cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Neuroendocrine Tumors Arising in Non-endocrine Organs

The cytopathologic characteristics of endocrine tumors occurring in non-endocrine organs are not dissimilar to their counterparts commonly found in endocrine organs and detailed in the first half of this chapter. The terminology may be organ specific such as ‘Merkel cell carcinoma’ for neuroendocrine carcinoma native to the skin, but distinguishing Merkel cell from a metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung or a small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of paranasal sinuses may be difficult without knowledge of the clinical history and a selective immunohistochemical panel in appropriate cases. This chapter outlines the cytologic characteristics of the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors occurring in non-neuroendocrine organs that are likely to be encountered in clinical practice by the cytopathologist.
Making Room for a This-Worldly Physicalism

Physicalism is thought to entail that mental properties supervene on microphysical properties, or in other words that all God had to do was to create the fundamental physical properties and the rest came along for free. In this paper, we question the all-god-had-to-do reflex.
The Hyperfine Molecular Hubbard Hamiltonian

An ultracold gas of heteronuclear alkali dimer molecules with hyperfine structure loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice is investigated. The hyperfine molecular Hubbard Hamiltonian (HMHH), an effective low-energy lattice Hamiltonian, is derived from first principles. The large permanent electric dipole moment of these molecules gives rise to long-range dipole–dipole forces in a dc electric field and allows for transitions between rotational states in an ac microwave field. Additionally, a strong magnetic field can be used to control the hyperfine degrees of freedom independently of the rotational degrees of freedom. By tuning the angle between the dc electric and magnetic fields and the strength of the ac field it is possible to control the number of internal states involved in the dynamics as well as the degree of correlation between the spatial and internal degrees of freedom. The HMHH’s unique features have direct experimental consequences such as quantum dephasing, tunable complexity, and the dependence of the phase diagram on the molecular state.
Pial-Dural Intracranial Arteriovenous Fistula with Flow-Associated Aneurysmal Rupture-Case Report with Review of Literature and Proposal on the Mechanism of Hemorrhage and Treatment Options.

Background Vascular anomalies in the form of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), arteriovenous malformations, and aneurysms are well described in the literature. Pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) are described to a lesser extent in the literature. When these anomalies are combined, diagnosis and treatment become complex. Case Description A 55-year-old man presented with PAVF/DAVF with a ruptured flow-related aneurysm in the distal left posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which required surgical clipping and disconnection. We performed a PubMed search of all identifiable cases of PAVFs in adults. We then identified which cases had components of DAVFs and flow-related aneurysms. We identified 51 PAVF cases and identified which patients presented with hemorrhage and the treatment modalities of all cases. Of 51 cases identified, 4 were a DAVF/FRA, and 5 were a PAVF/DAVF. One case of PAVF/DAVF/FRA was identified. Conclusions The exact mechanism of PAVF/DAVF formation is unknown. Hemorrhage predilection of PAVF/DAVF is more difficult to predict than a sole fistula, likely secondary to the complex flow dynamics. To our knowledge, this literature review is the largest review to date regarding PAVFs in adult patients and can provide insight into decision making when evaluating treatment options.
Trends in the rates of hospitalizations for acute stroke among patients over 90 years of age with atrial fibrillation in the United States: from 2005 to 2014.

BACKGROUND Acute stroke (AS) rates in patients over 90 years of age (very elderly) with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the United States (US) are not known. We assessed trends in hospitalizations for AS among very elderly with AF in the US from 2005 to 2014. METHODS We used the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) from the USA; 2005-2014. AF and AS diagnoses were abstracted using international classification of diseases, 9th Revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. RESULTS From 2005 to 2014, 3,606,073 hospitalizations of very elderly with AF were reported. Of these, 188,948 hospitalizations (141,822 hospitalizations in women and 47,126 hospitalizations in men) had AS as the primary diagnosis. Age adjusted AS hospitalizations increased in the total cohort (3217/million in 2005 to 3871/million in 2014), in women (3540/million in 2005 to 4487/million in 2014) and in men (2490/million in 2005 to 3173/million in 2014) (P < 0.001). Anticoagulation rates increased in women (8% in 2005 to 19.9% in 2014) and in men (8.9% in 2005 to 21.6% in 2014). AS rates, though numerically lower than the total cohort, showed an increasing trend in anticoagulated patients as well (all anticoagulated patients: 212/million in 2005 to 513/million in 2014; anticoagulated women: 224/million in 2005 to 529/million in 2014, anticoagulated men: 184/million in 2005 to 518/million in 2014). CONCLUSIONS There is an increasing trend in AS hospitalizations among nonagenarians with AF in the US despite improving utilization of anticoagulants in this patient population. The etiologies driving this alarming trend are unclear and require further study.
Frequency modulation of free space RF signals

We have modified the frequency of a propagating R.F. signal using a pulsed plasma discharge. In our experimental work, we have utilized two frequency shifting mechanisms. The first is to use the plasma as an nonphysical plunger to upshift the frequency of the signal.
A Path to Ending Poverty by Way of Ending Unemployment: A Federal Job Guarantee

Poverty in the United States, one of the world’s most wealthy and prosperous nations, is persistently high. Despite a complex array of social insurance programs in place, 43.1 million people remain in poverty. Because unemployment is a strong predictor of poverty, we propose a permanent federal job guarantee for all Americans. The program would provide full-time employment for any American over eighteen, offering at least nonpoverty wages plus benefits. Such a program will constitute a direct route to producing full employment by eradicating involuntary unemployment. It also will substantially increase worker bargaining power by removing the employer threat of unemployment. To make the case that the federal job guarantee is viable, this paper includes responses to five common criticisms lodged against programs of this type.
Partisanship, Polling and Strategic Voting in East Asia: Evidence From an Experimental Web Survey:

How does polling information, the polling source, and how it is presented influence strategic voting? Few studies capture at what point individuals become strategic voters or how polling informatio...
The Ecological Approach to Navigation: A Gibsonian Perspective

From an ecological perspective, a basic form of navigating is wayfinding which involves the control of travel through perceiving temporally-structured visual information. This information consists of an optical flow of perspective structure generated by a perceiver moving along a path of travel. The generation of visual information through action, which in turn is controlled by that information, is indicative of the on-going, reciprocal interaction between the perceiver and the environment. It is suggested that the perspective structure consists of a sequence of transitions between successive vistas which uniquely specifies a route to a destination. Also, like the information specifying other types of events, this information can be described as a nested hierarchical structure that unfolds over time. A series of experiments are reviewed that employ dynamic displays of paths in order to examine this approach to way- finding. In addition, it is proposed that in the process of traveling paths through the environment, invariant information specifying the overall layout of the environment is revealed to a perceiver. In this way, the panorama of the environment is apprehended. The role of the affordances of places in navigational processes is also briefly considered. Overall, this ecological analysis suggests a need to reexamine our standard assumptions about the nature of perceiving and its role in navigation.
Dreaming and Psychiatric Disorders

The role of dreaming has a long history of varying interpretations. Dreaming is part of the normal experience of sleep; however, psychiatric disorders are associated with disrupted sleep architecture and vivid dream experiences that may reflect neurobiological and psychological effects. Dreaming and psychosis have been proposed to have similar features, and this chapter explores whether the two have related neurocognitive processes. We examine how personality traits, psychiatric disorders, and psychotropic medications affect dream experiences and how these effects may reflect neurobiological processes involved in psychopathology. Overall, despite numerous studies examining psychological and neurobiologic properties of dreaming, the function of dreaming in mental health remains a mystery.
Politics Takes the Field

Although taxpayer-funded ballparks and stadiums are the focus of this analysis, we start with several backstories which illustrate the ways in which government—even the federal government—became involved in sport. After all, hotel taxes to finance football coliseums did not just spring full blown from the brows of greedy owners and their enablers in a hundred local Chambers of Commerce. Government intervention in matters of play grew over time. If the Founding Fathers did not exactly contemplate a role for the federal city in games played with balls and bats, later politicians, whose motivations ran from simple fandom to the cynical pursuit of the pork barrel, entered the field wielding legislation, appropriations, and sometimes threats. And who better to headline our first episode than that apostle of the vigorous outdoor life, President Theodore Roosevelt?
Solutions to problems from parts 2–4

The problem of superconductivity of type I mentioned in Section 1.3 was studied by A. Friedman and B. Hu [1]. They considered 1-d and 2-d geometries and proved that the problem can then be reduced to a free boundary problem for a parabolic system of equations, with Stefan-type condition on the free boundary; the free boundary is the interface between the superconducting and normal regions. They proved existence and regularity of the solution and of the free boundary, and studied the asymptotic behavior as t → ∞.
A 250 μ m × 57 μ m Microscale Opto-electronically Transduced Electrodes (MOTEs) for Neural Recording

Recording neural activity in live animals in vivo with minimal tissue damage is one of the major barriers to understanding the nervous system. This paper presents the technology for a tetherless opto-electronic neural interface based on 180 nm CMOS circuits, heterogeneously integrated with an AlGaAs diode that functions as both a photovoltaic and light emitting diode. These microscale opto-electrically transduced electrodes (MOTEs) are powered by and communicate through an optical interface, simultaneously enabling high temporal-resolution electrical measurements without a tether or a bulky RF coil. The MOTE presented here is 250 μ m × 57 μ m, consumes 1 μ W of electrical power, and is capable of capturing and encoding neural signals before transmitting the encoded signals. The measured noise floor is as low as 15 μ VRMS at a 15 kHz bandwidth.
Sound clinical judgment in nursing: A concept analysis

Objective The intent of this concept analysis is to offer a clear understanding of the definition, defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences of sound clinical judgment pertaining to nursing practice. Background Sound clinical judgment is essential in nursing because decisions made influence patient outcomes. Design This concept analysis guided by Walker and Avant's framework, dissects the concept to promote clarity and consensus. Data source CINAHL, ProQuest for Nursing and Allied Health, ERIC, and Health Source/Nursing Academic Edition databases were searched using the keyword clinical judgment. Review methods Articles in peer reviewed, scholarly journals written in English were considered from 1984 to 2017. Results The author concluded that decision-making is a surrogate term for clinical judgment. The attributes, antecedents, and consequences are discussed and supported by evidence. Cases illustrate the essence of the concept. Conclusions Clinical judgment is an ambiguous term that is synonymous with the term decision-making. It results from critical thinking and clinical reasoning. Using these findings, educators and administrators can use valid and reliable methods to identify the presence, foster the development, and measure the existence of clinical judgment in novice nurses with an ultimate goal to improve patient care.
Enhancement of storage capacity of CO2 in megaporous saline aquifers using nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foam

Abstract Carbon dioxide sequestration in saline aquifers is a promising approach to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions and mitigate global climate change. CO2 storage capacity in aquifers depends on various factors such as interfacial tension, injection rate, viscosity ratio and characteristics of the porous media. We investigate the effects of these variables on CO2 gas and foam injection into a brine-saturated porous medium using a glass fabricated microfluidic device. The pore network is a representation of Washita-Fredericksburg formation located at a depth of 1110 m that is part of a saline aquifer located in southeast US and is currently under investigation to estimate its storage capacity as a commercial-scale CO2 storage hub. Contact angles and interfacial tensions between different fluids are measured under the experimental conditions. The three different injection rates are studied for each gaseous and foam injection. The displacement patterns images are captured by a high-resolution camera with an achromatic 60 M P sensor, and displacement performances are analyzed. CO2 foam injection appears to significantly increase CO2 storage in the microfluidic device (20%–40% higher compared to gas injection). Thus, CO2 foam injection is a promising approach to reduce CO2 mobility and enhance storage capacity in the target formation.
Yeast Bax Inhibitor (Bxi1p/Ybh3p) is a Calcium Channel in E. coli

Human Bax Inhibitor-1 (HsBI-1/TMBIM6) is the founding member of the evolutionary conserved TMBIM superfamily of proteins that share sequence homology within the transmembrane Bax inhibitor-containing motif (TMBIM). Mechanistically, BI-1/TMBIM6 and all the other mammalian TMBIM proteins appear to be involved in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, and the crystal structure of a bacterial TMBIM protein, BsYetJ, suggests that the protein is a pH-sensitive calcium leak. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has a single TMBIM family member (YNL305C) named Bxi1p/Ybh3p. To determine the function of Bxi1p/Ybh3p, we overexpressed Bxi1p-EGFP in E. coli to determine if it is a calcium channel. We show that bacterial cells expressing Bxi1p-EGFP are more permeable to calcium than controls. Thus, our data suggests that yeast Bax inhibitor (Bxi1p) is a calcium channel in E. coli, lending support to our proposal that Bxi1p is a bona fide member of the TMBIM family of proteins. Further, we use our bacterial system to show that gadolinium is an inhibitor of Bxi1p in vivo, suggesting a path forward to identifying other small-molecular inhibitors of this clinically-important and highly conserved superfamily of proteins. Finally, parallel experiments revealed that the human Bax Inhibitor-1 (HsBI-1/TMBIM6) is also a calcium channel in bacteria that can be inhibited by gadolinium.
Physics-informed machine learning for backbone identification in discrete fracture networks

The phenomenon of flow-channeling, or the existence of preferential pathways for flow in fracture networks, is well known. Identification of the channels (“backbone”) allows for system reduction and computational efficiency in simulation of flow and transport through fracture networks. However, the purpose of machine learning techniques for backbone identification in fractured media is two-pronged system reduction for computational efficiency in simulation of flow and transport as well as physical insight into the phenomenon of flow channeling. The most critical aspect of this problem is the need to have a truly “physics-informed” technique that respects the constraint of connectivity. We present a method that views a network as a union of connected paths with each path comprising a sequence of fractures. Thus, the fundamental unit of selection becomes a sequence of fractures, classified based on attributes that characterize the sequence. In summary, this method represents a parametrization of the sample space that ensures every selected sample sub-network (which is the union of all selected sequences of fractures) always respects the constraint of connectivity, demonstrating that it is a truly physics-informed method. The algorithm has a user-defined parameter which allows control of the backbone size when using the random forest or logistic regression classifier. Even when the backbones are less than 30% in size (leading to computational savings), the backbones still capture the behavior of the breakthrough curve of the full network. Moreover, there is no need to check for path connectedness in the backbones unlike previous methods since the backbones are guaranteed to be connected.
Complex Systems and How Complex Non-Profits can Harness the Flow of Information

Non-profits must continuously adapt themselves to changing circumstances, but they often lack the resources necessary to adapt successfully. This paper proposes a model to help non-profits overcome...
Reactivity and Adaptability: Applying Gender and Age Assessment to the Leader Resilience Profile®

Turbulent events in leadership, and in life, can challenge even those most stoic in the face of adversity and loss. Prefacing with a combined definition of resilience, this paper illustrates the complete life cycle of resilience in the face of adversity, and its resultant rewards when and if appropriately applied. Phases included in this life cycle are: normalcy, deterioration, adaptation, recovery, and growth. The paper then discusses the application of the revised Leader Resilience Profile® (LRP) data, comparing leader resilience according to gender and age. Results from this ongoing study on resilience clearly show as people age, their resilience increases. The 60+ age group, in particular, had significantly higher resilience scores than participants in other age groups. Men between the ages of 20-29 had significantly higher resilience scores than women of the same age group. Other age groups provided no notable differences or substantial correlations when it came to gender and age. A framework has been developed is presented for how to become more resilient as a person ages throughout the life course. This framework includes positive well-being, assessing and strengthening meaningful intrinsic and extrinsic resources, self-efficacy, future-focus, and important strategic avenues for resilient aging. The paper then raises the questions: who ages resiliently, and how, and what differences are there between young, old, retired, and elderly individuals when it comes to living and working resiliently? The paper concludes that with the following: support and proactivity are the means for achieving positive growth orientation, quality of life, self-identity, purpose, inhibiting stress-related debilitation, and resilient aging.
Validity of a Novel Free Hand Pedicle Screw Placement Training Tool

Purpose: Currently, orthopaedic residents and fellows have to develop the very precise surgical skills needed to place pedicle screws either in patients or in expensive cadaver labs. We developed a novel low-cost pedicle screw placement model that allows trainees to practice these skills with high repetition in a laboratory setting. This project will establish the construct validity of this pedicle screw placement training tool that can be used in high repetition to teach pedicle screw insertion skills including use of the appropriate tools, free-hand technique, and minimization of pedicle breach. …
Demographic and clinical correlates of acute and convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients of a U.S. emergency department.

Abstract Background Emergency Departments (EDs) have served as critical surveillance sites for infectious diseases. We sought to determine the prevalence and temporal trends of acute (by PCR) and convalescent (by antibody [Ab]) SARS-CoV-2 infection during the earliest phase of the pandemic among patients in an urban ED in Baltimore City. Methods We tested remnant blood samples from 3255 unique ED patients, collected between March 16th and May 31st 2020 for SARS-CoV-2 Ab. PCR for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection from nasopharyngeal swabs was obtained on any patients based on clinical suspicion. Hospital records were abstracted and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed. Results Of 3255 ED patients, 8.2% (95%CI: 7.3%, 9.2%) individuals had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection; 155 PCR+, 78 Ab+, and 35 who were both PCR+ and Ab+. Prevalence of disease increased throughout the study period, ranging from 3.2% (95%CI: 1.8%, 5.2%) PCR+ and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.1%, 1.8%) Ab+ in March, to 6.2% (95%CI: 5.1%, 7.4%) PCR+ and 4.2% (95%CI: 3.3%, 5.3%) Ab+ in May. The highest SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was found in Hispanic individuals who made up 8.4% (95%CI: 7.4%, 9.4%) of individuals screened, but 35% (95%CI: 29%, 41%) of infections (PCR and/or Ab+). Demographic and clinical factors independently associated with acute infection included Hispanic ethnicity, loss of smell or taste, subjective fever, cough, muscle ache and fever. Factors independently associated with convalescent infection were Hispanic ethnicity and low oxygen saturation. Conclusions The burden of COVID-19 in Baltimore City increased dramatically over the 11-week study period and was disproportionately higher among Hispanic individuals. ED-based surveillance methods are important for identifying both acute and convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infections and provides important information regarding demographic and clinical correlates of disease in the local community.
A Naturalistic Study of Norm Conformity, Punishment, and the Veneration of the Dead at Texas A&M University, USA

Culturally inherited institutional norms structure much of human social life. Successfully replicating institutions train their current members to behave in the generally adaptive ways that served past members. Ancestor veneration is a well-known manifestation of this phenomenon whereby deference is conferred to prestigious past members who are used as cultural models. Such norms of respect may be maintained by punishment based on evidence from theory and laboratory experiments, but there is little observational evidence to show that punishment is commonly used. To test for punishment as a mechanism that maintains these norms, we examine a norm of ancestor veneration in a natural field experiment at the Memorial Student Center (MSC) at Texas A&M University. The MSC is a memorial to university war dead, and the expectation is that all who enter the building remove their hats out of respect. Observations reveal that hat removal is significantly more common at the MSC than at two control locations. Survey data indicate that most, but not all, subjects understand the norm to be veneration of the dead, and most expect others to follow the norm. Many report a strong negative emotional response when asked to imagine the norm being violated. Sixty-two percent report they would definitely or probably ask the noncompliant to uncover. Focal follow data show that punishment is relatively rare, however, with the majority of behatted subjects going unreproached as they pass through the building. Both survey and observational data indicate there is a motivated minority that enthusiastically enforces the norm.
The Evolution of Civilization as a Process of Creation

A vast majority of theoretical perspectives on cultural evolution see the process of creation as essential for understanding this evolution. However, despite the importance they assign to creation, none of the existing perspective has succeeded in rendering the process of creation intelligible. As a result, despite many interesting points that theoretician of culture make, they do not provide a clear explanation of the process that makes this evolution possible. This study attempts to fill in this gap. Its main arguments and explanations are based on a theoretical perspective that renders the process of creation intelligible. The study also provides an example of how its theoretical perspective illuminates the course of the evolution of civilization.
ON DEMAND: Starting With Why in University Life: Expanding Access Through Collaboration and a Shared Holistic Awareness of Contemporary Student Communities (5 mins)

Contemporary students are a diverse and growing community of students across the country. They are adult learners (ages 25+), students who are parents, students formerly in foster care, fully online learners, students with military affiliations, and so much more. Most post-secondary institutions focus building their support services and programmatic initiatives with traditional aged students (18-23) who live on campus in mind. National data has shown a decline in the rate at which traditional age students are entering higher education. With competing priorities, financial precarity, and so many other variables – going directly to four-year institutions after high school is becoming more complicated. The Contemporary Student Services office at George Mason was implemented with the purpose of utilizing research, assessment, and student outreach in order to ensure that we’re creating and sustaining systems that work for our contemporary students. Because contemporary students succeed through flexibility and community building – building systems for them enriches the lives of all students on our campus. Making academic and student affairs programs that much stronger and effective. Concepts that we will explore during our workshop include utilizing consensus decision making, the creation of horizontal support, and student development theory. We will use a presentation and narrative style with an introduction of how we utilized these concepts to garner support for contemporary students, group discussions and a practitioner-focused framework that participants can use for their future endeavors in leveraging information to build new and relevant student-centered initiatives. Outline of Presentation: Our presentation will include the following: Introduction of what we’re implementing at George Mason for student parents Campus demographics on contemporary students and parenting students How building and leveraging our reasoning for our campus partners helped us get to where we are and our next steps Building The Why Framework for how building the why can work at different post-secondary campuses How to build an assessment Identify barriers for success on your campus Identify opportunities on different campuses `An overview of consensus-based advocacy models/building rationale to support decision making and leveraging it to create action-orientated strategies across campus Leveraging The Why: Using a multi-pronged approach to build holistic support efforts across campus Accessibility and Inclusion Institutionalized Flexibility Horizontal Support Academic Support How to share the results of your assessments by utilizing strategic and meaningful partnerships to build advocates across campus Question and answer opportunity
Are long-term cancer survivors and physicians discussing health promotion and healthy behaviors?

This study aimed to (1) describe the proportion of survivors reporting that a physician discussed strategies to improve health and (2) identify which groups are more likely to report these discussions. Lung cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors (>5 years from diagnosis) (n = 874) completed questionnaires, including questions on whether, in the previous year, a physician discussed (1) strategies to improve health, (2) exercise, and (3) diet habits. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to examine whether the likelihood of these discussions varied by demographic and clinical characteristics. Fifty-nine percent reported that a physician discussed strategies to improve health and exercise, 44 % reported discussions on diet, and 24 % reported no discussions. Compared to their counterparts, survivors with lower education were less likely to report discussing all three areas, but survivors with diabetes were more likely. Survivors ≥65 years old were less likely to report discussing strategies to improve health and diet. Males and CRC survivors reported discussing diet more than their female and lung cancer counterparts, respectively. The frequency of health promotion discussions varied across survivor characteristics. Discussions were more frequently reported by some groups, e.g., survivors with diabetes, or among individuals less likely to engage in healthy behaviors. In contrast, males and older and less educated survivors were less likely to have these discussions. Decreasing physician barriers and encouraging patients to discuss health promotion, especially in the context of clinical care for older survivors and those with low education, is essential for promoting the overall well-being of cancer survivors.
Observations of the Earth’s Cross-Tail Current Sheet and their Implications

Observations of the neutral sheet in the Earth’s magnetotail are presented to show different magnetic signatures of the neutral sheet which have been used to infer (1) wave profiles on the neutral sheet surface, (2) magnetic islands embedded in the neutral sheet, and (3) localized turbulent magnetic field regions. The occurrence of these features even at magnetospheric quiet conditions suggests that the above features are intrinsic to the current sheet and may possibly play a role in its stability. There are indications that these features are common to other current sheets in space.
Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium. VII. Purification and general properties of the histidyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.

Abstract The histidyl transfer RNA synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium has been purified 800-fold in three steps with a 45% yield. The purified enzyme shows only one band upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, is antigenically pure by immunodiffusion, and is homogeneous with respect to size as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 100,000 and its sedimentation coefficient s20, is 6.2 S. The enzyme has optimal activity at a temperature of 37° and at pH values between 7.2 and 8.5. The Km values for the formation of histidyl-tRNA were determined as 2.5 x 10-5 m for histidine, 1.4 x 10-4 m for ATP, and 1.1 x 10-7 m for histidine acceptor transfer RNA. Some of the properties of the synthetase in relation to the mechanism of repression of the histidine operon are discussed.
Reading and Social Imagination: What Relationally Oriented Reading Instruction Can Do for Children

Twenty-two second and third grade children experiencing difficulties with social relationships and reading comprehension participated in small group Relationally Oriented Reading Instruction for eight weeks. Developmental and literacy assessments done before and after the reading intervention showed statistically significant improvements in the understanding of text and in social imagination. Analysis of writing samples resulted in a typology of relationally oriented response. Together these data provide initial evidence linking the understanding of texts to the development of other relational capacities like social imagination, and indicate that purposeful use of picture books within relationally oriented reading instruction may enhance this development.
Brain-computer interface technology as a tool to augment plasticity and outcomes for neurological rehabilitation.

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are a rehabilitation tool for tetraplegic patients that aim to improve quality of life by augmenting communication, control of the environment, and self-care. The neurobiology of both rehabilitation and BCI control depends upon learning to modify the efficacy of spared neural ensembles that represent movement, sensation and cognition through progressive practice with feedback and reward. To serve patients, BCI systems must become safe, reliable, cosmetically acceptable, quickly mastered with minimal ongoing technical support, and highly accurate even in the face of mental distractions and the uncontrolled environment beyond a laboratory. BCI technologies may raise ethical concerns if their availability affects the decisions of patients who become locked-in with brain stem stroke or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to be sustained with ventilator support. If BCI technology becomes flexible and affordable, volitional control of cortical signals could be employed for the rehabilitation of motor and cognitive impairments in hemiplegic or paraplegic patients by offering on-line feedback about cortical activity associated with mental practice, motor intention, and other neural recruitment strategies during progressive task-oriented practice. Clinical trials with measures of quality of life will be necessary to demonstrate the value of near-term and future BCI applications.
Real-time hair simulation with segment-based head collision

This work presents a simple, stable and fast hair simulation system for interactive graphics applications whose CPU budget for hair simulation is small. Our main contribution is a hair-head collision method that has very little CPU cost and simulates the volumetric effect of hair resting on top of each other without the need for hair-hair collision. We also present a simulation-based hair styling method for end-users. This easy to use method produces hair styles for the whole head, and it is particularly suitable for abstract and exotic styles. It is applicable for video games in which avatars can be customized by the user.
Neural network structure for navigation using potential fields

A hybrid-network method for obstacle avoidance in the truck-backing system of D. Nguyen and B. Widrow (1989) is presented. A neural network technique for vehicle navigation and control in the presence of obstacles has been developed. A potential function which peaks at the surface of obstacles and has its minimum at the proper vehicle destination is computed using a network structure. The field is guaranteed not to have spurious local minima and does not have the property of flattening-out far from the goal. A feedforward neural network is used to control the steering of the vehicle using local field information. The network is trained in an obstacle-free space to follow the negative gradient of the field, after which the network is able to control and navigate the truck to its target destination in a space of obstacles which may be stationary or movable. >
Epidemiology and evaluation: Steps toward hypertension treatment in the 1990s

Abstract The percentage of persons in the United States over age 65—especially over 85—is increasing more rapidly than other age groups. Two thirds of people over age 65 have blood pressure higher than 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic. Isolated systolic hypertension (systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg with diastolic blood pressure
Proinflammatory Cytokines Enhance Estrogen-dependent Expression of the Multidrug Transporter Gene ABCG2 through Estrogen Receptor and NFκB Cooperativity at Adjacent Response Elements *♦

Constitutive activation of NFκB in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is associated with tumor recurrence and development of anti-estrogen resistance. Furthermore, a gene expression signature containing common targets for ER and NFκB has been identified and found to be associated with the more aggressive luminal B intrinsic subtype of ER-positive breast tumors. Here, we describe a novel mechanism by which ER and NFκB cooperate to up-regulate expression of one important gene from this signature, ABCG2, which encodes a transporter protein associated with the development of drug-resistant breast cancer. We and others have confirmed that this gene is regulated primarily by estrogen in an ER- and estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent manner. We found that whereas proinflammatory cytokines have little effect on this gene in the absence of 17β-estradiol, they can potentiate ER activity in an NFκB-dependent manner. ER allows the NFκB family member p65 to access a latent NFκB response element located near the ERE in the gene promoter. NFκB recruitment to the gene is, in turn, required to stabilize ER occupancy at the functional ERE. The result of this cooperative binding of ER and p65 at adjacent response elements leads to a major increase in both ABCG2 mRNA and protein expression. These findings indicate that estrogen and inflammatory factors can modify each other's activity through modulation of transcription factor accessibility and/or occupancy at adjacent response elements. This novel transcriptional mechanism could have important implications in breast cancer, where both inflammation and estrogen can promote cancer progression.
A Genome-wide RNAi Screen for Enhancers of Par Mutants Reveals New Contributors to Early Embryonic Polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The par genes of Caenorhabditis elegans are essential for establishment and maintenance of early embryo polarity and their homologs in other organisms are crucial polarity regulators in diverse cell types. Forward genetic screens and simple RNAi depletion screens have identified additional conserved regulators of polarity in C. elegans; genes with redundant functions, however, will be missed by these approaches. To identify such genes, we have performed a genome-wide RNAi screen for enhancers of lethality in conditional par-1 and par-4 mutants. We have identified 18 genes for which depletion is synthetically lethal with par-1 or par-4, or both, but produces little embryo lethality in wild type. Fifteen of the 18 genes identified in our screen are not previously known to function in C. elegans embryo polarity and 11 of them also increase lethality in a par-2 mutant. Among the strongest synthetic lethal genes, polarity defects are more apparent in par-2 early embryos than in par-1 or par-4, except for strd-1(RNAi), which enhances early polarity phenotypes in all three mutants. One strong enhancer of par-1 and par-2 lethality, F25B5.2, corresponds to nop-1, a regulator of actomyosin contractility for which the molecular identity was previously unknown. Other putative polarity enhancers identified in our screen encode cytoskeletal and membrane proteins, kinases, chaperones, and sumoylation and deubiquitylation proteins. Further studies of these genes should give mechanistic insight into pathways regulating establishment and maintenance of cell polarity.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with intestinal differentiation: A case report

Mucinous differentiation of endocervical type has been well documented in endometrial carcinoma. However, we describe an unusual case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium showing diffuse histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evidence of intestinal differentiation. Although intestinal differentiation has been described in mesodermally derived tissues including endocervix, ovary, and urinary tract, it has not been reported in normal endometrium. One previous case has been reported showing this pattern in endometrial carcinoma. Possible histogenetic mechanisms of this pattern are discussed.
SU-E-P-02: Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) Houston QA Center (RPC) Credentialing

Purpose: To provide information pertaining to IROC Houston QA Center's (RPC) credentialing process for institutions participating in NCI-sponsored clinical trials. Methods: IROC Houston issues credentials for NCI sponsored study groups. Requirements for credentialing might include any combination of questionnaires, knowledge assessment forms, benchmarks, or phantom irradiations. Credentialing requirements for specific protocols can be found on IROC Houston's website (irochouston.mdanderson.org). The website also houses the credentialing status inquiry (CSI) form. Once an institution has reviewed the protocol's credentialing requirements, a CSI form should be completed and submitted to IROC Houston. This form is used both to request whether requirements have been met as well as to notify IROC Houston that the institution requests credentialing for a specific protocol. IROC Houston will contact the institution to discuss any delinquent requirements. Once the institution has met all requirements IROC Houston issues a credentialing letter to the institution and will inform study groups and other IROC offices of the credentials. Institutions can all phone the IROC Houston office to initiate credentialing or ask any credentialing related questions. Results: Since 2010 IROC has received 1313 credentialing status inquiry forms. We received 317 in 2010, 266 in 2011, 324 in 2012, and 406 in 2013. On average we receive 35 phone calls per week with multiple types of credentialing questions. Decisions regarding credentialing status are based on the protocol specifications and previous completed credentialing by the institution. In some cases, such as for general IMRT credentialing, up to 5 sites may be credentialed based on the credentialing of one main center. Each of these situations is handled individually. Conclusion: IROC Houston will issue radiation therapy credentials for the NCI trials in the National Clinical Trials Network. Credentialing requirements and the CSI form can be found online at the IROC Houston's website. Work supported by PHS grant CA10953 and CA081647 (NCI, DHHS).
ACP Journal Club. Stenting and endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis did not differ for a composite of stroke, MI, or death.

Source Citation Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, et al; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:11-23. 20505173
Prediction of wet band brake dynamic engagement behaviour Part 2: Experimental model validation:

AbstractA wet (oil-lubricated) band brake in a vehicle automatic transmission system exhibits widely varying engagement behaviour under different operating conditions. In recent years, analytical evaluation of the band engagement behaviour has become increasingly important to improve automatic transmission shift quality. Thus, a mathematical tool which accurately captures band engagement physics is indispensable in a transmission design process. This paper describes experimental validation of the dynamic band engagement model which includes the physics of squeeze film, asperity deformation, porous oil diffusion, heat transfer and loading pressure distribution caused by a selfenergizing mechanism. The model is implemented as a stand-alone computer program to predict the band engagement behaviour on an inertia absorption type band engagement test stand. Simulation results show good agreement with experimental torque profiles over a wide range of operating conditions. The model provides an analytical interpr...
Superconductors that change color when they become superconducting

Abstract We consider models of superconductivity where pairing originates in gain of kinetic rather than potential energy of the carriers. In such systems, a change in the frequency-dependent conductivity occurs at frequencies much higher than the scale set by the superconducting energy gap. This property follows from a general sum-rule argument. To clarify the physical origin of this spectral weight transfer we consider several microscopic hamiltonians that give rise to an effective hamiltonian with a kinetic pairing interaction. These models describe small polarons with a non-linear interaction with a background degree of freedom, that gives rise to an effective mass enhancement that depends on the local charge occupation. Superconductivity in these models can be understood as arising from the partial “undressing” of carriers that occurs upon pairing. The same “undressing” occurs in these systems upon doping in the normal state, which causes superconductivity to disappear at high doping. Optical conductivity is calculated for one of the model hamiltonians to illustrate the effect. It is suggested that some of the observed phenomenology of high- T c oxide superconductors resembles the behavior of the class of superconductors discussed here.
Social protection as social risk management : conceptual underpinnings for the social protection sector strategy paper

This report serves as a conceptual background piece for the development of the Social Strategy Paper (SSP). To develop the conceptual underpinnings, the objectives and instruments of strategy papers (SP) are viewed under the rubric of Social Risk Management (SRM). SRM consists of public measures intended to assist individuals, households, and communities in managing income risks in order to reduce vulnerability, improve consumption smoothing, and enhance equity while contributing to economic development in a participatory manner. To support the approach and its logic, the structure of this note is as follows: Chapter 2 sets the stage and presents global trends, definitions, and outlooks. Chapter 3 presents key issues of SRM, from the reasons for World Bank concern to a typology of strategies and instruments, and ends with the role of the main actors. Chapter 4 focuses on the boundaries of SP/SRM and on three key policy issues to balance equity, efficiency, and political sustainability. Chapter 5 ends with preliminary list of ways in which the new framework may affect our view of SP and the development of better instruments.
Density Functional Theory Investigation of EPR Parameters for Tetragonal Cu(II) Model Complexes with Oxygen Ligands

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters for a series of tetragonal Cu(II) model complexes were conducted. Model complexes containing fou...
EXPLORING RELATIONS BETWEEN SURRENDER-AND CATCH AND POETRY, SOCIOLOGY, EVIL

I agree with J.P. Ward, the author of Poetry and the Sociological Idea (Ward, 1981), that there is a sociology of what he calls literature, specifying novel and drama. But I also agree with Albert Salomon (1949, 1963) that there is no sociology of religion but only of superstition, no sociology of knowledge but only of ignorance or error, no sociology of art but only of kitsch (and I add philosophy, science, mathematics). But my reason differs from Ward's and Salomon's. For me the reason is that all of these are, in their essence, meaning. Of course, there is the sociology of the church, the academy or bohemia, styles of poetry, schools of philosophy, universities and research institutes and laboratories and thinkthanks, discoveries in mathematics or logic. In short, there are sociologies of these intellectual-spiritual emotional activities considered as social institutions. And the reason for this is that institutions are temporal and historical, and sociology can ask how and why they, or this or that one, came into being or didn't, developed or didn't, flourished or languished, were welcomed, supported, attacked by specifiable groups (and why by these), or disappeared. All of these are temporal matters. When the question is how to account for "universal social institutions" an ^temporal question i.e., those found in all societies at all times, this is no longer a sociological question but one which eventually concerns the nature of human beings or of society, a question which may be meant scientifically (as it typically is in anthropology) or philosophically (in "philosophical anthropology"); to repeat, it is not a temporal or historical question but a biological or philosophical, possibly a theological one.