cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of carbon additions on the as-cast microstructure and defect formation of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy

Abstract In an effort to reduce grain defects in large single crystal Ni-base superalloy components, carbon is intentionally added. In this study, the effect of carbon additions on the microstructure and solidification defect formation of a model Ni-based superalloy, LMSX-1, was examined. The results show that the tendency of the alloy to form all types of solidification defects decreased as the carbon content increased. The as-cast microstructures also exhibited a decrease in the amount of γ–γ′ eutectic structure and an increase in the volume fraction of carbides and porosity, as the carbon content was increased. The carbides formed in these alloys were mostly of script-type MC carbides which formed continuous, dendritic networks in the interdendritic region. Microprobe analysis of the as-cast structures showed that the partitioning coefficients did not change with carbon additions. Therefore, the reduction in defect formation with increasing carbon content could not be attributed to changes in segregation behavior of alloying elements. Instead, the presence of these carbides in the interdendritic regions of the alloy appeared to have prevented the thermosolutal fluid flow.
Reaction to the Diagnosis of Cancer Questionnaire: development and psychometric evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to assess the initial reactions of individuals to the diagnosis of cancer. Content validity was built into the Reaction to the Diagnosis of Cancer Questionnaire (RDCQ) through responses supplied by 340 ambulatory cancer patients to the question, “What
Model for X-ray Sources Based on Magnetic Field Twisting

SEVERAL X-ray sources have been identified with binary stellar systems. It has been generally concluded that the presence of X-rays implies one of the stars must be a collapsed object (white dwarf, neutron star or black hole) which accretes matter from the other star, thus producing the X-rays. To a certain extent, this conclusion is based on the absence at present of any reasonable alternative model for the origin of X-rays. Because of the importance of establishing whether binary X-ray sources contain collapsed objects, we feel that it is worthwhile to attempt to construct alternative models and to derive their observational properties.
Initiation and Early Development of Fiber in Wild and Cultivated Cotton

Cultivated cotton fiber has undergone transformation from short, coarse fibers found in progenitor wild species to economically important, long, fine fibers grown globally. Morphological transformation requires understanding of development of wild fiber and developmental differences between wild and cultivated fiber. We examined early development of fibers, including abundance and placement on seed surface, nucleus position, presence of vacuoles, and fiber size and shape. Four species were studied using microscopic, morphometric, and statistical methods: Gossypium raimondii (wild D genome), Gossypium herbaceum (cultivated A genome), Gossypium hirsutum (wild tetraploid), and Gossypium hirsutum (cultivated tetraploid). Early fiber development is highly asynchronous in G. raimondii but more synchronous in other taxa. Significant changes associated with domestication include pronounced synchronization of fiber development in G. hirsutum relative to other taxa studied, implicating unconscious selection that sh...
Effects of sarin on the operant behavior of guinea pigs

Abstract The present study evaluated the dose–response effects of subacute exposure to sublethal doses of the organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) sarin (GB) on the operant behavior of guinea pigs. Dietary restricted guinea pigs, trained to respond for food under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement, were injected five times per week (Monday–Friday) for 2 weeks with fractions (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4) of the established LD50 of GB (42 μg/kg). Changes in body weight, whole blood (WB) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, and operant performances were monitored over the 2 weeks of GB exposure and for an additional 2 weeks following the termination of exposures. There were dose-related changes in body weight and WB AChE levels throughout the exposure and post-exposure periods. Several parameters of PR performance were disrupted during exposure to 0.4 LD50 GB, however, concurrent weight loss indicated the presence of overt toxicity. PR performance recovered following the termination of exposures. Lower doses (0.1 and 0.2 LD50) of GB failed to produce reliable effects on operant performance during the exposure period. Overall responding decreased during exposure to 0.4 LD50 GB, resulting in reduced response rates and break points. The decrease in overall response rates was attributed to an increase in pausing since there was no decrease in running rate. Motor effects of 0.4 LD50 GB were evident as an increase in the proportion of lever press durations ≥ 1.0 s. In the present study, doses of GB lower than 0.4 LD50 produced no marked alteration of operant performance in guinea pigs, although WB AChE levels were maximally inhibited to 20% of control.
Toward an early warning system of financial crises: What can index futures and options tell us?

Abstract This research develops an early warning system (EWS) for equity market crises based on multinomial logit models and variables relating to the information content of index futures and option markets. We show that the information impounded in S&P 500 futures and options is useful as leading indicators of financial crises. Results reveal that models estimated with futures and put options significantly improve the medium-term predictability of equity market crises. Variables that consistently provided information of an impending crisis include: the VIX, open interest, dollar volume, put option price, put option effective spread, and the Treasury term spread.
Distribution of [35S]taurine in mouse retina after intravitreal and intravascular injection.

The distribution of [35S]taurine in mouse retinae was studied by autoradiographic techniques after either intravitreal or intravascular injection. The route of injection did not affect the final localization. The major sites of label accumulation were the outer nuclear layer, the inner nuclear layer, and Muller cell processes adjacent to the vitreal surface. The distribution is consistent with the interpretation that taurine is localized within two cellular compartments of mouse retina, photoreceptor cells and Muller cells.
A population model for dermestid beetle survival under starvation and cannibalism

The larvae of dermestid beetles frequently engage in cannibalistic behavior. A mathematical model based on cannibalistic feedback, probability of attack survival, and probability of surviving starvation predicts survivors for larval populations confined without food.
Dynamics of domain walls in ferrodistortive materials. I. Theory

A theoretical study of domain walls in uniaxial displacive ferrodistortive systems is presented. We start from a generalized Langevin equation of motion for the movements of the ions, which includes dissipative terms and external fields, in addition to anharmonic and strain-force terms. We obtain large- and small-amplitude solutions corresponding to domain walls and the usual soft-mode phonons, respectively. We show that apart from translation the domain walls are absolutely stable solutions of our equation and that in external fields they reach a unique terminal velocity. The linear dependence of the velocity on the field allows us to define a temperature-dependent mobility which is related to the diffusion coefficient for the wall. Furthermore, we calculate analytically the dynamic structure factor due to domain walls and soft-mode phonons. We find that the Brownian motion of the domain walls leads to a very narrow Rayleigh peak. As we show in the second paper of this series, our model is useful in correlating and interpreting experiments in this field.
A Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI): Description, Calibration, and Use

An eight-stage cascade impactor, with cut-sizes ranging from 0.056 to 18 μm at a flow rate of 30 L/min, has been developed, calibrated, and tested in field programs. This impactor, called a microorifice uniform deposit impactor, has several features not normally found in cascade impactors. Ultrafine particles as small as 0.056 μm are collected while keeping the pressure drop moderate by utilizing multiple nozzles (up to 2000) as small as 52 μm in diameter. At each stage the collected particles are deposited uniformly over the entire impaction plate by rotating the impaction plate relative to the nozzles and by the correct radial placement of the nozzles. The particle cutoff characteristics (collection efficiency curves) of each stage and interstage losses were determined by means of monodisperse aerosols. The cutoff characteristics were found to be sharp and similar for all stages. This is Publication No. 758 from the Particle Technology Laboratory.
Precision orbit computation in geodesy and geodynamics with KS variables

Abstract KS variables are an alternative and extended set of variables for describing the motion of a satellite. They originate in an idea of Levi-Civita for employing the theory of complex variables in three dimensional problems. KS variables turn out to be a generalized Spinor, are related to Quaternions, and have a deep meaning in mechanics. When used with the eccentric anomaly as the independent variable, the satellite motion is given as a regularized system of 10 first order ordinary differential equations. For orbit computation these variables have advantage in both numerical and analytical threatment. The energy equation becomes one of the equations and numerical methods are very stable. High eccentricity orbits are easily treated in both cases. With numerical methods, the step size variation is reduced. In analytical methods, expansion in powers of eccentricity is avoided.
Time-frequency based ISAR image formation technique

Conventional radar range-Doppler imaging uses the Fourier transform to retrieve Doppler information. Due to a target's complex motion, the Doppler frequency shifts are actually time-varying. By using the Fourier transform, the Doppler spectrum becomes smeared and the image becomes blurred. In this paper, we propose a time-frequency based ISAR image formation technique to replace the Fourier based ISAR image formation for resolving image blurring problem without resorting to sophisticated motion compensation algorithms. Some high resolution time-frequency transforms are discussed and examples of applying the time-frequency based image formation to simulated ISAR data are given.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Selective clinical management of anterior abdominal stab wounds.

Abstract Background The optimal management of clinically stable patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds (AASWs) is debated. We implemented a protocol of serial clinical assessments to determine the need for laparotomy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the approach is safe and effective. Methods Records of patients sustaining AASWs from 1999 to 2003 were reviewed. Results Seventy-seven patients sustained AASWs. Twenty-five were taken directly to the operating room because of hypotension (5), evisceration (7), or peritonitis (15). Seventeen patients had diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) for associated thoracoabdominal wounds and 5 had local wound exploration (LWE) off protocol. The remaining 30 patients were managed with serial clinical assessments and were discharged uneventfully. Conclusion Patients sustaining AASWs who present without hypotension, evisceration, or peritonitis may be managed safely under a protocol of serial clinical evaluations. This approach should be compared with LWE/DPL in a prospective, randomized multicenter trial.
Reoperative Experience with Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Intense postoperative monitoring has resulted in increasing detection of patients with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Our goals included quantifying successful reoperation, and analyzing surgical complications and reasons for relapse. From 1999 to 2008, a total of 410 patients underwent reoperation for PTC relapse. We analyzed post-reoperative disease outcomes, reasons for relapse, and complications. Bilateral reoperative thyroidectomy was performed in 13 (3 %) patients; lobectomy, 34 (8 %); central neck (VI) soft tissue local recurrence excision, 47 (11.5 %); bilateral VI node dissection, 107 (26 %); unilateral VI dissection, 112 (27 %); levels II–V dissection, 93 (23 %); levels III–V, 86 (21 %); lateral single- or two-compartment dissection, 51 (12 %); and node picking, 20 (5 %) of level VI and 53 (13 %) lateral neck. Complications occurred in 6 %; including hypoparathyroidism, 3 %; unintentional recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis, 3 %; phrenic nerve injury, 0.5 %; spinal accessory nerve injury, 0.5 %; and chyle leak in 1.6 %. Of 380 (93 %) patients with follow-up (mean 5.2 years); 274 (72 %) patients are alive with no structural evidence of disease, 38 % developed disease relapse (mean 2.1 years), 42 (11 %) died from PTC, and 55 (14 %) are alive with disease. The reason for relapse was a false negative pre-reoperative ultrasound (US) in 18 (5 %), nodal recurrence in the operative field in 37 (10 %), a combination of these two reasons in 10 (3 %), and disease virulence (local or systemic recurrence) in 81 (21 %). Although 72 % of patients were rendered structurally disease free after reoperation, nearly 40 % suffered additional relapse. Improved surgical technique or preoperative localization might positively affect 15–20 %; at least 20 % reflect the biologic aggressiveness of the disease.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonism modulates plasma corticosterone in rodents.

Although the involvement of cannabinoids and the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis in rodents is well documented, the precise role played by the cannabinoid type one (CB1) receptor in this effect has not been fully elucidated. Consequently, we investigated the role of CB1 receptor in modulating plasma corticosterone concentrations through use of the potent and selective CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A and CB1 receptor knockout mice. Rats were administered SR141716A (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, i.v.) and blood was sampled at 0, 15, 60, 90 and 120 min postinjection. SR141716A dose- and time-dependently increased plasma corticosterone levels and maximum effects were obtained with the 1 mg/kg dose 60 min postinjection. In mice, SR141716A (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) also induced a dose-dependent rise in corticosterone levels 60 min postinjection; this rise reached plateau levels with the 0.3–1 mg/kg doses. The stimulatory effect of SR141716A (1 mg/kg, i.p.) on plasma corticosterone 60 min postinjection was abolished in the CB1 receptor knockout mice, which did not show any difference in basal corticosterone levels as compared to their wild-type controls. Finally, the stimulatory effects of SR141716A (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on plasma corticosterone 60 min postinjection were retained after subchronic dosing (5 days, once daily) in mice. The present results indicate that SR141716A increases plasma corticosterone in rats and mice possibly through blockade of CB1 receptors, an effect that is retained after subchronic dosing in mice. These data provide support for the notion that changes in plasma corticosterone concentrations may be used in the laboratory and the clinic to assess the effects of CB1 receptor antagonism.
Central charge and universal combinations of amplitudes in two-dimensional theories away from criticality.

For a general isotropic two-dimensional theory near criticality, the universal singular free energy per correlation volume ${f}_{s}{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}$ is equal to $\ensuremath{-}(\frac{c}{12}\ensuremath{\pi})(2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}){(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $c$ is the central charge of the theory at criticality, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the usual specific-heat exponent, and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is defined (for $\ensuremath{\alpha}g0$) in terms of the second moment of the energy correlations. Some generalizations of this result are also noted.
Properties of noble gases and binary mixtures for closed Brayton Cycle applications

Abstract A review is conducted of the properties of the noble gases, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon, and their binary mixtures at pressures from 0.1 to 20 MPa and temperatures up to 1400 K. An extensive database of experimental measurements is compiled and used to develop semi-empirical properties correlations. The correlations accurately account for the effects of pressure and temperature on the thermodynamic and transport properties of these gases for potential uses in space (∼2 MPa and up to 1400 K) and terrestrial (∼7.0 MPa and up to 1200 K) applications of Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC). The developed correlations are based on the Chapman–Enskog kinetic theory for dilute gases, and on the application of the law of corresponding states to account for the dependence of properties on pressure. The correlations use the critical temperature and density of the gases as scaling parameters, and their predictions are compared with the compiled database. At temperatures ⩾400 K and pressures ⩽2 MPa in CBC space power systems, He and Ne, and the binary mixtures of He–Xe and He–Kr with molecular weights ⩽40 g/mole behave essentially like a perfect gas, and the error of neglecting the effect of pressure on their compressibility factor, specific heats and transport properties is ⩽1%. At a typical operating pressure of 7.0 MPa and up to 1200 K in terrestrial CBC power plants, neglecting the effect of pressure can result in ∼4% error in the properties of noble gases and the binary mixtures of He–Xe and He–Kr with molecular weights ⩽40 g/mole, and as much as 20% error for pure argon. Therefore, when operating at pressures >2.0 MPa and/or using noble gases or binary mixtures with molecular weights > 40 g/mole, the present correlations should be used to accurately predict the thermodynamic and transport properties.
Techniques for evaluating classifiers in application

ABSTRACT In gauging the generalization capability of a classiÞer, a good evaluation technique should adhere to certainprinciples. For instance, the technique should evaluate a selected classiÞer, not simply an architecture. Secondly,a solution should be assessable at the classiÞerOs design and, further, throughout its application. Additionally,the technique should be insensitive to data presentation and cover a signiÞcant portion of the classiÞerOs domain.Such principles call for methods beyond supervised learning and statistical training techniques such as crossvalidation.For this paper, we shall discuss the evaluation of a generalization in application. For illustration, we willpresent a method for the multilayer perceptron (MLP) that may be drawn from the unlabeled data collected inthe operational use of a given classiÞer. These conclusions support self-supervised learning and computationalmethods that isolate unstable, nonrepresentational regions in the classiÞer. 1. INTRODUCTION Pattern recognition is concerned with representing information fully and accurately in the computer, and tradi-tional methods investigate trends and consistencies in data. As a process, pattern recognition assimilates eventsof interest into larger patterns
Engaging families in child mental health services.

The last decade has brought important advances in the area of children’s mental health, including a concerted focus on building a scientific base for understanding the mental health difficulties that our most vulnerable members of society experience and examining the impact of services that potentially reduce child mental health needs [1,2]. Serious concern remains, however, as to whether the current child mental health service delivery system can identify and reach youth in need of care. The US Surgeon General identified meeting the mental health needs of youth by ensuring the receipt of appropriate and relevant mental health care as a national priority [2,3]. These calls to attend to children’s mental health needs are not new. In the early 1980s, Knitzer [4,5] severely criticized the child mental health service delivery system as failing to respond to youths in serious need of mental health care. Two decades later, rates of child mental health difficulties remain at alarming levels, with an estimated 17% to 26% of youths in need of mental health care across the United States [6–9]. Within low-income, urban communities, rates of child mental health care need have been found to be even higher, with as many as 40% of youths evidencing signs of mental health difficulties [10]. Numerous recent reports and research studies highlight the fact that most children with mental health difficulties do not receive any type of mental health care [2,3,8,11,12]. For example, a report by the National Institute of Mental Health [13] concluded that approximately 75% of children with mental health needs do not have any contact with the child mental health service system. This disparity between need and use of services was found to be highest for minority youth [13,14]. Unfortunately, these rates are identical to those reported in the
Managerial Values as a Reflection of Culture and the Process of Industrialization

This study examines the relative roles of culture and industrialization as explanations for the similarities in the value systems of managers in five countries. Results indicate that both explanati...
A Connexin50 Mutant, CX50fs, That Causes Cataracts Is Unstable, but Is Rescued by a Proteasomal Inhibitor

The mechanisms by which mutant connexins lead to disease are diverse, including those of connexin50 (CX50) encoded by the GJA8 gene. We investigated the cellular and functional behavior of CX50fs, a mutant CX50 that has a frameshift after amino acid 255 and causes recessive congenital cataracts. Cellular levels of CX50fs were much lower than those of wild type CX50 in stably transfected HeLa cells. Whereas CX50 localized at distinct gap junction plaques and supported extensive intercellular transfer of Neurobiotin, CX50fs gap junctions were rare, and their support of Neurobiotin transfer was reduced by >90%. After inhibition of new protein synthesis with cycloheximide, CX50fs disappeared much more rapidly than CX50, suggesting increased degradation of the mutant. Treatment of cells with epoxomicin (a proteasomal inhibitor) led to a dramatic increase in CX50fs levels and in the abundance of gap junctions. Epoxomicin treatment also rescued intercellular transfer of Neurobiotin to levels similar to those in cells expressing the wild type protein. Treatment with eeyarestatin I (an inhibitor of p97-dependent protein degradation) resulted in many abundant slowly migrating CX50 and CX50fs bands consistent with polyubiquitination of the proteins. These results demonstrate that the CX50fs mutant is rapidly degraded by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in mammalian cells. This accelerated degradation reduces the abundance of gap junctions and the extent of intercellular communication, potentially explaining the pathogenesis of cataracts linked to this mutant. The efficacy of epoxomicin in restoring function suggests that protease inhibition might have therapeutic value for this and other diseases caused by mutants with similar defects.
Survival of xenogeneic grafts of embryonic pigment and carapace rudiments in embryos of Chelydra serpentina

In a study of survival of embryonic grafts in turtles, Chelydra was used as host and Chrysemys and Amyda as donors. Somites and overlying ectoderm with or without adjacent neural tube were transplanted. The operations were unilateral and orthotopic. The involved the anterior portion of the carapace. In other experiments, bilateral neural crest and dorsal neural tube were transplanted orthotopically. In experiments with Chrysemys as donor, pigment cells formed conspicuous red areas ventrally when neural crest was included in the graft. This pigment faded gradually but persisted for three or four years. When somites and adjacent ectoderm of Chrysemys carapace were transplanted, the graft area was lightly pigmented at hatching. This pigmentation increased subsequently. The Chrysemys grafts were either accepted or partially rejected. In cases of apparent complete acceptance, the graft region took on characteristics of the host. When Amyda served as donor of carapace rudiments, the graft area retained characteristics of the donor. At hatching, dark spots on a yellow background were present and scutes were absent. A few months after hatching, the graft area became necrotic. Subsequently, scutes with host characteristics or skin covered the graft area.
Fecal microbiota transplantation as therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aims Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has gained interest as a novel treatment option for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While publications describing FMT as therapy for IBD have more than doubled since 2012, research that investigates FMT treatment efficacy has been scarce. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of FMT as treatment for patients with IBD.
Analysis of stress in cross wedge rolling with application to failure

In the present investigation, a previously developed three-dimensional finite-element model for the cross-wedge rolling (CWR) process has been used to characterize the workpiece material stress and deformation behavior. Particular attention has been paid to the center and mid-radius points of the billet where internal defects (i.e. internal cracks and porous voids) often occur. Several failure criteria in the solid mechanics theory are summarized. The effect of three important CWR parameters, namely the forming angle, the area reduction, and the friction coefficient, on the field variables has been investigated, including the first principal stresses, maximum shear stresses, etc. A total of 14 rolling conditions are analyzed for the billet material aluminum alloy 1100. After initially verifying the numerical results, several tendencies for the CWR process, as related to failure, are ascertained and discussed.
The total synthesis of gambierol.

This communication describes the total synthesis of the marine polyether toxin, gambierol. This work couples our iterative C-glycoside/enol ether−olefin metathesis strategy to the subunits with a unique olefin metathesis/carbonyl olefination reaction to bring the subunits together.
ESR investigation of photodamage to zinc oxide powders

Abstract The esr technique was used to investigate the effects of iron cyanide surface additives on photodamage to ZnO in powder form. The photodamage was monitored by the resonance at a g value of about 1.96, which is comprised of two independent resonances with g values of 1.9564 and 1.9600. The intensity of these lines increased upon ultraviolet irradiation in vacuum and, upon subsequent exposure of the ZnO to oxygen, there was a substantial decrease of the g = 1.9564 line. The response to irradiation and subsequent exposure of ZnO to oxygen suggests that the resonances correspond to the two photo-damage defects with optical absorptions in the infrared and visible, respectively. Photo-damage was not observable when the iron cyanide surface additive was present on ZnO at 10−3 monolayers or more, and this result is in qualitative agreement with that reported for single crystals with iron cyanide surface additives. In preliminary studies of the effects of dislocations, it was observed that ZnO with dislocations caused the g ∼ 1.96 line to increase faster upon ultraviolet irradiation in vacuum than would normal ZnO.
Effect of indoor nitrogen dioxide on lung function in urban environment

Background High levels of indoor NO2 are associated with increased asthma symptoms and decreased expiratory peak flows in children. We investigated the association of exposure to domestic indoor NO2, objectively measured in winter and spring, with respiratory symptoms and lung function in a sample of adolescents from a southern Mediterranean area. Methods From a large school population sample (n=2150) participating in an epidemiological survey in the urban area of the City of Palermo (southern Italy), a sub-sample of 303 adolescents was selected which furnished an enriched sample for cases of current asthma. All subjects were evaluated by a health questionnaire, skin prick tests and spirometry. One-week indoor NO2 monitoring of their homes was performed by diffusive sampling during spring and again during winter. Results We found that about 25% of subjects were exposed to indoor NO2 levels higher than the 40 µg/m3 World Health Organization limit, during both spring and winter. Moreover, subjects exposed to the highest indoor NO2 concentrations had increased frequency of current asthma (p=0.005), wheeze episodes in the last 12 months (p<0.001), chronic phlegm (p=0.013), and rhinoconjunctivitis (p=0.008). Finally, subjects with a personal history of wheeze ever had poorer respiratory function (FEF25–75%, p=0.01) when exposed to higher indoor NO2 concentrations. Conclusions Home exposure to high indoor NO2 levels frequently occurs in adolescents living in a southern Mediterranean urban area and is significantly associated with the risks for increased frequency of both respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function.
Self-Reported Symptoms of Psychological Distress Experienced by Latinos Seeking HIV-Related Mental Health Care

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the symptoms of psychological distress presented by Latinos living with HIV/AIDS upon their self-enrollment into publicly funded HIV-related mental healthcare. Latinos in this sample presented for care with significantly lower levels of psychological distress than the normative sample across three dimensions of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): obsessive compulsivity (p < .05), interpersonal sensitivity (p < .05), and anxiety (p < .05). Symptoms of somatization (p < .05) and paranoid ideation (p < .05) were significantly higher in this sample than the general population. It appears that Latinos are self-enrolling in mental healthcare services, but their presentations of levels of psychological distress are significantly different from those documented among the general population. These findings offer health professionals additional considerations that may increase the extent to which their services are responsive to the particular ...
Cyclopentadienyl substituent effects on reductive elimination reactions in group 4 metallocenes: kinetics, mechanism, and application to dinitrogen activation.

The rate of reductive elimination for a family of zirconocene isobutyl hydride complexes, Cp*(CpRn)Zr(CH2CHMe2)H (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, CpRn = substituted cyclopentadienyl), has been measured as a function of cyclopentadienyl substituent. In general, the rate of reductive elimination increases modestly with the incorporation of sterically demanding substituents such as [CMe3] or [SiMe3]. A series of isotopic labeling experiments was used to elucidate the mechanism and rate-determining step for the reductive elimination process. From these studies, a new zirconocene isobutyl hydride complex, Cp‘ ‘2Zr(CH2CHMe2)(H) (Cp‘ ‘ = η5-C5H3-1,3-(SiMe3)2), was designed and synthesized such that facile reductive elimination of isobutane and activation of dinitrogen was observed. The resulting dinitrogen complex, [Cp‘ ‘2Zr]2(μ2, η2,η2-N2), has been characterized by X-ray diffraction and displays a bond length of 1.47 A for the N2 ligand, the longest observed in any metallocene dinitrogen complex. Solution magnetic susceptibil...
Heterogeneity and complexity of α1-adrenoceptors in the ovine uterine artery and umbilical vein

Abstract To understand the subtypes of α1-adrenoceptors in the regulation of uterine and umbilical vascular function, the subtypes of α1-adrenoceptors in the ovine uterine artery and umbilical vein were investigated pharmacologically. The use of the irreversible α1B-adrenoceptor antagonist, chloroethylclonidine, revealed the heterogeneity of α1-adrenoceptors in these two tissues. Chloroethylclonidine showed different patterns of action. While it depressed the maximal contraction to norepinephrine in the umbilical vein, it did not decrease the maximal response in the uterine artery. The α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxyethyl) aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane (WB 4101), competitively inhibited norepinephrine-induced contractile responses in the ovine uterine artery and umbilical vein with intermediate pA2 values of 8.30 and 8.45, respectively. Combined use of chloroethylclonidine with either prazosin or WB 4101 produced an additive inhibition of norepinephrine-induced contractions in both tissues, suggesting an interaction of WB 4101 with a chloroethylclonidine-insensitive α1-adrenoceptor. However, the chloroethylclonidine-insensitive α1-adrenoceptor differed on the affinity for prazosin in the uterine artery and umbilical vein. The Ca2+ channel blocker, nifedipine, inhibited contractions to both the chloroethylclonidine-sensitive α1-adrenoceptor (α1B subtype) and the chloroethylclonidine-insensitive α1-adrenoceptor in both tissues. Prazosin, WB 4101 and chloroethylclonidine all inhibited norepinephrine-induced contraction due to the release of calcium from intracellular stores in both tissues. Our results suggest that there is heterogeneity and complexity of α1-adrenoceptors in the ovine uterine artery and umbilical vein. Both the chloroethylclonidine-sensitive and -insensitive α1-adrenoceptor may use both intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ sources. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Neonatal neurobehavioral outcome following prenatal exposure to Cocaine

This substudy of a longitudinal prospective study was designed to assess neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral performance in newborn infants who were maternally exposed to cocaine and other drugs of abuse or the other drugs without cocaine. Sample selection procedures were designed to permit statistical control for marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco. Cocaine was assessed with both self-report and radioimmunoassay of hair. One hundred ninety-one newborns with a mean age of 43 h were assessed for 35 to 40 min on tests of reflexes, activity level, head-turning preference, tremors, nonnutritive sucking, habituation, and state. The testers were blinded to the baby's drug exposure. Cocaine-exposed newborns were developmentally at risk on the tests administered compared to infants exposed to the other three drugs alone or in some combination. A dose-response effect was found: higher amounts of cocaine were associated with higher neurobehavioral risk scores.
Intravenous cocaine-induced activity in A/J and C57BL/6J mice: behavioral sensitization and conditioned activity.

Abstract The stimulant properties of cocaine have been extensively investigated in the mouse using either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of drug. However, cocaine use in humans often involves intravenous (i.v.) administration of drug. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for studying i.v. cocaine-induced activity in the mouse, which allows within-session determination of the dose-response function, and assessment of the development of behavioral sensitization and conditioned activity. The stimulant effects of i.v. cocaine (3–25 mg/kg) were investigated in C57BL/6J and A/J mice both acutely and following repeated treatments (four treatments at 48 hour intervals), in addition to the conditioned activating properties of the cocaine-paired context. Cocaine produced a dose-dependent increase in measures of motor activity in both strains of mice. Repeated cocaine treatments resulted in the development of behavioral sensitization to the stimulant properties of the drug at all doses tested, and exposure to the cocaine-paired context in the absence of drug revealed the development of conditioned activity. While both C57BL/6J and A/J strains displayed these phenomena, differences were observed between ambulation and total beam breaks, highlighting differences between multiple behavioral end-points. Both strains of mice displayed conditioned activity of a higher magnitude than their response to novelty, in addition to a positive relationship between the number of drug-environment pairings and the magnitude of the conditioned response. In summary, these data extend to the i.v. route of administration previous observations on cocaine-induced activity and conditioned activity.
S7.2 Measurement and community mobilisation do not have to be mutually exclusive: preliminary analysis from a scaled programme

Community mobilisation approaches within the HIV/AIDS landscape have rarely operated at a significant scale, or been designed with the conceptual and technical clarity necessary to be measured effectively. Measurement of community mobilisation by necessity has been undertaken through innovative qualitative approaches but these have often lacked the rigour or complementary qualitative methods to provide adequate analysis on the association with outcomes or the path to generating HIV/AIDS outcomes. Avahan may provide new insights into community mobilisation and structural interventions as an effective and replicable approach within comprehensive HIV prevention programming. The experience of retrofitting measurement into a “living” programme and developing measurement indicators and tools to work at scale provide practical examples of what can be done. The Avahan logic model, proposed measurement approach and some preliminary analysis of risk reduction and sustainability outcomes as a result of community mobilisation and structural interventions will be presented.
Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck with Perineural Invasion: Defining the Clinical Target Volumes Based on the Pattern of Failure

Purpose To analyze patterns of failure in patients with head-and-neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNCSCC) and clinical/radiologic evidence of perineural invasion (CPNI), in order to define neural clinical target volume (CTV) for treatment planning. Methods and Materials Patients treated with three-dimensional (3D) conformal or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for HNCSCC with CPNI were included in the study. A retrospective review of the clinical charts, radiotherapy (RT) plans and radiologic studies has been conducted. Results Eleven consecutive patients with HNCSCCs with CPNI were treated from 2000 through 2007. Most patients underwent multiple surgical procedures and RT courses. The most prevalent failure pattern was along cranial nerves (CNs), and multiple CNs were ultimately involved in the majority of cases. In all cases the involved CNs at recurrence were the main nerves innervating the primary tumor sites, as well as their major communicating nerves. We have found several distinct patterns of disease spread along specific CNs depending on the skin regions harboring the primary tumors, including multiple branches of CN V and VII. These patterns and the pertinent anatomy are detailed in the this article. Conclusions Predictable disease spread patterns along cranial nerves supplying the primary tumor sites were found in this study. Awareness of these patterns, as well as knowledge of the relevant cranial nerve anatomy, should be the basis for CTV definition and delineation for RT treatment planning.
Science Teachers’ Use of Mass Media to Address Socio-Scientific and Sustainability Issues

The currency, relevancy and changing nature of science makes it a natural topic of focus for mass media outlets. Science teachers and students can capitalize on this wealth of scientific information to explore socio-scientific and sustainability issues; however, without a lens on how those media are created and how representations of science are constructed through media, the use of mass media in the science classroom may be risky. Limited research has explored how science teachers naturally use mass media to explore scientific issues in the classroom or how mass media is used to address potential overlaps between socio-scientific-issue based instruction and education for sustainability. This naturalistic study investigated the reported and actual classroom uses of mass media by secondary science teachers’ to explore socio-scientific and sustainability issues as well as the extent to which their instructional approaches did or did not overlap with frameworks for SSI-based instruction, education for sustainability, and media literacy education. The results of this study suggest that secondary science teachers use mass media to explore socio-scientific and sustainability issues, but their use of frameworks aligned with SSI-based, education for sustainability, and media literacy education was limited. This paper provides suggestions for how we, as science educators and researchers, can advance a teaching and learning agenda for encouraging instruction that more fully utilizes the potential of mass media to explore socio-scientific issues in line with perspectives from education for sustainability.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COMMON ELAND (TAUROTRAGUS ORYX) ESTROUS CYCLE

Three species of Tragelaphine (spiral horned) antelopes are endangered including the Eastern Bongo. Though most antelope species are represented as captive herds, a detailed characterization of their estrous cycles has not been described. In a crossover experimental design utilizing two groups of four females (n = 8), two estrus synchronization treatments were applied to each female. The treatments were: 1) PGF2∝ (Lutalyse®, 25 mg IM) repeated 11 days later and 2) administration of a progestin (altrenogest, 5 mL, 2.2% p.o.) for 7 days followed by PGF2∝ (25 mg IM) on 7th day. Blood samples were collected three days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) per week until 2 days before expected estrus when ovaries were examined via transrectal ultrasound once daily and blood samples were collected twice daily, until the dominant follicle was absent. Blood samples were then collected three days per week until two days before the predicted subsequent natural estrus, when intensive ultrasound and blood collection was resumed. Plasma progesterone levels were determined via competitive radioimmunoassay utilizing a double antibody system from a commercially available kit (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Webster, TX, USA). Progesterone levels declined in an equal number of females (n = 6 or 75%) following prostaglandin injection in treatments 1 and 2, suggesting both methods to synchronize the estrous cycle or induce estrus are equally effective. Five of the eight females ovulated at least once during the study. A total of eight (25%) of the 32 possible ovulations were detected by ultrasound observation and confirmed by progesterone levels. Basal progesterone levels for the ovulating females around the days of ovulation were approximately 0.5 ng mL–1 and peaked at approximately 2 ng mL–1 during the luteal phase. Ultrasound observed ovulations occurred as frequently on the right ovary as the left. Two animals from treatment 2 ovulated during both the induced and natural cycles on alternate ovaries. An interovulatory interval of 21 days was observed and agrees with data previously reported by Durrant (1983 Zoo Biol. 2, 191–197). The average time to ovulation after PGF2∝ injection was 69 h (range 58–82 h). The average follicular size 12 to 24 h prior to ovulation was 9 and 7 mm for the induced and natural ovulations, respectively, suggesting that eland follicles ovulate at 10 mm. The described technology allows hormonal and ultrasonographic characterization of the estrous cycle in the eland antelope.
Uptake and release of possible false transmitter amino acids by rat brain tissue.

—The uptake of l[14C]glutamine by a crude isolated nerve ending fraction of rat brain was found to be linear with time for at least 5 min, profoundly temperature-dependent, apparently half-saturated at a substrate concentration of 0·26 mm, partially inhibited by dinitrophenol and ouabain and elevated [K+], weakly Na+-dependent, poorly inhibited by drugs which block uptake of biogenic amines and more strongly inhibited by glutamic acid (IC50= 0·5mm) than by aspartic acid, GABA, glycine or methionine. The [14C]glutamine taken up appeared to be associated with nerve endings and was released by membrane-disruption; about 20 per cent was associated with free mitochondria. Glutamine, δ-aminolevulinic acid and several other amino acids were poor inhibitors of [3H]GABA-uptake; δ-aminolevulinic acid was a poor inhibitor of [3H]glutamine-uptake, whereas glutamine was a moderately effective competitive inhibitor (Ki= 1 mm). [14C]glutamine and [3H]GABA were released from brain slices by electrical stimulation or 50 mm K+, while labeled δ-aminolevulinic acid, leucine, urea, amphetamine and tyramine were poorly released. [14C]glutamine was not released by unlabeled glutamate or several aromatic amines. We conclude that the neuropsychiatric features of porphyria are not likely due to a ‘false transmitter’ role for δ-aminolevulinic acid although such a role for glutamine in hepatic encephalopathy or other neuropsychiatric diseases should be considered.
Green-Winged Teal Ingest Epibenthic Meiofauna

Several hundred green-winged teal (Aves: Anatidae: Anas crecca) were observed foraging along a mudflat devoid of seeds and only sparsely inhabited by macrobenthic infauna in southwestern Louisiana. Of eight teal collected in this habitat, four had ingested substantial numbers of meiofauna. Use of prey in this size range has not been reported for waterfowl. Meiofauna have been recognized only recently as important components of the food chain of marsh ecosystems. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY058 00014
Recombination within the human MHC

Recombination (crossing over) in the human MHC is thought to have played a role in generation of novel alleles at various HLA loci. It is also responsible for the diversity observed at the haplotype level, although the functional consequences of this activity are not clear. Historic and family studies of recombination have provided estimations of recombination fractions across the MHC and identified potential hotspots for recombination in the class II region. Other characteristics of recombination in the human MHC such as haplotype specificity in recombination frequency and localized sequence motifs involved in recombination have been considered, but have been difficult to address given the constraints of human population studies. Single-sperm typing holds promise in overcoming some of the limitations inherent in the study of recombination in human populations. Both family-based and sperm typing analyses of recombination, along with our knowledge of linkage disequilibrium patterns in the MHC, may provide novel information regarding the evolution of HLA haplotypes that will be difficult to obtain by other means.
An introduction to scriptwriting for video and multimedia

The elements of audiovisual productions are explained and illustrated, including words, moving images, still images, graphics, narration, music, landscape sounds, pacing and titling and font styles. Three different production styles are analysed, and examples of those styles are discussed. Rules for writing spoken words, composing blocks of information, and explaining technical information to a lay audience are also provided. Storyboard and scripting forms and examples are included.*