cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pleiotropic effects of Bcl-2 on transcription factors in T cells: potential role of NF-KB p50–p50 for the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2

Bcl-2 functions to repress apoptosis by regulation of genes which encode proteins required for programmed cell death and by interference with peroxidative damage. We investigated the interrelationship between expression of bcl-2 and regulation of transcription factor DNA binding activities in the 2B4 T cell hybridoma and IL-2-dependent CTLL T cell line. Over-expression of bcl-2 in 2B4 resulted in enhanced basal levels of activator protein (AP)-1, octamer binding factor (Oct)-1, lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF)-1, RelA-p50 and NF-kappa B p50-p50 DNA binding activities. After apoptotic signaling, down-regulation of AP-1, NF-AT and Oct-1 binding activities was observed in control 2B4 and CTLL, whereas suboptimal, but higher, levels of these transcription factors were found in bcl-2-transfected cells, potentially promoting cell survival. Furthermore, after apoptotic signaling, expression of bcl-2 led to differential changes of NF-kappa B levels, resulting in a decrease in RelA-p50 and an increase in NF-kappa B p50-p50, altering the ratio of these DNA binding activities such that now p50-p50 markedly predominated in both 2B4-Bcl-2 and CTLL-Bcl-2. Apoptotic signaling in the presence or absence of Bcl-2 resulted in induction of the RelB-p50 heterodimer in 2B4. The changes in NF-kappa B/Rel levels raise the possibility that this family of transcription factors may play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis.
Magnetic order in the anhydrous cubic nitrates K3Ce2(NO3)9 and Na3Gd2(NO3)9

Abstract We present measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of K 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 ) 9 and Na 3 Gd 2 (NO 3 ) 9 , cubic systems in which the rare earth sites have axial symmetry about (1 1 1). Paramagnetic resonance results for K 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 ) 9 are also described, which are quite different from those of Ce 2 Mg 3 (NO 3 ) 12 ×24 H 2 O, in which the Ce 3+ ion occupies a nearly identical local environment. Exchange in both compounds is antiferromagnetic in nature. K 3 Ce 2 (NO 3 ) 9 exhibits an antiferromagnetic ordering feature in its susceptibility at T ≈40 mK, while Na 3 Gd 2 (NO 3 ) 9 shows an ordering feature at T ≈200 mK consistent with a ferromagnetic transition.
Limitations of density functional theory in application to degenerate states

It is shown that the claims that density functional theory (DFT) can handle orbitally degenerate states are ungrounded. The constraint search formulation of DFT allows one to determine a set of densities and eigenvalues for the degenerate term that, however, are neither observables, nor can they be used to solve the system of coupled equations for the nuclear motions to obtain observables, as in the wave function presentation. A striking example of the failure of the existing versions of DFT to describe degenerate states is provided by the Berry phase problem: the strong dependence of the results on the phase properties of the electronic wave function that are smeared out in the density formulation. The solution of the Jahn-Teller E-e problem illustrates these statements. For nondegenerate states with the full wave function taken in the adiabatic approximation as a product of the electronic and nuclear parts, the formulation of DFT is rigorous if and only if the dependence of the electronic wave function on nuclear coordinates is ignored. This lowers the accuracy of the results, in general, and may lead to erroneous presentation as in the case of molecular systems in strong magnetic fields. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advanced diagnostic methods in process control

Abstract The purpose of process diagnostics and resulting actions is to maintain product quality and to protect equipment, machines, and tools from damage and humans from injuries. Increased diagnostics will also reduce machine downtime, reduce scrap and increase productivity. This paper will explore techniques to monitor “usual” behavior, recognize deviations, identify the source(s) of trouble and suggest or apply corrections, in conjunction with the use of different programming languages and their inherent capabilities for process diagnostics.
Operative Repair of the Mallet Toe Deformity

Over a 14-year period, 60 patients (86 toes) underwent resection arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint for a mallet toe deformity. During the same period, 788 hammertoe corrections were performed, for a ratio of 9:1 hammertoe to mallet toe corrections. Fifty patients (72 toes) were evaluated at an average 55-month follow-up. In 53 toes (73%), the involved toe was longer than the adjacent toes. The second, third, and fourth toes were almost equally involved with a mallet toe deformity. With a resection arthroplasty technique, an arthrodesis of the PIP joint occurred in 52 toes (72%) and a fibrous union occurred in the remaining 20 toes (28%). Overall, 86% of the toes were rated as satisfactory by the patient (P < .001). A slightly lower satisfaction rate (75%) was noted in those toes with a fibrous union. A flexor tenotomy was performed in 22 toes along with the mallet toe repair. Acceptable alignment was noted in 96% of toes with a flexor tenotomy, and in 90% where a mallet toe repair was performed without a flexor tenotomy [corrected]. Pain was relieved (97%), correction was well maintained (91%), and patient subjective satisfaction was high (86%) with this procedure. Minor complications occurred in 14% of cases; however, one fourth of these patients still noted a satisfactory result.
Offshoring and the new world order

IntroductionOutsourcing as a means of meeting organizational information technology (IT) needs is a commonly accepted and growing practice; one that is continually evolving to include a much wider set of business functions: logistics, accounting, human resources, legal, and risk assessment.3 Today firms of all sizes are rushing overseas to have their IT work performed by offshore vendors. Such change---the pundits argue---is merely the natural progression of first moving blue-collar work overseas followed by whitecollar work. IT jobs are most visible to us in the IT field, but the same is happening to other business functions/processes. With labor costs in India well below the U.S. and technical skills equal or better, the argument for offshoring is compelling. (Offshoring refers to the migration of all or a significant part of the development, maintenance and delivery of IT services to a vendor located in another country, typically in the developing world like India and China. The service provider hires, trains and manages the personnel. Alternatively, an organization might set up IT operations offshore but still controlled by the organization's management2). Here, I seek to analyze some of the arguments underlying the notion of offshoring and implications for the IT field from a U.S. perspective. While I am aware that such an undertaking is unquestionably a thorny proposition, I feel that too little 'serious' thought has been given to this issue. Currently, we are plagued by hype (both positive and negative) but little critical reflection. Hopefully, this paper can begin to reverse this trend and shed light on the challenges we face.
Reliability-Based Optimization of Uncertain Systems in Structural Dynamics

The reliability-based optimization of uncertain linear structural systems subjected to stochastic excitation is considered. Uncertain system parameters are modeled as random variables with prescribed joint probability density function. Second-order probabilistic descriptors are combined with approximate extreme response theories to obtain conditional reliability estimates for the system. Approximations based on asymptotic expansions are used to provide a computationally efe cient estimate for the unconditional system reliability that accounts for the uncertainties in the system parameters. A general solution strategy for the corresponding reliability-based optimization problem is presented. Implementation issues related to the evaluation of system response functions and calculation of design points are addressed. The effects of uncertainty in the system parameters, as well as the accuracy of reliability estimates on the optimal design, are investigated. It is shown that these two factors are important because they can change the optimal design signie cantly. A generic primary ‐secondary system is presented to illustrate the performance and efe ciency of the proposed implementation. Nomenclature fbg = vector of uncertain system parameters C.¢/ = total cost function [C] = damping matrix ca;cp = damping coefe cients of the absorber and primary systems Et.¢/ = expectation operation in time domain [G] = compatibility matrix
Probabilistic methodology for turbine missile risk analysis

Abstract A methodology has been developed for estimation of the probabilities of turbine-generated missile damage to nuclear power plant structures and systems. Mathematical models of the missile generation, transport, and impact events have been developed and sequenced to form an integrated turbine missile simulation methodology. Probabilistic Monte Carlo techniques are used to estimate the plant impact and damage probabilities. The methodology has been coded in the TURMIS computer code to facilitate numerical analysis and plant-specific turbine missile probability assessments. Sensitivity analyses have been performed on both the individual models and the integrated methodology, and probabilities have been estimated for a hypothetical nuclear power plant case study.
Computing the three-dimensional distribution of the gamma dose rate in the target service cell of the spallation neutron source using the doors package

Design of the Target Service Cell (TSC) of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) requires computing detailed profiles of the gamma-ray dose rate outside its structure in order to abide by exposure limits and plan access control for the facility's personnel. Three-dimensional spatial distributions of the dose rate inside the TSC are also necessary to optimize the locations of electronic instruments and verify their design criteria at selected sites. For these reasons, in addition to the deep penetration feature typical of shielding calculations, a deterministic transport method solution, namely discrete ordinates, is preferred over Monte Carlo. Even then, the computation is complicated by the large size of the structure, large volume of air (internal void), optical thickness of the enclosing walls, and multiplicity of radiation sources. Furthermore, severe ray effects observed in preliminary calculations throughout the TSC internal cavity that persist in the transport through the concrete walls require special treatment. The computational model for conducting this complex calculation using Oak Ridge National Laboratory's TORT code, with support from peripheral codes in the Discrete Ordinates Oak Ridge System (DOORS), is presented. Successful elimination of primary ray effects via the newly developed three-dimensional uncollided flux and first collision source code GRTUNCL3D is also illustrated.
Adaptation and the Set-Point Model of Subjective Well-Being Does Happiness Change After Major Life Events?

Hedonic adaptation refers to the process by which individuals return to baseline levels of happiness following a change in life circumstances. Dominant models of subjective well-being (SWB) suggest that people can adapt to almost any life event and that happiness levels fluctuate around a biologically determined set point that rarely changes. Recent evidence from large-scale panel studies challenges aspects of this conclusion. Although inborn factors certainly matter and some adaptation does occur, events such as divorce, death of a spouse, unemployment, and disability are associated with lasting changes in SWB. These recent studies also show that there are considerable individual differences in the extent to which people adapt. Thus, happiness levels do change, and adaptation is not inevitable.
Incorporation of D-[1-14C]galactosamine into serum proteins and tissues of the rat

Incorporation of D-[1-14C]galactosamine into serum proteins and tissues of the rat was studied. After single intraperitoneal injections, about 20% of administered radioactivity was excreted in urine within 6 h. Only 1% was found in expired CO2 at this time; 12% was found at 72 h. High levels of bound (non-dialyzable) radioactivity appeared first in liver and then in serum. Non-dialyzable radioactivity in serum was found associated with all electrophoretically separated fractions with the greatest concentration in the α-globulins. Hexosamines were separated by paper chromatography from serum protein hydrolysates; glucosamine had a 14C content over ten times that of galactosamine in a sample taken 6 h after injection. A progressive increase in non-dialyzable radioactivity with time was found in both connective tissue and the fluid from within stainless-steel wire mesh cylinders implanted subcutaneously 2 weeks prior to injection of [1-14C]galactosamine. Mucopolysaccharides, extracted from connective tissue, exhibited electrophoretic mobility and staining characteristic of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid. Although hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate moieties were labeled to the same extent, their hydrolysates contained glucosamine with 4 times more radioactivity then galactosamine, possibly indicating the presence of a substance containing glucosamine in the chondroitin sulfate area. These results indicate that much of the galactosamine is converted to glucosamine. Radioactive galactosamine appears to be of value for metabolic studies of glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides.
On the Role of Inhomogeneities in the Deformation of Elastic Bodies

It is quite common to approximate “mildly” inhomogeneous bodies as homogeneous bodies belonging to a certain constitutive class in view of the simplification that such an approximation accords. In this study, we investigate the consequences of such an assumption and we show that it is clearly inappropriate for many classes of inhomogeneous bodies. We choose specific boundary value problems to illustrate the fact that we could be grossly in error, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with regard to local measures such as stresses and strains. In the examples considered, we find that, for global quantities such as applied forces and moments, the error could be significant. Not only could the material parameters found from, say, an extension test and torsion test, which neglect the inhomogeneity of the body, be quite different from one that incorporates the inhomogeneity, but also the values for the material parameter in the homogenized approximation gleaned from these different experiments could be differ...
On life behavior under spectrum loading

Abstract B- models are used to study life in cumulative damage under spectrum loading. The basic elements of scatter in sample cdf's, mean cdf, methods of testing and load interaction are delineated and examined in some detail. Application to one set of life data under spectrum loading is considered. Stationary and nonstationary B- models of life under spectrum loading are discussed.
Effects of stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives on the cAMP-regulated chloride current in cardiac myocytes.

Stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives have been shown to block Cl− channels directly in many different preparations. Therefore, the utility of these compounds as tools for studying the cAMP-dependent Cl− current (Icl) in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes was examined using the patch-clamp technique to record whole-cell Cl− currents at room temperature. It was found that 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS) increased, rather than decreased, the isoproterenol (ISO)-activated Cl− current. However, SITS alone stimulated little or no sustained current, suggesting that SITS activates the Cl− current through a synergistic effect with ISO. 4,4′-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) also enhanced the ISO-activated Cl− current. However, 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DNDS) did not have any effect. SITS also exhibited a synergistic effect on the ISO-enhanced Ca2+ current in the same cells, suggesting that it affects the pathway involved in β-adrenergic regulation of both Cl− and Ca2+ channels. SITS had no effect on the Cl− current stimulated by direct activation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin or exposure to the membrane-permeable cAMP derivative 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate. This suggests that SITS and DIDS may enhance the ISO-activated Cl− current via an effect on the β-adrenergic receptor. It is concluded that these stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives are not effective antagonists of cAMP-activated Cl− channels in cardiac ventricular myocytes.
Immunität im Reagenzglas: Die Zauberkugel wird Wirklichkeit

Nach uber einhundert Jahren immunologischer Forschung ist Paul Ehrlichs Konzept der Zauberkugel heute Realitat. Gegenwartig sind therapeutische Antikorper die wohl wichtigste Klasse von neuen Wirkstoffen zur Behandlung vieler Erkrankungen, darunter der Alzheimer-Krankheit und Krebs. Die Entwicklung von therapeutischen Antikorpern war auf Fortschritte in der Immunchemie angewiesen, die erst die Erzeugung von Antikorpern in vitro ermoglichten. Das Herzstuck dieser neuen Technik ist die kombinatorische Antikorperbibliothek, die die Synthese eines kunstlichen Immunsystems ermoglicht, das die Diversitat des Antikorperrepertoires der Natur ubertrifft. Der Aufbau einer solchen Bibliothek ausgehend vom naturlichen Immunsystem als Startpunkt musste als schwierig gelten, da Verfahren erforderlich sind, die den zu konventionellen Klonierungsverfahren umgekehrten Weg beschreiten. Bei der Genklonierung beginnt man mit einem komplexen System und vereinfacht dieses zu einem singularen System. Bei der Erzeugung von Diversitat durch Aufbau einer kombinatorischen Antikorperbibliothek beginnt man dagegen mit einer Ansammlung von Klonen, erhoht in regelloser Weise deren Komplexitat und bringt sie dann wieder zur Singularitat zuruck. Mit den Methoden, die fur diese anspruchsvolle Aufgabe entwickelt worden sind, konnen Antikorper fur jedes Antigen im Reagenzglas erzeugt werden. Diese synthetischen Antikorper konnen den naturlichen Antikorpern qualitativ und quantitativ uberlegen sein.
Oral contraceptives and the management of hyperandrogenism-polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents.

Hyperandrogenism-polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinologic condition in adult women occurring in 5% to 10% of women [1-3]. Most women with PCOS report that their symptoms began during adolescence. It has been suggested that women with PCOS have at least some form of the syndrome “throughout life” [4]. Far too frequently however the symptoms of PCOS irregular periods acne and weight gain are attributed to normal puberty and adolescence with the mistaken belief that girls will outgrow them. Girls often suffer needlessly and the manifestations of hyperandrogenism may lead to lowered self esteem and a lower health-related quality of life at a crucial time in a young woman’s psychosocial development [56]. Girls with PCOS may have a variety of symptoms and complaints from primary amenorrhea to abnormal bleeding and acne which may bring them to their primary clinician a pediatrician a gynecologist or a dermatologist. Frequently adolescents and their parents do not recognize that these and other complaints such as obesity are related and believe that obesity excess hair growth and irregular menstrual cycles may “run in the family” and thus not view these conditions as abnormal. Vigilance and awareness of the syndrome of PCOS among primary clinicians is of utmost importance in making the diagnosis that may have real and significant implications for future heath. (excerpt)
Shock reequilibration of fluid inclusions in Coconino sandstone from Meteor Crater, Arizona

Abstract This study examines the effects of natural shock metamorphism on fluid inclusions trapped in porous sedimentary target rocks and compares these results to previous experimental work on single crystal quartz. Samples of shock metamorphosed Coconino sandstone were collected from Barringer Meteorite Crater (Meteor Crater, Arizona) and classified based on their shock features into the six shock stages described by Kieffer [S.W. Kieffer, 1971. Shock metamorphism of the Coconino sandstone at Meteor Crater, Arizona, Journal of Geophysical Research 76, 5449-5473.]. The frequency of two-phase fluid inclusions decreases dramatically from unshocked samples of Coconino sandstone through shock stages 1a, 1b, and 2. No two-phase fluid inclusions were observed in shock stage 3 or 4 samples. However, the total number of grains containing fluid inclusions remains approximately the same for shock stages 1a–2, suggesting that two-phase fluid inclusions reequilibrated during impact to form single-phase inclusions. In shock stages 3 and 4, the total number of inclusions also decreases, indicating that at these higher shock pressures fluid inclusions are destroyed by plastic deformation and phase changes within the host mineral. Entrained quartz grains within a shock stage 5 sample contain two-phase inclusions, emphasizing the short duration of melting associated with the impact and the heterogeneous nature of impact processes. These results are similar to those observed in single-crystal experiments, although inclusions survive to slightly higher shock pressures in samples of naturally shocked Coconino sandstone. Results of this study suggest that the rarity of fluid inclusions in meteorites does not preclude the presence of fluids on meteorite parent bodies. Instead, fluid inclusions trapped during alteration events may have been destroyed due to shock processing. In addition, loss of fluids from inclusion vesicles along fractures and microcracks may lead to shock devolatilization, even in unsaturated target rocks.
Advances in fibrillar on-off polymer adhesive: Sensing and engagement speed

ON-OFF adhesives can benefit manufacturing and space applications by providing the capability to selectively anchor two surfaces together repeatedly and releasably without significant preload. Two key areas of concern are speed of engagement and sensing the quality of that engagement. Here we describe a dual-purpose proximity and tactile sensor for the contact surfaces of robotic systems. Using infrared emitters and combinations of wide and narrow angle detectors, this device combines proximity and force sensing to seamlessly transition from a pre-contact to contact state. As an inherently low-power device, it is amenable to mobile robotic applications. We also present results showing this engagement can occur very rapidly, making it useful in high-throughput manufacturing and dexterous manipulation tasks.
Validation of an indentor system for evaluating truck seat cushions

AbstractThe objective of this study was to validate an indentor system—called a cushion loading indentor (CLI)—for use in objectively evaluating seat cushion performance for heavy truck seats. Included in this study is a detailed description of the five-component indentor design, with major components being a polyurethane buttocks mould and a variable weighting system. Validation of the CLI was performed by comparing its interface pressure distribution with five human test subjects for four different seating surfaces. The results demonstrate that the CLI is both more repeatable than the human test subjects and provides similar pressure distribution to that of a seated person. Furthermore, it is shown that the CLI is valid for dynamic testing of heavy truck seat cushions owing to the inclusion of the seat suspension, which significantly reduces the dynamic complexity between the cushion and the seated person.
Muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in hippocampal circuits.

Abstract Muscarinic receptors modulate hippocampal activity in two main ways: inhibition of synaptic activity and enhancement of excitability of hippocampal cells. Due to the lack of pharmacological tools, it has not been possible to identify the individual receptor subtypes that mediate the specific physiological actions that underlie these forms of modulation. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using subtype-specific antibodies was combined with lesioning techniques to examine the pre- and postsynaptic location of m1–m4 mAChR at identified hippocampus synapses. The results revealed striking differences among the subtypes, and suggested different ways that the receptors modulate excitatory and inhibitory transmission in distinct circuits. Complementary physiological studies using ml-toxin investigated the modulatory effects of this subtype on excitatory transmission in more detail. The implications of these data for understanding the functional roles of these subtypes are discussed.
Palinacousis--evidence to suggest a post-ictal phenomenon.

Abstract Introduction Palinacousis is a paroxysmal auditory illusion in which perseveration of an external auditory stimulus occurs after cessation of the stimulus. The subjects recognize the illusory nature of this experience, which is often a fragment of the last sentence they heard. Palinacousis has been reported in only a few documented cases. It has been described as an aura, a component of complex partial seizures, and a post-ictal event. We put forward evidence demonstrating palinacousis as a post-ictal event. Case A 68-year-old woman presented with an acute sensory aphasia, and an EEG showed frequent epileptiform discharges from the left temporo-parietal region. MRI showed an enhancing mass in the left inferior parietal lobule that was consistent with a metastasis. A CT scan of the thorax later showed an enhancing mass in the left lung that was determined to be an invasive non-small cell carcinoma. Treatment with levetiracetam resulted in loss of epileptiform activity on EEG and resolution of aphasia, but soon afterward, she started complaining of recurrent auditory illusions in her right ear. These consisted of phrases from the ends of sentences she heard. Continuous EEG monitoring during her auditory symptoms showed intermittent left temporal slowing but no epileptiform discharges or electrographic seizures. An FDG-PET scan with the glucose uptake phase during episodes of auditory illusions revealed hypometabolism of bilateral medial temporal cortices and increased uptake in the metastatic tumor. Review of literature A systematic review identified 14 cases with palinacousis since 1981. Cases prior to that were excluded due to the lack of sufficient data. Discussion We propose that palinacousis is a “negative” phenomenon, at least in some individuals. It occurs with a loss of function of a region of the brain that normally suppresses auditory perseveration.
Computation of steady laminar flow over a circular cylinder with third-order boundary conditions

Abstract An analytic-numerical solution to the Navier-Stokes equations is developed for the steady laminar flow past a circular cylinder. The method of series truncation is employed to reduce the governing partial differential equation to a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically integrated. The Reynolds numbers Re, based on the diameter, range from 0.4 to 40. Beyond that, the flow field should be represented by cosine as well as sine series, and is to be treated later. The accuracy of the solution is enhanced by third-order boundary conditions at infinity. Quantities of interest such as the drag and pressure coefficients, tangential and radial velocities, streamlines, and vorticity lines are computed, plotted, and compared with previous results. Applying Shanks' transformation to each of three successive truncations improves the accuracy of the surface quantities.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease: Implications of MATCH and CHARISMA Results for Cardiologists

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent among patients with stroke; thus, cardiologists frequently treat patients at high risk for stroke. Results from recent clinical trials of antiplatelet medications, given alone or in combination, may be of special interest to cardiologists. The Management of Artherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients (MATCH) study demonstrated no significant difference between clopidogrel alone and clopidogrel plus aspirin in reducing risk of vascular events after stroke or transient ischemic attack. A 1.3% increased risk of major bleeding was associated with clopidogrel plus aspirin. In the Clopidogrel for High Artherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study, clopidogrel plus aspirin did not reach statistical significance versus placebo plus aspirin in reducing incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes in patients with stable atherothrombotic disease; clopidogrel was associated with an increase in moderate bleeding. These results suggest that clopidogrel plus aspirin may be inappropriate as first-line therapy for secondary stroke prevention. In patients with established cardiovascular disease at risk for MI or other vascular events, physicians must weigh the benefits and risks before choosing this therapy. Selection of an antiplatelet agent must be based on patient history, including previous MI and stroke, susceptibility to bleeding, and other high-risk factors (e.g., advanced age and diabetes). Aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole may be more effective than clopidogrel for preventing stroke in high-risk patients. This article strives to put MATCH and CHARISMA results into context by providing an overview of antiplatelet therapy, including relevant clinical trial results, a review of current practice guidelines, and a summary of an ongoing study that will improve clinical decision making.
Sensitivity of passive haemagglutination for assay of 7S and 19S antibodies in primary rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin sera.

Sensitivity of Passive Haemagglutination for Assay of 7S and 19S Antibodies in Primary Rabbit Anti-bovine Serum Albumin Sera
Assessing urban walking trail use and changes in the trail environment using systematic observational protocols

This study evaluated the extent to which two systematic observation protocols which were modified for underserved communities (low income, minorities) could be utilized to reliably assess a) use of walking trails and b) physical environmental features of these trails. This study was a supplement to the Positive Action for Today's Health (PATH) walking trial. The modified tools were shown to be reliable methods for a) measuring trail use and b) assessing physical features of the trail in underserved environments. Reliability data for measuring trail use were found to be high (ICC = .98, p < .01). Reliabilities for measuring features of the trail ranged from fair to highly reliable (κ = .77 - 1.00; ICC = .34 - 1.00). The observation tools that were customized for this study were shown to be reliable instruments for measuring trail use and assessing physical features of walking trails in underserved communities.
Acculturation and depressive symptoms in Korean immigrant women.

Depression is one of the most prevalent health problems for immigrants in the United States (U.S.) and it has been associated with the process of acculturation. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify subgroups of Korean immigrant women based on their Korean as well as American acculturation levels using cluster analysis and to determine whether these subgroups differ on depressive symptoms in 200 Korean immigrant women aged 20–64. Cluster analysis identified four as the most appropriate number of subgroups: they were designated as Korean cluster (45%), Marginalized cluster (26%), American cluster (22%), and Bicultural cluster (7%). Korean cluster had high scores on Korean acculturation and low American acculturation, Marginalized had low for both, American had high scores on American acculturation, low for Korean acculturation, and Bicultural had high scores for both. Women in the Marginalized subgroup reported significantly higher depression scores than women in the American and Korean clusters. It is important to identify immigrants who do not relate to either their heritage culture or the new host culture and address their mental health risk issues.
Automatic Code Assignment to Medical Text

Code assignment is important for handling large amounts of electronic medical data in the modern hospital. However, only expert annotators with extensive training can assign codes. We present a system for the assignment of ICD-9-CM clinical codes to free text radiology reports. Our system assigns a code configuration, predicting one or more codes for each document. We combine three coding systems into a single learning system for higher accuracy. We compare our system on a real world medical dataset with both human annotators and other automated systems, achieving nearly the maximum score on the Computational Medicine Center's challenge.
Angiotensin II stimulation of Ca2+-channel current in vascular smooth muscle cells is inhibited by lavendustin-A and LY-294002

Angiotensin II (AngII) is coupled to several important intracellular signaling pathways, and increases intracellular Ca2+. In vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells, AngII is known to activate enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase (Tyr-PK), phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), and phophatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K). A non-receptor Tyr-PK, pp60c-src, and PKC have been reported to stimulate the Ca2+ channels in VSM cells. However, less is known about AngII action on the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The Ca2+-channel currents of a cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cell line, A7r5, were recorded using whole-cell voltage clamp. Application of 50 nM AngII significantly increased the amplitude of Ba2+ currents through the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (I Ba) by 34.5±9.1% (n=10) within 1 min. In the presence of lavendustin-A (5 µM), a selective inhibitor of Tyr-PK, AngII failed to stimulate I Ba (n=5). AngII stimulation of I Ba was also prevented by (5 µM) LY-294002, an inhibitor of PI-3-K (n=5). In contrast, H-7 (30 µM), an inhibitor of PKC, did not prevent the effect of AngII on I Ba (n=6). These results suggest that AngII may stimulate the Ca2+ channels of VSM cells through Tyr-PK and PI-3-K under conditions that probably exclude participation of PK-C.
Combination band studies of some cyclic silanes

Abstract The vapor-phase mid-infrared spectra of six cyclic molecules were investigated using long path lengths and high vapor pressures. Eight different sum and difference bands resulting from the combination of the ring-puckering vibration with a higher frequency fundamental were observed for these molecules. No combination bands were found for silacyclopent-2-ene of 1,1-difluoro-1-silacyclobutane. For a planar molecule such as silacyclopent-3-ene the analysis of the bands is straightforward. For nonplanar silacyclobutane the spectrum is complex and unexplained doublets and extra bands occur. In general, the ring-puckering energy levels in the excited state of another vibration were found to differ little from those in the ground state for the vibrations studied.
GAS PHASE HYDROGEN/DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF PEPTIDE IONS IN A QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETER

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions of protonated and sodium cationized peptide molecules have been studied in the gas phase with a MALDI/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Unit-mass selected precursor ions were allowed to react with deuterated ammonia introduced into the trap cell by a pulsed valve. The reactant gas pressure, reaction time, and degree of the internal excitation of reactant ions were varied to explore the kinetics of the gas phase isotope exchange. Protonated peptide molecules exhibited a high degree of reactivity, some showing complete exchange of all labile hydrogen atoms. On the contrary, peptide molecules cationized with sodium exhibited only very limited reactivity, indicating a vast difference between the gas phase structures of the two ions.
Choking of electron flow: A mechanism of current saturation in field-effect transistors

We describe a mechanism of the current saturation in a field-effect transistor (FET) caused by choking of electron flow. The choking occurs when the electron velocity at the drain side of the channel reaches the plasma-wave velocity. This effect is quite similar to the choking of a gas flow in a pipe. This mechanism is an alternative to the well-known mechanism of current saturation caused by the drift velocity saturation in the FET channel. We show that the choking mechanism may dominate in a submicrometer ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs FET at 10 K and low drain and gate bias voltages.
Defect configurations in neutron-irradiated U3Si2

Investigations of the nature of defects in neutron-irradiated intermetallic U3Si2 as a function of dose have been carried out. Defect categories of vacancies and interstitials, their clusters and dislocation loops have been considered. The effects of the displacement field from each on the neutron scattering intensity profiles are presented. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimentally determined intensity profiles from time-of-flight data using the General Purpose Powder Diffractometer at the Intense Pulse Neutron Source of Argonne National Laboratory. The results are illustrated for a particular peak at various doses and the physical implications discussed.
MAMMALIAN ZINC TRANSPORTERS

▪ Abstract New insights into mammalian zinc metabolism have been acquired through the identification and characterization of zinc transporters. These proteins all have transmembrane domains, and are encoded by two solute-linked carrier (SLC) gene families: ZnT (SLC30) and Zip (SLC39). There are at least 9 ZnT and 15 Zip transporters in human cells. They appear to have opposite roles in cellular zinc homeostasis. ZnT transporters reduce intracellular zinc availability by promoting zinc efflux from cells or into intracellular vesicles, while Zip transporters increase intracellular zinc availability by promoting extracellular zinc uptake and, perhaps, vesicular zinc release into the cytoplasm. Both the ZnT and Zip transporter families exhibit unique tissue-specific expression, differential responsiveness to dietary zinc deficiency and excess, and differential responsiveness to physiologic stimuli via hormones and cytokines.
Visual acuities and scotomas after one week levodopa administration in human amblyopia.

The authors previously showed that a single dose of levodopa improves the contrast sensitivity and decreases the size of fixation point scotomas in amblyopic patients. In the present study, they investigated the effect of levodopa after 1 wk of daily administration using a cross-over, double masked design. The decrease of fixation point scotomas was confirmed with automatic static perimetry. An improvement of visual acuity occurred in 70% of the patients after 1 wk of levodopa administration compared to only 22% in the authors' previous study using one single dose. The improvements in visual acuities and visual fields persisted even after the levodopa administration was completed. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2722-2728,1992 The neurotransmitter dopamine is present in retinal amacrine and interplexiform cells, 1 and it is likely involved in information processing to the brain. 23 Investigations have shown the involvement of dopamine in various visual functions. 4 " 9 Visual evoked responses, 3 electroretinograms, 10 and contrast sensitivity 3 " are changed in patients with Parkinson's disease. Levodopa administration also influences various electrophysiologic parameters in normal subjects. 12 " 14 We showed, in a preliminary study that included nine adult amblyopic patients, that a single dose of orally administered levodopa had a positive shortterm effect on their visual functions. 15 Ninety minutes after administration of levodopa, we found an increase in the contrast sensitivity and a reduction in size of the fixation point scotoma. In that study, scotomas were measured by dynamic manual perimetry with the Aulhorn phase difference haploscope. Visual acuity improved a half-line in two out of the nine patients tested. Leguire and coworkers 16 confirmed our results in amblyopic children 8-12 yr old. After a
Contrasting activity patterns of sympatric and allopatric black and grizzly bears

The distribution of grizzly (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (U. americanus) overlaps in western North America. Few studies have detailed activity patterns where the species are sympatric and no studies contrasted patterns where populations are both sympatric and allopatric. We contrasted activity patterns for sympatric black and grizzly bears and for black bears allopatric to grizzly bears, how human influences altered patterns, and rates of grizzly-black bear predation. Activity patterns differed between black bear populations, with those sympatric to grizzly bears more day-active. Activity patterns of black bears allopatric with grizzly bears were similar to those of female grizzly bears; both were crepuscular and day-active. Male grizzly bears were crepuscular and night-active. Both species were more night-active and less day-active when ≤1 km from roads or developments. In our sympatric study area, 2 of 4 black bear mortalities were due to grizzly bear predation. Our results suggested patterns of activity that allowed for intra- and inter-species avoidance. National park management often results in convergence of locally high human densities in quality bear habitat. Our data provide additional understanding into how bears alter their activity patterns in response to other bears and humans and should help park managers minimize undesirable bear-human encounters when considering needs for temporal and spatial management of humans and human developments in bear habitats.
Clinical spectrum of hypophosphatasia diagnosed in adults

The presentation of hypophosphatasia (HPP) diagnosed in adults demonstrates a wide range of clinical manifestations, many of which are nonspecific. We sought to assess clinical characteristics of adult HPP by evaluation of Mayo Clinic Rochester adults diagnosed with HPP from 1976 through 2008. Subjects were identified by diagnostic code or medical records. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years at diagnosis; low serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) without bisphosphonate therapy; and one additional element: elevated pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) or urine phosphoethanolamine (PEA), evidence of osteomalacia, or family history. We were unable to distinguish manifesting carriers from silent unaffected carriers due to lack of a prospective standardized clinical evaluation and the absence of genetic testing. HPP was diagnosed in 22 unrelated adults (median age 49 years; 68% women). Most patients (68%) were symptomatic at presentation with features including musculoskeletal pain (41%) or incident fracture (18%). A history of fracture was present in 54%: hip/femoral neck (23%), feet (23%, all women), wrist (18%), and spine (9%, all men). Nine patients (36%) had multiple fractures while 4 (all women) had subtrochanteric femur fractures. Radiographic chondrocalcinosis (27%) and documented pyrophosphate arthropathy (14%) were only observed in women. Median minimum serum AP was 43% below the lower normal limit. Urine PEA was elevated in 15/16 patients (94%). PLP median was 68 μg/L (normal, 5-50 μg/L) and all (n=8) were above normal. Symptomatic subjects had more fractures and chondrocalcinosis, lower median minimum AP and PLP and higher median PEA levels. Clinical features more common in fracture patients included symptoms at presentation, history of childhood rickets, dental abnormalities, lower median minimum AP and PLP, and higher median urine PEA. Four subjects had iliac crest bone biopsies, with 2/4 specimens consistent with osteomalacia. These results suggest that adult HPP demonstrates a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including musculoskeletal pain, fractures, chondrocalcinosis and dental anomalies with some overlap in laboratory characteristics in relationship to disease severity. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, gender may influence the clinical expression of HPP.
Requirement for CD4+T Cells in the γδ T Cell Proliferative Response to Daudi Burkitt's Lymphoma

Abstract Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma cells stimulate the proliferation of Vγ2 Vδ2 T cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Transfection studies have established that the γδ T cell receptor is sufficient for recognition of a ligand associated with Daudi cells. Since other studies have demonstrated the need for cooperation between αβ T cells and Vγ2 Vδ2 T cells in the proliferative response to mycobacterial antigens, we used human, unfractionated PBMC and PBMC depleted of specific T cell subsets to determine whether the γδ T cell response to Daudi cells also requires cooperation between αβ and γδ T cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that depletion of CD4+T cells substantially reduces the overall proliferative response of PBMC to Daudi cells and subsequent γδ T cell expansion. IL-2 production by PBMC in response to Daudi cells was also decreased by depletion of CD4+T cells, but not by depletion of CD8+or γδ T cells. In the CD4+T-cell-depleted PBMC, proliferation in response to Daudi cells was restored by the addition of IL-2. These data stress the importance of cooperation between αβ and γδ T cells in the response to some complex antigens.
Interactive display of very large textures

Large textures cause bottlenecks in real time applications that often lead to a loss of interactivity. These performance bottlenecks occur because of disk and network transfer, texture translation, and memory swapping. We present a software solution that alleviates the problems associated with large textures by treating texture as a bandwidth limited resource rather than a finite resource. As a result the display of large textures is reduced to a caching problem in which texture memory serves as the primary cache for texture data, main memory the secondary cache, and local disk the tertiary cache. By using this cache hierarchy, applications are able to maintain real time performance while displaying textures hundreds of times larger than can fit into texture memory.
Education for research in software engineering

Graduate education serves as preparation for research as well as practice. However, this aspect of education in software engineering has often been given little emphasis. Several curricular issues involved in education as preparation for research are considered here. They include mathematical foundations, statistics and experimental design, use of information resources, and research methods for the study of human factors.