cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humor and the virtues

Five dimensions of amusement are ethically searched: incongruity, perspectivity, dissociation, enjoyment, and freshness. Amusement perceives incongruities and virtues are formally congruities between one's character and one's nature. An ethical sense of humor is a sense for incongruities between people's behavior and character, and their telos. To appreciate any humor one must adopt a perspective, and in the case of ethical amusement this is the standpoint of one who possesses the virtues. In being amused at the incongruity of some human foible, one is dissociated from it, and adopts a ‘higher’ perspective. Thus a sense of humor about one's own foibles is a capacity of character‐transcendence; but character‐transcendence is basic to the very concept of a moral virtue. The prima facie moral dubiousness of enjoying failures of human fulfilment leads to placing certain restrictions on such enjoyment: a sense of humor cannot be a virtue unless allied with compassion and hope. Finally, amusement implies a cert...
Cloacal malformations: Experience with 105 cases

A personal experience with 105 cloacal malformations is described, showing the wide range of anatomy that can occur with the urogenital sinus, the vagina(s), and the rectum, as well as in the external features of the perineum. Follow-up is presented on 98 patients, excluding 4 who died preoperatively, 2 who are preoperative, and 1 lost to follow-up but never repaired. Fifty-seven patients had vesicoureteral reflux. Data are given on urinary control, bowel control, and sexual function for those who are now adults. Two have had babies. Operation often requires multiple positions, including the posterior sagittal approach, laparotomy, and lithotomy position. Isolated rectal pull-through should never be performed in these patients, because the urogenital aspects of the malformations are the most difficult to repair and are the most life-threatening to the patient. Six recent cases are presented to illustrate the breadth of the cloacal spectrum. In most of these patients a satisfactory functional result can be achieved for urinary and bowel control as well as sexual function.
A posteriori error bounds for the linearly-constrained varitional inequality problem

In this paper, we derive a posteriori error bound of an approximate solution to a linearly-constrained variational inequality problem. Three measures of error are used, with each depending on a particular characterization of an exact solution and related to a certain class of iterative methods.
Florida red bay (Persea borbonia) leaf extracts deter oviposition of a sympatric generalist herbivore, Papilio glaucus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

The ability to perceive and respond to phytochemicals that reliably indicate poor suitability of a potential host plant confers a selective advantage to ovipositing female swallowtail butterflies. Papilio glaucus females are generalists that nonetheless do not oviposit on red bay (Persea borbonia: Lauraceae). Red bay is toxic to P. glaucus neonates but is commonly found in habitats alongside their principal host plant, Magnolia virginiana, in central Florida. The hypothesis that deterrent compounds present in the leaves of red bay mediate its rejection by P. glaucus was evaluated in our study. Florida populations of P. glaucus did not oviposit on host leaves sprayed with the methanol extract of red bay foliage, although they accepted solvent-treated and untreated tulip tree leaves in 3 choice bioassays. Additionally, tulip tree leaves sprayed with methanolic extracts of red bay also deterred oviposition by P. glaucus females from Ohio, Kentucky and Pennsylvania, although these populations do not naturally encounter red bay. Clearly, deterrent compounds found within this non-host are the basis of its rejection by populations of P. glaucus and such recognition is fundamental to the species, not just a reflection of local adaptations.
Steady-State Energy Transfer of a Semi-Active Suspension Under Hybrid Control

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are often characterized by their field-dependent yield stress. Upon the activation of a magnetic field, the fluid has the ability to change from a fluid state to a semi-solid state in milliseconds. The field-dependent yield stress and the fluid’s fast response time make MR fluid an attractive technology for many applications. One such application that has gained considerable attention is in MR fluid dampers. The real-time control possibilities make MR dampers attractive alternatives to conventional viscous dampers. In comparing passive dampers with MR dampers, an equivalent viscous damping coefficient is often found from the energy dissipated by the MR damper with a fixed current applied to the damper. In contrast, this study investigates energy dissipation of the MR damper under a semi-active hybrid control policy. Hybrid control is a linear combination of skyhook and groundhook control. This study investigates the system energy under steady-state conditions at three frequencies, and how the system energy varies with varying contributions from skyhook and groundhook. A quarter-car rig was used to evaluate the dynamics of the hybrid suspension using an MR damper. Previous studies have shown that hybrid control can offer advantages to both the sprung and unsprung masses; however the relationship between energy dissipation and performance is not clear. In this study, we compare control policy performance to several energy-based measures. Results indicate that there is a strong correlation between sprung mass RMS acceleration and unsprung mass RMS acceleration to several of the energy-based measures.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The dynamics of barotropically dominated rings

Abstract Based on observations, the proposition is forwarded that some rings involve important deep flow. The work described herein is directed at understanding the consequences on eddy evolution of such structure. An analysis of the equations of motion is conducted that emphasizes the importance of the lower layer evolution. The thermocline responds in a largely passive fashion. This analysis differs considerably from previous theories, which focus on the evolution of surface-intensified rings. The most important practical differences are that the coupled system can be expected to exhibit propagation in any direction (as opposed to predominantly west, as in reduced gravity theories), and that the propagation rates can be an order of magnitude greater than those of reduced gravity systems. These aspects of the present analysis are in accord with many ring observations. A series of primitive equation numerical experiments are conducted to test these ideas, with the result that the experiments support such ...
Energy and angle dependence of desorption spectra

Abstract We present a simple microscopic model that qualitatively explains recent experimental desorption spectra. The key features of the model are an activation barrier and frictional forces.
Can We Find the Traditional American School in the Idea of Choice

The largest and most profound purpose of public schooling continues to be education for social understanding and democratic participation. Over time, might we awaken the powers of the localty-zoned school to serve the comprehensive educational needs of all youth?
Experience with the use of computer simulation models in medical education.

Abstract This paper describes the rationale for using computer simulation models as aids in medical education. One such model for teaching about oral anticoagulant drug-clotting factor interaction and the effect of other drugs and illness on this interaction is briefly described. The rest of the paper describes a model used for teaching the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. This model uses empiric equations to simulate the interaction of insulin, blood sugar, serum potassium, PH, acetone and a variety of other parameters. Student input is accepted in free text. A “consultant” function is available for direct didactic interaction. This model has been used by several hundred students with favorable results.
Effect of excess extracellular glutamate on dendrite growth from cerebral cortical neurons at 3 days in vitro: Involvement of NMDA receptors

Glutamate is an important regulator of dendrite development; however, during cerebral ischemia, massive glutamate release can lead to neurodegeneration and death. An early consequence of glutamate excitotoxicity is dendrite injury, which often precedes cell death. We examined the effect of glutamate on dendrite growth from embryonic day 18 (E18) mouse cortical neurons grown for 3 days in vitro (DIV) and immunolabeled with anti-microtubule-associated protein (MAP)2 and anti-neurofilament (NF)-H, to identify dendrites and axons, respectively. Cortical neurons exposed to excess extracellular glutamate (100 μM) displayed reduced dendrite growth, which occurred in the absence of cell death. This effect was mimicked by the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and blocked by the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid and the NMDA receptor-specific antagonist MK-801. The non-NMDA receptor agonist AMPA, however, did not affect process growth. Neither NMDA nor AMPA influenced neuron survival. Immunolabeling and Western blot analysis of NMDA receptors using antibodies against the NR1 subunit, demonstrated that immature cortical neurons used in this study, express NMDA receptors. These results suggest that excess glutamate decreases dendrite growth through a mechanism resulting from NMDA receptor subclass activation. Furthermore, these data support the possibility that excess glutamate activation of NMDA receptors mediate both cell death in mature neurons and the inhibitory effect of excess glutamate on dendrite growth in immature neurons or in the absence of cell death. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluctuations of the optimal advertising and inventory policy: A qualitative analysis

This paper discusses the properties of the inventory and advertising policy minimizing the expected discounted cost over a finite horizon in a dynamic nonstationary inventory model with random demand which is influenced by the level of promotion or goodwill. Attention is focused on the relation between the fluctuations over time of the optimal policies and the variations over time of the factors involved, i.e., demand distributions and various costs. The optimal policies are proved to be monotone in the various factors. Also, three types of fluctuations over time of the optimal policies are discussed according to which factor varies over time. For example, if over a finite interval, the random demand increases (stochastically) from one period to the next, reaches a maximum and then decreases, then the optimal inventory level will do the same. Also the period of maximum of demand never precedes that of maximum inventory. The optimal advertising behaves in the opposite way and its minimum will occur at the same time as the maximum of the inventory. The model has a linear inventory ordering cost and instantaneous delivery of stocks; many results, however, are extended to models with a convex ordering cost or a delivery time lag.
p53-independent apoptosis induced by paclitaxel through an indirect mechanism

The efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents may be determined by a number of different factors, including the genotype of the tumor cell. The p53 tumor suppressor gene frequently is mutated in human tumors, and this may contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance. We tested the requirement for wild-type p53 in the response of tumor cells to treatment with paclitaxel (trade name Taxol), an antineoplastic agent that stabilizes cellular microtubules. Although paclitaxel is broadly effective against human tumor xenografts in mice, including some known to carry p53 mutations, we found that p53-containing mouse tumor cells were significantly more sensitive to direct treatment with this drug than were p53-deficient tumor cells. In an attempt to reconcile this apparent discrepancy, we examined the requirement for p53 in the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a cytokine released from murine macrophages upon paclitaxel treatment. Conditioned medium from paclitaxel-treated macrophages was capable of inducing p53-independent apoptosis when applied to transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts and was inhibitable by antibodies against TNF-α. Furthermore, in response to direct treatment with TNF-α, both wild-type and p53-deficient tumor cells underwent apoptosis to similar extents and with similar kinetics. Our results suggest that the efficacy of paclitaxel in vivo may be due not only to its microtubule-stabilizing activity, but its ability to activate local release of an apoptosis-inducing cytokine.
Oxidative stress, redox regulation and diseases of cellular differentiation.

Abstract Background Within cells, there is a narrow concentration threshold that governs whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce toxicity or act as second messengers. Scope of review We discuss current understanding of how ROS arise, facilitate cell signaling, cause toxicities and disease related to abnormal cell differentiation and those (primarily) sulfur based pathways that provide nucleophilicity to offset these effects. Primary conclusions Cellular redox homeostasis mediates a plethora of cellular pathways that determine life and death events. For example, ROS intersect with GSH based enzyme pathways to influence cell differentiation, a process integral to normal hematopoiesis, but also affecting a number of diverse cell differentiation related human diseases. Recent attempts to manage such pathologies have focused on intervening in some of these pathways, with the consequence that differentiation therapy targeting redox homeostasis has provided a platform for drug discovery and development. General Significance The balance between electrophilic oxidative stress and protective biomolecular nucleophiles predisposes the evolution of modern life forms. Imbalances of the two can produce aberrant redox homeostasis with resultant pathologies. Understanding the pathways involved provides opportunities to consider interventional strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
The quettamines: a new class of isoquinoline alkaloids

Abstract Three quettamine type alkaloids, which incorporate either a benzofuran or a dihydrobenzofuran moiety within the molecular framework, have been obtained from Berberis baluchistanica . These are dihydrosecoquettamine ( 1 ), secoquettamine ( 2 ), and quettamine chloride ( 3 ). Alkaloids 1 and 3 are racemates. Hofmann degradation of quettamine ( 3 ) provides secoquettamine ( 2 ) and the styrene 4 which has a trans relationship between the hydrogens at C-1 and C-α, thus indicating the identical stereochemistry in quettamine. Emde reduction of quettamine leads to dihydrosecoquettamine ( 1 ) and the stilbene 5 . Two other polar alkaloids in the plant are (+)-armepavine methochloride ( 6 ) and oblongine chloride ( 7 ). An oblongine type alkaloid must be the biogenetic precursor for the quettamines. Arguments are presented favoring direct oxidative coupling in the biogenesis of the cularine alkaloids.
Sartwell's minimalist analysis of knowing

Sartwell defend la vision antisocratique que la connaissance n'est, en termes d'analyse philosophique, qu'une vraie croyance. L'A. deduit les consequences de cette affirmation
A Circumstellar Disk Around β Pictoris

A circumstellar disk has been observed optically around the fourth-magnitude star Beta Pictoris. First detected in the infrared by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite last year, the disk is seen to extend to more than 400 astronomical units from the star, or more than twice the distance measured in the infrared by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite. The disk is presented to earth almost edge-on and is composed of solid particles in nearly coplanar orbits. The observed change in surface brightness with distance from the star implies that the mass density of the disk falls off with approximately the third power of the radius. Because the circumstellar material is in the form of a highly flattened disk rather than a spherical shell, it is presumed to be associated with planet formation. It seems likely that the system is relatively young and that planet formation either is occurring now around Beta Pictoris or has recently been completed.
Classification algorithms for NETNEWS articles

We propose several algorithms using the vector space model to classify the news articles posted on the NETNEWS according to the newsgroup categories. The baseline method combines the terms of all the articles of each newsgroup in the training set to represent the newsgroups as single vectors. After training, the incoming news articles are classified based on their similarity to the existing newsgroup categories. We propose to use the following techniques to improve the classification performance of the baseline method: (1) use routing (classification) accuracy and the similarity values to refine the training set; (2) update the underlying term structures periodically during testing; and (3) apply k-means clustering to partition the newsgroup articles and represent each newsgroup by k vectors. Our test collection consists of the real news articles and the 519 subnewsgroups under the REC newsgroup of NETNEWS in a period of 3 months. Our experimental results demonstrate that the technique of refining the training set reduces from one-third to two-thirds of the storage. The technique of periodical updates improves the routing accuracy ranging from 20% to 100% but incurs runtime overhead. Finally, representing each newsgroup by k vectors (with k = 2 or 3) using clustering yields the most significant improvement in routing accuracy, ranging from 60% to 100%, while causing only slightly higher storage requirements.
Numerical simulations of depressurization-induced gas production from gas hydrate reservoirs at the Walker Ridge 313 site, northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract In 2009, the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Gas Hydrates Joint-Industry-Project (JIP) Leg II drilling program confirmed that gas hydrate occurs at high saturations within reservoir-quality sands in the GOM. A comprehensive logging-while-drilling dataset was collected from seven wells at three sites, including two wells at the Walker Ridge 313 site. By constraining the saturations and thicknesses of hydrate-bearing sands using logging-while-drilling data, two-dimensional (2D), cylindrical, r-z and three-dimensional (3D) reservoir models were simulated. The gas hydrate occurrences inferred from seismic analysis are used to delineate the areal extent of the 3D reservoir models. Numerical simulations of gas production from the Walker Ridge reservoirs were conducted using the depressurization method at a constant bottomhole pressure. Results of these simulations indicate that these hydrate deposits are readily produced, owing to high intrinsic reservoir-quality and their proximity to the base of hydrate stability. The elevated in situ reservoir temperatures contribute to high (5–40 MMscf/day) predicted production rates. The production rates obtained from the 2D and 3D models are in close agreement. To evaluate the effect of spatial dimensions, the 2D reservoir domains were simulated at two outer radii. The results showed increased potential for formation of secondary hydrate and appearance of lag time for production rates as reservoir size increases. Similar phenomena were observed in the 3D reservoir models. The results also suggest that interbedded gas hydrate accumulations might be preferable targets for gas production in comparison with massive deposits. Hydrate in such accumulations can be readily dissociated due to heat supply from surrounding hydrate-free zones. Special cases were considered to evaluate the effect of overburden and underburden permeability on production. The obtained data show that production can be significantly degraded in comparison with a case using impermeable boundaries. The main reason for the reduced productivity is water influx from the surrounding strata; a secondary cause is gas escape into the overburden. The results dictate that in order to reliably estimate production potential, permeability of the surroundings has to be included in a model.
Increased blood culture sensitivity in pediatric oncology patients: is it the peripheral culture or increased collected blood volume?

Scheinemann et al. [3] re-examined retrospectively the occurrence of central vs. peripheral blood cultures on the same oncology ward where a similar study was conducted previously [1]. The principal observation from the original study was that peripheral blood cultures were seldom clinically useful as a means to identify central line infections. However, both studies showed that the addition of a peripheral culture overall improves sensitivity to detect true pathogens. As Scheinemann et al. pointed out, it is possible that the same could have been achieved by drawing a larger blood draw from a single site. Indeed, in a recent study, pediatric blood cultures with measured volume ≥4 ml in children ≥36 months yielded significantly more positive results [2]. Scheinemann et al. defined 1 to 3 ml as an adequate collection volume, at time of collection. Volumes were not confirmed after collection. Adding a peripheral culture would have doubled the total volume collected and increased the likelihood of recovering a pathogen. Also, peripheral blood cultures contributed to the cumulative likelihood of isolating contaminants, thus the lowering of overall specificity. In the context where optimal blood volumes are collected from central lines, the utility of peripheral blood cultures still can be questioned. A welldesigned prospective study to help determine best blood culture collection practices in pediatric oncology patients is needed. Effects of volume, timing (single vs. tandem draw), and site (central vs. peripheral) would be examined separately. Such a study should include sampling before and after start of antibiotic therapy, as positive culture rates remain significant after antibiotics are started [1], and presence of antibiotics may change culture recovery conditions. Such a study could include repeated central line cultures as control, an approach that could also help identify contaminants.
The clinical and histopathologic spectrum of "dermal hypersensitivity reactions," a nonspecific histologic diagnosis that is not very useful in clinical practice, and the concept of a "dermal hypersensitivity reaction pattern".

Abstract Background: “Dermal hypersensitivity reaction” (DHR) is diagnosed by dermatopathologists but is not an accepted clinical disease entity. There are no clear guidelines for its diagnosis, differential diagnosis, or management. Objectives: The objectives were to define the histologic criteria for cases histologically diagnosed as DHR and identify corresponding clinical disorders. Methods: Skin biopsy specimens from 130 patients diagnosed as “consistent with DHR” were reviewed. Additional information was obtained from patients, their dermatologists, and medical records. Results: Follow-up in 74 of 110 patients (median, 26.6 mo) revealed, most commonly, diagnoses of urticaria, drug reactions, and spongiotic (eczematous) dermatitis. Among the remaining cases, 37 of 59 reported persistence of disease, some exhibiting a uniform phenotype characterized by excoriated, edematous papules on the trunk. Histopathologic features present in more than 90% of 143 biopsy specimens included superficial and mid-perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates with eosinophils. Conclusion: DHR is a perivascular lymphocytic dermatitis with eosinophils involving the papillary and upper reticular dermis and minimal, if any, primary epidermal alteration. The term DHR does not represent any known clinical disorder; rather, it corresponds to many clinical disorders. The use of the phrase “dermal hypersensitivity reaction pattern” may be helpful in conveying the idea that a particular histologic pattern may be seen in a number of clinical disorders. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:898-907.)
An HIV Vaccine — Challenges and Prospects

An HIV vaccine has thus far been elusive. Drs. Margaret Johnston and Anthony Fauci remain cautiously optimistic that a substantial increase in our understanding of HIV infection and disease will lead to creative ideas about how to design an effective HIV vaccine. Dr. Anthony Fauci discusses the 30-year search for an HIV vaccine, recent setbacks, and prospects for future success. Dr. Fauci is the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD.
Elasticity of ω-phase zirconium

Compressional $({V}_{P})$ and shear wave $({V}_{S})$ velocities as well as unit-cell volumes of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ phase of Zr have been measured at high pressure $(6.9--10.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa})$ at room temperature using ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with synchrotron x radiation. Both ${V}_{P}$ and ${V}_{S}$ as well as the adiabatic bulk $({K}_{S})$ and shear $(G)$ moduli exhibit monotonic increase with increasing pressure. Using a finite strain equation of state approach, the elastic bulk and shear moduli and their pressure derivatives are derived from the directly measured velocities and densities, yielding ${K}_{S0}=104.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(16)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, ${G}_{0}=45.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(9)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, ${K}_{S0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2.8$ (2), and ${G}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.6$ (1) independent of pressure calibration. The low pressure dependence of ${K}_{S0}$ and ${G}_{0}$ may be attributed to the pressure-induced progressive $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ electron transfer in the $\ensuremath{\omega}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Zr}$ as suggested by previous Raman studies as well as static compressions at high pressure.
A Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of Molecular Hydrogen in Intermediate-Velocity Clouds in the Milky Way Halo

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) data are used to investigate the molecular hydrogen (H2) content of intermediate-velocity clouds (IVCs) in the lower halo of the Milky Way. We analyze interstellar absorption toward 56 (mostly extragalactic) background sources to study H2 absorption in the Lyman and Werner bands in 61 IVC components at H I column densities ≥1019 cm-2. For data with good signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) (~9 per resolution element and higher), H2 in IVC gas is convincingly detected in 14 cases at column densities varying between ~1014 and ~1017 cm-2. We find an additional 17 possible H2 detections in IVCs in FUSE spectra with lower S/N. The molecular hydrogen fractions, f, vary between 10-6 and 10-3, implying a dense, mostly neutral gas phase that is probably related to the cold neutral medium (CNM) in these clouds. If the H2 stays in formation-dissociation equilibrium, the CNM in these clouds can be characterized by compact (D ~ 0.1 pc) filaments with volume densities on the order of nH ~ 30 cm-3. The relatively high detection rate of H2 in IVC gas implies that the CNM in these clouds is ubiquitous. More dense regions with much higher molecular fractions may exist, but it would be difficult to detect them in absorption because of their small size.
The structure of the zone of diffusion controlled reaction

In the theory of the chemical reaction controlled (macroscopically) by diffusion it is assumed that the concentration gradient is discontinuous at the reaction zone. The theory works best for fast reactions for which the zone of reaction is extremely thin. Since reaction rates are finite, the zone of reaction must in reality have finite thickness and possess a structure with respect to the concentration and its gradient. In this paper, the differential equation describing the concentration distribution in the reaction zone for very fast, but not infinitely fast, reactions is set up for second- and third-order kinetics. Similarity transformations which eliminate all dimensional constants are given for both sets of equations and boundary conditions. A solution obtained for the isothermal second order case using an analog computer is given. A reaction zone thickness is defined and used to establish the conditions under which transport from a dissolving, reacting sphere is diffusion controlled. A numerical calculation is given for the case of a CO2 bubble dissolving in an hydroxide solution. By measuring the thickness of the reaction zone it should be possible to estimate the rates of reactions in solution. An example is given for the reaction occurring in a capillary connecting reservoirs containing solutions of the two reactants.
Explicit versus Spontaneous Diffeomorphism Breaking in Gravity

Gravitational theories with fixed background fields break local Lorentz and diffeomorphism invariance either explicitly or spontaneously. In the case of explicit breaking it is known that conflicts can arise between the dynamics and geometrical constraints, while spontaneous breaking evades this problem. It is for this reason that in the gravity sector of the Standard-Model extension (SME) it is assumed that the background fields (SME coefficients) originate from spontaneous symmetry breaking. However, in other examples, such as Chern-Simons gravity and massive gravity, diffeomorphism invariance is explicitly broken by the background fields, and the potential conflicts between the dynamics and geometry can be avoided in most cases. An analysis of how this occurs is given, and the conditions that are placed on the metric tensor and gravitational structure as a result of the presence of an explicit-breaking background are described. The gravity sector of the SME is then considered for the case of explicit breaking. However, it is found that a useful post-Newtonian limit is only obtained when the symmetry breaking is spontaneous.
A pertussis/choleratoxin-sensitive N protein may mediate chemoattractant receptor signal transduction.

Summary Chemoattractant receptors on phagocytic leukocytes utilize a guanine nucleotide regulatory (N) protein to activate phospholipase C and subsequent biological responses. Since pertussis toxin inhibits activation of leukocyes by chemoattractants and ribosylates a ca. 40 kD protein in these cells it had generally been assumed that chemoattractant receptors are coupled to N i . We now report that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocytes, and the myeloid HL-60 and U937 cell lines, but not erythrocytes or bovine brain contain a ca. 40 kD protein which is a substrate for ADP ribosylation by choleratoxin (CT). This N protein, termed N c for chemotaxis-related N protein, comigrates with the ca. 40kD PT substrate during one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In vivo treatment of PMNs with PT or CT reduced high affinity binding of chemoattractants to membrane preparations from the cells, implying that chemoattractant receptors are coupled to an N protein which is a substrate for both PT and CT. We suggest that N c rather than N i couples chemoattractant receptors to phospholipase C.
Citation Rate of Highly-Cited Papers in 100 Kinesiology-Related Journals.

This study extended previous research on several citation-based bibliometric variables for highly cited articles in a large (N = 100) number of journals related to Kinesiology. Total citations and citation rate of the 30 most highly cited articles in each journal were identified by searchers of Google Scholar (GS). Other major biblometric variables for these journals were obtained from three databases: Thomson-Reuters’ Journal Citation Reports, SCImago Journal and Country Rank, and Eigenfactor.org. Two variables (SCImago Journal Rank and the Impact Factor) were aligned with journal impact, and two variables (Eigenfactor™ and Hirsh index) were aligned with journal prestige. There was great variation in median citation rates of highly cited articles across these journals indexed in GS. Correlations confirmed the different impact and prestige structure in these Kinesiology journals, which has also been previously observed in Kinesiology and other academic fields. There is a need for scholar ratings of Kinesi...
p-Chlorophenylalanine-mediated decrease in susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in inbred mice.

Abstract p -Chlorophenylalanine caused a marked reduction in the susceptibility of inbred mice, O'Grady strain, to audiogenic convulsive seizures. The effect was maximal at 2 hr following injection, with gradual return to full responsiveness by 72 hr. The relationship between dose and effect at 2 hr was linear from 100 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg. As mice matured and their susceptibility to audiogenic seizures diminished, the protective effect of p -chlorophenylalanine became less evident.
Interactions of inositol hexaphosphate with Pb(II) and Be(II). A calorimetric study. XVIII.

Abstract The interactions of Pb(II) and Be(II) with inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) were studied by calorimetry. The reactions were examined at initial pH values of 3.56 and 2.40 with a metal ion:phytic acid mol ratio of six in each instance. Insoluble metal ion-phytate complexes were formed with endothermic heats of precipitation. Analyses by internally coupled plasma (ICP) procedures indicated that 5.3 mols Pb(II) combined per mol phytic acid precipitated at initial pH 3.56, whereas 4.7 mols Pb(II) combined per mol phytic acid precipitated at initial pH 2.40. The corresponding results for Be(II) were 5.0 mols Be(II) combined per mol phytic acid precipitated at initial pH 3.56 and 4.6 mols Be(II) combined per mol phytic acid precipitated at initial pH 2.40. The enthalpy of precipitation of the Pb(II)-phytate reaction was 10.54 kcal at initial pH 3.56 and 6.27 kcal at initial pH 2.40. Similarly, those for the Be(II)-phytate precipitations were 26.79 kcal at initial pH 3.56 and 23.18 kcal at initial pH 2.40. We conclude that, among the numerous divalent metal cation-phytic acid reactions we have previously studied, Pb(II) and Be(II) exhibit the strongest combining affinity for phytic acid.
Synthesis of [195mPt]-tetraplatin

(Trans d,1)-1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetrachloroplatinum(IV) (tetraplatin) is a second generation platinum antitumor agent which exhibits less toxicity than cisplatin and is effective in cell lines with acquired resistance to cisplatin. We previously reported the synthesis of tritium labelled tetraplatin which was utilized in both tissue culture and in vivo studies. Loss of the labelled diaminocyclohexane carrier moiety during the in vivo studies necessitated the synthesis of [195mPt]-tetraplatin from [195mPt]-potassium hexachloroplatinate as described herein.
A Repetitive Analog Pulse Time Computing Technique

This paper describes a computing technique which comprises three analog computing elements: the adder-subtractor, the multiplier-divider and the function generator, and one hybrid integrator. The inputs and outputs of all of these computing elements are in pulse-width form and therefore, can be switched with digital logic circuits. The combination of built-in storage capability and digital signal switching permits sequential operation. The adder, multiplier, and function generator are built around a novel precision pulse-width modulator which charges and discharges a capacitor and which requires neither precision resistorsnor precision capacitors. All computing elements operate with, or approach, an accuracy of one part in 1000 at a repetition frequency of 1KC. At lower repetition frequencies, higher accuracy may be possible.
Lung transplantation for hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inhaled antigen-mediated interstitial lung disease (ILD). Advanced disease may necessitate the need for lung transplantation. There are no published studies addressing lung transplant outcomes in HP. We characterized HP outcomes compared with referents undergoing lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS To identify HP cases, we reviewed records for all ILD lung transplantation cases at our institution from 2000 to 2013. We compared clinical characteristics, survival, and acute and chronic rejection for lung transplant recipients with HP to referents with IPF. We also reviewed diagnoses of HP discovered only by explant pathology and looked for evidence of recurrent HP after transplant. Survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard modeling. RESULTS We analyzed 31 subjects with HP and 91 with IPF among 183 cases undergoing lung transplantation for ILD. Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after lung transplant in HP compared with IPF was 96', 89', and 89' vs 86', 67', and 49', respectively. Subjects with HP manifested a reduced adjusted risk for death compared with subjects with IPF (hazard ratio, 0.25; 95' CI, 0.08-0.74; P = .013). Of the 31 cases, the diagnosis of HP was unexpectedly made at explant in five (16'). Two subjects developed recurrent HP in their allografts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, subjects with HP have excellent medium-term survival after lung transplantation and, relative to IPF, a reduced risk for death. HP may be initially discovered only by review of the explant pathology. Notably, HP may recur in the allograft.
X-Ray Studies of the Structure of Salts Adsorbed on Cellulose

THE ability of cellulose to take up salts from aqueous solutions and retain them upon drying is well known, but little has been shown as to the condition in which they are retained. The following possibilities which might be distinguished by X-ray analysis are suggested: (1) a mechanical holding, in which both cellulose and the salt retain their original structure; (2) a reaction forming a new structural arrangement; (3) a molecular or ionic dispersion of the salt throughout the cellulose units, the cellulose being structurally unchanged. It has just come to our attention that Ruff, Ebert, and Luft (Z. anorg. allgem. Chem., 170, 49; 1928), in an X-ray study of salts adsorbed on activated carbon, found in the majority of cases no evidence of the presence of the salts in their crystalline state. This observation would correspond to the third possibility.
Jahn-Teller effects in the 2E52g ← 2G32g transition of rhenium hexafluoride

Abstract The vibronic structure of the 5000 cm−1 transition of ReF6 has been analyzed. The frequencies determined in the upper 2 E 5 2 g state for the Ag, 2F1u and F2u vibrational modes (725, 715, 267 and 164 cm−1) are within 3% of their ground state values. From this consistency and the observed rate of thermal depopulation of the vibrationless ground state, it was concluded that the unperturbed fundamental frequency of the ground state F2g vibration is around 300 cm−1, as previously postulated (3).
Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits

Considerable debate has surrounded the adaptive significance of Neandertal craniofacial morphology. Numerous unique morphological features of this form have been interpreted as indicating an adaptation to intense anterior tooth use. Conversely, it has been argued that certain features related to muscle position imply a reduced mechanical advantage for producing bite forces on the incisors and canines. In this study, hypotheses about morphological specializations for anterior tooth use have been derived from a biomechanical model of Greaves (1978). These hypotheses were tested by performing separate pairwise comparisons of Neandertals and early Homo sapiens, and Inuits and Native Americans from Utah. Inuits are known to have produced repeated and high magnitude forces on their anterior dentition and therefore serve as a good model for a hominid adapted to intensive anterior tooth use. Biomechanically relevant dimensions of the masticatory system were measured using a computer-driven video analysis system and compared between the two taxa in each comparison. The results of this study reveal a number of similarities between the morphological specializations exhibited by Neandertals and Inuits that can be related to intensified anterior tooth use. The hypothesis that Neandertals were poorly designed for producing masticatory forces is rejected. Specializations that differ between the two groups are interpreted as being the result of differential functional demands placed on the postcanine dentition in Neandertals and Inuits. It is suggested that many of the unique morphological features of the Neandertal face are a response to intensified use of the anterior dentition and the need to retain a sufficiently large postcanine occlusal area necessary for a relatively high attrition diet.
Touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was the first organism for which touch insensitive mutants were obtained. The study of the genes defective in these mutants has led to the identification of components of a mechanosensory complex needed for specific cells to sense gentle touch to the body. Multiple approaches using genetics, cell biology, biochemistry, and electrophysiology have characterized a channel complex, containing two DEG/ENaC pore-forming subunits and several other proteins, that transduces the touch response. Other mechanical responses, sensed by other cells using a variety of other components, are less well understood in C. elegans. Many of these other senses may use TRP channels, although DEG/ENaC channels have also been implicated.
Methadone effects on locomotor activity of young and aged mice.

Abstract The effect of age on the behavioral response to methadone hydrochloride was examined in male C57BL/6J mice. After 1 hr habituation to an oval runway, locomotor activity of young (6–8 months) and aged (30–32 months) mice was monitored for 3 hr following injections of saline or methadone hydrochloride (2.5, 7.5, 15.0 or 22.5 mg/kg). The three highest doses initially elevated activity which then declined over the next frsol 11/2 to frsol 21/2 hr. Compared to young mice, activity of aged mice was elevated less extensively, but remained elevated for a longer period of time. The attenuated elevation could be interpreted in terms of reduced physical capacity of aged mice; however, the more prolonged elevation was clearly an age-related difference in reaction to the drug. Although the mechanism accountable for this effect is unknown, it is not likely related to age differences in drug absorption or distribution to active sites.
Effect ofV K centers on positron annihilation in KCl and Ag-doped KCl

Positron lifetime spectra have been measured at 77 K for KCl and Ag-doped KCl before and after x-irradiation at 77 K and after annealing at room temperature. Radiation at 77 K reduces the intensity of the intermediate lifetime (τ2) component. Radiation-induced defects were monitored optically and by ESR. The experiment shows that the changes observed in the positron decay are associated with the presence ofV K centers.
Indications of Deep Soil Water Usage by Limber Pine (Pinus Flexilis) and Skunkbush Sumac (Rhus Aromatica) in Northeastern Colorado: An Oxygen Isotope Study

Abstract We examined whether limber pine and skunkbush sumac individuals co-existing on the Pawnee Buttes of northeastern Colorado have the ability to access and utilize deep soil water resources. The δ18O signature of source water to the plants (deep soil water and precipitation) and plant cell water were measured in June 2000. The δ18O signatures of the two woody plant species were not significantly different from each other. However, the average δ18O signature of skunkbush sumac (−9.4‰) differed from the δ18O signature of deep soil water (−13.0‰), while the average δ18O signature of limber pine (−11.3‰) did not. Variability in the δ18O signature across plots and between individuals within a plot was relatively high for both species. These results suggest limber pine and some individuals of skunkbush sumac are able to access and utilize deep soil water resources at this site. This ability may confer an ecological advantage to these plants given the semi-arid climate of the site.
Clinicopathologic study of 43 patients with sural nerve vasculitis

Vasculitis is a relatively uncommon finding in sural nerve biopsy specimens and is associated with significant morbidity. This study retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 43 patients (44 sural nerve biopsy specimens) with sural nerve vasculitis, defined as infiltration of vessel walls by inflammatory cells. These biopsy specimens were obtained over a 19-year period, during which 1503 nerve specimens were reviewed. The study group comprised 29 females and 14 males, ranging in age from 19 to 94 years (mean, 72.5 years) at the time of biopsy. The most frequent clinical presentations included paresthesias in 19 patients (61%), pain in 17 patients (57%), weakness in 10 patients (32%), and weight loss in 9 patients (29%). Histologically, 26 of 44 biopsy specimens (59%) demonstrated necrotizing vasculitis. The remaining 18 biopsy specimens demonstrated a nonnecrotizing lymphocytic vasculitis. Eosinophils were identified in 4 biopsy specimens, intravascular thrombi in 10 (22%) specimens, and granulomatous inflammation in 1 specimen. In 39 biopsy specimens (89%), multiple vessels were involved by vasculitis. Epineurial vessels were the most common target of vasculitis, (n = 42; 95%). Evidence of vascular wall scarring, indicative of healed vasculitis, was observed in 13 biopsy specimens (30%). All biopsy specimens showed evidence of axonopathy, with mild axonal loss noted in 14 specimens (32%), moderate loss in 18 specimens (41%), and severe loss in 12 specimens (27%). Concomitant muscle biopsy was performed in 31 patients. Fifteen muscle biopsy specimens demonstrated evidence of vasculitis (48%), which was necrotizing in 11 cases. All muscle biopsy specimens demonstrated features of neurogenic atrophy. Twenty-five out of 32 patients were known to have been treated with steroids and demonstrated some degree of clinical improvement. In conclusion, sural nerve vasculitis is a relatively uncommon pathological finding (prevalence of 2.9% in this study). In most cases, multiple vessels were involved. Concomitant vasculitis was also identified in about half of the muscle biopsy specimens obtained at the time of nerve biopsy. In most patients, the vasculitis appeared to be at least partially responsive to immunosuppressive therapy.
Single-Cascade Simulated Moving Bed Systems for the Separation of Ternary Mixtures

Single-cascade simulated moving bed (SMB) systems with a side-stream withdrawal are developed for separating ternary systems. Several single-cascade SMB systems are studied for the separation of ternary mixtures within the linear range. Design parameters, operating conditions, minimum desorbent-to-feed ratios, and productivities are determined with the local equilibrium theory, and purities are determined through detailed Aspen Chromatography simulations. A series of initial feed compositions are simulated to determine the optimal regions. The single-cascade SMB is particularly applicable when there is little of the most strongly adsorbed component, a significant amount of the middle component, and the separation between these components is easy. A surprising finding is that the purity of the middle-component product is usually higher in an SMB than in a true moving bed. A few quaternary separations with a side-stream SMB followed by a binary SMB are also studied.
Statistical-Dynamical Predictions

Abstract By analogy with Gibbs' statistical mechanics, a statistical-dynamical theory is described which can be applied to the problem of atmospheric predictions from synoptic charts. The m variables and constants whose measurement is needed to characterize an initial state are regarded as coordinates of an m dimensional phase space. In this space, the probability density ψ of the ensemble of possible initial measurements is used to define the “true” values of these quantities and to furnish probabilities of initial measurements lying within prescribed limits of true values. Dynamical equations provide standard deterministic predictions here, while a general continuity equation for ψ transforms initial probability distributions into final ones which, in turn, yield probability forecasts. This continuity equation is resolvable into component equations of probability diffusion for all coordinates of the phase space. It is found that predictability increases (decreases) with time if the atmosphere is diverge...