cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal multivoxel MR spectroscopy study of pediatric diffuse brainstem gliomas treated with radiotherapy.

Background and Purpose: After radiotherapy (RT), children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are followed with sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, MRI changes do not necessarily reflect tumor progression, and therefore additional noninvasive tools are needed to improve the definition of progression vs. treatment-related changes. In this study, we determined the feasibility and accuracy of multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) for monitoring pediatric patients with DIPG. Methods and Patients: Twenty-four serial examinations of MRI/MRSI (7 2D-MRSI and 17 3D-MRSI) were performed on 8 patients with DIPG who received local RT. A total of 1635 voxels were categorized as “normal” or “abnormal” based on corresponding imaging findings on contrast-enhanced T1- and T2-weighted MRI. The choline to N-acetyl-aspartate ratio (Cho:NAA) and choline to creatine ratios (Cho:Cr) within each category of MRI abnormality were compared to their counterpart in normal surrounding tissues. The changes in these ratios corresponding to each type of abnormality were evaluated before RT, at response, and at recurrence, as determined by the clinical status of the patients. The presence or absence of lactate and lipid peaks was noted for each voxel. MRI/MRSI was performed on posterior fossa and supratentorial tissue of 3 volunteer pediatric patients. Results: The Cho:NAA and Cho:Cr values within the imaging abnormalities (3.8 ± 0.93 and 3.55 ± 1.37, respectively) were significantly higher than the mean values in normal-appearing regions (0.93 ± 0.2 and 1.13 ± 0.38, respectively) (p < 0.005). Cho:NAA values decreased from studies at diagnosis to the time of response to RT (3.12 ± 0.5 and 2.08 ± 0.73, respectively), followed by an increase at the time of relapse (from 1.83 ± 0.92 to 4.29 ± 1.08). Loss of lactate and lipid peaks correlated with response, and their presence and stability with relapse. In 3 patients, increased spectral abnormalities preceded the radiological and clinical deterioration by 2–5 months. Conclusion: Multivoxel MRSI is a feasible and reproducible noninvasive tool for assessing pediatric DIPG. Longitudinal multivoxel MRSI measurements have potential value in assessing response to radiation or other therapies, because they offer more coverage than single-voxel techniques and provide reliable spectral data.
Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems

Multimodal biometric systems consolidate the evidence presented by multiple biometric sources and typically provide better recognition performance compared to systems based on a single biometric modality. Although information fusion in a multimodal system can be performed at various levels, integration at the matching score level is the most common approach due to the ease in accessing and combining the scores generated by different matchers. Since the matching scores output by the various modalities are heterogeneous, score normalization is needed to transform these scores into a common domain, prior to combining them. In this paper, we have studied the performance of different normalization techniques and fusion rules in the context of a multimodal biometric system based on the face, fingerprint and hand-geometry traits of a user. Experiments conducted on a database of 100 users indicate that the application of min-max, z-score, and tanh normalization schemes followed by a simple sum of scores fusion method results in better recognition performance compared to other methods. However, experiments also reveal that the min-max and z-score normalization techniques are sensitive to outliers in the data, highlighting the need for a robust and efficient normalization procedure like the tanh normalization. It was also observed that multimodal systems utilizing user-specific weights perform better compared to systems that assign the same set of weights to the multiple biometric traits of all users.
A political conceptualization of managerial behavior

Abstract This article addresses the issue of managerial behavior as actions that occur and are interpreted within a political arena. Whereas some theory and research has addressed organizational politics (Frost 1987; Pfeffer 1981), there is still a need to consolidate previous research, more precisely articulate the dynamics, and refine the concept of political behavior in relation to the actions taken by managers within the framework of human resource management (HRM). We strive to improve upon and extend previous attempts by developing a political conceptualization of managerial behavior that incorporates several disciplinary perspectives, and has implications for human resources systems. An additional objective of this paper is to identify relevant questions and future research topics that will advance the study of managerial political behavior as a relevant HRM issue.
Public Administration and the Classical Liberal Perspective Criticism, Clarifications, and Reconstruction

This article argues that despite the widespread perception to the contrary, it is possible to articulate a classical liberal position on public administration that recognizes and confronts the prob...
Toluene Diisocyanate Inhalation Toxicity: Pathology and Mortality

Abstract Pathology and mortality in animals after a single 4-hour exposure to toluene diisocyanate were studied. Mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits were exposed at concentrations of 2, 5, or 10 ppm. Toluene diisocyanate acts as a corrosive agent with irritant manifestations relative to the concentration of exposure, and the effect is primarily on the trachea and larger intrapulmonary air passages. Details and illustrations of the tissue pathology are given.
The blow book, performance magic, and early animation: Mediating the living dead

This article explores the history of early animation and modern magic in light of discourses on the cinema’s capacities for bringing inanimate objects (including the still photograph) to life. The cinema’s early encounter with a metamorphic magic book known as a blow book, which is constructed like a flip book without sequential imagery, will be considered in order to specify the terms of one form of animation and its structures of illusion and belief. The principles of modern magic will also be addressed to explain the significance of a number of trick films that featured the blow book directly as a means of demonstrating the animating ‘powers’ of the cinema. This analysis will challenge the use of animation as an umbrella concept within cinema and media studies, and provide a basis for beginning to think through the return of new media studies to 19th-century magic as a model for understanding digital illusions.
Naturalistic application of self-change practices

Abstract This study assessed the extent to which individuals report using 10 specific self-management procedures embedded in a major model of self-change ( Williams & Long, 1991 ). More than 700 college and noncollege adults were asked to indicate how characteristic each self-change strategy was of the way they managed their lives. The subjects also completed a number of comparison instruments related to physical and psychological health. The findings indicated that some self-change strategies were reportedly used by a substantial portion of our sample and that their reported use was consistently associated with health-related variables.
The Saigon of the Family's Mind: Family Therapy with Families of Vietnam Veterans.

Unlike other wars, Vietnam was America's first teenage war. This has caused unique problems in dealing with the Vietnam veteran, as exemplified by the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Although the bulk of the work done on PTSD has indicated the likelihood of veterans establishing disengaged families, it has been the author's experience that the families of Vietnam veterans often have enmeshed parent-child ties between the veteran and his children. When the children become adolescents, their quest for individualization throws the family into turmoil which has its genesis in the father's own foreclosed identity. A five-stage method of treatment (Intake, Ventilation, Bridging, Education and Hiking the Therapy Home) is proposed by the author as being a sound method of family treatment in this growing family problem.
Thermal-Aware Application Scheduling on Device-Heterogeneous Embedded Architectures

The challenges of the Power Wall manifest in mobile and embedded processors due to their inherent thermal and formfactor constraints. The power dissipated over a fixed area, namely, the power density, directly affects acceptable core temperatures even for low-power devices. In this paper, we examine techniques to counter this power density increase with device and microarchitecture-level heterogeneity. We explore the design space in which various parameters such as frequency and microarchitectural complexity can be traded off against each other in order to achieve the optimal configuration for a fixed temperature limit. Since conventional CMOS technology based cores may not satisfy our performance and power requirements, especially under tight thermal constraints, we propose a heterogeneous CMOS-Tunnel FET multicore for obtaining the optimal operating points under power and thermal limitations. Using a profiling based static assignment scheme, we demonstrate the improvement obtained by coupling this device-level heterogeneity to architectural modifications. We also propose an instruction slack-based scheme to map applications on the heterogeneous multicore. Our schemes show an improvement of up to 47% performance and 30% energy above the best homogeneous configuration.
Evaluating nonpoint pollution policy using a tightly coupled spatial decision support system.

Policy makers often must rely on the cumulative impact of independent actions taken by local landowners to achieve environmental goals. The connection between policy, regulation, and local action, however, is often not well understood and, thus, the impact of proposed policies may be difficult to predict. In this study we evaluate the effectiveness of alternative policy scenarios for agricultural set aside programs (e.g., the conservation reserve program administered by the United States Department of Agriculture) in reducing nonpoint pollution. Two alternative policy scenarios are developed and analyzed; one based on the erodibility index (detachment), the other sediment yield (transport). An estimate of the cumulative impact of associated land use change on nonpoint pollution is made using the AGNPS distributed parameter watershed model. This work is completed within the Cypress Creek watershed in southern Illinois. An analysis of the resulting data suggests that the most efficacious regulatory strategy for achieving nonpoint water pollution goals depends, in part, on place-specific land use patterns. This conclusion provides a solid argument for place-based regulatory strategies.
Linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of gelastic seizures due to hypothalamic hamartoma.

PURPOSE: There are reports of successful gamma-knife stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of gelastic seizures associated with a hypothalamic hamartoma. The authors reviewed the results of linear accelerator (LINAC) radiosurgery for patients with medically refractory gelastic seizures due to a sessile hypothalamic hamartoma. METHODS: Three patients with gelastic seizures received SRS between 2003 and 2004. All patients had associated partial complex and/or generalized seizures. One patient demonstrated aggressive behavior. Sessile hamartomas varying in diameter from 6 to 14 mm were identified by MRI. SRS was delivered to a single isocenter by a dedicated LINAC equipped with either a circular beam collimator or a micromultileaf collimator. Patients received 1500 to 1800 cGy prescribed at the 90 to 95 % isodose line. Seizure outcome was scored according to Engel's classification. RESULTS: Two patients became free of gelastic and partial complex/generalized seizures seven and nine months after radiosurgery. These patients remain free of seizures at 17 and 15 months, respectively, after treatment (Engle Class IA). One patient experienced a decline in gelastic seizure frequency nine months after treatment (Engle Class II) without significant reduction in aggressive behavior. Follow-up MRI demonstrated no change in the size or signal characteristics of any tumor. No patient developed post-treatment cranial neuropathy or hypothalamic-pituitary suppression. CONCLUSIONS: LINAC SRS represents a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for patients with medically refractory gelastic seizures due to unresectable hypothalamic hamartomas. Radiosurgery is associated with a latency of several months from treatment to reduction in seizure frequency. Further follow-up is required to establish the duration of seizure control following radiosurgery.
SU-GG-J-28: Evaluation of Various MIP CT Images for Target Volume Delineation

Purpose: To compare iGTV delineations of NSCLC with four maximum intensity projection (MIP) CTs with and without respiratory gating. Method and Materials: We identified 26 NSCLC patients whose tumors exhibited respiratory‐induced motion of ≥ 1cm. Each patient had a four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D‐CT) therapy simulation scan on a GE PET/CT scanner with Varian RPM respiratory surrogate. For each patient, we used an in‐house 4D‐CT sorting software to create MIP images using three different binning methods: 1) raw RPM phase‐binned 2) phase‐corrected (PC, force 0% to end inspiration and 50% to end expiration) phase‐binned, and 3) amplitude‐binned. Additionally, we created a MIP from the entire unsorted cine CTimage set. All four MIP data sets were sent to Pinnacle 8.1w treatment planningsoftware and visible tumor motion envelope (iGTV, internal gross target volume) was auto‐contoured using a lower threshold of 600. Results: In all cases, the cine iGTV without respiratory gating was the largest. Expressed as a percent of cine iGTV, our 4D‐CT iGTV ranged from 83.8% to 99.1%; the largest average 4D‐CT iGTV was from the PC dataset, followed by the phase‐binned dataset. Expressed as a percentage of cine PTV, the 4D‐CT PTV ranged from 90.0% to 99.9%. In regions of the respiratory waveform corresponding to high time rate of change in phase or amplitude, duplicate image selection can occur; duplication was most frequent with amplitude and PC binning methods. Contrary to previous studies, the image corresponding to the extreme respiratory amplitude did not inherently exhibit the full tumor motion extent, suggesting a phase delay between the internal tumor motion and the external respiratory surrogate. Conclusion: This work identifies quantitative differences and probable causes of the incomplete capture of tumor motion extent when using 4D‐CT based MIPs, and demonstrated a potential application of cine CT MIP without respiratory gating.
Linking health information technology to patient safety and quality outcomes: a bibliometric analysis and review

Objective.To assess the scholarly output of grants funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) that published knowledge relevant to the impact of health information technologies on patient safety and quality of care outcomes.Study designWe performed a bibliometric analysis of the identified scholarly articles, their journals, and citations. In addition, we performed a qualitative review of the full-text articles and grant documents.Data collection/extraction methodsPapers published by AHRQ-funded investigators were retrieved from MEDLINE, journal impact factors were extracted from the 2010 Thompson Reuters Journal Citation Report, citations were retrieved from ISI's Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar.Principal findings.Seventy-two articles met the criteria for review. Most articles addressed one or more of AHRQ's outcome goals and focus priorities. The average impact factor for the journals was 4.005 (range: 0.654–28.899). The articles, and their respective grants, represented a broad...
Vascular morphometry of KHT and RIF-1 murine sarcomas

Although tumor oxygenation and vascular structure have been studied extensively, previous work has most often been qualitative in nature. To clarify underlying physiological mechanisms, a more quantitative approach is needed. The current work considers two murine tumor lines of differing radiobiological hypoxic fraction (HF), the RIF-1 and the KHT fibrosarcomas. Following intravascular injection of India ink, histological sections were prepared and quantitated in terms of anatomical blood vessel-tumor cell distance distributions and vessel diameters. Vessel diameters increased with increasing tumor volume for RIF-1 tumors, while not changing significantly for the KHT. The fraction of the tumor within a given distance of the nearest blood vessel, varied as a function of: (i) tumor line, (ii) distance from tumor surface, and (iii) tumor volume. For small-volume tumors, intertumor differences in vessel-tumor cell distances correlated with differences in radiobiological HF, while for large-volume tumors, vessel-tumor cell differences were not significantly different between tumor lines. Combining current findings with previously determined intravascular oxyhemoglobin distributions in the same two tumor lines, it was apparent that not only is a substantial portion of the tumor volume beyond the expected oxygen diffusion limits of blood vessels, but, in addition, a relatively low percentage of these vessels is capable of supplying oxygen.
Clutch size decisions of a gregarious parasitoid under laboratory and field conditions

Under field conditions, insect parasitoids probably experience lower rates of host encounter and life expectancy than under optimal conditions in laboratory studies. We examined the clutch size response of Mastrus ridibundus, a gregarious idiobiont parasitoid of codling moth, Cydia pomonella, cocoons, to variation in both host encounter rate and life expectancy as possible explanatory variables in a comparison of brood size in the field and laboratory. Under laboratory conditions, mean clutch size (number of eggs laid) declined from 5.8 to 3.4 as host encounter rate increased from one to eight cocoons per day. In contrast, when we reduced life expectancy by withholding honey as a food source, females did not adjust clutch size. Mean brood size (number of progeny surviving to pupation) of females foraging in walnut orchards (3.9) was significantly greater than that under laboratory conditions with excess hosts (3.1). Brood size also increased with host size in the field, but not under laboratory conditions. Brood size fitness curves were derived using both host-finding ability in the field and lifetime fecundity under laboratory conditions as indices of female fitness. Host-finding ability increased exponentially with body size, generating an estimated Lack brood size of 4.3, but lifetime fecundity increased linearly with body size, giving a Lack brood size estimate of 5.5. Under field conditions, female M. ridibundus produced brood sizes that closely approximated the Lack brood size estimated from host-finding ability, but that were significantly smaller than that estimated from lifetime fecundity. These observations suggest that, in contrast to lifetime fecundity measures from the laboratory, host-finding ability in the field provides a more accurate estimate of lifetime reproductive success for parasitoids with a low expectation of future reproduction.
Middle Knowledge and the Soteriological Problem of Evil

According to the thesis of divine ‘middle knowledge’, first propounded by the Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina in the sixteenth century, subjunctive conditionals stating how free agents would freely respond under counter-factual conditions (call such expressions ‘counterfactuals of freedom’) may be straightforwardly true, and thus serve as the objects of divine knowledge. This thesis has provoked considerable controversy, and the recent revival of interest in middle knowledge, initiated by Anthony Kenny, Robert Adams and Alvin Plantinga in the 1970s, has led to two ongoing debates. One is a theoretical debate over the very intelligibility of middle knowledge;1 the other is a practical debate over its philosophical and theological utility.2
Infestation of Middle Devonian (Givetian) camerate crinoids by platyceratid gastropods and its implications for the nature of their biotic interaction

One of the classic examples of biotic interactions preserved in the fossil record is that between crinoids and infesting platyceratid gastropods. This relationship, spanning an interval from the Middle Ordovician to the end of the Permian, is recognized by the firm attachment and positioning of platyceratids over the anal vent of their hosts. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this interaction; the most widely accepted is that the gastropods were coprophagous commensals, feeding on crinoid excrement without any significant detriment to their hosts. The purpose of this investigation was to test this hypothesis. Two species of Middle Devonian camerate (Monobathrida, Compsocrinina) crinoids, Gennaeocrinus variabilis Kesling & Smith 1962 and Corocrinus calypso (Hall 1862), were used in this investigation. The data consisted of 426 individuals of G. variabilis collected near Rockport, Michigan, 30 of which were infested, and 188 individuals of C. calypso collected near Arkona, Ontario, Canada, of which 25 were infested. Length and volume were measured for each crinoid to determine whether a significant difference existed in the size of infested versus uninfested individuals. The results indicated that for both species of crinoids individuals infested by snails were significantly smaller than uninfested individuals (p < 0.05). We explored a variety of scenarios to explain this pattern and conclude that they falsify the null hypothesis that the crinoid-gastropod relationship was strictly commensal. The smaller size of the infested crinoids is interpreted as a consequence of nutrient-stealing by the parasitic gastropods, a strategy that finds analogs in modern seas. Moreover, the absence of platyceratids on the largest crinoids suggests that large size may have inferred immunity from lasting infestation.
The Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX): Background, Hydrometeorological Conditions, and Preliminary Findings

Abstract The Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) was conducted in conjunction with the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) during June and July 2002 near Ames, Iowa—a corn and soybean production region. The primary objective of SMEX02 was the validation of microwave soil moisture retrieval algorithms for existing and new prototype satellite microwave sensor systems under rapidly changing crop biomass conditions. The SMACEX study was designed to provide direct measurement/remote sensing/modeling approaches for understanding the impact of spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover, soil moisture, and other land surface states on turbulent flux exchange with the atmosphere. The unique dataset consisting of in situ and aircraft measurements of atmospheric, vegetation, and soil properties and fluxes allows for a detailed and rigorous analysis, and the validation of surface states and fluxes being diagnosed using remote sensing methods at various scales. Research results presented...
Kinetic study of one-electron reduction of aromatic quinones with aminoalkylamino side chains in N,N-dimethylformamide by square wave voltammetry and allied techniques

Abstract A slightly modified Osteryoung-O'Dea method (square wave voltammetry in conjunction with the methods of the simplex optimization) was used to determine the heterogeneous kinetic parameters, α, Er 1 2 and ks,h, of the first-step reduction of naphtho-and anthraquinones substituted with chloro-methly-, and [2-[2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino and [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino groups. All electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronocoulometry, were carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide using a mercury electrode. Results indicate that the reductions are quasi-reversible in nature with rate constant in the order of ∼ 0.001–0.06 cm s−1. The substituent effect exerted by the electron-releasing aminoalkylamino side chains on the reductions of quinones and the influence of the side chains on the heterogeneous kinetics were noted.
Design and Implementation of an Intrusion Response System for Relational Databases

The intrusion response component of an overall intrusion detection system is responsible for issuing a suitable response to an anomalous request. We propose the notion of database response policies to support our intrusion response system tailored for a DBMS. Our interactive response policy language makes it very easy for the database administrators to specify appropriate response actions for different circumstances depending upon the nature of the anomalous request. The two main issues that we address in context of such response policies are that of policy matching, and policy administration. For the policy matching problem, we propose two algorithms that efficiently search the policy database for policies that match an anomalous request. We also extend the PostgreSQL DBMS with our policy matching mechanism, and report experimental results. The experimental evaluation shows that our techniques are very efficient. The other issue that we address is that of administration of response policies to prevent malicious modifications to policy objects from legitimate users. We propose a novel Joint Threshold Administration Model (JTAM) that is based on the principle of separation of duty. The key idea in JTAM is that a policy object is jointly administered by at least k database administrator (DBAs), that is, any modification made to a policy object will be invalid unless it has been authorized by at least k DBAs. We present design details of JTAM which is based on a cryptographic threshold signature scheme, and show how JTAM prevents malicious modifications to policy objects from authorized users. We also implement JTAM in the PostgreSQL DBMS, and report experimental results on the efficiency of our techniques.
Focussed processing of MDPs for path planning

We present a heuristic-based algorithm for solving restricted Markov decision processes (MDPs). Our approach, which combines ideas from deterministic search and recent dynamic programming methods, focusses computation towards promising areas of the state space. It is thus able to significantly reduce the amount of processing required to produce a solution. We demonstrate this improvement by comparing the performance of our approach to the performance of several existing algorithms on a robotic path planning domain.
Detecting parameterized curve segments using MDL and the Hough transform

A method for detecting curve segments in a digital image is described. The method takes as input a set of edges, and produces as output the number of and parameters for the segments. The method is robust, requiring no thresholds. In place of thresholds, a model class must be provided. Using the information-theoretic minimum description length (MDL) principle, it evaluates each model in the model class, computing the optimal parameters for that model, and selects the best model as the one that gives the shortest encoding of the data and the model. Typical of such methods, the search space is extremely large. It is shown how the Hough transform (HT) may be used to reduce this search space greatly, yielding an efficient (although suboptimal) search. The result is an algorithm in which MDL overcomes standard problems with the HT, while the HT overcomes problems with MDL, and which produces a pleasing set of line segments. >
Amlodipine versus Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers for Nonhypertension Indications

OBJECTIVE:To review the efficacy and safety data of amlodipine and the angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), focusing on heart failure, angina, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and renal protection.DATA SOURCE:A MEDLINE search (1966–December 2001) was completed using amlodipine, angiotensin-receptor antagonist, losartan, valsartan, candesartan, and telmisartan as key words. English-language articles were identified and included.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All identified articles were evaluated. Articles representative of the subject matter of our review were included.DATA SYNTHESIS:Amlodipine and the ARBs lower blood pressure to a similar extent. Amlodipine is an effective antianginal agent, whereas ARBs are not. However, amlodipine is not effective in the treatment of heart failure; ARBs may be useful in this setting. ARBs are also effective in preserving renal function and may provide some protection from restenosis in patients who have had a PCI. The ARBs may also be useful in preventi...
Knock-Out Mice Reveal a Critical Antiepileptic Role for Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and is implicated in control of limbic seizures. In the present study, we examined hippocampal function and the response to pharmacologically induced seizures in mutant mice lacking this peptide. In slice electrophysiology studies, no change in normal hippocampal function was observed in NPY-deficient mice compared with normal wild-type littermates. Kainic acid (KA) produced limbic seizures at a comparable latency and concentration in NPY-deficient mice compared with littermates. However, KA-induced seizures progressed uncontrollably and ultimately produced death in 93% of NPY-deficient mice, whereas death was rarely observed in wild-type littermates. Intracerebroventricular NPY infusion, before KA administration, prevented death in NPY-deficient mice. These results suggest a critical role for endogenous NPY in seizure control.
Active Learning with Confidence

Active learning is a machine learning approach to achieving high-accuracy with a small amount of labels by letting the learning algorithm choose instances to be labeled. Most of previous approaches based on discriminative learning use the margin for choosing instances. We present a method for incorporating confidence into the margin by using a newly introduced online learning algorithm and show empirically that confidence improves active learning.
The new economy and the forest: rural development in the post-industrial spaces of the rural Alleghenies

Objective. Government policy has long linked resource production with economic development in surrounding rural communities. The purpose of this article is to examine how the USDA Forest Service's (USFS) resource-based, rural development policies have shifted due to economic restructuring and environmental challenges to the “management” of nature. Methods. Historical data was gathered on USFS timber harvests and policies toward forest-dependent communities. Data was also gathered through interviews and participant-observation on a USFS-supported, locally planned ecotourism project. Results. USFS rural development policies have shifted from predominantly providing federally determined, sustained timber harvests in the industrial era to increasingly emphasizing local, amenity-based entrepreneurship and economic diversification in the post-industrial era. Conclusions. USFS rural development policies and resource production have been de-coupled. However, amenity-based development may depend both on amenity migrants and sustained commitment from external sources to support local initiative, given limited entrepreneurship in rural areas long dependent on high-wage extraction and manufacturing.
Ab initio Compton maps of small molecules

A closed form expression for the evaluation of directional Compton profiles (DCP) from the position space one-electron reduced density matrix expanded in Cartesian Gaussian basis functions is presented. The Compton map, i.e. a two-dimensional contour plot of the DCP function J(q) in a selected plane, is introduce as a convenient method for describing the DCP Examples of theoretical Compton maps are given for the hydrogen molecule ion (both ground and excited states), water, ammonia, ethylene and 1A1 methylene molecules in their ground states. Compton maps generated with Hartree-Fock, configuration interaction and density functional theory methods are compared.
A Local Random Variability Detector With Complete Digital On-Chip Measurement Circuitry

The pronounced impact of process uncertainties on the power-performance characteristics of systems has necessitated characterization and design efforts that aim to maximize the parametric yield of the design. This paper describes a completely digital on-chip technique to measure local random variation of FET current. The measurement circuit consists of a series connection of an array of independently selectable devices and a single common load device. The voltage at the intermediate node indicates the variation from device to device, and is digitized by a voltage-controlled oscillator and on-chip frequency counters. This eliminates analog current measurements and enables very rapid, all-digital measurement of single FET variability, which can also be carried out in the field. The effectiveness of the technique is illustrated using measurements results from a test chip designed in a 45-nm SOI process.
Fluxless Bonding of Bismuth Telluride Chips to Alumina Using Ag–In System for High Temperature Thermoelectric Devices

Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and its alloys are the most commonly used materials for thermoelectric devices. In this paper, the fluxless bonding process was developed to bond Bi2Te3 chips to alumina substrates for high temperature applications. The silver-indium (Ag-In) system was chosen for the process development. To work with this system, the Bi2Te3 chips were coated with 100 nm titanium (Ti) and 100 nm gold (Au) as barrier layer and plated with 10 μm Ag layer. The Bi2Te3 samples were annealed at 250°C for 200 h. No interdiffusion between Bi2Te3 and Ag was detected. The Ti/Au barrier layer was not affected either. It showed exceptional step coverage on the rough Bi2Te3 surface even after the annealing process. To prepare for bonding, alumina substrates with 40 nm TiW and 2.5 μm Au were plated with 60 μm Ag, followed by 5 μm In and thin Ag cap layer for oxidation prevention. The Bi2Te3 chips were bonded to alumina substrates at 180°C. No flux was used. The resulting void-free joint consists of five regions: Ag, (Ag), Ag2In, (Ag) and Ag. (Ag) is Ag-rich solid solution. The joint has a melting temperature higher than 660 °C. Due to the thick ductile Ag layer on alumina, the Bi2Te3 chip did not break after bonding despite its significant coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch with alumina.
Properties of the intermediate structure in ?¹Sc /

The spins and parties of the five reported $l=0$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ substructures nested within the br\'oad $l=0$ analog resonance in $^{71}\mathrm{As}$ at ${E}_{p}=5.05$ MeV have been measured. Three of the five substructures were determined as having ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ different from ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$, casting doubt on the interpretation of this resonance as an example of intermediate structure.
Treatment of erythema chronicum migrans of Lyme disease.

Between June 1981 and July 1987 the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of 215 patients with erythema chronicum migrans of Lyme disease was evaluated in terms of the necessity for retreatment and the prevention of the late manifestations of Lyme disease. The principal antibiotics utilized to treat 161 patients through 1986 were varying doses of tetracycline, or penicillin alone or in combination with probenecid. Two of 80 patients with a minor form of the illness and 17 of 81 patients with a major form of the illness required retreatment. There were four patients who did not respond to retreatment with their original medication. A 15- to 30-day course of amoxicillin (500 mg q.i.d.) and probenecid (500 mg q.i.d.) or doxycycline (100 mg t.i.d.), and on three occasions ceftriaxone (2-4 g/day i.v.), were used to treat 54 patients in 1987. Although it is too early to judge the efficacy of treatment in these patients, increases in the incidence of Herxheimer reactions and drug eruptions were observed. Strict compliance with treatment protocols and the possibility of reactions to medications should be thoroughly discussed with patients.
Systemic Monocyte and T-Cell Activation in a Patient With Human Parvovirus B19 Infection

Infection with human parvovirus B19 induces a biphasic disease. The initial phase has been associated with viremia. During the second phase of the disease, a spectrum of clinical syndromes can manifest, including erythema infectiosum, perinatal complications, and symmetric arthropathy that resembles rheumatoid arthritis. Although investigators have suspected that some of the second phase symptoms are related to immune complex formation, the pathogenesis of parvovirus B19-induced clinical manifestations is not understood. Herein we describe a 63-year-old woman with malaise, fever, and symmetric polyarthritis who had IgM antibodies specific for parvovirus B19. Messenger RNA (mRNA) specific for interleukin (IL) 1β, IL 6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was detected by poly merase chain reaction. Transcript concentrations were semiquantitied by serial dilution of cells and determination of the minimal number of cells that provided a positive signal. Concentrations of IL 1β and IL 6 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during acute disease were increased by the factor of 32 and 8, respectively. IFN-γ was detected at a 16-fold increased concentration. Two months later, after the patient had experienced complete recovery, production of monokines and IFN-γ was almost normalized. These data raise the possibility that acute parvovirus B19 infection is characterized by a widespread and systemic activation of monocytes, T cells, and natural killer cells. The correlation of increased cytokine mRNA levels and clinical symptoms suggests a potential role of proinflammatory monokines and lympbokines in disease manifestations.
Multidimensional image reconstruction in astronomy

The goal of this article is to describe a unified approach based on the assumption of additive Gaussian noise and regularization theory that illustrates the flavor of such multidimensional image reconstruction problems and the associated challenges. Efficient iterative methods are described for the solution of these problems. Indeed, a crucial point in the solution to the problems considered in this article is the size of the data set and the need for efficient algorithms.
Multispectral pattern recognition of MR imagery for the noninvasive analysis of atherosclerosis

An image processing, pattern recognition, and computer graphics system is described for the noninvasive identification and evaluation of atherosclerosis using multidimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Particular emphasis has been placed on the problem of developing a pattern recognition system for noninvasively identifying the different plaque classes involved in atherogenesis using minimal a priori information. A rapid 3-D display system is also described for the simultaneous display of multiple data classes resulting from the tissue identification process. The results of this work provide a high-information-content display, which will aid in the diagnosis and analysis of the atherosclerotic disease process, and permit detailed and quantitative studies to assess the effectiveness of therapies, such as drug, exercise, and dietary regimens. >
Does Local Firm Ownership Matter

A data set for U.S. counties that includes residence status of firm owners is used to assess whether per capita density of locally owned businesses affects local economic growth, compared with nonlocal ownership. The database also permits stratification of firms across different employment size categories. Economic growth models that control for other relevant factors reveal a positive relationship between density of locally owned firms and per capita income growth but only for small (10-99 employees) firms, whereas the density of large (more than 500 workers) firms not owned locally has a negative effect. These results provide strong evidence that local ownership matters for economic growth but only in the small size category. Results are robust across rural and urban counties.
In Defence of Cornell Realism: a Reply to Elizabeth Tropman

Cornell realists claim, among other things, that moral knowledge can be acquired in the same basic way that scientific knowledge is acquired. Recently in this journal Elizabeth Tropman has presented two arguments against this claim. In the present article, I attempt to show that the first argument attacks a straw man and the second mischaracterizes the Cornell realists' epistemology and ends up begging the question. I close by suggesting that, given Tropman's own apparent views, her objections are also probably misplaced.
Dehorning the Adult Goat

Although goats are ideally disbudded as infants, occasionally they are not. Goats grow horns much more rapidly than most owners realize and use these horns on other goats and, occasionally, people. Dehorning adult goats is not as easy as dehorning cattle. The techniques for tranquilizing, anesthetizing, and dehorning adult goats is described and aftercare is discussed.
On the relationship between the discrete and continuous bounding moment problems and their numerical solutions

We present a brief survey of some of the basic results related to the classical continuous moment problems (CMP) and the recently developed discrete moment problems (DMP), clarifying their relationship and propose new methods for the solution of univariate continuous and discrete power moment problems. In the classical as well as in the recently developed discrete moment problems the coefficient function in the objective is supposed to be higher order convex (in the entire interval or part of it), or constant in an interval while zero elsewhere, or equal to a constant at some point and zero elsewhere. The concept of a regenerative block (of points) is introduced, for the case of the DMP, that makes it possible to create lower and upper bounds for other functions in the objective. The CMP are solved by discretization and sequential application of dual type algorithm. Numerical results are presented with moments of order up to 40 and various applications are mentioned.
Perspective on Submicron-Resolution Three-Dimensional X-Ray Structural Microscopy to Address Mesoscale Materials Microstructure and Evolution Issues

This paper provides a perspective on submicron-resolution three-dimensional x-ray structural microscopy for the investigation of materials microstructure and evolution on mesoscopic length scales. Microstructure and thermal/stress induced microstructure evolution at the length scale of the local crystal grains, grain boundaries, triple junctions, and dislocation patterning are known to play critical roles in determining the physical properties of materials. Large scale computer simulations and multi-scale modeling are making significant progress on the nanoscale and detailed mesoscale computations are becoming increasingly tractable as new methods are developed. X-ray structural microscopy with submicron resolution now provides a (previously missing) direct experimental link between theory and computations and the mesoscopic behavior of materials microstructure.
Dehydrogenation of Methanol to Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Pristine and Defective Ceria Surfaces

We have explored the dehydrogenation of methoxy on pristine and defective (111), (100), and (110) ceria surfaces with density functional methods. Methanol conversion is used as a probe reaction to understand structure sensitivity of the oxide catalysis. Differences in reaction selectivity have been observed experimentally as a function of crystallographically exposed faces and degree of reduction. We find that the barrier for carbon–hydrogen cleavage in methoxy is similar for the pristine and defective (111), (100), and (110) surfaces. However, there are large differences in the stability of the surface intermediates on the different surfaces. The variations in experimentally observed product selectivities are a consequence of the interplay between barrier controlled bond cleavage and desorption processes. Subtle differences in activation energies for carbon–hydrogen cleavage on the different crystallographic faces of ceria could not be correlated with structural or electronic descriptors.
Social Science in Court On "Eyewitness Experts" and Other Issues*

This article discusses the role of social science in legal proceedings with special attention to the ethical situation of the expert psychologist asked to testify about the reliability of an eyewitness identification. It argues that in this area as in others one cannot discuss the ethics of expert psychological testimony without attending to the quality of the research and theory on which the testimony is based. It also identifies as considerations that bear on the propriety of such testimony the information the fact finder is likely to receive in its absence and the factual guilt of the defendant. The paper goes on to discuss the relationship between law and social science more generally. It argues that ultimately courts do and should have the last word regarding the place of social science in legal proceedings.
Commentary by Hans Liljenström

For any complex system, consisting of several organizational levels, the problem of causation is profound. Usually, science considers upward causation as fundamental, paying less or no attention to any downward causation. This is also true for the nervous system, where cortical neurodynamics and higher mental functions are normally considered causally dependent on the nerve cell activity, or even the activity at the ion channel level. This study presents both upward and downward causation in cortical neural systems, using computational methods with focus on cortical fluctuations. We have developed models of paleo- and neocortical structures, in order to study their mesoscopic neurodynamics, as a link between the microscopic neuronal and macroscopic mental events and processes. We demonstrate how both noise and chaos may play a role for the functions of cortical structures. While microscopic random noise may trigger meso- or macroscopic states, the nonlinear dynamics at these levels may also affect the activity at the microscopic level. We discuss some philosophical implications from these studies.
Laparoskopische Chirurgie der Leber und der Gallenwege

Die Leber, Gallenblase, Gallengange und Milz sind die am wenigsten beweglichen Organe des oberen Bauchraumes. Daher wird der laparoskopische Zugang gewohnlich fur eine Vielzahl von Pathologien eingesetzt, die mit diesen Organen zusammenhangen. Verglichen mit der konventionellen „offenen“ Chirurgie verringert die minimal-invasive Chirurgie die postoperativen Schmerzen und Unbehaglichkeit, verringert die Morbiditatsrate, fordert die fruhe Mobilisation, verringert die Erholungsphase und die Lange des Krankenhausaufenthaltes und verbessert das kosmetische Ergebnis. Zusatzlich sind die chirurgischen Ergebnisse gleich gut oder besser als die der konventionellen Chirurgie. Dieser Artikel vergleicht die Fortschritte der lapaoskopischen Chirurgie und beschreibt die aktuellen Selektionskriterien fur Patienten wie auch die chirurgischen Techniken fur gutartige Lebercysten und Tumoren sowie Erkrankungen der Gallenwege.