cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory Effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus on Psychrotrophic Bacteria in Associative Cultures and in Refrigerated Foods.

The purposes of this study were two-fold: (a) to determine growth inhibition of Pseudomonas fragi , Achromobacter liquefaciens and Staphylococcus aureus due to Lactobacillus bulgaricus in associative cultures, and (b) to evaluate use of L. bulgaricus to control growth of natural flora in refrigerated tuna and potato salads and ground beef. The antagonistic effects of three concentrations of L. bulgaricus were studied after storage for 5 d at 6°C. Data were analyzed using a Student t Test. Pronounced inhibition was observed toward test organisms. Total growth inhibition of P. fragi and A. liquefaciens was attained due to the third level of L. bulgaricus (1.4 × 106 - 5.7 × 106 cells/ml). Natural flora in test foods were also greatly inhibited. Total growth inhibition of bacteria was attained in potato salad due to the third level of L. bulgaricus (3.9 × 106 cells/g). It was suggested that organic acids and hydrogen peroxide were partially responsible for the inhibition.
Do active case-finding projects increase the number of tuberculosis cases notified at national level?

Objective To analyse the impact of active tuberculosis case finding (ACF) projects on the number of sputum smear-positive (SS+) tuberculosis (TB) cases notified at national level. Methods Case-finding results of the 16 countries that participated in the first wave of the TB REACH project were analysed. Information on the number of SS+ TB cases at national level were taken from the 2014 World Health Organization global tuberculosis report. A segmented linear regression model was used to analyse trends in notification. Results An increase in SS+ TB cases from 3% to 334% was observed in the areas of intervention of the TB REACH project in almost all countries. There were no significant increases in the number of SS+ TB cases notified at the national level in most countries, except in two countries during the intervention period (Benin and Kenya), and in one country after the intervention period (Somalia). Conclusions The TB REACH project had no impact on SS+ TB cases notified at national level in almost all countries during and after the intervention. ACF projects are pilot studies that are often difficult to reproduce at national level due to their high cost and the lack of human resources.
Solar Financing in North Carolina

Clean, renewable energy is an essential component of a modern energy policy. Rooftop solar photovoltaic systems constitute an important part of a state’s clean energy portfolio. But rooftop solar photovoltaic systems are too expensive for most individuals and small businesses to buy outright. Instead, they must be financed. One of the main methods used in other states for financing rooftop solar PV systems is the power purchase agreement. Under a typical power purchase agreement, a third-party financer installs a solar PV system on a property owner’s rooftop and sells the electricity generated by the system to the property owner. The price for the electricity is usually lower than the price charged by the property owner’s public utility. But the North Carolina Utilities Commission has prohibited the use of power purchase agreements in North Carolina. According to the Utilities Commission, the sale of electricity by a third-party financer under a power purchase agreement violates the competitive monopoly granted under state law to the public utility. This prohibition against power purchase agreements will slow the spread of rooftop solar PV systems in North Carolina. In addition to the detrimental environmental effects this will have, there are also equitable effects. Without power purchase agreements, only the wealthy are able to afford the economic and environmental benefits of solar ownership. This Article contends that power purchase agreements do not implicate the traditional justifications for regulation by the Utilities Commission, and are therefore outside the Commission’s authority to prohibit. The Article also offers both a legislative and a judicial solution to the current prohibition against power purchase agreements in North Carolina.
US regional and demographic differences in prescription opioid and heroin-related overdose hospitalizations

Abstract Background US opioid overdose death rates have increased between 2000 and 2014. While, the increase in prescription opioid use has been linked to the increase in heroin use, there are reasons to view this relationship as a partial explanation for the recent increase in heroin-related harms. This study documents the differences in trends in prescription opioid overdose-related (POD) and heroin overdose-related (HOD) hospitalizations. Methods Data come from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2000 through 2014. POD and HOD hospitalizations were abstracted from ICD-9 codes. Rates of POD and HOD by census region and census division were constructed along with separate rates for age and race. Regression analysis analyzing trends across region were estimated along with graphs for documenting differences in POD and HOD rates. Results POD hospitalization rates were highest in the South and lowest in the Northeast. HOD hospitalization rates were highest in the Northeast region and grew the fastest in the Midwest. There was statistically significant heterogeneity in HOD trends but not POD trends across the four regions between 2000 and 2014. Between 2012 and 2014 POD rates decreased in eight of the nine census divisions, with only New England showing an increase. HOD hospitalization rates increased in all nine census divisions between 2012 and 2014. Both POD and HOD rates show different demographic patterns across the nine census divisions. Conclusion Comparing POD and HOD hospitalization trends reveals significant disparities in geographic as well as demographic distributions. These epidemics are evolving and the simple opioid-to-heroin transition story is both supported and challenged by this paper. The opioid pill, heroin and fentanyl crises are intertwined yet increasingly have drivers and outcomes that support examining them as distinct. Addressing these complex and interrelated epidemics will require innovative public health research and interventions which need to consider local and regional contexts.
Progression rate of severity of aortic stenosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE Valvular heart disease is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is uncertainty about how often to perform echocardiographic surveillance in this population. The objective of this study was to assess the progression rate of mild and moderate aortic stenosis (AS) in patients with RA. METHODS A population-based cohort of patients with RA and either mild (2.0-2.9 m/second) or moderate (3.0-3.9 m/second) AS was identified. Demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic data were collected. Annual progression rate of AS was then calculated for the study cohort and the impact of pertinent RA variables on progression rate determined. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients with RA and mild or moderate AS met the inclusion requirements. Peak aortic valve (AV) velocity and mean AV gradient increased during the study period, whereas AV area decreased, consistent with progression of AS (P<.001). Mean (SD) annual increase in peak AV jet velocity was 0.05 m/second (0.01) and in mean AV gradient was 1.0 mm Hg (0.18). Mean annual decrease in AV area was 0.04 (0.01) cm2 . The progression rate of AS was higher in patients with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) (P=.001). CONCLUSIONS The rate of AS progression in the RA population was higher in patients with increased ESR but less than that of the reported rate of AS progression in the general population. Although the cause for this finding is uncertain, these results suggest that patients with RA who have mild or moderate AS should undergo echocardiographic surveillance for disease progression similar to that of the general population.
Power density optimization of resonant tanks using standard capacitors

High-frequency power conversion is useful for miniaturization of power electronics, but requires low loss passive components to achieve high power densities without thermal issues. This paper investigates the lowest achievable ESR of a resonant tank using an air-core inductor with a single-layer foil winding and commercially available capacitors. A loss model is presented and online catalogs of multilayer ceramic capacitors are searched for components that can provide a low ESR when combined with an optimally designed inductor for various resonance frequencies. The resulting resonator has a measured sub-mΩ ESR and high efficiency with 250 V dc rating in a 1 cm3 volume. The resonant tank, when used in a resonant switched-capacitor converter, can theoretically handle up to 12 kW assuming a tolerable loss of 2 W, and the power converter itself will be limited by the power density of switches and interconnects rather than by passive components.
Mismatch between Sound Production and Hearing in the Oyster Toadfish

The spectral properties of the mating calls of both vertebrate and insect species are matched to the most sensitive range of their hearing, a region in which many auditory fibers are tuned (Bullock 1977, Capranica 1978). However, previous single unit studies in fishes have focused on neuron response properties as they relate to auditory processing rather than as a component of an integrated communication system. Because of extensive work (anatomical, physiological, and behavioral) on communication in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau (see Fine, Winn, and Olla 1977 for review), it is an ideal fish species in which to investigate matching of primary auditory neurons to the characteristics of communication signals.
Mitral Leaflet Changes Following Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Evidence for Maladaptive Valvular Remodeling.

Background— Ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is classically ascribed to functional restriction of normal leaflets, but recent studies have suggested post–myocardial infarction (MI) mitral valve (MV) leaflet fibrosis and thickening, challenging valve normality. Progression of leaflet thickness post-MI has not been studied. We hypothesized that excessive MV remodeling post-MI contributes to MR. Our objectives are to characterize MV changes after MI and relate them to MR. Methods and Results— Three groups of 40 patients with serial echocardiograms over a mean of 23.4 months were identified from an echocardiography database: patients first studied early (6±12 days) and late (12±7 years) after an inferior MI and normal controls. MV thickness was correlated with MR. We studied the mechanisms for MV changes in a sheep model (6 apical MI versus 6 controls) followed for 8 weeks, with MV cellular and histopathologic analyses. Early post-MI, leaflet thickness was found to be similar to controls (2.6±0.5 vs 2.5±0.4 mm; P =0.23) but significantly increased over time (2.5±0.4 to 2.9±0.4 mm; P P P Conclusions— MV thickness increases post-MI and correlates with MR, suggesting an organic component to ischemic MR. MV fibrotic remodeling can indicate directions for future therapy.
A Rule of Persons, Not Machines: The Limits of Legal Automation

For many legal futurists, attorneys’ work is a prime target for automation. They view the legal practice of most businesses as algorithmic: data (such as facts) are transformed into outputs (agreements or litigation stances) via application of set rules (the law). These technophiles promote substituting computer code for contracts and descriptions of facts now written by humans. They point to early successes in legal automation as proof of concept. For example, TurboTax has helped millions of Americans file taxes, and algorithms have taken over certain aspects of stock trading. Corporate efforts to “formalize legal code” may bring new efficiencies in areas of practice characterized by both legal and factual clarity. Legal automation, however, can also elide or exclude important human values, necessary improvisations, and irreducibly deliberative governance. Due process depends on narratively intelligible communication from persons and for persons that are not reducible to software. Language is constitutive of these aspects of law. To preserve accountability and a humane legal order, these reasons must be expressed in language by a responsible person. This basic requirement for legitimacy limits legal automation in several contexts, including corporate compliance, property recordation, and contracting. A robust and ethical legal profession respects the flexibility and subtlety of legal language as a prerequisite for a just and accountable social order. It ensures a rule of persons, not machines.
HYBRID BONE SCINTIGRAPHY IN GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCIES – INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCE

Objective: Bone metastases in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are uncommon and known to be predominantly lytic thus rendering a limited role for conventional bone scintigraphy. The aim of the study is to review Tc99m MDP bone scans performed in patients with known GI malignancy and the utility of Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT in characterization of bone lesions. Methods: Retrospective review of bone scans was done from June 2014 to December 2016 in patients with known GI malignancy, using electronic Hospital Information System. Results: A total of 110 patients (60 males, 50 females; Age range: 22–84 years, Mean Age 51.4 years with SD of 14.8) had bone scan over a period of 30 months. The commonest indications for referral were suspected bone metastasis on other imaging modalities including [CT (n = 56), Magnetic resonance imaging (n = 10), Positron emission tomography/CT (n = 6)], musculoskeletal pain (n = 37), pathological fracture (n = 1), neurological symptoms (n = 1), hypercalcemia (n = 1) and others (n =14) including restaging workup etc. Metastatic lesions were identified in 32 (29%) patients whereas 78 (71%) patients had benign non-aggressive lesions leading to normal bone scans. Among 32 patients with osseous metastasis, 8 (25%) patients had unifocal lesion; axial skeleton (n = 2) appendicular skeleton (n = 6), 24 (75%) patients had multifocal lesions; axial skeleton (n = 6), appendicular skeleton (n = 6) and both axial + appendicular (n = 12). Four (12%) patients had concurrent visceral metastases. In our cohort, based on the location of primary tumour, the frequencies of osseous metastasis were; esophagus = 15 out of 43 (35%), gastric = 7 out of 18 (39 %), gastro-esophageal junction = 1 out of 8 (1.5%) and colorectal = 9 out of 40 (22.5). SPECT/CT was acquired in 29 out of 110 patients, which characterized metastatic lesions (n = 12) and benign looking non-aggressive entities (n =17). Overall, bone scan upstaged disease in 31% and down staged 15% patients. Conclusion: Bone metastases in GI malignancies, though uncommon, show an aggressive pattern, with axial and appendicular involvement, and can be readily identified with hybrid bone scintigraphy in symptomatic patients. Key words: Hybrid imaging, Tc99m MDP, bone metastases, gastrointestinal malignancies
Modeling the General Circulation of the Mediterranean

The general properties of the general circulation of the Mediterranean basin are first summarized and discussed, critically assessing the still unsolved questions related to it. Then, ongoing modeling efforts are presented that focus upon different aspects of the circulation, such as the wind-driven and/or the thermohaline components; the seasonal versus the yearly variability; the importance of the inflow at the straits, the Strait of Gibraltar for the entire Mediterranean, and the Strait of Sicily for the eastern basin. Different methodological approaches are also presented, divided into two main types, (i) prognostic calculations with numerical circulation models, and (ii) inverse approaches.
Prediction of the mean heading of a turret moored FPSO in bi-modal and bi-directional sea states

Abstract Ship-shaped platforms like Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels are deployed in many offshore locations where the sea states are dominated by wind driven local seas combined with long period swells that are incident from different directions. Many of these vessels are held in station by a mooring system that is connected to the platform by a rotating turret. The heading stability of the vessel and its ability to self-align with respect to oncoming environmental forces is studied in this paper. Experiments at 1:120 scale conducted in a wave basin facility for two storm conditions offshore Brazil and West of Africa show that the heading angle is self-limiting to a range of ±20° with respect to head sea direction. Time domain simulations conducted using industry-standard software by modeling the wind-sea and swell with suitable spectrum models approaching from different directions show almost double the heading range seen in experiments. If similar numerical analyses were part of a design process, it is conceivable that this could result in incorrect predictions of the weathervaning of the platform, and hence the latter’s global motions in response to design storm conditions. Previous studies by the authors have confirmed that the delicate balance between various mean wave drift forces and moments is the main contributor to the heading stability of a single-point moored ship shaped vessel. It is shown here that in a bi-directional seastate, the interaction between the two wave components can significantly alter the drift loads on the platform. A simple cross-wave correction is added to the time domain simulations to account for the interaction. Implementing this correction brings the numerical results more in line with the experimental findings. The cross-wave correction term is quantified and recommendations are made for better simulations and experiments of such platforms.
Repetitive Behavior Disorders in Persons with Developmental Disabilities

Repetitive behavior disorders in persons with developmental disabilities are likely produced and maintained by a complex interaction of biologic and operant variables. We have described some of these variables and suggested that even if behavior is related to biologic variables, operant mechanisms may still be maintaining the behavior. Based on this supposition, we suggest that behavioral treatment be considered. A difficulty with behavioral treatment for behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement is that we are often unable to match treatment to the specific variables that maintain repetitive behavior. A combination of functional analysis and assessments of stimulus preferences or antecedent events may be a good approach for clarifying both the operant mechanisms underlying behavior and the behavioral treatment components that may be effective in reducing the behavior.
Reasoning in the event calculus using first-order automated theorem proving

The event calculus (EC) (Shanahan 1999) is a powerful and highly usable formalism for reasoning about action and change, which is rapidly finding application in such areas as natural language processing and robotics. Kowalski and Sergot (1986) introduced the original event calculus, which was expressed as a logic program, and Shanahan and Miller introduced axiomatizations of the event calculus in firstorder logic (Shanahan 1997; Miller & Shanahan 2002). The discrete event calculus (DEC) was developed by Mueller (2004) in order to facilitate solution of event calculus reasoning problems using satisfiability (SAT) solvers. Since the introduction of the EC and DEC axiomatizations, several event calculus reasoning systems have been implemented. However, to our knowledge, nobody has ever attempted to solve event calculus reasoning problems using first-order logic automated theorem proving (ATP) systems.
Embryo Mortality and Altered Uterine Luminal Proteins in Progesterone-Treated Rabbits

This study was undertaken to elucidate the location, time, and nature of embryo mortality induced by preovulatory progesterone administration. Progesterone was injected into rabbits on days –2, –1, and 0 (the day of mating) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 mg, respectively. Normal fertilization rates resulted, but embryonic death occurred by day 4. Embryos residing in progesterone-treated does for up to 3 days survived normally when transferred to normal recipients, whereas day 4 embryos from treated does exhibited a reduced ability to implant. Uterine fluid (UF) protein pattern was examined on days 1 to 7 after mating. Total UF protein levels were significantly greater in treated animals on day 4 than in controls. Uteroglobin secretion was significantly advanced in the treated animals by day 3. Examination of the time of the arrival of embryos into the uterus revealed a delay in the progesterone-treated rabbits. This delay, coupled with the earlier secretion of uteroglobin in the treated rabbits, indicated a possible asynchrony of approximately 1 day between embryo arrival in the uterus and certain uterine proteins. To determine whether UF could be etiologically implicated in the progesterone-induced embryonic death, embryonic development in vitro and in vivo was examined after exposure to UF collected at different gestational stages. More normal day 3 morulae placed in UF from day 3 control and day 2 progesterone-treated rabbits developed than similar morulae placed in UF from day 2 controls and day 3 progesterone-treated does. Hence, partial physiologic synchrony was achieved. This was interpreted to mean that "asynchronous" UF can be embryotoxic. Infertility was transient. Ability of the does to produce young at a pregnancy immediately following a progesterone-treated pregnancy was not impaired.
Open access fisheries utilization with an endogenous regulatory structure: An expanded analysis

The paper expands the Homans/Wilen model of endogenous fisheries management by providing a more general dynamic formulation, by introducing a disaggregated vessel level analysis, by comparing three different strategies to achieve the target harvest level, and by considering the possibility of political intervention in setting target harvest levels based on the economic conditions of participants. It is demonstrated that using different regulations to support the same total harvest program will cause the fishery to behave differently with respect to the shape of the time path, equilibrium fleet size, season length, vessel daily output level, and in some cases the possibility of achieving an equilibrium. Also, political intervention to relax total harvest levels will change the time path and can change the equilibrium.
Multi-Designated Verifiers Signatures Revisited

Multi-Designated Verifier Signatures (MDVS) are privacy-oriented signatures that can only be verified by a set of users specified by the signer. We propose two new generic constructions of MDVS from variants of existing cryptographic schemes, which are ring signature from anonymous subset and multi-chameleon hash. We first devise a single add-on protocol which enables many existing identity-based (ID-based) ring signature schemes to support anonymous subset, which gives us three ID-based MDVS schemes. We then construct a multi-chameleon hash from an existing scheme with key exposure freeness. Interestingly, these two techniques can be seen as a multi-signature version of Hess's ID-based signature and Schnorr signature respectively.
Sunscreen-Based Skin Protection Against Solar Insult: Molecular Mechanisms and Opportunities

Solar ultraviolet (UV) photons are established environmental carcinogens. Sunscreens are important solar photoprotectants and cancer chemopreventive molecular agents. The importance of efficient skin UVB (290-320 nm) photoprotection that attenuates photomutagenic events originating from direct absorption of UVB photons by DNA bases is firmly established. Cumulative evidence for the involvement of chronic UVA exposure in the causation of solar skin damage including photocarcinogenesis and photoaging now dictates the necessity for additional broadspectrum skin photoprotection that includes the UVA spectral region of sunlight. Based on the emerging consensus that broad spectrum photoprotection is an effective key component of a sun-safe strategy to reduce cumulative lifetime exposure to UV light, much effort has been directed towards the identification, development, and optimization of topical photoprotectants that prevent and attenuate solar skin damage.
The Role of the Child Psychiatrist in Child Custody Conflicts

The child psychiatrist’s role in child custody conflicts has increasingly broadened until it is clear his or her role should be more rigourously defined and described in terms of our knowledge and its limitation. Just as our knowledge and methods can be characterized according to the psychoanalytic principles of child development (so appropriate for Vienna, the birthplace of Sigmund and Anna Freud and of psychoanalysis), so its limitations are based on this knowledge and on clarifying which roles (e.g., judge, lawyer, parent) the child psychiatrist should avoid even when he is invited to take them in the most beguiling and seductive ways.
Introduction: Stepping into the Play Frame—Cinema as Mammalian Communication

The critical perspective on film in the Anthropocene fashioned in the present book is both old and new. It is derived from Aristotle and Plato and from Gregory Bateson (Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000a) and Norbert Wiener (1961), as well as a range of philosophical and literary perspectives in between. Its structural principles include the idea of “play” as a form of communicative exchange shared widely across Mammalia, combined with the idea of art as syllogistical mimēsis, derived from Aristotle, to provide “frames” through which to understand film as a multi-layered form of communication. The physical machineries of modernity meet with communicative ones of postmodernity in the digital camera: a hybrid of mechanism and information. The complex problems posed by the Anthropocene, from this perspective, might effectively be addressed in the medium of “film” as an artifact produced by this emerging “informatic” assemblage. The key films studied are summarized.
Metals for Low-Resistivity Interconnects

A combination of experiments and first-principles simulations are used to search for metals that have a high conductivity at reduced dimensions and are therefore promising candidates for narrow interconnect lines. Epitaxial layers of Cu, W, Ta, Mo, Ru, Co, Ag, Nb and Ni are grown on ceramic single crystal substrates and their resistivity measured in-situ as a function of thickness. Data fitting using the classical Fuchs-Sondheimer model provides values for the electron mean free paths. These values are directly compared to predictions using first-principles calculations of the twentytwo most conductive elements. This comparison indicates that the Fuchs-Sondheimer model accurately predicts the resistivity size effect for some metals, but considerably underestimates the resistivity increase for others.
Impact of ionomer adsorption on alkaline hydrogen oxidation activity and fuel cell performance

Summary The adsorption of the ionomer components significantly impacts the activity of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) catalysts under high pH conditions. Two specific adsorptions, i.e., (i) cation-hydroxide-water co-adsorption and (ii) phenyl group adsorption, on the surface of platinum group metal HOR catalysts were identified as the performance-limiting factors for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, we review the main characteristics of the surface adsorptions, their impact on the performance of HOR half-cell and AEMFC, and the mitigation strategies. This review emphasizes important aspects in the design of electrocatalysts and ionomers for improved AEMFC performance.
B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation of N-Alkylamines Using Silicon Enolates without External Oxidant.

An efficient method for the coupling of N-alkylamines with silicon enolates to generate β-amino carbonyl compounds is disclosed. These reactions proceed by activation of α-amino C–H bonds by B(C6F5)3, which likely generates a “frustrated” acid/base complex in the presence of large N-alkylamines. The transformation requires no external oxidant and releases hydrosilane as a byproduct. The utility of this method is demonstrated in the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules such as citalopram, atomoxetine, and fluoxetine.
Getting schooled: teachers' views on school-based breastfeeding education in Lebanon.

School-based breastfeeding education (SBBE) may help improve breastfeeding rates in the long term by instilling in young people a base of evidence-informed knowledge, skills, and attitudes that primes them to make informed decisions about infant feeding and to become positive change agents. Breastfeeding rates in Lebanon remain suboptimal, and breastfeeding misconceptions along with social pressures to use infant formula are known contributing barriers. We conducted this study with pre-K-12 teachers to understand the SBBE landscape as well as the supports and constraints for SBBE at two large Lebanese schools. We conducted a survey with 193 teachers during the 2017–2018 academic school year to collect information about demographics, breastfeeding history, breastfeeding teaching practices, attitudes towards SBBE such as attitude towards educating both boys and girls about breastfeeding, and views on potential constraints to successful SBBE implementation. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used. Binary multiple logistic regression was used to ascertain the effects of teacher characteristics on likelihood to support SBBE. While limited SBBE is currently taking place with only eight (4%) teachers reporting teaching about breastfeeding, 133 (69%) reported students should learn about breastfeeding in school. A multiple regression model [χ2(4) = 19.71, p = 0.001] showed teachers were more likely to support SBBE if they/their partners had ever breastfed, if they taught biology, or if they believed that schools should educate both boys and girls about breastfeeding in a society where discussing breastfeeding in public is a taboo. One hundred and ten (60%) teachers reported several concerns to SBBE implementation which included limited uptake by students who might not find SBBE valuable to them and resistance from parents due to cultural barriers. In order to effectively expand SBBE in these schools, 71 SBBE supporters (59.2% of respondents; 13 with missing data) suggested supporting local teachers to deliver SBBE, and 48 (40%) suggested mandating SBBE. Teachers held generally positive views on SBBE, which provides a fertile ground for growing SBBE in their schools. Future steps need to include engaging parents, students, and school principals to further understand the social constrains to SBBE before program design.
BET inhibition induces an anti-apoptotic adaptive response and therapeutic vulnerability to MCL1 inhibitors in breast cancer

Abstract We have demonstrated that adaptive responses to BET inhibitors induce a therapeutic vulnerability to the combination of BET and MCL1 inhibitors in breast cancer. Our generalizable strategy for identification of adaptive responses and therapeutic vulnerabilities integrates our novel network analysis method, termed Target Score, with genomics and mechanistic perturbation biology studies. In drug resistant cells, adaptive responses to BET inhibitors involve upregulation of fatty acid metabolism coupled to changes in membrane fluidity, cell adhesion and motility, EGFR/HER2 pathway activation, and subsequent accumulation of MCL1 that drives apoptosis evasion. The combined inhibition of MCL1 and BET proteins is highly synergistic in diverse breast cancer models. MCL1 inhibition was found to be most effective, either as a single agent or in combination in tumors with MCL1 chromosomal amplifications, a frequent driver aberration in breast cancer. In conclusion, we have discovered a mechanism of resistance to BET inhibition and an anti-resistance combination therapy that can increase the therapeutic benefit for a significant fraction of breast cancer patients.
Strain-to-strain variation of Rhodococcus equi growth and biofilm formation in vitro

Rhodococcus equi is an opportunistic pathogen that causes disease worldwide in young foals and immunocompromised humans. The interactions of R. equi with the host immune system have been described; however, most studies have been conducted using a few well-characterized strains. Because biological differences between R. equi strains are not well characterized, it is unknown if experimental results will replicate when different strains are used. Therefore, our objective was to compare the growth and biofilm formation of low-passage-rate clinical isolates of R. equi to higher-passage-rate, commonly studied isolates to determine whether strain-to-strain variation exists. Twelve strains were used: 103+, ATCC 33701, UKVDL206 103S harboring a GFP-expressing plasmid, a plasmid-cured 33701 (higher-passage-rate) and seven low-passage clinical isolates. Generation time in liquid revealed fast, moderate-fast, moderate-slow, and slow-growing isolates. The higher-passage-rate isolates were among the moderate-slow growing strains. A strain’s rate of growth did not correspond to its ability to form biofilm nor to its colony size on solid media. Based on our results, care should be taken not to extrapolate in vitro work that may be conducted using different R. equi strains. Further work is needed to evaluate the effect that the observed differences may have on experimental results.
Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is characterized by chronic nonmalignant lymphoproliferation, splenomegaly, autoimmunity and increased risk of lymphoma ALPS results from defects in the FAS pathway of cellular apoptosis, and most often from mutations in the FAS gene itself Elevation of TCRαβ+CD45+CD3+CD4−CD8− DNT cells is a characteristic feature of ALPS, and elevated soluble FAS ligand, vitamin B12, IL-10, and IL-18 can also be seen Treatment is guided by severity of disease and Sirolimus has been shown to be successful in children with ALPS
Rapid Onset of Effect of Galcanezumab for the Prevention of Episodic Migraine: Analysis of the EVOLVE Studies.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate onset of effect of galcanezumab in patients with episodic migraine. BACKGROUND Galcanezumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to calcitonin gene-related peptide and is indicated for preventive treatment of migraine. DESIGN/METHODS Data on the primary outcome measure were analyzed from 2 previously published double-blind, Phase 3 studies (EVOLVE-1 [N = 858] and EVOLVE-2 [N = 915]) wherein adult patients with episodic migraine were randomized to receive monthly subcutaneous injections of galcanezumab 120 mg (with 240-mg loading dose) or 240 mg or placebo for up to 6 months. Monthly onset of effect was defined as the earliest month at which galcanezumab achieved and subsequently maintained statistical superiority to placebo on the mean change from baseline in the number of monthly migraine headache days (MHDs). If onset occurred in Month 1, weekly onset was evaluated and defined as the earliest week at which galcanezumab statistically separated from placebo and maintained statistical separation for remaining weeks in that month. Day of onset of effect was also analyzed, as were monthly and weekly onset, for occurrence of ≥50% reduction from baseline in number of MHDs. RESULTS For both studies, change from baseline in monthly MHDs showed a statistically significant separation of galcanezumab from placebo at Month 1 and each subsequent month (each P < .001). Analysis of the first month for both studies indicated onset of effect in the first week, with galcanezumab-treated patients having significantly higher odds of having fewer MHDs in the first week (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for EVOLVE-1, 2.71 [2.00, 3.66], and for EVOLVE-2, 2.88 [2.16, 3.86]; both P < .001) and each subsequent week compared with placebo-treated patients (P ≤ .004). Daily analysis showed onset of effect at Day 1 (first day after injection day). Galcanezumab also demonstrated superiority to placebo on occurrence of ≥50% reduction in MHDs starting at Week 1 (percentage of patients with 50% response in galcanezumab group vs placebo group for EVOLVE-1, 54.3% vs 32.4% [P < .001], and for EVOLVE-2, 59.4% vs 38.0% [P < .001]). CONCLUSION Rapid onset of preventive effect on the first day after injection of galcanezumab was confirmed in both studies of episodic migraine.
Radiation and scattering from loaded bodies of revolution

The problem of electromagnetic radiation and scattering from loaded bodies of revolution of arbitrary shape is considered. The analysis assumes the existence of an impedance function relating the tangential electric field to the surface current on the body. A solution is obtained by the method of moments applied to the potential integral formulation of the problem. The results are expressed in terms of generalized network parameters, using formulas previously obtained for unloaded bodies. Representative computations are given for plane-wave scattering and radiation from apertures in loaded cylinders and hemispheres. A general computer program for arbitrary bodies of revolution is available.
Validation of an E-cigarette Purchase Task in Advanced Generation Device Users.

Introduction Behavioral economic purchase tasks are used to estimate the reinforcing value of drugs by asking participants how much they would purchase across a range of increasing prices. We sought to validate such a task for e-cigarettes in experienced users of advanced generation, tank-style devices. Methods Dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes (N = 54) and exclusive e-cigarette users (N = 59) attended one session during which they completed assessments including two versions of the E-cigarette Purchase Task: one that asked how many puffs of their e-cigarette they would purchase in 24 hours at varying prices and one that asked how many mLs of e-liquid they would purchase. We correlated purchase task outcomes with other measures of e-cigarette use. We also compared the tasks across dual and exclusive users. Results Indices derived from the mLs-based task were more likely to be correlated with self-reported use rates, e-cigarette dependence, and cotinine levels than the puffs-based task. Exclusive users showed greater demand on than dual users only on the mLs version when using an F-test comparison method, while multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) results showed that dual users showed greater demand only on the puffs task. Conclusions Results indicate that the mLs version had greater validity than the puffs version in terms of clinical indices. Dual users may still be on a trajectory to fully switching to e-cigarettes; thus, puffs as a measure may be more intuitive, as this measure is shared by cigarettes and e-cigarettes. For exclusive users, the unit they purchase their e-liquid in may be the most relevant unit and better capture their demand for that product. Implications Behavioral economic purchase tasks have been widely used to understand nicotine use. We have developed two versions of a purchase task for e-cigarette use and compared the two versions in users of advanced generation e-cigarette devices. We found that the mLs version of the task better-reflected use patterns relative to a puffs version, which suggests that participants struggle to place monetary value on a unit of consumption (ie, puffs). Validated measures of e-cigarette reinforcement will be important as researchers and regulators determine which features of these products contribute to reinforcing efficacy.
Understanding the implementation of personalized learning: A research synthesis

Abstract Personalized learning (PL) has been promoted as a major aim and reform effort across the contemporary education system. In this article, we systematically identified and synthesized 71 empirical studies associated with the implementation of PL that were conducted between 2006 and 2019. This synthesis examined the current research efforts on the PL implementation with a focus on the primary purposes, overall methodological characteristics, and associated student learning outcomes of the identified studies. Using the method of critical interpretive synthesis, we identified two overarching themes in relation to PL across various disciplines of study. The two themes included investigating (a) the role of varying technologies and (b) contextual factors that impacted the implementation of PL. However, few studies have examined the effects of PL as a whole-school initiative on student educational outcomes. We ended by discussing the issues with the conceptualization and empirical evidence of PL and providing implications for the future advancement of the field.
Chemically Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels for Effective Removal of Cation Dye.

In this study, porous aerogels were prepared by directional freeze-drying via cross-linking cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The thermal properties and physical adsorption performance toward cation methylene blue dye of the obtained CNC aerogels were investigated. The maximum degradation temperature was increased from 324 °C of CNCs to 355 °C of cross-linked CNC aerogels. The dye adsorption isotherm results showed that the maximum methylene blue adsorption capacity of CNC aerogels was 116.2 mg g-1, according to the Langmuir model, which was mainly due to the electrostatic attractions between negatively charged carboxyl groups or sulfonate groups on the CNC aerogles and cation MB molecules. The reusability test showed that the CNC aerogels contained the same dye adsorption performance in five adsorption/desorption cycles. Overall, this study described an ideal alternative for water purification with high dye adsorption capacity and enhanced physical performance.
Endoscopic-Assisted Anatomic Reconstruction of Chronic Proximal Hamstring Avulsion With Achilles Allograft.

Abstract Hamstring injuries commonly occur at the musculotendinous junction; however, they can occur as proximal avulsion injuries. A lack of recognition can lead to proximal hamstring injuries being frequently misdiagnosed, resulting in delayed treatment. Chronic proximal hamstring tears are often retracted and scarred to the surrounding soft tissues. Owing to the poor quality of tissue at the torn ends of the tendon, an augmented reconstruction using an allograft may be required. In cases with poor visualization of the ischial tuberosity and proximal hamstring footprint, an Achilles tendon allograft can be secured directly to the tuberosity with suture anchors. However, visualization of the footprint can be optimized using an arthroscope. This report describes a technique for endoscopic-assisted anatomic reconstruction using an Achilles allograft with both knotless and knotted suture anchors for chronic complete avulsions of the proximal hamstring.
Zeaxanthin and Lutein: Photoprotectors, Anti-Inflammatories, and Brain Food.

This review compares and contrasts the role of carotenoids across the taxa of life—with a focus on the xanthophyll zeaxanthin (and its structural isomer lutein) in plants and humans. Xanthophylls’ multiple protective roles are summarized, with attention to the similarities and differences in the roles of zeaxanthin and lutein in plants versus animals, as well as the role of meso-zeaxanthin in humans. Detail is provided on the unique control of zeaxanthin function in photosynthesis, that results in its limited availability in leafy vegetables and the human diet. The question of an optimal dietary antioxidant supply is evaluated in the context of the dual roles of both oxidants and antioxidants, in all vital functions of living organisms, and the profound impact of individual and environmental context.
Mechanisms of bone development and repair

Bone development occurs through a series of synchronous events that result in the formation of the body scaffold. The repair potential of bone and its surrounding microenvironment — including inflammatory, endothelial and Schwann cells — persists throughout adulthood, enabling restoration of tissue to its homeostatic functional state. The isolation of a single skeletal stem cell population through cell surface markers and the development of single-cell technologies are enabling precise elucidation of cellular activity and fate during bone repair by providing key insights into the mechanisms that maintain and regenerate bone during homeostasis and repair. Increased understanding of bone development, as well as normal and aberrant bone repair, has important therapeutic implications for the treatment of bone disease and ageing-related degeneration. This Review discusses the cell types, critical genes and transcription factors involved in bone development and repair. The dysfunctional cellular and molecular signalling that results in clinical bone disease is also outlined, thus informing the current state of science and clinical practice.
Analyzing the Multiwavelength Spectrum of BL Lacertae during the 1997 July Outburst

The multiwavelength spectrum of BL Lacertae during its July 1997 outburst is analyzed in terms of different variations of the homogeneous leptonic jet model for the production of high-energy radiation from blazars. We find that a two-component γ-ray spectrum, consisting of a synchrotron self-Compton and an external Compton component, is required in order to yield an acceptable fit to the broadband spectrum. Our analysis indicates that in BL Lac, unlike other BL Lac objects, the broad emission-line region plays an important role for the high-energy emission. Several alternative blazar jet models are briefly discussed. In the Appendix, we describe the formalism in which this latter process is treated in the previously developed blazar jet simulation code which we use.
Effects of break scheduling strategies on subjective and objective measures of neck and shoulder muscle fatigue in asymptomatic adults performing a standing task requiring static neck flexion.

Abstract Sustained non-neutral postures of the head/neck are related to transient neck discomfort and longer-term disorders of the neck. Periodic breaks can help but the ideal length and frequency of breaks are yet to be determined. The current study aimed to quantify the effects of three work-rest strategies on fatigue development. Participants maintained a 45-degree neck flexion posture for a total of 60 min and were provided 3 min of rest distributed in different ways throughout the experiment [LONG (one, 3-min break), MEDIUM (two, 1.5-min breaks), or SHORT (five, 36-s breaks)]. Surface electromyography data were collected from the bilateral neck extensors and trapezius. Subjective discomfort/fatigue ratings were also gathered. Results of the analysis of the EMG data revealed that the SHORT condition did not show increased EMG activity, while LONG [21%] and MEDIUM [10%] did (p