cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple method for dealing with large state spaces

Summary Most sequential decision-making problems in conservation can be viewed conceptually and modelled as a Markov decision process. The goal in this context is to construct a policy that associates each state of the system with a particular action. This policy should offer optimal performance in the sense of maximizing or minimizing a specified conservation objective Dynamic programming algorithms rely on explicit enumeration to derive the optimal policy. This is problematic from a computational perspective as the size of the state space grows exponentially with the number of state variables. We present a state aggregation method where the idea is to capture the most important aspects of the original Markov decision process, find an optimal policy over this reduced space and use this as an approximate solution to the original problem. Applying the aggregation method to a species reintroduction problem, we demonstrate how we were able to reduce the number of states by 75% and reduce the size of the transition matrices by almost 94% (324 vs. 5184), and the abstract action matched the optimal action more than 86% of the time. We conclude that the aggregation method is not a panacea for the curse of dimensionality, but it does advance our ability to construct approximately optimal policies in systems with large state spaces.
Ecological responses of Antarctic krill to environmental variability: can we predict the future?

Antarctic krill are a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem, and their life cycle appears to be correlated with, and by implication dependent upon, seasonal sea ice dynamics. Moving from correlations with environmental parameters to an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to these correlations may allow predictions of the consequences of climate change on the distribution of favourable habitat for Antarctic krill. During winter cruises in 2001 and 2002 in the region west of the Antarctic Peninsula, one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet, ice camps were established for periods of 3-9 days. Timing of sea ice advance, chlorophyll a concentrations in ice cores, and growth rates and pigment content of larval krill all differed significantly between winters. Growth rates and pigment content of larval krill from the same ice floe were correlated, suggesting that growth rates in winter are a function of the biomass of the sea ice microbial community. A possible mechanism underlying the correlation between recruitment success and timing of ice advance is proposed. In conjunction with other postulated habitat requirements, this proposed mechanism allows for speculation about future changes in the geographic location of favourable habitat for Antarctic krill.
Instructor insights into delivery of Mental Health First Aid USA: A case study of mental health promotion across one state

The Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) course is being used as a tool for educating communities worldwide about mental health. MHFA instructors' experiences in delivering MHFA are not widely documented. In this study, MHFA instructors in 1 state were interviewed and surveyed about their experiences. The findings are that the most common reason for becoming an MHFA instructor was to have a community impact; the most frequently mentioned instructor-identified characteristic was strong teaching or presentation skills, with past clinical experience or education being helpful. Agencies typically deliver MHFA in a team-teaching model, utilize informal marketing or advertisement and often offer the course at a financial loss. Findings suggest that in delivering MHFA, agencies should be deliberate in selecting and training instructors and in creating an agency delivery plan.
Combustion in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines: Experiments and Detailed Chemical Kinetic Simulations

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are being considered as an alternative to diesel engines. The HCCI concept involves premixing fuel and air prior to induction into the cylinder (as is done in current spark-ignition engine) then igniting the fuel-air mixture through the compression process (as is done in current diesel engines). The combustion occurring in an HCCI engine is fundamentally different from a spark-ignition or Diesel engine in that the heat release occurs as a global autoignition process, as opposed to the turbulent flame propagation or mixing controlled combustion used in current engines. The advantage of this global autoignition is that the temperatures within the cylinder are uniformly low, yielding very low emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x}, the chief precursors to photochemical smog). The inherent features of HCCI combustion allows for design of engines with efficiency comparable to, or potentially higher than, diesel engines. While HCCI engines have great potential, several technical barriers exist which currently prevent widespread commercialization of this technology. The most significant challenge is that the combustion timing cannot be controlled by typical in-cylinder means. Means of controlling combustion have been demonstrated, but a robust control methodology that is applicable to the entire range more » of operation has yet to be developed. This research focuses on understanding basic characteristics of controlling and operating HCCI engines. Experiments and detailed chemical kinetic simulations have been applied to the characterize some of the fundamental operational and design characteristics of HCCI engines. Experiments have been conducted on single and multi-cylinder engines to investigate general features of how combustion timing affects the performance and emissions of HCCI engines. Single-zone modeling has been used to characterize and compare the implementation of different control strategies. Multi-zone modeling has been applied to investigate combustion chamber design with respect to increasing efficiency and reducing emissions in HCCI engines. « less
5S RNA structure and interaction with transcription factor A. 1. Ribonuclease probe of the structure of 5S RNA from Xenopus laevis oocytes

The structure of Xenopus laevis oocyte (Xlo) 5S ribosomal RNA has been probed with single-strand-specific ribonucleases T1, T2, and A with double-strand-specific ribonuclease V1 from cobra venom. The digestion of 5'- or 3'-labeled renatured 5S RNA samples followed by gel purification of the digested samples allowed the determination of primary cleavage sites. Results of these ribonuclease digestions provide support for the generalized 5S RNA secondary structural model derived from comparative sequence analysis. However, three putative single-stranded regions of the molecule exhibited unexpected V1 cuts, found at C36, U73, U76, and U102. These V1 cuts reflect additional secondary structural features of the RNA including A.G base pairs and support the extended base pairing in the stem containing helices IV and V which was proposed by Stahl et al. [Stahl, D. A., Luehrsen, K. R., Woese, C. R., & Pace, N. R. (1981) Nucleic Acids Res. 9, 6129-6137]. A conserved structure for helix V having a common unpaired uracil residue at Xlo position 84 is proposed for all eukaryotic 5S RNAs. Our results are compared with nuclease probes of other 5S RNAs.
Selection of wound closure materials

Selection of wound closure materials (sutures, needles, staples, and skin tapes) is presented. The characteristics of commonly used suture materials and needles are discussed as a background for their rational selection and usage. The attributes of staples and sutureless skin closures (skin tapes) are also given and contrasted with those of sutures.
Using Music in Spatial Audio Displays: Localization Ability with Complex Sounds

Spatial audio displays represent a promising method of conveying directional information, but have generally been implemented using tones and other stimuli that may limit user acceptance. As a first step toward evaluating the utility of spatializing complex auditory stimuli, we asked participants in three experiments to localize the source of sounds varying in content (musical, vocal, or noise), speaker location (±45°, ±90°, or headphones), and volume level. The sounds were processed using two methods to simulate nine source locations from 40° left to 40° right. Participants' responses generally followed the virtual location of the source; participants made correct left vs. right judgments and significant differences were seen between most adjacent locations. Importantly, localization abilities were unaffected by the content of the auditory stimuli. These results support the continued examination of spatializing musical stimuli to convey directional information while minimizing boredom and fatigue.
Clinical trials in rheumatic diseases: designs and limitations

Randomized controlled clinical trials provide the best method to distinguish a drug from placebo without the inevitable selection biases that are seen in standard clinical care. This article reviews designs and limitations of clinical trials that are used in rheumatic diseases. The primary design in clinical trials is a parallel, in which patients are randomized in parallel to different therapies at different dosages or placebo. In recent years, other designs have been used increasingly, including "step-up," "step-down," and "cross-over" designs. Limitations of clinical trials in chronic diseases include a short time frame versus the long duration of disease, inclusion and exclusion criteria, use of surrogate markers that may not represent clinically relevant markers, statistical significance does not necessarily indicate clinical significance necessarily, and the fact that a control group does not assure the absence of bias. Therefore, long-term databases are needed to supplement clinical trials in analyzing results of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
Effect of aqueous and carbonic fluids on the dislocation creep strength of quartz

[1] Dislocation creep experiments conducted on quartzite indicate that the presence of CO2 can cause strengthening or weakening depending on the oxygen fugacity of the deformation environment. Under oxidizing conditions (ferrosilite-hematite-quartz), the presence of CO2 reduces the water fugacity and results in strengthening of the quartz. Under moderately reducing conditions (∼Ni-NiO), CO2 reacts with H2 from the sample assembly to form graphite; the water produced by this reaction causes weakening. Under extremely reducing conditions (quartz-fayalite-iron), CO2 is reduced to methane, a reaction that consumes original water, thereby increasing the strength of quartz. Our results show that increasing at constant confining pressure, by changing fluid composition, has a similar effect as increasing by increasing confining pressure. The exponent suggested by our data for the dislocation creep flow law is 0.375 to 1 (assuming a stress exponent of 3 to 4), which is on the low side of previously reported values. Differences in deformation behavior over small length scales may thus be related to local differences in the that effectively change the in the presence of CO2.
Quantum Ontology and Mind-Matter Synthesis

The Solvay conference of 1927 marked the birth of quantum theory. This theory constitutes a radical break with prior tradition in physics, because it avers, if taken seriously, that nature is built not out of matter but out of knowings. However, the founders of the theory stipulated, cautiously, that the theory was not to be taken seriously, in this sense, as a description of nature herself, but was to be construed as merely a way of computing expectations about future knowings on the basis of information provided by past knowings. There have been many efforts over the intervening seventy years to rid physics of this contamination of matter by mind. But I use the reports at this Symposium to support the claim that these decontamination efforts have failed, and that, because of recent developments pertaining to causality, the time has come to take quantum theory seriously: to take it as the basis for a conception of the universe built on knowings, and other things of the same kind. Quantum theory ensures that this conception will yield all the empirical regularities that had formerly been thought to arise from the properties of matter, together with all of those more recently discovered regularities that cannot be understood in that mechanical way. Thus I propose to break away from the cautious stance of the founders of quantum theory, and build a theory of reality by taking seriously what the incredible accuracy of the predictions of the formalism seems to proclaim, namely that nature is best understood as being built around knowings that enjoy the mathematical properties ascribed to them by quantum theory. I explain why this idea had formerly been incorrectly regarded as untenable, due to a failure to distinguish signals from influences: relativistic quantum field theory ensures both that signals cannot travel faster than light, but that influences, broadly conceived, cannot be imagined to enjoy that property. Failure to recognize this fact had made a realistic interpretation of quantum theory seem impossible. I then explain how our conscious knowings can play a causally efficacious and binding role in brain dynamics without violating the statistical rules of quantum theory, and describe how these features provide a foundation for understanding how consciousness could have evolved by natural selection from primitive beginnings.
Breast lesions diagnosed by fine needle aspiration

Summary Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the breast offers patient and clinican a rapid, non-morbid, inexpensive, and highly accurate means of diagnosing both benign and malignant breast lesions. Breast FNA can replace frozen section diagnosis, and in fact has the advantage of providing a known diagnosis before the time that operations are performed. This situation enables the patient and surgeon to discuss and plan therapeutic alternatives in a rational atmosphere. As with any other technique, experience of the aspirator and diagnostician minimizes false positive and false negative rates.
AN IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY OF TWO METABOLICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Peptides I and II, two metabolically active peptides from porcine pituitary glands, stimulated antibody production in rabbits. The antiserum obtained had antibodies which interacted with peptides I and II from porcine pituitaries, peptides I and II from human pituitaries, and fraction H prepared by Rudman from hog pituitaries. None of the other pituitary preparations tested showed any interaction with peptides I and II. All three preparations stimulated the release of free fatty acids from rabbit adipose tissue in vitro. Antiserum inhibited this biological action to a different extent in each of the three preparations. Following an intravenous injection of peptides I and II there was a rapid rise in the plasma concentration of free fatty acids in rabbits. Injection of antiserum together with peptides I and II failed to block the rapid increase in free fatty acids. However, an injection of at least ten times the minimal amount of peptides I and II which raised the plasma free fatty acid concentration produced no increase in a rabbit with a high antibody titer to these peptides.
Accumulators: new logic variable abstractions for functional languages

Abstract Much attention has been focused by the declarative languages community on combining the functional and logic programming paradigms. In particular, there are many efforts to incorporate logic variables into functional languages. We propose a generalization of of logic variables called accumulators which are eminently suited for incorporation into functional languages. We demonstrate the utility of accumulators by presenting examples which show that accumulators can be used profitably in many scientific applications to enhance storage efficiency and parallelism.
Reactive Oxygen Species Are Not Required for an Arsenic Trioxide-induced Antioxidant Response or Apoptosis *

Arsenicals are both environmental carcinogens as well as therapeutic agents for the treatment of trypanosomiasis and more recently cancer. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been successfully used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and has activity in multiple myeloma (MM). While signaling events associated with carcinogenesis have been well studied, it still remains to be determined which of these events are involved in anti-cancer signaling. To better define this response, gene expression profiling following ATO treatment of four MM cell lines was performed. The pattern was consistent with a strong antioxidative response, particularly of genes activated by Nrf2. While Nrf2 is expressed constitutively at the mRNA level, the protein is not detected in untreated cells. Consistent with inactivation of Keap1, Nrf2 protein is stabilized and present in the nucleus within 6 h of ATO treatment. Despite the activation of this antioxidative response, ROS may not be important in ATO-induced death. Inhibition of ATO-induced ROS with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) does not affect Nrf2 activation or cell death. Moreover, silencing Nrf2 had no effect on ATO-induced apoptosis. Together these data suggest that ROS is not important in the induction of the antioxidative response or cellular death by ATO.
Substrate recognition of isopeptides: specific cleavage of the ε-(α-glycycl)lysine linkage in ubiquitin-protein conjugates

The structural chromatin protein A24 (uH2A) is a conjugate of histone H2A and a non-histone protein, ubiquitin. Eukaryotic cells contain an enzyme, generically termed isopeptidase, which can cleave A24 stoichiometrically into H2A and ubiquitin in vitro. Isopeptidase, free of proteinase activity, has been partially purified from calf thymus by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography, and analyzed for its substate specificity. There are three major types of isopeptide bonds besides the epsilon-(alpha-glycyl)lysine bond between H2A and ubiquitin; namely, the disulfide bridge, the aldol and aldimide bonds and the epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslink. Under conditions where A24 was completely cleaved into H2A and ubiquitin, none of these naturally occurring isopeptide bonds was cleaved by isopeptidase. Furthermore, the bonds formed in vitro by transglutaminase reaction between casein and putrescine, through the gamma-NH2 of glutamine residue and the NH2 of putrescine, were not cleaved by the enzyme. The enzyme also failed to cleave the glycyl-lysyl and other orthodox peptide linkages within proteins. Among various proteins examined, the substrates for isopeptidase reaction were confined to conjugates between ubiquitin and other proteins, formed through epsilon-(alpha-glycyl)lysine bonds. Since ubiquitin released by isopeptidase is re-usable for an ATP-dependent conjugation with other proteins, its carboxyl terminal -Gly-Gly-COOH most likely is preserved intact, and is not blocked. These results suggest that isopeptidase specifically recognizes and cleaves the epsilon-(alpha-glycyl)lysine bond. A possible biological significance of this enzyme is discussed.
Cellulose nanocrystals and self-assembled nanostructures from cotton, rice straw and grape skin: a source perspective

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been derived by sulfuric acid hydrolysis (64–65 wt% H2SO4, 10 mL/g cellulose, 45 °C) of pure cellulose isolated from cotton, rice straw and grape skin, producing relatively consistent products in 60, 45 and 30 min, respectively, and generally reflecting the extent of crystallinity and crystallite sizes of these cellulose sources. CNCs in nanorod forms are observed from all three cellulose sources and, in the case of cotton and grape skin, in the presence of more dominant forms of nanoparticles. Cotton CNCs are <10-nm-wide nanorods at up to 40 aspect ratios, whereas rice straw CNCs are flat ribbon cross-sectional shaped in 10:2:1–44:5:1 length/width/thickness ratios, and those from grape skin are abundant nanoparticles but fewer nanorods, all of very different nanoscale dimensions. Freezing (−196 °C) and freeze-drying (−50 °C) of dilute CNC suspensions induce self-assembling of these CNC populations into yet further distinctly different morphologies. Self-assembled cotton CNCs are loosely organized nanorods and nanospheres, whereas grape skin CNCs are mainly nanospheres of 5-nm-sized nanoparticles clusters around nanorod cores. Uniquely, rice straw CNCs assembled anisotropically into ultra-thin non-porous fibers. These source-linked unique CNC geometries and the ability of CNCs to self-assemble into different morphologies present wide ranging dimensions of these renewable cellulose nanomaterial building blocks from by-products of the world largest fiber, cereal and fruit crops.
Toxicity and Residue Studies of Cultured Blue Shrimp Treated with the Algicide Cutrine-Plus

Abstract Laboratory bioassays on the blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) were conducted with Cutrine-Plus, a chelated copper algicide registered for use in fish hatcheries but not for shrimp culture facilities. The 24- and 96-h LC50's for blue shrimp were found to be 151.3 and 19.5 mg/L copper as Cutrine-Plus, respectively. Cutrine-Plus was found to be safe (i.e., produced no statistical mortality) at a use rate of 1.0 mg/L for a 24-h static exposure. The 24-h EC50 for gill melanization was 0.64 mg/L copper. In residue studies no accumulation of copper in whole-body tissue due to the treatments could be shown.
Early stages of sintering of silicon nitride nanoclusters: a molecular-dynamics study on parallel machines

Sintering of Si3N4nanoclusters is investigated with the molecular-dynamics approach. At 2000 K thermally rough nanocrystals develop an asymmetric neck in 100 picoseconds. The neck contains more fourfold than threefold coordinated Si atoms. Amorphous nanoclusters develop a symmetric neck which has nearly equal number of threefold and fourfold coordinated Si atoms. In both cases, sintering is driven by surface diffusion of Si and N atoms. The diffusion is much more rapid in the neck joining amorphous nanoclusters than in the neck region of nanocrystals.
Role of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C in regulating the morphological differentiation of PC12 cells.

The cell line A126-1B2 is a PC12-derived mutant that is resistance to the toxic effects of dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP) and is deficient in adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase II (PKAII). This mutant formed neurites in response to nerve growth factor (NGF), but not in response to dbcAMP; and dbcAMP did not increase the rate of NGF-dependent neurite formation. Thus, while PKAII is essential for process formation in response to agentsw that act through the cAMP-dependent pathway, activation of PKAII is not essential for NGF-dependent neurite formation. Unexpectedaly, NGF and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10–1,000 nm) synergistically stimulated the formation of shortprocesses that were apparent within 30 min of NGF addition in 85% of these mutant dells. These processes were similar, but not identical, in appearance to the NGF-dependent neurites that formed only after a period of 24–48 hr. This effect is dependent on the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) because an inactive phorbol ester was without effect. In contrast, therewas only a small effect of NGF and/or PMA on process formation in wiod type cells within the first few hours. The effect of PMA is not augmented by dbcAMP in the A126-1B2 mutant cells. After several hours, PMA caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell adhesion; and higher concetrations of PMA resulted in a transient detachment of the cells and a loss of neurites. These experiments suggest a role for PKC in the regulation of process formation.
Specification of cell fates within the salivary gland primordium

Abstract The Drosophila salivary gland is a simple tubular organ derived from a contiguous epithelial primordium, which is established by the activities of the homeodomain-containing proteins Sex combs reduced (SCR), Extradenticle (EXD), and Homothorax (HTH). EGF signaling along the ventral midline specifies the salivary duct fate for cells in the center of the primordium, while cells farther away from the source of EGF signal adopt a secretory cell fate. EGF signaling works, at least in part, by repressing expression of secretory cell genes in the duct primordium, including fork head (fkh), which encodes a winged-helix transcription factor. FKH, in turn, represses trachealess (trh), a duct-specific gene initially expressed throughout the salivary gland primordium. trh encodes a basic helix–loop–helix PAS-domain containing transcription factor that has been proposed to specify the salivary duct fate. In conflict with this model, we find that three genes, dead ringer (dri), Serrate (Ser), and trh itself, are expressed in the duct independently of trh. Expression of all three duct genes is repressed in the secretory cells by FKH. We also show that SER in the duct cells signals to the adjacent secretory cells to specify a third cell type, the imaginal ring cells. Thus, localized EGF- and Notch-signaling transform a uniform epithelial sheet into three distinct cell types. In addition, Ser directs formation of actin rings in the salivary duct.
SERUM CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Abstract Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was determined in 22 normal subjects and 146 patients with a variety of diseases. Serum CPK levels regularly rose early in the course of an acute myocardial infarction. Enzyme elevations were also encountered in the presence of skeletal muscle and brain damage. In contrast, patients with diseases of the liver and lung consistently had normal levels of serum CPK. Normal levels were always found in patients with congestive heart failure, rapid supraventricular arrhythmias, and acute coronary insufficiency without evidence of infarction. We conclude that the determination of serum creatine phosphokinase is of value in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction because of its increased specificity.
Technique for the Measurement of the Transit Time of an Optical Signal

DURING the past several decades numerous arrangements have been developed for measuring the time of transit of a beam of light propagated over a tropospheric path. In these arrangements the transit time is determined by measuring the phase shift of modulation on the beam1–6. Most of this work has been carried out in connexion with measurements of (1) the velocity of electromagnetic waves, (2) geodetic distances, and (3) atmospheric turbulence.
Developmental changes in synaptic membrane order: a comparison of regions in the rat brain.

Abstract Developmental changes in synaptic membrane order were followed in 5 regions of the rat brain, the cortex (Cx), cerebellum (Cb), brainstem (BS), lateral subcortex (LSCx) and midline subcortex (MSCx). Membrane order was assessed by the fluorescence polarization technique, using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as the probe. The results illustrate that the developmental increase in membrane order proceeds from caudal to rostral brain regions. Thus, at the earliest time point examined (day 3) steady-state anisotropy (r s ) in the BS was significantly higher than in the Cx and reached adult values by day 14 while the Cx values were still significantly less than the adult value even at day 30. The thermotropic behavior of the membranes was investigated over the range of 20–37 °C. The Arrhenius slopes among the Cx, BS, LSCx and MSCx were similar across all ages studied, suggesting that the developmental increase in order primarily results from a change in entropy. In contrast, the Arrhenius slopes for the Cb increase > 100% during development, suggesting that a change in enthalpy is important for the increase in membrane order. Multilamellar liposomes prepared from membrane lipid extracts generally showed the same developmental changes in order as the intact membranes. These data indicate that the increase in membrane order results from a marked change in bulk lipid composition rather than a secondary lipid matrix change (e.g. in membrane asymmetry) and/or from the developmental increase in the protein/lipid ratio.
Changing roles of the systems librarian at the College of William and Mary: the explosion of technology and position of the systems librarian

The systems office, at the College of William and Mary’s Swem Library, evolved from a hierarchical department to a modified team structure. Along the way, the role of the systems librarian has changed from a department head to a member of a team. A unique blend of timing and personalities made this transition both possible and practical. While the systems librarian now works on the same administrative level as non‐librarians, there is still a fundamental difference in how the systems librarian functions within the library. This role of the systems librarian has changed in complexity but still comes down to bridging the worlds of library and technology.
Adaptive evolution: evaluating empirical support for theoretical predictions

Adaptive evolution is shaped by the interaction of population genetics, natural selection and underlying network and biochemical constraints. Variation created by mutation, the raw material for evolutionary change, is translated into phenotypes by flux through metabolic pathways and by the topography and dynamics of molecular networks. Finally, the retention of genetic variation and the efficacy of selection depend on population genetics and demographic history. Emergent high-throughput experimental methods and sequencing technologies allow us to gather more evidence and to move beyond the theory in different systems and populations. Here we review the extent to which recent evidence supports long-established theoretical principles of adaptation.
Autologous chondrocyte transplantation

Since its introduction in 1987, autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) for the management of full-thickness chondral defects of the knee has gained considerable attention and has renewed interest in cartilage repair. At this time there are patients with 10 to 13 years of follow-up who have continued to benefit from ACT. ACT is indicated for the management of full-thickness femoral articular Outerbridge grade III and IV lesions. Treatment of other surfaces such as the patella and tibia have also been successful. A thorough knowledge of patient selection and indications, good laboratory practices (GLP), standards of cell culturing, meticulous surgical technique, understanding of the normal time course of healing, the appropriate functional postoperative rehabilitation, and the management of specific ACT-related complications are all essential to good clinical outcomes. The success of this procedure with its excellent clinical outcomes and durability of the articular repair have made it a cost-effective procedure comparable to other technologies.
Research Note: Millennium Development Goals – What is Tourism's Place?:

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) bring together a large coalition of partners with the common goal of reducing the greatest threats to people and our planet, including poverty and social and environmental challenges. The first five-year review showed that, at the present pace of change, the ambitious goals set for 2015 would not be met. Spearheaded by the UN, the attainment of MDGs requires both public interventions and private sector leadership. While tourism is contributing in multiple ways, this paper explores why it can, and should, do more. It also suggests how resolving challenges linked to achieving MDGs will resolve tourism development bottlenecks.
Kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of heparin from its Cu(II) complex and its relation to biological activity.

The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of heparin from Cu(II) complex was studied as a function of time and temperature. Four independent calculations showed that the hydrolysis, during the 5-hr period examined, obeys the first-order kinetic law. Specific rate constants, calculated at 50°C, 57°C, 65°C, 71°C, and 80°C, were 3.3 × 10−5 sec−1, 6.5 × 10−5 sec−1, 10.4 × 10−5 sec−1, 15.1 × 10−5 sec−1, and 26.6 × 10−5 sec−1, respectively. Arrhenius plots of the data yielded 14.7 kcal as the energy of activation. An independent run of the self-hydrolysis of heparin at 57°C also obeyed first-order kinetics and its specific rate constant of 6.4 × 10−5 sec−1 is in excellent agreement with that of the hydrolysis of Cu(II)-heparin at 57°C. The anticoagulant activity of heparin and of the Cu(II)-heparin are not appreciably different. Further, the inactivation of heparin closely parallels Cu(II) release from the Cu(II) complex which in turn parallels desulfation.
Waterlike dynamic anomalies in a liquid described by a core-softened potential

We present a theoretical study of transport properties of a liquid comprised of particles interacting via isotropic core-softened potential. Shear viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient are computed on the basis of the mode-coupling theory, with required structural input obtained from thermodynamically self-consistent integral equation theory. Both self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity display waterlike anomalous density dependence, with diffusivity increasing and viscosity decreasing with density within a particular density range along several isotherms below a certain temperature. Our theoretical results for both transport coefficients are in good agreement with the simulation data.
Exploring New Neutron-rich Nuclei with the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

Abstract About 3000 different isotopes of 118 elements are presently known. The discovery of these isotopes is closely linked to the development of new production and detection techniques and more powerful accelerators. A brief overview of the history of isotope discovery and our present knowledge of the nuclear chart are given. The status of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is described, and the potential for discovery is discussed especially for neutron-rich nuclides.
Placenta on pups' skin accelerates onset of maternal behaviour in non-pregnant rats.

Abstract Previous research has indicated that virgin rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) behave maternally (sensitize) more rapidly if kept in close proximity with pups. Since both parturient rats and a large percentage of virgin rats avidly consume placenta, we tested whether placenta and amnionic fluid, applied to the skin of the stimulus pups, would draw the female adults into closer contact with the pups and therefore hasten the onset of maternal behaviour. The results indicated that the procedure indeed shortened the maternal sensitization latency. Furthermore, this effect was not due to the wetness of the pups, to the presence of placenta in the cage, or to the the adults having previously ingested placenta. Other attractive ingestibles applied to the pups' skin produced an intermediate, but not significant, shortening of the maternal sensitization latency.
Parity doublets and the pairing mechanism in C60

We show that the near degeneracy of the low-lying vector (${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{u}}$) and axial-vector (${\mathit{T}}_{1\mathit{g}}$) levels in an isolated ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ can provide a simple pairing mechanism in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and the ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ crystal. This gives rise to the possibility of a ``boson'' band in ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, in addition to the usual fermion bands. The implications for superconductivity are discussed.
MRI of the kidney and urinary tract

MRI of the kidney and urinary tract has evolved with advancements in MR technology combined with further radiologic experience. A combination of simple pulse sequences and the use of gadolinium (Gd) allow a comprehensive evaluation of the genitourinary system and facilitate the detection and accurate characterization of renal and urinary tract masses. In this review an MRI technique used to evaluate the kidneys and urinary tract is presented with an emphasis on the characterization of renal masses.
The electronic library: responses from the State University of New York (SUNY)

Illustrates the methods of pointing to remotely‐accessible electronic resources in libraries in a university system ranging from research centers to community colleges. The online catalogs of libraries in the State University of New York (SUNY) system were tested for remotely‐accessible electronic resources. Each library's internet home page was also searched for means of linking to journal titles. The libraries at SUNY campuses have shown different responses to the issues of making available aggregator databases, web sites, and e‐books. A marked decrease in the use of the online catalog to make available remotely‐accessible electronic resources at academic libraries other than those at the research level was noted. The findings are limited insofar that no effort was made to determine the reasons why each library did or not include records for remotely‐accessible electronic resources in their online catalogs. Academic libraries find desirable a single search interface for remotely‐accessible electronic resources, and this may include the library's online catalog. This study will be of value to those who are concerned with the ways in which remotely‐accessible electronic resources are made available in various sizes of academic libraries, particularly those engaged in decision making about online resources.
Crowd-Sourced Peer Feedback (CPF) for Learning Community Engagement: Results and Reflections from a Pilot Study

The goal of this study is to develop a new approach to collaborative peer feedback enabled by social media, understand how it is perceived by university students, and develop insights regarding its impacts on learning. We adapted a crowd sourcing platform that enabled students to submit their own assignments, and enabled students and outside experts to assess the quality of assignments using voting and commenting. We call this approach "crowd-sourced peer feedback" (CPF). Results of our pilot study suggest that viewing and commenting on other assignments increases engagement, mobilizes motivation, and may enhance learning. In contrast, mixed results were found for voting and the use of badges and points. Finally, minor design choices in how the CPF platform is implemented may have significant impacts on learning experiences. We provide suggestions for future research and for the use of CPF to enhance learning.
Hypercalcemic crisis in the era of targeted parathyroidectomy.

Background Hypercalcemic crisis patients are appropriately treated by expeditious parathyroidectomy. Previous studies have suggested that crisis patients may have lower operative success rates compared to non-crisis patients. This study reviews the outcomes for hypercalcemic crisis in the era of targeted parathyroid surgery. Methods The records of 839 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy at a single institution from 1993 to 2009 were reviewed. From this group, 34 patients were surgically treated for hypercalcemic crisis, defined as having signs and symptoms of acute calcium intoxication and serum calcium levels ≥14 mg/dL. All patients underwent parathyroidectomy guided by preoperative localization studies and intra-operative PTH hormone monitoring (IPM). Pre- and postoperative symptoms and laboratory values and rates of operative failure and recurrence were compared to 805 patients without crisis. Results Mean preoperative serum calcium (15.8 versus 11.6 mg/dL) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (719 versus 175 pg/mL) levels were significantly higher among patients presenting with hypercalcemic crisis (P Conclusion Despite presenting with more ectopic glands and parathyroid cancer, crisis patients have similar parathyroidectomy success rates compared with non-crisis patients. The high rate of success in the era of targeted parathyroidectomy may be due to the widespread use of localization studies and IPM.
State-selective production of vibrationally excited NO2+ by double-resonant photoionization

Two-color, two-photon resonant, three-photon ionization, and high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy are combined to characterize the photoionization dynamics of the 3pσ 2 electronic state of NO2. Direct photoionization of selected vibrational levels of the NO2 3pσ 2 state shows a strong propensity to preserve the vibrational quantum numbers of the intermediate state. Efficient methods for producing NO2+ X 1 (000), (010), (100), and (001) with over 95% purity are discussed. This approach is expected to be applicable to the study of the mode dependence of the effects of vibrational excitation in ion−molecule reactions involving NO2+.
Inappropriate Use of Oxygen: Loss of a Valuable Healthcare Resource

Oxygen (O2) use is well established in hospitalized patients with hypoxemia. However, its value in patients without hypoxemia is not well documented. The authors conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the excess use of O2 and the resulting loss of resources. They established criteria for O2 use by faculty consensus. Ninety-six patients (102 admissions) receiving O2 between August and October 1991 were identified. Principal discharge diagnoses included cardiac diseases (37%), pulmonary diseases (26.5%), and miscellaneous (36.5%). Cumulative oxygen use was 9,742 hours. Appropriate O2 amounted to 3,272 hours (34%), and inappropriate O2 use was 6,470 hours (66%). The billing for O2 use was $38,468, of which $25,880 constituted inappropriate use. In 1991, there were 7,743 admissions, with oxygen charges of $1.06 million. Extrapolation of the data shows billing for inappropriate oxygen was $697,000. The authors conclude that inappropriate use of oxygen results in significant loss of resources. Educational efforts to decrease this loss and evaluate its impact on patient outcome is needed.
Bugs as features: teaching network protocols through debugging

Being exposed to well-written code is a valuable experience for students—especially when the code is larger or more complex than they are currently capable of writing. In addition to the mechanics of a particular computation, students learn organization and documentation skills, and general concepts illustrated by the specific program. However, to obtain these benefits, students must thoroughly familiarize themselves with the code. This paper describes recent successes using software bugs as a means to force familiarization with network protocol code. The bugs become tools by which the students learn the inner workings of network protocols. As a side benefit, the approach provides a concrete basis for the discussion of debugging approaches and techniques. The technique is appropriate for any course involving programming, and is especially good for upper-level courses like networks, operating systems, and parallel and distributed programming, where difficult concepts can be illustrated via sample programs.
Nuclear Forces and High-Performance Computing: The Perfect Match

High-performance computing is now enabling the calculation of certain hadronic interaction parameters directly from Quantum Chromodynamics, the quantum field theory that governs the behavior of quarks and gluons and is ultimately responsible for the nuclear strong force. In this paper we briefly describe the state of the field and show how other aspects of hadronic interactions will be ascertained in the near future. We give estimates of computational requirements needed to obtain these goals, and outline a procedure for incorporating these results into the broader nuclear physics community.
Determining the contact force during the transverse impact of plates

The contact force during the transverse impact of a plate is determined from dynamic strain-gage measurements made on the plate. Experimental results for the impact of an aluminum plate are presented, and comparisons are made with finite-element predictions and measurements from a force transducer.
Electric Heating of Pipelines with Variable Resistance Wire

The electrical heating of pipelines has received a lot of attention recently because of better controllability and maintenance experience than steam tracing. This paper describes a way of electrical heating with a variable resistance wire. The installation in a manufacturing area, with many zones of process piping to be heated is described. These methods reduced design and installation costs.
Ein Beitrag zum elektrischen Durschschlag im Vakuum

Eine Hypothese zur Erklarung des elektrischen Durchschlags im Vakuum zwischen metallischen Elektroden bei Raumtemperatur wird angegeben. Es ist bekannt, das Anodenmaterial im Vordurchbruchsstadium auf die Kathode ubertragen wird. Es wird gefordert, das dieses Material sich unter der Wirkung des elektrischen Feldes an der Kathode zu Spitzen formiert, um dieses Feld dort betrachtlich uber seinem Mittelwert zu verstarken. Der Feldemissionsstrom von diesen “Emissionszentren” heizt die Anode auf, und leuchtende Flecken auf der Anode konne beobachtet werden. Der Durchschlag erfolgt, wenn die auftreffende Energie bei irgendeinem “Anodenfleck” das ubrsteigt, was z. B. durch Warmeableitung und Strahlung abgefuhrt werden kann, woraus ein Freiwerden von Metalldampf resultiert. Experimente werden angefuhrt zur Stutzung dieser Hypothese. Eine Hochspannungs-“Nach-Durchschlagsentladung” wird diskutiert, die einen selbstandigen Elektronenstrom von den “Emissionszentren” darstellt und nur begrenzt ist durch den Innenwiderstand der Stromversorgung.
Stabilized Wide-Band Potentiometric Preamplifiers

The need for a wide-band preamplifier to measure bioelectric potentials from a source with high internal resistance and shunt capacitance has stimulated the development of instruments which should be generally useful. Consideration is given to the simultaneous attainment of such factors as low grid current, linearity, low drift, and improved dynamic response by compensation for input capacitance. An analysis of a simplified circuit is augmented by the use of an analog computer to simulate the system for a preamplifier having either a first- or second-order response. Some examples of circuits suitable for bioelectric measurements are described. It has been possible to chopper-stabilize such preamplifiers against drift without significant degradation of their high input impedance characteristics.