cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte receptor (CD2)-bearing T lymphocytes are affected by diet in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis.

Abstract Outbred (Hartley) and inbred (strain 2 and 13) guinea pigs were vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and placed on isocaloric, purified diets containing either 10 or 30% ovalbumin or on commercial guinea pig chow. Six weeks later, the animals were challenged by the respiratory route with virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv. At intervals postchallenge, groups were tuberculin tested and sacrificed. Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes were enumerated either by rosette formation with rabbit erythrocytes or by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with a guinea pig pan-T-cell monoclonal antibody, 8BE6. Protein-deficient guinea pigs of all three strains had significantly fewer erythrocyte rosette-forming (CD2+) T cells in the peripheral blood, and malnourished strain 2 and Hartley guinea pigs exhibited reduced levels of CD2+ T cells in the thymus. In contrast, animals of all three strains fed the low-protein diet harbored more CD2+ T cells in the bronchotracheal lymph nodes than did their control-fed counterparts. A larger proportion of lymphocytes from the blood and lymph nodes of all three strains were IFA positive than formed erythrocyte rosettes regardless of diet treatment. Diet had no effect on IFA-positive lymphocytes in those organs. Protein deficiency is associated with significant alterations in the number and/or distribution of T lymphocytes expressing functional CD2-receptors in BCG-vaccinated animals exposed to virulent mycobacteria by the pulmonary route. These alterations may contribute to the reduction in BCG vaccine efficacy observed in this model.
Hypothesis: a Y-chromosomal gene causes gonadoblastoma in dysgenetic gonads

The role of the human Y chromosome in the etiology of gonadoblastoma, a gonadal neoplasm, is considered and a two-part model is presented. According to this hypothesis: (1) There is a gene on the Y chromosome that strongly predisposes dysgenetic gonads to develop gonadoblastomas (Page, 1986) and (2) this postulated GBY gene (GonadoBlastoma locus on Y chromosome) has some physiological function in normal males. GBY may, for example, function in or prior to spermatogenesis in normal testes. Y-DNA hybridization analysis of individuals with gonadoblastoma and partial deletions of the Y chromosome should be of use in testing this proposal. To date, such studies suggest that GBY maps to the region that includes deletion intervals 4B to 7, i.e. it is located near the centromere or on the long arm of the Y chromosome.
Immunological HCV-Associated Thrombocytopenia: Short Review

Infection with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is affecting about 3% of the world's population, leading to liver damage, end-stage liver disease, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma, being thus the first indication for liver transplantation in the USA. Apart from the cirrhotic-liver-derived clinical signs and symptoms several conditions with immunological origin can also arise, such as, glomerulonephritis, pulmonary fibrosis, and thrombocytopenia. HCV-related autoimmune thrombocytopenia shows specific pathogenetic characteristics as well as symptoms and signs that differ in severity and frequency from symptoms in patients that are not HCV infected. Aim of this short paper is to estimate the epidemiological characteristics of the disease, to investigate the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation, and to propose treatment strategies according to the pertinent literature.
Uncertainty, networks and real options ☆

Abstract Two pervasive features of industries experiencing rapid technological progress are uncertainty (with regard to the technological feasibility and marketabilility of an innovation) and networks (the dense web of research alliances and joint ventures linking firms to each other). This paper connects the two disparate phenomena using the notion of real options . It visualizes firms as nodes and the links connecting them as call options that give each pair of interlinked firms the right, but not the obligation, to sink additional resources into a project at some future date conditional on favorable technical/market information. The formation of networks is endogenous as firms establish links with others by appraising their value using option pricing methods. Our model explains the following: why networks are particularly ubiquitous in industries that are subject to high uncertainty; why networks often display an interconnected “hubs and spokes” architecture; why small (or peripheral spoke) firms often sink resources into relatively higher risk higher return investment projects (and those too with only large, or hub firms); and why so many research alliances are continuously formed and dissolved. Our paper also outlines the conditions under which ex-ante symmetric firms end up ex-post forming complex asymmetric networks.
The El Rancho Vegas and Hotel Last Frontier: Strip Pioneers

The first two casino resorts built on the roadway that became the Las Vegas Strip broke new ground in several ways. The El Rancho Vegas inaugurated the winning combination of gambling, dining, entertainment and vacation amenities that has become the basis of the casino gaming industry. The Hotel Last Frontier was the first truly "themed" casino that encouraged patrons to lose themselves in a fantasy world of Old West nostalgia while vacationing and gambling within the casino. These two casinos originated two concepts that would define American casino gaming into the next century: self-contained vacation pleasure within a suburban resort and the heady use of lavish theming to encourage patronage. Understanding their stories deepens appreciation of the history and current reality of casino gaming.
Dicking Around with Radiohole: Toward Hyperreal Performance and Criticism

Reappropriating the iconography of “America” as portrayed in Melville's Moby-Dick, the New York-based Radiohole offers in Fluke what Steve Luber dubs a hyperreal performance. The hyperreal is also what happened to Sara Brady when she rode through Dublin with the international trio Rimini Protokoll as they reimagined the journey as a trek from Bulgaria to Ireland. The last Critical Act takes place in Tangier where Khalid Amine found Zoubeir Ben Bouchta's Lalla J'mila a negotiation of the terrains of law, gender, and “place-specific” theatre.
The dynamics of two-circle and three-circle inversion

We study the dynamics of a map generated via geometric circle inversion. In particular, we define multiple circle inversion and investigate the dynamics of such maps and their corresponding Julia sets.
Girl, Interrupted: Two Perspectives

STUDENT PERSPECTIVE: Girl Interrupted, released in 1999, is a film portraying a young female in the 1960s struggling with the uncertainty of her own mental illness. With the persuasion of her parents, Susanna Kayson admits herself into a psychiatric institution and is later diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. From today’s perspective, Susanna’s illness may not have reached the severity requiring admission into an institution, but does provide a great picture of one’s own battle with discovering the truth behind her condition. Her battle shows that those suffering from a psychiatric disorder may not always meet the stereotypical picture portrayed by the general public, specifically displayed when taxi driver taking her to the institution commented, “Well you don’t look crazy.” The other characters in this film did an excellent portrayal of symptoms of illnesses such as OCD, a severe eating disorder, grandiose delusions, sociopathic tendencies, and bipolar disorder, but the specific diagnoses remained unclear. The film showed the personal frustration and confusion involved in understanding one’s disorder in a time when society lacked much insight into psychiatric disorders.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS' FASCINATION WITH FACES

Darwin's book,The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, published in 1872 stimulated scientists to study facial expression of emotions. When objective measures of scientific eminence are applied to the workers engaged in face-related research it is evident that a large number of them are famous scientists. Further analysis indicates that, almost without exception, each member of this group of famous investigators produced only one, or at most two, face-related articles. Not one of the eminent people became famous as a result of their face-related work. It is proposed that this pattern of research productivity is rarely found in other areas of the behavioral sciences. The reasons for, and the consequences of the lack of, concentrated effort by competent investigators into face-related problems is discussed. Current status of face-related research is briefly discussed; future trends are suggested.
Denoising Single-Molecule FRET Trajectories with Wavelets and Bayesian Inference

A method to denoise single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy (smFRET) trajectories using wavelet detail thresholding and Bayesian inference is presented. Bayesian methods are developed to identify fluorophore photoblinks in the time trajectories. Simulated data are used to quantify the improvement in static and dynamic data analysis. Application of the method to experimental smFRET data shows that it distinguishes photoblinks from large shifts in smFRET efficiency while maintaining the important advantage of an unbiased approach. Known sources of experimental noise are examined and quantified as a means to remove their contributions via soft thresholding of wavelet coefficients. A wavelet decomposition algorithm is described, and thresholds are produced through the knowledge of noise parameters in the discrete-time photon signals. Reconstruction of the signals from thresholded coefficients produces signals that contain noise arising only from unquantifiable parameters. The method is applied to simulated and observed smFRET data, and it is found that the denoised data retain their underlying dynamic properties, but with increased resolution.
Distributed termination detection in a mobile wireless network

In a mobile wireless network, restrictions exist which demand creative solutions to classical distributed problems. Distributed termination detection, the problem of deciding when the whole of a distributed computation has completed, is one such distributed problem. In this paper, an existing message optimal distributed termination detection algorithm is selected and modified to enhance its behavior in a mobile wireless network; the modifications entail reducing the number of messages received and transmitted by the mobile nodes involved in the distributed computation.
Media grammars, generations, and media gaps

This essay argues that the traditional concept of the “generation” as the signifier of separate human time relationships be replaced by the concept of human groups based on media relationships. It takes the position that today people are connected or separated more by media experience than by chronological years. This position is developed through an examination of how new media develop their own grammars, the way individuals acquire media literacy, and the effects of media literacy on ways people relate to the world and each other. It concludes that people develop different states of media consciousness based upon the order of acquisition of media grammars, and that particular media consciousness produce media gaps which separate people.
Phytate phosphorus and mineral changes during germination and cooking of black gram phaseolus mungo seeds

Phytate phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron were determined in black gram (Phaseolus muizgo) seeds. Phytate phosphorus (P) represents 79%± 0.48 of the total P in black gram seeds. Fifty percent of phytate P had disappeared on the 10th day of germination with a simultaneous increase in the quantities of available inorganic P. After cooking for 45 min, whole seeds and cotyledons did not show any breakdown in the phytate P or losses of minerals after initial leaching, when the beans-to-water ratio was 1:4. A positive significant correlation coefficient was found between total P and phytate P in cooked beans and cotyledons. During germination a negative significant correlation coefficient was established between total P and phytate P.
An organ culture system for study of fetal lung development.

Abstract Fetal rat lungs placed in in vitro organ culture at 15.5 days gestation grow significantly based on accumulation of DNA and protein. In the experimental system described, DNA accumulated rapidly during the first three days in culture and increased from 4.8 to 15.6 micrograms per lung culture. Protein content increased more slowly and reached a value more than double the initial value after six days in the culture system. Glycogen accumulated in the tissue during the first six days in culture and was depleted during the subsequent culture period, a pattern strikingly similar to that observed during lung development in vivo . Phospholipid accumulation was biphasic with respect to time with an inflection point at about the sixth day of culture. The phosphatidylcholine species synthesized in the culture system in vitro were similar to those produced in vivo in fetal lung at 21 days gestation.
INTERACTIONS OF HYDROGEN WITH NATIVE DEFECTS IN GAN

The atomic and electronic structure of hydrogen-vacancy complexes in GaN is investigated with pseudopotential-density-functional calculations. Calculated formation energies provide information about the likelihood of incorporation of these complexes in $n$-type and $p$-type material, and binding energies provide a measure for the dissociation energy. Vibrational frequencies yield a signature of the complex that should facilitate experimental identification. The behavior of hydrogenated nitrogen vacancies during annealing of acceptor-doped GaN is discussed, and a correlation with the frequently observed luminescence band around 420 nm is proposed.
Color, qualia, and psychophysical constraints on equivalence of color experience

of the original article: The relations among consciousness, brain, behavior, and scientific explanation are explored in the domain ot color perception. Current scientific knowledge about color similarity, color composition, dimensional structure, unique colors, and color categories is used to assess Locke's "inverted spectrum argument" about the undetectability of color transformations. A symmetry analysis of color space shows that the literal interpretation of this argument - reversing the experience of a rainbow - would not work. Three other eolor-to-color transformations might work, however, depending on the relevance of certain color categories. The approach is then generalized to examine behavioral detection of arbitrary differences in color experiences, leading to the formulation of a principled distinction, called the "isomorphism constraint," between what can and cannot be determined about the nature ol color experience by objective behavioral means. Finally, the prospects for achieving a biologically based explanation of color experience below the level of isomorphism are considered in light of the limitations of behavioral methods. Within-subject designs using biological interventions hold the greatest promise for scientific progress on consciousness, but objective knowledge of another person's experience appears impossible. The implications of these arguments for functionalisin are discussed.
Effect of normal load on the specific wear rate of fibrous composites

Abstract The friction and wear behavior of short-fiber-reinforced composites has been investigated using tribomechanical testing and microscopy. The observed wear rate vs . normal load data have been explained by means of a wear equation derived from the concepts of crack propagation and classical mechanics. A new interpretation of friction has been provided from the energy balance approach.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THIAZIDES AND POTASSIUM AS A CAUSE OF SMALL-BOWEL ULCER.

Recent recognition of a sudden and startling increase in the incidence of small-bowel ulcerations has generated an intensive search for the cause of this phenomenon. Although some cases of perforation have been reported, the majority of patients have had signs of intestinal obstruction due to a short area of stenosis at the site of a circumferential ulcer. Three observations have been made which may be pertinent to the etiology and rising frequency of these lesions: In the majority of our patients we have noted microscopic abnormalities in veins and arteries beneath the small-bowel ulcers, and in the mesentery adjacent to them. 1 The presence of some underlying cardiovascular condition has been recognized in most, but not all, of the cases reported. 2 Lindholmer et al, 3 and Baker et al 4 suggested that enteric-coated thiazides with potassium, especially the latter, were the responsible agents and subsequent reviews
Surface and Intracellular Pools of Na,K-ATPase Catalytic and Immuno-activities in Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland

Abstract The subcellular distribution of Na,K-ATPase in rat lacrimal gland acinar cells was surveyed by subcellar fractionation followed by determination of two Na,K-ATPase catalytic activities, K+-dependent p -nitrophenylphosphate hydrolysis and ouabain-sensitive ATP hydrolysis, by Western blotting of isolated membrane fractions, and by analysis of lacrimal tissue with immunocytochemical methods at the light and EM levels. Both catalytic activities distributed in parallel after centrifugation on sorbitol gradients. They were associated with membrane samples that appeared to be derived from: (1) acinar cell basal-lateral membranes; (2) the Golgi complex: and (3) endocytic compartments. β1-subunit immunoreactivity closely paralleled catalytic activity. The α1-subunit immunoreactivity distribution suggested the presence of α1-subunits in αβ complexes and excess α1 subunits which were not assembled with β subunits and not catalytically active. In the putative basal-lateral membrane and endocytic samples, α1-reactivity was associated primarily with a 100-kDa band, while in the Golgi samples it was associated primarily with 40 and 60-kDa bands. β1-reactivity was also heterogeneous, with reactivity in basal-lateral membrane and putative endocytic samples associated with a broad band of 50-54 kDa, and reactivity in Golgi samples associated with discrete bands of 50, 52, and 54 kDa. Staining with anti-holoenzyme and anti-α1-subunit antibodies yielded strong indirect immunofluorescence signals both in plasma membrane and in intracellular regions of acinar cells, β1-like immunoreactivity was concentrated in cytoplasmic regions of acinar cells. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed positive staining with anti-holoenzyme in Golgi membranes of acinar cells and in basal-lateral membranes of duct cells. These data support the hypothesis that lacrimal acinar cells contain substantial cytoplasmic pools of Na,K-ATPase and that there is a location-dependent heterogeneity which is not detected by immunocytochemical methods.
BRCA1 forms a functional complex with γ-H2AX as a late response to genotoxic stress

Following genotoxic stress, the histone H2AX becomes phosphorylated at serine 139 by the ATM/ATR family of kinases. The tumor suppressor BRCA1, also phosphorylated by ATM/ATR kinases, is one of several proteins that colocalize with phospho-H2AX (γ-H2AX) at sites of active DNA repair. Both the precise mechanism and the purpose of BRCA1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage are unknown. Here we show that BRCA1 and γ-H2AX form an acid-stable biochemical complex on chromatin after DNA damage. Maximal association of BRCA1 with γ-H2AX correlates with reduced global γ-H2AX levels on chromatin late in the repair process. Since BRCA1 is known to have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro, we examined H2AX for evidence of ubiquitination. We found that H2AX is ubiquitinated at lysines 119 and 119 in vivo and that blockage of 26S proteasome function stabilizes γ-H2AX levels within cells. When BRCA1 levels were reduced, ubiquitination of H2AX was also reduced, and the cells retained higher levels of phosphorylated H2AX. These results indicate that BRCA1 is recruited into stable complexes with γ-H2AX and that the complex is involved in attenuation of the γ-H2AX repair signal after DNA damage.
Film music influences how viewers relate to movie characters.

Film music has powerful aesthetic effects on the perception and understanding of screen content, but does it also influence viewers’ sense of connection with movie characters thereby creating antecedents for an experience of empathy? Participants viewed clips showing characters’ neutral or ambiguous reaction to an event, person, or object. Viewers rated character likability and their certainty about characters’ thoughts in three conditions: thriller music, melodrama music, and no music. The effect of music conditions differed significantly from the no music condition. Compared to melodramatic music, thriller music significantly lowered likability and certainty about characters’ thoughts. During subsequent cued recall of screen content, thriller music increased anger attributions and lowered sadness attributions, while melodramatic music increased love attributions and lowered fear attributions. The study provides evidence that film music can influence character likability and the certainty of knowing the character’s thoughts, which are antecedents of empathetic concern and emphatic accuracy. Thus film music may be regarded as modulating antecedents of empathic concern and empathic accuracy.
Paraprofessional home visitation: Conceptual and pragmatic considerations

The adaptation for paraprofessional visitors of a home visitation model originally developed for nurses is described. There are several hypothesized benefits of using paraprofessional home visitors, including power as role models and increased empathy with clients. Challenges inherent in employing paraprofessionals include limited formal education and resulting lack of credibility among professional care providers, difficulties in acculturation to the workplace, and learning how to effectively focus their commitment to and identification with the community. These challenges result in the need for unique training and sensitive and consistent supervision. Implementation data from the randomized trial of home visitation in Denver indicate that paraprofessional visitors conducted the program according to the prescribed visitation schedule and covered the material appropriately. Differences that emerged between nurse and paraprofessional visitors regarding content covered are discussed and suggestions are made for future programmatic considerations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mercurian volcanism questioned

It is noted that reports of the Mariner 10 television team favor a volcanic origin for the plains materials on Mercury. The present paper advances the argument that the Mercurian plains more closely resemble the lunar light plains (which are not of volcanic origin) in terms of stratigraphic relations, surface morphology, and albedo contrast. It is suggested that the plains on Mercury may have been formed from impact materials, possibly impact melts or other basin ejecta which behaved more like a fluid than did the lunar ejecta. It is concluded that if the old intercrater plains and younger smooth plains of Mercury were formed from impact materials, then Mercury underwent neither the volcanic interlude between early cratering episodes nor the late mare-type volcanic phase deduced by the Mariner 10 investigators.
A fistful of dollars

Mr. Johnson was a 53-year-old patient with laryngeal cancer admitted for pain control who loved to watch Westerns. ![Figure][1] Figure. Photo by: Fred Sebastian He had mentioned this fact while I percussed his belly. He had elaborated on it while I examined his motor strength. At the
The growth of crystals of the heavy metal sulfides from solutions of supercritical H2S and H2S-(C2H5)3N · HCl☆

Abstract Crystal growth of CdS, PbS, and SnS2 in super-critical pure H2S was investigated. Very slow growth rates of PbS and SnS2 were observed. Solubility and electrical conductivity measurements indicate these solutions behave as non-ionized ideal dilute solutions. Crystal growth of Ag2S in (C2H5)3N · HCl-H2S supercritical solutions was also studied. The growth of small mono-clinic β-Ag2S crystals occurred in small clusters. The electrical conductivity of the (C2H5)3N · HCl-H2S solvent indicated it to be ionized. Growth from the latter solution occurs at a reasonably rapid rate and offers a useful technique for obtaining the low temperature phase of sulfide crystals.
Interpreting India, Identity, and Media From the Field: Exploring the Communicative Nature of the Exotic Other

This study explores the process of interpreting interviews and media collected during two visits to India. Looking at the communicative nature of Indian identity, the author takes into account his own identity as an American exposed to a lifetime of exotic representations of Indian culture. Recognizing the limits of time for study in the field, recorded media provide valuable evidence and open discursive avenues to greater understandings of our world. As a discursive space, the camera’s gaze focuses attention back to the ontological conditions of the researchers’ experiences as a forum for the negotiation of values and beliefs. Evidence of the process of communication provides a better understanding of the construction of meaning and identity. Thus, the mediated data, reconsidered later, recall the eidetic essence of existential knowledge supporting the process of ethnographic writing.
Anion transport properties of amine and amide-sidechained peptides are affected by charge and phospholipid composition.

Four synthetic anion transporters (SATs) having the general formula (n-C18H37)2N-COCH2OCH2CO-(Gly)3Pro-Lys(e-N-R)-(Gly)2-O-n-C7H15 were prepared and studied. The group R was Cbz, H (TFA salt), t-Boc, and dansyl in peptides 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. The glutamine analog (GGGPQAG sequence) was also included. A dansyl-substituted fluorescent SAT was used to probe peptide insertion; the dansyl sidechain resides in an environment near the bilayer's midpolar regime. When the lysine sidechain was free or protected amine, little effect was noted on final Cl− transport rate in DOPC : DOPA (7 : 3) liposomes. This stands in contrast to the significant retardation of transport previously observed when a negative glutamate residue was present in the peptide sequence. It was also found that Cl− release from liposomes depended on the phospholipid composition of the vesicles. Chloride transport diminished significantly for the free lysine containing SAT, 2, when the lipid was altered from DOPC : DOPA to pure DOPC. Amide-sidechained SATs 1 and 5 showed a relatively small decrease in Cl− transport. The effect of lipid composition on Cl− transport was explained by differences in electrostatic interaction between amino acid sidechain and lipid headgroup, which was modeled by computation.
A computer technique for evaluation of recovery cycle of the H reflex in the abnormal movement disorders

Abstract A computer technique for evaluation of the recovery curve of the M and H responses has been described. This method is accurate, relatively simple and rapid. The procedure requires only 30–40 min and may be employed routinely to assist in the differential diagnosis of involuntary movement disorders. Moreover, it is a valuable neurophysiologic monitoring technique used during intracerebral surgery for hyperkinesia.
Internalizing and externalizing medical belief systems: an Ethiopian example.

Abstract The onset of serious sickness brings imperatives for medical action. It is a people's explanations of sickness which makes it possible for them to organize effective therapeutic strategies. The forms which explanations take can be conceptualized as narrative or physiological, and systems of medical beliefs can be conceptualized according to the degree to which they are dominated by either form of explanation. Although neither form is intrinsically more or less rational than the other, systems dominated by narrative explanations are frequently derogated as ‘supernatural’ and non-empirical. This mistake results from attempts to study all medical beliefs as attempts to control events within the bodies of sick persons instead of studying them in the contexts of phenomenological reality and the division of labor in society. This argument is illustrated with a systematic account of the way an Ethiopian people, the Amhara, use their medical beliefs. Emphasis is given to the way narrative and physiological notions articulate with conceptualizations of healing power. Healing power is approached by contrasting the different kinds of therapeutic strategies Amhara use, indicating how the strategies are encoded in particular taxonomies, and identifying the ways in which these powers are empirically confirmed.
Evidence of comparative effectiveness without evidence of effectiveness: the case of phosphate binders in CKD.

An increase in serum phosphate level is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and potentially represents a nontraditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiologic studies associate elevated phosphate level with increased mortality, 1 whereas preclinical observations postulate a link with vascular calcification. 2 These data support the hypothesis that elevated phosphate level is a causal risk factor for excess CVD mortality; accordingly, lowering phosphate levels should improve patient survival. Phosphate binders are used widely to lower serum phosphate levels in patients with CKD. Calcium-based binders, such as calcium carbonate and calcium acetate, have raised concerns of fueling vascular calcification secondary to intestinal calcium absorption, whereas calcium-free binders, such as sevelamer and lanthanum, have been shown to lower phosphate levels without an associated increase in serum calcium levels. Potentially, non– calcium-based binders are less likely to be associated with progressive vascular calcification. In the Lancet, Jamal et al 3 conducted a meta-analysis of studies
Student Teachers and Classroom Discipline

Abstract Participants in this study were 135 student teachers at Indiana University who submitted detailed written narratives describing one effectively managed and one ineffectively managed incident involving a discipline problem. Results showed that the student teachers cited five types of discipline problems; the most frequently described involved disruption, defiance, and inattention. The student teachers used seven different strategies when attempting to manage these discipline problems, the most effective of which were positive reinforcement, explanation, and a change of teaching strategy. The major conclusions of the study were that (a) elementary-and secondary-level student teachers defined and managed discipline problems in much the same way, (b) the most effective strategies were the most “humanistic”, and (c) the least effective strategies were the most “authoritarian.”
Male Genital Trauma in Sports

Male genital trauma is a rare but potentially serious sports injury. Although such an injury can occur by many different mechanisms, including falls, collisions, straddle injuries, kicks, and equipment malfunction, the clinical presentation is typically homogeneous, characterized by pain and swelling. Almost all sports-related male genital injury comes from blunt force trauma, with involvement of scrotal structures far more common than penile structures. Most injuries can be treated conservatively, but catastrophic testicular injury must first be ruled out. Despite being relatively uncommon compared with other sports injuries, more than half of all testicular injuries are sustained during sports.
American Economic Reform in the Progressive Era: Its Foundational Beliefs and Their Relation to Eugenics

This essay explores the progressive beliefs other than human hierarchy that inclined Progressive Era economic reform toward eugenics. It argues the following: that the progressives believed in a powerful, centralized state, conceiving of government as the best means for promoting the social good and rejecting the individualism of (classical) liberalism; that the progressives venerated social efficiency; that the progressives believed in the epistemic and moral authority of science, a belief that comprised their view that biology could explain and control human inheritance and that the still nascent sciences of society could explain and control the causes of economic ills; that the progressives believed that intellectuals should guide social and economic progress, a belief erected upon two subsidiary faiths, a faith in the disinterestedness and incorruptibility of the experts who would run the technocracy they envisioned, and a faith that expertise could not only serve the social good, but also identify it; and that, while antimonopoly, the progressives believed that increasing industrial consolidation was inevitable, and desirable, consistent with their faith in planning, organization, and command.
Failure mechanisms in thin film field effect transistors

Abstract The failure of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide thin film field effect transistors (TFFT) has been investigated. The devices were stable during storage in dry argon at room temperature and at 50°C. Storage at higher temperatures led to a drift of the threshold voltage which was partially reversible in the presence of water vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Continuous d.c. bias also caused a drift of the threshold voltage until a new stable state was reached after approximately 200 hr. The variations of the gate capacitance and the field effect mobility were small both at high temperature storage and under electrical stress. Low frequency field effect measurements showed that the electrical properties of the semiconductor surface strongly depend upon the processing of the semiconductor film. A tentative model for the failure of TFFT is developed, which is based on the assumption that oxygen and water are desorbed from the semiconductor-insulator interface at high temperatures or under the influence of an applied d.c. bias.
The impact of arterial pedal arch quality and angiosome revascularization on foot tissue loss healing and infrapopliteal bypass outcome.

Objective This study evaluated the effect of pedal arch quality on the amputation-free survival and patency rates of distal bypass grafts and its direct impact on the rate of healing and time to healing of tissue loss after direct angiosome revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods Between 2004 and 2011, patients undergoing distal bypass for CLI (Rutherford 4-6) were divided in groups taking into consideration the state of the pedal arch and direct angiosome revascularization (DAR) and non-DAR. Angiography was used to divide the pedal arch into three groups: complete pedal arch (CPA), incomplete pedal arch (IPA), and no pedal arch (NPA). The primary end points were patency rates at 12 months, amputation-free survival at 48 months, and the rate of healing and time to healing of foot tissue loss. Results A total of 154 patients (75% men) with CLI underwent 167 infrapopliteal bypasses. Patients were a median age of 75 years (range, 46-96 years). Diabetic mellitus was present in 76%, chronic renal failure in 28%, and ischemic heart disease in 44%. The primary patency rates at 1 year in the CPA, IPA, and NPA groups were 58.4%, 54.6%, and 63.8%, respectively ( P = .5168), the secondary patency rates were 86.0%, 84.7%, and 88.8%, respectively ( P = .8940), and the amputation-free survival at 48 months was 67.2%, 69.7%, and 45.9%, respectively ( P = .3883). Tissue loss was present in 141 of the 167 bypasses. In the CPA group, 83% of tissue loss with DAR healed compared with 92% in the non-DAR (median time to healing, 66 vs 74 days). Similarly in the IPA group, 90% with DAR healed compared with 81% in the non-DAR (median time to healing, 96 vs 86 days). In the NPA group, only 75% with DAR healed compared with 73% in the non-DAR (median time to healing, 90 vs 135 days). There was a significant difference in healing and time to healing between the CPA/IPA and NPA groups ( P = .0264). Conclusions The quality of the pedal arch did not influence the patency or the amputation-free survival rates. However, the rates for healing and time to healing were directly influenced by the quality of the pedal arch rather than the angiosome revascularized.
A comparsion of lyapunov and hyperstability approaches to adaptive control

Abstract : The aim of this brief paper is to examine the conditions which have to be satisfied for the two approaches to be successfully applied to adaptive observers and controllers and also to demonstrate that they are entirely equivalent. Using a typical error model it is shown that hyperstability and asymptotic hyperstability are achieved under exactly the same conditions as stability and asymptotic stability in the sense of Lyapunov. In those cases where the adaptive control problem remains unresolved, the difficulties encountered using Lyapunov's method are shown to have their counterparts in hyperstability theory as well.
A numerical study of electromagnetic scattering from ocean-like surfaces

The integral equations describing electromagnetic scattering from cylindrical, perfectly conducting surfaces are formulated and numerical results are presented. The results are compared with those obtained using approximate methods such as physical optics, geometrical optics, and perturbation theory. The integral equation solutions show that the surface radius of curvature must be greater than 2.5 wavelengths for either the physical optics or geometrical optics to give satisfactory results. It has also been shown that perturbation theory agrees with the exact fields as long as the root-mean-square surface roughness is less than one tenth of a wavelength.
Measuring Attribute-Specific and Overall Satisfaction with Destination Experience

Researchers have measured tourist satisfaction at both overall (global) and attribute levels, and found that attribute-specific satisfaction significantly influences overall satisfaction. When satisfaction is operationalized at two levels, the measurement structure presents “specific-general” questions, which may yield psychological effects due to the ordering of questions. This study examined question order effects when measuring attribute and overall satisfaction with destination experience and investigated the role of information satisfaction. Results revealed that information satisfaction is a significant predictor of attribute and overall satisfaction, and overall satisfaction was consistently higher than the average of attribute-specific satisfaction which was asked prior to overall satisfaction. Therefore, it can be inferred that overall emotional satisfaction reflects something more than the aggregated satisfaction level with attributes of destinations.
Topological reduced products via good ultrafilters

Abstract Good ultrafilters produce topological ultraproducts which enjoy a strong Baire category property (depending upon how good the ultrafilter is). We exploit this property to prove a “uniform boundedness” theorem as well as a theorem which says that, under the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (GCH), many ultraproduct spaces have families consisting of closed discrete sets of high cardinality such that every nonempty open set contains one of these sets. In another section we relate the strong Baire properties to the infinite distributivity of Boolean Algebras of regular open sets. Finally, we prove that, under the GCH, a great many topological ultrapowers are homeomorphic to the corresponding ultrapower of the space of rational numbers; and we show further that the GCH is indispensable to the proof. A purely model-theoretic application of our methods solves a problem related to the Keisler-Shelah Ultrapower Theorem.
The Role of Metalinguistic Awareness in the Reading Comprehension of Sixth and Seventh Graders

While it is generally acknowledged that metalinguistic awareness plays a role in decoding ability (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2000), less is known about the role metalinguistic awareness plays in comprehension. In the present study, structural riddles and ambiguous sentences differing in the source of linguistic ambiguity were used to study the importance of metalinguistic awareness in reading comprehension. One hundred sixth and seventh graders were tested on 25 structural riddles and 40 ambiguous sentences. Performance was correlated with scores on the reading comprehension and vocabulary subtests of the GMRT4 (MacGinitie, MacGinitie, Maria, & Dreyer, 2000). It was found that both tasks correlated significantly with reading comprehension and vocabulary. A multiple hierarchical regression found that riddle solving explained unique variance in the reading comprehension scores, after vocabulary was statistically controlled. This is interpreted as evidence that metalinguistic ...
Concentrations of cadmium, Cobalt, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc in Blood and Fillets of Northern Hog Sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) from streams contaminated by lead-Zinc mining: Implications for monitoring

Lead (Pb) and other metals can accumulate in northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans) and other suckers (Catostomidae), which are harvested in large numbers from Ozark streams by recreational fishers. Suckers are also important in the diets of piscivorous wildlife and fishes. Suckers from streams contaminated by historic Pb-zinc (Zn) mining in southeastern Missouri are presently identified in a consumption advisory because of Pb concentrations. We evaluated blood sampling as a potentially nonlethal alternative to fillet sampling for Pb and other metals in northern hog sucker. Scaled, skin-on, bone-in "fillet" and blood samples were obtained from northern hog suckers (n = 75) collected at nine sites representing a wide range of conditions relative to Pb-Zn mining in southeastern Missouri. All samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Pb, nickel (Ni), and Zn. Fillets were also analyzed for calcium as an indicator of the amount of bone, skin, and mucus included in the samples. Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni concentrations were typically higher in blood than in fillets, but Zn concentrations were similar in both sample types. Concentrations of all metals except Zn were typically higher at sites located downstream from active and historic Pb-Zn mines and related facilities than at nonmining sites. Blood concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Co were highly correlated with corresponding fillet concentrations; log-log linear regressions between concentrations in the two sample types explained 94% of the variation for Pb, 73-83% of the variation for Co, and 61% of the variation for Cd. In contrast, relations for Ni and Zn explained <12% of the total variation. Fillet Pb and calcium concentrations were correlated (r = 0.83), but only in the 12 fish from the most contaminated site; concentrations were not significantly correlated across all sites. Conversely, fillet Cd and calcium were correlated across the range of sites (r = 0.78), and the inclusion of calcium in the fillet-to-blood relation explained an additional 12% of the total variation in fillet Cd. Collectively, the results indicate that blood sampling could provide reasonably accurate and precise estimates of fillet Pb, Co, and Cd concentrations that would be suitable for identifying contaminated sites and for monitoring, but some fillet sampling might be necessary at contaminated sites for establishing consumption advisories.
A Biophysical Investigation of the Non-Classical Release Complex of Fibroblast Growth Factor-1

Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 (FGF-1) is a potent angiogenic agent that is released via the non-classical protein secretion pathway. Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels, is vital to the formation of tumors, and is also responsible for tumor metastasis, as cancer cells travel from one part of the body to another through the newly formed vessels. Export of FGF-1 is based on the Cu2+ -dependent structure of multi-protein complexes, which involves the S100A13, a Ca2+ binding protein belonging to the family of S100 protein. The goal of this study is to characterize the structure of the FGF-1/S100A13 Data will be presented analyzing the interaction between FGF-1 and an S100A13 peptide that has been designed to mimic the binding region of FGF-1 on S100A13. The binding interaction was characterized using various biophysical techniques including ITC, DSC, proteolytic digestion, and multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Characterization of the binding FGF-1/S100A13 interface is expected to shed light on the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the non-classical secretion of FGF-1.
Geometric correction of digital images using orthonormal decomposition

SUMMARY We have developed an algorithm which can be used to correct the geometric distortion of digital images. The method uses an orthonormal decomposition and a two-dimensional Horner's scheme to construct and evaluate a polynomial equation of arbitrary degree in two independent variables. This numerical scheme for geometric correction combines several methods selected on the basis of their computation efficiency and numerical stability. The differences and advantages of this numerical scheme are compared with methods found in the image processing literature. The algorithm presented here has a reduced number of mathematical operations, is flexible and numerically stable. Based on the least-squares criteria, the algorithm provides corrected pixel positions with an accuracy equal to or better than the pixel size.
A FOT Prediction Procedure for HF Communications Frequency Management

Use of the ionospheric sounder as an aid in HF frequency management has proved to be more successful than the use of ionospheric models, but the disadvantages of cost, airwave pollution, and cumbersomeness of operation prevent its direct, routine use on most communications paths. Instead, we believe that results nearly as good can be obtained with models which are updated by "recent" sounder measurements made on a "nearby" path. The exact meanings of "recent" and "nearby" depend, respectively, on the temporal and spatial correlation of ionospheric properties over long periods of time and over large geographical regions. We describe here the measurement of correlation of Maximum Observable Frequencies, and show how the results may be used to predict the Frequency of Optimum Transmission (FOT) on a path distant from the sounded path.
Medical needs of performing arts students.

Abstract A questionnaire was administered to 71 college students enrolled in dance, drama, and musical theater programs to assess health care problems, injuries, risk-taking behaviors, and sources of care. Many desired help with depression, fatigue, and chronic bone or joint pain, although 37% identified no regular physician. Thirty-nine students reported 87 injuries involving the back, foot, ankle, and knee; 12% sustained injuries at least monthly; and 72% of injuries occurred in class. The incidence of eating disorders appears to be low, as assessed by indirect measures such as body weight, oligomenorrhea, diet pill or laxative use, and scones on a body image index. The 30-day prevalence of tobacco use was 26%; marijuana, 11%; and alcohol, 71%. This survey suggests that performing arts students have important unmet health care needs.