cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Metric is the Message: How Much of the Decline in Sound Recording Sales is Due to File-Sharing?

The file-sharing literature has focused mainly on whether file-sharing has decreased record sales, with less attention paid to the size of any decline. Although there is still some contention, most studies have concluded that file-sharing has decreased record sales. What has not been noted is that most estimates indicate that the file-sharing has caused the entire enormous decline in record sales that has occurred over the last decade. This heretofore hidden result is due to the lack of a consistent metric that would allow easy comparability across studies. The task of this paper is to provide such a metric, translate the results reported in the literature into that metric, and then summarizes the results from this exercise.
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions For Post-Communist Communist Reform

The results of post-Communist reforms in the Central Europe Economies have been less than ideal; the republics of the former Soviet Union have fared even worse (Lee, 2006). Necessary and sufficient conditions for post-Communist reforms include those needed to design logical and viable policies, those required to protect viable policies from unreasonable attacks, and those necessary to ensure orderly implementation with the smallest risk to the countrys economic well being. At the least, reform policies must be theoretically rigorous and supported by comprehensive empirical evidence. Moreover, even policies proven to be effective in bring economic prosperity in other countries need to be tested in small scale, in-country proving grounds before they are expanded to the entire country. Finally, however viable the proposed policies, they cannot be implemented without the explicit approval and involvement of the country political leaders.
Radioprotection of lungs by amifostine is associated with reduction in pro-fibrogenic cytokine activity

Abstract Vujaskovic, Z., Feng, Q. F., Rabbani, Z. N., Anscher, M. S., Samulski, T. V. and Brizel, D. M. Radioprotection of Lungs by Amifostine is Associated with Reduction in Profibrogenic Cytokine Activity. Radiat. Res. 157, 656–660 (2002). Radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients irradiated for lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma or thymoma. Amifostine is an important drug in the emerging field of cytoprotection. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of radiation-induced injury at the molecular and cellular levels have stimulated interest in the development of effective radioprotective strategies. Accumulation of macrophages with associated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and production and activation of cytokines is a key process involved in the pathophysiology of radiation injury in the lung. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the mechanism of radioprotection by amifostine includes reduction in both macroph...
Angioedema ou síndroma da veia cava superior: relato de caso

Introduction: The family doctor often sees signs and symptoms of an apparently benign nature that may turn out to be part of more severe disease. This case presents the common finding of facial edema that was interpreted as angioedema, when the underlying disease was the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Case description: A 61-year-old man consulted his family doctor because of an episode of syncope. He was sent to the hospital emergency department, where vasovagal syncope was diagnosed and a microcytic hypochromic anemia was found. Subsequent investigations revealed iron deficiency anemia and a gastric antral ulcer. Three months later, he returned to the Family Health Unit with facial edema and was treated with an antihistamine. Because of persistence of his complaints, he consulted at the hospital emergency department, where angioedema was diagnosed. One month later, he was admitted to the hospital for treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding from the gastric ulcer. He later returned to the hospital emergency department with respiratory symptoms. A chest radiograph revealed enlargement of the superior mediastinum. Following admission to hospital, the diagnosis of a B-cell lymphoma was made after an incisional biopsy of an enlarged cervical lymph node. Comment: This case illustrates the diagnostic challenge presented by lymphoproliferative disorders. Distinguishing between angioedema and superior vena cava syndrome was a central challenge. Cases of diagnostic confusion between these two entities have been described in the literature. Questions related to the complexity of clinical presentations and the difficulties experienced by the family doctor in the management of this case are discussed.
An Integrative Approach to Teaching Dreamwork in Group Supervision

Dreams can be an important part of the counseling process to increase clients’ awareness of potentially unfinished business. We present an approach to teaching dreamwork in group supervision that is designed to assist supervisees’ integration of dreamwork techniques into their client consultation and to contribute to further development of advanced counseling skills.
Root Cause Analysis of Linear Closed-Loop Oscillatory Chemical Process Systems

In a single-input single-output (SISO) closed-loop system, under constant or nonoscillatory set-point, oscillations in the output can occur mainly because of one or a combination of the following reasons: (i) presence of stiction in control valve, (ii) marginally stable control loops (because of aggressively tuned controller/changes in process time constant/gain/time delays or a combination of them), and (iii) disturbances external to the loop. The presence of these oscillations can propagate plant-wide and force plants to deviate from optimal operating conditions. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques that can diagnose the source of oscillations in control loops. Several data-driven methods have been developed to address the diagnosis problem by focusing on only one of the causes for oscillations. In the current study, an off-line data driven approach is developed to identify the root cause for oscillations in control loops using the routine plant operating data. Unlike the existing techniques, this approach identifies and distinguishes between the three major causes for oscillations in linear closed loop systems. The proposed methodology combines both parametric (Hammerstein-based approach) and nonparametric (Hilbert–Huang spectrum) schemes for performing oscillation diagnosis. Simulation and industrial case studies that demonstrate the utility and limitations of the proposed method for root cause diagnosis in closed loop systems are discussed.
When a child takes the stand: Jurors' perceptions of children's eyewitness testimony.

Children testify in courts of law, yet little is known about jurors' reactions to them. We describe the first studies of simulated jurors' reactions to child as compared to adult witnesses. Our methodology involved exposing mock jurors to trial descriptions. In the descriptions, the age of the eyewitness who provided crucial testimony varied. Across three experiments, potential jurors judged children to be less credible eyewitnesses than adults. Eyewitness age did not, however, determine the degree of guilt attributed to the defendant. This same pattern of results was found regardless of the sample tested (college students versus a more heterogeneous group), the type of trial presented (vehicular homicide versus murder), or the medium employed (written trial descriptions versus videotaped mock trial). Our findings indicate that biases against children's credibility are likely to appear when a child bystander witness takes the stand.
Experiments on the Nitrogen Economy of Termites

Hardly less intriguing than the questions pertaining to the carbohydrate metabolism of termites are those concerned with the utilization of nitrogen. As Uvarov (1928) stated in reviewing the literature on the metabolism of wood-eating insects, “The most difficult problem is not the digestion of cellulose, but how to discover the means by which the deficient nitrogen is obtained.”
Testing Shape Memory of Porous Polymer Tissue Engineering Scaffolds in Compression

Shape recovery from memory by porous scaffolds for tissue engineering offers easier insertion and self-retention following placement by minimally invasive surgery. Shape memory testing of porous polymer xerogels focuses on the compression cycle and the special aspects of the cycle and equipment used. This contrasts with normal tensile shape memory (SM) testing. In this work a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used on small samples to quickly yield measurement of the SM restoration at various stress levels to emulate the forces exerted on the body by a tissue engineering (TE) scaffold returning to its permanent shape. The DMA testing of a hexamethyl diisocyanate trimer crosslinked castor oil (CO) / polycaprolactone (PCL) blend yielded repeated SM with no creep. The porous CO/PCL showed repeated compressive SM at 50% strain with a SM stress-free recovery ratio of 100%. The peak SM recovery work of 6.4 KJ/m3 was measured at 0.5 MPa stress and 6% to 12% strain. In addition to the potential utility of these materials in a tissue engineering setting, the test methods described here are relevant to a broad range of shape memory applications, from medical devices to morphing airframes to self-deploying structures.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Hyperstable Miniprotein: Additive Effects of D- and L-Ala Substitutions

The effects of alanine substitutions in each helical segment of the structure, and Gly to D-Ala mutations at sites where glycines have positive phi angles in the Trp-cage miniprotein are reported. The effects of the stabilizing mutation were additive, yielding a 20-residue construct (Tm = 83^o^C). Gly to L-Ala substitutions were uniformly destabilizing ([DELTA][DELTA]G~F~ > 11 kJ/mol): the preference for a D-Ala can be as large as 16 kJ/mol. Glycine to D-Ala mutations are validated as a strategy for the design of hyperstable miniprotein scaffolds suitable for stereospecific pharmacophore display.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of intraperitoneal topotecan.

Objective. To determine the maximum tolerated dose and pharmacokinetics of topotecan when administered by the intraperitoneal route. Methods. A dose-escalating Phase I trial was conducted in which fifteen % of the total dose was given as an intraperitoneal bolus in two litres of D5W and the remainder was given as a continuous intraperitoneal infusion over 24 hours. Treatments were given every 21 days. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed at the recommended phase II dose. Results. Seventeen patients received a total of 43 cycles at 21-day intervals. The maximum tolerated dose was 4 mg/m2 and acute dose-limiting toxicity was neutropenia. Other toxicities included leukopenia, anemia, emesis, fever, and abdominal pain. Although no objective responses were achieved, five of ten patients with ascites had a decrease in fluid accumulation with administration of intraperitoneal topotecan. The recommended phase II dose is 3 mg/m2. Pharmacokinetic analysis performed at a dose of 3 mg/m2 demonstrated that elimination from the peritoneal cavity followed second-order kinetics with k1 = 1.6 hr-1, k2 = 0.3 hr-1 and first and second-phase half-lives of 0.49 and 2.7 hours, respectively. Plasma pharmacokinetic behavior was best described by first-order kinetics with k = 0.5 hr-1 and a half-life of 3.9 hours. The pharmacologic advantage, expressed as the peritoneal to plasma AUC ratio was 31.2. Conclusions. Intraperitoneal administration of topotecan at 3 mg/m2 results in a substantial increase in drug exposure for the peritoneal cavity without compromising systemic exposure; this may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer or intraperitoneal carcinomatosis.
The Long Road to Micro-Dynamic Presynaptic FRET Measurements

I will review the history and lead-up to our attempt to measure changes in FRET in assembled SNARE complexes in a very small space and a very short time, where only a tiny fraction of each of the labeled SNARE proteins is part of a SNARE complex. After recounting the saga of grant support and technical development, I will summarize our main findings: Using donor dequenching by receptor bleach as well as FLIM, we find a resting FRET indicating a number of assembled SNARE complexes exceeding the expected fraction of synaptobrevins (or VAMPs) that are in assembled SNAREs of docked and primed vesicles, likely reflecting the existence of still-assembled “orphan SNAREs” left over from prior bouts of secretion. We can detect the dispersion of all three SNARE proteins – VAMP, SNAP-25, and syntaxin – as well as the FRETting complex of assembled SNAREs itself, from the center of the presynaptic active zone to the periphery during and after a train of action potentials. Using sensitized acceptor emission on donor excitation, we also detect the disassembly of N-terminally labeled SNAREs prior to endocytosis of vesicle membrane and proteins, and the assembly of new SNAREs as replacement vesicles dock and prime, and we occasionally see a transient FRET increase while vesicles fuse during the train. By donor quenching, we also detect the rearrangement of C-terminally labeled SNAREs when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, and their subsequent dispersion, disassembly, and re-assembly. A variety of control experiments and statistical tests rule out most sources of artefact and alternative interpretations. I will also speculate on why SNARES disperse and are disassembled in the periphery, rather than in the central active zone where exocytosis occurs, as we had originally expected.
Making Robot Challenges with Virtual Robots

This paper presents a methodology for creating challenge problems using a simulation environment for a hardware robot-based programming competition. Hosted each spring for K-14 students, the competition is based on hardware robots and lessons which have been used by students within their math, science, and engineering classes throughout the school year. RoboSim is a simulator which complements the control scheme for the hardware robots and is used regularly by the students to supplement running the hardware robots. For the first time RoboSim was used to design the challenges which have been given to students for the 2016 RoboPlay Challenge Competition. Using virtual robots for designing the competition allows more efficient design and testing of the new challenges with new features compared to using only hardware robots. The code which is used to control the robots is unchanged between the hardware and virtual robots making the transition to hardware robots trivial. All challenges from previous RoboPlay competitions are also available to students within RoboSim for testing within the classroom.
SENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF RELATED SUBSTANCES IN PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE BY HPLC

Objective: An efficient, high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the quantification of related substances in pioglitazone hydrochloride drug substance. Methods: This method includes the determination of three related substances in pioglitazone hydrochloride. The mobile phase A is 0.1% w/v triethylamine in water with pH 2.5 adjusted by dilute phosphoric acid. The mobile phase B is premixed and degassed mixtures of acetonitrile and methanol. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The elution used was gradient mode. The HPLC column used for the analysis was symmetry C18 with a length of 250 mm, the internal diameter of 4.6 mm and particle size of 5.0 microns. Results: The developed method was found to be linear with the range of 0.006-250% with a coefficient of correlation 0.99. The precision study revealed that the percentage relative standard deviation was within the acceptable limit. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the impurities was less than 0.002%and 0.006% with respect to pioglitazone hydrochloride test concentration of 2000 µg/ml respectively. This method has been validated as per ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). Conclusion: A reliable, economical HPLC method was magnificently established for quantitative analysis of related substances of pioglitazone hydrochloride drug substance.
Is the Time-To-Build Model Empirically Viable?

Abstract The time-to-build model is one possible equilibrium alternative to the standard technology shock real business cycle model. The time-ta-build model is appealing because it incorporates the time required to produce, deliver and install capital into standard models in such a way that these models produce endogenous cycles. Should economists take this model seriously when seeking to explain business cycle frequency data? This paper presents a Solow model with a time-to-build lag and proves that this model produces endogenous cycles that, for reasonable parameter values, can generate empirically relevant cyclic variations in output.
REGISTERED NURSES PROVIDING PRIMARY PALLIATIVE CARE DURING TRANSITION FROM HOSPITAL TO HOME

Although inclusion of palliative care throughout the illness trajectory is recommended, the majority of palliative care in the United States is still limited to hospital settings. There is no established program ensuring continuity of palliative care outside of hospitals. We conducted a feasibility study testing an intervention where registered nurses provided primary palliative care (PPC) to older adults with chronic illness during the transition from hospital to home. PPC delivered by nurses included symptom management, advance care planning, and communication with healthcare providers. Compared to 15 patients who received care from non-nurse health coaches, 15 patients who received PPC from nurses in addition to the coaching had fewer symptom-related re-hospitalizations, more conversations about advance care planning, and higher satisfaction with their care. Provision of PPC by nurses through the care transition showed potential as an effective and affordable intervention to ensure continuity of palliative care beyond the hospital setting.
Chest Pain in an 18-Year-Old Man.

An 18-year-old man presented to our hospital reporting sudden onset right-sided chest pain followed by dyspnea and syncope. On arrival of the emergency medical services, the patient was awake and in respiratory distress. He was afebrile with a blood pressure 95/66 mm Hg, heart rate 121 beats/min, respiratory rate 38 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 88% improved to 98% on 4-L oxygen supply. Heart sounds were normal with no significant murmur. Pulses were intact bilaterally. Lung examination revealed rapid, shallow breathing with decreased air entry. ECG is shown in Figure 1. iSTAT Troponin-I was 0.39 ng/mL (normal <0.08 ng/mL). What is the most appropriate next step? Figure 1. ECG showing sinus tachycardia with ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, aVF and reciprocal ST-segment depression in I, aVL. 1. Emergent cardiac catheterization 2. Portable chest x-ray 3. Thrombolytic therapy 4. Contrast esophagogram Please turn the page to read the diagnosis. The correct answer …
Production data analysis for dual-porosity gas/liquid systems: A density-based approach

Abstract Production data analysis impacts assets value and financial decisions significantly. Naturally fractured reservoirs exist widely around the world. A common method to represent naturally fractured reservoirs is dual-porosity model. Intrinsic characteristics of dual-porosity systems and their unique rate-transient profile require models able to capture well behavior and to achieve production data analysis, which is a proven difficulty for dual-porosity gas system and not completely solved. Moreover, past studies on dual-porosity systems assume constant bottom-hole pressure (BHP) or constant rate production, which impose significant constraint to production data analysis. Recently a density-based approach for analyzing production data was proposed for single-porosity system, which has been proven to successfully describe gas well behavior under boundary-dominated flow (BDF). Using depletion-driven parameters, λ and β , this state-of-the-art approach circumvents pseudo time. It was then extended to variable-pressure-drawdown/variable-rate gas systems and proven successful. In this study, we adopt a rigorously derived interporosity flow equation for gas, which captures viscosity-compressibility change of matrix outflow. Based on that, a density-based, rescaled exponential model for variable pressure drawdown/variable rate production was developed for dual-porosity gas system. Also, we explore straight-line analysis for convenient prediction of OGIP and production rate. The density-based model is tested in a variety of scenarios to showcase its validity. Moreover, based on Warren and Root model, a density-based exponential model for variable pressure drawdown/variable rate in dual-porosity liquid system is proposed and fully verified. A straight-line analysis is proposed to enable explicit OOIP prediction and convenient future production calculation. Moreover, a convenient double-exponential decline model under constant BHP is developed for liquid. To summarize our work, we developed rate-transient analysis method for two types of reservoirs-naturally fractured gas reservoir and naturally fractured oil reservoirs-producing at arbitrary type of production scenario in boundary-dominated-flow stage. The proposed method can evaluate reserve in a convenient and accurate manner. Moreover, the method to predict production using the theory is also provided. An explicit equation correlating dimensionless production rate and dimensionless time is also developed for dual-porosity liquid system producing at constant bottomhole pressure in both early transient stage and boundary-dominated-flow stage.
Creating complex testbed networks to explore SDN-based all-campus science DMZs

Researchers from almost all academic disciplines — who now rely on large data sets for their work — are increasingly facing “middlebox” bottlenecks (e.g., firewalls, NAT, IDS/IDP) that limit performance when transferring data sets across the campus network. To address this problem, we are exploring Software Defined Networking (SDN) campus network designs that allow researchers to “bypass” rate-limiting middleboxes for certain approved data transfers. However, testing and evaluating new bypass control software for a campus-wide SDN network is challenging for a variety of reasons, beginning with the need to create a realistic test environment. To address this problem, we created three different testbeds that emulate the complexities of a campus network, and have been using these testbeds to evaluate our approach and prototype implementation. In particular, we developed (1) a GENI network testbed, (2) a lab-based physical network testbed, and (3) a limited campus network testbed. We describe the challenges and obstacles encountered while creating these testbed networks, and we report on the solutions developed that produced three realistic but unique “campus network” testbeds. We describe the experiments we were able to perform on the testbeds as well as performance results.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase in innate immune cells is important for restricting cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brain but not required for the protective immune process to remove the cysts.

Abstract Significantly larger numbers of Toxoplasma gondii cysts were detected in the brains of RAG1−/−NOS2−/− than RAG1−/− mice following infection. In contrast, the cyst numbers markedly decreased in a same manner in both strains of mice after receiving CD8+ immune T cells. Thus, NOS2-mediated innate immunity is important for inhibiting formation of cysts in the brain but not required for the T cell-initiated cyst removal, which is associated with phagocyte accumulation. Treatment with chloroquine, an inhibitor of endolysosomal acidification, partially but significantly inhibited the T cell-mediated cyst removal, suggesting that phagosome–lysosome fusion could be involved in the T. gondii cyst elimination.
The Phenomenon of Self-Change: Overview and Key Issues

In his classic treatise 40 years ago on the study of deviants, Becker (1963) cautioned against studying only extreme cases. Over the years, other researchers have made similar arguments with regard to studying the addictions. For example, Cahalan (1987), based on epidemiological surveys of problem drinkers (Cahalan, 1970, 1987; Cahalan, Cisin, & Crossley, 1969; Cahalan & Room, 1974), used the phrase “tip of the iceberg” to refer to the fact that their survey data demonstrated that clinically defined “alcoholics” constituted only a relatively small proportion of those whose drinking created significant problems for themselves and society. Room (1977) later labeled the distinction between persons with alcohol problems in surveys versus those in clinical studies as the “two worlds of alcoholism.” A few years later, based on their well-known longitudinal study, Vaillant and Milofsky (1984) asserted that we cannot understand the natural history of alcoholism by solely looking at clinic samples. Finally, based on a study of Vietnam veterans who used heroin during their tour but stopped on returning to the United States, Robins stated that “[a]ddiction looks very different if you study it in a general population than if you study it in treated cases” (Robins, 1993, p. 1051). Price, Risk, and Spitznagel (2001) conducted a 25-year follow-up of the Vietnam veterans study with the 841 living members of the previously interviewed cohort. It was found that (a) most attempted to quit and the majority succeeded at the time of their last attempt without the aid of traditional drug treatment programs, (b) less than 9% of current drug users had been treated in a formal treatment setting, and (c) “Most drug abusers who had started using drugs by their early 20s appeared to gradually achieve remission. Spontaneous remission was the rule rather than the exception” (p. 1107).
Neurophysiology of Movement Disorders

The relation of the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia and their participation in movement disorders is presented. Studies have shown that lesions to the cortex will produce contralateral paralysis while damage to the basal ganglia or cerebellum will re sult in movement abnormalities. These data provide support for the view that subcortical but not cortical structures initiate and control movement activity. It would appear that the basal ganglia and cerebellum receive signals from the auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortex integrate this information, and relay signals back to the motor cortex, which in turn sends out efferent fibers to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The electronic and neurophysiological basis of the somatosensory evoked responses (SER) test following peripheral nerve stimulation and sensory recording in human cortex is given. Control values of SER peak to peak latency waveforms from 66 normal volunteers show the practicality of this test. Preliminary results using SER in patients are discussed from clinical case reports. The subjects had mild to marked movement disorders secondary to Parkinson’s disease, vascular occlusion, multiple sclerosis, and spino-cerebellar degeneration. The potential of the SER as a clinical and experimental tool in evaluating movement abnormalities and other neuropathological conditions is presented.
Images of the City in Political Science

Political science is a relatively young discipline.1 It was not until 1880 that an American university first appointed a professor of political science, and it was only in 1903—almost 20 years after the founding of the American Historical Association and the American Economic Association—that there were a large enough number of political scientists, and they were sufficiently conscious of themselves as a distinct discipline, to establish a professional association.2
Existence of weak solutions to the elastic string equations in three dimensions

Many applied problems resulting in hyperbolic conservation laws are nonstrictly hyperbolic. As of yet, there is no comprehensive theory to describe the solutions of these systems. We examine the equations modeling an elastic string of infinite length in three-dimensional space, restricted to possess non-simple eigenvalues of constant multiplicity. We show that there exists a weak solution of the nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation law when the total variation of the initial data is sufficiently small. The proof technique is similar to Glimm's classical existence for hyperbolic conservation laws, but necessarily departs from Glimm's proof by not requiring strict hyperbolicity.
Draining the swamp: defining strategic use of the information systems resource

Abstract There has been a great deal of discussion in information systems (IS) journals and elsewhere on strategic use of the IS resource. These discussions describe very diferent views of what is meant by strategic IS use. This paper clarifies the concept of strategic use of the IS resource and identifies the issues to address in using the IS resource as a strategic business factor. A model is presented to help distinguish among the differing uses of the term “strategic use of the IS resource” and to guide executives and IS managers in choosing among the many alternatives in using IS strategically.
Oral Pathology and Imaging

Dental radiographs can show hidden dental structures such as cavities, anomalies, malignant or benign masses, impacted wisdom teeth, periapical lesions and bone resorption that cannot be seen during a visual examination. Dental materials for tooth restoration with filings and crowns, or root canal obturation and sealing can appear lighter or darker depending on the density of the material. Most dental materials contain a radiopaque material such as Barium sulphate to help visualize the material in radiographs. Bitewing radiographs are routinely used to detect tooth decay and recurrent caries under existing restorations. Periapical radiographs are taken to visualize the root apex, periapical tissues and bone surrounding teeth that a patient is complaining of being painful or/and has swelling and/or the symptoms of infection. Occlusal radiographs are taken to visualize the skeletal or pathologic anatomy of either the floor of the mouth or the palate. Panoramic radiographs are occasionally taken using extraoral films and show a broad view of the jaws, teeth, sinuses, nasal area, and temporomandibular joints and anatomic structures. Digital radiographs are an acceptable first choice for the diagnosis and treatment of dental pathology. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging is becoming a complementary technology and in many instances can provide 3-dimensional oral pathology information that might have been overlooked on 2-dimensional images. Odontogenic cysts and tumors can be identified using radiology, clinical diagnosis and histopathology. The most common odontogenic cysts of the jaws are Periapical cysts, also called Radicular cysts, Root End Cysts, Periodontal Cysts, Apical Periodontal Cysts, and a Dental cyst; they are most commonly seen in patients aged 20 to 60 years old. Patients can worry about the radiation from radiographs, even though the amount is very low, care must always be taken to reduce your own and the patient’s exposure to radiation. But do not be afraid of re-taking radiographs that are needed to diagnose pathology and to decide on an accurate treatment plan. It is better to have good quality radiographs than have to interpret poor-quality radiographs that are out of focus and angled incorrectly.
On Perfectly Competitive Economies: Loeb Economies

An exchange economy consists of a set of economic agents, each of whom is characterized by an endowment of goods and a “preference ordering” over all possible combinations of goods, who engage in the exchange of commodities so as to make themselves as well off as possible. This process of exchange is said to take place under perfect competition if, and only if, no agent is able to influence the terms of trade in other agents1 transactions. If the terms of trade are expressed via prices for the commodities, and if agents1 actions result in “market clearing”, i.e., in equality between the aggregate demand and aggregate supply for each commodity, then a competitive equilibrium is said to exist.
“Whitman’s Song Sung the Navajo Way”

“Whitman’s Song Sung the Navajo Way” Kenneth Roemer University of Texas at Arlington One of the most important contributions of Native American and Indigenous studies had been the movement away from heavy or even total dependence upon non-Native theoretical and critical interpretive lenses and a move toward using indigenous aesthetics and worldviews to interpret Native texts. There has been less interest in using Native interpretive perspectives to interpret non-Native texts. That’s unfortunate. This reorientation of the critical lens can, not only offer “new” and insightful readings of Euro-American texts, it also highlights the importance of American Indian interpretive strategies. In this paper I will offer a case study: what happens when we read Whitman’s “Song of Myself” though the lens of the aesthetics, functions, and worldview of an English translation of the Navajo Nightway? One result is obvious: many of the poetic devices in “Song” that are typically labeled innovative, liberating, and even revolutionary -- for instance, his uses of repetition with variation and parallelism and his creation of a persona whose identity transcends its individual corporality and selfhood – were performed by the Dine hundreds of years before the publication of Whitman’s poem. Fundamental concepts of function and audiences are also transformed. The Navajo medicine’s person use of linguistic forms that have parallels in Whitman’s poetry are aimed at creating hozho (order, balance, and harmony) in a chaotic world for specific patient(s) and for the community of humans, non-human animals, and the physical environment. This expansiveness can make Whitman’s enlarged persona seem limited to those relatively select individuals seeking to break out of what they perceive as static lives. Finally the concepts of word power intrinsic to the Nightway –the literal believe that the words, if done correctly, can create hozho, or can create imbalance, even live-threatening illness, if performed incorrectly – these concepts, by comparison, can make Whitman’s powerful words appear more limited to the spheres of transformed perceptions of self and the act of reading.
Pricing Differentiated Services in an Electric Vehicle Public Charging Station Network

We study the decision problem faced by a Charging Network Operator (CNO) that owns a network of Electric Vehicle (EV) public charging stations and offers a menu of differentiated services to its users. Specifically, we design optimal pricing and routing schemes for the setting where users cannot directly choose which station they can charge their vehicle at. Instead, they choose their priority level and energy request amount from the menu, and then the CNO directly assigns them to a station nearby. In designing our optimal pricing-routing policies, we consider the heterogeneity of the stations locations, electricity prices, and capacity, as well as the heterogeneity of users' values of time and energy requests. We design prices that incentivize users to reveal their true preferences to the CNO, as well as optimal routing schemes to allocate them to charging stations, under the scenario where the CNO is a social welfare maximizing entity.
fMRI study of cannabidiol-induced changes in attention control in treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Abstract Patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) frequently exhibit memory and attention deficits that contribute to their poor personal and societal outcomes. We studied the effects of adjunct treatment with pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol (CBD) oral solution (Epidiolex®; Greenwich Biosciences, Inc.) on attention control processes related to stimulus conflict resolution in patients with TRE. Twenty-two patients with TRE underwent 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before receiving (PRE) and after achieving a stable dose of CBD (ON). Functional MRI (fMRI) data were collected while patients performed 2 runs of a flanker task (FT). Patients were instructed to indicate via button press the congruent (CON) and incongruent (INC) conditions. We performed t-tests to examine with FT attention control processes at PRE and ON visits and to compare the 2 visits using derived general linear model (GLM) data (INC – CON). We performed generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analyses to assess changes in condition-based functional connectivity on FT. Median time between fMRI visits was 10 weeks, and median CBD dose at follow-up was 25 mg/kg/d. From PRE to ON, participants experienced improvements in seizure frequency (SF) (p = 0.0009), seizure severity (Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale (CSSS); p
Glycocalyx regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activity

We have previously shown that knockdown of endomucin (EMCN), an integral membrane glycocalyx glycoprotein, prevents VEGF-induced proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. In the endothelium, VEGF mediates most of its angiogenic effects through VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). To understand the role of EMCN, we examined the effect of EMCN depletion on VEGFR2 endocytosis and activation. Results showed that although VEGF stimulation promoted VEGFR2 internalization in control endothelial cells (ECs), loss of EMCN prevented VEGFR2 endocytosis. Cell surface analysis revealed a decrease in VEGFR2 following VEGF stimulation in control but not siRNA directed against EMCN-transfected ECs. EMCN depletion resulted in heightened phosphorylation following VEGF stimulation with an increase in total VEGFR2 protein. These results indicate that EMCN modulates VEGFR2 endocytosis and activity and point to EMCN as a potential therapeutic target.-LeBlanc, M. E., Saez-Torres, K. L., Cano, I., Hu, Z., Saint-Geniez, M., Ng, Y.-S., D'Amore, P. A. Glycocalyx regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activity.
Editor's Choice: Deliberative and non-deliberative effects of descriptive and injunctive norms on cancer screening behaviors among African Americans.

Objective: Two longitudinal studies examined whether effects of subjective norms on secondary cancer prevention behaviors were stronger and more likely to non-deliberative (i.e., partially independ...
Leveraging online/distance learning methodologies in face to face instruction

Teaching computer science online has many challenges. Online or distance education in the computer sciences is particularly challenging. Educators have wrestled with the problem how to best deliver course content online and have come up with a "mixed bag of tricks" in their approach. Most online course content is deployed using PowerPoint slides (both with and without audio), textual readings, and video lectures. Many online learning occurs asynchronously with content available 24/7. [Preston, J. A. and Wilson, L. 2001] Some classes meet synchronously virtually, simulating a face to face (f2f) environment by taking advantage of video conferencing software such as Eluminate, Wimba, Adobe Connect, Skype, and others [Quigley, A. 2002; Becker, K. 2007; Malan, D. J. 2009]. Student to student, and student to teacher interaction is accomplished by using blogs, wikis, discussion boards, electronic surveys and exams, all of which are available in classroom management systems (CMS) such as Blackboard and Moodle, or on various internet sites. Blended, hybrid, or enhanced learning incorporates these online/distance methods into traditional face to face classes. At our institution, we have used blended learning to enhance and extend the traditional computer science classroom. Below we list the methods we will discuss in this presentation, along with a short description of each. This poster will illustrate the various online techniques that can be easily incorporated into traditional face to face environments.
Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies

This article examines how the Southern proslavery defense produced a distinctly proto-fascist ideology. Rather than comparing the Antebellum South to twentieth century racist regimes, this study compares Southern fascist thought to Germany's nineteenth century Volkisch movement. The author uses Roger Griffin's Palingenetic Ultranationalism to explore how the Antebellum South promoted an illiberal vision of modernity. The author argues that proto-fascists rejected liberalism, had a profound sense of social decay, and advanced a vision of a new man, new political structure, and a new temporality. The striking similarities between nineteenth and twentieth century fascist movements mandates that the Antebellum American South should be included in comparative fascist studies. The results of this study contextualize the comparisons made between American racism and fascism along with deepening our understanding of fascism's protean qualities.
The American Government Textbook: Looking Beyond Pluralism

In this study, I look at 15 introductory American government textbooks to assess the degree to which they move beyond traditional models of pluralism and toward a more critical approach of one that reflects recent scholarship. I find that the great majority of texts, perhaps fearing that a more critical approach would lead to political and civic disengagement by undergraduates, present an overly idealized version of American government and politics.
Economic shock and share repurchases

Abstract Using the most recent financial crisis as a natural experiment, we examine firm valuation, capital structure adjustment, and takeover deterrence as motives for share repurchases. We find that both overvalued firms and low levered firms are more likely to announce share repurchase programs and buy back more shares following the repurchase announcements. Potential target firms are more likely to announce larger share repurchase programs, but there is no significantly positive relation between the takeover probability and the completion rate. We also find that the decision to announce share repurchase and the decision to actually buy back shares following the repurchase announcement are separate to some extent.
Synthetic peptide mimics of a predicted topographical interaction surface: the cytochrome P450 2B1 recognition domain for NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.

In order to identify the cytochrome P450-binding domain for NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, synthetic peptide mimics of predicted surface regions of rat cytochrome P450 2B1 were constructed and evaluated for inhibition of the P450-reductase interaction. A peptide corresponding to residues 116–134, which includes the C helix, completely inhibited reductase-mediated benzphetamine demethylation by purified P450 2B1. Replacement of Arg-125 by Glu yielded a noninhibitory peptide, suggesting that this residue significantly contributes to the reductase-P450 interaction. Additional P450 peptides were prepared which correspond to combinations of regions distant in primary sequence, but predicted to be spatially proximate. A peptide derived from segments of the C and L helices was a more potent inhibitor than peptides derived from either segment alone. This topographically designed peptide not only inhibited P450 2B1 in its purified form, but also when membrane-bound in rat liver microsomes. The peptide also inhibited microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, aniline hydroxylase, and erythromycin demethylase activities derived from other P450s. These results indicate that the C and L helices contribute to a reductase-binding site common to multiple P450s, and present a peptide mimic for this region that is useful for inhibition of P450-mediated microsomal activities.
Left Ventricular Geometry, Tissue Composition, and Residual Stress in High Fat Diet Dahl-Salt Sensitive Rats

Hypertension drives myocardial remodeling, leading to changes in structure, composition and mechanical behavior, including residual stress, which are linked to heart disease progression in a gender-specific manner. Emerging therapies are also targeting constituent-specific pathological features. All previous studies, however, have characterized remodeling in the intact tissue, rather than isolated tissue constituents, and did not include sex as a biological variable. In this study we first identified the contribution of collagen fiber network and myocytes to the myocardial residual stress/strain in Dahl-Salt sensitive rats fed with high fat diet. Then, we quantified the effect of hypertension on the remodeling of the left ventricle (LV), as well as the existence of sex-specific remodeling features. We performed mechanical tests (opening angle, ring-test) and histological analysis on isolated constituents and intact tissue of the LV. Based on the measurements from the tests, we performed a stress analysis to evaluate the residual stress distribution. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the effects of constituent isolation, elevated blood pressure, and sex of the animal on the experimental measurements and modeling results. Hypertension leads to reduced residual stress/strain in the intact tissue, isolated collagen fibers, and isolated myocytes in male and female rats. Collagen remains the largest contributor to myocardial residual stress in both normotensive and hypertensive animals. We identified sex-differences in both hypertensive and normotensive animals. We observed both constituent- and sex-specific remodeling features in the LV of an animal model of hypertension.
Temporal and Thermal Stability of Al 2 O 3 -Passivated Phosphorene MOSFETs

This letter evaluates temporal and thermal stability of a state-of-the-art few-layer phosphorene MOSFET with Al2O3 surface passivation and Ti/Au top gate. As fabricated, the phosphorene MOSFET was stable in atmosphere for at least 100 h. With annealing at 200 °C in dry nitrogen for 1 h, its drain current increased by an order of magnitude to $\sim 100$ mA/mm, which could be attributed to the reduction of trapped charge in Al2O 3 and/or Schottky barrier at the source and drain contacts. Thereafter, the drain current was stable between −50 °C and 150 °C up to at least 2000 h. These promising results suggest that environmental protection of phosphorene should not be a major concern, and passivation of phosphorene should focus on its effect on electronic control and transport as in conventional silicon MOSFETs. With cutoff frequencies approaching the gigahertz range, the present phosphorene MOSFET, although far from being optimized, can meet the speed and stability requirements of most flexible electronics for which phosphorene is intrinsically advantageous due to its corrugated lattice structure.
Reverse and Forward Engineering of Local Voltage Control in Distribution Networks

The increasing penetration of renewable and distributed energy resources in distribution networks calls for real-time and distributed voltage control. In this article, we investigate local Volt/VAR control with a general class of control functions, and show that the power system dynamics with nonincremental local voltage control can be seen as a distributed algorithm for solving a well-defined optimization problem (reverse engineering). The reverse engineering further reveals a fundamental limitation of the nonincremental voltage control: the convergence condition is restrictive and prevents better voltage regulation at equilibrium. This motivates us to design two incremental local voltage control schemes based on the subgradient and pseudo-gradient algorithms, respectively, for solving the same optimization problem (forward engineering). The new control schemes decouple the dynamical property from the equilibrium property, and have much less restrictive convergence conditions. This article presents another step toward developing a new foundation—network dynamics as optimization algorithms—for distributed real-time control and optimization of future power networks.
Simulation of Random Differential Periodontitis Outcome Misclassification with Perfect Specificity.

Introduction:Misclassification of clinical periodontitis can occur by partial-mouth protocols, particularly when tooth-based case definitions are applied. In these cases, the true prevalence of per...