cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Resistance to Authority in Federal Unions: The Early United States (1790–1860) and the European Community (1958–94)

These quotes point to a puzzle, the puzzle with which this study begins: Within the past forty years, national member-states not only accepted the interpretive authority of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as the supreme decision maker for conflicts between member-state authority and central federal authority of the European Community (since 1994, the European Union) but also accepted this court's dictates that the treaties forming the community had constitutional status as supreme law in every member state and that European-level law had higher law status within every member state, superseding any national law to the contrary. Indeed, European member-state acceptance of this development advanced much more rapidly than state acceptance of the U.S. Supreme Court in its first several decades. Yet this pattern of respective acceptance of central federal authority runs counter to prevailing understandings of sovereignty.
A hybrid energy-estimation technique for extensible processors

In this paper, we present an efficient and accurate methodology for estimating the energy consumption of application programs running on extensible processors. Extensible processors, which are getting increasingly popular in embedded system design, allow a designer to customize a base processor core through instruction set extensions. Existing processor energy macromodeling techniques are not applicable to extensible processors, since they assume that the instruction set architecture as well as the underlying structural description of the micro-architecture remain fixed. Our solution to the above problem is a hybrid energy macromodel suitably parameterized to estimate the energy consumption of an application running on the corresponding application-specific extended processor instance, which incorporates any custom instruction extension. Such a characterization is facilitated by careful selection of macromodel parameters/variables that can capture both the functional and structural aspects of the execution of a program on an extensible processor. Another feature of the proposed energy characterization flow is the use of regression analysis to build the macromodel. Regression analysis allows for in-situ characterization, thus allowing arbitrary test programs to be used during macromodel construction. We validated the proposed methodology by characterizing the energy consumption of a state-of-the-art extensible processor (Tensilica's Xtensa). We used the macromodel to analyze the energy consumption of several benchmark applications with custom instructions. The mean absolute error in the macromodel estimates is only 3.3%, when compared to the energy values obtained by a commercial tool operating on the synthesized register-transfer level (RTL) description of the custom processor. Our approach achieves an average speedup of three orders of magnitude over the commercial RTL energy estimator. Our experiments show that the proposed methodology also achieves good relative accuracy, which is essential in energy optimization studies. Hence, our technique is both efficient and accurate.
On Suzanne Cohen’s (2011) Paper: “Coming To Our Senses: The Application of Somatic Psychology to Group Psychotherapy”

(2012). On Suzanne Cohen’s (2011) Paper: “Coming To Our Senses: The Application of Somatic Psychology to Group Psychotherapy”. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 143-145.
Enhanced Exposure of the CD4-Binding Site to Neutralizing Antibodies by Structural Design of a Membrane-Anchored Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Domain

The broadly neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) b12 binds to a conformationally conserved surface on the outer domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope (Env) glycoprotein. To develop outer domain proteins (ODs) that could be recognized selectively by CD4-binding-site (CD4-BS) antibodies, membrane-anchored ODs were generated from an HIV-1 clade B virus, TA1 R3A, which was highly sensitive to neutralization by the IgG1 b12 antibody. A 231-residue fragment of gp120 (residues 252 to 482) linked to transmembrane regions from CD4 showed b12 binding comparable to that of the native Env spike as measured by flow cytometry. Truncation of the β20-β21 hairpin (residues 422 to 436 to Gly-Gly) improved overall protein expression. Replacement of the immunodominant central 20 amino acids of the V3 loop (residues 302 to 323) with a basic hexapeptide (NTRGRR) increased b12 reactivity further. Surface calculations indicated that the ratio of b12 epitope to exposed immunogenic surface in the optimized OD increased to over 30%. This OD variant [OD(GSL)(Δβ20-21)(hCD4-TM)] was recognized by b12 and another CD4-BS-reactive antibody, b13, but not by eight other CD4-BS antibodies with limited neutralization potency. Furthermore, optimized membrane-anchored OD selectively absorbed neutralizing activity from complex antisera and b12. Structurally designed membrane-anchored ODs represent candidate immunogens to elicit or to allow the detection of broadly neutralizing antibodies to the conserved site of CD4 binding on HIV-1 gp120.
XL. Note on the theory of solution pressure

(1900). XL. Note on the theory of solution pressure. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 49, No. 300, pp. 417-423.
COS cells expression cloning of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins by immunocytochemistry.

Tyrosine phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins, essential in many aspects of the cell economy, particularly in signal transduction pathways. Despite the importance of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, the approaches available for molecular cloning remain limited. We have developed a COS cell-based eukaryotic expression cloning procedure for phosphotyrosine-containing proteins by immunocytochemistry of cell monolayers. The approach takes advantage of the low basal levels of tyrosine phosphorylated, robust transient expression, availability of specific antibodies against tyrosine-phosphorylated residues, and rescue of episomal DNA after immunocytochemistry. The technique is validated by cloning the rat proto-oncogene c-fgr in its tyrosine-phosphorylated form out of a rat kidney cDNA library containing over 106 primary recombinants. This technique set the grounds for expression cloning of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in eukaryotic cells, and it is anticipated that fu...
Frequency response and dynamic power balancing in wind and solar generation

Large scale deployment of renewable resources introduces significant complexity in performing load balancing and ACE/frequency regulation. Wind and solar energy are intermittent which may diminish rapidly while system load is increasing. This operating condition places an additional burden on conventional resources that are on-line and available for load balancing and ACE/frequency regulation to meet the challenges surrounding the aspects of uncertainty and variability that come with having variable generation in the system. There are two major attributes of intermittent generation that notably impact system operations — variability (generation changes according to the availability of the primary fuel, i.e. — wind or sunlight in this case resulting in swings of the plant output) and uncertainty (magnitude and time of the generation output is unpredictable). While variability is more of a function of regulation, uncertainty can be aligned more to the need for ramping requirements. The objective of this paper will be to understand the feasibility of ramp rate limits within the present CAISO's conventional generation fleet to meet renewable requirements in 2020 and determine the additional ramp capability required with the integration of renewables to CAISO footprint. Moreover, statistical analysis will be done to characterize the ramp effects and determine the worst hourly changes with renewable energy penetration.
Stoichiometric impact of calcium carbonate deposition on nitrogen and phosphorus supplies in three montane streams

The absolute concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their relative availabilities (N:P stoichiometry) can influence numerous ecological processes. In streams, N:P stoichiometry is influenced by different hydrologic and biogeochemical processes that also affect the downstream transport of these nutrients to receiving waters. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposition, a widespread geochemical process in alkaline streams and other aquatic ecosystems, can lower phosphate concentrations and, potentially, decrease P availability relative to N availability. We evaluated the effects of CaCO3 deposition on stream water stoichiometry using a 3-year dataset of stream physicochemistry and several metrics of CaCO3 deposition across three streams in the Huachuca Mountains of southern Arizona, USA. CaCO3 deposition rates varied across and within streams, with benthic coverage of travertine as high as 70 % and deposition rates up to 8.3 μg Ca2+ L−1 m−1. Redundancy analysis revealed a strong, negative correlation between stream water phosphate concentrations and CaCO3 deposition rates, a relationship that also extended to total P concentrations, and a strong, positive correlation between inorganic N concentrations and CaCO3 deposition rates. Furthermore, we found a significant positive relationship between CaCO3 deposition rates and N:P ratios. These results support the role of coprecipitation of phosphate with CaCO3 deposition in reducing P supply. They also suggest that reduced concentrations of P in the water column may reduce biological N uptake, amplifying the stoichiometric signal of CaCO3 deposition.
Word Prediction Programs with Phonetic Spelling Support: Performance Comparisons and Impact on Journal Writing for Students with Writing Difficulties

This investigation examined the effects of currently available word prediction software programs that support phonetic/inventive spelling on the quality of journal writing by six students with severe writing and/or spelling difficulties in grades three through six during a month-long summer writing program. A changing conditions single-subject research design was used and replicated across the participants. Using a daily writing prompt, students alternated between Co:Writer, WordQ, and WriteAssist word prediction programs. The results provided evidence for the effectiveness of various word prediction programs over word processing, and demonstrated improvements in spelling accuracy across conditions. Relative gains in the total number of words and composition rate were modest for the majority of the participants and should be interpreted with caution due to several methodological issues. The social validity interviews revealed that all students enjoyed the word prediction programs and found them beneficial. Study limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Using Panel Data to Determine the Effect of the Americans with Disabilities Act on Per‐Student Public Education Expenditures at the State Level

The purpose of the present study is to determine whether passage of the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990 resulted in a statistically significant increase in per-student public education expenditures at the state level. Although numerous studies have estimated educational cost functions, no prior study has examined the impact of the ADA on per capita education spending. The results of the present study are consistent with anecdotal evidence in that enactment of the ADA has had a positive effect on per-student educational expenditures; this result suggests that legislative mandates may lead to increased government spending. In addition to the ADA, several of the leading determinants of per-student education spending include population density, per capita income, percentage of the state that is over the age of 65, percentage of state's residents who have a four-year college degree, percentage of state's residents who are homeowners, and total student population.
Eliglustat tartrate, a prototypic glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor

Eliglustat tartrate is a highly specific inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, developed for the treatment glucosylceramide-based glycosphingolipidoses. Eliglustat is in late clinical development for Gaucher disease type 1. Phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated clinical efficacy for eliglustat as a stand-alone agent for newly diagnosed patients that are naive to prior therapy and for patients who have been previously treated with enzyme replacement therapy. Importantly, the reported toxicity of eliglustat has been limited. Eliglustat will be submitted for the US FDA and EMA review in late 2013. Several structurally unrelated glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors have been identified and are in various stages of development, some of which cross the blood-brain barrier. Targeting glucosylceramide synthesis is also a promising approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and certain cancers.
What does it mean when climate models agree? A case for assessing independence among general circulation models.

Climate modelers often use agreement among multiple general circulation models (GCMs) as a source of confidence in the accuracy of model projections. However, the significance of model agreement depends on how independent the models are from one another. The climate science literature does not address this. GCMs are independent of, and interdependent on one another, in different ways and degrees. Addressing the issue of model independence is crucial in explaining why agreement between models should boost confidence that their results have basis in reality.
Does Deinstitutionalization Increase Suicide

Objectives. (1) To test whether public psychiatric bed reduction may increase suicide rates; (2) to investigate whether the supply of private hospital psychiatric beds-separately for not-for-profit and for-profit-can substitute for public bed reduction without increasing suicides; and (3) to examine whether the level of community mental health resources moderates the relationship between public bed reduction and suicide rates. Methods. We examined state-level variation in suicide rates in relation to psychiatric beds and community mental health spending in the United States for the years 1982-1998. We categorize psychiatric beds separately for public, not-for-profit, and for-profit hospitals. Principal Findings. Reduced public psychiatric bed supply was found to increase suicide rates. We found no evidence that not-for-profit or for-profit bed supply compensates for public bed reductions. However, greater community mental health spending buffers the adverse effect of public bed reductions on suicide. We estimate that in 2008, an additional decline in public psychiatric hospital beds would raise suicide rates for almost all states. Conclusions. Downsizing of public inpatient mental health services may increase suicide rates. Nevertheless, an increase in community mental health funding may be promising. Language: en
The Influence of Role Models on Women's Career Choices

This study of 368 female undergraduates examined self-efficacy and role model influence as predictors of career choice across J. L. Holland's (1997) 6 RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional) types. Findings showed that levels of self-efficacy and role model influence differed across Holland types. Multiple regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy and role model influence accounted for significant variance in career choice for all 6 RIASEC types. Role model influence added to the prediction of career choice over and above the contribution of self-efficacy in all but 1 of the RIASEC types. The importance of attention to role models in career counseling is discussed.
A Balanced Team Wins Championships: 66 Years of Data from the National Basketball Association and the National Football League:

Explicitly monitoring one's own actions has been noted as detrimental to the performance of fine motor skills under duress. Offensive skills rather than defensive skills are typically studied in this context. Defensive techniques typically require skills such as footwork and continuous movement, as opposed to more precise, hand-eye coordinated action. Explicit monitoring theory may be less relevant for defensive skills than offensive skills when playing under pressure. Archival data (66 years) for teams and for individual players was compiled from the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Football League (NFL). For basketball (n=778) and football (n=515) teams, regular season offensive and defensive statistics similarly predicted success in the postseason, which was assumed to create more pressure. For individual basketball players (n=5,132), nine indices of offensive (FG, free throw and three-point shooting, offensive win shares, points, and assists) and defensive (defensive win shares, steals, and blocks) production were compared; among these, three-point shooting percentage was least correlated from season to postseason, suggesting it is especially variable under pressure. A balanced basketball or football team that focuses on both offense and defense may be most successful.
Oviposition by Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Tomato: Effects of Leaf Factors and Insecticide Residues

Ovipositional preference based on leaf age, height, surface orientation, and the presence of insecticidal residues was determined for Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, formerly B. tabaci (Gennadius), biotype B. Two-leaflet simulated plants were used to study the effects of leaf age, height, and surface orientation in choice and no-choice tests. Whiteflies preferred young leaves to old leaves for oviposition, although this preference was overridden by reversing normal leaf position, that is, placing old leaves high and young leaves low. Preference for the abaxial leaf surface was not increased by reversing orientation, although oviposition on the adaxial surface was increased by this procedure. The effects of insecticide residues on oviposition were studied by exposing whiteflies to individual insecticide-treated tomato leaves. Interactions among leaf ages, leaf heights, and insecticide residues were studied on simulated plants and individual leaves. The fewest eggs were found on young leaves treated with mineral oil, followed by pyrethroid, insecticidal soap, and sucrose and glucose esters in choice and no-choice tests. The effects of leaf age and leaf height were overridden by repellency to residues of bifenthrin and mineral oil. Repellency to residues might be used to improve the efficacy of insecticides by manipulating whitefly distribution within the canopy.
Contact-Related Deep States in AI-GaInP/GaAs Interface

Deep levels have been measured in molecular beam epitaxy grown Ga 0.51 In 0.49 P/GaAs heterostructure by double correlation deep level transient spectroscopy. Gold(Au) and Aluminum (Al) metals were used for Schottky contact. A contact-related hole trap with an activation energy of 0.50-0.75eV was observed at the A1/GaInP interface, but not at the Au/GaInP interface. To our knowledge, this contact-related trap has not been reported before. We attribute this trap to the oxygen contamination, or a vacancy-related defect, V In or V Ga . A new electron trap at 0.28eV was also observed in both Au- and Al-Schottky diodes. Its depth profile showed that it is a bulk trap in GaInP epilayer. The temperature dependent current-voltage characteristics (I-V-T) show a large interface recombination current at the GaInP surface due to the Al-contact. Concentration of the interface trap and the magnitude of recombination current are both reduced by a rapid thermal annealing at/or above 450°C after the aluminum deposition.
The steroid-neuropeptide connection in the control of LHRH secretion.

The concept that hormonal secretions of the gonads are the primary signals that drive and sustain the intricate balance within the closed feedback loop of the hypothaiamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is well established. In 1932, Moore and Price proposed that a tight reciprocal relationship between the gonad and the pituitary was responsible for maintaining gonadal function in the adult rat (Fig. 1). Intensive investigations over the intervening years have affirmed the broad outline of this gonad-pituitary “push-pull” operation. The secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is generally restrained to a low basal range in intact rats, and in the absence of the gonadal feedback signals, as exemplified by gonadectomy, gonadotropins are secreted at augmented rates. It is apparent that gonadal steroids do not inhibit LH release by directly restraining the release of LH from the pituitary gonadotrophs but they monitor the response of gonadotrophs to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), the hypothalamic humoral signal secreted in episodic fashion. Further, the evidence suggests that androgens in male rats and a combined milieu of estradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P) in female rats diminish, while E2 in the absence of P, facilitate the LHRH-induced LH release.
Diagnostic Value of X-Ray Computed Tomography on Neck Masses in Children

Objective To evaluate diagnostic value of X-ray computed tomography(CT) neck masses in children.Methods Clinic,pathologic diagnosis and CT scans of 26 patients from Jan.2004 to Jun.2006 with neck masses which location,density,edge and near construction were reviewed retrospectively.Results Seven cases in neck anterior area,13 cases in neck lateral area,6 cases in other areas or unconfirmed.Eight cases with lower density than cervical muscles,2 cases with same density,2 cases with higher density,14 cases with mixed density.Inflammatory masses were observed in 13 cases,congenital malformation in 11 cases,thyroiditis in 1 case,pharyngeal tumor-like proliferation in 1 case.Conclusion CT scan is the best choice of diagnosis of neck masses in children,and is valuable to diagnosis associated with history and physical examination.
Effects of breed, heterosis, age of dam, litter size, and birth weight on lamb mortality.

Sources of individual plus maternal effects on lamb mortality were studied in data collected at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center from 1980 to 1985 for paternal and maternal breeds lambing yearly and for maternal breeds lambing at 8-mo intervals. Records included 16,881 lambs born. Breeds included were Finnsheep (F), Dorset (D), Rambouillet (R), Suffolk (S), Targhee (T), Composite 1 (C1 = F/2, D/4, R/4), Composite 2 (C2 = F/2, S/4, T/4), and Composite 3 (C3 = Columbia/2, S/4, Hampshire/4), Traits analyzed were perinatal, postnatal, and total mortality to 60 d of age and postnatal respiratory, digestive, starvation, injury, and other or unknown causes of mortality. The least squares analyses included breed, year, sire within breed-year, sex, linear and quadratic season and age of dam covariates (Model 1), plus litter size (Model 2), plus birth weight (Model 3), and significant two-way interactions. Age of dam, litter size, and birth weight all had important, often quadratic, effects that differed among breeds. Models 1, 2, and 3, respectively, reduced variation by 8, 10, and 16% for perinatal, 7, 8, and 12% for postnatal, and 9, 11, and 20% for total mortality. In Model 1, breed means ranged from 3.5 to 16.2% for perinatal, 7.2 to 21.1% for postnatal, and 16.7 to 32.8% for total mortality. Respiratory and starvation problems were major causes of postnatal mortality. Heterosis for lamb survival retained in composites was 9% for C1 and 18% for C2. Mortality was 1 to 5% higher for males than for females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adjoint method and runaway electron avalanche

The adjoint method for the study of runaway electron dynamics in momentum space Liu et al (2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 010702) is rederived using the Green's function method, for both the runaway probability function (RPF) and the expected loss time (ELT). The RPF and ELT obtained using the adjoint method are presented, both with and without the synchrotron radiation reaction force. The adjoint method is then applied to study the runaway electron avalanche. Both the critical electric field and the growth rate for the avalanche are calculated using this fast and novel approach.
Design of area-efficient multiple-output switched-capacitor DC-DC converters

This paper presents a general methodology to generate multiple outputs for different switched-capacitor DC-DC converters. By enabling the sharing of power switches and capacitors among outputs and the power-switch current-stress minimization, the required number and size of power switches and capacitors are minimized to optimize the area efficiency of the power converter. Experimental results demonstrate that a Dickson-based dual-output converter implemented in a standard 0.35μm CMOS process generates two independent outputs of 2V and 3V with a peak power efficiency of 89.5%. Both Ladder-based and Series-Parallel-based dual-output converters are also developed by using the proposed design strategy with proper operations.
A 94–96 GHz phased-array receive front-end with 5-bit phase control and 5 dB noise figure in 32 nm CMOS SOI

This paper presents a W-band phased-array receive front-end in 32-nm CMOS silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The measured performance shows an average gain of 17–18 dB and a NF of 5 dB at 94–96 GHz. The phase shifter is based on passive switched networks with a measured RMS phase and gain error of < 6° and < 1 dB at 94–96 GHz, respectively. The frontend consumes 24.3 mW from 1.3 V. According to the author's knowledge, the NF and power consumption is state-of-the-art for silicon-based phased-array receivers at W-band frequencies.
CENTRAL REWARD SYSTEMS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

A substantial body of evidence exists indicating a direct role for the catecholamines in the phenomenon of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Work to date in our laboratory suggests that a variety of substances of abuse will lower the threshold for ICSS. The drugs that cause a marked lowering of the threshold are morphine and cocaine, with phencyclidine yielding a lesser effect. The mixed agonist-antagonists cyclazocine and nalorphine had little or no threshold lowering effect, while pentazocine yielded small but significant reductions. The results of these experiments, as well as those of others, suggest that drugs used for their hedonic effects increase the sensitivity of the underlying neural structures mediating the rewarding effect of the brain stimulation.
The contributions of admixture and genetic drift to diversity among post-contact populations in the Americas.

Objective We present a model that partitions Nei's minimum genetic distance between admixed populations into components of admixture and genetic drift. We applied this model to 17 admixed populations in the Americas to examine how admixture and drift have contributed to the patterns of genetic diversity. Materials and Methods We analyzed 618 short tandem repeat loci in 949 individuals from 49 population samples. Thirty-two samples serve as proxies for continental ancestors. Seventeen samples represent admixed populations: (4) African-American and (13) Latin American. We partition genetic distance, and then calculate fixation indices and principal coordinates to interpret our results. A computer simulation confirms that our method correctly estimates drift and admixture components of genetic distance when the assumptions of the model are met. Results The partition of genetic distance shows that both admixture and genetic drift contribute to patterns of genetic diversity. The admixture component of genetic distance provides evidence for two distinct axes of continental ancestry. However, the genetic distances show that ancestry contributes to only one axis of genetic differentiation. The genetic distances among the 13 Latin American populations in this analysis show contributions from both differences in ancestry and differences in genetic drift. By contrast, the genetic distances among the four African American populations in this analysis owe mostly to genetic drift because these groups have similar fractions of European and African ancestry. Conclusion The genetic structure of admixed populations in the Americas reflects more than admixture. We show that the history of serial founder effects constrains the impact of admixture on allele frequencies to a single dimension. Genetic drift in the admixed populations imposed a new level of genetic structure onto that created by admixture.
Survey of evolutionary computation methods in social agent-based modeling studies

Agent-based modeling is a well-established discipline today with a rich and vibrant research community. The field of evolutionary computation (EC) is also well recognized within the larger family of computational sciences. In the past decades many agent-based modeling studies of social systems have used EC methods to tackle various research questions. Despite the relative frequency of such efforts, no systematic review of the use of evolutionary computation in agent-based modeling has been put forth. Here, we review a number of prominent agent-based models of social systems that employ evolutionary algorithms as a method. We comment on some theoretical considerations, the state of current practice, and suggest some best practices for future work.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition Plays Dual Role in Host-Pathogen Interactions.

ABSTRACT Microorganisms exist in a diverse ecosystem and have evolved many different mechanisms for sensing and influencing the polymicrobial environment around them, utilizing both diffusible and contact-dependent signals. Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is one such communication system employed by Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to CDI mediation of growth inhibition, recent studies have demonstrated CDI-mediated control of communal behaviors such as biofilm formation. We postulated that CDI may therefore play an active role in host-pathogen interactions, allowing invading strains to establish themselves at polymicrobial mucosal interfaces through competitive interactions while simultaneously facilitating pathogenic capabilities via CDI-mediated signaling. Here, we show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two CDI systems capable of mediating competition under conditions of growth on a surface or in liquid. Furthermore, we demonstrated a novel role for these systems in contributing to virulence in acute infection models, likely via posttranscriptional regulation of beneficial behaviors. While we did not observe any role for the P. aeruginosa CDI systems in biofilm biogenesis, we did identify for the first time robust CDI-mediated competition during interaction with a mammalian host using a model of chronic respiratory tract infection, as well as evidence that CDI expression is maintained in chronic lung infections. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role for CDI in host-pathogen interactions and emphasize their importance during infection. IMPORTANCE How bacteria compete and communicate with each other is an increasingly recognized aspect of microbial pathogenesis with a major impact on disease outcomes. Gram-negative bacteria have recently been shown to employ a contact-dependent toxin-antitoxin system to achieve both competition and regulation of their physiology. Here, we show that this system is vital for virulence in acute infection as well as for establishment of chronic infection in the multidrug-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying bacterial virulence and infection is important for the development of effective therapeutics in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Scalable Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Computational Synthesis

Reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a powerful research tool for describing chemical reactions. We eliminate the speed-limiting charge iteration in MD with a novel extended-Lagrangian scheme. The extended-Lagrangian reactive MD (XRMD) code drastically improves energy conservation while substantially reducing time-to-solution. Furthermore, we introduce a new polarizable charge equilibration (PQEq) model to accurately predict atomic charges and polarization. The XRMD code based on hybrid message passing+multithreading achieves a weak-scaling parallel efficiency of 0.977 on 786 432 IBM Blue Gene/Q cores for a 67.6 billion-atom system. The performance is portable to the second-generation Intel Xeon Phi, Knights Landing. Blue Gene/Q simulations for the computational synthesis of materials via novel exfoliation mechanisms for synthesizing atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide layers will dominate nanomaterials science in this century.
Development of an enhanced recovery protocol for children undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

Purpose of reviewEnhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) have been adopted for a variety of adult surgical conditions and resulted in markedly improved outcomes, including decreased length of stays, complications, costs, and narcotic utilization. In this review, we describe the development and implementa
Enhancing Optical Cross-Sensor Fingerprint Matching Using Local Textural Features

Fingerprint systems have been designed to typically operate on images acquired using the same sensor. Existing fingerprint systems are not able to accurately compare images collected using different sensors. In this paper, we propose a learning-based scheme for enhancing interoperability between optical fingerprint sensors by compensating the output of a traditional commercial matcher. Specifically, cross-sensor differences are captured by incorporating Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and Local Phase Quantization (LPQ), while dimensionality reduction is performed by using Reconstruction Independent Component Analysis (RICA). The evaluation is carried out on rolled fingerprints pertaining to 494 users collected atWest Virginia University and acquired using multiple optical sensors and Ten Print cards. In cross-sensor at False Acceptance Rate of 0.01%, the proposed approach achieves a False Rejection Rate of 4.12%.
1003 Small + safe + well: understanding the relationship between programs, organisational climate, and outcomes for health, safety and wellbeing among small business

Introduction The majority of workers are employed by small enterprises; however, small enterprises face many barriers to building and maintaining cultures of health and safety. This presentation will describe preliminary data from the evaluation of an existing community-based Total Worker Health (TWH) intervention – Health Links plus senior-level TWH leadership training – which aims to build small business capacity around health, safety and wellbeing policies and programs as well as strengthen organisational climates. Methods We are recruiting small businesses with fewer than 500 employees in a variety of high and low hazard industries in Colorado USA. Upon enrolment, businesses are randomised into one of two doses: Health Links plus senior–level TWH leadership training and Health Links. Annual business- and employee-level assessments are collected. Results Data collection began in April 2017 and we will have baseline data to share from about 100 businesses and 3500 employees. We will present a cross-sectional assessment of (1) organizational-level adoption of TWH policies and programs (2) organisational safety and health climates, and (3) worker-level health and safety outcomes. Preliminary data from businesses enrolled in Health Links prior to the start of the study (n=145) indicates variation in level of policies and programs by business. Thus, we hypothesise that small businesses that have more TWH policies and programs have (1) more positive organisational safety and health climates, and (2) safer and healthier workers. Discussion Little is known about small business capacity for delivering health, safety and wellbeing. Even less is known about how TWH interventions impact employee safety, health and well-being in small enterprises. This information is needed to understand how to creategeneralizable TWH interventions that can have a broad public health impact.
Radio-Optical Alignments in Nearby Cooling Flow Cluster Central Galaxies

The centers of dominant cluster galaxies in cooling flows are often unusually blue, they have spatially extended nebular line emission and bright, FR I radio sources (Fabian 1994). As a class, they are the most rapidly evolving giant elliptical galaxies known. Among the most interesting of these objects, the Abell 1795 (z = 0.06) and Abell 2597 (z = 0.08) central cluster galaxies have very blue, lobe-like structures that are located along their FR I radio lobes (McNamara & O’Connell 1993). This discovery was surprising because correlations between the radio source and blue optical continuum were thought to occur exclusively in powerful, FR II radio galaxies at redshifts z > 0.6 that show the alignment effect. By analogy with the distant radio galaxies, the blue lobes are thought to be regions of star formation that were triggered by the passage of the radio source (De Young 1995), or scattered light from an obscured, anisotropically radiating active nucleus that is beaming its light obliquely to the line of sight (Sarazin & Wise 1993; Crawford & Fabian 1993; Sarazin et al. 1995). Scattered light is usually polarized. Therefore, polarization measurements of the aligned optical continuum should provide a strong test of the scattering hypothesis.
Pulmonary Complications in Infants

The advent of neonatal intensive care units has led to familiarity with problems of alveolar instability, ventilation-perfusion inequality, airway obstruction, and interstitial disease, all of which may be seen in infants who must have surgery in the newborn period. The basis of these advances has been an increased understanding of infant pulmonary physiology.
Effect of thermal effluent on migrating menhaden

Abstract Hot water effluent from power stations kills juvenile menhaden migrating through Long Island Sound. Since the fish sink to the bottom, losses are unrecorded or at best under-estimated. Other fish are probably also affected. Menhaden in Long Island Sound contribute to the commercial fishery off the eastern seaboard of the United States. At present the losses have little impact on the fishery, but if the projected increase in hot water discharges into the Sound materializes the consequences may be serious.
Put a park on it: How freeway caps are reconnecting and greening divided cities

Abstract The international green infrastructure literature has examined rails-to-trails and freeway-to-boulevard conversions, but these strategies can be impractical or politically unfeasible. An understudied movement among United States cities has demonstrated a strategy for greening freeways that remain in service: freeway cap parks, or decks with parks built in the air space directly above below-grade freeway sections that can help reintegrate communities, conceal traffic, reduce air pollution, and provide green space. We provide the first assessment of the design, function, and placement of freeway cap parks and assess the emerging sustainability discourse of cap park planning. We examine 18 completed and 9 proposed cap parks in 24 U.S. cities to identify four cap park development models that can be adapted worldwide to green below-grade freeway segments and reconnect communities. Given historic disparities in freeway placement, we examined the distribution of cap parks and found they are located in areas that could help address disparities in park access in freeways corridors. Our detailed case studies stress the struggle within the cap park sustainability discourse to balance economic, environmental, and equity concerns. Dallas' Klyde Warren Park is an economic success story, but illustrates how developers use cap parks to sideline equity concerns. Denver's proposed I-70 cap park illustrates strategies to mitigate environmental justice impacts of freeway expansion projects, but equity concerns remain given continuing impacts of the expanded freeway system. Cap parks should be embraced as a vital component of green infrastructure that reconnects and greens cities divided by freeway construction, but planners should take strong steps to address housing affordability and gentrification concerns for adjacent communities.
Surface structure modification of additively manufactured titanium components via femtosecond laser micromachining

Abstract With the recent rise of laser additive manufacturing (AM), it has become critical to streamline the process from concept to the finished component. In this paper we demonstrate novel capabilities achieved through post-processing of the laser AM part by femtosecond laser micromachining. For the first time, we show surface roughness values can be reduced by a factor of five in an efficient single pass process, nanogratings can be written into the surface for encoding numerical information, and finally, the surface as printed (SAP) can be altered to produce micro-cone structures which can change surface wetting properties.
The effect of facility volume on treatment guideline compliance and overall survival in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

17Background: National treatment guidelines guide cancer care using the best available evidence and understanding the drivers of guideline compliance is essential to identifying modifiable factors ...
Transarterial embolization of renal cell carcinoma as an adjunctive therapy prior to cryoablation: a propensity score matching analysis.

Purpose We aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of transarterial embolization (TAE) prior to percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) in the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared with PCA alone using a propensity score matching analysis to minimize confounding factors. Methods A retrospective review of all PCAs performed for renal masses identified 9 patients who underwent TAE prior to PCA. These patients were matched in a 2:1 ratio with patients who underwent PCA only using age, gender, and tumor size to create the propensity score model for matching. Other demographic, clinical, and outcomes data were collected. Results The TAE+PCA group included 5 males and 4 females with a mean age of 67.9 years and mean tumor diameter of 51.7 mm. The PCA only group included 11 males and 7 females with a mean age of 66.8 years and mean tumor diameter of 46.2 mm. No significant differences in these propensity score matched characteristics were identified. Further, the groups had no significant differences in tumor geometry (P = 0.831), R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scores (P = 0.144), or comorbidity indices (P = 0.392). TAE was technically successful and without complication in all cases. PCA was technically successful in 8 of 9 patients in the TAE+PCA group and in 14 of 18 patients in the PCA only group (P = 0.483). No significant differences in the rate of complications (P = 0.483), change in eGFR (P = 0.691), or change in hematocrit (P = 0.152) were identified between the two groups. Conclusion TAE of RCC prior to PCA is safe and technically feasible; however, no objective benefits over PCA alone were identified by propensity score matching analysis. Due to small sample size and limitations of the study, no definite conclusions should be drawn. Larger, prospective studies of this therapeutic approach are warranted.
Incentivizing resilient supply chain design to prevent drug shortages: policy analysis using two- and multi-stage stochastic programs

Supply chain disruptions have caused hundreds of shortages of medically-necessary drugs since 2011. Once a disruption occurs, the industry is limited in its ability to adapt, and improving strategi...
Beam Profile Characterization for Thickness Mode Transducers versus Radial Modes

In this work, previous work performed in our team that established the viability of using radial clamping on piezoelectric discs operating on their radial mode resonant frequencies to produce a collimated, yet low-frequency ultrasonic beam is expanded to test commercial viability by comparing against high quality, commercially available thickness mode transducers. A concern that is brought against the competitiveness of using the radially clamped transducer for collimated, low-frequency operation is that a higher quality substitute is available in the form of a thickness mode transducer with a piston mode frequency matching that of the radially clamped radial mode transducer. This work aims to show the advantages of radially clamped radial mode transducers versus thickness mode transducers of the same frequency. In particular, it was found that although the thickness mode transducers generated larger main lobe energies at close distances, they suffered from larger dispersion at longer distances. The radial mode transducers were capable of maintaining a very narrow beam throughout the entire measurement range (one meter), demonstrating superior performance for long range applications. Both transducers, however, performed far better than a free boundary radial mode transducer, which shows that if radial mode operation is to be used, radial clamping is a necessity.
Dynamical quantum phase transitions of quantum spin chains with a Loschmidt-rate critical exponent equal to 1 2

We describe a new universality class of dynamical quantum phase transitions of the Loschmidt amplitude of quantum spin chains off equilibrium criticality. We demonstrate that in many cases it is possible to change the conventional linear singularity of the Loschmidt rate function into a smooth peak by tuning one parameter of the quench protocol. Exactly at the point when this change-over occurs, the singularity of the Loschmidt rate function persists, with a critical exponent equal to $\frac{1}{2}$. The nonequilibrium renormalization group fixed point controlling this universality class is described. An asymptotically exact renormalization group recursion relation is derived around this fixed point to obtain the critical exponent.
Tracing the Uptake of Hg(II) in an Iron-Reducing Bacterium Using Mercury Stable Isotopes

Anaerobic microorganisms play a key role in the biological mercury (Hg) cycle due to their ability to produce bioaccumulative neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg). However, despite recent advances, how ...
American National Identity: Issues of Race, Culture, Social Class, Gender and Politics Affected by Social Change

White identity and national identity have been conflated throughout American history. Demographic changes threaten this identity. Because white identity was the default American identity it has only recently been recognized and studied. It is difficult to separate white identity from both racism and privilege. Status threat-based racism can lead to “dying of whiteness”. The interaction between white identity, slavery and racism provides insights into the development of American style low-road capitalism. Slavery and racism formed the basis of economic inequality, plantation economics laid the foundation for Wall Street. Working-class African Americans experience the effects of economic downturns before any other group, acting as a potential bellwether for economic predictions. The American myth of upward social mobility haunts working-class people of all colors. Until recently, working-class people were largely ignored. Support among the white working-class for Donald Trump provoked keen interest in understanding this group, while ignoring both the black working-class and white working-class liberals. Many emotional and motivational mechanisms work against rational decision making, explaining why people vote against their own economic interests. Sexism predicts who will be a Trump voter as much as racism and more than economic grievance.