cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of age and microstructural white matter integrity on lap time variation and fast-paced walking speed

Macrostructural white matter damage (WMD) is associated with less uniform and slower walking in older adults. The effect of age and subclinical microstructural WM degeneration (a potentially earlier phase of WM ischemic damage) on walking patterns and speed is less clear. This study examines the effect of age on the associations of regional microstructural WM integrity with walking variability and speed, independent of macrostructural WMD. This study involved 493 participants (n = 51 young; n = 209 young-old; n = 233 old-old) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. All completed a 400-meter walk test and underwent a concurrent brain MRI with diffusion tensor imaging. Microstructural WM integrity was measured as fractional anisotropy (FA). Walking variability was measured as trend-adjusted variation in time over ten 40-meter laps (lap time variation, LTV). Fast-paced walking speed was assessed as mean lap time (MLT). Multiple linear regression models of FA predicting LTV and MLT were adjusted for age, sex, height, weight, and WM hyperintensities. Independent of WM hyperintensities, lower FA in the body of the corpus callosum was associated with higher LTV and longer MLT only in the young-old. Lower FA in superior longitudinal, inferior fronto-occipital, and uncinate fasciculi, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and the anterior corona radiate was associated with longer MLT only in the young-old. While macrostructural WMD is known to predict more variable and slower walking in older adults, microstructural WM disruption is independently associated with more variable and slower fast-paced walking only in the young-old. Disrupted regional WM integrity may be a subclinical contributor to abnormal walking at an earlier phase of aging.
Typical whole body vibration exposure magnitudes encountered in the open pit mining industry

According to recent research, a causal link has been established between occupational exposure to whole body vibration and an increased occurrence of low back pain. To aid in the further development of an in-house health and safety program for a large open pit mining facility interested in reducing back pain among its operators, whole body vibration magnitudes were characterized for a range of jobs. Specifically, thirty-five individual jobs from five different areas across the facility were evaluated for tri-axial acceleration levels during normal operating conditions. Tri-axial acceleration magnitudes were categorized into thirteen job groups. Job groups were ranked according to exposure and compared to the ISO 2631-1 standard for health risk assessment. Three of the thirteen job groups produced tri-axial acceleration magnitudes below the ISO 2631-1 low/moderate health caution limit for a twelve hour exposure. Six of the thirteen job groups produced exposures within the moderate health risk range. Four job groups were found to subject operators to WBV acceleration magnitudes above the moderate/high health caution limit.
Arabidopsis AtSPL14, a plant-specific SBP-domain transcription factor, participates in plant development and sensitivity to fumonisin B1.

The recessive Arabidopsis thaliana fumonisin B1-resistant (fbr6) mutant was identified by its ability to survive in the presence of a programmed cell death (PCD)-inducing fungal toxin FB1. The fbr6 mutant also displays altered plant architecture in the absence of FB1, most notably elongated petioles and enhanced leaf margin serration. These phenotypes are a result of a T-DNA insertion in the SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBP) domain gene, AtSPL14. AtSPL14 encodes a plant-specific protein with features characteristic of a transcriptional regulator, including a nu clear localization signal sequence, a plant-specific DNA binding domain (the SBP box), and a protein interaction mo tif (ankyrin repeats). A transiently expressed fusion of the AtSPL14 protein to green fluorescent protein is direct ed to the plant nucleus. DNA sequences immediately upstream of the translation start site direct expression of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene primarily in the vascular tissues, consistent with the phenotypes of the fbr6 mutant. AtSPL14 activates transcription in yeast, with a transactivation domain residing within the N-terminal region of the protein. Recombinant AtSPL14 protein binds A. thaliana genomic DNA in vitro in the absence of other proteins. These results indicate that FBR6/SPL14 functions as a transcriptional regulator that plays a role not only in sensitivity to FB1, but also in the development of normal plant architecture.
Outpatients With DSM-III-R Versus DSM-IV Melancholic Depression

The purpose of this study was to compare outpatients who met DSM-III-R versus DSM-IV criteria for melancholia. Of 176 consecutive outpatients with unipolar depression, 40 (22.7%) met DSM-III-R criteria and 29 (16.5%) met DSM-IV criteria for melancholia. Patients with DSM-IV melancholia had higher mean scores on measurements of clinical severity as compared with those who qualified for a DSM-III-R diagnosis. These results suggest that the criteria for melancholia proposed in the DSM-IV are more restrictive and define a more severely depressed population than criteria in the DSM-III-R.
Analysis of density based and fuzzy c-means clustering methods on lesion border extraction in dermoscopy images

Computer-aided segmentation and border detection in dermoscopic images is one of the core components of diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions for skin cancer. Automated assessment tools for dermoscopy images have become an important research field mainly because of inter- and intra-observer variations in human interpretation. In this study, we compare two approaches for automatic border detection in dermoscopy images: density based clustering (DBSCAN) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithms. In the first approach, if there exists enough density –greater than certain number of points- around a point, then either a new cluster is formed around the point or an existing cluster grows by including the point and its neighbors. In the second approach FCM clustering is used. This approach has the ability to assign one data point into more than one cluster. Each approach is examined on a set of 100 dermoscopy images whose manually drawn borders by a dermatologist are used as the ground truth. Error rates; false positives and false negatives along with true positives and true negatives are quantified by comparing results with manually determined borders from a dermatologist. The assessments obtained from both methods are quantitatively analyzed over three accuracy measures: border error, precision, and recall. As well as low border error, high precision and recall, visual outcome showed that the DBSCAN effectively delineated targeted lesion, and has bright future; however, the FCM had poor performance especially in border error metric.
Chapter 15: Conclusions

Abstract The investigations described in this monograph have shown us that the Sepik coast is an appealing place where people have devised strikingly effective ways of handling the challenges of living in such a hazardous and changing environment. Contrary to the expectations of some before our fieldwork began on this coast in 1990, we have recovered no evidence linking Lapita pottery in the Bismarck Archipelago directly with early ceramics in mainland Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Philippines, or Indonesia. Nor have we found anything confirming that the craft of pottery making in northern New Guinea is older than Lapita Ware. However, we have found a range of previously unrecorded prehistoric wares, both locally in the Aitape area and elsewhere along the coast east and west of Aitape. It has been possible to use the ceramic evidence recovered to propose tentative local pottery sequences for both the Aitape and the Serra localities. Additionally, it seems likely that all the ceramic wares, extant and prehis...
Insights into substrate binding at FeMo-cofactor in nitrogenase from the structure of an α-70Ile MoFe protein variant

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure is presented for a nitrogenase MoFe protein where the alpha subunit residue at position 70 (α-70 Val ) has been substituted by the amino acid isoleucine (α-70 Ile ). Substitution of α-70 Val by α-70 Ile results in a MoFe protein that is hampered in its ability to reduce a range of substrates including acetylene and N 2 , yet retains normal proton reduction activity. The 2.3 A structure of the α-70 Ile MoFe protein is compared to the α-70 Val wild-type MoFe protein, revealing that the δ methyl group of α-70 Val is positioned over Fe6 within the active site FeMo-cofactor. This work provides strong crystallographic support for the previously proposed model that substrates bind and are reduced at a single 4Fe–4S face of the FeMo-cofactor and that when α-70 Val is substituted by α-70 Ile access of substrates to Fe6 of this face is effectively blocked. Furthermore the detailed examination of the structure provides the basis for understanding the ability to trap and characterize hydrides in the variant, contributing significantly to our understanding of substrate access and substrate reduction at the FeMo-cofactor active site of nitrogenase.
FUEL SWITCHING, GASOLINE PRICE CONTROLS, AND THE LEADED-UNLEADED GASOLINE PRICE DIFFERENTIAL

Abstract The Environmental Protection Agency and others have opposed gasoline price decontrol, alleging a wider posted price differential between leaded and unleaded grades would result, inducing more motorists to switch illegally to leaded gasoline fouling catalytic converters and hence increasing air pollution. EPA's model must assume that only the unleaded price ceiling is binding. It is shown that the resulting excess demand is shifted to a close substitute: leaded gasoline. Hence, controls cause more consumption of leaded fuel in new cars (switching) and more pollution. Thus, decontrol would have a palliative effect, contrary to EPA's claim.
A simple method for approximating surface deformation from a long, buried, kinked crack or intrusive body

Abstract Equations are given for approximating the surface elastic deformation fields produced by a two-dimensional, buried, kinked crack or intrusive body (e.g. hydraulic fracture or dike). The crack-opening displacement is assumed narrow compared to the crack profile which is approximated by an end-to-end superposition of straight segments. Each straight segment is mathematically modeled by one or more matched pairs of oppositely-oriented edge dislocations. An example is done where the deformation produced by a singly-kinked crack is calculated. The example demonstrates that the shape, orientation and extent of the surface deformation fields will be profoundly altered and will differ markedly from the results of a comparable, unidirectional crack (symmetric) profile.
Overview of subsynchronous resonance related phenomena

This paper provides an overview of subsynchronous resonance, subsynchronous torsional interaction, and related phenomena. Beginning with the first, and only, case of shaft damage due to subsynchronous resonance, this paper also describes other types of potential torsional interaction as well as various methods of mitigation and protection. It ends with a description of the most recent concerns about subsynchronous interaction between series capacitors and wind turbine generators.
Dynamic fatigue data for fatigue resistant fiber in tension vs bending

The dynamic tensile fatigue data for optical fiber whose cladding surface is composed of silica doped with a small amount of TiO2 were reported recently1 and found to be superior to that for 100% silica-clad fiber. The n value, in tension, of 29.5 is obtained for this fiber compared with 22.5 for pure silica-clad fiber. The former fiber has continued to excel in static two-point bend tests with no observed failure over a 2-yr period2 at strains in excess of 2%. The static bend data provide an estimate of n exceeding 200. The fundamental mechanism for improved fatigue resistance of the titania-doped silia-clad fiber is under investigation and will be reported in the future.
Mechanistic Study of CH3OH + O2 Photoredox Reaction in a FeAlPO4 Sieve by Time-Resolved FT-IR Spectroscopy†

The mechanism of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) induced reaction of methanol and O2 at the gas−micropore interface of a FeAlPO4-5 sieve has been studied by time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy. Measurements using the rapid-scan method revealed that the final products, HCO2-···Fe and H2O, emerge with a rise time of 4 s (250 K) by decomposition of the two-electron-transfer intermediate, HO2CH2OH. Intermediacy of hydroxymethylhydroperoxide was established by direct detection by step-scan FT-IR spectroscopy on the 500 microsecond time scale and by monitoring of its photodissociation products HCO2H + H2O on the millisecond and second time scale. Formaldehyde was observed as minor two-electron oxidation product. The fast rise of the HO2CH2OH intermediate strongly suggests that it is formed by direct coupling of HOO and CH2OH radicals. This constitutes the most conclusive evidence yet for the formation of a hydroperoxy radical and hydroxymethyl radical as the primary one-electron-transfer products of the...
A neuroscientist-consumer alliance to transform mental health care.

The field of mental health has long suffered from a lack of convergence of disciplines that deal with the mind, the brain, and behavior. This mind–brain dualism has been particularly detrimental for consumers and their families who daily face stigma and discrimination. The understanding of the brain and its dysfunctions has benefited from the study of the human genome and, in particular, of the mutations and variations in its code. This analysis permits a better understanding of the biological basis of mental disease and will soon inform a generation of new diagnostic tools and individualized pharmacological therapies. A biological perspective on mental illness will be complemented by the analysis of the social factors influencing people's behavior and their impact on brain biology and gene function. Neurobiology has progressed to a level for which the knowledge that is generated, even if still colored with uncertainty, could represent a catalyst for the creation of an alliance between neuroscientists and consumers. This partnership has the potential to benefit both parties but will require some concrete steps that might be outside of the usual courses of action for both consumers and scientists. It is by building collaborations based on personal contact and information sharing that a transformation of the mental health care system can occur.
Ultrasonic studies of the heavy fermion compounds

A review of ultrasonic measurements on the three heavy fermion compounds UPt3, URu2Si2 and CeCu6 is given. These compounds show one or more of the three types of co-operative behavior; Kondo-like effect, antiferromagnetism and superconductivity; all these features are observed as ultrasonic anomalies. Both UPt3 and CeCu6 show a strong coherence effect which is akin to a Kondo-like transition in the electronic system. Velocity anomalies are found at the antiferromagnetic transition for URu2Si2. UPt3 also has an antiferromagnetic transition which is believed to influence the subsequent superconducting ordering. For UPt3, the superconductivity is of an unconventional nature; multiple superconducting phases have been observed and a complete phase diagram has been obtained from high resolution velocity measurements.
On the calculation of turbulent heat transport downstream from an abrupt pipe expansion

A numerical study is reported of flow and heat transfer in the separated flow region created by an abrupt pipe expansion. Computations employed an adaptation of the TEACH-2E computer program with the standard model of turbulence. Emphasis is given to the simulation, from both a physical and numerical viewpoint, of the region in the immediate vicinity of the wall where turbulent transport gives way to molecular conduction and diffusion. Wall resistance laws or wall functions used to bridge this near-wall region are based on the idea that, beyond the viscous sublayer, the turbulent length scale is universal, increasing linearly with distance from the wall. Predictions of expermental data for a diameter ratio of 0.54 show generally encouraging agreement with experiment. At a diameter of 0.43 different trends are discernible between measurement and calculation though this appears to be due to effects unconnected with the wall region studied.
Intermediate-term outcome of transcatheter secundum atrial septal defect closure using the Bard Clamshell Septal Umbrella

Abstract Our findings show that transcatheter ASD occlusion with the Clamshell device is safe and reasonably effective, and compares favorably with surgical ASD closure in patients with small to moderate isolated secundum ASDs.
Secretary problems: laminar matroid and interval scheduling

The classical secretary problem studies the problem of hiring the best secretary from among the secretaries who arrive in random order by making immediate and irrevocable decisions. After the interesting connection to online mechanism design was found [19, 20], the random order input assumption has been studied for a variety of problems. Babaioff et al. [4] formalized a general version of the secretary problem, namely the matroid secretary problem. In the problem, a secretary corresponds to an element in the universe U. The goal is to select the maximum weight independent set. They conjectured that the matroid secretary problem, for any matroid, allows a constant competitive algorithm. The conjecture remains open. Some constant approximation algorithms are currently known for some special cases of matroids. Another interesting type of secretary problem was studied where elements have non-uniform sizes, as is the case in the knapsack secretary problem [3, 6].In this paper, we consider two interesting secretary problems. One is when the matroid is a laminar matroid, which generalizes uniform/partition/truncated partition matroids. For the laminar matroid secretary problem, using a novel replacement rule which we call "kick next," we give the first constant-competitive algorithm. The other is the interval scheduling secretary problem, which generalizes the knapsack secretary problem. In this problem, each job Ji arrives with interval Ii, processing time pi and weight wi. If Ji is accepted, then it must be scheduled during Ii, not necessarily continuously. The goal is to accept the jobs of the maximum total weight which are schedulable. We give a simple O(log D)-competitive algorithm and a nearly matching lower bound on the competitive ratio of any randomized algorithm, where D is the maximum interval length of any job.
A nonlinear disturbance-decoupled elevation axis controller for the Multiple Mirror Telescope

The Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), upgraded in 2000 to a monolithic 6.5m primary mirror from its original array of six 1.8m primary mirrors, was commissioned with axis controllers designed early in the upgrade process without regard to structural resonances or the possibility of the need for digital filtering of the control axis signal path. Post-commissioning performance issues led us to investigate replacement of the original control system with a more modern digital controller with full control over the system filters and gain paths. This work, from system identification through controller design iteration by simulation, and pre-deployment hardware-in-the-loop testing, was performed using latest-generation tools with Matlab® and Simulink®. Using Simulink's Real Time Workshop toolbox to automatically generate C source code for the controller from the Simulink diagram and a custom target build script, we were able to deploy the new controller into our existing software infrastructure running Wind River's VxWorks™real-time operating system. This paper describes the process of the controller design, including system identification data collection, with discussion of implementation of non-linear control modes and disturbance decoupling, which became necessary to obtain acceptable wind buffeting rejection.
The epidemiology of the human immunodeficiency virus

During the past decade, AIDS has become a global health problem with 182,000 cases reported from 152 countries. It is estimated that nearly five to ten million people are infected worldwide with the etiologic agent of AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). With a mean incubation period from time of infection to the development of AIDS of eight to ten years, it is projected that nearly all HIV-1-infected individuals will develop AIDS within the next 15 years. In the United States alone, 104,210 cases of AIDS and more than 61,000 deaths have been reported. Sexual, parenteral, and perinatal transmission routes have remained the major modes of transmission, although the proportion of cases within each risk behavior category has changed. Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the proportion of patients with AIDS who have acknowledged either IV drug use or heterosexual contact with other individuals at high risk for HIV infection. Inner-city minority populations are disproportionately represented among AIDS patients, and HIV-seroprevalence studies demonstrate significantly higher rates of infection among blacks and Hispanics compared with whites, even within the same risk category. In 1988, the US Public Health Service estimated that approximately 1.0 to 1.5 million Americans were currently infected with HIV-1 and that by the end of 1992, a cumulative total of 380,000 cases of AIDS will be diagnosed. In 1992, 80,000 cases of AIDS may be diagnosed, with 66,000 deaths occurring during that year alone. Consequently, AIDS will continue to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, necessitating an even more urgent need to control this disease through intensive targeted behavioral and educational programs.
Measurements of turbulent heat and momentum fluxes in a mountain valley

Measurements of heat and momentum fluxes along the valley floor of Brush Creek in Colorado are described. The measurements were taken in the fall of 1984 as part of the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain field program. The sensible heat flux to the ground decreased from approximately 40--60 W m{sup {minus}2} prior to midnight to about 10--25 W m{sup {minus}2} in the morning hours. Surface friction velocities {ital u}{sub *} ranged from approximately 20--15 cm s{sup {minus}1} during the corresponding time periods. Considerable site-to-site variability in flux values was found, and disturbances of the upwind flow appear to be a significant contributing cause. {copyright}1989 American Meteorological Society
Experience Implementing a User Service for Archived Intelligent Transportation Systems Data

In cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and other regional partners, the Portland regional intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) data archive was recently inaugurated via a direct fiber-optic connection between ODOT and Portland State University (PSU). In July 2004, the Portland Regional Transportation Archive Listing was activated; it received 20-s data from the 436 inductive loop detectors composing the Portland area's advanced traffic management system. PSU is designated as the region's official data archiving entity, consistent with the ITS architecture being developed. This paper discusses the steps taken for successful implementation of the Portland region's functional ITS data archive and plans for development and expansion. Included is a discussion of the archive structure, data storage, data processing, and user interface. An experiment involving Metro, the Portland region's metropolitan planning organization, demonstrates that archived loop detector data can be use...
Feed Processing. I. Ration Effects on Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Composition

Five rumen-fistulated mature cattle, including two sets of identical twins, were fed succulent alfalfa pasture, alfalfa hay, or a mixed (1:1) alfalfa hay and sorghum grain ration. The last was fed both unprocessed and processed. Processed, the grain was expanded to achieve 100% gelatinization of starch and hay was finely ground. The amino acid makeup of rumen bacterial or protozoal protein was remarkably similar for all rations and for all animals. However, the amino acid compositions of protozoa and of bacteria were quite different. The processed feed lowered rumen ammonia concentration 50% and increased bacterial nitrogen concentration 50% when compared with unprocessed feed. Thus, while bacteria synthesized more protein on the more readily fermentable ration, quality of protein did not change.
INSECT MOLECULAR OXYGEN SENSOR FOUND

![Figure][1] Insects exchange respiratory gases via tracheal systems – highly branched, gas-filled tubes. Numerous experiments over the past 50 years have shown that insects use information about concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the tracheal system to respond – behaviourally
The Effect of the Directions of Yarn Twist and Twill on the Properties of Woven Cloth

(1953). The Effect of the Directions of Yarn Twist and Twill on the Properties of Woven Cloth. Journal of the Textile Institute Transactions: Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. T477-T479.
Low temperature catalytic oxidation of aldehydes using wood fly ash and molecular oxygen

Abstract Aldehydes, such a 2-methylbutanal (2-MB) and 3-methylbutanal (3-MB), are odorous and regulated VOCs generated in the poultry rendering process that are ineffectively removed in chemical wet scrubbers. It was theorized that wood fly ash or selective crystalline phases in the ash could act to catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes at room temperature in the presence of ClO2, resulting in a low-cost/energy air pollution control method. Results indicate that wood fly ash catalyzed the oxidation (i.e., breakdown) of 2-MB and 3-MB both in the presence of ClO2 and with just O2 (i.e., air) itself, potentially via a free radical mechanism. Aldehyde oxidation did not occur at measurable rates without the wood fly ash or activated carbon. The presence of ClO2 did not increase the rate, but altered the end products of oxidation. Wood fly ash also catalyzed the oxidation of 2-MB in the presence of air, leading to the appearance of 2-butanone, compared to acetone from 3-MB. Contact times of 30 s reduced 3-MB levels by ∼40% in bench scale, batch reactors. Similar results were found using activated charcoal (i.e., in terms of contact times), except that higher molecular weight compounds appeared to be formed. Continuous catalytic oxidation of 3-MB using wood fly ash was also demonstrated in a fixed-bed reactor at room temperature; the overall oxidation rate appeared to be first order with respect to 3-MB and a representative conversion of 20% at an inlet concentration of 67 ppmv and 2 s residence time (GHSV 1800 1/h, 25 °C, 1 atm) was measured. Results indicate the potential of using inexpensive solid waste materials to breakdown C5 aldehydes in rendering emissions to CO2, H2O, and less odor offensive compounds, but a carbon balance on the reaction and complete identification of end products are required for implementation.
Coolidge and Loongana 001: A new carbonaceous chondrite grouplet

— Petrographic and bulk compositional data suggest the existence of a new grouplet of carbonaceous chondrites consisting of Coolidge and Loongana 001. Coolidge is a carbonaceous chondrite find from Kansas, USA, previously considered a metamorphosed CV chondrite. Loongana 001 is a recent find from Western Australia. It has a high matrix/chondrule modal abundance ratio, 1–2 vol% refractory inclusions and high refractory lithophile abundance ratios (∼1.35x CI), indicating that it is a carbonaceous chondrite. Coolidge and Loongana 001 have many compositional and petrographic similarities. They have refractory element abundances in the range of CV chondrites, significantly higher than those in the CR chondrites. They have similar volatile element abundance patterns showing low volatile element abundances relative to both CR and CV chondrites. Coolidge and Loongana 001 have similar chondrule dimensions and shapes, oxidation states and opaque mineral assemblages. They are also similar in petrologic type (3.8–4) and shock stage (S2). Although both Coolidge and Loongana 001 may be related to the CV clan, they are not CV chondrites, nor are they formed by metamorphism of a CV precursor. They are distinctly different in composition from CV chondrites and their chondrules are smaller and have a much lower abundance of coarse-grained chondrule rims. Coolidge and Loongana 001 constitute a distinct carbonaceous chondrite grouplet.
Classification and Characterization of Therapeutic Antibody Aggregates

A host of diverse stress techniques was applied to a monoclonal antibody (IgG2) to yield protein particles with varying attributes and morphologies. Aggregated solutions were evaluated for percent aggregation, particle counts, size distribution, morphology, changes in secondary and tertiary structure, surface hydrophobicity, metal content, and reversibility. Chemical modifications were also identified in a separate report (Luo, Q., Joubert, M. K., Stevenson, R., Narhi, L. O., and Wypych, J. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 25134–25144). Aggregates were categorized into seven discrete classes, based on the traits described. Several additional molecules (from the IgG1 and IgG2 subtypes as well as intravenous IgG) were stressed and found to be defined with the same classification system. The mechanism of protein aggregation and the type of aggregate formed depends on the nature of the stress applied. Different IgG molecules appear to aggregate by a similar mechanism under the same applied stress. Aggregates created by harsh mechanical stress showed the largest number of subvisible particles, and the class generated by thermal stress displayed the largest number of visible particles. Most classes showed a disruption of the higher order structure, with the degree of disorder depending on the stress process. Particles in all classes (except thermal stress) were at least partially reversible upon dilution in pH 5 buffer. High copper content was detected in isolated metal-catalyzed aggregates, a stress previously shown to produce immunogenic aggregates. In conclusion, protein aggregates can be a very heterogeneous population, whose qualities are the result of the type of stress that was experienced.
Kinetics of the adsorption of Trichoderma reesei C30 cellulase to DEAE-macrosorb

Abstract Batch adsorption of T. reesei cellulase protein (1 mg ml −1 –50 ml) to 10 g inorganic-based DEAE-Macrosorb has been studied under several different conditions. Approximately 70 to 80% of the protein was adsorbed in buffer at low ionic strength between pH 5.0 and 9.4 or when adsorption was carried out in distilled water. Adsorption was rapid and essentially complete after 30 min. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that major bands of protein adsorbed by DEAE-Macrosorb were recoverable by steeping the adsorbent in 2 M sodium chloride. Maximum loading of cellulase protein to DEAE-Macrosorb at pH 5.0 was approximately 14 mg g −1 . After hydrolysis of Avicel or steam-exploded wood in a batch reactor, approximately 75 and 25%, respectively, of the initial cellulase protein used were recovered by adsorption to DEAE-Macrosorb and reused. The same DEAE-Macrosorb batches were used repeatedly for cellulase adsorption and may, therefore, be useful for recovery and reuse of cellulase.
Magnetic phase diagram of Cd1−xMnxSe below the nearest neighbor percolation limit

Abstract Magnetization measurements down to 10 mK of Cd1−xMnxSe at Mn concentrations below the nearest-neighbor percolation limit show spin glass behavior. The previously accepted phase diagram is revised, showing a x2 dependence at low x. Such behavior is attributed to neighbors further than nearest-neighbors and Bloembergen-Rowland type of indirect exchange.
Approximately Achieving Gaussian Relay Network Capacity With Lattice-Based QMF Codes

Recently, a new relaying strategy, quantize-map-and-forward (QMF) scheme, has been demonstrated to approximately achieve (within an additive constant number of bits) the Gaussian relay network capacity, universally, i.e., for arbitrary topologies, channel gains, and SNRs. This was established using Gaussian codebooks for transmission and random mappings at the relays. In this paper, we develop structured lattice codes that implement the QMF strategy. The main result of this paper is that such structured lattice codes can approximately achieve the Gaussian relay network capacity universally, again within an additive constant. In addition, we establish a similar result for half-duplex networks, where we demonstrate that one can approximately achieve the capacity using fixed transmit-receive (TX-RX) schedules for the relays with no transmit power optimization across the different TX-RX states of the network.
Characterization and Molecular Genetic Complementation of Mutants Affecting Dimorphism in the FungusUstilago maydis

Abstract Ustilago maydis,the causal agent of corn smut disease, displays dimorphic growth in which it alternates between a unicellular, nonpathogenic yeast-like form and a dikaryotic, pathogenic filamentous form. Previously, a constitutively filamentous haploid mutant was obtained. Complementation of this mutant led to the isolation of the gene encoding adenylate cyclase,uac1.Secondary mutagenesis of auac1disruption strain allowed the isolation of a large number of suppressor mutants, termedubc,forUstilagobypass of cyclase, lacking the filamentous phenotype. Analysis of one of these suppressor mutants previously led to the identification of theubc1gene, encoding the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In this report we describe the isolation of cosmids containing three newubcgenes, termedubc2, ubc3,andubc4.We also describe the morphology of theubc2, ubc3,andubc4mutants in auac1−background as well as in a background with a functionaluac1gene. In addition, we describe several mutant strains not complemented with any of the genes currently in hand and that are thus presumed to possess mutations in additionalubcgenes.
Observation of Interference between Ĉerenkov and Synchrotron Radiation

The rate of radiated photons per electron passing through a helium-filled \ifmmode \hat{C}\else \^{C}\fi{}erenkov counter is observed to oscillate as a function of the gas pressure when a weak, static magnetic field is applied. The data agree well with an analysis which treats \ifmmode \hat{C}\else \^{C}\fi{}erenkov and synchrotron radiation as limiting manifestations of a unified process.
Comparisons of TVD schemes applied to the Navier-Stokes equations

In this study, the following total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes for solving the Navier-Stokes equations have been tested: the Chakravarthy and Szema (1985) upwind biased TVD scheme, the Harten's upwind TVD scheme described by Yee et al. (1983), and the Yee's (1985) symmetric TVD scheme. The schemes have been compared using three test cases. The first case was the one-dimensional shock tube problem which tested the shock-capturing abilities of the schemes. Chakravarthy's and Harten's schemes gave similar results which were found to be more accurate than the results from Yee's scheme. The second case was a compressible boundary layer which tested the schemes's abilities to solve fiscous flows. In this case, the three schemes yielded almost identical results. Finally, the shock/boundary-layer interaction case studied experimentally by Hakkinen et al. (1959) was computed. Here, Chakravarthy's and Yee's schemes compared most favorably with the published data, with Yee's scheme giving slightly better results.
Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality: I. Aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen pools

Abstract Effects of two tillage treatments, tillage (T) with chisel plough and no-till (NT), were studied under un-drained and drained soil conditions. Soil physical properties measured were bulk density ( ρ b ), total porosity (ƒ t ), water stable aggregates (WSA), geometric mean diameter (GMD), mean weight diameter (MWD), organic carbon (OC) and total N concentrations in different aggregate size fractions, and total OC and N pools. The experiment was established in 1994 on a poorly drained Crosby silt loam soil (fine mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf) near Columbus, Ohio. In 2007, soil samples were collected (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm) from all treatments and separated into six aggregate size classes for assessing proportions of macro (5–8, 2–5, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5) and micro ( P ≤ 0.05) influenced WSA, MWD, and GMD. Higher total WSA (78.53 vs. 58.27%), GMD (0.99 vs. 0.68 mm), and MWD (2.23 vs. 0.99 mm) were observed for 0–10 cm depth for NT than T treatments. Relative proportion of macro-aggregates (>0.25-mm) was also more in NT than T treatment for un-drained plots. Conversely, micro-aggregates ( P ≤ 0.05) in NT for un-drained ( P ≤ 0.01) treatment for all soil depths. Within macro-aggregates, the maximum OC concentrations of 1.91 and 1.75 g kg −1 in 1–2 mm size fraction were observed in NT for un-drained and drained treatments, respectively. Tillage treatments significantly ( P ρ b ), and total porosity ( f t ) for all soil depths, whereas tillage × drainage interaction was significant ( P ρ b was negatively correlated ( r = −0.47; n = 12) with OC concentration. Tillage treatments significantly affected ( P ≤ 0.05) OC pools at 10–20 cm depth; whereas drainage, and tillage × drainage significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) influenced OC pools for 0–10 cm soil layer. The OC pool in 0–10 cm layer was 31.8 Mg ha −1 for NT compared with 25.9 Mg kg −1 for T for un-drained treatment. In comparison, the OC pool was 23.1 Mg ha −1 for NT compared with 25.2 Mg ha −1 for T for the drained plots. In general, the OC pool was higher in NT system, coupled with un-drained treatment than in drained T plots. The data indicate the importance of NT in improving the OC pool.
Observations on Radioactive Snows at Ann Arbor, Michigan

Rigorous chemical separations performed on radioactivities found in snows around Ann Arbor, Michigan, after the Las Vegas atomic test explosions on January 27 to February 6, 1951, have definitely established the presence of radioactive rare-earth isotopes and Ba and/or Sr isotopes and have shown the possible presence of I isotopes. The tests conducted on the samples are described. Because of the chemical distribution of the activities found in the Ann Arbor snows, these activities undoubtedly originated in the Las Vegas atomic test explosions.
An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image

The optical quality of a living eagle's eye was determined by an ophthalmoscopic method. The performance of the eye was substantially better than that reported for humans, but did not confirm some of the wilder claims made for such birds.
Point of care testing: improving pediatric outcomes.

Objective: Goal-directed therapy (GDT) has been proven to reduce morbidly and mortality in critical illness. Point of care testing (POCT) allows rapid turn around time (TAT) of critical data, yet data suggesting improved outcomes are very limited. The impact of these two strategies on improving outcomes for patients after congenital heart surgery has never been evaluated. Design: Beginning July 2001, POCT in the form of the i-STAT handheld analyzer was incorporated in the management of patients after congenital heart surgery at our institution. Blood lactate measurements were performed serially for 24 h after surgery. Based on a lactate value, medical therapy was escalated, diminished or left unchanged after surgery. Outcome data were collected prospectively for later review. Mortality at 30 days after surgery was compared for patients undergoing a GDT protocol to a group of historical cohorts. The operative risk for all operations was determined using the RACHS-1 scoring system. Setting: A 16-bed Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) in a 268-bed free-standing pediatric hospital. Patients: Outcomes of infants and neonates operated on from July 2001 through July 2003 (Group B) were compared to historical controls in our institution from June 1995 through June 2001 (Group A). There were 851 patients in Group A and 378 patients in Group B. Patients in Group B were smaller and younger than those in group A (median weight 3.8 vs. 4.3 kg, P < 0.001; median age 42 vs. 76 days, P = 0.02). Measurements and results: Overall mortality was lower for Group B as compared to Group A (2.4% vs. 6.2%, P < 0.007). Significant reduction in mortality between Group B and Group A was noted in neonates (4.3% vs. 12%, P = 0.008) but did not reach significance in infants (0.9% vs. 2.6%, P = NS). Patients undergoing the highest-risk operations (RACHS-1 groups 5 + 6) had a 70% reduction in mortality when comparing Group B to Group A, (9% vs. 30%, P = 0.03), but no statistical difference in mortality was noted in those patients undergoing lower-risk operations (RACHS-1 groups 1 and 2, Group B 0.5% vs. Group A 1.5%, P = NS). Conclusions: The combination of goal-directed therapy and point of care testing significantly reduced mortality in patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. This improvement is greatest in the youngest patients and those undergoing higher-risk surgeries. D 2004 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. All rights reserved.
Data assimilation into a numerical equatorial ocean model. I. The model and the assimilation algorithm

Abstract Numerical modeling provides a powerful tool for the study of the dynamics of oceans and atmospheres. However, the relevance of modeling results can only be established by reference to observations of the system being modeled. Typical oceanic observation sets are sparse, asynoptic, of mixed type and limited reliability, generally inadequate in some respects, and redundant and inconsistent in others. An optimal procedure for interfacing such data sets with a numerical model is the so-called adjoint method. This procedure effectively assimilates the observations into a run of the numerical model by finding that solution to the model equations that best fits all observations made within some specified space-time interval. The method requires the construction of the adjoint of the numerical model, a process made practical for models of realistic complexity by the work of Thacker and Long. In the present paper, the first of two parts, we illustrate the application of Thacker and Long's approach by constructing a data-assimilating version of an equatorial ocean model incorporating the adjoint method. The model is subsequently run for 5 years to near-steady-state, and exhibits many of the features known to be characteristic of equatorial oceanic flows. Using the last 54 days of the run as a control, a set of simulated sea-level and subsurface-density observations are collected, then successfully assimilated to demonstrate that the procedure can recover the control run, given a generous amount of data. In part II we conduct a sequence of numerical experiments to explore the ability of more limited sets of observations to fix the state of the modeled ocean; in the process, we examine the potential value of sea-level data obtained via satellite altimetry.
Commentary: Cell Phones and the Multi-tasking Driver☆☆☆

Abstract [Runge JW: NHTSA Notes commentary: Cell phones and the multi-tasking driver. Ann Emerg Med February 1998;31:279-280.]
First-principles study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of oxide-sheathed silicon nanowires.

Using a density functional theory approach, we examine the dielectric function (e(ω)) optical spectra and electronic structure of various silicon nanowire (SiNW) orientations (⟨100⟩, ⟨110⟩, ⟨111⟩, and ⟨112⟩) with amorphous oxide sheaths (−a-SiOx) and compare the results against H-terminated reference SiNWs. We extend the same methods to investigate the effects of surface passivation on ⟨111⟩ SiNW properties using functional group termination (−H, −OH, and −F) and three different thicknesses of oxide sheath passivation. Oxide layer growth is evidenced in the spectra by concomitant appearance of tail oxide character with signatures of increased Si disorder. Suboxide contributions and increased Si disorder from oxidation average out the band structure dispersion observed in the reference SiNWs. Furthermore, we plot average Seraphin coefficients for ⟨111⟩ passivations that clearly distinguish functional group termination from surface oxidation and discuss the suboxide and disorder contributions on the charact...
Newcomer information seeking: Exploring types, modes, sources, and outcomes.

This study provides insight into the organizational newcomer information-seeking process. Surveys were given to 205 new accountants one, three, and six months into their jobs. Patterns of seeking v...
Amen and Hallelujah preaching: Discourse functions in African American sermons

Numerous discourse markers have been examined in conversation and lecture contexts, but research is sparse on markers in the sermon genre and on the religious discourse communities in which sermons occur. This article examines discourse marker functions of sermonic expressions frequent in performed African American sermons (e.g. Amen, Hallelujah, Praise God). Functions identified include those of textual boundary marker, spiritual maintenance filler, rhythmic marker, and the infrequent call-response marker. Results support the importance of the role that culture (here, African oral tradition) plays in sermon performance.
The Electronic Research Sponsored by the Office of Naval Research

A survey is given of the research being sponsored by the electronics branch of the Physical Sciences Division of the Office of Naval Research. The philosophy from which the electronics program evolves is presented.
Laser-Fluorescence Mass Spectroscopy

Measurements of ion cyclotron-resonance frequencies in a Penning trap, by a laser fluorescence technique, are described. This technique has been applied to indirect measurements of the proton-to-electron mass ratio and the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ electron ${g}_{J}$ factor. It is found that $\frac{{m}_{p}}{{m}_{e}}=1836.15238(62)$ (0.34 ppm) and ${g}_{J}(^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+})=2.00226206(42)$ (0.21 ppm). Ultimately, ion cyclotron-resonance accuracies near 1 part in ${10}^{13}$ should be possible.
Deep Sequencing Shows Multiple Oligouridylations Are Required for 3′ to 5′ Degradation of Histone mRNAs on Polyribosomes

Summary Histone mRNAs are rapidly degraded when DNA replication is inhibited during S phase with degradation initiating with oligouridylation of the stem loop at the 3′ end. We developed a customized RNA sequencing strategy to identify the 3′ termini of degradation intermediates of histone mRNAs. Using this strategy, we identified two types of oligouridylated degradation intermediates: RNAs ending at different sites of the 3′ side of the stem loop that resulted from initial degradation by 3′hExo and intermediates near the stop codon and within the coding region. Sequencing of polyribosomal histone mRNAs revealed that degradation initiates and proceeds 3′ to 5′ on translating mRNA and that many intermediates are capped. Knockdown of the exosome-associated exonuclease PM/Scl-100, but not the Dis3L2 exonuclease, slows histone mRNA degradation consistent with 3′ to 5′ degradation by the exosome containing PM/Scl-100. Knockdown of No-go decay factors also slowed histone mRNA degradation, suggesting a role in removing ribosomes from partially degraded mRNAs.