cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Response Systems (SRS) and the Performance of First-Generation Students Majoring in Business

Traditionally, first-generation college students (students whose parents didn’t attend college) are at a distinct disadvantage in regards to academic performance and outcomes at post-secondary institutions; and according to the literature, the most commonly declared major of first-generation students is business. Student response systems (SRS) are an in-class student polling technology that is designed to create an engaging and inviting learning environment that maximizes active learning. This study seeks to determine if SRS causes a significant improvement in the exam scores for first-generation college students majoring in business exposed to SRS compared to first-generation college students majoring in business not exposed to SRS.
Evolutionary Economics: A Study of Change in Economic Thought

(1992). Evolutionary Economics: A Study of Change in Economic Thought. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 923-925.
Investigating cyclist violations at signal-controlled intersections using naturalistic cycling data

Improving bicycle safety is considered as a growing concern for two reasons. First, in the United States in recent years, about 700 cyclists were killed and about 48,000 were injured in bicycle motor vehicle crashes each year. Regarding crash location, from 2008 to 2012 in the United States, more than 30% of cyclist fatalities occurred at intersections. Furthermore, up to 16% of bicycle-related crashes were due to cyclist violations at intersections. Second, from 2000 to 2011, bicycle commuting rates in the United States has increased: by 80% in large Bicycle Friendly Cities (BFCs), by 32% in non-BFCs, and overall by 47%. Also, cycling as one of the sustainable and eco-friendly modes of transport is receiving more attention than before. In this paper, to investigate factors affecting cyclist behavior at signalized intersections, a naturalistic cycling experiment was designed and conducted. Applying mixed effects generalized regression analysis, movement and presence of other users were found as significant factors that influence the probability of red light violations by cyclists. Moreover, several machine learning algorithms were adopted to develop cyclist violation prediction models at signalized intersections. The violation prediction models were developed based on kinetic information of cyclists approaching the intersection. The results showed a promising performance of the prediction models in terms of high true positive rates and low false positive rates.
Military blast-induced synaptic changes with distinct vulnerability may explain behavioral alterations in the absence of obvious brain damage.

Sadly many military veterans, who left home to serve their country honorably, return from service with permanent life-changing injuries. It is easy to remember our debt to those who have incurred such visible injuries, and all too easy to forget the invisible wounds that afflict so many of our military servicemen and women. Brain injuries can be invisible during initial medical evaluations and are often caused by military explosives that create blast shockwaves of varying intensity. One of the most common types of traumatic brain injury (TBI) linked to military service is blast-induced neurotrauma. To better understand this type of injury, a recently published study subjected rat brain slice cultures to detonations of RDX military explosives, resulting in reduced levels of specific synaptic markers. Such alterations have in fact been linked to depressive behavior, anxiety, and cognitive rigidity, and the blast-induced synaptic modifications may underlie the behavioral changes in those TBI sufferers who do not exhibit measurable brain damage. This research has the potential to improve diagnoses by identifying indicators of synapse integrity for the assessment of subtle synaptopathogenesis linked to blast-induced neurotrauma. Journal of Nature and Science (JNSCI), 3(7):e406, 2017
Systemic Implicit Bias

Legal discourse on implicit bias has changed the way scholars and citizens think about race in the justice system. Ever-growing scholarship, much of it empirical, has identified, confronted, and sought to address how implicit bias operates in nearly every criminal justice context—especially in policing, prosecuting, judging, and juror decision-making. This focus on racially fraught legal processes, and the subsequent search to mitigate or eliminate the operations of implicit bias within each of them, has been an illuminating force not only for those who seek to expose the reality of a biased system, but also for those who recognize that the fairness-driven ideals of the American legal system are not being realized. Thus, it is not surprising that efforts designed to “deal with” implicit bias in the criminal justice system—whether through judicial trainings, jury instructions, or structural safeguards—have become increasingly popular. Our aim here is to strengthen the existing model of implicit bias by proposing the addition of a new theoretical layer. It is not only processes and people that allow implicit bias to seep into the criminal justice system. We argue that a comprehensive understanding of implicit bias in the criminal justice system requires acknowledging that the theoretical underpinnings of the entire system may now be culturally and cognitively inseparable from implicit bias.
Perceived intentional transmission of HIV infection, sustained viral suppression and psychosocial outcomes among men who have sex with men living with HIV: a cross-sectional assessment.

Objective HIV continues to be a global and national public health challenge, and men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected in the USA. Transmission of HIV is intentional if the person living with HIV knows about his/her serostatus, acts with the intention to and actually transmits HIV. Research on intentional transmission of HIV infections is lacking, and the relationships between perceived intentional transmission, viral suppression and psychosocial outcomes have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between perceived intentional transmission of HIV, sustained viral suppression and psychosocial outcomes. Methods Data were obtained from 338 MSM living with HIV who participated in a disclosure intervention study. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess the associations between perceived intentional transmission and viral suppression, condomless anal intercourse in the past 30 days, being at risk for clinical depression, substance use, self-efficacies for condom use, HIV disclosure and negotiation of safer sex practices, and sexual compulsivity. Results 44% of the study population reported perceiving intentional HIV transmission. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, men who thought that they were infected intentionally had 69% higher odds (adjusted OR: 1.69; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.83) of being at risk for clinical depression, and on average, scored approximately 3 points and 4 points higher on depressive symptoms and sexual compulsivity, respectively (adjusted β: 3.29; 95% CI 0.42 to 6.15; adjusted β: 3.74; 95% CI 1.32 to 6.17) compared with men who did not think that they were intentionally infected. After adjusting for confounders, there was no statistically significant association between perceived intentional transmission and viral suppression. Conclusions Intervention programmes for MSM living with HIV who thought they were infected intentionally are warranted and should aim to attenuate depressive symptoms and sexual compulsivity.
“This Was Being Done Only to Help”: Development and Forced Labor in Barue, Mozambique, 1959–1965*

This article examines the history of development and forced labor in Barue, a rural district in central Mozambique, in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Barue was designated as a labor reserve, whose economic role was to send forced workers into migrant labor elsewhere. This was slated to change in the early 1960s, with the rise of a new developmental discourse in the Portuguese empire. This discourse promised to transform the economic model of Barue and other rural districts, by outlawing forced labor, minimizing migrant labor, and promoting rural agriculture. The Portuguese government, however, lacked the resources and the commitment necessary to actually change Barue's economy. Instead of development transforming Barue's economic model, the economic model transformed development, which was redefined as a series of modest social and economic improvements which neither changed Barue's economy nor reduced its dependence upon migrant labor. Nonetheless, while this narrower definition of “development” did not fulfill the transformative promise of its discursive progenitor, it was compatible with development's broader objective of defending and justifying the Portuguese empire against the threat of decolonization. The ultimate goal of safeguarding Portuguese rule made it possible to reconcile a discourse founded on change with a reality marked by continuity.
Seasonal influences on partitioning and transport of total and methylmercury in rivers from contrasting watersheds

Seven Wisconsin rivers with contrasting, relativelyhomogeneous watershed composition were selected toassess the factors controlling mercury transport.Together, these watersheds allow comparisons ofwetland, forest, urban and agricultural land-uses.Each site was sampled nine times between September1993 and September 1994 to establish seasonalsignatures and transport processes of total mercury(HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg). Our resultsclearly show that land use and land cover stronglyinfluence mercury transport processes. Under base-flowconditions, unfiltered MeHg yield varies by a factorof sixteen (12–195 mg km-2 d-1), andincreases with the fraction of wetland area in thewatershed. Elevated mercury yields during high floware particle-phase associated in agricultural sites,but filtered-phase associated in wetland sites.Methylmercury represented less than 5% of totalmercury mobilized during the spring thaw across allwatersheds. Autumn MeHg yield was generally 11–15%of HgT in wetland influenced watersheds, thougha maximum of 51% was observed. In some cases, singlehigh-flow events may dominate the annual export ofmercury from a watershed. For example, one high-flowevent on the agricultural Rattlesnake Creek had thelargest HgT and MeHg yield in the study (107 and2.32 mg km-2 d-1, respectively). The mass ofmercury transported downstream by this single eventwas an order of magnitude larger than the eight other(non-event) sampling dates combined. These resultsunderscore the importance of watershed characteristicsand seasonal events on the fate of mercury in freshwater rivers.
The Formal and Nonformal Logic of Infinite Concatenating Regresses

In this chapter I will explore the logic governing derivations of infinite concatenating regresses. There are at least two reasons why it is important to understand this logic: it will help us to improve our presentation and evaluation of infinite regress arguments that use concatenating regresses; and such regress arguments seem to be the most common. To facilitate this exploration I will make use of the notion of a recurring term, or a loop, and then prove that a regress formula entails a concatenating regress only if it blocks all possible recurring terms, or in other words, only if it blocks all possible loops. A further goal is to show that a strictly formal analysis of a regress formula is inadequate to give a complete account of the derivation of its intended concatenating regress: various semantic and contextual aspects of regress formulas need to be considered.
Epithelial cells exert differential traction stress in response to substrate stiffness.

Abstract Epithelial wound healing is essential for maintaining the function and clarity of the cornea. Successful repair after injury involves the coordinated movements of cell sheets over the wounded region. While collective migration has been the focus of studies, the effects that environmental changes have on this form of movement are poorly understood. To examine the role of substrate compliancy on multi-layered epithelial sheet migration, we performed traction force and confocal microscopy to determine differences in traction forces and to examine focal adhesions on synthetic and biological substrates. The leading edges of corneal epithelial sheets undergo retraction or contraction prior to migration, and alterations in the sheet's stiffness are affected by the amount of force exerted by cells at the leading edge. On substrates of 30 kPa, cells exhibited greater and more rapid movement than on substrates of 8 kPa, which are similar to that of the corneal basement membrane. Vinculin and its phosphorylated residue Y1065 were prominent along the basal surface of migrating cells, while Y822 was prominent between neighboring cells along the leading edge. Vinculin localization was diffuse on a substrate where the basement membrane was removed. Furthermore, when cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated acrylamide substrates of 8 and 50 kPa and then wounded, there was an injury-induced phosphorylation of Y1065 and substrate dependent changes in the number and size of vinculin containing focal adhesions. These results demonstrate that changes in substrate stiffness affected traction forces and vinculin dynamics, which potentially could contribute to the delayed healing response associated with certain corneal pathologies.
Style components

We propose a novel method for interactive editing of motion data based on motion decomposition. Our method employs Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to separate motion data into visually meaningful components called style components. The user then interactively identifies suitable style components and manipulates them based on a proposed set of operations. In particular, the user can transfer style components from one motion to another in order to create new motions that retain desirable aspects of the style and expressiveness of the original motion. For example, a clumsy walking motion can be decomposed so as to separate the clumsy nature of the motion from the underlying walking pattern. The clumsy style component can then be applied to a running motion, which will then yield a clumsy-looking running motion. Our approach is simple, efficient and intuitive since the components are themselves motion data. We demonstrate that the proposed method can serve as an effective tool for interactive motion analysis and editing.
Abstract 453: A circulating tumor cell assay for dynamic assessment of drug sensitivity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Background: Tissue-based gene signatures can predict clinical behavior in prostate cancer (PC). Our objective was to extend their application to circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and to show that changes in the signature were associated with changes in clinical behavior. Methods: Our approach combined the Thermoresponsive(TR)-NanoVelcro CTC purification system with the Nanostring nCounter system for cellular purification and transcriptomic analysis. The Prostate Cancer Classification System (PCS) panel was modified for use in CTCs. We selected 31 blood samples from 23 PC patients receiving androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) and measured the PCS1 Z score (probability). These findings were compared with clinical outcome data (responsiveness/resistance). Results: A modified, 16-gene PCS1 signature was established and validated through a rigorous bioinformatics process. We performed analytical validation of our combined CTC-RNA system to ensure reproducibility and specificity. In patient bloods, ARSI-resistant samples (ARSI-R, n=14) had significantly higher PCS1 Z scores as compared with ARSI-sensitive samples (ARSI-S, n=17) (Rank-sum test, P=0.003). The analyzed bloods contained samples from 8 patients who developed resistance to an ARSI allowing for dynamic measurement of gene expression. Our analysis found that the PCS1 Z score increased at the time that ARSI-resistance emerged (Pairwise T-test, P=0.016). Conclusions:Using this new methodology, contemporary, clinically-relevant gene signatures such as PCS could be measured non-invasively in CTCs. These findings can be used to relate gene expression to clinical drug response. This approach also allowed for measurement of dynamic variations of gene expression in individual patients over time that correlated to ARSI sensitivity. Citation Format: Pai-Chi Teng, Yu Jen Jan, Junhee Yoon, Jie-Fu Chen, Pin-Jung Chen, Nu Yao, Shirley Cheng, Amber Lozano, Michael R. Freeman, Sungyong You, Hsian-Rong Tseng, Edwin M. Posadas. A circulating tumor cell assay for dynamic assessment of drug sensitivity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 453.
Stable Li metal anode by a polyvinyl alcohol protection layer via modifying solid-electrolyte interphase layer

Abstract Lithium (Li) metal is considered an ideal anode for next-generation high energy Li metal batteries (LMBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, stable cycling of LMBs has long been restrained by the extremely unstable interfaces between the Li metal anode and liquid electrolyte. Here, we found that low-cost polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer can be applied as an effective protection layer for Li metal anodes in both ether- and carbonate-based electrolytes. The PVA protection layer will participate in and facilitate formation of a superior PVA-modified solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on Li metal, leading to uniform deposition of Li and alleviated consumption of electrolyte. Li||Cu half-cells with the PVA protection layers show dendrite-free Li deposition and greatly extended stable cycling with high Coulombic efficiency (CE) (e.g. average CE of 98.3% for over 630 cycles). Li-Sulfur, Li–LiFePO4 and Li–LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 full-cells using the PVA-protected Li metal anodes also show significantly improved electrochemical performance with better capacity retention and higher CE, even under lean electrolyte (7.5 μL mAh−1) condition.
Providing Gender Confirmation Surgery at an Academic Medical Center: Analysis of Use, Insurance Payer, and Fiscal Impact

Background Expansion of insurance coverage for gender confirmation surgery (GCS) has led to a large demand for GCS in the US. We sought to determine the financial impact of providing comprehensive GCS services at an academic medical center. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of patients older than 18 years who presented for GCS between January 1, 2015 and July 31, 2018 at a single academic medical center. The use of GCS services and associated work relative value units is reported. Departmental and hospital-level operating (profit) margins are reported relative to other hospital services, as well as the payer mix. Results A total of 818 patients underwent 970 GCS procedures between January 2015 and July 2018. Mean (SD) age was 35.32 (12.84) years. Four hundred and ninety-three (60.3%) patients underwent a masculinizing procedure, and 325 (39.7%) had a feminizing procedure. The most commonly performed procedure was chest masculinization (n = 403). The GCS case volume grew to generate 23.8% (plastic surgery) and 17.8% (urology) of total annual departmental work relative value units, and was associated with positive operating margins after recouping new faculty hiring costs. There were positive operating margins for GCS procedures for the hospital system that compare favorably with other common procedures and admissions. Medicare and Medicaid remained the most common payer throughout the study period, but dropped from 70% in 2015 to 48% in 2018. Conclusions We found that providing GCS at our academic medical center is profitable for both the surgical department and the hospital system. This suggests such a program can be a favorable addition to academic medical centers in the US.
Intra-species signaling between distinct Pseudomonas aeruginosa genotypes increases production of quorum sensing controlled virulence factors

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa damages hosts through the production of diverse secreted products, many of which are regulated by quorum sensing. The lasR gene, which encodes a central quorum-sensing regulator, is frequently mutated, and loss of LasR function impairs the activity of downstream regulators RhlR and PqsR. We found that in diverse models, the presence of P. aeruginosa wild type causes LasR loss-of-function strains to hyperproduce RhlR/I-regulated antagonistic factors and autoinducer production by the wild type is not required for this effect. We uncovered a reciprocal interaction between isogenic wild type and lasR mutant pairs wherein the iron-scavenging siderophore pyochelin, specifically produced by the lasR mutant, induces citrate release and cross-feeding from wild type. Citrate stimulates RhlR signaling and RhlI levels in LasR- but not in LasR+ strains, and the interactions occur in diverse media. Co-culture interactions between strains that differ by the function of a single transcription factor impact may explain worse outcomes associated with mixtures of LasR+ and LasR loss-of-function strains. More broadly, this report illustrates how interactions within a genotypically diverse population, similar to those that frequently develop in natural settings, can promote net virulence factor production.
Toward Privacy-Aware Task Allocation in Social Sensing-Based Edge Computing Systems

With the advance in mobile computing, Internet of Things, and ubiquitous wireless connectivity, social sensing-based edge computing (SSEC) has emerged as a new computation paradigm where people and their personally owned devices collect sensor measurements from the physical world and process them at the edge of the network. This article focuses on a privacy-aware task allocation problem where the goal is to optimize the computation task allocation in SSEC systems while respecting the users’ customized privacy settings. It introduces a novel game-theoretic privacy-aware task allocation (G-PATA) framework to achieve the goal. G-PATA includes: 1) a bottom-up game-theoretic model to generate the maximum payoffs at end devices while satisfying the end user’s privacy settings and 2) a top-down incentive scheme to adjust the rewards for the tasks to ensure that the task allocation decisions made by end devices meet the Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements of the applications. Furthermore, the framework incorporates an efficient load balancing and iteration reduction component to adapt to the dynamic changes in status and privacy configurations of end devices. The G-PATA framework was implemented on a real-world edge computing platform that consists of heterogeneous end devices (Jetson TX1 and TK1 boards, and Raspberry Pi3). We compare G-PATA with state-of-the-art task allocation schemes through two real-world social sensing applications. The results show that G-PATA significantly outperforms existing approaches under various privacy settings (our scheme achieved as much as 47% improvements in delay reduction for the application and 15% more payoffs for end devices compared to the baselines).
Experiences and degree of learning among fashion students participating in an intergenerational community-focused activity

Trends reveal there is a growing older adult population because people are living longer, and the baby boomers are reaching 65 years of age. It is estimated that by the year 2030, 70 million Americ...
Fostering Pathways: 30 Years of Inspiring High School Students to Pursue Science Careers through Biomedical Research Experiences

Since 1987, nearly 450 high school students have participated in the High School Intern Program (HIP) led by the Science & Health Education Partnership (SEP) at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Acceptance is not contingent upon grades, students’ being solidly on a path to college, or commitment to a science career. Rather, HIP seeks students for whom this program could make a critical difference through engagement with research projects, peer learning, mentorship, and college counseling. The majority come from backgrounds underrepresented in the sciences (minority, low-income, from families without a history of college going, and/or students with disabilities). Interns become comfortable working in a laboratory, begin to conduct experiments independently, learn to present scientific research in oral and written formats, and, critically, begin to see the opportunities available to them should they pursue post-secondary education. Longitudinal studies have documented tremendous outcomes for HIP alumni. College matriculation rates exceed 95% annually, while student demographics predict only approximately 60% of these students would continue their education after high school. HIP alumni, many of whom enter the program unsure of their plans after high school, pursue post-baccalaureate education and are now serving as science and health professionals in significant numbers.
Sample Multiplexing: Increased Throughput for Quantification of Total Testosterone in Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Background For high-volume assays, optimizing throughput reduces test cost and turn-around time. One approach for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays is sample multiplexing, wherein the analyte of interest is derivatized in different specimens with reagents of different molecular weight (differential mass tagging). Specimens can then be combined and simultaneously analyzed within a single injection to improve throughput. Here we developed and validated a quantitative, sample-multiplexed LC-MS/MS assay for serum total testosterone (TT) based on this approach. Methods For the sample-multiplexed assay, calibrators, controls, and patient specimens were first extracted separately. After mass tagging with either methoxyamine or hydroxylamine, they were combined and injected into the LC-MS/MS system. To evaluate assay performance, we determined limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, recovery, and imprecision. A method-comparison study was also performed, comparing the new assay with the standard LC-MS/MS assay in 1574 patient specimens. Results The method was linear from 2.5 to 2000 ng/dL, with accuracies from 93% to 104% for both derivatives. An LOQ of 1.0 ng/dL was achieved. Intra-assay and total CVs across 4 quality control concentrations were less than 10%. The assay demonstrated good agreement (Deming regression, 1.03x + 6.07) with the standard LC-MS/MS assay for the patient specimens tested (TT, 3 to 4862 ng/dL). Conclusion Sample multiplexing by differential mass tagging of TT increases LC-MS/MS throughput 2-fold without compromising analytical accuracy and sensitivity.
Aldehydes and Cardiovascular Disease

Aldehydes are compounds with a terminal carbonyl (HC=O) moiety, and are either unsaturated, that is, containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, or saturated. This structural difference has great significance for chemical reactivity as unsaturated aldehydes are two to three orders of magnitude more reactive than saturated aldehydes of similar carbon length. Nonetheless, aldehydes, in general, are ubiquitous components of the environment and their increased abundance is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. However, aldehyde abundance in the environment does not always spell doom because many familiar foods contain a variety of non-toxic aldehydes that in addition to providing flavor to foods (e.g., anisealdehyde, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, citral aldehyde) and beverages (e.g., anisealdehyde) are almost certain to stimulate beneficial actions systemically in humans, such as the anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamaldehyde. Yet these naturally derived aldehydes are to some extent in ‘competition’ with aldehydes generated in foods during the cooking/heating process, and some of which, in addition to their odor/flavor enhancing qualities (e.g., acrolein, formaldehyde), could very well be detrimental to the health of the consumer. Similarly, respirable air is teeming with aldehydes generated during organic combustion – for example, airplane exhaust, automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, forest fire smoke, power plant emissions, and so on – resulting in quantitative enhancement of saturated and unsaturated aldehyde levels in the air, including acrolein, a-ethylacrolein, formaldehyde, crotonaldehyde and many others. Some of these aldehydes are difficult to measure accurately and can change in chemical structure over time due to chemical interactions in the air (e.g., ozone) and through complex photo-dependent processes, and thus, result in new potentially dangerous compounds as well.
Industry 4.0 in stamping: A wrinkling indicator for reduced-order modeling of deep-drawing processes

Abstract Flange wrinkling is often seen in deep-drawing process when the applied blankholding force is too small. This paper investigates the plastic wrinkling of the flange under a constant blankholding force. The strain and stress state in the flange are first established and a plastic wrinkling reduced-order model is then proposed using energy method. The reduced-order model is implemented to predict the flange wrinkling of AA1100-O sheet by incrementally updating the flange ratio and other material parameters along the drawing process. A finite element model is developed in ABAQUS/standard to verify the results from the reduced-order model. The predicted punch displacements and wave numbers at the onset of wrinkling agree well with the simulated results for different blankholding forces, which demonstrates the accuracy of the reduced-order model and its potential application in fast prediction of wrinkling in deep-drawing process.
Kenneth Karst's "Equality as a Central Principle in the First Amendment"

In 1975, Kenneth Karst published his groundbreaking article, Equality as a Central Principle in the First Amendment, 1 as part of a symposium celebrating the life and contributions of Harry Kalven, one of the great First Amendment thinkers of the twentieth century. Karst was one of the first scholars to recognize a fundamental shift in First Amendment jurisprudence. 2 Until the Supreme Court’s 1972 decision in Police Department of Chicago v Mosley, 3 the Court had not articulated the principle of equal liberty of expression in Supreme Court decisions. 4 That is, before Mosley, the question in First Amendment cases was typically whether the government had impermissibly denied an individual the right to engage in a particular activity—speech. As Karst noted, in Mosley the Court began thinking also in terms of equality. 5
Defining Post Hepatectomy Liver Insufficiency: Where do We stand?

Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing liver resection. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature available on PHLF including its definition, predictive factors, preoperative risk assessment, severity grading, preventative measures, and management strategies. A systematic literature search was carried out with the search engines PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Database using the keywords related to “liver failure”, “posthepatectomy”, and “hepatic resection”. Liver resection is a curative treatment of liver tumors. However, it leads to concurrent death and regeneration of the remaining hepatocytes. Factors related to the patient, liver parenchyma and the extent of surgery can inhibit regeneration leading to PHLF. Given its resistance to treatment and the high postoperative mortality associated with PHLF, great effort has been put in to both accurately identify patients at high risk and to develop strategies that can help prevent its occurrence.
Dormancy-Associated MADS-BOX Genes: A Review

Dormancy-associated MADS-BOX (DAM) genes encode transcription factors suspected of regulating bud dormancy in numerous perennials. This chapter discusses the functional genetics and regulation of these genes. Further, this chapter summarizes the supporting evidence for these transcription factors playing a central role in seasonal bud dormancy induction and maintenance.
The 2011 Northern Kermadec earthquake doublet and subduction zone faulting interactions

[1] A large intraslab earthquake doublet (6 July 2011, Mw 7.6; 21 October 2011, Mw 7.4) occurred in the Pacific plate beneath the outer trench slope of the northern Kermadec subduction zone, seaward of an interseismically-coupled region of the megathrust. The first large event, a shallow (~24 km centroid depth) normal-faulting rupture, was followed by intraslab aftershocks within minutes and by aftershocks near the megathrust within hours. The second large event, a deeper (~45 km centroid depth) thrust-faulting rupture below the northern portion of the first rupture plane, was also followed by interplate and intraslab aftershocks. The last large interplate activity in northern Kermadec involved an underthrusting doublet on 14 January 1976 (Mw 7.8, 7.9). Previous studies interpret westward movement of the northern Kermadec Arc relative to the Australian Plate (from GPS measurements) to be a result of interseismic coupling on the northern Kermadec megathrust. A locked plate interface in this region should tend to reduce trench-slope extensional stresses. Coulomb stress change calculations using a finite-fault model determined from teleseismic body wave inversions for the normal-faulting event in the 2011 doublet favor activation of megathrust faulting. Coulomb stress changes for the October compressional event appear to reduce interplate thrust activity, and for a short time reversed the westward motion of the upper plate. The net effect of the doublet is a few bar increase of interplate thrust-fault driving stress, which may have advanced a future large megathrust event. Intraslab normal faulting may serve as a harbinger, not only a response, to large megathrust ruptures.
In vivo accumulation of a turnip crinkle virus defective interfering RNA is affected by alterations in size and sequence.

Abstract Turnip crinkle virus is one of several single-stranded RNA plant viruses associated with defective interfering (DI) RNAs. A complete cDNA copy of a 344-base DI RNA (DI RNA G) was cloned downstream from a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Transcripts synthesized in vitro were infectious when inoculated with helper virus on turnip plants. Studies of the infectivity of DI transcripts containing deletions, insertions, and single-base changes suggest that (i) in general, only the 5' two-thirds of the molecule can tolerate mutations; (ii) between 52 and 67 bases of terminal 5' sequence are required for infectivity; (iii) nucleotides in positions 68 to 138 are not specifically involved in RNA infectivity; (iv) DI RNA G molecules smaller than 327 bases are not amplified efficiently in plants.
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone-binding inhibitor from bovine ovaries. Purification and identification as histone H2A.

Abstract Bovine, ovine, rat, and human ovaries contain a protein defined as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like because it reversibly inhibits the high affinity binding of GnRH to rat ovarian membranes, but these same tissues contain little, if any, detectable GnRH. In the present study this GnRH-binding inhibitor (GnRH-BI) was purified from bovine ovaries by a combination of reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, cation-exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Purification was monitored by analysis of GnRH-like activity in the highly specific rat ovarian membrane receptor assay. Amino acid composition and partial sequence analysis indicated that the purified ovarian GnRH-BI is histone H2A. Calf thymus histone H2A and the purified ovarian protein showed identical dose-dependent (ID50 = 2 microM), competitive, and reversible inhibitory effects on GnRH binding to rat ovarian membranes. The inhibitory effects could not be explained by charge interactions alone since spermine and spermidine at 10-fold higher concentrations did not inhibit GnRH binding. Furthermore, the effects showed specificity since EGF binding to rat ovarian membranes was not inhibited. It is possible that the inhibition of GnRH binding by the purified ovarian fraction was due to low level contamination by a highly active binding inhibitor. However, based on the variety of different purification procedures, the identical effects seen with histone H2A, and the absence of other proteins on gel electrophoresis, we conclude that the ovarian GnRH-BI is probably histone H2A.
A framework for analyzing and testing requirements with actors in conceptual graphs

Software has become an integral part of many people's lives, whether knowingly or not. One key to producing quality software in time and within budget is to efficiently elicit consistent requirements. One way to do this is to use conceptual graphs. Requirements inconsistencies, if caught early enough, can prevent one part of a team from creating unnecessary design, code and tests that would be thrown out when the inconsistency was finally found. Testing requirements for consistency early and automatically is a key to a project being within budget. This paper will share an experience with a mature software project that involved translating software requirements specification into a conceptual graph and recommends several actors that could be created to automate a requirements consistency graph.
Town of Greece v. Galloway: Constitutional Challenges to State Sponsored Prayers at Local Government Meetings

This article, based on the Edward L. Barrett Lecture presented in November, 2013, examines the constitutionality of state sponsored prayers at town board meetings using the Town of Greece case as the focus of the discussion. While recognizing that the Town of Greece’s conduct raised significant Establishment Clause concerns under both a coercion test and an endorsement test, the article sets out the conditions under which state-sponsored prayers might withstand constitutional review. These include: (1) The town must employ a transparent, open, and egalitarian system for inviting individuals to offer prayers at board meetings. Invitations cannot be limited to established congregations in the community. (2) The prayers offered should be “I” prayers rather that “We” prayers. The person offering the prayer should do so in his or her own name, not as the voice of the audience or the community. As a matter of first principles, government is not vested with the power to speak to G-d in our names. (3) Officials introducing the person offering the prayer should explain that the prayer offered is the personal expression of the speaker, not the government, and that the board recognizes and respects the diversity of beliefs among its residents. (4) The audience should not be asked to stand, bow their heads, or join in reciting the prayer. These constraints are arguably sufficient to ameliorate the burdens on religious liberty and equality created by state-sponsored prayers without involving the town or the courts in unacceptably intrusive monitoring of the content of prayers.
Morphology and Physiology of the Intracellular Development of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriophage φ25

Abstract The morphology of the intracellular development of bacteriophage 25 in Bacillus subtilis 168M has been correlated with nucleic acid synthesis in infected cells. Host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis was shut off by a phage-induced enzyme within 5 min after infection, and another phage-mediated function extensively degraded host DNA at the time of cell lysis. Synthesis of phage DNA in infected cells began within 5 min and continued until late in the rise period. After phage DNA synthesis and coinciding with lysis, much of the unpackaged, newly synthesized phage DNA was degraded. Studies of thin sections of 25 infected cells suggested that unfilled capsids may be precursors to filled capsids in the packaging process. To assess dependence of capsid formation on phage DNA replication, cells were either treated with mitomycin C and infected with normal phage or infected with ultraviolet-irradiated (99% killed) 25. Only empty capsids were found in these cells, indicating that capsid production may be independent of the presence of newly synthesized viral DNA.
Reliable assessment of perfusivity and diffusivity from diffusion imaging of the body

Diffusion-weighted MRI of the body has the potential to provide important new insights into physiological and microstructural properties. The Intra-Voxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) model relates the observed DW-MRI signal decay to parameters that reflect perfusivity (D*) and its volume fraction (f), and diffusivity (D). However, the commonly used voxel-wise fitting of the IVIM model leads to parameter estimates with poor precision, which has hampered their practical usage. In this work, we increase the estimates' precision by introducing a model of spatial homogeneity, through which we obtain estimates of model parameters for all of the voxels at once, instead of solving for each voxel independently. Furthermore, we introduce an efficient iterative solver which utilizes a model-based bootstrap estimate of the distribution of residuals and a binary graph cut to generate optimal model parameter updates. Simulation experiments show that our approach reduces the relative root mean square error of the estimated parameters by 80% for the D* parameter and by 50% for the f and D parameters. We demonstrated the clinical impact of our model in distinguishing between enhancing and nonenhancing ileum segments in 24 Crohn's disease patients. Our model detected the enhanced segments with 91%/92% sensitivity/specificity which is better than the 81%/85% obtained by the voxel-independent approach.
Separation of Glucosinolates From Camelina Seed Meal Via Membrane and Acidic Aluminum Oxide Column

Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites, as well as representative bioactive therapeutic small molecules, which are found in Camelina seed meal. In this study, an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was employed to remove protein after ethanol extraction of glucosinolates. After UF, preparative chromatography, based on acidic aluminum oxide, was used to further purify glucosinolates. The impact of different concentrations of NaCl elution buffer at 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mol/L on the recovery of glucosinolates was evaluated. The results indicated that elution with a 1.0 mol/L salt solution recovered 91.0% of glucosinolates from the UF permeate. The glucosinolate yield recovered from the seed meal was 9.52 µmol/g. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that only the major glucosinolates peaks at retention times 13.0, 17.6, and 19.2 min appeared. This result indicated that most impurities of UF permeate were removed after anion exchange. Traditional protein removal methods for recovering glucosinolates...
Calcium and inorganic phosphorus content of prenatal and postpartum serum

Abstract Data presented show that the serum of the fetus, as sampled from the umbilical cord, is higher in calcium and inorganic phosphorus than that of the mother at the time of delivery. This is in accord with the observations of previous investigators. In 36 cases the cord serum averages 11.7 mg. calcium. The average for the mother in 44 cases is found to be 9.8 mg. of calcium per 100 c.c. of serum at onset of labor, and no significant change is found at delivery or two days postpartum. The averages, however, for the seventh day postpartum, 10.3 mg. for 41 cases, and for the twelfth to fourteenth day, 10.5 mg. for 18 cases, indicate a gradual rise in calcium following delivery. At six weeks or more postpartum, 10.4 mg. per 100 c.c. was found to be the average of 52 cases, most of whom were nursing. Only eight were below 10.0 mg., the lowest being 9.4 mg. Since 10.4 mg. was also the average found for 60 normal women it is suggested that the lower limit of the accepted normal range, 9.0 mg. per 100 c.c. may be too low. The inorganic phosphorus averages indicate a slight rise during the latter stages of pregnancy, reaching a peak at delivery, 5.1 mg. in 35 cases, followed by a short decline, and a subsequent recovery to a little higher than the predelivery level. Three and seven-tenths mg. to 3.9 mg. was found to be the phosphorus average of the mothers, most of whom were nursing, at six weeks postpartum. The cord blood averaged 5.8 mg. inorganic phosphorus in 36 cases.
Mediating Knowledges: Origins of a Zuni Tribal Museum

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Gwyneira Isaac Year: 2007 Pages: 272 Publisher: University of Arizona Press ISBN: 978-0-8165-2623-9 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Greek and Canaanite Mythologies: Zeus, Baal, and their Rivals

Hesiod's Theogony is normally read as a ‘hymn to Zeus’, praising the victory of the Greek Storm God over the previous generations of gods (Ouranos, Kronos, and the Titans). The backbone of the Theogony is the so-called Succession Myth, widely accepted by scholars as an adaptation from the Near Eastern theme of the cosmic struggle between generations of gods, leading to the victory of the Storm God. The Mesopotamian Enuma Elish, the Hurro-Hittite Song of Kumarbi, and less explicitly the Ugaritic and Biblical texts all reflect versions of this type of divine conflict. Behind the neat pattern of the succession, however, Greek sources contain scattered references to stories where even the power of Zeus is occasionally threatened. Through these allusions, we can reconstruct an ‘alternative’ motif of divine instability in Greek mythology. This essay will show that Greek and Northwest Semitic mythologies in particular converge in this less canonical picture of divine kingship, especially if we look at the concerns surrounding Baal's ascension to power in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle and his seemingly fragile position as the new ‘king in heaven’. The mythological representation of the dynamics among the gods, in turn, correlates with different perceptions of kingship among societies in the eastern Mediterranean. These shared theological concerns exemplify a phenomenon latent in many aspects of Greek ‘orientalizing’ literature and art, namely, a more direct and intense contact with the Northwest Semites (Canaanites, later Phoenicians, and others) than is usually granted. This brief overview will remind us of some of the methodological problems that challenge the study of comparative religion and mythology.
Modeling Equity for Allocating Public Resources

Equity and fairness constitute central concerns in many disciplines, and their relevance to the allocation of public resources is undeniable. However, measures of equity used in the studies of public resource allocation are frequently ad hoc, and no standard measure of equity or process for selecting a measure of equity has emerged. Nevertheless, a burgeoning literature exists that systematically considers how best to model equity with perspectives from many disciplines. The goal of this chapter is to review, synthesize, and critically evaluate key contributions to modeling equity for allocating resources in public service systems. This chapter provides a useful guide to the central issues in the modeling of equity and fairness for operations researchers that reflects a broad, multidisciplinary perspective. Throughout the discussion, the planning and provision of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) resources are used as a microcosm of public services allocation problems, and equity modeling issues are illustrated through problems arising in EMS.