cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on Multidisciplinary and Multi-objective Optimal Control Design of an Aircraft Wing with Multiple Aileron

This paper presents a multidisciplinary and multiobjective optimal design of an aircraft wing with two, three, and four control surfaces. The study aims to compare the performance of the wing in terms of aerodynamic loads rejection, stability robustness, and energy consumption. An LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) is designed for each control surface. The geometrical parameters of the control surfaces such as the span-wise and chord lengths, and the diagonal elements of the LQR weighting matrices are optimally adjusted by the NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm). The algorithm returns a set of solutions called the Pareto set and its function evaluation forms another set known as the Pareto front. The solution set holds optimal geometrical and control decision variables that produce various degrees of optimal trade-offs among the design goals. To facilitate the comparison between the three optimization problems, a post-processing algorithm that operates on the Pareto front is utilized. Then, the knee points and portions of the Pareto fronts are compared. The optimal solutions show that there are conflicting relationships between the design objectives. The disturbance rejection of the wing with the two ailerons is the least effective however control energy consumption is the smallest as compared to the other configurations. The wing with the three ailerons at 18 different design options has the best relative stability. At the knee point, a wing having four control surfaces can offer the best disturbance rejection but at the expense of the control energy. With these considerations, a wing with three surfaces can be the best compromise among the other configurations.
Catalytic Properties and Specificity of the Extracellular Nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus

A spectrophotometric assay is described for staphylococcal nuclease, based on the increase in absorbance at 260 mµ which accompanies deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA hydrolysis. Initial velocities are proportional to enzyme concentration over a 70-fold range. The enzyme has greater affinity for DNA than for RNA, and activity is greater with heat-denatured DNA than with native DNA. No inhibitory products accumulate during the reaction. The enzyme is stable at pH values as low as 0.1, and in a concentration of 0.15 mg per ml there is no loss of activity after boiling (20 min). Dilute solutions are protected from heat inactivation by a mixture of albumin and Ca++ as well as by denatured DNA. The optimum pH for RNase and DNase activities is between 9 and 10, depending on the Ca++ concentration. At higher pH values, less Ca++ is required. The inhibitory effect of high Ca++ concentrations is more pronounced at higher pH values. Considerable DNase but no RNase activity results if Ca++ is replaced by Sr++, while Fe++ and Cu++ cause minimal activation. A number of heavy metal cations inhibit DNase and RNase activities competitively with Ca++; Hg++, Zn++, and Cd++ are the most potent of these. Activities resulting from combinations of DNA and RNA with Ca++ or Sr++ suggest that these substrates are hydrolyzed by the same or closely related regions on the enzyme. Enzyme activity toward DNA and RNA is strongly inhibited by 5'-phosphoryl (not by 2'- or 3'-phosphoryl) derivatives of deoxyadenylic, adenylic, and deoxythymidylic acids, and deoxythymidine 3',5'-diphosphate is the most potent inhibitor. High activity is obtained with polyadenylic acid compared to polyuridylic acid, polycytidylic acid, and RNA. These findings are consistent with the known action of the enzyme (cleavage of the 5'-phosphoryl ester bond), and suggest that the differential activity toward DNA and RNA results at least in part from differences in the affinity toward the constituent bases of these nucleic acids.
Corrigendum to "Microstructural Characterization of Metal Foams: An Examination of the Applicability of the Theoretical Models for Modeling Foams"

Establishing the geometry of foam cells is useful in developing microstructure-based acoustic and structural models. Since experimental data on the geometry of the foam cells are limited, most modeling efforts use an idealized three-dimensional, space-filling Kelvin tetrakaidecahedron. The validity of this assumption is investigated in the present paper. Several FeCrAlY foams with relative densities varying between 3 and 15% and cells per mm (c.p.mm.) varying between 0.2 and 3.9 c.p.mm. were microstructurally evaluated. The number of edges per face for each foam specimen was counted by approximating the cell faces by regular polygons, where the number of cell faces measured varied between 207 and 745. The present observations revealed that 50-57% of the cell faces were pentagonal while 24-28% were quadrilateral and 15-22% were hexagonal. The present measurements are shown to be in excellent agreement with literature data. It is demonstrated that the Kelvin model, as well as other proposed theoretical models, cannot accurately describe the FeCrAlY foam cell structure. Instead, it is suggested that the ideal foam cell geometry consists of 11 faces with 3 quadrilateral, 6 pentagonal faces and 2 hexagonal faces consistent with the 3-6-2 Matzke cell
Purification and Characterization of a Keratinase from a Feather-Degrading Bacillus licheniformis Strain

A keratinase was isolated from the culture medium of feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 by use of an assay of the hydrolysis of azokeratin. Membrane ultrafiltration and carboxymethyl cellulose ion-exchange and Sephadex G-75 gel chromatographies were used to purify the enzyme. The specific activity of the purified keratinase relative to that in the original medium was approximately 70-fold. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and Sephadex G-75 chromatography indicated that the purified keratinase is monomeric and has a molecular mass of 33 kDa. The optimum pH and the pI were determined to be 7.5 and 7.25, respectively. Under standard assay conditions, the apparent temperature optimum was 50°C. The enzyme is stable when stored at −20°C. The purified keratinase hydrolyzes a broad range of substrates and displays higher proteolytic activity than most proteases. In practical applications, keratinase is a useful enzyme for promoting the hydrolysis of feather keratin and improving the digestibility of feather meal. Images
Archbishop Oscar Romero in the U.S. Media, 1977-1980: Elevation Before Martyrdom

My paper argues that the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero in El Salvador in 1980 made him a key symbol that inspired a religiously-based movement opposing policies of the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, but also that Romero’s power as a symbol took a strong root only because the seeds of his influence had been germinating for some time. As articles in the Catholic press moved strongly toward a sympathetic tone throughout 1978 and 1979, the secular press, through an examination of articles on Romero in the New York Times, followed the lead of the Catholic press, elevating Romero as a symbol even before his martyrdom.
Medium Access Control for Wireless Networks with Peer-to-Peer State Exchange

Distributed medium access control (MAC) protocols are proposed for wireless networks assuming that one-hop peers can periodically exchange a small amount of state information. Each station maintains a state and makes state transitions and transmission decisions based on its state and recent state information collected from its one-hop peers. A station can adapt its packet length and the size of its state space to the amount of traffic in its neighborhood. It is shown that these protocols converge to a steady state, where stations take turns to transmit in each neighborhood without collision. In other words, an efficient time-division multiple access (TDMA) like schedule is formed in a distributed manner, as long as the topology of the network remains static or changes slowly with respect to the execution of the protocol.
Synchronization of low- and high-threshold motor units.

Introduction: We examined the degree of synchronization for both low- and high-threshold motor unit (MU) pairs at high force levels. Methods: MU spike trains were recorded from the quadriceps during high-force isometric leg extensions. Short-term synchronization (between -6 and 6 ms) was calculated for every unique MU pair for each contraction. Results: At high force levels, earlier recruited motor unit pairs (low-threshold) demonstrated relatively low levels of short-term synchronization (approximately 7.3% extra firings than would have been expected by chance). However, the magnitude of synchronization increased significantly and linearly with mean recruitment threshold (reaching 22.1% extra firings for motor unit pairs recruited above 70% MVC). Conclusions: Three potential mechanisms that could explain the observed differences in synchronization across motor unit types are proposed and discussed.
Autologous Fat Grafts for Skull Base Repair After Craniotomies

Autologous fat grafts are used in skull base surgery to fill relatively small, well-contained cavities. They replace tissue removed during surgery or atrophied after surgery or radiotherapy. The fat may restore a more cosmetic contour, protect superficial tissues from irregular projections of underlying bone, provide contrast with recurrent tumor on imaging studies, and prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. Fat grafts can be combined with other autologous materials to fill large defects. Fat grafts are harvested from the anterior abdominal wall or hip region. This chapter reviews the relevant literature and discusses current techniques of fat grafting in skull base surgery.
Modern adjunctive pharmacotherapy of myocardial infarction.

During acute myocardial infarction (MI), aspirin, β-adrenergic antagonists and oral angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors should be used as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy. Medications upon discharge from the hospital should include aspirin and a β-blocker. An ACE inhibitor should also be prescribed unless the ejection fraction is >> 45%. Particular indications for an ACE inhibitor are an anterior MI, congestive heart failure, ejection fraction << 45% and mitral regurgitation. β-blockers, when given to patients treated with ACE inhibitors, appear to produce an additional benefit compared with an ACE inhibitor alone. Based on the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) and Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) trials, a statin should also be given to subjects with low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels above 125 mg/dl, independent of total cholesterol levels. Therapy should be administered in an attempt to redu...
Some fundamental issues on metallization in VLSI

Metallization, and conductor systems in general, are a critical part of any VLSI chip, and as such can act to set limits on future down-scaling of such integrated circuits. Due to decreasing lateral and vertical dimensions, interconnections are rapidly becoming a problem in terms of device yield, reliability, signal delay time, and inter-device interactions. In this paper, we discuss how interconnection limitations will affect the scaling of advanced circuits. We will also cover a number of issues regarding the interconnection technologies that will be required in future ULSI circuits. The problems with conductor systems begin with the interconnection topology which provides constraints and limitations. The physical problems then begin with the deposition of the materials. For example, chemical vapor deposition of metal or metal-silicide interconnects causes several unique concerns due to surface chemistry, leading to undersirable reactions and compositional and structural nonuniformities. Similarly, factors such as control of step coverage are important for reduced geometries. Recent experiments and modeling techniques which address these problems will therefore be described. Lithographical aspects also pose problems in the scaling of metal lines and new pattern definition techniques will be discussed. Finally, isolation of information within dense crossing interconnects can become very difficult, with coupling causing degradation of information within localized devices.
Macromolecular absorption in the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract This article describes much of the information known on the ability of macromolecules to enter and penetrate the gastrointestinal mucosal epithelium of both neonates and adults. The study proposes that both types of epithelial cell are capable of transporting macromolecules from the intestinal lumen into the general circulation. The article discusses the implications that this can have for the transepithelial transport of macromolecules including drugs and delivery systems.
Using forest guards to protect a biological reserve in Costa Rica: one step towards linking parks to people

Abstract The paper examines a forest guard system protecting Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve in Costa Rica. Using field observation, interviews and content analysis of records, the study determines the major threats facing the reserve from the local population. These threats, which include hunting, squatting and logging, are dealt with by the guards not just by creating barriers but by the guards as linkages among the many participants in the region. Community, institutional, legal and ecological linkages are identified, described and measured. The community linkage is recognized as particularly important because the Reserve's protection will be greatly enhanced if the community itself becomes ‘the guards’ and protects the Reserve. Policy recommendations are made based on the results.
Nonequilibrium noise and fractional charge in the quantum Hall effect.

We study nonequilibrium edge state transport in the fractional quantum Hall regime at filling g=1/m. Tunneling of Laughlin quasiparticles between edges is shown to generate both current and voltage shot noise with a universal ratio of noise amplitudes given by (${ge}^{2}$/h${)}^{2}$. In the weak backscattering limit we predict a current shot noise satisfying Poisson statistics with charge ge, which should enable a direct measurement of the fractional charge of the quasiparticle. On resonance the quasiparticles tunnel in pairs and the effective charge entering the current shot noise becomes 2ge.
Application of aortography and ultrasound in evaluation of renal agenesis

Ultrasound followed by aortography, if necessary, has been a useful approach in the diagnosis of suspected renal agenesis.
Effect of ions on water structure

Abstract The effect of solutes and temperature changes on the 1.15 μm band of water has been studied by a “difference method” in which water at 25° is compared directly with an aqueous solution at the same temperature or water at an elevated temperature. The number of water molecules in each path of the double beam instrument is kept identical by the use of a variable path cell. It is confirmed that this band consists of two components due to “bonded” and “nonbonded” water groups. Spectra of one molar solutions of 31 electrolytes involving 14 cations and 11 anions have been recorded and it is found that the individual ionic contributions to these different spectra may be resolved into their gaussian components with a maximum error of 5 per cent. All of the simple cations are observed to be “structure makers” in that the number of bonded water groups is greater in solutions than in pure water. The order of structure making for the alkali metal ions is H+ > Li+ > Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+. All anions which have been studied are found to be structure breakers with the most effective ions being PF6−, ClO4− and NO3−. The order of structure breaking for the halide ions is I− > Br− > Cl− > F−.
Stationary principles and potential functions for nonlinear networks

Abstract This paper presents a novel graph theoretic approach for deriving various stationary principles for single-element type nonlinear networks. The concepts of total content, co-content and hybrid content are generalized to that of total parametric content for resistive nonlinear networks containing multivalued elements. The results by Brayton and Moser on potential functions for complete m-ports are generalized to non-complete m-ports in terms of three pseudopotential functions; namely, the pseudo-content, pseudo- co-content and the pseudo-hybrid content. The precise criterion for which each of these pseudo-potential functions reduces to a legitimate potential function is shown to be the unique solvability of an implicit set of equations given explicitly in terms of standard topological matrices. Simple circuit theoretic sufficient conditions are given which require merely the positive-definiteness of the incremental resistance matrix of an auxiliary complete current-controlled p-port and the incremental conductance matrix of an auxiliary complete voltage-controlled q-port. These conditions also guarantee that a non-complete dynamic nonlinear network can be represented by a system of normal form differential equations in terms of a single mixed potential function.
Towards joint routing and spread-spectrum channelization in cognitive ad hoc networks

We consider a spread-spectrum channelization based secondary network that operates cognitively to coexist with primary users. A new framework for cross-layer design that incorporates adaptation between spectrum-spreading channelization and routing is proposed. Joint power and spreading code allocation in conjunction of the back-pressure routing is developed to optimize the throughput over the whole network. The preliminary simulation results demonstrate significant performance gains compared to random spreading code assignment algorithm.
Alpha Factor Analysis of Data on Superior High School Students

PART OF the data used in this study was obtained from the records of the Research and Guidance Lab oratory for Superior Students, University of Wiscon sin (7); part was collected by the author for the com pletion of his doctoral dissertation (1). In all, 428 "superior" students were involved in the study. Two hundred and fourteen of these were Laboratory participants and 214 were non-Laboratory subjects. Laboratory (L) and non-Laboratory (NL) subjects were matched on the variables of: 1) rank in grad uating high school class, 2) high school they attend ed, 3) year of graduation from high school, and 4) sex.
The human 64-kDa polyadenylylation factor contains a ribonucleoprotein-type RNA binding domain and unusual auxiliary motifs.

Abstract Cleavage stimulation factor is one of the multiple factors required for 3'-end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs. We have shown previously that this factor is composed of three subunits with estimated molecular masses of 77, 64, and 50 kDa and that the 64-kDa subunit can be UV-crosslinked to RNA in a polyadenylylation signal (AAUAAA)-dependent manner. We have now isolated cDNAs encoding the 64-kDa subunit of human cleavage stimulation factor. The 64-kDa subunit contains a ribonucleoprotein-type RNA binding domain in the N-terminal region and a repeat structure in the C-terminal region in which a pentapeptide sequence (consensus MEARA/G) is repeated 12 times and the formation of a long alpha-helix stabilized by salt bridges is predicted. An approximately 270-amino acid segment surrounding this repeat structure is highly enriched in proline and glycine residues (approximately 20% for each). When cloned 64-kDa subunit was expressed in Escherichia coli, an N-terminal fragment containing the RNA binding domain bound to RNAs in a polyadenylylation-signal-independent manner, suggesting that the RNA binding domain is directly involved in the binding of the 64-kDa subunit to pre-mRNAs.
A 25-year replication of Katz et al.’s (1988) metaphor norms

Research in metaphor processing has made extensive use of the normed metaphor database created by Katz, Paivio, Marschark, & Clark (Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3, 191–214, 1988). Because of the plasticity of figurative language, we conducted a renorming of selected metaphors from the database on a new student population. Correlations between Katz et al.’s and the present data showed that the pattern of responses has remained highly consistent across time and populations. The consistency of the normative ratings allows us to be confident in future research that will use the Katz et al. collection.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Domestic Violence Populations

Domestic violence continues to be a significant social problem impacting our society. Battered women and their children experience a myriad of negative consequences as a result of domestic violence. Of the possible negative sequelae that mothers and children experience, the disrupted parent–child relationship has received relatively little attention in the literature. Though psychosocial interventions are available to treat women who experience violence and children who witness violence, few interventions focus on the parent–child relationship. This article describes parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT), a relationship-based intervention. Although not initially developed to treat domestic violence, PCIT has unique characteristics that make it a promising intervention with this population. A rationale for the use of PCIT with battered women and their children is presented.
Lymphoscintigraphic Analysis of Lymphatic Abnormalities in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Human Filariasis

To obtain high-resolution radionuclide lymphoscintigraphic images of affected limbs in persons with both symptomatic and asymptomatic filarial infection, 36 volunteers were recruited from a Wuchereria bancrofti-endemic area of Recife, Brazil, for a prospective, controlled analysis. Subjects were stratified after determination of serologic and clinical determinants of filarial infection status. Widespread lymphatic abnormalities were found in clinically asymptomatic microfilaremic persons, who had been assumed to have infection but not disease. All patients with clinical manifestations of lymphatic pathology and marked abnormalities. No correlation was found between clinical findings and actual lymphatic function as demonstrated by lymphoscintigraphy. The initial diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis, whether asymptomatic or symptomatic, is based on nonimaging laboratory criteria. After diagnosis, lymphoscintigraphy is a valuable tool for initial assessment of any lymphatic damage. Changes in strategies for therapeutic interventions in asymptomatic microfilaremic persons, who are not usually aggressively treated, may be warranted.
Outcomes of Open Repair for Chronic Descending Thoracic Aortic Dissection

Background This study analyzed early and late outcomes after open repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms with chronic aortic dissection. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our cases of open repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms with chronic dissection from 1991 to 2011. Patient comorbid conditions and operative details were analyzed to determine risks for adverse outcome. Long-term survival and aortic reinterventions were analyzed. Results We repaired 519 patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms during the study period, and 209 (40%) had chronic dissection. Mean age was 59 years, with 74% (154 of 209) men. Previous ascending repair was performed in 41% (85 of 209), and the second-stage elephant trunk was performed in 10% (21 of 209). Adjunctive distal aortic perfusion with cerebral spinal fluid drainage was used in 90% (188 of 209) of patients, and circulatory arrest with bypass in 1% (3 of 209). The 30-day mortality was 8.6% (18 of 209). Immediate neurologic deficit occurred in 0.95% (2 of 209) and only with extent C resection. Delayed neurologic deficit occurred in 1.4% (3 of 209), 1 patient in each extent. Because 66% (2 of 3) of the patients with delayed neurologic deficit recovered function, permanent deficit occurred in 1.4% (3 of 209). Stroke occurred in 2.4% (5 of 209) and dialysis on discharge in 5% (11 of 211). The only risk factor for 30-day mortality was preoperative glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 mL/min (odds ratio, 4.2; p Conclusions Open repairs of chronic descending thoracic aortic aneurysm dissections can be performed with respectable morbidity and mortality. Neurologic deficit remains low with the use of adjuncts, and early deaths are directly related to preoperative renal status. Reintervention on the involved aortic segment is low. These results allow comparisons with endovascular repair for chronic aortic dissection.
Pharyngeal pH Monitoring in 222 Patients with Suspected Laryngeal Reflux

To determine the existence of and characterize gastroesophagopharyngeal reflux in patients with symptoms of airway irritation, we monitored pharyngeal pH over a 24-hour period in 222 consecutive patients. Pharyngeal reflux was defined as a drop in pH to less than 4 at the pharyngeal sensor, which occurred simultaneously with acidification of the distal esophagus. Patients were divided into two groups: those with pharyngeal reflux (PR+) and those without (PR-). The Mann-Whitney U test and Student’s t test were used to assess intergroup comparisons. Episodes of pharyngeal reflux (range 1 to 36, average 4.4) were identified in 90 PR+ patients (40%). No pharyngeal reflux was identified in the remaining 132 patients (PR-). Episodes of pharyngeal reflux were rapidly cleared (average duration 1.5 minutes), and occurred while in the upright position in 77 (86%) of 90 patients and while in the supine position in 11 (12%) of 90 patients. Twenty-three patients (25%) experienced symptoms in association with an episode of pharyngeal reflux. In the distal esophagus, the percentage of time the pH was below 4 during the upright position and the total percentage of time the pH was below 4 were greater in PR+ patients (6.4% and 5.8%, respectively) when compared to PR-patients (2.6% and 2.6%, respectively). Laryngoscopic findings did not distinguish PR+ from PR- patients. Pharyngeal reflux occurs most commonly in the upright position and can be identified in more than 40% of patients thought to have acid-induced laryngeal symptoms. Even though these episodes are short lived and rapidly cleared, symptoms occur concomitantly in 25% of patients with proven pharyngeal reflux. Patients with laryngeal symptoms and documented pharyngeal reflux have greater amounts of esophageal reflux when compared to patients with laryngeal symptoms and no demonstrable pharyngeal reflux.
Squaraine donors for high efficiency small molecule solar cells

It has been a challenge to achieve high efficiency organic photovoltaics (OPV) that absorb long wavelength solar radiation without incurring unacceptable reductions in open circuit voltage (V oc ) or charge separation efficiency. Based on the parent structure of the 2, 4-bis[4-(N, N-diisobutylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine (SQ), we have increased V oc using a family of highly near-infrared absorbing SQs, achieving values as high as 0.94 V. These SQ donors are: 2, 4-bis[4-(N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine (1-NPSQ),2,4-bis[4-(N, N-diphenylamino)-2,6 dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine (DPSQ), 2,4-bis[4-(N, N-diphenylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] asymmetric squaraine (DPASQ). The spin-cast SQ, 1-NPSQ, DPSQ and DPASQ donors are then coated with the acceptor C 60 to form bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells that take advantage of their exceptionally high absorption coefficient and nanocrystalline morphology to overcome the short diffusion length characteristic of these materials. Combined with a high short-circuit current density (J sc =10.6 mA/cm2) and high fill factor (FF=0.64), the optimized 1-NPSQ/C 60 photovoltaic cells with 1-NPSQ annealed at elevated temperature have a power conversion efficiency of η p as high as 6.0% (correcting for solar mismatch) at 1 sun (AM 1.5G) simulated solar illumination, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency reported to date for small molecule OPVs.
INTEGRATION OF DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT WITH REAL-TIME TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are being designed to provide real-time control and route guidance to motorists to optimize traffic network performance. Current research and development efforts consist of a dynamic traffic assignment capability that can predict future traffic conditions and a real-time traffic adaptive control system (RT-TRACS) for generation of signal control strategies. Although these models are intimately connected, so far they have developed independently of one another. A framework is presented here for integrating the two models into a combined system with a practical approach for realizing it. First the static case involving the interaction between travelers (demand) and transportation facilities (supply) under recurrent conditions is discussed. This model is applicable in the design and planning of transportation systems management actions. The framework is then extended to the quasi-dynamic and the dynamic cases, which involve incorporation of advanced ITS technologies i...
The age of the tide and the “Q” of the oceans

Abstract Spring tides generally occur a day or two after full and new moon, a delay usually called “the age of the tide”. This phenomenon is explained qualitatively by the phase change with frequency of an expansion of the tides in terms of the damped normal modes of the oceans. A rough quantitative interpretation indicates a lower bound of about 25 for the Q of normal modes at frequencies close to semi-diurnal. It appears that such modes are not well matched to the tidal potential. Various assumptions, such as that of linearity, are discussed.
Genetic Variation in Melatonin Pathway Enzymes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Sleep Onset Delay.

Sleep disruption is common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Genes whose products regulate endogenous melatonin modify sleep patterns and have been implicated in ASD. Genetic factors likely contribute to comorbid expression of sleep disorders in ASD. We studied a clinically unique ASD subgroup, consisting solely of children with comorbid expression of sleep onset delay. We evaluated variation in two melatonin pathway genes, acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). We observed higher frequencies than currently reported (p < 0.04) for variants evidenced to decrease ASMT expression and related to decreased CYP1A2 enzyme activity (p ≤ 0.0007). We detected a relationship between genotypes in ASMT and CYP1A2 (r(2) = 0.63). Our results indicate that expression of sleep onset delay relates to melatonin pathway genes.
Analysis of Host-Parasite Relationships of Root-Knot Nematodes By Single-Larva Inoculations of Excised Tomato Roots

This report describes a bacteria-free culture unit to be used in large numbers for detailed analysis of host-parasite relationships of Meloidogyne sp. The unit consists of an excised tomato root growing in agar medium in a test tube to which one nematode larva has been added. Almost every nematode which penetrates induces a gall; a high proportion of these galls have eggs externally after 3 weeks of incubation at 28° C. Galls appear from the 1st to the 9th day, eggs from the 18th to the 26th day, and larvae from the 25th to the 32nd day after inoculation. Infectivity of Meloidogyne incognita acrita was 53%. Variations in nutrient composition had no marked effects except that high potassium stimulated egg production without affecting incidence of gall formation; high concentrations of iodine increased brown discoloration of galls. Addition of juice from a resistant plant (Cornus florida) depressed the infectivity of M. incognita acrita for tomato roots. A resistant variety of tomato, Nemared, maintained its resistance to Meloidogyne in excised root culture.
Direct probes of neutrino properties using solar-neutrino lines.

The spectrum of neutrinos from the Sun contains large fluxes of monoenergetic neutrinos which could be observed in the next generation of solar-neutrino detectors. Such observations directly probe neutrino parameters independent of uncertainties in the standard solar model. Small neutrino mass differences, ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$${\mathit{m}}_{2}^{2}$-${\mathit{m}}_{1}^{2}$${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ ${\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$, would cause the measured flux of $^{7}\mathrm{line}$ neutrinos to oscillate with a period in the range of a week up to a year. A neutrino magnetic moment comparable to the present laboratory bound would produce large distortions in the spectrum of scattered electrons.
How chemical kinetics uncertainties affect concentrations computed in an atmospheric photochemical model

Abstract Tropospheric photochemical models are used increasingly as predictive tools to assess the chemical response of the lower atmosphere to changes in physical and chemical conditions which influence trace species distributions. Among the many uncertainties in the modeling process are imprecisions in reaction rate data used in formulating model continuity equations. In this paper we evaluate the propagation of these kinetics uncertainties to computed species distributions in a photochemical model. A one-dimensional kinetics-diffusion model having 72 reactions among 24 species is used. Non-chemical sources and initial background concentrations are chosen to be representative of clean continental mid-latitude air. Chemical reaction rate data are mostly those of the NASA Kinetics Evaluation Panel No. 8 (1987) and include imprecisions in photolysis rates and binary and ternary reactions. A Monte Carlo technique is used to estimate uncertainties in computed concentrations due to the given rate uncertainties. We compute uncertainties in odd hydrogen species (the radicals OH and HO 2 ) and in hydrogen peroxide ranging from 22–41%. Uncertainties for O 3 and CO are, respectively, 17% and 30%. Odd nitrogen uncertainties range from 18% for NO to 72% for N 2 O 5 . The smallest uncertainty is that for nitric acid at 6%, but this is neglecting uncertainties in physical sources and sinks, such as precipitation scavenging. The uncertainty in OH (31%) is important when using the model to predict tropospheric oxidant levels because OH determines the lifetime of numerous naturally and anthropogenically emitted trace gases.
Early Environmental Correlates of Maternal Emotion Talk.

SYNOPSIS Objective . The primary goal of this study was to examine contextual, child, and maternal factors that are associated with mothers' early emotion talk in an ethnically diverse, low-income sample. Design . Emotion talk (positive and negative labels) was coded for 1111 mothers while engaged with their 7-month-olds in viewing an emotion-faces picture book. Infant attention during the interaction was also coded. Mothers' parenting style (positive engagement and negative intrusiveness) was coded during a dyadic free-play interaction. Demographic information was obtained, as well as maternal ratings of child temperament and mother's knowledge of infant development. Results . Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that social context and maternal qualities are significant predictors of mothers' early positive and negative emotion talk. In particular, mothers who were African American, had higher income, and who showed more positive engagement when interacting with their infants demonstrated increased...
Charting the library: Middle school and college students explore research strategies through mentoring

Abstract A librarian, a professor, and an alumnus of Eastern Michigan University (EMU) collaborated to create an innovative library learning workshop for sixth-graders and college students. Pairing sixth-graders and college students increased the motivation to learn of both groups. Participants discovered through hands-on projects that library research requires imagination and exploration.
Theoretical Study of the Quadrupolarity of Carbodiimide

The quadrupolarity of carbodiimide, HNCNH, has been studied in comparison to carbon dioxide. Both heterocumulenes exhibit {− + −} quadrupolarity in all directions. Concepts are formulated to develop an understanding of the origins of quadrupole moments and to trace theoretical level effects to the underlying changes of the electron density. The quadrupole moment tensors have been computed using RHF, MP2 and QCISD theory as well as the B3LYP density functional method. A variety of basis sets have been employed, the two best basis sets are of the types [5s, 4p, 2d, 1f] (23s, 8p, 2d, 1f) and [5s, 4p, 3d, 1f] (12s, 6p, 3d, 1f). The results suggest that the MP2 and B3LYP methods in conjunction with well-polarized triple-ζ basis sets provide a cost-effective and quite accurate method for the estimation of correlation effects on quadrupole moments. The quadrupole moment tensor component Qxx of carbodiimide falls between −16 and −18 DA. The components Qyy and Qzz, are similar and they range from −16.5 to −17.5 DA...
Uncertainty quantification in quantum informed ferroelectric phase field modeling

The uncertainty of a set of phenomenological ferroelectric phase field parameters are determined from a set of density function theory calculations. Bayesian statistics are employed and numerically implemented using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique. Computational DFT data for periodic unit cells and domain wall structures is included in the analysis to identify a broader range of phase field material parameters. This allow for determining a Landau-based stored energy function, electrostrictive coupling, and polarization gradient parameters governing domain wall energy and length. We focus on the tetragonal phase ferroelectric lead titanate which may contain 180◦ and 90◦ domains walls. The comparison of the phenomenological phase field model and DFT computations illustrate good correlations and relatively small propagation of error in prediction of the continuum stored energy function. Larger uncertainty is observed in the electrostrictive stress and domain wall predictions. The larger uncertainty in the electrostrictive parameters is reduced by decoupling the stored energy and stress computations. This leads to a factor of three reduction in the standard deviation of the electrostrictive parameters. Challenges in self-consistent prediction of domain structure energies and sizes is also discussed in light of the Bayesian statistical analysis.
D316 is critical for the enzymatic activity and HIV-1 restriction potential of human and rhesus APOBEC3B

APOBEC3B is one of seven human APOBEC3 DNA cytosine deaminases that function to inhibit the replication and persistence of retroelements and retroviruses. Human APOBEC3B restricts the replication of HIV-1 in HEK293 cells, while our laboratory clone of rhesus macaque APOBEC3B did not. We mapped the restriction determinant to a single amino acid difference that alters enzymatic activity. Human APOBEC3B D316 is catalytically active and capable of restricting HIV-1 while rhesus APOBEC3B N316 is not; swapping these residues alters the activity and restriction phenotypes respectively. Genotyping of primate center rhesus macaques revealed uniform homozygosity for aspartate at position 316. Considering the C-to-T nature of the underlying mutation, we suspect that our rhesus APOBEC3B cDNA was inactivated by its own gene product during subcloning in Escherichia coli. This region has been previously characterized for its role in substrate specificity, but these data indicate it also has a fundamental role in deaminase activity.
Minimum weight design of linearly tapered columns

Abstract In this paper, a direct search iterative algorithm is presented to find a minimum weight design of a linearly tapered built-up I-shaped steel column. The concept of equivalent uniform column is defined and a predictional formula is presented to determine the equivalent slenderness ratio for a certain linear taper of the web-depth. This would permit the use of the formulae available in the code of practice. A design example is included to assess the material saving.
Clinical results of CsI-detector-based dual-exposure dual energy in chest radiography

The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of digital chest radiography alone with digital chest radiography combined with dual-energy chest radiography in the detection of small non-calcified pulmonary nodules. Standard and dual-energy radiographs were obtained with a flat-panel digital chest system. Four radiologists reviewed digital posteroanterior chest radiographs in random order either alone or in conjunction with dual-energy soft tissue and bone images. Twenty patients with a total of 59 pulmonary nodules (median 0.5 cm, range 0.3 – 2.5 cm) confirmed by computed tomography (HU ≤100) were included. A level of confidence for each diagnosis was documented using a rating scale of 1–5. Brunner and Langer's test was performed for statistical analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed for nodules greater than 1 cm, 1–0.5 cm, and <0.5 cm. For posteroanterior chest radiography, sensitivity was 33%, positive predictive value 83%, specificity 81%, and negative predictive value 30%. Review in conjunction with dual-energy images resulted in a sensitivity of 42%, positive predictive value 88%, specificity 85%, and negative predictive value 34%. The increase of nodule detection overall as well as for different size categories was significant (p<0.05). The increase of the confidence level rating was also significant (p<0.001). Dual energy added to standard posteroanterior chest radiography significantly improves the sensitivity, specificity, and confidence in detection of small non-calcified pulmonary nodules.
Basic magnetic properties of bituminous coal

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility and other static magnetic parameters have been measured on a number of bituminous coals from various locations in the United States. The paramagnetic Curie constant correlates negatively with carbon concentration on a moisture-free basis. The major contribution to the total paramagnetism comes from the mineral matter rather than from free radicals or broken bonds. Analysis of the data indicates that the specific paramagnetism is generally lower in the mineral matter found in high-ash compared to low-ash coal. A substantial number of the coal specimens tested also had a ferromagnetic susceptibility which appeared to be associated with magnetite. Magnetite and α-iron spherules, possibly of meteoritic or volcanic origin, were found in several specimens.
Protein composition of the atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor partially purified by wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography.

Abstract The use of affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin columns to partially purify detergent extracts of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from porcine atria is described. The procedure results in a 20-fold purification of the protein. The partially purified protein binds [ 3 H]L-QNB (the l isomer of quinuclidinyl benzilate) with an observed association rate constant 2- to 3-fold lower than that found for the detergent extract; however, incubation with column fractions eluted prior to the receptor gives an association rate constant similar to that for detergent extracts. The component responsible for this effect is nondialyzable and protease sensitive, indicating that it may be a protein or high-molecular-weight peptide. Affinity labeling experiments with [ 3 H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard [N. J. M. Birdsall, A. S. V. Burgen, and E. C. Hulme (1979) Brit. J. Pharmacol. 66 , 337–342] show radioactivity incorporated mainly in a broad peak of apparent molecular weight 75,000 ± 5000.
Collision‐induced dissociation mass spectra of positive ions derived from tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers of primary alcohols

Peaks for [M + H]+ are not observed when electrospray ionization mass spectra of tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers are recorded under acidic conditions. However, gaseous [M + H]+ ions can be generated from ammonium adducts of THP ethers of primary alcohols by in-source fragmentation. The product ion spectra of these proton adducts show two significant peaks at m/z 85 and 103. Tandem mass spectrometric data obtained from appropriately deuteriated derivatives and ab initio calculations indicate that the m/z 85 ion originates from more than one mechanism and represents two structurally different species. A charge-directed E1-elimination mechanism or an inductive cleavage mechanism can produce the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrylium ion as one of the structures for the m/z 85 ion, whereas a charge-remote process with ring contraction can generate the 5-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-furylium ion as the other structure. A comparison of the relative abundances of product ions from different isotopologues showed that the charge-remote process is the preferred mechanism. This is congruent with the ab initio calculations, which showed that the dihydrofurylium ion bears the lowest energy structure. The less abundant m/z 103 ion, which represents a protonated tetrahydropyran-2-ol, is formed by a charge-remote process via a proton transfer from the alkyl substituent. This process involves the formation and rearrangement of a carbenium ion in close association with a hydroxypentanal molecule. A proton transfer from the carbenium ion to the aldehyde is followed by elimination of an alkene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversed electroimmunodiffusion for quantitating precipitins

Abstract This paper describes a new technique, reversed one-dimensional single electroimmunodiffusion (REID), for rapid and simple quantitation of antiserum precipitins on a continouous scale, reports results of experiments on factors affecting use and interpretation of this new method, and describes a new device for accurately and simply metering microliter quantities of antisera to be analyzed and a simple method for calibrating the device. Results can be obtained within a few hours, and the technique readily detects ≦ 50 ng of precipitins and can resolve differences of 50 μg or less per ml in antisera containing 150 μg or more precipitants per ml. Aside from being useful and convenient for quantitating antibodies, this technique may prove especially valuable for studying the currently little-undestood mechanisms of antigen-antibody precipitation in electroimmunodiffusion tests.
Multi-stage model estimates of lung cancer risk from exposure to diesel exhaust, based on a U.S. railroad worker cohort.

A California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA) report concluded that a reasonable and likely explanation for the increased lung cancer rates in numerous epidemiological studies is a causal association between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer. A version of the present analysis, based on a retrospective study of a U.S. railroad worker cohort, provided the Cal/EPA report with some of its estimates of lung cancer risk associated with diesel exhaust. The individual data for that cohort study furnish information on age, employment, and mortality for 56,000 workers over 22 years. Related studies provide information on exposure concentrations. Other analyses of the original cohort data reported finding no relation between measures of diesel exhaust and lung cancer mortality, while a Health Effects Institute report found the data unsuitable for quantitative risk assessment. None of those three works used multistage models, which this article uses in finding a likely quantitative, positive relations between lung cancer and diesel exhaust. A seven-stage model that has the last or next-to-last stage sensitive to diesel exhaust provides best estimates of increase in annual mortality rate due to each unit of concentration, for bracketing assumptions on exposure. Using relative increases of risk and multiplying by the background lung cancer mortality rates for California, the 95% upper confidence limit of the 70-year unit risks for lung cancer is estimated to be in the range 2.1 x 10(-4) (microg/m3)(-1) to 5.5 x 10(-4) (microg/m3)(-1). These risks constitute the low end of those in the Cal/EPA report and are below those reported by previous investigators whose estimates were positive using human data.