cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of PEGylated α-Lactalbumin from Unreacted Precursors and Byproducts Using Ultrafiltration

There is considerable clinical interest in the use of "second-generation" therapeutic proteins produced by conjugation of the native protein with various polymers including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). One of the challenges in the production of polymer-protein conjugates is the need to remove residual polymer, native (unreacted) protein, and any reaction byproducts from the final therapeutic formulation. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using ultrafiltration for the purification of a model PEGylated protein. Sieving data were obtained using PEGylated alpha-lactalbumin, the native protein, and the poly(ethylene glycol) over a range of pH, ionic strength, and filtrate flux using both neutral and charge-modified composite regenerated cellulose membranes. Purification of the PEGylated protein was achieved using a two-stage diafiltration process. The first stage used a neutral membrane to remove the unreacted protein and any small reaction byproducts while retaining the large PEGylated product. The second stage used a negatively charged membrane to remove the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) while retaining the PEGylated alpha-lactalbumin as a result of strong electrostatic interactions. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of using membrane-based separations for the purification of second-generation therapeutic proteins.
Automated Design of Propellant-Optimal, Low-Thrust Trajectories for Trojan Asteroid Tours

The sun–Jupiter Trojan asteroid swarms are targets of interest for robotic spacecraft missions, where low-thrust propulsion systems offer a viable approach for realizing tours of these asteroids. This investigation introduces a novel scheme for the automated creation of prospective tours under the natural dynamics of a multibody regime with thrust supplied by a variable-specific-impulse engine. The procedure approximates tours by combining independently generated fuel-optimal rendezvous arcs between asteroid pairs into a series of trajectory legs. Propellant costs as well as departure and arrival times are estimated from the performance of the individual thrust arcs. Tours of interest are readily constructed in higher-fidelity models, and options for the end-to-end trajectories are easily assessed. In this investigation, scenarios where constant and varying-power sources are available to the low-thrust engine are explored. In general, the automation procedure rapidly generates a large number of potential ...
Reliability and Learning Factors Associated With Cognitive Tests.

Reliability, practice effects, and factor loadings were investigated for 21 paper-and-pencil tests selected from the French, et al. Kit of Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors. Criteria of brevity and ease of administration were employed for selecting tests to be studied. The results are helpful in selecting those tests of cognitive abilities which may be most useful in studies of the effects of climatic and environmental variables on behavior. Such studies frequently require repeated measurements on a small group of Ss over several days, thus making it extremely important that practice and environmental effects not be confounded. Test-retest reliabilities of the tests were generally quite good; 16 of the tests had a Pearson r of .8 or greater. Eight of the tests showed enough stability in mean performances over six trials to suggest that they may be used repetitively under environmental extremes without serious confounding by practice. The authors caution that factor definitions may not be the same unde...
Transition probability measurements in the blue-near-u.v. spectrum of argon I

Abstract An argon plasma at atmospheric pressure excited by a radio-frequency field has been used as a radiation source from which the transition probabilities for twenty-eight argon I lines in the blue-near-u.v. region have been developed. Good agreement was obtained with values suggested by Adcock and Plumtree(1) for fourteen additional argon I lines. The plasma flame exhibited a nearly uniform temperature along a radius and had excellent stability with respect to time which made it most suitable for such studies. Two axial zones of widely differing temperature were utilized in order to improve accuracy, to confirm that local thermodynamic equilibrium obtained, and to establish that the flame was at constant temperature over the radial distance studied.
A perspective on the regulation of the evaluation of new antithrombotic drugs.

Abstract We have entered a period of great possibility for improving clinical outcomes for patients with arterial thrombotic disorders using new antithrombotic agents. A variety of new therapies are now in clinical trials, while several others have just received regulatory approval for use in clinical practice. Because of the increasing complexity of the clinical environment and improvements in our ability to manipulate biology for potential therapeutic benefit, a host of new therapeutic agents will be available for testing in the next decade, and it will become increasingly difficult to determine when a true benefit has occurred. In this therapeutic field, regulatory approval requires a substantial level of evidence from randomized controlled trials. “Superiority” trials are relatively easy to understand, but placebo-controlled trials are becoming increasingly difficult to justify when at least one effective therapy already exists for a disease. Proving superiority over an active control can be difficult and may require a large sample size. Positive-control trials are aimed at equivalence or noninferiority in an effort to prove that a significant difference in clinical outcomes can be excluded. Another approach to demonstrating that the experimental therapy is superior to a putative placebo has been called “sufficiency.” A review of recent regulatory decisions demonstrates the need for carefully constructed clinical trial programs that take into account previous experience, interactions, and the current therapeutic environment.
Difficulty and instrumentality of imminent behavior as determinants of goal attractiveness

Subjects were presented with an easy or moderately difficult memorization task and told they could earn either a very low or very high chance of obtaining a modest prize if they did well. A measure of goal attractiveness was taken during an interval immediately preceding the task performance period. As expected, anticipatory goal attractiveness ratings were higher in the moderately difficult condition than in the easy condition when the probability of goal attainment (given success) was high, but were low in both task conditions when the probability of goal attainment (given success) was low. Results are discussed in terms of Brehm's recent theory of motivation.
A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Surface Texture on Algae Cell Attachment for a Mechanical-Biological Energy Manufacturing System

A grand vision of an algal biofuel energy manufacturing system is presented here. The proposed system, from manufacturing engineering and system points of view, aims to provide technical solutions to two major challenges that the algal biofuel industry faces, i.e., low productivity and energy intensive harvesting and drying, which result in prohibitively high costs. The proposed idea is to have an integrated "conveyor belt" system floating on the water surface powered by windmills or a hybrid energy source. The conveyor belt is made of corrosion-resistant steel sheets that have microdimple surface features to significantly enhance the attachment of algae cells to the "belt" compared with a surface without microdimple features. The grown algae on the belt will then be mechanically scraped off, collected, dried, and squeezed for oil extraction. This paper addresses one of many fundamental problems in this vision, i.e., whether algae can grow effectively on textured stainless steel surfaces. Through both static and dynamic tests, it was found that the growth of algae on textured surfaces was several times more active than that on a flat sample.
Recovery of Pisum root meristems after mitotic-inhibitory treatments with 3H-thymidine. Inhibition of cell-cycle progression by unincorporated 3H-thymidine.

SummaryPrimary root meristems of Pisum sativum recover from a 3H-thymidine-induced reduction in mitotic activity once the roots are no longer exposed to exogenous 3H-thymidine. Cells arrested in G2 during 3H-thymidine treatment apparently do not divide for at least 16 hours after treatment, whereas cells remaining in Gl and S do divide and thereby account for recovery. Recovery occurs only when meristems are no longer exposed to exogenous (i.e. unincorporated) 3H-thymidine, suggesting that cytoplasmic irradiation from unincorporated 3H-thymidine prevents cellular recovery from 3H-thymidine-induced inhibition of cell progression through the mitotic cycle. Concentrations of 14C-thymidine which result in cytoplasmic irradiation nearly equivalent to that achieved with 3H-thymidine, but much lower levels of nuclear irradiation, also prevent recovery from 3H-thymidine- induced inhibition of mitotic activity, but do not alone produce such inhibition. These results support the contention that cytoplasmic irradiat...
Small intestinal adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: a case-control study.

Background Small bowel adenocarcinoma is an uncommon complication of Crohn's disease. We sought to describe the clinical features, outcomes, and risk factors of small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease. Methods A centralized diagnostic index identified all patients with Crohn's disease with small bowel adenocarcinoma evaluated at our institution between 1976 and 2000, and the medical records were abstracted. Two controls with Crohn's disease were selected for each case, matched by gender and age. Results Nine cases (four males) were identified. The patients presented with abdominal pain (89%), obstruction (89%), and weight loss (78%). Cancer was located in the ileum in 8 patients (89%) and the jejunum in 1 patient (11%). All cases but 1 had either lymph node involvement or metastasis. All cases had surgery, with 1 receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. No significant risk factors were found. The mortality rates at 1 and 2 years were 42% and 61%. Conclusions Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare complication of Crohn's disease that typically involves the ileum. Affected patients have symptomatic, advanced malignancies upon diagnosis. No significant risk factors were identified.
Moisture Transport, Lower-Tropospheric Stability, and Decoupling of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers

Abstract Decoupling during the “Lagrangian” evolution of a cloud-topped boundary layer advected equatorward by the trade winds in an idealized eastern subtropical ocean is studied using a mixed-layer model (MLM). The sea surface temperature is gradually warmed while the free tropospheric sounding remains unchanged, causing the boundary layer to deepen, the surface relative humidity to decrease, and surface latent heat fluxes to increase. Diurnally averaged insolation is used. For entrainment closures in which entrainment rate is related to a large-eddy convective velocity scale w*, the MLM predicts an increasingly prominent layer of negative buoyancy fluxes below cloud base as the sea surface temperature warms. Decoupling of the mixed layer can be inferred when the MLM-predicted negative buoyancy fluxes become too large for the internal circulations to sustain. The authors show that decoupling is mainly driven by an increasing ratio of the surface latent heat flux to the net radiative cooling in the cloud...
Hydrogen Metabolism by Rhodomicrobium vannielii

Under appropriate cultural conditions, cell suspensions of Rhodomicrobium vannielii effect two distinct photoreactions involving molecular hydrogen: (i) the photoreduction of carbon dioxide, and (ii) the photoproduction of hydrogen.
Comparative microcomputed tomography and histological study of maxillary pneumatization in four species of new world monkeys: The perinatal period

In anthropoid primates, it has been hypothesized that the magnitude of maxillary sinus growth is influenced by adjacent dental and soft tissue matrices. Relatively, little comparative evidence exists for the perinatal period when secondary pneumatization is at its earliest stages in some primates. Here, dental and midfacial variables were studied in a perinatal sample of four anthropoid primates, including three callitrichines (Leontopithecus, Saguinus ,a ndCallithrix )a ndSaimiri boliviensis. In the latter species, the maxillary recess (the ontogenetic precursor to a ''true'' maxillary sinus) does not undergo secondary pneumatization. Using histological methods and micro-computed tomography, midfacial and dental dimensions and radiographic hydroxyapatite den- sity of tooth cusps were measured. The distribution of osteoclasts and osteoblasts was also documented. Krus- kal-Wallis's one-way analysis of variance tests indicates significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups for dental and midfacial measurements. In particular, the posterior maxillary dentition is relatively larger and more mineral- ized in Saimiri compared to the callitrichines. At poste- rior dental levels, Saimiri has the lowest palatonasal index (interdental (palatal) width/width of the nasal cav- ity) and highest bizygomatic-interorbital index. Distribu- tion of osteoclasts indicates that the inferomedial surfaces of the orbits are resorptive in perinatal Saimiri, whereas, in all callitrichines, these surfaces are depository. Taken together, these findings suggest that pneumatization in Saimiri is suppressed by an inward growth trajectory of the orbits, relatively large posterior dentition, and a cor- respondingly compressed nasal region. Am J Phys Anthropol 144:392-410, 2011. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On complete-data spaces for PET reconstruction algorithms

As investigators consider more comprehensive measurement models for emission tomography, there will be more choices for the complete-data spaces of the associated expectation-maximization algorithms for maximum-likelihood estimation. It is shown that EM algorithms based on smaller complete-data spaces will typically converge faster. Two practical applications of these concepts are discussed: the ML-IA and ML-IB image reconstruction algorithms of D.G. Politte and D.L. Snyder (1991) which are based on measurement models that account for attenuation and accidental coincidences in positron emission tomography (PET); and the problem of simultaneous estimation of emission and transmission parameters. Although the PET applications may often violate the necessary regularity conditions, the authors' analysis predicts heuristically that the ML-IB algorithm, which has a smaller complete-data space, should converge faster than ML-IA. >
Data prefetching strategies for vector cache memories

Reports the cache performance of a set of vectorized numerical programs from the Perfect Club benchmarks. Using a low cost trace driven simulation technique it is shown how a nonprefetching vector cache can result in unpredictable performance and how this unpredictability makes it difficult to find a good block size. Two simple prefetch schemes that reduce the influence of long stride vector accesses on cache performance and have better performance than the nonprefetching cache are presented. >
An Evolutionary and Life-History Perspective on Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone mass reductions and heightened fracture risk; its global prevalence rates are projected to increase precipitously over the next few decades. Evolutionary and life-history perspectives have proven valuable for offering a different lens with which to consider the etiologies of common chronic diseases, and in this review, these approaches are applied to osteoporosis. Although there are many perspectives on human susceptibility to bone loss, this article explores the most prominent and empirically studied theories. Osteoporosis is considered within the context of theories on aging (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy, disposable soma) and mismatch theory. Female vulnerability is considered within a separate evolutionary framework and has been articulated as a trade-off between reproduction and skeletal health. Recent advancements in bone imaging techniques for skeletal and living human and nonhuman primate populations (i.e., CT scans, ultrasonometry) have fac...
Marketing Student Perceptions of Learning Activities: Structure, Preferences and Effectiveness:

Perceptions of 12 commonly used learning activities from 122 undergraduate students at five universities are analyzed with multidimensional scaling. Preferences and perceived effectiveness were also measured. Personal stimulation, required effort, and connection to the "real world" are the main dimensions of the students' perceptual space. Activities that provide realism and stimulation, yet require reasonable effort, are preferred and perceived as effective.
Effect of Nest-Deprivation on Serum Prolactin Level in Nesting Female Turkeys

Serum levels of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and estradiol-17t1 were compared in female turkeys during various phases of their reproductive life cycle. Prolactin levels of broody turkeys were higher (2164 ± 127 ng/ml) than those of laying turkeys (468 ± 74 ng/ml), which were in turn higher than those of hens that had stopped laying (119 ± 18 ng/ml). Serum LH, progesterone, and estradiol-17� levels of laying hens were significantly higher than those of the other two groups. The levels of these hormones did not differ between broody hens and hens that had stopped laying, but were not broody (photorefractory hens). Serum prolactin levels of broody hens dropped markedly within a day of nest-deprivation and confinement to cages. Levels remained low while hens were in cages. When nests were again made available to broody hens that had been deprived of nests for 48 h, they resumed nesting within 5 mm, and serum prolactin levels then increased. In other experiments, it was found that a significant decline in serum prolactin occurred after 8, but not 4 h of nest-deprivation. After a 48 h period of cage confinement of hens, prolactin levels were seen to increase within 30 mm after hens were returned to their home pens. Levels continued to rise and had nearly reached pre-cage confinement levels by 12 h after resumption of nesting. BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 23, 118-123 (1980)
Blind calibration for radio interferometry using convex optimization

Radio interferometric arrays as imperfect instruments require calibration to correct for instrumental gain and phase errors in observations. One point of calibration, our focus, is before the time-series of groups of compact receivers are beam-formed.
Non‐equilibrium and unsteady fluid degassing during slow decompression

Decompression experiments were performed on corn syrup-water solutions in order to investigate the eect of viscosity on processes of vesiculation and degassing at low to moderate degrees of volatile supersaturation. Repeat experiments demonstrated similar long term vesiculation be- havior at moderate decompression rates despite highly vari- able initial nucleation styles. Results suggest that mag- mas may not necessarily achieve chemical equilibrium by vapor exsolution and may require viscosity-dependent criti- cal supersaturations in order to vesiculate. Vesiculation also increased the ambient pressure and decreased supersatura- tions, resulting in unsteady degassing.
Contested State Spaces: African National Parks and the State

Since the ‘linguistic turn’ in International Relations, it is assumed that agents like the state are always effects of discourse and should be ‘decentered’ rather than made the starting point for t...
Effect of Various Levels of Manganese on the Reproductive Performance of Turkeys

Abstract GALLUP and Norris (1937) reported that pullets produced less than half the number of eggs on 13 p.p.m. of manganese than those receiving manganese at a level of 200 p.p.m. The percentage hatch of fertile eggs was also low for the low manganese group. These workers also reported (1939) that there was a high embryonic mortality in the final stages of embryonic development, with the chicks being unable to complete the process of hatching. The chicks were also reported to have short legs and wings and a “parrot beak.” These results were confirmed by Lyons and Insko (1937) who also described a chondrodystrophy in the chick embryo produced by a deficiency of manganese in the breeder ration. Gutowska and Parkhurst (1942) studied the manganese requirement of laying hens by feeding rations containing from 17 to 76 p.p.m. of manganese. No differences were noted in production, fertility or hatchability and no …
INFECTION BY RETROVIRAL VECTORS OUTSIDE OF THEIR HOST RANGE IN THE PRESENCE OF REPLICATION-DEFECTIVE ADENOVIRUS

Retrovirus infection is normally limited to cells within a specific host range which express a cognate receptor that is recognized by the product of the env gene. We describe retrovirus infection of cells outside of their normal host range when the infection is performed in the presence of a replication-defective adenovirus (dl312). In the presence of adenovirus, several different ecotropic vectors are shown to infect human cell lines (HeLa and PLC/PRF), and a xenotropic vector is shown to infect murine cells (NIH 3T3). Infectivity is demonstrated by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining, selection with G418 for neomycin resistance, and PCR identification of the provirus in infected cells. Infectivity is quantitatively dependent upon both the concentration of adenovirus (10(6) to 10(8) PFU/ml) and the concentration of retrovirus. Infection requires the simultaneous presence of adenovirus in the retrovirus infection medium and is not stimulated by preincubation and removal of adenovirus from the cells before retrovirus infection. The presence of adenovirus is shown to enhance the uptake of fluorescently labeled retrovirus particles into cells outside of their normal host range, demonstrating that the adenovirus enhances viral entry into cells in the absence of the recognized cognate receptor. This observation suggests new opportunities for developing safe retroviral vectors for gene therapy and new mechanisms for the pathogenesis of retroviral disease.
The power 775 architecture at scale

We describe the IBM Power 775, a supercomputing system that was designed to provide high performance at very large scales. The system recently attained world record performance numbers for three important, communication-heavy supercomputing benchmarks: RandomAccess, PTRANS, and Global FFT (while the Power 775 currently holds the number two spot in Global FFT, its efficiency when computing the FFT exceeds that of the number one system's by over 3.5 times). At the heart of the Power 775's performance is the "hub module", which is a high-radix router containing forty-seven copper and optical links with a switching capacity of over 1.1 Tbyte/second. This level of bandwidth is unprecedented for typical systems of the scale we discuss in this paper. As a result, we were forced to develop a complete software stack to fully leverage the communication capabilities of the system. In this paper we evaluate the Power 775 server at scales up to 2 Petaflops (63,360 POWER7 cores), discuss hardware and software tradeoffs considered during the design process, and finally present some lessons learned.
Peacebuilding in a networked world

peacebuilding dialogue. Indeed, mobile phones seem not to only persist in conflict-stressed environments but to flourish. Even the world’s most conflict-affected countries have robust mobile phone networks. Somalia, often topping the global list of failed states, has five mobile phone operators. Daniel Stauffacher and colleagues have noted how in Somalia “state failure and the accompanying lack of regulatory systems has enabled the creation of one of Africa’s most extensive and resilient cellular telephone systems, accompanied by nuO n e q ua R t e R o F H u m a n i t y lives in fragile, violent, and conflict-stressed environments. These people’s lives are often characterized by the starkest of realities: undernourishment, illiteracy, short life spans, even lack of access to basic sanitation and clean water. Destroyed and diminished infrastructure, weak institutions, and endemic mistrust and suspicion characterize conflict-affected countries. Moreover, these harsh conditions can have global effects as conflict-stressed environments export extremism, regionalize discord, and create worldwide instabilities. Peacebuilding is the collective processes to end or mitigate conflict, rebuild and reconcile post-conflict, and foster conditions that avoid conflict in the first place. So what is the role and promise of computer and communication technologies in peacebuilding efforts? Traditional media, such as radio and print journalism, is well established as an essential element in peacebuilding programs. But as access to mobile phones and social media expands—strikingly even in these same conflict-stressed environments—attention is increasingly turning to the transformational promise of such technologies to enhance or replace old media in peacebuilding. As Shanti Kalathil and her co-authors have noted, the traditional media formulation of communication technologies and peacebuilding “viewed the receivers of information and ideas sitting passively on the receiving end of a carefully crafted donor message.” But today’s mobile and social media technologies demonstrate how interactive “dialogue is just as important, if not more important” in peacebuilding efforts. As one popular formula puts it—as long as you are talking, you can’t be shooting.
Constructing Incrementally Reinforced Excel Project Sets Using The S.M.A.R.T. Management Goal-Setting Approach

Sets of incrementally reinforced EXCEL spreadsheet cases have been constructed and used at Fairleigh Dickinson University over the past two years with a high degree of student involvement and participation. The construction of these cases is based on an adaptation of a management goal-setting technique, having the acronym S.M.A.R.T. This paper describes the application of this management goal-setting technique to the construction of spreadsheet case, and presents an example case illustrating its actual use.
Instrumentation of Biotechnological Processes

Modern bioprocesses are monitored by on-line sensing devices mounted either in situ or externally. In addition to sensor probes, more and more analytical subsystems are being exploited to monitor the state of a bioprocess on-line and in real time. Some of these subsystems deliver signals that are useful for documentation only, other, less delayed systems generate signals useful for closed loop process control. Various conventional and non-conventional monitoring instruments are evaluated; their usefulness, benefits and associated pitfalls are discussed.
State Parties and Taxes: A Comment on Reed in the Context of Close Legislatures

This note empirically analyzes how partisan control of a state's legislature alters the growth of the state's tax burden. Using two related empirical strategies, one based on instrumental variables using closely controlled legislatures and one based on regression discontinuity, I find large effects of partisan control, between two and four times as large as similar estimates by Reed (2006). Compared to Republican control, Democratic control of the legislature causes tax burden growth of more than a full percent point over a 5-year period, on a mean tax burden of about 10.7 percentage points. This difference is strong evidence for partisan divergence in this context.
Pelvic Pain: Introduction

Chronic pelvic pain is a common, disabling problem among women. Although chronic pelvic pain can be produced by many conditions, some causes are frequently overlooked and under-diagnosed, resulting in inappropriate referral and inadequate treatment.
Disciplinary and Legal Actions Against Dermatologists in Canada

Background:Dermatologists face a litany of professional and legal risks in practice.Objective:To review cases of disciplinary and legal action against dermatologists in Canada.Methods:The Canadian ...
From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History

Fifteen years ago, I attempted to sum up the state of comparative history in the United States and concluded that "the body of work that qualifies as comparative history in the strict sense is characterized both by its relative sparseness and by its fragmentation." In 1995 work of this kind is no longer sparse, but it remains fragmented.1 The sheer volume of cross-national comparative work has increased markedly, but there is little commitment to comparative history as a primary specialization within history or even within sociology (where it is subsumed into historical sociology). In both disciplines, cross-national comparative work exists primarily as a vehicle for the exploration of a particular problem or topic. Historians normally start with concerns arising from a particular national history and then seek to gain insights by examining an analogous phenomenon elsewhere. For historians of the United States, the anticipated payoffat the outset, at least is likely to be a better understanding of something American. For sociologists and political scientists, the trigger is interest in a transnational process or recurring condition, such as class formation, ethnicity, state building, or revolution. For most historians and social scientists, comparative history is a way of isolating the critical factors or independent variables that account for national differences. But the former usually value the discovery and explanation of differences primarily as a stimulus to the reinterpretation of national histories; the latter value their contribution to the development of a better model or theoretical understanding of the process, structure, or condition being studied. It follows from such topical specializations -whether nationally specific or international and theoretical -that those who do cross-national comparative history do not usually have a strong awareness of, or interest in, comparative work on other
Intracranial meningioma with subdural membrane. A case report.

A case of meningioma with subdural membrane formation, but without a collection of subdural haematoma, is presented. The histological picture of the membrane was similar to that found in a chronic subdural haematoma. Relevant literature is reviewed.
Rehabilitation therapy on patients with hand-foot-mouth disease complicating actue flaccid paralysis

Objective To study the influence of rehabilitation therapy to the lamb function of the patients who had hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) complicating acute flaccid paralysis(AFP).Methods Forty-six cases were divided into two groups according whether receiving rehabilitation therapy or not.Patients in therapy group were given rehabilitation therapy by rehabilitative physician.Patients in non-therapy group were given active and passive phantom limb movement training by their parents not regularly every day.All patients in two groups were treated for three months.Recovery rate of myodynamia was recorded.Results In the therapy group,epipodite recovery 8 cases,fail to recovery 7 cases,the recovery rate of epipodite was 53.33%,lower limb recovery 14 cases,fail to recovery 2 cases,the recovery rate of lower limb was 87.50%,the recovery rate of lower limb was higher than that of epipodite(P0.05).The recovery rate in therapy group was higher than that in non-therapy group after treating for one months,three months(P0.05).All patients were followed up for three months,the results showed that the recovery rate in therapy group was higher than that in non-therapy group(P0.05).Conclusion The children with HFMD complicating AFP should be given the effective rehabilitation therapy and instructing to reduce the deformity.
Targeting One Carbon Metabolism with an Antimetabolite Disrupts Pyrimidine Homeostasis and Induces Nucleotide Overflow

Antimetabolites that affect nucleotide metabolism are frontline chemotherapy agents in several cancers and often successfully target one carbon metabolism. However, the precise mechanisms and resulting determinants of their therapeutic value are unknown. We show that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a commonly used antimetabolite therapeutic with varying efficacy, induces specific alterations to nucleotide metabolism by disrupting pyrimidine homeostasis. An integrative metabolomics analysis of the cellular response to 5-FU reveals intracellular uracil accumulation, whereas deoxyuridine levels exhibited increased flux into the extracellular space, resulting in an induction of overflow metabolism. Subsequent analysis from mice bearing colorectal tumors treated with 5-FU show specific secretion of metabolites in tumor-bearing mice into serum that results from alterations in nucleotide flux and reduction in overflow metabolism. Together, these findings identify a determinant of an antimetabolite response that may be exploited to more precisely define the tumors that could respond to targeting cancer metabolism.
Low molecular weight heparin fractions. Comparative preclinical study of various parameters

Preliminary results of the use of heparin fractions of low molecular weight showed improved bioavailability, sustained pharmacological actions and less bleeding than with non-fractionated heparin. Although prepared by different chemical and enzymatic processes, low molecular weight heparin fractions (LMWHF) possess remarkably similar chemical properties but differ in their pharmacological activity. Significant variations have been noted in tests for anti-Xa activity using reagents of USP or European standards. A study was carried out with eight heparin fractions of low molecular weight: CY 216 and CY 222 (Choay, France), Kabi 2165 (Sweden), PK 10169 (Pharmuka, France), RD 11885 (Wyeth, USA), OP 2123 (Opocrin, Italy), ORG 10172 (Organon, low countries) and heparinase depolymerization products. Numerous biochemical and pharmacological tests were carried out. In protease generation tests these agents can exert antiprotease activity when anti-Xa and anti-IIa functional activities are totally absent: it can therefore be suggested that compounds that lack affinity for anti-III contribute to the biological activities of these agents. The LMWHF possess different profiles of platelet factor, protamine and polybrene neutralization. These agents produce platelet activation to various degrees and can produce heparins able to induce thrombocytopenia. Since heparin was chosen as reference products for LMWHF, numerous dosage problems were encountered. These agents also exhibit wide variations in hemorrhagic index in animal studies. Taking previous studies into account, these products could be improved to show a greater efficacy and safety level in clinical practice.
Infectious diseases in the liver transplant recipient.

Despite a declining incidence, infections remain a significant complication in liver transplant recipients. The spectrum of infections in transplant recipients, however, appears to be evolving. Infections caused by gram-positive bacteria (e.g., enterococci and staphylococci) have now surpassed in frequency those caused by gram-negative bacteria. There has been a decline in the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii and more recently cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients, largely as a result of effective prophylaxis. Opportunistic fungal infections (e.g., aspergillosis) remain problematic. New or previously unrecognized pathogens (e.g., human herpesvirus-6) may also be a significant cause of morbidity. Evaluation of infections in transplant recipients therefore requires understanding of not only classic opportunistic infections typically encountered in these patients, but also emerging trends in epidemiology, prophylaxis, and management.
Interleukin 1 modulation of renal epithelial glucose and amino acid transport

We have investigated the effect of immune factors on glucose and amino acid transport by proximal tubular epithelium. Proximal tubular cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion of mouse renal cortex and grown to confluent monolayers. alpha-[14C]methylglucoside (AMG), D-[3H]-aspartate, L-[3H]leucine, and L-[3H]arginine uptake were assayed. Proximal tubular epithelium coincubated with supernatants derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages had a twofold increase in AMG and aspartate uptake that was sodium dependent, was prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, and was not associated with changes in cell growth or differentiation. Chromatographic separation of the macrophage supernatant yielded one fraction, mol wt 16,000-20,000, that enhanced AMG and aspartate uptake and contained interleukin 1 (IL 1) determined by bioassay. Recombinant IL 1 (mol wt 17,500) reproduced changes in AMG and aspartate uptake seen with macrophage supernatants. In contrast, neither macrophag...
Oxygen and Light Regulation of Expression of Genes for Light Harvesting (LH-I, LH-II), Reaction Center (RC-L, RC-M, RC-H), Pigment Biosynthesis and a Transcriptional Role in the Protective, Function of Carotenoids in Rhodobacter Capsulatus

The coordinate and differential expression of genes for light harvesting I (LH-I) and II (LH-II) antenna, reaction center (RC) polypeptides L, M, and H, bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) and carotenoid (Crt) biosynthesis in response to light and O2 in Rhodobacter capsulatus has been studied by measuring the mRNA levels using dot blot and Northern hybridizations. The genes for LH-II only have one transcript (0.5 kb), while the genes for LH-I have two transcripts (0.5 and 2.6 kb). The small transcript (0.5 kb) is the mRNA only for LH-I (β, α) polypeptides, whereas the large transcript (2.6 kb) codes for RC-L, RC-M, and the β and α polypeptides of LH-I, as well as an unknown ORF C2397. These five genes thus comprise a single Operon (designated the puf Operon). The mRNA specifying the LH-II polypeptides is more abundant, and more sensitive to changes in O2 concentration and shows a variation over a wider range than that of the mRNA for the LH-I, indicating that the genes for the LH-II and LH-I/RC are independently regulated. The gene for RC-H (puhA) has at least two transcripts (1.2 and 1.4 kb) which initiate within ORF F1696 and respond differentially to light intensity. The genes coding for RC-L, RC-M and RC-H are coordinately regulated by light intensity and O2 concentration. We have shown that an increase in light intensity and O2 concentration causes a decrease in the expression of the genes for LH-I, LH-II, RC proteins, and Bchl biosynthetic enzymes. The genes coding for the enzymes in Crt biosynthetic pathways, however, are regulated in an opposite fashion: high light and high O2 result in increased expression of crt genes. This increased transcription of crt genes is interpreted based on the protective function of Crt against photooxidative damage. An interaction and interdependence of the genes for LH, RC proteins, Bchl and Crt biosynthetic enzymes were also observed using various mutants.
Age increases reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and potentiates oxidative damage after spinal cord injury

Age potentiates neurodegeneration and impairs recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Previously, we observed that age alters the balance of destructive (M1) and protective (M2) macrophages; however, the age-related pathophysiology in SCI is poorly understood. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage and macrophage activation in neurotrauma. Further, NOX and ROS increase with central nervous system age. Here, we found significantly higher ROS generation in 14 versus 4-month-old (MO) mice after contusion SCI. Notably, NOX2 increased in 14 MO ROS-producing macrophages suggesting that macrophages and NOX contribute to SCI oxidative stress. Indicators of lipid peroxidation, a downstream cytotoxic effect of ROS accumulation, were significantly higher in 14 versus 4 MO SCI mice. We also detected a higher percentage of ROS-producing M2 (Arginase-1-positive) macrophages in 14 versus 4 MO mice, a previously unreported SCI phenotype, and increased M1 (CD16/32-positive) macrophages with age. Thus, NOX and ROS are age-related mediators of SCI pathophysiology and normally protective M2 macrophages may potentiate secondary injury through ROS generation in the aged injured spinal cord.
Smartphones as Social Actors? Social dispositional factors in assessing anthropomorphism

Abstract Smartphones are prominently personalized and personified in our society. Existing Computers as Social Actors (CASA) studies about anthropomorphism and social interactions have focused on how to identify and elicit positive anthropomorphic effects but have seldom addressed motivations and dispositional factors of the user. Through an online survey that incorporates validated social psychological scales, this study provides empirical evidence that smartphone users’ social disposition, including factors of chronic loneliness, attachment style, and cultural orientation, is associated with their acceptance and awareness of anthropomorphism. The findings corroborate and add to the theory of sociality determinant of anthropomorphism, the computing technology continuum of perspective, and the CASA paradigm.
Investment and operating choice: Oil and natural gas futures prices and drilling activity

Abstract We present evidence that changes in oil and natural gas field investment measured by drilling rig use respond positively to changes in the futures prices of oil and natural gas, consistent with predictions based upon value-maximizing behavior. These results hold for world regions dominated by private independent oil companies but not national oil companies. In those cases where futures price changes are identified as drivers, the role of spot prices is either absent or weak. The results are robust to several alternative specifications including controls for changes in rig productivity.
Density dependent re-tuning of autoreactive T cells alleviates their pathogenicity in a lymphopenic environment.

Peripheral T cell tolerance is challenging to induce in partially lymphopenic hosts and this is relevant for clinical situations involving transplant tolerance. While the shortage of regulatory cells is thought to be one reason for this, T cell-intrinsic tolerance processes such as anergy are also poorly triggered in such hosts. In order to understand the latter, we used a T cell deficient mouse model system where adoptively transferred autoreactive T cells are significantly tolerized in a cell intrinsic fashion, without differentiation to regulatory T cells. Intriguingly these T cells often retain sufficient effector functions to trigger autoimmune pathology. Here we find that the high population density of the autoreactive T cells that accumulated in such a host limits the progression of the cell-intrinsic tolerance process in T cells. Accordingly, reducing the cell density during a second transfer allowed T cells to further tune down their responsiveness to antigenic stimulation. The retuning of T cells was reflected by a loss of the T cell’s abilities to proliferate, produces cytokines or help B cells. We further suggest, based on altering the levels of chronic antigen using miniosmotic pumps, that the effects of cell-density on T cell re-tuning may reflect the effective changes in the antigen dose perceived by individual T cells. This could proportionally elicit more negative feedback downstream of the TCR. Consistent with this, the retuned T cells showed signaling defects both proximal and distal to the TCR. Therefore, similar to the immunogenic activation of T cells, cell-intrinsic T cell tolerance may also involve a quantitative and progressive process of tuning down its antigen-responsiveness. The progress of such tuning seems to be stabilized at multiple intermediate stages by factors such as cell density, rather than just absolute antigen levels.
Documenting a labor of love: emotional labor as academic labor

ABSTRACTNeoliberal practices embedded in academia have transformed the university into a service industry. Through this lens, this review documents the current exploration of emotional labor in academia, specifically in communication studies. While a paucity of literature on this topic exists, I explore how a neoliberal agenda creates an expectation for communication faculty to perform emotional labor (and how this expectation is greater compared with other fields), the ways in which emotional labor is differentially experienced for women, and how communication studies as a gendered field exacerbates expectations to perform such labor. Moreover, I highlight the shifting perception of the field and the related moves to expand emotional labor. Finally, I discuss ways to move forward in a neoliberal academia.
Adivasis and the State Politics in Jharkhand

This article attempts to analyse the political behaviour of the adivasi groups in Jharkhand as rooted in the interplay of their interactions with different religions, exposure to non-agricultural e...
Use of the Labhardt procedure to repair pelvic organ prolapse.

Purpose of investigation: We share our 3-year follow-up results of using the Labhardt procedure as an alternative to Le Fort's operation for vaginal prolapse. Methods: Forty-two consecutive women referred to our clinic from 1994 to 1997 with vaginal prolapse underwent the Labhardt procedure. Results: At the end of 3-year follow-up, one patient had had total re-prolapse two years after the initial procedure; she underwent Labhardt surgery again and was free of symptoms at her last follow-up. Two patients had had partial prolapses, one year and six months, respectively, after their initial surgery. Two patients experienced postoperative urinary retention, for one and three months, respectively, which resolved with intermittent catheterization. The mean estimated blood loss for the entire procedure was 85 ml, and the mean operating time was 51 minutes. Most patients were discharged home within 36 hours. Conclusion: The Labhardt technique is simple, safe, and short, and, with proper patient selection, is an excellent alternative to other vaginal obliterative procedures.
Historical Dendroarchaeology in the El Malpais Area: Lessons from the Savage Homestead

The El Malpais National Conservation Area (EMNCA) of west central New Mexico contains dozens of early-20th-century archaeological sites. One site, the Savage homestead (LA 74544), contains evidence of a relatively intensive settlement history in the form of more than 20 structures, roads, fields, and artifacts. The Savage homestead settlement history is investigated through dendrochronological, documentary, archaeological, and oral history data. The assembled data testify to the tenacity and strength of a widow with six children subsisting in the isolation of the high desert of New Mexico and threading her way through the federal paperwork maze to earn a homestead patent—a task accomplished, but an occupation that was short-lived. The social, economic, and environmental contexts of the occupation and abandonment suggest implications for understanding the regional occupation of the area both historically and prehistorically.
Legal Aspects of Organ Transfer

Once it is assumed that society generally favors organ transplantation as a treatment for impaired, sick, or dying persons, it is appropriate to ask whether applicable laws help or hinder the process. The following discussion considers several questions: What are the existing legal constraints on organ transfers? What changes in law can or should be made to augment organ transfers? What role should law play in achieving just allocation of organs? No attempt will be made to catalogue laws of various states or to replay debates about “brain death.” Suffice it to say here, all participants in organ transplantation should be knowledgeable about local legal standards concerning consent to organ transfer and “brain death.” For more detailed information, the reviews of Schwartz (1984) and Stuart et al (1981) are recommended.