cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P450 and steroid 21-hydroxylation in microsomes from human adrenal cortex.

Abstract Human adrenal microsomes, from patients without adrenal dysfunction, were examined for cytochrome P450. These studies demonstrate cytochrome P450 with Type I binding spectra in the presence of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone and androstenedione. The spectral changes with progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were reversed by NADPH. Type II spectra were not observed.
Neural networks-integrated metal oxide-based artificial olfactory system for meat spoilage identification

Abstract A custom-built metal oxide-based olfactory sensing system was used to analyze the headspace from beef strip loins (M. Longissimus lumborum) stored at 4 °C and 10 °C. Area-based features were extracted from the raw signals using various signal processing techniques. Classification models using radial basis function neural networks were developed using the extracted features and performance tested using leave-1-out cross validation method. The developed models classified the beef samples into two groups; “unspoiled” ( 0.70 between predicted and actual spoilage population from the 10 °C and 4 °C stored samples.
In Search of Music: A Study of Music Consumption and Search Behaviors in Undergraduate Students

This article analyzes the results of a study that reveals how undergraduate students search for, find, and purchase music. The results of the survey show that students regard the Internet as the most important tool for finding and for buying music. By observing students as consumers of music and analyzing their search strategies, this article aims to help librarians understand the changing nature of students' information-seeking behaviors, and, as a result, to help librarians construct effective reference interviews and library instruction sessions.
The role of hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1 in matching entorhinal input with retrieval of associations between objects and context: theoretical comment on Lee et al. (2005).

Models of hippocampal function have proposed different functions for hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1, commonly proposing that CA1 performs a match–mismatch comparison of memory retrieval with sensory input. The study by I. Lee, M. R. Hunsaker, and R. P. Kesner (2005) tested these models using selective lesions of hippocampal subregions. Their data suggest that CA3 and the dentate gyrus play an important role in the process of detecting the mismatch when a familiar object is placed in a new spatial location. Lesions of the dentate gyrus and CA3 strongly reduce the enhanced exploration associated with displaced objects, beyond the reduction caused by CA1 lesions. This supports the importance of convergent input to CA3 as well as CA1. Along with recent electrophysiological data, this provides a framework for more specifically modeling the role of CA3 and CA1 in matching sensory input with
Formation of 4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-Nonenal in a Corn–Soy Oil Blend: a Controlled Heating Study Using a French Fried Potato Model

The formation of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (HNE) in a corn–soy oil blend during frying was investigated. Frozen shoestring potatoes were fried once per hour at 180 °C for 8 h/day over a 4-day period. As a control, oil was also heated under identical conditions, except that no product was fried. HNE was quantified by GC–MS using a stable isotope dilution assay with pentaflurobenzyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) and trimethylsilyl 2,2,2-trifluoro-n-(trimethylsilyl)acetimidate (BSTFA) derivatization. The HNE concentration in the potato fryers increased throughout the first day of frying. On subsequent days the daily maximum HNE concentration was reached after fresh oil was added and the fryer was brought to the frying temperature. The potato fryer oil reached a maximum concentration of 5.6 ppm during the second day of frying. Similarly, the HNE concentration of the oil in the control fryer increased throughout the first day of heating. On subsequent days the daily maximum HNE concentration varied throughout the experimental period. The control fryers reached a maximum concentration of 6.3 ppm at the end of the second day of heating. Throughout the experimental period there was a tendency for the oil in the control fryer to have a greater concentration of HNE than the oil in the potato fryer. Overall time of the experiment and heating with food versus heating without frying food and their interaction were significant in terms of HNE formation.
Specific ethanol withdrawal seizures in genetically selected mice.

Abstract We are selectively breeding mice prone (WSP) and resistant (WSR) to ethanol withdrawal seizures assessed by handling induced convulsions (HIC). The possibility that differences between the lines in HIC scores are a result of differences in general CNS excitability not specific to ethanol withdrawal was examined. Using treatments which produce generalized seizures (electroconvulsive shock, strychnine, and flurothyl) and gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) antagonists (picrotoxin, bicuculline, and pentylentetrazol), the ED 50 for seizures was determined in the selected lines. In addition, the sensitivity of WSP and WSR mice to the anticonvulsant actions of ethanol against each treatment was determined. Neither the convulsant amperage 50 (CA 50 ) for ECS nor the ED 50 for any drug treatment differed for the selected lines. When ethanol (1.5 g/kg) was administered prior to ECS, there was a dramatic differential suppression of ECS in the lines: the CA 50 ) of WSR mice was elevated 5-fold, whereas the CA 50 of WSP mice increased only two fold. Ethanol pretreatment also elevated the ED 50 for strychnine and flurothyl in WSR mice significantly more than WSP mice, but the line difference was smaller than for the anticonvulsant effect against ECS. The ED 50 s for the GABA antagonists were not different between the WSR and WSP lines after ethanol pretreatment. We conclude that genetic selection is producing lines of mice that differ specifically in the degree of seizure severity caused by withdrawal from ethanol physical dependence and not in generalized CNS excitability. An increased sensitivity to the anticonvulsant effects of ethanol against some convulsant treatments has appeared as a correlated response to selection in the WSR line.
Bimolecular chemistry of dimethylcarbene

Abstract A new non-nitrogenous precursor of dimethylcarbene has been synthesized. Photolysis of 10,10′-dimethyltricyclo[4.3.1.0 1,6 ]deca-2,4-diene in solution with 254 nm light produces dimethylcarbene. Previously unknown intermolecular reactions of dimethylcarbene have been observed.
THE DISPOSABLE MODIFIED FORNIX FLAP FOR CATARACT SURGERY

Thirty cataract operations were performed in 28 patients using the disposable modified fornix flap technique described by Quinn and Ewald. Vision was 6/12 or better in 26 of 30 eyes with a mean follow-up period of seven months. Vision was corrected in 11 patients with intraocular lens implants, in 10 patients with aphakic spectacles and in seven patients with contact lenses. Four of the seven contact lens wearers had ocular irritation related to contact lens wear. The technique appears to work satisfactorily for intracapsular or extracapsular cataract surgery and for intraocular lens implantation.
FURTHERING INJUSTICES AGAINST WOMEN: GENETIC INFORMATION, MORAL OBLIGATIONS, AND GENDER

The purpose of this paper is to show that a decontextualized approach to ethical issues is not just unhelpful for the decision making process of real, situated human beings, but dangerous. This is so, because by neglecting the context in which people make moral decisions we run the risk of reinforcing or furthering injustices against already disadvantaged groups. To show this, I evaluate three moral obligations that our ability to obtain genetic information has made salient: the duty to obtain genetic information about ourselves, the obligation to inform family members about genetic risks and the duty not to reproduce when we know that there is a high risk of transmitting a serious disease or defect. I will argue here that in ignoring the context in which these moral obligations are put into practice, and in particular the situation of women in our society, those who defend these moral duties might be furthering injustices against women.
Incentives to Shape Health Behaviors: How Can We Make Them More Person-Centered?

Employers and health plans increasingly offer incentives to individuals to help shape their health behaviors including utilization of recommended care. However, despite the focus on patient-centered health care in the broader field, incentives are often one-size-fits-all. “Person-centered incentives” take into account individual differences that are often unobservable to those managing incentives programs and incorporate choice into the incentives structure. The authors propose multiple dimensions of person-centered incentives to consider and suggest a research agenda to determine their impact. Person-centered incentives may constitute a valuable addition to the toolbox of ways to encourage individuals to improve their health behaviors.
A new method for solving singular initial value problems in the second-order ordinary differential equations

Singular initial value problems, linear and nonlinear, homogeneous and nonhomogeneous, are investigated by using Adomian decomposition method. The solutions are constructed in the form of a convergent series. A new general formula is established. The approach is illustrated with few examples.
Evil eye in myth and schizophrena

The occurrence of the concept of the evil eye in myth and schizophrenia has been presented in this study. The delusion of the evil eye in the cases studied was found to be psychodynamically related to aggression and sexuality with incestuous implications and castration as punishment. Similar dynamic factors were found to be operating in the myth of the evil eye.
Finite difference schemes for incompressible flows in vorticity formulations

In this paper, we review some recent progress made in [4, 5, 6] on finite difference schemes for viscous incompressible flows using vorticity formulation. The main purpose of this series of papers [4, 5, 6] is to resurrect the idea of using local vorticity boundary condition for unsteady calculation. The emphasis is on simplicity of the methods. Three main issues will be discussed: efficient time-stepping procedures and cell Reynolds number constraints, efficient methods in 3D on non-staggered grids and efficient high order methods using compact differencing.
Delay in the diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme : Is age a factor ?

Discrimination in the delivery of health care, based on the age of the patient, is attracting increased attention. We investigated this problem by studying possible age-related delay in diagnosis in patients treated for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). A total of 213 charts of patients with GBM seen from 1972 to 1992 were evaluated for type and duration of symptom, with 204 charts having sufficient data to be analyzed. The mean and median duration of symptoms for the entire group was 48.9 and 28 days, respectively. No age-related difference in duration of symptoms was noted. In light of the increasing incidence of GBM in patients above 60 years of age, further investigation of other possible areas of age discrimination in patients with GBM is warranted.
263 FUROSEMIDE PHARMACOKINETICS IN THE PREMATURE NEWBORN

Serial plasma levels of furosemide were measured in 14 premature newborns by high-pressure liquid chromatography following an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg. All neonates were less than 21 days of age with birth weights ranging from 700 to 2500 grams. The half-life for furosemide calculated from the elimination rate constant was 19.95 ± 3.0 hours (mean ± s. err.) in these infants. The plasma clearance was determined to be 10.58 ± 2.1 ml/kg/hour. Equilibrium dialysis revealed more than 90% protein binding of furosemide by the newborn. The volume of distribution measured from the kinetic data was 0.24 ± .03 L/kg and is consistent with extensive binding of furosemide within the vasculature. Several infants were re-studied and found to have an adult half-life by four months of age. No correlation was observed between birth weight or postnatal age and the elimination of furosemide within the group studied. These data are very different from those reported for either adults or older children and indicate that the frequency for administration of furosemide to the newborn within the first three weeks of life should be no more than twice daily if drug accumulation is to be avoided. Furthermore, the prolonged half-life of furosemide in the newborn may contribute to altered elimination or toxicity of other drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides) in this age-group.
Searching for moderators and mediators of pharmacological treatment effects in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine whether age, gender, ethnicity, type of anxiety disorder, severity of illness, comorbidity, intellectual level, family income, or parental education may function as moderators, and whether treatment adherence, medication dose, adverse events, or blinded rater's guess of treatment assignment may function as mediators of pharmacological treatment effect in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Method The database of a recently reported double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in 128 youths was analyzed. With a mixed-model random-effects regression analysis of the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale total score, moderators and mediators were searched by testing for a three-way interaction (strata by treatment by time). A two-way interaction (strata by time) identified predictors of treatment outcome. Results No significant moderators of efficacy were identified, except for lower baseline depression scores, based on parent's (but not child's) report, being associated with greater improvement ( p p p p p = .05) with improvement. Conclusions In this exploratory study, patient demographics, illness characteristics, family income, and parental education did not function as moderators of treatment effect. Social phobia and severity of illness predicted less favorable outcome. Attribution analyses indicated that study blindness remained intact. The presence of concomitant depressive symptoms deserves attention in future treatment studies of anxious children.
Integral-equation method for partially ionized plasmas

A pseudoclassical integral-equation method for obtaining the equation of state, pair-distribution functions, and static structure factors for partially ionized plasmas is presented. The electron-ion charge distribution is separated into a localized, quantum-mechanical part and a delocalized, nearly classical part. The Planck-Larkin method is used to separate the electron distribution. Localized-electron distributions are obtained from solutions of the Schroedinger equation. Distribution functions for ions and free electrons, including weakly bound electrons, are obtained from solutions to the classical hypernetted-chain (HNC) integral equation. Pseudopotentials that have two-body quantum mechanics built in, but which preclude strong bound states, are used as input to the HNC. The results are applied to H and Ar plasmas.
The Multics virtual memory: concepts and design

As experience with use of on-line operating systems has grown, the need to share information among system users has become increasingly apparent. Many contemporary systems permit some degree of sharing. Usually, sharing is accomplished by allowing several users to share data via input and output of information stored in files kept in secondary storage. Through the use of segmentation, however, Multics provides direct hardware addressing by user and system programs of all information, independent of its physical storage location. Information is stored in segments each of which is potentially sharable and carries its own independent attributes of size and access privilege.Here, the design and implementation considerations of segmentation and sharing in Multics are first discussed under the assumption that all information resides in a large, segmented main memory. Since the size of main memory on contemporary systems is rather limited, it is then shown how the Multics software achieves the effect of a large segmented main memory through the use of the Honeywell 645 segmentation and paging hardware.
History and physical examination findings predictive of testicular torsion: An attempt to promote clinical diagnosis by house staff

Objective: To standardize the history and physical examination of boys who present with acute scrotum and identify parameters that best predict testicular torsion. Materials and methods: Over a 5-month period, a standardized history and physical examina- tion form with 22 items was used for all boys presenting with scrotal pain. Management deci- sions for radiological evaluation and surgical intervention were based on the results. Data were statistically analyzed in correlation with the eventual diagnosis. Results: Of the 79 boys evaluated, 8 (10.1%) had testicular torsion. On univariate analysis, age, worsening pain, nausea/vomiting, severe pain at rest, absence of ipsilateral cremaster reflex, abnormal testicular position and scrotal skin changes were statistically predictive of torsion. After multivariate analysis and adjusting for confounding effect of other co-existing variables, absence of ipsilateral cremaster reflex (P < 0.001), nausea/vomiting (P < 0.05) and scrotal skin changes (P < 0.001) were the only consistent predictive factors of testicular torsion. Conclusion: An accurate history and physical examination of boys with acute scrotum should be primary in deciding upon further radiographic or surgical evaluation. While several forces have led to less consistent overnight resident staffing, consistent and reliable clinical evalua- tion of the acute scrotum using a standardized approach should reduce error, improve patient
Pyrimethamine inhibition of a pyruvate phosphoroclastic-type reaction in a marine pseudomonad

Abstract Pyrimethamine in concentrations of 2–5 × 10−5M produced 50% inhibition of growth, hydrogen production from glucose, and hydrogen production from pyruvate by intact cells of a free-living marine pseudomonad. In cell-free extracts, the rate of hydrogen evolution from glucose and pyruvate was 50% inhibited by approximately 5 × 10−5M pyrimethamine. Hydrogen evolution from formate was unaffected by 3.3 × 10−4M pyrimethamine. Among many cofactors tested, ATP was the only substance with a positive effect on hydrogen production from pyruvate. The inhibition of hydrogen production from pyruvate was slight when cell-free extracts were preincubated with pyruvate prior to pyrimethamine addilion. The possible usefulness of pyrimethamine to increase the specificity of formate assay by the formic hydrogenlyase reaction is pointed out. The inhibition of both growth and hydrogen production from glucose is due to the ability of pyrimethamine to inhibit a pyruvate phosphoroclastic-type reaction.
Evolution of the cytochrome P450 genes

1. The P450 gene superfamily is presently known to contain more than 78 members, divided into 14 families.2. The superfamily has undergone divergent evolution, and the ancestral gene is probably more than 2 billion years old.3. The recent ‘burst’ in new P450 genes, particularly in the II family during the past 800 million years, appears to be the result of ‘animal-plant warfare’.4. Due to the presence or absence of a particular P450 gene in one species but not the other, it may not be correct to extrapolate toxicity or cancer data from rodent to human.5. Increases in the P450 gene product (enzyme induction) almost always reflect an elevated rate in gene transcription, although there are several exceptions.6. The mechanisms of P450 gene regulation (induction) by classes of inducers might become better understood through the comparison of different phyla that differ in response to a particular class of inducers.7. Amongst several carefully selected phyla, delineation between which electron donor (presence o...
Estrogen receptor beta yield from baculovirus lytic infection is higher than from stably transformed Sf21 cells

The production of estrogen receptors (ER) in cultured insect cells is advantageous because these cells are relatively easy to culture and they perform post-translation modifications necessary for protein stability and function. There are three options for protein expression in insect cells: transient transfection, lytic baculovirus infection, or transfection followed by selection to create stable cell lines. Stable transfection has been promoted to be advantageous for the production of recombinant proteins because no re-infection is required, which might provide better lot-to-lot reproducibility in protein production. In this paper, we demonstrate that lytic baculovirus infection of Sf21 cells yields approximately tenfold more bioactive ERβ than cells stably transformed with pIZ/V5-His plasmid under OpIE2 promoter. We provide the first evidence that stable expression of recombinant human ERβ decreases the proliferation of Sf21 cells by inhibition of cell replication in a ligand-independent manner. These results mirror findings in breast cancer cells showing that an increase in ERβ expression decreases cell proliferation. We conclude that baculovirus infection of Sf21 cells is better for human ERβ production than stable-transformation of Sf21 cells.
Numerical Treatment of Cross-Shelf Open Boundaries in a Barotropic Coastal Ocean Model

Abstract Using a barotropic coastal ocean model with a straight coastline and uniform cross-shelf bottom slope, seven different cross-shelf open boundary conditions (four of which are applied in either implicit or explicit form) are compared in three numerical experiments. 1) A mound of water is allowed to collapse and radiate waves toward the open boundaries. 2) A uniform alongshelf wind stress is applied at zero time over the entire shelf and held constant for the duration of the experiment. 3) A uniform cross-shelf wind stress is applied at zero time over the entire shelf and held constant for the duration of the experiment. The boundary condition which is most transparent to waves consists of a sponge at the outer edge of the model domain with an Orlanski radiation condition at the outer edge of the sponge. Several open boundary conditions perform adequately in the wind stress experiments, but the Orlanski radiation condition alone (without a sponge) appears to give the best total performance (of thes...
Test of structural models for the Si{111} 2 × 1 surface

New low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) experiments and new calculations on Si{111} 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 surfaces have produced the following results: (1) LEED intensity data from different surfaces cleaved in different directions in different experiments are reproduced well\char22{}thus, if two or more different 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 superstructures occur simultaneously on cleaved surfaces, their propertions are always the same; (2) LEED intensity calculations of different authors with different computer programs are reproducible\char22{}thus, confidence in the reliability of the calculations is confirmed; (3) the buckling model, the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-bonded chain model, the Seiwatz model, and the Chadi molecular model all fail the LEED test\char22{}thus, the Si{111} 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 structural problem is still unsolved. A complete test of these models requires consideration of distortions in deeper atomic layers, so far unknown.
The Grüneisen parameter for iron at outer core conditions and the resulting conductive heat and power in the core

The aim of this paper is to find the conductive power in the outer core. Before the heat conduction equation can be usefully applied, however, a careful examination of the Gruneisen parameter, γ, and the thermal conductivity, κc, of the core is required. The focus of this paper is on these two parameters at outer core conditions, using primarily experimental data and one theoretical evaluation of γ. The melting γm of the core is found to be 1.3, the adiabatic γad, slightly less, and κc is found to be 44 W m−1 K−1 in the upper limit and 28 W m−1 K−1 in the lower limit. To obtain the core's temperature, Tm, from Tm of pure iron (at core conditions), the freezing point depression is found. This requires assumptions about the impurities in the iron core. Recent experimental data greatly restrict the type and concentrations of these impurities. Several allowable combinations are found, however; all of these lead to a ΔT of ∼1000 K. At the core side of the core-mantle boundary (CMB), the adiabatic temperature is 3900 K and dT/dr is 0.9 K m−1, resulting in a conductive power of 4.4±1 TW (1 TW=1012 Watt) flowing out of the core along the adiabatic gradient. New experimental results on the thermal conductivity of mantle minerals and new theoretical insights into the heat flow in mantle plumes support the case that the conductive power along the core's adiabatic gradient passing to the upper mantle can be transported away by both conduction and convection in the upper mantle.
Ab Initio Reaction Kinetics of Hydrogen Abstraction from Methyl Formate by Hydrogen, Methyl, Oxygen, Hydroxyl, and Hydroperoxy Radicals

The kinetics of hydrogen abstraction by five radicals (H, O(3P), OH, CH3, and HO2) from methyl acetate (MA) is investigated theoretically in order to gain further understanding of certain aspects of the combustion chemistry of biodiesels, such as the effect of the ester moiety. We employ ab initio quantum chemistry methods, coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples correction (CCSD(T)) and multireference averaged coupled pair functional theory (MRACPF2), to predict chemically accurate reaction energetics. Overall, MRACPF2 predicts slightly higher barrier heights than CCSD(T) for MA + H/CH3/O/OH, but slightly lower barrier heights for hydrogen abstraction by HO2. Based on the obtained reaction energies, we also report high-pressure-limit rate constants using transition state theory (TST) in conjunction with the separable-hindered-rotor approximation, the variable reaction coordinate TST, and the multi-structure all-structure approach. The fitted modified Arrhenius expressions are provid...
Variational calculations using low-momentum potentials with smooth cutoffs

Abstract Recent variational calculations of the deuteron and the triton illustrate that simple wave function ansatze become more effective after evolving the nucleon–nucleon potential to lower momentum (“ V low k ”). However, wave function artifacts from the use of sharp cutoffs in relative momentum decrease effectiveness for small cutoffs ( 2 fm −1 ) and slow down convergence in harmonic oscillator bases. These sharp cutoff artifacts are eliminated when V low k is generated using a sufficiently smooth cutoff regulator.
Alternating current bridge-amplifier for measurement of in-vivo high resistance.

A resistance measuring system, optimized for sensitivity in severe noise environments, is described. It features an economy in electronic components as well as a small packaged volume. The latter minimizes the sensitivity loss due to stray capacity which becomes severe at high values of resistance. Filters and phase shift networks are included to maximize the rejection of noise.
VE-Suite: A Software Framework for Design-Analysis Integration During Product Realization

Product realization is a complex decision-making process requiring intensive interactions between engineers, especially between designers and analysts. It is necessary to develop effective tools to help them manage the heterogeneous software tools, multidisciplinary engineering models, and information flows during the process. Multidisciplinary analysis results must be synthesized with the design models to support designers making decisions based on an overall understanding about the product’s performance. Meanwhile, along the product realization timeline, these tools, models, and information must be constantly updated and modified. In this paper, we present a flexible software framework, VE-Suite, to handle the “two-dimensional” characteristics of design-analysis integration. The data structure and communication mechanism in VE-Suite enable convenient design-analysis integration not only across the boundary of disciplines, but also along the product realization timeline. An ongoing design scenario of a hydraulic mixing nozzle is presented; some temporary results are introduced to demonstrate the significance of the two-dimensional integration and the effectiveness of the VE-Suite.© 2005 ASME
Evaluating Financial Risk in the Medicare Prospective Payment System

The Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS) is analogous to an insurance scheme in which financial risk is mitigated through experience rating. In addition, risk is also mitigated through reinsurance provisions. Although a provider may not want this reinsurance, participation is mandatory. We develop a framework for evaluating financial risk under the PPS. We use this framework to examine optional reinsurance as an alternative risk mitigation mechanism. We illustrate an application of optional reinsurance using data for Medicare psychiatric inpatient services. Our analysis indicates that viable schemes exist for implementing optional reinsurance as a prospective payment option.
Chromatographic investigation of the methyl alcohol/chloroform-soluble constituents of honeybee larval foods.

Chromatographic Investigation of the Methyl Alcohol/chloroform-Soluble Constituents of Honeybee Larval Foods
Isotopic values in oysters indicate elemental sources constrained by multiple gradients

Abstract Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) and elemental content (% nitrogen, % carbon) in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) grown by a network of 132 citizen–scientists (11,600 km2, 87.9 km2 site−1) were examined to test effects of land use, salinity, flushing time, and oyster size on bioindication of human and/or animal nitrogen sources. Oyster δ15N sampled from shallow waters sites throughout Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries exhibited nested spatial patterns: (1) decreasing toward the mouth of Chesapeake Bay (1000s km2) and (2) decreasing, increasing, and not changing toward tributary mouths (100s km2). Distinct isotopic ‘signatures’ in tributaries were associated with the composition of land use, water quality in tributaries and freshwater streams, human and/or animal nitrogen sources, and marine vs. terrestrial nitrogen and carbon sources. Yet at 1000s km2, oyster δ15N varied with flushing time, salinity, and bioindicator size, thus constraining the upper extent for inferring nitrogen sources from bioindicator δ15N to the scale of gradients in these confounding physical and biological factors. Nevertheless, at 100s km2 isotopic ‘signatures’ can be used to infer nutrient sources and transport mechanisms and might have implications for fishery management/enforcement. Ultimately, δ15N and δ13C in bioindicators distributed to citizen–scientists may add substantial value to existing and ongoing programs, networks, monitoring and databases, and might have some use for imputing data gaps where intensive water quality monitoring is lacking.
People and Biodiversity in Africa

Growing human pressure on Earth's biodiversity demands rapid development of a sound scientific and economic foundation for conservation. Andrew Balmford and co-authors, in their report “Conservation conflicts across Africa” (30 Mar., p. [2616][1]), say that their analysis of African diversity
Auditory sensory gating, hippocampal volume, and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenics and their siblings

Schizophrenia may result from the concerted action of several pathophysiological factors. This pilot study compared the distribution of measurements of three such putative factors in 11 schizophrenics and their siblings: a neurophysiological deficit in auditory sensory gating, diminished hippocampal volume, and increased catecholamine metabolism. Abnormal auditory sensory gating was found in all schizophrenics in the 11 families studied and in 8 of their 20 siblings. Compared with the schizophrenics, the clinically unaffected siblings with abnormal auditory gating had larger hippocampal volume. There was no similar difference for the siblings with normal gating. The siblings with abnormal auditory gating also had lower homovanillic acid levels than the other siblings. The data suggest that a familial neuronal deficit, identified by diminished sensory gating, may be a necessary, but not sufficient factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Individuals with this deficit are generally clinically unaffected, except for schizophrenics, who also have other abnormalities, such as diminished hippocampal volume and increased catecholamine metabolism.
Comparison of catheterization and Doppler-derived pressure gradients in a canine model of subaortic stenosis

The relationship between Doppler-estimated and catheterization-measured pressure gradients was examined by repeated-measures linear regression analysis and difference plots in 15 dogs with naturally occurring subvalvular aortic stenosis. Thirty left ventricular outflow tract gradients were compared during sinus rhythm and 142 gradients during premature or postextrasystolic beats for the following pairs of data: (1) mean catheterization gradient versus mean Doppler gradient, (2) maximal instantaneous catheterization gradient versus maximal Doppler gradient, and (3) peak-to-peak catheterization gradient versus maximal Doppler gradient. The correlation between Doppler-derived and catheterization-derived pressure gradients was excellent ( r =0.99; p r =0.99, p r =0.97, p
Hydrogen bonding by alcohols and amines

The pure base calorimetric method has been used to determine the enthalpies of hydrogen bond complex formation between aliphatic amines and alcohols. The enthalpies of complexation for the series methanol-n-butanol bonding with triethylamine increase with decreasing alkyl chain length in accordance with the electron donating properties of alkyl groups. Unexpectedly, the enthalpies for the complexes of n-butanol with tributylamine, tripropylamine, and triethylamine increase with decreasing alkyl chain length.
The knowledge engineering basis of expert systems

Abstract One definition of knowledge is information available to the individual from internal or external sources about relationships and rules that describe organized human activities. Methods that permit the development of mathematical or computer analyses of these activities may be termed knowledge engineering. Problem-solving methods that result from such analyses are termed expert systems. This paper presents the background of knowledge structure and knowledge engineering leading to expert systems, their applications, and implications for the future.
Prominent ophthalmologists who suffered from acute glaucoma

We know of at least four ophthalmologists who suffered from glaucoma had to be treated. I would like to discuss them according to degree of severity of the disease. The first ophthalmologist was hardly bothered at all whereas the fourth one became blind in both eyes.
Further analysis of Clark's delayed recruitment model

I explore the nonlinear behavior of a model in which the number of adults in each year is the sum of recruitment (which depends nonlinearly on adult abundanceT years in the past) and a constant fraction (survival) of adults in the previous year. Adding even a small amount of age structure to the semelparous version of this model (by increasing adult survival from zero) is stabilizing in that: (1) it shifts the value of slope at which the linearized model becomes unstable about the equilibrium to a lower value; and (2) it stretches the pattern of period doubling bifurcations so that bifurcations occur at much lower values of the slope. For the iteroparous case with a maturation and survival pattern reasonably typical of long-lived organisms, the period of cycles or quasi-cycles produced increases continuously as the slope of the stock-recruitment function decreases. The possibility of arbitrarily long cycles is not predicted by the linear theory, and has important practical implictions for analyses of cyclic populations. Both truncation of the age structure and an upper limit on recruitment seem to remove this gradual increase in period. However, the former can give rise to doubling of the period. Although the nonlinear behavior is not analysed in detail, a qualitative interpretation of the behavior of this model in terms of population inertia seems to explain the behavior observed in these numerical simulations.
Boundary layer evolution within a canyonland basin. Part I: Mass, heat, and moisture budgets from observations

Abstract Individual terms of the mass, heat, and moisture budget equations are evaluated for an atmospheric control volume in Colorado's Sinbad Basin using tethered balloon and surface energy budget data obtained during a 16.5-h period on 1516 July 1988. The basin was chosen for its simple topography and arid climate, which simplified the evaluation of some of the budget terms. The paper documents the many assumptions that are required to evaluate the mass, heat, and moisture budget equations in confined terrain using small datasets. The nighttime outflow of air from the basin produced a compensatory mean sinking motion of 0.026 m s−1 at the top of the basin control volume and brought warm air into the top of the basin atmosphere. In contrast to previous reports for well-drained valleys, a high rate of atmospheric cooling continued in this basin throughout the entire night. The cooling is attributed primarily to turbulent sensible heat flux divergence and, to a lesser extent, radiative flux divergence. M...
INTRANUCLEAR ANNULATE LAMELLAE IN OOCYTES OF THE TUNICATE, STYELA PARTITA.

Intranuclear annulate lamellae have been observed with the electron microscope in oocytes of the tunicate, Styela partita. Morphological evidence suggests that the annulate lamellae may arise by a specialized fusion process of individual vesicles. Intranuclear vesicles appear to be formed, in time, before differentiated annulate lamellae. It is also suggested that the position and structure of an annulus is in large part determined by the fusion of the vesicles. An annulus may be present as soon as two vesicles have completed their fusion process. Finally, it is again suggested on the basis of morphological evidence that the intranuclear vesicles are derived by the blebbing activity of the inner layer of the nuclear envelope.
Legacies of Authoritarianism: Brazilian Torturers' and Murderers' Reformulation of Memory

In countries undergoing redemocratization, as throughout Latin America, where torture and murder were systematic government practices, remembering and forgetting have a political as well as a personal dimension. How an authoritarian past is reconstructed by those who experienced it can influence whether past torturers and murderers receive blanket amnesty or submit to a trial with possible civil and criminal punishment or the scrutiny of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission or some other public acknowledgment of their acts. Each course of action shapes personal and political healing among participants in a particular way. Amnesty for those in violent security forces may demoralize their victims while providing a "political bargain" that promotes overall political stabilization, at least for a while. Political trials may foster victims' healing but undermine the perpetrators' political transformation and public acknowledgment of their wrongdoing: seeing trials as threatening, perpetrators may reject self-criticism and go more deeply underground to avoid their and their families' becoming "victims." This outcome may have an impact on social memory by keeping information about the character of repressive regimes from becoming public history. This in turn may hinder political transformation, since, as Walter Benjamin (1968) has argued, what becomes collective memory can promote or inhibit collective resistance to oppression and political transformation toward democracy. How does a country remember its violent past? This study attempts to reconstruct Brazilian historical memory of the military regime's security forces through interviews with police about the torture and murder they
A Case Series Study of Perinatal Deaths at One Referral Center in Rural Post-conflict Liberia

The overall objective of this study was to further our understanding of the factors contributing to the high perinatal mortality rates at a busy rural, referral hospital in Liberia. The specific aims were to: (1) analyze the records of women who experienced a perinatal loss for both medical and nonmedical contributing factors; (2) describe the timing and causes of all documented stillbirths and early neonatal deaths; and (3) understand the factors surrounding stillbirth and early neonatal death in this context. This case series study was conducted through a retrospective hospital-based record review of all perinatal deaths occurring at the largest rural referral hospital in north-central Liberia during the 2010 calendar year. A record review of 1,656 deliveries identified 196 perinatal deaths; 143 classified as stillbirth and 53 were classified as early neonatal death. The majority of stillbirths (56.6 %) presented as antenatal stillbirths with no fetal heart tones documented upon admission. Thirty-one percent of cases had no maternal or obstetrical diagnosis recorded in the chart when a stillbirth occurred. Of the 53 early neonatal deaths, 47.2 % occurred on day one of the infant’s life with birth asphyxia/poor Apgar scores being the diagnosis listed most frequently. Clear and concise documentation is key to understanding the high perinatal death rates in low resource countries. Standardized, detailed documentation is needed to inform changes to clinical practice and develop feasible solutions to reduce the number of perinatal deaths worldwide.
DOI, a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, attenuates clozapine-induced cortical dopamine release

(+/-)-1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg), a serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C agonist, produced an inverted U-shaped increase in DA release in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) with a significant effect only at 2.5 mg/kg. This effect was completely abolished by M100907 (0.1 mg/kg), a 5-HT2A antagonist, and WAY100635 (0.2 mg/kg), a 5-HT1A antagonist, neither of which when given alone affected dopamine release. DOI (2.5 mg/kg), but not the 5-HT2C agonist Ro 60-0175 (3 mg/kg), attenuated clozapine (20 mg/kg)-induced mPFC dopamine release. These results suggest that 5-HT2A receptor stimulation increases basal cortical dopamine release via 5-HT1A receptor stimulation, and inhibits clozapine-induced cortical dopamine release by diminishing 5-HT2A receptor blockade.
Bayesian inference in non-replicated ecological studies

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://links.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless youhave obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you mayuse content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://links.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=esa.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology.http://links.jstor.org
Predictors of solvent effectiveness for dissolution of coal preasphaltenes

Abstract The dissolvabilities of coal preasphaltenes in several solvents with various solvent parameters were correlated. Generally dissolvability increased with increasing net hydrogen-bonding index, increasing donor number (DN) and increasing value of donor number minus acceptor number (AN) of the solvent. However, these trends show significant scatter and are not satisfactory as predictors of individual solvent behaviour. Plots of preasphaltene dissolvability against Hildebrand solubility parameter produce curves with broad maxima and several off-line points. Best results are obtained with DN/AN ratios, which yield smooth curves with narrow maxima and little scatter. These ratios are also shown to be useful predictors of the effectiveness of solvents for the extraction and swelling of coal.
Long-term experience with sotalol in the treatment of complex ventricular arrhythmias

Sotalol was given for extended therapy to 22 of 29 patients with frequent (greater than or equal to 30/hour) complex premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) who had participated in a short-term study of sotalol vs placebo. Open-label sotalol was given in individually titrated divided doses of 160 to 800 mg/day (median 323, mean 386 mg/day). Response was assessed at approximately 1, 6, and 12 months or until patient discontinuation. The period of sotalol therapy averaged 9 months (range, 0.2 to 22.7). At about 1 month, 13 (59%) of 22 patients showed effective control of arrhythmia. The median percentage change in total PVCs for individual patients at 1 month was -70% and for repetitive PVCs it was -95%. At about 6 months, 10 (45%) of the 22 patients continued to be successfully treated; at about 12 months, seven patients continued on sotalol, six (27%) successfully treated according to Holter criteria. Reasons for discontinuation included lack of efficacy in nine, adverse effects in four (fatigue in three, bradycardia with sinus pauses in one), and miscellaneous reasons in two. ECG PR and especially QTc intervals increased significantly during therapy (p less than 0.02, p less than 0.01, respectively). In summary, sotalol is a moderately effective antiarrhythmic agent in patients with complex PVCs, but during long-term therapy a rather high dropout rate was observed because of arrhythmia recurrence or adverse effects.
Protecting the Delivery of Ecosystem Services

Human society depends on services performed by natural systems. These ecological services include maintaining the atmospheric gas balance and producing food, fiber, and other building materials. Efforts must be made to protect the delivery of ecosystem services because they are essential to the sustainable use of the planet. The best way to encourage policy that protects ecosystem services is to make the linkages between ecosystem services and human quality-of-life easy to understand for any citizen.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the molybdenum K-edge has been used to probe the molybdenum coordination of Rhodobacter sphaeroides dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. The molybdenum site of the oxidized protein possesses a novel Mo(VI) mono-oxo site (MoO at 1.68 A) with additional coordination by approximately four thiolate ligands at 2.44 A and probably one oxygen or nitrogen at 1.92 A. The reduced Mo(IV) form of the enzyme is a des-oxomolybdenum with 3−4 thiolates at 2.33 A and two different Mo−O/N ligands at 2.16 A and 1.92 A. Similarly, the stable Mo(V) glycerol-inhibited species is found to be a des-oxomolybdenum with approximately four thiolate ligands at 2.40 A and (probably) two similarly coordinated oxygen or nitrogen ligands at 1.96 A.