cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work-related fatalities in west virginia. A summary of surveillance, investigation, and prevention activities, july 1996-DECEMBER 1999.

PURPOSE: From 1990-95, West Virginia (WV) had a work-related death (WRD) rate of 8.9 deaths per 100,000-the fifth highest rate among all states and twice the national rate. As a result, a Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (WV FACE) program was established to identify all WRDs, define workers at high risk for fatal injury, investgate selected causes, and formulate and disseminate prevention strategies.METHODS: Surveillance and investigation data were used to describe trends and rates and identify hazardous conditions, unsafe work practices, and management-leadership problems through the use of the traditional epidemiologic model and the Haddon temporal matrix. Prevention strategies were developed and disseminated utilizing various written media.RESULTS: From 7/1996-12/1999, 191 persons died from work-related injuries. The WRD rate was 7.6 per 100,000 compared to 4.7 for the U.S. (1996-98). 94% of the victims were male and all Caucasian. Mean age at death was 43 years. Leading external causes of death: motor vehicle (48), struck by object (38), machinery-related (24), fall from elevation (15), and homicide (10). WRDs occurred most often in the trans/public utilities (37; truckers-22), manufacturing (32; loggers-24), mining (28), construction (26), and services (25) industry sectors. 19 on-site investigations were conducted (10 logging, 5 machine-related, and 4 fall from elevation); no company safety programs, inadequate training, lack of oversight were consistently noted. Summary reports were prepared for employers, Fatal Incident Alerts written for workers, and a scientific article was published.CONCLUSIONS: FACE has contributed to a better understanding of fatal occupational injuries within WV and the importance of coordinated efforts by employees, employers, and safety and public health specialists to reduce the frequency and societal impact of these injuries.
Fiddler Crab Behavioral Ecology: Burrow Density in Uca Pugnax (Smith) and Uca Pugilator (Bosc) (Decapoda Brachyura)

Of three species oi fiddler crabs found in the salt marshes on Sapelo Island, Georgia, U.S.A., Teal (1958) has shown that Uca pugnax is the most widespread in distribution, and when paired with U. pugilator causes a reduction in the number of burrows dug. This field study examined burrow density in order to understand why burrow reduction occurs when U. pugnax is the interfering species. Populations of U. pugnax are seven times more dense than populations of U. pugilator, which appear to migrate periodically. In mixed populations of U. pugnax and U. pugilator the number of burrows dug by both species together is less than would be predicted by either alone. These data suggest that U. pugnax has a higher tolerance to crowding, and coupled with its widespread distribution and agonistic behavior, is better adapted to live under conditions unfavorable for other Uca species. U. pugilator exhibits greater behavioral variability which would have survival advantage since this species appears to migrate periodically to different environments once certain density levels are reached.
Effects of heart position on the body-surface electrocardiogram.

Abstract Previous studies have examined the influence of body position, respiration, and habitus on body surface potentials. However, the authors could only estimate the sources of the effects they documented. Among the proposed origin of changes in body surface potentials from those studies were the position of the heart, alterations in autonomic tone, differences in ventricular blood volume, and variations in torso resistivity. The goal of this study was to investigate specifically the role of geometric factors in altering body surface potentials and the electrocardiogram. For this, we used experiments with an isolated, perfused dog heart suspended in a realistically shaped electrolytic torso tank. The experimental preparation allowed us to measure epicardial and tank surface potentials simultaneously, and then reconstruct the geometry of both surfaces. Our results mimicked some of the features described by previous investigators. However, our results also showed, differences that included considerably larger changes in the peak ORS and T-wave amplitudes with heart movement than those reported in human studies. We detected smaller values of root-mean-squared variability from heart movements than those reported in a human study comparing body surface potentials during change in inspiration and body position. There was better agreement with relative variability, which in these studies ranged from 0.11 to 0.42, agreeing well with an estimate from human studies of 0.40. Our results suggest that the isolated heart/torso tank preparation is a valuable tool for investigating the effects of geometric variation. Furthermore, the geometric position of the heart appears to be a large source of variation in body surface potentials. The size of these variations easily exceeded thresholds used to distinguish pathologic conditions and thus such variations could have important implications on the interpretation of the standard electrocardiogram
Glycomics Hits the Big Time

Cells run on carbohydrates. Glycans, sequences of carbohydrates conjugated to proteins and lipids, are arguably the most abundant and structurally diverse class of molecules in nature. Recent advances in glycomics reveal the scope and scale of their functional roles and their impact on human disease.
A cryogenic Herriott cell vacuum-coupled to a Bruker IFS-125HR

Abstract A new cryogenic Herriott cell and associated transfer optics have been designed and fabricated at Connecticut College under contract with NASA Langley Research Center to operate for the first time with the broad-band Bruker IFS-125HR Fourier transform spectrometer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). This 0.375 m base-length optical cavity produces an absorption path length, at 293 K, of 20.941 (±0.006) m. The Herriott cell, constructed from oxygen-free high conductivity copper, is placed inside its own vacuum enclosure, which is isolated from the transfer optics chamber by one CaF2 window and separately evacuated. The transfer optics chamber is in turn coupled to the sample compartment of the Bruker IFS-125HR holding another set of transfer optics. The entire spectrometer, including the transfer optics chamber can be evacuated to ∼10 mTorr; the cell vacuum enclosure is cryogenically evacuated to pressures below 10−6 Torr. A closed-cycle helium refrigerator cools the Herriott cell. Initially tested at Connecticut College for temperatures between 250 and 50 K, the system has successfully been in operation for over two years at JPL. The cell has been used for recording spectra between 75 and 250 K, achieving excellent temperature uniformity (± 0.15 K) and long term stability (
Digoxin-Induced ventricular arrhythmias in the guinea pig heart in vivo: Evidence for a role of endogenous catecholamines in the genesis of delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity

The mechanisms of digoxin-induced ventricular arrhythmias were studied in vivo using a novel experimental model. Anesthetized guinea pigs were instrumented with custom-made electrode catheters which enabled the monitoring and recording of right atrial, right ventricular, and His bundle electrograms, midmyocardial monophasic action potentials (MAP), and systemic arterial blood pressure. Intravenous digoxin induced ventricular arrhythmias ranging from ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) to ventricular fibrillation (VF). These were associated with delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) observed on the MAP recordings. The severity of the arrhythmias depended on the dose of digoxin. Short bursts of ventricular pacing neither terminated nor suppressed episodes of ventricular tachycardias (VTs). A direct relationship existed between the paced ventricular cycle length and the coupling interval between the last paced beat and the first ectopic beat (r = 0.913, P < 0.001, n = 10) and between the amplitude of the DADs and the pacing rate (r = 0.972, P < 0.05, n = 7). The increased contractility (LV dp/dt) and heart rate evoked by isoproterenol (0.1 microgram/kg) did not induce DADs in the absence of digoxin. Verapamil terminated the digoxin-induced VTs in 15 of 16 animals and abolished the associated DADs in 7 of 7 animals. Adenosine terminated the VTs in 15 of 19 animals and abolished the DADs in 8 of 10 animals. Digoxin induced VT in only 1 of 6 animals treated with reserpine (5 + 5 mg/kg) 24 and 48h prior to experimentation. However, subsequent intravenous isoproterenol (0.2 micrograms/kg) induced VT and DADs, both of which were abolished by verapamil, in all 6 animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Three new species of galium (rubiaceae) from Baja California

The species described as new are apparently narrow endemics, all belonging to that section ofGalium having fruits with long straight specialized hairs.Galium wigginsii andG. moranii are of the widespreadG. wrightii-G. parishii complex, whereasG. carterae is most like the rarely collectedG. oresbium Greenman of northeastern Mexico.
Tartrazine and the prostaglandin system

The effect of tartrazine on prostaglandin production was evaluated in several in vitro systems in order to elucidate the interrelationship between aspirin-sensitive asthma and tartrazine. Unlike the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tartrazine did not inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in sheep seminal vesicles, guinea pig lung microsomes, and human platelets. Tartrazine had no effect on the activation of acyl hydrolase, which is the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin production. The major metabolite of tartrazine, sulfanilic acid, also had no inhibitory effect on the sheep seminal vesicle cyclooxygenase. In view of these findings, if there is a cross-sensitivity between tartrazine and aspirin in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, it is unlikely to be on the basis of prostaglandin inhibition.
Randomized online algorithms for minimum metric bipartite matching

We present the first poly-logarithmic competitive online algorithm for minimum metric bipartite matching. Via induction and a careful use of potential functions, we show that a simple randomized greedy algorithm is competitive on a hierarchically separated tree. Application of recent results on randomized embedding of metrics into trees yield the poly-logarithmic result for general metrics.
Optimizing non-natural protein function with directed evolution

Developing technologies such as unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, non-natural cofactor engineering, and computational design are generating proteins with novel functions; these proteins, however, often do not reach performance targets and would benefit from further optimization. Evolutionary methods can complement these approaches: recent work combining unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and phage selection has created useful proteins of novel composition. Weak initial activity in a computationally designed enzyme has been improved by iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening. A marriage of ingenuity and evolution will expand the scope of protein function well beyond Mother Nature's designs.
Role of phenmetrazine as an active metabolite of phendimetrazine: evidence from studies of drug discrimination and pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys.

Background Monoamine releasers such as d-amphetamine that selectively promote release of dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin are one class of candidate medications for treating cocaine dependence; however, their clinical utility is limited by undesirable effects such as abuse liability. Clinical utility of these compounds may be increased by development of prodrugs to reduce abuse potential by slowing onset of drug effects. This study examined the behavioral and pharmacokinetic profile of the Schedule III compound phendimetrazine, which may serve as a prodrug for the N-demethylated metabolite and potent dopamine/norepinephrine releaser phenmetrazine.
Adult Ixodes dammini on Rabbits: Development of Acute Inflammation in the Skin and Immune Responses to Salivary Gland, Midgut, and Spirochetal Components

Rabbits exposed to female Ixodes dammini (both uninfected and infected with Borrelia burgdorferi) or injected with B. burgdorferi showed an acute inflammatory response in the skin. Granulocytes and monocyte-histiocytes were the predominant infiltrating cells. Spirochetes were detected in the tick feeding cavities in the deep dermis. The inflammatory process was accompanied by polyclonal antibody responses to tick salivary gland components. Western blots showed that immune rabbit serum reacted with proteins of molecular masses of 8, 24, and 36-41 kilodaltons in both unengorged and engorged tick salivary glands. Additional reacting bands in the immunoblot of the engorged salivary gland indicated that new antigenic components of the salivary gland are synthesized during engorgement. Rabbits did not produce antibodies to tick midgut components. Murine monoclonal antibody 11G1 detected outer surface protein A of B. burgdorferi in immunoblots of midguts from unengorged ticks, faintly in engorged salivary gland, and seldomly in unengorged salivary gland, findings suggesting that the spirochete is transmitted to the host via tick saliva during the later stages of feeding.
Strings from reduced large-N gauge theory via area preserving diffeomorphisms☆

Abstract We map reduced large- N theories to a string formalism by using area preserving diffeomorphisms as a substitute for SU (∞). We suggest that there may be a limiting procedure, that involves a correlation between the limits of N and a cutoff parameter, in which the path integral of the reduced QCD model produces a sum over all Riemann surfaces in the form of an effective string theory. In particular large- N QCD becomes related to a string theory with the usual action, but with the world sheet metric gauge fixed to det ( γ )=−1 and a path integral measure different than the standard one. The measure could be changed to define a new large- N matrix path integral that is more faithful to string theory.
Electrochemical reduction of 1,10-dihalodecanes at mercury cathodes in dimethylformamide

Abstract In dimethylformamide containing tetramethylammonium perchlorate, reduction of 1,10-diiododecane yields two irreversible voltammetric waves at mercury, whereas reduction of 1,10-dibromodecane gives only one irreversible wave. Quantitative comparison of this behavior with that known for 1-iodo- and 1-bromodecane suggests that 1,10-diiododecane is reduced in a pair of two-electron steps and that 1,10-dibromodecane undergoes a single four-electron reduction. Preparative-scale electrolyses of 1,10-di-iododecane at a potential on its first reduction wave reveal that an organomercury polymer is the only product. At potentials corresponding to the second wave for 1,10-diiododecane and to the first wave for 1,10-dibromodecane, the electrolysis products include decane, 1-decene, 1,9-decadiene, 1-decanol, and 9-decen-1-ol along with telomers formed by attack of solvent-derived radicals on either 1-decene or 1,9-decadiene. When electrolyses of 1,10-diiodo- and 1,10-dibromodecane are performed in the presence of a proton donor (diethyl malonate), the yield of decane increases, but no alcohols or unsaturated compounds are formed; instead, products such as diethyl n-decylmalonate and diethyl n-eicosylmalonate are found which arise from attack of the diethyl malonate anion on unreduced starting material.
Beyond Rasiowan Systems: Unital Deductive Systems

We deal with monotone structural deductive systems in an unspecified propositional language $${\mathcal{L}}$$ . These systems fall into several overlapping classes, forming a hierarchy. Along with well-known classes of deductive systems such as those of implicative, Fregean and equivalential systems, we consider new classes of unital and weakly implicative systems. The latter class is auxiliary, while the former is central in our discussion. Our analysis of unital systems leads to the concept of Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra which, under some natural conditions, is a free algebra in a variety closely related to the deductive system in focus.
Covert Policy in the United States Refugee Program in Southeast Asia

RESUMOKaŝa politiko en la usona programo por rifuĝintoj en Sudorienta AzioLa Usonaj Centroj por Traktado de Rifuĝintoj (RPC) en Sudorienta Azio, kiujn oni in-aǔguris en 1980, konsistigas multe reklamatan kaj forte financatan trejnadan programon por faciligi la memsufiĉon de rifuĝintoj frue post ilia translokigo en Usonon. La donitaĵoj tamen montras, ke trejnado per RPC malmulte efikis je la lingvokapabloj, lertoj prepare al dungiĝo, kaj kapablo je kultura adaptiĝo, de la rifuĝintoj. La nuna artikolo klarigas la malsukceson de trejnado per RPC, aludante kaŝajn politikajn celojn en la usona programo por rifuĝintoj, kiuj certigas, ke edukado per RPC malsukcesas. Surbaze de analizoj de la plenumo de kaŝa politiko en la centroj RPC, la aǔtoro proponas kvin ĝeneralajn karak-terizojn de situacioj en kiuj rolas kaŝa politiko.SOMMAIRELa politique cachee du Programme Americain pour Refugies en Asie du Sud-EstMis en place en 1980 et disposant depuis lors de subventions et d'une publicite importantes, les Centres Americains d'Entrainement pour Refugies en Asie du Sud-Est ont pour but de preparer des refugies a se suffire a eux seuls bientot apres etre retablis aux Etats-Unis. L'evidence des donnees revele pourtant, que cette formation acquise aux Centres ne donne chez les refugies que de tres faibles resultats pour ce qu'il y a de leur niveau de communication en anglais, leur competence technique pour un metier eventuel et leur capacite de s'integrer a la nouvelle culture. Les causes de l'echec de la formation pourvue dans les Centres sont exposees dans cet article en tenant compte des objectifs de la politique cachee du Programme Americain pour Refugies qui assurent l'inefficacite de son instruction. L'auteur etablit un modele forme de cinq composants d'ordre general ressortant des cas de politique cachee, a partir d'une analyse de la mise en oeuvre de cette politique dans les Centres.
Use of Polymer-Modified MALDI-MS Probes To Improve Analyses of Protein Digests and DNA

The use of sample probe surfaces patterned with 200-microm-diameter spots of hydrophilic, charged polymers significantly enhances the analysis of protein digests and DNA by MALDI-MS. Selective adsorption on these polymer-modified surfaces allows collection of specific proteolytic peptides, while subsequent rinsing of the deposited sample removes contaminants. In the case of partially digested myoglobin, the mass spectrum obtained using a sample probe modified with polyanionic functionalities permits detection of 22 proteolytic fragments, while analysis using a stainless steel MALDI sample probe gives only 11 detectable fragments. Similarly, during the analysis of bovine serum albumin digests, the use of several different surface-modified MALDI sample probes increases sequence coverage from 61.3 to 74.5%. Detection of phosphorylated peptides can be quite challenging during analyses of phosphoprotein digests by MALDI-MS because these anionic proteolytic fragments have low ionization efficiencies. However, MALDI signals from the phosphorylated proteolytic fragments sometimes increase dramatically when using a sample probe surface modified by a polycation (polyethylenimine or poly(acrylic acid) complexed with Fe(3+)). The signal enhancement apparently occurs because the positive surface selectively binds the phosphorylated peptides. The use of patterned, polycationic surfaces also shows great promise for selective adsorption and decontamination of DNA samples; a simple water rinse diminishes or eliminates the formation of multi-ion adducts, thereby improving mass resolution during subsequent analysis by MALDI-MS.
An autoradiographic study of nucleic acid and protein turnover in the mammalian neuraxis.

The turnover of nucleic acids and proteins in the central nervous system has been explored by autoradiography following the subarachnoid injection of tagged precursors. Nuclear PNA of neurons and oligodendrocytes becomes radioactive earlier than cytoplasmic PNA after injection of adenine-C14 and orotic-C14 acid. By 24 hours following injection, cytoplasmic PNA is radioactive. Radioactivity persists with little decrease for as long as 51 days after an injection of adenine-C14. The cells of the ependymal lining, choroidal plexus, leptomeninges, blood vessel walls, and Schwann cells also exhibit radioactivity in PNA as judged by the loss of radioactivity following ribonuclease digestion. From the 3rd day on, increasing numbers of the aforementioned cells, with the exception of nerve cells, exhibit ribonuclease-resistant nuclear radioactivity which is abolished by deoxyribonuclease. This radioactivity indicates labelling of nuclear DNA. Following the intrathecal injection of methionine-S35 and glycine-2-H3, nerve cells, oligodendrocytes, cells of ependymal lining, choroidal plexus, leptomeninges, blood vessels, and Schwann cells become radioactive. Nerve cells lose most of their radioactivity within a few hours, first from the cytoplasm and later from the nucleus. Other cell types retain their radioactivity for considerable periods of time. Although astrocytes, microglia, and satellite cells of sensory ganglia do not appear to incorporate labelled precursors into nucleic acids or proteins, reacting phagocytic microglia actively take up labelled amino acids. These results are discussed with particular reference to PNA and protein turnover in nerve cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells. It is believed that these metabolic activities in neurons are concerned in part with the elaboration of axoplasmic proteins. The nucleoprotein metabolism of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells may be related to myelin biosynthesis both in the immature and the mature nervous system.
Theoretical and molecular dynamics studies of dense plasma microfield nonuniformity

Abstract We critically examine several theories of the electric microfield constrained average of the plasma microfield gradient 〈 ∂ϵ i ∂x j 〉 ϵ , where ∂ϵ i ∂x j is a component of the plasma microfield spatial derivative and ϵ is the magnitude of the microfield. This quantity is important in the treatment of ion quadrupole effects on Stark broadened line shapes. The constrained average itself is also of more general interest as a means of calculating other plasma quantities such as time derivatives of plasma microfields. We compare several theoretical models, both many-body and nearest-neighbor, with accurate molecular dynamics simulations. We show that one previously published many-body theory diverges for physical conditions of interest in plasmas. We also discuss some basic problems in formulating a theoretical description of the ion-radiator interaction in plasmas due to the finite size of the quantum mechanical radiator and the use of simple model screened potentials.
Catalytic mechanism of endonuclease v: a catalytic and regulatory two-metal model.

The enzyme endonuclease V initiates repair of deaminated DNA bases by making an endonucleolytic incision on the 3‘ side one nucleotide from a base lesion. In this study, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to characterize the role of the highly conserved residues D43, E89, D110, and H214 in Thermotoga maritima endonuclease V catalysis. DNA cleavage and Mn2+-rescue analysis suggest that amino acid substitutions at D43 impede the enzymatic activity severely while mutations at E89 and D110 may be tolerated. Mutations at H214 yield enzyme that maintains significant DNA cleavage activity. The H214D mutant exhibits little change in substrate specificity or DNA cleavage kinetics, suggesting the exchangeability between His and Asp at this site. DNA binding analysis implicates the involvement of the four residues in metal binding. Mn2+-mediated cleavage of inosine-containing DNA is stimulated by the addition of Ca2+, a metal ion that does not support catalysis. The effects of Mn2+ on Mg2+-mediated DNA cleavage ...
The Psychosocial Responses of School-Age Children to Hospitalization

This study examined the psychosocial responses of school-age children to hospitalization. The subjects were 50 children, between 8 and 12 years of age, who were unscheduled admissions. The children's usual pre-hospital behavior was compared to their behavior during the first week following hospitalization and one month after dismissal. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to demonstrate that there was no change in the school-age children's behavior following hospitalization. A moderate relationship was found between the children's usual prehospital behavior and the number of previous hospitalizations. Family function was related only to the children's behavior one week after dimissal. the children's usual prehospital behavioral problems were related to their behavior at all three times. No relationship was found between the length of hospitalization or the number of previous hospitalizations and their post hospital behavior.
The Usage of Simple Dublin Core Metadata in Digital Math and Science Repositories

Metadata quality is an important aspect of the usability of a digital repository. This article explores the quality of the metadata at three digital repositories that house math and science education materials and use the simple Dublin Core (DC) element set. The criteria for assessing the metadata quality at each repository were based on three characteristics: completeness, accuracy, and consistency. These three characteristics were chosen from a literature review of other such metadata studies. The degree to which each repository accomplishes these benchmarks in its use of the simple DC element set helps determine the repository's metadata quality and interoperability. In addition, the usage of the simple DC element set by each repository is also explored to determine the most frequently used terms versus the least used terms and to discover any terms that are used incorrectly.
Subchromatid structure of chromosomes in the living state.

Using endosperm of Haemanthus katherinae as a material and the 16 mm time-lapse micrographic technique, it has been found that chromosomes show half-chromatid structure clearly in mid-anaphase and telophase, and sometimes in prometaphase-metaphase. During the chromosome cycle in one cell, such structure appears clearest at certain stages, sometimes only for a very short period of the chromosome cycle. Visibility depends to a great extent on the degree of chromosomal coiling. When the half-chromatids are coiled around each several times, visibility is obscured and when half-chromatids are more or less parallel, visibility is much better. Additional data concerning half-chromatid structure during chromosome and kinetochore stretching and chromosome bridges have been supplied. Also conditions on which visibility depend have been briefly discussed.
Building intelligent dialog systems

We overview our recent work in specifying and building intelligent dialog systems that collaborate with users for a task. As part of this work we have specied and built systems for: giving medical students an opportunity to practice their decision making skills in English (B2); performing template-based natural language generation (YAG); detecting and rebutting arguments (ARGUER); recognizing and repairing misunderstandings (RRM); and assessing and augmenting patients’ health knowledge (PEAS). All of these systems make use of rich models of dialog for human-computer communication.
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity After Myocardial Infarction

Background— We used a molecular probe activated by protease cleavage to image expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the heart after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results— We synthesized and characterized a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe that is activated by proteolytic cleavage by MMP2 and MMP9. The NIRF probe was injected into mice at various time points up to 4 weeks after myocardial infarction induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. NIRF imaging of MMP activity increased in the infarct region, with maximal expression at 1 to 2 weeks, persisting to 4 weeks. Zymography and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that MMP9 expression is increased at 2 to 4 days, and MMP2 expression is increased at 1 to 2 weeks. Dual-label confocal microscopy showed colocalization of NIRF imaging with neutrophils on day 2, and flow cytometric analysis confirmed that NIRF signal is associated with leukocytes in the infarct zone. Conclusions— This study demons...
Valsalva's maneuver in atrial septal defect.

Abstract The response of the heart rate and arterial pressure to a standard Valsalva maneuver was studied in 36 patients with atrial septal defect and compared with that in 50 normal subjects. A quantitative method for describing the response was devised. The normal response was rather variable, but all normal subjects showed some narrowing of pulse pressure during the strain and some systolic pressure overshoot in the period after release. In every normal subject the narrowing of the pulse pressure during the strain or the systolic pressure overshoot was a change of at least 15 per cent from the control value. The changes in pressure were accompanied by tachycardia during the strain and bradycardia during the overshoot period, and the strain tachycardia or the overshoot bradycardia was at least 10 per cent altered from the control value in all normal subjects. By these criteria, 31 of 36 patients (86 per cent) with atrial septal defect showed abnormal responses, and in 27 of 36 (75 per cent) this was evident in the heart rate response, so that this test could be used to some advantage as a simple screening test of outpatients with the electrocardiogram. The abnormal response is presumed to result from the increased intrathoracic blood volume, allowing adequate cardiac output to continue despite temporary obstruction of venous return, rather than from myocardial failure, which was not present in these patients.
Outbreak of Clostridium difficile Infection in a Long-Term Care Facility: Association with Gatifloxacin Use

To determine the cause of an increase in the rate of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) in a long-term care facility (LTCF), we analyzed CDAD cases among LTCF patients from October 2001 through June 2002. CDAD cases were identified from review of all enzyme immunoassays positive for C. difficile toxin A. The increase coincided with a formulary change from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin. We performed a case-control study in which we randomly selected control subjects from 612 LTCF admissions during this period. Although we examined a variety of risk factors, logistic regression analysis only demonstrated associations between CDAD and use of clindamycin (P = .005) and gatifloxacin, the latter being associated with an increasing risk of CDAD with increasing duration of gatifloxacin therapy (P < .0001). We concluded that an outbreak of CDAD in an LTCF was associated with a formulary change from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin. The rate of CDAD in the LTCF decreased after a change back to levofloxacin.
Interstitial Glucose Level Is a Significant Predictor of Energy Intake in Free-Living Women with Healthy Body Weight

The relative contribution of circulating glucose to meal-to-meal variability in energy intake is not known. In 8 free-living young (median age 26.5 y) women with healthy body weight (median BMI 22.2 kg/m(2)), we measured glucose in the interstitial space by an automated monitoring procedure (continuous glucose monitoring system, CGMS) for up to 3 consecutive days (mean 706 glucose readings per subject). We examined the association between interstitial glucose (which lags blood glucose by approximately 10 min), self-reported hunger, satiety, desire for a meal, and nutrient intakes. Participants reported consuming a typical Western diet (59% carbohydrate, 27% fat, 14% protein). Median (interquartile range) interstitial glucose was 5.2 mmol/L (4.7-5.8). Using repeated-measures techniques in univariate analyses, desire for a meal (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001), hunger (r = 0.37, P = 0.0002), satiety (r = -0.40, P < 0.0001), low interstitial absolute mean glucose up to 25 min before eating (r = -0.23, P = 0.02), and a large decline in glucose between 40 and 5 min before eating (r = -0.17, P = 0.08) were all associated with meal energy intake. In multivariate regression analyses, desire for a meal (P < 0.0001) and hunger (P = 0.02) were the strongest independent contributors to meal energy intake, whereas absolute mean glucose measured in the period 15 to 0 min before eating was marginally significant (P = 0.08). In conclusion, absolute glucose level is a significant predictor of energy intake in nonobese women. However, desire for a meal and hunger are quantitatively more important, emphasizing the importance of both glucose signals and nonglucose (internal or environmental) factors in within-subject variability in energy intake. In addition, the CGMS may have utility in understanding the role of circulating glucose in energy regulation in free-living subjects under a wide range of different nutritional conditions.
On Programming Models for Service-Level High Availability

This paper provides an overview of existing programming models for service-level high availability and investigates their differences, similarities, advantages, and disadvantages. Its goal is to help to improve reuse of code and to allow adaptation to quality of service requirements by using a uniform programming model description. It further aims at encouraging a discussion about these programming models and their provided quality of service, such as availability, performance, serviceability, usability, and applicability. Within this context, the presented research focuses on providing high availability for services running on head and service nodes of high-performance computing systems
Spatial-resolution enhancement in computed tomography

We propose an approach that combines an asymmetric fan-beam configuration and a new reconstruction algorithm to enhancing spatial resolution in computed tomography (CT). The asymmetric configuration can be achieved by changing the center of rotation (COR) from the conventional symmetric configuration. It does not, however, require new detectors and X-ray source nor alter the relative geometry between the detector and the X-ray source. By effectively reducing the distance of the COR to the X-ray source, the asymmetric configuration can increase the effective sampling density in projection data without reducing the size of the field of view (FOV). The proposed algorithm, on the other hand, can reconstruct images directly from data acquired with this asymmetric configuration. We performed numerical studies to demonstrate and validate the proposed acquisition/reconstruction approach. Results in these studies confirm that the proposed approach can lead to enhanced spatial resolution in reconstructed images. The proposed acquisition/reconstruction approach may find applications in micro-CT and industrial CT in which the CORs may be changed.
Mild hypertension. When and how to treat.

• "Early and aggressive" drug therapy for mild hypertension, now widely prescribed in the United States, may be inappropriate for many of the 30 million patients with this condition. Although all of these patients are at greater risks of premature cardiovascular disease, the risks are manifested neither quickly nor uniformly. Drug therapy has not proved beneficial for patients with a diastolic (D) BP reading below 100 mm Hg, particularly those patients who are otherwise at low risk. Those antihypertensive drugs that are available now carry risks along with their benefits. Therefore, persons with mild hypertension who are at low risk should be encouraged to use nondrug therapies for at least six to 12 months. If their DBP remains below 100 mm Hg, they may be better off than if they were given drugs. The drug used in initial therapy has usually been a diuretic. For many patients, however, an adrenergic inhibitor may be a more appropriate choice. (Arch Intern Med1983;143:255-259)
Tail-dominated storm main phase: 31 March 2001

[1] On 31 March 2001 a fast solar wind transient with strong southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz produced a large geomagnetic storm at Earth, with a drop in the Dst index to −350 nT between 0400 and 0900 UT. The Earth's magnetosphere was very compressed during this interval, with the bow shock crossing geosynchronous orbit on at least two occasions. Here we present space-based and ground-based observations demonstrating that tail currents, rather than ring currents, were the dominant contributor to the Dst index during the main phase of this storm. The plasma sheet during this interval was exceptionally dense and penetrated very deeply towards the Earth, leading to extremely strong tail currents flowing quite close to the Earth. These tail currents produced a very distorted magnetosphere, with strong stretching of the magnetic field lines in the nightside plasma sheet. Energetic neutral atom (ENA) images from the MENA and HENA instruments on IMAGE show a very narrow spatial distribution, with ENAs confined to the nightside until a magnetic field dipolarization at ∼0630 UT when Dst was −250 nT. Ground magnetometer measurements confirm that the disturbance was localized on the nightside and dominated by tail currents up until the field dipolarization. Following the dipolarization, higher energy ENAs began to drift toward dusk, forming a partial ring current. Even at that time, low-energy ENAs were not observed on the dayside, either due to inhibited access or to strong charge exchange losses.
Development of a Nucleoside Analog UV Light Sensor

Conjugation of the photosensitive nucleoside (E)-5-(2-methoxycarbonylethenyl)cytidine to biotin provided a means to attach this analogue to microparticles for dosimetry applications that require UV sensor mobility.
A novel N‐terminal hydrophobic motif mediates constitutive degradation of serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐induced kinase‐1 by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway

Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase-1 (SGK-1) plays a critical role in regulation of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. SGK-1 also shares significant catalytic domain homology with protein kinase B (PKB/AKT-1) and is a downstream effector of antiapoptotic phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. Steady-state levels of an active SGK-1 are tightly regulated by rapid transcriptional activation and post-translational modification including phosphorylation. We show here that endogenous SGK-1 protein is polyubiquitinated and rapidly degraded by the 26S proteasome. In contrast to other rapidly degraded kinases, neither the catalytic activity of SGK-1 nor activation site phosphorylation was required for its ubiquitin modification and degradation. Instead, SGK-1 degradation required a lysine-less six-amino-acid (amino acids 19-24) hydrophobic motif (GMVAIL) within the N-terminal domain. Deletion of amino acids 19-24 significantly increased the half-life of SGK1 and prevented its ubiquitin modification. Interestingly, this minimal region was also required for the association of SGK-1 with the endoplasmic reticulum. Ubiquitin modification and degradation of SGK-1 were increasingly inhibited by the progressive mutation of six N-terminal lysine residues surrounding the GMVAIL motif. Mutation of all six lysines to arginine did not disrupt the subcellular localization of SGK-1 despite a significant decrease in ubiquitination, implying that this modification per se was not required for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that constitutive ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SGK-1 is an important mechanism regulating its biological activity.
Sense, Being and the Revelatory Event: Deleuze and Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is a sudden change, a ‘becoming-other’ in life or in philosophical perspective. A revelatory event initiates in a double manner the move from Heidegger's futile search for a transcendental IT that delivers perceptible beings to the confident positing of Deleuze's transcendental empiricism, suffused with the IF of incorporeal sense. In the process Deleuze dramatically enacts his personal connection between sense (Sinn) and being (Sein).
Functional outcome after fracture of both bones of the forearm

Our aim was to correlate the health status with objective and radiological outcomes in patients treated by open reduction and internal fixation for fractures of both bones of the forearm. We assessed 23 patients (24 fractures) subjectively, objectively and radiologically at a mean of 34 months (11 to 72). Subjective assessment used the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) and musculoskeletal functional attachment (MFA) questionnaires. The range of movement of the forearm and wrist, grip and pinch strength were measured objectively and standardised radiographs were evaluated. In general, patients reported good overall function based on the DASH (mean 12; range 0 to 42) and MFA (mean 19; range 0 to 51) scores. However, pronation and grip and pinch strength were significantly decreased (p < 0.005). These deficiencies correlated with poorer subjective outcomes. Operative stabilisation of fractures of the radius and ulna led to a reliably acceptable functional outcome. However, despite these generally satisfactory results, the outcome scores worsened with reduction in the range of movement of the forearm and wrist.
Establishing the contribution of lawn mowing to atmospheric aerosol levels in American suburbs

Abstract. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a class of wound-induced volatile organic compounds emitted by several plant species. Turf grasses emit a complex profile of GLVs upon mowing, as evidenced by the "freshly cut grass" smell, some of which are readily oxidized in the atmosphere to contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The contribution of lawn-mowing-induced SOA production may be especially impactful at the urban–suburban interface, where urban hubs provide a source of anthropogenic oxidants and SOA while suburban neighborhoods have the potential to emit large quantities of reactive, mow-induced GLVs. This interface provides a unique opportunity to study aerosol formation in a multicomponent system and at a regionally relevant scale. Freshly cut grass was collected from a study site in Essex Junction, Vermont, and was placed inside a 775 L Teflon experimental chamber. Thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) was used to characterize the emitted GLV profile. Ozone was introduced to the experimental chamber and TD-GC/MS was used to monitor the consumption of these GLVs and the subsequent evolution of gas-phase products, while a scanning mobility particle sizer was used to continuously measure aerosol size distributions and mass loadings as a result of grass clipping ozonolysis. Freshly cut grass was found to emit a complex mixture of GLVs, dominated by \textit{cis}-3-hexenyl acetate (CHA) and \textit{cis}-3-hexenol (HXL), which were released at an initial rate of 1.8 (± 0.5) μg and 0.07 (± 0.03) μg per square meter of lawn mowed with each mowing. Chamber studies using pure standards of CHA and HXL were found to have aerosol yields of 1.2 (± 1.1)% and 3.3 (± 3.1)%, respectively. Using these aerosol yields and the emission rate of CHA and HXL by grass, SOA evolution by ozonolysis of grass clippings was predicted. However, the measured SOA mass produced from the ozonolysis of grass clippings exceeded the predicted amount, by upwards of ~150%. The ozonolysis of a mixture of CHA and HXL representative of environmental mixing ratios also failed to accurately model the SOA mass produced by grass clippings. The disparity between measured SOA mass and the predicted SOA mass suggests that grass clippings contain other SOA precursors in addition to CHA and HXL. Aerial photographs and geospatial analysis were used to determine the area of turfgrass coverage in a suburban neighborhood, which was then used along with measured SOA production as a function of grass mowed to determine that lawn mowing has the potential to contribute 47 μg SOA per m−2 of lawn to the atmosphere per mowing event by ozonolysis, which cannot be modeled solely by the ozonolysis of CHA, HXL or a representative mixture of the two.
Word Finding Difficulties: Differentiated Vocabulary Instruction in the Speech and Language Room.

This study considered the efficacy of a differentiated approach to vocabulary instruction for learners with word-finding difficulties (WFD) in the speech and language pathologist’s room. Using a pr...
Ununited Fracture of the Proximal Pole of the Scaphoid With Avascular Necrosis

D p b g THE PATIENT A 25-year-old man reports 8 months of radial-sided wrist pain after falling off a skateboard. He is tender in the anatomical snuffbox and reports discomfort with radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist. Initial radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show a nondisplaced, ununited fracture of the proximal pole of the scaphoid with no arthrosis. The MRI is suggestive of avascular necrosis of the proximal pole resulting from decreased signal intensity in the proximal fragment on both T1and T2-weighted images.
Habitat selection by adult walleye during spawning season in irrigation reservoirs: a patch occupancy modeling approach

Recruitment of walleye (Sander vitreus Mitchill) is limited in irrigation reservoirs of the Republican River basin in southwestern Nebraska. The causal mechanism for this limited recruitment is unknown, but may be related to a lack of suitable spawning habitat. Patch occupancy models were developed to describe variation in detection probability and habitat selection during spawning season using shoreline electrofishing data. Detection of adult walleye was negatively affected by water temperature, silt substrate, and woody cover. Adult walleye selected sites with cooler water temperatures and greater fetch at Enders Reservoir, and large rock substrate and no cover at Hugh Butler Lake; these characteristics are limited to areas on or near the riprap dams in both reservoirs. Walleye eggs were also only found in these areas. We conclude that patch occupancy modeling provided valuable information when considering habitat improvement projects and propose a management approach for the addition of walleye spawning habitat in irrigation reservoirs.
Dynamic Regulation Design Without Payments: Timing is Everything *

AbstractWe consider a two period model of optimal regulation of a ﬁrm subject to marginal compli-ance cost shocks. The regulator faces an asymmetric information problem: the ﬁrm knowscurrent compliance costs, but the regulator does not. Both the regulator and the ﬁrm are un-certain about future costs. In our basic framework, the regulator may not oﬀer payments tothe ﬁrm; we show that the regulator can vary the strength of regulation over time to inducethe ﬁrm to reveal its costs and increase welfare. In the optimal mechanism, the regulatoroﬀers stronger (weaker) regulation in the ﬁrst period and weaker (stronger) regulation in thesecond period if the ﬁrm reports low (high) compliance costs in the ﬁrst period. Low costﬁrms expect compliance costs to rise in the future, and thus prefer weaker regulation in thesecond period. High cost ﬁrms expect costs to fall in the future and thus prefer regulationwhich becomes more strict over time. Thus the regulator oﬀers the low (high) cost ﬁrms slightly