cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cure for the Asian flu.

IN THE PERPETUALLY RESOURCE-STARVED environment of public health, where each disease or risk factor has to fight for a scrap of the federal budget, it is easy to forget how fast progress can be made when appropriate policy attention and resources are marshaled to solve a problem. The natural response of public health professionals to the starvation diet is to maintain low expectations. But those who see the global importance of dealing with current health threats and preparing for future ones should demand a seat at the table and argue for a full plate. To do this, draw inspiration from the Asian flu. No, in this case I do not mean the H5N1 avian influenza, the human form of which may be emerging somewhere in Asia. I mean the so-called Asian flu of 1997, in which the economies of Indonesia, Thailand, and other countries in Asia came very close to being destroyed by a financial crisis of immense proportions. Economists and market watchers called this the Asian flu because they feared, as is always the case during financial crisis, that because of the global nature of capital and the quick movement of traders’ panic from one market to the next, the crisis in Asia would quickly spread to Japan, then to the U.S. and Europe. Using a term borrowed without acknowledgment from public health, this is the “financial contagion” feared by the leaders of the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Treasury, and other institutions. What we can learn from that Asian flu, and from international responses to the financial crises in Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, and elsewhere, is that for some types of global threats, wealthy countries and international institutions have the motivation, the mechanisms, and the money to mitigate the risk—precisely what they have not yet mustered for the health threats on the horizon. UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
An Integrated Robust Design Method for Occupant Restraint System

Computational analysis of occupant safety has become an efficient tool to reduce the development time for a new product. Multi-body computer models (e.g. Madymo models) that simulate vehicle interior, restraint system and occupants in various crash modes have been widely used. To ensure public safety, many important injury numbers, such as head injury criteria, chest G, chest deflection, femur loads, neck load, and neck moment, are monitored. In the past, deterministic optimization methods have been employed to meet various safety regulations. Further emphasis on product quality and the consistency of product performance, uncertainties in modeling, simulation, and manufacturing, need to be considered. There are many difficulties involved in the optimization under uncertainty for occupant restraint systems, such as (1) highly nonlinear and noisy nature of occupant injury numbers; (2) large number of constraints; and (3) computational intensity to obtain the statistic information of injury numbers by the traditional Monte Carlo method. This paper investigates an integrated robust design approach for occupant restraint system by taking advantages of design of experiments, variable screening, stochastic meta-modeling, and genetic algorithm. An occupant restraint system is used as an example to demonstrate the methodology, however, the proposed method is applicable for all occupant restraint system design problems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Finite element study of 2-2 piezocomposite transducer with random polymer properties

2-2 piezocomposite materials are widely used for ultrasonic transducers in medical ultrasound imaging and underwater acoustics. An important issue in 2-2 piezocomposite transducer designs is to avoid spurious lateral modes. We proposed a new method to solve the lateral mode problem in this paper. A 30-element 2-2 piezocomposite transducer composed of PZT-5H and five different types of polymers were studied by using ANSYS finite element software. Using a 2-D model of the transducer the electrical admittances were calculated within the interested frequency range. The results show that there is a strong coupling between the thickness mode and the first lateral mode when any one type of polymer is used in the transducer design. However, the lateral mode is greatly suppressed when all of these polymers are used, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient for the thickness mode is also increased. The analysis further shows that the reduction of the lateral mode is only related tothe shear velocity of the polymer, while the density and longitudinal velocity of the polymer have little effect on it.
Phase II study of oxaliplatin as second-line chemotherapy in endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Abstract Objective. A phase II study was conducted to determine the efficacy of oxaliplatin therapy in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer who had received one prior platinum therapy. Methods. Eligible patients were to have measurable disease and one prior chemotherapy regimen which could include cisplatin or carboplatin. Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 was administered intravenously over 2 h. This treatment was repeated every 21 days until progression of disease or adverse effects prohibited further therapy. Results. Fifty-four patients were entered on study, of which 52 were eligible and 50 had had prior platinum therapy. The overall response rate was 13.5%, with three patients (5.8%) achieving a complete response and four patients (7.7%) achieving a partial response. Median duration of response was 10.9+ (range: 4.1–50.3+) months. Stable disease was reported in 15 (28.8%) patients, with an associated median duration of 5.4 (range: 2.2–19.6) months. Drug-related toxicities consisted of anemia, nausea and vomiting, and neurotoxicity. Conclusions. Oxaliplatin at the dose and schedule employed has limited activity in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma who have had previous platinum therapy.
Upregulated Na/Ca exchange is involved in both contractile dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis in heart failure.

Systolic heart failure (HF) is characterized by reduced systolic function and often by arrhythmias. We studied a rabbit model of HF (induced by combined aortic insufficiency and stenosis) which shows both contractile dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis. In this model we find an ∼100 % increase in Na/Ca exchange (NaCaX) expression at the level of mRNA, protein and function, but only a modest decrease in SR Ca-ATPase (∼24 %, only detectable in cellular function). This combination results in a 40 % reduction in SR Ca content in HF, which is sufficient to explain the 40 % reduction in twitch Ca transients and 30 – 38 % decrease in contractile function in this HF model. When stimulated by isoproterenol the SR Ca load readily reaches the threshold for spontaneous SR Ca release (this threshold Ca load is unchanged in HF). This SR Ca release activates a transient inward current (Iti) carried exclusively by NaCaX. For a given SR Ca release there is greater Iti in HF (due to higher NaCaX). We also find a 49 % decrease in the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1), which allows greater depolarization for a given Iti. Thus, higher NaCaX and lower IK1 greatly increase the likelihood that an SR Ca release-induced delayed afterdepolarization (DAD) will trigger an arrhythmogenic action potential. We conclude that NaCaX contributes in major ways to both contractile dysfunction (by reducing SR Ca) and increased propensity for triggered arrhythmias (by increasing Iti and DADs).
NEOTROPICAL PLANT REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES AND FOSSIL POLLEN REPRESENTATION

A high potential for outcrossing is suggested to be the key reproductive character that determines representation of taxa in palynological records. In the tropics, where anemophily is a rare condition (ca. 2.5% of all trees), a disproportionate number of the most common pollen types found in sediment are anemophilous (ca. 27%). However, entomophilous species are not all underrepresented, as monoecious and dioecious species pollinated by small insects were also abundant in pollen records (73% of taxa in the most abundant pollen classes). A ranking of reproductive characters leading to outcrossing is suggested to predict the representation of pollen taxa within a pollen spectrum.
Differential sensitivity of rat voltage-sensitive sodium channel isoforms to pyrazoline-type insecticides.

Abstract Pyrazoline-type insecticides are potent inhibitors of insect and mammalian voltage-sensitive sodium channels. In mammals, there are nine sodium channel α subunit isoforms that have unique distributions and pharmacological properties, but no published data exist that compare the relative sensitivity of these different mammalian sodium channel isoforms to inhibition by pyrazoline-type insecticides. This study employed the Xenopus oocyte expression system to examine the relative sensitivity of rat Na v 1.2a, Na v 1.4, Na v 1.5, and Na v 1.8 sodium channel α subunit isoforms to the pyrazoline-type insecticides indoxacarb, DCJW, and RH 3421. Additionally, we assessed the effect of coexpression with the rat β1 auxiliary subunit on the sensitivity of the Na v 1.2a and Na v 1.4 isoforms to these compounds. The relative sensitivity of the four sodium channel α subunits differed for each of the three compounds we examined. With DCJW, the order of sensitivity was Na v 1.4 > Na v 1.2a > Na v 1.5 > Na v 1.8. In contrast, the relative sensitivity of these isoforms to indoxacarb differed from that to DCJW: the Na v 1.8 isoform was most sensitive, the Na v 1.4 isoform was completely insensitive, and the sensitivities of the Na v 1.5 and Na v 1.2a isoforms were intermediate between these two extremes. Moreover, the pattern of sensitivity to RH 3421 among these four isoforms was different from that for either indoxacarb or DCJW: the Na v 1.4 isoform was most sensitive to RH 3421, whereas the sensitivities of the remaining three isoforms were substantially less than that of the Na v 1.4 isoform and were approximately equivalent. The only statistically significant effect of coexpression of either the Na v 1.2a or Na v 1.4 isoforms with the β1 subunit was the modest reduction in the sensitivity of the Na v 1.2a isoform to RH 3421. These results demonstrate that mammalian sodium channel isoforms differ in their sensitivities to pyrazoline-type insecticides.
Probing the Regulatory Mechanisms of KCBP using EPR Spectroscopy

KCBP, a plant Kinesin-14, is involved in cell division and trichome morphogenesis by structuring and organizing bundles of microtubules. Our published crystal structure of KCBP in complex with its regulator KIC suggests that bound KIC would inhibit KCBP function by physically blocking binding of the motor to microtubules. The neck mimic of KCBP, a linker found at the C-terminus of motor domain, homologous to the neck linker of Kinesin-1, appears immobilized upon KIC binding. The capture of this structural module would disrupt the nucleotide-controlled conformational cycling necessary for generating force and normal function.Our new experiments demonstrate that tail and motor of KCBP interact directly. Binding of tail has an inhibitory regulatory effect on KCBP motor. Interestingly, binding of KIC to motor tears the motor-tail complex apart suggesting that tail and KIC may share the binding site on the motor, including the neck mimic.To test the proposed regulatory mechanisms, we assessed the conformational freedom of the neck mimic in KCBP (a.a. 876-1261, no neck) in the presence and the absence of KIC or tail (a.a. 12-503) using EPR spectroscopy. Spectra of spin probes attached to single Cys (S1220C or S1215C) on the neck mimic showed a mobile and an immobilized component. There was a significantly higher content of the immobile component in the spectrum of the Cys1220 mutant. The addition of KIC resulted in a shift of the spectrum into more mobile region in the Cys1220 mutant but not in the Cys1215 mutant. When the tail was added to the labeled motor, the EPR spectra did not change in either mutant. The spectra clearly resolve 2 conformations for each probe and binding of KIC leads to a less structured conformation of a portion of the neck mimic under conditions studied.
Illuminating Activities at Paleo Crossing (33ME274) Through Microwear Analysis

Microwear analysis provides a means to extract important information on the activities conducted at Paleoindian sites from meager assemblages. Microwear analysis was conducted on a sample of 10 tools from the Paleo Crossing site in Medina County, Ohio. Tools analyzed included fluted points, end scrapers, blades, gravers, and unifacial knives. Wear patterns indicated that the tools were used to cut, scrape, engrave, and penetrate (i.e., via a projectile) such materials as soft plant, meat, hide, and bone/antler. Several of the tools were hafted and wear patterns were well developed overall. Based on this pilot study, comparison with microwear studies conducted on sites in the Great Lakes region and beyond suggests that Paleo Crossing provides new information on the number, as well as the types, of Paleoindian tools used to cut soft plant.
The dependence of polycrystal work hardening on grain size

Abstract Existing rationales for the effect of grain size on work hardening do not explain the behavior of copper and aluminum. A new analytical approach to polycrystal work hardening was devised to understand and describe these data, together with data on 70-30 brass. The physical model was novel in its emphasis on the importance of regions of the grains in which either statistically stored or geometrically necessary dislocations are accumulated. One prediction of the model, that large-strain cell size in copper ought to depend on grain size, was verified by direct measurement. A number of other details computed from the model, including slip lengths and dislocation density variation with strain, were consistent with the results of other workers.
International Libraries on Facebook

The Journal of Web Librarianship welcomes guest columnist Jason Sokoloff to this issue's Global Connections column. Sarah Beasley and Candice Kail will return next issue. With online social network...
In situ-targeting of dendritic cells with donor-derived apoptotic cells restrains indirect allorecognition and ameliorates allograft vasculopathy.

Chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is an atheromatous-like lesion that affects vessels of transplanted organs. It is a component of chronic rejection that conventional immuno-suppression fails to prevent, and is a major cause of graft loss. Indirect allo-recognition through T cells and allo-Abs are critical during CAV pathogenesis. We tested whether the indirect allo-response and its impact on CAV is down-regulated by in situ-delivery of donor Ags to recipient's dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphoid organs in a pro-tolerogenic fashion, through administration of donor splenocytes undergoing early apoptosis. Following systemic injection, donor apoptotic cells were internalized by splenic CD11chi CD8α+ and CD8− DCs, but not by CD11cint plasmacytoid DCs. Those DCs that phagocytosed apoptotic cells in vivo remained quiescent, resisted ex vivo-maturation, and presented allo-Ag for up to 3 days. Administration of donor apoptotic splenocytes, unlike cells alive, (i) promoted deletion, FoxP3 expression and IL-10 secretion, and decreased IFN-γ-release in indirect pathway CD4 T cells; and (ii) reduced cross-priming of anti-donor CD8 T cells in vivo. Targeting recipient's DCs with donor apoptotic cells reduced significantly CAV in a fully-mismatched aortic allograft model. The effect was donor specific, dependent on the physical characteristics of the apoptotic cells, and was associated to down-regulation of the indirect type-1 T cell allo-response and secretion of allo-Abs, when compared to recipients treated with donor cells alive or necrotic. Down-regulation of indirect allo-recognition through in situ-delivery of donor-Ag to recipient's quiescent DCs constitutes a promising strategy to prevent/ameliorate indirect allorecognition and CAV.
Intracellular Fas Ligand Expression Causes Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Resistant to Monoclonal Antibody-Induced Apoptosis

Several laboratories have attempted with little success to induce Fas-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, using different external Fas agonists, i.e., anti-Fas antibodies and membrane-bound FasL. The present study confirms these earlier results using the anti-Fas antibody CH-11 in five human PCa cell lines (PPC-1, LNCaP, PC-3, TSU-Pr1, and DU145). However, intracellular murine FasL expression induced Fas-mediated apoptosis in all CH-11-resistant cell lines. Adenovirus (AdGFPFasLTET) was used to deliver a Murine FasL–GFP fusion gene into human PCa cells resulting in 70–98% apoptosis at 48 h as determined by the MTS assay. DU145 and PPC-1 cells treated with AdGFPFasLTET stained positive for the TUNEL assay, indicating that cell death was via apoptosis. Using immunofluorescent microscopy, Fas and GFPFasL colocalized to the same intracellular compartment. The anti-Fas neutralizing antibody ZB-4 was unable to block AdGFPFasLTET-mediated cell death, suggesting that intracellular FasL may ligate Fas within the Golgi and/or endoplasmic reticulum. This is the first evidence suggesting that these two molecules interact prior to cell surface presentation. Collectively, these findings indicate that intracellular GFPFasL expression is superior to CH-11 at inducing Fas-mediated apoptosis in human PCa cells and may allow use of AdGFPFasLTET for PCa gene therapy.
The oxidation of ethylene over silver-based alloy catalysts. II: Silver-cadmium alloys

Abstract Silver-zinc alloy catalysts were prepared by impregnation of α-alumina supports with mixed silver nitrate and zinc nitrate solutions. They were characterized in terms of exposed metallic surface area and surface composition, employing selective chemisorption of oxygen and hydrogen. A dramatic enrichment of the surface with Zn was observed and was not altered after exposure of catalysts to reaction conditions. XPS analysis indicates that surface Zn atoms are in the 2+ valence state. Kinetic parameters of ethylene epoxidation and combustion were found to be nearly unaffected by the presence of Zn atoms on the surface of the catalysts. EXAFS analysis indicates that silver atoms exhibit absorption characteristics which are nearly identical to atoms in a silver foil, which was used as a standard. Thus, silver atoms are coordinated mostly to other silver atoms, indicating that AgZn clusters consist of a central core of primarily silver atoms with Zn atoms primarily on the surface.
Sodium transport in the toad bladder. The functional organization of the granular cell: a review.

The isolated urinary bladder of the toad transports sodium actively across its epithelial layer and responds to the hormones vasopressin and aldosterone, properties which make it a useful model for the study of certain functions of the renal tubule. Sodium transport in the granular cells of the bladder is thought to involve first an energetically passive but selective entry step at the mucosal surface, the rate of which is increased after vasopressin administration. The second step in transport is considered to be active extrusion of the ion across the serosal boundary of the cell. Recent evidence concerning the cellular pool of sodium and the site and mode of action of vasopressin suggests that this description is at best incomplete. No equally simple alternative hypothesis for the organization of sodium transport in this system is available at present.
Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Unfinished Battle

Community-acquired pneumonia remains a common illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. Current management challenges focus on identifying the likely etiologic pathogens based on an assessment of host risk factors, while attempting to make a specific etiologic diagnosis, which is often not possible. Therapy is necessarily empiric and focuses on pneumococcus and atypical pathogens for all patients, with consideration of other pathogens based on specific patient risk factors. It is important to understand the expected response to effective therapy, and to identify and manage clinical failure at the earliest possible time point. Prevention is focused on smoking cessation and vaccination against pneumococcus and influenza.
Interaction of caldesmon and myosin subfragment 1 with the C-terminus of actin.

Abstract The interactions of caldesmon and S1 with the C-terminus of actin were examined in co-sedimentation experiments using proteolytically trunctated actin. It is shown that removal of 6 residues from the C-terminus of actin reduces the binding of caldesmon by about 50% while improving the binding of S1 to actin. We also show that S1 protects actin's C-terminus from enzymatic cleavage. Both S1 and caldesmon binding to actin are decreased in the presence of an actin C-terminal peptide. These results emphasize the importance of the C-terminus of actin in binding to S1 and caldesmon.
EUV emissions from Alcator C

Abstract Emissions from heavy element impurities, in particular molybdenum, were observed in the high density Alcator C tokamak. Radiative losses derived from photometrically calibrated measurements of emissions from highly ionized Mo were an order of magnitude lower than for Alcator A. These losses, however, were seen to increase dramatically for line-averaged electron densities below 2 x 10 14 cm -3 . Data on the spatial variation of Mo(XXV) emissions and the temporal variation of Mo(XXXI) and (XXXII) emission indicate that these impurities are close to coronal equilibrium in the core of Alcator C. Ion densities of Mo and Fe are presented for various plasma conditions. Impurity emissions were studied during both the “sawtooth” instability and repetitive disruption.
The Use of Radiolabelled Monoclonal Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Carcinomas

The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using the hybridoma technology has led to new approaches for imaging cancer patients. mAbs against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or TAG-72, two tumour-associated antigens expressed by the vast majority of colorectal adenocarcinomas, have been successfully conjugated with various radionuclides such as I-131, I-123, Tc-99m and In-111. Clinical trials have demonstrated the relative safety of these molecules as well as their unique ability to identify lesions not detected by conventional radiographic imaging modalities. In-111 satumomab pendetide was the first clinically approved murine mAb conjugate for imaging colorectal and ovarian carcinomas. Clinical experience suggests a useful role for In-111 satumomab pendetide in the post-operative evaluation of patients with suspected recurrent colorectal cancer, as well as the potential for altering patient management and possibly a reduction in the costs associated with the work-up and evaluation of patients with occult recurrent colorectal carcinomas. The routine clinical application of these murine-based mAbs is limited by the induction of host immune responses, notably the formation of human anti-mouse antibodies. These have been shown to significantly alter the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of In-111 satumomab pendetide, leading to a reduction in tumour targeting effectiveness. Alternatives such as the development of chimaeric antibodies or entirely human mAbs, or the use of the nonimmunogenic portion of the mAb, i.e. Fab’ fragments, have been proposed and are currently under investigation. Tc-99m arcitumomab, an Fab’ fragment of IMMU-4, an anti-CEA monoclonal antibody, has recently been approved for imaging in colorectal cancer.
A Neonate With Bleeding and Multiple Factor Deficiencies

Questions:1. Given this infant’s history and physical examinationfindings, how should his bleeding disorder be evaluated?2. Based on clinical and laboratory testing, how are primaryhemostasis defects differentiated from secondary hemostasisdefects?3. In terms of laboratory test reference intervals, how shouldthis infant’s laboratory results be evaluated?4. What is (are) this infant’s most striking laboratory findings?5. What is the best interpretation of this patient’s laboratory results?6. How do coagulation factor levels differ in neonatescompared with adults?7. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis?8. How should this patient’s disorder be treated?Possible Answers:1. For patients who present with bleeding disorders, a com-plete history (including family history) and physical examinationyield the most valuable data to lead to a diagnosis. If the patientis male, X-linked recessive conditions such as hemophilia A or Bshould be considered, although other autosomal disorders can-not be ruled out. The age of onset is also helpful. Early-onsetvitamin K deficiency can manifest in the first week after birth,while delayed-type deficiency may only appear later at 3 to 4weeks of life.
Indices and Detectors for Fetal MCG Actography

Several recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of fetal magnetocardiogram (fMCG) actography, a relatively new method of detecting fetal movement that can be performed in conjunction with fMCG assessment of fetal heart rate and rhythm. In this study, we formulate indices of fetal activity that incorporate information from all channels to achieve improved sensitivity. We also utilize statistical detection to provide an objective means of inferring significant fetal activity.
Appendix A: Additional Background on Routing

This chapter contains sections titled: Network Graph Terminology Link State Algorithms Distance Vector Algorithms
An user preference information based kernel for SVM active learning in content-based image retrieval

Relevance feedback is a critical component for content-based retrieval systems. Effective learning algorithms are needed to accurately and quickly capture the user's query concept, under the daunting challenges of high dimensional data and small number of training samples. It has been shown that support vector machines (SVMs) can be used to conduct effective relevance feedback in content-based image retrieval. Most recent work along these lines has focused on how to customize SVM classification for the particular problem of interest. However, not much attention has been to paid to the design of novel kernel functions specifically tailored for relevance feedback problems and traditional kernels have been directly used in these applications. In this paper, we propose an approach to derive an information divergence based kernel given the user's preference. Our proposed kernel function naturally takes into account the statistics of the data that is available during relevance feedback for the purpose of discriminating between relevant and non-relevant images. Experiments show that the new kernel achieves significantly higher (about $17%) retrieval accuracy than the standard radial basis function (RBF) kernel, and can thus become a valid alternative to traditional kernels for SVM-based active learning in relevance feedback applications
Thinking and computing spatiotemporally to enable cloud computing and science discoveries

We live in space time dimensions and all physical and social sciences are based on the dimensions. The representation and digitization of scientific phenomena into data and computation of the digitized data greatly depends on the spatiotemporal principles that govern the relationships of phenomena. The latest advancement of cloud computing is not an exception. Conducting cloud computing in a spatiotemporal fashion will help use spatiotemporal principles, which exist in all physical and social sciences, to optimize cloud computing and science discoveries. This paper 1) introduces the latest advancement of distributed computing; 2) analyzes the impact cloud computing has on GIS science, application, and education; 3) illustrates how spatiotemporal principles exist and can be utilized to enable cloud computing and science discoveries; and 4) discusses research directions and agenda for GIScience professionals in the 21st centuries.
To Overcome Oneself: The Jesuit Ethic and Spirit of Global Expansion, 1520–1767. By J. Michelle Molina. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013. Pp. xiv, 278. $49.95.)

This book is creative, brilliant, and sometimes frustrating. The author provides a stunning reconceptualization of the “origins of the modern self” by shifting the focus from a secularizing Europea...
Hemolysin Formation in Newborn Mice of Different Strains.

SummaryNewborn mice of AKR, Ha/ICR and C57Bl strains start to respond to immunization with sheep red blood cells at different ages (as measured by assays on circulating hemolysins and numbers of antibody-forming cells in spleen and lymph nodes). Once competence to respond has been attained, the magnitude of the response, in terms of numbers of antibody-forming spleen cells, is similar for all strains tested. However, there is no correlation between numbers of hemolysin-forming cells in the organs tested and circulating hemolysins. Only the latter parallel the strain differences in responsiveness observed by others in adult animals of these strains. When antigen is administered in conjunction with oligodeoxyribonucleotides, the early immune responses are enhanced, but the time of competence to respond to the antigenic stimulus is not advanced.
Biogeographic Analysis Reveals Ancient Continental Vicariance and Recent Oceanic Dispersal in Amphibians

Amphibia comprises over 7000 extant species distributed in almost every ecosystem on every continent except Antarctica. Most species also show high specificity for particular habitats, biomes, or climatic niches, seemingly rendering long-distance dispersal unlikely. Indeed, many lineages still seem to show the signature of their Pangaean origin, approximately 300 Ma later. To date, no study has attempted a large-scale historical-biogeographic analysis of the group to understand the distribution of extant lineages. Here, I use an updated chronogram containing 3309 species (~45% of extant diversity) to reconstruct their movement between 12 global ecoregions. I find that Pangaean origin and subsequent Laurasian and Gondwanan fragmentation explain a large proportion of patterns in the distribution of extant species. However, dispersal during the Cenozoic, likely across land bridges or short distances across oceans, has also exerted a strong influence. Finally, there are at least three strongly supported instances of long-distance oceanic dispersal between former Gondwanan landmasses during the Cenozoic. Extinction from intervening areas seems to be a strong factor in shaping present-day distributions. Dispersal and extinction from and between ecoregions are apparently tied to the evolution of extraordinarily adaptive expansion-oriented phenotypes that allow lineages to easily colonize new areas and diversify, or conversely, to extremely specialized phenotypes or heavily relictual climatic niches that result in strong geographic localization and limited diversification. (Amphibians; caecilians; dispersal; frogs; historical biogeography; oceanic dispersal; salamanders; vicariance.)
Improving nutrition in home child care: are food costs a barrier?

ObjectiveChild-care providers have a key role to play in promoting child nutrition, but the higher cost of nutritious foods may pose a barrier. The present study tested the hypothesis that higher nutritional quality of foods served was associated with higher food expenditures in child care homes participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP).DesignIn this cross-sectional study, nutritional quality of foods served to children and food expenditures were analysed based on 5 d menus and food shopping receipts. Nutritional quality was based on servings of whole grains, fresh whole fruits and vegetables, energy density (kJ/g) and mean nutrient adequacy (mean percentage of dietary reference intake) for seven nutrients of concern for child health. Food expenditures were calculated by linking receipt and menu data. Associations between food expenditures and menu quality were examined using bivariate statistics and multiple linear regression models.SettingUSA in 2008–2009.SubjectsSixty child-care providers participating in CACFP in King County, Washington State.ResultsIn bivariate analyses, higher daily food expenditures were associated with higher total food energy and higher nutritional quality of menus. Controlling for energy and other covariates, higher food expenditures were strongly and positively associated with number of portions of whole grains and fresh produce served (P = 0·001 and 0·005, respectively), with lower energy density and with higher mean nutrient adequacy of menus overall (P = 0·003 and 0·032, respectively).ConclusionsThe results indicate that improving the nutritional quality of foods in child care may require higher food spending.
Tumor Immune Escape Mechanisms

The immunosurveillance theory postulates that the immune system is able to identify transformed cells and eliminate them. The theory predicts that the incidence of cancer would increase, or the latency period of cancer would decrease, in the absence of a functional immune system. However, the fact that the incidence of only some cancers increases in immunosuppressed patients shows that not all cancers abide by this theory. Most cancers escape immunosurveillance because they are fundamentally ′self,′ and autoreactive immune cells are usually deleted or anergized so that they do not attack self. The tumors that do face immune pressure are virus-associated cancers and cancers expressing immunogenic tumor antigens. These tumors have, however, evolved mechanisms to escape immune eradication. An effective way of escaping immune eradication is to prevent detection. The expression of tumor-associated antigens enhances the immunogenicity of a tumor, and if it is able to reduce the presentation of such markers, then the tumor remains relatively invisible to the immune system and escapes detection. If the tumor does not manage to escape detection, then it can evolve to prevent the activation of the immune response. The immunosuppressive effects of cancer cells are mediated by the secretion of soluble factors, by the expression of inhibitory molecules, and by turning the cellular infiltrates into tolerizing cells that can in turn suppress other potentially tumor-specific immune cells. Some tumor cells have evolved to become resistant to the death effector mechanisms of the immune system. Finally, some tumors have evolved to turn the immune system against itself by causing the death of the immune cells through an activation-induced cell death mechanism that normally functions to limit the immune response under physiological conditions. These immune escape mechanisms in combination make the tumor a formidable foe for the immune system. Therefore, a well thought out immunotherapy strategy would keep in mind the escape mechanisms the tumor could adopt under immune pressure to direct the most propitious strike.
A NDREW S HRYOCK , Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination: Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Society , Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies, 23 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). Pp. 370.

In an era of instantaneous communication and ubiquitous media the global public is regularly invited to witness history in the making, as the expression goes, through newspaper accounts and broadcasts of events marked with special significance. In the Middle East and elsewhere, history is said to record the fate of nations that at times is unfolding before our eyes and ears, with the accuracy of claims resting on evidence to be observed or recovered in period documents and artifacts. What emerges supposedly is a narrative whose eventual uncertainties can be attributed to information gaps, inadequate archives, and difficulties in identifying or authenticating sources.
A Mechanism of Central Sleep Apnea in Patients with Heart Failure

Background Breathing is controlled by a negative-feedback system in which an increase in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide stimulates breathing and a decrease inhibits it. Although enhanced sensitivity to carbon dioxide helps maintain the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide within a narrow range during waking hours, in some persons a large hyperventilatory response during sleep may lower the value below the apneic threshold, thereby resulting in central apnea. I tested the hypothesis that enhanced sensitivity to carbon dioxide contributes to the development of central sleep apnea in some patients with heart failure. Methods This prospective study included 20 men who had treated, stable heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Ten had central sleep apnea, and 10 did not. The patients underwent polysomnography and studies of their ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Results Patients who met the criteria for central sleep apnea had significantly more episodes of cen...
Phase Relations of the Uranyl Oxide Hydrates and their Relevance to the Disposal of Spent Fuel

Uranyl oxide hydrates, formed by the alteration of uraninite, are natural analogues for the long-term corrosion products of spent fuel in a geologic repository under oxidizing conditions. The uranyl oxide hydrates may be represented by the general formula: Pb-bearing hydrates require the addition of a neutral uranyl group into the structural sheet (UO 2 (OH) 2 ) for each interlayer Pb ion. Distortion of the structure associated with the additional uranyl groups is reduced by replacing two structural hydroxyls with a structural oxygen and a molecular water. The general formula for the Pb-uranyl oxide hydrates is: This hypothesis explains the paragenetic sequences: 1) schoepite ➛ billietite ➛ protasite ➛ bauranoite 2) schoepite ➛ vandendriesscheite ➛ fourmarierite ➛ masuyite ➛ wolsendorfite 3) schoepite ➛ vandendriesscheite ➛ fourmarierite ➛ ± masuyite ➛ sayrite ➛ curite, and indicates that, under relatively high pH conditions, schoepite will not be the long-term solubility-controlling phase for uranium in uranium-rich groundwaters.
Hyperpolarized Hadamard spectroscopy using flow NMR.

The emergence of the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) technique provides an important breakthrough to overcome inherent sensitivity limitations in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. In dissolution DNP, only a small amount of frozen sample is polarized, dissolved, and injected into an NMR spectrometer. Although substantially enhanced NMR signals can be obtained, the single scan nature of this technique a priori impedes the use of correlation experiments, which represent some of the most powerful applications of NMR spectroscopy. Here, an alternative method for multiscan spectroscopy from D-DNP samples utilizing a flow NMR probe is described. Multiple hyperpolarized segments of sample are sequentially injected using a purpose designed device. Hadamard spectroscopy can then be applied for obtaining chemical shift correlation information even from a small number of scans. This capability is demonstrated with a four-scan data set for obtaining the [13C,1H] correlations in the test mo...
Adolescent Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Chronic Mesolimbic Neuroinflammation with Concurrent Enhancement in the Rewarding Effects of Cocaine in Mice during Adulthood

Clinical psychiatric disorders of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are most prevalent after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pre-clinical research has focused on depression and anxiety post-injury; however, virtually no data exist examining whether the preference for illicit drugs is affected by traumatic injury in the developing adolescent brain. Using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI and the conditioned place preference (CPP) assay, we tested the underlying hypothesis that brain injury during adolescence exacerbates the rewarding properties of cocaine in adulthood possibly through an active inflammatory status in the mesolimbic pathway. Six-week old, C57BL/6 mice sustained a single CCI-TBI to the right somatosensory cortex. CPP experiments with cocaine began 2 weeks post-TBI. Animals receiving cocaine displayed significant place preference shifts compared to saline controls. Further, within the cocaine-experienced cohort, moderate CCI-TBI during adolescence significantly increased the preference shift in adulthood when compared to naive controls. Additionally, persistent neuroinflammatory responses were observed in the cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral tegmental area post-CCI-TBI. Significant increases in both astrocytic, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and microglial, ionization basic acid 1, markers were observed in the NAc at the end of CPP testing. Moreover, analysis using focused array gene expression panels identified the upregulation of numerous inflammatory genes in moderate CCI-TBI animals, compared to naive controls, both in the cortex and NAc at 2 weeks post-TBI, before onset of cocaine administration. These results suggest that sustaining moderate TBI during adolescence may augment the rewarding effects of psychostimulants in adulthood, possibly by induction of chronic mesolimbic neuroinflammation.
The Fiscal Policy Dimension

This chapter emphasizes the implicit fiscal dimension of housing polices. This perspective shows how a traditional public finance perspective on the rather modest levels of government spending in the sector is misleading. For understanding the government’s role in the housing sector, it is less government’s spending than implicit taxes and subsidies which are the major policy instruments. The chapter also presents evidence on how the sector has been affected by the way the world’s more volatile financial environment has interacted with these implicit policies.
Breastfeeding and Medical Disease

At times physicians unnecessarily recommend that breastfeeding not be initiated or be discontinued. The internist will encounter women in their childbearing years who will develop acute medical problems while breastfeeding and a 2nd group with chronic disease who will want to breastfeed and will seek medical approval. The management of these patients may need modification to accommodate lactation but in most cases any risk o f breastfeeding will be exceeded by its great benefit to both infant and mother. Along with the medical indications to breastfeed lactation as the physiologic completion of the reproductive cycle enhances the mothers postpartum recovery. The key issues in the management of medical illness in the lactating women are: the utilization of any drug or compound that may pass into the milk; the concern of whether the drug will inhibit lactation itself; and the question of whether the diagnostic procedures or treatment necessitates separation of the mother and infant for more than a few hours. The management of specific diseases also is discussed covering both infectious and noninfectious diseases.
Abstract IA19: Curative potential of T-cell immunotherapy for cancer

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) mediated a 56% objective response rate including 20% of patients with durable complete regression ongoing from 6.7 to 10.3 years. Administration of autologous TIL to 9 patients with HPV induced metastatic cervical cancer mediated objective responses in 3 patients including 2 complete regressions that are ongoing beyond a year. The ideal targets for ACT are the unique mutations that occur in cancers. Using deep exomic sequencing a technique has been developed to identify any cancer mutation, presented on any of the patient9s MHC molecules, that gives rise to reactive T cells. We recently reported the successful application of this approach to treat a patient with a metastatic bile duct cancer. Since virtually all cancers contain mutations this approach is now being vigorously studied to expand the current reach of cancer immunotherapy to common epithelial cancers. Genes encoding conventional alpha-beta T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) can be efficiently transduced into autologous lymphocytes though choosing suitable targets expressed on the cancer is critical to avoid toxicities to essential normal tissues. ACT using CARs to target the CD19 molecule present on normal B cells as well as on the great majority of B cell lymphomas and leukemias was first reported to successfully treat a patient with refractory lymphoma in 2010 in a patient who remains progression-free at five years. Durable complete and partial responses have been seen in patients with chemotherapy refractory indolent and aggressive large B cell lymphomas. Of 9 heavily pretreated patients with large cell lymphomas receiving ACT, 4 patients have had complete regressions, 3 ongoing from 9 to 22 months and 2 additional patients have had partial responses. Cancer-testes antigens such as NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3 are expressed during fetal development and in 10 to 80% of cancers from multiple tissues but are often not expressed in adult normal tissues. ACT targeting NY-ESO-1 resulted in a 67% response rate in 15 treated patients with refractory synovial cell sarcoma and a 53% response rate in 19 patients with melanoma including durable complete regressions. Shared mutations that are unique to an individual cancer type also represent excellent targets for cell transfer immunotherapy and we are conducting a trial using a CAR targeting the EGFRvIII mutation expressed in about 40% of patients with high grade glioblastoma Citation Format: Steven A. Rosenberg. Curative potential of T-cell immunotherapy for cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
Definitions of free volume

An unambiguous operational definition of free volume is discussed, according to which the covolume for a given state of a fluid is defined as the intercept on the V-axis of the tangent line to a curve of (ðT/ðP) v against volume V.
Introducing Teachers and University Students to GPS Technology and Its Importance in Remote Sensing through GPS Treasure Hunts

It is standard practice in satellite remote sensing of earth objects to field check imagery by locating specific places or objects using GPS (Global Positioning Systems). After teaching remote sensing courses for three years, and introducing GPS in them, it became clear that many of my students did not learn GPS technology well enough to successfully ground check satellite data and therefore a more effective way of teaching GPS was needed. Inspired by the common hobby of geocaching, I created a new fun and engaging activity for my university courses and teacher courses: the GPS treasure hunt. Two variations of the hunt have been undertaken with 297 teachers and students over four years. The results and impact of this activity have been overwhelmingly positive. Specific GPS-oriented questionnaires administered in several of the courses indicates that 34% of respondents had never used GPS units until completing the activity. After completing the hunt, 89% proclaimed that they felt comfortable using GPS unit...
Interactive effects of the affect quality and directional focus of mental imagery on pain analgesia.

College students (25 men and 25 women) were randomly assigned (within sex) to each of the 4 factorial groups, based on manipulation of affect quality (positive vs. negative) and directional focus (internal vs. external) of mental imagery, and to a control group receiving no manipulation. Both imagery variables had a significant impact on pain tolerance and ratings during a cold-pressor test with positive affect and external imagery producing greater analgesia than their counterpart conditions. Positive affect imagery combined with external imagery resulted in the lowest reported pain amongst the groups. However, self-reported mood descriptors did not consistently parallel the pain tolerance and rating data. Likewise, although heart rate and skin potential responses increased during the cold pressor for the group as a whole, the only significant difference amongst the experimental groups was the relatively higher skin potential reactivity of the positive affect-external imagery group—possibly reflecting greater task engagement for this group. Seemingly, imagery in this situation operates primarily via cognitive, rather than via physiological mediators of the pain experience.