cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Review of The Angiosome Concept and Tissue Transfer

Ian Taylor and Wei-Ren Pan, The Angiosome Concept and Tissue Transfer . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013. $360.00. ISBN-10: 1576261611 ![Graphic][1] The Angiosome Concept and Tissue Transfer , by Ian Taylor and Wei-Ren Pan, is a 2-volume textbook, 1220 pages long, that covers Ian Taylor life's journey in the field of tissue transfer. Although his contributions are very well recognized in plastic surgery, the book summarizes 40 years of scientific investigations that have led to discoveries that affect all practicing plastic surgeons, especially those who perform “free flaps.” The book is beautifully illustrated, with photographs and diagrams typical of QMP textbooks. Volume 1 comprises 3 chapters. In Chapter 1, the authors summarize the contributions of historical anatomists and surgeons who inspired Dr Taylor's lifelong mission to understand the neurovascular anatomy of the body and how he utilized this information to solve particular patient problems … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Evidence of DNA repair in organ cultures of hamster tracheal epithelium following exposure to gas phase singlet oxygen.

Summary Autoradiographic identification of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in short-term organ culture of hamster tracheal epithelium has been used as a predictive test for mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds. Tracheal expiants were treated for 2 h with singlet delta oxygen plus [ 3 H]thymidine. Silver grains over the nuclei of epithelial cells from the superficial layer of the mucosa were observed, indicating UDS. Control cultures, exposed to the gas phase without singlet oxygen, failed to elicit UDS.
Revision Endoscopic Frontal Sinus Surgery

Successful revision endoscopic frontal sinus surgery starts with proper patient selection and medical management of co-morbidities and environmental influences
Constrained variational calculations of closed shell nuclei with the reid potential

Abstract Lowest-order constrained variational calculations with harmonic oscillator wave functions are carried out for 4 He, 16 O, and 40 Ca nuclei with the Reid potential. The results obtained with this simple method are in very close agreement with those obtained by renormalized Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory with orthogonalized plane wave intermediate states. The A -dependence of the difference between the experimental and calculated binding energies for A = 2, 3, 4, 16, 40 and ∞ can be explained by a three-body cluster term coming either from a wrong off-energy-shell behavior of the Reid potential or a three-body force. The calculated radii of 16 O and 40 Ca are ≈ 10% too small, indicating that the Reid potential may not be very realistic.
Iodine metabolism in the red-spotted newt studied with radioactive tracer and by radioimmunoassay.

Abstract Thyroidal function in the red-spotted newt was assessed both in 125 I tracer studies and in the measurement of glandular and circulating thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Thyroidal uptake of 125 I was low, being 0.6% at 2 days and 3.6% at 14 days following injection of the tracer. A significant fraction of the injected dose continued to circulate as inorganic iodide at 7 and 14 days following injection, indicating a low rate of renal clearance for iodine. [ 125 I]T 4 represented only 6.2% of thyroidal 125 I at 2 days post-injection, but this figure had increased to 14% by 14 days, suggesting a slow but significant synthesis of hormone. By RIA the T 4 content in thyroids of animals freshly collected in the field was 3.42 ± 0.16 ug/mg protein, a level comparable to that found in beef thyroids. In contrast T 3 stores in the thyroid of the newt were only 9.1 ± 1.2 ng/mg protein. Although no [ 125 I]T 4 was detected in the serum of animals for as long as 21 days after injection, circulating thyroid hormones were detected by RIA at levels of 3.0 ± 0.3 ng T4hn1 and 0.28–0.72 ng T 3 /ml in freshly collected animals. The data suggest that T 4 in the serum may arise mainly from peripheral deiodination of T 4 . Large amounts of an iodoprotein with electrophoretic properties of thyroglobulin were found in the serum of newts. This protein contained 5% of the serum 125 I at 2 days postinjection and accounted for 30% of the serum radioactivity at 14 days. In captive newts, serum T 4 levels were three times greater and glandular T 4 levels approximately two times lower than those of freshly collected animals, suggesting that the newt thyroid responds to the stresses of captivity by accelerated release of thyroid hormone.
Nondisplaced Fractures of the Proximal Carpal Row: Case Report

We present a 24-year-old woman who sustained isolated nondisplaced fractures of the proximal carpal row after a low-energy injury. The radiographic features are most consistent with the recently described translunate arc injury and appear to be a transitional injury between an inferior arc injury as well as the greater and lesser arc injuries. The injury was successfully treated with below-elbow thumb-spica cast immobilization for 10 weeks.
Shrinking-core modeling of binary chromatographic breakthrough.

Abstract Most chromatographic processes involve separation of two or more species, so development of a simple, accurate multicomponent chromatographic model can be valuable for improving process efficiency and yield. We consider the case of breakthrough chromatography, which has been considered in great depth for single-component modeling but to a much more limited degree for multicomponent breakthrough. We use the shrinking core model, which provides a reasonable approximation of particle uptake for proteins under strong binding conditions. Analytical column solutions for single-component systems are extended here to predict binary breakthrough chromatographic behavior for conditions under which the external transport resistance is negligible. Analytical results for the location and profile of displacement effects and expected breakthrough curves are derived for limiting cases. More generally, straightforward numerical results have also been obtained through simultaneous solution of a set of simple ordinary differential equations. Exploration of the model parameter space yields results consistent with theoretical expectations. Additionally, both analytical and numerical predictions compare favorably with experimental column breakthrough data for lysozyme–cytochrome c mixtures on the strong cation exchanger SP Sepharose FF. Especially significant is the ability of the model to predict experimentally observed displacement profiles of the more weakly adsorbed species (in this case cytochrome c). The ability to model displacement behavior using simple analytical and numerical techniques is a significant improvement over current methods.
Nucleoside conjugates of quantum dots for characterization of G protein-coupled receptors: strategies for immobilizing A2A adenosine receptor agonists.

Quantum dots (QDs) are crystalline nanoparticles that are compatible with biological systems to provide a chemically and photochemically stable fluorescent label. New ligand probes with fluorescent reporter groups are needed for detection and characterization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Synthetic strategies for coupling the A2A adenosine receptor (AR) agonist CGS21680 (2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) to functionalized QDs were explored. Conjugates tethered through amide-linked chains and poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) displayed low solubility and lacked receptor affinity. The anchor to the dendron was either through two thiol groups of (R)-thioctic acid or through amide formation to a commercial carboxy-derivatized QD. The most effective approach was to use polyamidoamine (PAMAM) D5 dendrons as multivalent spacer groups, grafted on the QD surface through a thioctic acid moiety. In radioligand binding assays, dendron nucleoside conjugate 11 displayed a moderate affinity at the human A2AAR (Kiapp 1.02 ± 0.15 μM). The QD conjugate of increased water solubility 13, resulting from the anchoring of this dendron derivative, interacted with the receptor with Kiapp of 118 ± 54 nM. The fluorescence emission of 13 occurred at 565 nm, and the presence of the pendant nucleoside did not appreciably quench the fluorescence. This is a feasibility study to demonstrate a means of conjugating to a QD a small molecular pharmacophore of a GPCR that is relatively hydrophobic. Further enhancement of affinity by altering the pharmacophore or the linking structures will be needed to make useful affinity probes.
Improving acceptance of naltrexone in community addiction treatment centers: A pilot study

Abstract Alcoholism pharmacotherapies are underused in community addiction treatment settings, in part because individuals who practice in these settings—nonmedical addiction counselors and administrators—lack knowledge about and confidence in the value of adjunctive alcohol pharmacotherapies. We developed and tested an intervention to improve knowledge and attitudes about naltrexone. A team of researchers, physicians, addiction treatment counselors, and administrators collaborated to develop a naltrexone educational intervention designed for nonmedical addiction professionals. The intervention was compared with a control condition in a pilot study with 6 addiction treatment agencies (3 agencies per group). Participants (counselors and administrators, N = 84) were assessed before and 6 months after the intervention. Results revealed that the intervention significantly improved naltrexone knowledge, and participants who received the intervention reported greater satisfaction with the education they received, as well as greater use of the information. The effect of the intervention on attitudes about naltrexone was encouraging but did not to reach statistical significance. This study is the first reported attempt to develop and test an intervention specifically to improve acceptance of adjunctive medications for alcoholism among nonmedical addiction professionals.
Nonnative Speech Perception Training Using Vowel Subsets: Effects of Vowels in Sets and Order of Training

Purpose K. Nishi and D. Kewley-Port (2007) trained Japanese listeners to perceive 9 American English monophthongs and showed that a protocol using all 9 vowels (fullset) produced better results tha...
Abstract B20: Arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid, and disulfiram (AAA) arrests pancreatic cancer development in a transgenic mouse model with disrupted p16-activated Kras.

Previously, we found that four human pancreatic cancer cell lines underwent robust cell death associated with ATP decline and ROS accumulation when treated with clinically achievable concentrations of arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid, and disulfiram (AAA). Early apoptosis was shifted to aponecrosis, and dependent on VDAC, since shRNA directed against VDAC-1 and preliminary data for VDAC-3 abrogated the ROS accumulation and blocked cell death. In addition, preliminary studies show that celecoxib enhances AAA-induced pancreatic cancer cell death and is dependent on Cox-2. In this study, assessment of AAA was performed in Pdx1-Cre transgenic mice with a conditional p16 knockout (p16flox/flox), and oncogenic KrasG12D. The KrasG12D, p16flox/flox; LSL-KrasG12D; Pdx1-Cre mice develop the full spectrum of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPanIN) lesions, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), and frequent metastases. Eight-week-old mice were treated for 8 weeks, 3 times/week with AAA, sacrificed, and the development of pancreatic cancer assessed. Little or no toxicity of the mice to the AAA treatment was observed. The development of frank pancreatic tumors was eliminated in AAA-treated mice from 31% in controls. The mean number of PanIn 3 lesions/mouse declined from 14.1 in controls to 1.58 in AAA-treated mice (p=0.008). The mean number of PanIn2 lesions declined from 5.18 in controls to 1.67 in AAA treated mice (p=0.06). The mean number of PanIn1 lesions in control mice were 14.2 and in AAA-treated mice were 16.0, p=0.51 indicating no difference in PanIn1 occurrence. Preliminary results from immunohistochemical staining of the PanIn lesions for VDAC indicated that PanIN 1 lesions have low and PanIN 2 and 3 lesions have high VDAC expression. This result parallels the in vitro human cell line data showing VDAC expression is critical to AAA sensitivity, and suggests a similar mechanism of action in vivo as in vitro. Although collection of data is ongoing, this is the first treatment that has been shown to arrest PanIn development and tumor development in this mouse model for pancreatic cancer. The preliminary data suggests that AAA either arrests the development of prepancreatic lesions after the PanIN 1 stage, or that the PanIN2 and PanIn3 lesions are killed after exposure to AAA in a VDAC-dependent manner. Citation Format: Richard D. Dinnen, Wanglong Qiu, Yuehua Mao, Gloria Su, Robert Fine. Arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid, and disulfiram (AAA) arrests pancreatic cancer development in a transgenic mouse model with disrupted p16-activated Kras. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B20.
Molecular dynamics study of hydrated alkali and halide ions in liquid nitrobenzene

Abstract The structure, dynamics and energetics of hydrated alkali and halides ions in bulk nitrobenzene are studied using molecular dynamics computer simulations. The number of water molecules in the ions’ hydration shell (hydration number) and their orientational distribution, hydration water residence time and several important energy terms are calculated and compared with the same quantities in bulk water. The water molecules in the first hydration shell of the ion are more tightly bound to the ion in bulk nitrobenzene than in bulk water as reflected by the longer lifetime in the former case. As the ion size increases, the average hydration number in nitrobenzene decreases, which is the reverse trend to that found in bulk water. The calculated hydration numbers are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Quality Programs, Collaboration, and Advocacy

(2008). Quality Programs, Collaboration, and Advocacy. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 5-8.
Theoretical analysis of a single-stage and two-stage solar driven flash desalination system based on passive vacuum generation

Abstract An innovative solar driven flash desalination system is proposed. The system uses the natural forces of gravity and atmospheric pressure to create a vacuum. Single-stage and two-stage concepts have been outlined. The main components include evaporator(s), condenser(s), collection tanks, heat source and seawater circulation pump. Partial heat recovery is attained by first passing the feedwater through the condenser(s), followed by the heat source. Additional distillate output is obtained in the second stage of the two-stage system without any extra heat addition, since the high temperature brine from the first stage is passed and flashed in the second stage. Theoretical analysis of the single-stage and two-stage concepts is done for the system when coupled with constant temperature heat source and solar collector. When coupled with a solar collector of 1 m2 area, a single-stage system produces 5.54 kg of water in 7.83 h, while the two-stage system produces 8.66 kg in 7.7 h. The performance ratios obtained, including the efficiency of solar collectors, are 0.48 and 0.75 for a single-stage and two-stage system respectively, or 0.748 and 1.350 if only the useful heat collected by the solar collector is considered.
Review of Charis Thompson, Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies 1

What is the purpose of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), artificial insemination, or gestational surrogacy? One might be tempted to say that they make ...
Post-Adoption Variations in Usage and Value of E-Business by Organizations: Cross-Country Evidence from the Retail Industry

Grounded in the innovation diffusion literature and the resource-based theory, this paper develops an integrative research model for assessing the diffusion and consequence of e-business at the firm level. Unlike the typical focus on adoption as found in the literature, we focus on postadoption stages, that is, actual usage and value creation. The model thus moves beyond dichotomous "adoption versus nonadoption" and accounts for the "missing link"--actual usage--as a critical stage of value creation. The model links technological, organizational, and environmental factors to e-business use and value, based on which a series of hypotheses are developed. The theoretical model is tested by using structural equation modeling on a dataset of 624 firms across 10 countries in the retail industry. To probe deeper into whether e-business use and value are influenced by economic environments, two subsamples from developed and developing countries are compared. The study finds that technology competence, firm size, financial commitment, competitive pressure, and regulatory support are important antecedents of e-business use. In addition, the study finds that, while both front-end and back-end capabilities contribute to e-business value, back-end integration has a much stronger impact. While front-end functionalities are becoming commodities, e-businesses are more differentiated by back-end integration. This is consistent with the resource-based theory because back-end integration possesses the value-creating characteristics of resources (e.g., firm specific, difficult to imitate), which are strengthened by the Internet-enabled connectivity. Our study also adds an international dimension to the innovation diffusion literature, showing that careful attention must be paid to the economic and regulatory factors that may affect technology diffusion across different countries.
Using a 17th-Century Experiment as a Gateway to Critical Assessment of Scientific Reports

ABSTRACT It is certainly widely appreciated that there is much to be gained in the fertile crosstalk between science and history — whether bringing a historical perspective into the science classroom Wieder, 2006) or a scientific perspective to the study of history (McElvaine, 2002; Smail, 2008). Perhaps the major impetus for using history in teaching science has been to better transmit a sense of how science actually gets done (Conant, 1948; Johnson, 1996). I describe a different approach: using historical materials not from a history-of-science perspective but in actively developing students' analytical abilities with respect to scientific experiment and current scientific reports.
Alternative splicing of fibronectin mRNAs in chondrosarcoma cells: Role of far upstream intron sequences

The fibronectin (FN) gene encodes multiple mRNAs through the process of alternative splicing, and production of certain isoforms is characteristic of a given cell type. Chondrocytes produce FNs that completely lack alternative exon EIIIA, and loss of inclusion of the exon is tightly linked to chondrogenic condensation of mesenchymal cells. The inclusion of a second exon, EIIIB, is high in embryonic cartilage, but declines with age. Multiple exons are omitted to produce the (V + C)-form that is highly specific for cartilage and chondrocytes. A rat chondrosarcoma cell line, RCS, was identified that preserves key features of the cartilage-specific splicing phenotype. RCS cells, which exclude exon EIIIA, and HeLa cells, which include exon EIIIA similar to mesenchymal cells, were used to assess the contribution of intron sequences flanking exon EIIIA to splicing regulation. Deletion of most of the intron downstream of the exon had little effect on splicing in either cell type. However, deletions within upstream intron 32-A reduced inclusion of the alternative exon in both cell types. The sequences involved lie more than 200 nucleotides away from the exon, but could not be localized to a single region by deletion mapping. These intronic sequences contribute to the efficiency of exon EIIIA recognition, but not to cell-type specific regulation. The normally inhibitory factor polypyrimidine tract binding protein promotes exon EIIIA inclusion in a manner that is partially dependent on the regulatory sequences within intron 32-A.
Electromagnetic environment characterization of below-deck spaces in ships

With wireless systems currently being introduced into confined, reflective spaces that were not originally intended for radio frequency emissions, it becomes necessary to assess the resultant electromagnetic environment of these spaces, especially where potential hazards may exist. In this work, we present experimental data to demonstrate that the below-deck compartments aboard Navy ships can be characterized as complex reverberant cavities. For general reverberant spaces, a cavity calibration factor can be used to predict maximum diffuse electric fields as a function of frequency and total radiated power.
ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS AND FRONTIER REGRESSION

The cost efficiency of 520 New York school districts is measured using data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier regression. Mean inefficiency is 14% using either method, and the rank order correlation coefficient of inefficiency between the two methods is 86. The three largest school districts (Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse) are among the most efficient. Student test scores are output variables, and socioeconomic control variables are included to adjust for the harshness of the educational environment in which districts operate. (JEL C29, C61, 121)
The functional consequences of cortical circuit abnormalities on gamma oscillations in schizophrenia: insights from computational modeling.

Schizophrenia is characterized by cortical circuit abnormalities, which might be reflected in γ-frequency (30–100 Hz) oscillations in the electroencephalogram. Here we used a computational model of cortical circuitry to examine the effects that neural circuit abnormalities might have on γ generation and network excitability. The model network consisted of 1000 leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with realistic connectivity patterns and proportions of neuron types [pyramidal cells (PCs), regular-spiking inhibitory interneurons, and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs)]. The network produced a γ oscillation when driven by noise input. We simulated reductions in: (1) recurrent excitatory inputs to PCs; (2) both excitatory and inhibitory inputs to PCs; (3) all possible connections between cells; (4) reduced inhibitory output from FSIs; and (5) reduced NMDA input to FSIs. Reducing all types of synaptic connectivity sharply reduced γ power and phase synchrony. Network excitability was reduced when recurrent excitatory connections were deleted, but the network showed disinhibition effects when inhibitory connections were deleted. Reducing FSI output impaired γ generation to a lesser degree than reducing synaptic connectivity, and increased network excitability. Reducing FSI NMDA input also increased network excitability, but increased γ power. The results of this study suggest that a multimodal approach, combining non-invasive neurophysiological and structural measures, might be able to distinguish between different neural circuit abnormalities in schizophrenia patients. Computational modeling may help to bridge the gaps between post-mortem studies, animal models, and experimental data in humans, and facilitate the development of new therapies for schizophrenia and neuropsychiatric disorders in general.
Behavioral thermoregulation in Hemigrapsus nudus, the amphibious purple shore crab

The thermoregulatory behavior of Hemigrapsus nudus, the amphibious purple shore crab, was examined in both aquatic and aerial environments. Crabs warmed and cooled more rapidly in water than in air. Acclimation in water of 16 degrees C (summer temperatures) raised the critical thermal maximum temperature (CTMax); acclimation in water of 10 degrees C (winter temperatures) lowered the critical thermal minimum temperature (CTMin). The changes occurred in both water and air. However, these survival regimes did not reflect the thermal preferences of the animals. In water, the thermal preference of crabs acclimated to 16 degrees C was 14.6 degrees C, and they avoided water warmer than 25.5 degrees C. These values were significantly lower than those of the crabs acclimated to 10 degrees C; these animals demonstrated temperature preferences for water that was 17 degrees C, and they avoided water that was warmer than 26.9 degrees C. This temperature preference was also exhibited in air, where 10 degrees C acclimated crabs exited from under rocks at a temperature that was 3.2 degrees C higher than that at which the 16 degrees C acclimated animals responded. This behavioral pattern was possibly due to a decreased thermal tolerance of 16 degrees C acclimated crabs, related with the molting process. H. nudus was better able to survive prolonged exposure to cold temperatures than to warm temperatures, and there was a trend towards lower exit temperatures with the lower acclimation (10 degrees C) temperature. Using a complex series of behaviors, the crabs were able to precisely control body temperature independent of the medium, by shuttling between air and water. The time spent in either air or water was influenced more strongly by the temperature than by the medium. In the field, this species may experience ranges in temperatures of up to 20 degrees C; however, it is able to utilize thermal microhabitats underneath rocks to maintain its body temperature within fairly narrow limits.
Identification of cholesterol crystals in plaques of atherosclerotic mice using hyperspectral CARS imaging

The accumulation of lipids, including cholesterol, in the arterial wall plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although several advances have been made in the detection and imaging of these lipid structures in plaque lesions, their morphology and composition have yet to be fully elucidated, particularly in different animal models of disease. To address this issue, we analyzed lipid morphology and composition in the atherosclerotic plaques of two animal models of disease, the low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR−/−) mouse and the ApoE lipoprotein-deficient (ApoE−/−) mouse, utilizing hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). Hyperspectral CARS imaging revealed lipid-rich macrophage cells and condensed needle-shaped and plate-shaped lipid crystal structures in both mice. Spectral analysis with PCA and comparison to spectra of pure cholesterol and cholesteryl ester derivatives further revealed these lipid structures to be pure cholesterol crystals, which were predominantly observed in the ApoE−/− mouse model. These results illustrate the ability of hyperspectral CARS imaging in combination with multivariate analysis to characterize atherosclerotic lipid morphology and composition with chemical specificity, and consequently, provide new insight into the formation of cholesterol crystal structures in atherosclerotic plaque lesions.
Achievement Motivation among High School Basketball and Cross-Country Athletes: A Personal Investment Perspective

Abstract Goal perspective research in the sport setting has primarily focused on task and ego goal orientations, while failing to address the influence of social goals (e.g., Urdan & Maehr, 1995). Maehr and Braskamp's (1986) personal investment theory allows researchers to examine achievement motivation from a multidimensional perspective that incorporates social factors of motivation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the personal incentives, sense of self, and perceived options (Maehr & Braskamp, 1986) of basketball and cross-country athletes via semi-structured interviews. Results from content analyses revealed that athletes defined positive and negative experiences through task-, ego-, and socially-oriented personal incentives as well as sense of self and perceived options components. Socially-oriented personal incentives and sense of self components were more prevalent for the basketball athletes than for the cross-country athletes. Notable sport group differences suggest t...
Employee Alienation in the Quick Service Restaurant Industry

An exploratory study conducted among 595 U.S. quick service restaurant hourly employees and managers for the purpose of measuring their level of work alienation finds that a significant proportion of the respondents expressed feelings of work alienation. The feelings seemed to be more prevalent among hourly employees, males, those younger, those more educated, and African Americans. But most important, the study indicates that employees' alienation was unequally distributed among the restaurants within the sample, therefore possibly suggesting that work alienation is not necessarily caused by the technology employed and/or the nature of the jobs but rather by the managerial styles and practices in each restaurant.
A cell model to describe the spherulitic growth in semicrystalline polymers

The evolution of the spherulitic morphology, commonly encountered during the solidification of semicrystalline materials, is modeled by taking into account the transport of the solute (the noncrystallizing species) and the crystallization kinetics. In this paper, a microscopic cell model is presented that incorporates the influence of these phenomena. The growth of the spherulite in the cell is represented by defining three concentric zones within the unit cell : a liquid zone, a dendritic zone, and a solid zone. The governing equations that describe the process are solved simultaneously with an integral method and a time-stepping scheme to obtain a description of the growth of a spherulite within the cell. Five dimensionless parameters are identified that affect the cooling profile and the microstructure. Also, the concentration profiles of the noncrystallizing species, the cooling history of the spherulite, and the evolution of the grain envelope and the dendritic zone are calculated during the solidification process. These results are obtained for boundary conditions of prescribed heat flow, prescribed cooling rate, and isothermal crystallization. The development of a significant interdendritic region is observed under prescribed heat flow, along with the rise in temperature associated with the self-heating of the polymer due to the latent heat. No interdendritic region developed with the prescribed cooling rate, and a much smaller one appeared under isothermal conditions. The solid fraction, in the last case, also reached a plateau below unity due to the choice of cooling conditions. These results are consistent with experimental observations.
Poisson Structures for Geometric Curve Flows in Semi-simple Homogeneous Spaces

We apply the equivariant method of moving frames to investigate the existence of Poisson structures for geometric curve flows in semi-simple homogeneous spaces. We derive explicit compatibility conditions that ensure that a geometric flow induces a Hamiltonian evolution of the associated differential invariants. Our results are illustrated by several examples of geometric interest.
Coupled-wave theory of multiple-stripe semiconductor injection lasers.

We apply coupled-wave theory to describe the lateral modes of semiconductor lasers with a periodic gain and refractive-index variation across their widths. The model is relevant to devices whose complex index of refraction is determined by current injection from closely spaced parallel electrodes. Good agreement is observed between the analytical modes and those computed numerically for comparison.
Digital forensic text string searching: Improving information retrieval effectiveness by thematically clustering search results

Current digital forensic text string search tools use match and/or indexing algorithms to search digital evidence at the physical level to locate specific text strings. They are designed to achieve 100% query recall (i.e. find all instances of the text strings). Given the nature of the data set, this leads to an extremely high incidence of hits that are not relevant to investigative objectives. Although Internet search engines suffer similarly, they employ ranking algorithms to present the search results in a more effective and efficient manner from the user's perspective. Current digital forensic text string search tools fail to group and/or order search hits in a manner that appreciably improves the investigator's ability to get to the relevant hits first (or at least more quickly). This research proposes and empirically tests the feasibility and utility of post-retrieval clustering of digital forensic text string search results - specifically by using Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps, a self-organizing neural network approach. This paper is presented as a work-in-progress. A working tool has been developed and experimentation has begun. Findings regarding the feasibility and utility of the proposed approach will be presented at DFRWS 2007, as well as suggestions for follow-on research.
The role of pitch accent in discourse construction

L+H* is claimed to evoke contrast between discourse entities in English. To test whether this prominent accent projects a contrastive relation for the discourse foreground, spontaneous continuations of short stories were examined. For both subject and object positions, participants mentioned contrastive alternatives more often when the corresponding discourse entity was introduced with L+H* in the context. Also, the presence of L+H* on a discourse marker (e.g., And NEXT) that preceded the continuation facilitated the mention of the contrastive subject/object. These results do not merely confirm the function of L+H* on arguments in projecting contrastive relations, but also uncovers the facilitative mediation of the contrastive relation by L+H* on a discourse marker.
Design of a Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antenna for Two-Dimensional Bearing Tracking

Two back-to-back, air-filled microstrip leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) are designed to achieve two-dimensional bearing tracking. The frequency scanning property of the microstrip LWA is used to determine the target bearing in azimuth. Two such elements are then placed into a back-to-back configuration and used as an interferometer to determine the target elevation information. In order to pack two LWAs for interferometry, a new design is proposed to achieve a minimal disturbance on the azimuth and elevation beam patterns. The design is measured with three acoustic subwoofers as Doppler targets to demonstrate the capability in forming a two-dimensional azimuth-elevation image.
The origins and evolution of links between word learning and conceptual organization: new evidence from 11-month-olds

How do infants map words to their meaning? How do they discover that different types of words (e.g. noun, adjective) refer to different aspects of the same objects (e.g. category, property)? We have proposed that (1) infants begin with a broad expectation that novel open-class words (both nouns and adjectives) highlight commonalities (both category- and property-based) among objects, and that (2) this initial expectation is subsequently fine-tuned through linguistic experience. We examine the first part of this proposal, asking whether 11-month-old infants can construe the very same set of objects (e.g. four purple animals) either as members of an object category (e.g. animals) or as embodying a salient object property (e.g. four purple things), and whether naming (with count nouns vs. adjectives) differentially influences their construals. Results support the proposal. Infants treated novel nouns and adjectives identically, mapping both types of words to both category- and property-based commonalities among objects.
Second-Trimester Diagnosis of Cri du Chat (5p-) Syndrome Following Sonographic Depiction of an Absent Fetal Nasal Bone

A high association between trisomy 21 and absence of the nasal bone at first-trimester sonography (11-14 weeks' gestation) has been established. 1-3 The presence or absence of the nasal bone was found to be independent of other maternal or fetal variables and thus may be added to other sonographic markers for prenatal detection of trisomy 21. 3 Bromley et al, 4 later Bunduki et al, 5 and others 6 confirmed a mid-second-trimester (15-22 weeks' gestation) association of an absent or hypoplastic nasal bone and trisomy 21. In addition, an absent nasal bone at the 11- to 14-week sonographic scan has been associated with other fetal aneuploidies. 7,8 Cicero et al 7 reported an absent nasal bone in 161 (66.9%) of 242 fetuses with trisomy 21, 48 (57.1%) of 84 fetuses with trisomy 18, 7 (31.8%) of 22 fetuses with trisomy 13, 3 (8.8%) of 34 fetuses with 45,XO, and 4 (8.3%) of 48 fetuses with other aneuploidy defects (XXX, XXY, XYY, and triploidy). The association of an absent or hypoplastic nasal bone and aneuploidies other than trisomy 21 was confirmed by Odibo et al 8 We report a case in which sonographic depiction of an absent nasal bone at 20 weeks' gestation led to amniocentesis and the detection of a fetus with cri du chat (5p-) syndrome.
Optics Recycle Loop Strategy for NIF Operations Above UV Laser-Induced Damage Threshold

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) houses the world’s largest laser system, composed of 192 individual, 40-cm-aperture beamlines. The NIF laser ro...
The Protura of North America

Probably no group of arthropods has in recent years received more attention from students of the evolution of insects than the Protura. Long overlooked by all collectors, this primitive group was first made known to science in 1907 by Silvestri. Immediately they became the object of intensive study, and due to the researches that have followed, much is now known of their morphology, taxonomy, and world distribution. Something is also known of their habits and a little concerning their biology and life histories, but nothing of their embryology.
Direct Evidence of Iron Uptake by the Gram-Positive Siderophore-Shuttle Mechanism without Iron Reduction

Iron is an essential element for all organisms, and microorganisms produce small molecule iron-chelators, siderophores, to efficiently acquire Fe(III). Gram-positive bacteria possess lipoprotein siderophore-binding proteins (SBPs) on the membrane. Some of the SBPs bind both apo-siderophores (iron-free) and Fe-siderophore (iron-chelated) and only import Fe-siderophores. When the SBP initially binds an apo-siderophore, the SBP uses the Gram-positive siderophore-shuttle mechanism (the SBPs exchange Fe(III) from a Fe-siderophore to the apo-siderophore bound to the protein) and/or displacement mechanism (the apo-siderophore bound to the SBP is released and a Fe-siderophore is then bound to the protein) to import the Fe-siderophore. Previously, we reported that the Bacillus cereus SBP, YxeB, exchanges Fe(III) from a ferrioxamine B (FO) to a desferrioxamine B (DFO) bound to YxeB using the siderophore-shuttle mechanism although the iron exchange was indirectly elucidated. Synthetic Cr-DFO (inert metal FO analog) and Ga-DFO (nonreducible FO analog) are bound to YxeB and imported via YxeB and the corresponding permeases and ATPase. YxeB exchanges Fe(III) from FO and Ga(III) from Ga-DFO to DFO bound to the protein, indicating that the metal-exchange occurs without metal reduction. YxeB also binds DFO derivatives including acetylated DFO (apo-siderophore) and acetylated FO (AcFO, Fe-siderophore). The iron from AcFO is transferred to DFO when bound to YxeB, giving direct evidence of iron exchange. Moreover, YxeB also uses the displacement mechanism when ferrichrome (Fch) is added to the DFO:YxeB complex. Uptake by the displacement mechanism is a minor pathway compared to the shuttle mechanism.
PARASITISM AND AXENIC GROWTH OF THE MYCOPARASITE GONATORHODIELLA HIGHLEI

Gonatorhodiella highlei A. L. Smith is found in nature as a biotrophic parasite of Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fries on bark of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The host range was extended to include Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Barthold, Cladosporium sp., Tritirachium sp., Graphium sp., and Chaetomella raphigera Swift. The source and concentration of nitrogen in the medium affected the growth of the parasite on N. coccinea. Certain organic nitrogen sources at high concentrations (above 0.42 g nitrogen/liter) were inhibitory, due to liberation of ammonia by the host. The concentration of thiamine in the medium also affected growth of the parasite on N. coccinea. Parasitism occurred only when the concentration of thiamine was higher than the optimum for host growth. White light (200 ft-c) inhibited growth of G. highlei on Nectria coccinea and Tritirachium sp. and inhibited axenic growth of the parasite. The effect was directly on the parasite and was not due to light-induced changes in the medium. A nutrient required G. highlei for spore germination was found in beech bark. The compound is water soluble, organic, and has a low molecular weight. Both this compound and mycotrophein, an unidentified growth factor, are required for axenic growth.
Correlation between Dynamic Lactic Acid Monitoring Indexes and Pediatric Critical Illness Score

Objective To explore the relationship between dynamic lactic acid monitoring indexes and its pediatric critical illness score(PCIS) and clinical significance. Methods PCIS of 77 critically ill children,who were admitted into pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) in Changzhou Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University were recorded after hospitalization.According to the scores of PCIS,all the children were divided into extremely critical group(n=23),critical group(n=32),non-critical group(n=22).Blood concentration of lactic acid were detected every 6 hours.Differences in their lactic acid indexes(including lactic acid level after admission to PICU,peak lactic acid level)and scores were compared,their correlation and prognosis of critically ill children were analyzed. Results Lactic acid level after admission to PICU [(5.28±3.69) mmol·L-1] and peak lactic acid level [(8.54±4.32) mmol·L-1]in extremely critical group were significantly higher than those in critically ill group and non-critical group(F=3.98,3.12,Pa0.01),but PCIS [(65.79±2.34) scores] were significantly lower than those in the other 2 groups(F=4.23,P0.01).Lactic acid level of death group[(5.31±4.05) mmol·L-1] were significantly higher than that in survival group[(3.22±2.13) mmol·L-1](t=2.32,P0.05).PCIS in death group [(62.35±4.22) scores]were significantly lower than that in survival group[(89.21±5.36) scores](t=3.15,P0.01).PCIS was negative correlated with lactic acid indexes(r=-0.889,P0.01). Conclusions Critically ill children with elevated lactic acid indexes are worse and poorer prognosis.PCIS score can effectively evaluate children′s condition and prognosis,and compared with lactic acid level linear correlation is existed.Dynamic lactic acid monitoring indexes is the good factor for the severe degree and predicting the prognosis of the critically ill children.
The Synthesis of Dendrimers PAMAM Terminated with TRIS

Polyamidoamine dendrimers(PAMAM) were synthesized by divergent method with ethylenediamine core.The water-soluble macromolecule PAMAM-OH and PAMAM-K were synthesized using PAMAM of half generation terminated ester groups and TRIS as raw materials,anhydrous potassium carbonate as catalyst, dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol as solvent respectively,and the yield of products were 80.3% and 74.1%.The products were characterized by infrared spectrum,and their aqueous solubility and surface activity were studied too in this thesis.The results showed that when PAMAM were modified by water soluble groups,the surface activity of PAMAM terminated was lost,but the aqueous solubility was increased.
Universal Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women

The fact that zidovudine therapy can prevent perinatal transmission of HIV infection strongly supports the need to screen for HIV during pregnancy. Controversy continues to revolve around which testing strategy offers the benefits of zidovudine to the greatest number of infants while still allowing the mother some degree of autonomy in making her own health care decisions. Screening based on patient-reported risk factors has repeatedly been shown to exclude many seropositive women. Voluntary testing has had inconsistent results, and mandatory testing may discourage women from getting the prenatal care they need. Despite the controversy, HIV testing and education should be recommended to all pregnant women. Counseling should be geared to the educational level of the patient, and risk-factor reduction is an important component of counseling. Health care providers must be prepared to address the social as well as the medical ramifications of a diagnosis of HIV infection for both the mother and the unborn child.
Use of captive spray ionization to increase throughput of the data-independent acquisition technique PAcIFIC.

Rationale The Precursor Acquisition Independent From Ion Count (PAcIFIC) method is a data-independent acquisition technique capable of identifying proteins over eight orders of magnitude in a single analysis in human plasma. Widespread application of this technique in proteomic studies is hindered by its time-intensive nature. There exists a need to explore strategies to increase the throughput of the PAcIFIC method. Methods The PAcIFIC acquisition technique was optimized for use with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer fitted with a captive spray ionization (CSI) source. Chromatographic methods, PAcIFIC acquisition parameters, for example, channels interrogated per chromatographic gradient, time span of chromatographic gradient, and sample loading amount, were investigated to achieve a maximum number of peptide and protein identifications on a yeast proteome where protein copy number had been previously determined. Results A 24-hour CSI PAcIFIC method was developed with minimal reduction of peptide and protein identifications from the 4.2-day nano-electrospray ionization (nESI) PAcIFIC method. Analysis of a yeast cell lysate with the 4.2-day nESI PAcIFIC method resulted in 13,468 peptide and 2120 protein identifications. A 24-hour CSI PAcIFIC method resulted in 11,277 peptide and 1753 protein identifications. Increased sample loading of the CSI system allowed for an 8% increase in peptide and protein identifications. Conclusions A dramatic decrease in the overall analysis time of the PAcIFIC method (24 h with CSI versus 100.8 h with nESI) was achieved with minimal reduction of peptide and protein identifications. Furthermore, the CSI PAcIFIC method demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity and capability of identifying proteins across a large dynamic range observed with the nESI PAcIFIC method (CSI PAcIFIC identified proteins as low as 46 molecules per cell). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head And Neck Cancer: The Problem

Advanced carcinomas that involve the head and neck present a major therapeutic challenge because of their poor prognosis, the frequently associated medical problems of the patients, and the adverse effect of treatment on oral and pharyngeal function. Collaboration and communication of multidisciplinary teams have had a profound effect on the treatment of head and neck cancer.