cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Is There a Viscoelastic Fingerprint and a Role for Predicting Thrombosis?

Abstract Objectives We evaluated rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) tracings in 44 critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, to determine whether there is a viscoelastic fingerprint and to test the hypothesis that the diagnosis and prediction of venous thromboembolism (VTE) would be enhanced by the addition of ROTEM testing. Measurements and Main Results ROTEM values reflected an increase in clot strength for the EXTEM, INTEM, and FIBTEM assays beyond the reference range. No hyperfibrinolysis was noted. Fibrinolysis shutdown was present but did not correlate with thrombosis. 32% (14/44) of patients experienced a thrombotic episode. For every 1 mm increase of FIBTEM maximum clot formation (MCF), the odds of developing thrombosis increased 20% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0-40%, p=0.043), whereas for every 1,000 ng/mL increase in D-dimer, the odds of thrombosis increased by 70% (95% CI, 20%-150%, p=0.004), after adjustment for age and sex (AUC 0.96, 95% CI, 0.90 - 1.00). There was a slight, but significant improvement in model performance after adding FIBTEM MCF and EXTEM clot formation time (CFT) to D-dimer in a multivariable model (p=0.04). Conclusions D-dimer concentrations were more predictive of thrombosis in our patient population than any other parameter. ROTEM confirmed the hypercoagulable state of COVID-19 intensive care unit patients. FIBTEM MCF and EXTEM CFT increased the predictability for thrombosis compared to only using D-dimer. ROTEM analysis is most useful in augmenting the information provided by the D-dimer concentration for VTE risk assessment when the D-dimer concentration is between 1,625-6,900 ng/dL, but the enhancement is modest. Fibrinolysis shutdown did not correlate with thrombosis.
Where is artificial intelligence? Geographies, ethics, and practices of AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly influential in our daily lives, shaping the social structures, economies, and political systems in which we live. From autonomous vehicles to algorithmi...
Parallelization of general matrix multiply routines using OpenMP

An application programmer interface (API) is developed to facilitate, via OpenMP, the parallelization of the double precision general matrix multiply routine called from within GAMESS [1] during the execution of the coupled-cluster module for calculating physical properties of molecules. Results are reported using the ATLAS library and the Intel MKL on an Intel machine, and using the ESSL and the ATLAS library on an IBM SP.
The effect of Etomidate on corticotropin stimulation test to diagnose relative adrenal insufficiency in septic shock.

Patients with septic shock were recently found to have relative adrenal insufficiency. Etomidate is known to inhibit 11-beta hydroxylase, which could interfere with the cortisol response to corticotropin.
Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance of pentapeptides of glycine containing central residues of methionine, proline, arginine, and lysine.

Abstract Pentapeptides containing either l-methionine, l-proline, l-arginine, or l-lysine as central residue in the pattern glycylglycyl-X-glycylglycine have been studied at natural abundance by proton-decoupled 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Resonances were assigned in most cases by comparison with the free amino acids and by detailed observation of change in chemical shift with pH over the range 1.09 to 12.47. The ratio of trans to cis isomers with respect to the -Gly-Pro- bond was approximately 9:1 as judged by the presence of resonance pairs for Cα, Cβ, Cγ, and Cδ of the pyrrolidine ring. Chemical shift assignments for the lysine peptide were made by comparison with the free amino acids l-lysine and l-δ-hydroxylysine and were confirmed by pH effects and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1). The effect of varying the nature of the central residue on the chemical shifts of the flanking glycine residues was small except for l-proline. Each pentapeptide resonance was categorized according to the degree of sensitivity to the state of protonation of terminal and side chain groups, and pK values at 26° for those groups were determined. The pK value for the e-amino group of the lysine peptide was 10.47. The pattern of grading of T1 values within each peptide backbone and the side chains of methionine, arginine, and lysine reflects substantial rotational freedom for the peripheral protonated carbon nuclei. The T1 values for the pyrrolidine ring reflect elements of rotational anisotropy in the trans form of the proline pentapeptide. This evidence suggests that the conformational flexibility of the pyrrolidine ring is sterically hindered by the adjacent glycine residue on the NH2-terminal side.
Genes and Brain Sex Differences

Throughout development, numerous biological events occur that differentially affect males and females. Specifically, sex-determining genes that are triggered by the sex-chromosome complement initiate a series of events that determine an organism's sex and lead to the differentiation of the body in sex-specific ways. Such events contribute to many unique sex differences, including the susceptibility to different diseases. Although it was believed that sex hormones singularly differentiated the brain and body, there is emerging research showing that genes also play a direct role. In this chapter, we review this line of work and focus on the use of a unique mouse model that separates the effect of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes. As genetic technology continues to advance, our understanding of the role that hormones and genes play in sex differences can be used to advance the physical and mental health of both men and women.
Course 14 - Theory of Point Processes for Neural Systems

A point process is a stochastic process composed of a sequence of binary events that occur in continuous time. The theory of point processes is a highly developed subdiscipline in the field of stochastic processes. The chapter introduces the theory of univariate point processes for neural systems and focuses on results from the theory of univariate point processes that are relevant for modeling and data analysis in neuroscience. The derivation of interspike interval models from elementary stochastic dynamical systems models is reviewed. The conditional intensity function for a point process and its properties are discussed. The chapter derives the joint probability density of a point process and discusses some special point process models including the Poisson process, renewal processes, and stationary processes. The time-rescaling theorem is derived and its implications for neural spike train data analysis are discussed. The chapter also discusses methods for simulating point processes and mentions briefly some Poisson limit results.
Industry and Firm Studies

In this chapter we use case studies to identify patterns of behavior that highlight what we have learned from studying industrial organization. We begin with an investigation of three US industries: brewing, cigarettes, and college sports. Rather than provide a comprehensive study of them, we focus on the most important forces that have shaped each industry and/or have influenced public policy. This will allow us to show how industrial organization theory is relevant and can help us understand reality.
On signal strength and multipath richness in multi-input multi-output systems

A common practice when analyzing systems using multiple antennas at both ends is to focus on the multipath properties and normalize the SNR out of the channel matrix. This paper studies the relationship between the signal strength and multipath richness using indoor measurements taken at the Brigham Young University campus. It is found that the SNR and multipath richness can be strongly corrected. Hence, some caution is needed when normalizing out the SNR in system performance studies. Furthermore, for unnormalized channel, the channel capacity usually rises when moving from NLOS into LOS since the loss in multipath is more than compensated for by an increase in SNR. A theoretical study also reveals that for moderate sized systems, the required SNR increase for a LOS channel to yield the same channel capacity as a NLOS channel is not very large.
Optimal Frequency of Psychosocial Distress Screening in Radiation Oncology.

Thirty-seven percent of radiation oncology patients reported distress at least once during treatment. Screening at every-other-week intervals optimized efficiency and frequency, identifying nearly 90 distressed patients with 12 screening events.
Hydrogen ion implantation profiles as determined by SIMS

Abstract By careful instrument design and attention to experimental conditions, SIMS has been shown to be capable of performing hydrogen depth profiles in silicon with a sensitivity to 5 × 1017 at/cm3 and a depth resolution of the order of 100 A. This capability has been used to analyze H+ and H2+ implants into silicon over a wide range of energies and doses. For fluences of 1015 at/cm2 and below, there are no observable differences in the range for H+ and H2+. Electronic stopping powers for hydrogen in silicon have been determined to be 1.55 times the values tabulated by Northcliffe and Schillimg.
Commodities and Value-Based Pricing of Engineering Services

This paper proposes that many civil engineering companies can be classified as either commodities or value-based providers of services. We examine the way civil engineers price and market services for these two types of products, explore when and how much should companies increase or decrease prices, and determine what are or may be the long-term ramifications on market share. Lastly, we propose a model for value-based pricing of civil engineering services. An understanding of the products they deliver, how to competitively price these products, and ideas for improving profitability should help civil engineering firms price and market their services to improve profitability and not lose market share.
An LED monitoring system for a large lead-glass counter array☆

Abstract We have built and operated a system which monitors the gains of 318 lead-glass counters as a function of time with an accuracy of 1–2%. The light source is a single high-intensity yellow light-emitting diode (LED), and the light is transmitted to each of the counters by low-attenuation plastic optical fibers. The intensity of the LED light is measured by a reference scintillation counter whose gain is known from frequent 241 AmNal light source and cosmic ray measurements. We present here details of the system and of its performance during a nine-month experiment at SPEAR.
The “natural”: Some antecedents to transformational leadership

This paper examines the development of transformational leadership by linking life events and experiences to ratings of leadership given to a diverse group of 182 community leaders. The community leaders came from all sectors of society and represent a diverse profile of leaders from both the profit and not for profit sector. The data reported in this paper is based on evaluations of leaders using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5R(1) and a Life History Survey derived from the work of Owens and Schoenfeldt and their colleagues.(2) The primary objective of this paper is to provide a framework for linking key life experiences to the development of effective leadership behavior-particularly transformational leadership, while also offering suggestions for future research in this area.
Finite elements for dynamic modeling of uniaxial rods with frequency-dependent material properties

Abstract New developments in a method of modeling frcquency-depedent material damping and modulus in structural dynamics analysis are reported. The fundamental feature of the general method is the introduction of augmenting thermodynamic fields (ATF) to interact with the mechanical displacement field of continuum mechanics. These ATF are directly motivated by the “internal state variables” of materials science. The coupled partial differential equations which govern the dynamic behavior of a uniaxial rod are numerically solved within the computational framework of the finite element method, resulting in “ATF-damped” finite elements. Previous work in the development of this modeling technique is characterised by the use of a single augmenting field, with application to lightly-damped rods, bourns and truss structures. New developments include : (1) demonstration of the ability to model the behavior of high-damping materials; and (2) the use of multiple augmenting fields to model materials whose behavior departs significantly from that of standard anelastic solids.
Comparison of pollutant loading estimation using different land uses and stormwater characteristics in Ballona Creek Watershed

Estimation of stormwater pollutant loads using land use based models has been widely used for establishing regulations and management practices. This approach requires land use information to assign the imperviousness or runoff coefficients (RC) and event mean concentrations (EMCs) for the pollutants of interest. This simplistic approach is useful to estimate the total mass emissions. However, different research groups have used various parameters based upon similar data sources, and there are very few validations using actual field data. This study compares the assumptions, methodologies and results of several, independent modelling efforts, and functions as a quality and sensitivity study of the methodologies. The similarity or differences of the various model results serve as a qualitative indicator of the state of art for this type of stormwater modelling.
Non-participation of aminoacyl adenylates in the spermine catalyzed aminoacylation of transfer-RNA.

Abstract Igarashi et. , al. (1) have reported that spermine catalyzes the overall reaction of aminoacylation of tRNA without catalyzing ATP:PPi exchange. Quantitation now shows that the rate of spermine catalyzed ATP:PPi exchange is only one twentieth that of spermine catalyzed esterification (and one ten thousandths of the Mg2+ catalyzed ATP:PPi exchange). This evidence is incompatible with the obligatory intermediate formation of Enz·(AA∼AMP) and PPi in the biosynthesis of AA-tRNA and is compatible with a concerted reaction of the three substrates and the enzyme to form three products including AA-tRNA.
Single-molecule detection with total internal reflection excitation: comparing signal-to-background and total signals in different geometries.

Excitation of fluorescence with total internal reflection (TIR) excitation yields very low background scattered light and good signal-to-background contrast. The background and its associated noise can be made low enough to detect single fluorescent molecules under ambient conditions. In this paper, different TIR geometries were compared for excitation and detection of single rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules at air-silica interfaces and single B-phycoerythrin proteins at water-silica interfaces. Through-objective, objective-coverslip, and prism-based TIR geometries were investigated. The signal-to-background ratio (SBR) and the number of photons detected before photobleaching (Nb) were optimum in different geometries. The greatest image contrast was obtained when using prism-TIR (SBR = 11.5), but the largest number of detected signal photoelectrons was obtained by using through-objective TIR for R6G-air-silica ( = 10(4)). The results were discussed in terms of the TIR field enhancements and the modified dipole emission pattern near a dielectric interface. The SBR and total detected photons are important parameters for designing photon-limited experiments.
Invited Review: Parenteral Iron Supplementation

Indications for the use of parenteral iron are limited to conditions in which the oral supplementation of iron is not possible or fails. An overview of iron balance and iron requirements is presented to describe situations in which iron supplementation may be required. When parenteral iron supplementation is required, careful attention to proper dosing and administration is necessary to optimize efficacy and safety. The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding the clinical use of parenteral iron therapy and provide guidelines on dosing and administration. Methods of iron dextran administration, including the IV and intramuscular injection of undiluted drug and total dose infusion, are compared. Complications associated with the use of parenteral iron are also be reviewed. Finally, the use of iron supplementation in patients receiving parenteral nutrition care explored.
An investigation of element ratios for assessing suspended-sediment sources in small agricultural basins

Various sediment properties previously have been investigated for the purpose of determining sources of suspended sediment. A remaining research need is an assessment of element ratios for the determination of suspended-sediment sources in different terrestrial environments. In this study, 253 element ratios were assessed to determine which, if any, were potentially useful for sediment-source determinations in six small agricultural basins in northeastern Kansas, USA. Samples of surface soils (cropland and grassland), channel banks, and reservoir bottom sediments were collected, analyzed for 23 elements, and compared. Of the 253 element ratios assessed, only the Co/Pb and Co/Zn ratios were substantially and consistently different between the channel banks and surface soils for all six basins. For three of four reservoirs for which data were available, sediment-source estimates provided by Co/Pb ratios were in agreement with estimates previously provided using 137Cs. For two of the four reservoirs, sedimen...
A high-throughput screening assay for the carboxyltransferase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

Abstract One consequence of the dramatic rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria is the need for new targets for antibiotics. Because membrane lipid biogenesis is essential for bacterial growth, enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway offer attractive possibilities for the development of new antibiotics. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first committed and regulated step in fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria and thus is a prime target for development of antibiotics. ACC is a multifunctional enzyme composed of three separate proteins. The biotin carboxylase component catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein features a biotin molecule covalently attached at Lys122 of the Escherichia coli enzyme. The carboxyltransferase subunit catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group from biotin to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to form malonyl-CoA. The objective of this study was to develop an assay for high-throughput screening for inhibitors of the carboxyltransferase subunit. The carboxyltransferase reaction was assayed in the reverse direction in which malonyl-CoA reacts with biocytin (an analog of the biotin carboxyl carrier protein) to form acetyl-CoA and carboxybiotin. The production of acetyl-CoA was coupled to citrate synthase, which produced citrate and coenzyme A. The amount of coenzyme A formed was detected using 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman’s reagent). The assay has been developed for use in both 96- and 384-well microplate formats and was validated using a known bisubstrate analog inhibitor of carboxyltransferase. The spectrophotometric readout in the visible absorbance range used in this assay does not generate the number of false negatives associated with frequently used NAD/NADH assay systems that rely on detection of NADH using UV absorbance.
Temporal Evolution of Ion Velocity Distribution Function (IVDF) in a Pulsed, Current-Free, Helicon Generated, Expanding Magnetoplasma

Summary form only given. Current-free plasma expansion in a divergent magnetic field is surprisingly common and is found on a variety of spatial scales and in a variety of applications. Plasma expansion is essentially equivalent to a pressure gradient arising from a change in the plasma density. The density gradient can give rise to a potential gradient that retards motion of the lighter plasma electrons but accelerates the more massive ions downstream. The solar wind expansion and corresponding creation of the interplanetary electric field is a classic example of this process. Also, there is strong experimental evidence in support of Alfven's hypothesis that the aurora results from energetic electrons precipitating onto the upper atmosphere and that the electrons in space could be accelerated by double layer (DL) electric fields with components parallel to the terrestrial magnetic field. Under certain external conditions, theoretical simulations and experimental observations showed that in a helicon plasma expanding into a weaker magnetic field, a DL with a width of a few tens of Debye lengths can form at the end of helicon plasma. The DL accelerates ions to Mach numbers of order 2. In this work, we present the temporal evolution of both parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field argon ion velocity distribution functions (IVDFs) in pulsed helicon plasmas obtained by using a time resolved laser induced fluorescence technique with 1 ms resolution. At 600 W of RF power and 1 mtorr pressure, for pulses of 200 ms at a duty cycle of 0.5, the DL forms in the first 40 ms of the discharge. The parallel argon ion flow speed rises from 400-500 m/s at the beginning of the pulse to 3000-3500 m/s at the end of the pulse. Perpendicular measurements showed no change in the perpendicular flow speed, consistent with a DL electric field parallel to the background magnetic field
Comparison of percutaneous absorption of fragrances by humans and monkeys

The percutaneous absorption of two cosmetic fragrance materials, safrole and cinnamyl anthranilate, as well as of cinnamic alcohol and cinnamic acid, has been measured at occluded and non-occluded application sites. Absorption values were determined in the rhesus monkey in vivo. Absorption through human skin was measured by using excised skin in diffusion cells. Because of the insolubility in water of safrole and cinnamyl anthranilate, a nonionic surfactant solution (6% oleth 20) was used in the receptor chamber of the diffusion cell in order to facilitate the partitioning of the compounds from the skin into the receptor fluid. The relative volatility of the compounds was determined in order to aid in the interpretation of the absorption results. The greatest difference between in vivo and in vitro absorption values occurred with safrole, which was the least well absorbed and the most volatile compound. Cinnamic acid absorption through non-occluded human skin (17.8 +/- 4.9%, mean +/- SEM) was significantly lower than through monkey skin (38.6 +/- 8.3%). The values for absorption through human and monkey skin did not differ significantly for cinnamyl anthranilate (24.0 +/- 5.1% v. 26.1 +/- 2.3%) or cinnamic alcohol (33.9 +/- 7.3% v. 25.4 +/- 4.4%). Occlusion of the skin resulted in greater permeation of all of the compounds; a significant difference in permeability between the two types of skin occurred only with safrole. The fragrances were absorbed well, but their volatility must be considered in a toxicity evaluation. There was reasonable agreement between the values obtained from the studies of the human skin in vitro and the monkey skin in vivo.
Estimating stress intensity factors with singular components of the total finite element solution

Displacement formulated singular elements are compared to isoparametric quarter-node elements. The total stress and displacement solution for each element is decomposed into singular and regular components for evaluating stress intensity factors. Specific relationships between nodal displacements and the singular component of stress are presented for the isoparametric element at selected locations within the element. Numerical results for KI and KII in the slant crack problem are presented. The singular components are shown to produce superior results when considering crack opening displacements.
Translational control in sea urchin eggs and embryos: Initiation is rate limiting in blastula stage embryos☆

To determine whether initiation is rate-limiting in protein synthesis during the embryogenesis of sea urchins, polyribosome profiles of unfertilized eggs and cleavage, blastula and prism stage embryos were examined after incubation of the eggs and embryos in the presence and absence of low amounts of emetine, an inhibitor of polypeptide elongation. The ribosomes were radioactively labeled with [3H]uridine by injection of the adults during oogenesis so that we could monitor emetine-dependent shifts of monoribosomes to polyribosomes. Although initiation is not rate limiting in unfertilized eggs or 2- to 16-cell embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, it is rate limiting in blastula and prism embryos. We suggest that initiation becomes rate limiting to allow the selective translation of certain classes of mRNA during later development.
Toward a high-resolution Plasmodium falciparum linkage map: polymorphic markers from hundreds of simple sequence repeats.

Abstract A total of 507 simple sequence repeats (SSRs or “microsatellites”) were identified from Plasmodium falciparum sequences in GenBank and from inserts in a genomic DNA library. Oligonucleotide primers from sequences that flank 224 of these SSRs were synthesized and used in PCR assays to test for simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs). Of the 224 SSRs, 188 showed SSLPs among 12 different P. falciparum lines; 116 of these SSLPs were assigned to chromosome linkage groups by physical mapping and by comparing their inheritance patterns against those of restriction fragment length polymorphism markers in a genetic cross (HB3×Dd2). The predominant SSLPs in P. falciparum were found to contain [TA] n , [T] n , and [TAA] n , a feature that is reminiscent of plant genomes and is consistent with the proposed algal-like origin of malaria parasites. Since such SSLPs are abundant and readily isolated, they are a powerful resource for genetic analysis of P. falciparum.
Why Me? Parental Reactions to the Birth of an Exceptional Child.

Parental reactions to the birth of an exceptional child are examined in the context of two conceptual frameworks: the traditional psychoanalytically oriented approach, which emphasizes the maladaptive aspects in parenting an exceptional child, and the developmental approach, which emphasizes the opportunities for growth and successful adaptation in parenting an exceptional child. Parents examined according to psychoanalytic constructs are often placed in the role of psychiatric patient. Guilt receives a major emphasis as a near universal characteristic; consequently parental reactions are seen typically as demonstrating nonacceptance or rejection of the exceptional child. Professionals subscribing to psychoanalytic theory may assume an accusatory attitude toward parents by holding them culpable for their child's condition. In contrast, parents examined according to the developmental framework are believed to change dynamically in response to the multiple demands of their child and their own roles in the g...
Développement capitaliste et structures sociales des régions en Argentine (1880-1930)

Capitalist Development and Social Structure in Argentina, 1880-1930. H. F. Castillo and J. S. Tulchin. ; ; The essay deals with the agrarian structures that developed in Argentina at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th in response to the rising demand for foodstuffs in Europe and the demographic pressures there. The focus is on the dynamic process of expansion, paying particular attention to the dialectical relation between internal processes and external ones during the period of expansion, with the objective of describing how one mode of production comes to dominate others within a given social formation and what are its specific mechanisms of domination. The authors argue that credit was the central mechanism through which a fraction of the dominant class, in alliance with international capital, exerted its dominance and contributed to shaping the social and productive structures of the nation. The authors establish that there was significant interregional variation in the ecological characteristics and structural conditions across Argentina. Using data drawn form the Third National Census (1914), they define a set of variables reflecting productive structures from region to region. Then, drawing on data from the Archives of the Banco de la Nacion, they demonstrate how credit flows, from 1910 to 1930, varied from region to region according to the productive structures and the linkages to the international market which reflected the hierarchy of dominance within the society and the vulnerability of different productive groups to external pressures.
Lymphocytes Expressing Fcγ Receptors Suppress Antigen-Induced Proliferation in Cells from Guinea Pigs Infected with VirulentMycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract The immunomodulatory role of T lymphocytes expressing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Tγ cells) in BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs following pulmonary infection with a low dose of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was studied. Compared to uninfected animals, guinea pigs infected 2 or 4 weeks previously harbored significantly increased percentages of Tγ cells in the peripheral blood (twofold increase) and the spleen (50% increase), and at 4 weeks had nearly fourfold increases in Tγ cells in bronchotracheal lymph nodes draining the infected lungs. Removal of Tγ cells by panning on plastic dishes coated with a monoclonal antibody specific for guinea pig FcγR resulted in significant increases in proliferative responses of splenocytes to Con A and PPD in vitro. Removal of Tγ cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes resulted in significantly increased responses to PPD and to recombinant mycobacterial hsp 65 and hsp 70 antigens. The isolated Tγ cells themselves did not proliferate when stimulated with Con A, PPD, or either of the specific mycobacterial antigens, even in the presence of syngeneic accessory cells. These results suggest that FcRγ-bearing T cells may play an important immunomodulatory role in pulmonary tuberculosis, principally by suppressing antigen-induced proliferation in the rest of the lymphocyte population.
Beam splitters for dye laser pumping

Problems associated with the development of beam splitters for partitioning pump beams for pulsed dye laser systems are discussed. The operating characteristics of two types of splitters are calculated: a wedge type beam splitter and a constant-deviation prism type beam splitter. The effects of beta-angle variation on the performance of the prism type beam splitter are considered.
Preparation and study of cyclic polynuclear ferrocenes derived from (C6H5)2PCH2CH2Si(CH3)2C5H4Li as a bridging ligand

Abstract The synthesis of the potential bridging ligand (C6H5)2PCH2CH2Si(CH3)2C5H4 (3) is described. The ferrocene (6 derived from 3 has been found to form macrocyclic complexes with metal fragments NiCl2, NiBr2, and Co2(CO)6. Although monomeric, bimetallic products might have been expected based upon the reduced steric demands of ligand 3 relative to an analogous ligand, (C6H5)2PCH2Si(CH)3)2C5H4 (1), it appears that the increased flexibility in 3 is the overriding factor leading to a preference for inter- rather than intramolecular coordination of the second phosphine function in 6.
Sexual dynamics of the profession: Articulating the ecriture masculine of science and technology

In critiquing the sexually loaded metaphors in James Paradis' analysis of the problem of expert knowledge in technical operator's manuals, this essay demonstrates how professional discourse formally embodies images of violence and domination that may also interfere with the responsible control of a dangerous technology. Describing the relationship between logos and ethos in professional discourse, this essay demonstrates how a feminist perspective can help technical communicators understand the pragmatic consequences of unarticulated sexual codes in scientific and technical discourse.
Ventilation and conscious sedation

H ' O W OFTEN has every anesthesiologist . been involved in a conversation like this? "Hey Jim, why don't you step out and get a cup of coffee? Tell me about your patient." "Oh, thanks, Sue. Nothing to worry about. It's just a MAC." Just a MAC! Unfortunately, the concept of monitored anesthesia care, (MAC) which usually includes the administration of sedative and/or analgesic medications to provide conscious sedation, often engenders an attitude of nonchalance and assumed safety. This perspective is shared by many of those involved in perioperative patient care: Patients, surgeons, nurses, operating room staff, and even some anesthesiologists tend to believe that conscious sedation is somehow safer than general anesthesia. However, conscious sedation is far from innocuous, significantly depressing ventilatory drive in patients whose airways and ventilation are not under our control. In fact, given our limited ability to accurately predict the response of individual patients to medications and to monitor their level of consciousness and adequacy of ventilation, one might consider the risks of conscious sedation to be equal to those of general anesthesia. Although it has proven to be relatively safe, several recent reports have underscored the potential risks of conscious sedation, both when administered alone (eg, for endoscopic procedures), and when administered as an adjunct to local or regional anesthesia. In a review of 900 closed insurance claims for major anesthetic mishaps, Caplan et al discovered 14 cases of sudden cardiac arrest in young, healthy surgical patients who received sedation during spinal anesthesia. A common thread was that patients received medications such as fentanyl, diazepam, droperidol, and thiopental until they were in a sleeplike state with no spontaneous verbalization. All suffered catastrophic neurological injury. 1 Do these cases represent an idiosyncratic interaction between conscious sedation and regional anesthesia or were they a predictable consequence of the depressant effects of the sedatives and analgesics these patients received combined with decreased sensory input resulting from regional anesthesia? Experiential and laboratory data describing ventilatory depression as a consequence of intravenous sedation abound. Before describing the effects of specific sedative drugs on ventilatory drive, we'll briefly review some basic mechanisms of ventilatory control.
Planetary-Gear-Type Second-Harmonic Balancers

This paper describes several mechanical balancers, based on the planetary gear trains known as the hypotrochoid and epitrochoid trains, for reducing or eliminating second-order out-of-balance in mechanical systems. It is shown that by proper arrangement of the planetary gear trains, a balancer can be obtained for the elimination of second-order shaking forces or second-order shaking moments or a combination of both shaking forces and moments. The advantage of this type of balancer is that the carrier of the gear train needs only to run at the primary speed of the mechanical system to be balanced. Therefore, the balancer can be designed to be concentric with the primary rotating shaft of the machine using the primary shaft as the carrier. For example, for the balance of the second-order shaking force of an inline four-cylinder four-stroke internal combustion piston engine, the balancer can be placed on the third main bearing or one on each of the second and fourth main bearings.
Characterization of Pregastric Esterases

Sephadex gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to estimate molecular weights and demonstrate heterogeneity of pregastric esterases obtained from commercial extracts of sublingual tissue of calves, kids, and lambs. The molecular weights of calf, kid, and lamb esterases were approximately 172,000, 168,000, and 150,000. Each esterase preparation appeared to contain several enzymes that had similar molecular weights and electrophoretic mobilities.
Archaeological sampling: The state of the art

James W. Mueller, ed. Sampling in Archaeology. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1975. xi + 300 pp. Charts, tables, figures, references, subject index, and index to people and places. $7.50 (paper).
Broad Social Motives, Alcohol Use, and Related Problems: Mechanisms of Risk From High School through College

Broad social motives (not specific to alcohol use) have been established as an important predictor of alcohol use and problems among college students, but we have little understanding of the mechanisms through which such motives operate. Thus, the current study examined broad social motives prior to college entry as a predictor of college drinking/problems and sought to identify potential mechanisms through which they are associated with increased risk. Participants comprised a sample of 2245 incoming college students (59.9% women) transitioning from high school through the college years. The first web-based survey was completed during the summer prior to matriculation with participants reporting on their behavior during the spring of high school senior year. Additional surveys were administered each academic semester through the fall of the fourth year. High school social motives were examined as a predictor of changes in alcohol use/problems from high school through the senior year, with changes in descriptive norms, personal drinking values, and alcohol expectancies from high school to sophomore year examined as possible mediators of these relations. Descriptive norms, personal drinking values, and alcohol expectancies were robust mediators of broad social motives for both alcohol use and problems. Although there were a few differences by race/ethnicity in the alcohol use model, the mechanisms through which broad social motives operated were largely invariant across groups. These findings shed light on important mechanisms that can be targeted in prevention programs, particularly those that target groups who are likely to be high in broad social motives (e.g., fraternity/sorority members). Language: en
Solute diffusion growth of GaxIn1−xSb

The low-temperature solute-diffusion technique, applied to the growth of GaxIn1−xSb crystals, yielded GaSb-rich materials with acceptor concentrations significantly lower than in similar materials prepared previously by other methods. It appears the method may be useful for the growth of other compounds and alloys that typically exhibit high concentrations of stoichiometric defects.
The roles of featural and configural face processing in snap judgments of sexual orientation.

Research has shown that people are able to judge sexual orientation from faces with above-chance accuracy, but little is known about how these judgments are formed. Here, we investigated the importance of well-established face processing mechanisms in such judgments: featural processing (e.g., an eye) and configural processing (e.g., spatial distance between eyes). Participants judged sexual orientation from faces presented for 50 milliseconds either upright, which recruits both configural and featural processing, or upside-down, when configural processing is strongly impaired and featural processing remains relatively intact. Although participants judged women’s and men’s sexual orientation with above-chance accuracy for upright faces and for upside-down faces, accuracy for upside-down faces was significantly reduced. The reduced judgment accuracy for upside-down faces indicates that configural face processing significantly contributes to accurate snap judgments of sexual orientation.
Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide synthesis by direct combination of H2 and O2 in a microreactor

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is an industrially important oxidant with a growing number of applications in the chemical and textile industries, and in environmental remediation. Production of H2O2 by the direct combination of H2 and O2 is much less energy-intensive than the currently used anthraquinone autoxidation method, but it has not been implemented commercially because of the explosive nature of H2 and O2 mixtures. In this work, hydrogen peroxide was safely produced by direct combination of hydrogen and oxygen in a microreactor in the explosive regime. Concentrations as high as 1.3 wt% H2O2 were achieved. Optimum ranges of the temperature and pressure for H2O2 production were determined, and the reaction was shown to be free of mass transfer limitations at the conditions of kinetic experiments. A plan for obtaining the overall kinetics of direct H2O2 formation is described, which involves the determination of rate expressions of H2O2 synthesis, and of consequent decomposition of H2O2. A mechanism for the H2O2 synthesis reaction is proposed on the basis of past research and kinetic data. A rate expression is derived based on the proposed mechanism, and kinetic data were used to calculate the kinetic constants. This is the first step toward the determination of complete kinetics of direct H2O2 formation.
Genetic variability in the cosmopolitan deep-water ophiuran Ophiomusium lymani

A population of the cosmopolitan deep-sea ophiuran Ophiomusium lymani was studied by gel electrophoresis, and proved to be highly variable genetically; about 53% of the 15 loci studied are polymorphic, and the average individual is heterozygous at about 17% of the loci. This is approximately the same genetic variability displayed by other species, belonging to other phyla or classes, from the same deep-sea trawl. A similarly high level of genetic variation occurs in deep-sea organisms in general, and in a shallow-water tropical species. Both the deep-sea and the tropics are trophically stable environments. On the other hand, low genetic variabilities have been found in marine species from trophically unstable environments. These data suggest that any phylogenetic effects on genetic variability are secondary, and that the trophic regime may be of major importance in determining genetic strategies of adaptation.
Synthesis of Compositionally Defined Single-Crystalline Eu3+-Activated Molybdate–Tungstate Solid-Solution Composite Nanowires and Observation of Charge Transfer in a Novel Class of 1D CaMoO4–CaWO4:Eu3+–0D CdS/CdSe QD Nanoscale Heterostructures

As a first step, we have synthesized and optically characterized a systematic series of one-dimensional (1D) single-crystalline Eu3+-activated alkaline-earth metal tungstate/molybdate solid-solution composite CaW1–xMoxO4 (0 ≤ “x” ≤ 1) nanowires of controllable chemical composition using a modified template-directed methodology under ambient room-temperature conditions. Extensive characterization of the resulting nanowires has been performed using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and optical spectroscopy. The crystallite size and single crystallinity of as-prepared 1D CaW1–xMoxO4:Eu3+ (0 ≤ “x” ≤ 1) solid-solution composite nanowires increase with increasing Mo component (“x”). We note a clear dependence of luminescence output upon nanowire chemical composition with our 1D CaW1–xMoxO4:Eu3+ (0 ≤ “x” ≤ 1) evincing the highest photoluminescence (PL) output at “x” = 0.8, among samples tested. Subsequently, coupled with either zero-dimensional (0D) CdS or CdSe quantum dots (QDs), we successfully synthesiz...
Creating well-defined orbital angular momentum states with a random turbulent medium

Previous work by Allen, demonstrated that optical beams possess orbital angular momentum. Other work has shown that a random, phase-only disturbance can impart ±1 orbital angular momentum states to propagating waves. However, the field preceding the formation of these ±1 states was unknown. In this paper, we identify the unique field that leads to the formation of a pair of branch points, indicators of orbital angular momentum. This field is then verified in a bench-top optical experiment.
Mechanism of oxidation of benzaldehyde by polypyridyl oxo complexes of Ru(IV).

The oxidation of benzaldehyde and several of its derivatives to their carboxylic acids by cis-[RuIV(bpy)2(py)(O)]2+ (RuIVO2+; bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine, py is pyridine), cis-[RuIII(bpy)2(py)(OH)]2+ (RuIII−OH2+), and [RuIV(tpy)(bpy)(O)]2+ (tpy is 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) in acetonitrile and water has been investigated using a variety of techniques. Several lines of evidence support a one-electron hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) mechanism for the redox step in the oxidation of benzaldehyde. They include (i) moderate kC-H/kC-D kinetic isotope effects of 8.1 ± 0.3 in CH3CN, 9.4 ± 0.4 in H2O, and 7.2 ± 0.8 in D2O; (ii) a low kH2O/D2O kinetic isotope effect of 1.2 ± 0.1; (iii) a decrease in rate constant by a factor of only ∼5 in CH3CN and ∼8 in H2O for the oxidation of benzaldehyde by cis-[RuIII(bpy)2(py)(OH)]2+ compared to cis-[RuIV(bpy)2(py)(O)]2+; (iv) the appearance of cis-[RuIII(bpy)2(py)(OH)]2+ rather than cis-[RuII(bpy)2(py)(OH2)]2+ as the initial product; and (v) the small ρ value of −0.65 ± 0.03 in a Hamme...
Additive hazards regression and partial likelihood estimation for ecological monitoring data across space

We develop continuous-time models for the analysis of environmental or ecological monitoring data such that subjects are observed at multiple monitoring time points across space. Of particular interest are additive hazards regression models where the baseline hazard function can take on flexible forms. We consider time-varying covariates and take into account spatial dependence via autoregression in space and time. We develop statistical inference for the regression coefficients via partial likelihood. Asymptotic properties, including consistency and asymptotic normality, are established for parameter estimates under suitable regularity conditions. Feasible algorithms utilizing existing statistical software packages are developed for computation. We also consider a simpler additive hazards model with homogeneous baseline hazard and develop hypothesis testing for homogeneity. A simulation study demonstrates that the statistical inference using partial likelihood has sound finite-sample properties and offers a viable alternative to maximum likelihood estimation. For illustration, we analyze data from an ecological study that monitors bark beetle colonization of red pines in a plantation of Wisconsin.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenous-to-oral enoxacin in elderly patients with complicated urinary tract infections.

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics in normal volunteers have been studied extensively; however, limited patient data exist. Enoxacin steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were determined following repeated 400-mg intravenous (i.v.) and oral dosing by using compartmental and noncompartmental methods in 10 elderly (mean age, 73.8 years) men with complicated urinary tract infections. Average peak enoxacin concentrations following i.v. and oral dosing were 8.15 and 5.45 mg/liter, respectively. Mean values for major pharmacokinetic parameters (noncompartmental) were similar following i.v. and oral administration, respectively: area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h, 47.6 and 41.0 mg.h/liter; volume of distribution or volume of distribution/bioavailability, 1.61 and 1.99 liters/kg; total body clearance or total body clearance/bioavailability, 2.58 and 3.01 ml/min per kg; and half-life, 8.2 and 9.1 h. Parameters from analysis of enoxacin plasma concentration data by using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model also revealed marked similarities between the two administration routes. Enoxacin was highly bioavailable (mean, 86.97%) following oral administration.