cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TiO 2 dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC): linear relationship of maximum power point and anthocyanin concentration

This study investigated the relationship of anthocyanin concentration from different organic fruit species and output voltage and current in a TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and hypothesized that fruits with greater anthocyanin concentration produce higher maximum power point (MPP) which would lead to higher current and voltage. Anthocyanin dye solution was made with crushing of a group of fresh fruits with different anthocyanin content in 2 mL of de-ionized water and filtration. Using these test fruit dyes, multiple DSSCs were assembled such that light enters through the TiO2 side of the cell. The full current-voltage (I-V) co-variations were measured using a 500 Ω potentiometer as a variable load. Point-by point current and voltage data pairs were measured at various incremental resistance values. The maximum power point (MPP) generated by the solar cell was defined as a dependent variable and the anthocyanin concentration in the fruit used in the DSSC as the independent variable. A regression model was used to investigate the linear relationship between study variables. Regression analysis showed a significant linear relationship between MPP and anthocyanin concentration with a p-value of 0.007. Fruits like blueberry and black raspberry with the highest anthocyanin content generated higher MPP. In a DSSC, a linear model may predict MPP based on the anthocyanin concentration. This model is the first step to find organic anthocyanin sources in the nature with the highest dye concentration to generate energy.
Biometric Analyses in the Genus Labronema (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) With a Description of L. Thornei N. Sp. 1)

Biometrics for Labronema ferox Thorne 1939 and L. thornei n. sp., reared on agar substrates are given. L. ferox completes its life cycle under laboratory conditions in 3-4 months. L. thornei takes 5-6 months to complete its life cycle under similar conditions. Both species exhibit a pronounced heteromorphism in shape and length of tail. L. thornei, a monosexual species, is described.
Comparison of thoracic radiographs and single breath-hold helical CT for detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs with metastatic neoplasia.

Imaging studies in people indicate that x-ray computed tomography (CT) is a more sensitive technique than thoracic radiography for the detection of pulmonary metastasic neoplasia. Systematic studies comparing CT and thoracic radiographic techniques in veterinary patients have not been performed. The present retrospective study was designed to directly compare the efficacy of these 2 techniques in detecting pulmonary nodules in dogs. Eighteen dogs with histologically confirmed pulmonary metastatic neoplasia had contemporaneous thoracic radiographs and pulmonary CT scans compared. Quantitative analyses included estimation of pulmonary nodule size, number, and lobar distribution on thoracic radiographs and CT images. Only 9% of CT-detected pulmonary nodules were identified on thoracic radiographs (P <.003). The lower size threshold was approximately 1 mm to detect pulmonary nodules on CT images and 7–9 mm to reliably detect nodules on radiographs (P <.0001). Additionally, pulmonary nodules were detected in a significantly greater number of lung lobes using CT as compared with thoracic radiographs (P <.0001). These data indicate that CT is significantly more sensitive than thoracic radiography for detecting soft-tissue nodules in dogs. As such, thoracic CT should be considered in any patient with neoplasia that has potential for pulmonary metastasis to more reliably stage the disease, particularly when accurate characterization of the extent and distribution of pulmonary metastatic disease affects therapeutic planning.
Finite Element Analysis and Validation of Brain Deformation in Linear Head Impact

The aim of this study is to present two dimensional models of human head undergoing linear acceleration and impact using finite element analysis and validating the results with dynamic impact experiments. The experimental model consisted of a cylindrical gel as brain surrogate material undergoing 55G deceleration with slip boundary condition. Two FE models were developed and compared namely, Lagrangian and Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE). Parameters such as the logarithmic strain and void generated in the posterior region of the head were used to validate the results.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Analysis of Benzoquinolines and Acridines in a Brazilian Diesel Oil by Particle Beam LC/MS and HPLC/UV

Abstract Nitrogen bases were isolated from a Brazilian diesel distillate by acid extraction. With minimum sample preparation and clean-up, nitrogen bases were analyzed by particle beam LC/MS and HPLC with photo diode-array detection using reversed phase chromatography. Benzoquinolines were identified as the major nitrogen containing compounds in this basic fraction. By using neutral mobile phases, benzoquinoline homologues were separated, enabling rapid class characterization as well as preparative HPLC isolation of individual benzoquinoline homologues. Acidified mobile phases, however, exhibited greater resolution for individual isomers. UV spectroscopy was used to differentiate various types of benzoquinolines (e.g. benzo[f]quinolines, benzo[h]quinolines, and acridines). Acridines can be easily distinguished from benzo[h]- or benzo[f]quinolines by its different UV absorption spectrum. Benzo[h]- and benzo[f]quinolines were differentiated by the differences in the first derivative of the absorbance (dA/dδ...
Individual effects and interactions of salinity, temperature, and zinc on larval development of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio . I. Survival and developmental duration through metamorphosis

Larvae of the estuarine grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis) were reared from hatch through successful completion of metamorphosis in 80 combinations of salinity (3 to 31%), temperature (20° to 35°C), and zinc (0.00 to 1.00 ppm Zn++). Response-surface methodology was employed to depict the individual effects and interactions of the three factors on survival and developmental duration through total larval development. Outside the optimal salinity-temperature conditions of 17 to 27‰ S and 20° to 27°C, viability of larvae was reduced by both the individual effects of salinity and temperature and interactions between the two factors. Survival capacity of larvae and resistance adaptations to salinity and temperature were progresively reduced by zinc concentrations from 0.25 to 1.00 ppm Zn++. Response-surface analysis of the data suggested that the duration of total larval development of P. pugio was least at salinities from 18 to 23‰ and at temperatures from 30° to 32°C. At both higher and lower salinity-temperature conditions and in increasing zinc concentrations from 0.25 to 1.00 ppm Zn++, developmental rates were retarded. A significant zinc-temperature interaction existed, whereby increasing zinc concentrations reduced both survival and developmental rates of larvae more at suboptimal temperatures. Larval resistance to zinc toxicity was least at supraoptimal salinities, indicative of a significant zinc-salinity interaction. The reduced viability, restricted euryplasticity, and retarded developmental rates of P. pugio larvae developing in media with low-level zinc contamination would limit the distributive properties of the pelagic phase in the life cycle of the species and reduce recruitment both into and out of the parent estuarine population.
Stability of Generalized Equilibria in Constrained Pseudodissipative Systems

We present improved stability criteria for the generalized equilibria ofpseudodissipative systems. Compared to earlier results (Walker, 1988), the new criteria apply to many more kinematically constrained systems. We also obtain particularly simple stability criteria for holonomically constrained systems. Minimality is not assumed and linearization is not employed.
Compliance with Hand Rehabilitation: Health Beliefs and Strategies

C ompliance is the most unpredictable, least controllable variable in medical intervention. It can strongly sway the outcome of any treatment. Yet, too often we confidently provide treatment without making the issue of compliance a priority. Three years ago we retrospectively examined the clinical outcomes of patients who had had mallet finger injuries. Much to our surprise, we found compliance to be the critical factor in the final outcome.! This finding has led us to examine the issue of compliance more closely. The Clinton administration has unwittingly forced the issue of compliance into the foreground. The degree to which health care will undergo reform is unclear, but the percentage of people enrolled in managed care plans will undoubtedly increase. Managed care plans, which currently pay for an average of 6.7 treatment visits per referral,2 will not accommodate noncompliant patients. Similarly, the framework for the impending reform will be health promotion and disease prevention. 3 This will place the responsibility of compliance on patients. For the purposes of this article, compliance is defined as active engagement in the rehabilitation process. As therapists, our role in ensuring compliance is to assist our patients in their engagements, enabling them to make informed and affirmative choices. To do this, we must be aware of the external and internal factors that influence compliance and the strategies to improve compliance. Accordingly, this article broadens the therapist's awareness of the issue of compliance through exploration of external and internal factors, identification of methods of measurement, and discussion of improvement strategies that relate to specialized treatment of the hand.
Benefit Transfer from Multiple Contingent Experiments: A Flexible Two-Step Model Combining Individual Choice Data with Community Characteristics

This study proposes a new approach to utilize information from existing choice experiments to predict policy outcomes for a transfer setting. Recognizing the difficulties from pooling raw data from experiments with different designs and sub-populations we first re-estimate all underlying Random Utility Models individually, and then combine them in a second stage process to form a weighted mixture density for the generation of policy-relevant welfare estimates. Using data from recent choice experiments on farmland preservation we illustrate that our strategy is more robust to transfer inaccuracies than single-site approaches. The specification of "intelligent" mixture weights will be a fruitful ground for future research in the area of Benefit Transfer.
Guided by COMPASS on a journey through chromosome segregation

A recent study broadens the substrate profile of the COMPASS histone methyltransferase complex to include a kinetochore component and links the lysine methylation activity of COMPASS to the process of chromosome segregation.
The A2Πi-X2Σ+ system of CP: Observation of new bands

Infrared emission spectra of the A2Πi-X2Σ+ system of CP have been observed at high resolution using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The rotational structure of seven new bands involving vibrational levels up to v = 4 of both electronic states has been analyzed and equilibrium molecular constants have been determined. For the X2Σ+ state ωe = 1239.77924(8) cm−1 and re = 1.5619780(2) A were derived, while for the A2Πi state the corresponding values are ωe = 1062.47140(98) cm−1 and re = 1.654420(6) A.
Preparation and vibrational spectroscopy of ZnI2-based glasses

Abstract Glass formation has been examined in the systems based on ZnI 2 . Glasses are obtained in ZnI 2 CsIMI 2 (M  Ba, Pb) and ZnI 2 CsIBaI 2 M′I (M′  Tl, Ag) systems. Raman and far IR spectra have been measured for the ZnI 2 CsIBaI 2 glasses and crystals of ZnI 2 and Cs 2 ZnI 4 . Raman spectra of the glasses have two highly polarized bands at 113 cm −1 and 124 cm −1 , while in far IR spectra strong and broad overlapping absorption bands at 152 cm −1 , 173 cm −1 and 197 cm −1 are observed. A comparison with the spectra of ZnI 2 and Cs 2 ZnI 4 crystals indicates that the glasses have a structure consisting of ZnI 4 tetrahedra sharing corners. The bands of the glasses are assigned as follows: the 113 cm −1 and 124 cm −1 bands are due to the symmetric modes containing stretching vibrations of Zn-bridging I( b I) and Zn-non-bridging I( nb I) of ZnI 4 tetrahedra, respectively, and the 152 cm −1 and 197 cm −1 bands are due to the antisymmetric modes of the Zn- b I stretching vibration and the 173 cm −1 band to the antisymmetric mode of the Zn- nb I stretching vibration. These assignments are consistent with the compositional variations of the spectra.
Mechanical optimization of an arteriovenous malformation embolization material: a predictive model analysis.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) pose a constant danger of hemorrhages, seizures, and headaches to patients; they also disrupt oxygen-rich blood flow entering capillaries of the brain. We have utilized a linear model to mechanically characterize and optimize a water-borne, reverse emulsion, self-reactive, in situ cross-linking material, which we propose clinical use as an embolization material. The material is formed by cross-linking various acrylate and thiol multifunctional precursors with NaOH supplemented PBS. We compared theoretical elastic modulus values to modulus values observed during compression testing to determine the cross-linking efficiency of the material. Empirically determined elastic moduli for various material compositions ranged from 0.76 to 2.26 MPa, with corresponding cross-link efficiencies averaging 55± 4%. We predict a reduction in theoretical circumferential stress exerted on AVM vasculature from 4933 to 10.9 Pa after embolization with the optimal material configuration. Theoretical risk of AVM rupture, as defined by Hademenos et al,7 was reduced below 1.0% for extreme variations of vessel modulus, thickness, and blood pressure after embolization with the optimized material. We will be using this material configuration to embolize swine rete mirabile AVM models and further assess the clinical viability of this potential embolization material.
Infrared dynamics of collagen, microtubules, and water: Biophysical research enabling biomedical FEL applications

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented for FEL induced photothermal protein chemistry and FEL modulation of microtubule dynamics. These findings are discussed in terms of previous investigations of FEL tissue ablation to explore the importance of the micropulse structure of the Mark-III FEL. We propose various roles for localized heating in FEL modulation of the dynamics of biological macromolecules. Potential medical applications are described.
Investigation of thermal and mechanical effects during electrically-assisted microforming

Abstract The application of electrical current to conductive metals during deformation processes has been shown to reduce the flow stress required, increase the potential elongation prior to failure, and decrease the springback observed. These are believed to be beyond what can be explained by elevated temperatures due to resistive heating alone, i.e., an additional electro-plastic effect is supposed to be relevant. Further experimental data (including force, strain distribution, and temperature) for a standard deformation process would provide insight into the effects involved. In this paper, results from electrically-assisted (EA), three-point bending of C260 (brass) sheet metal with a 0.5 mm thickness are presented. The strain distributions are measured using a stereomicroscope system with digital imaging correlation (DIC) while temperature was measured using a thermal imaging camera. Results show that the strain distribution through the thickness was more uniform for the EA case (in particular for coarse grain structures) which has not been shown in past literature. Also, the bending force decreased only during a temperature spike at the beginning of the process. Therefore for this specific application, an electroplastic effect was not observed with 40 A/mm2 being applied to the specimens, and variations observed were simply caused by temperature effects.
A simple method for analyzing exome sequencing data shows distinct levels of nonsynonymous variation for human immune and nervous system genes.

To measure the strength of natural selection that acts upon single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in a set of human genes, we calculate the ratio between nonsynonymous SNVs (nsSNVs) per nonsynonymous site and synonymous SNVs (sSNVs) per synonymous site. We transform this ratio with a respective factor f that corrects for the bias of synonymous sites towards transitions in the genetic code and different mutation rates for transitions and transversions. This method approximates the relative density of nsSNVs (rdnsv) in comparison with the neutral expectation as inferred from the density of sSNVs. Using SNVs from a diploid genome and 200 exomes, we apply our method to immune system genes (ISGs), nervous system genes (NSGs), randomly sampled genes (RSGs), and gene ontology annotated genes. The estimate of rdnsv in an individual exome is around 20% for NSGs and 30–40% for ISGs and RSGs. This smaller rdnsv of NSGs indicates overall stronger purifying selection. To quantify the relative shift of nsSNVs towards rare variants, we next fit a linear regression model to the estimates of rdnsv over different SNV allele frequency bins. The obtained regression models show a negative slope for NSGs, ISGs and RSGs, supporting an influence of purifying selection on the frequency spectrum of segregating nsSNVs. The y-intercept of the model predicts rdnsv for an allele frequency close to 0. This parameter can be interpreted as the proportion of nonsynonymous sites where mutations are tolerated to segregate with an allele frequency notably greater than 0 in the population, given the performed normalization of the observed nsSNV to sSNV ratio. A smaller y-intercept is displayed by NSGs, indicating more nonsynonymous sites under strong negative selection. This predicts more monogenically inherited or de-novo mutation diseases that affect the nervous system.
Data-driven hallucination of different times of day from a single outdoor photo

We introduce "time hallucination": synthesizing a plausible image at a different time of day from an input image. This challenging task often requires dramatically altering the color appearance of the picture. In this paper, we introduce the first data-driven approach to automatically creating a plausible-looking photo that appears as though it were taken at a different time of day. The time of day is specified by a semantic time label, such as "night".Our approach relies on a database of time-lapse videos of various scenes. These videos provide rich information about the variations in color appearance of a scene throughout the day. Our method transfers the color appearance from videos with a similar scene as the input photo. We propose a locally affine model learned from the video for the transfer, allowing our model to synthesize new color data while retaining image details. We show that this model can hallucinate a wide range of different times of day. The model generates a large sparse linear system, which can be solved by off-the-shelf solvers. We validate our methods by synthesizing transforming photos of various outdoor scenes to four times of interest: daytime, the golden hour, the blue hour, and nighttime.
Stimulated forward Raman scattering in large scale-length laser-produced plasmas

A forward stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) diagnostic was developed for the 60 beam Omega laser facility to investigate the propagation of an intense ( ~ 8 × 1014 W/cm2), frequency doubled Nd:glass laser beam ( ≤ 360 J, 527 nm, 1 ns) through a mm-scale laser-produced plasma. Forward scattered light was measured with spectral, and temporal resolution using a streaked spectrometer and an absolutely calibrated photo-multiplier. We present a detailed description of the instrument, the calibration methods, as well as the first forward Raman scattering measurements from hot ( ~ 2 keV), dense (5.5 × 1020 cm−3) laser-produced plasmas. These results are of interest to laser-driven inertial fusion at the National Ignition Facility where larger plasma scales could potentially lead to higher FSRS gains. In addition, simultaneous measurements of stimulated forward and backward scattered light present an unambiguous method for determining plasma density and temperature.
Is there something unique about marriage? The relative impact of marital status, relationship quality, and network social support on ambulatory blood pressure and mental health.

Background Having close social relationships and being married specifically have been reliably associated with health benefits including lower morbidity and mortality.
Electrode interactions in seeded combustion products

The interaction of a lightly ionized plasma with a cold electrode is studied. Current-voltage characteristics have been measured using cooled electrodes in seeded combustion products. Current-voltage characteristics have also been obtained in lightly ionized air in a shock tube. An isothermal theory for the current-voltage characteristics is presented including the voltage drop in the sheath, the boundary layer, and the plasma. The shock-tube experiments exhibit ion saturation and are in reasonable agreement with theory. No ion saturation is observed in the experiments in seeded combustion products. Agreement between theory and experiment is obtained when the voltage drop across the sheath and boundary layer is neglected. The fact that no ion saturation is observed indicates that there is electron emission from the cooled electrodes in the seeded combustion products. Since cooled copper electrodes are not expected to emit electrons and do not emit electrons in the shock tube experiment, the conclusion is that the electron emission is due to the presence of seed material.
Pediatric Pain Management in the Emergency Department

Over the past 25 years, pediatric emergency medicine research and literature have progressively augmented our knowledge of safe and effective pediatric pain management strategies. Yet there is still much more we need to do to understand the painful experiences of children, and to develop optimal safe ways of addressing their needs within the context of a busy pediatric emergency department (ED). In this article, the authors review the history of ED pediatric pain management and sedation, discuss special considerations in pediatric pain assessment and management, review various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods of alleviating pain and anxiety, and present ideas to improve the culture of the pediatric ED, so that it can achieve the goal of becoming pain-free.
EXPLORATORY TYMPANOCENTESIS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION IN THE NEONATE: LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF THE TYMPANOMETER UNDER SEVEN MONTHS OF AGE

Sixty-five patients presenting to a general pediatric practice for either well baby care or acute illness in the first seven months of life over a two year period with signs of acutely discovered otitis media with effusion (AOME) were subjected to tympanometry and subsequent tympanocentesis. The overall sensitivity in detecting AOME of the practitioners on the 129 ears studied varied from 92 to 100 percent using pneumatic otoscopy. The specificity of the practitioners varied from 40 to 67% but there was marked variation in the diagnosis under one month of age. Tympanometry was 44% sensitive and 77% specific in the same patients with some special considerations in the infants head position seeming to account for some of the lack of sensitivity. The presenting author feels that there is a distinct advantage in obtaining a definitive diagnosis by using the technique of exploratory tympanocentesis in suspected AOME under one month of age.
Multiple Subjectivity and Virtual Community at the End of the Freudian Century

L'A. porte son attention sur les relations intersubjectives etablies par l'intermediaire des reseaux de communication informatique. Il s'efforce de comprendre, a partir de la theorie freudienne, les processus identitaires lies a l'etablissement de communication «en ligne» entre differents individus. Il analyse la notion de personnalite multiple. Il presente un certain nombre de donnees collectees aupres de participants a des communautes virtuelles sur le reseau internet
Predation and landscape characteristics independently affect reef fish community organization

Trophic island biogeography theory predicts that the effects of predators on prey diversity are context dependent in heterogeneous landscapes. Specifically, models predict that the positive effect of habitat area on prey diversity should decline in the presence of predators, and that predators should modify the partitioning of alpha and beta diversity across patchy landscapes. However, experimental tests of the predicted context dependency in top-down control remain limited. Using a factorial field experiment we quantify the effects of a focal predatory fish species (grouper) and habitat characteristics (patch size, fragmentation) on the partitioning of diversity and assembly of coral reef fish communities. We found independent effects of groupers and patch characteristics on prey communities. Groupers reduced prey abundance by 50% and gamma diversity by 45%, with a disproportionate removal of rare species relative to common species (64% and 36% reduction, respectively; an oddity effect). Further, there was a 77% reduction in beta diversity. Null model analysis demonstrated that groupers increased the importance of stochastic community assembly relative to patches without groupers. With regard to patch size, larger patches contained more fishes, but a doubling of patch size led to a modest (36%) increase in prey abundance. Patch size had no effect on prey diversity; however, fragmented patches had 50% higher species richness and modified species composition relative to unfragmented patches. Our findings suggest two different pathways (i.e., habitat or predator shifts) by which natural and/or anthropogenic processes can drive variation in fish biodiversity and community assembly.
Exact solutions for the evolution of ellipsoidal inclusions in porous media

This paper derives exact mathematical solutions for the time-dependent evolution of a single ellipsoidal inclusion in a porous medium when a linear straining flow is active in the far field. This represents a two-phase free boundary problem. It is shown that the dynamics is such that an initially ellipsoidal inclusion remains ellipsoidal under evolution. The theory of ellipsoidal harmonics is used to determine the system of ordinary differential equations governing the geometrical parameters of the ellipsoidal inclusion.
Impulsive stimulated scattering study of the structural relaxation dynamics of liquid triphenylphosphite

Abstract The results of a study of the glass-forming liquid triphenylphosphite covering the normal liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass regimes by a picosecond time-domain light scattering technique are reported. The first time-resolved observations of propagating shear waves in a liquid are reported. Longitudinal and shear acoustic modes are observed and characterized over a total frequency range of 20 MHz to 5 GHz. Molecular orientational motion and time-dependent thermal expansion are also characterized. A Cole-Cole relaxation function is used to provide an approximate characterization of the frequency dependent acoustic behavior. At all temperatures examined, the distribution of structural relaxation processes that couple to shear waves appears to be narrower than the distribution that couples to longitudinal waves. The orientational relaxation and thermal expansion times are shown to be significantly slower than the average relaxation time of the distribution that couples to the longitudinal acoustic waves.
Proximal Thoracic Aortic Replacement for Aneurysmal Disease Using the Freestyle Stentless Bioprosthesis: A 10-Year Experience

Background Porcine bioprosthesis (bioroots) are an attractive surgical strategy for ascending aorta and arch replacement. This study evaluated the perioperative and late outcomes using this strategy for proximal aortic aneurysmal disease. Methods Between March 1998 and November 2009, 170 patients (40% women; median age, 70 years) underwent proximal thoracic aortic replacement using the Freestyle (Medtronics Inc, Minneapolis, MN) bioroot, with graft extension in 149 (87.6%). Aneurysmal etiology included degenerative-atherosclerotic (91.2%), acute dissection (5.3%), and chronic dissection (3.5%); 78% had greater than moderate aortic insufficiency. Surgical procedures were bioroot alone or with aortoplasty (12.3%), bioroot with ascending aortic graft (38.2%), bioroot with hemiarch graft (44.1%), and bioroot with total arch (5.3%). Hypothermic circulatory arrest was required in 49%. Results The 30-day mortality was 4.7% (n = 8). The overall complication rate was 58% (n = 100), including stroke (6.5%), renal failure (9.2%), respiratory failure (25.9%), and postoperative bleeding (7.6%). Mean hospitalization was 10.5 ± 7.3 days; 38 were discharged to a rehabilitation facility (23.5%). Predictors of 30-day/hospital death were coronary artery disease ( p = 0.0003), renal insufficiency ( p p = 0.02), and hypothermic circulatory arrest ( p = 0.002). The 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year survivals were 90%, 80%, and 35% respectively. Freedom from endocarditis and reoperation was 96% at 1 year and 94% and 95% at 5 years, respectively. Conclusions Proximal thoracic aortic replacement using a porcine bioroot as part of the repair can be achieved with low perioperative mortality and acceptable late survival in a predominantly elderly population.
Intelligent Machine Guard Monitoringing: A Wireless System to Improve Miner Safety

Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are developing an intelligent machine guard monitoring and proximity detection system designed to mitigate machine entanglement and maintenance-related injuries and fatalities prevalent in the mining industry. This experiment was designed to develop a monitoring system consisting of mechanical/magnetic switches and sensor beacons capable of wirelessly transmitting information about a belt conveyor's machine guards to a remote computer. The data transfer was carried out via an off-the-shelf wireless communication system and displayed on a Web-based user interface. Successful operational tests demonstrated the functionality and effectiveness of the system in monitoring guard placement status and remotely identifying the location of any removed guards using each sensor's unique identification number. The integration of wireless safety technologies such as this system is expected to improve the safety of miners by providing additional protections against machine guardingrelated injuries.
Relationship between the volumetric strain and the pH in ionic polymeric gels

A theoretical model is presented for the derivation of a mathematical relationship between the volumetric strain of an ionic polymeric gel and its pH. The model presented also applies to polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions. The derivation uses an expression for the total electrostatic free energy per single polyelectrolyte molecule which involves a quasi-Debye curvature, the local absolute temperature, the geometric features of polyelectrolyte molecule, the dielectric constant of the gel as well as the local ionic concentrations for the fixed and the mobile charges. The gradient of the free energy with respect to the number of fixed ions is then related to the pH, i.e., the local concentration of hydrogen ions H+, the absolute temperature T and the degree of ionization (alpha) which is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of H+ to the number of moles of the ionizable groups fixed to the ionic gel network. Subsequently, the gradient of the free energy is related to the volumetric strain of the ionic gel network.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reimaging system for evaluating high-resolution charge-coupled-device arrays

Parametric studies of the imaging properties of sensor systems using high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) arrays require that the spatial frequency content of the images presented to the CCD be well characterized. We describe a laboratory system based on an all-reflective 1:1 optical relay which provides diffraction-limited images over a useful field up to 100 sq mm area, at any wavelength, at speeds of up to f/5. The design form employed, an Offner relay, has a number of inherent advantages. Additional features have been incorporated for the convenience of experimenters. While presently static, the system can be adapted to simulate scanned sensors. The imaging capability of this relay was verified using a digital camera system built around a large-area (1320 by 1035 pixel), high-resolution (6.8 sq micron pixel size and pitch), Kodak 'megapixel' CCD array.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inverse of the Photoelectric Effect in Al

Theoretical predictions for inverse photoemission from free-electron-like materials are tested by measurement of the energy and angle dependence of the emitted photon intensity from Al. The predicted cross-section minimum at the plasma frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ is observed as well as a characteristic increase below ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ due to the inverse of the surface photoelectric effect. Above ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ there is an additional bulklike contribution from the radiative decay of bulk plasmons. Other materials with a well-defined plasma resonance, e.g., Ge and Si, exhibit a similar cross-section behavior.
The role of cyclic AMP in the induction of estrogen and progestin synthesis in cultured granulosa cells

Abstract The role of cyclic AMP in the induction of enzymes involved in estrogen and progestin biosynthesis in undifferentiated granulosa cells was investigated. When granulosa cells from immature hypophysectomized, DES-treated rats were cultured for 2 days in serum-free medium with aromatase substrate (10 −7 M androstenedione) together with graded doses of FSH, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), cholera toxin (CT), or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bu 2 cAMP), there was a dose-related increase in estrogen (E) production. The induction of E production by saturating doses of FSH, PGE 2 , CT and Bu 2 cAMP required a lag phase of ∼24 h, after which the E response increased sharply to maximum levels at day 3 and then declined gradually to day 5. Treatment for 24 h (day 0–1) with FSH, together with 1 μg/ml of either actinomycin D or cycloheximide, completely abolished the stimulatory action of FSH on E production. When the inhibitors were removed, the FSH-induced increases in E returned to near normal levels after a 24-h lag period. Similar effects of the inhibitors upon E production by CT, PGE 2 and Bu 2 cAMP were observed. As with E, the production of progesterone and 20 α-dihydroprogesterone was markedly stimulated by FSH, PGE 2 , CT and Bu 2 cAMP and the results of the time course, dose response and inhibitor experiments were similar to those for E production. These results indicate that FSH induces the de novo synthesis of enzymes required for both estrogen and progestin biosynthesis by undifferentiated granulosa cells and suggest that this action is mediated by cyclic AMP.
Full Beam Formulation of a Rotating Beam-Mass System

The method utilizes a Timoshenko beam with geometric stiffening. The element matrices are reported as the integral of the product of shape functions. this enhances their utility due to their generic form. They are utilized in a symbolic based algorithm for the automatic generation of the element matrices. The time dependent terms are factored after assembly for better computational implementataion. The effect of speed and tip mass on cross coupling between the elastic and rigid body motions represented by Coriolis, normal and tangential accelerations is investigated
Increased glacial-age ventilation of the Chilean margin by Antarctic Intermediate Water

Antarctic Intermediate Water is an oxygen-rich water mass that spreads throughout the Southern Hemisphere oceans. Marine sediment chemistry indicates that the water mass was produced at higher rates and had higher oxygen concentrations during the Last Glacial Maximum. Antarctic Intermediate Water is, at present, a water mass that brings oxygen to intermediate depths throughout the Southern Hemisphere oceans. Models have suggested that intermediate waters had higher concentrations of oxygen during the last glacial period1,2, consistent with globally reduced denitrification3 and increased production of Antarctic Intermediate Water4. However, some palaeoceanographic reconstructions5,6 have indicated that production decreased in the southeast Pacific Ocean at this time. Here we analyse the concentrations of Re and Mn, the sedimentary concentrations of which are controlled by the amount of dissolved oxygen at the sea floor, from three sediment cores located along the Chilean margin for the past 30,000 years. Our results from the cores, which bracket the present-day water-column extent of Antarctic Intermediate Water, show that the depth range of well-oxygenated Antarctic Intermediate Water increased off Chile during the Last Glacial Maximum. Dissolved oxygen content began to decrease approximately 17,000 years ago, coincident with rapid Antarctic warming and a poleward shift of the southern westerly winds7. Our estimates of productivity from accumulation rates of organic carbon and opal do not co-vary with the seafloor oxygen variations, ruling out local control of seafloor oxygenation. We conclude that the data are best explained by a combination of increased oxygenation and increased flux of Antarctic Intermediate Water during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Phase I study of green tea extract in patients with advanced lung cancer

Epidemiologic studies suggest that consumption of green tea may have a protective effect against the development of several cancers. Preclinical studies of green tea and its polyphenolic components have demonstrated antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity, and inhibition of growth of tumor cell lines and animal tumor models, including lung cancer. Green tea may also have chemopreventive properties, and enhancement of cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents has been demonstrated. This trial was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of green tea extract (GTE) in patients with advanced lung cancer. A total of 17 patients with advanced lung cancer were registered to receive once-daily oral dosing of GTE at a starting dose of 0.5 g/m2 per day, with an accelerated dose-escalation scheme. On this schedule, the MTD of GTE was 3 g/m2 per day, and at this dose, GTE was well tolerated with no grade 3 or 4 toxicity seen. Dose-limiting toxicities were diarrhea, nausea and hypertension. No objective responses were seen in this trial. Seven patients had stable disease ranging from 4 to 16 weeks; no patient remained on therapy longer than 16 weeks due to the development of progressive disease. This study suggests that while relatively nontoxic at a dose of 3 g/m2 per day, GTE likely has limited activity as a cytotoxic agent, and further study of GTE as a single-agent in established malignancies may not be warranted. Further studies should focus on the potential chemopreventive and chemotherapy-enhancing properties of GTE.
Do consulting‐oriented sales management programs impact salesforce performance and profit?

Purpose – This study seeks to investigate causal relationships between sales management programs designed to build customer relationships by solving customer problems and selling firm performance.Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses were developed and supported based on theories developed from the market orientation and sales management literature. Using survey results from sales managers and reported profitability data, those hypotheses were tested using multiple regression.Findings – Results indicate that consulting‐oriented post‐sales training and consulting‐oriented evaluation are significant influences on salesforce efficiency. Consulting‐oriented evaluation is a significant influence on customer retention. The strongest influences on profit growth are initial sales training and post‐sales training learning, but a composite variable of all elements of the consulting‐oriented sales management program is a significant influence on profit growth.Research limitations/implications – The sampling frame...
Room-temperature scintillation properties of cerium-doped REOX (RE=Y, La, Gd, and Lu; X=F, Cl, Br, and I)

The scintillation properties of cerium-doped oxyhalides following the general formula REOX (RE=Y, La, Gd, and Lu; X=F, Cl, Br, and I) are reported. These materials were synthesized under dry conditions as microcrystalline powders from conventional solid state reactions. The room temperature X-ray excited emission and scintillation decay curves were measured and analyzed for each material. Additionally, the hygroscopic nature of the oxychlorides and oxybromides was compared to that of their corresponding rare earth halides. The yttrium, lanthanum, and gadolinium oxychlorides, and all of the oxybromides and oxyiodides are found to be activated by Ce{sup 3+}. GdOBr doped with 0.5% Ce{sup 3+} has the highest light output with a relative luminosity of about one-half that of LaBr{sub 3}: Ce{sup 3+}. It displays a single exponential decay of 30 ns.
A description of the amygdaloid complex in the rat and cat with observations on intra‐amygdaloid axonal connections

The cytoarchitectonic structure and divisions of the amygdaloid complex are described in the rat and cat, with special reference to the axonal connections of each of the amygdaloid nuclei, and to interspecies variations and similarities. Several intra-amygdaloid connections are also described, based on autoradiographic experiments with small injections of 3H-amino acids into the individual nuclei. Although it has probably not been possible to determine all of the intra-amygdaloid projections from these experiments, the connections which have been shown are very specific. The lateral nucleus projects to the basomedial nucleus, the lateral part of the central nucleus, and the periamygdaloid cortex, while the basolateral nucleus projects only to itself, the medial part of the central nucleus, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. The basomedial nucleus projects to the cellular layer of the medial nucleus and the amygdalo-hippocampal area, while the molecular layer of these structures and of the posterior cortical nucleus, receives projections from the periamygdaloid cortex or from the endopiriform cortex. There are also interconnections between the medial and posterior cortical nuclei, and commissural connections between the posterior cortical nuclei of the two sides.
Decay of 45 sec and 83 sec 136I isomers

Abstract The γ-ray spectra of iodine species rapidly isolated from fission have been studied using Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) detectors and 4096 channel analyzers. A total of 17 γ-rays are attributed to the decay of 83 sec 136I. Another species was observed which decayed with 45 sec half-life by emission of 197·3, 220, 370, 381·8, and 1313·3 keV γ-rays. The 1313·3 keV γ-ray, previously attributed only to the decay of 83 sec 136I, was found to have a 45 sec component. This observation characterizes the 45 sec species as an isomer of 136I. A decay scheme is constructed for 45 sec 136I with levels at 1313·3, 1694·1, 1892·4, and 2262·4 keV. A partial decay scheme is proposed for 83 sec 136I. The nature of the levels is discussed and the results are compared with those from previous decay scheme and nuclear excitation studies.
New Immigrants, New Challenges: High School Social Studies Teachers and English Language Learner Instruction

The authors report the findings of a survey study in which they investigated high school social studies teachers' current practices, challenges, and needs in relation to instruction of English language learners (ELLs). Thirty-three high school social studies teachers in six English as a second language (ESL)-centered schools in central Virginia participated in the study. Drawing on the findings, three themes demand particular attention: the challenges that social studies teachers face teaching ELLs; the accommodations teachers currently make for ELLs; and the types of support teachers need to teach ELLs social studies more effectively. The authors include findings from the field of second-language education to raise social studies teachers' consciousness about their ELLs' needs and conclude with a number of practical suggestions related to instruction and differentiation that are crucial for social studies teachers to help ELLs learn effectively. Further dialogues are needed, particularly regarding ESL in...
The USC system factory project

Developing the next generation of large-scale software systems will change the patterns of work in system development organizations. We therefore expect the major systems engineering problems to be solved will require organizational solutions that accomodate advanced software development tools, flexible manufacturing techniques for system life cycle engineering, and knowledge-intensive strategies for managing large system development projects. Over the past seven years, we have created an experimental organizational environment for developing large software systems that allow us to encounter these problems, and find effective solutions or interventions. We call this organizational environment the System Factory. We have developed and evolved the System Factory through seven generations of graduate student staff, totaling more than 500 in number. In this report, we describe what the System Factory is, the problems we have investigated, the results and example products of this research, potential future applications of the System Factory approach, and finally our experiences in transferring this technology.
Embryonic polarity: Protein stability in asymmetric cell division

Recent work on pattern formation in Caenorhabditis elegans has uncovered a new mechanism of asymmetric cell division: the cytoplasm is polarized by cortical proteins, and this polarization then influences the stability of other maternally expressed proteins that in turn determine early embryonic cell fates.