cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes Research in Cancer Clinical Trial Cooperative Groups: The RTOG Model

Background: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), a National Cancer Institute sponsored cancer clinical trials research cooperative, has recently formed an Outcomes Committee to assess a comprehensive array of clinical trial endpoints and factors impacting the net effect of therapy. Methods: To study outcomes in a consistent, comprehensive and coordinated manner, the RTOG Outcomes Committee developed a model to assess clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes important in clinical trials. Results: This paper reviews how the RTOG incorporates outcomes research into cancer clinical trials, and demonstrates utilization of the RTOG Outcomes Model to test hypotheses related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this example, the clinical component of the model indicates that the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy (RT) improves survival but increases the risk of toxicity. The humanistic component indicates that esophagitis is the symptom impacting quality of life the greatest and may outweigh the benefits in elderly (≥70 years) patients. The economic component of the model indicates that accounting for quality-adjusted survival, concurrent chemoRT for the treatment of NSCLC is within the range of economically acceptable recommendations. Conclusion: The RTOG Outcomes Model guides a comprehensive program of research that systematically measures a triad of endpoints considered important to clinical trials research.
Design and evaluation of a continuous flow microwave pasteurization system for apple cider

Abstract The purpose of this project was to design a continuous flow microwave pasteurization system and to evaluate the following process parameters: volume load size (0.5 and 1.38 l), input power (900–2000 W), and inlet temperature (3°C, 21°C, and 40°C). Water and two apple ciders, one from a cold press and the other from a hot press extraction, were the fluids used to study the heating characteristics. Volumetric flow rate and absorbed power were criteria in the evaluation. The microwave pasteurization system consisted of helical coils throughout a large cavity oven, which was shown to produce uniform and reproducible heating throughout the cavity. Fluid viscosity of water and cider was measured at temperatures between 20°C and 70°C to characterize the flow in helical coils based on the Dean number. Process lethality was verified based on inoculation of Escherichia coli 25922 in apple cider, in which the pasteurization process resulted in a 5-log10 reduction.
Forced expression of myocardin is not sufficient for induction of smooth muscle differentiation in multipotential embryonic cells

Objective— Myocardin, a coactivator of serum response factor, has been shown to be required for expression of multiple CArG-dependent smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker genes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether myocardin alone is sufficient to induce SMC lineage in multipotential stem cells as evidenced by activation of the entire SMC differentiation program. Methods and Results— Overexpression of myocardin induced only a subset of SMC marker genes, including smooth muscle (SM) α-actin, SM–myosin heavy chain (MHC), SM22α, calponin, and desmin in A404 SMC precursor cells, whereas expression of smoothelin-B, aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein, and focal adhesion kinase-related nonkinase, whose promoters lack efficacious CArG elements, was not induced. Similar results were obtained in cultured SMCs, 10T1/2 cells, and embryonic stem cells. Moreover, myocardin inappropriately induced expression of skeletal and cardiac CArG-dependent genes in cultured SMCs. Stable overexpression of dominant-negative myocardin in A404 cells resulted in impaired induction of SM α-actin and SM–MHC by all trans -retinoic acid but had no effect on induction of smoothelin-B and aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein expression. Conclusions— Taken together with previous studies, results demonstrate that myocardin is required for the induction of CArG-dependent SMC marker genes but is not sufficient to initiate the complete SMC differentiation program.
29Si MAS-NMR investigation of the conversion process of a polytitanocarbosilane into SiC-TiC ceramics

A polytitanocarbosilane has been prepared from polycarbosilane and titanium n-butoxide.29Si MAS-NMR was used to characterize the various steps of the conversion process of the polymer into the final ceramic. The reaction of titanium butoxide with polycarbosilane introduces oxygen into the polymer that seems to play an important role in the pyrolysis process. In the first stage up to 1000 ° C, the study reveals the cleavage of Si-C bonds and the formation of SiC4-xOx units. In the second stage, above 1000 ° C, the number of Si-O bonds decreases, probably due to a carbothermal reduction process. At 1500 ° C, the product can be described as a mixture of crystalline SiC and TiC with no excess carbon.
Development of a fiber-optic confocal microendoscope for clinical endoscopy

A confocal micro endoscope has been developed to examine cellular pathology during optical biopsy. The system employs a flexible fiber optic catheter coupled to a slit-scan confocal microscope to image tissue at remote locations in the body. The catheter of the confocal micro endoscope consists of a fiber-optic imaging bundle, a miniature objective, and a miniature focusing mechanism. The system has a lateral resolution of 1.8 micrometers and an axial resolution of 25 micrometers . The confocal micro endoscope can operate in a grayscale or multi-spectral imaging mode. Extensive work has been done to design a new miniature objective and focusing mechanism that will allow the catheter to be routed through the therapeutic channel of a clinical endoscope. We present the design for a miniature F/1 achromatic objective with nearly diffraction limited performance. The objective will be coupled to a pneumatic focusing mechanism to provide focus control to 200 micrometers below the surface of the tissue. The new catheter has an overall diameter of 3mm with a rigid tip of only 20mm in length.
Mechanisms of opioid tolerance

This Commentary evaluates several observations and hypotheses made by Fundytus and Coderre: (1) Initial treatment with high doses of μ-opioid agonists decrease phosphatidlylinositol (PI) hydrolysis, while (2) chronic treatment increases PI hydrolysis to near control levels via increased activity of type I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and/or δ-opioid receptors. (3) The resulting inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated increase in protein kinase C then phosphorylates a μ-opioid coupled G-protein, leading to a desensitization of μ-opioid receptors; phosphorylates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated Ca 2+ channels, resulting in a release of these channels from an Mg 2+ block; and increases Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, which produces additional phosphorylation of μ-opioid coupled G-protein, leading to further desensitization of μ-opioid receptors. (4) A role for type II/III mGluRs in opioid dependence occurs from desensitization of these receptors, which allows 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate to remain at levels high enough to produce withdrawal symptoms. (5) Second messenger systems interact. We then review some of the observations with which a model of opioid tolerance should be consistent. Finally, we review a model for opioid tolerance that we recently proposed.
Keeping the citizenry informed: early congressional printing and 21st century information policy

Abstract Although the electronic revolution in publishing fostered a new Information Age, the need for government documents in tangible format continues. This paper examines the historical roots of congressional printing compared to 21st century challenges to information policy. The author argues that the founding fathers intentionally did not include language mandating the printing of government information, aside from the Journal as described in the Constitution, for the simple reason that they viewed it as an inherent obligation on the part of all elected officials. As such, restrictive information policies, such as the U.S.A. Patriot Act, impinge upon the original intent of the founding fathers and indeed, threaten the ideal of a democratic society.
Direct-transition interpretation of angular-dependent valence-band photoemission from single-crystal copper in the energy range 40 ⩽ hv ⩽ 200 eV

Abstract Angular-dependent photoemission data from copper single crystals in the energy range 40 ⩽ hv ⩽ 200 eV obtained recently by Stohrt et al. is compared with theoretical calculations based upon a bulk direct-transition model with free-electron final states and complete neglect of matrix-element effects. Very good agreement is found between experiment and theory. The addition of matrix elements based upon plane-wave final states is by contrast found to yield very poor results.
Anomalous flourescence of 9-aminofluorene

Abstract It has been found that 9-aminofluorene (I) exhibits two fluorescences. One emission is at ≈ 310 nm and the other is solvent dependent, and occurs between ≈ 360 and ≈ 410 nm. The solvent-dependent fluorescence is attiributed to a novel kind of tiwsted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) coformer which forms within the lifetime of the lowest excited singlet state.
Socio-Economic Gaps within the EU: A Comparison

This research investigates socio-economic gaps between countries of the European Union (EU). The countries, for comparison purposes, are grouped into five sets to find out if the different groupings differ in means and variances. The overall conclusion is that the 15 core combinations outperform the rest when comparisons are made on the basis of 45 socio-economic variables. However, the newly added countries in the enlargement appear to be fairly homogeneous when compared in accordance with the 45 variables. Of special interest is whether the inclusion of Turkey among the newly admitted would have changed the pattern of homogeneity among them. The answer to this question is a guarded yes.
Isolation and characterization of hemolysin mutants of Vibrio vulnificus

The importance of the cytolysin/hemolysin in the virulence of Vibrio vulnificus was investigated using both the naturally occuring virulent and avirulent colony variants and ethylmethane-sulfonate generated mutants. Both virulent and avirulent isogenic morphotypes produced similar amounts of hemolysin. Two mutants deficient in the production of hemolysin and negative for CHO cell activity were characterized and their virulence for mice was examined. Non-hemolytic mutants were found to be as virulent as their parent strain. It is concluded that the hemolysin produced by V. vulnificus is not required for the full virulence of this pathogen.
Stress Testing Financial Systems: What to Do When the Governor Calls

Stress testing is becoming a widely used tool to assess potential vulnerabilities in a financial system. This paper is intended to answer some of the basic questions that may arise as part of the process of stress testing. The paper begins with a discussion of stress testing in a financial system context, highlighting some of the differences between stress tests of systems and of individual portfolios. The paper provides an overview of the process itself, from identifying vulnerabilities, to constructing scenarios, to interpreting the results. The experience of the IMF in conducting stress testing as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) is also discussed.
The three-dimensional structural basis of type II hyperprolinemia.

Abstract Type II hyperprolinemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH; also known as ALDH4A1), the aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde to glutamate. Here, we report the first structure of human P5CDH (HsP5CDH) and investigate the impact of the hyperprolinemia-associated mutation of Ser352 to Leu on the structure and catalytic properties of the enzyme. The 2. 5-A-resolution crystal structure of HsP5CDH was determined using experimental phasing. Structures of the mutant enzymes S352A (2.4 A) and S352L (2.85 A) were determined to elucidate the structural consequences of altering Ser352. Structures of the 93% identical mouse P5CDH complexed with sulfate ion (1.3 A resolution), glutamate (1.5 A), and NAD+ (1.5 A) were determined to obtain high-resolution views of the active site. Together, the structures show that Ser352 occupies a hydrophilic pocket and is connected via water-mediated hydrogen bonds to catalytic Cys348. Mutation of Ser352 to Leu is shown to abolish catalytic activity and eliminate NAD+ binding. Analysis of the S352A mutant shows that these functional defects are caused by the introduction of the nonpolar Leu352 side chain rather than the removal of the Ser352 hydroxyl. The S352L structure shows that the mutation induces a dramatic 8-A rearrangement of the catalytic loop. Because of this conformational change, Ser349 is not positioned to interact with the aldehyde substrate, conserved Glu447 is no longer poised to bind NAD+, and Cys348 faces the wrong direction for nucleophilic attack. These structural alterations render the enzyme inactive.
Peer Effects and Cigarette Use Among College Students

This study adds to the collegiate substance use literature by measuring the magnitude of peer effects upon individual cigarette use. The study employs data from the 2001 Harvard School of Health College Alcohol Survey to construct this peer effect measure and to study the effect of other variables upon a university student’s decision to smoke. The main finding of this paper is that moving a student from a university where no students smoke to an institution where 25 percent of the population smokes increases that student’s probability of smoking by 10.71 percent. The results of this paper suggest the potential for universities to institute student-led, anti-smoking organizations.
The α4 Isoform of the Na,K-ATPase Is Expressed in the Germ Cells of the Testes:

In addition to the three isoforms of the catalytic subunit of the Na,K-ATPase originally identified (α1, α2, and α3), a fourth α polypeptide (α4) has recently been found in mammalian cells. This novel α-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase is selectively expressed in male gonadal tissues. In the testes, α4 is functionally active and comprises approximately half of the Na,K-ATPase activity of the organ. At present, the pattern of expression of the α4 polypeptide within the cells of the male gonad is unknown. By in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and the ouabain inhibition profile of Na,K-ATPase activity, we show that the α4-subunit is expressed in the germ cells of rat testes. The highest amounts of the isoform are found in spermatozoa, where it constitutes two thirds of the Na,K-ATPase activity of the gametes. The other Na pump present in the cells is the ubiquitously expressed α1 polypeptide. The characteristic localization of α4 in the gonad is further supported by the drastic reduction of the polypeptid...
Symmetry-Based Analysis of the Effects of Random Energy Disorder on the Excitonic Level Structure of Cyclic Arrays: Application to Photosynthetic Antenna Complexes

We extend the work of Wu and Small who introduced symmetry-adapted basis defect patterns (BDPs) for systematic analysis of the effects of random static energy disorder (diagonal or off-diagonal) on the excitonic level structure of cyclic Cn arrays of chromophores. Examples include the B850 and B875 rings of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecules associated with the LH2 and LH1 antenna complexes of purple bacteria for which, so far, n = 8, 9, and 16. Calculation of the localization/extendedness (chromophore occupation number) patterns and participation numbers of the exciton levels reveals that the effects of random disorder on the exciton levels that contribute to the critically important B850 or B875 absorption band can be understood in terms of a single BDP of e1 symmetry (“hidden correlation” effect). This is a consequence of the structures of the complexes, the complexes falling in the weak disorder regime and the strict symmetry selection rules that govern the couplings between zero-order exciton level...
The Williams Scale for the Specification of Position: An Initial Report

(1972). The Williams Scale for the Specification of Position: An Initial Report. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 241-251.
The Effects of Group Size on the Outcome of Focus Group Sessions

Focus group interviewing is a qualitative research technique that is widely used in private industry. In recent years, there has been a notable growth in the use of focus group sessions research to gain insight into the use of dynamic relationships of attitudes, opinions, motivations, concerns, and problems concerning current and projected human activity.
Expression of scleraxis and tenascin C in equine adipose and umbilical cord blood derived stem cells is dependent upon substrata and FGF supplementation

Recovery from tendon injury is based on long periods of rest, which results in sub-optimal repair, often replacing tendon with fibrocartilage scar tissue. Recently, the use of stem cells in equine tendon repair has been attempted with variable success. The objective of this work was to determine the expression of scleraxis (scx) and tenascin C (TnC), two markers of tenocytes, in adipose (AdMSC) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cells during culture on various substrata and in response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) treatment. Equine UCB and AdMSC were cultured on gelatin-coated plasticware, 30 % matrigel or collagen-coated Cytodex beads and treated with 10 ng/ml FGF2, FGF4 or FGF5 prior to measurement of proliferation, kinase activity and tenocyte gene expression. Supplementation with FGF2 or FGF5 activated the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in AdMSC and UCB; no effect of FGF4 was observed in UCB. FGF2 increased proliferation in AdMSC but not UCB. Conversely, FGF5 stimulated proliferation of UCB. Culture in matrigel increased scx expression in both cell populations and increased TnC in AdMSC. In AdMSC grown in matrigel, supplementation with FGF2 or FGF5 increased TnC expression. Thus, culture conditions (substrata and FGF supplementation) impact markers of tenocytes in AdMSC and UCB stem cells, indicating that careful consideration should be given to culture conditions prior to use of UCB or AdMSC as therapeutic aids. Optimal culture conditions may promote early differentiation of these cells, improving their ability to aid tendon regeneration and facilitating more efficient recovery from tendon injury.
Psychologism, Practical Reason and the Possibility of Error

Psychologism is the view that practical reasons are psychological states. It is widely thought that psychologism is supported by the following principle governing explanation: TF. The difference between false and true beliefs on A's part cannot alter the form of the explanation which will be appropriate to A's actions. (TF) seems to imply that we always need to cite agents’ beliefs when explaining their actions, no matter whether those beliefs are true or false. And this seems to vindicate psychologism. I argue, however, that the standard argument for psychologism which includes (TF) as a premise in fact fails to establish its intended conclusion. As a result, the overall case for psychologism is not as strong as it may initially seem.
Calibration systems for surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

Novel, field portable, inexpensive, easy to fabricate, optical fiber waveguide Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors have been developed. Such sensors show exceptional promise in process and environmental monitoring. These sensors generate SPR features that are broader than prism- based SPR features. While these wide features are troublesome to calibrate using the univariate method traditional to SPR, multivariate methods of calibration have been applied to these new SPR sensors. Multivariate calibration has shown a fifty-percent improvement in predictive accuracy compared to univariate methods. In select case, the multivariate calibrations have been an order of magnitude better than the univariate methods. Traditional and new calibration methods for SPR are discussed, and recommendations are made regarding choice of regression modes, data density, and calibration set makeup for calibration of SPR using novel optical fiber waveguide SPR.
A Multi-Scale Account of Friction-Vibration Interaction

Using a nonlinear model of a two disk brake system, coupled equations of motion are found for their frictional interaction. The mathematical formulation relates the tribological events at micron scale and the macroscopic scale vibration response of a two-disk brake system. This is accomplished by a viscoelastic account of interaction at the micron scale, its statistical quantification through the approximate analytical representation of the statistical expectation of contact force and the introduction of the contact force into the macro-scale dynamics of the two-disk system. Steady-state analysis of the system establishes the relation between friction torque and speed and supports observed behavior of many mechanical systems with friction. It is shown that, as a result of coupling of the macro-system’s dynamics and contact, there are combinations of parameters at the micro- and macro-scale that yield negative slope in friction torque/sliding speed relation, a well known source of dynamic instability. This results in an effective negative damping that tends to decrease with decrease in the normal load and/or increase in structural damping of the system.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Calibration and Application of Treatment Performance Models in a Pavement Management System in Tennessee

The usage of locally calibrated performance models and other related parameters is necessary in order to utilize the pavement management system (PMS) for maintenance strategy decision-making. In this study, the performance models of typical asphalt resurfacing treatments used in Tennessee were calibrated for the PMS by investigating historical maintenance projects. The multiple regression method was employed to analyze the influence of pretreatment PSI, traffic level, overlay thickness, and milling depth on the post-treatment performance curves. Specific designs of asphalt overlays and performance classes were determined according to the regression analysis. The performance curves for each identified treatment method at different performance classes were established and calibrated for the PMS. Rehabilitation trigger values, typical treatments and decision trees for pavement with different functional classes were determined and designed by investigating the historical maintenance projects. Utilizing the calibrated models, pavement maintenance optimization analyses were performed on a network level. The study has found that pavement with lower pretreatment roughness, thick overlay, and deep milling deteriorated at slower rate. Pavement with high traffic levels tended to have lower post-treatment roughness. The distress condition decreases much faster than smoothness. The most cost-effective network level maintenance strategy can be determined by conducting a network optimization analysis with a sufficient high budget limit. It is recommended that an optimized maintenance budget allocation should include combining cost-effectiveness, rolling unused budget over fiscal years, and re-distributing budget among different maintenance regions.
A technique for predicting mode I energy release rates using a first-order shear deformable plate theory

Utilizing a first order shear deformable plate theory, a technique is described for predicting the distribution of the energy release rate along a curved or straight mode I planar crack in the plane of a plate (such as a delamination crack). Accuracy of the technique is assessed by comparing the distributions of energy release rate with those predicted by two- and three-dimensional finite element analyses of double cantilever beam specimens with straight crack fronts.
Nested Lattice Sampling: A New Sampling Scheme Derived by Randomizing Nested Orthogonal Arrays

A nested orthogonal array is an orthogonal array that contains a smaller orthogonal array as a subarray. We construct a new sampling scheme, called nested lattice sampling, by randomizing nested orthogonal arrays with nested permutations. For a pair of nested lattice samples associated with a nested orthogonal array of strength t, the points in both samples achieve uniformity in t or lower dimensions. Some statistical properties of nested lattice samples based on strength two nested orthogonal arrays are derived. The proposed sampling scheme is useful for running multifidelity computer experiments, sequential evaluation of computer models, and calibration and validation of computer models. This article has supplementary material online.
Traction Retinal Detachment XLIX Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture

This review had two main objectives. The first goal was to attempt to define a final common pathway for traction retinal detachment. To illustrate this, I considered the following three common clinical entities: penetrating ocular trauma, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. My second goal was to emphasize the role of research in developing a rational approach to treatment. To illustrate the second goal, I reviewed the contributions from three realms of research—laboratory, animal, and clinical research—examining their interactions and considering their roles in our current understanding and management of these clinical entities.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the solitary hunting wasp Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Vespidae: Eumeninae) and their cross utility in other species of Ancistrocerus.

We have developed seven microsatellite primers for the solitary wasp Ancistrocerus adiabatus. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 14. The markers were developed to study population structure, inbreeding and sex determination of A. adiabatus. For each locus, we genotyped 30 female wasps collected from Southwest Michigan. The observed heterozygosity ranges from 0.067 to 0.933. We have also determined that primers for these microsatellite loci amplify in three other species in the genus: Ancistrocerus antilope, Ancistrocerus catskill, and Ancistrocerus campesterus.
Nucleotide sequence of the common plasmid ofChlamydia trachomatis serovar L2: Use of compatible deletions to generate overlapping fragments

All serotypes ofChlamydia trachomatis appear to have a 7.5kbp plasmid of a generally conserved sequence which occurs in 5–10 copies per elementary body genome equivalent. The plasmid from strain L2/434/Bu was cloned and mapped for restriction enzyme sites. We determined the plasmid sequence with a family of overlapping deletions in the phagemid vector BSM13+, other recombinants created by cloning defined chlamydial restriction fragments into M13 sequencing vectors, and synthetic oligonucleotide primers. A 22-base-pair sequence, located near the uniqueSstI site of the plasmid sequence, is directly repeated four times. Although the function of this repeated sequence is uncertain, the 22-mer is in an area with an A.T-rich sequence and an open reading frame that resembles the regulatory elements and origins of replication found in other bacteria. The finding of repeated sequences on the multicopy plasmid ofC. trachomatis suggests that methods of oligonucleotide probing can be used to detect chlamydial DNA.
Stress among hospital nursing staff: Its causes and effects

Abstract This study investigated the causes and effects of nursing stress in the hospital environment. It was hypothesized that the sources and frequency of stress experienced by nursing staff were functions of the type of unit on which they worked, levels of training, trait anxiety, and sociodemographic characteristics. It was also hypothesized that high levels of stress would result in decreased job satisfaction and increased turnover among the nursing staff. Data were collected from 122 nurses on 5 patient care units of a private, general hospital using a Nursing Stress Scale developed for this study, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, the Job Description Index, and personnel records. Analysis of variance, profile analysis, and path analysis were used to analyze these data. Three major sources of stress were identified : work load, feeling inadequately prepared to meet the emotional demands of patients and their families, and death and dying. The nature of these sources as well as their pervasiveness suggest that factors inherent in the nursing role, particularly that of the registered nurse, are important determinants of stress. Differences in the frequency of stress among the units investigated suggest 2 additional factors that need to be examined in future studies: structural characteristics of units that affect the amount of role conflict and ambiguity staff experience, and personality characteristics that may attract nurses to specific units. As hypothesized, stress was found to have significant effects on job satisfaction and turnover.
Dye-sensitized solar cells based on semiconductor morphologies with ZnO nanowires

Abstract ZnO nanowires and structures that combine nanowires and nanoparticles were used as the wide band gap semiconducting photoelectrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The nanowires provide a direct path from the point of photogeneration to the conducting substrate and offer alternative semiconductor network morphologies to those possible with sintered nanoparticles. Growing nanowires with dendrite-like branched structure greatly enhances their surface area, leading to improved light harvesting and overall efficiencies. Hybrid cells based on a combination of nanowires and nanoparticles can be tailored to take advantage of both the high surface area provided by the nanoparticles and the improved electron transport along a nanowire network. Solar cells made from branched nanowires showed photocurrents of 1.6 mA/cm 2 , internal quantum efficiencies of 70%, and overall efficiencies of 0.5%. Solar cells made from appropriate hybrid morphologies show photocurrents of 3 mA/cm 2 and overall efficiencies of 1.1%, while both the nanowire and hybrid cells show larger open circuit voltages than nanoparticle cells.
Properties of Germanium Doped with Manganese

The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient in $p$- and $n$-type manganese-doped germanium crystals indicates that manganese introduces two acceptor levels in germanium at 0.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 ev from the valence band and 0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 ev from the conduction band. The distribution coefficient for manganese in germanium is (1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. Comparison is made with other fourth-row metals (V, Fe, Co, and Ni) as impurities in germanium.
The distribution and origin of keratin 20‐containing taste buds in rat and human

Sections of tissues containing lingual and extra-lingual taste buds were evaluated with monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins. In the caudal third of the rat's tongue, keratin 20 immunoreactivity was restricted to taste buds, whereas keratins 7, 8, 18, and 19 were expressed in vallate and foliate taste buds and in cells of salivary ducts that merge with these taste epithelia. Hence, antibodies against keratin 20 most clearly distinguished differentiated taste cells from all other cells. In rat epiglottis, taste buds and isolated bipolar cells were keratin-20-positive. In rat nasopalatine papilla and palate, antibodies against keratin 20 identified Merkel cells, none of which was near to the keratin-20-negative taste buds. Nor were Merkel cells present at epiglottal taste buds or the keratin-20-negative fungiform taste buds or elsewhere in rat tongue. Hence, Merkel cells make no contribution to rat fungiform, epiglottal, nasopalatine, or palatal taste buds. Human and rat keratin-20-positive tissues are reported to be endodermal derivatives with the exception of Merkel cells and luminal urothelial cells. In rats the distribution of keratin-20-positive taste buds was in full agreement with the classical view that the posterior third of the tongue is derived from endoderm (keratin-20-positive taste buds), whereas the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is derived from stomadeal ectoderm (keratin-20-negative taste buds). The equally intense keratin 20 immunoreactivity of human fungiform and vallate taste buds violates this traditional rostro-caudal segregation and suggests that endodermally derived tissues may be present in the tip of the human tongue.
Who We Talk About When We Talk About Users

I begin with some questions: how have the theories and methods which subtend design research been changed by their migration from academy to industry? How have they adapted to their new commercial culture? What languages and customs have they had to acquire to fit in? To address these questions, I consider a facet of design research which I think most problematically bears the marks of this passage: how we choose who we will study. I go on to think about both the causes and implications of exclusions so often resident in this choice. The ideal that drives my analysis forward is that design researchers are in the business of designing not products for “users,” but landscapes of possibility for public life. A final suggestion, inspired by my recent work on Internet-based personal photography and here briefly sketched, is that design researchers take the publicness of our work more seriously—that we design for it.
Variability response functions for effective material properties

Abstract The variability response function (VRF) is a well-established concept for efficient evaluation of the variance and sensitivity of the response of stochastic systems where properties are modeled by random fields that circumvents the need for computationally expensive Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Homogenization of material properties is an important procedure in the analysis of structural mechanics problems in which the material properties fluctuate randomly, yet no method other than MC simulation exists for evaluating the variability of the effective material properties. The concept of a VRF for effective material properties is introduced in this paper based on the equivalence of elastic strain energy in the heterogeneous and equivalent homogeneous bodies. It is shown that such a VRF exists for the effective material properties of statically determinate structures. The VRF for effective material properties can be calculated exactly or by Fast MC simulation and depends on extending the classical displacement VRF to consider the covariance of the response displacement at two points in a statically determinate beam with randomly fluctuating material properties modeled using random fields. Two numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the character of the VRF for effective material properties, the method of calculation, and results that can be obtained from it.
Oxidative deamination and N-acetylation of biogenic amines by homogenates of bulb mites (Rhizoglyphus echinopus)

Abstract (1) Bulb mite homogenates metabolized five biogenic amines by oxidative metabolism (monoamine oxidase Type B, MAO) and N -acetylation ( N -acetyltransferase, NAT) with 2-phenylethyl-amine (PEA) being the preferred substrate of both enzymes. (2) PEA metabolism by MAO was more sensitive to inhibition (240X) by deprenyl (pI 50 9.1) than by clorgyline (pI 50 6.7). in the rat: a speculative mechanism based in activation (3) PEA metabolism by NAT required exogenous acetyl coenzyme A; N -acetyl-2-PEA was identified as the major reaction product. (4) When 22 acaricides were tested at 100 μM, MAO activity generally was more sensitive to inhibition than was NAT activity. (5) That bulb mites possess at least two mechanisms for inactivating biogenic amines is in contrast to insects which are thought to degrade biogenic amines mainly by N -acetylation.
Loop monotonic statements

A statement is considered to be monotonic with respect to a loop if its execution, during the successive iterations of a given execution of the loop, assigns a monotonically increasing or decreasing sequence of values to a variable. We present static analysis techniques to identify loop monotonic statements. The knowledge of loop monotonicity characteristics of statements which compute array subscript expressions is of significant value in a number of applications. We illustrate the use of this information in improving the efficiency of run-time array bound checking, run-time dependence testing, and on-the-fly detection of access anomalies. Given that a significant percentage of subscript expressions are monotonic, substantial savings can be expected by using these techniques. >
Affective modulation of eyeblink reactions to noxious sural nerve stimulation: A supraspinal measure of nociceptive reactivity?

Research suggests affective picture-viewing modulates subjective and physiological reactions to noxious stimulation (pain report, heart rate acceleration, skin conductance response, nociceptive flexion reflex). Because the nociceptive flexion reflex (a spinal reflex) is modulated by picture-viewing, this suggests affective processes are able to modulate afferent nociception at spinal levels. This highlights the importance of assessing nociceptive reactivity from physiological measures mediated at different levels of the neuraxis (spinal vs. supraspinal) to help elucidate the mechanisms associated with pain regulation. The present study examined whether affective pictures modulate eyeblink reactions (a supraspinal reflex) to noxious stimulation. Healthy men and women (N=23) were recruited from the psychology subject pool to participate. Pictures (attack, loss, neutral, food, erotica) that manipulated affective valence and arousal were presented and noxious electrodermal stimulations were delivered to the sural nerve. Picture duration (500-ms vs. 6-s) was also manipulated, balanced across picture content. Results suggested affective valence and arousal contributed to the modulation of eyeblinks. Eyeblinks were larger during highly arousing unpleasant pictures (attack) than highly arousing pleasant pictures (erotica), but low arousal pictures (loss, food) did not lead to significant modulation. Affective modulation was independent of picture duration or the perceived painfulness of noxious stimulation. This study suggests eyeblink reactions can serve as a supraspinal outcome in procedures used to study affective modulation of pain and nociception.
Genetic basis for nitrate resistance in Desulfovibrio strains

Nitrate is an inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In petroleum production sites, amendments of nitrate and nitrite are used to prevent SRB production of sulfide that causes souring of oil wells. A better understanding of nitrate stress responses in the model SRB, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20, will strengthen predictions of environmental outcomes of nitrate application. Nitrate inhibition of SRB has historically been considered to result from the generation of small amounts of nitrite, to which SRB are quite sensitive. Here we explored the possibility that nitrate might inhibit SRB by a mechanism other than through nitrite inhibition. We found that nitrate-stressed D. vulgaris cultures grown in lactate-sulfate conditions eventually grew in the presence of high concentrations of nitrate, and their resistance continued through several subcultures. Nitrate consumption was not detected over the course of the experiment, suggesting adaptation to nitrate. With high-throughput genetic approaches employing TnLE-seq for D. vulgaris and a pooled mutant library of D. alaskensis, we determined the fitness of many transposon mutants of both organisms in nitrate stress conditions. We found that several mutants, including homologs present in both strains, had a greatly increased ability to grow in the presence of nitrate but not nitrite. The mutated genes conferring nitrate resistance included the gene encoding the putative Rex transcriptional regulator (DVU0916/Dde_2702), as well as a cluster of genes (DVU0251-DVU0245/Dde_0597-Dde_0605) that is poorly annotated. Follow-up studies with individual D. vulgaris transposon and deletion mutants confirmed high-throughput results. We conclude that, in D. vulgaris and D. alaskensis, nitrate resistance in wild-type cultures is likely conferred by spontaneous mutations. Furthermore, the mechanisms that confer nitrate resistance may be different from those that confer nitrite resistance.
Model for ion-initiated trench etching

We model the plasma etching of trenches by Langmuir kinetics for neutral molecules and bombarding ions. The parallel combination of an isotropic etch rate for the neutrals and an anisotropic etch rate for the ions gives an effective etch rate. The ion etch rate is proportional to the normal surface component of the ion energy flux. An approximate analytical expression for the composite etch rate offers a new approach to the computation of etch profiles for these mixed systems. Etch profiles are displayed for three cases: the nearly ion flux-limited regime, an intermediate case, and the nearly neutral-flux limited regime for the trench bottom. The numerical calculation of the etch profiles follows from the integration of three characteristic strip equations which are nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equations (ODE's).
Monolithic 60 GHz GaAs CW IMPATT oscillator

A monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design was developed for GaAs IMPATT diodes to enable their operation under continuous-wave (CW) conditions at V-band frequencies. All impedance-matching circuits were fabricated on the top surface of the GaAs substrate. At 61.5 GHz, 100-mW CW output power was obtained with 13.5% conversion efficiency. In an alternative design, varactor diodes were integrated with the IMPATT circuits to produce the first monolithic VCOs operating under CW conditions. Over 3.5 GHz of tuning bandwidth was obtained at a center frequency of 70-GHz with a CW output power of 15 mW. >
Comparing in situ and satellite‐based parameterizations of oceanic whitecaps

The majority of the parameterizations developed to estimate whitecap fraction uses a stability-dependent 10 m wind (U10) measured in situ, but recent efforts to use satellite-reported equivalent neutral winds (U10EN) to estimate whitecap fraction with the same parameterizations introduce additional error. This study identifies and quantifies the differences in whitecap parameterizations caused by U10 and U10EN for the active and total whitecap fractions. New power law coefficients are presented for both U10 and U10EN parameterizations based on available in situ whitecap observations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are performed on the residuals of the whitecap parameterizations and the whitecap observations and identify that parameterizations in terms of U10 and U10EN perform similarly. The parameterizations are also tested against the satellite-based WindSat Whitecap Database to assess differences. The improved understanding aids in estimating whitecap fraction globally using satellite products and in determining the global effects of whitecaps on air-sea processes and remote sensing of the surface.
Opportunities for detection and use of QTL influencing seasonal reproduction in sheep: a review

Genetic improvement in traits associated with seasonal breeding in sheep is challenging because these traits have low heritabilities, are generally not expressed until late in life, are commonly recorded only in females, and are expressed only in some lambing seasons and management systems. Detection of quantitative trait loci and their use in marker-assisted selection could therefore substantially enhance selection responses. A population of sheep with an extended breeding season was developed through selection for fertility in spring matings and provides opportunities for further study of candidate genes influencing seasonal breeding. In particular, the melatonin receptor 1a gene is polymorphic in many sheep breeds and appears to influence a number of seasonal reproductive responses. In addition, a variety of clock genes have been identified in laboratory mammals and shown to influence biological rhythms. Mutations in these clock genes have been identified and shown to influence circadian periodicities and reproductive patterns in golden hamster and mouse. In sheep, expression of clock genes in the suprachaismatic nucleus and pars tuberalis (PT) suggests that "calendar" cells in the ovine PT play a role in maintaining circannual rhythms. Thus the various clock genes represent potentially important candidate genes that may be involved in control of seasonal breeding.
Using texture mapping with mipmapping to render a VLSI layout

This paper presents a method of using texture mapping with mipmapping to render a VLSI layout. Texture mapping is used to save already rasterized areas of the layout from frame to frame, and to take advantage of any hardware accelerated capabilities of the host platform. Mipmapping is used to select which textures to display so that the amount of information sent to the display is bounded, and the image rendered on the display is filtered correctly. Additionally, two caching schemes are employed. The first, used to bound memory consumption, is a general purpose cache that holds textures spatially close to the user's current viewpoint. The second, used to speed up the rendering process, is a cache of heavily used sub-designs that are precomputed so rasterization on the fly is not necessary.An experimental implementation shows that real-time navigation can be achieved on arbitrarily large designs. Results also show how this technique ensures that image quality does not degrade as the number of polygons drawn increases, avoiding the aliasing artifacts common in other layout systems.
Identification of a novel E2F3 product suggests a mechanism for determining specificity of repression by Rb proteins

The tumor suppressor function of Rb is intimately related to its ability to interact with E2F and repress the transcription of E2F target genes. Here we describe a novel E2F product that specifically interacts with Rb in quiescent cells. This novel E2F, which we term E2F3b, is encoded by a unique mRNA transcribed from an intronic promoter within the E2F3 locus. The E2F3b RNA differs from the previously characterized E2F3 RNA, which we now term E2F3a, by the utilization of a unique coding exon. In contrast to the E2F3a product that is tightly regulated by cell growth, the E2F3b product is expressed equivalently in quiescent and proliferating cells. But, unlike the E2F4 and E2F5 proteins, which are also expressed in quiescent cells and form complexes with the p130 protein, the E2F3b protein associates with Rb and represents the predominant E2F-Rb complex in quiescent cells. Thus, the previously described specificity of Rb function as a transcriptional repressor in quiescent cells coincides with the association of Rb with this novel E2F product.