cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separability of spatiotemporal spectra of image sequences

The authors calculate the spatiotemporal power spectrum of 14 image sequences in order to determine the degree to which the spectra are separable in space and time and to assess the validity of the commonly used exponential correlation model. They expand the spectrum by a singular value decomposition into a sum of separable terms and define an index of spatiotemporal separability. as the fraction of the signal energy that can be represented by the first (largest) separable term. All spectra were found to be highly separable with an index of separability above 0.98. The power spectra of the sequences were well fit by a separable model, which corresponds to a product of exponential autocorrelation functions separable in space and time. >
Effect of a formulation of Bacillus firmus on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infestation and the growth of tomato plants in the greenhouse and nursery

Bacillus firmus, commercial WP formulation (BioNem) was evaluated against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in a laboratory, greenhouse and under field conditions on tomato plants. In the laboratory tests, an aqueous suspension of BioNem at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% concentration reduced egg hatching from 98% to 100%, 24-days after treatment. Treatment of second-stage juveniles with 2.5% and 3% concentration of BioNem, caused 100% inhibition of mobility, 24 h after treatment. In the green house trials, BioNem applied at 8 g/pot (1200 cc soil) planted with a tomato seedlings reduced gall formation by 91%, final nematode populations by 76% and the number of eggs by 45%. Consequently, plant height and biomass was increased by 71% and 50%, respectively, compared to the untreated control, 50-days after treatment application. Application of BioNem at 16 g/pot was phytotoxic to plants. In the field trails, BioNem applied at 200 and 400 kg ha(-1) was effective in reducing the number of galls (75-84%), and increased shoot height (29-31%) and weight (20-24%) over the untreated control, 45-days after treatment. Our results indicate that B. firmus is a promising microorganism for the biological control of M. incognita in tomato pots.
Inguinal hernias containing the uterus, fallopian tube, and ovary in premature female infants.

Inguinal hernias were diagnosed at 42 and 38 weeks postconceptional age in 2 premature girls. The hernial sac contained the uterus, one Fallopian tube, and one ovary. The diagnosis was made by physical and sonographic examination and was confirmed during surgical correction. We suggest sonography in the diagnostic workup in (premature) female infants with an inguinal hernia.
Observing C P -violating Higgs signals with heavy Majorana neutrinos

We demonstrate the ability to measure the $CP$ phase of a Higgs boson state by looking at the decays of heavy, Majorana neutrinos in the process $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}NN$ at the LHC. This is shown for signals with both opposite-sign (${l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{l}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{W}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$) and same-sign (${l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{W}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}{W}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$) leptonic final states. These signals are investigated in the general framework of a sequential fourth generation of fermions with an additional right-handed neutrino. Such a scenario would naturally give rise to heavy Majorana neutrinos as well as significant enhancements to Higgs production via gluon fusion due to the contributions of the new, heavy quark states running in the fermion loops. Combined with the low background inherent to a same-sign lepton signal, this could be a useful way to investigate the $CP$ nature of a Higgs boson state at the LHC.
Intravenous Amiodarone for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in the Nonsurgical Patient

Purpose: To review the literature to define the efficacy of intravenous (IV) amiodarone in the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the nonsurgical patient. Method: A MEDLINE search was conducted using the key words “intravenous amiodarone” and “atrial fibrillation.” All trials evaluating the use of intravenous amiodarone in the surgical setting were excluded. Results: Twenty articles were identified, which were divided into acute and chronic atrial fibrillation. Within the acute setting, IV amiodarone was used alone, compared to a placebo-control, or compared to active drug regimens. In the trials without a control group, it was difficult to determine how much of the effect was due to spontaneous conversion. When compared to placebo, IV amiodarone offered a 61% to 92% conversion at 24 hours. Compared to active drug therapy, there was a trend to increased efficacy at 24 hours. However, amiodarone was no more effective for the conversion of atrial fibrillation than alternative therapies. In the case of chro...
Detection and discrimination of alcohol vapours using single-step anodised nanoporous alumina sensors

The electrical response of single-step anodised alumina sensors to alcohol vapours containing one to four carbon atoms has been studied. In this investigation, the real and imaginary impedance components have been measured in response to the equilibrium saturation vapour pressure of methanol, ethanol, butanol and two structural isomers of propanol. The response to each type of alcohol produces characteristic impedance spectra that allow discrimination and possible recognition of each alcohol.
The impact of a patient's age on the clinical presentation of inflammatory paranasal sinus disease.

Abstract Objective To determine the change in the clinical presentation of inflammatory paranasal sinus disease as a function of a patient's age. Study Design and Methods This is a prospective study of 514 adult patients who presented with inflammatory paranasal sinus disease. The patients were divided into three age groups: group 1 (age: 18–39 years; n = 203), group 2 (age: 40–59 years; n = 213) and group 3 (age greater than 60 years; n = 98). The following data were collected: presenting symptoms, co-morbidities, nasal endoscopy and CT findings, diagnosis, and the outcome of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p Results Among the presenting symptoms, facial pain and rhinorrhea were most common in group 1 ( p p p p p p Conclusions Patients in the 18–39-year age group and diagnosed with CRS are more likely to present with facial pain, suffer from environmental allergy, have anatomic abnormalities in the OMU region, and report improvement in their olfaction following ESS. Patients who are 60 years or older are more likely to present with dysosmia, be diagnosed with CRS with nasal polyposis, and report improvement in rhinorrhea following surgery.
Phenotypic Plasticity, CYP19A1 Pleiotropy, and Maladaptive Selection in Developmental Disorders:

The contribution of evolutionary psychology to the study of development and psychopathology depends on adherence to the principles of evolutionary biology. The human brain evolved because selection...
Work Norms and Involuntary Unemployment

Consider the organizational environment of labor management wherein the firm can measure the average performance (i.e., group work norm) of its employees but has difficulty in observing the individual worker's performance within the group. Accordingly, the worker's remuneration is based on the observed group norm. Because of the way in which workers interact among themselves in setting work norms, there results an undersupply of effort from a given workforce size. Furthermore, the group work norm is shown to be negatively correlated with the size of the workforce. Consequently, short-run unemployment can arise with involuntary features. The paper also explores the effectiveness of alternative remuneration schemes in mitigating the inefficiency associated with the group work norm setting.
Teaching surface design made easy

All popular computer graphics textbooks have chapters on curves and surfaces [1, 5, 6, 7]. Teaching these chapters could be one of the most challenging tasks in a computer graphics course because of the involved mathematics and the difficulty of visualizing the anticipated effects of the theoretical results. We certainly can skip these chapters and only rely on the polyhedron world, because Gouraud’s or Phong’s shading algorithms could make polyhedra objects appear as realistic curvilinear ones. Unfortunately, real world applications such as ship hull and car body design are usually curvilinear and may only be approximated using polyhedron models. Thus, to address this problem and to make teaching surface design easier, we have designed a pedagogical tool as part of our NSF supported project [8]. One of our goals is to provide the students with an interactive environment which is used to visualize, experiment and verify important and fundamental concepts and algorithms. While there are good textbooks on curve and surface design [3, 4, 9], we can only find two pedagogical aids. Yen’s video program [11] only provides one way information flow. Rockwood and Chambers [10] describe a multimedia tutorial on computer aided geometric design which runs on Windows. It is basically a tutorial that introduces concepts using some animation but lacks a
Electrophysiological Assessments in Mentally Retarded Individuals: From Brainstem to Cortex

The problems of mental retardation are complex and can be conceptualized in a number of ways. For example, one can adopt a biomedical model which assumes that basic alterations in the nervous system are the primary cause of mental retardation. Cer tainly, there are numerous genetic and organic insults to the nervous system that support a biomedical model. In contrast, one may consider mental retardation in socio-cultural terms, with emphases being placed upon developmental impairment in infancy and pre-school years, the deleterious effects of social labeling, poor social-vocational adjustment, etc. Yet, in view of growing evidence that environmental deprivation can markedly impair the anatomical, biochemical and functional development of the nervous system (e.g., Greenough, 1975), it is likely that even individuals diagnosed as mentally retarded on socio-cultural grounds may show patterns of neural activity that deviate from normal. Such abnormal neural activity will be manifest to some degree, it is assumed, in patterns of electroencephalographic activity.
Transformative art: art as means for long-term neurocognitive change.

Every artwork leads to a unique experience by the observer or participant, may it be sensory, emotional, cognitive, interactive or spiritual experience. At the neurobiological level, such experiences are manifested as activation of the corresponding neural networks. Neuroscience has demonstrated that experience, in particular repeated experience, can cause a long-term change in the involved brain circuits (experience-dependent plasticity). This review will discuss the molding and transformative aspect of arts, examining how repeated and on-going experience of arts may alter cognitive, emotional and behavioral patterns as well as their underlying neural circuits. The application of this approach to cognitive training and neuropsychological rehabilitation methods will be addressed as well. In addition, it will be suggested that this approach to art, as long-term transformative, may lead to a novel viewpoint on art and a different approach to its creation. Artists can design artworks that aspire to form, in addition to one-shot influencing experience, on-going experiences which gradually create a lasting change, possibly improving audiences' neuropsychological functions.
Network-based support vector machine for classification of microarray samples

The importance of network-based approach to identifying biological markers for diagnostic classification and prognostic assessment in the context of microarray data has been increasingly recognized. To our knowledge, there have been few, if any, statistical tools that explicitly incorporate the prior information of gene networks into classifier building. The main idea of this paper is to take full advantage of the biological observation that neighboring genes in a network tend to function together in biological processes and to embed this information into a formal statistical framework. We propose a network-based support vector machine for binary classification problems by constructing a penalty term from the F∞-norm being applied to pairwise gene neighbors with the hope to improve predictive performance and gene selection. Simulation studies in both low- and high-dimensional data settings as well as two real microarray applications indicate that the proposed method is able to identify more clinically relevant genes while maintaining a sparse model with either similar or higher prediction accuracy compared with the standard and the L1 penalized support vector machines. The proposed network-based support vector machine has the potential to be a practically useful classification tool for microarrays and other high-dimensional data.
Survival, Weight Gain, and Oviposition of Resistant and Susceptible Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Broccoli Expressing Cry1Ac Toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis

Leaf bioassays and oviposition choice tests were used to investigate the effects of transgenic broccoli expressing Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) on susceptible and resistant Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae. Survival of susceptible 2nd instars on Cry1Ac-expressing broccoli declined from 99.1 to 19.2% at 24 and 72 h, respectively, and larvae exhibited an average weight loss of 0.2 mg/10 larvae at 24 h. Larvae that evolved resistance to foliar sprays of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the field, however, showed no debilitating effects from the Cry1Ac broccoli. Survival of resistant larvae at 24 and 72 h was 98.6 and 90.8%, respectively, and weight gain at 24 h was 1.7 mg/10 larvae, none of which was significantly different from survival or weight gain on control plants. In oviposition choice tests, both susceptible and resistant females were unable to discriminate between Cry1Ac and normal broccoli, laying '38—41 eggs per plant per 2 females. Comparing mortality of susceptible larvae on 2 lines of transgenic broccoli (J1R and K20) derived from independent transformation events, we found that the majority of the variance (43.2%) in toxin expression was caused by transformation. Depending upon the transformation, plant could be a significant source of variation but toxin expression within plant was always fairly uniform. Our data indicate that resistance to sprays of B. thuringiensis can confer resistance to plants when similar toxins are involved.
An experimental evaluation of selective mutation

Mutation testing is a technique for unit-testing software that, although powerful, is computationally expensive. The principal expense of mutation is that many variants of the test program, called mutants, must be repeatedly executed. Selective mutation is a way to approximate mutation testing that saves execution by reducing the number of mutants that must be executed. The authors report experimental results that compare selective mutation testing to standard, or nonselective, mutation testing. The results support the hypothesis that selective mutation is almost as strong as nonselective mutation. In experimental trials, selective mutations provide almost the same coverage as nonselective mutation, with significant reductions in cost. >
Acquisition of Fetal Magnetocardiograms in an Unshielded Hospital Setting

The acquisition of fetal magnetocardiographic signals in various noisy environments is studied, and improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of weak biomagnetic signals is investigated for various noise levels and gradiometer implementations. There is a consistent improvement in the SNR as fetal gestation age (GA) increases. The SNR in unshielded environment is shown to be acceptable over a wide range of GA values when using the second-order gradiometers with a field balance CB = 5 times 10-4 and a gradient balance CG1 = 5 times 10-3or better. It is also shown that the optimal gradiometer baseline length strongly depends on the ambient noise level and the overall gradiometer balance. Shorter (<80 mm) baselines are preferred only when using highly balanced gradiometers in a very high noise environments.
Detection of conductivity fluctuations in a turbulent flow field

A technique has been developed to detect very small amplitude fluctuations of concentration or temperature in aqueous electrolytic solutions. A platinized single-electrode conductivity probe is made one arm of an A.C. Wheatstone bridge, whose unbalance is then proportional to the incremental change of conductivity at the probe tip. A discussion of the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the probe and circuitry is given. This technique should have useful applications in oceanographic measurements of salinity or temperature, measurements of statistical parameters useful in the description of diffusion-controlled reactions in liquid-phase chemical reactors, and also the pure mixing of ionic materials and temperature.
The Global Financial Crisis – A Behavioral View

This paper explores the problem of the global financial crisis of 2008-9, using a behavioral perspective to examine in some detail the issues of market and institutional failure. These failures are evident in the inadequate oversight/regulation provided by financial market regulators (especially the Federal Reserve and the SEC), as well as the inability of financial market participants to adequately judge and assign risk measures to key financial instruments, particularly collateralized debt obligations. The paper shows how specific adjustments in government policy (dealing with market structural imperfections) and company strategy (dealing with risk management) can respond to the key elements of the crisis.Four categories of behavioral element are identified in the crisis: irrational exuberance of home lenders and borrowers; market structural imperfections, especially the lack of short-term financing available to investment banks in 2008; lack of adequate regulatory oversight; lack of adequate financial institution internal oversight. Each of these elements falls into a category of behavioral finance, from psychological aspects such as overconfidence and anchoring to lack of arbitrage possibilities. Government policy interventions are recommended for each of these failings, which fundamentally will allow the market to function with new safeguards on the overall financial system.
Sex Offender Legislation in the United States What Do We Know

In the United States there has been increased public pressure to create legislation to monitor and confine sex offenders. However, to date, there has been very little empirical evidence suggesting that these laws are effective in preventing future recidivism. This article reviews the current trends in sex offender legislation, including mandatory sentencing, civil commitment, community notification, monitoring, and supervision and the impact these policies may have on sex offender recidivism and treatment.
Nonlinear model‐predictive control: Closed‐loop stability analysis

A method to analyze the closed-loop stability of a system composed of a nonlinear process and a discrete controller is developed. The closed-loop system is described by a set of difference equations resulting from the discretization of the continuous-time model. A commonly used method of discretization (forward difference) offers an incorrect relative order compared to exact discretization. The state and input sensitivity equations of the continuous-time model are used in computing the nominal closed-loop stability criteria. The nominal stability analysis is extended to the important cases of unmeasured states and uncertain model parameters. A numerical Lyapunov function is used to estimate closed-loop regions of attraction. A simulation example (a CSTR with input multiplicity) presented illustrates the analysis methods and closed-loop behavior.
Limits to a Left Hemisphere Explanation for Specific Language Impairment.

The hypothesis of unilateral left hemisphere damage as an explanatory model for the neurological basis of specific language impairment (SLI) does not appear to be sufficient for most children with ...
Relaxation Oscillations and Pulse Stability in Harmonically Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers

In this paper, we discuss pulse dynamics in harmonically mode-locked semiconductor lasers and present the conditions necessary for stability. In a laser mode-locked at the Nth harmonic, the pulse energy fluctuations have (N+1) different modes of relaxation oscillations. Different modes correspond to different patterns for the energy fluctuations in the N different pulses inside the laser cavity. In the higher order relaxation oscillation modes, the energy fluctuations are negatively correlated in different pulses inside the laser cavity, and these modes can cause instability. Gain saturation on time scales of the order of the pulse width (dynamic gain saturation) stabilizes pulse energy fluctuations with respect to relaxation oscillations. The precise limits on the stable operating regime depend on the gain dynamics at both slow and fast time scales. We also discuss harmonic mode-locking in the presence of a slow saturable absorber. Dynamic loss saturation in a saturable absorber can work against dynamic gain saturation and limit the stability range for harmonic mode-locking.
Structures of the Prokaryotic Mechanosensitive Channels MscL and MscS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the crystallographic analyses of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mechanosensitive channels of large (MscL) and the Escherichia coli mechanosensitive channels of small (MscS). Crystal structures of the M. tuberculosis MscL and E. coli MscS were initially reported at 3.5‐ and 3.9‐ A resolutions, respectively. The basic structural framework of the MscL and MscS transmembrane domains is provided by α ‐helices; each subunit of MscL has two helices for a total of 10, whereas MscS has three helices per subunit for a total of 21. From a structural perspective, MscL and MscS represent fascinating targets as they provide an opportunity to explore the coupling between protein conformation and the membrane environment responsible for channel gating. Tension and pressure sensitive systems, such as MscL and MscS, have the attraction that these environmental properties are energetically coupled to changes in protein area and volume, respectively that may be directly quantitated from structural models.
Primordial organic chemistry and the origin of life

Aspects of Darwinian revolution are discussed together with spontaneous generation, the inorganic chemical evolution, the primitive atmosphere, and interstellar matter. The significance of the change of the earth's reducing atmosphere to an atmosphere with oxidizing characteristics is considered. Experiments regarding the abiogenic synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins are reported. It was found that micromolecules can be formed in simulation experiments. The condensation reaction taking place in the presence of water was studied together with the condensation reaction taking place in the relative absence of water or under hypohydrous conditions. Jupiter simulation studies were conducted, and lunar and meteorite material was analyzed.
The cognitive bases of relational words in the single word period

Recent research on single-word language has focused on the acquisition of object words, considering relational words such as more, allgone, here, and up only peripherally. These words are considered in relation to the operative schemes of sensorimotor intelligence as suggested by Sinclair (1970). Relational words, like syntactic structure, appear to develop and exist apart from specific content. Study of such words helps clarify the relationship between sensorimotor understandings and the language of the pre-operational child. Data spanning the entire single-word period from five subjects provide an empirical base for analysing the meanings of these words in use. A model is then proposed for considering relational words as coding a set of interrelated meanings reflecting the cognitive organization of the late sensorimotor period.
The Effect of Washing, Oiling, Holding and Temperature of Eggs on Shell Strength

Abstract The effect of washing, oiling, holding and egg temperature on shell strength was studied in a series of five experiments. Washing was shown to reduce shell strength from 180 to 380 grams per egg in two trials. Eggs oiled after lay and washed were significantly stronger than unoiled, washed eggs. Eggs oiled after lay and not washed were also stronger than unoiled, unwashed eggs. In a single trial, oiling after washing did not improve shell strength. No significant changes in shell strength from one to nine hours after oviposition were observed. Eggs were found to be significantly stronger at two days than one day and four days than three days of storage. No significant change in shell strength occurred between four and eight days. By the eleventh and thirteenth day, egg shell strength was significantly weaker than at four days of age. Eggs, either wet or dry, exposed for fifteen minutes to temperatures of 13° C., 24° C., 35° C. and 46° C. had a reduction of shell strength at each increment of temperature. However, the wetting of eggs at these temperatures was not found to reduce shell strength as reported by Froning (1973).
Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics: Part I, Models for Radiative and Photochemical Processes

Abstract The equations for the photochemistry of ozone and radiative heating in the mesosphere are, for certain regions, reduced from differential-integral equations to much simpler differential-algebraic equations which are more readily incorporated into hydrodynamic models. The simplified equations are first solved for joint radiative-photochemical equilibrium; the distributions obtained are in fair agreement with the more detailed calculations of Leovy (1964). The equations for temperature and ozone, with advection included, are linearized in terms of perturbations on the equilibrium fields, and a brief discussion of the effect of photo-chemistry, radiative transfer and their interaction on the thermal response to a field of motion is presented. Finally, the problem of the joint photochemical-radiative relaxation of perturbations in the absence of motion is investigated. It is found that the coupling sharply accelerates thermal relaxation above 35 km, and appreciably accelerates photochemical relaxatio...
The Wavelet Transform

Chapter 1 presented the concepts involved with wavelet theory, especially the scaling operation, and avoided all of the mathematical rigor. This section supports the conceptual statements by providing the mathematical justification. General, continuous-time wavelet transforms are initially discussed. Then the “discrete” wavelet transform is presented. The resolution properties of wavelet transforms are touched upon but then deferred until after ambiguity functions are discussed. For the less mathematically inclined reader the proofs can be avoided without losing continuity.
Trends and lessons from three years fighting malicious extensions

In this work we expose wide-spread efforts by criminals to abuse the Chrome Web Store as a platform for distributing malicious extensions. A central component of our study is the design and implementation of WebEval, the first system that broadly identifies malicious extensions with a concrete, measurable detection rate of 96.5%. Over the last three years we detected 9,523 malicious extensions: nearly 10% of every extension submitted to the store. Despite a short window of operation--we removed 50% of malware within 25 minutes of creation--a handful of under 100 extensions escaped immediate detection and infected over 50 million Chrome users. Our results highlight that the extension abuse ecosystem is drastically different from malicious binaries: miscreants profit from web traffic and user tracking rather than email spam or banking theft.
Bibliography of Secondary Sources on the History of Dermatology II. Obituaries and Biographies in English before 1973

Supplements to this bibliographic record of the history of dermatology citations in English have been an ongoing project since the 1970s, appearing at 5-year intervals. The number of papers relating to historical aspects of the skin continues to be substantial. The question may arise as to the necessity of such supplements, when access to the literature is readily available through PubMed and the search engines of several medical publishers. Although the vast majority of papers can be located with ease by these methods, not all biographical papers are indexed. In addition, some keywords are more peculiar to dermatology than to general medicine, which can result in omission of a citation. Lastly, several dermatology journals and newsletters are not indexed in Index Medicus. Beginning with this installment, references are recorded in the Vancouver style, as modified for Clinics in Dermatology.
Thyroid Axis, Prolactin, and Exercise

The endocrine system, from a classic biology perspective, is composed of a series of glandular tissues located throughout the human body, which secrete chemical substances (hormones) to modify/regulate the physiological function of target tissues. Many hormones not only have such endocrine effects, but also autocrine- and paracrine-like function. In the last few decades, many nonglandular tissues in the human body have been found to secrete hormonal.
2-Methyl-pyrazine 1,4-dioxide.

The title compound, C5H6N2O2, was prepared from 2-methyl­pyrazine, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In the crystal, π–π stacking inter­actions between neighboring mol­ecules are observed, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7370 A, an inter­planar distance of 3.167 A, and a slippage of 1.984 A. Each mol­ecule is linked to four neighbors through C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, forming one-dimensional ribbons.
Counterfeit Interpretations of State Constitutions in Criminal Procedure

During the past thirty years a new kind of interpretation of state constitutions has emerged. Beginning in the middle of the 1970's, many states began to analyze their state constitutions, especially in the criminal procedure area, in a way ostensibly designed to become independent of the dominance of the United States Supreme Court. This is frequently called the "New Federalism" and most often takes the form of finding that a state constitutional provision affords protection when United States Supreme Court has determined that the federal constitution provides none. In the past thirty years, twenty-two states have specifically held that their state constitutions provide greater protection than the federal constitution in the criminal procedure area. But this "independent state constitutional analysis" is fake. It has not been independent at all. It has been entirely driven by reactions to decisions of the United States Supreme Court and employs the values and method of analysis of that court. As such, the state court judges, while claiming to develop an independent body of law, are in reality simply casting themselves as adjunct justices of the United States Supreme Court. I will argue that these relatively recent interpretations are counterfeit. I use the term "counterfeit" in order to convey a core idea. It is not that these interpretations are worthless, or for that matter wrong. Instead, I mean that these recent state court claims to develop an independent state constitutional analysis in the criminal procedure area are really only pale imitations of the decisions and of the values and the methods of analysis of the United States Supreme Court. As such, they are not independent at all. The state courts are simply passing off these counterfeit decisions as though they were based on their own state law. For the most part, however, they are not. All of the states had their own history and precedent with regard to their constitutions and with the issues the new interpretations address. Yet, for the most part, the "New Federalism" by simply mimicking federal law caused these to be completely ignored.
An Nd:YLF Regenerative amplifier operating at more than 6kHz

Continuously-pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifiers provide a convenient source of high-energy picosecond pulses. For spectroscopic purposes, repetition rates in the tens of kilohertz range are desirable. The upper limit, on the repetition rate for an Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier arises both from the finite pumping rate of the gain and from the acoustically–induced birefringence in the electro–optic cavity dumper, We have solved the second of these problems, thereby making possible amplifier repetition rates greater than 100kHz.
Mental Illness And Brain Disease

It has become common to say psychiatric illnesses are brain diseases. This reflects a conception of the mental as being biologically based, though it is also thought that thinking of psychiatric illness this way will reduce the stigma attached to psychiatric illness. If psychiatric illnesses are brain diseases, however, it is not clear why psychiatry should not collapse into neurology, and some argue for this course. Others try to maintain a distinction by saying that neurology deals with abnormalities of neural structure while psychiatry deals with specific abnormalities of neural functioning. It is not clear that neurologists would accept this division, nor that they should. I argue that if we take seriously the notion that psychiatric illnesses are mental illnesses we can draw a more defensible boundary between psychiatry and neurology. As mental illnesses, psychiatric illnesses must have symptoms that affect our mental capacities and that the sufferer is capable of being aware of, even if they are not always self-consciously aware of them. Neurological illnesses, such as stroke or multiple sclerosis, may be diagnosed even if they are silent, just as the person may not be aware of having high blood pressure or may suffer a silent myocardial infarction. It does not make sense to speak of panic disorder if the person has never had a panic attack, however, or of bipolar disorder in the absence of mood swings. This does not mean psychiatric illnesses are not biologically based. Mental illnesses are illnesses of persons, whereas other illnesses are illnesses of biological individuals.
Method for Effective Color Change in Extrusion Blow Molding Accumulator Heads

ABSTRACT The design of accumulator blow molding heads to promote quick and effective color and material change is examined. Quick color and material change is essential for processors, particularly custom blow molders, to reduce the non-productive machine time and scrap materials generated. The design approach uses basic flow characteristics dealing with temperature-viscosity relationships of the flow channel profiles and conditions of the flow surfaces in the head. Test and photographic data are used to support the findings.
21.5 A current-mode wireless power receiver with optimal resonant cycle tracking for implantable systems

Continuous health monitoring has become feasible, largely due to miniature implantable sensor systems such as [1]. To recharge batteries of such systems, wireless power transfer is a popular option since it is non-invasive. However, there are two main challenges: 1) strict safety regulations of incident power on human tissue; 2) small coil size for better biocompatibility. These issues reduce the received power at the coil, make it difficult to obtain sufficient power for implanted devices, and call for high power-efficiency (ηP)-transfer techniques, especially at very low received power levels.
System-level simulations for multi-hop D2D communications overlay LTE networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communication has attracted great attention and becomes a promising technology for future wireless networks. In this work, we perform system-level simulation studies on multi-hop D2D communications overlay LTE networks, i.e., D2D multi-hop links are given dedicated cellular resources in LTE networks. There still exist intra-cell interference and inter-cell interference from other D2D transmissions. We investigate several key technologies for multi-hop D2D communications in LTE system-level simulations, including user dropping, centralized scheduling for multi-hop D2D, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), power control scheme, etc. After the system-level simulation platform setup for multi-hop D2D communications overlay LTE networks, we carry out simulation studies with respect to different D2D pair distances and different number of D2D pairs within a cell. This multi-hop D2D communications system-level simulation platform for LTE networks build a solid and practical ground for further multi-hop D2D communications technology investigation.
trans-[Fe(cyclam)(C2R)2]+: A New Family of Iron(III) Bis-Alkynyl Compounds

We previously communicated the preparation and characterization of two trans-[Fe(cyclam)(C≡CR)2]OTf compounds, 2b and 2c (where cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, R = −SiiPr3 (2b) or −Ph (2c), and OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate), which were the first examples of Fe(III) bis-alkynyl complexes. In this work, the series has been expanded to include R = −H (2a), −C2SiMe3 (2d), −C4SiMe3 (2e), and −Fc (2f), which were prepared from the reaction between cis/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(OTf)2]OTf (1) and LiC≡CR (NaC≡CH for 2a). Compounds 2a–2f were characterized by spectroscopic/voltammetric techniques as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The trans-orientation of the alkynyl ligands were established from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 2b–2d. Furthermore, the electronic structures of the model compounds 2a′+, 2d′+, and 2e′+ were analyzed with density-functional calculations, which revealed significant dπ–π(C≡C) interactions.
Repair techniques for acute distal biceps tendon ruptures a systematic review

Background: There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal surgical approach and fixation method for distal biceps tendon ruptures. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review comparing the results of the various surgical approaches and repair techniques for acute distal biceps tendon ruptures. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase databases for all published randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, or case series that involved primary repairs of acute distal biceps tendon ruptures with use of a cortical button, intraosseous screws, suture anchors, or bone tunnels for fixation. Exclusion criteria included case reports, cadaveric studies, repairs of partial ruptures, revision repairs, and multiple methods of fixation in the same patient. Statistical analysis was performed with use of the chi-square test. Results: Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients was 494 (498 elbows). The complication rate was 24.5% (122 of 498 elbows) overall, and it was 23.9% (seventy-eight of 327) for one-incision procedures and 25.7% (forty-four of 171) for two-incision procedures (p = 0.32). The complication rate was 26.4% (seventy-five of 284) for suture anchors, 20.4% (thirty-four of 167) for bone tunnels, 44.8% (thirteen of twenty-nine) for intraosseous screws, and 0% (zero of eighteen) for cortical button fixation. The complication rate for use of bone tunnels was significantly lower than that for intraosseous screws (p < 0.01). Similarly, the cortical button method proved superior to intraosseous screws (p = 0.01). The most common complication was lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve neurapraxia (9.6% across all studies, 11.6% for one incision, and 5.8% for two incisions). Conclusions: The complication rate did not differ significantly between one and two-incision distal biceps repairs; however, the bone tunnel and cortical button methods had significantly lower complication rates compared with suture anchors and intraosseous screws. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal number of incisions. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Mormon Concern Over MX: Parochialism or Enduring Moral Theology?

Few religious pronouncements in recent years have proven more controversial than the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' 5 May 1981 statement opposing the proposed deployment of the MX missile system in its spiritual heartland of Utah and Nevada. The Mormon leadership warned "against the terrifying arms race in which the nations of the earth are presently en gaged" and deplored "in particular the building of vast arsenals of nuclear weaponry." In addition, the statement pointed out a number of adverse sociological, physical, and ecological factors that prompted grave concern. The Mormon leaders realized that their decision, reached after extensive investigation and "the most careful and prayerful consideration," would undoubtedly evoke considerable "response . . . from both proponents and opponents of the sys tem."1
Abstract 230: Per Capita Proportion of Total Health Care Expenditures on Pharmaceuticals Among US Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Background: Besides inflation, the recent expansion of health insurance coverage and the limited regulation of drug pricing in the US has caused per capita pharmaceutical expenditures to increase substantially. We aim to examine the proportion of health care spending used on drugs and its association with burden of comorbidity among adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: Using the 2012 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS), adults aged 40 years with an ICD-9 diagnosis of CVD (410, 413, 414, 428, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 427, 440, 443, or 447) (n=1,846) from the medical condition file were studied. The burden of comorbidity was estimated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). We used the two-part econometric model to estimate the mean healthcare and pharmaceutical expenditures and it association with CCI. The mean proportion of health care spending for pharmaceuticals was estimated and tested for trend across CCI using the variance-weighted least squares. All analyses took into account the study’s complex survey design and were weighted to the U.S. population. Results: Approximately 18.9 million adults aged 40 years (mean age[SD]: 69[15] years; 44% females) had a diagnosis of CVD; 37% had CCI=1, 26% had CCI=2. Overall, healthcare expenditures among adults with CVD was $248.4 billion; 26.1% ($64.8 billion) of which was spent on pharmaceuticals. Both absolute total health care expenditures and pharmaceutical expenditures significantly increased proportionally with CCI (table). However, pharmaceutical expenditures expressed as proportion of total health care spending did not increase with greater co-morbid disease burden (p-trend =0.198). Conclusion: Pharmaceutical expenditure is a significant contributor of healthcare spending (>1 in every 3 US dollars spent) among adults with established CVD. It is imperative to critically assess interplay of such issues as pricing and appropriate utilization of pharmaceutical agents to mitigate increasing healthcare spending among those with CVD. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Phonon Contribution to the Hall Resistivity in Cadmium

Earlier published1 resistance and Hall data on single crystals of Cd, alloyed with less than 200 ppm Ag or In, with residual resistance values (at 4.2 K) between 1.7 x 104 and 100, have been subjected to further analysis.
Epidemiological analysis of rotavirus in sentinel hospitals of Xinjiang from 2011-2012

[Objective]To understand the epidemic regularity of group A rotavirus by using antigen detection methods in feces samples detection from 620 cases of infant diarrhea.[Methods]Rotavirus antigen was detected in feces samples from hospitalized children below 5 years old with diarrhea by using ELLISA method and the results were statistically analyzed.[Results]Of 620 samples,286 were rotavirus positive.The positive rate of rotavirus antigen was 46.13%.The peak incidence appeared in 6-23 months old age group,Followed by 0-5 months age group.The high incidence of rotavirus diarrhea appeared from September to February.[Conclusion]The peak incidence season of rotavirus diarrhea was Autumn and Winter in Xinjiang.The reported cases of rotavirus diarrhea occurred mostly in the children blow 2 years old and these children should be taken as key vaccination object.
Inhibition of heparan sulfate synthesis by chlorate.

With the exception of hyaluronic acid, all glycosaminoglycans are O-sulfated. Heparins and heparan sulfates are, in addition, N-sulfated on many of their glucosamine residues. Other naturally occurring structures are also sulfated. For example, some proteins contain sulfotyrosine residues (1), and some complex lipids are O-sulfated. In addition, certain N-linked oligosaccharides are sulfated (2). In all of these cases, the enzymes that add sulfate residues to these structures utilize 3'-phosphoadenosine5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfate donor. If PAPS cannot be synthesized, these biological sulfation reactions will not proceed. Chlorate is a competitive inhibitor of PAPS synthesis and, as such, can block all sulfation reactions. PAPS is synthesized by a two-step process utilizing ATP sulfurylase (reaction 1) and adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate kinase (reaction 2), activities that are in some cases catalyzed by a single bifunctional enzyme that may localize to the nucleus in mammalian cells (3,4).
Die Luxationsfrakur des Tibiakopfs

Die Klassifikation nach Moore gibt fur die Gruppe der Luxationsfrakturen des Tibiakopfs Hinweise auf begleitende Bandverletzungen. Von den operativ versorgten Luxationsfrakturen zwischen 1982 und 1991 wurden 64 Patienten nachuntersucht. Bei diesen komplexen Verletzungskombinationen fanden sich bezuglich subjektiver Einschatzung und objektiver Beurteilung der Stabilitat unbefriedigende Ergebnisse. Aus den vorliegenden Instabilitaten lassen sich retrospektiv typische Lasionsmuster rekonstruieren und den einzelnen Moore-Typen zuordnen, wodurch die Beurteilung der insgesamten Lasion und damit die Therapieplanung erleichtert wird.
Glycan-Binding Proteins and Glycan Microarrays

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and glycan microarrays. GBPs like plant lectins and anti-carbohydrate antibodies are important tools for detecting specific oligosaccharide (glycan) structures. Methods for measuring the interactions of GBPs with glycans are developed as a way of defining the specificity of the protein–carbohydrate interaction. The most widely used method to define glycan-binding specificity of GBPs is to inhibit the precipitation of a glycoprotein or agglutination of a particular cell type with available structurally defined glycans. The inhibition of precipitin formation, measured by quantifying precipitated protein or visible agglutination with known glycan structures, provides information about the relative binding affinity and overall specificity. This is a labor-intensive process used to monitor many agglutination reactions. The major limitations include the lack of structurally defined complex glycans that could be introduced into the inhibition analyses and the vast amounts of materials needed. This limitation is overcome by the development of solid-phase binding arrays, including printed glycan microarrays, which permit the rapid analysis of potentially hundreds of defined glycans in a single analysis. Glycan microarrays afford an unprecedented opportunity to explore a wide range of glycan recognition by GBPs, cells, and even organisms. Though still relatively limited in complexity and diversity of glycans, the microarrays have made profound impacts on a number of fields of study, including immunology, development, cancer, and infectious diseases.
Occipital Lobe Seizures and Celiac Disease

The electroclinical ictal findings of 4 epileptic patients with clinically asymptomatic celiac disease are reported from the University of Bologna, Italy.