cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 2−/− Mutant Mice are Protected against Fatty Liver under High-fat, High-carbohydrate Dietary and de Novo Lipogenic Conditions

Hepatic fat accumulation resulting from increased de novo fatty acid synthesis leads to hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. We have shown previously that acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (Acc2−/−) mutant mice, when fed a high-fat (HF) or high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet, are protected against diet-induced obesity and maintained whole body and hepatic insulin sensitivity. To determine the effect of an ACC2 deletion on hepatic fat metabolism, we studied the regulation of the enzymes involved in the lipogenic pathway under Western HFHC dietary and de novo lipogenic conditions. After completing the HFHC regimen, Acc2−/− mutant mice were found to have lower body weight, smaller epididymal fat pads, lower blood levels of nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides, and higher hepatic cholesterol than wild-type mice. Significant up-regulation of lipogenic enzymes and an elevation in hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) protein were found in Acc2−/− mutant mice under de novo lipogenic conditions. The increase in lipogenic enzyme levels was accompanied by up-regulation of the transcription factors, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2, and carbohydrate response element-binding protein. In contrast, hepatic levels of the PPAR-γ and PPAR-α proteins were significantly lower in the Acc2−/− mutant mice fed an HFHC diet. When compared with wild-type mice fed the same diet, Acc2−/− mutant mice exhibited a similar level of AKT but with a significant increase in pAKT. Hence, deleting ACC2 ameliorates the metabolic syndrome and protects against fatty liver despite increased de novo lipogenesis and dietary conditions known to induce obesity and diabetes.
Isoproterenol and cAMP Block ERK Phosphorylation and Enhance [Ca2+]i Increases and Oxygen Consumption by Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation in Rat Parotid and Submandibular Acinar Cells

Salivary glands are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, which release neurotransmitters that promote fluid secretion and exocytosis when they bind to muscarinic and β-adrenergic receptors, respectively. Signaling pathways downstream of these receptors are mainly distinct, but there is cross-talk that affects receptor-dependent events. Here we report that the β-adrenergic ligand isoproterenol blocks increases in extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, a protein kinase C-dependent event promoted by the muscarinic receptor ligand carbachol in freshly dispersed rat parotid acinar cells. The inhibitory action of isoproterenol was reproduced by cAMP stimuli (forskolin) and mimetics (dibutyryl-cAMP, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP), including one highly selective for protein kinase A (N6-benzoyl-cAMP). In contrast, Epac (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP)-selective activators did not mimic the blockade of ERK by isoproterenol, suggesting that inhibition involved protein kinase A. Isoproterenol also blocked ERK downstream of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the P2X7 and epidermal growth factor receptors. Isoproterenol and forskolin blocked MEK phosphorylation, reduced RAF phosphorylation on a stimulatory site (Ser-338), and increased RAF phosphorylation on an inhibitory site (Ser-259). Inhibitory effects on ERK were also observed in freshly dispersed rat submandibular acinar cells but not in three immortalized/cancer salivary cell lines (Par-C10, HSY, HSG), indicating significant differences between native cells and cell lines. Notably, in native parotid cells isoproterenol enhanced the carbachol-promoted increases in [Ca2+]i and oxygen consumption, events that initiate and accompany, respectively, the stimulation of fluid secretion by muscarinic ligands. Thus, isoproterenol produces opposite effects on prominent events downstream of the muscarinic receptor second messengers diacylglycerol (decrease in ERK phosphorylation) and inositol trisphosphate (increase in [Ca2+]i and fluid secretion).
Potential use of Transport and Dispersion model output to supplement Allied Tactical Publication-45 hazard area prediction templates

Allied Tactical Publication-45(C) is the current US and NATO command doctrine for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological (NBC) events. ATP-45 is designed to warn military populations of NBC hazard by providing area-warning templates based on NBC messages. ATP-45 is designed to produce a single 2-hour hazard area template that accounts for wind speed fluctuations, but it does not take into account time intervals of less than 2 hours and spatial and temporal variations in the wind field that could result in the incorrect orientation of the triangle template. Additionally, an abrupt discontinuity in the template from a circle to a triangle occurs as the wind speed passes through 2.78 ms –1 (10 km/hr). This abrupt change is unrealistic and can result in a significant under- or over-prediction of the hazard area. In this paper we demonstrate how T&D models could help alleviate above problems and supplement ATP-45 hazard templates.
Significant differences in alkaloid content of Coptis chinensis (Huanglian), from its related American species.

Background: The growing popularity of Chinese herbal medicine in the United States has prompted large-scale import of raw herbs from Asia. Many of the Asian herbs have phylogenetically related North American species. We compared three phylogenetically related species, namely Coptis chinensis (Huanglian), Hydrastis canadensis and Coptis trifolia to show whether they can be substituted by one another in terms of alkaloid content. Methods: We used microwave assisted extraction to obtain alkaloids berberine, coptisine, palmatine and hydrastine. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify each alkaloid. Results: Hydrastis canadensis has the most berberine, whereas Coptis trifolia has the most coptisine. Hydrastine and palmatine were unique to Hydrastis canadensis and Coptis chinensis respectively. Conclusion: Neither Hydrastis canadensis nor Coptis trifolia contains all the alkaloids found in Coptis chinensis used in Chinese medicine. Substitutes of this Chinese species by its American relatives are not recommended.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Coronary Stenting A Clear Path for a Research Agenda

It was an important and indeed remarkable observation when several trials reported the consistent finding that dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a thienopyridine was superior to aspirin and oral anticoagulation for prevention of major adverse cardiac events after deployment of a stent in a coronary artery.1 A major benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy was a lower rate of stent thrombosis. The incidence of coronary stent thrombosis in the modern era is reported to be approximately 1%, with an increased likelihood of occurrence in high-risk patient or lesion subsets. Although this rate may seem relatively low, stent thrombosis is associated with major myocardial infarction (MI) in 60% to 70% of cases, resulting in an early mortality rate of 20% to 25%. With increased use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a revascularization strategy and implantation of stents in coronary arteries with a small diameter, it is anticipated that the number of patients at risk for stent thrombosis may increase. It therefore continues to be important to construct pharmacological regimens that minimize its occurrence. Several risk factors for stent thrombosis have been identified, including patient- and/or lesion-specific characteristics, procedure-related factors, and inherent stent thrombogenicity.2 These risk factors, in turn, contribute to a state of enhanced platelet reactivity and thrombus formation, which promotes abrupt vessel closure. See p 1153 Although initial studies highlighting the benefits of dual antiplatelet therapy used aspirin and ticlopidine, clopidogrel is the thienopyridine of choice today because it is associated with a lower rate of intolerable side effects. It is noteworthy that clopidogrel as part of the dual antiplatelet regimen to support PCI has not undergone the type of extensive evaluation demanded of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or such devices as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators before they were recommended in practice guidelines for management of patients with …
Are we all equally at home socializing online? Cyberasociality and evidence for an unequal distribution of disdain for digitally-mediated sociality

Online social media are an increasingly important arena of social interaction. This rapid transition to digitally mediated sociality is far from trivial in both the consequences it engenders and the tensions it generates. In this paper, we find that some people do not take as readily to accepting digitally mediated sociality as others, and that this mode of connectivity appears fulfilling and engaging to some while it appears hollow and vacant to others due to variations in a personality disposition which we dub ‘cyberasociality' which was defined as the inability or unwillingness of some people to relate to others via social media as they do when physically present by Tufekci [2010. Who acquires friends through social media and why? Rich get richer versus seek and ye shall find. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on weblogs and social media, Washington, DC]. Using two purposive samples of college students (n = 410 and n = 417 completed surveys), we develop a scale to test cyberasociality ...
Electrooptic modulation of silicon-on-insulator submicrometer-size waveguide devices

In this paper, we propose and analyze an electrically modulated silicon-on-insulator (SOI) submicrometer-size high-index-contrast waveguide. The geometry of the waveguide provides high lateral optical confinement and defines a lateral p-i-n diode. The electrooptic structure is electrically and optically modeled. The effect of the waveguide geometry on the device performance is studied. Our calculations indicate that this scheme can be used to implement submicrometer high-index-contrast waveguide active devices on SOI. As an example of application, a one-dimensional microcavity intensity modulator is predicted to exhibit a modulation depth as high as 80% by employing a dc power consumption as low as 14 /spl mu/W.
A kinematic viscoelastic model of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906

Summary. We construct a model of the San Andreas fault zone based on a rectangular fault in an elastic layer overlying a viscoelastic half-space. We alllow both steady and episodic aseismic slip at depth on the fault as well as a large-scale relative plate driving force. We use the model to explain the aseismic changes in geodetic triangulation angles observed during the 40 years following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The most important results are that viscoelastic relaxation can explain the data very well, and that the driving force of relative plate motion can be characterized by a horizontal distance scale perpendicular to the plate boundary of hundreds of kilometres.
A problem in neural networks

In this paper we consider a simple model for coupled nonlinear oscillators in a continuous medium. There is shown to exist a maximal branch of phaselocked solutions connecting the trivial one to a limiting singular solution.
Electric Field Breakdown Characteristics of Molybdenum and Carbon-Based Electrodes under Conditions Where Ions are being Extracted

Measurements of the enhanced electric field at breakdown for perforated flat plates fabricated from carbon-carbon composite, Poco graphite, pyrolytic graphite, and molybdenum are presented. The perforated flat plates represent electrodes used in ion sources and ion thrusters and measurements are made with and without ion beamlet extraction through the perforations. A ranking of the materials is presented of their suitability in ion source applications. The electrical breakdown characteristics of candidate materials for ion optics systems used in satellite propulsion systems are of importance for several reasons, including (1) the necessity to specify the maximum applied electric field to reduce the probability of arcing and/or frequency of arcing, (2) the need to specify the maximum tolerable charge transfer level to avoid damage to the grids that would reduce their voltage standoff capability, (3) the avoidance of incessant arcing between the grids that would result in unacceptable electro-magnetic interference levels, and (4) the impact that incessant arcing would have on the power production, power processing, and power distribution system.
Development of brown patch and Pythium blight in tall fescue as affected by irrigation frequency, clipping removal, and fungicide application

Settle, D. M., Fry, J. D., and Tisserat, N. A. 2001. Development of brown patch and Pythium blight in tall fescue as affected by irrigation frequency, clipping removal, and fungicide application. Plant Dis. 85:543-546. We studied the effects of irrigation frequency, clipping removal, and fungicide application on the development of Rhizoctonia brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) and Pythium blight (Pythium aphanidermatum) in tall fescue. Brown patch severity was not significantly different between plots irrigated daily and those irrigated on alternate days. Similarly, no differences in brown patch were observed in plots where grass clippings were returned to the sward with a mulching mower compared with plots where clippings were removed. Preventive applications of azoxystrobin at 35-day intervals or postinfection applications of chlorothalonil reduced brown patch severity, but only the azoxystrobin treatment provided aesthetically acceptable (<10%) levels of brown patch control. However, azoxystrobin applications also increased Pythium blight compared with untreated or chlorothalonil-treated tall fescue, especially in plots that received daily irrigation.
Early Respiratory Depression Following Intrathecal Fentanyl-Morphine Combination

Recent reports regarding the use of intrathecal fentanyl and of opioid combinations including fentanyl in obstetric patients have indicated they may have advantages over morphine while having a lower risk of respiratory depression. The following case report illustrates that this perceived safety may be unwarranted
Jump Equivalence of the $\Delta^0_2$ Hyperhyperimmune Sets

An infinite set A is said to be hyperhyperimmune (h.h.i.) if, for any collection of disjoint simultaneously recursively enumerable (r.e.) finite sets, A must fail to intersect with one of those sets. Thus the elements of an h.h.i. set are, in a sense, very elusive. D. A. Martin [3] showed that the degrees of h.h.i. sets with r.e. complements are exactly the r.e. degrees with jump 0″. More generally, C. G. Jockusch [2] found a′ ≥ 0″ to be a sufficient condition for a to be the degree of an h.h.i. set and found a′ ≥ 0′ to be necessary. However, it was also shown that in the degrees as a whole neither condition gave a characterization of the h.h.i. degrees. The purpose of this note is to prove that a′ = 0″does characterize the h.h.i. degrees below 0′.Theorem. The degrees below 0′ containing h.h.i. sets are exactly those degrees below 0′ with jump 0″.Proof. From [2], if a′ ≥ 0″, then a contains an h.h.i. set.Conversely, let A ∈ a where a′ < 0″ and a < 0′. Let {As ∣ s ≥ 0} be a recursive sequence of finite sets such that for each x, lims, Ax(x) exists and equals A(x).For a set B, let B[m] denote B ∩ [0, m], and (if B is finite) let ∣B∣ denote the cardinality of B.
Power dependence of pure spin current injection by quantum interference

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A Principle of Responsive Adjustment

i6. At I2.42 p.m. the aircraft informed Mac Centre that it was flying VMC (visual meteorological conditions) and that it would proceed visually to McMurdo. This message indicated that the aircraft had found an area free of cloud through which it would descend before levelling out at an altitude less than the cloud base. Thus the aircraft would be approaching under the cloud layer in clear air at an altitude of about 2,ooo feet.
Cilio-Optic Vein Associated With Phakomatosis

This presentation demonstrates the fluorescein angiographic characteristics of the cilio-optic vein. These congenitally enlarged vessels appear at the disc edge and dip into the optic nerve to anastomose with branches of the central retinal vein. Fluorescein angiography shows lamellar filling of the vessels in the early choroidal phase. In one patient, these findings are demonstrated bilaterally with the use of bilateral simultaneous angiography. A second type of communication is presented, a retinociliary vein which drains the retina into the choroidal circulation. In both types presented, a branching hypofluorescent pattern extends from the disc vessel into the choroid. Our patients have evidence of a phakomatosis: neurofibromatosis or Sturge-Weber syndrome. This anomalous disc vessel should not be confused with optociliary shunt, disc neovascularization, cilioretinal artery, or arteriovenous shunt.
Kernel-based high-dimensional histogram estimation for visual tracking

We propose an approach for non-rigid tracking that represents objects by their set of distribution parameters. Compared to joint histogram representations, a set of parameters such as mixed moments provides a significantly reduced size representation. The discriminating power is comparable to that of the corresponding full high- dimensional histogram yet at far less spatial and computational complexity. The proposed method is robust in the presence of noise and illumination changes, and provides a natural extension to the use of mixture models. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms both full color mean-shift and global covariance searches.
Crystal structure of cholestanyl caprylate and binary phase behavior with cholesteryl caprylate

The crystal structure of cholestanyl n-octanoate (caprylate) (C35H62O2) is monoclinic with space group A2 and cell dimensions a = 10.103(7), b = 7.646(7), c = 87.63(7) A, beta = 90.51(6) degrees; Z = 8 [two molecules (A, B) in asymmetric unit], V = 6769 A3, Dc = 1.010 g cm-3. Integrated X-ray intensities for 3798 reflections with I greater than 2 sigma (I) were measured with a rotating anode diffractometer at room temperature. The structure was determined using direct methods. Block diagonal least squares refinement gave R = 0.111. Molecules A and B have almost fully extended conformations, but differ significantly in the rotation about the ester bond and in the C17 chains. The molecular packing in the crystal structure of cholestanyl caprylate consists of stacked bilayers each having d002 = 43.8 A in thickness and within each bilayer, cholestanols pack with cholestanols and caprylate chains pack with caprylate chains. The crystal structure is very similar to that of cholesteryl myristate but is quite different from that of cholesteryl caprylate. The phase equilibria of the cholestanyl caprylate/cholesteryl caprylate binary system have been shown to involve limited mutual solubility of the two components and to have a eutectic point at 73% cholestanyl caprylate. The cholesteric mesophase is monotropic at all compositions except for a narrow range near the eutectic point where it is enantiotropic.
Postural Hypotension In Elderly Family Practice Patients

Postural hypotension (PH) was investigated in 100 ambulatory patients aged 65 years or older, who were seen in a university family practice clinic. Thirty-one percent had a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or more, while 16 percent had a diastolic drop of 10 mmHg or more. Twelve percent had a significant drop in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing. Patients with both systolic and diastolic PH were more likely to have had a fall during the year prior to evaluation and decreased functional ability compared with those without PH. The group with systolic PH was more likely to have symptoms on standing and a history of weakness, but dizziness and Iightheadedness were not correlated with PH. Postural hypotension occurred in only 13 percent of patients without risk factors for PH and in 35 percent of patients with risk factors. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Demographics and functional ability were similar between the risk factor groups. Thus, PH occurred frequently in our patients, could not be reliably predicted on the basis of risk factors or symptoms, and was correlated with a history of a recent fall and decreased functional ability.
Citation Frustrations—And Solutions

This Article, written primiarly for law review editors, first explores the frustrations felt by law review staff members, including feelings that cite and source projects are grunt work, that the projects involve too many steps, and that citation rules are difficult to locate. In this regard, the Article provides law review editors with ideas about how to respond to these complaints and how to design training sessions to better equip staff members to handle cite and source projects more effectively. The Article also explores frustrations experienced by law review editors when they work with staff members and authors. The solutions to this group's problems include training, written guidelines, and constant, clear communication with everyone involved in the cite and source process. In addition, the Article explores frustrations that authors have when dealing with citations. Training, written guidelines, and communication are again the primary solutions. Appendix 1 contains detailed Sample Cite and Source Guidelines that law journals can use when training staff members. The guidelines provide a step-by-step blueprint of how a cite and source project should be handled from beginning to end. Law journals are welcome to use or borrow language and ideas from this Appendix. Appendix 2 provides a Cite and Source Evaluation Form that editors should complete when reviewing a staff member's cite and source project. Again, law journals should feel free to use or adapt the information in this Appendix.
Cellular and molecular processes in ovarian cancer metastasis. A Review in the Theme: Cell and Molecular Processes in Cancer Metastasis.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. It is usually diagnosed at a late stage, with a 5-yr survival rate of <30%. The majority of ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed after tumo...
The impact of operative approach in elective splenectomy: a multivariate analysis of outcomes from the NSQIP database.

PURPOSE Laparoscopy is an increasingly prevalent choice for elective splenectomy but it carries an inconsistent documentation of complications. This study examines 30-day postoperative outcomes after open (OS) and laparoscopic (LS) splenectomy. METHODS Elective splenectomies were extracted from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Multivariate analysis determined factors associated with complications and an increased postoperative length of stay (LOS). RESULTS There were a total of 1583 splenectomies with 991 (63.0%) laparoscopic cases. On univariate analysis, the LS group had fewer major (10.6% vs. 18.8%, P<0.0001) and minor complications (2.6% vs. 7.1%, P<0.0001). Adjusting for baseline differences, LS was not associated with an increase in major complications [odds ratio (OR), 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-1.08; P = 0.1255] but offered a decrease in minor complications (OR, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.69; P = 0.0010) coupled with a decrease in postoperative LOS of 1.89 ± 0.30 days (P<0.0001) compared with OS. CONCLUSIONS After accounting for comorbidities and intraoperative factors, laparoscopy remains a safe choice for elective splenectomy with fewer complications and shorter LOS.
Analyzing housing affordability of U.S. renters during the Great Recession, 2007 to 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the somewhat recent Great Recession, there was a popular notion that housing affordability for all renters had deteriorated. In this study, we investigate this notion by utilizing two national merged American Housing Survey (AHS) data sets from 2007 to 2009. We analyze housing affordability for renters, comparing and contrasting four subgroups in terms of their monthly average household incomes and housing costs, among other variables. We conduct descriptive statistics and multinomial logit analyses in order to predict the probability of a renter being in a given subgroup. We find that 62.90% of renters had increased household incomes but decreased housing cost burdens or decreased household incomes and decreased housing cost burdens, dispelling the notion that housing affordability has deteriorated. We also find that changes in average household income and staying or becoming employed or married translates into high odds of being in subgroups with increased household incomes.
A Test of Religious Liberty: The Ministry Land Case in Narragansett, 1668–1752

June 4, 1668, was proprietary meeting day for the owners of the Pettaquamscutt Purchase in the Narragansett Country. There were six proprietors, one of whom had bought his way into the partnership since the first part of the tract had been bought from three Narragansett sachems eleven years before.1 On this occasion, however, only five, including William Brenton, the new member, met at Newport across the bay from the pro prietors' holdings.2 John Porter, who does not seem to have gotten on well with his partners, was absent.3 As a part of the day's business, the proprietors agreed in writing "That a Tract of 300 Acres of the best Land and in a Convenient place be Laid out and for Ever set Appart as an Encouragement, the Income and Improvement thereoff wholly for an orthodox Person that shall be obtayned to Preach Gods Word to the inhabitants."4 Such a provision for ministerial or glebe lands was by no means unusual in the towns of Massachu setts Bay, whence three of the five signers had come to Rhode Island some years previously. Nor was such use of the term
Formation and reaction of oxidants in water ice produced from the deposition of RF-discharged rare gas and water mixtures.

Thin-film water ice samples are doped with reactive species, such as OH and HO2 and both singlet and triplet O atoms, which are produced in a discharge, in order to trace the reactions that form oxidants such as H2O2 and O2, in relation to the icy surfaces of satellites in the outer solar system. The present experiments show that, while reactions of OH formed in the discharge produce H2O2, the majority of H2O2 is formed via other pathways, with reactions of singlet O atoms being the most likely candidate. Strong evidence comes from thermal processing of the ices and using the matrix-isolation technique to quantify the OH abundance in the discharge, which is far below the required amount to account for the relatively high H2O2 abundances measured. Reactions of HO2 are also of possible significance but appear to be less dominant in the formation of H2O2 than singlet O.
Change in chemotherapy during concurrent radiation followed by surgery after a suboptimal positron emission tomography response to induction chemotherapy improves outcomes for locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND A positron emission tomography (PET) scan after induction chemotherapy before preoperative chemoradiation and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma predicts outcomes. Some patients with progression on PET after induction chemotherapy had long-term overall survival (OS) when they were changed to alternative chemotherapy during radiation. METHODS This study retrospectively reviewed esophageal adenocarcinoma patients who received induction chemotherapy and chemoradiation before planned surgery; all had undergone a PET scan before and after induction chemotherapy. RESULTS There were 201 patients, and 113 (56%) were PET responders (≥35% decrease in the maximum standardized uptake value of the tumor). All PET responders received the same chemotherapy during radiation, whereas 38 of the 88 PET nonresponders (43%) changed chemotherapy. Among the 152 patients who underwent surgery, the pathologic complete response rate was 15% for PET responders and 3% for PET nonresponders who did not change chemotherapy (P = .046). The median progression-free survival (PFS; 18.9 vs 10.0 months, P < 0.01) and OS (37 vs 25.3 months, P = .02) were significantly better for PET responders versus PET nonresponders who did not change chemotherapy. The median PFS for PET nonresponders who changed chemotherapy was 17.9 months, and it was superior to the median PFS for PET nonresponders who did not change chemotherapy (P = .01). For PET nonresponders, the 5-year OS rates were 37% for those who changed chemotherapy and 25% for those who did not change chemotherapy (P = .18). CONCLUSIONS A PET scan after induction chemotherapy predicts outcomes for locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma patients who undergo chemoradiation and surgery. The median PFS is improved, and trends toward improved OS appear possible in PET nonresponders who change chemotherapy during radiation. The fully accrued Cancer and Leukemia Group B 80803 study (NCT01333033) is evaluating this strategy. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Human Lesion Studies in the 21st Century

The study of patients with brain lesions has made major historical contributions to cognitive neuroscience. Here I argue for an increased investment in modern lesion mapping, complementing fMRI studies and laying the conceptual and analytic foundations for future techniques that could experimentally manipulate human brain function.
Response to the dental scientist model

In general, considerable strength and much realism exist in the model as presented by Dr. McHugh. Progress in biological science is central to any scheme anticipating change in medicine, including dental and oral medicine. In my view, there are two weaknesses in his presentation: 1) a perhaps semantic difference with me over whether dentists should be trained as scientists or as individuals who can use science (fact and process); and 2) a substantive difference as to how to reinforce didactic, basic biomedical science in clinical training.
Self-organized trail systems in groups of humans: Research Articles

We have developed an experimental platform for studying the trail systems that spontaneously emerge when people are motivated to take advantage of the trails left by others. In this virtual environment, the participants' task is to reach randomly selected destinations while minimizing travel costs. The travel cost of every patch in the environment is inversely related to the number of times the patch was visited by others. The resulting trail systems are a compromise between people going to their destinations and going where many people have previously traveled. We compare the results from our group experiments to the Active Walker model of pedestrian motion from biophysics. The Active Walker model accounted for deviations of trails from the beeline paths, the gradual merging of trails over time, and the influences of scale and configuration of destinations on trail systems, as well as correctly predicting the approximate spatial distribution of people's steps. Two deviations of the model from empirically obtained results were corrected by (1) incorporating a distance metric sensitive to canonical horizontal and vertical axes, and (2) increasing the influence of a trail's travel cost on an agent's route as the agent approaches its destination. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 43–50, 2006This paper was submitted as an invited paper resulting from the “Understanding Complex Systems” conference held at the University of Illinois–Urbana Champaign, May 2005
Understanding International Consumers: A Review of Some Studies in Psychology

Despite the central role that the consumer plays in the marketing concept, the literature international marketing reveals very few studies examining consumers in other cultures. Meanwhile, psychologists have studied cross-cultural behavior fairly extensively. It is proposed that marketers can benefit from that body of literature. Some studies from cross-cultural psychology are presented.
The Integrated Operation of a Renewable Power System

This paper investigates the problem of integrated operation in the small wind and photovoltaic(PV) energy power generating system. Theoretically, due to the source impedances of the wind generator and solar cell, it is difficult to charge a battery using both wind and solar energy at the same time. In order to optimize both energy sources, a microprocessor-based controller is used to control the charging system. In addition to acquire both energy sources to improve the reliability of the power system by using a microprocessor-based controller, fluctuations in the small wind power generating system may also be reduced. A 250W permanent magnet generator (PMG) and 75W solar cell panel are used to validate the feasibility of this integrated operating system.
Implantation of rhBMP-2 for alveolar augmentation and oral implants osseointegration: Experimental observations and clinical implications

Surgical placement of oral implants is governed by the prosthetic design and the morphology and quality of the alveolar bone. Regardless, oral implant placement often appears difficult, if at all possible, due to aberrations of the alveolar ridge. Hence, prosthetically guided implant positioning often entails augmentation of the alveolar ridge and adjoining structures. In this review we discuss recent observations of the biologic potential, clinical relevance and perspectives of application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) technologies for alveolar bone augmentation and oral implant osseointegration. Using discriminating, critical-size, supraalveolar defects in dogs we show that rhBMP-2 has a substantial potential to augment alveolar bone and support functional loading of titanium oral implants. Our studies suggest that inclusion of rhBMP-2 for alveolar bone augmentation and oral implant fixation will not only enhance the predictability of existing clinical protocol but also allow new approaches to these procedures.
Incidence and predictors of epilepsy after pediatric arterial ischemic stroke.

Objective: To determine the cumulative incidence and clinical predictors of remote symptomatic seizures and epilepsy after pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 218 participants with neonatal AIS (NAIS), presumed perinatal AIS (PPAIS), and childhood AIS (CAIS) from a single-center prospective consecutive cohort enrolled from 2006 to 2014. Medical records were reviewed for timing, semiology, and treatment of acute symptomatic seizures, remote symptomatic seizures (RSS), and epilepsy. Cumulative incidence of RSS and epilepsy were assessed using survival analysis. Results: Acute symptomatic seizures occurred in 94% of NAIS (n = 70/74) and 17% of CAIS (n = 18/105). Younger children were more likely to present with seizures at stroke ictus, and acute symptomatic seizures were predictive of later RSS and epilepsy in CAIS. Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 34 months, interquartile range 44.9 months (16.3–61.2). Estimated cumulative incidence of RSS at 2 years was 19% in NAIS, 24% in PPAIS, and 7% in CAIS. Estimated cumulative incidence of epilepsy at 2 years was 11% in NAIS, 19% in PPAIS, and 7% in CAIS. The median time to these outcomes was Conclusions: RSS and epilepsy are important neurologic sequelae of pediatric AIS. Children with perinatal stroke and CAIS with acute symptomatic seizures are at increased risk of these outcomes. These cohorts need further study to identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for epileptogenesis.
Hybrid Repair Using Visceral Debranching and Aortic Stent Grafts to Treat Complex Aortic Aneurysms

Hybrid repair or visceral debranching was introduced in 1999 as a means to reduce the physiologic stress associated with major open aortic reconstructions to treat thoracoabdominal aneurysms. The initial enthusiasm with the technique has been tempered by reports of high mortality rates in higher-risk patients. However, the technique has its value by avoiding a thoracotomy, minimizing ischemia time, and potentially decreasing need for catheter manipulations around the renal and mesenteric arteries, which can be dangerous in patients with severe atherosclerotic debris. This chapter summarizes the technical aspects of visceral debranching techniques.
Learning Privacy Expectations by Crowdsourcing Contextual Informational Norms.

Designing programmable privacy logic frameworks that correspond to social, ethical, and legal norms has been a fundamentally hard problem. Contextual integrity (CI) (Nissenbaum, 2010) offers a model for conceptualizing privacy that is able to bridge technical design with ethical, legal, and policy approaches. While CI is capable of capturing the various components of contextual privacy in theory, it is challenging to discover and formally express these norms in operational terms. In the following, we propose a crowdsourcing method for the automated discovery of contextual norms. To evaluate the effectiveness and scalability of our approach, we conducted an extensive survey on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT) with more than 450 participants and 1400 questions. The paper has three main takeaways: First, we demonstrate the ability to generate survey questions corresponding to privacy norms within any context. Second, we show that crowdsourcing enables the discovery of norms from these questions with strong majoritarian consensus among users. Finally, we demonstrate how the norms thus discovered can be encoded into a formal logic to automatically verify their consistency.
Message from "real-world" data of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement.

Comparative outcomes between transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), which is one of the most important themes in structural heart disease intervention today, have largely been dependent on data from randomized controlled trials (1-4). However, randomized controlled studies do not actually reflect the outcomes of “real-world” TAVR versus SAVR because of relatively stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, these trials and procedures are often performed in experienced, high-volume centers. In fact, we previously reported worse mortality in TAVR compared to SAVR when the meta-analysis was performed with propensity-matched studies from “real-world” data but similar mortality when only randomized controlled studies were pooled (5). This observation raised a concern that TAVR may not confer similar benefit compared to SAVR outside the randomized clinical trial setting. Accordingly, a large, non-randomized study to examine the real-world comparative outcomes between TAVR versus SAVR was clearly warranted.
Experiences of Male Undergraduates That Lead to Academic Failure

We examined the lived experiences of male undergraduates on the campus of a high-research-activity university in the northeastern United States. Interviews with 8 male undergraduates with a grade-point average lower than 2.0 revealed that their poor academic performances resulted from a combination of the following experiences: a disconnect between high school and university academic expectations, adherence to rigid male gender roles, an inability to set priorities and engage with faculty and staff, and the manifestation of mental health issues. We implemented the study as a front-end analysis to understand better these learners and their learning contexts. Recommendations for advising intervention are offered.
Product Market Strategy and Capital Structure: Evidence from Resale Price Maintenance

This paper studies how a firm’s pricing strategy affects its financial leverage. Retailers vary in pricing strategy, ranging from low markup (i.e., “discount”), no frills retailers to high markup retailers that offer extensive service. The choice of strategy affects the firm’s risks and opportunities and therefore debt capacity. The high-end strategy, for example, exposes the firm to price wars and free-riding by discount rivals that could drive it into financial distress. The cross-section of firms shows a negative relationship between markup and leverage, but the direction of causality is unclear. To establish causality, I exploit changes in the legality of discount pricing strategies to identify their effect on leverage. In various U.S. states and years, manufacturers could use resale price maintenance (RPM) to set the minimum price a retailer can charge. I find that allowing RPM leads discount retailers to reduce leverage and other retailers to increase it. The results show that firms choose a financial structure closely tied to their product market strategy.
Base of the Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Most malignant tumors occurring in the oropharynx, including the base of the tongue, are related to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounting for over 90% of cases. FDG PET/MR imaging has superior soft tissue resolution and high sensitivity making it ideal for head and neck cancer evaluation.
Characteristics of the Tobacco User Adult Cohort in Urban and Rural Ohio.

Objectives Identifying characteristics associated with the use of new and emerging tobacco products is a priority. The enumeration and baseline characteristics of a new cohort of adult tobacco users are described. Methods Residents, ≥18 years of age, in urban Franklin County, or one of 6 rural Appalachian counties, and who were exclusive users of combustible, smokeless (SLT), or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) tobacco products, or were dual users, were targeted for recruitment. Participants were interviewed in-person at baseline on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco product use, and cognitive/affective and purchasing factors. Results We recruited 1210 participants (urban, N = 595; rural, N = 615). Urban participants were less likely to use tobacco daily, began using tobacco later, used tobacco for less time, and had higher cessation interest. ENDS users were significantly less likely to have made a quit attempt than users of other tobacco products. Duration of tobacco use and nicotine dependence also differed by product type. Conclusion This cohort's enumeration allowed us to compare factors associated with tobacco product preferences and the use of novel products. The inclusion of rural Appalachia-a region with high tobacco use and disease burden-may provide additional insights into the implementation of tobacco control interventions.
The University, The Course Design, The Foundation and The Preservice Teachers

Elon University is committed to service learning and civic engagement as core elements of its mission and vision. From its statement on the importance of service learning, Elon notes: “Elon University affirms the importance of engaged pedagogies as a foundation of our curriculum that advances our goal of developing global citizens and informed leaders. Toward this end, Academic Service-Learning courses contribute to a variety of personal, cognitive and social outcomes including enhanced self-awareness, improved critical thinking, and an increased understanding of social responsibility, diversity and societal structures” (Elon University, Academic Service Learning).
The Improvement of Plastic Aspheric Lens for the Application of Compact Camera Module

The requirement for plastic injection of ultra-high precision optical components is critical. Therefore, the precision of optical components has to meet the optical specification. We compensate the core inserts of aspheric lenses and the refine conditions of optical lens injection to improve the forming precision of optical lenses. The key issues of manufacturing plastic optical lenss are thermal shrinkage of the lenses and the decenter of optical axes for the lens module. In the process of plastic lens injection, the shrinkage of a lens is due to temperature variation of the mold and the lens.
Effects of post-exposure naps on exposure therapy for social anxiety.

Abstract Exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD) utilizes fear extinction, a memory process enhanced by sleep. We investigated whether naps following exposure sessions might improve symptoms and biomarkers in response to social stress in adults undergoing 5-week exposure-based group SAD therapy. Thirty-two participants aged 18–39 (18 females) with SAD were randomized. Before and after treatment, participants completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and underwent a Trier Social Stress Test with psychophysiological monitoring (mpTSST) that included skin conductance (SCL), electromyographic (EMG) and electrocardiographic recording, and an auditory startle procedure while anticipating the social stressor. At sessions 3 and 4, exposure was followed by either a 120-min polysomnographically monitored sleep opportunity (Nap, N = 17) or wakefulness (Wake, N = 15). Primary hypotheses about SAD symptom change (LSAS) and EMG blink-startle response failed to differ with naps, despite significant symptom improvement (LSAS) with therapy. Some secondary biomarkers, however, provided preliminary support for enhanced extinction learning with naps, with trend-level Time (pre-, post-treatment) × Arm interactions and significant reduction from pre- to post treatment in the Nap arm alone for mpTSST SCL and salivary cortisol rise. Because of the small sample size and limited sleep duration, additional well-powered studies with more robust sleep interventions are indicated.
Parallel electrostatic grippers for layered assembly

Abstract Layered Assembly is a voxel-based additive manufacturing method in which premanufactured voxels serve as the feedstock for producing multi-material parts. The parallel placement of voxels necessary for Layered Assembly is carried out by electroadhesion—a type of astrictive prehension, which is an elegant, scalable, low-power, solid-state, and epoxy-free grasping method with numerous applications. In the present work, 2 × 2 arrays of electroadhesive grippers were designed in both comb- and spiral-shaped electrode geometries. Electrodes were nominally designed for grasping voxels of 3 × 3 mm cross-section. Electrostatic field simulations were performed in COMSOL Multiphysics for both single electrodes, and 2 × 2 electrode arrays. The selective gripping capability of the electrode arrays was tested at voltages in the 75–800 V range and applied to both polymer and metallic voxels. A comparison of electrode performance in terms of geometry revealed that comb-shaped electrodes were superior, due to ≈100% reliability when operating in the 600–800 V range.