cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the dates of personal events: Gender differences in accuracy

One commonly held stereotype is that females are more concerned with, and attentive to, dates than are males. One possible implication of this idea is that females have a more welldeveloped temporal reference schema than males, which should allow females to reconstruct the dates on which past events have occurred with more accuracy than males. This accuracy hypothesis was assessed by re-analysing the data from four studies collected in previous work on the accuracy of event dating. Analyses of two of the studies yielded evidence for more accurate female dating; analysis of a third study produced a substantial, but non-significant, trend in the predicted direction; and analysis of the fourth study yielded a small, but nonsignificant, reversal. A meta-analysis combining the results of these four studies indicated that the dating accuracy of females was superior to the dating accuracy of males. Additional analyses indicated that these differences were probably not due to differences in self-disclosure patterns. Language: en
Thomson of Arnhem Land

Thomson of Arnhem Land. 2000. 55 minutes. Directed by John Moore. Distributed by First Run/Icarus Films, 32 Court Street, 21st floor, Brooklyn, N.Y., USA 11201. 718-488-8900, info@frif.com
Optimizing Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner Geometry

The effect of CT scanner geometry on spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity, and patient dose are considered and used to determine the limiting factor or factors for a particular scanner. To this end analytical expressions for the components of the system modulation transfer function (MTF) are identified, and a Geometrical Figure of Merit is introduced based on the information capacity per rad. This formalism is used to compare four commercial CT units representing the main types presently in use. Improvements in scanner geometry are suggested which will improve this Figure of Merit for a given design. A new geometry, which would be relatively inexpensive to manufacture, is introduced and considered in the context of the formalism presented. Such a geometry utilizing state of the art components is shown to be superior to present and improved versions of CT scanners currently available.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Research on the Copts of Egypt has developed especially rapidly in new directions during the past twenty years. Having started as a corollary of Egyptology, it is advancing from the study of the early Christian centuries to include medieval, early modern, and contemporary Coptic Studies. Concurrently, Coptic issues are being inserted into studies of Egypt in general. Publications on the 19th century mostly ignored Copts, but they were given stereotypical cameo appearances in the prolific research on the profound transformations in 20th-century Egyptian society.
Exploring Magnetic properties of Epitaxial Films and Superlattices

Recent advances in spin-sensitive spectroscopie techniques combined with the rapidly expanding capabilities to synthesize novel materials utilizing molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are stimulating new interest in magnetism and magnetic materials. Epitaxial growth offers opportunities to stabilize and study crystal phases of elemental magnetic materials which do not naturally occur in nature, and to vary the crystal parameters and composition of epitaxial films in precisely controlled ways. Multilayer superlattice films can also be fabricated using MBE. These structures offer unprecedented new opportunities to explore the relationship between crystal structure and various magnetic properties such as spontaneous magnetization, the Curie temperature and magnetic anisotropy in well characterized systems. The present paper reviews some of the more recent work on thin film magnetic systems including structure analysis of film quality, new techniques for probing the electronic and magnetic properties of the films and the important role large scale numerical calculations are beginning to play in guiding the choice of magnetic systems for study.
Aneuploidy Causes Tissue-Specific Qualitative Changes in Global Gene Expression Patterns in Maize

Segmental aneuploidy refers to the relative excess or deficiency of specific chromosome regions. This condition results in gene dosage imbalance and often causes severe phenotypic alterations in plants and animals. The mechanisms by which gene dosage imbalance affects gene expression and phenotype are not completely clear. The effects of aneuploidy on the transcriptome may depend on the types of cells analyzed and on the developmental stage. We performed global gene expression profiling to determine the effects of segmental aneuploidy on gene expression levels in two different maize (Zea mays) tissues and a detailed analysis of expression of 30 genes affected by aneuploidy in multiple maize tissues. Different maize tissues varied in the frequency at which genes located outside of the aneuploid regions are positively or negatively regulated as well as in the degree of gene dosage compensation. Multiple genes demonstrated qualitative changes in gene expression due to aneuploidy, when the gene became ectopically expressed or completely silenced in aneuploids relative to wild-type plants. Our data strongly suggested that quantitative changes in gene expression at developmental transition points caused by variation in gene copy number progressed through tissue development and resulted in stable qualitative changes in gene expression patterns. Thus, aneuploidy in maize results in alterations of gene expression patterns that differ between tissues and developmental stages of maize seedlings.
Computational Models of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

During transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), controllable dose parameters are electrode number (typically 1 anode and 1 cathode), position, size, shape, and applied electric current. Because different electrode montages result in distinct brain current flow patterns across the brain, tDCS dose parameters can be adjusted, in an application-specific manner, to target or avoid specific brain regions. Though the tDCS electrode montage often follows basic rules of thumb (increased/decreased excitability “under” the anode/cathode electrode), computational forward models of brain current flow provide more accurate insight into detailed current flow patterns and, in some cases, can even challenge simplified electrode-placement assumptions. With the increased recognized value of computational forward models in informing tDCS montage design and interpretation of results, there have been recent advances in modeling tools and a greater proliferation of publications. In addition, the importance of customizi...
Fractionated Irradiation of Boll Weevils During Pupal Development: Effect of Sperm Depletion and Transfer as Measured by Female Responsiveness

After virgin matings with sterile males (previously mated 0 to 3 times) the responsiveness of females of Anthonomus grandis Boheman to grandlure was twice that of females mated with normal males. The higher responsiveness of females mated with sterile males indicate 0 to 66 percent fewer sperm were transferred to the spermathecae and these females continued seeking other mates. After 3 matings, sperm transferred by /sup 60/Co irradiated males was reduced by 67 percent or more.
A Simultaneous High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of the Most Common Anticonvulsants and Their Metabolites in the Serum

we present a method for the simultaneous analysis of some common anticonvulsants and their metabolites (phenylethyl malonamide, primidone, ethosuximide, 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, tx-methyl-ct-phenylsuccinlmide, mephenytoin, methsuximide, mephobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine) in as little as 25/JI of serum. Serum proteins are precipitated with an acetonitrile solution containing 5-(4methylphanyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, the internal standard. The drugs are eluted from a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of an acetonitrile/phosphate buffer, at a flow rate of 3.0 ml/min. The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 195 nm; their quantities are estimated from their peak heights. Each analysis requires no longer than 30 minutes at the optimum column temperature of 50"C. The lower limit of detection for all these drugs is less than 10 ng/sample for drug standards. A sensitivity of 1.0 mglllter of serum is attained routinely for each of the drugs. Analytical recoveries for the eleven drugs varied from 88 to 102%, with good day-to-day precision (CV, between 2.0 and 8.0%). Of more than 35 drugs tested for possible Interference, only ethotoin and pentobarbital interfere with the analysis of phenobarbital and mephobarbital, respectively.
Routability and fault tolerance of FPGA interconnect architectures

This work presents a new approach for the evaluation of FPGA routing resources in the presence of interconnect faults. All possible interconnect faults for programmable switches and wiring channels are considered. Signal routing in the presence of faulty interconnect resources is analyzed at both switch block and the entire FPGA. Two new probabilistic routing (routability) metrics are proposed and used as figures of merit for evaluating the interconnect resources of commercially available FPGAs as well as academic architectures.
Cyfluthrin WP and EC formulations to control malathion-resistant red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): effects of paint on residual efficacy.

Malathion-resistant red flour beetle and confused flour beetle field strains and a pesticide-susceptible laboratory strain of each species were exposed on unpainted and painted galvanized steel panels treated with cyfluthrin EC and WP formulations at label rates. Residues from both formulations applied to unpainted steel killed 99.8% of the insects after 1 h exposure for up to 235 d after treatment. Equivalent control on painted panels lasted approximately 3 wks and required 24 h exposure. Residual mortality on painted panels treated with cyfluthrin WP and EC quickly declined; tests with red flour beetles and confused flour beetles were discontinued after 116 and 123 d, respectively. All of the malathion-resistant strains were as susceptible as the laboratory strain to cyfluthrin, and there was no difference between the EC and WP formulations.
Using changes in framing to account for differences in a teacher's classroom behavior

In this paper we account for how a 5th grade teacher changes in how she attends and responds to student thinking in terms of differences in her framing of the instructional situation. Coordinating verbal (i.e. speech, voice inflection, and word emphasis) and non-verbal (i.e. body orientation, eye gaze, and gesturing) behavioral data, we characterize three patterns that reappeared with stability throughout a fourteen-day, inquiry-based instructional module on the water cycle. We argue that each of these behavior patterns suggests a distinctive way the teacher frames her instruction. We label these frames as: (A) moving towards content objectives; (B) promoting a student-centered discussion; and (C) making sense of students' ideas. The episodic manner in which these frame shifts occur in the classroom suggests a way of conceptualizing a learning progression in teachers' ability to attend and respond to student thinking.
The Arrhythomogenic Effect of Gossypol in the Rat Heart

Gossypol has been used as a male contraceptive for more than 10 years in China [1, 2]. It is considered to be highly effective, reversible, and inexpensive, but it has some reported side effects, one of which is cardiac arrhythmias. Gossypol has been at least circumstantially associated with sinus bradycardia, bundle branch block, premature beats, and ventricular fibrillation in some patients and experimental animals [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. However, the direct cardiac electrophysiologic effects of gossypol are virtually unknown. We report here on our investigation of the effects of gossypol on the transmembrane action potentials and impulse conduction velocities in atrial and ventricular muscle cells of isolated rat hearts.
Evolution of Ascomycota-Arthropoda Symbioses

Symbioses involving eukaryotes of the Ascomycota and Arthropoda are numerous and exhibit the complete gamut of interactions from mutualistic (e.g. ambrosia fungi) to antagonistic and fatal parasites (e.g. Cordyceps). Ascomycete-arthropod symbioses provide valuable experimental systems for numerous global questions in evolutionary biology including convergent evolution of morphological and biochemical traits necessary for establishing symbioses, independent origins and repeated replacement of endosymbionts, and host-jumping as a means of speciation in pathogenic taxa. One overarching theme to ascomycete-arthropod symbioses is that most — if not all — major symbioses have been derived multiple times. Whether it is for spore dispersal of the fungus or detoxification of recalcitrant and noxious plant compounds in arthropod diets, the evolutionary opportunities and symbionts’ abilities to establish fungal-arthropod symbioses are ever present and represent an on-going and dynamic process.
Chemical Control of the Sunflower Moth on Sunflowers

Tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of 9 insecticides for control of Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst). Tests at College Station, Texas, showed that 2 applications of methyl parathion, endosulfan, diazinon, and malathion reduced the number of larvae and increased yields. Tests at McGregor, Texas, showed that only endosulfan and carbaryl reduced the larval infestation following 1 application; however, they did not increase yields. Two applications of GS-13005, (O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate Sester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy-∆2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one), azinphosmethyl, methyl parathion, carbaryl, azinphosmethyl ultra-low-volume (ULV) and methyl parathion ULV increased yields. Plots treated 3 times, except those treated with malathion ULV, had lower infestations than the check plots and yields were increased except when treated with trichlorfon. Yields were significantly increased when methyl parathion, endosulfan, or carbaryl were applied at 5-day intervals. Applications at pre-flower, or at 10% flower, in most cases, did not significantly reduce the number of larvae or increase seed yields. Generally, insecticides applied at the 50 and 100% flower stages were most effective.
Molecular Mobility and Cation Conduction in Polyether–Ester–Sulfonate Copolymer Ionomers

Poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO] ionomers are candidate materials for electrolytes in energy storage devices due to the ability of ether oxygen atoms to solvate cations. Copolyester ionomers are synthesized via condensation of sulfonated phthalates with glycol mixtures of PEO and poly(tetramethylene oxide) [PTMO] to create random copolymer ionomers with nearly identical ion content and systematically varying solvation ability. Variation of the PEO/PTMO composition leads to changes in Tg, dielectric constant and ionic aggregation; each with consequences for ion transport. Dielectric spectroscopy is used to determine number density of conducting ions, their mobility, and extent of aggregation. Conductivity and mobility display Vogel temperature dependence and increase with PEO content; despite the lower Tg of PTMO. Conducting ion densities show Arrhenius temperature dependence and are nearly identical for all copolymer ionomers that contain PEO. SAXS confirms the extent of aggregation, corroborates the temperatur...
A method of concentrating particles of bone marrow for paraffin sections.

Received Jiimiary 12, 1959; revision received March 6; accepted for publication March 23. Dr. Zbar is Assistant Chief of Laboratory Service, Veterans Administration Hospital, and Instructor in Pathology a t the University of Miami School of Medicine. Dr. Winter is Associate Professor of Pathology at the University. detail by fixation and processing, with attendant problems in interpretation. Methods previously described in the literature are cumbersome to perform. 2 For the past several years, we have utilized to great advantage a simple method for processing material obtained by aspiration of the marrow cavity. This procedure consistently produces a good yield of
Possibilities of a Sociology of Science

C ERTAIN it is that sociology is already replete with old problems which are awaiting solution through empirical research. Nevertheless, much material exists which is of considerable importance to our understanding of society but which sociology has failed to incorporate because of the difficulties that would arise if the subject mnatter were arbitrarily attached to any of the already recognized fields of sociology. A sociology of science might, therefore, perform the task of coordinating and integrating material heretofore considered unrelated and irrelevant. At the same time, it might give rise to new problems of research after such a coordination is effected. As will be seen, the connection is not an artificial one. The role of scientific foundations in society, for example, has been studied very little by sociologists because the accepted fields of sociology do not offer possibilities for including such a study, even if, as will be shown, scientific foundations have a special interest for the sociologist. It is because a vast reservoir of material sociologically significant remains untouched and which is in real need of an integrating force to point out its meaningful aspects that the writer sees the value and possibilities of a systematic sociology of science. It might be wise to mention at this point that reference to science in this paper will be limited to the fields of the natural sciences. While a sociology of science per se is new, in reality many of its problems were discerned in the past. The recognition of a sociology of science owes its emergence as a separate identity, to the recent trend of sociology of knowledge, of which it might be considered a possible offspring. The sociology of knowledge is primarily a German product springing for the most part from the works of Max Weber, Max Scheler, Karl Mannheim, and others. The principal thesis of sociology of knowledge or "WissensoZiologie" is that "there are modes of thought which cannot be adequately understood as long as their social origins are obscured."'1 Intellectual life and thought is conceived as operating within a social milieu, which pervades the thought so as to influence its mode and form. It attempts to understand thought in relation to its place in the historical-social scene. Ideas, thought-patterns, and the preconceived standards of the cognitive process, have their roots in the situational, existential framework. An examination of the social context of thought gives rise to an understanding of the objects of thought not
Effect of Stacking Interactions on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Lumiflavin: A Study with Improved Density Functionals and Density Functional Tight-Binding Protocol

The π–π stacking interaction between lumiflavin and a number of π-electron-rich molecules has been studied by density functional theory using several new-generation density functionals. Six known l...
Treatment of Old Monteggia Fracture in Children

Objective To investigate the surgical treatments of previous Monteggia fracture in children and the curative effectiveness.Methods Thirty patients with previous Monteggia fracture in children were treated with open reduction,osteotomy of the ulna and restoration or angioplasty of annular ligament.There were l5 patients in type one,7 in type two,6 in type three,2 in type four according to bado method.Results All the patients were followed up for 12 months to 6 years(mean 2.4 years).The results of treatment were evaluated as excellent in 20 cases,good in 7 cases and poor in 3 case.The excellent/good-rate was 90%.Conclusion The early operation of previous Monteggia fracture in children should be suggested.and the elbow and forearm anatomy could be restored.
Personal Opinions on Sustainable Development of Health Food

The implementation of the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China presents both opportunities and challenges to nationwide health food industries.By establishing and improving scientific evaluation system,introducing innovation mechanisms,conducting health education,as well as utilizing online information platform,the registration,manufacture and consumption of health food could be linked up effectively,which would be helpful to ensure a sound development of health food industries.
Reduction in the cumulative effect of stress-induced inbreeding depression due to intragenerational purging in Drosophila melanogaster

Environmental stress generally exacerbates the harmful effects of inbreeding and it has been proposed that this could be exploited in purging deleterious alleles from threatened inbred populations. However, understanding what factors contribute to variability in the strength of inbreeding depression (ID) observed across adverse environmental conditions remains a challenge. Here, we examined how the nature and timing of stress affects ID and the potential for purging using inbred and outbred Drosophila melanogaster larvae exposed to biotic (larval competition, bacteria infection) and abiotic (ethanol, heat) stressors compared with unstressed controls. ID was measured during (larval survival) and after (male mating success) stress exposure. The level of stress imposed by each stressor was approximately equal, averaging a 42% reduction in outbred larval survival relative to controls. All stressors induced on average the same ID, causing a threefold increase in lethal equivalents for larval survival relative to controls. However, stress-induced ID in larval success was followed by a 30% reduction in ID in mating success of surviving males. We propose that this fitness recovery is due to 'intragenerational purging' whereby fitness correlations facilitate stress-induced purging that increases the average fitness of survivors in later life history stages. For biotic stressors, post-stress reductions in ID are consistent with intragenerational purging, whereas for abiotic stressors, there appeared to be an interaction between purging and stress-induced physiological damage. For all stressors, there was no net effect of stress on lifetime ID compared with unstressed controls, undermining the prediction that stress enhances the effectiveness of population-level purging across generations.
Informal Certification: Resolving the Tension Between Lowering the Burdens of Entry and Obtaining Legitimacy

This study argues that regulatory changes that ease the entry of new firms can deprive the firms of the legitimacy they need to thrive. Using insights from research on the effects of institutional change on entrepreneurship and quantitative data from new firm credit records, this study offers evidence that new firms in emerging industries avoid regulatory assistance to retain the informal certification of organizational achievements that confer legitimacy. Evidence from initial capital levels of new firms shows that after a dramatic lowering of required starting capital regulations, new firms in an emerging industry opt instead for high capital levels. This study adds to the ideas of prior literature on certification and legitimacy with the idea that organizational achievements that are accepted by a salient audience can legitimate new firms even without a central certifying actor. Thus, this study the notion that common policy efforts to promote entrepreneurship can deprive a new firm of informal certifications that it needs, rendering the policy effect moot. It shows that the new theoretical construct of informal certification can explain the apparently divergent ideas of institutional forces and economic incentives on entrepreneurial activity. In this way, the relative ineffectiveness of neo-classical prescriptions to promote entrepreneurship is clarified.
A Course Project Designed to Aid Students’ Understanding of the Structure of Advertisements: An Application of the Who Says What to Whom over What Channel with What Effect Model

The project described in this paper is most appropriate for instructors teaching a course in promotional strategy, advertising, or integrated marketing communications. The author presents research on a classic communication model and shows how instructors can use it to help their students learn about and understand the structuring of an advertisement. Instructors that select to adopt the project in their course should teach students about the model and its respective components, and in so doing, relate the model to current advertising literature. Once students have studied the model, they can then apply what they have learned to analyze the critical elements of an advertisement. The author uses the project in a promotional strategy course to assess a course-level objective on students’ ability to apply course-based knowledge. The course is offered to predominately sophomore and junior-level students in both the fall and spring semesters at a small private university.
Region-based custom chip description formats for reanalysis of publicly available affymetrix® genechip® data sets

Commercially developed microarrays, such as those from Agilent® and Affymetrix®, allow for the analysis of differential gene expression changes on a genome-wide scale. Publicly repositories of microarray data, most notably ArrayExpress and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) have made available millions of microarray samples to researchers worldwide. One of the drawbacks of microarray technology is the static construction of probes based on current genomic knowledge and gene annotation information available at the design phase. As the knowledge base about genes expands, including alternative isoform formation and alternative polyadenylation signaling, the need for a dynamically changing approach to microarray expression analysis has become apparent. We have therefore designed a framework for the reanalysis of publicly available microarray datasets by updating probe set construction based on gene, transcript, and region-based (UTR, exon, CDS) annotations. Our analysis of two publicly available GEO series, GSE48611 and GSE72551, illustrate that the analysis of expression changes using different annotation groupings yields additional insight into changes in transcript expression, in particular, 3' UTR dynamics, which are likely to present phenotypical differences.
How i learned to love classical studies: information representation design of the digital Latin library

Application of the results of an information behavior study and domain analysis of Classics scholars of Latin, graduate students, and high school teachers are presented. The study was conducted to inform the design of the Digital Latin Library. Interviews and task demonstrations were conducted with 16 participants. An in depth domain analysis was also conducted to help researchers and system developers further understand the discipline of Classics and the unique system needs of this community. This paper outlines the detailed work analysis of one aspect of the Classical scholars' scholarly work, development of a critical edition, and shows how we modeled this process within the system design. We also illustrate how the rich findings produced from information behavior studies and domain analysis can be used in information representation design of complex, discipline specific systems. Further, it shows how the two methodological approaches within LIS can be used together.
Codium (Chlorophyta) species presented in the Galápagos Islands

Background. The Galapagos Islands have been the subject of numerous scientific expeditions. The chief source of information on their marine algae is the report published in 1945 by the late William Randolph Taylor on collections made by the Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition of 1934. Prior to this work, there were no published records of Codium from the Galapagos. Taylor recorder six species of Codium of which C. isabelae and C. santamariae were new descriptions. Goals. On the basis of collections made since 1939, we have reviewed the registry of Codium in these islands. Methods. Comparative analysis based on morphology and utricle anatomy. Results. Codium isabelae and C. santamariae are combined under the former name. Records of C. cervicorne and C. dichotomum also are referred to C. isabelae, those of C. setchellii are based partly on representatives of C. picturatum, a recently described species from the Mexican Pacific, Panama, Colombia, and Hawaii, and partly on representatives of a species similar if not identical to C. arabicum. The presence of C. foveolatum is corroborated. Codium fernandezianum, which was also reported by Taylor from the mainland of Ecuador, has been collected on Isla Santa Cruz. Conclusions. Five species of Codium are recognized from Galapagos Islands: C. arabicum, C. fernandezianum, C. foveolatum, C. isabelae and C. picturatum.
Aging, Arterial Stiffness, and Systolic Hypertension

Within the past few years, the paradigm in hypertension has shifted from an emphasis on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) to one that emphasizes the importance of systolic blood pressure (SBP), especially in individuals over age 50 years (1, 2, 3, 4). The rationale for this shift is based on a large body of observational and clinical trial data demonstrating that SBP is a better risk predictor, and that SBP control markedly reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. At the same time, there has been relatively little information available to practitioners about the many new concepts that underlie this new approach to cardiovascular patho-physiology. Most important is the notion that age-related changes in vascular stiffness are at the center of future efforts to provide important new diagnostic and therapeutic advances in hypertension care.
My Collaborations in Game Theory

Telser detailed his collaborative experience mainly of the type that requires joint work with one or more associates. He considers dissertations and similar work to be a sort of leader-follower type.
Adaptive fault tolerant control for a class of multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems with both sensor and actuator faults

Summary Compared with the fault diagnosis, detection, and isolation literature, very few results are available to discuss control algorithms directly for multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems with both sensor and actuator faults in the fault tolerant control literature. In this work, we present a fault tolerant control algorithm to address the system output stabilization problem for a class of multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems with both parametric and nonparametric uncertainties, subject to sensor and actuator faults that can be both multiplicative and additive. All elements of the sensor measurements and actuator components can be faulty. Besides, the control input gain function is not fully known. Backstepping method is used in the analysis and control design. We show that under the proposed control scheme, uniformly ultimate boundedness of the system output is guaranteed, while all closed-loop system signals stay bounded. In the cases where the sensor faults are only multiplicative, exponential convergence of the system state variables into small neighbourhoods around zero is guaranteed. An illustrative example on a robot manipulator model is presented in the end to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Teacher language ideologies mediating classroom-level language policy in the implementation of dual language bilingual education

Abstract Drawing on multiple measures of language ideology, this paper examines the language ideologies of two third grade teachers tasked with implementing a dual language bilingual education (DLBE) program to explore the relationship between teachers’ language ideologies and local language policy. After situating the classrooms within their respective broader language ideological contexts, the language ideologies of each teacher are presented followed by a discussion of its relationship to classroom-level language policy. Each teacher espoused both hegemonic and counterhegemonic language ideologies, which was reflected in classroom language practices. The cases illuminate the ideological struggle of each teacher within their own contexts, including how different levels of language policy (i.e. district, program, school) shaped or constrained teacher agency. While both teachers constructed pluralist classroom spaces for students to draw on their full linguistic repertoires, each classroom was simultaneously embedded within a transitional language ideology and influenced by the monoglossic ideologies of standardized assessments.
Possession’s Native Land

Let me offer a few opening premises in consideration of these essays on ‘possession’. First, comparison is basic to thought, constant and inevitable. Second, comparison arranges likeness and differ...
Heracles: Scalable, Fine-Grained Access Control for Internet-of-Things in Enterprise Environments

Scalable, fine-grained access control for Internet-of-Things is needed in enterprise environments, where thousands of subjects need to access possibly one to two orders of magnitude more objects. Existing solutions offer all-or-nothing access, or require all access to go through a cloud backend, greatly impeding access granularity, robustness and scale. In this paper, we propose Heracles, an IoT access control system that achieves robust, fine-grained access control at enterprise scale. Heracles adopts a capability-based approach using secure, unforgeable tokens that describe the authorizations of subjects, to either individual or collections of objects in single or bulk operations. It has a 3-tier architecture to provide centralized policy and distributed execution desired in enterprise environments, and delegated operations for responsiveness of resource-constrained objects. Extensive security analysis and performance evaluation on a testbed prove that Heracles achieves robust, responsive, fine-Qrained access control in large scale enterprise environments.
Concave Minimization: Theory, Applications and Algorithms

The purpose of this chapter is to present the essential elements of the theory, applications, and solution algorithms of concave minimization. Concave minimization problems seek to globally minimize real-valued concave functions over closed convex sets. As in other global optimization problems, in concave minimization problems there generally exist many local optima which are not global. Concave minimization problems are NP-hard. Even seemingly-simple cases can possess an exponential number of local minima. However, in spite of these difficulties, concave minimization problems are more tractable than general global optimization problems. This is because concave functions and minimizations display some special mathematical properties. Concave minimization problems also have a surprisingly-diverse range of direct and indirect applications. The special mathematical properties and diverse range of applications of concave minimization have motivated the construction of a rich and varied set of approaches for their solution. Three fundamental classes of solution approaches can be distinguished. These are the enumerative, successive approximation, and successive partitioning (branch and bound) approaches. After giving a brief introduction, the chapter describes and discusses some of the most important special mathematical properties of concave functions and of concave minimization problems. Following this, it describes several of the most important categories of direct and indirect applications of concave minimization. The chapter then describes each of the three fundamental solution approaches for concave minimization. For each approach, the essential elements are explained in a unified framework. Following this, for each approach, most of the well-known individual concave minimization algorithms that use the approach are explained and compared. The scope of the presentation of the solution approaches and algorithms is limited to those that use deterministic (rather than stochastic) methods. The chapter concludes with some suggested topics for further research.
Additional Evidence for Meaningful Etiological Distinctions Within the Broader Construct of Antisocial Behavior

Extant research has highlighted meaningful distinctions in the development, personality structures, and etiologies of physically aggressive (AGG) and nonaggressive rule-breaking (RB) antisocial behavior (as reviewed by Clinical Psychology Review, 2012). AGG appears to be a highly heritable behavioral dimension that emerges in early childhood and exhibits specific ties to negative emotionality. Although the frequency of aggressive behaviors decreases after early childhood, those who are most aggressive early in life typically continue to aggress at relatively high rates across the lifespan. By contrast, RB demonstrates specific associations with impulsivity, is most frequent during adolescence, and evidences more moderate levels of stability and stronger environmental influences as compared to AGG. The results of new empirical analyses assessing etiological distinctions across development are also presented. The review concludes that future research on antisocial behavior should distinguish between AGG and RB.
Increased Anxiety and Anhedonia in Female Rats Following Exposure to Altitude.

Abstract Sheth, Chandni, Hendrik Ombach, Paul Olson, Perry F. Renshaw, and Shami Kanekar. Increased anxiety and anhedonia in female rats following exposure to altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 19:81–90,...
Training Providers in Family-Centered Care

Training of clinicians is critical to the delivery of high-quality family-centered care. In this chapter, we highlight several educational opportunities to promote family-centered care that are present within the training environment. First we review studies that support the use of directed educational programs intended to promote family-centered care, describe different types of educational programs that have been used, and highlight with key features that educational programs should include. Second, we consider the impact of the care environments in which we practice and train providers with a focus on the factors that come together to form the culture and the hidden curriculum which shape aspects of training and patient care. Third, we explore the importance of self-care and programs that incorporate provider wellness into training, highlighting domains of wellness and potential opportunities for trainees to engage in self-care. We review ICU- and hospital-level programs that have been used to promote self-care and wellness. Finally, we present recent guidelines that are relevant to clinician training and discuss opportunities to improve the evidence base regarding training providers in family-centered care.
Injectable Biodegradable Chitosan-Alginate 3D Porous Gel Scaffold for mRNA Vaccine Delivery

mRNA vaccines have proven to be more stable, effective, and specific than protein/peptide-based vaccines in stimulating both humoral and cellular immune response. However, mRNA's fast degradation rate and low-transfection efficiency in vivo impede its potential in vaccination. Recent research in gene delivery has focused on nonviral vaccine carriers and either implantable or injectable delivery systems to improve transgene expression in vivo. Here, an injectable chitosan-alginate gel scaffold for the local delivery of mRNA vaccines is reported. Gel scaffold biodegradation rates and biocompatibility are quantified. Scaffold-mediated mRNA in vivo transgene expression as well as ovalbumin antigen specific cellular and humoral immune responses are evaluated in vivo. Luciferase reporter protein expression resulting from mRNA lipoplex-loaded gel scaffolds is five times higher than systemic injection. Compared to systemic injections of naked mRNA or mRNA:lipoplexes, elevated levels of T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion are seen with in vivo scaffold-mediated mRNA lipoplex delivery. Furthermore, a humoral response (ovalbumin antigen specific IgG levels) is observed as early as week 1 for scaffold-mediated mRNA lipoplex delivery, while protein-based immunization did not elicit IgG production until 2 weeks post-injection. Results suggest that injectable scaffold mRNA vaccine delivery maybe a viable alternative to traditional nucleic acid immunization methods.
The Alabama Project: Representing the Complexity of Cancer Survivorship in Words and Images

Public discourse about health and illness is often considered to lack the nuances and complexities offered in academic treatments of similar subjects. Drawing on the author’s collaborative work with fashion photographer/advocacy artist David Jay, the author calls on RHM scholars to consider the richness of this and similar projects for expanding notions of scholarship in the field. RHM scholars’ expertise in shaping messages about a continuum of health and medicine subjects can influence the perceptions of both academic and public stakeholders on these conversations.
Effect of Extraction Solvents on Rheological Properties of Recovered Asphalt Binders

AbstractThis study examined the effect of three extraction solvents [trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and nPB] on the rheological properties of recovered asphalt binders when used with four binder...
Sex Differences in Gulf War Illness: A Reanalysis of Data From the CDC Air Force Study Using CDC and Modified Kansas Case Definitions

Objective:Estimate and compare the prevalence of Gulf War Illness (GWI) in male and female Gulf War veterans using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and modified Kansas case definitions.Methods:Data from the landmark CDC Air Force Study of GW Air Force veterans is used.Results:Nearly
Newly dominant benthic invertebrates reshape competitive networks on contemporary Caribbean reefs

Competition is a fundamental process structuring ecological communities. On coral reefs, space is a highly contested resource and the outcomes of spatial competition can dictate community composition. In the Caribbean, reefs are increasingly dominated by non-scleractinian species like sponges, gorgonians, and zoanthids, yet there is a paucity of data on interactions between these increasingly common organisms and historically dominant corals. Here, we investigated interactions among these groups of sessile benthic invertebrates to better understand the role of spatial competition in shaping benthic communities on Caribbean reefs. We coupled surveys of competitive interactions on the reef with a common garden competition experiment to determine the frequency and outcome of interference competition among eight focal species. We found that competitive interactions were pervasive on Florida reefs, with 60% of sessile benthic invertebrates interacting with at least one other invertebrate. Increasingly common non-scleractinian species were some of the most abundant taxa and consistently outcompeted the contemporarily common scleractinian species Porites porites and Siderastrea siderea. The encrusting gorgonian, Erythropodium caribaeorum, was the most aggressive species, reducing the live area of its competitors on average 42% ± 7.04 (SE) over the course of 5 months. Surprisingly, the most aggressive species declined in size when competing, while some less aggressive species were able to increase or maintain area, suggesting a trade-off between aggressiveness and growth. Our findings suggest that competition among sessile invertebrates is likely to remain an important process in structuring coral reefs, but that the optimal strategies for maintaining space on the benthos may change. Importantly, many non-scleractinian species that now dominate reefs appear to be superior competitors, potentially increasing the stress on corals on contemporary reefs.
Revisiting Bureaucratic Entrepreneurialism in the Age of Urban Austerity: Framing Issues, Taking Risks, and Building Collaborative Capacity

More than two decades ago, Schneider et al. (2011) posited that city mayors and managers were emerging as “public entrepreneurs,” helping to advance dynamic policy change in the face of growing external environmental challenges. Their focus on municipal executive entrepreneurship coincided with a larger effort to develop a normative theory of entrepreneurial public management in democratic governance (Bellone and Goerl 1992; Hood 1991; Moore 1995; Osborne and Gaebler 1992). This article revisits the thesis posited by Teske and Schneider (1994, 331) that public entrepreneurs emerge to “help propel dynamic policy change in their community,” and applies it in a contemporary urban governance context. The goal is to better understand how public organizations cultivate and utilize an Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) for value creation and to articulate a more general application of these entrepreneurial activities. To do so, this chapter examines data come from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with city managers in 20 local governments located in the Chicago, Illinois metropolitan area. The findings suggest that entrepreneurial strategic processes—problem framing, risk-taking, and collaboration—likely occur concurrently in public organizations, as new problems arise and old solutions move toward entropy. The findings help illuminate the theoretical bases for understanding public entrepreneurialism and the organizational conditions and strategies which sustain this culture.
Manipulating the visibility of barriers to improve spatial navigation efficiency and cognitive mapping.

Previous studies from psychology, neuroscience and geography showed that environmental barriers fragment the representation of the environment, reduce spatial navigation efficiency, distort distance estimation and make spatial updating difficult. Despite these negative effects, limited research has examined how to overcome barriers and if individual differences mediate their causes and potential interventions. We hypothesize that the reduced visibility caused by barriers plays a major role in accumulating error in spatial updating and encoding spatial relationships. We tested this using virtual navigation to grant participants ‘X-ray’ vision during environment encoding (i.e., barriers become translucent) and quantifying cognitive mapping benefits of counteracting fragmented visibility. We found that compared to the participants trained with naturalistic environment visibility, participants trained in the translucent environment had better performance in wayfinding and pointing tasks, which are theorized to measure navigation efficiency and cognitive mapping. Interestingly, these benefits were only observed in participants with high self-report sense of direction. Together, our results provide important insight into (1) how perceptual barrier effects manifest, even when physical fragmentation of space is held constant, (2) establish a novel intervention that can improve spatial learning, and (3) provide evidence that individual differences modulate perceptual barrier effects and the efficacy of such interventions.
A Performance Study on Cryptographic Algorithms for IoT Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have grown in popularity over the past few years. These inter-connected devices collect and share data for automating industrial or household tasks. Despite its unprecedented growth, this paradigm currently faces many challenges that could hinder the deployment of such a system. These challenges include power, processing capabilities, and security, etc. Our project aims to explore these areas by studying an IoT network that secures data using common cryptographic algorithms, such as AES, ChaCha20, RSA, and Twofish. We measure computational time and power usage while running these cryptographic algorithms on IoT devices. Our findings show that while Twofish is the most power-efficient, Chacha20 is overall the most suitable one for IoT devices.