cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Belts Evaluated as Limb Tourniquets: BELT Study Comparing Trouser Supporters Used as Medical Devices in a Manikin Model of Wound Bleeding

Objective The purpose of the present study is to compare several models of commercially designed belts as used as a tourniquet. Methods In the Belts Evaluated as Limb Tourniquets (BELT) study, an experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of pants belts as nonimprovised medical devices to control hemorrhage in a manikin. Models of belts included Tourni-belt, Tourniquet Belt, ParaBelt, and Battle Buddy. Data collected included effectiveness, time to stop bleeding, total time of application, pressure, blood loss, and composite results (score count of good results; composite outcome good if every component was good). Results Differences in effectiveness percentages among models were not statistically significant. The difference in mean between users was statistically significant for stop time, total time, pressure, blood loss, composite score, and composite outcome. Mean time to stop bleeding differed for only 1 pair of models after the Tukey-Kramer adjustment; ParaBelt was faster than Tourniquet Belt. Mean total time of application differed between ParaBelt–Tourniquet Belt and Tourni-belt–Tourniquet Belt; the former model in both pairs was faster. No significant difference in mean blood loss measured by model was found. For composite outcome score, no pairwise difference between models was significant. For composite outcome (good-bad), ParaBelt had good results in 75% of tests; the other 3 models had significantly worse results. Conclusions In a preliminary laboratory analysis of belt tourniquet models using a manikin, performance differed by model. ParaBelt performed better than other models for the composite outcome.
Structure-Based Discovery of 4-(6-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-(quinolin-4-yl)-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-7-yl)-3,5-dimethylisoxazole (CD161) as a Potent and Orally Bioavailable BET Bromodomain Inhibitor.

We have designed and synthesized 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-containing compounds to obtain potent and orally bioavailable BET inhibitors. By incorporation of an indole or a quinoline moiety to the 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole core, we identified a series of small molecules showing high binding affinities to BET proteins and low nanomolar potencies in inhibition of cell growth in acute leukemia cell lines. One such compound, 4-(6-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(quinolin-4-yl)-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-7-yl)-3,5-dimethylisoxazole (31) has excellent microsomal stability and good oral pharmacokinetics in rats and mice. Orally administered, 31 achieves significant antitumor activity in the MV4;11 leukemia and MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer xenograft models in mice. Determination of the cocrystal structure of 31 with BRD4 BD2 provides a structural basis for its high binding affinity to BET proteins. Testing its binding affinities against other bromodomain-containing proteins shows that 31 is a highly selective inhibitor ...
Evaluation of physical and chemical properties and their interactions in fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits

Fat, oil and grease (FOG) blockages in sewer systems are a substantial problem in the United States. It has been estimated that over 50% of sewer overflows are a result of FOG blockages. In this work, a thorough laboratory study was undertaken to examine key variables that contribute to FOG deposit formation under controlled conditions. Physical and chemical properties and their interactions were evaluated and conditions that generated deposits that mimicked field FOG deposits were identified. It was found that 96 of the of 128 reaction conditions tested in the laboratory formed FOG deposits with similar physical and chemical characteristics as field FOG deposits. It was also found that FOG deposits can be created through fatty acid crystallization and not just saponification. Furthermore FOG deposits were found to be more complex than previously documented and contain free fatty acids, fatty acid metal salts, triacylglycerol's, diacylglycerol's and, monoacylglycerol's. Lastly it was found that FOG deposits that only contained saturated fatty acids were on average 2.1 times higher yield strength than deposits that contained unsaturated fatty acids.
Impact of Submicron Technology on Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Devices

Publisher Summary In the early years of semiconductor device fabrication the available technologies were largely limited to alloying and diffusion, coupled with conventional photoresist and chemical etch techniques. The available spatial resolution was limited to characteristic dimensions measured in microns. The introduction of new technologies such as ion implantation, molecular-beam epitaxy, and electron-beam lithography, coupled with continuous improvements in other areas, such as contact technology, has drastically improved the available resolution. Devices with submicron dimensions are now production items, while in research laboratories resolution is virtually down to the atomic monolayer level in one dimension, with line widths of a few tens of lattice constants available in the other dimensions. These advances in submicron semiconductor device technology are being exploited in several areas of application.
Characterizing within-subject variability in quantified measures of balance control: A cohort study.

Abstract Background To longitudinally assess individuals using quantified measures, we must characterize within-subject variability (WSV) of the measures. Research question What is the natural within-subject variability (WSV) that can be expected in postural control over 3+ days? Methods Thirteen individuals without orthopedic or neurologic impairment (mean(SD) = 55 (9) years; 76 (18) kg; 11 females/2 males) were recruited from a community workplace and consented to participate. Participants stood quietly with eyes closed (QEC) on a force platform (5 x 1 min x 6 days) in two stances: comfortable and narrow. We recorded center of pressure (COP) and calculated COP-based balance parameters. To analyze variance components, we applied a linear mixed model for repeated measures, calculating within-subject standard deviation (SDws) from the pooled variance not attributable to between-subject variability. To estimate WSV, we scaled SDws by a confidence interval (CI) factor (e.g. WSV at the 95%CI = WSV 95 = SDws * 1.96) and report WSV 95 for a range of conditions previously reported in the literature and the following measures previously found sensitive to or predictive of health: (primary) WSV 95 of root-mean square amplitude of medial-lateral COP during QEC (RMSml); (secondary) WSV 95 of COP ellipse area (COPa); (secondary) WSV 95 of mean medial-lateral COP velocity (COPvml) during QEC. Results WSV 95 was estimated at RMSml = 0.8 mm, COPa = 99mm 2 , and COPvml = 1.1 mm/s among healthy, middle-aged participants standing comfortably for one recommended data duration (4 × 30 s trials). A look up table provides values for alternate protocols that have been suggested in the literature and might prove relevant for clinical translation. Significance This work advances longitudinal assessment of individuals using quantified measures of postural control. Results enable practitioners/researchers to assess an individual’s progress, maintenance, or decline relative to WSV at a defined CI level.
Generalized Empirical Bayes Modeling via Frequentist Goodness of Fit

The two key issues of modern Bayesian statistics are: (i) establishing principled approach for distilling statistical prior that is consistent with the given data from an initial believable scientific prior; and (ii) development of a consolidated Bayes-frequentist data analysis workflow that is more effective than either of the two separately. In this paper, we propose the idea of "Bayes via goodness-of-fit" as a framework for exploring these fundamental questions, in a way that is general enough to embrace almost all of the familiar probability models. Several examples, spanning application areas such as clinical trials, metrology, insurance, medicine, and ecology show the unique benefit of this new point of view as a practical data science tool.
Ultrarapid Train Stimulation Versus Conventional Programmed Electrical Stimulation for Induction of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Conventional programmed electrical stimulation (PES) of the ventricle isuseful for establishing inducibility or noninducibility of clinicalventricular arrhythmias (VA) but is complex and time consuming. The presentstudy was designed to compare a standard PES protocol with an alternativemethod using ultrarapid train stimulation in patients with VA and coronaryartery disease (CAD). A prospective, randomized, crossover design was used.During each session in the electrophysiology laboratory, patients werestudied using both the trains and PES protocols in randomized order. In 82matched pairs of comparisons in 50 patients, results were concordant in85% (p < 0.0001). There were no differences related to type ofclinical arrhythmia or to the presence of antiarrhythmic drugs. There wereno significant differences in the induction of nonclinical arrhythmias withthe two methods (p < 0.0001 for concordance). There were no significantdifferences related to the cycle length of the trains (10, 20, or 30 ms,equivalent to 100, 50, or 33 Hz). The number of drive-extrastimuli sequencesand the time required to complete the trains protocol was significantlyshorter (p < 0.0001) using trains versus PES. Ultrarapid train stimulationprovides results in CAD patients that are comparable with those ofconventional PES protocols. There is a significant savings in time, addingpractical value to intrinsic electrophysiologic interest. Trains may beuseful when multiple inductions are desirable, for example, in the settingof antitachycardia pacing parameters in an implantable defibrillator (ICD),during ICD implantation, or in other circumstances where the main questionis inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias.
Brain Atlas Deformation in the Presence of Large Space-occupying Tumors

Brain atlases contain a wealth of information that could be used for radiation therapy or neurosurgical planning. So far, however, when large space occupying tumors and lesions drastically alter the shape of brain structures and substructures, atlas-based methods have been of limited use. In this work we present a new technique that permits warping a brain atlas onto image volumes in which large lesions are present. This technique involves several steps: a global registration to bring the two volumes into approximate correspondence, a local registration to warp the atlas onto the patient volume, the seeding of the warped atlas with a synthetic tumor, and the deformation of the seeded atlas. Global registration is performed using a mutual information criterion. The method we have used for atlas warping is derived from optical flow principles. Preliminary results obtained on real patient images are being presented. These results indicate that the method we propose can be used to automatically segment structures of interest in brains with gross deformation. Potential areas of application for this method include automatic labeling of critical structures for radiation therapy and presurgical planning.
Monopoles and Gauge Theories

Since its first expression by Pierre of Maricourt, in a letter written during the siege of Lucera, Italy in 1269,1 the notion of a magnetic pole has been seen as simple and useful. With the passage of time, and especially in recent years, the idea of isolated poles increasingly has been perceived as beautiful and rich in implications for the fundamental structure of physics, perhaps even of the Universe.
Especially Women and Children

This chapter investigates radical feminists’ construction of human trafficking as a problem by asking how subjects are made intelligible and practices made possible through feminist abolitionist discourse. This chapter argues that feminist abolitionism constructs the human trafficking problem, along with its victims, villains, and liberators, through a series of gendered and racialized demarcations. It then addresses historical precursors to contemporary feminist abolitionists, situate the movement as an outgrowth of 1970s-era radical feminist theory and praxis, and explore the growth of feminist abolitionism as a transnational advocacy network. The chapter suggests that although feminist abolitionists’ adoption of the rhetoric of “human trafficking” in the place of “female sexual slavery” may have contributed to their initial political success, it has become an impediment to efforts to fix the meaning of trafficking to include all forms of prostitution.
Salmonella infection of breast implant associated with traveler's diarrhea: A case report.

Abstract We present the first case of traveler's diarrhea resulting in breast implant infection. An otherwise healthy 34-year-old female underwent breast augmentation. Five months later, while vacationing in Cancun, Mexico, she developed abdominal pain and diarrhea that progressed to include fevers and chills. Her symptoms persisted until she returned to the United States, at which point her primary care physician evaluated her on the fourth day of her illness. An abdominal CT scan was unremarkable; however, a complete metabolic panel demonstrated elevated transaminases. Her symptoms soon resolved without treatment. Fourteen days after symptom resolution, the patient developed right breast pain. She was evaluated in the surgical clinic where the breast was tender to palpation, swollen and without erythema. An ultrasound demonstrated a small amount of homogenous fluid surrounding the implant. She was prescribed amoxicillin–clavulanate 875–125 mg BID; however, she presented three days later with worsening pain, swelling and new erythema. She was taken to the operating room, where the abscess was incised, drained and the implant removed. Cultures grew Salmonella serogroup C. Patients should be counseled regarding the potential for hematogenous seeding of the breast cavity and implant following severe illness and bacteremia. It may be reasonable to provide patients with breast implants who are traveling to areas at high-risk for traveler's diarrhea or areas with limited medical resources with an antibiotic to take if moderate to severe symptoms of traveler's diarrhea were to develop while away.
Computation of Stabilizing Sets from Frequency Response Data

The focus of this chapter is on direct data-driven synthesis and design of controllers. We show that the complete set of stabilizing PID and first-order controllers for a finite-dimensional linear time-invariant (LTI) plant, possibly cascaded with a delay, can be calculated directly from the frequency response (Nyquist/Bode) data \(P(j\omega )\) for \(\omega \in [0, \infty )\) without the need of producing an identified analytical model. The solutions have important features. For example, it is not necessary to know the order of the plant or even the number of left half-plane or right half-plane poles or zeros. The solution also identifies, in the case of PID controllers an exact low-frequency band over which the plant data must be known with accuracy and beyond which the plant information may be rough or approximate. These constitute important guidelines for identification when the latter is to be used for control design. The model-free approach to control synthesis and design developed here is an attractive complement to modern and postmodern model-based design methods, which require complete information on the plant and generally, produce a single controller. A discussion is included, with an illustrative example, of the sharp differences that can occur between model-free and model-based approaches when computing sets of stabilizing controllers. For example, it is shown, that the identified model of a high-order system can be non-PID stabilizable whereas the original data indicates it is PID stabilizable. The results given here could be a significant improvement over classical control loop-shaping approaches since we obtain complete sets of controllers achieving the design specifications. It can enhance fuzzy and neural approaches which are model-free but cannot guarantee stability and performance. Finally, these results open the door to adaptive, model-free, fixed order designs of real-world systems.
Olfactory Landmarks and Path Integration Converge to Form a Cognitive Spatial Map

Abstract The convergence of internal path integration with sensory information from external landmarks generates a cognitive spatial map in the hippocampus. We have recorded the activity of cells in CA1 during a virtual navigation task to examine how mice represent, recognize and employ sparse olfactory landmarks to estimate their location. We observe that the presence of odor landmarks at multiple locations in a virtual environment greatly enriches the place cell representation and dramatically improves navigation. Presentation of the same odor at different locations generates distinct place cell representations, indicating that path integration can disambiguate two identical cues on the basis of location. The enhanced place cell representation at one cue location led to the formation of place cells at locations beyond that cue and, ultimately recognition of a second odor cue as a distinct landmark. This suggests an iterative mechanism for extending place cell representations into unknown territory. These results reveal how odor cues can serve as landmarks to guide navigation and suggest a model to explain how the convergence of landmarks and path integration participates in an iterative process that generates a cognitive spatial map.
Esse “troço” é arte?: Religiões afro-brasileiras, cultura material e crítica

The text intends to understand how some artifacts used in Afro-Brazilian religious rituals have been institutionally and critically framed between the end of 19th century and mid-20th century. Initially, it is analyzed how social existence and perception of these objects changed from Police seizures in religious communities, press diffusion, collections constituted by different institutions and individuals, artistic representations, and official recognition as national heritage. Later, four pioneering texts are analyzed. Participating in that social process, Raimundo Nina Rodrigues (1862-1906), Arthur Ramos (1903-1949) and Mario Barata (1921-2007) used academic and social references to argue for the artistic dimension of those artifacts. Finally, it is evaluated the persistence of those institutional and critical framings from mid-20th century up to nowadays.
The case against product configuration trade dress

In this chapter, written for an edited collection called Trademark Law & Theory: Reform of Trademark Law, we argue that the inclusion of product configuration trade dress as trademark subject matter was a mistake. We do not deny that product configuration can, under some circumstances, indicate source. But we reject the idea that everything that indicates source must be considered a trademark. There is little to be gained in terms of trademark values from treating product configuration as a species of trademark. At the same time, allowing trademark protection for configuration risks significant harm – to competitors, who may be excluded from competitively important features; to consumers, who often value product design features for non-trademark reasons; and to the overall intellectual property system, which can be imbalanced when protection for product configuration undermines policy choices reflected in the rules of other IP regimes. Courts have, of course, recognized the potential costs of overprotection of trade dress, and as a result, they have developed elaborate doctrines that are intended to zero in on the source-related benefits of protection and limit the costs. Specifically, courts have required evidence of secondary meaning for all product designs and declared functional features ineligible for protection. But those rearguard limitations often don’t work very well, and the complex legal doctrine they produce is almost certainly not worth the enforcement costs. We would be better off returning to a system in which product configuration was excluded as trademark subject matter, with claims involving product configuration considered under the law of unfair competition. Specifically, product configuration would never be protected as such, meaning that claimants would, by definition, never be entitled to an injunction against copying of the design features (or to monetary damages for that copying). Unfair competition remedies would be limited to labeling and packaging requirements, and they would be justified only for the limited purpose of preventing passing off—not all of the broader, amorphous forms of confusion recognized by modern law. That treatment would de-emphasize questions of validity in product configuration cases, taking significant pressure off of courts to identify the features of the claimed trade dress and to determine its scope. It would also spare us the complexity and expense of the secondary meaning and functionality doctrines.
Pain Perception and Treatment for Adolescents in Racially Concordant Versus Discordant Patient–Provider Scenarios

Abstract Purpose We tested assessments of adolescent pain and treatment recommendations in vignette cases that reflected racial concordance or discordance. Methods Participants, black and white medical professionals, evaluated two vignettes, an acute asthma exacerbation and a leg injury. Vignettes presented either black or white patients. Participants estimated patients' pain level and indicated their agreement with two treatment recommendations—an optimal and an adequate treatment. Results We expected stronger racial bias in pain estimates for white participants, although results did not support this hypothesis. We expected higher agreement with optimal treatment and lower agreement with adequate treatment, in racially concordant versus discordant scenarios. However, the results did not support this prediction. We hypothesized that pain assessments and treatments would be more strongly correlated in racially concordant compared with discordant scenarios. Results supported this hypothesis in the leg vignette and were most pronounced for optimal treatment (F(1, 70) = 4.38; η2 = .059; 95% CI: .007–.280; p = .04). Findings from the asthma vignette contradicted our hypothesis; higher pain estimates more strongly correlated with reduced agreement with an adequate treatment in racially discordant versus concordant scenarios (F(1, 72) = 6.46; η2 = .082; 95% CI: .025–.206; p = .01). Conclusions There were no race-based differences in pain estimates or agreement with treatment recommendations. Assessments of adolescent pain are more strongly correlated with acute pain treatment, specifically narcotic analgesic treatment, in racially concordant versus discordant scenarios. The correlation between pain assessment and treatment is also present in racially discordant scenarios for asthma treatment.
Interscholastic Participation for Athletes with Disabilities Revisited: Are Today's Programs Doing Enough?.

The 2013 Office of Civil Rights Memo on extracurricular athletics brought attention to the idea that individuals with disabilities have a right to consistent opportunities to participate in sports ...
Association of Breast Arterial Calcification Presence and Gradation with the Ankle-Brachial Index among Postmenopausal Women.

Objective To examine the association of breast arterial calcification (BAC) with the ankle brachial index (ABI), a sensitive metric of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), among postmenopausal women. Background: BAC is an emerging risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods MINERVA (MultIethNic study of brEast aRterial calcium gradation and cardioVAscular disease) is a cohort of women aged 60 to 79 at baseline (10/24/2012 - 2/13/2015) who were free of symptomatic CVD at baseline. The analytical sample comprised 3,800 women with available ABI, BAC assessment and covariates. We performed cross-sectional logistic regression analysis. Results 203 women (5.3%) had an ABI 1.3 and 94% (n=3,571) had an ABI within normal limits. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, LDL-C, HDL-C, hs-CRP, estimated-GFR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, serum calcium, serum vitamin D and serum PTH, BAC presence remained significantly associated with ABI 1.3. Conclusions Among asymptomatic postmenopausal women, presence of BAC was associated with PAD independently of traditional risk factors. Additional prospective studies are required to establish the value of BAC for prediction of incident PAD in the general population.
Chapter 22 – Drug-Induced Movement Disorders in Children

Children are vulnerable to the development of acute, chronic, tardive, and withdrawal emergent drug induced movement disorders (DIMDs). Dopaminergic medications, particularly dopamine receptor blocking agents are common offenders. Certain children, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder, with pre-existing movement disorders, or taking multiple psychotropic medications may be more vulnerable. Chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agents can induce changes in white matter in cerebellar and other pathways, resulting in movement disorders. Clinicians need to be aware of spectrum, time course, and treatment strategies for acute and chronic DIMDs in children.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis in an Adult.

INTRODUCTION Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a condition causing acute onset flaccid limb weakness primarily in children. Correlations with specific viral illnesses have been found, however, specific pathogenesis remains unknown. CASE REPORT A 21-year-old female individual presented with progressive weakness provoking multiple falls, severe fatigue, headaches, and body aches after an upper respiratory illness. Deep tendon reflexes were absent, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis was remarkable for lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 hyperintensity extending from C1-T2 predominantly involving the anterior horns. Weakness continued to increase before subtly improving over the course of a 10-day hospital stay. Functional improvements had been achieved by the patient at 1-year follow-up with intensive physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS AFM should be included in the differential for the presentation of acute weakness in adults and pediatric patients. As the incidence of AFM continues to rise, awareness of the condition and prompt obtainment of specimens in suspected patients is crucial to aid in the investigation.
Intestinal Lymph Collection via Cannulation of the Mesenteric Lymphatic Duct in Mice.

Abstract Background We have optimized a technique for cannulation of mesenteric lymph duct (MLD) in mice. Mice have low rates of intestinal lymph production; the MLDs are smaller and associated with fragile vasculature. Previous protocols for lymph collection based on the open lymph fistula model were associated with low success rates in mice. Bariatric surgery procedures worsen success rates due to postoperative adhesions and GI rearrangement. We have used this procedure to collect mesenteric lymph from mice undergoing bile diversion from gall bladder to ileum (GB-IL). Hypothesis We hypothesize that peptide YY (PYY) levels in mesenteric lymph will increase following nutrient delivery in mice undergoing bile diversion from gall bladder to ileum (GB-IL). Methods and results We observe that cannulation of the MLD using a needled-catheter maintains lymph vessel integrity, prevents excessive lymph leakage, and is less traumatic, leading to high success rates (>95%). PYY levels in mesenteric lymph after GB-IL were significantly higher post nutrient infusion. The procedure takes approximately 20 min; small rodent surgical experience and practice are required for success. Conclusions Intestinal lymph can be collected from mice, including those undergoing bariatric surgical procedures with high success rates by cannulation of the mesenteric lymph duct.
Whose Disability (Studies)? Defetishizing Disablement of the Iranian Survivors of the Iran-Iraq War by (Re)Telling their Resilient Narratives of Survival

This article is part of a larger inquiry into the production of disabled bodies due to violence. I examine processes of disablement in the global south, namely Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan, by wars launched and nurtured by both the local nation-states in the Middle East as well as the global north - the United States, Russia, and Western Europe. Utilizing a dialectical and historical materialist approach, I studied the Iran-Iraq war, the longest war of the 20th century. I explore how the disablement of global southern bodies in imperialist and nationalist wars is persistently naturalized – that is, attributed to the natural state of affairs in those regions, with the inevitable consequence that they cannot be connected to the violence of ongoing global and regional imperialism. This paper briefly touches upon the theoretical framework and methodology utilized to conduct this research, as well as the “problem” of disability in Iran. Subsequently, it goes on to extensively discuss the living conditions of the surviving Iranian veterans and surviving civilians of the Iran-Iraq war told through their own resilient voices. The veterans’ narratives expose their post-war experiences, including poverty, unemployment, inadequate medical-care, lack of medication due to the U.S.-imposed economic sanctions, and the presence of a dysfunctional disability-measurement system employed by the Iranian state. As a survivor of this war myself, I invite the reader to bear witness to how the violence of imperialism and nationalism not only renders people disabled, but also fetishizes their disablement by masking/mystifying the socio-political and economic relations that mediate the violent processes that render people disabled. By focusing on the veterans’ actual living conditions, this paper seeks to defetishize disablement, shifting the narrative of disabled veterans and civilians from tales of terrorism, heroism, living martyrdom, and patriotism, towards recognition of disability of/in human beings in need of care and support.
Comparison between TightRail rotating dilator sheath and GlideLight laser sheath for transvenous lead extraction.

Background There are limited data on the comparative analyses of TightRailTM rotating dilator sheath (Philips) and laser sheath for lead extraction. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the TightRailTM sheath as a primary or secondary tool for TLE. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis of 202 consecutive patients who underwent TLE using either TightRailTM sheath and/or GlideLightTM laser sheath (Philips) in our hospital. The study population was divided into three groups: Group A underwent TLE with laser sheath only (N = 157), Group B with TightRailTM sheath only (N = 22), and Group C with both sheaths (N = 23). Results During this period, 375 leads in 202 patients were extracted, including 297 leads extracted by laser sheath alone, 45 leads by TightRailTM sheath alone, and 33 by both TightRailTM sheath and laser sheaths. The most common indications included device infection (44.6%) and lead-related complications (44.1%). The median age of leads was 8.9 years. TightRailTM sheath (Group B) achieved similar efficacy as a primary extraction tool compared with laser sheath (Group A), with complete procedure success rate of 93.3% (vs. 96.6%, P = 0.263) and clinical success rate of 100.0% (vs. 98.1%, P = 0.513). Among 32 leads in which TightrailTM was used after laser had failed (Group C), the complete procedure success rate was 75.8%. No significant difference in procedural adverse events were observed. Conclusion Our single-center experience confirms that the TightRailTM system is an effective first-line and second-line method for TLE. Further investigation is required to guide the selection of mechanical and laser sheaths in lead extraction cases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The K-12 Masking Wars

The use of public insults and misinformation by the political right has acted as both a headwind and deadweight against the achievement of structural civil rights reform. These tactics act as a headwind by making it difficult to build effective remedies into a statute, and then, after the statute is enacted, they act as a deadweight to make it difficult to enforce the limited set of remedies that exist. To withstand the force of this public insult playbook, it is important for civil rights statutes to have strong, structural enforcement mechanisms rather than neo-liberal, one-person-at-a-time kinds of remedies.
Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics Between Collegiate and Youth Softball Pitchers.

Background:Softball pitching is a whole-body motion that utilizes the kinetic chain to transfer the large amounts of force generated by the lower extremity to the ball. Although the lower extremity...
Educational role of cancer pain rounds.

Abstract Lack of appropriate physician education is one of several reasons for the recognized deficits in cancer pain management. This article describes the educational role of a weekly meeting, “Cancer Pain Rounds,”; attended by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals skilled in cancer pain management and student physicians caring for inpatients with cancer. Educational benefits occur in three spheres including factual information concerning assessment, treatment, and attitude issues, legitimization of the cancer pain problem, and role modeling. This type of educational experience will hopefully improve cancer pain management.
Molecular Mechanism of Action of 5-Azacytidine and its Resistance in MDA-MB 435 Cells

DNA methyltransferase inhibitors such as 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza) have shown promise in cancer treatment because of their ability to allow re-expression of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells. Prel...
Political Economy of the U.S. Parallel Trade Experience: Toward a More Thoughtful Policy

For the past decade, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (“USTR”), more recently in conjunction with the U.S. Department of State (“State”), has aggressively pursued a trade policy condemning (and threatening) foreign governments that open their markets to parallel trade. There is a material disconnection between the trade policy that USTR (and State) pursue abroad, and the law applicable to parallel trade within the United States. There is, moreover, a divergence in policy advocated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, which historically has favored parallel trade, and the policy pursued by USTR and State.There are a number of features of this policy disconnection that are troubling. First, USTR adopted and has pursued its policy without any in-depth study of the parallel trade phenomenon. The only apparent explanation for the policy adopted in the absence of analysis is industry pressure. Second, the U.S. Supreme Court has already rebuked USTR for suggesting that it could seek to determine domestic parallel trade policy by forcing small developing countries to capitulate to its terms. Third, as a practical matter it is doubtful whether there is an internal legal mechanism by which a U.S. citizen might compel USTR to change its external parallel trade policy by initiating a court action — although the U.S. Congress may certainly dictate a change in policy.The objective of this article is to concisely explain the law of the United States governing parallel trade in respect to the fields of trademark, copyright and patent, as well as to take note of certain recent developments on the political side suggesting that USTR may be facing increasing pressure to modify its combative stance. It suggests that USTR (and State) should back away from their current positions until an adequate public dialogue and analysis of the complex implications of parallel trade policy on matters such as world public health and the maintenance of competitive markets has taken place.
TOXIC-SHOCK SYNDROME NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MENSTRUATION: A Review of 54 cases

An increasing proportion of reported cases of toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) are not associated with menstruation (13.2% of reported cases with onset in 1981). The 54 cases of TSS not associated with menstruation reported through the U.S.A. national surveillance system between January, 1980, and June, 1981, were either associated with Staphylococcus aureus infections (cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions, infected surgical wounds, bursitis, mastitis, adenitis, lung abscess, or primary bacteraemia) or followed childbirth by vaginal delivery and caesarean section. Patients with TSS not associated with menstruation differed significantly in age and racial distributions from those with menstruation-associated TSS, and 17 of them were male. The clinical features of TSS not associated with menstruation and the characteristics of the S. aureus strains isolated from these patients were similar to those observed in TSS related to menstruation. The median incubation period of the disease in the post-surgical cases was 2 days. TSS can occur in many clinical settings in patients of both sexes and of all ages and racial groups.
Idiopathic Stabbing Headache In Children And Adolescents (P3.037)

OBJECTIVE: to review the cleveland clinic experience with idiopathic stabbing headache ( ish ) in children and adolescents. to review its presentation evaluation, course and treatment options. . BACKGROUND: data concerning ish in children is sparse. information regarding the evaluation is inconsistent. the use of indomethacin in these patiets is controversial. data concerning other therapeutic options is rarely discussed. DESIGN/METHODS: a search was conducted for all patiets seen at the cleveland clinic <age 21 for the years 2007-2012. with the diagnoses of ish, jabs and jolts ,,and stabs and jabs.42 patients were identified who met our criteria. RESULTS: female/male ratio was 2:1.the pain lasted less than 5 seconds in 51[percnt],age of onset was 12 yrs.males tended to present at an earlier age.pain was located outside the trigeminal region in 20[percnt].42[percnt] had other forms of ha in addition tio the ihs.50[percnt] were strictly unilateral,30[percnt] were bilateral and 20[percnt] alternated. familial transmission was not noted. many spontaneously remitted in weeks to months. some patients responded to indomethacin, others could not tolerate its side effects.more recently some have responded to melatonin. CONCLUSIONS: ihs occurs not infrequently in pediatric patients. an underlying etiology is almost never found. altho indomethacin has been considered the drug of choice, we feel that a trial of melatonin should be the first choice to avoid the side effects seen in indomethacin Study Supported by: weller research fund Disclosure: Dr. mandel has nothing to disclose.
Accounting for aerosol scattering in the CLARS retrieval of column averaged CO2 mixing ratios

The California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Fourier transform spectrometer (CLARS‐FTS) deployed at Mount Wilson, California, has been measuring column abundances of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles (LA) basin in the near‐infrared spectral region since August 2011. CLARS‐FTS measures reflected sunlight and has high sensitivity to absorption and scattering in the boundary layer. In this study, we estimate the retrieval biases caused by aerosol scattering and present a fast and accurate approach to correct for the bias in the CLARS column averaged CO2 mixing ratio product, X_(CO2). The high spectral resolution of 0.06 cm^(−1) is exploited to reveal the physical mechanism for the bias. We employ a numerical radiative transfer model to simulate the impact of neglecting aerosol scattering on the CO_2 and O_2 slant column densities operationally retrieved from CLARS‐FTS measurements. These simulations show that the CLARS‐FTS operational retrieval algorithm likely underestimates CO_2 and O_2 abundances over the LA basin in scenes with moderate aerosol loading. The bias in the CO_2 and O_2 abundances due to neglecting aerosol scattering cannot be canceled by ratioing each other in the derivation of the operational product of X_(CO2). We propose a new method for approximately correcting the aerosol‐induced bias. Results for CLARS X_(CO2) are compared to direct‐Sun X_(CO2) retrievals from a nearby Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) station. The bias‐correction approach significantly improves the correlation between the X_(CO2) retrieved from CLARS and TCCON, demonstrating that this approach can increase the yield of useful data from CLARS‐FTS in the presence of moderate aerosol loading.
Characterization of the Antigenic Subunits of the Envelope Protein of Yersinia pestis

Chemical, physical, and immunological properties of the envelope antigen of Yersinia pestis strains have been investigated. The antigen consists of two components with isoelectric points (pI) of 4.6 and 4.8. One component (pI 4.6) is a protein bound to a small carbohydrate moiety identified as an oligomeric galactan; the other component (pI 4.8) is a simple protein. These two components are antigenically identical. In buffered solution, the antigen exists as aggregates of molecular weights larger than 300,000. The aggregates dissociate into a variety of smaller molecular weight forms depending on the nature of the treatment for dissociation. Each aggregate can be further dissociated into a single antigenic subunit fraction containing protein and glycoprotein species with molecular weights in the range from 15,000 to 17,000. The subunits can be obtained by a dissociation treatment with 0.1% mercaptoethanol in 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 95 C for 5 min. The subunits will readily reaggregate into a variety of larger molecular weight forms on the removal of dodecyl sulfate.
Surgical strategies for type II diabetes

Abstract Diabetes mellitus type II (or type 2 diabetes; DM2) has multiple definitions but is generally considered to be a disease marked by insulin resistance and loss of β cell function that develops in adulthood. Today, greater than 90% of patients with diabetes have DM2. When uncontrolled, DM2 may result in comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, immune system dysfunction, and renal failure. Classically, treatment of type 2 diabetes has included dietary and lifestyle changes. Even with behavior modification and oral hypoglycemics, many patients are unable to maintain glycemic control. With a growing understanding of the hormonal signals involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, there has been a shift in the therapeutic approach to this growing epidemic. Bariatric surgery has been shown to decrease the progression and potentially reverse the effects of diabetes in 80% to 90% of patients. In addition, bariatric operations are associated with sustained weight loss in contrast to nonsurgical options. The antidiabetic effect of bariatric operations is likely due to the improvement in the hormonal dysregulation associated with the development of diabetes. Many patients with diabetes, however, have irreparably damaged insulin production capabilities as well. In addition, it is well recognized that transplantation may be required for patients with severe loss of islet cell function. Surgery for type 2 diabetes, via bariatric procedures and transplantation, has become an important treatment modality for patients with advanced disease.
Biologic effect of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation in L1210 deoxyribonucleic acid☆

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) misincorporates in eukaryotic DNA. We have extended these findings and studied the relationship between DNA incorporation of FdUrd and cell lethality. This required an approach that would distinguish the DNA and RNA effects of this agent. The specific effect of (FdUrd)DNA formation on L1210 clonogenic survival was, therefore, monitored using deoxyuridine (dUrd) to inhibit the metabolism and subsequent incorporation of FdUrd into RNA. The results demonstrated that misincorporation of FdUrd in DNA resulted in lethal cellular events. These observations suggest a new mechanism of action for this cytotoxic and mutagenic agent.
Accuracy of Repetition of Digitized and Synthesized Speech for Young Children in Background Noise

Purpose The present study investigated the intelligibility of digitized and synthesized speech output in background noise for children 3–5 years old. The purpose of the study was to determine wheth...
Different behavioral mechanisms underlie tolerance to the anorectic effects of fenfluramine and quipazine

Chronic administration of fenfluramine or quipazine before scheduled faily feeding sessions led to rapid and complete tolerance to the initial anorexia. Rats that received daily injections of fenfluramine after the daily meal also developed full tolerance. In contrast, quipazine administration after meals led to the development of little tolerance, indicating that quipazine tolerance appears to be learned or contingent. The implications of these data for neurochemical mechanisms of satiety are discussed.
Plasminogen activator content of gynecological tumors and their metastases

The plasminogen activator content of surgically excised gynecological tumors was measured with an azocaseinolytic assay. Ovarian (10 primary, 18 metastases) and uterine (5 primary and 6 metastases) tumors showed similar mean activator activities (21 CTA units/g tissue) mainly of the urokinase type with similar wide variations in each group. About 44% (14 of 32) of the tissues placed in short term organ culture were shown to produce and secrete urokinase activity. Results of the plasminogen activator activity found in the patient tumors or produced by the tumors during culture in the absence or presence of some drugs indicate a wide range of individual variations in sensitivity to these agents.
Convex ENO Schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations

In one dimension, viscosity solutions of Hamilton---Jacobi (HJ) equations can be thought as primitives of entropy solutions for conservation laws. Based on this idea, both theoretical and numerical concepts used for conservation laws can be passed to HJ equations even in several dimensions. In this paper, we construct convex ENO (CENO) schemes for HJ equations. This construction is a generalization from the work by Liu and Osher on CENO schemes for conservation laws. Several numerical experiments are performed. L 1 and L ? error and convergence rate are calculated as well.
Magnetic fields for fluid motion.

Three forces induced by magnetic fields offer unique control of fluid motion and new opportunities in microfluidics. This article describes magnetoconvective phenomena in terms of the theory and controversy, tuning by redox processes at electrodes, early-stage applications in analytical chemistry, mature applications in disciplines far afield, and future directions for micro total analysis systems. (To listen to a podcast about this article, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.)
Function of implanted cathodes in electrode-induced bone growth.

The application of microampere direct current (d.c.) to electrodes implanted in bone results in a proliferative response that has been found useful in the treatment of certain types of fracture. The mechanism of this response is unknown. In this investigation, the d.c. polarisation properties of 11 implantable cathode materials were measured,in vitro andin vivo, and then related to the conditions known to produce the osteogenic response. From these data, limiting parameters for clinical use of the various electrodes can be determined. Nitrogen purge experiments showed the dependence of the current on molecular oxygen and suggested that the products of oxygen reduction (H2O2, O2 −, OH·, OH− etc.) may mediate the proliferation of bone by appropriate cells in the region of the electrode. The presence of these intermediates, some of which are free radicals, and their possible side effects needs further study.