cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amphibole stability in H2O-undersaturated calc-alkaline melts

Abstract The upper stability limit of amphibole in silicate melts has previously been shown to increase in temperature when the mole fraction of H 2 O in the fluid phase in equilibrium with the melt was decreased from 1.0 to 0.5. New experiments on amphibole stability in melts of andesite composition show that the amphibole stability limit also decreases in temperature when mole fraction H 2 O in fluid is less than 0.5; these experiments imply that there is an isobaric temperature maximum of stability. At 5.5 kb this maximum occurs at a melt composition of 4.5 percent H 2 O for andesite composition. The maximum at 5.5 kb may be explained by a change in amphibole breakdown from an incongruent melting reaction to a dehydration reaction. Calculations in the pressure range 0–10 kb indicate that the isobaric temperature maximum of amphibole stability occurs at a mole fraction of H 2 O in the fluid phase ranging from 1.0 to 0.4, depending on total pressure. The maximum may represent either a melting or a dehydration reaction. Calculations also suggest that above 8 kb amphibole is as stable in silicate melt when the mole fraction of H 2 O in the fluid phase is 0.3 as when the mole fraction is 1.0. Such conditions affirm the possibility of hydrous partial melting of amphibole-bearing basalt in the earth's mantle to form the calc-alkaline series.
Improved synthesis of (9Z)-9,13-tetradecadien-11-ynal, the sex pheromone of the avocado seed moth, Stenoma catenifer

Abstract The terminal dienyne of (9 Z )-9,13-tetradecadien-11-ynal, the sex pheromone of the avocado seed moth, Stenoma catenifer , was constructed by coupling a vinyl iodide precursor with commercially available 1-buten-3-yne with Pd catalysis, resulting in a short and efficient synthesis of the pheromone.
Space telescope leads a new generation

The Space Telescope, approved for a space shuttle launch in 1985, will resolve visible and ultraviolet light orders of magnitude better than earth-based telescopes. Even though its aperture of 2.4 m will be less than half of the aperture of the reflector at Mt. Palomar, it is considered relatively large and immensely superior to existing orbiting telescopes. It is expected that the Space Telescope, with its freedom from thermal jitter and the hindrance of atmospheric absorption, will increase the user load on larger aperture earth-based telescopes, and construction of a new series of large telescopes is now in the planning stages. The National Academy of Sciences is expected to release shortly a report by its Astronomy Survey Committee, headed by George Field of the Harvard-Smithsonian Observatory, that will recommend building a 15-m optical-infrared ‘National Telescope’ [Phys. Today, August 1981, p. 17]. In addition, a 7.6-m single reflector is planned at the University of Texas, a 10-m segmented reflector is planned at the University of California, and the University of Arizona is experimenting with designs of a Multiple-Mirror Telescope (MMT) larger than their new 4.5 m (equivalent) MMT. All of these are larger than the Russian 6-m telescope, whose Pyrex reflector has not performed well, apparently because of gravitational sag and thermal inertial stresses.
HAWTHORNE EFFECT IN LEARNING BY INTACT CLASSES

The Hawthotne effect, named from a series of investigations conducted at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company (4), is the production of responses by subjects in an experiment which ace like those expected with an independent variable but which result from participation in an experiment (1, 2, 3). Because Hawthornerype responses are unpredictable, an uncontrolled source of variation may be introduced into an experiment should rhey be produced. This paper describes a study designed to determine the potential of producing a Hawthorne effect in a setting where intact classes of college students were subjects. Two sections of an introductory course in health education provided 42 unmarried undergraduate students; 25 were in the experimental class, 17 were controls. The proporrions of males and females in the classes were similar. Each section was taught by the same instructor; one met in early morning, the other at mid-day. The course was specifically selected because experience has shown that such students represent many subgroups of the student body. Contraceptive devices, methods and their relative efficacy were assessed by a 25item multiple-choice test. For the posttest, the order of the items and their foils were rearranged. To introduce the treatment, the subjects' awareness of their participation in an experiment, both classes were pretested under the pretext of giving the instructor information on the classes' knowledge of contraception to facilitate planning the course. The experimental group (selected by coin toss) was told that the methods to be used in teaching the unit were "a different approach that we would like to try out on this group." This information was conveyed in such a way that the instructor did not know which class was experimental during the course of the study. The contraception unit was then taught to both classes during two class periods. The materials and methods were carefully controlled and specified to minimize differences in insrtuction between classes. One week later both classes took the posttest. The mean pretest score for the experimental class was 17.0 (SD, 4.3) and 16.3 (SD, 3.5) for the control. At postrest, the mean scores for the experimental and control classes were 19.0 (SD, 2.5) and 16.9 (SD, 4.1), respectively. There was no statistical distinction between the mean scores of the classes at the pretest (t = 1.09, df = 40). At the posttest, the experimental clus mean scores were higher than those for the control class (t = 3.68, df = 40. p < .05). As students in the experimental class knew that their classroom experience was part of an experiment, their scores were expected to improve mote than those of the controls and did so. What is not certain is whether the changes in test scores can be attributed to a Hawthorne effect exclusively as time of day and class size varied. Knowledge tests were not graded. so subjects had limited academic incentive to learn the material. It seems likely that the difference between the classes at the postrest resulted from the protocol of this study.
Synthesis of Bridged Catechol-Homocysteine Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of Catechol O-Methyltransferase

Catechol derivatives, covalently joined to homocysteine bysulfide or sulfonium linkages, were synthesized as potential catechol O-methyltransferase multisubstrate inhibitors which might bridge the enzymatic binding sites for the catechol substrate and the amino acid portion of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine. These compounds were found to be less effective inhibitors than the product inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine.
Utilitarian conscience and legal fictions in Bentham

(1999). Utilitarian conscience and legal fictions in Bentham. Angelaki: Vol. 4, Judging the law, pp. 81-98.
[123I]-Celecoxib Analogues as SPECT Tracers of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Inflammation

We report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of iodinated celecoxib analogues as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-targeted single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging agents for the detection of inflammation. The structure−activity relationship identified 5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-{4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (8) as a promising compound with IC50 values of 0.05 μM against purified COX-2 and 0.03 μM against COX-2 in activated macrophages. The arylstannane of 8 undergoes facile radio-[123I]-iodination upon treatment with Na123I/NaI and chloramine T using an EtOAc/H2O two-phase system. The [123I]-8 was produced in a radiochemical yield of 85% and a radiochemical purity of 99%. In vivo SPECT imaging demonstrated that the radiotracer was taken up by inflamed rat paws with an average 1.7-fold enrichment over contralateral noninflamed paws. This study suggests that conversion of celecoxib into its isomeric iodo-[123I]-analogues is a useful approach for generating novel and...
LEGO robots and AI

This tutorial will present how instructors can incorporate LEGO robots into their AI course with minimal time, effort, and resource commitment. The tutorial will: 1) cover the principles behind using robots for knowledge-based, open-laboratory projects; 2) share the design and details of several projects; 3) work the participants through sample solutions to a few of the projects, preferably hands-on; and finally, 4) discuss alternatives to LEGO and knowledge-based projects in AI. Participants will be able to apply the tutorial materials immediately to their AI course.
Complexation and abstraction channels in the Al + CO2 reaction☆

Abstract The AI + CO 2 reaction is studied in the gas phase at 296 K by laser-induced fluorescence monitoring of Al and AlO. Pressure dependence of the effective bimolecular rate constant in the range 10–600 Torr (Ar+CO 2 ) indicates a complex formation channel yielding a stable Al·CO 2 adduct. Observation of AlO confirms the presence of an abstraction channel. A simple chemical activation mechanism is used to interpret the pressure dependence of the effective bimolecular rate constant. The activation energy for Al·CO 2 complex formation is estimated at ⪢ 1.0 kcal mol −1 , and the binding energy is estimated at ⪢ 9 kcal mol −1 .
Neural nets for modeling, optimization, and control in semiconductor manufacturing

This paper provides an overview of our recent work in the development of neural network models for optimization and control of electronic manufacturing processes. The concept of physical-neural network models and model transfer are described and demonstrated to be effective in building accurate neural network models economically. Process diagnostic techniques using multiple neural networks are reviewed and shown to be accurate for fault diagnosis. Finally, recent strategies in integration of statistical and neural network tools for process control are discussed. Several examples from electronics manufacturing such as chemical vapor deposition and fine pitch stencil printing are described to illustrate application of the basic concepts discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PCASSO: a design for secure communication of personal health information via the internet

Abstract The Internet holds both promise and peril for the communications of person-identifiable health information. Because of technical features designed to promote accessibility and interoperability rather than security, Internet addressing conventions and transport protocols are vulnerable to compromise by malicious persons and programs. In addition, most commonly used personal computer (PC) operating systems currently lack the hardware-based system software protection and process isolation that are essential for ensuring the integrity of trusted applications. Security approaches designed for electronic commerce, that trade known security weaknesses for limited financial liability, are not sufficient for personal health data, where the personal damage caused by unintentional disclosure may be far more serious. To overcome these obstacles, we are developing and evaluating an Internet-based communications system called PCASSO (Patient-centered access to secure systems online) that applies state of the art security to health information. PCASSO includes role-based access control, multi-level security, strong device and user authentication, session-specific encryption and audit trails. Unlike Internet-based electronic commerce ‘solutions,’ PCASSO secures data end-to-end: in the server; in the data repository; across the network; and on the client. PCASSO is designed to give patients as well as providers access to personal health records via the Internet.
Question 9: prospects for the construction of artificial cells or protocells.

The construction of artificial cells or protocells that are a simplified version of contemporary cells will have implications for both the understanding of the origins of cellular Life and the design of “cell-like” chemical factories. In this short communication, we discuss the progress and remaining issues related to the construction of protocells from metabolic products. We further outline the de novo design of a simple chemical system that mimics the functional properties of a living cell without being composed of molecules of biological origin, thereby addressing issues related to Life’s origins.
Warming of the arctic ice-ocean system is faster than the global average since the 1960s

[1] Model results and observations both indicate warming of the world ocean from 1955 to 2003. Forced by reanalysis data, the model also shows that the warming of the arctic ice–ocean system is faster than the global average since the 1960s; there is a small but widespread increase in heat content of the Arctic Ocean's waters and a larger increase of latent heat embodied in the ocean's decreasing ice cover. From 1966 to 2003 the modeled mean world ocean temperature in the upper 700 m increased 0.097°C and by 0.137°C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding layer of the Arctic Ocean increased 0.203°C. The warming of the world ocean is associated with an increase in global surface air temperature, downward longwave radiation, and therefore net heat flux. The faster warming of the arctic ice–ocean system is associated with an amplified increase in arctic surface air temperature, downward longwave radiation, and net heat flux.
Scope of symptoms and self-management strategies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in breast cancer patients

Purpose This study explored the self-management strategies utilized by female breast cancer patients to cope with the impact of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) symptoms. We also examined the variety of taxane-related side effects in women with and without CIPN in order to discriminate the CIPN symptom experience.
A Partition Function Algorithm for Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure Including Pseudoknots

Nucleic acid secondary structure models usually exclude pseudoknots due to the difficulty of treating these nonnested structures efficiently in structure prediction and partition function algorithms. Here, the standard secondary structure energy model is extended to include the most physically relevant pseudoknots. We describe an O(N^5) dynamic programming algorithm, where N is the length of the strand, for computing the partition function and minimum energy structure over this class of secondary structures. Hence, it is possible to determine the probability of sampling the lowest energy structure, or any other structure of particular interest. This capability motivates the use of the partition function for the design of DNA or RNA molecules for bioengineering applications.
Transcription from the P3 Promoter of the Bacillus subtilis spx Gene Is Induced in Response to Disulfide Stress

The spx gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a global regulator that controls transcription initiation in response to oxidative stress by interaction with RNA polymerase (RNAP). It is located in a dicistronic operon with the yjbC gene. The spx gene DNA complements an spx null mutation with respect to disulfide stress resistance, suggesting that spx is transcribed from a promoter located in the intergenic region of yjbC and spx. Transcription of the yjbC-spx operon has been reported to be driven by four promoters, three (P1, P2, and PB) residing upstream of yjbC and one (PM) located in the intergenic region between yjbC and spx. Primer extension analysis uncovered a second intergenic promoter, P3, from which transcription is elevated in cells treated with the thiol-specific oxidant diamide. P3 is utilized by the σA form of RNA polymerase in vitro without the involvement of a transcriptional activator. Transcriptional induction from P3 did not require an Spx-RNAP interaction and was observed in a deletion mutant lacking DNA upstream of position −40 of the P3 promoter start site. Deletion mutants with endpoints 3′ to the P3 transcriptional start site (positions +5, +15, and +30) showed near-constitutive transcription at the induced level, indicating the presence of a negative control element downstream of the P3 promoter sequence. Point mutations characterized by bgaB fusion expression and primer extension analyses uncovered evidence for a second cis-acting site in the P3 promoter sequence itself. The data indicate that spx transcription is under negative transcriptional control that is reversed when disulfide stress is encountered.
Funcionamiento psicosocial en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: Ansiedad social, alexitimia y falta de asertividad

espanolExiste una gran cantidad de informacion concluyente sobre el deficit del funcionamiento psicosocial en las pacientes con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). Objetivo: Describir la evidencia acerca de la influencia de la ansiedad social, la alexitimia y la falta de asertividad como factores predisponentes, desencadenantes y perpetuantes de la sintomatologia de los TCA y el deterioro de las conductas y/o actitudes sociales de pacientes portadoras de anorexia nerviosa y/o bulimia nerviosa. Metodo: Revision exhaustiva de la literatura especializada nacional e internacional. Resultados: La ansiedad social que puede manifestarse como fobia social (evitacion del contacto interpersonal), la alexitimia (dificultad para identificar y/o expresar sentimientos y sensaciones) que puede asociarse principalmente a la depresion y la falta de asertividad (discapacidad en la competencia social para confrontar los eventos comunicacionales) alcanzan cifras de prevalencia significativamente mas altas en las pacientes alimentarias comparadas con sujetos controles. Conclusiones: La evidencia apoya la interferencia significativa en las habilidades sociales, en el manejo terapeutico y en el desenlace de las pacientes con TCA relacionada con estas comorbilidades. Es imperativo su identificacion y abordaje clinico precoz para prevenir la aparicion de los TCA EnglishThere is a great conclusive amount of information about the deficit of psychosocial functioning in eating disordered patients. Objective: To describe the evidence on the influence of social anxiety, alexithymia and lack of assertiveness as predisposing, triggering and perpetuating factors of eating disorders (ED) symptomatology and the impairment of social behaviors and/or attitudes in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa. Method: An exhaustive review of the national and international specialized literature was made. Results: Social anxiety that may become a social phobia (avoidance of interpersonal contact), alexithymia (difficulty to identify and/or express feelings and sensations) that may be associated to depression and lack of assertiveness (discapacity in social competence to confront communicational events) reach significatively higher prevalence rates in eating disordered patients compared to control subjects. Conclusions: The evidence supports the significant interference in social skills, in the therapeutic management and in the outcome of eating disordered patients related to these comorbidities. It is imperative its early identification and clinical approach in order to prevent the emergence of ED
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in neocortical slices.

Abstract The flow of activity in the cortical microcircuitry is poorly understood. We use calcium imaging to reconstruct, with millisecond and single-cell resolution, the spontaneous activity of populations of neurons in unstimulated slices from mouse visual cortex. We find spontaneous activity correlated among networks of layer 5 pyramidal cells. Synchronous ensembles occupy overlapping territories, often share neurons, and are repeatedly activated. Sets of neurons are also sequentially activated numerous times. Network synchronization and sequential correlations are blocked by glutamatergic antagonists, even though spontaneous firing persists in many "autonomously active" neurons. This autonomous activity is periodic and depends on hyperpolarization-activated cationic (H) and persistent sodium (Na p ) currents. We conclude that the isolated neocortical microcircuit generates spontaneous activity, mediated by a combination of intrinsic and circuit mechanisms, and that this activity can be temporally precise.
The Bias Problem in Smear-and-Sweep Analysis

Abstract The usefulness of the smear-and-sweep technique as developed in The National Halothane Study is questioned because of greater-than-expected bias. The Halothane study took into account the bias inherent in smear-and-sweep, and an example was given to suggest that any remaining bias could be eliminated by an extension of the technique. However, a close reexamination of the example shows that a high degree of bias may remain. Another example is given to show that the bias does not necessarily decrease as the smear-and-sweep index is improved. Imperfection in the index variable, a contributing factor to bias, is shown to be inherent in smear-and-sweep. A set of restrictive conditions are given under which smear-and-sweep may be an appropriate technique.
Response to low-dose involved-field radiotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze response to palliative low-dose involved-field radiotherapy (LD-IF-RT) (two 2-Gy fractions), explore factors predicting for response, and determine the time course to subsequent treatment. Patients and methods: Thirty-three patients with advanced or recurrent indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) received LD-IF-RT to 43 sites. Response was assessed by physical examination and radiographic studies. Median follow-up for individual sites was 14 months. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate prognostic factors for response and in-field progression. Results: Overall response was 95%. Thirty-six sites (84%) had a complete response (CR), five sites (12%) had a partial response, and two sites (5%) had progressive disease. The CR rate of head and neck sites was significantly higher than that of pelvic and/or inguinofemoral sites (95% versus 64%, P = 0.04). The CR rate was significantly higher for sites ≤40 mm than for sites >40 mm (90% versus 56%, P = 0.04). Ten sites (23%) had in-field progression diagnosed at a median of 9 months. Sixteen patients (48%) received systemic treatment at a median of 8 months. Fourteen patients (42%) did not require additional treatment. Conclusions: LD-IF-RT for selected NHL subtypes has excellent local CR and in-field control rates and may postpone the need for systemic therapy.
Migration of Phosphatides in Processing Dairy Products

Summary The effect of stirring, pasteurization, homogenization, and condensing on the migration of the phosphatides from the fat globule membrane to the skimmilk has been studied. Any form of agitation apparently causes a migration. The greatest change in the distribution of the phosphatides occurs during condensing, where the turbulence encountered is great and prolonged. Homogenization at or below 2,000 p.s.i. causes a migration of phosphatides away from the fat globule surface, but at higher pressures the migration is reversed until at a pressure of 8,000 p.s.i. the amount of phosphatide associated with the fat phase is approximately equal to that in the untreated milk.
Comparative efficacy of parenteral histamine (H2)-antagonists in acid suppression for the prevention of stress ulceration

Stress-related mucosal damage is related to a high intraluminal hydrogen ion concentration, a low intramural pH value, and a breakdown of the gastric mucosal barrier. Because the presence of gastric acid is required for stress-related mucosal damage to occur, therapy aimed at increasing intraluminal pH values has often been used as prophylaxis against complications. The amount of acid suppression required for adequate prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding from stress-related mucosal damage has not been determined, but many investigators use a target gastric pH level of 3.5 to 4.0. When intravenous histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists are given in bolus dosing regimens to critically ill patients, fluctuations in gastric pH values are often observed, as might be expected. However, recent studies with primed continuous infusion of cimetidine in critically ill patients have demonstrated that consistent elevation of gastric pH to 4.0 may be attained with this regimen. Studies with continuous infusions of ranitidine are less conclusive; little information is available on famotidine.
Deep divisions in the Tree of Life--what does the fossil record reveal?

Accurate dating of the antiquity of the major biologic lineages has been a long-standing goal in Precambrian paleobiology (1, 2, 3). This is a young field, however, and the early fossil record is too incompletely known to provide precise answers. Moreover, even in the best circumstances, fossils and associated geological and geochemical indicators of biologic activity (that is, “paleobiologic” evidence) can establish only a minimum age for a lineage, not how much earlier the lineage actually existed. Bearing these caveats in mind, data currently available indicate that stromatolitic microbial ecosystems, evidently including cyanobacteria and other members of the bacterial domain, were extant -3500 Ma ago (4, 5); methanogenic archaeans by -2800 Ma ago (6, 7); and gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria as early as -2700 Ma ago (8) and possibly earlier (9).
A method for analyzing center of pressure during manual wheelchair propulsion

Little published information is available on joint kinetics during wheelchair propulsion. This is partially due to the lack of appropriate instrumentation and techniques. Biomechanical-mechanical techniques may be developed to assist in the amelioration of upper extremity pain among wheelchair users, Elbow, wrist, and hand pain have been reported to exist among 16, 13, and 11% of manual wheelchair users, respectively. This paper focuses on methods for determining the location of the pushrim center of pressure during wheelchair propulsion. Wheelchair propulsion is accomplished by bilateral simultaneous repetitive motion of the upper extremities. The pushrim is grasped or struck and pushed downward and forward, in turn, rotating the wheels. During the propulsive phase, the hand is capable of exerting a three-dimensional moment against the pushrim. The moments and forces exerted on the pushrim were measured by a specialized wheelchair wheel, the SMART/sup wheel/. The center of pressure (COP) for the upper extremities is found in three planes parallel to the frontal, sagittal, and transverse anatomical planes, This calculation of the COP is analogous to the calculation of the COP for lower extremity gait analysis using a force plate. One difference is that the hand has the ability to pull on the pushrim and, therefore, the upper extremity COP does not necessarily reside within the projection of the hand. Another difference is that with a force plate, there is only one plane of interest (the plane of the force plate), and three are used for the complete analysis of the upper extremity. Kinetic data were collected using the SMART/sup Wheel/ from three subjects who are wheelchair users. Kinematic data were also collected concurrently using a PEEKS video analysis system. Graphs of the COP from the sagittal plane show great variability, which is probably due to the low medial-lateral forces exerted against the pushrim. Frontal COP graphs show less variability and indicate that with these three subjects the line of action for the anterior-posterior force component is located between 10 and 15 cm lateral to the pushrim and a variable distance above or below the location of the 2nd metacarpal-phalangeal joint. Future studies with more subjects may show force offset to be a modality in the cause of carpal-tunnel syndrome.
Diagnostics and Prognostics of Electric Cables in Nuclear Power Plants via Joint Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry

Defective cables in the electric power systems of nuclear power plants can cause a component to fail, resulting in potential safety concerns. Due to this problem, a non-destructive, non-intrusive condition assessment technique is highly desirable. Joint time-frequency domain reflectometry (JTFDR) is proposed and verified to be effective for cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable, which serves critical instrumentation and control operations in nuclear power plants. The experimental results demonstrate and verify the ability of JTFDR to effectively detect and locate incipient defects with high accuracy and to monitor the aging process of the cables to predict both future defects and the remaining service life of the cables.
Heterogeneous Task Scheduling for Accelerated OpenMP

Heterogeneous systems with CPUs and computational accelerators such as GPUs, FPGAs or the upcoming Intel MIC are becoming mainstream. In these systems, peak performance includes the performance of not just the CPUs but also all available accelerators. In spite of this fact, the majority of programming models for heterogeneous computing focus on only one of these. With the development of Accelerated Open MP for GPUs, both from PGI and Cray, we have a clear path to extend traditional Open MP applications incrementally to use GPUs. The extensions are geared toward switching from CPU parallelism to GPU parallelism. However they do not preserve the former while adding the latter. Thus computational potential is wasted since either the CPU cores or the GPU cores are left idle. Our goal is to create a runtime system that can intelligently divide an accelerated Open MP region across all available resources automatically. This paper presents our proof-of-concept runtime system for dynamic task scheduling across CPUs and GPUs. Further, we motivate the addition of this system into the proposed Open MP for Accelerators standard. Finally, we show that this option can produce as much as a two-fold performance improvement over using either the CPU or GPU alone.
Millimeter Wave Spectroscopic Components

The very rapid development of the field of microwave electronics from the late 1930's to the present has opened up the region of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between the "radio" region and the infrared region. It is not generally realized, however, that these recent developments were by no means the earliest work in the field of centimeter and millimeter waves --- for example, Heinrich Hertz published in 1889 a description of the apparatus with which he generated and detected radiation of approximately 50 cm wavelength. In 1893-94 the Italian scientist, Righi, conducted experiments at even shorter wavelengths, and in 1923 the Americans, Nichols and Tear, published results of experiments covering the entire region from 50 mm to 0.22 mm --- from 5 kMc to 1300 kMc! Using small tungsten spark gaps, paraffin lenses, an eschellete grating, and a thermal-type detector they were able to prove experimentally the complete equivalence of "radio" and "infrared" radiation, thus closing the gap which had existed between the two.
Structural studies of the metal-rich region in the ternary Ta-Nb-S system

Six new solid solution type compounds have been prepared using high temperature techniques and characterized by means of single crystal x-ray techniques during a study of the metal-rich region of the ternary Ta-Nb-S system. The structures of Nb{sub x}Ta{sub 11-x}S{sub 4} are reminiscent of niobium-rich sulfides, rather than of tantalum-rich sulfides. The coordinations of sulfur are capped trigonal prismatic while the metal coordinations are capped distorted cubic prismatic for Nb{sub x}Ta{sub 11-x}S{sub 4}, and capped distorted cubic prismatic and pentagonal prismatic for Nb{sub 12-x}Ta{sub x}S{sub 4}. The structures of Nb{sub x}Ta{sub 5-x}S{sub 2} contain homoatomic layers sequenced S-M3-M2-M1-M2-M3-S (M is mixed Nb, Ta) generating six-layer sheets, respectively. Weak S-S interactions at 3.26 and 3.19{Angstrom} between sheets contrast with the M-M binding within and between the sheets in these two novel layered compounds. The former are presumably responsible for the observed graphitic slippage of the samples. Nb{sub 21-x}Ta{sub x}S{sub 8} and Nb{sub x}Ta{sub 2-x}S are isostructural with Nb{sub 21}S{sub 8} and Ta{sub 2}S, respectively. Extended Hueckel band calculations were carried out for two layered compounds, Nb{sub x}Ta{sub 5-x}S{sub 2} (x {approx} 1.72) and Nb{sub x}ta{sub 2-x}S (x {approx} 0.95). Based upon band calculations metallic properties can be expected for these twomore » layered compounds. The relative preference of the metal sites for the two metal elements (Ta, Nb) in two layered compounds is explained by the results of the band calculations. 17 figs., 31 tabs., 80 refs.« less
From Models to Measurements: Comparing Downed Dead Wood Carbon Stock Estimates in the U.S. Forest Inventory

The inventory and monitoring of coarse woody debris (CWD) carbon (C) stocks is an essential component of any comprehensive National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI). Due to the expense and difficulty associated with conducting field inventories of CWD pools, CWD C stocks are often modeled as a function of more commonly measured stand attributes such as live tree C density. In order to assess potential benefits of adopting a field-based inventory of CWD C stocks in lieu of the current model-based approach, a national inventory of downed dead wood C across the U.S. was compared to estimates calculated from models associated with the U.S.’s NGHGI and used in the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program. The model-based population estimate of C stocks for CWD (i.e., pieces and slash piles) in the conterminous U.S. was 9 percent (145.1 Tg) greater than the field-based estimate. The relatively small absolute difference was driven by contrasting results for each CWD component. The model-based population estimate of C stocks from CWD pieces was 17 percent (230.3 Tg) greater than the field-based estimate, while the model-based estimate of C stocks from CWD slash piles was 27 percent (85.2 Tg) smaller than the field-based estimate. In general, models overestimated the C density per-unit-area from slash piles early in stand development and underestimated the C density from CWD pieces in young stands. This resulted in significant differences in CWD C stocks by region and ownership. The disparity in estimates across spatial scales illustrates the complexity in estimating CWD C in a NGHGI. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the U.S. adopt field-based estimates of CWD C stocks as a component of its NGHGI to both reduce the uncertainty within the inventory and improve the sensitivity to potential management and climate change events.
Multimodality in the individual size distributions of bird communities

Aim Body size often plays a significant role in community assembly through its impacts on the life history and ecological attributes of species. Insight into the importance of size in structuring communities can be gained by examining the distribution of sizes of individuals [i.e.the individual size distribution (ISD) or size spectrum] in a community. ISDs have been studied extensively in aquatic and tree communities, but have received little attention in terrestrial animal communities. Here, we conduct the first macroecological analysis of ISDs in terrestrial animal communities to determine whether they show broad-scale consistency in shape. Location North America, north of Mexico. Methods Using likelihood-based methods and Gaussian mixture modelling, coupled with data from the Breeding Bird Survey and Christmas Bird Count, we determine whether the ISDs for thousands of breeding and wintering North American bird communities are: (1) monotonically decreasing, (2) unimodal or (3) multimodal. Results We find that avian ISDs are consistently multimodal, with most characterized by more than five modes in both breeding and wintering communities from local to continental scales. In addition, the positions of these modes along the size axis are remarkably consistent. Main conclusions The striking consistency in the ISD within bird communities, as with tree and aquatic communities, indicates that the ISD is an important and informative characterization of resource utilization within an ecological assemblage. The differences in shape of the ISD among these groups also suggest that differences in body size-related constraints affect interactions within a group and with the environment.Our results confirm that avian assemblages do exhibit structure along the body size axis, and therefore it will be fruitful to explore this pattern in greater detail.
Topics of Stress and Abuse in Picture Books for Children

Numerous children face abuse at home and in the workplace. These situations of domestic and societal abuse are found depicted in children’s books for younger and younger ages. This manuscript examines books in several genres, both fiction and non-fiction. The books are analyzed for the quality of the writing, the depiction of an authentic story, the presence of a message of hope and the ability of the story to be used to promote sympathy and activism on the part of children. Ideas are suggested for using these books in primary classrooms.
Safety Hazards in Households with Young Children

Interviewed 230 mothers of young children concerning in-home observations of safety hazards related to burns, poisoning, and falls, and self-reported measures of maternal supervision, locus of control, social support, and safety attitudes. These were supplemented by measures of mothers' risk perceptions, stress and coping, their child's previous injury experience, and indicators of the family's socioeconomic status (SES) collected by telephone survey. SES was an important predictor of observed home hazards. Child-related variables, risk perceptions, and domain-specific attitudes had little influence on home hazards. Maternal supervisory style, rated on dimensions of protectiveness, was an important correlate of all types of household hazards. Results suggest that residential injury prevention strategies for young children should stress active as well as passive countermeasures. Language: en
Inactivation of class I fructose diphosphate aldolases by the substrate analog N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate.

Abstract N-Bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate, prepared by the bromoacetylation of ethanolamine phosphate, has been tested as an active site-specific reagent for rabbit and rat muscle fructose diphosphate aldolases. The reagent inactivates both enzymes, and inactivation is prevented by substrates or competitive inhibitors. Loss of activity is pseudo-first order until the later stages of inactivation, and a rate-saturation effect is observed as the reagent concentration is increased. The stoichiometry of the reaction has been determined with 14C-labeled reagent. Inactivated enzyme contains 2 to 2.5 molar eq of reagent per mole of aldolase subunit, whereas the enzyme modified in the presence of a competitive inhibitor contains only 1 to 1.5 eq of reagent. Thus, alterations in the catalytic properties of aldolase that accompany its modification apparently reflect the alkylation of a single, essential residue. Characterization of the protein derivatives reveals that the preservation of enzymatic activity is due primarily to the protection of a histidyl residue. This observation supports earlier evidence for the involvement of a histidyl residue in aldolase activity.
Burst mode carrier synchronization with digital phase-locked loops

The authors propose a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) based on stochastic approximation for burst mode synchronization. This loop contains a time-decreasing gain term and provides rapid acquisition and significant noise immunity. An acquisition analysis is presented and shows that the modified loop greatly improves the acquisition performance. The reason that the modified loop performs so well is that the time-varying gain eliminates the hangup anomaly in the DPLL. Architectures are proposed for both a known start of burst and a start of burst with some associated randomness. The performance of these architectures is partially analyzed. >
Total evaporation method for uranium isotope-amount ratio measurements

Total evaporation (TE) is an analysis technique for the measurement of uranium isotopic abundance ratios using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). A small mass dependent bias observed in this analytical technique is determined by an external correction factor using well characterized standards (most often certified reference materials, CRMs). The technique had been demonstrated to be highly precise and accurate for major isotope-amount ratio measurements of uranium and plutonium. We compare the performance of the TE analytical technique for uranium isotope ratio measurements on two TIMS instruments (TRITON and MAT261) using well characterized CRMs from NBL and investigate the dependence of the instrumental mass bias on the amount of sample analyzed. It is concluded that the mass bias during a TIMS uranium isotopic analysis by TE is independent of the amount of material analyzed. Unlike the major ratio, minor isotope ratio measurements by TE are biased high due to peak-tailing from the major isotopes. The biases in the minor isotope ratio data using TE are evaluated using well characterized NBL CRMs.
Collaborative Commentary: Opening Up Spoken Language Databases

We define collaborative commentary as the involvement of a research community in the interpretive annotation of electronic records. The goal of this process is the evaluation of competing theoretical claims. The process requires commentators to link their comments and related evidentiary materials to specific segments of either transcripts or electronic media. Here, we examine current work in the construction of technical methods for facilitating collaborative commentary through browser technology. To illustrate the relevance of this approach, we examine seven spoken language database projects that have reached a level of web-based publication that makes them good candidates as targets of collaborative commentary technology. For each database, we show how collaborative commentary can advance the relevant research agendas.
Pluralism and Distrust: How Courts Can Support Democracy by Lowering the Stakes of Politics

I. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND REPRESENTATION REINFORCEMENT THEORY 1284 A. Women’s Rights 1285 B. White People’s Rights 1288 C. Gay Rights—and Beyond 1289
Multivariate fracture intensity prediction: Application to Oil Mountain anticline, Wyoming

The geometric characteristics of natural fractures significantly impact the hydraulic behavior of fractured reservoirs. Prediction of fracture geometry is therefore important for reservoir development decisions and production forecasting. Although many geometric, kinematic, mechanical, geomechanical, petrophysical, sedimentary, and geophysical attributes correlate to fracture intensity, typically, only the attribute with the highest absolute value correlation is chosen to be carried forward to influence prediction. We employ a geostatistical Bayesian updating approach that quantitatively accounts for multiple important attributes together impacting fracture geometry prediction. The resulting models are more representative of the true geological complexity. This methodology is applied to the Oil Mountain anticline outcrop near Casper, Wyoming.
Sequestration of aggregated LDL by macrophages studied with freeze-etch electron microscopy.

The detailed morphology of macrophages involved in the uptake and intracellular processing of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and, ultimately, formation of macrophage-derived foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions has long fascinated investigators. This study examined localization of LDL in subcellular compartments of macrophage-derived intimal foam cells in cardiac valves isolated from rabbits by diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and, as an in vitro model of formation of foam cells, in cultured human monocyte-macrophages incubated for 2–120 h with aggregated LDL produced by vortexing or phospholipase C lipolysis. The quasi-three-dimensional morphology of macrophages involved in endocytosis was preserved by ultrarapid freezing and freeze-etch microscopy in conjunction with thin-section electron microscopy. This approach produced unique images of subcellular compartments in human monocyte-macrophages involved in the uptake and processing of aggregated LDL with a clarity not previously reported. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analyses revealed a complex network of coated and uncoated vesicles, surface-connected saclike compartments, and endosomal/lysosomal compartments including the labyrinth of vesicular/tubular lysosomes all enmeshed in the microtubular, microfilament cytoskeletal network. These dynamic views of subcellular structures at the high resolution of the electron microscope provide an additional framework to better understand how lipoprotein particles are transported into, and processed within, macrophages during foam cell formation in atherogenesis. —Haberland, M. E., G. Mottino, M. Le, and J. S. Frank. Sequestration of aggregated LDL by macrophages studied with freeze-etch electron microscopy. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 605–619.
North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer

Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB), an alien invasive wood-boring buprestid beetle, is causing large-scale decline and mortality of the most widely distributed species of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees endemic to eastern North America. We determined which arthropod species that are associated with ash may become threatened, endangered, and co-extinct with the demise of ash as a dominant tree species. A literature survey revealed that 43 native arthropod species in six taxonomic groups (Arachnida: Acari; Hexapoda: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera) are known to be associated only with ash trees for either feeding or breeding purposes, and thus face high risk of endangerment. Most of these species are gall-formers followed by folivores, subcortical phloem/xylem feeders, sap feeders, and seed predators. Another 30 arthropod species are associated with 1-2 host plants in addition to ash, and herbivory on these hosts may increase as these arthropods shift from declining ash trees. Extirpation of arthropods depen- dent upon ash may unleash multiple extinctions of affiliated species with which they may be inextricably linked. The demise of North American ash species due to EAB is expected to lead to biotic loss with cascading ecological impacts and altered processes within forested ecosystems.
Haemothorax from aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign bone tumour characterised by rapidly expanding osteolysis. The nomenclature was proposed by Jaffe and Lichtenstein (1942), who also determined the nature of the lesion. Between 9% and 12% of all aneurysmal bone cysts occur in the spine (Campanacci, Capanna and Picci 1986), presenting with back pain and symptoms resulting from cord or root compression and from vertebral collapse. Haemothorax is an unusual presentation and to our knowledge has never been reported in the English literature. Case report. A nine-year-old girl presented with a onemonth history of increasing dyspnoea and dull upper back pain, radiating to the left hemithorax. Radiographs showed a large quantity of fluid in the left pleural cavity (Fig. 1). This was drained and 1500 ml of haemorrhagic fluid was removed ; histologically there was no evidence of malignancy. Further radiographs indicated a tumour mass in the left superior and posterior part of the mediastinum and a CT scan showed a cystic lesion involving the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra (Fig. 2). Over the next six days, recurrence of the haemo