cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 Toward nanomaterials: Structural, energetic and reactivity aspects of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the theoretical and experimental investigations on the chemistry of single-walled C nanotubes (SWNTs) and presents the classification of C nanotubes, sidewall functionalization of SWNTs, and detailed theoretical investigations of Stone–Wales (SW) defects in the (5,5) armchair nanotube. The structures and relative stabilities of the SW defect at different positions and orientations of the (5,5) armchair SWNT are examined, using the Hartree–Fock (HF) and Moller–Plesset perturbation theory through second order (MP2) methods and the Becke, three-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) functional. The local curvature is evaluated using the pyramidalization angle at the C sites of the SW defect region and the reactivity is explained based on the pyramidalization angle. The C–C bond shared by two 7-membered rings in the SW defect of SWNT need not always be less reactive than the corresponding bond in the pristine structure. The pyramidalization angles explain the reactivity of different bonds of the SW defect nanotubes. The C–C bonds that are in the 5–7, 5–6, and 7–7 ring fusions of SW defect region are highly reactive compared to defect-free structures because of the high local strain at these sites.
MBE HEMT-compatible diode lasers

Preliminary results are presented on the fabrication of a new HEMT-compatible diode laser structure using MBE growth with plane-selective doping. Light emission from the 2-D electron/hole gas junction has been detected and characterized.
Drinking Water Quality Concerns and Water Vending Machines

Drinking water quality is a vital public health concern to consumers and regulators alike. This article describes some of the current microbiological, chemical, and radiological concerns about drinking water and the evolution of water vending machines. Also addressed are the typical treatment processes used in water vending machines and their effectiveness, as well as a brief examination of a certification program sponsored by the National Automatic Merchandising Association (NAMA), which provides a uniform standard for the design and construction of food and beverage vending machines. For some consumers, the water dispensed from vending machines is an attractive alternative to residential tap water which may be objectionable for aesthetic or other reasons.
A formal framework for the impacts of design strategies on requirements

One of the important tasks in requirements engineering is to identify the impacts of various design strategies on satisfying the requirements of the target system. This paper proposes a formal framework for studying the relationships between design strategies and requirements. The elasticity of imprecise requirements is captured using fuzzy logic, and design strategies are explicitly defined in terms of requirements. Based on such a formal framework, we have developed a systematic reasoning scheme for reasoning about the positive/negative impacts of design strategies on requirements. The framework can reduce the efforts in identifying requirement and design conflicts and assist the software engineers in evaluating design alternatives more effectively.
Discrete-Time Robust Control of Linear Periodically Time-Varying Systems

An approach for robust control of periodically time-varying systems is proposed. The approach combines the point-mapping formulation and a parameterization of the control vector to formulate an equivalent time-invariant discrete-time representation of the system. The discrete-time representation of the dynamic system allows for the application of known sampled-data control design methodologies. A perturbed, discrete-time dynamic model is formulated and plant parametric uncertainty are obtained using a truncated point-mapping algorithm. The error bounds due to point-mapping approximation are computed and a robustness analysis problem of the system due to parametric uncertainties is formulated using structured singular value theory. The proposed approach is illustrated by two design examples. Simulation studies show good performance robustness of the control system to parameter perturbations and system nonlinearities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A technique to re-establish dose distributions for previously treated brain cancer patients in external beam radiotherapy

Tumor recurrences or new tumors may develop after irradiation of local lesion(s) in the brain, and additional radiotherapy treatments are often needed for previously treated patients. It is critical to re-establish the dose distributions delivered during the previous treatment in the current patient geometry, so that the previous dose distributions can be accurately taken into consideration in the design of the current treatment plan. The difficulty in re-establishing the previous treatment dose distributions in the current patient geometry arises from the fact that the patient position at the time of reirradiation is different from that at the previous treatment session. Simple re-entry of the previous isocenter coordinates, gantry, and couch and collimator angles into the new treatment plan would result in incorrect beam orientations relative to the new patient anatomy, and therefore incorrect display of the previous dose distributions on the current patient anatomy. To address this issue, a method has been developed so that the previous dose distributions can be accurately re-established in the framework of the current brain treatment. The method involves 3 matrix transformations: (1) transformation of beams from machine coordinate system to patient coordinate system in the previous treatment; (2) transformation of beams from patient coordinate system in the previous treatment to patient coordinate system in the current treatment; and (3) transformation of beams from patient coordinate system in the current treatment to machine coordinate system. The transformation matrices used in the second transformation are determined by registration using a mutual information-based algorithm with which the old and new computed tomography (CT) scan sets are registered automatically without human interpretation. A series of transformation matrices are derived to calculate the isocenter coordinates, the gantry, couch, and collimator angles of the beams for the previous treatment in the current patient geometry, and the previous dose distributions are re-established on the current CT images. The method has been proven to be successful and robust.
FoxM1 knockdown sensitizes human cancer cells to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis but not to autophagy

Apoptosis has been widely accepted as the primary mechanism of drug-induced cell death. Recently, a second type of cell death pathway has been demonstrated: autophagy, also called programmed type II cell death. Autophagy is a highly regulated process, by which selected components of a cell are degraded. It primarily functions as a cell survival mechanism under stress. However, persistent stress can also promote extensive autophagy leading to cell death. Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1), an oncogenic transcription factor that is abundantly expressed in a wide range of human cancers. Here we evaluated the role of FoxM1 in sensitivity of human cancer cells to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis and autophagy. We found that FoxM1 knockdown sensitized the human cancer cells to apoptotic cell death induced by proteasome inhibitors, such as, MG132, bortezomib and thiostrepton, while it did not affect the levels of autophagy following treatment with these drugs.
Insulating Nickel at a Pressure of 34 TPa

Self-consistent augmented-plane-wave calculations are reported which predict that nickel should transform from a metal to an insulator at a pressure of 34 TPa(approx.340 million atmospheres), and then revert back to a metal at 51 TPa. These transitions follow from general trends in the evolution of electronic structure under compression and indicate that the richness found in the electronic structure of most solids can persist throughout, and well beyond, the pressure range of current experimental and geophysical interest.
Improvement in the system of firing tunnel kilns with coke gas

The necessity of increasing the production of chamotte guniting compounds and increasing the ladle brick life was responsible for conducting work on increasing the effectiveness of tunnel kilns for refractory production at Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. Temperature distribution over the length and cross section of the kiln was measured with a thermoelectric transducer. The kinetics and products of combustion were examined to assess incompleteness of combustion. To improve the uniformity of heating of the parts and reduce production scrap the system for firing the kiln was improved. Tests of the burner were made on a stand installed in the kiln section of the area for refractory brick production of the combine. Results showed that the burner operates stably in the range of calculated loads and provides complete combustion of the gas in a flame of controllable length.
A Fatigue Model for Spur Gear Contacts Operating Under Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Conditions

This paper presents a model to predict the crack formation fatigue lives of spur gear contacts operating under mixed lubrication conditions where surface roughnesses introduce intermittent metal-to-metal contacts and severe stress concentrations. The proposed model consists of several submodels including (i) a gear load distribution model to determine the normal tooth force distribution along the tooth profile, incorporating any profile modifications and manufacturing deviations, (ii) a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model customized to handle transient contact conditions of gears, (iii) a stress formulation that assumes the plane strain condition to compute the transient elastic stress fields on and below the tooth surface induced by the mixed lubrication surface pressure and shear stress distributions, and (iv) a multi-axial fatigue model to predict the crack nucleation life distribution. The proposed spur gear fatigue model is used to simulate the contacts of gear pairs having different surface roughness amplitudes. The predictions are compared to the measured gear fatigue Stress-Life data for each surface condition to assess the model accuracy in predicting the crack nucleation fatigue lives as well as the location of the critical failure sites.© 2011 ASME
Infra-red and Raman spectra of dimethoxy methane and its deuterated compounds

Abstract The infra-red spectra in the region 3000 cm −1 –280 cm −1 and the Raman spectra in the region 3000 cm −1 –170 cm −1 of dimethoxy methane, dimethoxy methane- d 2 , dimethoxy methane- d 6 and dimethoxy methane- d 8 are presented and the tentative assignment for most of the bands is suggested by comparison of these spectra with one another by analogy of them with those of other related compounds.
Gagging—a problem in prosthetic dentistry

Abstract This has been a review of the current literature on the subject of gagging. Condensing all of the available thoughts on this subject will help dentists to better understand the problem of gagging.
Emergency Department Admissions Are More Profitable Than Non–Emergency Department Admissions

Study objective We compare the contribution margin per case per hospital day of emergency department (ED) admissions with non-ED admissions in a single hospital, a 600-bed, academic, tertiary referral, Level I trauma center with an annual ED census of 100,000. Methods This was a retrospective comparison of the contribution margin per case per day for ED and non-ED inpatient admissions for fiscal years 2003, 2004, and 2005 (October 1 through September 30). Contribution margin is defined as net revenue minus total direct costs; it is then expressed per case per hospital day. Service lines are a set of linked patient care services. Observation admissions and outpatient services are not included. Resident expenses (eg, salary and benefits) and revenue (ie, Medicare payment of indirect medical expenses and direct medical expenses) are not included. Overhead expenses are not included (eg, building maintenance, utilities, information services support, administrative services). Results For fiscal year 2003 through fiscal year 2005, there were 51,213 ED and 57,004 non-ED inpatient admissions. Median contribution margin per day for ED admissions was higher than for non-ED admissions: ED admissions $769 (interquartile range $265 to $1,493) and non-ED admissions $595 (interquartile range $178 to $1,274). Median contribution margin per day varied by site of admissions, by diagnosis-related group, by service line, and by insurance type. Conclusion In summary, ED admissions in our institution generate a higher contribution margin per day than non-ED admissions.
The male perineal sling: intermediate-term results.

Aims In men with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) due to sphincteric incompetence, surgical options include periurethral injection of bulking agents, implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), and sling surgery. Short-term results of the male sling have generally been favorable. We report the intermediate-term results of the bone-anchored male perineal sling with a median of 4 years and minimum of 2 years follow-up. Methods From March 2000 to April 2003, 48 patients (average age = 68 years) underwent male sling surgery. Patients were evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively via history, physical examination, pad score, and administration of the incontinence section of the UCLA/RAND prostate cancer index (PCI). Results Pre-operatively all patients rated their incontinence as severe, and used ≥3 pads daily. Median follow-up was 48 months (range = 24–60). Average pad usage decreased from 4.6 ± 2.1 pads per day to 1.0 ± 1.7 pads per day (P < 0.01). Median UCLA PCI incontinence score increased from 63–343 (P < 0.01). Overall, 31/48 patient (65%) were cured of their leakage (no problem, no pads), 7/48 (15%) were much improved (small problem, 1 pad), 3/48 (6%) were mildly improved (moderate problem, 2 pads daily), and 7/48 (15%) failed (big problem, ≥3 pads). Conclusions Intermediate-term results for the male sling demonstrate a success rate comparable to that of the AUS (80% ≤ 1 pad daily). This technique has established a very low morbidity, and is a reliable alternative to AUS surgery for the treatment of male SUI. Neurourol. Urdynam. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changing Indications and Techniques for Vitrectomy in Management of Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy

During the past two decades, the number of diabetic patients requiring vitrectomy for nonresolving vitreous hemorrhage has decreased four-fold, whereas there has been a substantial increase in diabetic patients with traction and combined traction/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) requiring surgery. Additional contemporary surgical indications are progressive fulminant neovascular proliferation, massive preretinal hemorrhage, massive fibrin response, and progressive retrolental fibrovascular proliferation. Surgical techniques for management of tractional detachments have evolved from circumscription of tractional epicenters to en bloc removal of all proliferative tissue.
Observations on the use of a cation exchange resin for the preparation of metal-depleted media for lymphocyte culture

Abstract A chelating resin specific for divalent cations (Chelex) was used to prepare metal-depleted media for lymphocyte culture. A batch procedure (resin in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer/specimen, 1:1) removed 70–80% of iron, 77–87% of copper and 88–98% of zinc, calcium and magnesium. At variance with other reports, when a resin/specimen ratio of 1:4 was used, iron chelation decreased to 40%, whereas other cation chelation remained unchanged. Best chelation for iron and calcium was obtained at pH 5–6.4; for copper, zinc and magnecium, at pH 7.4–8.0. During the procedure protein content decreased by 8–10%; arginine and lysine by 80%; asparagine, cystine, tyrosine and phenylalanine by 60%, other amino acids by 35% These new data suggest that the cation-depleted media prepared with Chelex may be used to study the effects of cations on lymphocytes in culture, provided that the most appropriate pH and resin/specimen ratio are selected and adequate amino acid replacement is performed. Results on normal human lymphocytes are reported.
The emerging roles of YAP and TAZ in cancer

Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are the major downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, which regulates tissue homeostasis, organ size, regeneration and tumorigenesis. In this Progress article, we summarize the current understanding of the biological functions of YAP and TAZ, and how the regulation of these two proteins can be disrupted in cancer. We also highlight recent findings on their expanding role in cancer progression and describe the potential of these targets for therapeutic intervention.
Mandibular mechanics following osteotomy and appliance placement. II. Bone strain on the body and condylar neck

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the mechanical environment of the mandible is changed by osteotomy and fixation, as assessed by the measurement of bone strain on the condylar neck and mandibular corpus. Materials and Methods Immediately following unilateral mandibular osteotomy and distractor placement, strain gauges were attached directly to the corpus and condylar neck in a sample of domestic pigs. Bone strains were recorded during mastication and muscle stimulation. Comparisons of principal strain magnitudes and orientations were made between sides and between the osteotomy sample and a control database. Results The animals preferred to chew on the non-osteotomy side. Corpus strains were higher for osteotomy-side chewing but were comparable to the control database, regardless of chewing side. For the condyle, compared with the control database and the non-osteotomy side, the osteotomy side was underloaded in compression. Furthermore, the orientation of compressive strain was highly variable and more horizontally oriented than that of control and non-osteotomy condyles. Stimulation of the masseter and medial pterygoid loaded the mandible to normal levels. Conclusion Masticatory behavior was altered, probably as a combined result of disruption of the occlusion, changes in muscle recruitment, and probable loss of sensory feedback. However, neither these changes nor damage to the muscles explain the decrease and reorientation of compressive strain on the condylar neck. Alternatively, the modified strain pattern could have arisen from positional instability of the proximal bone fragment.
De Finetti’s Probabilism

If de Finetti got it from Hume, then Hume got it from Carneades (ca. 200 B.C.), via Cicero, Sextus Empiricus, Montaigne, and Bayle.2 It is something of a pun to call it “probabilism” over the whole 2000 years and more of that line, but you can see why it is so called by dipping into an English translation of Cicero’s Latin rendering (in a dialogue) of the Greek of Carneades’s student, Clitomachus:3 Carneades holds ... that there is no presentation of such a sort as to result in knowledge through perception, but many that result in a judgement of probability. For it is contrary to nature for nothing to be probable, and entails that entire subversion of life of which you, Lucullus, were speaking; accordingly even many sense-percepts must be deemed probable, if only it be held in mind that no sense-presentation has such a character as a false presentation could not also have without differing from it at all.
Erythropoietin stimulates proliferation of human renal carcinoma cells

Erythropoietin stimulates proliferation of human renal carcinoma cells. Background We reported recently that normal human, rat, and mouse tubular cells express authentic erythropoietin-receptors (EPO-R) through which EPO stimulates mitogenesis. The present study examines whether EPO could elicit such a proliferative and thereby potentially detrimental response in cells of human renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods Nephrectomy samples were screened from patients with RCC (one chromophilic, two clear cell) as well as cell lines of human (Caki-2, 786-0) and mouse (RAG) renal adenocarcinomas for expression of EPO-R transcripts and protein. Cells were further tested for specific 125 I-EPO binding and mitogenic response to EPO. Results Authentic EPO-R transcripts and protein (approximately 72 kD) were detected in renal tumors and cell lines. Tumors showed low-level EPO expression, while cell lines did not. In cells, specific 125 I-EPO binding to a single class of EPO-R (apparent K d 1.3 to 1.4 nmol/L, B max 2.2 to 2.6 fmol/mg protein) was observed. EPO stimulated cell proliferation dose dependently, and the individual mitogenic effects of either EPO or 10% newborn calf serum were markedly amplified when both were coadministered. Conclusion These data are the first to demonstrate, to our knowledge, that human RCCs express EPO-R message and protein and that receptor activation stimulates their proliferation in vitro. If these mitogenic effects of EPO are also operative in patients with RCC, endogenous EPO or its administration for the treatment of anemia could potentially hasten proliferation of renocellular malignancies.
Medical Disorders Related to Diving

Exposure to the underwater environment is associated with several unique disorders that may require recompression in a hyperbaric chamber. Increasing pressure during descent reduces the volume of t...
Bermudagrass response to leaching fractions, irrigation salinity, and soil types

Results indicated that bermudagrass was very tolerant to the range of salinity-leaching conditions imposed. However, differences were noted by treatments, with the sandy soil showing as much as a 25% yield decrement at the highest salinity level. Salinity of the irrigation water (EC I ), rather than soil salinity (EC e ), was more highly correlated with most of the soil-plant-water relationships observed. Only limited success was found in correlating root length density with fractional water uptake. In addition, poor correlations were found between soil salinity with depth and fractional water uptake. These findings indicate that the ability to predict water uptake based on root distribution and/or soil salinity would be poor and that great error might occur in using such an approach in predictive models
Rhetorical hermeneutics and the project of globalization

Alan G. Gross and William M. Keith (Eds.) Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1997. SUNY Series in Speech Communication. Dudley D. Cahn Jr. Editor. ISBN 0–7914–3109–6. 371 pp.
Review of subsidence at Wairakei field, New Zealand

Abstract Maximum ground subsidence of 14 m occurred at Wairakei geothermal field between 1950 and 1997 due to development of the field for power generation. The centre of the subsidence bowl is now subsiding at 220 mm/year, after having reached a maximum of 480 mm/year during the mid-1970s. Most of the subsidence is concentrated in a circular area of less than 1 km 2 , centred 500 m from the edge of the production borefield. Smaller rates of subsidence (10–100 mm/year) have occurred over a 30 km 2 area of the field affected by fluid withdrawal for the power plant. Horizontal ground movements ranging to over 200 mm/year, and extensional strain rates of 3×10 −4 /year, were measured around the flanks of the subsidence bowl during the mid-1970s. Fissures developed in the areas of greatest extension rate and rigid structures such as pipelines, roads, concrete drains and transmission lines have required maintenance where they traverse the subsidence bowl. A pond has formed in the centre of the bowl, and has influenced groundwater levels in the adjacent borefield. The cause of the subsidence is considered to be compaction of a high-porosity, low-permeability lacustrine mudstone at 100–200 m depth. These sediments continue to drain at a slow rate despite pressure stabilisation in the underlying aquifers and the main reservoir during the early 1980s. The small areal extent of the subsidence bowl compared to that of the mudstone is attributed to under-compaction of these lake sediments as they accumulated over the main hot spring outflow zone during the last 100,000 years.
Foster Children in Acute Crisis: Assessing Critical Aspects of Attachment

Children in foster care are in the awkward posltlon of maintaining a relationship with two sets of parents. Since this dual parental relationship includes the parents both as real and as internalized objects, the relationship remains psychologically meaningful regardless of the actual availability of the biological parents. A disruption to the relationship between the child and either the biological or foster parents is a common precipitant of crisis which frequently requires emergency psychiatric intervention. Clinicians who evaluate foster children in crisis should be aware that a historical account of their symptoms and a mental status, though necessary,will often fail to provide a thorough understanding of the crisis.
Apparatus for chemomechanical wear studies with biaxial load and surface charge control

Abstract A newly developed apparatus for evaluating chemomechanical effects in wear testing is described. The device allows the specimen to be biaxially loaded by the application of (1) a normal force producing local specimen-counterface contact and (2) a tensile force producing a global stress field acting over the entire specimen. The apparatus further allows the surface charge and test environment to be controlled. Therefore, the effects of these parameters can be tested independently or in combination. Preliminary test results are presented for aluminum 1100 specimens tested against SiC counterface materials in environments of 0.1 M acetic acid and deionized water under various conditions of surface charge.
New 3-oxo-chol-4-en-24-oic acids from the marine soft coral Eleutherobia sp.

Two novel cholic acid derivatives and three known steroids were isolated from an octocoral Eleutherobia sp. from Pohnpei Micronesia along with the known briareins minabein-1 (6), minabein-4 (7), minabein-6 (8), minabein-8 (9), and minabein-9 (10). X-ray crystallographic analysis of the known compound minabein-4 allowed assignment of its correct relative and absolute stereochemistry. Consequently, a different structure proposed for the same compound (named independently as nui-inoalide-D) is incorrect.
Mechanistic analysis and thermochemical kinetic simulation of the pathways for volatile product formation from pyrolysis of polystyrene, especially for the dimer

Abstract Simulations of the initial distribution of volatiles from pyrolysis of polystyrene were based on propagation rate constants estimated by thermochemical kinetic procedures. The voluminous database exhibits a disturbing lack of consistency with respect to effects of conversion level, temperature, and reactor type. It therefore remains difficult to assign the true primary distribution of the major products, styrene, 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene (“dimer”), 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene (“trimer”), 1,3-diphenylpropane, and toluene, and its dependence on conditions. Probable perturbations by secondary reactions and selective evaporation are considered. The rate constant for 1,3-hydrogen shift appears much too small to accommodate the commonly proposed “back-biting” mechanism for dimer formation. Dimer more likely arises by addition of benzyl radical to olefinic chain-ends, followed by β-scission, although ambiguities remain in assigning rate constants for the addition and β-scission steps. With this modification, the major products can be successfully associated with decay of the sec -benzylic chain-end radical. In contrast, the minimal formation of allylbenzene, 2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-heptene suggests a minimal chain-propagating role for the prim chain-end radical. Compared with polyethylene, the much enhanced “unzipping” to form monomer from polystyrene and the more limited depth of “back-biting” into the chain arise from an enthalpy-driven acceleration of β-scission coupled with a kinetically driven deceleration of intramolecular hydrogen transfer. In contrast, the greater “unzipping” of poly(isobutylene) compared with polyethylene is proposed to result from relief of steric strain.
The production of cascade particles by 5.5 GeV/c pions

The first observed production of negative cascade particles at an accelerator is reported. A 30 in. propane bubble chamber was exposed to a beam of negative pions of 5.5 GeV/c. Two cascades were identified, indicating a production cross section of 2.3−1.6+3.1 µb. TheQ values found were (49.5±7.9) MeV and (53.6±11.3) MeV. The lifetimes were (1.9±0.1) · 10−10 s and (5.2±0.4) · 10−10 s. Both Θ’s were produced backwards in the center-of-momentum system. The identification process and background is discussed.
COST-EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH GERM CELL TUMORS

Follow-up of any malignancy depends on a variety of factors. These factors include the likelihood of disease recurrence, patterns and probabilities of disease recurrence, and our ability to treat disease recurrence. The cost effectiveness of follow-up protocols are not usually a consideration, particularly in such populations as testis cancer patients where relatively young lives depend on the success of our treatment. When one considers cost-efficiency as opposed to clinical efficacy, additional factors come into play. For example, when considering the cost-efficiency of surveillance protocols for clinical stage I testis cancer, one needs to consider not only the expense of the surveillance protocol itself and its impact on patient survival, but also the additional morbidity and costs of waiting for disease to recur at a higher stage. One has to consider all costs, financial and social, both to the health care system and to the patient. Testis cancer is somewhat unique compared with other urologic malignancies in that recurrence is highly treatable and treatment efficacy is clearly related to the volume of disease at the time of recurrence. Thus, optimal follow-up is critical to the care of these patients, more so than any other malignancy that urologists treat. Very little has been written to justify particular follow-up regimens and most are entirely empiric. This article reviews what is known about patterns of recurrence for stage I and II testis cancer, contrasts the sensitivities and costs of our diagnostic modalities, and attempts to synthesize these facts into follow-up regimens that are both clinically appropriate and cost-effective.
Generic research designs in the study of education: a systemic typology

A typology is a classification system by type, that is, by the formal structure of a study. In this typology a distinction is drawn between a generic research design and a methodology. The former—the generic research design—refers to the over-arching formal plan for achieving specified disciplinary goals. The latter—the methodology—refers integratively to: (a) the data-generating processes; and (b) the datal reduction procedures for discerning datal patterns. In this typology, generic research designs are cross-classified by two dimensions: (a) the researcher's assumptions about time and space; (b) the researcher's topics of study—(1) the idea; and (2) the object of the idea: the unit set and the class or set. There are 10 generic research designs: (1) the review of research; (2) the conceptual book review; (3) the philosophical study; (4) the simulation; (5) history; (6) the case study; (7) the post hoc analysis; (8) the survey; (9) the experiment; (10) the meta-analysis. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing reaction mechanisms in mixed phase TiO2 by EPR

Charge separation processes in mixed phase TiO2 photocatalysts are investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The mechanisms of interfacial electron transfer, subsequent charge migration and recombination at surface sites, and other interfacial effects on chlorophenol/TiO2 chemistry have been probed. Distorted interfacial sites have been observed and are proposed as catalytically reactive hot spots. This detailed knowledge of charge transfer processes is critical to the nanoscale design of catalysts and subsequent improvement of catalytic efficiency.
THE EFFECT OF CONVECTION ON AXISYMMETRIC PARABOLIC DENDRITES

Abstract Moving boundary solutions of the Navier Stokes and energy equations are obtained for shape-preserving isothermal paraboloids of revolution by using the Oseen viscous flow approximation. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the precise data of Glicksman et al. on succinonitrilc. The intensity of thermal convection as indicated by the Grashof number is shown to increase approximately as the inverse of the square of the super-cooling which may have important implications in microgravity experiments.
A three‐dimensional solubility parameter approach to nonaqueous enzymology

Widespread commercial application of enzymes as catalysts for specialty or commodity chemical synthesis will require their use in nonaqueous systems. While a number of non-aqueous enzyme applications have been demonstrated, the lack of useful rules for predicting enzyme-solvent interactions has hindered the development of this technology. Both Hildebrand and solvent hydrophobicity (octanol-water partition coefficient) parameters have been used previously to correlate and predict enzyme activity in nonaqueous systems, with some success, but any single-parameter approach is inherently limited in its ability to reflect the spectrum of possible enzyme-solvent interactions. Therefore, this study evaluates the three-dimensional solubility parameter space, as proposed by Hansen, to correlate and predict enzyme activity in microaqueous, miscible, and biphasic nonaqueous systems. Preliminary results suggest that Hansen parameters may be useful for correlating nonaqueous enzyme activity, and that the dispersive and polar parameters may be disproportionately important in single-phase microaqueous systems. The Hansen hydrogen-bonding parameter appears to be the only parameter yet evaluated capable of correlating the water requirement for enzyme activity in microaqueous systems, suggesting that water affects protein structure through enthalpic rather than entropic processes in nonaqueous systems. Insufficient data are available for miscible and biphasic systems, but it is proposed that enzyme activity may correlate with the average solubility parameters of miscible systems and of the aqueous phase in biphasic systems.
Getting priority straight

Consider the kinds of macroscopic concrete objects that common sense and the sciences allege to exist:1 tables, raindrops, tectonic plates, galaxies, and the rest. Are there any such things? Opinions differ. Ontological liberals say they do; ontological radicals say they don't. Liberalism seems favored by its plausible acquiescence to the dictates of common sense abetted by science; radicalism by its ontological parsimony. Priority theorists claim we can have the virtues of both views. They hold that tables, raindrops, etc., exist, but they aren't fundamental. The ontological liberal's ontology provides the correct inventory of existent individuals. The ontological radical's more restricted ontology provides the correct inventory of fundamental individuals. The priority theorist claims that the derivative individuals are "no addition in being" to the fundamental ones,2 so we can have our cake and eat it too. It would be nice if priority theorists were right. In this paper I argue, with regret, that they are not. One upshot is that explanations of the sort which underwrite the priority theorist's distinction between fundamental and derivative individuals do not mitigate our ontological commitments. Another is that we still have to choose between the charms of liberalism and radicalism.3
Institutional Obligations in the Athletic Retirement Process

The power-dependency relationship that exists in the athletic context is exarnined relative to the obligations the establishment / institution has both during the athlete's playing days and in preparing the athlete to retire from high level competition and assume a nonathletic career. A deontological plurality of obligations for the athletic establishment is outlined. Autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence are examined as the specific moral imperatives necessary for the institution to aid in the development of human and not just athletic resources through the athletic medium. Specific strategies that could enhance the commitment of athletics to developing the life-skills and attitudes necessary for the athlete's transition to the after-sport life are also discussed.
Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): illustrated key and synopses

Abstract An illustrated dichotomous key and synopses of the 32 genera of living pennatulacean octocorals are presented, which incorporate new morphological and distributional data from the examination of recently collected material. In addition, a key to the 15 extant families, lists of valid genera, synonyms, and a table of comparative characters are also included. Lastly, a revised classification and phylogenetic considerations are presented. Preliminary investigations indicate that the traditional higher classification scheme of the Pennatulacea is inadequate for reasons of paraphyly and intermediate taxa, that tend to negate precise distinctions between some of the nominal higher taxa. Of the approximately 436 described species of sea pens worldwide, only 186 (or 43%) are estimated to be valid. In addition, several undescribed species have recently been discovered, and others will no doubt be discovered in the future. It is therefore estimated that the extant pennatulacean fauna of the world comprises approximately 200 species in 32 genera.
Application of fission track detectors to californium-252 neutron dosimetry in tissue near the radiation source.

Fission track detectors were applied to a unique problem in neutron dosimetry. Measurements of neutron doses were required at locations within a tumor of 1 cm diameter implanted on the back of a mouse and surrounded by a square array of four /sup 252/Cf medical sources. Measurements made in a tissue-equivalent mouse phantom showed that the neutron dose rate to the center of the tumor was 2.18 rads mg/sup -1/ h/sup -1/ +- 8.4%. The spatial variation of neutron dose to the tumor ranged from 1.88 to 2.55 rads mg/sup -1/ h/sup -1/. These measurements agree with calculated values of neutron dose to those locations in the phantom. Fission track detectors have been found to be a reliable tool for neutron dosimetry for geometries in which one wishes to know neutron dose values which may vary considerably over distances of 1 cm or less.
Radical chlorinations of triglycerides

Several triglycerides were synthesized with an iodoaroyl group. Intramolecular radical chain transfer chlorinations were conducted that resulted in the associated pair of fatty acids of the triglyceride becoming chlorinated. The distribution of monochlorinated species was similar to that obtained by direct radical chlorination of the relevant fatty acid methyl esters. Functionalization was, as expected, away from the carboxylate group but gave no indication that either alignment of chains or the constraints of an intramolecular process could limit the manifold of products of the reaction. To gauge the effect on halogenation of a structure, bearing more than one electron-withdrawing group, methyl oleate was converted to thebis trifluoroacetate of methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate. No products of chlorination on carbons 2–8 were observed.
The use of uninduced rat liver S-9 to supplement BALB/3T3 cells in the in vitro transformation assay.

ABSTRACTBecause of limited inherent capacity to metabolize chemicals to their reactive form, the BALB/3T3 transformaticn assay using clone A31–1–1 cells requires metabolic supplementation with rodent liver homogenate preparations (S-9). Activation by 8–9 is limited, however, by its cytotoxicity to the cells, thus necessitating a reduction in treatment time from the usual 24–72 to 1–4 hr. With cyclophosphamide (CP) as a test chemical, we were able to increase the treatment time to 24 hr by using lower concentrations of cofactors and S-9 prepared from the livers of untreated rats. Statjstically significant increases in transformed foci were induced in cultures treated with 50 or 100 vg CP/ml in the presence of 100 or 200 vg of uninduced rat liver S-9/ml and 76 or 380 μg each of NAPH, NADP, NADPE, and glucose-6-phosphate per ml of incubation medium.
Effects of nozzle-inlet chamfering on pressure drop and heat transfer in confined air jet impingement

Abstract The effect of changing the nozzle geometry on the pressure drop and local heat transfer distribution in confined air jet impingement on a small heat source was experimentally investigated. Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements obtained with chamfered nozzles were compared to those obtained with a square-edged (non-chamfered) nozzle of the same diameter for different turbulent Reynolds numbers in the range of 5000–20,000, nozzle-to-target spacings, chamfer angles and chamfer lengths. The ratio of average heat transfer coefficient to pressure drop was enhanced by as much as 30.8% as a result of chamfering the nozzle, with narrow chamfering providing the better performance.
Efficacy of biochar to remove Escherichia coli from stormwater under steady and intermittent flow

Biofilters, designed to facilitate the infiltration of stormwater into soil, are generally ineffective in removing bacteria from stormwater, thereby causing pollution of groundwater and receiving surface waters. The bacterial removal capacity of biofilters has been shown to be lower in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and during intermittent infiltration of stormwater. To improve the removal of fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) under these conditions, we amended sand with 5% (by weight) biochar, a carbonaceous geomedia produced by pyrolysis of biomass, and investigated the removal and remobilization of E. coli. Three types of biochar were used to evaluate the role of biochar properties on the removal. Compared to sand, biochar not only retained up to 3 orders of magnitude more E. coli, but also prevented their mobilization during successive intermittent flows. In the presence of NOM, the removal capacity of biochar was lower, but remained higher than sand alone. The improved retention with the biochar amendment is attributed to an increase in the attachment of E. coli at the primary minimum and to an increase in the water-holding capacity of biochar-amended sand, which renders driving forces such as moving air-water interfaces less effective in detaching bacteria from grain surfaces. Biochars with lower volatile matter and polarity appear to be more effective in removing bacteria from stormwater. Overall, our results suggest that a biochar amendment to biofilter media has the potential to effectively remove bacteria from stormwater.
Response of a Thickness-Shear-Mode Acoustic Wave Sensor to the Adsorption of Lipoprotein Particles

The properties of three different lipoprotein films were investigated using a thickness-shear-mode acoustic wave sensor in conjunction with an oscillator circuit that provides an automatic gain control (AGC) output. The oscillator records a frequency shift that is dependent upon both the mass and dissipative properties of the film and associated overlayers, but the shift in AGC voltage (ΔAGC) depends only upon the dissipative properties of the film. The total recorded frequency shift (ΔFT) is treated as a sum of two terms: ΔFM, the mass contribution of the frequency shift, and ΔFD, the frequency shift attributed to energy dissipation. An empirical relationship between ΔFD and AGC is found by measuring both parameters in purely dissipative fluids, which were mixtures of glycerol and water in the experiments presented here, and establishing a calibration curve from the corresponding data. ΔFT and AGC changes were measured during the formation of lipoprotein films on the thickness shear mode (TSM) acoustic ...
Collaborative multihop transmission of distributed sensor imagery

We consider a network of imaging sensors. We address the problem of energy-efficient communication of the measurements of the sensors. A novel algorithm is presented for the purpose of exploiting intersensor and intrasensor correlation, which is inherent in a network of imaging sensors. The collaborative algorithm is used in conjunction with a cooperative multihop routing strategy to maximize the lifetime of the network. The algorithm is demonstrated to achieve an average gain in the lifetime as high as 3.2 over previous methods.
The transglutaminase, Factor XIIIA, is present in articular chondrocytes.

Abstract Objectives The transglutaminase (TGase) family includes seven different enzymes that catalyse a protein cross-linking reaction resulting in structural and functional alterations in substrate proteins. TGase activity is easily measureable in mature articular cartilage where it may contribute to CPPD deposition disease through its actions on growth factors, crystal components or extracellular matrix proteins. In contrast, low levels of TGase activity are found in chondrocytes from young animals. We previously demonstrated type II TGase protein in articular chondrocytes. Earlier work also suggested the presence of another form of TGase in chondrocytes. We sought to determine if articular chondrocytes contain the TGase, Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA). Methods Western blots with FXIIIA antibody were used to detect FXIIIA in young and old porcine articular chondrocytes and articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs). The presence of FXIIIA mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR. Results Old chondrocyte conditioned medium, cytosol, and membrane fractions contained FXIIIA protein on Western blots, while less FXIIIA was detectable in cell fractions or media from young chondrocytes. ACVs also contained FXIIIA. FXIIIA mRNA was demonstrated by PCR in old and young chondrocytes. Conclusions FXIIIA is present in articular chondrocytes. FXIIIA levels correlate with TGase activity in chondrocytes. The presence of two forms of TGase in articular chondrocytes suggest an important function for this enzyme family in articular cartilage.
Comparison of depth-sensing indentation at ultramicroscopic contacts by single- and multiple-partial-unload cycles

Abstract Thin films typically exhibit variations in modulus and hardness with increasing indentation depth during depth-sensing indentation experiments at ultramicroscopic contacts (“nanoindentation”) because the measured stiffness response is affected by the substrate. There are three techniques commonly used to sample this variation in properties with depth: multiple indentations with increasing peak load, a single indentation with multiple-partial-unload cycles, and continuous stiffness measurement during a single indentation event. Experiments using the first two options were performed on a series of thin film systems and the method of multiple-partial-unloading found to have significant drawbacks when used at the sub-micron length scale that lead to erroneous conclusions.