cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional modeling of reaction injection molding. II: Application

The objective of this research is to demonstrate the application of a general model of reaction injection molding (RIM) to a complex shaped mold part. Using the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the RIM system, prediction of RIM moldability can be made. The numerical techniques used in this research are presented in a previous paper (1). The rigorous modeling of the transport processes and the dynamics of the filling front for a particular application are described in this work.
The Social Construction of Normality

Our rapidly changing culture raises questions about standards of normality that social workers are often asked to help enforce. The author insists that we need standards to guide our communal life ...
Stellar luminosity functions in the R, I, J, and K bands obtained by transformation from the visual band

The stellar luminosity function that has been measured in the visual band into the R, I, J, and K bands, where it has not yet been obtained directly, is transformed. The transformation is effected by subdividing the total visual function, which includes all stars, into subluminosity functions for each luminosity class (supergiants through white dwarfs), applying the known (V - D) color, D = R, I, J, K for each spectral type, and then summing the resultant transformed subluminosity functions into a total luminosity function for the band D. Simple analytic forms that accurately fit the transformed luminosity functions are given. Consideration is also given to the possibility of a systematic error resulting from the existence of a very red stellar population not accounted for in the visual band luminosity function
Differential thermal analysis and solution growth of intermetallic compounds

Abstract To obtain single crystals by solution growth, an exposed primary solidification surface in the appropriate, but often unknown, equilibrium alloy phase diagram is required. Furthermore, an appropriate crucible material is needed, necessary to hold the molten alloy during growth, without being attacked by it. Recently, we have used the comparison of realistic simulations with experimental differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves to address both these problems. We have found: (1) complex DTA curves can be interpreted to determine an appropriate heat treatment and starting composition for solution growth, without having to determine the underlying phase diagrams in detail. (2) DTA can facilitate identification of appropriate crucible materials. DTA can thus be used to make the procedure to obtain single crystals of a desired phase by solution growth more efficient. We will use some of the systems for which we have recently obtained single-crystalline samples using the combination of DTA and solution growth as examples. These systems are TbAl, Pr 7 Ni 2 Si 5 , and YMn 4 Al 8 .
Mechanism of inhibition of skeletal muscle actomyosin by N-benzyl-p-toluenesulfonamide.

N-Benzyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (BTS) is a small organic molecule that specifically inhibits the contraction of fast skeletal muscle fibers. To determine the mechanism of inhibition by BTS, we performed a kinetic analysis of its effects on the elementary steps of the actomyosin subfragment-1 ATPase cycle. BTS decreases the steady-state acto-S1 ATPase rate approximately 10-fold and increases the actin concentration for half-maximal activation. BTS primarily affects three of the elementary steps of the reaction pathway. It decreases the rate of P(i) release >20-fold in the absence of actin and >100-fold in the presence of actin. It decreases the rate of S1.ADP dissociation from 3.9 to 0.8 s(-)(1) while decreasing the S1.ADP dissociation constant from 2.3 to 0.8 microM. BTS weakens the apparent affinity of S1.ADP for actin, increasing the K(d) from 7.0 to 29.5 microM. ATP binding to S1, hydrolysis, and the affinity of nucleotide-free S1 for actin are unaffected by BTS. Kinetic modeling indicates that the binding of BTS to myosin depends on actin association/dissociation and on nucleotide state. Our results suggest that the reduction of the acto-S1 ATPase rate is due to the inhibition of P(i) release, and the suppression of tension is due to inhibition of P(i) release in conjunction with the decreased apparent affinity of S1.ADP.P(i) and S1.ADP for actin.
Evaluation of Pedestrian Data Needs and Collection Efforts

Research was done to evaluate the extent to which the pedestrian data collection efforts of transportation agencies in the United States are addressing pedestrian safety factors. There was also consideration of how pedestrian data collection can be improved to facilitate the monitoring of these factors. Fifteen pedestrian safety issues are identified based on a literature review and examination of pedestrian-vehicle crashes in Utah. A 2001 survey of U.S. transportation agencies indicated that 45 (75%) of the 60 respondents were counting pedestrians at various locations. Hand counting, the recording of push-button use, and video cameras were methods used to collect data. Automated systems, such as position sensors and image processing, were not used to count pedestrians. The use of advanced data collection technologies is not critical to the resolution of pedestrian safety concerns, although permanent counting installations might increase data collection efficiency. Only 4 of the 15 pedestrian safety issues were specifically being addressed by the agencies' data collection efforts. Their existing methods could, however, be used to target seven additional safety factors. The development of a pedestrian data monitoring guide is recommended; an outline is proposed. Several agencies admitted that pedestrian volumes did not affect their pedestrian treatments. Evidently, some transportation agencies could benefit from direction on how to relate pedestrian demand and behavior data to safety improvements.
Bioactive proteinaceous hydrogels from designed bifunctional building blocks.

Stimulus-responsive, or “smart” protein-based hydrogels are of interest for many bioengineering applications, but have yet to include biological activity independent of structural functionality. We have genetically engineered bifunctional building blocks incorporating fluorescent proteins that self-assemble into robust and active hydrogels. Gelation occurs when protein building blocks are cross-linked through native protein−protein interactions and the aggregation of α-helical hydrogel-forming appendages. Building blocks constructed from different fluorescent proteins can be mixed to enable tuning of fluorescence loading and hydrogel strength with a high degree of independence. FRET experiments suggest a macro-homogeneous structure and that intragel and interprotein reactions can be engineered. This design approach will enable the facile construction of complex hydrogels with broad applicability.
Long-term exposure to elevated CO2 in a Florida scrub-oak forest increases herbivore densities but has no effect on other arthropod guilds

. 1. This study uses pitfall traps and sticky traps to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the densities of insect herbivores, insectivores, and detritivores. 2. Pitfall trapping for the last 3 years of 11 years of continuously elevated CO2 revealed increases of insect herbivore species such as Thysanoptera (thrips), Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera, but no effects on insectivores such as spiders, parasitic wasps, and ants; or on detritivores such as Diptera (flies), Psocoptera (book lice), Blattodea (cockroaches), Collembola (spring tails), Orthoptera (crickets), and Coleoptera (beetles). 3. As the bottom-up effects of elevated CO2 are transmitted through plants to herbivores, they do not appear to reach insect natural enemies or decomposers.
Drinking history and sex of subject in the effects of alcohol on perception and perceptual-motor coordination.

Previous investigations of the effects of alcohol on eye-hand coordination have failed to assess the degree to which each of the individual components of this task-vision and proprioception-is affected by the drug. Such a “microanalysis” was performed in the present experiment in the context of a prism adaptation paradigm, as well as tasks involving mirror tracing and dart throwing. Twenty male and 20 female subjects were divided into equal subgroups of “heavy” and “light” drinkers. In the prism adaptation situation each subject was tested on three tasks-visual straight ahead (the visual task), pointing straight ahead (the proprioception task), and visual target pointing (the visuomotor coordination task)-before and after ingestion of either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage. Measures of adaptation to 11-degree prismatic displacement were also obtained. Little evidence for interactive effects between subject' sex or drinking history and alcohol was obtained. However, there was a tendency for alcohol t...
Assessing the sustainability of major cities in China

Rapid urbanization in the developing world calls for attention to address the issue of urban sustainability, especially in emerging countries such as China, where social equity and environmental conditions have been marginalized by the rapid economic development. In this paper, we addressed the above issue with an attempt to answer the following questions: (1) How did the sustainability of Chinese cities evolve over time? (2) What are the driving forces for the evolution? By constructing a composite index that incorporates three major aspects of sustainability, economy, environment, and social equity, we characterized the recent evolution of Chinese cities and assessed the disparity among regions in terms of the sustainability measures. Further, we analyzed the driving forces for the change of sustainability indices through a driving force-pressure-state-effect model. We substantiate our numerical analysis of Chinese cities with a detailed case study of Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, which has experienced significant change over the past 3 decades in every aspect of sustainability. We highlight some fundamental socioeconomic driving forces that have caused spatial restructuring, reflected by land-use change, and consequently impacted the urban environment of Urumqi. A brief case analysis of Guangzhou is also provided.
The synthesis of amino-acid functionalized β-Carbolines as topoisomerase II inhibitors

The synthesis and biological activity of amino acid functionalized β-carboline derivatives, which are structurally related to azatoxin and the tryprostatins, are reported. These compounds were assayed for their growth inhibition properties in H520 and PC3 cell lines and were examined for their abilities to inhibit topoisomerase II-mediated DNA relaxation.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism andtemporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract The concomitant finding of hypogonadotropic hypogonadismand temporal lobe epilepsy raises the issue of whether or not these entities are related. The case presented herein is one such example. The possible pathophysiologic basis of infertility and temporal lobe epilepsy is reviewed.
OPA1 in mitochondrial quality control and its implications for RGC degeneration

Mitochondria are vulnerable to damages of their proteins, lipids, and mtDNA by various stress factors and mitochondria either recycle dysfunctional mitochondria via the mitochondrial autophagy pathway, arrange for the recycling of the complete host cell by apoptosis, or continue to function normally and supply the host with energy and metabolites. This is called mitochondrial quality control and it is crucial for all neurodegenerative diseases, including the most prominent ones, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Mitochondrial quality control is facilitated by mitochondrial network dynamics – continuous fission and fusion of mitochondria. Mitochondrial fission is accomplished by DRP1. MFN1 and MFN2 on the mitochondrial outer membrane, and OPA1 on the mitochondrial inner membrane are necessary for mitochondrial fusion. Mitochondrial network dynamics are regulated in highly sophisticated ways by post-translational modifications and protein processing. I would like to present selected aspects of mitochondrial quality control using OPA1 as an example and discuss their implication on Dominant Optic Atrophy, a slowly progressive optic neuropathy with juvenile onset caused by mutations in the OPA1 gene.
Ultrastructure of the placenta and fetal membranes of the dog. I. The placental labyrinth.

The ultrastucture of the canine placental labyrinth has been studied at 40 to 60 days of gestation. Cytotrophoblasts persist in an undifferentiated state throughout gestation, with numerous polyribosomes and little rough endoplasmic reticulum, with expanded cisterns containing flocculent precipitate. Fetal capillaries progressively invade the syncytium, without, however, penetrating the basal lamina. Maternal decidual cells are reported here for the first time in this species. The maternal endothelium is considerably hypertrophied, with many profiles of membranous organelles; but there is consideriable thinning of this endothelium between 50 and 60 days. The interstitial membrane intervenes between trophoblast and maternal endothelium, often forming the thickest part of te barrier at 60 days. the definitive endotheliochorial condition is confirmed; and the thinnest barrier is about 1 μ.
Storage Technology: Capabilities and Limitations

The disk remains the primary form of mass storage. Despite competing technologies, improvements in disk technology will ensure its widespread use throughout the remainder of the century.
Age-biased stranding and righting in male horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus

Abstract Male horseshoe crabs have two mating tactics: some come ashore attached to females, whereas others remain unattached and crowd around the pairs that are nesting on the beach. The benefits are clear because unattached males release sperm and gain fertilizations by their satellite behaviour, but there are also costs associated with this alternative mating tactic. Horseshoe crabs sometimes become overturned and stranded on beaches during spawning, which can result in death by desiccation or predation. In some populations, such as in the Delaware Bay where this study was conducted, large numbers of horseshoe crabs may be stranded on the beach after spawning. Most overturned crabs right themselves quickly using their telsons, but stranded individuals are unable to do so. The results of this study show that stranding is due to two interacting factors, mating tactic and righting ability. First, unattached males were more likely to strand than attached males. Second, unattached males were, on average, older than attached males. Experiments reveal that once overturned, older crabs were less likely to right themselves than younger ones. Ultimately, the reason that older males are more likely to strand is probably related to senescence and parasitism.
HIGH SPEED CIRCUITS FOR LIGHTWAVE COMMUNICATIONS

Recent increase in the demand for bandwidth in the telecommunications network has stimulated both research and commercial activity in high-speed electronics. This paper summarizes the technical issues that bear on high-speed circuits in this context, as well as the device technologies available for these circuits in both laboratory and commercial processes. Finally a tutorial treatment is given of the main design requirements pertinent to circuits required for lightwave systems.
Enhancing base-code protection in aspect-oriented programs

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) promises to localize concerns that inherently crosscut the primary structural decomposition of a software system. Localization of concerns is critical to parallel development, maintainability, modular reasoning, and program understanding. However, AOP as it stands today causes problems in exactly these areas, defeating its purpose and impeding its adoption. First, the need to open up systems' modules for aspects' interaction competes with the need to protect those modules against possible fault injection by aspects. Second, since aspects are written in terms of base code interfaces, base system components must be stable before aspect components can be developed. This dependency hinders parallel development. This work proposes a language-based solution that allows base code classes to regulate aspect invasiveness, and provides loose coupling of aspects and base code.
Expandable metal stents for endoscopic bilateral stent-within-stent placement for malignant hilar biliary obstruction.

Background Placement of biliary stents is effective for palliation of unresectable hilar malignant biliary obstruction. However, when bilateral self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are used, placement can be technically challenging. In many studies, side-by-side placement is performed, although it is unclear whether this is the most anatomical and functional approach. Objective We sought to assess the technical feasibility and effectiveness of deploying bilateral SEMSs with a stent-within-stent approach using commercially available stents with a large cell width. Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Patients Patients with malignant biliary hilar obstruction referred for endoscopic palliation of obstructive jaundice. Main Outcome Measurements Technical success, ie, successful bilateral SEMS placement across the stricture; functional success, ie, decrease in pretreatment bilirubin level; early and late complications; and stent patency. Results Bilateral biliary drainage was attempted and successfully established in 21 patients with malignant hilar obstruction (15 men, 6 women; mean age 63.7 [standard deviation 13.9] years), resulting in clinical improvement of obstructive symptoms. Median follow-up was 6.14 months (interquartile range 3.5-9.5 months). There were 1 (5%) early and 7 (33%) late stent occlusions that required endoscopic reintervention. The 30-day mortality rate was 10% (2 deaths). Limitations Retrospective study of a series of cases treated at a tertiary care center by expert endoscopists. Conclusions This simple technique was performed by using an open-cell expandable metal stent is technically feasible and easy and allows bilateral placement of SEMSs in patients with unresectable hilar malignancy.
The viscoelastic behavior of short-fiber composite materials

Abstract This article examines the viscoelastic behavior of unidirectional short-fiber composites. Each fiber is approximated by an ellipsoidal elastic inclusion embedded in a viscoelastic matrix. The static correspondence principle which relates the viscoelastic problem to the elastic problem is applied to the modified expression of the effective elastic moduli of short-fiber composites originally derived by the authors. Numerical examples for various fiber aspect ratios are shown based upon the collocation approximation method. Comparisons of the result with the self-consistent method are also presented.
Molecular Mechanism of Actin Filament Nucleation by Leiomodin (Lmod)

Leiomodin (Lmod) is related to tropomodulin (Tmod), and the two proteins have similar localization in striated muscle, i.e. near the M-line, in association with the pointed end of the actin filaments. However, in vitro the two proteins have fundamentally different activities: Lmod is a powerful actin filament nucleator, whereas Tmod caps the pointed end. Originally, it was assumed that the different domain organizations of the two proteins explained their different activities. Thus, Tmod has two tropomyosin (TM)- and two actin-binding sites, organized as: TMBS1-ABS1-TMBS2-ABS2. Lmod is longer, featuring a C-terminal extension that contains a Pro-rich region and a WH2 domain, which constitutes a third actin-binding site. The presence of the WH2 was considered to be the major feature distinguishing Lmod from Tmod. Here we show that this is not the case. Among the main findings are: 1) Lmod not only lacks TMBS2, but also ABS1, such that the entire region N-terminal to ABS2 has very little effect on nucleation, 2) The C-terminal extension of Lmod has also a limited effect on nucleation, and adding it to Tmod produces a very modest increase in nucleation, 3) Despite being relatively well conserved, the major feature distinguishing Lmod from Tmod is ABS2, consistent mostly of a Leu-rich repeat domain. Structural analysis shows that ABS2 can bind up to 3 actin subunits, and subtle differences between Lmod and Tmod dictate the affinities of their interactions with actin, and thus their roles in nucleation vs. capping. Understanding these differences allowed us to engineer an ABS2 Tmod-Lmod hybrid with nucleation activity equal to that of full-length Lmod.
The Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Evidence of Preoperative Myocardial and Hepatic Infarction in Spite of Prostaglandin Therapy

From February, 1983, to November, 1984, 11 infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were managed medically prior to operative intervention. Only 2 of the 11 infants appeared to be in mild distress at birth. Despite relatively normal Apgar scores, 9 of the infants were seen in shock. All patients were managed medically with fluid restriction, diuretics, and the institution of prostaglandin E1. There was a marked improvement in arterial pH from a mean value of 7.13 prior to prostaglandin to 7.42 following prostaglandin infusion. There was also a dramatic decrease in the serum creatinine level from a mean pretreatment level of 1.5 mg/dl to 0.7 mg/dl following infusion. Ten of the 11 infants were operated on at a mean age of 4 days with a Norwood or conduit procedure. Three infants who died at 3, 13, and 24 days of age had sustained myocardial infarctions prior to operation. Three patients also had multiple infarcts of the liver. Three patients are alive 23, 22, and 6 months after operation, and are growing and developing normally. The ability to maintain the infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in a stable hemodynamic condition has made surgical palliation a realistic option for this otherwise fatal anomaly. Nevertheless, preoperative infarctions of the heart and viscera continue to play a major role in mortality.
Characteristics of older adults with intellectual disabilities referred for crisis intervention.

The aim of the present study was to identify the age correlates of behavioural crises in adults with intellectual disability (ID) living in the community. The cohort consisted of 185 clients (IQ 70 years, who were referred to a crisis intervention programme specializing in services to individuals with dual diagnosis over a 7-year period. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of historical and contemporaneous variables was completed. Referrals for crisis intervention were not related to the age of the client Aggression and non-compliant behaviour occurred with similar frequency in all age groups. Other behaviours, including withdrawal, self-injury, stereotypy and symptoms of psychiatric disorders, occurred less often in older clients. Severity of ID affected the pattern of behavioural crises that resulted in referral. The results suggest that people with ID residing in community settings still experience behavioural crises as they grow older. Confirmation of the trends reported in the present study might signal a need for accelerating the development of comprehensive age-span community mental health and behavioural supports.
Militia and Local Militarization in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Case of Hunan

One of the most striking features of Chinese local society in the early and middle nineteenth century was a process of increasing militarization. Since its publication in 1970, Philip Kuhn's Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China has remained the most important, and in fact the only, scholarly guide to this significant historical phenomenon. As described by Kuhn, the militarization of Chinese society at this time was manifested in a number of ways. First, the proliferation of local armed units, representing both the forces of order and of rebellion, spread out of mountainous border regions where violence was endemic even in the best of times, to central valleys and plains where it was not. Second, there was an increase in the size and complexity of these various armed forces. On the "heterodox" side, small secret society or bandit bands were joined by full-scale armies of rebellion or "communities in arms" such as the Taipings. On the "orthodox" side, militarization first entailed the combination of single-village militia into more broadly based joint militia, and eventually led to the formation of "regional armies." Finally, accompanying the growing scale of military organization was an increased professionalism of the men drawn into military action.
The chemical properties of cytochrome c oxidase in intact mitochondria.

Abstract Cyanide reacts with oxidized cytochrome oxidase in intact mitochondria to form a low-spin cyanide compound. The reaction is first order in time but obeys Michaelis-Menton kinetics with respect to cyanide concentration. The cyanide concentration required for one-half maximal rate is approximately 4 μ m in uncoupled mitochondria at pH 6.5. A pH dependent equilibrium exists between two forms of oxidized cytochrome a 3 (p K 6.9) and the pH dependence of the cyanide reaction is interpreted as arising from its specific reaction with the acid form (but not with the base form). The initial cyanide complex is spectroscopically undetected and the measured cyanide reaction represents the rate of conversion from the intermediate form ( K d = 4 μm ) to the spectroscopically distinct form (overall K d μm ). The second order rate constant of the cyanide reaction with oxidized cytochrome oxidase is approximately 1 × 10 4 m −1 sec. −1 Cyanide also binds to reduced cytochrome oxidase in intact mitochondria with a dissociation constant of 300 μ m .
Toward a molecular understanding of RNA remodeling by DEAD-box proteins

DEAD-box proteins are superfamily 2 helicases that function in all aspects of RNA metabolism. They employ ATP binding and hydrolysis to generate tight, yet regulated RNA binding, which is used to unwind short RNA helices non-processively and promote structural transitions of RNA and RNA-protein substrates. In the last few years, substantial progress has been made toward a detailed, quantitative understanding of the structural and biochemical properties of DEAD-box proteins. Concurrently, progress has been made toward a physical understanding of the RNA rearrangements and folding steps that are accelerated by DEAD-box proteins in model systems. Here, we review the recent progress on both of these fronts, focusing on the mitochondrial DEAD-box proteins Mss116 and CYT-19 and their mechanisms in promoting the splicing of group I and group II introns.
Fulfilling the Promise of the Cognitive Neurosciences

The paper by Meyer-Lindenberg and colleagues in this issue of Neuron provides strong evidence that the absence of one or more genes in Williams syndrome leads to highly circumscribed pathology in the dorsal visual stream. This program of research demonstrates that neurocognitive architecture follows the same principles in typical and atypical development.
Efficient discovery of regular stride patterns in irregular programs and its use in compiler prefetching

Irregular data references are difficult to prefetch, as the future memory address of a load instruction is hard to anticipate by a compiler. However, recent studies as well as our experience indicate that some important load instructions in irregular programs contain stride access patterns. Although the load instructions with stride patterns are difficult to identify with static compiler techniques, we developed an efficient profiling method to discover these load instructions. The new profiling method integrates the profiling for stride information and the traditional profiling for edge frequency into a single profiling pass. The integrated profiling pass runs only 17% slower than the frequency profiling alone. The collected stride information helps the compiler to identify load instructions with stride patterns that can be prefetched efficiently and beneficially. We implemented the new profiling and prefetching techniques in a research compiler for Itanium Processor Family (IPF), and obtained significant performance improvement for the SPECINT2000 programs running on Itanium machines. For example, we achieved a 1.59x speedup for 181.mcf, 1.14x for 254.gap, and 1.08x for 197.parser. We also showed that the performance gain is stable across input data sets. These benefits make the new profiling and prefetching techniques suitable for production compilers.
Obesity is associated with impaired cardiac autonomic modulation in children

AbstractObjective. To examine the cross-sectional association between measurements of obesity and subclinical impairment of cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) in a population-based sample of children. Methods. Data from 616 grade K-5 children randomly selected from Central Pennsylvania were utilized. Obesity was defined using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) age- and sex-specific cut-off criteria and classified as normal weight, overweight, and obese. CAM was measured by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of beat-to-beat RR intervals, including time domain measures i.e., the standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean of the sum of squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), and mean heart rate (HR); and frequency domain measures i.e., high frequency power (HF), low frequency power (LF), and LF/HF ratio. Results. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in children was 12.3%, and 16.5%, respectively. Age, race, sex, and sleep disorder breathin...
Synthesis, secretion, and deposition of fibronectin in cultured human synovium

We examined fibronectin synthesis, secretion, and deposition in vitro by primary explants of rheumatoid synovium. Primary cultures initiated from tissue with monocytic infiltrates had higher levels of fibronectin synthesis; addition of dexamethasone at concentrations known to stimulate other tissue fibroblasts increased fibronectin synthesis and secretion. Newly synthesized fibronectin recovered from primary rheumatoid culture medium had a higher apparent molecular weight (240-245 kd), on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, compared with fibronectin recovered from passaged normal and rheumatoid cultures (230 kd). Primary rheumatoid explant cultures had a characteristic morphology which correlated with fibronectin deposition. Dense deposits of fibronectin extracellular matrix covered overlapping synoviocytes adjacent to esterase-positive mononuclear cells. Dexamethasone-treated cultures showed little fibronectin deposited as extracellular matrix and did not develop overlapping cellular networks. Characteristic patterns of fibronectin synthesis and deposition in primary rheumatoid cultures appear to result from interaction between fibroblastic and monocytic cells. This culture system may provide a model by which to study interactions between cells and extracellular matrix components that regulate synovial cell function.
Modelling techniques for optimal control of distributed parameter systems

A direct method for solving optimal control problems by parameterizing control variables is considered. This control parameterization technique is formulated for controlling a class of self-adjoint distributed parameter systems using open-closed loop forces applied at discrete points in space. In particular, optimal control of flexible continuous structures is studied with the objective of minimizing a given performance index over a prescribed time interval. The performance index of the problem is taken as a combination of the total energy of the structure and the penalty terms on the expenditure of the open-closed loop forces used in the control process. The control is to be implemented by discrete sets of displacement sensors (closed-loop forces) and force actuators (open-loop forces) that monitor the response of the structure. In contrast to variational methods, a direct application of control parameterization is used in this study. The method is based on polynomial (or trigonometric function) approximation of each open-loop control variable that converts the linear quadratic problem into a mathematical programming problem, where the necessary condition of optimality is derived as a system of linear algebraic equations. Furthermore, the optimal feedback parameters of the closed-loop control forces are numerically determined from the solution of the total energy minimization problem. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by applying it to an example of a simply supported beam subject to initial disturbances.
Pre-mRNA 3' cleavage is reversibly inhibited in vitro by cleavage factor dephosphorylation.

During 3’ end formation most pre-mRNAs undergo endonucleolytic cleavage and polyadenylation in the 3’ untranslated region. Very little is known concerning the role that post-translational modifications play in the function and regulation of the factors required for 3’ cleavage. Using the reconstituted pre-mRNA cleavage reaction, we find that non-specific dephosphorylation of HeLa cell nuclear extract leads to the loss of 3’ cleavage activity. A variety of serine/threonine phosphatases inhibited cleavage activity, while a tyrosine phosphatase did not. When the three major cleavage factor activities – CPSF, CstF and CFm (containing CFIm and CFIIm) – were separated and dephosphorylated individually, only CFm was found to lose activity, indicating that the target of dephosphorylation resides within this fraction. In accordance with this result, only CFm was able to restore cleavage activity to HeLa nuclear extract whose 3’ cleavage activity had been completely inactivated by dephosphorylation. We conclude tha...
Variation in nitrogen accumulation and distribution among soybean cultivars.

Abstract Data were collected during two seasons on the nitrogen accumulation and distribution in various soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars. In the 1st season, 121 cultivars were surveyed for variation in nitrogen concentrations and quantities in the vegetative parts and seeds at two stages of development, just before the beginning of seed development and prior to physiological maturity. Nitrogen concentrations varied substantially among cultivars, as did total nitrogen uptake, which depended on plant biomass. Rates of nitrogen accumulation in both seed and whole plant (above ground) varied among cultivars, and indicated differing rates of nitrogen translocation from the vegetative tissue to the seed. In the 2nd year, ten cultivars were sampled at weekly intervals during seed development and analyzed for nitrogen. Three cultivars illustrate the substantial variation among cultivars. Nitrogen accumulation in the whole plant of the early maturing cultivar ‘827-4’ declined rapidly after the beginning of rapid linear pod fill, most of the nitrogen for seed development was translocated from the vegetative organs. Nitrogen accumulation in the whole plant of the later maturing and indeterminate variety, ‘Amsoy’, continued at a high constant rate throughout pod fill, but vegetative material which grew during pod fill retained much of this nitrogen so it was not available for seed development. In the cultivar ‘Corsoy’ most of the nitrogen accumulated during pod fill was used for seed development.
E-bra with nanosensors, smart electronics and smart phone communication network for heart rate monitoring

Heart related ailments have been a major cause for deaths in both men and women in United States. Since 1985, more women than men have died due to cardiac or cardiovascular ailments for reasons that are not well understood as yet. Lack of a deterministic understanding of this phenomenon makes continuous real time monitoring of cardiovascular health the best approach for both early detection of pathophysiological changes and events indicative of chronic cardiovascular diseases in women. This approach requires sensor systems to be seamlessly mounted on day to day clothing for women. With this application in focus, this paper describes a e-bra platform for sensors towards heart rate monitoring. The sensors, nanomaterial or textile based dry electrodes, capture the heart activity signals in form Electrocardiograph (ECG) and relay it to a compact textile mountable amplifier-wireless transmitter module for relay to a smart phone. The ECG signal, acquired on the smart phone, can be transmitted to the cyber space for post processing. As an example, the paper discusses the heart rate estimation and heart rate variability. The data flow from sensor to smart phone to server (cyber infrastructure) has been discussed. The cyber infrastructure based signal post processing offers an opportunity for automated emergency response that can be initiated from the server or the smartphone itself. Detailed protocols for both the scenarios have been presented and their relevance to the present emergency healthcare response system has been discussed.
Mitral valve aneurysm: clinical features, echocardiographic-pathologic correlations.

Aneurysm of the mitral valve occurs most commonly in association with infective endocarditis of the aortic valve. The probable mechanism of its formation is destruction of the aortic valve which results in a regurgitant jet that strikes the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, creating a secondary site of infection leading to the development of an aneurysm. Perforation of these aneurysms may occur, resulting in mitral regurgitation and pulmonary edema from a ventricle already volume overloaded from aortic regurgitation. This report describes the clinical and echocardio-graphic-pathologic findings in five patients with pathologically proven aneurysm of the mitral valve. There are no clinical features that appear specific for this abnormality. The two-dimensional echocardiographic feature that is helpful in the diagnosis is a bulge of the mitral valve leaflet toward the left atrium that persists throughout the cardiac cycle. Preoperative diagnosis is important because a mitral valve aneurysm may produce serious complications and is frequently overlooked during surgery. Repair of the aneurysm may be feasible; otherwise, valve replacement becomes necessary. Careful two-dimensional echocardiographic examination should be done in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis to detect an aneurysm of the mitral valve.
Ab initio calculation of the KRb dipole moments

The relativistic configuration interaction valence-bond method has been used to calculate permanent and transition electric dipole moments of the KRb heteronuclear molecule as a function of internuclear separation. The permanent dipole moment of the ground-state $X{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ potential is found to be 0.30(2) ${\mathrm{ea}}_{0}$ at the equilibrium internuclear separation with excess negative charge on the potassium atom. For the $a{}^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ potential the dipole moment is an order of smaller magnitude (1 ${\mathrm{ea}}_{0}=8.47835{10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}\mathrm{Cm}).$ In addition, we calculate transition dipole moments between the two ground-state and excited-state potentials that dissociate to the $\mathrm{K}(4s)+\mathrm{Rb}(5p)$ limits. Using this data we propose a way to produce singlet $X{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ KRb molecules by a two-photon Raman process starting from an ultracold mixture of doubly spin-polarized ground state K and Rb atoms. This Raman process is only allowed due to relativistic spin-orbit couplings and the absence of gerade-ungerade selection rules in heteronuclear dimers.
The Effect of Decisions and Outcomes on the Career Maturity of High School Students.

Abstract Most high school students have difficulty making effective career decisions. To address this problem, the investigators examined the impact of the College Entrance Examination Board's Decisions and Outcomes Program on the career maturity of 11th-grade high school students. The study demonstrated that the program can increase students' career maturity in specific areas. In addition, the study supported previous research that has demonstrated that students with greater ego identity produce higher scores on certain attitude components of career maturity. Overall, Decisions and Outcomes was most successful in facilitating the affective domain of career maturity.
Migration and Settling of Particulates in Filled Epoxies

Manufacturing applications for filled polymers include encapsulation of microelectronics and injection molding of composite parts. Predictive tools for simulating these manufacturing processes require knowledge of time- and temperature-dependent rheology of the polymer as well as information about local particle concentration. The overall system rheology is highly dependent on the particle concentration. The local particle concentration can change due to gravity, convection and shear-induced migration. For the epoxy systems of interest, an extent of reaction can be used to track the degree of cure. We couple the curing model with a diffusive flux suspension model [Zhang and Acrivos 1994] to determine the particle migration. This results in a generalized Newtonian model that has viscosity as a function of temperature, cure and concentration. Using this model, we examine settling of the particulate phase in both flowing and quiescent curing systems. We focus on settling in molds and flow in wide-gap counter-rotating cylinders. The heat transfer, including the exothermic polymerization reaction, must be modeled to achieve accurate results. The model is validated with temperature measurements and post-test microscopy data. Particle concentration is determined with x-ray microfocus visualization or confocal microscopy. Agreement between the simulations and experimental results is fair.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Tourism, modernity and the consumption of home in China

Tourists have long been neglected in the literature on home and mobility, although they constitute a massive mobile population within and across national borders. Addressing this gap, this paper advances geography's critical engagement with home in relation to mobility and modernity, and questions the binary distinction between home and unhomeliness in tourist mobility. It focuses on the alienation of Chinese modernity and how one group of domestic tourists negotiates this alienation through their imagination and consumption of home in a popular tourist site (i.e. Lijiang, a World Heritage site in Yunnan province) within the context of China's transformation, which started in 1978. This paper has two objectives. First, it examines why home is woven into the touristic imagination of Lijiang; and second, it links tourists' personal experiences with China's broad sociospatial transformation in order to explore individuals' resistance against and compliance with modernity. I argue that the imagination and consumption of home generates intensely contradictory configurations of struggle that simultaneously push tourists towards an ideal of home for inner freedom and premodern paradise, yet pull them back into the whirling vortex of ‘modern’ life and commercial forces. The paper sheds light on micro-geographies of people's lives in the context of China's rapid transformation.
Strengthening mechanisms in Cu3Au

The effect of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of originally disordered and ordered polycrystalline Cu3Au was investigated in the range 273–648 K. While stress-strain curves exhibit serrations identical to those attributable to dynamic strain aging, no correlation seems to exist between the presence of the serrations and the yield stress or work hardening. On the other hand, experimental data suggest that the yield stress and work hardening of both states, disordered and ordered, are best explained in terms of deformation mechanisms based on order-disorder phenomenon. For the disordered alloy, the deformation behavior appears consistent with short-range order strengthening at lower temperatures, and a transition from unit dislocations to superlattice dislocations at higher temperatures. For the ordered state, the mechanical data could be qualitatively accounted for by either the Modulus Interaction model or the Antiphase Boundary Modification process.
A Constructivist Approach to Defining Human Emotion: From George Kelly to Rue Cromwell

In Being Human: Human Being, Rue Cromwell proposed that scientific knowledge does not need to converge in order to progress and that embracing diversity of knowledge domains benefits researchers more than the quest for unification. Principles from Kelly's personal construct theory and Cromwell's book are used to suggest a more meta-theoretical approach to emotion research, as well as defining emotion, by explaining how (a) various theories of emotion are not necessarily in competition with one another, as one can view various theories of emotion as simply being different (and perhaps not similar enough to one another to be compared in a clear-cut fashion); and (b) one cannot definitively claim that one theory of emotion is the correct or best account of all of emotional life, without simultaneously ignoring the difficulties that arise when considering multiple theories (or alternative constructions) that rely on different fundamental assumptions. This second point draws on Cromwell's discussion of how “un...
Richard ‘Pancho’ González, Race and the Print Media in Postwar Tennis America

Latinos and Latinas have a long history in the sport of tennis. This article examines the life of Richard ‘Pancho’ Gonzalez, a Mexican-American tennis player who overcame racial and class barriers to reach the top of professional tennis in the 1950s. It focuses on the changing media coverage of Gonzalez in English- and Spanish-language newspapers, mainstream magazines and sports journals. The article shows how the English print media constructed Gonzalez as the ‘bad boy’ of tennis during the Second World War but then a decade later celebrated his athletic achievements as symbol of American democracy. The Spanish-language media repeatedly praised Gonzalez as a role model for Mexican American youth. Ultimately, the racial ideologies communicated through media sources played an important role in the representation of Richard ‘Pancho’ Gonzalez and the visible contributions of Latino athletes in US sports.
Ideas of justice: a reply

The meeting on global justice in the spring of 2011 in San Diego, California, was quite wonderful. It was skillfully planned, with much forethought and imagination, by Fonna Forman and Gerry Mackie...
Spatially resolved microchemical analysis of chromate-conversion-coated aluminum alloy AA2024-T3

The corrosion of aerospace aluminum alloys has been linked to the electrochemical behavior and chemical composition of constituent intermetallic compounds (IMCs). In this study, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), synchrotron infrared microspectrometry (SIRMS) and x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) were used to characterize chromate conversion coatings (CCCs) formed on AA2024-T3 sheet and cast IMC analogs. The nascent surface film formed on IMC and matrix surfaces was characterized to reveal the influence of microstructure on CCC structure and composition. Copper-rich regions were found on the outermost CCC surface. Intermetallic compounds rich in Cu were found to be surface depleted of Cr and enriched in CN from the ferricyanide present in the CCC as an accelerator compound. By distinguishing particle morphology and chemistry, SIMS data demonstrated that heterogeneities in CCC composition were associated with IMCs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.