cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P450 enzymes: understanding the biochemical hieroglyphs

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are the primary proteins of drug metabolism and steroid biosynthesis. These crucial proteins have long been known to harbor a cysteine thiolate bound to the heme iron. Recent advances in the field have illuminated the nature of reactive intermediates in the reaction cycle. Similar intermediates have been observed and characterized in novel heme-thiolate proteins of fungal origin. Insights from these discoveries have begun to solve the riddle of how enzyme biocatalyst design can afford a protein that can transform substrates that are more difficult to oxidize than the surrounding protein architecture.
Working ‘the Code’: On Girls, Gender, and Inner-City Violence:

Much attention is given to young men's experience with inner-city violence; however, this ethnographic study demonstrates that innercity girls are not necessarily isolated by virtue of their gender from much of the violence experienced by poor, urban boys and men. Over time, both young women and men in distressed inner-city neighbourhoods come to realise how reputation, respect and retaliation the fundamental elements of 'the code of the street' (Anderson, 1999) organise their social world. At times, how young people work the code is similar across gender. Gender also works to shape teenaged girls' and boys' experiences with violence in distinct ways.
Fast Placement-Aware 3-D Floorplanning Using Vertical Constraints on Sequence Pairs

We present a placement-aware 3-D floorplanning algorithm that considers 3-D-placement of logic gates inside modules for wirelength minimization. It allows designers to introduce and evaluate an assignment of vertically-aligned parts of the same module to different device layers. A set of vertical constraints is derived on sequence pairs of different device layers that reduces the solution space, and a fast packing algorithm with vertical constraints enables quick floorplan evaluation. Experimental results on MCNC and GSRC benchmarks show that our algorithm can generate a good floorplanning solution with reduced wirelength inside modules and optimized footprint area while controlling the number of vias. Compared to the existing state-of-the-art 3-D floorplanning algorithms, our tool reduces the system level total wirelength by 9.8%.
Higher Education Leadership Competencies: Quantitatively Refining a Qualitative Model

This article highlights exploratory research in which a qualitative higher education leadership competencies model is refined through quantitative methods. Three groups of higher education leaders ...
Reanalysis of CP violation in KL→π+π-γ

We present a reanalysis of direct CP violation in the decay K{sub L}{yields}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{gamma}. We point out an existing discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental definitions of {epsilon}{sub +-{gamma}}{prime}. Adopting the experimental definition of {epsilon}{sub +-{gamma}}{prime}, we estimate that {epsilon}{sub +-{gamma}}{prime}/{epsilon} could be as large as a few times 10{sup -4} both within the standard model and beyond. We discuss these estimates in detail and we also show how a judicious choice of E{sub {gamma}}{sup *} cuts can increase the sensitivity of the observable {epsilon}{sub +-{gamma}}{prime} to the underlying CP violation.
Direct monitoring of coronary artery motion with cardiac fat navigator echoes.

Navigator echoes (NAVs) provide an effective means of monitoring physiological motion in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Motion artifacts can be suppressed by adjusting the data acquisition accordingly. The standard pencil-beam NAV has been used to detect diaphragm motion; however, it does not monitor cardiac motion effectively. Here we report a navigator approach that directly measures coronary artery motion by exciting the surrounding epicardial fat and sampling the signal with a k-space trajectory sensitized to various motion parameters. The present preliminary human study demonstrates that superior-inferior (SI) respiratory motion of the coronary arteries detected by the cardiac fat NAV highly correlates with SI diaphragmatic motion detected by the pencil-beam NAV. In addition, the cardiac fat navigator gating is slightly more effective than the diaphragmatic navigator gating in suppressing motion artifacts in free-breathing 3D coronary MR angiography (MRA).
Spatial variations in Achilles tendon shear wave speed.

Supersonic shear imaging (SSI) is an ultrasound imaging modality that can provide insight into tissue mechanics by measuring shear wave propagation speed, a property that depends on tissue elasticity. SSI has previously been used to characterize the increase in Achilles tendon shear wave speed that occurs with loading, an effect attributable to the strain-stiffening behavior of the tissue. However, little is known about how shear wave speed varies spatially, which is important, given the anatomical variation that occurs between the calcaneus insertion and the gastrocnemius musculotendon junction. The purpose of this study was to investigate spatial variations in shear wave speed along medial and lateral paths of the Achilles tendon for three different ankle postures: resting ankle angle (R, i.e. neutral), plantarflexed (P; R – 151), and dorsiflexed (D; R þ151). We observed significant spatial and posture variations in tendon shear wave speed in ten healthy young adults. Shear wave speeds in the Achilles free tendon averaged 1271.2 m/s in a resting position, but decreased to 7.271.8 m/s with passive plantarflexion. Distal tendon shear wave speeds often reached the maximum tracking limit (16.3 m/s) of the system when the ankle was in the passively dorsiflexed posture (þ151 from R). At a fixed posture, shear wave speeds decreased significantly from the free tendon to the gastrocnemius musculotendon junction, with slightly higher speeds measured on the medial side than on the lateral side. Shear wave speeds were only weakly correlated with the thickness and depth of the tendon, suggesting that the distal-to-proximal variations may reflect greater compliance in the aponeurosis relative to the free tendon. The results highlight the importance of considering both limb posture and transducer positioning when using SSI for biomechanical and clinical assessments of the Achilles tendon.
Bridge Maintenance, Safety Management, Health Monitoring and Informatics

Bridge Maintenance, Safety Management, Health Monitoring and Informatics, by Hyun-Moo Koh and Dan M. Frangopol (editors), Taylor & Francis, 2008, 732 pages + CDROM, $279.00, hardback, ISBN 978-0415...
Temporal Evaluation

In this paper we propose a new method for evaluating systems that extract temporal information from text. It uses temporal closure to reward relations that are equivalent but distinct. Our metric measures the overall performance of systems with a single score, making comparison between different systems straightforward. Our approach is easy to implement, intuitive, accurate, scalable and computationally inexpensive.
Customer-Salesman Bargaining Behavior in Retail Transactions

Few attempts have been made to analyze simultaneous behavior of both parties to a transaction. This study examines the bargaining behavior of both salesman and customer as it relates to purchase ou...
Raman Scattering in Semiconductor Nanocrystals

We combine the principles of phonon and electron quantization in confined systems and breakdown of wavevector conservation in the photon-electron and phonon-electron couplings to describe the Raman spectrum of nanocrystals. The approach proposed here is consistent with experimental results and models developed for Raman scattering from quantum wells and superlattices.
Cotton Leafperforator (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae): Effect of Two Microbial Insecticides on Field Populations

Field tests were conducted in 1978 and 1979 at Phoenix, Ariz., to evaluate two microbial insecticides, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ac M NPV) from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer), and the HD-l strain of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, for control of cotton leafperforators, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck in cotton. Treating the cotton with a mixture of Ac M NPV + B. thuringiensis + feeding adjuvant on a ca. 5-day schedule resulted in the greatest level of control, a 94% reduction in the number’ of horseshoe stage larvae on leaves compared with untreated cotton. Reductions in the larval populations due to treatment with B. thuringiensis or B. thuringiensis + adjuvant ranged from 73 to 86% in the tests. Treating the cotton with the virus or virus + adjuvant resulted in reductions of larvae on leaves ranging from 36 to 55%, significantly less than treatments containing B. thuringiensis .
Securing access to wireless local area networks using a passive approach to device identification

IEEE 802.11 wireless networks are plagued with problems of unauthorized access. Left undetected, unauthorized access is the precursor to additional mischief. Current approaches to detecting intruders are invasive or can be evaded by stealthy attackers. We propose the use of spectral analysis to identify the type of wireless network interface card (NIC). This mechanism can be applied to support the detection of unauthorized systems that use NICs which are different from that of a legitimate system. We focus on two functions, active scanning and dynamic rate switching, required by the 802.11 standard that are implemented in the hardware and software of the wireless NIC. We show that the implementation of these functions influence the transmission patterns of a wireless stream that are observable through traffic analysis. Furthermore, differences in the behavior of a wireless stream caused by differences in the implementation of these functions are exploited to establish the identity of a NIC. Our mechanism for NIC identification uses signal processing to analyze the periodicity embedded in the wireless traffic caused by active scanning and rate switching. A spectral profile is created from the periodic components of the traffic and used for the identity of the wireless NIC. We show that we can discern between NICs manufactured by different vendors and NICs within the same manufacturer using the spectral profile.
Detection of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Allele CYP2D6 *6 by Using Allele specific Amplification

An allele specific amplification(ASA) based PCR method was built up for the detection of CYP2D6 *6 allele which was a 2064G→A mutation on CYP2D6 gene and resulted in a function deficient enzyme. This method was employed to genotyping on 396 subjects and proved to be simple, quick and accurate. The results showed that CYP2D6 *6 coexisted with another enzyme deficient allele CYP2D6T. So it was not necessary to detect CYP2D6 *6 allele as far as accurate prediction of CYP2D6 enzyme activity was concerned.
Abstract PR01: Targeting the EMT-immunosuppression loop in lung cancer as a strategy to prevent metastasis

Either tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or immunosuppression plays the very important role in metastasis during cancer progression. How these distinct processes are co-opted has remained obscure. To address this question, we have generated a cohort of epithelial and mesenchymal cell lines with manipulation of microRNA-200/ZEB1 (an EMT regulatory axis) in KrasLA1/+p53R172HΔg/+ spontaneous mouse model of lung cancer and performed tumor immune cell profiling and functional analysis. The data demonstrates that the microRNA-200 repression and ZEB1 activation target PD-L1 on tumor cells, leading to immunosuppression and metastasis by CD8+ T cell dysfunction, and that marked accumulation of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mesenchymal tumors compared with epithelial tumors. Furthermore, by analyzing two large independent datasets (TCGA and PROSPECT) from lung cancer patients, our study demonstrates that EMT is highly associated with a distinct inflammatory tumor microenvironment, showing the elevation of multiple immune checkpoints such as PD-L1, PD-1, TIM-3, BTLA, CTLA-4 and B7-H3, high levels of tumor-infiltrating Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and immunosuppressive cytokines such as CXCL12, CCL2 and CCL18. The data discovered a link between EMT and immunosuppression, indicating that EMT causes immunosuppression, thereby metastasis. On the other hand, the immunosuppressive microenvironment transforms and/or maintains cancer cells in a mesenchymal state, therefore, cancer cells get the potential/power to metastasize. Immune suppressive cells are able to produce a diverse array of EMT inducers. For instance, T regulatory cells produce TGF-β;, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α;. Other immune suppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-associated neutrophils can also produce strong EMT inducers. Both human and mouse data convincingly established that EMT and immunosuppression form a double positive feed-forward loop, synergizing to promote tumor development. However, when the tumor-bearing mice were treated with anti-PD-L1 antibody, the mesenchymal tumors demonstrated greater sensitivity to the immunotherapy. This is a striking result because we have reported that the mesenchymal subpopulation accounts for aggressive growth, invasion, and metastasis. Since previous studies suggested that some chemotherapeutic agents can induce EMT, we likely find a way, targeting the loop of EMT and immunosuppression, to turn cancer9s strengths into targetable weaknesses by combining EMT-induced chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics to reduce/prevent tumor metastasis. Citation Format: Limo Chen, Yanyan Lou, John Heymach, Ignacio Wistuba, Stephen Ullrich, Xiao-Feng Qin, Don Gibbons. Targeting the EMT-immunosuppression loop in lung cancer as a strategy to prevent metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Metastasis; 2015 Nov 30-Dec 3; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(7 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
Abstract IA24: Acetyl-CoA metabolism, gene regulation, and stress management

Acetyl-CoA plays crucial roles at the interface of cellular metabolism, signaling, and epigenetics. This central metabolite is required for de novo biosynthesis of macromolecules such as fatty acids and cholesterol, and it is produced from catabolism of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. In addition to its direct metabolic functions, acetyl-CoA serves as the acetyl group donor for both lysine and N-terminal acetylation. Acetyl-CoA availability directly impacts overall histone acetylation levels and participates in gene regulation. In particular, high acetyl-CoA promotes a pro-proliferative gene expression pattern in cancer cells. Diverse signaling and microenvironmental cues impact acetyl-CoA production and utilization, which may influence the ability of cancer cells both to survive in stressful conditions and to grow and proliferate. In human prostate cancer, both fatty acid synthesis and oxidation have been implicated in tumor growth and proposed as therapeutic targets. Moreover, histone acetylation levels are highly correlated with activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in human prostate tumors and are predictive of patient outcome. We hypothesized that proper coordination of acetyl-CoA production and utilization is central to the ability of prostate cancer cells to survive and proliferate. In this presentation, I will discuss new data on the role of ATP-citrate lyase in coordinating metabolism, gene expression, and oncogenic signaling to balance stress responses and promote growth and proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The findings point towards novel strategies for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Kathryn E. Wellen. Acetyl-CoA metabolism, gene regulation, and stress management. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA24.
Dominoes with communications: On characterizing the progress of cascading failures in Smart Grid

Cascading failures are one of the most devastating forces in power systems, which may be initially triggered by minor physical faults, then spread with Domino-like chain-effect, resulting in large-scale blackout. How to prevent cascading failures becomes imperative, as our daily lives heavily depend on stable and reliable power supply. The next-generation power system, namely Smart Grid, is envisioned to facilitate real-time and distributed control of critical power infrastructures, thus effectively forestalling cascading failures. Although cascading failures have been well investigated in the literature, most studies were confined only in the power operation domain with the assumption that communication is always perfect, which is, however, not true for today's communication networks, where traffic congestion and random delay happen. Therefore, an open question is how to characterize cascading failures in the communication-assisted smart grid? To this end, we take an in-depth inspection of cascading failures in smart grid and reveal the interactions between the power system and the communication network. Our results provide insights into the interactions between physical failure propagation and communication message dissemination. In addition, we show that while ideal communications can undoubtedly help prevent cascading failures, under-achieved communications (i.e., communications with severe delay) can, counter-intuitively, exacerbate cascading failures.
Assessment and prevention of perioperative confusion in the older adult.

Abstract Older adults who experience perioperative confusion usually have prolonged hospital stays and increased postoperative mortality. This article describes the causes of physiological and iatrogenic perioperative confusion and proffers criteria for assessment and intervention with perioperative older adults.
21 Race, Ethnicity, Immigration, and Crime

The relationship between ethnicity, race, and antisocial behavior/crime continues to be a controversial topic throughout public perception and empirical research. An additional issue that has recently emerged that surrounds political, economic, and social concerns is the relationship between immigration and crime. Tying all of these concepts together, this chapter discusses the relationship between race, ethnicity, immigration, and crime throughout a life course and developmental perspective. In particular, statistics on criminal involvement and overall representation in the USA across race/ethnicity and immigration generation is discussed, with a particular focus on the onset, duration, frequency, persistence, and desistence from antisocial behavior.
The epigenetic basis of hematopoietic stem cell aging

Highly proliferative tissues such as the gut, skin, and bone marrow lose millions of cells each day to normal attrition and challenge from different biological adversities. To achieve a lifespan beyond the longevity of individual cell types, tissue-specific stem cells sustain these tissues throughout the life of a human. For example, the lifespan of erythrocytes is about 100 days and adults make about two million new erythrocytes every second. A small pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow is responsible for the lifetime maintenance of these populations. However, there are changes that occur within the HSC pool during aging. Biologically, these changes manifest as blunted immune responses, decreased bone marrow cellularity, and increased risk of myeloid diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying dysfunction of aging HSCs is an important focus of biomedical research. With advances in modern health care, the average age of the general population is ever increasing. If molecular or pharmacological interventions could be discovered that rejuvenate aging HSCs, it could reduce the burden of age related immune system compromise as well as open up new opportunities for treatment of hematological disorders with regenerative therapy.
Assessing the Validity of Different Approaches to Operationalizing Cultural Theory in Survey Research

Cultural Theory (CT) is a social and political theory developed by Emile Durkheim, Mary Douglas, Aaron Wildavsky, and others that has attracted significant attention across the social sciences. This paper explains what CT is and compares the validity of various approaches to operationalizing CT in survey research. Approaches assessed for their face and content validity include (1) the worldview measures originally developed by Karl Dake and Wildavsky, (2) the relational ranking and rating measures recently created by Hank Jenkins-Smith and colleagues, (3) the relational “cultural cognition” measures of Dan Kahan and colleagues, and (4) the brand new relational grid-group measures developed by Joe Ripberger, Brendon Swedlow, and colleagues. The convergent validity of the last three relational approaches is assessed by the extent to which these measures converge on the original Dake and Wildavsky worldview measures, while their predictive validity is assessed by how well they predict people’s concerns in nine policy areas. We find that all of these approaches lack face and content validity because they at best only operationalize a component of CT. But the worldview measures are particularly lacking because worldviews do not correspond to any component of CT. By contrast, the new relational measures exhibit very good face and content validity with respect to the relational patterns hypothesized by CT. The new relational rating measures developed by Jenkins-Smith and colleagues also exhibit very good convergent and predictive validity, but the comparable results for the new grid-group relational measures developed by Ripberger, Swedlow, and others are at best mixed, yet not without promise if developed further. [The convergent and predictive validity of the relational measures of Kahan and colleagues remains to be assessed.] Based on these findings, we suggest appropriate uses for these measures and directions for further research to improve the conceptualization and operationalization of CT in survey research.
Exosomal Small Talk Carries Strong Messages from Muscle Stem Cells.

Exosome-dependent intercellular communication is an emerging signaling mechanism involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Now in this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Fry et al. (2016) show that muscle stem cells communicate with fibrogenic cells by exosomal trafficking of microRNA-206 to regulate extracellular matrix deposition and muscle tissue remodeling.
Non-invasive aerosol delivery and transport of gold nanoparticles to the brain

Targeted delivery of nanoscale carriers containing packaged payloads to the central nervous system has potential use in many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Moreover, understanding of the bio-interactions of the engineered nanoparticles used for tissue-specific delivery by non-invasive delivery approaches are also of paramount interest. Here, we have examined this issue systematically in a relatively simple invertebrate model using insects. We synthesized 5 nm, positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and targeted their delivery using the electrospray aerosol generator. Our results revealed that after the exposure of synthesized aerosol to the insect antenna, AuNPs reached the brain within an hour. Nanoparticle accumulation in the brain increased linearly with the exposure time. Notably, electrophysiological recordings from neurons in the insect brain several hours after exposure did not show any significant alterations in their spontaneous and odor-evoked spiking properties. Taken together, our findings reveal that aerosolized delivery of nanoparticles can be an effective non-invasive approach for delivering nanoparticles to the brain, and also presents an approach to monitor the short-term nano-biointeractions.
Evaluation of the effects of time, temperature, and specimen storage on in vitro lactate concentrations in healthy dogs.

Background Lactate concentrations increase significantly under certain storage conditions, except for when glycolysis-arresting agents are used. Evaluation of time and storage conditions on heparinized whole blood lactate concentrations without glycolysis-arresting agents have not been evaluated in dogs. Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of preanalytic storage conditions on the in vitro concentration of lactate in heparinized canine venous blood specimens. Methods In this prospective study, blood collected from 30 healthy dogs was aliquoted and stored under different conditions: anaerobic refrigerated (3°C), aerobic refrigerated, anaerobic room temperature (RT), and aerobic RT. Whole blood lactate was analyzed at 15–25, 30–40, 60–70, and 120–130 minutes from time 0 (T0) under all storage conditions. Percent increases from the T0 specimen were calculated. Results There were significantly increased lactate concentrations at all time points within the anaerobic refrigerated specimens compared to T0, and in the anaerobic RT specimens after 15–25 minutes. The aerobic refrigerated specimens did not have significant changes in lactate when compared to anaerobic refrigerated specimens, while the aerobic RT specimens had significant increases at all time points. Anaerobically refrigerated specimens stored < 40 minutes and aerobically refrigerated specimens stored < 25 minutes had in vitro lactate increases of < 20%. Conclusions Results support analyzing lactate specimens immediately. If lactate analysis is delayed, anaerobic refrigerated specimens should be analyzed within 40 minutes, and aerobic refrigerated specimens should be analyzed within 25 minutes. Room temperature specimens stored either aerobically or anaerobically should be avoided as lactate concentrations may be falsely increased.
Legal Language of Health Care Consent Forms: Complexity, Comprehension, and Impact on Patient Decision Making

Wszalek (2017) uses examples of black-letter law to discuss four key aspects of legal language and concepts (LLCs) that could create legal and ethical issues for attorneys and clients. The health c...
Hexyl triazabutadiene as a potent alkylating agent

Abstract Alkyl diazonium ions are among the most reactive alkylating agents in the synthetic chemists’ arsenal. That said, there are precious few methods by which one can selectively and safely utilize this chemistry. Herein, we show the use of a bench stable hexyl triazabutadiene as a source of reactive diazonium ions that undergo substitution chemistry with weak nucleophiles, such as carboxylates and even sulfonates. In the absence of a nucleophile, elimination was observed to occur. To overcome issues stemming from side-product inhibition of the reaction, we show that the triazabutadiene can be pre-activated with tosyl isocyanate.
Polar regions and mountaintops are safe havens for caterpillars

![Graphic][1] Worldwide biological studies are rare; however, they are vital to understanding how biotic interactions vary in different regions. We know that biodiversity is highest in tropical regions close to the equator and decreases as you travel towards either the North or South Poles.
The Value of the Pediatric Hospitalist in Surgical Co-Management

This review summarizes the most recent evidence regarding the impact of hospitalist co-management of surgical patients, with a particular emphasis on value. Value is defined as quality (clinical outcomes) divided by cost. As the engagement of hospitalists in surgical co-management originated in adult hospital medicine, we will review the adult and pediatric literature. We will also examine the inclusion of pediatric hospitalists as key members of improvement teams focused on improving outcomes and value for surgical patients; while such teams often evolve out of co-management partnerships, they may demonstrate impact beyond the daily care model and thus have an outsized impact on value. We conclude by commenting on the selective application of the co-management model, based on the literature, to optimize value.
The Rate of Living Theory: A Contemporary Interpretation

Although the expression “rate of living” and the theory named after it are rightly ascribed to Raymond Pearl (1928), the underlying idea and its mechanistic basis have a long, ongoing evolutionary history. As originally proposed, this theory stated that the duration of life of an organism is dependent upon the exhaustion of a fixed quantity of a vital substance at a rate proportional to the metabolic rate. Two distinct factors were believed to govern length of life: (a) a genetically determined metabolic potential, and (b) rate of metabolism. The first component of this theory owes its origin to the earlier reports by Rubner (1908), who noted that the metabolic energy expended per gram body weight during lifetime in five mammalian species, which differed six fold in longevity, was similar, around 200kcal. He proposed that duration of life depended on the rate of expenditure of this limited amount of biological energy.
Expression of the HIV aspartic protease fused to a bacterial phenotypic marker.

The retroviruses encode a processing protease which is essential for virus replication. The enzyme is an aspartic protease, and cleaves both the gag and gag-pol gene products to yield mature virus containing active reverse transcriptase. In the absence of active protease only non-infectious viral particles are produced, so the enzyme has become an important target for drug designers, with the aim of benefiting people infected with the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, and related retroviruses, which are agents of other serious diseases in man and domestic animals.
Horizontal Dispersion of Buoyant Materials in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

ABSTRACTThe horizontal dispersion of materials with a constant rising speed under the exclusive influence of ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) flows is investigated using both three-dimensional t...
Oblique-Sectional Single-Molecule Microscopy

We introduce oblique-sectional single-molecule microscopy (obSTORM) that images any oblique cross-sections of a biological sample into depth without lengthy z-stack acquisition. Combining oblique lightsheet illumination and direct oblique detection, obSTORM offers uniform super-resolution though imaging depth, thus well-suited for thick samples from cells to tissues.
Metastatic granular cell tumor to the breast diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology: A case report with review of the literature

Granular cell tumors (GCT) are mesenchymal neoplasms of Schwann cell/neural origin. Malignant granular cell tumors (MGCTs) represent 4 cm and necrosis. An apparently inconsistent set of histological features have been described in MGCT. Although the histologic parameters of a GCT are not always predictive of biologic behavior, the presence of atypical features may be indicative of an aggressive clinical behavior (recurrence and metastases). A preoperative estimate of features suggestive of malignancy is important for treatment and prognostication. Diagnosis and prognostication from preoperative fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is hampered by the fact that only a few case reports on cytologic features of malignant GCT have been published. We report a case of metastatic MGCT to breast and compare cytologic features to that of primary breast GCT and apocrine/histiocytoid variants of breast carcinoma.
The Influence of Spacer Design on the Rate of Complications in Two-Stage Revision Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Antibiotic cement spacers are used during 2-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection. Complications including dislocation and periprosthetic fracture have been reported but a large cohort comparing spacer design features is lacking. We aimed to determine if spacer design is associated with perioperative complications. Methods We performed a retrospective review of antibiotic cement spacers implanted between 2004 and 2014. Radiographic assessment included leg length, offset, and bone loss (Paprosky classification). Clinical outcomes included dislocation, periprosthetic fracture, spacer fracture, infection cure, and overall reoperation rate. Univariate analysis, Student’s t-test, chi-squared test, or Kruskal-Wallis test was employed (P Results One hundred eighty-five patients were treated: 42% were female and mean age was 64 years (range 24-93, standard deviation 13.6). Spacer types were (1) molded (53%), (2) antibiotic-coated prosthesis (30%), (3) handmade (12%); and (4) prefabricated (4%). Cemented acetabular liners were used in 3% (6/185). There was no loss to follow-up during the interstage period. Spacer complications occurred in 26% (48/185). Dislocation occurred in 9% (17/185) and was associated with reduced femoral offset of >5 mm (P = .033) and increased bone loss (P = .01). Spacer fracture occurred in 8% (14/185); 12% (12/97) molded versus 8% (2/23) handmade (P = .02). Periprosthetic femur fracture was associated with increased offset >5 mm (P = .01) and extended trochanteric osteotomy (P = .001). Conclusion During 2-stage total hip arthroplasty, antibiotic-loaded cement spacers had an overall complication rate of 26%. Spacer design, acetabular and femoral bone loss, and offset restoration were significantly associated with perioperative complications. We recommend the optimization of antibiotic-loaded cement spacer placement to minimize potential complications by focusing on restoration of leg-length and offset, ensuring adequate femoral fixation and paying attention to selection of an appropriate head/neck ratio.
Feminist Philosophy of Film

This chapter aims to survey and evaluate various approaches to feminist philosophy of film and to offer suggestions of new topics and directions for research. The focus is on feminist philosophy of film as it pertains to contemporary popular cinema. The first part of the chapter comprises an overview of feminist critique of mainstream films. Five broadly construed areas of interest are examined: images of women, spectatorship and the male gaze, audience-text negotiation, cognitivism, and ideology critique. The second part of the chapter engages with the question of how mainstream films can contribute to a constructive feminist philosophy of film. There are three themes that are drawn out here: subversion of patriarchal ideas, development of a resistant imagination, and expansion of the feminist imagination.
Dwelling Underground in The Book of John Mandeville: Monstrosity, Disability, Ecology

In this chapter, I turn to the late medieval travel narrative The Book of John Mandeville to consider the many ways that the subterranean realms were imagined as spaces in which social categories of monstrosity and disability are entangled with and transformed by the ecological agency of caves and the underground. Caves impressed their material properties into the flesh of their inhabitants, and in the world of The Book, those cave-dwellers were often monsters. By bridging Stacy Alaimo’s concept of “transcorporeality” to medieval theories of the influence of climate and geography on the body, I argue that subterranean monsters are marked as insufficiently human because their living in the earth has made them something else; and yet, I also argue that dwelling underground imparts certain bodily capacities to these monsters: abilities and pleasures that enrich our understanding of nature and embodiment in the Middle Ages, and a futurity that complicates present discourses surrounding disability.
Ca2+ signaling of human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes as compared to adult mammalian cardiomyocytes

Human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been extensively used for in vitro modeling of human cardiovascular disease, drug screening and pharmacotherapy, but little rigorous studies have been reported on their biophysical or Ca2+ signaling properties. There is also considerable concern as to the level of their maturity and whether they can serve as reliable models for adult human cardiac myocytes. Ultrastructural difference such as lack of t-tubular network, their polygonal shapes, disorganized sarcomeric myofilament, and their rhythmic automaticity, among others, have been cited as evidence for immaturity of hiPSC-CMs. In this review, we will deal with Ca2+ signaling, its regulation, and its stage of maturity as compared to the mammalian adult cardiomyocytes. We shall summarize the data on functional aspects of Ca2+signaling and its parameters that include: L-type calcium channel (Cav1.2), ICa-induced Ca2+release, CICR, and its parameters, cardiac Na/Ca exchanger (NCX1), the ryanodine receptors (RyR2), sarco-reticular Ca2+pump, SERCA2a/PLB, and the contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ to hiPSC-CMs excitation-contraction (EC)-coupling as compared with adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. The comparative studies suggest that qualitatively hiPSC-CMs have similar Ca2+signaling properties as those of adult cardiomyocytes, but quantitative differences do exist. This review, we hope, will allow the readers to judge for themselves to what extent Ca2+signaling of hiPSC-CMs represents the adult form of this signaling pathway, and whether these cells can be used as good models of human cardiomyocytes.
The Impact of Team Learning on Sustainable Design

The overall sustainability movement is gaining more attention and momentum with general consumers. Gam and Banning (2011) and Smith (2017) noted that the number of consumer's social and environmental concerns and the number of designers and manufacturers supporting the eco-friendly mentality is increasing.This study juxtaposes the concept of team learning and sustainability to create a more robust, more conceptual approach to real-world industry challenges while developing the students' ability to produce a garment that focusses on the conservation of fabric during the patternmaking and garment construction process.The study, conducted in a capstone course, began with a discussion on defining sustainability. The students were divided into teams of 3 - 4. Each team member created a sustainable garment that fit into their final collection using environmentally friendly fabrics, post-consumer clothing, or a combination. After the teamwork was done, the students responded to questions about their teamwork and sustainability experiences.
Novel rabies virus variant for bi-directional optical control reveals modulatory influence of the pulvinar on visual cortex in rat

Abstract Optogenetic tools have become of great utility in the causal analysis of systems in the brain. However, current optogenetic techniques do not reliably support both excitation and suppression of the same cells in vivo, limiting analysis and slowing research. Here we developed a novel glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus expressing two channelrhodopsin proteins, GtACR2 and Chrimson, in order to independently manipulate excitatory and inhibitory transmembrane potentials, respectively. Using this approach, we demonstrated that rodent pulvinar neurons modulate cortical size tuning and suppress flash responses, but do not drive activity in visual cortex. While our goal was primarily to develop this novel method to study the structure-function organization of thalamocortical circuits, this technique is readily applicable to study any brain region.
Self-Repair in the Workplace: A Qualitative Investigation

Despite widespread interest in the topic of reparative and restorative practices in the workplace, little is currently known about why and how offenders repair themselves in the aftermath of incide...
Community-Based System Dynamics for Mobilizing Communities to Advance School Health.

Background Frameworks such as the WSCC model provide evidence-based guidance for addressing school health at the school, district, and regional level. However, frameworks do not implement themselves; they require the mobilization and collaboration of stakeholders within communities and an understanding of the unique resources and barriers within each context. Furthermore, addressing school health presents a complex systems problem. Methods Community-based system dynamics (CBSD) is a participatory approach for engaging communities in understanding and changing complex systems. We used a descriptive multiple case study design to evaluate how and why CBSD was used as a tool for stakeholders to engage with the complexity of school health. Results We analyzed 3 cases to understand how these methods were used to enhance collaboration, analysis, and community action at multiple levels, including in 2 school districts, with a city-wide stakeholder committee, and with a group of high school students. Conclusions Community-based system dynamics presents a promising approach for building shared language and ownership among stakeholders, tailoring to local community contexts, and mobilizing stakeholders for action based on new system insights. We close with a discussion of unique opportunities and challenges of expanding the use of CBSD in the field of school health.
Factors Influencing the Net Social Cost of the S&L Crisis

The estimated costs of resolving the S&L crisis have ranged from 130-500 billion dollars. These appraisals do not include the social cost associated with runs. Furthermore, the social cost attributed to fraud and involuntary unemployment are not fully reflected in these projections. Moreover, these appraisals, in part, reflect wealth transfers. This paper discusses factors which influence the net social cost of the S&L crisis.
Definitive Radiation Therapy (dRT) for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) With Thrombus: Patient Selection to Maximize Therapeutic Ratio.

Purpose/Objective(s) Tumor thrombus (TT) in HCC is a negative prognostic marker. dRT can provide durable tumor control with some risk of decompensation/death from RT liver injury. We sought to identify subsets of patients (pts) who stand to benefit most from RT. Materials/Methods The medical record of HCC pts with any thrombus receiving dRT (defined as prescribed dose of ≥50 Gy) between 2010 and 2019 was reviewed. TT was classified per Sarin (Gastroenterol 2019). We conducted univariate (UV)/multivariate (MV) Cox regressions for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and time-to-decompensation (TTD; liver decompensation with death as a competing risk). Variables with UV P-values Results Select characteristics for the 61 identified pts are listed in the Table. With a median follow-up of 8.0 months (mo.), 37 pts had progressed (local - 9 (24%), regional - 26 (70%), and distant - 19 (51%)). Median PFS/OS were 5.7 mo. (IQR 2.8-14.2) and 8.8 mo. (IQR 4.3-21.0), respectively. Decompensation was observed in 36 pts (59%) with a median TTD of 6.8 mo. On UV OS analysis, ECOG performance status (PS) (2-3 vs. 0: HR 9.2, 95% CI 3.5-23.8, P 292cc (GTV292; median) (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0, P = 0.06) trended towards significance. On MV OS analysis, only PS (2-3 vs. 0; HR 8.5, 95% CI 2.9-284.9, P Conclusion In this retrospective analysis of HCC pts with thrombus, OS after dRT was significantly associated with PS and ALBI. While validation of these findings is needed, in pts with TT, those with PS 0-1 and ALBI G1 should be considered for dRT.
Introduction: perceptual evidence

The essays collected in this special issue concern a topic of perennial significance for philosophy: the question of how perception provides us with reasons or evidence for forming beliefs about the surrounding world. Although traditional approaches to this question are well entrenched, the present volume demonstrates the possibilities for continued progress, both as a result of new insight into existing frameworks and problems, and when ideas from other areas of philosophy are brought to bear on recalcitrant debates. The fruitfulness of the latter approach is well demonstrated by Susanna Schellenberg’s essay ‘Phenomenal Evidence and Factive Evidence’, in which she applies her previously developed theory of perceptual content to explain evidential asymmetries between good and bad cases of perceptual experience. This essay, along with critical responses by Matthew McGrath, Ram Neta, and Adam Pautz, and Schellenberg’s replies, builds on her previous work on this topic by testing her view against classic examples in the epistemology literature. The remaining essays in the volume address a variety of topics central to questions about perceptual evidence, including the nature of reasons (Comesana and McGrath, Schnee), anti-skeptical arguments (Huemer, Marusic), the view that justification tracks evidence (Lyons), relevant alternatives and closure (Carter and Pritchard), and the epistemic role of experience (Byrne, Gluer, Smithies). Together these contributions provide an indication of the excellent work being done in one of the most active areas of contemporary epistemology.
A Lebesgue-Stieltjes framework for optimal control and allocation

A Lebesgue-Stieltjes optimal control framework is used as the basis for constructing deterministic controls for uncertain systems. The framework is motivated by large uncertainties that occur in the next generation of aerospace systems. Instead of designing new feedback controls that may be expensive to implement, this paper addresses the problem at the outer-loop level by reshaping the input subject to the constraints of the inner loop. Computations based on the combination of a hyper-pseudospectral method verified by Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the ideas. Ground test results at Honeywell validate the operational readiness of the proposed concepts.
Endophthalmitis after penetrating trauma. Risk factors and visual acuity outcomes.

Purpose: To identify clinical characteristics that were associated with an increased incidence of endophthalmitis in eyes with penetrating ocular trauma. Methods: In part 1, a retrospective analysis was performed on 258 consecutive patients with penetrating ocular trauma presenting to the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between October 1987 and January 1991. In part 2 of the study, 28 consecutive patients with culture-proven endophthalmitis were identified from the Clinical Microbiology Registry from April 1987 through September 1987 and February 1991 through August 1993. Clinical variables were evaluated in each part for association with an increased risk of endophthalmitis. Results: In part 1 of the study, endophthalmitis developed in 13 (5%) of the 258 patients. Endophthalmitis did not occur in eyes that had blunt injury. In those eyes with a lacerating injury, there was an increased relative risk of infection in eyes with disruption of the crystalline lens. This risk factor was found statistically significant by univariate and multivariate analysis. In part 2 of the study, lens disruption was present in 24 (86%) of 28 patients with culture-proven endophthalmitis. Of the 41 patients with infection from part I and part II, 22 (54%) achieved visual acuity of 20/400 or greater. Endophthalmitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci had the best visual outcome, with 7 (64%) of 11 patients obtaining visual acuity of 20/400 or greater. Conclusion: Lens disruption in eyes with penetrating trauma is a significant risk factor for the development of endophthalmitis. The prognosis for useful vision in eyes with posttraumatic endophthalmitis is best when infection is caused by less virulent organisms.
Exploring the feasibility of proactive reputations: Research Articles

Reputation mechanisms help peers in a peer-to-peer system avoid unreliable or malicious peers. In application-level networks, however, short peer lifetimes mean reputations are often generated from a small number of past transactions. These reputation values are less ‘reliable’, and more vulnerable to bad-mouthing or collusion attacks. We address this issue by introducing proactive reputations, a first-hand history of transactions initiated to augment incomplete or short-term reputation values. We present several mechanisms to generate proactive reputations, along with a statistical similarity metric to measure their effectiveness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.