cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exploration into dynamic population sizing

Traditional evolutionary algorithms are powerful problem solvers that have several fixed parameters which require prior specification. Determining good values for any of these parameters can be difficult, as these parameters are generally very sensitive, requiring expert knowledge to set optimally without extensive use of trial and error. Parameter control is a promising approach to achieving this automation and has the added potential of increasing EA performance based on both theoretical and empirical evidence that the optimal values of EA strategy parameters change during the course of executing an evolutionary run. While many methods of parameter control have been published that focus on removing the population size parameter, μ, all hampered by a variety of problems. This paper investigates the benefits of making μ a dynamic parameter and introduces two novel methods for population control. These methods are then compared to state-of-the-art population sizing EAs, exploring the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Fast computation in adaptive tree approximation

Adaptive methods of approximation arise in many settings including numerical methods for PDEs and image processing. They can usually be described by a tree which records the adaptive decisions. This paper is concerned with the fast computation of near optimal trees based on n adaptive decisions. The best tree based on n adaptive decisions could be found by examining all such possibilities. However, this is exponential in n and could be numerically prohibitive. The main result of this paper is to show that it is possible to find near optimal trees using computations linear in n.
From a Colloidal Crystal to an Interconnected Colloidal Array: A Mechanism for a Spontaneous Rearrangement

Colloidal crystals represent important templates which can be chemically modified to produce complex nanostructured materials with interesting photonic applications. The present study focuses on two potentially useful spontaneous transformations involving a thin-film colloidal crystal array made of particles with a core−shell structure. When the colloidal crystal is exposed to moderate amounts of toluene vapors it is swollen reversibly, resulting in a marked shift of its reflectance peak. This property, combined with the system's sensitivity and the ability to repeat the process many times, makes this colloidal crystal a good candidate for the detection of toluene and similar pollutants in the atmosphere. The second transformation takes place when the colloidal crystal is exposed to higher pressures of toluene and then dried. This irreversible process yields an ordered crystal of colloidal cores embedded in a polymer matrix (an interconnected colloidal array or ICA). The simple principles driving these tr...
Long-term effects of radium exposure in female dial workers: serum proteins.

Abstract Serum protein levels were examined in 367 women first employed before 1930 in the radium dial industry. Mean levels were compared by age (55–64, 65–74, and 75–84 years) and initial intake of radium (
The origin of brainstem afferents of the paramedian pontine reticular formation in the cat.

Abstract Transcannular microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) in adult cats to determine the origin of the principal sources of inputs to this important preoculomotor center for the production of saccadic eye movements. Retrogradely labeled cells were observed in numerous oculomotor-related structures, including the prerubral field (rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus), nucleus of Darkschewitsh, nucleus of the posterior commissure, deep superior colliculus, supraoculomotor ventral periaqueductal gray, contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation, pontine raphe and dorsal medial pontine tegmentum medial to the abducens nucleus (purported to contain omnipause neurons), cell group Y, and the perihypoglossal complex (nucleus prepositus hypoglossi). Other sources of afferents to the region included the zona incerta, lateral and medial habenular nuclei, medial hypothalamus, medial mammillary nucleus, nucleus cuneiformis, medial medullary reticular formation, and the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei. The results are discussed in terms of the potential influence of these nuclei on the control of eye movement.
Glycine N-methyltransferase is a regulatory enzyme which increases in ageing animals.

TRANSFER RNAs are modified extensively after their primary synthesis is completed. Such modifications, which are necessary for the proper functioning of tRNA in protein synthesis1–3 and transcriptional control4, are achieved by enzymes which include the tRNA methyltransferases5. In certain adult organs the tRNA methyltransferases are under the influence of a competing methylating enzyme, glycine N-methyltransferase6. This enzyme system, which is present in adult liver, kidney and pancreas (but not in the corresponding foetal organs or in tumour tissues), not only competes for the methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine, but is much less sensitive to inhibition by the product of the reaction, S-adenosylhomocysteine, than are the tRNA ethyltransferases. Thus, there is a dual mechanism of control.
OPTIMAL ALLOCATION AND PRICING WHEN CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IS SUBOPTIMAL

Due to imperfect information, consumer behaviour often deviates in a systematic quantifiable way from informed optimising behaviour. This paper seeks to take account of this in deriving optimal price and allocation rules. Using a partial equilibrium approach, Part I argues that it may be possible to reconstruct consumers ‘informed’ behaviour from their observed behaviour, and to derive from this their optimal demand levels. Optimal prices, that is the prices which will induce consumers to purchase the optimal quantities, can then be derived. This pricing strategy is illustrated by the analysis of example in Parts II and III.
Levodopa influences the regularity of the ankle joint kinematics in individuals with Parkinson's disease.

The aim of the investigation was to explore the influence of levodopa therapy on the regularity of the structural variations present in the lower extremity joints of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ten participants with PD walked on a treadmill during the states of “off” and “on” levodopa. Approximate entropy was used to quantify the regularity of the structural variations present in the joint kinematics. Additionally, a pseudo-periodic surrogation analysis was used to evaluate if changes in the regularity of the joint’s movement were associated with a noisy or deterministic motor process. This investigation provided two key findings. The first was that the structural variations present in ankle joint were more regular with levodopa therapy. The second was that changes in the structural variations were related to a deterministic motor process. This indicated that the variations present in the walking patterns of individuals with PD most likely arose from higher-order neural couplings rather than noise in the motor process. Monitoring the regularity of the structural variations present in gait may help improve the management of PD.
The role of ice nuclei recycling in the maintenance of cloud ice in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus

Abstract. This study investigates the maintenance of cloud ice production in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in large eddy simulations that include a prognostic ice nuclei (IN) formulation and a diurnal cycle. Balances derived from a mixed-layer model and phase analyses are used to provide insight into buffering mechanisms that maintain ice in these cloud systems. We find that, for the case under investigation, IN recycling through subcloud sublimation considerably prolongs ice production over a multi-day integration. This effective source of IN to the cloud dominates over mixing sources from above or below the cloud-driven mixed layer. Competing feedbacks between dynamical mixing and recycling are found to slow the rate of ice lost from the mixed layer when a diurnal cycle is simulated. The results of this study have important implications for maintaining phase partitioning of cloud ice and liquid that determine the radiative forcing of Arctic mixed-phase clouds.
Sensitivity Equations Based Experiment Design and Adaptive Compensation of Transient Fuel Dynamics in Port-Fuel Injection Engines

In this paper we consider and address two topics relevant to calibration of parameters in transient fuel compensation algorithms. The first topic concerns the optimal selection of transient trajectories over which data are collected and identification of parameters in transient fuel model, the inverse of which constitutes a transient fuel compensation algorithm, is performed. We show that this problem can be formulated as an optimal control problem, and that this optimal control problem can berobust solved numerically. Even with the optimal transient trajectories, our results highlight a difficulty in identifying parameters in a transient fuel model if parameters in the model of exhaust gas mixing and in the model of the universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor are uncertain. The second topic addresses this difficulty through the use of adaptation to adjust parameters in a transient fuel compensation algorithm, until the deviation of measured fuel-to-air ratio from the commanded fuel-to-air ratio is sufficiently reduced. Our adaptation approach is shown to be robust to uncertainties in UEGO sensor and exhaust mixing dynamics. The theme common to both developments is the use of differential sensitivity equations.
Advanced intelligent mechanical sensors (AIMS)

A system of integrated, intelligent mechanical transducers, based on the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) approach, is being developed. The FET-based detectors coexist in the silicon chip with other circuit elements which can amplify, digitize, and multiplex signals produced by detector/emitter interactions. Two transducer types being developed are used as examples: the rotary displacement transducer (RDT) and the uniaxial strain transducer (UAST). By appropriate arrangement of emitter and detector arrays, transducers are being designed to achieve desired tradeoffs between resolution, dynamic range, bandwidth, sensor population size, and other features. With detector and associated circuitry on the same chip, transducers are being designed to implement local intelligence necessary for functions such as self-calibration, correction for subsystems failure, and interaction with adjacent sensors. >
How the Boone and Crockett Club (B&C) shaped North American conservation

Wildlife in North America was under great threat in the late 1800s and large mammals and birds were declining at a rapid rate. There were no legal restrictions on the use of natural resources and excessive exploitation was the rule. To return wildlife to their historic habitats required immediate action. Theodore Roosevelt and other prominent citizens formed the B&C in 1887 for this purpose. The B&C became a leading force in the formation of national parks and forests, wildlife laws and conservation policies, and its efforts salvaged wildlife and created the system of conservation that still exists today. Herein, we provide a brief sketch of the role of the B&C in North American conservation.
Using Interests as the Basis of Vocational Choice

Following the discussion of interest inventories in the November issue, this author presents still another aspect of the question. He warns against over-stressing their use in vocational guidance, suggests that the inventories have a place in the total picture of the individual's personality, and pleads for wider use of measures of actual rather than potential abilities.
Eigen-Genomic System Dynamic-Pattern Analysis (ESDA): Modeling mRNA Degradation and Self-Regulation

High-throughput methods systematically measure the internal state of the entire cell, but powerful computational tools are needed to infer dynamics from their raw data. Therefore, we have developed a new computational method, Eigen-genomic System Dynamic-pattern Analysis (ESDA), which uses systems theory to infer dynamic parameters from a time series of gene expression measurements. As many genes are measured at a modest number of time points, estimation of the system matrix is underdetermined and traditional approaches for estimating dynamic parameters are ineffective; thus, ESDA uses the principle of dimensionality reduction to overcome the data imbalance. Since degradation rates are naturally confounded by self-regulation, our model estimates an effective degradation rate that is the difference between self-regulation and degradation. We demonstrate that ESDA is able to recover effective degradation rates with reasonable accuracy in simulation. We also apply ESDA to a budding yeast data set, and find that effective degradation rates are normally slower than experimentally measured degradation rates. Our results suggest that either self-regulation is widespread in budding yeast and that self-promotion dominates self-inhibition, or that self-regulation may be rare and that experimental methods for measuring degradation rates based on transcription arrest may severely overestimate true degradation rates in healthy cells.
Sub-λ/10 spot size in semiconductor solid immersion lens microscopy

Abstract The angular spectrum of radially polarized Laguerre–Gaussian beams was tailored by an annular aperture in a semiconductor solid immersion lens microscope. The radii of two concentric rings in the amplitude aperture were optimized by a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. A GaAs solid immersion lens with NA=3.4 was used in the numerical calculation and a spot size of 98 nm ( λ / 10 ) at a wavelength of 1064 nm illumination was obtained.
Large-scale production of coenzyme F420-5,6 by using Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Production of coenzyme F420 and its biosynthetic precursor FO was examined with a variety of aerobic actinomycetes to identify an improved source for these materials. Based on fermentation costs, safety, and ease of growth, Mycobacterium smegmatis was the best source for F420-5,6. M. smegmatis produced 1 to 3 μmol of intracellular F420 per liter of culture, which was more than the 0.85 to 1.0 μmol of F420-2 per liter usually obtained with Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and ∼10-fold higher than what was previously reported for the best aerobic actinomycetes. An improved chromatography system using rapidly flowing quaternary aminoethyl ion-exchange material and Florisil was used to more quickly and easily purify F420 than with previous methods.
THE SOURCE OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN ANOXIC SEDIMENT

Putrefactive hydrogen sulfide production in the upper 4 cm of sediment in two small freshwater and eutrophic Southeast Michigan, U.S.A., lakes ranged from 0.13 to 1.51 with an average of 0.46 mg S l-~ day-~. Sulfate reductive production of hydrogen sulfide at the same sites ranged from 0.7 to 3.2 with an average of 1.54 mg S 1- ~ day- t. Putrefactive hydrogen sulfide production represented 5.1-53°~, (average of 18.3-27.6°o) of the total hydrogen sulfide produced at the two lakes over an April-October study period. 3~S labeled substrates were used to estimate hydrogen sulfide production rates. Proteolytic bacteria averaged 2.2 x 10 ~ cells ml-~ sediment whereas sulfate reducers averaged 4.8 x 10: cells ml -~ sediment. Putrefactive hydrogen sulfide production correlated highly with numbers of proteolytic bacteria (r" = 0.84) but the correlation between sulfate reduction and sulfate reducing bacteria was low (r-" =0.13). Interstitial soluble inorganic sulfate, protein and organic carbon were not closely correlated with hydrogen sulfide production rates or bacteria enumeration results. Natural substrate concentrations (S,) used to estimate hydrogen sulfide production were supported by kinetic bioassay results.
Detecting the influence of ornamental Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea in invasive populations of Berberis thunbergii (Berberidaceae) using AFLP1.

Japanese barberry ( Berberis thunbergii DC.) is a widespread invasive plant that remains an important landscape shrub represented by ornamental, purple-leaved forms of the botanical variety atropurpurea . These forms differ greatly in appearance from feral plants, bringing into question whether they contribute to invasive populations or whether the invasions represent self-sustaining populations derived from the initial introduction of the species in the late 19th century. In this study we used amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to determine whether genetic contributions from B . t. var. atropurpurea are found within naturalized Japanese barberry populations in southern New England. Bayesian clustering of AFLP genotypes and principal coordinate analysis distinguished B. t. var. atropurpurea genotypes from 85 plants representing fi ve invasive populations. While a single feral plant resembled B. t. var. atropurpurea phenotypically and fell within the same genetic cluster, all other naturalized plants sampled were genetically distinct from the purple-leaved genotypes. Seven plants from two different sites possessed morphology consistent with Berberis vulgaris (common barberry) or B. × ottawensis ( B. thunbergii × B. vulgaris ). Genetic analysis placed these plants in two clusters separate from B. thunbergii . Although the Bayesian analysis indicated some introgression of B. t. var. atropurpurea and B. vulgaris , these genotypes have had limited infl uence on extant feral populations of B. thunbergii .
RD-114, baboon, and woolly monkey viral RNAs compared in size and structure

The molecular weights, subunit compositions, and secondary structure patterns of the RNAs from an endogenous baboon virus and from a woolly monkey sarcoma virus were examined and compared to the properties of the RNA of RD-114, an endogenous feline virus. The high molecular weight RNA extracted from each of these three viruses has a sedimentation coefficient of 52S, and a molecular length, measured by electron microscopy, of 16-20 kb (kb=kilobase, 1000 nucleotides). Each such RNA is a dimer, containing two monomer subunits of 8-10 kb in length (molecular weight 3 X 10(6) daltons). The two monomer subunits are joined at their non-poly(A) ends in a structure called the dimer linkage structure. The appearance of this structure is somewhat different for the different viruses. The dimer linkage dissociates at temperature estimated to be 87 degrees C in aqueous 0.1M Na+ for RD-114 and baboon viral RNAs, but at the lower temperature of 66 degrees C for woolly monkey RNA. All three viral RNAs have two large loops of similar size and position symmetrically placed on either side of the dimer linkage structure. Since the baboon virus is partially related to RD-114, and the woolly monkey virus is unrelated to either of the other two, the dimer linkage and symmetrical loops are surprisingly similar and may well be common features of type C virus RNAs.
Thermal and Stark-Effect Roll-Over of Quantum-Cascade Lasers

A computational and experimental analysis of rollover in high-performance lambda ~ 8 mum quantum-cascade (QC) lasers is presented. In addition to conventional, thermal rollover, which is also a common cause of power rollover in diode lasers, ";Stark-effect"; rollover is observed. While both effects can occur in the same QC laser design, thermal and Stark-effect rollover are shown to be the dominating factor for high-temperature continuous wave operated, and pulsed low-temperature operated and low-doped lasers, respectively. Additionally, the role of the continuum above the wells and barriers is discussed for both effects.
Fully Distribution-Free Profit Maximization: The Inventory Management Case

We study profit maximization in inventory control problems where demands are unknown. Neither probabilistic distributions nor sets are available to characterize the unknown demand parameters. Therefore, we adopt an online optimization perspective for our analysis. The usual competitive ratio is not well defined for the problems we analyze; consequently, we introduce a new worst-case metric that is suitable. We consider two inventory management frameworks: (1) perishable products with lost sales and (2) durable products with backlogged demand. We consider both finite and infinite planning horizons. We design best-possible online procurement strategies for all cases.
Three-phase switched-inductor Z-source matrix converter

Switched-inductor Z-source network, an expansion of the popular concept of Z-source dc link, was originally proposed for boosting the output voltage of power electronic inverters. In this paper, that idea is extended on a three-phase indirect matrix converter. The converter is based on the ultra-sparse matrix topology characterized by the minimum number of semiconductor switches. The switched-inductor Z-source network is placed between the three-switch input rectifier stage and the output six-switch inverter stage. A brief shot-through state produces the voltage boost. An optimal pulse width modulation technique was developed to achieve high boosting flexibility and minimum switching losses in the converter.
Quick and Easy Optimal Approach Paths for Nonlinear Natural Resource Models

An analytical optimal time-path solution method for nonlinear natural resource models based on backward induction is discussed. A method for estimating a time-independent current period decision rule from the discrete-point time-path solution set generated with backward induction is then reviewed. A model of the northern anchovy fishery of California is used to compare the performance of this approach against previously reported results based on linear quadratic analytical dynamic programming and approximately optimal analytical current period decision rule solution methods. The approach provides an analytical shortcut alternative to numerical dynamic programming, without sacrificing precision. Optimal exploitation of natural resource systems involves consideration of timing in the production/extraction process. The rate of extraction from a mine, decisions regarding irrigated crop production, beef cattle production, timber thinning, and fishery harvest are some examples. Finding the proper pace of production/extraction for efficient solution to problems posed in these contexts is difficult. Numerical solutions to this type of problem may be obtained using methods of numerical dynamic programming and classic control theory. Numerical dynamic programming involves a search algorithm based on backward or forward recursion methods first developed by Bellman. The backward or forward recursion method serves to limit the field of search and is appropriate for problems which can be formulated so as to meet Bellman's Principle of Optimality. Numerical dynamic programming is a valuable tool to solve problems nonlinear in the control, and containing stochastic elements and discontinuous functions. Kennedy reviews applications of this approach to a variety of natural resource problems. Numerical dynamic programming, while ca
Suppression of wear in cyclically loaded polycrystalline silicon MEMS via a thin silicon carbide coating

The surfaces of a microfabricated polysilicon test structure, designed to measure adhesion forces in MEMS, were modified with a thin (∼50 nm) silicon carbide coating to take advantage of the outstanding tribological, electrical, and chemical properties of polycrystalline SiC (polySiC). Adhesion forces in polySiC-coated interfaces as a function of apparent area of contact have been determined quantitatively and compared to those in uncoated polycrystalline silicon (polySi) contacts. A detailed study of changes in physico-chemical surface properties after >100 billion contact cycles is also presented, highlighting suppression of wear upon SiC coating.
Hollywood Sperm Donors

Sociologist Margaret K. Nelson explores how Hollywood has portrayed the use of assisted reproductive technologies. She argues that these new technologies have the potential to transform the nuclear family as we know it; however, popular films glorify romantic love and traditional family structures.
Volumetric In Vivo Imaging of Microvascular Perfusion Within the Intact Cochlea in Mice Using Ultra-High Sensitive Optical Microangiography

Studying the inner ear microvascular dynamics is extremely important to understand the cochlear function and to further advance the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of many otologic disorders. However, there is currently no effective imaging tool available that is able to access the blood flow within the intact cochlea. In this paper, we report the use of an ultrahigh sensitive optical micro-angiography (UHS-OMAG) imaging system to image 3-D microvascular perfusion within the intact cochlea in living mice. The UHS-OMAG image system used in this study is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, which uses a broadband light source centered at 1300 nm with an imaging rate of 47\thinspace 000 A-scans/s, capable of acquiring high-resolution B scans at 300 frames/s. The technique is sensitive enough to image very slow blood flow velocities, such as those found in capillary networks. The 3-D imaging acquisition time for a whole cochlea is ~ 4.1 s. We demonstrate that volumetric reconstruction of microvascular flow obtained by UHS-OMAG provides a comprehensive perfusion map of several regions of the cochlea, including the otic capsule, the stria vascularis of the apical and middle turns and the radiating arterioles that emanate from the modiolus.
Advanced Topics in Matrix Algebra

In this chapter we build on the basic matrix theory we learned in Chap. 6 and present a number of advanced topics. The techniques and tools we acquire will prove quite useful in many areas of mathematics, economics, computation, and particularly, econometrics. The knowledge of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in Sect. 7.4 are crucial for understanding and solving systems of differential equations in Chap. 17. Such equations, in turn, play an important role in macroeconomic analysis. We shall learn several ways of factoring a matrix into two matrices, techniques which are of immense importance for efficient computation.
A Story About People and Porpoises: Consensus-Based Decision Making in the Shadow of Political Action

Professionally facilitated multi-stakeholder meetings of marine mammal Take Reduction Teams, such as the Harbor Porpoise Take Reduction Team, are mandated by the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. These meetings employ consensus-based decision-making to create policies to safeguard marine mammals. This opportunistic case study examines the history of the Harbor Porpoise Take Reduction Team multi-stakeholder group, and policy decisions the team made to address harmful interactions between harbor porpoises and the New England and mid-Atlantic groundfish fishery. For more than a decade, stakeholders regularly met to create regulations designed to mitigate the accidental entanglement of harbor porpoises in gillnets, called bycatch. A series of disruptions, including a new political appointee and the addition of new team members, altered how stakeholders interacted with one another and how regulations were implemented. These shocks to the formerly well-functioning team, placed the future of consensus-based policy creation at risk. Lessons from this case study can be applied to increase understanding of how multi-stakeholder methods, which are incorporated into many regulatory decision-making processes operate in practice and illustrate the fragile nature of long-standing consensus.
Homozygous mdm2 SNP309 cancer cells with compromised transcriptional elongation at p53 target genes are sensitive to induction of p53-independent cell death

// Melissa Rosso 1 , Alla Polotskaia 1 , Jill Bargonetti 1 1 The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College at The Belfer Research Building and The Graduate Center Biology PhD Program, CUNY, New York, NY 10021, USA Correspondence to: Jill Bargonetti, e-mail: bargonetti@genectr.hunter.cuny.edu Keywords: MDM2, p53, chromatin, transcription elongation, 8-amino-adenosine Received: April 07, 2015 Accepted: September 07, 2015 Published: September 19, 2015 ABSTRACT A single nucleotide polymorphism (T to G) in the mdm2 P2 promoter, mdm2 SNP309, leads to MDM2 overexpression promoting chemotherapy resistant cancers. Two mdm2 G/G SNP309 cancer cell lines, MANCA and A875, have compromised wild-type p53 that co-localizes with MDM2 on chromatin. We hypothesized that MDM2 in these cells inhibited transcription initiation at the p53 target genes p21 and puma . Surprisingly, following etoposide treatment transcription initiation occurred at the compromised target genes in MANCA and A875 cells similar to the T/T ML-1 cell line. In all cell lines tested there was equally robust recruitment of total and initiated RNA polymerase II (Pol II). We found that knockdown of MDM2 in G/G cells moderately increased expression of subsets of p53 target genes without increasing p53 stability. Importantly, etoposide and actinomycin D treatments increased histone H3K36 trimethylation in T/T, but not G/G cells, suggesting a G/G correlated inhibition of transcription elongation. We therefore tested a chemotherapeutic agent (8-amino-adenosine) that induces p53-independent cell death for higher clinically relevant cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that T/T and G/G mdm2 SNP309 cells were equally sensitive to 8-amino-adenosine induced cell death. In conclusion for cancer cells overexpressing MDM2, targeting MDM2 may be less effective than inducing p53-independent cell death.
“The thing itself”: Using literary criticism techniques in teaching qualitative research through dissertation advising:

Dissertation advising is a form of teaching that takes place one-to-one rather than in the classroom. Although there have been monographs and journal articles on dissertation advising from a number...
Pathology of Haemonchus contortus in New World camelids in the southeastern United States a retrospective review

Most small ruminant farms in tropical climates are plagued by Haemonchus contortus, a hematophagous, abomasal parasite. Heavy burdens of this parasite can cause anemia, hypoproteinemia, weight loss, and mortality in susceptible animals. Haemonchus contortus is becoming a major health concern in New World camelids as well, namely llamas (Llama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos), yet little research has been conducted regarding its prevalence or pathology in these species. Herein, we present a retrospective review of llamas and alpacas that were admitted to The University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Athens Diagnostic Laboratory between the years 2002 and 2013. Antemortem fecal egg count (FEC) estimates performed on 30 alpacas were negatively correlated with hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count. Total protein was not significantly correlated with FEC. On postmortem examination, 55 of 198 camelids, including 2 from the aforementioned antemortem review, were infected with H. contortus, with llamas (42.6%) having a significantly higher infection rate than alpacas (22.2%). In 15.7% of the total cases, the parasite was the major cause of death. Common gross lesions included peritoneal, thoracic, and pericardial effusions, visceral pallor, subcutaneous edema, and serous atrophy of fat. Histologic lesions included centrilobular hepatic necrosis, hepatic atrophy, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of the mucosa of the third gastric compartment (C3), extramedullary hematopoiesis in both the liver and spleen, and the presence of nematodes in C3. Our study emphasizes the importance of H. contortus diagnosis and herd monitoring in New World camelids, particularly llamas.
Commentary-Lessons from Nature: Enhancing the Adaptable Potential of Service Ecosystems

Organisms and species have evolved through adaptation and extinction for over a billion years. Service science can learn from this large library of success and failure because species interact and struggle for survival in biological ecosystems in many of the same way as organizations and other actors behaves in service ecosystems. The authors draw upon their collective knowledge of biological ecosystems, biological evolution, business, and service science to develop an integrated framework, including rules of adaptability, adaptability practices, and guidelines for creating adaptable systems. Collectively, these key lessons from the biological world can be used to help organizations be a vital part of service ecosystems adaptability and can be the catalyst for the emergence of innovation.
Multi-Image Photogrammetry to Record and Reconstruct Underwater Shipwreck Sites

Methods to record shipwreck sites have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Digital technology and marine robotics regularly present faster and more precise ways to excavate, clean, tag, and record ship remains, while computers simplify many of the steps involved in the reconstruction of ships from their archaeological remains. At the same time, the internet is creating opportunities to share primary data in real time and on a wide scale. This paper presents a methodology used by the authors to record and reconstruct the wooden structures of a 19th-century shipwreck in southern Brazil (Lagoa do Peixe site) and of a 16th-century shipwreck in Croatia (the Gnalic shipwreck).
Feeding Behavior of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Larvae on Artificial Diet Containing Bacillus thuringiensis

The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in artificial diet on the feeding behavior of lalvae of the gypsy moth, Lymontria dispar (L.), were measured in both short-term (1 d) and long-term (10 d) tests. In short-term tests, reduced rates of feeding, growth, and digestive efficiency were caused by B. thuringiensis at concentrations that did not kill larvae within the duration of the tests. In long-term tests, larvae given a choice between treated and untreated diets avoided diet containing B. thuringiensis for the first 7 d. After 7 d, increased movement by the larvae apparently obscured effects of B. thuringiensis on the distribution of the larvae. Effects of B. thuringiensis on the feeding behavior of gypsy moth larvae may, therefore, be one reason why high rates of mortality of gypsy moth are difficult to obtain with B. thuringiensis under field conditions.
Bean Beetles Make Biology Research Sexy

We describe a multiweek laboratory exercise that engages students in class-based research related to sexual reproduction, selection, orientation, and operational sex ratios. Specifically, students discuss contemporary research on sex in the bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, and then develop and test hypotheses related to bean beetle sex. Working with bean beetles is inexpensive and logistically manageable, allowing instructors to scale up to large-enrollment courses. In addition, live organisms engage students in meaningful dialogue related to evolution, sex, and the process of science itself.
Adult community musicians’ self-esteem of music ability

The purpose of this study was to describe self-esteem among adult community musicians, and to determine whether group differences in music self-concept were associated with age, gender, or ensemble...
Photoluminescence of Mid-Infrared HgTe Colloidal Quantum Dots

The photoluminescence quantum yield of HgTe colloidal quantum dots is measured from 1800 to 6500 cm–1. There is a steep drop to low energy reminiscent of the generic gap law. However, direct evidence of energy transfer to the C–H stretch and overtone vibrations is apparent when temperature tunes the PL wavelength of a given sample through the vibrational resonances. Calculations based on the radiative rate and resonant energy transfer to the ligand vibrations appear to account for much of the quantum yield drop. Power-dependent photoluminescence lifetime measurements on 3.7 nm particles show fast, ∼50 ps, biexciton lifetime similar to other colloidal quantum dot systems of similar sizes.
The Value of Landmarks in Insect Morphology

The early students of human and comparative anatomy used a sort of hit and miss method in the identification of structures. Time was required for study and exploration to allow for sufficient advancement so that criteria could be established for determining homologies. With the steady advance of anatomical knowledge the identification and establishment of criteria, landmarks, became an important feature. A dictionary of medical terms like that of Gould defines landmarks as “superficial marks, such as eminences, lines, and depressions, that serve as guides to, or indications of deeper seated parts. The knowledge of landmarks is of the utmost importance, both to the surgeon and to the physician.”
Self-limiting and regenerative dynamics of perturbation growth on a vortex column

We study the mechanisms of centrifugal instability and its eventual self-limitation, as well as regenerative instability on a vortex column with a circulation overshoot (potentially unstable) via direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The perturbation vorticity ( ) dynamics are analysed in cylindrical ( ) coordinates in the computationally accessible vortex Reynolds number, , range of 500–12 500, mostly for the axisymmetric mode (azimuthal wavenumber ). Mean strain generates azimuthally oriented vorticity filaments (i.e. filaments with azimuthal vorticity, ), producing positive Reynolds stress necessary for energy growth. This in turn tilts negative mean axial vorticity, (associated with the overshoot), to amplify the filament, thus causing instability. (The initial energy growth rate ( ), peak energy ( ) and time of peak energy ( ) are found to vary algebraically with .) Limitation of vorticity growth, also energy production, occurs as the filament moves the overshoot outward, hence lessening and shifting , while also transporting the core , to the location of the filament. We discover that a basic change in overshoot decay behaviour from viscous to inviscid occurs at . We also find that the overshoot decay time has an asymptotic limit of 45 turnover times with increasing . After the limitation, the filament generates negative Reynolds stress, concomitant energy decay and hence self-limitation of growth; these inviscid effects are enhanced further by viscosity. In addition, the filament transports angular momentum radially inward, which can produce a new circulation overshoot and renewed instability. Energy decays at the studied, but, at higher , regenerative growth of energy is likely due to the renewed mean shearing. New generation of overshoot and Reynolds stress is examined using a helical ( ) perturbation. Regenerative energy growth, possibly resulting in even vortex breakup, can be triggered by this new overshoot at practical ( for trailing vortices), which are currently beyond the computational capability.
The Structure of Consumer Assets: An Exploratory Study:

> It is hypothesized that consumers tend to acquire complementary assets at a rate which equates the change in the cube root of each. Empirical data on annual holdings of consumer stocks are examined for evidence of this relationship. Implications for marketing research are indicated. Marketing analysts have given considerable attention to the study of consumer demand in an attempt to create meaningful models of consumer behavior. Better models would make it possible for the business firm to make improved forecasts and would also provide a basis for marketing policies which would enable the firm to meet consumer needs more effectively. Unique marketing research problems have arisen in analysis of demand for consumer durables. Sales of durables are characterized by cyclical variations and irregularities which reflect the rate at which consumers add to their stocks of goods or replace them. It has long been recognized that among the factors which influence consumers to purchase durables are the amount and condition of durables they already have and of those they would like to have. For this reason, much of the research on this segment of the consumer market has focused on the size and quality of consumer stocks of durables, and the conditions under which consumers increase, decrease, or replace those stocks.1 The purpose of this article is to review briefly the four basic approaches employed in empirical studies of consumer stocks of durables and other assets. Against this background, a hypothesis concerning the amount of assets consumers tend to accumulate will be stated and tested. Implications of these findings for marketing research will be indicated.
BCL6 modulation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia response to chemotherapy

The bone marrow niche has a significant impact on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell phenotype. Of clinical relevance is the frequency with which quiescent leukemic cells, in this niche, survive treatment and contribute to relapse. This study suggests that marrow microenvironment regulation of BCL6 in ALL is one factor that may be involved in the transition between proliferative and quiescent states of ALL cells. Utilizing ALL cell lines, and primary patient tumor cells we observed that tumor cell BCL6 protein abundance is decreased in the presence of primary human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and osteoblasts (HOB). Chemical inhibition, or shRNA knockdown, of BCL6 in ALL cells resulted in diminished ALL proliferation. As many chemotherapy regimens require tumor cell proliferation for optimal efficacy, we investigated the consequences of constitutive BCL6 expression in leukemic cells during co-culture with BMSC or HOB. Forced chronic expression of BCL6 during co-culture with BMSC or HOB sensitized the tumor to chemotherapy induced cell death. Combination treatment of caffeine, which increases BCL6 expression in ALL cells, with chemotherapy extended the event free survival of mice. These data suggest that BCL6 is one factor, modulated by microenvironment derived cues that may contribute to regulation of ALL therapeutic response.
Testicular Mass in Late Adolescence: Not Always Malignant

We present a rare case of cystic dysplasia of the testes in an adolescent boy who presented with testicular pain and found to have a palpable intratesticular mass. Ultrasound revealed an avascular cystic dilation of the testicle. Usually, a palpable intratesticular mass is malignant unless proven otherwise. However, on computed tomography scan, he was found to have agenesis of the ipsilateral kidney and dilation of the ipsilateral seminal vesicle. These findings were consistent with a congenital abnormality, suggesting that the testicular finding was likely cystic dysplasia of the testes, with low malignant potential. Thus, the patient did not undergo radical orchiectomy.
Study on Clock Synchronization Technology for Communication Equipment in Digital Substations

This paper introduces three kinds of time synchronization technologies used by communication equipment in digital substations,and analyses the advantages and disadvantages.It discusses the international standard of IEEE1588 PTP(Precision Time Protocol),and analyses the working modes and put forward the solutions.The redundancy in clock synchronization system is also discussed in the paper.
Experimental study on the hydrothermal synthesis of iron vanadate

The study prepared crystalline FeVO4 by hydrothermal synthesis,X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and SEM were performed to investigate the effect of pH and reaction temperature on precipitates,investigates the influence of the solution pH value and reaction temperature on the precipitation.The results indicated:n(V)/n(Fe)ratio of samples decreased with the increase of pH value;the best conditions of hydrothermal synthesis obtained were reaction temperature at 160 ℃,pH 1.5-4,n(V)/n(Fe)=1,and the standing time of 120 min,under such condition,the V/Fe molar ratio of precipitates was 1and the precipitates were regularly spherical in the shape with fine grain size.
Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal 1930–1985: Capital and contingencies of postcolonial politics

In short, property rights were politicized rather than privatized in many parts of colonial and postcolonial Africa, and strategies of accumulation tended to be directed towards building up power over resources rather than increasing their productivity. Sara Berry 1984:92 Colonialism bore stark testimony to Europeans' readiness to use state power, through military force if need be, to gain in sub-Saharan Africa what the “invisible hand” of the market had not delivered. The force of armies, tax collectors, and colonial police was used to capture labor, commodities, and markets. Economic access and power so secured were maintained in the same way. The state played a central role in defining terms of exchange and creating discriminatory patterns of access to economic resources, just as it has since independence. Metropolitan and local colonial administrations worked to implant and maintain monopolies, broadly defined as “more or less exclusive control over resources or markets and the prevention of free competition,” to shelter colonial interests from international and African competition. They were decidedly nonliberal in both theory and practice. Where they could, colonial regimes imposed or reinforced political controls over factors of production or access to them, over opportunities for private capital accumulation, and over internal markets.
The Family Life Cycle: Still a Useful Concept in Marketing?

The Family Life Cycle (FLC) concept was developed in the 1950s by sociologists and has been used in marketing in studies of consumer behavior and segmentation. This paper uses the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 1980 Census of Population and Housing to explore the extent to which the FLC model reflects current social realities. The study concludes that as important sectors of society are not included in the model, its usefulness in todays world is doubtful. The Household, rather than the family, is suggested as the preferred unit of analysis.
Local Model Predictive Control for T–S Fuzzy Systems

In this paper, a new linear matrix inequality-based model predictive control (MPC) problem is studied for discrete-time nonlinear systems described as Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems. A recent local stability approach is applied to improve the performance of the proposed MPC scheme. At each time ${k}$ , an optimal state-feedback gain that minimizes an objective function is obtained by solving a semidefinite programming problem. The local stability analysis, the estimation of the domain of attraction, and feasibility of the proposed MPC are proved. Examples are given to demonstrate the advantages of the suggested MPC over existing approaches.
Limitations Concerning On-Line Scheduling Algorithms for Overloaded Real-Time Systems

Abstract With respect to on-line scheduling algorithms that must direct the service of sporadic task requests we quantify the benefit of possessing knowledge concerning the timing of future events. Consider the problem of preemptively scheduling sporadic task requests in a uniprocessor environment. If a task request is successfully scheduled to completion, a value equal to the request’s execution time is obtained; otherwise a value of zero is obtained. We prove that no on-line scheduling algorithm can guarantee a cumulative value greater than (√2—1) times the value obtainable by a clairvoyant scheduler, i.e., we prove a performance guarantee limitation of 41.4%. Over intervals where the loading factor does not exceed one the performance guarantee limitation is 100%. As the loading factor exceeds one we show that the performance guarantee limitation immediately drops to 61.8%. and as the loading factor increases from one to two, we show that the performance guarantee limitation falls from 61.8%; to 41.4%. Beyond two the performance guarantee limitation remains at 41.4%.
Advocacy Coalition for Safer Sex in the Adult Film Industry: The Case of Los Angeles County's Measure B.

Background. Performers in the adult film industry are routinely exposed to bloodborne pathogens. In 2012, public health advocates in Los Angeles County convinced voters to pass a ballot initiative—...