cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of grain size and grain size distribution on slip dynamics: An experimental analysis

Abstract When faults form and slip they produce granular wear material that accommodates most of the strain. We investigate the effect of grain size and grain size distribution on slip dynamics by using sheared elliptical acrylic discs as a fault gouge proxy. Physical experiments on three different grain size assemblages are performed in a spring slider apparatus. Our results indicate that below a grain diameter threshold of 1/10 of the shear zone width, increasing grain size corresponds to faster slip velocities during slip events. In experiments with more than one grain size, the relative proportions of grain sizes and effective grain sizes control the bulk behavior. We show that shear zones with grains that are larger than 1/10 of the shear zone width show deformation dynamics that are independent of the small grain fraction. In shear zones where the grain sizes are below this threshold a high abundance of small grains promotes slower and smaller slip events.
Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine.

Seventy-two barrows (initial weight = 57.1 kg) were used to determine the interrelationship between porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary lysine and their effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either 4 or 8 mg of pST and fed a pelleted corn-soybean meal-sesame meal diet (.8% lysine; 17.8% CP) or diets containing 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4% lysine provided by additions of L-lysine.HCl (2 x 4 factorial arrangement). Control pigs (placebo injection) received the .8% lysine diet. All diets were formulated to contain > or = 200% of current recommendations for other amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. A tendency for a pST x lysine interaction was observed for cumulative ADG (P .20). Plasma urea concentrations on d 28 decreased with increasing lysine level (quadratic, P or = 36 g/d for pigs injected with 4 and 8 of mg/d of pST, respectively.
EBV latent membrane protein 1 induces lipogenesis and confers sensitivity to inhibition of fatty acid synthase in B cells

Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is the major transforming protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is critical for EBV-induced B-cell transformation in vitro. Several B-cell malignancies are associated with latent LMP1-positive EBV infection, including Hodgkin and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and HIV and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. We have previously reported that promotion of B cell proliferation by LMP1 coincided with an induction of aerobic glycolysis. To further examine LMP1-induced metabolic reprogramming in B cells, we ectopically expressed LMP1 in an EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma cell line preceding a targeted metabolic analysis. This analysis revealed that the most significant LMP1-induced metabolic changes were to fatty acids. In parallel, the same metabolic analysis was carried out to compare metabolic alterations in primary B cells following EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation, which also revealed significant changes to fatty acid levels following establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Ectopic expression of LMP1 and EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation induced fatty acid synthase (FASN) and increased lipid droplet formation. FASN is a crucial lipogenic enzyme responsible for de novo biogenesis of fatty acids in transformed cells. Furthermore, following treatment with C75, an inhibitor of lipogenesis, we observed preferential killing of LMP1-expressing B cells. Our findings demonstrate that ectopic expression of LMP1 and EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation leads to induction of FASN, fatty acids and lipid droplet formation, possibly pointing to a reliance on lipogenesis. Therefore, the use of lipogenesis inhibitors could potentially be used in the treatment of LMP1+ EBV associated malignancies by targeting a LMP1-specific dependency on lipogenesis.
Telemedicine and Telestroke

Telemedicine is the use of audiovisual communication and computer systems to provide clinical care remotely. When used in the care of patients with stroke, this is referred to as telestroke. Telestroke networks connect patients in remote or under-resourced settings with centralized expertise in order to guide evaluation and treatment decisions. Telemedicine is used in the prehospital setting, in the emergency and acute setting, and in the inpatient setting to deliver care to stroke patients. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the use of telestroke. Telestroke guidelines have recently been developed, and recommendations have been made for the development of process and outcome measures to track telestroke network performance. Reimbursement and regulatory frameworks are continuing to adapt to this innovative but increasingly common modality of acute stroke care delivery.
Higher Education as an Authoritarian Tool for Regime Survival: Evidence from Kazakhstan and around the World

Authoritarian leaders face a dilemma in choosing whether to fund higher education: risk promoting educated students who are more likely to protest, or increase human capital and promote economic gr...
XML-Based Advanced UDDI Search Mechanism for B2B Integration

Exploring appropriate business applications published as Web Services in UDDI registries is a critical issue. Search for such applications should be effective in terms of time and uniformed in terms of interfaces. In this paper, an XML-based advanced UDDI exploring engine, Business Explorer for Web Services (BE4WS), that provides developers with standard interfaces for efficiently searching business and service information in single or multiple UDDI registries is presented. The engine processes the proposed UDDI Search Markup Language (USML) that specifies a search request comprising multiple queries, UDDI sources, search criteria, and aggregation operator. The core component of BE4WS, Advanced UDDI Search Engine (AUSE), aggregates search results from different UDDI registries based on the USML request and built-in intelligent search facilities with the ability to cross-reference multiple categories. An aggregation example using BE4WS is demonstrated to enable easy B2B integration.
Antiviral activity of digoxin and ouabain against SARS-CoV-2 infection and its implication for COVID-19

The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is exacerbated by the absence of effective therapeutic agents. Notably, patients with COVID-19 and comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiac diseases have a higher mortality rate. An efficient strategy in response to this issue is repurposing drugs with antiviral activity for therapeutic effect. Digoxin (DIG) and ouabain (OUA) are FDA drugs for heart diseases that have antiviral activity against several coronaviruses. Thus, we aimed to assess antiviral activity of DIG and OUA against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of DIG and OUA were determined at a nanomolar concentration. Progeny virus titers of single-dose treatment of DIG, OUA and remdesivir were approximately 103-, 104- and 103-fold lower (> 99% inhibition), respectively, than that of non-treated control or chloroquine at 48 h post-infection (hpi). Furthermore, therapeutic treatment with DIG and OUA inhibited over 99% of SARS-CoV-2 replication, leading to viral inhibition at the post entry stage of the viral life cycle. Collectively, these results suggest that DIG and OUA may be an alternative treatment for COVID-19, with potential additional therapeutic effects for patients with cardiovascular disease.
Areas of opportunity related to design of chemical and biological sensors based on liquid crystals

The societal impact of liquid crystals (LCs) in electrooptical displays arrived after decades of research involving molecular-level design of LCs and their alignment layers, and elucidation of LC e...
Priorities of Hybrid Clinician-Managers: A Qualitative Study of How Managers Balance Clinical Quality Among Competing Responsibilities.

OBJECTIVE Oversight of clinical quality is only one of physical therapy managers' multiple responsibilities. With the move to value-based care, organizations need sound management to navigate this evolving reimbursement landscape. Previous research has not explored how competing priorities affect physical therapy managers' oversight of clinical quality. The purpose of this study was to create a preliminary model of the competing priorities, motivations, and responsibilities of managers while overseeing clinical quality. METHODS This qualitative study used the Rapid Qualitative Inquiry method. A purposive sample of 40 physical therapy managers and corporate leaders was recruited. A research team performed semi-structured interviews and observations in outpatient practices. The team used a grounded theory-based immersion/crystallization analysis approach. Identified themes delineated the competing priorities and workflows these managers use in their administrative duties. RESULTS Six primary themes were identified that illustrate how managers: (1) balance managerial and professional priorities; (2) are susceptible to stakeholder influences; (3) experience internal conflict; (4) struggle to measure and define quality objectively; (5) are influenced by the culture and structure of their respective organizations; and (6) have professional needs apart from the needs of their clinics. CONCLUSION Generally, managers' focus on clinical quality is notably less comprehensive than their focus on clinical operations. Additionally, the complex role of hybrid clinician-manager leaves limited time beyond direct patient care for administrative duties. Managers in organizations that hold them accountable to quality-based metrics have more systematic clinical quality oversight processes. IMPACT This study gives physical therapy organizations a framework of factors that can be influenced to better facilitate managers' effective oversight of clinical quality. Organizations offering support for those managerial responsibilities will be well positioned to thrive in the new fee-for-value care structure.
WASim: understanding WebAssembly applications through classification

WebAssembly is a new programming language built for better performance in web applications. It defines a binary code format and a text representation for the code. At first glance, WebAssembly files are not easily understandable to human readers, regardless of the experience level. As a result, distributed third-party WebAssembly modules need to be implicitly trusted by developers as verifying the functionality requires significant effort. To this end, we develop an automated classification tool WASim for identifying the purpose of WebAssembly programs by analyzing features at the module-level. It assigns purpose labels to a module in order to assist developers in understanding the binary module. The code for WASim is available at https://github.com/WASimilarity/WASim and a video demo is available at https://youtu.be/usfYFIeTy0U.
Methylphenidate as a causal test of translational and basic neural coding hypotheses

SUMMARY Most systems neuroscience studies fall into one of two categories: basic science work aimed at understanding the relationship between neurons and behavior, or translational work aimed at developing treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we use these two approaches to inform and enhance each other. Our study both tests hypotheses about basic science neural coding principles and elucidates the neuronal mechanisms underlying new, clinically relevant behavioral effects of systemically administered methylphenidate (Ritalin). We discovered that orally administered methylphenidate, used clinically to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and generally to enhance cognition (Lakhan & Kirchgessner, 2012; Maher, 2008), increases spatially selective visual attention, enhancing visual performance at only the attended location. And as predicted by our previous work (Ni et al., 2018), we found that this causal manipulation enhances vision in rhesus macaques specifically when it decreases the mean correlated variability of neurons in visual area V4. Our findings demonstrate that the visual system is a platform for understanding the neural underpinnings of both complex cognitive processes (basic science) and neuropsychiatric disorders (translation). Addressing basic science hypotheses, our results are consistent with a scenario in which methylphenidate has cognitively specific effects by working through naturally selective cognitive mechanisms. Clinically, our findings suggest that the often staggeringly specific symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders may be caused and treated by leveraging general mechanisms.
Quantitative Meta-Strategies

Quantitative Meta-Strategies (QMS) are quantitative strategies designed to manage investment strategies. As a field, QMS can be defined as the mathematical study of the decisions made by the supervisor of a team of investment managers, regardless of whether their investment style is systematic or discretionary. Algorithmized investment processes can be tested and improved before being applied to a business. They provide objective and consistent oversight, and help prevent repeated mistakes. They are scalable and speed up quality improvement by limiting managerial frictions and biases.
SLA-aware data migration in a shared hybrid storage cluster

Data volume in today's world has been tremendously increased. Large-scaled and diverse data sets are raising new big challenges of storage, process, and query. Particularly, real-time data analysis becomes more and more frequently. Multi-tiered, hybrid storage architectures, which provide a solid way to combine solid-state drives with hard disk drives (HDDs), therefore become attractive in enterprise data centers for achieving high performance and large capacity simultaneously. However, from service provider's perspective, how to efficiently manage all the data hosted in data center in order to provide high quality of service (QoS) is still a core and difficult problem. The modern enterprise data centers often provide the shared storage resources to a large variety of applications which might demand for different service level agreements (SLAs). Furthermore, any user query from a data-intensive application could easily trigger a scan of a gigantic data set and inject a burst of disk I/Os to the back-end storage system, which will eventually cause disastrous performance degradation. Therefore, in the paper, we present a new approach for automated data movement in multi-tiered, hybrid storage clusters, which lively migrates the data among different storage media devices, aiming to support multiple SLAs for applications with dynamic workloads at the minimal cost. Detailed trace-driven simulations show that this new approach significantly improves the overall performance, providing higher QoS for applications and reducing the occurrence of SLA violations. Sensitivity analysis under different system environments further validates the effectiveness and robustness of the approach.
Peptide mediated inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis dual and three species biofilms.

vi LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER2: HYPOTHESIS and AIMS 14 CHAPTER3: MATERIALS and METHODS 17 CHAPTER4: RESULTS 31 CHAPTER5: DISCUSSION 67 REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX I: ABBREVIATIONS 78 CURRICULUM VITAE 79
Application of Satellite Gravimetry for Water Resource Vulnerability Assessment

The force of Earth's gravity field varies in proportion to the amount of mass near the surface. Spatial and temporal variations in the gravity field can be measured via their effects on the orbits of satellites. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is the first satellite mission dedicated to monitoring temporal variations in the gravity field. The monthly gravity anomaly maps that have been delivered by GRACE since 2002 are being used to infer changes in terrestrial water storage (the sum of groundwater, soil moisture, surface waters, and snow and ice), which are the primary source of gravity variability on monthly to decadal timescales after atmospheric and oceanic circulation effects have been removed. Other remote sensing techniques are unable to detect water below the first few centimeters of the land surface. Conventional ground based techniques can be used to monitor terrestrial water storage, but groundwater, soil moisture, and snow observation networks are sparse in most of the world, and the countries that do collect such data rarely are willing to share them. Thus GRACE is unique in its ability to provide global data on variations in the availability of fresh water, which is both vital to life on land and vulnerable to climate variability and mismanagement. This chapter describes the unique and challenging aspects of GRACE terrestrial water storage data, examples of how the data have been used for research and applications related to fresh water vulnerability and change, and prospects for continued contributions of satellite gravimetry to water resources science and policy.
Equilibrium response of flight control systems

The steady-state behavior of an aircraft in response to control and disturbance inputs has a major impact on its performance and flying qualities, and it is, to a large extent, not readily predicted by the aircraft's stability and transient behavior. Singular as well as nonsingular response can result as a consequence of the command vector's definition, i.e., equilibrium in the command vector can imply disequilibrium in the state. The flight control structure can be modified to account for this characteristic, and it is shown that systems with identical eigenvalues and eigenvectors but dissimilar command vectors have markedly different responses.
Seismic Velocity and Q Structure of the Middle Eastern Crust and Upper Mantle from Surface-wave Dispersion and Attenuation

—Observed velocities and attenuation of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves in the period range 7–82 sec were inverted for shear-wave velocity and shear-wave Q structure in the Middle East using a two-station method. Additional information on Q structure variation within each region was obtained by studying amplitude spectra of fundamental-mode and higher-mode Rayleigh waves. We obtained models for the Turkish and Iranian Plateaus (Region 1), areas surrounding and including the Black and Caspian Seas (Region 2), and the Arabian Peninsula (Region 3). The effect of continent-ocean boundaries and mixed paths in Region 2 may lead to unrealistic features in the models obtained there. At lower crustal and upper-mantle depths, shear velocities are similar in all three regions. Shear velocities vary significantly in the uppermost 10 km of the crust, being 3.21, 2.85, and 3.39 km/s for Regions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Q models obtained from an inversion of interstation attenuation data show that crustal shear-wave Q is highest in Region 3 and lowest in Region 1. Q’s for the upper 10 km of the crust are 63, 71, and 201 for Regions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Crustal Q’s at 30 km depth for the three regions are about 51, 71, and 134. The lower crustal Q values contrast sharply with results from stable continental regions where shear-wave Q may reach one thousand or more. These low values may indicate that fluids reside in faults, cracks, and permeable rock at lower crustal, as well as upper crustal depths due to convergence and intense deformation at all depths in the Middle Eastern crust.
Importance of Total Motile Oval Count in Interpreting the Hamster Ovum Sperm Penetration Assay

A prospective study relating computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and technician-determined morphology to sperm penetration assay (SPA) outcome in patients with unexplained infertility or male factor was undertaken on 190 males aged 28-45 to determine the value of total motile oval count (TMO), compared to concentration, motility, and morphology considered independently, in predicting the outcome of the SPA. Prewash sperm count ranged 20-1,328 x 10(6), motility 0-93%, morphology 25-78% oval (%OVAL), and SPA scores 0-100%. Multiple regression analysis yielded two statistical models that identified significant predictors for % penetration (%P). Only TMO in one model and %OVAL in an independent effects model showed statistically significant correlation (P or = 20%P). The independent effects model correctly classified 93% in the abnormal group, but projected 72 false negatives in the 101 subjects with %P > or = 20%, correctly classifying only 28.7%. Relative risk analysis showed TMO as a stronger risk factor affecting SPA outcome than %OVAL. It is concluded from this study that below 20%P, both TMO and %OVAL appeared to be comparable as predictive factors. Additionally, the TMO model was equally predictive for SPA > or = 20%P, where the independent effects model showed only 28.7% accuracy. SPA outcome appeared to be more profoundly affected by a decrease in TMO than by a decrease in %OVAL alone.
Backscattering Analysis and Electrical Behavior of SiC Implanted with 40 keV Indium

Based on backscattering analysis of SiC implanted with 40 keV In+, we have shown that an amorphous layer is formed at 23°C after a dose of 1 • 1014 In+/cm2. After 1200°C anneal the amorphous layer is largely recrystallized, and ~60% of the In atoms are along the [001] atomic rows of α-SiC. Although the measured projected range of the In+ agrees with that calculated by Johnson and Gibbons, the standard deviation in range is over three times greater than the calculated value. Little residual disorder remains after a 450°C implant of 3 • 1014, 40 keV In+/cm2 into β-SiC, and ~90% of the In atoms are substitutional following a 1200°C anneal. Although the disorder profile produced by the 23°C implant is comparable to the In distribution, the disorder profile obtained after the 450°C implant indicates a small disorder peak at depths near the maximum penetration of the In. No p-type conduction of the layers implanted at 23°C was observed after anneals up to 1700°C. However, a sample implanted with In+ at 350°C did show weak p-type behavior after implantation and after anneals of 1000°C or less. Following anneals of 1200°C no p-type conduction was observed, but rather i-layers of thickness comparable to that of the In+ penetration were formed in all the implanted samples. The lack of p-type conduction is attributed to donor type defects which persist to 1800°C. The i-layer thickness changed with anneal temperature, suggesting the presence of mobile defects which anneal at 1600°C.
Three-dimensional navigation system integrating position-tracking technology with a movable tablet display for percutaneous targeting

Objectives To assess the feasibility of a novel percutaneous navigation system (Translucent Medical, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) that integrates position-tracking technology with a movable tablet display. Materials and Methods A total of 18 fiducial markers, which served as the target centres for the virtual tumours (target fiducials), were implanted in the prostate and kidney of a fresh cadaver, and preoperative computed tomography (CT) was performed to allow three-dimensional model reconstruction of the surgical regions, which were registered on the body intra-operatively. The position of the movable tablet's display could be selected to obtain the best recognition of the interior anatomy. The system was used to navigate the puncture needle (with position-tracking sensor attached) using a colour-coded, predictive puncture-line. When the operator punctured the target fiducial, another fiducial, serving as the centre of the ablative treatment (treatment fiducial), was placed. Postoperative CT was performed to assess the digitized distance (representing the real distance) between the target and treatment fiducials to evaluate the accuracy of the procedure. Results The movable tablet display, with position-tracking sensor attached, enabled the surgeon to visualize the three-dimensional anatomy of the internal organs with the help of an overlaid puncture line for the puncture needle, which also had a position-tracking sensor attached. The mean (virtual) distance from the needle tip to the target (calculated using the computer workstation), was 2.5 mm. In an analysis of each digitalized axial component, the errors were significantly greater along the z-axis (P < 0.01), suggesting that the errors were caused by organ shift or deformation. Conclusion This virtual navigation system, integrating a position-tracking sensor with a movable tablet display, is a promising advancement for facilitating percutaneous interventions. The movable display over the patient shows a preoperative three-dimensional image that is aligned to the patient. Moving the display moves the image, creating the feeling of looking through a window into the patient, resulting in instant perception and a direct, intuitive connection between the physician and the anatomy.
Crystal Structures Elucidated from X-ray Powder Diffraction Data without Prior Indexing

OCEANA, a new genetic algorithm-based program for structure elucidation from non-indexed X-ray powder diffraction data, uses Lamarckian evolution to search for the best molecular position and orientation over a range of cell parameters for a given space group. As OCEANA does not require an indexed powder pattern, it is particularly suited for analysis of organic molecular crystals, which often crystallize in relatively large, low-symmetry unit cells. The high degree of peak overlap in the powder patterns of such compounds makes cell determination and pattern indexing very difficult and presents a major obstacle to success when using any routine that requires this information. OCEANA searches within a user-defined range of cell parameters for a specified space group and uses the experimental density to eliminate unit cells that are not viable. Several examples based on compounds with known crystal structures are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, and the crystal structure of a new c...
Inversion of irradiance moments.

A relationship is derived between the irradiance moments of an object’s and the irradiance moments of the object’s image. Accurate knowledge of the system’s point-spread-function irradiance moments permits inversion of this relationship. It is shown that the inversion is well conditioned, and Monte-Carlo simulation results of a two-point object that demonstrate super resolution are presented.
Angiographic demonstration of congenital intercoronary communication in normal adults

Abstract Prominent anastomoses between the right and left coronary arteries, which are present during fetal life, persist into the postnatal period and diminish in caliber by the 8th month.1 Recent anatomic studies indicate that the normal adult heart contains a profusion of small interconnecting vessels less than 200 μ in diameter.2 Their angiographic demonstration in living humans with normal coronary arteries is probably precluded by minimal or no flow across them and by limitation of resolution of imaging systems. We report angiographic documentation of a prominent intercoronary connection between a dominant right and non-dominant left circumflex coronary arteries in 3 normal adults.
Estimating true worst currents for power grid electromigration analysis

Electromigration has become a major reliability problem in modern chips, especially in power grids. It is important to identify EM-weak wires that carry high density currents over an extended period of time. In this paper, we first indicate that the conventional current estimation approach based on the assumption that the worst case power configuration produces currents of the highest density can potentially underestimate currents carried by some power grid wires. We propose a linear programming-based algorithm that for each wire finds the worst case configuration of current sources and computes the true worst case current value. Our method considers global and local constraints among current sources and provides practical information to designers for EM reliability improvement purpose.
Contextual influences on a spatial-frequency-contingent color aftereffect

Spatia}:.frequen cy-eontin~nt color aftereffects were induced in eight observers in order to examine the role of apparent spatial frequency in the aftereffects. Test stimuli consisted of ach­ romatic gratings presented either with or without the context of a receding pictorial corridor array. A neutral-point procedure was used to assess the strength of the color aftereffects. The results indicated that both retinal and apparent spatial frequency affected the color aftereffects on those test gratings presented in the context of the corridor array. However, the color after­ effects on the test gratings presented without context were affected only by variationsin retinal spatial frequency. It is concluded that the stimulus for the color aftereffects is not simply the retinal representation of the test stimulus. Therefore, any description of contingent color after­ effects based on selective chromatic adaptation of retinotopically organized cortical feature de­ tectors is not complete. Jordan and Uhlarik (1982) recently reported a color aftereffect contingent on the apparent spatial frequency of test gratings. Subsequent to the induc­ tion of color aftereffects, apparent spatial frequency was varied in one instance by placing test gratings of identical retinal spatial frequency in the context of a receding pictorial array (see Figure 1). A test grat­ ing in the upper region of this array should appear larger (i.e., to have a lower spatial frequency) than the same grating in the lower region of the array due to implicit depth cues and Emmert's law. Question­ naire responses indicated that the saturation and hue of color aftereffects were contingent on the similar­ ity of the apparent spatial frequency of the test grat­ ing to that of the adapting grating: the closer the match between apparent test-grating frequency and the adapting frequency, the more saturated the after­ effect hue. Other investigators have reported color aftereffects contingent on perceptual organization (Uhlarik, Pringle, & Brigell, 1977) and apparent ori­ entation (Mikaelian, 1976) of test gratings. All of these findings are inconsistent with previous observa­ tions that aftereffect strength is greatest when the physical parameters of a test grating match those of the adapting grating. For example, Harris (1970) re­ ported that color aftereffects were contingent on ret
Elementary Social Studies: Trite, Disjointed, and in Need of Reform?

Elementary social studies has used the same scope and sequence for more than a half century despite significant changes in society. Efforts to reform the curriculum are adversely impacted by inertia, tradition, the culture wars, traditional state autonomy in setting curriculum, publishers, and competition between disciplines for space within the curriculum. The pressure exerted on teachers and schools by the No Child Left Behind Act to emphasize basic skills can result in the further marginalization of social studies at the elementary level unless a consensus can be built around a new curriculum. By including all social studies disciplines, drawing on the time-honored conceptual structures of individual social studies disciplines, and relying on the current standards of social studies learned societies, educators could frame a new social studies curriculum that addresses the interests of most stakeholders and offers meaningful social studies education to elementary students.
Teaching Multicultural LIteracy to Teachers

(1991). Teaching Multicultural LIteracy to Teachers. Teaching Education: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 133-142.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and related autoimmune diseases are antigen-driven, epigenetic diseases.

Autoimmune diseases result when cellular stresses (ex UV, cell cycle, hormones, viruses, and/or drugs) induce altered expression of polyamines, leading to chromatin disruption, interference with chromatin methylation, exposure of sequestered genes, and interference with tissue-specific processes. Exposure of previously sequestered Alu and LINE-1 sequences can lead to reverse transcription of Alu-RNA (and other transcripts) by the LINE-1 reverse transcriptase, yielding autoantigenic, hypomethylated DNA fragments. Release from the cell of the hypomethylated DNA fragments, along with polyamine-associated nucleoprotein complexes formed with the fragments, would elicit the autoimmune response. Loss of gene control due to hypomethylation and chromatin disruption by polyamines or other factors can include loss of dosage compensation from the inactive X chromosome for spermine synthase and spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase at Xp22.1. This leads to ongoing altered polyamine levels. Thus, autoimmune diseases result from epigenetic changes that lead to autoantigen generation.
What do observations of the Lyman α fraction tell us about reionization

An appealing approach for studying the reionization history of the Universe is to measure the redshift evolution of the Lyman-alpha fraction, the percentage of Lyman-break selected galaxies that emit appreciably in the Ly-alpha line. This fraction is expected to fall-off towards high redshift as the intergalactic medium becomes significantly neutral, and the galaxies' Ly-alpha emission is progressively attenuated. Intriguingly, early measurements with this technique suggest a strong drop in the Ly-alpha fraction near z ~ 7. Previous work concluded that this requires a surprisingly neutral intergalactic medium -- with neutral hydrogen filling more than 50 % of the volume of the Universe -- at this redshift. We model the evolving Ly-alpha fraction using cosmological simulations of the reionization process. Before reionization completes, the simulated Ly-alpha fraction has large spatial fluctuations owing to the inhomogeneity of reionization. Since existing measurements of the Ly-alpha fraction span relatively small regions on the sky, and sample these regions only sparsely, they may by chance probe mostly galaxies with above average Ly-alpha attenuation. We find that this sample variance is not exceedingly large for existing surveys, but that it does somewhat mitigate the required neutral fraction at z ~ 7. Quantitatively, in a fiducial model calibrated to match measurements after reionization, we find that current z = 7 observations require a volume-averaged neutral fraction of x_HI > 0.05 at 95 % confidence level. Hence, we find that the z ~ 7 Ly-alpha fraction measurements do likely probe the Universe before reionization completes but that they do not require a very large neutral fraction.
Self-interaction-correction theory for density functional calculations of electronic energy bands for the lithium chloride crystal

Recently a scheme has been developed to correct for the incomplete cancellation of the self-Coulomb interaction by the self-exchange term inherent in the local-spin-density (LDS) approximation to the Hartree-Fock theory. A calculation of the electronic energy band structure of the lithium chloride crystal is performed using the LSD theory with the self-interaction correction (SIC). The method of linear combinations of atomic orbitals is employed to solve the Hamiltonian self-consistently with four different versions of the exchange-correlation functional. The calculated band gap is in good agreement with the experimental value but becomes much smaller if the SIC is omitted. The binding energy of the centroid of the valence band obtained from the SIC-LSD calculation is slightly larger than the observed value. The density of states of the lower part of the conduction band is compared with photoemission data. The nature of the SIC potential is discussed and a simplified scheme for incorporating the SIC in the density functional theory is presented.
Perspective: prevention is better than cure.

Attempts to reduce amyloid-β in the brain have yet to show clinical benefits. Starting treatment early is the best hope, says Sam Gandy
Direct immunofluorescence in pyoderma gangrenosum.

SUMMARY Direct immunofluorescence was done in fifty-one cases of pyoderma gangrenosum. Biopsy specimens were taken from the peripheral erythematous zone of the lesion. In thirty-one cases (61%), there was positive immunofluorescence, with perivascular deposition of immune reactants being the most frequent pattern (twenty-seven cases). These findings support a vasculitic pathogenesis of pyoderma gangrenosum.
Agglomerative clustering using hybrid features for image categorization

This research project describes an agglomerative image clustering technique that is used for the purpose of automating image categorization. The system is implemented in two stages: feature vector formation, and feature space clustering. The features that we selected are based on texture salience (Gabor filters and a binary pattern descriptor). Global properties are encoded via a hierarchical spatial pyramid and local structure is encoded as a bit string, retained via a set of histograms. The transform can be computed efficiently – it involves only 16 operations (8 comparisons and 8 additions) per 3x3 region. A disadvantage is that it is not invariant to rotation or scale changes; however, the spatial pyramid representing global structure helps to ameliorate this problem. An agglomerative clustering technique is implemented and evaluated based on ground-truth values and a human subjective rating.
Analysis of pyridine dinucleotides in cultured rat hepatocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract An isocratic reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the separation and quantitation of total pyridine dinucleotides in hepatocyte cultures is described. Cells are extracted with cold 3 m perchloric acid or 0.5 n sodium hydroxide containing 50% (v/v) ethanol and 35% cesium chloride for the determination of the oxidized or reduced pyridine dinucleotides, respectively. Pyridine dinucleotides in the neutralized extracts were separated on an Excellopak ODS C18 (4.6 × 150 mm) column with 0.1 m potassium phosphate, pH 6.0, containing 3.75% methanol as the mobile phase. NAD+ and NADP+ were detected spectrophotometrically at 254 nm. The response was linear from 5 to 4000 pmol with recoveries of NAD+ and NADP+ of 98 and 101.1%, respectively. NADH and NADPH were monitored fluorometrically by activation at 370 nm and emission in the 400–700 nm range. The reduced pyridine dinucleotides had a linear response from 7.5 to 60 pmol with recoveries of NADH and NADPH of 99.4 and 101.3%, respectively. The coefficients of variation for all of the pyridine dinucleotide standards were less than 3.5%.
Does virus infection have evolutionary significance

ANDERSON'S theory1 that “evolution depends largely” on the transfer of genetic material by viral transduction may be plausible for microbes, but in cellular organisms there are some serious objections.
Combined modality therapy in the elderly population.

The incidence of cancer among older patients continues to rise. The use of combined modality therapy has improved survival in a variety of malignancies, including rectal, head and neck, and lung cancer; however, the addition of chemotherapy increases substantially the toxicities of treatment. Elderly patients have generally been excluded from prospective clinical trials and as such, there is a lack of evidence-based data with regards to the most appropriate treatment. Age itself should not be used as a criterion for foregoing combined modality therapy in elderly patients. Due to the increased toxicity of therapy, patients must be carefully selected. Any medical intervention should account for life expectancy, performance status, tolerance to therapy, and presence of medical or social conditions that may impact therapy. We encourage a comprehensive geriatric assessment to evaluate functional status, comorbidities, mental status, psychological state, social support, nutritional status, polypharmacy, and geriatric conditions in order to improve a patient’s overall functional status during the course of therapy. Fit elderly patients should be considered candidates for combined modality therapy, however, because they are potentially more vulnerable to therapy, careful attention should be paid to hydration and nutritional status with early intervention when necessary. Investigators should be encouraged to expand eligibility to include elderly patients on non age-related clinical trials. Additionally, therapy-related clinical trials directed at the elderly should be developed.
FRUCTOSE 1. 6-DIPHOSPHATASE AND GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE IN NEWBORN RATS WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

FRUCTOSE 1. 6-DIPHOSPHATASE AND GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATASE IN NEWBORN RATS WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION
Renin Gene Transfer Restores Angiogenesis and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Dahl S Rats

In a previous study, we demonstrated that Dahl S rats (SS group) have low plasma renin activity, whereas transfer of a region of chromosome 13 containing the renin gene from Dahl R onto a congenic strain of Dahl SS/Jr/Hsd/MCW rats (S/ren(RR) group) restores renin secretory responses. In the present study, we compared the angiogenic responses to electrical stimulation in the SS and S/ren(RR) groups to explore the hypotheses that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Congenic SS and S/ren(RR) rats fed a 0.4% or 4% salt diet were surgically prepared by chronic implantation of an electrical stimulator. Another group of S/ren(RR) rats was treated with lisinopril 2 days before the surgery and throughout the stimulation protocol. The right tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were stimulated for 8 hours per day for 7 days. The contralateral muscles served as controls. Western blot analysis was performed to identify VEGF protein expression in these muscles. Electrical stimulation produced no change in vessel density of the SS group fed a 0.4% salt diet (change 5.50% and 8.14% for EDL and TA, respectively). Transfer of a region containing the renin gene restored the angiogenic response (change 16% and 30% for EDL and TA, respectively) despite a significantly higher blood pressure. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system by lisinopril or high salt restored the responses observed in the SS group fed a low salt diet. In addition, increases in VEGF expression to electrical stimulation were observed only in the S/ren(RR) group fed a low salt diet. These results suggest that renin gene transfer restores angiogenesis and VEGF expression in the skeletal muscle of Dahl S rats.
Particle‐size dependent bipolar charging of Martian regolith simulant

[1] The intense dust devils and dust storms on Mars are believed to generate large electrostatic fields that significantly alter geophysical and geochemical processes on the planet. The existence of such fields must be related to a mechanism by which charged dust separates by polarity; it has been widely hypothesized that this separation originates from a particle-size dependence of the charge polarity, but this effect has never been demonstrated. To address this issue, we carry out experiments on the triboelectric charging of Martian regolith simulant (JSC-1 Mars), using a fluid flow apparatus wherein only particle-particle interactions occur, as is the case in Martian dust events. Our experiments show direct evidence that smaller particles tend to charge negatively and larger particles tend to charge positively, which provides a mechanism for the charge separation that creates electric fields in Martian dust events.
Calcitonin receptor-mediated CFTR activation in human intestinal epithelial cells.

High levels of calcitonin (CT) observed in medullary thyroid carcinoma and other CT-secreting tumours cause severe diarrhoea. Previous studies have suggested that CT induces active chloride secretion. However, the involvement of CT receptor (CTR) and the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of intestinal electrolyte secreting intestinal epithelial cells have not been investigated. Therefore, current studies were undertaken to investigate the direct effects of CT on ion transport in intestinal epithelial cells. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of CTR in intestinal epithelial T84 cells. Exposure of T84 cells to CT from the basolateral but not from apical side significantly increased short circuit current (I(SC) ) in a dose-dependent manner that was blocked by 1 μM of CTR antagonist, CT8-32. CT-induced I(SC) was blocked by replacing chloride in the bath solutions with equimolar gluconate and was significantly inhibited by the specific cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor, CFTR(127inh). Further, biotinylation studies showed that CT increased CFTR levels on the apical membrane. The presence of either the Ca(2+) chelator, bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl (BAPTA-AM) ester or the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, significantly inhibited I(SC) induced by CT (∼32-58% reduction). Response to CT was retained after permeabilization of the basolateral or the apical membranes of T84 cells with nystatin. In conclusion, the activation of CTR by CT induced chloride secretion across T84 monolayers via CFTR channel and the involvement of PKA- and Ca(2+) -dependent signalling pathways. These data elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying CT-induced diarrhoea.
Price indexes for R and D inputs 1969-1983

This paper presents the first R and D price indexes based largely on actual prices and expenditures reported by firms. The results, based on a carefully designed sample of about 100 firms, show that the GNP deflator, which is used in the official government R and D statistics, has tended to underestimate the rate of inflation in R and D. For managerial and economic purposes, such as R and D budgeting and productivity studies, these indexes should be of widespread use.
Estimability, testability, and connectedness in the cell means model

This article discusses the conocepts of estimation of parameters and tests of linear hyp hypotheses in the fixed effects (ANOVA) model with some zero cell frequencies. The concept of connected experiments is generalized ot he cel1-means model and relatedtotheest imation of and test of hy pothe sesa bout the cell means. A simple test for connectedness is developed as a n atur alre sult of thea nalysis of the constrai nedcell means model. The a nalysis of unconnected experimentsisbriefly discussed. Examples are presented toillustrate the ideas.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL REARING AND LEVELS OF MOTIVATION

6 male littermate rats reared from weaning in environments of either reduced or augmented stimulus variety were compared under different conditions of motivational urgency. Tests involving high urgency—initial exposure to an open field, passive (step-down) avoidance of foot-shock, and CER acquisition—showed no differences (ps > .05). The test involving low urgency —extinction of the CER—separated the groups (p < .01).
Adjustment and Leadership: A Study of the Rorschach Test

(1952). Adjustment and Leadership: A Study of the Rorschach Test. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 179-189.