cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinning out of Control: The Black Box of Basilar Migraine (P03.222)

Objective: To demonstrate that triptans are a safe, effective treatment of migraine with basilar features. Background Basilar Migraine can only be diagnosed if there are two attacks that involve two of the following reversible symptoms: dysarthria, vertigo, tinnitus hyperacusia, diplopia, visual symptoms simultaneously in both temporal and nasal fields of both eyes, ataxia, decreased level of consciousness, and/or simultaneously bilateral paresthesias. The literature suggests that basilar artery vasoconstriction is part of the pathophysiology of basilar migraine, but there has not been significant evidence suggesting posterior circulation oligemia or ischemia occurs. Despite the lack of evidence, patients with basilar migraine have been excluded from many triptan clinical trials, and triptan package labeling states that triptans are contraindicated in these patients. Design/Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients at the John R. Graham Headache Center (JGHC). An electronic medical record search was conducted for patients with a diagnosis of migraine with basilar features who were prescribed a triptan between 7/2010-7/2011. Search terms included: migraine AND basilar, dysarthria, vertigo, tinnitus, hyperacusia, diplopia, ataxia, altered consciousness, and/or loss of consciousness. We did not include search terms to identify visual or sensory criteria because such features overlap with those of migraine with more typical forms of aura. The terms utilized for the triptan search included both the generic and brand names of all triptans currently on the market. Results: Preliminary data includes patients of one of four staff physicians at JGHC, which indicates 5 subjects with loss of consciousness, 5 subjects with vertigo, and 2 subjects with diplopia as a component of their migraines who have been safely taking triptans without any complications. The final data of all four staff physicians at JGHC will be presented once data collection is completed. Conclusions: Based on these data, triptans are a safe, effective treatment of migraine with basilar features. Disclosure: Dr. Mathew has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rajashekara has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saadi has nothing to disclose.
Theoretical Perspectives on Labor and Colonialism: Reconsidering the California Missions

Many recognize that labor was a central feature of colonialism, especially in the Americas, but few have considered the anthropological implications of labor for interpreting colonialism. A new theoretical perspective involves conceptualizing labor as practice and as a social, rather than simply an economic, phenomenon. Building on theories of practice, labor can be defined as a colonial imposition and attempt at social control and as a medium of agency and resistance for those laboring. Although historical documents provide solid information on the structure and implementation of labor from the top down, archaeological research is often required to access the native experience of labor from the bottom up. To develop the labor-as-practice approach, I present a case study of the 18th- and 19th-century California missions that integrates historical data on regional mission labor organization with archaeological data from the specific site of Mission San Antonio de Padua in southcentral California. The results provide new insights into the interpretation of Mission San Antonio's archaeological record, fresh perspectives on the complexity of material culture in colonial and pluralistic settings, and increased appreciation for the role of colonial labor in structuring the spatial and material aspects of culture contact, colonialism, and daily life in the past.
Apparatus for studying the effects of rapid thermal cycles and high strain rates on the elevated temperature behavior of materials

A new research tool is described which permits determination of short-time elevated temperature properties of metals and alloys. Test specimens are heated by their own resistance to the flow of a large magnitude heating current, and a rapid-acting electronic-proportioning rate-control action permits achieving programmed heating of the specimen under test at rates up to and exceeding 3000°F./sec. with negligible thermal overshoot. Complete thermal cycles involving complex programs of alternate heating and cooling may be automatically programmed by means of a special electronic reference generator with a dynamic accuracy of ±15°F. for peak temperatures up to the working limit of existing thermocouple materials. The electronic programming device also initiates testing of the specimen in tension with any desired rate of crosshead motion up to 4.5 in./sec. with loads up to 10,000 lbs. Specimen temperature, load, and crosshead position as a function of time are automatically recorded by a direct—developing recording oscillograph. Examples of recent applications of the apparatus to some metallurgical problems are described briefly, and suggested areas of future application are summarized.
Lack of diameter effect on short-term patency of size-matched Dacron aortobifemoral grafts

This study examined the relationship between graft diameter and subsequent patency in 79 patients who received Dacron aortobifemoral bypass grafts for aortoiliac occlusive disease between 1985 and 1989. Sixty-five percent of these patients were men, 25% were diabetic, and 94% were smokers, with an average age of 62 years. Patients were followed for a mean interval of 24 months. Life-table survival was 92% at 3 years. All surviving patients showed "significant" postoperative improvement by use of Society for Vascular Surgery/International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery combined clinical and vascular laboratory criteria. There were three early and five late graft thromboses. Primary and secondary life-table patencies were 85% and 92%, respectively, at 3 years. Dacron bifurcation grafts were selected to match the size of native arteries. Patients receiving small diameter grafts, defined as 12 mm (n = 9) and 14 mm (n = 39), were compared with patients receiving large diameter grafts of 16 mm (n = 26) and 18 mm (n = 5). Small diameter grafts were more likely to be used in women (p less than 0.01), but patient groups were otherwise comparable with respect to age, smoking history, diabetes, outflow status, operative indications, type of proximal anastomosis (end-to-end or end-to-side), location of distal anastomosis (common femoral vs deep femoral), type of graft construction (knitted vs woven), and functional result. Graft diameter did not influence life-table patency, which was 84% for small and 87% for large diameter grafts at 3 years (p = 0.74). Furthermore, none of the other variables listed above influenced graft patency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Impressionistic realism: The Europeans focus the U.S. on measurement

At the Joint OECD/University of Maryland Conference held in Paris on “Measuring Poverty, Income Inequality, and Social Exclusion: Lessons from Europe,” many of the conference papers focused on alternative measures of income, evaluating their impacts on inequality and poverty. The conference papers highlight the impact of making detailed changes that affect measurement. These details, in turn, provide insight for the larger context of determining the “best” resource measure to use for poverty and inequality measurement. In many cases, the details do not change our picture of the trend in poverty, or even the comparisons across countries (see OECD, 2008), but they often change the composition of the poor. Examining the details helps to logically connect the parts to form a satisfactory whole or picture. As it is often difficult to clarify all of the details and obtain the “best” measure, the main focus should be on obtaining a sufficient statistic that reflects a country’s poverty or inequality and that can be compared over time and across countries. To evaluate how the logical connection of parts affect the overall picture of poverty, one must answer the Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How of poverty measurement: Who is the unit of analysis (and the choice of equivalence scale); What resource measure will be used; Where is poverty measured (and does it differ by geographic location); When is poverty measured (and does it change over time); Why is poverty measured and what is the purpose; How is the poverty threshold constructed and used?
Immunocytochemical detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in conventional histopathology specimens.

The 3-step, unlabeled antibody, immunoperoxidase method for staining CEA in conventional histopathology sections was used to evaluate the presence of CEA in 950 different specimens, the vast majority of which were available as paraffin-embedded tissues fixed in formalin. The sensitivity of the method clearly discriminated between normal or nonmalignant, diseased tissues and neoplasms having increased quantities of CEA. Thus, tumors of epithelial origin, particularly adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchus, ovary, and cervix, were frequently prone to CEA staining. Among ovarian tumors, there appeared to be a distinct proclivity of CEA staining in mucinous as compared to serous cystadenocarcinomas. The only normal tissues showing CEA were colonic mucosae adjacent or near to benign or malignant tumors, suggesting CEA absorption from the neoplasm and not primarily de novo CEA biosynthesis. With the exception of inflammatory conditions of the colon, nonmalignant, diseased tissues did not have CEA demonstrable by this method. It is proposed that immunocytochemical staining of CEA in conventional tumor pathology sections can be used to discriminate those cases in which blood CEA titers need to be determined on a serial basis in order to monitor recurrence or progression, since a positive immunoperoxidase reaction for CEA in the primary tumor predicts well in many cases which patients will have a blood CEA value reflecting disease activity. Furthermore, the excellent correlation found for CEA staining between primary and metastatic tumors of the same cases suggests that the immunocytochemical method could have diagnostic potential for detecting micrometastatic spread of CEA-positive cancers to regional lymph nodes, thus aiding in the screening of regional lymph nodes of cancer patients.
Cerebellar Cortex, Purkinje Cell Layer

This report contains a summary of expression patterns for genes that are enriched in the Purkinje cell layer (CBXpu) of the cerebellum. All data is derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse project. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the CBXpu were compared to the values of its larger parent structure, in this case the cerebellar cortex, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The highest ranking genes were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression analysis. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report.
The effect of racemic ketamine on the large conductance Ca+2-activated potassium (BK) channels in GH3 cells

Abstract Recently, inhalation anesthetics have been reported to block BK channels in adrenal chromaffin cells. To determine if BK block was characteristic only of inhalation anesthetics or was also a property of other general anesthetics we examined the effects of ketamine, an intravenous general anesthetic which is structurally different than inhalation anesthetics. Cell-attached and excised patch single channel and standard whole cell recording techniques were used to examine the effect of racemic ketamine on the BK channel activity in GH 3 cells. When solutions containing 150 mM KCl are used in both the pipette and bath, the BK channels are characterized as a voltage-dependent channel with a unit conductance of 150–300 pS. Racemic ketamine (at clinically relevant concentrations; 2–500 μM) selectively blocked BK channels in a dose-dependent, reversible manner as evidenced by decreases in NP o (number of channels × open probability). This decrease was due to both a decrease in mean open time and an increase in the mean closed time but without a decrease in single-channel current amplitude. Ketamine shifts the P o vs voltage curve to higher potentials without a change in the slope of the voltage dependence. Ketamine also shifts the P o vs [Ca +2 ] relationship to higher Ca +2 concentrations. The IC 50 for the single-channel block by ketamine is 20.3 ± 15.9 μM. In an effort to confirm that the effect of ketamine was predominantly due to a block of the BK channels, standard whole cell techniques were utilized. As with the single-channel experiments, ketamine (2–500 μM) produced a dose-dependent, voltage-independent and reversible decrease in outward current with an IC 50 of 23.7 ± 11.5 μM. Addition of 100 μM ketamine to cells pretreated with the BK channel blocker, charybdotoxin (ChTX), did not result in a further decrease in outward current. These results demonstrate a selective effect of ketamine at clinically relevant concentrations which is consistent with results reported for inhalation anesthetics.
Gaseous Refractory-Element Molecules in IRC10216

The list of detected refractory-element (RE) species in IRC10216 is now large enough to try to assess their chemistry, and the fraction of each that escapes in gas phase to the ISM. The former may tell us how grains are formed, the latter whether mass-loss from evolved stars is important in determining interstellar elemental depletions as distinct from accretion processes in the ISM. We expect that much of the Si chemistry is now understood and about 25% of Si escapes as a gas. Other REs are less well understood but most should be more volatile than Si. For many of the REs, O-rich CSEs should behave similarly to C-rich ones.
Brief Instruction in Mindfulness and Relaxation Reduce Rumination Differently for Men and Women

This study compared brief instruction in mindfulness versus somatic relaxation in their ability to reduce rumination and negative affect following an induced negative mood and ruminative self-focus. A nonclinical undergraduate sample (N = 114; 61% women) participated. Based on previous research using intensive mindfulness training, we predicted that brief instruction in mindfulness would be unique in its ability to reduce rumination relative to somatic relaxation and no-treatment control groups. Findings partially supported our hypothesis. For women, mindfulness was better at reducing rumination compared to no treatment, while for men somatic relaxation was better than mindfulness and no treatment. Furthermore, we found support for a moderated mediation model where reductions in rumination accounted for decreased negative affect only for women. Future research should examine whether these preliminary findings can be replicated and expanded, because they may have important implications regarding treatment ...
Personality and psychological correlates of eating disorder symptoms among male collegiate athletes

Abstract Despite a proliferation of research on disordered eating in female athletes, few studies have included male athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine which of five personality and psychological variables of interest (i.e., perfectionism, self-esteem, optimism, reasons for exercise, and appearance orientation) best predicted eating disorder status (i.e., symptomatic or asymptomatic) in male athletes. Two hundred three male athletes ( M age = 20.29, SD = 1.64) from three National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institutions participated. More athletes were asymptomatic (80.8%) than symptomatic (19.2%). None of the variables significantly predicted symptomatic status. These findings contrast the literature on predictors of disordered eating symptomatology among female athletes, and suggest the need for further research to identify other potential predictors of eating disturbance among male athletes.
Computer Simulation as a Tool to Investigate the Shearing Deformation of Nonhomogeneous Elastomers

The large deformation of elastomeric (rubber-like) materials has been commonly analyzed within the context of hyper elasticity. Although there is ample experimental evidence suggesting the nonhomogeneity of these materials, the majority of the hyperelastic models assume the material homogeneity. In the present study, a Gent material model is generalized in light of recent experimental studies to be able to simulate the shearing deformation of a non-homogeneous isotropic incompressible elastomeric slab. The numerical solution of the static equilibrium equations shows that the shearing response of non-homogeneous slabs is substantially different from that of homogeneous slabs. The finite chain extensibility, which is a characteristic of most rubber-like materials, is shown to have a self-homogenizing effect on the strain field in addition to its well-known stiffening effect on the stress field.
Penalized Regressions: The Bridge versus the Lasso

Abstract Bridge regression, a special family of penalized regressions of a penalty function Σ|βj|γ with γ ≤ 1, considered. A general approach to solve for the bridge estimator is developed. A new algorithm for the lasso (γ = 1) is obtained by studying the structure of the bridge estimators. The shrinkage parameter γ and the tuning parameter λ are selected via generalized cross-validation (GCV). Comparison between the bridge model (γ ≤ 1) and several other shrinkage models, namely the ordinary least squares regression (λ = 0), the lasso (γ = 1) and ridge regression (γ = 2), is made through a simulation study. It is shown that the bridge regression performs well compared to the lasso and ridge regression. These methods are demonstrated through an analysis of a prostate cancer data. Some computational advantages and limitations are discussed.
Quantitative proteomics analysis of specific protein expression and oxidative modification in aged senescence-accelerated-prone 8 mice brain.

The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) is a murine model of accelerated senescence that was established using phenotypic selection. The SAMP series includes nine substrains, each of which exhibits characteristic disorders. SAMP8 is known to exhibit age-dependent learning and memory deficits. In our previous study, we reported that brains from 12-month-old SAMP8 have greater protein oxidation, as well as lipid peroxidation, compared with brains from 4-month-old SAMP8 mice. In order to investigate the relation between age-associated oxidative stress on specific protein oxidation and age-related learning and memory deficits in SAMP8, we used proteomics to identify proteins that are expressed differently and/or modified oxidatively in aged SAMP8 brains. We report here that in 12 month SAMP8 mice brains the expressions of neurofilament triplet L protein, lactate dehydrogenase 2 (LDH-2), heat shock protein 86, and α-spectrin are significantly decreased, while the expression of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) is increased compared with 4-month-old SAMP8 brains. We also report that the specific protein carbonyl levels of LDH-2, dihydropyrimidinase-like protein 2, α-spectrin and creatine kinase, are significantly increased in the brain of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice when compared with the 4-month-old SAMP8 brain. These findings are discussed in reference to the effect of specific protein oxidation and changes of expression on potential mechanisms of abnormal alterations in metabolism and neurochemicals, as well as to the learning and memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice.
The Metabolic Syndrome: Requiescat in Pace

Values for insulin-mediated glucose disposal vary continuously throughout a population of apparently healthy individuals, with at least a sixfold variation between the most insulin sensitive and most insulin resistant of these individuals. The more insulin resistant a person, the more insulin must be secreted to prevent decompensation of glucose tolerance. Insulin resistance is not a disease, but a description of a physiologic state, and approximately one third of an apparently healthy population is sufficiently insulin resistant to be at increased risk to develop a cluster of abnormalities and related clinical syndromes. The primary value of the concept of insulin resistance is that it provides a conceptual framework with which to place a substantial number of apparently unrelated biological events into a pathophysiological construct. In contrast, the metabolic syndrome was introduced as a diagnostic category to identify individuals that satisfy three of five relatively arbitrarily chosen criteria to initiate lifestyle changes with the goal of decreasing risk of cardiovascular disease. Consequently, the value of the notion of the metabolic syndrome must be considered not in pathophysiologic terms, but as a pragmatic approach to obtain a better clinical outcome. In this review, an effort is made to critically evaluate the concept of the metabolic syndrome, the criteria chosen to identify individuals with the syndrome, and the clinical utility of making, or not making, a diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome.
Quarkonia and Quantum Chromodynamics

The $\ensuremath{\psi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ spectroscopies are analyzed in the framework of a recently proposed potential model which incorporates linear confinement and asymptotic freedom. Given the Regge slope ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ taken to be 1 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$) and the quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) scale parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ (${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{MS}}}$ taken to be 0.5 GeV, where $\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{MS}}$ refers to the modified minimal-subtraction scheme) the potential is completely determined. Excellent agreement with experiment is found, including in particular leptonic widths and hyperfine splittings. This supports a short-distance behavior of the quark-antiquark potential as predicted by QCD. We also demonstrate in a model-independent way that the $\ensuremath{\Psi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ spectra provide a lower bound on the QCD scale parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$; we find ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{MS}}}g0.1$ GeV. The properties of ($b\overline{c}$) and possible ($t\overline{t}$), ($t\overline{c}$), and ($t\overline{b}$) spectroscopies are studied, including weak-interaction effects. The implications of the $\ensuremath{\Psi}$, $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$, and possible heavier quarkonium families for quantitative tests of QCD are discussed. It is shown that a ($t\overline{t}$) system with $m(t\overline{t})\ensuremath{\ge}40$ GeV would provide an accurate determination of ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{MS}}}$.
Challenges of creating effective chimeric antigen receptors for cancer therapy.

The immune system has the ability to recognize and attack tumor cells based on the expression or over-expression of specific antigens, but immune cells often express receptors that poorly recognize tumor antigens. However, recombinant DNA techniques combined with knowledge of immune signaling has provided a means to design powerful new receptors, called chimeric antigen receptors or CARs, that can recognize any target molecule and activate a variety of cell effector functions just at the site where antigen is present. One of the primary challenges using CAR based effector cells is to achieve good efficacy with limited toxicity. There are many different receptor designs that produce efficacious CAR cells, so there will be multiple paths that lead to success.
Wavelets and power system transient analysis

In order to improve electric power quality, the source and causes of transient faults must be known before appropriate action can be taken. However, in order to determine the causes and sources of transient faults, one must have the capability to detect and localize those faults and further identify the types of fault. The purpose of this paper is to introduce to the instrumentation and measurement community a powerful method for transient analysis. The wavelet transform, which has received considerable interest in information theory and image compression, is proposed as an effective means of analyzing voltage and current waveforms recording during power system disturbances. The wavelet transform is introduced as a method for analyzing transients associated with power system fault and switching such as capacitor switching and single-phase switching. Disturbances that are not periodic require a more powerful mathematical technique than the Fourier series. The wavelet transform is one such tool that can be used. In this paper the wavelet theory is applied to model short-term events like single-phase switching.
Quadrature matched filters in image analysis of echocardiograms

Twelve echocardiograms of the left ventricle are processed with a 2-D radial quadrature matched filter to identify endocardial border locations and orientations. Orientation angles of border edges, obtained from the quadrature output signals, exhibit gradual changes around the border. Using 3-pixel-wide edge models, a change in angle of less than 3 degrees is found between 70.3% of the adjacent pairs of border points. The results show that gradual changes in angle are an excellent means for border identification. >
Cognitive Radio Architecture Evolution

The radio research community has aggressively embraced cognitive radio for dynamic radio spectrum management to enhance spectrum usage, e.g., in ISM bands and as secondary users in unused TV bands, but the needs of the mobile wireless user have not been addressed as thoroughly on the question of high quality of information (QoI) as a function of place, time, and social setting (e.g. commuting, shopping, or in need of medical assistance). This paper considers the evolution of cognitive radio architecture (CRA) in the context of motivating use cases such as public safety and sentient spaces to characterize CRA with an interdisciplinary perspective where machine perception in visual, acoustic, speech, and natural language text domains provide cues to the automatic detection of stereotypical situations, enabling radio nodes to select from among radio bands and modes more intelligently and enabling cognitive wireless networks to deliver higher QoI within social and technical constraints, made more cost effective via embedded and distributed computational intelligence.
De)Sexing the family Theorizing the social science of lesbian families

Many legal arguments pertaining to equal rights for gay and lesbian families have relied upon empirical research on the `healthy' childraising environment of these families. While neither disputing recent legal gains nor diminishing their importance, this article looks at some of the conceptual categories that drive this research. The limitations of such research, as salutary as it is, are typically understood in terms of their obvious political context. Such research avoids highlighting any differences between gay/lesbian families and traditional families because an emphasis on such differences feeds cultural stereotypes that are damaging to non-traditional families. This article takes a different tack, looking at how the concepts that frame research are based in binaries and fantasies about families and sex that we argue are too limiting. It assumes that the elision of sexuality within such studies is symptomatic of a broader repression of a variety of meanings of family. In response, the article brings...
Devolution and Welfare Reform: Re-evaluating “Success”

The passage of welfare reform shifted significant authority for welfare provision from the federal government to state and local governments. Proponents of devolution point to drastic caseload declines as evidence that state-run programs are decreasing dependency among families. However, welfare rolls in many states have remained stagnant or decreased since the start of the recession in late 2007. The uneven responsiveness of the welfare system to growing economic needs prompts the question of whether the safety net is functioning as intended. This article evaluates the literature on the state and local implementation of welfare to assess whether devolution has yielded the positive outcomes promised by proponents. Findings suggest that, under welfare reform, state and local governments are enacting diverse programs and do not appear to be limiting welfare provision in new ways to avoid becoming "welfare magnets." However, the type of program they adopt is systematically related to the racial and ethnic composition of the caseloads and the local political climate, leading to a fragmentary system in which some states and localities are more responsive than others. Social workers can help poor families in critical need of assistance by voicing these concerns at the local, state, and national levels.
The Evolution of Starburst Galaxies to Active Galactic Nuclei

Recent observations of luminous IRAS galaxies (L IR > 1011 L⊙) have revealed that virtually all are extremely rich in molecular gas with H2 abundances 5-20 times that of the Milky Way, and deep CCD imaging indicates that most are recent galactic mergers. Interferometric observations with the Owens Valley Millimeter-Wave Interferometer at 2.6 and 1.3 mm for five of these galaxies demonstrate that approximately half of the interstellar matter is contained in the central kpc. Inter-ferometry on the most luminous galaxies (L IR ≥ 1011L⊙) reveals that approximately half of the total interstellar matter is contained in the central kpc with mean densities of several hundred H2 cm−3. Such gas concentrations should result in the very rapid formation of stars, i.e. a central star burst yielding a massive central star cluster. The deep potential of the central star cluster and the high density of interstellar gas will ensure that virtually all of the gas lost during late stellar evolution sinks to the center of the cluster, building up a central, massive black hole. For a coeval star cluster of 4×109 M⊙, a mass of approximately 1.5×109 M⊙ will accumulate within approximately 108 years and accretion at an average rate of 7 M⊙ yr−1 over this time will result in a mean accretion luminosity of 1013 L⊙. This luminosity, radiated at X-ray and uv wavelengths from the inner accretion disk ionizes the mass loss envelopes of the surrounding red giant stars providing an origin for the broad emission line regions of QSO’s.
Reliability of lower extremity isokinetic strength testing in adults with stroke

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of isokinetic strength testing of knee flexion and extension at 60 degrees per second, and ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at 30 degrees per second in adults with stroke.Design: Test–retest using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).Setting: Human performance laboratory.Subjects: Ten adults post stroke with a mean age of 64 years (five males) and 10 adults without neurological injury with a mean age of 69 years (three males) who served as controls.Main outcome measures: Peak torque and average torque.Results: The reliability of strength of the less-affected lower extremity was high with values ranging from 0.75 to 0.97. Knee extension, ankle plantar flexion and the peak torque of dorsiflexion were reliable for the affected limb, ranging from 0.80 to 0.90. In contrast, affected knee flexion was not reliable with values of 0.48 and 0.44 for peak torque and average peak torque respectively.Conclusions: Isokinetic knee and ankle strength of the less-affected ...
Leveling the Playing Field: Negotiating Opportunities and Recognition in Gendered Jobs

In gendered jobs, how do women and men negotiate opportunities to perform and receive recognition for their accomplishments? Women face disadvantages negotiating the workplace, especially in male-dominated positions, while men receive advantages even in female-dominated jobs. This article uses research on gender inequality on Wall Street to illustrate how gender schemas sustain gen- der inequality in career opportunities, access to networks and mentors, and evaluations of performance. Women on Wall Street faced exclusionary networks and assumptions that men were more competent at finance. The article then focuses on strategies that some women on Wall Street have used to successfully negotiate career opportu- nities and recognition. These strategies include developing expertise, specializing in financial products, and seeking positions with objective performance criteria.
Study of major accidents and lessons learned

Government and private sector safety-related databases and other published safety resources were studied to determine their relevance and to identify the major lessons learned from each product. Information sources studied include the National Response Center (NRC), the Accidental Release Information Program (ARIP), the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), Major Accident Reporting System (MARS), the Marsh & McLennan Annual Reviews (Marsh), and Safety and Loss Prevention Symposia (LPS). This paper appropriately references these sources of information to facilitate similar studies. We identified that: (a) there are some problems with the government databases, (b) even with these problems, some important information can be extracted, and (c) descriptions of accidents are especially useful and educational. Some surprising and useful conclusions have also been developed; e.g., (a) major accident performance is continuing to degrade, (b) although PSM may be making a mark, something else is needed to improve industry's accident performance, and (c) runaway reactions continue to be a significant cause of major accidents. Two case histories are summarized to support the conclusions and recommendations of this study. Recommendations concerning PSM and runaway reactions are included in this paper; that is: (a) add “administrative controls” to PSM, and (b) initiate more fundamental research in the area of short stopping runaway reactions.
Optimization and Load Balancing of the Semantic Tagging and Searching System

In the Web 2.0 Age, Web bloggers have become major Web content providers, and the volume of blogs continues to increase rapidly. Although keyword-based tags are widely used to classify submitted blogs and to search for retrieval, this keyword-based approach provides less optimal classification, leading to less satisfactory search results because this approach is not a semantic approach. To address this problem, prior to this paper, a system called STSS was developed in order to facilitate users to build semantic tags for their blogs and to retrieve more relevant search results. The STSS test results demonstrated that use of the semantic approach led to more accurate content classification and more relevant search results although there were performance issues. In this paper, we describe our efforts to improve STSS by employing an optimization and caching approach. The test results show that the performance of new approach exceeds that of the previous one.
Psychometric g related to differences in head size

Summary-Scores on 17 diverse tests of cognitive abilities obtained from 82 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 61 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins were correlated with head size. A general factor, or psychometric g, was extracted from the tests, and g factor scores were found to be correlated with head size variables not only within individuals, but within twin pairs and between twin pairs. The size ofthe various tests’g loadings predicts the degree to which the tests are correlated with head size. This finding adds one more biological variable-head size and, by inference, brain size-to the list of other biological variables reported in the literature as showing a significant relation to psychometric g, the general factor common to all cognitive tests. Also, the varying magnitude of the mean difference between groups of white and black children on the I7 tests is related to the tests’ loadings on g, on spatial ability, and the tests’ correlations with head size.
Attitudes toward contraceptive methods among African-American men and women: similarities and differences.

Purpose Men’s attitudes toward contraceptives are an understudied area, even though many men participate in contraceptive decision making. The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes and perceptions regarding a selection of contraceptive methods among a national sample of African Americans, with a particular focus on gender differences. Methods Data come from a telephone survey of African Americans (aged 15–44 years) living in the contiguous United States. For the present analyses, the sample was restricted to 152 men and 281 women who reported having had a sexual partner of the opposite gender at some point in their lives. Bivariate analyses compared men and women’s ratings of birth control pills, male condoms, female condoms, Norplant, Depo Provera, female sterilization, and male sterilization along several dimensions: bad/good, harmful/beneficial, difficult/easy, dangerous/safe, immoral/moral, and effectiveness. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between gender and contraceptive attitudes, adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Results Male condoms were given the most favorable ratings along most dimensions by both African-American men and women. In general, ratings of male condoms, female condoms, and Norplant did not significantly differ by gender. African-American men did, however, give female and male sterilization, birth control pills, and Depo Provera significantly poorer ratings than did African-American women. Conclusion African-American men had less favorable evaluations of some contraceptive methods than did African-American women. Further research is needed to examine how such gender differences may play a role in contraceptive decisions.
Silicon Compounds: Anthropogenic Silicas and Silicates

Synthetic akali silicates, M2O·mSiO2·nH2O, where M = Li, Na, and K, are manufactured as liquids or glasses that readily dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions. These silicates contain a complex mixture of polymeric species that vary as a function of modulus, m, of the material, solution concentration, impurities content, and pH value. The polymer chemistry of silicates influences the properties and function of these materials in a variety of applications including detergency, water treatment, mineral beneficiation, bleach stabilization, and as a raw material for the syntheses of silica sols, gels and precipites, zeolites, clays, and other siliceous materials. The speciation and structure of silicates have been studied using a broad variety of analytical methods including Fourier transform infrared, ft–nmr, laser Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic techniques. The current article discusses the properties of the synthetic alkali silicates that determine their function in a variety of commercial applications. Economic, manufacturing, regulatory and environmental aspects of silicate production and usage are reviewed. Keywords: silicate glass; structure; dissolution; silica polymer; metal ion; oxide-water interfaces; characteristics; commercial products; sodium silicates; potassium silicates; regulations; detergency; water treatment; waste treatment; adhesives; binders; enhanced oil recovery; silica sols; silica gels; deflocculation; bleaching
Dry Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Canning Quality as Influenced by Soak Time, Soak Solution, and Cultivar

Hydration ratio of dry peas increased as soak time increased. Drained weights for the cv. Alaska decreased as soak time was increased, but drained weight for the cv. Garfield remained constant. Shear values increased for‘Alaska’, but decreased for‘Garfield’as soak time was extended. Moisture content decreased for‘Alaska’, but increased for‘Garfield’as soak time was extended. Objective color remained constant regardless of soak time. Sensory integrity (wholeness) was improved as soak time was extended for‘Alaska’peas. The addition of 0.5% CaCl2 solution to canned peas reduced hydration ratios, drained weights, and color, and increased shear values and sensory integrity and appearance.
PRIMARY PRODUCTS IN THE FLASH PHOTOLYSIS OF TRYPTOPHAN

There has been considerable interest in the photochemistry of tryptophan in connection with ultraviolet inactivation of enzymes. Earlier flash photolysis work has demonstrated that the hydrated electron (e-aq) is an initial product in the irradiation of indole derivatives, accompanied by a longer-lived transient absorption near 500 nm attributed to an aromatic radical species[1–5]. Similar transients were observed in a recent flash photolysis study of lysozyme[6] in which it was proposed that inactivation is a consequence of electron ejection from 1 to 2 essential tryptophan residues in the active center. However, there has been uncertainty concerning the tryptophan radical structure and its relationship to the triplet state and radical spectra reported for tryptophan photolysis in low-temperature rigid media. This note reports a flash photolysis investigation of L-tryptophan (Trp) and 1-Methyl-L-tryptophan (1-MeTrp) undertaken to clarify these points. The flash photolysis apparatus and methods employed are described in Ref. [6].
Diffusivities of macromolecules in composite hydrogels

Diffusivities of fluorescein-labeled macromolecules were measured in dilute aqueous solution (D∞), agarose gels (D a ), and agarose-dextran composite gels (D) using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Macromolecules with Stokes-Einstein radii (r s ) ranging from 2.7 to 5.9 nm were used, including two globular proteins (ovalbumin and BSA) and three narrow fractions of Ficoll, a spherical poly saccharide. Gels with agarose volume fractions of 0.040 and 0.080 were studied with dextran volume fractions ranging from 0 to 0.0076 and 0 to 0.011, respectively. For both agarose concentrations, the Darcy permeability (K) decreased by an order of magnitude as the dextran concentration in the gel was increased from zero to its maximum value. For a given gel composition, the relative diffusivity (D/D∞) decreased as r s increased, a hallmark of hindered diffusion. For a given test molecule, D/D∞ was lowest in the most concentrated gels, as expected. As the dextran concentration was increased to its maximum value, two- to threefold decreases in relative diffusivity resulted for both agarose gel concentrations. The reductions in macromolecular diffusivities caused by incorporating various amounts of dextran into agarose gels could be predicted fairly accurately from the measured decreases in K, using an effective medium model. This suggests that one might be able to predict diffusivity variations in complex, multicomponent hydrogels (such as those in body tissue) in the same manner, provided that values of K can be obtained.
Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as important and versatile architectures for chemical manipulation in the development of functional hybrid nanostructures. Here we demonstrate a successful site-selective initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization reactions to form an addressable polymer constrained within the interior cavity of a VLP. Potentially, this protein–polymer hybrid of P22 and cross-linked poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) could be useful as a new high-density delivery vehicle for the encapsulation and delivery of small-molecule cargos. In particular, the encapsulated polymer can act as a scaffold for the attachment of small functional molecules, such as fluorescein dye or the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent Gd-diethylenetriaminepentacetate, through reactions with its pendant primary amine groups. Using this approach, a significant increase in the labelling density of the VLP, compared to that of previous modifications of VLPs, can be achieved. These results highlight the use of multimeric protein–polymer conjugates for their potential utility in the development of VLP-based MRI contrast agents with the possibility of loading other cargos. The site-selective initiation and propagation of an atom-transfer radical polymerization reaction forms an addressable crosslinked polymer constrained within the interior cavity of a virus-like particle derived from the bacteriophage P22. This protein–polymer hybrid is useful as a new vehicle for high-density delivery of small-molecule cargos.
The Impact of Foreign Investment on US Industral Relations: The Case of California's Japanese-owned Plants

This paper explores Japanese direct investment in the US and its impact on American workers and organized labor. Against the background of an analysis of the causes and consequences of the recent growth in Japanese direct investment, case study materials on Japanese-owned factories in California are presented. The findings show that outside the automobile industry, such factories do not conform to the 'Japanese' model of 'lean production' with extensive worker participation. Instead, when in America, these plants 'do as the Americans'. They hire US-trained managers, use standard US human resource techniques and follow the lead of US manufacturing firms committed to union avoidance. One result is that Japanese direct investment has done little to enhance the competitive position of the US or the living standards of its population; on the contrary, it may contribute to the continuing erosion of both.
Long-Term Trends and Forcing Mechanisms of Circulation and Climate in the Equatorial Pacific

Abstract Trends of circulation and climate in the equatorial Pacific during 1948–92 were analyzed from observations of sea surface temperature (T), cloudiness (C), sea level pressure (P), specific humidity (Q), and zonal wind component. From indices compiled for the cold tongue in the east, the central equatorial Pacific, the warm pool in the west, and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, interannual relationships were compared with long-term trends. On the interannual timescale the significant negative T–P correlations in the eastern Pacific indicate a hydrostatic forcing of T on P, and the negative P–C correlations in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans are consistent with anomalously high P through subsidence favoring clear sky. The tropical Pacific is warming and most markedly in the east; there is a weakening of the westward pressure gradient; and increasing Q and C in the east. Warming in the eastern section of the basin may force falling pressure hydrostatically, the trend of P being larg...