cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reformulating Queries for Duplicate Bug Report Detection

When bugs are reported, one important task is to check if they are new or if they were reported before. Many approaches have been proposed to partially automate duplicate bug report detection, and most of them rely on text retrieval techniques, using the bug reports as queries. Some of them include additional bug information and use complex retrieval- or learning-based methods. In the end, even the most sophisticated approaches fail to retrieve duplicate bug reports in many cases, leaving the bug triagers to their own devices. We argue that these duplicate bug retrieval tools should be used interactively, allowing the users to reformulate the queries to refine the retrieval. With that in mind, we are proposing three query reformulation strategies that require the users to simply select from the bug report the description of the software’s observed behavior and/or the bug title, and combine them to issue a new query. The paper reports an empirical evaluation of the reformulation strategies, using a basic duplicate retrieval technique, on bug reports with duplicates from 20 open source projects. The duplicate detector failed to retrieve duplicates in top 5-30 for a significant number of the bug reports (between 34% and 50%). We reformulated the queries for a sample of these bug reports and compared the results against the initial query. We found that using the observed behavior description, together with the title, leads to the best retrieval performance. Using only the title or only the observed behavior for reformulation is also better than retrieval with the initial query. The reformulation strategies lead to 56.6%-78% average retrieval improvement, over using the initial query only.
Undocumented Students: History and Implications for Higher Education Administrators:

This article provides a brief history of undocumented students and higher education, from the landmark case of Plyler v. Doe to the examination of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. As lawmake...
Improved Referral of Very Low Birthweight Infants to High-Risk Infant Follow-Up in California

Objective To examine changes in referral rates of very low birthweight (birthweight Study design We included very low birthweight infants born 2010-2016 in the population-based California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative who survived to discharge home. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine factors associated with referral and derive risk-adjusted referral rates by neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and region. Results Referral rate improved from 83.0% (preinitiative period) to 94.9% (postinitiative period); yielding an OR of 1.48 (95% CI, 1.26-1.72) for referral in the postinitiative period after adjustment for year. Referral rates improved the most (≥15%) for infants born at ≥33 weeks of gestation, with a birthweight of 1251-1500 g, and born in intermediate and lower volume NICUs. After the initiative, Hispanic ethnicity, small for gestational age status, congenital anomalies, and major morbidities were no longer associated with a decreased odds of referral. Lower birthweight, outborn status, and higher NICU volume were no longer associated with increased odds of referral. African American race was associated with lower odds of referral, and higher NICU level with a higher odds of referral during both time periods. Referral improved in many previously poor-performing NICUs and regions. Conclusions High-risk infant follow-up referral of very low birthweight infants improved substantially across all sociodemographic, perinatal, and clinical variables after the statewide initiative, although disparities remain. Our results demonstrate the benefit of a targeted initiative in California, which may be applicable to other quality collaboratives.
Predicting harmful alcohol relapse after liver transplant: The HALT score.

BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) is a rapidly growing indication for liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to examine various clinical, demographic, and behavioral factors to predict post-LT alcohol relapse and graft survival. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed on 241 LT recipients with AALD as either a primary or secondary indication for LT (2006-2015). RESULTS Patients with 6 months of abstinence (P = .0041, Log-Rank). We identified four variables to predict harmful alcohol relapse post-LT: age at LT, non-alcohol-related criminal history, pre-LT abstinence period (Ref >6 months of alcohol abstinence), and drinks per day (Ref <10 drinks/day). Area under the curve (AUC) for the final model was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.91). Our multivariable model was evaluated with internal cross-validation; random sampling of the study subjects 100 times yielded a median C statistic of 75 (±SD 0.097) and accuracy of 91 (±SD 0.026). The four-variable model served to form the harmful alcohol use post-LT (HALT) score. Graft survival remained significantly lower in patients with <6 months of pre-LT alcohol abstinence and those with blue-collar jobs. CONCLUSION The HALT score identifies LT candidates with AALD at significant risk for alcohol relapse, potentially guiding transplant centers for pre- and post-LT interventions for improved patient outcomes.
An iterative pose estimation algorithm based on epipolar geometry with application to multi-target tracking

This paper introduces a new algorithm for estimating the relative pose of a moving camera using consecutive frames of a video sequence. State-of-the-art algorithms for calculating the relative pose between two images use matching features to estimate the essential matrix. The essential matrix is then decomposed into the relative rotation and normalized translation between frames. To be robust to noise and feature match outliers, these methods generate a large number of essential matrix hypotheses from randomly selected minimal subsets of feature pairs, and then score these hypotheses on all feature pairs. Alternatively, the algorithm introduced in this paper calculates relative pose hypotheses by directly optimizing the rotation and normalized translation between frames, rather than calculating the essential matrix and then performing the decomposition. The resulting algorithm improves computation time by an order of magnitude. If an inertial measurement unit &#x0028 IMU &#x0029 is available, it is used to seed the optimizer, and in addition, we reuse the best hypothesis at each iteration to seed the optimizer thereby reducing the number of relative pose hypotheses that must be generated and scored. These advantages greatly speed up performance and enable the algorithm to run in real-time on low cost embedded hardware. We show application of our algorithm to visual multi-target tracking &#x0028 MTT &#x0029 in the presence of parallax and demonstrate its real-time performance on a 640 &#x00D7 480 video sequence captured on a UAV.
A Prototype QSP Model of the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 for Community Development

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic requires the rapid development of efficacious treatments for patients with life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models are mathematical representations of pathophysiology for simulating and predicting the effects of existing or putative therapies. The application of model-based approaches, including QSP, have accelerated the development of some novel therapeutics. Nevertheless, the development of disease-scale mechanistic models can be a slow process, often taking years to be validated and considered mature. Furthermore, emerging data may make any QSP model quickly obsolete. We present a prototype QSP model to facilitate further development by the scientific community. The model accounts for the interactions between viral dynamics, the major host immune response mediators and tissue damage and regeneration. The immune response is determined by viral activation of innate and adaptive immune processes that regulate viral clearance and cell damage. The prototype model captures two physiologically relevant outcomes following infection: a "healthy" immune response that appropriately defends against the virus, and an uncontrolled alveolar inflammatory response that is characteristic of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We aim to significantly shorten the typical QSP model development and validation timeline by encouraging community use, testing, and refinement of this prototype model. It is our expectation that the model will be further advanced in an open science approach (i.e., by multiple contributions toward a validated quantitative platform in an open forum), with the ultimate goal of informing and accelerating the development of safe and effective treatment options for patients.
Order Embeddings from Merged Ontologies using Sketching.

We give a simple, low resource method to produce order embeddings from ontologies. Such embeddings map words to vectors so that order relations on the words, such as hypernymy/hyponymy, are represented in a direct way. Our method uses sketching techniques, in particular countsketch, for dimensionality reduction. We also study methods to merge ontologies, in particular those in medical domains, so that order relations are preserved. We give computational results for medical ontologies and for wordnet, showing that our merging techniques are effective and our embedding yields an accurate representation in both generic and specialised domains.
Racing against Yourself: High Stakes for Adolescent English Language Learners with Disabilities:

Background/ContextAchieving academic readiness is difficult in high-stakes testing environments (HSTEs) and even more challenging for English Language Learners with Learning Disabilities (ELLD). Tr...
Factors associated with multiple suicide attempts in a nationally representative study of U.S. military veterans.

Abstract Objective Veterans with a history of multiple suicide attempts are at increased risk for suicide mortality relative to those with a single attempt. However, little is known about factors that differentiate veterans who attempt suicide once compared to more than once. This study examined factors that distinguish single suicide attempters (SSA) from multiple suicide attempters (MSA) in a nationally representative sample of U.S. military veterans. Methods Data were analyzed from the 2019–2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, which surveyed a representative sample of 4069 U.S. veterans. Analyses: (a) estimated the lifetime prevalence of SSA and MSA; and (b) examined factors that differentiated veterans with a SSA from MSA. Results The lifetime prevalences of SSA and MSA were 1.9% and 2.0%. The strongest correlates of MSA were history of lifetime depression (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43–8.35), non-suicidal self-injury (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.27–8.45), drug use disorder (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.67–9.54), and marital status (OR, 0.40, 95% CI, 0.18-0.87), which accounted for 15.5%–41.4% of the total explained variance in MSA. Discussion Half of military veterans who have attempted suicide in the United States report more than one attempt, suggesting that suicide attempts are not a one-time occurrence for a substantial proportion of veterans. Veterans who attempt suicide more than once show more deliberate self-harm behavior and have greater psychiatric comorbidities relative to single attempters. Implications for future research examining risk factors for suicide attempts among veterans are discussed.
Vaccines in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: From Prevention to Treatment

Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are some of the most common and devastating malignancies and include colorectal, gastric, esophageal, hepatocellular, and pancreatic carcinomas, among others. Five-year survival rates for many of these malignancies remain low. The majority presents at an advanced stage with limited treatment options and poor overall survival. Treatment is advancing but not at the same speed as other malignancies. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments are still only partially effective in GI malignancies and cause significant side effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel strategies in the treatment of GI malignancies. Recently, immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors have entered as potential new therapeutic options for patients, and thus, cancer vaccines may play a major role in the future of treatment for these malignancies. Further advances in understanding the interaction between the tumor and immune system have led to the development of novel agents, such as cancer vaccines.
Food restriction during development delays puberty but does not affect adult seasonal reproductive responses to food availability in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Seasonally breeding animals respond to environmental cues to determine optimal conditions for reproduction. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) primarily rely on photoperiod as a predictive cue of future energy availability. When raised in long-day photoperiods (>14 h light), supplemental cues such as food availability typically do not trigger the seasonal reproductive response of gonadal regression, which curtails reproduction in unsuitable environments. We investigated whether recognition of food availability as a cue could be altered by a nutritional challenge during development. Specifically, we predicted that hamsters receiving restricted food during development would be sensitized to food restriction (FR) as adults and undergo gonadal regression in response. Male and female hamsters were given either ad libitum (AL) food or FR from weaning until d60. The FR treatment predictably limited growth and delayed puberty in both sexes. For 5 weeks after d60, all hamsters received an AL diet to allow FR hamsters to gain mass equal to AL hamsters. Then, adult hamsters of both juvenile groups received either AL or FR for 6 weeks. Juvenile FR had lasting impacts on adult male body mass and food intake. Adult FR females exhibited decreased estrous cycling and uterine horn mass indiscriminately of juvenile food treatment, but there was little effect on male reproductive measurements. Overall, we observed a delay in puberty in response to postweaning FR, but this delay appeared not to affect seasonal reproductive responses in the long term. These findings increase our understanding of seasonal reproductive responses in a relevant environmental context.
Determining tissue conductivity in tissue ablation by nanosecond pulsed electric fields.

Abstract Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) causes the permeabilization of the cell membrane and has been used to non-thermally treat cancerous tissues. As increased permeabilization in membranes were reported to be accompanied by impedance changes, the ablation effect of nsPEF on tissues can be monitored via the changes in tissue conductivity. In this study, effects of nsPEF on biological tissues were evaluated by determining the conductivities of potato and 4 T1-luc breast tumor tissues ex vivo from a murine model subjected to multiple 100-ns, 1–10 kV pulses. Using a four-needle electrode system with a calibrated electrode constant of 1.1 ± 0.1 cm, the conductivities of tissues was determined from both the network-analyzer measurement, before and after treatment, and voltage-current measurement in real-time. The conductivity of the potato tissue was measured for a frequency range of 0.1–3 MHz, and it increased with increasing pulse number and voltage amplitude. The conductivity of the tumor tissue was also observed to increase with pulse number and pulse voltage over a similar frequency range. In addition, the linear correlation between the ablation area in a treated potato tissue and the conductivity change in the tissue suggests that conductivity analysis of biological tissue under treatment could be a fast and sensitive approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a nsPEF treatment.
Essentials of Functional MRI

Introduction Basic Concepts Basic Anatomy of an MRI System Representing Images with Numbers and Vice Versa Recurring Math Concepts: Representing Data as Sums of Meaningful Components Source of the MR Signal and Its Properties Origins of the MR Signal. The Equilibrium State-Magnetization in Tissues Behavior of the Magnetization When Not at Equilibrium. Pushing the Magnetization Away from Equilibrium-The RF Pulse Detecting the MR Signal. Relaxation Back to Equilibrium Observing the Effects of Relaxation The Fundamental Building Blocks of MRI Methods: Spin Echoes and Gradient Echoes The Need for Echoes Spin Echo Gradient Echo. Steady-State Methods and Stimulated Echoes. Steady-State Methods Stimulated Echoes. Signal Weighting and Contrast Inversion-Recovery Methods Magnetization Transfer Contrast Summary Creating an Image from the Magnetic Resonance Signal Spatially Selective Radio-Frequency Pulses Encoding Spatial Information into the MR Signal to Create an Image Constructing an Image from k-Space Signal Strength, Imaging Speed, and Spatial Resolution-You Cannot Have It All Fast Imaging Methods Parallel Imaging Causes of Image Artifacts and Distortion Principles and Practice of Functional MRI How MRI Becomes Functional MRI Contrast Mechanisms: Linking the MR Signal and Neural Function General BOLD fMRI Methods Special Regions. Specific Examples of fMRI Applications-Setting the Acquisition Parameters Alternative Contrast Mechanisms Functional MRI Study Design Basic Principles of fMRI Study Design Choice of Stimulation Method or Task Choice of the fMRI Study Design Order and Timing of Presentation of Tasks or Stimuli Timing of Tasks or Stimuli, Duration, Sampling Rate. Summary of Factors Influencing fMRI Study Design Functional MRI Data Analysis Hypothesis Testing fMRI Analysis Software. Preprocessing Data Analysis Methods Statistical Threshold, and Correction for Multiple Comparisons Group Analysis Interpretation of fMRI Results-What Do They Really Mean? Clinical Applications of Functional MRI Examples of Current Clinical Applications of fMRI. Examples of Forthcoming Clinical Applications
Stochastic Considerations in Thunderstorm Modeling

A mesoscale stochastic model of thunderstorm activity is developed to simulate the hourly development of both air mass and squall-line storms. This modeling technique is based on Poisson occuring thunderstorms, Markov cloud formation and movement, and rainfall-producing convective cells, and is intended to provide a more complete theoretical understanding of the thunderstorm process. The rain cells form according to a prescribed probabilistic model within clouds on an hourly basis, with a relatively high likelihood of generation of a new cell in the vicinity of a previous cell. The cells are described by a center magnitude with a Gumbel distribution and an exponential or power law decay formula. The stochastic model is programmed for simulation in a fairly general program that allows many different variables in the thunderstorm process to be either prescribed, or simulated from appropriate probability distributions.
Low area overhead in-situ training approach for memristor-based classifier

We propose combination of "dropout" and "Manhattan Rule" training algorithms for memristive crossbar neural networks to reduce circuit area overhead of in-situ training. Using accurate phenomenological model of memristive devices, we show that such combination allows achieving 0.7% misclassification rate on the MNIST benchmark, which is comparable to the best reported results. At the same time, the considered training approach allows reducing the size of memory circuits, the largest area overhead component, which is required to store intermediate weight adjustments during training, by as much as 40% at 16% longer training time as compared to the baseline crossbar circuit compatible "Manhattan Rule" training. The further reduction of the memory circuit area overhead is possible but at the expense of inferior classification performance.
The next decade of BPM

Business process management has been around for 20+ years. It can generally be described as having two distinct eras so far: in the 1990's BPM was led by process experts inside the business who transformed the focus from big-bang quality improvement initiatives (BPR-style) toward a focus on operational measurement and continuous improvement; in the 2000's BPM shifted to an IT-led competency, centering on the role technology played in process understanding and improvement. In 2010, BPM is still the province of experts from the business and IT. What's next? Two key changes will occur by 2020. First, notions of process will change from today's workflow-centric depictions to a more business-focused view of operations, transparency and measurement. Second, as we move from middleware-dependent systems into cloud-based software, BPM participation will spread throughout the organization, disintermediating the "experts," enabling entire cultures based on change and business improvement.
Finite thermoelasticity of constrained elastomers subject to biaxial loading

Well accepted descriptors of the thermoelastic behavior of elastomers undergoing finite strain remain elusive largely due to the continuing lack of appropriate multiaxial data. In this paper we present a new theoretical framework for inferring thermoelastic constitutive relations directly from biaxial data. In particular, we consider an experimentally natural decomposition of the motion into two parts – one due to traction-free uniform heating and one due to isothermal mechanical loading – and impose a mechanical incompressibility constraint on each motion. It is shown that, regardless of the order of the motions, one obtains a thermoelastic generalization of the classical result of Rivlin and Saunders for identifying response functions from (isothermal) biaxial data.
An integrated framework for information, communication and knowledge definitions

An integrated set of definitions and distinctions in the information, communication and knowledge field is proposed. It is argued that more attention must be given to records, usually confused with information. Descriptions are shown to be the fundamental facts behind information. Information is defined as an abstract concept, free of material or syntactic constraints. Information is observer free but it is dependent on the shared ontological background of communities. The world may be characterized as being structured by only six components. Knowledge is the capacity to act effectively and it is not information. Information quantity and its relation with the entropy of physical systems are shown to be more ambiguous and less important than they are usually thought of. It is argued that information studies should move on from these old concerns to confront the vital information challenges in this globalized information society with information superabundance.
Sovereignty, Territoriality, and the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments

Over the course of the twentieth century, the effect of state boundaries as hard-and-fast limits on judicial and legislative jurisdiction steadily eroded. International Shoe Co. v. Washington stands as a landmark precedent, replacing traditional requirements that the defendant or the defendant’s property be present in the forum state at the outset of litigation with a regime requiring only that the defendant have certain “minimum contacts” with the forum. That case, concerned with personal jurisdiction over a corporation, was consistent with similar transformations elsewhere: personal jurisdiction over natural persons, choice of law, and extraterritorial application of forum statutory law. Altogether, these developments are part of a wider revolution in jurisdictional practices, which began before World War II with Legal Realism and continued into the last decades of the twentieth century. It may therefore come as something of a shock to discover that strict territorial limits on sovereign power have never been abandoned - in fact, never seem to have been questioned - as an absolute prerequisite for enforcement of judgments. Enforcement of a judgment, and especially a foreign judgment, does not become possible until the defendant or the defendant’s property can be found within the enforcing forum at the onset of enforcement proceedings. The original adjudicating court (conventionally designated F1) might be able to invoke liberal and flexible concepts of judicial and legislative jurisdiction and so reach a wider range of matters than would have traditionally been possible, but the enforcing court (F2) cannot. Put differently, F1 cannot also serve as F2 unless it meets standards of presence and territoriality. Presence of the defendant or the defendant’s property within F2 remains a prerequisite for enforcement of judgments there. Despite a century of erosion and decay in F1, the strict territorial theory remains alive and well in F2. This article seeks to explain the persistence of strict territoriality as a limit on the enforcement of judgments.
Delayed Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Central Nervous System Microvasculature in the Rat

Pathologic examination of a series of 14 patients with malignant gliomas treated with BNCT showed well demarcated zones of radiation damage characterized by coagulation necrosis. Beam attenuation was correlated with edema, loss of parenchymal elements, demyelination, leukocytosis, and peripheral gliosis. Vascular disturbances consisted of endothelial swelling, medial and adventitial proliferation, fibrin impregnation, frequent thrombosis, and perivascular inflammation. Radiation changes appeared to be acute and delayed. The outcome of the patients in this series was not significantly different from the natural course of the disease, even though two of the patients had no residual tumor detected at the time of autopsy. The intensity of the vascular changes raised a suspicion that boron may have sequestered in vessel walls, resulting in selectively high doses of radiation to these structures (Asbury et al., 1972), or that there may have been high blood concentrations of boron at the time of treatment. The potential limiting effects of a vascular ischemic reaction in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) prompted the following study to investigate the delayed response of microvascular structures in a rat model currently being used for pre-clinical investigations.
Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought: Black Nationalist Organizations in the Civil Rights Era

In order to understand the rise and significance of black nationalist groups of the 1960s, we must first grasp three important features of the political context of that era of black politics. One development involved the struggle for racial equality, embodied in the efforts of such groups as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). The “black mass protests and insurgencies of the 1950s and 1960s,” however, “were grassroots movements that emerged with little guidance from national African-American organizations or their leaders.” These movements held center stage in a postwar drama holding a captive American audience who had recently faced the horror of Nazism and who, especially in the context of the cold war era, had slowly begun to reexamine the question of racial inequality in the United States. The moderate success of the civil rights movement initiated, in turn, an important shift in the course of black politics. The call for Black Power in 1966 indicated a change in strategic orientation, and in movement demands. Second, this ideological reorientation took on even greater significance in the context of the unrest that shook urban areas large and small during the 1960s. Prior to the uprising surrounding the Rodney King incident in 1995, the Watts riot of 1965 stood as the most destructive in U.S. history. More than 300 riots took place between 1964 and 1968, more than 100 following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., alone.
Monitoring of hydraulic fracturing using DFB fiber laser acoustic sensors

This paper studies acoustic emission from hydraulic fracturing using DFB fiber laser sensors interrogated by a 3×3 coupler. This study shows that fiber lasers are useful tools to monitor fracturing processes for oil gas extraction.
In vitro cultivation of the rickettsial agent of trench fever.

Abstract Although trench fever appears to be endemic in many areas of the world, recognition of the disease has been handicapped by the difficulties of making a clinical diagnosis and the unavailability of a simple laboratory procedure to establish the etiology. The author describes a method for the in vitro cultivation of Rickettsia quintana that provides a relatively simple means for the laboratory diagnosis of trench fever. R. quintana can be propagated with ease from the blood of patients directly on blood agar incubated at 37°C for 12-14 days under a gas tension of 5% CO2 in air. The number of rickettsiae circulating in the patient's peripheral blood can be quantitated. The protracted rickettsiaemia in trench fever makes for a relatively long period during which blood culture can be usefully employed. In the course of studies with the method described, it was found that erythrocytes contain a factor (or, possibly, factors) essential for multiplication of R. quintana; this factor is cryostable and thermostable and may be haemoglobin. Blood serum also promotes multiplication.
Ready, pause, go: Regulation of RNA polymerase II pausing and release by cellular signaling pathways

Promoter-proximal pausing by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well-established mechanism to control the timing, rate, and possibly the magnitude of transcriptional responses. Recent studies have shown that cellular signaling pathways can regulate gene transcription and signaling outcomes by controlling Pol II pausing in a wide array of biological systems. Identification of the proteins and small molecules that affect the establishment and release of paused Pol II is shedding new light on the mechanisms and biology of Pol II pausing. This review focuses on the interplay between cellular signaling pathways and Pol II pausing during normal development and under disease conditions.
Reply to the Letter to the Editor “Peripartum nutrition and adult bone health”

We thank Dr. Grey for raising these important points, and agree that human clinical data relating perinatal nutrition to adult bone mass or bone strength are currently limited. The perspective we set forth in our review is that data from controlled experiments in animal models do provide compelling evidence that maternal diet has substantial effects on postnatal skeletal acquisition. Thus, either there are fundamental differences in how maternal diet affects offspring in humans compared to other mammals, which is certainly possible, or these effects are present in humans, but are difficult to detect with current non-invasive imaging techniques and/or in the presence of multiple confounders, or require longer duration studies to show an effect. Although it is counterintuitive that both maternal undernutrition and overnutrition could be similarly deleterious to offspringmetabolism, this phenomenon is well established in humans and in animal models.
Einstein equations, supersymmetry, and flat limits of curved superspace

An affine theory of unified interactions is reviewed. Einstein's free gravitational equation emerges as a special case of the proposed equations of motion on superspace. For this example the vacuum is spontaneously broken to be globally Lorentz invariant. Flat superspace is defined and the corresponding algebraic properties studied. Next the graded de Sitter group is introduced and various contractions performed. From these we obtain and discuss supersymmetry as well as some spin-3/2 algebras. Finally, form invariance under Fermi displacements is employed to develop a powerful calculational technique, an example of which is presented in the Appendix.
Measurement of cysteine oxidase in rat tissue using a modified sensitive microassay.

Abstract This modified microassay method, which is presented here, is extremely sensitive and applicable to measure cysteine oxidase in either small amount of any tissue or to a very low concentration of the enzyme.
Strategies and challenges for eliciting immunity against avian influenza virus in birds.

Summary: Vaccines and vaccination have emerged during the past two decades as essential tools in avian influenza (AI) control for poultry, because they increase resistance to infection, prevent illness and death, reduce virus replication and shed from respiratory and alimentary tracts, and reduce virus transmission to birds and mammals, including humans. Such protection in birds is primarily mediated by homosubtypic humoral immunity against the hemagglutinin protein, but cell-mediated and innate immunity contribute to protection in some bird species. The immune response to the neuraminidase protein can contribute to protection, but immunity to the viral internal proteins is generally not protective. Although, some preliminary studies with M2e protein in chickens suggest partial protection may be achievable. Historically, the H5 subtype AI vaccines have demonstrated broad homosubtypic protection, primarily against H5 high-pathogenicity (HP) AI viruses isolated in the early stages of outbreaks. However, as H5 viruses have become endemic and outbreaks prolonged, some drift variants with resistance to earlier H5 AI vaccines have emerged in Central America, China, Egypt, and Indonesia. How widespread such drift variants are will remain unknown until more detailed genetic and antigenic analyses are conducted on field isolates. Future vaccines will utilize biotechnology to produce new AI vaccine seed strains using HA genes more closely matching circulating field viruses. In addition, newer technologies for AI vaccines will improve vaccine coverage by using mass application technologies for example by drinking water, by spray, or via injection in ovo or at the hatchery.
The Child Psychiatric Examination of the Sexually Abused Child

Abstract Child psychiatric examination of the sexually abused child is strongly indicated as more than two-thirds of these children have concomitant emotional problems. Special considerations which are important in approaching these children but would not be a part of the routine child psychiatric evaluation are highlighted. The approach to the child who has been sexually assaulted by someone outside the family is contrasted with the evaluation of an incestuous family. Five specific expectations of the child psychiatric examination are as follows: 1. The nature of any emotional problem must be defined and an appropriate treatment plan established. 2. An immediate proposal must be made for the care of the child which will provide protection from future abuse while minimizing emotional stress. 3. Long-term planning for the family should be initiated based on an assessment of the likelihood of future recurrence of sexual abuse. 4. The child's reality testing should be evaluated if there is a question regarding the occurrence of the sexual abuse. 5. Psychological characteristics of the child which might influence the success of long-term care proposals should be documented.
Falsely recalled items are rich in item-specific information.

Current theorizing suggests that critical lures in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure are often falsely remembered because they have received considerable relational processing (e.g., spreading activation or encoding of gist information). We used a repeated-testing paradigm to assess the amount of item-specific and relational processing given to the list items and the critical lures. Research has shown that items receiving itemspecific processing are more likely to be recovered across successive tests. They are also output more slowly but more steadily throughout the recall period. In two experiments, we manipulated the processing performed on list items and then used item gains and cumulative recall curves to assess the amount of item-specific and relational information encoded for both list items and lures. The results suggest that increasing the relational processing of list items increased item-specific processing of lures, whereas increasing item-specific processing of list items decreased item-specific processing of lures. We conclude that critical lures are typically rich in item-specific information, relative to list items.
Outcomes after postnatal resection of prenatally diagnosed asymptomatic cystic lung lesions.

Abstract Background Symptomatic congenital lung lesions require surgical resection, but the management of asymptomatic lung lesions is controversial. Some surgeons advocate observation because of concerns about potential operative morbidity and mortality, as well as a lack of long-term follow-up information. On the other hand, malignant degeneration, pneumonia, and pneumothorax are known consequences of cystic lung lesions. This study aims to assess the safety of resection for asymptomatic lung lesions that were diagnosed before birth. Methods A retrospective review of all patients with prenatally diagnosed lung lesions at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Penn) was performed from 1996 to 2005. The perioperative course of patients who were asymptomatic was analyzed. Results One hundred five complete records of children with asymptomatic lesions were reviewed. Overall mortality was 0% and morbidity was 6.7% including 2.9% significant postoperative air leak and 3.8% transfusion requirement. Nine patients had a pathologic diagnosis that differed from preoperative radiological findings, and 9 patients had additional pathologic findings. Conclusion This series demonstrates that surgery can be performed safely on patients who were asymptomatic with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung and other types of lung lesions with no mortality and minimal morbidity. The frequency of disparate pathologic diagnoses and the potential for development of malignancy and other complications support the argument for early resection.
Gravity biases in a non‐human primate?

Pre-school children expect falling objects to travel in a straight line even when there are clear physical mechanisms that deviate the object's path (Hood, 1995). The current study set out to determine whether this expectancy is limited to humans. Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus), a New World monkey species, were tested on Hood's (1995) experimental task where objects are dropped down a chimney connected by an opaque tube to one of three containers. Like human children, there was a significant tendency to search in the container underneath the chimney where the food was dropped on the first trial, even though aligned chimneys and containers were never connected. These search errors suggest that there may be a gravity bias that operates when both primate species fail to understand the constraints operating on object trajectories. Unlike human children however, tamarins were generally more likely to perseverate in making errors even though repeated testing and cost incentives were used.
The Nature and Deposition of the Carotenoids from Alfalfa and Corn Gluten Meal in Chicken Skin

Abstract INTRODUCTION DEHYDRATED alfalfa meal, corn gluten meal and yellow corn are the major natural sources of xanthophyll used to provide yellow pigment for poultry products. The xanthophylls in these natural sources occur largely in the free or nonesterified state (Bickoff et al., 1954; Quackenbush et al., 1961). Dua et al. (1967), compared these feed supplements for pigmenting chicks, and found yellow corn to be superior to either alfalfa or corn gluten meal. However, a recent study at this laboratory (Kuzmicky et al., 1968) found alfalfa and corn gluten meal to be equally effective in broiler skin pigmentation when they were included in the diets of broilers at comparable xanthophyll levels. In this same study, xanthophyll extracts prepared from alfalfa produced greater pigmentation than did the xanthophylls in the whole meal, apparently due to better availability. The feeding of purified xanthophylls to poultry has shown lutein, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin to be…
Kohn—Sham density-functional theory within a finite basis set

Abstract The Kohn—Sham self-consistent equations, using a finite orbital basis expansion, are formulated for exchange-correlation functionals which depend on local densities and their gradients. It is shown that these can be solved iteratively without evaluation of density Hessians. A general expansion is given for the energy gradient (with respect to nuclear motion) after self-consistency has been achieved.
Extreme de novo appearance of cerebral cavernous malformations: case report.

Objective Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are found in 0.1 to 0.5% of the population. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging, they have been increasingly recognized, suggesting a higher prevalence than previously reported. The development of de novo lesions is well documented, with a reported rate of 0.2 to 0.4 lesions per patient per year. We present a patient who developed 70 new lesions over a 38-month period (approximately 22 per yr). Clinical presentation A 32-year-old woman was admitted to the obstetric service with a diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. She became acutely unresponsive, and a computed tomographic scan of the head revealed an acute left frontal intraparenchymal hematoma with significant edema and midline shift. She rapidly deteriorated, developing a fixed, dilated left pupil and agonal respirations. Intervention She was taken to the operating room for an emergent left frontal craniotomy and decompression with evacuation of the hematoma. A magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed multiple cavernous malformations, and histopathology was consistent with cavernous malformation. Genetic testing revealed a CCM1 mutation. Conclusion This patient demonstrates the truly dynamic nature of CCMs and the increased incidence of new lesions in the setting of CCM1 mutation. This case is remarkable not only for the unprecedented rate of lesion formation (approximately 22 per yr), but also because of the nearly unilateral distribution of the lesions.
Potential prevention strategies for Alzheimer disease.

Summary: Primary prevention trials for Alzheimer disease (AD) should he considered because of the substantial cost of earing for AI) patients. Current clues to possible treatments include the potential use of antioxidants, estrogens, anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs designed to alter apolipoprotein K4 status, and compounds altering amyloid metabolism. Because of the expense of primary prevention trials, resources should be devoted to developing epidemiological clues for environmental loss in vivo and searching for additional epidemiological clues for environmental factors that may protect individuals from AI). A primary prevention trial would involve the recruitment of 4.000 5,000 subjects followed for 3 5 years at a cost of approximately S20 million. Alternatively, a primary prevention trial could be performed as an “add on” study to an existing clinical trial of a compound of interest currently being tested in an elderly population at substantially less cost.
STUDIES ON FAT METABOLISM II. THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN HORMONES ON FAT TRANSPORT

In the preceding paper (1) of this series a preliminary investigation of the lipemia resulting from the ingestion of a fat test-meal in normal and obese subjects was made. A study of the “fat tolerance” and “sugar tolerance” of the obese subjects indicated that a correlation existed, which suggested along with other evidence the view that either insulin or the mechanism controlling carbohydrate mobilization promotes the deposition of tissue fat when fat is absorbed. This study was undertaken to determine in dogs the effect of starvation, sugar feeding, insulin, pituitrin, and epinephrin on the blood fat curve following the ingestion of a test-meal of fat. Methods: Adult dogs weighing from thirty to forty pounds were used. The fat meal consisted of 2 cc. of olive oil per pound weight given by stomach tube. Venous blood was removed (8–10 cc.) before and at certain intervals after the meal and the plasma analyzed for total fatty acids and cholesterol by Bloor's new method (2). Starvation: The relation of sta...
Break-up of a capillary jet of a non-Newtonian fluid having a yield stress

Abstract The break-up of capillary jets of very viscous and jellified non-Newtonian liquids has been investigated. Inelastic liquids with strongly shear-dependent viscosities were found to exhibit instabilities very similar to the instability of a Newtonian liquid possessing a viscosity corresponding to the average viscosity inside the capillary. Elastic fluids with strong normal forces having similar shear viscosities, however, were found to be stable. The instabilities observed with the inelastic fluids are related to the time needed to reform the structure of the liquid. For example, it was shown that dilute Carbopol solutions are not time-independent fluids but possess a structural relaxation time which is related to the time required to reform the structure of the fluid. Guidelines are given for the choice of thickening agents when easy atomization of the material is desired.
Changes in hepatic fatty acid synthesis following glucagon injections in vivo.

Summary A marked decrease in hepatic fatty acid synthesis from glucose was observed fifteen and thirty minutes after intravenous injection of glucagon (1mg/kg) in anesthetized rats. This effect was apparently brought about by an inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase activity. Activities of fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme, NADP-malic-, glucose-6-phosphate-, and isocitric dehydrogenase were not affected by glucagon.
Influence of calcite and dissolved calcium on uranium(VI) sorption to a hanford subsurface sediment.

The influence of calcite and dissolved calcium on U(VI) adsorption was investigated using a calcite-containing sandy silt/clay sediment from the U. S. Department of Energy Hanford site. U(VI) adsorption to sediment, treated sediment, and sediment size fractions was studied in solutions that both had and had not been preequilibrated with calcite, at initial [U(VI)] = 10-7−10-5 mol/L and final pH = 6.0−10.0. Kinetic and reversibility studies (pH 8.4) showed rapid sorption (30 min), with reasonable reversibility in the 3-day reaction time. Sorption from solutions equilibrated with calcite showed maximum U(VI) adsorption at pH 8.4 ± 0.1. In contrast, calcium-free systems showed the greatest adsorption at pH 6.0−7.2. At pH > 8.4, U(VI) adsorption was identical from calcium-free and calcium-containing solutions. For calcite-presaturated systems, both speciation calculations and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic analyses indicated that aqueous U(VI) was increasingly dominated by Ca2UO2(CO3)30(aq) at pH < ...
Perception of friends' use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana among urban schoolchildren: A longitudinal analysis

Relations between adolescents' substance use and perceptions of their friends' substance use were examined cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a predominantly African-American school district. Fourth- and fifth-grade students were surveyed and tracked for 4 consecutive years. Cross-sectional samples included 3,073, 5,955, 7,701, and 6,616 students in years 1 to 4, respectively; the longitudinal sample included 1,802 students surveyed in every year. Self-reported substance use of friends and classmates also was assessed. Perceived friends' substance use had a stronger association with prior substance use than friends' self-reported substance use in every year. Perceived family use and classmates' self-reported use also made independent contributions to regression models. Longitudinal structural equation analyses indicated that perceived friends' use is more likely to be a product of an adolescent's previous substance use than a precursor of subsequent substance use. The findings contradict prevailing theories on the influence of peers on substance use.