cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous seizure frequency and avoidance conditioning in monkeys.

UMMARY The spontaneous motor seizure-frequency of aluminum-hydroxide, cerebrally injected, rhesus monkeys was recorded automatically during weeks of short daily avoidance conditioning and during control weeks of no conditioning. The finding of increased seizure-frequency during weeks of avoidance conditioning but at times other than the conditioning itself, supports an hypothesis of an emotional activation of seizures. Since the increased number of seizures of all subjects occurred mainly when the electric shocks of avoidance conditioning were absent, the problems of hyperventilation and direct afferent precipitation of seizures were by-passed. The increase in seizures was temporary and the subjects tended to re-establish their baseline frequencies during control weeks. REUME Chez le singe rhesus, on a enregistre avec des methodes automatiques, les crises motrices spontanees-consecutives a l'injection intracerebrale d'hydroxyde d'alumine, survenant pendant des semaines de bref conditionnement d'evitement quotidien et pendant des semaines de controle sans conditionnement. L'augmentation de la frequence des crises pendant les semaines de conditionnement d'evitement, mais en dehors du conditionnement lui-meme, est en faveur de l'hypothese d'une activation des crises par des facteurs emotifs. L'augmentation des crises survenant chez tous les sujets, essentiellement en dehors des chocs electriques du conditionnement d'evitement, eliminait la possibilite que les crises fussent facilitees par l'hyperpnee et par des stimulations afferentielles. L'augmentation des crises etait transitoire et les crises revenaient a leur frequence habituelle pendant les semaines de controle.
On Error Performance Improvements of Passive UHF RFID Systems via Syndrome Decoding

In this paper, the error performance of the tag-to-reader link of a passive UHF (Electronic Product Code - EPC - Generation 2) RFID system is examined. An error-correcting technique is introduced that is based on the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits transmitted by the tag with backscatter biphase-M (or FM0) modulation. The proposed technique uses a look-up table that allows the correction of single errors in the received EPC. Numerical results, using additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and flat Rayleigh fading channel models, show that a better performance is obtained, in the sense of either reducing the error rate or increasing the distance between tag and reader.
SUMMARY PAPER AT PARIS CONFERENCE ON IV-VI COMPOUNDS, JULY 1968

A review is given of the present status of several of the main areas of investigation of the IV-VI compounds, with the emphasis placed on problems that still have to be solved.
Establishing predictors of latitude of acceptance‐rejection and attitudinal intensity: A comparison of assumptions of social judgment and authoritarian personality theories

Differing assumptions from Social Judgment Theory on the authoritarian personality concerning latitudes of acceptance‐rejection and prime attitudes were tested. Factor analyses indicated that people exhibit regularities in width of latitudes and prime attitudinal position across topics and sources. Dogmatism was not a particularly useful predictor and again demonstrated a leftist bias. Liberalism‐Conservatism predicted attitudinal position but was not a predictor of latitude width in most cases. Results are discussed in terms of problems with the Dogmatism instrument and extensions of Social Judgment Theory are urged.
RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS (RPA) AND CELLULITIS RESPONSE TO THERAPY: A 10 YEAR EXPERIENCE

Pediatric patients with retropharyngeal infection were evaluated to define the disease and outcome in an era of potent antimicrobials and to compare to previous reports. Clinical course and radiographic findings for all pediatric cases (1976-1986) were studied retrospectively. The 7 males and 3 females ranged from 10m to 19y (mean 6.6 y). Symptoms in the 10, present a mean of 3 d before admission, included feeding problems (7), sore throat (6), dysphagia (5), stiff neck (4), drooling (3) and voice changes (2). Signs in 10 patients included cervical swelling (10) unilateral in (7); fever >38.5°C (7); oropharyngeal swelling (7); and stridor (1). Sedimentation rates averaged 58 mm/h in 5/5. Mean WBC was elevated in all 10, with 6> 15,000/mm3. Radiographic evidence of RPA was present in 7/9 lateral neck x-rays. Parenteral penicillinasc resistant beta lactams resolved fever rapidly (only 1 beyond 2 d); clinical improvement occurred in 2 d. Spontaneously drainage occurred before or at initial evaluation without complications in 3; 1 required surgical drainage. S. aureus was isolated from nasopharynx or throat of 4, Group A streptococcus from 1. None were bactcremic. These patients differed from earlier reports in older age, infrequcncy of stridor, more frequent more throat and dysphagia, and shorter duration of symptoms before evaluation. Improvement on antimicrobial therapy without drainage of an abscess in 6 patients may indicate cellulitis rather than abscess and/or may relate to early use of antimicrobials.
Corethrella (Diptera: Corethrellidae) of North America north of Mexico: distribution and morphology of immature stages.

The reported geographical range of Corethrella appendiculata Grabham is extended northward, of C. brakeleyi (Coquillett) westward, and of C. wirthi Stone northward and westward. All North American localities from which specimens of Corethrella have been collected are below 152 m in elevation, with three exceptions. The egg of C. appendiculata and the egg, larva, and pupa of C. wirthi are described and illustrated. Keys to the known larvae and pupae are presented.
Experiments on the artificial rearing of the Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus maeoticus)

Abstract Experiments on the artificial rearing of the Black Sea turbot ( Scophthalmus maeoticus maeoticus ) were carried out in 1974. The eggs were obtained both from fish which had been held in tanks and from trawl-caught spawners. The larvae were reared in 2-m 3 tanks and 60-l trays. Due consideration was given to the experience gained by Jones (1973), Alderson and Bromley (1973) and Howell (1973) who had used composite culture of unicellular algae, rotifers and the larvae of Scophthalmus maximus L. The unicellular algae chosen for the experiments were Dunaliella tertiolecta, D. viridis, Platymonas viridis , Nephrochloris salina and Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the rotifer was Brachionus plicatilis . All the larvae changed over to active feeding on rotifers at the same time. On the 6th day after hatching Artemia salina nauplii were added to the tanks. By the 16th day after hatching the larvae reached 7 mm in length (some were 10 mm and over) and assumed a flat body shape. Mass mortality occurred at the stage when the swim bladder fills with air. Attempts to rear the larvae through metamorphosis failed. Rearing in trays was not succesful; growth rate was low (maximum length of 4.25 mm) and all the larvae died between 8 and 10 days after hatching.
Perceptual Grouping Produced by Changes in Orientation and Shape

The relative effectiveness of changes in orientation and shape in producing perceptual grouping has been stuidied using a method based on threshold judgments. Statistical analyses of the threshold vallues show that rotating some of the figures in afield from a vertical position to a slant of 45° facilitates segregating the field into separate perceptual groups. In contrast, changes in the shape or orientation of these figures, which leave their component lines vertical and hlorizontal, do not reliably aid grouipinig. The results also suggest that the simli-larity of the figures comtposing the field is not a good predictor of the degree to which the figures will cohere to form distinct perceptual groups.
Abnormal electron spin echo and multiple-quantum coherence in a spin-correlated radical pair system

The phenomena of the abnormal “out-of-phase” electron spin echo in a photo-induced spin-correlated radical pair system are examined theoretically. It is shown that such abnormal phenomena are a consequence of initial non-Boltzmann distribution and zero-quantum coherence produced by laser excitation. The analysis of echo amplitude versus the pulse-angle of the microwave pulse reveals two sources for the formation of the echo. The method of excitation and detection of multiple-quantum coherence using a phase-cycled 2-pulse sequence is also discussed. Such a technique is complementary to the ESE method.
Mechanism of formation of fluted void superstructures in the coagulation of wet spun fibers and application to membranes

An experimental study is reported of the origins of fluted void structures in wet spun fibers. Optical microscopy studies of the interaction of spinning solutions and coagulating bath liquids suggest these voids originate in a fingering phenomenon occurring at the interface. Further studies show that this fingering effect is generally independent of the presence of the polymer and dependent on the two low molecular weight liquids alone. In the systems investigated it is found that the occurrence of the fingering is associated with a critical value of the heat of solution. It is argued that the fingering and associated fluted void structures in wet spun fibers are due to a “Thomson-Marangoni” type interfacial instability. This can be justified using the theory of hydrodynamic stability. Fluted void structures produced in asymmetric membranes probably have a similar origin.
Collisions of the Second Kind and their Effect on the Field in the Positive Column of a Glow Discharge in Mixtures of the Rare Gases

A study was made of the collision processes in the uniform positive column of a glow discharge in mixtures composed of two of the rare gases, helium, neon and argon and a mixture of each of these gases with mercury vapor, by means of measurements of the electric field and by spectroscopic observations. The discharge tube was of cylindrical form, 4.4 cm in diameter, with plane parallel electrodes The electrode distance could be varied from zero to 32 cm by means of an external electromagnet. The phenomena were studied with currents from 20 to 40 m.a. and pressures from 5 to 30 mm of mercury. The mixtures were circulated through the discharge tube and a purifying system during the entire time that observations were being made. It was very important to maintain extreme purity of the gases. The results show that the electrical and spectral characteristics of the uniform positive column in mixtures of monatomic gases can be explained principally in terms of collisions of the second kind between the ions or metastable atoms of one gas and the neutral atoms of the other. The effect of limitation of electron velocities is insufficient to explain the results, and its effect is shown to be negligible as compared with collisions of the second kind when the concentration of one gas is very small. The necessary condition for a large effect to be produced in the electrical and spectral characteristics of the positive column by a small percentage of one gas added to another is that a close resonance exists between the metastable states of the main gas and the ionization potential or excited states of the added gas atom or ion. By the introduction of as little as 0.4 percent neon or argon into helium, a marked increase in the electric field is produced, and the spectrum emitted is changed almost completely from the arc spectrum of helium to that of neon or argon respectively. The addition of mercury vapor at room temperature to neon caused a decrease of 45 percent in the field while the addition of mercury to either argon or helium produced a small increase. In the cases where the excitation and ionization potentials of the added gas were above the metastable states of the main gas, no reactions between the two gases could occur to affect the concentration of metastable atoms. In these cases practically no change in either the spectral or electrical characteristics were observed upon adding a small amount of one gas to another. However, in larger proportions the change produced in the field was proportional to the amounts of the two gases and the difference between the field in each of the pure gases. This result is accounted for mainly by the difference in the energy of the ionization processes in the two gases by electron impact.
A Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Based on Reconciling Cloud Layer Amounts Inferred from Satellites and Radiosonde Humidity Profiles

Abstract To diagnose how cloud processes feed back on weather- and climate-scale variations of the atmosphere requires determining the changes that clouds produce in the atmospheric diabatic heating by radiation and precipitation at the same scales of variation. In particular, not only the magnitude of these changes must be quantified but also their correlation with atmospheric temperature variations; hence, the space–time resolution of the cloud perturbations must be sufficient to account for the majority of these variations. Although extensive new global cloud and radiative flux datasets have recently become available, the vertical profiles of clouds and consequent radiative flux divergence have not been systematically measured covering weather-scale variations from about 100 km, 3 h up to climate-scale variations of 10 000 km, decadal inclusive. By combining the statistics of cloud layer occurrence from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and an analysis of radiosonde humidity...
Selected Enzyme Activities and Isoenzyme Patterns of Virus-Infected Cell Cultures

SummarySpecific enzyme activities and isoenzyme patterns were determined in cell-free extracts from uninfected and virus-infected mammalian cultures. Samples were harvested at intervals prior to the appearance of morphologic changes in the cells, Two enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, 2 of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, 1 in the hexose monophosphate shunt, and 4 hydrolytic enzymes were tested. Enzyme assays revealed differences in specific activities from infected cells as compared to controls. The main differences occurred during the early stages of contact between virus and cells and at a late time period when viral particles were accumulating in the cells. The malate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns from cultures infected with pseudorabies virus and harvested just prior to the appearance of morphologic changes had a different pattern than those of comparable uninfected cultures. The difference involved a predominance of the anodal band with some deletion of the bands that remained closer to the origin.
Bolstering and restoring feelings of competence via the IKEA effect

Abstract We examine the underlying process behind the IKEA effect, which is defined as consumers' willingness to pay more for self-created products than for identical products made by others, and explore the factors that influence both consumers' willingness to engage in self-creation and the utility that they derive from such activities. We propose that creating products fulfills consumers' psychological need to signal competence to themselves and to others, and that feelings of competence associated with self-created products lead to their increased valuation. We demonstrate that the feelings of competence that arise from assembling products mediate their increased value (Experiment 1), that affirming consumers' sense of self decreases the value they derive from their creations (Experiment 2), and that threatening consumers' sense of self increases their propensity to make things themselves (Experiments 3A and 3B).
A unique, (almost) unaltered spinel-rich fine-grained inclusion in Kainsaz

A unique, spinel-rich, extremely porous fine-grained inclusion in the Kainsaz (CO3) meteorite is reported. This inclusion is the least altered fine-grained inclusion yet discovered, having escaped almost entirely the secondary alterations experienced by Allende fine-grained inclusions. The inclusion is comprised of loosely packed 5-30 microns spinel grains mantled by thin layers of melilite, anorthite, and diopsidic pyroxene. The inclusion, which has over 30 vol pct void space, is one of the most spinel-rich, most porous fine-grained inclusions seen to date. The mineralogy of the inclusion matches that which has been predicted for a precursor of the altered mineral assemblages of Allende fine-grained inclusions, though a lack of interstitial material in the Kainsaz inclusion reduces the likelihood of a direct genetic relationship between the two (Allende fine-grained inclusions contain abundant interstitial material). Its mineralogical composition confirms that the precursors of other, more altered, fine-grained inclusions were assemblages of refractory minerals exclusively.
A National Initiative of Teaching, Researching, and Dreaming: Community College Faculty Research in “Achieving the Dream” Colleges

Dating back to 2004, the Achieving the Dream initiative was established to promote evidence-based programs and interventions to produce and sustain student success. Achieving the Dream has created a new environment and new forms of thinking among the faculty that have spurred some to action research within their classrooms and beyond. Using three vignettes, this chapter presents how the Achieving the Dream initiative has fostered faculty research.
Ionic Electroactive Polymer Actuators for On-Chip Sample Processing Integrated With Microflow Cytometer

As interest in and potential uses for microfluidic and optofluidic analytical techniques grows, the need for on-chip, automated sample processing becomes increasingly important because this aspect is critical to allowing the devices to be commercially feasible and practical. One such design that implements on-chip processing is using ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators to perform mixing of particles in the microchannel and using a single magnet positioned beneath the channel to trap the magnetic beads. IEAP actuators consist of a central ionic membrane with conductive network composite (CNC) layers on either side. Gold electrodes placed on the outside of CNC layers are connected to a metal anode and cathode. When subjected to an electric field, the ions in the actuator move, electromechanically causing the entire length of the actuator to flex [1]. Although most actuators to date have been developed for use in air rather than in solutions, we have adapted previously developed actuators by optimizing their electromechanical functions to suit our needs and coating them in a protective film. The actuators are embedded in a microchannel in different configurations, which are then tested to determine which configuration most effectively trapped, mixed, and released the magnetic beads. The most effective configuration will subsequently be used to perform automated sample processing for an assay.
SALIENCE: THE KEY TO THE SELECTION PROBLEM IN NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION

We argue that in domains where a strong notion of salience can be defined, it can be used to provide: (1) an elegant solution to the selection problem, i.e. the problem of how to decide whether a given fact should or should not be mentioned in the text; and (2) a simple and direct control framework for the entire deep generation process, coordinating proposing, planning, and realization. (Deep generation involves reasoning about conceptual and rhetorical facts, as opposed to the narrowly linguistic reasoning that takes place during realization.) We report on an empirical study of salience in pictures of natural scenes, and its use in a computer program that generates descriptive paragraphs comparable to those produced by people.
Creating a Performance-Based Asphalt Mix Design to Incorporate Oil Sand

The sustainability of pavement projects can be improved by incorporating locally available materials. It has been shown that successful utilization of local materials is beneficial for the local economy, the environment, the contractor, and the owner. However, the use of innovative materials is often inhibited by current methodspecifications. The objective of this research was to use performance-based testing and modern mix design tools to develop a special provision allowing for the use of oil sand in a bituminous pavement. Oil sand is a naturally occurring petroleum deposit comprised of heavy bitumen, sand, clay and water. The largest oil sand deposits, located in western Canada, are well known for crude oil production from oil sand. Oil sand is also available throughout the United States in smaller deposits where converting oil sand to crude oil is not feasible. In certain areas immediately surrounding oil sand deposits, contractors have been paving with oil sand asphalt mixtures for over a century; even though, modern mix-design methods have not been used to characterize these mixtures. To address this need and allow for contractors to use oil sand pavements on state funded jobs, a special provision was created for the Utah Department of Transportation utilizing oil sand from eastern Utah. The steps followed to create this provision were: oil sand characterization, volumetric-mix design, and laboratory testing. The oil sand was characterized by determining the bitumen content, the gradation, and temperature susceptibility. The mix design was created following a procedure similar to the method used to gap-graded hot mix asphalt. The special provision created from this research outlines the required oil sand characterization and laboratory testing that must be completed to design an oil sand asphalt pavement. Although this research concentrated on incorporating oil sand into bituminous mixtures, the methodology developed could be extended to provide a performance based testing framework to any innovative material.
Eye position feedback in a model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex for spino-cerebellar ataxia 6

The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive instability of posture and gait, incoordination, ocular motor dysfunction, and dysarthria due to degeneration of cerebellar and brainstem neurons. Recent studies have established that there are more than 16 genetically distinct subtypes. Clinical observations suggest that eye movements and postural stability are universally but differentially impaired in the SCAs. The aim of the present work was to study the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in SCA6 patients to understand the pathophysiology of the VOR due to cerebellar Purkinje cell degeneration. The VOR was recorded in patients with genetically defined SCA6 during rotation in the dark. Severely affected subjects had an intact VOR, but there were quantitative differences in the gain and dynamics compared to normal controls. During angular velocity ramp rotations, there was a reversal in the direction of the VOR that was more pronounced in SCA6 compared to controls. Modeling studies indicate that abnormal feedback of an eye position signal into the velocity storage network can account for this reversal. These and other results will help to identify features that are diagnostic for SCA subtypes and provide new information about selective vulnerability of neurons controlling vestibular reflexes.
ADAPTATION OF CUTANEOUS TACTILE RECEPTORS : V. THE RELEASE OF POTASSIUM FROM FROG SKIN BY MECHANICAL STIMULATION.

Potassium is released from the epithelial cells of frog's skin on stimulation by an interrupted air jet. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that potassium is involved in the adaptation of the tactile nerve endings in frog's skin.
Direct simulation of particle dispersion in a decaying isotropic turbulence

Results of a numerical investigation of the dispersion of solid particles in decaying isotropic turbulence are presented. The 3D time-dependent velocity field of a homogeneous nonstationary turbulence is computed using the method of direct numerical simulation (DNS). The dispersion characteristics of three different solid particles (corn, copper, and glass) injected in the flow are obtained by integrating the complete equation of particle motion along the instantaneous trajectories of 22-cubed particles for each particle type, and then by performing ensemble averaging. Good agreement was achieved between the present DNS results and the measured time development of the mean-square displacement of the particles. Questions of how and why the dispersion statistics of a solid particle differ from those of its corresponding fluid point and surrounding fluid and what influences inertia and gravity have on these statistics are also discussed.
Clusters of Marijuana Use in the United States

In this study, the authors test for and estimate the clustering of marijuana use within United States neighborhoods, making use of data from annual nationally representative household sample surveys conducted during the period 1990-1995. A recently developed statistical method, alternating logistic regression, was used to quantify the clustering of marijuana users in neighborhoods. The resulting estimates of pairwise odds ratios ranged from 1.3 (95% confidence interval 1.22-1.42) for the lifetime history of marijuana use to 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.6-2.6) for recent sharing of marijuana from one person to another. Exploratory analysis showed a slight decrease of clustering effects after adjustment for individual-level covariates: age, sex, race, education, annual family income, and history of tobacco use. Nevertheless, the main factors that account for clustering remain to be determined. Alternating logistic regression provided useful estimates of marijuana use clustering and can be used to estimate clustering of the other drug-related behavior, including sharing of needle injection equipment and other human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors. As a form of multilevel analysis, the alternating logistic regression can accommodate shared, community-level characteristics that might influence drug taking (e.g., collective efficacy), as well as individual-level covariates, such as age and sex.
Neocortical Cell Migration: GABAergic Neurons and Cells in Layers I and VI Move in a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5-Independent Manner

The adult mammalian cerebral cortex arises from a complex series of neuronal migrations. The primitive layer known as the preplate is split into an outer marginal zone and an inner subplate by invading cortical plate neurons in an “inside-out” pattern of layering with respect to time of neuronal origin. In cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-deficient mice ( cdk5 −/−), the earliest born cortical neurons split the preplate, but later born neurons arrest below the subplate, resulting in an ectopic “outside-in” layer of neurons normally destined for layers II–V. We have pursued this analysis in cdk5 −/− ↔ wild-type chimeric mice coupled with experiments in cell culture. In vitro migration assays show no difference in migrational ability between embryonic cdk5 −/− and wild-type neurons. In cdk5 −/− chimeras, layers I and VI are made up of both mutant and wild-type genotype neurons, whereas layers II–V contain predominantly wild-type cells. In addition, a thin layer of neurons is found below layer VI, made up of cdk5 −/− cells; bromodeoxyuridine labeling suggests that these neurons were destined for layers II–V. Scattered cdk5 −/− cells are found throughout layers II–V, but these neurons are always found to be GABAergic. The findings suggest that Cdk5 is not required for migration of either the deepest cortical plate neurons or the GABAergic neurons from the ganglionic eminences. The migration of layer II–V pyramidal neurons, however, is intrinsically blocked by Cdk5 deficiency, thus suggesting that different neuronal cell types use distinct mechanisms of migration.
Amygdala Is Critical for Stress-Induced Modulation of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation and Learning

Stress is a biologically significant factor shown to influence synaptic plasticity and memory functioning in the hippocampus. This study examined the role of the amygdala, a brain structure implicated in coordinating stress behaviors and modulating memory consolidation, in mediating stress effects on hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory in rats. Electrolytic lesions of the amygdala effectively blocked the adverse physiological and behavioral effects of restraint and tailshock stress, without impeding the increase in corticosterone secretion to stress. Physiologically, hippocampal slices from stressed animals exhibited impaired LTP relative to slices from unstressed control animals, whereas hippocampal slices from stressed animals with amygdalar lesions exhibited normal LTP. Behaviorally, stressed animals were impaired in retention of a hippocampal-dependent hidden platform version of the Morris water maze task, and this impairment was blocked by amygdalar lesions. In a fixed location-visible platform water maze task that can be acquired by independent hippocampal and nonhippocampal memory systems, stress enhanced the use of nonhippocampal-based memory to acquire the task. These results indicate that an intact amygdala is necessary for the expression of the modulatory effects of stress on hippocampal LTP and memory.
Cross-correlation technique to identify activated pixels in a three-condition fMRI task

Most fMRI studies are conducted with a stimulus "on" and a stimulus "off" or control state to delineate pixels activated during a two-condition presentation. We have developed a multiple reference function based novel cross-correlation technique that is not restricted to two conditions but could be applied to delineate pixels activated in multi-condition tasks. A logic-based analysis to form functional images, where each pixel is uniquely assigned to an image based on which reference function produced the highest correlation-coefficient for that pixel, has also been developed. Both steady-state and event-related fMRI studies have been conducted. Using steady-state motor stimulation as an example with right and left hand movements representing conditions 1 and 2, and no movement representing condition 3, results of images generated through a three-condition processing technique are in good agreement with those generated through two separate two-condition experiments. Similarly, the results of right and left finger flexions in a multi-condition event-related study show that the logic based correlation coefficient approach provides unique information about the activation characteristics of individual pixels.
Nesting density and reproductive success of piping plovers in response to storm- and human-created habitat changes.

Abstract The threatened population of Atlantic Coast piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) has increased under intensive management of predation and disturbance. However, the relative importance of habitat quality, nest predation, and chick predation in population dynamics and reproductive success of this species are poorly understood. We examined effects of breeding-habitat alterations, predation, and breeding phenology on population size, habitat use, and reproductive output of piping plovers from 1993 to 2004. We studied piping plovers at a newly colonized site (West Hampton Dunes [WHD]) on a New York, USA, barrier island, and an adjacent reference site (REF) with a long-standing population. We monitored population size and reproductive success; determined chick habitat use and behavior; and monitored changes in habitat availability, prey abundance, and predator presence. Resource agencies managed predation by mammal trapping and by fencing nests with predator exclosures in some years. Following storm- a...
Seasonal Variation in Understory Light Near a Gap Edge and Its Association with Conifer Seedling Survival in a Southern New England Forest

Abstract - Forest edge-generated gradients in understory light are known to influence the survival of tree seedlings in North American deciduous forests, but the seasonality of that influence has not been investigated for the forests of southern New England. We examined the winter versus summer difference in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmitted through a southern New England forest canopy in the vicinity of a large experimental canopy gap and investigated if this difference influenced the survival of Pinus strobus L. (White Pine) and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Eastern Hemlock) seedlings along a gap—forest gradient using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models. The mean and the spatial distribution of winter understory PAR transmittance (%T) across the gap—forest gradient were significantly different from those of summer %T. Distance from gap edge into the forest and variability in %T during the winter months were associated with the survival of White Pine seedli...
Immunoincompatibility Reactions in Corals (Coelenterata)

Immunorecognition of allogeneic tissue followed by incompatibility reactions now appears characteristic of the Coelenterata or Cnidaria. Indeed, allogeneic incompatibility has been described in controlled experiments with colonial hydroids (1, 2), anthozoans (3), gorgonians (4) and reef-building corals (5). Although the various antagonistic reactions observed appear quasi-immunological in character, the sequential mechanisms of reactivity remain unknown. Coral allografts and even xenografts may persist in intimate soft-tissue contact for prolonged periods before sensitization leads to tissue destruction (5). However, in certain interspecific combinations, early unidirectional tissue killing may occur, suggestive of non-immunological aggression. Both specific and non-specific defense mechanisms may function depending on the circumstances.
B.D. (Before Digital)-A.D. (After Digital)

Abstract Digital storage and information delivery has caused a monumental shift in the way librarians and their patrons think about library space. Before digital (B.D.), space was inextricably tied to volumes of books. After the arrival of digital format (A.D.), digital storage and delivery became paramount in library planning. How we measure our value and function has changed from a physical description (volumes, stacks, centimeters) to a digital one (electronic resources, online journals, PCs, megabytes). We are moving from “volume-think” to “digital-think” as we contemplate changes in space and workflow in the academic library.
Takeover Defenses in the Shadow of the Pill: A Critique of the Scientific Evidence

Two decades of research on poison pills and other takeover defenses does not support the belief - common among legal academics - that defenses reduce firm value. Even by their own terms, defense studies produced weak and inconsistent results, and failed to discriminate among information effects of defense adoptions. But prior studies suffer from serious, previously unrecognized design flaws: (1) pill studies assume pill adoption has an effect on takeover vulnerability and fail to recognize that nearly every firm already has a "shadow pill," making pill adoption relatively unimportant; and (2) all studies fail to account for ways defenses interact, such as the way that the shadow pill has made fair price and supermajority vote provisions unimportant. Not only do these flaws help explain the weak results of such studies, but the flaws are consistent with new evidence on bid outcomes, and recognizing them should improve future research on defenses.
Boeing (E): No Nerds, No Birds the Right Not to Unionize

This series of six cases (labeled A through F, UVA-E-0233 through UVA-E-0238) presents the various dilemmas that arose in the spring of 2001 when engineers at the Seattle-based Boeing Company, unhappy with management decisions, contemplated and undertook a strike, the first "white-collar" work stoppage in the history of American business.
Ground Rice-Hull Ash as a Filler for Rubber

Abstract A ground rice hull ash prepared by a new burning process has been found to be a moderately reinforcing filler for rubber. This filler, 85-90% amorphous silica and 10-15% carbon, is made by a controlled incineration process in which the bulk of the organic components of the rice hulls is removed, leaving the skeletal silica structure of the hull intact and in the amorphous state. The resultant ash is easily ground to produce fine particles, generally in the range of 0.1-2.0 μm. This filler does not adversely affect either the vulcanization characteristics or the aging of SBR, natural rubber, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, neoprene, EPDM, and propylene oxide rubber compounds. As it is predominantly silica, it responds effectively to silane coupling agents in improving properties of the rubber compounds. It is concluded that RHA filler is a satisfactory substitute for MT black and that, in blends with blacks, it can be effectively used as a partial replacement for finer and more reinforcing blacks.
Is Environmental Law Serving Society

In this Insights article, Professors Sam Kalen and Laurie Ristino discuss whether environmental law, which is rooted largely in the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s, provides an effective framework to address current environmental problems or whether a new framework is needed.
Renal Cell Carcinomas: Sonographic Appearance Depending on Size and Histologic Type.

OBJECTIVES Prior studies have demonstrated that approximately 10% of malignant renal cell carcinomas are as echogenic as angiomyolipomas on sonography. However, a recent presentation suggested that small (<1-cm) echogenic renal masses are always angiomyolipomas or other benign entities. We therefore examined our own cases of renal cell carcinoma, with corresponding sonography, to confirm that some renal cell carcinomas may also be detected as hyperechoic masses on sonography. METHODS Institutional Review Board approval and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance were maintained for this retrospective review of 91 pathologically proven cases of renal cell carcinoma, with corresponding sonography. Tumors were first differentiated by histologic cell type (clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe). Tumors were then stratified according to 2 size group parameters, falling into those that were 3 cm or larger and those that were smaller than 3 cm in diameter, with the less than 3-cm group further subdivided into 2 cm or smaller and greater than 2 cm. Tumor echogenicity was graded on a 5-point scale with respect to the renal parenchyma. RESULTS Forty-six tumors (51%) were 3 cm in diameter or smaller, and most were found to be either isoechoic (35%) or mildly hyperechoic (26%) to the surrounding renal parenchyma. Of tumors smaller than 2 cm, most were either mildly hyperechoic (29%) or as hyperechoic as renal sinus fat (very hyperechoic; 29%). Tumors larger than 3 cm were found most often to be either isoechoic (49%) or mildly hyperechoic (33%), with only 4% found to be very hyperechoic. CONCLUSIONS The sonographic appearances of renal cell carcinomas include a small population that are very hyperechoic on sonography and thus could potentially be misdiagnosed as angiomyolipomas.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Sputtering with Mmany-Body Interactions

Many-body forces obtained by the Embedded-Atom Method (EAM) [41 are incorporated into the description of low energy collisions and surface ejection processes in molecular dynamics simulations of sputtering from metal targets. Bombardments of small, single crystal Cu targets (400–500 atoms) in three different orientations ({100}, {110}, {111}) by 5 keV Ar+ ions have been simulated. The results are compared to simulations using purely pair-wise additive interactions. Significant differences in the spectra of ejected atoms are found.
Metabolism of 14 C-labeled Stauffer R-3828 by a steer.

Metabolic studies of 14C-labeled Stauffer R-3828 ( S-(p- Chloro- alpha -phenylbenzyl) O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate), administered orally to a Hereford steer, indicated detoxification proceeds by several pathways, the principal one being the breakdown to chlorobenzhydrol, which conjugates largely with glucuronic acid. However, the discovery of the oxygen analogue of R-3828 and of desethyl derivatives demonstrated that other pathways exist for the breakdown of R-3828. The equilibrium that exists between the amounts of chlorobenzhydrol, chlorobenzophenone, and the glucuronides depends to a large extent on the acid-base relationships and the strength of the glucuronide bond.
Rational Design of Host/Charge Transport Molecules for Blue OLEDs

Charge balance and exciton confinement are key factors in achieving high EQE in OLEDs. We demonstrate that a combination of HTL, ETL and host with appropriate energy levels can provide high EQE. Article not available.
Geometric and Frictional Effects on Sudden Releases

The effects of resistance and channel cross-sectional geometry on the waves of sudden release are investigated. The analytical treatment follows Dressler's approach with the modification that channel cross-sectional geometry is included. Results obtained by the analysis include water surface profiles, mean velocity distribution and trajectory of positive wave front for different Chezy coefficients in rectangular, parabolic and triangular cross-sections.
Design of High-Accuracy Ultrasonic Flowmeter

In order to solve the problems of short propagation path and difficulties in measuring the transit-time when a traditional "Z" ultrasonic flowmeter is used for small caliber measurement,a new ultrasonic flowmeter is designed.Propagation path is extended and the attenuation of ultrasonic intensity is reduced by altering the transducer's installation.The high-precision flowmeter control system is designed by using FPGA as the main-controller and high accuracy timer as the time interval measurement controller.The experiments of constant speed test,alternate flow rate test and gross flow rate test to ultrasonic flowmeter are implemented.The measure accuracy of ultrasonic flowmeter is about 0.5%.
Abundance and size distribution of permanent and temporary farm ponds in the southeastern Great Plains

Using aerial images from the US Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Imagery Program and the US Geological Survey National Hydrology Dataset, we estimated 577 654 farm ponds with surface areas from 0.005 to 1 ha in a 229 489 km 2 region of the southeastern Great Plains (2.52 ponds/km 2 ). Ponds with surface areas from 0.005 to 0.1 ha were the numerically dominant size class in the study region. The distribution of farm pond sizes followed an inverse power law relationship. We estimated 376 209 permanent ponds and 201 445 temporary ponds were in our study area. The ratio of temporary to permanent ponds within a pond size class was inversely related to pond surface area; 47% of ponds with surface areas of 0.005–0.1 ha were temporary, whereas only 13% of ponds with surface areas of 0.91–1 ha were temporary. Because permanent and temporary farm ponds are abundant and have different physicochemical properties and ecological communities, assessments of regional biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in the Great Plains must consider both types of ecosystems.
GIFT: Basic and Clinical Concepts of a New Treatment for Infertility of Various Cases

In 1978, the first baby was born from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), in Oldham, England (1). For Steptoe and Edwards, this fact represented the successful culmination of 10 years of hard work and research. For biologists, embryologists and researchers in Reproductive Medicine, this represented the beginning of a new era involving the handling of human gametes and embryos. It also resulted in improvement of such previously used therapies as intrauterine insemination (IUI) (2), and the development of new ones such as ovum transfer (OT) (3), gamete intrauterine transfer (4), and Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) (5).
The free energy of hydrolysis of diethylphosphoryl acetylcholinesterase.

The equilibrium constant for the reaction of diethylphosphofluoridate with acetylcholinesterase was evaluated by measuring the second-order rate constant for the inhibition of the enzyme and the second-order rate constant for the restoration of enzyme activity, starting with inhibited enzyme and using fluoride as a reactivator. The value at pH 7.0, 25° in terms of total concentrations of reactants is 2.3 x 104. The equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of the diethylphosphoryl enzyme is estimated to be 2 x 105 in terms of total concentrations of reactants at pH 7.0; if diethylphosphoric acid is written in its acidic form, the equilibrium constant is 0.5. This last value is typical of low energy bonds. Assuming that a diethylphosphorylserine side chain is formed, the energy change in the reaction at the active site has the normal value for the bonds involved.
The Mausoleum of Independence

‘Once a Jacobin always a Jacobin,’ Coleridge maintained in 1802. And 1809. And 1818. In itself, the recurrence of this adage might appear to be nothing more than a piece of journalistic ephemera, a detail rightly relegated to the footnotes by various editors of the Collected Works. But the near-pathological obsession Coleridge’s writing belies regarding this curious formulation – repeating or alluding to it, claiming its originality while disclaiming its implications, not once or twice but on numerous occasions between its original appearance in the Morning Post in 1802 and its nth revivification in The Friend in 1818 – suggests that it is more than merely a successfully catchy slogan for (or is it against?) the revolutionary politics of the day. In league with its heretical relation, ‘apostate,’ ‘Jacobin’ emerges in Coleridge’s treatment as a word to watch with skepticism and vigilance. Indeed, the entire phrase, along with the implicit ideological indictment it contains, present us with a prism through which we can observe the numerous refractions not only of Coleridge’s personal politics of the 1790s but also, increasingly, of his transmogrifications of politics into metaphysics in the 1810s.
Are Psychiatrists Ready for Health Care Reform? Findings From the Study of Psychiatric Practice Under Health Care Reform

Objective:This study sought to describe the extent to which psychiatrists, prior to insurance expansions under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), reported currently participating or being likely to participate in integrated services delivery models, to assume new roles, to accept new reimbursement structures, and to use electronic health records (EHRs).Methods:A cross-sectional probability survey of U.S. psychiatrists was fielded from September to December 2013. In total, 2,800 psychiatrists were randomly selected from the AMA Physician Masterfile, and 45% responded. Of these, 93% (N=1,099) reported treating patients, forming the sample.Results:Overall, 29% reported practicing in new ACA or integrated models, and 64% reported assuming at least one new role. Forty-two percent reported currently receiving a salary; other capitated and risk-based reimbursement was rarely used. Half (53%) reported current use of EHRs for clinical functions not limited to billing or practice management; only 21% reported participa...