cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Fast Should a Total Knee Arthroplasty Be Performed? An Analysis of 140,199 Surgeries

Abstract Background Although previous studies have shown that prolonged operative times can lead to an increased risk of complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), they only evaluated a few complications. It is also unclear whether a distinctive operative time exists after which complications increase. Therefore, this study was performed to (1) assess whether higher operative time increases the risk of complications within 30 days of TKA and (2) explore the relationship between operative time and various complications to identify possible operative times where complication rates increase. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database was queried from 2011 to 2015 to identify 140,199 primary TKAs. The effect of operative time (skin-to-skin) on various medical and surgical complications within 30 days was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models. Spline regression models were created to further study the relationship between operative time and complications. Results After adjusting for confounding factors, longer operative times were associated with higher risks of readmission (P Conclusion Prolonged operative times were associated with an increased risk of a number of important complications such as readmissions, reoperations, surgical site infections, and wound complications. Based on our results, an operative time goal of less than 80 minutes is helpful for minimizing these complications after TKA.
On the Relationships Among Subjective Experience, Behavior, and Physiological Activity in Biofeedback Learning

The long-term goal of my work is to understand the relationships between physiological activity and human subjective experience. The latter is also spoken of as consciousness, awareness, or private experience. In my view the domain covered by these terms needs to be related to the worlds of physics, biology, and behavior in a more satisfying manner than our current concepts permit. The field of study has not yet been defined in a manner which would satisfy most scientists. The redefinition of scientific psychology earlier this century as the science of behavior rather than the science of conscious experience was never fully achieved. Dreams, images, feelings, emotions, and all the other private events in need of study are still with us, with all their stubborn reality, and with all the methodological challenges in indexing them. To this day, scientists of behavior often disagree strongly on the place of subjective events in understanding behavior. All of us seem to have very strong philosophical and theoretical beliefs on the subject, and many of us would state categorically that subjective experience simply cannot be a proper object of scientific study.
Thermophysical Properties of Nitrogen Trifluoride, Ethylene Oxide, and Trimethyl Gallium from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound was measured in gaseous nitrogen trifluoride, ethylene oxide, and trimethyl gallium using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The measurements span the temperature range 200 to 425 K and reach pressures up to the lesser of 1500 kPa or 80% of the sample vapor pressure. The speed-of-sound measurements have a relative standard uncertainty of less than 0.01%. The data were analyzed to obtain the constant-pressure ideal-gas heat capacity C0p as a function of temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. The values of C0p are in agreement with those determined from spectro- scopic data. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials, and the second based on a hard-core Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced the sound-speed data to within ±0.02%, and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less.
Of Pirates and Puffy Shirts: A Comment on ‘The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design

This is a comment on Kal Raustiala & Christopher Sprigman, The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design, 92 Va. L. Rev. 1687 (2006). The Piracy Paradox builds on the fun of fashion to undertake a serious exploration of whether we can sustain innovation without property rights. That is an important question, as copyright brings with it a real cost in blocking follow-on uses and a new fashion copyright would limit subsequent copying. We need to ask whether that price is worth it. In this brief response, I emphasize two points. First, the case of the Fashion Originators' Guild of America suggests that we did see a design response to the private property rights regime created by the Guild. More property rights resulted in greater efforts to innovate. Second, copying is likely to be one-sided: low-end firms copy from high-end firms. With a fashion copyright, high-end firms could commit to their customers that they would not face quick matching by low-end copyists. Rapid imitation limits the value that high-end designers can promise to their customers.
Chaucer and St. Kenelm

Chaucer's reference to St. Kenelm in the Nun's Priest's Tale is not offhand or haphazard, for the Life of St. Kenelm, extent in The Golden Legend as well as the fourteenth-century South English Legendary, reveals such striking similarities in plot and characterization to both the Nun's Priest's and the Prioress's Tales that Chaucer's use of it to help structure both Tales is likely. St. Kenelm's admonitory dream of his own murder occasions Chaunticleer's allusion to his Life, but other details not specified by Chaunticleer connect to two narratives -- the bird in a tree motif, the cow, and the "venomous" poison. The connections of St. Kenelm's Life to the Prioress's Tale are even more direct, for both depict a murdered little boy who is singing a Latin song of praise when his throat is cut by an assassin and whose murder is miraculously revealed, leading to the destruction of those responsible. Perhaps the most telling connection is the age of both, seven years -- a possible solution to the vexing problem of ChaucerOs revision downwards of the age of the murdered boy he found in his sources.
Salinity effects on greenhouse gas emissions from wetland soils are contingent upon hydrologic setting: a microcosm experiment

Coastal forested wetlands provide important ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, nutrient retention, and flood protection, but they are also important sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Human appropriation of surface water and extensive ditching and draining of coastal plain landscapes are interacting with rising sea levels to increase the frequency and magnitude of saltwater incursion into formerly freshwater coastal wetlands. Both hydrologic change and saltwater incursion are expected to alter carbon and nutrient cycling in coastal forested wetlands. We performed a full factorial experiment in which we exposed intact soil cores from a coastal forested wetland to experimental marine salt treatments and two hydrologic treatments. We measured the resulting treatment effects on the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) over 112 days. Salinity effects were compared across four treatments to isolate the effects of increases in ionic strength from the impact of adding a terminal electron acceptor (SO42−). We compared control treatments (DI addition), to artificial saltwater (ASW, target salinity of 5 parts per thousand) and to two treatments that added sulfate alone (SO42−, at the concentration found in 5 ppt saltwater) and saltwater with the sulfate removed (ASW-SO42−, with the 5 ppt target salinity maintained by adding additional NaCl). We found that all salt treatments suppressed CO2 production, in both drought and flooded treatments. Contrary to our expectations, CH4 fluxes from our flooded cores increased between 300 and 1200% relative to controls in the ASW and ASW-SO42− treatments respectively. In the drought treatments, we saw virtually no CH4 release from any core, while artificial seawater with sulfate increased N2O fluxes by 160% above DI control. In contrast, salt and sulfate decreased N2O fluxes by 72% in our flooded treatments. Our results indicate that salinization of forested wetlands of the coastal plain may have important climate feedbacks resulting from enhanced greenhouse gas emissions and that the magnitude and direction of these emissions are contingent upon wetland hydrology.
Baroreceptor activity and sensitivity: normal values in children and young adults using the head up tilt test.

Baroreceptor function in children and adolescents has not been well studied in the current literature, with a lack of agreed upon normal values. The authors hypothesize that there is a significant increase in the baroreceptor activity with a decrease in the sensitivity during the upright phase in comparison to the supine phases of the head upright tilt test (HUTT) protocol. Baroreceptor evaluation was performed using the sequence method in 49 subjects ages 8–21 years, during the 3 phases of HUTT: supine, head up, and post-tilt supine positions. Baroreceptor Effectiveness Index (BEI) and the number and slope of baroreceptor events were recorded. On study of the events and slope values, there was a significant difference between the three phases of the HUTT with regard to the baroreceptor activity and sensitivity. No significant difference was found in BEI. Our study presents normal values of baroreceptor activity, sensitivity, and BEI in pediatric patients under controlled supine and head up position. We also present new data regarding delayed heart rate responses to pressure changes in the Lag 1 and Lag 2 parameters, which may be beneficial in diagnosis and management of pediatric patients with orthostatic intolerance.
Post-Traumatic Headache

Headache is one of the most common symptoms after traumatic brain injury (TBI). With an estimated 2.5 million TBIs per year in the US alone, increased attention has been directed to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of this problem, heightened by awareness of high-profile sports-related injuries and by the high prevalence of TBI in returning military personnel from war. Recent studies of post-traumatic headache (PTH) over 1 year after injury show a high cumulative incidence of 71% after moderate or severe TBI, and 91% after mild TBI (mTBI). Prevalence remains high at over 44% throughout the year after moderate or severe TBI, and over 54% after mTBI. A prior history of headache is associated with a higher risk for PTH, whereas older age appears to be protective. Most PTH has the phenotype of migraine or probable migraine, followed by tension-type headache. While there are no evidence-based treatment guidelines for PTH management, expert opinion has suggested treating the headache using primary headache diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations.
The use of evidence from high-throughput screening and transcriptomic data in human health risk assessments.

Abstract High throughput screening (HTS) and functional genomics (toxicogenomics) have opened new avenues in toxicity testing. Their advantages include the potential for developing short-term in vivo bioassays and in vitro assays in order to keep pace with the growing backlog of chemicals that need to be evaluated for potential human health risk. In addition, these approaches have the potential to address some of the difficulties that arise with interpreting traditional rodent bioassays, such as the relevance of apical outcomes induced by chemical exposure in animals to humans. The wealth of information associated with the HTS and toxicogenomic data can inform human health risk assessment primarily through (i) insight into potential mechanism of action, (ii) prediction of adverse outcomes of chemical exposures, and (iii) dose-response assessment for derivation of toxicity values. In this article we outline current and expected future progress in these three directions and argue for increased role of HTS and toxicogenomic data in chemical risk assessment. We conclude that these approaches can help fulfill the NRC vision for toxicity testing in the 21st century and we discuss specific examples of chemicals whose health assessments can potentially benefit from available HTS or toxicogenomic data.
Gold nanoparticles potentiates N-acetylcysteine effects on neurochemicals alterations in rats after polymicrobial sepsis

Herein, we report the effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and n-acetylcysteine (NAC) isolated or in association as important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds on brain dysfunction in sept...
Executive function and brain development in adolescents with severe congenital heart disease (Teen Heart Study): protocol of a prospective cohort study

Introduction Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent congenital malformation. With recent advances in medical care, the majority of patients with CHD survive into adulthood. As a result, interest has shifted towards the neurodevelopmental outcome of these patients, and particularly towards the early detection and treatment of developmental problems. A variety of mild to moderate cognitive impairments as well as emotional and behavioural problems has been observed in this population. However, a more detailed assessment of the various domains of executive function and their association with structural and functional brain development is lacking. Therefore, the current study will examine all domains of executive function and brain development in detail in a large sample of children and adolescents with CHD and healthy control children. Methods and analysis A total of 192 children and adolescents with CHD aged 10–15 years, who participated in prospective cohort studies at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich, will be eligible for this study. As a control group, approximately 100 healthy children will be enrolled. Primary outcome measures will include executive function abilities, while secondary outcomes will consist of other neurodevelopmental measures, including intelligence, processing speed, attention, fine motor abilities and brain development. An MRI will be performed to assess structural and functional brain development. Linear regression analyses will be applied to investigate group differences and associations between executive function performance and neurodevelopmental measures. Ethics and dissemination This study is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF 32003B_172914) and approved by the ethical committee of the Canton Zurich (KEK 2019–00035). Written informed consent will be obtained from all the parents and from children aged 14 years or older. Findings from this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences for widespread dissemination of the results.
Clustering of comorbid conditions among women who carry an FMR1 premutation.

Emerging evidence indicates that women who carry an FMR1 premutation can experience complex health profiles beyond the two well-established premutation-associated disorders: fragile X–associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, affects ~20–30% carriers) and fragile X–associated tremor–ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, affects ~6–15% carriers). To better understand premutation-associated health profiles, we collected self-reported medical histories on 355 carrier women. Twenty-two health conditions were reported by at least 10% of women. Anxiety, depression, and headaches were reported by more than 30%. The number of comorbid conditions was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) and history of smoking, but not age. Survival analysis indicated that women with FXPOI had an earlier age at onset for anxiety and osteoporosis than women without FXPOI. Cluster analysis identified eight clusters of women who reported similar patterns of comorbid conditions. The majority of carriers (63%) fell into three categories primarily defined by the presence of only a few conditions. Interestingly, a single cluster defined women with symptoms of FXTAS, and none of these women had FXPOI. Although some women with a premutation experience complex health outcomes, most carriers report only minimal comorbid conditions. Further, women with symptoms of FXTAS appear to be distinct from women with symptoms of FXPOI.
Bayesian Analysis of Theoretical Rotational Constants from Low-Cost Electronic Structure Methods

With an ever-increasing usage of electronic structure programs by the microwave spectroscopy community, there is a growing need to assess the performance of commonly used, low-cost quantum chemical methods, particularly with respect to rotational constants because these quantities are central in guiding experiments. Here, we systematically benchmark the predictive power afforded by several low-level ab initio and density functionals combined with a variety of basis sets that are commonly employed in the rotational spectroscopy literature. The data set in our analysis consists of 6916 optimized geometries of 76 representative species where high-resolution experimental gas-phase rotational constants are available. We adopted a Bayesian approach for analyzing the performance of each method and basis set combination, employing Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling to determine the uncertainty in theoretical predictions of rotational constants and dipole moments. Our analysis establishes a hierarchy of accuracy and uncertainty, with commonly used methods in the rotational spectroscopy literature such as B3LYP and MP2 yielding lower accuracy and higher uncertainty than newer-generation functionals such as those from the Minnesota family, and ωB97X-D, which, when paired with a modestly sized 6-31+G(d) basis, provides optimal performance with respect to computational cost. Additionally, we provide statistical scaling factors that can be used to empirically correct for vibration-rotation effects, as a means to further improve the accuracy of rotational constants predicted from these relatively low-cost theoretical methods. As part of this, we demonstrate that the uncertainties can be used in simulations of rotational spectra to cross-correlate with broadband spectra, a methodology that could be used to quickly and efficiently survey experimental spectra for new molecules.
UNMASKING SUBVALVULAR DEFECT: A CASE OF VSD REPAIR

VSD with obstruction of the RV outflow tract comprise a wide range of physiologic, anatomic, and clinical presentations. Decision for surgery is challenging and reliant upon symptoms, hemodynamic significance, and physiology of the defect in associated congenital cardiac anomalies. A 67-year-old
Computing natural frequencies and mode shapes of a non-uniform circular membrane

Abstract This paper presents algorithms to compute natural frequencies and mode shapes of a circular membrane with concentric or eccentric non-uniformity as found in many applications such as Indian musical drums. Algorithm for concentric non-uniformity is based on the theory of linear time varying systems whereas that for eccentric non-uniformity is developed by expressing each eigenfunction as a linear combination of eigenfunctions of the corresponding circular membrane with concentric non-uniformity. Numerical results from these approaches are corroborated by comparison with those from a finite element method and existing results in the literature.
They’re just different: the bifurcation of public attitudes toward felon-jurors convicted of violent offenses

Increasingly, criminal justice policies have become bifurcated, categorizing and separating those who commit violent offenses from those who commit non-violent offenses. Such bifurcation is evident in recent reform efforts targeting the civic marginalization of those with a felony conviction and is also characteristic of public opinion toward those convicted of a felony criminal offense. Along those lines, this study examines how felon-jurors’ conviction type shapes public sentiment. Utilizing originally collected survey data from 815 Californians, we examine support for felon-jurors generally and by crime type (violent and non-violent). Results reveal far less support for felon-jurors convicted of violent offenses than for felon-jurors generally and felon-jurors convicted of non-violent offenses. In addition, we find that crime-type concerns vary considerably across ideological groups, with conservatives (and to a lesser extent moderates) being significantly less likely than liberals to support jury service for those convicted of violent crimes. Findings align with prior literature suggesting that the public tends to harbor more punitive views toward those who commit violent offenses, and that these views are especially pronounced among conservatives. As the first survey investigating the intersecting dynamics of crime-type and felon-juror exclusion, this study expands our understanding of public attitudes toward those convicted of a felony criminal offense and their involvement in democratic processes.
ASIIP: a stellar intensity interferometry target planner

Stellar intensity interferometry (SII) is used to measure the squared visibility, which corresponds to the Fourier transform of the distribution of brightness from a given source for the projected position angle of a pair of telescopes. SII measures the squared visibility through correlations of starlight intensity fluctuations between separated telescope pairs. SII has a significant advantage of being relatively insensitive to atmospheric effects and the minor imperfections of an optical system, allowing for observations over large baselines and low elevation angles, leading to the extension of uv-plane coverage.1 Such uv-plane extension subsequently allows high angular resolution measurements of stellar targets with submilliarcsecond (mas) resolution capabilities. Coincidentally, many telescope arrays constructed to perform gamma-ray observations also meet the requirements of SII. For example, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS)2 is an Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) array that is a prime candidate for SII observations.3 Recently, there has been great experimental progress using IACT arrays for SII, as evidenced by successful on-sky observations from VERITAS4,5 and MAGIC.6 Future arrays, such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA),7 would offer even greater SII capabilities than current observatories due to the increased number of telescopes and larger baselines.8
A High Fat/High Sugar Diet Alters the Gastrointestinal Metabolome in a Sex Dependent Manner

The gut metabolome offers insight for identifying the source of diet related pathology. As such, the purpose of this study was to characterize alterations of the gut metabolome in female and male C57BL/6J mice randomly assigned to a standard “chow” diet (CHOW) or a high fat/high sugar diet (HFHS; 45% fat and 20% fructose drinking solution) for nine weeks. Cecal metabolites were extracted and an untargeted analysis via LC-MS/MS was performed. Partial Least Sums Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA) presented significant differences between the two diet groups in a sex-dependent manner. Mann–Whitney U-tests revealed 2443 and 1669 features to be significantly different between diet groups in the females and males, respectively. The majority of altered metabolites were depleted within the cecum of the HFHS fed mice. Metabolic pathways associated with galactose metabolism, leukotriene metabolism, and androgen and estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism were differentially altered with an HFHS diet between sexes. We concluded the immense metabolite depletion and elevation of adverse metabolites associated with the HFHS diet is suggestive of poor gut health. Further, the differential alterations between female and male mice suggests that sex plays an important role in determining the effect of diet on the metabolome and host health.
Principals’ involvement in comprehensive school physical activity programmes: A social-ecological perspective:

To support school physical education, United States (US) national organizations in medicine, health, and education recommend that schools adopt comprehensive school physical activity programmes (CS...
Effects of carbon impurity on tritium diffusion and helium formation in γ-LiAlO2 pellets: A first-principles study

Abstract Gamma-phase lithium aluminate (γ-LiAlO2) in the form of annular pellets is used as a breeding material in tritium-producing burnable absorber rods (TPBARs) for the production of tritium by thermal neutron irradiation of 6Li. Significant radiation damage occurs in γ-LiAlO2 due to neutrons, and tritium and helium (He) nuclei, which recoil through the crystal. The radiation-damaged crystal is rich with vacancies and impurities such as carbon (C) that can act as tritium trapping sites. The presence of C impurities can hinder 3H diffusivities significantly. Here, we studied the effect of C impurities on 3H diffusivity and energy barriers in γ-LiAlO2 using first-principles density functional theory. In addition, we studied the He diffusion in an undefective γ-LiAlO2. We calculated the energy barrier for diffusion in γ-LiAlO2 to be 0.98 eV for substitutional 3H in the presence of a C impurity. At 600 K, the corresponding diffusion coefficient was calculated to be 7.98 × 10 - 14 m2/s. Similarly, we calculated the energy barrier for He diffusion to be 0.12 eV, which was along the crystallographic c -direction. The corresponding diffusion coefficient for He at 600 K was calculated to be 6.8 × 10 - 7 m2/s. This work may open further theoretical and experimental avenues on impurity effects and release of He from γ-LiAlO2.
Modular deep learning enables automated identification of monoclonal cell lines

Monoclonalization refers to the isolation and expansion of a single cell derived from a cultured population. This is a valuable step in cell culture that serves to minimize a cell line’s technical variability downstream of cell-altering events, such as reprogramming or gene editing, as well as for processes such as monoclonal antibody development. However, traditional methods for verifying clonality do not scale well, posing a critical obstacle to studies involving large cohorts. Without automated, standardized methods for assessing clonality post hoc, methods involving monoclonalization cannot be reliably upscaled without exacerbating the technical variability of cell lines. Here, we report the design of a deep learning workflow that automatically detects colony presence and identifies clonality from cellular imaging. The workflow, termed Monoqlo, integrates multiple convolutional neural networks and, critically, leverages the chronological directionality of the cell-culturing process. Our algorithm design provides a fully scalable, highly interpretable framework that is capable of analysing industrial data volumes in under an hour using commodity hardware. We focus here on monoclonalization of human induced pluripotent stem cells, but our method is generalizable. Monoqlo standardizes the monoclonalization process, enabling colony selection protocols to be infinitely upscaled while minimizing technical variability. Monoclonalization, the isolation and expansion of a single cell derived from a cultured population, is an essential step in large-scale human cell culture and experiments. A new deep learning-based workflow called Monoqlo automatically detects colony presence and identifies clonality from cellular imaging, enabling single-cell selection protocols to be scalable while minimizing technical variability.
Multi-arterial Coronary Grafting

Arterial conduits, especially internal thoracic arteries (ITAs), are rarely affected by intimal hyperplasia or atherosclerosis, major contributors to early and late vein graft failure. Improved survival and freedom from reintervention with multi-arterial grafting (MAG) are reported in large observational studies, particularly when more than one anatomically important coronary territory is supplied. Several grafting configurations are possible depending on conduit and target characteristics, with the left ITA to the left anterior descending (LITA-LAD) typically being the cornerstone around which the rest of the conduits are constructed. The right ITA (RITA) or radial artery (RA) is used to bypass the second most important target after the LAD. The fundamentals of MAG depend on thorough preoperative evaluation, meticulous surgical technique and intraoperative flow assessment. Pitfalls to avoid include tension in short conduits or kinks in longer ones, poor ITA inflow, competitive native and graft flow, flow imbalance between segments of a composite graft, and sequentially grafting deep intramyocardial targets. Versatility and flexibility are critical in mitigating difficulties or potential complications in MAG. Refinements in complex bilateral ITA (BITA) and RA grafting require a deliberate iterative process that ideally incorporates dedicated training and mentorship by experienced MAG surgeons.
Interpersonal and Developmental Issues

It must be obvious that many stresses were identified in the interviews presented so far that have received little attention despite their constant reappearance. It is for this very reason that little effort has been made to discuss them until now. To attempt to do so in our consideration of the various specialties would have been mind-numbing because of the inevitable repetition that would have been required in each chapter. More pointedly, their constant reappearance makes us aware that they must be generic stresses and problems encountered in postgraduate medical education rather than being associated with specific specialties. Some of these problems are “systemic” and are largely determined by environmental conditions that the house officer faces each day in the hospital. We will look at these in the next chapter.
The role of large-scale studies in mathematics education

The goal for this monograph has been to present the state of the art in large-scale studies in mathematics education. Although the chapters collected here are not intended to be a comprehensive compendium of such research, this selection of work does serve both to represent large-scale studies in the field of mathematics education and to raise awareness of the issues that arise in conducting such studies. As can be seen from the studies included in this volume, the term “large-scale study” can cover a wide variety of research endeavors. Indeed, as we indicated in the introductory chapter, the IES and NSF Common Guidelines (U.S. Department of Education & National Science Foundation, 2013) recognize many different types of research, and large-scale studies can fall into more than one of these categories. The different types of research have correspondingly different purposes which require different sample sizes and methods of analysis. Moreover, the findings from different types of research have different degrees of generalizability. Despite these many differences, there are common features that large-scale studies share. For example, large-scale studies require large sample sizes, although exactly how large “large” depends on the design of the study. In contrast to small-scale studies, large-scale studies usually employ complex statistical analysis and have the potential to produce more readily generalizable results than small-scale studies.
Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment

The term child maltreatment has been used by advocates and policy makers to describe a set of individual behaviors toward children as well as a set of social conditions (Daro, 1989; Helfer, Kempe, & Krugman, 1997). Parental behaviors considered as abusive or neglectful include, among others, the willful or intentional physical beating of a child; the failure to provide for a child’s basic emotional and physical needs; overt emotional abuse of a child through continuous belittling, inappropriate control, or extreme inconsistency; and the sexual mistreatment of a child or use of a child for sexual pleasure. Social norms and public policies that condone and, sometimes, promote corporal punishment or high levels of violence and sexually explicit language in the media as well as child poverty, inadequate housing, failing educational systems, and limited access to preventive health care also represent, in the eyes of some, society’s collective maltreatment of its children (Garbarino, 1997; Straus, 1994). Given this diversity in perspectives, it is understandable that the fi eld has struggled with defi ning the problem’s scope, consequences, and appropriate interventions. Setting aside the issue of social conditions and inadequate welfare and support systems, the number of children directly abused or neglected is substantial. One of the earliest and most rigorous studies on the annual incidence of maltreatment estimated that in 1968 between 2 and 4 million families either failed to act or used physical force with the intent of hurting, injuring, or killing their children (Gil, 1970). Since that time, repeated household surveys and national incidence studies consistently document a problem of substantial proportion and one that affects children of all ages and socioeconomic groups (Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, & Hamby, 2005; Gelles & Straus, 1988; Sedlak & Broadhurst, 1996). Indeed, state and local child protective services (CPS) agencies investigated or assessed an estimated 1,800,000 referrals alleging child abuse or neglect in 2002. These referrals included more than 3 million children and, of those, approximately 869,000 (12.3 per 1,000)
Adaptation to hypoxia alters energy metabolism in rat heart

The present study characterized metabolic changes in the heart associated with long-term exposure to hypoxia, a potent stimulus for pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. When an...
Building blocks: An introduction to block trading☆

Abstract This paper analyzes the economic role and behavior of the block trader. In the context of a sequential decision model we determine the block trader's optimal strategy for building a syndicate of buyers and sellers. We show the conditions under which the block trader takes a position, as well as the pricing strategy he follows. In addition, we analyze how the block trader's actions are influenced by information he learns during his syndication activities. We also demonstrate how the trading process, itself, may generate information effects on security prices.
Performance Analysis of Tethered Float Breakwater

Describes laboratory experiments at one-half scale using simulated random seas and field tests at full scale of an installation of a dynamic floating breakwater system in a limited fetch situation. An analytical model is described which successfully predicted the performance of a tethered float breakwater configuration, given the incident wave spectrum. The methodology for selecting the arbitrary resistance coefficients in the predictive model is considered. Predicted and measured performance data for a total of 60 laboratory and field experiments are displayed, covering a very broad range of wave climates.
Reconstructing the phylogeny of mobile elements

The study of mobile element evolution yields valuable insights into the mechanism and history of genome rearrangement, and can help answer questions about our evolutionary history. However, because the mammalian genome contains millions of copies of mobile elements exhibiting a complex evolutionary history, traditional phylogenetic methods are ill-suited to reconstructing their history. New phylogenetic reconstruction algorithms which exploit the unique properties of mobile elements and handle large numbers of repeats are therefore necessary to better understand both mobile elements' evolution and our own. We describe a randomized algorithm for phylogenetic reconstruction that scales easily to a million or more elements. We apply our algorithm to human and chimpanzee Alu and L1 elements, and to SINE elements from 61 species, finding 32 new L1, 111 new SINE, and over 1000 new Alu subfamilies. Our results suggest that the history of mobile elements is significantly more complex than we currently understand.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Forefront of the field in 2015

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) includes components of both myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasms and is associated with a characteristic peripheral monocytosis. CMML is caused by the proliferation of an abnormal hematopoietic stem cell clone and may be influenced by microenvironmental changes. The disease is rare and has undergone revisions in its classification. We review the recent classification strategies as well as diagnostic criteria, focusing on CMML's genetic alterations and unique pathophysiology. We also discuss the latest molecular characterization of the disease, including how molecular factors affect current prognostic models. Finally, we focus on available treatment strategies, with a special emphasis on experimental and forthcoming therapies.
Modeling antimonite-based distributed feedback lasers for carbon-dioxide gas sensing

This work shows the process of computing coupling coefficients of first-order distributed feedback (DFB) metalsemiconductor quantum-well lasers. For the gas sensing of carbon dioxide (CO2), the antimonite-based (Sb-based) DFB lasers at the wavelength of 2 &#956;m are discussed. The optical waveguide structure, for each laser, has a built-in grating interface between the metal and semiconductor layers. This work considers the interface with sinusoidal corrugation geometry for preliminary modeling and computation. To compute the coupling coefficient of the metal-grating waveguide, a photonic method, Floquet-Bloch method (FB), is used for the waveguide with such a corrugated semiconductor-metal interface. The optical method, the Ray-optics method (RO), is also used for computation. Both the photonic and the optical methods have close results.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response properties of normal observers and patients during automated perimetry.

• Automated perimetry was performed on both eyes of 54 normal subjects, 36 patients with ocular hypertension and normal visual fields, and 20 patients with early glaucomatous visual field loss to evaluate false-positive errors, false-negative errors, fixation losses, consistency of double determinations, and testing time. For all subject groups and response measures, large interindividual variation was found. No meaningful age-related changes were obtained for false-negative errors, false-positive errors, fixation losses, or consistency of double determinations. Contrary to earlier reports, we found a low number of normal subjects and patients exceeding the 33% false-positive and false-negative limits established for the Humphrey Field Analyzer. A large number of normal subjects and patients, however, exceeded the 20% limits for fixation losses.
THE LONG‐TERM PREDICTIVE UTILITY OF THE BASE EXPECTANCY SCORE

Abstract: The Base Expectancy Score, developed in the early 196Os, continued a tradition of practical behauioural prediction pioneered by Burgess, the Gluecks, Mannheim and Wilkins, and others. We provide a brief historical ouerview of this tradition and of the development of the BE scale, and examine its predictive validity over more than a 25 year period and over a variety of outcome criteria of recent interest to the ‘criminal career’ research paradigm. The scale is found to be remarkably robust over the period and criteria considered.
Bacteriophage reporter technology for sensing and detecting microbial targets.

Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial viruses evolutionarily tuned to very specifically recognize, infect, and propagate within only a unique pool of host cells. Knowledge of these phage host ranges permits one to devise diagnostic tests based on phage–host recognition profiles. For decades, fundamental phage typing assays have been used to identify bacterial pathogens on the basis of the ability of phages to kill, or lyse, the unique species, strain, or serovar to which they are naturally targeted. Over time, and with a better understanding of phage–host kinetics and the realization that there exists a phage specific for nearly any bacterial pathogen of clinical, foodborne, or waterborne consequence, a variety of improved, rapid, sensitive, and easy-to-use phage-mediated detection assays have been developed. These assays exploit every stage of the phage recognition and infection cycle to yield a wide variety of pathogen monitoring, detection, and enumeration formats that are steadily advancing toward new biosensor integrations and advanced sensing technologies.
Anomalous elastic properties in a C15 Laves-phase compound

Abstract Low-temperature (70–300 K) elastic constants of a C15 Laves-phase compound Hf25V60Nb15 have been studied using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The results show anomalous elastic properties in this intermetallic alloy. The shear modulus and Young's modulus increase with increasing temperature. The bulk modulus is virtually constant in the tested temperature region. The room-temperature shear elastic constants of the alloy are smaller than those of the constituent elements and the average values derived from the rule of mixtures. The room-temperature Poisson's ratio of the alloy is higher than those of the constituent elements. The elastic properties of the C15 compound can be qualitatively understood using the electronic structure obtained from ab-initio calculations.
On-chip CMOS coplanar transmission line measurements and model verification up to 50 GHz

The results show good agreement between de-embedded measurement and T- line coplanar model in both S-parameters and in Zo representation. In all cases the results of the T-line coplanar model are very close to the corresponding results of the EM solver. The RC model deviates significantly in the frequency domain from the T-line coplanar model results - both in S- parameters and in -Zo representation. The design impact of these deviations depends on the design niche (eg. digital vs. RF), and for a given design niche it may apply only to a given subset of critical wires (eg. clock line, high speed signal line etc.). The criticality of a given wire depends also on the wire length, and the on-chip effective bandwidth (rise time in digital or frequency in RF). For digital designs, the criteria for using a model that includes inductive effects (instead of RC model) was given and discussed previously.The considerations of designing the RF launching structures have been discussed. We have found that a robust optimal design of the RF launching structure allows for the usage of very simple de-embedding techniques up to relatively high frequencies.
A Method for Locating Specular Points

We discuss an iterative algorithm for calculating the positions of specular points associated with near field bistatic reflection from a convex reflecting surface. A proof is sketched that this algorithm always converges to a solution, and information is provided about the algorithm's rate of convergence.
Designing and implementing an array theory incorporating abstract datatypes

We describe a variant of More's array theory which has an extra function we call promotion. This function effects an abstract datatype facility very similar to Smalltalk classes. We discuss how the addition of promotion solves some programming language design issues not addressed by standard array theory as well as extending the expressive power of array theory. Finally we discuss how the inclusion of classes simplifies the implementation of not only array theory but also present day APL interpreters as well.
Synaptotagmin I and II are present in distinct subsets of central synapses.

Synaptotagmin 1 and 2 (syt 1, syt 2) are synaptic vesicle-associated membrane proteins that act as calcium sensors for fast neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals. Here we show that widely used monoclonal antibodies, mab 48 and znp-1, stain nerve terminals in multiple species and, in mouse, recognize syt 1 and syt 2, respectively. With these antibodies, we examined the synaptic localization of these synaptotagmin isoforms in the mouse central nervous system. Syt 1 and syt 2 are localized predominantly to different subsets of synapses in retina, hippocampus, cerebellum, and median nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). In the MNTB, syt 1 and syt 2 are present in different presynaptic terminals on the same postsynaptic principal neuron. In retina, horizontal and OFF-bipolar cell terminals contain syt 2, whereas most other terminals contain syt 1. Syt 1 localization in the immature retina resembles that seen in adult; however, syt 2 localization appears strikingly different at perinatal ages and continues to change dramatically prior to eye opening. For example, starburst amacrine cells, which lack syt 2 in adult retina, transiently express syt 2 during the first 2 postnatal weeks. In addition to differences in spatial and temporal distribution, species-specific differences in synaptotagmin localization were observed in retina and cerebellum. The cell-, temporal-, and species-specific expression of synaptotagmin isoforms suggests that each may have distinct functions in neurotransmitter release. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:280–296, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Serial Structure on Children's and Adults' Paired-Associate Learning.

Abstract Performance was compared of children's and adults' learning of a pairedassociate task in which response terms formed an oppositional serial structure. The hypothesis that end items in the structure served as anchors was supported by the finding that they were learned prior to intermediate items even though the word-pairs were presented in random order. The scaling of items in semantic space was related to the obtained serial-position effect. When idiosyncratic structures were considered the serial learning curve was very closely approximated. Children's use of the structure paralleled those of adults in the learning of all but one of five lists. The results suggest that structuring of the task by S involves elaborative activities in which the materials are organized in meaningful fashion and selective processes that determine the order in which items will be learned.
Determination of complex scattering amplitudes in low-energy elastic electron-sodium scattering.

Measurements of spin-resolved elastic electron-sodium scattering have been carried out at incident energies of 4.1 and 12.1 eV, and the ratio of triplet to singlet scattering cross sections has been obtained at each energy. The ratio is used to provide a determination of not only the magnitudes of the triplet and singlet amplitudes, but also the cosine of the relative phase difference between them. These determinations of magnitude and relative phase represent the most detailed characterization to date of electron-atom scattering from a one-electron'' target.