cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Variation of Trace Elements and Stable Isotopes in Subtropical Estuaries: II. Regional, Local, and Seasonal Salinity-Element Relationships

Trace elements and stable isotopes are commonly used in chronologically formed biominerals as proxies of temperature and/or salinity in estuarine and marine environments. To accurately use the chemistry of biominerals as salinity proxies, understanding the consistency of dissolved element-salinity relationships across spatiotemporal scales is essential. We examined relationships between dissolved Ba:Ca, Sr:Ca, Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, δ18O, and salinity on regional, local, and seasonal scales in the lower portions of subtropical estuaries (salinities 15–42 ppt) of Texas, including locations where seasonal alternations between negative and positive estuaries can occur. Across all spatiotemporal scales, Ba:Ca displayed a negative linear relationship within the sampled salinity range and was elevated at sites furthest from the ocean and lowest at locations closest to the Gulf of Mexico. This pattern remained consistent as the neutral estuary switched from negative to positive after a rain event. On regional scales, δ18O displayed a positive linear relationship with salinity and was strongly related to evaporation rates. On local and seasonal scales, evaporation-enriched δ18O at upper enclosed estuarine sites and this pattern was consistent over time including periods of reverse estuary conditions. Dissolved Sr:Ca and Mg:Ca varied linearly with salinity on regional scales but displayed minimal variation across temporal scales within an estuary. High variability in dissolved Mn:Ca-salinity relations was found at all spatiotemporal scales, with localized episodic peaks of Mn:Ca possibly due to sediment disturbance. Although dissolved Ba:Ca and δ18O were not predictably related to salinity on local scales, consistent up-estuary enrichment and lower-estuary depletion make these two constituents reliable proxies for animal movements across the ocean–estuary gradient as recorded in chronologically formed biominerals.
Preparation of Oxygen-18 from Enriched Water for Use in Isotopic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A method for preparing oxygen-18 enriched molecular oxygen from water of low enrichment is given. The technique provides molecular oxygen with the same isotopic composition as that of the starting water.
Preantral Follicle Growth is Regulated by c-Jun-N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Pathway:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been shown to be essential for cell cycle progression and mitosis. We previously showed that this pathway is activated in mitotic granulosa cells of follicles from transitional to antral stages. In this study, we, therefore, aimed to investigate whether this signaling pathway has any effect on in-vitro growth of murine preantral follicles and granulosa cell cycle control. Two structurally different pharmacologic JNK inhibitors, SP600125 and AS601245, were used in the experiments. First their inhibitory concentrations were determined in granulosa cells by Western blot analysis. Then preantral follicles isolated from immature and adult C57BL/6 mice were cultured in matrigel and standard culture plates for 6 days with these inhibitors. Spontaneously immortalized rat granulosa cells (SIGCs) were first synchronized at G1/S and G2/M stages of cell cycle and then treated with JNK inhibitors. Cell cycle progression was analyzed with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay and flow cytometry analysis. Both inhibitors significantly inhibited phosphorylation of c-Jun in granulosa cells at 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L concentrations. Isolated preantral follicles cultured with these inhibitors exhibited arrested growth in culture in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analyses showed that both inhibitors impair the progression of cell cycle at S phase and G2/M transition of granulosa cells. These results suggest that JNK pathway is essential for in vitro growth of preantral follicle growth and regulates both S phase and G2/M stages of cell cycle in granulosa cells.
Unobtrusive Indicators of Cultural Change Neckties, Girdles, Marijuana, Garbage, Magazines, and Urban Sprawl

Gleaning information from diverse available data sets, Felson suggests ways in which numerous different sorts of time-series data sets can be used to identify cultural change and continuity. The proposed indicators include musical instruments, several types of clothing, sporting goods, drugs, garbage, telephones, and magazines.
Alcohol use among older persons: Findings from a Western New York State general population survey

: This report on the drinking patterns of older persons is based upon a cross-sectional probability sample of 1,041 adults aged 18 years or older living in Erie and Niagara Counties in Western New York State. The rates of drinking-, heavy drinking, and alcohol-related problems were considerably lower among persons aged 60 or older than among those aged 50–59 (approaching old age), or among those aged 18–49 (the younger comparison group). Although heavy drinking was almost nonexistent among the elderly women, sizable proportions of the older men (e.g., about a quarter of the men in the 60–69 age group) were heavy drinkers. Previous reports concluding that the stresses of aging, such as widowhood and retirement, are associated with increased problem drinking were not confirmed in this study. More definitive, longitudinal research is needed to develop a better understanding of the relationships between drinking patterns and the aging process.
CONCERNING THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

The placement of hydrogen in the periodic table has unique implications for fundamental questions of chemical behavior. Recent arguments in favor of placing hydrogen either separately at the top of the table or as a member of the carbon family are shown to have serious defects. A Coulombic model, in which all compounds of hydrogen are treated as hydrides, places hydrogen exclusively as the first member of the halogen family and forms the basis for reconsideration of fundamental concepts in bonding and structures. The model provides excellent descriptive and predictive ability for structures and reactivities of a wide range of substances.
HPLC Determination of Morphineondansetron and Meperidine-Ondansetron Mixtures in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

Abstract High performance liquid chromatography procedures have been developed for the assay of morphine-ondansetron and meperidine-ondansetron mixtures in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The separation and quantitation of morphine-ondansetron were performed on an underviatized silica column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of 60:40 v/v 0.01 M monobasic potassium phosphate pH 4.0 - methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with the detection set at 233 nm. The separation was achieved within 20 min. Morphine and ondansetron were linear in the 134–536 and 68–271 μg/mL ranges, respectivly. Accuracy and precision were in the range 0.04–4 and 0.2–1%, respectively, for the two analytes and the limits of detection for morphine and ondansetron were 210 and 110 ng/mL, respectively, based on a signal to noise ratio of 3 and a 20 μL injection. The separation and quantitation of the meperidine-ondansetron mixture were also achieved on an underivatized silica column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase o...
Fluidic timers for time-dependent, point-of-care assays on paper

This article describes an integrated approach to tracking the end point of a time-based assay that is conducted on an analytical device made out of paper. The timing mechanism is built directly into a paper-based analytical device and does not require starting, stopping, reset buttons, batteries, or maintenance; the timer simply starts once the sample is added to the device. These “fluidic timers” are composed of paraffin wax and a signaling feature (e.g., a dye). The timing function is made possible by the specific time required for a liquid sample to wick through predefined regions in the device. This time period can be anywhere between 1 min and 2 h and is controlled by the quantity of wax present in the timer. Because both the fluidic timers and paper-based assays depend on the wicking rate of the sample, the fluidic timers automatically calibrate themselves (relative to the assay) to account for differences in wicking rates that are caused by variations in humidity. Fluidic timers are 97% accurate (w...
The use of independently sealed microporous hollow fiber membranes for oxygenation of water: model development

Abstract Mass transfer in a hollow fiber membrane aerator was studied. Individually-sealed hollow fibers are filled with oxygen and immersed in a flowing stream of water. Gas diffuses across the membrane wall and dissolves directly into the water without forming bubbles. Earlier studied found that mass transfer performance depended on the oxygen partial pressure inside the membrane. In this paper a model describes changes in gas composition along the fiber length that result from the back diffusion of gases, such as nitrogen, from the water into the fiber. The results of experimental studies verify model predictions. The model estimates an average saturation oxygen concentration along the fiber which predicts the mass transfer performance of the aerator under different conditions.
Do healthy behaviors decline with greater acculturation? Implications for the Latino mortality paradox

Relative to non-Latino whites, Latinos in the United States have a lower socioeconomic status (SES) profile, but a lower all-cause mortality rate. Because lower SES is associated with poorer overall health, a great deal of controversy surrounds the Latino mortality paradox. We employed a secondary data analysis of the 1991 National Health Interview Survey to test the health behavior and acculturation hypotheses, which have been proposed to explain this paradox. These hypotheses posit that: (1) Latinos have more favorable health behaviors and risk factor profiles than non-Latino whites, and (2) Health behaviors and risk factors become more unfavorable with greater acculturation. Specific health behaviors and risk factors studied were: smoking, alcohol use, leisure-time exercise activity, and body mass index (BMI). Consistent with the health behaviors hypothesis, Latinos relative to non-Latino whites were less likely to smoke and drink alcohol, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Latinos, however, were less likely to engage in any exercise activity, and were more likely to have a high BMI compared with non-Latino whites, after controlling for age and SES. Results provided partial support for the acculturation hypothesis. After adjusting for age and SES, higher acculturation was associated with three unhealthy behaviors (a greater likelihood of high alcohol intake, current smoking, a high BMI), but improvement in a fourth (greater likelihood of recent exercise). Gender-specific analyses indicated that the observed differences between Latinos and non-Latino whites, as well as the effects of acculturation on health behaviors, varied across men and women. Results suggest that the health behaviors and acculturation hypotheses may help to at least partially explain the Latino mortality paradox. The mechanisms accounting for the relationship between acculturation and risky behaviors have yet to be identified.
Blind OFDM carrier frequency offset estimation via oversampling

Data efficient blind deterministic estimation of the OFDM frequency offset via oversampling is proposed in this paper. This method utilizes the intrinsic phase shift of neighboring sample points caused by the frequency offset. This phase shift is constant across all subcarriers. By oversampling the OFDM input, this constant phase shift across all subcarriers is exploited in the noiseless case to perfectly retrieve the frequency offset. In the presence of noise, we show that this intuitive scheme leads to the maximum likelihood estimate of the frequency offset using oversampled data. Computer simulation demonstrates its superior performance compared to most existing blind schemes for a wide range of SNR.
Infrasonic tremor wavefield of the Pu`u `Ō`ō crater complex and lava tube system, Hawaii, in April 2007

[1] Long-lived effusive volcanism at the Pu`u `Ō`ō crater complex, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii produces persistent infrasonic tremor that has been recorded almost continuously for months to years. Previous studies showed that this infrasonic tremor wavefield can be recorded at a range of >10 km. However, the low signal power of this tremor relative to ambient noise levels results in significant propagation effects on signal detectability at this range. In April 2007, we supplemented a broadband infrasound array at ∼12.5 km from Pu`u `Ō`ō (MENE) with a similar array at ∼2.4 km from the source (KIPU). The additional closer-range data enable further evaluation of tropospheric propagation effects and provide higher signal-to-noise ratios for studying volcanic source processes. The infrasonic tremor source appears to consist of at least two separate physical processes. We suggest that bubble cloud oscillation in a roiling magma conduit beneath the crater complex may produce a broadband component of the tremor. Low-frequency sound sourced in a shallow magma conduit may radiate infrasound efficiently into the atmosphere due to the anomalous transparency of the magma-air interface. We further propose that more sharply peaked tones with complex temporal evolution may result from oscillatory interactions of a low-velocity gas jet with solid vent boundaries in a process analogous to the hole tone or whistler nozzle. The infrasonic tremor arrives with a median azimuth of ∼67° at KIPU. Additional infrasonic signals and audible sounds originating from the extended lava tube system to the south of the crater complex (median azimuth ∼77°) coincided with turbulent degassing activity at a new lava tube skylight. Our observations indicate that acoustic studies may aid in understanding persistent continuous degassing and unsteady flow dynamics at Kilauea Volcano.
A compact model for electroosmotic flows in microfluidic devices

A compact model to compute flow rate and pressure in microfluidic devices is presented. The microfluidic flow can be driven by either an applied electric field or a combined electric field and pressure gradient. A step change in the ζ-potential on a channel wall is treated by a pressure source in the compact model. The pressure source is obtained from the pressure Poisson equation and conservation of mass principle. In the proposed compact model, the complex fluidic network is simplified by an electrical circuit. The compact model can predict the flow rate, pressure distribution and other basic characteristics in microfluidic channels quickly with good accuracy when compared to detailed numerical simulation. Using the compact model, fluidic mixing and dispersion control are studied in a complex microfluidic network.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from bovine retina: purification, subcellular localization, molecular cloning, and three-dimensional structure.

The biochemical and structural properties of bovine retinal nucleoside diphosphate kinase were investigated. The enzyme showed two polypeptides of ∼17.5 and 18.5 kDa on SDS−PAGE, while isoelectric focusing revealed seven to eight proteins with a pI range of 7.4−8.2. Sedimentation equilibrium yielded a molecular mass of 96 ± 2 kDa for the enzyme. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that both polypeptides contained Gal, Man, GlcNAc, Fuc, and GalNac saccharides. Like other nucleoside diphosphate kinases, the retinal enzyme showed substantial differences in the Km values for various di- and triphosphate nucleotides. Immunogold labeling of bovine retina revealed that the enzyme is localized on both the membranes and in the cytoplasm. Screening of a retinal cDNA library yielded full-length clones encoding two distinct isoforms (NBR-A and NBR-B). Both isoforms were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their biochemical properties compared with retinal NDP-kinase. The structures of NBR-A and NBR-B were determined by ...
Propagating rift explanation for the tectonic evolution of the northeast Pacific—the pseudomovie

Abstract We have developed a new computer graphic technique to use in reconstructing plate tectonic evolution and to make movies illustrating this evolution. Using this technique, we have deciphered the evolutionary history of the Juan de Fuca area in the northeast Pacific, and show that a combination of seafloor spreading and rift propagation can explain this seemingly complex area as a simple consequence of the interaction of two rigid plates.
Political and Economic Determinants of Individuals» Support for Environmental Spending☆

Abstract The ability of a government to pursue policy initiatives depends substantially upon trends in public opinion. This research examines public attitudes toward environmental spending from 1974 to 1991. Using individual-level data over seventeen years obtained from the US National Opinion Research Center, we find evidence that support for enhanced environmental funding is influenced by an array of demographic and attitudinal factors including age, education, gender, ideology, party affiliation and urbanization. In particular, we also uncover evidence that personal and macro-level economic conditions play a role in conditioning the acceptance by individuals of increased environmental funding. At the personal level, work status and income are significant indicators of individuals» attitudes. Our results imply that macroeconomic conditions are also influential. While we find indications of increasing support for environmental funding independent of demographic, attitudinal and economic factors, our research suggests that policy-makers should be aware of a variety of socioeconomic influences on public opinion.
A model for non-linear viscoelastic coupled mode response of an elastomeric bushing

Abstract An elastomeric bushing is a device used in automotive suspension systems to cushion the loads transmitted from the wheel to the frame of the vehicle. A bushing is essentially an elastomeric hollow cylinder which is bonded to a solid metal shaft at its inner surface and a metal sleeve at its outer surface. The shaft is connected to the suspension and the sleeve is connected to the frame. The elastomeric cylinder provides the cushion when it deforms due to relative motion between the shaft and sleeve. The relation between the force or moment applied to the shaft or sleeve and the relative displacements or rotations is non-linear and exhibits features of viscoelasticity. An explicit force–displacement relation for elastomeric bushings is important for multi-body dynamics numerical simulations. A boundary value problem for the bushing response leads to an implicit relation which requires extensive computation time to implement and is hence unsuitable. In the present work, an explicit relation for coupled axial and torsional mode response is introduced and studied. A boundary value problem is formulated for coupled axial and torsional mode bushing response. A constitutive model is defined in which the axial force and torsional moment are each expressed explicitly in terms of axial displacement and rotation. Each relation contains a relaxation function which depends on the axial displacement and rotation. The relaxation functions are constructed using numerical results obtained by solving the boundary value problem. Numerical solutions of the boundary value problem also allow for comparison between the exact coupled mode response and that predicted by the proposed model. It is shown that the predictions of the proposed moment–rotation relation are in very good agreement with the exact results.
Prostate ultrasonography in normal and benign conditions

Transrectal prostate ultrasound (TRUS) is an important method for the evaluation of patients with palpable prostate abnormalities. Knowledge of the appearance of normal and benign conditions of the prostate on ultrasound is required for the identification of prostatic lesions that are suspected of being carcinomatous. The exact role of TRUS in the evaluation of benign disease of the prostate remains under investigation.
Magnetic field dependence of relaxation times in nonequilibrium superconductors

We have investigated the effects of a magnetic field H on nonequilibrium quasiparticle relaxation processes in superconductors by analyzing the I–V characteristics of long tin microbridges in a parallel field near T c (H). Following Skocpol, Beasley, and Tinkham, we take the differential resistance of a given phase-slip center (PSC) to be approximately equal to the normal resistance R n of a nonequilibrium region of the bridge with length 2(DΤR)1/2, where D is the quasiparticle diffusion constant andΤ R is the transverse mode (branch imbalance) relaxation time. The magnitude and the temperature and field dependence ofΤ R as inferred from our data agree well with those of the transverse mode relaxation time in the presence of pair-breaking, derived by Schmid and Schon. The longitudinal mode disequilibrium is interpreted in terms of local heating proportional to IV, and the resulting distortions in the I–V characteristics are corrected. Most of our samples contain a deliberate weak spot with a depressed critical current I c, which isolates a single PSC and lowers the heat dissipation(~I c 2Rn).
Ranking of cancer genes in Markov chain model through integration of heterogeneous sources of data

Cancer is a disease driven largely by the accumulation of somatic mutations during the lifetime of a patient. Distinguishing driver mutations from passenger mutations had posed a challenge in modern cancer research. With the widespread use of microarray experiments and clinical studies, a large numbers of candidate cancer genes are produced and extracting informative genes out of them is essential. In our project we aim to find the informative genes for cancer by using mutation data from ovarian cancers. In our model we utilized the patient gene mutation profile, gene expression data and gene gene interactions network to build a graphical representation of genes and patients and construct Markov processes for mutation and patients separately. After this process, we can prioritize cancers genes automatically by looking into their scores at their stationary distributions. Comprehensive experiments show that the utilization of heterogeneous sources of information is very helpful in finding important cancer genes.
Pupil dilation when viewing strangers: Can testosterone moderate prejudice?

Undergraduate students, 27 white and 27 black, provided saliva samples for testosterone assay, completed measures of prejudice, and viewed pictures of black and white target persons. Pupil dilation was measured continuously while participants viewed the pictures and thought about meeting the persons whom they were seeing. Testosterone interacted with prejudice, such that prejudiced individuals who were low in testosterone showed large pupil dilation and prejudiced individuals who were high in testosterone showed small pupil dilation. The interaction of testosterone with prejudice in affecting dilation was not related to the race either of the participant, or of the target being viewed.
Modifications to the cosmic 21-cm background frequency spectrum by scattering via electrons in galaxy clusters

The cosmic 21-cm background frequency spectrum related to the spin-flip transition of neutral hydrogen present during and before the era of reionization is rich in features associated with physical processes that govern transitions between the two spin states. The intervening electrons in foreground galaxy clusters inversely Compton scatter the 21-cm background spectrum and modify it just as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum is modified by inverse-Compton scattering. Towards typical galaxy clusters at low redshifts, the resulting modification is a few tenths milli-Kelvin correction to the few tens milli-Kelvin temperature of 21-cm signal relative to that of the cosmic microwave background blackbody spectrum. The modifications are mostly associated with sharp changes in the cosmic 21-cm background spectrum such as due to the onset of a Lyman-{alpha} radiation field or heating of neutral gas. Though low-frequency radio interferometers that are now planned for 21-cm anisotropy measurements are insensitive to the mean 21-cm spectrum, differential observations of galaxy clusters with these interferometers can be utilized to indirectly establish global features in the 21-cm frequency spectrum. We discuss the feasibility to detect the spectrum modified by clusters and find that, for upcoming interferometers, while a detection towards an individual cluster is challenging, onemore » can average signals over a number of clusters, selected based on the strength of the Sunyave-Zel'dovich effect at high radio frequencies involving CMB scattering alone, to establish the mean 21-cm spectrum.« less
When You Shouldn't Do What You Want to Do: Young Children's Understanding of Desires, Rules, and Emotions

This research investigated 4- through 7-year-olds' and adults' (n = 64) concepts about the emotional consequences of desire fulfillment versus desire inhibition in situations where people's desires conflict with prohibitive rules. Results revealed developmental increases in attributing positive or mixed emotions to story characters that make willpower decisions and negative or mixed emotions to characters that transgress. These developmental changes in emotion predictions were accompanied by age-related differences in emotion explanations. Whereas 4- and 5-year-olds largely explained emotions in relation to the characters' goals, 7-year-olds and adults further explained how rules and future consequences influence emotions. Results are discussed in relation to connections among children's psychological, deontic, and future-oriented reasoning about emotions as well as the development of self-control.
Pressure Dependence of the Shear Strengths of the Tungsten Carbide–Potassium Chloride Interface

To address the issue of a pin sliding against a boundary film, we calculate the pressure-dependent shear strength of a bilayer of potassium chloride sandwiched between tungsten carbide (WC) slabs using first-principles, density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It has been shown experimentally that the shear strength S of a KCl film on metal substrates varies with pressure P as S = S 0 + αP, and S 0 = 65 ± 5 MPa and α = 0.14 ± 0.02. Calculations are performed for KCl in contact with the (1 $$ \bar{1} $$ 00) and (10 $$ \bar{1} $$ 0) faces of WC which have almost square surface unit cells. The effect of pressure is mimicked by varying the distance between the outermost layers of the WC slabs. The DFT calculations confirm that the shear strength depends on pressure and yield average values of S 0 of 70 ± 10 MPa for the WC(1 $$ \bar{1} $$ 00) and 51 ± 13 MPa for the WC(10 $$ \bar{1} $$ 0) faces, in reasonable agreement with experiment. Since the calculations were performed for a KCl slab in registry with the WC slabs, the agreement with experiment suggests that the atoms at the interface between the tip and film are also in registry. In addition, the calculated and experimental shear strengths are much lower than the shear modulus of KCl, indicating that shear occurs between the tip and film surface without forming a transfer film, in agreement with previous experimental measurements.
Mixed triblock copolymers used as DNA separation medium in capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract A polymer solution, formed by mixing two polyoxybutylene–polyoxyethylene–polyoxybutylene (BEB) triblock copolymers (B10E270B10 and B6E46B6), was tested as a new separation medium for double-stranded DNA separation in capillary electrophoresis. The mixture of B10E270B10 and B6E46B6 has a viscosity-adjustable property and a dynamic coating ability, which makes the medium very easy to handle. The performance of the mixture on the DNA separation is greatly affected by the mass ratio of the two constituents. There is a minimum amount of concentration for B10E270B10, below which the medium will lose its performance. The addition of B6E46B6 increases both the selectivity and the separation efficiency. The optimal concentration, with 3% (w/v) B10E270B10 and 5% (w/v) B6E46B6, is determined with the consideration of both speed and resolution. A resolution of 1.3 was achieved on the separation of 123/124 base pairs in the pBR322/HaeIII digest within 20 min by using a 10 cm column of 75 μm I.D., demonstrating the potential use of mixtures of amphiphilic block copolymers as an effective DNA separation medium.
Frequency-time identical and reversal in ultrafast optical parametric processes

We demonstrate identical and reversal relations between temporal pulse shapes and their spectrum envelopes through ultrashort optical parametric processes in the picosecond and femtosecond regimes.
A study of localization limiters for strain-softening in statics and dynamics

In localization problems involving strain-softening, localization limiters have been introduced to provide solutions where the deformation concentrates in regions of finite size. Limiters are here classified as integral, differential and rate limiters. The character of the governing partial differential equations is studied for strain-softening models with and without limiters. It is shown that, in simple cases, strain-softening causes the governing equations of statics and dynamics to lose respectively ellipticity and strict hyperbolicity. With the addition of a differential limiter, the dynamic equations change from hyperbolic to parabolic. Differential and integral limiters are shown to have similar effects on superimposed waves, with an unbounded growth occurring only for wavelengths greater than the characteristic localization bandwidth. Example solutions are given for one-dimensional models in statics.
Microdolomite inclusions in cloudy prismatic calcites; a proposed criterion for former high-magnesium calcites

ABSTRACT Inclusions in synsedimentary prismatic calcites of the Mississippi Lake Valley Formation bioherms, New Mexico, are 1-10-micron subhedral to euhedral "microdolomites" which occur in crystallographic continuity with the host calcites. These microdolomite inclusions occur exclusively in echinoderm grains, in the cloudy prismatic calcites, and in rare cloudy syntaxial overgrowths on echinoderms; they do not occur in adjacent mud nor in other skeletal grains. Cathodoluminescence of the cloudy dolomite-rich prismatic calcites reveals a nonluminescing, radial fibrous component, and an interfiber luminescing calcite. The radial fibrous mosaic, whose fibers are length slow, reflects the fabric of the cement precursor to the cloudy radiaxial prismatic calcites; whereas the luminescing calcite i interpreted as younger syntaxial interfiber pore filling. The microdolomite inclusions are restricted dominantly to the nonluminescing portions. This restricted distribution of the microdolomite inclusions argues for an autochthonous source for the Mg on a scale of single grains or crystals, and thus indicates a high-Mg calcite precursor to the cloudy calcites. Infilling of the interfiber pores of the radial fibrous mosaic with the luminescent, low-Mg calcite effectively isolated the metastable high-Mg calcites from conventional diagenetic stabilization. The Mg was redistributed within individual grains and fibers into microdolomite inclusions and low-Mg calcites by either an incongruent-dissolution or solid-state exsolution process. The presence of the microdolomite inclusions in cloudy calcites is prime evidence for a high-Mg calcite precursor, and, therefore, for a marine precipitational environment. We suggest this criterion is widely applicable to coarse prismatic fabrics throughout the geologic column, and is of particular importance considering that crystal fabric alone is generally inadequate in distinguishing coarse prismatic cements precipitated in marine waters from those precipitated in fresh meteoric waters.
Loss of a membrane trafficking protein αSNAP induces non-canonical autophagy in human epithelia

Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters intracellular proteins and organelles within membrane vesicles called autophagosomes with their subsequent delivery to lyzosomes for degradation. This process involves multiple fusions of autophagosomal membranes with different vesicular compartments; however, the role of vesicle fusion in autophagosomal biogenesis remains poorly understood. This study addresses the role of a key vesicle fusion regulator, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein α (αSNAP), in autophagy. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of αSNAP expression in cultured epithelial cells stimulated the autophagic flux, which was manifested by increased conjugation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II) and accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomes. This enhanced autophagy developed via a non-canonical mechanism that did not require beclin1-p150-dependent nucleation, but involved Atg5 and Atg7-mediated elongation of autophagosomal membranes. Induction of autophagy in αSNAP-depleted cells was accompanied by decreased mTOR signaling but appeared to be independent of αSNAP-binding partners, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor and BNIP1. Loss of αSNAP caused fragmentation of the Golgi and downregulation of the Golgi-specific GTP exchange factors, GBF1, BIG1 and BIG2. Pharmacological disruption of the Golgi and genetic inhibition of GBF1 recreated the effects of αSNAP depletion on the autophagic flux. Our study revealed a novel role for αSNAP as a negative regulator of autophagy that acts by enhancing mTOR signaling and regulating the integrity of the Golgi complex.
Production of cytotoxic antibody to a benz(a)pyrene-induced sarcoma in mice receiving xenogeneic antitumor immune rna.

Groups of normal C3Hf mice were injected subcutaneously and intraperitoneally over a 2-week period with various xenogeneic immune RNA (I-RNA) preparations. I-RNAs were extracted from the lymphoid organs of guinea pigs following immunization with normal C3Hf tissue cells, or tumor cells from a benz(a)pyrene-induced sarcoma (BP-1), a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma MC-1, or a spontaneous mammary carcinoma (SMT). In sera from mice injected with anti-BP-1 I-RNA, antibodies were detected which were specifically cytotoxic to BP-1 target cells, in vitro, but not to MC-1 target cells. Absorption with BP-1 sarcoma cells removed this cytotoxic activity while absorption with syngeneic spleen cells, or MC-1 sarcoma cells did not. Sera from mice receiving any of the other I-RNAs were not cytotoxic for either BP-1 or MC-1 target cells. Treatment of mice with BP-1 I-RNA may have induced the production of tumor-specific cytotoxic antibody, in vivo.
Bedside Assessment of the Dizzy Patient

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that management of the dizzy patient depends on the history, bedside clinical exam, and laboratory testing. It discusses the history, which is a key to determine the onset of the problem, description of the symptoms and, most importantly, how the symptoms affect an individual's lifestyle. The tempo, symptoms, and circumstances of the complaint are three key items in the history. The last element is crucial to obtain as some individuals may have evidence for chronic vestibular loss on one side based on the clinical exam and laboratory testing, but they may be primarily affected by some other cause of dizziness, such as migraine or anxiety. The chapter also reviews that the bedside clinical exam can be used to distinguish peripheral versus central vestibular problems, the degree of loss, and how acute the problem may be.
Scattering amplitudes for physical states in dual-resonance models

Recently, D1 V~CCHIA and FUBINI (1) have found operators which have the property of generating only physical states in the Virasoro case (a = 1). In this note, we use these operators to compute scattering amplitudes for excited external particles. This is an extension of previously derived results for the parent trajectory (2). In particular, our results are obtained by using the operator W(~)(x), which generates physical (including zero-norm) states coupled to two scalars. On the 2V-th tower, there is one such state for each spin J = 0, 1 . . . . . h r. A similar t reatment can be given for states coupled to three or more scalars, but the results are considerably more complicated. The operator Wr is given by
Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in pregnancy complicated by pulmonary hypertension

The use of nitric oxide as an agent to reduce pulmonary artery pressure in a pregnancy complicated by pulmonary hypertension is reported for the first time. This therapy can reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and therefore potentially enable the right ventricle to better compensate for the physiologic changes of pregnancy.
Secondary use of existing public microarray data to predict outcome for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Background Since 1990, numerous public repositories of microarray data have been created to store vast genomic data sets. Our hypothesis is that a secondary analysis of an available hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) public data set could generate new findings and additional hypotheses. Methods The Gene Expression Omnibus at the National Center for Biotechnology Information was queried for available data sets specific for ‘HCC’ and ‘clinical data.’ Genes that passed filtering and normalization criteria were analyzed using the class comparison and prediction functions in BRB-ArrayTools. Ingenuity pathway analysis software was used to identify potential gene networks up- or down-regulated. Results The file GDS274, which measured gene expression in primary HCC lesions with or without hepatic metastases from a cohort of Chinese patients, was identified as an appropriate data set and was imported into BRB-ArrayTools. 9984 genes passed filtering criteria. Clinical data demonstrated alpha fetoprotein (AFP) >100 ng/mL predictive of worse survival (HR 5.87, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–31.0). A class comparison between patients with an AFP >100 and those with AFP Conclusions Using available HCC microarray data, we identified genes differentially expressed based on AFP >100. Canonical pathway analysis demonstrated functional gene pathways and associated upstream regulators. This study maximizes the use of publicly available data by generating new findings. Secondary analyses of these data sets should be considered by investigators before embarking on new genomic experiments.
The Underground Economy in the United States: Comment on Tanzi

IN HIS PAPER, Tanzi1 offers a time series of annual estimates of the "underground economy" in the United States for the period 1930-80. These estimates are based on a currency-demandequation approach, which Tanzi developed in an earlier paper.2 The technique, which draws inspiration from a classic paper by Cagan,3 has gained wide currency among scholars engaged in estimating the scale of the underground economy (variously called the black economy, the parallel economy, the unaccounted economy, the unreported economy, and so forth) in the United States and abroad.
Multilayer liquid crystal polymer based RF frontend module for millimeter wave imaging

In this paper we proposed an integrated RF front-end module by using multilayer liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates in millimeter wave frequency (mmW) range. The module consists of a linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA), low noise amplifiers (LNA), as well as various passive components, including transmission lines, waveguides, filters, and their transitions. The active LNAs and their related bias circuits are integrated with RF circuits through wire-bonding process to achieve a gain of 12 dB centered at 94GHz. The fabricated devices are characterized and compared with simulated results, showing good agreement. The LTSA has a wide impedance bandwidth from 43 to 90 GHz and high radiation gain. The compact module holds tremendous promise in the high-performance applications, such as mmW imaging, and many other high density RF systems.
The favorite point of a Poisson process

Abstract In this paper we consider the most visited site, Xt, of a Poisson process up to time t. Our point of departure from the literature on maximal spacings is our asymptotic analysis of where the maximal spacing occurs (i.e., the size of Xt) and not the size of the spacings.
Magnetohydrodynamics of blood flow.

The changes in hydrostatic pressure and electrical potentials across vessels in the human vasculature in the presence of a large static magnetic field are estimated to determine the feasibility of in vivo NMR spectroscopy at fields as high as 10 T. A 10-T magnetic field changes the vascular pressure in a model of the human vasculature by less than 0.2%. An exact solution to the magnetohydrodynamic equations describing a conducting fluid flowing transverse to a static magnetic field in a nonconducting, straight, circular tube is used. This solution is compared to an approximate solution that assumes that no magnetic fields are induced in the fluid and that has led previous investigators to predict significant biological effects from static magnetic fields. Experimental results show that the exact solution accurately predicts the magnetohydrodynamic slowing of 15% NaCl flowing transverse to 2.3- and 4.7-T magnetic fields for fluxes below 0.5 liter/min while the approximate solution predicts a much more retarded flow. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
Digital Monitoring System for NAL Secondary Beam Lines

A digital beam monitoring system (BELIMOS) consisting of high spatial and time resolution multiwire proportional chambers and associated amplifier circuitry, and a CAMAC data acquisition system has been used to provide readout and display of beam profile and position information of the NAL secondary beam lines.
Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers.

Liposomes — microscopic phospholipid bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure — have received a lot of attention during the past 30 years as pharmaceutical carriers of great potential. More recently, many new developments have been seen in the area of liposomal drugs — from clinically approved products to new experimental applications, with gene delivery and cancer therapy still being the principal areas of interest. For further successful development of this field, promising trends must be identified and exploited, albeit with a clear understanding of the limitations of these approaches.
High reliability pastoralism

Abstract In contrast to the view of pastoralism as being driven by risk aversion, new disequilibrium-based models of ecological dynamics on rangelands enable us to see pastoralism as what organization theorists term a high reliability institution . Such institutions seek and attain reliable peak performance by managing highly complex technologies to better manage risk. Nine features of high-reliability organizations are described and linked to published observations of pastoralist organization and practice. Although superficially similar, thinking of pastoralist objectives in terms of searching for reliability, rather than escaping from hazard, has important implications for interpreting pastoralist behavior, and for development policy.
A numerical study of nonlinear waves arising in a one-dimensional model of a fluidized bed

Abstract A third-order nonlinear problem, which under certain circumstances approximates the flow in a 1-dimensional fluidized bed, is solved numerically. A Petrov-Galerkin finite element method, with piecewise linear trial functions and cubic spline test functions, is used for the discretization in space. If product approximation is applied to the numerical representation of the nonlinear terms, then the scheme is fourth-order in space in the finite difference sense. Second-order backward differentiation is used for the time stepping. It is found that, while certain values of the time step may produce stable results, a reduction in the time step introduces instability. This is confirmed by a von Neumann stability analysis of a simplified case and is also shown to be reasonable in view of the continuous problem which contains stable and unstable modes. A set of numerical experiments is presented.
Below- and Aboveground Biomass of Spartina alterniflora: Response to Nutrient Addition in a Louisiana Salt Marsh

The responses of Spartina alterniflora above- and belowground biomass to various combinations of N, P, and Fe were documented in a 1-year field experiment in a Louisiana salt marsh. Five levels of N additions to 0.25 m2 plots resulted in 18% to 138% more live aboveground biomass compared to the control plots and higher stem densities, but had no effect on the amount of live belowground biomass (roots and rhizomes; R&R). There was no change in the aboveground biomass when P or Fe was added as part of a factorial experiment of +P, +N, and +Fe additions, but there was a 40% to 60% decrease in the live belowground biomass, which reduced the average R&R:S ratio by 50%. The addition of various combinations of nutrients had a significant affect on the belowground biomass indicating that the addition of P, not N, eased the need for root foraging activity. The end-of-the-growing-season N:P molar ratios in the live above- and belowground tissues of the control plot was 16.4 and 32.7, respectively. The relative size of the belowground standing stocks of N and P was higher than in the aboveground live tissues, but shifted downwards to about half that in fertilized plots. We conclude that the aboveground biomass was directly related to N availability, but not P, and that the accumulation of belowground biomass was not limited by N. We suggest that the reduction in belowground biomass with increased P availability, and the lower absolute and relative belowground standing stocks of P as plant tissue N:P ratios increased, is related to competition with soil microbes for P. One implication for wetland management and restoration is that eutrophication may be detrimental to long-term salt marsh maintenance and development, especially in organic-rich wetland soils.
THE SPIRITUALLY WHOLE-SYSTEM CLASSROOM: A TRANSFORMATIONAL APPLICATION OF SPIRITUALITY

Abstract This article presents theory and practical experiences related to classroom pedagogy focusing on spirituality and wholeness—the spiritually whole-system classroom. In it, spiritual principles help create a learning community founded on the experience of wholeness. The spiritually whole-system classroom allows participants the opportunity of “being connected with one's complete self, others, and the entire universe” in order to serve a meaningful, broader purpose. This type of transformation engages heads, hearts, spirits, and hands in the pursuit of a more enlightening experience of human organizing. The article concludes with a critically reflective discussion of spiritual applications to management education and practice.
A method for determining the apoplastic water volume of conifer needles

A method for direct estimation of percentage apoplastic water volume (% APO) in conifer needles is described. The method presented here, and designated the pressure-needle (P-N) method, measures the relative water content of the needles to develop a curve similar to the pressure-volume (P-V) curve. P-V and P-N curves were developed for Picea pungens Engelm. cv. Hoopsi, Pinus sylvestris L., Abies gradis (Dougl.) L., and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco. The % APO estimated by the two procedures varied as much as 2-fold, while other parameters were similar. The P-V method generated consistently higher and more variable % APO than the P-N method, due to the inclusion of the apoplastic water of the stem in the P-V method. For conifers, the P-N method offers a more accurate and precise method for determining % APO.