cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Body Weight Perception: Association With Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors

To assess the prevalence of weight misperception in American adolescents and its association with diet and physical activity behaviors, Youth Risk Behavior Survey data were utilized for this study. Based on reported and perceived weight, adolescents in the study were grouped into four categories (true negative [52.4%] = normal body mass index [BMI]/accurate weight perception; false negative [11.3%] = high BMI/weight misperception; false positive [11.6%] = normal BMI/weight misperception; and true positive [24.8%] = high BMI/accurate weight perception). Diet and physical activity of adolescents were compared in these categories. A total of 12,016 participants were included in our analysis (74.9% aged 15-17 years, 54.5% Whites, 52% females). Almost a third (31.8%) were overweight and obese, and more than a fifth (22.9%) misperceived their weight (11.6% overestimated and 11.3% underestimated their weight). In a gender-stratified analysis, the odds of avoiding a healthy diet and physical inactivity were higher among those with body weight misperception.
Microfluidic Cooling of a 14-nm 2.5-D FPGA With 3-D Printed Manifolds for High-Density Computing: Design Considerations, Fabrication, and Electrical Characterization

The 2.5-D integration is becoming a common method of tightly integrating heterogeneous dice with dense interconnects for efficient, high-bandwidth inter-die communication. While this tight integration improves performance, it also increases the challenge of heat extraction by increasing aggregate package powers and introducing thermal crosstalk between the adjacent dice. In this article, a microfluidic heat sink is used to cool a 2.5-D Stratix 10 GX field-programmable gate array (FPGA) consisting of an FPGA die surrounded by four transceiver dice. The heat sink utilizes a heterogeneous micropin-fin array with micropin-fin densities that are tailored to the local heat fluxes of the underlying dice. Enabled through a 3-D printed enclosure for fluid delivery, the assembled heat sink has a total height of 6.5 mm, including the tubes used for fluid delivery. The heat sink is tested in an open-loop system with deionized water as a coolant, and thermal performance is compared against a high-end air-cooled heat sink. Improvements in die temperatures, computational density, and thermal coupling between the dice are observed. The effect of the FPGA power on the surrounding transceiver die temperatures was reduced by a factor of ${10}\times$ to over ${100}\times$ when compared with the air-cooled heat sink.
Managing the Hidden Costs of Coordination: Controlling coordination costs when multiple, distributed perspectives are essential

Some initial considerations to control cognitive costs for incident responders include: (1) assessing coordination strategies relative to the cognitive demands of the incident; (2) recognizing when adaptations represent a tension between multiple competing demands (coordination and cognitive work) and seeking to understand them better rather than unilaterally eliminating them; (3) widening the lens to study the joint cognition system (integration of human-machine capabilities) as the unit of analysis; and (4) viewing joint activity as an opportunity for enabling reciprocity across inter- and intra-organizational boundaries.
Extracting Knowledge from Technical Reports for the Valuation of West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Futures

This paper proposes and demonstrates an approach for the often-attempted problem of market prediction, framed as classification task. We restrict our study to a widely purchased and well recognized commodity, West Texas Intermediate crude oil, which experiences significant volatility. For this purpose, nine learners using features extracted from monthly International Energy Agency (IEA) reports to predict undervalued, overvalued, and accurate valuation of the oil futures between 2003 and 2015. The often touted “Efficient Market Hypothesis” (EMH) suggests that it is impossible for individual investors to “beat the market” as market and external forces, such as geopolitical crises and natural disasters, are nearly impossible to predict. However, four algorithms were statistically better at the 95% confidence interval than “Zero-Rule” and “Random-Guess” strategies which are expected to pseudo-reflect the EMH. Furthermore, the addition of text features can significantly improve performance compared to only using price history from the oil futures data, challenging the validity of the semi-strong versions of the EMH in the crude oil market.
Interactions with ectoparasitic mites induce host metabolic and immune responses in flies at the expense of reproduction-associated factors.

Parasites cause harm to their hosts and represent pervasive causal agents of natural selection. Understanding host proximate responses during interactions with parasites can help predict which genes and molecular pathways are targets of this selection. In the current study, we examined transcriptional changes arising from interactions between Drosophila melanogaster and their naturally occurring ectoparasitic mite, Gamasodes queenslandicus. Shifts in host transcript levels associated with behavioural avoidance revealed the involvement of genes underlying nutrient metabolism. These genetic responses were reflected in altered body lipid and glycogen levels in the flies. Mite infestation triggered a striking immune response, while male accessory gland protein transcript levels were simultaneously reduced, suggesting a trade-off between host immune responses to parasite challenge and reproduction. Comparison of transcriptional analyses during mite infestation to those during nematode and parasitoid attack identified host genes similarly expressed in flies during these interactions. Validation of the involvement of specific genes with RNA interference lines revealed candidates that may directly mediate fly–ectoparasite interactions. Our physiological and molecular characterization of the Drosophila–Gamasodes interface reveals new proximate mechanisms underlying host–parasite interactions, specifically host transcriptional shifts associated with behavioural avoidance and infestation. The results identify potential general mechanisms underlying host resistance and evolutionarily relevant trade-offs.
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Epidemiology, Risk Stratification, and Prognosis

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) risk is generally higher with the use of coronary angiography, with an average incidence of CI-AKI of 13.7% and a range between 4.4% and 28%. Long-term effects of acute kidney injury following nephrotoxic exposure include CKD progression and all-cause mortality. Baseline CKD status is the most predictive risk factor for CI-AKI, with increased risk in eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m. Prophylactic measures, including avoidance of high-osmolar contrast media (HOCM), use of lowest volume of contrast media (CM), and volume optimization with isotonic fluids, are useful for the prevention of CI-AKI. Innovative measures for targeting the latter two strategies are being investigated. Other prophylactic measures, including extracorporeal removal of CM with dialysis methods and administration of N-acetyl cysteine, have not been consistently shown to prevent CI-AKI. Although long-term outcomes following CI-AKI are present, it remains crucial to consider the risks and benefits of use vs nonuse of angiographic procedures.
E proteins orchestrate dynamic transcriptional cascades implicated in the suppression of the differentiation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a subset of newly discovered immune cells that are involved in immune reactions against microbial pathogens, host allergic reactions, as well as tissue repair. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors collectively called E proteins powerfully suppress the differentiation of ILC2s from bone marrow and thymic progenitors while promoting the development of B and T lymphocytes. How E proteins exert the suppression is not well understood. Here we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms using inducible gain and loss of function approaches in ILC2s and their precursors, respectively. Cross-examination of RNA-seq and ATAC sequencing data obtained at different time points reveals a set of genes that are likely direct targets of E proteins. Consequently, a widespread down-regulation of chromatin accessibility occurs at a later time point, possibly due to the activation of transcriptional repressor genes such as Cbfa2t3 and Jdp2. The large number of genes repressed by gain of E protein function leads to the down-regulation of a transcriptional network important for ILC2 differentiation.
College Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about the 2017-2018 H3N2 Influenza Virus and Vaccination.

OBJECTIVES To observe the state of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the effectiveness of the 2017-2018 H3N2 influenza virus vaccine in a representative sample of college students and determine how many students experienced flu-like symptoms, whether vaccinated or unvaccinated. METHODS In March 2018, a 19-item survey related to the 2017-2018 flu virus vaccine was e-mailed to a random sample of 4961 rural southeastern university undergraduate and graduate students. A total of 634 students participated. RESULTS Among 634 respondents, 37.5% received a flu vaccination. Knowledge about the flu was significantly associated with the decision to be vaccinated (χ2 = 18.68, P < 0.001). Of those who received the vaccine, 25.2% reported that they knew "a lot" about the flu. Approximately 28.8% of respondents believed the vaccine to be "very effective" (n = 145). CONCLUSION Increased knowledge about the flu indicates an association with a higher rate of flu vaccinations among college students.
Near-Ultraviolet Sources in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Catalog

The catalog from the first high-resolution U-band image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, taken with Hubble's Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 through the F300W filter, is presented. We detect 96 U-band objects and compare and combine this catalog with a Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey B-selected catalog that provides B, V, i, and z photometry, spectral types, and photometric redshifts. We have also obtained far-ultraviolet (FUV, 1614 A) data with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys Solar Blind Channel (ACS/SBC) and with GALEX. We detected 31 sources with ACS/SBC, 28 with GALEX/FUV, and 45 with GALEX/NUV. The methods of observations, image processing, object identification, catalog preparation, and catalog matching are presented.
Understanding Modern Nigeria: Ethnicity, Democracy, and Development

Since its independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria has emerged as Africa's second largest economy and one of the biggest producers of oil in the world. Despite its economic success, however, there are deep divisions among its two hundred and fifty ethnic groups. Centered around three of the dominant themes of Nigeria's post-colonial narrative - ethnicity, democracy and governance, this is an accessible and comprehensive introduction to the history and events that have shaped these three areas. World-renowned expert in Nigerian history, Toyin Falola shows us how the British laid the foundations of modern Nigeria, with colonialism breading competition for resources and power and the widening cleavages between the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo ethnic groups that had been forced together under British rule, the choice of federalism as a political system, and the religious and political pluralism that have shaped its institutions and practices. Using an examination of the outcomes of this history, manifested in hunger, violence, poverty, human rights violations, threats of secession and corruption, where power and resources are used to reproduce underdevelopment, Falola offers insights and recommendations for the future of policy and the potential for intervention in the country.
Dietary pterostilbene for MTA1-targeted interception in high-risk premalignant prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancers in aging men. Active surveillance subpopulation of prostate cancer patients includes men with varying cancer risk categories of precancerous disease due to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) heterogeneity. Identifying molecular alterations associated with PIN can provide preventable measures through finding novel pharmacological targets for cancer interception. Targeted nutritional interception may prove to be the most appropriate chemoprevention for intermediate- and high-risk active surveillance patients. Here, we have generated two prostate-specific transgenic mouse models, one overexpressing MTA1 (R26MTA1) and the other overexpressing MTA1 on the background of Pten heterozygosity (R26MTA1; Pten+/f), in which we examined the potential chemopreventive efficacy of dietary pterostilbene. We show that MTA1 promotes neoplastic transformation of prostate epithelial cells by activating cell proliferation and survival, leading to PIN development. Moreover, MTA1 cooperates with PTEN deficiency to accelerate PIN development by increasing cell proliferation and MTA1-associated signaling. Further, we show that mice fed with a pterostilbene-supplemented diet exhibited more favorable histopathology with decreased severity and number of PIN foci accompanied by reduced proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation concomitant to reduction in MTA1 and MTA1-associated CyclinD1, Notch2, and oncogenic miR-34a and miR-22 levels.
Metapopulation connectivity retains genetic diversity following a historical bottleneck in a federally endangered seabird

Despite intensive management since the 1970s, recovery of the endangered northwestern Atlantic population of the Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii dougallii) has not offset low productivity from a female-biased sex ratio, low adult survival, and habitat constriction. Now, >90% of individuals breed at three sites within 200 km from Long Island, NY, to Buzzards Bay, MA (warm-water subregion). To characterize the impact of historical bottlenecks, metapopulation structure, and demographic fluctuations on genetic variation, Roseate Terns from the warm-water (1870s, 1970s, 1997, 2016) and cold-water (Nova Scotia, Canada; 2018) subregions were genotyped at 8–16 microsatellites and 2–3 mitochondrial regions. Diversity declined in the warm-water subregion from the 1870s (expected heterozygosity [HE] = 0.44, allelic richness [AR] = 2.86) and 1970s (HE = 0.53, AR = 3.25) to 1997 (HE = 0.38, AR = 2.58). Genetic signatures of bottlenecks persisted in 1997 (P = <0.001–0.003) and 2016 (P = <0.001–0.005), but an increase in variation occurred by 2016 (HE = 0.50, AR = 2.85). Weak structure was detected between contemporary warm- and cold-water subregions (θ = 0.06) and within the warm-water subregion (θ = 0.04). Both demographic (3,439–3,821) and genetic (3,040) estimates suggested effective population size (Ne) stability over the last 100 years, despite large fluctuations in census size (4,000–8,662). Results suggest that 50 years of management (restoring habitat, preventing gull encroachment, controlling predators) at colony sites supported a small, stable Ne and maintained a hierarchical metapopulation that allowed gene flow to redistribute genetic variation throughout the northwest Atlantic. The metapopulation remains highly vulnerable to stochastic events but harbors resiliency and redundancy through gene flow and a stable Ne. For long-term persistence from a genetic perspective, managers must maintain the major source colonies, increase the availability of high-quality peripheral breeding sites, and protect concentrated nonbreeding sites that facilitate gene flow. LAY SUMMARY Roseate Terns breeding on the northwest Atlantic coast of North America are federally endangered and have been the subject of intense management since the 1970s. Genetic diversity within the warm-water subregion increased between 1997 and 2016. Only small genetic differences were found between breeding colonies in the warm-water (USA) and cold-water (Canada) subregions. Integrated genetic and field demographic data obtained accurate regional estimates for effective population size (Ne ∼ 3,000 individuals). The results of this study directly informed the status assessment for this endangered species that considers management needs for long-term persistence.
Boundary Array Transducer Combined with Coherence Estimation of Channel Data

Recent studies suggest that ultrasound can be used for serial monitoring to guide therapeutic interventions at the point of care. A low-cost 3-D imaging system would ideally be suited for this application due to greater reproducibility over 2-D imaging. In our previous work, we performed a simulation study of a rectangular boundary array combined with nonlinear apodization methods to improve image contrast. In this work, we investigate the use of a novel coherence estimation technique to improve image contrast from a rectangular boundary array. This method is based in k-space, where the RF channel data is estimated from the beamformed RF data to estimate the coherence. Simulation and results showed that CECD combined with an RBA can provide near or better image quality in terms of the clutter level, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and speckle signal-to-noise (SNR).
Battling Pornography: The American Feminist Anti-Pornography Movement, 1976-1986

Introduction 1. Seeds of discontent: the failed promise of the sexual revolution for women 2. Male violence and the critique of heterosexuality: the influence of radical feminism on the anti-pornography movement 3. Have you seen Deep Throat yet?: the growth of the commercial sex industry in 1970s America 4. 'I'm black and blue from the Rolling Stones and I love it!': WAVAW and the campaign against media violence 5. Something inside me just went 'click': women against violence in pornography and media and the transition to an anti-pornography movement 6. Growing pains: the emergence of Women Against Pornography and new directions for the feminist anti-pornography movement 7. Porn tours: tensions and triumphs for WAP 8. The new lay of the land: WAP assumes leadership of the movement and faces challenges from within and without 9. Anti-pornography comes undone: the rise of the feminist pro-sex countermovement Conclusion: porn is here to stay: the feminist anti-pornography movement in the 1980s and beyond.
Tutorial on Neural Systems Modeling

Neural systems models are elegant conceptual tools that provide satisfying insight into brain function. The goal of this new book is to make these tools accessible. It is written specifically for students in neuroscience, cognitive science, and related areas who want to learn about neural systems modeling but lack extensive background in mathematics and computer programming. The book opens with an introduction to computer programming. Each of twelve subsequent chapters presents a different modeling paradigm by describing its basic structure and showing how it can be applied in understanding brain function. The text guides the reader through short, simple computer programs printed in the book and available by download at the companion website that implement the paradigms and simulate real neural systems. Motivation for the simulations is provided in the form of a narrative that places specific aspects of neural system behavior in the context of more general brain function. The narrative integrates instruction for using the programs with description of neural system function, and readers can actively experience the fun and excitement of doing the simulations themselves. Designed as a hands-on tutorial for students, this book also serves instructors as both a teaching tool and a source of examples and exercises that provide convenient starting points for more in-depth exploration of topics of their own specific interest. The distinguishing pedagogical feature of this book is its computer programs, written in MATLAB, that help readers develop basic skill in the area of neural systems modeling. (All of the program files are available online via the book s companion website. Actual data on real neural systems is presented in the book for comparison with the results of the simulations. Also included are asides ( Math Boxes ) that present mathematical material that is relevant but not essential to running the programs. Exercises and references at the end of each chapter invite readers to explore each topic area on their own.
Oxidative stress-induced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment is independent of conventional dendritic cells (INC5P.325)

Oxidative stress and airway neutrophilia are key features of some asthma phenotypes. Ozone (O3), a potent oxidant, induces pulmonary neutrophil recruitment which requires IL-17A+ γδ T cells. IL-23 is required for IL-17A production by T cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are a potent source of IL-23. We therefore hypothesized that oxidative stress-induced IL-17A+ γδ T cells require IL-23 production from cDC. Wild type (WT), Tcrd-/- (lacking γδ T cells), and flt3l-/- (deficient in cDC) mice were exposed to air or 0.3 ppm O3 for 72 h. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected for cell differentials and lungs were processed for qPCR analysis. Lungs from mice which were not lavaged were used for flow cytometric analysis. In WT mice, O3 caused a 4 fold increase in the percentage of lung CD11c+/MHCII+/Siglec-F+ dendritic cells. IL-23 mRNA was also increased after O3 exposure. Flt3l-/- and WT mice had similar amounts of IL-23 and IL-17A mRNA and BAL neutrophils, thus indicating that cDC are not the source of IL-23 after such oxidative stress. However, IL-23 mRNA was reduced in Tcrd-/- mice which had fewer CD11c-/ CD11b+/F4/80+ myeloid cells. These cells are thus the potential source of IL-23. Altogether these data suggest oxidative stress induces IL-23 production by non-dendritic myeloid cells leading to IL-17A+ γδ T cell driven neutrophil recruitment.
Trace of a (Square) Matrix

The primary subject of this relatively short chapter is a basic characteristic of a square matrix called the trace. There are many areas of statistics in which the trace of a matrix is encountered. For example, in the design of experiments, one of the criteria (A-optimality) that is used for comparing designs involves the trace of a matrix (Fedorov 1972).
The effects of diet-induced obesity on B cell function

B-1 and B-2 B cell subsets carry out a diverse array of functions that range broadly from responding to innate stimuli, antigen presentation, cytokine secretion and antibody production. In this review, we first cover the functional roles of the major murine B cell subsets. We then highlight emerging evidence, primarily in preclinical rodent studies, to show that select B cell subsets are a therapeutic target in obesity and its associated co-morbidities. High fat diets promote accumulation of select murine B cell phenotypes in visceral adipose tissue. As a consequence, B cells exacerbate inflammation and thereby insulin sensitivity through the production of autoantibodies and via cross-talk with select adipose resident macrophages, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, interleukin (IL)-10-secreting regulatory B cells counteract the proinflammatory profile and improve glucose sensitivity. We subsequently review data from rodent studies that show pharmacological supplementation of obesogenic diets with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators synthesized from endogenous n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids boost B cell activation and antibody production. This may have potential benefits for improving inflammation in addition to combating the increased risk of viral infection that is an associated complication of obesity and type II diabetes. Finally, we propose potential underlying mechanisms throughout the review by which B cell activity could be differentially regulated in response to high fat diets.
Eastern District Association News

(1944). Eastern District Association News. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 15, No. 10, pp. 566-568.
Recruiting Transcultural Qualitative Research Participants: A Conceptual Model:

Working with diverse populations poses many challenges to the qualitative researcher who is a member of the dominant culture. Traditional methods of recruitment and selection (such as flyers and advertisements) are often unproductive, leading to missed contributions from potential participants who were not recruited and researcher frustration. In this article, the authors explore recruitment issues related to the concept of personal knowing based on experiences with Aboriginal Hawai’ian and Micronesian populations, wherein knowing and being known are crucial to successful recruitment of participants. They present a conceptual model that incorporates key concepts of knowing the other, cultural context, and trust to guide other qualitative transcultural researchers. They also describe challenges, implications, and concrete suggestions for recruitment of participants.
Three-dimensional Laparoscopy: Does Improved Visualization Decrease the Learning Curve Among Trainees in Advanced Procedures?

Purpose Complex laparoscopy is difficult to master because it involves 3-dimensional (3D) interpretation on a 2-dimensional (2D) viewing screen. The use of 3D technology has an uncertain effect on training surgeons. We aim to evaluate the effectiveness of 3D on learning and performing laparoscopic tasks. Methods Medical students without laparoscopic experience (novices) were evaluated doing inanimate object transfer and laparoscopic suturing. Tasks were repeated using 2D and 3D cameras with standard instruments. Time and error rates (missed attempts, dropped objects, and failure to complete the task) were recorded. Results Twenty-nine novice medical students experienced a 45.5% decrease in the time to complete PEG transfer using 3D (mean 207 s with 2D vs. 113 s with 3D). Error rate was reduced to 50% (2D, 4 errors vs. 3D, 2 errors) and mean drop rate was reduced to 0. Similar decreases in suture time (46.5%) were seen (mean 403 s with 2D vs. 220 s with 3D). Conclusions Our results indicate that 3D significantly improved visualization and ability to perform complex tasks in the skills laboratory setting. This technology may be very effective in teaching advanced laparoscopic skills in the era of work-hour restrictions.
High-performance analog module generation using nonlinear optimization

A methodology for accurately sizing analog circuits in short channel CMOS processes is presented. In this method the authors formulate analog circuit design as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. They pay particular attention to power supply rejection (PSR), because of its importance in mixed analog-digital systems, and study tradeoffs between PSR and other performance parameters. >
Anthranilate Synthetase, an Enzyme Specified by the Tryptophan Operon of Escherichia coli: Purification and Characterization of Component I

Abstract A procedure employed in the purification of anthranilate synthetase component I of Escherichia coli is described. The purified component appears homogeneous by starch gel electrophoresis and by sedimentation analysis. A molecular weight of 60,000 was estimated by gel filtration of Sephadex G-100. This value is consistent with the molecular weight estimated from the sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. Purified anthranilate synthetase component I cannot use glutamine as substrate and thus has no activity in the reaction of chorismate + l-glutamine → anthranilate; however, it is active when ammonium sulfate is provided as amino donor. Sucrose density gradient analyses showed that ammonium sulfate does not affect the sedimentation velocity of component I. The ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectra of the purified component indicated that it contains tryptophan. Peptide pattern and extract complementation evidence suggested that the protein is a single polypeptide chain. Enzyme activity measurements indicated that wild-type E. coli produces equimolar amounts of at least four of the five polypeptides specified by the operon. Purified anthranilate synthetase component I is inhibited by l-tryptophan.
Proton MR spectroscopy of pediatric cerebellar tumors.

PURPOSE To investigate the role of proton MR spectroscopy in pediatric cerebellar tumor diagnosis. METHODS Single voxel pulse sequences with long echo time (135 or 270 milliseconds, voxel size 8 to 19 cm3), were used to obtain proton spectra of primary pediatric cerebellar tumors. Eleven primitive neuroectodermal tumors (patient age, 2 to 12 years; mean, 7 years), 11 low-grade astrocytomas (age, 2 to 16 years; mean, 9 years), 4 ependymomas (age, 1 to 6 years; mean, 4 years), 1 mixed glioma ependymo-astrocytoma (age, 11 years), 1 anaplastic ependymoma (age, 7 years), 1 ganglioglioma (age, 14 years), and 1 malignant teratoma (age, 6 days) were studied. Control cerebellum spectra were acquired from five patients without abnormality in cerebellum (age, 2 to 15 years; mean, 8 years). The signal intensities from choline-containing compounds (Cho), creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr), N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), and lactate (Lac) were quantified. The mean and standard deviation of metabolite ratios were calculated. RESULTS The control spectra ratios (NAA:Cho = 1.49 +/- 0.36, Cr:Cho = 1.13 +/- 0.23) were distinct from the tumor spectra (NAA:Cho = 0.41 +/- 0.27 and Cr:Cho = 0.37 +/- 0.23). Most of primitive neuroectodermal tumors had low NAA:Cho (0.17 +/- 0.09) and Cr:Cho (0.32 +/- 0.19). Compared with primitive neuroectodermal tumors, low-grade astrocytomas and ependymomas had higher NAA:Cho ratio (0.63 +/- 0.19 and 0.39 +/- 0.12). The Cr:Cho ratio was higher for ependymomas (0.60 +/- 0.20) than for astrocytomas (0.27 +/- 0.12) and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. No NAA was found in the malignant teratoma. Lac:Cho ratio was 0.66 +/- 0.40, 0.58 +/- 0.30, and 0.08 +/- 0.12 for astrocytoma, ependymoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor, respectively. Lactate was elevated in the mixed glioma ependymo-astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, and teratoma. The NAA and lactate signals were sometimes obscured by lipids in the spectra. Discriminant analysis was carried out using NAA:Cho and Cr:Cho ratios to differentiate the three major tumor types. The sensitivity/specificity values for diagnosing astrocytoma, ependymoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor were found to be 0.91/0.84, 0.75/0.92, and 0.82/0.89, respectively, based on this study. CONCLUSION In many cases, proton MR spectroscopy can be used to help differentiate cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor, low-grade astrocytoma, and ependymoma.
Cumulative Hemagglutination by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Other Agglutinins

Abstract John, T. Jacob (University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver), Marlene Stahl, and Vincent A. Fulginiti. Cumulative hemagglutination by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other agglutinins. J. Bacteriol. 92:1002–1004. 1966.—The phenomenon of cumulative hemagglutination, or hemagglutination by two agglutinins, each in subagglutinating concentration, was demonstrated by use of four different systems, namely, horse serum and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, horse serum and measles antigen, M. pneumoniae and measles antigen, and parainfluenza 2 virus and M. pneumoniae. Cumulative hemagglutination appears to be the mechanism by which a horse-serum diluent causes high hemagglutination titers of M. pneumoniae, since both contain hemagglutinins against vervet erythrocytes. It was also shown that antibodies against either one of the two antigens may cause inhibition of such hemagglutination.
Articulatory and social factors influence the acoustic structure of rhesus monkey vocalizations : a learned mode of production ?

This report presents results that show that the acoustic structure of the ‘‘coo’’ vocalization of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) varies between members of different matrilines. In the case examined, members of one matriline produce coos that are acoustically distinctive from all other matrilines and the difference is primarily due to spectral dampening and the presence of energy bands between the primary harmonics of the call. Perceptually, these acoustic modifications lead to what human listeners hear as a ‘‘nasal’’ utterance, suggesting the possibility of supralaryngeal filtering. Moreover, because nasal‐sounding coos were only produced by members of one matriline, learning may be the primary cause of such intrafamilial similarities.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF BRAIN SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADINGS: INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY RANGES

Blast wave induced a frequency spectrum and large deformation of the brain tissue. In this study, new material parameters for the brain material are determined from the experimental data pertaining to these large strain amplitudes and wide frequencies ranging (from 0.01 Hz to 10 MHz) using genetic algorithms. Both hyperelastic and viscoelastic behavior of the brain are implemented into 2D finite element models and the dynamic responses of brain are evaluated. The head, composed of triple layers of the skull, including two cortical layers and a middle dipole sponge-like layer, the dura, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the pia mater and the brain, is utilized to assess the effects of material model. The results elucidated that frequency ranges of the material play an important role in the dynamic response of the brain under blast loading conditions. An appropriate material model of the brain is essential to predict the blast-induced brain injury.
Frederick Busch: Chronicler of the Lost and Found

Anyone new to Frederick Busch's work need look no further than Rescue Missions, the exquisite collection of stories published after his death in 2006, to see on display all the elements that this m...
Characterization of a newly developed chicken 44K Agilent microarray.

The development of microarray technology has greatly enhanced our ability to evaluate gene expression. In theory, the expression of all genes in a given organism can be monitored simultaneously. Sequencing of the chicken genome has provided the crucial information for the design of a comprehensive chicken transcriptome microarray. A long oligonucleotide microarray has been manually curated and designed by our group and manufactured using Agilent inkjet technology. This provides a flexible and powerful platform with high sensitivity and specificity for gene expression studies. A chicken 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray consisting of 42,034 features including the entire Marek's disease virus, two avian influenza virus (H5N2 and H5N3), and 150 chicken microRNAs has been designed and tested. In an important validation study, total RNA isolated from four major chicken tissues: cecal tonsil (C), ileum (I), liver (L), and spleen (S) were used for comparative hybridizations. More than 95% of spots had high signal noise ratio (SNR > 10). There were 2886, 2660, 358, 3208, 3355, and 3710 genes differentially expressed between liver and spleen, spleen and cecal tonsil, cecal tonsil and ileum, liver and cecal tonsil, liver and ileum, spleen and ileum (P < 10-7), respectively. There were a number of tissue-selective genes for cecal tonsil, ileum, liver, and spleen identified (95, 71, 535, and 108, respectively; P < 10-7). Another highlight of these data revealed that the antimicrobial peptides GAL1, GAL2, GAL6 and GAL7 were highly expressed in the spleen compared to other tissues tested. A chicken 60-mer oligonucleotide 44K microarray was designed and validated in a comprehensive survey of gene expression in diverse tissues. The results of these tissue expression analyses have demonstrated that this microarray has high specificity and sensitivity, and will be a useful tool for chicken functional genomics. Novel data on the expression of putative tissue specific genes and antimicrobial peptides is highlighted as part of this comprehensive microarray validation study. The information for accessing and ordering this 44K chicken array can be found at http://people.tamu.edu/~hjzhou/TAMUAgilent44KArray/
General constraint qualifications in nondifferentiable programming

We show that a familiar constraint qualification of differentiable programming has “nonsmooth” counterparts. As a result, necessary optimality conditions of Kuhn—Tucker type can be established for inequality-constrained mathematical programs involving functions not assumed to be differentiable, convex, or locally Lipschitzian. These optimality conditions reduce to the usual Karush—Kuhn—Tucker conditions in the differentiable case and sharpen previous results in the locally Lipschitzian case.
Comparison of Amounts of Remodeling Activity in Opposite Cortices of Ribs in Children and Adults

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUACOMPARATION DEL GRADOS DE ACTIVITATE REMODULATORI IN OPPOSITE CORTICES DE COSTAS IN JUVENILES E ADULTOS.—Le "leges osso-structural" de Frost esseva usate in formular predictiones relative al rapiditate del remodulation de specimens standard de costas human in le curso de varie stadios de vita. Si on suppone que le mentionate leges es valide, il seque a base de cognoscite factos de physiologia respiratori que on pote predicer que le metabolismo de osso debe esser plus rapide in juveniles que in adultos, que illo debe esser plus rapide in le cutanee que in le pleural cortice costal de juveniles, e que illo debe tender a esser equal in ambe cortices post le maturation skeletic. Mesurationes histologic de un specimen standard de costa ab 40 subjectos ha confirmate cata-un de ille predictiones.
An analytic model for flow reversal in divertor plasmas

An analytic model is developed and used to study the phenomenon of flow reversal which is observed in two-dimensional simulations of divertor plasmas. The effect is shown to be caused by the radial spread of neutral particles emitted from the divertor target which can lead to a strong peaking of the ionization source at certain radial locations. The results indicate that flow reversal over a portion of the width of the scrape-off layer is inevitable in high recycling conditions. Implications for impurity transport and particle removal in reactors are discussed.
An Alternative Scoring Method for the Motivation Sources Inventory: A Case for Ratio Analysis:

Previously published research is examined, and an alternative scoring method for the Motivation Sources Inventory is proposed. The new method, ratio analysis, provides an empirical assessment more consistent with the theoretical framework of the inventory. Theoretical and empirical support for ratio analysis is provided.
Compartmentalization of single muscle units in cat lateral gastrocnemius

The distribution of muscle fibers in single muscle units in cat lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle was analyzed using the method of glycogen depletion. Single, type FF motor units in LG were identified by stimulation of dissected ventral rootlets and then activated to produce depletion of glycogen in their innervated muscle fibers. Serial histological sections were made of the entire triceps surae muscles and then reacted for the demonstration of glycogen. Projected tracings of the sections were used to compare the distribution of glycogen depleted muscle fibers to the heads of the LG muscle. Results of analysis of single muscle units indicate that the muscle fibers innervated by single cat LG type FF motor units are distributed to the same regions of muscle which are innervated by primary branches of the nerve to the LG muscle. The single units are thus compartmentalized. These results support the hypothesis that each of the neuromuscular compartments of LG contains a unique population of motor units. It is suggested that compartmentalization of muscles about primary branches of their muscle nerves may from a major organizational principle in the design of skeletal muscles.
Are Thromboembolic and Bleeding Complications a Drawback for Composite Aortic Root Replacement

Background Valve-preserving aortic root reconstruction is being performed with increasing frequency. Independent of durability concerns, enthusiasm for retaining the native valve is often championed on the presumption that composite graft replacement of the aorta will be complicated by thromboembolism and bleeding. Our goal in this late follow-up study is to determine if thromboembolism or bleeding, or both, are indeed problematic after composite aortic root replacement. Methods Between 1995 and 2011, 306 patients (mean age, 56 ± 14 years) underwent composite graft replacement of the aorta. St. Jude mechanical valve conduits (St. Jude Medical, St Paul, MN) were used in 242 patients, and 64 received a biologic conduit. Long-term postoperative follow-up (mean, 56 months; range, 1 to 97 months) was performed through our Aortic Database, supplemented by patient interviews and use of the Social Security Death Index. Results Hospital mortality was 2.9% overall and 1.4% in the last 8 years. Kaplan-Meier curves showed freedom (± standard deviation) from bleeding, stroke, and distal embolism as 94.3% ± 1.7% at 5 years and 91.3% ± 2.4% at 10 years. Survival was 93.5% ± 1.8% at 5 years and 80.9% ± 4.6% at 10 years, which was not statistically different from that for an age- and sex-matched population in Connecticut. Freedom from reoperation of the aortic root was 99% at 10 years. Conclusions Patients had excellent survival and few thromboembolic and bleeding complications after composite aortic root replacement. These data supporting minimal morbidity in the setting of well-established durability should be used to put alternative procedures, such as valve-preserving aortic root reconstruction, into context.
Normal response of sickle cell anemia patients to immunization with Salmonella vaccines

Patients with hemolytic states associated with sickle cell hemoglobin have a surprisingincidence of serious infections with Salmonella. The causes for this apparently increased susceptibility are unclear. This study was devised to examine the immune response of these patients to immunization with Salmonella vaccines. The incidence and titers of preimmunization agglutinins to a large number of Salmonella antigens showed no significant differences between sickle cell patients and appropriate controls. Thirteen patients who were immunized with various Salmonella vaccines showed quantitatively and qualitatively normal responses of their immunoglobulins. Therefore, the increased susceptibility of these patients to serious Salmonella infections does not appear to be due to either increased exposure or a deficient or qualitatively abnormal immune globulin response to these bacteria.
SERIAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC (ECHO) PROFILES IN INFANTS with COARCTATION OF THE AORTA (COARCT)

Angiographic studies suggest that infants with coarct have enlarged right ventricles (RV) and small, poorly functioning left ventricles (LV). We have performed 83 M-mode echos on 13 medically managed Infants with documented coarct (age 1 day-3½ yrs, BSA 0.16-0.78 m2). Associated lesions included VSD (2), ASD (2) and aortic stenosis (6). Group A included 1 echo from infants 1 day-6 wks (N-9); group B, 6 wks-4 mos (N=9); group C, 4 mos-1 yr (N=7); and group D 1-4 yrs (N=4). LV diastolic dimension (LVD), 1.6 ±.12 (SE) cm, in A was significantly decreased, (p<0.05) 64±5% (SE) of nl for BSA, Z=-2.5 (SD's). LVD increased in B to 82±4%, Z=-1.3, in C to 94±8% and was 97±7% of nl in D. RVD, 1.3±.15 cm, was increased (p<0.05) in A to 159±19% of nl, Z=1.8. RVD for B was 141±8%, Z=1.3, and decreased to 131±10%, Z=.9 for D. RV wall in A was thickened, (p<0.001) 0.4±.04 cm, 247±17%, Z=4.4, and remained so, D=201±19%, Z=3.4. In A infants, septum was 96±6% of nl, Z=-.21 and LVPW 93±18%, Z=-.46. These thickened to 123±8%, Z=1.37, and 117±8%, Z=l.l, respectively, in D. Mean Vcf, corrected for heart rate, was depressed in A, 81±6% of nl (p<0.05), despite digoxin, but was normal thereafter. RV PEP/ET ratio was elevated, (p<0.05) 0.36±1.03 and 0.40±.05 in A & B respectively (0.24±.005 = nl), suggesting increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This study documents LV growth and hypertrophy, improvement in LV function and regression of RV enlargement and hypertrophy in unoperated infants with coarct.
Sunspots and incomplete financial markets: The general case

This paper examines the effects of extrinsic uncertainty or sunspots on competitive equilibrium when financial markets are incomplete. For the canonical two-period, pure-exchange model with bonds (or so-called “nominal assets”, yielding fixed overall returns specified in units of account, and including pure inside money), the following result is established: Generically in endowments, if there areS sunspot states in the second period, but only 0<I<S distinct types of bonds, then — corresponding to the inherent deficiency in the financial markets — sunspots will generateD=S−I dimensions of consumption allocation or real (as well as spot price or nominal) indeterminacy.
Pre‐hospital low‐volume resuscitation with hemoglobin‐glutamer‐200 (Hb‐200) in a canine hemorrhagic shock model

Recently, hypotensive small volume fluid resuscitation has been advocated for early treatment of hemorrhagic shock to avoid aggravating further blood loss and to minimize hemodilution. Our objective was to study whether a hemoglobin-based O2 carrier is more efficacious than crystalloids for pre-hospital treatment of severe hemorrhage. Effects of Hb-200 (Oxyglobin) on systemic hemodynamic and oxygenation functions and on muscle blood flow (MBF), muscle O2 tension (PMO2) and debt (O2DebtM), as well as on systemic lactate levels were studied during the early post-hemorrhage resuscitation period (pre-hospital). Dogs were anesthetized, instrumented and then splenectomized. After baseline recordings, they were hemorrhaged (~50 mL kg–1) over 30 minutes to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 45 mm Hg and kept at that level for 30 minutes. Then they received 8.3 mL kg–1 of either 0.9% saline (SAL; n = 5) or 50% Hb-200 (n = 5) over 60 minutes. Recordings were then repeated. Data analysis included robust regression modeling (p < 0.05). Hemorrhage was associated with characteristic changes in both groups. Heart rate and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances increased, and MAP, cardiac output, systemic O2 delivery (DO2), MBF, and PMO2 decreased (p < 0.05). As a result, systemic O2 extraction and O2DebtM increased and lactic acidosis developed (p < 0.05). Low volume resuscitation with Hb-200 was as efficacious as with SAL in improving most hemodynamic variables. However, Hb-200 increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, which resulted in significantly greater increases in MAP and mean pulmonary arterial pressure compared to the SAL group (p < 0.05). SAL and Hb-200 resuscitation increased DO2 and PMO2 by 43 and 88%, and 33 and 149%, respectively (p < 0.05). Neither aO2ct nor DO2 or PMO2 were significantly higher after Hb-200 than SAL resuscitation. Acid-base parameters post resuscitation improved similarly in both groups. In conclusion, Hb-200 may be a better choice than SAL for low volume resuscitation only if immediate strong pressor support is needed post hemorrhage to prevent imminent cardiac arrest as it improves tissue oxygenation despite its vasoconstrictive action.