cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Can't My Waiter Sing Happy Birthday: The Chilling Effect of Corporate Copyright Control

In 2015, a lawsuit surrounding the copyright protection of the classic tune “Happy Birthday to You” resulted in the court concluding that a corporation who asserted ownership interest in the song never had a valid copyright to claim. For decades, the song considered to be an American folklore was no longer restricted by a corporation controlling its dissemination. This is not an isolated incident, but instead a norm in copyright. Therefore, a change must be made in copyright protection in order to justify the limited monopoly, as the current system does not promote progress of the useful arts.Copyright — through the lobbying of companies and special interest groups — operates now as a profit incentive to businesses looking to buy creative works and police any use or reference of their purchased art. These companies support a permission culture in copyright where artists should have to gain their approval before accessing a work, regardless of their intended purpose. Throughout this Article, the effect of corporate copyright control on free speech and the public domain is heavily dissected. By analyzing the dissenting opinions of Eldred v. Ashcroft, this Article argues copyright was intended to promote the progress of arts, not stifle creativity to provide a monetary reward. Then, the proposed solution to corporate copyright control calls for lobbying action by creators so that the termination interest can be exercised sooner. Additionally, copyright term lengths should automatically change upon the transfer of ownership from the author to anyone other than his or her heirs. As a result of the proposed solutions, companies will be deterred from purchasing and policing the use of popular works, which will lapse into the public domain sooner. Therefore, copyright will serve to incentivize the person who created the work, rather than as a profit point for companies.
Characterization of the reproductive mode and life cycle of the whitish truffle T. borchii

Truffles are the fruiting structures of ascomycetes in the genus Tuber. Because of their economic importance, truffles have been cultivated for many years using artificially inoculated host plants. Nevertheless, the life cycle and reproductive mode of Tuber spp. are still poorly understood. In filamentous ascomycetes, sexual reproduction is genetically controlled by the mating-type (MAT) locus. Among Tuber spp., the MAT locus has been recently characterized in the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber indicum. Here, by using sequence information derived from these species and from a Tuber borchii expressed sequence tag (EST) showing similarity to the mat1 gene of Alternaria brassicicola, we embarked on a chromosome-walking procedure to sequence the complete MAT region of T. borchii. This fungus produces highly commercialized whitish truffles and represents a model species for addressing basic questions concerning the life cycle of Tuber spp. We show that T. borchii is heterothallic, as its MAT locus is organized into two idiomorphs, each harbored by different mycelial strains. The alignment of the MAT locus from black truffles and T. borchii reveals that extensive sequence rearrangements and inversions occurred between these species. Moreover, by coupling mating-type analyses to karyological observation, we show that mycelia isolated from ascocarps and mycorrhizae are formed by homokaryotic hyphae.
Correlation of Preoperative Immunologic Test Results with Recurrence in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Numbers and percentages of T and B cells in peripheral blood; blastogenic responses to PHA, Con A, and PWM; and serum levels of albumin, total protein, and IgA were assessed in patients with stages I to III operable squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive passageways in the head and neck. The patients were categorized into two groups: those who remained tumor free and those in whom cancer recurred. It was found that pretreatment PHA- and Con A-induced blastogenesis was often depressed in patients in whom clinically apparent recurrences developed regardless of stage or nodal involvement. This point is consistent with the idea that cellular immune function (blastogenesis) can identify, within the clinical staging system (TN), subpopulations of patients who are less likely to survive after conventional therapy.
“So sad and slow, so why can’t I turn off the radio”: The effects of gender, depression, and absorption on liking music that induces sadness and music that induces happiness

Huron (2011) theorized that listening to music that induces sadness could lead to higher levels of prolactin, which would lead to increased liking of music that induces sadness, but this relationsh...
An Emerging International Rule of Law?—The WTO Dispute Settlement System’s Role in its Evolution

More than 2,000 years have passed since the idea of the "rule of law" appeared in Western culture. But only recently has it entered common usage-we have become the "rule of law generation." With the growth in the number of international courts and tribunals, the question arises whether the same principles surrounding the rule of law that have been developed in many national legal systems also apply in international arenas. Despite the fact that the international system lacks a centralized legislative authority, and despite the scepticism of many observers, I argue that institutions like the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization ("WTO") significantly contribute to moving toward a full-fledged international "rule of law."In the first part of this Comment, I explore what the concept of "rule of law" means in a domestic setting, and address the problems arising from applying this concept in the international arena. In the second part, I analyse the role of the WTO's dispute settlement system, and in particular of the Appellate Body, in the progressive development of an international rule of law. In the third part, I address the question of whether the WTO's dispute settlement system can constitute a valid model for how the rule of law can be applied in other international arenas. In the fourth part, I examine the potential obstacles in the path of establishing a genuine rule of law at the WTO -- namely the absence of a balance between a highly functioning adjudicatory system and a weak legislative arm.
"Slow"ing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetics by Restricting Dietary Salt Intake.

See related article, pp 1189–1195 In this issue of Hypertension , Suckling et al1 make an important new contribution toward understanding the potential clinical benefit of reducing dietary salt intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A significant amount of data suggests that dietary salt restriction is an important clinical step toward blood pressure control in both normotensive and hypertensive populations, and especially in African Americans where the prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension is high.2 Nevertheless, whether it is appropriate to use population-wide strategies to reduce salt intake has remained a subject of debate over the past several decades. Adding to the debate, a recent meta-analysis of 269 reports set out to assess whether dietary salt reduction lowered all-cause mortality and risk for cerebro-cardiovascular disease.3 Although 55% of those studies supported the concept of salt reduction to reduce mortality and cerebro-cardiovascular risk, 46% either contradicted the idea or were not conclusive. Moreover, the analysis showed that studies were significantly more likely to only cite papers that were in agreement with the results of the study, suggesting that sweeping conclusions about population-wide salt restrictions still need to be made with caution. From the continued discussion surrounding population-wide salt restriction, the importance of dietary salt restriction to provide health benefits beyond cardiovascular risk is also becoming evident. For example, the potential exists for dietary salt restriction to reduce risk for developing gastric cancer.4 In experimental autoimmune encephalitis (a mode of multiple sclerosis), salt restriction seems to attenuate disease progression through a serum glucocorticoid–regulated kinase 1–mediated polarization …
Index evaluating for the profit quality of a listad corporation

On the basis of cash flow statement,some indexes, which will be used to evaluate the profit quality of a listed corporation, are put forward . These indexes include rate of net cash flows from operating activities on oper ating profit, rate of the main operating cash receipts on the main operating rev enue, rate of net cash flows from operating activities on net income, rate of ca sh gross margin percentage on product gross margin percentage and rate of cash r eceipts from investing income on investing income. The paper gives the evaluatin g standards and elaborates the evaluating method for the profit quality of a lis ted corporation with an illustration. The result reflects that on the basis of these indexes we can find the reality of the operating results that financial statements reflect . All this is a good reference for investors to make decisions.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of breast cancer : clinical and technologic strategies

Autologous bone marrow transplantation has permitted the clinical investigation of dose-intense chemotherapy for solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies. The most widely studied solid tumor is breast cancer, the most common malignant disease cause of death in women under the age of 55 years in the United States. Promising results in terms of disease-free, chemotherapy-free survival have been achieved for patients with low-dose chemotherapy-sensitive metastatic disease. Issues such as the selection of drugs to be used in combination chemotherapy for both the induction phase and the high-dose therapy phase, the timing of high-dose therapy, the role of peripheral stem cells, and marrow purging remain under intensive investigation. The rational extension of this strategy into the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings is also under study.
Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children and Young Adults with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A CIBMTR Cohort Analysis

Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in pediatrics is rare accounting for 2–3% of leukemias. Data on allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in this group is scarce. Since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), HCT in patients with CML especially with early disease has decreased. Children and young adults have long life expectancies, lower morbidity with HCT and are likely to recieve prolonged TKI therapy with increased risk for complications. HCT for early disease may still benefit this population. We retrospectively evaluated outcomes in CML patients receiving myeoloablative HCT reported to the CIBMTR, comparing pediatric patients (n= 212) to young adults (n=200). Table 1 describes patient variables. 5 y overall survival (OS) and leukemia free survival (LFS) in 2006) HCTs. 5 year OS and LFS for the 18-25y group was 71 (95%CI 65-77)% and 53 (45-60)% respectively. In adjusted analysis there was no difference in OS (P=0.7), LFS (P=0.4) for 18-25y group compared to the pediatric group. Favorable factors for OS/DFS remained early disease, MSD and BM grafts. Allogeneic HCT outcomes were comparable in children and young adults. HCT should remain an option for young patients with CML especially with a MSD using TBI containing regimens with BM as the stem cell source. We could not show an advantage for TKI use prior to HCT. Long term toxicities of TKI and allogeneic HCT need to be further evaluated in this group. Download : Download high-res image (234KB) Download : Download full-size image Table1 . Description of variables for Allogeneic HCT in CML Download : Download high-res image (60KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Adjusted OS and LFS for Disclosures HiJiya: Pfizer: Consultancy; Jazz: Consultancy; Enzon: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy.
Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California

Author(s): Vahmani, P; Sun, F; Hall, A; Ban-Weiss, G | Abstract: The climate warming effects of accelerated urbanization along with projected global climate change raise an urgent need for sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies to cool urban climates. Our modeling results show that historical urbanization in the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas has increased daytime urban air temperature by 1.3 °C, in part due to a weakening of the onshore sea breeze circulation. We find that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can meaningfully offset this daytime warming, reducing temperatures by 0.9 °C relative to a case without cool roofs. Residential cool roofs were responsible for 67% of the cooling. Nocturnal temperature increases of 3.1 °C from urbanization were larger than daytime warming, while nocturnal temperature reductions from cool roofs of 0.5 °C were weaker than corresponding daytime reductions. We further show that cool roof deployment could partially counter the local impacts of global climate change in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Assuming a scenario in which there are dramatic decreases in greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century (RCP2.6), mid- and end-of-century temperature increases from global change relative to current climate are similarly reduced by cool roofs from 1.4 °C to 0.6 °C. Assuming a scenario with continued emissions increases throughout the century (RCP8.5), mid-century warming is significantly reduced by cool roofs from 2.0 °C to 1.0 °C. The end-century warming, however, is significantly offset only in small localized areas containing mostly industrial/commercial buildings where cool roofs with the highest albedo are adopted. We conclude that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can play an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and offsetting near-term local warming from global climate change. Global-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are the only way of avoiding long-term warming, however. We further suggest that both climate mitigation and adaptation can be pursued simultaneously using 'cool photovoltaics'.
Chapter 14 – Epilogue

Research, practice, and public policy are the core of health psychology, but they are not the only aspects of health psychologists’ work that would benefit from the integration of information about sex and gender. I urge readers not to forget about the vital importance of education. Health education for the general public would surely be more effective if gender issues were routinely taken into account and messages were designed with the gender (also culture and socioeconomic class) of the target audience in mind. The teaching of health psychology at the university level is also key to the integration of gender and health psychology. If undergraduate students can be interested in the ways that gender influences health, illness, and treatment, and if graduate students can be trained to think about gender as they design research projects and clinical interventions, then the next generation of health psychologists will produce and practice health psychology in the way the authors and editors of this book envision. Here I will focus on some ways to integrate gender into the standard health psychology course for undergraduate university students.
Intelligent Systems for the Design and Manufacture of Carbon-Carbon Composites

Abstract Carbon-carbon (C-C), as an engineering material for high temperature use, has numerous advantages over any other material as temperatures exceed approximately 1000˚F. It has unique thermal as well as mechanical characteristics and can be tailored through appropriate selection of constituents of the composite and the fiber architecture. One difficulty in using the material is that there is no design guide that defines the options for making the material. Also, the large number of processes required for the fabrication of C-provide ample opportunity for processing problems. In order to get around these problems, two sets of intelligent systems are being developed on the Manufacturing Sciences for C-C Structural composites Program sponsored by theAir Force Wright Laboratory. One of the systems is a design tool that employs conventional composite property prediction methods as well as a set of artificial intelligence baled directions related to fabrication process and constituent selection. This set of rules is also employed in steps in the manufacture of C-C. These critical steps include hot melt prepregging, composite curing and the carbonization process. In all of these processing steps sensors evaluate in-process material status and influence the controlling parameters for processing. These controlling parameters include temperature, pressure, time and other machine settings which influence envelopment of the end product properties.
Evaluating Optimum Limited Irrigation Management Strategies for Corn Production in the Ogallala Aquifer Region

AbstractWater is the major factor limiting crop production in the Ogallala Aquifer Region of the U.S. Central High Plains. Seasonal precipitation is highly variable, low in amount, and not enough t...
Response to “Comments on ‘On the Excitation of Neutron Flux Waves in Reactor Core Transients’”

(1987). Response to “Comments on ‘On the Excitation of Neutron Flux Waves in Reactor Core Transients’”. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 257-257.
A novel mr-based method for detection of cartilage delamination in femoroacetabular impingement patients.

In this study, quantitative magnetic resonance based measurements were used to evaluate T1ρ and T2 mapping and heterogeneity in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) patients with acetabular cartilage delamination and to determine the ability of these quantitative MR-based measurements in detecting delamination. Unilateral hip joint MR-scans of 36 FAI patients with arthroscopically-confirmed acetabular cartilage delamination and 36 age, gender, and BMI matched controls were obtained. T1ρ and T2 mapping and heterogeneity of the hip joint articular cartilage were assessed in both groups using voxel-based relaxometry (VBR). Quantitative MR-based measurements were compared using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the ability of these quantitative measurements in detecting delamination by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Pearson partial correlations (r) were used to assess for associations between T1ρ and T2 radial heterogeneity with the alpha angle in FAI patients. T1ρ and T2 global acetabular values were significantly higher in FAI patients with a focal increase within the posterior acetabular cartilage. FAI patients exhibited increased anterior superior acetabular T1ρ and T2 heterogeneity and both of these measures demonstrated a strong ability to detect acetabular cartilage delamination (T1ρ AUC: 0.96, p < 0.001; T2 AUC: 0.93, p < 0.001). FAI patients with a larger alpha angle exhibited increased anterior superior acetabular T1ρ (r = 0.48, p = 0.02) and T2 (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) heterogeneity. T1ρ and T2 heterogeneity within the anterior superior acetabular cartilage was shown to be a sensitive measure in detecting delamination and may prove beneficial to clinicians in determining optimal interventions for FAI patients. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:971-978, 2018.
A Vibrating String with Shuttle-Like Point Dampers and Related Observability Properties

In this chapter we consider a vibrating string equipped with a single mobile vertical tie-down viscous point damper. We show that when such a damper bounces between the endpoints on the string with a speed exceeding the speed of propagation, it stabilizes the string at hand. On the contrary, as we pointed it out in Chap. 11, a static point feedback is principally ill-posed with respect to its position on the string. We link our discussion to the issue of observability with similarly moving point sensors measuring the displacement of the string from its state of rest. We also show that, if the aforementioned point damper bounces between any two given points on the string, the same stabilization result holds if it is complemented by a certain (conventional) locally distributed damper with arbitrarily small support.
Intraday Volatility and the Implementation of a Closing Call Auction At Borsa Istanbul

Abstract The implementation of a closing call auction on market quality and volatility is examined at Borsa Istanbul in Turkey. Using 5- and 15-minute intervals, we document the accentuated volatility after the open and before the close during the morning and afternoon sessions. We show that the implementation of a closing call decreases volatility accentuation just prior to the market close, and increases market quality. We also document the evolution of intraday volatility patterns at Borsa Istanbul using the longest to date high frequency dataset available, and show that volatility has been increasing over time, especially at the close.
Neurochemistry of Sleep

The regulation of a behavioral state relies on complex interactions between sleep- and wake-promoting regions located throughout the brain. Sleep-promoting neurons are located in the brain stem and anterior hypothalamus and contain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), galanin, or acetylcholine. Additionally, a variety of endogenous sleep-promoting substances, including adenosine and cytokines, are now recognized to accumulate throughout waking periods and help to initiate sleep. Together these sleep systems regulate the activity of wake-promoting areas in the brain stem and hypothalamus. These areas contain neurons that synthesize acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin/orexin. This article summarizes the contemporary perspectives on the neurobiology of sleep with particular emphasis on key neurotransmitters and substances that govern this dynamic behavior and how they interact with waking-related systems.
Efficient Allocation of an Indivisible Good --- A Mechanism Design Problem under Uncertainty

A simple mechanism is designed to implement the efficient allocation of an indivisible good under uncertainty where no money transfers are to take place in equilibrium. The desired outcome is shown to be the only trembling-hand perfect equilibrium.
First-order grain boundary transformations in Au-doped Si: Hybrid Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations verified by first-principles calculations

Abstract Hybrid Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations (hybrid MC/MD) reveal the occurrence of first-order phase-like adsorption transformations in Au-doped Si twist grain boundary (GB) at low temperatures, which become continuous at high temperatures above a GB critical point. The predicted first-order GB transformations from nominally “clean” GBs to bilayer adsorption of Au are supported by a prior experiment. The hexagonal Au adsorption pattern predicted by the hybrid MC/MD simulation is further verified by first-principles calculations. Differential charge density maps indicate that strong charge transfer at the Au-doped Si GB. A GB complexion (interfacial phase) diagram is computed.
Therapeutic History and the Enduring Memories of Violence in Algeria and Morocco

This article examines the experience of transitional justice and its relation to collective memory of authoritarian repression in Morocco (1965-1992) and the Civil War in Algeria (1991-2002). It confronts and compares to the two states’ therapeutic historical discourse produced to heal the national community after these periods of violence and its impact on the countries’ historians, journalists, filmmakers, and novelists from 2004 to 2017. The article argues that Algeria and Morocco’s rigorous definition of the “victim” during these two episodes (the imprisoned and disappeared) excluded the way communities suffered during this period and, as a result, has delayed healing, forgiveness, and national reconciliation. This article highlights the limits of two overpoliticized processes of transitional justice in the Maghreb and their limited conception of what it meant to “come to terms with the past.” However, it finds optimism in the ongoing efforts by new historiography and cultural actors to confront the lasting traumatic aftermaths outside of official definitions and on their own terms.
Festschrift for Ezra E.H. Griffith, MD, Editor

At the October 2017 annual meeting of the Editorial Board in Denver, Dr. Griffith informed the Board members that the next year would be his last as Editor of the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law ( JAAPL ). He had decided not to seek re-appointment when his fourth term as
Dietary Additives and Supplements Revisited: The Fewer, the Safer for Liver and Gut Health.

The supplementation of dietary additives into processed foods has exponentially increased in the past few decades. Similarly, the incidence rates of various diseases, including metabolic syndrome, gut dysbiosis, and hepatocarcinogenesis, have been elevating. Current research reveals that there is a positive association between food additives and these pathophysiological diseases. This review highlights the research published within the past 5 years that elucidate and update the effects of dietary supplements on liver and intestinal health. Some of the key findings include: enterocyte dysfunction of fructose clearance causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); non-caloric sweeteners are hepatotoxic; dietary emulsifiers instigate gut dysbiosis and hepatocarcinogenesis; and certain prebiotics can induce cholestatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in gut dysbiotic mice. Overall, multiple reports suggest that the administration of purified, dietary supplements could cause functional damage to both the liver and gut. The extraction of bioactive components from natural resources was considered a brilliant method to modulate human health. However, current research highlights that such purified components may negatively affect individuals with microbiotal dysbiosis, resulting in a deeper break of the symbiotic relationship between the host and gut microbiota, which can lead to repercussions on gut and liver health. Therefore, ingestion of these dietary additives should not go without some caution!
Pushing the limits of electrostatic adsorption: charge enhanced dry impregnation of SBA-15

Abstract Charge enhanced dry impregnation (CEDI) is a method to synthesize supported metal nanoparticles which combines the simplicity of incipient wetness impregnation with the small particle size obtained from electrostatic adsorption of metal precursors onto the oxide support. We have explored the utility of CEDI by applying it to a difficult to impregnate support – a largely one dimensional porous SBA-15 silica. Monometallic (Pt, Pd, Co, Ni, and Cu) catalysts at multiple metal loadings (1–20 wt%) as well as their bimetallic pairs were supported on mesoporous SBA-15 and characterized by high sensitivity powder XRD and in select formulations, with aberration-corrected z-contrast STEM imaging. CEDI applied to SBA-15 without washing is more effective than dry impregnation (DI) of SBA-15. Compared to amorphous silica, CEDI of SBA-15 without washing gives larger particles at lower metal loadings, while at higher metal loadings, the pores of the SBA-15 help render the particle size smaller than amorphous silica. CEDI without washing of SBA-15 with nitrate salts gives somewhat smaller particles than CEDI with chloride salts. CEDI with washing to remove residual counterions of the metal salt typically gives nanoparticles smaller than 2 nm. The smallest particles are always obtained when the counterion is removed by washing, or when a hydroxide salt is employed; ultrasmall particles are obtained without washing in this case.
Factors affecting the occurrence of dark-cutting beef and selected carcass traits in finished beef cattle

A data set was used to determine how various factors affect the occurrence of dark-cutting beef and selected carcass traits in finished beef cattle. Data were collected in 1989 and 1990 from one packer with plants located in Amarillo, TX; Boise, ID; Dakota City, NE; and Garden City, KS. The data set consisted of 3,659 lots consisting of 724,639 cattle. Compared with those at Boise and Dakota City, cattle slaughtered in Amarillo and Garden City had a higher incidence of dark cutters (1.1 vs .3%; P < .01) and a lower quality grade (50 vs 64% Choice plus Prime; P < .01). The highest incidences of dark cutters occurred during August, September, and October (1.1 to 1.4%; P < .01), with incidences of .4 to .7% during the other months. Carcass quality grade was higher during January, February, and March compared with May through November (60 to 62% Choice plus Prime vs 52 to 58%; P < .01). As the number of cattle in a lot increased, the incidence of dark cutters increased from .4 to 1.2% (P < .01), and quality grade declined from 62 to 52% Choice plus Prime (P < .01). As the mean weight of cattle in the lot increased, the incidence of dark cutters declined from .94 to .6% (P < .01), and carcasses grading Choice plus Prime increased from 56 to 62% (P < .01). With cattle held over a weekend or holiday, ("carry cattle") the incidence of dark cutters increased from .8 to 1.6% (P < .01). We conclude that packing plant location, month of the year, weight of cattle, carry cattle, and number of cattle in a lot are most likely to influence the incidence of dark cutters and carcass quality traits.
Regularity of mappings into classical domains

We study the regularity and algebraicity for mappings into classical domains. Among other things, we establish everywhere regularity and algebraicity results for $$C^2$$ CR maps into the set of smooth boundary points of a classical domain where the codimension can be arbitrarily large.
Prevalence of endosalpingiosis and other benign gynecologic lesions

Endosalpingiosis, traditionally regarded as an incidental pathological finding, was recently reported to have an association with gynecologic malignancies. To determine the prevalence of endosalpingiosis, we evaluated all benign appearing adnexal lesions using the Sectioning and Extensively Examining-Fimbria (SEE-Fim) protocol, and queried the pathology database for the presence of endosalpingiosis, gynecologic malignancy, endometriosis, Walthard nests, and paratubal cysts. Using the SEE-Fim protocol, the prevalence of endosalpingiosis, endometriosis, Walthard nests, and paratubal cysts were 22%, 45%, 33%, and 42% respectively, substantially higher than previously reported. All lesions were observed to increase with age except endometriosis which increased until menopause then decreased dramatically. Among specimens including ovarian tissue, the prevalence of implantation of at least one lesion type was ubiquitous in patients age 51 and older (93%). The clinical significance of endosalpingiosis should be a continued area of research with larger trials assessing prevalence, factors affecting incidence, and association with malignancy. Our findings contribute to elucidating the origin of ectopic lesions and gynecologic disease risk.
Targeted next-generation sequencing of matched localized and metastatic primary high-risk SCCs identifies driver and co-occurring mutations and novel therapeutic targets.

Abstract Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer and is responsible for over one million cases annually. While only 3–5 % of SCCs metastasize, those that do are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Using gene mutations to help predict metastasis and select therapeutics is still being explored. Objective To present novel data from targeted sequencing of 20 case-matched localized and metastatic high-risk SCCs. Methods A cancer-associated gene panel of 76 genes was run from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of 20 case-matched localized (10) and metastatic (10) high-risk SCCs (Vela Diagnostics). Results Using spatial clustering analysis, primary driver mutations were identified asEGFR in localized SCC and CDH1 in metastatic SCC. ERBB4 and STK11 were found to be significant co-occurring mutations in localized SCC. Pathway analyses showed the RTK/RAS, TP53, TGF-b, NOTCH1, PI3K, and cell cycle pathways to be highly relevant in all high-risk SCCs with the Wnt pathway enhanced in metastatic SCC only. Conclusions This study compared gene mutations between localized and metastatic SCC with the intent of identifying key differences and new potential targeted treatment options. To our knowledge, the co-occurrence ofERBB4 and STK11 mutations has not been previously reported. Targeted inhibition of CDH1 and the Wnt pathway should be further explored in metastatic SCC.
Differential Responses to High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation in Brisk-Transient and Delta Retinal Ganglion Cells

Retinal microprostheses strive to evoke a sense of vision in individuals blinded by outer retinal degenerative diseases, by electrically stimulating the surviving retina. It is widely suspected that a stimulation strategy that can selectively activate different retinal ganglion cell types will improve the quality of evoked phosphenes. Previous efforts towards this goal demonstrated the potential for selective ON and OFF brisk-transient cell activation using high-rate (2000 pulses per second, PPS) stimulation. Here, we build upon this earlier work by testing an additional rate of stimulation and additional cell populations. We find considerable variability in responses both within and across individual cell types, but show that the sensitivity of a ganglion cell to repetitive stimulation is highly correlated to its single-pulse threshold. Consistent with this, we found thresholds for both stimuli to be correlated to soma size, and thus likely mediated by the properties of the axon initial segment. The ultimate efficacy of high-rate stimulation will likely depend on several factors, chief among which are (a) the residual ganglion types, and (b) the stimulation frequency.
State firearm laws, race and law enforcement–related deaths in 16 US states: 2010–2016

The aim of this study was to assess the association between state firearm legislation and law enforcement–related deaths (LEDs) and its modification by race. We used secondary data from an ecological cohort of 16 states (2010 to 2016), using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), the State Firearm Law Database and additional public sources. Poisson regression with generalised estimating equations and inverse probability of exposure weights to account for time-varying confounding were used to quantify the association. LEDs were also disaggregated by race (Black vs non-Black). A total of 1593 LEDs took place during the 6-year study period. After adjusting for confounders, the IRR among non-Blacks was 0.48 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.89) and 1.53 (95% CI 0.93 to 2.54) among Blacks. Our findings highlight the fact that increased firearm provisions may decrease rates of LED among non-Black American individuals—an association not observed among Black Americans.
Toward a More Perfect Conceptualization of Perfectionism: An Exploratory Factor Analysis in Undergraduate College Students:

Previous investigations on the factor structure of perfectionism have largely focused on the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. The current study aimed to identify the underlying factor structure of perfectionism, based on several widely used measures, and to examine how these factors related to psychopathology and personality broadly. College students (N = 598) completed several measures of perfectionism and broadband measures of psychopathology and personality. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was conducted to examine the hierarchical structure of perfectionism followed by exploratory factor analysis. The hierarchical structure examined provides a framework for understanding the relationship between models of perfectionism at different levels of the hierarchy. The exploratory factor analysis revealed five dimensions of perfectionism: Achievement Striving, Evaluative Concerns, Expectations From Others, Narcissistic Perfectionism, and Organization. These dimensions were associated with psychopathology to differing degrees and were differentially related to personality. These results support using a multidimensional perspective to understand perfectionism.
Participating in the scientific publication process: exploring how pre-college students perceive publication within the scientific enterprise

Scientists spend a substantial amount of their time engaging with the primary literature: reading, constructing, reviewing and revising it. Yet, the role of primary literature is generally absent from the development of scientific inquiry skills in the pre-college science classroom, thus undermining a true understanding of what it means to do science. In this study, we examined middle and high school student perceptions of scientific inquiry and the role of disciplinary literacy practices after engaging in scientific review and publication of their research papers. We interviewed twelve students who published their papers in the Journal of Emerging Investigators, a science journal dedicated to publishing the research of middle and high school students. Students acknowledged the important roles that effective communication, scientific review, and revision played in their research projects. Further, after engaging with professional scientists through the scientific review process, students expressed increased confidence and belonging as a scientist. However, students primarily viewed the writing and publication processes as personal endpoints for their projects rather than an integral part of all stages of scientific inquiry and knowledge construction. If students are to develop an understanding of how reading, writing, and peer-review are critical pieces of doing science, then our work suggests that disciplinary literacy practices should be explicitly discussed and included in all parts of the research process. While not all students will be motivated to publish their research, our work has important implications for integrating disciplinary literacy practices into student scientific inquiry.
Comparison of expansion and voltage differential indicators for battery capacity fade

Abstract The expansion of lithium-ion batteries exhibits characteristic inflection points during cycling that are distinctly identifiable using differential analysis. In this paper, we show that the evolution of several features in the second-differential of expansion correlates to capacity loss under a wide range of stress factors such as temperature, charging rate, and depth-of-discharge. Specifically, the evolution of the zero-crossing point of the second differential of the expansion has a strong correlation with capacity fade. The correlation is nearly linear and universal as the same correlation describes capacity fade for various conditions tested on NMC/Graphite cells. The zero-crossing expansion feature remains observable at higher C-rates up to 1C and is robust when the charging commences from different states of charge. The expansion feature also occurs near the half-charged point. Thus, the expansion measurement can enable fast and more robust capacity estimation at the end of a manufacturing process for quality control, during cycling testing in the lab, or even in the field.
Jodi Arias from a Sociological Perspective

What fascinates me most about crime patterns is how closely they this scenario is consistent with what my colleague, sociologist correlate with contemporary gender rules and roles. So in reading about the sensational Jodi Arias trial for the murder of her one-time boyfriend, Travis Alexander these past few months, I couldn’t help but look at it through a sociological lens. As a read about the case, I kept thinking about the gendered cultural rules that modern-day women are expected to follow. Before the 1960’s, most young women believed that finding a husband was their primary goal. But by the late 1960s these cultural rules had become more complicated and building a career also became an objective–a shift that was largely the result of the Women’s Liberation movement. But despite this change, a large strand of cultural thought still urges contemporary American women to seek emotional and economic dependence through their husbands and boyfriends. In other words, although modern-day women are encouraged to be somewhat more assertive then they were in the past and to build careers, the cultural rules for females continue to place a high premium on finding a male partner.
Hybrid vapor stripping–vapor permeation process for recovery and dehydration of 1‐butanol and acetone/butanol/ethanol from dilute aqueous solutions. Part 1. Process Simulations

Background Fermentative production of butanol is limited to low concentrations, typically less than 2 wt% solvent, due to product inhibition. The result is high separation energy demand by conventional distillation approaches, despite favorable vapor–liquid equilibrium and partial miscibility with water. In previous work, a process integrating steam stripping, vapor compression, and vapor permeation separation was proposed for separating ethanol from water. Such a membrane assisted vapor stripping (MAVS) process is considered in this work for 1-butanol/water and acetone/butanol/ethanol/water (ABE/water) separation. Results Using process simulations, the earlier MAVS design was estimated to require 6.2 MJ-fuel kg−1-butanol to produce 99.5 wt% 1-butanol from a 1 wt% 1-butanol feed, representing an energy savings of 63% relative to a benchmark distillation/decanter system. Adding a fractional condensation step to the original MAVS design is predicted to reduce energy demand to only 4.8 MJ-fuel kg−1-butanol and reduce membrane area by 65%. Conclusion In the hybrid distillation/membrane MAVS systems, the stripping column provides high butanol recovery and low effluent concentration while the vapor compression and membrane steps enable the efficient recovery of latent and sensible heat from both the retentate and permeate streams from the membrane system. Addition of the dephlegmator condenser reduces both compressor size and membrane area. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
A Detailed Mathematical Model Predicts That Serial Engagement of IgE–FcεRI Complexes Can Enhance Syk Activation in Mast Cells

The term serial engagement was introduced to describe the ability of a single peptide, bound to a MHC molecule, to sequentially interact with TCRs within the contact region between a T cell and an APC. In addition to ligands on surfaces, soluble multivalent ligands can serially engage cell surface receptors with sites on the ligand, binding and dissociating from receptors many times before all ligand sites become free and the ligand leaves the surface. To evaluate the role of serial engagement in Syk activation, we use a detailed mathematical model of the initial signaling cascade that is triggered when FceRI is aggregated on mast cells by multivalent Ags. Although serial engagement is not required for mast cell signaling, it can influence the recruitment of Syk to the receptor and subsequent Syk phosphorylation. Simulating the response of mast cells to ligands that serially engage receptors at different rates shows that increasing the rate of serial engagement by increasing the rate of dissociation of the ligand–receptor bond decreases Syk phosphorylation. Increasing serial engagement by increasing the rate at which receptors are cross-linked (for example by increasing the forward rate constant for cross-linking or increasing the valence of the ligand) increases Syk phosphorylation. When serial engagement enhances Syk phosphorylation, it does so by partially reversing the effects of kinetic proofreading. Serial engagement rapidly returns receptors that have dissociated from aggregates to new aggregates before the receptors have fully returned to their basal state.
Abstract 19273: Fibroblast-Derived TSP1, via CD47, Upregulates Connective Tissue Growth Factor to Promote Left Ventricular Fibrosis and Heart Failure

Background: An estimated 5.5 million individuals in the United States have left ventricular heart failure (LV HF). Therapeutics, while relieving symptoms and extending life in some cases, cannot resolve this process. LV HF is characterized by excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix. The causes of this process remain incompletely understood. Our team has recently described a widely expressed cell surface receptor CD47 that is activated by its high affinity ligand, thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) to promote LV HF. However, the role of TSP1-CD47 signaling in promoting fibrosis, in general, and in the setting of LV HF, in specific, is unknown. Methods: Wild type mice expressing CD47 and mutated mice lacking CD47 (CD47 null) were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 4 weeks followed by open chest pressure-volume loop analysis of cardiac hemodynamics. Signal transduction was confirmed in isolated left ventricles (LV) and normal human ventricular fibroblast cell culture systems. Results: In biopsy samples from failing human hearts and in pre-clinical model of TAC-driven LV HF, TSP1-CD47 signaling was altered. Post-TAC wild type (CD47+/+) mice developed cardiac fibrosis, associated cardiac stiffness and HF. In contrast, CD47 null mice subjected to TAC showed enhanced cardiac function and decreased fibrosis concordant with suppression of TSP1. In cardiac resident fibroblasts, but not myocytes, hypoxia rapidly induced TSP1 protein, while treating with 7N3, a TSP1-based peptide mimetic that selectively binds CD47, increased connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein. Further, treating cardiac fibroblast with 7N3 increased fibroblast collagen production. Finally, CD47 blocking antibody mitigated established TAC-driven LV fibrosis and HF. Conclusion: These data identify a proximate role for activated cardiac fibroblast CD47 in promoting LV fibrosis associated with HF and suggest possible therapeutic opportunity.
A high-voltage, doubly-strained In/sub 0.41/Al/sub 0.59/As/n/sup +/-In/sub 0.65/Ga/sub 0.35/As HFET

An InAlAs/n/sup +/-InGaAs HFET (heterostructure field-effect transistor) on InP, suitable for power microwave applications, was designed and fabricated. A strained In/sub 0.65/Ga/sub 0.35/As channel is optimally doped to N/sub D/=6*10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/. The heterostructure employs the following methodology to enhance device breakdown: (1) an ultrathin subchannel to introduce quantization and increase the effective channel bandgap, (2) a strained In/sub 0.41/Al/sub 0.59/As insulator, and (3) the elimination of parasitic mesasidewall gate-leakage. The resulting device (gate length=1.9 mu m, gate width=200 mu m) has a cutoff frequency=14.9 GHz, a maximum frequency of oscillation=101 GHz, breakdown voltage=12.8 V, and maximum drain current=302 mA/mm. >
Comparing industrial logic design methods used in the automotive industry

In this paper we present a method of comparing logic control design methodologies very early in their development, before integrated development environments are complete and extensive user testing can be performed. We base this comparison on a framework of the process that is needed to create and debug logic. This comparison method provides objective measures that can be used to compare existing industrial logic control design methodologies (such as ladder diagrams and flow charts) with more recently developed academic methods (such as Petri nets or state machines). We demonstrate this comparison by comparing ladder diagrams, Petri nets and modular finite state machines.