cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural characterization of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in the basal forebrain of rat: Evidence for a cholinergic innervation of intracerebral blood vessels

The ultrastructural morphology and vascular associations of cholinergic neurons in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (nDBBhl) and amygdala of rat were determined by the immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine biosynthetic enzyme. Within the nDBBhl peroxidase reaction product was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of selectively labeled neuronal perikarya and dendrites. Labeled perikarya were characterized by an oval cell body (7-10 microns X 17-26 microns in diameter) in which was located a large nucleus and often a prominent nucleolus. Dendrites were by far the most numerous immuno-labeled profiles in the nDBBhl. The labeled dendrites had a cross-sectional diameter of 0.4-4.6 microns and contained numerous mitochondria and microtubules. Approximately 10% of all immunolabeled dendrites received synaptic contacts from unlabeled presynaptic boutons. In contrast to the relatively large number of ChAT-labeled dendrites within the nDBBhl, ChAT-positive axons were less frequently observed and immunolabeled axon terminals were never detected. The labeled axons had an outside diameter of 0.4-1.4 micron and were myelinated. The absence or relative paucity of immunolabeled terminals in the nDBBhl indicates that most if not all of the cholinergic perikarya within this nucleus are efferent projection neurons. The nDBB is known to have widespread projections to many areas of the neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. In the present study we examined the amygdala and observed many ChAT-labeled axon boutons. The immunolabeled varicosities contained numerous agranular vesicles and although ChAT-positive terminals were in direct contact with unlabeled neuronal elements within the amygdala, few if any synaptic densities were detected in a single plane of section. With respect to the vasculature, immunolabeled perikarya and dendrites within the nDBBhl and axon terminals in the amygdala were often in direct apposition to blood vessels. In many instances the labeled profile was observed lying directly on the basal lamina of a capillary endothelial cell. In no instance, however, were membrane densities observed. The presence of cholinergic neuronal elements contacting the vessel wall provides morphologic evidence suggesting that the neurogenic control of cerebral vasculature is in part mediated via a cholinergic mechanism.
Predicting oil and gas compositional yields via chemical structure–chemical yield modeling (CS–CYM): Part 2 – Application under laboratory and geologic conditions☆

Abstract We have developed a method for calculating from first principles the amounts and composition of products resulting from the thermal decomposition of a solid complex carbonaceous material. Advanced solid state analysis provides chemical and property measurements for kerogen that are used to construct a representative model of its chemical structure (CS). These chemical structural models are then coupled with a chemical yields (CY) model that is based primarily on free radical reaction mechanisms. The combined model, CS–CYM offers the ability to predict the thermal conversion of kerogen under a wide range of heating rates and temperature. Results from laboratory heating experiments are compared with those calculated with CS–CYM and show excellent agreement with a variety of bulk physical and chemical properties, open and closed system pyrolysis yields and product compositions, and open system kinetics. The reliability of CS–CYM in predicting the thermal reactions that occur under laboratory conditions indicates that we have captured a significant portion of the thermal reaction mechanisms and pathways that occur in nature. Hence, we believe that CS–CYM approach provides a better prediction of the thermal chemistry that occurs under geologic conditions than extrapolation of experimental results conducted at much higher temperature and faster heating rates where reactions, product distributions and modes of expulsion may differ significantly from basinal processes.
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability and Ab initio calculations for n‐propylamine

The Raman (3500–10 cm−1) and infrared (3500–50 cm−1) spectra of gaseous and solid n-propylamine, CH3CH2CH2NH2, and its deuterated analog, CH3CH2CH2ND2, were recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the liquids were measured and qualitative depolarization values were obtained. From the fact that several distinct Raman lines disappear on goning from the fluid phases to the solid state, it is concluded that the molecule exists as a mixture of several conformers, with the trans–trans conformer being the most stable form in the solid. The first term indicates the position of the methyl group relative to the CN bond, whereas the second term indicates the position of the lone electron pair on the nitrogen relative to the central CC bond. Relying mainly on group frequencies, depolarization data and relative intensities of Raman and infrared bands, a complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the trans–trans conformer. Ab initio calculations were carried out on these molecules, employing both 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets. The results obtained using these basis sets are compared, and used in normal coordinate calculations. The results of the ab initio calculations support the vibrational assignment, and also indicate that it is the trans–trans and trans–gauche conformers which are the more stable forms of n–propylamine and have nearly equal energies.
Mechanism for phosphoinositide selectivity and activation of TRPV1 ion channels.

Although PI(4,5)P2 is believed to play an essential role in regulating the activity of numerous ion channels and transporters, the mechanisms by which it does so are unknown. Here, we used the ability of the TRPV1 ion channel to discriminate between PI(4,5)P2 and PI(4)P to localize the region of TRPV1 sequence that interacts directly with the phosphoinositide. We identified a point mutation in the proximal C-terminal region after the TRP box, R721A, that inverted the selectivity of TRPV1. Although the R721A mutation produced only a 30% increase in the EC50 for activation by PI(4,5)P2, it decreased the EC50 for activation by PI(4)P by more than two orders of magnitude. We used chemically induced and voltage-activated phosphatases to determine that PI(4)P continued to support TRPV1 activity even after depletion of PI(4,5)P2 from the plasma membrane. Our data cannot be explained by a purely electrostatic mechanism for interaction between the phosphoinositide and the protein, similar to that of the MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) effector domain or the EGF receptor. Rather, conversion of a PI(4,5)P2-selective channel to a PI(4)P-selective channel indicates that a structured phosphoinositide-binding site mediates the regulation of TRPV1 activity and that the amino acid at position 721 likely interacts directly with the moiety at the 5′ position of the phosphoinositide.
A Multiaperture Bioinspired Sensor With Hyperacuity

We have developed a multiaperture sensor based on the visual system of the common housefly (Musca domestica). The Musca domestica insect has compound eyes, which have been shown to exhibit the ability to detect object motion much finer than their photoreceptor spacing suggests, a phenomenon often called motion hyperacuity. We describe how such motion hyperacuity can be achieved through a controlled preblurring of an optical imaging system. We used this method to develop a software model of a new fly eye sensor and to optimize its motion hyperacuity. Finally, we compare the completed sensor to previously developed fly eye sensors. The new design shows a threefold improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and motion acuity.
The observed teleconnection between the equatorial Amazon and the Intra-Americas Seas

Using observations of rainfall and SST analysis it is shown that there is a robust relationship with two-season lag between the austral summer (December–January–February [DJF]) Equatorial Amazon (EA) rainfall and the following boreal summer season (June–July–August [JJA]) Intra-Americas Seas (IAS) Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA). It is observed that in wetter than normal austral summer seasons over EA, the SSTA in the IAS are cooler than normal in the following JJA season. This teleconnection also manifests in the ocean heat content of the IAS region. Our analysis indicates that the net surface heat flux into the ocean (particularly the surface longwave and the shortwave radiative fluxes) dictates the strongest influence on the JJA Caribbean SSTA, the core region of the IAS where the observed teleconnection with EA rainfall is strongest. This study also finds that this teleconnection is in fact a manifestation of the remote ENSO forcing on the Caribbean SSTA through its modulation of the EA rainfall anomalies. In a wet DJF year over EA, the Atlantic Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves further southward than climatology. This causes the dry limb of the associated overturning circulation of the Atlantic ITCZ to reside over the Caribbean Sea region in the subsequent March–April–May and JJA seasons. As a result of this large-scale descent in the wet DJF year over EA, there is a net decrease in the heat flux into the ocean from increased emission of surface longwave radiation in the presence of anomalously dry atmosphere. In a dry DJF year over EA the Atlantic ITCZ is nearly co-located in the core region of the IAS, which is northward than the climatological location, resulting in the descending limb of the overturning location to be located further south of the Caribbean Sea leading to warmer SSTA.
Treatment for horseshoe fistulas-in-ano with primary closure of the internal fistula opening: a clinical and manometric study.

We report on a patient cohort with dorsal horseshoe fistulas-in-ano. We sought to answer the question of whether these fistulas can be operatively treated, implementing a sphincter-preserving fistulectomy with primary closure of the internal opening, as is done when treating transsphincteric anal fistulas. Long-term clinical course is examined here and operative methods are discussed. During the time period from 1985 to 2000, 42 patients (29 men, 13 women) with an average age of 44 ± 11 years were operatively treated for horseshoe fistulas-in-ano originating in cryptoglandular regions. Twenty patients originally had an abscess, which was surgically drained and then a seton was placed in the tract of the fistula. Later, a fistulectomy or curettage of the fistula tract with primary closure of the internal fistula opening was performed in all patients without severing the sphincter muscle. We implemented four different surgical techniques to facilitate this closure: the mucosa-submucosa advancement flap, the rectal wall advancement flap (part or full thickness), the anocutaneous advancement flap, and direct closure without any further mobilization. The follow-up averaged 58 months (1–14 years). Thirty-seven of the 42 fistulas (88 percent) healed. In 31 patients, restitution occurred after the first operation, in 4 patients after the second operation and in 2 patients after the third operation. One patient developed a recurrence after the first operation and died from secondary causes before a second operation was performed. The other four patients were listed as unclear, because the time of observation was less than one year. The total recurrence rate of flap procedures is 23 percent (mucosa-submucosa advancement flap, 25 percent; rectal wall advancement flap, 35 percent; anocutaneous advancement flap, 25 percent; direct closure, 0 percent; not significant). Thirty-four (81 percent) of the 42 patients had previously been operatively treated on an average of three times. Twelve patients developed deficits in continence. Eight patients developed minor deficits, which included incontinence for flatus and problems with staining. Four patients became incontinent for liquid stools. There was a significant decrease in manometric resting pressure of 25 percent (from 123 ± 40 cm H2O to 91 ± 29 cm H2O) and in squeeze pressure of 21 percent (from 262 ± 70 cm H2O to 207 ± 66 cm H2O). As in other high anal fistulas, horseshoe-shaped anal fistulas can be operatively treated implementing a fistulectomy combined with any of the above-mentioned forms of closure of the internal fistula opening, with good success rates and acceptable postoperative continence. Sufficient drainage of the retroanal region is of utmost importance. Through these measures, it is possible to avoid severing the sphincter muscle and to prevent an anal canal deformation (keyhole deformity).
Photoionization of Electronically Excited Oxygen: Rate of the Reaction O2(a1Δg)+O3→2O2+O

The photoionization spectrum of discharged oxygen has been obtained in the wavelength region 1040–1240 A with an argon continuum light source and a 1‐m Seya‐Namioka scanning vacuum‐ultraviolet monochromator in a discharge‐flow experiment. Photoionization was detected only at wavelengths shorter than or equal to 1118.0 A. The observed ion current is due to photoionization of metastable O2(a 1Δg), and the effects on the ion current of adding O2, N2, and O3 to the flow stream after the discharge are reported. O2 and N2 do not reduce the photoionization current except by small percentages attributable to dilution effects and, with added O2, to a slight absorption of the incident light flux. O3, however, sharply reduces the ion current and is partially decomposed by the discharged gas. These effects are attributed to the reaction O2(a 1Δg)+O3→2O2(X 3Σg−)+O(3P). Measurements of the reduction in photoionization current as a function of added O3 pressure and reaction time were made, and the rate coefficient for t...
Further Studies on Therapeutic Properties of Sulfapyridine in Experimental Pneumococcus Infections.

SummaryExperiments have shown that sulfapyridine has a curative action when administered to mice infected with pneumococci Types I, IV, V, VIA and B, VII, XI, XX, XXII, XXIV, XXVII, and XXIX. The drug has little curative action in infections with Types II, III, and VIII, although it does prolong life.
Quantum criticality in dissipative quantum two-dimensional XY and Ashkin-Teller models: Application to the cuprates

In a recent paper [V. Aji and C. M. Varma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 067003 (2007)] we have shown that the dissipation driven quantum phase transition of the two-dimensional $XY$ model represents a universality class where the correlations at criticality are local in space and power law in time. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the model. The local criticality is brought about by the decoupling of infrared singularities in space and time. The former leads to a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition whereby the excitations of the transverse component of the velocity field (vortices) unbind in space. The latter, on the other hand, leads to a transition among excitations (warps) in the longitudinal component of the velocity field, which unbind in time. The quantum Ashkin-Teller model, with which the observed loop order in the cuprates is described, maps in the critical regime to the quantum $XY$ model. We also discuss other models which are expected to have similar properties.
Concurrent atomistic and continuum simulation of strontium titanate

Abstract This paper presents a concurrent atomistic–continuum methodology (CAC) to simulate the dynamic processes of dislocation nucleation and migration as well as crack initiation and propagation in complex crystals. The accuracy and efficiency of the method is tested with respect to the molecular dynamics (MD) method through simulations of the dynamic fracture processes in strontium titanate under a combination of tension and shear loading and the dislocation behavior under nanoindentation. CAC simulation results demonstrated a smooth passage of cracks and dislocations through the atomistic–continuum interface without the need for additional constitutive rules or special numerical treatment. Although some accuracy is lost in CAC simulations as a consequence of a 98.4% reduction in the degrees of freedom, all the CAC results are qualitatively and quantitatively comparable with MD results. The stacking fault width and nanoindentation hardness measured in the CAC simulations agrees well with existing experimental data. Criteria for cleavage and slip in ionic materials are verified. The need to include the internal degrees of freedom of atoms in concurrent atomistic–continuum methods for polyatomic crystalline materials is confirmed.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES OF PREDATOR AVOIDANCE: EXPERIMENTS WITH FISH AND SNAILS

Predators often induce shifts in the traits of nearby prey, and these trait shifts are important in mediating a variety of evolutionary and ecological processes. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal scales over which predators induce trait shifts. We empirically determined the spatial scale of predator avoidance by measuring the habitat use and growth rates of snails (Physa acuta) held at varying distances from a caged pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Refuge use was highest near the fish and gradually decayed to background level, with a characteristic response range of 1.0 m. Snail growth rates were negligible near the predator but increased with greater separation from fish. The dependence of behavior on the age of chemical cues was measured in a mesocosm experiment in which water was withdrawn from a tank holding pumpkinseeds and held for varying lengths of time before being added to experimental mesocosms with snails. Fresh cues elicited the strongest habitat shifts relative to well-water controls, and avoidance behavior decayed in an exponential manner with increasing cue age. The characteristic lifetime of avoidance behavior was 41 h. Taken together, these results allow us to begin to describe the behavioral landscape created by mobile predators. Corresponding Editor: S. P. Lawler
Rapid Automated Target Segmentation and Tracking on 4D Data without Initial Contours

Purpose. To achieve rapid automated delineation of gross target volume (GTV) and to quantify changes in volume/position of the target for radiotherapy planning using four-dimensional (4D) CT. Methods and Materials. Novel morphological processing and successive localization (MPSL) algorithms were designed and implemented for achieving autosegmentation. Contours automatically generated using MPSL method were compared with contours generated using state-of-the-art deformable registration methods (using and MIMVista software). Metrics such as the Dice similarity coefficient, sensitivity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were analyzed. The target motion tracked using the centroid of the GTV estimated using MPSL method was compared with motion tracked using deformable registration methods. Results. MPSL algorithm segmented the GTV in 4DCT images in seconds per phase ( resolution) as compared to seconds per phase for deformable registration based methods in 9 cases. Dice coefficients between MPSL generated GTV contours and manual contours (considered as ground-truth) were . In comparison, the Dice coefficients between ground-truth and contours generated using deformable registration based methods were 0.909 &#xb1; 0.051. Conclusions. The MPSL method achieved similar segmentation accuracy as compared to state-of-the-art deformable registration based segmentation methods, but with significant reduction in time required for GTV segmentation.
Toward a Micromechanics-Based Procedure to Characterize Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Concrete

A lattice-based micromechanics approach is proposed to characterize the cracking performance of asphalt concrete. A random truss lattice model was introduced and investigated for simulating the following: (a) linear elastic and viscoelastic deformation of homogeneous materials in axial compression and shear loading experiments, (b) linear elastic deformation and the stress field in heterogeneous materials in an axial compression loading experiment, and (c) damage evolution in elastic solids under an indirect tensile test. The simulation results match well with the theoretical solutions and show excellent promise in predicting cracking patterns in the indirect tensile test. A brief discussion about ongoing work is also presented.
Spermiogenesis in the tick, Amblyomma dissimili, as revealed by electron microscopy.

Observations on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, and acrosome of developing spermatids in the tick Amblyomma dissimili are reported. In early spermatids the ER consists of branching, tubule-shaped cisternae. In later stages the ER lacks attached particles and takes the form of spheroid cytomembranes, which eventually become flattened and arranged as whorls around mitochondria of mature spermatozoa. in early spermiogenesis the nucleus comes to lie at one pole of the cell where an acrosomal vesicle becomes situated. As acrosome formation proceeds, nuclear chromatin aggregates into electron dense chromatin threads that eventually fill the entire nucleus. The acrosomal vesicle becomes flattened between the nucleus and cell membrane in early spermatids and expands as a flat, dise-shaped acrosome. As spermatids elongate, the acrosome is pulled in upon itself into a U-shaped structure. In the mature spermatozoon the acrosome and nucleus are situated in the tail. Comparisons of these findings are made with respect to the early light microscope studies on spermiogenesis in ticks and with recent electron microscope studies of spermiogenesis in other forms.
The mechanisms and functions of spontaneous neurotransmitter release

Fast synaptic communication in the brain requires synchronous vesicle fusion that is evoked by action potential-induced Ca(2+) influx. However, synaptic terminals also release neurotransmitters by spontaneous vesicle fusion, which is independent of presynaptic action potentials. A functional role for spontaneous neurotransmitter release events in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and homeostasis, as well as the regulation of certain behaviours, has been reported. In addition, there is evidence that the presynaptic mechanisms underlying spontaneous release of neurotransmitters and their postsynaptic targets are segregated from those of evoked neurotransmission. These findings challenge current assumptions about neuronal signalling and neurotransmission, as they indicate that spontaneous neurotransmission has an autonomous role in interneuronal communication that is distinct from that of evoked release.
MENELAUS: A system for measurement of the extensible language Proteus

The research described below deals with measurement of efficiency characteristics of extensible languages having very small cores. Bell's language Proteus [1] was chosen as an object of study since it is a member of this class and moreover, contains quite general schemes for syntactic and semantic extensibility. I have implemented a Proteus interpreter in Fortran on an XDS Sigma 5, incorporating changes to Bell's original implementation as well as those of Harris [2]. An obvious serious concern in using small core languages is the efficiency of their translation and execution. This efficiency derives from two main sources: the implementation of the core language on a given machine and the implementation of the extended language(s) onto the core. The former problem is solvable by direct implementation in hardware or microprogramming and will not be considered further. The second problem we wish to consider at greater length.
Backgating in GaAs MESFET's

The phenomenon of backgating in GaAs depletion mode MESFET devices is investigated. The origin of this effect is electron trapping on the Cr2+and EL(2) levels at the semi-insulating substrate-channel region interface. A model describing backgating, based on DLTS and spectral measurements, is presented. Calculations based on this model predict that closely compensated substrate material will minimize backgating. Preliminary experimental data support this prediction.
Fractile arrays: a new class of broadband tiled arrays with fractal boundaries

A class of antenna arrays are introduced, which we call fractile arrays. A fractile array is defined as any array with a fractal boundary contour that tiles the plane without gaps or overlaps. It is shown that the unique geometrical features of fractiles may be exploited in order to make available a family of deterministic arrays that offer several highly desirable performance advantages over their conventional periodic planar array counterparts. Most notably, fractile arrays have no grating lobes even when the minimum spacing between elements is increased to at least one-wavelength. This has led to the development of a new design methodology for modular broadband arrays that is based on fractal tilings. Several examples of fractile arrays are considered including Peano-Gosper, terdragon, six-terdragon, and fudgeflake arrays. Efficient iterative procedures for calculating the radiation patterns of these fractile arrays to arbitrary stage of growth P are also introduced.
Are we turning our backs on teacher preparation?: lessons from France's system of teacher training

Not surprisingly, in an increasingly neo-liberal context of international competition for educational prestige, conversations about teaching and teacher preparation have taken hold across the globe. Further complicating these matters is that ideas about teaching, learning, and learning to teach cannot be understood or analyzed in a vacuum; that is, without first exploring the history, evolution, purposes of, and tensions within the system in which they live. In this way, the realities of social change and globalization ensure that debates about what it means to prepare teachers wellin any contextare complex and enduring. In this article, I illuminate some of those complexities specifically as they relate to a comparison of university-based systems of teacher preparation in France and the United States. The issue of what it means to prepare teachers well for an increasingly diverse and global society is a prominent focus of this discussion.
Modern management of paediatric burns

Burns in children differ in multiple aspects from those in adults; the extent and depth of the burn injury are often more severe, the child’s body proportions differ, resulting in greater evaporative water and heat loss, and fluid requirements are therefore generally greater. Importantly, many childhood burns are preventable. The National Injury Mortality surveillance system indicates that burns are the leading cause of non-natural death in infants and children under 5 years and the fourth major cause of accidental death in the 5 - 9-year age group,1 with more than 1 300 children dying annually from burns in South Africa (SA). The majority of childhood burns in SA are treated by nonspecialists, with referrals to burns units being reserved for the more severe cases. It is well documented in the literature that in some settings the majority of burn victims do not receive adequate first aid;2 the majority of doctors treating burn wounds are unable to correctly measure the extent of the burn and almost half of treating doctors fail to prescribe adequate analgesia.3 This article will focus on appropriate referral guidelines as well as deal with correct management of burns within a general hospital setting.
Epelrogeny and plate tectonics

This review is generated by an intensification of interest in a classical subject of geology, vertical motions of the crust and their causes. The subject was examined qualitatively for more than a century within a paradigm of a mainly static earth that merely moved up and down. The new interest derives from the fact that some aspects of vertical motion can now be explained semi-quantitatively and also from the realization that, in the paradigm of a dynamic earth, some vertical motions are related to horizontal drifting. The fact that large regions of the earth are warped vertically has been known since the beginnings of modern geology. Lyell [1835] cites Playfair and Von Buch among others who recognized the uplift of Scandinavia. Likewise, Darwin [1842] observed that the distribution of atolls and elevated islands establishes regional warping of ocean basins. The term ‘epeirogeny’ was coined by Gilbert [1890] to describe this broad, gentle warping, which is such a common feature of the history of the whole earth.
Cardiovascular and Renal Review: Pharmacology of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists: Comparison with Renin Inhibitors and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Nonpeptide angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonists are a new class of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Several ANG II receptor antagonists are currently in clinical development for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. The discovery of these compounds follows many years of research on renin and the spectacular success of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, both as therapeutic agents and pharmacological tools. By inhibiting the interaction of ANG II with its receptor(s), studies utilising ANG II receptor antagonists have furthered our understanding of the RAS. This class of compounds may provide an interesting alternative to ACE inhibitors for the clinical management of hypertension and heart failure. The present article examines the comparative preclinical pharmacology of ANG II receptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors and renin inhibitors, with two objectives: 1) to demonstrate how our knowledge of the RAS has been extended utilising these three classes of pharmac...
Two-Dimensional Raman Spectroscopy of Vibrational Interactions in Liquids

Two-dimensional fifth-order Raman spectroscopy has the ability to probe nonlinear interactions between well defined vibrational motions in liquids. It can reveal the nonlinear dependence of the molecular polarizability on vibrational coordinates, intermolecular interaction-induced effects, and anharmonic couplings between modes. We use this technique to probe these interactions at an intramolecular level in liquid CC${\mathrm{l}}_{4}$ and CHC${\mathrm{l}}_{3}$, and at an intermolecular level in a mixture of these two liquids.
ACTOR-OBSERVER DIFFERENCES IN ATTRIBUTION: A REPLICATION

Nisbett, et al., (1973) presented evidence that male actors use more situational than dispositional explanations for their own behavior and use more dispositional than situational attributions for ...
Moving the field of B lymphopoiesis.

A primary research article can safely be considered influential when it has been cited >1100 times. This is certainly the case for Richard R. (Randy) Hardy et al.’s ([1][1]) “Resolution and characterization of pro-B and pre–pro-B cell stages in normal mouse bone marrow.” In fact, it
Formative Evaluation: A Critical Component in EHR Implementation

This Viewpoint paper has grown out of a presentation at the American College of Medical Informatics 2007 Winter Symposium, the resulting discussion, and several activities that have coalesced around an issue that most informaticians accept as true but is not commonly considered during the implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) outside of academia or research institutions. Successful EHR implementation is facilitated and sometimes determined by formative evaluation, usually focusing on process rather than outcomes. With greater federal funding for the implementation of electronic health record systems in health care organizations unfamiliar with research protocols, the need for formative evaluation assistance is growing. Such assistance, in the form of tools and protocols necessary to do formative evaluation and resulting in successful EHR implementations, should be provided by practicing medical informaticians.
Bleeding patterns during the menopausal transition in the multi-ethnic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN): a prospective cohort study.

Objective Prior studies describing menses duration and heaviness of flow during the menopausal transition (MT) have been short in duration and limited to white women. We estimated the frequency of and risk factors for prolonged bleeding, spotting, and heavy bleeding during the MT in an ethnically diverse population.
Health locus of control of health fair participants.

This study was designed to identify those specific orientation characteristics of health fair participants and those of a control group. It was hypothesized first that health fair participants would exhibit greater internality than the control group. Second, level of education would correlate positively with internal scores. The first hypothesis was rejected; however, the second hypothesis was accepted in that high school or less educated had greater scores on powerful others and chance subscales.
Vitamin E Secretion by Caco-2 Monolayers to APOA1, but Not to HDL, Is Vitamer Selective

The aim of this study was to characterize the pathways of basolateral secretion of common dietary tocopherols from polarized Caco-2 monolayers, a model of intestinal absorption. Given differences in structure and physical properties, we hypothesized that secretion may differ between different forms of vitamin E, thus potentially contribute to the selectivity seen in vivo. Monolayers were incubated apically and simultaneously with 10 mmol/L a-, g-, and d-tocopherol (1:1:1) in lipid micelles. Treatment with the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor BMS201038 revealed that the triglyceriderich particle secretory pathway (apolipoprotein B–dependent pathway) accounted for ;80% of total tocopherol secretion, without selectivity among the three forms of vitamin E. Apolipoprotein B–independent secretion of tocopherols (and cholesterol) was greatly enhanced by the liver X receptor agonist T0901317. T0901317 induced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein expression and basolateral secretion of tocopherols to apolipoprotein A1. ABCA1dependent secretion demonstrated vitamer selectivity such that efficiency of secretion of a- and g-tocopherols exceeded that of d-tocopherol. Basal addition of HDL stimulated vitamin E secretion but without selectivity among the three forms, whereas LDL had no effect. Basal addition of scavenger receptor class B member I (SR-BI) blocking antibody, which inhibits the interaction between SR-BI and HDL, increased basal accumulation of all tocopherols, demonstrating a role for SR-BI in cellular re-uptake of secreted vitamin E. These findings demonstrated that vitamin E and cholesterol utilize common pathways of secretion and that secretion via the ABCA1 pathway favors certain forms of vitamin E. J. Nutr. 143: 1565–1572, 2013.
Critical role of interleukin-17A in murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes severe illness frequently complicated by remote multiorgan dysfunction and sepsis. Recent studies implicated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in regulating inflammation, autoimmunity, and I/R injury. Here, we determined whether IL-17A is critical for generation of intestinal I/R injury and subsequent liver and kidney injury. Mice subjected to 30 min of superior mesenteric artery ischemia not only developed severe small intestinal injury (necrosis, apoptosis, and neutrophil infiltration) but also developed significant renal and hepatic injury. We detected large increases in IL-17A in the small intestine, liver, and plasma. IL-17A is critical for generating these injuries, since genetic deletion of IL-17A- or IL-17A-neutralizing antibody treatment markedly protected against intestinal I/R injury and subsequent liver and kidney dysfunction. Intestinal I/R caused greater increases in portal plasma and small intestine IL-17A, suggesting an intestinal source for IL-17A generation. We also observed that intestinal I/R caused rapid small intestinal Paneth cell degranulation and induced murine α-defensin cryptdin-1 expression. Furthermore, genetic or pharmacological depletion of Paneth cells significantly attenuated the intestinal I/R injury as well as hepatic and renal dysfunction. Finally, Paneth cell depletion significantly decreased small intestinal, hepatic, and plasma IL-17A levels after intestinal I/R. Taken together, we propose that Paneth cell-derived IL-17A may play a critical role in intestinal I/R injury as well as extraintestinal organ dysfunction.
Experimental multiuser quantum key distribution network using a wavelength-addressed bus architecture

A six-user quantum key distribution network implemented on a bus topology is experimentally demonstrated. The network employs the BB84 protocol to transmit cryptographic keys encoded unto the phase states of highly attenuated laser light to distances of up to 31 km in a standard telecommunication-grade fiber. Each user on the network is assigned a unique wavelength for communication with the network server at a time. The measured quantum bit error rate and sifted key rate compare favorably with theoretical results
Clouds, clusters and ManyCore: The revolution ahead

Without doubt, scientific discovery, business practice and social interactions are moving rapidly from a world of homogeneous and local systems to a world of distributed software, virtual organizations and cloud computing infrastructure, all powered by multicore processors and large-scale infrastructure. In science, a tsunami of new experimental and computational data and a suite of increasingly ubiquitous sensors pose vexing problems in data analysis, transport, visualization and collaboration. In society and business, software as a service and cloud computing are empowering distributed groups. Letpsilas step back and think about the longer term future. Where is the technology going and what are the implications? What architectures are appropriate? How to we manage power and scale? What are the right size building blocks? How do we come to grips with the fact that our clusters and data centers are now bigger than the Internet was just a few years ago? How do we develop and support malleable software? What is the ecosystem of components in which distributed, data rich applications will operate? How do we optimize performance and reliability? How do we program these systems?
Free Tropospheric Transport of Microorganisms from Asia to North America

Microorganisms are abundant in the troposphere and can be transported vast distances on prevailing winds. This study measures the abundance and diversity of airborne bacteria and fungi sampled at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (located 2.7 km above sea level in North America) where incoming free tropospheric air routinely arrives from distant sources across the Pacific Ocean, including Asia. Overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations for microorganisms in the free troposphere, derived from quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, averaged 4.94 × 10−5 ng DNA m−3 for bacteria and 4.77 × 10−3 ng DNA m−3 for fungi. Aerosols occasionally corresponded with microbial abundance, most often in the springtime. Viable cells were recovered from 27.4 % of bacterial and 47.6 % of fungal samples (N = 124), with 49 different species identified by ribosomal DNA gene sequencing. The number of microbial isolates rose significantly above baseline values on 22–23 April 2011 and 13–15 May 2011. Both events were analyzed in detail, revealing distinct free tropospheric chemistries (e.g., low water vapor, high aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone) useful for ruling out boundary layer contamination. Kinematic back trajectory modeling suggested air from these events probably originated near China or Japan. Even after traveling for 10 days across the Pacific Ocean in the free troposphere, diverse and viable microbial populations, including presumptive plant pathogens Alternaria infectoria and Chaetomium globosum, were detected in Asian air samples. Establishing a connection between the intercontinental transport of microorganisms and specific diseases in North America will require follow-up investigations on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.
The use of broken power-laws to describe the distributions of daily flow above the mean annual flow across the conterminous U.S.

A recent study employed a broken power-law (BPL) distribution for understanding the scaling frequency of bankfull discharge in snowmelt-dominated basins. This study, grounded from those findings, investigated the ability of a BPL function to describe the distribution of daily flows above the mean annual flow in 1217 sites across the conterminous U.S. (CONUS). The hydrologic regime in all the sites is unregulated and spans a wide range in drainage areas (2–120,000 km 2 ) and elevation (0–3000 m). Available daily flow records in all sites varied between 15 and 108 years. Comparing the performance of BPL distribution and the traditionally used lognormal distribution, we found that BPL provides stronger fit in � 80% of the sites. Thus the BPL function provides a suitable tool to model daily flows in most areas of the CONUS. The potential for developing a model for predicting the frequency distribution of daily flows in ungauged sites was analyzed. We found that such model is possible using drainage area, mean basin elevation, and mean annual precipitation as predicting variables for any site located above 600 m across the CONUS. We also found strong continental-wide correlations between 3 of the 4 parameters that describe the BPL and basin characteristics. Our results indicate that the BPL function provides a robust alternative to traditional functions such as the lognormal to model the statistical variation of daily flows above the mean annual in most basins of the CONUS.
Magma immiscibility in the Shonkin Sag and Square Butte laccoliths

The Shonkin Sag and Square Butte laccoliths of central Montana differentiated in place from single alkalic magmas to produce syenite and shonkinite through a gravity-controlled differentiation mechanism. The absence of rhythmic and cryptic layering and a lack of definite cumulate textures suggest that crystal settling did not produce syenite from shonkinite in either laccolith. Field relations strongly suggest coexistence of a mafic and a felsic magma. Both field relations and chemical trends, which are incompatible with a fractional crystallization model, can, on the other hand, be explained by magma immiscibility. During or following intrusion, immiscible syenite globules separated from a mafic shonkinite magma, coalesced, and rose to form a homogeneous upper layer of syenite. An increase in host viscosity, due to cooling, trapped late-rising syenite globules. These are preserved as isolated syenite segregations as much as 10 m in diameter enclosed in the lower shonkinite.
Synthetic Developments of Nontoxic Quantum Dots

Semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots (QDs), are candidates for biological sensing, photovoltaics, and catalysis due to their unique photophysical properties. The most studied QDs are composed of heavy metals like cadmium and lead. However, this engenders concerns over heavy metal toxicity. To address this issue, numerous studies have explored the development of nontoxic (or more accurately less toxic) quantum dots. In this Review, we select three major classes of nontoxic quantum dots composed of carbon, silicon and Group I-III-VI elements and discuss the myriad of synthetic strategies and surface modification methods to synthesize quantum dots composed of these material systems.
Molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced damage to nucleic acids

Publisher Summary The integrity of DNA is essential for the well-being of a cell. Damage to this molecule, whether caused by reaction with chemical mutagens, by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light, or by ionizing radiation, has dire consequences. Thus, much effort has been expended in attempting to understand the effects of these agents on DNA. This chapter describes some of the chemical mechanisms whereby DNA is damaged by ionizing radiation. The major advances in understanding of molecular mechanisms have come from the studies of simple model systems. The chapter explains the three basic model systems that have been designed to examine radiation-induced damage to DNA. Each type of system yields useful information, but the applicability of this information to the in vivo situation is limited in all cases. The chapter also discusses the indirect effects of the free radicals produced by the radiolysis of water, in terms of both initial species and final products.
On the Equations of Linear Shallow Shell Theory

The paper presents a formulation of the two-dimensional theory of shallow shells, including the effects of transverse shear deformation and of moments turning about the normal to the middle surface. The present formulation includes, as it must, Marguerre's theory. At the same time it is consistent with recent formulations of general linear shell theory, in particular in regard to the preservation of the static-geometric duality. Various reductions of the equation of the theory are considered. Of particular significance and effectiveness among these are reductions for the special cases of (1) shells without moments about the middle surface normal, (where an earlier result of Naghdi is extended) (2) the shell without transverse shear deformability, (the static-geometrical dual of case (1)). As an application of the general equations an explicit solution is obtained for the problem of stretching, twisting and bending of pretwisted rectangular plates.
Summation of Contractions in the Turtle Heart

The phenomenon of summated contractions cannot be obtained in cardiac muscle under ordinary conditions. Mines,1 however, found such an effect in the hearts of Torpedo ocellata which had been removed from the body for some time. He related this exception to the fact that the extraordinarily long refractory period of the heart had been shortened under the experimental conditions. Thus a second stimulus occurring sufficiently soon after a first would allow summation of one contraction upon another. Burridge2 found that calcium salts greatly favored summation in frog ventricle muscle. Alcohol, ether, and alkali also had a somewhat similar effect.In this laboratory while studying the vagus effects on the turtle heart it was discovered that in a limited number of cases extra-contractions could be summated upon normal contractions during vagus inhibition.In these investigations hearts of Chrysemys elegans and Chrysemys troosti were used. It was found that summation of contractions was possible in either auricle ...