cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Host Attacks and Progeny Production ofSpalangia gemina, Spalangia cameroni,andMuscidifurax raptor(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Constant and Variable Temperatures

Abstract In assays at constant temperatures, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders females killed more house fly ( Musca domestica L.) pupae at 30°C than at 15, 20, 25, or 35°C, with attack rates for the three species of 11.2, 12.6, and 21.1 pupae killed per parasitoid per day, respectively. Progeny production followed a similar pattern, with maximum rates of 6.8, 7.5, and 9.2 progeny per day at 30°C for S. gemina, S. cameroni, and M. raptor, respectively. Both Spalangia species produced proportionally fewer males at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures; sex allocation by M. raptor was relatively unaffected by temperature except for a trend to produce fewer females at 15°C (29.6% females) than at higher temperatures (43–47%). The four-parameter thermodynamic model of Sharpe and DeMichele with high temperature inhibition fit the attack rate and progeny production rate data well. These models were very effective at predicting host attacks and parasitism at high, variable temperatures typical of outdoor mid summer conditions in many regions, provided that 1-h time steps were used in rate summation algorithms. Assays for long-term net rates of fly destruction revealed that S. gemina and S. cameroni would be most effective for fly control at 25°C and substantially less effective at either low (15°C) or high (35°C) temperatures. M. raptor was equally effective at killing house fly pupae over the 15–30°C range, but was significantly less effective at 35°C.
Automatic brain cropping and atlas slice matching using a PCNN and a generalized invariant Hough transform

Medical research is dominated by animal models, especially rats and mice. Within a species most laboratory subjects exhibit little variation in brain anatomy. This uniformity of features is used to crop regions of interest based upon a known, cropped brain atlas. For any study involving N subjects, image registration or alignment to an atlas is required to construct a composite result. A highly resolved stack of T2 weighted MRI anatomy images of a Sprague-Dawley rat was registered and cropped to a known segmented atlas. This registered MRI volume was used as the reference atlas. A Pulse Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) was used to separate brain tissue from surrounding structures, such as cranium and muscle. Each iteration of the PCNN produces binary images of increasing area as the intensity spectrum is increased. A rapid filtering algorithm is applied that breaks narrow passages connecting larger segmented areas. A Generalized Invariant Hough Transform is applied subsequently to each PCNN segmented area to identify which segmented reference slice it matches. This process is repeated for multiple slices within each subject. Since we have apriori knowledge of the image ordering and fields of view this information provides initial estimates for subsequent registration codes. This process of subject slice extraction to PCNN mask creations and GIHT matching with known atlas locations is fully automatic.
Evaluation of porous networks of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as interfacial drug delivery devices.

Abstract Long-term implantable drug delivery devices are desirable to achieve rapid and reliable delivery of bioactive substances to the body. The limitation of most implantable devices is the resulting chronic inflammatory response and fibrous encapsulation of the implant, which prevents effective drug delivery for prolonged periods. One method of overcoming this problem is the addition of an intermediary that could prevent capsule formation. Biocompatible materials with interconnected pore structures greater than 8–10 μm have been shown to support the ingrowth and maintenance of vascularized tissue. In this investigation, we evaluate the efficacy of using porous hydrogel sponges for the tissue interface in an implantable drug delivery device. Porous networks of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were synthesized using a thermally initiated free-radical solution polymerization. To characterize the microstructure of the PHEMA networks, scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry were used. By altering the solvent fraction in the reaction mixture, PHEMA sponges were synthesized with interconnected pores ranging in size from from 6 to 15 μm with porosities of 55% to 87%. Following the in vitro evaluation, sponges were attached to the distal end of a 20-gauge catheter tubing, and implanted subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. After 5 months implantation, insulin was infused into the devices from external pumps and rapid insulin absorption was observed in conjunction with dramatic lowering of blood glucose levels. From histological evaluation of explanted devices, we observed highly vascularized tissue surrounding the mesenteric implants. These results indicate that it may be possible to use PHEMA sponges for a tissue intermediary for long-term implantable drug delivery devices.
Measurements of three-parameter log-normally distributed optical-field irradiance fluctuations in a turbulent medium*

A laser beam was passed through a turbulent mixture of hot and cold water. The optical path contained no solid scattering particles. It was, therefore, similar to an atmospheric path containing only clear-air turbulence. The field irradiance was accurately described by a truncated three-parameter log-normal probability density. The statistics of the integral of the field irradiance over an area comparable in size to one coherence area was also always characterized by a three-parameter log-normal density. This probability density, when used in the Mandel formula for the single-photon-counting probability, correctly predicted the observed results. The parameters of the irradiance density could be varied by changing the temperature of the hot- and cold-water mixture, or the position of the optical path. The observed photon-counting probabilities could not be obtained by use of a two-parameter log-normal irradiance density (more commonly called the log-normal density) in the Mandel formula.
Determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

A capillary gas chromatographic method with 63Ni electron-capture detection is reported for the determination of fluoxetine (Prozac) and its metabolite norfluoxetine in human plasma. A liquid-liquid extraction is used, followed by derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride to increase the sensitivity of detection. A 30 m x 0.25 mm I.D. DB-17 capillary column resolves the compounds from endogenous matrix interferences. The limit of quantitation by this method is 5 ng/ml for each compound. Stability studies show that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are stable in human plasma for up to 96 h at room temperature and up to one year at -20 degrees C.
Behavioral consequences of dietary vitamin deficiency in young and middle-aged rats

The behavioral correlates of vitamin A and B 6 dietary deficiency in young adult rats (Experiment 1) and middle-aged, retired breeder rats (Experiment 2) were examined. Male and female rats received either vitamin A deficient, vitamin B6 deficient, or normal control diets for two and a half months. Body weight, eating, and drinking of water and adulterated fluids were monitored. Pyridoxine deficiency generally had greater effects on consummatory behavior and weight gain than vitamin A deficiency, but this effect was influenced by the rats' age and sex. Wheel running, (Experiment 1), increased above control levels in both the vitamin delete groups. Vitamin A and B 6 deplete diets may affect behavior before an animal displays classical physical signs. Furthermore, such behavioral changes are not restricted to young, rapidly growing male rats; instead, their character is influenced by both the sex and age of the animal.
Investigating Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena: An Experimental System Suitable for Introductory & Advanced Instruction

Tetrahymena, a freshwater ciliated protozoan, is in many ways an ideal candidate for the study of cells by students. Readily obtained and cultured, Tetrahymena can be used to study ciliary motion, organelle structure and function, cell morphology, cell proliferation, and cell behaviors (Leick & Hellung-Larsen 1992; Wheatley et al. 1994). Because of the ease with which Tetrahymena can be grown and manipulated, it is especially suitable for use in inquiry-based labs and student projects. Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena is an especially dramatic cell behavior that students can observe directly with a compound microscope. When hungry Tetrahymena encounter food, they use their cilia to sweep it into each cell's oral groove. This process can be visualized by feeding stained yeast cells India ink (Keenan 1984) or Chlorella to Tetrahymena. Phagocytosis can be quantitated by counting the number of vacuoles that form in a defined time period. In this paper, I describe how our students use the India ink method, described below, to investigate phagocytosis and vacuole formation in Tetrahymena first to learn the basis of microscope use, and then to pursue various experimental projects.
Seeking justice: The advantages and disadvantages of being educated

Criminal justice needs to be examined and developed in the larger context of social justice. Social ills such as pervasive individual and corporate greed and evasiveness need to be addressed as we attempt to promote a greater sense of social peace. Such an effort involves teaching meaningful social values in both general education settings as well as in the particular discipline of criminal justice.
Plant competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model : II. Influence of photosynthetic characteristics on mixtures of wheat and wild oat.

The importance of photosynthetic characteristics such as quantum efficiency or carboxylation efficiency for carbon gain of plants competing for light in dense stands is dependent on several environmental factors and structural features of the canopy. A quantitative analysis of photosynthesis of competing plants in mixed stands of wheat and wild oat (Avena fatua L.), a common weed of wheat, involved measuring photosynthetic parameters of individual leaves at different heights in the canopy throughout the growing season. This information combined with detailed assessments of canopy structure was used with a multispecies canopy model to evaluate the importance of different photosynthetic characteristics for carbon gain in this canopy environment. Independent photosynthesis data sets were used to validate predictions of the model. Carboxylation efficiency (CE) and CO2-and light-saturated photosynthetic capacity (AML) were highly correlated and decreased with depth in the canopy for both species. Quantum efficiency (α) did not tend to decrease with depth in the canopy. Sensitivity analyses with the model for whole-plant carbon gain of each species over entire day periods were conducted. These showed that changes in CE and AML had an influence similar to that of changes in α on carbon gain for both species. This was not necessarily expected from single-leaf photosynthetic behavior in response to changes in CE, AML and α. The influence of α is more pronounced in the lower, more shaded portions of the canopy than are changes in CE and AML. Appreciable differences between the species were apparent for carbon gain under different weather conditions. The differences between the species in carbon gain when in competition for light were associated more with structural features rather than with photosynthetic characteristics.
Improved and effective assays of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase by the coenzyme-apoenzyme system (CAS) principle.

Standardized and reliable methods have been devised to assay preparations of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase from human erythrocytes by the CAS principle, i.e., the unsaturation and saturation of the coenzyme (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) of a Coenzyme-Apoenzyme System. This dual enzymic assay is effective to detect and measure human deficiencies of vitamin B6. A preferred procedure has been developed, particularly for individuals and for limited groups, but is also applicable to large groups. A simplified procedure, which emphasizes the statistical significance of difference between large groups was also developed. Lyophilized erythrocyte hemolysates appear stable for up to 7 days for simplified transportation.
Differences in microsomal steroid metabolism between the inner and outer zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex.

Previous investigations established that cells isolated from the outer zone (zona fasciculata + zona glomerulosa) of the guinea pig adrenal cortex produced far more cortisol and androstenedione than those from the inner zone (zona reticularis). Studies were done to determine whether differences in microsomal metabolism might contribute to the zonal differences in steroid secretion. Cytochromes P-450 and b5 concentrations were greater in inner zone microsomes as were the magnitudes of the type I difference spectra produced by progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Basal NADPH-cytochrome P- 450 reductase activity was greater in the outer zone, but steroid substrates (progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone) increased reductase activity in the inner zone and decreased activity in the outer zone. 21-Hydroxylase activity was far greater in inner than outer zone microsomes, but 17α-hydroxylase activity was greater in the outer zone. As a result, progesterone was converted primarily to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone b...
Project quality and project managers

Abstract To manage projects with quality as a key objective requires the implementation of sound project management practices. For any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a project manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes. The paper presents research sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute. The research confirms empirically the critical relationship between the project manager's managerial attributes, the use of key project management principles and practices, and project performance. The paper describes the research approach and includes interpretation of the findings. The results indicate that many project managers are perceived as having average or less than average managerial skills. Because of the importance of the project manager's position, possible strategies to improve project manager effectiveness are offered.
Redislocation with a bony Bankart lesion after arthroscopic Bankart repair

This case report presents a traumatic dislocation after an arthroscopic Bankart repair in which the repair site was intact and failure occurred through a new bony interval. The new bony Bankart lesion was identified 3 years after the initial arthroscopic repair. This highlights the issue of whether a traumatic redislocation after a surgical repair for recurrent shoulder instability represents a failure of repair or a reinjury.
Stochastic financial analytics for cash flow forecasting

Abstract Accurate cash flow forecasting is essential for successful management of firms and it becomes especially critical during uncertain market and credit conditions. Without accurate cash flow forecasting, a firm may fail to meet its short-term obligations and risk bankruptcy. Accurate cash flow forecasting can be limited by a number of factors including changes in macro-economic conditions that influence liquidity in the economy, customer payment behavior that can vary from time to time as well by industry, and dynamics of the particular supply chain itself. We develop stochastic financial analytics for cash flow forecasting for firms by integrating two models: (1) Markov chain model of the aggregate payment behavior across all customers of the firm using accounts receivable aging and; (2) Bayesian model of individual customer payment behavior at the individual invoice level. As the stochastic dynamics of cash flow evolves every day, the forecast can be updated every time an invoice is paid. The proposed model is back-tested using empirical data from a small manufacturing firm and found to differ 3–6% from actual monthly cash flow, and differs approximately 2–4% compared to actual annual cash flow. The forecast accuracy of the proposed stochastic financial analytics model is found to be considerably superior to other techniques commonly used. Furthermore, in computer simulation experiments, the proposed model is found to be largely robust to supply chain dynamics, including when subjected to severe bullwhip effect. The proposed model has been implemented in Excel, which allows it to be easily integrated with the accounts receivable aging data, making it practicable for small and large firms.
Fragility Functions for Bridges in Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreads

Fragility functions are generated for bridges in liquefied and laterally spreading ground using equivalent static global nonlinear finite element analyses. Bridges are classified based on structura...
250 INDUCTION OF COLLAGENASE SECRETION IN HUMAN FIBROBLAST CULTURES BY GROWTH PROMOTING FACTORS

In human foreskin fibroblast (HF) cultures, two proteins with Mr 60,000 and 55,000 were found to be induced about 3.5−fold by EGF, PDGF and β−TGF. The induced proteins were identified as procollagenases by immunoprecipitation of induced medium with antibodies to purified human fibroblast collagenase. Collagenase enzyme activity in the medium from EGF-treated cultures was also induced at least 3-fold compared to control cultures. Induction of collagenase was dependent upon de novo protein and RNA synthesis and was observed in the medium 10 hours after addition of EGF. Although they interact with separate membrane receptors, these three growth factors induce the secretion of a common protein. As a result, our study suggests that collagenase may be an important mediator of cell mobilization, a process which is essential for mito-genesis.
Psychometric Performance of a Novel Measure of Social Support Among Spanish-Speaking Immigrant Latino Gay Men

Social support is protective for a variety of health outcomes, and individuals living outside their country of origin (“sojourners”) might use social support in distinctive ways. The authors performed a confirmatory factor analysis of the 18-item Index of Sojourner Social Support (ISSS) using data obtained from 190 Spanish-speaking immigrant Latino gay men and men who have sex with men (MSM) in North Carolina, a marginalized group for whom social support might be especially salient. The authors failed to replicate the original distinction between socioemotional and instrumental support; however, a reduced set of 11 ISSS items appeared to be a very good measure of a single latent factor, with high factor loadings (λ ≥ .87) and excellent internal consistency reliability (α = .97). The authors encourage further research to understand the psychometric properties of the ISSS, to further elaborate the most meaningful dimensions of social support among immigrant populations, and to establish whether associations...
The Abrupt Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment

Although deleterious events following abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive treatment are relatively uncommon, considerable attention has recently been focused on this problem. A withdrawal syndrome may occur after termination of almost all types of antihypertensive drugs, but most experience has been with the centrally acting agents and with beta-adrenoreceptor blockers. Abrupt discontinuation of high doses of centrally acting drugs such as alpha-methyldopa, clonidine, and guanabenz can produce a syndrome of sympathetic overactivity that includes agitation, headache, sweating, and nausea and less commonly can provoke rapid upswings in blood pressure. If beta blockers are suddenly stopped, a similar pattern can occur that may be related to excessive activity of thyroid hormones as well as sympathetic factors. Additionally, patients with ischemic heart disease may be susceptible to an acute exacerbation of their cardiac disease when beta-blocker treatment is stopped. It seems likely that discontinuation events can be particularly severe when combinations of different types of antihypertensive medications are sud-disease when betablocker treatment is denly stopped. This problem can be dealt with by educating patients to avoid sudden drug cessation and when elective discontinuation is planned, by gradual dose reduction.
Quality Design of Focus Groups in Early Childhood Special Education Research.

Interest is growing in the contributions of qualitative research to the field of early childhood special education. One qualitative method, focus groups, is examined. This article discusses what types of early childhood special education questions might be addressed in focus groups and suggests guidelines by which to consider the quality of design of focus group use in early childhood special education research. Four key questions are explored that aid in designing and judging focus group research. These include: (a) Who should participate in the focus groups? (b) What checks on credibility should we include? (c) How shall we maintain research stability while allowing for an emergent design? and (d) How will the Information gained in the focus groups inform us about the general phenomenon?
Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for detection of PCR-amplified enterotoxin A from Clostridium perfringens☆

Abstract A PCR protocol was developed for the rapid and specific detection of Clostridium perfringens strains harboring the enterotoxin A gene in artificially contaminated ground beef. A biotinylated primer pair was designed for amplification of a 750 bp fragment of the C. perfringens enterotoxin A gene. A combination of 4 h enrichment incubation and nucleic acid extraction, followed by 2 h of PCR amplification allowed detection at levels below 10 CFU of freshly grown cells in raw and cooked beef samples. PCR amplified products were confirmed by a Southern hybridization assay using a digoxigenin-labeled internal probe, and two hybridization ELISA protocols (PCR-ELISA) applying a streptavidin capture step for the hybridized PCR products. Both enzyme immunoassays utilized chemiluminescent detection with Lumiphos 530 ™ as substrate, after hybridization to an internal digoxigenin-labeled probe or a 5′ conjugated alkaline phosphatase-labeled probe. The PCR-ELISA resulted in faster confirmation of the PCR products while providing a level of sensitivity comparable to Southern hybridization, and has potential for development into an automated method.
Where is computing in general education (abstract only)

Have you been through a general education review, taught a general education computing course, or provided a service course in computing? Are computing skills and knowledge a college entrance requirement, upper level discipline specific tool, graduation goal, or knowledge for citizens in a free society? Sample computing courses include: Computer Applications in Business, Writing Process using Microsoft Word, Quantitative Social Science using SPSS, Computing equals Programming, AP CS Principles, Computer Ethics, Computers and Society, Computational Thinking, or Introduction to Computer Science. What has and hasn't worked? What should computing offer to the university? Come hear what others are doing and share your insights.
Interventions to Counteract Anorexia in Dialysis Patients

The treatment of anorexia in chronic hemodialysis patients is based on a therapeutic strategy which includes optimal dialysis dose (through daily or nocturnal dialysis), support of food intake (through nutritional counseling and oral nutritional supplements), counteractive action to anorexic agents (e.g., inflammatory cytokines and low levels of branched chain amino acids), stimulation of appetite (ghrelin), and attention to associated symptoms (e.g., symptoms of depression and anxiety, fatigue, other comorbidities). However, the fact remains that the studies so far conducted are insufficient both in terms of number and quality to provide guidelines for clinical and research purposes. Randomized, controlled trials are needed in the future to define the best strategy to counteract anorexia in maintenance dialysis patients.
Human neocortical electrical activity recorded on nonpenetrating microwire arrays: applicability for neuroprostheses.

Object The goal of this study was to determine whether a nonpenetrating, high-density microwire array could provide sufficient information to serve as the interface for decoding motor cortical signals. Methods Arrays of nonpenetrating microwires were implanted over the human motor cortex in 2 patients. The patients performed directed stereotypical reaching movements in 2 directions. The resulting data were used to determine whether the reach direction could be distinguished through a frequency power analysis. Results Correlation analysis revealed decreasing signal correlation with distance. The gamma-band power during motor planning allowed binary classification of gross directionality in the reaching movements. The degree of power change was correlated to the underlying gyral pattern. Conclusions The nonpenetrating microwire platform showed good potential for allowing differentiated signals to be recorded with high spatial fidelity without cortical penetration.
The role of the laboratory in the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome is now an accepted disorder and has a code in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (277.7). It afflicts approximately 1 in 4 American adults. The features of the metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia manifesting as elevated levels of triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and a preponderance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles.1–3 Other features include increased blood pressure, insulin resistance and/or glucose tolerance, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory diathesis. The laboratory has a critical role in the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome because of the 5 features; 3 are laboratory-based, including triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or more; HDL-C levels less than 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) and 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in men and women, respectively; and fasting plasma glucose levels of 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) or more. The importance of the metabolic syndrome is that it confers at least a 2-fold risk of cardiovascular disease and at least a 5-fold increased risk for subsequent diabetes.1–3 In addition, it is not uncommon for patients with metabolic syndrome to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, generally diagnosed by increased transaminase levels with an alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio of more …
The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. II. Activation of the input pathway.

The electrical activity of single pyramidal cells in the hippocampus was monitored extracellularly during electrical stimulation of nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) in anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the LC produced long-lasting inhibition of spontaneous activity of pyramidal cells. This inhibition was reversibly blocked during iontophoretic administration of MJ-1999, a beta adrenergic blocking agent, potentiated during administration of DMI and was absent in 6-OHDA treated rats. The inhibition was not apparently mediated by extraneuronal mechanisms nor by a GABA containing synapse. It was potentiated by papaverine and antagonized by prostaglandin E1, substances which affect cAMP metabolism. It is suggested that the inhibitory synapses of the fibers from LC to the hippocampus utilize NE as a transmitter.
Primary and secondary affective disorder: Part II. Differences in usual state self-perceptions

Thirty-five primary affective disorder and 32 secondary affective disorder patients rated themselves in comparison to the average person on 74 depressive symptoms. They were instructed to rate themselves as they are in their “usual” state. Secondaries reported they usually have significantly more depressive symptoms than did primaries (14.25 versus 3.28, p < 0.00005). Using 49 symptoms not characteristic of nonaffective disorders, a discriminant function analysis correctly classified all patients. A stepwise analysis identified the 18 most powerful symptoms. Ten of these were used with a simple weighting scheme to classify correctly 85% of the patients. The possibility of a simple confirmatory test for psychiatric diagnosis was discussed.
Stimulation distal to the lesion in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, low action potential amplitude after stimulation at the wrist (proximal to the lesion) is due to either demyelination or axonal degeneration. Demyelination can be distinguished from axonal degeneration by the presence of amplitude drop across the lesion. Amplitude drop is determined by comparison of action potential amplitude evoked by stimulation at the palm (distal to the lesion) with that of the wrist. Of 59 consecutive CTS patient hands, 36 (61%) showed significant reduction in CMAP and/or antidromic SNAP amplitudes at the wrist compared to the palm, indicating the presence of focal demyelination resulting in conduction block vs. pathologic dispersion with phase cancellation. Moreover, the smaller the wristevoked action potential amplitude, the greater the amplitude drop across the lesion. We conclude that in patients with CTS, as in other entrapment neuropathies, stimulation both proximal and distal to the lesion provides important pathophysiological information about the median nerve lesion. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is the X STOP ® interspinous implant a safe and effective treatment for neurogenic intermittent claudication?

Is the X STOP ® interspinous implant a safe and effective treatment for neurogenic intermittent claudication?
Differential Hydrogen Bonding in Human CYP17 Dictates Hydroxylation versus Lyase Chemistry

Raman spectra of oxygenated intermediates of Nanodisc incorporated human CYP17 in the presence of natural substrates directly confirm that substrate structure effectively alters H-bonding interactions with the critical Fe-O-O fragment so as to dictate its predisposition for one of two alternative reaction pathways, providing a realistic structural explanation for substrate control of CYP17 reactivity that has profound physiological implications.
In vitro synthesized bacterial outer membrane protein is integrated into bacterial inner membranes but translocated across microsomal membranes.

The LamB protein is an integral membrane protein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. We have now found that, when synthesized in an E. coli cell-free translation system supplemented with inverted vesicles derived from the E. coli inner membrane, LamB protein is integrated into the vesicle membrane as assayed by its resistance to extraction at alkaline pH. These data suggest that the inner membrane is the primary site for integration of LamB protein prior to subsequent sorting to the outer membrane. When synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free translation system supplemented with canine microsomal membranes, LamB protein is glycosylated at one or two cryptic sites, and surprisingly, it is translocated across instead of being integrated into the vesicle membrane. We suggest that the translocation machinery of the microsomal membrane, although able to recognize the signal sequences) of LamB, is unable to recognize its stop-transfer sequences), thereby yielding translocation instead of integration.
Patent Foramen Ovale in Young Adults with Unexplained Stroke

A 38-year-old man notes abrupt loss of vision in his right visual field while reading. He has no significant medical history and reports that he does not smoke or use alcohol or illicit drugs. Physical examination reveals right homonymous hemianopia but no other abnormalities. MRI reveals acute left occipital infarction and normal head and neck vessels. Transesophageal echocardiography shows a patent foramen ovale without atrial septal aneurysm. What are the implications of this finding, and what therapy should be recommended?
Diabetes-impaired healing and reduced wound nitric oxide synthesis: a possible pathophysiologic correlation.

Abstract Background. Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in wounds, but its role in the healing process is not fully understood. The inhibition of NO production during wound healing is accompanied by decreased wound reparative collagen deposition. To further define the role of NO in reparative collagen accumulation, we studied its production during diabetes-induced wound healing impairment. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (290 to 310 gm) were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal streptozotocin administration. Seven days after induction of diabetes (blood glucose greater than 300 mg/dl), the rats underwent dorsal skin incision and subcutaneous implantation of polyvinyl alcohol sponges. Beginning on the day of wounding, 21 diabetic animals were treated with 3 units/day insulin via intraperitoneally implanted miniosmotic pumps. Ten days after injury, wound breaking strength was determined, and wound collagen accumulation and types I and III collagen gene expression were measured in subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges. NO synthesis, as measured by nitrite/nitrate accumulation, was determined in wound fluid and in supernatants of wound cell cultures. Results. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes markedly impaired wound breaking strength and collagen deposition. A parallel decrease occurred in wound NO synthesis as reflected by decreased nitrite/nitrate concentration in wound fluid and in diminished ex vivo NO production by wound cells. Insulin treatment partially but significantly improved wound mechanical strength (p Conclusions. Impaired diabetic wound healing is paralleled by decreased wound NO synthesis, supporting the hypothesis that NO plays a significant role in wound reparative collagen accumulation.
Information technology infrastructure, organizational process redesign, and business value: An empirical analysis

We extend current research examining synergies between information technology, process redesign, and firm performance in three ways: analyze a firm's entire IT and BPR portfolio, examine production and market value performance implications, and conduct analysis using a unique dataset of 228 firms between 1996 and 1999. We find a contingent association between IT, process redesign, and performance. The interaction of IT and BPR portfolios is positively associated with firm productivity and market value. However, we find mixed evidence of a difference in these impacts across different types of BPR. Insights for business investment in IT and process redesign are discussed.
Inequality and Control in a Colonial Bureaucracy Barbados, 1955-1962

If the free traders cannot understand how one nation can grow rich at the expense of another, we need not wonder, since those same gentlemen also refuse to understand how within one country one class can enrich itself at the expense of another (Marx, 1963: 223).
Measuring Filling Yarn Tension and Its Influence on Fabrics Woven on a Projectile Weaving Machine

Dynamic filling yam tension was measured on a Sulzer projectile weaving machine using two different yams: 50/2 Ne PES/wool blend and a 2/150/30 denier textured PES. The filling tension was monitore...
Coordinate stretching and interface location II. A new PL expansion

Abstract An alternative to the perturbation expansion of Poincare and Lighthill is proposed, and a simple method of deriving the new expansion is given, for the case of a nonsingular boundary. The new formulation has the advantage that the process of stretching of the independent coordinate is uncoupled from the rest of the problem, which can then be handled by standard techniques and programs. The method is illustrated by a simple example of pulsational instability in a one-zone approximation to a variable star.
Cell-cell junctional interactions and characteristic plasma membrane features of cultured rat glial cells

Mixed cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes derived from cerebral hemispheres of 18–19 day old rat fetuses were studied with the freeze-fracture technique. The plasma membranes of cultured astrocytes and oligodendrocytes differ substantially in their intramembrane particle profiles, and they can be positively identified consistently. Orthogonal small panicle assemblies and numerous isolated globular particles characterize astrocytic plasma membranes, whereas the plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes show numerous elongated particles and fewer large and small globular particles similar to those seen in situ. Using these distinct differential features, we can identify partners of glial cell junctions. We can identify numerous interastrocytic gap junctions, as well as heterologous astrocyte-to-oligodendrocyte gap junctions. The plasma membranes of adjacent oligodendrocytes form numerous tight junctions consisting of linear P face strands and/or rows of particles interrupted by short segments of grooves, the complementary features on the E face. “Reflexive” type tight junctions seen in situ are also observed. In addition to intercellular junctions, glial cells develop special plasma membrane structural domains. Astrocytic plasma membranes often contain groups of plasmalemmal vesicles (caveolae), a distinctive feature of astrocytes in situ. Oligodendrocytes form flattened velate processes with cytoplasm restricted to finger-like channels resembling myelin lamellae in situ. Cultured astrocytes and oligodendrocytes develop the entire range of plasma membrane structural specializations seen in situ in the absence of the normal brain tissue framework. Thus, primary glial cell cultures allow experimental study of many glial cell properties, including their plasma membrane specializations.
SU-FF-T-151: Conservation of Integrated Reference Air Kerma

Purpose: To demonstrate the conservation rule of the integrated reference air kerma (IRAK). Method and Materials: For a brachytherapyphoton source whose radial dose functions is flat over the clinical distance range, the dose falls off with the inverse square of distance. If we assume further that the photon spectrum does not change with distance in tissue and the kerma in tissue can be substituted for radiation dose, it follows that both the photon particle and energy fluences obey the inverse square law. Under these assumptions, the photon fluence integrated over any arbitrary isodose surface, which is proportional to the integrated reference air kerma (IRAK), is conserved as long as the isodose surface contains all the brachytherapy sources, regardless of the distribution of the activity or equivalently the shape of the isodose surface. Results: One application of this conservation law is that the total dwell time (proportional to IRAK) of a plane implant is proportional to the total area of the prescription dose isodose surface. A quick second check QA program is established based on this relation for our intra‐op HDR using HAM applicator. Another application is to calculate the area of the absolute isodose surface assuming all the distributed activity is placed on one single point. The total area of spherical isodose surface is simply AREA = 4π r 0 2 Λ ST/D , where r0 is the reference radial distance of 1 cm, Λ the dose rate constant, S the source activity, T the total dwell time, and D prescription dose. This area should equal the isodose surface area for an plan with optimized dose distribution achieved by redistributing the same amount of activity within tissue. Two examples, one HDR planar implant and the other Patterson‐Parker nomogram, are given in the supporting material. Conclusion: The IRAK conservation rule has both theoretical and practical values.
Inhibition of large T antigen ATPase activity as a potential strategy to develop anti-polyomavirus JC drugs

Introduction This study evaluates polyomavirus JC (JCV) large T antigen (LTA) as a potential target for drug development. LTA is a hexameric protein with a helicase activity that is powered by ATP binding and hydrolysis. The helicase and ATPase function is critical for viral replication.
Natural Preferences of Chicks and Ducklings for Objects of Different Colors

A technique has been described whereby preferences of animals for a large number of stimuli can be studied simultaneously, and the responses automatically recorded. Groups of Ss are presented with a number of colored stimuli on the sides of an enclosure. Pecks are recorded on electrical counters. Data are presented showing that differential responses to colored objects do occur in chicks (N=200) and ducklings (N=100) that have had very limited visual experience and no opportunity for directed learning. It must therefore be supposed that these responses are innately organized. For the chicks there is a bimodal preference to color, with one peak occurring in the orange region of the spectrum and a second peak in the blue region. The ducklings, on the other hand, have a narrower range of preference with a single sharp peak within the green and yellowish-green region. The color preference curves of chicks and ducklings are obviously quite dissimilar. The dissimilarity suggests some functional determinant, but...
Maturation of the delayed‐type hypersensitivity response in SJL mice: absence of effector cell induction

Immunization of young adult SJL mice (6 weeks of age) with a wide variety of particulate and soluble antigens does not elicit a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Young adult SJL lack a DTM response through 8 weeks of age but attain the mature adult level of responsiveness at 10 weeks of age. Nylon wool-enriched TDTH effectors and an antigen-specific T cell clone both elicited DTH responses when transferred into 6-week-old SJL. Thus, the cascade of events at the local site appears to be functionally intact in 6-week-old SJL. However, T cells from immunized 6-week-old SJL fail to transfer DTH responsiveness to naive 6-week-old SJL recipients unless macrophages from 12-week-old SJL supplemented the immunization. Thus, the unresponsiveness of 6-week-old SJL appears to be due to a lack of induction of TDTH effectors. In addition, SJL mice immunized at 6 weeks of age and challenged with antigen at the DTH responsive age of 12 weeks did not mount a DTH response. Immunized 6-week-old SJL, supplemented with macrophages from 12-week-old SJL, and 12-week-old SJL did respond to a second antigenic challenge when held for an equivalent 6-week period. Thus, 6-week-old SJL fail to induce TDTH effectors and to generate memory TDTH cells. Finally, antigen-pulsed macrophages from 12-week-old SJL transferred DTH responsiveness into naive 6-week and 12-week-old SJL recipients, while antigen-pulsed cells from 6-week donors were unable to transfer DTH responsiveness. These data indicate that the maturational deficit in the DTH responsiveness of 6-week-old SJL resides in the inability of macrophages to induce TDTH effectors.
Some conditions for weak convergence to equilibrium of nonlinear contraction semigroups

Let x(t) an element of D(A) be the solution of the following initial-value problem in a real Hilbert space H: x/sub t/ + Ax containing as an element 0, x(0) = f, f an element of D(A). A is a multivalued maximal monotone nonlinear operator. A semigroup T(t) of contractions on D(A)-bar solving the problem exists. What is of interest is whether x(t) = T(t)f converges to a fixed point as t ..-->.. infinity, and if so, how. The fixed points are exactly those points x/sup */ an element of D(A) such that 0 is an element of Ax/sup */. F is the (non-null) set of fixed points. With this assumption it has been shown that x(t) is bounded. Bruck (J. Funct. Anal., 18: 15-25(1975)) gives a sufficient condition on the operator A for weak convergence of x(t) to an element of x/sup */ is an element of F; this condition is called demipositivity. Demipositive operators as a class are examined, and three types of such operators that might, with benefit, receive special treatment are noted. (RWR)
Bifurcation of singular solutions in reversible systems and applications to reaction - Diffusion equations

Dynamical systems that are reversible in the sense of Moser are investigated and bifurcation of trajectories connecting saddle points from stationary solutions is studied. As an application, reaction-diffusion models in one space dimension are considered. These equations are studied in the neighborhood of a point, where the set of spatially homogeneous solutions displays a Hopf bifurcation. It is shown that from such a point branches of solutions bifurcate, which can be described as waves travelling to or from a center. These waves may be exponentially damped at infinity or not. They can be regarded as one-dimensional analogues of ''target patterns'' or ''spiral waves.''
A Formal System of Logic

The main purpose of this paper is to present a formal system P in which we enjoy a smooth-running technique and which countenances a universe of classes which is symmetrical as between large and small. More exactly, P is a system which differs from the inconsistent system of [1] only in the introduction of a rather natural new restrictive condition on the defining formulas of the elements (sets, membership-eligible classes). It will be proved that if the weaker system of [2] is consistent, then P is also consistent.After the discovery of paradoxes, it may be recalled, Russell and Zermelo in the same year proposed two different ways of safeguarding logic against contradictions (see [3], [4]). Since then various simplifications and refinements of these systems have been made. However, in the resulting systems of Zermelo set theory, generation of classes still tends to be laborious and uncertain; and in the systems of Russell's theory of types, complications in the matter of reduplication of classes and meaningfulness of formulas remain. In [2], Quine introduced a system which seems to be free from all these complications. But later it was found out that in it there appears to be an unavoidable difficulty connected with mathematical induction. Indeed, we encounter the curious situation that although we can prove in it the existence of a class V of all classes, and we can also prove particular existence theorems for each of infinitely many classes, nobody has so far contrived to prove in it that V is an infinite class or that there exists an infinite class at all.
Mechanistic comparison of the cobalt-substituted and wild-type copper amine oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha.

A recent report by Mills and Klinman [Mills, S. A., and Klinman, J. P. (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 9897−9904] described the preparation and initial characterization of a cobalt-substituted form o...
THE MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Severe traumatic brain injury is defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than or equal to 8. Its importance and frequency need no introduction to those that deal with acute trauma. This article covers the initial management of severe traumatic brain injury in terms of both the relevant physiology and the available therapeutic techniques.
Optimization of GPR40 Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes

GPR40 (FFA1 and FFAR1) has gained significant interest as a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. TAK-875 (1), a GPR40 agonist, lowered hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lowered both postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients in phase II clinical trials. We optimized phenylpropanoic acid derivatives as GPR40 agonists and identified AMG 837 (2) as a clinical candidate. Here we report our efforts in searching for structurally distinct back-ups for AMG 837. These efforts led to the identification of more polar GPR40 agonists, such as AM-4668 (10), that have improved potency, excellent pharmacokinetic properties across species, and minimum central nervous system (CNS) penetration.