cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of economic, policy, and ecological factors in estimating the value of carbon stocks in Everglades mangrove forests, South Florida, USA

Abstract Old growth mangroves in existing protected areas store more carbon than restored forests or plantations. Carbon storage in such forests has economic value independent of additionality, offering opportunities for policy makers to ensure their maintenance, and inclusion in climate change mitigation strategies. Mangrove forests of the Everglades National Park (ENP), South Florida, though protected, face external stressors such as hydrological alterations because of flooding control structures and agriculture impacts and saltwater intrusion as a result of increasing sea level rise. Moreover, decreased funding of Everglades’ restoration activities following the recent economic crisis (beginning 2008) threatens the restoration of the Greater Everglades including mangrove dominated coastal regions. We evaluate several economic and ecological challenges confronting the economic valuation of total (vegetation plus soil) organic carbon (TOC) storage in the ENP mangroves. Estimated TOC storage for this forested wetland ranges from 70 to 537 Mg C/ha and is higher than values reported for tropical, boreal, and temperate forests. We calculate the average abatement cost of C specific for ENP mangroves to value the TOC from $2–$3.4 billion; estimated unit area values are $13,859/ha–$23,728/ha. The valuation of the stored/legacy carbon is based on the: 1) ecogeomorphic attributes, 2) regional socio-economic milieu, and 3) status of the ENP mangroves as a protected area. The assessment of C storage estimates and its economic value can change public perception about how this regulating ecosystem service of ENP mangrove wetlands (144,447 ha) supports human well-being and numerous economic activities. This perception, in turn, can contribute to future policy changes such that the ENP mangroves, the largest mangrove area in the continental USA, can be included as a potential alternative in climate change mitigation strategies.
The Effect of Gender on Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Efficacy in Neonatal Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury.

Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) improve alveolar and vascular structures in experimental models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Female MSC secrete more anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors as compared to male MSC. Whether the therapeutic efficacy of MSC in attenuating lung injury in an experimental model of BPD is influenced by the sex of the donor MSC or recipient is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that female MSC would have greater lung regenerative properties than male MSC in experimental BPD and this benefit would be more evident in males. Objective To determine whether intra-tracheal (IT) administration of female MSC to neonatal rats with experimental BPD has more beneficial reparative effects as compared to IT male MSC. Methods Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to normoxia (RA) or hyperoxia (85% O2) from postnatal day (P) 2- P21 were randomly assigned to receive male or female IT bone marrow (BM)-derived green fluorescent protein (GFP+) MSC (1 x 106 cells/50 μl), or Placebo on P7. Pulmonary hypertension (PH), vascular remodeling, alveolarization, and angiogenesis were assessed at P21. PH was determined by measuring right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and pulmonary vascular remodeling was evaluated by quantifying the percentage of muscularized peripheral pulmonary vessels. Alveolarization was evaluated by measuring mean linear intercept (MLI) and radial alveolar count (RAC). Angiogenesis was determined by measuring vascular density. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and analyzed by ANOVA. Results There were no significant differences in the RA groups. Exposure to hyperoxia resulted in a decrease in vascular density and RAC, with a significant increase in MLI, RVSP, and the percentage of partially and fully muscularized pulmonary arterioles. Administration of both male and female MSC significantly improved vascular density, alveolarization, RVSP, percent of muscularized vessels and alveolarization. Interestingly, the improvement in PH and vascular remodeling was more robust in the hyperoxic rodents who received MSC from female donors. In keeping with our hypothesis, male animals receiving female MSC, had a greater improvement in vascular remodeling. This was accompanied by a more significant decrease in lung pro-inflammatory markers and a larger increase in anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic markers in male rodents that received female MSC. There were no significant differences in MSC engraftment among groups. Conclusions Female BM-derived MSC have greater therapeutic efficacy than male MSC in reducing neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung inflammation and vascular remodeling. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of female MSC were more pronounced in male animals. Together, these findings suggest that female MSC maybe the most potent BM-derived MSC population for lung repair in severe BPD complicated by PH.
Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms and Subsequent Technology-Based Interpersonal Behaviors: A Multi-Wave Study.

Abstract This study examined the longitudinal effects of adolescents' depressive symptoms on engagement in technology-based social comparison and feedback seeking (SCFS) behaviors. A total of 816 adolescents (54.7% girls; M age = 14.1 at Time 1) participated at three times points, each one year apart. Adolescents reported technology-based SCFS, depressive symptoms, and frequencies of technology use (cell phones, Facebook, and Instagram). Multiple group (by gender) latent growth curve models examined concurrent and lagged effects of depressive symptoms on SCFS, controlling for adolescent's underlying trajectories of SCFS and overall frequencies of technology use. Results indicated that higher levels of depressive symptoms were concurrently associated with greater SCFS after accounting for adolescents' typical patterns of SCFS. For boys only, higher depressive symptoms were prospectively associated with later increases in SCFS. Results highlight the importance of social media as a unique context in which depressed adolescents may be at risk for maladaptive interpersonal behavior.
SPIN: cleaning, monitoring, and querying image streams generated by ground-based telescopes for space situational awareness

With the increasing number of objects in earth orbits, space situational awareness (SSA) becomes critical to space safety. As an economical option, ground-based telescopes can be deployed around the world and continuously provide imaginary information of space objects. However, they also raise unique challenges regarding big, noisy, and streaming data processing. In this paper, we present the SPIN system to address these challenges. The core algorithms process image sequences generated by ground-based telescopes and conduct: (1) image quality classification for data cleaning, (2) stream-based key-object identification and anomaly detection, and (3) efficient query processing on large image sequence repositories. Our goal is to design or adopt algorithms that handle the domain-specific image streams most efficiently and effectively. We use a 17-inch telescope to collect a large real dataset for evaluating the core algorithms, which covers more than ten satellites in one month and contains about 16,400 images. The experimental results show that the developed algorithms are fast enough for stream-based real-time processing and also yield high-quality results for all the primary tasks.
Adapting an open-source web-based assessment system for the automated assessment of programming problems

This paper describes the adaptation of an open-source web-based assessment system to support the teaching and assessment of programming fundamentals. WeBWorK is a system that has been used effectively in mathematics for a number of years and the nature of its underlying engine makes it particularly well-suited to the problems from this discipline. It is accessible for instructors to contribute problems and free for students to use. A community has built up around WeBWorK to share problem sets in mathematics. Within computer science, many of the web-based programming delivery and assessment systems are commercial initiatives; students pay to use them and problem sets are administered centrally. This paper describes a project that is adapting WeBWorK for use in computer science and presents initial findings from its use over one academic year. Our on-going and future work is summarized, and the broader potential highlighted.
The Stream of Consciousness: Implications for a Humanistic Psychological Theory

The first time I read anything by William James was in an undergraduate philosophy course, where we were assigned selections from Pragmatism (James, 1907). He was never incorporated into my general psychology courses, but in time I did elect to take a history course and then read Boring (1950) to learn something about James as an historical figure. I had, of course, heard of him by way of the popular media and soon undertook to read his The Varieties of Religious Experience (James, 1928), which was then and still is prominently displayed on the popular bookshelves. By the time I was completing my undergraduate education, I had the impression of James as a remarkably insightful person, a man who was marvelously in touch with the human condition, but whose impact on the theoretical models then being advanced in psychology (circa 1953) was amazingly absent.
Metaphor Cards: A How-to-Guide for Making and Using a Generative Metaphorical Design Toolkit

Generative metaphorical design while rich is possibility, is not easy to do. In response, we have developed Metaphor Cards, a toolkit for supporting metaphorical design thinking. In this pictorial, we introduce Metaphor Cards and provide a how-to-guide for design researchers to make and use their own sets. To demonstrate this process, we provide a case study documenting our development of a set of Metaphor Cards for designing information systems for international justice. We conclude with reflections on the benefits and limitations of the Metaphor Card toolkit and suggestions for how to adapt Metaphor Cards to other domains and technologies.
Safety and efficacy of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus vaccine in cattle.

OBJECTIVE To examine safety and efficacy of a mutagen attenuated Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) vaccine (RVF MP-12) in cattle. ANIMALS 38 pregnant cows, 14 steers, and 10 lactating dairy cows. PROCEDURE Pregnant cows in their third, fifth, or eighth month of gestation were vaccinated (1 ml of RVF MP-12 containing 5 log10 plaque-forming units [PFU] of virus) and were monitored daily through parturition for signs of disease, viremia, and immunologic response. Additionally, 10 vaccinated pregnant cows were challenge inoculated with virulent RVFV at post-vaccination day (PVD) 30 and were monitored daily for untoward effects. Ten unvaccinated pregnant cows also were challenge inoculated with virulent RVFV and served as challenge controls. Vaccinated lactating dairy cows were monitored for viremia and virus shedding in the milk through PVD 14. Yearling steers were vaccinated to assess their immunologic response to various doses of vaccine and were challenge inoculated with virulent RVFV at PVD 28 to assess protection. RESULTS 10 of 38 (26.3%) cows vaccinated during pregnancy developed transient postvaccination viremia titer > or = 2.5 log10 PFU/ml of serum. All vaccinated cows delivered live, healthy calves that were RVFV seronegative at birth, but which quickly acquired colostral antibodies. Vaccinated cows and their fetuses were protected when challenge exposed with virulent RVFV at PVD 30, whereas unvaccinated pregnant cows inoculated with RVFV became febrile and viremic, and aborted. Vaccine virus was unsuccessfully sought from milk of lactating dairy cows after vaccination, suggesting that shedding of vaccine virus through milk should not be a concern. Steers, inoculated with tenfold escalating vaccine doses, beginning with 1.0 log10 PFU, were protected against virulent RVFV challenge exposure. CONCLUSIONS RVF MP-12 may be safe and efficacious for use in pregnant or lactating bovids, and a minimal dose of vaccine may provide suitable protection against viremia.
An Interactive Knowledge Maintenance Algorithm for Recasting WordNet Synonym-Set Definitions into Lojbanic Primitives, then into Lojbanic English

Lojban, a constructed interlingua, has a small number of predicates–totaling 1342. In our prior independent work, involving lojban for machine translation in parallel, when converting English into lojbanic English (our extensions), the number of test cases was too small, because of the lack of a rich lojban vocabulary. There is a procedure for creating new, composite, lojban predicates in terms of existing predicates. Although workable, it lacks an architectural framework that is consistent with English word-sense usage, and enables efficient production of thousands of new predicates.
The fixation-related lambda response: Effects of saccade magnitude, spatial frequency, and ocular artifact removal.

Abstract Fixation-related potentials (FRPs) enable examination of electrophysiological signatures of visual perception under naturalistic conditions, providing a neural snapshot of the fixated scene. The most prominent FRP component, commonly referred to as the lambda response, is a large deflection over occipital electrodes (O1, Oz, O2) peaking 80–100 ms post fixation, reflecting afferent input to visual cortex. The lambda response is affected by bottom-up stimulus features and the size of the preceding saccade; however, prior research has not adequately controlled for these influences in free viewing paradigms. The current experiment (N = 16, 1 female) addresses these concerns by systematically manipulating spatial frequency in a free-viewing task requiring a range of saccade sizes. Given the close temporal proximity between saccade related activity and the onset of the lambda response, we evaluate how removing independent components (IC) associated with ocular motion artifacts affects lambda response amplitude. Our results indicate that removing ocular artifact ICs based on the covariance with gaze position did not significantly affect the amplitude of this occipital potential. Moreover, the results showed that spatial frequency and saccade magnitude each produce significant effects on lambda amplitude, where amplitude decreased with increasing spatial frequency and increased as a function of saccade size for small and medium-sized saccades. The amplitude differences between spatial frequencies were maintained across all saccade magnitudes suggesting these effects are produced from distinctly different and uncorrelated mechanisms. The current results will inform future analyses of the lambda potential in natural scenes where saccade magnitudes and spatial frequencies ultimately vary.
Recovering missing CFD data for high-order discretizations using deep neural networks and dynamics learning

Abstract Data I/O poses a significant bottleneck in large-scale CFD simulations; thus, practitioners would like to significantly reduce the number of times the solution is saved to disk, yet retain the ability to recover any field quantity (at any time instance) a posteriori . The objective of this work is therefore to accurately recover missing CFD data a posteriori at any time instance, given that the solution has been written to disk at only a relatively small number of time instances. We consider in particular high-order discretizations (e.g., discontinuous Galerkin), as such techniques are becoming increasingly popular for the simulation of highly separated flows. To satisfy this objective, this work proposes a methodology consisting of two stages: 1) dimensionality reduction and 2) dynamics learning. For dimensionality reduction, we propose a novel hierarchical approach. First, the method reduces the number of degrees of freedom within each element of the high-order discretization by applying autoencoders from deep learning. Second, the methodology applies principal component analysis to compress the global vector of encodings. This leads to a low-dimensional state, which associates with a nonlinear embedding of the original CFD data. For dynamics learning, we propose to apply regression techniques (e.g., kernel methods) to learn the discrete-time velocity characterizing the time evolution of this low-dimensional state. A numerical example on a large-scale CFD example characterized by nearly 13 million degrees of freedom illustrates the suitability of the proposed method in an industrial setting.
Inelastic neutron scattering of amorphous Ni 0.95 Tb 0.05

Inelastic--neutron-scattering measurements have been performed on low-temperature-deposited, thick magnetron-sputtered films of the dilute amorphous alloy a-${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.95}$${\mathrm{Tb}}_{0.05}$. Averages over the modified dynamical structure factor, G(Q,E), yield a phonon density of states with two features which approximately correspond to similar structure in fcc metals. The results thus indicate that quantitative disorder does not remove this form of the phonon spectrum. The spectra additionally suggest an \ensuremath{\sim}17% reduction in first-neighbor Ni-Ni force constant relative to c-Ni due to changes in short-range order and packing density.
A phase I study of oxaliplatin, full-dose gemcitabine and concurrent radiation therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer

4107 Background: We previously demonstrated safety and efficacy of full dose gemcitabine (GEM) and radiation therapy (RT) in patients (pts) with pancreatic cancer (PC). Our preclinical studies have...
JLT and the Coronavirus

Lifton (1996) said that we live on images. That is grimly true with the worldwide encounter with the Coronavirus that has begun to occupy our thoughts, feelings, and actions in early 2020. JLT has ...
Victimization and Food Addiction Symptoms: Direct and Indirect Effects Through Emotion Dysregulation, Impulsivity, and Loss-of-Control Eating:

Previous research suggests that dating, intimate partner, and sexual violence victimization throughout the life span are predictive of numerous adverse health outcomes including addictive behaviors...
Value Driven Water Education to SDG6

All global citizens are water consumers. The meantime, The SDG4 hopes for zero children should be out of school by 2030. it is crystal clear that how human values in water education. Therefore, value based water education is a need to contribute SDG6. Exultantly, which should facilitate positive and lasting changes in personals ’attitudes and behavior towards water and water education should inspire to be environmentally responsible individuals. Hence values driven education, innovative methods, field trips and programs are foremost need in school curriculum.
Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are inflammatory complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Commonly encountered EIMs in this population involve the eyes, skin, joints, and hepatobiliary system. Understanding key concepts behind epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations can help contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of EIMs and IBD, thus reducing morbidity and mortality.
Building a Bank of Semantically Encoded Narratives

We propose a methodology for a novel type of discourse annotation whose model is tuned to the analysis of a text as narrative. This is intended to be the basis of a story bank resource that would facilitate the automatic analysis of narrative structure and content. The methodology calls for annotators to construct propositions that approximate a reference text, by selecting predicates and arguments from among controlled vocabularies drawn from resources such as WordNet and VerbNet. Annotators then integrate the propositions into a conceptual graph that maps out the entire discourse; the edges represent temporal, causal and other relationships at the level of story content. Because annotators must identify the recurring objects and themes that appear in the text, they also perform coreference resolution and word sense disambiguation as they encode propositions. We describe a collection experiment and a method for determining inter-annotator agreement when multiple annotators encode the same short story. Finally, we describe ongoing work toward extending the method to integrate the annotators interpretations of character agency (the goals, plans and beliefs that are relevant, yet not explictly stated in the text).
Demonstrating translational research for mental health services: An example from stigma research

In seeking to understand how the goal of providing efficient and effective mental health services can best be attained, services researchers have developed principles and methods that distinguish it from other research approaches. In 2000, the National Institute of Mental Health called for translational research paradigms that seek to expand the conceptual and methodological base of mental health services with knowledge gained from basic behavioral sciences such as cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. The goal of this paper is to enter the discussion of what is translational research by illustrating a services research program of the Chicago Consortium for Stigma Research on mental illness stigma. Our research strives to explain the prejudice and discrimination that some landlords and employers show toward people with mental illness in terms of basic research from social psychology and contextual sociology. We end the paper with a discussion of the implications of this research approach for the very practical issues of trying to change mental illness stigma.
Silicification by Diatoms

The species-specific, genetically determined silica frustule of diatoms provides an excellent eukaryotic model for understanding the process of biomineralization and how it is regulated. An effort is made to define molecular events and biochemical constituents in silicon mineralization and to correlate these events with those aspects of silica frustule morphogenesis which have been reported in the published work. A sequential series of steps of silicic acid interaction with the cell is proposed which might be expected for silicon metabolism leading to cell wall formation. A model is put forward that provides for a conceptual framework for continued studies in this area, and provides testable hypotheses which should lead to a greater understanding of biomineralization processes in general and silicification in particular.
Design and integration of the sensing and control subsystems of CajunBot

This paper covers the design and integration of the sensing and control subsystems of the CajunBot autonomous ground vehicle, which competed and qualified in the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge. The event took place 8-13 March 2004 near Los Angeles, CA, USA, and closed near Las Vegas, NV, USA. The challenge was to create a vehicle that would travel without intervention approximately 150 mi through desert terrain using a set of waypoints while avoiding obstacles, both natural and man-made, in under ten hours for a prize of US /spl epsi/. In order to make the route more challenging, the exact route was only provided the morning of the race, two hours from start time. The starting line, in Barstow, CA, USA, consisted of six chutes separated by concrete barriers from which a total of fifteen autonomous ground vehicles, or bots, were launched.
Accessibility of health and human services for the HIV-infected

Most research on services for the HIV/AIDS population has focused on primary medical care or on service brokering by advocacy groups. Little research data exist on the extent to which services of programs that do not specialize in HIV/AIDS clients are available to these individuals who often have multiple and multi-dimensional problems. The reported research examines selected data from a sample of 236 medical, behavioral health and social service programs in Miami-Dade County, Florida. A constructed measure of ‘involvement’ in services for HIV/AIDS clients, pertinent provider program and client characteristics are examined in the context of geo-distributed data on reported AIDS cases and census data. In logistic regression analyses, two aspects of race/– the population in the zip code area served by the program, and the clients or patients seen in the program – were significant in predicting program under-response, defined as level of response relative to cumulative reported AIDS cases from the program's zip code area. The analysis is briefly discussed regarding its relevance and methodological generalizability for HIV/AIDS and related public health policy and applied purposes.
Desipramine subsensitizes nicotinic mechanism involved in regulating core temperature

Desipramine HCl, 10 mg/kg i.p. twice daily, produced subsensitivity to the hypothermic effects of nicotine, 1 mg/kg, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment in male Sprague-Dawley rats, Phenelzine sulfate, fluoxetine HCl, and bright artificial light produced the same effect. The capacity of three chemically distinct classes of anti-depressants and bright artificial light (a treatment for seasonal depression) to produce this result suggests that effects on nicotinic mechanisms may be involved in the mechanism of action of these treatments.
Live Load Effect in Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts Under Soil Fill

AbstractThe effects of live load in box culverts may be nearly negligible compared with the effects of dead loads when significant fill is placed above the crown of the culvert. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of live load (truck loads) on reinforced concrete box culverts classified as bridges [spans greater than 6 m (20 ft)] under soil fills of different thicknesses. The study considered the field testing of 10 existing reinforced concrete box culverts with fill depths ranging from 0.76 m (2.5 ft) to 4.1 m (13.5 ft). Instrumentation of the culverts consisted of 12 reusable strain transducers and 12 linear variable displacement transducers. The instrumentation was designed to be applied, used, and removed in one day of testing. Loaded trucks were driven over the culvert to provide live load. The results of the testing show that the live-load effect does diminish with increasing fill depth. The 2012 AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications are overly conservative in predicting stra...
Emergency diagnosis, resuscitation, and treatment of acute penetrating cardiac trauma

The controversy concerning the mode of resuscitation in acute penetrating cardiac trauma has been resolved in recent years. Most large centers are aggressive, and pericardiocentesis is used in life-threatening situations only as a temporary measure until thoracotomy can be performed. There are at least 32 publications which recommended emergency department thoracotomy for resuscitation of the critically injured heart. The physician should be alerted when patients arrive with penetrating chest and upper abdominal wounds. Cardiac injury must be ruled out as soon as possible, for minutes may mean the difference between successful resuscitation and irreversible myocardial damage. Most penetrating chest wounds are easily managed in the emergency department with fluid resuscitation and chest tube drainage. Patients who have an isolated penetrating cardiac injury will have the best prognosis; moribund patients who are suffering from extrathoracic injuries, especially CNS injuries, will have a dismal prognosis. The keys to successful resuscitation of the traumatized heart are a high index of suspicion, early recognition, and rapid intervention.
Genic variation in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, in a small geographic area

Genic variation was examined with starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 14 loci in 12 populations of Peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae from a small part of the Appalachians in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Polymorphism was observed at eight loci with no significant correlations between frequency of common genotypes or alleles and altitude. Average individual heterozygosity (\-H) values were low for P. maniculatus whether using only ‘slow’ evolving loci (mean = 3.0%) or both ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ evolving loci (mean = 4.9%). No significant correlation was present between altitude and \-H. Interlocality variation of \-H was as great in this study as previously reported for P. maniculatus over larger geographic areas. Rogers' coefficients of genetic similarity of paired combinations of populations based on ‘slow’ evolving loci (range of 0.941 to 0.997) or based on ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ evolving loci (range of 0.858 to 0.974) showed all populations to be highly similar. Ranges of similarity values observed in the present study were as great as those previously reported for P. maniculatus over a larger geographic area.
Cellulolytic vestiges of the xylanase activity in a new strictly xylanolytic, thermophilic Clostridium sp.

The xylanase activity of the new thermophilic, anaerobic, Clostridium sp. EPP100 was induced by xylan, cellobiose, and lactose, a pattern previously noted only in cellulolytic organisms. The lactose-induced xylanase had microcrystalline cellulose binding activity. Induction of xylanase activity was dependent on inducer concentration and was not fully repressible by glucose, xylose, or any mono-sugars tested. The β-glycosidases and xylanase were not induced coordinately by lactose and cellobiose.
Distributed Point Source Method for Modeling Scattered Ultrasonic Fields in the Presence of an Elliptical Cavity

Scattering of ultrasonic waves by an elliptical cavity is modeled. The ratio of the semimajor to semiminor axes is varied from 1 to model a cylindrical cavity with a circular cross section to a lar...
Cultural Algorithms: Knowledge-driven engineering optimization via weaving a social fabric as an enhanced influence function

Cultural algorithms employ a basic set of knowledge sources, each related to knowledge observed in various social species. These knowledge sources are then combined to direct the decisions of the individual agents in solving optimization problems. While many successful real-world applications of Cultural Algorithms have been produced, we are interested in studying the fundamental computational processes involved the use of Cultural Systems as problem solvers. In previous work the influence of the knowledge sources have been on individuals in the population only. In this paper we introduce the notion of a social fabric in which the expression of knowledge sources can be distributed through the population. We apply the social fabric function to the solution of a tension/compression spring design problem. We show that different parameter combinations can affect the rate of solution.
Ironing Out the Oxidation of Earth's Mantle

Lavas from island arc volcanoes form when the crust is recycled into the mantle at subduction zones (see the figure). These lavas are more oxidized than those produced at mid-ocean ridge volcanoes. On page 605 of this issue, Kelley and Cottrell ( 1 ) use a high–spatial resolution method to determine iron oxidation states of glasses from a suite of volcanic rocks, including a broad sampling of tiny inclusions trapped in minerals from arc volcanoes that have not undergone degassing. They correlate these measurements with dissolved water and trace element concentrations determined by other microanalytical techniques, and link the oxidation of arc volcano magmas with oxidants in the fluids that infiltrate the mantle wedge above subduction zones, as opposed to other processes, such as volcanic degassing in surface regions.
Transverse modes of a bunched beam with space charge dominated impedance

Coherent transverse oscillations of a bunched beam are considered at space charge dominated impedance and synchrotron motion taken into account. General equation for the bunch eigenmodes is derived, its exact analytical solution is found for a boxcar bunch at linear synchrotron oscillations, and numerical solutions are presented for other distributions. Both low and high synchrotron frequency approaches are considered and compared, fields of their application are established, and some estimations are proposed for the intermediate region.
Time Delay Margin Analysis of Modified State Observer Based Adaptive Controller

Adaptive control of systems with large uncertainties requires fast adaptation to ensure stability and good tracking performance. A drawback with using high adaptive gains, however, is that high gains could result in high frequency oscillations in the control signal. These oscillations in turn could excite the unmodeled dynamics of the plant and lead to system failure. An adaptive control methodology with a ‘modified state observer’ using a generic observer structure is proposed to tackle the above problem. The use of modified state observer alleviates the oscillations in control signals by separating the design of estimation error dynamics and reference model dynamics. In this paper the effect of using modified state observer for adaptive control of input delay systems is analyzed. The local time delay margins are estimated using bounded linear stability analysis method and compared with that of standard model reference adaptive control. The relationships between estimation error dynamics, tracking error dynamics, adaptation gain and local time delay margin are investigated both analytically and numerically. Based on the analysis, an effective method is proposed for varying the adaptation rate online to ensure stable adaptation. Simulation studies were carried out for a simple scalar problem and also using a longitudinal pitch dynamic model of a Generic Transport aircraft. The results obtained indicate that the modified state observer based adaptive controllers are quite robust compared to MRAC.
Motivation and Skin Temperature Biofeedback: Yerkes‐Dodson Revisited

The purpose of the present experiment was to explore the relationship between motivation and task difficulty during temperature biofeedback. A 2 (task difficulty: suggestion vs no-suggestion) × 3 (motivation: 0¢ vs 25¢ vs 50¢) design was employed. It was hypothesized that a curvilinear function would be obtained in the suggestion groups following the Yerkes-Dodson law for moderately difficult tasks. Forty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to the six experimental conditions and were trained to increase their finger temperature. Motivation was manipulated by paying subjects, 0, 25, or 50¢ for every. 1 °F they increased their ringer temperature over baseline for 3 days. As predicted, the results are quite compatible with the Yerkes-Dodson law and help to clear up previous inconsistencies in the literature. A potentially important clinical implication of the above findings is that it may be to a patient's advantage to reduce his/her level of motivation for maximum results.
Induction of globin mRNA accumulation by hemin in cultured erythroleukemic cells

The role of heme in erythroid development is investigated in erythroleukemic (Friend) cells. Exogenous hemin induces the accumulation of globin mRNA and globin protein in T3-C12 erythroleukemia cells to levels comparable to those induced by polar solvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The hemin concentration required for maximal induction (10(-4) M) is the same as that which stimulates globin message translation in reticulocytes or cell-free reticulocyte lysates. Hemin and DMSO together cause T3-C12 cells to accumulate 8-9 fold more globin mRNA than either inducer individually. The kinetics of globin mRNA induction in hemin as compared to DMSO are very different: globin message accumulation begins 4 hr after hemin addition, but not until 30--40 hr after DMSO addition. Biliverdin induces 20--40 fold less hemoglobin than hemin; delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen do not induce.
INTERPRETATIONS OF CYTOCHROME P450 MECHANISMS FROM KINETIC STUDIES

Abstract The catalytic mechanism of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes has generally been understood in terms of a classic cycle in which electron donation is often limiting and catalysis is understood in terms of hydrogen abstraction and rapid oxygen rebound. In the course of detailed investigations with kinetic hydrogen isotope effects we have studied two systems in which somewhat unusual isotope effects have been interpreted in terms of modifications of the general paradigm. The low isotope effects observed for N-demethylation reactions are in contrast to high values seen with P450-catalyzed C-hydroxylation and peroxidase-catalyzed N-demethylation and are consonant with a role for the P450 FeO 2+ entity in base-catalyzed deprotonation of an aminium radical. With P450 2E1, kinetic deuterium isotope effects are seen on the apparent K m for the substrate (increased) but not on V max . The results are interpreted in terms of a mechanism where CH bond cleavage is sensitive to deuterium substitution but a step following this is rate-limiting. This step may be product release.
Indirect Taxes and Relative Prices

I. Introduction, 125. — II. The effect of indirect taxes upon the price structure, 126. — III. Some implications, 134. — IV. Summary and Conclusions, 138.
Complete stereochemical distribution of 14C-isotope in citrate

Abstract A method is described for total stereochemical degradation of citrate. The procedure permits the determination of the isotope distribution of five individual carbon atoms and the combined isotope distribution of seven carbon-fragment combinations. The original citrate molecule is degraded enzymically and carbon fragments C-1,2 and C-3,4 reincorporated stereospecifically as acetate into citrate. The oxatacetate fragment of citrate is converted to and degraded as aspartate. The key application of the colorimetric assay for citrate as a degradative method permits the total quantitative decarboxylation of citrate to three moles of CO 2 and one mole of pentabromoacetone, the specific activities of which may be determined independently. The principles outlined may be used for the determination of intramolecular distributions of 14 C in acetate, alanine, pyruvate, aspartate, oxalacetate, or other compounds enzymically or chemically convertible to acetate.
The relative efficiency of a robust generalized Bayes estimator in a linear regression model with multicollinearity

Abstract This paper uses Monte Carlo techniques to examine the performance of a robust generalized Bayes estimator for a linear regression model when multicollinearity is present. Unlike many improved estimators, this near-minimax estimator performs very well under squared error loss even when the data are ill-conditioned.
Elementary divisors of tensor products

The elementary divisors of a tensor product of linear transformations have been known for 40 years. This paper provides a short, easily accessible proof of these results, and points out an interesting combinatorial consequence of the proof.
The advantage of specific terms over general terms as cues for sentence recall: Instantiation or retrieval?

Anderson et al. (1976) found that specific terms, which had not appeared in but fit the context of sentences, were better sentence recall cues than the general terms appearing in the sentences. They interpreted this as indicating that general terms in context were encoded on the basis of appropriate instantiations. Experiment 1, using part of the same material, demonstrated that the advantage of specific cues increased when the general terms were omitted from the to-be-remembered materials, and that other specific terms were also effective cues for the same material. Experiment 2 demonstrated that terms that could not be possible intantiations of any words in the sentences, but that shared common meaning with the sentences as a whole, were as effective retrieval cues as the specific terms. The advantage of specific cues was interpreted as attributable to feature overlap between the specific terms and the to-be-remembered materials rather than to instantiation of the general terms.
Laparoscopic radiofrequency thermal ablation for unusual hepatic tumors: operative indications and outcomes

There is increasing experience with laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of patients with hepatic metastasis from colorectal and neuroendocrine cancer and those with hepatocellular cancer. Little is known about the outcomes for patients with other tumor types. Between January 1996 and March 2005, 517 patients with 1,500 primary and metastatic liver tumors underwent laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation. Among these, 53 patients (10%) had cancers other than the colorectal, neuroendocrine, or hepatocellular types including sarcoma (n = 18), breast cancer (n = 10), esophagus cancer (n = 4), melanoma (n = 4), lung cancer (n = 3), ovarian cancer (n = 2), pancreas cancer (n = 2), unknown primary cancer (n = 2), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2), rectal squamous cancer (n = 2), renal cancer (n = 2), papillary thyroid cancer (n = 1), and hemangioendothelioma (n = 1). Unlike the criteria for treatment of the more usual tumor types, these patients had a diagnosis of liver-exclusive disease, as diagnosed by preoperative imaging. They also had failed chemotherapy. The 53 patients underwent ablation of 192 lesions, with 8 patients undergoing repeat treatment. The hospital stay averaged 1 day, and there was no 30-day mortality. Complications included one postoperative hemorrhage, one liver abscess, and one wound infection. Tumors recurred locally for 17% of the lesions over a mean follow-up period of 24 months. The overall median survival was 33 months for the whole series, more than 51 months for breast cancer, and 25 months for sarcoma. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation can safely and effectively treat hepatic metastasis of these unusual tumor types. The authors believe that this heterogeneous group of patients, selected for their unusual presentation of liver-exclusive disease, may benefit from cytoreduction of their tumor by laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation when other treatment methods have failed.
Localization induced by impurity doping in High-Tc superconductors

Abstract The localization in a disordered metal by means of the perturbation approach is considered. It is shown that in the case of a given impurity potential a small disorder leads to localization in 2D as well as in 1D, and causes the weak localization in 3D. In contrast, in the case of the screened impurity potential by electrons (interacting electrons) the disorder effect on polarizability can significantly be suppressed by the Coulomb vertex corrections to the bare impurity vertex as shown. The application of the results to 1D–3D are discussed.
Developing microlabs using Google web toolkit

Closed labs have become a common feature in computer science education because they provide hands-on experience in a supervised setting. Microlabs extend this approach into the lecture format with very short hands-on activities in the "middle of the lecture." The programming microlab approach was developed for a distributed computing course that integrated all levels of parallelism (multicore, cluster, and grid). Since that time we have developed logical microlabs where students solve conceptual problems that do not involve programming. These are integrated into a Microlab Learning Cycle. We want our microlabs to be usable with a wide variety of computing devices, including tablets. After experimenting with different development environments we have adopted the Google Web Toolkit (GWT). After presenting the current status of our activities, we discuss future directions for microlab development. This work is supported, in part, by three National Science Foundation grants.
Unusual Pigmented Vesical Lesion in a Middle-Aged Woman

Excess lipofuscin deposition in tissues is a phenomenon observed in normal aging. The amount of lipofuscin in myocardium, liver, skeletal muscle, and adnexal skin structures varies considerably with age and increases in older individuals. In addition, lipofuscin deposition occurs in association with specific, non-age-related processes; these include melanosis coll, the so-called brown bowel syndrome, and the black thyroid. Localized lipofuscinosis has also been described in the gallbladder, esophagus, and fallopian tubes. The present article adds lipofuscinosis vesicalis to the list of entities characterized by focal lipofuscin deposition. All cases have a characteristic gross appearance that is somewhat variable from entity to entity and in some cases may suggest clinically an ominous pathologic process.
Managing Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Thrombosis Risk: A Guide for Clinical Best Practice

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical practice changes in an effort to reduce peripherally inserted central catheter thrombosis risk. Patients and Method A retrospective analysis of adult patients in the acute care setting. Results A total number of 1307 charts of patients who received PICCs were reviewed encompassing the months of January 2008, October 2008 and August 2010. During the period from January 2008 to October 2008, clinical practice changes were made to include the use of ultrasound guidance. Ensuring catheter tip termination in the superior vena cava with the addition of ultrasound technology as an insertion practice combined to decrease symptomatic PICC related deep vein thrombosis rates from 4.8% to 2.9%. During the period from October 2008 to August 2010, an additional practice was introduced that involved measurement and documentation of vein diameters(without the use of a tourniquet) prior to all PICC insertion procedures. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) rates dropped further from 2.9% to 1.4% during this period. Conclusion Obtaining central tip location and using ultrasound guidance for PICC placement are effective in reducing PICC related DVT. Additionally, routine measurement of vein diameters in their native state and use of that information to ensure that the vessel diameter is at least twice the outer diameter of the catheter is an effective practice to reduce DVT rates and reduce thrombosis risk.
Competitive behavior, impact on others, and the number of competitors

This paper investigates changes in competitive behavior that follow from changes in: (1) the impact of competitive behavior on others; and (2) the size of the competitive reference group. Using a 2 × 3 between-subjects design, we asked participants whether they would work more hours (i.e., “compete”) in return for an increase in pay, varying: (1) group size – small (n = 4) or large (n = 40); (2) whether there is impact on others or not; and (3) given impact on others, whether there is future interaction or not. We find that when competitive behavior has no impact on coworkers (i.e., the baseline), the size of the competitive reference group does not influence the level of competitive behavior. If we allow the competitive choice to reduce the earnings of coworkers: (1) the level of competitive behavior falls relative to the baseline; and (2) increases in the size of the competitive reference group increase the level of competitive behavior. The level of competitive behavior falls further when respondents also anticipate future interactions with the reference group.