cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shotgun Approach to Increasing Enzymatic Saccharification Yields of Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass

Most cellulolytic enzyme blends, either procured from a commercial vendor or isolated from a single cellulolytic microbial secretome, do not efficiently hydrolyze ammonia-pretreated (e.g., ammonia fiber expansion or AFEX) lignocellulosic agricultural crop residues like corn stover to fermentable sugars. Typically reported commercial enzyme loading (30-100 mg protein/g glucan) necessary to achieve >90% total hydrolysis yield (to monosaccharides) for AFEX treated biomass, within a short saccharification time frame (24-48 h), is economically unviable. Unlike acid based pretreatments, AFEX retains most of the hemicelluloses in the biomass and therefore requires a more complex suite of enzymes for efficient hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose at industrially relevant high solids loadings. One strategy to reduce enzyme dosage while improving cocktail effectiveness for AFEX treated biomass has been to use individually purified enzymes to determine optimal enzyme combinations to maximize hydrolysis yields. However, this approach is limited by the selection of heterologous enzymes available or the labor required for isolating low abundance enzymes directly from the microbial secretomes. Here, we show that directly blending crude cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes-rich microbial secretomes can maximize specific activity on AFEX treated biomass without having to isolate individual enzymes. Fourteen commercially available cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes were procured from leading enzyme companies (Novozymes®, Genencor®, and Biocatalysts®) and were mixed together to generate several hundred unique cocktail combinations. The mixtures were assayed for activity on AFEX treated corn stover (AFEX-CS) using a previously established high-throughput methodology. The optimal enzyme blend combinations identified from these screening assays were enriched in various low abundance hemicellulases and accessory enzymes typically absent in most commercial cellulases cocktails. Our simple approach of blending crude commercially available enzyme cocktails allowed a drastic four-fold reduction in total enzyme requirements (from 30 to 7.5 mg enzyme/g glucan loading) to achieve near-theoretical cellulose and hemicellulose saccharification yields for AFEX treated corn stover.
Abstract 151: MCL-1 Promotes Mitochondrial Fusion and Survival in Cardiac Myocytes

Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is an anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein that is highly expressed in myocardium, but little is known about its function in myocytes. Recently, we reported that MCL-1 is essential for myocardial homeostasis and autophagy. Cardiac-specific deletion of MCL-1 in mice led to rapid mitochondrial dysfunction, hypertrophy, and lethal cardiomyopathy. Despite extensive mitochondrial damage, MCL-1 deficient hearts failed to activate mitochondrial autophagy. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, normally translocates to damaged mitochondria to promote mitochondrial autophagy, but loss of MCL-1 resulted in cytosolic accumulation of Parkin. However, we found no evidence that MCL-1 functions as a mitochondrial Parkin receptor or substrate. Instead, loss of MCL-1 reduced mitochondrial accumulation of PINK1, which is involved in Parkin recruitment. Additionally, we identified mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) and matrix isoforms of MCL-1 in mouse hearts and found that the two forms respond differently to ischemic injury. Four hours after myocardial infarction, MCL-1OM levels were reduced by 40% in border zone tissue. After 24 hours, MCL-1OM levels returned to baseline. Meanwhile, MCL-1Matrix levels were preserved at four hours, and increased significantly compared to control 24 hours after infarction. These changes correlated with increased expression of HSP70, a chaperone protein that stabilizes MCL-1 and participates in import of mitochondrial proteins. Overexpression of MCL-1Matrix promoted mitochondrial fusion in fibroblasts under baseline conditions and protected cells against FCCP-mediated mitochondrial fission. While 94.1% (1269 of 1349) of control cells exhibited fragmented mitochondria after two hours of FCCP treatment, mitochondria were only fragmented in 41.3% (391 of 947) of cells overexpressing MCL-1Matrix. These data suggest MCL-1 isoforms play different roles in the cellular stress response. MCL-1OM protects against apoptosis, whereas MCL-1Matrix protects mitochondria by promoting fusion. In addition, upregulation of HSP70 may preserve mitochondrial function and cell viability in damaged cardiac myocytes by increasing the stability and mitochondrial import of MCL-1.
Principles of Thermal Ablation

Within the field of local–regional hepatic therapies, the area of thermal ablation plays an important role. First conceptualized in the 1840s, thermal ablation greatly expanded after the advent of cross-sectional imaging. These techniques are generally used for patients with unresectable and borderline resectable disease, which may be due to the size, number, or location of the liver tumors, or for patients judged inoperable due to the patient’s poor health. These methods have thus become an integral part of the treatment armamentarium for liver-directed therapy. All techniques presented in this chapter can be used for either primary or metastatic hepatic malignancies, and can also be used in combination with other therapies to maximize effectiveness. Thermal ablation methods are divided into hyper- and hypothermic techniques, depending on the temperature delivered. They are further divided based on the method used for developing a temperature differential. Hyperthermic techniques include radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), whereas cryoablation is the sole technique that uses hypothermia. Below is a description of each of these ablation methods and how they ablate tumor, along with a review of the technical and clinical considerations that must be made when deciding to employ one of these modalities.
Productivity enhancement strategies in North American automotive industry

The aim of this study is to define a robust estimation model of the most dominant labour productivity measurement, Hours per Vehicle (HPV), in the auto industry. Data utilised in this study were from 10 different multinational North American carmakers from 1999 to 2007. Through a comprehensive literature review and practical consideration, 13 important variables that affect HPV were defined and developed. Several robust and advanced statistical methods were utilised to determine the best possible HPV regression equations. The MM estimator, multiple M-estimator, was defined as the best method to perform the data analysis and to derive the robust regression model to estimate HPV. Depending on the car class, the vehicle variety, model types, annual working days, car assembly utilisation and launching a new model penalise HPV; however, annual production volume, flexible manufacturing and year of production improve HPV. Moreover, Japanese plants are the benchmark regarding HPV followed by joint ventures, and A...
Beyond Recidivism: Exploring the Predictive Validity of a Correctional Risk Assessment Tool on Offender Victimization:

A vast body of past research on correctional risk assessment instruments supports their validity in predicting measures of recidivism across diverse offender population samples. Despite similarities in the risk factors for victimization and offending, little is known about whether the generalizability of these actuarial tools can be extended beyond recidivism to predict victimization measures as well. Utilizing a sample of approximately 1,900 recently released male and female prisoners, this study examined whether measures of risk drawn from the Level of Service Inventory–Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R:SV) could predict one’s risk of victimization. Analyses provide evidence that the risk scores and levels were significantly related to both recidivism and victimization. Policy and prevention implications for correctional assessment and offender treatment are discussed.
A purely Lagrangian method for simulating the shallow water equations on a sphere using smooth particle hydrodynamics

Abstract It has long been suggested that a purely Lagrangian solution to global-scale atmospheric/oceanic flows can potentially outperform tradition Eulerian schemes. Meanwhile, a demonstration of a scalable and practical framework remains elusive. Motivated by recent progress in particle-based methods when applied to convection dominated flows, this work presents a fully Lagrangian method for solving the inviscid shallow water equations on a rotating sphere in a smooth particle hydrodynamics framework. To avoid singularities at the poles, the governing equations are solved in Cartesian coordinates, augmented with a Lagrange multiplier to ensure that fluid particles are constrained to the surface of the sphere. An underlying grid in spherical coordinates is used to facilitate efficient neighbor detection and parallelization. The method is applied to a suite of canonical test cases, and conservation, accuracy, and parallel performance are assessed.
The Positives and Negatives of NPR: A Unifying Model for Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plants

Salicylic acid (SA) is a potent inducer of defense gene expression in plants, but how SA activates transcription has been controversial. In this issue of Cell, Ding et al. show that the SA-binding proteins NPR3 and NPR4 function as transcriptional co-repressors, with this activity being blocked by SA.
Feedback remapping and the cortical control of movement

Motor cortex in the primate brain controls movement at a complex level. For example, electrical stimulation of motor cortex on a behavioral time scale can elicit multi-joint movements that resemble common gestures in the monkey’s behavioral repertoire. How is this complex control accomplished? It was once hypothesized that motor cortex contains a topographic, one-to-one map from points in cortex to muscles. It is now well known that the topography contains a considerable degree of overlap and that the mapping between points in cortex and muscles is many-to-many. However, can a fixed, many-to-many map account for the complex manner in which motor cortex appears to control movement? Recent experiments suggest that the mapping between cortex and muscles may be of a higher order than a fixed, many-to-many map; it may continuously change depending on proprioceptive feedback from the limb. This “feedback remapping” may be a fundamental aspect of motor control, allowing motor cortex to flexibly control almost any high-level or low-level aspect of movement.
Introduction: Language, Tense, and Ontology

“The main dispute in the philosophy of time,” writes one recent combatant, “is about the status of the present.”1 Is the present an objective, independent feature of reality or is it merely a subjective feature of consciousness or, at best, a purely relational feature of events? Is time characterized by objective tense determinations like pastness, presentness, and futurity, or are the moments of time ordered only by tenseless relations like earlier than, simultaneous with,and later than? Since J. M. E. McTaggart first distinguished clearly between these two kinds of time, labeling them the A- and B-series respectively, philosophers of time have found it useful to adopt McTaggart’s nomenclature, referring to theories of tensed time as A-Theories and theories of tenseless time as B-Theories. One of the most hotly contested issues in the struggle between A-theorists and B-theorists concerns the alleged ineliminability of tense from language or thought and the implications which this has for the nature of time. Accordingly in this section we shall consider what implications linguistic tense has for an adequate ontology of time.
The Biology of Late-Life Depression

Current evidence suggests that depression is clearly not a single entity but a syndrome characterized by a broad spectrum of symptom type and severity, and chronicity of illness. Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders in the geriatric population, though figures of prevalence have ranged from 5 to 44% depending on the method of identification (Blazer & Williams, 1980). Interestingly, data from the ECA study revealed that the lifetime prevalence of depression was four times lower in persons aged 65 years or older than in individuals aged 25 to 44 at the time of the ECA (Myers, Weissman, Tischer, et al., 1984). However, Berkman et al. (1986) obtained data to support the view that the presence of significant depressive symptoms, but not major depression, are more frequent among the elderly. In that study only 1–2% of the subjects fulfilled DSM III criteria for major depression but more than 10% had depressive symptoms. It is unclear at the present time whether those depressive symptoms are largely due to psychosocial factors, biological factors, or a combination of the two. Several investigators have suggested that depression in late life is a distinct entity from depression in early life. Genetic predisposition seems to play only a modest role in the aethiopathogenesis of geriatric depression when compared with a younger age group (Hopkinson, 1964; Mendlewicz, 1976).
Surgical Measures in Prevention of Recurrent Variceal Bleeding

Surgical therapy for variceal bleeding is one component of the spectrum of treatment options required to manage patients with such a condition. The surgical choices are total shunts, selective shunts, devascularization procedures, and liver transplantation. The key to selection of appropriate surgical therapy is a full evaluation once the patient is stabilized from the acute bleeding episode. Patients with end-stage liver disease should be considered for a liver transplant, and those with stable liver disease and adequate function should be considered for selective shunt. Patients who rebleed through sclerotherapy should be managed by the best surgical rescue available to the managing team of physicians.
Inter-Comparison of Solar Radiation from Different Data Sources: Case of Some Algerian Sites

Many studies have been conducted in recent years, dealing in general with solar energy assessment in Algeria and solar radiation evaluation in particular. In our study, an intercomparison of different sources of solar radiation we have used in previous studies was achieved. In fact, as an input, data obtained from PVGIS database, from modelling using Angstrom-Prescott relation and from RETScreen® software database were used in order to perform the comparison. Meanwhile, for the validation, measured data for five (05) locations across the country were used in order to make comparison to those given by PVGIS, RETScreen® and Angstrom model. The confrontation showed that data contained in the RETScreen® database fits the best among others. The present contribution could give an important information and feedback, for future investments in the solar sector in the country. In fact, recently, the government within the framework of the Algerian programme for renewable energy has increased its goal concerning the electricity production from renewable, which is now set to 25,000 Megawatts to be installed by 2030, with 13,575 MW of capacity for solar photovoltaic. Therefore, a reliable assessment is needed to be carried out before achieving any solar plant.
Dual-Energy CT Urography With 50% Reduced Iodine Dose Versus Single-Energy CT Urography With Standard Iodine Dose

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare dual-energy CT (DECT) urography with a 50% reduced iodine dose to single-energy CT (SECT) urography with a standard iodine dose with respect to a...
National survey and outcomes of resident-performed cataract surgery in monocular patients in the United States.

Purpose To identify nationwide policies surrounding cataract surgery in monocular patients and compare outcomes of those surgeries between residents and attending surgeons. Setting Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Method Cataract surgery educators across the United States were surveyed on their policies concerning residents performing cataract surgery on monocular patients. A second survey assessed resident opinions on performing surgery in such patients. In addition, a retrospective chart review was performed of all monocular patients (n = 72) who had resident-performed and attending-performed cataract surgery at the same academic institution. Results Forty-seven residency programs responded to the survey. Although the majority of cataract surgery educators from these programs thought it was ethical for residents to perform cataract surgery on monocular patients, only 18 programs (38.3%) had implemented specific policies. The resident survey response rate was 39.1%. Residents were more anxious and did more preparation for monocular cases than for routine cataract surgery cases. Analysis of the comparative case series found intraoperative complications (9.7% versus 5.6%; P = .37) and postoperative visual outcomes were comparable between resident and attending surgeon monocular cases. The resident status of the surgeon was not predictive of an increased risk for complications (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-7.55; P = .99). Conclusions Although most educators and resident trainees deemed resident-performed cataract surgery on monocular patients to be acceptable, the majority of residency programs did not have specific guidelines for residents performing surgery on such patients. Outcomes of resident-performed cataract surgeries on monocular patients at the same institution were comparable to surgeries performed by attending surgeons.
Study of Liquid and Vapor Phases of a GDI Spray

ABSTRACTGasoline direct injection (GDI) systems have become dominant in passenger cars due to their flexibility in the fuel managing and the consequent advantages in the fuel economy. With the incr...
The Classification of Representational Forms

Knowledge access and ease of problem-solving, using technology or not, depends upon our choice of representation. Because of our unique facility with language and pictures, these two descriptions a...
Time for a Tax Return Filing Fee

The IRS faces the monumental task of verifying, to the extent possible, the tax consequences reported on the hundreds of millions of tax returns filed each year. It does so with meager and shrinking resources. Some taxpayers burden the filing system more than others. At one extreme, a taxpayer who earns only income that is subject to third-party reporting and withholding and who claims the standard deduction adds very little to the IRS’s burden. At the other end of the extreme, a large business engaged in numerous complex transactions the tax treatment of which are not free from doubt demands significant resources if that taxpayer’s claimed tax outcomes are fully examined. In light of this landscape, this Article makes the novel proposal that Congress require payment of a tax return filing fee by some taxpayers. The amount of the fee would vary based on some of the factors that make each taxpayer more or less difficult to audit, with carve-outs for difficult-to-audit items that are disproportionately claimed by lower-income individuals. The goals of the proposal are three: first, to make the system fairer, second, to raise additional revenue, and third, to improve efficiency by encouraging taxpayers to take into account the costs imposed on the tax administration system by their complex transactions.
Principles of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of childhood motor disability, affecting 2 to 3/1000 children worldwide. Clinical abnormalities in tone, posture, and movement are the result of brain dysgenesis or injury early in life, and impairment varies in type, distribution, and in severity. The underlying brain disorder may also lead to other associated neurologic and systemic impairments. Variability in functional impairments, which can change during development, necessitates an individualized treatment plan. Treatment options are primarily symptomatic and directed toward optimizing independence, function, and/or ease of care-while limiting side effects. New promising disease-preventing and modifying treatments are emerging.
Erratum to: Poincaré constraints on celestial amplitudes

We provide corrections to equations (5.31), (5.32) and (5.33) in the original manuscript. The corrections remove typos due to which some terms in the results were omitted. The concepts, derivation strategy and conclusions remain unchanged.
The utility of college student samples in research on trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review.

Abstract There is a widespread notion of the ‘college sophomore problem’ in social science research that posits that college student samples are samples of convenience with little generalizability to the general population. To address this concern, we conducted a critical review of the literature on college student samples in trauma research. Specifically, we reviewed how college student samples differ from non-college samples in four key areas of trauma research: (1) exposure rates to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), (2) prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, (3) factor structure of PTSD symptoms, and (4) PTSD’s relation with common markers, correlates, and consequences. Lastly, we discussed the value and advantages of using college student samples in trauma research. Results of the critical review indicated similar trends of trauma-related findings (Points 1–4) between college student samples and both U.S. nationally collected and treatment-seeking samples; specifically, we identified a comparable lifetime PTE exposure rate, comparable rates of PTSD, a comparable factor structure of PTSD symptoms, and a comparable pattern of associations between PTSD symptoms and post-trauma markers/correlates/consequences. Although trauma-exposed college student samples are biased in some key areas, they may be no more biased than other commonly used trauma samples (e.g. epidemiological, treatment-seeking). Results of this critical review highlight the need to re-examine potentially unfounded biases on the part of the trauma research community, as well as the need to consider advantages of using college student samples in trauma research.
Anthropocene: Transdisciplinary Shorthand for Human Disruption of the Earth System

Increasingly, deliberations to potentially add the Anthropocene to the Geological Time Scale in recognition of humanity’s environmental impacts and stratigraphic record are attracting interest from non-geological disciplines and the news media. The 35 member Anthropocene Working Group, a constituent body of the International Commission on Stratigraphy, recently concluded that the worldwide fallout of radionuclides from atomic bomb testing in the mid-20th century best defines the base of the Anthropocene. With a search for the optimal ‘golden spike’ locality in progress as a key step toward any ratification by the International Union of Geological Sciences, there are widely held views outside of geological circles that the Anthropocene is already designated as an epoch. Regardless of its eventual formal or informal standing, this article opines that the term Anthropocene has become valuable shorthand for recognizing humanity as the dominant species which, in a geological nanosecond, has extensively detached itself from the Earth System, endangering the future of both. Accordingly, this article urges the entire geological profession to engage with the work of the Anthropocene Working Group and, as the originator of the term, to coalesce its activities with those of other disciplines concerned with environmental health and linked human health challenges. RESUMEDe plus en plus, les deliberations visant a eventuellement ajouter l'Anthropocene a l'echelle du temps geologique en reconnaissance des impacts environnementaux de l'humanite et des donnees stratigraphiques suscitent l'interet des disciplines non geologiques et des medias. Les 35 membres du Groupe de travail sur l'Anthropocene, un organe constitutif de la Commission internationale de stratigraphie, ont recemment conclu que les retombees mondiales des radionucleides resultant des essais de bombes atomiques au milieu du XXe siecle definissent le mieux la base de l'Anthropocene. Avec la recherche de la localite de reference optimale du « clou d'or » en cours comme etape cle vers toute ratification par l'Union internationale des sciences geologiques, il existe des opinions largement partagees en dehors des cercles geologiques selon lesquelles l'Anthropocene est deja designe comme une epoque. Independamment de sa position finale formelle ou informelle, cet article estime que le terme Anthropocene est devenu un raccourci precieux pour reconnaitre l'humanite comme l'espece dominante qui, dans une nanoseconde geologique, s'est largement dissocie du systeme terrestre, mettant en danger l'avenir des deux. Par consequent, cet article exhorte l'ensemble de la profession geologique a s'engager dans les travaux du Groupe de travail sur l'Anthropocene et, en tant que createur du terme, a fusionner ses activites avec celles d'autres disciplines concernees par la sante environnementale et les defis lies a la sante humaine.
2D dynamic ionization simulation from ultrashort pulses in multilayer dielectric interference coatings

The interaction of ultrafast laser pulses and dielectric materials has been under intensive research for improvement of laser induced damage of optics for high intensity lasers. A 2D model based on Keldysh photoionization and finite-different time-domain (FDTD) algorithm are used to simulate the ionization processes in multilayer interference coatings, taking nonlinear photoionization, impact ionization, and plasma collision into account. Simulation and experimental results of bulk fused silica with different pulse durations and angles of incidence are compared and discussed. We also simulated the interaction of a 40-layer SiO2/Ta2O5 high reflective interference coating designed for 45° angle of incidence and a p-polarized 5-fs pulse at a wavelength of 800 nm, and the damage threshold of the coating is estimated.
Theoretical investigation of the signal performance of HgI 2 x-ray converters incorporating a Frisch grid structure at mammographic energies.

Active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) suffer from decreased detective quantum efficiency under conditions of low dose per image frame (such as for digital breast tomosynthesis, fluoroscopy and cone-beam CT) due to low signal compared to the additive electronic noise. One way to address this challenge is to introduce a high-gain x-ray converter called particle-in-binder mercuric iodide (PIB HgI2) which exhibits 3 to 10 times higher x-ray sensitivity compared to that of a-Se and CsI:Tl converters employed in commercial AMFPI systems. However, a remaining challenge for practical implementation of PIB HgI2 is the high level of image lag, which is believed to largely originate from the trapping of holes. Towards addressing this challenge, this paper reports a theoretical investigation of the use of a Frisch grid structure embedded in the converter to suppress hole signal - which would be expected to reduce image lag. The grid acts as a third electrode sandwiched between a continuous top electrode and pixelated bottom electrodes having a 100 µm pitch. Signal properties of such a detector are investigated as a function of VDR (the ratio of the voltage difference between the electrodes in the region below the grid to that above the grid), grid pitch (the center-to-center distance between two neighboring grid wires) and RGRID (the ratio of grid wire width to grid pitch) for mammographic x-ray energies. The results show that smaller grid pitch suppresses hole signal to a higher degree (up to ~96%) while a larger gap between grid wires and higher VDR provide minimally impeded electron transport. Examination of the tradeoff between maximizing electron signal and minimizing hole signal indicates that a grid design having a grid pitch of 20 µm with RGRID of 50% and 65% provides hole signal suppression of ~93% and ~95% for VDR of 1 and 3, respectively.
All Wealth Is Not Created Equal: Race, Parental Net Worth, and Children’s Achievement

Using data from the children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, spanning 1986 to 2014, we investigated whether White, Black, and Hispanic children whose parents had the same wealth, measured as net worth, have equal math and reading achievement trajectories from age five through fourteen. Black and Hispanic children often had significantly worse scores than same-wealth Whites. We also found racial variation, to the disadvantage of Blacks and Hispanics relative to same-wealth Whites, in measures of family demographic context and financial portfolio composition, both of which research has linked to children’s achievement. Whereas previous research has found that structural racial inequality contributes to racial differences in wealth, we find evidence of similar processes in same-wealth comparisons that have potential implications for children’s academic success.
Research on Construction Method of Micropiles in Transmission Lines

With the development of the national economy, the available land for industrial construction is becoming more and more restricted, and the paths of transmission lines and transformation projects mostly pass through regions with complex geological conditions such as mountains. The drilling micropiles foundation of transmission lines can be widely used in mountainous areas because of its strong adaptability. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics of micropiles foundation construction method and puts forward the construction process and operation points.
Access to liver transplantation for minority populations in the United States.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Racial disparities in access to liver transplantation have been known since the National Transplant Act of 1980. Since the inception of the Final Rule in 2000, the United Network of Organ Sharing has sought to ensure the equitable distribution of donor livers. Despite several measures aimed to improve access for vulnerable populations, disparities in outcomes are still prevalent throughout the liver transplant (LT) evaluation, while on the waitlist, and after liver transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Blacks and Hispanics are underrepresented on the LT list and have an increased waitlist mortality rate compared to Whites. Additionally, Blacks have a significantly higher risk of posttransplant mortality. SUMMARY Ongoing efforts are necessary to eliminate inequities in transplant access. Strategies such as policy implementation and increasing diversity in the healthcare workforce may prove efficacious in creating change.
Going against the Norm: A Mixed Methods Analysis of College Students' Arguments against the College Drinking Culture.

College alcohol beliefs (e.g. “College is a time for experimentation with alcohol”) are highly predictive of heavy drinking and its consequences. Yet, current college alcohol interventions do not a...
Influence of Geographic Distance on CNN Generalization for Satellite Image Classification

The remote sensing research community is grappling with methods to produce training data that are sufficiently representative of large areas to which they want to scale up their machine learning models for image classification. Effective generalization, will allow land cover classification models trained in data-rich regions to be applied to data-poor regions, with minimal increases in error. This study investigated cross-location generalization through model transfer of convolutional neural networks (CNN), in a series of experiments spread across eight counties within the Chesapeake Bay Catchment. The model transfer was effective (> 80% accuracy), even with as little training as 80/class, across distances up to 600 km. Classification accuracy and to a lesser extent, image similarity in CNN feature space, decreased with geographic distance, but are not the overriding factors governing model transfer.
Questions to be Answered

The interest-group theory of government is based upon the premise that a major portion of governmental activity is devoted to the transfer of resources among citizens. Some citizens are net winners in this process and some are net losers. Moreover, the wealth-transfer process is not a simple process in which well-organized and wealthy producers increase their wealth through legislation at the expense of widely dispersed and poorly organized consumers. The more generally correct characterization of the wealth-transfer process does not pit consumers against producers but allows each economic unit to seek transfers from the other units in the economy-polity. Our primary interest in this process will be to analyze the role of the political representative in brokering transfers among the various groups in a society.
Use of the Woodcock-Johnson III within the Context of a Modern Operational Definition of Learning Disability

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the use of the Woodcock–Johnson III within the context of a modern operational definition of learning. The Woodcock–Johnson III (WJ III) measures a wide range of theory-based abilities and processes, and therefore, can be used effectively to evaluate individuals suspected of having a learning disability (LD). Although the WJ III provides many of the tools that are necessary for conducting the type of comprehensive evaluation of functioning that is required to identify and diagnose LDs, the manner in which these tools are used varies widely. In the LD field, it has long been recognized that such tools must be used within the context of an operational definition of LD. When the criteria at each level of the operational definition are met, it says that the WJ III data gathered are sufficient to support a diagnosis of LD. The operational definition presented in this chapter provides a guide to the process of using and interpreting the WJ III effectively within the context of LD referrals. Because the specifications and procedures implied by this definition are grounded in the same theory and research that guided the development of the WJ III, this instrument is particularly well suited for use in LD evaluations that subscribe to operational definition of Flanagan et al (2002).
Harriet E. Wilson

Very little is known about the life of Harriet E. Wilson, the first African American female novelist and author of Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black. After its first printing in 1859, the novel and its author disappeared from American literary consciousness. In 1983, Henry Louis Gates reintroduced Wilson and her text to American readers. Three letters included in the original appendix of Our Nig provide some biographical details about Wilson. The text of Our Nig can also be mined for information on Wilson. However, scholars emphasize that the novel cannot be read as purely autobiographical.
π-Complexes of the transition metals : XVII. Benzylchromium

The reactions and reacting ratios of benzylmagnesium chloride and chromium(III) chloride have been examined in detail. The appearance or absence of the overall products after hydrolysis namely, hydrogen, bibenzyl, toluene, 2-benzyltoluene, π-(2-benzyltoluene)-π-toluene-chromium(I) and trans-stilbene depends critically on stoichiometry, temperature, mode of addition and solvent. Hydrogen transfer processes within organochromium complexes are uniquely involved in coordinative synthesis.
Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) on hematopoietic progenitors

The distribution of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for lymphocyte function antigen-1, on hematopoietic tissue was determined using the anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody CL203.4 with flow cytometry and short-term semi-solid hematopoietic progenitor cultures. After timed incubation in media with fetal bovine serum, 29% of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), 24% of erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E), and 52% of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) bone marrow progenitors expressed ICAM-1. This finding, which is consistent with the detection of ICAM-1 on acute non-lymphoblastic leukemic blasts, is at variance with recent reports. ICAM-1 was also detected on bone marrow blasts, proerythroblasts, promyelocytes, and cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage, but was not detected on erythroblasts, normoblasts, neutrophilic myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands, or on most lymphocytes. These results indicate that maturation of cells of the erythroid and myeloid lineage is associated with loss of ICAM-1. The distribution of ICAM-1 on bone marrow progenitors, early precursor cells, and accessory cells in conjunction with the function of this molecule in cell-cell interactions suggests that ICAM-1 may play a role in the cell-cell and cell-stromal interactions that regulate hematopoiesis.
Synthetic Biology: Does Re-Writing Nature Require Re-Writing Regulation?

Technological advancements in the life sciences are continually pressing forward despite frequent and vocal resistance. Examples of such advancements include reproductive technologies, genetics, stem cell research, nanotechnology, and now synthetic biology. In May 2010, the J. Craig Venter Institute, a multidisciplinary scientific organization led by one of the first scientists to sequence the human genome, announced in the journal Science the creation of the first synthetic cell — a man-made, single-celled organism with the ability to self-replicate. While hailed as a monumental step forward for science, the response from opponents was swift: stop the science from going forward, keep the products off the market, and protect society from the inherent and unknown risks. Recognizing that there are measurable and important differences among advancements in the life sciences in terms of the touchstone risk-benefit dichotomy, this article will examine some promising synthetic biology developments in the medical realm in order to assess the application and performance of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory framework. It concludes that the FDA is well equipped to assess and implement protections for products that fit into the traditional clinical trial, review and approval, and post-market regime. However, unlike other developments in the life sciences, synthetic biology poses potential environmental problems not previously contemplated by the limited life-cycle inquiry undertaken by the FDA, suggesting that it may be necessary to reassess the regulation of medical products using synthetic biology techniques.
Probabilistic model to predict movement pattern in geospatial data

The task of trying to determine the movement pattern of objects based on available databases is a daunting one. Tracking the movement of these dynamic objects is important in different areas to understand the higher order patterns of movement that carry special meaning for a target application. However this is still a largely unsolved problem and recent work has focused on the relationships of moving point objects with stationary objects or landmarks on a map. Global Position System (GPS) is a widely used satellite-based navigation system. Popular use of these devices has produced large collections of data, some of which have been archived. These archived data sets and sometimes real time GPS data are now readily available over the internet and their analysis through computational methods can generate meaningful insights. These insights when applied appropriately can be used in everyday life. The purpose of this paper is to propose a probabilistic framework, which determines the probability of a new routing pattern using previous patterns.
Effects of Photoperiod and Subcutaneous Melatonin Implants on the Reproductive Status of Adult White‐footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

The reproductive consequences of photoperiod and melatonin administration were compared in adult white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Animals were exposed either to a long photoperlod (16 hours of light:8 hours of dark) with and without subcutaneous melatonin—beeswax implants or to a short photoperiod (8 hours of light:16 hours of dark) for six weeks. Following treatment with either a short photoperiod or melatonin, testicular weights and volumes as well as plasma testosterone levels were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced relative to animals maintained under long daily photoperiods without melatonln Implants. Under the conditions of the present study, chronic melatonin administration is as repressive to the reproductive status as is a short photoperlod in adult white-footed mice.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease With Unusual Finding Of Significant CSF Pleocytosis (P5.232)

Case description: A 47 year-old-Caucasian man with history of hypertension and hepatitis C presented with history of being forgetful, headache over past eight weeks. Neurological exam showed stuporous patient with spontaneous and stimulus induced myoclonic jerks. Reflexes were 2+ throughout with downgoing toes. Cerebellar and gait exam were not performed due to mental status. EEG revealed mild to moderate encephalopathy without epileptiform discharges. The analysis of CSF revealed 488 RBCs and 51 WBC per cubic ml with elevated 14-3-3 protein. Differential was not performed due to prion precaution. CSF cultures and infectious serology were negative. Imaging revealed diffusion restriction cortical ribbon pattern parietal, occipital and temporal lobes without associated enhancement. Right frontal lobe cortical biopsy showed extensive spongiform changes with granular deposit on immunostaining indicative of prion disease. Discussion: CJD presents as rapidly progressive dementia.Symptoms of CJD may vary widely but often include cognitive deficits, behavioral and personality changes, difficulties with movement and coordination and visual symptoms(Spero & Lazibat, 2010). CSF analysis is often performed in patients with suspected CJD to exclude treatable inflammatory conditions. Presence of CSF pleocytosis in excess of 20 cells per cubic ml has been suggested as cut off for an alternative diagnosis(Green et al., 2007).To date, only 2 CJD cases have been reported with CSF pleocytosis greater than 20significant pleocytosis (71 and 62 WBC per cubic ml)(Bui et al., 2008).Our patient had a typical clinical presentation but unusual CSF findings. Work up for inflammatory, infectious and paraneoplastic and autoimmune conditions was unrevealing. Brain biopsy is useful tool in suspected CJD (Heinemann et al., 2008).He underwent brain biopsy given inflammatory CSF profile to rule out CJD mimics. Conclusion: Although rare, CJD may be associated with significant CSF pleocytosis. Disclosure: Dr. Rawal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Uhrig has nothing to disclose. Dr. Almeida has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fathallah-Shaykh has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for the Archives of Neurology.
Occupational lower airway disease in relation to World Trade Center inhalation exposure.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize the knowledge about the occupational lower airway diseases that seem related to exposures at the World Trade Center disaster site.Recent findingsThose diseases have been characterized as irritant-induced asthma, chronic nonspecific bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis/smal
Accurate matrix-free time-domain method in three-dimensional unstructured meshes

We develop an accurate 3-D matrix-free time-domain method independent of the element shape used for discretization. The accuracy and stability of the proposed method are shown to be theoretically guaranteed. No dual mesh is needed. The tangential continuity of the fields is satisfied across the element interface. Numerical experiments on unstructured 3-D meshes with arbitrarily shaped tetrahedron and triangular prism elements have validated the accuracy and generality of the proposed method.
Finite element modeling of asymmetric and transient flowfields during physical vapor transport

We validate a finite element analysis created in FIDAP for the solution of the complex-coupled equations which describe physical vapor transport (PVT). PVT is a common method used to produce certain types of materials including semiconductors. Experimental and computational evidence suggests that the PVT growth process exhibits both asymmetric and transient oscillatory flowfield behavior. Results demonstrate various transient regimes, each with its own evolution towards an asymmetric flow structure. In addition, oscillatory flowfields which would greatly affect product quality have been numerically captured. Comparisons with theoretical and numerical results indicate that the finite element model is capable of predicting both steady-state asymmetric and transient flowfields which validates the numerical model for these complex flows.
Crystal and magma residence at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: 230Th–226Ra dating of the 1955 east rift eruption

Abstract Previous estimates of crustal storage time of magmas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, range from a few years to a few thousand years, leading to considerable uncertainty in the time scales of processes of magmatic storage and differentiation. We present a new approach for determining minimum magma residence times which involves dating phenocrysts in a magma using 226Ra–230Th disequilibria, and apply this approach to the early phase of the 1955 east rift eruption at Kilauea. When fractionation of Ra from Ba (a proxy for initial Ra in the crystals) during crystal growth is considered along with the effects of inclusions in the minerals, the data are consistent with co-precipitation of plagioclase and clinopyroxene from a melt represented by the groundmass at a mean age of 1000+300−400 a. Unless a significant fraction (>30%) of the crystals are remnants from an earlier batch of evolved magma in the system, these data constrain the minimum magmatic residence time to be ∼550 yr, considerably longer than most previous estimates of storage time at Kilauea as well as those for some other basaltic systems. For the temperature interval of augite+plagioclase growth in the early 1955 magma, a maximum constant cooling rate of 0.1°C/yr (1×10−5°C/h) is derived from the minimum magmatic residence time of 550 yr. The total magma storage time would be >2500 yr if this cooling rate applied to the entire thermal history of the magma, although a more complex cooling history where cooling rates were more rapid early in the storage history is permissive of a total residence time which is not much longer than 550 yr. The disparate estimates of magma residence at Kilauea may reflect the uncertainties in the methods of estimation in addition to true variations in storage time for different batches of magma. More work is necessary in order to determine whether a long residence time is characteristic of rift zone lavas and/or of Kilauean lavas in general.