cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T cell dysfunction in the diabetes-prone BB rat. A role for thymic migrants that are not T cell precursors.

Diabetes-prone BB (BB-DP) rats express several T cell dysfunctions which include poor proliferative and cytotoxic responses to alloantigen. The goal of this study was to determine the origin of these T cell dysfunctions. When BB-DP rats were thymectomized, T cell depleted, and transplanted with neonatal thymus tissue from diabetes-resistant and otherwise normal DA/BB F1 rats, the early restoration of T cell function proceeded normally on a cell-for-cell basis; i.e., peripheral T cells functioned like those from the thymus donor. Because the thymus in these experiments was subjected to gamma irradiation before transplantation and there was no evidence of F1 chimerism in the transplanted BB-DP rats, it appeared that the BB-DP T cell precursors could mature into normally functioning T cells if the maturation process occurred in a normal thymus. If the F1 thymus tissue was treated with dGua before transplantation, the T cells of these animals functioned poorly like those from untreated BB-DP rats. dGua poisons bone marrow-derived cells, including gamma radiation-resistant cells of the macrophage/dendritic cell lineages, while sparing the thymic epithelium. Therefore, the reversal of the T cell dysfunction depends on the presence in the F1 thymus of gamma radiation-resistant, dGua-sensitive F1 cells. Conversely, thymectomized and T cell-depleted F1 rats expressed T cell dysfunction when transplanted with gamma-irradiated BB thymus grafts. T cell responses were normal in animals transplanted with dGua-treated BB thymus grafts. With increasing time after thymus transplantation, T cells from all animals gradually expressed the functional phenotype of the bone marrow donor. Taken together these results suggest that BB-DP bone marrow-derived cells that are not T cell precursors influence the maturation environment in the thymus of otherwise normal BB-DP T cell precursors.
Advances in understanding and treating dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders that can be both systemic and life-threatening. Standard treatments for the most severe forms of this disorder, typically limited to palliative care, are ineffective in reducing the morbidity and mortality due to complications of the disease. Emerging therapies—such as the use of allogeneic cellular therapy, gene therapy, and protein therapy—have all shown promise, but it is likely that several approaches will need to be combined to realize a cure. For recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, each particular therapeutic approach has added to our understanding of type VII collagen (C7) function and the basic biology surrounding the disease. The efficacyofthese therapiesand the mechanisms by whichthey functionalso giveusinsightinto developing future strategies for treating this and other extracellular matrix disorders.
Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Aspects of Compression and Decompression Heating

Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography is an emerging technique for carrying out rapid and highly efficient separations. Unfortunately, one of the simplifying assumptions made in conventional high-performance liquid chromatography, incompressibility of the mobile phase, is not valid when higher and higher pressures are used. Rather, both compression and decompression of the eluent must be considered in terms of both heating and changes in the solvent's structure. The first of these problems, eluent heating during the compression and decompression cycles, which occurs in the pump and column, respectively, are considered in terms of a combined first principle-empirical approach that is solved (i.e., an analytic solution obtained from the resulting integral equation) using 0.01 Bar pressure steps. The approach is used to estimate compression and decompression heating for methanol and water.
Discovering the hidden structure of house prices with a non-parametric latent manifold model

In many regression problems, the variable to be predicted depends not only on a sample-specific feature vector, but also on an unknown (latent) manifold that must satisfy known constraints. An example is house prices, which depend on the characteristics of the house, and on the desirability of the neighborhood, which is not directly measurable. The proposed method comprises two trainable components. The first one is a parametric model that predicts the "intrinsic" price of the house from its description. The second one is a smooth, non-parametric model of the latent "desirability" manifold. The predicted price of a house is the product of its intrinsic price and desirability. The two components are trained simultaneously using a deterministic form of the EM algorithm. The model was trained on a large dataset of houses from Los Angeles county. It produces better predictions than pure parametric and non-parametric models. It also produces useful estimates of the desirability surface at each location.
BLOOD FLOW AUGMENTATION BY INTRINSIC VENULAR CONTRACTION IN VIVO

Venomotion, spontaneous cyclic contractions of venules, was first observed in the bat wing 160 years ago. Of all the functional roles proposed since then, propulsion of blood by venomotion remains ...
Software-directed disk power management for scientific applications

Disk power consumption is becoming an increasingly important issue in high-end servers that execute large-scale data-intensive applications. In particular, array-based scientific codes can spend a significant portion of their power budget on the disk subsystem. Observing this, the prior research proposed several strategies, such as spinning down to low-power modes or adjusting the speed of the disk in lower RPM, to reduce power consumption on the disk subsystem. A common characteristic of most of these techniques is that they are reactive, in the sense that they make their decisions based on the disk access patterns observed during execution. While such techniques are certainly useful and the published studies reveal that they can be very effective in some cases, one can conceivably achieve better results by adopting a proactive scheme. Focusing on array-intensive scientific applications, this paper makes two important contributions. First, it presents a compiler-driven proactive approach to disk power management. In this approach, the compiler analyzes the application code and extracts the disk access pattern. It then uses this information to insert explicit disk power management calls in the appropriate places in the code. It also pre-activates a disk (placed into the low-power mode) before it is actually needed to eliminate the potential performance impact of disk power management. The second contribution of this paper is a code transformation approach that can be used to increase the savings coming from a disk power management scheme (whether reactive or proactive). Our experimental results with several scientific application codes show that both the proactive disk power management approach and the disk layout aware code transformations are beneficial from both power consumption and execution time perspectives.
Report of a case of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma arising in a background of extensive nasal gliomatosis

Background. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a relatively rare, aggressive malignancy of adulthood. Nasal glial heterotopia is a benign congenital condition in which mature benign brain tissue develops outside the central nervous system. Methods. A 37-year-old man was seen with right nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and headache. Imaging showed a radiologically malignant mass lesion. Biopsy and subsequent resection were performed in the evaluation and treatment of this lesion. Histologic and immunohistochemical assessments of the biopsy and resection specimens on the pathology material classified the lesional tissue. Results. Histology and immunohistochemistry of the biopsy specimen demonstrated an SNUC that was subsequently resected following chemotherapy. In addition to SNUC, the resection specimen revealed extensive, multifocal nasal glial heterotopia (so called “nasal glioma”). Conclusions. This is the first known case in the literature in which these 2 relatively rare entities coincide. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Structural and Aeroelastic Modeling of General Planform Wings with Morphing Airfoils

By use of equivalent plate modeling, an efficient method has been developed to study the structural behavior and static aeroelastic response of general builtup wing structures composed of skins, spars, and ribs. The model includes transverse shear effects by treating the wing as a plate, following the first-order shear deformation theory. The equations of motion are derived using the Ritz method with Legendre polynomials as trial functions. To model arbitrary wing planforms, the wing is composed of two plates, connected by distributed translatory and rotary springs of very high stiffness. The structural model has been validated for a set of examples by comparing the results with the ones obtained from MSC/NASTRAN. A distributed actuation scheme allows the modification of wing twist and camber for maneuver control of the vehicle. The model has been applied to study the roll performance of a flapless smart wing with morphing airfoils
A comparative study of mass and energy exchange over a closed C3 (wheat) and an open C4 (corn) canopy: I. The partitioning of available energy into latent and sensible heat exchange

Abstract Eddy correlation measurements of mass and energy were made simultaneously over a closed wheat and an open corn crop. This combination of crops, differing in canopy coverage and stomatal physiology, facilitated an investigation on how surface and environmental variables control the partitioning of net radiation into sensible, latent and soil heat exchange. Contrasts in canopy closure had a minor affect on the flux densities of net radiation (Rn) measured over open corn and closed wheat canopies. On the other hand, differences in canopy closure perturbed the partitioning of net radiation into sensible, latent and soil heat exchange. On average, measurements of latent heat flux densities (LE) over the sparse corn canopy were 59% less than LE measured over the closed wheat crop. Compensation for this bias caused greater flux densities of sensible (H) and soil (G) heat to be generated from the sparse corn canopy. Sensible heat flux densities were, on average, 22% greater over the open corn canopy. During the day, soil heat flux densities were, on average, 64% greater under the corn canopy than under the wheat. Available energy (A) governed daytime latent heat flux densities over the closed wheat canopy. Consequently, LE was proportional to equilibrium evaporation rates (LEeq). When the corn canopy was dry, latent heat flux densities were less coupled to available energy (A). This response occurred because exposed soil and the corn's C4 physiology increased the corn's canopy resistance to water vapor transfer. When the sparse corn canopy was wet, LE approached values experienced by the closed wheat canopy. A rule of thumb, explaining the surface control of latent heat exchange, was extracted from these data. The ratio between LE and LEeq diminished linearly with logarithmic increases of surface resistance. Different processes controlled canopy evaporation at night. Nocturnal evaporation flux densities measured over the closed wheat crop were independent of available energy, and instead were a function of the atmosphere's vapor pressure deficit. Evaporation flux densities measured over the sparse crop were weakly dependent on available energy.
ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF PINEAPPLE GUM

Pineapple gum was isolated and characterized. The gum was a cold. water soluble neutral polysaccharide composed predominantly of galactomannans. Solutions of pineapple gum formed viscous solutions which tended to foam. Studies on the enzymic hydrolysis showed that some commercial enzymes, specifically pectinases, cellulases and hemi- cellulases, were effective in degrading pineapple gum.
Community Composition of Marine Bacterioplankton Determined by 16S rRNA Gene Clone Libraries and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

We determined the compositions of bacterioplankton communities in surface waters of coastal California using clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in order to compare the community structures inferred from these two culture-independent approaches. The compositions of two clone libraries were quite similar to those of clone libraries of marine bacterioplankton examined by previous studies. Clones from γ-proteobacteria comprised ca. 28% of the libraries, while approximately 55% of the clones came from α-proteobacteria, which dominated the clone libraries. The Cytophaga-Flavobacter group and three others each comprised 10% or fewer of the clone libraries. The community composition determined by FISH differed substantially from the composition implied by the clone libraries. The Cytophaga-Flavobacter group dominated 8 of the 11 communities assayed by FISH, including the two communities assayed using clone libraries. On average only 10% of DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained bacteria were detected by FISH with a probe for α-proteobacteria, but 30% of DAPI-stained bacteria appeared to be in the Cytophaga-Flavobacter group as determined by FISH. α-Proteobacteria were greatly overrepresented in clone libraries compared to their relative abundance determined by FISH, while the Cytophaga-Flavobacter group was underrepresented in clone libraries. Our data show that the Cytophaga-Flavobacter group can be a numerically dominant component of coastal marine bacterioplankton communities.
A 30-MHz hybrid analog/digital clock recovery circuit in 2- mu m CMOS

A high-speed hybrid clock recovery circuit composed of an analog phase-locked loop (PLL) and a digital PLL (DPLL) for disk drive applications is described. The chip operates at a maximum data rate of 33 MHz from a single 5-V power supply and achieves fast acquisition, a decode window of 95% of full window width, effective sampling jitter of 100-ps rms, and an effective input sampling rate of 1 GHz. The ring oscillator in the analog PLL shows a 62 p.p.m./ degrees C temperature coefficient (TC) and 4.5%/V supply sensitivity of free-running frequency. The total power dissipation is about 600 mW, and the active area is 30000 mil/sup 2/ in a 2- mu m single-poly double-metal n-well CMOS process. >
The simplicity of males: dwarf males of four species of Osedax (Siboglinidae; Annelida) investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Dwarf males of the bone-eating worms Osedax (Siboglinidae, Annelida) have been proposed to develop from larvae that settle on females rather than on bone. The apparent arrest in somatic development and resemblance of the males to trochophore larvae has been posited as an example of paedomorphosis. Here, we present the first investigation of the entire muscle and nervous system in dwarf males of Osedax frankpressi, O. roseus, O. rubiplumus, and O. ''spiral'' analyzed by multistaining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Sperm shape and spermiogenesis, the sperm duct and internal and external ciliary patterns were likewise visualized. The males of all four species possess morpho- logical traits typical of newly settled siboglinid larvae: a prostomium, a peristomium with a prototroch, one elon- gate segment and a second shorter segment. Each seg- ment has a ring of eight long-handled hooked chaetae. The longitudinal muscles are distributed as evenly spaced strands forming a grid with the thin outer circu- lar muscles. Oblique protractor and retractor muscles are associated with each of the chaetal sacs. The nerv- ous system comprises a cerebral ganglion, a prototroch nerve ring, paired dorsolateral longitudinal nerves, five ventral longitudinal nerves with paired, posterior gan- glia and a terminal commissure, as well as a net of fine peripheral transverse plexuses surrounding the first seg- ment. Internal ciliation occurs as paired ventrolateral bands along the first segment. The bands appear to lead the free mature sperm to a ciliated duct and seminal vesicle lying just behind the prototroch region. A duct then runs from the seminal vesicle into the dorsal part of the prostomium. The similarity of Osedax males to the larvae of Osedax and other siboglinid annelids as well as similarities shown here to the neuromuscular organization seen in other annelid larvae supports the hypothesis of paedomorphosis in males of Osedax .J. Morphol. 271:127-142, 2010. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Constructing genomic maps of positive selection in humans: Where do we go from here?

Identifying targets of positive selection in humans has, until recently, been frustratingly slow, relying on the analysis of individual candidate genes. Genomics, however, has provided the necessary resources to systematically interrogate the entire genome for signatures of natural selection. To date, 21 genome-wide scans for recent or ongoing positive selection have been performed in humans. A key challenge is to begin synthesizing these newly constructed maps of positive selection into a coherent narrative of human evolutionary history and derive a deeper mechanistic understanding of how natural populations evolve. Here, I chronicle the recent history of the burgeoning field of human population genomics, critically assess genome-wide scans for positive selection in humans, identify important gaps in knowledge, and discuss both short- and long-term strategies for traversing the path from the low-resolution, incomplete, and error-prone maps of selection today to the ultimate goal of a detailed molecular, mechanistic, phenotypic, and population genetics characterization of adaptive alleles.
QoS-based resource allocation in dynamic real-time systems

Dynamic real-time systems require adaptive resource management to accommodate varying processing needs. This paper addresses the problem of resource management on a single resource for soft real-time systems (no hard deadline requirements) consisting of tasks that have discrete quality of service (QoS) settings that correspond to varying resource requirements and varying utility. Our approach employs a feedback architecture wherein task QoS settings are adjusted on-line in order to maintain a desired amount of resource slack. These adjustments are calculated based on incremental changes in resource slack using computationally efficient algorithms that provide nearly optimal utility with computable performance bounds. The feedback architecture provides robustness in the presence of additional resource load and imperfect task resource requirement specifications.
Mladenoff et al. Rebut Lacks Supportive Data

Abstract I contend the Mladenoff et al. (2006) rebuttal to my article (Mech 2006), “Prediction failure of a wolf landscape model,” itself fails. Mladenoff et al. (2006:878) provide no data to support their claim that the model “...continues to successfully predict wolf recolonization in Wisconsin, USA, over more than 25 years.” I find this critical lack of supporting data puzzling, and it substantiates why I felt obligated to publish my original cursory analysis (Mech 2006). Prior to preparing my manuscript, I tried for several years to persuade Mladenoff et al. to conduct a Geographic Information Systems test of their model using the data available from 101 new wolf-pack territories. I believe in the absence of these data, my analysis is appropriate.
Racecourse fracture management. Part 1: Incidence and principles

Summary Equine fractures occurring during racing are an emotive subject. Attending veterinary surgeons have an obligation to be well informed and decisive; actions taken and advice given are frequently subject to public scrutiny and there are in addition important welfare, financial and litigious considerations. This paper is the first of a trilogy of reviews aimed at providing veterinary surgeons with up to date information on racecourse fracture management. It details incidence and predisposing factors, contemporary reviews on pathogenesis and discusses insurance implications. It also gives guidelines for acute evaluation and first aid management including sedation and analgesia. The second paper will describe techniques for temporary immobilisation and transport and the third will report up to date recommendations and emergency care of specific fractures.
Effect of corticoids on spleen of the cichlid fish, Tilapia mossambica.

SummaryCortisol treatment of Tilapia mossambica (Teleostei Cichlidae) for 7 days resulted in no splenic atrophy; similar treatment for 21 days resulted in significant hypertrophy. A notable proliferation of phagocytic cells occurred in the spleen, head kidney, and hepatopancreas. Such changes did not occur after deoxycorticosterone administration.
Filling Pore Space in a Microporous Coordination Polymer to Improve Methane Storage Performance

A strategy that allows the tuning of pore size in microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) through modification of their organic linkers is presented. When large substituents are introduced onto the linker, these pendent groups partially occupy the pores, thus reducing pore size while serving as additional adsorption sites for gases. The approach takes advantage of the fact that, for methane storage materials, small pores (0.4–0.8 nm in diameter) are more desirable than large pores since small pores promote optimal volumetric capacity. This method was demonstrated with IRMOF-8, a MCP constructed from Zn4O metal clusters and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (NDC) linkers. The NDC was functionalized through the addition of substituents including tert-butylethynyl or phenylethynyl groups. High pressure methane uptake demonstrates that the IRMOF-8 derivatives have significantly better performance than the unfunctionalized material in terms of both excess volumetric uptake and deliverable capacity. Moreover, IRMOF...
Investigation and Countermeasures of An Outbreak of Mumps

[Objective]To summarize the control effective experience of mumps through the analysis of the reasons and laws for the outbreak of mumps. [Methods] Case and questionnaire survey were adopted to conducted retrospective analysis including distribution of time,region and population and related factors to find out the reasons and control measures for the outbreak. [Results]The outbreak mainly concentrated in an administrative village,and occupied the majority by this village's elementary student (91.67%),from February to May,the accumulation is 60 cases. The primary cause is low vaccination coverage,poor local sanitation,lack of understanding of the disease and no measures of isolation. [Conclusion] Through the public education,the patient isolation,the immunization,ventilation and disinfection measures,the epidemic has been under control soon.
Spiraling Out of Control: Stress Generation and Subsequent Rumination Mediate the Link Between Poorer Cognitive Control and Internalizing Psychopathology

Poor cognitive control is associated with nearly every mental disorder and has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. What specific mechanisms might cause individuals with poor cognitive control to experience higher levels of psychopathology? The current research tests a new process model linking poor cognitive control to depression and anxiety symptoms via increased dependent stress (i.e., self-generated stressors) and subsequent rumination. This model was supported across two studies in youth during the key period for emergence of internalizing psychopathology. Study 1 provides longitudinal evidence for prospective prediction of change in symptoms. Study 2 confirms this model using well-established executive function tasks in a cross-sectional study. These finding have potential implications for understanding why cognitive control impairments may be broadly associated with psychopathology, and suggest that interventions to prevent stress generation might be effective in preventing negative consequences of poor cognitive control.
Treatment of Cancer of the Larynx: Analysis of Success and Failure

The treatment of patients with cancer of the larynx must consider the potential for multiple sites of origin and the possibility of regional metastasis. Treatment options must also address effects on the voice, deglutition, and the sphincteric function of the larynx which protects the lungs. Fortunately, our advanced techniques in surgery--reconstruction, radiotherapy, and endoscopic laser application--enable us to choose from and use these modalities in combination. Induction chemotherapy appears to be a promising, albeit unproved, adjuvant therapy. The oncologist dealing with cancer of the head and neck must select appropriate individualized therapy in a multidisciplinary environment.
Neutron-Gamma Discrimination in Elpasolite Scintillator Detector

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Project Motivation and Objective 5 1.3 Radiation Signatures of Fission Events 6 1.3.1 Spontaneous and Induced Fission 6 1.3.2 Neutron and Photon Interactions with Matter 10 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW 14 2.1 Review of Radiation Detection Data Analysis Methods 14 2.1.1 Overview of Pulse Shape Discrimination Techniques 14 2.1.2 Review of Discrete Wavelet Transform and Haar Wavelet 15 2.2 Quantification of Pulse Discrimination Techniques 19 CHAPTER 3 – Experimental Measurements 20 3.1 Radiation Measurements Using Scintillation Detectors 20
76 – Pain Medications: Differences Between the Sexes

This chapter reviews the research on sex differences in analgesic prescriptions, analgesic use, effectiveness of analgesic medications, and the side effects associated with analgesic medications. Much of the research on sex differences in the prescription, use, and effectiveness of analgesic medications has focused on evaluating for differences in pain thresholds and tolerance using experimental paradigms. Studies have researched the differences in analgesic prescription and administration between women and men. Several studies have been conducted to examine sex differences in the effectiveness of analgesic medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid analgesics. In addition, sex differences in the prevalence of several chronic pain conditions have been reported in the literature. Although the number of research studies on sex differences in acute and chronic pain is growing, there is a paucity of animal and human research on sex differences in the pharmacologic actions and effects of various analgesic medications.
Trauma-Informed Psychological Assessment of Human Trafficking Survivors

ABSTRACTThis article describes a framework for trauma-informed assessment of trafficking survivors that acknowledges the impact of traumatic stress while highlighting survivors’ strengths and supporting their resiliency. It identifies core content areas of a trafficking evaluation and underscores adaptations to the standard process of conducting an assessment. Feedback normalizes symptoms and offers hope, and an experiential element builds survivors’ coping skills and regulatory capacity. A trauma-informed assessment can be the first step in the healing process for many people who have survived trafficking, orienting them towards a path for change and empowering them to face future challenges.
Comparison of Suicide Rates Among Asian Americans in 2000 and 2010

This brief report used the mortality data to separately examine suicide rates of the six largest Asian American groups: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. In 2000, Japanese American men (13.8 per 100,000) showed significantly higher suicide rate than Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese American men (7.3, 4.0, and 6.1 per 100,000), whereas Chinese, Korean, and Japanese women (3.7, 3.9, and 4.3 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian women (1.2 per 100,000). In 2010, Korean and Japanese American men (19.9 and 15.7 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than men of other Asian groups. Korean and Japanese American women (8.1 and 5.0 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian and Filipino American women (1.5 and 1.8 per 100,000). The findings challenge the notion that Asian Americans are at low risk for suicide and underscore the importance of examining ethnic variation in suicide behaviors among Asian Americans.
Smoking and Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is largely unknown. However, certain associations have been noted, such as familial factors and infection with viruses. Smoking has been associated with the development of multiple malignancies and some studies have reported an association between HL and smoking but the relationship of tobacco use with lymphomas in largely unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential relationship between tobacco use and the development of HL using a meta-analysis methodology of retrospective, case-control studies. METHODS: An extensive search was conducted using Pubmed/MEDLINE through July 2008. Case-control studies that reported odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) or allow for those values to be calculated were included in our analysis. Case reports, editorials, letters to the editor, review articles and prospective studies were excluded. The smoking status was then subdivided in three groups: never smokers, former smokers and current smokers. Meta-analyses were performed comparing the risks of former and current smokers against the risk of never smokers of developing HL. Fixed and random effects models were used to assess for heterogeneity. RESULTS: Seven case-controls studies, accounting for 3201 cases and 15268 controls were included in the analysis. Most of the articles reported OR adjusted for age, sex and educational level. In former smokers, the OR was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.65 – 0.82) when compared to never smokers; no heterogeneity was detected. The current smoker group had an OR of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.36 – 2.13) when compared to the never smoker group; some heterogeneity was detected in this group (p CONCLUSIONS: Despite the heterogeneity observed in the analysis, the current smoker group seems to have a 70% increased risk of developing HL. Although a cause-effect linkage between tobacco use and HL is difficult to prove, further basic and translational research is necessary to clarify the potential etiological role of smoking in HL.
How does social essentialism affect the development of inter-group relations?

Psychological essentialism is a pervasive conceptual bias to view categories as reflecting something deep, stable, and informative about their members. Scholars from diverse disciplines have long theorized that psychological essentialism has negative ramifications for inter-group relations, yet little previous empirical work has experimentally tested the social implications of essentialist beliefs. Three studies (N = 127, ages 4.5-6) found that experimentally inducing essentialist beliefs about a novel social category led children to share fewer resources with category members, but did not lead to the out-group dislike that defines social prejudice. These findings indicate that essentialism negatively influences some key components of inter-group relations, but does not lead directly to the development of prejudice.
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in human diseases: an overview of their distribution, function, and potential application for immunotherapies

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a population of immature myeloid cells expanded and accumulated in tumor-bearing mice and in patients with cancer, have been shown to mediate immune suppression and to promote tumor progression, thereby, posing a major hurdle to the success of immune-activating cancer therapies. MDSCs, like their healthy counterparts, such as monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes, express an array of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules as well as myeloid activators and inhibitory receptors, such as leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) A and B. This review summarizes current findings on the LILR family members in various diseases, their potential roles in the pathogenesis, and possible strategies to revert or enhance the suppressive function of MDSCs for the benefit of patients by targeting LILRs.
Visual Calculus — Development and Tools

The Visual Calculus Project [1] started out as a collection of modules that provided detailed instructions for the use of a variety of software packages to illustrate various concepts in the first year calculus sequence. These modules were written as an aid for teachers who wanted to use these software packages to demonstrate concepts from calculus in class. As the world wide web started to become popular, the emphasis of development was switched to providing materials for students. In this article, we discuss some of the techniques and tools that were used to develop these materials. In addition, we discuss some of the other tools that were explored but not used. The decisions on what constraints to place on the materials were based on a number of different considerations. Originally, the materials were written primarily for the Netscape browser. However, as the popularity of the Microsoft’s Internet Explorer browser increased and as Internet Explorer became the default browser on many computers, it was necessary to make sure that the materials worked satisfactorily with each of these browsers. There are also many microcomputer labs on the University of Tennessee, Knoxville campus; they contain one or more of the three major types of operating systems: Microsoft Windows, Macintosh and Unix or Linux.
Bridging clinical researcher perceptions and health IT realities: A case study of stakeholder creep.

Abstract Purpose We present a case report detailing a challenge in health information technology (HIT) project implementations we term “stakeholder creep”: not thoroughly identifying which stakeholders need to be involved and why before starting a project, consequently not understanding the true effort, skill sets, social capital, and time required to complete the project. Methods A root cause analysis was performed post-implementation to understand what led to stakeholder creep. HIT project stakeholders were given a questionnaire to comment on these misconceptions and a proposed implementation tool to help mitigate stakeholder creep. Findings Stakeholder creep contributed to an unexpected increase in time (3-month delayed go-live) and effort (68% over expected HIT work hours). Four main clinician/researcher misconceptions were identified that contributed to the development of stakeholder creep: 1) that EHR IT is a single group; 2) that all EHR IT members know the entire EHR functionality; 3) that changes to an EHR need the input of just a single EHR IT member; and 4) that the technological complexity of a project mirrors the clinical complexity. HIT project stakeholders similarly perceived clinicians/researchers to hold these misconceptions. The proposed stakeholder planning tool was perceived to be feasible and helpful. Conclusions Stakeholder creep can negatively affect HIT project implementations. Projects may be susceptible to stakeholder creep when clinicians/researchers hold misconceptions related to HIT organization and processes. Implementation tools, such as the proposed stakeholder checklist, could be helpful in preempting and mitigating the effect of stakeholder creep.
Managing Fatigue in Parents with Multiple Sclerosis

The purpose of this study was to examine fatigue and how it affects the lives of families with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The overarching goal was to determine ways to better support parents who are experiencing MS fatigue. Qualitative surveys were used to collect data from 181 participants on the impacts of MS and parenting over a 3-month time period. Findings include three themes: (1) Description of Fatigue, focused on the intense definition and description of how fatigue is experienced by participants; (2) Fatigue Impacts Parenting, described the views of parental challenges; and (3) Managing Fatigue, centered on the methods used by participants to control their fatigue. Discussion of findings, conclusions, and recommendations for practice for social workers and future studies are presented.
ON SOME OUTSTANDING ISSUES IN CFD (1996)

Against the general feeling that ‘CFD is solved’, I offer a few remarks from the trenches. When performing large-scale simulations of geometrically and physically complex flows, the notion of reliable, cost-effective, widely applicable and easy-to-use CFD still appears more as fiction than reality. The present monograph addresses some major areas where progress is urgently required. These areas are listed in the order a typical CFD run proceeds: model import/creation, grid generation, flow solvers, mesh adaptation and quality control. Finally, with a view towards the coming decade, code, data and project management are discussed.
Applications of Neural Networks to Dynamical System Identification and Adaptive Control

In this chapter, we will discuss two important areas of applications of artificial neural networks, i.e., system identification and adaptive control. The neural network based approach has some significant advantages over conventional methods, such as adaptive learning ability, distributed associability, as well as nonlinear mapping ability. In addition, it does not require a priori knowledge on the model of the unknown system, so it is more flexible to implement in practice.
Aldo Leopold: Connecting Conservation Science, Ethics, Policy, and Practice

Creative interdisciplinary thinkers in the history of both ecology and ethics have ventured beyond their disciplinary boundaries and into the zone where they overlap. Prominent among these was Aldo Leopold. While serving as president of the Ecological Society of America in 1947, Leopold called for a “land ethic” that integrated insights from ecology, history, ethics, and aesthetics. Prompted especially by developments in science and technology following World War II, Leopold was part of a broader community of contemporaries concerned with these portentous changes. In retrospect, we can see Leopold’s special contribution as a defining moment in the discourse connecting conservation science, ethics, policy, and practice. That discourse continues, especially in emerging interdisciplinary fields, even as our critical environmental concerns renders the need for integrated thinking ever more apparent and immediate.
Second order limit laws for the local times of stable processes

© Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1991, tous droits reserves. L’acces aux archives du seminaire de probabilites (Strasbourg) (http://www-irma. u-strasbg.fr/irma/semproba/index.shtml), implique l’accord avec les conditions generales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/legal.php). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systematique est constitutive d’une infraction penale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la presente mention de copyright.
Neuronal Responses to Hypocretin/Orexin

The peptides hypocretin-1 and -2 (also called orexin-A and-B) were first described in 1998 in two independent papers by de Lecea et al. (1) and Sakurai et al. (2). These two peptides are synthesized from the same prepropeptide, and therefore both peptides are found in the same cells and are probably released simultaneously from axon terminals. The neurons that synthesize the hypocretins are found selectively in the lateral hypothalamus perifornical area, and axons from these cells project widely throughout the brain (3) and spinal cord (4). Two receptors have been identified (2). These appear to be Gq protein coupled. The hypocretin receptor 1 (orexin receptor 1) has a greater affinity for hypocretin-1, whereas the hypocretin receptor 2 (orexin receptor 2) is activated similarly by both hypocretin-1 and -2 (2).
Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Proximal Esophagus

Cancers of the hypopharynx and proximal esophagus represent one of the most difficult diseases for head and neck surgeons to manage as they pose a significant diagnostic challenge. The trend of these cancers to grow in submucosal fashion, combined with the complex functions of the hypopharynx, esophagus and adjacent larynx, requires detailed mapping of the tumor boundaries to yield the most optimal treatment selection, determine the extent of possible surgical resection and subsequent reconstructive surgery. Consequently, cross-sectional imaging plays a critical role in evaluation of hypopharyngeal and esophageal cancers.
A Bayesian-entropy Network for Information Fusion and Reliability Assessment of National Airspace Systems

The air traffic control (ATC) system is critical in maintaining the safety and integrity of the National Airspace System (NAS). This requires the information fusion from various sources. This paper introduces a hybrid network model called the Bayesian-Entropy Network (BEN) that can handle various types of information. The BEN method is a combination of the Bayesian method and the Maximum Entropy method. The Maximum Entropy method introduces constraints and is given as an exponential term added to the classical Bayes’ theorem. The exponential term can be used to encode extra information in the form of constraints. The extra information can come from human experience, historical data etc. These knowledges, once written in a mathematical format, can be incorporated into the classical Bayesian framework. The BEN method provides an alternative way to consider common data types (e.g., point observation) and uncommon data types (e.g., linguistic description for human factors) in the NAS. The reported work is demonstrated in two example problems. The first example involves an air traffic control network model and the BEN uses information from various sources to update for the risk event probability. The second example is related to the prediction of the cause of runway incursion. A network model studying different sources of error is used to make predictions of the cause of runway incursion. The training and validation data is extracted from existing accident report in the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database. The results are compared with that of the traditional Bayesian method. It is found that the BEN can make use of the available information to modify the distribution function of the parameter of concern.
Early bursts of disparity and the reorganization of character integration

‘Early bursts' of morphological disparity (i.e. diversity of anatomical types) are common in the fossil record. We typically model such bursts as elevated early rates of independent character chang...
Learning from Graduate Training in Related Fields: A Model Online School Psychology Program.

Since the enactment of Public Law 94-142, school districts have struggled to hire and retain required special education personnel (i.e., special education teachers, school psychologists, and relate...
Process for selecting NEAMS applications for access to Idaho National Laboratory high performance computing resources

INL has agreed to provide participants in the Nuclear Energy Advanced Mod- eling and Simulation (NEAMS) program with access to its high performance computing (HPC) resources under sponsorship of the Enabling Computational Technologies (ECT) program element. This report documents the process used to select applications and the software stack in place at INL.
Psittacosaurus amitabha, a New Species of Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Ondai Sayr Locality, Central Mongolia

Psittacosaurus is the most speciose nonavian dinosaur genus, represented by at least 10 (and possibly as many as 19) species uncovered over a wide geographic range. Here, we report a new species of large-bodied Psittacosaurus from the Ondai Sayr locality in central Mongolia, which has hitherto produced only one other Psittacosaurus specimen. This new species is characterized by: (1) an elongate snout, with a gently inclined rostronasal margin, (2) a cranium dorsally convex rather than flat, (3) a subtemporal length less than 40% of total skull length, (4) a maxillary lamina that cups the posterior toothrow, (5) five premaxillary foramina arrayed in an arc, (6) an antorbital fossa as long as it is wide, and (7) a palpebral with a well-developed posterior tonguelike process. Psittacosaurus amitabha is resolved as the most basal member of the genus Psittacosaurus in our phylogenetic analysis. This taxon expands our knowledge of the already-speciose genus Psittacosaurus as well as our understanding of the Ondai Sayr fauna, which is poorly known in comparison to other Mongolian Early Cretaceous localities.
Of mice and men: Plasma phenylalanine reduction in PKU corrects neurotransmitter pathways in the brain

In phenylketonuria (PKU), mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene decrease the ability of PAH to convert phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr), resulting in Phe accumulation in the blood and brain and disruption of neurotransmitter (NT) biosynthesis and metabolism. The following translational study explored the relationship between pegvaliase-mediated Phe correction in plasma and the NT biosynthesis and metabolism pathway in mice and humans with PKU. Lower plasma Phe levels were associated with normalization of the NT biosynthesis pathway which correlated with an improvement in inattention symptoms in subjects with PKU.
Autism in Saudi Arabia: Present Realities and Future Challenges

Despite improvements in the services provided to individuals with autism, some third world countries continue to struggle to provide services to individuals with autism. In this paper, the impact of culture on people’s understanding of autism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is highlighted, as well as how its influence impacts the provision of necessary supports needed by individuals with autism. Using a historical context, the paper outlines the unique challenges presented by the culture and how these contribute to difficulties government agencies encounter in providing children with autism and their families with services. Autism in Saudi Arabia: Present Realities and Future Challenges by Mona F. Sulaimani & Dianne M. Gut is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://rdsjournal.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://www.rds.hawaii.edu.
Protein-facilitated gold nanoparticle formation as indicators of ionizing radiation

The use of X-ray radiation in radiotherapy is a common treatment for many cancers. Despite several scientific advances, determination of radiation delivered to the patient remains a challenge due to the inherent limitations of existing dosimeters including fabrication and operation. Here, we describe a colorimetric nanosensor that exhibits unique changes in color as a function of therapeutically relevant radiation dose (3-15 Gy). The nanosensor is formulated using a gold salt and maltose-binding protein as a templating agent, which upon exposure to ionizing radiation is converted to gold nanoparticles. The formation of gold nanoparticles from colorless precursor salts renders a change in color that can be observed visually. The dose-dependent multicolored response was quantified through a simple ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and the peak shift associated with the different colored dispersions was used as a quantitative indicator of therapeutically relevant radiation doses. The ease of fabrication, visual color changes upon exposure to ionizing radiation, and quantitative read-out demonstrates the potential of protein-facilitated biomineralization approaches to promote the development of next-generation detectors for ionizing radiation.