cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniform Equations in the Inlet and Exit Zones of Heavily Loaded Point and Line Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contacts Involved in Various Steady Motions

Heavily loaded point elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts involved in steady purely transitional, skewed transitional, and transitional with spinning motions are considered. It is shown that in the central parts of the inlet and exit zones of such heavily loaded point EHL contacts the asymptotic equations governing the EHL problem along the lubricant flow streamlines for the above types of contact motions can be reduced to two sets of asymptotic equations: one in the inlet and one in the exit zones. The latter sets of equations are identical to the asymptotic equations describing lubrication process in the inlet and exit zones of the corresponding heavily loaded line EHL contact (Kudish, I. I., 2013, Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication for Line and Point Contacts: Asymptotic and Numerical Approaches, Chapman and Hall/CRC). For each specific motion of a point contact, a separate set of formulas for the lubrication film thickness is obtained. For different types of contact motions, these film thickness formulas differ significantly (Kudish, I. I., 2013, Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication for Line and Point Contacts: Asymptotic and Numerical Approaches, Chapman and Hall/CRC). For heavily loaded contacts, the discovered relationship between point and line EHL problems allows to apply to point contacts most of the results obtained for line contacts (Kudish, I. I., 2013, Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication for Line and Point Contacts: Asymptotic and Numerical Approaches, Chapman and Hall/CRC; Kudish, I. I., and Covitch, M. J., 2010, Modeling and Analytical Methods in Tribology, Chapman and Hall/CRC).
The Spacing of Energy Levels in Light Nuclei

The single particle model supplemented by a semiempirical determination of the dependence of potential energy on symmetry character is used to obtain statistical information about the distribution of energy levels in light nuclei ($A\ensuremath{\le}16$). Table II shows the analysis of the lowlying configurations for $A=16$ into states with definite values of the orbital angular momentum and the symmetry character. Similar tables which we have prepared for values of $Al16$ have been omitted because of their length. Tables III to VI give the spin multiplet structure as a function of the symmetry type and the isotopic number $|N\ensuremath{-}Z|$. Finally, Tables VII and VIII show the dependence of the level spacing on total angular momentum and on $|N\ensuremath{-}Z|$ in the several isobaric series with $A=10, 11, 12, \mathrm{and} 13$.
Relation of photosynthetic activity to carotenoid-bacteriochlorophyll interaction in Chromatium.

Abstract Evidence has been presented that the ability of the carotenoids to transfer energy to bacteriochlorophyll for photosynthetic phosphorylation by Chromatium chromatophores depends upon the composition of the isolation medium. Inactivation of the carotenoids is associated with changes in the infrared absorption spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll which resemble the effects of carotenoid deficiency.
Solitaire illusion: replication and extension.

The solitaire illusion, according to which elements of a single cluster appear more numerous than an equal number organized in several clusters, was replicated using other levels of number and diff...
Fluorescence histochemistry of monoamine‐containing cell bodies in the brain stem of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). IV. An atlas

The topography of the various groups of catecholamine- and serotonin-containing cell bodies in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), as described in the preceding three papers of this series, is presented in an atlas of Nissl and myelin stained frontal sections. The major findings of this study are reviewed and discussed. These include: (1) evidence of fundamental similarities in the topographic distribution of the cell groups between the primate and the rat and of significant differences between the primate and the cat; (2) identification as the catecholaminergic cells of the locus caeruleus of a cellular group incorrectly identified in the literature as nucleus tracti mesencephalici nervi trigemini; (3) consolidation of several catecholamine-containing cell groups as belonging respectively to the locus caeruleus (C4, C6, C7) and the substantia nigra (C8 and C9); (4) predominant distribution of the serotoninergic cell groups in the midline raphe region (with lateral extensions in some cases) and location within well defined nuclei, such as the nucleus raphe obscurus, nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pontis, nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus centralis superior.
A theoretically grounded systematic review of material incentives for weight loss: implications for interventions

Background Providing material incentives for weight loss is a class of intervention strategies that has received considerable attention; however, the effectiveness of this class of strategies is uncertain. Attending to distinctions among incentive strategies may clarify our understanding of prior work and inform the design of future interventions.
Fasciola hepatica: Attempts to immunise rats and mice with metabolic and somatic antigens derived from juvenile flukes

Abstract Attempts were made to vaccinate rats and mice against Fasciola hepatica using either somatic or metabolic antigens derived from juvenile flukes between 10 and 16 days old. None of the regimes tried induced a good resistance to subsequent infection, though metabolic antigens derived from 13–14-day-old flukes when injected subcutaneously into rats with adjuvant did produce some protection to challenge.
Regulation of late cornified envelope genes relevant to psoriasis risk by plant-derived cyanidin

The PSORS4 genetic risk factor for psoriasis is a deletion of two late cornified envelope (LCE) genes (LCE3C_LCE3Bdel) in a cluster of five LCE3 genes with a proposed role in skin repair. We previously showed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) modestly upregulates transcripts from all five LCE3 genes as monitored by real time PCR in primary human keratinocytes. Herein we report that cyanidin, a plant-derived compound with anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant properties, upregulates expression of all five LCE3 genes in cultures of differentiating primary human keratinocytes to a greater extent that does 1,25D. This action of cyanidin is dependent on the differentiation state of the keratinocytes, with a stronger effect after the cells have been incubated with 1.2mM calcium for 24h. Competition displacement assays using radiolabeled 1,25D revealed that cyanidin directly competes as a ligand for vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding with an estimated IC50 of 500μM. However, 20μM cyanidin is sufficient to upregulate LCE3 genes. The 25-fold discrepancy between the cyanidin concentration required for upregulating LCE3 genes in intact keratinocytes vs. that required for direct binding to VDR in vitro suggests that cyanidin may be: (a) metabolized to a more active VDR ligand in keratinocytes and/or (b) functioning via a non-VDR mediated mechanism. The fact that cyanidin is the most potent upregulator of global LCE3 gene expression reported to date suggests that this or related compounds may have potential in psoriasis therapy.
Winding Numbers and Average Frequencies in Phase Oscillator Networks

We study networks of coupled phase oscillators and show that network architecture can force relations between average frequencies of the oscillators. The main tool of our analysis is the coupled cell theory developed by Stewart, Golubitsky, Pivato, and Torok, which provides precise relations between network architecture and the corresponding class of ODEs in RM and gives conditions for the flow-invariance of certain polydiagonal subspaces for all coupled systems with a given network architecture. The theory generalizes the notion of fixed-point subspaces for subgroups of network symmetries and directly extends to networks of coupled phase oscillators. For systems of coupled phase oscillators (but not generally for ODEs in RM, where M ? 2), invariant polydiagonal subsets of codimension one arise naturally and strongly restrict the network dynamics. We say that two oscillators i and j coevolve if the polydiagonal ?i = ?j is flow-invariant, and show that the average frequencies of these oscillators must be equal. Given a network architecture, it is shown that coupled cell theory provides a direct way of testing how coevolving oscillators form collections with closely related dynamics. We give a generalization of these results to synchronous clusters of phase oscillators using quotient networks, and discuss implications for networks of spiking cells and those connected through buffers that implement coupling dynamics.
Ultrastructure of active and inhibited prothoracic glands.

Abstract Changes in the cytoplasm of prothoracic gland cells were compared in pharate adults, dauer pupae, and aminophylline inhibited pupae of H. cecropia . For the first 3 to 4 days after transfer from 4 to 22°C, a similar sequence of changes in the cytoplasmic elements was observed. At day 4 the cytoplasm of pharate adults exhibited further differentiation which was consistent with the initiation of secretion, while dauer and inhibited pupae remained at the stage achieved at day 4 and did not advance further even after a substantial lapse of time. These results are interpreted as indicating that the early changes represent a response by the cells to the temperature change, while the initiation of secretion requires the intervention of brain hormone.
Boundary integral equation method for linear porous‐elasticity with applications to soil consolidation

For physical phenomena governed by the Biot model of porous-elasticity, a reciprocal relation, similar to the Betti's recoprocal theorem in elasticity, is constructed in Laplace transformed space. Integrating the reciprocal relation enables one to formulate boundary integral equations. The fundamental kernels for the integral equations are solved in closed forms for the case of isotropic material. Numerical implementation of two-dimensional problems includes finite element ideas of discretization and polynomial interpolation, and numerical inversion of a Laplace transform. Practical applications of the method are found in consolidation problems in soils which contain compressible as well as incompressible pore fluids. Also, as a numerical experiment, consolidation of partially saturated soil is simulated and interesting phenomena are observed. The currently developed boundary integral equation method (BIEM) for porous-elasticity may be viewed as an efficient and accurate alternative of existing finite element and finite difference methods. For linear consolidation problems, application of BIEM is always preferred to the other numerical methods whenever possible.
Population and Agriculture in Northern India, 1872—1921

What were the relationships between agriculture, natural calamity, standards of living, and population growth in India? To what extent were Indian agriculturalists able to raise their standard of living in the nineteenth century under British rule? Why did population grow, or fail to expand, in particular regions and provinces at certain times? Historians have left these questions virtually untouched. Population growth has been at the center of the controversy about the impact of British rule. But only preliminary work has been done on the actual expansion of population, and hardly a page has been written on the economic and medical reasons for change.
A multiple single-board-computer parallel processing system for speed-up of FFT implementation

Abstract The execution time of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) is very important for many applications, especially real-time applications. In this paper, we present a parallel processing system which consists of multiple single-board-computers. The computers communicate with each other through a parallel common bus, the Intel Multibus. One of them, as a control processor, is connected to a microcomputer development system through an EIA RS232C serial interface. This multiprocessor system is economical and flexible, and our results show that the system is also effective for calculating FFTs (in this paper, the “prime factor algorithm” is chosen for implementation of the FFT). It is not difficult to achieve a speed-up almost equal to the number of parallel processors, but always smaller than ideal because of the overhead for synchronization between boards. The bus capacity and the speed of the random access memory on the boards impose limitations on the speed-up that can be achieved with the system.
Identification of a Major Phosphopeptide in Human Tristetraprolin by Phosphopeptide Mapping and Mass Spectrometry

Tristetraprolin/zinc finger protein 36 (TTP/ZFP36) binds and destabilizes some pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs. TTP-deficient mice develop a profound inflammatory syndrome due to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. TTP expression is induced by various factors including insulin and extracts from cinnamon and green tea. TTP is highly phosphorylated in vivo and is a substrate for several protein kinases. Multiple phosphorylation sites are identified in human TTP, but it is difficult to assign major vs. minor phosphorylation sites. This study aimed to generate additional information on TTP phosphorylation using phosphopeptide mapping and mass spectrometry (MS). Wild-type and site-directed mutant TTP proteins were expressed in transfected human cells followed by in vivo radiolabeling with [32P]-orthophosphate. Histidine-tagged TTP proteins were purified with Ni-NTA affinity beads and digested with trypsin and lysyl endopeptidase. The digested peptides were separated by C18 column with high performance liquid chromatography. Wild-type and all mutant TTP proteins were localized in the cytosol, phosphorylated extensively in vivo and capable of binding to ARE-containing RNA probes. Mutant TTP with S90 and S93 mutations resulted in the disappearance of a major phosphopeptide peak. Mutant TTP with an S197 mutation resulted in another major phosphopeptide peak being eluted earlier than the wild-type. Additional mutations at S186, S296 and T271 exhibited little effect on phosphopeptide profiles. MS analysis identified the peptide that was missing in the S90 and S93 mutant protein as LGPELSPSPTSPTATSTTPSR (corresponding to amino acid residues 83–103 of human TTP). MS also identified a major phosphopeptide associated with the first zinc-finger region. These analyses suggest that the tryptic peptide containing S90 and S93 is a major phosphopeptide in human TTP.
NOTES ON THE SUBCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION AND THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF CHOLESTEROL

Cholesterol, in 0.1 gram amounts, melted in a compact mass and inserted into the subcutaneous tissues of the back of the guinea pig, is slowly removed, as determined by chemical analyses. The rate of removal is probably greatly dependent upon the physical state of the cholesterol. The quantitative estimation of cholesterol by the method previously described can not be shortened and simplified by the direct saponification of the tissues by means of 5 per cent. sodium alcoholate or a strong (50 per cent.) solution of sodium hydroxide, instead of saponifying the alcohol-ether extract.
Can response to TACE predict survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Can response to TACE predict survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma?
Structure-Based Approaches to Amyloid Inhibitors

More than 40 human pathologies, including Alzheimer disease, are associated with protein aggregates (both amyloid oligomers and fibers). Structure-based approaches were applied for seeking amyloid inhibitors in two scenarios.First, non-natural peptides were designed to block the fibrillation of an amyloid fiber formed by PAP248-286 (a proteolytic fragment of the protein prostate acid phosphatase), whose fiber forms enhance sexual transmission of HIV. We identified the fibril-forming segments of the PAP248-286 fiber and then determined their atomic structures. Using the structure of segments of the amyloid fiber as template, we have designed L-amino acid and non-natural L-amino acid inhibitors to binds to the end of the fibril-forming segment, blocking the addition of other segments. The 5 designed peptides and 3 non-natural peptides inhibit the PAP248-286 fibrillation and greatly inhibit the infectivity of HIV for human cells in culture.Increasing evidence indicates soluble Aβ oligomers are the toxic species. We searched inhibitor of amyloid toxicity by characterizing binders of amyloid fiber (BAF), which stabilize amyloid fiber to reduce the toxic oligmers. The atomic structure of an amyloidogenic segment KLVFFA(Aβ16-21) binding with a BAF has been determined. Applying new modified RosettaLigand method for high-throughput docking, we identified candidate molecules from a vast space compound (∼18 thousand) that interact favorably with the fiber structures. These BAF compounds bind to fibers and greatly inhibit amyloid toxicity. The derivatives of active BAF compounds were then included to expand the set. Out of 35 compounds and 24 compound derivatives tested, eight (8) unique compounds and 4 compound derivatives showed the reduction of Aβ toxicity to mammalian cells in MTT cell assays.The success of our inhibitors demonstrated our powerful approach for structure-based inhibitor discovery, offering a new potential treatment for amyloid therapeutics.
Small-signal conductance vs temperature: A rapid means of determining the nature of current transport in high-doped n-GaAs Schottky barrier diodes

Abstract Measurements of small-signal forward conductance vs temperature at a constant bias current, and the reverse conductance vs temperature at a constant bias voltage have been carried out on ion-implanted n -GaAs Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on semi-insulated substrates, for the temperature range of 97–340 K. The results obtained have been interpreted in terms of diode ideality factors and compared with those calculated using the thermionic field emission model for the forward bias case and the pure field emission model for the reverse bias case.
Growth-related Responses in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells Are Arrested by Thrombin Receptor Antisense Sequences

The capacity of antisense sequences to the thrombin receptor to selectively inhibit thrombin receptor expression and limit mitogenic responses in vascular wall cells was investigated in vitro. Eight phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides based on the sequences of the rat thrombin receptor (including sense, antisense, scrambled, and missense controls) were synthesized, characterized, and purified by high performance liquid chromatography. The antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN 4) inhibitory effect was sequence-specific and both time- and concentration-dependent. A reduction in serum or α-thrombin-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation was noted as early as 3 days at 30 μM (82%; 6.17 ± 1.01 versus 34.08 ± 3.89 × 104 cells/well; p
Largest and smallest maximal sets of pairwise disjoint partitions

Abstract Let X be a maximal set of pairwise disjoint partitions of n into t distinct parts. Let Mt(n) (resp. mt(n)) denote the size of the largest (resp. smallest) such maximal set X . Upper and lower bounds for M t (n) n and m t (n) n are established.
Active buffering plus compressed migration: an integrated solution to parallel simulations' data transport needs

Scientific simulations running on parallel platforms output intermediate data periodically, typically moving the output to a remote machine for visualization. Due to the large data size and slow network, improvements in output and migration performance can significantly reduce simulation turnaround time. In this paper, we propose a novel simulation execution environment that integrates active buffering and compressed migration to hide and reduce the cost of output and migration. Our implementation removes previous shortcomings of active buffering and of compressed migration, and our experiments with real world data sets show that integrating the two techniques brings comparable application-visible I/O performance and much more flexibility compared to compressed migration without active buffering. The performance advantage will increase with slower-to-write file formats such as HDF.
Dynamic Fracture of Ceramics in Armor Applications

Ceramic materials have been extensively used in armor applications for both personnel and vehicle protection. As the types of threats have diversified recently, e.g., improvised explosive devices and explosively formed projectiles, a proper set of ceramic material selection criteria is needed to design and optimize corresponding mitigating structures. However, the dynamic fracture and failure behavior of engineering ceramics is still not well understood. Using examples of thin ceramic plates and confined thick ceramics subjected to kinetic energy projectile impact, this article provides a brief summary on the current understanding of dynamic failure processes of ceramics under dynamic penetration loading conditions. Laboratory examination of dynamic fracture of ceramics is conducted using split Hopkinson bars with various loading rates, stress states, and loading histories.
Choosing a non-Rayleigh reverberation model

Two methods for choosing a non-Rayleigh reverberation model are presented, a graphical method based on higher order moments and a more quantitative method based on multiple hypothesis testing. The latter method first considers two non-parametric tests which are subsequently seen to be inferior to a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) in terms of minimizing an average log/sub 10/ P/sub fa/ error measure. However, once the GLRT has designated a model, the non-parametric methods may be used to obtain a measure of the confidence of the decision through evaluation of their p-values. It is also observed that the Rayleigh mixture model is used most frequently (of the models considered); that is, the Rayleigh mixture model was most robust in representing reverberation from a variety of source models (excepting log-normal).
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Compounds Related to DDT. I. Non-Aromatic Protons

The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a series of compounds related to DDT have been studied as they are influenced by ring or aliphatic substituents or by aliphatic structural changes The chemical shift of the benzylic or α proton follows the Hammett equation for ring substituents and the Taft variation of this equation for aliphatic substituents. Alkoxy substituents on the ring show alternation of chemical shift of the –OCH2– group protons with chain length and limiting behavior of the terminal methyl group with chain length. Dehydrochlorination of o,p-DDD produces cis-trans isomers. Coupling constants are shown to be influenced by ring substitution, particularly ortho chlorine.
International students’ views about transferability in social work education and practice:

This qualitative study explored international students’ views of US social work education and Asian-Pacific indigenous practices. Some students recognized indigenous practices, strongly valued multiculturalism and regretted not having agency-specific knowledge and skills. While some social work knowledge and skills seemed to be universal, others were western-influenced.
Interlibrary Loan: Its Role in Enhancing Education and Training for Library School Students

ABSTRACT This article proposes that an all-round practical training and educational enhancement is possible for library school students working in the ILL department. ILL and document delivery as described puts student trainees in contact with all the facets of librarianship by exposing them to the practical operations of the different departments as well as by exposure to the practical details of interlibrary lending. Therefore ILL serves its primary function in resource sharing, but can double as a training ground for future librarians.
Rhabdomyolysis attributable to severe overuse of the supraspinatus muscle: a report of two cases.

ABSTRACT Rhabdomyolysis can occur after overuse of or injury to any muscle. This results in cell membrane compromise and the escape of cellular contents into the extracellular fluid. After strenuous exercise, a small amount of rhabdomyolysis normally occurs but is usually self-limited and does not progress to compartment syndrome. Two cases diagnosed as supraspinatus compartment syndrome have been reported in the literature; however, the clinical presentation was similar to the two cases with rhabdomyolysis presented here.
Distributed Innovation in Classes of Networks

Rapid developments in digital technologies have brought to force new challenges in innovation. In this paper, we propose a taxonomic framework of innovation networks in order to identify new challenges. Innovation networks form socio-technical systems that exist in a distributed cognitive space. The generative processes in these innovation networks involve both cognitive and social translations. At the same time, the rapid developments of digital technologies have reduced communication costs and allow integration of previously unconnected activities and artifacts due to digital convergence. These two forces of digitization - reduction in communication cost and digital convergence - stretch the innovation networks in two dimensions. On one hand, we see an increasing distribution of control and coordination among actors participating in innovation networks. On the other hand, we also see an increasing heterogeneity in knowledge resources that are mobilized during an innovation. These two dimensions allow us to conceptualize four types of innovation networks that result from pervasive use of digital technologies: singular innovation, open source innovation, internal markets of innovation, and doubly distributed innovation networks. We discuss the implications of our conceptual framework for the evolution of information infrastructures, future innovation research based on network analyses, and the new interlacing of ontology and epistemology of innovations.
Molecular Electronic Transducer-Based Low-Frequency Accelerometer Fabricated With Post-CMOS Compatible Process Using Droplet as Sensing Body

This letter reports a low-frequency micro-accelerometer implementing a liquid-state sensing body, based on molecular electronic transducer (MET) in post-CMOS compatible microfabrication technology. The device employs a sub-microliter electrolyte droplet encapsulated in oil as the sensing body, and a MET electrode configuration as the sensing read-out mechanism. The promising and unique performance of the MET design allows the fabricated device to achieve 10.8 V/G(G=9.81 m/s2) sensitivity at 20 Hz with nearly flat response over the frequency range from 1 to 50 Hz, and a low noise floor of 75 μG/√(Hz) at 20 Hz.
The fracture threshold for an adhesive interlayer

Complementing an earlier paper which utilized an energy balance criterion for a continuum mechanics analysis of adhesive failure in a pressurized blister at the interface of an elastic material and a rigid substrate, the analysis is extended to include an additional elastic interlayer between them. An infinite lateral-length elastic plate strip bonded through a Winkler elastic foundation to a rigid substrate is assumed, in which the plate is separated from the adhesive layer by internal pressure. It is found that the important design parameters are the tensile modulus-to-thickness ratio of the adhesive layer and the adhesive fracture energy of separation of the respective materials. The results provide a basis for investigating changes in the chemical microstructure of the adhesive.
Restaurant Profitability Management: The Evolution of Restaurant Revenue Management

While the term restaurant revenue management was defined in this journal in 1998, the history of publications in the Cornell Hospitality Quarterly (CHQ) related to managing restaurant profitability...
A Xenopus DAZ-like gene encodes an RNA component of germ plasm and is a functional homologue of Drosophila boule

We have identified a localized RNA component of Xenopus germ plasm. This RNA, Xdazl (Xenopus DAZ-like), encodes a protein homologous to human DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia), vertebrate DAZL and Drosophila Boule proteins. Human males deficient in DAZ have few or no sperm and boule mutant flies exhibit complete azoospermia and male sterility. Xdazl RNA was detected in the mitochondrial cloud and vegetal cortex of oocytes. In early embryos, the RNA was localized exclusively in the germ plasm. Consistent with other organisms, Xdazl RNA was also expressed in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes of frog testis. Proteins in the DAZ-family contain a conserved RNP domain implying an RNA-binding function. We have shown that Xdazl can function in vitro as an RNA-binding protein. To determine if the function of Xdazl in spermatogenesis was conserved, we introduced the Xdazl cDNA into boule flies. This resulted in rescue of the boule meiotic entry phenotype, including formation of spindles, phosphorylation of histone H3 and completion of meiotic cell division. Overall, these results suggest that Xdazl may be important for primordial germ cell specification in the early embryo and may play a role analogous to Boule in promoting meiotic cell division.
N-WASP-directed actin polymerization activates Cas phosphorylation and lamellipodium spreading

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the substrate domain of Cas (CasSD) correlates with increased cell migration in healthy and diseased cells. Here, we address the mechanism leading to the phosphorylation of CasSD in the context of fibronectin-induced early spreading of fibroblasts. We have previously demonstrated that mechanical stretching of CasSD exposes phosphorylation sites for Src family kinases (SFKs). Surprisingly, phosphorylation of CasSD was independent of myosin contractile activity but dependent on actin polymerization. Furthermore, we found that CasSD phosphorylation in the early stages of cell spreading required: (1) integrin anchorage and integrin-mediated activation of SFKs, (2) association of Cas with focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and (3) N-WASP-driven actin-assembly activity. These findings, and analyses of the interactions of the Cas domains, indicate that the N-terminus of Cas associates with the FAK–N-WASP complex at the protrusive edge of the cell and that the C-terminus of Cas associates with the immobilized integrin–SFK cluster. Thus, extension of the leading edge mediated by actin polymerization could stretch Cas during early cell spreading, priming it for phosphorylation.
Underflow Process for Direct-Chip-Attachment Packaging

In flip-chip packaging an underfill mixture is placed into the chip-to-substrate standoff created by the array of solder bumps, using a capillary flow process. The flow behavior is a complex function of the mixture properties, the wetting properties, and the flow geometry. This paper reports on the use of a plane channel capillary flow to characterize underfill materials. The measured flow behavior provides evidence that both the contact angle (θ) and the suspension viscosity (μ app ) vary with time under the Influence of changing flow conditions. This nonlinear fluid behavior is modeled for the flow of both model suspensions and commercial underfill materials using an extended Washburn model.
Studies with Clinoptilolite in Poultry. II. Effect of Feeding Broilers and the Direct Application of Clinoptilolite (Zeolite) on Clean and Reused Broiler Litter on Broiler Performance and House Environment

Abstract Three broiler experiments were carried out to determine whether various methods and uses of clinoptilolite (clin) application would affect broiler performance and house environment. Neither applications of clin on clean and reused wood shaving litter and clin as sole source of litter in the most frequented areas (1.82 m × 2.44 m) of the pens nor feeding 10% clin significantly affected mean body weight, feed conversion, and feed consumption. Total respiratory dust levels were generally much higher in pens where clin was applied on the clean or reused litter or primarily used as the sole source of litter. Applying clin on either unused or reused wood shavings litters reduced the incidence of foot pad burns; however, incorporating 10% clin in the ration and fed from 1 to 49 days of production (market age) significantly increased the incidence of foot pad burns. The contradictory observation may be attributed to the greater extent of caked litter in clin-fed pens. Litter moisture and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) levels were lowered when clin was applied on clean wood shaving litter. The NH3-N levels were significantly lowered when clin was incorporated in the feed and fed from 1 to 49 days of production. Mortality was significantly increased when used primarily as a sole source of litter in a portion of two pens. Under the conditions of our experiments, the best method for the reduction of NH3-N and litter moisture is the application of clin or clean wood shaving litter at the rate of 5 kg/m2 after 28 days of production (28 days of age).
On the length of statistical segment in flows of polymers

This paper presents a simple statistical model for calculations of the flow segment for polymer melts. The comparison of calculations with available data for five polymers demonstrates the model consistency. The model calculations show that the length of flow segment is generally more than the length of the Kuhn segment, and for high molecular weight polymers, the length of the flow segment is considerably less than the length of polymer chain between molecular entanglements. Our calculations also allowed for indirect evaluation of activation energies for monomer fluids, which are poorly determined from experimental data.
Perspectives on Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

The world of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCP) has been full of activity but there has been little progress made. We are as unsure of the indications for treatment now as we were half a century ago and, in fact, the evidence that any treatment is effective is weak. Our understanding of the disease is incomplete; nevertheless each of us, as a surgeon, must develop a working approach to the problem in order to deal with the patients who present with this condition. This article, therefore, will not attempt to provide recommendations for management, but will present ideas and a framework that might help orthopaedic surgeons to gather their thoughts about this condition, and to develop their own working approach.
1ML – core and modules united (F-ing first-class modules)

ML is two languages in one: there is the core, with types and expressions, and there are modules, with signatures, structures and functors. Modules form a separate, higher-order functional language on top of the core. There are both practical and technical reasons for this stratification; yet, it creates substantial duplication in syntax and semantics, and it reduces expressiveness. For example, selecting a module cannot be made a dynamic decision. Language extensions allowing modules to be packaged up as first-class values have been proposed and implemented in different variations. However, they remedy expressiveness only to some extent, are syntactically cumbersome, and do not alleviate redundancy. We propose a redesign of ML in which modules are truly first-class values, and core and module layer are unified into one language. In this "1ML", functions, functors, and even type constructors are one and the same construct; likewise, no distinction is made between structures, records, or tuples. Or viewed the other way round, everything is just ("a mode of use of") modules. Yet, 1ML does not require dependent types, and its type structure is expressible in terms of plain System Fω, in a minor variation of our F-ing modules approach. We introduce both an explicitly typed version of 1ML, and an extension with Damas/Milner-style implicit quantification. Type inference for this language is not complete, but, we argue, not substantially worse than for Standard ML. An alternative view is that 1ML is a user-friendly surface syntax for System Fω that allows combining term and type abstraction in a more compositional manner than the bare calculus.
A neural network parallel algorithm for Ramsey numbers

A neural network parallel algorithm for finding Ramsey numbers in two-coloring is described. The Ramsey number R(r,b) is given by the smallest value of N, where all edges of a complete graph of (N-1) vertices are colored either red or blue, and red-colored and blue-colored subgraphs should not form any complete subgraph of r vertices and b vertices, respectively. A superimposed red-colored and blue-colored subgraph is called a Ramsey graph. The parallel algorithm, which is based on the hysteresis McCulloch-Pitts neural network, found five Ramsey numbers successfully. The neural network requires n(n-1) neurons for a Ramsey number of an n-vertex complete graph. The simulation result for the algorithm is so promising that it may be possible to find unknown Ramsey numbers. >
Validity of Methods for Model Selection, Weighting for Model Uncertainty, and Small Sample Adjustment in Capture-Recapture Estimation

In log-linear capture-recapture approaches to population size, the method of model selection may have a major effect upon the estimate. In addition, the estimate may also be very sensitive if certain cells are null or very sparse, even with the use of multiple sources. The authors evaluated 1) various approaches to the issue of model uncertainty and 2) a small sample correction for three or more sources recently proposed by Hook and Regal. The authors compared the estimates derived using 1) three different information criteria that included Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and two alternative formulations of the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), one proposed by Draper ("two pi") and one by Schwarz ("not two pi"); 2) two related methods of weighting estimates associated with models; 3) the independent model; and 4) the saturated model, with the known totals in 20 different populations studied by five separate groups of investigators. For each method, we also compared the estimate derived with or without the proposed small sample correction. At least in these data sets, the use of AIC appeared on balance to be preferable. The BIC formulation suggested by Draper appeared slightly preferable to that suggested by Schwarz. Adjustment for model uncertainty appears to improve results slightly. The proposed small sample correction appeared to diminish relative log bias but only when sparse cells were present. Otherwise, its use tended to increase relative log bias. Use of the saturated model (with or without the small sample correction) appears to be optimal if the associated interval is not uselessly large, and if one can plausibly exclude an all-source interaction. All other approaches led to an estimate that was too low by about one standard deviation.
Power Flow Management in a Diode-Directed Solid-State Marx Modulator

The increasing capability of solid-state components has resulted in their expanded use in high-power modulators. One concern in using solid-state switches in high-power modulators is the vulnerability of these switches to over-voltage transients. Protecting the switches is one of the many design challenges of solid-state modulators. Diode-directed Marx modulators have an ability to protect solid-state switches from over-voltage transients by routing the transient energy around the switches and returning it to the stage capacitors. The inherent switch protection capability of a diode-directed Marx modulator is described in this paper and experimental results are shown.
Theory and Implementation of RF-Input Outphasing Power Amplification

Conventional outphasing power amplifier systems require both a radio frequency (RF) carrier input and a separate baseband input to synthesize a modulated RF output. This work presents an RF-input/RF-output outphasing power amplifier that directly amplifies a modulated RF input, eliminating the need for multiple costly IQ modulators and baseband signal component separation as in previous outphasing systems. An RF signal decomposition network directly synthesizes the phase- and amplitude-modulated signals used to drive the branch power amplifiers (PAs). With this approach, a modulated RF signal including zero-crossings can be applied to the single RF input port of the outphasing RF amplifier system. The proposed technique is demonstrated at 2.14 GHz in a four-way lossless outphasing amplifier with transmission-line power combiner. The RF decomposition network is implemented using a transmission-line resistance compression network with nonlinear loads designed to provide the necessary amplitude and phase decomposition. The resulting proof-of-concept outphasing power amplifier has a peak CW output power of 93 W, peak drain efficiency of 70%, and performance on par with a previously-demonstrated outphasing and power combining system requiring four IQ modulators and a digital signal component separator.
Recent Developments in Agricultural Machinery

Publisher Summary Development of agricultural machinery results from the joint efforts and activities of farmers, engineers, agricultural scientists, and machinery manufacturers. Most rapid progress is made when all disciplines combine their efforts into well-planned and executed programs. This progress could not have been achieved without the rapid advances in metallurgy and bearing design or the many improvements in hydraulic controls and electrical devices. New concepts in the fields of basic plant science from the standpoint of plant breeding, plant physiology, fertilization requirements, and over-all management needs have provided other clues and guides in the machine development process. Progress in agricultural machinery development is closely interwoven with progress in the soil and plant management fields. When new scientific break-throughs are made in one field, new evidence of progress is certain to be seen in the related fields.
Procedures for measuring length of the pig uterus.

Abstract A method for measuring uterine length in pigs was standardized following a series of experiments to determine the effect of period of storage, temperature, presence of ligaments and the nature of the surrounding fluid on the length of the uterus. Weight of the uterus did not change during storage. Measurements in vivo were compared with those in vitro. The uterus shortened immediately after its removal, then gradually lengthened over 8 h. Whereas there was change in absolute measured length during the storage period, the relationship of length in vivo was significantly correlated to length in vitro (r = .85, P less than .001). Measurement at one time during storage was highly correlated with measurement at other times (r = .93 to .96). The coefficient of variation for length of uteri among gilts was 30%. Measurement of length of the uterus must be done under uniform conditions of storage to give meaningful results.
ADVANCES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL PERFORMANCE AND ARCHITECTURE–SOLAR CELL CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES ON A ROLL

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes and discusses advances in photovoltaic conversion efficiencies (sunlight to direct current electric power) for a large number of photovoltaic cell materials and designs. Recent record high and historical cell and module efficiency measurements are presented for single-crystal, amorphous, thin-film polycrystalline and other photovoltaic materials.
A New and More Practical Approach to the Synthesis of the Precursor of SC-84536, A Selective Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor

SC-84536, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), is targeted for the treatment of osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain and asthma. This report describes our effort toward developing an alternative synthetic route for preparation of SC-84536. In the process, we also developed a new and simple method for the preparation of phthalimide 6, a potentially useful synthon.
Safety and efficacy of glucagon for the relief of acute esophageal food impaction

Purpose The safety and efficacy of i.v. glucagon for the relief of acute esophageal food impaction were evaluated. Summary The medical literature was reviewed to identify published trials and case series on the use of i.v. glucagon for the relief of acute esophageal food impaction. Individual case reports and limited case series were excluded from the analysis. This search yielded two retrospective reviews, three prospective reviews, and one randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Only two of the studies analyzed the effect of glucagon alone. Two studies combined this therapy with benzodiazepines, and the other two combined this therapy with an effervescent product and water. Of the two studies that had a control group, one demonstrated no significant difference in the success rate of dislodgement and one showed a nonsignificantly lower success rate in the treatment group. The majority of reports excluded patients with known esophageal strictures and treated a variety of different food-type impactions, making it difficult to determine if the success of this therapy may be tied to a specific subgroup. Few studies documented the adverse effects of this therapy, the most common being nausea and vomiting. Although limited, the available data do not support the use of glucagon for the relief of acute esophageal food impaction. Conclusion Based on the available data, the use of i.v. glucagon for the relief of acute esophageal food impaction is not supported by the literature. In addition, glucagon has the potential to cause adverse effects and decrease the likelihood of spontaneous resolution.
Biosecurity and Health Monitoring at the Zebrafish International Resource Center

The Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC) is a repository and distribution center for mutant, transgenic, and wild-type zebrafish. In recent years annual imports of new zebrafish lines to ZIRC have increased tremendously. In addition, after 15 years of research, we have identified some of the most virulent pathogens affecting zebrafish that should be avoided in large production facilities, such as ZIRC. Therefore, while importing a high volume of new lines we prioritize safeguarding the health of our in-house fish colony. Here, we describe the biosecurity and health-monitoring program implemented at ZIRC. This strategy was designed to prevent introduction of new zebrafish pathogens, minimize pathogens already present in the facility, and ensure a healthy zebrafish colony for in-house uses and shipment to customers.
Social Issues and Problem-based Learning in Sociology: Opportunities and Challenges in the Undergraduate Classroom

This article discusses the use of problem-based learning (PBL) in the undergraduate sociology classroom. PBL shifts students from the role of passive listeners and learners to active knowledge builders and communicators through the use of concise and engaging social problem cases. PBL creates opportunities for building substantive area knowledge, research skills, and problem-solving capacities and fosters student enjoyment. This teaching note describes the key characteristics of PBL, discusses practical approaches to its use in a variety of sociology courses, and offers sample case studies. We evaluate student experiences with PBL and consider its broader applicability.