cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Use in Asymmetric Aquifer under Incomplete Information

This paper analyzes a game theoretic model of groundwater extraction in an asymmetric two-cell aquifer under incomplete information about the extent to which the local stock of groundwater depends on the extraction histories at nearby wells. A novel assumption is that the elevation of the bottom of the aquifer differs across, otherwise identical, cells. Asymmetry creates a strategic advantage (disadvantage) for the user in the deep (shallow) cell in “stealing” neighbor’s water. The user with a larger initial stock actually benefits from the commonality of groundwater provided that the asymmetry is not too small or too great. Assuming that the asymmetry between users is sufficiently large, better informed, non-cooperative users attain a higher joint welfare when the prior belief about the rate of transmission is sufficiently dispersed. Moreover, better hydrologic information may allow non-cooperative users to achieve maximum social welfare even in the absence of groundwater use regulations. Yet, in an asymmetric aquifer there may be both winners and losers from better public information.
Chiral arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes as enantioselective catalysts: highly selective 1,2 alkyl additions to aldehydes

Abstract The preparation of a rationally designed catalyst system derived from norephedrine is reported. The key stereodirective element emanates from a chromium tricarbonyl group complexed to one face of the aryl ring. The catalysts mediate the addition of diethyl zinc to a variety of aldehydes with extremely high enantioselectivity.
The challenges of delivering content on the internet

In this talk, we will give an overview of how content is distributed on the internet, with an emphasis on the approach being used by Akamai. We will describe some of the technical challenges involved in operating a network of thousands of content servers across multiple geographies on behalf of thousands of customers. The talk will be introductory in nature and should be accessible to a broad audience.
An Active Disturbance Rejection Based Approach to Vibration Suppression in Two-Inertia Systems

This study concerns the resonance problems found in motion control, typically described in a two-inertia system model as compliance between the motor and the load. We reformulate the problem in the framework of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), where the resonance is assumed to be unknown and treated as disturbance, estimated and mitigated. This allows the closed-loop bandwidth to go well beyond the resonant frequency, which is quite difficult using existing methods. In addition, such level of performance is achieved with minimum complexity in the controller design and tuning: no parameter estimation or adaptive algorithm is needed, and the controller is tuned by adjusting one parameter, namely, the bandwidth of the control loop. It is also shown that the proposed solution applies to both the velocity and position control problems, and the fact that ADRC offers an effective and practical motion control solution, in the presence of unknown resonant frequency within the bandwidth of the control system. Finally, frequency response analysis is performed where stability margin is obtained before the simulation results are verified in the hardware experiments.
Linear-time algorithms for parametric minimum spanning tree problems on planar graphs

Abstract A linear-time algorithm for the minimum-ratio spanning tree problem on planar graphs is presented. The algorithm is based on a new planar minimum spanning tree algorithm. The approach extends to other parametric minimum spanning tree problems on planar graphs and to other families of graphs having small separators.
Indeterminate masses, elements and models in information fusion

In this paper at the beginning, we make a short history of the logics, from the classical Boolean logic to the most general logic of today neutrosophic logic. We define the general logic space and give the definition of the neutrosophic logic. Then we introduce the indeterminate models in information fusion, which are due either to the existence of some indeterminate elements in the fusion space or to some indeterminate masses. The best approach for dealing with such models is the neutrosophic logic, which is part of neutrosophy. Neutrosophic logic is connected with neutrosophic set and neutrosophic probability and statistics.
Problems in, and a pragmatic approach to, programming language measurement

Although considerable attention has been given to the measurement of compilers (e.g., size of compiler, amount of memory needed for compilation, speed of compilation and object program, size of object code), virtually nothing has been done about measurement of languages. This is not an empty issue, because there are a number of relevant and significant questions pertaining to programming languages for which we would like to have (quantitative) answers. For example, given three languages which two are most alike? By what criteria? Which of them is most like some fourth language? How could we develop a general ranking or hierarchy for a set of languages according to features so as to handle subsets and extensions? Probably the most important practical question is "For a given application or set of applications, which language is best?"
Necessary Conditions on Realizable Two-Point Correlation Functions of Random Media†

A fascinating inverse problem that has been receiving considerable attention is the construction of realizations of random two-phase heterogeneous media with a target two-point correlation function. However, not every hypothetical two-point correlation function corresponds to a realizable two-phase medium. Here, we collect all of the known necessary conditions on the two-point correlation functions scattered throughout a diverse literature and derive a new, but simple, positivity condition. We apply the necessary conditions to test the realizability of certain classes of proposed correlation functions.
Nutrient-Sensing Mechanisms across Evolution

For organisms to coordinate their growth and development with nutrient availability, they must be able to sense nutrient levels in their environment. Here, we review select nutrient-sensing mechanisms in a few diverse organisms. We discuss how these mechanisms reflect the nutrient requirements of specific species and how they have adapted to the emergence of multicellularity in eukaryotes.
Overexpression of HIF-1α transgene in the renal medulla attenuated salt sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α-mediated gene activation in the renal medulla in response to high salt intake plays an important role in the control of salt sensitivity of blood pressure. High salt-induced activation of HIF-1α in the renal medulla is blunted in Dahl S rats. The present study determined whether the impairment of the renal medullary HIF-1α pathway was responsible for salt sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. Renal medullary HIF-1α levels were induced by either transfection of HIF-1α expression plasmid or chronic infusion of CoCl2 into the renal medulla, which was accompanied by increased expressions of anti-hypertensive genes, cyclooxygenase-2 and heme oxygenase-1. Overexpression of HIF-1α transgenes in the renal medulla enhanced the pressure natriuresis, promoted the sodium excretion and reduced sodium retention after salt overload. As a result, hypertension induced by 2-week high salt was significantly attenuated in rats treated with HIF-1α plasmid or CoCl2. These results suggest that an abnormal HIF-1α in the renal medulla may represent a novel mechanism mediating salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats and that induction of HIF-1α levels in the renal medulla could be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Electrostatic discharge: mechanisms, protection techniques and effects on integrated circuit reliability

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) was once considered a problem only for unprotected, insulated-gate field-effect transistors, but the ever shrinking geometries of all semiconductor devices have made them vulnerable to this phenomenon. ESD models and on-chip device protection techniques are reviewed, together with current evidence concerning latent defects and their effect on device reliability. A brief discussion on the importance of ESD controls in the assembly environment is also included, with an emphasis on realistic cost-effective measures. Finally, the impact of continued scaling on ESD vulnerability and protection structure limitations, are examined.
Iterative Solution of the Quasicontinuum Equilibrium Equations with Continuation

We give an analysis of a continuation algorithm for the numerical solution of the force-based quasicontinuum equations. The approximate solution of the force-based quasicontinuum equations is computed by an iterative method using an energy-based quasicontinuum approximation as the preconditioner. The analysis presented in this paper is used to determine an efficient strategy for the parameter step size and number of iterations at each parameter value to achieve a solution to a required tolerance. We present computational results for the deformation of a Lennard-Jones chain under tension to demonstrate the necessity of carefully applying continuation to ensure that the computed solution remains in the domain of convergence of the iterative method as the parameter is increased. These results exhibit fracture before the actual load limit if the parameter step size is too large.
The Brønsted Acid/Base Character of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids

1 Introduction 2 Hydroxylamines 3 Oximes 4 Hydroxamic Acids 5 Final Comparisons 6 Acknowledgment A summary is presented for hydroxylamines, oximes, and hydroxamic acids, of their gas phase Bronsted acidities and basicities, acidities in DMSO solvent, and aqueous solution acidities and basicities. The gas phase experiemtnal values are supplemented with computational values. An analysis of structural effects on the acid/base values is presented. Keywords: Bronsted acidity/basicity; gas phase acidity; DMSO solvent; aqueous pKa
The Postwar Fate of Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg Archival and Library Plunder, and the Dispersal of ERR Records

Alfred Rosenberg was one of Nazi Germany's most successful "looters." The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), organized specifically for plunder under his direction, seized cultural property across Nazi-occupied territories. This research note traces what happened to the ERR's hoard of books and archival materials that ended the war in the ERR evacuation center headquartered in Ratibor (now Polish Raciborz), in Upper Silesia. In contrast to the treasures found in the Western occupation zones of Germany and Austria, a large part of the property in Silesia fell into Soviet hands. Thus plundered a second time, it was held in secret for decades. Only recently has it been possible to find and identify the displaced books and archives, and to raise the issue of restitution.1 The author addresses the issue of where the ERR's own records were scattered, as well as current efforts to bring them together electronically and make them widely accessible to researchers.
A New Single Source Precursor Approach to Gallium and Aluminum Nitride

Single source precursors which contain preformed gallium-nitrogen and aluminum-nitrogen bonds are being considered for the growth of gallium and aluminum nitride because of their potential for overcoming problems associated with conventional precursors. Presented is the evaluation of dimethylgallium azide, Me 2 GaN 3 (1) , bisdimethylamidogallium azide, (Me 2 N) 2 GaN 3 (2) , and bisdimethylamidoaluminum azide, (Me 2 N) 2 AlN 3 (3) as potential precursors for A1N and GaN film growth. The compounds were evaluated for stability, ease of transport, temperature of decomposition and quality of film deposited. Amorphous thin films of GaN with a band gap of 3.4 eV were deposited with 2 at 250 °C. Increasing the substrate temperature to 580 °C resulted in the deposition of epitaxial GaN films. Polycrystalline A1N films were grown with 3 at 600 °C.
Health investments and economic growth : macroeconomic evidence and microeconomic foundations

This paper reviews the correlations and potential links between health and economic growth and summarizes the evidence on the role of government in improving health status. At the macroeconomic level, the evidence of an impact of health on growth remains ambiguous due both to difficulties in measuring health, and to the methodological challenges of identifying causal links. The evidence on the micro linkages from health investments to productivity and income are robust. Progress in life expectancy over the past two centuries has been spectacular, fueled by: improved agriculture that has increased food quantity; knowledge of disease transmission, and effective public health interventions that have controlled communicable diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and hookworm; and, most recently and importantly, investments in very young children that pay off in healthier and more productive adults. Whether public investments in medical care affect health hinges on the quality of health institutions. In much of the developing world, factors such as chronic absenteeism among public providers, poor budget execution, ineffective management, and virtually no accountability weaken public efforts. Institutional issues are central in efforts to enhance public health investments, which in turn have a direct impact on the population's welfare and, perhaps over the long term, improvements in national income.
Strategic Project Leadership® Toward a strategic approach to project management

Strategic Project Leadership s (SPL) is a new approach to project management that is focusing projects on creating competitive advantage and winning in the marketplace. This approach is particularly relevant to strategic projects that are initiated to create the company's future, including almost all R&D projects. In the traditional approach, project managers and teams were typically focused on getting the job done, and meeting time and budget goals. SPL, provides a modern view. It suggests that projects are initiated for business reasons, and that just 'getting the job done' is not enough. This paper presents a mindset, a framework, and a practical, step-by-step approach on how to connect project management to business results and how to turn projects into powerful competitive weapons. The paper is based on extensive case research, of which we present six cases - three successes and three disappointments - to demonstrate the value of the SPL approach to project management. 1
SMAS Facelift Techniques to Minimize Stigmata of Surgery

Patients seeking facial rejuvenation surgery are commonly concerned about their postoperative appearance. Their anxiety is expressed in the form of general statements about looking too different, not themselves, or being recognized for having had "something done." Typically, these reservations are the result of scars or deformities seen in a public figure, relative, or passerby. The more recognizable stigmata of facial rejuvenation surgery include unnatural hairlines, tragal distortions, ear lobule deformities, irregular neck contours, and an overall look of being lifted. The specific techniques and philosophy to prevent these stigmata are presented herein in a problem-specific format.
Redesign of the 2005 pollution abatement costs and expenditure survey

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive redevelopment and evaluation effort led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the accuracy of the responses to the Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) survey. The data collected by the PACE survey is important because it is the only comprehensive source of pollution abatement costs and expenditures related to environmental protection in the U.S. manufacturing sector. The PACE Survey has been administered over twenty times since 1973, yet until now, the accuracy of the survey responses has never been formally evaluated. The methods used to evaluate the survey include one-on-one interviews and site visits with manufacturing facilities to develop independent cost estimates which were compared to reported survey responses. Overall this study finds, assuming a reasonable margin of error, that the PACE survey responses reflect actual pollution abatement capital expenditures and operating costs. In addition, these interactions with facilities had a major impact on the design of the 2005 PACE survey and are also discussed in this paper.
Wyner–Ziv Video Coding With Universal Prediction

The coding efficiency of a Wyner-Ziv video codec relies significantly on the quality of side information extracted at the decoder. The construction of efficient side information is difficult thanks in part to the fact that the original video sequence is not available at the decoder. Conventional motion search methods are widely used in the Wyner-Ziv video decoder to extract the side information. This substantially increases the Wyner-Ziv video decoding complexity. In this paper, we propose a new method to construct side estimation based on the idea of universal prediction. This method, referred to as Wyner-Ziv video coding with universal prediction (WZUP), does not perform motion search or assume an underlying model of the original input video sequences at the decoder. Instead, WZUP estimates the side information based on its observations on the past reconstructed video data. We show that WZUP can significantly reduce decoding complexity at the decoder and achieve a fair side estimation performance, thus making it possible to design both the video encoder and the decoder with low computational complexity
Fourier-transform sum-frequency surface vibrational spectroscopy with femtosecond pulses

Summary form only given. Infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) has been proven to be a powerful probe for vibrational spectroscopic investigation of surfaces and interfaces. It is highly surface specific and has a submonolayer sensitivity. As a nonlinear optical process, SFG puts a premium on high input beam intensities. One would therefore like to employ input pulses as short as possible. However at subpicosecond pulse widths, the bandwidth of pulses would already exceed the widths of many vibrational resonances of interest. By combining SFG with a Fourier transform (FT) interferometric technique we can overcome this difficulty. Using 100-fs input pulses in our SFG surface monolayer vibrational spectroscopy studies, we have obtained a spectral resolution determined only by the maximum optical path difference between the two arms of an interferometer, as is common for FT spectroscopy.
Tioga-2: a direct manipulation database visualization environment

The paper reports on user experience with Tioga, a DBMS centric visualization tool developed at Berkeley. Based on this experience, we have designed Tioga-2 as a direct manipulation system that is more powerful and much easier to program. A detailed design of the revised system is presented, together with an extensive example of its application.
Maize Revolutions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Maize remains crucial for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. In some regions, the predominance of the crop in farming systems and diets implies that yield gains have the potential to jump-start a Green Revolution like those experienced in Asia for rice and wheat. However, despite episodes of success, the evidence compiled here suggests that very little progress has been made toward achieving this potential in recent years. Reversing this condition remains crucial to agricultural growth and food security in Africa.
Voltammetry of Sodium Polysulfides at Metal Electrodes

The interaction of sodium polysulfides and candidate metals for the current collector and cell casing in sodium/sulfur cells at 300/sup 0/ and 350/sup 0/C is explored using cyclic voltammetry. The metals investigated are chromium and molybdenum, and data for voltammetric sweeps at rates of 10-500 mV/s in Na/sub 2/S/sub 1/ are reported. The results are compared with those of previous experiments conducted at carbon and platinum electrodes, and mechanisms are proposed to explain the data in terms of specific melt-metal interactions. A model describing the observed cathodic sweep data is presented.
Frictional Properties of Self-Assembled Alkylsilane Chains on Silica

We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of pairs of alkylsilane monolayers on silica surfaces under shear. In particular, we investigate the effects of shear velocity on the friction for chains of 6, 8, 12, and 18 carbon atoms covalently bonded to a crystalline surface. Our studies are performed at loads close to 0.2 and 2 GPa for relative velocities of 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 m/s. We find that for perfect (defect-free) monolayers, the effects of chain length and velocity are weak, indicating that the experimentally measured dependence of friction on these properties is primarily due to defects in the monolayer. We have investigated possible finite size effects by varying our system dimensions from 43 A ×50 A A to 174 A × 201 A. We find that increasing the surface area by a factor of N reduces the noise in the shear stress by a factor of , and has a comparable effect to averaging the smaller system data over bins of points. This indicates that finite size effects are negligible in our simulations.
FROM GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS TO TOPOLOGY COMPUTATION IN QUANTUM LATTICE GAS AUTOMATA

The evolution of a quantum lattice gas automaton (QLGA) for a single charged particle is invariant under multiplication of the wave function by a global phase. Requiring invariance under the corresponding local gauge transformations determines the rule for minimal coupling to an arbitrary external electromagnetic field. We develop the Aharonov–Bohm effect in the resulting model into a constant time algorithm to distinguish a one-dimensional periodic lattice from one with boundaries; any classical deterministic lattice gas automaton (LGA) algorithm distinguishing these two spatial topologies would have expected running time on the order of the cardinality of the lattice.
A convenient synthesis of 3-(4-pyridinyl)quinolines

3-(Arylamino)-2-(4-pyriclinyl)acroleins 3 prepared by reacting anilines 1 with 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(4-pyridinyl)acrolein (2) were cyclized with phosphorus oxychloride or acetic acid to give 3-(4-pyridinyl)quinolines 4.
Modeling of HgCdTe Heterojunction Devices

A model for generating the composition and doping profiles from growth and diffusion parameters was developed for heterostructure devices. Poisson’s equation was applied to these structures to predict barriers in the conduction band to minority carrier flow for long wavelength HgCdTe infrared detectors prepared by LPE techniques. Spectral response and quantum efficiency measurements illustrate the presence of these barriers and support the use of this model in predicting barrier formation.
High-Redshift Galaxies in Cold Dark Matter Models

We use hydrodynamic cosmological simulations to predict the star formation properties of high-redshift galaxies (z = 2-6) in five variants of the inflationary cold dark matter scenario, paying particular attention to z = 3, the redshift of the largest "Lyman break galaxy" (LBG) samples. Because we link the star formation timescale to the local gas density, the rate at which a galaxy forms stars is governed mainly by the rate at which it accretes cooled gas from the surrounding medium. At z = 3, star formation in most of the simulated galaxies is steady on ~200 Myr timescales, and the instantaneous star formation rate (SFR) is correlated with total stellar mass. However, there is enough scatter in this correlation that a sample selected above a given SFR threshold may contain galaxies with a fairly wide range of masses. The redshift history and global density of star formation in the simulations depend mainly on the amplitude of mass fluctuations in the underlying cosmological model. The three models whose mass fluctuation amplitudes agree with recent analyses of the Lyα forest also reproduce the observed luminosity function of LBGs reasonably well, although the dynamic range of the comparison is small and the theoretical and observational uncertainties are large. The models with higher and lower amplitudes appear to predict too much and too little star formation, respectively, although they are not clearly ruled out. The intermediate amplitude models predict SFR ~ 30-40 M☉ yr-1 for galaxies with a surface density of ~1 arcmin-2 per unit redshift at z = 3. They predict much higher surface densities at lower SFR, and significant numbers of galaxies with SFR > 10 M☉ yr-1 at z ≥ 5.
Six Forces and the Legal Environment of Business: The Relative Value of Business Law Among Business School Core Courses

Regular review and revision of the core curriculum has become commonplace within business schools. This article presents and analyzes data from 902 senior managers attending executive programs at the University of Michigan. The data indicates that, among ten core business school subjects, law ranks third in value to these senior managers. The paper includes commentary on six forces that account for this high ranking. Two forces that were dominant in the 1970s and 1980s, regulation and litigation, are perceived by many managers as obstacles to business success. The four forces that have emerged in recent years - globalization, entrepreneurship, technology, and compliance - are more positive in that they enable firms to compete successfully in the global world of business.
Co-fibered products of algebraic curves

We give examples of failure of the existence of co-fibered products in the category of algebraic curves.
Titchmarsh-Sims-Weyl theory for complex Hamiltonian systems on Sturmian time scales

Abstract We study non-self-adjoint Hamiltonian systems on Sturmian time scales, defining Weyl–Sims sets, which replace the classical Weyl circles, and a matrix-valued M-function on suitable cone-shaped domains in the complex plane. Furthermore, we characterize realizations of the corresponding dynamic operator and its adjoint, and construct their resolvents. Even-order scalar equations and the Orr–Sommerfeld equation on time scales are given as examples illustrating the theory, which are new even for difference equations. These results unify previous discrete and continuous theories to dynamic equations on Sturmian time scales.
Equations in nilpotent groups

We show that there exists an algorithm to decide any single equation in the Heisenberg group in finite time. The method works for all two-step nilpotent groups with rank-one commutator, which includes the higher Heisenberg groups. We also prove that the decision problem for systems of equations is unsolvable in all non-abelian free nilpotent groups.
Analyzing Regression-Discontinuity Designs With Multiple Assignment Variables A Comparative Study of Four Estimation Methods

In a traditional regression-discontinuity design (RDD), units are assigned to treatment on the basis of a cutoff score and a continuous assignment variable. The treatment effect is measured at a si...
Histological changes in the testis of the guinea‐pig during scurvy and inanition

The histological changes in the testes of guinea pigs fed a diet deficient in vitamin C were studied and compared with the conditions in guinea pigs of different ages on normal diet. The conditions...
Electrical characterization of metal-molecule-silicon junctions.

Direct assembly of molecules onto silicon surfaces is of particular interest for potential employment in hybrid organic-semiconductor devices. In this study, aryl diazonium salts are used to assemble covalently bound molecula rg roups onto a hydride-passivated, oxide-free n-type Si(111) surface. The reaction of 4-(trimethylsilylethynyl)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate generates a molecular layer of 4-(trimethylsilylethynyl)phenylene (TMS-EP) on the Si surface. The monolayer modifies the electrical properties of the interface and exhibits nonlinear current–voltage characteristics, as compared with the ohmic behavior observed from metal-n ++ -Si(111) junctions. Results of current–voltage measurements at variable temperatures (from 300 to 10 K) on samples made with the TMS-EP molecules do not show significant thermally-activated transport, indicating tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism for this device structure. The measured data is compared to a tunneling model.
FROM INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING TO STRUCTURAL INFORMATION. A TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETRIZED MODEL TO STUDY METAL-(H2) INTERACTION

A two-dimensional dynamical parameterized model is derived to study the M-(H{sub 2}) interaction in transition-metal molecular hydrogen complexes. The parameters have been adjusted to reproduce the observed inelastic neutron scattering transitions through a least-squares fit procedure. The vibrational levels are obtained by solving the nuclear Schroedinger equation in a discrete variable representation. From this procedure, structural information such as the barrier to rotation of the H{sub 2} ligand and the H-H distance have been obtained. The accuracy of the model is tested on four systems with M-(H{sub 2}) interactions of different nature. The resulting H-H bond distances are in very good agreement with neutron diffraction structures where available.
Tractors on eBay: Differences between Internet and In-Person Auctions

We provide a systematic examination of the differences between Internet and in-person auction prices for used tractors. A hedonic model estimated with transactions pooled between eBay and in-person auctions reveals statistically distinct price surfaces for the two auction venues and predicts significantly lower prices for comparable equipment sold on eBay, though this difference is attenuated for tractors fully covered by eBay's buyer protection program and is fully absent for the most frequently traded tractor. An endogenous venue selection model reveals that larger, more valuable tractors from states with more valuable stocks of machinery are more likely to be offered on eBay. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Globalization, intellectual property, and economic prosperity

Innovation and the adoption of new ideas is fundamental to economic progress, and so is free trade of goods and services. Here we examine the underlying economics of the market for ideas and its implications for trade. From a positive perspective, we examine how such markets function and how international trade interact with them. From a normative perspective, we examine the pitfalls of current intellectual property regulations, and how might they be improved. We highlight recent research by ourselves and others challenging the notion that government awards of monopoly through patents and copyright are "the way" to provide appropriate incentives for innovation.
The Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction: Unmodified Aldehydes as Nucleophiles

The unprecedented application of unmodified aldehydes as nucleophilic donors in direct catalytic asymmetric Mannich-type reactions is disclosed in a full account. Our efforts in broadening the applicability of chiral pyrrolidine-based catalysts in direct asymmetric Mannich-type reactions led to the highly diastereo- and enantioselective and concise synthesis of functionalized α- and β-amino acids, β-lactams, and amino alcohols.
Unconditional security in quantum cryptography

Basic techniques to prove the unconditional security of quantum crypto graphy are described. They are applied to a quantum key distribution protocol proposed by Bennett and Brassard [1984]. The proof considers a practical variation on the protocol in which the channel is noisy and photos may be lost during the transmission. Each individual signal sent into the channel must contain a single photon or any two-dimensional system in the exact state described in the protocol. No restriction is imposed on the detector used at the receiving side of the channel, except that whether or not the received system is detected must be independent of the basis used to measure this system.
Reliability experience on the OARAC

The OARAC (Office of Air Research Automatic Computer) was delivered to the Aeronautical Research Laboratory at Wright Air Development Center in February 1953. After physical installation it required about two weeks for electrical installation and checking. Consequently, good computing time began the latter part of April.
Complex event processing

Gartner has determined that ?Complex Event Processing? (CEP) is one of the emerging areas on the rise in the ?hype cycle? and become dominant in the area of Business Process Integration and Management (BPIM) as well as other areas (such as: command and control). According to Gartner?s prediction, within 5-10 years this area will get to maturity. Activities in this industry have already started, and it is of the interest of this community to have early acquaintance with an area that may be dominant in several of the application types. The aim of this tutorial is to educate the audience about CEP and it?s relevant to the some of the other emergent areas such as: Web services, autonomic computing, and grid management, as well as to traditional data management areas. The tutorial will cover introduction to the area, model-based approaches, architectures, several use cases, relationships to other concepts. It does not require any prior knowledge in the CEP.
Gas-phase synthesis of reactive molecules using adsorbed reagents

Base-induced elimination reactions have found wide application in the synthesis of strained alkenes. The method is often complicated by a competing process in which the incipient alkene is trapped by nucleophilic addition of the base. Recent studies have shown that the bi-molecular side reactions can be avoided when bases such as potassium tert-but-oxide are supported on an inert surface like silica gel and the reaction is carried out in vacuo. This vacuum gas-solid reaction (VGSR) procedure has the additional advantage that very unstable species may be isolated under conditions that allow detailed studies of their physical and chemical properties. The scope of this procedure has been extended to include the use of fluoride salts supported on glass helices to effect the elimination of β-halosilanes. The fluoride route to strained alkenes is particularly attractive since the reaction may be carried out at very moderate temperatures and the starting materials are readily available. This review describes the development of this vacuum gas-phase procedure and its application in the synthesis and characterization of small-ring alkenes and bicycloalkenes, including methylene-cyclopropene, spiropentadiene, bicyclo-propenyls, 1,2- and 1,3-bridged cyclo-propenes, and other simple cyclo-propenes.
Examination of Isentropic Circulation Response to a Doubling of Carbon Dioxide Using Statistical Transformed Eulerian Mean

AbstractResponses of the atmospheric circulation to a doubling of CO2 are examined in a global climate model, focusing on the circulation on both dry and moist isentropes. The isentropic circulations are reconstructed using the statistical transformed Eulerian mean (STEM), which approximates the isentropic flow from the Eulerian-mean and second-order moments. This approach also makes it possible to decompose the changes in the circulation into changes in zonal mean and eddy statistics.It is found that, as a consequence of CO2 doubling, the dry isentropic circulation weakens across all latitudes. The weaker circulation in the tropics is a result of the reduction in mean meridional circulation while the reduction in eddy sensible heat flux largely contributes to the slowdown of the circulation in the midlatitudes. The heat transport on dry isentropes, however, increases in the tropics because of the increase in dry effective stratification whereas it decreases in the extratropics following the reduction in ...
Variation in post‐adenotonsillectomy admission practices in 24 pediatric hospitals

Objectives/Hypothesis There is controversy about which children should be admitted after adenotonsillectomy (T&A) and limited clinical evidence to help with this decision. Current practice has evolved based on empirical or anecdotal evidence. We sought to identify practice variations in postoperative admission after T&A in tertiary care pediatric hospitals. Study Design Retrospective database study using administrative information stored in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. Methods There were 29,920 T&As performed in 24 pediatric hospitals included in the PHIS database between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010. Patients were identified as outpatient (discharged the same day) or inpatient (not discharged on the day of surgery). We examined admission rates across different hospitals stratified by age, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and other complex chronic conditions. Results Younger age, the existence of a complex chronic condition, and OSA were all associated with higher post-TA for example, for 3 to 5 year olds, the admission rate varied from 5% to 90% between hospitals. Very significant variation remained even after controlling for age, comorbidities, and OSA. Conclusions Post T&A admission rates vary tremendously across comparable tertiary-care pediatric hospitals. There is a crucial need for a better understanding of the risk of complications on the first postoperative night, and the appropriate indications for monitored admission on that night. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 123:2561–2567, 2013
A durable template for carbosilane dendrimer synthesis

Many types of organosilicon dendrimers are known, but the carbosilane dendrimers are by far the most widely studied. This Viewpoint article describes the impact of a communication published in 1992 by Alexander van der Made, one of the pioneers in the field.
Touch-induced visual illusion

Although vision is considered the dominant modality, recent studies demonstrate the influence of other modalities on visual perception. For example, in the sound-induced flash illusion, two auditory stimuli cause one visual flash to be perceived as two. We report an extension of the sound-induced flash illusion to the tactile-visual domain, yielding the touch-induced flash illusion. Observers reported seeing two flashes on the majority of trials when a single flash was presented concurrently with two task-irrelevant brief tactile stimuli. Somatosensory stimulation changed the sensitivity (d') of detecting visual stimuli, which suggests that the observed effect is at least partly due to perceptual interactions. Together with other recent findings, these results challenge the notion that the processing of visual information is independent of activity in other modalities.
Minimality for uncertain systems and IQCs

A necessary and sufficient condition is presented for the minimality of uncertain systems represented by a linear fractional transformation (LFT) on repeated scalar time-varying operators. This condition generalizes the role of controllability and observability gramians, and is expressed in terms of singular solutions to a pair of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Previous results on S-procedure losslessness for integral quadratic constraints (IQCs) play a key role in these results. >
Product Fit Uncertainty in Online Markets: Nature, Effects, and Antecedents

Product fit uncertainty defined as the degree to which a consumer cannot assess whether a product's attributes match her preference is proposed to be a major impediment to online markets with costly product returns and lack of consumer satisfaction. We conceptualize the nature of product fit uncertainty as an information problem and theorize its distinct effect on product returns and consumer satisfaction versus product quality uncertainty, particularly for experience versus search goods without product familiarity. To reduce product fit uncertainty, we propose two Internet-enabled systems---website media visualization systems and online product forums collaborative shopping systems---that are hypothesized to attenuate the effect of product type experience versus search goods on product fit uncertainty. Hypotheses that link experience goods to product returns through the mediating role of product fit uncertainty are tested with analyses of a unique data set composed of secondary data matched with primary direct data from numerous consumers who had recently participated in buy-it-now auctions. The results show the distinction between product fit uncertainty and quality uncertainty as two distinct dimensions of product uncertainty and interestingly show that, relative to product quality uncertainty, product fit uncertainty has a significantly stronger effect on product returns. Notably, whereas product quality uncertainty is mainly driven by the experience attributes of a product, product fit uncertainty is mainly driven by both experience attributes and lack of product familiarity. The results also suggest that Internet-enabled systems are differentially used to reduce product fit and quality uncertainty. Notably, the use of online product forums is shown to moderate the effect of experience goods on product fit uncertainty, and website media are shown to attenuate the effect of experience goods on product quality uncertainty. The results are robust to econometric specifications and estimation methods. The paper concludes by stressing the importance of reducing the increasingly prevalent information problem of product fit uncertainty in online markets with the aid of Internet-enabled systems.
Effect of the hydrodynamic bearing on rotor/stator contact in a ring-type ultrasonic motor

A hybrid numerical analysis that includes the hydrodynamic bearing effect and elastic contact in a ring-type ultrasonic motor is presented. The two-dimensional time-dependent compressible Reynolds equation is solved numerically by a second-order time accurate, noniterative, factored implicit finite-difference algorithm. The rotor deformation is described by a one-dimensional Green's function. The contact problem is solved by an iteration method so that the contact condition and the hydrodynamic bearing condition are satisfied simultaneously. The results show that the hydrodynamic bearing effect, especially the squeeze effect, is significant for ultrasonic frequency contact of the rotor and stator. Surface roughness, contact area, and normal vibrating speed of the stator are important parameters in the hydrodynamic bearing. A disagreement between the friction coefficient needed in the numerical analysis and the experimentally measured one in a previous study. >
Sequential Adoption of Package Technologies: The Dynamics of Stacked Trait Corn Adoption

Genetically modified corn seed companies have recently created stacked varieties which combine more than one trait. This work develops a Bayesian model that demonstrates how uncertainty with a package technology can lead to an adoption pattern in which farmers move from single trait to stacked varieties. We then develop a semi-parametric panel data estimation to measure the effects of experience on the adoption of stacked varieties. The results underscore the importance of early experience in the subsequent adoption of stacked varieties. There is also evidence that farmers with more human capital learn faster and that, as time evolves, the importance of early experience decreases.
The State of American Federalism 2008–2009: The Presidential Election, the Economic Downturn, and the Consequences for Federalism

The most consequential developments for American federalism in 2008^2009 were the presidential election and economic recession. After several years when states were the primary innovators on many issues that topped the policy agenda, the economic downturn drew renewed attention to federal policy-making, given the greater resources and capacities of the federal government. Although federalism was not a dominant issue in the presidential campaign, Barack Obama’s election and sizable Democratic congressional gains had important implications for federal-state relations by putting federal power in the service of a different set of policy goals, encouraging state experimentation on a different set of policy issues, and producing a greater willingness to respond to state pleas for financial assistance. The two most consequential developments for American federalism in 2008–2009 were the presidential election and a severe economic recession that began in late 2007 and is expected to last well into 2009. The recession had a clear and predictable centralizing effect. As is generally the case during wars and economic downturns, the public looked primarily to the federal government, with its greater resources and capacities, to ameliorate the economic hardships and prevent the situation from worsening. Federal officials from both parties responded, albeit with varying degrees of enthusiasm, by issuing tax rebates, rescuing banks, mortgage lenders, and auto-makers, and proposing increased federal regulation of various financial institutions. Whereas in the last several years states were the primary innovators on many policy issues that topped the political agenda, the economic downturn and prominence of economic issues in the presidential election drew renewed attention to federal policy-making.
The typical spectral shape of an economic variable

In recent years, a number of power spectra have been estimated from economic data and the majority have been found to be of a similar shape. A number of implications of this shape are discussed, particular attention being paid to the reality of business cycles, stability and control problems, and model building.
Ionic Conduction in Phosphate Glasses

Ionic conductivity in phosphate glasses has been known for almost 30 years. Recently these glasses have been shown to exhibit some of the highest ionic conductivities ever reported. In many cases, because of their ease of preparation, low melting points, strong glass-forming character, and simple composition, phosphate glasses have been studied more than any other ionically conducting glasses. However, no single review has ever been made of these glasses with the purpose of correlating the apparent widely disparate values of conductivity that these glasses exhibit. In this review, the conductivities of phosphate glasses are examined considering new structural studies of them. A systematic comparison of the dependence of the conductivity on glass chemistry reveals that, similar to other glass families (silicates and borates for example), the conductivity maximizes when the cation environments in the glass are minimized in their charge density and maximized in their site proximity.
Glowdoodle: a medium for expressive inquiry

Expressive inquiry is a process of exploration and discovery within an artistic medium that supports both intuitive play and iterative experimentation. Glowdoodle is a system that enables people to paint with light using objects in their environment, see the results as they paint, and share their creations on the web. I describe properties of systems that support expressive inquiry, illustrate them with glowdoodle as an example, and describe diverse examples of glowdoodle creations.
Quantifying structural damage from self-irradiation in a plutonium superconductor

The 18.5 K superconductor PuCoGa{sub 5} has many unusual properties, including those due to damage induced by self-irradiation. The superconducting transition temperature decreases sharply with time, suggesting a radiation-induced Frenkel defect concentration much larger than predicted by current radiation damage theories. Extended x-ray absorption fine-structure measurements demonstrate that while the local crystal structure in fresh material is well ordered, aged material is disordered much more strongly than expected from simple defects, consistent with strong disorder throughout the damage cascade region. These data highlight the potential impact of local lattice distortions relative to defects on the properties of irradiated materials and underscore the need for more atomic-resolution structural comparisons between radiation damage experiments and theory.