cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central venous access devices in patients with hemophilia

Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder in which the major clinical manifestation is bleeding into the joints, muscles, internal organs and the CNS, often without any obvious trauma. Bleeding can be fatal as in the case of CNS hemorrhage, or severely debilitating following repeated bleeding into joints that results in crippling arthritis. Treatment for hemophilia includes the intravenous administration of clotting factor concentrates to replace the missing or defective protein. Venous access is therefore critical to the treatment of hemophilia and the prevention of complications due to bleeding. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately half of patients less than 16 years of age and one-third of all patients with hemophilia receive regular prophylactic injections of clotting factor concentrates. Prophylaxis, or the regular scheduled administration of antihemophilic factor concentrate, is effective in preventing bleeding. Among those patients with severe disease, in the absence of prophylaxis, approximately 13 bleeds, including nine joint hemorrhages, occur annually. In contrast, when prophylaxis is administered, the annual number of total and joint bleeds decreases to five and three, respectively. One of the major barriers to the more wide-spread use of prophylaxis is venous access. While peripheral venipuncture remains the first choice for venous access, central venous access devices are frequently used to facilitate repeated and/or urgent administration of clotting factor concentrates. The advantages of central venous access devices are well recognized in certain treatment regimens such as prophylaxis and immune tolerance therapy, as well as certain patient groups such as young children in whom venipuncture is often difficult and traumatic, and adults with scarred veins. Central venous access devices also allow earlier commencement of both home treatment and prophylaxis. The goal of this review is to discuss the different types of central venous access devices and their role in the management of hemophilia to provide practitioners that care for patients with hemophilia with the necessary information to make sound therapeutic recommendations to their patients.
The Development of Bean Seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Though the cell has been accepted as a biological unit since the time of Schleiden and Schwann, it has been ignored as the physiological unit. Numerous studies have been made on the physiology of fruits and seeds (6, 10, 19) and the embryology of many species has been described (15, 16), yet only a few attempts have been made to examine the biochemical changes on a per cell basis. It is unfortunate that so few cellular studies have been made, since they might indicate cell similarities that are not apparent at the organ level. The physiological investigations on the growth of plant cells that came to the author's attention include cowpea roots (22), corn roots (8, 11), onion roots (31), pea roots (2, 4), and apple fruit pulp (1, 20, 23); these papers are considered in the discussion of the results.
Covariance matrix mass spectral maps of polar dissociation channels in CF4

Abstract Covariance matrix mass spectra of positive and negative ions ejected by polar dissociating states excited by electron impact on CF 4 are reported for impact energies from 18.7 to 43.7 eV. This is the first example of covariance matrix mass spectral maps of polar dissociation. Evidence for the reaction products CF 3 + + F − , CF 2 + + F − + F, CF + + F − + p, and F + + F − + p, where p stands for neutral species, were found. The ion translational energies are cold relative to those observed for positive ion-positive ion dissociation channels. The CF 2 + + F − channel was observed to be the weakest and the only negative ion observed is F − . Absolute cross section values are estimated.
Frequency-dependent depression of exocytosis and the role of voltage-gated calcium channels

Synaptic vesicle exocytosis in primary cultures of baroreceptor neurons is reduced during high-frequency stimulation. Calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) is a key step in neurotransmitter release. With the help of FM2-10, a marker of synaptic vesicle recycling, the present study investigates the differential contribution of several VGCC subtypes to exocytosis in neuronal processes and how this contribution is altered at high frequencies. In control experiments, field stimulation at 0.5 Hz evoked about 66 ± 5% destaining. Combined blockade of N- and P/Q-subtypes with Ctx-MVIIC was far more effective in reducing exocytosis (11 ± 8%) than blocking N-type (49 ± 5%, Ctx-GVIA) or P-type (46 ± 1%, Agatoxin) alone. The effectiveness of the blockers also varied with the duration of stimulation: Ctx-GVIA attenuating exocytosis significantly in the first 60 s and Agatoxin affecting exocytosis only towards the end of 180 s stimulation period. Field stimulation at 10 Hz evoked exocytosis (36 ± 18%) comparable to that evoked by 0.5 Hz in the presence of Ctx-GVIA. While blockade with Agatoxin had no effects, Ctx-GVIA, Ctx-MVIIC and L-type blocker Nifedepine had small but similar inhibitory effects on exocytosis at 10 Hz. The data suggest that N-type is the major contributor to exocytosis at 0.5 Hz, and this contribution is reduced during prolonged stimulation periods and at high frequencies.
The degradation of T7 DNA in converging flow

The flow-induced degradation of T7 DNA (Molecular Size = 40 Kbp) was studied in a flow device that generates converging flow rather than simple shear flow. We discovered that the sizes of the degradation products were very broadly distributed, covering the range from 10 Kbp to 36 Kbp. An explanation for the broadness of the distribution is given based on a computer simulation of the experiment. The significance of converging flow to the routine handling of large DNA is emphasized.
Maternal and postnatal dietary programming of offspring hypercholesterolemia: Selective gender effects

HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA: SELECTIVE GENDER EFFECTS MINA DESAI, DAVE GAYLE, LINDA DAY, STACY BEHARE, MICHAEL ROSS, Harbor-UCLA Med. Ctr. (LA BioMed), Dept. of Ob/Gyn, Torrance, California OBJECTIVE: Maternal nutrient restriction results in IUGR offspring which develop programmed obesity. We determined the effect of high fat, Western diets on the sequalae of gestational programming, by examining the effects of a cafeteria diet (high fat, high calorie) on male and female lipid profile following maternal nutrient restriction. STUDY DESIGN: From day 10 to term gestation and through day 21 of lactation, Control pregnant rats received ad libitum (AdLib; n=6) food, whereas study dams were 50% food-restricted (FR) during pregnancy (FR/ AdLib; n=6) or lactation (AdLib/FR; n=6). Each litter size was culled to 4 males and 4 females. At age 3 weeks of age, one half of males and females from each of the maternal feeding groups were weaned to normal laboratory chow (9% fat calorie) and the remaining males and females were weaned to cafeteria diet (16% fat calorie). At 9 months of age, fasting plasma lipids were determined in offspring of each group (n=72). RESULTS: Plasma triglycerides, though not cholesterol, were markedly increased in FR/AdLib male (97G8 vs. 52G6 mg/dl, p!0.01) and female offspring (63G6 vs. 39G6 mg/dl, p!0.01) fed laboratory chow as compared to Controls. Cafeteria diet further increased triglycerides among both male and females of all maternal feeding groups. Cafeteria diet significant increased female cholesterol levels by 23% among FR/AdLib (86G6 to 106G9 mg/dl) and AdLib/FR offspring (90G8 to 110G9 mg/dl), though there was no effect in Control offspring (86G4 to 87G8 mg/dl). There was no effect of either of the maternal feeding paradigms or the cafeteria diet on male plasma cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: Female, though not male, offspring exhibited programmed plasma hypercholesterolemia when challenged with postnatal cafeteria diet. The varying effects of maternal nutrient paradigms and cafeteria diets among males and females indicate differing pathophysiologic mechanisms which likely require gender-specific therapeutic approaches.
Identification of chemicals of snail origin that attract Schistosoma mansoni miracidia

MEASURES to control schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) aimed at either the molluscan vector or the trematode's larval stages might be enhanced by a better understanding of the intricacies of how miracidia and cercariae find and penetrate hosts. Previous work from our laboratory identified chemicals from mammalian skin that initiated penetration responses by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae1. Other earlier studies implicated amino acids and additional compounds as attractants of S. mansoni miracidia to the molluscan host, but did not show that these substances were derived from the snail2. Subsequently, based on Neuhaus'3 and C. A. Wright's4 indications that snails release substances into water that stimulate miracidia, several investigators5–8 have confirmed that snails ‘condition’ water making it stimulatory or attractive to miracidia. Wright and Ronald9 recently demonstrated that water conditioned by the snail Lymnaea palustris attracted miracidia of the rodent blood fluke, Schistosomatium douthitti, and that this snail-conditioned water (SCW) contained amino acids. Here we show that Biomphalaria glabrata, the molluscan vector of S. mansoni, the important parasite of humans, contributes amino acids to the aqueous environment, and that these, and possibly other substances elicit chemotactic and chemokinetic responses by miracidia of this parasite.
Behavior and use of nonaqueous media without supporting electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography.

Five nonaqueous solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, formamide) and deionized water were investigated for their ability to support electroosmotic flow (EOF) without electrolytic additives. In general, flow was found to be equal to or greater than flow with typical CE buffer systems. The magnitude of EOF was determined for each solvent by open tubular capillary electrophoresis (CE) and related to viscosity (η), dielectric constant (e), and the ratio of dielectric constant to viscosity (e/η). Zeta potentials (ζ) were derived indirectly from flow data and tabulated. Comparisons of flow behavior and ζ were made between pure solvents and conventional CE buffers, and questions of equilibration and reproducibility were addressed. Similar experiments were performed using hydroorganic mobile phases (ACN/water, MeOH/water) across the complete compositional range (100% water−100% organic), with flow characteristics and ζ reported for each mobile phase system. Packed capillary ...
Mini skirts and headscarves: undergraduate student perceptions of secularism in Turkish higher education

This article is based on a qualitative study that examines the perceptions of advanced undergraduate students in five Turkish state universities regarding their understanding of the concept of secularism and its manifestation within the higher education sector. The study further illuminates these students’ perspectives of how the university may change in relation to their understanding of secularism. This inquiry was guided by four central questions posed to the students: (1) what is your understanding of the concept of secularism?; (2) how does secularism manifest within universities in Turkey and your institution in particular?; (3) are there aspects of your university you would like to see change as a result of secularism?; and (4) in what ways has your identity influenced your academic decisions?
An Approach to the Psychosocial Treatment of the Medically Ill Patient

This article discusses some of the practices of psychosocial treatment. Broadly speaking, these practices include an emphasis on the doctor-patient relationship, the creation of a sound and lasting alliance, and the experience of trust and partnership that the physician fosters in helping the patient to negotiate the complex and uniquely individual experience of being ill. An argument is proposed that unless practitioners of medicine are mindful of the threats to the way they would like and are expected by their patients to practice medicine, they are unlikely to endorse changes actively or to pass the need for these changes onto the next generation of physicians. In this sense, keeping these concerns alive and the subject of ongoing discussion is crucial to the ongoing conceptualization of what it means to be a doctor.
Transient Heating and Melting of Particles in Plasma Spray Coating Process

In the plasma spray coating process, solid particles are injected into a plasma jet. The heat transfer from the plasma to the particles results in heating and melting of the particles. The molten particles impact on a surface forming a thin coat. In this paper, we investigate the heating and melting of a spherical particle injected into a thermal plasma. The transient temperature distribution in the particle interior is obtained simultaneously with the temperature and number density variations of the ions, electrons, and the neutrals as well as the electric potential variation in the plasma. Our analysis incorporates a model for the production and recombination of electrons and ions. The transport in the plasma is modeled by considering the main body of the plasma as charge neutral and a charge sheath in the vicinity of the particle surface. The heat flux to the particle is evaluated by taking into account all modes of heat transfer to the surface. The temporal variations of the particle temperature distribution are calculated. Results are compared with the available predictions made without taking into account the gas ionization to assess the importance of ionization and particle charging on the heat transport to the particle. For argon, for the particle materials considered in this study, the effect of gas ionization on the heat transport was found to be negligible for plasma temperatures below 6500 K.
Effect of drug pretreatment on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomal lipids.

Abstract Treatment of rats with phenobarbital sodium (80 mg/day for 3 days) resulted in a 50% increase in liver microsomal lipid peroxidation in vivo as a response to intragastric administration of carbon tetrachloride. Microsomal lipid peroxidation was measured as conjugated diene absorption ( E 1cm 1% at 235 mμ). By contrast, treatment of rats with SKF-525A 30 minutes before administration of carbon tetrachloride led to a marked diminution (in some cases complete inhibition) of the CCl 4 -induced microsomal lipid peroxidation. Marked inhibition by SKF-525A of an in vitro pro-oxidant action of carbon tetrachloride was observed.
Post-War Government and Politics of Japan

Two years after surrender, Japan's political system has undergone extensive and dramatic changes. The Supreme Commander of the occupation has declared confidently that the foundations have been laid for the achievement of Allied objectives. As early as March, 1947, General Douglas MacArthur proposed the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan.He declared that the military phase of the occupation had been accomplished, and that in his opinion "the political phase is approaching such completion as is possible under occupation. We have changed the laws, standards and ideals of the past . . . I don't mean to say that this thing called democracy has been accomplished . . . But insofar as you can lay the framework, it already is accomplished. There is little more except to watch, control and guide." Economic reconstruction, the General suggested, could best be advanced by initiating peace talks. On July 11, 1947, the United States government formally proposed to the other ten governments represented on the Far Eastern Commission the holding of a conference "as soon as practicable" for the purpose of discussing a peace treaty for Japan.1 The changes which have occurred in Japan since surrender cannot be considered apart from the occupation imposed upon the nation by reason of defeat in war. These changes have been initiated, as General MacArthur's statement indicates, by the occupation authorities, and not by the Japanese themselves. No one can say what developments would have transpired in Japan following the War if the country had been spared military occupation. But certainly the pattern of change would have been entirely different from that prescribed within these two years.
An Investigation of Response Bias in the Chapman Scales

In this study, the major response sets that can adversely affect the validity and usefulness of trait scales are briefly described. Representative response set measures are then used to assess the degree to which scores on four of the Chapman Scales, which reportedly measure traits associated with psychosis proneness, are determined by such content-irrelevant factors. Evidence suggested that interpretations of the Chapman Scales were confounded by response set biases, and that the Chapman Scales have been simply measuring, to a considerable extent, the tendency of subjects to give socially desirable responses in self-description. Multiple regression and correlation techniques indicated that socially desirable and acquiescent response styles account for as much as 25% of the total variance in the Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, and Impulsive Nonconformity Scales. However, no reliable response set predictors were identified for the Physical Anhedonia Scale. Results demonstrated that normal subjects...
Population Transfer to a Predissociating Target State Using Pulsed Coherent Excitation: Sensitivity to Coupling to Background States†

We have examined the sensitivity to the presence of background states of population transfer to a predissociating molecular state generated by coherent two-pulse excitation. The system studied is intended to model opticalcontrol of the formation of a product in a photofragmentation reaction. The model spectrum of states is a generalization of the three-state spectrum considered in the conventional STIRAP method in three respects: the target state is a resonance in the continuum, the spectrum includes both unoccupied background states that have finite lifetimes and some unoccupied pairs of background states that are in resonance with the excitation pulses, and nonadiabatic population transfer is allowed. We examine the variation of the population transfer to the target state with respect to its lifetime, as well as the robustness of the population transfer with respect to variation of the area of overlap of the two excitation pulses and with respect to the presence of background states (some of which have finite lifetimes). Our results show that there is a broad range of conditions under which it is possible to transfer population efficiently from an initial state to a target predissociating state using coherent two-pulse excitation, although that population transfer is not always adiabatic.
Delegated contracting, information, and internal control

Abstract This paper studies a particular form of internal control available to a (top) principal when delegating the offer of a Baron–Myerson style contract to an intermediary. We show that by examining the contract offered to the productive agent, the principal can reduce the loss of control.
Low-Energy Method in High-Energy Scatterings

The impact-parameter representation of the high-energy scattering amplitude is derived in which the effect of the reduced kinetic-energy operator for the slowly varying wave amplitude in the potential scattering is estimated variationally. An associated zero-energy scattering problem can be estimated using the local minimum property. The method is extended to high-energy composite-system scatterings in which all the inelastic channel effect can be variationally included.
Trichloroethanol potentiation of γ-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride current in mouse hippocampal neurones

1. The action of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated Cl- current was studied in mouse hippocampal neurones in tissue culture by use of whole-cell patch-clamp recording. 2. Trichloroethanol increased the amplitude of currents activated by 1 microM GABA or 0.1 microM muscimol. Trichloroethanol, 1-25 mM, potentiated current activated by 1 microM GABA in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 3.0 +/- 1.4 mM and a maximal response (Emax) of 576 +/- 72% of control. 3. Trichloroethanol potentiated currents activated by GABA concentrations or = 10 microM. Despite marked potentiation of currents activated by low concentrations of GABA, trichloroethanol did not significantly alter the EC50, slope, or Emax of the GABA concentration-response curve. 4. Trichloroethanol, 5 mM, potentiated GABA-activated current in neurones in which ethanol, 10-500 mM, did not. The effect of trichloroethanol was not altered by the putative ethanol antagonist, Ro 15-4513. Trichloroethanol did not potentiate currents activated by pentobarbitone. 5. In the absence of exogenous GABA, trichloroethanol at concentrations > or = 2.5 mM activated a current that appeared to be carried by Cl- as its reversal potential changed with changes in the Cl- gradient and as it was inhibited by the GABAA antagonists, bicuculline methiodide and picrotoxin. 6. Since trichloroethanol is thought to be the active metabolite of chloral hydrate and other chloral derivative anaesthetics, potentiation of the GABA-activated current in central nervous system neurones by trichloroethanol may contribute to the sedative/hypnotic effects of these agents.
Symptomatic overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and microscopic colitis.

Background: Microscopic colitis is diagnosed on the basis of histologic criteria, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is diagnosed by symptom-based criteria. There has been little investigation into the symptomatic overlap between these conditions. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a population-based cohort of patients with microscopic colitis. Methods: The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), a medical records linkage system providing all health care data for the defined population of Olmsted County, Minnesota, was used to identify all county residents with a diagnosis of microscopic colitis between 1985 and 2001. The medical records of these individuals were reviewed to ascertain symptoms consistent with Rome, Rome II, and Manning criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. Results: One hundred thirty-one cases of microscopic colitis were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 68 years (range, 24–95); 71% were women. Sixty-nine (53%) and 73 (56%) met Rome and Rome II criteria for irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. Fifty-four (41%) had three or more Manning criteria. Forty-three (33%) had previously been diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort of histologically confirmed microscopic colitis, approximately one-half met symptom-based criteria for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. The clinical symptom-based criteria for irritable bowel syndrome are not specific enough to rule out the diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Therefore, patients with suspected diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome should undergo biopsies of the colon to investigate for possible microscopic colitis if symptoms are not well controlled by antidiarrheal therapy. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006)
Enzyme replacement for infantile Pompe disease The first step toward a cure

The Food and Drug Administration recently made headlines in approving the first fully implantable artificial heart and the first treatment specifically designed for a myopathy: enzyme replacement for the metabolic myopathy Pompe disease. Both novel treatments will be used in severe, debilitating disease and prolong survival in their patient populations. Both treatments are also imperfect and extraordinarily costly, thus generating ethical debate. As neurologists, geneticists, and ethicists consider the use of enzyme replacement therapy for metabolic diseases, and specifically for infantile Pompe disease, lessons learned from the history of the development of cardiac assistance devices will be helpful to remember. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are a large group of inherited disorders marked by the effects of loss of a specific lysosomal enzyme function and accumulation of enzyme substrates. The LSDs are typically multisystemic, progressive, and fatal; they frequently involve the nervous system. Until recently, treatment of lysosomal diseases was only palliative. However, beginning with the most common LSD, Gaucher disease, extraordinary progress has been made in the development of effective enzyme replacement therapies (ERT). Gaucher disease results from deficient activity of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase and is marked by organomegaly, bone abnormalities, and in some types, progressive neurologic …
Climate change driven shifts in the extent and location of areas suitable for export banana production

Species distribution modeling (SDM) is used to map areas predicted to be suitable for commercial banana production in Central and northwestern South America. Using the downscaled climate projections for 2060 from seven leading global climate models we then predict the geographical shifts in areas suitable for banana production. We repeat this process for conventional and organic banana production. Approximately half of the existing conventional plantations included in the analysis are located in areas predicted to become unsuitable for banana production by 2060. The overall extent of areas suitable for conventional banana cultivation is predicted to decrease by 19%, but all countries are predicted to maintain some suitable areas. The extent of areas suitable for organic banana cultivation is predicted to nearly double due primarily to climatic drying. Several countries (e.g., Colombia and Honduras) are predicted to experience large net decreases in the extent of areas suitable for banana cultivation. Some countries (e.g., Mexico) are predicted to experience large net increases in the extent of suitable areas. The shifts in the location of areas that will be suitable for banana cultivation are predicted to occur mainly within areas outside of protected areas and that are already under agricultural production.
A role for IL-1α in inducing pathologic inflammation during bacterial infection

Infection with pathogenic microbes often results in a significant inflammatory response. A cascade of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-1 initiates this response. Although there is a clear role for IL-1 during infection, little is known to distinguish the role of IL-1α from that of IL-1β during this process. With the use of Yersinia enterocolitica as a model enteric pathogen, we have identified a specific role for IL-1α in inducing pathologic inflammation during bacterial infection. Depletion of IL-1α in mice infected with wild-type Y. enterocolitica results in significantly decreased intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, a bacterial mutant that does not induce IL-1α expression but induces normal levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, causes greatly reduced intestinal inflammation and is attenuated by LD50 analysis in the C57BL/6 mouse model. These results demonstrate a distinct and unrecognized role for IL-1α in inducing intestinal inflammation that cannot be compensated for by the endogenous levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, or IFN-γ that are produced in response to Y. enterocolitica. Additionally, these results suggest that IL-1α-induced inflammation is a major contributor to the pathology of yersiniosis.
Image data compression by predictive coding I: prediction algorithms

This paper deals with predictive coding techniques for efficient transmission or storage of two-level (black and white) digital images. Part I discusses algorithms for prediction. A predictor transforms the two-dimensional dependence in the original data into a form which can be handled by coding techniques for one-dimensional data. The implementation and performance of a fixed predictor, an adaptive predictor with finite memory, and an adaptive linear predictor are discussed. Results of experiments performed on various types of scanned images are also presented. Part II deals with techniques for encoding the prediction error pattern to achieve compression of data.
Novel Antivirals Inhibit Early Steps in HPV Infection

The future incidence of cervical cancer is forecast to decline because of the remarkably effective prophylactic vaccines against human papillomaviruses. However, lack of access to these expensive vaccines in the developing countries where cervical cancer is most frequent, and the restricted genotypes these vaccines protect against, will limit their impact. Clearly, there is still a need for identifying other modalities for preventing HPV infections. Ready access to effective, inexpensive antivirals represents one potentially valuable approach to the prevention of genital HPV infections. We developed a well-validated high throughput screening (HTS) assay for identifying compounds that inhibit HPV infection and applied this assay to identify lead compounds that act by inhibiting an early step in infection. We screened over 40,000 small molecules that were available at the University of Wisconsin Small Molecule Screening Facility (UW-SMSF). The top 22 compounds were chosen for further analyses based upon the pharmacological property, scaffold diversity, strength of the inhibitory activity and lack of nonspecific cytotoxicity. Of these compounds, #13 and #14 had the most acceptable properties of low to submicromolar IC(50)'s and low cytotoxicity. Optimal antiviral activities were elicited by exposure of cells to the #13 and #14 during the initial 12 h following infection. Twenty-nine #13-like and 15 #14-like analogs were identified in silico and tested for their antiviral activities corresponded to the altered structures comparing to #13 and #14, informing on the pharmacophore structure of each compound. Studies indicate that both compounds inhibit infection post-entry.
Preclinical research into the effects of anesthetics on the developing brain: promises and pitfalls.

Every year millions of children are treated with anesthetics and sedatives to alleviate pain and distress during invasive procedures. Accumulating evidence suggests the possibility for deleterious effects on the developing brain. This has led to significant concerns among pediatric anesthesiologists and to the formation of the Pediatric Anesthesia NeuroDevelopmental Assessment (PANDA) group and its biannual symposium. Not surprisingly, the majority of the data in this field have thus far been derived through laboratory research. Accordingly, this review summarizes the current state of animal research in this field, introduces some of the findings presented at the PANDA symposium, and addresses some of the difficulties in translating these findings to pediatric anesthesia practice, as discussed during the symposium. The symposium participants’ consensus was that significant preclinical and clinical research efforts are still needed to investigate this important concern for child health.
Phototherapy: old questions, new answers.

UNLABELLED Despite its popularity and widespread use, there remains much more to be learned about phototherapy. CONCLUSION There is continued debate on whether intermittent phototherapy is more effective than continuous phototherapy; if light of a longer wavelength is more effective than blue light phototherapy; and if phototherapy in the presence of bilirubin is toxic to normal or abnormal red blood cells. Three in vitro studies in this issue of the journal provide answers to some of these questions.
Some consequences of chaos for quantum devices

The consequences of quantum behavior of charge carriers in devices, while entertaining, is detrimental to the device performance. Chaos leads to unmanageable and unpredictable response in different devices to the same drive and bias inputs.
Inositol as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression

Objective Inositol is a constituent of the intracellular phosphatidyl inositol (PI) second messenger system, which is linked to various neurotransmitter receptors. Inositol crosses the blood-brain barrier in pharmacological doses, and has shown efficacy in a small double-blind study of unipolar depression. This pilot study evaluated its potential efficacy and safety in bipolar depression. Methods Twenty-four consenting adult men and women with DSM-IV bipolar depression (bipolar I = 21; bipolar II = 3) were randomly assigned to receive either 12 g of inositol or D-glucose as placebo for 6 weeks. Efficacy and safety ratings were done weekly. Thymoleptic medications (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine) in stable doses and at therapeutic levels at study entry were continued unchanged. Results Two subjects receiving placebo dropped out early due to worsening or non-adherence to the protocol. Among the 22 subjects who completed the trial, six (50%) of the inositol-treated subjects responded with a 50% or greater decrease in the baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score and a Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scale score change of 'much' or 'very much' improved, as compared to three (30%) subjects assigned to placebo, a statistically nonsignificant difference. On the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), eight (67%) of twelve inositol-treated subjects had a 50% or greater decrease in the baseline MADRS scores compared to four (33%) of twelve subjects assigned to placebo (p = 0.10). Inositol was well tolerated with minimal side effects, and thymoleptic blood levels were unaltered. Conclusions These pilot data suggest a controlled study with an adequate sample size, and the appropriate rating scale may demonstrate efficacy for inositol in bipolar depression. The tolerability and the 'natural substance' aspect of inositol may be particularly appealing to subjects with bipolar depression.
The Asiatic mode of production and the formative Turkic and Iranian states in modern times

(1993). The Asiatic mode of production and the formative Turkic and Iranian states in modern times. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 473-496.
Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants

Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide veterinarians with guidelines regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment of animal diseases. The foundation of the Consensus Statement is evidence-based medicine, but if such evidence is conflicting or lacking, the panel provides interpretive recommendations on the basis of their collective expertise. The Consensus Statement is intended to be a guide for veterinarians, but it is not a statement of standard of care or a substitute for clinical judgment. Topics of statements and panel members to draft the statements are selected by the Board of Regents with input from the general membership. A draft prepared and input from Diplomates is solicited at the Forum and via the ACVIM Web site and incorporated in a final version. This Consensus Statement was approved by the Board of Regents of the ACVIM before publication.
The characteristics, uses and potentials of taxicab transportation

Taxicab transportation is a significant segment of urban transportation. Taxicabs, along with other “paratransit” type systems, provide service with characteristics between the automobile and mass transportation. Consequently, they are well suited to a number of special purposes. Taxicabs currently serve a wide range of trip purposes by travellers with varied socio-economic characteristics. Taxicab transportation is most attractive for serving lower density area and off-peak travel particularly where there is only minimal mass transit service. In this regard, taxicabs are a supplement to conventional mass transit. The use of taxicabs for collection and distribution functions for both passengers and freight is gradually being realized. The multiple use of taxicabs offers advantages of increasing taxicab productivity and reducing individual trip costs. Many of the problems related to taxicabs are regulatory and institutional in nature. Unless these constraints are eased or removed, wider application of taxicab transportation, including productivity gains, will be limited.
The Space of the Ethical Practice of Emergency Medicine

Emergency medicine, a new medical specialty in the United States, is an ethical practice that has developed through its interaction with the spaces in which it is situated. We discuss this claim in two steps followed by a demonstration. First we examine the historical evolution of the hospital, to provide the background for a lengthier account of the historical transformation of the emergency room. We then introduce Foucault's approach to ethics, to explain the sense in which emergency medicine is an ethical practice constituted, in part, by its space(s) of operation. The preliminaries of the application of our historico-ethical framework to emergency medicine, are presented, focusing on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Our intention is to provide a framework for the newest clinical specialty as an ethical practice in order to understand how to individuate its emerging ethical problems. The emphasis on space throughout enables us to integrate the historical development of emergency medicine with its present concrete setting, and to establish a basis for analyzing emergency medicine that does not rely uncritically on either a preferred ethical perspective or the perspective of its practitioners.
The Effects of Tax Policy on Aggregate Agricultural Investment

The effects of tax policies on aggregate agricultural investment are examined. Results from this analysis suggest that tax policies are effective in promoting agricultural investment. Nearly 20 percent of net investment in agricultural equipment during the period 1956 through 1978 is attributed to tax policy. From 1956 to 1978, tax policy has stimulated, in real dollars, over $5 billion in net investment in equipment and in excess of $1 billion in structures.
Police Work and Culture in a Nonurban Setting: An Ethnographic Analysis:

This article represents the findings of an ethnographic analysis of police patrol activity in a nonurban setting. A growing body of research describes differences between urban and nonurban police work. However, the way officers think about their work in nonurban settings is relatively unstudied and is the purpose of this research. Data were collected through descriptions of the patrol setting and interviews of deputies. Findings showed support for themes of policing widely described in literature derived from urban-based research. However, the meanings associated with those themes sometimes differed from urban-associated research. At least in regard to the research setting considered here, generalizing from research conducted in urban settings would have resulted in the exclusion of meanings that capture important local dynamics.
Phase-field modeling of domain switching near crack tips in single crystal ferroelectrics

Domain switching near a stationary crack tip in a single crystal of ferroelectric material is investigated. The phase-field approach applying the material polarization as the order parameter is used as the theoretical modeling framework, and the finite element method is used for the numerical solution technique. The electromechanical form of the J -integral is appropriately modified to account for the polarization gradient energy terms, and analyzed to illustrate the amount of shielding, or lack thereof, due to domain switching at the crack tip.
An Accelerated Rural Training Program

Background: Several authors have pointed out the need for enhanced training for those residents contemplating rural practices. Most students and policy makers are reluctant to commit to primary care training beyond the required 3 years. Methods: The University of Nebraska Medical Center received approval for an accelerated family practice training program in 1993, and developed a 4-year program that requires a 1-year rural procedures fellowship and a commitment to practice in rural Nebraska. Results: The Nebraska accelerated rural training program has recruited 10 classes to this program and has placed more than 50% of the graduates in communities with a population of less than 8,000. Conclusion: The requirements of this program are unique. Special consideration must address the issues of recruitment of students, integration into the basic program, licensure issues, determination of fellowship training needs, and faculty recruitment.
Multilayer relaxation of the Cu(210) surface

Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) I – V has been utilized to determine the surface structure of Cu(2 1 0). The surface structure is found to exhibit multilayer relaxation following the trend − − + (− is contraction and + is expansion in the interlayer spacing). The magnitude of interplanar relaxation is found to be damped, where | Δd 12 |>| Δd 23 |>| Δd 34 |, etc. This kind of behavior is quite different from that observed on Al(2 1 0) [Phys. Rev. B 38 (1988) 7913], where the magnitude of interplanar relaxation in the third interlayer is larger than that in the second interlayer (i.e., | Δd 23 | Δd 34 |). The difference of damped multilayer relaxation behavior of Cu(2 1 0) and Al(2 1 0) could be related to a charge density oscillation perpendicular to the surface.
Attenuation of myogenic orofacial nociception and mechanical hypersensitivity by viral mediated enkephalin overproduction in male and female rats.

Background Clinical studies have tested the use of an engineered herpes virus to treat pain. We hypothesized that subcutaneous injections of an engineered herpes virus that expresses enkephalin would attenuate orofacial nociception and hypersensitivity in male and female rats by a central mechanism.
Through the Eyes of the Other: Using Event Analysis to Build Cultural Competence

Cultural competence requires more than the accumulation of information about cultural groups. An awareness of the nurse’s own culture, beliefs, and values is considered by several transcultural nursing theorists to be essential to the development of cultural competence and the provision of quality patient care. Using Transformational Learning Theory, this article describes event analysis, an active learning tool that uses the nurse’s own practice to explore multiple perspectives of an experience, with the goal of transforming the nurse’s approach to diversity from an ethnocentric stance, to one of tolerance and consideration for the patient’s needs, values, and beliefs with regard to quality of care. Furthermore, the application of the event analysis to multiple settings, including inpatient, educational, and administrative environments, is discussed.
Sex- and Age-specific Patterns of Mineral Lick Use by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Abstract Little is known regarding the influence of sex- and age-specific factors on mineral lick use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We recorded 1020 visits to mineral licks by deer between April and September, of which we could classify 922 by sex and age (yearling or adult). We observed a relationship between the frequency of mineral lick visitation and both sex and age of users. No relationship was found between visitation frequency and time interval of use. Adult females used licks more frequently than other sex/age classes. Visitation frequencies were similar for adult males and yearling males and females. We detected no relationship between lick sodium (Na) content and sex or age of visitors. Greater lick use by adult females may have reflected an increased need for Na associated with gestation and lactation. The majority of male visitors were yearlings, which require Na for antler production and rapid somatic growth. In areas where Na concentration in forage is below dietary require...
INFRARED SOURCES IN DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS

Recent accomplishments in the infrared study of dense molecular clouds are reviewed, and the outstanding problems in the area are discussed. Such questions as whether clouds are collapsing, how they can be classified, and whether star formation is occurring on the edges of clouds are analyzed. Problems of determining size, energy distribution and luminosity, spectral features, evolutionary state, and energetics of infrared sources are discussed.
Perturbation solution and moment expansion for nonlinear adsorption in a CSTR

Regular perturbation theory is applied to determine the response to an impulse input in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) with nonlinear adsorption. A series expansion for temporal moments is a result of the procedure. This moment expansion allows the usual restriction of linearity in analysis of experimental data by moments to be waived. The response at each order can be expressed as an expansion in Laguerre polynomials involving moments, which, in the present example, converges to the exact solution.
The Role of Reference Price in Gift Registry Fulfillment: Empirical and Experimental Evidence

The authors examine the role of reference prices in a unique form of gift giving behavior - gift registries. A Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of fulfillment data from 555 online wedding registries and results from a laboratory experiment reveal that gift fulfillment probability follows a bimodal distribution around the average price of a gift registry. This is consistent with the hypothesis that gift purchases in the context of gift registries are driven by the average price of the registry, which serves as the reference price, and two competing motivations among gift givers: a desire for social benefits (e.g., to enhance relationship) and a desire for monetary benefits (e.g., to save money). The former motivation favors gift items with higher than average prices whereas the latter favors those with lower than average prices. This finding is robust after controlling for gift budget and relationship with the recipient. Our analysis also indicates that higher reference prices in the form of average price of the registry increase total gift spending from a registry, but only when gift givers are casual acquaintances to the recipient.
The controversy over advanced cardiovascular imaging: relative roles of radiologists, cardiologists, and other physicians in CT and MRI of the cardiovascular system.

Purpose There is considerable conflict between radiologists and cardiologists over who has the experience and knowledge to perform computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cardiovascular (CV) system. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative roles of the different specialties in these procedures. Method and Materials The nationwide 2003 Medicare Physician Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files were used to study all 8 codes for CT angiography and all 12 codes for magnetic resonance angiography and MRI of the heart. The database provides information on the number of studies performed in each code and the specialties of the physician providers. All professional component and global claims were tabulated, but technical-component-only claims were excluded because that would have led to double counting studies. Results In 2003, in the Medicare fee-for-service population, a total of 266,142 CV CT studies were performed. Radiologists performed 257,581 (96.8%), and cardiologists performed 1,246 (0.5%). Primary care physicians (PCPs) and radiation oncologists each performed more of these studies than cardiologists: 1,879 and 1,389, respectively. Independent diagnostic testing facilities (IDTFs) and multispecialty groups together performed 2,398 (0.9%); although Medicare lists each of them as a medical “specialty,” the actual specialty of a provider cannot be determined. A total of 110,743 CV MRI studies were performed. Radiologists did 100,788 (91.0%), and cardiologists did 3,257 (2.9%). In addition, IDTFs and multispecialty groups together performed 4,644, PCPs 753, and radiation oncologists 537. Conclusion Cardiologists had only minimal roles in CV CT and MRI in 2003. Their procedure volume was so small that it raises a question as to whether they could be gaining meaningful experience or providing meaningful training to fellows. Radiologists strongly dominated in the use of these modalities for imaging CV structures.