cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Gröbner Bases and New Properties of Multivariate Difference Dimension Polynomials

We present a method of Grobner bases with respect to several term orderings and use it to obtain new results on multivariate dimension polynomials of inversive difference modules. Then we use the difference structure of the module of Kahler differentials associated with a finitely generated inversive difference field extension of a given difference transcendence degree to describe the form of a multivariate difference dimension polynomial of the extension.
Spectrum of Mutations in the Human Genome Inferred by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

The spectrum of mutations in the human genome inferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be measured by three approaches: directly observed frequencies of nucleotide changes, relative frequencies of nucleotide changes by normalizing the nucleotide content and frequencies of nucleotide changes after excluding the CpG effect. The spectrum of mutations indicates that point mutation does not occur randomly in the human genome and varies between the categorized genomic regions. Keywords: spectrum of mutations; mutation direction; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); nucleotide change; CpG effect
Optical transmembrane potential recordings during intracardiac defibrillation-strength shocks.

Background: The prolongation of the action potential after defibrillation-strength shocks is believed to be a critical component of defibrillation. The response of the transmembrane potential to the shock may affect this prolongation. We studied the effects of an intracardiac shock on the transmembrane potential and action potential duration at multiple sites on the epicardium using a voltage-sensitive dye and optical mapping system. Methods and Results: A laser scanner recorded optical action potentials with voltage-sensitive dye at 63 spots on both the left and right ventricles of six isolated, perfused rabbit hearts. Hearts were paced with epicardial point stimulation followed by the delivery of a 2 A and 20 ms rectangular waveform shock during the relative refractory period. The shock was given between right atrial and right ventricular electrodes. Of 621 total spots analyzed, 241 spots hyperpolarized and 76 spots depolarized with a right ventricular anode, whereas 159 spots hyperpolarized and 145 spots depolarized with a right ventricular cathode (P < 0.05). Both hyperpolarized and depolarized spots exhibited prolonged action potential duration, although prolongation was greater with depolarizing responses (16.7 ± 9 ms vs. 13.3 ± 13.4 ms, p<0.001). Hyperpolarized and depolarized spots were not randomly distributed, but clustered into regions. The size of the hyperpolarized regions was larger than the depolarized regions with RV anodal stimulation (27 ± 20 spots/hyperpolarized region vs. 8.5 ± 9 spots/depolarized region, p < 0.03) but not with RV cathodal stimulation. With reversal of electrode polarity, spots hyperpolarized near the shocking electrodes frequently did not reverse polarization but remained hyperpolarized. Conclusions: Distinct regions of either polarization occur during intracardiac defibrillation-strength shocks. Although hyperpolarizing membrane responses were observed more often than depolarizing responses, depolarizing membrane polarization resulted in greater action potential prolongation. The absence of sign change in polarization in some regions with shocks of opposite polarities suggests that nonlinear intrinsic membrane properties are operative during strong electrical stimulation.
Cost of Capital and Liquidity of Foreign Private Issuers Exempted From Filing with the SEC: Information Risk Effect or Earnings Quality Effect?

Prior theoretical research generally predicts a negative association between disclosure quality and cost of capital and a positive association between disclosure quality and liquidity. In this study, we examine the effect on cost of capital and liquidity of a reporting exemption for foreign private issuers (FPI). Specifically, we test for differences in a firm's cost of equity capital, total cost of capital, and liquidity (bid-ask spread) based on exemption status. Our results indicate that, as expected, exempted FPIs, providing less disclosure to the market, exhibit a higher cost of equity capital, higher total cost of capital, and wider bid-ask spread. As a previous study showed that the reporting exemption was associated with lower earnings quality, we further tested our hypotheses conditional on earnings quality. Our results indicate that the primary relations are between earnings quality and cost of capital and disclosure quality and liquidity. These results enhance our knowledge of the characteristics of exempt and reporting FPIs and extend prior empirical evidence on the relations between financial disclosure practices and earnings quality, and cost of capital and firm liquidity.
British Pirates and Society, 1680–1730MARGARETTE LINCOLN

Margarette Lincoln's British Pirates and Society, 1680–1730 is an examination into the cultural relevance of piracy in early modern Britain. Less a study of pirates themselves than of the filters c...
Historicity and Religious Experience

This paper seeks to illuminate Voegelin’s contention that behind the diversity and multiplicity of religious symbols (and symbols of order) is an equivalence of “experience” that is not perception If one could affirm the equivalence of experience in the way Voegelin proposes, one could embrace historicity without succumbing to historicism. The illumination, so we contend, will come from Bernard Lonergan’s philosophy of consciousness and what we consider his absolutely crucial distinction between consciousness and knowledge, a distinction largely overlooked in the literature on the subject matter -- with its attendant confusions. Lonergan breaks completely with the idea of consciousness as perception and articulates as an alternative a comprehensive philosophy of consciousness. To use Voegelin’s term, Lonergan’s philosophy will provide an example of equivalence in relation to that of Voegelin.
Performance analysis of miniload systems

A miniload is an automated storage and retrieval system which stores small parts in bins or totes. The system consists of racks with a central aisle along which a computer controlled stacker crane travels to store and retrieve the bins. These systems are typically used in order picking applications, or in manufacturing support for the storage of tools and small parts.This paper describes a simulation model of a single aisle, single pickup and delivery location miniload system. The model can be used to predict system parameters such as dual cycles per hour, crane and operator utilization and distance traveled by the crane. One can use the model to help design a miniload system that is capable of meeting or exceeding a given number of dual cycles per hour. This can be done by varying the height and length of the aisle, crane speeds, and/or storage policies. Examples will be used to demonstrate this design capability.The simulation model is written in SIMAN (Pegden, 1985) and the data support programs in FORTRAN. All elements of the model run on an IBM PC.
Sensitivity of coliphage T1 to nickel in fresh and salt waters

Coliphage T1 was more sensitive than its host bacterium,Escherichia coli B, to nickel (Ni). A 5-h exposure to 100 ppm Ni in nutrient broth did not adversely affect T1, whereas 10 and 20 ppm Ni extended the lag phase of growth ofE. coli B, and no growth occurred with 40 or more ppm Ni. 5 ppm Ni enhanced the survival (after 4 wk) of T1 in sea or simulated estuarine water but was toxic (i.e., reduced viral infectivity) in lake water; 50 ppm Ni was not toxic to T1 in sea water, was moderately toxic in estuarine water, but was highly toxic in lake water; and 100 ppm Ni was toxic in all systems, with the sequence of loss in viral infectivity being lake > estuarine > sea water. 100 ppm Ni was not toxic to T1 in nutrient broth, even after 3 wk of exposure, probably because of the protective effect of the organic compounds in the broth.
The contribution of memory T cell subsets to antiviral immunity in the lung

Abstract The development of vaccines designed to promote cellular immunity to pulmonary virus infections continues to be a significant problem for vaccinologists. This is primarily due to our poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying the establishment and recall of T cell memory at mucosal surfaces such as the lung airways. Recent studies in the mouse have revealed that memory CD8+ T cell populations are extremely heterogeneous in terms of phenotype, function, anatomical distribution, and longevity and that different subpopulations play distinct roles in the recall response. Moreover, our recent data suggest that the recall response is comprised of temporally distinct phases that involve different subpopulations of memory T cells. Current studies are directed at understanding which memory T cell subsets are elicited by different vaccination strategies and to determine how this impacts the efficacy of the vaccine against secondary virus challenge.
Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of a Wood-Fiber/Bicomponent-Fiber Composite

An engineered composite that combines a wood fiber core, a bicomponent fiber face, and a bicomponent fiber back was evaluated for its elastic response using laminate theory. Using the properties of the individual laminae as input variables, the laminate’s elastic modulus, axial strain, and lateral strain were determined by means of the model, and compared with values determined experimentally. The model yielded an axial elastic modulus of 950 MPa, which did not differ substantially from the measured value of 920 MPa. Statistical analyses showed that the measured and calculated strains were not significantly different in either the axial or lateral directions. The model underpredicted the strains along the fiber direction of the bicomponent fiber sheets by approximately 4%. A greater difference (12%) between predicted and measured values was observed in the lateral direction.
Effect of hypothalamic lesions on temperature regulation in hibernating ground squirrels

The evidence for the importance of the hypothalamus in hibernationin mammals was reviewed recently by Mrosovsky 3. The role played by anterior hypothalamic and preoptic areas in the regulation of body temperature in non-hibernators is well known; a few studies seem to indicate that these areas are important in hibernators as well. Satinoff4, 5 found that ground squirrels, made hypothermic by hypercapnic hypoxia, required 2-6 times longer than controls to reach normal body temperatures when they were subjected previously to preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions. Ground squirrels lesioned in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area or ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus entered hibernation, but died after 11 to 12 days, whereas normal controls aroused 6. Williams and Heath 7 reported that heating the preoptic hypothalamic region of ground squirrels decreases metabolic rate and body temperature, while cooling of this region yields the opposite effects. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of hypothalamic lesions on temperature regulation in hibernating ground squirrels. Eight thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Citellus tridecemlineatus, were used in this study. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, a calibrated thermistor was placed surgically in the left peritoneal cavity next to the diaphragm. Wires from this thermistor led subcutaneously to an electrical coupling which was sutured to the dorsal aspect of the neck. In animals receiving lesions, stereotaxically placed, stainless steel electrodes were used to produce bilateral lesions in the hypothalamus; currents of 3-5 mA for periods of 5 sec were used. Animals were permitted to recover from surgery at room temperature for approximately 5 days prior to subsequent hibernation studies. Hibernation was induced by placing the squirrels into a hibernation chamber; the chamber temperature was maintained at 5 :~ 0.25 °C by a thermostat. The time required to induce hibernation initially varied from several hours to several days, and throughout the induction period, body temperature was monitored as a function of
Preferential solvation of methylmercurated calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract The changes in polymer-solvent interactions that occur when native calf thymus DNA is dialyzed against Na 2 SO 4 solutions of a given ionic strength and buffer concentration but of varying concentrations in methylmercuric hydroxide have been investigated with the help of solution density measurements at 25 °C and pH 6.8–7.0. From measurements executed under equilibrium dialysis conditions at the three salt levels 5 m m , 0.05 m , and 0.5 m Na 2 SO 4 ( m refers to molality) and in the presence of 5 m m cacodylic acid buffer, the density increments ( ∂ϱ ∂c 2 ) μ 0 for native calf thymus DNA were determined as a function of CH 3 HgOH concentration. ( ∂ϱ ∂c 2 ) μ 0 was found not to vary with organomercurial concentration, irrespective of the concentration of supporting electrolyte, until a certain CH 3 HgOH concentration level has been reached, viz., pM ∗ ⩽ 3.5 ( pM ∗ = − log m CH 3 HgOH ) , beyond which ( ∂ϱ ∂c 2 ) μ 0 increases strongly with increasing concentration of CH 3 HgOH. As is shown by optical melting, ( ∂ϱ ∂c 2 ) μ 0 becomes a function of organomercurial concentration the moment DNA undergoes denaturation brought about by the complexing of CH 3 HgOH with the various N-binding sites of the base residues in the DNA double helix. Polymer-solvent interactions, expressed in terms of preferential water interactions (“net hydration”) and preferential salt interactions (“salt solvation”), were derived from the ( ∂ϱ ∂c 2 ) μ 0 data in combination with data obtained on the preferential interaction of CH 3 HgOH with denatured DNA and data on the partial specific volumes of all major solution components, gathered from density measurements on solutions with fixed concentrations of diffusible components. Evidence is presented which shows that denaturation in general decreases the net hydration while salt becomes preferentially associated with the polyelectrolyte. This process is further amplified by the interaction of CH 3 HgOH with denatured DNA: Methylmercurated DNA alters the redistribution of diffusible components at dialysis equilibrium to such an extent that in a formal sense large amounts of water are rejected from the immediate vicinity of the polymer. The molecular implications of these findings are explored. The results are further discussed in the light of previous findings where the methylmercury-induced denaturation of DNA had been studied with the help of buoyant density measurements in a Cs 2 SO 4 density gradient and by velocity-sedimentation in a variety of sulfate media.
Potential adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have revolutionized the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease over the past two decades. Among the most commonly prescribed agents worldwide, PPIs’ overall safety profile is unquestionable. However, emerging evidence indicates that PPI therapy, particularly with long-term and/or high-dose administration, is associated with several potential adverse effects, including enteric infections (eg, Clostridium difficile), community-acquired pneumonia, and hip fracture, all of which have received much attention recently. We review the current data on these and other potential consequences of PPI therapy. More judicious use of PPIs (eg, administering them in no more than the minimum effective dose to older adult patients) may help to further limit the impact of some of these possible adverse effects.
Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in the Intensive Care Unit

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) has increased during the past decade due to increased acuity as well as increased recognition. Early epidemiology studies were confounded by erratic definitions of AKI until recent consensus guidelines (RIFLE and AKIN) standardized its definition. This paper discusses the incidence of AKI in the ICU with focuses on specific patient populations. The overall incidence of AKI in ICU patients ranges from 20% to 50% with lower incidence seen in elective surgical patients and higher incidence in sepsis patients. The incidence of contrast-induced AKI is less (11.5%–19% of all admissions) than seen in the ICU population at large. AKI represents a significant risk factor for mortality and can be associated with mortality greater than 50%.
Doctoring beauty: the medical control of women's toilettes in France, 1750-1820.

On 4 September 1818 the Gazette de France reported on the tumultuous scenes occurring outside Parisian booksellers. The journalist was surprised to find crowds of people all demanding one book:
Heat shock response in the salamanders plethodon jordani and plethodon cinereus

Abstract 1. Neither cold acclimation (2–3°C) nor laboratory captivity affected the amount of hsp 70 in the lungless salamander Plethodon cinereus. 2. Plethodon jordani had substantial amounts of heat shock protein (hsp) 70 present in its tissues when acclimated to 15°C (LD 12:12). 3. The increase in hsp 70 in P. jordani (13.2%) after heat shock at 2°C below its critical thermal maximum (CTMax) (34.1°C) was not statistically significantly higher than the control value. 4. An immunoblot with monoclonal antibody after 2-D SDS PAGE gel indicated that constitutive hsp 70 was the major form of hsp 70 in P. jordani.
The Role of Spatial Organization in Preference for Color Pairs

We investigated how spatial organization influences color-pair preference asymmetries: differential preference for one color pair over another when the pairs contain the same colors in opposite spa...
Social Information Processing in Compliance Situations by Mothers of Behavior-Problem Boys

This investigation examined differences between mothers of behavior-problem boys (MBP; n = 20) and mothers of average boys (MAB; n = 20) in processing information in compliance situations (mean ages; mothers = 30 years, children = 8 years). Mothers responded to videorecorded stimuli of child behavior cues. Compliant and oppositional stimuli were clear regarding whether the child was going to obey the mother; however, bargaining and complaining were ambiguous. MBPs made greater attributions of defiant intent toward the child and experienced more anger than did MABs in ambiguous stimulus situations. MBPs also expected more resistance from the child and experienced more anxiety than did MABs, in all stimulus situations (ambiguous and clear). Differences between group mean processing scores were greater under conditions of stimulus ambiguity than under conditions of stimulus clarity. Findings are discussed in terms of the interface of mother-child relationship history and the child's current behavioral cues.
A lattice walk approach to the “inv” and “maj” q-counting of multiset permutations

Abstract A natural interpretation of “maj” and “inv” q -counting of multiset permutations in terms of walks on a lattice with multilane highways is presented. This is applied to give a short combinatorial proof of two theorems of MacMahon and to rederive a recent result of Gessel.
Shortest-path queries in static networks

We consider the point-to-point (approximate) shortest-path query problem, which is the following generalization of the classical single-source (SSSP) and all-pairs shortest-path (APSP) problems: we are first presented with a network (graph). A so-called preprocessing algorithm may compute certain information (a data structure or index) to prepare for the next phase. After this preprocessing step, applications may ask shortest-path or distance queries, which should be answered as fast as possible.Due to its many applications in areas such as transportation, networking, and social science, this problem has been considered by researchers from various communities (sometimes under different names): algorithm engineers construct fast route planning methods; database and information systems researchers investigate materialization tradeoffs, query processing on spatial networks, and reachability queries; and theoretical computer scientists analyze distance oracles and sparse spanners. Related problems are considered for compact routing and distance labeling schemes in networking and distributed computing and for metric embeddings in geometry as well.In this survey, we review selected approaches, algorithms, and results on shortest-path queries from these fields, with the main focus lying on the tradeoff between the index size and the query time. We survey methods for general graphs as well as specialized methods for restricted graph classes, in particular for those classes with arguable practical significance such as planar graphs and complex networks.
Calibration of intracellular Ca transients of isolated adult heart cells labelled with fura-2 by acetoxymethyl ester loading

A procedure for calibration of fluorescence signals from adult rat heart cells loaded with the -AM ester of fura-2 is described. Calibration is complicated by dye compartmentation and potentially incomplete dye hydrolysis. These problems were overcome by subtracting from fluorescence transients the non-cytosolic (mitochondrial) component of fura-2 fluorescence plus any Ca-insensitive component of dye fluorescence, after selectively and sequentially quenching cytosolic and non-cytosolic dye with Mn. The Kd of fura-2 in cells loaded by the -AM ester, in cells depleted of ATP and equilibrated with Ca buffers, was found to be 371 +/- 39 nM at 37 degrees C. We found that calibration values for RMAX and RMIN derived from previously measured cells were of general validity, removing the need to measure RMAX and RMIN on every cell. Once these calibration values are determined, the calibration procedure to measure cytosolic Ca on any cell is a five minute procedure to determine compartmentation, using just one non-toxic and inexpensive solution. Finally, we have calculated how the errors intrinsic to the measurements translate into errors of the calculated Ca concentration and transient peak heights. These calculations allow reasonable parameters for data acquisition to be set.
Dynorphin A(1-8) in human placenta: amino acid sequence determined by tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Presence of the κ receptor-preferring neuropeptide dynorphin A(1–8) in human placenta has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry to establish rigorously the appropriate molecular weight and amino acid sequence. Liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry produced the protonated molecule ion, (M + H)+, at m z 981 of the endogenous peptide, and tandem mass spectrometry collected the product ion spectrum that contained the appropriate amino acid sequence-determining fragment ions produced from the precursor ion (M + H)+. The amino acid sequence of the peptide is YGGFLRRI.
Isomerism of asymmetric dendrimers and stereoisomerism of alkanes

Abstract Two extremes of isomerism in constructing acyclic chemical networks are considered. On the one hand, building blocks without symmetry generate dendrimers. On the other, tetradentate building blocks of full symmetry give stereoisomerism of alkanes. Dissimilarity characteristic theorem is applicable to both situations in generating and enumerating isomers. A new category of graph-theoretical trees, ones with finite color-coded links, is modeled for dendrimers and analyzed using the Cayley scheme. Bidentate, tridentate and tetradentate dendrimers are enumerated. A homologous series of polyol-type molecules is also enumerated. Concepts of chirotopicity and stereogenicity are found embodied within the counting scheme. This scheme indicates that irregular carbon nodes orderly dispose molecular chirality and are genuine ‘elements’ of chirality, even though this idea was once unpopular.
Synthesis of Hydrophilic Aminooxy Linkers and Multivalent Cores for Chemoselective Aldehyde/Ketone Conjugation

A series of three linear and two trivalent aminooxy-containing hydrophilic linkers and cores were synthesized. The five molecules contain from one to three aminooxy groups, and all but one contain an ether for enhanced aqueous solubility. These unique and versatile molecules can be utilized in the chemoselective conjugation of aldehyde/ketone-containing molecules, including reducing sugars, under mild aqueous conditions, and give rise to oxime-containing conjugates useful in a wide variety of applications and studies. The value of these aminooxy-based molecules and the ease and speed of preparation of both monovalent and multivalent oxime-linked molecules is demonstrated in two examples using the disaccharide cellobiose; one with a linear linker, and the second with a trivalent core.
Early postnatal development of basolateral amygdala in kitten: A golgi morphometric analysis

Abstract The development of the lateral, basomedial and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala in 1–28 day old kittens was studied using Golgi morphometric methods. The major finding of this study is the growth of neurons within each of the nuclei of the amygdala examined occurs during the same time period, between 5–14 and 16–18 days of postnatal age in the cat. This growth occurs in slightly different ways in each of the nuclei. In the lateral nucleus, total dendritic length, average dendritic length and radius of the dendritic field increased significantly. In the basolateral nucleus number of branches per dendrite increased as well as total dendritic length and radius of the dendritic field. The least amount of growth occurred in the basomedial nucleus in which only total dendritic length increased. These increases in dendritic length were associated with qualitative observations of increasing maturity. In the first two weeks of age, the most frequently encountered cell type in all nuclei was pyramidal to multangular in outline with short dendrites and few dendritic spines. By 2 weeks of age, two cell types were easily distinguished, a multangular cell with numerous spines and a cell which had more rounded contours and a few dendritic spines. With age dendritic beading decreased and filopodia were no longer apparent.
Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome in pregnancy

Abstract Background Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome is characterized by paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, a short PR interval, and normal QRS. Case A gravida 3, para 2 was diagnosed with Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome at 16 weeks' gestation after an episode of chest pain and shortness of breath. She was hospitalized and treated with digoxin, and her symptoms subsided. The remainder of her pregnancy was uneventful. Conclusion Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome is a rare complication most commonly seen in young to middle-aged women. This syndrome can be treated and controlled medically with a good outcome.
The heterogeneous nucleation of microcellular foams assisted by the survival of microvoids in polymers containing low glass transition particles. Part II: Experimental results and discussion

The experimental data obtained for the nucleation of microcellular foams are compared with the theoretical model developed in the first part of this paper. Polystyrene (PS) with rubber particles as nucleation sites is used as an exploratory system. Nitrogen is used as a physical blowing agent to nucleate the bubbles. The influence of process variables, such as saturation pressure, foaming temperature, and concentration and size of rubber particles, is discussed. Results indicate that all these variables play important roles during the nucleation process. A nucleation mechanism based on the survival of microvoids against the resisting surface and elastic forces has been modeled to obtain the cell nucleation density. Increase in saturation pressure increase the cell density to a critical pressure. Beyond this critical pressure, there is no increase in bubble number, indicating that all microvoids are activated. The effect of temperature is more complex than the effect of pressure. Increase in concentration of the rubber particles increase the nucleation cell density. In general, the experimental data are well described by the nucleation model presented in Part I.
Thermal stabilities of di-alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids

Abstract Thermal stability of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM]Cl) ionic liquids was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The long-term isothermal TGA studies have revealed that both the ionic liquids exhibit appreciable decomposition at temperatures significantly lower than indicated by the peak or onset decomposition temperature ( T onset ) determined from fast scan TGA experiments. The long-term thermogravimetric studies of both the ionic liquids showed linear weight loss as a function of time at each temperature of 10 °C interval in the range 150–170 °C over a period of 15 hours. However, the linear weight loss regime decreased with increasing temperature for the range 180–200 °C. The kinetics of isothermal decomposition of ionic liquids was analyzed using pseudo-zero-order rate expression. Arrhenius activation energy for the decomposition of di-alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids in the range 150–200 °C was determined.
Cosmogenic nuclide and uranium-series dating of old, high shorelines in the western Great Basin, USA

Closed-basin pluvial lakes are sensitive recorders of effective moisture, and they provide a terrestrial signal of climate change that can be compared to marine and ice records of glacial-interglacial cycles. Although the most recent deep-lake cycle in the western Great Basin (at ca. 16 ka) has been studied intensively, comparatively little is known about the longer-term Quaternary lacustrine history of the region. Lacustrine features higher than those of the most recent highstand have been discovered in many locations throughout the western Great Basin. Qualitative geomorphic and soil studies of shoreline sequences above the latest Pleistocene level suggest that their ages increase as a function of increasing altitude. The results of cosmogenic nuclide dating using chlorine-36 depth profiles from three sites in Nevada (Walker Lake, Columbus Salt Marsh, and Newark Valley), combined with uranium-series and radiocarbon ages, corroborate the geomorphic and soil evidence. The 36 Cl results are consistent with available 14 C ages and together indicate that the most recent highstands of all three lakes occurred ca. 20–15 ka, late in marine isotope stage (MIS) 2, as shown by previous ages. The 36 Cl ages indicate that older lakes in all three basins reached highstands between 100 and 50 ka, and most likely during MIS 4. Shorelines of this age are at about the same or higher altitudes as the younger, MIS 2 shorelines in those basins. The 36 Cl results combined with uranium-series ages and one tephra correlation obtained on shorelines higher in altitude than those of MIS 4 and 2 lakes suggest that there were also major lake highstands in the western Great Basin at ca. 100-200 ka, likely corresponding with MIS 6, and during at least two older periods. From these results, we conclude that the preserved shorelines show an apparent decrease in maximum levels with time, suggesting long-term drying of the region since the early middle Pleistocene.
Residual Stress Profiles in High Speed Machining and Microforming of Biodegradable Orthopedic Implants

Biodegradable magnesium-calcium alloy is an attractive orthopedic biomaterial compared to permanent metallic alloys. However, the critical issue is that magnesium-calcium alloy corrodes too fast in the human organism. Hook-shaped compressive residual stress profiles, induced by various surface modification techniques in near surface zone, are proven to slower the degradation rate. This guarantees the presence of the implant in-vivo till the metabolic reactions leading to healing are over. The knowledge on how process parameters affect residual stress profiles is fundamental in successfully engineering the implants surface. Majority of surface modification techniques fall into two broad categories of cutting and forming operations. This study investigates the effects of process parameters in high speed face milling, representing a cutting operation, and low plasticity burnishing, as a micro forming process, on residual stress and microhardness profiles.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Health Database Oriented Word Alignment for Machine Translation Based on Generalized Intersection

Health database oriented data analysis and processing is very valuable, and in which the word alignment plays an important role. Health database contains a lot of medical terms. The existing word alignment methods cannot perform well due to the deficiency of term dictionary. This paper proposed a method of word alignment between Chinese and Japanese for healthy database. The method is based on the generalized intersection upon the set form of the sentence-level aligned bilingual corpus. We use GI (generalized intersection) model to align words. The GI model includes an algorithm based on generalized intersection operations on word set, and uses special stop-word set to improve the recall further. The results of experiments indicate that the GI model performed well for the health database with huge amounts of medical terms, as well as the language pairs with less linguistic resource, such as Chinese and Japanese.
Multiple search sessions model of end-user behavior: an exploratory study

This article discusses a multiple search session model of end-users' interaction with information retrieval systems based on results from an exploratory study investigating end-users' search sessions over time with online public access catalogs (OPAC) or CD-ROM databases at different stages of their information seeking related to a current research project. Interviews were conducted with 200 academic end-users to investigate the occurrence of multiple search sessions. Results show that at the time of the interview, 57% of end-users had conducted multiple search sessions during their research project and 86% of end-users conducted their first search session at the beginning stage of their information-seeking process. Forty-nine percent of end-users had conducted between 1 and 6 search sessions and 8% more than 6 search sessions. Seventy percent of multiple search session end-users' had modified their search terms since their first search session. The implications of the findings for end-user training, information retrieval systems design, and further research are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Iterated means of convex bodies

LetK be a convex body inRn with polarK∧. Let ⊕p refer to Fireyp orp-dot means. If 0<λ<1,p≥1, andKi+1=λKi⊕p(1−λ)Ki⋀, fori≥1, then\(\mathop {lim}\limits_{i \to \infty } \)Ki is the unit ball inRn.
Meson Pair Theory

A comprehensive treatment of meson pair theory is presented from the point of view of the M\o{}ller scattering matrix and the $S$-matrix. First, the solutions of the classical field equations are used to exhibit the Heisenberg operator for the meson field in terms of the "in" operator of Yang and Feldman. The orthogonality and completeness of this set of one-particle scattering functions is demonstrated. Both the M\o{}ller matrix and the $S$-matrix are constructed explicitly as ordered operators by taking advantage of the fact that they generate known linear transformations. Schwinger's dynamical principle is used both for these purposes and to find the nucleon self-energy. Explicit proofs of the unitarity of the scattering matrices are given. The M\o{}ller matrix is used as generating function for all Fock-space amplitudes of the system. In this way are exhibited (a) the Green's function renormalization constant (${Z}_{2}$ of Dyson), (b) the mesic proper field of the source, and (c) that matrix which describes scattering of a single meson. The latter, distinct from the classical one-particle scattering matrix, is obtained by solving a singular integral equation and shown to provide the same meson scattering amplitude. It is seen that only the one-meson amplitude of the one-meson state is singular on the energy shell, in agreement with the simple one-channel form of the $S$-matrix. An alternative treatment of the theory from the point of view of the equations of motion of the source is presented in an appendix.
Long-term uveal and capsular biocompatibility of a new accommodating intraocular lens

Purpose To evaluate long-term uveal and capsular biocompatibility of a new accommodating intraocular lens (IOL). Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Bilateral phacoemulsification was performed in 14 rabbits; 1 eye received the accommodating IOL (Fluidvision) and the other received a hydrophobic acrylic control IOL. Slitlamp examinations were performed at postoperative weeks 1 to 4 and months 2, 3, 4, and 6. Six rabbits were humanely killed at 2 months and 8 rabbits at 6 months. After gross examination with the Miyake-Apple view, selected IOLs were removed for implant cytology. All globes were then sectioned and processed for histopathologic examination. Results Uveal biocompatibility of study and control IOLs was similar in clinical and pathologic examinations up to 6 months postoperatively. In the study group, anterior capsule opacification appeared absent and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was significantly less than in the control group. At the gross examination at 6 months, central PCO was 0.8 ± 0.5 (SD) in the study IOLs and 3.7 ± 0.4 in the control IOLs (P Conclusions The accommodating IOL maintained an expanded capsular bag secondary to the large size of the haptic elements without significant contact with the anterior capsule. This appeared to prevent overall capsular bag opacification and to retain uveal and capsular biocompatibility. Financial Disclosure Dr. Werner is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Powervision, Inc. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Mobile computing in the freshman computer literacy course what impact

In this paper, the inclusion of pen technology and mobile computing in a freshman introductory computing course is described.
Elevated interleukin-1 expression in human neonatal neutrophils.

ABSTRACT: Newborn infants have an increased morbidity and mortality from infection caused in part by diminished polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function and impaired recruitment of PMN to sites of inflammation. Recent studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated the in vitro expression of several cytokines, including IL-1-β, in adult human peripheral blood PMN. Because newborn infants have an impaired inflammatory response, we sought to compare the synthetic capability and regulation of cytokine expression in neonatal and adult PMN. In our present studies, we found that tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide could induce IL-1-β expression in both neonatal and adult PMN and that neonatal PMN produced significantly more IL-1-β when compared with adult PMN. The PMN chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe did not induce IL-I-β expression in either adult or neonatal PMN. Elevated cytokine expression by neonatal PMN may play an important role in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory systems at sites of injury and infection in neonates.
Exact spatiotemporal simulation of self-organization of light into hexagonal patterns in photorefractive materials

We present our simulation model on the time evolution of the hexagon pattern formation in KNbO 3 . The result has been compared with the previous work concerning the steady state ring analysis. By starting with different amplitude of the scattered waves, we are able to obtain some preliminary results relative to the hexagon pattern.
The cytochrome bc 1 complexes of photosynthetic purple bacteria

Complete nucleotide sequences are now available for the pet (fbc) operons coding for the three electron carrying protein subunits of the cytochrome bc 1 complexes of four photosynthetic purple non-sulfur bacteria. It has been demonstrated that, although the complex from one of these bacteria may contain a fourth subunit, three subunit complexes appear to be fully functional. The ligands to the three hemes and the one [2Fe-2S] cluster in the complex have been identified and considerable progress has been made in mapping the two quinone-binding sites present in the complex, as well as the binding sites for quinone analog inhibitors. Hydropathy analyses and alkaline phosphatase fusion experiments have provided considerable insight into the likely folding pattern of the cytochrome b peptide of the complex and identification of the electrogenic steps associated with electron transport through the complex has allowed the orientation within the membrane of the electron-carrying groups of the complex to be modeled.
Regulation of the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE genes/microRNA156 module by the homeodomain proteins PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH in Arabidopsis

The morphology of inflorescences is regulated in part by the temporal and spatial events that regulate flower specification. In Arabidopsis, an endogenous flowering time pathway mediated by a subset of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors, including SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5, function to specify flowers by activating floral meristem identity genes. During shoot development, SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5 are post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA156 (miR156). The photoperiod regulated florigenic signal, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), promotes floral induction, in part by activating SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5. In turn, these SPLs function in parallel with FT to specify flower meristems. Two related BELL1-like homeobox genes PENNYWISE (PNY) and POUND-FOOLISH (PNF) expressed in the shoot apical meristem are absolutely required for the specification of floral meristems. Genetic studies show that the floral specification function of FT depends upon PNY and PNF; however, the interplay between these homeodomain proteins and SPLs is not known. In this manuscript, we show that the photoperiodic floral induction of SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5 is dependent upon PNY and PNF. Further, PNY and PNF also control SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5 expression by negatively regulating miR156. Lastly, ectopic expression of SPL4 partially rescues the pny pnf non-flower-producing phenotype, while overexpression of SPL3 or SPL5 in pny pnf plants was unable to restore flower specification. These results suggest that: (1) SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5 function is dependent upon PNY and PNF, or (2) expression of multiple SPLs is required for floral specification in pny pnf plants.
Statistical thermodynamics of solutions of polymers in mixed solvents

Abstract An improved statistical thermodynamic theory of polymers dissolved in mixed solvents has been devised. In particular a rather general lattice formulation of the partition function has been used to take into account: (1) preferential gathering of the good solvent about the polymer chains and (2) incorporation of volume effects, allowing consideration of the variation of specific volume with temperature, pressure and mixing conditions. The former effect is analysed by two methods: (a) consideration of a good solvent monolayer forming about the polymer chains and (b) quasi-chemical method. The first approach is developed in some detail. The volume effect is accounted for through lattice vacancies.
Texts and Lumps

Like most other disciplines, literary criticism swings back and forth between a desire to do small-scale jobs well and carefully and a desire to paint the great big picture. At the moment it is at the latter pole, and is trying to be abstract, general, and theoretical. This has resulted in literary critics taking more of an interest in philosophy, and philosophers returning the compliment. This exchange has been useful to both groups. I think, however, that there is a danger that liter ary critics seeking help from philosophy may take philosophy a bit too seriously. They will do this if they think of philosophers as supplying "theories of meaning" or "theories of the nature of interpretation," as if "philosophical research" into such topics had recently yielded interest ing new "results." Philosophy too swings back and forth between a self-image modeled on that of Kuhnian "normal science," in which small-scale problems get definitively solved one at a time, and a self-image modeled on that of Kuhnian "revolutionary science," in which all the old philosophical prob lems are swept away as pseudoproblems and philosophers busy themselves redescribing the phenomena in a new vocabulary. The field presently called "literary theory" has profited primarily from the latter sort of philosophy (which has lately been fashionable in France and Germany). Unfortunately, however, it has often tried to describe itself as if it were profiting from philosophy of the former sort. It has employed the scientis tic rhetoric characteristic of the early period of analytic philosophy. One often finds critics using sentences beginning "Philosophy has shown ..." to formulate a justification for taking a certain favored approach to a literary text, or to literary history, or to literary canon-formation.
Star Formation at High Galactic Latitude: A Case for Extensions to the Halpha Survey

"The AAO/UKST Halpha Survey should be extended to high Galactic latitude (| b | > 25°) to search for TTauri stars. The Halpha Survey can contribute to a complete inventory of young stellar objects in high-latitude clouds, which will help define the limits of conditions and processes that lead to star formation."
Endoscopic, Expanded Endonasal Approach to the Jugular Foramen

A fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the jugular foramen has been developed. Technical nuances are discussed outlining the operative technique using this approach to resect a variety of tumors affecting the jugular foramen. An illustrative case of a large recurrent glomus jugulare tumor is used to describe the expanded endoscopic endonasal approach to the jugular foramen. Key anatomic considerations, equipment and patient outcomes are reported. The operative technique is described in stepwise fashion using intraoperative photographs and schematic illustrations. The endoscopic endonasal approach provides complete access to the jugular fossa.
Compartmental organization of the Golgi stack.

Le processus des N-oligosides dans l'appareil de Golgi se fait par etapes successivement dans les citernes cis, centrales et trans. La mise en evidence de ce processus provient de 4 types d'experience: la separation des marqueurs enzymatiques P par fractionnement des membranes de Golgi, la localisation in situ d'enzymes marqueurs aux citernes par microscopie electronique; la localisation in situ des glycoproteines modifiees par ces enzymes et une carte fonctionnelle des compartiments observes par les glycoproteines transportes
International Comparisons of Innovation and Creativity

The release of the 2012 results from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) on December 3, 2012, by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ([OECD], 2013) brou...
U.S. Exports and Multinational Production

Abstract This paper presents a monopolistic competition model of trade and multinational production that incorporates asymmetric trade barriers and international differences in production costs. The model predicts the functional form for the dependence of U.S. exports and multinational production on tariffs, distance, and production costs. To deal with simultaneity, we estimate the nonlinear equations of U.S. exports and multinational production simultaneously. In the estimation, we also include country fixed effects and allow for endogenous location choice by firms. The estimation yields reasonable estimates of the structural parameters, including the elasticity of substitution. Based on the estimates, we then simulate the effects of trade liberalization. We find that the elimination of tariffs worldwide would increase U.S. exports by 3.0% and U.S. multinational production by 21.7%. This large expansion of U.S. overseas production mainly results from an expected increase in the number of U.S. foreign aff...