cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traditional technique of processing bamboo shoot based fermented products practiced by the Lotha tribe of Nagaland

Preparation and preservation of fermented foods and beverages from various plants and animals, and their utilization as a source of food is an integral part of tribal livelihood in Nagaland. Varieties of traditional fermented foods and beverages are widely consumed on daily basis by tribal community. Some commonly prepared traditional fermented foods in Nagaland includes bamboo shoot based fermented food ( Bastanga ), Zutho , Axone / Akhoni , Anishi , Jangpangnatsu , Hungrii etc. The present paper documents the fermentation techniques of bamboo shoot employed by the Lotha tribe of Nagaland and its livelihood contribution to the tribal society. Bamboo shoot fermentation mainly yields four different products viz ., rhuchuk , rhuchu , rhujon and rhuyen . These are used as additives, flavoring agent in preparation of many indigenous local dishes, and form an integral part of ethnic Lotha cuisine. These days, preparation of bamboo shoot based fermented product is confined mainly to the rural areas but has an immense scope for creation of livelihood opportunity in terms of employment to many rural households due to rising demand of such products in urban areas.
Using provincial baseline indicators to model geographic variations of disaster resilience in Thailand

Understanding a community’s capacity for responding to and recovering from natural disasters has been an emphasis of recent disaster research. In particular, scholars have called for the development of methodologies for measuring a location’s resilience to disasters. While several studies propose methodologies and frameworks for measuring disaster resilience in the USA, few studies examine and measure resilience in international settings. This study applies Cutter et al.’s (Glob Environ Change 18:598–606, 2008) Disaster Resilience of Place (DROP) model in order to examine disaster resilience at the provincial level in Thailand. Guided by the DROP model, 25 variables were selected from the 2000 and 2010 Thai Census and 2005–2006 Statistical Yearbook that served as indicators of resilience. Using a principal component analysis, a set of baseline metrics reflecting dimensions of community capacities that influence disaster resilience was created. This analysis resulted in four dimensions describing resilience: household assets, economic assets, community/response assets, and institutional assets. Using the derived index, a correlation analysis was then conducted to examine differences in rural and urban disaster resilience. While the results of the model suggest that disaster resilience is generally higher in the more urbanized areas, we also note that communities located in rural areas in Thailand may not necessarily be less resilient to the impacts of disasters and call for studies conducted at both the macrolevel (provincial level) and at microlevel (village or neighborhood level) to get a nuanced understanding of community resiliency.
Characteristics of tropical and subtropical atmospheric moistening derived from Lagrangian mass balance constrained by measurements of HDO and H2O

[1] Regional tropospheric water balance depends on local mixing rates, moistening and precipitation efficiency associated with cloud processes, and large-scale moisture advection. Conventional data sets are insufficient to disentangle how these processes affect the regional humidity, and models are limited by their need to parameterize many of the pertinent mechanisms, including precipitation efficiency, evaporation of cloud condensate, and mixing rates. This study provides new insight by constraining a Lagrangian mass balance model with satellite measurements of specific humidity and the HDO/H2O ratio in water vapor. Seasonal estimates of mixing rates, moistening efficiency, isotopic composition of source waters, and effective isotopic fractionation in clouds are calculated. Analysis shows that the water source is dominated by cloud evaporation in the dry subtropics, subcloud rainfall recycling in the humid subtropics, and convective detrainment and postcondensational exchange during tropical monsoons. Moistening efficiency is shown to be as twice as strong over the wintertime subtropics as over other regions. Over monsoonal areas, however, moistening efficiency decreases during times of most intense mixing, since postcondensational exchange and convective recycling effects act to dehydrate and isotopically deplete the local water sources. A robust relationship is found between precipitation efficiency derived from rainfall profile measurements and differences in effective and equilibrium isotopic fractionation rates, suggesting that isotopic observations might enable estimates of this illusive parameter to be inferred directly. In spite of the simple modeling framework employed, the results provide insight in to the gains that can be expected by assimilating satellite observations of isotope ratios into more comprehensive, isotope-enabled general circulation models.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression in dendritic cells determines immune tolerance versus immune activation (HYP6P.256)

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in regulating immune tolerance and activation but the molecular axis within DCs that dictates immune outcome is unknown. We investigated the role of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) in DCs in establishment of immune tolerance in the airways using an experimental model. Using mice with selective deletion of PPARγ in CD11c+ cells (PPARγΔ) to ablate PPARγ expression in DCs, we show that DC-specific PPARγ expression exerts a dual role whose collective goal in response to inhaled antigen is to not only promote de novo Foxp3 expression in T cells but to actively dampen T effector cell development. We demonstrate that PPARγ plays a crucial role in enhancing aldh1a2 expression in lung CD103+ DCs under tolerogenic conditions and when tolerized PPARγΔ mice were antigen-challenged, a complete loss of immune tolerance with increased neutrophil-dominated airway inflammation was observed. Absence of PPARγ promoted the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-23 in DCs, limited Foxp3 induction but augmented IL-17 production in T cells with significant increase in the frequency of dual Foxp3+RORγt+ CD4+ T cells in PPARγΔ mice. In summary, our study identifies PPARγ as a central regulator in DC-mediated programming of the Foxp3/RORγt balance in CD4+ T cells dictating tolerance versus inflammation upon antigen provocation.
ASEAN’s Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) strategy

This paper provides a diversification explanation in order understand the development of PTAs in Southeast Asia. I argue that an important reason why ASEAN states participate in PTAs has been to diversify existing trade ties and to reduce overdependence on a narrow range of export markets. Southeast Asian countries have formed PTAs with markets with which they had weak or unexplored economic relations, as demonstrated by three case analyses: the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP). To maximise the economic gains and the diversification effects of PTA participation, ASEAN countries have pursued a strategy of strengthening economic unity while keeping external economic linkages as diversified as possible. Although East Asia, and especially China, was an important alternative market to reduce ASEAN’s dependence on trade with America, ASEAN countries have also pursued PTAs with a number of other trading partners. This paper explains how PTAs have helped ASEAN states to develop more policy autonomy in their trading environment.
Cardiología ″basada en la evidencia″: Aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología III. Capacidad diagnóstica de una prueba clínica

This article reviews different characteristics of validity in a clinical diagnostic test. In particular, we emphasize the likelihood ratio as an instrument that facilitates the use of epidemiologic concepts in clinical diagnosis.
Gynandroblastoma of the ovary.

Abstract A young girl, 18 years old, has both a feminizing and virilizing tumor of the same ovary from a morphologic standpoint. The clinical features of this case suggest a combination of the hormonal effects of androgens and estrogens. The antagonism of these two hormones is complex. The primary tumor showed a predominance of androgens from a biologic consideration since there was defeminization and masculinization. After removal of the tumor, even though it has repeatedly recurred, there has been no biologic or histologic evidence of androgen elaboration, while, on the other hand, there has been clinical evidence of estrogen production. A study of 17-ketosteroid excretion in this case has not been of clinical value. Roentgen-ray therapy undoubtedly has an effect on slowing the tumor growth but apparently is not lethal to the cells, even in large concentration. This tumor histologically lacks most of the criteria for malignancy yet it is recurrent and locally invasive.
RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS EXPANDING DRUGS 1

1The research reported in this paper was supported by grants from the Uris Brothers Foundation and the Parapsychology Foundation, Eileen Garrett, President. The first two sections of this article were written by Dr. Leary. The commentary is the work of Dr. Clark
Toward performance-driven reduction of the cost of RET-based lithography control

As minimum feature sizes continue to shrink, patterned features have become significantly smaller than the wavelength of light used in optical lithography. As a result, the requirement for dimensional variation control, especially in critical dimension (CD) 3σ, has become more stringent. To meet these requirements, resolution enhancement techniques (RET) such as optical proximity correction (OPC) and phase shift mask (PSM) technology are applied. These approaches result in a substantial increase in mask costs and make the cost of ownership (COO) a key parameter in the comparison of lithography technologies. No concept of function is injected into the mask flow; that is, current OPC techniques are oblivious to the design intent. The entire layout is corrected uniformly with the same effort. We propose a novel minimum cost of correction (MinCorr) methodology to determine the level of correction for each layout feature such that prescribed parametric yield is attained. We highlight potential solutions to the MinCorr problem and give a simple mapping to traditional performance optimization. We conclude with experimental results showing the RET costs that can be saved while attaining a desired level of parametric yield.
Attachment and Health Care Relationships in Low-Income Women with Trauma Histories: A Qualitative Study

Few studies have examined the relationship between low-income, traumatized women and their health care providers. In this study we interviewed 23 women from primary care and social service settings for the underserved about trauma, attachment, psychiatric symptoms, and reports of their interactions with primary care providers. Nearly all reported trauma exposure, and 17% had current posttraumatic stress disorder. About half were categorized as Unresolved with regard to attachment state of mind. Analyses of a health experiences interview showed that women with Unresolved attachment reported significantly more negative interactions with providers. Attachment may play a role in the relationship between trauma and health care interactions with providers, indicating the need for further study of this relationship and suggesting intervention strategies to help both parties contribute to a more collaborative process.
Sarcoidosis of the thyroid: A case report and review of the literature

Results: 67 year old male with lithiuminduced hypothyroidism and sarcoidosis presented with a thyroid nodule. Fine needle aspiration biopsy demonstrated atypical cellular features with epithelioid histiocytes found in loose syncitial aggregates and a background of lymphocytes, findings concerning for possibile papillary thyroid carcinoma. The final pathology from his thyroidectomy revealed multiple nodules and replacement of thyroid tissue with chronic inflammatory cells and a scattering of multiple well-formed interstitial non-caseating granulomas composed of epithelioid histiocytes, a mixed inflammatory infiltrate, and multinucleated giant cells. A lymph node further demonstrated multiple interstitial non-caseating granulomas composed of epithelioid histiocytes surrounded by mixed inflammatory infiltrate and multinucleated giant cells. The final diagnosis was sarcoidosis of the thyroid.
Administration and Governance in a Compound Republic: Martha Derthick’s Contributions to the Study of American Federalism

Martha Derthick is among the most influential scholars of American federalism, administrative behavior, and domestic policy making. Her work over a half century has pioneered the study of policy implementation, administrative and political relationships in federal grant programs, intergovernmental policy making, as well as the evolution of the federal system. This essay reviews her major intellectual contributions to the fields of federalism, public administration, and intergovernmental relations.
Role of thermal spray processing method on the microstructure, residual stress and properties of coatings: an integrated study for Ni–5 wt.%Al bond coats

Abstract Thermal spray offers a variety of sub-sets of processing approaches to produce coatings. The various processes are classified based on the thermal spray source (from low velocity combustion spray to high temperature plasma jets) and method of material injection (in the form of powder, wire or rod). However, it is this intrinsic versatility which sets-up variations in characteristics of the applied coatings. Properties of thermally sprayed coatings, including process induced residual stress, are controlled by various parameters of the spraying process. This study examines three thermal spraying techniques with significantly different particle temperatures and velocities. They are air plasma spraying (APS), twin wire-arc spraying (TWA) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. For comparison purposes the recently developed cold spray processed materials were included in the study. For each method, in-flight particle diagnostics was performed; Ni–5 wt.%Al splats and deposits were fabricated and analyzed. Porosity, elastic modulus and thermal conductivity of the deposits were evaluated and correlated to the process variables. Using indentation at different loads and analysis of the indented region, stress–strain relationships for these coatings were obtained. Surprising differences in the properties were observed and were explained based on the fundamental variations in microstructure development. Through-thickness residual stress profiles in Ni–5 wt.%Al coatings on steel substrates were determined non-destructively by neutron diffraction. The stresses range from highly tensile in the APS coating to compressive in the HVOF coating. Various stress generation mechanisms—splat quenching, peening and thermal mismatch—are discussed with respect to process parameters and material properties.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE CONTENT OF THE UTERUS OF THE INTACT AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT TREATED WITH RELAXIN AND VARIOUS STEROID HORMONES1

The effect of relaxin3 administration on the water and electrolyte content of the uterus of the intact and adrenalectomized, immature rat was determined. Uterine water response to the simultaneous administration of estradiol and relaxin was also measured. Relaxin (10 G.P.U.) caused a uterine water increase from a control value of 80.2% to 84.2%. Adrenalectomy caused a 4 to 6-fold increase in sensitivity to relaxin and an increase in the magnitude of the response. Simultaneous administration of minimally effective doses of relaxin and estradiol prevented the uterine water increase while intermediate doses resulted in an additive effect. Progesterone (2 mg.) partially inhibited the action of 10 G.P.U. of relaxin while 1.25 mg. of cortisone acetate completely inhibited the action of 10 G.P.U. of relaxin. The concentration of sodium underwent a slight increase at six hours following relaxin administration but at eighteen had fallen significantly below the normal level.
Pressure-induced pain: Early sign of diabetes-associated impairment of insulin production in rats

The lack of simple, non-invasive tests for a sub-clinical decline in insulin production hampers detection of early-stage type 1 pre-diabetes. Pressure pain withdrawal threshold (PPT) is a sensitive index of insulinopenia in diabetic and ‘pre-diabetic’ rats, but its ability to detect human insulin insufficiency is not known; if predictive, PPT testing of those at risk for diabetes would be warranted. To address this question, we used meta-analyses to demonstrate (i) a similar relationship between blood glucose and insulin levels in humans and diabetic rats and (ii) the predictive value of PPT for insulinopenia in a composite group (n = 53) of control, streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic (STZ-HG), and normoglycemic (STZ-NG) rats. The frequency distributions of pooled insulin levels (ng/ml) consisted of three sub-populations, with peak values of <0.5, 1.5 ± 0.05, and 3.2 ± 0.04. Using the 2.3rd percentile of the sub-population with the highest insulin level (2.81 ng/ml) as a cut-off to define insulinopenia, 40 animals (98% of STZ and 25% of controls) were identified with compromised insulin production. The frequency distribution of pooled PPT values also consisted of three sub-populations (peaks at 75.9 ± 0.6 g, 97 ± 0.3 g and 122 ± 0.8 g), and when 106 g (the 2.3rd percentile of the most pressure-tolerant sub-population) was used as a cut-off, PPT measurements identified 92% of STZ-injected rats and 83% of rats with insulinopenia, as defined by 2.81 ng/ml insulin cut-off. Assuming similar between-species pain mechanisms, these findings support the potential usefulness of PPT measurements for detection of early-stage human type 1 diabetes.
On methods for stabilizing constraints over enriched interfaces in elasticity

SUMMARY Enriched finite element approaches such as the extended finite element method provide a framework for constructing approximations to solutions of non-smooth problems. Internal features, such as boundaries, are represented in such methods by using discontinuous enrichment of the standard finite element basis. Within such frameworks, however, imposition of interface constraints and/or constitutive relations can cause unexpected difficulties, depending upon how relevant fields are interpolated on un-gridded interfaces. This work address the stabilized treatment of constraints in an enriched finite element context. Both the Lagrange multiplier and penalty enforcement of tied constraints for an arbitrary boundary represented in an enriched finite element context can lead to instabilities and artificial oscillations in the traction fields. We demonstrate two alternative variational methods that can be used to enforce the constraints in a stable manner. In a ‘bubble-stabilized approach,’ fine-scale degrees of freedom are added over elements supporting the interface. The variational form can be shown to have a similar form to a second approach we consider, Nitsche’s method, with the exception that the stabilization terms follow directly from the bubble functions. In this work, we examine alternative variational methods for enforcing a tied constraint on an enriched interface in the context of two-dimensional elasticity. We examine several benchmark problems in elasticity, and show that only Nitsche’s method and the bubble-stabilization approach produce stable traction fields over internal boundaries. We also demonstrate a novel difference between the penalty method and Nitsche’s method in that the latter passes the patch test exactly, regardless of the stabilization parameter’s magnitude. Results for more complicated geometries and triple interface junctions are also presented. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of our first nine intraportal islet allografts in type 1, insulin-dependent diabetic patients

With the first demonstration of insulin independence following intraportal islet transplantation into a patient with type 1 diabetes, a new era of clinical islet transplantation will begin. This report provides our initial experience of clinical islet transplantion with a total of nine consecutive p
Macroalgal responses to experimental nutrient enrichment in shallow coastal waters : growth, internal nutrient pools, and isotopic signatures

Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 368 (2008): 117-126, doi:10.3354/meps07564.
On Graph Associations

We introduce a notion of vertex association and consider sequences of these associations. This allows for slick proofs of a few known theorems as well as showing that for any induced subgraph H of G, chi(G) \leq chi(H) + 1/2 (omega (G) + |G| - |H| - 1). As a special case of this, we have chi(G) \leq \lceil omega(G) + tau(G) / 2 \rceil (here chi(G) denotes the chromatic number, omega(G) the clique number, and tau(G) the vertex cover number), which is a generalization of the Nordhaus--Gaddum upper bound. In addition, this settles a conjecture of Reed that chi(G) \leq \lceil omega(G) + Delta(G) + 1 / 2 \rceil in the case when delta(\overline G) \leq omega(\overline G).
Simultaneous measurements of soot volume fraction and particle size/ Microstructure in flames using a thermophoretic sampling technique

A new particle volume fraction measurement technique was developed using electron microscope analysis of thermophoretically sampled particles/aggregates based on a theoretical treatment of particle deposition to a cold surface immersed in a flame. This experimental method, referred to as the thermophoretic sampling particle diagnostic (TSPD), can yield all particle parameters of principal interest (particle volume fraction, particle and aggregate sizes, and fractal properties) without requiring knowledge of particle bulk density and refractive index. To assess its reliability, the TSPD technique was implemented at various heights on the centerline of a soot-containing coflowing ethylene/air nonpremixed laminar flame. Inferred soot volume fractions agreed with previous laser extinction and thermocouple particle densitometry measurements within experimental uncertainties at sampling positions where only aggregates of mature particles were present. However, TSPD-soot volume fractions were about a factor of 3 higher than light extinction results in the lower part of the flame. This significant difference was evidently a result of the presence of translucent precursor soot particles, which do not absorb as much visible light as mature particles, but can be quantified with the electron microscope. Clearly, this ability of TSPD to separately measure the concentration and morphology of each type of soot is a significant advantage over other available diagnostics, making it extremely valuable for studying particle formation in flames.
Comparisons of T Cell Receptor (TCR) Vβ Repertoires of Lamina Propria and Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes with Respect to Frequency and Oligoclonality

The TCR repertoires of CD4+ and CD8+ lamina propria and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were compared with respect to V beta frequencies and oligoclonality. Disease-free colon specimens and paired peripheral blood samples were obtained from eight adult patients undergoing surgical resections for colorectal carcinoma. Mononuclear cell were isolated from the lamina propria and peripheral blood and separated into CD4+ and CD8+ cells by immunomagnetic adsorbtion. Analysis of V beta frequencies by qPCR revealed that PBL and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) from the same individual have very different repertoires, especially within the CD8+ population. Furthermore, CD8+, but not CD4+, LPL display extensive oligoclonality, similar to that which has previously been reported for CD8+ PBL. However, the oligoclonal receptors observed in CD8+ LPL are, in general, distinct from those observed in CD8+ PBL, and differ for each individual. These observations indicate that the TCR repertoires of LPL are as diverse as PBL, and suggest that LPL and PBL are normally exposed to different sets of antigens. In addition, these observations provide a baseline for examining the effects of various disease states and environmental insults on the LPL repertoire.
Effects of Certain Audio and Visual Presentation Sequences on Pupil Information Acquisition.

AbstractThe purpose of the investigation was to determine if (1) pupils gain more information from slide-tape audiovisual materials when sight and sound are not presented simultaneously; and (2) pupil information acquisition is influenced by whether the audio or visual message is presented first. Randomly selected groups of pupils were exposed to two experimental sequences which separated sight and sound and two control treatments which combined the audio and visual presentation. An original hypothesis, based on previous studies of human perception, that sight-sound separation would produce better pupil information acquisition than the control conditions of simultaneous sight-sound, was abandoned after a pilot study. The reverse hypothesis, that simultaneous sight-sound would prove superior to sight-sound separation, was supported.
Science and technical progress at the Palomar Testbed Interferometer

The Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) is a long-baseline, near-infrared interferometer located on Palomar Mountain. PTI has been in operation since 1997 and is used for extensive science observing as well as technical development. I will review the recent progress at PTI covering both science and instrumentation work. The science topics include fundamental stellar properties, novae, and an evaluation of all calibrator observations. The technical work includes the narrow-angle phase scanning mode and installation of the integrated optics combiner IONIC.
Application of PBPK modeling to predict monoclonal antibody disposition in plasma and tissues in mouse models of human colorectal cancer.

This investigation evaluated the utility of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which incorporates model parameters representing key determinants of monoclonal antibody (mAb) target-mediated disposition, to predict, a priori, mAb disposition in plasma and in tissues, including tumors that express target antigens. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were employed to predict the disposition of two mAbs, 8C2 (as a non-binding control mouse IgG1 mAb) and T84.66 (a high-affinity murine IgG1 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen mAb), in mice bearing no tumors, or bearing colorectal HT29 or LS174T xenografts. Model parameters were obtained or derived from the literature. 125I-T84.66 and 125I-8C2 were administered to groups of SCID mice, and plasma and tissue concentrations were determined via gamma counting. The PBPK model well-predicted the experimental data. Comparisons of the population predicted versus observed areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for T84.66 were 95.4 ± 67.8 versus 84.0 ± 3.0, 1,859 ± 682 versus 2,370 ± 154, and 5,930 ± 1,375 versus 5,960 ± 317 (nM × day) at 1, 10, and 25 mg/kg in LS174T xenograft-bearing SCID mice; and 215 ± 72 versus 233 ± 30, 3,070 ± 346 versus 3,120 ± 180, and 7,884 ± 714 versus 7,440 ± 626 in HT29 xenograft-bearing mice. Model predicted versus observed 8C2 plasma AUCs were 312.4 ± 30 versus 182 ± 7.6 and 7,619 ± 738 versus 7,840 ± 24.3 (nM × day) at 1 and 25 mg/kg. High correlations were observed between the predicted median plasma concentrations and observed median plasma concentrations (r2 = 0.927, for all combinations of treatment, dose, and tumor model), highlighting the utility of the PBPK model for the a priori prediction of in vivo data.
Bicameralism and Its Consequences for the Internal Organization of Legislatures

Theories of organization of legislatures have mainly focused on the U.S. Congress, explaining why committee systems emerge there, but not explaining variance in organization across legislatures of different countries. To analyze the effects of different constitutional features on the internal organization of legislatures, we adopt a vote-buying model and consider the incentives to delegate decision rights in a game among legislative chambers. We show how presidential veto power and bicameral separation can encourage a legislative chamber to create internal veto players or supermajority rules, while a unicameral structure can encourage legislators to delegate power to a leader.
Pain quality predicts lidocaine analgesia among patients with suspected neuropathic pain.

Objective. Oral sodium channel blockers have shown mixed results in randomized controlled trials despite the known importance of sodium channels in generating pain. We hypothesized that differing baseline pain qualities (e.g. “stabbing” vs “dull”) might define specific subgroups responsive to intravenous (IV) lidocaine—a potent sodium channel blocker. Design. A prospective cohort study of 71 patient with chronic pain suspected of being neuropathic were recruited between January 2003 and July 2007 and underwent lidocaine infusions at Stanford University Hospital in a single-blind nonrandomized fashion. Baseline sensory pain qualities were measured with the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). Pain intensity was measured with a visual analog scale (VAS). Results. Factor analysis demonstrated two underlying pain quality factors among SF-MPQ sensory items: a heavy pain and a stabbing pain. Baseline heavy pain quality, but not stabbing quality predicted subsequent relief of pain intensity in response to lidocaine. In contrast, these factors did not predict divergent analgesic responses to placebo infusions. In response to each 1 mcg/mL increase in lidocaine plasma level, patients with high heavy pain quality drop their VAS 0.24 (95% CI 0.05–0.43) more points than those with low heavy pain quality ( P < 0.013). Conclusions. “Heavy” pain quality may indentify patients with enhanced lidocaine responsiveness. Pain quality may identify subgroups among patients with suspected neuropathic pain responsive to IV lidocaine. Further investigation is warranted to validate and extend these findings.
Striatal quinolinic acid lesions increase [3H]WIN 35,428 binding to the dopamine transporter.

Abstract Striatal-quinolinic acid lesions have been used as a model for the pathology seen in Huntington's disease. Seven days following a unilateral injection of 100 nmol of quinolinic acid into the rat caudate-putamen (striatum), a large increase in the binding of [ 3 H]WIN 35,428 to the lesioned caudate putamen was seen when compared to the unlesioned side. Binding in other brain regions was unchanged. These data indicate that there is an increase in dopaminergic uptake sites in the lesioned caudate-putamen and suggest a target for further study in Huntington's disease.
THE REPRODUCIBILITY AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SINGLE AND FRACTIONATED DOSE ESTIMATES OF THE SURVIVING FRACTION AT 2 GY

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility and relationship between the surviving fraction at 2 Gy obtained from single-graded dose and multifraction survival curve assays. Methods and Materials: Single-graded dose and multifraction survival curve assays were concurrently performed in five human cell lines. For the multifraction studies, five to six doses at 2 Gy per fraction were administered with a time interval of 5.5 h between fractions. All surviving fraction data was corrected for multiplicity and cell proliferation during treatment. Replicate experiments were performend for each cell line. Results: The precision of the Sf2 estimates obtained from multifraction studies was approximately three times greater than was obtained in the single-dose studies. For the single-dose studies, the average difference between the Sf2s obtained in the initial vs. repeat experiment was 0.11; for the fractionated-dose studies the difference was significantly reduced to 0.032. A rank—order correlation was not obtained between the 2 Gy Sfs in the initial and repeat single-dose assays; in the multifraction studies, the correlation was significant ( p R 2 = 0.50). Conclusions: The precision of the estimates of the surviving fraction at 2 Gy, obtained from multifraction assays, was substantially greater than was obtained in single dose—survival curve assays.
Acute toxicological response of the crayfish (Orconectes limosus) to mercury

It was the purpose of this investigation to determine the dose-response of a single crayfish population (Orconectes limosus) to mercury as a preface to meaningful histopathological studies. Mercuric chloride was selected as the toxicant form in view of its prior use in investigations of this nature.
Academic Success in Rural America Family Background and Community Integration

Communities of farm families share unique support and resources; does community integration promote children's academic success, even in a rural region suffering a depressed agricultural economy? This study examines the academic success of children from farm and non-farm families in the rural Midwest of the United States. Children from farm families show the highest levels of academic performance, owing largely to the high levels of parental involvement and leadership in the local community. Parents who farm part-time have less time to be active in the community; nevertheless, their children retain the benefits of the community ties that were developed when the family farmed full-time.
Witt rings and the quaternion group

Let F be a formally real field which admits no quaternionic Galois extension. The structure of the Witt ring and the maximal pro-2 Galois group of F are investigated.
A Geologic Window Into a Subduction Megathrust

trench (the schist of Sierra de Salinas). The two units were originally located some 150 kilometers apart across the plate margin. In the earliest stage of the Laramide orogeny, the sediments became attached to the lower plate, in this case the subducting Farallon plate, and were transported downward before reattaching to the upper, North American plate by tectonic underplating. During that process, the top of the sedimentary section became the subduction megathrust, which is currently exposed as the Salinas shear zone. Subsequently, the megathrust migrated downward, reuniting the underplated sediments with the upper plate and preserving the fossil shear zone. Extensional collapse and erosion of the upper plate resulted in more than 30 kilometers of exhumation in the latest Cretaceous, eventually bringing the deep arc rocks, the shear zone, and the schist to the surface. During the late Cenozoic, the entire package of rocks was transported to its present location in central California by more than 300 kilometers of right-lateral slip along the Cenozoic San Andreas fault system (Figure 1). However, none of the right-lateral slip faults within the Coast Ranges significantly affects the pre-Cenozoic tectonic assembly
Water-silica interaction in clusters

The interaction of water with SiO2 is an important problem in geophysics, materials physics, and environmental science. In this paper, we present recent results on studies of H2O-silica clusters from first-principles Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics calculations. Bond strength and chemical stability are investigated as a function of cluster size and chemical composition. Both physisorption and chemisorption of water molecules on the clusters are discussed via analysis of energetics. Calculations of clusters are compared with the results from extended surfaces. The validity of clusters as models of surfaces is discussed.
Male Veteran Interpersonal Partner Violence (IPV) and Associated Problems

The salience and incidence of battering behaviors between male veterans and their partners is unknown. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides domestic violence treatment via the Domestic Relations Clinic in the form of individual and psychoeducational group counseling. Nationally, VA medical centers provide limited treatment for male batterers. No VA research studies exist that have evaluated batterer intervention and treatment in male veterans. In this study, 76 veterans were screened using the Domestic Violence/Abuse Screen self-report for pretest and posttest comparisons. The treatment approach used was a 13-week psychoeducation group and a hybrid of the Paul Kivel and the EMERGE models to meet the challenging and unique needs of the veteran population.
Sexual risk behavior and STI health literacy among ethnic minority adolescent women

Although information is available for prevention of sexually transmitted infection (STI/HIV), adolescents continue to engage in high risk sexual behavior particularly ethnic minority adolescent women with histories of STI or abuse. A description therefore of STI/HIV knowledge and sexual risk behavior among these women is indicated for modification of prevention efforts for sexual health promotion. African-American (n=94) and Mexican-American (n=465) adolescent women 14-18 years of age were included in the study. Assessments of sexual risk behavior and STI/HIV knowledge among these adolescent women described Mexican-American women as at higher risk of STI, pregnancy, substance use and abuse with lower levels of STI/HIV knowledge, previous HIV testing and perceptions of risk than African-American women. A focus on Mexican-American adolescent women with histories of STI and abuse is indicated for translation of community-based health promotion interventions for amelioration of potential adverse sexual health outcomes among ethnic minority adolescent women.
Transcriptional expression of Stilbene synthase genes are regulated developmentally and differentially in response to powdery mildew in Norton and Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine

Stilbenic compounds are natural phytoalexins that have antimicrobial activities in plant defense against pathogens. Stilbene synthase (STS) is the key enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of stilbenic compounds. Grapevine genome contains a family of preliminarily annotated 35 STS genes, the regulation of each STS gene needs to be studied to define their roles. In this study, we selected eight STS genes, STS8, STS27/31, STS16/22, STS13/17/23, and applied quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to characterize their transcriptional expression profiles in leaf tissues upon infection by the powdery mildew fungus (PM), Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burr. Their transcripts were also compared in young and old leaves as well as in the berry skin at five developmental stages in Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and Vitis aestivalis 'Norton'. The results showed that transcripts of selected STS genes increased significantly in Cabernet Sauvignon leaves at 24 and 48 h post inoculation with PM spores and remained unchanged in Norton leaves in response to the PM infection. Transcripts of STS8, STS27/31 and STS13/17/23 were more abundant in the old leaves of Norton than in Cabernet Sauvignon. STS genes showed lower expression levels in young leaves than in old leaves. Transcript levels of the eight STS genes increased drastically in the berry skin of Cabernet Sauvignon and Norton post veraison. In addition, the content of trans-resveratrol in the berry skin rapidly increased post veraison and reached the highest level at harvest. These assays demonstrated that individual STS genes are regulated differentially in response to PM infection and during development in the two grape varieties. The present study yields basic knowledge for further investigation of the regulation and function of each STS gene in grapevine and provides experimental evidences for the functional annotation of the STS gene family in the grapevine genome.
Effect of freestream conditions on the far wake of a circular cylinder

Hot-wire anemometry was incorporated to measure the frequency spectra at various downstream locations in the wake of a two-dimensional circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 1.4 x 10. Two different freestream conditions were imposed on the wake to study the dependence of the wake spectra on background noise. The prominent frequencies observed in the wake showed significant dependence on freestream conditions. Moreover, all of the spectral peaks could be identified as sums or differences between the Karman frequency and prominent freestream frequencies or their harmonics or sums or differences between two or more prominent freestream peaks independent of Karman frequency. This implies that the far-wake structures arise due to hydrodynamic instability of the wake and that the associated frequencies of these structures are dependent on nonlinear interactions between the existing wake structures and disturbances in the freestream.
Child care health consultation: an ecological model.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To present an ecological model of child care health consultation that defines the role of the health consultant as a resource and advocate within child care programs, as well as a supportive link among families, child care providers, and the healthcare system. CONCLUSIONS. Nurses have provided health consultation to child care programs for more than 30 years and represent the majority of health consultants nationally. Pediatric nurses and advanced practice nurses are well prepared to shape and lead the development of this emerging role. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. With expertise in caring for children, understanding families, and care across systems, pediatric nurses and advanced practice nurses should engage in current state and national efforts to develop child care health consultatits.
The interaction of erythromycin and theophylline in the asthmatic dental patient

Measures for preventing the possible interaction of erythromycin and theophylline are presented. Possible interaction of erythromycin with theophylline is a problem in the dental treatment of asthmatic patients. This interaction can be circumvented by using other antibiotics or adjusting the dose of theophylline.
Comparative cost-effectiveness of posaconazole versus fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with prolonged neutropenia.

Purpose. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to investigate the financial impact of using posaconazole versus fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with prolonged neutropenia. Methods. A decision-analytic model was developed from a hospital perspective based on the use of posaconazole versus fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with prolonged neutropenia (i.e., longer than 7–10 days). Data reported in a multicenter study, medication-cost information, and reports of costs to treat invasive fungal infections were used to accurately populate the model. Sensitivity analyses enhanced the robustness of the model through variation of all probabilities and costs. Results. In the base case, patients initiated on posaconazole displayed a 45% reduction in overall cost as compared with patients initiated on fluconazole or itraconazole ($3051 versus $5529, respectively). Sensitivity analyses determined that univariate changes in all model variables, including medication cost, duration of therapy, and cost of treating invasive fungal infections, did not impact overall results. A Monte Carlo simulation analysis found that use of posaconazole remains the best overall prophylactic strategy when taking into consideration the potential variance in all model assumptions. Posaconazole dominated the use of fluconazole or itraconazole because of previously demonstrated lower incidence of breakthrough fungal infections and lower overall treatment cost. Conclusion. The decision model indicated that use of posaconazole as prophylaxis in patients with prolonged neutropenia should result in lower overall treatment costs relative to the cost of fluconazole or itraconazole.
Quantitative Methods For Optical Diffraction Tomography

We review several algorithms for obtaining quantitative reconstructions of weakly scattering objects from measured intensity data. These algorithms represent an extension of the usual techniques of diffraction tomography to cases where phase information cannot be measured or is otherwise unavailable, such as in the optical regime. The algorithms we present take advantage of the holographic recording geometry of diffraction tomography -- where the interference of the scattered wave with the incident wave is measured -- and generate a quantitative reconstruction of the scattering object by numerically recovering the phase of the scattered field prior to the tomographic reconstruction step. Phase recovery is performed non- iteratively using two intensity measurements. We compare this algorithm to a direct reconstruction algorithm within the Rytov approximation for the tomographic reconstruction of the index of refraction distribution of an optical fiber from simulated intensity data. These algorithms extend the practical range of diffraction tomography and inverse scattering by allowing reconstruction from phase-less scattering data using support constraints or additional measurements.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in the Microstructure of Feeding After Administration of Enterostatin into the Paraventricular Nucleus and the Amygdala

Abstract Ling, L. and D. A. York. Changes in the microstructure of feeding after administration of enterostatin into the paraventricular nucleus and the amygdala. Peptides 19(3) 557–562, 1998.—The effects of enterostatin (ENT) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the amygdala (AMYG) on the microstructure of feeding was studied by using an automated feeding apparatus. In rats adapted to a 6-h meal feeding regime, ENT reduced the size and duration of the first meal after injection in both the PVN and the AMYG. Similar effects were observed when ENT was given at the beginning of the dark cycle in rats fed ad libitum although the onset of feeding was also delayed in this situation. The number of meals and the size of subsequent meals was unaffected by ENT but the eating rate within the first meal was reduced after ENT injection into the AMYG of meal-fed rats. Enterostatin injected into the AMYG at a dose that suppressed feeding did not produce a conditioned taste aversion. ENT given centrally therefore appears to reduce food intake by delaying the initiation of feeding and/or advancing meal termination suggesting that it affects both appetite and satiation mechanisms.
Does oral supplementation with vitamins A or E promote healing of chronic wounds

MeSH Administration, Oral; Animals; Antioxidants /pharmacology /therapeutic use; Chronic Disease; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Leg Ulcer /complications /drug therapy /physiopathology; Pressure Ulcer /complications /drug therapy /physiopathology; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin A /pharmacology /therapeutic use; Vitamin A Deficiency /complications; Vitamin E /pharmacology /therapeutic use; Vitamin E Deficiency /complications; Wound Healing /drug effects