cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Patient History Project: Medical Student Innovation in Improving Medical Care for Asylum Applicants

BackgroundPersons who experienced persecution in their home country may apply for asylum with the United States. This population has complex medical needs complicated by cultural and linguistic barriers. This report outlines the design and evaluation of the Patient History Project (PHxP), a collaborative program between the University of Michigan Asylum Collaborative (UMAC) and a local non-profit, Freedom House Detroit (FHD), to improve the quality of health care for asylum-seekers while training medical students to work with vulnerable populations.MethodsIn the PHxP, medical students trained by UMAC interviewed FHD residents and created electronic medical records that residents could share with subsequent medical providers. These sessions additionally provided an opportunity for asylum-seekers to rehearse health care utilization in the comfort of their home. Surveys of students and asylum-seekers, and a semi-structured interview with FHD staff, were conducted to evaluate the program’s performance on multiple dimensions.ResultsAsylum-seekers reported high levels of overall satisfaction with PHxP and increased confidence in the health care setting. Medical student volunteers reported gaining cultural sensitivity and clinical skills. FHD staff noted greater insight into resident medical needs.ConclusionsAs the number of asylum-seekers in the United States continues to rise, so will the need of specialized services including medical care. This program is one strategy to help address the medical needs of asylum-seekers. Medical schools with programs to provide forensic medical exams and affidavits for asylum-seekers would be particularly well situated for the trial of such a program.
Comparison of Child Body Dimensions with Rear Seat Geometry

Children who are too large for harness restraints but too small to obtain good restraint from a vehicle seatbelt alone should be seated in a belt-positioning booster. Boosters have been shown to significantly reduce abdominal injuries caused by seatbelts. This effectiveness may be due in part to the fact that boosters reduce the effective seat cushion length, allowing children to sit more comfortably without slouching. NHTSA recommends that children who do not use harness restraints use boosters until they are at least 145 cm tall. In this paper, data from several sources were combined to assess how well children fit on rear seat cushions. Data from NASS-GES were analyzed to determine the age distribution of rear-seat occupants. Anthropometric data from several sources were analyzed to determine the distribution of buttockpopliteal length, a measure of thigh length that is a key determinant of seat fit, as a function of age and gender. Secondand third-row cushion lengths were measured on a convenience sample of 56 late-model vehicles. Comparing the distribution of body size for rear-seat occupants with the seat cushion lengths showed that most cushions are too long for most rear-seat occupants, using commonly applied standards of seat fit. Given that most rear-seat occupants in the U.S. are children, rear-seat design standards should consider the smaller body dimensions and different restraint needs of this population.
Pearls and Pitfalls in Abdominal Imaging: Epiphrenic diverticulum mimicking hiatal hernia

Imaging description Epiphrenic diverticula are outpouchings of the distal esophagus just above the diaphragm that appear as thin-walled, air or air-fluid filled structures adjacent to the distal esophagus. An epiphrenic diverticulum can mimic a hiatal hernia at CT (Figures 6.1 and 6.2) [1]. Importance Misdiagnosis of an epiphrenic diverticulum as a hiatal hernia is unlikely to have serious consequences, but might result in a missed opportunity to recognize a treatable esophageal disorder. Occasionally, epiphrenic diverticula can be complicated by malignancy, obstruction, bleeding, or perforation and are then of greater clinical importance [2–6]. An epiphrenic diverticulum has been described as a cause of false positive uptake at iodine-131 scintigraphy, potentially resulting in a misdiagnosis of metastatic thyroid cancer [7]. Typical clinical scenario Epiphrenic diverticula are believed to be pulsion diverticula generated by underlying esophageal dysmotility [8], although not all patients complain of dysphagia or have dysmotility evident on esophagography [9]. While most patients can be treated conservatively, some may require surgery. Operative correction requires both a diverticulectomy and a myotomy to address the underlying motility disorder [8]. Differential diagnosis The primary differential is a hiatal hernia, which is a far commoner abnormality of the distal esophagus. A diverticular neck is rarely seen at CT in cases of epiphrenic diverticula. Two other observations are more helpful in the distinction of epiphrenic diverticula from hiatal hernias (Figures 6.3 and 6.4): Epiphrenic diverticula are thin-walled while hiatal hernias are thick-walled and contain gastric mucosa and rugae. Hiatal hernias are usually associated with widening of the esophageal hiatus, which has been defined as “whenever the diaphragmatic crura were not tightly opposed and in intimate association with the esophageal wall” [10].
A clinical test for pregnancy

It was also found that the clinical effects of the 0.07 mg. ethinyl estradiol sequential therapy on cyclic regulation of menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and the skin approximated the data obtained in the 0.1 mg. ethinyl estradiol regimen.3 Although the incidence of side effects was unchanged by lowering the dosage, there was a mollifying effect upon the intensity of untoward symptoms. The study, therefore, showed that the consistently effective minimum daily dose of ethinyl estradiol would be higher than 0.07 mg. for the purpose of conception control.
Fermentation pre-treatment of landfill leachate for enhanced electron recovery in a microbial electrolysis cell.

Abstract Pre-fermentation of poorly biodegradable landfill leachate (BOD 5 /COD ratio of 0.32) was evaluated for enhanced current density ( j ), Coulombic efficiency (CE), Coulombic recovery (CR), and removal of organics (BOD 5 and COD) in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). During fermentation, the complex organic matter in the leachate was transformed to simple volatile fatty acids, particularly succinate and acetate in batch tests, but mostly acetate in semi-continuous fermentation. Carbohydrate had the highest degree of fermentation, followed by protein and lipids. j , CE, CR, and BOD 5 removal were much greater for an MEC fed with fermented leachate (23 A/m 3 or 16 mA/m 2 , 68%, 17.3%, and 83%, respectively) compared to raw leachate (2.5 A/m 3 or 1.7 mA/m 2 , 56%, 2.1%, and 5.6%, respectively). All differences support the value of pre-fermentation before an MEC for stabilization of BOD 5 and enhanced electron recovery as current when treating a recalcitrant wastewater like landfill leachate.
Neuronal protective role of PBEF in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia.

Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) (also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway for mammalian biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). By synthesizing NAD+, PBEF functions to maintain an energy supply that has critical roles in cell survival. Cerebral ischemia is a major neural disorder with a high percentage of mortality and disability. Ischemia leads to energy depletion and eventually neuronal death and brain damage. This study investigated the role of PBEF in cerebral ischemia using a photothrombosis mouse model. Using immunostaining, we initially determined that PBEF is highly expressed in neurons, but not in glial cells in the mouse brain. To study the role of PBEF in ischemia in vivo, we used PBEF knockout heterozygous (Pbef+/−) mice. We showed that these mice have lower PBEF expression and NAD+ level than do wild-type (WT) mice. When subjected to photothrombosis, Pbef+/− mice have significantly larger infarct volume than do age-matched WT mice at 24 hours after ischemia. Higher density of degenerating neurons was detected in the penumbra of Pbef+/− mice than in WT mice using Fluoro-Jade B staining. Our study shows that PBEF has a neuronal protective role in cerebral ischemia presumably through enhanced energy metabolism.
Preparation of calcium phosphate for protein chromatography.

Abstract Simple procedures are described for the preparation of a relatively neutral and of a basic calcium phosphate for column chromatography of proteins.
Spontaneous mutations leading to antigenic variations in the glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus field isolates.

Abstract Strains of vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ), isolated from diseased cattle or swine were examined by genomic RNA sequencing for genetic diversity potentially leading to antigenic variations in their type-specific glycoproteins as determined by reactivity with epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Seven field isolates recovered in Colorado, New Mexico, Georgia, and Mexico during the widespread 1982–1985 epizootic in the western United States resembled the prototypic 1952 Hazelhurst subtype by partial sequence homology, but amino acid reversions to the 1949 Ogden subtype occurred frequently. When studies were performed with MAbs directed to the Ogden subtype glycoprotein, relatively limited antigenic variation, and only in neutralization epitope VIII, was noted among two of five epizootic isolates from Colorado and New Mexico. However, amino acid differences in the glycoprotein of a 1983 isolate from an enzootic region of Georgia resulted in major antigenic deficiencies in epitopes V, VI, and VII as determined by Western blotting and neutralization of infectivity with epitope-specific MAbs. Quite a few genetic but no antigenic differences were noted in an enzootic 1984 isolate from Mexico, a potential origin of the United States epizootic. Marked or complete loss of epitopes VII, VI, VIII, and V can be traced to spontaneous mutations leading to amino acid substitutions at glycoprotein positions 199, 263, 275, and 317, respectively, in the enzootic Georgia isolate 07/83-GA-P and the epizootic New Mexico isolate 06/85-NM-B. By comparison, closely adjacent amino acid substitutions at glycoprotein positions 210, 268, 277, and 364 occurred in epitope-deficient mutants selected for resistance to neutralization by MAbs specific for epitopes VII, VI, VIII, and V, respectively. Two neutralization epitopes designated X and XI were found to be unique for the G protein of the 1952 Hazelhurst isolate … /52-GA-P. The epitope X-specific MAb H21, in particular, failed to neutralize the infectivity not only of the Ogden subtype …/49-UT-B but also was ineffective against all the 1982–1985 field isolates. The classical 1952 Hazelhurst strain of VSV-NJ is genetically and antigenically quite different from those viruses isolated during the 1982–1985 epizootic.
Reliable surrogate outcome measures in multicenter clinical trials of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

We studied the reliability of a series of endpoints in an evaluation of subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The endpoints included quantitative muscle tests (QMTs), timed function tests, forced vital capacity (FVC), and manual muscle tests (MMT). Thirty-one ambulatory subjects with DMD (mean age 8.9 years; range 5-16 years) were evaluated at eight sites by 15 newly trained evaluators as a test of interrater reliability of outcome measures. Both total QMT score [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.96] and individual QMT assessments (ICC 0.85-0.96) were highly reliable. Forced vital capacity and all timed function tests were also highly reliable (ICC 0.97-0.99). MMT was the least reliable assessment method (ICC 0.61). These data suggest that primary surrogate outcome measures in large multicenter clinical trials in DMD should use QMT, FVC, or time function tests to obtain maximum power and greatest sensitivity.
STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON FOLDING INTERMEDIATES OF SERINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE USING SINGLE TRYPTOPHAN MUTANTS

Abstract Previous studies showed that during the in vitro folding of Escherichia coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase at 4°C, both monomer and dimer intermediates accumulated and were stable for periods of minutes to hours (Cai, K., Schirch, D., and Schirch, V.(1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 19294-19299). To obtain structural information on these intermediates, two of the three Trp residues in the protein were changed to Phe to generate a set of three single Trp mutant enzymes. These mutant enzymes were purified and characterized and shown to retain essentially all of the properties of the wild-type enzyme. The fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements of each mutant enzyme were studied under unfolding-refolding equilibrium conditions and during refolding. In addition, the sensitivity of the protein to digestion by subtilisin during refolding was investigated. The results of these studies show that the unfolded enzyme has two domains that rapidly fold to form a monomer in which the first 55 amino acids and a segment between residues 225 and 276 remain in a largely disordered form. This partially folded enzyme can form dimers and slowly undergoes a rate determining conformational change in which the unstructured segments assume their native state.
Cortisol metabolism in the domestic cat and implications for non-invasive monitoring of adrenocortical function in endangered felids

Three domestic cats were given i.m. injections of 3H-cortisol to determine the time course and relative proportion of excreted 3H-cortisol metabolites into urine and feces. Most urinary radioactivity was detected in the first sample collected at 3.9 ± 2.5 hr postinjection and accounted for 13.9 ± 2.1% of the total radioactivity recovered. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detected four urinary metabolites, one of which (13.7% urinary radioactivity) eluted with the 3H-cortisol reference tracer and was quantifiable using a commercial cortisol radioimmunoassay (RIA). The majority of cortisol metabolites in feces (85.9 ± 2.1%) was excreted at 22.3 ± 6.2 hr. HPLC analysis detected several fecal metabolites consisting primarily of nonhydolyzable water-soluble forms, none of which eluted with 3H-cortisol or 3H-corticosterone reference tracers. No immunoreactivity was detected in HPLC-separated fecal eluates using the cortisol RIA; however, two of the more polar metabolites were quantifiable using a commerical cortisosterone RIA. The physiological relevance of the immunoreactive fecal metabolites was determined in four domestic cats given an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) challenge. Increased serum cortisol concentrations were detected within 30 min of ACTH injection, which was maintained for at least 6 hr. A corresponding increase in fecal cortisol metabolite concentrations (ranging from 238% to 826% over individual baseline values) was observed 24–48 hr later. These data indicate that adrenocortical activity can be monitored nonivasively in the cat by measuring cortisol metabolites excreted in feces. This procedure is a potentially valuable tool for endangered felid management to help evaluate responses to physiological and psychological stressors associated with environmental conditions and husbandry practices. (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.) © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is mevalonic acid a precursor of the corticosteroids

Abstract Bovine adrenal tissue preparations (whole homogenates or a combination of microsomal and supernatant fractions) readily convert acetate-1-C 14 to corticosteroids, 14 of which have been isolated and identified. In parallel experiments with aliquots of the same adrenal tissue preparations, mevalonate-2-C 14 was not found to be incorporated into any of these corticosteroids.
Analytical Model for the Impulse of Single-Cycle Pulse Detonation Tube

An analytical model for the impulse of a single-cycle pulse detonation tube has been developed and validated against experimental data. The model is based on the pressure history at the thrust surface of the detonation tube. The pressure history is modeled by a constant pressure portion, followed by a decay due to gas expansion out of the tube. The duration and amplitude of the constant pressure portion is determined by analyzing the gasdynamics of the self-similar flow behind a steadily moving detonation wave within the tube. The gas expansion process is modeled using dimensional analysis and empirical observations. The model predictions are validated against direct experimental measurements in terms of impulse per unit volume, specific impulse, and thrust. Comparisons are given with estimates of the specific impulse based on numerical simulations. Impulse per unit volume and specific impulse calculations are carried out for a wide range of fuel–oxygen–nitrogen mixtures (including aviation fuels) of varying initial pressure, equivalence ratio, and nitrogen dilution. The effect of the initial temperature is also investigated. The trends observed are explained using a simple scaling analysis showing the dependency of the impulse on initial conditions and energy release in the mixture.
Tidal encounters of ellipsoidal granular asteroids with planets

Abstract We investigate planetary fly-bys of asteroids using an approximate volume-averaged method that offers a relatively simple, but very flexible, approach to study the rotational dynamics of ellipsoids. The asteroid is considered to be a deformable, prolate ellipsoid, with its interior being modeled as a rigid-granular material. Effects due to the asteroid's rotation, its self-gravity and gravitational interaction with the planet are included. Using a simplified approach allows us to explore in detail the mechanics of asteroid's deformations and disruptions during planetary encounters. We also compare our results with those obtained by Richardson et al. [Richardson, D.C., Bottke Jr., W.F., Love, S.G., 1998. Icarus 134, 47–76] who used a large numerical code. We find that many of the features reported by them can indeed be captured by our rather simple methodology, and we discuss the reasons why some of our results differ from theirs.
One- and two-electron emission from by high-energy photons

The one- and two-electron photodetachment of is studied by using accurate Hylleraas initial-state and correlated 3C final-state wavefunctions in the high-energy range of 1 - 10 keV. The ratio between double- and single-electron ejection displays an approximately high-energy behaviour, . The influence of both the initial- and final-state correlations is demonstrated.
Fast Fourier Transform Based Numerical Methods for Elasto-Plastic Contacts of Nominally Flat Surfaces

This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical elasto-plastic model for the contact of nominally flat surfaces based on the periodic expandability of surface topography. This model is built on two algorithms: the continuous convolution and Fourier transform (CC-FT) and discrete convolution and fast Fourier transform (DC-FFT), modified with duplicated padding. This model considers the effect of asperity interactions and gives a detailed description of subsurface stress and strain fields caused by the contact of elasto-plastic solids with rough surfaces. Formulas of the frequency response functions (FRF) for elastic/plastic stresses and residual displacement are given in this paper. The model is verified by comparing the numerical results to several analytical solutions. The model is utilized to simulate the contacts involving a two-dimensional wavy surface and an engineering rough surface in order to examine its capability of evaluating the elasto-plastic contact behaviors of nominally flat surfaces.
Effect of light on the evaporation and oxidation of CdS single crystals

Abstract The vacuum evaporation rate of CdS single crystal c-faces was found to change markedly when illuminated by light of greater than band gap energy during the evaporation. Evaporation temperatures 680–760° C and light intensities 5.0 × 103−2.0 × 105 μ W/cm2 were employed in the experiments. At the highest light intensities the evaporation rate increased at first, then slowly decreased relative to its steady state value in dark until it reached a new, lower steady state evaporation rate. At lower light levels, only the slow decrease of the evaporation rate could be detected. The evaporation rate of sulfur doped CdS single crystals increased greatly in light while the evaporation rate of cadmium doped crystals was virtually unaffected by illumination other than to maintain the low evaporation rate characteristic of cadmium doped CdS. When the single crystal was heated in oxidizing atmosphere over 300° C in light, the illuminated area was darkened visibly after short exposure times. The darkening was caused by the presence of precipitated cadmium and cadmium oxide of particle sizes 2–4000 A. No precipitation and subsequent oxidation could be detected in the absence of light under identical conditions. The results were interpreted assuming that charge transfer is the rate determining step in the studied evaporation and oxidation surface reactions. Light of greater than band gap energy, 1) changed the charge concentration at the CdS crystal surface and, 2) slowly changed the composition of the crystal. Both of these effects could influence the evaporation and oxidation rates.
Implant-borne suture expansion in rabbits: a histomorphometric study of the supporting bone.

Osseointegrated implants have a large potential for diverse clinical applications, including support for sutural expansion and facial prostheses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) the histomorphometric response of thin cortical bone to implant placement and (2) whether loading of the bone surrounding these implants affects osseointegration as evaluated by histomorphometry. Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits had two titanium implants placed bilaterally in the anterior surface of their nasal bones. The rabbits were divided into an unloaded control group, one experimental group loaded at 1 Newton (N), and another loaded at 3 N. Fluorescent labels were used to mark areas of active bone formation. All rabbits were euthanized after 12 weeks of loading. Stereological point-hit and line-intercept methods were used to measure bone volume, direct bone-implant contact, new bone volume, and bone turnover rate in the bone surrounding the implants. All the implants remained stable during the loading period. A factorial ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare the variables. The only significant difference among the three groups was a higher bone volume in the lateral coronal far region in the control group (p < 0. 05). Within all groups, bone volume (p < 0.002), turnover rate (p < 0.001), and percent of new bone (p < 0.05) were higher within 1 mm of the implant compared to 1-3 mm away. This may be due to the increased stress and strain in the bone adjacent to the implant. This study indicates that there are no detrimental effects of loading on osseointegration when implants placed in the thin facial cortices are used as anchors for sutural expansion.
An Agent Based approach to design Serious Game

Serious games are designed to train and educate learners, opening up new learning approaches like exploratory learning and situated cognition. Despite growing interest in these games, their design is still an artisan process. On the basis of experiences in designing computer simulation, this paper proposes an agent-based approach to guide the design process of a serious game. The proposed methodology allows the designer to strike the right equilibrium between educational effectiveness and entertainment, realism and complexity. The design of the PNPVillage game is used as a case study. The PNPVillage game aims to introduce and foster an entrepreneurial mindset among young students. It was implemented within the framework of the European project “I can… I cannot… I go!” Rev.2
Mammary epithelial cell: influence of extracellular matrix composition and organization during development and tumorigenesis.

Stromal–epithelial interactions regulate mammary gland development and are critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The extracellular matrix, which is a proteinaceous component of the stroma, regulates mammary epithelial growth, survival, migration and differentiation through a repertoire of transmembrane receptors, of which integrins are the best characterized. Integrins modulate cell fate by reciprocally transducing biochemical and biophysical cues between the cell and the extracellular matrix, facilitating processes such as embryonic branching morphogenesis and lactation in the mammary gland. During breast development and cancer progression, the extracellular matrix is dynamically altered such that its composition, turnover, processing and orientation change dramatically. These modifications influence mammary epithelial cell shape, and modulate growth factor and hormonal responses to regulate processes including branching morphogenesis and alveolar differentiation. Malignant transformation of the breast is also associated with significant matrix remodeling and a progressive stiffening of the stroma that can enhance mammary epithelial cell growth, perturb breast tissue organization, and promote cell invasion and survival. In this review, we discuss the role of stromal–epithelial interactions in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cell behavior. We specifically focus on how dynamic modulation of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix elicit a dialogue with the mammary epithelium through transmembrane integrin receptors to influence tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and malignant transformation.
Flexible integration of path-planning capabilities

Robots pursuing complex goals must plan paths according to several criteria of quality, including shortness, safety, speed and planning time. Many sources and kinds of knowledge, such as maps, procedures and perception, may be available or required. Both the quality criteria and sources of knowledge may vary widely over time, and in general they will interact. One approach to address this problem is to express all criteria and goals numerically in a single weighted graph, and then to search this graph to determine a path. Since this is problematic with symbolic or uncertain data and interacting criteria, we propose that what is needed instead is an integration of many kinds of planning capabilities. We describe a hybrid approach to integration, based on experiments with building simulated mobile robots using Soar, an integrated problem-solving and learning system. For flexibility, we have implemented a combination of internal planning, reactive capabilities and specialized tools. We illustrate how these components can complement each other's limitations and produce plans which integrate geometric and task knowledge.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A poetics of grammar: Playing with narrative perspectives and voices in Japanese and translation texts☆

Abstract This paper discusses rhetorical effects of the Japanese literary text concentrating on five grammatical strategies. For manipulating narrative perspectives, the perspective preference of scene-to-agent versus agent-to-scene, and the preference toward topic versus agent are discussed. Three other rhetorical strategies, self-quotation, style shift, and self-referencing strategy are examined as a means for expressing the voices of the narrating self. The paper analyzes these grammatical devices appearing in contemporary Japanese fictional texts, Kitchin and Tokage by Banana Yoshimoto, and Kitchen and Lizard, their corresponding English translations. The differences of poetic effects in Japanese and English translation texts are linguistically identified and interpreted in semantic, rhetorical, and cultural terms, and the significance of different poetic effects across respective grammars is emphasized. The paper speculates on how one may fail to appreciate the poetic effects of what is ‘unsaid’ in English translation texts.
Classification of Alzheimer Diagnosis from ADNI Plasma Biomarker Data

Research into modeling the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made recent progress in identifying plasma proteomic biomarkers to identify the disease at the pre-clinical stage. In contrast with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and PET imaging, plasma biomarker diagnoses have the advantage of being cost-effective and minimally invasive, thereby improving our understanding of AD and hopefully leading to early interventions as research into this subject advances. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative* (ADNI) has collected data on 190 plasma analytes from individuals diagnosed with AD as well subjects with mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal (CN) controls. We propose an approach to classify subjects as AD or CN via an ensemble of classifiers trained and validated on ADNI data. Classifier performance is enhanced by an augmentation of a selective biomarker feature space with principal components obtained from the entire set of biomarkers. This procedure yields accuracy of 89% and area under the ROC curve of 94%.
Influence of Elevated Temperature on the Acoustic Emission Evaluation of FRP Vessels Through Internal Fluid Pressure Tests

A research program evaluating the effect of elevated temperature in the acoustic emission testing of fiberglass vessels was completed recently. The program aimed at evaluating the current ASME provisions that require acoustic emission testing for Class II vessels be carried out at operating temperature in the event that the operating temperature exceeds 49°C (120°F). Lack of data from fiber reinforced polymer vessels and/or components that have been subjected to acoustic emission evaluation at elevated temperature has resulted in speculation regarding the appropriateness of conducting the acoustic emission evaluation at elevated temperature. To address these issues, an experimental investigation was conducted on representative coupon specimens and pressurized cylindrical specimens at differing temperatures. The results from the coupon tests were presented in a previous publication. This paper will present the results of the cylindrical specimens and compare them to the coupon specimens drawing the final conclusions from the overall results of the program. The results from this study resulted in changes in the body of the ASME code for testing pressure vessels with acoustic emission at temperature.
MalwareVis: entity-based visualization of malware network traces

This paper presents MalwareVis, a utility that provides security researchers a method to browse, filter, view and compare malware network traces as entities.Specifically, we propose a cell-like visualization model to view the network traces of a malware sample's execution. This model is a intuitive representation of the heterogeneous attributes (protocol, host ip, transmission size, packet number, duration) of a list of network streams associated with a malware instance. We encode these features into colors and basic geometric properties of common shapes. The list of streams is organized circularly in a clock-wise fashion to form an entity. Our design takes into account of the sparse and skew nature of these attributes' distributions and proposes mapping and layout strategies to allow a clear global view of a malware sample's behaviors.We demonstrate MalwareVis on a real-world corpus of malware samples and display their individual activity patterns. We show that it is a simple to use utility that provides intriguing visual representations that facilitate user interaction to perform security analysis.
Formation of nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates under potentially prebiological conditions

Aqueous solutions of linear inorganic polyphosphates incubated in presence of Mg ions depolymerize to give trimetaphosphate. The presence of a nucleoside 5′-phosphate has little influence upon the reaction. Drying the products obtained by incubating a linear polyphosphate with Mg ions in the presence of a nucleoside 5′-phosphate yields nucleoside 5′-polyphos-phates. The prebiological relevance of the reactions is discussed.
PRIMARY CHINESE LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Abstract This study gives an introduction to the Chinese language including a brief history of its development, and a description of the changes its writing system has undergone up to the present time in the People's Republic of China. It examines the current methods and materials for teaching beginning reading and the standard dialect of Chinese in the People's Republic of China to children of different dialects. Conclusions are drawn regarding the application of these practices to other languages and countries. The Chinese written language is the world's oldest living written language and has been in existence for thousands of years. Over the course of this time, it has undergone many changes, and been taught to millions of readers. Chinese is unique on the continuum of the world's written languages because of its use of characters. While more people speak Chinese than any other world language, it is often considered the most difficult of the world's languages to learn to read (Wang, 1973). In order to ...
Bounded generation of some S-arithmetic orthogonal groups

Abstract Let f be a nondegenerate quadratic form in n⩾5 variables and of Witt index ⩾2 over a number field K , S be a finite set of places of K containing all archimedean places. We prove that the S -arithmetic group SO n (f) O (S) has bounded generation.
Common cytogenetic findings in primary breast cancer

Abstract Five cases of breast cancer were cytogenetically studied by G-banding, using direct tumor preparations. Chromosomes involved in aberrations, according to frequency, were #1, #11, #3, #6, #5, and #17. In all five cases there were abnormalities of chromosomes #1 and #11. In each case chromosome #1 was involved in at least two different ways. In four cases abnormalities of chromosomes #11 exhibited nonrandom involvement of band q22–23. These findings confirm the role of chromosomes #1 and #11 in breast cancer and show that band 11q22–23, which has been reported to be an inheritable fragile site and is a specific breakpoint in acute leukemia, also may be specific in a group of breast cancer. Thus, correlation of an inheritable fragile site and a malignant disease with familial incidence seems possible.
Harris's modest proposal.

In 'The Survival Lottery' John Harris raises the following issue.1 Suppose it is possible for physicians to save the lives of two patients, Y and Z, otherwise doomed to die through no fault of their own, by taking the life of a third person, P, and using various of his organs appropriately for transplants. To provide a fair and impartial way of selecting the organ donor, a survival lottery is proposed for the society. This lottery randomly selects an organ donor from the population at large. Harris, speaking from the point of view of Y and Z, defends the demand that such a lottery be established. What if anything is wrong with this scheme?
Aggressive Behavior in the Adolescent Psychiatric Patient: A Clinical-Developmental Perspective.

Objective. This study examined the relationship between ego development and psychological defenses to aggressive behavior in a group of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Method: Subjects were 245 adolescents ages 12–16, who were assessed for aggressive behaviors, assaultive incidents, ego development and defenses. Results: Aggressive behavior was found to be negatively associated with ego development, regardless of age, gender or IQ. Defense styles which located the source of conflict outside of the self were associated with higher levels of self-reported aggressive behaviors. Hospital incidents of assault were associated with a lack of cognitively based defenses. Conclusion: Aggressive behavior is tied to the development of critical psychological processes which shape the adolescent's ability to understand themselves and their environment. The results are discussed in the context of a clinical-developmental approach to adolescent aggressive behavior.
Interactions and Reactions of Sulfur Trioxide, Water, and Ammonia: An ab Initio and Density Functional Theory Study

The interactions and reactions of sulfur trioxide (SO3), ammonia (NH3), and water (H2O) are investigated using density functional theory and ab initio molecular orbital theory. Four stable clusters...
Collective mode dynamics of the vortex lattice in a highTc superconductor

Dispersion relations have been obtained numerically for the collective modes of the flux line lattice of a highTc superconductor in the London limit and the effect of pinning forces is included. It is found that the waves propagating along the magnetic field the dispersion consists of two branches and that the low frequency branch may interact with other low-frequency excitations in the lattice.
Crustal structure of China from deep seismic sounding profiles

Abstract More than 36,000 km of Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profiles have been collected in China since 1958. However, the results of these profiles are not well known in the West due to the language barrier. In this paper, we summarize the crustal structure of China with a new contour map of crustal thickness, nine representative crustal columns, and maps showing profile locations, average crustal velocity, and Pn velocity. The most remarkable aspect of the crustal structure of China is the well known 70+ km thickness of the crust of the Tibetan Plateau. The thick (45–70 km) crust of western China is separated from the thinner (30–45 km) crust of eastern China by the north-south trending seismic belt (105°E). The average crustal velocity of China ranges from 6.15 to 6.45 km/s, indicating a felsic-to-intermediate bulk crustal composition. Upper mantle (Pn) velocities are 8.0 ± 0.2 km/s, equal to the global continental average. We interpret these results in terms of the most recent thermo-tectonic events that have modified the crust. In much of eastern China, Cenozoic crustal extension has produced a thin crust with a low average crustal velocity, similar to western Europe and the Basin and Range Province, western USA. In western China, Mesozoic and Cenozoic arc-continent and continent-continent collisions have led to crustal growth and thickening. Inferences on the process of crustal thickening are provided by the deep crustal velocity structure as determined by DSS profiles and other seismological studies. A high velocity (7.0–7.4 km/s) lower-crustal layer has been reported in western China only beneath the southernmost Tibetan Plateau. We identify this high-velocity layer as the cold lower crust of the subducting Indian plate. As the Indian crust is injected northward into the Tibetan lower crust, it heats and assimilates by partial melting, a process that results in a reduction in the seismic velocity of the lower crust in the central and northern Tibetan Plateau.
Enhancement in Informational Masking

Purpose The ability to detect a tone added to a random masker improves when a preview of the masker is provided. In 2 experiments, the authors explored the role that perceptual organization plays i...
Modeling epilepsy disparities among ethnic groups in Philadelphia, PA

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defined epilepsy as an emerging public health issue in a recent report and emphasized the importance of epilepsy studies in minorities and people of low socioeconomic status. Previous research has suggested that the incidence rate for epilepsy is positively associated with various measures of social and economic disadvantage. In response, we utilize hierarchical Bayesian models to analyze health disparities in epilepsy and seizure risks among multiple ethnicities in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The goals of the analysis are to highlight any overall significant disparities in epilepsy risks between the populations of Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics in the study area during the years 2002–2004 and to visualize the spatial pattern of epilepsy risks by ethnicity to indicate where certain ethnic populations were most adversely affected by epilepsy within the study area. Results of the Bayesian model indicate that Hispanics have the highest epilepsy risk overall, followed by African Americans, and then Caucasians. There are significant increases in relative risk for both African Americans and Hispanics when compared with Caucasians, as indicated by the posterior mean estimates of 2.09 with a 95 per cent credible interval of (1.67, 2.62) for African Americans and 2.97 with a 95 per cent credible interval of (2.37, 3.71) for Hispanics. Results also demonstrate that using a Bayesian analysis in combination with geographic information system (GIS) technology can reveal spatial patterns in patient data and highlight areas of disparity in epilepsy risk among subgroups of the population.
Semantic-based information retrieval of biomedical data

In this paper, we propose to improve the effectiveness of biomedical information retrieval via a medical thesaurus. We analyzed the deficiencies of the existing medical thesauri and reconstructed a new thesaurus, called MEDTHES, which follows the ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2003 standard. MEDTHES also endows the users with fine-grained control of information retrieval by providing functions to calculate the semantic similarity between words. We demonstrate the usage of MEDTHES through an existing data search engine.
Development of sol-gel-based fiber optic nitrogen dioxide gas sensors

We report herein the development of sol-gel-based fiber optic sensors to monitor gaseous nitrogen dioxide based on two different w .x indicating chemistry encapsulations. The first consists of the immobilization of a ruthenium complex, Ru bpy Cl within a silica 32 , sol-gel matrix, while the second design is based on the co-immobilization of the dye Acridine orange and the Saltzman reagent encapsulated within a silica sol-gel matrix. The sensors are placed in a manifold test chamber and nitrogen dioxide gas at various concentrations is flowed into the chamber. A miniature optoelectronics package was developed to acquire data from the sensors. The w .x nitrogen dioxide sensor encapsulating the Ru bpy Cl demonstrates sensitivity in the hundreds parts per million range with reversibility 32 while the nitrogen dioxide sensor utilizing the Acridine orange dye demonstrates sensitivity in the parts per million range; however, it is not reversible. q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Normal Discontinuity of Progression of Dental Caries.

ConclusionsOne may assume either that the progress of tooth decay is discontinuous, or that there are periods of latency prior to the time when a carious area becomes detectible either to clinical or to roentgenologic examination.
Cerebral metabolism and consciousness

In vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the brain have measured rates of glutamate-glutamine cycle (Vcyc) and glucose oxidation (CMRglc(ox)) by detecting 13C label turnover from glucose to glutamate and glutamine. In both the awake human and in the anesthetized rat brains Vcyc and CMRglc(ox) are stoichiometrically related, and form a major pathway in which approximately 80% of the energy from glucose oxidation supports events associated with glutamate neurotransmission. The high energy consumption of the brain at rest and its quantitative usage for neurotransmission reflect a high level of neuronal activity for the non-stimulated brain. This high activity supports a reinterpretation of functional imaging data, e.g., where the large baseline signal has commonly been discarded. Independent measurements of energy consumption (delta CMRO2%) obtained from calibrated fMRI equaled percentage changes in neuronal spiking rate (delta nu %) measured by electrodes during sensory stimulation at two depths of anesthesia. These quantitative biophysical relationships between energy consumption and neuronal activity provide novel insights into the nature of brain function. The high resting brain activity is proposed to include the global interactions constituting the subjective aspects of consciousness. Anesthesia by lowering the total firing rates correlates with the loss of consciousness. These results, which measure the localized neuronal response and distinguish inputs of peripheral neurons from inputs of neurons from other brain regions, fit comfortably into the neuronal scheme of a global workspace proposed by Dehaene and Changeux.
On the generators of semisimple lie algebras

Abstract It will be shown that given any element X in a simple Lie algebra Q over C , there exists a Y ∈ Q such that the Lie algebra generated by X and Y is Q . The result is extended to the real semisimple Lie algebras. In some sense the main theorem of this paper can be regarded as an extension of Morozov-Jacobson theorem concerning three dimensional simple Lie algebras (see the remark at the end of Sec. 4). A new property of a special class of regular elements, known as the cyclic elements, is given.
What factors affect intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes

UNLABELLED Within the last decade, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a new assisted reproductive technique that allows for the direct injection of spermatozoa into the oocyte, has become available to infertile couples. While most studies indicate that ICSI has success rates similar to those of traditional in vitro fertilization, there are many concerns about the safety of the procedure, including increased risks of chromosomal and developmental abnormalities in children conceived by ICSI. Factors that contribute to these increased risks have not been well elucidated. The purpose of this paper is to review the latest literature concerning 1) the adverse outcomes associated with ICSI; and 2) factors that affect the success rates of ICSI (with emphasis on paternal factors). TARGET AUDIENCE Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this article, the reader should be able to explain the procedure, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), to outline the data surrounding chromosomal and developmental outcomes after ICSI, and to list and explain the potential factors that influence ICSI.
Storage and phase conjugation of light pulses using stimulated photon echoes.

We experimentally demonstrate that three-excitation-pulse (i.e., stimulated) photon echo signals can be backward-propagating, phase-conjugate replicas of the second echo-excitation pulse. Working on the 555.6-nm absorption line of atomic Yb vapor, echo signals, effectively 0.5% as intense as the second excitation pulse, are shown to reproduce image information carried by the second excitation pulse even when wave-front distorters are employed.
Studies on the metabolism of a vitamin E analog.

Le metabolisme in vitro du 6-hydroxy-2, 2, 5, 7, 8-pentamethylechromane-5-methyle-C14 a ete etudie sur des soies homogeneifiees de rats et de lapins. Lorsque les composes homogeneifies n'ont pas ete renforces par un systeme generateur NADPH ou denatures par la chaleur, aucunes quantites significatives de metabolites hydrosolubles ne se sont formees. Par contre, durant les experiences de controle, plusieurs produits d'oxydation ont apparu.
Pulmonary Hypertension, Hemolytic Anemia, and Renal Failure: A Mitomycin-Associated Syndrome

After treatment with mitomycin C, a patient developed pulmonary hypertension with interstitial infiltrates, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, systemic hypertension, and renal failure with the nephrotic syndrome. Open lung biopsy documented intracapillary fibrin thrombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Renal biopsy documented glomerular and arteriolar changes that were most consistent with a thrombotic-thrombocytopenic-like process. Treatment with corticosteroids, fresh-frozen plasma, and total plasma exchange was ineffective. The patient died six months after the onset. When mitomycin-C therapy is given, the clinician should be aware of the pulmonary, renal, and microangiopathic changes that can be associated with such therapy.