cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An LRR Receptor-Teneurin System Directs Planar Polarity at Compartment Boundaries

Summary Epithelial cells dynamically self-organize in response to extracellular spatial cues relayed by cell-surface receptors. During convergent extension in Drosophila, Toll-related receptors direct planar polarized cell rearrangements that elongate the head-to-tail axis. However, many cells establish polarity in the absence of Toll receptor activity, indicating the presence of additional spatial cues. Here we demonstrate that the leucine-rich-repeat receptor Tartan and the teneurin Ten-m provide critical polarity signals at epithelial compartment boundaries. The Tartan and Ten-m extracellular domains interact in vitro, and Tartan promotes Ten-m localization to compartment boundaries in vivo. We show that Tartan and Ten-m are necessary for the planar polarity and organization of compartment boundary cells. Moreover, ectopic stripes of Tartan and Ten-m are sufficient to induce myosin accumulation at stripe boundaries. These results demonstrate that the Tartan/Ten-m and Toll receptor systems together create a high-resolution network of spatial cues that guides cell behavior during convergent extension.
Abstract A092: Multiplexed measurement of DNA repair capacity for tumor heterogeneity

Purpose of Study: DNA damage has been shown to have a strong link to the origin and propagation of many cancers. Specific damages to different DNA repair pathways within the cell spell accumulations of DNA damaging events and alterations in normal biochemical activities of the cell. More recently, these biochemical differences have begun to be explored and have demonstrated potential evidence supporting a heterogeneous picture of tumor and cancer pathology. The goal of this project focused upon developing a cellular assay to measure the DNA repair capacities of cancer cells and to apply it at the level of an individual cell. Methods Used: Bulk Hap1 cellular lysate was prepared and incubated with the assay and repair activities were recovered from DNA substrates. Amplification and ILLUMINA sequencing was then used to detail repair capacities. Bioinformatic pipelines systematically compared differences in repair profiles across tested conditions in the optimization of the assay with ATP regeneration and chemotherapy pre-treated cells. Future direction will include the combination of a microfluidic platform for single cell analysis. Summary of Results: The use of a creatine phosphokinase (CPK) ATP regeneration system demonstrated increased capture across all repair pathways as compared to a control. Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and mismatch repair (MMR) saw significant increases in repair activities not previously seen without the regeneration system. Temozolomide pretreated cells demonstrated increased repair activities in Direct Reversal repair of methylated adducts as compared to Hydrogen Peroxide pretreated cells and positive controls. Conclusions: The addition of an ATP regeneration system significantly increased capture of repair events by increasing local concentrations of ATP to support cellular enzyme activities. Increases in repair activates were seen across all pathways tested, indicating reproducible results. DNA damaging pretreatments indicated predictable up-regulations in certain DNA repair pathways matching the type of DNA damage event generated. Citation Format: Lakotah Hardie, Amanda Richer, Jay Hesselberth. Multiplexed measurement of DNA repair capacity for tumor heterogeneity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A092. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-A092
Genomic characterization of HBV-infected hepatocellular carcinoma patients using circulating tumor DNA.

575Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of mortality, with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a dominant etiology. Surgery or ablation may be curative for early-stage HCC...
An unsupervised learning method for reconstructing cell spatial organization with application to the DREAM Single Cell Transcriptomics Challenge

Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis is important for building a global transcription landscape of all cell types in tissues, tracing cell lineages, and reconstructing cell spatial organizations. In this article, we propose an unsupervised learning method to predict spatial positions and gene expression of individual cells in Drosophila embryos using a small number of driver genes. Specifically, we develop a two-stage clustering approach, and compute a probability matrix of the spatial positions of single cells. This method is applied to dataset in the DREAM Single Cell Transcriptomics Challenge. The comparison with the “gold standard” suggests that our method is effective in reconstructing the cell positions and gene expression patterns in spatial tissues.
Exploring willingness to engage with law enforcement among syringe service program participants in New York City.

Abstract Background In New York City (NYC), 1,487 unintentional overdose deaths occurred in 2017, largely driven by the presence of fentanyls in the illicit drug market. In response to fentanyl-involved overdoses, law enforcement entities both nationally and in NYC have taken a new interest in overdose events. This study explored attitudes toward and willingness to engage with police among NYC syringe service program (SSP) participants, a population likely to have had experiences with overdose and/or police. Methods Between March and July 2017, 332 surveys were conducted with a convenience sample of NYC SSP participants. Results Most respondents (76%) reported ever being arrested for a drug-related crime. Few respondents (5%) reported a previous arrest in the context of an overdose event. Of the 62 respondents who had witnessed an overdose in the previous 12 months, 25% had not called 911 because of concerns about law enforcement. Over half (51%) of all respondents reported they would not be willing to aid police in their investigation of the person who supplied the drugs. Conclusion Police investigations of both fatal and non-fatal drug overdose events have the potential to exacerbate mistrust of law enforcement and discourage emergency medical service utilization among PWUD.
Immunoresolvents Support Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) actively limit inflammation and expedite its resolution. Here we profiled intramuscular lipid mediators following injury and investigated the role of SPMs in skeletal muscle inflammation and repair. Both eicosanoids and SPMs increased following myofiber damage induced by intramuscular injection of barium chloride or functional overload. Daily systemic administration of resolvin D1 (RvD1) limited the degree and duration of inflammation, enhanced regenerating myofiber growth, and improved recovery of muscle strength. RvD1 suppressed inflammatory cytokines, enhanced polymorphonuclear cell clearance, modulated muscle stem cells, and polarized macrophages to a more pro-regenerative subset. RvD1 had minimal direct impact on in-vitro myogenesis but directly suppressed myokine production and stimulated macrophage phagocytosis, showing that SPMs influence modulate both infiltrating myeloid and resident muscle cells. These data reveal the efficacy of immunoresolvents as a novel alternative to classical anti-inflammatory interventions in the management of muscle injuries to modulate inflammation while stimulating tissue repair.
Supraphysiological testosterone induces ferroptosis and activates immune pathways through nucleophagy in prostate cancer.

The discovery that androgens play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) led to the development of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as a first line of treatment. However, paradoxical growth inhibition has been observed in a subset of PCa upon administration of supraphysiological levels of testosterone (SupraT), both experimentally and clinically. Here we report that SupraT activates cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors and induces growth inhibition of SupraT-sensitive PCa cells. This was initiated by the induction of two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, namely, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy. Consequently, autophagosomal DNA activated nucleic acid sensors that converge on NF-κB to drive immune signaling pathways. Chemokines and cytokines secreted by the tumor cells in response to SupraT resulted in increased migration of cytotoxic immune cells to tumor beds in xenograft models and patient tumors. Collectively, these findings indicate that SupraT may inhibit a subset of PCa by activating nucleic acid sensors and downstream immune signaling.
Application of WEB based Interactive and Multimedia Technology in an Introductory Engineering Course

Statics, an introductory core engineering course was developed as a web based course. The course contains animated GIF, Java based animations, 3-D models using Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), and interactive tutorials and examples to demonstrate the principles of mechanics in a more dynamic and interactive form. The primary emphasis was on using the site as a supplement to the regular class lectures. The web-based course is geared towards interactive problem solver (IPS) and analysis models where the student can actually solve myriad of problems on a specific topic till he/she has a better understanding of the concept. The interactive problem solver keeps a track of the number of attempts made by the student and the content of the trials. This facilitates the instructor in grading the student and structuring the course review as the course progresses. The web site also includes the lecture notes for review. (http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~statics)
Abstract 695: p70S6 kinase is a critical node that integrates HER-family and PI3 kinase signaling

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Targeted cancer therapies often induce compensatory adaptive responses that blunt drug effectiveness, resulting in therapeutic resistance - intrinsic or acquired. Adaptive responses are characteristic of the complex nature of the cancer cell signaling network. Within this network, nodes of convergence between signaling modules are critical mediators of adaptive responses to targeted drugs. The critical nodes in an oncogenically-activated signaling network represent potential therapeutic vulnerabilities because their inhibition could result in collapse of the network and hence enhanced cytotoxicity. We have previously used high-throughput combinatorial drug screening to empirically identify adaptive survival responses to targeted therapies. We found that HER-family and PI3K represented compensatory signaling pathways, and combination therapy caused synergistic cytotoxicity in cases where inhibition of neither target was effective as a monotherapy. RPPA analysis identified ribosomal protein S6 as being synergistically down-regulated upon HER-family and PI3K co-inhibition. Expression of a constitutively active construct of the upstream activator of S6, p70S6K, was protective against apoptosis induced by combined HER-family and PI3K inhibition. Direct inhibition of p70S6K using small molecule inhibitors phenocopied the growth inhibition and apoptosis caused by HER-family and PI3K inhibition. These data implicate p70S6K as a critical node and druggable target in the HER-family / PI3K signaling network. The ability of direct inhibitors of p70S6K to phenocopy the co-inhibition of upstream signaling indicates that identification and targeting of critical nodes may be a way to overcome adaptive resistance to targeted therapies. Citation Format: Mark J. Axelrod, Rolando E. Mendez, Daniel G. Gioeli, Mark J. Jameson, Michael J. Weber. p70S6 kinase is a critical node that integrates HER-family and PI3 kinase signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 695. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-695
Court-Recommended Guidelines for Managing Unethical Students and Working with University Lawyers.

Abstract As a result of the Horowitz v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri (1976) case in medical education, social work faculty may evaluate and discipline students using academic criteria rather than the more restrictive disciplinary procedures that currently are enforced on most college campuses. A flow chart assists faculty to evaluate problem behavior for academic versus disciplinary violations. The author suggests procedures to ensure the legal foundation for the social work faculty's actions and due process for students, and recommends the National Association of Social Workers (1990) Code of Ethics as appropriate principles for conduct. In addition, the author uses court rulings from the past 25 years to detail appropriate procedures for evaluating students and conducting hearings. Finally, he discusses the role of university lawyers, and offers recommendations for informing lawyers about the unique situation of professional education, emphasizing the potential liability of problem st...
Two new pseudopod morphologies displayed by the human hematopoietic KG1a progenitor cell line and by primary human CD34+ cells

A primitive human hematopoietic myeloid progenitor cell line, KG1a, characterized by high expression of the CD34 surface antigen has been observed to extend long, thin pseudopodia. Once extended, these pseudopods may take on one of two newly described morphologies, tenupodia or magnupodia. Tenupodia are very thin and form in linear segments. They adhere to the substrate, can bifurcate multiple times, and often appear to connect the membranes of cells more than 300 μm apart. Magnupodia are much thicker and have been observed to extend more than 330 μm away from the cell. Magnupods are flexible and can exhibit rapid dynamic motion, extending or retracting in a few seconds. During retraction, the extended material often pools into a bulb located on the pod. Both morphologies can adhere to substrates coated with fibronectin, collagen IV, and laminin as well as plastic. The CD34 and CD44 antigens are also present on the surface of these podia. Primary human CD34 + cells from fetal liver, umbilical cord blood, adult bone marrow, and mobilized peripheral blood extend these podia as well. The morphology that these pseudopods exhibit suggest that they may play both sensory and mechanical roles during cell migration and homing after bone marrow transplantation.
Tolerance to individual and joint effects of arsenic and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis or Lysinibacillus sphaericus in Culex mosquitoes.

Arsenic contamination of global water supplies has come to the forefront in policy decisions in recent decades. However, the effects of arsenic on lower trophic levels of insects inhabiting contaminated ecosystems are not well understood. One approach to document both acute and sublethal effects of toxicants like arsenic is to assay them in combination with microbial pathogens to evaluate shifts in survival curves of the test organisms. Larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tarsalis were reared in water containing 0 or 1 000 μg/L of arsenate or arsenite. Fourth instars were then exposed to a range of doses of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) or Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls), with shifts in lethal concentrations determined. Arsenic accumulation in 4th instars was also quantified, and a relative growth index (RGI) calculated for the treatments and compared to controls. Larvae of both species accumulated between 4 447 ± 169 ng As/g and 6 983 ± 367 ng As/g, though RGI values indicated accumulation did not affect growth and development. In all cases, the LC50 's and LC90 's of Cx. quinquefasciatus exposed jointly with arsenic and Bti/Ls were higher than Cx. tarsalis. Cx. tarsalis reared in arsenite showed a significant reduction in their Bti LC90 values compared to the control, indicating a sublethal effect of Bti. When exposed jointly with Ls, arsenite was more toxic than arsenate in Cx. tarsalis. Overall, these results indicate tolerance of these Culex species to arsenic exposures, and why this may occur is discussed.
Gene-to-behavior Pathways

The ‘gene-to-behavior' pathway is a concept meant to counter overly deterministic ways of thinking about the effects of genes on behavior. Gene-to-behavior pathways incorporate mechanisms of gene action, endophenotypes and variable behavioral expression, as well as notions of the complexity of biological systems. Keywords: endophenotype; probabilistic epigenesis; multigene disorders; quantitative trait loci; dynamic systems
Stereo with mirrors

In this paper, we propose the use of mirrors and a single camera for computational stereo. When compared to conventional stereo systems that use two cameras, our method has a number of significant advantages such as wide field of view, single viewpoint projection, identical camera parameters and ease of calibration. We propose four stereo systems that use a single camera pointed towards planar, ellipsoidal, hyperboloidal, and paraboloidal mirrors. In each case, we present a derivation of the epipolar constraints. Next, we attempt to understand what can be seen by each system, and formalize the notion of field of view. We conclude with two experiments to obtain 3-D structure. In the first we use a pair of planar mirrors, and in the second a pair of paraboloidal mirrors. The results of our experiments demonstrate the viability of stereo using mirrors.
Validation and sensitivity test of the distributed hydrology soil‐vegetation model (DHSVM) in a forested mountain watershed

Hydrologic models are often calibrated and validated with streamflow from a limited number of sites, whereas assessment of model performance with internal watershed data can be used to constrain the parameterization of physically based models to verify that specific hydrologic processes are being reasonably simulated. This is particularly important for improving the simulation accuracy of models used to evaluate potential hydrologic responses to land use and climate change. The distributed hydrology soil-vegetation model (DHSVM) was parameterized for the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed in northern Idaho. Performance was assessed based on measured streamflow from nested and paired watersheds, snowpack dynamics, soil moisture, and transpiration estimated from sap flux. In general, DHSVM effectively simulated snowpack dynamics, soil water content, and the streamflow regime. Streamflow simulation for seven subcatchments had model efficiencies ranging between 0.63 and 0.79. Model efficiency of snowpack simulation at a SNOTEL site was 0.95. Some minor discrepancies between simulated and measured values suggested that some processes, such as snow redistribution, were not represented by the model or were insufficiently parameterized for local conditions. A sensitivity analysis indicated that soil porosity, leaf area index, and minimum stomatal resistance were among the most influential parameters that affected variations in the simulated hydrological regime. However, those variables can be reasonably estimated based on field or remote sensing data. Other important parameters, such as saturated hydraulic conductivity, are more difficult to quantify and therefore need to be refined during the calibration phase. A description of the iterative parameter refinement process that was used in the calibration phase of the model is included to assist other researchers in refining model parameterizations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of lesion nematodes and potato early dying with rotation crops.

Soil-incorporated rotation/green manure crops were evaluated for management of potato early dying caused by Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans. After two years of rotation/green manure and a subsequent potato crop, P. penetrans numbers were less after `Saia' oat/'Polynema' marigold, `Triple S' sorghum-sudangrass, or `Garry' oat than `Superior' potato or `Humus' rapeseed. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for early dying was lowest after Saia oat/marigold, and tuber yields were greater than continuous potato after all crops except sorghum-sudangrass. Saia oat/marigold crops resulted in the greatest tuber yields. After one year of rotation/green manure, a marigold crop increased tuber yields and reduced AUDPC and P. penetrans. In the second potato crop after a single year of rotation, plots previously planted to marigolds had reduced P. penetrans densities and AUDPC and increased tuber yield. Rapeseed supported more P. penetrans than potato, but had greater yields. After two years of rotation/green manure crops and a subsequent potato crop, continuous potato had the highest AUDPC and lowest tuber weight. Rotation with Saia oats (2 yr) and Rudbeckia hirta (1 yr) reduced P. penetrans and increased tuber yields. AUDPC was lowest after R. hirta. Two years of sorghum-sudangrass did not affect P. penetrans, tuber yield or AUDPC. These results demonstrate that P. penetrans may be reduced by one or two years of rotation to non-host or antagonistic plants such as Saia oat, Polynema marigold, or R. hirta and that nematode control may reduce the severity of potato early dying.
Lipreading performance and contextual cues

Abstract Ten normal hearing college students participated in a study to assess the effects of contextual cues on lipreading performance. Lipreading performance was indexed under a condition where one-word printed cue cards preceded the live presentation of a lipreading test sentence. The cue word was relevant to the topic of the test sentence, however, it was not a word which appeared in the test sentence. Lipreading performance was also assessed without the presentation of cue words. The data clearly showed an improvement in lipreading performance as a function of the presentation of contextual cues. Implications for therapy are discussed.
Abiotic constraints on the establishment of Quercus seedlings in grassland

High evaporative demand and periodic drought characterize the growing season in midwestern grasslands relative to deciduous forests of the eastern US, and predicted climatic changes suggest that these climatic extremes may be exacerbated. Despite this less than optimal environment for tree seedling establishment, deciduous trees have expanded into adjacent tallgrass prairie within the last century leading to a dramatic land cover change. In order to determine the role of light and temperature on seedling establishment, we assessed carbon and water relations and aboveground growth of first-year Quercus macrocarpa seedlings exposed to one of three conditions: (1) intact tallgrass prairie communities (control), (2) aboveground herbaceous biomass removed (grass removal), and (3) shade plus biomass removal to reduce light (PFD) to levels typical of the grassland-forest ecotone (shade). In the 2000 growing season, precipitation was 35% below the long-term average, which had a significant negative effect on oak seedling carbon gain at midseason (photosynthesis declined to 10% of maximum rates). However, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in the shade treatment was ca. 2.5 and 1.5 times greater, respectively, than in control treatment seedlings during this drought. During this period, leaf and air temperatures in control seedlings were similar whereas leaf temperatures in the shade treatment remained below air temperature. A late-season recovery period, coincident with decreased air temperatures, resulted in increased net photosynthesis for all seedlings. Increased photosynthetic rates and water relations in shaded seedlings compared to seedlings in full sun suggest that, at least in dry years, high light and temperature may negatively impact oak seedling performance. However, high survival rates for all seedlings indicate that Q. macrocarpa seedlings are capable of tolerating both present-day and future climatic extremes. Unless historic fire regimes are restored, forest expansion and land cover change are likely to continue.
Connecting network graph structure to linear-system zero structure

We examine linear network dynamics in which an input can be applied at only one network component and measurements can only be made at one (in general different) component. The infinite-zero- and finite-invariant-zero-structure of these dynamics are characterized explicitly in terms of the network's graph matrix, using the special coordinate basis for linear system. These algebraic characterizations are then used to identify relationships between features of the network's graph topology and the state matrix of its finite zero dynamics.
Development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric assay for the specific and sensitive quantification of the novel immunosuppressive macrolide 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)rapamycin.

It was our objective to develop a rapid, sensitive and specific assay to quantify the immunosuppressive macrolide 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)rapamycin (SDZ-RAD) in blood of transplant patients. SDZ-RAD was extracted from blood by solid–liquid extraction. SDZ-RAD and its internal standard 28,40-diacetyl rapamycin were quantified using HPLC–electrospray MS. The assay was linear from 0.1 to 100 μg/l (r2=0.99). The mean recovery was 83% for SDZ-RAD and 80.5% for the internal standard. The mean day-to-day precision was 8.0%. Extracted samples were stable at 20°C for at least 48 h and SDZ-RAD blood samples at −80°C for at least six months.
The Millian Case for Orthodox Epistemic Conservatism

Dans le cadre du debat opposant la version orthodoxe et la version plus large de la croyance, l'A. examine l'argument de Mill en faveur du conservatisme orthodoxe, defendu par Gutting a partir du principe de l'amelioration. Face au dilemme pratique ou dilemme de l'evidence, l'A. lui prefere la strategie transcendantale de L. Sklar.
Bronchiectasis masquerading as pulmonary embolus

The diagnosis of bronchiectasis usually suggests a patient with a productive cough and shortness of breath. This report describes the case history of an otherwise healthy 43-year-old man who presented with repetitive episodes of pleuritic pain that led to several extensive, invasive evaluations in search of a pulmonary embolus. Only after a carefully taken history did the patient admit to an intermittent chronic cough, which suggested the diagnosis of bronchiectasis. This diagnosis was ultimately confirmed by bronchography. This report suggests that patients with bronchiectasis may present with unusual clinical manifestations, and that the correct diagnosis may be missed unless physicians are aware that "old" diseases may present in "new" ways.
Ammonia fiber expansion pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on two different growth stages of reed canarygrass

Plant materials from the vegetative growth stage of reed canarygrass and the seed stage of reed canarygrass are pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and enzymatically hydrolyzed using 15 filter paper units (FPU) cellulase/g glucan to evaluate glucose and xylose yields. Percent conversions of glucose and xylose, effects of temperature and ammonia loading, and hydrolysis profiles are analyzed to determine the most effective AFEX treatment condition for each of the selected materials. The controls used in this study were untreated samples of each biomass material. All pretreatment conditions tested enhanced enzyme digestibility and improved sugar conversions for reed canarygrass compared with their untreated counterparts. Based on 168 h hydrolysis results using 15 FPU Spezyme CP cellulase/g glucan the most effective AFEX treatment conditions were determined as: vegetative growth stage of reed canarygrass—100°C, 60% moisture content, 1.2: 1 kg ammonia/kg of dry matter (86% glucose and 78% xylose) and seed stage of reed canarygrass—100°C, 60% moisture content, 0.8 : 1 kg ammonia/kg of dry matter (89% glucose and 81% xylose). Supplementation by commercial Multifect 720 xylanase along with cellulase further increased both glucose and xylose yields by 10–12% at the most effective AFEX conditions.
Valence bonds and the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem

Etude du decouplage des etats de liaisons de valence a courte distance dans des secteurs topologiquement distincts. Sur un reseau carre de largeur impaire, ce decouplage implique que les etats de liaison de valence resonnante a courte distance soient doublement degeneres. Ce resultat est equivalent au theoreme de Lieb-Schultz-Mattis
Analysis of Antineoplastic Polysaccharides from Mycobacterium Bovis BCG Vaccine by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection

Abstract Aqueous extracts of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine, Tice® substrain, showed potent antineoplastic activity against a murine S180 sarcoma cell line in vivo. Following Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, one fraction (PSIA) was found to have antineoplastic activity, and contains complex polysaccharides. PS1A was further separated into four subfractions by Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. An HPLC method has been established for the analyses of polysaccharides in PS1A and its subfractions. Using a Dionex DX500 HPLC system, separation was achieved on a CarboPac PA1 anion exchange column by gradient elution with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.9 M NaOH/1 M NaOAc. Pulsed amperometry with three potential waveforms (E1 =0.1 v, E2=0.7v and E3=-0.1v) was used for detection. The HPLC chromatogram of PS1A showed three major peaks with retention times of 8.5, 15.5 and 19.25 min., respectively, and these three peaks have been identified in the subfractions of PS1A.
A theoretical study of the potential energy surface for the reaction OH+CO→H+CO2

Abstract Stationary points on the OH+CO→H+CO2 potential energy surface are calculated using an extrapolated full coupled-cluster/complete basis set (FCC/CBS) method. The trans-HOCO intermediate is found to lie 30.10 kcal/mole below the OH + CO dissociation limit. For the forward reaction, the vibrationally adiabatic ground-state barrier height is predicted to be 1.03 kcal/mole. Finally, a many-body expansion potential energy surface for HOCO is obtained by fitting to the new ab initio results.
A second-order boundary value problem with impulsive effects on an unbounded domain

Abstract We study a second-order nonlinear differential equation on an unbounded domain with solutions subject to impulsive conditions and the Sturm–Liouville type boundary conditions. The existence results are obtained via applications of Krasnosel’skiĭ’s fixed point theorem for the sum of a completely continuous operator and a contraction.
Conformational studies on pyranoid sugar derivatives by NMR spectroscopy. Correlations of observed proton—proton coupling constants with the generalized Karplus equation

Proton spin-spin coupling values measured for a wide range of tetrasubstituted tetrahydropyran ring-systems obtained from aldopentopyranose sugars have been correlated with values calculated from a generalized version of the Karplus equation which takes into account the electronegativities of the various atoms in the molecule and the configurations of these substituents. Minor discrepancies between observed and calculated values can be attributed to slight flattening of the tetrahydropyran ring as a result of steric interactions of the substituents. The magnitude of the geminal coupling J5e,5a of these aldopentopyranose derivatives provides a rough measure of the conformational population; when H-4 is axial [Cl(D) or 1C(L) conformation] J5e,5a is ∼10.9 Hz, and is ∼13.4 Hz when H-4 is equatorial [1C(D) or Cl(L) conformation].
Political Elites and Democratic State-building Efforts in Bosnia and Iraq

This article explores the underlying theories of political change that have informed the internationally-led state-building efforts in Bosnia and Iraq. Despite their disparate origins and goals, these two state-building efforts are supported by strikingly similar assumptions and theories regarding how political change occurs. One bright thread runs through both efforts: the primacy given to getting the ‘right’ elites into power. However, in both cases external state-builders found that installing the right elites was both more complicated and less helpful than expected, in terms of laying the groundwork for the establishment of stable democratic states. The experiences of Bosnia and Iraq raise major questions about the use of democracy as a means of regime change, especially where regime change involves not only rearranging the political balance of power, but also recalibrating social and economic power.
A Forced Gradient Tracer Experiment in a Coastal Sandy Aquifer, Georgetown Site, South Carolina

A two-well tracer experiment was conducted in a coastal, sandy aquifer in South Carolina to investigate tracer migration in ground-water systems. Chloride tracer was injected into the aquifer under a steady flow condition created by continuous injection and withdrawal of ground water at an injection and a withdrawal well dipole separated by a distance of 5 meters. Breakthrough data were collected at several depths from two multilevel sampling wells, 1.5 meters apart, between the injection well and the withdrawal well. A one-dimensional advection-dispersion model that considers the nonuniform velocity field of the two-well experiment was employed to estimate the hydrologic properties of the aquifer. The values of the porosity and dispersivity were estimated by fitting the model to the observed breakthrough data collected at three depths at one sampling well (Well A). These values were then used to predict the breakthroughs at the same depths in the other sampling well (Well B). A two-dimensional flow and transport model was also employed to simulate the tracer migration. Results of both one- and two-dimensional simulations show that these models fail to predict the tracer breakthrough at Well B using parameter values obtained from Well A. The failure of the model to predict breakthroughs at Well B suggests that a three-dimensional characterization of aquifer heterogeneities and a three-dimensional modeling effort may be needed in order to capture the complex flow pattern in the aquifer.
Crossing the Minefield: Politics of Refugee Research and Service

For the past seven years I have worked in dual roles as an ethnographic researcher and an applied anthropologist/social worker in the Southeast Asian refugee community in Portland, Oregon. I began doing research within a single ethnic community of Iu-Mien (Yao) refugees from Laos. Like many refugee researchers, I soon became an applied anthropologist, first providing services for the Iu-Mien. Later, I took a position in a refugee resettlement social service agency where I began to work with other Southeast Asian ethnic communities, providing direct client services and training, doing needs assessment research, and managing and designing culturally specific programs for Southeast Asians.
Cerebral aneurysms following radiotherapy for medulloblastoma

✓ Three patients, two males and one female aged 21, 14, and 31 years, respectively, developed cerebral saccular aneurysms several years after undergoing radiotherapy for cerebellar medulloblastoma at 2, 5, and 14 years of age, respectively. Following surgery, all three received combined cobalt-60 irradiation and intrathecal colloidal radioactive gold (198Au) therapy, and died from rupture of the aneurysm 19, 9, and 17 years after the radiotherapy, respectively. Autopsy examination revealed no recurrence of the medulloblastoma, but widespread radiation-induced vasculopathy was found at the base of the brain and in the spinal cord, and saccular aneurysms arose from the posterior cerebral arteries at the basal cistern or choroidal fissure. The aneurysms differed from the ordinary saccular aneurysms of congenital type in their location and histological features. Their locations corresponded to the areas where intrathecally administered colloidal 198Au is likely to pool, and they originated directly from a seg...
High tissue affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors improve endothelial function and reduce infarct size.

Background. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors differ in their ability to inhibit tissue ACE. This study was, therefore, undertaken to determine whether high tissue affinity ACE inhibitors would improve endothelial function and thereby decrease tissue necrosis during ischemia. Methods. In a porcine model, the second and third diagonal vessels were occluded for 90 minutes, followed by 45 minutes of cardioplegic arrest and 180 minutes of reperfusion. During the period of coronary occlusion, 10 pigs received enalaprilat (low affinity tissue ACE inhibitor), 0.05 mg/kg intravenously, 10 received quinaprilat (high affinity tissue ACE inhibitor), 10 mg intravenously, and 10 others received no ACE inhibitor. Results. Wall motion scores (4, normal, to 21, dyskinesia) were higher in animals treated with ACE inhibitors (3.20 6 0.15 SE enalaprilat versus 3.08 6 0.23 quinaprilat versus 1.52 6 0.07 no ACE; both p < 0.0001 from no ACE). Endothelial-dependent relaxation to bradykinin was best preserved in the quinaprilat-treated hearts (32.1% 6 7.6% enalaprilat versus 65.8% 6 12.6% quinaprilat versus 30.6% 6 10.7% no ACE; p < 0.0001 from no ACE; p < 0.005 from enalaprilat). This was associated with a greater reduction in infarct size: area necrosis/area risk 24.3% 6 0.8% enalaprilat (p < 0.0001 from no ACE) versus 14.3% 6 3.2% quinaprilat (p < 0.0001 from no ACE; p < 0.005 from enalaprilat) versus 40.0% 6 1.7% no ACE. Conclusions. ACE inhibitors with higher affinity to tissue ACE result in better preservation of endothelial function and less tissue necrosis during coronary revascularization.
Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment for Coal-Fired Power Industry

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)’s announcement that it will revise the effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric power generating units could affect not only how power plants use water, but also how they discharge it. The revised guidelines may lower discharge limits for various contaminants in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater including mercury, selenium, arsenic, and nitrate/nitrite. Although the specific details of the guidelines are unknown at present, the power industry is evaluating various technologies that may address the new effluent limitation guidelines and promote water conservation. Moreover, the power industry is looking for avenues to increase water usage efficiency, reuse and recycle throughout its plant processes. Final rule approval is expected by the middle of 2014 and new regulations are expected to be implemented between 2017 and 2022 through 5-year NPDES permit cycles. discharge limits for various contaminants including arsenic, mercury, selenium, and nitrate/nitrite [1]. These pollutant limits may be below the levels achievable today with conventional treatment [2].A growing interest exists in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facilities and processes in power plant operations. Potentially stringent discharge limits along with water conservation and reuse efforts are two of the major drivers to achieve ZLD. Potential pollutant levels are so low that ZLD may be the best option, if not an outright requirement [1].Thermal ZLD systems have been the subject of increased interest and discussion lately. They employ evaporating processes such as ponds, evaporators and crystallizers, or spray dryers to produce a reusable water stream and a solid residue (i.e. waste). Evaporators and crystallizers have been employed in the power industry for a number of years. However, typical A growing interest exists in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facilities and processes in power plant operations. Potentially stringent discharge limits along with water conservation and reuse efforts are two of the major drivers to achieve ZLD. Potential pollutant levels are so low that ZLD may be the best option, if not an outright requirement. A key disadvantage of thermal ZLD is its high capital cost. One way to reduce this cost is to pre-treat the liquid stream using innovative membrane technologies and reverse osmosis (RO).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
THE SOFTWARE ENTERPRISE

Libraries depend on entrepreneurs to create and market software to support library functions. This essay describes a software enterprise in pro forma terms so that library managers may understand the constraints that limit the action of software vendors. To simplify the presentation, we treat the firm as though it had only a single product over its life. For comparison, the essay includes a pro forma description of a workstation software enterprise.
Problems and perspectives in the design of anti-HIV-1 agents

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that produces the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to evade all strategies for potential therapeutic intervention. Global efforts in the search for potential anti-HIV-1 agents have mainly centered around the design of enzyme inhibitors and derivatives that inhibit viral binding or gene expression. Both nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have demonstrated potent anti-HIV-1 activity. However, toxicity considerations and the emergence of resistant strains will require further structural manipulations to diminish these undesirable properties. Protease inhibitors also exhibit activities at nanomolar concentrations, but many of these agents may suffer from problems of absorption and biodegradation. These apparent shortcomings have been circumvented by the preparation of peptidomimetic molecules. Similarly, smaller CD4 mimetics have emerged as alternatives to the larger soluble CD4 derivatives as inhibitors of viral binding. Other viral binding inhibitors, the anionic molecules, suffer from an inherent inability to enter cells and potential anticoagulant activity. These properties may be remedied by rational analog design and synthesis. Oligonucleotides can be constructed to inhibit specific segments of selected regulatory genes of the virus. These agents have been critiqued on the basis of stability, cellular uptake, and assurance of hybridization. Once again, structure activity relationship studies have revealed that many of these apparent problems can be overcome. The more recently discovered agents belong to the unique classes of tat antagonists or viral uncoating inhibitors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-invasive, in-vivo electrical impedance of EMT-6 tumours during hyperthermia: Correlation with morphology and tumour-growth-delay

The electrical impedance at frequencies from 100 Hz to 40 MHz of EMT-6 tumours was measured non-invasively, in vivo, during hyperthermia using an apparatus constructed for this purpose. Histology and morphometry were performed on tumours harvested periodically during the heating. A ratio of conductivities at two frequencies (sigma (10MHz)/sigma (10kHz)), which minimizes the tissues temperature-coefficient effects, was used to correlate impedance changes with the histopathological changes. The bulk of the cell population followed a necrotic cell death sequence during heating. Initial increase of the sigma-ratio correlated with cell swelling, and a reversal of the rate of this increase correlated with the appearance of small membrane breaks and evidence of mitochondrial damage. A continued, slowing sigma-ratio increase to a maximum correlated with continued cell swelling accompanied by increasing membrane disruption. The subsequent decrease in sigma-ratio correlated with continued general cell lysing. Between the appearance of the first membrane breaks (sigma-ratio peak) and the evidence of general lysing (sigma-ratio peak), the tumour-growth-delay increased non-linearly. Because the sigma-ratio consistently discerned these events, these measurements were able to predict the fate of this cell population when subjected to hyperthermia. Knowledge of temperature or time of heating was not required.
Single-crystal solidification of new Co–Al–W-base alloys

Abstract Solidification processing of new high-temperature Co–Al–W-base single-crystals has been investigated. Single-crystal bars with compositions of Co–9.4Al–10.7W, Co–8.8Al–9.8W–2Ta and Co–7.8Al–7.8W–1.5Ta–4.5Cr (at%) were successfully grown with a conventional Bridgman process. Helical grain selectors resulted in [001] dendritic growth with primary dendrite arm spacings in the range of 278–364 μm. Segregation of constituent elements in the dendritic structure was very limited, compared to Ni-base single-crystals. Concentration profiles obtained by electron microprobe and analyzed via the Scheil equation indicate distribution coefficients for Co, Al, W and Cr that are close to 1. The distribution coefficient of Ta was approximately 0.6, indicating preferential segregation to the liquid during solidification. These observations collectively suggest that convective instabilities and freckle formation are unlikely to occur during solidification of single-crystals of this new class of high strength Co–Al–W-base alloys.
Changes in matrix phosphorylation during bovine dentin development

Phosphorylation of the organic matrix proteins of dentin is important for the initiation of mineralization, but its relevance in later mineralization stages is controversial. The objective of this study was to analyze changes in the total matrix phosphate content during dentin development and to identify their origin. Amino acid and total matrix phosphate analyses of microdissected developing mantle and circumpulpal fetal bovine dentin specimens were performed. The amino acid composition showed few changes during mantle and circumpulpal dentin maturation. However, the total matrix phosphate content showed a significant, positive correlation with tissue maturation in both mantle and circumpulpal dentin, with a two- and a three-fold increase, respectively, being observed. The data indicate that changes occur in the pattern of phosphorylation of matrix proteins during dentin maturation, which we suggest may play a functional role in later stages of tooth mineralization.
Athermal ε-martensite in a Co–Cr–Mo alloy: grain size effects

Abstract In this work, it is found that the development of athermal e-martensite upon quenching of a Co–Cr–Mo alloy is strongly influenced by the grain size. The volume fraction of e-martensite was found to exhibit a sigmoidal trend with saturation volume fractions of e-martensite occurring at approximately 0.7 for grain sizes of 324 μm. In addition, the hardness exhibited an initial decrease with grain size, but remained almost constant for grain sizes above 100 μm.