cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Sediment Delivery Ratios for Grassed Waterways using WEPP

Grassed waterways (GWWs) transport sediment and nutrients from upland source areas to receiving waters. Watershed planners have a critical need to understand GWW sediment delivery to optimally target source area management practices. Better physically based tools are needed to estimate sediment delivery by GWWs. This study developed several distributed sediment delivery ratio (SDR) regressions for GWWs using the process-based Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to provide simple equations to estimate sediment delivery for planning applications. Water Erosion Prediction Project was calibrated and validated for runoff and sediment yield for large 30.2-ha and smaller 5·7-ha nested watersheds with terraces and a common GWW outlet. A crop rotation of corn, oat and alfalfa and fall tillage using chisel plow were used in the nested watersheds. A hypothetical management case without terraces using corn, oat and alfalfa rotation with chisel plow as fall tillage was also evaluated for the 5·7-ha watershed and the GWW. The length, slope, Manning's roughness coefficient and infiltration rate for the GWW were varied and SDRs calculated for 30 representative (in terms of daily rainfall) days over a 20-year period of simulated climate. Regressions were developed for the existing (terraced) and hypothetical (non-terraced) management scenarios for early (April–July), late (August–October) and full (April–October) growing seasons. Equations developed for the non-terrace watershed had higher R2 values compared to the terraced watershed suggesting that channel and rainfall parameters were better able to explain the variation in SDR for the non-terraced watershed. Manning's roughness coefficient was the most significant parameter for predicting SDR for both the terraced and non-terraced watersheds. The equations developed here can be used to estimate SDRs for watersheds that are drained via GWWs having similar physical characteristics: slope (1–5%), Mannings's roughness coefficient (0·1–0·3), length (0·15–1 km) and infiltration rate (0·025–25 mm h−1). The SDRs can be used to estimate sediment yield, which is an essential element for making land management decisions but is rarely measured. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poorly Differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Associated With X-Linked Hyperimmunoglobulin M Syndrome

Abstract Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are uncommon tumors representing 2% of all gastrointestinal tumors. We report a case of a 21-year-old man with X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M (hyper-IgM) syndrome who presented with diarrhea and jaundice. An ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple variable-sized lesions in the liver and peripancreatic lymphadenopathy. The morphologic and immunohistochemical features of the biopsies from the liver and lymph node were consistent with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Hyper-IgM syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by low serum IgG, IgA, and IgE levels with normal or elevated IgM levels. These patients are at a higher risk for developing malignancies, particularly adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract and lymphoma. A review of the literature of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is presented with the discussion of a possible relationship of these tumors with immunodeficiency.
Network Analysis Reveals a Common Host–Pathogen Interaction Pattern in Arabidopsis Immune Responses

Many plant pathogens secrete virulence effectors into host cells to target important proteins in host cellular network. However, the dynamic interactions between effectors and host cellular network have not been fully understood. Here, an integrative network analysis was conducted by combining Arabidopsis thaliana protein-protein interaction network, known targets of Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis effectors, and gene expression profiles in the immune response. In particular, we focused on the characteristic network topology of the effector targets and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We found that effectors tended to manipulate key network positions with higher betweenness centrality. The effector targets, especially those that are common targets of an individual effector, tended to be clustered together in the network. Moreover, the distances between the effector targets and DEGs increased over time during infection. In line with this observation, pathogen-susceptible mutants tended to have more DEGs surrounding the effector targets compared with resistant mutants. Our results suggest a common plant-pathogen interaction pattern at the cellular network level, where pathogens employ potent local impact mode to interfere with key positions in the host network, and plant organizes an in-depth defense by sequentially activating genes distal to the effector targets.
Changes in nutrient stoichiometry, elemental homeostasis and growth rate of aquatic litter-associated fungi in response to inorganic nutrient supply

Aquatic fungi mediate important energy and nutrient transfers in freshwater ecosystems, a role potentially altered by widespread eutrophication. We studied the effects of dissolved nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and ratios on fungal stoichiometry, elemental homeostasis, nutrient uptake and growth rate in two experiments that used (1) liquid media and a relatively recalcitrant carbon (C) source and (2) fungi grown on leaf litter in microcosms. Two monospecific fungal cultures and a multi-species assemblage were assessed in each experiment. Combining a radioactive tracer to estimate fungal production (C accrual) with N and P uptake measurements provided an ecologically relevant estimate of mean fungal C:N:P of 107:9:1 in litter-associated fungi, similar to the 92:9:1 obtained from liquid cultures. Aquatic fungi were found to be relatively homeostatic with respect to their C:N ratio (~11:1), but non-homeostatic with respect to C:P and N:P. Dissolved N greatly affected fungal growth rate and production, with little effect on C:nutrient stoichiometry. Conversely, dissolved P did not affect fungal growth and production but controlled biomass C:P and N:P, probably via luxury P uptake and storage. The ability of fungi to immobilize and store excess P may alter nutrient flow through aquatic food webs and affect ecosystem functioning.
Expressing Flood Likelihood: Return Period versus Probability

AbstractThe likelihood of floods and other potentially destructive natural phenomena is often expressed as a return period or recurrence interval, such as a 100-yr flood. However, the expression might give users the impression that the event will occur exactly once within the described period, obscuring the intended probabilistic meaning. If so, users may think a flood is less likely when one has just occurred or more likely when it has not, leading to a “flood is due” effect. This hypothesis was tested experimentally in two studies reported here. Participants were given either a return period or a probability expression and asked to rate flood likelihood and concern. Flood recency was also manipulated. The results from both studies support a flood is due effect when the return period expression is used. In the return period condition alone, participants rated floods as more likely and expressed greater concern when no flood had occurred recently. When no likelihood information was conveyed in the control...
A New Algorithm for Finding Closest Pair of Vectors (Extended Abstract)

Given n vectors \(x_0, x_1, \ldots , x_{n-1}\) in \(\{0,1\}^{m}\), how to find two vectors whose pairwise Hamming distance is minimum? This problem is known as the Closest Pair Problem. If these vectors are generated uniformly at random except two of them are correlated with Pearson-correlation coefficient \(\rho \), then the problem is called the Light Bulb Problem. In this work, we propose a novel coding-based scheme for the Close Pair Problem. We design both randomized and deterministic algorithms, which achieve the best known running time when the minimum distance is very small compared to the length of input vectors. When applied to the Light Bulb Problem, our algorithms yields state-of-the-art deterministic running time when the Pearson-correlation coefficient \(\rho \) is very large.
Rural Pennsylvania in 1800: A Portrait From the Septennial Census

MODERN historians have begun to make fresh discoveries about pa terns of eighteenth century Pennsylvania ociety that were only dimly perceived by persons of the time. Studies by Jackson Turner Main, Gary Nash, James Lemon, Stephanie Grauman Wolf, Robert Harper, and Jerome Wood have raised new questions about social stratification, occupational structure, family life, and settlement pat terns, especially as they contributed to the development of the American Revolution in Pennsylvania.1 Most of these works have relied upon tax lists or other records from the years 1765 to 1793, since it is for these years that the surviving tax lists seem most accessible and abundant. These pioneering works have stopped short of the eighteenth century's end because of the sheer volume of work necessary for completing the tasks these authors have undertaken. None of these studies has used one especially rich and comprehensive source that gives us the best portrait of eighteenth century Pennsylvania society available?the septennial census of 1800. This article attempts to describe what it records about Pennsylvania society and to point to directions of research that scholars should begin to take using its riches. The Pennsylvania septennial census of 1800 is one of a series of census counts taken in the commonwealth from the beginning of the American Revolution. Although earlier provincial population estimates have disappeared, the census manuscripts for the years after indepen dence for many counties still exist at the Division of Archives and Manuscripts (State Archives) of the Pennsylvania Historical and
Circadian Dysregulation: The Next Frontier in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research:

ObjectiveTo review the effects of the circadian clock on homeostasis, the functional interaction between the circadian clock and hypoxia-inducible factors, and the role of circadian dysregulation i...
Teacher self-efficacy profiles: Determinants, outcomes, and generalizability across teaching level

Abstract There have been considerable advances in understanding teacher self-efficacy in the past two decades. However, the core theoretical postulate that teachers may simultaneously possess a variety of teaching-related self-efficacy beliefs at varying levels has not been systematically examined. Adopting a person-centered, multidimensional perspective on teacher self-efficacy, the current study aims to identify distinct profiles of teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs in lower and upper secondary teachers and examine the replicability of the profiles across these groups. In addition, we draw on social cognitive perspectives to posit several predictors of teacher self-efficacy profile membership, including professional development provisions and needs, mentoring experiences, gender, and teaching experience, and outcomes of profile membership, including job satisfaction, perceived classroom climate, and teacher collaboration. Results revealed six teacher self-efficacy profiles, which were found to replicate entirely across lower and upper secondary teachers. Job satisfaction, classroom climate, and teacher collaboration were found to differ as a function of the profiles, and these relations were found to be moderated by teaching level, suggesting context-differentiated processes in the outcomes of teacher self-efficacy profile membership. Finally, profile membership was shown to be predicted by professional development needs and provisions, mentoring experiences, gender, and years of teaching experience. Implications of the results for teacher self-efficacy theory and research are discussed.
Quantitative causal selection patterns in token causation

When many events contributed to an outcome, people consistently judge some more causal than others, based in part on the prior probabilities of those events. For instance, when a tree bursts into flames, people judge the lightning strike more of a cause than the presence of oxygen in the air-in part because oxygen is so common, and lightning strikes are so rare. These effects, which play a major role in several prominent theories of token causation, have largely been studied through qualitative manipulations of the prior probabilities. Yet, there is good reason to think that people's causal judgments are on a continuum-and relatively little is known about how these judgments vary quantitatively as the prior probabilities change. In this paper, we measure people's causal judgment across parametric manipulations of the prior probabilities of antecedent events. Our experiments replicate previous qualitative findings, and also reveal several novel patterns that are not well-described by existing theories.
Lasing and supercontinuum generation in single-crystalline fibers

Single crystal fibers doped with Er or Tm and clad with a sapphire sol-gel were tested for both laser performance and super-continuum generation. Laser performance was explored for multiple sol-gel cladding deposition cycles (0 to 5) in addition to variable concentration (0.25% to 3%). A single sample showed exemplary performance (2% Tm with 3 deposition cycles) achieving 44.5% slope-efficiency. Super-continuum generation was compared in pure and doped fibers of both 150μm and 50μm diameters at five different pump wavelengths with an 80 fs source. Super-continuum was generated covering 1.5 octaves (790 nm pump) and <2.5 octaves (1645 nm pump) with a threshold pulse energy of 0.4 μJ (5 MW peak power).
EVERYDAY ETHICS AND THE UNSEEN MORAL LANDSCAPE OF ASSISTED LIVING

Assisted living (AL) communities are increasingly popular long-term care settings where people live, work and visit, and where social relationships and care, including end-of-life care, are negotiated. In the context of daily life, residents, their family members and friends, AL care workers and other staff, external care providers, and volunteers, continually encounter one another and make choices about a range of matters. AL is fraught with uncertainty and conflict about values, especially given residents’ cognitive and physical frailty. These value-laden issues have important implications for both resident and care partners’ quality of life. Yet, almost no research has examined ethics in this dynamic and complex care environment. We seek to address this important knowledge gap by examining AL through an ethical lens. Drawing on our research and practice experiences, we present a conceptual model that situates everyday ethics within multiple multi-levels of moral decision-making factors and systems involving individuals, the care setting and surrounding community, social norms, and the broader regulatory context. We provide an overview of AL’s moral landscape and present examples of three everyday ethical issues. We first examine informed consent as it pertains to sexual encounters involving residents with dementia. Next, we consider boundary and role issues inherent in care process and relationships. Finally, we discuss resident privacy as an area for value uncertainty in everyday life within AL. We conclude by emphasizing the need for in-depth and systematic identification of ethical issues in AL and development of management strategies for applied practice.
Skeletal toxicity resulting from exposure of growing male rats to coplanar PCB 126 is associated with disruption of calcium homeostasis and the GH-IGF-1 axis and direct effects on bone formation

Skeletal toxicity has been reported following exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures. However, molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We exposed groups of male 4–5-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats to 3,3′, 4, 4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), a dioxin-like coplanar PCB congener by a single i.p. injection of 5 µmol/kg in soy oil vehicle or vehicle alone. After 4 weeks, rats were euthanized. PCB exposure resulted in hypocalcemia (P < 0.05) and significant increases in serum PTH without changes in serum phosphorous. Hyperparathyroidism was accompanied by increased expression of mRNAs of vitamin D3 metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24 in the kidney (P < 0.05). PCB exposure also reduced body weight, serum IGF-1, and hepatic expression of mRNAs encoding the male-specific GH-pattern-regulated CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 relative to controls (P < 0.05). PCB exposure reduced long bone length, diameter, and surface area, but increased trabecular thickness and volume (P < 0.05). Serum osteocalcin (P < 0.05), a marker and a regulator of bone formation, was reduced, but PCB exposure had no effect on the bone resorption marker RatLaps. Exposure of human intestinal Caco-2 cells to 10–100 nM PCB 126 in the presence of vitamin D3 resulted in inhibition of mRNAs for the calcium transporters TRPV6 and PMCA1b (P < 0.05). In addition, PCB 126 suppressed osteoblastogenesis in primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell cultures which was blunted by the AhR antagonist CH-223191. These data provide novel evidence that skeletal toxicity after exposure to PCB 126 is a result of disruption of calcium homeostasis and the GH-IGF-1 axis, and involves direct AhR-mediated effects on bone formation.
Squaring the Circle: China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) and the Ancient Silk Roads

This chapter takes seriously the assumption that theory is very important in framing how one sees the world. The “China threat” thesis, for instance, arises out of Western fears. Moreover, US/Western views dominate via discursive acts of “epistemicide” that fix real-world problems via analyses of threats to Western dominance. In Asia, daily life and politics are about fluid problem solving. Time, space, knowledge, and identity need to be problematized. Armed with this spirit, Ling invites her readers to treat the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (or its earlier moniker “One Belt One Road”) as creative open political space. She begins with the premise that both the Silk-Road spirit and BRI hegemony operate simultaneously. Furthermore, this apparent contradiction can produce measures not only to evaluate the BRI but also to check it. These measures apply to the Chinese government as much as BRI recipients. Her methodology draws on Buddhism’s five-rank protocol for non-duality with duality. To have the former without the latter, Buddhism points out, would simply reinstate another duality. Here, the concept of Interbeing (相即, tiep hien, attributed to philosopher Thich Nhat) figures crucially as a means of demonstrating and achieving non-duality with duality.
Optimization of Graphite-SiO blend electrodes for lithium-ion batteries: Stable cycling enabled by single-walled carbon nanotube conductive additive

Abstract Lithium-alloying materials are of great interest to improve the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of lithium-ion batteries, though their associated volume fluctuation with cycling often leads to poor cycling performance. Active–inactive alloys and blending alloys with carbon materials are common strategies to accommodate volume fluctuation. Herein we set out to optimize graphite–SiO blend electrode formulations to eliminate rapid capacity fade. Electrodes with highly stable cycling were prepared by simple planetary mixing procedures, enabled by the use of just a fraction of a weight percent of commercial SWCNTs as the only conductive additive, and by the appropriate choice of binder/stabilizing agent. In fact, the use of SWCNTs allowed for graphite-free SiO electrodes with approximately 74% higher volumetric energy density relative to traditional graphite electrodes, and superior capacity retention in coin-type full-cell testing versus NMC532 cathodes.
Evaluation of the Anticipated Burden of COVID-19 on Hospital-Based Healthcare Services Across the United States

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic, with the potential to infect nearly 60% of the population. The anticipated spread of the virus requires an urgent appraisal of the capacity of US healthcare services and the identification of states most vulnerable to exceeding their capacity Methods: In the American Hospital Association survey for 2018, a database of US community hospitals, we identified total inpatient beds, adult intensive care unit (ICU) beds, and airborne isolation rooms across all hospitals in each state of continental US. The burden of COVID-19 hospitalizations was estimated based on a median hospitalization duration of 12 days and was evaluated for a 30-day reporting period. Results: At 5155 US community hospitals across 48 states in the contiguous US and Washington DC, there were a total of 788,032 inpatient beds, 68,280 adult ICU beds, and 44,222 isolation rooms. The median daily bed occupancy was 62.8% (IQR 58.1%, 66.6%) across states. Nationally, for every 10,000 individuals, there are 24.2 inpatient beds, 2.8 adult ICU beds, and 1.4 isolation beds. There is a 3-fold variation in the number of inpatient beds available across the US, ranging from 16.4 per 10,000 in Oregon to 47 per 10,000 in South Dakota. There was also a similar 3-fold variation in available or non-occupied beds, ranging from 4.7 per 10,000 in Connecticut through 18.3 per 10,000 in North Dakota. The availability of ICU beds is low nationally, ranging from 1.4 per 10,000 in Nevada to 4.7 per 10000 in Washington DC. Hospitalizations for COVID-19 in a median 0.2% (IQR 0.2 %, 0.3%) of state population, or 1.4% of state9s older adults (1.0%, 1.9%) will require all non-occupied beds. Further, a median 0.6% (0.5%, 0.8%) of state population, or 3.9% (3.1%, 4.6%) of older individuals would require 100% of inpatient beds. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to overwhelm the limited number of inpatient and ICU beds for the US population. Hospitals in half of US states would exceed capacity if less than 0.2% of the state population requires hospitalization in any given month.
8 – Pulse Shaping

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques applied to compress or shape pulses in amplitude and phase. While the shaping of ns and ps pulses can be achieved by electronically driven pulse shapers, such as the electro-optic modulators, all the optical techniques have to be applied for the fs pulse shaping. The optical pulse compression is the optical analogue of a well-established technique for the shaping of radar pulses. It is achieved by a two-step process. In the first step, a phase modulation is impressed on the pulse. The next step is the Fourier transform analog of the first one. The drawback of using bulk materials as a nonlinear medium is the strong nonlinear behavior of the frequency modulation and the poor pulse quality after compression. The self-phase modulation (SPM) is associated with self-lensing if the transverse beam profile is not uniform. Thus, the achievable spectral broadening is limited. The chapter concludes by discussing the pulse compression by the optical single-mode fiber, which leads to the production of linearly chirped output pulses.
Cause of death in patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) stratified by the CLL-International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI).

8026Background: CLL progression and CLL-related complications (infections and second malignancies) were the leading cause of death (COD) in a prospective cohort of CLL patients (Strati, BJH 2017). ...
Coping with COVID-19: Resilience and psychological well-being in the midst of a pandemic

Introduction: As the novel coronavirus rapidly spreads around the world it will become increasingly important to understand its psychological impacts on the larger population Few studies have been conducted in this regard, which is unsurprising considering the sudden emergence of the disease Methods: The present study looked at mood (anxiety and depression), stress, resilience, grit, perceived control, happiness, and satisfaction with life in two samples hailing from small towns in upstate New York These outcomes were assessed at two time points: pre-coronavirus (November/December 2019) and peak-coronavirus (mid-April 2020) Results: Contrary to expectations, the results indicated no significant differences on any of the variables between the pre-coronavirus sample and the peak-coronavirus sample Discussion: The results suggested that people, at least in this region of the United States and more broadly in smaller towns, may be psychologically coping with the pandemic to a better degree than might be expected This finding may be useful to policy makers and health care workers © 2020 Guilford Publications All rights reserved
Efficacy of Sonothrombolysis Using Acoustically Activated Perflutren Nanodroplets versus Perflutren Microbubbles.

Nanoscale-diameter liquid droplets from commercially available microbubbles may optimize thrombus permeation and subsequent thrombus dissolution (TD). Thrombi were made using fresh porcine arterial whole blood and placed in an in vitro vascular simulation. A diagnostic ultrasound probe in contact with a tissue-mimicking phantom tested intermittent high-mechanical-index (HMI) fundamental multipulse (focused ultrasound [FUS], 1.8 MHz) versus harmonic single-pulse (HUS, 1.3 MHz) modes during a 10-min infusion of Definity nanodroplets (DNDs), Definity microbubbles (DMBs) or saline. The ability of FUS and intravenous DNDs to improve epicardial and microvascular flow was then tested in four pigs with left anterior descending thrombotic occlusion. Sixty in vitro thrombi were tested, 20 in each group. Percentage TD was significantly higher for DND-treated thrombi than DMB-treated thrombi and controls (DNDs: 42.4%, DMBs: 26.7%, saline: 15.0%; p < 0.0001 vs. control). The highest %TD was seen in the HMI FUS-treated DND group (51 ± 17% TD). HMI FUS detected droplet activation within the risk area in three of four pigs with left anterior descending thrombotic occlusion and re-canalized the epicardial vessel in two. DNDs with intermittent diagnostic HMI ultrasound resulted in significantly more intravascular TD than DMBs and have potential for coronary and risk area thrombolysis.
Neurobehavior and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Neurobehavioral sequelae after mild traumatic brain injury are multifactorial, often necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Neurobehavioral sequelae generally resolve within 3 months; when more persistent, a search for contributing factors beyond a brain injury should be done. To accomplish this, a systematic and comprehensive evaluation is recommended to place the complaint in context of the patient's premorbid state. The treatment of neurobehavioral sequelae cannot be accomplished without a clear understanding of the underlying cause, and the treatment must be placed within a patient's social and functional framework. Normalizing the experience through education of patients and their families facilitates recovery.
Gender Nonconforming Expression and Binary Thinking: Understanding How Implicit Bias Becomes Explicit in the Legal System, Considering the Shooting Death of Philando Castile

Theorists, poets, and artists are taking the lead in advancing the conversation about gender fluidity and the plight of people with non-binary gender identities. This essay is about what practitioners who combat implicit bias in the legal profession can learn from artists and thinkers on the cutting edge of gender non-conforming expression. Understanding how individuals stigmatize, and at times discriminate against, gender fluid people by limited and binary thinking is an important progression in comprehending how implicit bias (specifically against people of color) becomes explicit and influences legal actors including law enforcement and jurors. The tragic shooting of Philando Castile demonstrates how the gender protest can inform the legal profession as to why implicit bias against people of color can become explicitly deadly in a matter of moments. Discussed in this essay is a jury selection technique designed to detect race-based binary thinking by exposing juror expectations of how a client “should” be acting regardless of legality, drawing a comparison with how artists of the gender protest confront society’s expectation of how gender “should” present.
Humanist Ethics and Political Justice: Soto, Sepúlveda, and the "Affair of the Indies'"

In the debate over Spanish treatment of the natives of the New World, both sides regularly invoked Aristotle on natural slaves. This paper argues that the interpretation of the Spanish Dominican Domingo de Soto displays a greater understanding of Aristotle and the Aristotelian tradition of justice than that of Juan Gines de Sepulveda, the Spanish Humanist. The paper goes on to argue that it is the humanist tradition itself that disposes Sepulveda to misconstrue Aristotle and the tradition of political justice.
Mentoring faculty in academic medicine. A new paradigm

In this paper, we discuss an alternative structure and a broader vision for mentoring of medical faculty. While there is recognition of the need for mentoring for professional advancement in academic medicine, there is a dearth of research on the process and outcomes of mentoring medical faculty. Supported by the literature and our experience with both formal dyadic and group peer mentoring programs as part of our federally funded National Center of Leadership in Academic Medicine, we assert that a group peer, collaborative mentoring model founded on principles of adult education is one that is likely to be an effective and predictably reliable form of mentoring for both women and men in academic medicine.
NMR studies of the structure of aqueous solutions—II: The aqueous N-methylformamide system

Abstract A proton magnetic resonance study has been made of aqueous N -methylformamide solutions as a function of the solution composition (mole fraction) and temperature. The amide was found to produce marked enhancement and disruption effects in the water structure depending upon the concentration of the amide in these solutions. The data obtained indicate that dilution of the amide with water decreases the hydrogen bond participation of the amide molecules. Aspects of the solution structure over the entire solution composition range are discussed and a comparison is made of the effect of the homologous amide series, N -methylformamide (NMF), N -methylacetamide (NMA), and N -methylpropionamide (NMP) on the structure of water in aqueous solutions of these compounds.
Nutritive value of protein in high and low protein content sorghum grain as measured by rat performance and amino acid assays.

The nutritive value of protein of 2 sorghum grain composites containing 7.9% and 11.8% protein, respectively, was compared on the basis of growth of rats and amino acid analyses. The high protein sorghum grain had higher percentages of all the 17 amino acids studied than did the low protein sorghum grain. In both grains, lysine was the most deficient amino acid, and content of sulfur-containing amino acids and threonine also was low. Calculated on an equal nitrogen basis, the dibasic amino acids, especially lysine, the sulfur-containing amino acids, and threonine levels of the high protein sorghum grain were lower than those of the low protein sorghum grain. Nutritive value of the protein of low protein sorghum grain was superior to that of a high protein sorghum grain, as shown both by growth of rats and amino acid assays. When lysine, histidine, and arginine were added to the high protein sorghum grain diet to adjust percentages of those amino acids in the protein similar to the content in the low protein sorghum grain diet, an increase in growth resulted
Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ alloys: an enabling technology for scaled high performance silicon-based heterojunction devices

Si/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ heterostructures have traditionally faced both fundamental and practical limitations in their applications to advanced device technology. These hurdles have been most significantly been the well known critical thickness limitation for pseudomorphic growth and the less known sensitivity of devices to heterojunction process integration. In this paper, we review how Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ alloys grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) are an enabling technology to overcome both these fundamental and practical issues. Examples are shown for sub-100-nm MOS devices.
Self-provisioning of network infrastructure for server landings in complex data center environments

Overview of a network provisioning system which dynamically determines the necessary path, finds free ports, and configures the VLAN trunking and spanning trees using fuzzy logic and dynamic web service composition.
Glycoprotein biosynthesis: studies on thyroglobulin. Thyroid galactosyltransferase.

Abstract Calf thyroid particles contain a sialyltransferase which can be released in soluble form by ultrasonic treatment and further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid to glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The most favorable acceptors for this enzyme were glycopeptides or glycoproteins from which the sialic acid residues had been removed, thereby bringing the galactose residues into terminal positions. Galactose-free glycopeptides were poor acceptors, and the enzyme was not active on low molecular weight compounds, such as galactose, lactose, and N-acetyllactosamine. The enzyme was not active in the transfer of sialic acid to terminal N-acetylgalactosamine, such as occurs in the sialic acid-free ovine submaxillary mucin. Galactosylhydroxylysine and its N-acetyl derivative were also inactive as acceptors for this enzyme, as were the galactose-containing glycopeptides of earthworm cuticle collagen. The properties of this enzyme suggest that it represents one of a group of glycosyltransferases which act to assemble the carbohydrate units of thyroglobulin, and that its function is to attach the outermost sugar, N-acetylneuraminic acid, to the galactose residues of the oligosaccharide chains. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of approximately 6.0. The Km for CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid was 2.7 x 10-4 m, while that for sialic acid-free thyroglobulin glycopeptides was 5.9 x 10-4 m. No requirement for metal ions was observed. Another enzyme involved in the sialic acid metabolism of the thyroid, CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase, was partially purified from the soluble fraction of this tissue. This enzyme was used for the preparation of the 14C-labeled CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid used in the studies of the thyroid sialyltransferase.
Modeling the bidirectional reflectance for a semi-arid landscape

A model for the bidirectional reflectance over soils is coupled into a vegetation model to predict the bidirectional reflectance of a semi-arid landscape. The vegetation model is a hybrid of geometric optical and radiative transfer (GORT) model for the bidirectional reflectance over discontinuous plant canopies. The coupling is done by extending the assumption of Lambertian background in the GORT model into a non-Lambertian soil background described by Hapke's soil BRDF model. The model is validated with POLDER and AVHRR imagery collected in a semi-arid site during the Jornada PROVE'97 campaign with good accuracy. It is a very simple but analytical model for bidirectional reflectance over a semi-arid landscape and has the potential for surface parameter retrieval for the study of biosphere-atmosphere interaction.
Cultural adjustment of international graduate students in American hospitality and tourism programs.

Cultural adjustment of international graduate students from three graduate programs in hospitality and tourism administration was examined. Students reported that most information about the program was provided by friends. They also noted that the programs had not provided adequate orientation to the university or the program Itself. Language differences were identified as a major problem in fulfillment of academic requirements and relationships with faculty, fellow students, and program administration. In preparation for expanding international enrollments, American hospitality and tourism programs must develop formal orientation processes to ease the adaptation of international students.
Hyperactivity in the Gunn rat model of neonatal jaundice: age-related attenuation and emergence of gait deficits.

Hyperactivity in the Gunn rat model of neonatal jaundice: age-related attenuation and emergence of gait deficits
Teaching NeuroImages: Massive abdominal CSFoma

A 31-year-old woman with congenital hydrocephalus status post ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement 23 years earlier presented with abdominal distention. The patient denied fever, headache, or sensory or motor abnormalities. Examination was notable for a tense abdomen. CT of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a massive, loculated, CSFoma, or CSF pseudocyst (figure). Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are associated with a variety of complications including disruption of the tube, obstruction of the tip, infection, intestinal perforation, tip migration, and CSFoma development.1 CSFoma is a rare complication, thought to be caused by low-grade shunt infection, chronic inflammation, increased CSF protein, or peritoneal adhesions, and is estimated to occur in 1.0% to 4.5% of cases, with a typical occurrence within 3 weeks to 5 years of shunt placement.2,3 Treatment consists of external drainage or surgical excision followed by reconstruction of the shunt system.4
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 (PL 107-204) AND IMPACT ON THE IT AUDITOR

Abstract The world of financial auditing has changed dramatically during the past decade and will continue to change rapidly as more and more companies rely on information technology to achieve their business objectives. Certainly, the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-204) will have a major impact on the internal and external auditor. Also, the IT auditor will play an integral role in assuring compliance with this act.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of knee injuries

Of all the magnetic resonance examinations performed for studying musculoskeletal disease, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee is the most frequently requested examination. It has replaced knee arthrography in the vast majority of clinical situations. MRI of the knee is currently the diagnostic procedure of choice for the diagnosis of injuries to the menisci, ligaments, and tendons as well as bone bruises and occult fractures in the knee. This review article discusses the technical aspects of performing the MRI examination of the knee. It also discusses the magnetic resonance criteria for diagnosing meniscus tears, ligament and tendon disruptions, and bone bruises.
Pharmacologically defined M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic binding sites in the cat's substantia nigra: development and maturity

Muscarinic cholinergic binding in the substantia nigra of the cat was documented during development and at maturity with autoradiographic methods by labeling the pharmacologically defined M1 and M2 subtypes of muscarinic binding sites. In cats from age embryonic day 40 to postnatal day 6 and at adulthood, M1 sites were labeled with [3H]pirenzepine and M2 sites were labeled with [3H]N-methylscopolamine in competition with pirenzepine. Comparisons were made among binding site distributions, acetylcholinesterase staining and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in serial or neighboring nigral tissue sections. M1 and M2 binding sites were present in the substantia nigra at all ages studied. Qualitative comparisons showed that M1 binding delineated the substantia nigra more distinctly than did M2 binding. For M1 binding sites in particular, the embryonic pars reticulata of the substantia nigra was more prominently labeled than the pars compacta. At adulthood both nigral subdivisions clearly exhibited M1 and M2 binding, with the pars compacta demonstrating some internal heterogeneity of binding density. These findings provide further evidence that the substantia nigra is a site of cholinergic transmission and suggest that the functional balance between acetylcholine and dopamine in the basal ganglia acts here as well as in the striatum.
The necessity of additional B-complex factors in the diet of the chick.

SummaryConcentrates of the Lactobacillus casei factor in the diet of the hen affect the growth and survival of chicks fed diets deficient in this factor. In addition, at least one unknown member of the B-complex is required by chicks.
The Unique Role of Glucose in Artificial Nutrition: Impact of Injury and Malnutrition

There are a number of unique features to the use of glucose in artificial nutrition. Glucose was the first intravenous nutrient to be used routinely. Since the turn of the century 5% dextrose (D5W) has been used mainly as a means to supply adequate amounts of water. Nevertheless, the amount of energy supplied by D5W, up to 500 kcal per day, although nowhere near enough to meet energy requirements, has a very pronounced nitrogen sparing effect. Glucose is the only one of the major nutrients which is supplied intravenously in the exact same chemical form as it is absorbed from the intestine. Intravenous fat emulsions are markedly different from the chylomicrons produced in the intestine. While the chemical forms of individual amino-acids given intravenously are the same as those secreted by the gut into portal blood, the composition is quite different, in that glutamine, cystine and tyrosine are completely or partially lacking. Although the site of entry of glucose, into the systemic rather than the portal system, differs between intravenous and oral feeding, this has not yet been shown to have any nutritional significance. Given intravenously, glucose suppresses release of fatty acids and can lead within 2 weeks to essential fatty acid deficiency [ 11. This is due to the continuous nature of intravenous glucose administration. On oral diets, feeding is intermittent; high insulin concentrations, during the absorptive period after carbohydrate meals, suppress fatty acid release, but in the postabsorptive period insulin levels decline and fatty acid release occurs. The normal subject contains about a 1 year supply of linoleic and linolenic acids in adipose tissue. Indeed, it was only with the advent of total parenteral nutrition, some 20 years ago, that essential fatty acid deficiency has been shown to occur in adult humans.
The Effects of Cognitive Style and Feedback Type on Performance in an Internal Control Task

ABSTRACT: To facilitate the task of evaluating the internal control environment, auditors typically use internal control questionnaires (ICQ) to identify and document audit information. One drawback of structured ICQs is that beginning auditors charged with their completion could use them mechanistically, overlooking important cues that do not match ICQ prompts. We investigate the effects of cognitive style and feedback type on auditors' ability to identify internal control cues using ICQs. Student participants, proxying for beginning staff auditors with no experience, were classified as possessing either a sensor or an intuitive cognitive style. In an experiment, participants used an ICQ to identify internal control cues for one accounting cycle. After receiving varying kinds of feedback, participants repeated the internal control cue identification task using an ICQ for a second accounting cycle. Contrary to expectations, cognitive style did not significantly affect performance in the absence of feedbac...
Lack of effect of retinoic acid and fluocinolone acetonide on mirex tumor promotion indicates a novel mirex mechanism

Mirex, a halogenated hydrocarbon, is a potent skin tumor promoter in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin. In the present study retinoic acid (RA) and fluocinolone acetonide (FA), classical inhibitors of phorbol ester- and non-phorbol ester-type skin tumor promoters, were examined for their ability to inhibit mirex tumor promotion. Female CD-1 mice were initiated with 200 nmol DMBA and promoted with equipotent promoting doses of either 5 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or 200 nmol mirex twice weekly for 25 weeks and RA (2(1 or 5 nmol), FA (0.5 or 2 nmol) or acetone were applied 30 min prior to each TPA or mirex dose. TPA-promoted papilloma formation was strongly inhibited by > 70% with both doses of RA and by > 90% with both doses of FA. In contrast, mirex-promoted papilloma formation was not inhibited by either dose of RA or 0.5 nmol FA and 2 nmol FA weakly inhibited mirex-promoted papillomas by only 32%. TPA- and mirex-promoted papillomas that were refractory to RA and FA demonstrated the same incidence of Ha-ras mutation as TPA- or mirex-promoted papillomas without RA and FA treatment, further indicating that the inhibitory activity of RA and FA is promoter-dependent and not solely dependent on mutant Ha-ras. FA (2 nmol) treatment completely abolished TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) S phase-positive cells, however, FA had no inhibitory effect on the weak proliferative response induced by mirex. Collectively, these results indicate that the promotional activity of mirex, as well as its weak proliferative response, result from a distinct promoter mechanism and/or that mirex promotes a unique population of epidermal cells that are insensitive to FA and RA and cannot be distinguished by their mutant Ha-ras genotype.
A new worry for the humean internalist

The Humean internalist finds Humean motivational theses and reasons internalism to be independently attractive. She therefore combines them, in the hope of creating a theory of reasons that is attractive for all of the reasons that each thesis is attractive. On this score, she succeeds. However, there is a drawback. Those who build a theory of reasons by combining Humean motivational theses and reasons internalism face a dilemma. If you combine these views, either you are committed to a theory of reasons that allows all of a person’s reasons to simultaneously change, erratically and randomly, or you are committed to a theory of reasons that fixes a person’s reasons at birth, in which case they remain stable and unchanging over a lifetime. Neither alternative is attractive. Humean internalism cannot navigate a path between these two extremes, and this should worry the Humean internalist.
Hydrodynamic interaction of particles with grafted polymer brushes and applications to rheology of colloidal dispersions

We calculate the lubrication force that acts in the normal direction between spherical surfaces bearing grafted polymer brushes and immersed in a viscous fluid. Brinkman's equation is employed to describe the flow in the brushes. For noncompressed brushes we include a slip approximation that applies to poorly permeable brushes of arbitrary density profile. For the step-function profile we present an analytical representation of the force valid for any separation. For compressed brushes we assume the density to increase homogeneously through the gap depending only on the local separation and derive an integral representation for the force along with analytical approximations valid up to rather strong compression. Our results generalize earlier estimates, providing convenient representations for analyses of hydrodynamic interaction between polymerically stabilized colloidal particles. As the simplest application we calculate the viscosity of a non-Brownian suspension of such particles for comparison with the measured high-shear viscosity for polymerically stabilized lattices.