cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo studies of the combination of IGF1R inhibitor figitumumab (CP-751,871) with HER2 inhibitors trastuzumab and neratinib

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) has been linked to resistance to HER2-directed therapy with trastuzumab (Herceptin). We examined the anti-tumor activity of figitumumab (CP-751,871), a human monoclonal antibody that blocks IGF1R ligand binding, alone and in combination with the therapeutic anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab and the pan-HER family tyrosine kinase inhibitor neratinib, using in vitro and in vivo breast cancer model systems. In vitro assays of proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling, and in vivo anti-tumor experiments were conducted in HER2-overexpressing (BT474) and HER2-normal (MCF7) models. We find single-agent activity of the HER2-targeting drugs but not figitumumab in the BT474 model, while the reverse is true in the MCF7 model. However, in both models, combining figitumumab with HER2-targeting drugs shows synergistic anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects, and optimum inhibition of downstream signaling. In murine xenograft models, synergistic anti-tumor effects were observed in the HER2-normal MCF7 model for the combination of figitumumab with trastuzumab, and, in the HER2-overexpressing BT474 model, enhanced anti-tumor effects were observed for the combination of figitumumab with either trastuzumab or neratinib. Analysis of tumor extracts from the in vivo experiments showed evidence of the most optimal inhibition of downstream signaling for the drug combinations over the single-agent therapies. These results suggest promise for such combinations in treating patients with breast cancer, and that, unlike the case for single-agent therapy, the therapeutic effects of such combinations may be independent of expression levels of the individual receptors or the single-agent activity profile.
Control Authority of a Projectile Equipped With an Internal Unbalanced Part

A key technical challenge for smart weapon developers is the design of appropriate control mechanisms that provide sufficient control authority to enable correction of typical trajectory errors while not excessively burdening the overall weapon design. The work reported here considers a rotating mass unbalance control mechanism, created by radial orientation of an internal part. To investigate the potential of this control mechanism, a seven degree-of-freedom flight dynamic model of a projectile, equipped with an internal part is defined. Using this dynamic model it is shown that by holding the internal part fixed with respect to a nonrolling reference frame, predictable trajectory changes are generated including predictable impact point changes. As expected, when unbalance-offset distance, or mass is increased, control authority increases proportionally. This control mechanism creates impact point changes that are the same order of magnitude as dispersion caused by errors induced at launch and in flight. Control authority is significantly altered with changing projectile characteristics, such as, the mass center location, pitch inertia, yaw inertia, aerodynamic drag, and aerodynamic normal force.
Inductance of a coil in a slotted shield

The inductance of a coil in a slotted, conducting shell is investigated. At frequencies for which the coil is very small relative to wavelength, an integral equation is formulated and numerically solved for the electric field induced in the slots. From knowledge of the slot electric field, the inductance of the coil in the slotted shell can be calculated. The dependence of inductance on the presence of the slotted shell is assessed quantitatively and explained on the basis of physical principles. The inductance of a one-turn loop inside a slotted shell is measured, and the data are found to be in excellent agreement with computations. As an unslotted shield closes on a coil, inductance is reduced noticeably, but if the shield possesses axial slots, the reduction is much less significant.
Efficient Hand Gesture Rendering and Decoding using a Simple Gesture Library

Recent work in hand gesture rendering and decoding has treated the two fields as separate and distinct. As the work of rendering evolves, it emphasizes exact movement replication, including more muscle and skeletal parameterization. The work in gesture decoding is largely centered on trained systems, which require large amounts of time in front of a camera rendering a gesture in order to decode movement. This paper presents a new scheme which more tightly couples the gesture rendering and decoding processes. While this scheme is simpler than existing techniques, the rendering remains natural looking, and decoding a new gesture does not require extensive training.
The forcing partial order on the three times punctured disk

The two-dimensional analogue of the Sharkovski order on periods for maps of the interval restricts to a partial order on essential pseudo-Anosov conjugacy classes in the mapping class group of the -times punctured disk. In this paper we give an explicit description of this restricted partial order in the case when .
Effect of Maternal Behavior on Regulation During Feeding in Healthy Infants and Infants With Transposition

ABSTRACT Objective To compare physiological regulation and the effect of maternal sensitive caregiving during feeding on physiological regulation in healthy infants and in infants with transposition of the great arteries. Design Descriptive, 2 groups, repeated measures. Setting Three children's hospitals in the Midwest. Participants A convenience sample of 15 infants with transposition of the great arteries matched with 16 healthy infants. Methods Measures of physiological regulation before, during, and after feeding and quality of maternal affect and behavior during feeding were collected postoperatively at 2 weeks and 2 months of age. Results At 2 weeks, infants with transposition of the great arteries demonstrated impaired physiological regulation with feedings when compared with healthy infants. Healthy infants of more sensitive mothers were more likely to demonstrate a physiologically adaptive response during feeding. Maternal effect on physiological regulation was not observed in infants with transposition of the great arteries. No differences between groups were found at 2 months. Conclusions For infants with transposition of the great arteries, effects of surgical recovery and limited contact with their mothers relative to healthy infants may have outweighed the supportive effect of maternal sensitivity during feeding in the early weeks of life. Further research is needed to identify ways of enhancing the regulatory effect of maternal behavior on infants with heart defects.
Low–Dielectric Constant Insulators for Future Integrated Circuits and Packages

Future integrated circuits and packages will require extraordinary dielectric materials for interconnects to allow transistor advances to be translated into system-level advances. Exceedingly low-permittivity and low-loss materials are required at every level of the electronic system, from chip-level insulators to packages and printed wiring boards. In this review, the requirements and goals for future insulators are discussed followed by a summary of current state-of-the-art materials and technical approaches. Much work needs to be done for insulating materials and structures to meet future needs.
Novel Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

In the past several years, evidence has accumulated that factors other than conventional risk factors may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Conventional risk factors predict less than one half of future cardiovascular events. Furthermore, conventional risk factors may not have the same causal effect in different ethnic groups in whom novel risk factors may have a role. These newer risk factors for atherosclerosis include homocysteine, fibrinogen, impaired fibrinolysis, increased platelet reactivity, hypercoagulability, lipoprotein(a), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and inflammatory-infectious markers. Identification of other markers associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease may allow better insight into the pathobiology of atherosclerosis and facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic measures. In this review, we discuss the evidence associating these factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the mechanism of risk, and the clinical implications of this knowledge.
A logic of action, causality, and the temporal relations of events

Proposes a logic of action and causality, called /spl Cscr//spl Ascr//spl Lscr/ (Causality and Action Logic). The most important part of our contribution is a semantics that integrates action, temporal structure and probability. The semantics is based on a mathematical structure called an event space. This space is inhabited by situations or instantaneous events with binary relations over them. The temporal relations within an event space include several relations that different authors have labeled "cause". Our language does not single out any one of them under this name and therefore avoids any appearance of reliance on some mysterious relation of causality that goes beyond the facts about the world and about how its evolution is best predicted.
Direction and polarization estimation using arrays with small loops and short dipoles

It is shown that when polarization-sensitive arrays consisting of crossed small loops and short dipoles are used, one can eliminate the requirement in the ESPRIT algorithm that sensors must occur in matched pairs. The dipoles and loops are sensitive to the polarizations of incident electromagnetic plane waves. The dipoles are sensitive to the incident electric field components, and the loops to magnetic field components of the incident waves. The invariance properties among the dipole and loop outputs of an arbitrary array of orthogonal loops and orthogonal dipoles are exploited to compute both the two-dimensional arrival angles and polarizations of incoming narrowband signals. It is shown that with dipoles and loops, vertical arrays are not necessary to obtain good direction estimates for signals from low angles. >
Lichen myxedematosus treated with chlorambucil.

BACKGROUND. Chemotherapy with various alkylating agents has been reported to be successful in the treatment of lichen myxedematosus. However, serious toxicities have accompanied such use. OBJECTIVE. To report a case of treatment of lichen myxedematosus with chlorambucil. RESULT. There was a favorable response using chlorambucil as an alternative therapeutic agent.
Insights on Designers’ Sketching Activities in New Product Design Teams

This paper describes an empirical study of student designers’ sketching activities in new product design teams. A comprehensive list of metrics associated with sketches is identified and their relative level of importance at different stages in the design process is evaluated. Correlations between sketching activities, variety of the concept sketches, and design outcomes are presented. Results show the volume of total sketches and the number of 3-dimensional sketches has an increasingly positive effect on the design outcome as the design proceeds from preliminary investigation, through conceptual design, to detailed development and testing. Results also show that there is a statistically significant correlation between the total number of individual journal sketches created during the design process and an individual student’s class grade.
The Marketing Educator Shortage: A Supply Side Perspective

A survey was conducted of marketing faculty at doctorate granting institutions to obtain their perceptions of the current shortage of marketing educators. Results focus on activities used to recruit marketing doctoral students, an evaluation of the potential of various groups to provide future doctoral students, reasons for the shortage, and projections for the status of the shortage in five years.
The immune system in hypertension

While hypertension has predominantly been attributed to perturbations of the vasculature, kidney, and central nervous system, research for almost 50 yr has shown that the immune system also contributes to this disease. Inflammatory cells accumulate in the kidneys and vasculature of humans and experimental animals with hypertension and likely contribute to end-organ damage. We and others have shown that mice lacking adaptive immune cells, including recombinase-activating gene-deficient mice and rats and mice with severe combined immunodeficiency have blunted hypertension to stimuli such as ANG II, high salt, and norepinephrine. Adoptive transfer of T cells restores the blood pressure response to these stimuli. Agonistic antibodies to the ANG II receptor, produced by B cells, contribute to hypertension in experimental models of preeclampsia. The central nervous system seems important in immune cell activation, because lesions in the anteroventral third ventricle block hypertension and T cell activation in response to ANG II. Likewise, genetic manipulation of reactive oxygen species in the subfornical organ modulates both hypertension and immune cell activation. Current evidence indicates that the production of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-6, contribute to hypertension, likely via effects on both the kidney and vasculature. In addition, the innate immune system also appears to contribute to hypertension. We propose a working hypothesis linking the sympathetic nervous system, immune cells, production of cytokines, and, ultimately, vascular and renal dysfunction, leading to the augmentation of hypertension. Studies of immune cell activation will clearly be useful in understanding this common yet complex disease.
Reverence—Or Not?

This is an introduction to the column “Feeling Disrespected: An Exploration of the Extant Literature.”
Does CALU SNP rs1043550 Contribute Variability to Therapeutic Warfarin Dosing Requirements

Objectives: Calumenin, a molecular chaperone, exerts a regulatory effect on the vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation redox cycle that inhibits transfer of the reduced vitamin K from VKORC1, the pharmacological target of warfarin, to the γ-carboxylase. Because of its polymorphic structure and central role in the warfarin metabolic pathway, a contributory role for calumenin to warfarin dose variability has been posited. The current study sought to validate modulation of therapeutic dosing requirements by a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) occurring in the calumenin gene (CALU) reported in previous studies. The CALU SNP was further modeled to detect interaction with SNPs occurring in VKORC1, CYP2C9, and CYP4F2 genes and characterize any additional contribution to variability in therapeutic warfarin dose requirement. Setting: The study was undertaken in an established, well-characterized cohort of subjects treated with warfarin in the Anticoagulation Clinic of Marshfield Clinic in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Methods: Subjects (N=491) previously genotyped for SNPS known to contribute variability to therapeutic warfarin dose requirement were genotyped for CALU SNP rs1043550, using TaqMan assays. Contribution of CALU SNP rs1043550 was modeled relative to other genotypic and phenotypic characteristics including gender, diagnosis, age, body surface area, underlying indication for warfarin, comorbidities, and pharmacological exposures. Interaction between SNPs impacting on warfarin dose requirements and calumenin SNPs was also modeled. Results: Small differences in warfarin dosing requirements detected among individuals encoding the mutant G allele in the calumenin SNP were not statistically or clinically significant relative to therapeutic warfarin dose requirement and did not independently contribute significantly to the warfarin dosing model. Interaction between calumenin and VKORC1 SNPs contributed only minor additional variability to that ascribed to the wild type VKORC1 genotype. Conclusions: The impact of the CALU SNP on warfarin dose variability was minor and did not contribute significantly to therapeutic warfarin dose requirement in our study cohort. While no contribution was noted for the SNP examined in the present study, further examination of interaction between genetic elements contributing major impact on therapeutic warfarin dose requirements and genes exhibiting a lesser contribution is warranted.
DSS support groups: an empirical investigation

Decision support systems (DSS) are widely used by managers to provide problem solving assistance. Despite their widespread use, little is known about how organizations support DSS users. This paper reports on a field study that sought to identity the support characteristics of a sample of DSS groups. Twenty-three DSS groups participated in the study to provide information on group location, staff size and backgrounds, formalization, and DSS services in addition to other support characteristics. >
Synthesis of random terpolymers bearing multidentate imidazole units and their use in functionalization of cadmium sulfide nanowires

This work reports on a new random ternary polymerization method for the synthesis of multidentate imidazole polymers. The polymers can behave as ligands for the functionalization of cadmium sulfide nanowires. Due to the intrinsic differences in the electronegativity of the groups next to the vinyl bond, the vinyl groups displayed unique NMR signals, and allowed for the measurement of the individual monomer conversions in the random terpolymer system. The activated ester bearing terpolymer was postmodified with N-alkyl imidazole units, followed by the boc deprotection of the amine terminal groups. The resulting poly(imid-PEGMA-MAMamine) provided water solubility, dye loading capability as well as the ability to coordinate with metal chalcogenide surfaces using the imidazole units. Upon the attachment of a rhodamine dye, studies were performed to analyze the potential of such polymers to modify CdS nanowires using fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence microscopy results provided confirmation of the polymeric ligand attachment, and sets the foundation for further optical studies using this system.
Structural features of organic anions: 7‐Norbornadienyllithium

The structure of 7-norbornadienyllithium, a homoantiaromatic carbanion, is investigated with the semiempirical MNDO molecular orbital method. Alkene out-of-plane bendings persist even when the metal is fully solvated. The structural integrity of the monomer is retained in the dimer and solvated dimer; previously proposed dimers are inconsistent with lithium bonding and are not minimum energy structures on the MNDO hypersurface.
Immobilized N-alkylated polyethylenimine avidly kills bacteria by rupturing cell membranes with no resistance developed

Several critical mechanistic and phenomenological aspects of the microbicidal surface coatings based on immobilized hydrophobic polycations, previously developed by us, are addressed. Using Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria, remarkable bactericidal action (up to a 10(9)-fold reduction in live bacteria count in the surface-exposed solution and a 100% inactivation of the surface-adhered bacteria) of an amino-glass slide covalently derivatized with N-hexyl,methyl-polyethylenimine (PEI) is found to be due to rupturing bacterial cell membranes by the polymeric chains. The bacteria fail to develop noticeable resistance to this lethal action over the course of many successive generations. Finally, the immobilized N-alkyl-PEI, while deadly to bacteria, is determined to be harmless to mammalian (monkey kidney) cells.
Feedback linearization using TSK fuzzy approximants

This paper considers implementing the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy models of control laws produced by feedback linearization. There are two main results: first, that TSK fuzzy models of feedback linearization control laws can be virtually as good as the exact nonlinear control law, at least in the case of the inverted pendulum problem. Second, the exact control law for the inverted pendulum problem is observed to be very flat near the desired operating point. This observation is consistent with the success of control laws based on local linearized models.
Healthy and Wealthy and Dead: Health Savings Accounts

Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) were introduced by the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. This article describes the statutory rules governing the design and operation of HSAs and the federal income tax treatment of health care expenses. The article discusses the debate between proponents and opponents of HSAs and concludes that, while we do not yet have much experience with HSAs, the more extravagant claims made by their supporters should be viewed with caution.
3 – THE CHEMISTRY OF CVD

This chapter discusses the various types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactions. Some of these reactions include thermal-decomposition reactions, hydrogen reduction, coreduction, oxidation and hydrolysis reactions, and carbidization and nitridation. In thermal-decomposition reactions, a molecule is split into its elements and/or a more elementary molecule. These are the simplest reactions since only one precursor gas is required. The hydrogen reduction has a major advantage in that the reaction generally takes place at lower temperature than the equivalent decomposition reaction, and is used extensively in the deposition of transition metals from their halides such as the metals of groups Va (vanadium, niobium, and tantalum) and VIa (chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten). Oxidation and hydrolysis are two important groups of CVD reactions, which are used in the formation of oxides. This chapter presents the CVD precursors such as the halides, carbonyls, and hydrides for gaining a better understanding of the CVD reactions.
Integrated Computational Investigation of Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches in Pulsed Power Radio Frequency Applications

Successful integration of linear-mode photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) into RF pulsing antenna sources may yield higher switching speeds and improved power efficiency over conventional switching methods, while also reducing size/weight. This paper presents a multiphysics computational methodology for studying linear-mode PCSS in a high-power antenna system, with a focus on extrinsically triggered widebandgap materials. A comparison with the existing literature reveals crucial performance sensitivities to photon absorption models, as well as encouraging results for the potential of PCSS as high-power switching devices.
A Review of “Reinventing the Library for Online Education”

The American Public University System (APUS) consists of two distance learning institutions that forgo the traditional “brick-and-mortar” of other universities. The completely online format of APUS...
Methodological Individualism and Cultural Evolution: Ontogenetic and Phylogenetic Approaches to Social Order

This paper is about the alleged tension between methodological individualism and evolutionary ideas in the work of Friedrich Hayek. This issue is much debated, but I focus my attention on a quite original incompatibility argument by Geoffrey Hodgson. Hodgson sympathizes with the evolutionary Hayek and aims his arrows especially at Hayek’s methodological individualism. He argues that the latter involves an “ontogenetic” approach to social science, while his evolutionary thinking suggests a “phylogenetic” approach. “Ontogenetic” and “phylogenetic” are terms from biology which Hodgson applies to the social sciences. “Ontogeny” then refers to the development not only of organisms but also of social systems on the basis of fixed developmental rules, while “phylogeny” refers to the evolution of such entities through selection upon variation. Hodgson believes that there is a “fatal conflict” in Hayek’s work between his “ontogenetic” methodological individualism and his evolutionary approach to culture. In this paper, I agree with Hodgson that methodological individualism can be seen as an ontogenetic approach to social science, but I give several arguments to show that ontogenetic and phylogenetic approaches are complementary rather than incompatible. Discussing the complexities of ontogeny and phylogeny in social theory, I show exactly how economics and evolution (can) relate to each other and apply these ideas to Hayek’s work.
The roles of host-related stimuli in the behavior of Argas cooleyi (Acarina: Argasidae).

Host odor, breath, and body heat are most effective in inducing behavioral changes in unfed, adult Argas cooleyi over distances which would occur in nature within the closed quarters of a Cliff Swallow nest. Neither host odor, 4.8% CO2, nor host breath elicit locomotor movements from quiescent, unfed ticks. A pronounced klinokinesis without orthokinetic influence occurs when these ticks are exposed to an atmosphere of 4.8% CO2 and may be significant in “guiding” ticks to a host once the ticks are inside an occupied nest. No sensory adaptation to 4.8% CO2 was detected. Host temperature (40°C) and host odor (swallow skin) in combination provoke a feeding response in unfed ticks but only after the ticks have contacted the source of stimulation. No distance perception by unfed A. cooleyi to either of these stimuli was observed.
Clinicopathologic correlation of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

(1958). Clinicopathologic Correlation of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 393-399.
Numerical Simulation for Asynchronous Swaying of Overhead Transmission Line

The reason and characteristic of flashover caused by asynchronous swaying/windage yaw of transmission line are researched in depth.Asynchronous swaying of conductors is a forced vibration phenomenon,thus nonlinear static and dynamic calculation models are built;by use of the approach combining unconditional stable Newmark method with load-increment method,the initial static balance state of horizontally arranged two-phase bundled conductors and their nonlinear dynamic response under asynchronous swaying are numerically simulated and the displacement response and stress variation law of conductors are obtained under different wind load excitation models.Calculation results show that it is feasible to analyze asynchronous swaying of conductors and check the effect of anti-windage yaw measures.
Methods to enhance the thermal performance of a 3D power package

Integration of power semiconductor devices poses many challenges, i.e. in a synchronous buck converter package where stacking multiple dies concentrates heat dissipation within a given area, the effects of which could result in elevated junction temperatures and degradation in its performance and long term reliability. To counter these challenges one needs to have a semiconductor solution with extremely good efficiency and packaging solutions that can conduct heat extremely well in multiple directions. Since TI NexFET™ addresses the silicon efficiency and performance; we focused our work on enhancing the thermal performance of a 3D power package. By implementing new design modifications in the clips and reducing the mold cap thickness, we were able to improve the overall thermal performance of stacked synchronous buck converters. There are many methods to improve the thermal performance of the 3D power package and in this paper we will present three methods evaluated for achieving that.
Pharmacotherapy and the Primary Care Physician

SUMMARY Clinical pharmacy services and pharmacotherapy specialists did not begin in primary care settings. Rather, the initial interdisciplinary teams took root in large hospitals and tertiary medical center inpatient services during the middle 1960s. By the early 1970s, however, numerous papers appeared that described a unique and exciting practice model that incorporated primary care physicians and clinical pharmacists. The sole purpose of the interdisciplinary concept was to allow each member to contribute their own expertise to improve patient care. In my experience, primary care physicians have been eager to consult clinical pharmacists and other health professionals. I believe that the reason for this is a fundamental philosophy that distinguishes these physicians from other medical specialists. Ingrained in their philosophy are concepts such as continuity of care and care of the entire patient. The latter relates, not only to multiple organ systems, but also the spiritual and behavioral characteristics of the person. The primary care physician is also viewed as the coordinator for all health care services required by their patients. Most primary care physicians welcome others’ expertise as long as they continue to be the health care coordinator for the patient. The health care structure of the United States continues to shift to ambulatory care. This will provide additional opportunities for the types of group models described in this article. After 20 years, the positive impact that physician and pharmacotherapist teams can have on drug therapy is being recognized on a broader scale. These models should continue to move from the academic laboratory to private group practice. Incorporation of this model into patient care can result in improved patient compliance, improved disease control, improved therapeutic drug monitoring, reductions in unnecessary drug use, fewer adverse drug reactions and interactions, and a reduction in costs. The major purpose of this issue of Primary Care is to highlight rational drug therapy. Many of the authors of these articles have had extensive experience in the models described above. This experience gives these authors a unique insight that assists in presenting therapeutic information to the primary care physician.
More Masses For The Masses

Physics-based modeling using floating-point computations can enable nuanced control of sound for applications in music. Historically, either powerful computers or custom hardware have been required to obtain high-fidelity sound, particularly as a large number of virtual masses or "virtual resonators" are for example needed to obtain complex timbres. However, over the past few years, low-cost (e.g. USD $35) embedded computers have become increasingly powerful and able to simulate a more impressive number of virtual masses or virtual resonators in real time.Benchmarks are conducted to compare how many virtual masses, virtual strings, or virtual resonators can be simulated in real time on the Raspberry Pi 1 and 2 embedded computers. It was observed that the Raspberry Pi 2 could provide for real-time audio bandwidths as large as 14 kHz (virtual masses) or 11 kHz (virtual resonators) for harmonic tones with f0 as low as 80 Hz, using only a single computational core. This will enable the creation of a whole new class of instruments called embedded acoustic instruments, which can be programmed using physics-based modeling techniques.
Thiamine Deficiency in Serious Illness

This chapter is entitled thiamine deficiency in serious illness and will examine relatively recent descriptions of the development of thiamine deficiency in various cancers, gastric bypass surgery, etc. Predating these discoveries have been thorough descriptions in prisoners of the development of thiamine deficiency. These cases are different from those in various cancers in that they are clearly based on dietary inadequacies. They are similar however in that these men were seriously ill and have no other counterpart in clinical medicine. Therefore a comprehensive study and review of this prisoner condition is synopsized here (Denny-Brown, D., 1947).
Formal Verification of Transformation Rules for Speculative Execution in Real-Time Systems

Abstract There have been a number of successes in the past few years in use of formal methods for verification of real-time systems, and also in source-to-source transformation of these systems for improved analysis, performance, and schedulability. What has been lacking are formal proofs that these transformations preserve, or establish program properties. We have previously developed a set of compiler transformation rules for safe and profitable speculative execution in real-time systems. In this paper, we present formal proofs that our transformations preserve both the semantic and the timeliness properties of programs. Our approach uses temporal logic, enhanced with a denotational-semantics-like representation of program stores.
How Health Humanities Will Save the Life of the Humanities

In the last decade, the humanities have been shrinking in number of students, percent of faculty, and in number of degrees awarded. Humanities students also earn lower salaries than their STEM-prepared peers. At the same time, the health humanities have been in ascendance over the last fifteen years. The number of majors, minors and certificates has increased 266% in that time frame, attracting large numbers of students and preparing future patients, lay caregivers, and health care providers to interact with a complicated and dehumanized medical system. In 1982, British philosopher and educator Stephen Toulmin declared that medicine saved philosophy from irrelevance and possibly extinction. I propose that the health humanities can serve a similar function to stave off the decline of the broader humanities. The health humanities can (1) model an applied approach for the broader humanities to attract student interest; (2) develop students' capacity for critical reading, writing and reflection about health and medicine in society, practice, and their own lives and (3) inoculate all students against the influence of medicine, whether through preparing pre-health students to navigate the hidden medical curriculum or preparing future patients to navigate the health care system.
Room-Temperature Coherent Optical Phonon in 2D Electronic Spectra of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite as a Possible Cooling Bottleneck

A hot phonon bottleneck may be responsible for slow hot carrier cooling in methylammonium lead iodide hybrid perovskite, creating the potential for more efficient hot carrier photovoltaics. In room-temperature 2D electronic spectra near the band edge, we observe amplitude oscillations due to a remarkably long lived 0.9 THz coherent phonon population at room temperature. This phonon (or set of phonons) is assigned to angular distortions of the Pb–I lattice, not coupled to cation rotations. The strong coupling between the electronic transition and the 0.9 THz mode(s), together with relative isolation from other phonon modes, makes it likely to cause a phonon bottleneck. The pump frequency resolution of the 2D spectra also enables independent observation of photoinduced absorptions and bleaches independently and confirms that features due to band gap renormalization are longer-lived than in transient absorption spectra.
Environmental Characteristics Related to Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program Implementation

This study examined environmental characteristics including demographic variables, facilities, and perceived support as contributors of Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP) implementation. Physical education teachers (N=306) from public, private, and other schools participated. The state of residence was the only demographic characteristic that predicted CSPAP implementation. Bike racks and total facilities were significant among facility predictors. Supportive administration and administrator’s modeling physical activity (PA) also significantly contributed to CSPAP implementation. CSPAP implementation was highly associated with specific environmental characteristics that promote PA. These findings suggest that changes can be made to the school environment to facilitate PA opportunities.
Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin Modulates Nuclear Factor Kappa β in Two Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines

Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) is a strain of Mycobacterium bovis and is the standard of care for intravesical therapy of recurrent superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ. Multiple studies have shown that BCG acts as an immunomodulator and can generate a predominantly T helper subset 1 (Th1) cell response, but its exact mechanism of action is unknown. Most of the research on the mechanism of action has been performed on the immune system and little is known about its activity on the tumor cell. One predominant pathway in cell activation and oncogenesis is through nuclear factor kappa β (NFκ-β). This transcriptional factor has anti-apoptotic effects and is upregulated or constitutively active in many tumors and tumor-derived cell lines. This family of proteins is found in the cell cytoplasm bound to its inhibitor. Upon cell activation, the inhibitor is phosphorylated and degraded, allowing the factor to translocate into the nucleus, bind to its target DNA sequences, and activate transcription of a myriad of genes. We investigated the effect of BCG on the NFκ-β activation pathway of 2 high-grade bladder tumor cell lines, TCC SUP and T24. Cells were treated with BCG for various time durations and nuclear extracts were prepared and analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to monitor NFκ-β DNA binding activity. We found 2 NFκ-β protein-containing bands, one constitutive, and the other inducible.
Current clinical management of metastatic lung cancer

Approximately 40% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 70% of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) present with advanced, hematogenously metastatic, incurable disease. Systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapy in these patients with the primary goals of palliating symptoms, maintaining quality of life, and prolonging life. For patients with advanced NSCLC, standard treatment consists of two-drug, platinum-based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor which controls tumor angiogenesis. In NSCLC, second- and third-line therapy with chemotherapy or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors has also been shown to provide a survival benefit. Recent studies have begun to define specific clinical, histological, and molecular characteristics that can help identify subsets of patients with NSCLC who will or will not respond to particular chemotherapeutic or molecularly targeted agents. For patients with extensive-stage SCLC, initial platinum-based chemotherapy yields impressive response rates, but long-term survival remains extremely limited. Despite extensive knowledge of the biology of SCLC, studies of molecularly targeted therapies have yet to demonstrate any significant clinical benefits in this disease.
Evolutionary Psychology as Computational Theory in the Cognitive Sciences

Scarcely a decade old, evolutionary psychology (EP) has developed a high profile within the cognitive sciences. EP's niche involves what David Marr (1982) called “computational theories:” functional descriptions of what information processing devices, including brains, are designed to do. Such theories constrain and inform the search for cognitive and neural descriptions of the device. EP is characterized by primary commitments to modularity of mind, the use of evolutionary biology's adaptationist program to generate hypotheses regarding mental modules, and the use of cognitive science's methods for testing such hypotheses. It is also characterized by a number of secondary commitments and positions on important issues that are not necessitated by the evolutionary approach. These are defensible within the broader fields of human behavior and cognition, and by tertiary commitments that are logically unrelated to the EP program but nonetheless characteristic of the field (i.e., anti-theistic biases and other...
Microhabitat preferences of longear sunfish: low light intensity versus submerged cover

Both cover and light intensity are important factors in microhabitat selection of fishes, suggesting a possible hierarchical relationship. Many centrarchids have been shown to prefer low light intensities and heavy submerged cover, but adult nonbreeding longear sunfish are reported to occupy sparsely vegetated, clear, shallow water during the brightest part of the day, probably for foraging. To determine the relative importance of cover and light intensity to longear sunfish, we presented nonbreeding adults with choices between these two conditions in a series of three laboratory experiments. Longear sunfish preferred low light to high light intensity and preferred submerged cover to no cover. However, when given a choice, they preferred to occupy low light intensity conditions without cover rather than submerged cover under higher light intensity conditions. Thus, low light intensity, such as is found in greater pool depths, may be the preferred refuge from predation for longear sunfish.
Critically engaging discourses on quality improvement: Political and pedagogical futures in early childhood education:

This article is a commentary developed by three early childhood teacher educators who are concerned about the negative consequences of contemporary policy trends in the United States. The commentar...
Pulling at Your Heartstrings: Examining Four Leadership Approaches From the Neuroscience Perspective

Purpose: This review study aims to bridge neuroscience and educational leadership by exploring the neural mechanisms of the constructs relevant to educational leadership. Research Methods: The revi...
Energetically Optimal Flapping Wing Motions via Adjoint-Based Optimization and High-Order Discretizations

A globally high-order numerical discretization of time-dependent conservation laws on deforming domains, and the corresponding fully discrete adjoint method, is reviewed and applied to determine energetically optimal flapping wing motions subject to aerodynamic constraints using a reduced space PDE-constrained optimization framework. The conservation law on a deforming domain is transformed to one on a fixed domain and discretized in space using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method. An efficient, high-order temporal discretization is achieved using diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta schemes. Quantities of interest, such as the total energy required to complete a flapping cycle and the integrated forces produced on the wing, are discretized in a solver-consistent way, that is, via the same spatiotemporal discretization used for the conservation law. The fully discrete adjoint method is used to compute discretely consistent gradients of the quantities of interest and passed to a black-box, gradient-based nonlinear optimization solver. This framework successfully determines an energetically optimal flapping trajectory such that the net thrust of the wing is zero to within 9 digits after only 12 optimization iterations.
Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A more favorable lesion?

Abstract Background Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are predominantly solid lesions with malignant potential. Cystic PNETs are a small subset in which data are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and biologic differences between cystic and solid PNETs. Methods Patients with PNETs undergoing pancreatectomy between 1988 and 2016 at a high-volume center were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic, clinical, and histopathologic data were collected and analyzed. Results 347 patients with PNETs were identified; 27% (n = 91) were cystic. Patients with cystic PNETs were generally older (59 vs. 55 years, p = 0.05). Cystic PNETs were more commonly non-functional (95% vs. 82%, p = 0.004), asymptomatic (44% vs. 28%, p = 0.009), and located in the pancreatic body/tail (81% vs. 60%, p Conclusion In addition to reporting a higher than previously published incidence of cystic PNET (27%), this study found significant differences in multiple clinicopathologic variables between cystic and solid PNETs. Cystic PNET may be a distinct and possibly less aggressive subtype of PNET yet have similar pathologic stage, recurrence, and survival to solid PNETs. Cystic PNETs require further attention to better understand the true natural history.
Neuro-immune crosstalk and allergic inflammation

The neuronal and immune systems exhibit bidirectional interactions that play a critical role in tissue homeostasis, infection, and inflammation. Neuron-derived neuropeptides and neurotransmitters regulate immune cell functions, whereas inflammatory mediators produced by immune cells enhance neuronal activation. In recent years, accumulating evidence suggests that peripheral neurons and immune cells are colocalized and affect each other in local tissues. A variety of cytokines, inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters appear to facilitate this crosstalk and positive-feedback loops between multiple types of immune cells and the central, peripheral, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. In this Review, we discuss these recent findings regarding neuro-immune crosstalk that are uncovering molecular mechanisms that regulate inflammation. Finally, neuro-immune crosstalk has a key role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, and we present evidence indicating that neuro-immune interactions regulate asthma pathophysiology through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
Free Electron Lasers

Lasers based on the stimulated emission of radiation by free electrons in a spatially periodic magnetic field offer a unique potential for tunable operation at high power and high efficiency. Substantial advances have been made recently in the theoretical analysis of this class of device and in the operation in our laboratory of a 10 μ free electron laser amplifier. These results and the implications for the design of a practical device will be reviewed.
Repurposing the Electron Transfer Reactant Phenazine Methosulfate (PMS) for the Apoptotic Elimination of Malignant Melanoma Cells through Induction of Lethal Oxidative and Mitochondriotoxic Stress.

Redox-directed pharmacophores have shown potential for the apoptotic elimination of cancer cells through chemotherapeutic induction of oxidative stress. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS), a N-alkylphenazinium cation-based redox cycler, is used widely as an electron transfer reactant coupling NAD(P)H generation to the reduction of tetrazolium salts in biochemical cell viability assays. Here, we have explored feasibility of repurposing the redox cycler PMS as a superoxide generating chemotherapeutic for the pro-oxidant induction of cancer cell apoptosis. In a panel of malignant human melanoma cells (A375, G361, LOX), low micromolar concentrations of PMS (1–10 μM, 24 h) displayed pronounced apoptogenicity as detected by annexin V-ITC/propidium iodide flow cytometry, and PMS-induced cell death was suppressed by antioxidant (NAC) or pan-caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk) cotreatment. Gene expression array analysis in A375 melanoma cells (PMS, 10 µM; 6 h) revealed transcriptional upregulation of heat shock (HSPA6, HSPA1A), oxidative (HMOX1) and genotoxic (EGR1, GADD45A) stress responses, confirmed by immunoblot detection demonstrating upregulation of redox regulators (NRF2, HO-1, HSP70) and modulation of pro- (BAX, PUMA) and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2, Mcl-1). PMS-induced oxidative stress and glutathione depletion preceded induction of apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the mitochondrial origin of PMS-induced superoxide production was substantiated by MitoSOX-Red live cell fluorescence imaging, and PMS-induced mitochondriotoxicity (as evidenced by diminished transmembrane potential and oxygen consumption rate) was observable at early time points. After demonstrating NADPH-driven (SOD-suppressible) superoxide radical anion generation by PMS employing a chemical NBT reduction assay, PMS-induction of oxidative genotoxic stress was substantiated by quantitative Comet analysis that confirmed the introduction of formamido-pyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-sensitive oxidative DNA lesions in A375 melanoma cells. Taken together, these data suggest feasibility of repurposing the biochemical reactant PMS as an experimental pro-oxidant targeting mitochondrial integrity and redox homeostasis for the apoptotic elimination of malignant melanoma cells.