cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T11 of anionic polystyrenes from zero shear melt viscosity

Abstract Zero shear melt viscosity data, no, as a function of temperature on anionic polystyrenes (PS), as measured by Pierson and by Ueno et al., have been analysed using both a first derivative program and computerized regression analysis. Such data at each M n fall on three straight lines when plotted as log no vs 1000/T, usually connected by curvature, with intersections corresponding to the liquid-liquid intermolecular transition, T1 and an intramolecular liquid-liquid transition, T11 lying about 40 K above T11 T11 and T′11, are given in tabular and graphical form as a function of M n We conclude that zero shear conditions were attained and that quasi-equilibrium values of T11 and T′11, have resulted. Analysis of a third body of no data on anionic PS's by Suzuki reveals additional evidence for T11. These new results on T11 and T′11 are discussed in terms of other literature data on melt viscosity of PS by other techniques for analysing such data.
Bioluminescence Intensity Modeling and Sampling Strategy Optimization

Abstract The focus of this paper is on the development of methodology for short-term (1–3 days) oceanic bioluminescence (BL) predictions and the optimization of spatial and temporal bioluminescence sampling strategies. The approach is based on predictions of bioluminescence with an advection–diffusion–reaction (tracer) model with velocities and diffusivities from a circulation model. In previous research, it was shown that short-term changes in some of the salient features in coastal bioluminescence can be explained and predicted by using this approach. At the same time, it was demonstrated that optimization of bioluminescence sampling prior to the forecast is critical for successful short-term BL predictions with the tracer model. In the present paper, the adjoint to the tracer model is used to study the sensitivity of the modeled bioluminescence distributions to the sampling strategies for BL. The locations and times of bioluminescence sampling prior to the forecast are determined by using the adjoint-b...
A THEORETICAL MODEL OF LITTER DECAY AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION

Despite the central role of microorganisms in the decomposition of dead organic matter, few models have integrated the dynamics of litter chemistry with microbial interactions. Here we propose a functional resolution of the microbial community that parallels the commonly used chemical characterization of plant litter, i.e., a guild of opportunist microorganisms that grows quickly and has high affinity for soluble substrates, a guild of decomposer specialists that grows more slowly and has high affinity for holocellulose substrates, and a guild of miners that grows very slowly and is specialized for degrading lignin. This guild-based decomposition model (GDM) includes the interactions of holocellulose and lignin, manifest as mutual feedback controls on microbial-based activities. It also includes N limitations on early stages of litter decay resulting from nutritional demands of microorganisms and N inhibition on late stages of litter decay resulting from reduced lignin degradation. Competitive interaction...
High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy as treatment for histiocytic sarcoma of the central nervous system

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare malignancy that develops from myeloid stem cells. There has been considerable debate over the years as to the correct terminology. In the early twentieth century,...
Reduced Rate of Energy Expenditure as a Risk Factor for Body-Weight Gain

The contribution of reduced energy expenditure to the development of obesity has been a point of controversy. We measured 24-hour energy expenditure (adjusted for body composition, age, and sex), in a respiratory chamber, in 95 southwestern American Indians. Energy expenditure correlated with the rate of change in body weight over a two-year follow-up period (r = -0.39, P less than 0.001). The estimated risk of gaining more than 7.5 kg in body weight was increased fourfold in persons with a low adjusted 24-hour energy expenditure (200 kcal per day below predicted values) as compared with persons with a high 24-hour energy expenditure (200 kcal per day above predicted values; P less than 0.01). In another 126 subjects, the adjusted metabolic rate at rest at the initial visit was also found to predict the gain in body weight over a four-year follow-up period. When the 15 subjects who gained more than 10 kg were compared with the remaining 111 subjects, the initial mean (+/- SD) adjusted metabolic rate at rest was lower in those who gained weight (1694 +/- 103 vs. 1764 +/- 109 kcal per day; P less than 0.02) and increased to 1813 +/- 134 kcal per day (P less than 0.01) after a mean weight gain of 15.7 +/- 5.7 kg. In a group of 94 siblings from 36 families, values for adjusted 24-hour energy expenditure aggregated in families (intraclass correlation = 0.48). We conclude that a low rate of energy expenditure may contribute to the aggregation of obesity in families.
Visual coverage of the 2006 Lebanon War: Framing conflict in three US news magazines

The 2006 Lebanon War presented a rare opportunity to explore how the three major US news magazines visually covered a distant conflict in which the US was not directly involved. Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report faced the challenge of how to fairly report a conflict that was dominated by one side – Israel. A quantitative content analysis revealed that the military conflict and human interest frames dominated visual coverage of the seven-week war. By emphasizing the war’s negative impact on Lebanon and its people, the news magazines provided a largely American audience with a proportional visual representation of the conflict. Only 11 percent of the images showed the injured and dead, which is consistent with other war studies. This article discusses how the news magazines visually framed the war, why images of Hezbollah and protests were rarely seen, and why many casualty images included women and children.
Influence of Host Plant on Deterrence by Azadirachtin of Feeding by Fall Armyworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

The tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin, a derivative of neem, caused more inhibition of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larval feeding on cotton seedling foliage compared with lima bean seedling foliage. This difference may be related to the relative proportions and interactions of naturally occurring stimulants and deterrents in the plants, because two-way choice tests demonstrated that lima beans are the preferred host. Although azadirachtin does not strongly deter feeding by fall armyworm larvae on lima beans, properties of this chemical inhibit their growth and provide good crop protection within 7 d. Implications of these results for the use of feeding deterrents and other naturally occurring compounds as crop-protection agents are discussed.
Detection of artificial water flows by the lateral line system of a benthic feeding cichlid fish

The mechanosensory lateral line system of fishes detects water motions within a few body lengths of the source. Several types of artificial stimuli have been used to probe lateral line function in the laboratory, but few studies have investigated the role of flow sensing in benthic feeding teleosts. In this study, we used artificial flows emerging from a sandy substrate to assess the contribution of flow sensing to prey detection in the peacock cichlid, Aulonocara stuartgranti, which feeds on benthic invertebrates in Lake Malawi. Using a positive reinforcement protocol, we trained fish to respond to flows lacking the visual and chemical cues generated by tethered prey in prior studies with A. stuartgranti Fish successfully responded to artificial flows at all five rates presented (characterized using digital particle image velocimetry), and showed a range of flow-sensing behaviors, including an unconditioned bite response. Immediately after lateral line inactivation, fish rarely responded to flows and the loss of vital fluorescent staining of hair cells (with 4-di-2-ASP) verified lateral line inactivation. Within 2 days post-treatment, some aspects of flow-sensing behavior returned and after 7 days, flow-sensing behavior and hair cell fluorescence both returned to pre-treatment levels, which is consistent with the reported timing of hair cell regeneration in other vertebrates. The presentation of ecologically relevant water flows to assess flow-sensing behaviors and the use of a positive reinforcement protocol are methods that present new opportunities to study the role of flow sensing in the feeding ecology of benthic feeding fishes.
Ethics in primary care: setting aside common misunderstandings.

Abstract Ethics, as generally defined, tries to answer the question, "What ought to be done in a given situation, all things considered?" Answering this question in primary care is hampered by some common and recurring misunderstandings--some arising from physicians' misunderstanding of ethical concepts and vocabulary and some arising from ethicists' misplaced emphasis and ignorance of medical settings. Examination and clarification of these misunderstandings illuminate the nature of primary care ethics and the role of the practicing physician.
Identification of the major capsid protein of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) and development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for quantification of ENV DNA

Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) is a disease of marine and anadromous fish that is caused by the erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), which was recently identified as a novel member of family Iridoviridae by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the ENV DNA polymerase grouped ENV with other erythrocytic iridoviruses from snakes and lizards. In the present study, we identified the gene encoding the ENV major capsid protein (MCP) and developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting this gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the MCP gene sequence supported the conclusion that ENV does not group with any of the currently described iridovirus genera. Because there is no information regarding genetic variation of the MCP gene across the reported host and geographic range for ENV, we also developed a second qPCR assay for a more conserved ATPase-like gene region. The MCP and ATPase qPCR assays demonstrated good analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity based on samples from laboratory challenges of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii The qPCR assays had similar diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as light microscopy of stained blood smears for the presence of intraerythrocytic inclusion bodies. However, the qPCR assays may detect viral DNA early in infection prior to the formation of inclusion bodies. Both qPCR assays appear suitable for viral surveillance or as a confirmatory test for ENV in Pacific herring from the Salish Sea.
Clinical significance of electrocardiography and ventricular changes of congenital heart disease after surgery

Objective:To investigate the influence on cardiogram and ventricular remodeling after cardiac closure procedure for children with ventricular septal defeet (VSD). Method:There are 108 cases of children with VSD,which were operated by percutaneous catheter occlusion triumphantly,observed in VSD patients with transcatheter occlusion electrocardiography (ECG) parameters and ventricular morphology before and after procedure. Result:Compared with the VSD closure compared with preoperative,postoperative 3-day RBBB/LBBB were significantly increased,but RBBB/LBBB rate gradually decreased to normal after 3 months and 6 months. VSD closure after 2 days in patients with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia were significantly more than before.LVED,LVSD and LVEDV and LVESV significantly reduced after 3 months and 6 months. RVED significantly reduced after 3 months.Compared with the pre-operative,after a month LVSV was significantly reduced,and LVEF was no significant change before and after surgery.Conclusion:VSD after transcatheter closure,some patients had the emergence of new ECG changes,In after 2 days of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia rate increasing,bundle branch block rate increasing in 3 days,but after 3 months after the bundle branch block the incidence declining. After VSD closure ventricular structure and function have different levels to resume.
Utility and usability as factors influencing teacher decisions about software integration

Given the importance of teacher in the implementation of computer technology in classrooms, the technology acceptance model and TPACK model were used to better understand the decision-making process teachers use in determining how, when, and where computer software is used in mathematics classrooms. Thirty-four (34) teachers implementing Geometer’s Sketchpad and Fathom in algebra and geometry classrooms were observed and interviewed using the above models. The factors of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, and their contributing sub-factors, were used to elaborate on how teachers differed in their perceptions and actual use of these two software tools in different instructional contexts. The two primary themes that emerged were teachers’ comfort level with using the software tools and how this interacted with their perceived ease of use, and their understanding of the software’s capabilities and alignment with their curricular and teaching goals. This alignment became the over-riding factor driving perceived usefulness. Secondary factors influencing perceived usefulness included alignment with preferred pedagogical strategies and support from fellow teachers. This last factor probably also crossed over to perceptions of ease of use.
Associates of Neonatal, Infant and Child Mortality in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: A Multilevel Analysis Using the 2012-2013 Demographic and Health Surveys.

Objectives Pakistan is one of five nations contributing to half of the world’s child mortality and holds under-five mortality rates which are nearly double global targets. Reasons for this shortfall include civil conflicts, political uncertainty, low education, poverty, rural–urban disparities, and limited health care access. The aim of this study was to explore associations between individual characteristics, community factors, and child mortality in Pakistan. Methods Data were derived from the 2012 to 2013 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, and included 7399 live births and 380 child deaths. Multivariate, multilevel logistic regression was used to model risk of neonatal, infant and under-five child deaths. Results Seventy-one percent of child deaths occurred during the neonatal period. Significant factors (p < 0.05) associated with lower odds of child mortality included adhering to recommended minimum of 24 months interpregnancy interval and higher household wealth. These were significant for neonatal (OR 0.448; 0.871), infancy (OR 0.465; 0.881), and under-five deaths (OR 0.465; 0.879). Employed mothers had higher odds of neonatal (OR 1.479), infant (OR 1.506), and child mortality (OR 1.459). Likewise, women living in consanguineous marriages had higher odds of infant (OR 1.454) and under-five deaths (OR 1.381). Children in Balochistan, Punjab, and Sindh, regions disproportionately poor, rural with low levels of education, were at highest risk of dying. Conclusions for Practice Findings may assist in designing targeted interventions, developing appropriate public health messaging, and implementing policies designed to lower child mortality. Focusing on lowering rates of maternal poverty, increasing opportunities for education, and improving access to health care could assist in reducing child mortality in Pakistan.
Biomechanical Attributes of the Leaves of Pine Species

The flexual stiffness EI, elastic modulus E, second moment of area I, length L, and weight Wt of foliage leaves from 26 species of pine were measured to determine the manner in which EI is scaled to leaf size (L or Wt, or both) and to determine if the biomechanical attributes of foliage leaves could be juxtaposed with the systematic affiliations of species within Pinus. Biomechanical and morphometric data were explored based on a model from engineering theory that predicts the relationships among EI, Wt and L provided that the maximum tip-deflection δ max of an untapered cantilevered beam sustaining its own weight is maintained as the beam either increases in the length or weight, or both, i.e.δ max = WtL 3 /8EI (...)
The Creation of Eve and Renaissance Naturalism: Visual Theology and Artistic Invention

Depicting the Creation of Woman presented a special problem for Renaissance artists. The medieval iconography of Eve rising half-formed from Adam's side was hardly compatible with their commitment to the naturalistic representation of the human figure. At the same time, the story of God constructing the first woman from a rib did not offer the kind of dignified, affective pictorial narrative that artists, patrons, and the public prized. Jack M. Greenstein takes this artistic problem as the point of departure for an iconographic study of this central theme of Christian culture. His book shows how the meaning changed along with the form when Lorenzo Ghiberti, Andrea Pisano, and other Italian sculptors of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries revised the traditional composition to accommodate a naturalistically depicted Eve. At stake, Greenstein argues, is the role of the artist and the power of image-making in reshaping Renaissance culture and religious thought.
The role of monoamines in modulating behavior.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying complex behaviors requires a comprehensive investigation of the neurobiological factors that regulate and modulate their expression. Monoamines, such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, serve a variety of essential physiological roles in modulating animal behavior. Furthermore, the evolutionary conservation of these aminergic systems spans across both vertebrates and invertebrates, having comparable effects in such diverse processes as learning and memory, aggression, mating behaviors and reproduction, stress responses, locomotion, and collective social behaviors (Dishman 1997; Libersat and Pflueger 2004; Kamhi and Traniello 2013; Bubak et al. 2014a; De Boer et al. 2015). Outstanding research is currently being conducted in this field, uncovering remarkable similarities in neural circuitries even among highly divergent taxa, such as Drosophila and humans. Investigating the neural mechanisms involved in the monoaminergic modulation of behavior across a variety of taxonomically distant species can provide researchers with a better understanding of the origins and functions of these systems. The goal of this special issue is to provide a venue in which colleagues studying similar questions across highly divergent animal systems can present their recent and groundbreaking work in this exciting area of biology. We hope this collection of papers will encourage and stimulate a dialogue on the similarities of monoaminergic function in a wide variety of animals and ultimately promote future comparative approaches when investigating behavioral modulation. In this issue, we aim to highlight a range of animal models systems to illustrate the central role that monoamines play in modulating various behaviors. This special column features seven contributions drawn from the participants in a symposium we organized for the 9th International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, held in Krakow, Poland, in August 2015. Featured animal models include both invertebrates and vertebrates. ### Synthesis, new directions, and reviews The issue starts with … [↵][1]*Address correspondence to John G. Swallow. E-mail: john.swallow{at}ucdenver.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Wireless wearables for virtual and augmented reality

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) have been explored by researchers for nearly a half century. Over the past few years, however, VR has experienced a renaissance, as head-worn display developer kits have metamorphosed into early consumer products, all far superior to what most VR researchers previously had available. Meanwhile, AR head-worn display developer kits are being released, even as Pokemon Go has caused public awareness of hand-held AR to skyrocket.What role will wireless computing play in the future of wearable VR and AR systems? I will suggest some of the ways in which future wearable hardware, software, and user interfaces could benefit from wireless technology, and describe some of the performance constraints that wireless systems must meet for this to be possible. For example, in the quest to develop lightweight eyewear, it will be advantageous to move as much technology as possible off the head, to other parts of the body or to the nearby environment. This will demand reliably low latency and high throughput for the asymmetric round trip from head-worn sensors, to off-head processors, back to head-worn displays. Furthermore, when AR eyewear becomes commonplace, so will multi-user AR collaboration, and that means handling intricate interactions between users, both co-located and remote.
Inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase partially attenuates caffeine-dependent cell death without alleviating the caffeine-induced reduction in mitochondrial respiration in C2C12 skeletal myotubes

Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant that has previously been shown to promote cytotoxic stress and even cell death in numerous mammalian cell lines. Thus far there is little information available regarding the toxicity of caffeine in skeletal muscle cells. Our preliminary data revealed that treating C2C12 myotubes with 5 mM caffeine for 6 h increased nuclear fragmentation and reduced basal and maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in skeletal myotubes. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the pathways by which caffeine increased cell death and reduced mitochondrial respiration. We specifically examined the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which has previously been shown to simultaneously increase caspase-dependent cell death and reduce mitochondrial respiration in other mammalian cell lines. We found that caffeine promoted a dose-dependent increase in cell death in multinucleated myotubes but did not in mononucleated myoblasts. The addition of 10 μM Z-DEVD-FMK, a specific inhibitor of executioner caspases, completely inhibited caffeine-dependent cell death. Further, the addition of 400 μM dantrolene, a specific ryanodine receptor (RYR) inhibitor, prevented the caffeine-dependent increase in cell death and the reduction in basal and maximal OCR. We also discovered that caffeine treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of JNK and that the addition of 30 μM SP600125 (JNKi), a specific JNK inhibitor, partially attenuated caffeine-induced cell death without preventing the caffeine-dependent reduction in basal and maximal OCR. Our results suggest that JNK partially mediates the increase in caspase-dependent cell death but does not contribute to reduced mitochondrial respiration in caffeine-treated skeletal muscle cells. We conclude that caffeine increased cell death and reduced mitochondrial respiration in a calcium-dependent manner by activating the RYR and promoting reticular calcium release.
Torture Porn: The American Sadistic Disposition in the Post-9/11 Horror Genre

The American cycle of horror films dubbed as ‘torture porn’—the Saw and Hostel films being most representative—were summarily dismissed as sadistic. But little regard has been given to the true nature of sadism and the ways in which these films actually grapple with this much-abused term. Furthermore, while the history of disciplinary power has largely witnessed the removal of state punishment from public view, in the post-9/11 era torture porn films return what has been kept from view.
Generative Contexts: Generating value between community and educational settings

As educators and researchers, the authors of this paper participated, at different points in time, in a National Science Foundation funded research program to place culturally responsive education into generative justice frameworks. We discovered that the mechanisms to create generative contexts—contexts where value can possibly be returned to the community where the people generating that value live and work—in-school, after-school, and not-school were not uniform and required individual attention and care. One can think of generative contexts as the educational preconditions for generative justice. We aim to show how generative contexts are crucial to understanding a larger theory of generative justice. To do this we provide three examples of generative contexts. First is a generative context in-school, where a technology teacher brought a community hairstylist into her classroom to help teach computer programming through cornrow braiding; a skill relevant to her African American students. Next is a generative context after-school where a student demonstrates soldering skills that she learned from family members. The third is a not-school “E-Waste to Makerspace” workshop where students created garden-technology designs for low-income communities.
A path for synthesis of boron-nitride nanostructures in volume of arc plasma

We find a possible channel for direct nanosynthesis of boron-nitride (BN) nanostructures, including growth of BN nanotubes from a mixture of BN diatomic molecules by quantum–classical molecular dynamics simulations. No catalyst or boron nanoparticle is needed for this synthesis, however the conditions for the synthesis of each of the nanostructures, such as temperature and flux of the BN feedstock are identified and are compatible with the conditions in an electric arc at high pressure. We also find that BN nanostructures can be synthetized by feeding a boron nanoparticle by BN diatomic molecules, however if hydrogen rich molecules like NH3 or HBNH are used as a feedstock, two-dimensional nanoflake stable structures are formed.
Abstract 048: The Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor S1P1 Regulates Kidney Vascular Development and Heart Development

Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) is one of the five G-protein coupled receptors activated by Sphingosine 1-phosphate, which is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite crucial in many biological processes, including vascular development. It has been reported that deletion of S1P1 in mice results in embryonic lethality at E12.5-14.5 due to failure of migration and/or differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) and pericytes and that S1P1 functions autonomously in endothelial cells (ECs) as an inhibitor of angiogenesis. However, due to the early lethality of the aforementioned S1P1-/- mice, the role of S1P1 in kidney vascular development has not been determined. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the S1P1 is crucial for the differentiation, assembly and maturation of the renal vasculature. Using EC-SCL-CreERT mice that specifically express tamoxifen inducible Cre in EC progenitors crossed with S1P1fl/fl and Rosa-LacZ reporter mice, we generated mice with timed deletion of S1P1 in ECs during kidney development (EC-S1P1KO). The knockout embryos with tamoxifen treatment develop severe edema, hemorrhages (36%, 8/22) or die (50%, 11/22) at E14.5 to E16.5, which may be caused by heart failure. Using histological methods including X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry for markers of ECs and mural cells, we found that the EC-S1P1KO embryos develop abnormal glomerular capillaries, dilated renal arteries and veins, disrupted vSMC coating of renal arteries and arterioles and absence of lymphatic endothelium. Further, thinner inter-ventricular septum, thinner ventricular myocardial compact layer and dilated myocardial capillaries are found in EC-S1P1KO embryos. Cross-transplantation studies of E12.5 kidneys from EC-S1P1KO and control mice under the kidney capsule of WT adult mice revealed that the kidney vascular abnormalities are intrinsic, due to the lack of S1P1 in renal EC precursors, and not secondary to the extra-renal anomalies. These studies suggest that endothelial S1P1 is an essential regulator of both kidney vascular development and heart development.
Creating and using multiple media in an online course

The adaptation of a traditional, face-to-face course to an online format presents both challenges and opportunities. A face-to-face fundamentals course treating the science of musical sound and the methods used to code and transform musical sound using digital computers was adapted for online delivery. The history of the course and the composition of its audience are discussed, as are the decisions to create movies, web pages, electronic mail and a paper textbook for the course. Practical choices for technology, which reflect the conflicting benefits of choosing simple versus more sophisticated technology, are outlined and the reactions of the students to these choices are discussed. An anecdotal comparison between an online and a face-to-face course section is offered, along with ideas for future development.
The Rubicon of smart data

Publisher Summary Each person, group, or program will have its own information space that is always quietly evolving behind the scenes and according to the owner's wishes. These information spaces will be simple to share, thus allowing us to easily trade data and build new information spaces out of old ones. Information spaces will even become predictive by learning owners' data habits, and will thus offer highly valuable data that was not even requested. The software layering and the promises go on. Agents, armed with user profiles and declarative user requests, will find just the right stuff, and then use mediators to extract, integrate, and reformat data. Agents will often animate data, making it sing and dance on the screens. This is all part of a widespread phenomenon that can be seen throughout computer science. Consider the database world and the problem of extracting data semantics. The spectrum of elegant-to-engineering solutions is decades old and is based on the creation of metadata—schemas, annotations, structured terminologies, etc., and ways of manipulating that metadata. The elegant solutions started coming out in the '70s and '80s. When these proved ineffective, far less aggressive goals were laid out, and less functional but far more useful solutions emerged and have found their way into the commercial world.
Multicriticality: A Theoretical Introduction

To understand multicriticality the first step is to understand ordinary critical behavior and, in particular, the theory of scaling. Ferromagnetic criticality provides the simplest example whichsuffices to define the critical exponents α,s,γ, etc.; the concept of universality classes depending on spatial dimensionality, d, and spin dimensionality, n; the basic nature of scaling and consequent exponent relations; the universality of the scaling functions and amplitude ratios. Study of fluid criticality reveals the importance and the significance of scaling axes and the linear scaling fields, say, \(\tilde t{\text{ and }}\tilde h\), which are combinations of the physical fields t = (T-Tc)/Tc and h = (µ-µc)/kBT 1,2 : the primary scaling axis is obvious from the orientation of the first order phase boundary; the secondary axis is less obvious but its slope leads, for example, to a |t|1-α singularity in the diameter of the coexistence curve . Then it is important to recognize the existence of nonlinear scaling fields, which can be represented by multiplying \(\tilde t{\text{ and }}\tilde h\) by analytic functions of t and h. These enter even when symmetry dictates the linear scaling axes and they lead, for example, to |t|1-α additive terms in the initial susceptibility of a ferromagnet3. Similarly, in the case of a lambda or critical line, they lead to the prediction that the specific heat singularity of an anti ferromagnet in zero field should match that in ∂(χT)/∂T, where χ is the differential susceptibility4. Finally, renormalization group theory5 leads to singular correction factors of the form \((1 + {c_1}{t^\theta } + ...)\) with, typically, \(\theta \simeq 1/2 < 1.\).
Improved Heart Rate Tracking Using Multiple Wrist-type Photoplethysmography during Physical Activities

Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals collected from wearable sensing devices during physical exercise are easily corrupted by motion artifact (MA), which poses great challenge on heart rate (HR) estimation. This paper proposes a new framework to accurately estimate HR using two leads of PPG signals in combination with accelerometer (ACC) data in the presence of MA. A moving time window is first used to segment PPG signals and ACC signals. Then, MA is attenuated by joint sparse spectrum reconstruction in each time window, where maximum spectrum frequencies of ACC are subtracted from the spectrum frequency of PPG signals. Further, HR for each cleansed PPG is estimated from the frequency with maximum amplitude in the sparse spectrum. The actual HR is determined using spectral band powers calculated from each reconstructed PPG signals. The proposed method was validated using the 2015 IEEE Signal Processing Cup dataset. The average absolute error is 1.15 beats per minutes (BPM) (standard deviation: 2.00 BPM), and the average absolute error percentage is 0.95% (standard deviation: 1.86%). The proposed method outperforms the previously reported work in terms of accuracy.
Neuroprotective effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity

Abstract The World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health (United States of America) states that neurodegenerative diseases leads to significant loss of regular activity of the patients, their family and the caretakers leading to a huge economic loss. Current treatments provide modest and temporary symptomatic relief, without altering the underlying mechanisms associated with the onset and the progression of the neurodegenerative diseases. Strong scientific evidence points to the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the current therapeutic efforts have been directed to find beneficial agents that could reduce the oxidative damage and promote a functional recovery of neurons in degenerative disorders. Hydrogen peroxide is an endogenous neurotoxin which can initiate and propagate (promote) neurodegeneration. Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) exhibits multiple pharmacological activities. Hence in this study, the authors evaluated the neuroprotective effects and the possible mechanisms of action of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) against the hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity. Hibiscus sabdariffa exhibited antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects and significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide. Hibiscus sabdariffa exhibits neuroprotective effects and can be an effective and novel alternative approach to reduce the risk of various neurodegenerative disorders.
Anesthetic Considerations for Regional Therapies

Regional therapies, including tumor debulking and HIPEC, for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies, and isolated liver perfusion for tumors confined to the liver pose considerable anesthetic challenges. They are lengthy and complex procedures, involving significant fluid and blood loss, evolving theories on the management of fluids, intraoperative hyperthermia, the metabolic changes, intra-abdominal hypertension associated with fluid overload, and the physiologic challenges to the cardiopulmonary system and acid base status are ongoing. It is imperative to have an understanding of the chemotherapeutic agents used and their effects on management. Lastly, our Acute Pain Service is actively involved in the intraoperative and postoperative management of pain.
Unstable Invasion of Sedimenting Granular Suspensions

We investigate the development of mobility inversion and fingering when a granular suspension is injected radially between horizontal parallel plates of a cell filled with a miscible fluid. While the suspension spreads uniformly when the suspension and the displaced fluid densities are exactly matched, even a small density difference is found to result in a dense granular front which develops fingers with angular spacing that increase with granular volume fraction and decrease with injection rate. We show that the timescale over which the instability develops is given by the volume fraction dependent settling timescale of the grains in the cell. We then show that the mobility inversion and the nonequilibrium Korteweg surface tension due to granular volume fraction gradients determine the number of fingers at the onset of the instability in these miscible suspensions.
Automating the search and discovery of manufacturing service providers to enable a digital supply chain network

Uncertainty in manufacturing networks has created barriers to closing the gap between design enterprises and the American industrial base. Uncertainty arises from the lack of transparent access to manufacturer capabilities, the inability to auto-discover service providers who are best capable for a given job request, and the dependence on human word-of-mouth trust network relationships that exist in the manufacturing supply chain. This uncertainty slows down the pace of product development lifecycles from a viewpoint of inefficient forms of supplier assessment, vetting, selection, and compliance, leading to a trust tax tacked onto the final price of products. In times of global crisis such as the coronavirus disease pandemic, this uncertainty also leads to inefficient forms of gathering information on manufacturing capability, available capacity, and registered licenses and assessing compliance. This technical note outlines solution pathways that can help ease the search and discovery process of connecting clients and manufacturing service providers through digitally enabled technologies.
The Equatorial Current System West of the Galápagos Islands during the 2014–16 El Niño as Observed by Underwater Gliders

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(1),(2021): 3-17, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0064.1.
Using a Literacy Based Behavioral Intervention to Teach College Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities to Request a Classroom Accommodation

Many individuals with an intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are attending postsecondary education programs, yet they are not always proficient in using self-advocacy skills, such as ...
Remote detection of marine debris using satellite observations in the visible and near infrared spectral range: Challenges and potentials

Abstract Despite the importance of remote detection of marine debris, nearly all published studies are focused on either controlled experiments, or Sentinel-2 data with mixed band resolutions that are subject to large uncertainties. To date, key questions such as the following have not been addressed adequately: To what extent can the various forms of marine debris be remotely detected and differentiated through satellite observations in the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectral range, and how? Here, using published reflectance spectra of various types of floating matters, I address these questions through sensitivity analyses, simulations, and spectral analyses of satellite images. While the study is by no means comprehensive, several observations can still be made. First, it appears impossible to remotely detect marine microplastics from all existing and planned optical sensors. This is simply because the contribution of these particles to the sensor signal, even when they are aggregated on the water surface at the reported maximum particle density, is at least 60 times lower than the required signal (~0.2% subpixel coverage) and 20 times lower than the sensor noise for a sensor with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 200. In contrast, detecting macroplastics and other debris is possible when they form large patches along ocean fronts or windrows. Second, assuming a SNR of 200, discriminating large patches of marine debris from floating algae is only possible with a subpixel coverage of >0.3%. These threshold values are based on the sensor SNRs only, and they represent the lower bounds of detection and discrimination, respectively. The real threshold values above which a detection or discrimination is possible also depend on the observing conditions, and therefore higher. Third, currently, Sentinel-2 MSI (Multi Spectral Instrument) sensors provide an optimal trade between resolution and coverage, yet MSI sensors have SNRs
The Democracy of Dirt: Relating Micro-Scale Dynamics to Macro-Scale Ecosystem Function

Soil can be analogized as a “democracy” in which there are three “political parties” (microbes, minerals, and organic molecules) that sometimes compete and sometimes cooperate in controlling biogeochemical process in the soil system. These interactions are in turn regulated by the media that regulate the flow of material and information through the system; in soil the key medium is moisture, which regulates substrate solubility and transport. Modern soil science is increasingly sophisticated in our tools to analyze these phenomena with high resolution at fine scales— ‘omics identifies thousands of microbial taxa, tomography maps the 3-D pore structure of a single aggregate, and chromatography-mass spectrometry systems identify molecules in soil. Yet, we are still challenged to assimilate the masses of data these methods produce to explain the overall functioning of the soil system. For example, why do molecules that microbes can metabolize in minutes still persist for centuries or millennia? How we assimilate these new data into the models (conceptual and mathematical) that we use to understand and characterize the soil system is fundamental to developing integrated perspectives on soil and its roles in biogeochemical cycles. In this chapter, I discuss ideas and approaches for integrating data to better bridge from the micron-scale processes that occur on mineral surfaces or in individual soil pores to meter- and kilometer-scale phenomena within soil profiles and landscapes and which drive the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems.
Stochastic homogenization and effective Hamiltonians of Hamilton–Jacobi equations in one space dimension: the double-well case

We consider Hamilton–Jacobi equations in one space dimension with Hamiltonians of the form $$H(p,x,\omega ) = G(p) +\beta V(x,\omega )$$ , where $$V(\cdot ,\omega )$$ is a stationary and ergodic potential of unit amplitude. The homogenization of such equations is established in a 2016 paper of Armstrong, Tran and Yu for all continuous and coercive G. Under the extra condition that G is a double-well function (i.e., it has precisely two local minima), we give a new and fully constructive proof of homogenization which yields a formula for the effective Hamiltonian $$\overline{H}$$ . We use this formula to provide a complete list of the heights at which the graph of $$\overline{H}$$ has a flat piece. We illustrate our results by analyzing basic classes of examples, highlight some corollaries that clarify the dependence of $$\overline{H}$$ on G, $$\beta $$ and the law of $$V(\cdot ,\omega )$$ , and discuss a generalization to even-symmetric triple-well Hamiltonians.
Cultivating inclusive learning environments that foster nursing education program resiliency during the Covid-19 pandemic

Nursing education programs faced multiple challenges to increase the size, diversity, and skill set of the nursing workforce while contending with shortage of clinical placement sites and retiring faculty. A program that is unable to be resilient in the face of crisis will fail in its mission to graduate resilient nurses. The purpose of this paper is to describe how nursing programs can respond to the challenge of creating a resilient program poised to graduate a diverse, inclusive, and resilient workforce. Utilizing resilience-oriented strategies to impact educational services solidified program relevancy, promoted student belonging, and enhanced student recruitment/retention. While programs have become accustomed to doing more with fewer resources, many of these programs may not survive these unprecedented times without incorporating a holistic approach for organizational well-being that promotes resilience through inclusivity.
Blind exchange technique to facilitate large-bore aspiration catheter navigation during stroke thrombectomy

Abstract Objectives Optimizing mechanical thrombectomy (MT) techniques is an essential facet of our developing field. Herein, we describe the “Blind exchange” (BE) technique; an alternative fashion of efficiently performing stent-retriever (SR) coupled with contact aspiration thrombectomy (aspiration-retriever technique for stroke-ARTS). Methods A prospectively collected MT database was reviewed from July 2018-February 2020. We included all consecutive patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusions in whom BE technique was performed. According to the response of the retriever, the decision to add an aspiration catheter (AC) for ARTS was made. The microcatheter was then fully retracted and the AC tracked over the deployed SR wire in a BE fashion. The primary outcome was technical success and safety measures included procedural-related complications. Results One hundred nineteen patients were identified, mean age was 66.7 ± 15.8 years and 57(47.9%) were males. Twenty-six patients (21.8%) had intracranial ICA occlusion and 93(78.2%) had MCA-M1 segment occlusion. The median ASPECTS was 7(IQR;8–9), baseline NIHSS score was 18(IQR;14–21), and procedure time was 36(IQR;25–57) minutes. IV-tPA was used in 26(21.8%) of cases. Successful reperfusion (eTICI2b-3) was achieved in 100% of cases including full reperfusion (eTICI3) in 67(56.3%) of cases. The AC was successfully navigated into the target lesion without any complications in all cases. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 4.2% of patients. The rates of 90-day mRS0–2 and mortality were 44.3% and 12.5%, respectively. Conclusion BE is a safe and feasible alternative technique of navigating large bore AC into the intracranial vasculature while performing ARTS.
One-year angiographic results of left anterior descending bypass using internal mammary artery: a series of 48 consecutive patients

The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) has been used as a conduit for coronary artery revascularization since 1968. Here we are reporting A total of 48 consecutive patients were operated upon using double mammary arteries. All of them received a mammary graft to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). All 48 of them were controlled angiographically at 1 year postoperative to ensure satisfactory well-functioning grafts.