cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activated Oxygen Species in Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is defined by inability of the heart to provide adequate blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients to tissues and organs. There is now overwhelming evidence suggesting that oxygen-derived free radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of CHF. In vitro studies suggest that the highly toxic radical species damage sub-cellular membranes leading to the disruption in excitation-contractile coupling and eventually the dysfunction of the myocardium. In addition, these radicals destroy nitric oxide, a potent signaling molecule responsible for maintaining cardiovascular tone. Antioxidants hold great promise in minimizing the damage occurring as a result of the excessive generation of the free radicals during ischemia/reperfusion injury and CHF.
Therapeutic administration of fibronectin: current uses and potential applications.

Fibronectins are high molecular weight glycoproteins present in body fluids and tissues that facilitate cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion. Fibronectins are integrally involved in cell growth, differentiation, and migration, and therefore, fibronectins play important roles in numerous biologic processes. Clinical trials of fibronectin administration for selected human disorders have been conducted and suggest a beneficial effect of fibronectin in promoting corneal wound healing and in improving the clinical status of critically ill adult patients. The potential role of fibronectin as an immunothera- peutic agent in neonates with sepsis is discussed.
Elucidating ligand-bound structures of membrane proteins using solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a versatile technique to elucidate functionally important protein-ligand interactions in lipid membranes. Here, we review recent solid-state NMR studies of membrane protein interactions with cholesterol, lipids, transported substrates, and peptide ligands. These studies are conducted in synthetic or native lipid bilayers to provide an accurate environment for ligand binding. The solid-state NMR approaches include multinuclear detection to gain comprehensive structural information, distance measurements to locate ligand-binding sites, and dynamic nuclear polarization and 1H detection to enhance spectral sensitivity. These studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms of virus budding, virus entry into cells, transmembrane signaling, substrate transport, antibacterial action, and many other biological processes.
Deep Models, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence Applications in National and International Security

The spring and summer issues of AI Magazinewill feature articles on deep models, machine learning, and AI applications in national and international security. These articles address many of the pressing issues involved in applying deep learning to the domain of security.
Electroplating Fundamentals for Coplanarity Improvement

As the definition of 3D packaging softens to include an exhaustive array of inexpensive alternatives to TSV and interposers, adjustments to processes and materials are being made to enable more and...
Fourier Holography for Enhanced Visualization of Volume Phase Objects through Exploitation of Non-Linearities Associated with Silver Halide Emulsions

In an effort to enhance visualization of shock fronts associated with single explosive particle (diameter — 100μm) detonation, a Fourier holographic recording technique has been developed which relies on film non-linearities to greatly increase phaseobject visibility. The driving force behind this work is the investigation of detonation dynamics in dispersed particle explosives. These explosives, used for mine neutralization, are comprised of a fine, solid particulate dust which is dispersed as a cloud in the atmosphere over a given area. When detonation is initiated in some portion of the cloud, the ensuing detonation wave propagates throughout the entire cloud and results in an explosion, generating a tremendous pressure which serves to destroy or render useless any land mines present. Understanding the mechanism by which individual particles interact to sustain detonation in these solid dispersed particle explosives has been the research goal, and has led directly to the development of several holographic techniques.
Quantification of regional right ventricular strain in healthy rats using 3D spiral cine dense MRI

Statistical data from clinical studies suggests that right ventricular (RV) circumferential strain (Ecc) and longitudinal strain (Ell) are significant biomarkers for many cardiovascular diseases. However, a detailed and regional characterization of these strains in the RV is very limited. In the current study, RV images were obtained with 3D spiral cine DENSE MRI in healthy rats. An algorithm for surface growing was proposed in order to fit irregular topology. Specifically, a new custom plugin for the DENSEanalysis program, called 3D DENSE Plugin for Crescent Organ, was developed for surface reconstruction and precise segmentation of organs with sharp curvature, such as the murine RV. The RV free wall (RVFW) was divided into three longitudinal thirds (i.e., basal, middle, and apical) with each one partitioned into circumferential fourths (i.e., anterior, anteriorlateral, inferiorlateral and inferior). Peak systolic strains were quantified for each segment and comparisons were performed statistically. The inclusion of a new plugin was able to generate global values for Ecc and Ell that are in good agreement with previous findings using MRI. Despite no regional variation found in the peak Ecc, the peak Ell exhibited regional variation at the anterior side of the RV, which is potentially due to differences in biventricular torsion at the RV insertion point and fiber architecture. These results provide fundamental insights into the regional contractile function of the RV in healthy rat and could act as a normative baseline for future studies on regional changes induced by disease or treatment.
“It Was Like a Magnet to Bring People In”: School Administrators’ Responses to the Gentrification of a Two-Way Bilingual Education (TWBE) Program in Central Texas:

This critical ethnographic study investigated how gentrification processes shaped an elementary school’s community and two-way bilingual education (TWBE) program in Central Texas. Findings revealed...
Inflammatory Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Pharmacological Treatments

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is critical for the digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of waste products. The absorption of dietary nutrients is facilitated through a physical epithelial barrier consisting of numerous finger-like projections called villi that promote the uptake of nutrients throughout the body. This same epithelial barrier also prevents bacterial invasion, a remarkable accomplishment, considering that trillions of bacteria normally live within the lumen of the gut, reaching densities of up to 1012 organisms per gram in the colon. These normal intestinal flora or microbiota, the composition of which varies from individual to individual, play a pivotal role in the shaping and direction of mucosal immune responses within the GI tract. Mucosal immune responses within the GI tract are tailored toward limiting opportunistic infections caused by commensal bacteria, while protecting the body’s inner surfaces from colonization by pathogens. Perturbations of normal immune homeostasis within the GI tract, either due to infection or injury, defects in barrier function, induction of autoimmune mechanisms, and disruption of commensal bacterial composition, may lead to chronic inflammatory processes, leading to the development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, food allergy and other conditions. In this chapter, we will examine the inflammatory processes and immunotherapeutic drug targets involved in the development of the above diseases.
The genomic architecture of antimalarial drug resistance

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, the two protozoan parasite species that cause the majority of cases of human malaria, have developed resistance to nearly all known antimalarials. The ability of malaria parasites to develop resistance is primarily due to the high numbers of parasites in the infected person's bloodstream during the asexual blood stage of infection in conjunction with the mutability of their genomes. Identifying the genetic mutations that mediate antimalarial resistance has deepened our understanding of how the parasites evade our treatments and reveals molecular markers that can be used to track the emergence of resistance in clinical samples. In this review, we examine known genetic mutations that lead to resistance to the major classes of antimalarial medications: the 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine, amodiaquine and piperaquine), antifolate drugs, aryl amino-alcohols (quinine, lumefantrine and mefloquine), artemisinin compounds, antibiotics (clindamycin and doxycycline) and a napthoquinone (atovaquone). We discuss how the evolution of antimalarial resistance informs strategies to design the next generation of antimalarial therapies.
Identifying marsh dieback events from Landsat image series (1998–2018) with an Autoencoder in the NIWB estuary, South Carolina

This study reports an inventory of marsh dieback events from spatial and temporal perspectives in the North Inlet-Winyah Bay (NIWB) estuary, South Carolina (SC). Past studies in the Gulf/Atlantic c...
Abstract C030: Alcohol consumption and risk of young-onset breast cancer among non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women’s Health History Study

The incidence of young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) is increasing, and is higher among Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) than Non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. While alcohol consumption is consistently linked to breast cancer risk, its role in YOBC specifically, is poorly understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether associations of alcohol and YOBC vary by tumor subtype or whether it contributes to disparities by race and/or socioeconomic position (SEP). We examined associations of lifetime alcohol use and YOBC overall and by tumor subtype, and assessed whether associations varied by race, and SEP. We hypothesized that alcohol consumption would be positively associated with YOBC risk, with stronger associations for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive subtypes and similar associations across race and SEP categories. Data are from the Young Women’s Health History study, a large population-based case-control study of breast cancer among NHB and NHW women 20 g/day of alcohol were slightly leaner, less likely to have a college education and have a family history of breast cancer and more likely to have smoked than nondrinkers. Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with YOBC risk overall, or within molecular subtype [LumA (>20 g/day vs. nondrinkers OR (95%CI) = 0.66 (0.43, 1.00), LumB=0.83 (0.53, 1.31), HER2=1.43 (0.63, 3.23), and TN=0.82 (0.52, 1.29)]. We did not observe any interaction by race (pint=0.62) or SEP (pint=0.94) overall or in models of tumor subtypes (all pint>0.28). Alcohol consumption of >20 g/day was inversely associated with LumA among NHW [OR (95%CI) =0.50 (0.28, 0.89)], however, no significant association was observed for LumA in NHB [OR (95%CI) =1.14 (0.61, 2.12)]. Our findings suggest that alcohol consumption is not strongly linked to YOBC risk, and that associations do not appear to vary by molecular subtype, race, or SEP. Citation Format: Kelly A Hirko, Darek R Lucas, Dorothy R Pathak, Nicole Bohme Carnegie, Richard T Houang, Kendra Schwartz, Ellen M Velie. Alcohol consumption and risk of young-onset breast cancer among non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women’s Health History Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C030.
Resistance to Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides Conferred by the G143A Mutation in Cercospora sojina (Causal Agent of Frogeye Leaf Spot) Isolates from Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska Soybean Fields

Frogeye leaf spot, caused by Cercospora sojina, is an important disease of soybean (Glycine max) in the United States. An important tactic to manage frogeye leaf spot is to apply foliar fungicides....
Curse of Dimensionality in Unconstrained Private Convex ERM.

We consider the lower bounds of differentially private empirical risk minimization for general convex functions in this paper. For convex generalized linear models (GLMs), the well-known tight bound of DP-ERM in the constrained case is $\tilde{\Theta}(\frac{\sqrt{p}}{\epsilon n})$, while recently, \cite{sstt21} find the tight bound of DP-ERM in the unconstrained case is $\tilde{\Theta}(\frac{\sqrt{\text{rank}}}{\epsilon n})$ where $p$ is the dimension, $n$ is the sample size and $\text{rank}$ is the rank of the feature matrix of the GLM objective function. As $\text{rank}\leq \min\{n,p\}$, a natural and important question arises that whether we can evade the curse of dimensionality for over-parameterized models where $n\ll p$, for more general convex functions beyond GLM. We answer this question negatively by giving the first and tight lower bound of unconstrained private ERM for the general convex function, matching the current upper bound $\tilde{O}(\frac{\sqrt{p}}{n\epsilon})$ for unconstrained private ERM. We also give an $\Omega(\frac{p}{n\epsilon})$ lower bound for unconstrained pure-DP ERM which recovers the result in the constrained case.
Adolescent Dental Fear and Anxiety: Background, Assessment, and Nonpharmacologic Behavior Guidance.

Adolescence, the period from 11 to 21 years of age, bridges the chasm between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence can be challenging as bodies, cognition, and personality go through major transformations, but it is also a time of great joy as confident adults with a clear identity develop. Dentists need to be knowledgeable about the developmental characteristics of this group because some of the cognitive and emotional changes make adolescents vulnerable to new fears. Dentists must tailor behavior guidance to this developing psyche in a way that respects independence and promotes confidence to foster lifelong positive views of dentistry.
New species and records of Pseudolanurgus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Tanzania and Madagascar

The recently established genus Pseudolanurgus Jordal, 2021 included one species from Democratic Republic of the Congo and two from Madagascar. Two more species are here described as new to science: Pseudolanurgus mystax sp. nov. from the United Republic of Tanzania and Pseudolanurgus asperatus sp. nov. from Madagascar. A key to all five species is provided along with photos of all species.
Are Expanded Audit Reports Informative to Investors? Evidence from the U.K.

In an effort to make audit reports more informative to investors, the U.K. recently passed a standard that requires auditors to disclose the risks of material misstatement (RMMs) that had the greatest effect on the audit. Using short-window market reactions to measure investors’ responses to the new risk disclosures, our results indicate that investors do not find these disclosures incrementally informative. Using long-window tests, our results indicate that the disclosures reliably capture the uncertainty in accounting measurements but lack incremental information content. In additional analysis, we find that most of the risks had already been disclosed by management in the previous year’s annual report suggesting that investors were already informed about the risks before the risks were disclosed by the auditor.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. VI. Transfer of TS lesions from the Asian subtype of influenza A virus (H2N2) to the Hong Kong subtype (H3N2).

Abstract Temperature-sensitive genetic lesions were transferred from the ts -1 (H2N2) and ts -2 (H2N2) mutants of influenza A virus to wild-type influenza A (H3N2) virus by genetic reassortment. The ts -2 (H3N2) recombinants appeared to be homogeneous and did not undergo recombination with one another, suggesting that the original ts -2 mutant of influenza A (H2N2) contained a ts lesion(s) on only one RNA segment of its genome. In contrast the ts -1 (H3N2) recombinants fell into three phenotypic subsets which differed in degree of temperature sensitivity. Initially, the three subsets of ts -1 (H3N2) recombinants were thought to represent distinct complementation-recombination groups. However, complementation-recombination between the three subsets of ts -1 (H3N2) recombinants subsets was variable. Subsequent study indicated that mutants in each of the three subsets shared one ts lesion and two of the subsets shared an additional ts lesion. The mechanism whereby viruses of the three subsets which share one or two ts lesions, and nevertheless undergo apparent complementation-recombination on occasion is not understood.
A Little Birdie Told Me: H1N1 Information and Misinformation Exchange on Twitter

Since 1997, computer programmers have worked to develop social networks that make it possible for users to connect with others who share common interests. One of the newest introductions into the world of social networks is Twitter, a micro-blogging site that restricts user posts to 140 characters or less. The worth of the Internet has increased as individual users have realized the value of connecting with other people, changing the perception of the Web from "a one-way broadcasting or publishing medium" to a one that allows individuals to create valued interpersonal networks. Internet-based communication channels can also pass along information to consumers and diffuse data to a group of individuals who are in one’s inner circle. Individuals around the world use Twitter to learn and then share their knowledge with other users. Therefore, the medium stands as a one of the powerful new ways we use the Internet to diffuse information within networks of individuals who are alike in their beliefs. The paper details content themes within the online discussion of H1N1 and parallels between individuals’ use of Twitter and how this use of the medium helped individuals make a decision on whether or not to vaccinate themselves and their families.
Every sign of life

Every Sign of Life introduces an approach to and motivational schema for personal health-monitoring. It is an exploration of how to make information collected by personal health-monitoring devices fun and engaging, and consequently more useful to the non-specialist. In contrast to the common methodology of adding game elements to established biofeedback systems, the Every Sign of Life approach is to design and build games that use biosensor information to effect the game environment. This work tests the hypothesis that fun (the joy of learning, achieving, competing, etc.) is a way to achieve the goal of self-efficacy; to induce people to take care of their own health by altering their habits and lifestyles. One result is a basic architecture for personal health-monitoring systems that has led to an approach to the design of sensor peripherals and wearable computer components called “Extremity Computing.” This approach is used to redefine biosensor monitoring from periodic to continuous (ultimately saving data over a lifetime). Another result is an approach to adding implicit biofeedback to computer games. This has led to a new genre of games called “Bio-Analytical Games” that straddles the boundary between sports and computer games. A series of studies of how to present health information to children and adults have demonstrated the ability of consumers to use bioinformatics without involving professionals. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Content-Practice Assessment

In this chapter you will explore different content-practice assessment strategies that will help you measure middle school students’ understanding of the CCSSM. The term measure should not be conceptualized merely in terms of scaled values or proficiency labels relevant to students’ performances on a content practice standard being assessed.
Concepts of Drift and Selection in “The Great Snail Debate” of the 1950s and Early 1960s

Recently, much philosophical discussion has centered on the best way to characterize the concepts of random drift and natural selection, and, in particular, on the question of whether selection and drift can be conceptually distinguished (Beatty 1984; Brandon 2005; Hodge 1983, 1987; Millstein 2002, 2005; Pfeifer 2005; Shanahan 1992; Stephens 2004). These authors all contend, to a greater or lesser degree, that their concepts make sense of biological practice. So, it should be instructive to see how the concepts of drift and selection were distinguished by the disputants in a high-profile debate; debates such as these often force biologists to take a more philosophical turn, discussing the concepts at issue in greater detail than usual. A prime candidate for just such a case study is what William Provine (1986) has termed “The Great Snail Debate,” that is, the debate over the highly polymorphic land snails Cepaea nemoralis and Cepaea hortensis in the 1950s and early 1960s. This study will reveal that much of the present-day confusion over the concepts of drift and selection is rooted in confusions of the past. Nonetheless, there are lessons that can be learned about nonadaptiveness, indiscriminate sampling, and causality with respect to these two concepts. In particular, this paper will shed light on the following questions: 1) What is “drift”? Is “drift” a purely mathematical construct, a physical process analogous to the indiscriminate sampling of balls from an urn, or the outcome of a sampling process? 2) What is “nonadaptiveness,” and is a proponent of drift committed to claims that organisms’ traits are nonadaptive? 3) Can disputes concerning selection and drift be settled by statistics alone, or is causal information essential? If causal information is essential, what does that say about the concepts of “drift” and “selection” themselves?
Mapping the role of tropical cyclones on the hydroclimate of the southeast United States: 2002–2011

The role of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the water budget of 3211 watersheds in the southeast United States (SE US) over the last decade (2002–2011) is examined in detail at daily and longer time-scales towards mapping regional hydro-climatic vulnerabilities. The work documents highly heterogeneous spatial and inter-annual patterns of variability in the contribution of TC events to the annual cycle of rainfall from below 5% (e.g. 2011) to 65–70% (e.g. 2004 and 2005) at the watershed scale. The data indicate that, with average return periods of 1–3 years, singular TCs are key agents of drought demise redressing watershed precipitation deficits by 30–100%, and a key mechanism of regional meteorological drought mitigation at seasonal and inter-annual time-scales. Flood response and drought mitigation impacts of TCs are stronger for storms with terrestrial tracks predominantly on the Atlantic region and, or aligned with the Appalachian Mountains (AM) where orographic effects are evident in high precipitation amounts and high runoff ratios. Locally, rainfall-runoff response along the terrestrial tracks of TCs increases when inter-storm arrivals are short (<2 weeks), but evidence of the cumulative impact of antecedent precipitation on available soil moisture storage capacity at the seasonal scale is lacking except where groundwater-tables are shallow in the Piedmont and in the Coastal Plain. Flood peaks do not exceed the 2-year flood magnitude event at over 90% of gauged locations for any one storm. Thus, whereas increases in intensity and frequency of TCs should have a positive impact on regional water resources by reducing or interrupting and eliminating severe drought, especially in the Piedmont and Coastal Plains, the impact on river discharge should mostly affect the magnitude of the bank-full and low hydroperiodicity flooding (≤5-year events) that are tightly linked to the functional resiliency of natural and developed landscapes.
Chaotic oscillations in collapsible vessels

A flexible vessel subjected to external pressure has been shown to develop self-excitable oscillations in flow and pressure. The dynamics of the oscillations is studied as the outcome of a nonlinear system. It is shown that the variation in downstream flow resistance leads from stable steady flow to oscillations that bifurcate and result in random fluctuations. It is proposed that this is evidence of chaos rather than purely random oscillations in flow (turbulence). Further evidence is provided in the form of phase plots that support the case of limit cycle oscillations. The apparently random fluctuations have a form that is not easily discerned from time waveforms. >
Treatment of locally advanced, high-grade, malignant tumors of major salivary glands

A retrospective review of 45 patients with Stage III and IV malignant tumors of the major salivary glands was undertaken to determine tumor control and patient survival after treatment with surgery and conventional ionizing-radiation therapy. Eight of the 23 patients received early postoperative radiotherapy after initial surgical resection, with a local control rate of 75%. Twelve of 23 patients had surgery as definitive treatment and the tumor recurred locally in all; seven of these 12 patients were subsequently salvaged by further surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy or by radiotherapy alone, with 58% ultimate local control. The remaining three patients had unresectable tumors at diagnosis and received radiation alone, with a local tumor control rate of 33%. Patients were also analyzed according to the extent of surgical resection prior to radiation therapy and according to radiation dose. Eighty-eight percent of completely resected, 50% of partially resected, and 44% of unresected tumors were locally controlled for an overall local control rate of 61%. The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher for patients with local tumor control than for patients who failed locally (31% vs. 0%).
Field trials of pocket gopher control with cholecalciferol

Abstract Cholecaliferol (Vitamin D3) was evaluated as a field rodenticide for controlling pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) under forest and seed orchard conditions by monitoring radio-equipped pocket gophers following the application of 0.0%, 0.003%, 0.04%, 0.075% and 0.15% cholecalciferol oat baits. In one trial, the difference in mortality of the three lower concentrations was not significantly greater than the control group. In two subsequent trials with the higher concentration (0.15%), mortality between the treatments was significantly greater than in the control groups. We recommend that primary and secondary hazards of cholecaliferol to nontarget species and predators be investigated.
A 3-tier cooperative control architecture for multi-step semiconductor manufacturing process

Abstract In this paper, cooperative control is investigated and applied to chained processes with multiple steps and multiple tools in semiconductor manufacturing. A cooperative control architecture is proposed to optimize product quality, to improve yield, to achieve best tool performance, and to minimize throughput time. The architecture consists of three tiers: the top tier for target optimization and overall product performance, the middle tier for tool selection based on tool performance, throughput time and tool availability, and the bottom tier for tool level run-to-run control. Large data sets are collected from four individual process steps in a fabrication facility of a leading semiconductor manufacturer and the data sets are processed and lined up for the study of cooperative control. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out based on the real data to demonstrate a significant improvement for the end-of-line product quality.
Isoforms of the APC tumor suppressor and their ability to inhibit cell growth and tumorigenicity

Mutation of the APC tumor suppressor gene is one of the earliest events in the development of most colorectal tumors. The APC gene encodes multiple protein isoforms through a complicated pattern of expression and alternative splicing. The role that each isoform plays in cellular physiology is unknown, although the presence of some of these isoforms in postmitotic cells suggests a role in controlling cell growth or promoting differentiation. Three APC isoforms that differ in their amino-terminal domains were evaluated by gene transfer experiments using a colon cancer cell line that lacks functional APC. All three isoforms alter cellular morphology and affect cell growth by elongating the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The conventional APC and brain-specific APC isoforms suppress the tumorigenic phenotype of cultured cells, while the 0.3 APC isoform does not. In support of these experiments, BrdU incorporation as a marker for S-phase entry occurs at a higher level in transiently transfected cells with 0.3 APC when compared to cells transfected with the other isoforms. All three APC isoforms colocalize with microtubules and dramatically reduce β-catenin activity to the same extent in transiently transfected cancer cells, suggesting that the different effects of each isoform on tumorigenesis may be nontranscriptional in origin.
Ulnar nonunion after osteoclasis for rotational deformities of the forearm.

Purpose Osteoclasis, a minimally invasive technique to rotate the radius and ulna, is used commonly to correct forearm rotational deformities in children. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate objectively osteotomy healing in patients treated with osteoclasis, with specific attention given to the risk for nonunion. Methods We identified 69 extremities in 65 children treated with osteoclasis and performed retrospective chart and radiographic reviews to evaluate the time to union of the radius and ulna and factors influencing healing. Results The average rotational correction was 90°. Twenty-one ulnas had either delayed union or nonunion. Forty-eight of the forearms healed in less than 3 months. Factors correlated with a significantly decreased union rate included increased patient age, percutaneous technique, osteoclasis site in the proximal ulna, and primary diagnoses other than congenital radioulnar synostosis. Preoperative forearm position, magnitude of position correction, and treatment of the periosteum were not associated with changes in union rates. Conclusions Forearm osteoclasis has a delayed union rate of 16%. Timely union of the ulna appears to be influenced by both patient-centered factors and surgical technique. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic, Level IV.
Induction of Interleukin-12/p40 by Superantigens in Macrophages Is Mediated by Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB

Abstract Multimerization of the MHC class II molecule by superantigens results in activation of cellular signal transduction pathways in macrophage and B cells. Here we show that superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induces IL-12/p40 secretion in macrophages. SEB-induced expression of the IL-12/p40 gene involves activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The NF-κB heterodimer bound to the NF-κB consensus sequence of the IL-12/p40 gene promoter is p50/C-Rel. Inhibition of PKC and PKA activation results in suppression of activation and translocation of NF-κB. We conclude that signals for IL-12/p40 gene transcription from MHC class II molecules follow activation of PKC and PKA, which in turn leads to the activation and translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Our study suggests that superantigens are capable of influencing the nature of the immune response by regulating cytokine production. Induction of IL-12 production by superantigens may therefore play a role in the regulation of Th 1-mediated immune response and autoimmune disease.
Fractionation of the mucoproteins of bovine corneal stroma

Abstract Fractionation of aqueous extracts by mild procedures has led to the conclusion that mucoproteins exist in bovine corneal stromata. Chemical analyses indicate that the major mucopolysaccharide components are glucosaminoglycans and galactosaminoglycans of the type originally isolated by K. Meyer and co-workers. The galactosaminoglycan-protein linkage appears to be alkali-labile, whereas that of the glucosaminoglycan is stable.
Arcuate and growth faults in basin models, with an application to a south Louisiana roll-over structure

Using a two-dimensional fluid-flow/compaction code an investigation is given of the influence of dynamically evolving curved faults in impacting the overpressure development of a sedimentary basin. Four synthetic cases are examined: an homogeneous sandy-shale section, and a mixed layered section of sand and shale, with fault conditions investigated being open to fluid flow, and closed to fluid-flow, respectively. Fault throws can be instantaneous either in time (such as a gravity slump) or can be progressive in time (such as a growth fault). A case history from south Louisiana also is examined to illustrate typical response patterns.
Extension of Darken's Equation to Binary Diffusion in Ceramics

The idea of a “relaxation velocity” to compensate for the differing mobilities of the species has been useful in describing binary diffusion in gases, nonelectrolyte liquids, and metals. The application of the idea to binary ceramic systems, particularly those with a common anion, is considered. By making certain simplifying assumptions, (1) the volume of a ceramic is primarily determined by the volume of the anion and (2) the chemical potential of the anion does not depend on cation ratio as long as electrical neutrality is preserved, it is possible to arrive at the appropriate expression for the binary diffusion coefficients in terms of the self-diffusion coefficients and valencies of all species and the activity of one of the compounds. This result is analyzed by considering the intrinsic flux densities of the species, the concentration distribution, and the relaxation velocity and marker movement for several cases and these are plotted schematically.
CuZn Superoxide Dismutase Geometry Optimization, Energetics, and Redox Potential Calculations by Density Functional and Electrostatic Methods.

The structures, energetics, and orbital- and charge-dependent properties of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) have been studied using density functional and electrostatic methods. The CuZnSOD was represented with a model consisting of copper and zinc sites connected by a bridging histidine ligand. In addition to the bridge, three histidine ligands and one water molecule were bonded to the Cu ion in the copper site as first-shell ligands. Two histidine ligands and an aspartate were coordinated to the zinc ion in the zinc site. Full optimization of the model was performed using different functionals, both local and nonlocal. Geometrical parameters calculated with the nonlocal functionals agree well with the experimental X-ray data. In our calculated results, the His61 Ne−Cu bond in the active site breaks during the reduction and protonation, consistent with a number of X-ray structures and with EXAFS and NMR evidence. The reduction potential and pKa of the coupled electron/proton reaction catalyzed...
Computer Control of RF at SLAC

The Stanford Linear Accelerator is presently upgraded for the SLAC Linear Collider project. The energy is to be increased from approximately 31 GeV to 50 GeV. Two electron beams and one positron beam are to be accelerated with high demands on the quality of the beams. The beam specifications are shown. To meet these specifications, all parameters influencing the beams have to be under tight control and continuous surveillance. This task is accomplished by a new computer system implemented at SLAC which has, among many other functions, control over rf accelerating fields. 13 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
Transient clouds: Assignment and collaborative execution of tasks on mobile devices

Mobile devices are evolving into powerful systems due to recent advances in their communication, storage and computation technologies. They are poised to play a key role in providing a rich collaborative computing platform for various applications. This paper proposes "Transient Clouds" — a collaborative computing platform that allows nearby devices to form an ad-hoc network and provide various capabilities as cloud services. Transient Clouds utilize the collective capabilities of the devices present, along with their social and context awareness that cannot be provided efficiently by the traditional clouds. We present a modified algorithm of the Hungarian method for assigning tasks to devices in order to achieve various goals (e.g., load balancing, collocating executions, etc.). We evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms through simulation and provide a real implementation on the Android platform using the Wi-Fi Direct framework. We envision Transient Clouds to be utilized in temporal scenarios in which the cloud is created on-the-fly by the devices present in an environment and would disappear as the devices leave the network.
PS-341: prospecting a new hope for myeloma

In this issue, Hideshima and colleagues (page [1530][1]) define the intracellular effects of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA) on myeloma cells. This drug has shown promising activity in early clinical trials for relapsing myeloma patients. Moreover, recent
Autologous CD4/CD8 co-culture assay: a physiologically-relevant composite measure of CD8+ T lymphocyte function in HIV-infected persons.

During HIV-1 infection, the CD8+ T lymphocyte response is critical to controlling the virus; indeed, the development of AIDS results, in large part, from the eventual failure of this response. The ability to measure the composite CD8+ T lymphocyte anti-viral activity is, therefore, an essential requirement in the evaluation of immune based therapies and potential vaccines. We report here the details of a reproducible assay that measures the ability of CD8+ T lymphocytes to suppress viral production by infected autologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. The assay is not limited to persons with any specific HLA type, and the use of bi-specific antibodies for cell expansion makes the assay feasible in situations where cell numbers may be limiting. The measurement of viral production over time provides a global readout of the CD8+ T lymphocyte overall function against HIV-1, which can be used for longitudinal assessment of individual HIV-infected persons in order to evaluate therapy, immune reconstitution, and new vaccines.
Fanconi Syndrome in a Labrador Retriever

A 2-year-old male Labrador Retriever was presented to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital with the primary complaints of polydipsia, polyuria, and joint or muscle pain. Low blood urea nitrogen concentration, hyperchloremia, and marked proteinuria were the only abnormalities in a serum biochemical profile and urinalysis. Decreased creatinine clearance and increased renal fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus were detected by renal clearance studies. Increased excretion of most amino acids was found by amino acid analysis of urine, but not all amino acids were lost with equal magnitude. Amino acids with secondary amino groups or basic side chains were lost at increased rates, whereas those with acidic side chains were not. These differences could be related to defects in specific renal amino acid transport mechanisms. Identification of these transport mechanisms may allow for pharmacologic intervention at the point of renal loss to alleviate clinical signs of disease.
Elephas Americanus in Canada

CAPTAIN HOWDEN, of Millbrook, Ontario, has lately discovered remains of this species in a field adjoining his residence. They were found in the humus quite near the surface, and with the exception of the molars have been very much broken by the plough. The locality is a deep basin, depressed 100 or 150 feet below the surrounding hills, which may have been the basin of a small lake or pond. The elevation is about 490 feet above Lake Ontario, and 125 feet above Rice Lake, on the northern slope of the drift-ridge which borders Lake Ontario on the north. The discovery is interesting as extending the range of this animal in Canada, eastward, along this drift-ridge. The remains heretofore discovered have been confined to the western peninsula, above the Silurian escarpment, or to positions so nearly adjacent that they may have been washed down from this upper region. The present discovery is at an elevation which precludes this, and seems to indicate the presence of the living animal in this region. Between the ridge and the present lake shore there are at least two ancient lake beaches, one about 100 feet above the present water level, the other a little over 200 feet. Neither of these would bring the waters of the lake up to the level of the escarpment; so that at the time of these higher lake levels, the elephant may have ranged over the western peninsula of Canada, and also eastward over the drift-hills which extend nearly to the lower end of Lake Ontario.
RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AREAS OF CHILD ABUSE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Research productivity in the areas of child abuse and domestic violence was reviewed for the years 1990–1996 by examining articles published in Child Abuse and Neglect, the Journal of Family Violence, and the Journal of Interpersonal Violence. To examine productivity across institutions, quantification of productivity was based on ordinal position of authorship as previously used. Productivity across these three journals was also summed based on the 1987 composite productivity index formula of Howard, et al., and the data were compared with a productivity assessment based on a search process in the PsycLIT database. Rank-order correlations between the raw productivity total, the composite measure, and productivity based on first-authored publications in PsycLIT were all significant. The findings suggest that the composite measure represents a good estimate of productivity across the three journals and that publication in these three journals provides a good representation of research in the general areas ...
Quasi‐Stone algebras

The purpose of this paper is to define and investigate the new class of quasi-Stone algebras (QSA's). Among other things we characterize the class of simple QSA's and the class of subdirectly irreducible QSA's. It follows from this characterization that the subdirectly irreducible QSA's form an elementary class and that the variety of QSA's is locally finite. Furthermore we prove that the lattice of subvarieties of QSA's is an (ω + 1)-chain. MSC: 03G25, 06D16, 06E15.
Evaluation of hydrogen bonding complementarity between a secondary sulfonamide and an alpha-amino acid residue.

We report an initial step toward the development of sulfonamide-based complements for extended peptide strands. A molecule containing one secondary sulfonamide unit and one valine residue linked by a turn-forming segment was found by IR and NMR to exhibit a doubly hydrogen-bonded folding pattern in chloroform.
Alpha Schottky junction energy source

Isotope batteries offer solutions for long-lived low-power sensor requirements. Alpha emitting isotopes have energy per decay 103 times that of beta emitters. Alpha particles are absorbed within 20 mm of most materials reducing shielding mitigation. However, damage to materials from the alphas limits their practical use. A Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) geometry is considered with an alpha emitting contact-layer on a diamond-like crystal semiconductor region. The radiation tolerance of diamond, the safety of alpha particles, combined with the internal field of the SBD is expected to generate current useful for low-power electronic devices over decades. Device design parameters and calculations of the expected current are described.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cognitive declines correlate with decreased cortical volume and perfusion in dementia of Alzheimer type

Abstract Cerebral CT changes are correlated with cognitive declines among 18 patients with probable dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) (7 men, 11 women, mean age 75.4 years) and are compared for control purposes with similar measures among 18 age-matched normal volunteers (8 men, 10 women, mean age 73.7 years). Mean follow-up intervals are 28.6 months for DAT and 27.0 months for controls. For DAT, annual rates for ventricular volume enlargement are + 9.2% and for cortical atrophy are −2.1%. Annual reductions in regional cerebral perfusions per 100 g brain/min, are: total cortex −1.1 ml, frontal −1.2 ml, temporal and parietal −0.9 ml, basal ganglia −1.6 ml, thalamus −2.5 ml, total white matter −0.6 ml, frontal white matter −0.7 ml. At entry evaluation, compared to normals, DAT patients had reduced CT densities in white matter, but not in cortex. Nevertheless, cortical CT densities declined progressively at annual rates of −0.72 Hounsfield units (HU), but remained constant in white matter. Annual point score declines for Cognitive Capacity Screening Examinations were −2.0 and for Mini Mental State: −2.8. Controls showed no cognitive change. Multiple regression analyses correlate cognitive declines with: (1) reductions in perfusion within parietal cortex ( p = 0.015), (2) decreases in cortical volume ( p = 0.019), and (3) decreases in HU within subcortical gray matter ( p = 0.007).
The role of B12 in methionine synthesis in E. coli.

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence is presented that the E. coli mutant 113-3, which requires vitamin B12 or methionine, can grow and, therefore, synthesize methionine in the absence of B12 if homocysteine or certain reducing agents which can reduce homocystine are present. 2. 2. The growth-promoting value of homocysteine is enhanced by traces of B12. 3. 3. The trace requirement for B12 may be replaced by the methyl donor, dimethyl-β-propiothetin. 4. 4. Dimethyl-β-propiothetin is active only in the presence of the reduced methyl acceptor. 5. 5. These data implicate B12 in maintaining homocysteine in the reduced state. They exclude B12 as a coenzyme for transmethylation in this organism.
USING MYSTAT TO ANALYZE SIMPLE MAIN EFFECTS IN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Research designs with two factors having a significant interaction effect are analyzed for simple main effects using MYSTAT. The coding used performs a series of one-way analyses of variance for ea...
A carbocation substituted clay and its styrene nanocomposite

A substituted tropylium ion can be ion-exchanged onto montmorillonite to give a novel organically-modified clay. One can prepare a polystyrene nanocomposite of this clay by emulsion, but not bulk, polymerization. This is the first example of a clay that contains a carbocation and its use to prepare a polymer-clay nanocomposite. Both the clay and its nanocomposites exhibit outstanding thermal stability. Characterization by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and the evaluation of mechanical properties shows that a mixed intercalated-exfoliated nanocomposite is obtained.