cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architectures for High Dynamic Range, High Speed Image Sensor Readout Circuits

The stringent performance requirements of many infrared imaging applications warrant the development of precision high dynamic range, high speed focal plane arrays. In addition to achieving high dynamic range, the readout circuits for these image sensors must achieve high linearity and SNR at low power consumption. Two high dynamic range image sensor schemes that have been developed for visible range imaging were reviewed first and discuss why they cannot meet the stringent performance demands of infrared imaging. A new dynamic range extension scheme, folded multiple capture, was then described that can meet these performance requirements. Dynamic range is extended using synchronous self-reset while high SNR is maintained using few non-uniformly spaced captures and least-squares fit to estimate pixel photocurrent. The paper concludes with a description of a prototype of this architecture targeted for 3D-IC IR focal plane arrays
Repression of an activity-dependent autocrine insulin signal is required for sensory neuron development in C. elegans

Nervous system development is instructed by genetic programs and refined by distinct mechanisms that couple neural activity to gene expression. How these processes are integrated remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the regulated release of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) during development of the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system accomplishes such an integration. We find that the p38 MAP kinase PMK-3, which is required for the differentiation of chemosensory BAG neurons, limits an ILP signal that represses expression of a BAG neuron fate. ILPs are released from BAGs themselves in an activity-dependent manner during development, indicating that ILPs constitute an autocrine signal that regulates the differentiation of BAG neurons. Expression of a specialized neuronal fate is, therefore, coordinately regulated by a genetic program that sets levels of ILP expression during development, and by neural activity, which regulates ILP release. Autocrine signals of this kind might have general and conserved functions as integrators of deterministic genetic programs with activity-dependent mechanisms during neurodevelopment.
Nonassociative right hoops

The class of nonassociative right hoops, or narhoops for short, is defined as a subclass of naturally ordered right-residuated magmas, and is shown to be a variety. These algebras generalize both right quasigroups and right hoops, and we characterize the subvarieties in which the operation $$x\sqcap y=(x/y)y$$ is associative and/or commutative. Narhoops with a left unit are proved to have a top element if and only if $$\sqcap $$ is commutative, and their congruences are determined by the equivalence class of the left unit. We also show that the four identities defining narhoops are independent.
A Review of Astrophysical Jets

This review continues a series that considers our evolving understanding of the nature of astrophysical jets. These have been defined as linear structures on the sky, typically bi-polar, and originating from a common source. Ironically, the original modeling consisted of analytically solveable estimates of radiation processes based on spherical symmetry. We now know that jets are associated with outflows originating from accretion processes in star-forming regions, compact objects (such as neutron stars and black holes), $\gamma$-ray bursts associated with stellar collapse, active galactic nuclei, and in some pulsars. In pulsars, the jet production can be drawn from angular momentum loss from the pular. In accreting systems, the jet production seems to be entangled intimately with processes in the accretion disks around the compact objects. The jets can be extremely powerful in terms both of their kinetic luminosity and radiative signatures, and often emit radiation over the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to $\gamma$-rays. Astrophysical jets often appear to be one-sided and Doppler boosted. This phenomenon is usually interpreted as evidence of bulk relativistic motion of the emitting particles. In the last three decades and more and as a result of observing campaigns using detectors sensitive from radio to $\gamma$-ray energies, theoretical models of these sources have become richer and more complex. As noted above, models have moved from assumptions of isotropy that made analytic calculations possible, to fully anisotropic models of emission from the jets and their interactions with the interstellar and intra-cluster medium. Such anisotropic calculations are only possible because we now have extensive computational resources that can solver the rather complex emission models that result from such anisotropies. In addition, the degree of international cooperation required for observing campaigns of these sorts is remarkable, since the instruments include among others the Very Large Array (VLA), the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), the millimeter wave interferometeter network, and entire constellations of satellite instruments, often working in concert. This last point is critically important. The increased resolution of observational systems has taken us from degrees to arcminutes to arcseconds to milliarcseconds, and now to microarcseconds in certain instances. The milliarscecond and microarcsecond observations have shown us the truly dynamic nature of the emitting regions of these remarkable objects. In this paper, I discuss some relevant observations from these efforts and the theoretical interpretations they have occasioned.
Shareholder Voting as Veto

INTRODUCTION 1299 I. SHAREHOLDER VOTING AND RATIONAL IGNORANCE 1305 A. THE BASICS OF SHAREHOLDER VOTING 1305 B. THE RATIONALLY IGNORANT SHAREHOLDER 1312 II. VOTING AS VETO AND RATIONAL IGNORANCE 1315 III. VOTING AS VETO IN SHAREHOLDER VOTING 1322 A. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SHAREHOLDER VETO 1322 B. THE SHAREHOLDER VETO IN PRACTICE 1326 IV. THE REFORM IMPLICATIONS OF SHAREHOLDER VOTING AS VETO 1332 A. BUILDING ON THE SHAREHOLDER VETO 1332 B. REINFORCING THE SHAREHOLDER VETO 1336 C. SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS OF INITIATION VERSUS SHAREHOLDER VOTING AS VETO 1341 CONCLUSION 1345
On the Order of Gene Distribution on Chromosomes Across the Animal Kingdom

Summary Background The large-scale pattern of distribution of genes on the chromosomes in the known animal genomes is not well characterized. We hypothesized that individual genes will be distributed on chromosomes in a mathematically ordered manner across the animal kingdom. Results Twenty-one animal genomes reported in the NCBI database were examined. Numerically, there was a trend towards increasing overall gene content with increasing size of the genome as reflected by the chromosomal complement. Gene frequency on individual chromosomes in each animal genome was analyzed and demonstrated uniformity of proportions within each animal with respect to both average gene frequency on individual chromosomes and gene distribution across the unique genomes. Further, average gene distribution across animal species followed a relationship whereby it was, approximately, inversely proportional to the square root of the number of chromosomes in the unique animal genomes, consistent with the notion that there is an ordered increase in gene dispersion as the complexity of the genome increased. To further corroborate these findings a derived measure, termed gene spacing on chromosomes correlated with gene frequency and gene distribution. Conclusion As animal species have evolved, the distribution of their genes on individual chromosomes and within their genomes, when viewed on a large scale is not random, but follows a mathematically ordered process, such that as the complexity of the organism increases, the genes become less densely distributed on the chromosomes and more dispersed across the genome.
UMap: Enabling Application-driven Optimizations for Page Management

Leadership supercomputers feature a diversity of storage, from node-local persistent memory and NVMe SSDs to network-interconnected flash memory and HDD. Memory mapping files on different tiers of storage provides a uniform in- terface in applications. However, system-wide services like mmap are optimized for generality and lack flexibility for enabling application-specific optimizations. In this work, we present UMap to enable user-space page management that can be easily adapted to access patterns in applications and storage characteristics. UMap uses the userfaultfd mechanism to handle page faults in multi-threaded applications efficiently. By providing a data object abstraction layer, UMap is extensible to support various backing stores. The design of UMap supports dynamic load balancing and I/O decoupling for scalable performance. UMap also uses application hints to improve the selection of caching, prefetching, and eviction policies. We evaluate UMap in five benchmarks and real applications on two systems. Our results show that leveraging application knowledge for page management could substantially improve performance. On average, UMap achieved 1.25 to 2.5 times improvement using the adapted configurations compared to the system service.
Computing endomorphism rings and Frobenius matrices of Drinfeld modules

Abstract Let F q [ T ] be the polynomial ring over a finite field F q . We study the endomorphism rings of Drinfeld F q [ T ] -modules of arbitrary rank over finite fields. We compare the endomorphism rings to their subrings generated by the Frobenius endomorphism and deduce from this a refinement of a reciprocity law for division fields of Drinfeld modules proved in our earlier paper. We then use these results to give an efficient algorithm for computing the endomorphism rings and discuss some interesting examples produced by our algorithm.
Microscopic theory of the influence of strong attractive forces on the activated dynamics of dense glass and gel forming fluids.

We theoretically study the nonmonotonic (re-entrant) activated dynamics associated with a finite time scale kinetically defined repulsive glass to fluid to attractive glass transition in high volume fraction particle suspensions interacting via strong short range attractive forces. The classic theoretical “projection” approximation that replaces all microscopic forces by a single effective force determined solely by equilibrium pair correlations is revisited based on the “projectionless dynamic theory” (PDT). A hybrid-PDT approximation is formulated that explicitly quantifies how attractive forces induce dynamical constraints, while singular hard core interactions are treated based on the projection approach. Both the effects of interference between repulsive and attractive forces, and structural changes due to attraction-induced bond formation that competes with caging, are included. Combined with the microscopic Elastically Collective Nonlinear Langevin Equation (ECNLE) theory of activated relaxation, the resultant approach appears to properly capture both the re-entrant dynamic crossover behavior and the strong nonmonotonic variation of the activated structural relaxation time with attraction strength and range at very high volume fractions as observed experimentally and in simulations. Testable predictions are made. Major differences compared to both ideal mode coupling theory and ECNLE theory based on the full force projection approximation are identified. Calculations are also performed for smaller time and length scale intracage dynamics relevant to the non-Gaussian parameter based on analyzing the dynamic free energy that controls particle trajectories. Implications of the new theory for thermal glass forming liquids with relatively long range attractive forces are briefly analyzed.
Dynamics of a parabolic-ODE competition system in heterogeneous environments

This work is concerned with the large time behavior of the solutions of a parabolic-ODE hybrid system, modeling the competition of two populations which are identical except their movement behaviors: one species moves by random dispersal while the other does not diffuse. We show that the non-diffusing population will always drive the diffusing one to extinction in environments with sinks. In contract, the non-diffusing and diffusing populations can coexist in environments without sinks.
A Highly Prevalent and Pervasive Densovirus Discovered among Sea Stars from the North American Atlantic Coast.

ABSTRACT The etiology of sea star wasting syndrome is hypothesized to be caused by a densovirus, sea star-associated densovirus (SSaDV), that has previously been reported on the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of the United States. In this study, we reevaluated the presence of SSaDV among sea stars from the North American Atlantic Coast and in doing so discovered a novel densovirus that we have named Asterias forbesi-associated densovirus (AfaDV), which shares 78% nucleotide pairwise identity with SSaDV. In contrast to previous studies, SSaDV was not detected in sea stars from the North American Atlantic Coast. Using a variety of PCR-based techniques, we investigated the tissue tropism, host specificity, and prevalence of AfaDV among populations of sea stars at five locations along the Atlantic Coast. AfaDV was detected in three sea star species (Asterias forbesi, Asterias rubens, and Henricia sp.) found in this region and was highly prevalent (>80% of individuals tested; n = 134), among sampled populations. AfaDV was detected in the body wall, gonads, and pyloric caeca (digestive gland) of specimens but was not detected in their coelomic fluid. A significant difference in viral load (copies mg−1) was found between tissue types, with the pyloric caeca having the highest viral loads. Further investigation of Asterias forbesi gonad tissue found germ line cells (oocytes) to be virus positive, suggesting a potential route of vertical transmission. Taken together, these observations show that the presence of AfaDV is not an indicator of sea star wasting syndrome because AfaDV is a common constituent of these animals’ microbiome, regardless of health. IMPORTANCE Sea star wasting syndrome is a disease primarily observed on the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of North America that has significantly impacted sea star populations. The etiology of this disease is unknown, although it is hypothesized to be caused by a densovirus, SSaDV. However, previous studies have not found a correlation between SSaDV and sea star wasting syndrome on the North American Atlantic Coast. This study suggests that this observation may be explained by the presence of a genetically similar densovirus, AfaDV, that may have confounded previous studies. SSaDV was not present in sea stars screened in this study, and instead, AfaDV was commonly found in sea star populations across the New England region, with no apparent signs of disease. These results suggest that sea star densoviruses may be common constituents of the animals’ microbiome, and the diversity and extent of these viruses among wild populations may be greater than previously recognized.
The challenge of RNA branching prediction: a parametric analysis of multiloop initiation under thermodynamic optimization.

Abstract Prediction of RNA base pairings yields insight into molecular structure, and therefore function. The most common methods predict an optimal structure under the standard thermodynamic model. One component of this model is the equation which governs the cost of branching, where three or more helical “arms” radiate out from a multiloop (also known as a junction). The multiloop initiation equation has three parameters; changing those values can significantly alter the predicted structure. We give a complete analysis of the prediction accuracy, stability, and robustness for all possible parameter combinations for a diverse set of tRNA sequences, and also for 5S rRNA. We find that the accuracy can often be substantially improved on a per sequence basis. However, simultaneous improvement within families, and most especially between families, remains a challenge.
Contact Manifolds with Flexible Fillings

We prove that all flexible Weinstein fillings of a given contact manifold with vanishing first Chern class have isomorphic integral cohomology. As an application, we show that in dimension at least 5 any almost contact class that has an almost Weinstein filling has infinitely many different contact structures. We also construct the first known infinite family of almost symplectomorphic Weinstein domains whose contact boundaries are not contactomorphic. These contact structures are distinguished by positive symplectic homology, which we prove is a contact invariant for flexibly-filled contact structures. The key step is a procedure for increasing the degrees of Reeb chords of loose Legendrians.
The word problem of the Brin-Thompson group is coNP-complete

Abstract We prove that the word problem of the Brin-Thompson group nV over a finite generating set is coNP -complete for every n ≥ 2 . It is known that { n V : n ≥ 1 } is an infinite family of infinite, finitely presented, simple groups. We also prove that the word problem of the Thompson group V over a certain infinite set of generators, related to boolean circuits, is coNP -complete.
Filter-free single-photon quantum dot resonance fluorescence in an integrated cavity-waveguide device

Semiconductor quantum dots embedded in micropillar cavities are excellent emitters of single photons when pumped resonantly. Often, the same spatial mode is used to both resonantly excite a quantum-dot state and to collect the emitted single photons, requiring cross polarization to reduce the uncoupled scattered laser light. This inherently reduces the source brightness to 50%. Critically, for some quantum applications the total efficiency from generation to detection must be over 50%. Here, we demonstrate a resonant-excitation approach to creating single photons that is free of any cross polarization, and in fact any filtering whatsoever. It potentially increases single-photon rates and collection efficiencies, and simplifies operation. This integrated device allows us to resonantly excite single quantum-dot states in several cavities in the plane of the device using connected waveguides, while the cavity-enhanced single-photon fluorescence is directed vertically (off-chip) in a Gaussian mode. We expect this design to be a prototype for larger chip-scale quantum photonics.
The econ in econophysics

Modern authors have identified a variety of striking economic patterns, most importantly those involving the distribution of incomes and profit rates. In recent times, the econophysics literature has demonstrated that bottom incomes follow an exponential distribution, top incomes follow a Pareto, and profit rates display a tent-shaped distribution. This paper is concerned with the theory underlying various explanations of these phenomena Traditional econophysics relies on energy-conserving “particle collision” models in which simulation is often used to derive a stationary distribution Those in the Jaynesian tradition rely on entropy maximization, subject to certain constraints, to infer the final distribution. This paper argues that economic phenomena should be derived as results of explicit economic processes For instance, the entry and exit process motivated by supply decisions of firms underlies the drift-diffusion form of wage, interest and profit rates arbitrage. These processes give rise to stationary distributions that turn out to be also entropy maximizing. In the arbitrage approach, entropy maximization is a result. In the Jaynesian approach, entropy maximization is the means.
Evolution of Cataclysmic Binaries

The minimum period of hydrogen rich cataclysmic binaries at about 80 minutes is due to evolution driven by gravitational radiation. The nature of the gap between 2 and 3 hour periods is less clear. Magnetic braking may be responsible, but this would be in contradiction with the hibernating nova scenario. It is interesting that contact binaries of W UMa type are subject to little or no magnetic braking.
Defects Mitigation in Resistive Crossbars for Analog Vector Matrix Multiplication

With storage and computation happening at the same place, computing in resistive crossbars minimizes data movement and avoids the memory bottleneck issue. It leads to ultra-high energy efficiency for data-intensive applications. However, defects in crossbars severely affect computing accuracy. Existing solutions, including re-training with defects and redundant designs, but they have limitations in practical implementations. In this work, we introduce row shuffling and output compensation to mitigate defects without re-training or redundant resistive crossbars. We also analyzed the coupling effects of defects and circuit parasitics. Moreover, We study different combinations of methods to achieve the best trade-off between cost and performance. Our proposed methods could rescue up to 10% defects in ResNet-20 application without performance degradation.
Minimum epistasis interpolation for sequence-function relationships.

Massively parallel phenotyping assays have provided unprecedented insight into how multiple mutations combine to determine biological function. While such assays can measure phenotypes for thousands to millions of genotypes in a single experiment, in practice these measurements are not exhaustive, so that there is a need for techniques to impute values for genotypes whose phenotypes have not been directly assayed. Here, we present an imputation method based on inferring the least epistatic possible sequence-function relationship compatible with the data. In particular, we infer the reconstruction where mutational effects change as little as possible across adjacent genetic backgrounds. The resulting models can capture complex higher-order genetic interactions near the data, but approach additivity where data is sparse or absent. We apply the method to high-throughput transcription factor binding assays and use it to explore a fitness landscape for protein G. High-throughput combinatorial mutagenesis assays are useful to screen the function of many different sequences but they are not exhaustive. Here, Zhou and McCandlish develop a method to impute such missing genotype-phenotype data based on inferring the least epistatic sequence-function relationship.
The Globalization of Refugee Flows

This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of refugees over 1987-2017 and establishes several stylized facts about refugees today compared with past decades. (i) Refugees today travel longer distances. (ii) Refugees today are less likely to seek protection in a neighboring country. (iii) Refugees today are less geographically concentrated. And (iv) refugees today are more likely to reside in a high-income OECD country. The findings bring new evidence to the debate on refugee burden-sharing.
MMP9 inhibition increases autophagic flux in chronic heart failure

Increased matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) after myocardial infarction (MI) exacerbates ischemia-induced chronic heart failure (CHF). Autophagy is cardioprotective during CHF; however, whether increased MMP9 suppresses autophagic activity in CHF is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether increased MMP9 suppressed autophagic flux and MMP9 inhibition increased autophagic flux in the heart of rats with post-MI CHF. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either sham surgery or coronary artery ligation 6-8 wk before being treated with MMP9 inhibitor for 7 days, followed by cardiac autophagic flux measurement with lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, autophagic flux was measured in vitro by treating H9c2 cardiomyocytes with two independent pharmacological MMP9 inhibitors, salvianolic acid B (SalB) and MMP9 inhibitor-I, and CRISPR/cas9-mediated MMP9 genetic ablation. CHF rats showed cardiac infarct, significantly increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and increased MMP9 activity and fibrosis in the peri-infarct areas of left ventricular myocardium. Measurement of the autophagic markers LC3B-II and p62 with lysosomal inhibition showed decreased autophagic flux in the peri-infarct myocardium. Treatment with SalB for 7 days in CHF rats decreased MMP9 activity and cardiac fibrosis but increased autophagic flux in the peri-infarct myocardium. As an in vitro corollary study, measurement of autophagic flux in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts showed that pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of MMP9 upregulates autophagic flux. These data are consistent with our observations that MMP9 inhibition upregulates autophagic flux in the heart of rats with CHF. In conclusion, the results in this study suggest that the beneficial outcome of MMP9 inhibition in pathological cardiac remodeling is in part mediated by improved autophagic flux.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study elucidates that the improved cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and cardioprotective effect of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) inhibition in chronic heart failure (CHF) are via increased autophagic flux. Autophagy is cardioprotective; however, the mechanism of autophagy suppression in CHF is unknown. We for the first time demonstrated here that increased MMP9 suppressed cardiac autophagy and ablation of MMP9 increased cardiac autophagic flux in CHF rats. Restoring the physiological level of autophagy in the failing heart is a challenge, and our study addressed this challenge. The novelty and highlights of this report are as follows: 1) MMP9 regulates cardiomyocyte and fibroblast autophagy, 2) MMP9 inhibition protects CHF after myocardial infarction (MI) via increased cardiac autophagic flux, 3) MMP9 inhibition increased cardiac autophagy via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α, Beclin-1, Atg7 pathway and suppressed mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.
Establishing Preclinical Withdrawal Syndrome Symptomatology Following Heroin Self-Administration in Male and Female Rats

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant health problem, and understanding mechanisms of various aspects of OUD including drug use and withdrawal is important. Preclinical models provide an ideal opportunity to evaluate mechanisms underlying opioid withdrawal. Current models are limited by their reliance upon forced opioid administration, focus on the acute (and not protracted) syndrome, and exclusion of females. In this study, male and female rats self-administered heroin (maintenance dose of 12.5 μg/kg/infusion) and opioid withdrawal after abrupt discontinuation was measured. In Phase 1, acute withdrawal symptoms were rated in male and female rats at 0, 16, 48, and 72 hr after the last self-administration session. Total somatic signs increased until 48 hr (predominantly in females), and heroin intake positively correlated with total somatic signs at the 48 and 72 hr timepoints. Measures of hyperactivity and anxiety-like behavior increased by 16 and 48 hr, respectively. In Phase 2, symptoms were assessed at baseline, acute, and protracted (168 and 312 hr after self-administration) timepoints in a subset of male and female rats from Phase 1. The total number of somatic signs did not differ across timepoints, though females displayed significantly higher body temperature at all timepoints compared with males, indicating sex-specific protracted withdrawal symptomatology. These data provide a thorough characterization of rodent opioid withdrawal symptomatology after self-administration and abrupt discontinuation that serve as a foundation for future studies designed to mimic the human experience, and demonstrate the importance of characterizing acute and protracted withdrawal with sex-specificity in preclinical models of opioid self-administration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Nontangential Estimates on Layer Potentials and the Neumann Problem for Higher-Order Elliptic Equations

We solve the Neumann problem, with nontangential estimates, for higher order divergence form elliptic operators with variable $t$-independent coefficients. Our results are accompanied by nontangential estimates on higher order layer potentials.
Level 3 Assets: Booking Profits and Concealing Losses

Fair value accounting forces institutions to revalue inventory whenever a transaction occurs. An institution that faces a balance sheet constraint may have incentives to suspend trading in Level 3 assets (traded on opaque over-the-counter markets) in order to avoid such marking-to-market. This keeps the book valuation artificially high, relaxing the balance sheet constraint. But, the institution loses direct control of the risk of its position. Solving this "real options" problem, the institution will report profits as they occur but delay reporting losses. A regulator trying to control risk imposes fines for balance sheet manipulation and capital requirements. Both these tools can increase risk-taking and balance sheet manipulation. Audits in comparision generally decrease risk-taking but may be costly to the regulator. The model provides predictions on the distribution of a bank's trading gains in illiquid markets. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Timing of peptide receptor radiotargeted therapy in relation to cardiac valve surgery for carcinoid heart disease in patients with neuroendocrine metastases and cardiac syndrome. A single-centre study from a centre of excellence.

Introduction Perioperative mortality of patients who undergo heart valve surgery for carcinoid heart valve disease has been observed to be high (5%-10%). We investigated whether peptide receptor radiotherapy with lutetium-177 dotatate can be used safely in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasm carcinoid heart valve disease and if there is associated survival advantage by reducing overall exposure of the valves to high doses of vasoactive peptides. Method Retrospective case notes review was performed on 18 neuroendocrine neoplasm patients (mean 60 years), who underwent heart valve surgery between 2003 and 2017 for carcinoid heart valve disease, 9 of whom received peptide receptor radiotherapy in addition to surgery. Results All patients were treated with somatostatin receptor antagonists and underwent cardiac valvular surgery (mean two valves replaced) and three benefitted from additional coronary bypass grafting. Nine patients underwent surgery alone: in this group, the time from surgery to progression was 14 months (mean; SD 13.5 months). Nine were treated with peptide receptor radiotherapy in addition to surgery. Six underwent surgery with peptide receptor radiotherapy on progression. Time to progression from surgery to first peptide receptor radiotherapy was mean 25.1 months (SD 23.6 months). No patients developed peritreatment cardiac complications. There were no deaths within the 30-day postoperative period. Average time from surgery to last follow-up/death was 41 months (6-79) in the surgery + lutetium group and in the surgery only group 17 months (1-24). Nine patients died, five in the surgery + lutetium group and four in the surgery only group, all at greater than 1-year postsurgery. Discussion Peptide receptor radiotherapy is safe in the setting of Carcinoid valvular heart disease in patients with controlled heart failure, PPRT can be use in the pre- and post-valve surgery period. There appears to be a survival benefit of having peptide receptor radiotherapy. Further evidence for peptide receptor radiotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting prior to cardiothoracic surgery is required.
Private Information, Wage Bargaining and Employment Fluctuations

Shimer (2005) pointed out that although we have a satisfactory theory of why some workers are unemployed at any given time, we don’t know why the number of unemployed workers varies so much over time. The basic Mortensen-Pissarides (1994) model does not generate nearly enough volatility in unemployment, for plausible parameter values. This paper extends the Mortensen-Pissarides model to allow for informational rents. Productivity is subject to publicly observed aggregate shocks, and to idiosyncratic shocks that are seen only by the employer. It is shown that there is a unique equilibrium, provided that the idiosyncratic shocks are not too large. The main result is that small fluctuations in productivity that are privately observed by employers can give rise to a kind of wage stickiness in equilibrium, and the informational rents associated with this stickiness are sufficient to generate relatively large unemployment fluctuations.
The Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope

Abstract The Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR), a telescope concept currently under study, will be a ground based solar-dedicated radio telescope designed and optimized to produce high resolution, high-fidelity, and high-dynamic-range images over a broad frequency range (∼0.1–24 GHz). As such, FASR will address an extremely broad science program, including the nature and evolution of coronal magnetic fields, the physics of flares, drivers of space weather, and the quiet Sun. An important goal is to mainstream solar radio observations by providing a number of standard data products for use by the wider solar physics community. The instrument specifications and the key science elements that FASR will address are briefly discussed, as well as several operational issues.
Security Design with Investor Private Information

I study the security design problem of a firm when investors rather than managers have private information about the firm. I find that it is often optimal to issue information-sensitive securities such as equity. The "folklore proposition of debt" from traditional signaling models only goes through if the firm can vary the face value of debt with investor demand. When the firm has several assets, debt backed by a pool of assets is optimal when the degree of competition among investors is low, while equity backed by individual assets is optimal when competition is high.
Coiled‐coil registry shifts in the F684I mutant of Bicaudal D result in cargo‐independent activation of dynein motility

The dynein adaptor Drosophila Bicaudal D (BicD) is auto-inhibited and activates dynein motility only after cargo is bound, but the underlying mechanism is elusive. In contrast, we show that the full-length BicD/F684I mutant activates dynein processivity even in the absence of cargo. Our X-ray structure of the C-terminal domain of the BicD/F684I mutant reveals a coiled-coil registry shift; in the N-terminal region, the two helices of the homodimer are aligned, whereas they are vertically shifted in the wild-type. One chain is partially disordered and this structural flexibility is confirmed by computations, which reveal that the mutant transitions back and forth between the two registries. We propose that a coiled-coil registry shift upon cargo-binding activates BicD for dynein recruitment. Moreover, the human homolog BicD2/F743I exhibits diminished binding of cargo adaptor Nup358, implying that a coiled-coil registry shift may be a mechanism to modulate cargo selection for BicD2-dependent transport pathways.
Multilateral negotiations and formation of coalitions

Abstract This paper analyses properties of games modeling multilateral negotiations leading to the formation of coalitions in an environment with widespread externalities. The payoff generated by each coalition is determined by an exogenous partition function (the parameter space). We show that in almost all games, except in a set of measure zero of the parameter space, the Markov perfect equilibrium value of coalitions and the state transition probability that describe the path of coalition formation is locally unique and stable. Therefore, comparative statics analysis are well-defined and can be performed using standard calculus tools. Global uniqueness does not hold in general, but the number of equilibria is finite and odd. In addition, a sufficient condition for global uniqueness is derived, and using this sufficient condition we show that there is a globally unique equilibrium in three-player superadditive games.
PALEOSOLS AND WIND-BLOWN SEDIMENTS | Overview

Eolian sediments (sand, loess, and long-range-transported or aerosolic dust) are important archives of the Quaternary geologic and paleoclimatic record. They are extensive on the Earth's surface at all latitudes and can be dated using luminescence methods that require only the sediment itself. Unlike many Quaternary sediments, eolian deposits are direct indicators of atmospheric circulation. Furthermore, they are robust indicators of past aridity. Soils are naturally occurring bodies that mantle most of the land surface of Earth. Soil geography is a function of the combined effects of climate and vegetation, as well as parent material composition, parent material age, and topography. Because of their close links to climate, vegetation, and age of parent material, soils are powerful tools in Quaternary stratigraphy, geomorphology and landscape evolution, archeology, and paleoclimatology. Soils of the past, called paleosols, are particularly important in stratigraphy, interpreting past conditions of climate or vegetation, and the duration of land surface stability.
Market Effects of Environmental Regulation: Coal, Railroads and the 1990 Clean Air Act

Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments introduced a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions from electric power plants in the United States. This paper analyzes the effects of that regulatory change on the prices charged by the two railroads that hauled low-sulfur coal east from Wyoming. We estimate the effect of the tradeable permits regime by comparing prices at affected plants (called “Table A plants”) before and after the allowance market took effect, and by comparing prices at those plants to prices at unaffected plants. We show that after Title IV took effect, the delivered price of low-sulfur coal — controlling for the minemouth price of coal and the variable cost of transportation — rose at Table A plants within approximately 1000 miles of the Powder River Basin, and fell at Table A plants located further away. This shift in the delivered price schedule of PRB coal is consistent with a theoretical model of the effects of emissions regulation on demand for low-sulfur coal, and the corresponding optimal pricing strategy by a carrier with market power. Our results suggest that the railroads were able to price discriminate among power plants on the basis of the environmental regulations governing the plants.
A protein kinase A–regulated network encodes short- and long-lived cellular memories

Cells can store memories of prior experiences to modulate their responses to subsequent stresses, as seen for the protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated general stress response in yeast, which is required for resistance against future stressful conditions. Using microfluidics and time-lapse microscopy, we quantitatively analyzed how the cellular memory of stress adaptation is encoded in single yeast cells. We found that cellular memory was biphasic. Short-lived memory was mediated by trehalose synthase and trehalose metabolism. Long-lived memory was mediated by PKA-regulated stress-responsive transcription factors and cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein granules. Short- and long-lived memory could be selectively induced by different priming input dynamics. Computational modeling revealed how the PKA-mediated regulatory network could encode previous stimuli into memories with distinct dynamics. This biphasic memory-encoding scheme might represent a general strategy to prepare for future challenges in rapidly changing environments.
Bayesian Modeling of Intersectional Fairness: The Variance of Bias.

Intersectionality is a framework that analyzes how interlocking systems of power and oppression affect individuals along overlapping dimensions including race, gender, sexual orientation, class, and disability. Intersectionality theory therefore implies it is important that fairness in artificial intelligence systems be protected with regard to multi-dimensional protected attributes. However, the measurement of fairness becomes statistically challenging in the multi-dimensional setting due to data sparsity, which increases rapidly in the number of dimensions, and in the values per dimension. We present a Bayesian probabilistic modeling approach for the reliable, data-efficient estimation of fairness with multi-dimensional protected attributes, which we apply to two existing intersectional fairness metrics. Experimental results on census data and the COMPAS criminal justice recidivism dataset demonstrate the utility of our methodology, and show that Bayesian methods are valuable for the modeling and measurement of fairness in an intersectional context.
Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Networked Estimation With Energy Harvesting

Joint optimization of scheduling and estimation policies is considered for a system with two sensors and two noncollocated estimators. Each sensor produces an independent and identically distributed sequence of random variables, and each estimator forms estimates of the corresponding sequence with respect to the mean-squared error sense. The data generated by the sensors are transmitted to the corresponding estimators over a bandwidth-constrained wireless network that can support a single packet per time slot. The access to the limited communication resources is determined by a scheduler that decides which sensor measurement to transmit based on both observations. The scheduler has an energy-harvesting battery of limited capacity, which couples the decision-making problem in time. Despite the overall lack of convexity of this problem, it is shown that this system admits a globally optimal scheduling and estimation strategy pair under the assumption that the distributions of the random variables at the sensors are symmetric and unimodal. Additionally, the optimal scheduling policy has a structure characterized by a threshold function that depends on the time index and energy level. A recursive algorithm for threshold computation is provided.
A fractional corner anomaly reveals higher-order topology

Spectral measurements of boundary-localized topological modes are commonly used to identify topological insulators. For high-order insulators, these modes appear at boundaries of higher codimension, such as the corners of a two-dimensional material. Unfortunately, this spectroscopic approach is only viable if the energies of the topological modes lie within the bulk bandgap, which is not required for many topological crystalline insulators. The key topological feature in these insulators is instead fractional charge density arising from filled bulk bands, but measurements of such charge distributions have not been accessible to date. We experimentally measure boundary-localized fractional charge density in rotationally symmetric two-dimensional metamaterials and find one-fourth and one-third fractionalization. We then introduce a topological indicator that allows for the unambiguous identification of higher-order topology, even without in-gap states, and we demonstrate the associated higher-order bulk-boundary correspondence.
The business model: an integrative framework for strategy execution

We have many useful frameworks for formulating business strategy, i.e., devising a theory of how to compete. Frameworks for strategy execution are comparatively fragmented and idiosyncratic. This paper proposes a business model framework to link the firm's theory about how to compete to its execution. The framework captures previous ideas about business models in a simple logical structure that reflects current thinking in strategy. The framework is a useful tool for the strategist, for teaching, and for research on business models in strategy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft Gazetteers for Low-Resource Named Entity Recognition

Traditional named entity recognition models use gazetteers (lists of entities) as features to improve performance. Although modern neural network models do not require such hand-crafted features for strong performance, recent work has demonstrated their utility for named entity recognition on English data. However, designing such features for low-resource languages is challenging, because exhaustive entity gazetteers do not exist in these languages. To address this problem, we propose a method of ``soft gazetteers'' that incorporates ubiquitously available information from English knowledge bases, such as Wikipedia, into neural named entity recognition models through cross-lingual entity linking. Our experiments on four low-resource languages show an average improvement of 4 points in F1 score.
Robustness to Programmable String Transformations via Augmented Abstract Training

Deep neural networks for natural language processing tasks are vulnerable to adversarial input perturbations. In this paper, we present a versatile language for programmatically specifying string transformations -- e.g., insertions, deletions, substitutions, swaps, etc. -- that are relevant to the task at hand. We then present an approach to adversarially training models that are robust to such user-defined string transformations. Our approach combines the advantages of search-based techniques for adversarial training with abstraction-based techniques. Specifically, we show how to decompose a set of user-defined string transformations into two component specifications, one that benefits from search and another from abstraction. We use our technique to train models on the AG and SST2 datasets and show that the resulting models are robust to combinations of user-defined transformations mimicking spelling mistakes and other meaning-preserving transformations.
Drug GRADE: An Integrated Analysis of Population Growth and Cell Death Reveals Drug-Specific and Cancer Subtype-Specific Response Profiles

When evaluating anti-cancer drugs, two different measurements are used: relative viability, which scores an amalgam of proliferative arrest and cell death, and fractional viability, which specifically scores the degree of cell killing. We quantify relationships between drug-induced growth inhibition and cell death by counting live and dead cells using quantitative microscopy. We find that most drugs affect both proliferation and death, but in different proportions and with different relative timing. This causes a non-uniform relationship between relative and fractional response measurements. To unify these measurements, we created a data visualization and analysis platform called drug GRADE, which characterizes the degree to which death contributes to an observed drug response. GRADE captures drug- and genotype-specific responses, which are not captured using traditional pharmacometrics. This study highlights the idiosyncratic nature of drug-induced proliferative arrest and cell death. Furthermore, we provide a metric for quantitatively evaluating the relationship between these behaviors.