cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Male and Female Parole Decisions: Is Paying Your Dues or Saying You're Sorry More Important?

Researchers have suggested that females and males consider different factors when making legal decisions; females consider offender remorse more whereas males consider more tangible punishments, such as serving time. The current study investigates gender differences when making legal decisions. The participants (n = 596) read one of three parole scenarios (armed robbery, arson, or drug trafficking) where inmate remorse and time served were manipulated, and decided whether to grant or deny parole. The results show that the participants were less likely to grant parole to the armed robbery inmate, followed by arson and drug trafficking. Additionally, time served affected decisions more consistently than remorse shown, regardless of participant gender. Contrary to hypotheses, women rated the inmates more positively when they had served the majority of their time. The current study suggests that time served is an important predictor of decisions, and that remorse may not be enough to make people agree to redu...
The perimenopausal patient in in vitro fertilization: the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

The perimenopause, incipient ovarian failure, is a major problem in stimulation failures during an in vitro fertilization program. This must be recognized as not necessarily related to age but also associated with adnexal inflammatory and operative processes. Although ovulation occurs uninterruptedly, the follicle-stimulating hormone in the early follicular phase is elevated and the luteinizing hormone is normal. Characteristically, there is no estradiol response to human menopausal gonadotropin therapy or a rapid response with a premature luteinizing hormone surge. These problems sometimes may be overcome with pulsatile intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy, 5 or 10 μg/90 or 120 minutes. The major therapeutic problem is in the identification of a luteinizing hormone surge in these patients. Of eight women who were treated, two failed to respond with follicular maturation, three either had no oocytes aspirated from apparently postmature follicles or had postmature oocytes; and one had treatment cancelled due to ovulation. The four latter patients may have failed because of unrecognized ovulation. In the remaining two patients, one oocyte was fertilized and transferred, and one pregnancy occurred.
The Lived Experience of African American Caregivers Caring for Adult African American Patients With Heart Failure

Assistance from informal caregivers such as family members, friends, or neighbors is crucial to adequately managing the complex care of heart failure (HF) patients. This study examined the lived experience of African American caregivers caring for African American patients with HF. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 10 participants who were formally interviewed. The interviews, analyzed using Colaizzi's steps, revealed six themes: layers of support, realization of self-neglect, experiencing the "blues," connecting with healthcare providers, unmet financial needs, and perception of nonadherence. The information regarding the experience of African American caregivers of HF patients obtained through this research will inform the delivery of culturally competent support to caregivers, thereby improving quality of life for both the HF patients and their caregivers.
Exercise and the elderly.

The exercise prescription for the elderly must be designed according to the individual’s age, fitness level, and health status. Goals should be directed toward increasing cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, flexibility, and muscular strength and endurance. This article discusses the physiologic decline in the aging responses to training, pre-exercise assessment, the exercise prescription, and the influence of disease in designing a prescription.
Kansas Developmental Learner Corpus (KanDeL)

This article presents the Kansas Developmental Learner corpus (KANDEL), a corpus of L2 German writing samples produced by several cohorts of North American university students over four semesters of instructed language study. This corpus expands the number of freely and publicly available learner corpora while adding to the depth of these corpora with a unique set of features. It does so by focusing on an L2 other than English, German, targeting beginning to intermediate L2 proficiency levels, and including dense developmental data and annotations for multiple linguistic variables, learner errors, and over twenty learner and task variables. Furthermore, this article reports the procedure and results of an inter-annotator agreement study as well as an in-depth analysis of annotator disagreement. In this way, it contributes to best practices of annotating learner corpora by making the annotation process transparent and demonstrating its reliability.
An experimental study to investigate the effect of torrefaction temperature and time on pyrolysis of centimeter-scale pine wood particles

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of torrefaction on pyrolysis of centimeter-scale pine wood particles at 520 °C. The experiments were conducted in a vertical tube furnace and the yields and compositions of bio-oil were measured. We found that torrefaction at 225 °C and 250 °C for 15, 25 and 35 min had little effect on the pyrolysis products. However, when wood was torrefied at 275 °C and 300 °C, significant char formation and transformation occurred. During the pyrolysis processes, lower weight loss rate and higher char fraction were observed for wood torrefied at 275 °C and 300 °C, but the center temperature profiles were not affected. Conversion time for pyrolysis was also not affected by the torrefaction conditions. Pyrolysis yields of liquid, gas and char were calculated and found to be affected by the torrefaction conditions. GC/MS analysis of bio-oil obtained from torrefied wood shows that the acid content decreases with increasing torrefaction intensity, implying improvement of bio-oil quality. Further, phenol content increases and guaiacols content decreases with the increase of torrefaction intensity. On the other hand, no novel species were detected and the overall effect of torrefaction was less remarkable than anticipated for the temperatures tested.
How to Sustainably Feed a Microbe: Strategies for Biological Production of Carbon-Based Commodities with Renewable Electricity.

As interest and application of renewable energy grows, strategies are needed to align the asynchronous supply and demand. Microbial metabolisms are a potentially sustainable mechanism for transforming renewable electrical energy into biocommodities that are easily stored and transported. Acetogens and methanogens can reduce carbon dioxide to organic products including methane, acetic acid, and ethanol. The library of biocommodities is expanded when engineered metabolisms of acetogens are included. Typically, electrochemical systems are employed to integrate renewable energy sources with biological systems for production of carbon-based commodities. Within these systems, there are three prevailing mechanisms for delivering electrons to microorganisms for the conversion of carbon dioxide to reduce organic compounds: 1) electrons can be delivered to microorganisms via H2 produced separately in a electrolyzer, 2) H2 produced at a cathode can convey electrons to microorganisms supported on the cathode surface and 3) a cathode can directly feed electrons to microorganisms. Each of these strategies has advantages and disadvantages that must be considered in designing full-scale processes. This review considers the evolving understanding of each of these approaches and the state of design for advancing these strategies towards viability.
Abstract 2832: Targeting and depletion of circulating cancer cells by lipophilic antibody-modified erythrocytes

There is a great interest in targeting and selective ablation of populations of circulating cells for research or therapeutic purposes. Red blood cells (RBCs) are readily available and fully biocompatible long-circulating intravascular carriers (natural life is 120 days) that are amenable to chemical modifications, drug loading and reinjection. Here we demonstrate that using our previously described lipophilic ligand painting strategy, red blood cells (RBCs) could be in one step converted into targeted entities that selectively seek and bind various cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, RBCs modified with lipophilic anti-EpCAM or anti-CD45 antibodies efficiently bound to cancer cells and leukocytes, forming characteristic rosettes. In vivo, intravenously injected RBCs painted with anti-CD45 antibody immediately associated with CD45 positive cells in blood, forming RBC-leukocyte rosettes. Moreover, anti-CD45-modified RBCs, but not the same amount of anti-CD45 antibody or anti-CD45-lipid conjugate (1-2 microgram per mouse), depleted over 50% of CD45+ leukocytes from circulation, with main clearance organs of leukocytes being liver and spleen with no visible deposition in kidneys and lungs. Anti-CD20 (rituximab)-painted RBCs efficiently (over 90%) depleted CD19+/CD20+/CD45+ human lymphoma cells in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) JeKo-1 model, while the same amount of rituximab-lipid (2 microgram per mouse) was much less efficient in lymphoma cell depletion. Treatment of MCL mice with rituximab-modified RBCs carrying only 2 μg of the antibody resulted in a significant prolongation of survival as compared to the same amount of antibody control. Lipophilic ligand-painted RBCs is a novel tool that can be utilized for targeting blood borne cells for experimental immunology and cancer therapy applications. Citation Format: Dmitri Simberg. Targeting and depletion of circulating cancer cells by lipophilic antibody-modified erythrocytes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2832. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2832
On the Road to Unrestricted Access to Scientific Information: The Open Access Movement

Unrestricted access to scientific literature is considered essential for the pursuit and advancement of science. The issues related to restrictions imposed by the traditional subscription-based journal access model on free and unrestricted access to scientific information prompted the pursuit of alternative journal publishing models, and the open access (OA) movement was born. The OA publishing model is evolving, gaining support of the academic and research communities, research funders, policymakers, and even the traditional journal publishers. The discussion in this chapter covers the developments related to unrestricted access to scientific information, different OA publishing models, strengths, and issues related to two major models—Green (self-archiving) model and Gold (author-paid) model , concerns related to the quality of OA journals , and the emergence of predatory journals that abuse the author-paid OA model. In addition, the findings of studies that examine the impact of OA journals related to subscription-based journals are discussed.
Major Histocompatibility Mismatch and Donor Choice for Second Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Abstract Large alternative donor pools provide the potential for selecting a different donor for a second allogeneic (allo) bone or marrow transplant (BMT). As HLA disparity may contribute to the graft-versus-tumor effect, utilizing new mismatched haplotype donors may potentially improve the antitumor activity for relapsed hematologic malignancies despite a previous alloBMT. Data from patients who received a second alloBMT for relapsed hematologic malignancies at Johns Hopkins were analyzed. Outcomes were compared between patients who received a second allograft with the same MHC composition and those who received an allograft with a new mismatched haplotype. Loss of heterozygosity analysis was performed for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) whose first allograft was haploidentical. Between 2005 and 2015, 40 patients received a second BMT for a relapsed hematologic malignancy. The median follow-up is 750 (range, 26 to 2950) days. The median overall survival (OS) in the cohort is 928 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 602 to not reached [NR]); median event-free survival (EFS) for the cohort is 500 days (95% CI, 355 to NR). The 4-year OS is 40% (95% CI, 25% to 64%), and the 4-year EFS is 36% (95% CI, 24% to 55%). The cumulative incidence of nonrelapsed mortality by 2 years was 27% (95% CI, 13% to 42%). The cumulative incidence of grade 3 to 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at 100 days was 15% (95% CI, 4% to 26%); the cumulative incidence of extensive chronic GVHD at 2 years was 22% (95% CI, 9% to 36%). The median survival was 552 days (95% CI, 376 to 2950+) in the group who underwent transplantation with a second allograft that did not harbor a new mismatched haplotype, while it was not reached in the group whose allograft contained a new mismatched haplotype (hazard ratio [HR], .36; 95% CI, .14 to .9; P = .02). EFS was also longer in the group who received an allograft containing a new mismatched haplotype, (NR versus 401 days; HR, .50; 95% CI, .22 to 1.14; P = .09). Although the allograft for this patient's second BMT contained a new mismatched haplotype, AML nevertheless relapsed a second time. Second BMTs are feasible and provide a reasonable chance of long-term survival. An allograft with a new mismatched haplotype may improve outcomes after second BMTs for relapsed hematologic malignancies.
An in silico evaluation of treatment regimens for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.

Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a significant nosocomial infection worldwide, that recurs in as many as 35% of infections. Risk of CDI recurrence varies by ribotype, which also vary in sporulation and germination rates. Whether sporulation/germination mediate risk of recurrence and effectiveness of treatment of recurring CDI remains unclear. We aim to assess the role of sporulation/germination patterns on risk of recurrence, and the relative effectiveness of the recommended tapered/pulsing regimens using an in silico model. Methods We created a compartmental in-host mathematical model of CDI, composed of vegetative cells, toxins, and spores, to explore whether sporulation and germination have an impact on recurrence rates. We also simulated the effectiveness of three tapered/pulsed vancomycin regimens by ribotype. Results Simulations underscored the importance of sporulation/germination patterns in determining pathogenicity and transmission. All recommended regimens for recurring CDI tested were effective in reducing risk of an additional recurrence. Most modified regimens were still effective even after reducing the duration or dosage of vancomycin. However, the effectiveness of treatment varied by ribotype. Conclusion Current CDI vancomycin regimen for treating recurrent cases should be studied further to better balance associated risks and benefits.
Catalytic Defluoroalkylation of Trifluoromethylaromatics with Unactivated Alkenes

We describe a new catalytic approach to selective functionalization of the strong C–F bonds in trifluoromethylaromatic (Ar–CF3) systems. In this approach, single electron reduction of Ar–CF3 substrates (using a photoredox catalyst) results in difluorobenzylic radical formation through a C–F cleavage mechanism. These radicals undergo efficient intermolecular coupling with simple alkenes in a defluoroalkylation process where radical termination is accomplished by a polarity reversal catalyst. This mild catalytic protocol engages a wide range of substrates to give medicinally relevant fluorinated substructures with complete regiocontrol.
Improving momentary stress measurement and prediction with bluetooth encounter networks

Abstract Medical research has found strong connections between cognitive stress and various physical and mental health conditions. This paper addresses the need for more timely, less obtrusive measurements of cognitive stress. Given recent advances in and uptake of smartphone technology, we hypothesize significant correlations between a subject׳s smart-phone Bluetooth encounter networks and their cognitive stress levels. A review of related research indicates a lack of systematic feature engineering for these networks as well as evidence of their predictive power in mental health outcomes. We base our feature engineering on structural, edge, and neighbor attributes that incorporate network analysis measures as well as social and temporal commonalities. These features offer significant improvement in goodness-of-fit and prediction performance (AUC) for momentary stress outcomes in multiple experimental and statistical evaluation settings. Our results indicate potential value of incorporating Bluetooth encounter data into mental health monitoring practice via mobile sensing technology.
Age Determination of Modern and Archaeological Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) Using Vertebrae

i Acknowledgments iv List of Tables ix List of Figures x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Ageing Studies in Archaeology and Fisheries Biology 6 Archaeological Fish remains and Conservation Biology 6 Pacific Salmon Life History 7 Age Determination of Fish in Fisheries Biology 9 Ageing Fish Vertebrae 10 Age Determination of Fish in Archaeology 11 Chapter 3: Methods and Materials 16 Sample Collection and Preparation 16 VLB-85 Modern Collection 18 Hanford Reach Collection 20 NOAA Collection 25 Hanford Reach and NOAA Specimen Preparation 28 Documenting Rings 29 Developing a Protocol of Ring Identification 32 Test of Accuracy and Precision 39 Archaeological Application 40 Chapter 4: Results: Ageing Chinook Salmon Vertebrae Using Radiographic Images ......44 Chapter 5: Results: Ageing Modern and Ancient Chinook Salmon Using Annular Rings on the Centrum Surface 50 Test of Accuracy 50 Test of Reliability 54 Archaeological Application 56 Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusions 66 References Cited 64
Chapter 8 – Horror autotoxicus: the concept of autoimmunity1

Publisher Summary Metchnikoff with his phagocytic theory and Ehrlich with his side-chain theory understood that the mechanisms proposed are part of a larger biological system whose evolution brought with it improvements in the organism's ability to nourish itself and, incidentally, to protect itself from infection. The teleologic appeal of Ehrlich's horror autotoxicus, the first decade of the twentieth century witnessed an ever-increasing willingness to speculate that autoantibodies might contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases. This movement was especially notable among those such as Landsteiner in Vienna and Weil in Prague who did not accept Ehrlich's teachings as gospel, but it was detectable even among the faithful. In spite of the Donath–Landsteiner finding of an autoantibody in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, and in spite of increasing evidence from clinical subspecialtyes of the existence of autoimmune diseases, the teleologic appeal of horror autotoxicus (¼ no autoantibody) made the acceptance of the reality of autoimmune disease difficult, if not impossible. To force such an acceptance would require a conjunction of events that many different scientific disciplines eventually experience: the accumulation of a large number of observations not explicable in terms of the current dogma, and a major change in the direction of thought in the field that would allow the previously unthinkable now to be thought.
Intrinsic Cardiodynamic Response to Thermal Injury

Thermal injury is one of the most devastating pathophysiologic insults to which an organism can be subjected, and over 2 million burned people per year require medical attention in North America alone (1). The most important systemic response to severe skin burns entails an early reduction in cardiac output, with the ensuing circulatory failure syndrome being the limiting factor responsible for high mortality in the early (<48 hr) postburn period. Despite extensive study of burn patients and different types of animal burn models, however, the precise cardiovascular complications of thermal trauma remain incompletely understood (1–8). This lack of definitive information no doubt reflects the profound complexity of thermal injury pathogenesis, and contributes significantly to the therapeutic difficulties and high morbidity-mortality rates associated with severe forms of burn trauma (1–3).
Layout Resynthesis by Applying Design-for-manufacturability Guidelines to Avoid Low-coverage Areas of a Cell-based Design

Design-for-manufacturability (DFM) guidelines are recommended layout design practices intended to capture layout features that are difficult to manufacture correctly. Avoiding such features prevents the occurrence of potential systematic defects. Layout features that result in DFM guideline violations may not be avoided completely due to the design constraints of chip area, performance, and power consumption. A framework for translating DFM guideline violations into potential systematic defects, and faults, was described earlier. In a cell-based design, the translated faults may be internal or external to cells. In this article, we focus on undetectable faults that are external to cells. Using a resynthesis procedure that makes fine changes to the layout while maintaining the design constraints, we target areas of the design where large numbers of external faults related to DFM guideline violations are undetectable. By eliminating the corresponding DFM guideline violations, we ensure that the circuit does not suffer from low-coverage areas that may result in detectable systematic defects escaping detection, but failing the circuit in the field. The layout resynthesis procedure is applied to benchmark circuits and logic blocks of the OpenSPARC T1 microprocessor. Experimental results indicate that the improvement in the coverage of potential systematic defects is significant.
Dysfunctional neurocognition in individuals with clinically significant psychopathic traits .

The main goal of this review is to consider the main forms of dysfunctional neurocognition seen in individuals with clinically significant psychopathic traits (ie, reduced guilt/empathy and increased impulsive/antisocial behavior). A secondary goal is to examine the extent to which these forms of dysfunction are seen in both adults with psychopathic traits and adolescents with clinically significant antisocial behavior that may also involve callous-unemotional traits (reduced guilt/empathy). The two main forms of neurocognition considered are emotional responding (to distress/pain cues and emotional stimuli more generally) and reward-related processing. Highly related forms of neurocognition, the response to drug cues and moral judgments, are also discussed. It is concluded that dysfunction in emotional responsiveness and moral judgments confers risk for aggression across adolescence and into adulthood. However, reduced reward-related processing, including to drug cues, is only consistently found in adolescents with clinically significant antisocial behavior, not adults with psychopathy. .
Os4+ Instability in the Pyrochlore Structure: Tl2–xBixOs2O7–y

Osmium-containing oxides are rare due to the difficulty in stabilizing complex structures with a fixed stoichiometry and metastability of the phases. Bismuth-substituted thallium osmate pyrochlore samples, Tl2-xBixOs2O7-y, were synthesized using solid-state reactions where the solubility limit was found to be approximately x = 1.4. Members of this solid solution were characterized by their structural, electronic, magnetic, and thermal properties to understand the influence of Bi3+ substitution on the ground state. The Os-containing pyrochlores crystallize in the ideal cubic pyrochlore structure (Fd3m), and the lattice parameter a was found to slightly increase as a function of Bi content. A possible interplay between structure and cation valence states was explored using both neutron powder diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, suggesting that a combination of Os4+/Os5+ and Tl1+/Tl3+ mixed valency throughout the solid solution allows for the stabilization of the pyrochlore structure. The system is metallic for the entire solid solution and predominantly exhibits temperature-independent paramagnetism. Specific heat measurements show an enhanced Sommerfeld coefficient, a possible flat-band signature. This system gave insight into the bonding preferences of Os, indicating a dependence on high oxidation states and mixed valence for the stability of complex structures.
Optimal Monitoring Strategies for Critical Infrastructure Networks

Given a choice among multiple security monitoring solutions and multiple locations to deploy them,what strategy best protects the network? What metric is used to compare different securing strategies? What constraints make it harder/easier to secure critical infrastructure networks? This paper explores these questions and formalizes the network monitoring strategy problem for critical infrastructure networks. It also presents a deterministic polynomial time algorithm for discovering a near-optimal network monitoring strategy.
13.15 – Olfactory System

The nose has several critical functions including conditioning inhaled air and olfaction. The nasal passage is lined by olfactory, respiratory, squamous, transitional, and lymphoepithelial epithelium. Each nasal epithelium may be subject to toxicant-induced injury. Toxicant-induced epithelial lesions in the nasal passages are often site-specific and dependent on the intranasal regional dose of the inhaled chemical and the sensitivity of the nasal epithelial tissue to the specific chemical. This chapter focuses on the olfactory system and in particular the olfactory neurons found within the pseudostratified olfactory epithelium. A major difference in nasal epithelium among animal species is the percentage of the nasal airway that is covered by olfactory epithelium. The unique relationship between the olfactory neurons found in the nasal cavity and the brain makes direct delivery of certain xenobiotics to the brain possible. Topics addressed in this review include normal structure and function, olfactory system toxicology, assessment of olfactory function, olfactory toxicants, and olfactory transport. This chapter provides an update of our current understanding of chemically induced olfactory toxicity with a special emphasis on research that is of interest to neurotoxicologists.
Cerebral hemorrhage in the LVAD patient: A case series and literature review.

Abstract Introduction A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is used in certain heart failure cases, but LVADs can have significant neurological complications including intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). Prediction and management of ICHs is challenging due to medical comorbidities and blood thinners. Methods A retrospective review of LVAD patients with ICHs from 2015 to 2019 was performed. The data included demographics, premorbid conditions, hemorrhage type, treatments, and outcomes. Results Twenty-two patients were included with a median age of 53 and a median time of 16 months from LVAD insertion to ICH. All patients were on blood thinners prior to ICH. The hemorrhage type included subarachnoid hemorrhage (41 %), intracerebral hemorrhage (32 %), and subdural hematomas (23 %). The blood-thinning agent was reversed in 64 % of patients with a median of 3.5 days prior to resumption of these medications. Ten re-hemorrhages occurred with 4 of these hemorrhages within two weeks of anticoagulation resumption. Open cranial surgery was performed in 32 % of all patients, and the mortality was 41 %. Conclusions Management of these patients is challenging with a relatively high rate of re-hemorrhage and need for surgical intervention. Despite maximal management, the mortality remains high.
Comparison of the Remineralizing Effect of Brushing with Aloe vera versus Fluoride Toothpaste.

Objectives The aim of the present in vitro study is to compare the remineralization brushing effect of three toothpastes and Aloe vera (AV) gel. Materials and Methods Forty sound extracted teeth were placed in a demineralizing solution for 4 days and randomly assigned to four groups: group A: 1,450-ppm fluoride toothpaste; group B: AV nonfluoridated toothpaste; group C: AV 1,000-ppm fluoridated toothpaste; and group D: AV gel. A 3-minute pH cycling was performed twice a day for each group for 12 days. Specimens were analyzed before and after by scanning electron microscope—energy dispersive X-ray. Statistical Analysis The outcomes were analyzed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov’s tests, repeated-measures analyses of variance followed by univariate analyses, and Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons tests to compare the calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio within time among toothpaste groups. Results Following remineralization, the Ca:P ratio increased in all groups. The difference of the Ca:P ratio was not significant between groups C, D, and A. The mean ratio was significantly lower in group B (p-value = 0.026). Conclusions The AV gel demonstrated a remineralization capacity equal to that of the 1,450-ppm fluoride toothpaste. In contrast, fluoride-free AV toothpaste showed a lower remineralization efficiency. Further studies are required to understand its mechanism.
Incorporating Maintenance Infeasibilities in an Aircraft Rotation Planning Model

In any airline’s schedule development process, aircraft rotations must be planned for individual fleet types after fleet assignment. The aircraft rotation plans must conform to stringent maintenanc...
Reconceptualizing the Fifth Amendment Prohibition of Adverse Comment on Criminal Defendants' Trial Sentence

Griffin v. California holds that the Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self-incrimination prohibits a prosecutor from arguing that a defendant’s failure to testify supports an inference of guilt. In the four decades since Griffin was decided, Griffin’s doctrinal underpinnings have been strongly criticized by prominent jurists and commentators, and even Griffin’s contemporary defenders struggle to place the constitutional prohibition of adverse comment on defendant silence within a coherent doctrinal framework. In light of these largely unanswered criticisms, this Article posits that the current Fifth Amendment-based prohibition of adverse comment is untenable and must be recast in a more narrowly tailored form. Relying on a fairness rationale implicit in existing case law, this Article constructs a limited Fifth Amendment prohibition of adverse comment on defendant trial silence and suggests a mechanism by which this tailored constitutional prohibition could be implemented.
Comprehensive Education Benefits: Teaching Students to Write Collaboratively in Political Science

This paper proposes a paradigm shift from the traditionally systematic, rigid structures of thesis writing courses to favor an inclusive, fluid, and flexible approach that both centers on student n...
Mind World: Essays in Phenomenology and Ontology

Prolegomena: the terroir of consciousness and the world Overview: a story line 1. Three facets of consciousness 2. The cogito circa AD 2000 3. Return to consciousness 4. Consciousness in action 5. Background ideas 6. Intentionality naturalized? 7. Consciousness and actuality 8. Basic categories Coda: the beetle in the box.
The New Secular Humanists: Ronald Dworkin and Philip Kitcher on Life without God

Ronald Dworkin and Philip Kitcher recognize that traditional, religious faith—especially in Christian theistic tradition—has virtues that seem to be missing in a secular worldview. To remedy this apparent deficit, they both propose that a secular worldview can provide a satisfying foundation for a flourishing, meaningful life. Moreover, Kitcher argues that secular humanism is far more justified than a religious worldview because it does not face the problem of diversity that arises in the case of religion. I argue that secular humanism faces the same problem of diversity that Kitcher proposes undermines religious belief. I further argue that Dworkin’s and Kitcher’s secular alternative to a religious worldview is problematic.
Hydrogen Exchange Studies of Respiratory Proteins II. DETECTION OF DISCRETE, LIGAND-INDUCED CHANGES IN HEMOGLOBIN

The different peptide groups of a structured protein display a wide range of hydrogen exchange rates covering perhaps 10 orders of magnitude. Consequently it is possible to study different structure changes within a protein by observing the exchange of kinetically distinct, therefore experimentally separable, groups of hydrogens. Two groups of hydrogens that show marked increase in exchange rate upon liganding of deoxyhemoglobin were found. The same effect occurs upon liganding by O2, CO, NO, and on oxidation of heme iron. The effect does not depend upon subunit dissociation. One responsive group involves about 2 hydrogens per subunit, the other something more than 8. The larger group, studied in some detail, represents hydrogen-bonded peptides that change their dynamic breathing behavior on liganding. The ligand-induced increase in kinetic reactivity of particular labile hydrogen sites in hemoglobin is closely analogous to the ligand-induced increase in kinetic reactivity of the heme binding sites associated with the allosteric phenomenon. The exchange of hydrogens between solvent water and masked protein sites is thought to be modulated by transitory, local denaturation or breathing reactions experienced by cooperative segments of protein structure. Accordingly, it is suggested that the movement of ligand between solvent and the apparently inaccessible heme binding sites may also be modulated by the breathing of such a segment, acting as a physical and a kinetic gate for ligand binding and dissociation reactions. Change in ligand binding affinity could then be accomplished simply by arranging to alter gate opening once ligand is bound.
New Laws after ‘Fasso’ Leave Health Insurer Out in the Cold

In 2009, the Court of Appeals entertained an appeal in Fasso v. Doerr, 12 N.Y.3d 80 (2009), which was expected to resolve a Departmental split in the Appellate Division involving the question of who was the appropriate party to bear the cost of a plaintiff’s medical expenses sustained by reason of a defendant’s negligence: the plaintiff’s health insurer or the defendant’s liability insurer. The Court’s holding in Fasso, however, was largely inconclusive, and made personal injury and wrongful death actions increasingly difficult to resolve because of the tripartite conflict between the plaintiff, the defendant, and plaintiff’s health insurer. The defendant tortfeasor was unable to resolve all of its liability, even in settlement with the plaintiff, because the tortfeasor was unable to settle the health insurer’s equitable subrogation claim, which further complicated the settlement process. As a result of the complications created by Fasso, the legislature responded by enacting General Obligations Law § 5-335 (Part F of Chapter 494 of the laws of 2009), resolving a considerable amount of uncertainty in this area. In addition to providing a brief description of the intervention-subrogation problem created by the court in Fasso, this article discusses the new legislation in detail, and examines how the law would have affected the outcome in Fasso. The article also explains the significance of the legislation, and its impact in personal injury litigation in New York.
NK and LAK activities from human marrow progenitors. I. The effects of interleukin-2 and interleukin-1.

We have investigated the role of interleukin-2 (IL2) as a differentiation factor for human marrow-derived NK cell progenitors and have assessed the effects of interleukin-1 (IL1) on this activity. The effects of these cytokines on early NK cell precursors was determined by testing marrow which had been depleted of mature cells and of CD2+ cells by treatment with soybean agglutinin and sheep erythrocytes (SBA−E−BM). The cytolytic activities of the SBA−E−BM were tested in 51Cr release assays following 7–8 days of liquid culture. K562 targets were used to assess NK activity and NK-resistant Daudi targets were used to measure lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity. Neither NK nor LAK activity were measurable in marrow incubated in medium without cytokines, or in medium containing IL1 alone. In contrast, culture in medium containing IL2 resulted in a dose-dependent development of lytic activity. NK and LAK activities could be differentiated by the percentage of cultures in which the activity developed, the dose of IL2 required, the time kinetics of induction, and the effect of depletion of residual cells with NK phenotype prior to culture. The most lytically active effectors of both activities, however, were CD56+. Immunofluorescence analyses before and after culture with IL2 revealed that Leu19+ (CD56) cells increased from <2% to as much as 17% of the total marrow cells and showed the appearance of a population of CD56+CD16− cells. The addition of IL1 to the marrow cultures increased NK activity when suboptimal amounts of IL2 were used (≤100 U/ml), but did not increase LAK activity at any concentration of IL2. A higher number of NK cells, as well as MY7+(CD13+) myeloid cells were recovered from cultures containing IL1 plus IL2, indicating that NK cells as well as myeloid cells had a growth advantage in the presence of IL1. IL2 receptor (CD25) expression was low in all cultures but was consistently higher in cultures containing IL1 and IL2, however, CD25 was not coexpressed on NK cells. These studies indicate that early NK cell precursors can grow and differentiate in response to IL2 and that NK and LAK lytic activities may be acquired at different developmental stages. IL1 may serve to promote the responsiveness of NK cell progenitors to low concentration of IL2 by a mechanism which may not require expression of CD25.
Spatial and spectral ellipsometry of light filaments

Measuring the continuum polarization against pulse ellipticity of a laser filament is introduced as a new paradigm for quantifying nonlinearities in filamentation such as ionization paths, molecular alignment, nonlinear index and field intensity.
Introduction: Lumbar Spinal Orthotics

Considerable medical literature has been devoted to the use of spinal orthotics in the treatment of conditions effecting the lumbar spine. Nonetheless, when it comes to clinical application, controversy and misunderstanding continue to exist. This issue of The journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation attempts to reexplore this knowledge base and reexamine the clinical utility of lumbar spinal orthotics. This introductory article briefly covers the history and nomenclature of spinal orthotics with a more in-depth look at the mechanical principles of spinal orthotics. Finally, the more commonly perscribed orthotic designs are presented pictorially.
Open Educational Resources and MOOCs: Examining the Changing Face of Content Delivery in Higher Education

Introduction to Global Education Review (2)3.┬a Open Educational Resources and MOOCs: The Changing Face of Higher Education
Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Syngeneic Liver Cytosolic Proteins Biotransformed by Alcohol Metabolites

Background & Aims Aldehydes that are produced following the breakdown of ethanol (acetaldehyde) and lipid peroxidation of membranes (malondialdehyde) have been shown to bind (adduct) proteins. Additionally, these two aldehydes can combine (MAA) on non-syngeneic and syngeneic proteins to initiate numerous immune responses to the unmodified part of the protein in the absence of an adjuvant. Therefore, these studies provide a potential mechanism for the development of antigen-specific immune responses resulting in liver damage should syngeneic liver proteins be adducted with MAA.
Analytical and Test Experiences Using a Rib Diffuser in a High Flow Centrifugal Compressor Stage

The paper addresses the use of a rib style (partial height) vaned diffuser to improve the flowfield downstream of a high flow coefficient centrifugal impeller. Empirical and analytical (3-D CFD) results are presented for both the original vaneless diffuser and the replacement rib configuration. Comparisons are made between the CFD results and the data obtained through single stage rig (SSTR) testing. Comments are offered regarding the qualitative and quantitative agreement between the empirical and analytical results.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
A comprehensive location-allocation method for specialized healthcare services

Abstract This paper focuses on the development, solution, and application of a location-allocation model for specialized health care services such as the treatment and rehabilitation necessary for strokes or traumatic brain injuries. The model is based on our experience with the Department of Veterans Affairs’ integrated service networks. The model minimizes the total cost borne by the health system and its patients and incorporates admission acuity levels, service proportion requirements, and admission retention rates. A common resource constraint is introduced at the facility level since treatment of multiple acuity levels involves the pooling of common resources. Realistic instances of the model with 20 potential service locations, 50 admission districts and up to five open treatment units for three levels of severity are solved in about 300 seconds. The applicability of the model is tested by an extensive managerial experiment using data derived from one of the Department of Veterans Affairs specialized healthcare services. We investigate the effects of five critical factors: (1) the degree of service centralization, (2) service level mandates by acuity, (3) lost admission cost by acuity, (4) facility overload penalty cost by acuity and (5) target utilization level by acuity and treatment unit. We examine the countervailing forces present in making healthcare service location decisions and the resulting tradeoffs from the implicitly multiobjective nature of the system. The experiment and analysis demonstrate that the major factors of the experiment have a significant bearing on the optimal assignment of admission districts to treatment units.
Survey of Wastage from Intravenous Admixture in US Hospitals

The purpose of this study was 10 assess current wastage from intravenous systems designed for intermittent use in US hospitals. Questionnaires were mailed to pharmacy directors at 1393 randomly selected hospitals. Respondents were asked to indicate their overall percentage intravenous wastage rate, intravenous admixture policies and procedures, and wastage rates for currently used intermittent intravenous drug delivery systems, If actual data were not available. respondents were asked to provide estimates based on their perceptions of waste
Social Welfare Policy and the Psychological Needs of Low Income Women

This manuscript analyzes policy that addresses the psychological needs of low income women, especially those on welfare. The sociopolitical model of policy analysis was used to examine the social, political, and economic context for addressing the psychological needs of low income women. Within the context of progressive physical and mental health enactments, the analysis examines the causes of psychological needs among poor women, the approaches that have been used to address the needs of poor women, and the need for policy that can result in service delivery systems and service provision to meet the psychological needs of low income women. The results of the analysis suggest the need for policy that allows for an umbrella approach to screening women on welfare for mental health issues and providing services that are not attached to financial eligibility or child welfare involvement.
Residual mesenchyme persisting into adulthood.

Abstract Purpose: (1) To detect the presence of residual mesenchyme in temporal bones of adults and children above 5 years of age; (2) to evaluate its regression with increasing age, and; (3) to detect pathologic conditions associated with the presence of unresolved mesenchyme. Materials and Methods: We examined 1,404 human temporal bones of donors from 5 to 94 years of age for histopathologic evidence of mesenchyme. The presence of stellate (star-shaped) cells with interdigitating processes and large nuclei embedded in a structureless ground substance was labeled as “pure mesenchyme.” Temporal bones showing these features and focal areas of fibrosis, fibroblasts, and capillaries were classified as showing “transitional mesenchyme.” Selected sections were stained with Gomori's trichrome. Pathological features indicating otitis media and congenital anomalies of the ear were also documented. Case histories were reviewed, and any otologic complaints were noted. Statistical analysis was performed with the Chi-square test, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and confidence interval. Results: Mesenchyme was found in 2.07% of temporal bones of patients from 5 to 81 years of age. Of these, 92.1 % had transitional mesenchyme, whereas 7.9% had pure mesenchyme. Seventy-six percent of the bones showed mesenchyme in the mastoid air cells. In all 3 bones with pure mesenchyme, it was present in the round window niche. Otitis media was associated with residual mesenchyme in 84.2% of the temporal bones. No pattern of regression of mesenchyme with increasing age was observed in temporal bones from patients over the age of 5 years. Conclusions: Residual mesenchyme can be present in patients older than 5 years of age and can persist into adulthood, especially in the mastoid air cells. Persistence of mesenchyme is closely associated with evidence of otitis media.
Abstract ES03-3: Clinical 101: Clinical trial endpoints: Selection, analysis and interpretation

The selection of clinical endpoints when designing a clinical trial is critically important to ensure appropriate evaluation of the agent or regimen of interest. Endpoints in early stage clinical trials differ from those in later stage trials, and the nature of the endpoints (e.g., continuou,s categorical) has an impact on both the parameters that can be estimated and the power to detect significant differences. This talk will focus on the selection of continuous (e.g. Ki67, breast density, change in tumor size), categorical (e.g. RECIST response, pathologic complete response), and time to event endpoints (e.g. progression-free survival, overall survival) when designing clinical trials. Discussion will also include interpretation of resulting measures of clinical efficacy (e.g. hazard ratios), approaches for stating trial objectives and implications of endpoint selection on statistical power. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr ES03-3.
Factors associated with depression in a heterogeneous HIV-infected sample

The present study examined factors contributing to depressive symptomatology in a low SES, heterogeneous HIV seropositive sample. The sample was comprised of 120 HIV-infected patients who completed psychosocial measures upon their initial visit to an outpatient HIV clinic. Length of time since HIV seropositive notification and HIV-related symptomatology were also assessed. Social support, major life stress, and HIV-related symptomatology were significantly associated with depression. Perceived availability of social support accounted for the greatest variance in depression scores. Length of time since seropositive notification was not significantly associated with depression. These findings extend previous research with middle-class, homosexual, white males to the rapidly growing minority, heterosexual, and low SES populations and point to the need for the inclusion of social support interventions in the provision of services to these individuals.
Neutrinos at the limit

Abstract A singlet majoron model is invoked to generate unstable neutrinos with masses comparable to present direct limits. The tau-neutrino is predicted to be short-lived, neutrino-counting experiments can yield non-integer results, unusual decay modes of W and Z are anticipated, and there can be no cosmic flux of muon-neutrinos.