to a higher selectivity factor. However, there exists an optimum particle size of carbon that maximizes this selectivity. Whereas, in the absence of oxygen, the rate of the carbon−NO reaction was insignificant, the presence of oxygen in the inlet creates active sites that convert NO to nitrogen. An optimum inlet oxygen concentration provided the highest degree of NO reduction. The operating conditions can be selected to achieve >90% NO reduction at a selectivity of 60−100 mg of NO reduced/g of carbon.
Modeling the low latitude ionospheric total electron content

Abstract The undisturbed ambient total electron content of the ionosphere in the equatorial region exhibits two characteristic features: 1. (i) a longitudinal behavior of the post-sunset variation of the ionization near the crests of the equatorial anomaly 2. (ii) an enhancement at lower latitudes following the post-sunset decay. During high solar activity periods the southern crest of the equatorial anomaly in the African longitude sector is characterized by a post-sunset maximum often exceeding the afternoon maximum. In the Indian and other longitude zones, the post-sunset peak is not so prominent. Instead, a ledge is obtained in the corresponding local time period. At lower magnetic latitudes, the ionization decays very rapidly around sunset, but an enhancement lasting 2–4 h is observed afterwards. Numerical solution of the plasma continuity equation, including the effects of ionization production by solar ultraviolet radiation, loss through charge exchange and transport by diffusion, electrodynamic drift and neutral wind, has been used to investigate the above two features. It is found that the pre-reversal peak of the E × B drift at the magnetic equator around sunset is the dominant mechanism responsible for the post-sunset behavior near the crests of the equatorial anomaly. The zonal wind causes an asymmetry of the total content in the northern and southern hemispheres. In African longitudes, where the magnetic declination is about 20°W, the southern crest is more developed at the expense of the northern counterpart. The north-south asymmetry is practically absent in the Asian sector, with its low (
Immobilization-associated osteoporosis in primates

Osteopenic changes in the tibial compact bone of fifteen adult male monkeys immobilized for up to 7 months are examined histologically. Osteonal formation in the proximal tibia is analyzed. The analysis reveals the loss of haversian bone in the proximal tibia, increased activation with excessive depth of penetration of osteoclastic activity, rapid bone loss, and resorption cavities of irregular size and orientation. Osteonal formation following reambulation is examined; the recovery of cortical is a repair and rejuvenation process characterized by refilling of resorption cavities and remodeling activities.
A blue colored surface observed during high temperature oxidation of aluminum (111)

Abstract The oxidation of the Al(111) surface at 850K under clean, ultrahigh vacuum conditions produces a sapphire blue coloration of the surface. The blue color is observable for oxygen exposures in the range 400L to 3200L. XPS, ELS and LEED measurements indicate that a crystalline aluminum oxide forms on Al(111) upon initial exposure to oxygen and then subsequently grows as islands on the surface. The Al(2p) core level binding energy measured by XPS combined with previously reported soft-x-ray absorption measurements of the Al(2p) core level-conduction band energy separation suggests that the blue color arises from an optically excited electron transfer between the aluminum metal Fermi energy and the aluminum oxide conduction band.
Effects of brief verbal instructions on aggression: A replication in a Head Start setting

ABSTRACT The present study attempted to replicate the findings of the Zahavi and Asher(1978)study with Head Start preschoolers. Using a normative sample of preschool children, these authors found that brief oral instructions decreased observed aggressive behavior and increased observed positive behavior. In addition to the use of an at-risk sample, our replication efforts expanded the Zahavi and Asher (1978) study by adding teacher ratings of prosocial and externalizing behavior to behavioral observations and assessing at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and one-month follow-up periods. Limited support for the effectiveness of brief oral instructions was found. Specifically, teacher ratings revealed significant improvements in treated children's prosocial skills from pre-treatment to post-treatment that were maintained at the one-month follow-up. Although encouraging findings emerged between the post-and one-month follow-up assessments, the lack of concomitant significant post-treatment changes rendered the...
Effective field theory for layered quantum antiferromagnets with nonmagnetic impurities

We propose an effective two-dimensional quantum nonlinear sigma model combined with classical percolation theory to study the magnetic properties of site diluted layered quantum antiferromagnets such as ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{4} (M=\mathrm{Zn},\mathrm{Mg}).$ We calculate the staggered magnetization at zero temperature, ${M}_{s}(x),$ the magnetic correlation length, $\ensuremath{\xi}(x,T),$ the NMR relaxation rate, ${1/T}_{1}(x,T),$ and the N\'eel temperature, ${T}_{N}(x),$ in the renormalized classical regime. Due to quantum fluctuations we find a quantum critical point at ${x}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.305$ at lower doping than the two-dimensional percolation threshold ${x}_{p}\ensuremath{\approx}0.41.$ We compare our results with the available experimental data.
Immunoaffinity purification and biochemical characterization of plasma membrane arabino-galactan-rich glycoproteins of Nicotiana glutinosa.

Monoclonal antibody PN 16.4B4 reacts with an epitope present on the external face of the plasma membrane as shown by immunofluorescent staining of Nicotiana glutinosa L. protoplasts (Norman et al. 1986, Planta 167, 452–459). We show here that this epitope is present in a glycan moiety and defines a family of surface glycoproteins with molecular masses in the range 135–180 kilodalton (kDa). These glycoproteins are exclusively associated with the plasma membrane as demonstrated by immunostaining of highly purified plasma membrane vesicles obtained by aqueous two-phase partitioning of microsomal fractions. The bulk of these glycoproteins were not released by high-salt washing, sonication or hypotonie shock treatment of plasma membrane vesicles, demonstrating a tight association with the membrane. Triton X-114 partitioning of plasma membrane vesicles indicates that these antigens are hydrophilic, peripheral membrane glycoproteins. The glycoproteins were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography following solubilization in sodium dodecyl sulfate and shown to contain glycan moieties abundant in arabinose and galactose linked to a 50-kDa polypeptide rich in alanine, glycine, serine and threonine.
Minimally invasive versus open sacroiliac joint fusion: are they similarly safe and effective?

Background The sacroiliac joint has been implicated as a source of chronic low back pain in 15% to 30% of patients. When nonsurgical approaches fail, sacroiliac joint fusion may be recommended. Advances in intraoperative image guidance have assisted minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques using ingrowth-coated fusion rods; however, how these techniques perform relative to open anterior fusion of the sacroiliac joint using plates and screws is not known.
Rats’ preference for earned in comparison with free liquid reinforcers

Rats preferred to leverpress for sucrose solution rather than to take it free, but preferred free water over earned water. Adulteration of the sucrose solution with quinine produced a preference for free solution. Implications of these findings for a theory of the rat’s preference for earned food were discussed.
Thin periodic structures in photoresist: fabrication and experimental evaluation.

In this paper we discuss the experimental verification of an empirical photoresist model presented previously. Photoresist grating depths predicted by the model are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from diffraction efficiency measurements. Total rates of field decay αT obtained from a theoretical analysis of the photoresist grating coupler predicted by the model are also in good agreement with values measured by two independent experimental techniques. These results indicate the usefulness of the model in fabricating periodic devices in photoresist.
Insight into the Lytic Mechanism of Antimicrobial Piscidin 1 and 3 using QCM-D

In this work, we focused on piscidin 1 (P1) and 3 (P3), which are twenty-two-residue-long amphipathic, cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) isolated from hybrid striped bass. Extensive work has been reported on characterizing the atomic-level structure of both P1 and P3 in magnetically and mechanically aligned bilayers using solid-state NMR. Here we investigated the mechanism of action of both P1 and P3 with supported lipid bilayers (SLB), using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). In order to mimic bacterial cell membranes, we selected a 3:1 ratio of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG). Liposomes were deposited onto a QCM-D silicon oxide crystal until SLB formation, then P1 and P3 were introduced into the system and the interaction between the peptide and the lipid system was monitored by changes in frequency (Δf) and energy dissipation (ΔD). Different concentrations (2-20 μM) of the peptide and buffer conditions (pH 6.0 and 7.4) were tested. In particular we observed a Δf increase (∼ mass removal) as we increased the concentration of P1 at pH 7.4, suggesting lipid removal, membrane thinning, or pore formation; while at pH 6.0 the Δf decrease (∼ mass addition) was probably due to the electrostatic interaction between the more cationic peptide and the anionic POPG. For a quantitative assessment of the effects on the SLB, we have obtained the shear viscosity and shear modulus as a function of piscidin type and concentration via a fit of the well-known Voigt model to the data. In all cases, ΔD values were a clear indication of the destabilization of the SLB. Overall, this study, which demonstrates quantitative P1 and P3 disruption of a bacterial membrane mimic, assists in better understanding the mode of action of piscidins and related AMPs.
Pressure-induced disordering in α-SrZrF6 : implications for the role of the countercation in glassy SrZrF6

Reversible pressure‐induced changes in the Raman and x‐ray scattering of α‐SrZrF6 are reported. Above a pressure of ∼10.0 GPa there is a precipitous decline in the Raman intensity; this is a phenomenon associated with the formation of an amorphous state. Energy dispersive x‐ray diffraction (EDXD) measurements show that the amorphization is not complete—some residual ordering persists. The results suggest that glassy SrZrF6, prepared at ambient pressure, (1) contains kinked chains of ZrF8 dodecahedra and (2) the medium range order of the glass is determined by the way ZrF8 units are arranged around the strontium countercation.
Solar absorbing surfaces of anodized dendritic tungsten

Anodization of textured tungsten is shown to have merit either in creating a solar absorber of extremely high absorptance when applied to a large dendritic surface, or in enhancing the solar absorptance-to-emittance ratio when applied to smaller hillock topographies. The angular dependence of the absorption is reduced by the anodization coating, which consists of a thin conformal coating of WO3. The surface is stable up to temperatures of 520 K in air.
The future of the microprocessor business

In a century in which technology left few aspects of life unchanged in some countries, the microprocessor may have been the most transformative of all. In three decades it has worked itself into our lives with a scope and depth that would have been impossible to imagine during its early development. In this paper, the authors argue that customization and speed-to-market will continue to drive the industry from the bottom up.
Screening for resistant gram-negative microorganisms to guide empiric therapy of subsequent infection.

Objective To define the potential of resistant gram-negative colonization surveillance to predict etiology of subsequent infection and improve adequacy of empiric antimicrobial treatment.
Stress Incontinence: Clinical Identification and Validation of Defining Characteristics

Stress incontinence as a valid nursing diagnosis has remained clinically untested since its approval as a nursing diagnosis in 1986. No defining characteristics of stress incontinence have been clinically identified or validated. The Stress Urge Incontinence Instrument was developed to assist nurses to differentiate between two nursing diagnoses: stress incontinence and urge incontinence. Findings from two clinical studies validate the presence of stress incontinence in a population of community-dwelling older women and provide an initial list of clinically identified and validated defining characteristics present in women with the confirmed medical diagnosis of stress incontinence.
Dissident Sectarian Movements, the Catholic Church, and Social Class in Mexico

The prevalence and attraction of dissident sectarian movements today raises anumber of significant questions about both their participants and their role incontemporary society. The present study examines one such group, the Spiritualistsof Mexico, who form not only a dissident religious movement butalso provide an important health care delivery system (Finkler 1980b, 1981a,1981c, 1983). While the Mexican example is the focus of our attention, the discussion has broader implications because movements of the Spiritualist type exist in many cultures (e.g., Berger 1969; Burridge.1969; LaBarre 1971; Lanternari 1963, 1974; Lewis 1971; Wilson 1963).
Non-Nash equilibria of Darwinian dynamics with applications to duopoly

Abstract Consider a symmetric, differentiated duopoly. If firms’ strategy choices, in the repeated game, follow a stochastic Darwinian process, then they cluster around a strategy profile that is typically not a one-shot Nash equilibrium. This profile is invariant under a broad class of transformations of the strategy space (e.g. Bertrand vs. Cournot); this implies that mixing imitative and rational decision-makers can produce purely imitative outcomes. The evolution of objectives consistently distorts behavior toward revenue maximization, and the distortion increases in ‘good times’ of high demand and low costs. We generalize the results beyond duopoly to symmetric, two-player games.
Transport of trivalent lanthanides through a surfactant membrane containing an ionizable macrocyclic polyether

Abstract Trivalent lanthanides can be effectively transported from an aqueous source phase to a receiving phase at a lower pH through a surfactant membrane containing a lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acid, 2- ( sym -dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxy)hexanoic acid. The activation energies for the transport of lanthanides in this system are in the order of 3-4 kJ/mol, suggesting the process is diffusion controlled. This surfactant membrane also shows a selectivity of Lu 3+ /La 3+ by 1.25 in the transport process.
Mode-coupling theory of self-diffusion in diblock copolymers. II. Model calculations and experimental comparisons

The predictions of polymer-mode-coupling theory for self-diffusion in entangled structurally and interaction symmetric diblock copolymer fluids are illustrated by explicit numerical calculations. We find that retardation of translational motion emerges near and somewhat below the order–disorder transition (ODT) in an approximately exponential and/or thermally activated manner. At fixed reduced temperature, suppression of diffusion is enhanced with increasing diblock molecular weight, compositional symmetry, and/or copolymer concentration. At very low temperatures, a new entropic-like regime of mobility suppression is predicted based on an isotropic supercooled liquid description of the copolymer structure. Preliminary generalization of the theory to treat diblock tracer diffusion is also presented. Quantitative applications to recent self and tracer diffusion measurements on compositionally symmetric polyolefin diblock materials have been carried out, and very good agreement between theory and experiment ...
Sequential sampling to contour an uncertain function

Sampling exploration of uncertain functions to locate critical contour levels is most effective if sampling decisions are made sequentially. A simple sequential exploration strategy, based on pseudo-Bayesian second-moment analysis, is proposed and compared with non-sequential systematic sampling. Repeated application to functions simulated pseudorandomly from stationary random processes on the line and on the plane indicates uniform superiority of the sequential strategy. The method is particularly advantageous when the function of interest,h(X), has an uncertain trend, and in general when the random process that quantifies prior uncertainty onh(X) is highly correlated.
Activation of NMDA Receptors Is Necessary for the Recovery of Cortical Binocularity

Classic experiments have indicated that monocular deprivation (MD) for a few days during a critical period of development results in a decrease in the strength of connections mediating responses to the deprived eye, leading to a dramatic breakdown of cortical neuron binocularity. Despite the substantial functional change in the visual cortex, recovery from the effects of MD can be obtained if binocular vision is promptly restored. While great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms regulating loss of deprived eye function, the mechanisms that underlie the recovery of cortical binocularity are poorly understood. Here, we examined whether activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is required for the recovery of cortical binocularity by pharmacologically blocking the NMDAR using d,l-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic (APV). Ferrets (n = 10) were monocularly deprived for 6 days, and osmotic minipumps, filled with APV (5.6 mg/ml) or saline, were surgically implanted into the primary visual cortex. One day after surgery, the deprived eye was reopened, and the animals were allowed 24 h of binocular vision. Extracellular recordings showed that intracortical infusion of the NMDAR antagonist, APV, prevented recovery of cortical binocularity while preserving neuronal responsiveness. These findings provide an important new insight for a specific role of NMDARs in the recovery of cortical binocularity from the effects of MD.
Active control of wind excited buildings: A frequency domain based design approach

Abstract A frequency domain approach to optimal control of wind excited buildings is proposed in which the H2 norm of the transfer function from the external disturbance to the regulated output is minimized. This approach provides a mathematical framework in which floor acceleration measurements can be directly used in optimal control force determination and in which building responses that are not states of the structural model can be minimized. A procedure to account for the frequency dependent nature of the wind excitation in optimal control design is established through factorization of the cross-spectral density matrix of the wind fluctuation. To illustrate the methodology, a numerical example is presented in which the measurements of floor accelerations of a 60-story building under an along wind excitation are employed in the control algorithm to reduce the acceleration response of the building.
Saccade contingent updating in virtual reality

We are interested in saccade contingent scene updates where the visual information presented in a display is altered while a saccadic eye movement of an unconstrained, freely moving observer is in progress. Since saccades typically last only several tens of milliseconds depending on their size, this poses dif cult constraints on the latency of detection. We have integrated two complementary eye trackers in a virtual reality helmet to simultaneously 1) detect saccade onsets with very low latency and 2) track the gaze with high precision albeit higher latency. In a series of experiments we demonstrate the system s capability of detecting saccade onsets with suf ciently low latency to make scene changes while a saccade is still progressing. While the method was developed to facilitate studies of human visual perception and attention, it may nd interesting applications in human-computer interaction and computer graphics.
Suppression of bremsstrahlung and pair production due to environmental factors

The environment in which bremsstrahlung and pair creation occurs can strongly affect cross sections for these processes. Because ultrarelativistic electromagnetic interactions involve very small longitudinal momentum transfers, the reactions occur gradually, spread over long distances. During this time, even relatively weak factors can accumulate enough to disrupt the interaction. In the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect, multiple scattering reduces the bremsstrahlung and pair production cross section. This review will discuss this and a variety of other factors that can suppress bremsstrahlung and pair production, as well as related effects involving beamstrahlung and QCD processes. After surveying different theoretical approaches, experimental measurements will be covered. Recent accurate measurements by the SLAC E-146 Collaboration will be highlighted, along with several recent theoretical works relating to the experiment.
Unusual Coordination Mode of Thiosemicarbazone Ligand. Synthesis, Structure, and Redox Properties of Some Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes.

Reaction of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HL-R, 1) with [M(PPh3)3X2] (M = Ru, Os; X = Cl, Br) in ethanol affords complexes of the type [M(PPh3)2(L-R)2] (2), where the L-R ligand is coordinated as...
A Conversation With Donald H. Blocher

Donald H. Blocher has been a major contributor and advocate in the field of counseling psychology for more than 30 years. He has written six books, more than 60 book chapters and journal articles, and has had several publications translated into international journals. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, a recipient of the Distinguished Achievement Award from Harvard University, and a Fulbright Lecturer in the United Kingdom. Donald Blocher was interviewed on the occasion of his retirement after a distinguished career. In this conversation he discusses a wide range of provocative ideas as he looks back at his life as a developmental psychologist.
Substitutes for leadership and the management of professionals

In a recent study, Podsakoff, Niehoff, MacKenzie, and Williams (1993) reported that although several of the subordinate, task, and organizational variables identified in Kerr and Jermier's (1978) Substitutes for Leadership model had main effects on subordinate criterion variables, few of these “substitutes” actually moderated the relationships between leader behaviors and the criterion variables in a manner consistent with that specified by Howell, Dorfman, and Kerr (1986). The goal of this study was to explore the possibility that the reason for the lack of support reported by Podsakoff and his colleagues, was their use of a sample comprised primarily of nonprofessionals, by testing the substitutes model using a more professional sample (n = 411 professional, managerial, and whitecollar employees drawn from 10 different organizations). In addition, other key objectives of this study were to: (a) provide a definitional and statistical clarification of Howell, Dorfman, and Kerr's (1986) “substituting,” “neutralizing,” and “enhancing” effects; (b) report the psychometric properties of a refined and reduced substitutes-for-leadership scale; (c) test the moderating effects of the substitute variables on a broader range of criterion variables than had been previously examined; and (d) investigate the proportion of variance explained in these criterion variables by the main effects of the leader behaviors and the substitutes for leadership. The results indicate that few of the substitutes variables moderated the relationships between the leader behaviors and the subordinate criterion variables, and that the majority of the moderated relationships identified did not meet the criteria specified by Howell, Dorfman, and Kerr. Possible reasons for these findings, and their implications for the substitutes model, are then discussed.
Interspecific hybridization and genetic variability of Phlebotomus sandflies

Summary The first successful hybridization is reported between Phlebotomus papatasi and P. duboscqi, two important Old World sandfly vectors of leishmaniasis and other diseases. Laboratory strains of P. papatasi and P. duboscqi were separable by six diagnostic enzyme loci: Est-3, Idh-1, Mdh-2, Mpi, Tre-1 and Tre-3. Hybrids between the two species were verified by the recovery of heterozygous isozyme patterns for the diagnostic loci. No F2 or backcross progeny were obtained. P. papatasi was separated from P. bergeroti by three diagnostic enzyme loci: Est-3, Mpi and Pgd. The isozyme patterns of P. bergeroti contain elements of both P. duboscqi and P. papatasi, although seven diagnostic loci (Est-3, Idh-1, Me, Mpi, Pgd, Tre-1 and Tre-3) separated P. bergeroti from P. duboscqi. Genetic variability profiles of the three species were established for 20 enzyme loci. Three geographically distant strains of P. papatasi from Calcutta, Maharashtra and Israel had isozyme genetic distances of < 0.05. The recently established Calcutta strain showed an unexpectedly low genetic variability with only one (Idh-2) of 20 loci being polymorphic (average heterozygosity of 1.9%) in contrast to 5–8 polymorphic loci (10–12% heterozygosity) in the Maharashtra and Israel strains. Mass and single pair crosses between the three P. papatasi strains were fertile with normal progeny numbers. Thus we found no signs of speciation in P. papatasi.
Impact of Solvent Vapor Annealing on the Morphology and Photophysics of Molecular Semiconductor Thin Films

The effect of solvent vapor annealing on the fluorescence properties and morphology of titanyl phthalocyanine/perylene phenethylimide thin-film molecular semiconductor bilayers (TiOPc/PPEI) is investigated. A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is used in conjunction with bulk absorption and fluorescence measurements to correlate the morphological and photophysical properties of these bilayer systems. AFM data show that treatment of the vacuum-deposited amorphous PPEI and TiOPc/PPEI films results in the crystalline transformation of these materials and severely alters the contact between the TiOPc and PPEI layers. AFM data show extended solvent vapor annealing produces void spaces in the TiOPc coverage on the order of several hundred nanometers. Steady-state fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime measurements are used as a measure of charge-transfer quenching efficiencies. Very efficient charge-transfer quenching is observed when amorpho...
Morphology and ionization of the interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system.

The first encounter between the sun and the surrounding interstellar cloud appears to have occurred 2000 to 8000 years ago. The sun and cloud space motions are nearly perpendicular, an indication that the sun is skimming the cloud surface. The electron density derived for the surrounding cloud from the carbon component of the anomalous cosmic ray population in the solar system and from the interstellar ratio of Mg + to Mg° toward Sirius support an equilibrium model for cloud ionization (an electron density of 0.22 to 0.44 per cubic centimeter). The upwind magnetic field direction is nearly parallel to the cloud surface. The relative sun-cloud motion indicates that the solar system has a bow shock.
Section I. Classroom Assessments

Section I of ATE Yearbook XXIII opens the volume with four articles that describe research related to assessment at diverse institutions of higher education, with various populations, in the United...
High-stakes testing and student achievement: Does accountability pressure increase student learning?

This study examined the relationship between high-stakes testing pressure and student achievement across 25 states. Standardized portfolios were created for each study state. Each portfolio contained a range of documents that told the “story” of accountability implementation and impact in that state. Using the “law of comparative judgments,” over 300 graduate-level education students reviewed one pair of portfolios and made independent evaluations as to which of the two states’ portfolios reflected a greater degree of accountability pressure. Participants’ judgments yielded a matrix that was converted into a single rating system that arranged all 25 states on a continuum of accountability “pressure” from high to low. Using this accountability pressure rating we conducted a series of regression and correlation analyses. We found no relationship between earlier pressure and later cohort achievement for math at the fourth- and eighth-grade levels on the National Assessment of Educational Progress tests. Further, no relationship was
Mechanizing metatheory in a logical framework

The LF logical framework codifies a methodology for representing deductive systems, such as programming languages and logics, within a dependently typed λ-calculus. In this methodology, the syntactic and deductive apparatus of a system is encoded as the canonical forms of associated LF types; an encoding is correct (adequate) if and only if it defines a compositional bijection between the apparatus of the deductive system and the associated canonical forms. Given an adequate encoding, one may establish metatheoretic properties of a deductive system by reasoning about the associated LF representation. The Twelf implementation of the LF logical framework is a convenient and powerful tool for putting this methodology into practice. Twelf supports both the representation of a deductive system and the mechanical verification of proofs of metatheorems about it. The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date overview of the LF λ-calculus, the LF methodology for adequate representation, and the Twelf methodology for mechanizing metatheory. We begin by defining a variant of the original LF language, called Canonical LF, in which only canonical forms (long βη-normal forms) are permitted. This variant is parameterized by a subordination relation, which enables modular reasoning about LF representations. We then give an adequate representation of a simply typed λ-calculus in Canonical LF, both to illustrate adequacy and to serve as an object of analysis. Using this representation, we formalize and verify the proofs of some metatheoretic results, including preservation, determinacy, and strengthening. Each example illustrates a significant aspect of using LF and Twelf for formalized metatheory.
A convergent recursive least squares approximate policy iteration algorithm for multi-dimensional Markov decision process with continuous state and action spaces

In this paper, we present a recursive least squares approximate policy iteration (RLSAPI) algorithm for infinite-horizon multi-dimensional Markov decision process in continuous state and action spaces. Under certain problem structure assumptions on value functions and policy spaces, the approximate policy iteration algorithm is provably convergent in the mean. That is to say the mean absolute deviation of the approximate policy value function from the optimal value function goes to zero as successive approximation improves.
EMC and wireless healthcare

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a critical part of addressing the risks related to the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) on active medical devices exposed to emissions from wireless technology. In addition, for wireless technology in healthcare to be safe, effective, reliable, and secure specific wireless issues must also be addressed including quality of service, coexistence with other wireless equipment, data integrity, and wireless security. Unfortunately, these issues pose risks that are poorly addressed in present medical devices standards or other consensus documents. This paper discusses risks for wireless technology in healthcare with examples from research examining the effects of emissions from wireless technology such as RFID on implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators and EMC with other emitters. The paper goes into ways that the risks, including EMI, can be addressed and makes the case for substantive engagement by stakeholders, including the IT community, wireless developers, and clinical organizations. There is clear need to develop unbiased, consensus information and tools that will set the pathways and tools needed to meet the risks and challenges for widespread incorporation of wireless technology in healthcare.
Large-Scale Network Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity.

Importance Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been linked to imbalanced communication among large-scale brain networks, as reflected by abnormal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). However, given variable methods and results across studies, identifying consistent patterns of network dysfunction in MDD has been elusive. Objective To investigate network dysfunction in MDD through a meta-analysis of rsFC studies. Data Sources Seed-based voxelwise rsFC studies comparing individuals with MDD with healthy controls (published before June 30, 2014) were retrieved from electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE) and authors contacted for additional data. Study Selection Twenty-seven seed-based voxel-wise rsFC data sets from 25 publications (556 individuals with MDD and 518 healthy controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Data Extraction and Synthesis Coordinates of seed regions of interest and between-group effects were extracted. Seeds were categorized into seed-networks by their location within a priori functional networks. Multilevel kernel density analysis of between-group effects identified brain systems in which MDD was associated with hyperconnectivity (increased positive or reduced negative connectivity) or hypoconnectivity (increased negative or reduced positive connectivity) with each seed-network. Results Major depressive disorder was characterized by hypoconnectivity within the frontoparietal network, a set of regions involved in cognitive control of attention and emotion regulation, and hypoconnectivity between frontoparietal systems and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network involved in attending to the external environment. Major depressive disorder was also associated with hyperconnectivity within the default network, a network believed to support internally oriented and self-referential thought, and hyperconnectivity between frontoparietal control systems and regions of the default network. Finally, the MDD groups exhibited hypoconnectivity between neural systems involved in processing emotion or salience and midline cortical regions that may mediate top-down regulation of such functions. Conclusions and Relevance Reduced connectivity within frontoparietal control systems and imbalanced connectivity between control systems and networks involved in internal or external attention may reflect depressive biases toward internal thoughts at the cost of engaging with the external world. Meanwhile, altered connectivity between neural systems involved in cognitive control and those that support salience or emotion processing may relate to deficits regulating mood. These findings provide an empirical foundation for a neurocognitive model in which network dysfunction underlies core cognitive and affective abnormalities in depression.
GENERAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO MONOSUBSTITUTED CYCLOHEPTADIENES FROM ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

Abstract An examination of the literature reveals that only a limited number of monosubstituted cycloheptadiene compounds have been reported. An obvious synthetic route to 5-substituted -1, 3-cycloheptadiene derivatives would be the reaction of nucleophiles with the cycloheptadienyl cation, but this pathway is generally unsuccessful due to the limited stability of the cation. On the other hand, the iron tricarbonyl complex of this cation shows remarkable stability1 and an ability to react with nucleophiles2. If the -Fe(CO)3 group could be removed easily, a facile route to this family of organic compounds would be available. This work reports our investigation of the range of nucleophiles that can be utilized and the oxidizing agents that can remove efficiently the -Fe(CO)3 group.
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CAREERS IN REGULATED ENVIRONMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES

Abstract We compare chief executive officers (CEOs) of electric and gas utility firms with CEOs of unregulated firms. Utility CEOs tend to be older when appointed to office, have less‐prestigious educational backgrounds, and are more likely to have a legal background. Despite these differences, the evidence indicates that the likelihood of utility CEO turnover is at least as sensitive to stock performance as the likelihood of turnover among CEOs of unregulated firms. We find no convincing evidence that utility CEOs stay in office longer than their unregulated counterparts, although they are less likely to be overtly forced from office or replaced by an executive from outside the firm. Finally, the evidence suggests that regulatory expertise is valued in the selection of new utility CEOs.
Typical performance characteristics of a two-dimensional CFAR

State-of-the-art integrated circuit technology has made it feasible to implement complicated radar signal processors. One candidate for use in radar systems with heavy ground clutter and weather environments is a Two-Dimensional (2-D) CFAR Processor with clutter map. Previous work has established an analytical capability for determining processor performance. This analysis has been modified to include general Moving Target Indicators (MTI) and bimodal weather rejection filters. Specifically, results have shown that system performance is dependent on windowing function and almost independent of MTI for ground clutter only.