cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The data-based LQG control problem

Defines a data-based controller as one that can be synthesized using only knowledge of the plant input-output data, requiring neither a state space model nor a transfer function of the plant. In this paper the data-based LQG control problem is formulated and solved. Given finite Markov parameter data sequences (which can be computed from almost any input-output data) between the input-output and noise-output, the problem of data-based LQG control is to find the optimal control sequence which minimizes the quadratic cost function over some finite interval [0, N]. The authors show that a state space model is not necessary for this problem. Rather a finite sequence of input-output data is required to compute a finite set of Markov parameters. This data can be computed off-line, or on-line, on the previous control period [0, N] to prepare for a subsequent period [N, 2N]. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the data-based control theory. >
Conformal and Non-conformal Adaptive Mesh Refinement with Hierarchical Array-based Half-Facet Data Structures☆

We present a generalization of the Array-based Half-Facet (AHF) mesh data structure, called Hierarchical AHF, for hierarchical unstructured meshes generated from adaptive mesh refinement for solving PDEs. This data structure extends the AHF data structure (V. Dyedov, et al. AHF: Array-based Half-Facet Data Structure for Mixed-Dimensional and Non-manifold Meshes) to support meshes with hierarchical structure, which often are generated from adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The design goals of our data structure include generality to support efficient neighborhood queries, refinement and derefinement, and hp-FEM with mesh smoothing. Our data structure utilizes the sibling half-facets as a core abstraction, coupled with a tree structure for hierarchical information. To facilitate the interoperability of mesh based applications, auxiliary data will be designed on top of Hierarchical AHF. We describe the data structure and software requirements, and present numerical experiments to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Shock-induced chenical synthesis of a lanthanum-strontium-copper oxide in the K2NiF4 structure type

Abstract High pressure shock leading has been used to chemically synthesize a La 1.85 Sr 0.15 CuO 4 compound in the K 2 NiF 4 structure type in yield as high as 90% from mixed oxide starting powders. After subsequent thermal treatment, the shock-synthesized compound is found to be superconducting with a transition temperature of 36 K.
Unusually short excited state lifetimes of indenofluorene and fluorenofluorene derivatives result from a conical intersection

Abstract The ultrafast excited state decay rates for indenofluorene and fluorenofluorene derivatives as measured by transient absorption spectroscopy are reported. The excited state lifetimes of the molecules were extremely short (ca. 9–12 ps) and are a result of the p -xylylene motif in indenofluorenes and the corresponding expanded 2,6-naphthoquinonedimethide in fluorenofluorene. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the fast relaxation to the ground state results from a potential energy surface crossing between the S 0 and S 1 states. This process in turn provides an efficient route for excited state deactivation and explains why this class of quinoidal molecules is non-emissive.
Guidelines for managing datasets, programs and printouts in scientific research

This paper presents guidelines and naming conventions to assist in managing datasets, programs and printouts for small to medium sized research projects. First, the limits and nature of the type of project are considered. A number of definitions are included to help further specify the problem. Four main areas are addressed. First, a consistent set of rules for naming programs and datasets is presented. Next, techniques for storing and archiving the programs and datasets are presented, using the naming conventions just developed. Third, rules for printout management are given, based on the naming rules. Finally, the documentation of all components of the project is discussed. Although trivial to implement, adherence to the naming rules provides a sound basis for a high quality, easy-to-use documentation system.
A Collaborative Project to Increase the Participation of Women and Minorities In Higher Level Mathematics Courses

In this article, the authors describe a program developed to encourage women and minorities to continue their study of mathematics in high schools until graduation. The 3- year program was a collaborative effort by professors and students from Bryant University, local businesses, and local high schools. During the 3 years, the program evolved from the development and presentation of reality-based mathematical modules taught in the high school classrooms to an interdisciplinary enrichment activity at Bryant University. The university students acted as mentors or tutors to the high school students. Throughout the program, the business representatives, university personnel, and high school teachers collaborated to bring mathematics alive to the students through real-world applications.
Protein content, oil content and fatty acid profiles as potential criteria to determine the origin of commercially grown chia (Salvia hispanica L.)

Abstract Chia ( Salvia hispanica L.), an annual herb of the Labiatae family, produces seeds which were one of the basic foods of Central American civilizations in pre-Columbian times. Chia seed contains the highest known percentage of α-linolenic fatty acid of any plant source. In recent years, chia seed has become increasingly important for human health and nutrition because of its high content of α-linolenic fatty acid, and the beneficial health effects that arise from its consumption. A study was undertaken to characterize protein and oil contents as well as fatty acid composition of chia seeds grown in some larger commercial fields, in an attempt to determine how these components are affected by location. Oil saturation tended to decrease as elevation of seed production increased, with decreasing levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids found. The main constituent in the chia oil was ω-3 α-linolenic fatty acid, and ranged from 64.8% to 56.9%. Differences were significant ( P
An electronic aid for presenting equivalent information in concept identification

An electronic aid to assist in administering concept-identification problems with floating solutions is described. Digital circuitry generates all combination pairs from four selection switches, presents a particular comparison of these pairs, and, on command of the E, eliminates selected pairs from future comparisons. Each comparison is designed to minimize the information fed back to the S. The apparatus is used to administer and evaluate performance on conjunctive and disjunctive problems that are matched for information gain.
Effect of boric acid on the severity of vapor explosions in pure water and surfactant solutions

Abstract Four different dilute aqueous solutions of boric acid and surfactant/boric acid were tested to determine the impact of these coolant additives on the severity of vapor explosions in small-scale experiments with molten tin. Twelve grams of molten tin at 800°C were dropped into 6 l of coolant solution at room temperature; for each solution, the experiment was repeated 20 times. The coolants examined were pure water, 500 wppm boric acid solution, 2000 wppm boric acid solution, 5 wppm of a non-ionic surfactant (nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ether) in a 500 wppm boric acid solution, and 5 wppm of an ionic surfactant (dodecylbenzene sulfonate sodium salt) in a 500 wppm boric acid solution. Pressure and impulse data suggest that the presence of boric acid up to 2000 wppm concentration did not significantly affect the severity of the interactions. Particle size analysis, however, indicates that enhanced fragmentation took place at the higher concentration (2000 wppm). The data indicate that the presence of boric acid negates the potentially mitigating effects of the surfactant additives previously reported in experiments where the surfactants were added to pure water.
DNA is a target of the photodynamic effects elicited in A2E-laden RPE by blue-light illumination.

PURPOSE. When the pyridinium bisretinoid A2E, an age-related fluorophore in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is irradiated with blue light, photochemical events are initiated that can ultimately provoke cell death. This study was designed to determine whether DNA is a target of the cellular damage. METHODS. ARPE-19 cells accumulated A2E before exposure to blue light. DNA damage was assayed in individual cells by alkaline gel electrophoresis (comet assay), with and without the addition of the repair enzymes formamidopyrimidine N-glycosylase (Fpg), endonuclease III (endo III) and T4-endonuclease V (T4-endo V) to characterize DNA lesions. Damage was quantified as comet tail moment. The base lesion 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) was detected by immunoperoxidase and histochemical methods. The singlet oxygen quencher, sodium azide, was tested for its ability to reduce DNA damage, and cell viability was quantified. RESULTS. DNA damage was induced in A2E-containing RPE exposed to 430-nm illumination. The extent of damage, measured as tail moment, was proportional to exposure duration and was reduced by preincubation with sodium azide. The detection of FPG- and endo III-sensitive DNA lesions revealed the presence of oxidized purine and pyrimidine bases, whereas labeling with specific antibody and binding of fluorescein-labeled avidin indicated that guanine bases were oxidatively modified to 8-oxo-dG. The ability of the cells to repair the DNA damage declined as the severity was increased, and kinetic studies disclosed rapid and slow stages of repair. CONCLUSIONS. DNA is one of the cellular constitutents that can be damaged by the interaction of A2E and blue light. At least some of the DNA lesions are oxidative base modifications.
Masses of Light Nuclei from Nuclear Disintegration Energies

Values of the atomic masses from n^1 to F^(20) have been derived from the Q-values of nuclear reactions with a procedure of statistical adjustment. Tables are given of several fundamental mass differences, the most probable Q-values, and the atomic masses. Some disparity with the mass spectroscopic results is noted.
A High Sensitivity MEMS Pressure Sensor

The piezoresistive effect in a van der Pauw (VDP) stress sensor subjected to biaxial stress was considered. The VDP resistance equations were combined with the silicon piezoresistivity equations to yield relations for the change in resistance of a VDP sensor in terms of the applied state of stress. Then the sensitivity of the VDP sensor to biaxial stress was determined analytically and simulated numerically. The biaxial stress states considered were those for a circular diaphragm under pressure. The VDP sensitivities to biaxial stress were compared to the sensitivity for the conventional piezoresistive stress sensor. It is observed that the theoretical (based on analytical and numerical results) pressure sensitivity of the new VDP sensor is about three times greater than the conventional counterpart.
Specific Features of the Prion Protein Transmembrane Domain Regulate Nascent Chain Orientation

The sequence of a transmembrane (TM) domain and the adjacent regions are important for recognition, orientation, and integration at the translocon during membrane protein biosynthesis. However, the sequences of individual TM domains vary considerably. Although some general effects of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions have been observed, it is still not clear what features of diverse sequences influence TM domain orientation. Here we utilized the ability of the prion protein (PrP) to be synthesized in multiple topological forms to assay the effects of substitutions and mutations on TM domain orientation. Several of the TM domains we tested appear to contain no inherent information regulating orientation. In contrast, we found that the middle region of the PrP TM domain significantly reduces the ability of the chain to invert its orientation in the translocon. We also observed that the C-terminal region of the PrP TM domain influences orientation, and we characterized the orientation differences between two forms of a physiologically relevant polymorphism in this region. Specifically, we found that the identity of a single amino acid, that at position 129, can significantly alter PrP TM domain orientation. Because position 129 is the location of the disease-associated Met/Val polymorphism, we discuss both how this small change may affect TMD orientation and the larger biological implications of these results.
Financial frictions and the strength of monetary transmission

Abstract This paper examines the effect of financial frictions on the strength of the monetary transmission mechanism. Credit channel theory implies that the transmission mechanism of monetary policy should be stronger in countries with high levels of financial frictions, all else equal. The intuition is that in these countries, external finance premiums are more sensitive to firms' financial leverage. By affecting asset prices, therefore, monetary policy has greater impact on external finance premiums and output. We test this theoretical prediction by estimating SVAR models on cross-country data to generate indicators for the strength of monetary transmission. We find a positive relationship between various measures of financial frictions and the strength of monetary transmission, supporting the predictions of credit channel theory.
Microbial reduction of structural Fe3+ in nontronite by a thermophilic bacterium and its role in promoting the smectite to illite reaction

The illitization process of Fe-rich smectite (nontronite NAu-2) promoted by microbial reduction of structural Fe3+ was investigated by using a thermophilic metal-reducing bacterium, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus , isolated from the deep subsurface. T. ethanolicus was incubated with lactate as the sole electron donor and structural Fe3+ in nontronite as the sole electron acceptor, and anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) as an electron shuttle in a growth medium (pH 6.2 and 9.2, 65 °C) with or without an external supply of Al and K sources. With an external supply of Al and K, the extent of reduction of Fe3+ in NAu-2 was 43.7 and 40.4% at pH 6.2 and 9.2, respectively. X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed formation of discrete illite at pH 9.2 with external Al and K sources, while mixed layers of illite/smectite or highly charged smectite were detected under other conditions. The morphology of biogenic illite evolved from lath and flake to pseudo-hexagonal shape. An external supply of Al and K under alkaline conditions enhances the smectite-illite reaction during microbial Fe3+ reduction of smectite. Biogenic SiO2 was observed as a result of bioreduction under all conditions. The microbially promoted smectite-illite reaction proceeds via dissolution of smectite and precipitation of illite. Thermophilic iron reducing bacteria have a significant role in promoting the smectite to illite reaction under conditions common in sedimentary basins.
Neuropathologic and morphometric effects of aminoguanidine on rat nerves

Aminoguanidine prevents some pathophysiologic changes typical of streptozocin diabetes and, therefore, might be efficacious in prevention or treatment of human diabetic polyneuropathy. In order to evaluate the possible toxicity of aminoguanidine on peripheral nerves, Sprague-Dawley rats received aminoguanidine intraperitoneally in dosages of 0, 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg per day for 3 months. Only rats receiving the highest dosages developed acute and chronic behavioral changes and had decreased weight gain. Minor hepatic dysfunction also was observed in this group. Teased-fiber abnormalities were not significantly more frequent in the highest dosage group than in controls. Likewise, a significant morphometric abnormality was not found for the peroneal nerve. Mild changes were found in the highest dosage group compared to the control group in the sural nerve (increased fiber density, decreased myelin area). We interpret the small morphometric differences for the sural nerve as due to maldevelopment. We found no evidence that aminoguanidine at a high dosage (300 mg/kg per day) caused fiber degeneration or demyelination.
Microscale Nutrient Patches in Planktonic Habitats Shown by Chemotactic Bacteria

Are nutrients available to microbial communities in micropatches long enough to influence growth and competition? And what are the sources of such patches? To answer these questions, the swimming behavior of chemotactic bacteria in seawater samples was examined. Clusters of bacteria formed in conjunction with cell lysis and excretion by protozoa. These point sources of nutrients spread into spherical patches a few millimeters in diameter and sustained swarms of bacteria for about 10 minutes. Within that time, a large proportion of the nutrients was encountered by bacteria, chemotactic and nonchemotactic alike. Chemotaxis is advantageous for bacteria using patches over a certain size.
A method to study Short-Term Memory (STM) in the goldfish

Twenty-one common goldfish (13-15.5 cm long) were randomly divided into alcohol (A) and nonalcohol (NA) groups and were trained in an alcohol solution of 400 mg/100 ml or in water, respectively. All alcohol fish were placed in an alcohol solution of 400 mg/100 ml for 3 hr before training in the same alcohol concentration. Fish were trained on a position discrimination task for 2 consecutive days. The door used for training was that opposite to each fish's spontaneous preference. Savings in relearning on Day 2 was taken as a measure of long term memory strength. Only fish which reached criterion on both days were immediately given 10 forced reversal trails in the opposite direction (i.e., a fish trained on right door was forced to choose the left door.) A and NA subjects were then tested after a 5 min (STM) delay, respectively, in a free choice situation for 10 trails (i.e., neither door was blocked). The results suggest that alcohol facilitates the STM of the forced reversal information.
High sensitivity and low power skin sensor implementation and performance comparison using CMOS and CNFET

Skin sensor is the most critical part for controlling robot sensing behavior. In this paper, we provide circuit implementation and simulation for sensing the pressure in the skin sensor using CMOS and CNFET at 32nm technology node. The proposed scheme can be used as an active matrix like memory element in the skin sensor and it is demonstrated by showing the output image according to the skin sensor's pressure location using Matlab implementation. The circuits are compared with CMOS and CNFET (Carbon Nanotube FET) at different supply voltages to show the feasibility of the scheme. Also, low-leakage circuit technique is applied to the proposed sensing circuit.
Using Composite Resin as a Posterior Restorative Material

Composite resins have been improved dramatically over the last few years. Some of the newest formulations are nearly as wear resistant as amalgam. Under the appropriate conditions, they may be used to restore Class I and Class II cavity preparations. Their use, however, must be in accordance with the conditions described in this paper. The following conditions should be followed: The selection of a posterior composite resin should be based on well-documented clinical data, not physical and mechanical properties. Complete moisture control is essential for the successful restoration of posterior teeth with composite resin. Always use a glass ionomer as a liner. The material should cover all the dentin. Cavity preparations should be minimal in dimension. Avoid unnecessary removal of tooth structure. Do not bevel the occlusal cavosurface margin. Insert the composite in increments. Minimize introduction of trauma during the finishing procedure. Use a surface penetrating sealant to reduce wear rate and to enhance margin integrity. Evaluate carefully the clinical performance of the restored tooth at least once a year. Discuss possible limitations of posterior composite resins as compared with amalgam restorations.
Seasonal variation in light-shade adaptation of natural populations of the symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasiapulchella (Carlgren, 1943) in Hawaii

Abstract The productivity and biomass parameters of the symbiotic anemone Aiptasia pulchella (Carlgren, 1943) from a shaded mangrove lagoon (maximum summer irradiance of 100 μE m −2 · s −1 ) and a sunlit reef flat (maximum summer irradiance of 1400 μE · m −2 · s −1 ) were examined in Hawaii. Light-shade adaptation was evident in the summer populations (1981) but not observed during the fall (1982). In the summer, zooxanthellae from the lagoon A. pulchella (shade anemones) contained 2.97 pg Chl a cell −1 and those from the reef flat (sun anemones) contained 1.70 pg Chl a · cell −1 ; but Chl a : c 2 ratios were 2.5 in zooxanthellae from both shade and sun anemones. During the fall, there were no significant differences in Chl a and c 2 of zooxanthellae (2.25 pg Chl a · cell −1 ) in shade and sun anemones, but Chl a : c 2 ratios averaged 3.9. During both seasons, shade anemones were larger and contained higher densities of zooxanthellae than sun anemones. In addition to differences between shade and sun habitats, there was localized photoadaptation of zooxanthellae within individual anemones due to microhabitat variations in ambient irradiance. Growth rates of zooxanthellae in A. pulchella differed in shade and sun anemones. Specific growth rates for zooxanthellae in situ were the same for shade populations in both summer and fall (0.016 day −1 ). However, zooxanthellae in sun anemones grew four times faster in the fall (0.033 day −1 ) than during the summer (0.008 day −1 ). These results suggest that growth of zooxanthellae in these anemones was independent of ambient irradiance. Photosynthesis-irradiance ( P - I ) responses of shade and sun anemones during the summer showed that shade anemones had greater photosynthetic efficiencies (α) but lower photosynthetic capacities ( P max ) than sun anemones. Dark-respiration rates of sun anemones were twice those obtained with shade anemones. In the fall, these populations of anemones did not exhibit P - I responses characteristic of light-shade adaptation. Both α and P max of shade and sun anemones were higher in the fall, indicating that zooxanthellae in A. pulchella adapted to seasonal reduction in irradiance.
Random frustration in a two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet.

The square-lattice spin-1/2 antiferromagnet containing a dilute concentration [delta] of randomly placed ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor bonds is studied at low-temperature via nonlinear [sigma]-model techniques and by exact diagonalization. We generally find that long-range Neel order is destroyed above a critical strength in the defective ferromagnetic exchange-coupling constant given by [vert bar][ital K][sub [ital c]][vert bar]/[ital J][similar to][delta][sup [minus]1/2]. We also observe large statistical fluctuations both in the spin stiffness and in the antiferromagnetic structure factor near this critical point, suggesting the onset of a spin-glass phase.
Neonatal habituation to electrotactual stimulation

This study was designed to analyze the effect of varying stimulating conditions on neonatal electrotactual threshold during the first 3 days after birth. Data (N = 40) showed significantly increased thresholds from Day 1 to Day 3 with repetition of stimulation. The Day 3 mean threshold of the total group was significantly higher than the mean threshold of the Day 3 control group (N = 9), which had no prior stimulation. This effect was interpreted as habituation, which has developed as some function of stimulus intensity and intertrial interval. The demonstrated permanent incremental results from electrotactual stimulation were considered as substantial empirical evidence to support the notion of habituation as a learning phenomenon.
Rescue of Dysfunctional ΔF508-CFTR Chloride Channel Activity by IBMX

Nucleotide-dependent gating of ΔF508-CFTR was evaluated in membrane patches excised from HEK 293 and mouse L-cells and compared to observations on wt-CFTR channels recorded in the same expression systems. ΔF508-CFTR exhibited PKA activated, ATP-dependent channel gating. When compared to wt-CFTR, the K m for ATP was increased by ninefold (260 μm vs. 28 μm) and maximal open probability (P o ) was reduced by 49% (0.21 ± 0.06 vs. 0.41 ± 0.02). Additionally, in the absence of PKA, ΔF508-CFTR inactivated over a 1 to 5 min period whereas wt-CFTR remained active. Time-dependent inactivation could be mimicked in wt-CFTR by the intermittent absence of ATP in the cytosolic solution. The effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX), a compound reported to stimulate ΔF508-CFTR, were evaluated on wt- and ΔF508-CFTR channels. At concentrations up to 5 mm, IBMX caused a concentration dependent reduction in the observed single channel amplitude (i) of wt-CFTR (maximal observed reduction 35 ± 3%). However, IBMX failed to significantly alter total patch current because of a concomitant 30% increase in P o . The effects of IBMX on ΔF508-CFTR were similar to effects on wt-CFTR in that i was reduced and P o was increased by similar magnitudes. Additionally, ΔF508-CFTR channel inactivation was dramatically slowed by IBMX. These results suggest that IBMX interacts with the ATP-bound open state of CFTR to introduce a short-lived nonconducting state which prolongs burst duration and reduces apparent single channel amplitude. A secondary effect observed in ΔF508-CFTR, which may result from this interaction, is a prolongation of the activated state. In light of previously proposed linear kinetic models of CFTR gating, these results suggest that IBMX traps CFTR in an ATP-bound state which may preclude inactivation of ΔF508-CFTR.
Early Detection of Developmental Hip Dysplasia: Synopsis of the AAP Clinical Practice Guideline

1. Michael J. Goldberg, MD* 1. 2. *Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA. This article provides a summary of the practice parameter of early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip. The reader is urged to refer to the original document for a more thorough presentation.(1) Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the preferred term to describe the condition in which the femoral head has an abnormal relationship to the acetabulum. DDH encompasses frank dislocation (luxation), partial dislocation (subluxation), instability wherein the femoral head moves in and out of the socket, and an array of radiographic abnormalities that reflect inadequate formation of the acetabulum. Because many of these findings may not be present at birth, the term “developmental” more accurately reflects the biologic features than does the term “congenital.” DDH may occur in utero, perinatally, or during infancy and childhood. The disorder is uncommon. Treatment is simpler and more effective when the dislocation is detected early. Despite newborn screening programs, dislocated hips continue to be diagnosed later in infancy and childhood. Late detection often delays appropriate therapy and frequently leads to a malpractice claim. The true incidence of DDH can only be presumed. There is no gold standard for diagnosis among newborns. Physical examination, plane radiography, and ultrasonography all are fraught with false-positive and false-negative results. The reported incidence of DDH is influenced by genetic and racial factors, diagnostic criteria, the experience and training of the examiner, and the age of the child at the time of examination. Some newborn screening surveys suggest evidence of instability in as many as 1 in 100 newborns and 1 to 1.5 cases of dislocation per 1,000 newborns. Regardless of the screening method used for the newborn, DDH is detected in 1 of 5,000 infants at 18 months of age. The object of this guideline is to reduce the number of dislocated hips detected …
Recent developments in the automated design and analysis of digital systems

Some of the recent developments in the automated design and analysis of digital systems are reviewed. Two new areas alluded to are centralized data base systems for design automation and interactive graphic computer-aided design. The areas of gate level simulation, synthesis, partitioning, interconnection, and fault test generation are dealt with in more detail. New algorithms in each of these areas are presented and compared, and a few important unsolved problems are mentioned. Some of the systems, techniques, and/or algorithms discussed are: A. Gate level simulation; 1) fault list propagation, 2) three-valued simulation. B. Synthesis; 1) register transfer level, 2) logic gate level. C. Partitioning; 1) clustering algorithms, 2) functional partitioning via simulation. D. Interconnect; 1) path seeking algorithms, 2) Steiner's problem. E. Fault test generation; 1) D algorithm, 2) Boolean difference, 3) equivalent normal form, 4) extensions to sequential circuits.
Normal pupillary size in fluorescent and bright light

Abstract Study objective: Despite its common clinical use, the range of normal pupillary size has been described only crudely. The objective of this report is to describe the distribution of normal pupillary sizes in 2 light conditions that are available in clinical settings. Methods: Pupillary size measurements were taken from healthy patients by the principal investigator using a modified Haab scale. Measurements were obtained in areas with fluorescent lighting with an intensity of between 2,700 and 5,400 lux and by using bright handheld light sources producing a light intensity of greater than 54,000 lux. The effect of varying the type of handheld device (otoscope, ophthalmoscope, or penlight) on mean pupillary size was analyzed on the basis of intervals calculated from the t distribution. Results: One hundred twenty-eight patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 35±9 years. The mean pupillary size in fluorescent light was 3.6±0.7 mm, and the mean size in bright light was 2.6±0.5 mm. Extreme values in fluorescent light were 2.6 mm (5th percentile) and 5.0 mm (96th percentile). Extreme values in bright light were 1.9 mm (3rd percentile) and 3.6 mm (96th percentile). The type of bright light source had no effect on pupillary size measurement. Conclusion: Pupillary sizes of greater than 5.0 mm or less than 2.6 mm are rare ( Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:247-250.]
Increased thermal conductivity polycrystalline diamond for low-dissipation micromechanical resonators

This paper reports an investigation of microcrystalline diamond (MCD) films deposited under different conditions to increase thermal conductivity and therefore mechanical quality factor (Q) in micromechanical resonators. Through a study of different deposition conditions, we demonstrate a three-fold increase in thermal conductivity and quality factor. Quality factor measurements were conducted on double ended tuning fork resonators, showing Q = 241,047 at fn = 246.86 kHz after annealing, the highest Q reported for polycrystalline diamond resonators. We further present a study of the unique microstructure of hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond films and relate growth conditions to observed microstructural defects.
Differences in Acquisition, Not Retention, Largely Contribute to Sex Differences in Multitrial Word Recall Performance.

Approximately 2500 adults (ages 18–97) completed multiple study-test trials of a list of unrelated words. Consistent with past research, females outperformed males in the recall task. To assess whether sex differences in recall performance were attributable to differences in acquiring and/or retaining information, the data were analyzed at the individual item level to distinguish gains (i.e., items not recalled on Trial n that were recalled on Trial n + 1) and losses (i.e., items recalled on Trial n that were not recalled on Trial n + 1). Being a male, increased age, lower verbal episodic memory ability, and lower vocabulary ability were associated with smaller gains and greater losses. Even when controlling for the influence of other individual difference variables, being a male was still associated with fewer gains across the majority of trials. These results suggest that one factor contributing to sex differences in recall performance are differences in acquiring new items rather than differences in retaining information across trials.
Infrared absorption of H2 adsorbed on porous glass, silica gel, and MgO

Infrared absorption of the vibrational band of H2 in the bulk is known to arise from overlap and quadrupolar interactions. For adsorbed H2, in addition to intermolecular interactions, an interfacial mechanism of inducing absorption has been identified in porous Vycor glass. A large enhancement of the fundamental vibrational line (by a factor of 60) from the bulk H2 (liquid) has been observed. The vibrational overtone absorption is similarly enhanced by 150. We discuss these results as well as infrared absorption measurements for H2 on MgO and silica gels.
A Community‐Based Dental Program for Older Adults

The planning and implementation of a community-based outreach program for older adults is described. Objectives of the program were to provide dental health education to older persons at their place of residence, to improve access to dental care for thatpopulation, and to increase the number of older adults treated at a dental facility administered by the Department of Community Dentistry, University of Michigan. Data collected during encounters with participants are reported to supplement the description of the program. In the first year, 98 older adults (mean age 7 1.3years)participated in the outreach program which was directed by a dental hygienist. Of those persons whose initial encounter was with the outreach program, 47 percent eventually contacted the dental care facility and 36 percent completed treatment. Persons who elected to seek treatment averaged 3.9 encounters with the hygienist during the program; persons who did not seek treatment averaged 2.2 encounters. Strengths and weaknesses of the program are discussed.
Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol, II: process design and economic analysis

Process design and economics are considered for conversion of paper sludge to ethanol. A particular site, a bleached kraft mill operated in Gorham, NH by Fraser Papers (15 tons dry sludge processed per day), is considered. In addition, profitability is examined for a larger plant (50 dry tons per day) and sensitivity analysis is carried out with respect to capacity, tipping fee, and ethanol price. Conversion based on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with intermittent feeding is examined, with ethanol recovery provided by distillation and molecular sieve adsorption. It was found that the Fraser plant achieves positive cash flow with or without xylose conversion and mineral recovery. Sensitivity analysis indicates economics are very sensitive to ethanol selling price and scale; significant but less sensitive to the tipping fee, and rather insensitive to the prices of cellulase and power. Internal rates of return exceeding 15% are projected for larger plants at most combinations of scale, tipping fee, and ethanol price. Our analysis lends support to the proposition that paper sludge is a leading point-of-entry and proving ground for emergent industrial processes featuring enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass.
Do superconductors violate Lenz's law? Body rotation under field cooling and theoretical implications

When a magnetic field is turned on, a superconducting body acquires an angular momentum in direction opposite to the applied field. This gyromagnetic effect has been established experimentally and is understood theoretically. However, the corresponding situation when a superconductor is cooled in a pre-existent field has not been examined. We argue that the conventional theory of superconductivity does not provide a prediction for the outcome of that experiment that does not violate fundamental laws of physics, either Lenz's law or conservation of angular momentum. The theory of hole superconductivity predicts an outcome of this experiment consistent with the laws of physics.
Role for Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulation of Calu-3 Epithelial Na+-K+-2Cl–, Type 1 Co-transport Function

Abstract Activity of Na+-K+-2Cl– co-transport (NKCC1) in epithelia is thought to be highly regulated through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the transporter. Previous functional studies from this laboratory suggested a role for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a serine/threonine protein phosphatase involved in the regulation of mammalian tracheal epithelial NKCC1. We expand on these studies to characterize serine/threonine protein phosphatase(s) necessary for regulation of NKCC1 function and the interaction of the phosphatase(s) with proteins associated with NKCC1. NKCC1 activity was measured as bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb uptake or basolateral to apical 86Rb flux in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells or in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells grown on Transwell filter inserts. Preincubation with 0.1 nm okadaic acid, a PP2A ≫ phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor, increased NKCC1 activity 3.5-fold in human tracheal epithelial cells and 4.1-fold in Calu-3 cells. Calyculin, a PP1 ≫ PP2A inhibitor, did not alter NKCC1 activity or percent bumetanide-sensitive flux. The effect of OA was dose-dependent with an IC50 of 0.4 nm. The α1-adrenergic agonist methoxamine increased NKCC1 activity and transiently increased PP2A activity 3.8-fold but did not alter PP1 activity. OA augmented methoxamine-dependent stimulation of NKCC1 activity. PP1, PP2A, and PP2C but not PP2B were detected in lysates from Calu-3 cells by immunoblot analysis. PP1 was not detected in immunoprecipitates of NKCC1 and vice versa. PP2A co-immunoprecipitated with NKCC1 and protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) and was pulled down by a recombinant N terminus of NKCC1 consisting of amino acids 1–286. One novel finding is co-precipitation of STE20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase, a regulatory kinase for NKCC1, with PP2A and PKC-δ. The results suggest a model of actin serving as a scaffold for binding and association of PKC-δ, PP2A, and STE20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase. The role of the complex of serine/threonine protein kinases and a protein phosphatase is probably the maintenance of optimal phosphorylation of NKCC1 coincident with its physiological function in epithelial absorption and secretion.
Thermal Periodic Contact of Exhaust Valves

Internal combustion engines generate exhaust gases at extremely high temperatures and pressures. As these heated gases exit through the exhaust valve, the valve and valve seat insert achieve comparable temperatures. To avoid damage, heat is transferred from the exhaust valve to the valve seat insert as they come into contact with each other during the opening and closing cycle. Modern engine management systems regulate the thermal process through coolant and/or airflow rates, fuel injection, and ignition timing, and exhaust gas recirculation contributions to achieve satisfactory tradeoffs between power, emissions, and efficiency for various engine speeds and loads. One of the primary functions of the engine control unit is the prevention and detection of abnormal combustion to prevent severe engine damage. The online estimation of cylinder component temperatures offers an opportunity for greater engine control measures. A nonlinear dynamic thermal model is presented to describe the transient and steady-state phenomena in the engine's cylinder using a lumped parameter resistance-capacitance network. The model prediction of the engine's thermal behavior establishes a foundation to explore thermal periodic contact issues. Representative experimental and numerical results will be presented and discussed.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety in Youth with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been developed and modified to treat anxiety symptoms in youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD) but has yielded varying findings. The present report is a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the efficacy of CBT for anxiety among youth with ASD. A systematic search identified 14 studies involving 511 youth with high-functioning ASD. A random effects meta-analysis yielded a statistically significant pooled treatment effect size (g) estimate for CBT (g = −0.71, p < .001) with significant heterogeneity [Q (13) = 102.27, p < .001]. Removal of a study outlier yielded a statistically significant pooled treatment effect size, (g = −0.47, p < .001). Anxiety informant and treatment modality were not statistically significant moderators of treatment response. Findings suggest that CBT demonstrates robust efficacy in reducing anxiety symptoms in youth with high-functioning ASD.
Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling

Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling originates from a September 1981 short course at The Hague presented by seven outstanding specialists. The material has been combined and integrated by the editors. The first two chapters cover the basic concepts, fundamental equations, and similarity relations applied in the planetary boundary layer. They provide a very important background for succeeding chapters. The first-order and the second-order closure schemes are discussed in chapter 3. Observational phenomena of free convection have been extensively covered in chapter 4. The subsequent three chapters treat the diffusion problems in both unstable and stable conditions. Various models, which include the Lagrangian model of diffusion, similarity model of diffusion, statistical model of diffusion, Gaussian plume model, and K-diffusion model are presented; the comparison of the results of some models with observations are also included. The last chapter is a report of panel discussion in which some useful remarks can be found.
Rethinking Trade and Development: A Developmentalist Perspective

Abstract In one of the longest lasting debates in economics, mainstream economists still basically rest their position regarding trade and development policies on the static principle of comparative advantage, while relying on fancier econometric techniques to find empirical support. This paper draws attention to dynamic considerations, first emphasizing Smith's observation that there was more scope for division of labor in manufactures than in primary production. Prebisch noted that primary products generally have lower income elasticity of demand than manufactures. In a global context where some countries undertook industrial development ahead of others, these would generate the trade patterns that Ricardo predicted. Investment would flow from the industrial center to the periphery to augment primary production as Mill anticipated. Through the dominance of backwash over spread effects, international inequalities would widen a la Mrydal. International dualism, especially in a technological sense, would b...
Finite-element modeling of nanoindentation for evaluating mechanical properties of MEMS materials

Abstract We have developed procedures based on finite-element modeling of nanoindentation data to extract mechanical properties from thin, hard films and ion-beam-modified layers on softer substrates. The method accurately deduces the yield stress, Young's modulus, and hardness from indentations as deep as 50% of the layer thickness. We use these procedures to evaluate two hard layers potentially useful for reducing friction and wear of components in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS): Ni implanted with Ti and C, and diamond-like carbon layers. We show that the modeling works well even for materials whose hardness approaches that of diamond, a case where commonly used analytical methods for deducing the modulus fail.
PER2 controls lipid metabolism by direct regulation of PPARγ

Accumulating evidence highlights intriguing interplays between circadian and metabolic pathways. We show that PER2 directly and specifically represses PPARγ, a nuclear receptor critical in adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory response. PER2-deficient mice display altered lipid metabolism with drastic reduction of total triacylglycerol and nonesterified fatty acids. PER2 exerts its inhibitory function by blocking PPARγ recruitment to target promoters and thereby transcriptional activation. Whole-genome microarray profiling demonstrates that PER2 dictates the specificity of PPARγ transcriptional activity. Indeed, lack of PER2 results in enhanced adipocyte differentiation of cultured fibroblasts. PER2 targets S112 in PPARγ, a residue whose mutation has been associated with altered lipid metabolism. Lipidomic profiling demonstrates that PER2 is necessary for normal lipid metabolism in white adipocyte tissue. Our findings support a scenario in which PER2 controls the proadipogenic activity of PPARγ by operating as its natural modulator, thereby revealing potential avenues of pharmacological and therapeutic intervention.
Risk-sensitive foraging in honey bees: no consensus among individuals and no effect of colony honey stores

Abstract Abstract. Risk-sensitive foraging theory predicts that animals under energetic stress will prefer variable over constant food resources as a means of avoiding starvation. The foraging worker honey bee from a colony deprived of food should prefer to feed on variable flowers. Individual bees were given repeated binary choices between variable (10% and 30% mg solute/mg solution) and constant (20% mg solute/mg solution) sucrose concentrations delivered in plastic flower tubes of different colours. Sucrose concentration, rather than sucrose volume, was varied so that bees feeding on either constant or variable flowers would experience equal mean sucrose concentrations (20%) and nearly identical (on average within 0·04 J/s) net rates of energy gain. Honey combs were removed or added to a colony to alter the colony's energy state. There was no difference between the preferences of bees from colonies with large amounts of honey and those from colonies with small amounts of honey. Fifty-three per cent of the 9775 flower visits made by 40 bees were to constant flowers. Because of the large number of foraging bees in the colony and the large number of flower visits that individual honey bees make during each foraging trip, the colony achieves close to the true mean of variable resources. Hence, honey bees are little affected by the variance of resources.
Therapeutic indices for transchest defibrillator shocks: Effective, damaging, and lethal electrical doses

Although prospective studies of defibrillator shock overdose cannot be performed in man, the therapeutic indices of various defibrillating current waveforms can be measured in animals. We determined the ratios TD50/ED50 and LD50/ED50 (where TD50 = median "toxic" or damage-inducing dose, ED50 = median effective or defibrillating dose, and LD50 = median lethal dose) as measures of the therapeutic index for damped sine wave defibrillator shocks in dogs. Death of an animal and/or any degree of cardiac damage found by gross or microscopic examination were defined as harmful effects of shock, analogous to drug toxicity. In terms of peak current, the ED50, TD50, and LD50 were 1.1, 5.8, and 24 amperes/kg.; the therapeutic indices were TD50/ED50 = 5 for morphologic damage and LD50/ED50 = 22 for death. In terms of delivered energy the ED50, TD50, and LD50 were 1.5, 30, and 470 joules/kg.; the therapeutic indices were TD50/ED50 = 20 for damage and LD50/ED50 = 320 for death. These data indicate a reasonable margin of safety for damped sine wave defibrillator shocks in dogs, and are consistent with reported incidences of suspected shock-induced damage in humans.