cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Fixed Base/Pc-based Simulators With Traditional Moveable Platform Flight Simulators As a Tool for Teaching Private Pilots Radio Navigation and Basic Attitude Instrument Flying Skills

In flight training, attention has been focused on the useability of flight training devices. In the past such devices as the GAT-1 trainer were used. The recent development of small, inexpensive computers has resulted in the creation of smaller fixed-based devices. Further, the development of the personal computer has made it possible for all pilots and flight students to own their own computers. Software is available for the training of flight students using these devices. Unfortunately the use of PC-based devices by pilots for flight training has been restricted by the Federal Aviation Administration because of their concern about the type of software that is available and its training value. However, the use of PC based training devices may well be a means of reducing the cost of flight training. Can these fixed-base and personal computer-based training devices be used as effectively as the GAT-1 trainer? The intent of the study was to evaluate the capabilities of three types of flight training devices. The study compared the ability of the three trainers to teach the skills required for Private Pilot operations. The results indicated that their were no significant differences in the means. The results also showed that the PC-XT-based Novel Twist and the Frasca had a higher absolute mean than the GAT-l Trainer and that the Novel Twist had the highest mean. Results from the study show that the new generation of general aviation flight training devices can provide the BAIJRadio Navigation training required for Private Pilot applicants. Further, the analysis of the results suggest that additional studies should be completed to (1) verify the tabulated results, (2) determine why the computer-driven simulators rated higher than the traditional GAT-l trainer, and (3) determine the full capabilities of PC-based desktop simulators.
15 – Vectors in the Plane

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties of vectors in the plane. The set of all directed line segments equivalent to a given directed line segment is called a vector. Any directed line segment in that set is called a representation of the vector. A vector v in the xy -plane is an ordered pair of real numbers (a, b). The numbers a and b are called the components of the vector v. The zero vector is the vector (0, 0) and is denoted 0. As a vector is really a set of equivalent directed line segments, the magnitude or length of a vector is defined as the length of any one of its representations.
Youth Involvement in the Decision to Start CGM Predicts Subsequent CGM Use.

OBJECTIVE The ability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to improve diabetes outcomes depends upon consistent use. To identify factors that facilitate long-term use of CGM, this study tested the hypothesis that youth involvement in the decision to initiate this therapy would influence subsequent CGM use and that CGM self-efficacy and satisfaction mediate this relationship. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Before initiating CGM, parent-youth dyads (i.e., pairs) from an academic endocrinology clinic completed assessments, including a measure of the child’s involvement in the decision to start CGM. Two months into CGM use, youth completed measures of CGM self-efficacy and satisfaction. Fidelity of CGM use between weeks 5 and 12 was accessed via a cloud-based data repository. Hypotheses were tested with linear mixed-effects models, accounting for patients clustered within provider and repeated measures within patients. RESULTS CGM use in 108 dyads (youth mean age 13.4 ± 2.7 years; 73% White) was positively predicted by baseline parent report of youth involvement in the CGM decision (P CONCLUSIONS To achieve maximum clinical benefit from CGM use, providers should facilitate youth involvement in the decision to initiate the device.
Comparison of different linear-combination modelling algorithms for short-TE proton spectra

Abstract Short-TE proton MRS is used to study metabolism in the human brain. Common analysis methods model the data as linear combination of metabolite basis spectra. This large-scale multi-site study compares the levels of the four major metabolite complexes in short-TE spectra estimated by three linear-combination modelling (LCM) algorithms. 277 medial parietal lobe short-TE PRESS spectra (TE = 35 ms) from a recent 3T multi-site study were pre-processed with the Osprey software. The resulting spectra were modelled with Osprey, Tarquin and LCModel, using the same three vendor-specific basis sets (GE, Philips, and Siemens) for each algorithm. Levels of total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), total choline (tCho), myoinositol (mI), and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) were quantified with respect to total creatine (tCr). Group means and CVs of metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho across vendors and algorithms, but substantially less so for Glx and mI, with mI systematically estimated lower by Tarquin. The cohort mean coefficient of determination for all pairs of LCM algorithms across all datasets and metabolites was , indicating generally only moderate agreement of individual metabolite estimates between algorithms. There was a significant correlation between local baseline amplitude and metabolite estimates (cohort mean ). While mean estimates of major metabolite complexes broadly agree between linear-combination modelling algorithms at group level, correlations between algorithms are only weak-to-moderate, despite standardized pre-processing, a large sample of young, healthy and cooperative subjects, and high spectral quality. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one LCM software and much smaller sample sizes. Graphical Abstract Three linear-combination algorithms (Osprey, Tarquin and LCMode) were used to quantify the levels of tNAA, tCho, mI, and Glx in 277 short-TE PRESS. Group means and CVs of metabolite estimates agreed well for tNAA and tCho, but substantially less so for Glx and mI with a cohort mean correlation coefficient of , indicating moderate agreement between algorithms. These findings raise concerns about the comparability of MRS studies, which typically use one LCM software and much smaller sample sizes.
Functional independence of endogenous µ- and δ-opioid receptors co-expressed in cholinergic interneurons.

Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) normally function as monomers, although evidence from heterologous expression systems suggests they may sometimes form homodimers and/or heterodimers. This study aims to evaluate possible functional interplay of endogenous µ- and d-Opioid receptors (MORs and DORs) in mouse neurons. Detecting GPCR dimers in native tissues however has been challenging. Previously, MORs and DORs co-expressed in transfected cells have been reported to form heterodimers, and their possible co-localization in neurons has been studied in knock-in mice expressing genetically engineered receptors fused to fluorescent proteins. Here we find that single cholinergic neurons in the mouse striatum endogenously express both MORs and DORs. The receptors on neurons from live brain slices were fluorescently labeled in live brain slices with a ligand-directed labeling reagent, NAI-A594. The selective activation of MORs and DORs, with DAMGO (µ-agonist) and deltorphin (d-agonist) inhibited spontaneous firing in all cells examined. In the continued presence of agonist, the firing rate returned to baseline as the result of receptor desensitization with the application of deltorphin but was less observed with the application of DAMGO. In addition, agonist-induced internalization of DORs but not MORs was detected. When MORs and DORs were activated simultaneously with [Met5]-enkephalin, desensitization of MORs was facilitated but internalization was not increased. Together, these results indicate that while MORs and DORs are expressed in single striatal cholinergic interneurons, the two receptors function independently.
Quality indicators for pediatric colonoscopy: results from a multicenter consortium

Background and Aims Currently, there are no quality measures specific to children undergoing GI endoscopy. We aimed to determine the baseline quality of pediatric colonoscopy by using the Pediatric Endoscopy Database System—Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative (PEDS-CORI), a central registry. Methods We conducted prospective data collection by using a standard computerized report generator and central registry (PEDS-CORI) to examine key quality indicators from 14 pediatric centers between January 2000 and December 2011. Specific quality indicators, including bowel preparation, ileal intubation rate, documentation of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA) class, and procedure time, were compared during the study period. Results We analyzed 21,807 colonoscopy procedures performed in patients with a mean age of 11.5 ± 4.8 years. Of the 21,807 reports received during the study period, 56% did not include bowel preparation quality, and 12.7% did not include ASA classification. When bowel preparation was reported, the quality was described as excellent, good, or fair in 90.3%. The overall ileal intubation rate was 69.4%, and 15.6% reported cecal intubation only, calculated to be 85% cecum or ileum intubation. Thus, 15% of colonoscopy procedures did not report reaching the cecum or ileum. When excluding the proportion of procedures not intended to reach the ileum (31.5%), the overall ileal intubation rate increased to 84.0%. The rate of ileum examination varied from 85% to 95%, depending on procedure indication. Conclusions Colonoscopy reports from our central registry revealed significant variations and inconsistent documentation in pediatric colonoscopy. Our study identifies areas for quality improvement and highlights the need for developing accepted quality measures specific to pediatric endoscopy.
An Evolving and Developing Field of Study: Prosocial Morality from a Biological, Cultural, and Developmental Perspective

Most theoretical accounts of human morality emphasize the role of biological, psychological, environmental, or developmental processes. These theories have guided much research and have significantly advanced our understanding of morality. However, theories and research examining the role of culture-related processes are scarce, and there is a need for integrative approaches. The present chapter briefly reviews biologically based and developmental research, discusses definitional issues, and presents a model designed to incorporate culture-related processes. The model highlights biological, cultural, and environmental mechanisms, sociocognitive and socioemotive traits, and culture-related processes. Future research would benefit from further research on Biology × Environment interactions and from refinements in our conceptualization of morality and moral behaviors.
Comply or defy? An empirical investigation of change requests in buyer-supplier relationships

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine change requests in buyer-supplier relationships. Change requests arise when a channel partner wants an addition or alteration to the agreed-upon deliverable. Although these requests are intended to enhance consumer satisfaction and supply chain performance, they complicate development and production processes and may delay time to market. Responses to change requests may embody compliance or malice, yet research to date has not examined these requests in interfirm relationships. To this end, the authors examine supplier reactions (compliance and opportunism) to change requests made by the buying firm. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data gathered from 118 third-party developers (i.e. suppliers) reporting on their relationship with the software buyer provide an initial test for the authors’ proposed model. Findings – The results of a path analysis indicate that change requests are related positively to supplier compliance with those requests and suppli...
Constraint-Based Attribute and Interval Planning

In this paper we describe Constraint-based Attribute and Interval Planning (CAIP), a paradigm for representing and reasoning about plans. The paradigm enables the description of planning domains with time, resources, concurrent activities, mutual exclusions among sets of activities, disjunctive preconditions and conditional effects. We provide a theoretical foundation for the paradigm, based on temporal intervals and attributes. We show how the plans are naturally expressed by networks of constraints, and show that the process of planning maps directly to dynamic constraint reasoning. We describe compatibilities, a compact mechanism for describing planning domains. We also demonstrate how this framework incorporates the use of constraint representation and reasoning technology to improve planning. Finally, we describe EUROPA, an implementation of the CAIP framework.
Bilateral Choroidopathy and Serous Retinal Detachments During Ipilimumab Treatment for Cutaneous Melanoma

Several immune-related toxic effects have been reported with ipilimumab therapy for cutaneous melanoma. We describe a novel reaction, to our knowledge, involving the choroidal vasculature and resulting in bilateral serous retinal detachments without overt inflammatory signs.
Real-Time Ultrasound and Color-Doppler Imaging in Pulmonary Sequestration

Pulmonary sequestrations are congenital masses of aberrant, nonfunctioning pulmonary tissue that usually do not connect with the bronchial tree and derive their arterial blood supply from systemic vessels, most often the distal thoracic or upper abdominal aorta. The majority of sequestrations are intralobar and contained within the visceral pleura of the normal lung; these usually have their venous drainage to the pulmonary venous system. Extralobar sequestrations have a separate pleural covering and usually drain to systemic veins or the portal venous system.1-3 Patients most often come to clinical attention with repeated respiratory infections.2 The sequestered segment is usually visualized radiographically as a nonaerated opacity at the medial lung base, more often left-sided.
Polarization-multiplexed multilevel LDPC-Coded modulation for optical communication systems

Polarization-multiplexed coded-modulation, with joint coherent MAP detection and soft-iterative decoding, which considers independent symbols transmitted over both polarizations as a super-symbol is proposed. Penalty of only 1.5 dB at 20 Gb/s for DGD of 100 ps is reported.
Statistical analysis of data from countercurrent distribution. II. Some applications and limitations of the method.

Abstract The statistical method described in Part I of this series has been carefully examined for its capabilities and limitations. When the binomial distribution is adhered to, this procedure provides an excellent method for the estimation of the number and partition coefficients of the compounds in a distribution. Within the precautions outlined in the article, estimations of 1% or less are quite valid. The potential of the analysis lies in this ability to estimate accurately numbers and amount of compounds in a mixture after performing only a fraction of the transfers normally required to achieve separation.
Cryoconductor Materials Testing System

A materials testing system was designed and constructed to perform cyclic-strain resistivity testing in magnetic fields to 8 Tesla and at temperatures from 4.2 K to 77 K. The system has a load capacity of ±8.9 kN (2000 lb). Helium gas cooling is used to maintain a constant temperature in the 15 K to 50 K region. Data acquisition, including stress-strain information and resistivity measurements, is controlled by a personal computer. An overall helium consumption rate of 8 1/hr is achieved for a 20 K test in magnetic fields to 8 Tesla.
Macrophage-secreted Ceramides are Necessary for Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Disruption with LPS Treatments

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an ubiquitous endotoxin, readily consumed and absorbed from the gut into general circulation. Mounting evidence suggests LPS may exacerbate both weight gain and related ...
The Oxidation of Vanillin by Unheated Milk

Summary The action of raw milk on vanillin which renders it reactive with 2,6-dibromoquinonechloroimide appears to be due to oxidation of vanillin to vanillic acid by xanthine oxidase. This reaction seems suitable as a method for determining xanthine oxidase activity and for assessing heat treatment of high heat nonfat dry milk.
With suspicious (but happy) minds: Mood's ability to neutralize the effects of suspicion on persuasion

Abstract Although investigations into the independent effects of mood and suspicion are plentiful, work examining their interactive impact on persuasion is nonexistent. To address this void in the literature, we consider how positive mood can affect the influence of suspicion on persuasion. In doing so, we investigate the potential for positive mood to neutralize the suspicion that consumers associate with sales agents in an interpersonal persuasion context. Two studies provide converging evidence of this neutralization effect. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed as are avenues for future work in this area.
Manufacturing Effects in Microfabricated Gas Bearings: Axially Varying Clearance

The effect of axially-varying clearance on microfabricated gas journal bearings is explored. This variation commonly arises from difficulties inherent to etching deep, narrow channels. Two types of clearance variation commonly observed in etched bearings are investigated: taper and bow. Both shapes are shown to have a detrimental effect on load capacity and bearing stability compared to a cylindrical bearing with the minimum clearance. For the same variation magnitude, taper is shown to have a more serious effect, including complete closure of the stability corridor at low speed for some cases. Methods are suggested for estimating variable-clearance bearing performance using cylindrical bearing data.
The structure and development of the dorsal bristle complex of Oxytricha fallax and Stylomychia pustulata.

SYNOPSIS. Oxytricha fallax and Stylonychia pustulata possess 6 rows of dorsal bristle units. Each dorsal bristle unit consists of a pair of kinetosomes; the anterior kinetosome has a cilium and the posterior kinetosome a ciliary stub. The kinetosome pair, located at the bottom of a cortical pit surrounding the cilium and ciliary stub, is surrounded by an asymmetrical fibrillar mass. Future rows 1-4 are formed from 2 sets of primordia originating within mature dorsal rows 1-3. Rows 5 and 6 originate from the anterior regions of both right marginal cirral primordia. Old dorsal bristle units utilized in formation of primordia are presumably maintained in the new rows of the proter and opisthe; those outside the primordia are resorbed. The morphogenetic pattern of the Oxytrichidae is similar to those of the Urostylidae and Holostichidae, but quite different from that of the Euplotidae.
CXV. Some comments on the classical theories of the absorption and refraction of X-rays

Abstract The assumptions usually made in the classical approach to the problem of the absorption of X-rays are summarized, and a relation is derived similar to that previously deduced by Kronig (J. O. S. A. and E. S. I. vol. xii. p, 554) between the index of refraction and the atomic absorption coefficient. It is shown that the relation is experimentally verified in so far as order of magnitude is concerned, but that an exact verification cannot be made because of the absence of data on absorption at long wave-lengths. However, it is doubtful whether a real verification of the formula is to be expected, since, by limiting the solution of the differential equation of motion of the electron oscillators to forced vibrations, expressions for scattering rather than for (fluorescent) absorption should result. It is pointed that all writers except Thomson introduce the λ 3 law of absorption as an experimental datum.
Current noise spectrum and capacitance due to the membrane motor of the outer hair cell: theory

The voltage-dependent motility of the outer hair cell is based on a membrane motor densely distributed in the lateral membrane. The gating charge of the membrane motor is manifested as a bell-shaped membrane potential dependence of the membrane capacitance. In this paper it is shown that movements of the gating charge should produce a high-pass current noise described by an inverse Lorentzian similar to the one shown by Kolb and Lauger for ion carriers. The frequency dependence of the voltage-dependent capacitance is also derived. These derivations are based on membrane motor models with two or three states. These two models lead to similar predictions on the capacitance and current noise. It is expected that the examination of the spectral properties of these quantities would be a useful means of determining the relaxation time for conformational transitions of the membrane motor.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Hexahydro-closo-hexaborate Copper(I) Complex Cu(2)[(C(6)H(5))(3)P](4)B(6)H(6).

The reaction of hexahydro-closo-hexaborate(2-) with copper(II) acetate and triphenylphosphine in acetonitrile yields the novel complex, Cu2[(C6H5)3P]4B6H6·2CH3CN. X-ray structural analysis shows that the complex crystallizes in the triclinic centro-symmetric space group, P1, with one molecule per unit cell. Each copper atom bonds to the hexaborate cage through two edge borons, forming a three-center two-electron B−Cu−B bond. The copper in this complex exhibits a trigonal-planar geometry and is a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron center.
Energetics and electronic structure of hydrogenated clusters

Abstract Small atomic clusters constitute a new class of matter whose atomic structure and electronic properties depend strongly on their size and composition. The interaction of these clusters with hydrogen is dominated by their surface-like character and can deviate significantly from the corresponding bulk metal-hydrogen interaction. Some of the salient features of clusters and their interaction with hydrogen are reviewed. Analogy is also drawn between metal hydrides vs. cluster hydrides.
Tumor necrosis factor a stimulates arachidonic acid metabolisms and mucus production in rat tracheal epithelial cell cultures

Abstract Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells were used to study the response of differentiated airway epithelial cells to the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα). We found that the cultures expressed low levels of TNFα receptors. TNFα stimulated the AA-cascade: cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and prostaglandin H synthase 2 (PGHS2) were upregulated; as a result prostaglandin E (PGE2) secretion was increased. Subsequent to the increase in PGE2 mucus secretion increased, suggesting that PGE2 may act as an autocrine regulator of mucus secretion.
Characterizing submarine groundwater discharge: A seepage meter study in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts

[1] A seepage meter study was performed in Waquoit Bay on Cape Cod, Massachusetts to characterize the amount, pattern, and origin of submarine groundwater discharge. Measurements from grids of 40 seepage meters provide a detailed representation of groundwater flux in both space and time. At the head of the bay, a distinct band of high, saline discharge was observed between 25 and 45 m from the shoreline. Slug tests indicated no pattern of permeability to explain the band of discharge, and the band was not observed offshore of an island where freshwater discharge is negligible. Experiments using clusters of seepage meters showed large variability in discharge at the meter scale and similar temporal variation throughout the domain, reflecting tidal influence primarily near shore. The small-scale variability challenges the assumption of locally homogeneous flow used in many models, and the band of discharge contradicts predictions that total outflow is largely fresh and decreases monotonically from shore. INDEX TERMS: 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; 4235 Oceanography: General: Estuarine processes; 1894 Hydrology: Instruments and techniques; 4825 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Geochemistry. Citation: Michael, H. A., J. S. Lubetsky, and C. F. Harvey, Characterizing submarine groundwater discharge: A seepage meter study in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1297, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016000, 2003.
Writing the New West: A Critical Review.

Abstract A vast and growing interdisciplinary research effort has focused on the rise of the so-called New West, purportedly the product of regional socioeconomic, political, and ecological upheavals in states like Montana and Colorado. Reviewing the growing research on this problem in sociology, economics, geography, and conservation science, this article identifies four central questions at the core of this diverse scholarship. Our review demonstrates that none of these central questions has generated consensus conclusions and that there is untapped potential for more structurally robust analyses of the drivers and outcomes of rapid change in the region. Indeed, supporting other analyses that have called the consistency of the region into question, our survey suggests the ways in which this region is not unique, but largely reflective of larger scale socioecological forces playing out in similar ways around the postindustrial world. We conclude, therefore, with a series of crucial questions, which may be unanswerable by assuming the “New West” as a coherent geography.
New insights from a global view of X-ray bursts

It is shown here that the behavior of nuclear burning on accreting neutron stars depends on the mass accretion rate per unit area sigma-dot, the temperature T, and the column density of accreted matter sigma, and is thus intrinsically a three-dimensional problem. The concepts of a nuclear fuel surface and an ignition surface in (sigma-dot, T, sigma) space is introduced. It is shown that certain cuts taken through the ignition surface correspond to particular physical situations. It is found that at high temperatures a succession of hydrogen flashes leads eventually to a pure helium flash. At low temperatures, compressional heating completely determines the burst behavior. Burst sources are expected to show highly erratic behavior if they lie near the boundaries of the H and He ignition surfaces, resolving a major discrepancy between the thermonuclear flash model and observations.
On the magnetic mirroring as the basic cause of parallel electric fields

Among the different proposed mechanisms for generating parallel electric fields, magnetic mirroring of charged particles seems to be the most plausible. In the present paper, it is suggested that magnetic mirroring is the basic cause of parallel electric fields in the magnetosphere and that the magnetic mirroring effect may be able to form the basis of an auroral theory that can remove a major portion of the ambiguity of observations. In the model proposed, the parallel electric field is due to a magnetic confinement of a negatively charged hot collision-free plasma. A transfer of electron gyroenergy into wave energy tends to weaken this confinement; if this energy transfer becomes too strong, the parallel potential gradient will break down. Hence, from this model, in contrast to certain other models of parallel electric fields, only a small fraction of the total auroral particle energy may be expected to be transformed into electromagnetic wave energy during the acceleration process.
Brownian Dynamics Modeling of Flow-Induced Birefringence and Chain Scission in Dilute Polymer Solutions in a Planar Cross-Slot Flow

Bead−spring Brownian dynamics simulations are herein used to model flow-induced chain scission in dilute polymer solutions in a planar cross-slot flow. The flow field is obtained by finite-element simulation for a Newtonian fluid at low Reynolds number (Re = 4.5), with the flow assumed to be unaffected by the polymer. Chain scission is defined to occur when any spring bears a force over a preset critical spring force. Multiple scission of the same chain in a single pass through the device is allowed. In the simulations, we observed both chain halving and quartering as reported in the experimental literature. However, in contrast to the common view that breakage occurs only in the stagnation point region, we find that the strong shearing flow generated near the walls of the inlet channel prestretches polymer molecules considerably, leading to breakage near the corner where an extensional flow is present. We also predict flow birefringence, which supports our finding that shear plays a significant role in c...
Have resonance experiments seen macroscopic quantum coherence in magnetic particles

Abstract Recent resonance experiments by Awschalom et al. on ferritin have been interpreted in terms of macroscopic quantum coherence (MQC). It is argued that this interpretation is implausible, as (i) the power absorption exceeds a very weak upper bound predicted by MQC, (ii) the variation of lineshape and height with external magnetic field is far smaller than expected, and (iii) the very narrow line leaves no room for either dissipative or for inhomogeneous broadening due to polydispersity or stray fields. Electron spin resonance is presented as a more plausible explanation.
Simulated protozoa optimization

This paper introduces simulated protozoa optimization (SPO). SPO is a multi-agent heuristic technique that models the foraging and reproductive behavior of unicellular organisms such as Paramecium caudatum. In one set of experiments, SPO-based algorithms were used to solve a set of five standard benchmark numeric minimization problems including the Rastrigin function and the Schwefel function. Compared to the related techniques particle swarm optimization (PSO), bacterial foraging optimization (BFO), and genetic algorithm optimization (GAO), SPO produced better results in terms of both solution accuracy and performance. In a second set of experiments, when used as the weight and bias estimation mechanism for neural network classification, SPO produced better accuracy than PSO, BFO and GAO. An analysis of SPO algorithms indicates that the two most important factors contributing to SPO effectiveness are those that model protozoan fission and conjugation. The results suggest that SPO is a promising new optimization technique that may be particularly applicable to the analysis of very large data sets.
Population ecology of the polychaeteNephtys incisa in Long Island sound and the effects of disturbance

The infaunal polychaeteNephtys incisa is a dominant constituent of soft-bottom communities in nearshore New England waters. This study quantifies its population ecology under natural conditions and following disturbance (dredge material disposal). Five stations in central Long Island Sound (SREF, 1000E, 400E, 200E and CNTR) representing a gradient of increasing exposure to disposed materials were sampled quarterly for 26 months between May 1982 and June 1984. Population abundances declined continually for 2 years (from approximately 1,500 to 200 individuals m−2) following a peak of high recruitment. At CNTR, the population was decimated following disposal, and thereafter densities remained significantly below other stations. Population size-structure shifted from juvenile domination during the period of high abundance to adult domination as numbers declined. However, numbers of adults declined at 200E and CNTR following disturbance, relative to size-structure changes at other stations. Based on analyses of size-frequency distributions and tooth-rings in the jaws of individualN. incisa, eight cohorts (age-classes) were distinguished during the study period ranging from 3 months to 5 years in age. Growth was spatially and temporally variable; the average growth rate was approximately 15–20 mm (length) a year. Individual growth in most cohorts declined at 200E following disposal. Adults were reproductively active throughout the year, with two peaks in egg production, generally in the spring and fall. There were, however, spatial variations in the spawning cycle, which could influence larval recruitment. Results indicate that ambient population ofNephtys cicasa may go through several population “phases” resulting from temporal and spatial fluctuations in recruitment, individual growth and reproductive activity.Nephtys incisa's response to disturbance may depend on which phase the population is in at the time of disturbance (internal population conditions such as age/size structure) and factors external to the population (e.g., environmental influences on settlement and recruitment and/or the nature of the disturbance). Over 14 months of study, disposal of highly polluted dredge material had a negative impact on several population characteristics ofN. incisa at or near the disposal site (0 to 200 m away), but little or no effects on populations were detected 400 m to approximately 3 km away from the disposal area.
At the Margins of Death: Ritual Space and the Politics of Location in an Indo-Himalayan Border Village

I base this article on an event that transpired during a funeral ceremony in the village of Achinathang in Ladakh, India. This incident, which coincided with a period of interreligious conflicts between Muslim and Buddhist communities, led me to question the manner in which margins become sites for the definition and contestation of citizenship and power. Here, I analyze the construction of margins in multiple contexts: in negotiating boundaries between death and rebirth, in coping with and challenging the control exerted by town-based political reform movements over rural space, and finally, in locating the position of the ethnographer in histories and spaces of domination. [death rituals, social space, politics of location, Buddhism, South Asia]
Non-cooperative dynamics of multi-agent teams

Results on the formation of multi-agent teams are reviewed and extended. Conditions are specified under which it is individually rational for agents to spontaneously form coalitions in order to engage in collective action. In a cooperative setting the formation of such groups is to be expected. Here we show that in non-cooperative environments-presumably a more realistic context for a variety of both human and software agents-self-organized coalitions are capable of extracting welfare improvements. The Nash equilibria of these coalitional formation games are demon-strated e either long-lived or transient. The macroscopic structure of these emergent 'bands' of agents is stationary in sufficiently large populations, despite constant adaptation at the agent level. It is argued that assumptions concerning attainment of agent-level (Nash) equilibrium, so ubiquitous in conventional economics and game theory, are difficult to justify behaviorally and highly restrictive theoretically, and are thus unlikely to serve either as fertile design objectives or robust operating principles for realistic multi-agent systems.
Ecological bioavailability of permethrin and p,p'-DDT: toxicity depends on type of organic matter resource.

Abstract Hydrophobic organic contaminants readily partition from aqueous to organic phases in aquatic systems with past research largely focusing on sediment. However, within many aquatic systems, matrices such as leaf material and detritus are abundant and ecologically important, as they may represent a primary exposure route for aquatic invertebrates. The objectives of the present study were to examine partitioning and toxicity to Hyalella azteca among permethrin and p , p ′-DDT contaminated sediment, leaf, and a sediment-leaf mixture. Log organic carbon–water partitioning coefficients ranged from 4.21 to 5.82 for both insecticides, and were greatest within sediment and lowest in coarse leaf material. H. azteca lethal concentrations for 50% of the population (LC50s) ranged from 0.5 to 111 μg g −1 organic carbon, and were dependent on the matrix composition. The variation in sorption and toxicity among matrices common within stream ecosystems suggests that the ecological niche of aquatic organisms may be important for estimating risk of hydrophobic pesticides.
Foldamer-Based Enantioselective Targeting of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

A novel approach is developed where oligoquinoline based foldamers are designed and synthesized to stabilize the dynamic behavior of the pre-amyloid toxic state of the diabetes related protein, IAPP. Among small molecule foldamers, oligoquinolines have an unusually stable, non-covalent structure. The surface of oligoquinolines can be derivitized without perturbing its fold. This enables design of a surface that can target polypeptides. Here, we show the utility of this scaffold on protein misfolding from intrinsically disordered precursors. Amyloid self-assembly derived from misfolding is a hallmark for a group of diseases include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the latter, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) accumulates as fibers in the pancreatic β-cells. However, it has been shown that fibers are not the dominant toxin, rather it is the membrane bound α-helical intermediates of IAPP that give rise to pre-amyloid toxicity. Targeting the heterogeneous ensemble of dynamic protein structures, such as IAPP, is often regarded as challenge for the creation of specific ligands. However, the use of a strongly structured foldamer permits the induction of structures in flexible species. Here we show oligoquinioline derivatives that bind pre-amyloid IAPP and show activity in both solution biophysics and cellular assays.
Sustainability Framework for the Life Cycle Assessment of Light-Duty Vehicles

Increasing environmental concerns as well as economic and social impacts of transportation in communities have made essential the incorporation of sustainability into the planning process. This paper describes a long-term sustainability-based comprehensive framework for the life cycle assessment of any urban transportation mode. The sustainability framework, which is composed of four layers and three controllers, acts as a filter that decomposes the components and attributes of a transportation mode to reveal its sustainability dimensions. The four proposed sustainability layers, environment, technology, energy and economy, are used in a case study to assess light-duty vehicles. The assessment includes the quantification of a set of sustainability indicators for six light-duty vehicles to compare their performance. The results provide an overall sustainability comparison for an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), a fuel cell vehicle (FCV), an electric vehicle (EV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), and a gasoline pickup truck (GPT).
Biosynthesis of the Thiamin Thiazole in Bacillus subtilis : Identification of the Product of the Thiazole Synthase-Catalyzed Reaction

In this paper, we describe an optimized reconstitution of the thiamin thiazole synthase (ThiG) catalyzed reaction and demonstrate that the enzymatic product is an unanticipated dearomatized thiazole tautomer.
Projective techniques in US marketing and management research: The influence of The Achievement Motive

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the use of projective techniques for published marketing and management research in the USA. The paper emphasizes the influence that McClelland, Atkinson, Clark and Lowell's study, The Achievement Motive (1953), has had on subsequent research. That work applied quantitative analysis to responses obtained using projective techniques.Design/methodology/approach – The approaches used in this paper consist of descriptive historical methods and a literature review. The historical analysis was conducted using Kuhn's 1967 conception of paradigms, showing that the paradigm from which projective techniques emerged – psychoanalysis – failed to gather many adherents outside the discipline of psychology. The paradigm failed to gain adherents in US colleges of business, although there are some exceptions. One exception is managerial motivation research, which built on the traditions of The Achievement Motive. The literature review suggests that, despite lacking institutional bases ...
Social competence in Italian early childhood education.

Child care and early education in Italy reflect the convergence of cultural values and practices not only of the larger cultural region but also of the immediate community's local traditions.
Japanese investment in United States food and agriculture: Evidence from California and Washington

This article analyzes the investments of Japanese food processing firms in the states of California and Washington. Japanese investments are oriented towards one or more of the following goals: First, to secure stable supplies of raw material and/or lowering production costs. Second, to build production facilities to facilitate the export of food products to Japan. Third, to build US production facilities to supply US demand for traditional Japanese foods such as sake and soy sauce. Fourth, to secure access to US food technology. With exception of wineries, Japanese investors generally do not purchase agricultural land, preferring instead to purchase their raw commodities through contracts with local growers. Japanese direct investment remains comparatively small, but has the potential to grow significantly. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new electron energy analyzer for electron spectroscopy

Abstract An electron energy analyzer is proposed in which a wide range of energies can be analyzed simultaneously. In it, electrons are injected through a high permeability mesh into a relatively uniform magnetic field, where they follow helical trajectories. They then exit the field through a second mesh, shaped to focus them onto a detector. Their energies are related to the azimuthal rotation they underwent in the field, which can be determined from where they strike the detector. Electron trajectories are calculated for three examples of the analyzer to illustrate the general concepts involved. The dominant aberrations inherent in these designs are also estimated, and applications to AES, XPS and high resolution EELS spectroscopy are discussed. One example shows that energies differing by a factor of 20 can be analyzed simultaneously with a resolution of about 1% of the incident energy; another shows a configuration capable of collecting 500 eV electrons from a small source and resolving them to about 0.6 eV. Improvements needed to extend the performance further are also discussed.
Phenomenal conservatism and self-defeat: a reply to DePoe

John DePoe has criticized the self-defeat argument for Phenomenal Conservatism. He argues that acquaintance, rather than appearance, may form the basis for non-inferentially justified beliefs, and that Phenomenal Conservatism conflicts with a central motivation for internalism. I explain how Phenomenal Conservatism and the self-defeat argument may survive these challenges.
Disc-electrophoretic analysis of some members of the Culex pipiens complex.

Disc-electrophoretic experiments were made on Sino-Japanese populations of 3 members of the Culex pipiens complex. The results of our studies, using both egg and pupa extracts, indicate there are no characteristic differences on a specific level which can be used to distinguish each member of the C. pipiens complex.
Effect of a conditioning lesion on optic nerve regeneration in goldfish

Following a 'test lesion' (crush) of the optic nerve in goldfish, histological study of axons in silver-stained sections showed that outgrowth of the leading axons began after an initial delay of 4.3 days and proceeded at 0.34 +/- 0.03 mm/day. When a 'conditioning lesion' (crush at the same site) preceded the testing lesion by 2 weeks, the initial delay was 2.5 days and the outgrowth rate was 0.74 +/- 0.13 mm/day (P less than 0.01). Two additional methods, utilizing intraocular injections of tritiated proline or fucose to label axonally transported proteins, were used to examine the outgrowth of leading optic axons. (a) Measurement of the distances reached by labeled axons in the nerve at 6 and 10 days after a testing lesion alone yielded an initial delay of 4.6 days and an outgrowth rate of 0.41 +/- 0.04 mm/day. However, when a conditioning lesion preceded the testing lesion, labeled optic axons were already found to have reached the optic tectum by 10 days after the testing lesion, indicating an outgrowth rate in excess of 0.64 mm/day. (b) Determination of the times at which labeled axons arrived at the optic tectum showed that the outgrowth rate after a testing lesion along was 0.40 mm/day whereas when the testing lesion was preceded by a conditioning lesion it was 0.74 mm/day. Thus, as a result of a conditioning lesion the initial delay was reduced by nearly half and the outgrowth rate was nearly doubled.
The effect of isoproterenol on nuclear protein synthesis in electrostatically sorted rat hepatocytes

Rat hepatocyte nuclei were electrostatically sorted and collected from specific regions of the cell cycle. Proteins were extracted from homogeneous populations of nuclei with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and chromatographed by one- and two-dimensional acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Small quantitative differences were observed in amido black stained two-dimensional patterns of the nuclear proteins of the G0 + G1 and G2 + M populations. However, comparison of the two-dimensional autoradiographs of 3H-leucine labeled nuclear proteins in these populations revealed dramatic differences. After isoproterenol administration, animals showed enhanced labeling of certain nuclear proteins in G2 + M populations, but no noticeable effect in protein labeling was observed in the G0 + G1 populations. Four days after the administration of isoproterenol, fluorescent histograms exhibited increased amounts of DNA in the G2 + M populations. Comparison of the total amino acid composition of two proteins from control animals revealed the distinct chemical contrast of these proteins. Both proteins possessed higher ratios of acidic to basic residues than anticipated for basic proteins. These procedures and findings should prove useful for further understanding of mechanisms of toxicant effects upon nuclear protein metabolism.
CHALLENGES TO THE FUTURE OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

This article critically analyzes challenges that may influence whether evidence-based practice (EBP) enjoys more success than previous efforts to improve the integration of practice and research in social work education. Key challenges include: (1) alleviating disparities in how EBP is being defined by social work educators; (2) maximizing the feasibility of implementing the EBP process appropriately after graduation, while at the same time preparing students not to over-rely on authoritative publications that designate certain interventions as evidence-based; and (3) preventing evidentiary standards from getting softened to the point that EBP becomes a meaningless term, as any study, regardless of its methodological rigor, can be cited to justify deeming an intervention to be evidence based.
Effect of balloon aortic valvuloplasty on Doppler indexes of left ventricular diastolic filling.

This study sought to determine whether percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty, by reducing afterload in patients with LV hypertrophy due to aortic stenosis, would result in an early favorable effect on Doppler echocardiographic indexes of ventricular filling
Development of Textured Mullite by Templated Grain Growth

Highly textured mullite was obtained by enhancing anisotropic grain growth by TiO 2 doping and by templating grain growth on oriented acicular mullite seed particles in a mullite precursor. Upon heating, the mullite precursor crystallized and densified to an equiaxed microstructure of 1-2 μm mullite grains at which time the mullite seed particles grew rapidly in the length direction (c-axis) to produce a highly textured microstructure. By changing the seed (template) particle concentration, a range of oriented microstructures and anisotropic grains could be produced.