cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of botanists during World War II in the Pacific theatre

During World War II some professional botanists and graduate students who were drafted, enlisted, or commissioned in the armed forces were fortunate to be able to use their training directly or indirectly. This was especially true for the Pacific theatre. Others served their country as civilians. The roles of botanists in the military ranged from teaching or research to participation in combat or support operations. A few botanists in uniform, in spite of their occupational obligations, were able to collect botanical specimens and were encouraged to do so by civilian museum personnel. The best known projects for botanists as civilians involved the search for native supplies of strategic raw materials, particularlyCinchona andHevea, whileCryptostegia and Guayule, as possible sources of latex, were grown on plantations and studied in detail. Tropical problems of fungal deterioration of fabrics and optical equipment involved primarily civilian botanists in both military and academic laboratories. Some older botanists and those deferred for marital, dependent, or physical reasons served as instructors in regular academic programs or the special college programs for military personnel. This paper is a summary of the contributions of botanists from the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to the war effort in the Pacific theatre during World War II.
Correlations between Teacher and Student Background and Teacher Perceptions of Discipline Problems and Disciplinary Techniques.

A survey of elementary school teachers was conducted to examine the relations between teacher perceptions of discipline problems and disciplinary techniques and five background characteristics of teachers and students: (a) teacher education, (b) teacher experience, (c) student social class, (d) student ethnicity, and (e) student grade level. In general, more experienced and educated teachers preferred confronting students about misbehavior, while less educated teachers rated physical or verbal punishments more favorably. Teachers in schools serving lower social classes and/or more minority students reported more discipline problems and more use of physical punishment. Many other significant relations were reported.
Automatic compensation of alignment errors in machine tools

Abstract A new conception in automatic computer-controlled machine tools has been proposed, that of providing for continuous compensation of inherent errors in the machine due to imperfections in the straightness and/or the orthogonality of the slideways. A basic analysis to ascertain the main requirements for such a system is given—and includes derivation of geometrical formulae for relative positioning of reference planes and measuring probes, form of computation for total error and methods of inserting compensating signals into the servo-controlled feed drives. From an application to a proposed profiling machine, the accuracy requirements for some of the elements of a system are estimated—it is apparent that optical methods offer the best solution for misalignment measurement and details of current investigations are given. The first experimental rig operates in one axis only and has been arranged for grinding straight edges.
Nondissociative Adsorption of H 2 Molecules in Light-Element-Doped Fullerenes

First-principles density functional and quantum Monte Carlo calculations of light-element doped fullerenes reveal significantly enhanced molecular ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ binding for substitutional B and Be. A nonclassical three-center binding mechanism between the dopant and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is identified, which is maximized when the empty ${p}_{z}$ orbital of the dopant is highly localized. The calculated binding energies of $0.2--0.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}/{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is suited for reversible hydrogen storage at near standard conditions. The calculated ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ sorption process is barrierless, which could also significantly simplify the kinetics for the storage.
Social Distance as a Factor in Second Language Acquisition.

This paper examines a series of societal factors that promote either social distance or proximity between two groups and thus affect the degree to which a second language learning group (2LL group) acquires the language of a particular target language group (TL group). It is argued that social distance and hence a bad language learning situation will exist where the 2LL group is either dominant or subordinate, where both groups desire preservation and high enclosure for the 2LL group, where the 2LL group is both cohesive and large, where the two cultures are not congruent, where the two groups hold negative attitudes toward each other and where the 2LL group intends to remain in the target language area only for a short time. It is also argued that social solidarity and hence a good language learning situation will exist where the 2LL group is non-dominant in relation to the TL group, where both groups desire assimilation for the 2LL group, where low enclosure is the goal of both groups, where the two cultures are congruent, where the 2LL group is small and non-cohesive, where both groups have positive attitudes toward each other, and where the 2LL group intends to remain in the target language area for a long time. Examples of both good and bad language learning situations are drawn from actual contact situations: Americans living in Saudi Arabia, American Indians in the US. and American Jewish immigrants in Israel.
Effect of colony size on the competitive outcome of encrusting colonial organisms

The relative importance of colony size ratio of interacting species was studied in Tomioka Bay, Japan. Six encrusting colonial species belonging to the following three different taxonomic groups were tested: Ascidia (three species), Bryozoa (two) and Porifera (one). Colonies of these organisms were grown in the community of sessile organisms developed on plastic panels. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the effect of size ratio on the competitive outcome of interacting colonies. The results between all possible combinations among these six species did not show a significant size effect in competitive outcome (i.e. a larger colony size did not always prove important in the success of a competitive interaction with smaller colonies of other species). On the contrary, competitive success depends on the types of species interacting. Certain species such asDidemnum moseleyi (ascidian) andHaliclona sp. (sponge), in spite of being smaller in colony size, won in competitive interactions with larger colonies of other species such asDiplosoma mitsukurii (ascidian) andWatersipora subovoidea (bryozoan). These results contradict the one reported earlier: that the larger the colony size, the more chance the colony will have to win in competitive interactions.
Extended powers of spectra and a generalized Kahn-Priddy theorem

lN[7], Kahn and Priddy showed that, localized at a prime p, there is a map of infinite loop spaces QBCp-,QOSo that is a projection onto a direct factor in the category of topological spaces. Here QX = R “Z “X where a cc is the 0th space functor from the category of spectra to the category of spaces, right adjoint to the suspension spectrum functor C”, BC, is the classifying space of the symmetric group Zp, and QoSo is the bzsepoint component of Qs’. This splitting in fact “deloops” once[8], so that QyPB&-+QS’ has a right inverse, where 8’ is the simply connected cover of 5’. Note that QS’ is the fiber of the structure map QS’+S’ associated to the infinite loop space S’. In this paper we prove a generalization of the Kahn-Priddy theorem in this strong form, in which S’ is replaced by an arbitrary connected infinite loop space. When p = 2, our theorem corresponds to work by Finkelstein and Kahn announced in [5]. Our proof is quite short and noncomputational. We make use of manipulations of the adjoint pair (Zn;, a=). This allows us to work stably so that we can make use of the splitting[6], valid for any connected space X:
Flowgraph Analysis for Effect Decomposition Use in Recursive and Nonrecursive Models

Current effect-decomposition methods have three major weaknesses: (1) the conceptual framework used, although appropriate for recursive models, is too narrow for use in nonrecursive models; (2) the discussion of nonrecursive models has been limited to single-loop simultaneous models; and (3) the computation procedures are complicated and laborious or they require additional computer works. This article proposes the use of a flowgraph method that eliminates these difficulties. It is shown that with a limited number of flowgraph analysis rules, the effects in either recursive or nonrecursive models can be easily decomposed.
A collective navigation hypothesis for homeward migration in anadromous salmonids

Anadromous salmon (genera Oncorhynchus and Salmo) spend much of their lives feeding in productive northern oceans and then return home to natal sites for reproduction with remarkable accuracy. The mechanisms used for navigation by individuals during migrations are thought to include geomagnetic, celestial and olfactory cues, but rarely are social interactions between individuals considered. Mounting evidence from other taxa indicates that individuals in larger groups can better sense and respond to environmental cues, thus potentially increasing their ability to navigate. Here, we propose that salmon might similarly benefit from collective navigation on their homeward journey. To explore this, we compiled data from multiple studies and found strong evidence that rates of successful homing increase with population abundance, consistent with collective navigation. We then discuss how collective navigation could benefit salmon during each stage of their seaward and homeward migrations, and complement this with a review of salmon sociality. Next, we analyse historic high-seas catch records and provide new insight into schooling structure of salmon in the marine environment. We argue that collective navigation likely represents a presently under-appreciated
Learning to plan and planning to learn: resolving the planning school/learning school debate

This paper resolves the long-standing debate between the two dominant process schools in strategy. Analysis of the planning practices of 656 firms shows that formal planning and incrementalism both form part of ‘good’ strategic planning, especially in unstable environments. Environment neither moderates the need for formal planning nor the direction of the planning/performance relationship, but does moderate firm planning capabilities and planning flexibility. In unstable environments planning capabilities are far better developed and formal plans more amenable to change. The planning/performance relationship is, however, moderated by planning duration: at least four years of formal planning are required before external performance associations are noted. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rate of viscosity changes in five salivary protein fractions following pH alterations.

– The change of viscosity with time following alteration of pH was studied in five protein fractions isolated from human parotid saliva. The results indicate that sudden pH changes may cause rapid charge alterations leading to shock-like expansion or compression of the molecules. This quick reaction seems to be followed by more slowly proceeding conformational alterations probably involving folding, intermingling, and other types of chain interactions. The content of proline residues may influence the rate and extent of such conformational changes.
Cell-Phone–Induced Driver Distraction

Our research examined the effects of hands-free cell-phone conversations on simulated driving. We found that even when participants looked directly at objects in the driving environment, they were less likely to create a durable memory of those objects if they were conversing on a cell phone. This pattern was obtained for objects of both high and low relevance, suggesting that very little semantic analysis of the objects occurs outside the restricted focus of attention. Moreover, in-vehicle conversations do not interfere with driving as much as cell-phone conversations do, because drivers are better able to synchronize the processing demands of driving with in-vehicle conversations than with cell-phone conversations. Together, these data support an inattention-blindness interpretation wherein the disruptive effects of cell-phone conversations on driving are due in large part to the diversion of attention from driving to the phone conversation.
Investigation of RF Noise Generation from Space Vehicles

Analytical and experimental studies have been made on RF noise generated by two types of ion propulsion engines, namely the cesium contact ion engine and the Penning discharge engine. An analytical determination of noise generated by neutralized ion beams is made in which the following mechanisms are considered: electron-ion collisions, acceleration of electrons at the plasma boundary, ion-atom collisions, cathode shot noise, ion acceleration, black body radiation from ion emitter surface, and noise growth radiation. No noise was experimentally observed from the cesium contact engine over the frequency spectrum of 38 to 2200 Mc, but the Penning engine exhibited electron cyclotron radiation. Preliminary conclusions of this study are that reliable communications systems with a vehicle involving a Penning discharge propulsion engine should probably be operated above the cyclotron and plasma frequencies.
Adaptive data partitioning for ambient multimedia

In the near future, Ambient Intelligence (AmI) will become part of everyday life. Combining feature-rich multimedia with AmI (dubbed Ambient Multimedia for short) has the potential of changing the way we perceive and interact with our environment. One major difficulty, however, in designing Ambient Multimedia Systems (AMS) comes from the strong constraints imposed on system resources by the AmI application requirements. In this paper, we propose a method for mapping multimedia applications on systems with very limited resources (i.e. memory, computing capability and battery lifetime) by combining adaptive data partitioning with dynamic power management. The potential of the approach is illustrated through a case study of an object tracking application running on a resource-constrained platform.
The Global Partnership for Education’s evolving support to fragile and conflict-affected states

Abstract In this study, we trace the history of policy development within the Global Partnership for Education to discern the drivers behind the uptake of its shifting policies relating to education in fragile and conflict-affected states. In order to elucidate how and why this international organization has altered its policy stance and funding modalities, we employ a process tracing analysis of document and interview data. Moreover, we provide three country case studies of Global Partnership for Education financing to Liberia, Madagascar, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Potential for deregulation of land mobile radio services

The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential for deregulating the use of land mobile radio spectrum. The rationale and goals of spectrum management are discussed and critically analyzed within the context of technical and regulatory constraints. Proposed economic or marketplace techniques for managing the spectrum are compared to existing regulations, and their respective externalities are assessed. A strong potential for deregulating land mobile spectrum is found. Recommendations are made to recognize economic efficiency as a goal of spectrum management, to break down block allocations, to unlock regulations from particular technologies, and to experiment with economic or marketplace techniques.
Literacy Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening in Community Clinics

This article examines the relationship between literacy and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening knowledge, beliefs, and experiences, with a focus on fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs). Participants were 975 patients in 8 Louisiana federally qualified health centers. Participants were 50 years of age or older and not up to date with CRC screening; approximately half (52%) had low literacy (less than a 9th-grade level). Participants with low literacy were less likely than were those with adequate literacy to be aware of advertisements promoting CRC screening (58.7% vs. 76.3%, p < .0001) or to believe it was very helpful to find CRC early (74.5% vs. 91.9%, p < .0001). The majority of participants had positive beliefs about the benefits of CRC screening using FOBTs. Participants with low literacy had more perceived barriers to FOBT completion and were more likely to strongly agree or agree that FOBTs would be confusing, embarrassing, or a lot of trouble; however, none of these remained significant in multivariate analyses controlling for relevant covariates. Confidence in being able to obtain an FOBT kit was high among those with low and adequate literacy (89.8% vs. 93.1%, respectively, p = .20); yet multivariate analyses revealed a significant difference in regard to literacy (p = .04) with low-literacy participants indicating less confidence. There was no significant difference by literacy in ever receiving a physician recommendation for CRC screening (38.4% low vs. 39.0% adequate, p = .79); however, multivariate analyses revealed significant differences in FOBT completion by literacy (p = .036). Overall, findings suggest that literacy is a factor in patients' CRC knowledge, beliefs, and confidence in obtaining a FOBT.
Reconstruction equations and the Karhunen—Loéve expansion for systems with symmetry

We present a method for applying the Karhunen–Loeve decomposition to systems with continuous symmetry. The techniques in this paper contribute to the general procedure of removing variables associated with the symmetry of a problem, and related ideas have been used in previous works both to identify coherent structures in solutions of PDEs, and to derive low-order models via Galerkin projection. The main result of this paper is to derive a simple and easily implementable set of reconstruction equationswhich close the system of ODEs produced by Galerkin projection. The geometric interpretation of the method closely parallels techniques used in geometric phases and reconstruction techniques in geometric mechanics. We apply the method to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation and are able to derive accurate models of considerably lower dimension than are possible with the traditional Karhunen–Loeve expansion.
Load balancing a cluster of web servers: using distributed packet rewriting

We present and evaluate an implementation of a prototype scalable web server consisting of a load-balanced cluster of hosts that collectively accept and service TCP connections. The host IP addresses are advertised using round robin DNS (RR-DNS) technique, allowing any host to receive requests from any client. Once a client attempts to establish a TCP connection with one of the hosts, a decision is made as to whether or not the connection should be redirected to a different host-namely, the host with the lowest number of established connections. We use the low-overhead Distributed Packet Rewriting (DPR) technique to redirect TCP connections. In our prototype, each host keeps information about the remaining hosts in the system. Load information is maintained using periodic multicast amongst the cluster hosts. Performance measurements suggest that our prototype outperforms both pure RR-DNS and the stateless DPR solutions.
Bounds for BEM capacitance extraction

In this paper we prove that simply discarding conductors beyonda certain spacing during BEM capacitance extraction willresult in a lower bound on the self-capacitance calculations andan upper bound on the mutual capacitance calculations that liewithin that spacing. We prove that a potential-shift and truncatescheme can yield bounds opposite to those for the truncate onlycase; namely, an upper bound on the self capacitance and a lowerbound on the mutual capacitance that lies within the chosenspacing. The ease with which the upper and lower bounds arecalculated is shown, and their utility for selection of an optimalwindow size is described. A metal shell is also presented here thatresults in bounds similar to those of shift-truncate. We furtherpropose a new potential-shift function that yields increased approximationaccuracy compared to shift-truncate in many cases.
Mechanisms of Androgen-mediated Hair Growth

Analyses of hair distribution in normal adult controls, in patients with varying defects of androgen synthesis or androgen action, and in women with virilization syndromes have enabled us to elucidate some of the mechanisms involved in androgen-mediated hair growth. These analyses require an understanding of androgen synthesis and action in normal individuals.
Bending of nanoscale thin Si film induced by growth of Ge islands: Hut vs. dome

We perform atomistic simulations to compute bending of freestanding nanoscale thin Si film induced by strained Ge islands. We show that a larger Ge dome island can induce smaller bending than a smaller hut island and explain the surprising experimental observation for growth of Ge islands on patterned silicon-on-insulator substrate (SOI) with Si template layer thinned down to nanometer scale. This counterintuitive bending behavior is caused by strain sharing between the film and the ultra thin substrate.
Estimating Peer Effects in Longitudinal Dyadic Data Using Instrumental Variables

The identification of causal peer effects (also known as social contagion or induction) from observational data in social networks is challenged by two distinct sources of bias: latent homophily and unobserved confounding. In this paper, we investigate how causal peer effects of traits and behaviors can be identified using genes (or other structurally isomorphic variables) as instrumental variables (IV) in a large set of data generating models with homophily and confounding. We use directed acyclic graphs to represent these models and employ multiple IV strategies and report three main identification results. First, using a single fixed gene (or allele) as an IV will generally fail to identify peer effects if the gene affects past values of the treatment. Second, multiple fixed genes/alleles, or, more promisingly, time-varying gene expression, can identify peer effects if we instrument exclusion violations as well as the focal treatment. Third, we show that IV identification of peer effects remains possible even under multiple complications often regarded as lethal for IV identification of intra-individual effects, such as pleiotropy on observables and unobservables, homophily on past phenotype, past and ongoing homophily on genotype, inter-phenotype peer effects, population stratification, gene expression that is endogenous to past phenotype and past gene expression, and others. We apply our identification results to estimating peer effects of body mass index (BMI) among friends and spouses in the Framingham Heart Study. Results suggest a positive causal peer effect of BMI between friends.
Is Direct Supervision in Clinical Education for Athletic Training Students Always Necessary to Enhance Student Learning

Objective: To present an alternative m odel of supervision within clinical education experiences. Background: Several years ago direct supervision was defined more clearly in the accreditation standards for athletic training education programs (ATEPs). C urrently, athletic training students may not gain any clinical experience without their clinical supervisors being physically present so that the supervisors may intervene at any point if necessary. Although we do not disagree with the spirit of this r equirement, we present information regarding t he ch anging g eneration o f students and the importance of developing strong professionals who will represent our field in the ever-changing allied health care arena. Clinical Advantages: We believe student learning may take place without direct supervision and that a system of guided autonomy with meaningful and dynamic reflection may better prepare the student for the future. We feel that limited aspects of an athletic training student’s clinical experience may not always nee d di rect supervision. If students ar e pe rforming skills that are not in violation of any professional practice acts, their interest and learning m ay increase with a guided autonomy model, as opposed to direct supervision. For example, once an athletic training student has mastered skills like t aping, stretching, and initiating a n em ergency action plan, they should be able t o ef fectively and safely perform these aspects wi thout direct supervision. We sug gest that students may continue to learn, and benefit from an
The Political and Institutional Setting for Risk Analysis

Public concern for a wide array of risks to health, safety, and environmental quality has increased significantly in the last 15 years as have governmental efforts to deal with those risks. More recently, scientific analysis of such technological risks, from nuclear power plant operation to toxic and hazardous materials in the environment, has become a growth industry, the result of which is a substantial literature on risk analysis. Most of this literature, however, focuses on technical and methodological issues of risk assessment; there has been a comparative neglect of processes of risk evaluation and more generally political variables affecting implementation of risk reduction policies. If methods of risk assessment are to be employed more effectively in governmental settings and if they are to help bring greater rationality to policy decisions, improved understanding of political as well as technical aspects of risk analysis is essential. In particular, greater knowledge of how political and institutional forces affect the conduct, use, and impact of risk analysis is necessary to speak confidently of effective strategies of change.
Cloud Ice Crystal Classification Using a 95-GHz Polarimetric Radar

Abstract Two algorithms are presented for ice crystal classification using 95-GHz polarimetric radar observables and air temperature (T). Both are based on a fuzzy logic scheme. Ice crystals are classified as columnar crystals (CC), planar crystals (PC), mixtures of PC and small- to medium-sized aggregates and/or lightly to moderately rimed PC (PSAR), medium- to large-sized aggregates of PC, or densely rimed PC, or graupel-like snow or small lumpy graupel (PLARG), and graupel larger than about 2 mm (G). The 1D algorithm makes use of Zh, Zdr, LDRhv, and T, while the 2D algorithm incorporates the three radar observables in pairs, (Zdr, Zh), (LDRhv, Zh), and (Zdr, LDRhv), plus the temperature T. The range of values for each observable or pair of observables is derived from extensive modeling studies conducted earlier. The algorithms are tested using side-looking radar measurements from an aircraft, which was also equipped with particle probes producing simultaneous and nearly collocated shadow images of clou...
Compositional Systems and Methods

We have already observed that composing finite state processes in parallel leads to an exponential explosion of states in the worst case, which imposes a strong limit on the size and complexity of a system that can be verified by state enumeration methods. Since most Systems by design have a natural division into components or modules, it seems natural to try to reduce the number of processes by taking a divide-and-conquer approach. This means that we separate the specification of system into properties of its components, and verify the properties of the components separately. This of course leaves us the Obligation of proving that the component specifications in turn imply the specification of the entire system. This is called compositional verification.
Do juries listen to jury instructions

The author reports the case in which he was sued for medical malpractice. A nonunanimous jury found in favor of the plaintiff. Interviews of two of the jurors revealed that the jury discounted the expert testimony on both sides, the evidence, and the jury instructions. The author, finding that the jury decided the case based upon it's perception of the physician's "bedside manner," concludes that juries expect psychiatrists to behave more like friendly family doctors than objective psychoanalysts.
Geophysical analysis of transverse ridges and internal structure at Lone Peak Rock Glacier, Big Sky, Montana, USA

Rock glaciers are periglacial alpine landforms that are found in many locations worldwide. Whereas well-developed models of deformation are established for traditional alpine glaciers, rock glacier deformation is poorly understood. Geophysical data from Lone Peak Rock Glacier (LPRG), southwest Montana, USA, are paired with lidar bare-earth 1 m digital elevation model (DEM) analysis to explore potential genetic relationships between internal composition, structure and regularly spaced arcuate transverse ridges expressed at the rock glacier surface. The internal composition of LPRG is heterogeneous, with frozen debris and clean ice overlain by an unconsolidated talus mantle. Upslope-dipping, clearly distinguished reflectors in the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) longitudinal survey at LPRG correspond to transverse ridges. The spacing and slope of individual features at the surface and in the subsurface were measured and compared and are found to be similar. The structures observed at LPRG and other rock glaciers are similar to structures detected in glaciotectonically altered sediment, ice-cored moraines and other rock glacier settings. This finding suggests that transverse ridges on rock glaciers may be used as geomorphic indicators of internal deformation. This study contributes to the body of research on the application of GPR to rock glaciers, and is the first to directly pair and analyze individual surface topographic features with internal structures.
Causes of Changing Inequality in the World

To come up with a theory that explains inequality and that has common application across many countries, we need measurements of inequality across countries and through time that are reasonably comprehensive and reasonably reliable — and this is a major challenge. For most countries in the world today, growth reduces inequality, and rich countries are more egalitarian than poor ones. However, there are exceptions. While global financial forces and changing financial conditions have played a powerful role affecting economic inequalities, there does not appear to be a single permanent trend to inequality.
Adult mouse model of early hepatocellular carcinoma promoted by alcoholic liver disease.

CONCLUSION: We describe a new 12-wk HCC model in adult mice that develops in livers with alcoholic hepatitis and defines ALD as co-factor in HCC.
RAT ADIPOSE TISSUE LIPASES: HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE ACTIVITY AGAINST TRIGLYCERIDES COMPARED WITH ACTIVITY AGAINST LOWER GLYCERIDES.

The hormone-sensitive lipase of rat epididymal adipose tissue is tightly bound to the endogenous tissue lipids which float during centrifugation of homogenates. This endogenous lipid appears to provide the enzyme with saturating levels of triglyceride substrate. A method is described for extracting virtually all of this endogenous substrate with ether, after which about 25% of the original hormone-sensitive enzyme activity can be recovered in an insoluble fraction that now sediments. When assayed with triolein-C14, the activity of this fraction prepared from tissues incubated with epinephrine is twice that of preparations from tissues incubated without hormone. The activity toward monoglycerides and diglycerides, both in the whole homogenate and in the ether-extracted preparation, is more than an order of magnitude greater than that toward triglycerides at equal substrate concentrations. Recovery of activity toward lower glycerides was excellent in the ether-extracted preparations, occasionally almost quantitative. Activity against monoolein or diolein was not affected by preincubation of the tissue with epinephrine. The properties of the enzymes in the ether-extracted preparation suggest that the hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase activity is distinct from the monoglyceride and diglyceride lipase activities. Whether the latter two are referable to the same or different enzymes cannot yet be decided.
Ureteral Obstruction Secondary to a Vena Caval Clip

AbstractWe report a rare case of ureteral obstruction secondary to an inferior vena caval clip. (J. Urol., 140: 1014–1015, 1988)
Organotrisulfide: A High Capacity Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

An organotrisulfide (RSSSR, R is an organic group) has three sulfur atoms which could be involved in multi-electron reduction reactions; therefore it is a promising electrode material for batteries. Herein, we use dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as a model compound to study its redox reactions in rechargeable lithium batteries. With the aid of XRD, XPS, and GC-MS analysis, we confirm DMTS could undergo almost a 4 e− reduction process in a complete discharge to 1.0 V. The discharge products are primarily LiSCH3 and Li2S. The lithium cell with DMTS catholyte delivers an initial specific capacity of 720 mAh g−1DMTS and retains 82 % of the capacity over 50 cycles at C/10 rate. When the electrolyte/DMTS ratio is 3:1 mL g−1, the reversible specific energy for the cell including electrolyte can be 229 Wh kg−1. This study shows organotrisulfide is a promising high-capacity cathode material for high-energy rechargeable lithium batteries.
Market Value Implications of Voluntary Corporate Environmental Initiatives (CEIs)

Although firms engage in a variety of practices to manage their internal environmental performance as well as those of their supply chains, and they often promote those efforts to concerned stakeholders, it is not well understood how those voluntary corporate environmental initiatives (CEIs) affect the financial bottom line, and the market value of the firm. In this chapter, we discuss the various types of environmental initiatives that are reported in the business press, and how they can potentially impact firm costs and revenues. We provide empirical evidence of the relationships between CEIs and the market value of the firm.
Empirical Modeling for Oxygen Transport Processes and Related Physiological and Bioprocess Systems

Engineering analysis is based upon quantification of systems via mathematical modeling and computer simulation. The most fundamental approach is to begin with the basic principles of physics, chemistry and biology and formulate phenomenological models that are based upon mass, energy and momentum balances. This procedure evolves equations with specific system parameters such as, diffusivity, velocity, rate constants, etc., that can be examined to determine system sensitivity to various inputs. The theoretical modeling approach has many advantages because it yields a primary understanding of system behavior at the process parameter level.
Civic and uncivic values in Kosovo: history, politics and value transformation

The authoritative voices of the leading academics in the field set the tone for this sixth volume in a series covering all former-Yugoslav succession states. In examining historiographical traditio...
Plastid Protein Targeting: Preprotein Recognition and Translocation

Eukaryotic organisms are defined by their endomembrane system and various organelles. The membranes that define these organelles require complex protein sorting and molecular machines that selectively mediate the import of proteins from the cytosol to their functional location inside the organelle. The plastid possibly represents the most complex system of protein sorting, requiring many different translocons located in the three membranes found in this organelle. Despite having a small genome of its own, the vast majority of plastid-localized proteins is nuclear encoded and must be posttranslationally imported from the cytosol. These proteins are encoded as a larger molecular weight precursor that contains a special "zip code," a targeting sequence specific to the intended final destination of a given protein. The "zip code" is located at the precursor N-terminus, appropriately called a transit peptide (TP). We aim to provide an overview of plastid trafficking with a focus on the mechanism and regulation of the general import pathway, which serves as a central import hub for thousands of proteins that function in the plastid. We extend comparative analysis of plant proteomes to develop a better understanding of the evolution of TPs and differential TP recognition. We also review alternate import pathways, including vesicle-mediated trafficking, dual targeting, and import of signal-anchored and tail-anchored proteins.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Healthcare Experiences of Aging Adults

Originality This project is highly innovative as it is the first attempt to understand how the adult autism population accesses care and perceives their healthcare interactions. This study serves as a starting point to suggest new opportunities for further research for this growing population.
From Sectarianism to Terrorism in Northern Nigeria: A Closer Look at Boko Haram

This chapter examines the emergence of Boko Haram within the broader historical, social and political context of Islamic reform movements in Northern Nigeria. It argues that the rise of Boko Haram as a radical Salafi-jihadist movement pertains not only to the legacies of Usman dan Fodio’s nineteenth-century jihad and the Sokoto Caliphate that serves as a spiritual inspiration and model for the insurgency, but also to the fragmentation of sacred authority in Northern Nigeria. The author argues that Boko Haram emerged as a formidable security threat to the corrupt Nigerian state as a result of local grievances, the failure of the northern Muslim elites to implement Shari’a, internal sectarian divisions within the Muslim Ummah, as well as predatory elite politics of clientelism that pervades Nigeria’s political landscape.
Analyzing the Molecular Kinetics of Water Spreading on Hydrophobic Surfaces via Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

In this paper, we report molecular kinetic analyses of water spreading on hydrophobic surfaces via molecular dynamics simulation. The hydrophobic surfaces are composed of amorphous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with a static contact angle of ~112.4° for water. On the basis of the molecular kinetic theory (MKT), the influences of both viscous damping and solid-liquid retarding were analyzed in evaluating contact line friction, which characterizes the frictional force on the contact line. The unit displacement length on PTFE was estimated to be ~0.621 nm and is ~4 times as long as the bond length of C-C backbone. The static friction coefficient was found to be ~ $${10}^{-3}$$ Pa·s, which is on the same order of magnitude as the dynamic viscosity of water, and increases with the droplet size. A nondimensional number defined by the ratio of the standard deviation of wetting velocity to the characteristic wetting velocity was put forward to signify the strength of the inherent contact line fluctuation and unveil the mechanism of enhanced energy dissipation in nanoscale, whereas such effect would become insignificant in macroscale. Moreover, regarding a liquid droplet on hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces, an approximate solution to the base radius development was derived by an asymptotic expansion approach.
A Discrete Choice Model for Subset Selection

Multinomial logistic regression is a classical technique for modeling how individuals choose an item from a finite set of alternatives. This methodology is a workhorse in both discrete choice theory and machine learning. However, it is unclear how to generalize multinomial logistic regression to subset selection, allowing the choice of more than one item at a time. We present a new model for subset selection derived from the perspective of random utility maximization in discrete choice theory. In our model, the quality of a subset is determined by the quality of its elements, plus an optional correction. Given a budget on the number of subsets that may receive correction, we develop a framework for learning the quality scores for each item, the choice of subsets, and the correction for each subset. We show that, given the subsets to receive correction, we can efficiently and optimally learn the remaining model parameters jointly. We show further that learning the optimal subsets is both NP-hard and non-submodular, but there are efficient heuristics that perform well in practice. We combine these pieces to provide an overall learning solution and apply it to subset prediction tasks. We find that with reasonably-sized budgets, there are significant gains in average per-choice likelihood ranging from 7% to 8x depending on the dataset and also substantial improvements over a determinantal point process model.
The Effect of Incomplete Death Certificates on Estimates of Unintentional Opioid-Related Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999-2015:

Objectives:A complete and accurate count of the number of opioid-related overdose deaths is essential to properly allocate resources. We determined the rate of unintentional overdose deaths (non–opioid-related, opioid-related, or unspecified) in the United States and by state from 1999 to 2015 and the possible effects of underreporting on national estimates of opioid abuse.Methods:We abstracted unintentional drug overdose deaths (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes X40-X44) with contributory drug-specific T codes (T36.0-T50.9) from the Mortality Multiple Cause Micro-Data Files. We assumed that the proportion of unspecified overdose deaths that might be attributed to opioids would be the same as the proportion of opioid-related overdose deaths among all overdose deaths and calculated the number of deaths that could be reallocated as opioid-related for each state and year. We then added these reallocated deaths to the reported deaths to determine their potential effect on total op...
Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Menschenrechtserklärungen der Moderne

Dass dem Protestantismus entscheidende Bedeutung fur die Entstehung der modernen westlichen Gesellschaften zukommt, galt lange als ausgemacht. Bahnbrechend fur diese ‚protestantische‘ Deutung der Moderne waren vor allem die Arbeiten, die Ernst Troeltsch, Max Weber und Georg Jellinek in kurzen Abstanden um die Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert vorgelegt haben. Es war der Staatsrechtler Georg Jellinek, der in diesem Trio gewissermasen den politisch-rechtlichen Bereich verwaltete. In seiner kurzen Schrift „Die Erklarung der Menschen- und Burgerrechte“ wendet er sich gegen die These, die gleichnamige franzosische Erklarung von 1789 sei auf Rousseau und seine Lehre vom „Contrat Social“ zuruckzufuhren. Sie sei, so Jellinek, vielmehr von den Menschenrechtserklarungen der verschiedenen US-amerikanischen Grunderstaaten nach 1776 abhangig, in deren Hintergrund wiederum der protestantische Kampf um Religionsfreiheit stehe.
Driving in alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and stroke

The proportion of elderly in the general population is projected to rise, with corresponding increases in age-related neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), and stroke. These disorders impair perception, cognition, and motor function, leading to reduced driver fitness and increased crash risk. Medical diagnosis or age alone is not reliable enough to predict driver safety or crashes and there is no effective rehabilitation for these drivers. Driving simulators can help characterize patterns of driver error in a roadway environment that are challenging but safe compared to driving on the open road. There is preliminary evidence that simulators can be used in driver rehabilitation in neurological disorders (e.g., stroke). Driving simulators have been used to discriminate between the performance of drivers with AD, PD, and stroke and comparison drivers of similar age without neurological disease. Impairments in cognition, visual perception, and motor function have been the main predictors of poor simulated driving outcomes. A number of scenarios and the dependent variables can be used to differentiate between normal older drivers and those with PD, AD, and stroke, depending on the specific questions to be answered. Scenarios to discriminate between safe and unsafe drivers with neurological disease can be implemented on a variety of simulators. The relationships between performance on these different platforms and real-world driving performance is under study.
Gut Sphingolipid Composition as a Prelude to Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a major challenge in neonatology. Little is known about NEC pathophysiology apart from the presence of pre-event gut dysbiosis. Here, we applied broad range metabolomics to stools obtained 1–5 days before NEC developed from 9 cases (9 samples) and 19 (32 samples) controls matched for gestational age at birth and birth weight. The 764 identified metabolites identified six pathways that differ between cases and controls. We pursued sphingolipid metabolism because cases had decreased ceramides and increased sphingomyelins compared to controls, and because of the relevance of sphingolipids to human inflammatory disorders. Targeted analysis of samples from 23 cases and 46 controls confirmed the initial broad range observations. While metabolites provided only 73% accuracy of classification by machine learning, hierarchical clustering defined a sphingolipid associated grouping that contained 60% of the cases but only 13% of the controls, possibly identifying a pathophysiologically distinct subset of NEC. The clustering did not associate with any of the analyzed clinical and sample variables. We conclude that there are significant changes in sphingolipid metabolism components in pre-NEC stools compared to controls, but our data urge circumspection before using sphingolipids as broadly applicable predictive biomarkers.
Fact Checking in Knowledge Graphs with Ontological Subgraph Patterns

Given a knowledge graph and a fact (a triple statement), fact checking is to decide whether the fact belongs to the missing part of the graph. Facts in real-world knowledge bases are typically interpreted by both topological and semantic context that is not fully exploited by existing methods. This paper introduces a novel fact checking method that explicitly exploits discriminant subgraph structures. Our method discovers discriminant subgraphs associated with a set of training facts, characterized by a class of graph fact checking rules. These rules incorporate expressive subgraph patterns to jointly describe both topological and ontological constraints. (1) We extend graph fact checking rules ( $${\mathsf{GFCs}}$$ ) to a class of ontological graph fact checking rules ( $${\mathsf{OGFCs}}$$ ). $${\mathsf{OGFCs}}$$ generalize $${\mathsf{GFCs}}$$ by incorporating both topological constraints and ontological closeness to best distinguish between true and false fact statements. We provide quality measures to characterize useful patterns that are both discriminant and diversified. (2) Despite the increased expressiveness, we show that it is feasible to discover $${\mathsf{OGFCs}}$$ in large graphs with ontologies, by developing a supervised pattern discovery algorithm. To find useful $${\mathsf{OGFCs}}$$ as early as possible, it generates subgraph patterns relevant to training facts and dynamically selects patterns from a pattern stream with a small update cost per pattern. We verify that $${\mathsf{OGFCs}}$$ can be used as rules and provide useful features for other statistical learning-based fact checking models. Using real-world knowledge bases, we experimentally verify the efficiency and the effectiveness of $${\mathsf{OGFC}}$$ -based techniques for fact checking.