cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among dairy workers.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) among dairy workers. Methods Sixty-six dairy parlor workers and 58 non-parlor workers at dairies in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado participated in structured interviews regarding demographics, work history, and hand symptoms. All participants had nerve conduction studies performed on both hands across the carpal tunnel. A CTS case definition was based on the presence of characteristic CTS symptoms and an abnormal median mononeuropathy across the carpal tunnel. Results The prevalence of CTS among the dairy parlor workers was 16.6% and 3.6% among non-parlor workers. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) with an odds ratio of 5.3, CI (1.1–25.5). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that CTS is a significant challenge for dairy parlor workers. The prevalence of CTS was found to be significantly higher among dairy workers performing tasks in the milking parlor as opposed to workers performing tasks in other areas of the dairy farm. The results emphasize the need for administrative and engineering controls to limit the exposure to physical risk factors that are associated with upper limb disorders such as CTS. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:127–135, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abducens nerve signals controlling saccadic eye movements in the cat.

Summary The details of the dynamic behavior of the neural activity as recorded from single units in the abducens nucleus in the cat during an induced nystagmoid pattern of eye movement are investigated. Cellular discharge patterns are found to be temporally associated with both the fast and slow phase portions of the eye movement as found in previous studies. The temporal relationship between the fast phase associated cellular activity and eye movement indicate that: (1) an average of approximately 30 msec is needed after the arrival of the first action potential to initiate a saccade; and (2) cellular discharge duration is equal to saccadic eye movement duration plus 37 msec. Average instantaneous pulse frequency profiles representing neural control signals are obtained from the unit activity temporally associated with the saccadic portion of the eye movement. A preliminary analysis is made of the dynamic characteristics of these neural control signals leading to confirmation of previously hypothesized saccadic control signals with rapid rise times.
Age-related changes in renal metabolism of acetaminophen in male Fischer 344 rats

Male Fischer 344 rats classified as young (2–4 months), middle age (12–15 months) and aged (22–25 months) were examined for changes in renal metabolism of acetaminophen. Renal microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels were 30% and 48% lower in middle age and aged animals, respectively, compared to young; however, no age-related changes were observed in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Renal mixed-function oxidase production of the reactive intermediate of acetaminophen was reduced 50% in aged rats. The deacetylation of acetaminophen to the nephrotoxic metabolite p-aminophenol by the renal 10,000 × g supernatant fraction was not changed by age. Thus, p-aminophenol becomes the proportionately greater nephrotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen produced by the aged rat kidney. Whole kidney reduced and oxidized glutathione content tended to be higher in aged rats, while glutathione S-transferase activity was 46% lower in aged animals. These results demonstrate that age alters several indices of renal metabolism of acetaminophen in male Fischer 344 rats.
Ethylene as a dosimeter at high pressures, temperatures and dose rates

Abstract Primary hydrogen production from the radiolysis of ethylene has been used successfully as a dosimeter in the beam tube of a 5 MW nuclear reactor. C.P. grade ethylene, with an initial hydrogen content of 0.07%, is as satisfactory as research grade ethylene. G -value for hydrogen production ( G H2 ) is 1.2±0.1—independent of pressures up to 200 psig and temperatures up to 120°C. Past work has shown that G H2 is also independent of dose rate in the region investigated.
Uptake, metabolism and discharge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine fish

The uptake, metabolism and discharge of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 14C-naphthalene and 3H-3,4-benzopyrene, were studied in 3 species of marine fish (mudsucker or sand goby, Gillichthys mirabilis; sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus; sand dab, Citharichthys stigmaeus). The path of hydrocarbons through the fish included entrance through the gills, metabolism by the liver, transfer of hydrocarbons and their metabolites to the bile, and, finally, excretion. The gall bladder was a major storage site of labeled hydrocarbons and their metabolites. The major product of 2H-3,4-benzypyrene metabolism was tentatively identified as 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzopyrene. The 14C-naphthalene was metabolized to 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene after 24 h exposure. The urine appeared to the major avenne for discharge of labeled hydrocarbon from the body. Our laboratory results indicated that certain polycyelic aromatic hydrocarbons were rapidly taken up from seawater by the above fish, but detoxification mechanisms existed for efficient removal of these compounds from their body tissues.
Moderate resistance training and vascular health in overweight women.

Purpose: Impaired endothelial function has been implicated as an initial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aerobic exercise improves vascular function and reduces risk of CVD morbidity and mortality; however, the effects of resistance training on vascular function remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of 1 yr of resistance training (RT) on vascular structure and function in overweight but otherwise healthy eumenorrheic women. Methods: Study participants consisted of 30 (15 control, 15 RT) overweight (BMI > 25 kg·m-2) women, aged 24-44 yr, studied before and after a 1-yr RT intervention. Vascular structure and function were assessed via noninvasive ultrasound imaging of the carotid and brachial arteries, respectively. Body composition, blood pressure, and fasting blood lipids and glucose also were measured. Results: The RT group demonstrated a significant mean improvement in one-repetition maximum bench press following 1 yr of RT (P < 0.05). There also was a significant increase in lean body mass in the RT group compared with the control group (P = 0.04). There were no training-associated changes in blood pressure, fasting blood lipids, glucose, or insulin levels. Although there was no change in carotid artery intimamedia thickness, peak flow-mediated dilation significantly improved in the RT group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The principal significant finding in this study was the initial demonstration that RT alone can improve brachial artery endothelial function in overweight eumenorrheic women.
A Perturbative Treatment of Aerosol Scattering of Infrared Radiation

Calculations of long-wave atmospheric heating and cooling rates using the rate equations of Rodgers and Walshaw (1966) with the Malkmus (1967) random band model are presented. A perturbation scheme is developed for the inclusion of aerosol scattering effects in the numerical calculation. Unlike the flux differencing method for calculating long-wave heating and cooling rates, this scheme allows aerosol effects to be included in a simple manner with only a small additional use of computer time. The calculations indicate good agreement with those of previous investigators and demonstrate the expected equivalence of the flux-differencing method and the flux-divergence equation of Rodgers and Walshaw (1966), even at stratospheric altitudes. It is found that aerosols lead to a net heating in the lower troposphere due to infrared scattering and absorption.
Preferential pericentric lesions and aneuploidy induced in mouse oocytes by the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide.

Etoposide (VP-16) is used as an antineoplastic drug in humans. It inhibits topoisomerase II (topo II) activity by forming a ternary complex (DNA-etoposide-topo II). This complex prevents the DNA-strand rejoining activity of topo II, which results in DNA-strand breaks and the formation of structural chromosome aberrations. Topo II activity is also required for removing regions of DNA catenation prior to chromosome segregation. The possibility exists that patients undergoing etoposide chemotherapy may incur genetic damage and, consequently, may be at a greater risk for developing secondary tumors and having genetically abnormal offspring. We studied the ability of etoposide for inducing both structural chromosome aberrations and aneuploidy in mouse oocytes. Different dosages of etoposide were given to female mice at various times before and after human choronic gonadotrophin injection, and ovulated oocytes were collected 17 h later. The proportions of chromatid acentric fragments and of hyperploid metaphase II oocytes were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the etoposide groups than in concurrent controls. These results indicate that both structural and numerical aberrations can be induced without direct interaction with DNA or with the various organelles associated with chromosome segregation. Additionally, unlike other compounds (vinblastine, colchicine, benomyl, and griseofulvin) that induce both meiotic delay (ovulated metaphase I oocytes and polyploidy) and aneuploidy, etoposide did not cause meiotic delay in oocyte maturation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CHOLESTEROL AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for women. Early studies suggested that CHD was more benign in women than in men. These early studies resulted in limited availability of studies of coronary risk prevention and lipid lowering on women. The realization that women are at high risk for CHD events, however, has led to increased data on the benefit of risk prevention and cholesterol lowering in women. Current data support recommendations for aggressive lipid lowering in women with existing CHD, or who are at risk for developing CHD.
Transitory effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on fine root dynamics in an arid ecosystem do not increase long‐term soil carbon input from fine root litter

Summary •Experimental increases in atmospheric CO2 often increase root production over time, potentially increasing soil carbon (C) sequestration. •Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on fine root dynamics in a Mojave desert ecosystem were examined for the last 4.5 yr of a long-term (10-yr) free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study at the Nevada desert FACE facility (NDFF). Sets of minirhizotron tubes were installed at the beginning of the NDFF experiment to characterize rooting dynamics of the dominant shrub Larrea tridentata, the codominant shrub Ambrosia dumosa and the plant community as a whole. •Although significant treatment effects occurred sporadically for some fine root measurements, differences were transitory and often in opposite directions during other time-periods. Nonetheless, earlier root growth under elevated CO2 helped sustain increased assimilation and shoot growth. •Overall CO2 treatment effects on fine root standing crop, production, loss, turnover, persistence and depth distribution were not significant for all sampling locations. These results were similar to those that occurred near the beginning of the NDFF experiment but unlike those in other ecosystems. Thus, increased C input into soils is unlikely to occur from fine root litter under elevated atmospheric CO2 in this arid ecosystem.
Diagnosis of Short-Circuit Faults in Combinational Circuits

Most work on diagnosis of digital circuits has concentrated on the model of stuck-type faults. Although these faults are probably the most important class of faults, other types of faults do occur in practice and the occurrence of these other faults may affect the diagnosis of stuck-type faults. In this correspondence we consider the problems associated with detection of two other fault models, shorted diode and input Bridge faults, both corresponding to shorts. We present procedures for generating tests for stuck-type faults which also detect these other faults if they are detectable. Unlike stuck-type faults, the presence of undetectable short-circuit faults does not imply that the circuit can be simplified by removing inputs or gates. Undetectability of short-type faults corresponds to the ability to move fan-out points from an input to an output of a gate without changing the function realized by the circuit. Elimination of this type of redundancy does not necessarily lead to a simplified circuit.
Oxygen atom transfer in the reaction between hexakis(dimethyl-tert-butylsiloxy)ditungsten and nitric oxide. A remarkable difference in the reactivity of the tungsten-tungsten triple bond as a function of the attendant ligands: ButO versus ButMe2SiO

Abstract The siloxy complex W2(OSiMe2But)6 (I) and NO react in hydrocarbon solvents in the presence of pyridine (py) to give the oxo tungsten compounds W(O)(OSiMe2But)4(py) (II), W2(O)4(OSiMe2But)4(py)2 (III) and W(NO)(OSiMe2But)3(py)2 (IV). The relative amounts of the oxo compounds II and III to the nitrosyl complex IV depends upon the reaction temperature with low temperatures (−72 °C) favoring the nitrosyl derivative IV. An intermediate in the reaction is formulated as W2(μ-O)(OSiMe2But)6(py)2 and is formed along with N2O after the coupling of two nitrosyl ligands. The N2O liberated in the reaction is then also active in oxygen atom transfer to yield II and III along with N2. Compounds II, III and IV are inert with respect to further reactions with NO and N2O under the conditions leading to their formation. An alternative synthesis of IV involves the reaction between W(NO)(OBut)3(py) and ButMe2SiOH (3 equiv.) in the presence of pyridine. Compounds II, III and IV have been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Reactions employing 15N18O have been monitored by 15N NMR spectroscopy and the products analyzed by mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. Compound II contains a distorted octahedral geometry about tungsten with trans oxo and pyridine ligands: WO=1.68(1), WO(siloxide)=1.90(1) (av.), WN=2.44(1) A. Compound III involves an edge-shared bioctahedron with terminal and bridging oxo ligands: WO(oxo)=1.72(1), Wμ-oxo=1.95(1) (av.), WO(siloxide)=1.89(1) (av.) and WN=2.42(1) A. Compound IV is pseudo-octahedral with trans nitrosyl and pyridine ligands: WN(nitrosyl)=1.74(1), WN(pyridine-trans)=2.34(1), WN(pyridine-cis)=2.29(1), WO=1.59(1) (av.) A. A derivative of the intermediate W2(μ-O)(OSiMe2But)6(py)2 was characterized by X-ray crystallography as W2(μ-O)(μ-OBut)(OSiMe2But)5(py)2 (V). Compound V contains bridging oxo and t-butoxide ligands that span a formal tungsten-tungsten double bond, WW=2.488(1) A. In contrast to the above Mo2(OSiMe2But)6 (VI) (made by the addition of ButMe2SiOH (6 equiv.) to Mo2(OBut)6) and NO (>2 equiv.) react in hydrocarbon solutions to give [Mo(NO)(OSiMe2But)3]2 (VII), an analogue of the previously structurally characterized compound [Mo(NO)(OBut)3]2 that contains a centrosymmetric (ON)(O2M(μ- O)2MO2(NO) skeleton with a linear MNO moiety and no MM bond. Crystallographic data for the compounds: II: space group P 1 , a=17.414(5), b=22.679(7), c=11.519(3) A, α=99.77(2), β=102.15(2), γ=108.13(1)°, V=4089.00 A3, Z=4; III: space group P 1 , a=10.708(3), b=12.469(4), c=10.185(3) A, α=107.44(1), β=111.56(1), γ=90.53(2)°, V=1195.75 A3, Z=1; IV: space group P21/c, a=14.049(3), b=10.832(2), c=24.807(5) A, β=102.00(1)°, V=3692.74 A3, Z=4; V: space group P 1 , a=14.881(3), b=17.245(3), c=12.830 A, α=91.20(1), β=102.23(1), γ=76.34(1)°, V=3125.26 A3, Z=2.
Auditor Lobbying for Accounting Standards: The Case of Banks and Savings and Loan Associations

Abstract This study examines auditor lobbying on seven proposed US accounting standards which affect banks and savings and loan associations. Evidence is provided in support of the Watts and Zimmerman (1982, 1986) theory on auditor lobbying. Watts and Zimmerman (WZ) hypothesise that auditor lobbying is a function of the client-manager position and a set of wealth effect variables. These variables may provide an incentive for auditors to disagree with their clients on proposed accounting issues. The WZ model is modified by including an audit risk variable. Results show that the model is statistically significant and that the identified wealth and audit risk effects are significant explanatory variables of auditor lobbying behaviour.
Development of usable and accessible Web-portals using W3C standards

In this paper, we are going to analyse a specific re-design of a system that offers course-listing services for university students and faculty members. The guidelines identified within this paper shall moreover be useful for any interactive Web site that involves user registrations and searching features within static fields of a database.
Married Mothers' Perceptions of Their Premature or Term Infants and the Quality of Their Relationships with Their Husbands

Twenty‐eight mothers of premature infants and 37 mothers of term infants were examined for their perceptions of their infants and of their relationships with their husbands at two to four postpartum days and at six to eight postpartum weeks. The mothers tended to perceive their infants positively, whether or not the infants were born prematurely. Preterm mothers who compared their infants to an average premature infant were more positive than term mothers who compared their infants to an average term infant. An association was not found in either group between mothers' perceptions of their infants and of the quality of their relationships with their husbands. However, mothers with negative perceptions of their infants also tended to have difficult marriages.
Exact treatment of the dwba by analytic means for particle transfer between heavy ions

Abstract The Fourier-Bessel expansion is utilized for the exact evaluation of the DWBA amplitude in transfer reactions. The partial wave radial components of the elastic scattering wave function in the outgoing channel and one of the bound-state wave functions of the transferred particle are expanded in terms of a complete set of spherical Bessel functions over a finite interval. For a radial wave function of a given angular momentum, the basis is chosen to be a complete set of spherical Bessel functions of the same angular momentum, so that the addition theorem for the product of spherical Bessel function and spherical harmonic can be utilized. It is shown that the method proposed has the distinct advantage that the recoil angular momentum appears as a natural expansion parameter, and that the various approximate methods can be retrieved as simple limits of the exact expression. The method is applied to the transfer of a single nucleon or a cluster, and to the transfer of several nucleons.
Does maternal responding imply reduced infant crying? A critique of the 1972 Bell and Ainsworth report.

GEWIRTZ, JACOB L., and BOYD, ELIZABETH F. Does Maternal Responding Imply Reduced Infant Crying? A Critique of the 1972 Bell and Ainsworth Report. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1200-1207. An examination was made of the published rank correlations (p's) from which Bell and Ainsworth concluded that mothers who responded more consistently and promptly to their infants' crying in earlier quarters of the first year had infants who cried less often and long in later quarters of that year. Technical limitations critically restrict interpretations of those p's: (a) intercorrelations were of intrinsically contingent measures; (b) the overlapping, dependent intercorrelations were correlated within and between matrices, with unknown Type I error levels; and (c) there were no statistical controls for likely antecedent and concurrent determinants of the 2 outcome-variable sets. Apart from these technical concerns, Bell and Ainsworth's assumption that maternal responding to crying is the inverse of maternal ignoring of crying and their main conclusions from the between-quarter correlations that depended on it were questioned on the bases of (a) the defined independence between the maternal responding and ignoring variables, (b) the positive within-quarter pattern of correlation between them, and (c) the failure to present between-quarter correlations between maternal responding and infant crying. At the same time, Bell and Ainsworth's data were remote from the level of detail required by an operant-learning account (to which, nevertheless, many have referred them). Under such a learning account, various outcomes would be plausible, including the outcome Bell and Ainsworth emphasized. It was concluded that Bell and Ainsworth's main conclusion, that maternal responding implied a reduction in infant crying, was not supported by their data.
Surface Plasmas Versus Volume Plasma: Energy Deposition and Ozone Generation in Air and Oxygen

The energy deposition and the ozone generation in a shielded sliding discharge were compared with those of a simple surface discharge and a pulsed corona discharge in atmospheric pressure air and oxygen. All discharges were generated by applying 160 ns, high voltage pulses. Under the same conditions, the highest energy deposition per pulse was obtained with the shielded sliding discharge. The energy deposition was lower by a factor of four for the surface discharge plasma and by an order of magnitude for the pulsed corona discharge plasma. Replacing air with the more electronegative oxygen caused a decrease in the deposited energy due to electron attachment. The threshold voltage for plasma formation in oxygen in a shielded sliding discharge was approximately 5 kV, three times less than that of the surface discharge (≥15 kV) and four times less than that of the pulsed corona discharge (≥20 kV). A new finding of this study is that, whereas the decrease in energy in the pulsed corona discharge was ≥50 %, and that of the simple surface discharge ≥40 %, it was negligible in the shielded sliding discharge. Since the ozone generation scales with energy density, the results show that plasma reactors based on the nanosecond sliding discharge principle have major advantages in compactness, ignition voltage, and in the use of oxygen, rather than air, compared to surface discharges and corona discharges.
Uniqueness criteria for first order catalytic reactions with external transport limitations

Abstract Uniqueness and multiplicity criteria are developed for a non-isothermal first order reaction occurring in infinite slab or spherically shaped catalyst pellets, with external heat and mass transport limitations. The analysis is done for the analytically resolvable model wherein the catalyst pellet is assumed to be internally isothermal, but with internal gradient of concentration. The results are also compared with those obtained from numerical integration of the complete heat and mass balance equations, including internal temperature gradient as well. The general features of the results will carry over to pellets of any shape.
The EM-POGO: A simple, absolute velocity profiler

Abstract Electromagnetic current instrumentation has been added to the Bathy Systems, Inc. POGO transport sondes to produce a free-falling absolute velocity profiler called EM-POGO. The POGO is a free-fall profiler that measures a depth-averaged velocity using GPS fixes at the beginning and end of a round trip to the ocean floor (or a preset depth). The EM-POGO adds a velocity profile determined from measurements of motionally induced electric fields generated by the ocean current moving through the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field. In addition to providing information about the vertical structure of the velocity, the depth-dependent measurements improve transport measurements by correcting for the non-constant fall-rate. Neglecting the variable fall rate results in errors O (1 cm s −1 ). The transition from POGO to EM-POGO included electrically isolating the POGO and electric-field-measuring circuits, installing a functional GPS receiver, finding a pressure case that provided an optimal balance among crush-depth, price and size, and incorporating the electrodes, electrode collar, and the circuitry required for the electric field measurement. The first EM-POGO sea-trial was in July 1999. In August 2006 a refurbished EM-POGO collected 15 absolute velocity profiles; relative and absolute velocity uncertainty was ∼ 1 cm s − 1 and 0.5–5 cm s −1 , respectively, at a vertical resolution of 25 m. Absolute velocity from the EM-POGO compared to shipboard ADCP measurements differed by ∼ 1–2 cm s −1 , comparable to the uncertainty in absolute velocity from the ADCP. The EM-POGO is thus a low-cost, easy to deploy and recover, and accurate velocity profiler.
Refining Estimates of Polar Ice Volumes during the MIS11 Interglacial Using Sea Level Records from South Africa

AbstractPeak eustatic sea level (ESL), or minimum ice volume, during the protracted marine isotope stage 11 (MIS11) interglacial at ~420 ka remains a matter of contention. A recent study of high-stand markers of MIS11 age from the tectonically stable southern coast of South Africa estimated a peak ESL of 13 m. The present study refines this estimate by taking into account both the uncertainty in the correction for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and the geographic variability of sea level change following polar ice sheet collapse. In regard to the latter, the authors demonstrate, using gravitationally self-consistent numerical predictions of postglacial sea level change, that rapid melting from any of the three major polar ice sheets (West Antarctic, Greenland, or East Antarctic) will lead to a local sea level rise in southern South Africa that is 15%–20% higher than the eustatic sea level rise associated with the ice sheet collapse. Taking this amplification and a range of possible GIA corrections int...
Influence of humidity cycling parameters on the moisture-accelerated creep of polymeric fibers

Accelerated creep is a curious and poorly understood transient moisture effect. The creep rates of most hydrophilic materials increase greatly with moisture content. However, when these same materials are subjected to creep loads in cyclic humidity environments, they often exhibit much higher creep rates than in a constantly humid state. This is called accelerated creep. Previous experimenters reported that accelerated creep was less likely to occur in polymeric fibers. We demonstrate experimentally that this happened only because of their choice of humidity cycling parameters. New results are given for Kevlar, lyocell, nylon-6,6, and ramie fibers. Other paper scientists have argued that the absence of accelerated creep in single fibers supports a explanation based on fiber network effects for accelerated creep in paper. We argue here that accelerated creep is a more general phenomenon consistent with sorption-induced stress-gradient explanations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2048–2062, 2001
Pathways for Communicating the Effects of Stratospheric Ozone to the Polar Vortex: Role of Zonally Asymmetric Ozone

AbstractA mechanistic model that couples quasigeostrophic dynamics, radiative transfer, ozone transport, and ozone photochemistry is used to study the effects of zonal asymmetries in ozone (ZAO) on the model’s polar vortex. The ZAO affect the vortex via two pathways. The first pathway (P1) hinges on modulation of the propagation and damping of a planetary wave by ZAO; the second pathway (P2) hinges on modulation of the wave–ozone flux convergences by ZAO. In the steady state, both P1 and P2 play important roles in modulating the zonal-mean circulation. The relative importance of wave propagation versus wave damping in P1 is diagnosed using an ozone-modified refractive index and an ozone-modified vertical energy flux. In the lower stratosphere, ZAO cause wave propagation and wave damping to oppose each other. The result is a small change in planetary wave drag but a large reduction in wave amplitude. Thus in the lower stratosphere, ZAO “precondition” the wave before it propagates into the upper stratospher...
Perflint: A Context Sensitive Performance Advisor for C++ Programs

We present perflint, a new industrial strength open source analysis tool that identifies suboptimal use patterns of the C++ standard library. Simply by recompiling and running on a representative input set, programmers receive context sensitive performance advice on their use of standard library data structures and algorithms. Our solution consists of collecting traces of relevant library operations and state during program execution, and then recognizing patterns for which there is a faster alternative, based on a model made of performance guarantees in the C++ language standard and machine knowledge. perflint has already found hundreds of suboptimal patterns in a set of large C++ benchmarks. In one case, following the advice and changing one line of code resulted in 17% program run time reduction.
Jigsaw: solving the puzzle of enterprise 802.11 analysis

The combination of unlicensed spectrum, cheap wireless interfaces and the inherent convenience of untethered computing have made 802.11 based networks ubiquitous in the enterprise. Modern universities, corporate campuses and government offices routinely de-ploy scores of access points to blanket their sites with wireless Internet access. However, while the fine-grained behavior of the 802.11 protocol itself has been well studied, our understanding of how large 802.11 networks behave in their full empirical complex-ity is surprisingly limited. In this paper, we present a system called Jigsaw that uses multiple monitors to provide a single unified view of all physical, link, network and transport-layer activity on an 802.11 network. To drive this analysis, we have deployed an infrastructure of over 150 radio monitors that simultaneously capture all 802.11b and 802.11g activity in a large university building (1M+ cubic feet). We describe the challenges posed by both the scale and ambiguity inherent in such an architecture, and explain the algorithms and inference techniques we developed to address them. Finally, using a 24-hour distributed trace containing more than 1.5 billion events, we use Jigsaw's global cross-layer viewpoint to isolate performance artifacts, both explicit, such as management inefficiencies, and implicit, such as co-channel interference. We believe this is the first analysis combining this scale and level of detail for a production 802.11 network.
USDA‐ARS Pesticide Properties Database

The Agricultural Research Service Pesticide Properties Database (ARS-PPD) has been developed to provide water quality modelers and managers with a list of the pesticide properties most important for predicting the potential of pesticides to move into ground and surface waters under a range of weather and soil conditions. The ARS-PPD is a compendium of the chemical and physical properties of about 330 pesticides. The list includes pesticides currently registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as well as pesticides no longer in use. Keywords: Agricultural Research Service Pesticide Properties Database; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; water quality modelers; pesticides; Crop Life America; groundwater; surface water; water quality manager
Getting Rid of Troublemakers: High School Disciplinary Procedures and the Production of Dropouts

This paper examines the routine disciplinary procedures of an inner-city high school. The analysis shows that school policies and procedures encourage disciplinarians to use suspensions, transfers, and involuntary “drops” to “get rid of”students they deem “troublemakers.” The indicators disciplinarians use to identify “troublemakers” are the same factors that, according to educational research, place students “at risk” of dropping out. Because a disproportionate number of urban black and Hispanic students come from circumstances that interfere with attendance and attention or produce behaviors school workers define as insubordinate or disobedient, routine disciplinary practices that exclude “troublemakers” may be a mechanism through which the school helps perpetuate racial and class stratification in the larger society.
Narcolepsy research: past, present, and future perspectives.

In 1877, Westphal described a patient with hypersomnia and episodic muscle weakness. He did not feel that these weakness attacks could simply be explained by "epileptoid" phenomenon. The next year, Fischer described a similar case. By 1880, Gelineau decided that patients with these symptoms represented a distinct clinical entity and he called it "narcolepsy". In 1902, Loewenfeld noted the importance of cataplexy in this disorder, and in 1934 Daniels published an important review on the topic which helped to galvanize interest in further study. In 1957, Yoss and Daly discussed the "clinical tetrad" which included hypersomnia, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. In 1960, Vogel noted that patients with narcolepsy had early onset of REM sleep on their electroencephalograms. At the First International Symposium on Narcolepsy in 1975, the symptom of disturbed nocturnal sleep was added to the clinical diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy. For many years the etiology and mechanisms of this disease were poorly understood. It was not until the early 1970s when the exciting animal and human research first started to unravel the mysteries of the genetics and physiology of narcolepsy. This research will be discussed below.
Search for cross-correlations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with BL Lacertae objects

The High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiment is a stereo air fluorescence detector for the study of cosmic rays with energies above 5×1017eV. Arrival directions of cosmic rays observed in stereo can be resolved with a typical uncertainty on the order of 0.5°, making the experiment ideal for small-scale anisotropy studies. Here we present the results of searches for correlation with astronomical sources, in particular the recently observed correlations with objects of the BL Lac subclass of active galaxies.
Increase in relative deposition of fine particles in the rat lung periphery in the absence of gravity

While it is well recognized that pulmonary deposition of inhaled particles is lowered in microgravity (μG) compared with gravity on the ground (1G), the absence of sedimentation causes fine particles to penetrate deeper in the lung in μG. Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we determined the effect of gravity on peripheral deposition (DEPperipheral) of fine particles. Aerosolized 0.95-μm-diameter ferric oxide particles were delivered to spontaneously breathing rats placed in plethysmographic chambers both in μG aboard the NASA Microgravity Research Aircraft and at 1G. Following exposure, lungs were perfusion fixed, fluid filled, and imaged in a 3T MR scanner. The MR signal decay rate, R2*, was measured in each voxel of the left lung from which particle deposition (DEP) was determined based on a calibration curve. Regional deposition was assessed by comparing DEP between the outer (DEPperipheral) and inner (DEPcentral) areas on each slice, and expressed as the central-to-peripheral ratio. Total lung deposition tended to be lower in μG compared with 1G (1.01 ± 0.52 vs. 1.43 ± 0.52 μg/ml, P = 0.1). In μG, DEPperipheral was larger than DEPcentral (P < 0.03), while, in 1G, DEPperipheral was not significantly different from DEPcentral. Finally, central-to-peripheral ratio was significantly less in μG than in 1G (P ≤ 0.05). These data show a larger fraction of fine particles depositing peripherally in μG than in 1G, likely beyond the large- and medium-sized airways. Although not measured, the difference in the spatial distribution of deposited particles between μG and 1G could also affect particle retention rates, with an increase in retention for particles deposited more peripherally.
Supporting retrieval of diverse biomedical data using evidence-aware queries

Though there have been many advances in providing access to linked and integrated biomedical data across repositories, developing methods which allow users to specify ambiguous and exploratory queries over disparate sources remains a challenge to extracting well-curated or diversely-supported biological information. In the following work, we discuss the concepts of data coverage and evidence in the context of integrated sources. We address diverse information retrieval via a simple framework for representing coverage and evidence that operates in parallel with an arbitrary schema, and a language upon which queries on the schema and framework may be executed. We show that this approach is capable of answering questions that require ranged levels of evidence or triangulation, and demonstrate that appropriately-formed queries can significantly improve the level of precision when retrieving well-supported biomedical data.
Initial Visions of Paradise: Antebellum U.S. Government Documents on the South Pacific

Abstract During the first half of the 19th century, the United States grew from a nation confined to the Atlantic seaboard to a country on the verge of becoming a global power. One factor prompting this growth was the United States' growing intellectual, economic, and strategic interests in the Pacific Ocean. These growing interests were fueled by the material contained in governmental reports produced by entities such as the U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838–1842). This article examines U.S. government documents on the South Pacific ocean prior to the Civil War, how such documents contributed to the creation of the Smithsonian Institution, and how such documents enhanced American understanding of this region and helped contribute to expanded U.S. involvement in the South Pacific during the latter half of the 19th as well as the 20th century.
Why are categories adjacent

This paper presents patterns of adjacency in performance data and in cross-linguistic grammatical conventions. It is argued that a common principle of processing efficiency explains both: the more syntactic and semantic relations whose processing domains are minimized, and the greater the minimization preference in the processing of each relation, the more adjacency we find. The preferences of performance are quite systematic and it is suggested that they are ultimately motivated by reductions in simultaneous processing demands in working memory. The correlations with patterns of grammatical variation exist because grammars have conventionalized the adjacency preferences of performance.
Broadband, Efficient, Electrically Small Metamaterial-Inspired Antennas Facilitated by Active Near-Field Resonant Parasitic Elements

The possibility of using an active internal matching element in several types of metamaterial-inspired, electrically small antennas (ESAs) to overcome their inherent narrow bandwidths is demonstrated. Beginning with the Z antenna, which is frequency tunable through its internal lumped element inductor, a circuit model is developed to determine an internal matching network, i.e., a frequency dependent inductor, which leads to the desired enhanced bandwidth performance. An analytical relation between the resonant frequency and the inductor value is determined via curve fitting of the associated HFSS simulation results. With this inductance-frequency relation defining the inductor values, a broad bandwidth, electrically small Z antenna is established. This internal matching network paradigm is then confirmed by applying it to the electrically small stub and canopy antennas. An electrically small canopy antenna with k? = 0.0467 that has over a 10% bandwidth is finally demonstrated. The potential implementation of the required frequency dependent inductor is also explored with a well-defined active negative impedance converter circuit that reproduces the requisite inductance-frequency relations.
The role of controlled and dynamic process environments in group decision making: an exploratory study

Information systems have focussed on controlling the decision-making environment, whereas in real life groups operate in an uncontrolled, asynchronous environment. In this article, we examine existing information system research on groups, analyze the role played by the process environment on the quality of group decisions, and argue the need for the design and research into information systems for uncontrolled dynamic environments. The recent growth of the Internet and Internet-mediated simulations provide unique uncontrolled environments for group decision making. We recommend that researchers in information systems and in group decision making these Internet-mediated simulations for additional research in the area of decision making in uncontrolled dynamic environments.
Risk Taking: Health Professionals and Risk

Using AIDS as a paradigm, this chapter examines risk taking and the factors which motivate or fail to motivate us in taking such risks. A brief discussion of decision analysis is followed by an examination of professional risk taking from a historical perspective. Social contract is discussed, and the way that health professionals view community is shown to be central to their assumption of risks. Two points of view of obligation in the face of risk are briefly explained and discussed.
Morphometric Analysis of Pleistocene Glacial Deposits in the Kigluaik Mountains, Northwestern Alaska, U.S.A.

Since the earliest studies of alpine glacial geology, descriptive evaluation of moraine morphology has remained an important relative-age criterion. However, the development of moraine morphology as a quantitative relative-dating tool has lagged considerably behind other techniques. Morphometric and other relative-age data were collected on early- to latePleistocene end moraines located in the Kigluaik Mountains of Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Slope-frequency, Fourier, and linear regression analyses of topographic profiles measured along and normal to moraine axial-crests were used to generate nine indices of surface irregularity. Discriminant analysis indicates that average slope, calculated from the slope-frequency distribution, is the best single distinguishing criterion, and that even a few simple field measurements of morphometry provide a viable basis for subdividing and correlating moraines. Morphometric and other relative-age data constrain the timing of glaciations in the Kigluaik Mountains, and suggest that successively older advances are separated by intervals of increasing duration. In addition, morphometric study of moraines can offer insights into processes controlling landscape degradation.
Translocation of a UV-damaged DNA binding protein into a tight association with chromatin after treatment of mammalian cells with UV light

A UV-damaged DNA binding protein (UV-DDB) is the major source of UV-damaged DNA binding activity in mammalian cell extracts. This activity is defective in at least some xeroderma pigmentosum group E (XP-E) patients; microinjection of the UV-DDB protein into their fibroblasts corrects nucleotide excision repair (NER). In an in vitro reconstituted NER system, small amounts of UV-DDB stimulate repair synthesis a few fold. After exposure to UV, mammalian cells show an early dose-dependent inhibition of the extractable UV-DDB activity; this inhibition may reflect a tight association of the binding protein with UV-damaged genomic DNA. To investigate the dynamics and location of UV-DDB with respect to damaged chromatin in vivo, we utilized nuclear fractionation and specific antibodies and detected translocation of the p127 component of UV-DDB from a loose to a tight association with chromatinized DNA immediately after UV treatment. A similar redistribution was found for other NER proteins, i.e. XPA, RP-A and PCNA, suggesting their tighter association with genomic DNA after UV. These studies revealed a specific protein-protein interaction between UV-DDB/p127 and RP-A that appears to enhance binding of both proteins to UV-damaged DNA in vitro, providing evidence for the involvement of UV-DDB in the damage-recognition step of NER. Moreover, the kinetics of the reappearance of extractable UV-DDB activity after UV treatment of human cells with differing repair capacities positively correlate with the cell9s capacity to repair 6–4 pyrimidine dimers (6–4 PD) in the whole genome, a result consistent with an in vivo role for UV-DDB in recognizing this type of UV lesion.
Co-Immunoprecipitation: Isolation of Protein Signaling Complexes from Native Tissues

Abstract Immunoprecipitation (IP) is defined as the isolation of an antigen using a specific antibody coupled to a sedimentable matrix. The theory behind co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is similar but specifically refers to the utilization of IP for the purpose of identifying the binding partners of a specific protein of interest or the detection of complex formation between two or more protein components. Often, investigations into protein binding partners will begin in a heterologous expression system where interactions are detected between overexpressed and/or tagged proteins. While such experiments represent a valid means to begin probing for complex formation between two or more proteins of interest, such experiments are subject to artifacts, and it is often essential to confirm that an interaction observed in cell culture also occurs in native tissue. The purpose of this protocol is to describe the use of Co-IP for isolation of protein complexes from a native tissue lysate in order to detect specific protein-protein interactions occurring in vivo . Such interactions are important in numerous physiological processes and are targeted by current and emerging therapeutics.
Including Student Voices in the Design of More Inclusive Assessments

Due, in part, to changes in federal policy (e.g., Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA] and No Child Left Behind [NCLB] Act), the past two decades have seen a dramatic change in the number of students included in state and district accountability systems. According to the National Center on Educational Outcomes (NCEO), in the early 1990s most states reported that fewer than 10% of students with disabilities participated in their states’ large-scale assessment. By the year 2000, the average percentage of students with disabilities in the general assessment had risen to 84%, and by 2008 that number had risen to above 95% (i.e., the participation rate required by NCLB).