cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Palladium-Catalyzed Method for the Preparation of Indoles via the Fischer Indole Synthesis

A Pd-catalyzed method for the preparation of N-aryl benzophenone hydrazones 4 is described. The use of a Pd/BINAP-based catalyst provides hydrazones 4 in good yields. Using 0.1 mol % of a Pd/9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (Xantphos) catalyst, the desired hydrazones are produced in excellent yields. The N-aryl benzophenone hydrazones are converted to indole products via an in situ hydrolysis/Fischer cyclization protocol. A procedure that extends this methodology to the synthesis of N-alkylindoles via the intermediacy of N-aryl-N-alkyl benzophenone hydrazones is described. Additionally, the Pd-catalyzed preparation of diaryl benzophenone hydrazones, followed by a hydrolysis/Fischer cyclization protocol, affords N-arylindole products in good yields. This methodology provides a means for the preparation of a structurally diverse set of indoles from simple, (usually) commercially available precursors.
Disinfection of bacterial biofilms in pilot-scale cooling tower systems

The impact of continuous chlorination and periodic glutaraldehyde treatment on planktonic and biofilm microbial communities was evaluated in pilot-scale cooling towers operated continuously for 3 months. The system was operated at a flow rate of 10,080 l day(-1). Experiments were performed with a well-defined microbial consortium containing three heterotrophic bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Flavobacterium sp. The persistence of each species was monitored in the recirculating cooling water loop and in biofilms on steel and PVC coupons in the cooling tower basin. The observed bacterial colonization in cooling towers did not follow trends in growth rates observed under batch conditions and, instead, reflected differences in the ability of each organism to remain attached and form biofilms under the high-through flow conditions in cooling towers. Flavobacterium was the dominant organism in the community, while P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae did not attach well to either PVC or steel coupons in cooling towers and were not able to persist in biofilms. As a result, the much greater ability of Flavobacterium to adhere to surfaces protected it from disinfection, whereas P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were subject to rapid disinfection in the planktonic state.
Semiconductor Device Degradation by High Amplitude Current Pulses

This paper presents the results of a lengthy and comprehensive investigation of semiconductor device degradation from nanosecond current pulses. Topics discussed include (1) previously published literature on pulse degradation and second breakdown, (2) experimental results obtained in several studies, (3) pulse damage recovery using several annealing techniques, (4) a model of the pulse damage, (5) possible methods of hardening against pulse degradation, and (6) a preventive measure that can be taken to eliminate pulse damage.
Effects of Ambient Air Pollutants on Asthma Medication Use and Wheezing among Fourth-Grade School Children from 12 Southern California Communities Enrolled in The Children's Health Study

To investigate the effects of 12 monthly average air pollution levels on monthly prevalence of respiratory morbidity, the authors examined retrospective questionnaire data on 2034 4th-grade children from 12 Southern California communities that were enrolled in The Children's Health Study. Wheezing during the spring and summer months was associated with community levels of airborne particulate matter with a diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.46-5.80), but was not associated with community levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5 (diameter < or = 2.5), nitric acid, or formic acid. Logistic regression was performed on data stratified into two seasonal groups, spring/summer and fall/winter. Among asthmatics, the monthly prevalence of asthma medication use was associated with monthly levels of ozone, nitric acid, and acetic acid (OR = 1.80 [95%CI = 1.19-2.70]; OR = 1.80 [95%CI = 1.23-2.65]; OR = 1.57 [95% CI = 1.11-2.21]; respectively). Asthma medication use was more prevalent among children who spent more time outdoors--with consequential exposure to ozone--than among children who spent more time indoors (OR = 3.07 [95%CI = 1.61-5.86]; OR = 1.31 [95%CI = 0.47-2.71]; respectively). The authors concluded that monthly variations in some ambient air pollutants were associated with monthly respiratory morbidity among school children.
On maximal order for local and global numerical problems

Abstract We consider algorithms using linear information to solve a linear local or global problem. Although adaptive nonlinear algorithms are possible, we show the existence of nonadaptive linear algorithms having maximal order among all methods using this information. In particular, this answers (in the affirmative) a conjecture made by the author that there always exist maximal-order methods for the local quadrature problem which are nonadaptive and linear.
Professional work and the timing of family formation among young lawyers in US and German cities

There is little cross-national empirical research on which to develop our understanding of the relationship between family formation among lawyers and the organization of work in the legal profession. This study compares young German lawyers practicing in Frankfurt and Berlin with young US lawyers practicing in New York and Washington, DC at similar career stages when they are most likely to marry and have children. The sampled lawyers are about 10 years into practice. We examine the effects of work on women lawyers' childbearing in German and American cities. We find that although the onset and timing of childbearing is much the same in Frankfurt and Berlin, and also in New York and Washington, DC, there are major differences in the onset and timing of fertility between these German and American cities. A discrete-time event history analysis suggests that the more traditional legal culture of Germany offers women greater autonomy for parenting but also reduced economic rewards, while the mega-law culture...
1.5 μm GaInNAs(Sb) lasers grown on GaAs by MBE

Abstract We demonstrate the first 1.5 μm GaInNAsSb laser grown on GaAs. It exhibits much improved threshold current density as compared with previously reported GaInNAs lasers at 1.52 μm. A 1.465 μm laser with far superior performance is also demonstrated. This device exhibits a pulsed threshold current density of 930 A/cm2 per quantum well, a differential quantum efficiency of 0.30 W/A (both facets), an external quantum efficiency of 35%, and peak power above 70 mW. Additionally, the use of antimony allows for a decrease in the bandgap out to 1.6 μm, while still preserving luminescence efficiency as compared to 1.3 μm GaInNAs material.
Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of verapamil in the dog.

The intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) and oral (5 mg/kg) dose kinetics of verapamil were studied in 6 dogs during steady-state oral verapamil dosing (5 mg/kg every 8 h for 3 days). Racemic verapamil and norverapamil, a metabolite of verapamil, were quantitated in plasma by HPLC-fluorescence detection. The verapamil peaks eluting off the column were collected and rechromatographed on an Ultron-OVM column, which resolved the two verapamil enantiomers. After intravenous administration, the systemic clearance and apparent volume of distribution of (−)-(S)-verapamil were nearly twice that of the (+)-(R)-isomer. There was no difference in the elimination half-lives between the two isomers. After oral administration, the oral clearance of (−)-(S)-verapamil was 20 times that of the (+)-(R)-isomer. The apparent bioavailability of (+)-(R)-verapamil was over 14 times that of (−)-(S)-verapamil. The plasma protein binding of the (+)-(R)-isomer was slightly higher by 5% than (−)-(S)-verapamil; however, this effect was not enough to account for the difference between the apparent volume of distribution of the enantiomers, indicating that the tissue binding of (−)-(S)-verapamil was greater than that of the (+)-(R)-isomer. This data on the disposition of the enantiomers of verapamil in the dog is similar to that reported for man and demonstrates that the dog may be an appropriate animal model for man in future studies on the disposition of the enantiomers of verapamil. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Making the Americas: U.S. Business People and Latin Americans from the Age of Revolutions to the Era of Globalization

U.S. business people have played a central role in shaping the relationship between the United States and Latin America. Their ambitious transportation, mining, and plantation projects had dramatic economic and political effects on the nations of the Circum-Caribbean during the nineteenth century. In the course of the past one hundred years, American corporations have extended their activity throughout South America, affecting not only economic development, but attempting to alter the work habits and consciousness of millions of Latin Americans, and providing an important catalyst for both mass political movements in the region and U.S. interventions. From eighteenth-century New England whaling men and merchant adventurers to twenty-first-century CEO’s of multinational corporations, U.S. business people have played a central role in shaping the relationship between the United States and Latin America. In fact, it can reasonably be argued that no American institution has had a more persistent and profound influence on the region than U.S. business. American entrepreneurs were among the first to record eyewitness accounts of Latin America for their fellow citizens in the eighteenth century. Their ambitious transportation, mining, and plantation projects had dramatic economic and political effects on the nations of the Circum-Caribbean during the nineteenth century. In the course of the past one hundred years, American corporations have extended their activity throughout South America, affecting not only economic development, but attempting to alter the work habits and consciousness of millions of Latin Americans, and providing an important catalyst for both mass political movements in the region as well as U.S. interventions. American business has had truly profound effects upon the region and the perceptions which Latin Americans have of this country, its people, and themselves. Among the earliest American visitors to Latin America were colonial merchants who carried on a lively, albeit illegal, trade with Spain’s Western
Non-Culture-Based Methods in Diagnostic Mycology

Abstract Isolation of fungal pathogens from clinical samples, particularly from sterile body sites, can aid in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). By diagnosing IFIs and assisting clinicians who manage immunocompromised patients, clinical laboratories play an important role in improving clinical outcomes for patients with underlying conditions (e.g., immunosuppresion). Culture-based approaches for fungal diagnosis often require weeks to get an answer and therefore do not meet the clinical needs of patient care. Delayed diagnosis contributes greatly to high mortality rates in those patients at risk of developing IFIs. Non-culture-based methods allow clinical laboratories to identify potential fungal pathogens directly from clinical samples within hours, thus allowing the clinicians to initiate proper antifungal management without delay. In this review, the availability (focusing on commercial sources), the characteristics, and the performance of these non-culture-based methods are discussed with regard to their potential implementation and utilization by clinical laboratories.
Comments, with reply, on "One-dimensional non-quasi-static models for arbitrarily and heavily doped quasi-neutral layers in bipolar transistors" by B. Wu and F. Lindholm

For original paper see ibid., vol.36, pp.727-37 (April 1989). The accuracy of state-of-the-art AC models for the emitter and base of bipolar transistors is examined in order to clear up some confusion that the commenter believes results from original paper concerning the distinctions between a base transport model and that of J. Seitchik et al. (see IEDM Tech. Dig., pp.244-7, 1987). The authors respond with further discussion of emitter-transport and base-transport models and concede that they may have made mistakes in their comparison with the results of Seitchik et al. >
Electronic spectra and excited-state dynamics of 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline

Abstract Concerted ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopic experiments and ab initio computational (TDDFT) studies of the electronic transitions of 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline (FDMA) have been performed to investigate the mechanism of photo-induced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The compound FDMA shows dual fluorescence from a π π ∗ state and a closely-lying twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state in both n-hexane and acetonitrile. The very similar lifetimes observed for the two emission bands indicate that the π π ∗ and the TICT states are effectively in thermal equilibrium at room temperature.
Antiradiation Compounds VIII: Reaction of Thiols with Cyanogen Bromide

The reaction of a thiol with cyanogen bromide provides a specific synthesis of disulfides without further oxidation. The reaction is apparently general, and was successful for MEA, MEG, and aliphatic, aromatic, and amino thiols. Oxidation of MEA with 3 per cent hydrogen peroxide also gave the disulfide, but similar oxidation of MEG gave the thiolsulfinate, distinguishable from the disulfide by infrared absorption in the 1100 cm. −1 region.
Matrix representation of dynamic air pollution problems

Abstract The vector-matrix representation of the effect of a polluting system on a mass of air studied previously is extended to time-dependent systems. Thus a dynamic polluting system acting on a mass of air can be represented by a time dependent matrix acting on a vector.
Lineal-path function for random heterogeneous materials

A fundamental morphological measure of two-phase heterogenous materials is what we refer to as the lineal-path function L(z). This quantity gives the probability that a line segment of length z is wholly in one of the phases, say phase 1, when randomly thrown into the sample. For three-dimensional systems, we observe that L(z) is also equivalent to the area fraction of phase 1 measured from the projected image onto a plane: a problem of long-standing interest in stereology. We develop a theoretical means of representing and computing the lineal-path function L(z) for distributions of D-dimensional spheres with arbitrary degree of penetrability using statistical-mechanical concepts. In order to test our theoretical results, we determined L(z) from Monte Carlo simulations for the case of three-dimensional systems of spheres and found very good agreement between theory and the Monte Carlo calculations.
Presidential address 2013: Fatigue influence on effort—considering implications for self-regulatory restraint

I sketch here an analysis of fatigue influence on effort and apply it to the phenomenon of self-regulatory restraint, construing such restraint as resistance against a behavioral urge or impulse. The analysis suggests that fatigue does not have a single influence, but rather a multifaceted one dependent on the difficulty of the task at hand and the importance of accomplishing it. Application to self-regulatory restraint offers a novel and potentially significant understanding of how the phenomenon works. A key implication is that restraint intensity should vary proximally with the magnitude of the urge resisted. Another is that fatigue and other restraint ability factors should have different influences on restraint intensity depending on the magnitude of an urge and the importance of resisting it. Cardiovascular results from ability and fatigue studies attest to the validity of the fatigue analysis and support its application in the self-regulatory context.
Synthesis of aza-analogues of the glycosylated tyrosine portion of mannopeptimycin-E.

Two C4‘ amido disaccharide analogues of mannopeptimycin-E were synthesized via an iterative palladium glycosylation sequence. The stereoselective synthesis of the C4‘ acylated 1,4-α,α-manno,manno-amido disaccharide has been achieved in ten steps from a protected d-tyrosine. The path relies upon a regio- and diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed azide substitution reaction. The competence of the synthesis is demonstrated by the good overall yield (21%) from protected tyrosine.
Effect of the estrous cycle on conditioned avoidance in mice.

Abstract In two experiments, degraded one-way shock avoidance was found to correlate with estrus in female mice. In the first experiment, mice were trained in one session, either in estrus or nonestrus, and were tested 3 weeks later in extinction, either in estrus or nonestrus. Those tested in estrus made fewer avoidance responses than those in nonestrus, regardless of the stage in which they had been originally trained. In a second experiment, mice which were overtrained in the task had longer response latencies during estrus than nonestrus in daily training sessions. These results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that fear motivation is reduced in estrus.
Thermal Stresses From Large Volumetric Expansion During Freezing of Biomaterials

Thermal stresses were studied in freezing of biomaterials containing significant amounts of water. An apparent specific heat formulation of the energy equation and a viscoelastic model for the mechanics problem were used to analyze the transient axi-symmetric freezing of a long cylinder, Viscoelastic properties were measured in an Instron machine. Results show that, before phase change occurs at any location, both radial and circumferential stresses are tensile and keep increasing until phase change begins. The maximum principal tensile stress during phase change increases with a decrease in boundary temperature (faster cooling). This is consistent with experimentally observed fractures at a lower boundary temperature. Large volumetric expansion during water to ice transformation was shown to be the primary contributor to large stress development. For very rapid freezing, relaxation may not be significant, and an elastic model may be sufficient.
Differential inclusions with state constraints

In “Viability Theory”, we select trajectories which are viable in the sense that they always satisfy a given constraint. Since the fundamental work of Nagumo [26], we know that in order to guarantee existence of viable trajectories, we need to satisfy certain tangential conditions. In the case of differential inclusions and using the modern terminology and notation of tangent cones, this condition takes the form F(t, x) ∩ TK#φ, where F(.,.) is the orientor field involved in the differential inclusion, K is the viability (constraint) set and TK(x) is the tangent cone to K at x. Results on the existence of viable solutions for differential inclusions can be found in Aubin–Cellina [2] and Papageorgiou [30,32].
Electron Microscopy: Attachment Sites between Connective Tissue Cells

Regions of attachment have been observed between connective tissue cells from four different structures: fibroblasts in embryonic and fetal tendons, fibroblasts in fetal ligamentum nuchae, odontoblasts, and osteoblasts. Morpho logically these sites appear to be focal and to consist of an approximation of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to within approximately 200 A. In the region of approximation both the extracellular space and the cytoplasm adjacent to the plasmalemma are increased in density. We have postulated a role for these sites in the maintenance of structural integrity.
Negotiating Students' Conceptions of 'Cheating' in Video Games and in School

Technology use, and video game play in particular, occupies a large amount of time in a typical teenager's life. Methods of learning and playing video games differ from that of traditional learning settings in that it is common to collaborate and use alternative methods known as "cheats" in the gaming world, strategies that might be considered unethical in the traditional classroom setting. This study took a phenomenological approach to developing an understanding of student views of cheating in these two different settings, and investigating their motivations for engaging in cheating behaviors. Researchers explore the narratives of three teenage males as they described their experiences in gaming and in school, and their views of ethics, honesty, and acceptable forms of information gathering in the two contexts. Analyses reveal three themes relating to students' conceptions of cheating. Implications are discussed, particularly as they relate to setting and maintaining ethical standards in the school setting.
Integrative Child Therapy

In many ways, integrative models of psychc therapy are well suited for the tasks of concef tualizing child psychopathology and child ther apy. This chapter will attempt to outline th unique demands of child therapeutic work and t demonstrate the appropriateness of the integn tive approach for such work. Specific types an sequences of intervention will be outlined an demonstrated through case examples. It is hope that the adoption of an integrative approach t child psychotherapy will add a sense of cohesio to the many roles of a child therapist.
Surface Colonization by Marine Roseobacters: Integrating Genotype and Phenotype

The Roseobacter clade is a broadly distributed, abundant, and biogeochemically relevant group of marine bacteria. Representatives are often associated with organic surfaces in disparate marine environments, suggesting that a sessile lifestyle is central to the ecology of lineage members. The importance of surface association and colonization has been demonstrated recently for select strains, and it has been hypothesized that production of antimicrobial agents, cell density-dependent regulatory mechanisms, and morphological features contribute to the colonization success of roseobacters. Drawing on these studies, insight into a broad representation of strains is facilitated by the availability of a substantial collection of genome sequences that provides a holistic view of these features among clade members. These genome data often corroborate phenotypic data but also reveal significant variation in terms of gene content and synteny among group members, even among closely related strains (congeners and conspecifics). Thus, while detailed studies of representative strains are serving as models for how roseobacters transition between planktonic and sessile lifestyles, it is becoming clear that additional studies are needed if we are to have a more comprehensive view of how these transitions occur in different lineage members. This is important if we are to understand how associations with surfaces influence metabolic activities contributing to the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the world's oceans.
A Proposal Towards Customers' Privacy Preference Policy

Increasingly, companies hold more and more data about their customers. This data is seen as useful for the company, although often customers do not wish to share their personal data. Methods such as P3P for verifying a company's privacy policy are available, however, they do not provide much choice to the customer, and they provide an all-or-nothing approach. We explore the privacy preference policy approach which attempts to align the privacy preferences of the individual with that of a company. We further critique this method and develop it to incorporate levels of importance and priority.
The social-economic-psychological model of technology adoption and usage: an application to online investing

We champion the view that a richer understanding of electronic markets is obtained when their implications for consumers are jointly studied from social, economic, and psychological perspectives. We adopt this perspective triad to build a Social-Economic-Psychological (SEP) Model of technology adoption and usage, and apply the model to understand and explain the behavior of online investors. The SEP model provides a foundation for a multidisciplinary approach to the study of electronic markets and online consumers in the fields of MIS, marketing, and finance.
Analysis of aircraft pitch axis stability augmentation system using sum of squares optimization

In this paper, we use SOS (sum of squares) programming approaches to analyze the stability and robustness properties of the controlled pitch axis (6 state system) of a nonlinear model of an aircraft. The controller is a LTI dynamic inversion based control law designed for the short period dynamics of the aircraft. The closed loop system is tested for its robustness to uncertainty in the location of center of gravity along the body x-axis. Results in the form of stability regions about a trim point are computed and verified using simulations.
Multipole and S-parameter based antenna model

Antenna characterization relating voltage sources to radiated fields is an important part of any electromagnetic measurement, with applications ranging from two-way communication systems to full-wave inverse scattering. Here, we derive a two-antenna model relating the multipole expansion of the fields radiated and received by antennas to S-parameter measurements between them. We also show how to determine the antenna model parameters from numerical simulation. Finally, we validate the model experimentally using two rectangular waveguides. This model is based on the source-scattering matrix used in near-field antenna measurements [2–4], where we have extended it for direct S-parameter measurements.
Nanocrystalline Ni5P4: A hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst of exceptional efficiency in both alkaline and acidic media

Producing hydrogen (H2) by splitting water with fossil-free electricity is considered a grand challenge for developing sustainable energy systems and a carbon dioxide free source of renewable H2. Renewable H2 may be produced from water by electrolysis with either low efficiency alkaline electrolyzers that suffer 50–65% losses, or by more efficient acidic electrolyzers with rare platinum group metal catalysts (Pt). Consequently, research has focused on developing alternative, cheap, and robust catalysts made from earth-abundant elements. Here, we show that crystalline Ni5P4 evolves H2 with geometric electrical to chemical conversion efficiency on par with Pt in strong acid (33 mV dec−1 Tafel slope and −62 mV overpotential at −100 mA cm−2 in 1 M H2SO4). The conductivity of Ni5P4 microparticles is sufficient to allow fabrication of electrodes without conducting binders by pressing pellets. Significantly, no catalyst degradation is seen in short term studies at current densities of −10 mA cm−2, equivalent to ∼10% solar photoelectrical conversion efficiency. The realization of a noble metal-free catalyst performing on par with Pt in both strong acid and base offers a key step towards industrially relevant electrolyzers competing with conventional H2 sources.
TSV-aware interconnect length and power prediction for 3D stacked ICs

In this paper, we present a new 3D wirelength distribution model which considers the contribution of through-silicon-via (TSV) on wirelength, die area, and power consumption. Since TSVs occupy the device layer together with active devices, the die area increases if TSVs are utilized. This area overhead, which in turn affects the wirelength, worsens due to the large size of TSVs themselves, which is shown to be as large as logic gates themselves. Moreover, the capacitive coupling among TSVs and wires cause non-negligible amount of parasitic capacitance, which worsens power consumption. We present and validate a new 3D wirelength distribution and power consumption model to correctly model the various impacts of TSV.
OPTIMIZING MATERIAL LOGISTICS PLANNING IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Construction logistics can be used by contractors to plan and control the efficient and effective flow of materials from the suppliers to their incorporation into the finished structure. This paper presents the development of a construction logistics planning model that simultaneously optimizes the decisions of material supply and site layout in order to minimize logistics costs that include ordering, carrying, shortage, and layout costs. New methodologies are incorporated in the developed model to represent the interdependencies between material supply and layout decisions as well as to measure the impact of these decisions on project delays. An application example is analyzed to highlight the capabilities and performance of the proposed model.
Evaluation of varietal grape juice : influence of processing method, sugar and acid adjustment, and carbonation

This study investigated the influence of processing method, sugar and acid adjustment, and carbonation on the quality of grape juice from 5 cultivars of wine grapes. A sensory panel found the juices with adjusted sugar and/or acid rated higher in flavor than the juices with no sugar and/or acid adjustment. Carbonation improved the ratings of the juices with no sugar and/or acid adjustment, but generally had no effect on the adjusted juices. The heat process treatment produced higher color ratings as determined by CDM values in most cultivars. The Riesling and Chelois produced juices that rated comparable to those of Niagara and Concord, the juice industry standards.
Digital Array Scanned Interferometer: Sensors And Results

Digital Array Scanned Interferometers (DASI), blend characteristics of a grating spectrometer and a two-beam interferometer for acquisition of hyperspectra. DASIs possess field widened capabilities that permit very high throughput. Aspects of DASI design, hyperspectra and data processing methods are presented. In particular, we provide data showing the important result that photon noise limited hyperspectra are achievable for DASI data acquired with a variety of FPAs.
Ecological forestry in an uneven-aged, late-successional forest: Simulated effects of contrasting treatments on structure and yield

Abstract Ecological forestry practices are designed to retain species and structural features important for maintaining ecosystem function but which may be deficient in conventionally managed stands. We used the spatially-explicit, individual tree model CANOPY to assess tradeoffs in enhanced ecological attributes vs. reductions in timber yield for a wide variety of treatments in uneven-aged, late-successional northern hardwood forests. Treatments included various combinations of (1) larger retained maximum tree diameters in the post-harvest stand, (2) permanently reserved legacy trees, (3) variable opening sizes, (4) coarse woody debris retention, (5) species harvest restrictions, and (6) occasional moderate-intensity harvests with larger openings (‘irregular multi-cohort harvests’). Compared to conventional single-tree selection, reduction in simulated harvest yields varied widely from a 9% decline with 7 reserve trees/ha to a 55% reduction in treatments that retained coarse woody debris along with a maximum residual live-tree diameter of 80 cm. Despite the dominance by shade-tolerant species, simulated declines were similar in magnitude to those predicted or observed for relatively shade-intolerant conifers of the Pacific Northwest. Treatments that protected ‘sensitive’ species from harvest or raised the maximum residual diameter to 80 cm appeared to have the best balance between fostering ecological values of old-growth forests and moderating the impact on timber yield. These treatments produced stands meeting minimum structural criteria of old-growth forests while causing harvest declines of 27–30% compared to conventional single-tree selection. Coarse woody debris volumes were similar to those produced by the reserve-tree treatments, but the species-protection and 80 cm treatments had higher densities of large trees, and there was less reduction in yield for each large tree retained in the residual stand. Most other treatments maintained mature forest structure or stands that vacillated between mature and borderline old-growth conditions.
Competitive Analysis of Opportunistic Spectrum Access Strategies

We consider opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) strategies for a transmitter in a multichannel wireless system, where a channel may or may not be available and the transmitter must sense/probe the channel to find out before transmission. Applications for this work include joint probing and transmission for a secondary user in a cognitive radio network. Limited by resources, e.g., energy and time, the transmitter must decide on a subset of a potentially very large number of channels to probe and can only use for transmission those that have been found to be available. In contrast to previous works, we do not assume the user has a priori knowledge regarding the statistics of channel states. The main goal of this work is to design strategies that decide, based only on knowledge of the channel bandwidths/data rates, which channels to probe. We derive optimal strategies that maximize the total expected bandwidth/data rate in the worst-case, via a performance measure in the form of a competitive regret (ratio) between the average performance of a strategy and a genie (or omniscient observer). We examine the performance of these optimal strategies under a wide range of system parameters and practical channel models via numerical studies.
Mechanisms of body fat modulation by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Since its discovery as an anticancer principal from ground beef extract in the 1980s, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has drawn much attention due to its variety of biological activities. One of the most interesting aspects of CLA is its ability to reduce body fat while enhancing lean body mass. One explanation for the variety of biological activities of CLA is that CLA is a mixture of geometric and positional isomers, although the primary research focus is on the two main isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. The involvement of eicosanoid metabolism has been suggested as one mechanism for CLAs wide range of biological activities. Incorporation of CLA in the sn-2 position of phospholipid fractions, and the negative correlation between tissue levels of CLA and arachidonic acid support this. Other possible mechanisms of CLA with regard to body fat reduction will be discussed, as well as differences between human and animal studies. Safety concerns regarding the use of CLA in humans are not conclusive and need further investigation.
Generation of Osr1 conditional mutant mice.

Axin1 is a critical negative regulator of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway. It is a concentration-limiting factor in the β-catenin degradation complex. Axin1 null mutant mouse embryos died at embryonic day 9.5, precluding direct genetic analysis of the roles of Axin1 in many developmental and physiological processes using these mutant mice. In this study, we have generated mice carrying two directly repeated loxP sites flanking the exon 2 region of the Axin1 gene. We show that floxed-allele-carrying mice (Axin1( fx/fx) ) mice appear normal and fertile. Upon crossing the Axin1( fx/fx) mice to the CMV-Cre transgenic mice, the loxP-flanked exon 2 region that encodes the N-terminus and the conserved regulation of G-protein signaling domain was efficiently deleted by Cre-mediated excision in vivo. Moreover, we show that mouse embryos homozygous for the Cre/loxP-mediated deletion of exon 2 of the Axin1 gene display embryonic lethality and developmental defects similar to those reported for Axin1(-/-) mice. Thus, this Axin1(fx/fx) mouse model will be valuable for systematic tissue-specific dissection of the roles of Axin1 in embryonic and postnatal development and diseases.
Regulation of SUP Expression Identifies Multiple Regulators Involved in Arabidopsis Floral Meristem Development

During the course of flower development, floral homeotic genes are expressed in defined concentric regions of floral meristems called whorls. The SUPERMAN (SUP, also called FLO10) gene, which encodes a C2H2-type zinc finger protein, is involved in maintenance of the stamen/carpel whorl boundary (the boundary between whorl 3 and whorl 4) in Arabidopsis. Here, we show that the regulation of SUP expression in floral meristems is complex, consisting of two distinct phases, initiation and maintenance. The floral meristem identity gene LEAFY (LFY) plays a role in the initiation phase through at least two pathways, which differ from each other in the involvement of two homeotic genes, APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI). AP3, PI, and another homeotic gene, AGAMOUS (AG), are further required for SUP expression in the later maintenance phase. Aside from these genes, there are other as yet unidentified genes that control both the temporal and spatial patterns of SUP expression in whorl 3 floral meristems. SUP appears to act transiently, probably functioning to trigger a genetic circuit that creates the correct position of the whorl 3/whorl 4 boundary.
Academic Professionals: A Study of Conflict and Satisfaction in Professoriate

Professional role conflicts of faculty in a research university are examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Results support the "compromise model" of professional bureaucracies with three decision arenas. Technical core of teaching function and purely administrative matters rarely create role conflicts while the area of collective decision making is the fertile ground for role incompatibilities of faculty. Role conflicts experienced by faculty are not found to be related to general job satisfaction but are significantly correlated with faculty disaffection in decisions that affect their work and work environment.
The Godel Hierarchy and Reverse Mathematics

In 1900 the great mathematician David Hilbert laid down a list of 23 mathematical problems [32] which exercised a great influence on subsequent mathematical research. From the perspective of foundational studies, it is noteworthy that Hilbert’s Problems 1 and 2 are squarely in the area of foundations of mathematics, while Problems 10 and 17 turned out to be closely related to mathematical logic. 1
Chromogranin/secretogranin proteins in murine heart: myocardial production of chromogranin A fragment catestatin (Chga364–384)

In the heart, the secretory granules containing the atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) and B-type myocardial natriuretic peptide (BNP) provide the basis for the endocrine function of this organ. We sought to determine whether atrial and myocardial secretory granules contain chromogranin/secretogranin proteins including chromogranin A (CHGA/Chga), chromogranin B (CHGB/Chgb) and secretogranin II (SCG2/Scg2). Deconvolution microscopy on immunolabeled proteins revealed the presence of Chga, Chgb, and Scg2 in murine cardiac secretory granules. The presence of low plasma catestatin (CST: mChga364–384) in older mice indicates diminished processing of Chga to CST with advancement of age, which is comparable to that found in humans. We have previously shown that CST (hCHGA352–372) exerts potent cardio-suppressive effects on frog and rat heart, but the source of CST for such action has remained elusive. In the present study, we found CST-related peptides in cardiomyocytes and in heart, which establishes an autocrine/paracrine function of CST in cardiac tissue. We conclude that cardiac secretory granules contain Chga, Chgb and Scg2 and that Chga is processed to CST in murine heart.
Host galaxy extinction of Type Ia supernovae: co-evolution of interstellar medium structure and the extinction law with star formation

This paper presents a mechanism that may modify the extinction law for Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa) observed at higher redshift. Starting from the observations that (i) SNeIa occur predominantly in spiral galaxies, (ii) star formation ejects interstellar medium (ISM) out of the plane of spirals, (iii) star formation alters the extinction properties of the dust in the ISM, and (iv) there is substantially more star formation at higher redshift, I propose that spiral galaxies have a dustier halo in the past than they do now. The ejected material's lower value of R v will lead to a lower average value (R v ) for SNeIa observed at higher redshift. Two relations in SNIa observations indicate evolution of the average R v : the relation of observed R v with inclination of the host galaxy at low redshift and the matching of the distribution of extinction values (A v ) for SNeIa in different redshift intervals. The inclination effect does point to a halo with lower R v values. In contrast, the distributions of A v values match best for an k v(z) evolution that mimics the relation of SNIa dimming with redshift attributed to the cosmological constant. However, even in the worse-case scenario, the evolution By cannot fully explain the dimming of SNeIa: host galaxy extinction law evolution is not a viable alternative to account for the dimming of SNeIa. Future observations of SNeIa - multicolour light curves and spectra - will solve separately for values of A v and R v foreach SNIa. Solving for evolution of R v (and A v ) with redshift will be important for the coming generation of cosmological SNIa measurements and has the bonus science of insight into the distribution of dust-rich ISM in the host galaxies in the distant past.
Pharmacology of Cannabis

The biological actions of cannabinoid compounds in humans have received the attention of several excellent reviews within the last 20 years (Abood & Martin, 1992; Bhargava, 1978; Dewey, 1986; Hollister, 1986; Lemberger, 1980; Paton, 1975). It is now believed that many of the effects of cannabimimetic compounds can be attributed to their actions via two receptors, the CB1 and the CB2 cannabinoid receptors. The central nervous system (CNS) responses to cannabinoid compounds are believed to be mediated by the CB1 subtype. The CB1 subtype also exists as a splice variant isoform, CB1(b), which is truncated at an extracellular site and whose mRNA is found in much lower abundance (Rinaldi-Carmona et al, 1996; Shire et al, 1995). The CB1(a) and CB1(b) isoforms exhibit relatively similar pharmacological properties when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Rinaldi-Carmona et al, 1996). The CB1 receptor is a G protein coupled receptor that inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and regulates ion channels. Several recent reviews have described the pharmacology, biochemistry, and CNS distribution of this receptor subtype (Abood & Martin, 1992; Howlett, Bidaut-Russell, et al, 1990; Howlett, Evans, & Houston, 1992; R. Pertwee, 1993). The CB2 receptor is found in immune tissue, and is also a G protein coupled receptor that mediates inhibition of cyclic AMP synthesis. As discussed in reviews by Howlett (1995a), Martin (1986), and Pertwee (1988), certain in vitro effects of cannabinoid drugs have been reported that may not be mediated by a receptor mechanism.
Obesity and hyperglycemia lead to impaired post-ischemic recovery after permanent ischemia in mice.

Objective Obesity-induced diabetes has increased over the years and has become one of the risk factors for stroke. We investigated the influence of diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia on permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in mice. Methods Male C57/Bl6 mice were treated with a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet [HFCD/obese and hyperglycemia (O/H)] or a normal diet (control) for 3.5 months, subjected to pMCAO, and sacrificed after 7 days. Results Infarct volume analysis showed no differences between the O/H and control group, whereas neurological deficits were significantly higher in the O/H group compared to the control group. Sirtuin (Sirt1) was overexpressed and NADPH oxidase was reduced in the O/H group. O/H mice had significantly lower expression of Wnt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 α and β, a key component in the Wnt signaling pathway. Translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus was observed in both the O/H and control groups, but O/H mice showed a higher expression of AIF in the nucleus. Conclusions These data suggest that impaired Wnt signaling and active apoptosis result in reduced post-stroke recovery in obese and hyperglycemic mice.
How Americans Judge Presidents: A Typology

This study uses depth interviews to do what survey research alone cannot: mine the underpinnings of presidential approval. Past depth interview studies show that intensive study of small nonrandom samples “can provide insights into patterns of conceptualization present throughout society” (Graber, 1988: 13). I use such a sample here - 179 ordinary Americans - to map this under-explored terrain.Early interviews interpreted in the light of polls and published scholarship suggested that different groups of individuals might be reasoning in different ways when asked to evaluate presidential performance. This prompted the typology hypothesis that is presented and tested here. Coding confirmed the prediction of four mutually exclusive and exhaustive types. This coding fit, the link to literature and a purposive sample combine to support a claim to external validity comparable to such exemplary small-N studies as Lane (1962) and Fenno (1978).The typology challenges the conventional political science wisdom that the mass public must fall back on low-information rationality if it is to hold the president accountable. The large proportion of vigilant and well-informed respondents (The typology’s Instrumentals and Ideologues) shows that there is potential for a more ambitious brand of citizen oversight.
A role for NMDA receptors in posthypoxic frequency decline in the rat

Posthypoxic frequency decline (PHFD) refers to the undershoot in respiratory frequency that follows brief hypoxic exposures. Lateral pontine neurons are required for PHFD. The neurotransmitters involved in the circuit that activate and/or are released by these pontine neurons regulating PHFD are unknown. We hypothesized thatN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are required for PHFD, because of the similarity in respiratory pattern after blocking lateral pontine activity or NMDA receptors. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the location of these NMDA receptors could be visualized by optimizing binding affinity with spermidine. In vagotomized, anesthetized rats (n = 16), cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia (8% O2, 30–90 s) were recorded before and after dizocilpine (10 μg-1 mg/kg iv), and NMDA receptors were mapped with [3H]dizocilpine (n = 6). Dizocilpine elicited a dose-related effect on PHFD, blocking PHFD at high doses. Resting arterial blood pressure and breathing frequency decreased with high doses...
Establishing Medical Students’ Cultural and Linguistic Competence for the Care of Spanish-Speaking Limited English Proficient Patients

Limited English proficient (LEP) patients are at risk of disparities in health and health care quality. These disparities can be mitigated by providing care in a language they understand. Undergraduate medical education provides an opportunity to stress that language barriers negatively impact the quality and safety of health care for LEP patients and to teach students how to overcome them. Because the preponderance of LEP patients in the USA is Spanish speaking, the majority of US medical schools have established medical Spanish coursework for interested students. However, 70 % of medical schools note significant obstacles to delivering this curriculum. The most commonly cited obstacles include a lack of time to deliver it, heterogeneous student skill levels, and insufficient faculty support. We also note that educators need to make sure not to propagate disparities and medical errors for LEP patients. We provide recommendations for establishing medical students’ linguistic and cultural competence for the care Spanish-speaking limited English proficiency patients, with the caution that this instruction must be coupled with education as to when to call on an interpreter if participants are not fluent in Spanish at the end of the course.