cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful treatment of paralytic relapses in adoptive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via neuroantigen-specific tolerance.

We have previously demonstrated that Ag-specific tolerance induced by the i.v. administration of splenocytes coupled with neuroantigens, such as mouse spinal cord homogenate, myelin basic protein (MBP), and proteolipid protein, and their encephalitogenic peptides, results in dramatic inhibition of clinical and histologic signs of both actively induced and adoptively transferred relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE). We report here that the administration of splenocytes coupled with mouse spinal cord homogenate (i.e., a mixture of neuroantigens), after the first paralytic episode of adoptive R-EAE triggered by MBP-specific T cells but before the appearance of the first relapse, effectively reduced the onset and severity of all subsequent relapses, as determined by both clinical and pathologic criteria. In contrast, the i.v. administration of splenocytes coupled with MBP (i.e., the specificity of the initiating T cell response), under similar conditions, effectively inhibited the initial clinical relapse, but subsequent relapses occurred with the same incidence rate and severity as those in control animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that neuroantigen-specific tolerance is effective at specifically down-regulating an ongoing autoimmune response. This may have potential clinical applicability for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The results also support the hypothesis that the neuroantigen specificity of later relapses of R-EAE may be due to effector T cells with specificities different from those that triggered the initial clinical episode. Thus, potential therapy for the advanced stages of R-EAE, and perhaps other autoimmune diseases, may have to be directed not simply against the effector cells initiating the disease but also against effector cells with differing specificities recruited as a result of tissue damage occurring in the initial acute disease.
Astronomical Detection of Rhomboidal SiC3

Seven rotational transitions of SiC3, a planar, highly polar ring molecule, have been detected in the millimeter-wave band in the expanding envelope of the evolved carbon star IRC +10216. On the assumption that SiC3 has the same 40'' diameter shell as SiCC, the mean column density of SiC3 is 4.3×1012 cm−2. The rotational excitation of SiC3 is similar to that of SiCC, with a low rotational temperature within the K-stacks of 10-20 K and a high rotational temperature across the K-stacks of roughly 50 K, which is probably close to the kinetic temperature of the shell.
HEMORHEOlOGIC THERAPY TO CONTROL DIABETIC VASCULAR DISEASE

Chronic diabetes mellitus is associated with difficulties that have in common a disturbance of the circulation. A clearly defined hemorheologic burden antedates and is cross-sectionally related to the diabetic circulatory complications, suggesting that blood flow plays a role in damaging diabetic blood vessels. This concept has led to the development of hemorheologic models for both micro- and macroangiopathy. Intensive insulin therapy appears to benefit the diabetic hemorheologic burden, but it has limits that make it unable to normalize blood's flow properties. Other interventions can be identified, based both on drugs and on changes in health habits. They have little or no effect on blood glucose levels but decrease the hemorheologic burden; fourteen means to improve diabetic blood flow are identified and discussed. Four non-drug managements are already often used in treatment. Ten types of pharmacologic agent have clear potential for reducing or preventing diabetic vascular problems. The strength of evidence for their effects and their possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Establishing a more effective role for these agents in diabetes management will require more sophisticated interventional studies that incorporate modern hemorheologic assessment into their design. Such evaluations are important in examlnlng both established and new drugs if we are to further improve the prognosis for individuals with established diabetes.
A group-based authorization model for cooperative systems

Requirements for access control in CSCW systems have often been stated, but groupware in use today does not meet most of these requirements. There are practical reasons for this, but one of the problems is the inherent complexity of sophisticated access control models. We propose a general authorization model that emphasizes conceptual simplicity and show that several issues-in particular negative access rights and delegation of rights-can be solved elegantly in this model.
Blood Methanol Concentrations in One-Year-Old Infants Administered Graded Doses of Aspartame

Blood methanol concentrations were measured in 24 1-year-old infants administered aspartame, a dipeptide methyl ester sweetener. The doses studied included a dose projected to be the 99th percentile of daily ingestion for adults (34 mg/kg body weight), a very high use dose (50 mg/kg body weight) and a dose considered to be in the abuse range (100 mg/kg body weight). Blood methanol values in infants were compared to values observed previously in adults administered equivalent doses of aspartame. Methanol concentrations were below the level of detection (0.35 mg/dl) in the blood of 10 infants administered aspartame at 34 mg/kg body weight, but were significantly elevated (P less than or equal to 0.05) after ingestion of aspartame at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. At the latter doses, mean peak blood methanol concentrations and the area under the blood methanol concentration-time curve increased in proportion to dose. Mean (+/- SEM) peak blood methanol concentration was 0.30 +/- 0.10 mg/100 ml at a 50 mg/kg body weight aspartame dose (n = 6) and 1.02 +/- 0.28 mg/ml at the 100 mg/kg body weight dose (n = 8). Blood methanol values in infants were similar to those observed in normal adults.
Graphical Humor and the Measurement of Attitudinal Ambivalence

The use of graphical humor as an indicator of social and psychological attitudes is reviewed. A novel method for assessing attitudes using cartoons as projective devices is introduced. Analysis of responses from 275 students who were given both discursive, sentence items and graphical humor, projective items, demonstrates the potential of cartoons as stimuli for attitude measurement. The results suggest that graphical humor might be developed successfully in constructing alternative methods for measuring attitudinal ambivalence. Greater attention should be given to the ambivalence dimensions of social attitudes because ambivalence is a common and expected outcome of the inconsistencies and contradictions inherent in social life.
Stability and temperature of a hot compressed zone in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract It is shown that for heavy-ion reactions over 30–50 MeV/ A a hot zone can disintegrate yielding a high nuclear multiplicity. The temperature of the hot zone is calculated within the liquid drop model, where the volume term is determined using mean field theory. The dependence of the nuclear surface tension on temperature and density is also evaluated.
Synapse formation between clonal muscle cells and rat spinal cord explants

ALTHOUGH functional neuromuscular junctions have been reported between cultured muscle and spinal cord explants1–3 or dissociated spinal cord cells4, further studies have been hampered because primary cultures represent a mixture of cell types of unknown function. Harris et al.5 tackled this problem by coculturing a neuronal cell line (C1300) from a mouse sympathetic ganglion cell6,7 with a rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6)8. They found regions of high acetylcholine(ACh) sensitivity at points of contact between nerve and muscle, indicating interaction between nerve and muscle5,9. So far no functional synapses have been observed in this system. We now report that the L6 muscle cell line can form functional synapses with a competent nerve.
The role of socio-cultural factors in the course of anorexia nervosa: a case of anorexia nervosa in a Chinese-American adolescent

With the realization of eating disorders outside of westernized societies, it is clear that body image and western cultural ideals are not the only etiologies for anorexia nervosa across cultures. Using a retrospective chart review of a single medical record, a case study is presented to illustrate that eating disorders are context-bound with multiple factors playing a role in the pervasive existence of anorexia nervosa among various societies and cultures. As the existence of eating disorders across diverse cultures continues to be identified and recognized, it is necessary to consider family, developmental, social and cultural factors in order to accurately formulate and effectively treat anorexia nervosa.
Frequency-multiplexed and pipelined iterative optical systolic array processors

Optical matrix processors using acoustooptic transducers are described with emphasis on new systolic array architectures using frequency multiplexing in addition to space and time multiplexing. A Kalman filtering application is considered as our case study from which the operations required on such a system can be defined. This also serves as a new and powerful application for iterative optical processors. The importance of pipelining the data flow and the ordering of the operations performed in a specific application of such a system are also noted. Several examples of how to effectively achieve this are included. A new technique for handling bipolar data on such architectures is also described.
Beyond coronary sinus angiography: the value of coronary arteriography and identification of the pericardiophrenic vein during left ventricular lead placement.

VASEGHI, M., ET AL.: Beyond Coronary Sinus Angiography: The Value of Coronary Arteriography and Identification of the Pericardiophrenic Vein During Left Ventricular Lead Placement. Objective: The purpose ofthis study was to define the role coronary arteriography (venous phase) for improving the success of left ventricular (LV) lead implantation and to define the value of identifying the pericardiophrenic vein for optimal LV lead placement in biventricular (bi-v) device implantation. Methods: Seventy-seven patients underwent bi-v device implantation between July 2002 and October 2003. If the coronary sinus (CS) could not be accessed, then left coronary arteriography was performed during the same procedure. CS access was guided by venous phase images of the coronary arteriogram. The pericardiophrenic vein was identified by selective cannulation or direct visualization. Patients with Cr > 1.5 had gadolinium used as the contrast agent. Results: Seventy-five successful implants were performed (97%). In seven patients (9%) repeated attempts at retrograde cannulation of the CS failed (attempt time 130 ′ 20 minute, mean ′ SD). In these patients, coronary arteriography helped define the location of the CS, which was subsequently successfully cannulated. In six patients the pericardiophrenic vein was identified either during occlusion venography of the CS (postthoracotomy, veno-venous collaterals, n = 2) or during selective cannulation of the pericardiophrenic vein (using a DAIG Csl catheter, n = 4). The vein was directly visualized in three patients who underwent surgical LV lead implantation. LV leads in all these cases were implanted in areas not overlying the preidentified pericardiophrenic vein. During follow-up, none of these patients had evidence of phrenic nerve stimulation. Conclusions: Intraoperative left coronary arteriography increases the success of CS cannulation. Identification of the pericardiophrenic vein is a useful method to avoid phrenic nerve stimulation.
Involvement of Suppressive B-Lymphocytes in the Mechanism of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice

The objective of the study was to identify immune cell populations, in addition to Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells, that participate in the mechanisms of action of tolerogenic dendritic cells shown to prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse strain. Co-culture experiments using tolerogenic dendritic cells and B-cells from NOD as well as transgenic interleukin-10 promoter-reporter mice along with transfer of tolerogenic dendritic cells and CD19+ B-cells into NOD and transgenic mice, showed that these dendritic cells increased the frequency and numbers of interleukin-10-expressing B-cells in vitro and in vivo. The expansion of these cells was a consequence of both the proliferation of pre-existing interleukin-10-expressing B-lymphocytes and the conversion of CD19+ B-lymphcytes into interleukin-10-expressing cells. The tolerogenic dendritic cells did not affect the suppressive activity of these B-cells. Furthermore, we discovered that the suppressive murine B-lymphocytes expressed receptors for retinoic acid which is produced by the tolerogenic dendritic cells. These data assist in identifying the nature of the B-cell population increased in response to the tolerogenic dendritic cells in a clinical trial and also validate very recent findings demonstrating a mechanistic link between human tolerogenic dendritic cells and immunosuppressive regulatory B-cells.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Mediated by the Transmembrane Serine Protease TMPRSS2

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) utilizes host proteases for virus entry into lung cells. In the current study, Vero cells constitutively expressing type II transmembrane serine protease (Vero-TMPRSS2 cells) showed larger syncytia at 18 h after infection with MERS-CoV than after infection with other coronaviruses. Furthermore, the susceptibility of Vero-TMPRSS2 cells to MERS-CoV was 100-fold higher than that of non-TMPRSS2-expressing parental Vero cells. The serine protease inhibitor camostat, which inhibits TMPRSS2 activity, completely blocked syncytium formation but only partially blocked virus entry into Vero-TMPRSS2 cells. Importantly, the coronavirus is thought to enter cells via two distinct pathways, one mediated by TMPRSS2 at the cell surface and the other mediated by cathepsin L in the endosome. Simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of cathepsin L and TMPRSS2 completely blocked virus entry into Vero-TMPRSS2 cells, indicating that MERS-CoV employs both the cell surface and the endosomal pathway to infect Vero-TMPRSS2 cells. In contrast, a single camostat treatment suppressed MERS-CoV entry into human bronchial submucosal gland-derived Calu-3 cells by 10-fold and virus growth by 270-fold, although treatment with both camostat and (23,25)-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamindo-3-methylbutane ethyl ester, a cathepsin inhibitor, or treatment with leupeptin, an inhibitor of cysteine, serine, and threonine peptidases, was no more efficacious than treatment with camostat alone. Further, these inhibitors were not efficacious against MERS-CoV infection of MRC-5 and WI-38 cells, which were derived from lung, but these characters differed from those of mature pneumocytes. These results suggest that a single treatment with camostat is sufficient to block MERS-CoV entry into a well-differentiated lung-derived cell line.
On the consistency of moment tensor source mechanisms with first-motion data

Moment tensor source mechanisms for the largest twenty-nine shallow earthquakes from 1981 (M_s ≥ 6.5) have been determined using long-period Rayleigh-wave spectra and P-wave first-motions, recorded by the International Deployment of Accelerograms (IDA), Global Digital Seismic Network (GDSN), and World-Wide Standardised Seismic Network (WWSSN). These are compared with the centroid moment tensor mechanisms presented by Dziewonski and Woodhouse, which were obtained in a contrasting manner. In most cases, the source is well represented by a single double-couple mechanisms, with good agreement of scalar moment and orientation between the two studies. Apparent mismatches for other cases may be interpreted in terms of source complexity. We emphasise the objectivity of comparing moment tensor elements; apparent discrepancies in the moment and orientation of double-couple fault plane solutions are usually due to differences in the M_(xz) and M_(yz) moment tensor elements, which are poorly constrained by long-period data.
Being-There-With-and-For: Contemporary Psychoanalysis Characterizes Notions of Being Religious

Diverse religious communities and traditions share certain common notions among the ways of life they seek to cultivate, notions that contemporary psychoanalysis can illumine. This essay offers three contributions: (a) substantive—characterizing features of a way: being-there-with-and-for; (b) methodological—outlining genres of relating psychology and religion; (c) philosophical—discussing relations between epistemology and ontology (that is, between maps and territory).
Antibody dependent cellular immunity in newborn mice.

CELLULAR immunity has traditionally been considered a property of thymus-derived lymphocytes, initiating delayed hypersensitivity, graft and tumour rejection, and graft versus host phenomena. Recently, however, there have been many in vitro demonstrations of cellular immunity dependent on humoral antibody1,2. Assays usually measure target cell killing by radioactive chromium release, a reaction mediated by an effector cell with morphological and functional properties of a macrophage3–5 or a thymus-independent lymphocyte1,2,6,7. Antibody-dependent cellular immunity is effective against xenogenic cells1–3,5–7 and allogenic cells4,8, and probably also operates against syngeneic tumour cells9.
LABORATORIOS DE RECONSTRUCCIÓN URBANA: HACIA UNA ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LA POLÍTICA URBANA EN COLOMBIA

Resumen es: Durante los ultimos anos Bogota y Medellin han sido escenarios de una serie de innovaciones gubernamentales en donde la reconfiguracion de la 'cultura' y...
The sensitive period in the development of the trigeminal system of the neonatal rat

In previous studies we have described vibrissae-related segmentation in the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex of the neonatal rat. Using succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) histochemistry, we delineated the time course in development of the normal segmentation at each level of the trigeminal system and the aberrant segmentation resulting from follicle damage at birth (Killackey and Belford, '79; Belford and Killackey, '79a, b). The present study examines the aberrant patterns that result from damage to the vibrissae follicles at different ages, comparing the patterns at the different levels of the trigeminal system. The present study indicates a number of similarities between the central representations of the vibrissae. First, the patterns are similar within each of the three representations in the trigeminal nuclei for removal at a given age in a particular animal. These changes include a decrease in SDH density but a maintenance of normal row widths. Second, the patterns are similar within both the ventrobasal complex and layer IV of somatosensory cortex for removal at a given age in a particular animal. These changes include a fusion of individual clusters into bands, and a decrease in band width, but maintenance of normal SDH density. Third, the effects of damage to a row of vibrissae follicles at different ages are graded. Earlier damage produces more marked aberrations. Fourth, for all of the structures, the transition between bands and clusters occurs with damage at the same age. Further, the last age at which damage produces aberrant patterns is Day 3 for all of the structures. Thus, the data suggest that there is one sensitive period for pattern alteration in the entire central trigeminal system.
‘The Best Distance Runner the World Has Ever Produced’: Hannes Kolehmainen and the Modernisation of British Athletics

At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Finnish long-distance runner Hannes Kolehmainen captivated British audiences following his sensational three gold medal performances. In the backdrop of a disappointing British showing in the Swedish capital, Kolehmainen's heroics revealed the inexorable forces of globalisation and the rising competitiveness of international sport. Mindful of their nation's declining standing in world sport, Britain's Olympic leaders launched an ambitious scheme to revolutionise the nation's amateur sporting culture. In this era of proposed reform, the British hailed Kolehmainen as a paragon of modern athletic and scientific excellence, a counterforce to the dilettantish and unmethodical British amateur sportsman. Reformers conceived that only by replicating the foreign, ‘working-class’ methods employed by Kolehmainen and his compatriots could Britain, the founding nation ofglobal sports culture, reclaim its position as the arbiter of international sport.
Ice‐core palaeoclimate records in tropical South America since the Last Glacial Maximum

Ice-core records spanning the last 25 000 yr from the tropical Andes of South America are reviewed. These records from Quelccaya, Huascaran and Sajama present a high temporal resolution picture of both the Late Glacial Stage (LGS) and the Holocene climatic and environmental conditions in the South American Andes. Late Glacial Stage conditions at high elevations appear to have been cooler than today, although the magnitude of the inferred cooling differs with the particular proxy used (e.g. snowline depression, pollen, ice cores). Insoluble dust and anion concentrations in the ice cores reveal that LGS hydrological conditions in the tropics (9°S) were much drier than today, whereas in the subtropics (18°S) LGS conditions were much wetter. This probably reflects the migration of the tropical Hadley Cell in response to a different meridional temperature gradient. Low nitrate concentrations in the LGS ice from both Huascaran and Sajama suggest that the Amazon Basin forest cover may have been much less extensive. Discussed is the conundrum surrounding the use of d 18 O as a palaeothermometer in the tropics, where temperatures exhibit little seasonal variation yet the ice-core records suggest that d 18 O records temperature variations on decadal to millennial time-scales. Finally evidence is presented for a strong twentieth century warming. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of multi-product manufacturing lines with the consideration of product change dependent inter-task times, reduced changeover and machine flexibility

Traditional research work in manufacturing line design assumes that the times between manufacturing tasks performed on a workstation are independent of the task sequence on that station. Furthermore, such studies paid little attention to the sequence dependent inter-task times in multi-model production. Since the inter-task times related to product model changeover have significant impact on manufacturing line performance, it is necessary to take into account the inter-task times explicitly in multi-model manufacturing line design. The need for this consideration is growing as product variety increases. This paper presents mathematical models of manufacturing line design with the consideration of product change related inter-task times in evaluating station times for multi-model production. An optimization model is developed using mixed integer programming to minimize manufacturing line cost. The model takes into account the recurrence of manufacturing tasks in a station to determine the machine type in a station. This paper also presents a heuristic solution procedure developed for efficient calculation. This paper also investigates how product model build sequences and inter-task times affect manufacturing line performance. The developed models will help enhance task-station assignment in multi- and mixed-model production by increasing line cost effectiveness and reducing line changeover impact as well as shortening long re-balancing processes.
Small assemblies of unmodified amyloid β-protein are the proximate neurotoxin in Alzheimer’s disease

Pioneering work in the 1950s by Christian Anfinsen on the folding of ribonuclease has shown that the primary structure of a protein "encodes" all of the information necessary for a nascent polypeptide to fold into its native, physiologically active, three-dimensional conformation (for his classic review, see [Science 181 (1973) 223]). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) appears to play a seminal role in neuronal injury and death. Recent data have suggested that the proximate effectors of neurotoxicity are oligomeric Abeta assemblies. A fundamental question, of relevance both to the development of therapeutic strategies for AD and to understanding basic laws of protein folding, is how Abeta assembly state correlates with biological activity. Evidence suggests, as argued by Anfinsen, that the formation of toxic Abeta structures is an intrinsic feature of the peptide's amino acid sequence-one requiring no post-translational modification or invocation of peptide-associated enzymatic activity.
Mandibular distraction in the setting of chromosome 4q deletion

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 4 (4q) are rare, with an estimated incidence of roughly 1 in 10,000 live births. Patients present with a constellation of findings, including cardiac malformations, micrognathia in the setting of Pierre Robin sequence, microcephaly, genitourinary anomalies, short stature, anomalies of the small fingers of the hand, moderate or severe learning disability, and/or severe psychomotor retardation(2-4) The dysmorphic features include hypertelorism, a broad nasal bridge, with a short nose and anteverted nares, a long philtrum, a thin upper lip, and micrognathia. The cardiopulmonary complications, including asphyxia and apnea contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. The authors describe a patient with 4q deletion syndrome and respiratory difficulty, secondary to Robin sequence. They report the successful use of distraction osteogenesis to address the associated micrognathia and tongue displacement and avoid long-term tracheostomy.
Sulfonylurea-sensitive potassium current evoked by sodium-loading in rat midbrain dopamine neurons

Abstract In Parkinson's disease, there is evidence of impaired mitochondrial function which reduces the capacity to synthesize ATP in dopamine neurons. This would be expected to reduce the activity of the sodium pump (Na + /K + ATPase), causing increased intracellular levels of Na + . Patch pipettes were used to introduce Na + (40 mM in pipette solutions) into dopamine neurons in the rat midbrain slice in order to study the electrophysiological effects of increased intracellular Na + . We found that intracellular Na + loading evoked 100–300 pA of outward current (at −60 mV) and increased whole-cell conductance; these effects developed gradually during the first 10 min after rupture of the membrane patch. Extracellular Ba 2+ reduced most of the outward current evoked by Na + loading; this Ba 2+ -sensitive current reversed direction at the expected reversal potential for K + ( E K ), and was also blocked by extracellular tetraethylammonium (30 mM) and intracellular Cs + (which replaced K + in pipette solutions). The sulfonylurea drugs glipizide ( IC 50 = 4.9 nM), tolbutamide ( IC C 50 = 23 μM) and glibenclamide (1 μM) were as effective as 300 μM Ba 2+ in reducing the K + current evoked by Na+ loading. When recording with “control” pipettes containing 15 mM Na + , diazoxide 300,μM) increased chord conductance and evoked outward current at −60 mV, which also reversed direction near E K . Effects of diazoxide were blocked by glibenclamide (1 μM) or glipizide (300 nM). Diazoxide (300 μM) and baclofen (3 μM), which also evoked K + -mediated outward currents recorded with control pipettes, caused little additional increases in outward currents during Na + loading. Raising ATP concentrations to 10 mM in pipette solutions failed to significantly reduce currents evoked by diazoxide or Na + loading, suggesting that these currents may not be mediated by ATP-sensitive K + channels. Finally, Na+ loading using pipettes containing Cs + in place of K+ evoked a relatively small outward current (50–150 pA at −60 mV), which developed gradually over the first 10 min after rupturing the membrane patch. This current was reduced by dihydro-ouabain (3 μM) and a low extracellular concentration of K + (0.5 mM instead of 2.5 mM), but was not affected by Ba 2+ . We conclude that intracellular Na + loading evokes a current generated by Na + /K + ATPase in addition to sulfonylurea-sensitive K + current. This Na + -dependent K + current is unusual in its sensitivity to sulfonylureas, and could protect dopamine neurons against toxic effects of intracellular Na + accumulation.
Tem waves in cylindrical systems

Abstract A general theory is developed for TEM waves guided by any form of cylindrical conductors. The vector Laplacian in general curvilinear coordinates leads to very simple equations for E and H . With electromagnetic waves, a scalar potential does not exist, since curl E ≠ 0. But if E ·curl E = 0, a scalar quasipotential φ can be introduced, from which the E -vector can be obtained. The use of a quasipotential constitutes a second method for handling TEM waves. The paper produces no new practical results; but it does develop general equations that are free from the ambiguities existing in previous treatments.
Characterization of Nanostructured Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials Using Advanced Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

We demonstrate the applications of several novel techniques in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR) to the structural studies of mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid catalytic materials. Most of these latest capabilities of solid-state NMR were made possible by combining fast magic angle spinning (at {ge} 40 kHz) with new multiple RF pulse sequences. Remarkable gains in sensitivity have been achieved in heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy through the detection of high-{gamma} ({sup 1}H) rather than low-{gamma} (e.g., {sup 13}C, {sup 15}N) nuclei. This so-called indirect detection technique can yield through-space 2D {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H HETCOR spectra of surface species under natural abundance within minutes, a result that earlier has been out of reach. The {sup 15}N-{sup 1}H correlation spectra of species bound to a surface can now be acquired, also without isotope enrichment. The first indirectly detected through-bond 2D {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H spectra of solid samples are shown, as well. In the case of 1D and 2D {sup 29}Si NMR, the possibility of generating multiple Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) echoes during data acquisition offered time savings by a factor of ten to one hundred. Examples of the studied materials involve mesoporous silica and mixed oxide nanoparticles functionalized with various types of organic groups, wheremore » solid-state NMR provides the definitive characterization.« less
The rhetoric of political newscasting

Television has become the major source of news for most Americans. Therefore, it seems important to consider television's rhetorical potential to influence the public's understanding of political affairs. The purpose of this essay is to explore some of the ways television news reporting, documentaries and docu‐dramas may lead us to know and judge political events, political leadership and political institutions.
Preservice Teachers' Perceptions of Characteristics of an Effective Teacher as a Function of Discipline Orientation: A Mixed Methods Investigation

This mixed methods study investigated the extent to which preservice teachers' discipline orientations are consistent with their perceptions of what makes an effective teacher. The study's first purpose was to determine whether preservice teachers tend to possess a predominant discipline style. The second purpose was to ascertain the degree to which preservice teachers' endorsement of each of the three discipline styles (i.e., interventionist vs. interactionalist vs. non-interventionist) predicts their perceptions of characteristics of effective teachers. Participants were 63 preservice teachers enrolled at a large southeastern university. Both interventionism and interactionalism received significantly greater endorsements than did non-interventionism. A phenomenological analysis revealed seven characteristics that many preservice teachers considered to reflect effective teaching: student-centered, effective classroom and behavior manager, competent instructor, ethical, enthusiastic about teaching, knowl...
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of mosaicism for a de novo unbalanced translocation identified in amniocytes

Mosaicism for an unbalanced reciprocal translocation was identified in cultured amniocytes of a 16-week-old fetus; mos46,XX,der(4)t(4;5)(q34;q12)/46,XX. Parental karyotypes were normal, indicating a de novo origin of the unbalanced translocation in the fetus. The additional chromosomal material on the der(4) was derived from chromosome 5 as demonstrated by both GTG banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with a chromosome 5 paint. Two subsequent amniocenteses, at 18 and 20 weeks, confirmed the presence of the abnormal cell line. A percutaneous umbilical blood sample (PUBS) contained only normal cells, 46,XX, and a high resolution ultrasound revealed no fetal abnormalities or growth retardation. The pregnancy was continued and a normal female was born at term. No evidence of the unbalanced translocation cell line was found in cord blood or placental samples at birth. The finding of mosaicism for an unbalanced translocation at amniocentesis is rare, and is associated with a high risk of fetal abnormality. This case illustrates the importance of follow-up studies by PUBS and high-resolution ultrasound for further assessing the risk of phenotypic abnormality.
The Art of Torture and the Place of Execution: A Forensic Narrative

In El Calafate, Argentina, a remote global nature tour destination where tourists lodge en route to experience the spectacular glacial beauty of Patagonia, a 17-year-old local boy was kidnapped and taken to an otherwise unremarkable waterscape on the edge of town, where he was tortured and executed. His death, however, was officially declared a suicide. The malevolence of his assailants and their protectors moved outward from the youth's body and the crime site into the homes of despairing and disbelieving family and friends, overflowing into private and public protest, all to no avail. The crime and its aftermath dramatically altered the lives of the victim's working-class family and friends. While their faith in the local police and courts has nearly been destroyed, and faith in relevant human rights law barely ignited, continued communication about this crime as part of an ongoing community disaster seems to infer an unspecified promise, or at least, a stubborn desire, to continue seeking justice with words. In this article, I explore the layered attempts of family and friend's to narrate, counter, and untangle the causes and effects emanating from the youth's murder, the official evidence box, and the spatially situated terror that persists. Mediated through ethnographic writing, the forensic narration shows how violent crime distorts and divides human perception of everyday places with ominous and artful precision.
A cautionary case study of approaches to the treatment of missing data

This article presents findings from a case study of different approaches to the treatment of missing data. Simulations based on data from the Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program (LAMP) led the authors to the following cautionary conclusions about the treatment of missing data: (1) Automated selection of the imputation model in the use of full Bayesian multiple imputation can lead to unexpected bias in coefficients of substantive models. (2) Under conditions that occur in actual data, casewise deletion can perform less well than we were led to expect by the existing literature. (3) Relatively unsophisticated imputations, such as mean imputation and conditional mean imputation, performed better than the technical literature led us to expect. (4) To underscore points (1), (2), and (3), the article concludes that imputation models are substantive models, and require the same caution with respect to specificity and calculability.
Simple and rapid procedure for chromatographic identification of multiple transfer RNA species from Escherichia coli

A modification of the benzoylated DEAE-cellulose method of tRNA fractionation has been developed to provide a rapid and highly efficient method for the quantitative identification of multiple tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine tRNA species from E. coli aminoacylated in vivo. This method should be of particular use in physiological studies of these tRNA species.
The Twitcher Mouse: A Model for Krabbe Disease and for Experimental Therapies

The twitcher is a naturally-occurring mouse mutant caused by an abnormality in the gene coded for galactosylceramidase. It is therefore genetically equivalent to human globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease). Affected mice develop clinical symptoms at the onset of the active myelination period and, if untreated, die by 35 +/- days. The pathology is very similar to that in human disease. Toxicity of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) that accumulates abnormally in the nervous system is considered to be primarily responsible for the pathogenesis. Transplantation of bone marrow cells from normal donors is partially effective and triples the life span of affected mice to 100 +/- days with evidence of remyelination in the CNS. The mutation responsible for the twitcher mutant has recently been identified. It is expected that this model will be useful for basic studies on treatment of this group of genetic disorders affecting the brain through transgenic and/or gene therapy approaches.
Complex brain and behavioral functions disrupted by mutations in Drosophila

Reproductive behavior in Drosophila involves a complex series of actions which is perturbed by many different kinds of mutations. Some of the most interesting courtship variants are those originally isolated with respect to disruptions of general learning and memory. Several types of genetically abnormal males have their “conditioned courtship” blocked or attenuated by the learning and memory mutations, some of which, in turn, are known to cause abnormal levels of specific monoamines or cyclic nucleotides. Recent studies of the defective courtship performed by the conditioning mutants involve “mosaic focusing” of the neural tissues affected by the behavioral/biochemical mutations. These experiments address the question of whether there are localized influences of the relevant genetic loci in their control of conditioned courtship, in spite of the fact that the protein products of the genes have a broad tissue distribution. Female responses to courting Drosophila males can also be dependent on the former's prior experiences. This pertains to enhancing aftereffects of prestimulation by the courtship song that is produced by a male; and the same learning and memory mutations, expressed in females, impinge on the normal aftereffects. One element of acoustical communication in courtship is a rhythmic oscillation in a particular component of the song. This short-term behavioral rhythm is altered in males expressing circadian rhythm mutations. To investigate the neural and cellular mechanisms by which these genes act, a mosaic analysis has been initiated on the ganglia affected by a clock mutation in its disruption of the courtship rhythm and of circadian cycles. A molecular isolation and identification of the normal form of this genecalled period—has also begun, in order to probe the locus's structure and function in detail. Such an investigation will include a comparison of the mosaic results with a direct determination of the various tissues in which the gene's product is expressed. In addition, interspecific transfers of the purified period gene will augment the current studies of species-specific features of the rhythmic courtship songs.
Visual and infrared photometry of RY Sagittarii near the phase of deep minimum

Photometric measures near the deep minimum phase are presented for the R CrRtype star, RY Sgr. While the visual brightness was some 4 magnitudes fainter than observed in 1969, the infrared flux levels ( 3.4 ) remain essentially unchanged. Key words: photometry - infrared - R CrB stars
SU-E-T-580: Effect of Lung and Target Density On Small Field Dose Coverage

Purpose: Dose coverage of small targets in SBRT treatments depends on the density of the target and the surrounding lung. We studied the relationship between field size and dose heterogeneity for different size targets as a function of target and lung density. Methods: A 50 cm3 phantom was created in the Pinnacle (V9.2) planning system. A 23 cm diameter lung ROI was inserted in the phantom. 2 or 3 cm diameter targets were placed in the lung ROI and all centered on a 15 cm deep isocenter. Dose points were set at the lateral edges of each target, normal to the beam direction (i.e., at +/− cm for the 2 cm target and +/−1.5 cm for the 3 cm target). Field size was varied from the diameter of each target up to about 5×5 cm2. 100 cGy was delivered to the isocenter via a single 6 MV field and the ratio of the average dose to the lateral dose points to the isocenter dose was recorded for each combination of lung and target density. Lung densities, relative to water, were 0.25, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.0. Target densities were 1.0, 0.9, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1. Results: We found that uniformity of dose coverage is mainly influenced by lung density. For a typical average target density of 0.4–0.6 and lung density of 0.25 a 1 cm margin is needed to achieve 90% dose uniformity. If the lung density decreases to 0.1 the margin would have to be increased to 2 cm for the same uniformity. Conclusion: It is possible to create a nomographic‐type relationship between target size and field size as a function of lung and target density which can be used as a planning aid in the selection of adequate margins for SBRT cases, particularly for patients with COPD.
The hypoglycemic and insulinase inhibitory action of L-tryptophan.

THE inactivation and degradation of insulin by the intact animal (1) and by homogenates and slices of liver (2, 3, 4) is dependent upon the activity of an enzyme system, insulinase, which is relatively specific in catalyzing the hydrolysis of insulin (5, 6). The action of insulinase can be competitively inhibited both in vitro (7) and in vivo (8) by a non-protein fraction of liver. This fraction, which appears to be a peptide, is referred to tentatively as “insulinase-inhibitor.” During the course of studies on the purification and identification of “insulinase-inhibitor,” it became pertinent to determine the effect of a variety of synthetic peptides on the destruction of insulin by liver homogenates. These studies led to the observation that carbobenzoxy-1-tryptophan is a potent competitive inhibitor of insulinase in vitro whereas other carbobenzoxyamino acids are ineffective.
Duodenal-jejunal ulcers and recurrent hemorrhage: diagnostic value of total enteroscopy.

A case of recurrent, life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage from multiple jejunal ulcers has been described. The histology of the ulcerations was unique, characterized by a bland, noninflammatory disruption of the mucosa. A new technique of total fiberoptic enteroscopy allowed an accurate determination of the nature and extent of the disease.
Perspectives on communication in labor and delivery: A focus group analysis

The objective of this study was to elicit and explore perceptions of barriers to optimal communication among clinicians on a labor and delivery unit, and to use this information to select and design approaches to improve communication. A qualitative research design using a focus group format was utilized. Attending and resident obstetricians and anesthesiologists, as well as staff nurses, pharmacists and unit secretaries participated in the focus groups, which were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using a framework analysis approach. In total, 18 focus groups with a total of 92 participants were conducted. Eight key themes emerged regarding specific barriers to effective communication among clinicians in the labor and delivery setting. The most prominent of these themes included issues with inter-departmental coordination, clinical accessibility (the ability to reach other clinicians), lack of a consistent approach for clinical documentation, and the involvement of multiple care providers. On the basis of these themes, multiple interventions were designed to enhance communication. Focus group methodology can be used to elicit a detailed description of communication practices of clinicians on a labor and delivery unit, permitting an exploration of specific barriers to communication and the identification of potential solutions to those barriers.
Neutral chloroacetamide herbicide degradates and related compounds in Midwestern United States drinking water sources.

Abstract Recent studies have revealed the presence of neutral degradates of chloroacetamide herbicides in the Chesapeake Bay at concentrations greatly in excess of the parent compounds. As some degradates are being considered for regulation in drinking water, exposure of human populations to such micropollutants is of interest. Here we report the results of a survey of source waters used by 12 drinking water utilities in the Midwestern United States. Analytes included 20 neutral and six ionic chloroacetamide degradates, four parent chloroacetamide herbicides, three triazine herbicides, and two triazine degradates. Samples were collected during Fall 2003 and Spring 2004. In the fall samples, 16 of 20 neutral chloroacetamide degradates were detected, while 18 of 20 neutral chloroacetamide degradates were detected in the spring samples. Concentrations of most parent chloroacetamides and neutral degradates were somewhat to substantially higher in the spring than in the fall, with median concentrations of ∼ 10–100 ng/L. Groundwater sources tended to have lower concentrations of parents and neutral degradates than surface water sources in the fall, although concentrations of parents and degradates in groundwater were similar to those in surface water in the spring.
Antibody responses to the env epitopes of human T-lymphotropic virus type I in rhesus macaques naturally infected with simian T-lymphotropic virus type I

Summary Synthetic peptides derived from the env protein of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) were used to identify the immunodominant motifs in rhesus macaques naturally infected with simian T-lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I). Of the 13 peptides derived from the env protein of HTLV-I, Env-1191–214 and Env-5242–257 reacted with 81 % (44/54) and 54 % (29/54) of specimens from infected monkeys, respectively. A recombinant protein (MTA-I162–209) reacted with 53 of 54 (98 %) STLV-I-infected serum specimens. While similar immune reactivities to Env-1 and MTA-1 were observed in both HTLV-I-infected human sera and STLV-I-infected monkey sera, the reactivity to Env-5 was significantly higher in HTLV-I-infected human sera. Differential reactivities may be attributed to the differences in the secondary structures of the STLV-I and HTLV-I envelope protein in the Env-5 region, since homologous peptide with STLV-I sequence did not result in enhanced sensitivity of anti-Env-5 antibody detection.
Current-mode subthreshold MOS circuits for analog VLSI neural systems

An overview of the current-mode approach for designing analog VLSI neural systems in subthreshold CMOS technology is presented. Emphasis is given to design techniques at the device level using the current-controlled current conveyor and the translinear principle. Circuits for associative memory and silicon retina systems are used as examples. The design methodology and how it relates to actual biological microcircuits are discussed. >