cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Self-Regulation Model for Understanding Pathological Gambling

This chapter explores self-regulation model for understanding pathological gambling. Baumeister's model recognizes that loss of self-esteem, rather than its absolute level, influences self-defeating behavior. To use an analogy from research on mood variation, some believe that seasonal mood shifts are more related to rapid changes in sunlight rather than its absolute level. People may respond somewhat differently depending on their relative levels, for example high-self-esteem individuals may become aggressive while low-self-esteem persons may internalize and experience emotional distress. This suggests that the motivation for gambling initiation and persistence differs for high- and low-self-esteem pathological gamblers. High-self-esteem individuals may gamble initially for reasons related to the excitement and challenges of gambling, perhaps as a way to prove themselves. Low-self-esteem individuals under emotional distress gamble as a form of escape. Recent failure or loss inclines people to believe that they are bad, particularly when they cannot externalize explanations for failure. It is clinically significant that women pathological gamblers are over-represented in this group, while men are over-represented in the high-self-esteem group. The formulation also supports models of pathological gambling that emphasize the central role of dissociative experiences. Finally, the model proposes that the initial dissociative-like experiences in gambling are more salient for low- than high-self-esteem pathological gamblers.
Factor analysis and development: A reply

Abstract The suggestion by Mr. Bumb that several of our factor analyses are spurious is questioned on both technical and empirical grounds. Evidence of exceeding robustness of our factor-analytic results is presented.
Identification of cDNA clones encoding different domains of the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan

We have used antibodies to the basement membrane proteoglycan to screen lambda gt11 expression vector libraries and have isolated two cDNA clones, termed BPG 5 and BPG 7, which encode different portions of the core protein of the heparan sulfate basement membrane proteoglycan. These clones hybridize to a single mRNA species of approximately 12 kilobases. Amino acid sequences obtained on peptides derived from protease digests of the core protein were found in the deduced sequence, confirming the identity of these clones. BPG 5 spanned 1986 base pairs and has an open reading frame of 662 amino acids. The amino acid sequence deduced from BPG 5 contains two cysteine-rich domains and two internally homologous domains lacking cysteine. The cysteine-rich domains show homology to the cysteine-rich domains of the laminin chains. A globule-rod structure, similar to that of the short arms of the laminin chains, is proposed for this region of the proteoglycan. The other clone, BPG 7, is 2193 base pairs long and has an open reading frame of 731 amino acids. The deduced sequence contains eight internal repeats with 2 cysteine residues in each repeat. These repeats show homology to the neural-cell adhesion molecule N-CAM and the plasma alpha 1B-glycoprotein. Looping structures similar to these proteins and to other proteins of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily are proposed for this region of the proteoglycan. The sequence DSGEY was found four times in this domain and could be heparan sulfate attachment sites.
A reevaluation of “the problem of surplus women” in 19th-century England: The case of the 1851 census

Abstract A debate concerning the “surplus women” problem identified by the 1851 Census took place, between women and men, between radicals and concervatives. Both the debate, and the actuality, of surplus women was influential for feminism and the women's suffrage movement. This paper examines this debate through the 1850s and 1860s published voices of both sides.
Subsonic plasma aerodynamics using a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP/spl trade/)

Summary form only given, as follows. This excitation produces a traveling electrostatic wave that accelerates the ions and neutral gas to velocities of aerodynamic interest. If these research efforts are successful, aircraft might fly with no moving parts on their surfaces other than the landing gear, and electrotechnology can make further contributions to aviation, just as it has in automotive and surface transportation.
Myelogenous leukemia in the rat.

Observations on growth and other characteristics of subcutaneously transplanted chloroleukemia in non-inbred rats have been described in this report. This chloroleukemia cytologically is an acute or subacute, not chronic, myelogenous leukemia. Because of serious immunologic differences, the experimental usefulness of subtransferred chloroleukemia is greatly limited. However, myelogenous leukemia in the rat, induced by chemical agents or ionizing radiation, may offer a valuable approach to the study of leukemogenic mechanisms.
Tempo: Determining, Combining, and Predicting Earth Orientation Parameters for Spacecraft Navigation

In support of spacecraft tracking and navigation at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Earth orientation measurements are currently acquired, processed, and delivered twice-per-week to the JPL navigation teams by the Time and Earth Motion Precision Observations (TEMPO) project. Because the Earth’s orientation changes rapidly and unpredictably, measurements must be acquired frequently and processed rapidly in order to meet the near-real-time Earth orientation calibration requirements of the navigation teams. These requirements are currently met by (1) conducting twice-per-week single baseline VLBI observing sessions; (2) rapidly processing the VLBI data to determine the baseline variation-of-latitude and UTO components of the Earth’s orientation; and (3) using the Kaiman Earth Orientation Filter (KEOF) to combine the TEMPO VLBI measurements with other publicly available Earth orientation measurements, including determinations and forecasts of the axial component of the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM), in order to generate and deliver the Earth orientation calibrations (polar motion and UT1) required by the navigation teams.
Semiconductor Sensors (2): Sensors for Safety Systems

Key automotive safety systems include airbag systems, which help protect the driver and passengers in a crash, and chassis control systems, which help reduce the likelihood of an accident. The operation of both types of systems depends on the detection of inertia-related phenomena such as impacts and side slip. The physical quantities relevant to these phenomena are detected using inertia sensors. Airbag systems operate in combination with the seatbelts to help reduce the number of traffic accident fatalities. In these systems, the key role of detecting collisions is performed by semiconductor acceleration sensors. The latest systems have 10 acceleration sensors, 2 at the front of the vehicle, 6 at the sides, and 2 in the airbag ECU. Chassis control systems include antilock brake systems (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), traction control systems (TCS), and the like. The aim of these systems is to help reduce the likelihood of an accident by stabilizing vehicle behavior in unexpected situations. Each control system detects vehicle behavior using multiple acceleration sensors and yaw-rate sensors. This chapter describes the principles and structure of acceleration and yaw-rate sensors as examples of semiconductor inertia sensors. It also details how such sensors are used in automotive safety systems. As both types of sensors are used in chassis control systems, the principles and structure of the sensors are described first, followed by application examples of both sensors in safety systems. Keywords: semiconductor sensor; inertia sensor; acceleration sensor; accelerometer; G sensor; yaw-rate sensor; gyroscope
Manners, Morals and Legal Education

Many spokesmen for the legal profession have been calling on the law schools to pay more attention to ethical responsibilities, usually meaning manners and civility. But many of today's law students believe that the profession is not meeting some of its public responsibilities. When that problem is squarely faced, with the law schools' help, then good manners should follow. TN THE PAST few years leaders of the legal profession have appealed for law students?and law schools?to pay more attention to legal ethics. Their pleas usually have been public^ occasionally strident. Over the same period many law students have urged more attention by the legal profession to ethical responsibilities. Their voices were less public but often more stri dent.
Treatment of Metastatic Carcinoid Tumors With Radiolabeled Biologic Molecules

Treatment options in advanced-stage neuroendocrine tumors are limited. A promising new category of therapy was recently introduced for these tumors in which radioactive atoms are attached to molecules that target and bind to neuroendocrine cancer cells. 90 Yttrium-DOTA-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide and radioactive drugs which targets cells by binding to somatostatin receptors. 131 lodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine also targets neuroendocrine tumors using the amine transporter system. Both agents, along with the somatostatin analogue 177 Lutetium-DOTATATE, have shown objective response rates in approximately 30% of patients with progressive metastatic disease. Symptomatic improvement is observed in most patients receiving these drugs and evidence of survival benefit is also mounting. Serious side effects are uncommon.
Using the mitosis-specific marker anti-phosphohistone H3 to assess mitosis in pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas

Counting mitotic figures (MFs) is one of the essential factors for determining the histologic grade of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). We analyzed MFs by using a mitotic-specific antibody of phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) in 113 lung NECs (66 typical carcinoids [TCs], 12 atypical carcinoids [ACs], 20 large cell NECs [LCNECs], and 15 small cell lung carcinomas [SCLCs]). Subdivided by histologic subtype, the mean PHH3-stained MFs (mPHMFs) were 0.09 per high-power field (hpf) in TCs, 0.39/hpf in ACs, 7.84/hpf in LCNECs, and 9.42 in SCLCs. From the 5-year overall survival rate for mPHMFs, an mPHMF of more than 1.0 was the best threshold in all NECs and an mPHMF of more than 0.4 was the best threshold for differentiating ACs from TCs. These values correspond to 4/10 hpf and 10/10 hpf. We showed that the PHH3-based mitosis-counting method is a reliable, easy method for counting mitoses in pulmonary NECs.
Rapid Methods for Milled Rice Surface Total Lipid and Free Fatty Acid Determination

ABSTRACT Total lipids and free fatty acid (FFA) determination is widely used in the food industry to assess the quality of milled rice. An improved rapid ambient temperature isopropanol (IPA) extraction method to determine milled rice surface lipid was more effective than Soxhlet solvent extraction. The improved method was probably due to better extraction of polar lipids and antioxidants by IPA. A colorimetric method to determine FFA requiring only 30 μL of sample is also described. The new technique provides results similar to those obtained using the slower, conventional acid-base titration method. The colorimetric FFA method requires a smaller sample size, has greater precision, and is more objective. The new methods are particularly suitable for industrial use in providing rapid results for large numbers of samples.
Channel changes in burned streams of northern Nevada

In the Great Basin, frequency of large-fire is increasing. To better understand fire and riparian system interactions, we studied pre- to post-fire changes in ten riparian attributes of a randomly sampled reach of forty three streams burned within a three-year period. Post-fire data were collected four to six relatively dry years after late-summer wildfires in sagebrush dominated watersheds of the North Central Great Basin. All streams had been surveyed in the one to fifteen years prior to the fire. Five channel attributes improved; bankfull width decreased 21%, riparian width increased 79%, median dominant riparian vegetation increased by two categories (grass/sod to high brush), bank stability increased by one category, and median bank angle decreased. Four attributes did not change; bank cover, organic debris, bank undercuts, and embeddedness. An increase of sand by 19% in the dominant bottom material was considered unfavorable. Riparian vegetation and systems seem to be resilient and whether improvement was due to fire or changed management and time for recovery was not ascertained. Overall, degradation to stream channel attributes was minimal to non-existent suggesting riparian stability and/or resiliency.
Applying Motivational Interviewing to the Treatment of Sexual Compulsivity and Addiction

This paper attempts to take an initial step in providing an empirical framework for treating sexual compulsivity and addiction. The theoretical bases and technical applications of Motivational Inte...
Degradation in the Fatigue Resistance of Dentin by Bur and Abrasive Air-jet Preparations

The objective of this investigation was to distinguish whether the instruments commonly used for cutting dentin cause degradation in strength or fatigue behavior. Beams of coronal dentin were obtained from unrestored 3rd molars and subjected to either quasi-static or cyclic flexural loading to failure. The surfaces of selected beams were treated with a conventional straight-sided bur or with an abrasive air jet laden with glass particles. Under monotonic loading, there was no difference in the strength or Weibull parameters obtained for the control or treated beams. However, the fatigue strength of dentin receiving bur and air-jet treatments was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.0001) than that of the control. The bur treatment resulted in the largest overall degree of degradation, with nearly 40% reduction in the endurance limit and even more substantial decrease in the fatigue life. The methods currently used for cavity preparations substantially degrade the durability of dentin.
Involvement of p90rsk in Neurite Outgrowth Mediated by the Cell Adhesion Molecule L1

L1 is a neural cell adhesion molecule that has been shown to help guide nascent axons to their targets. This guidance is based on specific interactions of L1 with its binding partners and is likely to involve signaling cascades that alter cytoskeletal elements in response to these binding events. We have examined the phosphorylation of L1 and the role it may have in L1-directed neurite outgrowth. Cytosolic extracts from nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and an activity was found that phosphorylated the cytoplasmic domain of L1. This activity was then assayed using a battery of L1-derived synthetic peptides. Based on these peptide assays and sequencing of radiolabeled L1 proteolytic fragments, the phosphorylation site was determined to be Ser1152. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the L1 kinase activity from PC12 cells that phosphorylated this site was co-eluted with the S6 kinase, p90rsk. Moreover, S6 kinase activity and p90rsk immunoreactivity co-immunoprecipitate with L1 from brain, and metabolic labeling studies have demonstrated that Ser1152 is phosphorylated in vivo in the developing rat brain. The phosphorylation site is located in a region of high conservation between mammalian L1 sequences as well as L1-related molecules in vertebrates from fish to birds. We performed studies to investigate the functional significance of this phosphorylation. Neurons were loaded with peptides that encompass the phosphorylation site, as well as the flanking regions, and their effects on neurite outgrowth were observed. The peptides, which include Ser1152, inhibit neurite outgrowth on L1 but not on a control substrate, laminin. A nonphosphorylatable peptide carrying a Ser to Ala mutation did not affect neurite outgrowth on either substrate. These data demonstrate that the membrane-proximal 15 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain of L1 are important for neurite outgrowth on L1, and the interactions it mediates may be regulated by phosphorylation of Ser1152.
Research hole to intersect Inyo Dike

A new phase of drilling into the Inyo Domes volcanic chain of eastern California is being planned for late spring of 1987. A hole will be continuously cored along a steeply dipping trajectory across the trend of the chain from a site near Inyo Craters, reaching a final depth of approximately 1000 m. The site lies in an area of spectacular surface fractures and phreatic craters within the West Moat of Long Valley Caldera. The fractures and craters are believed to have formed as the rhyolite dike that fed the 600-yr-old Inyo eruption approached the surface. The hole is expected to traverse a post-caldera sequence of mafic and rhyolitic flows and rhyolitic tephra, intersecting the Inyo Dike at about 600-m depth, and terminating in the Bishop Tuff. Primary objectives of the hole are to determine the relationship of the dike to the surface deformation and phreatic activity and to compare chemical and physical features of the intrusion in the wet, permeable caldera fill environment with completed drilling observations of the same dike in granitic basement outside the caldera. Key observations will include the size, structure, and porosity of the dike, the distribution of retained volatiles, and the nature of glass and chemical boundary zones. Additional observations in the wall rock will include the distribution of fractures and their relationship to surface structures, the nature and distribution of intrusive tephra derived from the dike, and chemical alteration due to the intrusive event. Secondary objectives of the hole will be to describe the stratigraphy of the West Moat of the caldera and to observe its hydrothermal system.
Vitamins and Aging: Pathways to NAD+ Synthesis

Recent genetic evidence reveals additional salvage pathways for NAD+ synthesis. In this issue, Belenky et al. (2007) report that nicotinamide riboside, a new NAD+ precursor, regulates Sir2 deacetylase activity and life span in yeast. The ability of nicotinamide riboside to enhance life span does not depend on calorie restriction.
Expression of Structural Proteins in Human Female and Male Genital Epithelia and Implications for Sexually Transmitted Infections

Men and women differ in their susceptibility to sexually transmittable infections (STIs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, a paucity of published information regarding the tissue structure of the human genital tract has limited our understanding of these gender differences. We collected cervical, vaginal, and penile tissues from human adult donors. Tissues were prepared with hematoxylin and eosin stains or immunofluorescence labeling of epithelial cell proteins and were analyzed for structural characteristics. Rhesus macaque genital tissues were evaluated to assess the use of this model for HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus transmission events. We found the stratified squamous epithelia of the male and female genital tract shared many similarities and important distinctions. Expression of E-cadherins, desmogleins 1/2, and involucrin was seen in all squamous epithelia, though expression patterns were heterogeneous. Filaggrin and a true cornified layer were markedly absent in female tissues but were clearly seen in all male epithelia. Desmogleins 1/2 were more consistent in the outermost strata of female squamous genital epithelia. Macaque tissues were similar to their respective human tissues. These initial observations highlight how male and female genital epithelia resemble and differ from one another. Further information regarding tissue structural characteristics will help to understand how STIs traverse these barriers to cause infection. This knowledge will be essential in future HIV pathogenesis, transmission, and prevention studies.
Social work in a managed care environment

Managed care has created a new service environment, eliminating distinctions that have sustained social work ideology and the profession throughout its history. This paper reviews important features of managed care, considers changes it has brought to practice ideology, the practitioner/client relationship, and the practice environment, including social work employment. The paper discusses the new opportunities, challenges and problems that have emerged with this approach. While social workers should not embrace managed care, they should not run from it or blindly oppose it. They need to aggressively pursue it, fighting its major drawbacks, while adapting to a competitive market place. Given the current managed care market, the social work profession is now in the right place, at the right time, with the right skills, and available at the right price. It must now take on a leadership role to maintain its competitive position, protect its clients and insure quality practice.
Dynamic and sequential patterning of the zebrafish posterior hindbrain by retinoic acid.

Abstract A prominent region of the vertebrate hindbrain is subdivided along the anterior–posterior axis into a series of seven segments, or rhombomeres. The identity of each rhombomere is specified by the expression of conserved transcription factors, including Krox-20, vHnf1, Val (Kreisler, Mafb) and several Hox proteins. Previous work has shown that retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays a critical role in regulating the expression of these factors and that more posterior rhombomeres require higher levels of RA than more anterior rhombomeres. Models to account for RA concentration dependency have proposed either a static RA gradient or increasing time periods of RA exposure. Here, we provide evidence against both of these models. We show that early zebrafish rhombomere-specification genes, including vhnf1 in r5–r6 and hoxd4a in r7, initiate expression sequentially in the hindbrain, each adjacent to the source of RA synthesis in paraxial mesoderm. By knocking down RA signaling, we show that progressively more posterior rhombomeres require increasingly higher levels of RA signaling, and vhnf1 and hoxd4a expression are particularly RA-dependent. RA synthesis is required just at the time of initiation, but not for maintenance, of vhnf1 and hoxd4a expression. Furthermore, a premature RA increase causes premature activation of vhnf1 and hoxd4a expression. Our results support a new model of dynamic RA action in the hindbrain, in which a temporally increasing source of RA is required to sequentially initiate progressively more posterior rhombomere identities.
Students' Views of Academic Aural/Oral Skills: A Comparative Needs Analysis.

In this study, 768 ESL students at three different tertiary institutions—a community college, a teaching-oriented university, and a research-oriented university—responded to a survey (adapted from Ferris & Tagg, 1996a, 1996b) about their college instructors' requirements regarding listening and speaking skills, their own difficulties in meeting those requirements, and the relative importance of seven selected academic aural/oral skills or tasks. A subsample (n = 476) of the students' survey responses was then compared with those of 206 instructors at the same institutions to assess the degree of agreement between the two groups of informants. The findings showed statistically significant differences in the students' responses across several contextual and student demographic variables. In addition, the students' and professors' responses differed dramatically on most survey items as well as in the aural/oral skills rankings. The study therefore raises implications not only for listening and speaking instruction but also for the interpretation of needs analysis data.
Managing a Marine Stock Portfolio: Stock Identification, Structure, and Management of 25 Fishery Species along the Atlantic Coast of the United States

AbstractIn this review, stock identification methods used, resulting stock numbers and boundaries, and assessment and management context were explored for all 25 species managed by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC). This included invertebrates and vertebrates distributed between Maine and Florida, with a few species ranging across all these states and some ranging into the Gulf of Mexico and the Canadian Maritimes. The effects of larval dispersal or mixing of adults in the marine environment were evident. Marine and catadromous spawners were recognized and treated as a unit stock (e.g., northern shrimp Pandalus borealis, American Eel Anguilla rostrata, Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, Tautog Tautoga onitis), a metapopulation (American lobster Homarus americanus, Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus), or two stocks, north and south of Cape Hatteras, a major biogeographic boundary, (Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata, Scup Stenotomus chrysops, Red Drum...
Safety Risk Categorization of Organic Extractables Associated with Polymers used in Packaging, Delivery and Manufacturing Systems for Parenteral Drug Products

To develop and justify a Risk Evaluation Matrix for estimating the safety risk associated with extractables from plastic materials used in pharmaceutical applications and to apply that matrix to approximately 510 extractables to assess the risk that they would accumulate in drug products at levels sufficiently high to affect patient safety. The Risk Evaluation Matrix considers toxicological, availability and solubility characteristics of extractables. Safety Risk categories were established based on certain scaled values for these characteristics, Total Risk Scores were calculated for each extractable and the extractables were categorized with respect to their safety risk based on these calculations. The Total Risk Scores were normally distributed around a value of 20 to 23, corresponding to safety risk categories of moderate and intermediate risk. The range in Risk Scores defined by the mean ± one standard deviation encompassed the entire region of moderate and intermediate risk. Approximately 15% of the extractables were categorized as lowest risk while 3% of the extractables were categorized as highest risk. Categorization of extractables could facilitate the selection of materials for use in pharmaceutical systems, the analytical testing of extracts and the selection of target extractables.
Rate constant for the reaction of N(4S) with CH3 at 298 K

Abstract The absolute rate constant for the reaction of N(4S) with CH3 has been determined at 298 K in a discharge flow system coupled with collision-free sampling mass spectrometry at low electron energies. The rate constant was determined under pseudo-first-order conditions with [N] > [CH3]. The result is k1 = (8.6±2.0) × 10−11 cm3 s−1. This is compared to a previous estimated value as well as values of rate constants for other atom + radical reactions.
Americans on Diet: Results from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals

Abstract Objective To examine the prevalence of dieting to lose weight or for a health reason in a representative sample of US adults. Design Cross-sectional study design. Subjects/Setting Data from 10,144 participants of the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII 1994-1996) were used in the analysis. All data were self-reported. Statistical analysis Analysis included: cross-tabulation of dieting status by sociodemographic characteristics; comparison of the type of diet, the reason for dieting, and the source of diet used by men and women; comparison of the nutrient intake and health status of dieters and nondieters. Results Prevalence of dieting varied by gender and race, being highest in white women (21%) and lowest in Hispanic men (8%). About 71% of all dieters reported that they were dieting to improve health, and 50% reported that they were dieting to lose weight. Dieters reported lower intakes of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, calcium, and selenium compared with nondieters. The rate of chronic health conditions was higher among dieters than nondieters. Self-reported physical activity was similar in both groups. Conclusions The prevalence of dieting varies according to sociodemographic characteristics. The reason for dieting and the type of diet used by dieters also vary and need to be studied further. Our results suggest that the dieters generally consumed a more nutrient-dense diet than the nondieters but still low in certain nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1247-1251 .
Undermining Authoritarian Innovation: The Power of China’s Industrial Giants

Recent scholarship suggests that authoritarian leaders may use seemingly democratic institutions to strengthen their own rule. In this vein, China’s leaders attempted to rein in local governments by introducing new transparency regulations, with environmental transparency a key focus. However, implementing these requirements necessitates cooperation from the very actors who may be weakened by them. Surprisingly, more industrial or more polluted cities were no slower in implementing environmental transparency than cleaner ones, with pollution measured using satellite data in order to avoid relying on questionable official sources. However, cities dominated by large industrial firms lagged in implementing environmental transparency, and this effect appears strongest when a city’s largest firm is in a highly polluting industry. Our findings demonstrate that even institutional innovations designed to preserve authoritarian rule can face significant challenges of implementation.
Expression and function of the costimulatory molecule B7 on murine Langerhans cells: Evidence for an alternative CTLA-4 ligand

We have previously shown, through transfection experiments, that the murine B7 (mB7) molecule, a ligand for the CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors, is a sufficient costimulatory signal for the antigen-specific and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted activation of murine CD4+ T lymphocytes. In addition to mB7, another ligand with affinity for CTLA-4 has been described on spleen cells. Here we report our studies on the expression and function of these molecules on murine Langerhans cells (LC). Both anti-mB7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 16-10A1 and human CTLA4Ig (hCTLA4Ig), a chimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human CLTA-4 and the constant domain of human IgG1, detected antigen(s) on cultured but not freshly isolated LC. Preincubation of cultured LC with anti-mB7 mAb did not significantly affect binding of hCTLA4Ig to these cells. This result demonstrate the existence of at least one other ligand for the CLTA-4 receptor on cultured LC. Functional studies revealed that the costimulatory activity of LC was inhibited better by hCTLA4Ig than by the anti-mB7 mAb. This differential effect was seen in the case of both alloreactive and antigen-specific, syngeneic T cell responses. These findings suggest that the non-mB7-ligand for CTLA-4 is functional and participates in the induction of immune responses by LC. Importantly, even synergistic combinations of anti-mB7 mAb and hCTLA4Ig did not inhibit completely the activity of LC. These findings therefore raise the possibility that LC express other costimulatory ligands besides mB7 and related family members.
Clinical manifestations of carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas

Carcinoma arising within the tail of the pancreas appears to have a distinct clinical picture which could lead to early diagnosis and an increased salvage rate. Two cases presenting with the manifestations of this disease are offered. Gripping upper abdominal pain, constipation, splenomegaly, upper GI bleeding, migratory phlebitis, arterial emobolization and local bruit are some of the findings which should lead to suspecting a neoplasm of the distal most portion of the pancreas. Even though confirmatory diagnostic studies are negative, exploratory laparotomy is indicated.
Large endolymphatic sac anomaly.

A 31-month-old girl presented with sensorineural hearing loss. Brain MRI demonstrated enlargement of the endolymphatic sacs bilaterally on T2-W images (Fig. 1) and reformatted image on the left side (Fig. 2, white arrow). The remaining inner ear structures were unremarkable. The endolymphatic sac sits at the posterior aspect of the petrous bone. The endolymphatic duct leads through the bony vestibular aqueduct from the utricle and saccule to the endolymphatic sac. The normal endolymphatic sac is barely visualized on high-resolution T2-W MRI. When enlarged, the finding is termed the large endolymphatic sac anomaly. Because CT better demonstrates bony anatomy,
Development of a Two-Dimensional Sail Analysis Code for Use as a Teaching Tool in an Undergraduate Fluid Dynamics Course

A typical undergraduate fluid dynamics course includes sections on Bernoulli’s equation, flow visualization, and lift and drag for external flows. The purpose of this work has been to develop a fully interactive, two-dimensional potential flow solver using a panel method for flow over thin-sail geometries to aid in student understanding of these topics. The user may specify either rigid sail shapes, or flexible sails in which the final equilibrium shapes are determined by the pressure distribution. The solver was developed in Fortran 90/95. The user interface and graphics routines were developed using the high-level plotting library DISLIN. A variety of controls are available to adjust sail shapes and angles-of-attack. Available graphics include velocity vectors, pressure coefficient contours, and streamlines. Lift, axial and normal force coefficients are also output in the form of bar graphs. The code was recently introduced in an undergraduate fluid dynamics class taught by the author, and is available from the author’s website for download.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Monitoring By Affiliated Bankers on Board of Directors: Evidence from Corporate Financing Outcomes

This paper investigates whether bank representation on corporate boards facilitates debt finance, using a hand-collected dataset on the boards of directors of large non-financial companies. The findings show that the presence of an executive from a bank that has an outstanding lending relationship with the company (i) increases the amount of debt in a company's capital structure via an increase in private debt, (ii) decreases the sensitivity of debt finance to the amount of tangible assets that a company holds, (iii) decreases the cost of borrowing, and (iv) reduces the covenants included in debt contracts. The main contribution of the paper to the extant literature is to present the first evidence for the banker-director, whose bank has a loan outstanding, performing a monitoring function on that company's board of directors.
The experimental investigation of a crack's influence on the concrete breakout strength of a cast-in-place anchor

Actual model tests are carried out to investigate the influence of a crack on the concrete breakout strength of an anchorage and to examine the appropriateness of the various criteria that are available for an anchorage design in a new nuclear power plant and the anchorage capacity evaluation in the currently operating nuclear power plants in the case where various types of cracks already exist in the anchorage. These tests are intended for the cast-in-place anchor which is widely used for the fastening of equipment in Korean nuclear power plants. One hundred and five plain concrete test specimens are manufactured on the basis of ASTM E488 containing 21 cracked conditions. The principal test variables chosen are related to the crack properties including, the crack width, the crack depth and the distance between the crack and the anchor. In order to apply a tensile force, a 100 tonnes-capacity actuator is used with a displacement control of 0.5 mm/min. It is proven that the ACI 349 code, CEB-FIP code and SQUG GIP are conservative in a comparison with the test results. Some improved proposals are suggested on the basis of the test results in order to accurately take into account the influence of the crack in the anchorage capacity evaluation.
Case report 785

A case of osteochondroma of the pelvis secondary to radiation therapy after radical nephrectomy for a Wilm's tumor is reported. The occurrence of such a complication has been discussed. Proof was obtained by open biopsy. The indications for surgical resection of such a tumor were considered. The differential diagnosis, though limited, was discussed.
The use of restriction endonucleases to compare mitochondrial DNA sequences in Mus musculus: a detailed restriction map of mitochondrial DNA from mouse L cells.

Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of a chloramphenicol-resistant, oligomycin-resistant mouse L cell has been cloned in E. coli . Using fragments of this DNA, purified by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, we have mapped 139 restriction sites cleaved by 15 endonucleases. We have then compared the positions of these sites with those found in mtDNA purified from several other L-cell lines, from the tissue of several strains of laboratory mice, and from a plasmid containing mtDNA of a single, wild Mus musculus sample. The results indicate that all of the L-cell mtDNAs are identical except at a single Eco RI site, and that the L-cell sequence is identical to that found in mtDNA from normal tissue. They also suggest that mtDNA sequences found in North American Mus musculus populations may be much more homogeneous than expected from analysis of other rodents.
Nucleic acid interactions with metal ions and amino acids.

Abstract Conductiometric titrations and equilibrium dialysis measurements have been used to measure (I) the binding of Na + , Mg ++ and Cu ++ by deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and (2) the binding of amino acids by DNA and RNA all in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl. It is concluded that about half the Na + counterions are held near the DNA by the electrostatic field. Mg ++ are bound to specific sites but very weakly. However, upon thermal denaturation of the DNA the binding becomes much stronger; the number of sites is about 70% of the nucleotides. Cu ++ ions are tightly bound to undenatured DNA and cause marked aggregation. Arginine is bound to DNA to the extent of about 6 molecules per 100 nucleotides at 0.01 M arginine. However, non-basic amino acids, serine and glutamic acid, are not significantly bound by either undenatured or denatured DNA. The binding of glutamic acid, threonine and proline by RNA was also found to be negligible, i.e. , less than one amino acid per 100 nucleotides.
The early hydration of tricalcium silicate and β‐dicalcium silicate in neat portland cement pastes

Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis was used to study the early hydration of the tricalcium silicate and β-dicalcium silicate phases in neat Portland cement pastes. There is an initial ‘dormant’ period during which these phases hydrate only very slowly. In the case of the Ca3SiO5 phase in the cement used, this ‘dormant’ period lasts 3–4 hours. Of the Ca3SiO5 originally present 5% hydrated in 5 h; 22% in 10 h; 34% in 15 h; 45% in 24 h; and 63% in 72 h. No conclusive evidence of any β-dicalcium silicate hydration during the seventy-two hour period investigated was found.
Order and fluidity in the terminal methyl region of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multibilayers: a comparison of Raman and 2H-NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Deuterium magnetic resonance ( 2 H-NMR) and Raman spectroscopy are used to investigate order and fluidity at the terminal methyl position in 16- d 3 , 16′- d 3 dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (16- d 6 DPPC) multibilayers. These methods reveal substantial motion and disorder in the gel phase, 5–10°C below the gel-liquid crystal phase transition temperature ( T m ). The phase transition is sensed in the 2 H-NMR spectrum as a reduction in the quadrupole splitting from 14 kHz to ∼3 kHz. In contrast, the Raman parameter used to characterize the CD 3 vibrations is quite insensitive to the melting process, although an analogous parameter does sense disordering at T m at the 10 and 10′ position in 10- d 2 , 10′- d 2 DPPC. The difference in the response of the NMR and Raman parameters may arise because the vibrational spectrum of the CD 3 group is inhomogenously broadened and is therefore quite sensitive to alterations in the local environment around the methyl group. In contrast, the NMR quadrupole splitting is sensitive to both local motion of the methyl group and, near T m, to motions of the CD 2 group induced by transgauche isomerizations further up the chain. The difficulties that arise when results from different spectroscopic techniques are compared are demonstrated.
Localization of basement membrane-associated protein isoforms during development of the ocular surface of mouse eye.

The developmental localization patterns of collagen type IV alpha1-5 chains, laminin-1, laminin-5, and laminin alpha2 chain were analyzed in the embryonic mouse eye using isoform specific antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy. Laminin-1 isoform and alpha1–2(IV) were ubiquitously expressed along the ocular surface basement membranes at a very early stage of eye development. Alpha3–5(IV) were first detected at later stages of development, and exhibited a variable distribution pattern along the ocular surface basement membrane. In contrast, expression of the laminin alpha2 chain was restricted to the conjunctival basement membrane, and was first detected during the same developmental period in which keratin K4-positive, differentiated conjunctival epithelial cells were observed. Although laminin-5 was uniformly expressed along the adult ocular surface basement membrane, during embryogenesis it was first incorporated into the conjunctival basement membrane structure. These data suggest that some of the laminin isoforms, including laminin alpha2 and laminin-5, may play a role in the formation of a conjunctival-type basement membrane. The temporal relationship between the localization of these molecules to the conjunctival basement membrane and the appearance of differentiated conjunctival epithelial cells suggests a role for external influence on the differentiation pathways of ocular surface epithelium. Dev. Dyn. 209:367–376, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A functional role of polyADPR in DNA synthesis.

Preincubation of rat liver nuclei or chromatin with NAD suppressed the incorporation of [3H]TTP into DNA which was more pronounced at 25° than at 37°. Mg2+ or excessive amounts of DNA polymerase added to the assay system containing chromatin did not alter the incorporation of [3H]TTP. On the other hand, when calf thymus DNA was added, the DNA polymerase activity was restored. Nicotinamide added to the preincubation medium containing chromatin blocked polyADPR synthesis and prevented the inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by NAD. The results of the present study demonstrated that preincubation of chromatin with NAD reduced its template capacity for DNA synthesis. Evidence is presented which suggests that the formation of polyADPR influences DNA synthesis.
Likelihood ratio, optimal decision rules, and relationship between proportion correct and d' in the dual-pair AB-versus-BA identification paradigm

The equal-variance Gaussian signal detection theory (SDT) decision model for the dual-pair (4IAX) changedetection paradigm has been described in earlier publications. In this research article, we consider the equalvariance Gaussian SDT model for the related 4IAX AB-versus-BA identification paradigm. The likelihood ratios, optimal decision rules, receiver-operating characteristics (ROCs), and relationships between d’ and proportion correct (PC) are analyzed for two special cases: that of statistically independent observations, which typically applies in constant-stimuli experiments, and that of highly correlated observations, which typically applies in experiments where stimuli are roved widely across trials or pairs. A surprising outcome of this analysis is that, although these two situations lead to different optimal decision rules, the predicted ROCs and PC responses for these two cases are not substantially different and are either identical to or similar to those observed in the basic yes-no paradigm. Supplemental materials for this study can be downloaded from app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
Comment on “Ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage is not caused by inertial cavitation” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 1290–1297 (2000)]

This contribution summarizes the reasons for disagreeing with a conclusion by O’Brien et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 1290–1297 (2000)] that ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage is not caused by inertial cavitation. An argument is provided that illustrates how cavitation inception conditions in the lungs of animals are not altered significantly if the hydrostatic pressure is increased by increasing the pressure of air that is being breathed by the animal.
Grey squirrels remember the locations of buried nuts

Abstract It has previously been assumed that grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis , cannot remember the locations of nuts they have buried, and hence must relocate nuts by their odour. This assumption was tested by measuring the accuracy of cache retrieval of captive squirrels. Each squirrel was released alone into an outdoor arena, where it cached 10 hazelnuts. After a delay of 2,4 or 12 days, each squirrel was returned to the arena and tested for its ability to retreve nuts from its own cache sites and from 10 cache sites used by other squirrels. Although each squirrel's own caches were close to the caches of other squirrels, the squirrels retrieved significantly more nuts from their own sites than from sites used by other squirrels, after all delays. The retrieval accuracy of the squirrels under these conditions indicates that while grey squirrels can locate buried nuts by their odour, they can also remember the individual locations of nuts they have buried.
EMPTY HOUSING SPACE: AN OVERLOOKED RESOURCE

The nature of the housing problem in the United States has changed over the years while the posed solutions have not. Today the U.S. has both a surplus of housing and a shortage–the housing space is not effectively distributed. This article suggests the magnitude of underutilization of our housing space and discusses the federal and local policies which encourage over-consumption and discourage voluntary redistribution. Some pertinent recent Supreme Court decisions are discussed.
Linking yeast genetics to mammalian genomes: identification and mapping of the human homolog of CDC27 via the expressed sequence tag (EST) data base

Abstract We describe a strategy for quickly identifying and positionally mapping human homologs of yeast genes to cross-reference the biological and genetic information known about yeast genes to mammalian chromosomal maps. Optimized computer search methods have been developed to scan the rapidly expanding expressed sequence tag (EST) data base to find human open reading frames related to yeast protein sequence queries. These methods take advantage of the newly developed BLOSUM scoring matrices and the query masking function SEG. The corresponding human cDNA is then used to obtain a high-resolution map position on human and mouse chromosomes, providing the links between yeast genetic analysis and mapped mammalian loci. By using these methods, a human homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC27 has been identified and mapped to human chromosome 17 and mouse chromosome 11 between the Pkca and Erbb-2 genes. Human CDC27 encodes an 823-aa protein with global similarity to its fungal homologs CDC27, nuc2+, and BimA. Comprehensive cross-referencing of genes and mutant phenotypes described in humans, mice, and yeast should accelerate the study of normal eukaryotic biology and human disease states.