cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchronous computer mediated communication captured by usability lab technologies: new interpretations

Abstract Research on interaction has provided important insights on how second languages may be acquired through interaction, and on how second language learners use their second language in various settings and tasks. Research into computer mediated communication (CMC) in a second language learning context has been a logical outcome of interactionist research. In CMC interactionist research it is typically the case that the products of data collection and objects of analysis are linear transcripts or chat logs. While these transcripts may help us to better understand the nature of learners’ interactions, they are essentially one-dimensional in nature, not allowing one to coordinate learners’ actions (utterances, gestures, changes in body posture, etc.) with the language they create during interactions. In this paper, we report on the use of a usability lab (UL) in gathering data on synchronous CMC (SCMC) among non-native English dyads. This UL allowed us to capture video, audio, and screen capture for all SCMC sessions. We demonstrate that this methodological approach coupled with a proposed coding technique brings to light many nuances of SCMC interaction that are obscured when relying on printed chatscripts alone.
Edible coatings to improve storability and enhance nutritional value of fresh and frozen strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) and raspberries (Rubus ideaus)

Abstract Chitosan-based edible coatings were used to extend the shelf-life and enhance the nutritional value of strawberries ( Fragaria × ananassa ) and red raspberries ( Rubus ideaus ) stored at either 2 °C and 88% relative humidity (RH) for 3 weeks or −23 °C up to 6 months. Three chitosan-based coatings (chitosan, chitosan containing 5% Gluconal ® CAL, and chitosan containing 0.2% dl -α-tocopheryl acetate) were studied. Results indicated that adding high concentrations of calcium or Vitamin E into chitosan-based coatings did not alter their anti-fungal and moisture barrier functions. The coatings significantly decreased decay incidence and weight loss, and delayed the change in color, pH and titratable acidity of strawberries and red raspberries during cold storage. Coatings also reduced drip loss and helped maintain textural quality of frozen strawberries after thawing. In addition, chitosan-based coatings containing calcium or Vitamin E significantly increased the content of these nutrients in both fresh and frozen fruits. One hundred grams of coated fruits contained about 34–59 mg of calcium, or 1.7–7.7 mg of Vitamin E depending on the type of fruit and the time of storage, while uncoated fruits contained only 19–21 mg of calcium or 0.25–1.15 mg of Vitamin E.
Narrative learning in adulthood

Narrative is not only a method for fostering learning; it is also a way to conceptualize the learning process. In this chapter, we describe the essential features of narrative learning and discuss why this is such an effective way to teach adults.
Optimal offline and online registration techniques for location management with overlapping registration areas

Personal communication services (PCS) standards such as the IS-41 and the GSM use a location management scheme, which is based on registration areas (RA). Overlapping of registration areas has been proposed to reduce the overhead of location updates in such systems. Overlapping provides multiple choices for the selection of a registration area, a feature that does not appear in environments of nonoverlapping RAs. In this paper, we demonstrate how the choice of a registration area affects the number of subsequent registrations and define the problem of optimal choice based on minimization of subsequent registrations. We study two versions of the problem: 1) the deterministic (or offline) version, in which the entire trajectory of the mobile unit is known a priori, and 2) the stochastic (or online) version, in which the trajectory of the mobile unit is not known a priori, but the system has the knowledge of the mobility pattern of the mobile. The mobility pattern is modeled as a random walk across coverage area. In the deterministic case, the method presented computes an optimal solution to the registration problem. In the stochastic case, we present a method that determines the registration that minimizes the expected number of registrations by looking ahead in the probable future paths of the mobile unit. The algorithm's time complexity has exponential dependence on the length of the look-ahead. The cost of search is independent of the choice, therefore the algorithm does not increase the search cost. We also consider an alternative cost model for the stochastic case and propose a preemptive and a nonpreemptive approach each of which incurs different numbers of hard and soft registration operations. Simulation results show a reduction of 25-30 percent in number of registrations over a random-choice scheme. This can be translated to 5-20 percent effective location management load reduction for most cases, subject to the call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) of a mobile unit and search-cost-to-update-cost ratio (CCR) in the network.
Molecular Targeting and Treatment of EGFRvIII-Positive Gliomas Using Boronated Monoclonal Antibody L8A4

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a boronated EGFRvIII-specific monoclonal antibody, L8A4, for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of the receptor-positive rat glioma, F98 npEGFRvIII . Experimental Design: A heavily boronated polyamido amine (PAMAM) dendrimer (BD) was chemically linked to L8A4 by two heterobifunctional reagents, N -succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate and N -( k -maleimidoundecanoic acid)hydrazide. For in vivo studies, F98 wild-type receptor-negative or EGFRvIII human gene-transfected receptor-positive F98 npEGFRvIII glioma cells were implanted i.c. into the brains of Fischer rats. Biodistribution studies were initiated 14 days later. Animals received [ 125 I]BD-L8A4 by either convection enhanced delivery (CED) or direct i.t. injection and were euthanized 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours later. Results: At 6 hours, equivalent amounts of the bioconjugate were detected in receptor-positive and receptor-negative tumors, but by 24 hours the amounts retained by receptor-positive gliomas were 60.1% following CED and 43.7% following i.t. injection compared with 14.6% ID/g by receptor-negative tumors. Boron concentrations in normal brain, blood, liver, kidneys, and spleen all were at nondetectable levels ( 10 B/∼750 μg protein) by CED either alone or in combination with i.v. boronophenylalanine (BPA; 500 mg/kg). BNCT was carried out 24 hours after administration of the bioconjugate and 2.5 hours after i.v. injection of BPA for those animals that received both agents. Rats that received BD-L8A4 by CED in combination with i.v. BPA had a mean ± SE survival time of 85.5 ± 15.5 days with 20% long-term survivors (>6 months) and those that received BD-L8A4 alone had a mean ± SE survival time of 70.4 ± 11.1 days with 10% long-term survivors compared with 40.1 ± 2.2 days for i.v. BPA and 30.3 ± 1.6 and 26.3 ± 1.1 days for irradiated and untreated controls, respectively. Conclusions: These data convincingly show the therapeutic efficacy of molecular targeting of EGFRvIII using either boronated monoclonal antibody L8A4 alone or in combination with BPA and should provide a platform for the future development of combinations of high and low molecular weight delivery agents for BNCT of brain tumors.
Attentional function and basal forebrain cholinergic neuron morphology during aging in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit intellectual disability and develop Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathology during the third decade of life. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS exhibits key features of both disorders, including impairments in learning, attention and memory, as well as atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). The present study evaluated attentional function in relation to BFCN morphology in young (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) Ts65Dn mice and disomic (2N) controls. Ts65Dn mice exhibited attentional dysfunction at both ages, with greater impairment in older trisomics. Density of BFCNs was significantly lower for Ts65Dn mice independent of age, which may contribute to attentional dysfunction since BFCN density was positively associated with performance on an attention task. BFCN volume decreased with age in 2N but not Ts65Dn mice. Paradoxically, BFCN volume was greater in older trisomic mice, suggestive of a compensatory response. In sum, attentional dysfunction occurred in both young and middle-aged Ts65Dn mice, which may in part reflect reduced density and/or phenotypic alterations in BFCNs.
Near-wall velocity profile measurement for nanofluids

We perform near-wall velocity measurements of a SiO2–water nanofluid inside a microchannel. Nanoparticle image velocimetry measurements at three visible depths within 500 nm of the wall are conducted. We evaluate the optical properties of the nanofluid and their effect on the measurement technique. The results indicate that the small effect of the nanoparticles on the optical properties of the suspension have a negligible effect on the measurement technique. Our measurements show an increase in nanofluid velocity gradients near the walls, with no measurable slip, relative to the equivalent basefluid flow. We conjecture that particle migration induced by shear may have caused this increase. The effect of this increase in the measured near wall velocity gradient has implications on the viscosity measurement for these fluids.
Using Synthetic Peptide Reagents to Distinguish Infections Caused by Different HIV Strains

As the nucleic acid sequences of additional isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been determined, the remarkable heterogeneity within this group of viruses has become apparent. HIV has been subclassified into HIV type 1, the retrovirus first shown to cause the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and HIV type 2, a more recently discovered retrovirus prevalent in West Africa. HIV-1 and HIV-2 have identical amino acids at about 59% of positions in the relatively conserved core proteins and at about 42% of positions in the envelope proteins (Guyader et al. 1987). There is partial antigenic cross-reactivity between the core proteins of the two viruses, but cross-reactivity between envelope proteins has not been described (Clavel et al. 1986, 1987; Brun-Vezinet et al. 1987). Consequently, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) containing HIV-1 whole-virus lysate as an antigen detects some HIV-2-positive sera, but is an inconsistent and unreliable test for HIV-2 diagnosis.
Acute effects of oral phosphate-salt ingestion on serum phosphorus, serum ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone in young adults

We studied the effect of acute oral phosphate loading on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and action. Eighteen adults were studied before and after ingestion of 1 g elemental phosphorus as neutral sodium-potassium phosphate in grape juice or in water and 1.7 g NaCl in juice was used as a control. Five subjects were studied after ingesting 1.5 g P in juice. Blood was drawn every 15 min from -45 to +300 min for measurement of serum ionized calcium (Ca++), P, total Ca, creatinine, and immunoreactive PTH (iPTH); urine was collected hourly. Serum P declined after NaCl ingestion but rose significantly after ingestion of 1 g P in juice or in water. There were no significant changes in serum Ca++, iPTH, or urinary cyclic AMP excretion. Acute ingestion of 1-1.5 g P, which exceeds the P content of a normal meal, does not decrease serum Ca++ or increase iPTH secretion or renal action in normal adults.
Beyond resilience: why we need to look at systems too

OBJECTIVE: Stories of resilience abound in American culture, and many social scientists have dedicated their programs of research to understanding what engenders resilience and developing interventions to promote it. However, too often our discussions on resilience limit it to something within the individual, effectively placing all responsibility for overcoming adversity on that individual. In this commentary, we caution against designing resilience research that fails to attend to system-level variables and how this approach can inadvertently reinforce the social circumstances it intends to help individuals overcome. Key Takeaways: The construct of resilience is multifaceted and multilevel, yet the majority of resilience research in the field of psychology operates at the individual-level of analysis. Several theories, approaches, and methods can aid resilience researchers in becoming more ecological. CONCLUSION: Through a renewed commitment to multiplicity in our research, we can better meet the needs of our communities and promote success. Language: en
Structural Characterization of Pt/Co Multilayers for Magnetooptic Recording Using X-Ray Diffraction

Structural features in magnetic multilayer films such as interfacial sharpness and in-plane stress are regarded as responsible for the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy observed in these films. The multilayers often consist of alternating magnetic and non-magnetic layers, and the degree of interfacial sharpness between the two is a critical component in producing perpendicular anisotropy. Additionally, in-plane stress affects the anisotropy through magnetostriction. In this work, we measure both the composition modulation and the stress in multilayers of Pt/Co with x-ray diffraction. Quantitative information about the composition modulation is extracted by recursively fitting a model of multilayer diffraction to the high angle superlattice lines. The model incorporates a composition modulation of variable amplitude, along with a statistical description of the layer thickness fluctuations.
Στάσεις απέναντι στους ψυχικά ασθενείς στην Ελλάδα

Το eρωτηματολόγιο, Απόψeις για την ψυχική ασθένeια, χρησιμοποιήθηκe για να eρeυνηθούν οι στάσeις των ψυχολόγων, κοινωνικών λeιτουργών, σπουδαστών κοινωνικής eργασίας και ατόμων από τον eυρύτeρο πληθυσμό στην Eλλάδα. Τρeις από τις διαστάσeις στάσeων που παρατηρήθηκαν στην Eλλάδα αναγνωρίστηκαν ως ταυτόσημeς μe παράγοντeς που eντοπίστηκαν στις ΗΠΑ, eνώ δύο διαστάσeις eμφανίζονται σαν απόλυτα χαρακτηριστικές των eλληνικών δeιγμάτων. Οι eιδικοί σe θέματα ψυχικής υγeίας ήταν λιγότeρο αρνητικοί απέναντι σe ψυχασθeνeίς απ’ όσο ο κοινός άνθρωπος· δeν διέφeραν όμως ως προς άλλeς απόψeις. Συγκρίσeις μeταξύ eθνικών ομάδων βασισμένeς σe αντίστοιχα δeίγματα και κοινούς παράγοντeς έδeιξαν ότι οι στάσeις των eιδικών eπηρeάζονται πeρισσότeρο από τον πολιτισμό τους παρά από την eπιστημονική τους eκπαίδeυση. Στα eλληνικά δeίγματα η βαθμολογία ήταν και στους δύο κοινούς παράγοντeς υψηλότeρη από ό,τι στα δeίγματα των ΗΠΑ. Οι κοινοί παράγοντeς κρίθηκe ότι eκφράζουν τις παραδοσιακές αξίeς που χαρακτηρίζουν πeρισσότeρο την eλληνική κοινωνία παρά τις ΗΠΑ. Μe στόχο τη διeρeύνηση της eπιρροής των πολιτιστικών αλλαγών στις στάσeις των Eλλήνων και των Αμeρικανών αναλύθηκαν και στην Eλλάδα και στις ΗΠΑ δeίγματα που eξeτάστηκαν το 1969 και το 1979. Ο eκσυγχρονισμός και οι βeλτιωμένeς οικονομικές συν θήκeς φάνηκe ότι άμβλυναν τις διαφορές μeταξύ των δύο χωρών. Το 1979 οι Έλληνeς ήταν πeρισσότeρο δeκτικοί στις eπιστημονικές eρμηνeίeς της ψυχικής ασθένeιας και λιγότeρο απορριπτικοί απέναντι στους ψυχασθeνeίς.
THE POSEDNESS OF INVERSE PROBLEM IN PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH WATER INJECTION WELL

The nonlinear inverse problem model of water injection stage for solid instruction and solid blockage is set up and the posedness of the model studied, the proof of the existence of the quasisolution for the model is given.
Technology for Recovery of Aging Oil

How to recover the aging oil timely and process it efficiently is helpful and important to saving resources,sewage treatment and relieving the pressure of oil gathering and transportation,solving the aggravation of air and sewage quality.The author explains and discusses the principle,character and application of aging oil's processing technology,such as electric field processing method,heat gravitational settling method,centrifuge method,ultrasonic waves processing method and biological processing method.The technology of ultrasonic waves processing can process ageing oil effectively and abundantly,costs little time,need simple machinery,has low resources consumption and save anent.Therefore,it has great prospects in this domain.Centrifuge method applies to the sea terrace and other domain.Finally the author looks the future of processing technology of aging oil.
Capital Flows: Expansionary or Contractionary?

Abstract The workhorse open-economy macro model suggests that capital inflows are contractionary because they appreciate the currency and reduce net exports. Emerging market policy makers, however, believe that inflows lead to credit booms and rising output; the evidence appears to go their way. To reconcile theory and reality, we extend the set of assets in the Mundell-Fleming model to include both bonds and non-bonds. At a given policy rate, inflows may decrease the rate on non-bonds, stimulating financial intermediation and, potentially, output as well. We explore the implications, and find support for the key predictions in the data.
Exfoliative cytology in gastric ulcer. Its role in the differentiation of benign and malignant ulcers.

The role of exfoliative cytology in the differential diagnosis was studied in 631 gastric ulcers (70 malignant and 561 benign). In the group of 70 malignant ulcers (61 Borrmann Type II and nine of superficial gastric carcinoma), cytology was positive in 51 instances. The positive cytological examination (saline washing) was particularly helpful in 20 patients (of a total of 33) with inconclusive or benign roentgenographic examinations. Direct vision brushing cytology appeared to be helpful also, and its use combined with endoscopic biopsy resulted in complete diagnostic success in all of 50 patients with esophageal and gastric tumors of various types, including five ulcer-cancers. Variable degrees of cell atypia may present diagnostic problems, but their identification permits increasingly accurate differentiation of benign gastric ulcer from “ulcer-cancer.”
JavaScriptÂ -Â A Client-Side Scripting Language

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction JavaScript Syntax Using Objects The Date Objects ]]>
Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Although architecturally, it fits into the category of follicular neoplasm, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is classified as a subtype of papillary carcinoma because it behaves clinically like papillary carcinoma. The tumor is comprised predominantly of follicles; however, the characteristic nuclear features of classic papillary carcinoma are present. Papillary clusters are notably absent. The most common diagnostic dilemma is mistaking it for either goiter or follicular neoplasm. This is due to the fact that there is an overlapping diagnostic criteria for follicular lesions in general and also the paucity of diagnostic features of PTC in this variant, either because they are poorly developed or present only focally. When the predominant architecture is the presence of syncytial tissue fragments, especially in a background of colloid, the lesion can be misdiagnosed as nodular goiter.
Butterfield’s Critique of the Whig Interpretation

Butterfield published The Whig Interpretation of History in 1931.1 Much later, Owen Chadwick stated that it ‘put historians into a state of self-analysis and scrupulosity’ and contributed to ‘the modern and fruitful consideration of the problems of historiography’.2 It was a sustained critique of the motivation, methods and fallacious conclusions of the whig practice of staging narratives anachronistically so as to produce an inevitable ratification of the present, or justification of a position currently espoused by the author.3 It conveys the impression of having been produced at high tension after intense deliberation. It was written after discussions on anachronism and historical change in the meaning of words.4 It is one of Butterfield’s most important books, providing a fuller indication of the basis upon which the earlier works were written and containing the seeds of issues raised in his later writings.
Factor Analysis of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale in a Sample of Two Year Olds with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), (Schopler et al. in J Autism Dev Disord 10(1):91–103, 1980) is a 15-item observation-based rating scale that yields a total score reflective of autism symptom severity. This study investigated the factor structure of the CARS in a sample of 2-year-old children with DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association in Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, 2000) diagnoses of AD or PDD-NOS. Following a preliminary internal cross-validation, principal axis factor analysis was completed (N = 282). The results indicate a three-factor solution: Social Communication, Stereotyped Behaviors and Sensory Sensitivities, and Emotional Reactivity. The factors are meaningful, with the first two reflective of DSM-5 symptom domains. This study supports the continued relevance of the CARS in ASD assessment, and extends its utility in 2-year-old children.
Effect of Intravenous Busulfan Versus Total Body Irradiation on Donor Chimerism and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (AlloSCT) in Mice.

Abstract The goals of administering transplantation conditioning to leukemia patients undergoing alloSCT are to kill tumor cells, prevent rejection of the donor graft, create “space” for donor hematopoiesis, and provide an overall milieu that favors a donor T cell-mediated “graft-versus-leukemia” effect. However, transplantation conditioning also increases the incidence and severity of acute GVHD by damaging non-hematopoietic tissues and by inducing lymphopenia, which augments the antigen-driven expansion of alloreactive T cells. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative safety and efficacy of transplantation conditioning with intravenous busulfan (Busulfex; ESP Pharma, Edison, NJ) versus total body irradiation (TBI) by administering titrated doses of either agent to mice and comparing their effects on: 1) donor chimerism after syngeneic and semi-allogeneic (parent into F1) SCT; 2) graft rejection after MHC-matched allogeneic SCT; and 3) acute GVHD after semi-allogeneic SCT. Both agents induced titratable donor chimerism after syngeneic BMT, but TBI was more immunosuppressive, since allogeneic marrow engrafted after 700 cGy TBI but not after an equivalently myelotoxic dose of Busulfex (60 mg/kg). When given in equivalently myelotoxic doses, TBI always induced more GVHD than did IV busulfan, as measured by weight loss and the augmentation of donor T cell and myeloid chimerism. As a result, stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism was generated more readily in mice conditioned with nonmyeloablative doses of busulfan than in mice conditioned with equitoxic doses of TBI. These results demonstrate that IV busulfan promotes GVHD to a lesser extent than does an equivalently myelotoxic dose of TBI. IV busulfan may be the preferred agent if stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism is the desired outcome. The relative roles of lymphopenia versus tissue damage in the differential outcomes of TBI versus Busulfex conditioning are being investigated.
Sensitivity considerations in compressed sensing

In [1]–[4], we considered the question of basis mismatch in compressive sensing. Our motivation was to study the effect of mismatch between the mathematical basis (or frame) in which a signal was assumed to be sparse and the physical basis in which the signal was actually sparse. We were motivated by the problem of inverting a complex space-time radar image for the field of complex scatterers that produced the image. In this case there is no apriori known basis in which the image is actually sparse, as radar scatterers do not usually agree to place their ranges and Dopplers on any apriori agreed sampling grid. The consequence is that sparsity in the physical basis is not maintained in the mathematical basis, and a sparse inversion in the mathematical basis or frame does not match up with an inversion for the field in the physical basis. In [1]–[3], this effect was quantified with theorem statements about sensitivity to basis mismatch and with numerical examples for inverting time series records for their sparse set of damped complex exponential modes. These inversions were compared unfavorably to inversions using fancy linear prediction. In [4] and this paper, we continue these investigations by comparing the performance of sparse inversions of sparse images, using apriori selected frames that are mismatched to the physical basis, and by computing the Fisher information matrix for compressions of images that are sparse in a physical basis.
Pediatric Cortical Dysplasia

Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) constitute an important cause of seizures in children and often form the underlying basis for many of the epilepsy syndromes found in childhood. Functional neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) plays a critical role in the neuroimaging of children with epilepsy, including imaging of children with suspected or known MCDs such as cortical dysplasia. In this chapter, we begin with a focused discussion on the continuing relevance of well-established PET techniques such as 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) PET and [11C]flumazenil (FMZ) PET in the light of newer advances in structural imaging techniques. We discuss the role of these techniques in the detection, classification, and prognostication of cortical dysplasias causing pediatric epilepsy and the electrophysiologic and clinical correlates of specific imaging findings with these techniques. The limitations of each of these techniques also are discussed in some detail, emphasizing the need for further refinements in PET imaging of cortical dysplasias. Thereafter, we discuss the exciting new developments in PET imaging of cortical dysplasias, especially the advent of α[11C]-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) PET imaging in multifocal cortical dysplasias, tuberous sclerosis, and in imaging of patients with failed epilepsy surgery. Finally, we conclude the chapter with a brief discussion on other promising new tracers and their likely roles in PET imaging of cortical dysplasia in pediatric epilepsy.
A Maturity Metric for Accelerated Testing of Complex subsystems and Assemblies

Prior to system integration testing, assemblies and subsystems are frequently subjected to tests that seek to surface failure modes associated with a specified set of environmental conditions. The induced environmental stresses are often elevated above normal usage levels to shorten the test duration necessary to surface the failure modes. One natural question that arises is how long should the unit under test be subjected to the environmental conditions. Once we have surfaced a sufficient set of failure modes, our resources should be redirected toward eliminating the surfaced modes and toward testing additional assembly (or subsystem)/environment combinations of interest. In this paper, we propose a metric for use in deciding when sufficient testing has been accomplished for a complex assembly or subsystem in a specified environment. The proposed metric utilizes the first occurrence times of the observed problem failure modes. We propose a related metric for the discrete case where test duration is measu...
The equality paradox of dual citizenship

Plural citizenship has become a stealth incident of globalisation. Plural citizenship makes liberal theorists uncomfortable. Accepting plural citizenship vindicates autonomy values, but it also cha...
The Wintertime Covariation of CO2 and Criteria Pollutants in an Urban Valley of the Western United States

Numerous mountain valleys experience wintertime particulate pollution events, when persistent cold air pools (PCAPs) develop and inhibit atmospheric mixing, leading to the accumulation of pollutants. Here we examine the relationships between trace gases and criteria pollutants during winter in Utah's Salt Lake Valley, in an effort to better understand the roles of transport versus chemical processes during differing meteorological conditions as well as insights into how targeted reductions in greenhouse gases will impact local air quality in varying meteorological conditions. CO2 is a chemically inert gas that is coemitted during fossil fuel combustion with pollutants. Many of these coemitted pollutants are precursors that react chemically to form secondary particulate matter. Thus, CO2 can serve as a stable tracer and potentially help distinguish transport versus chemical influences on pollutants. During the winter of 2015–2016, we isolated enhancements in CO2 over baseline levels due to urban emissions (“CO2ex”). CO2ex was paired with similar excesses in other pollutant concentrations. These relationships were examined during different wintertime conditions and stages of pollution episodes: (a) Non-PCAP, (b) beginning, and (c) latter stages of an episode. We found that CO2ex is a good indicator of the presence of gaseous criteria pollutants and a reasonable indicator of PM2.5. Additionally, the relationships between CO2ex and criteria pollutants differ during different phases of PCAP events which provide insight into meteorological and transport processes. Lastly, we found a slight overestimation of CO:CO2 emission ratios and a considerable overestimation of NOx:CO2 by existing inventories for the Salt Lake Valley.
An Explicit Formula for eAt

(1967). An Explicit Formula for eAt. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 10, pp. 1200-1204.
Do seizures cause brain damage

Children with epilepsy are at significant risk for cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities. In most children with epilepsy, the likely reason for cognitive impairment is the underlying pathology responsible for the seizures. However, there is considerable controversy about whether seizures per se can cause brain damage or increase subsequent susceptibility to seizure. Although some longitudinal studies have related a decline in intellectual abilities to continued seizures, other studies indicate that treatment with antiepileptic drugs or progression of the encephalopathic process is responsible for the decline. Both clinical and animal studies have focused on the long-term effects of seizures on the developing brain. Whereas prolonged seizures may cause permanent neurologic sequelae in the mature animal, the immature brain may be more resistant to the long-term sequelae of seizures.
Rethinking How We Think About Cognitive Interventions for Depression: An Example From Research on Second-Language Acquisition:

One of the primary goals of cognitive therapy for depression is to teach an individual a new, more adaptive way of thinking about stressful life experiences. We argue that this process of supplanti...
The Temporal and Spatial Propagation of the Sloyd Educational Crafting Movement Across the Global Landscape from the late 19th Century into the 20th Century

A feminist analysis of the Sloyd crafting education movement reveals how it contributed to the transformation of Western culture’s foundational gender system. The Sloyd movement transformed traditional domestic crafts in patriarchal families into formal manual education courses and programs that were disseminated around the globe at the turn of the twentieth century. Feminist understanding of the historical context of European patriarchy is essential in appreciating how Sloyd programs contributed to reform women’s transformations of patriarchal ideology and social structures. The Sloyd educational movement could not have developed without the prior development of public schools with manual education. Feminist critical reading was required to gender largely de-gendered histories of European manual education and the development of the Sloyd movement. Feminist theories, methods, and research have provided insights into the importance of the Sloyd crafting education movement in materially transforming gender roles, identities, ideology, and social power dynamics.
Nonpreorganized neutral acyclic anion receptors: Structural investigations of N,N′-diphenyl-1, 3-benzenedisulfonamide and N,N′bis(4-t-butylphenyl)-1, 3-benzenedisulfonamide

The structure of N,N′-diphenyl-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide (1) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in P21/n with cell dimensions: a = 11.8390(6) A, b = 12.3950(10) A, c = 12.1184(10) A, β = 94.388(6)°, and V = 1773.1(2) A3. Its di-t-butyl derivative, N,N′-bis(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide (2), was prepared and structurally characterized as two solvated structures. Both crystallize in P\(\overline 1\) with cell dimensions: 2 ⋅ CF3CH2OH, a = 9.469(2) A, b = 10.0039(18) A, c = 16.385(3) A, α = 85.561(16)°, β = 83.035(18)°, γ = 72.459(16), and V = 1467.7(5) A3; 2 ⋅ ClCH2CH2Cl, a = 9.559(2) A, b = 9.8125(12) A, c = 17.100(6) A, α = 82.495(19)°, β = 83.47(2)°, γ = 70.100(15), and V = 1491.1(6) A3. The structures exhibit hydrogen-bonding, and are evaluated in terms of preorganization for anion binding.
HIV-1 Protein gp120 Induces Mouse Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via CXCR4 Activation

Abstract Background Individuals with HIV have ∼2-fold increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs has yet to be determined. HIV-1 protein gp120 activates CXCR4 in the lymphocyte, promoting a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including those common to TGFβ1 associated with lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. We hypothesized that gp120 promotes pulmonary fibrotic changes via activation of CXCR4 in the lung fibroblast. Methods Mouse primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were cultured ± gp120, then analyzed for α-SMA expression and stress fiber formation. In parallel, PLFs were cultured ± gp120 ± AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist), and α-SMA, pan and phospho-Akt, and total and phospho-MAPK (or ERK1/2) protein expression was quantified. Finally, lungs and PLFs from wild-type and HIV-1 transgenic mice were analyzed for hydroxyproline and α-SMA content. Results gp120 treatment increased α-SMA expression and myofibroblast differentiation in PLFs. gp120 treatment activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not PI3K-Akt. Pretreatment with AMD3100 inhibited gp120-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and gp120-induced α-SMA expression. In parallel, there was a significant increase in hydroxyproline content in lungs from older HIV-1 transgenic mice and a >3-fold increase in α-SMA expression in PLFs isolated from HIV-1 transgenic mice. Conclusions gp120 induces α-SMA expression and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by activating the CXCR4-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in mouse PLFs. Lungs of older HIV-1 transgenic mice contain higher hydroxyproline content and their PLFs have a striking increase in α-SMA expression. These results suggest a mechanism by which individuals with HIV are at increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrotic changes as they age.
A toolbox of nanobodies developed and validated for diverse neuroscience research applications

SUMMARY Nanobodies (nAbs) are small, minimal antibodies that have distinct attributes that make them uniquely suited for certain biomedical research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Prominent uses include as intracellular antibodies or intrabodies to bind and deliver cargo to specific proteins and/or subcellular sites within cells, and as nanoscale immunolabels for enhanced tissue penetration and improved spatial imaging resolution. Here, we report the generation and validation of nAbs against a set of proteins prominently expressed at specific subcellular sites in brain neurons. We describe a novel hierarchical validation pipeline to systematically evaluate nAbs isolated by phage display for effective and specific use as intrabodies and immunolabels in mammalian cells including brain neurons. These nAbs form part of a robust toolbox for targeting proteins with distinct and highly spatially-restricted subcellular localization in mammalian brain neurons, allowing for visualization and/or modulation of structure and function at those sites.
Hypervascular neck mass as the initial presentation of papillary thyroid cancer: A case report and review of current literature.

Abstract Background Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma presenting initially as a hypervascular mass is exceedingly rare. The objective of this paper was to present the rare pathology along with the utilization of multimodal imaging to establish a correct diagnosis along with current management and review of literature. Case presentation We describe a 33 year old male who presented with a left-sided neck mass. CT with contrast of the neck revealed a hypervascular, ring enhancing, complex cystic lesion in the left sub-clavicular and supraclavicular neck deep to the SCM, with accompanying edema. The differential diagnosis was broad and difficult to achieve given the fine needle aspiration biopsy was inconclusive. Eventually, the patient underwent a total thyroidectomy with a left modified radical neck dissection, central neck dissection, and partial resection of sternocleidomastoid muscle. Conclusion A large hypervascular mass presenting as a papillary thyroid carcinoma is difficult to discern but with combination of ultrasonography, soft tissue CT and angiography imaging, along with fine needle aspiration, and possible use of MRI would be successful in narrowing down the differential list to the final diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, supporting the need for punctual surgical intervention.
Visualizing ultrafast chemical dynamics with X-rays.

We live in a world bathed in light. Light drives photosynthesis and is responsible for the oxygen environment that enables the diversity of life found on our planet. Photochemistry provides the means to harness light energy for productive function through the movement of charge, a change in molecular shape, or the cleavage of a bond. Photochemistry also cleaves DNA and produces damaging free radicals. Photochemical processes—both harnessed and destructive—are unavoidable. Ultrafast transient spectroscopies in the UV-visible and infrared regions of the spectrum have allowed the detailed probing and characterization of many photochemical processes occurring on a wide range of timescales. These probes, however, provide only indirect insight into the electronic and structural dynamics of photochemical transformations. The development of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and tabletop high harmonic sources have now provided the tools required to interrogate directly the electronic and structural changes that take place on the very fastest timescales of chemistry. These measurements provide insight into photochemistry, but also more generally into the coupling of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in chemistry. It is becoming possible to visualize chemical reactions with both electronic and atomic resolution on timescales from attoseconds to seconds. In PNAS, Bacellar et al. (1) combine femtosecond X-ray absorption (XAS) and X-ray emission (XES) spectroscopies to address an outstanding question in heme protein photophysics: Does the decay of photoexcited ferric heme involve a cascade of iron-centered spin states or is it characterized more simply by subpicosecond internal conversion to the ground state (2⇓⇓–5)? This question is addressed by Bacellar et al. on a room temperature protein sample, at modest concentration, with ultrafast time resolution, and exploiting the sensitivity of X-rays to both electronic and structural dynamics. Fe K-edge XES probes the 2p→1s (Kα) and 3p→1s (Kβ) transitions of … [↵][1]1Email: rsension{at}umich.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Factor Structure of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire in Young Children with and Without Autism.

The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) is often used to assess sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but little is known about its factor structure in younger children with ASD. We evaluated alternative factor structures and measurement invariance for CSHQ items in 2- to 4-year-olds with ASD or typical development (TD). Bifactor models indicated subscales’ variance was subsumed by a general factor predominantly reflecting sleep initiation and nighttime awakening items. A factor consisting of 7 of these items was measurement invariant across ASD and TD. Thus, comparisons between young children with ASD and TD is appropriate for a measure composed of 7 CSHQ items relating to sleep initiation and awakenings but not for other CSHQ item composites.
Model-Based Optimization of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Inspiratory Muscle Activation

Objective High-frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) is a potential method to provide natural and effective inspiratory muscle pacing in patients with ventilator-dependent spinal cord injuries. Experimental data have demonstrated that HF-SCS elicits physiological activation of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles via spinal cord pathways. However, the activation thresholds, extent of activation, and optimal electrode configurations (i.e., lead separation, contact spacing, and contact length) to activate these neural elements remain unknown. Therefore, the goal of this study was to use a computational modeling approach to investigate the direct effects of HF-SCS on the spinal cord and to optimize electrode design and stimulation parameters. Materials and methods We developed a computer model of HF-SCS that consisted of two main components: 1) finite element models of the electric field generated during HF-SCS, and 2) multicompartment cable models of axons and motoneurons within the spinal cord. We systematically evaluated the neural recruitment during HF-SCS for several unique electrode designs and stimulation configurations to optimize activation of these neural elements. We then evaluated our predictions by testing two of these lead designs with in vivo canine experiments. Results Our model results suggested that within physiological stimulation amplitudes, HF-SCS activates both axons in the ventrolateral funiculi (VLF) and inspiratory intercostal motoneurons. We used our model to predict a lead design to maximize HF-SCS activation of these neural targets. We evaluated this lead design via in vivo experiments, and our computational model predictions demonstrated excellent agreement with our experimental testing. Conclusions Our computational modeling and experimental results support the potential advantages of a lead design with longer contacts and larger edge-to-edge contact spacing to maximize inspiratory muscle activation during HF-SCS at the T2 spinal level. While these results need to be further validated in future studies, we believe that the results of this study will help improve the efficacy of HF-SCS technologies for inspiratory muscle pacing.
Technology, Uncertainty, and the Good Life: A Stoic Perspective

In contemporary times, technology promises to improve our quality of life and reduce uncertainty. I argue that technology increasingly fails to deliver on these promises. Reflections on uncertainty and human fulfillment lead us to reconsider society’s relationship to technology. To make the discussion concrete, I contextualize it within the topics of sustainable development and community resilience. As an analytical lens, I use the conception of the ‘good life’ to think about the goals of engineers, including in these goals the need for human happiness and deeper fulfillment. I draw from ancient philosophy, primarily the Stoics, to inform contemporary decisions on these matters. The Stoic concepts considered in this chapter are eudaimonia (flourishing), global concern, fate, avoiding judgment, visualizing and growing from adversity, and phronesis (practical wisdom). This approach is relevant to a wide range of professions interested in difficult decisions involving humanity’s future and wellbeing.
Islamic Extremism and CBRN Terrorism

The extant literature on the relationship between religious ideology and CBRN weapons pursuit lacks a strong empirical basis. To address this, the current study utilizes a new dataset – the CBRN Te...
AutoDrop: Training Deep Learning Models with Automatic Learning Rate Drop

Modern deep learning (DL) architectures are trained using variants of the SGD algorithm that is run with a $\textit{manually}$ defined learning rate schedule, i.e., the learning rate is dropped at the pre-defined epochs, typically when the training loss is expected to saturate. In this paper we develop an algorithm that realizes the learning rate drop $\textit{automatically}$. The proposed method, that we refer to as AutoDrop, is motivated by the observation that the angular velocity of the model parameters, i.e., the velocity of the changes of the convergence direction, for a fixed learning rate initially increases rapidly and then progresses towards soft saturation. At saturation the optimizer slows down thus the angular velocity saturation is a good indicator for dropping the learning rate. After the drop, the angular velocity "resets" and follows the previously described pattern - it increases again until saturation. We show that our method improves over SOTA training approaches: it accelerates the training of DL models and leads to a better generalization. We also show that our method does not require any extra hyperparameter tuning. AutoDrop is furthermore extremely simple to implement and computationally cheap. Finally, we develop a theoretical framework for analyzing our algorithm and provide convergence guarantees.
Three-dimensional tract reconstruction

Computer-aided 3D tract tracking techniques (called tractography) can be very useful to understand tract trajectories and their relationships with other white matter tracts and gray matter structures. This chapter discusses how three-dimensional trajectories can be reconstructed from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. There are two types of reconstruction techniques. One is based on “tract propagation,” and the other is based on “energy minimization.” The former strategy is a deterministic approach because it provides only one solution (trajectory) from a given seed, and there is no prior knowledge about the destination of the propagation. The tract propagation model consists of three important steps. First, local fiber orientation is estimated, in which there are two options; one is the tensor, and the other is the vector of the longest axis of the ellipsoid. The second step is the propagation of a line based on the tensor or vector information. The third step is the termination of the propagation. In the energy minimization approach, two arbitrary points in space can be selected, and the method provides the most probable path to connect the two points together.
Modeling Chemical Exposures in Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is increasingly concerned with assessing risks from environmental exposure pathways beyond those typically considered, i.e., direct ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure to chemicals in air, water, and soil. A number of models have been developed to facilitate analysis of these more complex exposure situations. Such models also enhance our ability to assess both aggregate and cumulative exposures. Three different modeling approaches are described which address some of these issues; the U.S. EPA's IEUBK model for lead, the multipathway health risk assessment (MPHRA) methodology developed for assessing risks of incinerators and waste combustors, and the U.S. EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) model.