cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Function of the Fanconi anemia pathway in Fanconi anemia complementation group F and D1 cells

Abstract Objective Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility disorder characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cellular sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). FA has at least eight complementation groups (A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G), and six of the FA genes have been cloned. Several FA proteins, including FANCA, FANCC, FANCF, and FANCG, interact in a nuclear complex, and this complex is required for the activation (monoubiquitination) of the downstream FANCD2 protein. Activation of FANCD2 results in the assembly of FANCD2/BRCA1 foci. The aim of this study was to analyze the FA pathway in several FA patient-derived cell lines. Materials and Methods We generated an antibody to FANCF and analyzed FANCF expression in human lymphoblasts corresponding to all known FA subtypes. We systematically analyzed the FA pathway (FANCD2 monoubiquitination and assembly of FANCD2 nuclear foci) in patient-derived FA-F and FA-D1 cell lines. Results FANCF protein expression is normal in cells derived from all FA complementation groups except FA-F and does not vary during cell cycle progression. FANCF, but not FANCD2, is a component of the nuclear FA protein complex and appears to stabilize other subunits of the complex. FANCF is required for the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 protein following ionizing radiation. FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated in FA-D1 cells, even though these cells are highly sensitive to MMC. Conclusions The recently cloned FANCF protein is required for FANCD2 activation, and the yet uncloned FANCD1 protein functions further downstream or independently of the FA pathway.
Modulation Frequency and Efficient Audio Coding

The concept of modulation frequency is shown to be a valuable insight into time-frequency transforms for audio coding. A two-dimensional transform, where the second dimension approximately decomposes the audio signal into modulation frequencies, is proposed. This transform, when applied to audio coding, provides high quality at low data rates and adapt gracefully to changes in available bandwidth. It is inherently scalable, meaning that channel conditions can be matched without the need for additional computation. Moreover, it is compact: in subjective tests our algorithm, coded at 32 kilobits/seconds/channel, outperformed MPEG-1 Layer 3 (MP3) coded at 56 kilobits/seconds/channel (both at 44.1 kHz). This potentially useful result motivates the need for further insight into the definition and analysis of modulation frequency. We thus define modulation frequency for a simple narrowband signal, propose a general bilinear framework for detection, and then propose a minimal set of conditions to extend this definition to broadband signals such as audio.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A method to generate and use as-applied surfaces to evaluate variable-rate fertilizer applications

Variable-rate technology (VRT) has been used by farmers in an attempt to better match inputs to local growing conditions. In theory, VRT minimizes over- and under-application of inputs. However, the limitations and errors of this technology have not been well documented. Further, standard methods for quantifying the application accuracy using VRT do not currently exist, limiting practitioners’ knowledge on performance. Therefore, a spatial data model was developed to generate “as-applied” surfaces as a means to evaluate VRT performance of two applicators. The spatial data model uses geographic information system functionality to merge applicator descriptive patterns with a field application file to generate an ‘as-applied’ surface map representing not only the actual deposition of granular fertilizer but more importantly spatial distribution. Field data were collected and used to validate the spatial model. Comparisons between the actual and predicted application rates indicated moderate to good correlations (0.62 < R < 0.88) for two applicators. Longitudinal offset such as for a global positioning system receiver impacted model performance for one applicator but not the other. A comparison of the actual application rates to the prescription maps illustrated the inconsistency of VRT performance to deliver target rates. Both applicators were only within 10 % of the target rates a small percentage of time (<45 %) during field operation. Generated as-applied surface maps highlighted errors associated with VRT along with limitations of the technology within site-specific management (SSM). Thus, as-applied surface maps provide a means to properly evaluate VRT while enhancing researchers’ and practitioners’ abilities to compare and customize SSM approaches.
Automated Optical Rouginess Inspection

This paper describes the theory and implementation of automated optical roughness inspection. This work is being conducted at the Inspection Workstation (IWS) in the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF) at the National Bureau of Standards. The Surface Roughness Instrument Controller (SRIC) supervises the automated optical roughness inspection of parts. This controller is an integrated, data-driven, hierarchical control software system. The SRIC controls two pieces of equipment-the surface roughness instrument (SRI) and the automatic dial indicator (ADI). The SRI is a photo-optical surface roughness inspection device which monitors surface roughness by measuring the angular distribution of light scattered from the surface of a part. Its tasks are coordinated with those of the IWS inspection robot. Using the SRI optical signals as sensory input, the robot properly aligns the part in front of the SRI so that a valid optical scattering reading is obtained. The ADI is used to help the robot position the part in front of the SRI for its initial reading. The SRIC uses the optical data obtained to estimate values of root mean square roughness (Rq) for parts machined in the AMRF.
Flow cytometric analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization with dye dilution and DNA staining (flow-FISH-DDD) to determine telomere length dynamics in proliferating cells

Background Telomeres shorten during DNA replication; extensive erosion of telomeres likely promotes replicative senescence and chromosomal instability. Telomere length in individual cells has been quantified by flow cytometric analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (flow-FISH). To determine the rate of telomere attrition (telomere erosion per cell division), we combined flow-FISH with dye dilution and DNA staining (flow-FISH-DDD) and measured telomere-specific fluorescence in proliferating cells identified by cell generation and cell cycle phase. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stained with the cell division tracking dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), grown for 5–6 days, hybridized with a telomere sequence-specific peptide nucleic acid fluorescent probe (PNA-Cy5), counterstained with DAPI, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell cycle distribution and cell division generations were respectively identified by analysis of DAPI emission and deconvolution of CFSE emission, and Cy5 emission was used to determine telomere-specific fluorescence, an indicator of telomere length, in each cell. Results In stimulated PBMC, in each cell cycle phase, the telomere-specific fluorescence diminished with increasing cell generation. The rate of decline of the telomere-specific fluorescence per cell generation did not significantly differ between cell cycle phases. Conclusions Application of flow-FISH-DDD to measure mean telomere length and the rate of telomere attrition in proliferating cells may find use in studies of ageing and disease, the effects of telomere-modifying agents, and variability between individuals. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
A low-residue diet improved patient satisfaction with split-dose oral sulfate solution without impairing colonic preparation.

Background Preprocedural dietary restrictions have been identified as a common reason potential candidates for colorectal cancer screening do not undergo colonoscopy as recommended. Objective To study whether a low-residue diet impacts bowel preparation with oral sulfate solution. Design Endoscopist blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Setting Community-based outpatient ambulatory surgical center. Patients Patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy. Interventions Subjects were randomized to ingest either a low-residue diet of specified foods for breakfast, lunch, and snack or a clear liquid diet the day before the colonoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements The quality of the bowel preparation was assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. Subject satisfaction with bowel preparation, diet, and severity of side effects was measured by a visual analog scale. Results Two hundred thirty subjects were recruited (114 clear liquid and 116 low residue). Mean preparation scores were not statistically different in either their segmental scores or total score. Subjects in the low-residue arm reported significantly higher satisfaction with bowel preparation medication, diet, and entire preparation process. Observed rates of side effects were low, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups. The rate of procedural cancellation was significantly higher in the clear liquid group compared with the low-residue group (20% vs 9%, P = .03). Limitations Single-center study. Conclusions A low-residue diet did not impair the quality of bowel preparation achieved with split-dose oral sulfate solution but did improve patient satisfaction.
Impact of stratospheric ozone depletion on UV penetration into the ocean at high latitudes

The effect of ozone depletion on penetration of UVB radiation through the atmosphere and into an aquatic system is investigated with the use of a newly developed radiation model pertinent for the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. The atmosphere and underlying water are each divided into a sufficient number of horizontal layers to resolve the changes in model accounts for all orders of multiple scattering and the change in index of refraction across the air- water interface. The penetration of UVB radiation into the aquatic system is examined by assuming `normal' ozone abundance, taken to be 350 DU, and about 30% reduction from normal (250 DU), at 70 degree(s) N. The effect of ozone depletion on the UVB penetration into the water is more pronounced in early spring than in summer. The UVB enhancements are up to 36% at the earth surface and 33% 10 meters below the sea surface on April 1 at 70 degree(s) N as a consequence of ozone depletion from normal level to 250 DU.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Slow and stopped images

We report on the slowing and stopping of transverse images in a hot atomic vapor. The images are shown to be robust to decohering mechanisms. The hot vapor is also shown to preserve quantum fields.
Fast optically driven spin qubit gates in an InAs quantum dot

The ability to manipulate the spin states of charges confined in quantum dots (QDs) is essential for the realization of a quantum computer based on such spins. Here, we present experimentally realized electron spin qubit gates in a single self-assembled InAs QD using a combination of picosecond optical pulses, spin precession about an external DC magnetic field and optically generated geometric phases. Arbitrary unitary operations on the electron spin qubit may be constructed using a combination of optical pulses and either spin precession or the optically generated geometric phases.
Insemination management for a one-injection prostaglandin F2α synchronization system. II. One versus two inseminations following detection of estrus

Following detection of estrus in an estrus synchronization system, 216 dairy heifers were inseminated (A.I.) randomly either soon after detected estrus (1X) or soon after detected estrus and again 10 to 12 h later (2X). Average h from detection of estrus to A.I. was 1.8±0 for 1X and 1.1±0 and 11.1±0.4 for 2X. During the regimen, heifers were checked visually for estrus daily for five consecutive days with 16.0 and 17.3% showing estrus and receiving A.I. in the 1X and 2X groups, respectively. Those not seen in estrus were injected with 25 mg PGF2α with observations for estrus and A.I. continuing for five more days. Response rates as indicated by estrus following prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) were 74.7 and 75.8% for 1X and 2X, respectively. Percentages of heifers in estrus 96 h after PGF2α were 3.7, 22.8, 47.1, 15.4 and 11.0, respectively. Based on rectal palpation for pregnancy between 45 and 60 days after A.I., conception rates of 70.2% for 1X and 68.6% for 2X did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Progesterone concentrations at injection for heifers not responding to PGF2α were lower than was seen in responding heifers (2.7 vs 5.8 ng/ml) (P<0.01). Data from the present experiment supports the conclusion of an earlier experiment that satisfactory conception can be achieved with a single, established daily insemination period.
Abstract B62: miR-124 systemically enhances antitumor clearance by inhibiting STAT3 signaling and reversing glioma-associated immune suppression.

MicroRNAs (miRs) have been shown to modulate critical gene transcripts involved in tumorigenesis, but their role in tumor-mediated immune suppression is largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated miRNAs that are preferentially down-regulated in glioblastoma and that interact with immune suppressive pathways as potential new therapeutics. On the basis of miRNA-gene expression libraries of glioblastoma, tissue microarrays, and molecular modeling, we selected miR-124 as the lead candidate for modulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, a key pathway mediating immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment. Upon up regulating miR-124 in glioma cancer stem cells (gCSCs), the STAT3 pathway was inhibited and the miR-124 reversed gCSC-mediated immune suppression of T cell proliferation and Th1 polarization and decreased gCSC-induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Treatment of immune-suppressed glioblastoma patient T cells with miR-124 induced marked effector response including up regulation of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Both systemic administration of miR-124 or adoptive miR-124 transfected T cell transfers exerted potent anti-glioma therapeutic effects in clonotypic and genetically engineered murine models of glioblastoma and enhanced effector responses in the local tumor microenvironment. These therapeutic effects were ablated in nude murine systems. Our findings highlight the potential application of miR-124 as a novel immunotherapeutic agent for neoplasm treatment by exploiting the immune system to mediate direct tumor cytotoxicity. Citation Format: Jun Wei, Ling-Yuan Kong, Fei Wang, Shuo Xu, Tiffany Doucette, Sherise D. Ferguson, Yuhui Yang, Kayla McEnery, Krishan Jethwa, Olsi Gjyshi, Wei Qiao, Frederick Lang, Ganesh Rao, Greg N. Fuller, George A. Calin, Amy B. Heimberger. miR-124 systemically enhances antitumor clearance by inhibiting STAT3 signaling and reversing glioma-associated immune suppression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B62.
Prey use of wetland benthivorous sunfishes: ontogenetic, interspecific and seasonal variation

The intensity of competitive interactions between fishes is partly determined by prey use and ontogenetic niche shifts. In a wetland where distinct habitat shifts are missing we compared prey use of three generalist benthivorous sunfishes to look for evidence of ontogenetic, interspecific, and “seasonal” variation in prey composition. Diet analysis revealed evidence of diet ontogeny in warmouth (Lepomis gulosus, 30–152 mm standard length, SL), but not in bluespotted sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus, 30–47 mm SL) or dollar sunfish (Lepomis marginatus, 30–60 mm SL). Bluespotted and dollar sunfishes consumed small dipteran and amphipod prey and had similar diets in both seasons suggesting a potential for strong interspecific competition. In the dry season, warmouth shifted from using smaller insect prey to larger decapod and fish prey with increasing size. This shift to prey types that were little used by the other species reduced dietary niche overlap with the other sunfishes. After drought and re-flooding (in the wet season), decapods and small fish were less abundant in the wetland and the warmouth ontogenetic shift was less distinct. When matched for gape width, prey composition differed between warmouth and both dollar and bluespotted sunfishes in the wet season, suggesting differences in sunfish foraging modes, but prey use differences were less clear in the dry season when prey were abundant. Both warmouth ontogenetic diet shifts and seasonal variation in prey use (probably mediated by prey abundance) had strong influences on diet overlap and therefore the potential for intra- and interspecific competition between sunfishes in this wetland ecosystem.
Post-Mortem Existence and Resurrection of the Body in Paul

When read in both their broader historical and epistolary contexts 1 Corinthians 15, 2 Corinthians 4-5, 1 Thessalonians 4, and Philippians 1 suggest that Paul thinks most people (including believers) cease to exist at death. Martyrs and others of exceptional faithfulness (including apostles who die for the faith) may be exceptions to this general rule and thus possess a limited existence with God before the parousia. Paul does not seem to envision any sort of conscious or even unconscious intermediate state for most people who have died. They simply await the parousia to receive life with the resurrection body that is patterned after the body of the resurrected Christ. This is the form of existence that God intends for humans and that is appropriate for human fulfillment. Embodiment is an essential aspect of this full existence for Paul.
Trapping of single atoms with single photons in cavity QED

Two recent experiments have reported the trapping of individual atoms inside optical resonators by the mechanical forces associated with single photons [Hood et al., Science 287, 1447 (2000); Pinkse et al., Nature (London) 404, 365 (2000)]. Here we analyze the trapping dynamics in these settings, focusing on two points of interest. First, we investigate the extent to which light-induced forces in these experiments are distinct from their free-space counterparts, and whether or not there are qualitatively different effects of optical forces at the single-photon level within the setting of cavity QED. Second, we explore the quantitative features of the resulting atomic motion, and how these dynamics are mapped onto experimentally observable variations of the intracavity field. Toward these ends, we present results from extensive numerical simulations of the relevant forces and their fluctuations, as well as a detailed derivation of our numerical simulation method, based on the full quantum-mechanical master equation. Not surprisingly, qualitatively distinct atomic dynamics arise as the coupling and dissipative rates are varied. For the experiment of Hood et al., we show that atomic motion is largely conservative and is predominantly in radial orbits transverse to the cavity axis. A comparison with the free-space theory demonstrates that the fluctuations of the dipole force are suppressed by an order of magnitude. This effect is based upon the Jaynes-Cummings eigenstates of the atom-cavity system and represents distinct physics for optical forces at the single-photon level within the context of cavity QED. By contrast, even in a regime of strong coupling in the experiment of Pinkse et al., there are only small quantitative distinctions between the potentials and heating rates in the free-space theory and the quantum theory, so it is not clear that a description of this experiment as a novel single-quantum trapping effect is necessary. The atomic motion is strongly diffusive, leading to an average localization time comparable to the time for an atom to transit freely through the cavity, and to a reduction in the ability to infer aspects of the atomic motion from the intracavity photon number.
Solvent effects on the vibrational frequencies of the phenolate anion, the para-cresolate anion, and their radicals.

The effects of aqueous solvation on the structure and vibrational frequencies of phenol, para-cresol, and their respective radicals are calculated at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (C-PCM) alone and in combination with an explicit water molecule H-bonded to the phenolic oxygen. Calculated vibrational frequencies are compared to experimental frequencies obtained in aqueous buffer at high pH. For all models, the C-PCM provides the best overall agreement between theory and experiment at a modest computational effort, as demonstrated by the lowest mean absolute deviations in the computed frequencies. In addition, the C-PCM provides anion Wilson mode 7a 18O isotope shifts in excellent agreement with experiment and improves agreement between the computed and observed radical Wilson mode 7a 2H isotope shift. On the basis of a quantitative comparison of the anion and radical normal modes by vibrational projection analysis and total energy decomposition, ...
Hydrogen site exchange in CpIr(PR3)H3+ complexes

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on CpIr(PH 3 )H 3 + yield an optimized structure for the ground state which is very close to the neutron structure of a related complex. The hydrogen site exchange process is computed to occur with an activation energy of 17.0 kcal mol −1 via an η 2 -H 2 species which constitutes a pairwise exchange mechanism in agreement with the NMR lineshape analysis of [(η-C 5 R 5 )Ir(L)H 3 ]BF 4 (RH, Me; L = various phosphines). No evidence was found for an ‘open’ or ‘closed’ η 3 -H 3 isomer as a stationary point on the potential energy surface, which would correspond to a random exchange mechanism. The computed energy differences between hypothetical η 3 -H 3 geometries and the ground state were found to be prohibitively high. Kinetic isotope effect calculations performed on partially deuterated analogs are in agreement with experimental data and confirm the viability of an η 2 -H 2 species as the transition state.
ID Expert 2.0: Design Theory and Process

ID Expert is a prototype instructional design expert system that assists an instructional designer in developing instructional materials. The primary purposes for developing ID Expert are to provide tools for making instructional design more efficient and effective and to develop a more precise instructional design theory. The theory underlying ID Expert integrates much of the existing work in instructional design, learning theory, and cognitive science. A set of declarative constructs and prescriptive rules for this theory has been identified and partially implemented as a prototype version of ID Expert. In this article, the process involved in designing a course using ID Expert is demonstrated, and the instructional design theory underlying the system is discussed.
Influence of network-forming cations on ionic conduction in sodium silicate glasses

Abstract The substitution of Si by Al or B in Na2O · 3SiO2 glass has different effects on ionic conductivity. Whereas the activation energy of ionic conduction Eσ, decreases with the amount of Al in sodium aluminosilicate (SAS) glasses, it shows a shallow minimum with respect to B in sodium borosilicate (SBS) glasses. This difference is explained in terms of the strain energy, ΔEs, and bond energy, ΔEb, components of Eσ, which are deduced from recent studies of chemical bonding and local structure of these glasses. It is found that ΔEs increases and ΔEb decreases with increasing Al and B in bond SAS and SBS glasses. The theory of polar covalence has been applied to explain the variation of ΔEb in both glass systems. The dielectric constant is important for evaluating the ionic part of the bond energy, rather than to account for the partially covalent character of the bonds.
Input ground motions for tall buildings with subterranean levels

Ground motion prediction equations and seismic hazard analyses are used to evaluate design-basis ground motions that apply to a free-field and ground surface condition. In this paper, we address the manner by which those motions can be utilized for the analysis and design of buildings with subterranean levels. Procedures for specifying ground motions in buildings that are utilized in current practice fail to account for kinematic interaction effects, which cause reductions of ground motion translation and the introduction of rocking for embedded foundations. Simple models that describe those effects (reduction of translation, introduction of rocking) for embedded rigid cylinders are reviewed. Those models are well validated by recordings from two nuclear reactor structures that have very stiff embedded foundations. Most building structures will not have foundations as stiff as those from the nuclear reactor structures, and hence the degree to which foundation flexibility might affect the motions of embedded foundations was investigated using data from appropriately instrumented buildings. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that: (a) the foundations are not rigid and rigid body displacements and rotations of the foundation explain only 60–80% of the power of the motion at the ground level; (b) using available models for kinematic interaction of embedded foundations, translational motions at the ground level of the investigated sites are dominated by base translation, with relatively small contributions from base rocking; and (c) for the investigated buildings, base rocking from inertial interaction appears to be more significant in the frequency range of principal interest than base rocking from kinematic interaction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in fatty acid content and seed weight in some lauric acid richCuphea species

Significant genetic variation for lauric acid (12∶0) and capric acid (10∶0) composition and seed weight was measured within lauric acid-rich, self-pollinating germplasm accessions ofCuphea wrightii, C. tolucana, andC. lutea. Means and ranges of individual plant progenies for 12∶0 content ofC. wrightii accessions was 60.5±.63% (49.8±65.8%), 10∶0 content was 23.7±.54% (18.6±33.0%), and 1000-seed weight was 1.50±.03 g (1.20–2.47 g). Progenies of single plant selections carried to the S2 generation exhibited reduced variability within selections, but significant variation among selections for 12∶0, 10∶0 and 1000-seed weight. Variation among single plant selections ofC. tolucana was less than that ofC. wrightii and attributed to a restricted germplasm base. Means and ranges for 12∶0 content were 61.6±.47% (59.2–69.9%), 10∶0 was 22.3±.62% (11.7–25.3%), and 1000-seed weight was 1.40±.05 g (0.90–1.69 g).Cuphea lutea has a significantly different 12∶0−10∶0 profile than the other lauric acid-rich species. Means and ranges for 12∶0 were 36.8±.14% (33.7–40.8%), 10∶0 was 21.8±.08% (16.4–23.9%), 1000-seed weight was 2.26±.02 g (1.82–272 g). The 1000-seed weight was highly positively correlated with 8∶0, 10∶0, 18∶1 and 18∶2 contents and highly negatively correlated with 12∶0, 14∶0 and 16∶0 in bothC. wrightii andC. tolucana. No such relationship was found forC. lutea. A highly significant negative correlation was also measured for 12∶0 and 10∶0 contents inC. wrightii andC. tolucana.
Some models of the geomagnetic field in western Europe from 1960 to 1980

Abstract Achache et al.'s averages over 10 west European observatories of the annual mean magnetic components X, Y, Z are studied from 1953 to 1979. A 1970 jerk is fitted to the data by least squares, and the fit is quantitatively compared with that of a polynomial having the same number of free parameters as the jerk (a quintic). A crude correction for the 11-y sunspot cycle is also attempted. The jerk and quintic are equally good fits to X, the jerk is clearly better for Y, and the quintic is modestly better for Z. The jerk amplitudes of X and Z but not Y depend heavily on whether a sunspot correction is made, and such a correction may be required to estimate the energy of the internal part of the jerk in the manner of Malin and Hodder. The sunspot correction to Y probably cannot be brought above the noise because it is small and highly correlated with both the jerk and the quintic. The sunspot corrections to X and Z are statistically significant but depend on whether the core signal is taken as a jerk or a quintic. Courtillot and Le Mouel's physical model for the jerk predicts that the jerk amplitudes of X, Y, Z will be proportional to the longitudinal derivatives of X, Y and Z. This prediction is roughly verified for the magnitudes but not the signs; it is just possible that the signs in X and Z are not statistically significant.
The chromatography of lipids in test tubes coated with a thin layer of silicic acid.

Abstract Test tubes, coated on the inner surface with a thin layer of silicic acid, are employed as the stationary phase for the ascending chromatography of various lipids. The chromatographic behavior of a number of purified lipids has been determined with mobile phases based on mixtures of chloroform with methyl alcohol and n-hexane with ethyl ether. The use of this system for the chromatography of lipid mixtures is illustrated with lipids extracted from different strains of Neurospora crassa.
Further investigation on the usefulness of the direct qualitative micro-niacin test for distinguishing human tubercle bacilli from other mycobacteria. A comparative study of technics using fresh and stored cultures of varying ages.

The study described here was undertaken to compare further three recently reported micro-niacin tests using both freshly isolated and stored cultures of various types of mycobacteria. When performed on the fresh cultures, it was observed that all of the human-type tubercle bacilli yielded slightly to intensely positive tests, whereas, all of the other strains, with two exceptions, gave either negative or doubtful results. As the period of incubation increased, there was a corresponding increase in both the number and degree of positive results. The bovine-type tubercle bacilli exhibited slightly positive results with each test after the 10, 14, and 21 day periods, respectively. When used on cultures of human-type tubercle bacilli from seven to ten days old, the sensitivity of the tests was observed to be as follows: (1) the benzidlne-cyanogen bromide and the o-tolidine-cyanogen bromide tests were slightly better than the aniline-cyanogen bromide method with four of the strains tested; (2) the aniline-cyanogen bromide and the o-tolidine-cyanogen bromide methods were slightly better than the benzidine-cyanogen bromide technic with six of the strains tested; and (3) the aniline-cyanogen bromide and the benzidine-cyanogen bromide procedures were slightly better than the o-tolidine-cyanogen bromide test with 47 of the strains tested. When used on the cultures of human-type tubercle bacilli from 14 to 21 days old, however, the sensitivity of all three niacin tests was virtually the same. When performed on the stored cultures, it also was observed that all of the human type tubercle bacilli exhibited slightly to intensely positive results irrespective of the period of storage or the dryness of the cultures. The drug resistant organisms yielded similar results to those of the drug susceptible strains. With two exceptions, all of the other mycobacteria exhibited either negative or doubtful tests. In the bovine group of tubercle bacilli, all of the cultures yielded slightly positive results at each test period. In the Battey group of organisms, 7 out of 100 cultures exhibited slightly positive results within the 50 to 156 week test periods. The sensitivity of each niacin test under these conditions was virtually the same. The tests are simple, efficient, safe, and economical. Reproducible and consistent results can be obtained on cultures as old as three years. In most instances, the results exhibited by human tubercle bacilli are sufficiently different in character from the results produced by other mycobacteria to enable a clear-cut differentiation of these organisms. For greater effectiveness, it is recommended that the niacin test be used in conjunction with other differential procedures.
Effect of polyethylene fiber reinforcement on the strength of denture base resins polymerized by microwave energy

Abstract This study investigated the effect of addition of polyethylene fibers on the transverse strength, deflection, and elastic modulus of two denture base acrylic resins polymerized by microwave irradiation. Specimens of each resin, Lucitone 199 and Acron MC, were fabricated with 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3.0% fiber loading. Specimens were tested with use of a three-point flexure apparatus with an Instron universal testing machine after storage in water for 10 days at 37 °C. The results showed that polyethylene fibers significantly decreased the transverse strength of Acron MC resin and slightly increased the transverse strength of Lucitone 199 resin at a loading of 0.5% by weight. Fiber loading did not significantly affect the deflection and the elastic modulus of either material.
Spontaneous mutation in the male gamete as a cause of hemophilia A: clarification of a case using DNA probes.

The carrier status of two sisters of the mother of a hemophilic boy was clarified by the use of DNA probes in a family with a single case of hemophilia A and no family history of the disease. The extragenic polymorphic site demonstrated by probe DX13 (locus DXS 15) and the intragenic polymorphic site demonstrated by Bgl I digestion and a factor VIII partial cDNA probe indicated that the mother of the index case carried a mutation in the X-chromosome received from her nonhemophilic father rather than the X-chromosome received from her mother. In spite of equivocal coagulation data, the mother's two sisters were shown not to be carriers of hemophilia A.
Integrative chemical product design strategies: Reflecting industry trends and challenges

Abstract A review of integrative product design strategies is motivated by current trends and challenges faced by the chemical processing industry. The transition in the chemical process industry towards more complex formulated and structured products challenges existing approaches and scientific tools that are well suited for bulk chemical design and properties estimation ( Charpentier and McKenna, 2004 , Favre et al., 2002 ). Moreover, the ensuing market challenges, brought on by dominant global trends, demand efficient product design approaches that seek to balance technical specifications and market requirements with the business performance objectives. Integrative approaches to product design are therefore repositioned as useful strategies that simultaneously enhance technical performance and efficiency in design execution. The discussion of the integrative product design strategies is supported by findings of a recent industry benchmark study involving 15 chemical manufacturers.
Ultrastructural study of the nerve plexus accompanying the ovarian artery and vein in the rat

The ultrastructural characteristics of the nerve plexus that accompanies the ovarian vessels of the rat were studied. The nerve fibers were primarily unmyelinated with less than 5% myelinated. Two types of neuronal cell bodies were found along these nerves. They were located at variable distances along the nerve bundle. The first and more numerous was a larger cell type similar to the autonomic postganglionic neuron. The second and smaller cell type had granulated vesicles throughout the cytoplasm. Synapses of the axodendritic type and synapses between the neuronal cell bodies were found. Most of the synapses possessed agranular vesicles. The presence of neuronal cell bodies is an important characteristic to consider in evaluating denervation of the ovary by interruption of this nerve plexus.
Characterization of human parainfluenza virus type 2 RNAs in infected cells and by in vitro synthesis.

Abstract The RNA species synthesized in HPIV-2 infected CV-1 cells were identified and characterized. The largest RNA of approximately 5.5 × 10 6 in molecular weight (MW) based on electrophoretic mobility, was identified as the genomic RNA. The other small RNA species of MWs 2.4 × 10 6 , 1.1 × 10 6 , 0.77 × 10 6 , 0.68 × 10 6 and 0.5 × 10 6 were identified as mRNAs. The five smallest RNAs were also synthesized in vitro and comigrated with RNAs synthesized in virus-infected cells. mRNAs synthesized both in vitro and in virus-infected cells were translated in vitro. NP, P, M and V proteins synthesized in vitro comigrated, when analyzed by SDS-PAGE, with the authentic proteins synthesized in virus-infected cells. Additionally, peptide mapping showed that the NP, P and M proteins synthesized in vitro were indistinguishable from their counterparts synthesized in infected cells. Analysis of the proteins from virions identified L, HN, NP, F (F 1 , F 2 ), P, M and V proteins as virion structural proteins. Electrophoretic mobility of reduced and nonreduced F proteins was found to be different due to the conformational changes conferred by disulfide bonds.
Correlates of Postassault Self-Defense/Assertiveness Training Participation for Sexual Assault Survivors

Past research has shown that self-defense/assertiveness training may have positive implications for sexual assault survivors. However, little is known about the correlates of self-defense/assertiveness training participation for sexually victimized women. In this study we examined the assault characteristics and experiences that relate to women's enrollment in postassault training using data from 1,623 female college sexual assault survivors. It appears that more violent attacks may lead survivors to enroll in postassault training, especially when their resistance was less effective. Postassault training participants were marginally more likely to have told someone about their assault, experienced less supportive reactions from others, exhibited marginally less current anxiety, and reported more postassault suicidal ideation than nonparticipants. These survivors may enroll in training to exercise control over future assaults occurring and as a way of healing from sexual assault. Suggestions for future research and the development of self-defense training programs for sexual assault survivors are presented.
Efficient exploration of nonuniform space-time transformations for optimal systolic array synthesis

A method is presented for mapping conditional affine resources equations (CAREs) into systolic-type architectures. The tasks of localization and of space-time reindexing are formulated as a single branch and broad search problem. The combined formulation allows these problems to be solved concurrently and thus ensures that true optimal solutions are derived. The employed space-time reindexing method applies different affine transforms to different array variables. The employed space-time reindexing method applies different affine transforms to different array variables. Multistage localization is effected by a search-based technique which exploits specific characteristics of the combined formulation. The search procedure comprehensively explores the space of designs defined by the constraints of these methods. For a given input, all legal designs which optimize a delay-based objective function are generated. The method has been implemented as part of the array synthesis system DESCARTES. Example problems are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. >
CONCERNS OF HISPANICS AND SERVICE PROVIDERS IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI

This descriptive study identifies the key concerns voiced by the Hispanic community and service providers in rural southwestern Missouri. Three surveys were conducted in 2001 with 381 Latino adults, Latino youth, and human service providers located in over 20 rural cities and towns throughout southwest Missouri. Demographic information, socioeconomic status, and mobility patterns of Latino respondents are profiled, and their housing, educational, and healthcare needs are re­ ported. Language barriers, legal and documentation issues, a lack of job availability, and nonacceptance in the broader community are identified as key concerns of Latinos. Human-service providers identified lan­ guage barriers, a lack of understanding of cultural differences, a lack of funds to develop culturally appropriate services, and a lack of job avail­ ability for Latinos with lower formal education as significant problems. Strategies for improving access to basic health, educational, and social services through a service integration model are suggested.
The gender base of institutional support in Lithuania, Ukraine and Russia.

This literature review pertains to womens status in Soviet society. This study examined the degree to which attitudes toward established institutions support for the reform process and generalized political orientations significantly reflect gender differences. Regression models were tested among Russians Ukrainians and Orthodox believers in Russia. Gender differences were apparent in the evaluations of the Communist Party. Ukrainian women were more supportive of the Communist Party. Age was the only significant factor in Russia; increased age was associated with more positive attitudes toward the Communists. More Ukrainian and Russian women than Orthodox women believed that political reform is moving too rapidly. Less educated and higher income women were more likely to believe that reform is proceeding too rapidly. Russian men were more likely to have participated in a political rally than Russian women in the model which includes socioeconomic controls. Russians with higher education were more frequent participants in political demonstrations than Russians with less education. Ukrainian women were more likely than men to be pacifists. Over 20% of the variance in pacifism scores was explained by sex and sociodemographic factors. The author concluded that gender differences are apparent in the strength of pacifism the frequency of participation in demonstrations attitudes toward reform and evaluations of the Communist Party. Russian women compared to US women did not necessarily support liberal democratic reforms. Lithuanian women and urban women were less supportive of the status quo and established economic and political institutions compared to Russian Ukrainian or rural women. Women and men responded similarly at the same educational levels. Women had a more humanitarian view of the environment and peace. A four-stage stratified sample of 2336 individuals (796 in Russia 826 in the Ukraine and 714 in Lithuania) was used. The survey instrument was designed by a team from the University of Iowa working with Soviet scholars.
A Ferrite Boundary-Value Problem in a Rectangular Waveguide

A solution is obtained for the electric field at the air-ferrite interface (z=0) in a rectangular waveguide filled with ferrite in the semi-infinite half (z>0) and magnetized in the direction of the electric field. The field is expressed in terms of a Neumann series obtained by iteration of a singular integral equation which satisfies the boundary conditions at the interface. The equivalent circuit for the junction is also presented.
Symposium overview: genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair and cancer risk.

A symposium, Genetic Polymorphisms in DNA Repair and Cancer Risk, was presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, held in San Francisco, California, in March 2001. A brief report of the symposium was published (Kaiser, Science 292, 837–838, 2001). Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that polymorphic variants of genes involved in the metabolism and repair of carcinogens can act as cancer susceptibility genes. These variants of drug metabolic and DNA-repair enzymes either increase the activation of chemical carcinogens or decrease the cells' ability to detoxify/repair mutagenic damages. Although on an individual basis these variant alleles may only slightly change catalytic activity and increase cancer risk, their polymorphic frequency in the human population may contribute to a high proportion of cancer cases. Studies conducted over the past few years have identified variant alleles for a number of DNA-repair genes, some of which have been shown to change DNA-repair capacity. Identifying these genotypic alterations in DNA-repair enzymes and their association with cancer may help to elucidate the mechanisms of cancer etiology and to predict both disease risk and response to cancer therapy, since most antineoplastic treatments mediate their effects through DNA damage.
Differential inhibition of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) by toll-like receptor ligands mediated by interferon-beta in human foreskin fibroblasts and cervical tissue

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can be acquired sexually and is shed from the genital tract. Cross-sectional studies in women show that changes in genital tract microbial flora affect HCMV infection and/or shedding. Since genital microbial flora may affect HCMV infection or replication by stimulating cells through Toll-like receptors (TLR), we assessed the effects of defined TLR-ligands on HCMV replication in foreskin fibroblasts and ectocervical tissue. Poly I:C (a TLR3-ligand) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4-ligand) inhibited HCMV and induced secretion of IL-8 and Interferon-beta (IFNβ) in both foreskin fibroblasts and ectocervical tissue. The anti-HCMV effect was reversed by antibody to IFNβ. CpG (TLR9 ligand) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA, TLR2 ligand) also inhibited HCMV infection in ectocervical tissue and this anti-HCMV effect was also reversed by anti-IFNβ antibody. In contrast, LTA and CpG did not inhibit HCMV infection in foreskin fibroblasts. This study shows that TLR ligands induce an HCMV-antiviral effect that is mediated by IFNβ suggesting that changes in genital tract flora may affect HCMV infection or shedding by stimulating TLR. This study also contrasts the utility of two models that can be used for assessing the interaction of microbial flora with HCMV in the genital tract. Clear differences in the response to different TLR ligands suggests the explant model more closely reflects in vivo responses to genital infections.
Self-class I MHC molecules support survival of naive CD8 T cells, but depress their functional sensitivity through regulation of CD8 expression levels

Previous studies have suggested that naive CD8 T cells require self-peptide–major histocompatability complex (MHC) complexes for maintenance. However, interpretation of such studies is complicated because of the involvement of lymphopenic animals, as lymphopenia drastically alters naive T cell homeostasis and function. In this study, we explored naive CD8 T cell survival and function in nonlymphopenic conditions by using bone marrow chimeric donors and hosts in which class I MHC expression is absent or limited to radiosensitive versus radioresistant cells. We found that long-term survival of naive CD8 T cells (but not CD4 T cells) was impaired in the absence of class I MHC. However, distinct from this effect, class I MHC deprivation also enhanced naive CD8 T cell responsiveness to low-affinity (but not high-affinity) peptide–MHC ligands. We found that this improved sensitivity was a consequence of up-regulated CD8 levels, which was mediated through a transcriptional mechanism. Hence, our data suggest that, in a nonlymphopenic setting, self-class I MHC molecules support CD8 T cell survival, but that these interactions also attenuate naive T cell sensitivity by dynamic tuning of CD8 levels.