cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-Custom Methods in a High-Performance Microprocessor Design

The development of high performance microprocessors requires concurrent design at many levels (logical, circuit, physical) with large teams and tightly interlocked schedules. Often the best design flow is one that most effectively addresses the natural conflicts within this flow (e.g. logic stability versus timing closure), in contrast to one that simply applies the most modern or aggressive approach in each domain. This paper describes such a case, in the development and use of a semi-custom design methodology which has significantly enhanced several generations of IBM zSeries (S/390) processors [2][3][4], as well as the IBM POWER4 processor [1]. The coordinated use of a common parameterized gate representation, standard cell generation capabilities, place and route merged with custom physical design, static transistor level timing and formal circuit tuning, and gainbased synthesis have all led to significant improvements in both quality-ofresult and time-to-market in the conventional static CMOS design domain. Chapter 12
Photoreaction dynamics of CH3I multilayers on GaAs(1 1 0): REMPI probing of the CH3 umbrella mode

Abstract The UV photodissociation dynamics of CH3I multilayers on GaAs(1 1 0) are studied using 2 + 1 resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) detection of the CH 3 ν 2 umbrella vibrational mode. The vibrational distribution formed appears much colder than the distribution resulting from gas-phase photodissociation of CH3I. Measurements of the surface reaction cross-section versus photon exposure and time-of-flight (TOF) studies of the CH3 translational energy suggest that the colder temperature is attributable to dissociative electron attachment (DEA) by photoemitted substrate electrons.
Selection of circulating PD-1+ lymphocytes from cancer patients enriches for tumor-reactive and mutation-specific lymphocytes

Meeting abstracts T cells targeting unique somatic mutations appear to play an important role in the antitumor responses observed following T cell transfer, and isolation of mutation-specific lymphocytes and T-cell receptors has become a major obstacle to the development of more effective
Comment on 'Nonstationarity in Time Series of State Densities' by Y. Chang, C. S. Kim and J. Y. Park

In this comment on Chang, Kim and Park [Journal of Econometrics, 192, 152-167 (2016)] I point out that the time series of densities which the authors purport to model as a nonstationary cointegrated process is in fact stationary under their assumptions, aside from a deterministic component.
α2-Adrenergic-mediated tubular NO production inhibits thick ascending limb chloride absorption

Stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors inhibits transport in various nephron segments, and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (THAL) expresses α2-receptors. We hypothesized that selectiv...
4-Nitro-1-[(trimethyl-sil-yl)ethyn-yl]benzene: low-temperature polymorph at 100 K.

The title compound, C11H13NO2Si, is a low-temperature form of the previously reported room-temperature structure [Garcia et al. (1998). Acta Cryst. C54, 489–491]. At 298 K, the material crystallizes in the space group Pnma and occupies a crystallographic mirror plane, but at 100 K the space group changes to P212121, the volume decreases by 5% and the mol­ecule distorts. The greatest mol­ecular distortions from Cs symmetry are rotations of the trimethyl­silyl and nitro groups by 10.56 (8) and 11.47 (9)°, respectively, to the benzene mean plane. At low temperature, the crystal also becomes an inversion twin, the refined ratio of the twin components being 0.35 (15):0.65 (15).
Bile Salt Absorption at Various Levels of Rat Small Intestine.

SummaryUsing an in vivo, acute loop technic it has been shown in the rat that absorptive activity for conjugated cholate increases nearly 4-fold as the small intestine is descended from duodenum to terminal ileum.
Why should physicians recognize compulsive gambling

PreviewCompulsive gambling affects about 1% of the adult population and is becoming more prevalent as opportunities to gamble increase. Some believe gambling to be America's national pastime. Negative effects reach far beyond the financial burden compulsive gambling represents to gamblers and their families. Dr Daghestani presents a summary of physical and psychological problems that often bring the gambler to the physician's office, methods for treating both the gambling and the presenting complaint, and reasons why physicians need to be aware of this problem and their beliefs about it.
Posttranslational processing of defensins in immature human myeloid cells.

Human neutrophil promyelocytes synthesize, process, and package several microbicidal proteins, including the highly abundant defensins, into their azurophil granules. As deduced from their cDNA sequences, defensins are initially synthesized as 94 amino acid (aa) precursors that must undergo extensive processing. We performed metabolic labeling studies of defensin synthesis in the human promyelocytic cell line HL- 60 and in chronic myeloid leukemia cells, and showed that preprodefensins are processed to mature 29 to 30 aa defensins over 4 to 24 hours via two major intermediates: a 75 aa prodefensin generated by the cleavage of the signal sequence, and a 56 aa prodefensin that results from a subsequent preaspartate proteolytic cleavage. Almost all of the 75 aa form was found in the cytoplasmic/microsomal fraction, whereas the 56 aa prodefensin and mature defensins predominated in the granule-enriched fraction. The 75 aa prodefensin was also selectively released into the culture supernatant. Treatment of HL-60 cells with monensin, chloroquine, or ammonium chloride, substances that neutralize acidic subcellular compartments, partially blocked conversion of the 75 aa prodefensin into 56 aa prodefensin, but did not increase the extracellular release of the 75 aa form. Further studies will be required to determine the role of this processing pathway in subcellular targeting to azurophil granules and avoidance of autocytotoxicity.
Creating a summer program to engage students

The Summer Science Adventures provided an opportunity for rising sophomores and juniors to study discipline specific coursework in an open inclusive environment. This paper will discuss four principles used to create a cohesive curriculum to provide thought provoking, inquiry-based courses to spark student interest, inspire learning, and build confidence.
Early marks: American trademarks before US trademark law

AbstractHistorians identify the process of registration as key to the ‘modern mark’. Hence the introduction of trademark registration with the US federal law of 1870 appears as a pivotal event, endorsing Chandlerean accounts of the modern mark as a product of the ‘Second Industrial Revolution’. Such accounts overlook the earlier registration laws in places where economic conditions challenge claims for an industrial origin to registration. This article looks at California’s registration law, which antedated the US federal law by seven years, asking whether it is merely an exception to prove the Chandlerean rule, or an example that asks us to question Chandlerean assumptions.
Signal to noise ratio in simulations of time-of-flight positron emission tomography

Time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) can improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to conventional PET by improving coincidence localization and reducing random coincidences. Several time-of-flight positron emission tomographs were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s. However, interest in time-of-flight waned because of the low stopping power and light yield of the scintillators available at that time. Now newly discovered scintillators with greater light yield and/or stopping power, along with advances in photomultiplier tubes and electronics, are rekindling interest in TOF. To facilitate investigations into the utility of TOF, we have modified the SimSET simulation to track and bin TOF differences between coincidence photons. Images were reconstructed from simulated data using confidence-weighted backprojection and filtered backprojection. These images were used to investigate the effect of TOF on SNR. SNR improves dramatically with improved TOF resolution. However, the improvement is somewhat less than that predicted by a widely used theoretical model
Integrating Clinical Phenotype and Gene Expression Data to Prioritize Novel Drug Uses

Drug repositioning has been based largely on genomic signatures of drugs and diseases. One challenge in these efforts lies in connecting the molecular signatures of drugs into clinical responses, including therapeutic and side effects, to the repurpose of drugs. We addressed this challenge by evaluating drug-drug relationships using a phenotypic and molecular-based approach that integrates therapeutic indications, side effects, and gene expression profiles induced by each drug. Using cosine similarity, relationships between 445 drugs were evaluated based on high-dimensional spaces consisting of phenotypic terms of drugs and genomic signatures, respectively. One hundred fifty-one of 445 drugs comprising 450 drug pairs displayed significant similarities in both phenotypic and genomic signatures (P value < 0.05). We also found that similar gene expressions of drugs do indeed yield similar clinical phenotypes. We generated similarity matrixes of drugs using the expression profiles they induce in a cell line and phenotypic effects.
Abstract 16918: A Transient Increase in Left Ventricular Load Leads to Cardiac Troponin I Release in the Absence of Myocardial Ischemia

Introduction: Although elevated serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations are widely used as a biomarker for the detection of myocardial infarction, increased serum cTnI levels have been observed in the absence of ischemia in fluid overload states such as renal failure and advanced heart failure. Hypothesis: Transient left ventricular (LV) stretch induced by a reversible elevation in preload without ischemia leads to significant transcardiac cTnI release. Methods: Propofol-sedated swine (n=12) received intravenous phenylephrine (PE; 300 μg/min) for one hour to transiently raise LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) to ∼30 mmHg. Hemodynamics were monitored throughout the experiment and myocardial perfusion was measured at baseline and during PE with fluorescent microspheres to exclude subendocardial ischemia. Serial blood sampling from the aorta and coronary sinus was performed to assess transcardiac cTnI release before, during, and after PE infusion. Results: PE induced a significant rise in mean arterial pressure (MAP; from 99 ± 5 to 172 ± 5 mmHg, P Conclusions: These results demonstrate that a transient increase in LV preload produces measurable transcardiac cTnI release that results in sustained elevations in circulating cTnI. This response occurs without a change in subendocardial blood flow, indicating that elevations in hemodynamic load may provoke cardiomyocyte damage independently of ischemia-induced cell necrosis in the normal heart.
A Missing Link to Vitamin B12 Metabolism

Nearly 3% of the human population carries bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding CLYBL. While largely healthy, these individuals exhibit reduced circulating vitamin B12 levels. In this issue of Cell, Shen and colleagues uncover the metabolic role of CLYBL, linking its function to B12 metabolism and the immunomodulatory metabolite, itaconate.
Jackknife empirical likelihood-based inferences for Lorenz curve with kernel smoothing

The Lorenz curve describes the wealth proportion for an income-ordered population. In this paper, we introduce a kernel smoothing estimator for the Lorenz curve and propose a smoothed jackknife emp...
Mechanical and degradation property improvement in a biocompatible Mg-Ca-Sr alloy by thermomechanical processing.

Abstract Magnesium-based alloys have attracted interest as a potential material to comprise biomedical implants that are simultaneously high-strength and temporary, able to provide stabilization before degrading safely and able to be excreted by the human body. Many alloy systems have been evaluated, but this work reports on improved properties through hot extrusion of one promising alloy: Mg-1.0 wt% Ca-0.5 wt%Sr. This alloy has previously demonstrated promising toxicity and degradation properties in the as-cast and rolled conditions. In the current study extrusion causes a dramatic improvement in the mechanical properties in tension and compression, as well as a low in vitro degradation rate. Microstructure (texture, second phase distribution, and grain size), bulk mechanical properties, flow behavior, degradation in simulated body fluid, and effect on osteoblast cyctotoxicity are evaluated and correlated to extrusion temperature. Maximum yield strength of 300 MPa (above that of annealed 316 stainless steel) with 10% elongation is observed, making this alloy competitive with existing implant materials.
Deposition of Bacteria and Bacterial Spores by Bathroom Hot-Air Hand Dryers

Hot-air hand dryers in multiple men's and women's bathrooms in three basic science research areas in an academic health center were screened for their deposition on plates of (i) total bacteria, some of which were identified, and (ii) a kanamycin-resistant Bacillus subtilis strain, PS533, spores of which are produced in large amounts in one basic science research laboratory. Plates exposed to hand dryer air for 30 s averaged 18 to 60 colonies/plate; but interior hand dryer nozzle surfaces had minimal bacterial levels, plates exposed to bathroom air for 2 min with hand dryers off averaged ≤1 colony, and plates exposed to bathroom air moved by a small fan for 20 min had averages of 15 and 12 colonies/plate in two buildings tested. Retrofitting hand dryers with HEPA filters reduced bacterial deposition by hand dryers ∼4-fold, and potential human pathogens were recovered from plates exposed to hand dryer air whether or not a HEPA filter was present and from bathroom air moved by a small fan. Spore-forming colonies, identified as B. subtilis PS533, averaged ∼2.5 to 5% of bacteria deposited by hand dryers throughout the basic research areas examined regardless of distance from the spore-forming laboratory, and these were almost certainly deposited as spores. Comparable results were obtained when bathroom air was sampled for spores. These results indicate that many kinds of bacteria, including potential pathogens and spores, can be deposited on hands exposed to bathroom hand dryers and that spores could be dispersed throughout buildings and deposited on hands by hand dryers.IMPORTANCE While there is evidence that bathroom hand dryers can disperse bacteria from hands or deposit bacteria on surfaces, including recently washed hands, there is less information on (i) the organisms dispersed by hand dryers, (ii) whether hand dryers provide a reservoir of bacteria or simply blow large amounts of bacterially contaminated air, and (iii) whether bacterial spores are deposited on surfaces by hand dryers. Consequently, this study has implications for the control of opportunistic bacterial pathogens and spores in public environments including health care settings. Within a large building, potentially pathogenic bacteria, including bacterial spores, may travel between rooms, and subsequent bacterial/spore deposition by hand dryers is a possible mechanism for spread of infectious bacteria, including spores of potential pathogens if present.
Epidemiology II Geographic Distribution and Prevalence

It is probably correct to assume that trichinosis was present, and quite extensive in its geographic distribution, long before Trichinella spiralis was identified as the causative agent. There have been numerous comprehensive reviews on the epidemiology of trichinosis (Steele, 1970; Steele and Arambulo, 1975; Steele and Schultz, 1978; and others). This chapter is devoted to a survey of old and new findings on the distribution and prevalence of trichinosis throughout the world. For each geographic region, the information is presented, where available, with respect to the infection first in wildlife, then in domestic animals, and finally in man.
Theoretical studies of possible high energy density materials

The potential energy surfaces of NH4" and PH4' were investigated using ab initio electronic structure calculations. Additivity of correlation and basis set effects was used to estimate relative energies. The tetrahedral structures of NH4" and PH4' are predicted to be minima on the respective potential energy surfaces. Ab initio classical trajectory calculations were carried out in order to elucidate possible dissociation paths of tetrahedral ions. The dissociation barrier was estimated to be 32.5 kcal/mol for NH4" and 5.5 kcal/mol for PH4". Ionization potentials for the tetrahedral structures of NH4" and PH4' were calculated to be 0.39 and 0.32 eV, respectively. Introduction Structures in which a central atom is surrounded by more than the usual octet of electrons, is sometimes referred to hypervalency, and there are many synthetic examples of hypervalent compounds in the literature Such species are most common when the central atom is in the third or lower periods, such as five-coordinate silicon species Several studies of hypervalent silicon and aluminum have been performed in this laboratory^. There have been a number of explanations for how the expanded octet is achieved to obtain hypervalency. One of the oldest explanations, due to Pauling^, describes hypervalency in penta coordinated species by invoking d-orbitals to construct sp^d hybrid orbitals. However, the existence and the structures of these compounds are readily explained by molecular orbital theory without d-orbital participation. For an excellent discussion of this topic, the reader is referred to the paper by Reed and Schleyer'^. This issue was placed in an interesting perspective by Cooper et al.^ who suggest that it is the democratic right of every valence electron to take part in chemical bonding if it so desires. In other words, valence electrons can participate in bonding if there is sufficient energy incentive. The hypervalent Nlij" anion has been observed via Fourier-transform mass spectrometry^ using a deuterium labeling study. The authors have concluded that the
Professions, Professionalism and Professional Identity

Professions are characterized as having a specific body of knowledge, professional authority, society authorization, a code of ethics and a specific culture. Professional identity and attributes of professionalism are acquired during the professional education process. Multiple methods for teaching professionalism may be incorporated into curricula for medical laboratory science professionals including mentoring, reflection papers and specific communication skills required to work in interprofessional teams. The acquisition of professionalism concepts are critical for novices to become fully functioning medical laboratory professionals.
Adaptation of Human Licensing Examinations to the Certification of Autonomous Systems

In aviation and surface transportation settings, pilots and drivers are certified to operate vehicles through a licensing process that includes an assessment of physical readiness, a written knowledge exam, and a practical exam, sometimes referred to as a “checkride.” This is a process whereby a human examiner assesses whether humans can effectively operate autonomously either in actual or simulated conditions. Given the rise of autonomous transportation technologies and the debate as to how such technologies that leverage probabilistic reasoning could and should be certified, could such licensing approaches be extended to certification of autonomous systems? This chapter will discuss how machine and human autonomy are similar and different, how and why licensing processes have developed historically across the two transportation domains, and how autonomous transportation systems could adapt the principles of human-based licensing processes for certification.
Interdisciplinary Geriatric Mental Health Resilience Interventions

Surviving and prevailing during adult development and aging is a function of many biopsychosocial factors, one of the most significant of which may be resilience. Resilience is a concept generally framed as an “alluring and deceptively simple yet complex construct that is riddled with complexities, contradictions, and ambiguities” (Kaplan, 2005; Smith & Hayslip, 2012). The American Psychological Association (APA) defines resilience as “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, and tragedy, threats, or significant stress,” or “bouncing back” from difficult experiences (American Psychological Association, 2004). The underlying assumption of the APA definition is that resilience is an active process of increasing functional effectiveness and positive adaptation in the context of substantial risks associated with adverse circumstances, and it can be used to characterize the hardiness of individuals, families, as well as social systems and communities.
SOLUBLE LECTIN-LIKE OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR-1 IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLINICAL CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES IN PSORIASIS

Psoriasis (PSO), a chronic inflammatory skin disease is associated with increased non-calcified coronary plaque burden (NCB) as well as heightened MI. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), a scavenger receptor for oxidized LDL, is critical in the development of NCB. We
Hybrid anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment for real textile wastewater

Abstract In this study, working of hybrid anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment technology for real textile wastewater was investigated on the basis of system evaluation and optimization in two phases. In Phase I, system was optimized at laboratory scale on synthetic textile wastewater and later real textile wastewater was treated in Phase II. The study was conducted for 242 days in which industrial discharge coming from textile mill was collected and subjected to laboratory scale hybrid treatment. Activated sludge used in the process was obtained from full scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant and adapted to the synthetic and real textile wastewater using anaerobic process. Individual application of anaerobic treatment was found to be insufficient for the removal of COD, TKN and dyes. The proposed combine hybrid anaerobic-aerobic system was found to be effective in reporting removal efficiencies of 99.5% COD, 99.3% TKN, and 78.4% dyes. The anaerobic SBR added value to the hybrid system as it played a key role in improving treatment efficiency in addition to the production of sustainable energy source of biogas. Study shows that aerobic treatment is required to increase the treatment level by providing the final polishing to anaerobically treated effluent in order to reclaim water. The optimum HRT for hybrid anaerobic-aerobic system in treating real textile wastewater was found to be 54 h for maximum COD removal. The implication of this work is the industrial application of hybrid anaerobic-aerobic system for reuse of water in agricultural and industrial sectors.
Beyond Branding: The Value of Intersectionality on Streaming TV Channels:

This article argues that independent TV channels releasing narratives of intersecting identities innovate in the organization and technological dissemination of representations, specifying cultural...
Structural insights into ISRIB, a memory‐enhancing inhibitor of the integrated stress response

The integrated stress response (ISR) regulates protein synthesis under conditions of stress. Phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2 by stress-sensing kinases converts eIF2 from substrate to competitive inhibitor of its dedicated nucleotide exchange factor, eIF2B, arresting translation. A drug-like molecule called integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB) reverses the effects of eIF2 phosphorylation and restores translation by targeting eIF2B. When administered to mice, ISRIB enhances cognition and limits cognitive decline due to brain injury. To determine ISRIB's mechanism of action, we solved an atomic structure of ISRIB bound to the human eIF2B decamer. We found that ISRIB acts as a molecular staple, pinning together tetrameric subcomplexes of eIF2B along the assembly path to a fully active, decameric enzyme. In this Structural Snapshot, we discuss ISRIB's mechanism, its ability to rescue disease mutations in eIF2B and conservation of the enzyme and ISRIB-binding pocket.
Development of a hydrolysis-based small-molecule hydrogen selenide (H2Se) donor

Selenium is essential to human physiology and has recently shown potential in the treatment of common pathophysiological conditions ranging from arsenic poisoning to cancer. Although the precise metabolic and chemical pathways of selenium incorporation into biomolecules remain somewhat unclear, many such pathways proceed through hydrogen selenide (H2Se/HSe-) formation. Despite this importance, well-characterized chemistry that enables H2Se release under controlled conditions remains lacking. Motivated by this need, we report here the development of a hydrolysis-based H2Se donor (TDN1042). Utilizing 31P and 77Se NMR experiments, we demonstrate the pH dependence of H2Se release and characterize observed reaction intermediates during the hydrolysis mechanism. Finally, we confirm H2Se release using electrophilic trapping reagents, which not only demonstrates the fidelity of this donor platform but also provides an efficient method for investigating future H2Se donor motifs. Taken together, this work provides an early example of an H2Se donor that functions through a well-defined and characterized mechanism.
Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Amyloidosis in the Liver and Spleen

Plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs) result from monoclonal expansion of neoplastic plasma cells. PCNs involving the liver or spleen usually result from localized primary plasmacytoma or extramedullary dissemination of plasma cell myeloma (PCM)/plasma cell leukemia (PCL). The latter is far more common and biologically distinct from primary plasmacytoma. Extramedullary myeloma is an aggressive disease associated with high risk cytogenetic/molecular features and poor outcome. Novel therapies hold promise for improved prognosis. The main differential diagnoses include reactive conditions, B cell lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation, plasmablastic lymphoma or ALK+ large B cell lymphoma. The liver and spleen can also be involved by systemic primary amyloidosis and immunoglobulin light chain or light/heavy chain deposition diseases.
Recent Advances in the Management of Migraine in Older Patients

Although the prevalence of migraine tends to decrease in the fifth to sixth decades of life, there are still a significant number of patients > 65 years of age who experience migraine or have new-onset migraine. Because these older patients are often excluded from clinical trials, there are fewer evidence-based treatment guidelines for them. Migraine treatment in the older population requires careful consideration of changes in medication metabolism and increased medical comorbidities. Furthermore, older patients can present with an atypical migraine phenotype and have a higher rate of secondary headache, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Classic preventive treatments for migraine, including tricyclic antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, and beta blockers, often have intolerable side effects. In addition, the presence of coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease precludes the use of typical rescue medications such as triptans. As such, there has been a dire need for novel acute and preventive treatments for older adults. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on novel acute and preventive treatments for migraine in the older population. The advantages of these therapies include their efficacy, favorable side-effect profile, particularly in patients with atherosclerotic disease, as well as their tolerability.
A Pilot Course to Assist Blind Potential Teachers.

A pilot three-credit course for blind students considering becoming teachers was offered by Illinois State University in cooperation with the Illinois Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The goa...
Power, Pleasure, and Profit: Insatiable Appetites from Machiavelli to Madison: by David Wootton, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2018, 400 pp., £25.95/€31.50 (cloth)

David Wootton has written an engaging book about the emergence of the theory that all human action is self-interested and that believes societies should be structured in ways that satisfy our “insa...
Social Ecological Influences on Condom Non-Use Among Sexual Minority Adolescents

Purpose Among all age groups, adolescents have one of the highest incidence rates for bacterial STIs (chlamydia and gonorrhea) at approximately 2,200 per 100,000. While condoms provide protection against bacterial STIs, many sexual minority adolescents are prone to not using them and engaging in unprotected sex. School environment, sexual risk taking, substance use, and individual factors may increase the probability of condom non-use and thereby increase the probability for STI transmission to occur. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the interplay of sexual identity, sexual behavior, substance use, and school environments on condom …
Analyses of the Impacts of Climate Change and Forest Fire on Cold Region Slopes Stability by Random Finite Element Method

Increasing number of landslides occurred in the cold regions over the past decades due to rising temperature or forest fires associated with climate change. The instability of thawing slopes caused serious damages to transportation infrastructure, residential properties, and losses of human lives. These types of landslides, however, are difficult to analyze by the traditional limit equilibrium methods due to the coupled thermos-hydro-mechanical multiphysics processes involved. This paper describes a novel microstructure-based random finite element model (RFEM) to simulate the stability of permafrost slope subjected to climate change, including the increasing extent of thawing by warm atmosphere and thermal load due to forest fire. The properties of frozen soil are captured with random finite element model incorporating soil-phase coding. The thermomechanical responses of a permafrost slope are simulated to obtain the temperature, displacement, and stress fields. From these, the local factors of safety are obtained, which predict failure slumps along the slope that are consistent with the field-observed failure behaviors in permafrost slopes. The effects of climate change on the permafrost slope stability are analyzed for the years of 1956, 2017, and 2045. The results demonstrated appreciable amount of effects of climate change on the extent of slope failure zones. Forest fire led to melting of frozen soil and also affects the slope stability primarily in the shallow depth.
Achieving an Effective Energy Sustainability Strategy

The assessment of building energy is a complex process and extremely difficult to measure; however, it has increasingly become one of the most important problems for practitioners and policymakers to resolve. Many energy usage studies offer different approaches and models, mainly focused on the early stages of the building design process. Although these can cover a wide range of industries, their scope is often limited to similar use analysis. In this research, we summarize different perspectives of scholars and industrial approaches in framing the building energy assessment. The objective of this study is to introduce an operations management technique that focuses on optimizing energy consumption and sustainability for buildings with different energy needs and use requirements. The paper presents a new model using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, which follows a best practices approach. The model will help provide guidelines and recommendations to improve the energy efficiency of a building by looking at energy saving opportunities and energy management from a facilities management point of view.
Ensemble Learning using Error Correcting Output Codes: New Classification Error Bounds

New bounds on classification error rates for the error-correcting output code (ECOC) approach in machine learning are presented. These bounds have exponential decay complexity with respect to codeword length and theoretically validate the effectiveness of the ECOC approach. Bounds are derived for two different models: the first under the assumption that all base classifiers are independent and the second under the assumption that all base classifiers are mutually correlated up to first-order. Moreover, we perform ECOC classification on six datasets and compare their error rates with our bounds to experimentally validate our work and show the effect of correlation on classification accuracy.
Biochemistry of Seeded Endothelial Cells

The beneficial effect of seeding endothelial cells on synthetic vascular conduits has been well established by Herring, Graham, Schmidt, and others. This report discusses the biochemical production and interaction of the prostaglandins, prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and thromboxane (TXA 2 ). A series of animal implantations was carried out with seeded and nonseeded grafts. Animals were medicated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors and TXA 2 synthase inhibitors. Analysis was performed of PGI 2 and TXA 2 production on seeded and nonseeded grafts. Results of this analysis indicate: (1) seeded endothelial cells in Dacron® velour grafts can synthesize PGI 2 , (2) the levels of PGI 2 from seeded endothelial cells are far less than the adjacent carotid artery, (3) the biochemistry of PGI 2 production can be modulated by various antiplatelet agents, and (4) TXA 2 synthase inhibitors improve thromboresistance of seeded grafts without significant effect on PGI 2 production.
Cell Interactions and the Control of Development in Myxobacteria Populations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cell interactions and the control of development in myxobacteria populations. Although the myxobacteria are prokaryotic in cell structure, chemistry, and mode of cell division, the cell population itself engages in cell-cell interactions and behavioral responses resembling those of eukaryotic organisms. Several aspects of cell behavior are accessible to genetic and biochemical analysis in the myxobacteria. These include cell-cell signaling both by diffusible molecules and via cell contact, cell-cell recognition, programmed changes in cell cohesiveness, photomorphogenesis, and the regulation of cell differentiation. Under the appropriate conditions of nutrient depletion, cells aggregate by gliding into numerous aggregation centers, preparatory to the construction of fruiting bodies. Cell differentiation may begin very early during starvation, perhaps at or near the beginning of the aggregation period. The aggregating cell expresses new phenotypic characteristics consistent with functions required for aggregation, and for rnyxospore development. Myxospores are formed in the dark than in the light, and their appearance in the dark coincides with the formation of the ridges. The guanosine polyphosphates serve as intracellular signals of nutrient limitation but may also be the triggers for the initiation of development.
Optimization of the array parameters in waveguide-based spatial power combiners with hard horn feeds

A generalized scattering matrix (GSM) approach, which utilizes finite difference time domain (FDTD) and mode matching (MM) techniques, is used to analyze waveguide based spatial power combiners with hard horn feeds. The simulation results are experimentally verified for a complete spatial power dividing/combining system with a 3/spl times/3 patch antenna array and a hard horn. Different array parameters are varied in order to optimize a 3/spl times/3 spatial power combining array.
A Note on the Role of Credit in the Determination of Price in the United Kingdom

The paper investigates the oral model specified by the British liquidity school, which asserts that there exists a causal and positive relationship between movements in credit (and their controls) and movements in prices. Importantly, the Bank of England has conducted monetary policy consistent with the pronouncements of the liquidity school. Consequently, in order to restrain in rising prices, the Bank of England tightens credit via the use of selective controls on bank lending, calls for special deposits, and hire purchase agreements.When the hypothesis is tested, it is found that credit controls exert little significant effect on prices. The poor performance of the model indicates that the role of credit controls in the determination of retail prices should be deemphasized.
Relationship Between Subjective Social Status and Measures of Health in Older Taiwanese Persons

Objectives: To compare the association between subjective ladder ranking and health measures with the association between objective indices and health measures in older Taiwanese men and women. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A population-representative sample of elderly and nearly elderly men and women in Taiwan. Participants: The study included 991 participants from the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan. Measurements: The information collected included demographic characteristics; subjective ladder score of SES; objective measures of SES, including education, income, and occupation; health behaviors; health-related variables such as self-rated health, basic activity of daily living difficulties, instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) difficulties, and physical activity difficulties; and depression score. Results: Low ladder score was associated with poorer self-rated health and more reported IADL and physical activity difficulties, even after adjustment for objective measures of SES and other covariates. The multiply adjusted odds ratio for a one-quartile difference in ladder score and worse self-rated health was 1.19 (95% confidence interval=1.06–1.33). The associations between subjective ladder ranking and health status were generally stronger in those who had 6 years or less of education than in those who received more education. Conclusion: A simple subjective assessment of one's ranking on the social hierarchy was associated with self-rated health and physical functional status in an older ethnic Chinese population. The associations were independent of the effects of traditional objective measures of SES, such as education, income, and occupation.
A new log-likelihood gradient formula for continuous time stochastic systems with uncertain matrix

We use a finitely additive white noise approach to derive an explicit expression for the gradient of the log-likelihood ratio for system parameter estimation in the case of a continuous time linear dynamic stochastic system and noisy observations. Our gradient formula, includes the smoother estimates of the state, and derivatives of the system matrices, but no derivatives of the estimates or error covariances. A scheme to calculate the log-likelihood gradient without solving any Ricatti equations is described. >
InN Nanorods and Epilayers: Similarities and Differences

Transmission electron microscopy was applied to study InN nanorods grown on the a-, c- and r-plane of Al2O3, and (111) Si substrates by non-catalytic, template-free hydride metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (H-MOVPE). Single crystal nanorod growth was obtained on all substrates. However, the shape of the nanorods varied depending on the substrate used. For example, nanorods grown on r-plane sapphire and (111) Si have sharp tips. In contrast, growth on a- and c- planes of Al2O3 results in flat tips with clear facets on their sides. The structural quality of these nanorods and their growth polarity are compared to crystalline quality, surface roughness, defects and growth polarity of InN layers grown by MBE on the same planes of Al2O3.
A new class of robust controllers for nonlinear uncertain systems

Stabilization of uncertain dynamic systems is studied, and a new class of robust control is proposed. The proposed robust control is computationally simpler and guarantees stability for systems with as many input-unrelated uncertainties as those addressed by existing robust controls. It is different from existing switching-type or minimax robust controllers in that it can guarantee exponential or asymptotic stability while being uniformly continuous. The proposed class of controls also includes existing controllers and their stability results as special cases. Another feature is that it is decoupled with respect to possible uncertainties, that is, each component in the control vector requires only the bounding function of the corresponding local uncertainty. This feature allows one to design scalar robust control specifically for possible uncertainties at different control channels. >
Applications of microwave radar to improving aviation safety and efficiency

Summary form only given. Reliable real time hazardous weather (especially low altitude wind shear) warnings at major airports with frequent thunderstorm activity and reduced delays due to adverse weather are a critical need for the aviation system. This paper describes some key elements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)'s microwave Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) that is now providing fully automated Doppler radar based detection of microbursts and gust fronts and 20 minute warning of wind shifts which could effect runway usage at many of the nation's major airports. Current work is underway to use the TDWR to reduce delays at major airports. The TDWR also could be used to provide improved roadway information at many major metropolitan areas. The use of C-band has permitted high spatial resolution beam patterns for clutter suppression and storm feature resolution, but has lead to some difficult challenges in range/Doppler ambiguities. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible microwave system improvements to support the next generation of weather sensing radars.
The impact of pipelining on SIMD architectures

This paper explores the fundamental impacts of pipeline technology on massively parallel SIMD architectures. The potential for performance improvement in the instruction delivery is explored, and stall penalties associated with reduction operations are derived. Scheduling mechanisms to mitigate stall cycles are also presented. In addition, the design of pipelined processing elements is considered, and formula for stall penalties, and area costs are constructed. These results indicate that a 5-10 fold improvement in SIMD performance is well within technological limits. >
Tolerance of delay faults

Defect tolerance is traditionally concerned with maintaining system function in the face of spot defects that cause catastrophic circuit faults, such as shorts and opens. This paper describes the problem of spot defects that cause delay faults, and how they can be modeled and characterized in an IC fabrication line. A procedure for simulating the occurrence of such delay faults in a design is described, and results for a number of examples are given. Some techniques for tolerance of delay faults at the architectural and algorithmic level are described. >
Overview of the Affordable Care Act's Impact on Military and Veteran Mental Health Services: Nine Implications for Significant Improvements in Care

On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law. Implications of the ACA on mental health care for 9.7 million military active-duty, reserve, and family members and 22.2 million veterans, as well as 1.3 uninsured veterans, is reviewed in light of a major crisis. The authors trace historical roots of the ACA to the World War II generation and efforts to transform the mental health care system by implementing hard-won war trauma lessons. The authors posit 9 principles reflected in the ACA that represent unfulfilled generational war trauma lessons and potential transformation of the military and national mental health care systems.
Are patients a scarce resource for academic clinical research

ABSTRACT: Managed care has affected clinical research at academic medical centers (AMCs) in various ways. It has reduced revenues for both faculty practice plans and major teaching hospitals, thus ...
Reasons for Testing and Clinical and Demographic Profile of Adolescents With Non–Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection

OBJECTIVES. We sought to examine the demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics; reasons for HIV testing; and factors that contribute to delays in entry into specialized HIV care after diagnosis of HIV infection among adolescents in an urban clinic in Georgia. METHODS. All of the data for this study were obtained solely by medical chart review. Demographic, clinical, behavioral, and HIV testing data were abstracted from medical charts of 59 non–perinatally HIV-infected adolescents who were aged 13 to 18 years and entered care at the pediatric and adolescent HIV clinic of a Georgia hospital during 1999–2002. HIV-infected adolescents were compared by demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics as well as by circumstances surrounding HIV testing. Recent seroconversion was defined as having a documented negative or indeterminate HIV antibody test (confirmed) or a self-reported negative HIV test (probable) ≤6 months before HIV diagnosis. RESULTS. Of 59 HIV-infected adolescents, 35 (59%) were female and 56 (95%) were black/African American. Fifteen (25%) had ≥1 sexually transmitted infection when they entered care. All female (vs 38% male) adolescents were infected through heterosexual sexual intercourse; 9 (26%) were pregnant at the time of HIV diagnosis. Adolescents whose HIV was diagnosed at non–health care facilities entered HIV care much later than adolescents whose HIV was diagnosed at health care facilities (median: 108 vs 25 days). Approximately one half of adolescents had CD4 + T-cell counts 55000 copies per mL at entry into care. Twenty-seven (46%) adolescents had a previous negative HIV test; 7 had confirmed recent seroconversion, and 3 had probable recent seroconversion. Among adolescents with a documented reason for testing, routine medical screening was the most frequent reason for HIV testing; few adolescents were documented as having self-initiated HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS. Strategies are needed to implement timely linkage to medical services of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of HIV infection at non–health care facilities and to increase HIV testing, prevention efforts, and recognition of recent HIV infection among sexually active adolescents.
Estimation of source directions by eigenvector rotation and combined direction vectors-a least-squares approach

Several previously published eigenvector rotation methods on multiple-source direction estimation using a sensor array (G. Vezzosi, 1982, D.R. Farrier, D.J. Jefferies, 1987) are further investigated in a correlated-source environment. It is demonstrated that one rotation method is basically limited to uncorrelated sources. To overcome this deficiency, an improved estimation procedure for dealing with correlated sources based on rotation plus a least-squares fit is proposed. It is shown that a hybrid approach gives substantially improved estimates of source direction over those obtained by rotation only. >
High energy gamma-rays from lithium and fluorine bombarded with protons

We have shown that some of the light elements, when bombarded with protons or deutons emit γ-rays, and we have in several instances measured the absorption coefficient of the radiation in lead, and from this attempted to estimate the quantum energy.