cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase II trial of 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene (MGI-114, irofulven) in patients with advanced non-small cell cancer previously treated with chemotherapy

Purpose: To test the efficacy and safety ofthe novel antitumor agent MGI-114 (NSC 683863) in patientswith advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previouslytreated with chemotherapy. Methods: A two-stageaccrual design was used to ensure detection of a true responserate of at least 20% with a type I error of .04.Eligible patients received 11 mg/m2 daily for fiveconsecutive days. Cycles were repeated every 28 days.Results: Fifteen patients received a total of 34cycles of MGI-114. All patients had a performance status of 0or 1. Eleven patients had previously received carboplatin andpaclitaxel +/− radiation. Two patients had receivedcisplatin and CPT-11, one patient had received weeklypaclitaxel, and one patient had received carboplatin anddocetaxel. None of the first 15 patients enrolled experiencedobjective tumor response, and the study was closed. Fortypercent of patients developed ≥ grade 2 thrombocytopenia.Grade 3 nausea and ≥ grade 2 vomiting were observed in40% and 47% of patients respectively.Thirty-three percent of patients experienced ≥ grade 2fatigue. Conclusions: MGI-114, at this dose andschedule, does not have significant activity as second linetherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC.
One-push sharing: Facilitating picture sharing from camera phones

We present a “one-push” sharing feature for camera phones that allows camera phone owners to easily email pictures from their camera phone. Our approach compares favorably to that of camera phones today, which require users to navigate through a tedious series of menus. This work was the result of examining current camera phone use and designing a feature that facilitates the ways camera phones are used. The design was refined by feedback in an iterative design process. We discuss the rationale behind this feature, describe a camera application we implemented with this one-push sharing feature, and present some of the feedback users gave us during the iterative design process.
Oral Nicotinic Acid for Hyperlipemia* With Emphasis on Side Effects

Abstract 1. (1) In our experience nicotinic acid given orally is probably the most effective method known to lower blood lipids. 2. (2) Many of its side effects are undesirable and may prevent its use in about one-third of the candidates for lipid lowering agents. 3. (3) No conclusions have been drawn concerning its effect on atherogenesis.
Polarographic assays of respiratory chain complex activity.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an approach that has been developed to determine the control that cytochrome c oxidase (COX) exerts on the rate of endogenous respiration in intact cells, as well as a method for analysis of oxidative phosphorylation in permeabilized cells. The experimental procedures described in the chapter are based on polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption. KCN titration of COX activity in intact cells can be applied to intact cells to study the control exerted by COX on endogenous respiration. In particular, the isolated COX activity is titrated with KCN after inhibiting the upstream segment of the respiratory chain with antimycin A and reducing the endogenous cytochrome c pool with tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine, a membrane-permeant, one-equivalent electron donor, in the presence of an excess of ascorbate as the primary reducing agent. The titration curve thus determined is, then, compared to the KCN titration curve of the endogenous respiration, where the COX activity participates as a respiratory chain-integrated step.
Uncertainty analysis based on sensitivities generated using automatic differentiation

The objective is to determine confidence limits for the outputs of a mathematical model of a physical system that consists of many interacting computer codes. Each code has many modules that receive inputs, write outputs, and depend on parameters. Several of the outputs of the system of codes can be compared to sensor measurements. The outputs of the system are uncertain because the inputs and parameters of the system are uncertain. The method uses sensitivities to propagate uncertainties from inputs to outputs through the complex chain of modules. Furthermore, the method consistently combines sensor measurements with model outputs to simultaneously obtain best estimates for model parameters and reduce uncertainties in model outputs. The method was applied to a test case where ADIFOR2 was used to calculate sensitivities for the radiation transport code MODTRAN.
Decreasing Phosphatidylcholine on the Surface of the Lipid Droplet Alters Protein Binding

Excess lipid is stored in an intracellular organelle known as the lipid droplet. While the core of the lipid droplet is rich in neutral lipids, the surface is primarily comprised of two phospholipi...
Cognitive and Moral Obstacles to Imputation

The imputation of responsibility can be a grave matter. When we engage in the activity of imputation we often do so, not merely to satisfy intellectual curiosity or otherwise to amuse ourselves, but rather to set in motion powerful institutional and psychological mechanisms—mechanisms of blame and condemnation, of stigmatization and ostracism, of resentment and hatred, and—in the law—of such coercive state responses as criminal punishment. Judgments of responsibility can devastate the lives of those to whom they are directed, and can tempt those who make them to give vent to some of the basest passions within their own personalities. Small wonder, then, that Nietzsche warned us to “mistrust all those in whom the impulse to punish is powerful.”2
Insights into the growth of basement uplifts deduced from a study of fracture systems in the San Rafael monocline, east central Utah

[1] We examined networks of joints, small faults, and minor cleavage exposed in the lower parts of the Jurassic Carmel Formation along the San Rafael monocline in east central Utah. By collecting data from the same 3 m stratigraphic interval we effectively guaranteed that variations in the architecture of fracture systems that we examined were not caused by influences that could be attributed to stratigraphic variables like lithology or environmental variables such as burial depth. We consequently interpret that the spatial variability of fracture system architecture we observe was due to local variations in fold kinematics or mechanics. Steeply dipping portions of the monocline contain suborthogonal sets of dominant strike-normal and strike-parallel joints. Shallowly dipping portions of the monocline contain multiple joint sets with no single dominant set and evidence for shear reactivation of joints. Sets of small offset conjugate faults are present throughout the monocline and are used to determine the orientation of paleostresses that caused them. This stress inversion yields a thrust faulting configuration with maximum compression bearing between 285° and 312°. There is a systematic 27° clockwise rotation of these stress directions from north to south along the monocline. We interpret the spatial variability in fracture systems in the monocline as a consequence of local cylindrical or noncylindrical folding associated with three-dimensional flexure of the sedimentary cover during dominantly dip-slip motion on the underlying basement fault. This interpretation suggests that the monocline did not grow laterally but evolved with fixed tips in response to a northwest-southeast compression that is kinematically incompatible with accepted Laramide convergence directions.
Leveraging business process models for ETL design

As Business Intelligence evolves from off-line strategic decision making to on-line operational decision making, the design of the back-end Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) processes is becoming even more complex. Many challenges arise in this new context like their optimization and modeling. In this paper, we focus on the disconnection between the IT-level view of the enterprise presented by ETL processes and the business view of the enterprise required by managers and analysts. We propose the use of business process models for a conceptual view of ETL. We show how to link this conceptual view to existing business processes and how to translate from this conceptual view to a logical ETL view that can be optimized. Thus, we link the ETL processes back to their underlying business processes and so enable not only a business view of the ETL, but also a near real-time view of the entire enterprise.
Multiple-model detection of target maneuvers

This paper proposes a multiple-model (MM) hypothesis testing approach for detection of unknown target maneuvers that may have several possible prior distributions. An MMmaneuver detector based on sequential hypothesis testing is developed. Simulation results that compare the performance of the proposed MM detector to that of traditional maneuver detectors are presented. They demonstrate that the new sequential MM detector outperforms traditional multiple hypothesis testing based detectors when the prior acceleration distributions are unknown.
Effects of previous interactions and sex on over-marking in meadow voles

The effects of winning and losing on over-marking behaviour of mammals, a behaviour associated with competition, are not known. The current study tests the hypothesis that after having a staged dyadic encounter with a same-sex conspecific, individuals adjust the proportion of scent marks they use to over-mark the marks of same-sex conspecifics. Female meadow voles that won their encounter used a higher proportion of their marks to over-mark the marks of female conspecifics than did females that either lost their encounter, were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter. Females that lost their encounter used a lower proportion of their marks to over-mark those of female conspecifics than did females that either won their encounter or females that were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter. Females that were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter used a similar percentage of marks to over-mark those of another female. Male meadow voles, however, independent of whether they won, lost, were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter used a similar proportion of marks to over-mark those of male conspecifics. The role of over-marking and the effects of previous social experience are discussed.
Heart Rate Variability: Technique and Investigational Applications in Cardiovascular Medicine

Objective To describe heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, especially time- and frequencydomain analyses, and some of its investigational applications in clinical cardiovascular medicine. Design We provide a brief introduction to the magnitude of sudden cardiac death and the factors that influence life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias as a backdrop to the potential importance of the autonomic nervous system and how this system might be assessed by the analysis of HRV. Material and Methods We reviewed the literature from 1973 to 1994 that described beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, heart rate signal recording and processing, and investigational applications of HRV analysis to cardiovascular medicine. Results Beat-to-beat changes in heart rate are partly influenced by the autonomic nervous system. Briefly, changes in sympathetic input to the sinoatrial node affect low-frequency HRV, whereas changes in parasympathetic input affect high-frequency HRV. Multiple physiologic and non physiologic determinants of HRV exist, and therefore analysis of HRV as a direct "window" to autonomic tone is problematic. Conclusion In selected patient populations, analysis of HRV yields important information about sinoatrial responsiveness to autonomic input and mortality risk stratification. Routine application of HRV analysis to clinical cardiovascular medicine awaits further investigation, however.
Renewal of nucleotides and nucleic acids in C57 mice studied with adenine-4, 6-14C1.

Adenine has been shown to be extensively utilized for formation of acid-soluble adenine nucleotides and for formation of RNA and DNA in C57 mice. The “apparent half-lives” of adenine in nucleotides, RNA and DNA of the organs of the mouse have been calculated, and a “fast”- and a “slow”-component adenine were found in the adenine-containing fractions in several tissues. Evidence is presented that soluble adenine nucleotides serve as precursors for RNA and DNA, and that the equilibration of nucleotides with RNA is relatively rapid in large and small intestines and probably also in bone marrow. The desirability of more extensive data for nucleotide and nucleic acid specific activity as a function of time with several precursors is emphasized.
Rheological changes during a urethane network polymerization

Trifunctional poly-e-caprolactone polyol was polymerized with a chain-extended 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, and the rheology followed by cone and plate flow. Viscosity was found to be independent of shear rate up to at least 102 N.s/m2 (103 poise) and 30s−1. Extent of reaction was monitored by a periodic titration for isocyanate groups. Using branching theory, viscosity was related to extent of reaction and temperature. Such relations should be useful for process models. Normal force data for the curing system are also reported.
Comparison of methods for determining Escherichia coli concentrations in recreational waters

Abstract Seventy water samples were collected from three Lake Erie beaches to compare recoveries of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) using the USEPA-recommended method for recreational waters (mTEC) to recoveries using three alternative methods (MI, modified mTEC, and Colilert). Statistical tests showed no differences in recoveries of E. coli between MI and mTEC; however, statistically-significant differences were found between modified mTEC or Colilert and mTEC. The MI agar method provided the most similar assessment of recreational water quality to mTEC among the three alternative methods tested. The range of differences between Colilert and mTEC was widest among the three alternative methods. In a sample group with a range of values near the single-sample bathing-water standard, recoveries of E. coli were statistically lower using modified mTEC than mTEC; however, MI and Colilert compared well to mTEC in this range. Because samples were collected in a small geographic area, more work is necessary to test within-method variability of the modified mTEC, MI, and Colilert methods and to evaluate these methods as substitutes for the mTEC method in a variety of recreational waters.
Top down versus bottom up protein characterization by tandem high- resolution mass spectrometry

Characterization of larger proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is especially promising because the information complements that of classical techniques and can be obtained on as little as 10-17 mol of protein. Using MS to localize errors in the DNA-derived sequence or modifications (posttranslational, derivatized active sites, etc.) usually involves extensive proteolysis to yield peptides of <3 kDa, with separation and MS/MS to compare their sequences to those expected (the “bottom up” approach). In contrast, an alternative “top down” approach limits the dissociation (proteolysis or MS/MS) to yield larger products from which a small set of complementary peptides can be found whose masses sum to those of the molecule. Thus a disagreement with the predicted molecular mass can be localized to a fragment(s) without examining all others, with further dissociation of the fragments in the same way providing further localization. Using carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa) as an example, Fourier transform mass spectrometry ...
Timeline and the Timeline eXchange Infrastructure: A framework for exchanging temporal information

The concept of a timeline is used ubiquitously during space mission design and development to specify elements of flight and ground system designs; it is used also during testing and operations to describe mission plans and system state trajectories, for example. In this paper we introduce our Timeline Ontology. The Timeline Ontology is grounded in mathematical formalism, thus providing concrete semantics. We also describe our ontology-based Timeline eXchange Infrastructure (TXI), a framework that provides a means to exchange time-varying information among various tools and algorithms with semantic correctness. To further ground the needs for Timeline and the TXI, we examine the tools used in the Mission Operations Systems (MOS) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). To illustrate the versatility of the formalism, we also describe a use of Timelines during the early design phase of a project lifecycle. Finally, we look at future extensions to this work, including creating a user interface for Timeline instance editing, integrating with ontology validation tools, and extending the Timeline concept to include relationships to other pre-existing JPL ontologies.
Status of Research on Environmentally Assisted Cracking in LWR Pressure Vessel Steels

Revue des recherches entreprises pour definir les vitesses de croissance des fissures dans les systemes acier faiblement allie (A533B ou A508)/eau a 288 o C sous des conditions de chargement statique et cyclique
The effect of platelet activating factor on electron transport of spinach chloroplasts

It was found that platelet activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) inhibits electron transport greater than 90% in Photosystem II of spinach chloroplasts in concentrations from 2.8 to 3.5 micrograms/ml. The inhibition of the main pathway of electron transport through Photosystem II appeared to be specific for the platelet activating factor. Phorbol myristate acetate, 1,2-dipalmitin or fatty acid esters gave 17-32% inhibition in higher concentrations. The inhibition site for platelet activating factor was localized close to the reaction center of Photosystem II, based on the inhibition of the donor reaction, diphenyl carbazide----indophenol, in Tris-treated chloroplasts. Other Photosystem II reactions, H2O----silicomolybdic acid, H2O----2,5-dimethylbenzoquinone, or H2O----indophenol, were also inhibited by platelet activating factor. The present data point out the unique inhibition of Photosystem II electron transport by the platelet activating factor, but do not support the operation of a phosphoinositide cycle in chloroplasts.
Disulfide Bridges Remain Intact while Native Insulin Converts into Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are β-sheet-rich protein aggregates commonly found in the organs and tissues of patients with various amyloid-associated diseases. Understanding the structural organization of amyloid fibrils can be beneficial for the search of drugs to successfully treat diseases associated with protein misfolding. The structure of insulin fibrils was characterized by deep ultraviolet resonance Raman (DUVRR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with hydrogen-deuterium exchange. The compositions of the fibril core and unordered parts were determined at single amino acid residue resolution. All three disulfide bonds of native insulin remained intact during the aggregation process, withstanding scrambling. Three out of four tyrosine residues were packed into the fibril core, and another aromatic amino acid, phenylalanine, was located in the unordered parts of insulin fibrils. In addition, using all-atom MD simulations, the disulfide bonds were confirmed to remain intact in the insulin dimer, which mimics the fibrillar form of insulin.
Low level detection of organic compounds based on autofluorescence in optofluidic liquid jet waveguide

An optofluidic liquid jet waveguide used for natural fluorescence spectroscopy is reported. Experimental measurements have been performed on water solutions containing organic compounds showing low detection limit.
Chromosome 11 genomic changes in parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia: Array CGH, FISH, and tissue microarrays

We have used a combination of gene expression profiling, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and tissue microarrays (TMAs) to investigate chromosome 11 genetic changes in subsets of benign parathyroid tumors. Integration of gene expression profiling and aCGH was done using differential gene locus mapping analysis. We have identified three distinct relatively common chromosome 11 genomic changes in various subsets of parathyroid tumors. The simplest and least common of these genomic changes involves translocation of the CCND1 gene with subsequent strong CCND1 expression. This genetic change is essentially limited to parathyroid adenomas (8%), although expression of CCND1 without translocation is common in uremic hyperparathyroidism. Not surprisingly, deletion of the MEN1 locus at 11q13 or loss of a large portion or an entire chromosome 11 was a common finding. This particular genomic change appears to have a prominent effect on the overall results of gene expression profiling and was present in slightly less than one-half of adenomas. Genomic changes in primary nonfamilial hyperplasia were for the most part restricted to 11q13 deletion or loss of chromosome 11. The third genomic change we identified was 11q23 deletion. This genetic change was relatively independent of other chromosome 11 changes and present in slightly less than one-half of adenomas. 11q23 deletion along with relatively strong CCND1 expression was common in uremic hyperparathyroidism.
Facilitating Learning From Technology-Enhanced Text: Effects of Prompted Elaborative Interrogation

ABSTRACT The authors examined the use of the elaborative interrogation (EI) strategy with a lengthy text in a technology-enhanced environment. As commonly found in traditional and online text materials, questions appeared in the right margins of the text. Seventy-five randomly assigned volunteers in 2 conditions read instructional materials delivered by the Internet. Dependent measures included learning outcomes of free recall, recognition, and transfer tasks. At immediate and delayed testing, differences between higher order recognition questions and number of elaboration units recalled provided support for integrating EI prompts in technology-enhanced environments. Design suggestions for development and use of Web-based instruction materials in K-16 classrooms are discussed. Future research directions that more fully investigate EI and other strategy prompts within technology-enhanced materials are provided.
Surface Chemistry and Rheology of Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal-Water Slurry in the Presence of a New Pyrite Depressant

The preparation of Pittsburgh No.8 coal-water slurry requires a clean coal; thus, ash and pyrite must be rejected. For this purpose, Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was floated in the presence of a new family of pyrite depressant. To understand the effect of these reagents on the depression of pyrite during coal flotation, both the surface chemistry and the rheology of coal-pyrite systems must be studied. This paper summarizes the results of flotation tests at a 200 mesh of grind of Pittsburgh No. 8 coal using TEPA reagent for pyrite depression. The flotation results using TEPA show an increase of 5% in pyritic sulfur rejection (equivalent to 20% rejection of the remaining pyrite in the concentrate) at equal combustible material recovery (60%) as compared with the case when no depressant was used. Chemical and electrokinetic studies for Pittsburgh No. 8 coal and pyrite were performed to determine the effect of coal cleaning and that of this new reagent on the surface charges of coal and pyrite. The rheology of Pitt...
Rifampin as a selective agent for the enumeration and isolation of spirochetes from salt marsh habitats

Spirochetes from a variety of salt marsh sediments were enumerated and isolated directly by using a prereduced complex medium containing rifampin as a selective agent. Based on cell morphology, the spirochetal strains isolated were divided into two groups, a group consisting of “tightly coiled” spirochetes and a group consisting of “loosely coiled” spirochetes. Generally, spirochete colony-forming units ranged between 104 and 106 per gram wet weight of the top 1 cm of sediment. Spirochete colony-forming units were in greater abundance in the uppermost 1–2 cm of sediment than in sediment taken from depths of 3–5 cm. Apparently, the top 1 or 2 cm of salt marsh sediment can provide a favorable habitat for certain spirochetal species.
Temporal events in the invasion of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, by a granulosis virus: An electron microscope study

Abstract The replication cycle of the granulosis virus of Cydia pomonella , the codling moth, was studied at the cellular and tissue level. Membranelike complexes were observed forming within the remnants of the nucleolus in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Differences in cell polarity relative to the sites of virus entry assembly and budding as well as differences in the temporal aspects of replication were observed between midgut, fat body, and epidermal cells. The progressive spread of virus throughout larval tissues was studied at 24, 32, 48, 56, and 72 hr postinfection. The basal lamina seemed to be an effective barrier for the release of budded progeny virus into the hemocoel and large numbers of budded virus were produced.
Optimal and robust approaches for linear and nonlinear regulation problems in fluid mechanics

Recent work by the authors in the application of optimal control theory to turbulence have been quite successful when full state information is provided to the control algorithm. However, this approach has not yet been successful for the development of algorithms which depend on wall information only. For this reason, robust control theory, which is currently well developed only for linear problems, is now examined as a technique by which effective control algorithms based on limited noisy observations might be developed for turbulent flows and other nonlinear phenomena subjected to external disturbances.
Effect of punch and specimen dimensions on the confined compression behavior of S-2 glass/epoxy composites

Abstract The behavior of composite materials under transverse loading is often characterized using quasi-static experimental methods. A complete characterization requires experimentation for a range of specimen and impactor dimensions, necessitating a sizeable test matrix. However, if dimensional effects on specimen damage behavior can be understood, the number of tests required can be reduced. The present study considers confined compression testing of an S-2 glass/SC15 resin composite under quasi-static loading to understand damage initiation and propagation during penetration. A test matrix of 29 punch–specimen combinations was tested to determine the fracture behavior and applied load at failure. A finite element (FE) model of the experiments was also created to study the internal stress distributions. Characteristic fracture angles and applied stresses at failure were observed to be independent of punch–specimen dimensions. However, varying the dimensions of the punch and specimen was found to change the behavior of the internal stresses. Various failure criteria were evaluated using the numerical stress distributions to predict damage initiation. A Mohr–Coulomb compression–shear interaction on the fracture plane was found to best explain the observed experimental behavior.
Dark energy and cosmic microwave background bispectrum

We compute the cosmic microwave background bispectrum arising from the cross-correlation of primordial, lensing and Rees-Sciama signals. The amplitude of the bispectrum signal is sensitive to the matter density parameter, Omega_0, and the equation of state of the dark energy, which we parameterize by w_Q. We conclude that the dataset of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, combined with MAP 2-year data or the Planck data set alone will allow us to break the degeneracy between Omega_0 and w_Q that arises from the analysis of CMB power spectrum. In particular a joint measurement of Omega_0 and w_Q with 10% and 30% error on the two parameters respectively, at the 90% confidence level can realistically be achieved.
Measurement of the Stark effect with subhomogeneous linewidth resolution in Eu3+:YAlO3 with the use of photon-echo modulation.

We report a spectroscopic method for precisely measuring the effects of very small energy-shifting perturbations such as the Stark effect, with subhomogeneous-linewidth resolution. This method combines the conventional 2-pulse photon echo or stimulated photon echo with an interferometric technique based on the manipulation of the optical phase of an absorbing species with the perturbing field. This is illustrated by the Stark effect on the $^{7}$${\mathit{F}}_{0}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{5}$${\mathit{D}}_{0}$ transition of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}$, where we measure a Stark coefficient of 33.7 kHz/V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a resolution of 1.9 kHz.
Crater dimensions from apollo data and supplemental sources

A catalog of crater dimensions that were compiled mostly from the new Apollo-based Lunar Topographic Orthophotomaps is presented in its entirety. Values of crater diameter, depth, rim height, flank width, circularity, and floor diameter (where applicable) are tabulated for a sample of 484 craters on the Moon and 22 craters on Earth. Systematic techniques of mensuration are detailed. The lunar craters range in size from 400 m to 300 km across and include primary impact craters of the main sequence, secondary impact craters, craterlets atop domes and cones, and dark-halo craters. The terrestrial craters are between 10 m and 22.5 km in diameter and were formed by meteorite impact.
Lizards in the slow lane: Thermal biology of chameleons

Abstract 1. Field body temperatures (Tb's) of Chamaeleo chamaeleon in southwestern Spain averaged 28 °C in October and 30 °C in June. Slopes of regressions of Tb on Ta (ambient temperature at perch height) indicated that individuals were able to maintain a preferred body temperature of about 30 °C in June but not in October. 2. Review of data from the literature indicated that chameleons in general have field body temperatures and selected body temperatures (means 30 and 31 °C, respectively) that are low relative to those of most other diurnal lizards.
Detection of an Anaplasma marginale Antibody Complex Formed in vivo

A naturally occurring anaplasma-antibody complex was detected by exposing erythrocytes of infected cattle to fluorescein-labeled bovine antiglobulin. This technique revealed not only the classical marginal bodies but also the initial Anaplasma bodies in the erythrocytes of acutely infected animals. Singly occurring initial bodies were observed in the erythrocytes of healthy carriers.
Verbal and behavioral cues: creating an autonomy-supportive classroom

Teaching practices can create a range of autonomy-supportive or controlling learning environments. Research shows that autonomy-supportive techniques are more conducive to positive learning outcomes than controlling techniques. This study focused on simple verbal and behavioral cues that any teacher could use to create a positive learning environment, foster motivation, and improve participation. Students were randomly assigned to autonomous or controlling conditions wherein they were exposed to a brief recorded lecture that mimicked a first-day-of-class experience. To examine language and behavior separately, participants observed a video-only (n = 59), audio-only (n = 53), or video/audio combined delivery of the lecture (n = 60). Participants rated their perceptions of the learning climate, satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, and preference to take the course. The most significant results were found in the audio and video/audio combined deliveries suggesting that simple changes in teachers'...
Multi Agent System based fault location and isolation in a smart microgrid system

In this paper, a Multi Agent System (MAS) based on sequence current magnitudes and current direction is proposed for fault location and isolation in a smart microgrid system. Each of the fault types has a different impact on the sequence current components, which along with the direction of the current during a fault can be used for fault location. The microgrid has been implemented by adding Distributed Generation at various locations of the 37-bus IEEE benchmark system and its fault simulation has been done in OpenDss which is an open source distribution system simulation software.
A Suboptimal On-Line Discrete Controller with Bounded Control Variables

A method to synthesize the control signal on-line, by using the form of an optimization problem, is examined. Control of linear processes is considered, and bounds or inequality constraints on the control variable are attacked directly, without assigning penalties on the performance criterion. The optimal-control problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem, and the solution is obtained through a co-ordinate-wise gradient method. Simulation of the on-line controller is performed; a marked improvement in accuracy over conventional sampled data systems is shown. The method, as presently employed, can consider bounds on the magnitude or on the rate of change of the control variable.
Ontogeny and phylogeny in papionin primates.

Abstract This study investigates the developmental bases of size and shape variation in papionin primates ( Macaca, Cercocebus, Mandrillus, Lophocebus, and Papio ). The analysis tests hypotheses predicting that heterochronic changes in ontogeny, particularly in the degree of overall size growth, can account for cranial diversity and “allometric scaling” in this clade. Large developmental samples of extant papionin crania are examined to test heterochronic hypotheses using bivariate allometric methods. Analyses indicate that the crania of larger papionins ( Mandrillus and Papio ) are generally peramorphic, surpassing size and shape ranges of smaller, and probably less-derived, macaques and mangabeys. At least two heterochronic processes, including acceleration and hypermorphosis, can account for this pattern. Ontogenetic changes include decoupling of growth and development among cranial regions, along with simple shifts in size. Allometric scaling has complex developmental bases. Size change itself is not sufficient to explain all developmental differences among papionins, but these changes are extremely important in comparisons within cranial regions such as the face. Results imply that Papio exhibits strongly derived patterns of brain growth that impact postnatal patterns of size and shape transformation. Consideration of these results in the context of recent socioecological analyses suggests that derived patterns of cranial growth in Papio may be a response to selection during the early periods of ontogeny, resulting in a distinctive life history pattern.
An Improved Representation of Rimed Snow and Conversion to Graupel in a Multicomponent Bin Microphysics Scheme

Abstract This paper describes the development of a new multicomponent detailed bin ice microphysics scheme that predicts the number concentration of ice as well as the rime mass mixing ratio in each mass bin. This allows for local prediction of the rime mass fraction. In this approach, the ice particle mass size, projected area size, and terminal velocity–size relationships vary as a function of particle mass and rimed mass fraction, based on a simple conceptual model of rime accumulation in the crystal interstices that leads to an increase in particle mass, but not in its maximum size, until a complete “filling in” with rime and conversion to graupel occurs. This approach allows a natural representation of the gradual transition from unrimed crystals to rimed crystals and graupel during riming. The new ice scheme is coupled with a detailed bin representation of the liquid hydrometeors and applied in an idealized 2D kinematic flow model representing the evolution of a mixed-phase precipitating cumulus. Re...
Hyperventilation increases muscle protein synthesis in critically ill trauma patients.

Abstract Background. Critically ill trauma patients are often in negative nitrogen balance and demonstrate advanced muscle protein wasting, which is in part due to a decrease in muscle protein synthesis. Previous studies have been performed on the relationship between pH and protein metabolism. Some evidence suggests that alkalosis might enhance protein synthesis. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether protein synthesis is increased in trauma patients who have a respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation. Methods. Trauma patients in the intensive care unit ( n = 8) who were treated with hyperventilation for elevated intracranial pressures were enrolled. Muscle protein synthesis rates were determined in vivo using the flooding method with l -[ 2 H 5 ]phenylalanine. Measurements were performed twice on each patient within a 36-h period, first during hyperventilation and then after hyperventilation was discontinued. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation was maintained above 95% for all measurements. Results. Protein synthesis in muscle was 1.38 ± 0.11%/day during hyperventilation (pH 7.50 ± 0.02, p CO 2 27.3 ± 1.0 mm Hg) and 0.93 ± 0.15%/day after respiratory parameters were normalized (pH 7.39 ± 0.01, p CO 2 39.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg). The synthesis rate was significantly higher ( P t test), 0.46 ± 0.13%/day (32.6%), at the time of hyperventilation. Conclusion. Muscle protein synthesis is elevated during hyperventilation in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury. We believe this preliminary study provides data that warrant confirmation in larger clinical studies. It suggests that this ventilatory therapeutic strategy may have a role in mitigating the negative nitrogen balance and muscle protein wasting that can impair the recovery of these patients.
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor alters the phenotype of neuroblastoma cells: implications for disease-free survival of high-risk patients

Abstract Introduction Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) is commonly used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Despite high-dose intensive chemotherapy for advanced-stage neuroblastoma, the survival rate remains poor. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor therapy is quite common in these children; thus, we questioned its effect on neuroblastoma cells. We hypothesized that exogenous GCSF stimulates the proliferation and invasive character of neuroblastoma cells. Methods Expression of a GCSF receptor in 5 different neuroblastoma cell lines was determined by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, we determined the effect of increasing doses of GCSF (0, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 1 μ g/mL, and 10 μ g/mL) on DNA synthesis (BrdU assay), invasiveness (Matrigel invasion chambers), and cell proliferation. Results We tested 5 neuroblastoma cell lines; all expressed the GCSF receptor. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor treatment resulted in significantly increased proliferation of SK-N-SH, SK-N-AS, and SHSY-5Y cells. Likewise, increased invasiveness of SK-N-SH cells was observed with GCSF treatment. Conclusions Our results indicate that neuroblastoma cell lines express the GCSF receptor and respond to exogenous GCSF by increased proliferation and invasiveness. These findings suggest that GCSF may stimulate the growth of neuroblastoma cells in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with GCSF rescue and could have a significant impact on the ability to eradicate these tumors.
In search of zonal circulations in the equatorial Atlantic sector from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis

The National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) 1958–1997 upper-air dataset has been evaluated for evidence of equatorial zonal circulation cells over the Atlantic and adjacent continents. For January, April, July and October, maps are presented of mid-tropospheric vertical motion, upper-tropospheric divergent flow, and zonal–vertical cross-sections of vertical and divergent zonal motion and total zonal flow. In the boreal winter half-year, a centre of intense ascending motion and upper-tropospheric, mainly northward-directed outflow is located off the mouth of the Amazon. From this centre there is also some outflow into centres of upper-tropospheric convergence and subsidence over the equatorial eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic, respectively. From January to April, the near-equatorial band of ascending motion shifts southward, and the upper-tropospheric convergence centre is displaced from the Equator into the South Atlantic. In the boreal summer half-year, the band of strongest ascending motion is displaced northward, and two separate centres of upper-tropospheric divergent outflow are found over northern hemispheric Africa and the Central American Seas. From these centres, the outflow is directed approximately southward into the southern hemisphere. The analysis points to the existence of an equatorial zonal circulation cell in the Atlantic sector confined to around January. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
AMALGAMATED PRODUCTS OF NONPOSITIVELY CURVED GROUPS WHICH DO NOT SATISFY THE QUADRATIC ISOPERIMETRIC INEQUALITY

ABSTRACT We consider the question, posed by Gromov, if a space obtained by gluing two nonpositively curved finite complexes that contain totally geodesic flat tori, along the two tori is semi-hyperbolic in any sense. We show that in the case of -torus bundles over the circle with monodromy of finite order and with the metrics on the -tori chosen so that the monodromies are isometries, the resulting space satisfies the quadratic isoperimetric inequality if and only if the corresponding tori are isometric for some choices of the flat metrics. We describe an example of two Bieberbach groups acting on and such that the amalgamated product has exponential Dehn function, therefore giving a negative answer on Gromov's question in general.
Secondary creep approximations of ice-rich soils and ice using transient relaxation tests

Abstract This paper serves two purposes: 1) it presents a simple empirical approach based on relaxation tests, from which secondary creep parameters can be approximated with significant practical time savings and 2) provides secondary creep observations and parameters for ice-rich soils as a function of cryostructure and massive ice facies. The form of test presented consists of a relaxation test in which the strain varies with time. Empirical evidence indicates that the onset of a secondary creep phase in ice-rich soils and ice is connected to the strain. Under increasing or decreasing stepped constant stress creep (CSC) tests, the initiation of secondary creep rates occurs very quickly upon a step change in the applied stress. The relaxation condition represents a continuously decreasing stepped creep tests. Once secondary creep conditions are initiated, the relaxation test can be used to approximate secondary creep. Secondary creep characteristics determined from relaxation tests agree well with CSC tests. Tests were conducted on ice-rich frozen silt from a Pleistocene age Yedoma permafrost composed of uniform windblown loess (Fairbanks silt). In addition to frozen soils, a number of samples of massive wedge ice and Matanuska glacial and basal ice were tested. Relaxation tests were conducted at temperature between − 1 °C and − 5 °C. Analysis of secondary creep parameters indicates that cryostructure has an influence on the secondary creep behavior of frozen soils. It is shown the volumetric unfrozen water has a significant impact on secondary creep parameters. With increasing unfrozen water content, parameters A and n approach the values observed for polycrystalline ice. It was shown for temperatures warmer than − 2 °C and stresses between 200 kPa and 1000 kPa, ice-rich soils creep at a faster rate than polycrystalline ice facies. This relates to unfrozen water. For temperatures colder than − 3 °C, the creep rates of polycrystalline ice are greater than undisturbed frozen soils for stresses less 200 kPa. The creep characteristics of remolded Fairbanks silt are not representative of undisturbed ice-rich samples and provide non-conservative creep estimates of undisturbed frozen soils.
Acute and Long-Term Responsiveness to Growth Hormone in Children with Short Stature

Extract: Acute and long-term responsiveness to human growth hormone (HGH) has been studied in 25 short children. Five had hypopituitarism; 10 had no demonstrable endocrinopathy; 4 were above the 97th percentile for weight but below the 3rd percentile for height; and 6 were small-for-date. When treated with thyroid hormone as well as HGH, 4 of the 5 hypopituitary patients grew significantly. However, 7 of the nonhypopituitary patients with normal or high levels of endogenous HGH (35%) also grew with HGH treatment. Prior to HGH treatment, this group grew at an average rate of 3.4 cm/yr; with HGH, this rate increased to 8.8 cm/yr. Acute responses to HGH did not correlate well with long-term response. Reassessment of the criteria used to select patients for treatment is discussed. Speculation: A significant number of dwarfed children with normal levels of HGH may grow when they are treated with growth hormone. Neither endogenous HGH levels nor acute responses to HGH found in these studies correlated well with the subsequent HGH-altered growth rate. Since predictions of which dwarfed child with decreased growth rate will grow when treated with HGH are poor, there is little justification for restricting such therapy to the hypopituitary patient. Although less restricted use of HGH is suggested, caution must be employed, since such therapy may be associated with development of HGH antibodies and subsequent diminution of growth.
Communication Skills Training for Oncology Professionals

Purpose To provide a state-of-the-art review of communication skills training (CST) that will guide the establishment of a universal curriculum for fellows of all cancer specialties undertaking training as oncology professionals today. Methods Extensive literature review including meta-analyses of trials, conceptual models, techniques, and potential curricula provides evidence for the development of an appropriate curriculum and CST approach. Examples from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center CST program are incorporated. Results A core curriculum embraces CST modules in breaking bad news and discussing unanticipated adverse events, discussing prognosis, reaching a shared treatment decision, responding to difficult emotions, coping with survivorship, running a family meeting, and transitioning to palliative care and end of life. Achievable outcomes are growth in clinician's self-efficacy, uptake of new communication strategies and skills, and transfer of these strategies and skills into the clinic. ...
Wheat albumin and globulin proteins: Purothionin levels of stored flour

Wheat albumins were quantitatively and qualitatively stable during long-term storage of wheat flour. Losses in wheat globulins, notably the purothionins, were observed. Addition of prepared purothionin has failed to improve the baking properties of poor-baking old flour.
An adaptive LMS technique for wavelet polynomial threshold denoising

Threshold operators are conventionally used in wavelet-based denoising applications. Different thresholding schemes have been suggested to achieve improved balance between mitigating various signal distortions and preserving signal details. In general, these state-of-the-art threshold operators are nonlinear shrinkage functions such as well known "soft" and "hard" thresholds and their hybrids. Recently a nonlinear polynomial threshold has been introduced which integrates several known approaches and can be optimized using a least squares technique. While significantly improving the performance - this approach is computationally intensive and is not flexible enough for band-adaptive processing. In this paper an adaptive least mean squared (LMS) optimization approach is proposed and studied which drastically reduces computational load and is convenient for band-adaptive denoising scenarios. The approach is successfully applied to 1D and 2D signals, and the results demonstrate improved performance in comparison with the conventional methods.