cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of DSM-IV ADHD Combined and Predominantly Inattention Types: Correspondence Between Teacher Ratings and Direct Observations of Inattentive, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity, Slow Cognitive Tempo, Oppositional Defiant, and Overt Conduct Disorder Symptoms

ABSTRACT The study examined the correspondence between teacher ratings and direct observations of inattention (I), hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I), oppositional defiant disorder/overt conduct disorder (ODD/overt CD), and slow cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms. Teacher ratings of kindergarten children on the DSM-IV I and H/I symptoms were first used to create an ADHD-combined type (CT), ADHD-predominantly inattention type (IT), and a comparison group (CG). Direct observations of classroom behavior showed the CT and IT groups to be similar in I symptoms and significantly higher than the CG. Direct observations also showed the CT group to be significantly higher on the H/I and ODD/overt CD symptoms than IT and CG with the latter two groups not differing on the HI and ODD/overt CD symptoms. There was also evidence that the SCT symptoms were uniquely associated with the IT of ADHD. The implications of these results for the DSM-IV ADHD subtypes and the importance of direct observations in the study of ADHD are dis...
Models of exceptional adaptation in recovery after traumatic brain injury: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: The remarkable persistence of disablement in chronic traumatic brain injury and the dearth of accommodation define the condition as a disorder of adaptation. This construct is extended to explain exceptional recoveries after postacute treatment. METHOD: Nine severely injured graduates of holistic cognitive rehabilitation were selected for their exceptional postmorbid academic, vocational, and social accomplishments. RESULTS: In interviews, they attributed their successes to continuing reliance on, and ongoing elaboration and modification of, cognitive compensation strategies. Unlike their disabled cohorts, they implement a deliberate procedure for self-corrective self-management that minimizes the functional impact of their permanent deficits. Language: en
Photosynthesis in Chlorella during Intermittent Illumination of Long Periodicity

Subsequent to a dark period of several minutes the rate of photosynthesis during the first seconds of illumination is generally less than that in the subsequent steady state. This phenomenon has been described by the general term "induction." Recently, Burk and Warburg (1), using a manometric method, determined pressure changes during light and dark for a suspension of Chlorella which was illuminated for periods of three minutes or less alternated with equal dark periods. The pressure changes were interpreted as demonstrating that under these conditions the rate of oxygen production and carbon dioxide consumption during the light periods exceeded that of photosynthesis during the steady state; similarly the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in the dark were greater than the steady state rate of respiration. These experiments are subject to criticism because it appears improbable that during periods as short as one minute the manometer can respond sufficiently rapidly so that the observed pressure changes represent the metabolic rates without the complication of physical lag. Subsequently Damaschke, T?dt, Burk and Warburg (2) determined the consumption and production of oxygen using an electrochemical method. Few results have yet been published; these show that after a period of illumination from 5 to 30 seconds the oxygen consumption immediately following the cessation of illumination was greater than in the preceding or subsequent steady state. The effect was considerably smaller than that observed in the earlier manometric studies. The production of oxygen during the period of illumination corresponded to a quantum efficiency of 0.69 mole/mole quantum whereas measurements in the steady state gave a value of approximately 0.3. On the basis of these observations Warburg, Geleick and Briese (3) formulated a mechanism for photosynthesis which postulated that during illumination the photochemical process was accompanied by an accelerated combustion process. During the steady state the net effect of the combined processes is observed; the two can only be observed independently as transitory phenomena during periods of alternate light and dark. Brackett, Olson and Crickard (4), who also used a polarographic method to determine the time course of oxygen consumption and production by Chlorella, were unable to observe transient phenomena of the type described by Burk, Warburg and collaborators. The present paper reports observations on the time course of oxygen production and consumption by Chlorella in which oxygen was determined spectrophotometrically after combination with hemoglobin. The method has been used previously (5) but in the present investigation the change in optical density of the suspension consequent upon the formation of oxyhemoglobin was detected by a phototube and automatically recorded. Both the sensitivity and precision of the method were thereby improved.
Autonomous multifunctional nanobrushes-autonomous materials

In this work, taking advantage of carbon nanotubes' small size, and exceptional mechanical, chemical and electrical properties, we report on a series of nano-synthesis procedures that combine conventional chemical vapor deposition and selective substrate area growth followed by chemical functionalizations to fabricate functionalized nano-brushes from aligned carbon nanotube arrays and chemically selective functional groups. The high aspect ratio and small dimension, mechanical stability and flexibility, surface chemical and adhesive characteristics of carbon nanotubes provide opportunities to create nano-brushes with selected chemical functionalities. The nano-brushes are made from aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube bristles grafted onto long SiC fiber handles in various configurations and functionalized with various chemical functional groups. These nano-brushes can easily be manipulated physically, either manually or with the aid of motors. Here, we explain the autonomous characteristics of the functionalized nano-brushes employing functional chemical groups such that the nano-brush can potentially collect various metal particles, ions, and contaminants from liquid solutions and the air environment, autonomously. These functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube based nano-brushes can work swiftly in both liquid and air environments. With surface modification and functionalization, the nanotube nano-brushes can potentially become a versatile nano-devices in many chemical and biological applications, where they can autonomously pick up the particles they encounter since they can be chemically programmed to function as Autonomous Chemical Nano Robots (ACNR).
The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in a frontline service setting.

The goal of the current study was to test the generalizability of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a frontline service setting. Twenty‐nine patients who presented to treatment clinics with problematic worry were provided CBT for GAD. Among the intent‐to‐treat sample, there were no significant changes in worry or depression from pre‐ to posttreatment. Treatment completers showed significant pre‐ to posttreatment reductions on measures of worry and depression. The magnitude of change was smaller than has been reported in randomized control trials (RCTs). Although the frontline service setting differed from RCT settings in multiple ways, treatment completers nonetheless achieved moderate to large decreases in self‐reported worry and depression.
Hot flashes: the ongoing search for effective interventions

Hot flashes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms) are the most recognizable adverse symptoms through and following the menopausal transition. They affect 40-85% of all women, being more frequent and severe in breast cancer survivors1, 2. Vasomotor symptoms negatively impact sleep, energy, sexuality, and overall quality of life3, 4. Severe hot flashes can also lead to nonadherence to life prolonging endocrine therapies such as aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen in breast cancer survivors5. Although it is well known that estrogen largely alleviates vasomotor symptoms, concerns regarding its use in women, with or without breast cancer, has led to extensive research efforts to find well tolerated and effective nonhormonal interventions.
Decreased dorsal raphe nucleus neuronal activity in adult chloral hydrate anesthetized rats following neonatal clomipramine treatment: implications for endogenous depression

Although the biological cause of endogenous depression is unknown, one commonly held hypothesis proposes that depression results, in part, from decreased central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. Previous research found that clomipramine (CLI) treatment of neonatal rats produced, in adult rats, a variety of behavioral and physiological dysfunctions resembling those found in human endogenous depression. It was later reported that adult CLI-treated rats exhibited a decreased discharge of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) compared with control rats. This finding, however, was not replicated in subsequent studies that detected differences in DRN receptor function. Several factors were identified that may have contributed to the inability of the latter studies to detect CLI vs. control differences in DRN firing rates and interspike interval histograms (ISIH). Among these were the anesthetic used, the age at which the adult rats were tested, and the location of the recording electrode. The present study controlled these variables by using chloral hydrate anesthesia, testing 'depressed' rats at both 2 and 3 months of age, and verifying electrode location using standard histological techniques. We found that DRN unit firing in 'depressed' rats (0.417 +/- 0.071 spikes/s) was less than half that of 'non-depressed' control rats (i.e. neonatal saline treatment 0.968 +/- 0.12 spikes/s). Additionally, ISIH's indicated that, in addition to the lower firing rate of 5-HT DRN neurons, adult CLI rats had an altered temporal discharge pattern of these neurons. Thus, the ISIH of 5-HT DRN neurons recorded from CLI rats was characterized by a flat distribution suggesting random temporal firing patterns. These results confirm previous findings of decreased DRN firing rates and flat ISIH's in 'depressed' rats and extend previous findings to younger rats of a different strain. The results thereby lend support to the hypothesis of a role for decreased central 5-HT as a substrate for the behavioral deficiencies observed in endogenous depression and suggest that these deficiencies may also result, in part, from a random, rather than orderly, temporal pattern of discharge in these neurons.
Postnatal Regression of Hypothalamic Dopaminergic Neurons in Prolactin-Deficient Snell Dwarf Mice

Both Snell (Pit-1dw or dwj, dw/dw) and Ames (Prophet of Pit-1df, df/df) dwarf mice fail to produce prolactin (PRL) as well as GH due to deficient transcription factor Pit-1 activity and have reduced numbers of hypothalamic PRL-inhibiting area A12 tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons. It has been reported that the TIDA deficit in Ames dwarf mice develops postnatally as a reduction in number after an initial increase that is comparable to that of normal siblings. The present study was designed to characterize A12 TIDA neuronal development in the Snell dwarf (dw/dw) compared with littermate normal mice. Brains of normal (DW/?) and dwj/dwj mice were examined at 7, 14, 21, 30, and ≥ 60 postnatal days (d) by catecholamine fluorescence and quantification of neuron number after tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in dopaminergic (DA) areas A12, A13 (medial zona incerta), and A14 (periventricular nucleus). Fluorescence was less in dw/dw than in DW/? A12 perikarya and median eminence but was not reduced i...
Controlled Dopant Distribution and Higher Doping Efficiencies by Surface-Functionalized Atomic Layer Deposition

Reversible surface functionalization allows control of the precursor saturation coverage and growth per cycle in atomic layer deposition. Functionalizing the ZnO surface with alkyl alcohols, we achieve 2× higher doping efficiencies in Al-doped ZnO compared to conventional atomic layer deposition because of the more efficient dopant distribution in the ZnO host
The Effects of a Strength Training Program on the Strength and Self-Concept of Two Female Age Groups.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a strength training program on strength and self-concept in young and mature women. Forty-three subjects participated in a 12-week program of progressive weight training while 42 control subjects maintained their sedentary lifestyles. Subjects completed a psychological inventory prior to strength assessments during the first week of the study. Subjects were divided by age and randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. The mean age of the mature women and the young women were 44.4 and 21.5 years, respectively. The mature experimental (ME) and young experimental (YE) groups showed significant (p <.01) increases in strength on bench press, pulldown, and leg press as compared to the mature control (MC) and young control (YC) groups. Gains for the experimental groups ranged from 13 to 31% compared to gains of 0 to 8% for the control groups. Strength gains were similar across age groups except that the ME group gained more leg strength th...
Nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes

Nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes (NMRGs) detect rotation as a shift in the Larmor precession frequency of nuclear spins. A review of the open literature on NMRGs is presented, which includes an introduction to the spectroscopic techniques that enable NMRGs and a discussion of the design details for several specific NMRGs that have been built.
Core Competencies for Fellowship Training in Psychosomatic Medicine: A Collaborative Effort by the APA Council on Psychosomatic Medicine, the ABPN Psychosomatic Committee, and The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine

Linda L.M. Worley, M.D., James L. Levenson, M.D. Theodore A. Stern, M.D., Steven A. Epstein, M.D. James R. Rundell, M.D., Catherine C. Crone, M.D. Thomas N. Wise, M.D., Teresa A. Rummans, M.D. Philip R. Muskin, M.D., James A. Bourgeois, O.D., M.D. Stephen M. Saravay, M.D., Maryland Pao, M.D. Carol Alter, M.D., Maurice Steinberg, M.D. Lawson Wulsin, M.D., William Breitbart, M.D. Gregory L. Fricchione, M.D., Robert Boland, M.D. Lucy A. Epstein, M.D., Daniel Winstead, M.D. David F. Gitlin, M.D.
The Ability of Integrin αvβ3 To Function as a Receptor for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Is Not Dependent on the Presence of Complete Subunit Cytoplasmic Domains

The integrin α v β 3 has been shown to function as one of the integrin receptors on cultured cells for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and high-efficiency utilization of the bovine homolog of this integrin is dependent on the cysteine-rich repeat region of the bovine β 3 subunit. In this study we have examined the role of the cytoplasmic domains of the α v and β 3 subunits in FMDV infection. We have found that truncations or extensions of these domains of either subunit, including deletions removing almost all of the cytoplasmic domains, had little or no effect on the ability of the integrin to function as a receptor for FMDV. The lysosomotropic agent monensin inhibited viral replication in cells transfected with either intact or cytoplasmic domain-truncated α v β 3 . In addition, viral replication in transfected cells was inhibited by an α v β 3 function-blocking antibody but not by function-blocking antibodies to three other RGD-directed integrins, suggesting that these integrins are not involved in the infectious process. These results indicate that alterations to the cytoplasmic domains of either subunit, which lead to the inability of the integrin receptor to function normally, do not abolish the ability of the integrin to bind and internalize this viral ligand.
Comparing the Neuropsychological Test Performance of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans with and without Blast Exposure, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

To compare neuropsychological test performance of Veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), blast exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We compared the neuropsychological test performance of 49 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans diagnosed with MTBI resulting from combat blast-exposure to that of 20 blast-exposed OEF/OIF Veterans without history of MTBI, 23 OEF/OIF Veterans with no blast exposure or MTBI history, and 40 matched civilian controls. Comparison of neuropsychological test performance across all four participant groups showed a complex pattern of mixed significant and mostly nonsignificant results, with omnibus tests significant for measures of attention, spatial abilities, and executive function. The most consistent pattern was the absence of significant differences between blast-exposed Veterans with MTBI history and blast-exposed Veterans without MTBI history. When blast-exposed Veteran groups with and without MTBI history were aggregated and compared to non-blast-exposed Veterans, there were significant differences for some measures of learning and memory, spatial abilities, and executive function. However, covariation for severity of PTSD symptoms eliminated all significant omnibus neuropsychological differences between Veteran groups. Our results suggest that, although some mild neurocognitive effects were associated with blast exposure, these neurocognitive effects might be better explained by PTSD symptom severity rather than blast exposure or MTBI history alone. (JINS, 2015, 21, 1-11). Language: en
Uric Acid Is as Important as Proteinuria in Identifying Fetal Risk in Women With Gestational Hypertension

Gestational hypertension is differentiated into higher and lower risk by the presence or absence of proteinuria. We asked if hyperuricemia, a common finding in pregnancy hypertension, might also be an indicator of increased risk. We examined fetal outcome data from 972 pregnancies collected from 1997 to 2002 in a nested case-control study. Participants were nulliparous with no known medical complications. The frequency of preterm birth, the duration of pregnancy, frequency of small-for-gestational-age infants, and birth weight centile were determined for pregnancies assigned to 8 categories by the presence or absence of combinations of hypertension, hyperuricemia, and proteinuria. In women with gestational hypertension, hyperuricemia was associated with shorter gestations and smaller birth weight centiles and increased risk of preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age infants. Hyperuricemia increased the risk of these outcomes in the presence or absence of proteinuria. Risk was also increased in a small group of women with hyperuricemia and proteinuria without hypertension. Women with only hypertension and hyperuricemia have similar or greater risk as women with only hypertension and proteinuria. Those with hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperuricemia have greater risk than those with hypertension and proteinuria alone. The risk of these outcomes increased with increasing uric acid. Hyperuricemia is at least as effective as proteinuria at identifying gestational hypertensive pregnancies at increased risk. Uric acid should be reexamined for clinical and research utility.
Using wave variables for system analysis and robot control

Wave variables were originally introduced in the context of time delayed force reflecting teleoperation. Their use provides significant benefits for control, including robustness to arbitrary delays and an inherent hybrid construction, well suited for handling unknown passive environments. They also suggest a new perspective for analysis, presenting information from an alternative viewpoint. In this paper we explore the concept of wave variables in a more general robotic and mechanical setting, leading to alternate control approaches.
Adaptive transmission with discrete code rates and power levels

Throughput maximization of an adaptive transmission system with a finite number of transmission power levels and code rates for communication over slow fading channels is analyzed, based on the concept of information outage. Properties of throughput maximizing policies lead to an iterative algorithm that yields good system designs. Numerical results show that carefully designed discrete adaptive transmission systems with a small number of power levels and code rates can achieve throughput values close to ergodic capacity.
Planning for flexibility

Abstract This paper presents an approach to corporate development which relates the instability of the firm's environment and the ability of the firm to change. Using this framework, managers can examine their firm's posture vis-a-vis their environment and choose an appropriate strategy. The framework explains why firms can find themselves at odds with their environments, and suggest the lines of action that firms should pursue to survive and grow.
Length of Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy and Treatment Failure in Infants With Urinary Tract Infections

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine the association between short-duration (≤3 days) and long-duration (≥4 days) intravenous antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in a cohort of young infants hospitalized with urinary tract infections (UTIs). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of infants RESULTS: Of the 12 333 infants who met the inclusion criteria, 240 (1.9%) experienced treatment failure. The treatment failure rates were 1.6% for children who received short-course intravenous antibiotic treatment and 2.2% for children who received long-course treatment. Treatment courses varied substantially across hospitals and with patient-level characteristics. After multivariate adjustment, including propensity scores, there was no significant association between treatment group and outcomes, with an odds ratio for long versus short treatment of 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.77–1.35). Known presence of genitourinary abnormalities, but not age, predicted treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment failure for generally healthy young infants hospitalized with UTIs is uncommon and is not associated with the duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment. Treating more infants with short courses of intravenous antibiotic therapy might decrease resource use without affecting readmission rates.
2,4,6-Trichlorobenzoic Acid: Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding Pattern

This is an uncommon structure with Z = 12 in space group P2 1 /n. The three molecules of C 7 H 3 Cl 3 O 2 in the asymmetric unit consist of one complete carboxylic acid dimer at a general position and one-half of a second unique dimer located at a crystallographic inversion center. Each of the three acid molecules in the asymmetric unit displays carboxyl bond lengths and angles that are nearly equivalent to each other (as opposed to the highly defined C=O and C-O distances, and C-C-O angles that occur in very ordered dimeric systems).
Long‐term changes in abundance and diversity of macrophyte and waterfowl populations in an estuary with exotic macrophytes and improving water quality

We assessed species-specific coverage (km2) of a submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) community in the fresh and upper oligohaline Potomac Estuary from 1985 to 2001 using a method combining field observations of species-proportional coverage data with congruent remotely sensed coverage and density (percent canopy cover) data. Biomass (estimated by density-weighted coverage) of individual species was calculated. Under improving water quality conditions, exotic SAV species did not displace native SAV; rather, the percent of natives increased over time. While coverage-based diversity did fluctuate and increased, richness-based community turnover rates were not significantly different from zero. SAV diversity was negatively related to nitrogen concentration. Differences in functional traits, such as reproductive potential, between the dominant native and exotic species may explain some interannual patterns in SAV. Biomass of native, as well as exotic, SAV species varied with factors affecting water column light attenuation. We also show a positive response by a higher trophic level, waterfowl, to SAV communities dominated by exotic SAV from 1959 to 2001. Submerged vascular macrophytes, commonly referred to as submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Chesapeake Bay, provide necessary habitat and/or food for invertebrates, fish, and waterfowl (Rozas and Odum 1988; Perry and Deller 1996), but the quality of this habitat is threatened by the stress of diminishing water quality and invasion by exotic species. Despite the global prevalence of these stressors on SAV (Litav and Agame 1976; Phillips et al. 1978; Kozhova and Izhboldina 1993), there is a lack of long-term and quantitative data with which to characterize the behavior of a SAV community subject both to such stresses and to restorative efforts to improve water quality. The tidal Potomac River and Potomac Estuary are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed (Fig. 1), and large public expenditures have been made to protect its living resources, including SAV. Several episodes of high SAV abundance in the upper tidal Potomac River have been documented. A dense community of SAV reported in 1916 (Potamogeton crispus L. [curly pondweed] and other Potamogeton spp., Ceratophyllum demersum L. [coontail], and Vallisneria americana Michaux [wild celery]) remained abundant until the late 1930s, but disappeared by 1952 as wastewater contributions increased (Carter et al. 1985). From the 1950s to the 1970s, algal blooms became massive and persistent. The exotic species Myriophyllum spicatum L. (milfoil)
Aminomethylenediphosphonate: A Potent Type-Specific Inhibitor of Both Plant and Phototrophic Bacterial H+-Pyrophosphatases

The suitability of different pyrophosphate (PPi) analogs as inhibitors of the vacuolar H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase; EC 3.6.1.1) of tonoplast vesicles isolated from etiolated hypocotyls of Vigna radiata was investigated. Five 1,1-diphosphonates and imidodiphosphate were tested for their effects on substrate hydrolysis by the V-PPase at a substrate concentration corresponding to the Km of the enzyme. The order of inhibitory potency (apparent inhibition constants, Kiapp values, [mu]M, in parentheses) of the compounds examined was aminomethylenediphosphonate (1.8) > hydroxymethylenediphosphonate (5.7) [almost equal to] ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (6.5) > imidodiphosphate (12) > methylenediphosphonate (68) >> dichloromethylenediphosphonate (>500). The specificity of three of these compounds, aminomethylenediphosphonate, imidodiphosphate, and methylenediphosphonate, was determined by comparing their effects on the V-PPase and vacuolar H+-ATPase from Vigna, plasma membrane H+-ATPase from Beta vulgaris, H+-PPi synthase of chromatophores prepared from Rhodospirillum rubrum, soluble PPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa, and nonspecific monophosphoesterase from Vigna at a PPi concentration equivalent to 10 times the Km of the V-PPase. Although all three PPi analogs inhibited the plant V-PPase and bacterial H+-PPi synthase with qualitatively similar kinetics, whether substrate hydrolysis or PPi-dependent H+-translocation was measured, neither the vacuolar H+-ATPase nor plasma membrane H+-ATPase nor any of the non-V-PPase-related PPi hydrolases were markedly inhibited under these conditions. It is concluded that 1, 1-diphosphonates, in general, and aminomethylenediphosphonate, in particular, are potent type-specific inhibitors of the V-PPase and its putative bacterial homolog, the H+-PPi synthase of Rhodospirillum.
Biomolecule-cell interactions and the regulation of myelopoiesis

The regulation of myelopoiesis in vivo most likely entails a complex set of interactions between cell-derived biomolecules and their target cells. Much of what we currently know of these interactions has been derived from studies in vitro utilizing techniques for the purification of both the biomolecules and the cells producing and responding to these factors. Stimulating and suppressing influences have been uncovered, and with the cloning and purification of biologically active factors, studies assessing the actions of these molecules in vivo have begun. From studies in vitro it is apparent that many of the purified molecules can have move than one action and that different molecules can collaborate in a synergistic manner to enhance or suppress functional endpoints.
Optical encoding with shaped DAM-1 molecular sieve particles

This work introduces a new high-throughput screening particle – a Dallas Amphorous Material No. 1 (DAM-1) molecular sieve particle. In contrast to porous silica microspheres, the 2–8-µm sized DAM-1 molecular sieve particles are available in a variety of shapes and morphologies including spheres, hexagons, rods, gyroids, and discoids. The advantage of using DAM-1 molecular sieve particles is the ability to encode an array by particle shape, which in turn permits the repeated use of luminescent reporter dyes. In this technical note, we demonstrate optical decoding of fluorescein- and Texas Red-modified shaped molecular sieve particles using reflectance and fluorescence microscopies.
Micromorphology and Stable-Isotope Geochemistry of Historical Pedogenic Siderite Formed in PAH-Contaminated Alluvial Clay Soils, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Abstract Alluvial clay soil samples from six boreholes advanced to depths of 400–450 cm (top of limestone bedrock) from the Chattanooga Coke Plant (CCP) site were examined micromorphologically and geochemically in order to determine if pedogenic siderite (FeCO3) was present and whether siderite occurrence was related to organic contaminant distribution. Samples from shallow depths were generally more heavily contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than those at greater depth. The upper 1 m in most boreholes consisted of mixtures of anthropogenically remolded clay soil fill containing coal clinker, cinder grains, and limestone gravel; most layers of coarse fill were impregnated with creosote and coal tar. Most undisturbed soil (below 1 m depth) consisted of highly structured clays exhibiting fine subangular blocky ped structures, as well as redox-related features. Pedogenic siderite was abundant in the upper 2 m of most cores and in demonstrably historical (< 100 years old) soil matrices. Two morphologies were identified: (1) sphaerosiderite crystal spherulites ranging from 10 to 200 μm in diameter, and (2) coccoid siderite comprising grape-like “clusters” of crystals 5–20 μm in diameter. The siderite, formed in both macropores and within fine-grained clay matrices, indicates development of localized anaerobic, low-Eh conditions, possibly due to microbial degradation of organic contaminants. Stable-isotope compositions of the siderite have δ13C values spanning over 25‰ (+7 to −18‰ VPDB) indicating fractionation of DIC by multiple microbial metabolic pathways, but with relatively constant δ18O values (−4.8 ± 0.66‰ VPDB) defining a meteoric sphaerosiderite line (MSL). Calculated isotope equilibrium water δ18O values from pedogenic siderites at the CCP site are from 1 to 5 per mil lighter than the groundwater δ18O values that we estimate for the site. If confirmed by field studies in progress, this observation might call for a reevaluation of low-temperature siderite-water 18O fractionations. Investigations at the CCP site thus provide valuable information on the geochemical conditions under which siderite can form in modern soils, and thus insight on controls on siderite formation in ancient soils.
Order-Based Backorders and Their Implications in Multi-Item Inventory Systems

In a multi-item inventory system, such as an assemble-to-order manufacturing system or an online-retailing system, a customer order typically consists of several different items in different amounts. The average order-based backorders are the average number of customer orders that are not yet completely filled. While this is an important measure of customer satisfaction, it has not been widely studied in the operations management literature. This is largely because its evaluation involves the joint distribution of inventory levels of different items and other intricate relations, which is computationally dreadful. Taking a novel approach, this paper develops a tractable way of evaluating this measure exactly. We also develop easy-to-compute bounds, which require the evaluation of item-based backorders only. Numerical experiments indicate that the average of the lower and upper bounds is very effective. The exact results show surprisingly simple structures, which shed light on how system parameters affect the performance. Using these results, we study several examples to gain managerial insights. Questions addressed include: What are the implications of item-based inventory planning decisions on the order-based performance? What is the impact of introducing common components on inventory and service trade-offs? Would order-delivery performance be improved if we restrict the number of choices in product configurations?
HIMALAYAS — a hierarchical compaction system with a minimized constraint set

A new hierarchical compactor, Himalayas (HIerarchical MAcro LAYout Assembler), has been developed for constructing big macro layouts. The hierarchical compaction problem is formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem. In this paper, we present two novel algorithms to reduce the problem size, in order to make ILP approach practical. The first algorithm reduces the number of variables to a small set of pitch variables, while the second algorithm reduces the number of equations by restricting the constraint generation within a small set of regions, called the minimum cover. These reductions bring in considerable saving in computation time for layouts with cell repetitions, or cell alignments. As a result, ILP method can be used to solve the compaction problem for very big macros. Experimental results for MCNC benchmark examples are also given.
Plasticity in the frequency representation of primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in adult owl monkeys

Previous studies have shown that the tonotopic organization of primary auditory cortex is altered subsequent to restricted cochlear lesions (Robertson and Irvine, 1989) and that the topographic reorganization of the primary somatosensory cortex is correlated with changes in the perceptual acuity of the animal (Recanzone et al., 1992a-d). Here we report an increase in the cortical area of representation of a restricted frequency range in primary auditory cortex of adult owl monkeys that is correlated with the animal's performance at a frequency discrimination task. Monkeys trained for several weeks to discriminate small differences in the frequency of sequentially presented tonal stimuli revealed a progressive improvement in performance with training. At the end of the training period, the tonotopic organization of Al was defined by recording multiple-unit responses at 70-258 cortical locations. These responses were compared to those derived from three normal monkeys and from two monkeys that received the same auditory stimuli but that were engaged in a tactile discrimination task. The cortical representation, the sharpness of tuning, and the latency of the response were greater for the behaviorally relevant frequencies of trained monkeys when compared to the same frequencies of control monkeys. The cortical area of representation was the only studied parameter that was correlated with behavioral performance. These results demonstrate that attended natural stimulation can modify the tonotopic organization of Al in the adult primate, and that this alteration is correlated with changes in perceptual acuity.
The effects of group size and host species on development and survivorship of a gregarious caterpillar Halisidota caryae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

. 1. The effect on growth and survivorship of the number of Halisidota caryae (Harris) caterpillars in groups feeding on three taxonomically distinct hosts was examined experimentally in the field. 2. Caterpillars grew more rapidly and survived better in larger sized groups than in smaller sized groups. 3. Caterpilliars grew more rapidly and survived better on Carya ovata (Koch) than on Hamamelis virginiana (L) or Quercus velutina (Lam.). 4. There were equal numbers of invertebrate predators on groups of different sizes and thus larger groups had significantly fewer predators per caterpillar than did smaller groups. 5. Invertebrate predators accounted for at least a 10% daily decrease in survivorship. 6. Local movement reduced predation because moving groups had fewer predators than did stationary groups.
Combining Hierarchical Classifiers with Video Semantic Indexing Systems

This paper proposes a mechanism to integrate hierarchical video classification into video indexing systems seamlessly using video mixed media cues. Our approach centers on novel techniques that semiautomatically generate a media concept hierarchy using hierarchical classifiers to represent relevant video, audio and closed-caption text features for each video concept. Video classification functions, which directly connect low-level features with high-level semantic meanings for various applications, are first learned from training data using supervised learning algorithms for the hierarchical video concepts. The text classifier and video/audio classifier are constructed using independent learning algorithms and independent media streams of video. The joint classification fusion strategy is derived from Bayesian Theory and provides consistent and optimized classification results.
Post-Hurricane Regeneration of Pioneer Plant Species in South Florida Subtropical Hardwood Hammocks1

After Hurricane Andrew crossed southern Florida (U.S.A.) on 24 August 1992, native and exotic pioneer species in subtropical hardwood forests (hammocks) regenerated from seed banks. Regeneration occurred in hammocks of metropolitan Dade County and the Long Pine Key region of Everglades National Park. The density of the native pioneer Trema micrantha was significantly higher in hammocks of Long Pine Key than in those of metropolitan Dade County. In contrast, the basal area of the exotic pioneer Carica papaya was greater in Dade County hammocks than Long Pine Key hammocks. Although T. micrantha tended to be restricted to areas of soil disturbance (tip-up pits) formed by trees uprooted during Hurricane Andrew, especially in Long Pine Key, C. papaya was located throughout hammocks. These results suggest differences in the regeneration niches in which the native T. micrantha required more specific disruptions (i.e., both canopy and soil) than C. papaya (only removal of canopy) for establishment. A broad regeneration niche could in part account for the capability of an exotic species with a dormant seed bank to invade native subtropical forests following natural large-scale disturbances.
Import Competition and Policy Diffusion

The existing literature often assumes that the target of global interstate economic competition is the overseas market, that is, the markets in third, export-destination countries. However, in many...
Laboratory Screening of Insecticides for the Prevention of Reproduction of Boophilus Ticks

Adult engorged females of Boophilus annulatus (Say) and B. annulatus microplus (Conestrini) were dipped in 3 or more concentrations of candidate compounds to determine the effects on reproduction. This laboratory screening procedure was used to establish the approximate comparative toxicity of 100 compounds. In general, B. a. microplus collected in Mexico in Tammaulipas were more susceptible to insecticides than B. anmulatus obtained in Coahuila. At concentrations of 0.001% to 0.01%, General Chemical 4072, 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophencyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate, was completely efflective in preventing hatching. The following compounds gave the same r esult at 0.01% to 0.1%: Bayer 29952, O -enthyl O -[ p- methylthio) phenyl] methylphonothioate; Bayer 30237, O [ p- (methylthio) methylphosphonothioate; Bayer 37341, O-[4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl]phosphorothioate; coumaphos; General Chemical 3582, 2,2-dichloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate; and lindane. The most promising compounds as inhibitors of oviposition were lindane; Stauffer R-3244, 2-(diethoxyphosphinothioyloxy)-ethyl dimethylcarbamate; and Telodrin®, 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran. An attempt to increase the toxicity of Pyrolan,® 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethylearbamate, by adding synergists was not successful, but in a single test dimetan waas apparently synergized by octachlorodipropyl ether.
Abstract PR-01: Systemic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by metformin

Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for type II diabetes and is associated with decreased cancer risk. Previously, we showed that metformin prevents tobacco carcinogen (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice, which was associated with decreased IGF-I/insulin receptor signaling in lung tissues, decreased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin, but not activation of AMPK. Here, we used liver-IGF-1-deficient (LID) mice to determine the importance of IGF-1 in tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis and chemoprevention by metformin. NNK-induced lung tumor multiplicity and burden were significantly decreased in LID mice, identifying IGF-1 as an oncogenic factor. Metformin further decreased lung tumorigenesis in LID mice, suggesting that metformin acts through IGF-1-independent mechanisms. In lung tissues, metformin decreased phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), independent of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Tissue distribution of [14C]-metformin was high in liver but much lower in lungs, suggesting that the suppression of RTK activation by metformin occurs predominantly via systemic, cell-autonomous effects. Indeed, metformin decreased plasma levels of several cognate ligands for these RTK. These results identify systemic inhibition of RTK signaling as a new mechanism of action for metformin that could underlie its chemopreventive effects. This abstract is also presented as Poster B60. Citation Format: Brendan J. Quinn, Matthew Dallos, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Regan M. Memmott, Joell J. Gills, M. Christine Hollander, Phillip A. Dennis. Systemic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by metformin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-01.
Base-pairing energies of protonated nucleobase pairs and proton affinities of 1-methylated cytosines: model systems for the effects of the sugar moiety on the stability of DNA i-motif conformations.

Expansion of (CCG)n·(CGG)n trinucleotide repeats leads to hypermethylation of cytosine residues and results in Fragile X syndrome, the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability in humans. The (CCG)n·(CGG)n repeats adopt i-motif conformations that are preferentially stabilized by base-pairing interactions of noncanonical protonated nucleobase pairs of cytosine (C+·C). Previously, we investigated the effects of 5-methylation of cytosine on the base-pairing energies (BPEs) using threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) techniques. In the present work, we extend our investigations to include protonated homo- and heteronucleobase pairs of cytosine, 1-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, and 1,5-dimethylcytosine. The 1-methyl substituent prevents most tautomerization processes of cytosine and serves as a mimic for the sugar moiety of DNA nucleotides. In contrast to permethylation of cytosine at the 5-position, 1-methylation is found to exert very little influence on the BPE. All modifications t...
High-Fidelity Universal Gate Set for ^{9}Be^{+} Ion Qubits.

The highest two-qubit gate fidelities have been demonstrated in two experiments that use scalable trapped ion platforms.
Janeway lesions: a valuable clinical sign in patients with infective endocarditis

No abstract available. (Published: 25 April 2016) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2016, 6 : 30660 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.30660
The Comparison between Two Methods of Predicting Oil Production in Polymer-Flooding Oilfields

On the basis of analyzing a large number of methods of predicting oilfield dynamic indicators and factors affecting polymer flooding operations,predictions,oilfield dynamic indicator suitable for polymer flooding was investigated in detail.Oil production was predicted using material balance method and prediction model method using actual data of two polymer-flooding blocks in Daqing oilfield.The results indicate that the material balance method can predict the whole polymer flooding process fast and with higher accuracy,while it needs more parameters and deviates in predicting the water flooding after polymer flooding.The prediction model methods deviate relatively large in initial stage of polymer flooding,then is relatively small after the highest oil rate obtained.It indicates that the prediction model methods are more suitable in the phase of steady water-cut and rising water-cut.The material balance method is better than prediction model methods and the average error is 2.05%.While the average error of these two prediction methods are 4.61% and 3.73% separately.In general,both methods meet requirements of oilfield development.
Relationships of serum insulin-like growth factor I concentrations to growth, composition, and reproductive traits of swine.

Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and -II) are peptide hormones involved in metabolic regulation of growth. The objective of this study was to determine whether IGF-II concentration was predictive of growth, compositional, and reproductive traits of pigs. Forty male and sixty female pigs, divided equally between two locations, were weighed at 3-wk intervals from birth to 21 wk and bled at 9 and 21 wk of age. At each sampling, two blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture at an interval of at least 1 h. Serum was separated and IGF-I, IGF-II, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined via RIA. Traits measured included age at puberty and first parity litter size for gilts and backfat and longissimus muscle area. Blood was collected from a random sample of 52 progeny from 13 litters at 9 wk of age and serum was assayed for IGF-II concentrations. Effects of age, sex, location, and pig within sex x location on square-root transformed IGF-II concentrations were determined by analyzing data as a splitplot. Performance traits were fitted to a model including the effects of IGF-II concentration and combinations with IGF-I concentration, sex, location, and interactions. Concentrations of IGF-II were greater at 9 than at 21 wk of age (226.7 vs 159.3 ng/mL, respectively; P < .001) but did not differ between sexes. The correlation between serum IGF-II concentrations assayed from samples collected at 9 and 21 wk was .08. The partial correlations between IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations were .33 and .14 at 9 and 21 wk, respectively. The heritability of IGF-II concentration estimated from offspring-midparent regression was .08 +/- .20. Nine-week IGF-II concentration was positively associated with increased weight from weaning to 12 wk (P < .001). However, the sum of 9-wk IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations had a greater relationship to weight and gain in the growing phase than the concentration of either hormone alone. Concentration of IGF-II at 9 or 21 wk alone did not affect backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area, percentage lean, days to 100 kg, weight at 21 wk, age at puberty, or litter size. The sum of IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations was, however, associated with increased backfat and decreased days to 100 kg.