cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balance of Forces in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The lower atmosphere is conveniently divided into several layers with varying degrees of turbulent mixing and with different mechanisms of turbulence production. The framework for our depiction of these layers is the set of one-dimensional governing equations given in Chap. 3 Forces that dominate the flow in each layer are different, so we can make strategic approximations in order to obtain simplified relationships between state and process variables. Diagnosis on where one layer ends and where another begins is made with profiles of potential temperature, wind, humidity, or trace gas concentrations and is refined with observed patterns of time variations of these variables on the 24-h cycle. The distinct vertical structure exists because of strong influences the ground surface exerts on the overlaying atmosphere through momentum absorption and exchanges of energy and materials. However, if the land cover is inhomogeneous, the terrain is sloped, or if the flow is disturbed by mesoscale phenomena (e.g., land-lake breezes) and synoptic weather events (e.g., cold front passage), some of the one-dimensional vertical layering may become indiscernible.
Troubleshooting Logical Examinations

The process of acquiring digital evidence from mobile devices can create a number of problems for the examiner. The specific target operating system, internal settings, user security, damaged devices, and incorrect drivers are just some of the issues that may cause a conflict. There is no “one” single forensic tool that can perform acquisitions on every mobile device and removable evidence related to the same, such as SIM and microSD cards. Due to many of the extractions requiring the user to connect to a “live” device, there will be a number of problems arising during the connection. To combat the endless number of issues one may face, a familiarity with Windows Device Manager, Communication Ports, drivers, phantom ports, and log files will become quite necessary. Many examiners will experience problems with “stand-alone” forensic products as well. Having a standard format to follow on troubleshooting steps can help facilitate the processes in which to correct an issue regardless of the vendor specific tool.
Point of Care Ultrasound Reimbursement and Coding

Ultrasound is a procedure that should be identified within the health system as separate work, with appropriate coding and reimbursement. Coding structure is important to correct reimbursement and acknowledgement of work and workflow. The structure of coding, reimbursement processes, and required documentation for POC US with attention to location, application, mode, and provider are discussed.
Caregiver-report of symptoms following traumatic brain injury in a small clinical sample of preschool-aged children

Purpose Preschool-aged children have a high rate of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Anecdotally, caregivers of young children describe symptoms not typically associated with TBI. The objective of this study was to preliminarily describe symptoms reported following TBI in an outpatient sample of preschool-aged children. Methods Retrospective chart review was completed of the first specialty clinic visit by 28 children ages 3 through 5 years with TBI (32% mild, 50% moderate, 18% severe) to identify post-injury symptoms elicited by caregiver interview including querying of symptoms listed on the Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) plus an open-ended request to describe any other symptoms. Results Visits occurred on average 38 days post-injury. Caregivers endorsed typical post-concussive symptoms, with headache being most common. In addition, caregivers described other symptoms not captured by the ACE which were grouped into the following categories: Appetite Changes, Behavioral Dysregulation, Decreased Engagement, Disrupted Sleep, Enuresis, Increased Dependence, and Stomachaches. Conclusions Caregivers of preschool-aged children with TBI endorse that young children experience many typical post-concussive symptoms but also a range of other symptoms which may not be typically associated with TBI. Additional work is needed to determine whether specialized evaluation tools and educational materials may be useful for this age group.
Mining histopathological images via composite hashing and online learning.

With a continuous growing amount of annotated histopathological images, large-scale and data-driven methods potentially provide the promise of bridging the semantic gap between these images and their diagnoses. The purpose of this paper is to increase the scale at which automated systems can entail scalable analysis of histopathological images in massive databases. Specifically, we propose a principled framework to unify hashing-based image retrieval and supervised learning. Concretely, composite hashing is designed to simultaneously fuse and compress multiple high-dimensional image features into tens of binary hash bits, enabling scalable image retrieval with a very low computational cost. Upon a local data subset that retains the retrieved images, supervised learning methods are applied on-the-fly to model image structures for accurate classification. Our framework is validated thoroughly on 1120 lung microscopic tissue images by differentiating adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma. The average accuracy is 87.5% with only 17ms running time, which compares favorably with other commonly used methods.
Polarization in K^+ → π^+μ^+μ^−

Abstract The parity violating asymmetry [( Γ R − Γ L )/( Γ R + Γ L )], where Γ R and Γ L are the rates to produce right handed and left handed μ + in the decay K + → π + μ + μ − , is discussed. We examine the contribution to this asymmetry from the interference of the “Z-penguin” and “W-box” with the standard one-photon contribution in the minimal standard model and in models with two Higgs doublets. The asymmetry is sensitive to extensions of the Higgs sector. Time reversal violating polarization effects are also considered. We show that the polarization of the μ + perpendicular to the μ + μ − decay plane is small.
Mycobacterium fortuitum epidemics after open heart surgery.

We present the clinical and epidemiological features of Mycobacterium fortuitum epidemics involving 19 patients who underwent open-heart surgery. The source of the infection could not be identified. However, bone wax and homografts utilized at that time have been suspected. The infected patients responded poorly to antibiotic management and their courses in most cases were influenced benefically by total sternectomy and transplantation of the omentum into the mediastinum. The emergence of M. fortuitum may represent an aggressive bacterial strain resistant to presently used broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs.
High-Resolution Acoustic Imaging by Contact Printing

In this paper we will present a technique which allows us to record high-resolution acoustic images of biological specimens. The image is detected in the extremely near field of the object and the imaging, itself, is accomplished in a thin liquid layer containing 1 µm polystyrene spheres. The response of the spheres to the “radiation pressure” of the acoustic fields traversing the liquid layer permits the spheres to condense into a pattern which produces the acoustic image. The force on an individual sphere as used in our device resulting from the radiation pressure can be calculated and by means of this calculation it is easy to optimize the magnitude and show that it is linearly proportional to the acoustic intensity — an effect necessary for our system of imaging.
Pulsed-Laser Deposited 35 Bi(Mg 1/2 Ti 1/2 )O 3 -65 PbTiO 3 Thin Films—Part II: Influence of A-Site Deficiency and Thickness Scaling on Electric Properties

35 Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3-65 PbTiO3 (35 BiMT-65 PT) thin films with varying levels of A-site deficiency were investigated as a potential candidate for high-temperature nonvolatile ferroelectric memories. PbTiO3 seed layers utilized to nucleate the perovskite phase in A-site deficient films induced a thickness dependence to the ferroelectric hysteresis and dielectric permittivity. Adjusting for this, the dielectric response of the 35 BiMT-65 PT films is $\approx 960$ . The maximum dielectric permittivity was 430 °C at 1 MHz for A-site deficient films. The transition temperature is independent of film thickness to 85 nm. Tan( $\delta$ ) remains less than 15% at 1 MHz regardless of film thickness and temperature up to 585 °C. High-temperature polarization–electric field hysteresis measurements show charge injection with increasing temperature, while positive-up-negative-down measurements show little temperature dependence of $P_{r}$ up to temperatures of 200 °C. Poole–Frenkel emission dominated the high field leakage behavior. The refractive index measured by ellipsometry is 2.58 at 633 nm. All samples show significant retention loss. As the stoichiometry improves, retention improves such that >40% of the initial $\Delta P$ is retained over $\approx 280$ min.
Applicability of the thin-film approximation in terahertz photoconductivity measurements

Thin mesoporous photoconductive layers are critically important for efficient water-spitting solar cells. A detailed understanding of photoconductivity in these materials can be achieved via terahertz transient absorption measurements. Such measurements are commonly interpreted using the thin-film approximation. We compare this approximation with a numerical solution of the transfer function without approximations using experimental results for thin-film mesoporous tin oxide (SnO2) samples which range in thickness from 3.3 to 12.6 µm. These samples were sensitized with either a ruthenium polypyridyl complex or a porphyrin dye. The two sensitizers have markedly different absorption coefficients, resulting in penetration depths of 15 µm and 1 µm, respectively. The thin-film approximation results are in good agreement with the numerical work-up for the short penetration length dye. For the longer penetration length samples, the thin-film formula fails even for thicknesses of only 3 µm ≈ λ/100. The imaginary part of the conductivity calculated using the thin-film formula was significantly larger in magnitude than the value without approximations. This discrepancy between the commonly used thin-film approximation and the numerical solution demonstrates the need for a careful analysis of the thin-film formula.
Ostrowski–Sugeno Type Fuzzy Integral Inequalities

Here we present Ostrowski–Sugeno Fuzzy type inequalities. These are Ostrowski-like inequalities in the context of Sugeno fuzzy integral and its special properties. They give tight upper bounds to the deviation of a function from its Sugeno-fuzzy averages. This work is greatly inspired by [1, 4]. It follows [2].
Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes in Hospitalized Malignant Brain Neoplasm Patients with Status Epilepticus (P6.171)

Objective: To determine the outcomes in patients with Malignant Brain Neoplasm and Status Epilepticus. Background: Epileptic seizures are a major comorbidity in patients with malignant brain neoplasm (MBN), either on presentation or as a sign of progression. Seizures are more challenging to control in this patient population, especially with rapidly growing tumor and often progress to status epilepticus (SE). We conducted this study to investigate the key characteristics and outcomes in patients with MBN and SE. Design/Methods: Analysis of National Inpatient Sample data (2003–2013) showed a total of 76,357 adult patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of MBN, ICD-9 Code 191.χ. Among this patient population, 557 patients were reported to have SE. We compared age at admission, the length of stay (LOS) and total hospital charges between MBN patients with and without SE, as well as the association between MBN with SE and patient race, sex, and disposition status. Results: 0.7% of patients with MBN had SE. There was no significant difference in age at admission of patients with and without SE (50.69 vs 51.76 p=0.233). SE was more prevalent among patients with African American (AA) Race as compared to non-AA (1.4% vs 0.7% p Conclusions: SE increased mortality and morbidity among patients with malignant brain neoplasm. Our results showed an association between SE and increased LOS, worse disposition, higher hospital charges, and mortality. Future studies are needed to investigate how different treatment regimens against SE impacts short- and long-term outcomes in patients with malignant brain neoplasm. Disclosure: Dr. Lobbous has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pati has nothing to disclose. Dr. Warren has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nabors has nothing to disclose.
1,1′-Bis(4-bromo­phen­yl)-3,3′-di­phenyl­ferrocene

In the title compound, [Fe(C17H12Br)2], the FeII atom is sandwiched between the eclipsed five-membered rings, with Fe⋯ring centroid distances of 1.649 (3) and 1.652 (3) A. In one of the ligands, the Br atom is disordered over two locations [site occupancies = 0.839 (2) and 0.161 (2)].
Estimation and application of population attributable fraction in ecological studies

Estimation of population attributable fraction (PAF) requires unbiased relative risk (RR) by using either Levin’s or Miettinen’s formula, on which decision depends on the available exposure information in reference group, not the types of studies. For ecological studies and studies with aggregated outcomes, once having unbiased RRs, Levin’s and Miettinen’s formulae would provide identical PAF estimates. PAF could also be applied to compare relative burdens of disease between countries across time, which is an additional information in consideration of country-level policies.
Modulation and study of photoblinking behavior in dye doped silver-silica core-shell nanoparticles for localization super-resolution microscopy

Blinking of fluorescent nanoparticles is a compelling phenomenon with widely debated mechanisms. The ability to inhibit or control blinking is important for applications in the field of optical, semiconductor and fluorescent imaging. Self-blinking nanomaterials are also attractive labels for localization-based super-resolution microscopy. In this work, we have synthesized silver core silica nanoparticles (Ag@SiO2) doped with Rhodamine 110 and studied the parameters that affect blinking. We found that under nitrogen rich conditions the nanoparticles shifted towards higher duty cycles. Also, it was found that hydrated nanoparticles showed a less drastic response to nitrogen rich conditions as compared to dried nanoparticles, indicating that surrounding matrix played a role in the response of nanoparticles to molecular oxygen. Further, the blinking is not a multi-body phenomena, super-resolution localization combined with intensity histogram analysis confirmed that single particles are emitting.
Self-consistent Feedback Stackelberg Equilibria for Infinite Horizon Stochastic Games

The paper introduces a concept of “self consistent” Stackelberg equilibria for stochastic games in infinite time horizon, where the two players adopt feedback strategies and have exponentially discounted costs. The analysis is focused on games in continuous time, described by a controlled Markov process with finite state space. Results on the existence and uniqueness of such solutions are provided. As an intermediate step, a detailed description of the structure of the best reply map is achieved, in a “generic” setting. Namely: for all games where the cost functions and the transition coefficients of the Markov chain lie in open dense subset of a suitable space $$\mathcal{C}^k$$. Under generic assumptions, we prove that a self-consistent Stackelberg equilibrium exists, provided that either (i) the leader is far-sighted, i.e., his exponential discount factor is sufficiently small, or (ii) the follower is narrow-sighted, i.e., his discount factor is large enough.
Structure and Reconstitution of an MCU-EMRE Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter Complex.

Abstract The proteins MCU and EMRE form the minimal functional unit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex in metazoans, a highly selective and tightly controlled Ca2+ channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane that regulates cellular metabolism. Here we present functional reconstitution of an MCU–EMRE complex from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and a cryo-EM structure of the complex at 3.5 A resolution. Using a novel assay, we demonstrate robust Ca2+ uptake into proteoliposomes containing the purified complex. Uptake is dependent on EMRE and also on the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. The structure reveals a tetrameric channel with a single ion pore. EMRE is located at the periphery of the transmembrane domain and associates primarily with the first transmembrane helix of MCU. Coiled-coil and juxtamembrane domains within the matrix portion of the complex adopt markedly different conformations than in a structure of a human MCU–EMRE complex, suggesting that the structures represent different conformations of these functionally similar metazoan channels.
MCMC-Interactive Variational Inference

Leveraging well-established MCMC strategies, we propose MCMC-interactive variational inference (MIVI) to not only estimate the posterior in a time constrained manner, but also facilitate the design of MCMC transitions. Constructing a variational distribution followed by a short Markov chain that has parameters to learn, MIVI takes advantage of the complementary properties of variational inference and MCMC to encourage mutual improvement. On one hand, with the variational distribution locating high posterior density regions, the Markov chain is optimized within the variational inference framework to efficiently target the posterior despite a small number of transitions. On the other hand, the optimized Markov chain with considerable flexibility guides the variational distribution towards the posterior and alleviates its underestimation of uncertainty. Furthermore, we prove the optimized Markov chain in MIVI admits extrapolation, which means its marginal distribution gets closer to the true posterior as the chain grows. Therefore, the Markov chain can be used separately as an efficient MCMC scheme. Experiments show that MIVI not only accurately and efficiently approximates the posteriors but also facilitates designs of stochastic gradient MCMC and transition kernels for Gibbs sampling.
Implementing a multilevel intervention to accelerate colorectal cancer screening and follow-up in federally qualified health centers using a stepped wedge design: a study protocol.

Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) not only detects disease early when treatment is more effective but also prevents cancer by finding and removing precancerous polyps. Because many of our nation’s most disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals obtain health care at federally qualified health centers, these centers play a significant role in increasing CRC screening among the most vulnerable populations. Furthermore, the full benefits of cancer screenings must include timely and appropriate follow-up of abnormal results. Thus, the purpose of this study is to implement a multilevel intervention to increase rates of CRC screening, follow-up, and referral-to-care in federally qualified health centers, as well as simultaneously to observe and to gather information on the implementation process to improve the adoption, implementation, and sustainment of the intervention. The multilevel intervention will target three different levels of influences: organization, provider, and individual. It will have multiple components, including provider and staff education, provider reminder, provider assessment and feedback, patient reminder, and patient navigation. This study is a multilevel, three-phase, stepped wedge cluster randomized trial with four clusters of clinics from four different FQHC systems. In the first phase, there will be a 3-month waiting period during which no intervention components will be implemented. After the 3-month waiting period, we will randomize two clusters to cross from the control to the intervention and the remaining two clusters to follow 3 months later. All clusters will stay at the same phase for 9 months, followed by a 3-month transition period, and then cross over to the next phase. There is a pressing need to reduce disparities in CRC outcomes, especially among racial/ethnic minority populations and among populations who live in poverty. Single-level interventions are often insufficient to lead to sustainable changes. Multilevel interventions, which target two or more levels of changes, are needed to address multilevel contextual influences simultaneously. Multilevel interventions with multiple components will affect not only the desired outcomes but also each other. How to take advantage of multilevel interventions and how to implement such interventions and evaluate their effectiveness are the ultimate goals of this study. This protocol is registered at clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT04514341 ) on 14 August 2020.
Attitude: Construction versus Disposition

Although Charles Darwin conceptualized attitudes as things that organisms do, many psychologists and laypeople today make the fundamental attribution error of conceptualizing attitudes as dispositions people have that make them do what they do. Recent attitudes research, however, has begun to explore the basic process by which people construct attitudes—a process that operates in the same way when answering general attitude questions as for any other evaluative response to an attitude object. In the basic evaluation process, the evaluator activates associations to the attitude object, perceives the implications of those associations, and bases evaluative responses at least in part on those implications. Instead of trying to measure a relatively stable disposition that predicts future behavior, the emerging research investigates influences on which associations get activated (e.g., chance, recency, and priming) and influences on how the activated associations are perceived (including subjective ease, the perceived source, and their perceived relevance). Interestingly, the two steps in the basic evaluation process parallel the two strategies that people use when they try to change their own attitudes. Emerging research directions that were suggested by conceptualizing attitudes as things people do, not what they have, include understanding the effects of evaluation goals on activating and perceiving associations, assessing attitude accuracy according to how adaptive are the attitudes that people take, and applying network theory to the basic evaluation process. Keywords: attitudes; attitude change; evaluation; context effects; priming; deliberate self-persuasion; goals; accuracy; networks
Premature TCRαβ Expression and Signaling in Early Thymocytes Impair Thymocyte Expansion and Partially Block Their Development

In thymocyte ontogeny, Tcr-a genes rearrange after Tcr-b genes. TCR alpha beta transgenic (Tg) mice have no such delay, consequently expressing rearranged TCR alpha beta proteins early in the ontogeny. Such mice exhibit reduced thymic cellularity and accumulate mature, nonprecursor TCR(+)CD8(-)4(-) thymocytes, believed to be caused by premature Tg TCR alpha beta expression via unknown mechanism(s). Here, we show that premature expression of TCR alpha beta on early thymocytes curtails thymocyte expansion and impairs the CD8(-)4(-) --> CD8(+)4(+) transition. This effect is accomplished by two distinct mechanisms. First, the early formation of TCR alpha beta appears to impair the formation and function of pre-TCR, consistent with recently published results. Second, the premature TCR alpha beta contact with intrathymic MHC molecules further pronounces the block in proliferation and differentiation. These results suggest that the benefit of asynchronous Tcr-a and Tcr-b rearrangement is not only to minimize waste during thymopoiesis, but also to simultaneously allow proper expression/function of the pre-TCR and to shield CD8(-)4(-) thymocytes from TCR alpha beta signals that impair thymocyte proliferation and CD8(-)4(-) --> CD8(+)4(+) transition.
Carbamazepine-isoniazid interaction.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is a frequently prescribed anticonvulsant that is particularly effective against complex partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.1 Manifestations of carbamazepine toxicity include aplastic anemia, rashes, stomatitis, dizziness, diplopia, confusion, headache, anorexia, and nausea.2 Carbamazepine has been noted to have a variety of interactions with other medications. The use of carbamazepine in combination with oral anticoagulants, contraceptives, or doxycycline, decreased the effectiveness of these medications by the probable induction of microsomal enzymes by carbamazepine. When taken with propoxyphene or troleandomycin, an increased carbamazepine effect has been noted, probably due to inhibition of microsomal enzymes by those drugs.3 The following case report describes the interaction of carbamazepine with isoniazid.
Three Characteristics Associated with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Man

In Dacca, Bangladesh, potent enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from many hospital cases of acute cholera-like diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic (tox+) and non-enterotoxigenic (tox−) isolates of E. coli were used to investigate possible means of differentiating tox+E. coli from those (tox−) of the normal flora. The majority (81%) of the tox+E. coli studied were found to be negative for sucrose fermentation, 85% exhibited retarded growth in a peptone medium at pH 8.5, and 92% released large amounts of ammonium sulfate precipitable materials into culture supernatant fluids; 66.6% exhibited all three of these properties. For the tox− group the respective values were found to be 50%, 31%, and 34%; only 9.3% exhibited all three properties. These results indicate that it may be possible to use phenotypic characteristics other than antigenic composition and enterotoxin production for the identification of enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Modeling Seroadaptation and Sexual Behavior Among HIV+ Study Participants with a Simultaneously Multilevel and Multivariate Longitudinal Count Model

Longitudinal behavioral intervention trials to reduce HIV transmission risk collect complex multilevel and multivariate data longitudinally for each subject with important correlation structures across time, level, and variables. Accurately assessing the effects of these trials are critical for determining which interventions are effective. Both numbers of partners and numbers of sex acts with each partner are reported at each time point. Sex acts with each partner are further differentiated into protected and unprotected acts with correspondingly differing risks of HIV/STD transmission. These trials generally also have eligibility criteria limiting enrollment to participants with some minimal level of risky sexual behavior tied directly to the outcome of interest. The combination of these factors makes it difficult to quantify sexual behaviors and the effects of intervention. We propose a multivariate multilevel count model that simultaneously models the number of partners, acts within partners, and accounts for recruitment eligibility. Our methods are useful in the evaluation of intervention trials and provide a more accurate and complete model for sexual behavior. We illustrate the contributions of our model by examining seroadaptive behavior defined as risk reducing behavior that depends on the serostatus of the partner. Several forms of seroadaptive risk reducing behavior are quantified and distinguished from non-seroadaptive risk reducing behavior.
A "Reagentless" Fluorometric Method for Creatine Kinase Activity in Serum

A "reagentless" fluorometric method is described for the analysis of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. The method is based on the use of silicone rubber pads, upon which are placed all the reagents for assay of CK. The rate of formation of NADH fluorescence at 460 nm is measured and equated to CK activity. The method is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and as little as 3 µl of serum is needed.
Instability of uniform flow

We consider uniform flow of a Newtonian fluid transverse to a domain bounded by parallel planes. We investigate the possibility of introducing instabilities in this flow by the choice of inflow and outflow conditions. Some instabilities of this kind are found
Low-Activation-Energy Conduction in Polycrystalline α-AI2O3 Doped with Si and Na

Polycrystalline Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ containing a glassy aluminosilicate second phase displays a low-activation-energy conductivity when Na is present. The conductivity is ionic in nature at high oxygen pressure and electronic at low oxygen pressure and is attributed to the migration of Na/sup +/ ions and electrons through the second phase present at triple junctions. A smaller lowactivation-energy conductivity is found in the absence of sodium, but in that case the low-activation-energy branch has different properties. Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/:Na without silicon has no lowtemperature low-activation-energy branch.
The formation of cementum

C EMENTUM may be defined as a bony covering of the roots of the teeth. It consists of a matrix composed of calcified collagenous fibrils and may be either cell-free or contain cement corpuscles, sometimes called cementocptes. The first formed layer is acellular or hyaline cementum. Subsequently formed layers may be either cellular or acellular. Generally, the imprisoned cells are found in the apical area and in the bifurcation of multirooted teeth. The cementum also contains imbedded fibers of the periodontal membrane. At the surface of cementum there is an uncalcified layer called prccementum. It may be observed in histologic sections between the cementohlasts and calcified cementurn. It stains pink with eosin, demonstrating its lack of calcification. A similar uncalcified layer, predentine, may bc obserrcd between the odontoblasts and calcified dentine. Cementum and bone are similar in appearance. The basic difference is that cementum is deposited throughout life, whereas bone is constantly being resorbed and replaced. Furthermore, there is no inclusion of blood vessels in cementum as is common in bone. The bone changes result in very little alteration of substance. Because of the continuous deposition of cementurn there is a constant increase of this tissue with age. The primary function of cementum is to provide a means of attachment of the principal fibers of the periodontal membrane to the root. It further serves to repair resorbed areas of the root. It is associated with active eruption by continuous deposition. The importance of cementurn has long been recognized. Studies in comparative anatomy, old and youn, tr teeth of human beings, have contributed much to our present knowledge of cementum.l Recently, as a result of Gottlicb’s investigations, the phrase “biology of the cementum” became prominent in the literature.2 From his findings, one may conclude that the cementum possesses vitality. These physiologic studies have proved a valuable aid to understanding normal as well as pathologic cementum. The cementurn is a product of the periodontal membrane, from which it derives its nourishment. This may be observed by histologic examination of the cementocytes in cellular cementum. In the deeper layers regressive changes of the cementocytes are evident. Irregular staining of the nucleus demonstrates pyknotic changes. Frequently, the nucleus is chromophobic and does not stain at all. In the superficial layers the cement,ocytes appear normal, indicating an increased vitality toward the surface.
Molecular analysis of evolutionary changes in the expression of Drosophila esterases.

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster transformed with the esterase 5 (Est-5) gene from Drosophila pseudoobscura were used to assess the evolutionary basis for differences in the sex- and tissue-specific expression of the esterase 5 (EST 5) enzyme in D. pseudoobscura relative to its homologue in D. melanogaster, EST 6. EST 5 is expressed in the eyes and hemolymph of transformed D. melanogaster just as it is in D. pseudoobscura, but it is not detectable in the ejaculatory duct, where the homologous enzyme, EST 6, is most abundant. EST 5 also occurs at equal levels in both sexes of the transformants and D. pseudoobscura, whereas EST 6 is more abundant in male than in female D. melanogaster. Northern analysis of transformed and untransformed flies indicates that the expression patterns of EST 5 and EST 6 are controlled at the level of transcription and suggests that regulatory differences between Est-6 and Est-5 have evolved mainly through cis-acting regulatory changes in the two loci rather than through alterations in trans-acting factors. Equal expression of EST 5 in male and female transformants also indicates that the X-chromosome-linked Est-5 gene of D. pseudoobscura, when isolated as a 4.5-kilobase restriction fragment, is not dosage compensated after integration into an autosome of D. melanogaster.
Linear static analysis of low-rise buildings with flexible diaphragms using the structural separation method

Current seismic codes and standards generally use an equivalent single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model for low-rise buildings with rigid diaphragms. However, flexible diaphragm structures behave in general as multiple degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems. A simplified linear static methodology, applicable to buildings with flexible diaphragms, is proposed in this paper. The procedure is based on the assumption that the diaphragm stiffnesses are small relative to the stiffness of the walls, and that the flexible diaphragms within the structure tend to respond independently of one another. Based on these assumptions, flexible diaphragm buildings can be analyzed by conducting separate analyses of subassembly models at each of the diaphragms, then additively combining the results from the separate models. This approach is referred to in this paper as the structural separation method.
Firmness and Cell Wall Characteristics of Pasteurized Jalapeño Pepper Rings Affected by Calcium Chloride and Acetic Acid

Pepper rings packed in brine containing CaCl 2 were firmer, had higher bound calcium, chelator soluble pectin and pectin DE, and less water-soluble pectin (WSP) than peppers packed in brine containing no CaCl 2 . Pepper rings packed in low acid brines (1% and 1.2% acetic acid) were firmer and had less WSP than those packed in high acid brine. Those samples (4% acetic acid) resulted in softening and pectin solubilization, but CaCl 2 resulted in less softening. Monosaccharide composition of cell walls was not affected by CaCl 2 or acetic acid. Firmness retention in CaCl 2 treated samples was probably due to greater association between calcium ions and pectic substances, which resisted acid hydrolysis
Life history strategy as a longitudinal predictor of relationship satisfaction and dissolution

The present study tested whether a couple’s shared life history strategy predicts relationship satisfaction longitudinally and relationship dissolution. Through an integration of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling, we found that a couple’s shared life history strategy: (1) directly predicted their average relationship satisfaction, (2) indirectly predicted the linear change in their relationship satisfaction, (3) indirectly predicted the variability about their average relationship satisfaction, and (4) directly, yet weakly, predicted their likelihood of experiencing relationship dissolution over a one-year period. Couples in a relationship with a slower average life history strategy were more likely to: (1) report higher average levels of relationship satisfaction, (2) have a positive trajectory of relationship satisfaction, (3) have less variability in relationship satisfaction, and (4) were less likely to experience relationship dissolution. This suggests that the influence of life history strategy decreases over the course of the relationship.
Heart failure: pathophysiology and treatment.

Heart failure, the consequence of many forms of heart disease, is one of the most common serious disorders affecting individuals of all ages. It afflicts at least four million Americans, is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and is one of the most common causes of death. For many decades there were few advances in the treatment of heart failure, which consisted of restriction of physical activity and sodium intake and administration of digitalis and diuretics. During the past few years, however, two new therapeutic modalities-vasodilators and nonglycoside inotropic agents-have given promise of altering the treatment of heart failure favorably and decisively. This symposium is devoted to some of the key observations in this rapidly advancing area of cardiac therapeutics. This paper provides a review of the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF) as currently understood and the treatment of heart failure as currently practiced, in an effort to provide the background on which the important new advances described in the symposium may be viewed. Heart failure, the pathophysiologic state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues, is frequently but not always caused by a defect in myocardial contraction, that is, by myocardial failure.’ In the presence of a defect in myocardial contraction or an excessive hemodynamic burden on the ventricle, the heart depends on three principal compensatory mechanisms for maintenance of its pumping function: (1) the FrankStarling mechanism, in which an increased preload (i.e., lengthening of sarcomeres to provide optimal overlap between thick and thin myofilaments) acts to sustain cardiac performance; (2) increased release of catecholamines by adrenergic cardiac nerves and the adrenal medulla, which augments myocardial contractility; and (3) myocardial hypertrophy with
A Discontinuous Finite Element Method for Non-Fourier Heat Conduction Problems

A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is presented for the solution of non-Fourier heat conduction problems that arise from the thermal processing of thin films using the ultra-short pulsed lasers. Mathematical formulation is described in detail and computational procedures are given. Numerical example are given and compare with available solutions where available. The numerical solutions exhibit strong wave behavior and reflection and interactions of thermal waves at the boundaries in multi-dimensions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Spectroscopic surveys of cosmic evolution

ALMA will be the premier instrument for the study of galaxy evolution in the early universe—enabling studies of the gas content, dynamics and dynamical masses, and star formation with unparalleled resolution and sensitivity. Galaxy evolution and AGN growth in the early universe are believed to be strongly driven by merging and dynamical interactions. Thus, a full exploration of the environmental influence is absolutely essential. The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) is specifically designed to probe the correlated coevolution of galaxies, star formation, active galactic nuclei (AGN) and dark matter (DM) large-scale structure (LSS) over the redshift range z>0.5 to 3. In this contribution I review the characteristics of the COSMOS survey and very exciting initial results on mapping large scale structure in galaxies and dark matter. The survey includes multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopy from X-ray to radio wavelengths covering a 2 square degree equatorial field. Given the very high sensitivity and resolution of these datasets, COSMOS will provide unprecedented samples of objects at z>3 for followup studies wit ALMA.
Electrochemical Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers onto Microscopic Arrays of Gold Electrodes Fabricated by Laser Ablation

This report demonstrates proof-of-concept application of two established electrochemical techniques affecting self-assembled monolayersthe thermodynamic control of monolayer assembly at gold and the electrochemical desorption of self-assembled monolayers from goldto pattern monolayers onto gold microelectrodes. When combined with a simple laser-based microfabrication technique, using commercially available microscope adaptations, to form arrays of individually-addressable gold microelectrodes from continuous thin gold films on glass, two new patterning methodologies result that enable fabrication of monolayer-based affinity arrays for potential use in chemical and biosensors. The described microfabrication technique is central to the success of these patterning methodologies because it allows SAM patterning of metal arrays immediately after their fabrication, so as to avoid problems associated with forming SAMs on commercially-supplied arrays. In this paper, each patterning methodology is used to fabricat...
Pancreatic-stent placement for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background Controlled trials support pancreatic-stent placement as an effective intervention for the prevention of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Objective To perform a decision analysis to evaluate the most cost-effective strategy for preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis. Design Cost-effectiveness analysis. Setting Patients undergoing ERCP. Interventions Three competing strategies were evaluated in a decision analysis model from a third-party–payer perspective in hypothetical patients undergoing ERCP. In strategy I, none of the patients had pancreatic-stent placement. Strategy II had only those patients identified to be at high risk for post-ERCP, and, in strategy III, all patients underwent prophylactic stent placement. Probabilities of developing post-ERCP pancreatitis and the risk reduction by placement of a pancreatic stent were obtained from published information. Cost estimates were obtained from Medicare reimbursement rates. Main Outcome Measurements Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of different strategies. Results Strategy I was the least-expensive strategy but yielded the least number of life years. Strategy II yielded the highest number of years of life, with an ICER of $11,766 per year of life saved, and strategy III was dominated by strategy II. Limitations Indirect costs and pharmacologic prophylaxis were not considered in this analysis. Conclusions Pancreatic-stent placement for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients is a cost-effective strategy.
TO SIALYLATE, OR NOT TO SIALYLATE: THAT IS THE QUESTION

Most oropharyngeal pathogens express sialic acid units on their surfaces, mimicking the sialyl-rich mucin layer coating epithelial cells and the glycoconjugates present on virtually all host cell surfaces and serum proteins. Unlike the host's cells, which synthesize sialic acids endogenously, several microbial pathogens use truncated sialylation pathways. How microorganisms regulate sialic acid metabolism to ensure an adequate supply of free sugar for surface remodeling is a new area of research interest to basic scientists and those focused on the clinical outcome of the host-pathogen interaction.
Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children

OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age ( RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 66 ± 30 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4 (14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28 children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo. CONCLUSIONS: ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution of clinical symptoms.
Serial cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with previous Fontan surgery.

Patients with previous Fontan surgery have reduced peak oxygen consumption (Vo2), and data regarding progression of exercise intolerance is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the evolution of exercise tolerance in patients with previous Fontan surgery. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with previous Fontan surgery who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing between November 2002 and January 2009. Patients were required to have completed at least two tests, with adequate levels of effort, ≥6 months apart. We identified 78 patients (55% male) who had undergone a total of 215 cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Age at initial study was 19.7 ± 10.2 years; time interval since previous Fontan surgery 13.3 ± 5.7 years; and time interval between the initial and the most recent exercise test was 3.0 ± 1.4 years. Morphologic left ventricle was present in 58 (74.4%) patients. At baseline, peak Vo2 averaged 24.7 ± 7.0 ml/kg/min (63.7% ± 15.8% predicted). At most recent study, peak Vo2 averaged 23.2 ± 7.2 ml/kg/min, (60.4% ± 13.9% predicted). Percent predicted peak Vo2 declined slowly, with a mean rate of decline of 1.25 ± 0.36 percentage points/y (p < 0.001). Most of the decline occurred in patients < 18 years of age (mean rate of decline 1.78 ± 0.46 percentage points/y; p = 0.0004). Thereafter, the rate of decline was less marked (mean rate of decline 0.54 ± 0.57 percentage points/y; p = not significant). Ventricular morphology, type of Fontan procedure, and cardiac medications were not predictive of progressive exercise intolerance. In conclusion, although the exercise function of previous Fontan patients tends to decline during late adolescence, it appears to stabilize during early adulthood.