cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion on cultural connotation of cooking verbs

Language carries culture.Chinese language and vocabulary have plentiful connotation,they can′t be separated from Chinese culture.During the long period of development,some cooking verbs with plentiful meaning come into being in Chinese language gradually,they also extend many new words by the methods of extendibility,metaphor and comparison,etc..These words not only reflect the development and change of Chinese cooking culture,but also carry the abundant spiritual and material culture of human society.
Co-tenant application security on mobile devices

The proliferation of mobile devices has made them increasingly exposed to security risks, with attackers shifting their targets towards these due to their increased use in daily life. This work focuses on the security risks current mobile device architectures are prone to in terms of leakage of sensitive information due to multiple applications sharing the same resources (i.e. application co-tenancy). In this work, we propose a virtualization-based approach to isolate security-critical applications from others running on the same mobile device. The proposed approach for isolating applications is based on running security critical applications in their own virtual machines, which allows for separation of the data space of these from that of other applications on the same device.
Eco-critical Consciousness Meets Oppositional Consciousness: Reading Early Chicago Housing Activism Through an Environmental Lens

ABSTRACTThis article integrates the key concept of oppositional consciousness from social movement theory with the broader notion of community work to argue for understanding the environmental activism of African Americans. Oppositional consciousness developed through community work can significantly challenge dominant ideologies pertaining to environment-related advantages, which the authors refer to as “eco-critical consciousness.” Arguing that housing inequality is an integral part of environmental concerns, the authors show that not only did African Americans care about the environmental integrity of their communities, they also took measures to resolve some of the ways environmental degradation affected their health. Using archival information from the Chicago Defender, the authors show that African Americans have consistently challenged conditions of housing discrimination and livability, revealing an intersectional understanding of environmental issues. The analysis reveals the actions, agency, and...
Neural Regeneration as a Disease-Modifying Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, which contributes significantly to the health care burden particularly in the developed world. As yet, there is no effective treatment for AD. Besides the presence of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, AD is characterized by neurogenic and synaptic failure leading to cognitive decline. Neural regeneration–based strategy represents a highly promising therapeutic approach for AD. Shifting the balance from neurodegeneration to neural regeneration with neurotrophic small-molecule peptide mimetics has shown promise in the animal models of AD. Our work with a ciliary neurotrophic factor–based neurogenic and neurotrophic peptidergic compound has shown that neural regeneration–based therapeutic approach can be disease modifying for AD. Human clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy of neural regeneration–based approach for AD.
Feasibility and utility of an integrated medical imaging and informatics smartphone system for management of acute stroke.

Background Rapid dissemination and coordination of clinical and imaging data among multidisciplinary team members are essential for optimal acute stroke care. Aim To characterize the feasibility and utility of the Synapse Emergency Room mobile (Synapse ERm) informatics system. Methods We implemented the Synapse ERm system for integration of clinical data, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, and catheter angiographic imaging, and real-time stroke team communications, in consecutive acute neurovascular patients at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Results From May 2014 to October 2014, the Synapse ERm application was used by 33 stroke team members in 84 Code Stroke alerts. Patient age was 69.6 (±17.1), with 41.5% female. Final diagnosis was: ischemic stroke 64.6%, transient ischemic attack 7.3%, intracerebral hemorrhage 6.1%, and cerebrovascular-mimic 22.0%. Each patient Synapse ERm record was viewed by a median of 10 (interquartile range 6-18) times by a median of 3 (interquartile range 2-4) team members. The most used feature was computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, and catheter angiography image display. In-app tweet team, communications were sent by median 1 (interquartile range 0-1, range 0-13) users per case and viewed by median 1 (interquartile range 0-3, range 0-44) team members. Use of the system was associated with rapid treatment times, faster than national guidelines, including median door-to-needle 51.0 min (interquartile range 40.5-69.5) and median door-to-groin 94.5 min (interquartile range 85.5-121.3). In user surveys, the mobile information platform was judged easy to employ in 91% (95% confidence interval 65%-99%) of uses and of added help in stroke management in 50% (95% confidence interval 22%-78%). Conclusion The Synapse ERm mobile platform for stroke team distribution and integration of clinical and imaging data was feasible to implement, showed high ease of use, and moderate perceived added utility in therapeutic management.
Stress, coping, executive function, and brain activation in adolescent offspring of depressed and nondepressed mothers.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the associations among chronic stress, activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), executive function, and coping with stress in at-risk and a comparison sample of adolescents. Adolescents (N = 16; age 12–15) of mothers with (n = 8) and without (n = 8) a history of depression completed questionnaires, neurocognitive testing, and functional neuroimaging in response to a working memory task (N-back). Children of depressed mothers demonstrated less activation in the anterior PFC (APFC) and both greater and less activation than controls in distinct areas within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to the N-back task. Across both groups, activation of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC; Brodmann area [BA9]) and APFC (BA10) was positively correlated with greater exposure to stress and negatively correlated with secondary control coping. Similarly, activation of the dACC (BA32) was negatively correlated with secondary control coping. Regression analyses revealed that DLPFC,...
The Problem of Female Salvation in LDS Theology

While at first glance LDS teachings might appear to grant an exaltation to women that is comparable to that granted to men, a closer look raises some difficult questions. Theologians sometimes make a distinction between salvation “from” (what is it that we are rescued or delivered from?) and salvation “for” (what is the end purpose of salvation? where is it taking us?) I would like to spend some time on both of these, looking at them in the context of gender issues. I will first discuss the LDS view of the fall, and the meaning of redemption from the fall, and then go on to examine the LDS notion of exaltation.
Analysis and Simulation of Three-Component Floods in the Ohio River Basin

Flood series including three components, namely, the occurrence time, the discharge volume, and the flood duration, are formed from observed daily streamflows. The intensity function describing the flood occurrence rate is derived assuming the nonhomogeneous Poisson process. A fitted equation is applied to the estimated intensities by the least squares method. The Thinning method based on controlled deletion of points in a poisson process uses the fitted intensity function to generate the flood occurrence times which are expressed by a sequence of time intervals. The procedure of the marked point process is introduced to link the flood duration and the discharge volume, which are modeled, respectively, by exponential distributions, of the flood occurrence time. Therefore the simulated result consists of three-component flood series including the occurrence time, the flood duration and the discharge volume, which can be used for environmental pollution protection and flood-control purposes. The statistical comparisons made between the generated and the observed series are reasonably agreeable.
Impact of the acute care nurse practitioner in reducing the number of unwarranted daily laboratory tests in the intensive care unit.

Background Frequent laboratory testing may be necessary at times for critically ill patients. However, the practice of indiscriminate laboratory test ordering is common. Purpose The purpose of this quality improvement project was to assess the effectiveness of the acute care nurse practitioner (ACNP) in reducing the number of unwarranted laboratory tests ordered for ICU patients. To determine whether the presence of an ACNP would make a difference, an ACNP was present on daily ICU multidisciplinary rounds to facilitate the discussion of the laboratory testing needs for each patient for the following 24-hour period. Conclusions Eighty-one patients were enrolled in the project, 41 in the comparison and 40 in the intervention group. No significant differences were noted between the two groups. The project demonstrated that although there was an increase in tests ordered for the intervention group, the increase was brought about by an increase in specific individual tests rather than an increase in panels of laboratory tests. A reduction in patient cost was observed for the number of tests ordered. No increase in adverse events was noted. Implications for practice Acute care nurse practitioner presence on multidisciplinary rounds may be an effective method to change the practice toward the ordering of tests based on clinical indication.
On the impact of ICRU report 90 recommendations on k Q factors for high-energy photon beams

Purpose To assess the impact of the ICRU report 90 recommendations on the beam-quality conversion factor, kQ , used for clinical reference dosimetry of megavoltage linac photon beams. Methods The absorbed dose to water and the absorbed dose to the air in ionization chambers representative of those typically used for linac photon reference dosimetry are calculated at the reference depth in a water phantom using Monte Carlo simulations. Depth-dose calculations in water are also performed to investigate changes in beam quality specifiers. The calculations are performed in a cobalt-60 beam and MV photon beams with nominal energy between 6 MV and 25 MV using the EGSnrc simulation toolkit. Inputs to the calculations use stopping-power data for graphite and water from the original ICRU-37 report and the new proposed values from the recently published ICRU-90 report. Calculated kQ factors are compared using the two different recommendations for key dosimetry data and measured kQ factors. Results Less than about 0.1% effects from ICRU-90 recommendations on the beam quality specifiers, the photon component of the percentage depth-dose at 10 cm, %dd(10)x , and the tissue-phantom ratio at 20 cm and 10 cm, TPR1020, are observed. Although using different recommendations for key dosimetric data impact water-to-air stopping-power ratios and ion chamber perturbation corrections by up to 0.54% and 0.40%, respectively, we observe little difference (≤0.14%) in calculated kQ factors. This is contradictory to the predictions in ICRU-90 that suggest differences up to 0.5% in high-energy photon beams. A slightly better agreement with experimental values is obtained when using ICRU-90 recommendations. Conclusion Users of the addendum to the TG-51 protocol for reference dosimetry of high-energy photon beams, which recommends Monte Carlo calculated kQ factors, can rest assured that the recommendations of ICRU report 90 on basic data have little impact on this central dosimetric parameter.
Predictive Biomarkers as a Guide to Future Therapy Selection in Melanoma

It is becoming clear that multiple molecular subtypes of melanoma likely exist that not only defi ne distinct biologic entities, but also may be associated with clinical response to defi ned therapeutic modalities. For signal transduction inhibitors, activating mutations in B-Raf and c-kit are associated with clinical response to the specifi c kinase inhibitors PLX4032 and imatinib, respectively. Several other signaling pathways have been found to be constitutively active or mutated in other subsets of melanoma tumors that are potentially targetable with new agents. For immunotherapies, gene expression profi ling has revealed a signature that is associated with clinical benefi t to melanoma vaccines, with preliminary observations suggesting a correlation with response to other immunotherapy agents as well. Together, these emerging data suggest the evolution of a new paradigm in melanoma therapy in which molecular analysis of the tumor will be utilized to assign the most appropriate therapeutic modality for each individual patient. The anticipated result will be improved therapeutic success, as well as the tools to identify mechanisms of therapeutic resistance.
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE HARDNESS AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF U-Ti ALLOYS

The hardness and microstructure of U--Ti alloys may be varied over wide ranges by suitable heat treatment. Quench-temper or isothermal treatments were particularly effective. The over-all response to heat treatment was dependent upon the phases present during solution treatment. Results are interpreted in terms of the phase diagram. (auth)
Teacher Identity and Political Instruction

Political instruction is considered a hallmark of a quality K-12 civic education; however, most of the research in this area has focused on how students receive such instruction or how external pressures exacerbate teachers’ fears associated with broaching controversial issues in their classes. In this chapter, I explore the relationship between teacher identity and political instruction. My purpose is not to explicitly define how teachers’ identities influence their political instruction; rather, this chapter serves as a call for increased attention to the role teacher identity may play in K-12 political instruction.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy and metastasectomy for metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Background and objectives Various treatment options exist for patients with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Surgical resection with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) typically reserved for patients with limited disease. Definitive data are lacking to support either the resection of primary PNET in the metastatic setting or for surgical debulking of metastatic lesions. Methods We conducted an analysis of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) using the pancreatic cancer Participant User File. Thirty- and 90-day mortality rates and survival rates were determined for patients undergoing PD for primary tumor resection and compared with patients who had no surgery or metastasectomy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare survival time. Cox regression models were used to assess factors independently associated with overall survival time. Results Resection of the primary tumor or metastatic disease each significantly improved overall survival time compared with no resection. Adding metastasectomy to PD resulted in an incremental increase in overall survival time. Both PD and metastasectomy are independently associated with overall survival time. Conclusions Our report highlights the potential for survival time benefit in appropriately selected patients who undergo PD in the setting of metastatic PNET.
Analyzing Payment-Driven Targeted Q8A Systems

Today’s online question and answer (Q8A) services are receiving a large volume of questions. It becomes increasingly challenging to motivate domain experts to provide quick and high-quality answers. Recent systems seek to engage real-world experts by allowing them to set a price on their answers. This leads to a “targeted” Q8A model where users ask questions to a target expert by paying the corresponding price. In this article, we perform a case study on two emerging targeted Q8A systems, Fenda (China) and Whale (U.S.), to understand how monetary incentives affect user behavior. By analyzing a large dataset of 220K questions (worth 1 million USD), we find that payments indeed enable quick answers from experts, but also drive certain users to game the system for profits. In addition, this model requires users (experts) to proactively adjust their price to make profits. People who are unwilling to lower their prices are likely to hurt their income and engagement over time.
Health Insurance, Cost Containment, and Social Conflict: A Future Perspective

In the late 1960s and 1970s much public medical policy in the United States was designed to use public insurance to increase access to medical care for low-income and older people and, thus, to bring about a closer relationship between the need for medical care and the utilization of it. In addition, the increase in private insurance made medical care more accessible to more people. Therefore, the primary method used to assure access to medical care regardless of cost was to extend health insurance coverage to more people. Now, during the 1980s, after more than two decades of rapidly rising expenditures for health services, “cost containment” has begun to replace access as a major policy issue. In order to lower the national cost of medical care, some contend that the scope of government (and private) insurance programs should be reduced; the beneficiaries of such programs should be required to share the cost of those programs more than they do now (e.g., raising the deductible feature of Medicare, taxing the health insurance premium paid by private employers on behalf of their workers, which is not presently taxed). Just as health insurance was the primary mechanism used in policies designed to reduce income barriers to access, its reduction is central in programs of cost containment.
Corporate Social Responsibility, ESG, and Compliance

In 2019, the CEO and chairperson of BlackRock, the world’s largest asset manager, called for corporate leaders to embrace corporate purpose and create value for stakeholders, and 181 CEOs of the Business Roundtable committed to lead their companies for the benefit of all stakeholders—customers, employees, suppliers, communities, and shareholders. The idea that corporations should engage in socially responsible business practices (“CSR”) or initiatives relating to environmental, social, and governance matters (“ESG”) is gaining prominence, but remains highly contested. Deeper examination reveals that these terms—CSR and ESG—each lack a singular meaning. From aligning shareholder and stakeholder interests for shared value and risk management, to going beyond compliance and profit-maximizing strategies, there is no consensus on what socially-responsible activity entails and the rationale for its pursuit. This chapter aims to illuminate the landscape of CSR, ESG, and their connection to compliance. Varying usage and mixed empirical research reveals that CSR and ESG lack a clearly defined connection to compliance. This indeterminacy extends to (1) whether CSR and ESG are correlated with or refer to greater levels of legal compliance, as well as (2) what it means for a corporation to “comply” with CSR or ESG goals in light of the proliferation of standards and metrics pertaining to sustainability and social impact. Exploring these topics through the U.S. perspective reflects that the business world is in a state of flux regarding how companies take account of their impact on stakeholders and the environment, and laws are evolving on issues such as sustainability disclosures that could help us better understand existing practices.
Comprehensive analysis of a mouse model of spontaneous uveoretinitis using single-cell RNA sequencing.

Autoimmune uveoretinitis is a significant cause of visual loss, and mouse models offer unique opportunities to study its disease mechanisms. Aire−/− mice fail to express self-antigens in the thymus, exhibit reduced central tolerance, and develop a spontaneous, chronic, and progressive uveoretinitis. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we characterized wild-type and Aire−/− retinas to define, in a comprehensive and unbiased manner, the cell populations and gene expression patterns associated with disease. Based on scRNA-seq, immunostaining, and in situ hybridization, we infer that 1) the dominant effector response in Aire−/− retinas is Th1-driven, 2) a subset of monocytes convert to either a macrophage/microglia state or a dendritic cell state, 3) the development of tertiary lymphoid structures constitutes part of the Aire−/− retinal phenotype, 4) all major resident retinal cell types respond to interferon gamma (IFNG) by changing their patterns of gene expression, and 5) Muller glia up-regulate specific genes in response to IFN gamma and may act as antigen-presenting cells.
The Standby Energy of Smart Devices: Problems, Progress, & Potential

The Internet of Things (IoT) has dramatically expanded the capabilities of everyday devices. These smart devices bring improved convenience, better energy management, and over-the-Internet control, but are also unfortunately reversing an important trend: they are contributing to an increase in phantom standby energy consumption. While many miscellaneous loads have seen steady standby power improvements over time, adding persistent connectivity and advanced features to otherwise simple devices is causing some loads to get worse. This paper provides an analysis of this growing problem, and identifies four primary issues that contribute to the standby energy problem based on a study of commercially available smart devices. Further, it proposes several strategies for addressing these issues, and presents two new systems to illustrate the potential for improvements.
Alternative paths to improved word-problem performance: An advantage for embedding prealgebraic reasoning instruction within word-problem intervention

The purpose of this study was to explore the paths by which word-problem intervention, with versus without embedded prealgebraic reasoning instruction, improved word-problem performance. Students with mathematics difficulty (MD; n = 304) were randomly assigned to a business-as-usual condition or 1 of 2 variants of word-problem intervention. The prealgebraic reasoning component targeted relational understanding of the equal sign as well as standard and nonstandard equation solving. Intervention occurred for 16 weeks, 3 times per week, 30 min per session. Sequential mediation models revealed main effects, in which each intervention condition significantly and substantially outperformed the business-as-usual condition, corroborating prior research on the efficacy of schema word-problem intervention. Yet despite comparable effects on word-problem outcomes between the two word-problem conditions, the process by which effects accrued differed: An indirect path via equal-sign understanding and then equation solving was significant only for the word-problem intervention condition with embedded prealgebraic reasoning instruction. Additionally, the effect of this condition on equal-sign reasoning was strong. Given the link between equal-sign reasoning for success with algebra and the importance of algebra for success with advanced mathematics, results suggest an advantage for embedding prealgebraic reasoning instruction within word-problem intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Factors That Influence Curricular Adoption in a Sustainability Focused Marine Science Professional Development for In-Service Teachers:

The focus of this article is on the evaluation and outcomes of a professional learning opportunity that focused on 13 current K–12 public school science educators in the United States. This teacher...
Ushering in a new era of RNA-based therapies

A recent meeting at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory focused on emerging nucleic acid therapies and the essential academic research that has enabled them. The program encompassed everything from chemical innovations to preclinical and clinical progress, and provided a glimpse of the breakthroughs yet to come.
ISDS and Intellectual Property in 2020 - Protecting Public Health in the Age of Pandemics (preprint)

Many countries have responded (or have considered responding) to the COVID pandemic by modifying their intellectual property laws to ensure the availability of vaccines, medicines, diagnostics, and related information. Some have asked the World Trade Organization (WTO) for a waiver to excuse any steps they might take that are inconsistent with obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. Although a waiver would protect WTO members from challenges in the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body, a state that is a party to an international investment agreement (IIA) that includes investor-state dispute resolution has something else to worry about. Investors could claim that its actions amount to an indirect expropriation or a denial fair and equitable treatment in violation of the obligations in the IIA. In this piece, I conduct a thought experiment on how such suits might unfold. The first part describes how states sought or may seek to exercise control over the knowledge and products needed to protect public health during the global pandemic. The second part considers the challenges that investors might lodge and how they might be resolved. I identify the places where safeguards in IIAs that are intended to protect sovereign authority over healthcare may fall short.
An Alternating Direction Approximate Newton Algorithm for Ill-Conditioned Inverse Problems with Application to Parallel MRI

An alternating direction approximate Newton (ADAN) method is developed for solving inverse problems of the form $$\min \{\phi (Bu) +(1/2)\Vert Au-f\Vert _{2}^{2}\},$$ where $$\phi $$ is convex and possibly nonsmooth, and A and B are matrices. Problems of this form arise in image reconstruction where A is the matrix describing the imaging device, f is the measured data, $$\phi $$ is a regularization term, and B is a derivative operator. The proposed algorithm is designed to handle applications where A is a large dense, ill-conditioned matrix. The algorithm is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and an approximation to Newton’s method in which a term in Newton’s Hessian is replaced by a Barzilai–Borwein (BB) approximation. It is shown that ADAN converges to a solution of the inverse problem. Numerical results are provided using test problems from parallel magnetic resonance imaging. ADAN was faster than a proximal ADMM scheme that does not employ a BB Hessian approximation, while it was more stable and much simpler than the related Bregman operator splitting algorithm with variable stepsize algorithm which also employs a BB-based Hessian approximation.
Contralateral approach for clipping of bilateral anterior circulation aneurysms

Patients with bilateral anterior circulation aneurysms present a management challenge. These lesions may be treated in a staged manner or alternatively, for select patients, a contralateral approach may be utilized to treat bilateral aneurysms with a single surgery. In this narrated video illustration, we present the case of a 57-year-old woman with incidentally discovered bilateral aneurysms (left middle cerebral artery [MCA], left anterior choroidal artery and right MCA). A contralateral approach through a left pterional craniotomy was performed formicrosurgical clipping of all three aneurysms. The techniques of pterional craniotomy, contralateral approach, microsurgical clipping and intraoperative angiography are reviewed. The authors are grateful to Wuyang Yang, M.D. for his assistance. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/MlPIu3hQZkg.
Habitat selection and diet of native ungulates in an ongoing tallgrass prairie reconstruction effort

Although fire is often incorporated into tallgrass prairie reconstructions, grazing by large, native herbivores typically is not. Little is known about how native grazers interact with plant communities during the reconstruction process, i.e. selection of plant communities in different stages of reconstruction, representation of exotic plant species in the diet, and the effect of abiotic features on habitat selection. We conducted a two-year (2006-07) diet and habitat selection study on reintroduced populations of elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bos bison) at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge near Prairie City, Iowa. This observational study included intensive surveys of native ungulate group locations throughout the summer seasons, estimation of percent cover of plant species in habitat patches, and collection of fecal samples for diet analysis. Bison and elk use of the reconstructed tallgrass prairie habitat was spatially nonrandom. Available cover, i.e. trees and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) patches, and farthest distance to fence influenced use of space by elk. Bison segregated into a bull group consisting of older bulls and a mixed sex/age group that included cows, yearlings, calves, and young bulls. The bison bull group appeared to avoid recently burned areas and selected for areas with a high grass:forb ratio and west-facing slopes. The mixed sex/age group was strongly attracted to the most recently burned patches and areas with a higher proportion of native plants. Bison diets consisted of >90% graminoids and elk
Influence of hydrologic factors on leaching of solidified low-level waste forms at an arid site field-scale lysimeter facility

Most of the precipitation at the Hanford Site arrives as winter snow; this contributes to a strong seasonal pattern in water storage and drainage observed in the lysimeters. This seasonal pattern in storage corresponds to an annual range in the volumetric soil water content of 11% in late winter to 7% in the late summer and early fall. Annual changes in drainage rates cause pore water velocities to vary annually by nearly two orders of magnitude. Rapid snowmelt and frozen soils in February 1985 caused runoff water from areas adjacent to the lysimeter facility to flood three of the lysimeters. This resulted in a temporary increase in soil water storage, and an additional 5 to 10 cm of drainage for these three lysimeters. Measurable quantities of tritium and cobalt-60 are being collected in lysimeter drainage water. Approximately 30% of the original tritium inventory has been leached from both lysimeters containing samples of this waste form. Cobalt-60 is consistently being leached from five lysimeters representing three of the five waste forms. Total cobalt-60 collected from each of the five lysimeters varies, but in each case is less than 0.1% of the original cobalt inventory of the waste sample. Comparisons of cobaltmore » release among flooded and non-flooded lysimeters show no significant difference caused by the extra drainage.« less
A Study of Microbic Variation in a Yellow Pigment-producing Coccus.

A consideration of present views relative to the nature of microbic variation shows several differences of opinion. This study was undertaken in order to obtain further evidence in regard to the nature of variation, which for the past decade has become of interest not only to students of medical bacteriology and public health, but also to workers in the fields of agricultural and industrial bacteriology. Microbic variation at the present time is a more or less universally accepted phenomenon. For an excellent and extensive review of the subject, including a complete survey of the earlier literature, the reader is referred to Hadley's work (1927). An extensive bibliography of the published works since Hadley's survey may be found in my original manuscript.2 This work was undertaken for the purpose of studying the cultural, morphological, biochemical, and to a limited degree, the immunological phases of variation in a recently isolated yellow pigment-producing coccus. The study includes a consideration of the growth cycle of this coccus which showed a motile phase. The work is limited to a discussion of the methods of obtaining the variants, the character of the changes observed, the possibility of filterable forms and a growth cycle showing changes in the morphology of the organism.
A two-dimensional theory for piezoelectric layers used in electro-mechanical transducers—I: Derivation

Abstract The approximate 2-D theory derived in Part I is applied here to the time harmonic problems of plane-strain and axisymmetry. Also, the transient axisymmetric solution is obtained for a circular layer that is suddenly released from a transverse concentrated central load on one face and an opposing ring load along the outer edge of the other face. For this problem the output voltage is computed as a function of time when the crystal is an element in a known electrical circuit.
Invoking Thomas Kuhn: What Citation Analysis Reveals about Science Education.

This paper analyzes how Thomas Kuhn's writings are used by others, especially science education researchers. Previous research in citation analysis is used to frame questions related to who cites Kuhn, in what manner and why. Research questions first focus on the variety of disciplines invoking Kuhn and to what extent Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) is cited. The Web of Science database provides material from 1982 for this analysis. The science education literature is analyzed using back issues from 1985 of the Journal of Research in Science Teaching and Science Education. An article analysis reveals trends in terms of what Kuhnian ideas are most frequently invoked. Results indicate a wide array of disciplines from beekeeping to law cite Kuhn – especially generic citations to SSR. The science education journal analysis reveals pervasive use of the term ‘paradigm’, although use is quite varied. The two areas of research in science education most impacted by Kuhn appear to be conceptual change theory and constructivist epistemologies. Additional uses of Kuhn are discussed. The degree to which Kuhn is invoked in ways supporting the theoretical framework of citation analysis, whether his work is misappropriated, and the impact of Kuhn are discussed.
Valuable occupational therapy fieldwork educator behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate fieldwork educator behaviors that are valuable from the perspective of Level II occupational therapy and occupational therapist assistant students and fieldwork educators. PARTICIPANTS: 85 fieldwork educators and 37 students from Eastern and Western parts of the United States. METHODS: The 5 competency categories of the Self Assessment Tool for Fieldwork Educator Competency were used as the basis for developing the survey items and data was analyzed with non-parametric statistics to check for differences among groups of respondents. RESULTS: Students and fieldwork educators generally ranked the value of the behaviors in the survey as the same. There were differences noted between responses of level II students on first, second, and third placements regarding supervision behaviors of fieldwork educators. (Chi square=6.59, p=0.04 and Chi square=7.95, p=0.02). CONCLUSION: The alignment of opinion of students and fieldwork educators is important in that it reinforces the common goal of academic programs, students, and fieldwork educators. More research needs to be done in order to understand the impact of placement order on the rankings of valued fieldwork educator behaviors.
Catalytic synthesis of mixed alcohols mediated with nano-MoS 2 microemulsions

Supported micron-sized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been extensively studied for catalytic synthesis of Higher Alcohols Synthesis (HAS) from synthesis gas (syngas). However, the process is associated with low space–time–yield (STY) and poor selectivity under high temperature (300–325 °C) and high pressure (10–20 MPa) operation, making it unattractive for commercial application. Nano-sized MoS2 catalyst particles improve selectivity to alcohols but the yields are low possibly due to catalyst aggregation and mass transfer limitations. This study describes the use of oil-in-polyethylene glycol (PEG) microemulsion-based encapsulation of hydrophobic catalyst nanoparticles (MoS2) to prevent aggregation, increase surface area and increase mass transfer across the two phases. In this study, nano-sized MoS2 was first synthesized by sonolysis of hexacarbonyl molybdenum and yellow sulfur in hexadecane in <90% yield, mixed with non-ionic surfactant (Tergitol NP-8) and the mixture was slurried in two solvents: PEG-400 or Ethylflo-164 (a C30 oil). The slurred nano MoS2 was evaluated for syngas (H2/CO = 2:1) conversion into higher alcohols in a 300 mL stirred batch reactor. Our results showed increased STY, reaching 1.2 kg alcohols/kg catalyst/h. The corresponding product selectivity reached 62 wt% methanol and 52 wt% to ethanol, respectively in two separate runs when microemulsion-based catalysts were employed. These results open up the possibility of a novel and efficient route to higher alcohols.
Interdisciplinary approach to hydrological hazard mitigation and disaster response and effects of climate change on the occurrence of flood severity in central Alaska

Abstract. In May 2013, a massive ice jam on the Yukon River caused flooding that destroyed much of the infrastructure in the Interior Alaska village of Galena and forced the long-term evacuation of nearly 70% of its residents. This case study compares the communication efforts of the out-of-state emergency response agents with those of the Alaska River Watch program, a state-operated flood preparedness and community outreach initiative. For over 50 years, the River Watch program has been fostering long-lasting, open, and reciprocal communication with flood prone communities, as well as local emergency management and tribal officials. By taking into account cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic features of rural Alaskan communities, the River Watch program was able to establish and maintain a sense of partnership and reliable communication patterns with communities at risk. As a result, officials and residents in these communities are open to information and guidance from the River Watch during the time of a flood, and thus are poised to take prompt actions. By informing communities of existing ice conditions and flood threats on a regular basis, the River Watch provides effective mitigation efforts in terms of ice jam flood effects reduction. Although other ice jam mitigation attempts had been made throughout US and Alaskan history, the majority proved to be futile and/or cost-ineffective. Galena, along with other rural riverine Alaskan communities, has to rely primarily on disaster response and recovery strategies to withstand the shock of disasters. Significant government funds are spent on these challenging efforts and these expenses might be reduced through an improved understanding of both the physical and climatological principals behind river ice breakup and risk mitigation. This study finds that long term dialogue is critical for effective disaster response and recovery during extreme hydrological events connected to changing climate, timing of river ice breakup, and flood occurrence in rural communities of the Far North.
Abstract 132: The POWR Survey: Patient and Physician Perspectives on Outcomes Weighting in Revascularization.

Objective: To better understand and compare how patients and physicians weight adverse outcomes of coronary revascularization. Background: One in every twenty American adults is living with coronary heart disease. Given the high prevalence, approximately one million percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and half a million coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures are performed each year. The decision between PCI and CABG is based on studies that have looked at differences in major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in various populations. While the outcomes included in the MACE category are impactful, they are selected by physicians and do not include all possible adverse outcomes of coronary revascularization that affect patients. With so many Americans facing the clinical impact of coronary revascularization we wished to see if patients and physicians align in the weighting of twenty outcomes of coronary revascularization that have been identified. Methods: 1500 physicians (500 internists, 500 ca...
A5RE4X[TO4]4 crystal growth and photoluminescence. Fluoride flux synthesis of sodium and potassium rare earth silicate oxyfluorides

Crystals of Na5RE4F[SiO4]4 (RE = Pr, Nd, Sm–Tm) and K5Pr4F[SiO4]4 were grown using a fluoride flux synthetic technique. All compositions crystallize in the tetragonal space group I with lattice parameter ranges of a = 11.5094(2)–12.3745(2) A and c = 5.37000(10)–5.5011(2) A. Antiferromagnetic ordering is observed for Na5RE4F[SiO4]4 (RE = Tb, Dy), second harmonic generation for Na5RE4F[SiO4]4 (RE = Pr, Sm–Ho), and intense optical properties and fluorescence quantum yield for Na5RE4F[SiO4]4 (RE = Eu, Gd, Tb). The crystal structures and physical property measurements are discussed.
Growth and Reproductive Outcomes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

The treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is complex. In addition to disease control, important therapeutic goals are the maintenance of normal growth and the acquisition of normal reproductive function. Here, data regarding final adult height (FH) in patients with CAH will be reviewed. Additional difficulties associated with CAH, including risks of obesity and hypertension, will be discussed. Information about fertility and reproductive outcomes in men and women with CAH will also be summarized. Although the treatment of each child with CAH needs to be individualized, close medical followup and laboratory monitoring along with good compliance can often result in positive clinical outcomes.
An anthocyanin-decolorizing system in sour cherries.

THE antho cyanins of many fruits contribute to their attractiveness and appeal. In the course of a general study of the anthocyanins we have measured the accumulation of anthocyanins together with the activity of an anthocyanin-decolorizing system in Montmorency and English Morello sour cherries1. Anthocyanin-decolorizing systems have previously been reported in leaves2–4 and these, in common with the system found in cherries, apparently involve the action of an oxidizing enzyme.
External Scintigraphy in Monitoring the Behavior of Pharmaceutical Formulations In Vivo I: Technique for Acquiring High-Resolution Images of Tablets

A new method for monitoring tablet disintegration in vivo was developed. In this method, the tablets were labeled with a short-lived radionuclide, technetium 99m, and monitored by a gamma camera. Several innovations were introduced with this method. First, computer reconstruction algorithms were used to enhance the scintigraphic images of the disintegrating tablet in vivo. Second, the use of a four-pinhole collimator to acquire multiple views of the tablet resulted in high count rates and reduced acquisition times of the scintigraphic images. Third, the magnification of the scintigraphic images achieved by pinhole collimation led to significant improvement in resolution. Fourth, the radioinuclide was incorporated into the granulation so that the whole mass of the tablet was uniformly labeled with high levels of activity. This technique allowed the continuous monitoring of the disintegration process of tablets in vivo in experimental animals. Multiple pinhole collimation and the labeling process permitted the acquisition of quality scintigraphic images of the labeled tablet every 30 sec. The resolution of the method was tested in vitro and in vivo.
On the enzymic degradation of isolated soft-wood lignin by Fomes fomentarius☆

Abstract From the above observations, it is concluded that the principal units derived from soft-wood lignin by the attack of Fomes fomentarius are coniferyl alcohol, guaiacylglycerol and its β-coniferyl ether; these are degraded further by a shortening of the side chain and by destruction of the benzene ring.
Computation of shear bands using a new variational approach, I: Theory and elementary examples

Presentation d'une formulation moindres carres-elements finis pour les problemes elasto-plastiques de type mixte: elastique, parfaitement plastique les reponses elliptique et hyperbolique coexistent. Application du programme LEASTS
Dynamic response of a thick plate on viscoelastic foundation to moving loads

A finite element algorithm is presented to evaluate the dynamic response of pavements including aircraft-guideway-foundation interaction. The pavement-foundation system is modeled by a series of thick plate elements supported by discrete springs and dashpots at the nodal points representing the viscoelastic foundation. The moving aircraft loads are represented by masses each supported by a spring and dashpot suspension system and having a specified horizontal velocity and acceleration. The accuracy of the algorithm is verified by comparing the finite element solution with available analytical results. A parametric study is conducted to determine the effects of various parameters on the dynamic response of pavements to moving loads. Language: en
The effect of various 3'5' cyclic nucleotides on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the perfused rat liver.

Abstract The effects of various 3′5′ cyclic nucleotides on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis were examined in the isolated perfused rat liver. Each of the 3′5′ purine nucleotides (CAMP, cGMP and cIMP) increased gluconeogenesis equally and to the same degree as maximal doses of glucagon. The 3′5′-pyrimidine nucleotides cUMP and cCMP caused modest increments in gluconeogenesis and cTMP had no gluconeogenic effect. A similar pattern of stimulation by the various cyclic nucleotides was observed on hepatic glycogenolysis. The 3′5′ purine nucleotides were equally potent stimulators of glycogenolysis and produced effects comparable to glucagon.cUMP and cCMP were less effective and cTMP had no glycogenolytic activity.
Slope discontinuity and fluctuation of lattice expansion near Tc in untwinned YBa2Cu3O7- delta single crystals.

The thermal lattice expansion of untwinned YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} single crystals is measured from 10 to 300 K with a high-resolution x-ray-diffraction technique on beam-line X22B at the National Synchrotron Light Source. All the unit-cell parameters ({ital a}, {ital b}, {ital c}, and volume) show unexpectedly large slope discontinuities near {ital T}{sub {ital c}} and possible strong fluctuations over a wide temperature region (80{lt}{ital T}{lt}120 K). Possible implications for the nature of the superconducting mechanism are discussed.
The Competitive Advantages of a Holistic Approach to Supply Chain Management

Supply chain performance is often equated with having the latest collaborative technology in place. However, current studies suggest that supply chain performance also requires human collaboration. To change conventional thinking, this paper proposes a holistic approach to supply chain management SCM, clarifies the forces that facilitate human collaboration, and highlights the economics advantages of employing a holistic supply chain management approach.