cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging Evidence for Agenda-Dependent Monitoring of Different Features during Short-Term Source Memory Tests.

A short-term source monitoring procedure with functional magnetic resonance imaging assessed neural activity when participants made judgments about the format of 1 of 4 studied items (picture, word), the encoding task performed (cost, place), or whether an item was old or new. The results support findings from long-term memory studies showing that left anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) is engaged when people make source attributions about reflectively generated information (cognitive operations, conceptual features). The findings also point to a role for right lateral PFC in attention to perceptual features and/or familiarity in making source decisions. Activity in posterior regions also differed depending on what was evaluated. These results provide neuroimaging evidence for theoretical approaches emphasizing that agendas influence which features are monitored during remembering (e.g., M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993). They also support the hypothesis that some of the activity in left lateral PFC and posterior regions associated with remembering specific information is not unique to long-term memory but rather is associated with agenda-driven source monitoring processes common to working memory and long-term memory.
Familial prostate cancer: outcome following radiation therapy with or without adjuvant androgen ablation.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the outcome of familial versus sporadic prostate carcinoma after definitive external radiation. Methods and Materials: Between 1987 and 1996, 1214 men with clinically localized prostate cancer (T1–T4, N0/NX, M0) received definitive radiation therapy in our department. By retrospective review of charts and questioning of patients, a record on the presence or absence of prostate cancer in a first degree relative was obtained in 1164 men. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed on these cases with relapse or rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA), local recurrence, metastasis, and survival as endpoints. Results: Familiar prostate cancer was present in 148 of 1164 men (13%). Men with familial disease were slightly but significantly younger (mean 66 years) at diagnosis than those with sporadic disease (mean 68 years) ( p = 0.02). Apart from this there were no significant differences between the two groups in T-stage, Gleason score, pretreatment PSA levels, DNA ploidy, or serum testosterone levels. There were no significant differences in treatment parameters including radiation dose and the use of adjuvant androgen ablation. With a median follow-up of 42 months, there was no difference in freedom from relapse or rising PSA at 6 years between those with a family history (54%) and those without a family history (58%) ( p = 0.171). Likewise there was no difference between the two groups when local recurrence or metastasis was the endpoint. Multiple subgroup analyses (younger and older; T1/T2 and T3; low Gleason and high Gleason; no androgen ablation and androgen ablation; race) failed to reveal any differences in outcome in any category between familial and sporadic disease. Among patients with a rising post-treatment PSA profile, PSA doubling times were similar in those with sporadic and familial disease. Conclusions: This study provides no evidence for any substantial difference between familial and sporadic prostate cancer either in clinicopathological features, in response to treatment, or in ultimate outcome.
An analysis of the rate of isomerization in molecules with an asymmetric double well potential

The classical theory of the rate of unimolecular isomerization developed by Gray and Rice as extended by Zhao and Rice is applied to the calculation of the rate of isomerization in model systems which have linear asymmetric double well potentials. We are interested in this system for two reasons. First, we are interested in the detailed dynamical processes for the mentioned system because it is widely related to practical chemical reactions. Second, the present model system has an asymmetric double well potential, which provides a different test of the accuracy of the approximations used in the Gray-Zhao-Rice theory than posed by previous applications. We have calculated relaxation rates and relaxation times for the model systems on different time scales. We find that for the systems under studies the Gray-Zhao-Rice version of the classical theory of isomerization rate yields values in good agreement with those generated from trajectory calculations and from the Reactive Island theory of De Leon et al.
Using Statistical Control Charts to Analyze Data from Student Evaluations of Teaching

In this paper, a method for analyzing data from student evaluations of teaching is presented. The first step of the process requires development of a regression model for teacher's summary rating as a function of student's expected grade. Then, two-sigma control charts for individual evaluation scores (section averages) and residuals from the regression model are used to identify both excellent and poor outcomes. The performance of an individual whose scores are out of control on both charts cannot be explained by expected grade and therefore is worthy of note.
What's new in GSAS-II

The General Structure and Analysis Software II (GSAS-II) package is an all-new crystallographic analysis package written to replace and extend the capabilities of the universal and widely used GSAS and EXPGUI packages. GSAS-II was described in a 2013 article, but considerable work has been completed since then. This paper describes the advances, which include: rigid body fitting and structure solution modules; improved treatment for parametric refinements and equation of state fitting; and small-angle scattering data reduction and analysis. GSAS-II offers versatile and extensible modules for import and export of data and results. Capabilities are provided for users to select any version of the code. Code documentation has reached 150 pages and 17 web-tutorials are offered.
Metabolic stoichiometry and the ecology of fear in Trinidadian guppies: consequences for life histories and stream ecosystems

Consumer-driven nutrient recycling, the release of chemicals as byproducts and excesses of consumer physiology, can alter ecosystems by changing the availability of limiting nutrients at the base of the food web. The mere presence of predators can alter consumer physiology by restricting food intake and inducing stress. Predation risk, then, can influence ecosystem function by modifying the role of prey as nutrient recyclers, yet there are few empirical tests of how predation risk alters nutrient recycling by prey. Here, we present the results of a test for the effects of predation risk on the C and N budgets of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We reared female guppies for 7 weeks on diets of varying quality, and we compared control individuals to those exposed continuously to chemical cues emitted by a guppy predator, Crenicichla alta. We measured food consumption, growth rate, tissue elemental stoichiometry and N excretion by guppies on all treatments. Guppies strongly reduced food intake in the presence of predator cues; however, cue-exposed guppies assimilated nutrients more efficiently than controls. Specifically, cue-exposed guppies strongly increased N retention efficiency while only moderately increasing C efficiency. Consequently, guppies reared with predator cues excreted 39 % less N than control guppies. We suggest that reduced foraging, enhanced nutrient efficiency, and decreased N excretion are adaptive responses to the extrinsic mortality threat posed by guppy predators. The resulting substantial reduction in N excretion by guppies may influence ecosystem function in natural streams by reducing the supply of a limiting nutrient.
The Reinvention Laboratories Strategic Change by Indirection

The reinvention laboratories created as part of the National Performance Review represent a novel approach to strategic change in the federal government. In assigning an important role to middle management in the design and implementation of new work technologies, the lab program contrasts with more conventional approaches to change in which top management is dominant. This study examines the viability of the generative model that the lab program represents as a means of inducing agencies to employ postbureaucratic organizing principles. A conclusion is that although a variety of factors will affect the degree of success achieved, the model holds promise as a means of achieving strategic change in public organizations.
Investigation of the early response to rat forepaw stimulation

The role of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in the early response of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal following sensory stimulation was assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of rCBV and BOLD signal as a function of time (t) were compared with relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) obtained by laser doppler flowmetry during a repeated epoch of rat forepaw stimulation in which 6 sec of electrical stimulation followed 54 sec of rest. rCBF(t) exceeded rCBV(t) in somatosensory cortex at all time points and reached a maximal increase (60%) during a 6 sec stimulation that was much higher than maximal rCBV (10%). An initial dip was not observed in BOLD signal, which showed a delay with respect to rCBF that was roughly consistent with the cerebral blood transit time.
Chamber modification to accommodate presence of an intense beam

Abstract Multiwire delay-line drift chambers have been modified to accommodate the passage of an intense, localized, proton beam. By making regions in the chambers insensitive to charged particles, the beam can pass through the chambers without being detected or causing damage to the chambers. Instantaneous beam rates up to a few times 10 6 /s have been tested.
Reading Ingarden read Husserl: Metaphysics, ontology, and phenomenological method

L'A. s'appuie sur les critiques de R. Ingarden a l'encontre des tendances idealistes implicites a la phenomenologie transcendantale de Husserl, afin de soulever le probleme plus general des relations entre phenomenologie, metaphysique et ontologie. En effet, la question se pose de savoir si la phenomenologie transcendantale n'est pas essentiellement engagee dans une position idealiste ontologiquement determinee, malgre les denegations repetees de Husserl que trahit une analyse intentionnelle de la perception externe
Fault-zone deformation in welded tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA

Abstract Field and microstructural analyses of faults with millimeters to hundreds of meters of displacement within welded tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, has led us to identify four different fault zone architectures. We designate these fault zones as Classes A–D. We conclude that Classes A, C, and D are genetically related and that observed differences in their morphology and deformation mechanisms are related to differences in displacement magnitude and changes in the rheology of faulted rocks. We show that Class A, C, and D fault zones were formed by progressive cataclasis, leading to the development of a foliated gouge core and wide damage zone at the highest displacement magnitudes. By inference, displacement variations across individual high displacement faults are expected to produce significant lateral changes in fault zone architecture. The broad range of fault rock textures and architectures found on the Class A, C, and D continuum may produce important corresponding variability in hydrologic properties in ignimbrites. By contrast, Class B fault zones have unique mineralogies and microtextures relative to other Yucca Mountain fault zones. Most notable is the occurrence of distinctive jigsaw puzzle texture within fault core breccias, which consists of angular wall rock fragments floating in a coarsely crystalline secondary calcite cement matrix. The calcite cement constitutes more than 65% of the Class B fault zones. Comparisons with other occurrences of secondary minerals within open lithophysal cavities, which appear to have formed in unsaturated conditions, indicate that the secondary mineralization history at Yucca Mountain was complex and likely polygenetic. The age and origin of the secondary calcite minerals in the Class B fault zones remain undetermined.
"World Music" and the Global Cultural Economy

What is a global culture? To what extent is it meaningful to speak of such a culture today? What is the relationship, within a global culture, between global and local, center and margins, core and...
Long-term relative stability of thermistors: Part 2

Abstract The relative stability of four glass–bead thermistors has been analyzed for 66 months to determine if thermistors have sufficient relative stability to be used as feedback sensors for milliKelvin levels of temperature control. This paper provides additional drift data and new correlations beyond those described in a previous paper [Prec Eng, J Int Soc Prec Eng Nanotechnol 2001;25:24–8]. The thermistors were measured at 20±0.1 °C using commercial two-wire instrumentation. The thermistors have a nominal resistance of 12.5 kΩ and sensitivity of −4.5%/°C at 20 °C. They are nested together inside several layers of thermal resistance and capacitance which are held at nominal 20 °C with a heater controller that maintains the thermistor nest above the 19 °C ambient air temperature. After correction for instrumentation drift with two high-stability reference resistors, the average relative RMS drift of the thermistors is 48±16 μK, with an RMS fitted drift rate of 0.19±0.08 μK per week.
Effect of 3T3 plasma membranes on cells exposed to epidermal growth factor.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced DNA synthesis in non-confluent, G0-arrested Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts is partially blocked by plasma membranes isolated from the EGF receptor deficient NR-6 Swiss 3T3 cell line. This inhibition could be due to either a steric block of the receptor by the membranes, a membrane induced down regulation of the EGF receptor, or a signal generated by membrane binding which is antagonistic towards the mitogenic signal generated by EGF. Binding measurements utilizing 125I-labeled EGF demonstrated that membranes do not block either the EGF induced down regulation of the receptor or alter the number of receptors on the surface. These results suggest that the membranes exert their inhibitory effect via generation of a signal which is antagonistic to the EGF induced mitogenic signal, with the result expressed as a reduced mitogenic response.
A method for the in vitro stimulation of house fly egg development with a juvenile hormone analog.

Abstract Ovaries from allatectomized house flies, Musca domestica L., were incubated in vitro with a juvenile hormone analog (mixed isomers of methyl-10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate). Egg chamber growth was observed with time-lapse cinematography. After the hormone treatment, granules appeared about the periphery of the nurse cell nuclei in the cytoplasm and moved into the ooplasm. Egg chamber growth was induced at juvenile hormone analog (JHA) concentrations of 0.2 to 1.8 μg/μl, and 2.2 μg/μl did not induce growth. Since fat body was not present in any chamber, it was concluded that the hormone acted directly on the egg chamber, and the hormonal stimulation of extraovarian vitellogenic precursors was not necessary for the growth observed.
Notes on chimpanzee interactions with small carnivores in Gombe National Park, Tanzania

Although interspecific interactions between chimpanzees and various mammals have been reported from several field studies, relatively few encounters with carnivores of any size have been observed in natural conditions. The previously documented examples are here supplemented by three events describing wild chimpanzee responses to small carnivores. The observations now available suggest that chimpanzee responses are flexible rather than strictly patterned.
A US–Japan lesson study collaboration reveals critical lenses for examining practice

Abstract Strong claims have been made about the potential of lesson study, a Japanese form of professional development in which teachers collaboratively plan and examine actual lessons. We have explored these claims by asking a group of US teachers to engage in lesson study with the support of Japanese teachers. Our findings suggest that to benefit from lesson study teachers will first need to learn how to apply critical lenses to their examination of lessons. We describe three such lenses (e.g. the researcher lens) and their role in making lesson study powerful. We also discuss the implications of these findings for other professional development efforts in which teachers attempt to learn from concrete examples of practice.
Expressionism in the theatre

(1933). Expressionism in the theatre. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 477-492.
γ-radiation of p-substituted polystyrenes

The electronic environment about the main chain atoms in polystyrenes was varied systematically by introducing electronegative or electropositive substituents (H/sub 3/C-, CH/sub 3/O--, Br--, Cl--, NC--, and O/sub 2/N--groups) in the pposition of the ring. Energy yields for gamma -initiated H/sub 2/ formation and crosslinking, both a measure of the radiation sensitivity of the backbone, were determined above and below T/sub g/ from (1) mass spectrometric examination of the decomposition gases and (2) molecular weight changes, For most of the polymers, it is concluded that the backbones of p-substituted polystyrenes are more radiation stable than that of polystyrene, and that main chain macroradicals formed early in the reaction are responsible for the major changes observed, i.e., hydrogen evolution and crosslinking. The role of the p- substituent on the latter effects is interpreted qualitatively in terms of the contribution by the substituent to the resonance stability of these intermediate polymer radicals. In the case of poly-p-bromo- and poly-p-chlorostyrene, the inordinately high sensitivity to crosslinking and the absence of halogen atoms in the decomposition gases suggest the importance of a chain reaction in the radiation chemistry of these molecules. (auth)
Potential Denitrification Rates in an Agricultural Stream in Southern Illinois

ABSTRACT The influences of stream temperature, nitrate concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, and substrata composition on potential denitrification rate (PDR) were investigated over one year in Big Creek, an agricultural watershed in southern Illinois. PDR ranged from 0 to 106 μg N g AFDM−1 hr−1 with higher rates in the early spring and late summer. The greatest PDR's were measured in April 2000 and April 2001, which both coincided with newly established periphyton communities. PDR did not correlate as expected with seasonally variable, ambient stream conditions such as temperature, dissolved oxygen or nitrate concentration; however, significant relationships did exist between PDR and dissolved oxygen within seasons. The coarse sediments from the headwater section of Big Creek had a significantly higher PDR (13.1 μg N g AFDM−1 hr−1) than the fine sediments (5.2 μg N g AFDM−1 hr−1) from the lower channelized reach, which may have been a function of lower C:N organic matter in the headwater reach. ...
Partially supercoiled replication intermediates of R plasmid DNA are resistant to relaxation.

A NUMBER of bacterial plasmids, including colicinogenic plasmids, F plasmids, and R plasmids have been isolated from Escherichia coli in the form of covalently closed circular (CCC) or supercoiled DNA–protein relaxation complexes which can be converted to a nicked circular (relaxed) DNA form by treatment with such agents as SDS, Pronase, or ethidium bromide1,2. The relaxed molecules contain a single nick in a unique strand and at a unique site of the DNA duplex3,4. These nicks occur at the origin of replication of Col E1 and R6K (refs 5, 6). We report here that the R plasmid ROR12 in Proteus mirabilis is replicated as a partially supercoiled DNA molecule, as has been observed for replicating molecules of SV40 and polyoma viral DNA7, mitochondrial DNA7, and the DNA of several plasmids5,6,8–10. Replicating ROR12 molecules have a broad distribution of buoyant densities between the values of the CCC DNA and nicked circular DNA in an ethidium bromide–caesium chloride (EB–CsCl) density gradient. In addition, a substantial fraction of replicating ROR12 DNA was found to have a density which was less than the value of the nicked circular form. These partially supercoiled replication intermediates of ROR12 DNA retain their supercoiled characteristics even when the DNA is isolated using lysis conditions which yield all of the non-replicating R plasmid DNA as relaxed molecules. This suggests that either replicating ROR12 molecules do not exist in the form of DNA–protein relaxation complexes as do the non-replicating plasmids or, if they do, the replicating molecules are not susceptible to relaxation in these conditions.
Submarine volcanism as a source for iron

Abstract Deposition rates of iron on the East Pacific Rise are 4–30 times larger than in surrounding areas of the Pacific, suggesting local volcanism to be the source of iron. The distributions of Co, Ni, Mn, Ti and Al support this conclusion.
Stable Oxides on Chars and Impact of Reactor Materials at High Temperatures

This paper reports our first study on the deactivation of young chars in flame conditions. The quantity and strength of surface oxides on young chars are monitored in situ by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) up to 1700 °C. Young chars contain more abundant surface oxides than old chars over a wide range of temperature. Lignite chars possess more oxides than chars derived from a bituminous coal. Chars oxidized at 629 °C show desoprtion products at three distinct temperatures: 725, 1430, and 1700 °C. The TPD peaks around 725 °C correspond to activation energies in the range of 107-170 kJ/mol and have been well-documented in the literature. CO desorbed at around 1430 °C corresponds to activation energies over 300 kJ/mol, signifying the possible roles of strongly bound oxides on the basal planes of carbon. Search of the oxygen source for the huge amount of CO production at 1700 °C reveals that commonly adopted alumina tubes and support materials decompose to Al 2 O (g) and emit a notable amount of O 2 at temperatures above 1300 °C. Moreover, alumina tube and support materials react with CO and form CO 2 ; they also react with carbon and form CO and aluminum oxycarbides. SiC tube, on the other hand, is oxidized by O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O and forms SiO (g) , SiO 2(s) , Si-(OH) 4(g) , and CO above 650 °C. Moreover, Si can also form through a secondary reaction of SiC and SiO 2 . Thus, alumina appears suitable for the oxidation part of the experiments, where up to 120 ppm of O 2 emission is acceptable at a temperature of 1700 °C. SiC appears acceptable for TPD, though a small amount of SiC may be oxidized by the TPD product, CO 2, at temperatures above 900 °C. Oxidation of SiC prior to TPD should be avoided.
Semigroups and the density matrix formulation of quantum mechanics

A formulation of quantum mechanics is presented based on the theory of semigroups and the associated enveloping algebras of functions defined on countable subsemigroups. The existence of a unique *-involution is not assumed. The fundamental elements of a semigroup are identified with experimental precedures for the separation of subensembles from a given ensemble of experimental systems. Observables are represented as elements of enveloping algebras, and ensembles as density matrices within an enveloping algebra. The statistical properties of ensembles are expressed in terms of traces defined on the semigroup and its enveloping algebras. The elements and generators of the Poincare group can be defined and interpreted in the usual way. A variety of applications is described, in which the theory of the density matrix plays an essential or effective role. Advantages associated with the resulting freedom from the limitations of Hilbert space are illustrated.
Theoretical calculations for dielectronic recombination cross sections

Preliminary results are reported for the dielectronic recombination cross sections of Mg/sup +/, B/sup 2 +/, C/sup 3 +/, O/sup 5 +/, and Cl/sup 6 +/. The method is based on multichannel quantum-defect theory. The results are compared with experiments and other theoretical calculations. The peak cross sections for the multiply charged ions are within a factor of 2 agreement with the available data; these and other discrepancies are discussed.
Intracellular Sodium Overload Contributes to Deterioration of Function in Dystrophic Heart

[Na+]i is found to be elevated in several models of heart failure. This is believed to favor Ca2+ extrusion from mitochondria via the mNCX and therefore reduce mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. As several dehydrogenases of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle are stimulated by Ca2+, the defects in cellular sodium homeostasis may induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. Previously we have estimated that resting [Na+]i is significantly elevated in ventricular myocytes isolated from dystrophic (mdx) mice compared to those from wild-type (WT) mice (24.2 ± 3.1 mM, n=13 vs. 14.0 ± 1.7 mM, n=9). Moreover, the mitochondrial matrix was significantly oxidized at resting conditions (35±3.1 %, n=27 vs. 53±5.2 %, of NADH reduction n=10, in mdx and WT respectively). Here maximal oxidation of NADH by FCCP/oligomycin was taken as 0% reduced NADH and maximal reduction by rotenone and β-hydroxy-butyrate was defined as 100% reduced NADH. We suggested that beat-to-beat mechanical activity in dystrophic heart might lead to greater [Na+]i accumulation and oxidation of the mitochondrial matrix. Here we investigated whether elevated [Na+]i affects mitochondrial energetics during excitation-contraction coupling in dystrophic myocytes. We measured NADH autofluorescence in WT and mdx cells under control conditions and during 4Hz stimulation in the presence of isoproterenol. An abrupt increase in workload resulted in significant oxidation of NADH both in mdx and WT cardiomyocytes. However, the extent of oxidation was significantly greater in dystrophic cells (50±9 %, n=10 vs 15±6 %, n=11 decrease in NADH, respectively). When workload was discontinued, the mitochondrial matrix quickly returned back to its base line levels in WT but not in mdx cells. These results support the notion that the elevated [Na+]i contributes to the impaired energetics in dystrophic cardiomyocytes and therefore contributes to the development of dystrophic cardiomyopathy.
Differential prolactin responsiveness to stress in left- and right-pawed mice.

Abstract Behavioral laterality has been shown to be related to immunological and endocrinological responsiveness in mice. The current study extended these findings by examining the pituitary hormone prolactin, and its response to stress, in left- and right-pawed mice. In two experiments, mice were tested on two measures of behavioral laterality, the Collins paw preference test and the Lateral Paw Preference (LPP) test. Circulating PRL levels were then measured in all subjects under baseline and stressed conditions. In Experiment 1, the PRL stress response was related to Collins paw preference in interaction with coat-color among females of a genetically heterogeneous group. Left-pawed black females showed a significant increase in PRL, while right-pawed black females did not. Among agouti mice, left-pawed females showed a significant decrease, while right-pawed did not. Experiment 2 used a genetically homogeneous group of agouti CM mice. Again there were effects of Collins paw preference among females, with the right-pawed showing a significant increase in PRL following stress. In neither experiment were there effects of LPP. In neither experiment were there lateralized differences among males. These results indicate lateralized regulation of PRL among females, similar to that previously observed for ACTH regulation.
Recognition of Vocabulary in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: A Comparison of Two Speech Coding Schemes

The effects of speech ability (speaking versus non-speaking) and type of AAC presentation scheme (static versus dynamic) on vocabulary recognition were examined for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy using an extensive test-with-feedback procedure. Participants initially made fewer errors on the static scheme than on the dynamic scheme, primarily because of the low noun error rates associated with the static scheme. Error rates for presentation schemes became equivalent by the third trial and by the eighth trial, performance was better for the dynamic scheme. The primary cause of errors on the dynamic display was found to be difficulty in recognizing each target's category. On the static display, participants had difficulty recognizing word-icons and correct part-of-speech. These results indicate that unique difficulties in vocabulary recognition arise for each presentation scheme. Additionally, individual differences affected performance across presentation schemes, instead of differentially af...
Noninvasive Monitoring of Treatment Related Changes in Psoriatic Plaques Using Fluorescence Excitation and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

Psoriasis is a proliferative and inflammatory skin disorder characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and changes in the cutaneous microvasculature. Common treatment modalities include corticosteroid and UVB therapy. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES) are noninvasive methods to follow changes in the microvasculature and skin fluorophores of psoriasis lesions with treatment.
FeCo/graphitic-shell nanocrystals as advanced magnetic-resonance-imaging and near-infrared agents

Nanocrystals with advanced magnetic or optical properties have been actively pursued for potential biological applications, including integrated imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Among various magnetic nanocrystals, FeCo has superior magnetic properties, but it has yet to be explored owing to the problems of easy oxidation and potential toxicity. Previously, FeCo nanocrystals with multilayered graphitic carbon, pyrolytic carbon or inert metals have been obtained, but not in the single-shelled, discrete, chemically functionalized and water-soluble forms desired for biological applications. Here, we present a scalable chemical vapour deposition method to synthesize FeCo/single-graphitic-shell nanocrystals that are soluble and stable in water solutions. We explore the multiple functionalities of these core-shell materials by characterizing the magnetic properties of the FeCo core and near-infrared optical absorbance of the single-layered graphitic shell. The nanocrystals exhibit ultra-high saturation magnetization, r1 and r2 relaxivities and high optical absorbance in the near-infrared region. Mesenchymal stem cells are able to internalize these nanoparticles, showing high negative-contrast enhancement in magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI). Preliminary in vivo experiments achieve long-lasting positive-contrast enhancement for vascular MRI in rabbits. These results point to the potential of using these nanocrystals for integrated diagnosis and therapeutic (photothermal-ablation) applications.
THE PIGMENT-PROTEIN COMPOUND IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA : II. THE ABSORPTION CURVES OF PHOTOSYNTHIN FROM SEVERAL SPECIES OF BACTERIA.

Absorption curves have been obtained in the spectral region of 450 to 900 mmicro for the water soluble cell juice of four species of photosynthetic bacteria, Spirillum rubrum (strain S1), Rhodovibrio sp. (strain Gaffron), Phaeomonas sp. (strain Delft), and Streptococcus varians (strains C11 and orig.). These curves all show maxima at 790 and 590 mmicro due to bacteriochlorophyll, whose highest band, however, occurs at 875, 855, or 840 mmicro depending on the species. The bacteria that appear red rather than brown have a band at 550 mmicro due to a carotinoid pigment. An absolute absorption curve of bacteriophaeophytin has maxima at 530 and 750 mmicro. The extraction of cell juice by supersonic vibration does not change the position of the absorption bands or of the light absorbing capacity of the pigment.
Chess expertise in children

This paper reports several studies of chess expertise in children who play competitive chess. The first study examines (1) the relationship between experience and skill among 113 school-age children (grades 1 through 12); and (2) the relationship between chess skill and scores on various spatial and logical abilities tests among the top 15 players. Improvement in skill is related to experience, and chess players score higher than average on the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Also, scores on a chess-specific test, the Knight's Tour, correlate with scores on the Raven's. The second study reports three experiments with 59 Ss involving chess-specific tasks in memory, perception, and similarity judgements. The first two experiments replicated and extended Chase and Simon (1973). The third experiment, which asked Ss to judge similarities of chess positions, demonstrated that similarity judgements become more global and abstract with increased skill. The final section describes qualitatively how children's chess expertise compares to that of adults. Drawing upon Anderson (1985), we focus on some distinctive features of children's chess play and on some successful techniques in coaching young players.
Pay-for-performance in dentistry: what we know

Little is known about the effect of a pay-for-performance system (P4P) on primary medical care providers and even less is known about its potential impact in dentistry. Based on the growing acceptance of performance-based reimbursements in medicine and the dissemination of innovative technologies, structures, and processes of care from medical to dental services, it is likely that the dental profession will face performance-based payments in the not-too-distant future. In this paper, we present the current experience of P4P in primary medical care that has relevance to dentistry and discuss the dental performance-based programs to date. Taking into consideration these lessons, the structure of dental service delivery in the United States, and the paucity of evidence-based quality indicators in dentistry, we provide several guidelines for the design of P4P pilot programs for dental services. We conclude that large-scale implementation of P4P for dentistry may not be a realistic option before significant progress is achieved in quality of dental care indicators.
An Underreported Complication of Laryngeal Microdebrider: Vocal Fold Web and Granuloma: A Case Report

Objectives/Hypothesis: The microdebrider has become a valuable instrument for otolaryngologists. It is now used in the larynx for treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, laryngeal stenosis, and debridement of large cancers for airway control. There are few reported complications reported with the use of the microdebrider in the larynx. Study Design: A case report. Methods: A patient with a vocal fold polyp underwent removal of the polyp with a microdebrider at an outside institution. He presented to our clinic 2 months after the excision with a severely strained near aphonic voice. On rigid stroboscopic examination we saw a large anterior commisure laryngeal web with a granuloma. This was repaired by granuloma excision, web lysis, buccal graft, and laryngeal stent placement. Conclusions: The microdebrider is an extremely valuable tool for the otolaryngologist. Violation of the epithelium and the lamina propria with muscle exposure can result in serious damage to the vocal folds. When using powered instrumentation the surgeon should use the upmost caution in the larynx to avoid causing debilitating injury and scar with subsequent dysphonia. Laryngoscope, 2009
Involvement of the actin cytoskeleton and p21rho-family GTPases in the pathogenesis of the human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica

It has been estimated that infection with the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica kills more than 50,000 people a year. Central to the pathogenesis of this organism is its ability to directly lyse host cells and cause tissue destruction. Amebic lesions show evidence of cell lysis, tissue necrosis, and damage to the extracellular matrix. The specific molecular mechanisms by which these events are initiated, transmitted, and effected are just beginning to be uncovered. In this article we review what is known about host cell adherence and contact-dependent cytolysis. We cover the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton and small GTP-binding proteins of the p21rho-family in the process of cell killing and phagocytosis, and also look at how amebic interactions with molecules of the extracellular matrix contribute to its cytopathic effects.
Local fuel concentration measurements in internal combustion engines using spark-emission spectroscopy

Spectrally resolved visible and ultraviolet emissions are investigated as a basis for wide-range, individual-cycle measurement of the local fuel concentration in spark-ignition engines. The 388-nm CN emission intensity, normalized by the spark-discharge energy during the observation interval (typically 150 μs at the start of the glow discharge), is found to be the most useful measure of fuel concentration when data are required over a wide range. Calibration data for homogeneous propane–air and isooctane–air mixtures over a wide range of cylinder gas conditions at the time of ignition collapse to a single curve when the fuel concentration is expressed in terms of the number density of carbon atoms. The carbon number densities measured in this study correspond to fuel–air equivalence-ratios in the range 0–3 at 95% throttle conditions. Random and systematic errors are 10% or less. Applied to an engine in which liquid fuel is injected directly into the cylinder, the technique reveals substantial cyclic fluctuations in the fuel concentration at the spark gap for early fuel injection (intended to produce a homogeneous fuel–air mixture in the combustion chamber) and large fuel-concentration fluctuations for late fuel injection (which produces a highly stratified mixture). The results also show that for stratified operation with a fixed fuel-injection timing, a spark timing that is later than optimum leads to incomplete combustion in many cycles due to fuel–air ratios that are too lean for good ignition and rapid flame development.
On the lack of lateral inhibition within the receptive fields of goldfish retinal ganglion cells

Abstract We have applied our method of response-summation and sensitivity-summation to the specific question of whether or not one can demonstrate lateral interactions within the centers of the receptive fields of goldfish retinal ganglion cells. We demonstrate that the curvature evident on the response-summation plot cannot be attributed to interactions, for there is no corresponding inflexion on the sensitivitysummation plot. We also demonstrate that the response-summation and sensitivity-summation plots are unchanged by changing the spatial separation of the two areas stimulated; since lateral interactions would be expected to have a distance dependence, this indicates a lack of interactions. Finally, we show that our data are consistent with the previously demonstrated validity of Ricco's Law, and that the perfect summation of luminous flux within the center of the field does not require the postulation of lateral interactions to be consistent with a non-linear transformation of light intensity.
Space in Leibniz and Whitehead

One noteworthy feature of modern relativity physics is the shift it involves away from a Newtonian conception of space and time as fixed and independent axes toward what might be called a “Leibnizean” reduction of space and time to a subjective, phenomenal status. Whitehead’s philosophy of actual entities in process is deliberately intended to be in tune with the results of recent scientific research, and it is not surprising to find this shift reflected in the analysis Whitehead gives of space, or, as he calls it, the “extensive continuum.”
Compositionality: The Very Idea

Compositionality is often considered a fundamental principle of semantics for natural language. Yet only fairly recently has there been something of a theory of compositionality which allows to prove actual results. Basically, the lack of progress has been due to an improper understanding of what syntactic and semantic structures actually are. Many linguistic theories in one way or another confuse them by importing semantic notions into syntax or—conversely—adding syntactic detail to semantic structures. In this paper I shall outline a theory of semantic and syntactic structures and show how it avoids the problems that beset the previous theories. A particular benefit of this approach is that it allows to show results on sentential structure.
Increasing the bandwidth utilization of a wireless optical broadband access network through efficient routing

Hybrid wireless optical broadband access networks are the future of internet service providers. Due to high capacity and flexibility, they are the most promising architecture for last mile internet access. Addressing the fact that deployed radios in the wireless part of WOBAN are under-utilized in current routing algorithms, half of the links remain idle while few of these links are carrying traffic, which result in greater link delays. In this paper we present an efficient routing algorithm to make use of under-utilized radios in WOBAN. We develop ‘Flow Limited Routing Algorithm (FLRA)’. Our technique shows significant improvement in system delay compared to existing solutions.
For Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology: Evgeny Nikolaevich Sokolov

At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, the award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychophysiology was presented to Evgeny N. Sokolov by Frances K. Graham, on behalf of the Society's Awards Committee. Following is the text of the citation given at the meeting on October 22, 1988.
Diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

Cardiovascular disease accounts for almost half of the total mortality in patients with ESRD. Ischemic heart disease is responsible for many cardiovascular deaths, with myocardial infarction accounting for approximately 15% and sudden cardiac death or severe left ventricular dysfunction accounting for much of the remainder. The markedly increased prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with ESRD is influenced, at least in part, by numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis, with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia being particularly important. Because atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, is associated with an increased incidence of allograft failure and mortality, the results of this study suggest the need for careful evaluation for the presence of CAD in those persons who are under consideration for renal transplantation. Candidates with angina pectoris, previous myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure are at particularly high risk of a cardiac event, and, therefore, should routinely undergo pretransplant coronary angiography and subsequent surgical revascularization if angina is refractory to medical therapy or CAD is extensive. In contrast, although young, nondiabetic transplant candidates without symptoms or electrocardiographic evidence of CAD have an increased relative risk of cardiac death when compared with age-matched control subjects, their absolute risk of such an event is very low. As a result, they do not require a cardiac evaluation before transplantation. For the remaining transplant candidates at neither low nor high risk of a fatal or nonfatal cardiac event (i.e., those at intermediate risk), the authors of this study routinely perform (1) thallium imaging with dipyridamole or (2) two-dimensional echocardiography with intravenous dobutamine. If the result of these investigations are normal, transplantation proceeds; if abnormal, coronary angiography is performed, followed by surgical revascularization if CAD is extensive. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is not recommended in patients with ESRD because it appears to be accompanied by a high likelihood of acute and chronic complications. Although it is hoped that surgical revascularization before renal transplantation improves allograft and patient survival, prospectively obtained data proving that this, in fact, is true do not exist.
Integrated RANS/LES Computations of an Entire Gas Turbine Jet Engine

The interaction between different components of a jet engine represents a very important aspect of the engine design process. Sudden mass flow-rate changes induced by flow separation and pressure waves, interaction of the unsteady wakes originating from the fan blades with the low-pressure compressor, high temperature streaks interacting with the first stages of the turbine are all complex unsteady phenomena that cannot be simply accounted for through boundary conditions of a single component simulation. Only simulations that integrate multiple engine components can describe these flow features accurately. Today’s use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in gas turbine design is usually limited to component simulations. The demand on the models to represent the large variety of physical phenomena encountered in the flow path of a gas turbine mandates the use of a specialized and optimized approach for each component. The flow-field in the turbomachinery portions of the domain is characterized by both high Reynolds numbers and high Mach numbers. The prediction of the flow requires the precise description of the turbulent boundary layers around the rotor and stator blades, including tip gaps and leakage flows. A number of flow solvers that have been developed to deal with this kind of problem have been in use in industry for many years. These flow solvers are typically based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. Here, the unsteady flow-field is ensemble-averaged, removing all the details of the small scale turbulence; a turbulence model becomes necessary to represent the effects of turbulence on the mean flow. The flow in the combustor, on the other hand, is characterized by multi-phase flow, intense mixing, and chemical reactions. The prediction of turbulent mixing is greatly improved using flow solvers based on Large-Eddy Simulations (LES). While the use of LES increases the computational cost, LES has been the only predictive tool able to simulate consistently these complex flows. LES resolves the large-scale turbulent motions in time and space, and only the influence of the smallest scales, which are usually more universal and hence, easier to represent, has to be modeled. 2 Since the energy-containing part of the turbulent scales is resolved, a more accurate description of scalar mixing is achieved, leading to improved predictions of the combustion process,. LES flow solvers have been shown in the past to be able to model simple flames and are currently being adapted for use in gas turbine combustors. 5 In order to compute the flow in the entire jet engine, one needs to couple RANS and LES solvers. We have developed a software environment that allows a simulation of multi-component effects by executing multiple solvers simultaneously. Each of these solvers computes a portion of a given flow domain and exchanges flow data at the interfaces with its peer solvers (see Figure 1). The approach to couple two or more existing flow solvers has the distinct advantage of building upon the experience and validation that has been put