cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A key course to unlock communication: Letter writing

It is argued that a course in letter writing can serve to sharpen communication skills that have become dulled over years of carelessness and thoughtlessness. It teaches the student to understand and respect the reader's needs in every writing situation and to use the necessary tact and diplomacy in all responses. Furthermore, when the 37 daily writing assignments in such a course have rigorous penalties imposed automatically for errors in spelling, grammar, and syntax, students learn quickly that correct writing is essential.
RESISTANT CARDIOMYOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL RETARDATION IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a primary degenerative disorder of skeletal muscle which affects the myocardium in 50-95% of patients. Cardiac involvement varies from characteristic ECG changes (asymptomatic carriers) to terminal cor pulmonale in affected males. Early heart failure is rare and appears to be caused by an unusual pattern of myocardial fibrosis. Adjacent to areas of fibrosis there are hypertrophic, atrophic fibers surrounded by small islands of fat. This pattern is noted in the epimyocardium. The coronary arteries demonstrate a peculiar intimal pattern of smooth muscle degeneration in close proximaty to areas of epimyocardial fibrosis. Mental retardation occurs in up to 54% of patients with DMD. The association is thought to be genetically determined but not necessarily X-linked. Four patients with aevere myocardopathy and DMD were studied. Three patients were mentally retarded. All patients had early heart failure resistant to usual cardiac medications and all expired within 6 days. These patients suggest that in the spectrum of DMD there is a syndrome of early severe refractory heart failure, mental retardation and epimyocardial fibrosis that is determined 1 by an yet unknown linked genetic factor.
Teachers' pedagogical content knowledge of students' problem solving in elementary arithmetic

This study investigated 40 first-grade teachers' pedagogical content knowledge of children's solutions of addition and subtraction word problems. Most teachers could identify many of the critical distinctions between problems and the primary strategies that children used to solve different kinds of problems. But this knowledge generally was not organized into a coherent network that related distinctions between problems, children's solutions, and problem difficulty. The teachers' knowledge of whether their own students could solve different problems was significantly correlated with student achievement.
Avrami exponents for transformations producing anisotropic particles

Abstract The behavior of Avrami exponents (AE) for systems which produce anisotropic particles (for which shielding effects and phantoms occur) is examined. Probabilistic arguments used in previous studies are applied to derive expressions for the AE as a function of time or the extent of transformation. Numerical calculations for the one dimensional (ID) cases of site saturation and continuous nucleation show that blocking effects produce a minimum in plots of AE versus extent of transformation. The influence of growth rate anisotropy upon the magnitude of the reduction in the AE is also examined and certain features of the behavior of the AE for 2D and 3D systems are discussed.
Review: Casein micelle structure; an examination of models.

Abstract The casein micelle system of bovine milk is unique in that protein aggregates of similar spherical shape but extreme variability of size are formed by the self-assembly of three major nonidentical subunits. The monomeric subunits appear to be approximately the same size and shape with similar amphiphilic natures, the chief difference in properties being in the carbohydrate-containing κ -casein which acts to stabilize the system against precipitation by calcium ion. Micelle models with κ -casein exclusively in the interior lack a stabilization mechanism and can be eliminated. Statistical considerations of a chain polymer model also lead to its rejection. Electron microscopy reveals spherical submicellar aggregates which at present can be accounted for by only three models. Of these three, the experimental data are predicted only by one in which α s1 -, β -, and κ -casein subunits are associated into spherical soap-micelle-like particles with the κ -casein segregated into one portion, giving these submicelles an amphiphilic nature. The α s1 - and β -caseins are hydrophobic while the κ -casein portion of the submicelle surface is hydrophilic. Of particular interest is the ability of this micelle model to explain the formation of a minimum micelle which is larger than a submicellar particle.
Energy development, regional cooperation, and CO2 emissions in Central America

Abstract For the countries of Central America, international cooperation in the area of global warming has sharpened the economic growth v environmental protection tradeoff. This paper simulates two energy futures for Central America as a region: a minimum cost (maximum development) scenario and a minimum CO 2 emissions scenario. The tradeoffs between these two scenarios identify a frontier demonstrating the costs of cutting carbon emissions in Central America. As these costs are relatively low, Central America can use them to negotiate treaties, agreements, and eventually the sale of carbon emission rights to countries or companies facing more expensive carbon reduction strategies.
Attitudes Toward Patients with AIDS

he AIDS epidemic has reached astounding proportions in the United States. As T of September 1992, 242,146 cases of AIDS had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control; of those, 160,372 have died. By 1994, a cumulative total in the United States is projected to reach 415,000 to 535,000 cases.’ The AIDS epidemic has been identified as an urban disease with most cases occurring in metropolitan areas,* yet recent evidence suggests that large numbers of patients with AIDS are returning to their families for support and care. Rural communities are beginning to feel the impact on health care workers, families, and resource^.^ Responsibility for the care of patients with AIDS has been delegated in many situations to rural community nurses and physicians who often are ill prepared to deal with the disease, both medically and socially.4 Personal contact with HIV-positive patients and those with AIDS may elicit highly emotional, prejudicial, and sometimes hysterical response^.^ Studies have indicated that nurses with negative attitudes are less likely to spend time in the delivery of care to patients with AIDS, thus reducing the quality of care they provide.6 Preexisting social stigmatization and fear of exposure may be the underlying reason for prejudicial attitudes toward these patients. Nurses are part of the community and are inclined to hold the attitudes, social beliefs, and biases that the general community holds. Nurses with strong religious beliefs are more likely to hold negative attitudes about individuals who practice homosexuality and drug abuse.’ Research has documented that nurses who previously have cared for patients with AIDS and nurses who are confident in their skills and knowledgeable about self-protection hold less prejudice toward patients with AIDS and are more confident in their ability to deliver high-quality care to patients with AIDS8 Perioperative nurses are no exception to these general findings. Because of their constant exposure to body fluids, they are at an increased risk of exposure to the HIV. To ensure the delivery of quality care, perioperative nurses must be able to identify their attitudes that may result from personal contact with HIV-positive/AIDS patients.
Increased functional connectivity within memory networks following memory rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis

Identifying effective behavioral treatments to improve memory in persons with learning and memory impairment is a primary goal for neurorehabilitation researchers. Memory deficits are the most common cognitive symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS), and hold negative professional and personal consequences for people who are often in the prime of their lives when diagnosed. A 10-session behavioral treatment, the modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT), was studied in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Behavioral improvements and increased fMRI activation were shown after treatment. Here, connectivity within the neural networks underlying memory function was examined with resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in a subset of participants from the clinical trial. We hypothesized that the treatment would result in increased integrity of connections within two primary memory networks of the brain, the hippocampal memory network, and the default network (DN). Seeds were placed in left and right hippocampus, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Increased connectivity was found between left hippocampus and cortical regions specifically involved in memory for visual imagery, as well as among critical hubs of the DN. These results represent the first evidence for efficacy of a behavioral intervention to impact the integrity of neural networks subserving memory functions in persons with MS.
The search for a development economics

Abstract In this paper, I first note some of the pieces of evidence that suggest that development has gone reasonably well since the early 1950s. Then I discuss why this evidence is not fully convincing and examine the content and sources of Development Failures. The main reason why development is so often accompanied by disappointment and tensions is that it is largely an effort to replicate the West, rather than an effort to set in motion an indigenous process of change within the traditional sectors themselves. The efforts to replace the values and institutions and relationships of the traditional society by imported ones create tensions and uncertainty that can offset the increase in welfare that larger amounts of goods and services could produce. If the present less developed countries do not seek to imitate present GNP-rich countries, what approach is available to them? A country must find its own way, and to do this it must search, it must learn, it must choose, and it must do all these things in a world with GNP-rich countries readily available for imitation. The content of these three notions—Search, Learning, Choice — is examined in some detail in the last part of the article.
Response of least flycatchers Empidonax minimus to forest disturbances

Abstract Least flycatcher Empidonax minimus distributions were studied in northern Michigan (USA) from 1984–1985 in large (> 100 ha) continuous hardwood forests adjacent to forest disturbances of 0·8–21 ha. This species occurred in dense aggregations ranging from 3·06 to 8·71 birds ha−1. Flycatcher response to forest disturbances was evaluated by measuring the distance from the perimeter of an aggregation to the nearest forest opening and by monitoring breeding bird density within aggregations near disturbances. A gradient in flycatcher response to forest openings is hypothesised, ranging from no changes in breeding bird density and spatial distribution of aggregations near small disturbances to reductions in breeding bird density and spatial shifts in aggregations into the forest interior for large disturbances. A significant positive relationship was obtained for size of a forest opening and the distance aggregations were displaced into the forest interior. Displacement distances asymptotically levelled off at 200 m for openings ≥ 10 ha. No relationship was found for breeding bird density and forest opening size. Vegetative comparisons of utilised and unutilised habitat indicated that a well-developed canopy and large-tall trees may be important in the selection of habitat by aggregating flycatchers.
Prediction of quench characteristics in multi-sectioned adiabatic solenoids

A computer program that simulates quenches in superconducting multisectioned solenoids is described. The winding of each section is assumed to be a close-packed hexagonal arrangement of wire impregnated with epoxy resin. The program predicts the current, terminal voltages, and temperature distribution for each section of the coil. The normal zone is assumed to originate at the high-field region of the winding and to grow radially and axially by heat conduction through the insulation and epoxy. Azimuthal propagation being very rapid is assumed to be instantaneous. Transverse propagation is calculated from an empirical correlation based on measurements in small samples of conductor configured to simulate coil windings. The model is used to predict the current and terminal voltages in two- and four-section solenoids. The results show good agreement between the predictions and quenching experiments. >
Limb bone proportions and body mass of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus)

The European cave bear evolved during the Middle Pleistocene and adapted to mountain environments. Earlier workers have described the cave bear as a robust bear. In this study the cave bears limb bone morphology is compared to the limb bone morphology of extant bears. Body mass estimates for the cave bear are made both based on different limb bone characters and based on dental and cranial characters. The shafts are wider in the cave bear limb bones than in the extant bear limb bones, and consequently the shaft widths give higher weight estimates to the cave bear than the other dimensions. The widened shafts are suggested to be a special adaptation (of presently unknown significance) rather than an indicator of an increased body mass.
Treatment of Bowen's disease with topical dinitrochlorobenzene and 5-fluorouracil.

“Bowen’s disease” is a clinical and histologic diagnosis describing the lesions (single or multiple) of cutaneous in situ squamous cell carcinoma. The case of a 54-year.old man with 60 such intra-epidermal carcinomas, and a history of arsenic ingestion, is presented. The patient was sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DXCB), and his lesions were treated with a topical DNCB preparation. All lesions disappeared completely (demonstrated by biopsy of several sites) except for a large (12 x 7 cm) tumor on the flank which partially resolved. Total re6ession of this lesion was achieved by adding topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy. This case demonstrates that the inflammatory reaction induced by DNCE (as evidenced by erythema and by a dense inflammatory cell infiltrate in biopsied areas of treated lesions) can lead to regression of extensive in situ epidermoid carcinoma, and that combined therapy with DNCB and 5-FU can be more effective than DNCB alone. Both agents in appropriate concentrations led to selective destruction of neoplastic tissue with no effect on adjacent normal skin. No systemic toxicity was observed. Cancer 37:1633-1642, 1976. N 1912, PROFESSOR JOHN T. BOWEN OF BOSI ton published a paper entitled “Precancerous Dermatoses: A Study of Two Cases of Chronic Atypical Epithelial Proliferation.”2 Both patients were “males in the fifth decade of their lives,” and both had multiple conNuent, dull red, raised lesions which were scaling and crusted. The lesions had grown slowly and continuously over many years, without any spontaneous disappearance. In 1915 Bowen described a third patient and reviewed three cases from the French literature.3 These early clinical and histologic descriptions are classical for what is now termed in situ cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, or
A simple, closed-form, mathematical model for gas exchange in microchannel artificial lungs

Microfabrication techniques are attractive for constructing artificial lungs due to the ability to create features similar in size to those in the natural lung. However, a simple and intuitive mathematical model capable of accurately predicting the gas exchange performance of microchannel artificial lungs does not currently exist. Such a model is critical to understanding and optimizing these devices. Here, we describe a simple, closed-form mathematical model for gas exchange in microchannel artificial lungs and qualify it through application to experimental data from several research groups. We utilize lumped parameters and several assumptions to obtain a closed-form set of equations that describe gas exchange. This work is intended to augment computational models by providing a more intuitive, albeit potentially less accurate, understanding of the operation and trade-offs inherent in microchannel artificial lung devices.
Associations Between Marital Meaning and Reasons to Delay Marriage for Young Adults in Romantic Relationships

Using symbolic interactionism we developed an open-ended question to examine marital meaning for young adults (N = 111). Themes to emerge were love and commitment. Participants were placed into clusters: contractual (low love, high commitment), optimistic-realistic (high love, high commitment), romanticizing (high love, low commitment), and casual (low love, low commitment). We examined marital meaning and associations with reasons to delay marriage, conceptualized as relational doubts and financial concerns. Optimistic-realistic and casual individuals reported fewer relational doubts than contractual individuals. Longer relationship length was associated with fewer financial concerns for optimistic-realistic individuals when compared with all others. We conclude that although love and commitment are central to marital meaning, for some, specific pairings of these themes have implications in understanding reasons young adults delay marrying.
Imaging characteristics of carotid body tumors

A 68-year-old man presented with a papable, nontender mass in the left side of the neck. The patient was imaged with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgical resection of the mass, which was located at the carotid bifurcation, measured approximately 2.7 x 2.0 x 1.5-cm in diameter, and had a glistening, slightly lobulated reddish-tan to reddishbrown surface. Pathological examination showed a solid lesion with both vascular and cellular components, consistent with a paraganglioma. The patient underwent an uneventful recovery following surgery.
Reducing sugars facilitated carbonyl condensation in detoxification of carbonyl aldehyde model compounds for bioethanol fermentation

We investigated the inhibitory effects of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) as a carbonyl aldehyde model compound on the fermentation and growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its alkaline detoxification. OPA was a potent inhibitor on the fermentation and growth of S. cerevisiae compared to vanillin, furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) at the same concentration level. The inhibition of OPA on the fermentation and growth of S. cerevisiae was dose dependent. Ethanol production and growth of S. cerevisiae were both completely inhibited in the presence of 1.0 mM OPA. The inhibition of the fermentation and growth of the yeast decreased with the decrease in the OPA concentration between 0.02 mM–1.0 mM. OPA at 0.02 mM showed no inhibition on both the fermentation and growth of yeast, the ethanol final yield was even increased by 4.6% compared to the control. The inhibition of OPA at a low concentration could be overcome by increasing the inoculation size of the yeast. Most interestingly, we found OPA inhibition could be detoxified under alkaline conditions (pH∼10) at 60 °C for 2 h in the presence of a reducing sugar (ketone or aldose), but not a non-reducing sugar. Mass spectral analysis of the OPA reaction products in negative ion mode revealed a high intensity mass at 313.09 m/z ([M − H]−). This molecule (314) was predicted to be the aldol reaction product of the reducing sugar and OPA under alkaline conditions. One of the CHO groups on OPA was converted into a hydroxyl group by nucleophilic addition of the enolate ion of the reducing sugar. Loss of one CHO group of OPA could be the key factor for the removal of OPA inhibition.
Evaluating US soft power in Asia: military, economic and sociopolitical relationships between Asia and the United States

The changing dynamics of international politics such as the expansion of the European Union, the growing importance of Asia, and the post-11 September environment have raised great concern about US soft power all over the world. At the governmental level, transpacific relationships may have encouraged military, economic and sociopolitical collaboration. The Asians' perceptions about US soft power at the individual level, however, may not be consistent with the governmental level. By using the 2003 AsiaBarometer survey, this article examines the factors that contribute to individuals' perceptions about US soft power in seven Asian nations – China, India, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Three main factors – military, economic and sociopolitical – are considered. Higher assistance by the US government engenders positive responses from the respondents. For causal relationships, economic and sociopolitical variables, rather than the military variable, enforce individuals' positive percept...
Inhibition in the Nervous System: Models of Its Roles in Choice and Context Determination*

Neural inhibition has often been regarded as playing an important role in stabilizing and tuning the responses of networks of excitatory neurons. Some partial quantitative bases for this qualitative notion are discussed in the context of current neural network models. Such neural network principles as associative learning, competition, opponent processing, and interlevel resonant feedback are explained and related to behavioral and neurochemical data. Tentative analogies of parts of these model networks with specific neurotransmitter systems are explored; these analogies are likely to become more precise as the networks are further refined.
TEMPERATURE AND TURBULENCE IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE

Abstract The equation of turbulent transfer is derived from first principles, following Taylor, to focus attention on the physical nature of eddy diffusivity in the atmosphere. The equation is here extended to “polytropic” atmospheric processes. It is shown that physical considerations imply that the eddy diffusivity is a discontinuous function of elevation through the atmosphere. The fundamental assumption is made that eddy diffusivity is a discontinuous step-function of elevation, and the equation of transfer is solved for the general case where the surface temperature is known as a function of time. The theory is tested by comparing computations with the Lindenberg observations of diurnal variations of temperature aloft. Computations and observations show good agreement at all levels, and in particular the computations agree well with the large diurnal variations observed at and above 1000 meters. Qualitative comparison is also made between theory and observations made in the lowest 100 feet of the atm...
Dynamics Of Concentration Fluctuations In Lipid Bilayers Near A Critical Point

Membranes produced from appropriate mixtures of lipids separate into coexisting liquid phases. I previously presented correlation lengths and line tensions for liquid domains in membranes near a miscibility critical point. I found that the static critical exponents for correlation length and order parameter were consistent with the universality class of the two-dimensional Ising model [1]. By applying scaling laws, I predicted the size distribution of composition fluctuations in model membranes above their critical temperature. Here I analyze the dynamics governing the lifetimes of these composition fluctuations. Fits of the dynamic structure function to a theoretical model are relevant to predictions of how long fluctuations of a certain size persist in the membrane. This information is important for thinking about how distributions of membrane proteins may be affected by the dynamic heterogeneity of lipids.[1] A.R. Honerkamp-Smith et al., Biophys J. 2008 95(1): 236-46.
Tropomyosin Surface Residues Encode Cellular Function in Fission Yeast

Tropomyosin is a coiled coil protein that binds and regulates actin filaments. Actin is highly conserved and we reasoned that tropomyosin residues critical for binding and regulation of actin would also be conserved. In the fission yeast, S. pombe, there is a single tropomyosin (SpTm) that is essential for cell division, cable formation, endocytosis, vesicle movement and mating. We mutated 21 surface-exposed SpTm residues that are evolutionarily-conserved in fungi. The resulting tropomyosin variants were tested to identify the contribution of the respective residues to the cellular function of tropomyosin. Overexpression of any of the mutants rescued growth of a cdc8-temperature sensitive strain (cdc8-27) at the restrictive temperature. Rescued cells were analyzed for abnormalities and we selected SpTm-16/30 (E16A, K30A), SpTm-114/117/118 (V114S, E117A, H118A) and SpTm-121/131/138 (R121A, D131A, E138A) for further study. Actin affinity was measured by cosedimentation assays with bacterially-expressed proteins. Actin affinity of SpTm-16/30 was similar to SpTm-wt, but affinity of SpTm-114/117/118 and SpTm-121/131/138 was too weak to measure using cosedimentation. We created three mutant fission yeast strains by replacing the endogenous tropomyosin gene with the variants. In this approach the protein is expressed at endogenous levels under cellular control. All strains were viable. The strains were analyzed for changes in cell size and shape, nuclear number and appearance of actin structures. All three strains showed altered appearance of actin structures. The strain SpTm-16/30 had very few actin cables. In SpTm-114/117/118 very few actin patches were visible; cables are abundant but abnormal. Expression of SpTm-121/131/138 caused abnormalities in contractile ring assembly, cables were nearly absent and the polar location of actin patches during interphase was disrupted. These results highlight that different regulatory functions can be traced to specific regions of tropomyosin. Supported by NIH.
New Family of Deamination Repair Enzymes in Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Superfamily

DNA glycosylases play a major role in the repair of deaminated DNA damage. Previous investigations identified five families within the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. All enzymes within the superfamily studied thus far exhibit uracil-DNA glycosylase activity. Here we identify a new class of DNA glycosylases in the UDG superfamily that lacks UDG activity. Instead, these enzymes act as hypoxanthine-DNA glycosylases in vitro and in vivo. Molecular modeling and structure-guided mutational analysis allowed us to identify a unique catalytic center in this class of DNA glycosylases. Based on unprecedented biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis, we propose this new class of DNA repair glycosylases that exists in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes as family 6 and designate it as the hypoxanthine-DNA glycosylase family. This study demonstrates the structural evolvability that underlies substrate specificity and catalytic flexibility in the evolution of enzymatic function.
Screening alternative degreasing solvents using multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis was used to explore physicochemical properties of organic chemicals that would characterize and identify degreasing solvents. The exploratory techniques used in this study include cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis, and canonical discriminant analysis. Out of a compilation of 16 physicochemical properties evaluated, aqueous solubility, Henry's constant, and surface tension were identified as relevant properties that could effectively screen degreasing solvents from among 30 chemicals of similar chemical classes. The suitability of these three properties and the multivariate techniques used in classifying degreasing solvents were demonstrated on an external testing set of 10 solvent- and nonsolvent-type chemicals. On the basis of the results of these studies, canonical discriminant analysis is recommended as a potential tool for screening purposes. The cluster analysis procedure was informative for explorative purposes; the discriminant function analysis procedure was not efficient in separating solvents from others.
Rectifying Strategic Gaps in Export Management

Abstract This study examines strategic gaps in exporting by identifying critical export problems, the sources of information used to resolve them, and forms of assistance needed by current and potential exporters. Particular attention is given to the influence of firm size. The great majority of problems identified in both small and larger firms deal with export marketing issues. Small firms are more focussed on operational issues whereas larger firms are more aware of strategic problems and the need for relevant market information. Thus larger firms make greater use of information sources. However, many information sources are neither heavily used nor rated as being very useful by either group. Small and large exporters' needs for assistance are similar, with the greatest weight being placed on obtaining foreign contacts. Implications of research findings are presented and recommendations are made.
Oxygen-isotope zoning in garnet: A record of volatile transport

Abstract This study examines oxygen-isotope zoning in garnets from a Barrovian metamorphic terrane in eastern Vermont using a CO 2 laser extraction system. Previous strontium isotopic and structural studies of these garnets have shown that they grew over an approximately 10 Ma interval during thrusting and nappe emplacement ( rosenfeld , 1970; Christensen et al., 1989). Our studies show that the garnets are strongly zoned in δ 18 O . This zoning is the result of equilibration of garnet with water derived from dehydration of subjacent pelites during nappe stage deformation. The magnitude and nature of δ 18 O zoning depends upon the garnet's location in the outcrop studied. The garnets examined in this study come from an isotopically low δ 18 O paragonitic schist ( δ 18 O whole rock ~ 9‰) that is adjacent to a relatively high δ 18 O schist ( δ 18 O whole rock ~12.5‰). Garnets from the paragonitic schists within 10 m of the contact with the isotopically heavier schists have relatively homogenous δ 18 O values varying from 9.5‰ in the core to 10.5‰ at the rim. Garnet in the paragonitic schists 85 m from the contact are more strongly zoned, with δ 18 O ranging from a low of ~6.0‰ in the cores to a high of ~9.0‰ at the rims of the garnet. These zoning patterns were produced by continuous infiltration of relatively high δ 18 O waters derived from the subjacent schists into the paragonitic schists during garnet-grade metamorphism. It is possible to determine the time-integrated fluid fluxes by comparison of observed δ 18 O zoning profiles in garnet with those calculated from the equation describing combined advection-diffusion of a tracer. Using this method, we calculate time-integrated fluid fluxes of ~ 1.5 × 10 4 cm 3 /cm 2 . Fluxes of this magnitude could have been produced by dewatering of ~ 1.5 km of schist during garnet-grade metamorphism.
THE STATUS OF THE SEXUAL GOOD AS A DIRECTION FOR MORAL THEOLOGY

Entre theologiens de la morale catholique, le debat sur l'ethique sexuelle fait rage. Mais plutot que de se concentrer sur la moralite d'actes sexuels particuliers, il serait preferable de s'interroger sur le statut de la sexualite en relation avec la personne. L'A. veut degager le statut du bien sexuel a l'interieur d'une anthropologie theologique. En considerant plusieurs modeles du bien sexuel, on peut eclairer certaines questions discutees dans le champ de l'ethique sexuelle
Long-term psychological sequelae of smoking cessation and relapse.

The authors examined whether smoking cessation and relapse were associated with changes in stress, negative affect, and smoking-related beliefs. Quitters showed decreasing stress, increasing negative health beliefs about smoking, and decreasing beliefs in smoking’s psychological benefits. Quitters became indistinguishable from stable nonsmokers in stress and personalized health beliefs, but quitters maintained stronger beliefs in the psychological benefits of smoking than stable nonsmokers. Relapse was not associated with increases in stress or negative affect. However, relapsers increased their positive beliefs about smoking and became indistinguishable from smokers in their beliefs. For quitters, decreased stress and negative beliefs about smoking may help maintain successful cessation. However, for relapsers, declining health risk perceptions may undermine future quit attempts.
Temperature and DMSO increase the enantioselectivity of hydrolysis of methyl alkyl dimethylmalonates catalyzed by pig liver esterase

Abstract Hydrolyses of methyl alkyl dimethylmalonates catalyzed by pig liver esterase were carried out at different temperatures. At 35°C, the stereochemical yields of the half-ester product are equal to or slightly greater than those obtained at 15°C. However, stereoselectivity is higher in the presence of 25% DMSO, and temperature has no effect on the stereoselectivity of the hydrolysis reaction.
ON THE TRANSPORT OF QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY1

Abstract The meridional transport of quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity is calculated from atmospheric data from 1 yr. The calculation is based on available data for the transports of relative momentum and sensible heat from eight standard pressure levels. The results show that the transport of potential vorticity is negative (southward) in the major part of the troposphere above the lowest layer of the atmosphere. A small region of positive (northward) transport is found in connection with the subtropical jet stream in summer. The computed transports of potential vorticity are used in a calculation of the mean annual heat sources in the atmosphere from a steady state quasi-geostrophic model. The results show that the atmosphere is heated south of 50°N and cooled north of this latitude and that the major heat source and heat sink are found around 70 cb. The calculation compares favorably with the determination of the heat sources from heat budget calculation. It is shown that the transport of potential...
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of dofetilide in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Dofetilide and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias. Introduction: Dofetilide is a new antiarrhythmic agent with potent Ik blocking properties in vitro. We developed a dose-ranging, placebo-controlled study design to define the range of effective doses and to evaluate the clinical electrophysiology of intravenous dofetilide in patients in whom sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was reproducibly inducible at baseline electrophysiologic testing. Methods and Results: The initial four patients received low doses that were increased in subsequent groups of four if adverse effects were absent. In each group of four patients, one patient was randomly assigned to placebo (double blind). Twenty-four patients were studied at six incremental loading and maintenance infusion regimens. Dofetilide (0.1 to 8.0 ng/ml.) produced concentration-related increases in the %δ of QT (r = 0.79, P <0.001). QTc (r = 0.60, P =0.02), RR (r = 0.62, P < 0.02), and right ventricular effective refractory period (cycle length 600 msec; r = 0.68, P = 0.04). Placebo produced no changes in any of these measurements. Sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation was no longer inducible in 1 of 6 patients receiving placebo and 8 of 18 receiving dofetilide (4 to 13 sec nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 4 of these 8). One patient developed torsades de pointes at a high concentration (5.3 ng/mL). Conclusions: We conclude that: (1) dofetilide produces concentration-related Ig blocking effects in patients: (2) an incremental dose-ranging study design aids in identifying the range of doses demonstrating electrophysiologic effects and efficacy; (3) a concomitant placebo group provides important data to assess reproducibility of results over time; and (4) further studies of dofetilide's efficacy and toxicity should be conducted.
Response of Sequoia sepervirens (D. Don) Endl. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Seedlings to Temperature

CONIFEROUS species show marked differences in their temperature requirements for seedling growth. These differences are connected with not only mean temperature but also with response to fluctuations in day, night and diurnal temperatures.
Perceptual and acoustic study of professionally trained versus untrained voices.

Summary Acoustic and perceptual analyses were completed to determine the effect of vocal training on professional singers when speaking and singing. Twenty professional singers and 20 nonsingers, acting as the control, were recorded while sustaining a vowel, reading a modified Rainbow Passage, and singing “America the Beautiful.” Acoustic measures included fundamental frequency, duration, percent jitter, percent shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, and determination of the presence or absence of both vibrato and the singer's formant. Results indicated that, whereas certain acoustic parameters differentiated singers from nonsingers within sex, no consistently significant trends were found across males and females for either speaking or singing. The most consistent differences were the presence or absence of the singer's vibrato and formant in the singers versus the nonsingers, respectively. Perceptual analysis indicated that singers could be correctly identified with greater frequency than by chance alone from their singing, but not their speaking utterances.
Anisotropy of two-photon absorption in GaAs and CdTe

The anisotropy in the two-photon absorption coefficient for GaAs and CdTe is reported for the first time. Variations of the order of 15% are observed at room temperature in the magnitude of the nonlinear absorption, and are seen to increase at 85\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, as the angle of the polarization vector of the incident 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu}m light is changed with respect to the crystal axes. The variation agrees with the predictions of nonlinear optics and a simple three-band model (neglecting excitons), but is too large at 85\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to be accounted for by the band model.
SOLUBLE FAS AND SOLUBLE FAS LIGAND PROTEINS IN HUMAN MILK : POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE

Human milk contains a complex uncharacterized, immune system able to exert actions both locally and systemically. This study reports the results of an ELISA-based quantitation of soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligand in human milk which may modulate the Fas/FasL system that is critical for the expression of immune tolerance and apoptosis. Production of Fas/FasL mRNAs by milk cells was also examined using RT-PCR. Fas is ubiquitously expressed in various cells and when bound by its ligand FasL, present predominantly on activated T- and NK cells, Fas-expressing cells are killed. A large amount of soluble Fas (1746-4320 pg/ml) is detected in colostrum, transitional milk and the mature milk of mothers delivering prematurely or at full-term, whereas FasL is present only in the range 123-310 pg/ml. Milk cells are positive for Fas mRNA, but negative for FasL mRNA. An excess of soluble Fas in human milk may bind to FasL preventing apoptosis and preserving epithelial barriers, and may represent an additional new mechanism whereby human milk favours immune tolerance and normal gastrointestinal development.
Drug information libraries on the Internet.

Abstract In the past several years there has been a dramatic proliferation of drug-related sites on the Internet. This article reviews the information found at selected Internet drug information libraries, and comments on its accuracy and implications. Drug-related sites were found by initially performing an Internet search on “psychoactive drugs” and then exploring links among the sites identified. Sites were chosen on the basis of comprehensiveness of information and positive or tolerant attitude toward drug use. While all classes of drugs are discussed at these sites, the primary foci of interest are synthetic and naturally occurring hallucinogens. Many of the biological materials discussed are legal and readily available. Information surveyed at these sites was largely accurate regarding the effects of various substances and biological sources of psychoactive compounds. Conclusions: Internet drug information libraries contain large amounts of information about a wide variety of drugs, including previo...
Identification of odor-active compounds resulting from thermal oxidation of polyethylene

Thermal processing of synthetic polymers in the presence of oxygen into food-packaging materials can result in the formation of by products which impart off-odors or raise toxicological questions. Volatiles from the thermal oxidation of polyethylene were collected and anlyzed by gas chromatography/olfactometry (GCO; CharmAnalysis). Fourteen odor-active compounds, most of which occurred in amounts that were too low to be detected instrumentally, were present. Overallodor was waxlike but individual components were fruity, herbaceous, rancid, metallic, way, pungent, or orange
Unusual regulatory characteristics of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase from muscle. Studies on the kinetic behaviour of the enzyme from muscle of the arctic tanner crab Chionocetes bairdi

Abstract 1. 1. The regulatory behaviour of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) from skeletal muscle of the tanner crab ( Chionocetes bairdi ) was examined over the physiological temperature range of the animal. 2. 2. In addition to being inhibited by 5′AMP (commonly accepted as being the major modulator) tanner FDPase is inhibited by ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru-5-P), uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPAG) and mannose-6-phosphate. These results are discussed in light of the crab's moulting cycle. 3. 3. Tanner FDPase displays negative co-operativity in the binding of substrate (FDP), but only at the temperature of acclimatization. 4. 4. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a positive modulator of crustacean FDPase enhances activity of FDPase by increasing enzyme-substrate affinity, and also abolishing the negative co-operativity observed in substrate saturation curves at low (acclimatization) temperatures. 5. 5. The role of negative co-operativity in the regulation of enzyme activity is discussed.
Olfactory self-selection of protein-containing foods

When one unflavored, nonprotein diet was available in two differently scented bins, rats fed a protein-free diet over four days ate more from the bin smelling of gluten, ovalbumin, yeast or fibrin, but not soy, casein or lactalbumin, than from the bin smelling of butter. Rats fed a protein-containing diet over the same four-day period had no such preference. This result demonstrates that protein-deprived rats can use odor cues in making their selection of certain proteins. Since the direction, speed, and size of preference for these protein odors, excepting soy, are remarkably similar to those previously observed when rats actually consumed the proteins, olfactory stimuli appear to elicit appropriate protein selection responses independently of other protein quality variables such as taste, texture or nutrient composition.
Application of Universal Design Principles in the Design of a Self-Checkout System

A study was conducted to explore the use of universal design principles in the redesign of a grocery store self-checkout system – focusing on the accessibility for wheelchair users. Two checkout stations were built: one was a dimensionally accurate model of an existing system and the other was a redesign of this system, using universal design principles. Five wheelchair users and ten non-wheelchair users performed simulated self-checkout activities, using both checkout stations. The dependent variables were productivity, shoulder and torso posture, and users' subjective assessment. Results indicated that productivity was not significantly affected by checkout station type and posture was significantly improved – peak shoulder angle was reduced by 64% in wheelchair users and by 69% in the non-wheelchair group, and peak sagittal angle (forward lean) of the torso was reduced by 66.5% for wheelchair-users. Subjective feedback from both user groups showed a preference for the redesigned checkout station
Specific heat and anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of Pr2CuO4, Nd2CuO4 and Sm2CuO4 crystals

Abstract Specific heat and magnetic susceptibility measurements on single crystals of RE2CuO4 (RE=Pr, Nd, andSm) indicate antiferromagnetic order at TN≲1.5 K and 5.95 K for RE = NdandSm, respectively. The susceptibility of all RE2CuO4 compounds is highly anisotropic and suggests the presence of crystal field effects.
Prediction uncertainty of linear building energy use models with autocorrelated residuals

Autocorrelated residuals from regression models of building energy use present problems when attempting to estimate retrofit energy savings and the uncertainty of the savings. This paper discusses the causes of autocorrelation in energy use models and proposes a method to deal with autocorrelation. A hybrid of ordinary least squares (OLS) and autoregressive (AR) models is developed to accurately predict energy use and give reasonable uncertainty estimates, Only linear models are considered because both the data and the physical theory for many commercial buildings support this choice (Kissock, 1993). A procedure for model selection is presented and tested on data from three commercial buildings participating in the Texas LoanSTAR program. In every case examined, the hybrid OLS-AR model provided the best estimate of energy use and the most robust estimate of uncertainty.
Hierarchical polymer micropillar arrays decorated with ZnO nanowires

We introduce a simple and robust method for fabricating hierarchical fibrillar arrays based on polymer micropillar (μPLR) arrays decorated with ZnO nanowires (NWs) on mechanically flexible substrates. The hierarchical fibrillar arrays are fabricated by replica molding of polymer μPLR arrays on microfabricated silicon templates and subsequent solution-based growth of ZnO NWs. Fine control over the dimensions and aspect ratios of both the microelements and the nanoelements is demonstrated. The hierarchical μPLR/NW arrays show superhydrophobic surface properties, with the contact angle higher than that of planar surfaces and μPLR arrays without nanostructures. The fabrication strategy suggested here may be potentially extended to fabricate other organic/inorganic hierarchical systems for different applications.
Development of temporal contrast sensitivity in human infants

The time course for the development of the temporal contrast sensitivity function in humans is uncertain. Some studies indicate that temporal contrast sensitivity is immature in infants. However, earlier work suggests that critical flicker fusion is adult-like by 2 months. We traced the development of temporal contrast sensitivity to uniform field flicker in 2-, 3- and 4-month-old infants using a modified preferential-looking technique that employed a rating scale. Two-month-old infants exhibited highest sensitivities at 1 and 2 Hz. Three- and 4-month infants exhibited peak sensitivity at 4 and 8 Hz, respectively. Overall temporal contrast sensitivity increased with age and the peak frequency shifted toward higher temporal frequencies. Using this paradigm, no infant subjects showed responses to 32 Hz, the highest temporal frequencies tested.
A clinical prototype for auditory memory span

An initial examination of an experimental test for auditory memory span was administered to 12 children (ages 5,6 to 7,0) with moderate to severe functional articulation problems. The experimental retention test (ERT), based on a minimal-pairs, distinctive feature paradigm, correlated significantly with three indices of articulatory performance: consonantal intelligibility, total sounds in error, and total number of misarticulations. Descriptive data are presented for clinical evaluation and further test development.