cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prior Processes: An Overview

In this chapter we give an overview of the various processes that have been developed in the literature during the last four decades, and how it has made nonparametric Bayesian analysis of statistical data feasible. Starting with a brief historical background, we identify essentially four different methods of construction of prior processes on the space of distribution functions defined on the real line, or in some cases, on the space of probability measures defined on separable metric spaces. The first one is based on specifying the joint distribution of random probabilities, the next two are based on different independence properties, and the last one is based on generating a sequence of exchangeable random variables via a prediction rule and then using a theorem of de Finetti. These processes are described here briefly with formal presentation to follow in subsequent chapters. Some of the essential features and limitations of these processes are also highlighted. The attention is drawn to Sethuraman’s countable mixture representation of the Dirichlet process and how by tweaking its components and/or weights, it has emerged as an important source of developing a number of new processes with wide applicability not only in statistics but also in other areas. It is also indicated in this chapter that the Dirichlet process serves as a “base” or “foundation” prior from which several new processes are generated to meet specific needs. Their relationship with each other and interconnectedness are illustrated via a simple flow chart. Computational difficulty in carrying out posterior analysis and its recourse by adopting various simulation methods is mentioned as well. Finally, it is pointed out that of all the processes, the Dirichlet process, in spite of its certain limitations, has a significant edge over other processes in terms simplicity, popularity, and easy applicability.
Survivorship of Primary Hip Arthroscopy in New York State - A Population-Based Study

Objectives: Hip arthroscopy utilization has significantly increased over the past decade, with annual rates increasing as much as 300-600% in that time period. While large sample data demonstrates significant improvement in clinical outcomes out to two years post-operatively, with low rates of associated post-operative complications, there is little information on the long-term survival of primary hip arthroscopy procedures. The purpose of this study is to report on the rates of revision hip arthroscopy and conversion to resurfacing or total hip arthroplasty (THA) following hip arthroscopy in the State of New York. We will also report on prognostic variables that may contribute to the need for repeat surgery.
Performance analysis of iSCSI with data center bridging suite of protocols

Storage Area Networks (SAN) are the leading storage infrastructure in modern data centers. A traditional SAN deployment relies on the Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP) over an over-engineered and expensive Fibre Channel network to provide lossless communication and predictable performance. Alternatives were proposed to reduce the deployment cost: (1)iSCSI over Ethernet, and (2) Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE). The former recovers from packet losses relying on the services of TCP in the TCP/IP stack, and the latter enjoys lossless transport using the Data Center Bridging (DCB) suite of protocols. Running iSCSI over existing IP networks is desirable as it is easier to implement and maintain. However, packet losses and TCP retransmissions in best effort IP networks, tend to make the performance of iSCSI non-deterministic. In this paper, we investigate the benefits of running iSCSI over DCB enhanced Ethernet as compared to iSCSI over traditional Ethernet to overcome its performance limitations.
Wireless Interference Affecting RF Instrument Calibration in Manufacturing Mode

The presence of wireless signals during the electrical testing of RF receivers, which is the spectrum analyzer, under different instrument termination and measurement conditions were investigated. This study opposes the thought that properly terminated RF measuring devices are safe from detecting interfering RF signals. Failures during instrument calibration and testing when exposed to continuous wireless interfering sources confirm the significance of interfering signals. The decay of signal strength with distance was quantitatively determined whereby an estimate of safe distance to work in the presence of an interfering source was established.
Identifying Individuals With Generalised Anxiety Disorder: A Receiver Operator Characteristic Analysis of Theoretically Relevant Measures

This article appraises the ability of several measures, assessing symptomatology theoretically relevant to generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), to accomplish successful classification of individuals with DSM-IV GAD and individuals with mood or other anxiety disorders. Participants were 197 individuals (average age = 36.43; 67.5% female) receiving treatment at a clinic, who completed pretreatment self-report measures. Receiver operator characteristic analyses and logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the classificatory abilities, including sensitivity and specificity, of several GAD relevant measures. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) accomplished significant classification in both comparison group dyads: GAD-Anxiety and GAD-Mood. Whereas the general distress of depression subscale of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ) accomplished significant classification in the GAD-Anxiety group dyad, both the general distress of anxiety and anxious arousal subscales of the MASQ did so in the GAD-Mood group dyad. Only the PSWQ significantly predicted the presence of GAD, while controlling for other symptom variables. Though evidence supports the uniqueness of some symptoms of GAD, including worry, often considered pathognomonic to GAD, the modest areas under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity of the measures afford tenuous support for the utility of these measures. The lack of highly sensitive and specific symptomatology comport with critiques of GAD as a diagnostically delimited category.
A giant soft tissue lesion of the male perineum: Unusual presentation of a cellular angiofibroma

Cellular angiofibromas (CAF) are rare, benign, soft tissue/stromal lesions first described by Nucci et al. in 1997. These masses are well circumscribed, typically small (< 6 cm), and occur mainly in the vulvar region in women and the inguinoscrotal region in men. We present a case of a 60-year-old male who was found to have a very large (20 cm × 13.5 cm × 6 cm) lesion occupying the deep pelvis bridging the pelvic outlet and involving the perineum. Because of diagnostic uncertainty and significant symptomatology, the mass was ultimately resected en bloc with the rectum and anus. Final pathology revealed a large multi-lobulated CAF. This tumor is the largest CAF reported in the literature to date. Furthermore, this mass involved the deep male pelvis with extension between two anatomic compartments which has not been previously described.
Carcinomas of Bartholin's gland. Histogenesis and the etiological role of human papillomavirus

In this study, we examine 10 primary carcinomas of Bartholin's gland, including seven squamous carcinomas, two adenoid cystic carcinomas, and one adenocarcinoma, as well as four non-neoplastic Bartholin's gland. Six of seven squamous cell carcinomas contained human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 DNA detectable by the polymerase chain reaction; one of these demonstrated HPV type 16 by in situ hybridization. The two adenoid cystic carcinomas, the adenocarcinoma, and the non-neoplastic Bartholin's gland epithelium showed no evidence of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction or in situ hybridization. A panel of eight antibodies (Cam 5.2, B72.3, CEA, EMA, MCA, Lewis X, ER, and PR) demonstrate that the squamous, transition zone, duct, acinar, and myoepithelial cells or Bartholin's gland are antigenically distinct, and are similar to those reported in analogous areas of the uterine cervix. Squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinomas of Bartholin's gland are antigenically similar, and seem to arise from the transition zone of the Bartholin's gland duct. The origin of adenoid cystic carcinomas is more difficult to determine; it is distinct from squamous and adenocarcinomas and seems more likely to arise from myoepithelial cells. We conclude that adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland arise in the transition zone of Bartholin's gland, which is similar to the transition zone of the uterine cervix. We also show that HPV is associated with Bartholin's gland carcinoma and may play a role in the genesis of malignancy.
Double-Strand Breaks, DNA Hairpins, and the Mechanism of V(D)J Recombination

In vivo analysis of DNA intermediates has provided important mechanistic information about a number of recombination systems. DNA molecules containing double-strand breaks are well-established intermediates in several recombination systems and have been detected in vivo at hotspots for meiotic recombination (CAO et al. 1990; Sun et al. 1989) and during mating type switching in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Connolly et al. 1988; Raveh et al. 1989; White and Haber 1990). Site-specific double-strand breaks have also been observed during the movement of transposable elements, such as Tc1 and Tc3 in Caenorhabditis elegans (van Luenen et al. 1993; Ruan and Emmons 1994) and Tn7 and TnIO in bacteria (Bainton et al. 1991; Haniford et al. 1991). Characterization of these broken DNA molecules has afforded a better understanding of the sequence of events leading to product formation. In particular, analysis of the effects of mutations in trans-acting factors on processing of in vivo intermediates has been instrumental in defining reaction pathways (reviewed by Haber 1992). In the past several years, a similar analysis of double- strand breaks associated with V(D)J recombination has been undertaken. Although there is as yet no direct evidence that the broken molecules are intermediates, these studies, which are summarized below, have provided valuable information about the recombination mechanism and may guide the interpretation of more detailed biochemical studies in cell-free systems.
Recovery of D&C Red No. 28 from Potato Leaves

D&C Red No. 28 is a photoactive red dye that is insecticidal for a number of insect species. Unlike contact insecticides, D&C Red No. 28 must be consumed to be effective. Therefore, the red dye must adhere to leaves on which the insect feeds. During a field test of insecticidal activity of the red dye against the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decimlineata L.), we measured the recovery of the red dye from potato leaves treated at rates of 70, 210, and 350 g per ha. When the dye was applied alone, we were able to recover over 91% of the red dye at 6 h post treatment and over 30% at one day. At 2 days post treatment, the limit of detection was reached (5 ng D&C Red No. 28/cm2 leaf). In field studies, PEG 200 which improves dispersal, also improved adherence of red dye to leaves. In the laboratory, adjuvants such as PEG 200, Tween 80, and Gelva® also improved red dye adherence to leaves.
Computer-Based Prevention and Intervention to Reduce Substance Use in Youth

Computer-based programs for substance use prevention and intervention among youth are on the ascendancy. Whether delivered by computer per se or by electronic tablet or smartphone, technology-driven programs are harmonious with how young people access information and interact with their worlds. This review examines recent evidence on computer-based programs aimed at substance use among youth, with particular attention to results from randomized trials. Outcome studies of computer-based, substance use-related programs published over the past 5 years reveal mixed results amidst diverse intervention approaches and delivery settings. Many studies are marred by high attrition. Notable in the recent literature is the international nature of technology-driven substance use prevention and intervention programs. With some exceptions, most programs appear to not have been customized for their recipient populations. Though few in number, the highest-quality studies of computer-based programs show positive outcomes in reduced substance use rates. Based on recent findings, considerable work needs to happen before computer-delivered approaches are a proven means for reducing substance use among youth. Original programs, expressly developed for subgroups of youth, are in short supply. Though controlled designs are becoming commonplace, too many studies of computer-based programs suffer from flaws—including high rates of attrition—that limit the discovery of positive outcomes.
Status of micro irrigation systems adopted for vegetable cultivation in Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka

Micro-irrigation System (MIS) is proved to be an efficient method in saving water and increasing water use efficiency as compared to the conventional surface method of irrigation. However, use of MIS in Sri Lanka especially in the dryzone is very low. The present study was aimed to find the status of MIS adopted for vegetable cultivation in view of extending the cultivable land with MIS to increase the water use efficiency in five Divisional Secretariat (DS) division of Polonnaruwa district. Primary data were collected from 150 farmers using structured questionnaires, direct observation, field visit and personal interview. Results showed that, 17.3% of farmers adopted MIS in the study area. Most of MIS adopted farmers’ family income was higher than the MIS not adopted farmers due to the reduction in labour cost and the selection of higher value crops for the cultivation. Most of MIS adopted farmers (65.4%) were cultivating vegetable in both seasons and 88.5 % of them pointed that their yield was increased by adopting MIS. Higher initial cost was the major drawback in implementing MIS system in the study area. Lack of capitals and knowledge were the major constrains for adopting MIS. Therefore, regular extension services, training program and supply of subsidies for establishment MIS are very essential in the study area to enhance the water use efficiency by adopting MIS.
Data Quality and the Data Warehouse: A Decision Support System for Allocation of Scarce Resources

This paper describes a decision support system (DSS) for use in allocating scarce resources associated with data quality efforts in the construction of a data warehouse. The DSS is populated with metadata from a data warehouse project, including tags that identify the quality at intersections of data field, data use, and data dimension. The resulting DSS can then be queried by novices on a data warehouse project based on criteria and priorities set by management. The results of an experiment using business students are then presented. It can be shown that, given the proper set of skills, business students, as proxies for novices on a data warehouse development team, can effectively use the tool to analyze and prioritize hundreds of potential fields in a data warehouse project.
Hospitality Faculty Mentoring Program for Assistant Professors

Assistant professors will be the staple of future hospitality programs within academia. Given that most tenure-track professors being older than age 50, colleges and universities acknowledge that attrition might have a significant impact on future academic learning environments. Many hospitality programs have devised current mentorship programs to assist tenure-track assistant professors during their maturation process to associate professor. The conundrum lies in knowing what constitutes an effective mentorship program, especially when there is no notable research on mentorship programs within the hospitality academy. A phenomenological study was used to explore the lived experiences of 8 tenure-track and tenured faculty members within the hospitality academy. Results indicated that leadership traits were synonymous with servant leadership, which prompts the need for a new model for mentoring hospitality faculty.
Jealousy as a Specific Emotion: The Dynamic Functional Model:

The article by Chung and Harris (XXXX) brings together an impressive array of literature to formulate a dynamic functional model of jealousy (DFMJ). There is much to like about the model. However, one concern is how it advances a theory of jealousy. Another concern is how the DFMJ operates over time, with different social groups, and cross-culturally. In general, however, the model offers a useful way to think about jealousy for the future.
Application and Testing of a Framework for Characterizing the Quality of Scientific Reasoning in Chemistry Students' Writing on Ocean Acidification.

Science educators recognize the need to teach scientific ways of knowing and reasoning in addition to scientific knowledge. However, characterizing and assessing scientific ways of knowing and reasoning is challenging. Writing-to-learn offers one way of eliciting and supporting students’ reasoning; further, writing serves to externalize and make traceable students’ reasoning. For this reason, it is a useful formative assessment of scientific reasoning. The utility hinges on researchers’ ability to understand what students can do and think from their writing. Given the challenges in assessing students’ writing, this research offers an adapted framework for assessing students’ scientific reasoning evident in writing. This work will introduce an adapted framework and show an application to general chemistry students’ argumentative writing about ocean acidification. We provide evidence that this framework can be used to validly estimate the quality of students’ reasoning. We argue that this framework offers some affordances that overcome challenges reported in the literature. It serves to define scientific reasoning in a domain-general way by breaking it down into its components, but in a way that can produce a composite score that tells us about how students reason using chemistry content. Further, the framework provides a way to characterize the scientific accuracy of students’ reasoning that can inform instructors’ treatment of alternative conceptions.
Human Behavioral Ecology and Zooarchaeology

The use of human behavioral ecology (HBE) models in zooarchaeological research to understand human subsistence patterns extends back to the late 1970s. This chapter provides an overview of foraging theory models and how they are applied to zooarchaeological samples. While this approach has longevity and appears to be unified, there is diversity in how it is used. Much of this diversity stems from different perspectives on how the archaeological record should be analyzed and interpreted. This chapter will examine some of these issues related to the application of HBE models in zooarchaeology.
Cytometry — Cell Analysis

Recombinant DNA technology, as reviewed in the last chapter, is designed to detect alterations in the genome down to the level of a single nucleotide alteration. Sometimes, however, we want a broader analysis of the DNA complement of a population of cells. The technology of automated single-cell analysis, flow or image cytometry, fills this need and bridges the gap between molecular analysis and examination of the whole cell. Cytometry is an older technology than recombinant DNA, and has well-established applications in the areas of cancer diagnosis and immunology. Cytometry labs are becoming common in larger medical facilities. This chapter examines the tools of cytometry including the flow and image systems currently available. The biology of the cell division cycle, which is the basis of DNA ploidy and S phase measurements in tumors, is presented first followed by clinical examples in cancer diagnosis. The application of cytometry to immunology is presented briefly and expanded upon in the section on AIDS in Chapter 5.
Venetian gondolas on the Illinois River: water analysis and the cultivation of progressivism in the river cities, 1865–1910

In the late nineteenth century, the city of Chicago built a Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) to carry the city’s wastewater downstream while allowing ships to travel freely between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. The project drew a wide range of responses downstream. While sanitarians warned that the CSSC would be a conduit for epidemics, city boosters in Joliet, Illinois envisioned tourists floating in Venetian gondolas on the Illinois River. Other Illinois River cities shared this sanguine view of the CSSC. Historians traditionally associate progressivism with national, state and urban settings. This paper argues that Illinois public health leaders successfully cultivated progressivism in cities along the Illinois River as an integral part of their efforts to solve regional water supply, wastewater and transportation problems. These cities readily adopted the progressives’ faith in scientific expertise: as they weighed waterway development against potential health threats from Chicago’s effluent, these cities welcomed the counsel of scientific experts from the Illinois State Board of Health (ISBH) and area universities. This essay is structured around three critical junctures when Illinois Rivers cities partnered with scientific experts on large-scale water analysis projects to assess the Illinois River system: the ISBH studies led by John Rauch (1865–1879); John Harper Long (1885–1889); and Long and Arthur William Palmer (1895–1902). In addition to supporting ISBH initiatives, downstream cities secured state funding for water analysis and expansion of local water systems from the Illinois legislature, evidence of their faith that scientific expertise would protect their cities’ health and commerce.
Application of the Preventable Shunt Revision Rate to an Adult Population.

Background The preventable shunt revision rate (PSRR) was recently introduced in pediatric hydrocephalus as a quality metric for shunt surgery. We evaluated the PSRR in an adult hydrocephalus population. Methods All ventricular shunt operations (January 1, 2013 to March 31, 2018) performed at a university-based teaching hospital were included. For any index surgery (de novo or revision) resulting in reoperation within 90 days, the index surgery details were collected, and a consensus decision was reached regarding whether the failure had been potentially avoidable. Preventable failure was defined as failure due to infection, malposition, disconnection, migration, or kinking. The 90-day shunt failure rate and PSRR were calculated. Bivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the individual effects of each independent variable on preventable shunt failure. Results A total of 318 shunt operations had been performed in 245 patients. Most patients were women (62%), with a median age of 48.2 years (interquartile range, 31.2–63.2 years). Most had had ventriculoperitoneal shunts placed (86.5%), and just more than one half were new shunts (51.6%). A total of 53 cases (16.7%) in 42 patients experienced shunt failure within 90 days of the index operation. Of these, 27 failures (8.5% of the total cases; 51% of the failures) were considered potentially preventable. The most common reasons were infection (37%; n = 10) and malposition of the proximal and distal catheters (both 25.9%; n = 7). Age was the only statistically significant difference between the 2 groups, with the patients experiencing preventable shunt failure older than those without preventable shunt failure (51.4 vs. 37.1 years; P = 0.017). Conclusions The 90-day PSRR can be applied to an adult population and serve as a quality metric.
Using EHR-Linked Biobank Data to Study Metformin Pharmacogenomics

Metformin is a commonly prescribed diabetes medication whose mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this study we utilized EHR-linked biobank data to elucidate the impact of genomic variation on glycemic response to metformin. Our study found significant gene- and SNP-level associations within the beta-2 subunit of the heterotrimeric adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase complex. Using EHR phenotypes where were able to add additional clarity to ongoing metformin pharmacogenomic dialogue.
Frequency of Abstracts Presented at Eye and Vision Conferences Being Developed into Full-Length Publications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Conference proceedings are platforms for early communication and dissemination of relevant and timely topics of interest. More than half of abstracts presented at biomedical conferences fail to be published in full, resulting in wasted time and resources. Objective To systematically review reports evaluating the proportion of abstracts presented at eye and vision conferences that are subsequently published in full and investigate factors associated with publication. Data Sources MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and reference lists of included reports were systematically searched from inception to January 11, 2019. Study Selection Reports that examined the proportion of abstracts presented at eye and vision conferences and subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals 24 or more months later. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, abstracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the proportion of abstracts published in full and assess factors associated with subsequent full publication. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of abstracts presented at eye and vision conferences subsequently published in full. Results There were 19 reports covering 12 261 abstracts presented at 11 unique eye and vision conferences. The overall risk of bias of the reports was low. The weighted proportion of abstracts published in full was 38.0% (95% CI, 31.7%-44.3%) and 54.9% (95% CI, 34.6%-73.7%) among reports restricted to abstracts describing randomized clinical trials. Nine reports (47.4%) investigated the proportion of abstracts subsequently published by ophthalmic subspecialties, ranging from 28.3% (oculoplastics: 95% CI, 17.2%-42.9%) to 42.7% (glaucoma: 95% CI, 34.7%-51.0%). Oral presentation (risk ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.20-1.76) and basic science (risk ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.47) were significantly associated with higher full publication; factors not significantly associated with full publication included positive results, randomized clinical trial vs other study design, multicenter study, and industry funding. Conclusion and Relevance More than 60% of abstracts presented at eye and vision conferences were not published in full within 2 years of conference presentation. Failure to disseminate research studies in peer-reviewed journals is not desired, especially when involving human participants.
Intensified systemic therapy and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy dose for patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Purpose We aimed to report the long-term impact of modern chemotherapy and SABR dose regimens on oncologic outcomes of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA). Materials and methods We reviewed the treatment characteristics and outcomes of all patients who received multi-fraction SABR for unresectable PA between February 2007 and August 2018 at our institution. Time-to-events were calculated from date of diagnosis treating death as a competing risk. Results A total of 149 patients were identified. Median follow-up was 15 months (range: 5–47). Median SABR dose was 33 Gy (range: 20–45) delivered in 5 fractions in 143 patients, and 3 or 6 fractions in 6 patients. 107 patients (72%) received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy while 31 (21%) received modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX). Median OS was 16 months (95% CI, 14–17), with a 1-year cumulative incidence of LF of 14%. The combination of SABR doses ≥40 Gy and mFFX (n = 21) showed a superior PFS and OS to the use of GEM-based chemotherapy with Conclusions The use of mFFX and a SABR dose ≥40 Gy in 5 fractions may be superior compared to regimens that utilize gemcitabine-based chemotherapy or SABR doses
Waste watchers: A food waste reduction intervention among households in Arizona

Abstract Food waste is a globally significant issue, contributing to financial losses and adversely impacting the environment across the supply chain. In developed countries, the issue is especially problematic among consumers. The present study conducted a novel, evidence-based and theoretically founded household food waste intervention designed to explore how a multifaceted educational approach could impact food waste generated in the home. Households in the City of Phoenix, AZ, USA, were recruited to participate in the study (N = 53). Enrolled participants completed a baseline week, a 5-week intervention, and a follow-up week. Education and strategic information were delivered via a website specifically designed for this study, presenting home strategies for food waste reduction in a variety of formats (e.g. podcasts, infographics, videos). Participants were trained on how to properly collect, weigh, and report their weekly household food waste throughout the duration of the study. Participants also completed a series of surveys on food waste behaviors and behavior change constructs pre- and post- intervention. Household food waste showed a significant decrease from baseline to follow-up (p = .008), from week 1 to follow-up (p = .017), and from week 2 to follow-up (p = .001). Also, a significant improvement in all behavior change constructs was observed (p =0.004 – 0.000) by the end of the study, as well as an association between household food waste and behavior change constructs (rs = -0.28 – -0.42). The present study demonstrated that an educational intervention delivered virtually was effective in reducing food waste by 27.85% among participating households.
Making Better Offenders? Exploring the Perception of the CSI Effect among College Students

While studies have shown little to no support for the CSI effect, researchers have found that the perception of its existence among the public and criminal justice actors is the opposite. The curre...
Surgical Management of Weight Loss

For millennia, severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were considered hopeless diseases. Without effective treatments, patients endured dietary limitations, drugs and injections with the recognition that early death, blindness, amputation and renal failure were the unavoidable outcomes. Bariatric surgery has sharply changed this dismal picture. Within only a few days these operations are followed by rapid, full and durable remission not only of T2DM and severe obesity but also of hypertension, dyslipidemias, polycystic ovary syndrome, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, gastro-esophageal reflux, sleep apnea. However, as in other therapies, there are also complications. The early ones are similar to other abdominal operations; the late complications are just now becoming more clear. This chapter will review bariatric surgery, its indications, and the major operations and provide an overview of early and late outcomes.
Acquired Nonneoplastic Neonatal and Pediatric Diseases

The lung biopsy is an established procedure to procure a pathologic diagnosis in a child with a suspected pneumonic process of undetermined etiology. Improvements in pediatric anesthesia and surgery have reduced the operative complications to a minimum. A biopsy can usually be taken through a small intercostal incision when localization is not especially important in a patient with diffuse changes (see Chapter 1). The alternative method for tissue sampling is the endoscopic transbronchial biopsy. There is less risk to the patient, but the specimen is smaller and crush artifacts from the instrument are more common.
Anisotropic pressure dependence of the critical temperature of REBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract The hydrostatic pressure dependence of the superconducting critical temperature, T c , was measured in highly crystalline oriented REBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (RE=Yb, Dy, Y, Gd) thin films grown on different substrates. The anisotropic strain field induced by the substrate and the different crystalline orientations of the films allows the three strain derivatives of the critical temperature to be estimated. A large anisotropy is found in the ab plane with T c increasing on compression parallel to the CuO chains and decreasing on compression perpendicular to them. The results on c textured films indicate a non linear relation between T c and the microscopic parameter which determines its pressure dependence.
Results from the Central Hyades Survey

As participants in the HEAO-2 (Einstein Observatory) guest investigator program, we have conducted a soft x-ray survey of the central ~5° of the Hyades cluster. Using the Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) on Einstein, over 40 discrete sources were detected, most of which have bright (V≲10) stars as optical counterparts. X-ray luminosities (LX) for these stars are in the range 1028.5 - 1030 erg s -1. From the fraction of Hyades detected (≳50%), and the observed range of LX, we may infer that stellar coronae are common phenomena in the cluster. The level of x-ray emission among the late F and early G stars in the Hyades is ~30 times that of the sun viewed as a star. The relative youth and thus higher rotational velocities of the Hyades dwarfs compared to the sun is probably the most significant factor in producing such enhanced coronal activity. Comparison of our survey results with data in other wavelength regions and with other stellar surveys on Einstein is beginning to prove fruitful in understanding physical processes in coronae.
The Many Stakeholders in Return to Work

Return to work has become an increasingly important consideration in TBI rehabilitation. However, most of the efforts in return to work centers around client deficits and treatment with little attention paid to the larger context of the world of work. This article examines the agendas of other players in the world of work and the interplay of these agendas that influence successful outcomes in return to work.
Prevention of Postpartum Depression in Low-Income Women: Development of the Mamás y Bebés/Mothers and Babies Course☆

Abstract A prenatal intervention designed to prevent the onset of major depressive episodes (MDEs) during pregnancy and postpartum was pilot tested at a public sector women’s clinic. The Mamas y Bebes/ Mothers and Babies Course is an intervention developed in Spanish and English that uses a cognitive-behavioral mood management framework, and incorporates social learning concepts, attachment theory, and socio-cultural issues. The four goals of this project were to develop the intervention, assess its acceptability, test the feasibility of conducting a randomized trial with public sector patients, and obtain estimates of its effect size. Forty-one pregnant women at high risk for developing MDEs were randomized to the Mothers and Babies Course ( n = 21) or a comparison condition ( n = 20). Assessments occurred during pregnancy and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Differences in terms of depression symptom levels or incidence of MDEs between the two groups did not reach statistical significance in this pilot trial. However, the MDE incidence rates of 14% for the intervention condition versus 25% for the comparison condition represent a small effect size ( h = 0.28) that will be further examined in a larger scale study. The intervention was well received by the participants and implementation of a randomized trial appeared quite feasible as indicated by our follow-up rate of 91% at 12 months. Implications for the continuing development of preventive interventions for perinatal depression are discussed.
Substituting pollution taxation for general taxation: Some implications for efficiency in pollutions taxation

Abstract Earlier papers have recognized that nonenvironmental benefits will be realized if pollution taxes are substituted for other taxes which impose efficiency losses on society. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of these nonenvironmental benefits for the design of an efficient pollution tax. It is found that the efficient tax may be higher or lower than that conventionally defined as optimal, and that the net benefit from unrestrained pollution can have important implications for the size of the tax.
Expression of survivin in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic colonic mucosa

The regulation of apoptotic cell death may have a profound effect on the pathogenesis and progression of colon cancer. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis gene family, has been detected in fetal tissue and in a variety of human malignancies. In the current study, we investigated survivin expression by an immunohistochemical approach in benign, hyperplastic, premalignant, and malignant lesions of the colon. Survivin was detected in all cases of normal colonic mucosa (20/20), hyperplastic polyps (20/20), adenomatous polyps (20/20), and in both well differentiated and moderately differentiated colonic adenocarcinomas (20/20). In the normal colonic mucosa, survivin expression was mostly restricted to the base of the colonic crypts. All epithelial cells showed uniformly intense staining for survivin in hyperplastic polyps. By contrast, adenomas and adenocarcinomas showed a heterogeneous staining pattern with cell-to-cell, gland-to-gland, and regional variability in the intensity of survivin staining. In contrast to the basal preponderance of staining in normal colonic mucosa, numerous survivin positive cells were present at the luminal surface of hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps, and adenocarcinomas. In conclusion, the expression of survivin is not a specific marker of adenocarcinoma of the colon but does show characteristic and reproducible patterns of expression in non-neoplastic proliferative lesions and in normal colonic mucosa.
Percutaneous transluminal atherectomy of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries: Long-term results in 48 patients

Purpose Evaluate retrospectively the long-term primary patency of directional atherectomy (DA) in the femoropopliteal arteries.
Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in post war Chicago

Lilia Fernandez has produced a well-researched, well-organized, well-written and engaging book structured over six diverse but inter related chapters. The general thesis is that the immigrant exper...
Community Attachments as Predictors of Local Environmental Concern: The Case for Multiple Dimensions of Attachment

This article conceptualizes two distinct dimensions of community attachment—socially based attachment and attachment to a community’s natural environment—and examines their connections with attitudes about local environmental issues. The findings indicate that the two dimensions of attachment are distinct and relate differently to environmental concern. In cases where the social attachment dimension is a statistically significant predictor of attitudes toward local environmental issues, the issues are representative of community culture and identity or health. In contrast, when natural environment attachment is a statistically significant predictor of local environmental concern, the topics reflect issues involving resource protection. Building on the previous work of Vorkinn and Riese, this study further clarifies that community-focused factors may be more useful variables for understanding attitudes toward environmental issues than sociodemographic ones.
System Architecture Trades Using Bode-Step Control Design

Theinitial stageofa complex system design involvesunderstanding and evaluationof various plant architecture. Theconventionalapproachistoselectthecone gurationofchoiceviaanexhaustiveperformanceevaluationprocess. The procedure involves designing primitive control laws for each cone guration option until the best choice is achieved. This approach is quite timeconsuming and doesnot necessarily lead to an optimal choice. An alternative approach isto considertheasymptoticBode-steptechniqueto arriveat a desired cone guration choice. Themethod is simple and provides a powerful tool in performing system tradeoffs. The method relies on little information regarding plant parameters and does not require any detailed controller design for each system cone guration option. The method can easily lend itself to an optimized control strategy that is applicable during both the initial and the e nal stages of a concept design. The procedure is demonstrated by applying the proposed method to the motion control design of the retroree ector carriage of a spacecraft instrument.
Action of serotonin microinjected into hypothalamic sites at which electrical stimulation produced aversive responses in the rat.

Abstract A bipolar chemitrode was implanted unilaterally in the hypothalamus of the rat so that the tip rested in the medial forebrain bundle. Upon aversive electrical stimulation with pulses delivered at a rate of 2/sec, each rat learned to avoid this stimulation by depressing a lever in the test chamber. Microinjections in a volume of 0.4–0.7 μl of an artificial CSF solution or of doses of 1.0 or 5.0 μg of acetylcholine, dopamine or norepinephrine into the neuron mass directly at the tip of the electrode failed to alter the rate of avoidance responding to the electrical stimulation. However, serotonin (5-HT) microinjected similarly in a dose of 5.0 μg at the tip of the electrode caused a fourfold increase in the acceptance of this aversive electrical stimulation. It is concluded that serotonergic neurons function to attenuate punishing stimuli within the negatively reinforcing pathways located in the diencephalon.
The binding force between a peierls-nabarro edge dislocation and a fermi-dirac solute atmosphere

Abstract The interaction force between a non-singular Peierls-N'abarro edge dislocation and a quenched-in Fermi-Dirac solute atmosphere is studied. The analysis is valid for an infinite isotropic linear elastic solid in which the solute atoms are modelled as misfitting spheres, and the atmosphere is that formed by aging at a high temperature T 0 prior to quenching. We formulate and evaluate an integral which describes the total interaction force per unit length acting on the dislocation when it is displaced from the center of the atmosphere. For a non-singular dislocation the maximum interaction force decreases strongly with increasing aging temperature or increasing dislocation half-width, and also decreases strongly as c 0 . the bulk atomic fraction of solute decreases. These results are in striking contrast to those obtained using a singular dislocation model (zero half-width); for a singular dislocation the maximum interaction force is essentially independent of T 0 and c 0 . The present calculation indicates that the absence of solute pinning effects after quenching from a high temperature can be explained by the Cottrell-Bilby theory, but only if that theory is modified to allow for the use of Fermi-Dirac. rather than Boltzmann. statistics and non-singular dislocations.
Microsatellites Reveal a High Population Structure in Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia

BACKGROUND For Chagas disease, the most serious infectious disease in the Americas, effective disease control depends on elimination of vectors through spraying with insecticides. Molecular genetic research can help vector control programs by identifying and characterizing vector populations and then developing effective intervention strategies. METHODS AND FINDINGS The population genetic structure of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the main vector of Chagas disease in Bolivia, was investigated using a hierarchical sampling strategy. A total of 230 adults and nymphs from 23 localities throughout the department of Chuquisaca in Southern Bolivia were analyzed at ten microsatellite loci. Population structure, estimated using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to estimate F(ST) (infinite alleles model) and R(ST) (stepwise mutation model), was significant between western and eastern regions within Chuquisaca and between insects collected in domestic and peri-domestic habitats. Genetic differentiation at three different hierarchical geographic levels was significant, even in the case of adjacent households within a single locality (R(ST) = 0.14, F(ST) = 0.07). On the largest geographic scale, among five communities up to 100 km apart, R(ST) = 0.12 and F(ST) = 0.06. Cluster analysis combined with assignment tests identified five clusters within the five communities. CONCLUSIONS Some houses are colonized by insects from several genetic clusters after spraying, whereas other households are colonized predominately by insects from a single cluster. Significant population structure, measured by both R(ST) and F(ST), supports the hypothesis of poor dispersal ability and/or reduced migration of T. infestans. The high degree of genetic structure at small geographic scales, inferences from cluster analysis and assignment tests, and demographic data suggest reinfesting vectors are coming from nearby and from recrudescence (hatching of eggs that were laid before insecticide spraying). Suggestions for using these results in vector control strategies are made.
Constructing competitive advantage: The role of firm-constituent interactions

Current models of competitive advantage emphasize economic factors as explanations for a firm’s success but ignore sociocognitive factors. This paper integrates economic and cognitive perspectives, and shows how firms and constituents jointly construct the environments in which firms compete. We argue that competitive advantage is a systemic outcome that develops as firms and constituents participate in six processes that entail, not only use and exchange of resources, but also communication about and interpretations of those exchanges. The interpretations that firms and constituents make of competitive interactions affect decisions about how to exchange and use resources. As interpretations and evaluations of a given firm fluctuate, so do the resources the firm has access to and its competitive advantage in the marketplace. The actions and interpretations of constituents and rivals produce the shifting terrain on which competition unfolds. We illustrate these dynamics with a discussion of IBM’s changing competitive advantage in the computer industry in the 1980s. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Hydrogen Ion on the Rates of Migration of Sodium and Potassium Ions: Possible Relationship to Magnetism

Effect of Hydrogen Ion on the Rates of Migration of Sodium and Potassium Ions: Possible Relationship to Magnetism
Simple line drawings suffice for functional MRI decoding of natural scene categories

Humans are remarkably efficient at categorizing natural scenes. In fact, scene categories can be decoded from functional MRI (fMRI) data throughout the ventral visual cortex, including the primary visual cortex, the parahippocampal place area (PPA), and the retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Here we ask whether, and where, we can still decode scene category if we reduce the scenes to mere lines. We collected fMRI data while participants viewed photographs and line drawings of beaches, city streets, forests, highways, mountains, and offices. Despite the marked difference in scene statistics, we were able to decode scene category from fMRI data for line drawings just as well as from activity for color photographs, in primary visual cortex through PPA and RSC. Even more remarkably, in PPA and RSC, error patterns for decoding from line drawings were very similar to those from color photographs. These data suggest that, in these regions, the information used to distinguish scene category is similar for line drawings and photographs. To determine the relative contributions of local and global structure to the human ability to categorize scenes, we selectively removed long or short contours from the line drawings. In a category-matching task, participants performed significantly worse when long contours were removed than when short contours were removed. We conclude that global scene structure, which is preserved in line drawings, plays an integral part in representing scene categories.