cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances? ☆

Abstract This study aims to explore the determinants of inward FDI in China and India and the causes for their huge difference. I first used random-effect models to analyze separately the determinants of FDI from OECD countries in China and India, and then applied the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to examine the causes of the differences. It was found that China's much higher FDI from OECD countries was mainly due to its larger domestic market and higher international trade ties with OECD countries. India, however, had advantage in its cheaper labor cost, lower country risk, geographic closeness to OECD countries, and cultural similarity.
Protein kinase C alpha, epsilon and AP-1 mediate prolactin regulation of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase expression in the rat lateral prostate.

Abstract Citrate accumulation and secretion are physiological functions of the prostate gland that are regulated by testosterone and prolactin. The metabolic pathway for citrate production in the prostate involves the activity of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAAT). The expression of mAAT in the prostate is regulated by prolactin through a signal transduction pathway mediated by protein kinase C (PKC). In this report we determined which PKC isoforms are expressed in rat lateral prostate epithelial cells and their activation by prolactin. Eight PKC isoforms are expressed in the ventral and lateral prostate lobes. Although all eight isoforms are expressed, only PKCα and PKCe were stimulated by prolactin and only in the lateral prostate lobe. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) appears to be the target of prolactin-PKC signaling because prolactin stimulated nuclear protein binding to an AP-1 consensus oligodeoxynucleotide. Moreover, the nuclear binding protein stimulated by prolactin also bound an mAAT oligodeoxynucleotide that contained an AP-1 consensus sequence and which competed for binding with the consensus AP-1 oligodeoxynucleotide. A PKCe antisense oligodeoxynucleotide blocked expression of mAAT mRNA. Thus, we conclude that PKCe is a specific PKC isoform that mediates via AP-1 the signal for prolactin regulation of mAAT gene expression in rat lateral prostate epithelial cells.
Morphology of Rigid-Rod Molecular Composites: An Overview

Rigid-rod molecular composites are a new class of high performance structural polymers which have high specific strength and modulus and also high thermal and environmental resistance. A rigid-rod, extended chain polymer component is used to reinforce a matrix of a ductile polymer with the intent of achieving a “composite” on the molecular level. After synthesis, the key to producing a molecular composite is to control morphology to disperse the reinforcing rod molecules as finely as possible in the matrix polymer. Individual rod molecules or bundles of molecular rods must have dimensions which result in a high ratio of length to width (aspect ratio) for efficient reinforcement. To achieve this, the reinforcing rod component must not phase separate at any stage of processing. Morphological characterization techniques, which can measure the orientation and dispersion (or, conversely, the degree of phase separation) of rod molecules provide the tools for correlating theoretically predicted and experimentally observed mechanical properties. Various morphological techniques which have been applied to molecular composite systems will be reviewed, including wide angle x-ray scattering and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Structure-property correlations for molecular composite systems will be discussed with regard to models for mechanical properties. Application of new morphological techniques will also be discussed.
Pulse Discharge Network Development for a Heavy Gas Field Reversed Configuration Plasma Device

A simple LRC circuit model is used to conduct a parametric study of the effects of charging voltage, capacitance, resistance, and inductance on the current waveform of a pulse forming network for field reversed configuration (FRC) plasma production. Using known waveforms from existing networks, estimates of realistic values of resistance and inductance are established for a base network model. Parametric modification of the base model is used to study the effects of each component of the discharge network. Results indicate that increasing charging voltage causes an increase in peak current, but does not effect rise or reversal times. However, increasing capacitance increases peak current and increases rise and reversal times. Further, optimum circuit parameters are determined for the design and construction of an FRC formation test article. Three main design criteria are used and are based on magnetic diffusion time, auto-ionization of background gas, and peak magnetic field strength. Results indicate that a pulse forming n etwork with charging voltage of 25 kV and capacitance of 1 μF provides the widest range of resistance and inductance values such that the waveform meets the design criteria.
Overview of current Internet resources for molecular pathology.

The past few years have witnessed a dramatic expansion of information distribution across the global network of computers known as the Internet. The changes that accompany this development will affect almost every field of study, and certainly molecular pathology will be impacted by the ready availability of information stored in large genetic databases, the electronic publication of journals, and the rapid exchange of discussion between investigators and practitioners through this new forum. The purpose of this article is to review current Internet resources that relate to molecular pathology, and particularly to point out some of the many resources currently available. Where possible, reference is made to sites that actively maintain lists of resources in a given area. The bulk of Internet communications are presently handled by electronic mail, listservs and majordomos, Usenet, or are available through the World Wide Web. This review focuses primarily on these communication resources.
The Application of Comparative Responsibility to Intentional Tortfeasors and Immune Parties

Transcript of a speech given by William Westerbeke on the application of comparative responsibility to intentional torts along with a few comments on immune tortfeasors.
Nonlinear Hilbert adjoints of Fliess operators

The article presents a causal analytic nonlinear input-output system represented as a Chen-Fliess functional series. It goes on to investigate how to apply an existing notion of a nonlinear Hilbert adjoint operator to explicitly compute a corresponding adjoint operator. The method is demonstrated for the bilinear case.
Containment As A Measure Of Sonar System Performance

Since World War II, the standard metrics for sonar system performance have been Figure-of-Merit and detection range if a specific environment was considered. Detection range can be computed many times for objects of varied depths to yield a similar metric - the depth coverage map. Although satisfactory for general comparisons of simple sonar systems, these metrics fail to account for essential features of sophisticated systems. A more comprehensive measure of sonar system performance is the containment region. For our purposes, containment region is the region in which objects can be detected based on environmental factors and sonar system characteristics. Sonar system characteristics include detailed signal processing, reradiation characteristics, and searcher and object trajectories. A computer model has been developed which accounts for all these characteristics and additionally allows for the imposition of fixed physical boundaries and avoidance tactics. Although different in detail the model is based on principles previously developed by Sudha Reese. The resulting pictures of containment area present an enlightening view of sonar system performance and provide a basis for evaluating current and future systems.
Polio Vaccine Virus-associated Meningoencephalitis in an Infant with Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia

The case of an infant with transient hypogammaglobulinemia who developed meningoencephalitis, retinitis and sensorineural hearing loss is presented. The neurovirulent variant of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine was detected in cerebrospinal fluid and stool.
Mechanistic implications for the formation of the diiron cluster in ribonucleotide reductase provided by quantitative EPR spectroscopy.

The small subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (R2) is a homodimeric (ββ) protein, in which each β-peptide contains a diiron cluster composed of two inequivalent iron sites. R2 is capable of reductively activating O2 to produce a stable tyrosine radical (Y122•), which is essential for production of deoxyribonucleotides on the larger R1 subunit. In this work, the paramagnetic MnII ion is used as a spectroscopic probe to characterize the assembly of the R2 site with EPR spectroscopy. Upon titration of MnII into samples of apoR2, we have been able to quantitatively follow three species (aquaMnII, mononuclear MnIIR2, and dinuclear Mn2IIR2) and fit each to a sequential two binding site model. As previously observed for FeII binding within apoR2, one of the sites has a greater binding affinity relative to the other, K1 = (5.5 ± 1.1) × 105 M-1 and K2 = (3.9 ± 0.6) × 104 M-1, which are assigned to the B and A sites, respectively. In multiple titrations, only one dinuclear Mn2IIR2 site was created ...
Low and Moderate Reynolds Number Transient Flow Simulations Using Space Filtered Navier-Stokes Equations

In this study, low and moderate Reynolds number flow problems in the laminar range are solved numerically with grids that do not resolve all the significant scales of motion. Spatial averaging or filtering of the Navicr-Stokes equations and Taylor series approximations to the filtered advective terms are used in order to account for the effects of the unresolved or subgrid scales on the resolved scales. Numerical experiments with a transient 2-D lid driven cavity flow problem, using a penalty method Galerkin finite clement code, show that this approach enhances the momentum transfer properties of the numerical solution, eliminates 2Ax type oscillations, and enables the use of coarser grids. The significance and order of the terms that describe the interaction between the resolved and the subgrid scales is studied and the succcss of the series approximations to these terms is demonstrated. 0 1994 John Wilcy & Sons, Inc.
A Simulation of Affordability and Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions

Abstract Objective This study seeks to project at what level of effectiveness and cost a population-based or targeted intervention would yield a positive net economic benefit. Methods Data sources include prevalence of obesity at all ages from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the persistence of obesity from childhood to adulthood from a literature review, and a cost estimate from the 2006 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. Econometric analysis was used to estimate medical cost related to obesity. Lifetime medical cost related to obesity is calculated by race, gender, and smoking status. Simulations were conducted to estimate the break-even point for interventions that take place between ages 0 and 6 years, ages 7 and 12 years, and ages 13 to 18 years, with a range of effectiveness. Results Results of simulations reveal that, from a pure medical cost perspective, spending approximately $1.4 to $1.7 billion at present value for each birth cohort will break even if 1 percentage point reduction in obesity among children is achieved. Population-based interventions can spend up to between $280 and $339 per child at present value if 1 percentage point reduction in obesity rate could be achieved; in contrast, should we invest in interventions that only target obese children, we can spend up to $1648 to $2735 per obese child for every 1 percentage point reduction in obesity rate. Conclusions This study has several important policy implications; early interventions make economic sense. Targeted interventions could yield higher cost savings than population-based interventions for young children (aged 0–6 years), whereas a population-based approach could yield greater economic net benefits for adolescents (aged 13–18 years). Our simulation shows that childhood obesity interventions, even with moderate effectiveness, would make economic sense, which should motivate policy makers to take action.
Spatial SQL: a query and presentation language

Recently, attention has been focused on spatial databases, which combine conventional and spatially related data, such as geographic information systems, CAD/CAM, or VLSI. A language has been developed to query such spatial databases. It recognizes the significantly different requirements of spatial data handling and overcomes the inherent problems of the application of conventional database query languages. The spatial query language has been designed as a minimal extension to the interrogative part of SQL and distinguishes from previously designed SQL extensions by: the preservation of SQL concepts; the high-level treatment of spatial objects; and the incorporation of spatial operations and relationships. It consists of two components, a query language to describe what information to retrieve and a presentation language to specify how to display query results. Users can ask standard SQL queries to retrieve nonspatial data based on nonspatial constraints, use Spatial SQL commands to inquire about situations involving spatial data, and give instructions in the Graphical Presentation Language, GPL to manipulate or examine the graphical presentation. >
The Tetraspanin CD82 Is Specifically Recruited to Fungal and Bacterial Phagosomes prior to Acidification

CD82 is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily, whose physiological role is best described in the context of cancer metastasis. However, CD82 also associates with components of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen presentation pathway, including class II MHC molecules and the peptide-loading machinery, as well as CD63, another tetraspanin, suggesting a role for CD82 in antigen presentation. Here, we observe the dynamic rearrangement of CD82 after pathogen uptake by imaging CD82-mRFP1 expressed in primary living dendritic cells. CD82 showed rapid and specific recruitment to Cryptococcus neoformans-containing phagosomes compared to polystyrene-containing phagosomes, similar to CD63. CD82 was also actively recruited to phagosomes containing other pathogenic fungi, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Recruitment of CD82 to fungal phagosomes occurred independently of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Recruitment was not limited to fungi, as bacterial organisms, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, also induced CD82 recruitment to the phagosome. CD82 intersected the endocytic pathway used by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), implicating CD82 in trafficking of small, pathogen-associated molecules. Despite its partial overlap with lysosomal compartments, CD82 recruitment to C. neoformans-containing phagosomes occurred independently of phagosome acidification. Kinetic analysis of fluorescence imaging revealed that CD82 and class II MHC simultaneously appear in the phagosome, indicating that the two proteins may be associated. Together, these data show that the CD82 tetraspanin is specifically recruited to pathogen-containing phagosomes prior to fusion with lysosomes.
Providing safe, user space access to fast, solid state disks

Emerging fast, non-volatile memories (e.g., phase change memories, spin-torque MRAMs, and the memristor) reduce storage access latencies by an order of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art flash-based SSDs. This improved performance means that software overheads that had little impact on the performance of flash-based systems can present serious bottlenecks in systems that incorporate these new technologies. We describe a novel storage hardware and software architecture that nearly eliminates two sources of this overhead: Entering the kernel and performing file system permission checks. The new architecture provides a private, virtualized interface for each process and moves file system protection checks into hardware. As a result, applications can access file data without operating system intervention, eliminating OS and file system costs entirely for most accesses. We describe the support the system provides for fast permission checks in hardware, our approach to notifying applications when requests complete, and the small, easily portable changes required in the file system to support the new access model. Existing applications require no modification to use the new interface. We evaluate the performance of the system using a suite of microbenchmarks and database workloads and show that the new interface improves latency and bandwidth for 4 KB writes by 60% and 7.2x, respectively, OLTP database transaction throughput by up to 2.0x, and Berkeley-DB throughput by up to 5.7x. A streamlined asynchronous file IO interface built to fully utilize the new interface enables an additional 5.5x increase in throughput with 1 thread and 2.8x increase in efficiency for 512 B transfers.
The curvature-velocity method for local obstacle avoidance

We present a new method for local obstacle avoidance by indoor mobile robots that formulates the problem as one of constrained optimization in velocity space. Constraints that stem from physical limitations (velocities and accelerations) and the environment (the configuration of obstacles) are placed on the translational and rotational velocities of the robot. The robot chooses velocity commands that satisfy all the constraints and maximize an objective function that trades off speed, safety and goal-directedness. An efficient, real-time implementation of the method has been extensively tested, demonstrating reliable, smooth and speedy navigation in office environments. The obstacle avoidance method is used as the basis of more sophisticated navigation behaviors, ranging from simple wandering to map-based navigation.
Determinants of Individual Variation in Intracellular Accumulation of Anti-HIV Nucleoside Analog Metabolites

Individual variation in response to antiretroviral therapy is well-known, but it is not clear if demographic characteristics such as gender, age, and ethnicity are responsible for the variation. To optimize anti-HIV therapy and guide antiretroviral drug discovery, determinants that cause variable responses to therapy need to be evaluated. We investigated the determinants of intracellular concentrations of nucleoside analogs using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 40 healthy donors. We observed individual differences in the concentrations of the intracellular nucleoside analogs; the mean concentrations of the triphosphate metabolite of ethynylstavudine (4′-Ed4T), zidovudine (AZT), and lamivudine (3TC) were 0.71 pmol/106 cells (minimum and maximum, 0.10 and 3.00 pmol/106 cells, respectively), 0.88 pmol/106 cells (minimum and maximum, 0.10 and 15.18 pmol/106 cells, respectively), and 1.70 pmol/106 cells (minimum and maximum, 0.20 and 7.73 pmol/106 cells, respectively). Gender and ethnicity had no effect on the concentration of 4′-Ed4T and 3TC metabolites. There was a trend for moderation of the concentrations of AZT metabolites by gender (P = 0.17 for gender·metabolite concentration). We observed variability in the activity and expression of cellular kinases. There was no statistically significant correlation between thymidine kinase 1 (TK-1) activity or expression and thymidine analog metabolite concentrations. The correlation between the activity of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and the 3TC monophosphate metabolite concentration showed a trend toward significance (P = 0.1). We observed an inverse correlation between the multidrug-resistant protein 2 (MRP2) expression index and the concentrations of AZT monophosphate, AZT triphosphate, and total AZT metabolites. Our findings suggest that the observed variation in clinical response to nucleoside analogs may be due partly to the individual differences in the intracellular concentrations, which in turn may be affected by the cellular kinases involved in the phosphorylation pathway and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins.
3D Bioprinting Technologies for Cellular Engineering

Bioprinting encompasses the use of additive manufacturing methods for the purpose of creating cellular constructs of varying complexity into prescribed geometrical forms (i.e. individual cells, cell agglomerates, tissues, and organs). Collectively, these methods offer many advantages over scaffold-based fabrication, including the ability to pattern complex cellular constructs on relevant length scales, the ability to tailor and modulate the extracellular environment with high precision, a means to study cell differentiation and proliferation under conditions that mimic natural biological environments, and a means to fabricate 3d tissue constructs of geometrical complexity approaching that of biological systems. Unlike industrial additive manufacturing, however, bioprinting faces additional challenges that deal with cell sensitivity and viability, the need for precise spatial and chemical tuning of the extra cellular environment, and more generally the creation of functional constructs that approximate biological tissue. In this chapter, we discuss how these challenges are being met by various bioprinting approaches, with a focus on the underlying mechanical and biological principles.
A County‐Level Risk Assessment of the Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

This paper undertakes a risk assessment of coastal counties in the Gulf of Mexico impacted by the 2010 Deep Water Horizon oil spill. The study evaluates hazard risk from the perspective of communit...
Affordable Care Act Implementation: Challenges and Opportunities to Impact Patients With Diabetes

Departments of Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Medtronic Diabetes (R.A.V.), Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (R.A.V.), Bethesda, Maryland 20814; MedStar Washington Hospital Center (J.A.W.), Washington, DC 20010; University of Michigan Health System (R.W.L.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108; and the Endocrine Society (M.C.D., M.N.B.), Washington, DC 20036
Design and Validation Testing of the SolBrid Rocket Motor

Hybrid rocket motors o er several distinct advantages over more conventional solid and liquid propulsion systems. A hybrid rocket motor typically consists of an inert solid fuel which is combined with a liquid or gaseous oxidizer. This concept yields better performance than a solid rocket motor while maintaining a lower level of overall complexity than a liquid rocket engine. In addition, the oxidizer and fuel are stored in separate forms providing an inert propulsion system until ignition. This property makes hybrid rocket motors ideal for the emerging insensitive munitions (IM) drive in the defense industry. A conventional missile or vehicle is a liability when it is in storage on a ship or aircraft due the inherent explosive nature of solid rocket motors. Unfortunately current hybrid rocket motor technologies su er from several technical hurdles preventing wide-scale adoption by the major propulsion companies, tactical or otherwise, with only a few exceptions. Of these their inherently low grain regression rate and a subsequent historically low initial thrust to weight ratio are their largest shortcoming. Other drawbacks include lack of heritage and low volumetric e ciency. One possible solution to address several of these design issues is by way of a straightforward addition to the standard hybrid rocket motor. This solution implements a concentric grain of solid Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellant (APCP) inside of the standard hybrid grain. This concentric grain is expected to provide the high initial thrust necessary to achieve an adequate initial thrust to weight ratio for vehicle takeo while still allowing for a high e ciency and controllable sustained burn prole. The proposed system will be referred to as a SolBrid motor because of this dual-mode, solid followed by a hybrid, burn pro le.
Activation of the heat shock response: relationship to energy metabolites. A 31P NMR study in rat hearts

Heat shock factor (HSF), the transcription factor for the heat shock proteins, is activated by cardiac ischemia, but the mechanism of activation is unknown. Ischemia is accompanied by changes in th...
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP and dexamethasone in mouse neuroblastoma cells

Cyclic AMP has been shown to mediate the induction of TH in the adrenal medulla and in adrenergic mouse neuroblastoma cell lines (Waymire et al., 1972; Guidotti and Costa, 1973; Richelson, 1973). In the adrenal medulla Costa and coworkers (Costa et al., 1977) have shown that an increase in cyclic AMP which persists for 1–2 hours is associated with activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, translocation of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase from the cytosol to the nucleus, and the subsequent induction of TH. Glucocorticoids have been shown to induce TH in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and in rat pheochromocytoma cells (Otten and Thoenen, 1976; Lucas and Thoenen, 1977; Schubert et al., 1980). Using organ cultures of the rat SCG and the glucocorticoid analog, dexamethasone, Otten and Thoenen (1976) have demonstrated that the dexamethasone-mediated induction of TH requires presynaptic innervation, that a four-hour exposure to dexamethasone yields maximal induction and that the effect is dose-dependent and maximal at 10−7 M dexamethasone.
EOP and Dk/L: the quest for hyper transmissibility

The relationship between human equivalent oxygen percentage (human EOP) and oxygen transmissibility (Dk/L) was examined for 28 parallel- and nearly parallel-surfaced contact lenses having oxygen transmissibilities ranging from 14.2 to 134.4 Dk/L units as determined with a gas-to-gas method. EOP and Dk/L were positively related such that increases in Dk/L led to progressively smaller increases in human EOP, until Dk/L asymptoted at an EOP of approximately 20 percent. Human EOPs were semi-logarithmically correlated to Dk/L in a linear fashion (R2 = 0.95), though the semi-logarithmic linear equation didn't as closely predict the expected EOP vs. Dk/L curve at its extreme ends. Classifications of oxygen transmissibility and permeability were also standardized into ranges of equivalent oxygen percentage: contact lenses of low, medium, high, super, and hyper transmissibility and materials of low, medium, high, super, and hyper permeability were defined. While most available hydrogel lenses and materials are currently limited by their water contents to the low and medium Dk/L and Dk groups, some available rigid lenses and materials have attained super-Dk/L and hyper-Dk status. They should be better able to be fitted to the individual eye and to incorporate more complicated optical corrections, having partially alleviated dependency of corneal oxygen supply on lens design. The quest for hyper-permeable materials stable in thinner designs may produce lenses of hyper transmissibility with corneal oxygen supply nearly insensitive to lens design, as variation of thickness over lens apertures will then result in alterations of corneal oxygenation (EOP) having minimal clinical significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Data Citation Index.

Introduced by Thomson Reuters in 2012 as a, ‘‘Single point of access to quality research data from repositories across disciplines and around the world’’ [1], the Data Citation Index (DCI) is a searchable collection of data sets and data studies from a select list of repositories.
Evolution of the Insertion-Deletion Mutation Rate Across the Tree of Life

Mutations are the ultimate source of variation used for evolutionary adaptation, while also being predominantly deleterious and a source of genetic disorders. Understanding the rate of insertion-deletion mutations (indels) is essential to understanding evolutionary processes, especially in coding regions, where such mutations can disrupt production of essential proteins. Using direct estimates of indel rates from 14 phylogenetically diverse eukaryotic and bacterial species, along with measures of standing variation in such species, we obtain results that imply an inverse relationship of mutation rate and effective population size. These results, which corroborate earlier observations on the base-substitution mutation rate, appear most compatible with the hypothesis that natural selection reduces mutation rates per effective genome to the point at which the power of random genetic drift (approximated by the inverse of effective population size) becomes overwhelming. Given the substantial differences in DNA metabolism pathways that give rise to these two types of mutations, this consistency of results raises the possibility that refinement of other molecular and cellular traits may be inversely related to species-specific levels of random genetic drift.
Mean Corpuscular Volume and Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as Alcohol Biomarkers

Alcohol and its metabolites have toxic effects on erythrocytes. Mean corpuscular volume or mean cell volume of erythrocytes (MCV) is calculated from the hematocrit (ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of whole blood) and red cell counts. The normal range of MCV is 86–98 fL. Excessive alcohol consumption is known to increase MCV, a pathogenic process known as macrocytosis. Transferrin is found in blood in several different molecular forms that differ in the number of their carbohydrate groups (sialic acid and other carbohydrate residues) and carry different electrical charges. The major form of transferrin is tetrasialotransferrin, which has four sialic acid moieties attached to the molecule and represents approximately 80% of all transferrin molecules in a healthy individual. Other transferrin molecules found in blood may have more (four to eight sialic acid moieties) or less (up to three sialic acid moieties) carbohydrates. Acetaldehyde formed from alcohol by the liver enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase is known to interfere with the incorporation of the sialic acid moiety to transferrin, resulting in the formation of transferrin molecules with zero, one, or two sialic acid moieties attached to the final molecules (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin). This chapter discusses various aspects and limitations of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as an alcohol biomarker.
Varying Metacognition Through Public Opinion Questions: How Language Can Affect Political Engagement:

Guided by feelings-as-information theory, this experiment examined whether the difficulty of language in public opinion questions would influence reports of political interest and political efficac...
Leveraging the usage of GPUs in SAR processing for the NISAR mission

The NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission will redefine the future of earth science in terms of both the quality as well as the quantity of data that will be downlinked daily. The current software architecture used to process this data is the InSAR Scientific Computing Environment (ISCE), a powerful and modular platform that applies a combination of novel and legacy processing modules to many sources of SAR data. Until recently, this architecture could process most images in a reasonable amount of time; however in the case of the NISAR mission (where the daily influx as well as the size of the images themselves are significantly larger) the current architecture can take hours to process even a single image. This paper explores new efforts to use a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to accelerate one of the processing modules to achieve unprecedented runtimes with no loss in precision, potentially setting a new standard in radar processing in the world of “Big Data”.
IEEE Project 802: Local and Metropolitan Area Network Standards (An April 1983 Status Report)

Abstract This paper provides a status update on the IEEE 802 Project. It should be considered in conjunction with the author’s previous DCCS papers on this subject (Ref.1,2) since it concentrates on changes since the last report. Changes in organization of the committee and the documents’ method of processing as IEEE standards, and technical requirements are discussed. In addition, an expanded scope of committee work is described. The status of the work in the IEEE and international standards organizations is described.
Molecular Structure–Reactivity Relationships for Olefin Metathesis by Al2O3-Supported Surface MoOx Sites

Supported MoOx/Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized by incipient-wetness impregnation of aqueous ammonium heptamolybdate, dried at room temperature and 110 °C, and finally calcined at 500 °C in air. The catalysts were spectroscopically characterized with in situ Raman, UV–vis, DRIFTS, and TPSR, both after calcination and during propylene metathesis reaction conditions. Three distinct MoOx species on the Al2O3 support were identified: isolated surface dioxo (O═)2MoO2, anchored to the basic HO-μ1-AlIV sites ( 4.6 Mo atoms/nm2). During propylene metathesis, activation proceeds by removal of oxo Mo═O bonds and insertion of ═CH2 and ═CHCH3 alkyls, which maintain the surface MoOx species in the Mo6+ oxidation state. The surface oligomeric mono-oxo O═MoO4/5 species easily activate at mild temperatures of 25–200 °C, while the i...
Space, the Final Economic Frontier

After decades of centralized control of economic activity in space, NASA and US policymakers have begun to cede the direction of human activities in space to commercial companies. NASA garnered more than 0.7 percent of GDP in the mid-1960s, but is only around 0.1 percent of GDP today. Meanwhile, space has become big business, with $300 billion in annual revenue. The shift from public to private priorities in space is especially significant because a widely shared goal among commercial space's leaders is the achievement of a large-scale, largely self-sufficient, developed space economy. Jeff Bezos, has stated that the mission of his firm Blue Origin is "millions of people living and working in space." Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, has laid out plans to build a city of a million people on Mars within the next century. Both Neil deGrasse Tyson and Peter Diamandis have been given credit for stating that Earth's first trillionaire will be an asteroid-miner. Such visions are clearly not going to become reality in the near future. But detailed roadmaps to them are being produced and recent progress in the required technologies has been dramatic. If such space-economy visions are even partially realized, the implications for society will be enormous. Though economists should treat the prospect of a developed space economy with healthy skepticism, it would be irresponsible to treat it as science fiction. In this article, I provide an analytical framework—based on classic economic analysis of the role of government in market economies—for understanding and managing the development of the space economy.
A South African News Framing Analysis Reveals Modern-Day Slavery Flourishes Domestically Despite an International Human Rights Relationship

What happens to a nation’s human trafficking policies and practices when that nation, a democracy, co-founds an international organisation dedicated to human rights? This project is one element of ...
Abstract WMP45: Incidence and Outcome of Vertebral Artery Dissection in Trauma Setting: Analysis from National Trauma Data Base (NTDB)

Background: Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is an important cause of stroke in young adults. The natural history and epidemiological aspects of traumatic VAD are not fully understood. We determin...
Theologians, Science, and Theories of Truth in Nineteenth-Century Germany

The query made famous by Pontius Pilate in the first century A.D. has reverberated down through the centuries in many forms and in a variety of settings. But in seeking to answer the question, “What is truth?”, one quickly discovers that the result depends above all on what is allowed to count as true. There is no necessary agreement from one cultural context to another and from one time to another about how truth is to be established. The problem is especially acute where the historian is concerned. The noble dream of providing a true, unbiased, objective account of the past “as it really happened” has been both defended as necessary and attacked as impossible virtually ever since Leopold Ranke set forth the challenge in the nineteenth century.
Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of home parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: A case report

Severe cholestasis associated with long-term home parenteral nutrition is rare, and no treatment is known to be effective. This study shows a case of a patient who developed jaundice while receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition. Causes of jaundice, other than the patient's parenteral feedings, were excluded. The patient's jaundice did not respond to alterations in his parenteral feeding program or to metronidazole. Ursodeoxycholic acid (600 mg/day) led to a prompt and sustained improvement in his hyperbilirubinemia. When ursodeoxycholic acid was stopped, the patient again became jaundiced, but this resolved with reinstitution of ursodeoxycholic acid. This case suggests that ursodeoxycholic acid may be an effective treatment for home parenteral nutrition--associated cholestasis and should be evaluated further in patients with cholestasis associated with parenteral feeding.
Poisson Transforms for Line Bundles from the Shilov Boundary to Bounded Symmetric Domains

For homogeneous line bundles over a bounded symmetric domain all Poisson transforms coming from line bundles over the Shilov boundary are determined and explicit Poisson kernels are given in terms of natural trivializations. The eigenvalues of the Casimir operator are computed. Generalized Hua-type equations for the Poisson transforms are described.
A stochastic generation capacity expansion planning methodology using linear distribution factors and hourly load modeling

This study proposes a formulation for the stochastic generation capacity expansion planning (GCEP) problem under load uncertainty using an improved method to directly compute the generalized generation distribution factors to model transmission network constraints. Load uncertainty in the optimization problem is addressed using a two-stage multi-period stochastic programming model and a clustering technique to reduce the number of scenarios. Traditionally, GCEP has been formulated decomposing the yearly load duration curve in blocks. However, this approach is not suitable for the inclusion of many operational constraints of generators, leading to a distorted estimation of operational costs. Instead, we propose the use of representative daily load patterns. Computational experiments are conducted to validate the methodology, with results showing that the proposed formulation can lead to a more accurate estimation of costs and a more suitable expansion plan. The paper also discusses how the number of load scenarios may impact the computational complexity of GCEP.
Abstract TP360: The Use of Decision Aids for End-of-Life Surrogate Decision Making for Critically-ill Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review

Background: In severe stroke, prognostic uncertainty creates challenges for surrogates when asked to maintain or forego life-sustaining treatments for seriously-ill patients. Surrogates experience ...
Diving into strange waters: incumbent adoption of emerging radical technology

The timing of incumbent firms' adoption of emerging radical technologies has important implications for firms and industries as well as for technological progress. Much is known about factors that lead to successful innovation or adaption to radical technological change, yet little empirical research has examined factors that distinguish between incumbents that choose to be early adopters versus those who do not. From a survey of key informants in firms facing emerging radical technologies, we compare early adopters versus other firms on variables related to learning capacity and technological capabilities. Findings suggest that early adopters possess greater pre-exploitative learning capabilities that enable faster and more effective issue interpretation. Early adopters also perceive they possess greater technological knowledge and commercialisation flexibility advantages over rivals that motivate early adoption moves even in the face of extreme uncertainty.
Evaluating the slavonian census of 1698 part II: A microsimulation test and extension of the evidence

An adjusted 17th C. census based on critical reading of the historical text is the basis for indirect estimation of uncounted persons. The census states no ages and excludes many categories of household residents. Microsimulation based on historically and ethnographically plausible rates and household formation scenarios produces simulated households that match the observable portions of households in the adjusted census. Microsimulation results permit estimation of the uncounted population, of the kinship and age composition of households under extant frontier conditions, and the probable future composition of households as the frontier stabilized and land shortage began to exert pressure for greater density and household complexity.
Dimensional attention as a mechanism of executive function: Integrating flexibility, selectivity, and stability

Abstract In this report, we present a neural process model that explains visual dimensional attention and changes in visual dimensional attention over development. The model is composed of an object representation system that binds visual features such as shape and color to spatial locations and a label learning system that associates labels such as “color” or “shape” with visual features. We have previously demonstrated that this model explains the development of flexible dimensional attention in a task that requires children to switch between shape and color rules for sorting cards. In the model, the development of flexible dimensional attention is a product of strengthening associations between labels and features. In this report, we generalize this model to also explain development of stable and selective dimensional attention. Specifically, we use the model to explain a previously reported developmental association between flexible dimensional attention and stable dimensional attention. Moreover, we generate predictions regarding developmental associations between flexible and selective dimensional attention. Results from an experiment with 3- and 4-year-olds supported model predictions: children who demonstrated flexibility also demonstrated higher levels of selectivity. Thus, the model provides a framework that integrates various functions of dimensional attention, including implicit and explicit functions, over development. This model also provides new avenues of research aimed at uncovering how cognitive functions such as dimensional attention emerge from the interaction between neural dynamics and task structure, as well as understanding how learning dimensional labels creates changes in dimensional attention, brain activation, and neural connectivity.
Detection of Type B Aortic Dissection in the Emergency Department with Point-of-Care Ultrasound.

Aortic dissection (AD) is a rare, time-sensitive, and potentially fatal condition that can present with subtle signs requiring timely diagnosis and intervention. Although definitive diagnosis is most accurately made through computed tomography angiography, this can be a time-consuming study and the patient may be unstable, thus preventing the study’s completion. Chest radiography (CXR) signs of AD are classically taught yet have poor diagnostic reliability. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly used by emergency physicians for the rapid diagnosis of emergent conditions, with multiple case reports illustrating the sonographic signs of AD. We present a case of Stanford type B AD diagnosed by POCUS in the emergency department in a patient with vague symptoms, normal CXR, and without aorta dilation. A subsequent review of CXR versus sonographic signs of AD is described.
Developing Literacy-minded Educators: Authentic Field-based Teacher Preparation

The authors examine the influence of a course focused on literacy and data in a field-based teacher preparation program on teacher candidate preparedness to teach literacy. This course is taken by ...
Early Years in Colorado

One gift I was given, probably by Nan for my birthday in March 1955, was a book by an enthusiastic Australian mountain climber, Douglas Busk, entitled The Delectable Mountains. I have loved mountains since my early childhood vacations in the Swiss and Italian Alps, and Nan and I had frequently taken hikes in mountain areas as well as often gone skiing. I had also enjoyed some very modest amateur rock climbing as a child on the beach of New Rochelle in western Long Island Sound.
Exchange of Ions across the TiN/TaOx Interface during Electroformation of TaOx-Based Resistive Switching Devices.

The valence change model describes the resistive switching in metal oxide-based devices as due to electroreduction of the oxide and subsequent electromigration of oxygen vacancies. Here, we present cross-sectional X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy elemental maps of Ta, O, N, and Ti in electroformed TiN/TaO₂.₀/TiN structures. O, N, and Ti were exchanged between the anode and the functional oxide in devices formed at high power (∼1 mW), but the exchange was below the detection limit at low power (<0.5 mW). All structures exhibit a similar Ta-enriched and O-depleted filament formed by the elemental segregation in the functional oxide by the temperature gradient. The elemental interchange is interpreted as due to Fick’s diffusion caused by high temperatures in the gap of the filament and is not an essential part of electroformation.
From the Poverty of Culture to the Power of Politics: The Evolution of W. E. B. Du Bois.

The culture of poverty thesis did not emerge from the conservative shadows of American intellectual life, but from its most liberal hopes for the future. Most of its earliest champions were committ...
Analysis of Encryption Key Generation in Modern Crypto Ransomware

The scale of ransomware attacks increases every year, and so does its cost, which has reached billions of dollars. A specific class of ransomware, called crypto ransomware, encrypts data of the victims for monetary gain. The encryption models adopted in crypto-ransomware can be very diverse, but, regardless, one of the critical aspects of the encryption process is the method used to generate the encryption key. The analysis of such a method can provide valuable information for understanding ransomware's innermost details and features, critical for building defenses. In this paper, we analyze the encryption model and the encryption key generation process of ransomware samples from different families. We discuss the analysis methods and tools we used and the challenges in the analysis of ransomware code. Finally, we present the results of our study and discuss algorithms and functions used in modern crypto-ransomware.