cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wear of diamond in scribing of multi-crystalline silicon

A practical challenge in slicing of low-cost multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers by the fixed abrasive diamond wire sawing process is increased wire consumption due to greater wear of the diamond compared to slicing of the more expensive mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) wafers. In this paper, we present the results of scribing of mc-Si and mono-Si materials with two conical tip diamond indenters of the same geometry to understand the possible reasons for increased diamond wear in cutting of multi-crystalline silicon. Specifically, the scribing forces and the diamond indenter wear produced in scribing of the two silicon materials are analyzed. The results show that the forces generated in scribing of mc-Si are higher than in scribing of mono-Si. The higher forces in scribing of mc-Si are consistent with the corresponding higher tip radius of curvature (due to wear) of the diamond indenter compared to the tip radius produced in scribing of mono-Si. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy of the diamond indenters show that wear is primarily due to physical micro-fracture and blunting of the diamond. Raman spectroscopy shows evidence of stress-induced phase transformation of the diamond and the formation of compressive residual stress in the diamond. Plausible physical reasons, including the role of material inhomogeneity in mc-Si, for the wear of diamond during scribing are given.
Predictors of adequate lymph node harvest during colectomy for colon cancer.

Abstract Background Consensus guidelines recommend a yield of 12 lymph nodes in resections for colon cancer. Factors affecting this yield are not well defined. Methods Retrospective study using the colectomy-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for years 2014–2016. Primary outcome was resection of at least 12 nodes. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined factors associated with ≥12 LN yield. Results 17,612 colectomies for colon cancer were extracted from the NSQIP database. 7.26% of cases did not reach a 12 LN harvest. Harvesting ≥12 LN was 74% more likely (p = 0.001) if the resection was laparoscopic and 72% more likely (p Conclusions Laparoscopic and robotic colectomies were 1.5–2.5 times more likely to achieve adequate LN harvest compared to open surgery. Several non-modifiable patient and disease related factors may render adequate LN yield challenging.
Endoscopic treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis.

Purpose of review Pain is the most common symptom of chronic pancreatitis, having a profound effect on patients and a broad socioeconomic impact. Endoscopy is guideline recommended as first-line management for chronic pancreatitis pain in certain clinical scenarios. Herein, we provide an evidence-based review of the endoscopic treatment of pain due to chronic pancreatitis while highlighting some important confounders in the measurement of this outcome in clinical practice and research. Recent findings Multiple recent studies have reported on the efficacy of current endoscopic therapies for chronic pancreatitis pain. Despite the high technical success rates of these procedures, pain outcomes remain disappointing. Complex mechanisms beyond ductal hypertension, such as central sensitization, visceral hypersensitivity and inflammatory neuritis account for some of the discordance observed between the rates of technical and clinical success. In addition, the sham effect is increasingly recognized as a confounder when interpreting the procedural benefit. Nevertheless, there are multiple promising innovations in the field of pancreatic endoscopy that are aimed to improve technical and clinical outcomes, but rigorous investigation is necessary to establish their role in clinical practice. Summary Endoscopic therapy for chronic pancreatitis pain appears to be safe and effective in certain contexts and recent innovations in the field will hopefully further improve outcomes. In addition to evaluating the technical success of endotherapy in chronic pancreatitis, methodologically rigorous research focusing on patient-centered outcomes and accounting for the sham effect is necessary to advance this field.
Gonzo Autoethnography: The Story of Monkey

The present study explores the norms of community that are re/produced in the liminal leisure space of a formerly fan-organized music festival. Guided by the concept of communitas, we examined the ...
Volumetric Tongue Reduction for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSA) is not a substitute for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) but is a salvage procedure for those who failed CPAP and other conservative therapies and therefore have no other options. The hypopharyngeal/tongue base procedures for the treatment of OSA are usually challenging to most sleep surgeons. In recent years, several procedures for OSA patients with hypopharyngeal obstructions have been developed to achieve higher response rates with decreased postoperative morbidities.
An Evolving Design Framework for Game-Based Learning Platforms

In this concluding chapter, we discuss an evolving, experiential design framework for game-based learning platforms, by synthesizing the salient design problem-solving events, experiences, and solution-exploration findings reported in the previous chapters. It is not aimed to be prescriptive or exhaustive, but acts as a starting point for specifying the structuring and important concepts of the interdisciplinary design of game-based learning. Results of our phenomenological inquiry assert that solving a game design problem is mainly about problem structuring or transforming an indeterministic problem space to partially limited. The structuring of the interdisciplinary design of game-based learning platforms consists of three norms: (a) transformation of the design goals into functional specifications of the design artifact, (b) coevolution of the problem and solution spaces as well as exploration and syntheses of partial solution of the subproblems, and (c) use of a common symbol (or representation) system to communicate and focus information while augmenting collective memory and processing.
What Is Gallstone Ileus and What Are Its Implications

Gallstone ileus is a rare etiology for bowel obstruction that disproportionately affects elderly women. Symptoms are often subacute, making it difficult to diagnose. It results in high morbidity and mortality. A large gallstone, typically >2.5 cm, passes through a biliary-enteric fistula and becomes impacted in the intestine, causing a bowel obstruction. The most frequent site of impaction is the terminal ileum, as it is the narrowest part of the small intestine. Diagnosis is best made by computed tomography and treatment is surgical.
Novel pediatric-automated respiratory score using physiologic data and machine learning in asthma.

OBJECTIVES Manual clinical scoring systems are the current standard used for acute asthma clinical care pathways. No automated system exists that assesses disease severity, time course, and treatment impact in pediatric acute severe asthma exacerbations. WORKING HYPOTHESIS machine learning applied to continuous vital sign data could provide a novel pediatric-automated asthma respiratory score (pARS) by using the manual pediatric asthma score (PAS) as the clinical care standard. METHODS Continuous vital sign monitoring data (heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulse oximetry) were merged with the health record data including a provider-determined PAS in children between 2 and 18 years of age admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for status asthmaticus. A cascaded artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to create an automated respiratory score and validated by two approaches. The ANN was compared with the Normal and Poisson regression models. RESULTS Out of an initial group of 186 patients, 128 patients met inclusion criteria. Merging physiologic data with clinical data yielded >37 000 data points for model training. The pARS score had good predictive accuracy, with 80% of the pARS values within ±2 points of the provider-determined PAS, especially over the mid-range of PASs (6-9). The Poisson and Normal distribution regressions yielded a smaller overall median absolute error. CONCLUSIONS The pARS reproduced the manually recorded PAS. Once validated and studied prospectively as a tool for research and for physician decision support, this methodology can be implemented in the PICU to objectively guide treatment decisions.
Pfaffians of Toeplitz payoff matrices

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the Pfaffians of certain Toeplitz payoff matrices associated with integer choice matrix games.
Old Age With a Traumatic Mechanism of Injury Should Be a Trauma Team Activation Criterion.

Abstract Background Age is not a standard trauma team activation (TTA) criteria recommended by the Committee on Trauma. However, there is concern that vital signs in elderly patients are often unreliable. In addition, elderly patients are at risk after moderate trauma. At our institution, age ≥ 70 years with traumatic mechanisms of injury has been a TTA criterion for more than 15 years. Objective Our aim was to determine whether age ≥70 years as a TTA criterion appropriately identifies patients in need of additional resources without significantly impacting overtriage rates. Methods We conducted a retrospective trauma registry study of TTAs for age ≥ 70 years from January 2012–December 2016. Demographics, injury data, Injury Severity Score (ISS), procedures, emergency department (ED) disposition, and hospital data were collected. Primary outcome was mortality, secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay. Patients were stratified into meeting standard criteria (TTA-S) or activated based on age alone (TTA-A). TTA patients with ISS > 15, ED intubation, ICU admission, immediate operating room or catheter-based intervention, and mortalities were appropriately triaged. Results During the study, there were 5436 total TTAs. Seven hundred and thirty-nine TTAs in patients aged ≥ 70 years, of which 198 (26.8%) were TTA-S and 541 (73.2%) were TTA-A. In the TTA-A group, 49 (9%) patients died, 149 (27.5%) had ISS > 15, 65 (12%) underwent immediate intervention, 72 (13%) had ED intubations, and 306 (56.6%) required admission to the ICU. The overtriage rate in the TTA-A group was 39.6%. Conclusions Elderly patients with severe trauma patients often do not meet the standard TTA criteria, resulting in potentially dangerous undertriage. Addition of age (≥70 years) criterion for TTA reduces undertriage and does not result in excessive overtriage.
A Dramatic Reading of Vizenor's Bear Island at the University of Michigan

A brief report on a dramatic reading of Vizenor's Bear Island: The War at Sugar Point staged at the Univeristy of Michigan in March 2018 in conjunction with Vizenor's presentation of the third annual Berkhofer Lecture.
EVALUATING THE 2018 AHA/ACC LIPID GUIDELINE PERFORMANCE TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK FOR PREMATURE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

The 2018 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology cholesterol guideline changed statin eligibility criteria for primary prevention to include multiple new risk “enhancers”. Whether this improved identification of young adults at risk for premature CVD compared with the prior
Geographic Access to HIV Care

Over one million Americans are currently living with HIV. The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) provides funding for HIV medical care and medications for people living with HIV. The RWHAP program received 2.34 billion dollars in 2018 and the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative was awarded 117 million dollars in 2020. However, even with increased funding, geographic barriers to accessing HIV care can prevent people from obtaining treatment. Additionally, the impact of insurance status (none, Medicaid, Affordable Care Act plans) on drive times to HIV care is not well understood. Geographic access to RWHAP clinics in the contiguous United States was examined. Using spatial analysis techniques, the duration of drive time from the center of every county equivalent to the nearest accessible RWHAP clinic was measured. Counties were characterized in terms of social determinants of health and HIVrelated variables and their associations with access to HIV care were examined.The effect of insurance status on drive times was analyzed in order to measure its impact by being uninsured, enrolled in Medicaid, or enrolled in either the least or most expensive Affordable Care Act plans.Four hundred twenty-seven RWHAP locations were identified with a median county-level drive time of 64.6 minutes (interquartile range (IQR) 40.9-97.9) for counties with five or more diagnosed HIV cases. The median drive time for Medicaid access was 69.3 minutes (IQR 42.2-106.0), with some states impacted more than others. These findings were used to make specific policy recommendations to improve access and reduce barriers to HIV care.
Using visual feedback to support online faculty mentoring

Abstract Variances are observed in grading practices between full-time and part-time faculty and these variances may be increased when faculty are teaching online. A project focused on providing visual feedback for part-time faculty on grading practices was implemented in an online nursing program. An electronic survey link was emailed to all faculty teaching an identical course asking them to note the total number of each letter grade recorded as a final grade. Graphically displayed, de-identified data was shared with faculty. Faculty responses were positive. Outcomes fostered open dialogue and mentoring and led to other program improvement activities. The project appeared to be an effective way to support faculty and promote continued professional development. Faculty feedback and unexpected benefits are shared.
Energy Justice Through Solar: Constructing and Engaging Low-Income Households

Minimal research has assessed the policy process of developing solar programs at the state level, and no research yet has investigated how these policies characterize and engage with the target populations they are designed to benefit. Grounded in Schneider and Ingram’s social construction framework (SCF) and applying computational methods (i.e., text analysis and machine learning), this research examines how low-income households are socially constructed in policy provisions, how their social construction has been reinforced through public participation, and how to classify low-income households among target populations. Based on the case of Massachusetts, this research analyzes the 2020 Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target (SMART) Emergency Regulation as well as its public comments. We find that low-income households constitute a visible target group of this program and their characterization as “deserving policy benefits” are positively constructed by policy makers. Furthermore, the conveyed messages and attitudes regarding the assigned benefits to low-income households have been reinforced through public participation. Despite this advantageous positive construction, low-income households have less political power (i.e., measured by topic prevalence in the public comments) than other target groups such as large corporations (e.g., solar developers or solar installers) and less ability to participate or be represented in the policy process, making their voices less likely to be heard by policy makers. With positive social construction but weaker political power, low-income households fall into the category of “dependents” instead of “advantaged,” which may engender undesirable policy outcomes minimizing the intended long-term benefits of the policies to low-income households. This research reveals procedural injustices in energy policies and highlights the importance of more inclusive policy-making process, while also offering a novel theoretical lens to understand the rationale and dynamics of developing solar statutes targeting low-income households.
Tobacco withdrawal increases junk food intake: The role of the endogenous opioid system

Abstract Background The aims of this study were to 1) determine whether acute nicotine withdrawal increases the intake of junk food (high in salt, fat, and sugar) and 2) assess whether the endogenous opioid system is involved in junk food intake during nicotine withdrawal using naltrexone as a pharmacological probe. Methods Smokers were randomly assigned to 24-hr withdrawal from tobacco products (n = 42) or smoking ad libitum (n = 34). A non-smoking group (n = 29) was included. Participants completed two laboratory sessions where a placebo or 50 mg of naltrexone was administered. At the end of each session, participants were given a tray of snack items that differed in high to low energy density and dimensions of salty, sweet, and fat. Self-reported mood and withdrawal measures were collected immediately before the snacks were offered. Generalized linear and logistic models were used to assess the effects of acute smoking withdrawal, drug, and sex on the intake of snack items and self-reported measures. Results Choice and consumption of food items were impacted by smoking condition (withdrawal > ad lib smoking and non-smokers; p female; p Conclusions These findings extend earlier studies indicating impact of tobacco use on appetite, and identify the regulatory influence of the endogenous opioid system on appetite during nicotine withdrawal.
Identifying opportunities to improve equity in breast cancer care for uninsured Hispanic patients in underserved communities.

132Background: Enhancing equitable oncologic care is an increasingly emphasized priority. Our study aims to identify aspects of breast cancer (BC) care in which differences exist based on insurance...
Patterns of Unilateral and Bilateral Projections From Layers 5 and 6 of the Auditory Cortex to the Inferior Colliculus in Mouse

The auditory cortex sends massive projections to the inferior colliculus, but the organization of this pathway is not yet well understood. Previous work has shown that the corticocollicular projection emanates from both layers 5 and 6 of the auditory cortex and that neurons in these layers have different morphological and physiological properties. It is not yet known in the mouse if both layer 5 and layer 6 project bilaterally, nor is it known if the projection patterns differ based on projection location. Using targeted injections of Fluorogold into either the lateral cortex or dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus, we quantified retrogradely labeled neurons in both the left and right lemniscal regions of the auditory cortex, as delineated using parvalbumin immunostaining. After dorsal cortex injections, we observed that approximately 18-20% of labeled cells were in layer 6 and that this proportion was similar bilaterally. After lateral cortex injections, only ipsilateral cells were observed in the auditory cortex, and they were found in both layer 5 and layer 6. The ratio of layer 5:layer 6 cells after lateral cortex injection was similar to that seen after dorsal cortex injection. Finally, injections of different tracers were made into the two inferior colliculi, and an average of 15-17% of cells in the auditory cortex were double-labeled, and these proportions were similar in layers 5 and 6. These data suggest that (1) only the dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus receives bilateral projections from the auditory cortex, (2) both the dorsal and lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus receive similar layer 5 and layer 6 auditory cortical input, and (3) a subpopulation of individual neurons in both layers 5 and 6 branch to innervate both dorsal cortices of the inferior colliculus.
Multienzyme Sequences in Soluble Extracts

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a series of reactions involved in metabolic processes. Two possible methods of approach are discussed. If the enzymes concerned are soluble and could be extracted from the tissue with relative ease, multistep processes can be reconstructed in isolated systems by a suitable combination of the individual enzymes involved. If, on the other hand, no such isolation appeared possible, substitutes for the whole cell as slices or minces are used. A parallel development provided independent evidence for the existence of structurally well-defined, self -contained, complex enzymatic units. The technique of differential centrifugation provides investigators with a tool for a separation of cellular fractions. By the use of this method, a considerable progress is made in the study of the association of enzymatic activities with various subcellular particles. The various aspects of the cyclophorase-mitochondria1 (C.M.) system of enzymes are presented. The chapter outlines several striking metabolic reactions catalyzed by the C.M. system.
Synthesis of active microwave filters incorporating noise effects

GaAs MMIC technology has recently been employed in the realization of entire microwave and MM-wave subsystems. The development of active filters in this technology would alleviate the problems associated with passive filters. This paper gives an in-depth assessment of active microwave filters including a classification scheme. Additionally, the noise performance of two of the classes of active filters is investigated through a computer-simulation. It was found that active filters based on distributed techniques have much better noise performance than those designed using an active inductor approach. >
Scientific communication in clinical psychology: examining patterns of citations and references.

Previous studies of scientific communication used citation mapping, establishing psychology as a ‘hub science’ from which many other fields draw information. Within psychology, the clinical and counselling discipline is a major ‘knowledge broker’. This study analyzed scientific communication among three major subdisciplines of clinical psychology—the cognitive–behavioural, psychodynamic and humanistic schools of thought—by examining patterns of references within and citations to 305 target articles published in leading journals of these subdisciplines. The results suggest that clinical researchers of each theoretical orientation engage in more insular scientific communication than an integrationist would find desirable and that cognitive–behavioural articles are more closely connected to mainstream psychology and related fields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioners Message Eclectic practitioners draw on several different theoretical orientations to inform their practice; as such, they should be interested in understanding the patterns of scientific communication within and across theoretical orientations. Practitioners work in a variety of different mental health settings, with a variety of other professionals in psychology-related fields, and should be interested in how much influence their particular theoretical orientation has on the work of colleagues. Many practitioners rely on new, evidence-based research to inform their work. The results of this study provide these individuals with an objective measure of the influence of empirical work in different areas of clinical psychology.
Interactions of nucleic acids and cellular membranes: behavior of membranes in CsCl density gradients.

Abstract Purified membranes from animal cells band in CsCl density gradients at a density of about 1.2 g/cm 3 . Certain natural and synthetic nucleic acids interact with nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver to form complexes which are recovered from the gradient at the density characteristic for the membrane. Binding of nucleic acids to these membranes is remarkably specific. For example, microsomal membrane interacts only with DNA and with the co-polymer of poly(C). poly(G) while the nuclear envelope binds several natural and synthetic nucleic acids. Addition of certain non-membrane proteins during the incubation period may modify both the density of the membrane and the specificity of a particular nucleic acid-membrane interaction. Similar membrane-nucleic acid complexes were not formed with erythrocyte “ghosts” from man, dog, pig, mouse and rat. Possible biological significance of these phenomena is discussed.
Timing of Some of the Molecular Events Required for Cell Fusion Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Abstract The timing of some of the molecular events that are required for cell fusion was investigated. Cell fusion was produced by a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 that causes extensive cell fusion during infection. The timing of molecular events required for fusion was established by the use of blocking agents. Phosphonoacetic acid blocks viral DNA synthesis; actinomycin D blocks RNA synthesis; cycloheximide blocks protein synthesis; 2-deoxyglucose blocks glycosylation of glycoproteins; high temperature, NH4Cl, and adamantanone block unknown steps required for cell fusion. For cells infected at a low multiplicity of infection, phosphonoacetic acid decreased the rate but not the final amount of fusion, but at a multiplicity of infection of 10 it had no effect on the rate of cell fusion. RNA synthesis was required for fusion until 4 h after infection, protein synthesis until 5.5 h after infection, and glycosylation until 7 h after infection. The temperature-dependent step occurred before 6 h after infection, whereas NH4Cl and adamantanone acted at steps that occurred until 8 h after infection. Cycloheximide, temperature, NH4Cl, and adamantanone acted reversibly; actinomycin D and 2-deoxyglucose acted irreversibly. The same order of action of the inhibitors was also determined by using pairs of inhibitors sequentially. These experiments also indicated that the fusion factor was not an α-polypeptide. Virus growth and cell fusion were both found to be highly dependent on temperature in the range of 30 to 40°C. Wild-type infections are apparently characterized by the presence of a fusion factor and a fusion inhibitor. The fusion-blocking agents were added to wild-type-infected cells under a variety of conditions in an attempt to selectively block the production of the fusion inhibitor molecule and thereby cause extensive cell fusion. However, fusion was not observed in any of these experiments.
Ensuring Generality in Euclid's Diagrammatic Arguments

This paper presents and compares FG and Eu , two recent formalizations of Euclid's diagrammatic arguments in the Elements. The analysis of FG , developed by the mathematician Nathaniel Miller, and that of Eu , developed by the author, both exploit the fact that Euclid's diagrammatic inferences depend only on the topology of the diagram. In both systems, the symbols playing the role of Euclid's diagrams are discrete objects individuated in proofs by their topology. The key difference between FG and Eu lies in the way that a derivation is ensured to have the generality of Euclid's results. Carrying out one of Euclid's constructions on an individual diagram can produce topological relations which are not shared by all diagrams so constructed. FG meets this difficulty by an enumeration of cases with every construction step. Eu , on the other hand, specifies a procedure for interpreting a constructed diagram in terms of the way it was constructed. After describing both approaches, the paper discusses the theoretical significance of their differences. There is in Eu a context dependence to diagram use, which enables one to bypass the (sometimes very long) case analyses required by FG .
PNEUMATIC PELLET INJECTORS FOR TFTR AND JET

This paper describes the development of pneumatic hydrogen pellet injectors for plasma fueling applications on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) and the Joint European Torus (JET). The performance parameters of these injectors represent an extension of previous experience and include pellet sizes in the range 2–6 mm in diameter and speeds approaching 2 km/s. Design features and operating characteristics of these pneumatic injectors are presented.
WHY ARE THERE EXPLICIT CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT

In this paper we explain the use of explicit contracts of employment, particularly those that embody high- rather than low-powered incentives and clauses that supersede the common law defaults. Our analysis is based on an understanding of two fundamental problems that arise when agency relationships are established between a worker and firm. The first is that employment often requires the creation and allocation of specific process rights - defined as the granting of discretionary or decision-making authority and internal property rights over company assets. The second is that economic requirements of the agency relationship are often quite different from the nature of agency characterized in and supported by the common law. The implication is that implicit employment contracts supported by the common law are incapable of effectively governing employment relationship characterized by these two problems. Thus, explicit contractual provisions are required in the employment relationship.
Aconitase: An Iron—Sulfur Enzyme

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an iron–sulfur enzyme—aconitase. Although the presence and function of the Krebs cycle enzyme aconitase has been known for over 50 years, it is only recently that many of the unusual properties of this protein can be understood in molecular terms. Through the application of spectroscopy, especially Mossbauer (MB) spectroscopy in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), in addition to chemical methods, it was established that the activation process involved the conversion of a [3Fe–4S] cluster to a [4Fe–4S] form. These earlier studies demonstrated that the iron added during this reaction, labeled Fe a , was site specific. These discoveries in the early 1980s allowed for the subsequent design of a number of experiments to investigate the details of the role of the cluster in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. Aconitase and ferredoxin (Fd) II of Desulfovibrio gigas ( D. gigas ) were among the first proteins that were shown to contain a 3Fe cluster. Because of its low molecular mass and its stability, Fd II of D. gigas became the prime example for spectroscopic characterization of proteins containing 3Fe clusters.
Age and gender in relation to body attitudes: Is there a double standard of aging?

In order to examine whether the double standard of aging exists in self-perceptions of body attitudes, 144 men and women aged 20 to 80 years were tested. Variables that might moderate the relationship between body attitudes and aging, including self-esteem, health, masculinity, appearance orientation, and exercise participation were also examined. No age, gender, nor Age × Gender differences in body attitudes were found. Self-esteem, health, and masculinity were positively related to body attitudes, but these relationships did not vary according to age or gender. An Age × Gender × Exercise interaction indicated a positive relationship between age and body satisfaction among women exercisers but a negative relationship among women nonexercisers. Finally, appearance orientation was unrelated to body attitudes among all participants. The results of this study do not support the double standard of aging in self-perceptions but do suggest the similarity and importance of body attitudes across the adult life span.
K28, a unique double-stranded RNA killer virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae consist of 4.5-kilobase-pair (kb) L species and 1.7- to 2.1-kb M species, both found in cytoplasmic viruslike particles (VLPs). The L species encode their own capsid protein, and one (LA) has been shown to encode a putative capsid-polymerase fusion protein (cap-pol) that presumably provides VLPs with their transcriptase and replicase functions. The M1 and M2 dsRNAs encode the K1 and K2 toxins and specific immunity mechanisms. Maintenance of M1 and M2 is dependent on the presence of LA, which provides capsid and cap-pol for M dsRNA maintenance. Although a number of different S. cerevisiae killers have been described, only K1 and K2 have been studied in any detail. Their secreted polypeptide toxins disrupt cytoplasmic membrane functions in sensitive yeast cells. K28, named for the wine S. cerevisiae strain 28, appears to be unique; its toxin is unusually stable and disrupts DNA synthesis in sensitive cells. We have now demonstrated that 4.5-kb L28 and 2.1-kb M28 dsRNAs can be isolated from strain 28 in typical VLPs, that these VLPs are sufficient to confer K28 toxin and immunity phenotypes on transfected spheroplasts, and that the immunity of the transfectants is distinct from that of either M1 or M2. In vitro transcripts from the M28 VLPs show no cross-hybridization to denatured M1 or M2 dsRNAs, while L28 is an LA species competent for maintenance of M1. K28, encoded by M28, is thus the third unique killer system in S. cerevisiae to be clearly defined. It is now amenable to genetic analysis in standard laboratory strains.
The border-to-border distribution method for analysis of cytoplasmic particles and organelles

Comparing the distribution of cytoplasmic particles and organelles between different experimental conditions can be challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of cell morphologies. The border-to-border distribution method was created to enable the quantitative analysis of fluorescently labeled cytoplasmic particles and organelles of multiple cells from images obtained by confocal microscopy. The method consists of four steps: (1) imaging of fluorescently labeled cells, (2) division of the image of the cytoplasm into radial segments, (3) selection of segments of interest, and (4) population analysis of fluorescence intensities at the pixel level either as a function of distance along the selected radial segments or as a function of angle around an annulus. The method was validated using the well-characterized effect of brefeldin A (BFA) on the distribution of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, in which intensely labeled Golgi membranes are redistributed within the cytoplasm. Surprisingly, in untreated cells, the distribution of fluorescence in Golgi membrane-containing radial segments was similar to the distribution of fluorescence in other G protein-containing segments, indicating that the presence of Golgi membranes did not shift the distribution of G protein towards the nucleus compared to the distribution of G protein in other regions of the cell. Treatment with BFA caused only a slight shift in the distribution of the brightest G protein-containing segments which had a distribution similar to that in untreated cells. Instead, the major effect of BFA was to alter the annular distribution of G protein in the perinuclear region.
Skeletal changes through the lifespan—from growth to senescence

Age-related fragility fractures are an enormous public health problem. Both acquisition of bone mass during growth and bone loss associated with ageing affect fracture risk late in life. The development of high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HRpQCT) has enabled in vivo assessment of changes in the microarchitecture of trabecular and cortical bone throughout life. Studies using HRpQCT have demonstrated that the transient increase in distal forearm fractures during adolescent growth is associated with alterations in cortical bone, which include cortical thinning and increased porosity. Children with distal forearm fractures in the setting of mild, but not moderate, trauma also have increased deficits in cortical bone at the distal radius and in bone mass systemically. Moreover, these children transition into young adulthood with reduced peak bone mass. Elderly men, but not elderly women, with a history of childhood forearm fractures have an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. With ageing, men lose trabecular bone primarily by thinning of trabeculae, whereas the number of trabeculae is reduced in women, which is much more destabilizing from a biomechanical perspective. However, age-related losses of cortical bone and increases in cortical porosity seem to have a much larger role than previously recognized, and increased cortical porosity might characterize patients at increased risk of fragility fractures.
Genetic Properties of Temperature-Sensitive Folding Mutants of the Coat Protein of Phage P22

Temperature-sensitive mutations fall into two general classes: those generating thermolabile proteins; and those generating defects in protein synthesis, folding or assembly. Temperature-sensitive mutations at 17 sites in the gene for the coat protein of Phage P22 are of the latter class, preventing the productive folding of the polypeptide chain at restrictive temperature. We show here that, though the coat subunits interact intimately to form the viral shell, these temperature-sensitive folding (TSF) mutations were all recessive to wild type. The mutant polypeptide chains were not rescued by the presence of wild-type polypeptide chains. Missense substitutions in multimeric proteins frequently exhibit intragenic complementation; however, all pairs of coat protein TSF mutants tested failed to complement. The recessive phenotypes, absence of rescue and absence of intragenic complementation are all accounted for by the TSF defect, in which destabilization of a folding intermediate at restrictive temperature prevents the mutant chain from reaching the conformation required for subunit/subunit recognition. We suggest that absence of intragenic complementation should be a general property of TSF mutations in genes encoding multimeric proteins. The spectra of new loci identified by isolating second-site suppressors and synthetic lethals of temperature sensitive mutants will also differ depending on the nature of the defect. In the case of TSF mutations, where folding intermediates are defective rather than the native molecule, the spectra of other genes identified should shift from those whose products interact with the native molecule to those whose products influence the folding process.
Datacollection in Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks

We present a two-tier distributed hash table-based scheme for data-collection in event-driven wireless sensor networks. The proposed method leverages mobile sinks to significantly extend the lifetime of the sensor network. We propose localized algorithms using a distributed geographic hash-table mechanism that adds load balancing capabilities to the data-collection process. We address the hotspot problem by rehashing the locations of the mobile sinks periodically. The proposed mobility model moves the sink node only upon the occurrence of an event according to the evolution of current events, so as to minimize the energy consumption incurred by the multihop transmission of the event-data. Data is collected via single-hop routing between the sensor node and the mobile sink. Simulation results demonstrate significant gains in energy savings, while keeping the latency and the communication overhead at low levels for a variety of parameter values.
The contribution of the human PPC to the orienting of visuospatial attention during smooth pursuit.

Smooth pursuit eye movements function to stabilize the retinal image of small moving targets. In order for those targets to be foveated, however, they must first be “captured” by an attentional mechanism which then interacts with the oculomotor system. Cortical sites involved with producing smooth pursuit overlap with areas known to be involved in directing visuospatial attention, particularly the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The goal of the current study was to characterize the contributions made by the left and right posterior parietal cortices (lPPC and rPPC) to the interaction between visuospatial attention and the generation of smooth pursuit eye movements. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to temporarily disrupt each area at different times around target motion onset in a pursuit task that explicitly manipulated the covert orienting of attention. TMS over the lPPC, rPPC and a control site (the vertex) evoked a similar pattern of results, in that the earlier TMS delivery times caused a reduced pursuit latency compared to baseline measures, while TMS immediately prior to target motion onset resulted in latencies slower than baseline. In addition, however, TMS over the lPPC and rPPC (but not the vertex) preferentially influenced the generation of contralateral pursuit, with the lPPC doing so in a relatively time-independent manner, and the rPPC doing so in a time-dependent manner. This pattern of results implies that both the left and right PPC are directly involved in the interaction between attention and smooth pursuit preparation.
Dorsal muscle group area and surgical outcomes in liver transplantation.

INTRODUCTION Better measures of liver transplant risk stratification are needed. Our previous work noted a strong relationship between psoas muscle area and survival following liver transplantation. The dorsal muscle group is easier to measure but it is unclear if they are also correlated with surgical outcomes.
Pixel level optical-transfer-function design based on the surface-wave-interferometry aperture

The design of optical transfer function (OTF) is of significant importance for optical information processing in various imaging and vision systems. Typically, OTF design relies on sophisticated bulk optical arrangement in the light path of the optical systems. In this letter, we demonstrate a surface-wave-interferometry aperture (SWIA) that can be directly incorporated onto optical sensors to accomplish OTF design on the pixel level. The whole aperture design is based on the bull’s eye structure. It composes of a central hole (diameter of 300 nm) and periodic groove (period of 560 nm) on a 340 nm thick gold layer. We show, with both simulation and experiment, that different types of optical transfer functions (notch, highpass and lowpass filter) can be achieved by manipulating the interference between the direct transmission of the central hole and the surface wave (SW) component induced from the periodic groove. Pixel level OTF design provides a low-cost, ultra robust, highly compact method for numerous applications such as optofluidic microscopy, wavefront detection, darkfield imaging, and computational photography.
Multiple Parsec-Scale Outflows in the NGC 2071 Cluster

We present high-sensitivity large-scale mapping results of the NGC 2071 cluster in Orion and its surrounding environment in 12CO and 13CO -->J = 1→ 0 molecular line tracers. The data were obtained at the FCRAO 14 m telescope with an angular resolution of ~45 -->''. We show that the known outflow in NGC 2071 has a larger extent than previously reported, reaching 1.7 pc at its lowest velocities. We also report the discovery of two new outflows: the bipolar north outflow, located approximately 4 -->' north of the main outflow, and the southeast outflow, which originates near the main outflow and has only a redshifted component. We compare our molecular-line data to the H2 data of Eisloffel and find a morphological match between the CO and H2 outflows. We also identify possible driving sources for the two new outflows from the SCUBA image of this region. We use multiple lines of evidence, including the mass-velocity relation, position-velocity maps, and the morphological relationship between the H2 and CO emission, to distinguish between entrainment models for each of these flows. Jet entrainment is the dominant entrainment mechanism in the three outflows observed in NGC 2071. The mass of the main outflow, over velocities where the outflow dominates, is 14.8 M☉. Likewise, the mass of the southeast redshifted-only outflow is 7.6 M☉, suggesting that it may also be driven by a luminous YSO. The mass of the north outflow is much smaller (1.4 M☉) and is more consistent with outflows driven by low-mass stars.
The detection of length and orientation changes in dynamic vibrotactile patterns

Vibrotactile thresholds for the detection of length and orientation changes were determined for dynamic line patterns presented on the Optacon in a forced-choice procedure. Even the smallest changes in both length (1.2 mm) and orientation (7°) could be detected in the absence of any other changes in the vibrotactile pattern. The introduction of translations increased the length-change threshold to approximately 4.0 mm, and the introduction of length changes increased the orientation-change threshold to approximately 25°. The effects of several additional variables were assessed; these included the use of filled and unfilled lines, the timing of presentation, and the position of stimuli on the array. The implications for the perception of depth in dynamic vibrotactile patterns are discussed.
3-D visualization of electrostatic fields on a helicopter in flight

Aircraft in flight typically charge via electrostatic processes; this charge is the source of measurable electric fields. Nearby objects may perturb this field, so there is interest in developing electrostatic sensors that can sense nearby objects like power lines by measuring their effects on the field. A major obstacle to developing these sensors is that there are often large variations in the field due to other causes. The problem is particularly difficult for helicopters where the rotating blades cause large periodic variations in field intensity. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a model that predicts these self-generated variations so they can be cancelled out and the smaller variations from other objects can be seen. A new code is presented that was developed at ARL for visualization of the complex fields present on helicopters. The fields are different on virtually every part of the aircraft and vary with both the main and tail rotor positions. The code combines a large number of different quasi-static calculations in a single animated display where field strengths are "painted" as textures on the aircraft model. The code allows the user to view the time variations from any viewpoint in stereo. The stereo viewing is very important for clear and easy interpretation of the complex field patterns produced by the models.
Estimation-Equivalent Covariance Structures for the Least Squares and Minque Estimators of the Linear Model Variance

Abstract We give a concise alternative derivation of necessary and sufficient conditions on the general nonnegative-definit error covariance structure for the general linear model such that the least squares and the minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimators of the model variance are identical.
Fabrication of Al6061-CNT Composite by Mechanical Alloying Followed by Semi-Solid Powder Processing

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely investigated as a reinforcement material to improve the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of composite materials. Various routes have been employed to fabricate aluminum-carbon nanotube (Al-CNT) composites in the past few years. However, uniform distribution of CNTs in the metal matrix is still challenging. In this paper, a novel semi-solid powder processing (SPP) was used to incorporate CNT uniformly into the Al6061-CNT composite. Al6061-CNT powders mechanically alloyed for different durations were also examined to understand how the CNTs were dispersed in the Al6061 powders. As-received CNT cluster balls were crushed into dense thin CNT layers during mechanical alloying. As mechanical alloying time increased, CNTs were dispersed in the Al6061 particles. Well-densified microstructures with severely deformed grains were observed in the Al6061-CNT composite.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Viral vectors: promising new therapeutics in the battle against glioblastoma

A paucity of effective treatments exists for glioblastoma, the most malignant form of brain cancer. However, novel therapies are in active development, including therapies based on the use of virus...
A concise review of flexible manufacturing systems and FMS literature

Abstract The widespread popularity of Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) has resulted in a prolific bibliography of literature describing several frameworks for analysis, planning and control of this automated mode of production. In this paper we review literature and discuss both the major characteristics of FMS and the contemporary decision support systems that have emerged to address the planning and control problems inherent in FMS.