cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lattice-alignment mechanism of SiGe on Sapphire

Abstract Heteroepitaxy of silicon germanium (SiGe) prepared on a sapphire substrate (Al2O3) requires scrupulous attention to growth conditions. Previous work was used a substrate temperature of 890°C to grow a SiGe (111) film on the trigonal sapphire (0001) substrate without twin defects. Although the growth conditions were effective for the formation of single crystal film, how the formation of SiGe at the interface of sapphire was not experimentally defined with the order of atomic arrangement. This work presents high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the SiGe/Al2O3 interface to show the SiGe/Al2O3 interface bonding for heteroepitaxy mechanism. The first two monolayers of the SiGe are Si-rich as this match with the surface oxygen lattice of the Al2O3 substrate. After the Ge composition increases, the monolayer spacing also increased while maintaining the cubic crystal structure. These results highlight the importance of a cleanliness of sapphire substrate, the Al2O3 termination for SiGe growth, and the cubic structure deformation of SiGe for heteroepitaxy. From the essential understanding of the SiGe/Al2O3 interface and growth mechanism, both low temperature SiGe heteroepitaxy and the III-V or II-VI semiconductor epitaxy are possible.
Electrospun Decellularized Lung Matrix Scaffold for Airway Smooth Muscle Culture

Chronic respiratory disease affects many people worldwide with little known about the intricate mechanisms driving the pathology, making it difficult to develop novel therapies. Improving the understanding of airway smooth muscle and extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions is key to developing treatments for this leading cause of death. With currently no relevant or controllable in vivo or in vitro models to investigate cell–ECM interactions in the small airways, the development of a biomimetic in vitro model with cell attachment, signaling, and organization is needed. The goal of this study was to create a biologically and structurally relevant in vitro model of small airway smooth muscle. In order to achieve this goal, a scaffold was engineered from synthetic poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and decellularized pig lung ECM (PLECM). PLECM scaffolds have improved physical characteristics over synthetic scaffolds, by exhibiting a significant decrease in the elastic modulus and an increase in hydrophilicity. Histo...
The Instrumental Value Principle and its Role

This chapter considers the instrumental value principle, the concept with which Marc Tool is so closely associated. It advances a particular argument concerning its role, strengths and limits.
Shopping for Computer Restaurant Management Systems

A myriad of computer management systems are available for the restaurant business. The author discusses all aspects of evaluating, purchasing, and using such systems for a restaurant operation.
Binge Drinking Above and Below Twice the Adolescent Thresholds and Health‐Risk Behaviors

BACKGROUND Underage drinking has been associated with health-risk behaviors: unintentional and unprotected sex; physical and sexual assault; suicide; homicide; traffic and other unintentional injuries; and overdoses. Five drinks consumed over 2 hours by adult males and 4 drinks by adult females typically produce blood alcohol levels (BALs) of ≥0.08%, which the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism considers binge drinking. Being smaller, young adolescents can reach adult binge-drinking BALs of ≥0.08% with fewer drinks. Previous research indicates boys ages 9 to 13 would reach ≥0.08% with 3 drinks, 4 drinks at ages 14 to 15, and 5 drinks at ages ≥16. For girls, ≥0.08% is reached with ≥3 drinks at ages 9 to 17 and ≥4 drinks at ages ≥18. This study explores whether, among a national sample of high school students, adolescent binge drinking at ≥twice versus <twice the age-/gender-specific thresholds versus nonbinge drinking heightens associations of drinking with health-risk behaviors. METHODS In 2015, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey asked a national probability sample of 15,624 high school students grades 9 to 12 (response rate 60%) about their past-month drinking and past-month or past-year health-risk behaviors. Logistic regressions with pairwise comparisons examined the association between different drinking levels and selected risk behaviors, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and drinking frequency. RESULTS Seven percent binged ≥twice and 9% <twice the age-/gender-specific thresholds, and 14% drank less than the binge thresholds. Significantly higher percentages of binge drinkers at ≥twice versus <twice the thresholds versus other drinkers reported illegal drug and tobacco use, risky sexual and traffic behaviors, physical fights, suicide, less school-night sleep, and poorer school grades. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent alcohol misuse screening should query the maximum number of drinks consumed per occasion and frequency of such consumption. State and national surveillance surveys should include those questions to investigate which individual, family, school, community, and policy interventions reduce consumption beyond binge thresholds and related health-risk behaviors.
Measuring mistreatment: honing questions about abuse on the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire.

The Association of American Medical Colleges has added and refined questions about mistreatment in medical education to its Graduation Questionnaire, increasing the amount and specificity of information about what kinds of incidents occur and how students feel about them.
ON THE NUMBER OF WAYS OF WRITING T AS A PRODUCT OF FACTORIALS

Let N0 denote the set of non-negative integers. In this paper we prove that lim sup t→∞ � � (n, m) ∈ N 2 0 : n!m != t � � =6 .
Closing the Gap on Pediatric Palliative Oncology Disparities

Objectives To describe pediatric palliative care (PPC) in pediatric oncology, the importance of PPC for pediatric oncology patients, disparities within pediatric palliative oncology, innovative strategies for improving PPC access in underserved populations, and implications for oncology nursing practice. Data Sources Published pediatric oncology and palliative peer-reviewed articles and guidance documents. Conclusion Disparities exist within pediatric palliative oncology. There is much work needed to improve the reach and quality of PPC for pediatric oncology patients, especially those from underserved populations. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses serve a critical role in advocating for PPC for seriously ill pediatric cancer patients and their families.
Emotion Experience and Expressive Suppression Scale: Psychometric properties and relationships with depression and schizotypy

Abstract Existing self-report scales of emotional expression are limited by not assessing both frequency of emotional experience and tendency to suppress expression. We developed a new self-report scale named the Emotion Experience and Expressive Suppression Scale (EEESS) that was administered to 1490 undergraduate students from one university and the resulting two factor structure was confirmed in 645 undergraduate students from a separate university. The combined sample (2135 participants; 63% female) was used to examine relationships between EEESS scale factors and severity of schizotypy and depression. The frequency of emotional experience and expression suppression loaded onto separate factors for negative, but not positive, emotions. Therefore, analyses of positive emotions were limited to likelihood of expression suppression. Depression and overall schizotypy severity each positively related to frequency of experiencing and suppressing negative expressions. Depression severity related to increased likelihood of suppressing expression of both positive and negative emotions, while schizotypy severity related to increased likelihood of suppressing only positive expressions. The four schizotypy factors showed unique differential relationships with EEESS factors. The EEESS is a promising 14-item measure which revealed novel findings about suppression of emotion expression in relation to depression and schizotypy.
Cutting the cord: toward wireless optical intensity interferometry

Intensity interferometry, which was first used for obtaining ultra—high-resolution image information in astronomy in the 1960's and 1970's, is now being revived using modern detectors and electronics. This paper explores the possibility of wireless optical interferometry made possible by technological advancements in timing correlation, signal processing, and detector technology. If this can be achieved, then baselines of one to several kilometers may be possible in optical interferometry in the coming years. This would improve the resolution over the current generation of amplitude-based optical interferometers by a factor of at least ten.
Synthesis of cholesteryl-α-d-lactoside via generation and trapping of a stable β-lactosyl iodide

The generation of β-lactosyl iodide was carried out under non-in situ-anomerization, metal free conditions by reacting commercially available β-per-O-acetylated lactose with trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI). The β-iodide was surprisingly stable as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy. Introduction of octanol or cholesterol under microwave conditions gave high yields of α-linked glycoconjugates. Careful analysis of the reaction products and mechanistic considerations suggest an acid catalyzed rearrangement that provides α-linked glycosylation products with a free C2-hydroxyl. Accessibility to these compounds may further advance glycolipidomic profiling of immune modulating bacterial derived-glycans.
Trehalose Dimycolate (Cord Factor) as a Contributing Factor to Tuberculosis Pathogenesis

This chapter examines mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6’-dimycolate (TDM; cord factor) as it relates to the development of tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. TDM, a major surface glycolipid, is recognized as the most widely studied “virulence factor” of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is the most abundant glycolipid on the surface of mycobacterial species and contributes to organism morphology. Although it is known to play multiple roles in models of TB pathogenesis, direct understanding of how it leads to development of clinical disease states during tuberculosis disease is not yet clear. TDM induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from innate macrophages. It can also induce defined lung pathologies to mimic many aspects of primary MTB infection, including induction of activated foreign body granulomas and pneumonitis in naive mice, and hypersensitive immune granulomas or hyper-coagulation in sensitized mice. Identification of numerous potential host receptors for this glycolipid has triggered renewed investigation into the importance of TDM in the clinical manifestation of disease. Here, a historical review is presented to support regulated innate and adaptive immune responses to cord factor which have potential to affect development of related pathologies. Examination of recent hypotheses that link its physical structure to development of post primary disease is also discussed.
CMR DENSE and the Seattle Heart Failure Model Inform Survival and Arrhythmia Risk After CRT

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine if combining the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM-D) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides complementary prognostic data for patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) defibrillators. Background The SHFM-D is among the most widely used risk stratification models for overall survival in patients with heart failure and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and CMR provides highly detailed information regarding cardiac structure and function. Methods CMR Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) strain imaging was used to generate the circumferential uniformity ratio estimate with singular value decomposition (CURE-SVD) circumferential strain dyssynchrony parameter, and the SHFM-D was determined from clinical parameters. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine adjusted hazard ratios and time-dependent areas under the curve for the primary endpoint of death, heart transplantation, left ventricular assist device, or appropriate ICD therapies. Results The cohort consisted of 100 patients (65.5 [interquartile range 57.7 to 72.7] years; 29% female), of whom 47% had the primary clinical endpoint and 18% had appropriate ICD therapies during a median follow-up of 5.3 years. CURE-SVD and the SHFM-D were independently associated with the primary endpoint (SHFM-D: hazard ratio: 1.47/SD; 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 2.03; p = 0.02) (CURE-SVD: hazard ratio: 1.54/SD; 95% confidence interval: 1.12 to 2.11; p = 0.009). Furthermore, a favorable prognostic group (Group A, with CURE-SVD Conclusions A combined approach to risk stratification using CMR DENSE strain imaging and a widely used clinical risk model, the SHFM-D, proved to be effective in this cohort of patients referred for CRT defibrillators. The combined use of CMR and clinical risk models represents a promising and novel paradigm to inform prognosis and device selection in the future.
Early Prediction of Sepsis from Clinical Data: the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2019

The PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge focused on the early detection of sepsis from clinical data. A total of 40,336 patient records from two distinct hospital systems were shared with participants while 22,761 patient records from three distinct hospital systems were sequestered as hidden test sets. Each patient record contained up to 40 measurements of vital sign, laboratory, and demographics data for over 2.5 million hourly time windows and over 15 million data points. We used the Sepsis-3 clinical criteria to define the onset time of sepsis.We challenged participants to design automated, open-source algorithms for predicting sepsis 6 hours before clinical recognition of sepsis. We developed a novel, clinical utility-based evaluation metric to assess each algorithm that rewards early sepsis predictions and penalizes late or missed predictions and false alarms.A total of 104 teams from academia and industry submitted a total of 853 entries during the official phase of the Challenge. We accepted 90 abstracts based on Challenge entries for presentations at Computing in Cardiology. We also compared entries to ensure that approaches from different teams remained independent. This article presents our analysis and discusses the implications of the Challenge for early sepsis predictions and related sequential prediction tasks.
Evaluación comparativa de los Museo de sitio de Pachacamac, Puruchuco y Huaca Pucllana, según la percepción de los estudiantes de turismo en Lima Metropolitana

In this research, a comparative evaluation was carried out regarding the mentioned museums according to the perception of tourism students in Metropolitan Lima.The objective of the present investigation is “To prepare a comparative evaluation of the museums of Pachacamac, Puruchuco and Huaca Pucllana sites according to the perception of the visitor resident in the city of Lima”. To carry out this research work, several discussion sessions were held among the researchers where the situational reality of the Site Museums in the city of Lima was analyzed, we concluded that the most appropriate thing would be to develop a comparative evaluation of the main Site museums that has Metropolitan Lima.Once the research topic was chosen, the search and compilation of pertinent information was carried out through the internet, repositories, specialized magazines, articles, among other sources.As part of the results, the sample consisted of male and female participants. It was also made up of age groups that range between “0 - 20”, “21 - 40”, “41 - 60” years of age. The sample surveyed belong to the University Private A, University Private B, the National University A, the Institute A, the Institute B, the Institute C. On the other hand the museum that has been showing improvements over the years, is the Pachacamac Site Museum. Regarding the evaluation of the “Design of the Permanent Exhibition”, the Pachacamac and Puruchuco Site Museums obtained the (Very Satisfied) qualification and the Huaca Pucllana Site Museum obtained the (Satisfied) qualification.It is concluded that museums have a vital importance in the training of future professionals in the tourism sector, thus guaranteeing the sense of belonging on the part of all Peruvians and allowing the elaboration of a curricular mesh according to the Peruvian socio-cultural context within globalization.
Fundamental cupolets of chaotic systems

Cupolets are a relatively new class of waveforms that represent highly accurate approximations to the unstable periodic orbits of chaotic systems, and large numbers can be efficiently generated via a control method where small kicks are applied along intersections with a control plane. Cupolets exhibit the interesting property that a given set of controls, periodically repeated, will drive the associated chaotic system onto a uniquely defined cupolet regardless of the system’s initial state. We have previously demonstrated a method for efficiently steering from one cupolet to another using a graph-theoretic analysis of the connections between these orbits. In this paper, we discuss how connections between cupolets can be analyzed to show that complicated cupolets are often composed of combinations of simpler cupolets. Hence, it is possible to distinguish cupolets according to their reducibility: a cupolet is classified either as composite, if its orbit can be decomposed into the orbits of other cupolets or as fundamental, if no such decomposition is possible. In doing so, we demonstrate an algorithm that not only classifies each member of a large collection of cupolets as fundamental or composite, but that also determines a minimal set of fundamental cupolets that can exactly reconstruct the orbit of a given composite cupolet. Furthermore, this work introduces a new way to generate higher-order cupolets simply by adjoining fundamental cupolets via sequences of controlled transitions. This allows for large collections of cupolets to be collapsed onto subsets of fundamental cupolets without losing any dynamical information. We conclude by discussing potential future applications.
Revisiting testicular torsion scores in an Asian healthcare system

Summary Introduction Testicular pain is a common presentation amongst young boys. It is important to distinguish between testicular torsion and other testicular pathology as testicular viability is dependent on timely diagnosis and surgical intervention. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the TWIST score in our population. Our second objective was to compare a new testicular torsion score (TT score) developed in a paediatric Asian population, with the TWIST score in risk stratification for testicular torsion. Duration of symptoms and delays after presentation were also correlated with testicular viability. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of children admitted with testicular pain from January 2016 to December 2018 at a tertiary care hospital in Singapore. Relevant findings such as age, nausea/vomiting, testicular swelling/firmness, absence of cremasteric reflex and abnormal lie were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify significant predictive factors of testicular torsion to generate TT score. Results A total of 315 patients were involved in this study. Mean age of patients was 121.3 ± 44.2 months. There were 43 patients with testicular torsion. No patients with a TT score of ≤1 were found to have testicular torsion. In contrast, 10 patients with a TWIST score of ≤2 were found to have testicular torsion. Of the patients with testicular torsion, 16 had a TWIST score of ≥5 and 22 had a TT score of ≥6. In this study, the area under the curve was 0.87 for the TWIST score and 0.93 for the TT score. Conclusion In conclusion, the TT score is a reliable score for excluding testicular torsion in an Asian patient population with a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100% at a cut-off value of ≤1. Both TWIST and TT score performed equally well in early presenters ( Summary Table . Proposed testicular torsion score (TT score). Risk factor Score Age group (≤1 or ≥10 Years old) 1 Nausea or vomiting 2 Testicular swelling 2 Testicular firmness 1 Absent cremasteric reflex 1 Abnormal lie 2 The testicular torsion (TT) score. The score ranges from 0 to 9. A score of ≤1 indicates that, testicular torsion is unlikely while a score of ≥6 is predictive for testicular torsion.
The Satiation Framework: Exploring processes that contribute to satiation

Satiation has been described as a process that leads to the termination of eating and controls meal size. However, studies have shown that the termination of eating can be influenced by multiple behavioral and biological processes over the course of a meal as well as those related to the context in which the meal is consumed. To expand understanding of how individuals experience satiation during a meal, we recently developed the Reasons Individuals Stop Eating Questionnaire (RISE-Q). The development of the RISE-Q revealed five distinct factors reported to contribute to meal termination: Planned Amount, Self-Consciousness, Decreased Food Appeal, Physical Satisfaction, and Decreased Priority of Eating. Thus, we define satiation as a series of dynamic processes that emerge over the course of a meal to promote meal termination. We suggest that each of the factors identified by the RISE-Q represents a distinct process, and illustrate the contribution of each process to meal termination in the Satiation Framework. Within this framework the prominence of each process as a reason to stop eating likely depends on meal context in addition to individual variability. Therefore, we discuss contexts in which different processes may be salient as determinants of meal termination. Expanding the definition of satiation to include several dynamic processes as illustrated in the Satiation Framework will help to stimulate investigation and understanding of the complex nature of meal termination.
A meteorological overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) campaign over the southeastern Atlantic during 2016–2018: Part 1 – Climatology

Abstract. In 2016–2018, the ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) project undertook 3-month-long deployments to the southeastern (SE) Atlantic Ocean using research aircraft to better understand the impact of biomass burning (BB) aerosol transport to the SE Atlantic Ocean on climate. In this (part 1 of the meteorological overview) paper, the climatological features at monthly timescales are investigated. The southern African easterly jet (AEJ-S), defined as the zonal easterlies over 600–700 hPa exceeding 6 m s −1 around 5–15 ∘ S, is a characteristic feature of the mid-level circulation over southern Africa that was also during the deployment months of August 2017, September 2016, and October 2018. Climatologically, the AEJ-S develops at lower altitudes ( ∼ 3 km; 700 hPa) between 5–10 ∘ S in August, while it develops at around 4 km ( ∼ 600 hPa) and further south (5–15 ∘ S) in September and October, largely driven by the strong sensible heating over the African plateau. Notable meteorological anomalous characteristics during the 3 deployment months, compared to climatology (2000–2018), include the following: (1) during August 2017, the AEJ-S was weaker than the climatological mean, with an additional anomalous upper-level jet aloft ( ∼ 6 km) around 10 ∘ S. August 2017 was also drier over the SE Atlantic at 600–700 hPa than climatology, with a stronger Benguela low-level jet (LLJ) at 925–950 hPa along the Namibian coast of the SE Atlantic. Consistent with this, the southern Atlantic anticyclone was also stronger and closer to the coast than the August climatological mean. (2) During September 2016, the AEJ-S intensity was similar to the climatological mean, although the heat low and vertical motion over the land was slightly stronger compared to the September climatology. The LLJ and the large-scale southern Atlantic anticyclone were stronger than the climatological mean. (3) During October 2018, the AEJ-S was slightly weaker compared to the climatological mean, as was the LLJ and the southern Atlantic anticyclone. October 2018 was wetter over the Benguela coastal region at 600 hPa than the climatological mean. During all the deployment months, the sea surface temperatures (SST) over the SE Atlantic were warmer than the climatological means, but the monthly mean low cloud fraction was only noticeably reduced in August 2017. A weak August 2017 AEJ-S can explain low offshore black carbon (BC) mixing ratios within the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis, although the BC peak altitude, at 2–3 km, is below that of the AEJ-S. The upper-level wave disturbance and the associated anomalous circulation also explain the weakening of AEJ-S through the reduction of the strength of the heat low over the land during August 2017.
Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in Predicting Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Radiographic Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective The pathophysiology on cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) remains poorly understood. Much research has been dedicated to finding genetic loci associated with vasospasm and ischemia. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify genetic polymorphisms associated with delayed ischemic neurologic deficit (DIND), radiographic infarction attributed to ischemia, and radiographic vasospasm. Methods PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) databases were used to identify relevant studies published up to March 2015 containing the subject terms cerebral or intracranial vasospasm and DCI in combination with genetics, gene, polymorphism or marker. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to calculate summary odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for each respective gene. Results Of 269 articles initially identified, 20 studies with 1670 patients were included in our comprehensive review, including 27 polymorphisms in 11 genes. The following 6 polymorphisms in 3 genes were selected for subsequent meta-analyses: apolipoprotein E (ApoE2, E4); endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS T786C, VNTR intron 4 a/b, G894T); and haptoglobin (Hp) 1/2 phenotypes. The eNOS VNTR a allele was associated with DIND ( a vs. b allele: OR 1.92 [1.31-2.81], p adj = 0.008). The Hp 2-2 allele was associated with radiographic vasospasm (2-2 vs. 2-1 and 1-1: OR 3.86 [1.86-8.03], p adj = 0.003) but did not reach significance for DIND. Conclusions This is the first systemic review and meta-analysis to study and evaluate the associations between genetic polymorphism with DCI and radiographic vasospasm independently. In our study, eNOS VNTR and Hp polymorphisms appear to have the strongest associations with DIND and radiographic vasospasm, respectively.
Hierarchical built-in self-test for system-on-chip design

This paper describes a hierarchical built-in self-test (BIST) method for testing an integrated system chip with a global BIST controller, multiple local BIST circuits for each macro, and data/control paths to perform the system-on-chip (SoC) test operations. The global BIST controller is composed of programmable devices for storing the test patterns and programming the test commands, a state machine for executing the test sequence for each macro in an orderly manner, a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) for collecting the feedback data from the local BIST circuits, and a built-in processor for conducting intra-macro and inter-macro testing via programs from an external tester. A test algorithm is also developed for SoC design to perform self-testing and set stopping criteria in a hierarchical and parallel manner to increase fault coverage and reduce testing time.
Improving quality of anesthesia care: opportunities for the new decade.

There is a trend for external groups (e.g., government, insurance companies, licensing agencies) to request performance measures from health care organizations. Monitoring those aspects of anesthesia care rated highly by patients (as studied by Fung) may be a more useful measure of clinical quality than other quality measurement instruments. It is important that institutions develop performance criteria for anesthesia before these external groups establish such performance indicators. This proactive stance will allow for some autonomy in the decision making on defining quality. Our current research efforts are directed at developing software that provides clinical decision support (based on patient preferences) in a Web browser-based form available within every operating room. By using modern information technologies, we can aim to have real-time data collection for quality improvement in the next decade.
Axially Loaded Column Base Plates

Results are presented for an experimental and analytical study of steel column base plates subject to axial loads. A total of 19 tests with the plates placed on concrete cubes and with loads applied only to the central portion of the base plate have demonstrated that the design approach in the present American Institute of Steel Construction Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings is conservative. Based on the tests, an expression is presented for determining the average bearing stress at failure as a function of the concrete strength, the ratio of concrete to plate area, and the ratio of the distance between the loading member and edge of plate to the thickness. The results of other investigations are used to set limits to the proposed method.
Changes in Topoisomerase I Levels and Localization during Myeloid Maturation in Vitro and in Vivo

Changes in topoisomerase I (topo I) levels and localization were examined during the course of granulocytic maturation in vitro and in vivo . Western blotting revealed that granulocytic maturation in DMSO-treated HL-60 human leukemia cells was accompanied by a 5-fold decrease in topo I polypeptide content. Consistent with this result, 3- to 5-fold higher concentrations of the topo I poison camptothecin were required to stabilize topo I-DNA adducts in DMSO-treated HL-60 cells compared to untreated cells. Northern blotting revealed that these changes occurred without any decrease in topo I message. Immunolocalization studies revealed that these quantitative changes were accompanied by redistribution of topo I away from the nucleoli, where it was prominently accumulated in untreated HL-60 cells, to a more uniform nuclear distribution in DMSO-treated cells. Similar changes occurred during granulocytic maturation in human marrow in vivo . Western blotting revealed that topo I levels in normal progranulocytes were 50% as high as those in HL-60 cells, levels in metamyelocytes were 35% as high as HL-60 cells, and levels in peripheral blood granulocytes were 5% as high as HL-60 cells. Two other polypeptides that are concentrated in nucleoli, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and B23/nucleophosmin, also decreased during the course of granulocytic maturation. These changes were accompanied by an alteration in topo I localization similar to that observed in HL-60 cells during the course of granulocytic maturation. Conversely, treatment of human lymphocytes with the mitogenic lectin concanavalin A resulted in a 3-fold increase in topo I polypeptide content concomitant with a prominent increase in the amount of nucleolar antigen. These observations not only provide a context for understanding the recent observation that topo I levels are higher in human leukemia specimens than in normal marrow but also raise the possibility that elevated topo I levels in other cells might reflect alterations in nucleolar structure and function.
Free Vibration of a Shear Building

When free vibration is under consideration, the structure is not subjected to any external excitation (force or support motion) and its motion is governed only by the initial conditions. There are occasionally circumstances for which it is necessary to determine the motion of the structure under conditions of free vibration, but this is seldom the case. Nevertheless, the analysis of the structure in free motion provides the most important dynamic properties of the structure which are the natural frequencies and the corresponding modal shapes. We begin by considering both formulations for the equations of motion, namely, the stiffness and the flexibility equations.
Fracture of ferroelectric and relaxor electro-ceramics: influence of electric field

Abstract Crack growth is studied in a ferroelectric and a relaxor composition of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramic using Vicker’s indentations with electric field. The polarized ferroelectric composition displays excess crack growth perpendicular to the polarization direction. This excess crack growth is increased by an electric field in the polarization direction. The relaxor composition does not display this excess crack growth. Results suggest that the excess crack growth perpendicular to the polarization is the result of intergranular residual stress.
Pathogenic mechanisms in lysosomal disease: a reappraisal of the role of the lysosome.

UNLABELLED The view that lysosomes simply represent end organelles in the serial degradation of polymeric molecules derived from the cell surface and its interior has led to major misconceptions about the nature of lysosomal storage diseases and the pathogenic cascades that characterize them. Accordingly, lysosomal storage bodies are often considered 'inert', inducing cell dysfunction and death primarily through mechanical overcrowding of normal organelles or by other non-specific means leading to generalized cytotoxicity. However, modern studies of lysosomes and their component proteins provide evidence to support a far greater role for these organelles in cell metabolism. In intimate association with endosomal, autophagosomal and related vesicular systems, the greater lysosomal system can be conceptualized as a vital recycling centre that serves as a central metabolic coordinator, influencing literally every aspect of the cell, from signal transduction to regulation of gene expression. CONCLUSION This broader view of the role of lysosomes in cells not only provides insight into how single gene defects impacting on lysosomal function can result in the plethora of complex cellular transformations characteristic of these diseases, but also suggests new and innovative therapies that may hold considerable promise for ameliorating disease progression.
The effect of saturation history on three-phase relative permeability: An experimental study

We investigate the effect of different saturation histories relevant to various oil displacement processes (including secondary and tertiary gas injections) on three-phase gas/oil/brine relative permeabilities of water-wet sandstone. It is found that three-phase water (wetting phase) relative permeability is primarily a function of water saturation and shows no dependency upon saturation history. Three-phase gas (nonwetting phase) relative permeability is also a function of gas saturation as well as the direction of gas saturation change. Three-phase relative permeability to oil (intermediate-wetting phase) appears to depend on all phase saturations, and saturation history have no significant impact on it. Three-phase oil relative permeability shows weak sensitivity to initial oil saturation prior to gas injection. The functional forms of oil relative permeability with saturation, particularly at low oil saturations, are also examined. It is observed that, at high oil saturations where networks of oil-filled elements govern oil flow, oil relative permeability exhibits a quartic form with oil saturation (kro∝So4) whereas, at low oil saturations where flow is believed to be controlled by layer drainage, it shows a quadratic form (kro∝So2). The quadratic form of three-phase oil relative permeability is consistent with the theoretical interpretation of layer drainage at the pore scale.
The discovery of two kinds of ion pairs

The discovery and implications of the existence of two kinds of ion pairs in solutions of carbanion salts is described. Also discussed are the factors controlling tight–loose ion pair equilibrium: the nature of the carbanion and its counterion, temperature, pressure, solvent, and cation-complexing additives. A few examples are presented of the effect of these ionic species on the mechanisms of anionic polymerization and proton transfer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3655–3667, 2004
Perioperative care of adolescents.

Purpose of review To describe adolescent development within the context of perioperative anesthetic management. Recent findings Most adolescent deaths are as a result of unintentional injury. Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause, with homicide the second most common cause of intentional injury. Suicide is also a significant cause of adolescent death. The thinning of gray matter following preadolescence overtakes synaptogenesis, resulting in a more efficient, adult-like brain. Although adolescent substance use has declined over the last 30 years, cigarette smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use, sexual activity, and violent behavior remain significant concerns in perioperative care. The tremendous increase in physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption during adolescence commonly results in the pursuit of muscularity, substance use and abuse, dieting regimens, and muscle dysmorphia. Childhood obesity has risen by more than 50% in the last 10 years. Anorexics die at a rate of 10-20% from complications of starvation or from suicide. Up to 8% of adolescents are diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Poorly controlled perioperative pain is still common. Many adolescents have decision-making capacity and therefore assent to surgery becomes an important perioperative consideration. Summary Adolescents are a very healthy population subject to unintentional and intentional injury. Emotional and judgmental maturation is a cofactor in these injuries, better appreciated through improved understanding of developmental neurobiology. In addition, increases in muscle mass, requirements for nutrition and rest, maladaptive behavior, and health choices are important for optimal perioperative care.
The effects of shear on delamination in layered materials

The effect of transverse shear on delamination in layered, isotropic, linear-elastic materials has been determined. In contrast to the effects of an axial load or a bending moment on the energy-release rate for delamination, the effects of shear depend on the details of the deformation in the crack-tip region. It therefore does not appear to be possible to deduce rigorous expressions for the shear component of the energy-release rate based on steady-state energy arguments or on any type of modified beam theory. The expressions for the shear component of the energy-release rate presented in this work have been obtained using finite-element approaches. By combining these results with earlier expressions for the bending-moment and axial-force components of the energy-release rates, the framework for analyzing delamination in this type of geometry has been extended to the completely general case of any arbitrary loading. The relationship between the effects of shear and other fracture phenomena such as crack-tip rotations, elastic foundations and cohesive zones are discussed in the final sections of this paper.
Cloning and Characterization of DrosophilaTopoisomerase IIIβ RELAXATION OF HYPERNEGATIVELY SUPERCOILED DNA

We cloned cDNA encodingDrosophila DNA topoisomerase III. The top3cDNA encodes an 875-amino acid protein, which is nearly 60% identical to mammalian topoisomerase IIIβ enzymes. Similarity between the Drosophila protein and the topoisomerase IIIβs is particularly striking in the carboxyl-terminal region, where all contain eight highly conserved CXXC motifs not found in other topoisomerase III enzymes. We therefore propose theDrosophila protein is a member of the β-subfamily of topoisomerase III enzymes. The top3β gene is a single-copy gene located at 5 E-F on the X chromosome. P-element insertion into the 5′-untranslated region of this gene affects topoisomerase IIIβ protein levels, but not the overall fertility and viability of the fly. We purified topoisomerase IIIβ to near homogeneity and observed relaxation activity only with a hypernegatively supercoiled substrate, but not with plasmid DNA directly isolated from bacterial cells. Despite this difference in substrate preference, the degree of relaxation of the hypernegatively supercoiled substrate is comparable to relaxation of plasmid DNA by other type I enzymes. Drosophila topoisomerase IIIβ forms a covalent linkage to 5′ DNA phosphoryl groups, and the DNA cleavage reaction prefers single-stranded substrate over double-stranded, suggesting an affinity of this enzyme for DNA with non-double-helical structure.
Localization in the ground state of the Ising model with a random transverse field

We study the zero-temperature behavior of the Ising model in the presence of a random transverse field. The Hamiltonian is given by $$H = - J\sum\limits_{\left\langle {x,y} \right\rangle } {\sigma _3 (x)\sigma _3 (y) - \sum\limits_x {h(x)\sigma _1 (x)} } $$ whereJ>0,x,y∈Zd, σ1, σ3 are the usual Pauli spin 1/2 matrices, andh={h(x),x∈Zd} are independent identically distributed random variables. We consider the ground state correlation function 〈σ3(x)σ3(y)〉 and prove: 1. Letd be arbitrary. For anym>0 andJ sufficiently small we have, for almost every choice of the random transverse fieldh and everyx∈Zd, that $$\left\langle {\sigma _3 (x)\sigma _3 (y)} \right\rangle \leqq C_{x,h} e^{ - m\left| {x - y} \right|} $$ for ally∈Zd withCxh<∞. 2. Letd≧2. IfJ is sufficiently large, then, for almost every choice of the random transverse fieldh, the model exhibits long range order, i.e., $$\mathop {\overline {\lim } }\limits_{\left| y \right| \to \infty } \left\langle {\sigma _3 (x)\sigma _3 (y)} \right\rangle > 0$$ for anyx∈Zd.
“It's Just a Fantasy for a Couple of Hours”: Ethnography of a Nude Male Show Bar

The current ethnographic study was conducted in a nude male show bar in a small New England city. The social interaction of the dancers, patrons, and club staff was studied through participant-observation over the period of 5 months. In addition, 7 formal interviews were conducted with key setting informants. Social behavior and interaction that occurred in the setting are examined through four major themes: the interaction sbetween sex and money, ambiguity of sexuality, what constitutes deviance in a deviant setting and major forms of rule violation, and the occurrence of risky sexual behavior in the club setting.
APL2 syntax: Is it really right to left?

This paper discusses the scanning of APL2 statements and shows that it is dynamic and that the language is inherently interpretive.
Mixed-Layered Structures in Vanadium Clays1

A group of claylike silicates from zones of vanadium mineralization in the sandstone-type deposits of the Colorado Plateau have been examined by x-ray powder diffraction methods to determine their mineralogic composition. The materials studied were separated by water elutriation, bromoform separation, or both, and oriented aggregates as well as randomly oriented powders were prepared. A comparison of the x-ray diffractometer patterns of these specimens with roscoelite from Coloma, California (AMNH 13,565) shows that most of the nine samples examined differ from roscoelite in two important ways: by interstratification of mica layers with montmorillonite, and by variation in octahedral substitution of V for A1. The mixed layering of mica-montmorillonite is revealed by distinct changes .in position and intensity of the first-order basal spacings on treatment with ethylene glycol and on heating of the samples to 400 ~ C and 500 ~ C. Variations in octahedral substitutions are inferred from variations in the intensity of the second-order basal spacings relative to the first and third orders. Low relative intensity of the second order is interpreted as indicative of high electron density in the octahedral positions caused by substitution of V for A1. One sample (ALB-34-54) from Placerville, Colorado, shows x-ray characteristics very similar to the roscoelite from California and a chemical composition which gives a sum of 1.969 for octahedrally coordinated cations, indicating that it is a dioctahedral mineral. Two samples from Rifle, Colorado, also show characteristics closely resembling roseoelite although one of these, from an oxidized zone, exhibits a relatively stronger second-order basal spacing, and the suggestion is made that the amount of vanadium substitution is less than in the Coloma, California, or the Placerville, Colorado, material. The rest of the samples show mixed layering to various degrees, with the first-order basal spacing of the untreated material ranging from 10.1 A to 10.5 A. Chlorite is present in at least seven of the samples and is the dominant mineral in at least two of them. Only in the materials from Coloma, California, and Placerville, Colorado, was chlorite absent. The chlorites in two samples show mixed layering with expanding material, although one of these--from Thompson, Utah may be more closely allied to vermiculite than to chlorite. This indeterminant sample differs considerably from the other materials examined in that the mixed-layered mica-montmorillonite as well as the vermiculitic (?) mineral do not survive heating to 500 ~ C. The nonmixed-layered chlorites are characterized by almost equal intensities of the first four basal
Real-Time X-ray Study of Nylon-6 Fibers during Dehydration: Equatorial Small-Angle Scattering is Due to Surface Refraction

The equatorial streak in the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) pattern from nylon-6 fibers, normally assigned to microvoids or to internal fibrillar structure, is due to scattering from the fiber surfaces. This scattering is best thought of as refraction by the cylindrical fibers. The streak intensity increases by 50 times during the early stages of drying a wet bundle of nylon-6 fibers, when superficial water, water between the fibers in the bundle, is lost. Separate X-ray experiments using a nonpenetrating fluid, a large diameter monofilament, and microbeam SAXS confirmed this assignment. There are many fibers where internal voids are known to be the source of a strong equatorial streak in SAXS, but in general, a check for surface scattering is advised before interpreting this feature. Simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) was obtained during drying. Following the initial loss of superficial water, there are changes in both the WAXD reflections and the SAXS lamellar reflection. I...
Ecophysiology of a Mono Lake picocyanobacterium

We isolated an unusual picocyanobacterium (strain MLCB) from alkaline, hypersaline Mono Lake, California. The organism blooms (,5.0 3 107 cells L21) in late summer. It has very low population densities in the photic zone through spring and summer (,105 cells L21) but maintains a significant population (107–108 cells L21 )i n anoxic, sulfidic waters below 25 m year-round during meromictic periods. Complete turnover of the lake resulted in a significant (.90%) loss of the deep-water population that could not be attributed to simple dilution. The deep-water population returned to its previous concentration by the following autumn. The organism is phycoerythrin rich, does not contain phycourobilin, and is not capable of complementary chromatic adaptation. Phylogenetically, our isolate groups with marine Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, and Cyanobium genera. Salinity tolerance of our strain was compared to select members of the Cyanobium and showed that strain MLCB was the most halotolerant, capable of growing at 10% salinity, compared to limits of 0–6% for the other strains tested.