cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion-chromatographic determination of seven common anions in electronic-grade, water-miscible solvents

Abstract An ion-chromatographic method has been developed to determine seven common anions in electronic-grade acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), solvents whose cleanliness is vital to the manufacturing of semiconductor devices. The system requires only a pump, conductivity detector, and switching valve as hardware. A calibration study was conducted first, by preparing and analyzing 11 concentrations (between 0.3 and 6.0 ng/g) in deionized (DI) water. Subsequently, a spiking study was performed by spiking each solvent at each of nine concentrations (between 50 and 500 ng/g). Dilutions of 1–100 (w/w) were prepared and analyzed. For each anion, recovered concentrations were estimated using the appropriate calibration curve. For each recovery curve, uncertainties in predicted concentrations were between ±20 and ±150 ng/g (except for phosphate in acetone), at 95% confidence. Recoveries were between 82% and 112% for all anions in all solvents, except for nitrite and nitrate in acetone, nitrite in methanol, and fluoride in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
STORMTIPE: A Forecasting Experiment Using a Three-Dimensional Cloud Model

Abstract An experiment using a three-dimensional cloud-scale numerical model in an operational forecasting environment was carried out in the spring of 1991. It involved meteorologists generating forecast environmental conditions associated with anticipated strong convection. Those conditions then were used to initialize the cloud model, which was run subsequently to forecast qualitative descriptions of storm type. Verification was done on both the sounding forecast and numerical model portions of the experiment. Of the 12 experiment days, the numerical model generated six good forecasts, two of which involved significant tornadic storms. More importantly, while demonstrating the potential for cloud-scale modeling in an operational environment, the experiment highlights some of the obstacles in the path of such an implementation.
Partial Prédation at Cavity Nests in Southern Pine Forests

Abstract Although open-cup nesting birds regularly experience partial predation events, little is known about partial predation for cavity-nesting birds. Here we report on 12 partial predation events for 5 species of cavity-nesting birds inhabiting southern pine forests. Snakes, small mammals, and woodpeckers were the primary predators; many were documented by direct visual observation or video photography. We documented two types of outcomes from partial predation events: partial failure, i.e., a single partial predation event followed by successful fledging of >1 young; and complete failure, i.e., multiple, sequential partial predation events that result in total nest failure. We propose the “plate too full” and “eat and run” hypotheses to explain partial nest predation in birds and discuss the characteristics of cavities that may facilitate this phenomenon.
Time dependence of lateral earth pressure

Both theoretical analysis and laboratory test data indicate that for normally consolidated soft clays the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, Ko, gradually increases with time. Physical reasonining suggests that for all soils Ko should asymptotically approach unity. This reasoning implies that for overconsolidated soils with initial values of Ko greater than one, Ko should decrease with time. The time dependence of Ko has significant implications with respect to how the value of Ko measured in laboratory tests relates to in-situ values of Ko.
Refractory IBD: medical management

Refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be defined as persistent acute symptomatic disease despite anti-inflammatory therapy or as chronically active disease requiring continuous treatment for relief of symptoms. Treatment options include azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine (CYA), and experimental therapies that are cytokines or cytokine antagonists. AZA and 6-MP have identical actions in IBD. 6-MP is effective in about 75% of patients with inflammatory Crohn's disease. The mean time until the onset of action is 3.1 months. AZA is effective in ulcerative colitis as a steroid-sparing agent. Side-effects occur in 10-15% of patients on AZA or 6-MP for IBD. MTX induces symptomatic remission in about 40% of patients with Crohn's disease. The potential for hepatic fibrosis from MTX is a concern. CYA appears effective in the acute management of severe ulcerative colitis. CYA has not proven useful in the long-term management of Crohn's disease. Potentially serious side-effects include hypertension and renal insufficiency. The cytokine antagonist, anti-tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha antibody, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10, appear promising for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
Modeling of Shallow Fluidized Bed Reactors: I. analytic solution of a simplified model

A fairly general dynamic model for shallow fluidized bed reactors is developed, and analytic solutions for the governing equations of the model are obtained after some simplification. The bubble size, the lateral dispersion coefficient of solids, the level of the excess fluid reactant and the structure of the bed are examined to determine their effects on the conversion of solids. It has been shown that the conversion of solids is influenced profoundly by the bubble size and that it is advantageous to employ a shallow fluidized bed reactor if a high conversion of solids is required. On a etabli un modele dynamique assez general pour des reacteurs a lit fluidise peu profond et on a obtenu des solutions analytiques des equations de ce modele apres simplification. On a etudie les dimensions des bulles, le coefficient de dispersion laterale des solides, l'exces du reactif fluide et la structure du lit pour determiner leurs effets sur la conversion des solides. On a constate que la dimension des bulles affectait profondement la conversion des solides, et qu'il etait avantageux d'utiliser un reacteur a lit fluidise peu profond si l'on recherche une forte conversion des solides.
Effects of sediment-protein concentration on feeding and growth rates of Abarenicola pacifica Healy et Wells (Polychaeta: Arenicolidae)

Abstract The relationships among concentration of sedimentary organic matter, deposit-feeding rate, and growth rate of Abarenicola pacifica were measured in laboratory experiments. When natural sediments were diluted with inorganic filler, feeding rate increased as the concentration of enzymatically available protein in the sediments decreased from ambient levels. Maximum feeding rates (2.4–7.0 g dry sediment · worm −1 · day −1 ) occurred at ≈ 0.05–0.1 mg protein · (g dry sediment) −1 . Further decreases in sedimentprotein concentration resulted in decreased feeding rates. This type of functional response curve is similar to that reported for suspension-feeders and fits predictions of feeding models based on the energymaximization assumption. These models predict that peak feeding rates occur at the food concentration where the animal's energy-uptake mechanisms are saturated. We found, however, that growth rate decreased steadily as sediment-protein concentration decreased. Maximum net rate of energy gain did not correspond to the peak in sediment-processing rate.
The use of menazon seed dressing to decrease spread of virus yellows in sugar-beet root crops

SUMMARY Menazon, an organophosphorus insecticide (only slightly toxic to mammals), applied to sugar-beet seed, decreased the proportion of seedlings infested with aphids during May and early June and the number of aphids per plant during June and early July to one-third of that in the control plots. It also checked the spread of virus yellows. Of eight field trials in 1965, 1966 and 1967 in which more than 10% of the plants in plots not treated with insecticide had yellows, menazon seed dressing increased sugar yield by about 8 cwt per acre. Spraying with demeton-methyl when ‘a spray warning’ was issued in the area gave a similar increase, and had no further effect on plots sown with menazon-treated seed. Menazon-dressed sugar-beet seed is recommended in regions where yellows is usually prevalent, or where there is reason to expect a large aphid infestation.
Contrôle par ballon de la veine cave inferieure supra-hépatique : une nouvelle technique de thrombectomie pour thrombus néoplasique au cours d'un cancer du rein

Le cancer du rein a tendance a s'etendre par la veine renale dans la veine cave inferieure (VCI). Nous rapportons une nouvelle approche de cette complication. Un homme de 64 ans se presenta avec un cancer du rein droit metastatique et un thrombus tumoral s'etendant dans la VCI retro-hepatique. L'imagerie pre-operatoire montra la presence d'un volumineux hemangiome au voisinage de la VCI, susceptible de compliquer la mobilisation hepatique. Nous avons donc utilise un ballon compliant pour occlure la VCI sus-hepatique, en bloquant l'extremite dans la veine sus-hepatique droite. La VCI sous-renale et la veine renale gauche etant occluses, le thrombus a ete extrait par une phlebotomie de la veine renale droite prolongee par une cavotomie partielle avec des pertes hemorragiques minimes. L'occlusion par ballonnet de la VCI supra-hepatique offre une alternative sure au controle chirurgical de ce vaisseau dans les situations difficiles. De plus, cela permet de realiser la nephrectomie par une petite incision retroperitoneale conventionnelle plutot que par l'exposition large necessitee par la VCI. La position du guide dans la veine sus-hepatique evite la manipulation du thrombus au cours de la mise en place du ballonnet.
Spin‐polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy

We present the concept and recent developments of spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy. A detailed discussion addresses the questions of magnetic resolution and the image acquisition rate. Examples of recent experiments illustrating the possibilities of the present instrumental setup are given.
Effect of rapid cooling of shell eggs on microcrack development, penetration of Salmonella enteritidis, and eggshell strength

Eggs were subjected to cryogenic cooling treatments using liquid CO 2 or liquid N 2 . In order to minimize the thermal stress in eggshells due to rapid cooling, a two-stage air-cooling method was also evaluated in this study. Eggs were cooled from an initial temperature of 25C to approximately 7C. It was found that cooling produced microcracks on eggshells. However, rapid cooling did not increase the penetration of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella enteritidis) into egg contents. When egg contents alone were sampled for Salmonella enteritidis, extending the immersion time from 24 to 48 h significantly (P 0.05) in the eggshell strength between control (no cooling) and cooling treatments, indicating that cooling did not weaken eggshell strength. L'objectif de cette etude est d'evaluer l'impact d'un refroidissement rapide par des systemes cryogeniques sur le developpement de microfissures, la resistance mecanique de coquilles d'oeufs et la penetration de Salmonella enteritidis. Une methode de refroidissement par air en 2 etapes, qui refroidit les oeufs par de l'air a 0°C pendant 6 mn puis a -20°C pendant 6 autres mn est aussi evaluee.
As the twig is bent: the biology and socialization of gender roles in women.

Abstract The present study supports the view that biological predisposition interacts with perceived parental influences to affect cross-gender role identity. Geschwind and colleagues have identified two patterns of brain organization (anomalous and standard dominance) assessed through individual and familial handedness. Anomalous dominant women who perceived their parents as definitely giving them permission for cross-gender behavior demonstrated high masculine/low feminine characteristics on the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The cross-gender role identity in this group differed significantly from the traditional gender role identity found in all other groups of females (including anomalous dominant women whose parents were perceived as less permissive and the women with standard dominance reporting both styles of parenting).
Assimilation and Localism: Some Very Small Towns in Mass Society

A major theme in social theory concerns the transformation of social relationships in small communities as a result of modernization. This paper examines changing social relations in some small towns in southeastern Pennsylvania. For several hundred years, the residents of these towns have continuously developed institutions to preserve their local identity and maintain personal relations at the same time that they are incorporated into larger, regional social systems. The same local institutions and relations, however, are replicated in each small town, suggesting that local and particular interests are expressed through regional institutions. Although focused on a few small towns in one region of the United States, this paper examines the local expression of processes which are global.
T-lymphoblastic leukaemia and aspartate aminotransferase.

Abstract AST levels from 11 untreated children with T-ALL were found to be significantly higher than those from 74 children with non-T disease. The enzyme was not related to haemoglobin or bilirubin levels nor to the presence of hepatosplenomegaly in any of the patients. It was correlated with the white cell count, but only in the T-cell group and not the remainder. It was also correlated with a parallel (but lesser) rise in ALT, but again only in the T-cell group. The blast cells themselves contained little or no transaminase activity, so it is probable that T-ALL produces more extramedullary tissue damage than non-T disease.
Egg yolk protein modification by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis for improved functionalities

Delipidated egg yolk protein (EYP) is produced as a co-product of egg yolk lecithin extraction. This EYP is expected to have poor functionality because of protein denaturation caused by ethanol treatment during lecithin extraction. Two food grade endo-proteases were used to produce EYP hydrolysates (EYPh) with two degrees of hydrolysis (DH), 3% and 6%. Protein solubility was improved as DH increased. Solubility profiles for both EYP and EYPh were relatively less pH-dependent compared with soy protein. Except for foaming capacity, EYPh showed improvement in foam stability, foaming speed, and foam density. Emulsion stability was improved for all EYPhs. Treatments at DH of 6% showed significant increase in emulsification capacity. We have shown quantitatively how controlled enzymatic hydrolysis can be applied to ethanol-treated lipid-free EYP to increase protein solubility, and thus to improve foaming and emulsification properties.
ARS5 is a component of the 26S proteasome complex and negatively regulates thiol biosynthesis and arsenic tolerance in Arabidopsis

Summary A forward-genetic screen in Arabidopsis led to the isolation of several arsenic tolerance mutants. ars5 was the strongest arsenate- and arsenite-resistant mutant identified in this genetic screen. Here, we report the characterization and cloning of the ars5 mutant gene. ars5 is shown to exhibit an increased accumulation of arsenic and thiol compounds during arsenic stress. Rough mapping together with microarray-based expression mapping identified the ars5 mutation in the α subunit F (PAF1) of the 26S proteasome complex. Characterization of an independent paf1 T-DNA insertion allele and complementation by PAF1 confirmed that paf1 mutation is responsible for the enhanced thiol accumulation and arsenic tolerance phenotypes. Arsenic tolerance was not observed in a knock-out mutant of the highly homologous PAF2 gene. However, genetic complementation of ars5 by the overexpression of PAF2 suggests that the PAF2 protein is functionally equivalent to PAF1 when expressed at high levels. No detectible difference was observed in total ubiquitinylated protein profiles between ars5 and wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, suggesting that the arsenic tolerance observed in ars5 is not derived from a general impairment in proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that arsenic induces the enhanced transcriptional activation of several key genes that function in glutathione and phytochelatin biosynthesis in the WT, and this arsenic induction of gene expression is more dramatic in ars5. The enhanced transcriptional response to arsenic and the increased accumulation of thiol compounds in ars5, compared with WT, suggest the presence of a positive regulation pathway for thiol biosynthesis that is enhanced in the ars5 background.
Determination of Glycine Betaine by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography in Cereals and Grasses

Glycine betaine content of 22 species of cereals and grasses was determined by pyrolysis-gas liquid chromatography assay.
RFLP Analysis of Chlorimuron Ethyl Sensitivity in Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes are known to differ in their chlorimuron ethyl sensitivity (CS). These differences are believed to be controlled by a few major genes. However, the genes controlling CS are probably not the same for all soybean genotypes. Information on the number of genes and their genomic location can be determined by molecular mapping of CS. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map was constructed from a soybean population of 111 F2-derived lines of a PI 97100 X Coker 237 cross. The purpose of this study was to identify and map the loci controlling CS in soybean. The F2-derived lines were grown at Athens, Georgia, and Blackville, South Carolina, in 1995, treated with chlorimuron ethyl, and scored for CS. The genetic map, involving 162 marker loci, covered about 1600 cM, with an average distance of 10.7 cM between two adjacent marker loci. In this population CS was conditioned by one major locus on the USDA linkage group (LG) E and one minor locus on an unknown linkage group at both locations as well as combined over locations. The most probable genomic location of the major locus was 2.8 cM from the RFLP locus cr168-1 on LG E. This locus explained as much as 88% of the variation in CS, whereas the minor locus explained about 11% of the variation. Thus, we have identified and located the single major locus along with a previously unknown minor locus for CS in soybean.
Predominant Mode of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transfer between T Cells Is Mediated by Sustained Env-Dependent Neutralization-Resistant Virological Synapses

Cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can initiate infections, but contact between infected and uninfected T cells can enhance viral spread through intercellular structures called virological synapses (VS). The relative contribution of VS to cell-free viral transfer has not been carefully measured. Using an ultrasensitive, fluorescent virus transfer assay, we estimate that when VS between HIV-expressing Jurkat T cells and primary CD4(+) T cells are formed, cell-associated transfer of virus is 18,000-fold more efficient than uptake of cell-free virus. Furthermore, in contrast to cell-free virus uptake, the VS deposits virus rapidly into focal, trypsin-resistant compartments in target T cells. This massive virus internalization requires Env-CD4 receptor interactions but is resistant to inhibition by patient-derived neutralizing antisera that inhibit homologous cell-free virus. Deleting the Env cytoplasmic tail does not abrogate VS-mediated transfer, but it renders the VS sensitive to neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that the tail limits exposure of VS-neutralizing epitopes on the surface of infected cells. Dynamic live imaging of the VS reveals that HIV-expressing cells are polarized and make sustained, Env-dependent contacts with target cells through uropod-like structures. The polarized T-cell morphology, Env-CD4 coordinated adhesion, and viral transfer from HIV-infected to uninfected cells suggest that VS allows HIV-1 to evade antibody neutralization and to disseminate efficiently. Future studies will discern to what extent this massive viral transfer contributes to productive infection or viral dissemination through the migration of virus-carrying T cells.
Generation of amplitude-shift-keying optical signals using silicon microring resonators

We demonstrate the generation of amplitude-shift-keying (ASK) optical signals using a system of parallel microring resonators. By independently modulating two symmetric microring resonators arranged in a Mach-Zehnder configuration, we realize the generation of three levels. The proposed scheme can be extended to any number of logic levels, which effectively increases the data rate of an optical link using slower modulators. Here, we separately utilize thermo-optic and ultrafast all-optical modulation schemes to generate ASK signals on a silicon photonic chip.
A comparison of five fMRI protocols for mapping speech comprehension systems

SUMMARY Aims: Many fMRI protocols for localizing speech comprehension have been described, but there has been little quantitative comparison of these methods. We compared five such protocols in terms of areas activated, extent of activation, and lateralization. Methods: fMRI BOLD signals were measured in 26 healthy adults during passive listening and active tasks using words and tones. Contrasts were designed to identify speech perception and semantic processing systems. Activation extent and lateralization were quantified by counting activated voxels in each hemisphere for each participant. Results: Passive listening to words produced bilateral superior temporal activation. After controlling for prelinguistic auditory processing, only a small area in the left superior temporal sulcus responded selectively to speech. Active tasks engaged an extensive, bilateral attention, and executive processing network. Optimal results (consistent activation and strongly lateralized pattern) were obtained by contrasting an active semantic decision task with a tone decision task. There was striking similarity between the network of brain regions activated by the semantic task and the network of brain regions that showed taskinduced deactivation, suggesting that semantic processing occurs during the resting state. Conclusions: fMRI protocols for mapping speech comprehension systems differ dramatically in pattern, extent, and lateralization of activation. Brain regions involved in semantic processing were identified only when an active, nonlinguistic task was used as a baseline, supporting the notion that semantic processing occurs whenever attentional resources are not controlled. Identification of these lexical-semantic regions is particularly important for predicting language outcome in patients undergoing temporal lobe surgery.
Predicting passenger trips for future energy and transportation investment planning

Passenger Transportation is one of the two major components of transportation sector (the other being freight) and it is one of the major factors affecting the energy demand and the need for transportation infrastructure investments. Specifically, 12% of energy consumption and almost 17% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the United States are attributed to passenger transportation, while the energy consumption due to passenger transportation is almost 60% of the total energy consumption in transportation sector. These statistics indicate the importance of predicting passenger transportation for future energy and transportation infrastructure investment planning. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) is one of the most common measure estimating passenger trips in the United States and has been traditionally used to determine the need for new infrastructure. As the availability of energy resources and the funding for new infrastructure decrease, the need of forecasting VMT in the future for energy and transportation investment planning becomes vital. Various studies in the past have determined the factors affecting VMT. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, road infrastructure, and land use influence the amount of passenger trips, but also fuel prices and government policy. Increase of population and income per capita has been traditionally the factor resulting directly to the increase of VMT while areas with higher density result to lower per capita single vehicle travel demand. Moreover, the increase of fuel cost decreases VMT while the impact of lane miles is totally opposite. While previous studies have investigated the effect of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, or the effect of land use and road capacity, or the effect of fuel prices on VMT, the effect of these factors has not been fully examined in a multivariate
Pronouns, licensing, and binding

It has become customary to classify pronouns according to the values of the features [anaphor] and [pronominal], and to constrain their distribution through Binding Theory, which is formulated in terms of these features. This paper argues against this feature system on the grounds that it cannot both capture the distribution of various classes of pronouns observed in natural languages and correctly characterize their semantics. An alternative approach is proposed for lexical pronouns, where the various classes of pronouns are distinguished according to the licensers and binders they require, and their distribution is determined through the specification of the position of their licensers and binders and the specification of the relation that must hold between them.
Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: impact of liver function on systemic treatment options at disease progression.

Background & Aims Yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) radioembolization is a microembolic procedure. Hence, it is commonly used in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal venous thrombosis (PVT). We analyzed liver function, imaging findings, and treatment options (local/systemic) at disease progression following 90 Y treatment in HCC patients with PVT. Methods We treated 291 HCC patients with 90 Y radioembolization. From this cohort, we included patients with liver-only disease, PVT and Child–Pugh (CP) score ⩽7; this identified 63 patients with HCC and PVT (CP-A:35, CP-B7:27). Liver function, CP status, and imaging findings at progression were determined in order to assess potential candidacy for systemic treatment/clinical trials. Survival, time-to-progression (TTP), and time-to-hepatic decompensation analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier methodology. Results Of 35 CP-A and 28 CP-B7 patients, 29 and 15 progressed, respectively. Median survival and TTP were 13.8 and 5.6months in CP-A and 6.5 and 4.9months in CP-B7 patients, respectively. Of the 29 CP-A patients who progressed, 45% maintained their CP status at progression (55% decompensated to CP-B). Of the 15 CP-B7 patients who progressed, 20% improved to CP-A, 20% maintained their CP score and 60% decompensated. Conclusions Knowledge of liver function and CP score of HCC with PVT progressing after 90 Y is critically relevant information, as these patients may be considered for systemic therapy/clinical trials. If a strict CP-A status is mandated, our study demonstrated that 64% of cases exhibited inadequate liver function and were ineligible for systemic therapy/clinical trials. An adjuvant approach using local therapy and systemic agents prior to progression should be investigated.
Process: Learning, Working and Innovation

Worldwide the environment in which IT initiatives are deployed is changing. Increasingly, IT investments are being made to produce market outcomes as well as internal operating efficiencies. Learning about the linkage between the IT investments and business value is a critical challenge in the service sector for industries such as financial services, transportation and retailing where IT is endemic to the products and services delivered to customers [1]. Using a case study in a large North American insurance company and recent theory [2] as our guide, we identify ways in which Information Systems (IS) organizations can become more innovative by using learning as the bridge between working and innovation.
Iterated group products and leakage resilience against NC1

We show that if NC1 ≠ L, then for every element α of the alternating group At, circuits of depth O(log t) cannot distinguish between a uniform vector over (At)t with product = α and one with product = identity. Combined with a recent construction by the author and Viola in the setting of leakage-resilient cryptography [STOC '13], this gives a compiler that produces circuits withstanding leakage from NC1 (assuming NC1 ≠ L). For context, leakage from NC1 breaks nearly all previous constructions, and security against leakage from P is impossible. We build on work by Cook and McKenzie [J. Algorithms '87] establishing the relationship between L = logarithmic space and the symmetric group St. Our techniques include a novel algorithmic use of commutators to manipulate the cycle structure of permutations in At.
Warthin's tumor: A 40-year experience at the johns hopkins hospital

Warthin's tumor previously has been thought to occur much more commonly in men than in women and rarely in African Americans. One hundred thirty-two cases of Warthin's tumor treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1952 to 1992 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 90 (68%) men and 42 (32%) women, with an overall man-to-woman ratio of 2.2:1. The number and percentage of women with Warthin's tumor increased over each consecutive decade: 1952 to 1962, 5 (21%); 1963 to 1972, 6 (29%); 1973 to 1982, 11 (31%); and 1983 to 1992, 20 (39%). A positive smoking history was found in 88% of the men and in 89% of the women with a Warthin's tumor. Eleven (8%) African Americans and 1 (0.75%) Asian American were diagnosed to have a Warthin's tumor. Also, the incidence of African Americans with a Warthin's tumor increased over each decade: 0 (0%), 1 (4.8%), 2 (5.5%), and 8 (16%). This study's results indicate a progressive increase in the occurrence of this tumor in women and in African Americans and a higher overall incidence in African Americans than previously reported.
Principal components regression: Multivariate, gene-based tests in imaging genomics

In imaging genomics, there have been rapid advances in genome-wide, image-wide searches for genes that influence brain structure. Most efforts focus on univariate tests that treat each genetic variation independently, ignoring the joint effects of multiple variants. Instead, we present a gene-based method to detect the joint effect of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18,044 genes across 31,662 voxels of the whole brain in a tensor-based morphometry analysis of baseline MRI scans from 731 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Our gene-based multivariate statistics use principal components regression to test the combined effect of multiple genetic variants on an image, using a single test statistic. In some situations, which we describe, this can boost power by encoding population variations within each gene, reducing the effective number of statistical tests, and reducing the effect dimension of the search space. Multivariate gene-based methods may discover gene effects undetectable with standard, univariate methods, accelerating ongoing imaging genomics efforts worldwide.
Panics, payments disruptions and the Bank of England before 1826

The structures of the banking systems in early nineteenth-century England and later nineteenth-century America were quite similar. In each the multitude of independent country or interior bankers maintained correspondent accounts with bankers in the metropolis, London and New York respectively, to hold reserves and to clear and settle financial instruments used in intercity financial transactions. In spite of such similarities in structure, the performances of the two systems were, however, rather different. Although panics were frequent and their extent widespread in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England involving numerous bank failures, there was never a nationwide paralysis of the payments system such as had become a regular event in late nineteenth-century America. This was due to the Bank of England's functioning as a de facto lender of last resort even though such a role was not explicitly recognized or acknowledged until decades later.
High performance nanopillars array silicon solar cells

We report a novel plasmonics silicon solar cell design, with the possibility of lower cost and higher efficiency. The proposed solar cells consist of radial p-n junction silicon nanopillars array in combination with plasmonics metal nanoparticles on its surface. Simple and solution processible methods such as metal assisted electroless chemical etching (MACE) and Spin on Dopant (SOD) techniques were used for the fabrication of the described solar cells. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) grown aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was employed as an emitter surface passivation layer. Despite having the high surface to volume ratio of the nanopillar arrays textured surface, we observed an open circuit voltage (VOC) and the short circuit current density (JSC) as high as 572mV and 29.9mA/cm2 respectively, which leads to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) in excess of 11.30%, for the optimized structure of the solar cells described herein. Unlike the optical performance, the electrical performance of the aforementioned solar cells, degrade with the increase in nanopillar height beyond 400 nm. Upon the incorporation of metallic nanoparticles to the previously fabricated nanopillar arrays, the power conversation efficiency of the combined structure was observed to decrease to 10.79%. This can be attributed due to a reduced open circuit voltage in spite of having a higher fill factor.
High-Efficiency Gene Transfer and Pharmacologic Selection of Genetically Engineered Human Keratinocytes

Low efficiencies of gene transfer to so matic cells have frustrated therapeutic gen e delivery efforts in a wide array of tissues in cluding the skin. Production of population s of keratinocytes in which all cells contain the desired therapeutic gene may be impo r tant in future genetic therapies. This may b e the case in disorders such as epidermolysi s bullosa and ichthyosis, where a failure to correct the vast majority of cells within ti s sue could perpetuate central disease fea tures such as skin fragility and defectiv e barrier function. We have refined retrovira l gene transfer parameters to achieve signif i cant improvements in gene delivery efficien cies to human keratinocytes compared to those previously reported. We have also generated retroviral vectors that allow rapid pharmacologic selection of human keratinocytes without interfering with th e potential of these cells to regenerate epide r mis in vivo—we determined that blasticidin is superior to the commonly used neomycin . The combined capabilities for efficien t retroviral gene transfer and effective pha r macologic selection allow production of en tirely engineered populations of human ke r atinocytes for use in future efforts to achiev e effective cutaneous gene delivery .
Field dependence, blood uric acid and cholesterol.

Summary.-A preliminary report of the correlation of field dependence, blood uric acid, and cholesterol is presented here for 65 recently admitted patients to the psychiatric services of the University of Minnesota. The values for all three variables were taken once within 24 to 48 hr. after admission and prior to drug treatment whenever possible. Results are suggestive that the initial hypothesis; high blood uric acid, low-cholesterol individuals are more field-independent and high-cholesterol, low blood-uric acid individuals are more field-dependent holds, although this difference is mostly influenced by the values of cholesterol. Probably because of the small number of subjects tested no relationship could be observed with blood types used as genetic markers. Further controlled studies are suggested and are currently being carried out. Field dependence is an extensively studied cognitive construct introduced by Witkin (1965 ). More recently, Oltman (1968) developed a simple portable rod-and-frame apparatus that facilitated reliable measurements. Studies have shown that field-dependent individuals tend to have a higher basal level of galvanic skin responses (GSRs), an increased tendency to generalize noxious stimuli and more susceptibility to anxious-hallucinatory symptomatology under sensory deprivation conditions, and undergo more test anxiety as measured both by GSR and word content of taped interviews (Klein, et al., 1967; Oltman, 1968; Witkin, 1965). Based on these characteristics, and because high basal GSR and anxiety levels consistently have been correlated with higher levels of free fatty acids-and cholesterol (Gottschalk, 1974), we speculated that field-dependent individuals would have higher levels of cholesterol than field-dependent ones.
Early Experience on the Blue Gene/Q Supercomputing System

The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF) is home to Mira, a 10 PF Blue Gene/Q (BG/Q) system. The BG/Q system is the third generation in Blue Gene architecture from IBM and like its predecessors combines system-onchip technology with a proprietary interconnect (5-D torus). Each compute node has 16 augmented PowerPC A2 processor cores with support for simultaneous multithreading, 4-wide double precision SIMD, and different data prefetching mechanisms. Mira offers several new opportunities for tuning and scaling scientific applications. This paper discusses our early experience with a subset of micro-benchmarks, MPI benchmarks, and a variety of science and engineering applications running at ALCF. Both performance and power are studied and results on BG/Q is compared with its predecessor BG/P. Several lessons gleaned from tuning applications on the BG/Q architecture for better performance and scalability are shared.
Performance evaluation of multi-hop csma/ca networks in fading environments

The performance of multi-hop CSMA/CA networks has in most cases been evaluated via simulations, or analytically using a perfect collision channel model. Using such methods, one can neither have access to the capture nature of the terminals nor evaluate the performance of the network in a fading environment. In this paper a new analytical framework that takes into account these capture and fading effects is presented. The network investigated in this paper has an infinite number of nodes which is assumed to be spatially Poisson distributed. The approach is to develop analytical expressions for the transition probabilities between states of nodes in the network by approximating these states as a Markov chain. A fast algorithm to solve these equations is also given. Numerical results show that the model agrees with simulation results for both omni-directional networks and networks employing beamforming.
K-subspaces with missing data

Linear subspace models have recently been successfully employed to model highly incomplete high-dimensional data, but they are sometimes too restrictive to model the data well. Modeling data as a union of subspaces gives more flexibility and leads to the problem of Subspace Clustering, or clustering vectors into groups that lie in or near the same subspace. Low-rank matrix completion allows one to estimate a single subspace from incomplete data, and this work has recently been extended for the union of subspaces problem [3]. However, the algorithm analyzed there is computationally demanding. Here we present a fast algorithm that combines GROUSE, an incremental matrix completion algorithm, and k-subspaces, the alternating minimization heuristic for solving the subspace clustering problem. k-GROUSE is two orders of magnitude faster than the algorithm proposed in [3] and relies on a slightly more general projection theorem which we present here.
The Development/Peacebuilding Nexus: A Typology and History of Changing Paradigms

In the space of one decade, the nexus between development and peace has become a central focus of development thinking and practice. This article presents a typology and critical discussion of seve...
The super elongation complex (SEC) family in transcriptional control

The super elongation complex (SEC) consists of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) elongation factors eleven-nineteen Lys-rich leukaemia (ELL) proteins, positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and several frequent mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) translocation partners. It is one of the most active P-TEFb-containing complexes required for rapid transcriptional induction in the presence or absence of paused Pol II. The SEC was found to regulate the transcriptional elongation checkpoint control (TECC) stage of transcription, and misregulation of this stage is associated with cancer pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that the SEC belongs to a larger family of SEC-like complexes, which includes SEC-L2 and SEC-L3, each with distinct gene target specificities.
Rodent models of PAH: are we there yet?

a recent meta-analysis of 16 clinical trials of prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) from 1990 to 2005 shows that although the pharmacological agents moderately improve symptoms and hemodynamic
SMS–1 Nighttime Infrared Imagery of Low–Level Mountain Waves

Abstract With the advent of the geostationary satellite SMS-1, it is now possible to continuously observe and record by means of infrared (IR) imagery such small scale weather-effective phenomenon as low-level mountian waves. Continuous (every 30 min) nighttime IR imagery permits the early detection and identification of mountain waves and their growth, propagation and decay.
Beneficial effects of ethanol on experimental burns.

Alcohol has been demonstrated to produce cutaneous vasodilation. The burn wound is characterized by a compromised microcirculation which is amenable to pharmacologic manipulation to improve the final outcome of the injury. Various agents including heparin, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents have been employed to maintain a patent microcirculatory bed. Ethanol has been used in the present study in a murine burn model as a vasodilator administered immediately preburn and post-burn. Preburn administration of ethanol significantly improved the mean burn severity at 48 hr compared to ethanol given post-burn. Ethanol, acting as a vasodilator, improves dermal circulation post-burn and reduces the overall extent of injury. Language: en
Diurnal and seasonal rhythm of total antioxidant capacity and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Antioxidants in the serum of higher vertebrate mammals like mice and humans have been shown to fluctuate on a seasonal and circadian basis, but there is no evidence that this occurs in fish species. Total antioxidant capacity and total reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from liver and serum were studied to assess how they fluctuate on seasonal and circadian cycles. It was shown that antioxidant content peaked during the month of August and was lowest during the month of May. Our study also shows that there was no definitive seasonal variation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, but fluctuates more on a circadian rhythm with reactive species being highest in the morning and lowest in the late afternoon and night. For the last 20 years hydrogen peroxide has been one of the methods for controlling sea lice and amoebic gill disease. Understanding of the temporal variations in antioxidant activity may provide of valuable management tool for aquaculture farmers by indicating optimum treatments times, such as specific time of day or season that may allow for better success of the treatment, and thus minimize stress on the animals.
The Scarcity of Regular Polygons on the Integer Lattice

(2002). The Scarcity of Regular Polygons on the Integer Lattice. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 47-51.
Ligand-controlled growth of ZnSe quantum dots in water during Ostwald ripening.

A strong ligand effect was observed for the aqueous-phase growth of ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) in the Ostwald ripening (OR) stage. The QDs were made by injecting Se monomer at room temperature followed by a ramp to 100 °C. The ramp produced a second, more gradual increase in the concentrations of both Zn and Se monomers fed by the dissolution of QDs below the critical size. The dissolution process was followed using measurements of the mass of Zn in QDs and in the supernatant by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Despite the flux of monomers, there was little growth in the QDs of average size based on UV–vis absorption spectra, until the temperature reached 100 °C, when there was a period of rapid growth followed by a period of linear growth. The linear growth stage is the result of OR as the total mass of Zn in QDs and in the solvent remained constant. The growth data were fit to a continuum model for the limiting case of surface reaction control. The rate is proportional to...
A Character Style Library for Syriac Manuscripts

Paleographers study ancient and historical handwriting in order to learn more about documents of significant interest and their creators. Computational tools and methods can aid this task in numerous ways, particularly for languages and scripts that are not widely known today. One project currently underway seeks to gather a collection of securely dated letter samples from Syriac documents dating between 500 and 1100 CE. The set comprises over 60,000 human-selected character samples. This paper gives details on the collection and describes the automatic techniques used to process the initial human input so as to produce high-quality segmented character samples ready for analysis.
The Profession of Hospitality or The Professionalization of Hospitality. Which Is It

This article looks at the literature of work and occupation in the discipline of Sociology to examine the constructs of a profession, and the evolution of an occupation to the status of profession. It attempts to delineate for those in the hospitality industry some guidelines or mileposts by which the discipline can be assessed as to its degree of professionalism. Together with earlier work done in the hospitality literature, and in conjunction with the ongoing work of other scholars, the discussion of profession(al) status can be renewed.
A Cross-National Comparison of Selected Effects of Language and Country of Origin on Consumers’ Attitudes and Intentions

The present investigation intends to directly compare and contrast the differential responses of French consumers to United States consumers in terms of their attitudes toward advertisements, the brands advertised, and their intention to respond. More specifically, participants from the two countries will participate in a 2x2 between subjects experiment and respond to one of four versions of advertisements for two hypothetical products. The only differences across the respective test messages are the language in which the headline and body copy are written [French-English] and the products' country of origin [United States-France]. Analyses will indicate possible interaction effects between language and country of origin as well as possible main effects for either language or country of origin as well as show comparison? between subjects from the two countries.
Scheffler's argument for deontology

La quete d'un raisonnement deontologique plausible est devenu l'axe central du debat de l'ethique normative contemporaine. Selon l'A., S. Scheffler a peut etre accompli cette quete dans « The Rejection of Consequentialism » (1982) ou il propose une theorie hybride entre consequentialisme et deontologie